cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Sparsity in Solving PDE-Constrained Inverse Problems: Application to Subsurface Flow Model Calibration

Inverse problems are frequently encountered in many areas of science and engineering where observations are used to estimate the parameters of a system. In several practical applications, the dynamic processes that take place in a physical system are described using a set of partial differential equations (PDEs), which are typically nonlinear and coupled. The inverse problems that arise in those systems ought to be constrained to honour the governing PDEs. In this chapter, we consider high-dimensional PDE-constrained inverse problems in which, because of spatial patterns and correlations in the distribution of physical properties of a system, the underlying parameters tend to reside in (usually unknown) low-dimensional manifolds, thus have sparse (low-rank) representations. The sparsity of the parameters is amenable to an effective and flexible regularization form that can be exploited to improve the solution of such inverse problems. In applications where prior training data are available, sparse manifold learning methods can be adopted to tailor parameter representations to the specific requirements of the prior data. However, a major risk in employing prior training data is the significant uncertainty about the underlying conceptual models and assumptions used to develop the prior. A group-sparsity formulation is discussed for addressing the uncertainty in the prior training data when multiple distinct, but plausible, prior scenarios are encountered. Examples from geosciences application are presented where images of rock material properties are reconstructed from limited nonlinear fluid flow measurements.
The Brief Case: Incidental Finding of Cystic Echinococcosis during Evaluation for Hepatitis

A 16-year-old who immigrated from Kenya was referred to the gastroenterology service 6 months postpartum for evaluation of hepatitis B virus infection discovered during routine prenatal screening. The patient had no abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or decreased appetite. An ultrasound
Physical Demands of Work, Exits from the Workforce, and Participation in Disability Programs

In 2016, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) launched a 3-year effort to survey U.S. employers regarding the requirements of work. The new survey, the Occupational Requirements Survey, captures physical demands, education and skill requirements, and other requirements of work. Coinciding with the release of the new BLS data is the second wave of the redesigned Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a rich household survey that allows for measuring transitions from the workforce and transitions to disability programs. Using the combined data, I find that adverse health events during the course of the SIPP are associated with exits from the workforce in general and especially among individuals in physically demanding work. This research brings together two new and important federal data sources to foster improved understanding of physical work requirements and their role in predicting workforce exit and participation in disability programs.
Mixing Shots: Assessing Self-Reported Drunk Hunting and Target Shooting in a Young Adult Population

Although the literature presents many studies generally relating gun ownership and the use of intoxicants to unfavorable outcomes, few studies have explored deviance in the form of negligent firear...
A Game of Thrones at Human Centromeres I. Multifarious structure necessitates a new molecular/evolutionary model

Human centromeres form over arrays of tandemly repeated DNA that are exceptionally complex (repeats of repeats) and long (spanning up to 8 Mbp). They also have an exceptionally rapid rate of evolution. The generally accepted model for the expansion/contraction, homogenization and evolution of human centromeric repeat arrays is a generic model for the evolution of satellite DNA that is based on unequal crossing over between sister chromatids. This selectively neutral model predicts that the sequences of centromeric repeat units will be effectively random and lack functional constraint. Here I used shotgun PacBio SMRT reads from a homozygous human fetal genome (female) to determine and compare the consensus sequences (and levels of intra-array variation) for the active centromeric repeats of all the chromosomes. To include the Y chromosome using the same technology, I used the same type of reads from a diploid male. I found many different forms and levels of conserved structure that are not predicted by -and sometimes contradictory to- the unequal crossing over model. Much of this structure is based on spatial organization of three types of ~170 bp monomeric repeat units that are predicted to influence centromere strength (i.e., the level of outer kinetochore proteins): one with a protein-binding sequence at its 5 prime end (a 17 bp b-box that binds CENP-B), a second that is identical to the first except that the b-box is mutated so that it no longer binds CENP-B, and a third lacking a b-box but containing a 19 bp conserved n-box equence near its 5 prime end. The frequency and organization of these monomer types change markedly as the number of monomers per repeat unit increases, and also differs between inactive and active arrays. Active arrays are also much longer than flanking, inactive arrays, and far longer than required for cellular functioning. The diverse forms of structure motivate a new hypothesis for the lifecycle of human centromeric sequences. These multifarious levels of structures, and other lines of evidence, collectively indicate that a new model is needed to explain the form, function, expansion/contraction, homogenization and rapid evolution of centromeric sequences.
Secnidazole (Solosec) for Bacterial Vaginosis

Secnidazole is much more expensive than generic metronidazole and other available treatments. However, it is a safe option for women who desire a single-dose treatment or for patients in whom treatment compliance is a concern.
Genomic analysis of siderophore β-hydroxylases reveals divergent stereocontrol and expands the condensation domain family.

Genome mining of biosynthetic pathways streamlines discovery of secondary metabolites but can leave ambiguities in the predicted structures, which must be rectified experimentally. Through coupling the reactivity predicted by biosynthetic gene clusters with verified structures, the origin of the β-hydroxyaspartic acid diastereomers in siderophores is reported herein. Two functional subtypes of nonheme Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate–dependent aspartyl β-hydroxylases are identified in siderophore biosynthetic gene clusters, which differ in genomic organization—existing either as fused domains (IβHAsp) at the carboxyl terminus of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) or as stand-alone enzymes (TβHAsp)—and each directs opposite stereoselectivity of Asp β-hydroxylation. The predictive power of this subtype delineation is confirmed by the stereochemical characterization of β-OHAsp residues in pyoverdine GB-1, delftibactin, histicorrugatin, and cupriachelin. The l-threo (2S, 3S) β-OHAsp residues of alterobactin arise from hydroxylation by the β-hydroxylase domain integrated into NRPS AltH, while l-erythro (2S, 3R) β-OHAsp in delftibactin arises from the stand-alone β-hydroxylase DelD. Cupriachelin contains both l-threo and l-erythro β-OHAsp, consistent with the presence of both types of β-hydroxylases in the biosynthetic gene cluster. A third subtype of nonheme Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate–dependent enzymes (IβHHis) hydroxylates histidyl residues with l-threo stereospecificity. A previously undescribed, noncanonical member of the NRPS condensation domain superfamily is identified, named the interface domain, which is proposed to position the β-hydroxylase and the NRPS-bound amino acid prior to hydroxylation. Through mapping characterized β-OHAsp diastereomers to the phylogenetic tree of siderophore β-hydroxylases, methods to predict β-OHAsp stereochemistry in silico are realized.
ADMSv2: A Modern Architecture for Transportation Data Management and Analysis

This paper presents ADMSv2, an end-to-end data-driven system that enables real-time and historical data analytics and machine learning tasks over big, streaming, spatiotemporal data. ADMSv2 employs a unified multi-layered architecture that integrates several open-source frameworks to collect, store, manage, and analyze a variety of data sources, including massive traffic sensor data, bus trajectory data, transportation network data, and traffic incidents data. ADMSv2 enables numerous applications in intelligent transportation, urban planning, public policy, and emergency response, all of which are critical for city resilience. Here, we demonstrate three application scenarios running on top of ADMSv2 to showcase the efficiency of its capabilities of query processing on real-world streaming and historical data as well as real-time data analysis using deep learning for traffic forecasting.
Learning constitutive relations using symmetric positive definite neural networks

Abstract We present a new neural-network architecture, called the Cholesky-factored symmetric positive definite neural network (SPD-NN), for modeling constitutive relations in computational mechanics. Instead of directly predicting the stress of the material, the SPD-NN trains a neural network to predict the Cholesky factor of the tangent stiffness matrix, based on which the stress is calculated in incremental form. As a result of this special structure, SPD-NN weakly imposes convexity on the strain energy function, satisfies the second order work criterion (Hill's criterion) and time consistency for path-dependent materials, and therefore improves numerical stability, especially when the SPD-NN is used in finite element simulations. Depending on the types of available data, we propose two training methods, namely direct training for strain and stress pairs and indirect training for loads and displacement pairs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of SPD-NN on hyperelastic, elasto-plastic, and multiscale fiber-reinforced plate problems from solid mechanics. The generality and robustness of SPD-NN make it a promising tool for a wide range of constitutive modeling applications.
Intraoperative Decision-Making: Thermal Injury During Robotic Pyeloplasty.

Abstract Objective To describe how an intraoperative thermal injury to the ureter was handled during a robotic dismembered pyeloplasty. Methods The patient was a 5-year-old male who was undergoing robotic dismembered pyeloplasty for a symptomatic left ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. The case started with cystoscopy and retrograde ureteral catheter placement prior to moving to the robotic part of the procedure. Results During initial proximal ureteral dissection, there was an inadvertent thermal injury to the ureter due to arcing of the activated monopolar scissors via the fenestrated bipolar, which was providing upward ureteral retraction. This was approximately 3 cm from the UPJ. The ureter was immediately pale. The dissection continued, freeing the remainder of the ureter and renal pelvis; however, the injured ureter remained pale and the ureter proximal to this became mottled. There were concerns about ureteral viability. Given the voluminous renal pelvis available, the decision was made to perform a flap pyeloplasty, discarding the proximal ureter and bridging the resulting 3 cm ureteral gap. The patient had a successful repair. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful and his stent was removed 6 weeks later. Conclusion While all surgeons hope that operations go as planned, unexpected situations will arise and adaptation to these adversities is required. It is important to recognize thermal injuries, evaluate them repeatedly during the case, and amend the reconstructive repair as necessary given the extent of damage and available tissues.
Begriffsentwicklung von Content Marketing

Woher kommt der Begriff Content Marketing? Es gibt mehrere Vermutungen uber die Genese des Begriffs und seiner „Erfinder“. Dieses Kapitel gibt eine Begriffsklarung und beschreibt das Spannungsfeld der einzelnen beteiligten unternehmerischen Disziplinen.
The impact of SEWA's medical insurance fund on hospital utilization and expenditure: a household survey

This paper assesses the impact of the Self-Employed Women's Association's (SEWA's) Medical Insurance Fund, Gujarat, in terms of inclusion of the poor, hospital utilization, and expenditure. Age-matched insured and uninsured women were compared using survey data (2000). The authors found that wealth was not a determinant of membership in the Fund; i.e., the poor were not excluded. Of 28 hospitalizations among Fund members over one year, only five were reimbursed. Membership in SEWA was not significantly associated with increased frequency of hospitalization, but there was a significant association with lower costs of hospitalization, net of reimbursement. Unlike many other CBHI schemes, the Fund has overcome barriers that exclude the poorest. This is due in part to nesting of the Fund within a larger development organization. Utilization of the Fund, and thus impact on hospital utilization and expenditure, was minimal. This may relate to a lack of awareness of benefits among Fund members, or costs and difficulties associated with submitting an insurance claim.
A scoping review of acupuncture insurance coverage in the United States

Background:Increasing access to non-pharmacologic pain management modalities, including acupuncture, has the potential to reduce opioid overuse. A lack of insurance coverage for acupuncture could p...
A Chief Complaint of Blisters in an Adolescent.

1. Ankita Deosthali, MD* 2. Laura K. Grubb, MD, MPH* 1. *Tuft’s Children’s Hospital at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA A 19-year-old male with no significant medical history presents to the adolescent clinic with the complaint of blisters. He noticed painful blisters a week ago, starting on the middle finger of his right hand and buttocks bilaterally, and then 2 days later another blister emerged on the shaft of his penis. He describes the blisters as clear fluid collections that erupted and then scabbed over. He has been applying an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment, which has not helped. He has also been applying a thick lotion, which made the skin overlying the blisters smoother but did not make them go away. This morning he noticed a small circular lesion in his pubic area, above his penis. He has had no fevers, sore throat, dysuria, hematuria, or penile discharge. The only medication he takes is emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada®; Gilead, Foster City, CA) for preexposure prophylaxis against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). He is sexually active with only male partners, participating in oral (receiver and giver) and anal (receiver) intercourse. He has inconsistent condom use with both oral and anal intercourse. On examination his vital signs are normal, and he appears generally well and in no acute distress. Skin examination reveals ulcers on the middle finger of his right hand, the lower buttocks bilaterally, and the shaft of his penis. The ulcers on his hand and penis are approximately 1.5 cm in diameter, and on his buttocks they are larger, approximately 5 cm in diameter. The ulcers are irregularly shaped red halos without a central clearing with ragged edges and are tender to palpation. In addition, there is a 1-cm tender red papule on his mons pubis. There is no inguinal lymphadenopathy or oral lesions. ### Differential Diagnosis The global incidence of genital …
Lattices of sensors reconsidered when less information is preferred

To treat sensing limitations (with uncertainty in both conflation of information and noise) we model sensors as covers. This leads to a semilattice organization of abstract sensors that is appropriate even when additional information is problematic (e.g., for tasks involving privacy considerations).
Optimal brain protection in aortic arch surgery

There is considerable debate with regard to the optimal cerebral protection strategy during aortic arch surgery. There are three contemporary techniques in use which include straight deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), DHCA with retrograde cerebral perfusion (DHCA + RCP), and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion (MHCA + ACP). Appropriate application of these methods ensures appropriate cerebral, myocardial, and visceral protection. Each of these techniques has benefits and drawbacks and ensuring coordinated circulation management strategy is critical to safe performance of aortic arch surgery. In this report, we will review various cannulation strategies, review logistics of hypothermia, and review the relevant literature to outline the strengths and weaknesses of these various cerebral protection strategies.
Physiology of Water Deficits in Cereal Crops

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the physiological mechanisms that underlie the reductions in yield caused by drought in cereal crops of the family gramineae. It describes the way the availability of a specific environmental factor—water—affects grain production in crops. It discusses a number of central physiological processes that contribute to the formation of grain in crops, including photosynthesis and the translocation of photosynthate to the grain, cell division, and enlargement and the accumulation and transport of nutrient elements for storage in the grain and for the general functioning of cell metabolism. Higher plants must encounter desiccation at least once in their life cycle, late in seed development when the embryo and stored reserves undergo desiccation prior to seed release. In addition to this period of exposure, other episodes of drought frequently occur, and there is probably no other factor that limits grain production so extensively and unpredictably. Yield reductions from drought may be large enough to result in no grain at all, and even moderate drought can markedly affect grain production.
Who Owns School? Authority, Students, and Online Discourse, Kelly Ritter

Kelly Ritter's book, Who Owns School? Authority, Students, and Online Discourse, part of Hampton Press's New Dimensions in Computers and Composition Series, would at first glance appear to be writt...
Daily Watch on Metabolism

Plants and animals adjust responses to their environments through small molecules, including metabolites, which interact with their circadian clocks
8-channel tunable MUX/DEMUX using vertically coupled active microdisk resonators

1.6-nm-spaced, 8-channel tunable microdisk demultiplexers are presented. Spectral channel spacing adjustment is achieved by free carrier injection in active microdisk resonators. High Q's (/spl sim/6000) and extinctions (/spl sim/7 dB) are observed in the transmission spectra.
Developing Complex Software for Critical Systems

There is a huge gap between the theories of computing and the practice of developing applications that must satisfy extremely critical application requirements such as human safety and mission survivability — which in turn may impose stringent demands for computer and communication system reliability, availability, security, integrity, real-time responsiveness, and (in many cases) correctness of the application software. Experience shows that such systems are vulnerable to a wide variety of misfortunes — including malicious misuse (by insiders and outsiders), hardware faults, software flaws, development malpractice, and ‘acts of God’ — with potentially devastating consequences. The challenge is to ensure that development efforts can address these problems, while at the same time recognizing the implications of certain intrinsic limitations, both technological and social.
Rat Differences in Mammary Tumor Induction With Estrogen and Neutron Radiation

Young adult female rats of either the Sprague-Dawley stock or the ACI strain were each given an implant of a compressed pellet of 5 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 15 mg cholestrol 2 days before irradiation with 0.4, 1.3, or 4.0 rads of 0.43-MeV neutrons. These rats were studied, along with appropriate irradiated and nonirradiated controls, until death or for a maximum of 48 weeks. Response differences between the strain and stock included the following: DES produced both pituitary tumors and mammary adenocarcinomas (MAC) in ACI rats only. Neutron radiation increased mammary fibroadenoma (MFA) formation in Srague-Dawley rats only. No interactions between DES and radiation on MAC formation in Sprague-Dawley rats or MFA formation in ACI rats were demonstrated. However, when DES and neutron radiation were combined, DES appeared to inhibit the MFA response to radiation in Sprague-Dawley rats. In contrast, DES appeared to act synergistically with neutron radiation on MAC formation in ACI rats. These results clearly demonstrate rat differences in mammary gland carcinogenesis in response to estrogen, to radiation, or to a combination of both agents.
Possible conditioned stimulus pathway for classical eyelid conditioning in rabbits. I. Anatomical evidence for direct projections from the pontine nuclei to the cerebellar interpositus nucleus

Wheat germ agglutinin and cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to retrogradely and anterogradely trace connectivity between the lateral regions of the pontine nuclei and the anterior interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum in rabbits. Projections from the pontine nuclei were found to terminate in the anterior interpositus nucleus and the interpositus was found to send projections to the pontine nuclei. Projections from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, dorsal accessory inferior olive, and Larsell's lobule HVI of the cerebellum were also found to terminate in the interpositus nucleus and projections from the interpositus nucleus to the inferior olivary complex were observed. The projections from brain stem regions to the interpositus nucleus are discussed as possible pathways that are involved in classical eyelid conditioning.
Detonability of Nitroglycerin contained in Porous Rock

IN the course of experiments to determine the feasibility of using liquid explosives to enhance the productivity of oil- and gas-bearing sandstones after hydraulic fracturing, it has been found that dry porous sandstone could imbibe sufficient nitroglycerin-ethylene glycol dinitrate (50–50 NG-EGDN1) to yield a detonable charge.
Optimal estimation of Eulerian velocity field given Lagrangian observations

The problem of estimating an Eulerian velocity field given particle trajectories is formulated as an optimal filtering problem. Under the idealistic assumption that the Eulerian velocity field is delta-correlated in time (Kraichnan model) the exact solution of the non-linear filtering problem is found. In a more realistic Markov model with finite correlation time an approximate solution is suggested and examined by Monte Carlo means.
Monitoring a nuclear test-ban treaty

Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions. By Ola Dahlman and Hans Israelson. Pp. 440. (Elsevier: Amsterdam, Oxford and New York, 1977.) $49; Dfl. 120.
$n$-SASAKIAN MANIFOLDS

We define a new class of manifolds called $n$-Sasakian manifolds that enjoy remarkable geometric properties. We furnish examples of such manifolds and make links to the study of isoparametric hypersurfaces. We demonstrate that these examples carry Einstein metrics.
Some protein effects on enamel solubility

Abstract Bovine enamel pretreated with casein showed greater reductions in acid solubility than were given by several other milk protein concentrates. Gastric mucin gave results comparable to casein, but egg albumin, γ-globulin, gelatin and saliva were less effective. Inclusion of the proteins in the decalcifying buffer produced equal or greater changes in enamel dissolution. Milk did not interfere with, but supplemented, the solubility-reducing effect of fluorine.
Interferon-mediated protection of B16 melanoma cells from cytotoxicity by activated macrophages.

Abstract Corynebacterium parvum-activated macrophages (Mo), purified by adherence, were cytotoxic for B16 melanoma cells maintained in vitro. Pretreatment of the melanoma cells for 18 hr with interferon- α β or -γ (IFN- α β or -γ ) caused a reduced susceptibility of the B16 cells to Mo-mediated cytotoxicity. The IFN-induced protective effect of B16 cells from cytotoxic Mo was found to be dose dependent. In addition, IFN-γ was more protective than IFN- α β . The protective effect observed with partially purified IFN was reproduced by using highly purified IFN- α β or recombinant IFN-γ. Monoclonal antibodies to IFN-γ neutralized the protective effect provided by IFN-γ. These results show that the susceptibility of a tumor cell line to killing by activated Mo can be altered by IFN pretreatment.
Micro Separations by Chromatographic Adsorption on Blotting Paper

THE separation of mixtures on a micro scale by chromatographic adsorption was carried out as long ago as 1910 by Tswett, the discoverer of the process, and by various others since, but the method has not been applied as extensively as its extraordinary power would warrant. The preparation of the adsorbent column and the development of the chromatogram are troublesome and time-consuming operations and the process ordinarily comes under consideration only as a last resort. The purpose of this communication is to describe a simple and rapid method of effecting such separations which avoids entirely the difficulties inherent in the use of Tswett columns, and which, in addition, possess distinct advantages of its own.
Chronic Neuropsychological and Neurological Impairment Following Acute Exposure to a Solvent Mixture of Toluene and Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)

A 38 year-old laborer experienced solvent intoxication during each of two spray paintings of a dump truck and other heavy equipment in an enclosed, unventilated garage. The paint base consisted primarily of toluene and methyl ethyl ketone. Nausea, headaches, dizziness, respiratory difficulty and other symptoms began after exposures. Over the next several days he developed impaired concentration, memory loss and cerebellar signs including an intention tremor, gait ataxia and dysarthria. MRI of the brain and EGG early in the work-up were normal, although later MRIs demonstrated fluid collection over the left parietal area. Examination by a toxicologist and neurologist revealed likely toxic encephalopathy with dementia and cerebellar ataxia. Three formal neuropsychological assessments over 2 1/2 years quantified cognitive, motor and behavioral changes. Despite similar findings in chronic exposure to these solvents, lasting sequelae following acute exposure have not been widely reported.
Damage Progression in Bolted Composites

Structural durability, damage tolerance, and progressive fracture characteristics of bolted graphite/epoxy composite laminates are evaluated via computational simulation. Constituent material properties and stress and strain limits are scaled up to the structure level to evaluate the overall damage and fracture propagation for bolted composites. Single and double bolted composite specimens with various widths and bolt spacings are evaluated. The effect of bolt spacing is investigated with regard to the structural durability of a bolted joint. Damage initiation, growth, accumulation, and propagation to fracture are included in the simulations. Results show the damage progression sequence and structural fracture resistance during different degradation stages. A procedure is outlined for the use of computational simulation data in the assessment of damage tolerance, determination of sensitive parameters affecting fracture, and interpretation of experimental results with insight for design decisions.
Loss of Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B reveals separation of innate immune signaling pathways.

Vesicular trafficking has emerged as an important means by which eukaryotes modulate responses to microbial pathogens, likely by contributing to the correct localization and levels of host components necessary for effective immunity. However, considering the complexity of membrane trafficking in plants, relatively few vesicular trafficking components with functions in plant immunity are known. Here we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B (DRP2B), which has been previously implicated in constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), functions in responses to flg22 (the active peptide derivative of bacterial flagellin) and immunity against flagellated bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Consistent with a role of DRP2B in Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), drp2b null mutant plants also showed increased susceptibility to Pto DC3000 hrcC−, which lacks a functional Type 3 Secretion System, thus is unable to deliver effectors into host cells to suppress PTI. Importantly, analysis of drp2b mutant plants revealed three distinct branches of the flg22-signaling network that differed in their requirement for RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUE D (RBOHD), the NADPH oxidase responsible for flg22-induced apoplastic reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, in drp2b, normal MAPK signaling and increased immune responses via the RbohD/Ca2+-branch were not sufficient for promoting robust PR1 mRNA expression nor immunity against Pto DC3000 and Pto DC3000 hrcC−. Based on live-cell imaging studies, flg22-elicited internalization of the plant flagellin-receptor, FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), was found to be partially dependent on DRP2B, but not the closely related protein DRP2A, thus providing genetic evidence for a component, implicated in CME, in ligand-induced endocytosis of FLS2. Reduced trafficking of FLS2 in response to flg22 may contribute in part to the non-canonical combination of immune signaling defects observed in drp2b. In conclusion, this study adds DRP2B to the relatively short list of known vesicular trafficking proteins with roles in flg22-signaling and PTI in plants.
Translating Knowledge for Child Welfare Practice Cross-Nationally

Some researchers contend that the rise in child abuse allegations among Caribbean immigrants in New York City is consistent with the large body of research suggesting that maltreatment is driven by the complex interaction of interpersonal, economic, social, and environmental factors. Others believe it has more to do with cultural child-rearing norms sanctioning the use of physical punishment of children. The goals of the research reported here were to better understand the influence of these many factors on child rearing, particularly as they relate to disciplinary practices within the Trinidadian population. An ethnographic field study of the context and norms of child rearing in the Caribbean was completed. This yielded data that were then translated into practice guidelines and policy recommendations by seven seasoned child welfare workers in New York City, all involved in a specialized MSW training program with the principal investigator. The functioning of Caribbean immigrant families is affected by ...
X-ray structure of Mer-Trichloro[N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropane]cobalt(III)

Abstract The single crystal X-ray structure of [Co(dpt)Cl3] (dpt is N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropane) is reported. The molecule crystallizes in space group P212121 with four moleculs in a cell of dimensions a = 9.290(3) A, b = 6.782(3) A, c = 18.620(4) A; g9cald = 1.679 g cm−3, ϱexptl = 1.66 g cm−3. Full-matrix least squares refinement of 1129 reflections having F > 3σ gave R = 0.029 and Rw = 0.032. The complex has the meridional stereochemistry with both chelate rings in the chair form. Cobalt-nitrogen and -chlorine distances are in the expected range. Carbon-13 NMR data is presented for [Co(TACN)dpt]+3] (TACN is 1,4,7-triazacyclononane), which is apparently the first complex to have dpt coordinated in facial form. Qualitative observations show that dpt is a much inferior ligand for Co(III) than diethylenetriamine.
Activation of the Human DNA Polymerase β Promoter by a DNA-alkylating Agent through Induced Phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element-binding Protein-1

Abstract Treatment of cells with the DNA-alkylating agent N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induces expression of the endogenous mammalian DNA polymerase β (β-pol) gene and of the cloned promoter in transient expression studies. The lone cAMP response element (CRE) in the core promoter, along with functional protein kinase A, is critical for the MNNG-induced up-regulation. Recently, we described a kinetic mechanism for transcriptional regulation of the β-pol promoter in vitro and found that CRE-binding protein (CREB) from MNNG-treated cells differentially up-regulates the promoter by stimulating formation of closed preinitiation complex (RPc). Here, using a CRE-dependent chimeric β-pol promoter, we purified the RPc assembled with nuclear extract from MNNG-treated and control HeLa cells. Comparison of proteins in the purified RPc samples revealed that the MNNG induction is associated with a strong increase in the Ser133-phosphorylated form of recombinant CREB (CREB-1). CREB depletion of the nuclear extracts diminished transcriptional activity, and addition of purified Ser133-phosphorylated CREB-1 restored activity, whereas unphosphorylated CREB-1 did not. Addition of phosphorylated CREB-1 to the control cell extract mimicked the MNNG-induced up-regulation of transcriptional activity. These results indicate that phosphorylation of CREB-1 is the probable mechanism of activation of the β-pol promoter after treatment of cells with the DNA-alkylating agent MNNG.
A comparison of the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) with “traditional” neuropsychological testing instruments

The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) is frequently used in research protocols and increasingly in clinical practice. Despite the frequency of its use, important aspects of its measurement validity have yet to be established in healthy adults. Two hundred and fifty-five individuals completed the CANTAB and traditional neuropsychological tests commonly used in clinical practice, including selected subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Tests A and B, the Stroop test, and the Green Story Recall test. Results showed that CANTAB subtests were modestly correlated with traditional subtests. Correlations between CANTAB subtests and traditional subtests were less consistent when age and education were controlled for. In conclusion, the CANTAB shows modest associations with traditional neuropsychological test measures.
The information visualizer, an information workspace

This paper proposes a concept for the user interface of information retrieval systems called an information workspace. The concept goes beyond the usual notion of an information retrieval system to encompass the cost structure of information from secondary storage to immediate use. As an implementation of the concept, the paper describes an experimental system, called the Information Visualizer, and its rationale. The system is based on (1) the use of 3D/Rooms for increasing the capacity of immediate storage avaitable to the user, (2) the Cognitive Co-processor scheduler-based user interface interaction architecture for coupling the user to information agents, and (3) the use of information visualization for interacting with information structure.
"Slip, sliding away": phospholipase D and the Golgi apparatus.

Phospholipase D enzymes (PLDs) constitute a family of phosphodiesterases that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to generate choline and phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), a potent lipid signaling molecule implicated in numerous physiological processes. Mammalian PLDs have been localized to multiple organelles, including the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory granules and plasma membrane. However, the detailed mechanisms that govern targeting of PLDs to different organelles, how their local activity is controlled or indeed the nature of PA effectors are not well understood. Here, we discuss recent observations on PLD localization to the Golgi apparatus and how members of this enzyme family might play a role in regulating the structure of this organelle.
Mycosis fungoides metastasizing to the brain parenchyma: case report.

Objective and importance Mycosis fungoides is a rare T-cell lymphoma of the skin that can, in one-half to three-quarters of patients suffering from this disease, involve the viscera in late stages of the disease. Although autopsy series performed more than 2 decades ago showed that the incidence of metastatic mycosis fungoides to the central nervous system is approximately one of seven, a total of only several dozen cases have been reported to date. As compared to meningeal involvement, intraparenchymal metastases are even rarer. We describe a biopsy-proven case of intraparenchymal central nervous system mycosis fungoides in a patient with nonprogressive skin involvement and no detectable visceral involvement, and we present a review of the relevant literature. Clinical presentation A 68-year-old man, 3 years after the diagnosis of his skin disease, developed fatigue, confusion, and frontal lobe signs without the presence of cerebriform cells in the peripheral blood or any other clinical evidence of visceral involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a diffuse area of increased T2-weighted signal involving the white matter of both cerebral hemispheres as well as a focal area of T2 abnormality along the body of the corpus callosum. The radiological differential diagnosis was either leukodystrophy caused by chemotherapy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or glioma with associated white matter changes. Intervention A stereotactic serial brain biopsy revealed diffuse perivascular infiltrates of atypical lymphocytes, as well as several large cells with cerebriform nuclei consistent with mycosis fungoides. The cells were immunoreactive for LCA, MT1, UCHL1, and CD3. Conclusion We stress the importance of including mycosis fungoides as part of the differential diagnosis for a brain lesion in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, because treatments do exist, and we conclude that a serial stereotactic biopsy may be necessary to provide a definitive diagnosis.
Glycemic control in critically ill patients: What to do post NICE-SUGAR?

Until recently, stress hyperglycemia was considered to be a beneficial adaptive response, with raised blood glucose providing a ready source of fuel for the brain, skeletal muscle, heart and other vital organs at a time of increased metabolic demand. Following the Leuven Intensive Insulin Therapy Trial in 2001, tight glycemic control became rapidly adopted as the standard of care in intensive care units (ICU’s) throughout the world. However, four randomized controlled studies and the recently published NICE-SUGAR study have subsequently been unable to replicate the findings of the Leuven Intensive Insulin Therapy Trial. This paper offers an explanation for these discordant findings, and provides a practical approach to glucose control in the ICU.
Effect of Moisture Content on Mechanical Properties of Nemo Coal, Moberly, Missouri U.S.A.

Abstract Oriented specimens of bituminous coal were obtained from a strip mine near Moberly, Missouri, U.S.A. and were sawed and machined into cubes 1.5 in on the side oriented such that the bedding was parallel to one set of faces. The cubes were loaded to failure parallel to or perpendicular to the bedding in uniaxial compression at room temperature and pressure to determine the effect of a change in moisture content from 3.7 to 12.0% on the stress—strain curves, strength at failure and Young's modulus. The change in moisture content was obtained in protected field specimens by careful soaking. The stress—strain curves show little alteration. However, the increase in moisture content causes a decrease in mean strength from 3234 lb/in 2 to 2840 lb/in 2 for specimens loaded perpendicular to bedding and from 2290 lb/in 2 to 1807 lb/in 2 for specimens loaded parallel to bedding. Similarly, Young's modulus is reduced from 2.39 × 10 5 lb/in 2 to 1.57 × 10 5 lb/in 2 for loading perpendicular to bedding and from 2.22 × 10 5 lb/in 2 to 1.53 × 10 5 lb/in 2 for loading parallel to bedding.
ATP and GTP are essential for olfactory response

Abstract The steady-state conductance of planar bimolecular lipid membranes (BLMs) modified with rat olfactory epithelial homogenate (ROH) becomes sensitive to very low concentrations of odorant in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The chemosensitivity is not observed when ATP and GTP are absent. Adenosine 3′,5′monophosphate (cAMP) mimics the effect of the odorant. Effects of odorants and cAMP are dose dependent. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cAMP is a second messenger in the initial steps of olfactory transduction.
Pain Management at the End of Life: Often a Difficult Call

### Appropriate Pain Treatments, Palliative Sedation, and Double Effect In caring for patients near the end of life, distressing symptoms may arise that fail to respond to comprehensive evaluations and aggressive therapeutic trials. Faced with unremitting suffering, patients, families, and the clinicians who serve them, may choose to accept sedation of the patient to provide symptomatic relief. The terms “terminal sedation,” “palliative sedation,” “sedation therapy,” and “sedation in the imminently dying” have all been used to describe this practice. Because of the critical need to convey to patients and colleagues the clinical intent to relieve distressing symptoms and not to hasten death, for its precision, I prefer the term “sedation for refractory symptoms in the imminently dying” (SRSID). The ethical basis for SRSID derives from the following principles: The principle of double effect, which has wide acceptance among both bioethicists …
Amplification and cloning of infectious bursal disease virus genomic RNA segments by long and accurate PCR

Improved methods of reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and cloning of full-length coding region of both strands of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) variant strain E genome were developed. Denaturation of IBDV RNA by heat in the presence of primers and use of a reverse transcriptase lacking RNase-H activity produced full-length coding region and partial non-coding region cDNA copies of the viral genomic segments. Digestion of the RNA component of RNA-cDNA hybrids by RNase-H followed by long and accurate PCR (LA-PCR) amplification of IBDV cDNA in a single step resulted in the synthesis of 3182 base-pairs (bp) of segment A and 2777 bp of segment B cDNA copies of IBDV genome. The resulting amplicons were successfully cloned and sequenced revealing their identity of IBDV. The LA-PCR method can be utilized for the amplification and cloning of the other IBDV strains or isolates and will greatly enhance the availability of sequence information or infectious cDNA copies of IBDV.
Searching for cincinnatus: Representatives' backgrounds and voting behavior

Proponents of legislative term limits express concern about professional politicians, individuals who have no other occupation than running for and holding office. Term limits presumably will help allow the reemergence of the citizen-legislator. This paper examines whether pre-political background affects Congressional voting, specifically concentrating on whether a business background affects U.S. Chamber of Commerce vote scores. Business background significantly affects voting in the House, even with party affiliation and corporate and labor campaign contributions included as control variables, but background variables are insignificant for Senate voting.
Mediation and Peacekeeping in a Random Walk Model of Civil and Interstate War

The Sinai Peninsula that separates Israel and Egypt covers roughly 24,000 square miles. It is a largely arid desert with much of it presenting conditions favorable for either mechanized infantry transport or, in its barren mountains, providing ideal shelter for guerilla forces. Following the United Nations (UN) partition plan in 1947 that ultimately led to the creation of Israel, the Israelis and Egyptians fought in or over the Sinai Peninsula in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1968-1970, and 1973. In 1977, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat traveled to Jerusalem. There, he accepted an invitation from the newly elected Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to begin negotiations that might lead to a normalization of relations between Israel and Egypt, two countries that had maintained active hostilities toward one another since the founding of Israel (Humphreys 1999; Stein 1999). Following the initial meetings in Jerusalem, the US President Jimmy Carter initiated a third-party mediation effort that culminated in the Camp David accords in 1978. These negotiations, in turn, led to the historic 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. Under the terms of the agreements, the UN was to enforce the initial terms of the settlement as it affected the Sinai. Since the expiration of the UN mandate in 1982, there has been an ongoing multinational, US-led peacekeeping mission deployed to the Sinai to separate Egyptian and Israeli forces. For the past twentyfive years, US-led peacekeepers in the Sinai have helped prevent the renewal of fighting between Egypt and Israel-the longest period of peace Israel has known with any of its neighbors. This case is an example of both successful mediation and peacekeeping. Absent President Carter's mediation efforts, it seems unlikely that the two sides would have reached an agreement (Telhami 1990; Princen 1992). More recently, Israel and Jordan signed a treaty settling many of the issues that had led to frequent uses of force between these two countries. Notably, the two states were able to reach agreement about one of the thorniest issues in the desert: water distribution rights. Again, the United States, this time under President Bill Clinton, played an important role as an interested third party providing mediation and technical assistance during the process (National Research Council 1999).
Space-Grown Protein Crystals Are More Useful for Structure Determination

The usefulness of X-ray data derived from space-grown protein crystals for calculating a more accurate structure is reviewed here for three model proteins. These include the plant sweetening protein, thaumatin, from Thaumatococcus daniellii; the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase from Thermus thermophilus; and pea lectin from Pisum sativum. In all three cases, X-ray diffraction data collected from protein crystals obtained under reduced gravity lead to better defined initial electron density maps, facilitating model building and improved crystallographic statistics. With thaumatin, the phasing power of the anomalous scattering atom, sulfur, is used to determine protein crystal quality in terms of its usefulness for ab initio structure determination. Thaumatin crystals grown under microgravity provided improved phasing statistics compared to those of Earth-grown crystals. Consequently, generating a de novo protein model of higher quality was facilitated using X-ray diffraction data from space-grown crystals. This lends evidence to the possibility that a microgravity environment can favor protein crystal growth and, subsequently, be more useful for structure determination.
Influence of Ligand Geometry on the Dimensionality of Sn(II) Benzenedicarboxylate Crystal Structures

Four new divalent tin benzenedicarboxylates (bdc) have been synthesized by hydrothermal techniques, and their structures have been determined from single crystal X-ray data. A chiral complex layer ...