cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mediation of neuronal apoptosis by enhancement of outward potassium current.

Apoptosis of mouse neocortical neurons induced by serum deprivation or by staurosporine was associated with an early enhancement of delayed rectifier (IK) current and loss of total intracellular K+. This IKaugmentation was not seen in neurons undergoing excitotoxic necrosis or in older neurons resistant to staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Attenuating outward K+ current with tetraethylammonium or elevated extracellular K+, but not blockers of Ca2+, Cl−, or other K+ channels, reduced apoptosis, even if associated increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were prevented. Furthermore, exposure to the K+ ionophore valinomycin or the K+-channel opener cromakalim induced apoptosis. Enhanced K+ efflux may mediate certain forms of neuronal apoptosis.
Manufacturing analysis and control: shared resource capacity analysis in biotech manufacturing

Simulation is a relatively new tool for business process analysis in the Biotech industry. This paper discusses an application of discrete event simulation in analyzing the capacity needs of a shared resource in the manufacturing facility at Bayer Corporation's Berkeley site. The SIGMA® simulation model was used to analyze the workload patterns, run different workload scenarios, taking into consideration uncertainty and variability, and provide recommendation on a capacity increase plan. This analysis also demonstrated benefits of certain operational scheduling policies. The analysis outcome was used to determine capital investments for 2002. The paper illustrates the power of simulation tools in providing quick and robust analysis with solutions to planning problems.
Globose basal cells are required for reconstitution of olfactory epithelium after methyl bromide lesion

Despite a remarkable regenerative capacity, recovery of the mammalian olfactory epithelium can fail in severely injured areas, which subsequently reconstitute as aneuronal respiratory epithelium (metaplasia). We contrasted the cellular response of areas of the rat epithelium that recover as olfactory after methyl bromide lesion with those undergoing respiratory metaplasia in order to identify stem cells that restore lesioned epithelium as olfactory. Ventral olfactory epithelium is at particular risk for metaplasia after lesion and patches of it are rendered acellular by methyl bromide exposure. In contrast, globose basal cells (GBCs, marked by staining with GBC-2) are preserved in surrounding ventral areas and uniformly throughout dorsal epithelium, which consistently and completely recovers as olfactory after lesion. Over the next few days, neurons reappear, but only in those areas in which GBCs are preserved and multiply. In contrast, parts of the epithelium in which GBCs are destroyed are repopulated in part by Bowman's gland cells, which pile up above the basal lamina. Electron microscopy confirms the reciprocity between gland cells and globose basal cells. By 14 days after lesion, the areas that are undergoing metaplasia are repopulated by typical respiratory epithelial cells. As horizontal basal cells are eliminated from all parts of the ventral epithelium, the data suggest that GBC-2(+) cells are ultimately responsible for regenerating olfactory neuroepithelium. In contrast, GLA-13(+) cells may give rise to respiratory metaplastic epithelium where GBCs are eliminated. Thus, we support the idea that a subpopulation of GBCs is the neural stem cell of the olfactory epithelium.
Mixed mode chromatography via column switching for the simultaneous HPLC analysis of lonic and non-lonic nucleic acid constituents

A method is presented for the separation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, nucleosides and bases in one analysis. This method uses both the ion-exchange and the reversed-phase modes for the analysis of these compounds. The modes are coupled through automatic switching valves. The use of these valves permits the isolation of either column during the analysis. The nucleotides are separated on an anion-exchange column and the nucleosides and bases on a C-18 column. Total analysis time is approximately one hour, and a very small volume of a sample can be analyzed. The technique is flexible and mobile phase conditions for one column can be altered without affecting the resolution on the other column. The method is applicable to biological matrices.
Sedating Effects of Ethanol And Time of Drinking

Ethanol (0.5 g/kg) was administered to 12 healthy, normal-sleeping men, aged 21 to 45, at two different times of the day (0900 and 1700 hr). The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) was conducted at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 hr in the day drinking condition and at 1800, 2000, 2200, and 2400 hr in the evening drinking condition. On placebo, sleepiness was greater in the daytime testing hours than in the evening, replicating findings on the circadian rhythm of sleepiness/alertness. There was a time of drinking (day versus evening) by ethanol interaction. An ethanol effect on sleep latency was found in the daytime hours, when alertness was relatively low. Ethanol failed to have a significant effect on sleep latency during the evening hours when alertness levels were increasing. Performance on a divided attention task, administered 1 hr postconsumption, was impaired by ethanol consumption, but did not vary as a function of time of drinking (day versus evening). However, at 5 hr postconsumption, mean reaction time on the first 20 min of a 40-min auditory vigilance task was slowed by ethanol to a greater extent after day drinking then after evening drinking.
A Methodology to Compute Bounds on Crosstalk Effects in Arbitrary Interconnects

In this paper, we present a methodology that uses the moments of a generic crosstalk pulse signal to derive upper bounds on the amplitude of crosstalk pulse in arbitrary interconnects. We apply the proposed methodology to identify vectors that invoke crosstalk pulses with severities less than thresholds at which circuit may malfunction. These vectors are then excluded from the test set, reducing test application time. Case studies that consider interconnects with rich topologies, including cases where we consider process variations or treat lengths of nets as variables, clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.
Circuit simulation models for the high electron mobility

Two charge-based circuit simulation models are presented for the HEMT. One is somewhat empirically based and is termed the semiempirical model whereas the other is based on the device physics and is called the semiphysical model. Both models have been installed in the SPICE-like circuit simulation program iSMILE. In the semiempirical model, an analytical term is introduced to describe the mobility vs. gate voltage variation. Also included in this model is a method of partitioning the channel charge. The semiphysical model incorporates an analytical term for describing the gate-to-channel potential vs. channel charge characteristic. In addition, equations are presented for modeling device parasitics and the voltage-dependent fringe capacitances of the gate. Both models are shown to be more numerically efficient and more accurate than previous capacitance-based models. >
Optimum integrated link scheduling and power control for ad hoc wireless networks

In this paper, we develop a new mathematical programming formulation for minimizing the schedule length in ad hoc wireless networks based on the optimal joint scheduling of transmissions across the multi-access communication links and allocation of transmit power levels, while meeting the requirements on the signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) at intended receivers. We prove that the problem can be represented as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and show that the latter yields a solution that consists of transmit power levels that are strongly Pareto optimal. We demonstrate that our MILP formulation can be used effectively to derive optimal scheduling and power levels for networks with as many as 30 designated communication links. We exhibit that the MILP formulation can be also effectively solved to provide tight upper and lower bounds (corresponding to an approximation factor /spl Delta/) for the optimum schedule length of networks with as many as 100 designated links. We prove that the integrated link scheduling and power control problem is NP-complete. Consequently, we develop and investigate a heuristic algorithm of polynomial complexity (O|LO|/sup 5/) for solving the problem in a timely and practical manner. Our algorithm is based on the properties of a novel interference graph (the power-based interference graph) that we have introduced. We demonstrate that the frame length of schedules realized by our heuristic schemes reside in the 25 percentile of those attained by the optimal mechanism for randomly generated topologies.
Lineage-specific morphogenesis in the developing pancreas: role of mesenchymal factors

Pancreatic organogenesis has been a classic example of epitheliomesenchymal interactions. The nature of this interaction, and the way in which endocrine, acinar and ductal cell lineages are generated from the embryonic foregut has not been determined. It has generally been thought that mesenchyme is necessary for all aspects of pancreatic development. In addition islets have been thought to derive, at least in part, from ducts. We microdissected 11-day embryonic mouse pancreas and developed several culture systems for assays of differentiation: (i) on transparent filters; (ii) suspended in a collagen I gel; (iii) suspended in a basement membrane rich gel; (iv) under the renal capsule of an adult mouse. Epithelia were grown either with or without mesenchyme, and then assayed histologically and immunohistochemically. Epithelium with its mesenchyme (growth systems i-iv) always grew into fully differentiated pancreas (acinar, endocrine, adn ductal elements). In the basement membrane-rich gel, epithelium without mesenchyme formed ductal structures. Under the renal capsule of the adult mouse the epithelium without mesenchyme exclusively formed clusters of mature islets. These latter results represent the first demonstration of pure islets grown from early pancreatic precursor cells. In addition, these islets seemed not to have originated from ducts. We propose that the default path for growth of embryonic pancreatic epithelium is to form islets. In the presence of basement membrane constituents, however, the pancreatic analage epithelium appears to be programmed to form ducts. Mesenchyme seems not to be required for all aspects of pancreatic development, but rather only for the formation of acinar structures. In addition, the islets seem to form from early embryonic epithelium (which only express non-acinar genes). This formation occurs without any specific embryonic signals, and without any clear duct or acinus formation.
Cloning and initial characterization of the human cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) promoter

Objective: Despite the primacy of the sodium current in cardiac electrophysiology and evidence that decreased sodium current is arrhythmogenic in humans, little is known about transcriptional regulation of the underlying gene, SCN5A . Methods: We have cloned a 2.7 kb segment of 5′-flanking region of SCN5A and identified multiple transcription initiation sites by primer extension and RNase protection. Transient transfection assays in neonatal mouse myocytes and in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were employed to identify promoter activities. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was used to screen DNA variants in the promoter region. Results: The fragment includes >2 kb of upstream sequence, the 173-bp non-coding exon 1, and a portion of the 16-kb intron 1; the region is highly GC-rich and TATA-less. Transient transfection assays in neonatal mouse myocytes and in CHO cells identified (1) a core promoter in the −261/+140 segment, (2) regions conferring ∼3-fold decreases from core promoter activity in the 5′ upstream region (−261/−454 and −1020/−2109), and ∼3-fold increases in intron 1 (+255/+410 and+539/+613), and (3) a very strong negative regulatory region between +613 and +754 in intron 1. A core promoter polymorphism, present in 6/142 (4%) of normal alleles screened, increased reporter activity ∼50% in myocytes but not in CHO cells. Conclusion: The SCN5A promoter includes multiple positive and negative cis-acting elements extending into intron 1. A common polymorphism in this region modulates channel expression in vitro.
Inherent Risk and Control Risk Assessments: Evidence on the Effect of Pervasive and Specific Risk Factors

This paper reports on a study that examines the effect of pervasive and specific risk factors on auditors' inherent risk and control risk assessments in an experimental setting. Two hypotheses concerning the significance of inherent and control risk factors on auditors' inherent risk (IR) and control risk (CR) assessments were tested by having 124 senior auditors and managers provide risk assessments on eight cases. The results show that the pervasive and specific risk factors included in the experiment were significant to both the auditors' IR and CR assessments. For the case used in this study, there was a significant positive association between auditors' IR and CR assessments. Taken together, these findings are consistent with Waller's (1993) notion of a knowledge‐based dependency between IR and CR assessments. The findings are not consistent with Kinney's (1989) reformulation of the (IR×CR) component of the audit risk model.
The stability of two connected drops suspended from the edges of circular holes

The stability of an equilibrium system of two drops suspended from circular holes in a horizontal plate is examined. The drop surfaces are the disconnected axisymmetric surfaces pinned to the edges of the holes. The holes lie in the same horizontal plane and the two drops are connected by a liquid layer that lies above the plate. The total liquid volume is constant. For identical pendant drops pinned to holes of equal radii, axisymmetric perturbations are always the most dangerous. The stability region for two identical drops differs considerably from that for a solitary pendant drop. A bifurcation analysis shows that the loss of stability leads to a continuous transition from a critical system of identical drops to a stable system of axisymmetric non-identical drops. With increasing total protruded liquid volume this system of non-identical drops reaches its own collective stability limit (to axisymmetric perturbations) which gives rise to dripping or streaming from the holes. Critical volumes and heights for non-identical drops have been calculated as functions of the dimensionless hole radius (associated with the Bond number). For unequal hole radii, there are three intervals of the larger dimensionless hole radius, R 0 1 , with qualitatively different bifurcation patterns which in turn can depend on the smaller dimensionless hole radius, R 0 2 . Loss of stability may occur when the drop suspended from the larger hole reaches its stability limit (to non-axisymmetric perturbations) as a solitary drop or when the system reaches the collective stability limit (to axisymmetric perturbations). Typical situations are illustrated for selected values of R 0 1 , and then the basic characteristics of the stability for a dense set of R 0 1 are presented.
Endoscopic, Image-Guided, Transnasal Instillation of 32P for Recurrent Infrachiasmatic Cystic Craniopharyngioma

INTRODUCTION: The neurovascular and anatomic relationships surrounding craniopharyngiomas, and their tending to recur despite any method of primary treatment, has characterized this tumor as an exigent and frustrating clinical entity. Various strategies have been developed to deal with recurrences which include radical re-resection, stereotactic or localized radiotherapy, cyst fenestration, marsupialization or stent placement, and intracavitary therapies such as bleomycin or radionucleotides. CASE REPORT: We present a case where the patient had previously experienced a transsphenoidal resection followed by a pterional, microsurgical resection of her craniopharyngioma at an outside hospital. The second recurrence was cystic, and confined to the sella. We elected to proceed with a minimally invasive, transnasal endoscopic approach for the instillation of phosphorus 32 radionucleotide into the cyst. There were no complications, and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day one. At six months, there was no progression of the cyst. CONCLUSION: While intracystic adionucleotide therapies have been utilized for primary and secondary treatment of craniopharyngioma, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the delivery of this therapy by an endoscopic transsphenoidal route.
Quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum: DNA recognition and gene regulation by the CviR receptor.

ABSTRACT The bacterial pathogen Chromobacterium violaceum uses a LuxIR-type quorum-sensing system to detect and respond to changes in cell population density. CviI synthesizes the autoinducer C10-homoserine lactone (C10-HSL), and CviR is a cytoplasmic DNA binding transcription factor that activates gene expression following binding to C10-HSL. A number of behaviors are controlled by quorum sensing in C. violaceum. However, few genes have been shown to be directly controlled by CviR, in part because the DNA motif bound by CviR is not well characterized. Here, we define the DNA sequence required for promoter recognition by CviR. Using in vivo data generated from a library of point mutations in a CviR-regulated promoter, we find that CviR binds to a palindrome with the ideal sequence CTGNCCNNNNGGNCAG. We constructed a position weight matrix using these in vivo data and scanned the C. violaceum genome to predict CviR binding sites. We measured direct activation of the identified promoters by CviR and found that CviR controls the expression of the promoter for a chitinase, a type VI secretion-related gene, a transcriptional regulator gene, a guanine deaminase gene, and cviI. Indeed, regulation of cviI expression by CviR generates a canonical quorum-sensing positive-feedback loop.
Preparing Teachers of Second Language Reading

In preparing teachers of English language learners (ELLs), teacher educators face a formidable challenge in the area of reading. Reading is a complex skill that is critical to ELLs' academic achievement. Given the complexity and importance of reading and reading instruction, what topics should be addressed by teacher educators in methods courses? This article reports on a study designed to answer this question. The ESOL faculty in a small urban school district were interviewed about reading and observed in their classrooms over the course of 2 years. Six issues were identified as important to these teachers. They were (a) working with a range of learner proficiencies; (b) the use of materials; (c) instructional practices in the areas of decoding skills, vocabulary, writing, and thematic teaching; (d) developing students' love of reading; (e) coping with mainstream teachers and school demands; and (f) working with students who have limited proficiency or schooling in their first languages. The article compares issues raised by the practicing teachers in interviews and observations with the research literature and methods textbooks and outlines considerations for a methods curriculum.
GPU Acceleration of Real-time Feature Based Algorithms

Feature tracking is one of the most fundamental tasks in computer vision, being used as a preliminary step to many high-level algorithms. In general, however, the number of features tracked (leading to more accurate high-level algorithms) must be balanced against the computational requirements of the feature tracking algorithm. To enable a large number of features to be tracked in real time without degrading the computational performance of high-level computer vision algorithms, we offload the feature tracking algorithm to the the video card (GPU) found in modern personal computers. Using the GPU allows for tracking an order of magnitude more features than a pure software-based algorithm, with minimal increase in CPU usage. We have demonstrated the computational benefits of GPU-based feature tracking within a real-time video stabilization application.
Isomorphism in polycarbonates. Copolymers of hydroquinone and substituted hydroquinones

Copolycarbonates were synthesized by phosgenating various proportions of chlorohydroquinone with hydroquinone, toluhydroquinone, and 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane. It was found, by means of x-ray diffraction diagrams and melting point–composition data, that the copolymers prepared from hydroquinone–chlorohydroquinone and toluhydroquinone–chlorohydroquinone mixtures were isomorphous over their entire composition range. The copolymerizations of 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl with chlorohydroquinone resulted in products characterized by reduced crystallinity. The effect of the monomer structure on changes in the lattice constants of the crystalline copolymers was investigated briefly.
Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa

In most studies of the impact of ethnic diversity on economic growth, diversity is hypothesized to affect growth through its effect on macroeconomic policies. This article shows that most measures of ethnic diversity (including the commonly used ELF measure) are inappropriate for testing this hypothesis. This is because they are constructed from enumerations of ethnic groups that include all of the ethnographically distinct groups in a country irrespective of whether or not they engage in the political competition whose effects on macroeconomic policy making are being tested. I present a new index of ethnic fractionalization based on an accounting of politically relevant ethnic groups in 42 African countries. I employ this measure (called PREG, for Politically Relevant Ethnic Groups) to replicate Easterly and Levine's influential article on Africa's growth tragedy. I find that PREG does a Much better job of accounting for the policy-mediated effects of ethnic diversity on economic growth in Africa than does ELF.
What has psychotherapy inherited from Carl Rogers

Rogers' classic article (see record 2007-14639-002) on the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change--now 50 years old--has made an indelible impact on the field. In his brief article, Rogers broke with the past, making a compelling case for the importance of subjecting our hypotheses about how therapy works to empirical test. Moreover, his emphasis on the importance of the therapy relationship is now routinely accepted as necessary, even if not sufficient for change to occur. Having moved beyond Rogers' necessary and sufficient conditions, the field of therapy now recognizes that as important as the therapy relationship might be, there are certain clinical problems that require the use of specific techniques to bring about change. Still, it is currently recognized that therapist acceptance is essential, that nondirective methods can be effective in improving client motivation, and perhaps most important, that the therapist needs to work toward the development of evidence-based interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Design of pointwise-in-frequency paraunitary filter banks

Designing paraunitary filter banks (PUFBs) that minimize a mean squared error (MMSE) design criterion and are globally optimal is a difficult problem in nonlinear optimization. Many techniques have been proposed to simplify this problem including the use of reduced parameter PUFB decompositions to reduce the complexity of the nonlinear program. In this paper, a simple yet effective method is presented for designing PUFBs that satisfy an approximated MMSE criterion with the caveat that the paraunitary condition is satisfied only on a discrete set of frequencies. No statement can be made about the performance or the losslessness of the designed filter bank between selected frequency points, but for a sufficiently large grid with a dense distribution of points, the proposed design method may yield adequate performance in practical situations.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium NiFe Uptake-Type Hydrogenases Are Differentially Expressed In Vivo

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a common enteric pathogen, possesses three NiFe uptake-type hydrogenases. The results from mouse infection studies suggest that the H2 oxidation capacity provided by these hydrogenases is important for virulence. Since the three enzymes are similar in structure and function, it may be expected that they are utilized under different locations and times during an infection. A recombination-based method to examine promoter activity in vivo (RIVET) was used to determine hydrogenase gene expression in macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-like cells, and a mouse model of salmonellosis. The hyd and hya promoters showed increased expression in both murine macrophages and human PMN-like cells compared to that in the medium-only controls. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR results suggested that hyb is also expressed in phagocytes. A nonpolar hya mutant was compromised for survival in macrophages compared to the wild type. This may be due to lower tolerance to acid stress, since the hya mutant was much more acid sensitive than the wild type. In addition, hya mutant cells were internalized by macrophages the same as wild-type cells. Mouse studies (RIVET) indicate that hyd is highly expressed in the liver and spleen early during infection but is expressed poorly in the ileum in infected animals. Late in the infection, the hyd genes were expressed at high levels in the ileum as well as in the liver and spleen. The hya genes were expressed at low levels in all locations tested. These results suggest that the hydrogenases are used to oxidize hydrogen in different stages of an infection.
Organizations as complex adaptive systems: Implications of Complexity Theory for leadership research

This article contrasts the assumptions of General Systems Theory, the framework for much prior leadership research, with those of Complexity Theory, to further develop the latter's implications for the definition of leadership and the leadership process. We propose that leadership in a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) may affect the organization indirectly, through the mediating variables of organizational identity and social movements. A rudimentary model of leadership in a CAS is presented. We then outline two non-linear methodologies, dynamic systems simulation and artificial neural networks, as appropriate to enable development and testing of a model leadership under the assumptions of Complexity Theory.
Neural network based secure media access control protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper discusses an application of a neural network in wireless sensor network security. It presents a multilayer perceptron (MLP) based media access control protocol (MAC) to secure a CSMA-based wireless sensor network against the denial-of-service attacks launched by adversaries. The MLP enhances the security of a WSN by constantly monitoring the parameters that exhibit unusual variations in case of an attack. The MLP shuts down the MAC layer and the physical layer of the sensor node when the suspicion factor, the output of the MLP, exceeds a preset threshold level. Backpropagation and particle swarm optimization algorithms are used for training the MLP. The MLP-guarded secure WSN is implemented using the Vanderbilt Prowler simulator. Simulation results show that the MLP helps in extending the lifetime of the WSN.
Role of blood volume expansion in Dahl rat model of hypertension

Continuous measurement and servo control (SC) of total body weight of unrestrained rats were used to investigate the role of volume expansion in the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-resistant (SR) and Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. A change in sodium intake from 1 to 20 meq/day was associated with an increase in total body weight of 7.2% in both SS and SR rats over 96 h. Plasma sodium (pNa) increased from 145.0 to 147.4 meq/l in both SS (n = 10) and SR (n = 10) rats. Only in the SS rats was the volume expansion associated with an increase in arterial pressure of 27 +/- 3 mmHg. Prevention of the volume expansion by SC blocked the rise in arterial pressure in the SS rats (n = 10) but increased pNa from 143.5 to 152.4 meq/l. Hematocrit fell from 36.6 to 27.5% in both non-SC groups but decreased less in SC groups (35.7 to 32.0%). Plasma volume expansion from 17.6 +/- 0.6 to 25.2 +/- 0.8 ml in non-SC rats was greatly blunted by SC. In non-SC rats, SS (n = 10) and SR (n = 9) rats an increase in salt intake was associated with a rise in cardiac output from 413 +/- 6 to 507 +/- 12 ml.min-1.kg-1 in both groups. These results indicate that fluid retention is required to trigger the rise of pressure in Dahl SS rats.
Efficient Spatial Dynamics for Continuum Arms

Continuum robot dynamic models have previously involved a choice between high accuracy, numerically intensive models, and low accuracy, computationally efficient models. The objective of this paper is to provide an accurate dynamic model with low computational overhead. Our approach is to place point masses at the center of gravity of the continuum section, rather than along the robot’s backbone or centerline. This enables the model to match the robot’s energetic characteristics with many fewer point masses. We experimentally validate the model using a pneumatic muscle actuated continuum arm. We find that the proposed model successfully captures both the transient and steady state dynamics of the arm.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Analysis of new bone, cartilage, and fibrosis tissue in healing murine allografts using whole slide imaging and a new automated histomorphometric algorithm

Histomorphometric analysis of histologic sections of normal and diseased bone samples, such as healing allografts and fractures, is widely used in bone research. However, the utility of traditional semi-automated methods is limited because they are labor-intensive and can have high interobserver variability depending upon the parameters being assessed, and primary data cannot be re-analyzed automatically. Automated histomorphometry has long been recognized as a solution for these issues, and recently has become more feasible with the development of digital whole slide imaging and computerized image analysis systems that can interact with digital slides. Here, we describe the development and validation of an automated application (algorithm) using Visiopharm's image analysis system to quantify newly formed bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue in healing murine femoral allografts in high-quality digital images of H&E/alcian blue-stained decalcified histologic sections. To validate this algorithm, we compared the results obtained independently using OsteoMeasure(TM) and Visiopharm image analysis systems. The intraclass correlation coefficient between Visiopharm and OsteoMeasure was very close to one for all tissue elements tested, indicating nearly perfect reproducibility across methods. This new algorithm represents an accurate and labor-efficient method to quantify bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue in healing mouse allografts.
Does the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Permit Suits Against Former Government Officials

Mohamed Ali Samantar was an official in the Somali government, serving as the prime minister, first vice president, and minister of defense at various times. The plaintiffs in this case sued Samantar for his "active participation" in the enforcement of the government's systematic repression of the Isaaq clan, which included rape, torture and extrajudicial killing. All the parties agree that Samantar was an official of the Somali government at the time of the incidents giving rise to this suit and that his actions were undertaken in that official capacity. Samantar asserts that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act bars suits against him or any government official in these circumstances.
Presentation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in octogenarians

18555 Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death in the United States. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for over 80% of all new cases of lung cancer. Lung c...
Kinetics: Enzymes and Electrons

In the last chapter we discussed the general principles of kinetics and drew heavily on simple molecular interactions in a vacuum, in other words, gas behavior. This has allowed us to use kinetic theory to discuss the important abstraction of the potential energy surface. Yet most of the reactions of interest to the biologist and biophysical chemist occur in solution. We have drawn a fairly detailed picture of the molecular interactions that complicate the description and behavior of solutions. In general, the rate of a reaction in solution cannot occur any more rapidly than the rate of diffusion that brings the reactants together. Diffusion is the result of a chemical potential driving force that affects the motion of chemical species. We have also seen that the motion of ions in solution can be affected by externally applied electric fields. Finally we have explored how the electric field at the surfaces/solvent interface leads to the important transitional structure of the interphase. We will now see how the rates of surface (binding) reactions and electrochemical processes, which are extremely common in biological systems, are very sensitive to the electrical and chemical potentials at those surfaces.
Identification of the Molecular Precursors for Hydrazine Solution Processed CuIn(Se,S)2 Films and Their Interactions

We investigate the molecular species present in hydrazine CuIn(Se,S)2 precursor solutions, their interactions, and phase formation in solution processed CuIn(Se,S)2 thin films through Raman spectro...
Book Review: The Language of Journalism: A Multi-genre Perspective, by Angela Smith and Michael Higgins

The Language of Journalism: A Multi-genre Perspective. Angela Smith and Michael Higgins. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013. 152 pp. $29.95 pbk.Angela Smith and Dr. Michael Higgins explore the media's use of language to purposely and inadvertently maintain the societal status quo. Smith, a Reader in Language and Culture at the University of Sunderland, United Kingdom, and Higgins, the Director of the Journalism and Creative Writing program at the University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom, use Critical Discourse Analysis to examine how journalistic language reflects and shapes social realities and how it articulates news values. "CDA's explicitly political agenda seeks to raise awareness of the ideological frameworks that inform language choice, and the construction, representation and positioning of its subjects in discourse." In other words, they look at how language is used in different media outlets and how these choices reflect political values.After outlining their method and framework, they divide the rest of the book by media genre: broadcast, magazine, newspaper, sports, and online. In the broadcast section, for example, they talk about language as a means of establishing informality (e.g., anchors referring to each other by first name) and a close broadcaster-audience relationship (e.g. using the pronoun "you" when talking to the viewers). They talk about newspapers' lack of space necessitating "news headline register"-or the American "headlinese"-which causes headlines to lack the nuance of the articles. Across all outlets, they discuss verb tenses quite a bit, in terms of using present tense to convey a sense of immediacy, while using past-perfect tenses (i.e., had said) to distinguish recently conducted interviews from background information. The book provides a unique application of critical discourse to an analysis of popular media."The Language of Journalism" is accessible for seasoned researchers and undergraduate students. The introduction provides clear definitions of terms used in critical analysis for those unfamiliar with them (e.g., discourse, ideology, intertextuality). The introductory chapter could stand alone as a text for introductory students. The chapters also are clearly organized with plenty of subheadings throughout and a labeled conclusion, which, again, could be helpful for students. The book also uses relatively modern media examples, such as references to twenty-four-hour news networks, Twitter, and reality television. They also make good use of journalistic artifacts, including broadcast transcripts, newspaper articles, photos, and magazine pages. Although some of the British media references might not be familiar to some, the book has a clear and simple tone that makes it accessible for readers across countries. …
Concept Review of Genital Herpes Vaccines

A workshop was convened on February 2-3, 1981, at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., to review current information about immunization against genital herpes and to develop recommendations about the further development of such vaccines. The meeting was attended by invited participants who were selected from academic, commercial, and government establishments to represent various interests in vaccine development. Presentations and discussions focused on the complexity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (HSV-2), the clinical picture of genital herpes in sexually active adults and in neonates, the epidemiology and magnitude of the health problem in the United States, animal models, and the present status of development of vaccines. Dr. William S. Jordan, Jr., Director of the Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Program,
Calcification. XV. In vitro calcification of rachitic bone cartilage of thyroparathyroidectomized rats.

Summary1. Rickets was produced in rats thyroparathyroidectomized at 21 to 23 days of age as readily as in control animals. Both groups were on a rachitogenic diet with a calcium to phosphorus ratio of 10.3. X-ray routine histologic examination, and blood chemical analysis for calcium and phosphate were comparable in both groups of rachitic animals. 2. Rachitic bone cartilage from thyroparathyroidectomized rats calcified to the same degree as the rachitic bone cartilage from the controls. 3. Under the conditions of this experiment, neither the secretions from the parathyroid glands nor any enzyme system such as that involving bone citrogenase is essential for satisfactory in vitro calcification.
Human Ecology and the City Planning Movement

13 The United States Census, of course, lists the number of rural-farm dwellings to be found in incorporated places of over 1,000 population. In addition I have been furnished unpublished data by the Bureau of the Census relating to the number of such dwellings for incorporated centers of fewer than 1,000 people in the North Carolina Subregion. In general, my count is slightly above that of the Bureau of the Census for those centers for which comparisons may be made. Two possible reasons for this exist. First, I have included in my count those homes which are obviously part of the center but which may be beyond legal corporate limits (see Table 1 and accompanying text). Secondly, it is possible that not all of the farms which I have listed meet the census requirements as to acreage and income. There is no question, however, of confusion of farm and non-farm homes.
Visuospatial Cognitive Deficits and Subtle Cortical Anomalies in Preterm Adolescents

Voxel-based morphometric analysis (VBM) of the MRI scans of a group of adolescents, born preterm with very low birth weights and with deficits in judgment of line orientation, was used to demonstrate anomalies of cortical gray matter in a study at the Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
Computation of Aero-Optical Distortions over a Cylindrical Turret with Passive Flow Control

Large-eddy simulations are performed for compressible flow over a cylindrical turret with a flat optical window, with and without passive control in the upstream boundary layer. Statistics of the flow field and optical distortions are computed and compared with experimental measurements. Results show reasonable agreement with experimental data for the baseline case without control. When passive control is applied using thin and tall pins, the numerical results confirm key experimental findings, although some quantitative discrepancies are observed. The flow simulated is characterized by two distinct shear layers above the optical window, whose combined effect leads to slightly reduced optical distortions compared to the uncontrolled flow with a single strong shear layer.
Solid state cathode materials for secondary magnesium-ion batteries that are compatible with magnesium metal anodes in water-free electrolyte

Abstract With high elemental abundance, large volumetric capacity, and dendrite-free metal deposition, magnesium metal anodes offer promise in beyond-lithium-ion batteries. However, the increased charge density associated with the divalent magnesium-ion (Mg2+), relative to lithium-ion (Li+) hinders the ion-insertion and extraction processes within many materials and structures known for lithium-ion cathodes. As a result, many recent investigations incorporate known amounts of water within the electrolyte to provide temporary solvation of the Mg2+, improving diffusion kinetics. Unfortunately with the addition of water, compatibility with magnesium metal anodes disappears due to forming an ion-insulating passivating layer. In this short review, recent advances in solid state cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries are highlighted, with a focus on cathode materials that do not require water contaminated electrolyte solutions for ion insertion and extraction processes.
Is It Time to Revisit the Role of Prostate-specific Antigen Kinetics in Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer?

Objective To identify factors that are not available at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis and are associated with the risk of biopsy progression in active surveillance (AS) patients. Materials and Methods The study included 314 AS patients who had at least 1 repeat biopsy. We used logistic regression to analyze the association between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and its derivatives, including PSA density, PSA velocity (PSAV) and doubling time (PSADT); presence of bilateral disease and number of previous successive negative surveillance biopsies; and the risk of progression on the surveillance biopsies first through fourth. Results Over a median follow-up of 3.1 years, patients had a mean of 2.4 biopsies. The median time from diagnosis to the last biopsy was 2.3 years. The biopsies were performed at fairly equal intervals. For surveillance biopsies 1 through 3, none of the studied factors was adding significant prognostic information to the baseline characteristics. PSAV and PSADT were associated with the risk of progression on the fourth biopsy; this association was independent of baseline characteristics. No progression on the fourth biopsy was noted in 23 patients with negative PSAV. Among 54 patients with PSADT of more than 3 years only, 2 progressed whereas 6 out of 9 patients with a PSADT less than 3 years had biopsy progression on the fourth surveillance biopsy. Conclusion PSA kinetics may be helpful in defining the indications for prostate biopsy in AS patients who are followed with regular biopsies for more than 3-4 years.
Simultaneous determination of 27 organophosphorus pesticide residues in drinking water by gas chromatography

Objective:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 27 organophosphorus pesticide residues in drinking water by gas chromatography.Methods:The organophosphorus pesticides in drinking water were concentrated after liquid-liquid extraction,then separated by CP-Sil 24 CB capillary column and determined by pulsed flame photometric detector(PFPD).Results:27 organophosphorus pesticides gave a good linearity in the range of 0.20~10.0 μg/ml(r0.99).The detection limits were 0.03~0.31 μg/L.The recoveries for the spiked samples ranged from 70.5% to 103.0% and the relative standard deviations(RSD) 3.5%~9.7%.Conclusion:The method is simple,rapid,accurate and can be applied to the simultaneous determination of 27 organophosphorus pesticide residues in drinking water.
The Last Thing You'll Memorize

In this article the author discusses the relationship between smartphones and memorization. He relates a story in which he offers his son $10 to memorize the complete list of U.S. presidents and his son's response that memorization is unnecessary. Topics include how smartphones are making memorization obsolete, the replacement of pen & paper in mathematics with calculators, and memorization of information too time-consuming to search for.
Chapter 31 Lumbosacral plexopathies

Publisher Summary This chapter describes lumbosacral plexopathies. The lumbar plexus and the sacral plexus provide innervation for the lower limb, hip girdle, and much of the pelvic floor. When these two plexuses, and the lumbosacral trunk that links them, are considered as a single entity, the resulting lumbosacral plexus (or pelvic plexus) probably becomes the largest peripheral nervous system (PNS) structure. Virtually every element of the brachial plexus can be assessed with nerve conduction studies (NCSs) except the sensory fibers derived from the C5 root. In contrast, no reliable sensory NCS is available to assess the lumbar plexus (L2–L4 root origin), and the sensory NCSs that assess the superior half of the sacral plexus (L5, S1 root origin) frequently are compromised by various factors. Unlike brachial plexopathies, a significant number of lumbosacral plexopathies are bilateral, including those because of neoplasms (estimated to be bilateral in 25% of cases), radiation, and diabetic amyotrophy.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF PROTEIN METABOLISM, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO BODY PROTEIN GAIN

The hormonal control of protein metabolism is an extensive subject. Not only do numerous well-defined hormones affect the extent and rate of protein metabolism in animals, but there appears to be a variety of growth and differentiation factors which have hormone-like activity. The production of all these hormones and factors requires an elaborate regulatory mechanism. The endocrine system itself influences growth by regulating intake and by controlling the division of nutrients among various metabolic pathways. The cellular sites of action of hormones depend largely on the hormone and range from effects on cellular and subcellular membranes to alterations in the activity of enzymes and protein factors concerned with energy and nucleic acid metabolism and protein synthesis and breakdown. The mode of action of insulin, growth hormone, the thyroid hormones, the glucocorticoids, and steroids with anabolic activity, are discussed in detail. One of the factors which emerges from the considerations undertaken is that little fundamental knowledge exists in the area of hormonal regulation of protein metabolism, particularly in reference to growth and the use of hormones in animal protein production for improving the supply of human foods.