cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sixty-Third Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians

THE sixty-third annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians was held on April 16, 17, and 18, 1970, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. A total of thirty-five sessions covered the spectrum of American history, including problems of urbanization and social mobility, the role of minorities in society, political development and behavior, foreign policy, economic growth, and cultural relationships. The meeting was presided over by Merrill Jensen, president of the Organization, who delivered his presidential address, "The American People and the American Revolution," to a large audience in the Biltmore Bowl on the evening of the opening day. He was introduced by president-elect David M. Potter. The address was published in the June issue of the Journal of American History. The meeting opened Thursday morning, April 16, with a session on "Institutional Change in Urban America," chaired by Rodman W. Paul. A single paper was presented by Robert M. Fogelson who confined his remarks to "The Professionalization of the Police." The history of the police was viewed as a typical example of "the centralization, professionalization, and bureaucratization" of urban public services between 1890 and the present. Drawing his illustrations from New York City, Fogelson pointed out that at the end of the nineteenth century the police force was decentralized, political, and lacking in professional standards. While reformers of the Progressive era were only partially successful in trying to change the character of the police, continued pressure for better municipal services of all kinds ultimately caused the police to be placed in the hands of professional administrators who, by the 1950s and 1960s, deeply influenced every aspect of police work. Today, he concluded, the complaint is that professionalization and centralization have made police contacts with civilians too impersonal and remote. Winston W. Crouch commented that the experience of cities
Role of clinical pathways in health care provision: Focus on cancer treatment.

In 2010, $8402 per capita was spent on health care in the United States. Overall, this equates to $2.6 trillion, representing 17.9% of the U.S. gross domestic product, far greater than that of any other country in the world.[1][1] Although health care spending grew by a traditionally modest 3.9% in
On Container Ship’s Stowage Planning Systemand Application in University Teaching

A brief introduction of container ships stowage planning process is made. A simulation program is used in education. Instruction quality is analyzed.
Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T Cells Dampen Inflammatory Disease in Murine Mycoplasma Pneumonia and Promote IL-17 and IFN-γ Responses

Mycoplasmas cause respiratory diseases characterized by persistent infection and chronic airway inflammation. Mycoplasma lung disease is immunopathologic, with CD4+ Th cells determining both disease severity and resistance to infection. Th2 cell responses promote immunopathology, while Th1 cells confer resistance to infection. However, regulatory CD4+ T cells may also have a role in the pathogenesis of mycoplasma respiratory diseases. We hypothesized Treg cells control the severity of the inflammatory lesions and may also promote persistence of infection. To examine this, BALB/c mice were depleted of CD25+ cells, and had increased disease severity due to Mycoplasma pulmonis infection. Increases in mycoplasma antibody responses and lymphocyte infiltration into lungs also occurred after CD25+ cell depletion. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells promoted IFN-γ and IL-17 mycoplasma-specific CD4+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo, while dampening IL-13+ Th responses. Neither IL-10 nor TGF-s expression was detected in CD4+CD25+ T cells from lymph nodes. Thus, a regulatory T cell population plays an important role in controlling damaging immune responses in mycoplasma respiratory disease but does not contribute to persistence of infection. It appears that a regulatory T cell population preferentially dampens Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory responses to mycoplasma through a mechanism independent of IL-10 or TGF-s characteristic of “classic” Treg cells.
Developmental intervention during neonatal hospitalization. Critiquing the state of the science.

After stabilization of initial physiologic processes, the smallest and highest risk newborn intensive care unit (NICU) patients are likely to spend a long time in the hospital in order to grow and pass through several stages of neurobehavioral development. The NICU logistically then becomes an important site for early intervention strategies to help optimize an infant’s development and a family’s adaptation. This article reviews and critiques historical and contemporary research and practice on neonatal developmental intervention. It also provides theoretic and empiric rationales for understanding and planning clinical programs on behalf of infant and family recovery from high-risk birth.
Thermal stability of a eutectic mixture of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and formal: Part B. Degradation mechanisms under water and high humidity environments

Abstract As a continuation of our effort to understand degradation mechanisms of a eutectic mixture of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal (BDNPA) and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal (BDNPF) (referred to as NP) under various environmental conditions, we investigated the thermal stability of NP under water and 74% relative humidity (RH) environments at temperatures below 70 °C. Based on a comprehensive characterization of samples aged over a period of two years, we conclude that in the presence of water the reaction pathways of NP degradation are different from those observed in air or under nitrogen atmosphere. We found that the physical state of water molecules plays an important role as it determines the ability of oxygen to participate in the NP degradation process. Based on the results obtained in Parts A and B of these studies, we conclude that the rate of NP degradation increases in the following order: nitrogen
Thermochemical Equilibrium as an Indicator of Ash Deposition Problems in Biomass Boilers

Combustion of many biomass fuels, in particular herbaceous materials such as straws and grasses, often leads to unmanageable ash deposition problems. The inorganic material from such fuels deposits on heat transfer and structural surfaces and undergoes several chemical and physical changes. For many herbaceous fuels, the resulting deposits have proven to be unmanageable for long-term operation.
WE-H-BRC-05: Catastrophic Error Metrics for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Intuitive evaluation of complex radiotherapy treatments is impractical, while data transfer anomalies create the potential for catastrophic treatment delivery errors. Contrary to prevailing wisdom, logical scrutiny can be applied to patient-specific machine settings. Such tests can be automated, applied at the point of treatment delivery and can be dissociated from prior states of the treatment plan, potentially revealing errors introduced early in the process. Methods: Analytical metrics were formulated for conventional and intensity modulated RT (IMRT) treatments. These were designed to assess consistency between monitor unit settings, wedge values, prescription dose and leaf positioning (IMRT). Institutional metric averages for 218 clinical plans were stratified over multiple anatomical sites. Treatment delivery errors were simulated using a commercial treatment planning system and metric behavior assessed via receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) analysis. A positive result was returned if the erred plan metric value exceeded a given number of standard deviations, e.g. 2. The finding was declared true positive if the dosimetric impact exceeded 25%. ROC curves were generated over a range of metric standard deviations. Results: Data for the conventional treatment metric indicated standard deviations of 3%, 12%, 11%, 8%, and 5 % for brain, pelvis, abdomen, lung and breast sites, respectively. Optimum error declaration thresholds yielded true positive rates (TPR) between 0.7 and 1, and false positive rates (FPR) between 0 and 0.2. Two proposed IMRT metrics possessed standard deviations of 23% and 37%. The superior metric returned TPR and FPR of 0.7 and 0.2, respectively, when both leaf position and MUs were modelled. Isolation to only leaf position errors yielded TPR and FPR values of 0.9 and 0.1. Conclusion: Logical tests can reveal treatment delivery errors and prevent large, catastrophic errors. Analytical metrics are able to identify errors in monitor units, wedging and leaf positions with favorable sensitivity and specificity. In part by Varian
First-principles studies of atomic dynamics in tetrahedrite thermoelectrics

Cu12Sb4S13-based tetrahedrites are high-performance thermoelectrics that contain earth-abundant and environmentally friendly elements. At present, the mechanistic understanding of their low lattice thermal conductivity (<1 W m−1 K−1 at 300 K) remains limited. This work applies first-principles molecular dynamics simulations, along with inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments, to study the incoherent and coherent atomic dynamics in Cu10.5NiZn0.5Sb4S13, in order to deepen our insight into mechanisms of anomalous dynamic behavior and low lattice thermal conductivity in tetrahedrites. Our study of incoherent dynamics reveals the anomalous “phonon softening upon cooling” behavior commonly observed in inelastic neutron scattering data. By examining the dynamic Cu-Sb distances inside the Sb[CuS3]Sb cage, we ascribe softening to the decreased anharmonic “rattling” of Cu in the cage. On the other hand, our study of coherent dynamics reveals that acoustic modes are confined in a small region of dynamic scatt...
Game on! Choosing a Topic

This chapter provides an overview of the process of designing curricular games while emphasizing the iterative nature of game design. In doing so, this chapter explains that this process is only a guide and encourages readers to develop their own process on the way. This chapter suggests several ways the reader can brainstorm and narrow down the topic of his or her curricular game by drawing on curricular planning techniques such as Wiggins and McTighe’s (1998) Backwards Design process as well as brainstorming techniques proposed by game designers such as “growing an idea tree” (Game design workshop: designing, prototyping, and playtesting games, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2004). The chapter then helps the reader develop the topic into a theme (The art of game design: a book of lenses, Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, 2008) in order to capture the feeling the curricular game intends to provoke.
Preliminary Evidence on the Efficacy of Mindfulness Combined with Traditional Classroom Management Strategies

The current case study combined mindfulness-based strategies with a classroom behavior management treatment package, to assist teachers with managing 3rd grade student behaviors. Two teachers (Classroom teacher and Specials teacher) and six students within the same classroom were observed using a 5-min momentary time sampling procedure. A delayed multiple baseline across settings (e.g., Classroom teacher, Specials teacher) design was used to assess student behaviors across baseline (A), classroom behavior management treatment package (CBM) (B), CBM plus mindfulness (C), and CBM plus mindfulness and self-monitoring (D). Behavioral treatment alone increased on-task behaviors for four of six (66%) students compared to baseline; however, five of six (83%) students increased and sustained high rates of on-task behaviors when mindfulness exercises were added to the behavior analytic techniques. These preliminary results support the combination of mindfulness-based strategies with traditional behavior analytic interventions for increasing student on-task behaviors in classroom settings.
Injury to the male external genitalia: a comprehensive review

While rare, trauma and injury to the male external genitalia can result in significant consequences regarding function, appearance, psychological effects, and overall quality of life. Due to the relative paucity of literature regarding male external genitalia injuries, few standardized protocols exist. This review aims to outline common clinical causes of male external genitalia injuries by both anatomic location and etiology. Initial stabilization, long-term reconstruction, and coverage options are discussed in detail. Outcomes of complex grafts have favorable success rates of 90-100% in the hands of experienced surgeons. Outcomes of penile, testicular trauma also have favorable outcomes when managed appropriately. Attempts at reconstruction after initial injury stabilization should be undertaken at high-volume centers where a multidisciplinary approach can be employed. This manuscript will be an excellent reference and source that can provide direction for evaluation and management of these complex presentations.
Graphene planar lightwave circuit sensors for chemical detection

Sensing devices based on Graphene Field Effect Transistors (G-FET) have been demonstrated by several groups to show excellent sensitivity for a variety of chemical agents. These devices are based on measuring changes in the electrical conductivity of graphene when exposed to various chemicals. However, because of its unique band structure, graphene also exhibits changes in its optical response upon chemical exposure. The conical intersection of the valence and conduction bands results in a low density of states near the Dirac point. At this point, chemical doping resulting from molecular binding to graphene can result in dramatic changes in graphene’s optical absorption. Here we will discuss our recent work in developing a graphene planar lightwave circuit (PLC) sensor which exploits these optical and electronic properties of graphene to demonstrate chemical sensitivity. The devices are based on a strong evanescent coupling of graphene via electrically gated silicon nanowire waveguides. A strong response in the form of a reversible optical attenuation change of 6 dB is shown when these devices interact with toxic industrial chemicals such as iodine and ammonia. The optical transition can also be tuned to the optical c-band (1530-1565 nm) which enables these devices to operate at telecom wavelengths.
Difference of achalasia subtypes based on clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, and stasis scores

Abstract Introduction Three subtypes of achalasia have been defined through high-resolution esophageal manometry: subtype i shows no pressurization with swallows, subtype ii has increased isobaric panesophageal pressure, and subtype iii has distal esophageal spastic non-isobaric contractions. Studies describing the subtypes based on radiographic findings, clinical symptoms, and stasis scores are limited. Aim To determine the differences in clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, and stasis scores for the 3 achalasia subtypes. Methods Patients undergoing high-resolution esophageal manometry received a questionnaire about current symptoms and previous treatments. The questions included the presence of symptoms and their severity. Barium swallow tests were performed before the high-resolution esophageal manometry study to evaluate the maximum esophageal diameter. Stasis scores were calculated using the transit patterns on high-resolution esophageal manometry. Results One hundred and eight patients with high-resolution esophageal manometry diagnosis of achalasia (n = 8, subtype i ; n = 84, subtype ii ; n = 16, subtype iii ) within the time frame of 1/2012-6/2015 were included in the study. Sex distribution was similar between the subtypes. Patient age was younger for subtype i (38 ± 16 years), compared with subtypes ii (55 ± 17 years) and iii (63 ± 17 years) (P =.03). Esophageal symptoms did not differ between subtypes regarding the severity of nausea, chest pain, coughing, and heartburn, except for increased vomiting severity in subtype i (2.8 ± 1.4 vs. 1.4 ± 1.4 vs. 1.2 ± 1.2, P ii and iii (35.1 ± 14.4 vs. 24.0 ± 7.2 mm, P =.023). Stasis scores did not significantly differ between the subtypes. Conclusions Achalasia subtypes had similar clinical symptoms, except for increased vomiting severity in subtype i . The maximum esophageal diameter in subtype ii was significantly greater than in subtype iii . Esophageal stasis scores were similar. Thus, high-resolution esophageal manometry remains essential in assessing achalasia subtypes.
Vertical diplopia and oscillopsia due to midbrain keyhole aqueduct syndrome associated with severe cough.

Abstract Purpose Midline structural defects in the neural axis can give rise to neuro-ophthalmic symptoms. We report a rare case of keyhole aqueduct syndrome presenting after two years of severe cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Observations A 58-year-old woman with a 2-year history of daily, severe cough presented to the neuro-ophthalmology clinic with progressive diplopia and oscillopsia. Examination revealed a 1–2 Hz down-beating nystagmus in primary gaze that worsened with left, right, and down gazes. Gaze evoked nystagmus and mild paresis were also seen with up gaze. There was an incomitant left hypertropia due to skew deviation that worsened with right and up gazes and improved with down gaze. She also had a right-sided ptosis and a 3 mm anisocoria not due to cranial nerve 3 paresis or Horner's syndrome. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a 1.5 mm × 11.7 mm × 6 mm midline cleft in the ventral midbrain communicating with the cerebral aqueduct, consistent with keyhole aqueduct syndrome. Her nystagmus and diplopia improved with oral acetazolamide treatment, at high doses of 2500–3000 mg per day. Conclusions and importance We report the first case of midbrain keyhole aqueduct syndrome with ocular motor and other neuro-ophthalmic manifestations associated with severe cough. Although her cough was effectively treated and intracranial pressure measurement was normal, her ophthalmic symptoms continued to progress, which is common in previous cases reported. Treatment with acetazolamide led to significant improvement, supporting the use of acetazolamide in this rare condition.
Comparative analysis of the 2016 ACR-EULAR and the 2002 AECG classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome: Findings from the NIH cohort.

Introduction The introduction of new classification criteria for Sjogren's syndrome, known as the 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism Classification Criteria (ACR-EULAR), created a need for the evaluation of its performance in an external cohort. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of the 2016 ACR-EULAR classification set with the widely used American-European Consensus Group Classification criteria (AECG) in the cohort at the National Institutes of Health, USA, and to compare the performance of the sets in classifying both primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS and sSS). Methods The study cohort at the NIH (N = 1,303) was enrolled for clinical suspicion of SS. Participants were classified as SS, pSS, and sSS according to both classification sets. Performance of 2016 ACR-EULAR and AECG sets was compared holding each as gold standard to the other. Statistical analysis of test diagnostics and agreement between the two sets were undertaken. Results By the AECG set, 701 were classified as having SS (627 pSS, 74 sSS) and 714 were classified with SS (647 pSS, 67 sSS) by the 2016 ACR-EULAR set. Sensitivity and specificity of the two sets were comparable in classifying SS, pSS, and sSS. There was high agreement between the two sets for classifying SS (κ = 0.79), pSS (κ = 0.81), and sSS (κ = 0.87). The specificity of the 2016 ACR-EULAR set was significantly higher for classifying sSS than pSS, while the sensitivity was similar for the two disease groups. However, this pattern was also exhibited by the AECG set. Conclusion There was high agreement between the two classification sets with comparable performance diagnostics. There was no evidence of superior performance value by the new 2016 ACR-EULAR set over the AECG set, and the two sets were found to be equivalent. Findings from our cohort indicate that 2016 ACR-EULAR classification could be extended to classification of sSS.
Modeling Uncertainty in Grapevine Powdery Mildew Epidemiology Using Fuzzy Logic

Powdery mildew is the most important disease of grapevines worldwide. Despite the potential for rapid spread by the causal pathogen, grape powdery mildew has been effectively managed using fungicide applications applied based on a calendar schedule or modeled disease risk index. Various epidemiological models for predicting disease development or risk have helped to improve disease management. The Gubler-Thomas (GT) risk index is a popular disease risk model used by many growers in the western U.S. We modified the GT risk index using fuzzy logic to address both biological and mechanical uncertainty in the pathosystem. The spraying schedule suggested by the fuzzy-modified GT risk index was tested in eight site-years. Overall, the fuzzy-modified risk index maintained comparable levels of disease control as both the original model and a calendar based treatment, and had significantly less disease than the untreated control. The fungicide use efficiency of the fuzzy-modified GT risk index suggests that the updated risk index was significantly more efficient with fungicide applications than both the calendar and original GT risk index.
Updates in the Metabolic Management of Calcium Stones.

Urinary risk factors, such as hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, and hyperoxaluria, either in combination or alone, are associated with calcium stones. Dietary habits as well as underlying medical conditions can influence urinary risk factors. Evaluation of the conglomerate of patients’ stone risks provides evidence for individualized medical management, an effective and patient-supported approach to prevention. Many patients with stones desire prevention to avoid repeated surgical interventions. Yet, recent practice pattern assessments and health care utilization data show that many patients are rarely referred for metabolic evaluation or management. Innovations in metabolic management over the past decade have improved its effectiveness in reducing risk and preventing calcium stones. Although no new pharmacologic agents for calcium stone prevention have recently become available, there is relatively new thinking about some diet-based approaches. This review will synthesize current evidence to support individualized metabolic management of calcium stones.
An Evaluation of Interteaching in an Asynchronous Online Graduate-Level Behavior Analysis Course:

Interteaching (IT) has demonstrated more effective and durable learning than traditional lecture-style teaching. Whereas IT’s effectiveness has been established in traditional face-to-face courses,...
School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs

In response to the growing awareness of the extent and consequences of child sexual abuse (CSA: see Chapter 20), many programs to prevent its occurrence have been developed and disseminated since the 1980s. In contrast to efforts to prevent the physical abuse or neglect of children (which attempt to modify adult behavior), the focus of CSA prevention efforts has been primarily to alter the knowledge and skills of children, through group-based instruction on personal safety, usually conducted in educational (preschool or elementary school) settings.
Multi-objective optimization using parallel simulation for space situational awareness:

Improving space situational awareness (SSA) remains one of the Department of Defense’s (DoD) top priorities. Current research has shown that the modeling of geosynchronous orbit (GEO) SSA architect...
Disability, sexual orientation, and the mental health outcomes of intimate partner violence: A comparative study of women in the U.S.

Abstract Background Research on disabled non-heterosexual women's post-intimate partner violence mental health outcomes—such as anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and alcohol use—is lacking. Objective To examine the impact of the intersection of disability and sexual orientation on women's post-intimate partner violence mental health outcomes: including difficulty sleeping, missing school or work, or reporting some post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology and a self-reported subjective measure of overall wellbeing. Methods Data come from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (2010). A series of chi-square analyses were conducted (applying standardized sample weights and adjusting standard errors for both clustering and stratification for survey data). Results Bisexual women are significantly more likely than straight women to report being disabled prior to victimization, but all disabled women—regardless of sexual orientation—are equivalently likely to rate their mental health as poor and/or actively experience difficulty sleeping, difficulty going to work or school, and/or PTSD. Conclusions Aligned with previous work, this study finds that bisexual women are significantly more likely than straight women to be disabled prior to experiencing all forms of intimate partner violence; and that disabled women, generally, are significantly more likely than not-disabled women to experience the negative mental health consequences of that violence. However, contrary to previous work, there are no sexual orientation disparities in said mental health outcomes among disabled women. Clinically, it is important for health care providers to be aware of the significant impact of intimate partner violence on the disabled women they regularly provide care to.
A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of Laparoscopic versus Open Surgery in Patients with COPD.

Purpose: This study aims to compare outcomes of laparoscopic surgery to the outcomes of open surgery in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Plethora of studies compares lapa...
Input-Output Analysis

In this chapter we introduce the reader to various methods for the input-output analysis of nonlinear systems. The methods are divided into three categories: 1. Optimal Linear Approximants for Nonlinear Systems. This is a formalization of a technique called the describing function technique, which is popular for a quick analysis of the possibility of oscillation in a feedback loop with some nonlinearities in the loop. 2. Input-output Stability. This is an extrinsic view to the stability of nonlinear systems answering the question of when a bounded input produces a bounded output. This is to be compared with the intrinsic or state space or Lyapunov approach to stability in the next two chapters. 3. Volterra Expansions for Nonlinear Systems. This is an attempt to derive a rigorous “frequency domain” representation of the input output behavior of certain classes of nonlinear systems.
DNA Barcoding a Complete Matrix of Stereoisomeric Small Molecules.

It is challenging to incorporate stereochemical diversity and topographic complexity into DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) because DEL syntheses cannot fully exploit the capabilities of modern synthetic organic chemistry. Here, we describe the design, construction, and validation of DOS-DEL-1, a library of 107 616 DNA-barcoded chiral 2,3-disubsituted azetidines and pyrrolidines. We used stereospecific C–H arylation chemistry to furnish complex scaffolds primed for DEL synthesis, and we developed an improved on-DNA Suzuki reaction to maximize library quality. We then studied both the structural diversity of the library and the physicochemical properties of individual compounds using Tanimoto multifusion similarity analysis, among other techniques. These analyses revealed not only that most DOS-DEL-1 members have “drug-like” properties, but also that the library more closely resembles compound collections derived from diversity synthesis than those from other sources (e.g., commercial vendors). Finally, we perf...
Cave: making collective virtual narrative

CAVE is a shared narrative six degrees of freedom (6DoF) virtual reality experience. In 3.5 days, 1,927 people attended its premiere at SIGGRAPH 2018. Thirty participants at a time each saw and heard the same narrative from their own individual location in the room, as they would when attending live theater. CAVE set out to disruptively change how audiences collectively experience immersive art and entertainment. Inspired by the social gatherings of theater and cinema, CAVE resonated with viewers in powerful and meaningful ways. Its specific pairing of colocated audiences and physically shared immersive narrative suggests a possible future path for shared cinematic experiences.
The influence of the phase of the estrous cycle on sheep endometrial tissue response to lipopolysaccharide.

The effect of lipopolysaccharide on ovine endometrial tissue was examined at estrus (follicular phase) and during the luteal phase. Endometrial tissues were cultured with 0, 1, or 10 microg/mL lipopolysaccharide. After 24 h, culture supernates were harvested and analyzed for PGF2alpha, PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1alpha, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (leukotrienes) using EIA. Homogenates of endometrial tissue were analyzed for prostaglandin endoperoxidase-1 (PTGS-1), and -2 (PTGS-2) as well as Type-I, -II, and -III nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by Western analysis. Follicular phase tissue produced more PGF2alpha (P or = 0.20) occurred in endometrial tissue following lipopolysaccharide exposure. These data suggest that the phase of the estrous cycle regulates prostaglandin production by immune-challenged endometrial tissue.
3D Printing of Additive-Free 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Ink for Fabrication of Micro-Supercapacitors with Ultra-High Energy Densities.

Recent advances in the development of self-powered devices and miniaturized electronics have increased the demand for on-chip energy storage devices that can deliver high power and energy densities in a limited footprint area. Here, we report the fabrication of all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) through a three-dimensional (3D) printing of additive-free and water-based MXene ink. The fabricated MSCs benefit from the high electrical conductivity and excellent electrochemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx MXene and a 3D interdigital electrode architecture to deliver high areal and volumetric energy densities. We demonstrate that a highly concentrated MXene ink shows desirable viscoelastic properties for extrusion printing at room temperature and therefore can be used for scalable fabrication of MSCs with various architectures and electrode thicknesses on a variety of substrates. The developed printing process can be readily used for the fabrication of flexible MSCs on polymer and paper substrates. The printed solid-state devices show exceptional electrochemical performance with very high areal capacitance of up to ∼1035 mF cm-2. Our study introduces Ti3C2Tx MXene as an excellent choice of electrode material for the fabrication of 3D MSCs and demonstrates 3D printing of MXene inks at room temperature.
The Political Presidency: Discovery and Invention

The presidency was the most novel institution that the framers of the Constitution created, and also the one office whose political capacity and potential were most difficult to predict. No adequate precedent was available for a national executive constituted on republican principles. The framers finally adopted an untried system of presidential electors not because they had any coherent idea of how it would work, but because the defects of other modes of election, either by the people or Congress, left them with little other choice. The true political character of the presidency emerged only during the partisan struggles that dominated American politics after 1791. These demonstrated that control of the national government required control of the presidency, particularly when matters of foreign policy came to the fore; and that the rules for choosing electors would be completely dominated by partisan manipulations.
(E)-2-{[4-(Di-methyl-amino)-benzyl-idene]amino}-5-nitro-phenol.

The title Schiff base compound, C15H15N3O3, crystallizes with two mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. Each mol­ecule adopts an E conformation around the C= N imine bond. The two mol­ecules have minor differences in their conformations. In mol­ecule A, the dihedral angle between the nitro group and its benzene ring is 2.1 (2)° and that between the two benzene rings is 0.88 (7)°, while the corresponding angles for mol­ecule B are 5.7 (1) and 2.45 (6)°, respectively. In each mol­ecule, there is an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. In the crystal, inversion-related mol­ecules are linked via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming A–A and B–B dimers. These dimers are linked via C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the nitro O atoms, forming A–A–A and B–B–B slabs that lie parallel to one another and to (010).
Real-world usage and outcomes for patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors across multiple treatment indications in the Veterans Affairs system.

e15063Background: Increasingly broad patient groups are being treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in clinical practice, but few studies have assessed their usage and outcomes in large,...
Silicon photonic microring resonators: design optimization under fabrication non-uniformity

Microring resonators (MRRs) are very often considered as the primary building block in silicon photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Despite many advantages, MRRs are considerably sensitive to fabrication non-uniformity (a.k.a. fabrication process variations), necessitating the use of power-hungry compensation methods (e.g., thermal tuning) to guarantee their reliable operation. Moreover, the design space of MRRs is complicated and includes several highly correlated design parameters, preventing designers from easily exploring and optimizing the design of MRRs against fabrication process variations (FPVs). In this paper, for the first time, we present a comprehensive design space exploration and optimization of MRRs against FPVs. In particular, we indicate how physical design parameters in MRRs can be optimized during design time to enhance their tolerance to FPVs while also improving the insertion loss and quality factor in such devices. Fabrication results obtained by measuring multiple fabricated MRRs designed using our design optimization solution demonstrate a significant 70% improvement on average in MRRs tolerance to different FPVs. Such improvement indicates the efficiency of our novel design optimization solution in reducing the tuning power required for reliable operation of MRRs.
Ebstein's Anomaly in Disguise: Follow the Cues and the Diagnosis Can Be Made.

Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital defect, which is rarely present in adults with arrhythmias and right heart failure with tricuspid regurgitation. The diagnosis is made by non-invasive cardiac imaging with transthoracic echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. However, mild and atypical anatomical variants require a more specific investigation to make the diagnosis and differentiate it from other pathologies which have a similar presentation, including Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC). We present the case of a 66-year-old gentleman with a history of recurrent admissions due to decompensated heart failure exacerbations, now presenting with gradually worsening dyspnea. An echocardiogram was obtained, showing a thin-walled, dilated, and dysfunctional right ventricle (RV) with severe tricuspid regurgitation due to poor coaptation of the tricuspid leaflets. Although a very distinctive epsilon wave was seen on his electrocardiogram, highly suggestive of arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (ARVC), which would be enough to explain his presentation and initial echocardiogram; an off-axis plane of the tricuspid valve without any RV aneurysm or dilation of the RV outflow tract was incongruent with this diagnosis. Additional echocardiographic images were determinant to demonstrate both apical displacement and tethering of the septal tricuspid leaflet with an abnormally long anterior tricuspid leaflet, suggestive of Ebstein's anomaly. This diagnosis was confirmed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Mild variants of Ebstein's anomaly, especially in the presence of confounding findings require focused imaging to ascertain the diagnosis. We review these non-traditional findings in trying to differentiate Ebstein's from ARVC.
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Intraortic Balloon Pump Versus Impella in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock: A Real-World Analysis

Background Benefits of temporary mechanical circulatory support has not been demonstrated successfully in clinical trials despite their increased widespread use in the real-world management of patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Methods Using the Nationwide Readmissions Database from Jan 2016 to Nov 2017, we identified all patients admitted with CS requiring either only intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) or Impella device implantation (IM) with 30-day follow up. Patients with combined devices or undergoing medical management only were excluded. Propensity matched (1:1) was performed based on demographics and comorbidities to compare the survival, complications, and use of advanced heart failure therapies. Results Out of a total of 236156 patients, 32850(13.9%) had IABP and 8389(3.5%; unweighted n= 4504) patients had IM implantation. Well-matched 4411-pairs of matched IABP vs IM patients had mean similar age (65 vs 64.9 years), women (29.2% vs 28.6%), and acute myocardial infarction (75.7% vs 75.8%). In terms of therapy, no differences in use of right heart catheterization/pulmonary catheter placement or vasopressor use(p>0.05 for all). IM group had higher mortality (45.8% vs. 28.6%, p Conclusion Significant number of CS patients undergo IM implantations with widely different survival as well as candidacy for a heart transplant. The underlying patient- and physician-related differences need to further be explored prior to widespread use of this powerful technology.
Mass spectrometry-based biomarker discovery in a mouse intestinal tumor model

2243 Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) can greatly improve prognosis. However, screening is limited by current colonoscopy resources and patient compliance. One attractive discovery approach utilizes mass spectrometry to identify disease-associated plasma proteins. Once identified, these biomarkers can then be detected in the clinic using standard ELISA tests. As a prelude to human studies, we have focused on the Apc D580 model for CRC. For these studies, plasma was obtained from intestinal tumor-bearing and control animals. High abundance proteins were initially removed using a ProteomeLab IgY-R7 depletion column. Depleted samples were reduced, alkylated, and digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were fractionated using a strong cation exchange (SCX) column. The samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a Thermo LTQ-FT hybrid mass spectrometer. The resulting spectra were analyzed by both the Bioworks Browser 3.2 (SEQUEST algorithm) and CPAS (X!Tandem with Comet scoring). Over 500 proteins were identified using this approach. Some of the differentially expressed proteins were noted to be involved in processes such as cell adhesion, cell growth, and Wnt signaling. Principal component analysis and agglomerative clustering analysis demonstrated that these protein profiles were able to distinguish between tumor-bearing and control animals. A greedy search algorithm was used to identify small subsets of proteins that were able to predict the presence of tumor. We are currently using commercially available antibodies to validate candidate biomarkers by immunoblot of plasma and immunohistochemistry of tumor tissue. These studies illustrate the potential of combining mass spectrometry with mouse cancer models for human biomarker discovery. Ultimately, these efforts might lead to the detection of cancer from a single drop of blood.
Electric Drive Technology Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Future Electric Vehicles

The transition to electric road transport technologies requires electric traction drive systems to offer improved performances and capabilities, such as fuel efficiency (in terms of MPGe, i.e., miles per gallon of gasoline-equivalent), extended range, and fast-charging options. The enhanced electrification and transformed mobility are translating to a demand for higher power and more efficient electric traction drive systems that lead to better fuel economy for a given battery charge. To accelerate the mass-market adoption of electrified transportation, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in collaboration with the automotive industry, has announced the technical targets for light-duty electric vehicles (EVs) for 2025. This article discusses the electric drive technology trends for passenger electric and hybrid EVs with commercially available solutions in terms of materials, electric machine and inverter designs, maximum speed, component cooling, power density, and performance. The emerging materials and technologies for power electronics and electric motors are presented, identifying the challenges and opportunities for even more aggressive designs to meet the need for next-generation EVs. Some innovative drive and motor designs with the potential to meet the DOE 2025 targets are also discussed.
Capturing the spatial variability of algal bloom development in a shallow temperate lake

1. Algal blooms can have profound effects on the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and have the potential to interrupt valuable ecosystem services. Despite the potential ecological and economic consequences of algal blooms, the spatial dynamics of bloom development in spatially complex ecosystems such as shallow lakes remain poorly characterized. Our goal was to evaluate the magnitude and drivers of spatial variability of algal biomass, dissolved oxygen and pH over the course of a season, in a shallow lake in order to better understand the spatial dynamics of algal blooms in these ecosystems. 2. We sampled 98 locations in a small eutrophic lake on a 65m grid for several parameters (chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), weekly over 122 days. This was done to estimate the dynamics of variability and spatial autocorrelation during the course of multiple bloom events. We also compared the spatial measurements to a high frequency sensor deployed at a fixed station and estimated the optimal spatial sampling resolution by performing a rarefaction analysis. 3. 3. Spatial heterogeneity of algal pigments was high, particularly during bloom events, and this pattern and the overall severity of the bloom was not well captured with the fixed station monitoring. The pattern of algal pigments and other limnologically important variables (dissolved oxygen and pH) was related to the direction of prevailing winds 24 hours prior to sampling, the shallow northern basin where the main surface inlet is located, and heavy precipitation. Additionally, a dense bed of floating-leaf macrophytes contributed to local patchiness in all variables. Finally, from the rarefaction analysis we found that minimal information about the mean state of the ecosystem was gained after ~30 locations had been sampled. 4. This study revealed how spatially heterogeneous shallow lakes are over the course of a single season, and that the magnitude of variability was highest during biologically-intensive periods such as algal blooms. As such, continued research is needed across a range of trophic conditions to better understand the structure of horizontal variability in lakes. Overall, these data demonstrate the need for spatially-explicit monitoring to better understand the dynamics and drivers of algal blooms in shallow lakes and to better manage ecosystem services.
Assay of the enzymes of glutathione biosynthesis

This article is dedicated to the late long-time Editor-in-Chief of Analytical Biochemistry, William Jakoby. As a graduate student, I remember reading many articles in Analytical Biochemistry and Methods in Enzymology, both volumes that Bill edited. I first met him as a graduate student presenting at the American Society of Biochemistry (and Molecular Biology) meetings. My Ph.D. advisor, Alton Meister, would bring over well-known biochemists and introduce me as Dr. Anderson, leaving me a bit tongue-tied being that I was still actually a humble graduate student! I next met Bill at my first Analytical Biochemistry Executive Editors meeting in San Diego when he was Editor-in-Chief Emeritus; I felt honored to be on the same board with him and serving the journal to which he had brought to prominence. His eyes were piercing and he was so sharp; his knowledge was both broad and deep. Since much of the large body of Bill's research was on glutathione S-transferases, my article focuses on the assay of the enzymes that synthesize glutathione, a substrate for glutathione S-transferases.
Paris Message: One University’s Response:

This article looks at the projections on the current state of the world’s post-secondary education and a prediction of what will need to be addressed and in place by 2030, in order to prepare for a...
Common Peroneal Nerve (aka Common Fibular Nerve)

The common peroneal nerve (also called common fibular nerve) is one of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve in the lower third of the thigh. It runs laterally, medial to the biceps femoris tendon, then posterior to the fibular head , and lateral to the fibular neck . It gives off the sural communicating branch (lateral sural cutaneous nerve ). This typically joins the contribution from the tibial nerve to form the sural nerve. The latter descends along the lateral aspect of the leg anterior to the Achilles tendon. The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is one of its terminal branches. The common peroneal nerve then divides into superficial peroneal , deep peroneal , and articular (recurrent genicular ) branches.
The Legendre Transformation, Duality and Functional Analytic Approach

The growth of science is accompanied by a steady diversification of knowledge. At the same time a deeper understanding of diverse phenomena leads to discoveries of common laws of physics and of mathematics, unifying the mathematical treatment. Similarity between inertial and gravitational forces lies at the origins of Einstein’s “thought experiments” and the special theory of relativity. Mach’s explanation of inertial forces in Newton’s bucket experiment is an example of a brilliant unification attempt. Basically, E. Mach suggested that the mass of the entire universe affects the local laws of mechanics so far discovered by man-kind. (We refer to his famous statement about the distance stars causing it all.)
Color Image Segmentation in a Quaternion Framework

In this paper, we present a feature/detail preserving color image segmentation framework using Hamiltonian quaternions. First, we introduce a novel Quaternionic Gabor Filter (QGF) which can combine the color channels and the orientations in the image plane. Using the QGFs, we extract the local orientation information in the color images. Second, in order to model this derived orientation information, we propose a continuous mixture of appropriate hypercomplex exponential basis functions. We derive a closed form solution for this continuous mixture model. This analytic solution is in the form of a spatially varying kernel which, when convolved with the signed distance function of an evolving contour (placed in the color image), yields a detail preserving segmentation.