cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum Free Light Chain Analysis

In healthy individuals, plasma cells originating from the bone marrow produce immunoglobulin molecules composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. There are two types of light chains in humans, kappa and lambda. The chapter provides an overview of the history, utility and interpretation of free light chain (FLC) measurement in plasma cell dyscrasias.
High Performance OpenSHMEM Strided Communication Support with InfiniBand UMR

Exchanging data on noncontiguous user buffers has been a dominant communication pattern in many scientific applications. The OpenSHMEM specification introduces a new set of communication routines to support strided data communication. Most high performance implementations of the OpenSHMEM specification support strided data communication by either packing/unpacking or multiple reads/writes based scheme, which incurs significant performance overhead during communication. This performance overhead could prevent application developers from using OpenSHMEM strided data communication routines. Recently, Mellanox has introduced a novel feature, called User-mode Memory Registration (UMR), for noncontiguous data transfer. UMR has the potential to support efficient OpenSHMEM strided data communication. In this paper, we propose UMR-based schemes to support one-sided zero-copy strided data communication for OpenSHMEM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to design OpenSHMEM strided data communication using the UMR feature. We propose and implement UMR-based designs on top of MVAPICH2-X. Experimental results with shmem iget operation show 3X performance improvement over the multiple reads scheme in default MVAPICH2-X, and 20X performance improvement over the OpenSHMEM reference implementation configured with GASNet. At the application level, for a 3D stencil communication kernel with OpenSHMEM iget routines on 512 processes, the proposed UMR-based design outperforms the multiple reads scheme in default MVAPICH2-X by 20% in total execution time.
Embracing ambiguity

Software helps people fulfill their goals, but development tools lack understanding of those goals. But if development tools did understand how software artifacts relate to higher-level intents and goals, they could help developers reuse code, solve problems, and develop systems that are more robust and easier to use. In this paper, we suggest that supporting software development at a stage before concrete formalization is an area of opportunity for software engineering research. We discuss three aspects that are both core challenges and opportunities for this research area: handling ambiguity, understanding human situations, and flexible reflection about failure, and identify research results suggesting that substantial progress can be made on these problems within a decade. We believe that this research will make it easier to develop software that is more broadly useful and robust, even in the face of everyday uncertainty and failure.
Further Notes on Cantharellus Multiplex

This fungus was first described by Underwood in 1899 (3) from type material collected in Maine. Thirty-eight years passed before there appeared in the literature a report of a second collection of this species, this time coming from Canada (1). During the summer of 1936 Mrs. P. F. Shope collected this fungus in Colorado from the forest floor of an Engelman spruce forest, Middle Boulder Canyon, elevation 10,500 feet. It is of interest to note that the collections so far known indicate a boreal distribution.
Overcoming the polarization catastrophe in the rocksalt oxides MgO and CaO

Interfaces between dissimilar polar materials may provide a pathway to new device functionality, including high carrier mobility layers at the interface. The development of these materials has proven challenging, in part because of the high energy cost of forming polar surfaces. Our density functional theory calculations explore the mechanisms by which a real material satisfies the electrostatic criteria for stability imposed by a polar surface. The consequences of polarity are studied by comparing the formation energies, charge distribution, and electronic structure of a number of low-index surfaces of rocksalt MgO and CaO. These surfaces are explored both in their bare, undecorated form as well as with surface reconstructions and adsorbed foreign species. Our ground-state surface energies are extended to relevant environmental conditions by use of ab initio thermodynamics. We find that the high energy of bare polar surfaces is the result of the significant charge redistribution that arises to compensate the polarity and pushes electronic states into the forbidden band gap. Other mechanisms of polarity compensation (reconstruction or foreign species adsorption) are therefore seen more frequently. We explain the experimental observations of surface roughness during growth in the [111] direction. In typical epitaxial growth conditions, there is preferential formation of an octopolar reconstruction of the {111} surface, which exposes {001}-type nanofacets. The low energy of the {001} surface likely causes these facets to grow, leading to a rough surface morphology. Our results indicate that when water vapor is present during growth, a smooth, polar surface can be stabilized by the formation of a hydroxyl layer.
Simultaneous determination of two kinds of rat poison and five pesticide residues by gas chromatography-mass spectrography

Objective:To establish GC-MS method for simultaneous determination of Fluoroacetamide,tetramine,methamidophos,methyl parathion,triadimefon,chlorpyrifos and dicofol.Methods: Samples were extracted,concentrated and measured by the use of GC-MS.Results: The linear ranges of fluoroacetamide and tetramine were 5 μg/ml~40 μg/ml and 0.5 μg/ml~20.0 μg/ml respectively.The linear ranges of five pesticides were 0.05 μg/ml~10 μg/ml.The recovery rate was 77% to 112%.Conclusion: This method is rapid,sensitive and accurate.
Investigation on organochlorine pesticides pollution in soil of typical area in Leizhou peninsula

74 topsoil samples and 4 soil profile samples were collected from typical area of Leizhou peninsula. The residues and distribution character of organochlorine pesticides in the soils were measured by gas chromatography. The result showed detectable rate of organochlorine pesticides was 100%. The residual contents of ∑HCH and ∑DDT was arange of nd～65.93 μg·kg-1 and 0.04～ 52.00 μg·kg-1 respectively. Compared to the reference data of both here and abroad, the residues in soils of Leizhou peninsula was lower than those in other areas. Based on the residues of 17 kinds of organochlorine pesticides in soil, the top 5 kinds component was P,P'-DDE, β-HCH, chlorthiepin sulfate, chlorthiepin Ⅱ and aldrin respectively. Based on the residues of organochlorine pesticides in soil of different utilization style, the order was pot gardenpaddy fieldfruit gardensugarcane soil. Coming along depth in soil pro- file, the residues of organochlorine pesticides was downtrend, and those were highter in plow layer (0~20 cm) than in below layer.
TGF-β Induces Endometriotic Progression via a Noncanonical, KLF11-Mediated Mechanism.

Endometriosis, a chronic disease of heterogeneous etiopathology affects 10% of young women and is characterized by ectopic implantation of endometrial cells. Growth and spread of endometriosis lesions involves biological interplay between intrinsic lesion-driven and extrinsic host-responsive mechanisms. We propose a role for TGFβ and its target transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 11 (KLF11) in mediating such mechanisms. Although TGFβ, a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in endometriosis potentially, mediates its pathological phenotypes, KLF11 is associated with endocrine and reproductive tract diseases, specifically progression of endometriosis. In Ishikawa cells, TGFβ1 treatment resulted in noncanonical SMAD-mediated transient up-regulation and sustained repression of KLF11. KLF11 recruits histone deacetylases to epigenetically repress multiple synthetic and metabolic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP3A4, which affects endometrial metabolism and pathophysiology. In contrast to KLF11, TGFβ1 treatment caused transient repression and sustained activation of CYP3A4 expression. CYP3A4 increased endometrial cell proliferation and was also increased in human endometriosis lesions compared with eutopic endometrium. To determine whether dysregulation of TGFβ/Klf11/Cyp3a signaling affected endometriotic progression, we treated wild-type control and Klf11-/- mice with a Tgfβ type 1 receptor inhibitor (TGFβR1I) that inhibits Tgfβ signaling upstream of the canonical Smad proteins or a combination of TGFβR1I and a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor that additionally inhibits Klf11 signaling. Disease progression and lesional Cyp3a expression was diminished in TGFβR1I-treated animals and more so in animals treated synergistically with TGFβR1I and histone acetyltransferase inhibitor. TGFβ and KLF11 thus mediate critical, translationally relevant host and lesion-driven responses that enable establishment and progression of endometriosis.
Tort Law and Social Morality: THE NORMATIVE JUSTIFICATION

In this part, I provide a theory of social morality that requires those who would be moral to be other-regarding in the way that I have described, and I justify that theory on the basis of Kantian/Rawlsian ethics. In Chapter Three, I provide an overview of the theory, building on my claim that individual decisions that are other-regarding lead to a social system that is efficient, fair, and socially stable, and I describe the sense in which this theory is both economic and corrective. Chapter Four then explores the foundation of this social morality in Kantian ethics, demonstrating that the categorical imperative not only establishes the deontological duty to be other-regarding but also requires resort to a form of consequentialism to operationalize the notion that people should not use others as means to their own ends. Chapter Five then employs Rawls's device of the veil of ignorance to allow us to analyze which consequences are appropriately considered when an actor is other-regarding.
Gubernatorial use of executive orders: unilateral action and policy adoption

I examine gubernatorial use of executive orders, and assess how executive action influences statute adoption. I argue that strong governors use executive orders to pursue policy objectives when they perceive legislation as unlikely to pass. Multilevel Event History Analysis of executive orders and the adoption of statutes that protect the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community from 1975 to 2013 reveals that partisan control of government and intrastate factors influence both forms of policy adoption. My findings support the strategic model that argues that executives turn to executive orders when confronting unfavourable legislative conditions, and that governors issue protections more when entering office. Legislatures respond to partisan control of the legislature and social characteristics. Further, states that have pro-LGBT executive orders in place are more likely to adopt similar statutes. My results suggest that stronger governors are more likely to issue executive orders, but it is states with weaker governors that are more likely to adopt legislation.
Denervation-Induced Activation of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Reduces Skeletal Muscle Quantity Not Quality.

It is well known that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is activated in response to skeletal muscle wasting and functions to degrade contractile proteins. The loss of these proteins inevitably reduces skeletal muscle size (i.e., quantity). However, it is currently unknown whether activation of this pathway also affects function by impairing the muscle’s intrinsic ability to produce force (i.e., quality). Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold, (1) document how the ubiquitin-proteasome system responds to denervation and (2) identify the physiological consequences of these changes. To induce soleus muscle atrophy, C57BL6 mice underwent tibial nerve transection of the left hindlimb for 7 or 14 days (n = 6–8 per group). At these time points, content of several proteins within the ubiquitin-proteasome system were determined via Western blot, while ex vivo whole muscle contractility was specifically analyzed at day 14. Denervation temporarily increased several key proteins within the ubiquitin-proteasome system, including the E3 ligase MuRF1 and the proteasome subunits 19S, α7 and β5. These changes were accompanied by reductions in absolute peak force and power, which were offset when expressed relative to physiological cross-sectional area. Contrary to peak force, absolute and relative forces at submaximal stimulation frequencies were significantly greater following 14 days of denervation. Taken together, these data represent two keys findings. First, activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system is associated with reductions in skeletal muscle quantity rather than quality. Second, shortly after denervation, it appears the muscle remodels to compensate for the loss of neural activity via changes in Ca2+ handling.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering Cross Sections for 76 Ge Relevant to Background in Neutrinoless Double- β Decay Experiments

The experimental signature in searches for the neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ is a peak near 2039 keV in the spectrum. Given the low probability of the process, it is important that the background in this region be well understood. Inelastic scattering reactions with neutrons from muon-induced interactions and $(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ reactions in the surrounding materials or in the detector can provide contributions to the background. We have measured the production cross sections for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from the $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction in the 2039-keV region at incident neutron energies up to 4.9 MeV. In addition to determining that the cross sections of a previously known 2040.7-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray from the 3952-keV level in $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ are rather small, we find that a larger contribution arises from a 2037.5-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray which is attributed to a newly identified level at 3147 keV in $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$. A third contribution is also possible from another new level at 3577 keV. These results indicate that the 2039-keV region in $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay searches is more complex than was previously thought.
Volitional and Nonvolitional Responses to Hypnotic Suggestions: Predictors and Subjective Experience.

This investigation combined the data from two studies that used modified scoring of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (Shor & Orne, 1962) to evaluate deliberate, volitional responses to suggestions. One study also employed subjective ratings of each item of the Harvard Scale, with comparisons of nonvolitional, volitional, and non-responses. Based on the assumption that participants would have marked volitional responses as positive responses using the traditional scale, the traditional scoring method was found to inflate mean hypnotic responsiveness by nearly one point. Two hypothesized correlates of hypnotic performance, rapport with the hypnotist and a phenomenological measure of hypnosis, increased significantly when volitional responses were taken into account. The way in which participants were recruited did not predict volitional responses, but individuals who reported deliberate responses to suggestions from the Harvard Scale were less likely to express willingness to participate i...
Laser assisted additive manufacturing of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites

Abstract Herein, we proposed a novel laser assisted additive manufacturing (AM) methodology that utilizes prepreg composites (glass fiber-polypropylene) with continuous fiber reinforcement to fabricate 3D objects by implementing laser assisted bonding and laser cutting. The microstructure analysis demonstrated no visible void content and excellent interfacial bonding. The bonding strength of the proposed method was evaluated through lap shear strength and peel strength testing; resulting in 50% higher peel strength than hot compaction method, with lap shear strength up to 96% of compression molding benchmark data. Tensile properties of components printed by our method were superior to those of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed short fiber composites with 300% and 150% of increase in tensile strength and modulus, respectively. Tensile strength of our printed components was comparable to compression molding and stamping, however, tensile modulus was 50% lower in average. Flexural strength of the laser assisted AM parts was also in the range of stamping and compression molding methods, with flexural modulus up to 100% higher than these methods. Overall, our proposed new technique offers an alternative direction in AM of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites to solve the issues associated with current techniques.
Applied Systems Analysis for Social Development: Special Problems and Requirements for Prototyping

Abstract Designers of primarily social as distinct from primarily technological systems for development face particular problems. These are inherent in the nature of the human materials and social context which are givens for the designer. To deal with these problems, pilot or prototype programs are crucial and play a different role than field tests of a hardware system. The fundamental problems and the experimental requirements for responsible systems analysis are illustrated with reference to a proposed health care delivery system for Mexico.
The relationship between adiposity and bone density in U.S. children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE In adults, obesity has been associated with several health outcomes including increased bone density. Our objective was to evaluate the association between percent body fat and fat mass with bone mineral density (BMD) in a nationally representative population of children and adolescents. STUDY DESIGN A total of 8,348 participants 8-18 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2006 had whole body DXA scans performed. We conducted linear regressions to examine the relationship between percent body fat and fat mass with outcome variables of total body, pelvic and lumbar spine areal BMD (aBMD), controlling for lean body mass and assessing for gender and race/ethnicity interactions. RESULTS We found evidence of gender and race/ethnicity interactions with percent body fat and total fat mass for the different BMD areas. Generally, there were decreases in total body aBMD (p<0.001) and lumbar spine aBMD (p<0.001) with increasing percent body fat and total fat mass, with less consistent patterns for pelvic aBMD. CONCLUSION Our findings of regional differences in the relationship of adiposity to aBMD in children and adolescents with significant interactions by gender and race/ethnicity emphasizes the need for further investigations to understand the impact of adiposity on bone health outcomes.
The role of simulation frameworks in relation to experiments

The usefulness of software frameworks to support the development of military combat simulations is gaining attention. Using a framework increases model reuse and can avoid the duplication of infrastructure code used to support model and simulation application development. Simulation frameworks encourage defining abstractions for the domain of interest, which allow for multiple concrete (i.e., specific) implementations of models at varying levels of fidelity, resolution and/or detail to be produced and assembled. This flexibility leads to customized simulation applications that are focused and aligned to an envisioned conceptual model of a system of interest. However, the difference between a framework and a specific simulation application, and its relationship to experimentation is not always clear. This paper elaborates on these distinctions and addresses how software frameworks support experimental objectives.
Classical Constants and Functions: Computations and Continued Fraction Expansions

This lecture focuses on the arithmetic (diophantine) nature of constants and functions of classical analysis and geometry. We study power series and continued fraction expansion of functions, and related fixed radix and continued fraction expansions of numbers. We try to classify all cases of closed form expressions of continued fraction expansions and present the corresponding identities. At the same time we want to understand what happens when no closed form expression exists.
Room temperature magnetron sputtering and laser annealing of ultrathin MoS2 for flexible transistors

Abstract Pulsed magnetron sputtering and subsequent laser annealing represents a scalable route for producing two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting grade molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) directly on the surface of flexible polymer substrates. In this study the room temperature magnetron sputtering was used to deposit 10 nm thick, amorphous MoS2 films on flexible PDMS and rigid SiO2/Si substrates. The films were then crystallized using an ultrafast 248 nm pulsed laser to produce polycrystalline 2H MoS2 over large areas. Raman and XPS analysis confirmed that pulsed laser annealing with 1.04 mJ/mm2 energy density induced hexagonal 2H crystal structure, while preserving MoS2 chemical composition and avoiding formation of oxide phases or damage to the temperature-sensitive polymer surface. Top-gated field effect transistor (FET) devices with laser annealed sputter grown MoS2 were directly fabricated on PDMS surfaces. Oxygen substitution of sulfur in sputter grown MoS2 and polycrystallinity of laser annealed 2H MoS2 films resulted in reduced mobility values, when compared to mechanically exfoliated and chemical vapor deposition grown single crystal 2D MoS2. However, the described approach is intrinsically scalable and provides a direct growth route for the fabrication of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide semiconducting devices on the surface of flexible and stretchable polymers.
Treatment of Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson’s Disease

Daytime sleepiness is common in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and may impair quality of life and worsen daytime functioning. Although some degree of sleepiness appears to be intrinsic to PD itself, the evaluation of daytime sleepiness involves an assessment of sleep duration and quality, a search for other sleep disorders that may contribute to sleepiness, a review of patient medications (especially dopamine agonists), and sometimes in-laboratory polysomnography. Treatment involves removal of offending medications and treatment of comorbid sleep disorders. When specific pharmacotherapy for sleepiness is needed, modafinil is the first-line agent, based on multiple, small randomized controlled trials in patients with PD.
Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights. By Eric Marcus. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002. 479 pp. ISBN 978-0-0609-33913, Softcover, $17.99; ISBN 978-0-0618-44201, e-Book, $11.49.

In Making Gay History, non-fiction writer Eric Marcus uses excerpts of sixty-four oral history interviews with activists, educators, and leaders of the lesbian and gay civil rights movement, along ...
Physiological Stress and Face Recognition: Differential Effects of Stress on Accuracy and the Confidence–Accuracy Relationship

When eyewitnesses see a crime, they often do so under physiological stress. Research suggests that stress disrupts memory accuracy, but less is known about whether stress impacts the relationship between confidence and accuracy. Whereas researchers generally agree that pristine encoding and retrieval conditions lead to a strong relationship between the two ( Wixted & Wells, 2017 ), how violations of pristine conditions affect the relationship is unclear. In two experiments, participants encoded faces either under physiological stress (via a cold pressor task) or under control conditions. Participants were later given a recognition memory test for the faces and provided confidence judgments in their old/new decisions. As expected, stress impaired face recognition accuracy. However, we observed similar confidence–accuracy relationships regardless of stress condition. Though participants in the stress condition were less accurate in their identifications overall, they had the metacognitive awareness to scale back their confidence judgments.
Rationale and Design for a GRADE Substudy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Background: The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) study has enrolled a racially and ethnically diverse population with type 2 diabetes, performed extensive phenotyping, and randomly assigned the participants to one of four second-line diabetes medications. The continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) substudy has been added to determine whether there are racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between average glucose (AG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). CGM will also be used to compare time in target range, glucose variability, and the frequency and duration of hypoglycemia across study groups. Methods: The observational CGM substudy will enroll up to 1800 of the 5047 GRADE study participants from the four treatment groups, including as many as 450 participants from each of 4 racial/ethnic minority groups to be compared: Hispanic White, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic African American, and non-Hispanic Other. CGM will be performed for 2 weeks in proximity to a GRADE annual visit, during which an oral glucose tolerance test will be performed and HbA1c and glycated albumin measured. Indicators of interindividual variation in red blood cell turnover, based on specialized erythrocyte measurements, will also be measured to explore the potential causes of interindividual HbA1c variations. Conclusions: The GRADE CGM substudy will provide new insights into whether differences exist in the relationship between HbA1c and AG among different racial/ethnic groups and whether glycemic profiles differ among frequently used diabetes medications and their potential clinical implications. Understanding such differences is important for clinical care and adjustment of diabetes medications in patients of different races or ethnicities.
UN Peacekeeping at the Local-Level: Using Geocoded Data to Assess Diversity, Gender Balance, and Effectiveness

We develop an original dataset of geocoded United Nations peacekeeping deployments and assess the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations at the local level. Drawing upon primary documents sourced directly from the UN covering 10 multidimensional peacekeeping operations from 1999-2018, we present comprehensive time-series data on UN peacekeeper deployment location by type, gender, and nationality. We show that although the UN responds dynamically to conflict events in the field, deployments outside of population centers tend to be fairly homogenous in regard to both nationality and gender. We then empirically investigate the oft-posited link between deployment of peacekeepers and reductions in violence against civilians at the local level. Our analysis suggests that the UN must match peacekeeping personnel type to sources of violence at the operational level in order to effectively prevent civilian victimization.
Undercovered, Underinformed: Local News, Local Elections, and U.S. Sheriffs

Voters need adequate information to make informed decisions about local elections, and many may look to their local news for such coverage. To examine local news coverage of local elections and mak...
Undegradable Intake Protein Supplementation of Compensating Spring-Born Steers and Summer-Born Steers During Summer Grazing

Three trials were conducted to determine the effects of previous winter gain (Trials 1 and 3) and age of calf (Trials 1 and 2) on response to undegradable intake protein (UIP) supplementation during summer grazing. In Trial 1, 48 spring-born steers (243 kg) were used in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Steers were wintered at four rates of gain: 0.65 (FAST), 0.24 (SLOW), 0.38 (S/F), and 0.38 (F/S) kg/d. The intermediate rates of gain (S/F and F/S) were created by switching steers from slow to fast or fast to slow midway through the wintering period. Following winter treatments, steers were assigned to one of two summer treatments: supplemented (S) or nonsupplemented (NS). In Trial 2, 32 summer-born steers were wintered at an ADG of 0.25 kg/d and allotted to the same summer treatments as Trial 1. The supplement was formulated to supply 200 g/d of UIP. Steers from both trials grazed upland Sandhills range from May to September 1998. In Trial 3, 49 spring-born steers (228 kg) were used in a 2 x 7 factorial arrangement of treatments. Steers were wintered at two rates of gain, 0.71 (FAST) and 0.24 kg/d (SLOW) and then assigned randomly to one of six levels of UIP supplementation or an energy control. Protein supplements were formulated to deliver 75, 112.5, 150, 187.5 225, or 262.5 g/d of UIP. Sources of UIP for all trials were treated soybean meal and feather meal. In Trial 1, there were no (P > 0.05) winter by summer treatment interactions, and UIP supplementation increased (P = 0.0001) pasture gains over NS steers. In Trial 2, supplementation increased (P = 0.001) pasture ADG of summer-born steers by 0.15 kg/d compared with NS steers. In Trial 3, a winter gain by UIP supplementation interaction was observed (P = 0.09). Gain of FAST steers responded quadratically (P = 0.09) across UIP levels, with the maximum gain occurring at the 150 g/ d UIP level. The SLOW steers responded linearly (P = 0.02) to increasing UIP levels; however, the response was negative. Levels of UIP above 150 g/d reduced steers gains; therefore, the data were reanalyzed excluding these levels. These new analyses showed that FAST steers responded linearly (P = 0.08; 0.2 kg/d) to increasing UIP, whereas the SLOW steers had no response to UIP. In Trials 1 and 3, SLOW steers experienced compensatory gain and had higher gains overall. We concluded that previous winter gain affected the response to UIP supplementation with the FAST winter gain group having a greater response.
Multiphase Patlak Plot Enabled by High Temporal Resolution Total-body Dynamic PET

207 Objectives: The Patlak graphical method is widely used in dynamic PET for modeling irreversible radiotracer kinetics. Its common use is to extract the late-time linear phase of the graphical plot for characterization of the tracer net uptake rate. The uEXPLORER total-body PET has enabled high-temporal resolution (HTR) dynamic imaging. We propose to combine the benefit of HTR with the Patlak method. The objective of this paper is to report our findings in identifying two additional approximately linear phases in the early period of the Patlak plot achieved by HTR dynamic imaging in healthy human subject scans. Methods: Four healthy subjects’ dynamic FDG-PET data were included in this study. Each subject was scanned on the uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT for one hour following injection. The dynamic data were rebinned and reconstructed into 120 HTR frames (60 x 1s, 30 x 2s, 6 x 10s, 6 x 30s, 12 x 120s, 6 x 300s), and then resampled into 30 frames of standard temporal resolution (6 x 10s, 2 x 30s, 4 x 60s, 12 x 120s, 6 x 300s). The time activity curves (TACs) were extracted from multiple regions of interest (ROIs). For each ROI, the Patlak graphical plot was generated from both the 1-hour data with standard temporal resolution and the 1-hour HTR data. Linear or linear phases were identified. The slopes and intercepts were estimated using linear fitting. The multiphase linear plots were also implemented pixel-wise to generate parametric images corresponding to each linear phase. Results: The Patlak plot with standard temporal resolution commonly shows one late linear phase (Figure 1A). The early-time period (0-2 minutes) did not provide enough points for reliable linear fitting in the plot of standard temporal resolution (Figure 1B). With HTR imaging, we were able to identify two additional approximately linear phases: one is around 20-30s (first-pass) and the other is around 1-2 minutes (early-time) (Figures 1C and 1D). The multiphase linearities were observed in different ROIs in all four subjects. Total-body parametric images of the slopes of the first-pass, early-time and standard late-time linear phases were successfully generated (Figure 2) and demonstrated different spatial patterns. Correlations between regional of the two new phases and the standard one was low. Conclusions: With improved temporal resolution by using the uEXPLORER total-body scanner, the Patlak graphical plot demonstrates two additional approximately linear phases: first-pass (20s - 30s) and early-time (1min - 2min). The slope from the first-pass and early-time phases are different from the standard Patlak slope, indicating that multiparametric information may be extracted from Patlak plot with HTR data. We speculate that the first-pass represents blood flow and the early-time represents the overall FDG influx rate from the interstitial space to the tissue cell space. Our future work will pursue validation and investigation of the physiological meanings of these new parameters.
Dynamic monitoring neuronal fingerprints in a novel 3D engineered brain tissue model using two-photon, label-free imaging

Engineered brain tissue models with human derived cells are a promising platform for improving our understanding of brain function. Our study aims to develop a label-free, two-photon imaging focused approach that enables us to assess important morphological and functional changes that occur in such brain tissue models over time. We acquired spectral, intensity, and lifetime images of the same tissues over two months. Our results indicate that such dynamic monitoring of the cellular and matrix/scaffold components of such tissues is feasible, but complex because multiple fluorophores are present. Thus, a multi-modal, multi-wavelength approach is necessary to quantify meaningful functional changes.
Dielectric friction, violation of the Stokes-Einstein-Debye relation, and non-Gaussian transport dynamics of dipolar solutes in water

The authors explore the coupling between rotations and translations through electrostatic interactions with the medium and show that it leads to non-Gaussian translational dynamics and violation of Stokes-Einstein-Debye relation.
Self-Healing of Position Offset Error in Non-Salient PMSMs

Reliability of mechatronic systems are in high demand due to the high level of embedded intelligence that are coupled to the system. Permanent magnet synchronous, machines (PMSM) being at the forefront of compact energy conversion systems, rapid fault diagnosis have is crucial. The position sensor being an essential part of PMSM, field-oriented control (FOC) scheme, a failure may render the system in an unpredictable state. Due to the closed loop nature of the FOC scheme, a position sensor offset error is masked from the current regulator. A self-healing strategy is proposed herewith for a position sensor offset fault capable of mitigating unpredictable behavior that may result from a position sensor offset error.
Cybersecurity for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into electric grid operations can potentially leave the grid vulnerable to cyberattacks from both legacy and new equipment and protocols, including extreme fast-charging infrastructure. This paper introduces a co-simulation platform to perform cyber vulnerability analysis of EV charging infrastructure and its dependencies on communications and control systems. Grid impact scenarios through linkages to power system simulation tools such as OpenDSS and vehicle infrastructure-specific attack paths are discussed. An adaptive platform that assists with predicting and solving evolving cybersecurity challenges is demonstrated with a cyber-energy emulation that accelerates the analysis of cyberattacks and system behavior.
Remastering Morals with Aristotle and Confucius

Aristotle and Confucius are pivotal figures in world history; nevertheless, Western and Eastern cultures have in modern times largely abandoned the insights of these masters. Remastering Morals provides a book-length scholarly comparison of the ethics of Aristotle and Confucius. May Sim's comparisons offer fresh interpretations of the central teachings of both men. More than a catalog of similarities and differences, her study brings two great traditions into dialog so that each is able to learn from the other. This is essential reading for anyone interested in virtue-oriented ethics.
Reconstructing Islam: Muslim Education and Literature in Ming-Qing China

During the sixteenth century when Islam was already established in China, Chinese Muslims began to critically examine their understanding of Islamic knowledge and how to transmit it to future generations. Traditional tutelage based on purely Arabic and Persian sources generally evaded a Muslim population that, for the most part, could no longer read the available rare Islamic texts. The subsequent reconstruction of Islamic knowledge and education emphasized the intersections between the Chinese and the Muslim communities’ cultural and religious heritages. The new specialized educational system, “scripture hall education” (jingtang jiaoyu), utilized Chinese as the language of instruction and incorporated aspects of traditional Chinese literati education in collaboration with newly retrieved Islamic sources from the Muslim heartland.The ensuing standardization and organization of curriculum and pedagogical techniques enabled peripatetic students to replicate this system throughout China. It also allowed the religious community’s leaders to direct the discourse concerning Islam and disseminate a specific interpretation of religious knowledge. This is most clearly displayed through the Han Kitab, the canonized corpus of Chinese Islamic texts written, approximately, during 1600-1750. This literature articulated Islamic principles through the lexicon of literary Chinese and replicated the ideology highlighted by the educational network. This paper analyzes why Islamic knowledge was lost and traces how the new educational system transformed the indigenous Islamic discourse, articulated through the Han Kitab literature, to reflect a distinctive Chinese Muslim interpretation of the faith.
Worldwide distribution of potato-cyst nematodes and their importance in crop production.

The potato-cyst nematodes Heterodera rostochiensis and H. pallida are important pathogens of potatoes, a basic food crop. When soil populations of either species are high, potato yields are often less than the seed planted. Apparently, these nematodes originated in the Andean mountains of South America, the home of the potato. One or both species have spread from this region to approximately 47 countries. The two species may occur together or separately in potato-growing areas. Although these nematodes can be spread in numerous ways, contaminated soil associated with seed potatoes, farm machinery, and reusable containers is among the most important. An integrated control program used in the U.S.A. is described. Key Words: Heterodera rostochiensis, Heterodera pallida, origin, spread, control.
Hierarchies of Sensing and Control in Visually Guided Agents

The capability of perceiving the environment is crucial for advancing the level of autonomy and sophistication of (semi) autonomous robotic systems and determines the complexity of the tasks robotics agents can achieve. This article reviews some techniques as well as challenges shared by many applications which use visual sensing to guide the action of the robotic agent and require coordination between multiple agents. In order to support hierarchical view of such systems sensing both in the context of low-level control as well as planning and coordination between multiple mobile agents will be considered. Several examples of the design and analysis of these hierarchical hybrid systems will be outlined in the context of Intelligent Highways, namely autonomous driving and coordination between multiple vehicles and mobile robot navigation in indoors man made environments.
Unsteady Modes in Flowfield About Airfoil with Horn-Ice Shape

An experimental investigation was conducted on an NACA 0012 airfoil with a leading-edge horn-ice shape to identify and characterize flowfield unsteadiness related to ice-induced flow separation. This type of iced-airfoil flowfield was dominated by a leading-edge separation bubble, which is associated with several inherent modes of unsteadiness. Using unsteady surface pressure and wake velocity measurements, three distinct modes of unsteadiness were identified at various locations throughout the flowfield. These unsteady modes included a regular mode of vortical motion and a shear-layer flapping mode, which are both associated with separation bubbles. A low-frequency mode that was associated with the thin-airfoil stall type of the iced airfoil was also observed and was represented by a global oscillation of the airfoil circulation. The characteristic frequencies and flowfield locations corresponding to these unsteady modes were compared with those reported in the literature for iced-airfoil flowfields and ...
Stabilizing lasers for applications in quantum optics

In our field of quantum optics, it is now quite usual for us to discuss “squeezed” radiation states with sub-shot-noise levels of fluctuation. The pioneering experiments [1] of Slusher, Hollberg, Yurke, Mertz and Valley were the first to demonstrate an unambiguous level of squeezing,and it was natural for such a demonstration to prefer to squeeze the vacuum or zero-photon state. Indeed, one of the most exciting applications of squeezing — that of enhancing the sensitivity of gravity-wave interferometers — will be able to make powerful use of such a well-squeezed vacuum state input into the reference port, along the lines discussed by Caves [2 J, for example. Still, in some ways it is an even more exciting prospect to have a strongly-squeezed radiation field with substantial intensity. Such a field could be applied to a single cooled, trapped, two-level ion for some amusing and perhaps fundamental contact between subdisciplines of atomic physics, radiation physics, and quantum measurement theory. It may also be the field of choice for illuminating various types of sensitive interferometers, reducing the fluctuating radiation-pressure forces which lead to perturbation of the mirrors. Such a highly-squeezed strong field would also facilitate systematic investigation of the several apparently distinct physics models which discuss the origins of noise in heterodyne detection. In the contribution by H. J. Kimble and the present author in these proceedings, we give a progress report on our experimental approach to generation of such a squeezed, high-intensity field by doubly-resonant intracavity second harmonic generation. With this background of the quantum optics ideas then, let me explain the purpose of the present article: Here we try to give an indication of the performance level of absorption spectroscopy and laser stabilization, assuming that the laser fields employed are utilized “merely” with shot-noise limited performance. To make the discussion here compelling and self- contained, it is useful to begin with a few tutorial remarks about the nature and behavior of servo control systems, including for example those which stabilize a laser’s intensity or frequency.
Random keys genetic algorithms scheduling and rescheduling systems for common production systems

The majority of scheduling research deals with problems in specific production environments with specific objective functions. However, in many cases, more than one problem type and/or objective function exists, resulting in the need for a more generic and flexible system to generate schedules. Furthermore, most of the published scheduling research focuses on creating an optimal or near optimal initial schedule during the planning phase. However, after production processes start, circumstances like machine breakdowns, urgent jobs, and other unplanned events may render the schedule suboptimal, obsolete or even infeasible resulting in a "rescheduling" problem, which is typically also addressed for a specific production environment, constraints, and objective functions. This dissertation introduces a generic framework consisting of models and algorithms based on Random Keys Genetic Algorithms (RKGA) to handle both the scheduling and rescheduling problems in the most common production environments and for various types of objective functions. The Scheduling system produces predictive (initial) schedules for environments including single machines, flow shops, job shops and parallel machine production systems to optimize regular objective functions such as the Makespan and the Total Tardiness as well as non-regular objective functions such as the Total Earliness and Tardiness. To deal with the rescheduling problem, and using as a basis the same RKGA, a reactive Rescheduling system capable of repairing initial schedules after the occurrence of unexpected events is introduced. The reactive Rescheduling system was designed not only to optimize regular and non-regular objective functions but also to minimize the instability, a very important aspect in rescheduling to avoid shop chaos due to disruptions. Minimizing both schedule inefficiency and instability, however, turns the problem into a multi-objective optimization problem, which is even more difficult to solve. The computational experiments for the predictive model show that it is able to produce optimal or near optimal schedules to benchmark problems for different production environments and objective functions. Additional computational experiments conducted to test the reactive Rescheduling system under two types of unexpected events, machine breakdowns and the arrival of a rush job, show that the proposed framework and algorithms are robust in handling various problem types and computationally reasonable.
Cellular Biochemistry of Hormone Action in Brain and Pituitary

With the introduction of tritium-labeling techniques for steroid hormones in the late 1950s, the investigation of the cellular biochemistry of hormone action made enormous advances. More recent development of iodination procedures for thyroid hormone and protein hormones has made possible the investigation of the action of these hormones at the molecular level. We are now in a position to see the broad outlines of two major modes of hormone action on target cells, and a discussion of this topic forms the central theme around which this chapter revolves.