cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Translocation of Host Cellular Materials into the Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion Lumen during Chemical Fixation.

Chlamydia trachomatis manipulates host cellular pathways to ensure its proliferation and survival. Translocation of host materials into the pathogenic vacuole (termed ‘inclusion’) may facilitate nutrient acquisition and various organelles have been observed within the inclusion, including lipid droplets, peroxisomes, multivesicular body components, and membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, few of these processes have been documented in living cells. Here, we survey the localization of a broad panel of subcellular elements and find ER, mitochondria, and inclusion membranes within the inclusion lumen of fixed cells. However, we see little evidence of intraluminal localization of these organelles in live inclusions. Using time-lapse video microscopy we document ER marker translocation into the inclusion lumen during chemical fixation. These intra-inclusion ER elements resist a variety of post-fixation manipulations and are detectable via immunofluorescence microscopy. We speculate that the localization of a subset of organelles may be exaggerated during fixation. Finally, we find similar structures within the pathogenic vacuole of Coxiella burnetti infected cells, suggesting that fixation-induced translocation of cellular materials may occur into the vacuole of a range of intracellular pathogens.
An investigation of long memory in various measures of stock market volatility, using wavelets and aggregate series

Using methods based on wavelets and aggregate series, long memory in the absolute daily returns, squared daily returns, and log squared daily returns of the S&P 500 Index are investigated. First, we estimate the long memory parameter in each series using a method based on the discrete wavelet transform. For each series, the variance method and the absolute value method based on aggregate series are then employed to investigate long memory. Our findings suggest that these methods provide evidence of long memory in the volatility of the S&P 500 Index.
Bio-crude transcriptomics: gene discovery and metabolic network reconstruction for the biosynthesis of the terpenome of the hydrocarbon oil-producing green alga, Botryococcus braunii race B (Showa).

Background: Microalgae hold promise for yielding a biofuel feedstock that is sustainable, carbon-neutral, distributed, and only minimally disruptive for the production of food and feed by traditional agriculture. Amongst oleaginous eukaryotic algae, the B race of Botryococcus braunii is unique in that it produces large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons of terpenoid origin. These are comparable to fossil crude oil, and are sequestered outside the cells in a communal extracellular polymeric matrix material. Biosynthetic engineering of terpenoid bio-crude production requires identification of genes and reconstruction of metabolic pathways responsible for production of both hydrocarbons and other metabolites of the alga that compete for photosynthetic carbon and energy. Results: A de novo assembly of 1,334,609 next-generation pyrosequencing reads form the Showa strain of the B race of B. braunii yielded a transcriptomic database of 46,422 contigs with an average length of 756 bp. Contigs were annotated with pathway, ontology, and protein domain identifiers. Manual curation allowed the reconstruction of pathways that produce terpenoid liquid hydrocarbons from primary metabolites, and pathways that divert photosynthetic carbon into tetraterpenoid carotenoids, diterpenoids, and the prenyl chains of meroterpenoid quinones and chlorophyll. Inventories of machine-assembled contigs are also presented for reconstructed pathways for the biosynthesis of competing storage compounds including triacylglycerol and starch. Regeneration of S-adenosylmethionine, and the extracellular localization of the hydrocarbon oils by active transport and possibly autophagy are also investigated. Conclusions: The construction of an annotated transcriptomic database, publicly available in a web-based data depository and annotation tool, provides a foundation for metabolic pathway and network reconstruction, and facilitates further omics studies in the absence of a genome sequence for the Showa strain of B. braunii, race B. Further, the transcriptome database empowers future biosynthetic engineering approaches for strain improvement and the transfer of desirable traits to heterologous hosts.
Socioeconomic Status and Subclinical Atherosclerosis Are We Closing Disparity Gaps

See related article, p 954. In the recent decades, we have experienced large reductions in the prevalence of several major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including hypertension and dyslipidemia along with improved medical management for stroke and CVD, and large reductions in CVD-related morbidity and mortality.1 These health improvements have been accompanied by gains in income and education although a widening of the socioeconomic status (SES) gap has occurred.2 However, the improved stroke CVD health status may not exist across all segments of society3,4 and which groups lack the health benefits largely remains unknown. In addition to traditional CVD risk factors and genetics, SES is likely one of the most critical determinants of CVD, but the mechanism by which SES influence CVD health remains unexplained. Furthermore, trends in SES factors have yet to be carefully examined in relation to health to plan appropriate actions to close gaps in SES-related health disparities. Education, occupation, and income are some of the important SES indicators that have been associated with CVD in numerous studies.5,6 Adverse socioeconomic position across the life-course increases CVD risk7,8; therefore, identification of preclinical disease is important for early detection and prevention of CVD and stroke. Yet little information is available on …
Effect of a Hospital-wide High-Flow Nasal Cannula Protocol on Clinical Outcomes and Resource Utilization of Bronchiolitis Patients Admitted to the PICU

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of the introduction of a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) protocol with clinical outcomes and hospital charges of infants with bronchiolitis initially admitted to the PICU. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, nonrandomized, preintervention-postintervention study of infants with bronchiolitis initially admitted to the PICU for HFNC. We compared patients admitted in the 24 months before and after protocol initiation for HFNC use on the general wards. The primary outcome assessed was length of hospital stay (LOS), and the secondary outcomes included total hospital charges, intubation, and 30-day readmission. We conducted bivariate analysis using χ2 test for categorical variables and Student’s t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety patients were admitted to the PICU on HFNC; 120 patients were admitted before and 170 admitted after the introduction of HFNC use on the general wards. Comparing the 2 groups, the median LOS was significantly reduced (4 days vs 3 days; P CONCLUSIONS: For bronchiolitis patients initially admitted to the PICU, initiating a guideline for HFNC use on the general pediatric wards is associated with reduced total hospital LOS and total hospital charges, with no difference in intubation rates or 30-day readmission.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Early Reading Programs: A Demonstration With Recommendations for Future Research

Abstract We review the value of cost-effectiveness analysis for evaluation and decision making with respect to educational programs and discuss its application to early reading interventions. We describe the conditions for a rigorous cost-effectiveness analysis and illustrate the challenges of applying the method in practice, providing examples of programs for which we have estimated costs, but find effectiveness data lacking in comparability. We provide a demonstration of how cost-effectiveness analysis can be applied to two early reading programs: the Wilson Reading System and Corrective Reading. We use existing effectiveness data from an experimental evaluation in which the programs were implemented under similar conditions and the use of common outcomes measures for both programs yielded data that are comparable. We combine these data with cost data we collected using the ingredients method to calculate cost-effectiveness ratios for the alphabetics domain. A complete picture of the relative cost-effec...
Mechanical work and fatigue: their roles in the development of muscle work capacity.

To compare the effects of mechanical work versus fatigue on the improvement of work capacity of muscle, young, healthy men were selected to life a 45-pound weight with their quadriceps for 30 sessions, followed by 5 sessions of testing. The study consisted of two phases. Subjects in the first phase did equal amounts of mechanical work with both quadriceps, but had different amounts of fatigue from side to side because the rate of work was different. Subjects in the second phase fatigued both quadriceps, but one quadriceps was fatigued with a rest period between contraction cycles, and one was fatigued without a rest period, thus allowing the side with the rest cycle to do more mechanical work. To test the relative effects of training, a transfer-of-training design was used in both phases. The results suggest that fatigue, defined operationally as the inability or unwillingness of the subject to continue the prescribed task under given reinforcement conditions, plays a larger role in the development of work capacity of muscle than the amount of mechanical work per se. Language: en
A case of Jacobsen syndrome with multifocal white matter lesions

Jacobsen syndrome is a rare disorder caused by partial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 11. The phenotype is variable with involvement of multiple organ systems, resulting in congenital heart defects, blood dyscrasias, and impaired growth. We describe a case of a 30-year-old man with multiple ophthalmic manifestations and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was remarkable for multiple T2-hyperintense subcortical white matter lesions. It is important to be aware that patients with Jacobsen syndrome may have nonspecific white changes seen on MRI.
AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCE IN THE SOVIET UNION

The flight from the land to the cities, while a universal phenomenon, poses a serious problem for the USSR because of the persistent low productivity of agricultural labor. The author examines recent trends in rural population change by republics, the patterns of migration and some of the factors that tend to foster rural-urban migration in the USSR.
Compensating for sneak currents in multi-level crosspoint resistive memories

Crosspoint architectures for ReRAM offer highei density, power efficiency, and endurance than most other emerging memory technologies, but they suffer sneak currents thai cause significant write and read noise. Existing solutions limil the array size to ensure that the resulting noise falls within the margin between resistance levels but this might not be possible for MLC ReRAM memories. This paper builds a simple analytic model for the voltage drop and sneak currents in MLC-ReRAM arrays as a form of inter-cell-interference and proposes two techniques to minimize the resulting BER: spreading modulation and distribution shaping.
logmip: a disjunctive 0–1 non-linear optimizer for process system models

Discrete-continuous non-linear optimization models are frequently used to formulate problems in Process System Engineering. Major modeling alternatives and solution algorithms include generalized disjunctive programming and MINLP. Both have advantages and drawbacks depending on the problem they are dealing with. In this work, we describe the theory behind LOGMIP, a new computer code for disjunctive programming and MINLP. We discuss a hybrid modeling framework which combines both approaches, allowing binary variables and disjunctions for expressing discrete choices. An extension of the Logic-Based OA algorithm has been implemented to solve the proposed hybrid model. Computational experience is reported on several examples, which are solved with disjunctive, MINLP and hybrid approaches.
Echinoderm Responses to Variation in Salinity

Although Echinodermata is one of the only stenohaline phyla in the animal kingdom, several species show remarkable abilities to acclimate and survive in euryhaline habitats. The last comprehensive review of this topic was over 25 years ago and much work has been published since. These recent studies expand the field reports of species living in hyposaline environments and detail experimental research on the responses, physiological range, and limits of echinoderms to salinity challenges. I provide a brief review of the historical concepts and measures of salinity and relate this overview to the physiological and ecological studies on echinoderms. Many marine biologists are not aware that chemical oceanographers advocate abandoning today's commonly used measure of salinity, 'PSU', in favour of absolute salinity (SA)-a return to the ppt (‰) metric. The literature survey reveals only one euryhaline-tolerant species in the Southern Hemisphere (there are 42 in the North) and more euryhaline species in the geologically older, brackish seas. The green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, is one of the most tolerant echinoids to hyposalinity. Different source populations have varying levels of acclimation and tolerance to hyposalinity. Experiments show that green urchins previously unexposed to hyposalinity experience a clear decrease in growth rates; however, this adverse effect is short lived. Green urchins already acclimated to hyposalinity can endure intense and repeated bouts and grow at the same rate of urchins not exposed. Promising future work on the physiological and cellular mechanisms of hyposalinity acclimation includes comparative studies of the role of heat shock proteins in the response to changing salinities.
Efficient Kerr Microscopy

The performance of magnetic devices correlates with the spatial distribution and time evolution of the magnetization. In recording heads for example, the magnetization components Mx(t), My(t), and Mz(t) are very sensitive to the device boundaries, defects, issues of design and processing, and an applied or internal magnetic field or magnetomotive force. With the increasing difficulty of reliably modeling complex magnetic devices ever decreasing in size, efficient experimental Kerr-effect contrast imaging of M-components becomes more important as aid to progress in fundamental understanding, diagnostics and development. This paper discloses innovations which enable imaging of pure in-plane magnetization sensitive Kerr components devoid of polar Kerr and background signals. For the component sensitive to perpendicular magnetization, a means for calibrating pure polar Kerr contrast relative to the pure in- plane contrast is described. These methods operate without the reliance on changing magnetic state for background subtraction as in earlier methods. They are therefore applicable to imaging the three M-components at different stages of magnetization in recording heads, and in magnetically ‘hard’ materials, for example amorphous magnets and media for perpendicular magnetic recording.
Organic Polymer Chemistry in the Context of Novel Processes.

This article was written to shed light on a series of what some have stated are not so obvious connections that link polymer synthesis in supercritical CO2 to cancer treatment and vaccines, nonflammable polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries, and 3D printing. In telling this story, we also attempt to show the value of versatility in applying one’s primary area of expertise to address pertinent questions in science and in society. In this Outlook, we attempted to identify key factors to enable a versatile and nimble research effort to take shape in an effort to influence diverse fields and have a tangible impact in the private sector through the translation of discoveries into the marketplace.
Does canal wall down mastoidectomy benefit syndromic children with congenital aural stenosis

Abstract Objectives To determine whether a canal wall down mastoidectomy can provide long-term benefit for children with aural stenosis. Methods Retrospective case series of children with congenital aural stenosis having undergone a canal wall down mastoidectomy over a twelve-year period at a tertiary children's hospital. Results Data from thirteen children who underwent a total of twenty canal wall down mastoidectomies for aural stenosis were reviewed. The mean age at surgery was 7.1 years (range, 3.3–12.3 years). All patients had genetic syndromes including Trisomy 21 (n = 7), Trisomy 21 and Pierre Robin sequence (n = 1), Angelmann (n = 1), Cri-du-chat (n = 1), Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (n = 1), Spina bifida (n = 1) and Nager syndrome (n = 1). Seven (54%) children underwent bilateral canal wall down mastoidectomies. All thirteen ears that could not be visualized preoperatively had improved ease of office examination following surgery. Only one patient required revision surgery and all canals were patent at the last clinic visit. The mean follow-up was 4.9 years. There were no cases of facial nerve injury or cerebrospinal fluid leak. Conclusion Syndromic children with congenital aural stenosis with poorly pneumatized mastoids may benefit from canal wall down mastoidectomy to improve ease of office examinations.
Mapping Southern American English, 1861-1865

Since April 2015 is the sesquicentennial of the end of the Civil War, now is a particularly appropriate time to review the progress of the Corpus of American Civil War Letters (CACWL) project and to suggest directions it might go in the future. Since 2007, we have located and collected images of nearly 11,000 letters and transcribed over 9,000 of these, totaling well over four million words. Of the transcribed letters, just over 6,000 were written by southerners (490 individual letter writers), a corpus extensive enough to begin identifying and describing what features were distinctively Southern in 19th-century American English. We have already mapped many of these features that are especially common in southern letters, for example, fixing to, howdy, past tense/past participle hope ‘helped’, qualifier tolerable, intensifier mighty, pronoun hit, and the noun heap. By way of comparison, we also have a somewhat smaller but rapidly growing collection of 3,000 transcribed letters written by individuals from northern states, and variant features from these letters are also being mapped. The work at present is very preliminary; there are thousands of additional letters to be collected and transcribed, particularly from northern states and from states west of the Mississippi. However, by mapping variants from letters that have already been transcribed, we can begin to get a better understanding of regional differences, as well as how regional features spread westward in the decades before the Civil War. We can also begin to obtain some sense of how American English in general, and particularly its regional dialects, may have changed since the mid 19th century. This article presents a preview of a number of those findings.
Abstract 485: Potential Neuronal-Specific Influence on AT1a Receptor--Mediated Hyperplasia in the Ascending Aorta

Introduction and Objective: Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion stimulates AT1a receptors to promote medial thickening throughout the aorta. Medial thickening is due to hyperplasia in the ascending aorta and hypertrophy in the rest of the aorta. The cell type(s) expressing AT1a receptors that promote medial thickening have not been defined. We have previously demonstrated the surprising result that deletion of AT1a receptors in either endothelial or smooth muscle cells had no effect on medial thickening. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of AT1a receptors in neuronal cells on AngII-induced aortic medial thickening. Methods and Results: We generated male neuronal cell-specific AT1aR deficient mice by breeding AT1aR floxed mice with transgenic mice expressing Cre driven by enolase 2 promoter (AT1aR x Eno2 Cre +/0). Male non-transgenic littermates (AT1aR x Eno2 Cre 0/0) were used to compare AT1aR x Eno2 Cre +/0 mice. Mice were fed a normal laboratory diet and implanted with mini-osmotic pumps to infuse either saline or AngII (1,000 ng/kg/min) for 28 days. The expression of Cre had no effect on body weight or blood pressure. At termination, mice were perfusion-fixed at physiologic pressure and ascending and descending thoracic regions were sectioned serially. Aortic sections were stained with H&E and propodium iodide. The medial thickness (>5 per region) and nuclei counts (>2 per region) of each aortic tissue section was determined by image analysis. Cre expression under the control of Eno2 led to a significant reduction in medial thickness and number of nuclei in the ascending aorta (p Conclusion: AngII-induced ascending aortic hyperplasia was attenuated in mice in which AT1a receptors were deleted using Cre driven by the Eno2 promoter. However, the non-neuronal expression of Eno2 may be the basis for this effect.
Heteromeric complexes of aldo-keto reductase auxiliary KVβ subunits (AKR6A) regulate sarcolemmal localization of KV1.5 in coronary arterial myocytes

Redox-sensitive potassium channels consisting of the voltage-gated K+ (KV) channel pore subunit KV1.5 regulate resting membrane potential and thereby contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells. Members of the KV1 family associate with cytosolic auxiliary β subunits, which are members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily (AKR6A subfamily). The Kvβ subunits have been proposed to regulate Kv1 gating via pyridine nucleotide cofactor binding. However, the molecular identity of KVβ subunits that associate with native KV1.5 channels in the vasculature is unknown. Here, we examined mRNA and protein expression of KVβ subunits and tested whether KVβ isoforms interact with KV1.5 channels in murine coronary arteries. We detected KVβ1 (AKR6A3), KVβ2 (AKR6A5) and KVβ3 (AKR6A9) transcripts and KVβ1 and KVβ2 protein in left anterior descending coronary arteries by real time quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. In situ proximity ligation assays indicated abundant protein-protein interactions between KV1.5/KVβ1, KV1.5/KVβ2 and KVβ1/β2 in coronary arterial myocytes. Confocal microscopy and membrane fractionation analyses suggest that arterial myocytes from KVβ2-null mice have reduced abundance of sarcolemmal KV1.5. Together, data suggest that in coronary arterial myocytes, KV1.5 channels predominantly associate with KVβ1 and KVβ2 proteins and that KVβ2 performs a chaperone function for KV1.5 channels in arterial myocytes, thereby facilitating Kv1α trafficking and membrane localization.
Collaborative research into Game Jams, Hackathons and Event-Based Teaching in Higher Education (Abstract Only)

The idea for this session is based on conversations with colleagues from computer science, art, communications, engineering, and biology as well as international colleagues from three continents at ITICSE-2016 on the use of Game Jams to increase participation of underrepresented minorities (URMs) in Computer Science and STEM education. High-impact practices are powerful tools in engaging students (NSSE, 2014), perhaps even more so for non-traditional, ESL/ELL, first-generation, and URM students in STEM disciplines by increasing peer and faculty contact, active learning, and high expectations (Goodman). We believe that event-based teaching, such as Game jams and Hackathons provide students with many, if not more of the experiences that are credited with those of commonly identified High Impact Practices (Kuh, 2008). These events also create peer and social networks among participants. While not conclusive - anecdotally the networks of peers and social capacity seem to make a difference in post graduation job search (Mouw). Game Jams and Hackathons are still relatively new in higher education, and while there is a lot of anecdotal evidence as to the benefits reaped by participants of these events, there exists little in the way of long-term studies in the literature that speaks to the academic value of these events. This session will create a conversation among faculty from computer science and other disciplines who are interested in creating these events and their institutions, and developing scholarship to fill in the gaps in the literature around the effects and efficacy of these events on the long-term success of participants.
A Gaussian discriminant analysis-based generative learning algorithm for the early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease

Over the past few years, several approaches have been proposed to assist in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its prodromal stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). For solving this high dimensional classification problem, the widely used algorithm remains to be Support Vector Machines (SVM). But due to the high variance of the data, the classification performance of SVM remains unsatisfactory, especially for delineating the MCI group from the cognitively normal control (CN) group. This study introduces a novel algorithm based on the Gaussian discriminant analysis (GDA) for a more effective and accurate classification performance. Subjects considered in this study included 190 CN, 305 MCI, and 133 AD subjects. Using 75% of the data as the training set with a tenfold cross validation, the proposed algorithm achieved an average accuracy of 94.17%, a sensitivity of 93.00%, and a specificity of 95.00% for discriminating AD from CN; and an average accuracy of 84.86%, a sensitivity of 84.78%, and a specificity of 85.00% for discriminating MCI from CN. Then a true test was implemented for the remaining 25% data, for discriminating specifically MCI from CN, resulting in an accuracy of 82.20%, a sensitivity of 83.10%, and a specificity of 80.85%. As revealed through the literature, these results involving the delineation of the MCI group from CN could be considered as the best classification performance obtained so far. This study also shows that by separating left and right hemispheres of the brain into two decision spaces, then combining the results of these two spaces, the classification performance can be improved significantly; an assertion proven in this study.
Moth and the Pedagogical Ideal in Love’s Labor’s Lost

This chapter demonstrates how reading Moth as a queer schoolboy in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labor’s Lost forces audiences to reflect on the gendered ideal early modern schooling was expected to produce, and then compare it to the masculinity actually performed by the adult male characters in the play. While critics have long studied this comedy’s investment in wit, wordplay, and rhetoric as a satirical attempt to outwit the University Wits, Moth is as routinely left out of those discussions as he is cut from performances. Moth, imbued with this tradition, uses his wit to queer the humanist pedagogical ideal by exposing how it is in language’s queer flexibility that true wit resides.
Efficient Memoization for Approximate Function Evaluation over Sequence Arguments

This paper proposes strategies for maintaining a database of computational results of functions f on sequence arguments x, where x is sorted in non-decreasing order and f(x) has greatest dependence on the first few terms of x. This scenario applies also to symmetric functions f, where the partial derivatives approach zero as the corresponding component value increases. The goal is to pre-compute exact values f(u) on a tight enough net of sequence arguments, so that given any other sequence x, a neighboring sequence u in the net giving a close approximation can be efficiently found. Our scheme avoids pre-computing the more-numerous partial-derivative values. It employs a new data structure that combines ideas of a trie and an array implementation of a heap, representing grid values compactly in the array, yet still allowing access by a single index lookup rather than pointer jumping. We demonstrate good size/approximation performance in a natural application.
Online social support for individuals concerned with heart disease: observing gender differences.

Abstract Using a theoretical framework of social support, and content analysis, the content and pattern of support in messages posted in a 4-week period on a commercial health network for individuals concerned with heart disease were observed and described. Special consideration was given to identifying gender differences.
Combined economic and technological evaluation of battery energy storage for grid applications

Batteries will play critical roles in modernizing energy grids, as they will allow a greater penetration of renewable energy and perform applications that better match supply with demand. Applying storage technology is a business decision that requires potential revenues to be accurately estimated to determine the economic viability, which requires models that consider market rules and prices, along with battery and application-specific constraints. Here we use models of storage connected to the California energy grid and show how the application-governed duty cycles (power profiles) of different applications affect different battery chemistries. We reveal critical trade-offs between battery chemistries and the applicability of energy content in the battery and show that accurate revenue measurement can only be achieved if a realistic battery operation in each application is considered. The findings in this work could call for a paradigm shift in how the true economic values of energy storage devices could be assessed. Large variations exist in the revenue prediction of grid-scale storage due to uncertainties in operations of storage technologies. Here the authors integrate the economic evaluation of energy storage with key battery parameters for a realistic measure of revenues.
“Immigrants! We get the Job Done!”: newcomers remaking America on Broadway

ABSTRACTThe Broadway musical theatre was largely the creation of the children of immigrants. These newcomers to American culture rarely emphasized their ethnic origins and they had little interest ...
Abstract NS1: Hands-On Curriculum Educates Neuroscience Nurses on Bedside Swallow Screening

Background: Swallow screening effectively identifies patients at risk for post-stroke dysphagia. This screening can be effectively performed by nurses at the bedside to aid in early detection. Howe...
Association Among Dietary Supplement Use, Nutrient Intake, and Mortality Among U.S. Adults: A Cohort Study

Background The health benefits and risks of dietary supplement use are controversial. Objective To evaluate the association among dietary supplement use, levels of nutrient intake from foods and supplements, and mortality among U.S. adults. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data from 1999 to 2010, linked to National Death Index mortality data. Participants 30 899 U.S. adults aged 20 years or older who answered questions on dietary supplement use. Measurements Dietary supplement use in the previous 30 days and nutrient intake from foods and supplements. Outcomes included mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Results During a median follow-up of 6.1 years, 3613 deaths occurred, including 945 CVD deaths and 805 cancer deaths. Ever-use of dietary supplements was not associated with mortality outcomes. Adequate intake (at or above the Estimated Average Requirement or the Adequate Intake level) of vitamin A, vitamin K, magnesium, zinc, and copper was associated with reduced all-cause or CVD mortality, but the associations were restricted to nutrient intake from foods. Excess intake of calcium was associated with increased risk for cancer death (above vs. at or below the Tolerable Upper Intake Level: multivariable-adjusted rate ratio, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.07 to 2.45]; multivariable-adjusted rate difference, 1.7 [CI, -0.1 to 3.5] deaths per 1000 person-years), and the association seemed to be related to calcium intake from supplements (≥1000 mg/d vs. no use: multivariable-adjusted rate ratio, 1.53 [CI, 1.04 to 2.25]; multivariable-adjusted rate difference, 1.5 [CI, -0.1 to 3.1] deaths per 1000 person-years) rather than foods. Limitations Results from observational data may be affected by residual confounding. Reporting of dietary supplement use is subject to recall bias. Conclusion Use of dietary supplements is not associated with mortality benefits among U.S. adults. Primary funding source National Institutes of Health.
Response of Aspergillus flavus spores to nitric oxide fumigations in atmospheres with different oxygen concentrations

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. NO fumigation must be conducted under ultralow oxygen conditions because NO reacts with O2 to produce nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In this study, NO fumigations under different O2 concentrations were conducted on Aspergillus flavus spores to determine effectiveness of NO and NO2 in inactivating spores. Spores on gridded cellulose filter discs in Petri dishes were subjected to six fumigation treatments including a control with varying levels of NO under different O2 conditions for 3 h at 15 °C. The discs with spores were then cultured on Aspergillus Differentiation medium plates after fumigation for four days at 25 °C to count A. flavus colonies. Untreated control discs each had over 50 A. flavus colonies. Three fumigation treatments with 0.1% NO2 or 1.0% NO caused complete inactivation of A. flavus spores. The study demonstrated that NO fumigation with certain levels of NO2 can effectively inactivate A. flavus spores. The results suggest that NO fumigation has potential to be an alternative treatment to control both pests and microbes on stored products.
Heart Failure and the Affordable Care Act: Past, Present, and Future

Highlights •The Affordable Care Act has affected heart failure patients through insurance regulation, coverage expansion, and delivery system reform. •Some of these elements could have positive effects for heart failure patients. •The benefit of value-based and alternative payment models for heart failure outcomes is less clear. •Heart failure clinicians should be aware of how legislation affects clinical practice.
Self-Collected Anterior Nasal and Saliva Specimens versus Healthcare Worker-Collected Nasopharyngeal Swabs for the Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2

We prospectively compared healthcare worker-collected nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) to self-collected anterior nasal swabs (ANS) and straight saliva for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in 354 patients. The positive percent agreement between NPS and ANS or saliva was 86.3% (95% CI: 76.7-92.9) and 93.8% (95% CI: 86.0-97.9), respectively. Negative percent agreement was 99.6% (95% CI: 98-100) for NPS vs. ANS and 97.8% (95% CI: 95.3 – 99.2) for NPS vs. saliva. NPS (n=80) and saliva (n=81) detected more cases than ANS (n=70), but no single specimen type detected all SARS-CoV2 infections.
Transapical Septal Myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Midventricular Obstruction.

Background Midventricular obstruction (MVO) is an uncommon variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In patients receiving septal myectomy for HCM, failure to recognize the concurrent MVO in the context of basal septum thickening can lead to inadequate excision and residual gradient. In this report, we detail the operative outcomes of MVO with and without coexistent basal septal hypertrophy. Methods From February 1997 through September 2018, 196 patients underwent midventricular myectomy. Medical records and follow-up databases were reviewed to obtain patient characteristics and perioperative features. Results At baseline, 156 patients (80%) were in New York Heart Association Functional Classification III/IV. Obstruction was isolated to the midventricle in 80 patients, and 63 (79%) were treated by isolated transapical myectomy. The remaining 116 patients had intraventricular obstruction at both subaortic and midcavity levels; in 108 (93%), a combined transaortic and transapical approach was adopted to achieve complete relief of the obstruction. After septal myectomy, the resting peak instantaneous gradient decreased from a median 48 mm Hg (interquartile range [IQR], 23-77 mm Hg) preoperatively to 8 mm Hg (IQR, 0-19 mm Hg) before hospital dismissal. Median follow-up was 2.9 years (IQR, 0.7-5.0 years), and the estimated 1-, 5-, and 10-year survivals were 99%, 98%, and 90%, respectively. There were no late complications attributable to the transapical incision. Conclusions Transapical exposure is a safe and effective approach for relief of midventricular obstruction, and hemodynamic results are similar to those achieved by standard myectomy for subaortic obstruction. The technique can be combined with transaortic myectomy for patients with left ventricular outflow obstruction at both levels.
A discontinuous Galerkin finite-element model for fast channelized lava flows v1.0

Abstract. Lava flows present a significant natural hazard to communities around volcanoes and are typically slow moving (
NePTuNe: Neural Powered Tucker Network for Knowledge Graph Completion.

Knowledge graphs link entities through relations to provide a structured representation of real world facts. However, they are often incomplete, because they are based on only a small fraction of all plausible facts. The task of knowledge graph completion via link prediction aims to overcome this challenge by inferring missing facts represented as links between entities. Current approaches to link prediction leverage tensor factorization and/or deep learning. Factorization methods train and deploy rapidly thanks to their small number of parameters but have limited expressiveness due to their underlying linear methodology. Deep learning methods are more expressive but also computationally expensive and prone to overfitting due to their large number of trainable parameters. We propose Neural Powered Tucker Network (NePTuNe), a new hybrid link prediction model that couples the expressiveness of deep models with the speed and size of linear models. We demonstrate that NePTuNe provides state-of-the-art performance on the FB15K-237 dataset and near state-of-the-art performance on the WN18RR dataset.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the erythroid compartment.

The retention of erythroid mitochondria, a feature associated with impairments in the ubiquitin–proteasome system, is detected in a subset of pediatric patients with lupus and is associated with the type I interferon pathway.
Geographic Trademarks and the Protection of Competitor Communication

Over the last 25 years, brand names that incorporate geographic terms have become easier to register immediately at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, without having to demonstrate acquired distinctiveness or "secondary meaning." This is largely due to two developments. The first is the rise of a subjective "goods-place association" test, under which an examiner must show that consumers would understand the brand name as claiming geographic origin before refusing registration. The second is the Federal Circuit's interpretation of the NAFTA Implementation Act as requiring a showing of materiality before refusing to register a trademark as primarily geographically deceptively misdescriptive. This article challenges the assumptions that underlie these developments. It contends that the central aim of the doctrine of geographic descriptiveness is to protect the ability of competitors to communicate information about geographic origin of goods and services. In light of that aim, the doctrine should look, not at current subjective consumer understanding of a geographic brand name, but at what competitors could use that name to communicate, and how trademark protection would burden that communication. The article also considers the treaty obligations of the United States with regard to protection of geographic trademarks, and proposes an approach that would both satisfy U.S. treaty obligations and implement sound trademark policy.
Stagnant lid convection and carbonate metasomatism of the deep continental lithosphere

The current (and past) mantle adiabat beneath continents is hot enough that ascending carbonate-rich domains partially melt liberating kimberlites. Over the last 2 Ga, most of these kimberlites have been trapped and frozen in the deep continental lithosphere, forming a massive CO2 reservoir. Geochemical studies of kimberlites that reached the surface indicate the pervasiveness of their effects within the deep lithosphere. These magmas extensively reacted with the deep lithosphere on the way up. Conversely, studies of deep mantle xenoliths brought up in kimberlites detect repeated episodes of metasomatism by these fluids. The heat balance between convection and conduction through the lithosphere provides gross constraints on the cumulative global effects of this process. Stagnant lid (including chemical lid) convection supplies heat to the base of continental lithosphere in equilibrium with the conductive heat flow. The thermal gradient beneath continents is constrained by xenolith geotherms and mantle heat flow q is ∼20 mW m−2. The upwelling velocity V at the base of the thermal boundary layer is ∼q/TηρC, where ρC is volume specific heat, 4 MJ m−3 and Tη is the temperature to change viscosity by a factor of e, ∼60 K. The upwelling velocity is thus ∼2 km per million years; the mass of the mantle circulates beneath continents over ∼2 Ga. The rate that plate tectonics recirculates the mantle is comparable and limits the supply carbonate-rich undepleted material to the melting zone of upwelling stagnant lid convection and thus the production of kimberlites. Overall the amount of CO2 emplaced by kimberlites into continental lithosphere is a significant fraction (∼1/2) of that in the convecting mantle, resulting in a major deep lithospheric reservoir of CO2 of ∼5000 × 1018 moles, an equivalent thickness of ∼2 km carbonatized rock. This process, however, is insufficient to affect the overall density of deep lithosphere. The observed linearity of the xenolith geotherm precludes equivalent thicknesses of several kilometers depending on the radioactive element concentration of actual kimberlites. Kimberlites are partial melts often of subducted carbonatized oceanic crust and hence have CO2 to radioactive element ratios higher than the bulk mantle. Most kimberlites remain within the deep lithosphere because ascending dikes do not usually penetrate the region of horizontal compression in the strong cool part of the lithosphere. Conversely stresses relax quickly within the warm deep lithosphere allowing dikes to repeatedly intrude.
Small‐scale, spatially distributed water management practices: Implications for research in the hydrologic sciences

[1] Traditional water resources management in the United States relies heavily on the use of centralized facilities, such as regional wastewater treatment plants and flood control reservoirs. Increasing concern for human impacts on aquatic systems and diminished federal support for large water management projects are motivating the increased use of small-scale, widely distributed practices, such as treatment wetlands and infiltration practices. These practices, which exploit or enhance natural systems and processes, can be used alone or in conjunction with traditional practices to enhance performance and reduce environmental impacts. The use of smaller, more distributed water management practices challenges the hydrological science community to improve its capacity for assessing and predicting hydrologic conditions and to make this capacity accessible to water resource practitioners.
Valsalva manoeuvre: A confusing dichotomatic misnomer.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to try to understand the origin of the definition of the Valsalva manoeuvre by going back to original documents and finding out at which moment, the eponym was given to these two different manoeuvres, and their congruence to reality. Methods Historical study of selected textbooks and articles about the Valsalva manoeuvre. Results Valsalva effectively described the manoeuvre against closed nostrils and mouth at the beginning of the 18th century, but he was not the first. On the contrary, Valsalva did not describe the manoeuvre against a closed glottis. This was a mid-20th century creation. Conclusions Two questions remain: 1. What should be done with the eponymous appellation of the manoeuvre with closed mouth and nostrils? Certainly to keep it, even if Valsalva was not the first to clearly describe it. 2. What to do with the eponymous appellation of the manoeuvre with a closed glottis? It would be ideal to change it, as it is misnamed, confusing, and only recently formulated.
Ziconotide Combination Intrathecal Therapy for Noncancer Pain Is Limited Secondary to Delayed Adverse Effects: A Case Series With a 24-Month Follow-Up.

Objectives The efficacy and safety of ziconotide as a single agent has been evaluated in few short-term clinical trials and open-label studies. Ziconotide use is challenging given its adverse effect (AE) profile. The objective of this study is to describe the long-term efficacy and AEs of ziconotide used as an adjunct to other intrathecal (IT) agents in chronic noncancer pain patients. Materials and Methods A case series of chronic noncancer pain patients who had suboptimal pain control from IT therapy. Ziconotide was introduced in the IT infusion mixture after a successful ziconotide trial. Pain scores, IT doses, as well as AEs were recorded and analyzed from trial to initial ziconotide infusion and up to 24 months. Results Fifteen patients underwent ziconotide trials. Four subjects failed the trial, and 11 proceeded to continuous ziconotide treatment. Seven out of 11 patients experienced AEs resulting in ziconotide discontinuation. Two of the seven subjects who required discontinuation of ziconotide had improved pain. Four subjects were able to continue IT ziconotide through 24 months. Conclusions A high incidence of AEs limits the usefulness of IT ziconotide as adjunct therapy. Our results are limited by the size of our patient population; however, they represent a long follow-up period, which is limited in most current publications on this IT peptide. While ziconotide is a needed IT agent, more studies are necessary to better understand the factors that would improve the treatment to trial ratio as well as the long-term efficacy of IT ziconotide treatment.
Learning, internal research, and spillovers

This paper presents new evidence on the practice of industrial Research and Development (R&D), especially its allocation between learning and internal research, and the role of outside knowledge in reshaping this allocation. The evidence describes the sources of outside knowledge, portrays the flow of that knowledge into firms, and interprets the channels by which outside knowledge influences R&D. In this way, the paper illustrates R&D's value in dealing with disequilibria. The empirical work is based on a sample of 220 R&D laboratories owned by 115 firms in the US chemical, machinery, electrical equipment, and motor vehicle industries. The findings are consistent with the view that universities and firms generate technological opportunities in R&D laboratories. In addition to partnerships that define rather strict channels of opportunity, the paper uncovers broader effects of R&D spillovers. The results also suggest that academic spillovers drive learning about universities and that industrial spillovers...