cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between symptoms during a gastric emptying study and intestinal chemosensitivity with daily symptoms

BACKGROUND Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is a heterogeneous disorder, which is characterized by upper gastrointestinal symptoms and sensorimotor disturbances, including abnormal gastric emptying (GE) and increased intestinal chemosensitivity, and associated with greater plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels during duodenal lipid infusion. However, the relationship(s) between these disturbances and daily symptoms in NUD is variable. We hypothesize that abnormal GE and symptoms during a GE study and during duodenal lipid infusion are associated with the severity of daily symptoms and that GLP-1 mediates symptoms during duodenal lipid infusion in NUD. METHODS Gastric emptying of solids, symptoms during the GE study and duodenal lipid infusion, and daily gastrointestinal symptoms (2 week diary) were measured in 24 healthy controls and 40 NUD patients. During duodenal lipid infusion, participants received the GLP-1 antagonist exendin 9-39 or placebo. KEY RESULTS In controls and patients, GE of solids was normal in 75% and 75%, delayed in 8% and 12.5%, or rapid in 17% and 12.5%, respectively. No controls but 26 patients (65%) had severe symptoms during the GE study. During lipid infusion, gastrointestinal symptoms were greater (P = .001) in patients and not affected by exendin. Symptoms during GE study and lipid infusion accounted for respectively 62% and 37% of variance in daily symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS In NUD, symptoms during a GE study and to a lesser extent during lipid infusion explain the variance in daily symptoms. Intestinal chemosensitivity is not reduced by GLP-1 antagonist. Assessment of symptoms during a GE study may provide a useful biomarker for NUD in research and clinical practice.
A 3.5mV Input, 82% Peak Efficiency Boost Converter with Loss-Optimized MPPT and 50mV Integrated Cold-Start for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

This paper presents a fully-autonomous single-inductor boost converter architecture suitable for thermal energy harvesting from human body heat using thermoelectric generators (TEG). A loss-optimized maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme improves the end-to-end power efficiency at low voltages from the TEG and enables the converter to operate at an input voltage as low as 3.5mV. The boost converter achieves above 75% efficiency across a matched input voltage range of 15mV to 100mV with a peak efficiency of 82%. The proposed converter is implemented in a $0.18\mu \mathrm{m}$ CMOS technology and can self-start at 50mV using an on-chip cold-start mechanism.
Parent-child relationship quality and sleep among adolescents: modification by race/ethnicity.

Abstract Background Both parent–child relationship quality (PCRQ) and sleep are important for health and development, but few studies have examined links between PCRQ and adolescent sleep and potential interactions by race/ethnicity or sex. Methods We used cross-sectional data from 6,019 participants (mean = 15.9 years; 50% male; 66% non-Hispanic White, 16% non-Hispanic Black, 5% Hispanic all races) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents. Our exposure was current adolescent-rated PCRQ score. Outcomes were adolescents’ reports of chronic insufficient sleep, sleep duration (mins), and frequency of insomnia symptoms (i.e., trouble falling or staying asleep “almost every day”/“every day” versus “never”/“just a few times”/“about once a week”). Results Adjusting for demographic characteristics, each 1-point increase in PCRQ score was associated with lower odds of insomnia symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90, 0.94), chronic insufficient sleep (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.95), and longer sleep duration (B = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.90, 3.22). After adjustment for depressive symptoms, the association with insomnia symptoms was no longer statistically significant. Race/ethnicity moderated the association between PCRQ and chronic insufficient sleep such that the magnitude of the association was greater in Hispanics vs. Whites and Blacks. There were no interactions of PCRQ with sex. Conclusions Among adolescents, better PCRQ was associated with better sleep, and this association varied by race/ethnicity for perceived chronic insufficient sleep. Longitudinal studies with objective and subjective sleep measures are needed to further understand these associations.
Data for "Gut microbial genes are associated with neurocognition and brain development in healthy children"

Both the brain and microbiome of humans develop rapidly in the first years of life, enabling extensive signaling between the gut and central nervous system (dubbed the "microbiome-gut-brain axis"). While emerging evidence implicates gut microorganisms and microbiota composition in cognitive outcomes and neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism), the role of the gut microbial metabolism on typical neurodevelopment has not been explored in detail. We investigated the relationship of the microbiome with the neuroanatomy and cognitive function of 310 healthy children and demonstrated that differences in gut microbial taxa and gene functions, including genes for the metabolism and synthesis of glutamate and GABA, are associated with the size of brain regions important during development such as the cerebellum, and with overall cognitive function.
Reducing Sour Rot Spray Applications Initiated after Symptom Development Does Not Impact Disease Control

Summary Goals: Previous sour rot research indicates the highest efficacy for sour rot treatments beginning prior to the onset of symptoms, yet many grapegrowers delay applications until after symptoms develop and continue weekly until harvest, which can exceed four sprays. This number of broad-spectrum insecticide applications is costly both financially and environmentally, and risks developing resistant populations of Drosophila fruit flies. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a reduced number of spray applications beginning after symptom development, comparing weekly sprays totaling four applications to a reduced number of two to three applications based on total soluble solids. Key Findings: In both years of the trial, when chemical sprays were applied post-sour rot symptom development, more sprays did not equal more control. Reducing the number of post-symptom applications is a substantial cost-saving measure and is beneficial for environmental sustainability. In 2018, there were no significant differences between sour rot severity in both vineyard sites used in the trial. Incidence was significantly lower for the industry standard of weekly applications initiated at 15 Brix until harvest only in one vineyard site compared to applications at 16 and 20 Brix and applications at 16, 19, and 22 Brix. In 2019, there were no significant differences observed in disease severity and incidence between two sprays and weekly applications beginning at 15 Brix in both vineyard sites. Impact and Significance: Many growers choose to initiate sour rot control applications only after symptoms develop. Weekly applications are financially and environmentally costly, and the efficacy of timing applications initiated post-symptom development has yet to be researched. In this study, we show that a reduced number of chemical applications to control sour rot post-symptom development offers the same control as weekly sprays, consistent across both years of the study. Relying on weekly applications initiated only after sour rot symptoms develop does not significantly decrease incidence and severity at harvest. If sour rot symptoms are present, more spray applications do not offer better control.
Unbefriended, Uninvited: How End-of-Life Doulas Can Address Ethical and Procedural Gaps for Unrepresented Patients and Ensure Equal Access to the “Good Death”:

In response to a global population with increasingly complex issues at the end of life, a movement in the U.S. has emerged incorporating doulas into end-of-life care. These end-of-life (EOL) doulas...
Summary of noise reduction characteristics of typical general aviation materials

The paper presents the results of a large number of systematic tests to determine noise reduction characteristics of general aviation materials. Effects of material type (metallic and composite), thickness, panel stiffening, vibration damping materials, sound absorption materials and pressurization on noise reduction are included. Several promising methods for reducing cabin interior noise in light airplanes are discussed based on the results.
Ligand binding and release of an analogue of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from human hemoglobin.

Abstract The fluorescent substance 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate (HPT) has been shown to combine with deoxyhemoglobin with a stoichiometry of 1 molecule of HPT per hemoglobin tetramer. It is displaced with the same stoichiometry by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and by inositol hexaphosphate. When added to human hemoglobin solutions of low ionic strength it diminishes oxygen affinity. HPT has been used to study anion release associated with carbon monoxide binding. This occurs late in the reaction with hemoglobin A at pH 6, probably after 3 molecules of CO have been bound, and somewhat earlier at pH 7.5. Release is earlier with des-his(β146) hemoglobin, hemoglobins Hiroshima (β146 asp), Chesapeake (α92 leu), and hemoglobin A treated with p-mercuribenzoate. In static titrations with carbon monoxide there was good proportionality between ligand binding and anion release. With oxygen as ligand there was little or no lag between oxygen binding and anion release in kinetic experiments at low ligand concentrations. Detailed analysis suggests that more than two hemoglobin conformations are required to account for the results. The chief kinetic contribution to cooperativity in the CO binding reaction due to the combination velocity constants occurs after binding of 3 CO molecules.
A MASS-THERMAL METHOD FOR STUDYING ABLATIVE POLYMER DEGRADATION MECHANISMS,

Abstract : An analytical method is described that provides detailed identification of the chemical species evolved during thermal decomposition of ablative polymers. The method combines the two techniques of differential thermal analysis and mass spectral analysis to record simultaneously the thermal behavior of the polymers and the mass spectra of their decomposition products. The method and its application to polymer systems is demonstrated by its application to polystyrene decomposition. The results obtained with ablative polymers are directly useable in an ablation or observable analysis. (Author)
Conjugation in Escherichia coli

The discovery of the process of conjugation in prokaryotes was due to one of the most fortuitous experimental designs in recent scientific history. Many other scientists had tried to demonstrate conjugation and had failed. Nevertheless, Lederberg and Tatum, working at Yale University, chose to make another attempt using a common laboratory strain of bacteria, Escherichia coli K-12, as their experimental system. They also decided to test only a few isolates of the strain. By chance, they chose not only one of the few organisms that readily undergoes conjugation but also a fertile stain of that organism. In so doing they started an extremely fruitful branch of bacterial genetic research. E. coli remains the standard conjugation system to which all others are initially compared. In this chapter the E. coli system is presented. Several alternative conjugation systems are discussed in Chapter 10.
A probabilistic graphical model approach to stochastic multiscale partial differential equations

We develop a probabilistic graphical model based methodology to efficiently perform uncertainty quantification in the presence of both stochastic input and multiple scales. Both the stochastic input and model responses are treated as random variables in this framework. Their relationships are modeled by graphical models which give explicit factorization of a high-dimensional joint probability distribution. The hyperparameters in the probabilistic model are learned using sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method, which is superior to standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods for multi-modal distributions. Finally, we make predictions from the probabilistic graphical model using the belief propagation algorithm. Numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy and efficiency of the predictive capability of the developed graphical model.
Probabilistic Model for Prediction of Angiographically Defined Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease Using Electron Beam Computed Tomography Calcium Score Strata

Background—Electron beam CT (EBCT) is an accurate, noninvasive method to detect and quantify coronary artery calcification, a marker of coronary artery disease (CAD). This investigation examined the accuracy of EBCT to detect obstructive CAD (≥50% stenosis) and determined the optimal strata for quantity of coronary artery calcification to facilitate clinical decision-making. Methods and Results—Clinical research patients (n=213) were examined with coronary angiography and EBCT (angiography group), and 765 research participants were examined with only EBCT (nonangiography group). Of the angiography group, 53% had obstructive CAD. After adjustment for verification bias, the estimated sensitivity and specificity for calcium score ≥1 were 97.0% and 72.4%, respectively. Likelihood ratios for strata of calcium score associated with obstructive CAD were calculated in each sex and 2 age groups. Among those ≥50 years old, the same 4 strata of EBCT calcium scores were identified in each sex; likelihood ratios range...
Variations in flow rate, metabolites and enzyme activities of fasting human parotid saliva.

Abstract Fasting parotid saliva was collected from six human subjects four times a day on five different days. Analysis of variance of data detected significant differences among subjects for all parameters examined. There was no consistent pattern of differences within or among subjects due to time of day or day of the week. The greatest variations within subjects were in glucose concentration and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Correlations of flow rate with pyruvate, lactate and total protein were positive, with glucose and LDH activity negative and with amylase activity insignificant. Positive correlations of pyruvate with lactate and of amylase activity with total protein were noted.
Risk factors for the development of glaucomatous visual field loss in ocular hypertension

Objective: To detect characteristics of persons with ocular hypertension that are associated with a higher risk of future glaucomatous field loss. Methods: Annual examinations of the optic disc, nerve fiber layer, and visual field in 647 persons with bilateral intraocular pressure higher than 21 mm Hg and initially normal visual field test results with the Goldmann perimeter. Results: Sixty-eight persons developed a field defect on two consecutive Goldmann visual field tests in at least one eye, while 579 others retained normal fields. Moderate or severe nerve fiber layer atrophy at baseline was associated with a seven to eight times greater risk of development of visual field loss. Attributes that were significantly associated with the incidence of field loss ineluded older age, larger cup-disc ratio, smaller rim—disc area ratio, larger cup asymmetry, presence of disc crescent, and higher intraocular pressure. Characteristics found not to be associated with incidence were gender, race, hypertension, diabetes, refractive error, family history of glaucoma, smoking or alcohol drinking history, and disc area. Conclusions: Increasing nerve fiber layer atrophy judged by a semiquantitative grading system was associated with increasing risk of development of visual field loss among persons with ocular hypertension. The relationship of the development of field loss to race, myopia, family history of glaucoma, and medical history are more complex than has been presumed.
Basis Spline Collocation Method for Solving the Schrödinger Equation in Axillary Symmetric Systems

We use basis spline collocation to solve the Schrodinger equation on a lattice for axially symmetric systems, with and without spin. The focus of the present work is on systems which have continuum states, weakly bound states, or strong spin?orbit coupling, since these are the most difficult to solve on the lattice. A brief overview of the basis spline collocation method is included which concentrates primarily on those aspects of the theory which are relevant to its application in cylindrical coordinates. To demonstrate the method, we solve several model problems selected from the fields of atomic and nuclear physics.
Integrated structure/control concepts for oblique wing roll control and trim

The integrated design problem posed by the need for oblique wing aircraft aeroelastic roll trim at subsonic airspeeds is examined. It is shown that the need for roll trim is reduced when structural tailoring with advanced composite materials is used, but there is a maximum oblique wing sweep angle above which tailoring is ineffective. A formula for this sweep angle is developed. The need for a combination of asymmetrical aileron input and aeroelastic tailoring of a laminated wing structure is also examined. The design tradeoff between structural tailoring, to reduce the need for ailerons for roll trim, and aileron control surface effectiveness to provide roll trim is illustrated using an example configuration. Tailoring the aileron size so that the aileron reversal dynamic pressure and the static aeroelastic divergence dynamic pressure of the restrained oblique wing are identical is also discussed.
Changes in Connecticut salt-marsh vegetation as revealed by historical aerial photographs and computer-assisted cartographics

Procedures are discussed for the interpretation of historical aerial photographs for salt-marsh vegetation mapping, as are techniques for computer-assisted analysis of digital vegetation maps. The mappings indicate an increase in the coverage by the low marsh speciesSpartina alterniflora Loisel. at three marsh sites studied in photographs from the period 1934–1981. It is hypothesized that changes in salt-marsh vegetation may be in response to natural tidal fluctuations or to management practices.
Determining the equivalent circuit of a transformer by matrix methods

THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT of the iron-core transformer is usually presented as fact, with but a casual attempt at justification of the circuit configuration or the values of the parameters. It is the purpose of this article to, start with the transformer as a 4-terminal network of measurable parameters and to develop therefrom the conventional equivalent circuit by means of matrix algebra.
Selection, synthesis, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of the arylidene malonate derivatives as TLR4 signaling inhibitors

Inhibition of TLR4 signaling is an important therapeutic strategy for intervention in the etiology of several pro-inflammatory diseases. There has been intensive research in recent years aiming to explore this strategy, and identify small molecule inhibitors of the TLR4 pathway. However, the recent failure of a number of advanced drug candidates targeting TLR4 signaling (e.g., TAK242 and Eritoran) prompted us to continue the search for novel chemical scaffolds to inhibit this critical inflammatory response pathway. Here we report the identification of a group of new TLR4 signaling inhibitors through a cell-based screening. A series of arylidene malonate analogs were synthesized and assayed in murine macrophages for their inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. The lead compound 1 (NCI126224) was found to suppress LPS-induced production of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) in the nanomolar-low micromolar range. Taken together, this study demonstrates that 1 is a promising potential therapeutic candidate for various inflammatory diseases.
Is Management Development Coming of Age

Comments on several cues which signal a ° of maturity in executive development plans but nevertheless a maturity based upon some confidence resulting from more than a decade of precedent and experi...
Local exchange competition in early US network development: considerations for developing countries

Abstract This paper examines the claim that competition between the Bell system and independent telephone companies, and not AT&T's regulated monopoly, was responsible for the rapid growth in telephone penetration in the United States. A mathematical model is developed to test if competition contributed to network expansion, when alternative explanations such as diffusion and economic growth are also taken into account. The model is estimated with time series data on telephone penetration in the US from 1876 to 1982, using both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS). The results indicate that local exchange competition is indeed a significant influence on increase in telephone penetration, even in the early stages of network development. This has clear policy implications for the current transition to competition in developing countries.
The effect of triethyltin on oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activation.

Triethyltin inhibits the respiration of rat brain slices following in vitro and in vivo administration. When added in vitro this alkyltin compound uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of rat brain and liver homogenates and mitochondria. Triethyltin also inhibits both the magnesium and the 2:4-dinitrophenol activated adenosine triphos- phatases of isolated rat liver mitchondria. ALKYLTIN compounds are extremely toxic materia1s.l Their indiscriminate use in France for the treatment of furunculosis resulted in the unfortunate death of over one hundred persons.2 During the course of our study on the toxicity of triethyltin acetate we observed that this compound had many interesting biochemical properties. We have confirmed the work of Aldridge and Cremer3 and of Aldridge* that this com- pound inhibits brain slice respiration and is capable of uncoupling oxidative phos- phorylation at concentrations comparable to those that are found in tissues after this agent is injected into rats. In contrast to the work of Aldridge4 we have found that triethyltin (TET) is incapable of accelerating the rate of oxidation of acceptor-deficient mitochondrial systems and inhibits both the latent or magnesium-activated adenosine triphosphatase and the dinitrophenol-activated adenosine triphosphatase. The significance of these findings relative to the toxicity of this compound and its use as a biochemical research tool will be considered in the present communication. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Female rats (Sprague-Dawley) weighing approximately 200 g were used in this study. All preparative procedures were carried out in a 5 "C cold room. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation and slices were prepared from liver and cerebral cortex by the method of Deutsch.5 Two slices (total weight approximately 100 mg) were weighed and placed in Warburg vessels containing I.27 x 10-l M NaCl, 5.1 x 1O-3 M KQ, 1.27 x 1O-3 KH,PO,, 1 x 1O-2 M Na,HPO, pH 7.4, 1.36 x 1O-3 M CaCI,, l-27 x 1O-3 M MgSOd and 1.1 x 1O-2 M glucose. The total volume was 2.0 ml and the center well contained 0.2 ml 2N KOH with filter paper. The gas phase was oxygen and the temperature 37 "C. After an equilibration of 10 min the oxygen consumption was determined for a 30-min period.
High School Course-Taking and Post-Secondary Institutional Selectivity

Race shapes many aspects of students’ high school experiences that are relevant to the college admissions process. We examine the racially-specific effects of high school course of study on college selectivity. Using NELS 1988–1994, we test how race and track interactively predict the prestige of the first post-secondary institution attended. We find support for a “redemptive equity model” of college prestige for Latinos, who attend more selective colleges than White students, net of background and academic variables. Asian American students also attend more selective institutions than White students. Results for African-American students are more complicated, in that the colleges they attend are not significantly different from those of Whites, on average. When we exclude students who attend historically Black colleges and universities, however, African-American students attend significantly more prestigious universities than Whites, net of other factors. We also find racially-specific effects of high school course of study, with Latinos, Asian Americans, and African-Americans appearing to benefit more from taking more rigorous academic courses than Whites.
A locking mechanism for the tenodesis splint for flexor tendon repairs

Managing the treatment of patients with zone II flexor tendon injuries for successful outcomes has always been a challenge for the hand therapist. Working closely with the patient to help ensure follow-through with the protocol is frequently necessary. If a patient is compliant, the therapist's concern then becomes one of "scar wars" (to use a phrase coined by Ken Flowers). Early active range of motion and tendon gliding are critical parts of most programs. This author has developed a new idea in conjunction with the Indiana Hand Center protocol.
Web mining: research and practice

Web mining techniques seek to extract knowledge from Web data. This article provides an overview of past and current work in the three main areas of Web mining research - content, structure, and usage - as well as emerging work in semantic Web mining.
Correspondence analysis for detecting land cover change

Abstract The correspondence analysis (CA) method was applied to two multitemporal Landsat images of Raleigh, North Carolina for land use land cover (LULC) change detection. After the spectral transformation of the individual date images into component space using CA, the first component (PC1) of the date 1 image was subtracted from the PC1 of the date 2 image to produce difference image highlighting change areas. Accuracy curves based on the cumulative Producer's and User's accuracies were then used to optimally locate threshold (cutoff) values in the high-end and low-end tails of the difference image's histogram. Results were then compared to the standardized and non-standardized Principal Component Analysis (PCA) differencing and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) differencing methods for change detection. Results showed that there was 6.8% increase in urban related cover types in Raleigh metropolitan area between 1993 and 1999. Also, maps based on the CA differencing method were found to be thematically more accurate than maps based on PCA component differencing methods. Overall accuracy of change map produced by the CA method for the Raleigh metropolitan area was 92.5% with overall Kappa value of 0.88. In general, CA was found to be a powerful multivariate analysis technique when applied to change detection.
Kinetics and Growth Mechanism of Electrodeposited Palladium Nanocrystallites

Palladium particles have been electrodeposited on AISI 316 stainless steel substrate from aqueous solution of palladium chloride. The kinetics of the electrodeposition process and growth mechanism of such threedimensionally grown palladium particles have been studied. It has been found that the kinetics of electrodeposition of palladium follows parabolic law, which indicates involvement of instantaneous nucleation and subsequent three-dimensional growth. It was also observed that the nucleation density of palladium electrodeposits was a function of the nature of the electrode substrate. The structure, morphology, texture, chemical state, and composition of the electrodeposited palladium particles have been characterized using SEM, TEM, XPS, EDS, EBSD, and OIM. The growth of the palladium nuclei situated at the grain interior was found to be more than that at the grain boundaries on steel substrate. The micron-size electrodeposited palladium particles consisted of a number of nanocrytallites. The surface morphology of the electrodeposited palladium particles was uneven due to the preferential growth of such nanocrystallites in certain crystallographic directions. The results of the present investigation indicate that the growth of the palladium electrodeposits was limited by the diffusivity of bulky palladium tetrachloro square-planar complex from bulk solution to near the electrode surface.
Profiles of alcohol- and marijuana-impaired adolescent drivers

The aim of the study was to identify risk factors that distinguish alcohol-impaired and marijuana-impaired drivers from non-impaired drivers, among adolescents with a history of using these substances. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 6594 seventh- to twelfth-grade students in nine Ohio public school districts. Data analyses were conducted on the 11th to 12th grade sub-sample that had prior experience of alcohol (n = 1378) and/or marijuana use (n = 678). Logistic regression analyses confirmed that the involvements in alcohol-impaired and marijuana-impaired driving were both associated with higher levels of use of these two drugs. However, the profiles of these two risk behaviors were relatively distinct. Boyfriend/girlfriend alcohol use, hours spent at a job, race, family structure, and academic performance also had significant, independent relationships with the two driving practices. To effectively deter impaired driving among adolescents, prevention efforts must address the social context...
Intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes

Over recent years, substantial clinical trial evidence regarding glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition for the medical management of non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes has been compiled. Despite being recently advocated for the management of coronary instability within widely accepted guidelines, its use among patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes remains somewhat contentious. Within randomized placebo-controlled trials, uniform efficacy with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has not been shown, whereas a disturbing excess in adverse events is evident within some trials. Currently, the basis for this heterogeneity of clinical evidence has not been adequately explained. However, evolving insights from clinical trials and basic research have further refined our understanding of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist therapy and the potential effects beyond the inhibition of the fibrinogen receptor. Likewise, appreciation of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these agents provides putative explanations for the diverse findings of the randomized trials. Reexamination of the clinical trial data in light of this recent evidence provides a basis for interpreting the marginal results of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in acute coronary syndromes. Consideration of these factors may facilitate the optimal clinical application of this class of agents to the management of coronary instability.
Functional Co-localization of Transfected Ca2+-stimulable Adenylyl Cyclases with Capacitative Ca2+ Entry Sites

Three adenylyl cyclases (ACI, ACIII, and ACVIII) have been described, which are putatively Ca(2+)-stimulable, based on in vitro assays. However, it is not clear that these enzymes can be regulated by physiological rises in [Ca2+]i when expressed in intact cells. Furthermore, it is not known whether transfected adenylyl cyclases might display the strict requirement for capacitative Ca2+ entry that is shown by the Ca(2+)-inhibitable ACVI, which is indigenous to C6-2B glioma cells (Chiono, M., Mahey, R., Tate, G., and Cooper, D. M. F. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1149-1155). In the present study, ACI, ACIII, and ACVIII were heterologously expressed in HEK 293 cells, and conditions were devised that distinguished capacitative Ca2+ entry from both internal release and nonspecific elevation in [Ca2+]i around the plasma membrane. Remarkably, not only were ACI and ACVIII largely insensitive to Ca2+ release from stores, but they were robustly stimulated only by capacitative Ca2+ entry and not al all by a substantial increase in [Ca2+]i at the plasma membrane elicited by ionophore. (ACIII, reflecting its feeble in vitro sensitivity to Ca2+, was unaffected by any [Ca2+]i rise.) These results suggest a quite unsuspected, essential association of Ca(2+)-sensitive adenylyl cyclases with capacitative Ca2+ entry sites, even when expressed heterologously.
Dissociation pathways of alkali-cationized peptides: opportunities for C-terminal peptide sequencing.

Dissociation pathways of alkali-cationized peptides have been studied using multiple stages of mass spectrometry (MSx) with a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Over 100 peptide ions ranging from 2 to 10 residues in length and containing each of the 20 common amino acids have been examined. The formation of the [bn−1 + Na + OH]+ product ion is the predominant dissociation pathway for the majority of the common amino acids. This product corresponds to a sodium-cationized peptide one residue shorter in length than the original peptide. In a few cases, product ions such as [bn−1 + Na − H]+ and those formed by loss, or partial loss, of a sidechain are observed. Both [bn−1 + Na + OH]+ and [bn−1 + Na − H]+ product ions can be selected as parent ions for a subsequent stage of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It is shown that these dissociation patterns provide opportunities for peptide sequencing by successive dissociation from the C-terminus of alkali-cationized peptides. Up to seven stages of MS/MS have been performed on a series of [b + Na + OH]+ ions to provide sequence information from the C-terminus. This method is analogous to Edman degradation except that the cleavage occurs from the C-terminus instead of the N-terminus, making it more attractive for N-terminal blocked peptides. The isomers leucine and isoleucine cannot be differentiated by this method but the isobars lysine and glutamine can.
DNA methylation and memory formation

Memory formation and storage require long-lasting changes in memory-related neuronal circuits. Recent evidence indicates that DNA methylation may serve as a contributing mechanism in memory formation and storage. These emerging findings suggest a role for an epigenetic mechanism in learning and long-term memory maintenance and raise apparent conundrums and questions. For example, it is unclear how DNA methylation might be reversed during the formation of a memory, how changes in DNA methylation alter neuronal function to promote memory formation, and how DNA methylation patterns differ between neuronal structures to enable both consolidation and storage of memories. Here we evaluate the existing evidence supporting a role for DNA methylation in memory, discuss how DNA methylation may affect genetic and neuronal function to contribute to behavior, propose several future directions for the emerging subfield of neuroepigenetics, and begin to address some of the broader implications of this work.
A hot new channel.

How do we feel temperature? A study now finds that a recently discovered anion channel is a temperature sensor that, like previously identified cation channels, mediates the perception of noxious hot temperatures.
Chronic fatigue syndrome impairs circadian rhythm of activity level.

Some of the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are the same as for disrupted circadian rhythm. Activity level is frequently used to study circadian rhythm. Continuous waist activity measurements taken every minute 24 h/day for from 5 to 7 days in 10 controls and from 2 to 7 days in 8 patients with CFS yielded two primary findings: (a) lower daytime activity and (b) less regular activity–rest cycles in persons with CFS than in controls.
On method, theory, and the classification of complex disorders

Modem statistical techniques, including a variety of multi-dimensional scaling strategies, are only beginning to be exploited in the alcohol field (McArdle, Hamagami & Hulick, 1994; Muthen, 1997). They offer a promise for greater clarity in sorting out what has increasingly been characterized as a set of disorders rather than a single entity (Babor et al., 1994). Dr Peters paper (Peters, 1997) is in this tradition, and makes use of non-metric multi-dimensional scaling with a consecutive series of 277 inand outpatients, involving approximately 40% of women and comprising 91% of the clients voluntarily seeking treatment for alcohol problems in the Amsterdam health region. Results generally are confirmatory of the dimensional integrity of the alcohol dependence syndrome (although, interestingly, increased tolerance does not load on this dimension); they also yield an antisociality dimension whose prototype cluster is heavily male at one pole, and heavily female at the antipole, and an "agedness" dimension that is marked by chronicity at one pole and what appears to be young antisocial alcoholism (characterized by the author as a "quarrelling youngsters" antipole) at the other. The author appropriately notes that the antipole of the second dimension needs better characterization, and that the third one is better described as "a composition of two opposing prototypes where age is a likely connecting factor", rather than as a genuine dimension.
Generation of tunable MID-IR (1.8-2.4 μm) laser from optical parametric oscillation in KTP

Abstract We report the first demonstration of a tunable mid-IR (1.8–2.4 μm) coherent source based on optical parametric oscillation (OPO) in a KTP crystal pumped by a Nd: YAG (1064 nm) laser. The phase matching of bixial crystals, OPO gain and threshold energy are discussed for the improvement of efficiency. The tuning range and efficiency are measured at various pumping energies and cavity lengths. OPO tuning curves at various pumping wavelengths (1.064, 1.32 and 1.54 μm) are also calculated.
JUDGMENTS OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE: ADULT AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES1

Samples of college-age and elderly males and females made chronological age estimates from head-and-shoulder photographs of stimulus persons of both sexes and of widely varying ages. These estimates were found to vary as a function of the age and sex of the judge and the stimulus person. For both male and female photo sets, older Ss and male Ss manifested less variance than younger Ss and female Ss in judging age. These differences were partially attributable to a strong tendency for older Ss and male Ss to offer higher age estimates for the younger stimulus persons. No consistent age and sex differences were observed for chronological age estimates of the older stimulus persons. However, an inflection area was obtained (for photos approximately 25 to 35 years of age) beyond which the higher age estimates of older and male Ss ceased to hold. Gaps in the distribution of age judgments provided by older and younger Ss offered clues to the possible cognitive mechanisms at work. Relevance of the research to principles of social judgment is discussed.
Meta Expert Learning and Efficient Pruning for Evolving Data Streams

Researchers have proposed several ensemble methods for the data stream environments including online bagging and boosting. These studies show that bagging methods perform better than boosting methods although the opposite is known to be true in the batch setting environments. The reason behind the weaker performance of boosting methods in the streaming environments is not clear. We have taken advantage of the algorithmic procedure of meta expert learnings for the sake of our study. The meta expert learning differs from the classic expert learning methods in that each expert starts to predict from a different point in the history. Moreover, maintaining a collection of base learners follows an algorithmic procedure. The focus of this paper is on studying the pruning function for maintaining the appropriate set of experts rather than proposing a competitive algorithm for selecting the experts. It shows how a well-structured pruning method leads to a better prediction accuracy without necessary higher memory consumption. Next, it is shown how pruning the set of base learners in the meta expert learning (in order to avoid memory exhaustion) affects the prediction accuracy for different types of drifts. In the case of time-locality drifts, the prediction accuracy is highly tied to the mathematical structure of the pruning algorithms. This observation may explain the main reason behind the weak performance of previously studied boosting methods in the streaming environments. It shows that the boosting algorithms should be designed with respect to the suitable notion of the regret metrics.
A correlation between hydroxyl radical generation and ethanol oxidation by liver, lung and kidney microsomes.

Abstract A comparison of the abilities of microsomes from liver, kidney and lung to oxidize ethanol and to generate hydroxyl radicals was conducted to determine if these two variables correlated with one another. The oxidation of 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KTBA) to ethylene, and the production of formaldehyde from dimethylsulfoxide (Mc 2 SO), served as chemical probes for the detection of the production of hydroxyl radicals by the microsomes. Liver microsomes oxidized ethanol at rates several-fold greater than those found with lung and kidney microsomes. This greater rate of ethanol oxidation by liver microsomes correlated with a greater rate of oxidation of the hydroxyl radical scavengers by the liver microsomes (liver > lung ≈ kidney). In all tissues, the addition of azide, an inhibitor of catalase, augmented the rate of oxidation of Me 2 SO and KTBA. The addition of iron-EDTA (a OH-potentiating agent) increased the rates of oxidation of ethanol by the microsomes from the three tissues. This increase again correlated with an increase in the oxidation of Me 2 SO and KTBA. The greater rate of oxidation of ethanol and the hydroxyl radical scavengers by liver microsomes may reflect the relative specific content of cytochrome P-450 (6- to 12-fold greater) and specific activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (4-fold greater) in liver as compared to lung and kidney microsomes. Relative turnover numbers (units per nmole cytochrome P-450) demonstrated equivalent activities for liver and kidney, whereas lung had a higher turnover number for ethanol oxidation and hydroxyl radical generation. These data support the hypothesis that the oxidation of ethanol by microsomes may be mediated by the relative capacity of the microsomes to generate hydroxyl radicals during microsomal electron transport, which in turn may be related to the relative content and/or activities of the components of the electron transport chain.
Increased number of Leu-2-bearing non-T cells with natural killer activity in chimpanzees

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes from adult and adolescent chimpanzees, as well as adult humans, were studied for phenotypic surface markers by flow cytometry. Lymphocytes from chimpanzees were found to have increased numbers of Leu-1 − , Leu-2 + cells as compared to humans. These cells, following preparative electronic cell sorting, were shown to possess natural killer function. Further analysis of this subpopulation indicated that they lacked responsiveness to a number of T-cell mitogens. The differences in lymphocyte subpopulations between chimpanzees and humans can almost be totally accounted for by the Leu-1 − , Leu-2 + cells. Phylogenetic disparity between these two species may also be found within this population.
Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptors and Species-Typical Social Behaviors

Over the past 50 years, a great deal of behavioral endocrinological research has established a central role for gonadal steroid hormones in the control of sexual behaviors in a wide range of vertebrate taxa. The underlying mechanisms controlling these behaviors appear to be well conserved throughout evolution. Both the neural structures regulating male and female sexual behaviors and the distribution of sex steroid receptors within the brain are similar from reptiles to mammals (Meisel and Sachs, 1994; Pfaff and Schwartz-Giblin, 1994). More recently, the roles of the neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) in modulating reproductive and social behaviors have begun to be elucidated. Comparative studies focusing on these hormones suggest that unlike gonadal steroids, the specific behavioral roles of these neuropeptides may be quite species specific. Here I review some of the behaviors associated with OT and AVP systems and discuss the idea that OT and AVP receptor systems are phylogenetically plastic, perhaps facilitating the evolution of species-typical social behavior patterns. Oxytocin and vasopressin are related nonapeptide hormones which differ in structure at only two amino acid positions (Gainer and Wray, 1994). Both peptides are synthesized in magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, which project to the neurohypophysis and are released into circulation where they modulate peripheral physiology (Brownstein, Russell, and Gainer, 1980). The peptides are also synthesized in parvocelluar neurons of the PVN and other limbic nuclei which project throughout the brain where they influence behavior. Vasopressin synthesis by neurons in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is sexually dimorphic, with males producing more than females (DeVries and Al-Shamma, 1990).
Novel manganese(III) oxidation chemistry: X-ray crystal structures of (1α,2α,4β)-1,2-diacetoxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (compound A) and (1α,2α,4β)-1,2-diacetoxy-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-8-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (compound B)

CompoundA is (1α,2α,4β)-1,2-diacetoxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, C22H24O6,Mr=384.43, monoclinic, P21/n, witha=11.074(3),b=10.353(4),c=17.616(4)A,β=94.96(2)°,V=2012.1A3,Dcalc=1.27 g cm−3 andμ=0.55 cm−1 forZ=4. Least-squares refinement of 1371 observed [F0≥5 σ (F0)] reflections led to the final agreement index ofR=0.052. A twofold disorder was observed for the 1-acetoxy group whereas the 2-acetoxy group was ordered. CompoundB, (1α,2α,4β)-1,2-diacetoxy-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-8-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, C22H24O6,Mr=384.43, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/c, witha=16.209(2),b=10.076(1),c=13.357(4)A,β=111.41(2)°,V=2030.9A3,Dcalc=1.26 g cm−3 andμ=0.54 cm−1 forZ=4. A final agreement index ofR=0.045 was realized by least-squares refinement of 1486 observed [Fo≥5 σ (Fo)] reflections. Intermolecular interactions in the cell lattices of compoundsA andB are noted. The title compoundsA andB were prepared by manganese(III) acetate oxidative dimerization of two molecules of 4-methoxystyrene and 2-methoxystyrene, respectively.
750-mva metal-clad switchgear

Metal-clad SWITCHGEAR using magnetic-type power circuit breakers has had a top limit of 500 mva (megavolt-amperes) interrupting capacity for some time. However, studies begun in the early 1950's indicated that the loads to be expected in the foreseeable future required area substations with mva ratings about 50 to 65% larger than those obtainable with the 13.8-kv 500-mva breaker equipment. A 750-mva equipment will permit an increase in substation size within this range.