cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Twitter to Detect Psychological Characteristics of Self-Identified Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Feasibility Study.

Background: More than 3.5 million Americans live with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Major challenges persist in diagnosing ASD as no medical test exists to diagnose this disorder. Digital phenotyping holds promise to guide in the clinical diagnoses and screening of ASD. Objective: This study aims to explore the feasibility of using the Web-based social media platform Twitter to detect psychological and behavioral characteristics of self-identified persons with ASD. Methods: Data from Twitter were retrieved from 152 self-identified users with ASD and 182 randomly selected control users from March 22, 2012 to July 20, 2017. We conducted a between-group comparative textual analysis of tweets about repetitive and obsessive-compulsive behavioral characteristics typically associated with ASD. In addition, common emotional characteristics of persons with ASD, such as fear, paranoia, and anxiety, were examined between groups through textual analysis. Furthermore, we compared the timing of tweets between users with ASD and control users to identify patterns in communication. Results: Users with ASD posted a significantly higher frequency of tweets related to the specific repetitive behavior of counting compared with control users (P<.001). The textual analysis of obsessive-compulsive behavioral characteristics, such as fixate, excessive, and concern, were significantly higher among users with ASD compared with the control group (P<.001). In addition, emotional terms related to fear, paranoia, and anxiety were tweeted at a significantly higher rate among users with ASD compared with control users (P<.001). Users with ASD posted a smaller proportion of tweets during time intervals of 00:00-05:59 (P<.001), 06:00-11:59 (P<.001), and 18:00-23.59 (P<.001), as well as a greater proportion of tweets from 12:00 to 17:59 (P<.001) compared with control users. Conclusions: Social media may be a valuable resource for observing unique psychological characteristics of self-identified persons with ASD. Collecting and analyzing data from these digital platforms may afford opportunities to identify the characteristics of ASD and assist in the diagnosis or verification of ASD. This study highlights the feasibility of leveraging digital data for gaining new insights into various health conditions.
An intelligent support system for elderly care with RFID tags and a cleaning robot

With the rapid increase of aging population, the development and introduction of ICT systems to the care field are proceeding. However, such systems using cameras and/or sensor networks are not necessarily accepted due to privacy protection, cost and unstable accuracy. Based on such discussion, this paper proposes support system for elderly care which monitor behaviors by using RFID tag with sensing function. Those tags are put around elderly people and detect a change in pressure, and the system judges the behaviors of an elderly person from its change. In addition, the system uses a cleaning robot. When a man falls on the floor, the robot moves to the location and confirm the consciousness by beep. The latter part explains those pressure sensing method and indoor positioning method using RFID tags, and experiments show high accuracy on each method.
Management of Unknown Primary Cancer of the Head and Neck

Head and neck cancer with an unknown primary site (CUP) often presents as an asymptomatic, enlarging neck mass, which is then confirmed to represent metastatic nodal disease. These cancers are encountered with increasing frequency in many head and neck surgical oncology practices. The majority of CUP occurs in patients over age 40 years, and is most frequently suspected as having an oropharyngeal primary site, and a causal association with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. The majority of patients diagnosed with CUP on initial presentation, will have a detectable primary tumor after thorough diagnostic evaluation, either within the tongue base or palatine tonsil. A comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of treatment options is essential to serve patients with the best oncologic outcomes and least morbidity possible. In this chapter, we review contemporary research advancing the evaluation and management of CUP. As head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly encountered histopathology of CUP, the majority of this chapter focuses on this form of cancer.
Generating dihydrogen by tethering an [FeFe]hydrogenase via a molecular wire to the A1A/A1B sites of photosystem I.

Photosystem I complexes from the menB deletion mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were previously wired to a Pt nanoparticle via a molecular wire consisting of 15-(3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone-2-yl)]pentadecyl sulfide. In the presence of a sacrificial electron donor and an electron transport mediator, the PS I-NQ(CH2)15S-Pt nanoconstruct generated dihydrogen at a rate of 44.3 µmol of H2 mg Chl−1 h−1 during illumination at pH 8.3. The menB deletion strain contains an interruption in the biosynthetic pathway of phylloquinone, which results in the presence of a displaceable plastoquinone-9 in the A1A/A1B sites. The synthesized quinone contains a headgroup identical to the native phylloquinone along with a 15-carbon long tail that is terminated in a thiol. The thiol on the molecular wire is used to bind the Pt nanoparticle. In this short communication, we replaced the Pt nanoparticle with an [FeFe]H2ase variant from Clostridium acetobutylicum that contains an exposed iron on the distal [4Fe-4S] cluster afforded by mutating the surface exposed Cys97 residue to Gly. The thiol on the molecular wire is then used to coordinate the corner iron atom of the iron–sulfur cluster. When all three components are combined and illuminated in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor and an electron transport mediator, the PS I-NQ(CH2)15S-[FeFe]H2ase nanoconstruct generated dihydrogen at a rate of 50.3 ± 9.96 μmol of H2 mg Chl−1 h−1 during illumination at pH 8.3. This successful in vitro experiment sets the stage for assembling a PS I-NQ(CH2)15S-[FeFe]H2ase nanoconstruct in vivo in the menB mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
Workplace Climate: Comparison of Science and Engineering Faculty Perceptions by Gender

This study presents the differences in perceptions of workplace climate between science and engineering faculty based on the multiple, intersecting social identities of gender, ethnicity/race, and social class. Faculty perceptions of workplace climate were measured a scale assessing nine constructs identified from the literature that may impact the persistence of faculty. Seven constructs were identified from the literature to include both psychological (e.g., motivation) and institutional factors (e.g. policies, practices, procedures). Based on the intersectionality framework, two additional factors were included to probe the effects of social class on persistence. To capture the multiple intersecting social identities of science and engineering faculty, demographic questions were specifically generated. Data were collected from 288 tenure track professors in science and engineering departments at two large Midwestern public research universities and a small private research university in the South. Data were analyzed using correlation and analysis of variance to explore differences in faculty perceptions of departmental workplace climate between discipline and gender. On average, engineering faculty perceived more positively than science faculty on departmental climate for diversity and inclusion, sense of belonging, and scholarly recognition. On average, male faculty perceived more positively than female faculty on intrinsic motivation, departmental climate for diversity and inclusion, sense of belonging, and work-life balance. There were no intersectionality on the differences observed in perceptions of workplace climate by discipline and gender.
Adolescent and young adult male chimpanzees form affiliative, yet aggressive, relationships with females.

Abstract Primates frequently form affiliative relationships that have important fitness consequences. Affiliative relationships between unrelated males and females are ubiquitous in humans but are not widely reported in humans' closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Instead, adult male chimpanzees are extremely aggressive to females, using the aggression to coerce females to mate with them. Adolescent male chimpanzees are physically and socially immature and unable to use aggression toward females in the same way as adult males. Instead, adolescent males might build affiliative relationships with females as an alternative tactic to increase their chances of mating and reproducing. To investigate this possibility, we recorded social interactions between 20 adolescent and 10 young adult males and 78 adult female chimpanzees over 2 years at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Analyses using grooming and proximity as assays revealed that adolescent and young adult males formed differentiated, affiliative relationships with females. These relationships were as strong as the bonds young males formed with maternal kin and unrelated males and increased in strength and number as males aged and started to dominate females. Male-female relationships extended outside the immediate context of mating. Although males affiliated slightly more often with females when they were cycling, they also did so when females were pregnant and nursing young infants. Males and females who formed bonds reassured each other, looked back and waited for each other while traveling, and groomed more equitably than other male-female pairs, even after the time they spent together in association and the female's reproductive state were taken into account. Despite the affiliative nature of these relationships, adolescent and young adult males selectively targeted their female partners for aggression. These findings provide new insights into the evolution of social bonds between human females and males, which can involve both affiliation and coercive violence.
Discretized Motion of Surface Walker under a Nonuniform AC Magnetic Field.

The motion of peanut-shaped magnetic microrods (PSMRs) with different magnetic moment (Ms) orientations φM under a nonuniform AC magnetic field has been investigated systematically. When gradually ...
Validation of the Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT

The sense of taste is rarely assessed quantitatively outside of a limited number of academic and industrial laboratories, despite its role in influencing nutrition, the flavor of foods and beverages, and protection against ingestion of spoiled and toxic foodstuffs. This dearth reflects, in part, practical limitations of most taste tests, most notably their reliance on liquid stimuli for stimulus presentation or rinsing. In this study, a novel portable taste test that requires neither liquid tastants nor liquid rinses is described and validated within a clinic population. This test, termed the Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT®), uses stimuli that are embedded in pads of monometer cellulose located on disposable plastic strips applied to the tongue's surface. The test-retest and split-half reliability coefficients of the WETT® were 0.92 and 0.88, respectively. These respective coefficients for sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, caffeine, and MSG were 0.82 and 0.80, 0.78 and 0.77, 0.56 and 0.73, and 0.84 and 0.84. The WETT® exhibited comparable, in some cases higher, sensitivity than two comparison taste tests, the Whole Mouth Taste Test and the Taste Quadrant Taste Test, to age, sex, etiology (head trauma vs. upper respiratory infections), and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste ability. This study demonstrates that a taste test that does not require liquids can be as reliable and sensitive as more traditional liquid-based taste tests to clinical alterations in taste function.
The Vulcan Version 3.0 High-Resolution Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions for the United States.

Estimates of high-resolution greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become a critical component of climate change research and an aid to decision makers considering GHG mitigation opportunities. The "Vulcan Project" is an effort to estimate bottom-up carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (FFCO2) for the U.S. landscape at space and time scales that satisfy both scientific and policy needs. Here, we report on the Vulcan version 3.0 which quantifies emissions at a resolution of 1 km2/hr for the 2010-2015 time period. We estimate 2011 FFCO2 emissions of 1,589.9 TgC with a 95% confidence interval of 1,367/1,853 TgC (-14.0%/+16.6%), implying a one-sigma uncertainty of ~ ±8%. Per capita emissions are larger in states dominated by electricity production and industrial activity and smaller where onroad and building emissions dominate. The U.S. FFCO2 emissions center of mass (CoM) is located in the state of Missouri with mean seasonality that moves on a near-elliptical NE/SW path. Comparison to ODIAC, a global gridded FFCO2 emissions estimate, shows large total emissions differences (100.4 TgC for year 2011), a spatial correlation of 0.68 (R2), and a mean absolute relative difference at the 1 km2 scale of 104.3%. The Vulcan data product offers a high-resolution estimate of FFCO2 emissions in every U.S. city, obviating costly development of self-reported urban inventories. The Vulcan v3.0 annual gridded emissions data product can be downloaded from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (Gurney, Liang, et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1741).
Cooperative Beamforming for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Via collaborative beamforming, nodes in a wireless network are able to transmit a common message over long distances in an energy efficient fashion. However, the process of making available the same message to all collaborating nodes introduces delays. In this paper, a MAC-PHY cross-layer scheme is proposed that enables collaborative beamforming at significantly reduced collaboration overhead. It consists of two phases. In the first phase, nodes transmit locally in a random access time-slotted fashion. Simultaneous transmissions from multiple source nodes are viewed as linear mixtures of all transmitted packets. In the second phase, a set of collaborating nodes, acting as a distributed antenna system, beamform the received analog waveform to one or more faraway destinations. This step requires multiplication of the received analog waveform by a complex weight, which is independently computed by each cooperating node, and which allows packets bound to the same destination to add coherently at the destination node. Assuming that each node has access to location information, the proposed scheme can achieve high throughput, which in certain cases exceeds one. An analysis of the symbol error probability corresponding to the proposed scheme is provided.
Effect of Working Memory Load and Typicality on Semantic Processing in Aphasia.

Purpose This study evaluated the effects of a linguistic characteristic, typicality, and a processing variable, working memory on the abilities of people with aphasia (PWA) and neurologically intact adults to process semantic representations. This was accomplished using a newly developed assessment task, the Category Typicality Test, which was created for the Temple Assessment of Language and Short-Term Memory in Aphasia. Method A post hoc quasi-experimental design was used. Participants included 27 PWA and 14 neurologically intact adults who completed the picture and word versions of the Category Typicality Test, which required them to determine if two items are in the same category. Memory load was altered by increasing the number of items to be compared, and the typicality of items was altered to increase linguistic complexity. Results A four-way mixed analysis of covariance was conducted. There was a significant interaction between working memory load and category typicality with performance accuracy decreasing as working memory load increased and category typicality decreased. There was also a significant interaction for typicality and stimuli with better performance in the picture condition and a significant interaction for working memory and group with lower performance accuracy for PWA. Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed differences between memory load, typicality, stimuli conditions, and group. PWA also showed greater magnitude of change than neurologically intact adults when comparing high and low working memory load conditions, but not typicality conditions. Discussion Increasing working memory load had the most substantial impact on the accuracy of category judgments in PWA, but the interaction between increased working memory load and decreased category typicality of items to be compared resulted in reduced accuracy in both groups. These findings suggest that manipulation of processing and linguistic variables in assessment will provide insight into the nature of linguistic breakdown in aphasia. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14781996.
Dynamic Cohort Analysis Reveals Fluctuating Patterns of Selection Within a Hybrid Zone Between the Killifish Fundulus heteroclitus and F. grandis

Hybrid zones provide excellent opportunities to study speciation processes and ecological interactions between recently diverged taxa. Historically, hybrid zones have been divided into those in which fitness of hybrids is independent of the environment, and those in which environmental factors influence the fitness of different genotypes. The present study investigated the temporal genetic patterns at a location within a hybrid zone between the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus and F. grandis, in an effort to determine the extent and directionality of hybridization and the fitness of different genotypes. Fishes collected over the course of three years were placed into two age classes and genotyped at three nuclear loci and one mitochondrial locus that are highly differentiated between the species, allowing for comparison of genetic patterns between different age classes of the same cohorts. Individuals of hybrid descent were prevalent at the study site, the majority of which were likely advanced generation hybrids or backcrosses to one of the parental taxa. The cohort analyses revealed decreased abundance of both single and dilocus hybrid genotypes, and directional changes in allele frequency with increased age in some, but not all cohorts. These fluctuating patterns of selection across the course of the study suggest that fitness is likely strongly influenced by environmental factors.
The Relationship Between Parent Executive Functioning and Accommodation

Parent characteristics and behavior are known to impact child development. Anxiogenic parenting practices, in particular, have been hypothesized to contribute to the development and/or maintenance of child anxiety and related problems. The most widely studied anxiogenic parenting practice, accommodation, has been defined as a parent’s involvement in their child’s symptomology (i.e., excessive reassurance, changing family routines, assisting in avoidance). Recent literature has also examined the function that parent executive functioning (EF) may serve in parenting behavior. However, little is known about how parent characteristics such as EF may specifically impact anxiogenic parenting practices such as accommodation. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine accommodation within the context of parent EF. Parents of children between 7 and 17 years of age were recruited as part of a larger study and completed self-report measures of parental accommodation (i.e., Parenting Anxious Kids Rating Scale-Parent Report [PAKRS-PR; n = 80], Family Accommodation Scale-Anxiety [FASA; n = 46]) and several neurocognitive tasks. A series of hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to examine the association between EF and parent accommodation. Results indicated that aspects of planning/organization and inhibitory control approached statistical significance as predictors of parent accommodation as measured by the FASA subscales and the PAKRS-PR, respectively. Potential contributors to the lack of statistical significance, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
An Empirical Model for Automobile Driver Horizontal Curve Negotiation

Continuous recordings of test drivers on rural horizontal curves indicated that test drivers exhibited a non-linear relation in velocity and lateral acceleration at the point of maximum acceleration. A model is proposed which includes a driver aspiration velocity, maximum lateral acceleration tolerance, and an expedience parameter related to the driver's willingness to trade velocity for lateral acceleration. The model provides a good fit to different types of data which include: (1) “relaxed” drive vs. “late for appointment” scenarios; and (2) familiarity of roadway. The empirical models indicate changes in the expedience parameter and aspiration velocity.
Convenient formulas for quantization efficiency

[1] Digital quantization of signals prior to processing results in the insertion of a component of noise resulting from the finite number of quantization levels. In radio astronomy, for example, this is important because the number of levels tends to be limited by increasing sample rates, required by the use of increasingly wide bandwidths. We are here concerned with signals with Gaussian amplitude distribution that are processed by cross correlation. Quantization efficiency is the relative loss in signal-to-noise ratio resulting from the quantization process. We provide a method of calculating the quantization efficiency for any number of uniformly spaced levels, as a function of the level spacing, using formulas that are easily evaluated with commonly used mathematical programs. This enables a choice of level spacing to maximize sensitivity or to provide a compromise between the sensitivity and the voltage range of the input waveform.
Incorporation of sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with mast cell tumours: 20 consecutive procedures

The study hypothesis is that incorporation of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in dogs presenting for mast cell tumour (MCT) removal would impact the recommended adjuvant therapy offered. Nineteen dogs were enrolled having either spontaneously occurring or incompletely excised MCTs. Staging included regional lymph node aspiration. SLN mapping was done with regional lymphoscintigraphy combined with intra-operative lymphoscintigraphy and blue dye. Twenty MCTs in 19 dogs were excised with SLN mapping. Eight dogs had SLNs different from the closest node. Twelve dogs had metastasis in extirpated SLNs, seven occurred in MCTs with a MI ≤ 5. No correlation was noted between patient stage and the c-KIT proto-oncogene. Because of SLN staging, 8 of 19 dogs were offered additional therapy that would have otherwise been excluded. Anatomic sampling of lymph nodes in dogs with MCTs does not accurately reflect which lymph nodes are most likely to be receiving the draining tumour lymph.
Employing the ising representation to implement nonlocal Monte Carlo updating in O(N) models

O(N) ferromagnets, anisotropic or not, with standard nearestneighbour interaction are expressed asN Ising models coupled with certain auxiliary fields. A hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm is then developed. It consists of global updates of the Ising variables using the Fortuin-Kasteleyn representation, combined with ordinary heat-bath or Metropolis updates of the remaining variables. The method generalizes toZ(2N) models. A numerical test forZ(8) at β=1.1 is reported. It reveals a dramatic reduction in critical slowing-down.
Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells and Tolerance

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factors control a wide range of processes in T cells that determine the fate and functions of different T cell populations. The capacity of NFAT to regulate different programs of gene expression is determined by its ability to cooperate with multiple transcription factors and, therefore, integrate calcium signaling, which mediates NFAT activation and shuttling from the cytosol to the nucleus, with other signaling pathways that are engaged under specific conditions and induce the activation of distinct NFAT partners. This article will explore how, by forming specific transcriptional complexes, NFAT regulates events that are responsible for the establishment of T cell tolerance.
A 0.5 /spl mu/m technology for advanced microcontroller applications

The paper describes a modular 0.5 /spl mu/m, n+/p+ poly, Ti-salicided, double poly, triple metal technology combining high performance digital logic, precision analog components and non-volatile memory. The non-volatile memory is a simple, split-gate flash EEPROM which consumes little power during program, erase and read operations. Because of the low power/low voltage operation of individual devices, the overall technology is ideally suited for applications in high speed communication, computing and battery powered portable systems. >
Acetolactate synthase from Brassica napus: Immunological characterization and quaternary structure of the native enzyme

Acetolactate synthase (ALS, AHAS; EC 4. 1. 3. 18) from Brassica napus has been partially purified and characterized using polyclonal antibodies. Following denaturing sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis, 65 and 66 kDa ALS subunit polypeptides were immunologically detected, along with a novel 36 kDa polypeptide which cross-reacted with the anti-ALS antibody. Partial peptide sequencing of the 36 kDa peptide revealed significant similarity to plant aldolase proteins. ALS activity from stromal extracts fractionated by gel filtration chromatography as a single species of estimated molecular mass of 124 kDa, while comparative sedimentation coefficient in glycerol gradients indicated a corresponding molecular mass of 132 kDa. The results suggest that the native enzyme is a dimer of 65 and/or 66 kDa subunits. Anion exchange chromatography resolved two classes of ALS activity of equal native molecular weight, but which exhibited different properties with respect to subunit structure, sensitivity to inhibition by chlorsulfuron and feedback inhibition by branched chain amino acids.
Comparison of Dynamic Moduli for Asphalt Mixtures Determined from Different Geometries and Compactions

The MEPDG (ARA, Inc., “NCHRP 1–37A Final Report: Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures,” NCHRP Program 1–37A Project, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2004) introduces the dynamic modulus as the material property to characterize asphalt concrete. One of the challenges of acquiring the dynamic modulus from existing pavements is the standard dimensions of the test specimen. The specimen size specified in AASHTO TP62–07 (2007, “Standard Method of Test for Determining Dynamic Modulus of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Mixtures,” AASHTO, Washington, D.C.) cannot be obtained from many pavement layers. This study evaluates two other geometries, indirect tension specimens and prismatic specimens, to determine whether the measured dynamic modulus is the same as the modulus obtained from TP62 protocol. This study provides a comparison of the effects of a non-uniform state of stress and anisotropy. These effects are isolated by comparing specimens prepared by Superpave gyratory compaction and vibratory steel-wheel compaction. The comparisons are verified using four 12.5-mm surface course mixtures with different aggregate shapes and binder types, and one 25.0-mm base mixture. The results show that the difference between the dynamic modulus values obtained from different geometries is statistically insignificant. The results provide justification for using alternative methods for acquiring the dynamic modulus experimentally—specifically, for previously constructed pavements.
Breast care consultation center: Role of the pathologist in a multidisciplinary center

The Breast Care Consultation Center (BCCC) is a multidisciplinary center providing, in a single setting, a complete outpatient facility for women who have been diagnosed with or suspected of having breast cancer. A team of specialists are available to provide comprehensive, diagnostic (radiologist, surgeon, and pathologist), therapeutic (surgeon, radiotherapist, and medical oncologist), and support options. The pathologist, as a member of the diagnostic team, evaluates the material obtained or received at the BCCC. These include fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) obtained on-site as well as previously prepared cytohistological specimens. The pathologist renders the diagnosis following examination of the material and consultation with the multidisciplinary team. Thus, this approach is conducive for appropriate and accurate diagnosis where all data are available. In addition, the pathologist discusses the findings of each patient in the multidisciplinary conference. One thousand four hundred eighteen patients were evaluated at Magee-Womens Hospital BCCC from February 1992 through December 1994, during which time 366 FNAs were performed. The accuracy for positive diagnosis was 100%. Six negative cases had cancer on histology; these were due to sampling error (the lesion was missed). A multidisciplinary team is ideal for the evaluation of breast lesions that are suspicious for malignancy as it provides one-stop shopping and same-day diagnosis and therapeutic decisions.
A qualitative analysis of a significant barrier to organ and tissue donation: Receiving less-than-optimal medical care

A key reason for the shortage of transplantable organs and tissue in the United States is the degree of resistance among the public to donating organs and tissue after death. In this article, we explore a single barrier to donation: the concern that medical personnel might provide “less-than-optimal” care to intended donors. Using 2 qualitative methodologies—analysis of family discussions about donation and analysis of in-depth interviews about donation—we explore what participants' discourse reveals about the variations and texture of this concern. The analysis revealed 4 aspects of this concern: (a) Participants expressed different versions of less-than-optimal care, each reflecting different assumptions about how medical personnel may approach the treatment of potential donors. (b) Participants expressed their concerns by describing hypothetical scenarios of medical treatment. These scenarios were designed to play up the plausibility of receiving less-than-optimal care and situated the speaker as the v...
A Comparative Examination of Student Teacher and Intern Perceptions of Teaching Ability at the Preservice and Inservice Stages.

This study investigates how the culminating teacher preparation program (TPP) experience (either student teaching assignment or internship) influences the perceptions teachers report about their ability to perform instructional tasks required of teachers. A multivariate ANOVA test (N = 502) was conducted to compare perceptions of student teachers (those who taught 15 weeks) and interns (those who taught a full academic year) at two points in time—once at the conclusion of their TPP and again after their first year of teaching. Results indicate that overall, student teachers report higher perceptions of their ability to perform instructional tasks than interns do at both the preservice and inservice teacher stages. Interns reported higher scores at the inservice stage on only the mathematics subscale, suggesting that there is some change in self-efficacy as teachers gain teaching experience. Findings suggest that the student teaching context provides more modeling and verbal support and produces teachers w...
971 IMPAIRED PRODUCTION OF IMMUNE (PHA-INDUCED) INTERFERON IN NEWBORNS IS DUE TO A FUNCTIONALLY IMMATURE ACROPHAGE

Previously demonstrated deficiencies of immune PHA-induced interferon (IF) by leucocytes of normal newborns could be the result of a functionally immature T cell, macrophage (macro) or both. We therefore studied PHA-induced (IF) production by macros and T cells from 23 cord and 13 adult bloods. After Fiooll-Hypaque (FH) separation of mononuclear (mono) cells, macros were separated by adherence and cultivated for 7 days. T cells (separated by E-Rosettes) were then added, macro-T cultures were stimulated with PHA, and supernatants harvested at 48 hrs. IF was assessed by a microassay using Trisomy 21 cells and encephalomyocarditis virus challenge. PHA stimulated macro-T cultures of autologous and nonautologous cells (9 adults) showed enhanced IF production (GMT 121±1 SD) as compared to FH mono cells (GMT 42±1 SD). Combinations of adult and cord cells were PHA-stimulated. No IF was detected in supernates from PHA-stimulated FH cord cells alone or macro-T cord combined cultures. Similarly combined cord macro and adult T cells produced minimal IF (GMT 14±3 SD). Cord T cells with adult macros showed enhanced IF production (GMT 195±2 SD). These results indicate that the cord macrophage is primarily responsible for the poor IF PHA induced response since the newborn T cell functions normally in the presence of adult macros. Thus a combination of impaired macro IF production and increased susceptibility of neonatal macro to viral replication may explain the enhanced severity of neonatal viral infections.
Chromosomes and Communication: The Discourse of Genetic Counseling

Amniocentesis is one of the new reproductive technologies, and a new health profession, the genetic counselor, has been developed to communicate medical information to patients about its risks and benefits. In this article I examine the language of genetic counseling as it communicates and miscommunicates not only medical information but also structural power arrangements, social knowledge, and popular meanings about medically defined disability. The analysis—based on two years of field-work in New York City hospitals observing amniocentesis intake interviews, interviewing 30 genetic counselors, and visiting scores of pregnant patients at home—focuses on the multiple understandings that arise at the intersection of professional and popular knowledge in contemporary American life.
Use of a P-element mediated germline transformant to study the effect of gene dosage in cyclodiene insecticide-resistant Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen)

Abstract Susceptibility to cyclodiene insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) has been rescued (restored) by P-element mediated germline transformation of a 40-kilobase cosmid carrying a functional copy of the susceptible gene. The inserted cosmid is carried on chromosome two and the native gene is on chromosome three; thus, up to four alleles can now be crossed into one insect. In this study, we examined the effect of varying the number and ratio of susceptible and resistant alleles of this gene to examine whether resistance was conferred by alteration of the number or affinity of cyclodiene receptors. These experiments show that the heterozygous phenotype is restored in individuals with an even proportion of resistant and susceptible alleles and that susceptibility is independent of allele number. These results are consistent with susceptibility being related to the ratio of sensitive and insensitive receptors, rather than variation in total receptor number. The significance of altered receptor number or affinity in insecticide resistance is discussed.
Effect of Highly Potent Antipseudomonal β-Lactam Agents Alone and in Combination with Aminoglycosides Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The activities of ticarcillin, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and imipenem, formerly known as N-formimidoyl thienamycin, were evaluated alone and in combination with aminoglycosides against 56 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were characterized by aminoglycoside susceptibility and content of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymatic activities. All beta-lactam agents were highly active against aminoglycoside-susceptible isolates, and with few exceptions the aminoglycoside-resistant isolates were susceptible to all of the beta-lactam agents except ticarcillin. Combinations of the beta-lactam agents with aminoglycosides frequently acted synergistically, but the effect of different beta-lactam agents in combination with an aminoglycoside against individual strains was unpredictable. The presence or absence of an aminoglycoside-modifying enzymatic activity had no observed effect on synergism with tobramycin. Killing-curve experiments with strains in the presence of concentrations of a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside that were not bactericidal alone (one-fourth the minimal bactericidal concentration) showed synergistic bactericidal action against four strains that were tested. The results demonstrate the great activity of these newer antipseudomonal beta-lactam agents and their potential for synergism with aminoglycosides.
REPORT OF A PATIENT WITH TYPICAL PROGERIA, INCLUDING DATA FROM URINARY HORMONE STUDIES*

THE syndrome of true progeria, first described by Hutchinson (1) in 1886 and further classified by Gilford (2) in 1904, has been reported since that time only on rare occasions. A recent review of the world literature by Thomson and Forfar(3) lists only 19 reports of typical progeria, including their own patient. Wilkins (4) has recently described another patient. The diagnosis is based on the bizarre appearance of the patient and thus far no definitive biochemical laboratory findings have been established. The description of our patient, W. R., and his photographs are typical of classic progeria. The long period of his followup and the data of his urinary hormone excretion appeared to warrant this report. The necropsy findings reported by Gilford (2), Orrico and Strada (5) and Talbot et al. (6) give supportive evidence to the clinical impression of premature aging. These findings include advanced arteriosclerotic changes, atherosclerosis of the aorta, narrowing of the coronary arteries and calcareous dep...
Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometric Analyses of Human Promonocytic U937 Cell Glycerolipids and Evidence That Differentiation Is Associated with Membrane Lipid Composition Changes That Facilitate Phospholipase A2 Activation

Upon differentiation, U937 promonocytic cells gain the ability to release a large fraction of arachidonate esterified in phospholipids when stimulated, but the mechanism is unclear. U937 cells express group IV phospholipase A2(cPLA2), but neither its level nor its phosphorylation state increases upon differentiation. A group VI PLA2(iPLA2) that is sensitive to a bromoenol lactone inhibitor catalyzes arachidonate hydrolysis from phospholipids in some cells and facilitates arachidonate incorporation into glycerophosphocholine (GPC) lipids in others, but it is not known whether U937 cells express iPLA2. We confirm that ionophore A23187 induces substantial [3H]arachidonate release from differentiated but not control U937 cells, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI/MS) analyses indicate that differentiated cells contain a higher proportion of arachidonate-containing GPC species than control cells. U937 cells express iPLA2 mRNA and activity, but iPLA2 inhibition impairs neither [3H]arachidonate incorporation into nor release from U937 cells. Experiments with phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAPH) and phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitors coupled with ESI/MS analyses of PLD-PAPH products indicate that differentiated cells gain the ability to produce diacylglycerol (DAG) via PLD-PAPH. DAG promotes arachidonate release by a mechanism that does not require DAG hydrolysis, is largely independent of protein kinase C, and requires cPLA2activity. This may reflect DAG effects on cPLA2 substrate state.
B7 costimulation molecules encoded by replication-defective, vhs-deficient HSV-1 improve vaccine-induced protection against corneal disease.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) causes herpes stromal keratitis (HSK), a sight-threatening disease of the cornea for which no vaccine exists. A replication-defective, HSV-1 prototype vaccine bearing deletions in the genes encoding ICP8 and the virion host shutoff (vhs) protein reduces HSV-1 replication and disease in a mouse model of HSK. Here we demonstrate that combining deletion of ICP8 and vhs with virus-based expression of B7 costimulation molecules created a vaccine strain that enhanced T cell responses to HSV-1 compared with the ICP8−vhs− parental strain, and reduced the incidence of keratitis and acute infection of the nervous system after corneal challenge. Post-challenge T cell infiltration of the trigeminal ganglia and antigen-specific recall responses in local lymph nodes correlated with protection. Thus, B7 costimulation molecules expressed from the genome of a replication-defective, ICP8−vhs− virus enhance vaccine efficacy by further reducing HSK.
THERMAL DIFFUSION OF ANTIMONY AND RUTHENIUM IN SILVER

Abstract The thermal-gradient redistribution of antimony and ruthenium in very dilute solid solutions in silver was investigated by radioactive tracer techniques. The concentration of antimony increased considerably at the hot side of the specimens and decreased at the cold side. The steady-state concentration was given by a straight line on a plot of the logarithm of the antimony concentration versus the reciprocal absolute temperature. The redistribution can be described by an unusually large negative heat of transport Q ∗ = (− 29 ± 3) kcal/mole . The kinetic treatment of Wirtz can explain the data if it is assumed that most of the activation energy for migration of antimony atoms is necessary to open up the vacancy into which the atom jumps. This treatment, however, allows a very wide variation in the predicted heat of transport. The concentration profile for ruthenium in silver annealed under a temperature gradient was quite different from any redistribution that could be explained by thermal diffusion alone. No heat of transport could be calculated from the ruthenium distribution.
Flame temperatures from Raman scattering

Abstract Pure rotational, as well as vibrational Raman scattering has been observed from stable diatomic molecules in high-temperature flames. Accurate (rotational) flame temperatures may be determined from the rotational line intensities. For a hydrogen diffusion flame in air T rot (N 2 ) = 1880 ± 21K, T rot (H 2 ) = 1890 ± 80 K, T vib (N 2 ) = 1995 ± 130 K, and T vib (H 2 ) =1900 ± 150 K.
Escherichia coli physiology and metabolism dictates adaptation to diverse host microenvironments

Bacterial growth in the host is required for pathogenesis. To successfully grow in vivo, pathogens have adapted their metabolism to replicate in specific host microenvironments. These adaptations reflect the nutritional composition of their host niches, inter-bacterial competition for carbon and energy sources, and survival in the face of bactericidal defense mechanisms. A subgroup of Escherichia coli, which cause urinary tract infection, bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis, have adapted to grow as a harmless commensal in the nutrient-replete, carbon-rich human intestine but rapidly transition to pathogenic lifestyle in the nutritionally poorer, nitrogen-rich urinary tract. We discuss bacterial adaptations that allow extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli to establish both commensal associations and virulence as the bacterium transits between disparate microenvironments within the same individual.
Virus-lymphocyte interactions. IV. Molecular characterization of LCMV Armstrong (CTL+) small genomic segment and that of its variant, Clone 13 (CTL-).

Abstract Immunocompetent adult mice mount a vigorous cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against the Armstrong (ARM) 53b strain of LCMV after primary inoculation. In contrast, the Clone 13 variant of ARM 53b, originally isolated from the spleen of a persistently infected mouse, suppresses LCMV-specific CTL responses (R. Ahmed et al. (1984) J. Exp Med 60, 521). The induction and generation of CTL maps to the short (S) RNA segment and not the long (L) RNA segment of LCMV (Y. Riviere et al. (1986) J. Immunol. 136, 304). The CTL recognition epitope, expressed in virus-infected target cells, also maps to the S segment of the LCMV ARM genome, and is structurally and functionally intact in Clone 13-infected target cells. Here we report the S RNA sequences of both ARM 53b and its variant Clone 13. Comparison reveals a single amino acid difference. However, sequence divergence at this position also occurs among other strains of LCMV (Pasteur, Traub, WE) which do elicit CTL responses. Hence, (1) the amino acid difference is unrelated to the phenotypic divergence of Clone 13, (2) suppression of the CTL response by Clone 13 is not linked to the CTL recognition epitope, and (3) the structure or function responsible for CTL immunosuppression by Clone 13 most likely maps to the L RNA segment. Further, the availability of the complete S RNA sequence for LCMV ARM and ARM Clone 13 variant allows a detailed comparison with WE (V. Romanowski et al. (1985) Virus Res. 3, 110–114), the only other LCMV S RNA so far sequenced.
Auditory nerve of the normal and jaundiced rat. I. Spontaneous discharge rate and cochlear nerve histology.

Abstract Hyperbilirubinemia is a major problem in neonatal intensive care. Hearing impairment is one of its sequelae. Although lesions of the central auditory pathways are known to be associated with this disorder in both humans and homozygous Gunn rats, the presence of cochlear pathology is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional integrity of the peripheral auditory system in the Gunn rat. The Gunn rat is a mutant of the Wistar strain with congenital deficiency of the liver enzyme uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase which is essential for bilirubin conjugation. This deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with the homozygous animals (jj) showing evidence of bilirubin encephalopathy. The heterozygotes (Jj) have 50% enzyme deficiency and are not jaundiced. The Long-Evans rat served as a control. The approach was to study the discharge characteristics of single auditory nerve fibers using standard procedures in a closed and calibrated sound system. Various response measurements which would reveal pathological processes in the cochlea were analyzed. In this study, spontaneous discharge rate distribution and interspike interval statistics derived from Gunn rat auditory nerve recording were found to be within the normal range, and cochlear nerve histology showed no evidence of neuropathy.
Hydrogen chemisorption and related anion effects on Pt(110) electrodes

Abstract The four primary states of hydrogen adsorption on polycrystalline platinum electrodes are assigned to sites characteristic of (100), (110), and (111) single crystal surfaces. The coupling between hydrogen adsorption and adsorbed sulfuric and hydrochloric acid anions is investigated. Time resolved staircase voltammetry is used to show the absence of a cathodic counterpart to the “third anodic peak”. The results of electrochemical relaxation measurements following small potential step perturbations are given for Pt(110) in sulfuric acid.
The solubility of toluene in aqueous salt solutions

The solubility of toluene has been measured in distilled water, and in various inorganic salt solutions. Values of the Setschenow constant, K(S), which quantify toluene solubility versus salt concentration, have been determined for each salt. Values of K(S) are compared to the activity of water for the salt solutions. Data from this study, consistent with earlier data, suggests that the effects of salts upon toluene solubility are non-additive. This contrasts the additive behavior of inorganic salts upon the solubility of nonpolar organic compounds, such as benzene and naphthalene, reported in the literature. Specific interaction between slightly polar toluene and ions in solution is suggested as a possible explanation for the non-additive effect of salts on the solubility of toluene.