cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O-GlcNAcylation alters the selection of mRNAs for translation and promotes 4E-BP1–dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in the retina

Diabetes promotes the posttranslational modification of proteins by O-linked addition of GlcNAc (O-GlcNAcylation) to Ser/Thr residues of proteins and thereby contributes to diabetic complications. In the retina of diabetic mice, the repressor of mRNA translation, eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), is O-GlcNAcylated, and sequestration of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF4E) is enhanced. O-GlcNAcylation has also been detected on several eukaryotic translation initiation factors and ribosomal proteins. However, the functional consequence of this modification is unknown. Here, using ribosome profiling, we evaluated the effect of enhanced O-GlcNAcylation on retinal gene expression. Mice receiving thiamet G (TMG), an inhibitor of the O-GlcNAc hydrolase O-GlcNAcase, exhibited enhanced retinal protein O-GlcNAcylation. The principal effect of TMG on retinal gene expression was observed in ribosome-associated mRNAs (i.e. mRNAs undergoing translation), as less than 1% of mRNAs exhibited changes in abundance. Remarkably, ∼19% of the transcriptome exhibited TMG-induced changes in ribosome occupancy, with 1912 mRNAs having reduced and 1683 mRNAs having increased translational rates. In the retina, the effect of O-GlcNAcase inhibition on translation of specific mitochondrial proteins, including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), depended on 4E-BP1/2. O-GlcNAcylation enhanced cellular respiration and promoted mitochondrial superoxide levels in WT cells, and 4E-BP1/2 deletion prevented O-GlcNAcylation–induced mitochondrial superoxide in cells in culture and in the retina. The retina of diabetic WT mice exhibited increased reactive oxygen species levels, an effect not observed in diabetic 4E-BP1/2–deficient mice. These findings provide evidence for a mechanism whereby diabetes-induced O-GlcNAcylation promotes oxidative stress in the retina by altering the selection of mRNAs for translation.
5XFAD Mice Show Early Onset Gap Detection Deficits

Alzheimer's patients show auditory temporal processing deficits very early in disease progression, before the onset of major cognitive impairments. In addition to potentially contributing to speech perception and communication deficits in patients, this also represents a potential early biomarker for Alzheimer's. For this reason, tests of temporal processing such as gap detection have been proposed as an early diagnosis tool. For a biomarker such as gap detection deficits to have maximum clinical value, it is important to understand what underlying neuropathology it reflects. For example, temporal processing deficits could arise from alterations at cortical, midbrain, or brainstem levels. Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease can provide the ability to reveal in detail the molecular and circuit pathology underlying disease symptoms. Here we tested whether 5XFAD mice, a leading Alzheimer's mouse model, exhibit impaired temporal processing. We found that 5XFAD mice showed robust gap detection deficits. Gap detection deficits were first detectable at about 2 months of age and became progressively worse, especially for males and for longer gap durations. We conclude that 5XFAD mice are well-suited to serve as a model for understanding the circuit mechanisms that contribute to Alzheimer's-related gap detection deficits.
Irrigating underground: Assembling, disassembling, and reassembling the hydraulic fracturing energy-water nexus

Abstract This paper explores how a novel and water-intensive method of energy production – high-volume hydraulic fracturing (a.k.a., “fracking” or “fracing”) – has taken hold in a river basin that is over-appropriated, is managed via a water governance regime that did not anticipate hydraulic fracturing's idiosyncrasies, and where public concern about dedicating freshwater to hydrocarbon production is high. Via a grounded examination of hydraulic fracturing water use in Colorado’s busiest oilfield and most crowded river basin, I argue that the practice has come to exist – and persist – despite these countervailing forces because it is an ephemeral energy-water assemblage. It is always in motion, is tough to monitor, and emerges only to disappear and reemerge again. This shape-shifting capacity distinguishes hydraulic fracturing from better-known energy-water couplings such as the hydroelectric dam and from historical surface irrigation practices in the American West. It also has consequences. While the uncritical energy-water literature suggests that these energy-water relations have been sufficiently characterized by volumetric gallons-per-well estimates, and the physical ephemerality of the hydraulic fracturing assemblage keeps its on-the-ground complexities elusive, an abridged and uncomplicated picture of hydraulic fracturing endures in the academic literature and public discourse. The partial understandings that result make this assemblage simpler to produce and reproduce. This study responds to calls for more nuanced analyses of energy-water relations. It also contributes to assemblage theory by examining the relationship between instability and stability in the lives of an assemblage, which underscores the importance of processes of disassembly and reassembly within assemblage-style analyses.
What motivates people with substance use disorders to pursue treatment? A patient-centered approach to understanding patient experiences and patient-provider interactions.

Objectives: To identify and define potential positive and negative factors in patient experiences and patient-provider interactions that are associated with the pursuit and maintenance of treatment...
Alone in a Crowded Room: The Impact of Crowd Noise in Music Recordings on Social Facilitation, Mental Imagery, and Cognitive Processing

This study investigates the role of crowd noise in the elicitation of social facilitation, mental imagery, arousal, and cognitive resource allocation. Participants (N = 60) listened to 8 total song...
Multiomics Evaluation of Human Fat-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on an Osteobiologic Nanocomposite

Effective graft technologies for bone repair have been a primary focus in the field of bone tissue engineering. We have previously fabricated and examined a nanocomposite composed of polyurethane, ...
Implementation of Opioid-Free Thyroid and Parathyroid Procedures: A Single Center Experience.

Abstract Background Initial opioid exposure for most individuals with substance use disorder comes from the healthcare system, and overprescription of opioids in ambulatory operations is common. This report describes an academic medical center's experience implementing opioid-free thyroid and parathyroid operations. Materials and methods This is a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing a thyroid or parathyroid operation before and after implementation of an opioid-free analgesia protocol. The primary endpoint was new postoperative opioid prescription. Secondary endpoints included prescription characteristics and predictors of new opioid prescription. Results A total of 515 patients were enrolled in the study: 240 in the control or “pre-intervention” cohort (May through October 2017) and 275 in the intervention or “post” cohort (May through October 2018). Patients in the intervention cohort were significantly less likely to receive an opioid prescription (12.0% versus 59.6%, P Conclusions Opioids may not be required after thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy, especially for opioid-naive patients. Future research should examine patient satisfaction with opioid-sparing analgesia.
Understanding a high stakes teacher performance assessment in mathematics through elementary prospective teachers’ lived experiences

Within a global context of more standardization of teacher preparation, programs in the USA are increasingly using standardized teacher performance assessments such as edTPA to evaluate prospective teachers’ instructional effectiveness and readiness for their own classroom. This study was conducted in a state recently requiring successful completion of edTPA for initial teacher certification. Phenomenological methodology was used to examine the lived experiences of six elementary prospective teachers completing Elementary Education edTPA: Assessing Students’ Mathematics Learning (i.e., Math Task 4) during student teaching. Data were collected via 24 individual, phenomenological interviews at specific phases during the student teaching semester. Whole-Part-Whole analysis revealed the prospective teachers found themselves in a state of elusiveness as they engaged in Math Task 4. Three themes provide the structure for elusiveness, including juggling Math Task 4 in student teaching classrooms, from relying on experts to standing alone, and navigating edTPA processes. Understanding prospective teachers’ lived experiences with Math Task 4 provides insights into both needed supports for their successful completion of the task and some of the issues with a high stakes teacher performance assessment embedded in the student teaching semester.
No differences in delay discounting between smokers with and without HIV

People with HIV (PWH) smoke cigarettes at much higher rates than the general population and evidence-based cessation methods are less effective, putting PWH at greater risk for negative health outcomes. It is critical to identify the factors that underlie this health disparity. Delay discounting—the decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed—may explain this disparity. This study aimed to (1) compare delay discounting between adult smokers with HIV and without HIV and (2) evaluate whether acute smoking abstinence disproportionately increases delay discounting among smokers with HIV. This sub-study was part of a larger study (NCT03169101) examining predictors of smoking cessation outcomes among smokers with HIV (n = 34) and smokers without HIV (n = 46) at two counterbalanced laboratory sessions (once smoking-as-usual and once following 24-h biochemically confirmed abstinence) then again, after 8 weeks of smoking cessation treatment. There were no significant differences in delay discounting rates between HIV status groups (p = 0.49) or within-subject abstinence effects (p = 0.70). However, smokers without HIV exhibited a significant increase in delay discounting following smoking cessation treatment compared to baseline (p = 0.02), whereas the change among smokers with HIV did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.09). These findings do not support differences in delay discounting as a reason for the lower success rates of HIV+ smokers at quitting. Although delay discounting may not explain the disparity in smoking rates between people with and without HIV, future work should focus on additional correlates of higher smoking rates and lower quit rates among people with HIV.
Health-aware battery charging via iterative nonlinear optimal control syntheses

Abstract There is an increasing recognition of the critical importance of charging for the safety and life of lithium-ion batteries. This paper proposes a computationally efficient optimal control approach for the problem of real-time charging control. By incorporating specific constraints that must be satisfied during charging, a health-aware operation is promoted. To determine the optimal charging current in the given setup, a recently proposed iterative framework for solving constrained optimal control problems is leveraged. It is found that the resulting optimal charging currents can be expressed in terms of a piecewise-affine time-invariant state feedback law, which results in a high computational efficiency for the optimal control solution.
Influence of doxapram and intermittent 10% carbon dioxide inspiration on cardiovascular and laryngeal functions in anesthetized dogs

OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of two doses of doxapram intravenous injection and carbon dioxide inhalation on the cardiovascular and laryngeal functions of anesthetized hounds. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult dogs. METHODS In a Latin-square design, the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. The inspiratory normalized glottic gap areas (iNGGA) were measured before and after each stimulation with 0.55 mg/kg of doxapram (L-DOX), 2.2 mg/kg of doxapram (H-DOX), or 90 s of inhalation of 10% carbon dioxide in oxygen (I-CO2 ). The stimulations were tested in duplicate or triplicate. Video clips of the laryngeal movement were scored by board-certified surgeons masked to the treatment. RESULTS The MABP increased with L-DOX and H-DOX up to 81% (both p < .001 compared to I-CO2 ), and persisted during the other stimulations (both p < .001). An intermittent tachycardic effect of up to 79% increase in HR was observed with doxapram. The HR following H-DOX was higher than L-DOX and I-CO2 (both p < .016). Neither hypertension nor tachycardia was observed with I-CO2 . The iNGGA increased with all treatments (p < .001). The iNGGA was greater with H-DOX than L-DOX and I-CO2 (both p < .007). All treatments received higher scores (all p < .001) with acceptable inter- and intra-observers Krippendorff's alphas. CONCLUSION All treatments were effective respiratory stimulants in anesthetized dogs; however, doxapram caused hypertension and tachycardia. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Carbon dioxide inhalation might improve arytenoid motion without cardiovascular effects in dogs during clinical airway examinations.
Discounted Dynamic Programming

This chapter discusses the discounted dynamic programming. A policy is any rule for choosing actions. Thus, the action chosen by a policy depends on the history of the process up to that point. An important subclass of the class of all policies is the class of stationary policies. Here, a policy is said to be stationary if it is nonrandomized and the action it chooses at time t depends on the state of the process at t . To determine policies that are optimal, an optimality criterion first needs to be decided. The chapter uses the total expected discounted return as the criterion. The use of a discount factor is economically motivated by the fact that a reward to be earned in the future is less valuable than one earned today. Therefore, a policy is α-optimal if its expected α-discounted return is maximal for every initial state. The chapter also discusses the method of successive approximations.
Influence of Synthetic and Natural Fibers on Dewatering Rate and Shear Strength of Slurries in Geotextile Tube Applications

This study investigates the effect of fibers on the dewatering time, filter cake properties, and shear strength of filter cakes with fine-grained silty clay. Synthetic nylon fibers with lengths of 6, 12, and 18 mm and one natural jute fiber with an average length of 8 mm were added to slurries with 33 % fines in concentrations of 0.5 % by soil mass. Optimum dose tests for particle flocculation showed that slurries reached a turbidity of 20 NTU with up to 19 % less flocculatant material compared to slurries with no fibers. Pressure filtration tests showed that the dewatering time decreased significantly with both synthetic and jute fibers, but were not dependent on fiber length. However, fall cone tests and unconsolidated undrained tests showed that the increase in shear strength was dependent on fiber length. Increases in shear strength were over 100 % with 12 mm nylon fibers, while filter cakes with 6 and 18 mm nylon fibers increased the shear strength by 43 %. Jute fibers did not show as high of a strength gain as the nylon fibers, but did increase dewatering times by an average of 14–22 % compared to filter cakes with nylon fibers.
Histopathologic and Cytogenetic Features of Pulmonary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.

Introduction A significant portion of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) cases are characterized by a t(6;9)(q22-23;p23-24) translocation that originates a MYB–NFIB fusion oncogene. The MYB–NFIB fusion oncoprotein activates transcription of MYB-mediated pathways that impact cell cycle control, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This translocation seems highly specific for ACC. Moreover, therapies targeting MYB-activated pathways to treat ACC are being explored. Pulmonary ACC (PACC) has not been thoroughly studied for rearrangements of the MYB gene. Methods Mayo Clinic Rochester surgical pathology archives (1972–2011) were searched for PACC. All cases were reviewed and classified according to the predominant histologic pattern (cribriform, solid, and tubular) by two surgical pathologists. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed using a break-apart strategy to detect MYB rearrangement (at 6q23.3). Medical records were studied. Results Forty cases of PACC were studied; tissue blocks were available for FISH analysis in 35 cases. Six cases failed to hybridize. In 12 of 29 cases (41%), the MYB gene region was disrupted, whereas 17 cases (59%) showed no evidence of rearrangement. FISH studies performed on other histologic subtypes of lung cancer (10 squamous cell carcinomas, 10 adenocarcinomas, and 10 small-cell carcinomas) failed to show MYB rearrangement. There was no significant difference in MYB rearrangement status with respect to predominant histologic pattern, clinical features, or clinical outcome. Conclusions A MYB rearrangement was identified in 41% of PACC and was 100% specific. FISH studies for MYB may be of diagnostic utility in PACC, particularly on small biopsy specimens. MYB rearrangement in PACC does not seem to be associated with clinical features or prognosis.
Evidence for Axial-Vector and Pseudoscalar Resonances near 1.275 GeV in η π + π −

We present the first results from an isobar-model phase-shift analysis of the $\ensuremath{\eta}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ system. The $D(1275)$ meson is established as a narrow ($\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}10$ MeV) $I{J}^{P}={01}^{+}$ resonance. Beneath the $D$ is a broader ($\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}70$ MeV) $I{J}^{P}={00}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state which is a candidate for the radially excited $\ensuremath{\eta}$. The data are consistent with the existence of another 0${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ object of comparable width near 1.4 GeV.
A gentle introduction to distributed algorithms

The widespread use of distributed computing systems has raised the importance of understanding the design and analysis of distributed algorithms. The distributed paradigm introduces several new issues and problems not present in traditional, non-distributed algorithms. Although many of these issues are well understood and researched, most of the textbooks on distributed systems often present these topics in a rigorous fashion making it difficult to quickly assimilate the basic issues. In this paper we introduce the fundamental issues and situations specific to distributed algorithms in an informal way with the goal of an easy appreciation of these concepts.
Short Selling in Volatile Markets

We examine short selling of NYSE stocks that are listed on the S&P 500 on days when the index experiences dramatic price movements. While prior research shows that short sellers are generally contrarian in contemporaneous daily returns, we document that, after controlling for factors that influence the level of short selling in a particular stock, short activity is abnormally high (low) on large down (up) days when compared to non-down (non-up) days suggesting that short sellers trade in the direction the market moves. Further, we report that short sellers follow negative intraday returns on down days and positive intraday returns on up days. While we find some evidence of a negative relation between short activity and future intraday returns on down days, we do not find that short sellers on up days are able to predict negative intraday returns. However, we do show that short sellers on up days are better able to predict negative next day returns than short sellers on down days, suggesting that short sellers on up (down) days are more concerned with longer-term (shorter-term) price movements.
The Elephant in the Classroom, by Jo Boaler

Far too many students hate maths. As a result adults all over the world fear maths and avoid it at all costs. Mathematics plays a unique role in the learning of most children—it is the subject that...
Reading National Geographic

Reading National Geographic. Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. xvii. 309 pp. 40 halftones, appendices, bibliography, index. $59.95 (cloth); $19.95 (paper).
How NOT to Approach the Obesity Problem

The emphasis given to the energy balance equation has fostered the widespread belief that obesity is a problem of energy balance. This mistaken view has led to many unjustified and unfortunate interpretations, because obesity is, rather, a problem of the interaction between body composition and food intake regulation.
Elemental imaging for contraband detection

Effective non-intrusive substance detection techniques require two basic qualities: ability to detect and recognize as many signatures of the relevant chemical elements as possible and to do it on as small as possible volume of the interrogated object. Some nuclear-based inspection techniques possess these unique qualities. These abilities open new possibilities in rapid and automated inspection of small and large objects, from airline passenger luggage to shipping containers, for explosives, illicit drugs, other hazardous material including nuclear and most dutiable items. Various imaging techniques and their signatures are reviewed. Techniques using emission tomography of induced gamma rays, such as thermal neutron analysis and fast neutron analysis as well as those using the time-of-flight technique to provide direct substance images, such as pulsed fast neutron analysis are described. Some images employing these techniques are shown and briefly discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SATB1 is required for CD8 coreceptor reversal.

Intrathymic signals induce the differentiation of immature CD4 + CD8 + double positive (DP) thymocytes into mature CD4 + or CD8 + single positive (SP) T cells. The transcriptional mechanism by which CD8 lineage is determined is not fully understood. The best evidence, which favors the kinetic signaling/coreceptor reversal model, indicates that signaled DP thymocytes terminate CD8 transcription prior to their subsequent re-initiation of CD8 transcription and ultimate differentiation into CD8SP T cells. We and others have shown that CD8 lineage commitment is severely perturbed in mice in which expression of the transcription factor SATB1 is either conventionally knocked out or T cell-specifically knocked down. Here, we demonstrate that, as with normal thymocytes, cultured SATB1-deficient DP thymocytes inactivate CD8 coreceptor transcription following receipt of signals (PMA plus ionomycin) that mimic TCR-mediated positive selection. However, this terminated CD8 transcription is not re-initiated by signals (IL-7) conducive to CD8 differentiation in SATB1-deficient DP. We show that SATB1 specifically binds to a cis -regulatory element within the CD8 enhancer (E8 III ) known to be required for coreceptor reversal. A requirement in CD8 coreceptor reversal identifies SATB1 as an essential trans -regulator of CD8 lineage fate, whose action may be mediated via recruitment to the E8 III DP enhancer.
An accurate measurement of the catalase crystal period and its use as an internal marker for electron microscopy.

A Siemens Elmiskop I microscope operated under optimum stability conditions was calibrated by use of the 12.4 A spacing of copper phthalocyanin crystals. The latter period was determined from the corresponding electron diffraction pattern. Extensive measurements were then made for the line spacing of negatively stained catalase crystals at magnifications of 45,000–65,000 ×, and a period of 88 ± 3 A was obtained. To illustrate the efficacy of catalase as an internal magnification standard for electron microscopy, the sizes of bacteriophage T7, cyanophage LPP-1, and ferritin were determined within a 3% error. These particles were found to have edge-edge distances of 626 ± 18 A, 615 ± 19 A, and 111 ± 3 A, respectively. A further test with catalase crystals as an internal standard was the ability to distinguish by electron microscopy the pH induced isomorphic swelling of bromegrass mosaic virus whose diameter increased from 271 ± 11 A at pH 6.1 to 299 ± 13 A at pH 7.5.
A note on interobserver reliability for sequential data

It is well accepted that reliability measures based on simple frequency counts of designated codes are inappropriate for sequential analysis. The stricter point-by-point method, however, is problematic, particularly because it is too strict. It is suggested that a less strict reliability measure based on the number of transitions be used. This method also avoids problems encountered with the point-by-point method and another less stringent method.
Low-Temperature Magnetic Studies of Uranium Hydride, Uranium Deuteride, and Uranium Dioxide

A study of magnetization as a function of temperature and magnetic field has been carried out for uranium hydride, uranium deuteride, and uranium dioxide at temperatures from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and in magnetic fields from 60 000 gauss down to zero field. The apparent saturation magnetization for the samples of beta-uranium hydride used is 1.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 Bohr magnetons per atom of uranium and for one sample of uranium deuteride is 0.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 Bohr magneton per atom of uranium. The magnetic moment of uranium dioxide, limited by what may be antiferromagnetic ordering, is about 0.025 Bohr magneton per atom of uranium at 35 000 gauss and 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This result makes possible corrections for the moments of U${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ and U${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ on the basis of a known oxygen content or an estimate of the oxide impurity on the basis of apparent saturation. A high zero-field remanent magnetization (over 50% of the saturation magnetization for a spherical sample) is observed, attesting to the pronounced magnetic hardness of beta-uranium hydride. Analytic expressions have been worked out for magnetization as a function of temperature for zero magnetic field and 11 500 gauss, leading to a paramagnetic $\ensuremath{\theta}$ of 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and a ferromagnetic $\ensuremath{\theta}$ of 168\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. An estimate of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ gauss is made for the molecular field in U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
On evaluation of the polar contribution to contact material surface energy.

Abstract Properties related to the polar contribution to surface energy were measured for 20 different surfaces. Interpretation of these properties is discussed, and the method of their evaluation is compared to other approaches to surface characterization. The results indicate that the contact angle analysis used here avoids the potential ambiguity associated with those analyses most commonly used.
Spatial distribution and conservation of speckled hind and warsaw grouper in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern U.S.

There is broad interest in the development of efficient marine protected areas (MPAs) to reduce bycatch and end overfishing of speckled hind (Epinephelus drummondhayi) and warsaw grouper (Hyporthodus nigritus) in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern U.S. We assimilated decades of data from many fishery-dependent, fishery-independent, and anecdotal sources to describe the spatial distribution of these data limited stocks. A spatial classification model was developed to categorize depth-grids based on the distribution of speckled hind and warsaw grouper point observations and identified benthic habitats. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a quantitative model to predict the spatial distribution of speckled hind and warsaw grouper as a function of depth, latitude, and habitat. Models, controlling for sampling gear effects, were selected based on AIC and 10-fold cross validation. The best-fitting model for warsaw grouper included latitude and depth to explain 10.8% of the variability in probability of detection, with a false prediction rate of 28–33%. The best-fitting model for speckled hind, per cross-validation, included latitude and depth to explain 36.8% of the variability in probability of detection, with a false prediction rate of 25–27%. The best-fitting speckled hind model, per AIC, also included habitat, but had false prediction rates up to 36%. Speckled hind and warsaw grouper habitats followed a shelf-edge hardbottom ridge from North Carolina to southeast Florida, with speckled hind more common to the north and warsaw grouper more common to the south. The proportion of habitat classifications and model-estimated stock contained within established and proposed MPAs was computed. Existing MPAs covered 10% of probable shelf-edge habitats for speckled hind and warsaw grouper, protecting 3–8% of speckled hind and 8% of warsaw grouper stocks. Proposed MPAs could add 24% more probable shelf-edge habitat, and protect an additional 14–29% of speckled hind and 20% of warsaw grouper stocks.
AVERAGING TECHNIQUES IN POLYCRYSTALLINE GRAPHITES.

Abstract The one-dimensional constant stress and constant strain models are used to calculate Young's moduli and coefficients of thermal expansion as a function of crystallite orientation in polycrystalline graphite. A previously proposed c-axis accommodation mechanism is introduced to approximate the microcracking occurring during cool-down from the graphitisation temperature. The constant stress model with accommodation is found to give the best agreement with the experimental values, but is shown to be inconsistent when porosity or a c-axis accommodation mechanism is considered. Two modified models are introduced which represent amalgamations of the one-dimensional constant stress and constant strain models. These modified models are shown to give good agreement with experiment and, in addition, give an insight into the anomalous behavior of polycrystalline graphite.
Direct effect of gonadotropins on decidualization of human endometrial stroma cells.

Decidualization of stromal cells isolated from proliferative human endometrium was achieved by adding to the culture medium human gonadotropins (FSH, FSH + LH, hCG). In addition to changes in the morphology of the stromal cells to the decidual phenotype, decidualization was evident from the expression of prolactin (PRL), demonstrated immunocytochemically, by Western blotting analysis, and by measuring its output into the medium through solid phase enzyme immunoassay. Gonadotropins also induced cAMP formation in the endometrial stromal cells under the same experimental conditions. This finding suggests that the mechanism by which gonadotropins promote decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells in vitro involves the introduction of cAMP, a compound that we have found to elicit the expression of PRL in this system. PRL is likely to be a key intermediate in the process of decidualization since it is by itself capable of inducing differentiation of the endometrial stromal cells to the decidual phenotype. Awareness of direct actions of gonadotropins on the endometrial cells and, in particular, of the decidualizing effects of FSH (Metrodin), FSH + LH (Pergonal) and hCG may contribute to the understanding of physiologic as well as pathophysiologic conditions relevant to endometrial functions and fertility.
Two-phase mixed indicator method for the determination of zwitterionic surfactants

The two-phase, mixed indicator method for anionic surfactants has been modified and applied to zwitterionic surfactants. The modifications entail: (i) lowering the pH; (ii) adding 95% ethanol, and (iii) increasing the concentration of mixed indicator solution and adjusting the ratio of the indicators. By adjusting one parameter (the amount of 95% ethanol added), the method is applicable to different types of zwitterionic surfactants. Six different surfactants were examined; three were pure materials synthesized and purified in our laboratory, and the remaining three were commercial materials.
Response to Casellas et al.

Casellas and colleagues challenge the conclusions from our recent paper and claim that AID-dependent translocations occur independent of Igh proximity. In contrast to our study (Rocha et al., 2012), they focus solely on hotspots, which they claim represent the only ‘true’ AID mediated translocations (Hakim et al., 2012). However, their contention that other sites with translocation capture (TC) reads reflect AID independent rearrangements is not supported by any genome wide subtraction analysis examining signal enrichment in the IghI-SceI AID sufficient versus deficient sample. Nonetheless, they state that this is precisely the analysis that is missing from our study and that without this we could not distinguish between AID dependent and AID independent events. By implication, as per their suggestion we should find considerable overlap and comparable signal strength in the two data sets, which would account for the 90% of sites that they claim are AID independent translocations. Furthermore, non-overlapping regions or sites with signal enrichment in the AID sufficient data set should be restricted to AID induced hotspots. This is not what we observed.
The electronic structure of alkali-metal layers on semiconductor surfaces

Alkali-metal layers on semiconductor surfaces are model systems for metal-semiconductor contacts, Schottky barriers, and metallization processes. The strong decrease of the work function as a function of alkali-metal coverage is also technically made use of. Recently, however, interest in these systems is growing owing to ongoing controversial discussions about questions like: Is the adsorbate system at monolayer coverage metallic or semiconducting, and does the metallization take place in the alkali overlayer or in the top layer of the semiconductor? Is the bonding ionic or covalent? What ist the absolute coverage at saturation? What are the adsorption sites? Do all alkali metals behave similar on the same semiconductor surface? We try to answer some of the questions for Li, Na, K and Cs on Si(111)(2×1), K and Cs on Si(111)(7×7) and on GaAs(110), and Na and K on Si(100)(2×1) employing the techniques of direct and inverse photoemission.
Bifactor Models and Rotations: Exploring the Extent to Which Multidimensional Data Yield Univocal Scale Scores

The application of psychological measures often results in item response data that arguably are consistent with both unidimensional (a single common factor) and multidimensional latent structures (typically caused by parcels of items that tap similar content domains). As such, structural ambiguity leads to seemingly endless "confirmatory" factor analytic studies in which the research question is whether scale scores can be interpreted as reflecting variation on a single trait. An alternative to the more commonly observed unidimensional, correlated traits, or second-order representations of a measure's latent structure is a bifactor model. Bifactor structures, however, are not well understood in the personality assessment community and thus rarely are applied. To address this, herein we (a) describe issues that arise in conceptualizing and modeling multidimensionality, (b) describe exploratory (including Schmid-Leiman [Schmid & Leiman, 1957] and target bifactor rotations) and confirmatory bifactor modeling, (c) differentiate between bifactor and second-order models, and (d) suggest contexts where bifactor analysis is particularly valuable (e.g., for evaluating the plausibility of subscales, determining the extent to which scores reflect a single variable even when the data are multidimensional, and evaluating the feasibility of applying a unidimensional item response theory (IRT) measurement model). We emphasize that the determination of dimensionality is a related but distinct question from either determining the extent to which scores reflect a single individual difference variable or determining the effect of multidimensionality on IRT item parameter estimates. Indeed, we suggest that in many contexts, multidimensional data can yield interpretable scale scores and be appropriately fitted to unidimensional IRT models.
Peptide self-assembly in functional polymer science and engineering

Biological self-assembly systems lie at the interface between molecular biology, chemistry, polymer science and engineering. The key elements in molecular self-assembly are chemical complementarity and structural compatibility. Several types of self-assembling peptides have been engineered. Type I peptides undergo intermolecular self-assembly, type II peptides undergo self-assembly and disassembly, i.e. intermolecular and intramolecular self-assembly under the influence of various conditions. Type III peptides undergo self-assembly on to surfaces. These self-assembling peptide systems are simple, versatile and easy to modify and to produce. These systems represent a significant advancement in the molecular engineering of protein fragments for diverse technological innovations.
The effect of cations on the specific activities of pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Luidia clathrata (say) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Abstract 1. 1. The combined effect of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) on the specific activities of pyruvate kinase (PK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were examined in the pyloric caeca, gonads and tube feet of adult Luidia clathrata. 2. 2. Cation concentrations were based on previously determined intracellular values from individuals that had been exposed to 15, 25 and 35% salinity for 1 week. 3. 3. Increases in cationic strength resulted in decreases in specific activity for both enzymes in all tissues. As cationic strength increased, decreases in specific activity were greater for G-6-PDH than PK under similar assay conditions. 4. 4. The relative sensitivity of PK to changes in cation concentration may ensure the stability of the enzyme's catalytic and regulatory functions, while the greater relative sensitivity of G-6-PDH to cations could alter the organism's anabolic capacity.
Two complementation classes of T200 (Ly-5) glycoprotein-negative mutants.

Mutants of murine lymphomas have been isolated which express less than 1 percent of wild-type levels of T200 (Ly-5) glycoprotein on their cell surface but express wild-type levels of other cell-surface antigens tested. These mutants define two genetic complementation classes. The Class A mutant does not synthesize detectable amounts of T200 glycoprotein and is a mutant in either the structural gene coding for the T200 glycoprotein or in a gene acting incis position to regulate this structural gene. The Class B mutant synthesizes very low levels of T200 glycoprotein and is most simply interpreted as a mutant in a gene acting at some post-transcriptional step necessary for expression of the T200 glycoprotein on the cell surface.— The isolation of T200− mutants by cytotoxic immunoselection suggests that this method is a general way of studying the biosynthesis, regulation and function of cell-surface molecules.
Update on the genetic effects of ionizing radiation.

The genetic implications of human exposures to radiation continue to be very much on the public mind. Interest in the issue was greatly stimulated by the report of Gardner and associates 1 last year. In an effort to understand the excess of childhood leukemia and lymphoma reported in the vicinity of the Sellafield nuclear plant in the West Cumbria district of the United Kingdom, these investigators conducted a case-control study for environmental associations with these diseases. The study identified 52 cases of leukemia, 22 of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 23 of Hodgkin's disease, all occurring under 25 years of age. For each case, up to eight controls were used. Because many of the tests for associations are overlapping, it is difficult to deduce how many independent statistical tests were performed, but it appears to be at least 70. The most significant finding was that the fathers of children who developed leukemia
Chirality control via double vortices in asymmetric Co dots

Reproducible control of the magnetic vortex state in nanomagnets is of critical importance. We report on chirality control by manipulating the size and/or thickness of asymmetric Co dots. Below a critical diameter and/or thickness, chirality control is achieved by the nucleation of a single vortex. Interestingly, above these critical dimensions, chirality control is realized by the nucleation and subsequent coalescence of two vortices, resulting in a single vortex with the opposite chirality as found in smaller dots. Micromagnetic simulations and magnetic force microscopy highlight the role of edge-bound half vortices in facilitating the coalescence process.
The Neuropathology of Developmental Dysphasia: Behavioral, Morphological, and Physiological Evidence for a Pervasive Temporal Processing Disorder

Over the past twenty years, Tallal and colleagues have directed their research toward defining the neuropathological mechanisms responsible for developmental dysphasia. We have hypothesized that higher level auditory processing dysfunction, which has previously been associated with developmental dysphasia, may result from more basic temporal processing deficits which interfere with the resolution of rapidly presented, brief duration stimuli. This temporal processing deficit interferes with adequate perception of specific verbal stimuli which require resolution of brief duration formant transitions, resulting in disordered language development. The temporal processing deficit occurs across multiple sensory modalities, and also affects rapid and sequential motor production skills. Despite relatively normal clinical neuroradiological examinations, in vivo morphological analysis, utilizing magnetic resonance imaging techniques for quantitative volumetric measurements of specific brain structures, has identified abnormalities in superior parietal, prefrontal, and temporal cortices, as well as diencephalic and caudate nuclei. Abnormalities in structures which are involved in multimodal processing and sensory motor integration is consistent with the behavioral profile of developmental dysphasia. Two alternative hypotheses regarding the neurophysiological basis of the multimodal temporal processing disorder include: dysfunction in specifc cellular systems which subserve rapid, transient processing; and abnormal gating of sensory relay by intralaminar and reticular thalamic nuclei.
Size of Supramolecular SNARE Complex: Membrane-Directed Self-Assembly

Full length v-SNARE protein in lipid vesicles when exposed to t-SNARE-reconstituted lipid membrane results in the self-assembly of a t-/v-SNARE complex in a ring pattern, forming pores, and establishing continuity between the opposing bilayers. It is known that smaller vesicles fuse more efficiently than larger ones, and hence the curvature of secretory vesicles may dictate the potency and efficacy of their fusion at the cell plasma membrane. The diameter of t- and v-SNARE vesicles may, therefore, reflect the size of the t-/v-SNARE complex formed. In the present study, this hypothesis was tested, and results from the study demonstrate that the size of the t-/v-SNARE complex is directly proportional to the vesicle diameter (R2 = 0.9725).
A Digital Library for Education: The PEN-DOR Project

Recent initiatives in digital library research have suggested new models for the creation and organisation of digital information and its dissemination to virtual communities. PEN‐DOR (the Pennsylvania Education Network Digital Object Repository) is a digital library designed to provide access to the collective experience of teachers, students and administrators in public schools in building lesson plans and using curriculum materials. Using the WWW as a platform, PEN‐DOR incorporates current research in digital libraries to provide K‐12 educators with access to multimedia resources and tools to create new lesson plans and presentations, and to modify existing ones. Design problems addressed by the project include the design of a distributed, object‐oriented database architecture, the description and cataloguing of multimedia objects, and issues related to usability and training for a geographically scattered user community. Two critical aspects of the organisation of this digital library are the development of a method for the persistent identification of resources, and the design of a record structure based on recent developments in metadata. Resource identification has been achieved by adopting a system‐wide approach with an upgrade path to the emerging URN standards. In designing a record structure, the PEN‐DOR project has elected to use the GEM (Gateway to Educational Materials) metadata standard developed as part of the GEM union catalogue project. Content for the database is solicited from project partners, government agencies and educational resources Web sites, as well as from participating teachers. Once incorporated in the repository, materials can be organised in frameworks that form the basis for lessons, tutorials and presentations. As frameworks are developed, used, critiqueed and modified, they will form a community memory of past experience. Supported by the state’s Link‐to‐Learn programme, the system will function as a resource for educators throughout Pennsylvania.
How much did audit committees report prior to SOX

Recent corporate scandals—fueled partly by audit failures—have focused attention on how effective audit committees have been. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) imposed increased responsibility on audit committees. But how negligent were they prior to SOX? How proactive were they? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
iPad® use in children and young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An observational study:

This exploratory study was conducted to describe how children and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are currently using iPads® and applications, to explore the role of education professionals on iPad® and application use, and to determine potential research needs regarding iPad® use in children with ASD. Naturalistic observations were conducted on six individuals (ages 6;6 to 20;8) with ASD while they were using iPads® in their school environment. The data suggest that (1) the participants used iPads® and applications for a variety of purposes, (2) there was considerable variability regarding whether or not the application was used consistent with its intended function, and (3) the presence of an education professional and the type of application impacted the variability in functional use of the application. Pertinent lines of research that are needed to expand the base of evidence regarding effective iPad® use in children with ASD are discussed.
Change and Continuity in the Medical Culture of the Hmong in Kansas City

The Hmong in the United States have undergone radical culture change through their recent experiences of the war in Laos, refugee resettlement, and Christian conversion. This article analyzes the influence of these changes on the health ideas and practices of the Hmong in Kansas City, the primary study population. Although shamanism and ancestor worship have been abandoned, attenuated concepts of spirit illness and soul loss exist in health beliefs and patterns of illness, notably fright illness (ceeb). Their eclectic set of ideas and practices is derived from several systems, including Chinese medicine, Protestant Christianity, and biomedicine. To explain the varied health ideas and practices, Last's concept of medical culture is useful because it provides a framework for understanding medical traditions drawn from differing cultural systems. The Hmong have created a unique medical culture through their incorporation of new therapies as well as the use of some traditional methods of healing.