cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of good clinical practice compliance and readability ease of the informed consents between observational and interventional clinical studies in the Emirates.

Background: Expansion of clinical trials activity into emerging regions has raised concerns regarding participant rights and research ethics. Increasing numbers of observational studies are now conducted in developing economies, including the United Arab Emirates. Materials and Methods: This study compares the content of information provided, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guideline compliance, and readability of informed consent forms (ICFs) for observational compared to interventional studies. Results: GCP compliance for observational studies averaged at 79.5% + 6.8%, significantly (P
The More We Work Together: Leading Campus OER Initiatives through Library-Faculty Collaboration

ABSTRACTWith the rising costs of tuition and textbooks, Open Educational Resources (OERs) are becoming increasingly important. The university library, in collaboration with faculty, is a natural leader of OER initiatives at institutions of higher education. Cleveland State University's Michael Schwartz Library embraced this leadership role by assisting a faculty member with developing an OER, which involved balancing the workload between librarians and the faculty member, determining successful modes of communication, taking advantage of graphic design skills, and more. The success of this initial collaboration has led the Library to expand its support of OER initiatives on campus.
Effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) and oscillating magnetic field (OMF) combination technology on the extension of supercooling for chicken breasts

In this study, a pulsed electric field (PEF) and an oscillating magnetic field (OMF) were used to achieve an extension of a supercooled state within chicken breasts. The specifications of protocol are: (i) PEF with duty cycle sequence of 0.8, 0.5, and 0.2 were applied for 300 s, 120 s, and 90 s, respectively and (ii) during PEF with duty cycle of 0.2, OMF with 1 Hz was applied to vibrate water molecules and inhibit sudden ice nucleation. At the freezer temperature of −7 °C (±0.5), temperature of chicken breast samples under PEF and OMF treatment decreased down to −6.5 °C in a supercooling state during the whole testing period (approximately 12 h); while the control samples were partially frozendown to −6.5 °C. The impacts of the supercooling on microstructure, drip loss, color, texture, pH and lipid oxidation were evaluated as compared with samples stored at refrigeration (4 °C) and at freezing (−7 °C). It was found that the PEF + OMF supercooling was highly effective in the maintenance of original meat qualities without significant physical damages or chemical changes. The supercooling of meat samples using the developed PEF and OMF combination technique led to the advanced designing of innovative food freezers for long term preservation of ‘fresh-like’ foods at subzero temperature.
Scaling Up Endocrine Disruption Effects from Individuals to Populations: Outcomes Depend on How Many Males a Population Needs

Assessing how endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect population dynamics requires tracking males and females (and sex-reversed individuals) separately. A key component in any sex-specific model is the “mating function” (the relationship between sex ratio and reproductive success) but this relationship is not known for any fish species. Using a model, we found that EDC effects on fish populations strongly depend upon the shape of the mating function. Additionally, masculinization is generally more detrimental to populations than feminization. We then quantified the mating function for the inland silverside (Menidia beryllina), and used those results and the model to assess the status of wild silverside populations. Contrary to the expectation that a few males can spawn with many females, silversides exhibited a nearly linear mating function. This implies that small changes in the sex ratio will reduce reproductive success. Four out of five wild silverside populations exhibited sex ratios far from 50:...
A GPU Memory System Comparison for an Elliptic Test Problem

This paper presents GPU-based solutions to the Poisson equation with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions in two spatial dimensions. This problem has well-understood behavior, but similar computation to many more complex real-world problems. We analyze the GPU performance using three types of memory access in the CUDA memory model (direct access to global memory, texture access, and shared memory). Based on data locality, different CUDA algorithms are designed to accommodate the different device memory performance behaviors. We present a performance study on the speedup of our GPU-based solutions on an NVIDIA Tesla C2070 over serial code. By relating the data access pattern and its spatial locality, our results show that an algorithm using global memory with coalesced reads outperforms the other memory systems and allows effective solvers using single precision floating points.
Prompt release of O 1D products upon UV excitation of CH2OO Criegee intermediates

Velocity map imaging has been used to characterize the angular and velocity distributions of O 1D photofragments arising from UV excitation of the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO in the long wavelength tail region (364 to 417 nm) of the B1A′–X1A′ spectrum. The O 1D images exhibit anisotropic angular distributions indicative of rapid dissociation to H2CO X1A1 + O 1D products, which occurs faster than the rotational period (ps) of CH2OO. As a result, the broad oscillatory structure reported previously in the long wavelength region of the UV absorption spectrum is attributed to short-lived resonances associated with the excited B1A′ state of CH2OO, which decay by nonadiabatic coupling to repulsive singlet states. The total kinetic energy distributions show that nearly half of the available energy, on average, is partitioned to product translation. The balance results in significant internal excitation of the H2CO co-fragments. The product anisotropy and energy partitioning are unchanged across the UV spe...
Competing Theories of Justification: Deeds Versus Reasons

In an article 20 years ago (A Theory of Justification: Societal Harm as a Prerequisite to Criminal Liability), Robinson argued that justification defenses are best conceptualized and formulated objectively, as focusing on the nature of the actor's deeds. (George Fletcher wrote a critical response, The Right Deed for the Wrong Reason: A Reply to Mr. Robinson). In the two decades since, many if not most writers on the subject have disagreed with Robinson's position. And nearly all formulations of justification defenses in current American criminal codes use subjective formulations, which focus instead on the actor's reasons for acting. They give a justification defense if and only if, at the time of the conduct, the actor believes the conduct is justified. In this article, Robinson reaffirms his support for an objective formulation of justification and offers his first response to critics and defense of his original claim. His claim has two practical implications for liability. First, Robinson argues that a mistaken belief that one's conduct is justified ought to result in an excuse defense, not the justification defense that the subjective formulation would give. The article explains the important implications of that distinction. Second, Robinson argues that the unknowingly justified actor ought to retain a justification defense; the subjective formulation would take the defense away. (If the jurisdiction punishes impossible attempts--where an offense has occurred only in the actor's mind, only from the actor's mistaken view of the circumstances -- then the unknowingly justified actor would be liable for such an impossible attempt.) Robinson argues that the objective view is superior for several reasons: first, it generates liability results that are more just and that better match our collective intuitions of what is just. Second, even if the competing theories generated identical liability results, the objective deeds conceptualisation is superior because it lays bare the distinctions that are relevant to determining liability in these cases, while the subjective reasons theory obscures those distinctions. Finally, the deeds theory of justification improves the criminal law's rule-articulation function. That is, it allows the law to better communicate to the public the conduct rules that it commands they follow.
Review: Silent Revolutions in Ornament: Studies in Applied Arts and Crafts from 1880–1930 by Lada Hubatová-Vacková; Adolf Loos: The Art of Architecture by Joseph Masheck

Silent Revolutions in Ornament: Studies in Applied Arts and Crafts from 1880–1930 Prague: Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design, 2011, 288 pp., 256 color and 112 b/w illus. $38.00 (cloth), ISBN 9788086863184, by Lada Hubatova-Vackova. Adolf Loos: The Art of Architecture London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013, 290 pp., 52 b/w illus. $29.00 (paper), ISBN 9781780764238, by Joseph Masheck. In a short autobiography from 1915, Adolf Loos (writing in the third person) described his great struggle against ornament: “Adolf Loos is the philosopher of the architects of our time, and through his declaration of a vendetta against the proliferation of ornament has assumed a special place among [all] artists. … Already seventeen years ago, [he] preached in favor of simplicity, truth to materials, and quality work, and today he can savor the triumph that his opponents have largely accepted his demands.”1 Here, as elsewhere in his writings, Loos depicted himself as a solitary crusader against the evils of ornament, a lone knight errant bent on its eradication. But Loos was only one of a number of figures at the time pondering the problem of ornament, questioning whether it still had meaning, purpose, and validity. In the period just before Loos wrote his famed assault “Ornament and Crime,” in late 1909 or early 1910, the German-language design press was filled with pieces decrying or defending ornament. Loos, far from being a single voice, in fact, had a great deal of company.2 The issue of ornament and its relation to modern architecture and design, though, had a much longer history, extending back some three decades. It is a story that until now has been strangely neglected or passed over in silence. Recently, a young architectural historian in Prague, Lada Hubatova-Vackova, who teaches modern art and design history at the Academy of Arts, Architecture, and Design, cast a scholarly eye on the history of ornamental theory and practices during the early years of modernism. Her excellent and thoroughgoing book in Czech, Tiche revoluce uvnitř ornamentu: Studie z dějin uměleckeho průmyslu a dekorativniho uměni v letech 1880–1930 , has now been translated into English as Silent Revolutions in Ornament: Studies in …
Does external pneumatic compression treatment between bouts of overreaching resistance training sessions exert differential effects on molecular signaling and performance-related variables compared to passive recovery? An exploratory study.

Purpose We sought to compare the effects of external pneumatic compression (EPC) and sham when used concurrently with resistance training on performance-related outcomes and molecular measures related to recovery. Methods Twenty (N = 20) resistance-trained male participants (aged 21.6±2.4 years) were randomized to balanced sham or EPC intervention groups. The protocol consisted of 3 consecutive days of heavy, voluminous back squat exercise followed by EPC/sham treatment (Days2-4) and 3 consecutive days of recovery (Days5-7) with EPC/sham only on Days5-6. On Day1 (PRE), and Days3-7, venipuncture, flexibility and pressure-to-pain threshold (PPT) measures were performed. Vastsus lateralis muscle tissue was biopsied at PRE, 1-h post-EPC/sham treatment on Day2 (POST1) and 24-h post-EPC/sham treatment on Day7 (POST2). Isokinetic peak torque was assessed at PRE and POST2. Results Peak isokinetic strength did not change from PRE to POST2 in either group. The PPT was significantly lower on Days3-6 with sham, indicating greater muscle soreness, though this was largely abolished in the EPC group. A significant decrease in flexibility with sham was observed on Day3 (+16.2±4.6% knee joint angle; P 0.01). Vastus lateralis poly-ubiquitinated proteins significantly increased at the POST2 time point relative to PRE with sham (+66.6±24.6%; P<0.025) and were significantly greater (P<0.025) than those observed with EPC at the same time point (-18.6±8.5%). 4-hydroxynonenal values were significantly lower at POST2 relative to PRE with EPC (-16.2±5.6%; P<0.025) and were significantly lower (P<0.025) than those observed with sham at the same time point (+11.8±5.9%). Conclusion EPC mitigated a reduction in flexibility and PPT that occurred with sham. Moreover, EPC reduced select skeletal muscle oxidative stress and proteolysis markers during recovery from heavy resistance exercise.
Biodiversity effects in the wild are common and as strong as key drivers of productivity

More than 500 controlled experiments have collectively suggested that biodiversity loss reduces ecosystem productivity and stability. Yet the importance of biodiversity in sustaining the world's ecosystems remains controversial, largely because of the lack of validation in nature, where strong abiotic forcing and complex interactions are assumed to swamp biodiversity effects. Here we test this assumption by analysing 133 estimates reported in 67 field studies that statistically separated the effects of biodiversity on biomass production from those of abiotic forcing. Contrary to the prevailing opinion of the previous two decades that biodiversity would have rare or weak effects in nature, we show that biomass production increases with species richness in a wide range of wild taxa and ecosystems. In fact, after controlling for environmental covariates, increases in biomass with biodiversity are stronger in nature than has previously been documented in experiments and comparable to or stronger than the effects of other well-known drivers of productivity, including climate and nutrient availability. These results are consistent with the collective experimental evidence that species richness increases community biomass production, and suggest that the role of biodiversity in maintaining productive ecosystems should figure prominently in global change science and policy.
Developing Effective Peer Mentoring Programs

Reviewed by Mimi Benjamin, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Brianna Rojas, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic MedicineThe general belief in the benefits of peers helping peers has led to co...
Exploring extra dimensions with scalar fields

This paper provides a pedagogical introduction to the physics of extra dimensions by examining the behavior of scalar fields in three landmark models: the ADD, Randall-Sundrum, and DGP spacetimes. Results of this analysis provide qualitative insights into the corresponding behavior of gravitational fields and elementary particles in each of these models. In these “brane world” models, the familiar four dimensional spacetime of everyday experience is called the brane and is a slice through a higher dimensional spacetime called the bulk. The particles and fields of the standard model are assumed to be confined to the brane, while gravitational fields are assumed to propagate in the bulk. For all three spacetimes, we calculate the spectrum of propagating scalar wave modes and the scalar field produced by a static point source located on the brane. For the ADD and Randall-Sundrum models, at large distances, the field looks like that of a point source in four spacetime dimensions, but at short distances, it cr...
Conflict-Based Search with Optimal Task Assignment

We consider a variant of the Multi-Agent Path-Finding problem that seeks both task assignments and collision-free paths for a set of agents navigating on a graph, while minimizing the sum of costs of all agents. Our approach extends Conflict-Based Search (CBS), a framework that has been previously used to find collision-free paths for a given fixed task assignment. Our approach is based on two key ideas: (i) we operate on a search forest rather than a search tree; and (ii) we create the forest on demand, avoiding a factorial explosion of all possible task assignments. We show that our new algorithm, CBS-TA, is complete and optimal. The CBS framework allows us to extend our method to ECBS-TA, a bounded suboptimal version. We provide extensive empirical results comparing CBS-TA to task assignment followed by CBS, Conflict-Based Min-Cost-Flow (CBM), and an integer linear program (ILP) solution, demonstrating the advantages of our algorithm. Our results highlight a significant advantage in jointly optimizing the task assignment and path planning for very dense cases compared to the traditional method of solving those two problems independently. For large environments with many robots we show that the traditional approach is reasonable, but that we can achieve similar results with the same runtime but stronger suboptimality guarantees.
Understanding teamwork in trauma resuscitation through analysis of team errors

An analysis of human errors in complex work settings can lead to important insights into the workspace design. This type of analysis is particularly relevant to safety-critical, socio-technical systems that are highly dynamic, stressful and time-constrained, and where failures can result in catastrophic societal, economic or environmental consequences. Some examples of such systems include an airplane cockpit, the stock market, a hospital, and a nuclear power plant. The research described in this dissertation focuses on advanced trauma care, an additional example of a socio-technical system in which medical teams use complex work processes while treating severely injured patients early after injury. Despite advances in trauma care over the past few decades, errors are still observable, even among the most experienced teams. This dissertation focuses on teamwork errors. It identifies and analyzes why, when, and how teamwork errors occur in trauma resuscitation. The objective was to gain deep insights and knowledge of the work of trauma teams to inform the development of information technologies to support teamwork and detect and prevent errors. Through an extensive ethnographic study and a mixture of techniques including cognitive work analysis and grounded theory approach, four team error types were identified. These include: interpretation errors, caused by inefficient evidential data integration; communication errors, caused by failures to report critical patient information; management errors, caused by inefficient tracking of the progress of multi-step procedures; and, concurrency errors, caused by parallel activities over the shared resources. Findings from this study have broader applicability to other collaborative and highly dynamic work settings that are prone to human error. This work contributes to the fields of Information Science and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work by adding to the understanding of collaborative information seeking in large collocated teams; identifying the challenges and opportunities for information technology support of teamwork in time- and safety-critical settings; and, providing specific recommendations for technological support of teamwork in trauma resuscitation, a domain of great societal importance.
Interpolated Paramedian Forehead Flaps

Median forehead flaps were first described in an Indian medical treatise, the Sushruta Samita, in approximately 700 BC.1 – 3 The operation was performed by members of a caste of potters known as the Koomas. The need for this operation arose from the common Indian practice of amputating the tip of the nose as punishment for a variety of crimes, ranging from robbery to adultery.4 ,5 The first reported use of the median forehead flap outside of India was by Antonio Branca of Italy. Based on an Arabic translation of the Sushruta Samita, Branca performed a nasal reconstruction using the mid-forehead flap in the fifteenth century.6 , 7 In the sixteenth and early seventh centuries, little advancement was made in the use of the median forehead flap because plastic and reconstructive surgery fell into disrepute.4 ,5,7 The flap had a revival in 1794, when J.C. Carpue read an editorial in the Gentlemen’s Gazette of London describing the flap’s use for nasal reconstruction.8–10 Initially, Carpue practiced the median forehead flap operation on cadavers.
Sequential Predictors Under Time-Varying Feedback and Measurement Delays and Sampling

We build sequential predictors for time-varying linear systems with time-varying input delays, outputs, sampling in the control, and time-varying measurement delays. We prove global exponential stability and robustness properties. We allow the sup norm of the input delay to be arbitrarily large and aperiodic sampling. We use a new set of dynamical extensions that contain output measurements, and whose advantages over existing methods include their lack of distributed terms.
Separable and Replicable Neural Strategies During Social Brain Function in People With and Without Severe Mental Illness.

Objective:Case-control study design and disease heterogeneity may impede biomarker discovery in brain disorders, including serious mental illnesses. To identify biologically and/or behaviorally dri...
Video Self-Modeling to Treat Aggression in Students Significantly Impacted by Autism Spectrum Disorder:

Research suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at risk of exhibiting aggressive behaviors due to deficits in social communication and restricted and repetitive interests...
Stares and Prayers.

I have brain damage. And that’s what strangers notice first when they meet me. I forget sometimes, but they can’t forget what they have only just seen. Usually it’s all they see, at least at first....
Novel Janus composite hollow fiber membrane-based direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process for produced water desalination

Abstract In this study, an innovative Janus composite hollow fiber membrane-based direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was boosted for desalination of actual produced water with elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) of 154,220 mg/L. The Janus composite hollow fiber membrane (Janus-HFM) was characterized with a thin and hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles (Si-R) outer layer, and a thick porous and hydrophilic PVDF and polyethylene glycol (PEG) inner layer. Compared to the neat PVDF hollow fiber membrane, the Janus-HFM showed both increased permeate water flux and improved energy efficiency with more than 99.99% salt rejection. The long-term desalination performance of the Janus-HFM was investigated via 200 h of continuous DCMD experiment. The results showed that the permeate water flux declined from 25.41 kg/m2h to 15.21 kg/m2h, and the salt rejection was 98.4% at the end of the operation. It was found that both scales and dissolved organic matters induced foulants accumulated at the feed side of the membrane due to the complex composition of the produced water. Nonetheless, the desalination performance decline can be effectively inhibited from 40% to 9.7% with a simple physical cleaning process by using the permeate water that recovered in the DCMD process.
Risuteganib-a novel integrin inhibitor for the treatment of non-exudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema.

Non-exudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are leading causes of vision loss worldwide. Besides age-related eye disease study (AREDS) vitamin supple...
OptiStructures: Fabrication of Room-Scale Interactive Structures with Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Optical Sensors and Displays

A recent topic of considerable interest in the "smart building" community involves building interactive devices using sensors, and rapidly creating these objects using new fabrication methods. However, much of this work has been done at what might be called hand scale, with less attention paid to larger objects and structures (at furniture or room scales) despite the fact that we are very often literally surrounded by such objects. In this work, we present a new set of techniques for creating interactive objects at these scales. We demonstrate fabrication of both input sensors and displays directly into cast materials -those formed from a liquid or paste which solidifies in a mold; including, for example: concrete, plaster, polymer resins, and composites. Through our novel set of sensing and fabrication techniques, we enable human activity recognition at room scale and across a variety of materials. Our techniques create objects that appear the same as typical passive objects, but contain internal fiber optics for both input sensing and simple displays. We use a new fabrication device to inject optical fibers into CNC milled molds. Fiber Bragg Grating optical sensors configured as very sensitive vibration sensors are embedded in these objects. These require no internal power, can be placed at multiple locations along a single fiber, and can be interrogated from the end of the fiber. We evaluate the performance of our system by creating two full-scale application prototypes: an interactive wall, and an interactive table. With these prototypes, we demonstrate the ability of our system to sense a variety of human activities across eight different users. Our tests show that with suitable materials these sensors can detect and classify both direct interactions (such as tapping) and more subtle vibrations caused by activities such as walking across the floor nearby.
Cartan's Approach to Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations

In his work on projective connections, Cartan discusses his theory of second order differential euqtions . It is the aim here to look at how a normal projective connection can be constructed and how it relates to the geometry of a single second order differential equation. The calculations are presented in some detail in order to highlight the usage of gauge conditions.
Logarithmic corrections to the free energy from sharp corners with angle 2π

We study subleading corrections to the corner free energy in classical two-dimensional critical systems, focusing on a generic boundary perturbation by the stress-tensor of the underlying conformal field theory (CFT). In the particular case of an angle 2 pi, we find that there is an unusual correction of the form L-1 log L, where L is a typical length scale in the system. This correction also affects the one-point function of an operator near the corner. The prefactor can be seen as semi-universal, in the sense that it depends on a single non-universal quantity, the extrapolation length. Once this ultraviolet cutoff is known, the term is entirely fixed by the geometry of the system, and the central charge of the CFT. Such a corner appears for example in the bipartite fidelity of a one-dimensional quantum system at criticality, which allows for several numerical checks in free fermion systems. We also present an exact result in the XX and Ising chains that confirms this analysis. Finally, we consider applications to the time evolution of the (logarithmic) Loschmidt echo and the entanglement entropy following a local quantum quench. Due to subtle issues in analytic continuation, we find that the logarithmic term in imaginary time transforms into a time-dependent L-2 correction for the entanglement entropy, and a L-2 log L term for the Loschmidt echo.
Reversal of Visual Feedback Modulates Somatosensory Plasticity.

Abstract Reversed visual feedback during unimanual training increases transfer of skills to the opposite untrained hand and modulates plasticity in motor areas of the brain. However, it is unclear if unimanual training with reversed visual feedback also affects somatosensory areas. Here we manipulated visual input during unimanual training using left-right optical reversing spectacles and tested whether unimanual training with reversed vision modulates somatosensory cortical excitability to facilitate motor performance. Thirty participants practiced a unimanual ball-rotation task using the right hand with either left-right reversed vision (incongruent visual and somatosensory feedback) or direct vision (congruent feedback) of the moving hand. We estimated cortical excitability in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) before and after unimanual training by measuring somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). This was done by electrically stimulating the median nerve in the wrist while participants rested, and recording potentials over both hemispheres using electroencephalography. Performance of the ball-rotation task improved for both the right (trained) and left (untrained) hand after training across both direct and reversed vision conditions. Participants with direct vision of the right hand during training showed SEPs amplitudes increased bilaterally. In contrast, participants in the reversed visual condition showed attenuated SEPs following training. The results suggest that cortical suppression of S1 activity supports skilled motor performance after unimanual training with reversed vision, presumably by sensory gating of afferent signals from the movement. This finding provides insight into the mechanisms by which visual input interacts with the sensorimotor system and induces neuroplastic changes in S1 to support skilled motor performance.
Leptin receptor neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate diurnal patterns of feeding, locomotion, and metabolism

The brain plays an essential role in driving daily rhythms of behavior and metabolism in harmony with environmental light-dark cycles. Within the brain, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) has been implicated in the integrative circadian control of feeding and energy homeostasis, but the underlying cell types are unknown. Here, we identify a role for DMH leptin receptor-expressing (DMHLepR) neurons in this integrative control. Using a viral approach, we show that silencing neurotransmission in DMHLepR neurons in adult mice not only increases body weight and adiposity but also phase-advances diurnal rhythms of feeding and metabolism into the light cycle and abolishes the normal increase in dark-cycle locomotor activity characteristic of nocturnal rodents. Finally, DMHLepR-silenced mice fail to entrain to a restrictive change in food availability. Together, these findings identify DMHLepR neurons as critical determinants of the daily time of feeding and associated metabolic rhythms.
Distributed Array Transmitter Spatial Coherence in Active Incoherent Millimeter-Wave Imaging

We present measurements and analysis of the transmit pattern spatial coherence in active incoherent millimeter-wave imaging systems. Incoherent microwave and millimeter-wave imaging systems have recently attracted research interest due to their ability to generate imagery with reduced hardware requirements compared to coherent systems like phased arrays. Unlike traditional coherent systems and computational imaging where the knowledge of transmit radiation is very important, a newly-developed active incoherent millimeter-wave imaging does not require explicit knowledge of the transmit waveform, provided that the spatial coherence between points in the scene is sufficiently low. In this paper, we introduce a simple measurement to quantify the spatial coherence of waveform impinging on the scene. We present the basic theory and experimental results of the transmission of two noise transmitters.
Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of an Open Access, Level-Specific, Core Content Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents.

Background Leaders in graduate medical education must provide robust clinical and didactic experiences to prepare residents for independent practice. Programs traditionally create didactic experiences individually, requiring tremendous resources with variable content exposure and quality. Objective We sought to create and implement a free, open access, learner-centric, level-specific, emergency medicine (EM) residency curriculum. Methods We developed Foundations of Emergency Medicine (FoEM) Foundations I and II courses using Kern's model of curriculum development. Fundamental topics were identified through content guidelines from the American Board of Emergency Medicine. We incorporated learner-centric strategies into 2 flipped classroom, case-based courses targeting postgraduate year (PGY) 1 and PGY-2 residents. The curriculum was made freely available online in 2016. Faculty and resident users were surveyed annually for feedback, which informed iterative refinement of the curriculum. Results Between 2016 and 2020, registration for FoEM expanded from 2 sites with 36 learners to 154 sites and 4453 learners. In 2019, 98 of 102 (96%) site leaders and 1618 of 2996 (54%) learners completed the evaluative survey. One hundred percent of responding leaders and 93% of learners were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with FoEM content. Faculty and residents valued FoEM's usability, large volume of content, quality, adaptability, organization, resident-faculty interaction, and resident-as-teacher opportunities. Challenges to implementation included resident attendance, conference structure, technology limitations, and faculty engagement. Conclusions We developed and implemented a learner-centric, level-specific, national EM curriculum that has been widely adopted in the United States.
Inadequacies of Physical Examination as a Cause of Medical Errors and Adverse Events: A Collection of Vignettes

Abstract Background Oversights in the physical examination are a type of medical error not easily studied by chart review. They may be a major contributor to missed or delayed diagnosis, unnecessary exposure to contrast and radiation, incorrect treatment, and other adverse consequences. Our purpose was to collect vignettes of physical examination oversights and to capture the diversity of their characteristics and consequences. Methods A cross-sectional study using an 11-question qualitative survey for physicians was distributed electronically, with data collected from February to June of 2011. The participants were all physicians responding to e-mail or social media invitations to complete the survey. There were no limitations on geography, specialty, or practice setting. Results Of the 208 reported vignettes that met inclusion criteria, the oversight was caused by a failure to perform the physical examination in 63%; 14% reported that the correct physical examination sign was elicited but misinterpreted, whereas 11% reported that the relevant sign was missed or not sought. Consequence of the physical examination inadequacy included missed or delayed diagnosis in 76% of cases, incorrect diagnosis in 27%, unnecessary treatment in 18%, no or delayed treatment in 42%, unnecessary diagnostic cost in 25%, unnecessary exposure to radiation or contrast in 17%, and complications caused by treatments in 4%. The mode of the number of physicians missing the finding was 2, but many oversights were missed by many physicians. Most oversights took up to 5 days to identify, but 66 took longer. Special attention and skill in examining the skin and its appendages, as well as the abdomen, groin, and genitourinary area could reduce the reported oversights by half. Conclusions Physical examination inadequacies are a preventable source of medical error, and adverse events are caused mostly by failure to perform the relevant examination.
Reconciling the Divided Self: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega's Royal Commentaries and His Platonic View of the Conquest of Perú

This paper tries to demonstrate how the production of literature and historical discourse were restrained by policies of imperial expansion. The first generation of Latin American writers are examples of having to shape a discourse that would allow them to publish and be heard mainly by an European audience. One of the first writers to publish a literary work is El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, son of an indigenous woman and a Spanish conqueror. Writing in an old age, Garcilaso tells the story of Inca Civilization under the theories of neo-platonism, a philosophical approach to universal synthesis and harmony. Garcilaso avoids confrontation to the European establishments by obscuring the hard facts of colonial rule in the Viceroyalty of New Castile, modern Peru. Neo-platonism and providentialism failed to reconcile the socalled encounter of two cultures.
Approximate continuous k nearest neighbor queries for continuous moving objects with pre-defined paths

Continuous K nearest neighbor queries (C-KNN) on moving objects retrieve the K nearest neighbors of all points along a query trajectory. In existing methods, the cost of retrieving the exact C-KNN data set is expensive, particularly in highly dynamic spatio-temporal applications. The cost includes the location updates of the moving objects when the velocities change over time and the number of continuous KNN queries posed by the moving object to the server. In some applications (e.g., finding my nearest taxies while I am moving), obtaining the perfect result set is not necessary. For such applications, we introduce a novel technique, AC-KNN, that approximates the results of the classic C-KNN algorithm, but with efficient updates and while still retaining a competitive accuracy. We evaluate the AC-KNN technique through simulations and compare it with a traditional approach. Experimental results are presented showing the utility of our new approach.
Increasing actionability of in-house corporate prediction markets

Prediction markets have been used to generate various types of forecasts and predictions for nearly two decades. In-house corporate prediction markets are used for collecting and aggregating information dispersed throughout a company. Most of the existing academic research in the area of in-house prediction markets deals with the issue of accuracy. This paper focuses on a different topic: the actionability of in-house corporate prediction markets. The actionability of an in-house corporate prediction market refers to the usefulness of the prediction market in the decision-making process in the company. This paper identifies two improvement factors that have the potential of increasing the actionability of in-house corporate prediction market: allowing for finer grain questions and providing signals for informational needs over a period of time.
Time-Dependent Numerical Simulation of Hot Ion Outflow from the Polar Ionosphere

The time-dependent hydrodynamic model of Gombosi et al. (1985) was used to investigate the effects of bulk plasma heating on ion flows in the polar ionosphere. In the analysis, coupled time-dependent continuity, momentum, and energy equations of a two-ion (H/+/ and O/+/) quasi-neutral plasma were solved between 200 and 8000 km for polar wind conditions. In spite of its several limitations, the model can serve to indicate the gross behavior of polar region plasma flows. Two specific cases, ion heating and electron heating, were considered. The calculated temperature and flow profiles suggest that ion heating, rather than electron heating, generates the upwelling ion events, for which large transient O(+) outflows accompanied by elevated ion temperatures were observed.
GABA regulation of circadian responses to light. I. Involvement of GABAA-benzodiazepine and GABAB receptors

Light-induced phase shifts of the circadian locomotor rhythm of hamsters can be blocked by agents that alter GABA neurotransmission. The GABA antagonist bicuculline blocks phase delays induced by light and the benzodiazepine diazepam, which can potentiate GABA activity, blocks light-induced phase advances. In the experiments reported here, we found that the bicuculline blockade of phase delays was reduced by agents that mimic or potentiate GABA activity. Conversely, the diazepam blockade of phase advances was reduced by both competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of GABA. This indicates that the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-ionophore complex is the most likely site of action for the effects of these drugs on circadian rhythms. However, competitive GABA agonists did not mimic the blocking effects of benzodiazepines, nor did the antagonist picrotoxin mimic the blocking effect of bicuculline. Therefore, the classic action of GABA, increased chloride conductance, may not be the effector mechanism in this case. We also found that the GABAB agonist baclofen blocked both phase advances and delays and that the blockade of advances was reversed by the antagonist delta-aminovaleric acid. Taken together, these results indicate that GABA is involved in the regulation of circadian responses to light and that the regulation is mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors.
Stimulation and desensitization of macrophage adenylate cyclase by prostaglandins and catecholamines.

Abstract Preparations of peritoneal macrophages were obtained by selecting from a peritoneal exudate of guinea pigs those cells which adhere to glass. By preincubating the macrophages in a hypotonic pH 8.0 buffer, homogenization was achieved under gentle conditions. The adenylate cyclase activity of homogenates was stimulated by catecholamines and by the prostaglandins E1 and E2 (PGE1 and PGE2). Using inhibitors and other criteria the catecholamine receptor was classified as a β-adrenergic receptor. Since propranolol inhibits the catecholamine stimulation but not the prostaglandin stimulation of adenylate cyclase, it was concluded that these two classes of hormones interact with separate receptor sites. It is still unclear whether they affect the same or different catalytic sites. Two types of experiments yielded information about the effects on adenylate cyclase activity of exposure of intact cells to hormones. Intact macrophages were incubated as monolayers with epinephrine or PGE2 for 2 hours, after which the hormone was removed and the cells homogenized. Preincubation of macrophages with PGE2 greatly reduced the subsequent response of adenylate cyclase to PGE2. The basal, epinephrine-stimulated, and NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were unaffected. Similarly, treatment of cells with epinephrine left the basal, PGE2-stimulated and NaF-stimulated activities unaffected but markedly reduced the epinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. This desensitization, i.e. loss of response to hormone due to treatment with hormone, was found to be dose-dependent over the range of 10-7 to 10-4 m PGE2. Incubation of macrophage monolayers in a serum-containing medium leads to an increase in adenylate cyclase activity (basal) after 24 hours. Inclusion of PGE2 in these cultures caused the basal adenylate cyclase activity to be markedly decreased relative to control cultures incubated without PGE2. This decrease was dose-dependent over the range of 10-7 to 10-4 m PGE2 and was not observed with prostaglandin F1α.
Bees, Trees, Preemption and Nuisance: a New Path to Resolving Pesticide Land Disputes

Every year, nearly 5 billion tons of pesticides are intentionally applied to the American landscape. Pesticides have eradicated deadly diseases worldwide and allowed the United States to become an agricultural giant, but have also created a significant risk to human health and the environment. The high stakes at issue have caused the federal government to create a comprehensive system of pesticide regulation, which has been subject to a significant amount of litigation. The bulk of this litigation has tended to fall into two distinct categories. The first category of cases (the FIFRA Preemption cases) consists of claims by pesticide users against pesticide manufacturers for personal injury or damaged crops where the key issue often involves whether such claims are preempted by FIFRA - the federal pesticide law. The second category of cases (the Pesticide Land Use cases) generally involves claims by non-pesticide users against pesticide users (usually neighboring landowners or aerial pesticide applicators), for property damage, crop damage and/or personal injury. Although the Pesticide Land Use cases seek damages similar to the FIFRA Preemption cases, the Pesticide Land Use cases rarely discuss FIFRA and focus heavily on common law negligence claims with far less emphasis on related claims of trespass, nuisance and strict liability. Not surprisingly, unlike the FIFRA Preemption cases which often look to unifying principles of federal pesticide law to reach a result, the Pesticide Land Use cases vary significantly in terms of the theories used and results reached even though they involve the same types of FIFRA-regulated pesticides. As a result, there is significant unpredictability in these cases, making it difficult for lawyers to properly advise their clients on the merits and select appropriate experts, and difficult for courts to choose a framework for resolution, resulting in inconsistent results both within and between jurisdictions. This Article explores ways in which the Pesticide Land Use cases can benefit from some of the uniformity principles that permeate the FIFRA Preemption cases in the context of negligence claims. More important, this Article proposes that common law negligence is a far less useful mechanism to resolve these cases than are other common law claims such as trespass and nuisance, as well as underutilized state and federal statutory claims.
Delayed functional maturation of natural regulatory T cells in the medulla of postnatal thymus: role of TSLP.

Generation of functional CD4+CD8-CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in the murine thymus depends on FoxP3. Removal of the thymus from neonatal mice has been shown to result in a multiple organ autoimmune disease phenotype that can be prevented by introducing the FoxP3+ Treg population to the animal. It has therefore, been proposed that functional FoxP3+ Treg cells are not made in the neonatal thymus; however, it remains unclear when and where functional FoxP3+CD4+CD8-CD25+ thymocytes are generated in postnatal thymus. We report that neither FoxP3 mRNA nor protein is expressed in CD4+CD8-CD25+, or CD4+CD8-CD25- thymocytes until 3–4 days post birth, despite the presence of mature CD4+CD8-CD25+/- thymocytes in the thymus by 1–2 days after birth. FoxP3-CD4+CD8-CD25+ thymocytes from day 2 newborn mice show no Treg activity. Interestingly, we are able to detect low numbers of FoxP3+ thymocytes dispersed throughout the medullary region of the thymus as early as 3–4 days post birth. Expression of FoxP3 is induced in embryonic day 17 fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC) after 4–6 days of in vitro culture. Treatment of FTOCs with thymic stromal derived lymphopoietin (TSLP) enhanced expression of FoxP3, and blocking the TSLP receptor reduces FoxP3 expression in FTOC. Furthermore, TSLP stimulates FoxP3 expression in purified CD4+CD8- thymocytes, but not in CD4+CD8+, CD4-CD8+ and CD4-CD8- thymocytes. Expression of FoxP3 or Treg maturation is ontogenically distinct and kinetically delayed from the generation of CD4+CD8-CD25+ or CD4+CD8-CD25- thymocytes in the postnatal thymus. TSLP produced from medullary thymic epithelia cells (mTEC) contributes to the expression of FoxP3 and the maturation of natural regulatory T cells. Overall, these results suggest that the development of Treg cells requires paracrine signaling during late stages of thymocyte maturation that is distinct from signaling during positive or negative selection.