cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen consumption and ATP changes of the vertebrate photoreceptor

The oxygen consumption characteristics of the excised bullfrog retina ( R. catesbeiana ) were studied with a technique that permitted continuous monitoring of the oxygen consumption of the retina at a high sensitivity. In the presence of the (Na + +K + ) ATPase inhibitor, ouabain, or in low [Na + ] 0 ( m ) or low [K + ] 0 ( m ) increases in oxygen consumption are observed upon illumination (designated as the “ouabain respiratory response”). These responses are unquestionably from the photoreceptors and reflect light-induced increases in ATP synthesis. The data on these responses and direct measurements of ATP suggest that they are the result of light-induced ATP consuming processes which cause decreases in the ATP concentration of the photoreceptor. Increases in internal calcium concentration could also be responsible for the response or more likely may be an intermediate step in the processes leading to these responses. In normal perfusate (containing aspartate) decreases in oxygen consumption are observed upon illumination reflecting light-induced decreases in ATP synthesis (designated as the “normal respiratory response”). The data on these responses and direct measurements of ATP concentration suggest that these responses originate in the photoreceptors and reflect light-induced increases in ATP concentration as a result of decreases in (Na + +K + ) ATPase activity. Changes in calcium ion concentration may be an intermediate step in the processes leading to these responses. Both respiratory responses exhibited similar relations between response amplitude and light intensity—a relationship similar to that observed for distal PIII electrical responses of the photoreceptor. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (in the presence of pyruvate) such as DNP, FCCP and arsenate, stimulated overall respiration and eliminated the respiratory responses. The responses were also eliminated by oligomycin (an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation) or cyanide (an inhibitor of electron transport). The addition of ouabain, or low [Na + ] 0 or low [K + ] 0 inhibited overall respiration and revealed the “ouabain respiratory responses”. The restoration of normal [Na + ] 0 or [K + ] 0 to perfusate which contained low concentrations of these ions stimulated overall respiration and restored the “normal respiratory responses”. The amplitudes of the “normal respiratory responses” exhibited a dependence on [Na + ] 0 and [K + ] 0 . In the presence of ouabain these ions had no effect on respiration. Calcium ion was a major effector of overall respiration and the “respiratory responses”. For both respiratory responses increasing the calcium ion concentration (above 0.032 m m ) mimicked the effect of light —i.e. increasing or decreasing overall respiration and reducing the amplitude of the “respiratory responses”.
Oxidative DNA damage from sulfite autoxidation catalyzed by manganese(III)

Abstract A series of manganese(II) and manganese(III) salts and oxides were investigated for their ability to catalyze the autoxidation of sulfite resulting in oxidative damage to DNA. Experiments directed at identifying the reactive intermediates responsible for DNA oxidation included the trapping of a sulfite radical adduct during EPR studies, alcohol quenching studies of free radical intermediates, comparisons of relative reactivities toward conversion of Type I to Type II plasmid DNA and cleavage of a duplex DNA restriction fragment. The studies support previous work on the mechanism of manganese(III)-catalyzed sulfite autoxidation and provide evidence that simple manganese salts are capable of mediating substantial DNA damage in conjunction with sulfite.
Metabolic control reactions of the intact urinary bladder of the toad

Metabolic control reactions have been studied in the intact toad bladder by means of fluorescence spectrophotometric measurement of reduced pyridine nucleotide and by measurement of respiration with the platinum electrode. substrates such as pyruvate and succinate lead to prompt increases in reduction level of pyridine nucleotide with only slight acceleration of respiration. major metabolic control is exerted by adp, which depletes the intact bladder of reduced pyridine nucleotide and accelerates respiration. respiratory control ratios, as for isolated mitochondria, depend upon the substrate being metabolized. a significant fraction of added adp appears to gain entry into the intact toad bladder and is converted to atp, anaerobiosis and amobarbital lead to increased levels of reduction of pyridine nucleotide. the spectroscopic and metabolic properties of the reduced pyridine nucleotide being studied identify it with that fraction of dpnh which is bound at one of the energy conservation sites linking phosphorylation reactions with electron transfer.
Bubble dissolution with chemical reaction

Abstract The dissolution of an isolated stationary gas bubble, enhanced by a chemical reaction, in a large body of liquid is investigated. A theoretical model which properly accounts for the movement of the interface due to dissolution is formulated and solved using the method of finite differences. The finite difference results are used as a standard of comparison for the testing of various approximate solutions. These include a perturbation expansion, a quasi-stationary approximation and a quasi-steady approximation. The results of this work indicate that the quasi-steady approximation, which provides very simple analytical solutions, is an excellent one in the presence of a sufficiently rapid chemical reaction.
Compact optical associative memory

A unique associative memory architecture is presented that combines the compact optical processing environment of a Fabry-Perot confocal resonator with the dynamic storage and recall properties of volume holograms. The architecture also eliminates the need for electronic or opto-electronic processing elements through the use of photorefractive gain and attenuation devices. Initial experimental results show the system is capable of recalling a complete object from memory when presented with a partial version of the object.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Brocade Patterns in the Shop of the Master of Frankfurt: An Accessory to Stylistic Analysis

Workshops that produced large quantities of paintings for the open market in the Low Countries during the 15th and 16th centuries often recycled standard compositional elements. The sum of these elements in any given shop may be considered the specific visual vocabulary of that workshop. This paper examines a group of such elements in the vocabulary of the workshop of the Master of Frankfurt: three brocade patterns. It is suggested that the identification of a workshop vocabulary is an important addition to stylistic analysis in defining the extent of large Netherlandish workshops.
Improving the Efficiency of Dialogue in Tutoring.

Abstract The current studies investigated the efficient use of dialogue in intelligent tutoring systems that use natural language interaction. Such dialogues can be relatively time-consuming. This work addresses the question of how much dialogue is needed to produce significant learning gains. In Experiment 1, a full dialogue condition and a read-only control condition were compared with a mixed dialogue condition in which students engaged in full dialogue for half the problems followed by problems requiring only a limited engagement. We found that the mixed dialogue condition produced results as impressive as the full dialogue condition and took less time. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and further examined issues of time engaged in learning, quality of instruction, and learning gains. Overall, these results show that dialogue-based intelligent tutoring systems could be designed in a more efficient manner to maximize learning and minimize the cost of time-on-task.
Who's Afraid of Big Data?

Recently, there has been a great deal of news in the international media pertaining to various disclosures that governments--the US government, in particular--are collecting vast amounts of information from diverse sources in the interest of counterterrorism. Telephone information is being recorded in unprecedented volumes, and surface mail is being scanned. Furthermore, the movement of vehicles can be tracked by toll transponders, GPS, black boxes, and imaging devices. What's even more disturbing is that much of this information is probably being kept for later analysis. Using Google technology, this information can be indexed and mined for all kinds of transgressions, beyond scanning for terrorist-threat indicators or conducting forensic analysis of terrorist acts.
Time-resolved coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS ) of benzene

Femtosecond time-resolved coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS) signals of benzene-h6, benzene-d6, and their 1 : 1 binary mixture are investigated at room temperature with two different polarization geometries. The reorientational correlation time of benzene as well as the vibrational dephasing time of the v1 ring-breathing mode have been measured precisely. Bohr frequency difference beats have been resolved between the v1 modes of 12C6H6 and 12C6H6 and 12C513CH6 protonated benzenes and the 12C6D6 and 12C513CD6 deuterated benzenes that are present at natural abundances in their neat liquids. There is no evidence for stochastic line broadening phenomena other than in their fast modulation limit even on the 100 fs time scale of these experiments.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF INTERNAL RADIATION AND SOLIDIFICATION IN SEMITRANSPARENT MELTS IN MAGNETIC FIELDS

This article presents a numerical study on the effects of magnetic fields and internal radiation on the melt flow and solidification morphology during solidification processing of semitransparent oxide melts. The numerical solution of the integral differential equation characterizing the internal radiation and the magnetohydrodynamic equations describing the magnetic and transport phenomena is obtained by applying the combined discontinuous and continuous finite-element method. Deforming finite elements based on an arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation are used to track the moving boundaries resulting from solidification. Computed results show that both internal radiation and external magnetic fields can have strong effects on the melt flow, temperature distribution, and solidification behavior during the melt processing of oxide materials.
Survey of attitudes of nurses working with AIDS patients

This article reports the results of a ten-question anonymous survey given to nurses at Westchester County Medical Center in July 1983 and January 1984 concerning attitudes about caring for AIDS patients. Two-thirds of the responding nurses reported that they had friends or family express concern about associating with hospital personnel who have contact with AIDS patients. Other questions showed that between one fourth and one half of nurses have a fear of caring for homosexual men and male prisoners because of their awareness about AIDS. One half of the nurses believe that AIDS can be transmitted to hospital personnel because of contact with patients despite precautions. The fear of caring for patients with AIDS as compared to caring for patients with hepatitis, a more contagious but less serious disease than AIDS, was highest in the intensive care unit staff. Eighty-five percent of the health care personnel responding believed that pregnant nurses should not care for AIDS patients and one half of the nurses responding indicated that they would ask for a transfer if they had to care for AIDS patients on a regular basis. The implication of these findings for future treatment programs, medical and nursing education and psychologic support for staff are discussed.
The effect of pyrimidine analogues and tryptophan on enzyme synthesis and degradation in rat liver.

Summary 5-Fluoroorotic acid, when administered from the zero time point, results in a marked inhibition of the dietary induction of four amino acid-degrading enzymes in rat liver (serine dehydratase, ornithine transaminase, histidase, and tryptophan oxygenase). When tyrosine aminotransferase is induced by the same technique, however, the administration of 5-fluoroorotic acid results in a marked increase in the induced levels of the enzyme. 5-fluoroorotic acid and another pyrimidine analogue, 5-azacytidine, were also shown to stimulate hormonal induction of tyrosine aminotransferase. 5-Fluoroorotic acid was found to be the most potent of several orotic acid analogues studied in the inhibition of the dietary induction of serine dehydratase, and 5-azacytidine was much more effective than 5-fluoroorotic acid on a mg basis. Both analogues also inhibit the hormonal induction of serine dehydratase, and appear to be acting in a manner similar to actinomycin D in that inhibition of enzyme induction occurs only when the administration of the inhibitors is not delayed significantly after the inducers are given. 5-Fluoroortic acid does not inhibit the further induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by cortisone after initial induction by casein hydrolysate in intact animals, but rather prevents the decay of the induced level of the enzyme seen in animals given cortisone alone. In adrenalectomized animals, 5-fluoroorotic acid delays the decay of tyrosine aminotransferase levels induced by casein hydrolysate alone, and actually stimulates the “super-induction” by cortisone. Using immunochemical techniques, it was shown that the enhancement of the hormonal induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by 5-fluoroorotic acid and 5-azacytidine was not related to an increased rate of synthesis, but rather to stabilization of the enzyme. Tryptophan, another efficient inducer of tyrosine aminotransferase, also appears to exert its effect by stabilizing enzyme turnover. The incorporation of 5-fluoroorotic-2-C 14 acid into hepatic RNA and ribonucleoprotein was studied in an effort to gain some insight as to the mechanisms by which this compound influences enzyme induction. 5-fluoroorotate-2-C 14 -labeled cytoplasmic RNA, recently shown to be nonribosomal by chromatographic and sedimentation criteria ( 17 ), was further characterized by studying the polysome-associated ribonucleoprotein in which it is found. The radioactive analogue appears to label selectively a population of ribonucleoprotein which is heterodisperse, nonribosomal, with respect to both sedimentation coefficient and density. The incorporation of 5-fluoroorotic acid into this population of ribonucleoprotein is relatively insensitive to actinomycin D. Possible mechanisms linking base analogues and tryptophan to enzyme turnover are discussed.
Antidepressant adequacy and work status among medicaid enrollees with disabilities: a restriction-based, propensity score-adjusted analysis.

This cross-sectional study of adult survey respondents with disability and depression (n = 199) enrolled in Massachusetts’ Medicaid program examined the association of adequately or inadequately prescribed antidepressant treatment and self-reported work status using conditional logistic regression, controlling for age, gender, race, marital status, education, receipt of SSI/SSDI, self-reported disabling condition, and health status. Confounding by severity was addressed by two methods: restriction of our sample and subsequent stratification by propensity score. Individuals receiving adequate antidepressant treatment had an increased odds of working compared to individuals receiving inadequate treatment, both in analyses in which restriction was used to limit confounding (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.15–10.32, P < .03), and in analyses which combined restriction with adjustment by propensity score stratification (OR = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.01–9.62, P < .05). Among this sample of Medicaid enrollees with disability and depression, those receiving adequate antidepressant treatment were significantly more likely to report working.
Mid- and near-infrared spectroscopic investigations of N-phenylmaleimide (NPM)/amine reactions

The reactions between N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) and several amines have been examined by both mid-infrared (mid-IR) and near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy. Significant overlap exists among several functional groups of NPM/amine systems in the mid-IR spectral region. Interference between these absorptions significantly reduces the utility of mid-IR spectroscopy for quantitative studies of NPM/amine reaction kinetics. In contrast, the absorption bands of these functional groups are well separated in near-IR spectra. The ability of near-IR spectroscopy for studying the kinetics of the reactions between the maleimide-containing compound with amines is clearly established. Near-IR absorptions suitable for quantitative studies of these reactions are identified. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 267–276, 1998
Explaining support for the Moral Majority

The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of several theoretical perspectives for understanding the popular appeal of the Moral Majority. The perspectives used were cultural fundamentalism, diffusion, resource mobilization, status loss, and alienation. Data came from a series of surveys between 1981 and 1984 carried out in Middletown, Indiana. Overall, diffusion theory was useful in understanding who knew about the Moral Majority, and cultural fundamentalism was most helpful in understanding support for the Moral Majority.
Utilization of a benchtop mass spectrometer with capillary supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract Direct coupling of a capillary supercritical fluid chromatograph to a benchtop electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometer using a GC-MS interface with minor modification is described. The SFC-EI-MS of the thermally labile pesticides aldicarb, diuron, methiocarb, alachlor, bendiocarb, and carbaryl plus other analytes have been obtained with good chromatographic integrity and sensitivity. This system routinely provided low nanogram level detection in the full scan mode for the pesticides as well as picogram levels for some selected analytes. The highest %R.S.D. for repeated injections of naphthalene over a two-week period using this benchtop SFC-EI-MS system was 6.4. The EI-mass spectra have been successfully searched using conventional mass spectral libraries.
Ethylene from alcohol lamps and natural gas burners: Effects on cotton ovules cultured in vitro

In a transfer hood having positive pressure via flow of filtered air, momentary flaming of flask mouths via an alcohol lamp or natural gas burner introduced variable and often large amounts of ethylene into these culture vessels. Amounts of ethylene introduced depended upon where flask mouths were placed within the flame. Most ethylene diffused out of flasks within 2 hr if adequate fresh air exchange was provided, permitting cotton ovules to respond to hormones in ways reported in previous literature. However, it was concluded that flask-flaming could occasionally account for some variability in hormonal responses of cultured cotton ovules. Specifically, ethylene (assumed to be the most abundant and harmful substance admitted to the flasks via flaming) caused excessive ovular callus formation in combination with GA3 and decreased the percentage of ovules forming fibers in response to IAA.
Stochastic modeling of the neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and model parameter identification from Parkinson patient data

Several stochastic models, with various degrees of complexity, have been proposed to model the neuronal activity from different parts of the human brain. In this article, we use a simple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (OUP) to model the spike activity recorded from the subthalamic nucleus of patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease at the time of implantation of the electrodes for deep brain stimulation. From the recorded data, which contains information about the spike times of a single neuron, we identify and extract the model parameters of the OUP. We then use these parameters to numerically simulate the inter-spike intervals and the voltage across the neuron membrane. We finally assess how well the proposed mathematical model fits to the measured data and compare it with other commonly adopted stochastic models. We show an excellent agreement between the computer-generated data according to the OUP model and the measured one, as well as the superiority of the OUP model when compared to the Poisson process model and the random walk model; thus, establishing the validity of the OUP as a simple yet biologically plausible model of the neuronal activity recorded from the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinson’s disease patients.
Global Contexts and the Veil: Muslim Integration in the United States and France*

Integration of Muslims into Westem societies has received growing attention in recent years. Of central concern has been whether norms based on Islamic beliefs hinder Muslims' ability to participate successfully in societies based on sec ular principles. Perhaps the most contentious issue involves the practice of veil ing among Muslim women, which is commonly seen in the West as a sign of oppression. The articles that comprise this special issue, however, demonstrate the complexity of the veil as a symbol and of veiling as a practice. Drawing from multiple disciplines, the authors present research conducted in France and the United States to suggest that national context is a critical and influential vari able, shaping the interpretations and motivations for veiling, and therefore iden tity patterns and integration among Muslims. Two core areas to consider in more depth include the ethnic stratification systems within each country, and the sig nificance of gender in identity development. Comparing Muslim integration in France and the U.S. offers an exceptional opportunity to consider how socio-political context shapes. experiences. As stat ed in the introduction to this volume, Muslims make up the second largest reli gious group in both countries, yet the proportion in France is larger (8% of the population) than in the U.S. (1%). Perhaps more telling is the historical relation the country of origin has to the host country. Significant factors that differenti ate the experiences of Muslims in France and the U.S. are the interplay between both places. Muslims in France are post-colonial immigrants, comprised primari ly of north African settlers (from Tunisia, Morocco, and Algeria). Muslims in the United States, on the other hand, appear more heterogeneous. They include immigrants from South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as those Americans who converted to Islam. The critical role that gender plays in immigrant adaptation in both France and the U.S. is also evident from the articles in this special issue. The present set of studies uphold the conclusions of previous research that a diversity of opinions
The energetics of heterogeneous deformation in open-cell solid foams

Compressed open–cell solid foams frequently exhibit spatially heterogeneous distributions of local stretch. The theoretical aspects of this deformation habit have not been clearly elucidated. Here we propose a simple nonlinear model aimed at illustrating the most salient features of the micromechanics of uniaxially stretched solid foams. Then we study the energetics of the model to show that the stretch heterogeneity observed in experiments stems from the lack of convexity of the governing energy functional, which favours two characteristic values of local stretch. These characteristic values are independent of the applied overall stretch and define two configurational phases of the foam. The predicted stretch distributions correspond to stratified mixtures of the phases; stretching occurs in the form of a phase transformation, by growth of one of the phases at the expense of the other. We also compare the predicted mechanical response with experimental data for a series of foams of different densities and discuss the analogy between the stretching of foams and the liquefaction of van der Waals gases. Lastly, we perform displacement field measurements using the digital image correlation technique and find the results to be in agreement with our predictions.
Poststernotomy Fractures and Pain Management in Open Cardiac Surgery

Study objectives To assess whether (1) there is an increased incidence of sternal fractures associated with internal mammary artery (IMA) revascularization in open heart surgery and (2) there is a higher incidence of pain in postoperative patients with sternal fractures. Methods: Two hundred eighty-eight consecutive adult patients who had undergone cardiac surgery underwent median sternotomy from 1989 to 1991. IMA revascularization was used in 94 patients. The remainder underwent conventional saphenous vein graft (SVG) revascularization or other open cardiac procedure. The sternum was checked for fracture at the time of chest-wall closure. Lung volumes, arterial blood gases, respiratory rate, and oxygen requirements were measured before and after pain relief by intravenous or epidural analgesia. Results Of 288 consecutive median sternotomies, there were a total of 24 sternal fractures. IMA harvesting was associated with a significantly greater incidence of sternal fractures. In the 94 patients in whom IMA mobilization was used, there were 16 fractures; in the remaining 194 cases, there were 8 fractures (p Conclusions: The use of sternal retraction devices for IMA harvesting in coronary bypass procedures results in an increased incidence of sternal fractures when compared with conventional SVG bypass procedures. Although most sternal fractures are well tolerated, some patients with fractures can become a significant pain management problem. Epidural analgesia is a safe and effective treatment for severe pain associated with sternal fractures and provides improved postoperative pulmonary function.
A retrieval system for well information data

Abstract This report summarizes a portion of the work performed jointly by several members of the Computer Science Department, Louisiana State University, and the Louisiana Geological Survey in developing and implementing an information retrieval system for accessing a database of oil, gas, and water well information.
Radiation pattern of an UWB wearable antenna: a preliminary study

Inhomogeneity of the propagation medium in body area networks could have a great impact on the sensor node's antenna characteristics. This in turn could affect the quality of the communication links unless the impact of the human body has been properly considered during the design phase of the antenna. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the antenna's placement and its distance from the body surface on its radiation pattern. It is shown that the antenna placement could affect the in-body radiation pattern of the antenna.
Olfactory recognition memory is disrupted in young mice with chronic low-level lead exposure

Chronic developmental lead exposure yielding very low blood lead burden is an unresolved child public health problem. Few studies have attempted to model neurobehavioral changes in young animals following very low level exposure, and studies are needed to identify tests that are sensitive to the neurobehavioral changes that may occur. Mechanisms of action are not yet known however results have suggested that hippocampus/dentate gyrus may be uniquely vulnerable to early chronic low-level lead exposure. This study examined the sensitivity of a novel odor recognition task to differences in pre-adolescent C57BL/6J mice chronically exposed from birth to PND 28, to 0 ppm (control), 30 ppm (low-dose), or 330 ppm (higher-dose) lead acetate (N=33). Blood lead levels (BLLs) determined by ICP-MS ranged from 0.02 to 20.31 μg/dL. Generalized linear mixed model analyses with litter as a random effect showed a significant interaction of BLL×sex. As BLLs increased olfactory recognition memory decreased in males. Among females, non-linear effects were observed at lower but not higher levels of lead exposure. The novel odor detection task is sensitive to effects associated with early chronic low-level lead exposure in young C57BL/6J mice.
EFFECTS OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ON GUINEA PIG LIVER.

Abstract Administration of carbon tetrachloride to guinea pigs was associated with morphological and functional alterations in guinea pig liver similar to those previously described in the rat. These include an early dislocation of ribosomes from the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, the presence of lipid deposits, a decreased amino acid incorporation into microsomal protein and a loss of 80 S ribosome units with the appearance of 54 S fragments. The lipid accumulations appear morphologically different from the rat. Lipid droplets are seen within the cisternal spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum and an unusual aggregation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum occurs around large lipid deposits.
USING CIRCUIT SIMULATION TOOLS WITH TAGUCHI DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT TECHNIQUES TO OPTIMIZE THE PERFORMANCE OF A DIGITAL HALF-ADDER INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

This article describes a method by which a subcircuit of a semiconductor device was successfully optimized using a Taguchi-designed experiment in conjunction with computer circuit simulation tools. The delay time of a digital half-adder, which is a subc..
LC-MS Method for the Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol in Small Volume Plasma Samples

A quantitative method has been developed and validated for the determination of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in hairless guinea pig plasma by liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The analytes were extracted from the plasma samples of guinea pig by a single step liquid extraction technique using acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was conducted on a C18 column using a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol and water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min−1. The analytes were quantified by positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring mode of m/z 401. The limit of detection for 2-AG was 0.5 ng mL−1. This method required only simple processing of the samples to prevent the isomerization of 2-AG during sampling and handling and could be applied to determine the plasma concentration profiles in hairless guinea pigs. The volume of distribution at steady state (V ss), total plasma clearance (CL) and half life (t 1/2β) of 2-AG in hairless guinea pigs were 0.21 ± 0.025 L kg−1, 9.2 ± 1.5 L h−1 kg−1, and 17.7 ± 3.8 min, respectively.
The evolution of faults formed by shearing across joint zones in sandstone

The evolution of strike-slip and normal faults formed by slip along joint zones is documented by detailed field studies in the Jurassic Aztec Sandstone in the Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, USA. Zones of closely spaced planar sub-parallel joints arranged en echelon are sheared, forming faults. Fracturing occurs as a result of shearing, forming new joints. Later shearing along these joints leads to successively formed small faults and newer joints. This process is repeated through many generations of fracturing with increasing fault slip producing a hierarchical array of structures. Strain localization produced by shearing of joint zones at irregularities in joint traces, fracture intersections, and in the span between adjacent sheared joints results in progressive fragmentation of the weakened sandstone, which leads to the formation of gouge along the fault zone. The length and continuity of the gouge and associated slip surfaces is related to the slip magnitude and fault geometry with slip ranging from several millimeters to about 150 m. Distributed damage in a zone surrounding the gouge core is related to the original joint zone configuration (step sense, individual sheared joint overlaps and separation), shear sense, and slip magnitude. Our evolutionary model of fault development helps to explain some outstanding issues concerning complexities in faulting such as, the variability in development of fault rock and fault related fractures, and the failure processes in faults.
Rapidly progressive fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis-hepatitis C virus in HIV coinfection

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) is a severe and progressive form of liver dysfunction seen in organ transplant recipients infected with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus (HCV) and has been attributed to cytopathic liver injury. To date, no case of FCH due to HCV has been reported in HIV-positive individuals. We describe two cases of HCV-induced FCH in two patients coinfected with HIV, culminating in rapidly progressive liver failure and death. Histological features and progression in both cases were not consistent with drug effect or obstruction. Late institution of interferon-based therapy was ultimately unsuccessful. The HCV RNA was not markedly elevated in these cases, suggesting that the cytopathic effect of HCV in these patients was not simply a consequence of viral load. FCH may in part explain the accelerated development of cirrhosis previously observed among coinfected patients. Clinicians should remain vigilant for FCH in the HIV/HCV population and consider antiviral treatment in this setting.
Older Sexual Partners During Adolescence: Links to Reproductive Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Sex at a young age with an older partner has been linked to poor reproductive health outcomes during adolescence but minimal research has examined the influence of teenagers having an older sexual partner on reproductive health outcomes during the transition to young adulthood. Logistic regression and contrast analyses of three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine whether individuals who had had sex before age 16 with a partner at least three years their senior were at increased risk of becoming teenage or unmarried parents or of contracting an STD by young adulthood. Ten percent of females and 2% of males had had early sex with an older partner. These females were more likely to acquire an STD as young adults than were those whose riskiest relationship was before age 16 with a similar-aged partner (odds ratio 2.1) or at age 16 or later with a similar-aged or older partner (2.4 and 2.6 respectively). For males having sex before 16 regardless of partner age was associated with an elevated STD risk (odds ratio 1.9) although controlling for relationship history characteristics attenuated the association. Adolescents particularly young adolescents should be made aware of the potential risks associated with having older sexual partners. In particular program providers should be alerted that females who engage in early sexual activity with older partners are at especially high risk of experiencing adverse reproductive health consequences. (authors)
Inflation effect on corporate capital investment

Abstract The effect of inflation on the capital investment of individual firms is examined. Does inflation reduce capital investment because it erodes the real value of historically based depreciation write-offs and thus makes investment more costly? We find that, given various provisions of the U.S. tax code, the effect of inflation on capital investment over the 1962–1981 period has varied with the response and circumstances of the firm. The tax benefits are explored from increased financial leverage and Last In First Out (LIFO) inventory valuation, as well as government subsidies like the Investment Tax Credit. The salient feature of firms with large capital investments during a period of rising prices is their increased use of debt financing. In a world of taxes, inflation results in an association between the financial and the real activities of the firm.
On the computation of turbulent backstep flow

Abstract This paper discusses the computation of turbulent backstep flow, focusing on the use of Reynolds stress models. A review of existing backstep calculations shows that these calculations generally underpredict reattachment length, and some calculations produce physically unrealistic behavior. Some of these problems are shown to be related to the commonly used pressure-strain coefficients, particularly the linear return-to-isotropy coefficient, C 1 . A new expression for C 1 that is consistent with both homogeneous shear flow experiments and return-to-isotropy experiments produces reasonable results in the present backstep calculations. Some of the present backstep calculations result in unsteady periodic vortex shedding consistent with experimental evidence. This presents a dilemma in the context of Reynolds averaging, which is discussed.
Stomatopod sniffing: the scaling of chemosensory sensillae and flicking behavior with body size

Many crustaceans detect odors from distant sources (such as conspecifics or prey items) by using chemosensory sensillae (aesthetascs) on their antennules. The morphology and arrangement of the aesthetascs on the antennule and the movement of the antennule through the surrounding fluid during olfactory sampling affect the flow of odorants around the sensillae and thus odorant access to receptors inside the aesthetascs. We examined fluid flow around the olfactory appendages of the stomatopod Gonodactylus mutatus, a crustacean with excellent olfactory capabilities, a simple arrangement of aesthetascs on their antennules, and a 10-fold range in post-metamorphic body sizes. Using morphometric and kinematic measurements, we calculated several hydrodynamic parameters including the aesthetasc Reynolds number (Re), the leakiness of the setal array, and flow rate through aesthetascs and determined how these descriptors of fluid flow changed as the animals increased in size. We found that G. mutatus aesthetascs operate over a range of Re where the leakiness of the aesthetasc array is very sensitive to changes in antennule speed and setal dimension. As a result, the rate of fluid flow through the array of aesthetascs varies by a factor of two during different odor-sampling motions of the antennule, and changes over 200-fold as the animals increase in size. The increases in Re, leakiness, and flow rate as the stomatopods grow suggest that stomatopods alter their odor sampling paradigm as they mature, corresponding to changes in diet, preferred habitat and behavior.
Mitotic misbehavior of a Drosophila melanogaster satellite in ring chromosomes: insights into intragenomic conflict among heterochromatic sequences

In eukaryotes, abnormally circularized chromosomes, known as ‘rings,’ can be mitotically unstable. Some rings derived from a compound X-Y chromosome induce mitotic abnormalities during the embryonic cleavage divisions and early death in Drosophila melanogaster, but the underlying basis is poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that a large region of 359-bp satellite DNA, which normally resides on the X chromosome, prevents sister ring chromatids from segregating properly during these divisions. Cytogenetic comparisons among 3 different X-Y rings with varying levels of lethality showed that all 3 contain similar amounts of 359-bp DNA, but the repetitive sequences surrounding the 359-bp DNA differ in each case. This finding suggests that ring misbehavior results from novel heterochromatin position effects on the 359-bp satellite. The purpose of this view is to explore possible explanations for these effects with regard to heterochromatin formation and replication of repetitive sequences. Also discussed...
MicroRNA-mediated switching of chromatin-remodelling complexes in neural development

A key step in the development of the vertebrate nervous system occurs when cells exit the multipotent neural stem cell state and enter a phase of post-mitotic neural development. This involves a switch in subunit composition of the SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin remodelling complexes. Here, Yoo et al. show that the switch in BAF subunits is mediated by two microRNAs that are selectively expressed in post-mitotic neurons. During development of the vertebrate nervous system, a switch in the subunit composition of the BAF chromatin-remodelling complex occurs when cells lose multipotency and begin to develop stable connections that will persist for a lifetime. Here, the switch in BAF subunits is shown to be mediated by two microRNAs that are selectively expressed in post-mitotic neurons. One of the most distinctive steps in the development of the vertebrate nervous system occurs at mitotic exit when cells lose multipotency and begin to develop stable connections that will persist for a lifetime1,2. This transition is accompanied by a switch in ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling mechanisms that appears to coincide with the final mitotic division of neurons. This switch involves the exchange of the BAF53a (also known as ACTL6a) and BAF45a (PHF10) subunits within Swi/Snf-like neural-progenitor-specific BAF (npBAF) complexes for the homologous BAF53b (ACTL6b) and BAF45b (DPF1) subunits within neuron-specific BAF (nBAF) complexes in post-mitotic neurons. The subunits of the npBAF complex are essential for neural-progenitor proliferation, and mice with reduced dosage for the genes encoding its subunits have defects in neural-tube closure similar to those in human spina bifida3, one of the most serious congenital birth defects. In contrast, BAF53b and the nBAF complex are essential for an evolutionarily conserved program of post-mitotic neural development and dendritic morphogenesis4,5. Here we show that this essential transition is mediated by repression of BAF53a by miR-9* and miR-124. We find that BAF53a repression is mediated by sequences in the 3′ untranslated region corresponding to the recognition sites for miR-9* and miR-124, which are selectively expressed in post-mitotic neurons. Mutation of these sites led to persistent expression of BAF53a and defective activity-dependent dendritic outgrowth in neurons. In addition, overexpression of miR-9* and miR-124 in neural progenitors caused reduced proliferation. Previous studies have indicated that miR-9* and miR-124 are repressed by the repressor-element-1-silencing transcription factor (REST, also known as NRSF)6. Indeed, expression of REST in post-mitotic neurons led to derepression of BAF53a, indicating that REST-mediated repression of microRNAs directs the essential switch of chromatin regulatory complexes.
Spiritual Striving and Seeking the Sacred: Religion as Meaningful Goal- Directed Behavior

Hood, Hill, and Spilka (2009), among others, present the need for meaning as a central organizing framework for understanding the psychological functions of religion. A plethora of research findings in the psychology of religion have been integrated into this overarching structure, but scholars have not systematically addressed the diverse ways goal theories fit into the need for meaning framework of religion. Thus, the personal strivings approach to understanding spiritual goals, or ultimate concerns, is introduced, and the processes by which spiritual and sanctified strivings provide meaning, significance, and agency are articulated through a description of their motivational, cognitive, and social functions. The literature shows a positive relation between the sanctification of strivings and well-being, which may be mediated by increased meaning.
Amino acid and 22Na+ uptake in membrane vesicles from confluent simian virus 40 transformed Balb/c3T3 and Balb/c3T3.

The studies reported here were carried out to characterize further previously described changes in membrane localized amino acid transport associated with simian virus 40 transformation of the mammalian cell line, Balb/c3T3. Membrane vesicles were prepared from confluent cultures of both simian virus 40 transformed Balb/c3T3 (SV3T3) and the untransformed parent line, Balb/c3T3 (3T3). An initial, externally imposed out>in, 100mm Na+ gradient produces acceleration of early ingress of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in vesicles from both cell lines, but transient, concentrative uptake (overshooting) only in SV3T3 vesicles. Early ingress ofl-leucine is also accelerated in SV3T3 vesicles by a Na+ gradient, and overshooting is also demonstrable.
Genomic Sequencing: Assessing The Health Care System, Policy, And Big-Data Implications

New genomic sequencing technologies enable the high-speed analysis of multiple genes simultaneously, including all of those in a person’s genome. Sequencing is a prominent example of a “big data” technology because of the massive amount of information it produces and its complexity, diversity, and timeliness. Our objective in this article is to provide a policy primer on sequencing and illustrate how it can affect health care system and policy issues. Toward this end, we developed an easily applied classification of sequencing based on inputs, methods, and outputs. We used it to examine the implications of sequencing for three health care system and policy issues: making care more patient-centered, developing coverage and reimbursement policies, and assessing economic value. We conclude that sequencing has great promise but that policy challenges include how to optimize patient engagement as well as privacy, develop coverage policies that distinguish research from clinical uses and account for bioinformat...
Shape analysis of pulsed second sound in crystalline 4 He

We have observed that second-sound pulses in crystalline4He contain features corresponding to the input pulse power densityp(t) as well as to its time derivative, $$\dot p$$ (t). By curve-fitting to an analytical expression for the entire response, values of the second-sound velocity and of the normal-process relaxation time τ N have been obtained. The results for τ N are in fair agreement with previous determinations. However, our values for the velocity lie systematically lower in a manner that can be qualitatively explained if the driving terms of the second-sound wave equation are properly taken into account. A new feature in our data is the emergence at low temperatures of a driving term with the time dependence ofp(t).
Course Management Systems: Hope or Hype?

Development and sale of computer-assisted instructional supplements and course management system products are increasing. Textbook sales representatives use this technology to market textbooks, and many colleges and universities encourage the use of such technology. The use of course management systems in education has been equated to the use of enterprise resource planning software by large businesses. Research findings about the pedagogical benefits of computer-assisted instruction and computer management systems are inconclusive. This study describes an experiment conducted to determine the benefit to students of using course manage-ment systems. The effects of cognition, learning styles, and computer attitude were considered and eliminated to better isolate any differences in performance. Student performance did not improve with the use of the technology.
Treatment of Articular Fractures with Continuous Passive Motion

In animal studies, continuous passive motion (CPM) has been shown to improve cartilage healing after injury compared with immobilization. Human studies have also shown the improved rate of hemarthrosis clearance with CPM compared with immobilization. Clinical studies of CPM have mostly come from the total knee replacement literature. However, its use in joint replacement (which does not rely on cartilage repair) only partially shows the potential benefits of CPM. CPM has been used extensively in the postoperative care of articular fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation, a natural extension of the purported clinical use of early basic science studies. It is believed to help improve cartilage repair, range of motion, and clearance of hemarthrosis. However, little attention has been paid specifically to CPM as a treatment modality. Better clinical studies of CPM as a treatment modality for articular fracture management are warranted to determine its potential benefits and to more clearly specify parameters for its use in specific clinical scenarios.