cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues affecting the characterization of integrated optical devices subjected to ionizing radiation

We examine measurement issues which arise in the testing of integrated optical devices subjected to ionizing radiation. Many of these issues are not addressed by measurement procedures developed for optical fibers. We outline the complexities involved in the measurement of integrated optics as they relate to size, function, and materials. Pertinent waveguide parameters include attenuation, changes in refractive index, photorefractive effects, and polarization effects. Optical measurement techniques are reviewed, with particular attention paid to spatial and temporal resolution, dynamic range, and the capacity for remote measurement. Suggestions are made to improve the reliability of testing and allow better comparison between laboratories.
Chronic and Episodic Stress in Children of Depressed Mothers

The goal of this study was to examine chronic and episodic stress in children of mothers with and without a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) during the children's lives. Participants were 255 mothers selected according to their history of MDD (present vs. absent during child's life) and their children (age 8-14; 53% girls, 81% Caucasian). Mothers' and children's histories of MDD were assessed using diagnostic interviews, and their depressive symptoms were assessed via self-report measures. Children's levels of chronic and episodic stress were assessed using a semistructured contextual threat interview. Children of mothers with a history of recurrent MDD, compared to single MDD or no depression, experienced more chronic stress within several domains including peers, mother-child relations, and other family member relations as well as greater episodic dependent interpersonal stress. Each of these group differences was maintained after excluding children with a history of MDD themselves and controlling for their current depressive symptoms. However, only the group difference in chronic peer stress was maintained when controlling for mothers' current depression. The results suggest that children exposed to recurrent maternal MDD experience higher levels of both chronic and episodic stress, at least some of which they contribute to themselves (dependent interpersonal stress) and which is at least partially independent of the effects of children's depression. In addition, much of this stress is associated primarily with current depression in the mother, though it appears that chronic peer stress may remain elevated even after the remission of maternal depression.
Modulated lapped transform vs JPEG: implications for compression of remote sensing imagery

Future multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing systems and image archives will benefit from effective, high-fidelity image compression techniques. In evaluating the effects of compression upon the data, one must not only consider the qualitative and quantitative effects upon the images themselves, but also upon the end user products that are derived from the imagery through the application of environmental retrieval algorithms. At The Aerospace Corporation, we have developed a fast algorithm for image compression techniques known as the modulated lapped transform (MLT). This compression algorithm obviates many of the artifacts that are introduced by some of the standard compression techniques. One example of compression artifacting is the blocking errors from discrete cosine transformation (DCT) based algorithms, which include the JPEG compression scheme. The Aerospace MLT technique is a hybrid of the wavelet and DCT techniques. It employs our patented split-radix approach, which is the fastest DCT algorithm known today. In this paper, we compare Aerospace MLT to JPEG, using cloud imagery and Earth surface scene classification. We also discuss the availability of a cost- effective VLSI hardware implementation of the Aerospace compression algorithm. The modulated lapped transform employs a peano scan with a split-radix approach to avoid blockiness artifacts. It has excellent resistance to errors, and it is amenable to fast processing using a 1-D hardware architecture to process a 2-D image. This technique encapsulates the favorable aspects of the wavelet transforms and produces images which, when compressed 10:1 and decompressed, compare very favorably (using error statistics, classification accuracy and visual quality metrics) to the original uncompressed image.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Discontinuous inductor current in the optimum topology switching converter

It is demonstrated, first, how the complex modular converter structures (such as cascade og the boost and buck converters) can be easily modelled in the discontinuous current mode by use of the state-space averaging method and equivalent circuit apptoach and by taking adavntage of the known properties and circuit models of the individual converter modules (boost and buck converters). Then, the recently introduced new optimum topology switching dc-to-dc converter is analyzed in the discontinuous inductor current mode. Unlike other converters with two inductors (such as casaded boost-buck), the new converter has a unique feature that both inductor currents become discontinuous at the same instant, and remain so with the same second (decay) interval. Moreover, for the first time, the discontinuity of the inductor current takes place at a nonzero inductor current level, with dc curreny, passing through both inductors in the remaining third part of the switching period. It is shown howthis peculiar behaviour can be successfully modelled and a simple analytic criterion for determination of the boundary between the continuous and discontinuous inductor current mode is obtained.
Discussion of “Estimating the manning coefficient from an average bed roughness in open channels”

Boyer followed an attractive idea: to establish a relationship between the roughness coefficient and velocity distribution, represented by a simple ratio of velocities at 0.2 and 0.8 depth. The empirical Manning equation was confronted with a half-theoretical logarithmic velocity distribution law. A dimensionless ratio R = v0.2/v0.8 was Pitted against a ratio n/y1/6 having a strange dimension, L1/6; strange because, opposite to the widespread fallacious judgment, coefficient n has no dimension: the same values are used in both metric and English system and that can be easily checked by conversion factors. The author drew an empirical curve based on seven points only; unfortunately, other measurements were not accompanied by slope leveling. Results presented by Boyer are somewhat discouraging because they depend on system of units
Evaluation of automatic classroom capture for computer science education

Our research into automatic recording of the complete classroom experience has led to the development of many software systems, one of which captures an image stream of all content presented on a computer. We have just completed a first deployment of this computer capture system in which 3 separate courses were recorded for an entire semester with the content being presented to students within 24 hours of the class meeting time. This system has been envisioned as a component of a complete lecture capture system but a component with real value even when used as a stand alone. In this paper we discuss student feedback to this computer capture system, revision of system functionality, and thoughts on the usefulness of capturing computer content in computer science courses in general.
Probiotic capsules do not lower plasma lipids in young women and men

To investigate the effect of probiotic capsules on plasma lipids. A randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm trial. Fifty-five normocholesterolemic subjects ages 18–36 (33 premenopausal women and 22 men). Each subject consumed either three probiotic capsules each containing a total of 109 colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum and 10–15 mg fructo-oligosaccharide or three placebo capsules daily for 2 months (men) or two menstrual cycles (women). Plasma lipids were measured before and following the intervention (during the early follicular phase for women). Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were not altered by consumption of probiotic or placebo capsules and were not different between treatment groups following the intervention. These results do not support a beneficial effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain DDS-1 and Bifidobacterium longum strain UABL-14 on plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic young women and men. Supported by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and UAS Laboratories.
Summer hibernation induced in ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) by urine or plasma from hibernating bats (Myotis lucifugus or Eptesicus fuscus)

Abstract Summer hibernation induced in ground squirrels ( Citellus tridecemlineatus ) by urine or plasma from hibernating bats ( Myotis lucifugus or Eptesicus fuscus ). Summer hibernation in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel can be induced by intravenous injection of urine or blood plasma previously isolated from winter hibernating little brown bats ( M. lucifugus ) or big brown bats ( E. fuscus ). Urine- and plasma-injected ground squirrels kept at 8 °C hibernated earlier, longer, and deeper (as indicated by core temperature and respiratory rate measurements) than control ground squirrels injected with saline. This successful cross-order induction of hibernation demonstrates that the hibernation-inducing trigger (HIT) may be present in nonrodent mammals.
Direct-Current Conductivity of Textiles, Proteins and other Polymers

THERE has emerged from a recent study of the electrical conductivity of dry cytochrome c (ref. 1) an understanding of two properties of the conductivity of a variety of natural and synthetic polymers: (1) The two commonly observed conductivity–sorption relations (1) and (2) (ref. 2) are expressions of one mechanism ; namely, conduction by ions in a medium of very low dielectric constant: where σ is conductivity; M, moisture content ; and A and B, constants characteristic of the material. It is also observed that A is in the range 0.1–1 for a variety of materials, and B, 6–16.
Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume systems in concrete

Abstract Laboratory flow, strength, and ultrasnic pulse velocity tests were performed on mortars made with 70% (by weight) of portland cement and 30% of pozzolanic materials where the pozzolanic materials consisted of various combinations of fly ash and silica fume. In addition to these ternary systems, binary blends, such as Portland cement and fly ash, and Portland cement and silica fume, along with 100% Portland cement mortars, were investigated for comparison. The purpose of the investigation, preliminary in nature, was to see under what circumstances, if any, would be a synergistic action when a ternary system of Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume is used in a mortar or concrete. Mortars were made with two cements of type I and two cements of type III along with class F and class C fly ashes. One silica fume was used. Standard flow tests were performed on the fresh mortars, and compressive strength as well as ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed with each hardened mortar at various ages up to 28 days. It is expected that the results and conclusions obtained here on mortars will be transferable to concretes. There are several novel, or at least lesser known, results of the investigation. For instance, a new explanation is offered for the plasticizing effect of fly ash which is based on the optimum particle-size distribution concept. Another such result is that ground fly ash produced greater flow increases with type I cement than with type III. A third finding is that the superplasticizer is more effective in increasing the flow as well as strength when the mortars contain fly ash and/or silica fume than in the case of mortars without mineral admixture. Also, it appears that when type I cement is used, the silica fume in the quantity of 5% of the weight of the cement produces relatively greater strength increase in the presence of fly ash than without fly ash. These promising results are preliminary in nature. Therefore, further research is justified with ternary systems in concrete. The presented work is a portion of a larger investigation.
The bridge to our students: residential computing

At Grinnell College, over 60% of the students are computing from their campus housing. Each year the number of incoming freshman with their own computers increases and we expect 80% of the new students in the fall to bring a computer. As we increase the number of students computing from their rooms, it creates a number of challenges for the ITS staff and future technology planning of the college.Our Residential network, affectionately called RESNET was started four years ago when all of the dorms and campus-owned houses were wired for network access. In the first year, only half of the dorms were completed and the majority of students did not bring computers, connections were patched manually and students filled out paperwork requesting their jack to be activated. Now we utilize VLANs, NetReg for registration and web access to the switches that has contributed to a successful support model for ITS staff.Supporting residential computing is a challenge and many changes have occurred in the past four years to face this. Since Grinnell College is located in the middle of the Iowa farmland, the college has tried creative support ideas from relationships with outside vendors to providing "connection days" during the first few days of each semester. There were several failures during this time, but it has led to the design of our current program.Residential computing has also challenged the technology planning of the campus. Administration believes that the increase in dorm computing will allow a reduction in public labs, however, the use of the public lab spaces has actually increased, and so what will happen? Today's student is usually technically savvy and comfortable in this digital age and provisions need to be made to allow these students to thrive on campus.
Rapid Assembly of Vinigrol’s Unique Carbocyclic Skeleton

Detailed in this account are our efforts toward the total synthesis of vinigrol. A highly expedient and convergent synthetic approach made possible by the use of a strategic oxidative dearomatization reaction coupled with a series of ensuing substrate controlled transformations is discussed.
Gas and solids mixing in a turbulent fluidized bed

Gas and solids mixing characteristics in the bubbling and turbulent regimes of a gas-solid fluidized bed are examined using helium and phosphor tracer techniques to obtain the gas and solids dispersion coefficients, respectively. The real time, quasi-3-D flow behavior is qualified and quantified by the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique. The mixing behavior varies significantly with the flow regimes. As the gas velocity increases, axial and radial gas dispersion coefficients increase in the bubbling regime, reach a peak at U c , the transition velocity from the bubbling to turbulent regimes, and then decrease. In contrast, as the gas velocity increases, axial and radial solids dispersion coefficients increase in the bubbling regime and continuously increase through U c to the turbulent regime. Temperature and pressure have little effect on the gas and solids mixing behavior. A small quantity of fine particles is noted to drastically affect the gas and solids mixing behavior in the turbulent fluidized bed. The axial and radial dispersion coefficients of gas and solids reach their maximum when the fines content is about 15%. The ECT measurements illustrate the effect of adding fines on the flow behavior in the bed. A small quantity of fine particles disintegrate the bubble/void phase, significantly modifying bubble/void- and emulsion-phase mixing behavior.
Maximum-efficiency transmission grating profiles for metals in the soft X-ray range

Abstract In this paper, we derive the thickness profiles of metallic planar transmission gratings in the soft X-ray range which maximize the output/input and output/output intensity ratios I (m) I IN and I (m) I OUT , where I(m) is the mth diffracted order intensity. The analysis is valid for all cases where the complex index of refraction n is a general function of position in a direction perpendicular both to the light and to the grating bars. Examples of some optimum profiles for gold are tabulated for convenient reference.
Highly Sensitive Luminescent Metal-Complex Receptors for Anions through Charge-Assisted Amide Hydrogen Bonding

Two structurally simple and easily synthesized luminescent anion receptors featured with an amide-type anion binding site and rhenium(I) tricarbonyl pyridine signaling units have been developed, and they display outstanding sensitivity and selectivity toward a variety of anionic species. These complexes are highly emissive in solution. Upon anion binding, the emission intensity was significantly quenched. The sensitivities of these complexes are so high that the emission intensity can be effectively quenched by as much as 10% even in the presence of only 10-8 M cyanide or fluoride anions. The ability of formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the amide protons and central pyridine is believed to be responsible for the observed high selectivity.
Technical Assistance for Citizen Participation: A Case Study of New York City's Environmental Planning Process

Ensuring public participation in environmental decision making is advantageous to government officials and the general public. Technical assistance can make participation more effective by enabling citizens to understand complex technologies. This paper examines whether providing technical assistance has made a difference in New York City, where officials have funded consultants so that citizens can more effectively monitor the city's waste management and sludge disposal programs. While city-financed consultants have enabled citizen advisory groups to monitor environmental review and project design and to secure environmental improvements to proposed facilities, they have not helped to promote citizen acceptance of the technologies or their locations. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of alternative methods of providing technical assistance and suggests areas for further research.
3CLT ABR analyses in a human subject with unilateral extirpation of the inferior colliculus

Abstract Reported are the results of analyses of three-channel Lissajous trajectories (3CLTs) of the auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) in a human subject in whom a focal lesion of the brain stem was caused by stereotactic radiosurgery, the ‘gamma knife’. The surgery caused total destruction of the right inferior colliculus. The results, using multiple measures for defining ABR components, confirm findings from more conventional 2-channel recordings which, in turn, suggested the presence of an intact wave IV but a negligible, if not totally absent, wave V with stimulation of the left (contralateral) ear. The results thus support theories that wave V is generated by crossed pathways and that wave IV is an independent wave generated by the lateral lemniscus. Since magnetic resonance imaging suggested no destruction of tissue below the inferior colliculus, the findings also support theories of wave V generation at or rostral to the inferior colliculus. In practical terms, the results demonstrate the value of multichannel recordings of the ABR in component identification and in interpreting ABR abnormalities.
Inversion-descent polynomials for restricted permutations

We derive generating functions for a variety of distributions of joint permutation statistics all of which involve a bound on the maximum drop size of a permutation @p, i.e., max{i-@p(i)}. Our main result treats the case for the joint distribution of the number of inversions, the number of descents and the maximum drop size of permutations on [n]={1,2,...,n}. A special case of this (ignoring the number of inversions) connects with earlier work of Claesson, Dukes and the authors on descent polynomials for permutations with bounded drop size. In that paper, the desired numbers of permutations were given by sampling the coefficients of certain polynomials Q"k. We find a natural interpretation of all the coefficients of the Q"k in terms of a restricted version of Eulerian numbers.
Value coalitions and policy change: The impact of gendered patterns of work, religion and partisanship on childcare policy across German states

Since the 2002 Barcelona summit, Germany has been seen as a regional leader in achieving European states’ shared commitment to increase state-funded childcare. Yet Germany’s childcare success has not been homogeneous across its Lander; rather, it has shown remarkable subnational variation, with considerable differences in spending, policy design and coverage. Using panel data analysis and historical narratives, this article provides a theory for variation in provision of state-financed childcare for children under three years of age. We argue that competing visions of childcare at the subnational level – driven by the demands of differing numbers of women in the workforce and religious beliefs, and channelled by local government partisanship – have served as powerful constraints on convergence. Left partisanship and increased participation of women in the labour force are associated with higher provision of childcare for those aged under three, while larger Catholic populations are correlated with less extensive state-funded childcare.
Effects of thermocycling on amalgam and alloy-glass ionomer cores luted to cast gold crowns

Abstract The effectiveness of dental alloy-glass ionomer cores and dental amalgam cores for the retention of castings luted with polycarboxylate cement was investigated. Extracted human teeth were reduced horizontally, revealing a flat pulpa floor where 4 regular T.M.S. pins were placed and restored with amalgam or alloy-glass ionomer mixture. Crown tapers were standardized between 5° and 9° and the surface area was measured for each core. Castings were fabricated with Type III gold and cemented to the cores. Half of the samples were subjected to thermal stress for 1 week, 5 weeks or 10 weeks, while the other half were stored in room temperature deionized water. Bond strengths of the cores were measured in tension with a Universal testing machine. The effect of thermocycling increased the bond strength of the alloyglass ionomer cores and decreased the bond strength of the amalgam cores during each repective time period.
Event-Related Potentials and Language Processing: A Brief Overview

Since the publication of the first papers on event-related brain potentials (ERP) and language in the 1980s, the field of electrophysiology of language has evolved a great deal. This article is a brief overview of ERPs and languageprocessing research. It discusses how ERPs are derived, provides the pros and cons of using ERPs for language-processing research, and gives a summary of the major ERP components relevant to research on speech perception (mismatch negativity), word and sentence comprehension (N400, left anterior negativity, P600), and word production (lateralized readiness potential, N200). Additionally, it addresses current controversies concerning the interpretation of these components. Applications of the ERP technique are illustrated with research on first and second language acquisition, bilingualism, and aphasia.
Labour management for a restaurant using data envelopment analysis

One of the major expense categories for restaurant businesses is wages due to intensive labour requirements. We select a family gourmet restaurant located in the Northwest in the USA and analyse the comparative efficiency of labour using data envelopment analysis (DEA). We measure labour efficiency using pertinent variables and present efficiency changes over time. Based on findings, we propose managerial insights that are helpful for fine tuning labour management from time to time during operating hours. The major contributions of this study are the use of real data and providing a framework for comparative labour efficiency measurement at a restaurant using DEA models.
Chitosan–Whey Protein Isolate Composite Films for Encapsulation and Stabilization of Fish Oil Containing Ultra Pure Omega-3 Fatty Acids

: Chitosan (1.5%, w/v)–whey protein isolate (WPI, 5% w/v) composite films were developed for encapsulating and stabilizing fish oil (FO) containing 93.7% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Chitosan–WPI film-forming solutions (FFS) were incorporated with 1.5% or 2% FO (w/v), 2% (w/v) glycerol, Tween 80 (3 times weight of FO), and 0.5% (w/v) oregano or rosemary essential oil (EO), and cast for films at room conditions. Dried films were stored at 2 °C for 30 d for evaluating encapsulation efficiency (EE), lipid stability, and film functionality. Total oil contents in films from FFS incorporating 1.5% or 2% FO were 28.1% to 32.5% and 33.4% to 37.3%, respectively, and free oil contents were 13.5% to 14.7% and 15.5% to 16.3%, respectively. EE, moisture content, and water activity of the films were 47.8% to 66%, 18.7% to 24.9%, and 0.42% to 0.50%, respectively, without significant difference among differently formulated films. Increasing FO concentration from 1.5% to 2% in FFS decreased tensile strength of the films from 0.57–0.73 to 0.34–0.44 MPa, but not the film elongation. Addition of oregano EO in FFS retarded lipid oxidation of the fish oil encapsulated in the films, in which a 43% to 53% reduction in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances value and 39% to 51% reduction in peroxide value were achieved. Chitosan–WPI composite films with incorporation of oregano essential oil could be applied as a simple and economic means for encapsulating and stabilizing fish oil for fortifying omega-3 fatty acids in various applications.
Indirect Evidence for Quantum Gravity

An experiment gave results inconsistent with the simplest alternative to quantum gravity, the semiclassical Einstein equations. This evidence supports (but does not prove) the hypothesis that a consistent theory of gravity coupled to quantized matter should also have the gravitational field quantized.
Energy-Related Risk Management in Integrated Project Delivery

AbstractDeveloping energy-efficient commercial buildings requires the use of an energy-related risk management practice that can increase the chance of achieving intended lifecycle financial goals. This paper suggests a management practice that deals with such energy-related risk, namely, project cost risk and performance risk. A prerequisite to applying the suggested management practice is a high level of collaboration among different disciplines during design development as promoted, for example, when using integrated project delivery (IPD). As a case study to validate the management practice, this paper presents a California hospital project where the unique features of IPD helped the project team apply the management practice in the course of managing the energy-related uncertainties of an energy-efficiency measure. This paper illustrates the detailed design decision-making process of the team that used Target Value Design, a lean design management method. As a contribution to the body of knowledge, t...
Undergraduate Use of CD-ROM Databases: Observations of Human-Computer Interaction and Relevance Judgments

Abstract Ten students in a freshman Elementary Composition course were observed as they searched bibliographic databases on a CD-ROM LAN. All were preparing term papers, and were asked to think aloud as they conducted their searches. A total of 329 relevance judgments were made as the students searched an average of 2.7 databases per session. Basic familiarity with computers and a tendency to get out of unproductive searches helped in avoiding problems with the variety of databases and search interfaces. All students found records they chose to print, with relevance judgments often made from information in the controlled vocabulary, title, or abstract. The browse interface was used most often, and its similarity to InfoTrac was helpful. Some students were able to use keyword access effectively, though Wilsondisc's multiterm search required adjustments and adaptation of strategies. SilverPlatter's record display and print functions caused confusion for searchers unfamiliar with this interface.
Gravimetric preparation of gas phase working standards containing volatile halogenated compounds for oceanographic applications

Gas phase standards, containing CCl3F (CFC-11), CCl2F2 (CFC-12), CCl2FCClF2 (CFC-113), CH3CCl3 and CCl4 in the pmol mol−1 range, were prepared gravimetrically in dry N2. The standards were prepared with the relative ratios of the various compounds close to those found in seawater, to facilitate calibration of oceanic halocarbon measurements. The standards made in this study were intercalibrated against an atmospheric-ratio-based standard that was analyzed at both Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and NOAA's Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL). A total of 21 standards was made, with the concentrations of the above halocarbons reported on both the CMDL and SIO 1993 scales. These standards are currently being used by ten different research groups making oceanic halocarbon measurements. The average systematic deviation of all compounds in our standards was generally ± 5% or less from the SIO 1993 and CMDL scales. Deviations for CH3CCl3 between our standards and the CMDL scale were slightly larger, with our standards, on average, approximately 10% lower.
Selective Inhibitors of Bacterial Phosphopantothenoylcysteine Synthetase

Bacterial phosphopantothenolycysteine synthetase (PPCS) catalyzes the formation of phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) from (R)-phosphopantothenate, l-cysteine, and cytidine-5′-triphosphate (CTP) and has been shown to be essential for growth and survival. The reaction proceeds through a phosphopantothenoyl cytidylate, mixed anhydride intermediate. Both structural and kinetic characterization studies on PPCS have shown differences in the nucleobase binding site between the bacterial and human enzyme. We report for the first time the design and synthesis of mimics of the phosphopantothenoyl cytidylate, which proved to be potent inhibitors of PPCS. These compounds were evaluated in vitro against PPCS from human and several species of bacteria and showed marked selectivity (up to 1000-fold) toward the bacterial enzymes. A phosphodiester intermediate mimic was the most potent of the compounds synthesized and displayed slow-onset, tight-binding kinetics toward E. faecalis PPCS.
Behavior of luminance neurons in the pretectal olivary nucleus during the pupillary near response

In cats and monkeys, extrastriate visual areas that have been reported to be involved in the near triad of pupilloconstriction, convergence, and accommodation have well-defined projections to the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON), the retinorecipient pretectal nucleus mediating the pupillary light reflex in mammals. We have therefore used alert, behaving primates to investigate the possibility that PON neurons are involved in the pupillary near response in addition to the pupillary light reflex. Single-unit recording revealed that PON luminance neurons significantly increased their firing rate with increases in retinal illumination and the resultant pupilloconstriction. In contrast, their activity did not significantly increase during pupilloconstriction elicited by near viewing. Thus the behavior of PON luminance neurons is appropriate for their participation in the pupillary light reflex, but is inappropriate for any proposed role in the pupillary near response. This result strongly suggests that neurons in the primate PON are solely related to the pupillary light reflex and that the cortical projections to this pretectal nucleus are related to this reflex and do not play a role in the pupillary near response.
Laryngotracheitis virus in chickens. A model for study of acute nonfatal desquamating rhinitis.

Infectious laryngotracheitis can be produced in chickens as an experimental model of severe nonfatal rhinitis and sinusitis. Inoculated intranasally into unanesthetized baby chicks it remains limited to the nasal fossa, produces acute desquamation of all nasal epithelia, results in functional recovery of the respiratory epithelium, but leaves important residual abnormalities. From the earliest recognizable lesions through 4½ months' convalescence, the principal changes are as follows: 1. Initial lesions, or small syncytia of intranuclear "inclusions", first identifiable in the mucociliated cells of the shallowest portion of the epithelium at about 21 hr postinoculum (the inner surface of the maxillary conchal scroll). 2. Acute sloughing, (about 3 to 7 days), marked by: (a) spread of lesions from cell to cell via multinucleated "giant cells" which progressively slough and desquamate respiratory, olfactory, and sinus epithelia, epithelial neural elements and blood vessels; (b) appearance of numbers of eosinophilic leukocytes along the basement membrane at the sites of lesions just previous to sloughing; intensive infiltration of the submucosa with small lymphocytes after sloughing begins; (c) histochemical change in the intracellular mucus of the cells which comprise the syncytia: this mucus stains with Alcian blue alone when stained with AB-PAS; and (d) all cartilages of the maxillary conchae become flaccid, and the cell nuclei and matrix lose both basophilic and Alcian blue staining properties, effects which recede by about the 8th day. 3. Repair (about 8 to 21 days), marked by rapid initial spread of a sheet of epithelial cells over the infiltrated subrmucosa, appearance of numbers of plasma cells circulating in the tissues, formation of encapsulated secondary nodules, and mucosal adhesions. 4. Convalescence (about 1 to 4½ months when experiments terminated), marked by functional restoration of the mucociliary lining of the nasal fossa. However, at 4½ months eight specimens all show complete metaplasia of the olfactory organ (end nerves, supporting cells, and glands of Bowman) to mucociliated epithelium, all show abnormal formation and alignment of mucous acini, and about 50% have severe persistent sinusitis.
Large Surface Effect Ship Size Limits

The quest for speed at sea has prompted the development of the surface effect ship (SES), which has been considered to fulfill a high-speed sealift role. Their short period of existence and size niche (less than 200 metric tons), as well as their multimodal resistance characteristics make endurance predictions of large SES difficult. In addition, different geometry and technologies can have profound effects on SES endurance, thus a rigorous physics-based approach is required to capture the complex interactions between the subsystems. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into SES endurance, without reliance on historical data, as a function of geometry, displacement, and technology level. Firstprinciple models of the resistance, structures, and propulsion system are developed and integrated to predict large SES endurance and to suggest the directions that future large SES will take. It is found that large SES are dominated by structural weight, which indicates the need for advanced materials and complex structures, and that advanced propulsion cycles can increase endurance by up to 33%. SES endurance is shown to be a nonlinear discontinuous function of geometry, displacement, and technology level that cannot be predicted by simplified models or assumptions.
On Two Classes of Finite Inseparable p -Groups

A finite group is inseparable, it does not split over any proper nontrivial normal subgroup; that is, if it has no nontrivial semidirect product decompositions. This paper investigates two classes of finite inseparable p-groups and, for p ≥ 3, establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for inseparability.
A Variational Data Assimilation System for Nearshore Applications of SWAN

Abstract This paper uses the variational approach described by Walker (2006) for assimilation of data into the nearshore spectral wave model SWAN. The system uses observed two-dimensional spectra from the interior of the domain to correct the prescribed boundary conditions for the forward model. The objective function that determines the amount of correction to be applied is derived with the assumption that the differences between observations and model predictions are mainly a result of specification of incorrect spectra at the boundary. Using synthetic data, we show that the system reproduces the correct wave spectra at the boundary and converges to the solution with accuracy greater than 95% in only a few model iterations. Use of the assimilation system to estimate the wave field is demonstrated for Santa Rosa Island, FL. Results show excellent agreement with independent observations of the bulk (or integrated) wave parameters such as significant wave heights, peak wave periods and mean wave directions, and good agreement with observations of the two-dimensional wave spectra. The accuracy of the system is reduced when there is relatively little energy at the assimilation location or when the nonlinear processes due to wind (such as active wave growth, nonlinear transfer of energy between frequencies and directions, and breaking) are dominant in the region of interest.
Prosthetic replacement of cardiac valves. Five and one-half years' experience.

Abstract Development of caged-ball cardiac valve prostheses and subsequent experience with their use now allows effective surgical therapy for most patients with acquired valvular heart disease once they can no longer be managed satisfactorily by conventional medical therapy. When a patient reaches this stage in the course of acquired valvular disease, life expectancy without operation becomes seriously limited, and the quality of remaining life usually progresses rapidly toward total invalidism. It is within this context that results of prosthetic replacement of cardiac valves must be evaluated. Between April 1, 1962, and December 31, 1967, a total of 1,947 patients underwent prosthetic replacement of one or more cardiac valves in the Baylor University College of Medicine Affiliated Hospitals. No patient was refused valve replacement on the basis of endstage cardiac deterioration or concomitant coronary artery disease if the valve lesion was hemodynamically significant, and a large number of operations represented attempted salvage procedures. Over-all surgical mortality rate, including technical errors occurring in the developmental stage of these operations, was 17.7 per cent. As of December 31, 1967, there had been 295 late deaths, giving a cumulative mortality rate of 32.9 per cent, including all deaths from all causes, both related and unrelated to heart disease and valve replacement. Among the 1,307 surviving patients the great majority of those operated upon six months or more previously had returned to an active and meaningful life. Within the context of outlook for those patients without valve replacement, results of operation have been most gratifying.
The neutron instrument simulation package, NISP

The Neutron Instrument Simulation Package (NISP) performs complete source-to-detector simulations of neutron instruments, including neutrons that do not follow the expected path. The original user interface (MC_Web) is a web-based application, http://strider.lansce.lanl.gov/NISP/Welcome.html. This report describes in detail the newer stand-alone Windows version, NISP_Win. Instruments are assembled from menu-selected elements, including neutron sources, collimation and transport elements, samples, analyzers, and detectors. Magnetic field regions may also be specified for the propagation of polarized neutrons including spin precession. Either interface writes a geometry file that is used as input to the Monte Carlo engine (MC_Run) in the user's computer. Both the interface and the engine rely on a subroutine library, MCLIB. The package is completely open source. New features include capillary optics, temperature dependence of Al and Be, revised source files for ISIS, and visualization of neutron trajectories at run time. Also, a single-crystal sample type has been successfully imported from McStas (with more generalized geometry), demonstrating the capability of including algorithms from other sources, and NISP_Win may render the instrument in a virtual reality file. Results are shown for two instruments under development.
A Tale of Three Commissions: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Eric Kingson was an advisor to the 1982 National Commission on Social Security Reform and to the 1994 Bipartisan Commission on Entitlements and Tax Reform. Drawing on the experience of 1982 (the “Good”) and 1994 (the “Bad”) commissions, he concludes that the fast-track debt commission as proposed by Senators Kent Conrad and Judd Gregg would result in an unprecedented and deleterious approach to Social Security policy-making. The structure and functioning of the 1994 commission provides insight into likely goals and functioning of the Conrad-Gregg Commission, a commission Kingson suggests would be akin to the 1994 entitlement commission “on steroids.” Noting the disregard for traditional congressional processes and the mischaracterization of Social Security as part of a unified “entitlements” problem, Kingson concludes that Senator Max Baucus is not exaggerating when he warned on the Senate floor that “Senators Conrad and Gregg have painted a big red target on Social Security and Medicare. That's what this commission is all about.”
Student learning: From teacher-directed to self-regulation

This chapter discusses how far the field of Self-Regulated Learning has come since the mid-1990s based on the work started by Paul Pintrich. The growth in understanding of why self-regulated learning is important to teaching and learning is outlined and Pintrich's model is presented and discussed.
Does Prolonged Length of Stay in the Emergency Department Affect Outcome for Stroke Patients

Introduction: Conflicting data exist regarding the association between the length of stay (LOS) of critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED) and their subsequent outcome. However, such patients are an overall heterogeneous group, and we therefore sought to study the association between EDLOS and outcomes in a specific subgroup of critically ill patients, namely those with acute ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (AIS/TIA). Methods: This was a retrospective review of adult patients with a discharge diagnosis of AIS/TIA presenting to an ED between July 2009 and February 2010. We collected demographics, EDLOS, arrival stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale - NIHSS), intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) use, functional outcome at discharge, discharge destination and hospital-LOS. We analyzed relationship between EDLOS, outcomes and discharge destination aftercontrolling for confounders. Results: 190 patients were included in the cohort. Median EDLOS was 332 minutes (Inter-Quartile Range -IQR: 250.3–557.8). There was a significant inverse linear association between EDLOS and hospital-LOS (p¼0.049). Patients who received IV tPA had a shorter median EDLOS (238 minutes, IQR: 194–299) than patients who did not (median: 387 minutes, IQR: 285–588 minutes; p,0.0001). There was no significant association between EDLOS and poor outcome (p¼0.40), discharge destination (p¼0.20), or death (p¼0.44). This remained true even after controlling for IV tPA use, NIHSS and hospital-LOS; and did not change even when analysis was restricted to AIS patients alone. Conclusion: There was no significant association between prolonged EDLOS and outcome for AIS/ TIA patients at our institution. We therefore suggest that EDLOS alone is an insufficient indicator of stroke care in the ED, and that the ED can provide appropriate acute care for AIS/TIA patients. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(3):267–275.]
Generalization of the principle of chopper stabilization

The concept of traditional chopper-stabilized amplifiers is extended to general linear dynamical and certain types of nonlinear circuits. Simulation results are given to confirm the theory.
Solvation of transition‐metal ion complexes in the gas phase

Solvation of the gas-phase transition-metal d0 complexes ScO+, YO+, YCHCN+ and NbO with some protic and aprotic solvents has been studied using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The relative rate constants for formation of the solvated oxides show strong non-monotonic fluctuations with increasing extent of solvation. For ScO+ and YO+ the third solvent molecule attaches more rapidly than the second, while for NbO the second attaches more rapidly than the first. This behavior suggests that in spite of the formal d0 character of the metal centers in these systems, simple electrostatic binding is not occurring. In contrast, YCHCN+ shows a continuous decrease in the rate for solvation with up to three molecules of CH3CN. The effects of solvation on the subsequent reactions of the metal oxides has been studied. YO+ solvation (with up to three H2O or two NH3 molecules) does not affect its arene CH bond activation reactions. However, solvation of ScO+ and NbO with one or two NH3 or H2O molecules shuts off benzene dehydrogenation.
Rewards and Costs of Faculty Involvement in Intergenerational Service-Learning

Service-learning (S-L) has been regarded as a relatively well-established and effective teaching pedagogy. Students who participate in S-L are more likely to learn more efficiently, more effectively, and remember more of what they have learned than their counterparts. Current studies have been done on the experiences of students in service-learning and implementing S-L components. Other research has focused on the barriers to conducting effective S-L. However, no qualitative studies have examined a faculty component of S-L. Also, there have been few studies or discussions delineating faculty perceptions or experiences in S-L. An e-mail survey supplemented with personal interviews was utilized in an effort to understand experiences of participating in S-L. Of specific interest were faculty perceptions of the costs and rewards in employing S-L in gerontology-related curriculums.
SEDIMENTATION AND VISCOSITY STUDIES ON THE CAPSULAR AND SOMATIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III

Sedimentation constants at infinite dilution have been found to be 1.89 and 4.06 for the somatic and capsular polysaccharides, respectively, from pneumococcus Type III. Intrinsic viscosities have been determined for the somatic and capsular polysaccharides of pneumococcus Type III using the Ostwald viscometer. Molecular weights and dimensions have been calculated for the somatic and capsular polysaccharides of pneumococcus Type III assuming the molecules to be prolate ellipsoids of revolution. Values for the somatic polysaccharide are: molecular weight, 26,400; diameter, 0.97 mµ; and length, 36.18 mµ. Values for the capsular polysaccharide are: molecular weight, 171,800; diameter, 1.04 mµ; and length, 177.87 mµ. The molecular weights were calculated for the somatic and capsular polysaccharides of pneumococcus Type III assuming the molecules to be flexible chains. The value of the molecular weight of the somatic polysaccharide is 31,500 and the value for the molecular weight of the capsular polysaccharide is 267,500. The molecules of both the somatic and capsular polysaccharides exhibit high degrees of asymmetry.