cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IGBT Applications: Financial

High-quality power delivery is essential for data centers and financial institutions because of large economic losses with power outages. This chapter describes measures taken to ensure stable power delivery to computers and servers using uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). These power supplies rely of the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for their designs. Examples of UPS systems developed by various companies are discussed with their circuit topologies and IGBT ratings.
Designing an Epitaxially-Integrated DBR for Dislocation Mitigation in Monolithic GaAsP/Si Tandem Solar Cells

This work explores epitaxially integrated distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) as a strategy to mitigate the impact of threading dislocations on the performance of monolithic GaAs0.75P0.25/Si tandem solar cells. The constraints present because of materials availability and the optical transmission profile of the GaAs0.75P0.25 top cell require the use of an enhanced bandwidth DBR design achieved by combining two narrow-band DBRs with different central wavelengths. The impact of this DBR structure on J SC, along with the competing effects of threading dislocation density (TDD), is investigated using a robust, experimentally informed analytical model. Implementing this DBR within the GaAs0.75P0.25/Si tandem cell structure is predicted to yield a short-circuit current enhancement equivalent to the ∼1.8× reduction in TDD, providing a clear demonstration of its promise as a design methodology for mitigating the impact of non-negligible defect populations.
A Pilot and Feasibility Study to Evaluate Small and Large Bite Fascial Closure Techniques.

Introduction Few randomized controlled studies have been conducted comparing a small to large fascial bite technique, yet recommendations have been made to standardize small bite closures. However, large scale randomized controlled trials require considerable effort and may benefit from a pilot study. Methods This multi-center randomized controlled pilot study of adult patients undergoing median laparotomy incision investigated the feasibility of studying the outcomes between small and large surgical closure techniques. Results Fifty of 100 planned patients consented, 32 patients completed surgery, and 19 patients completed the one-year ultrasound. Enrollment was 2.7 versus 8 patients per month pre/post addition of a study coordinator. Clinical results are summarized for feasibility demonstration purposes, but not analyzed for hypothesis testing. The total cost of the pilot study was $19,152.50 and took 22 months from first surgery to final one-year ultrasound. Conclusions This feasibility assessment demonstrated the complexity of planning a large-scale randomized trial evaluating small and large bite surgical closure technique. To expand this pilot study to a full scaled sample size study would require dedicated personnel and large grant funding.
A fast full-wave algorithm to generate low order electromagnetic scattering models

Segmentation by primary phase factors shows great promise as a tool to accelerate scattering applications. The results show that SPPF-FMOR-PFFT rapidly gencrates accurate full-wave reduced order models that can characterize the scattering from "electromagnetically large" targets over desired frequency ranges with a frequency dependent incident field mid output selection vector. For some of our examples, these results proved to be 10000 times better than previous methods.
High density lipoproteins during hypolipidemic therapy. A comparative study of four drugs.

The high density lipoprotein (HDL) response of 14 hyperlipidemic subjects to four hypolipidemic agents was studied through serial measurement of HDL cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II before and during 3 months each (separated by 2 months off drug) of clofibrate (2 g/day, n = 14), colestipol (20 g/day, n = 12), para-amino salicylic acid-ascorbate (PAS-C, 6–8 g/day, n = 14) taken in random sequence and oxandrolone (7.5 mg/day, n = 11) as the final drug. The maximal effect of each drug appeared by the first monthly evaluation, and A-I, A-II and HDL cholesterol levels returned to pretreatment levels by one month after discontinuation of each agent. With clofibrate, HDL cholesterol increased by 16 ± 20% from baseline (mean ± SD) (P < 0.05), A-I by 11 ± 13% (P < 0.05) and A-II by 39 ± 17% (P < 0.01). During oxandrolone HDL cholesterol declined by 36 ± 20% from baseline (P < 0.01), A-I by 21 ± 13% (P < 0.01), and A-II by 16 ± 11% (P < 0.025). Neither PAS-C nor colestipol exerted major effects on HDL, or any of the variables although both were associated with a slight rise in the A-I/A-II ratio (11 ± 15% and 12 ± 12%, respectively).
High-power radio frequency pulse generation and extraction based on wakefield excited by an intense charged particle beam in dielectric -loaded waveguides

Power extraction using a dielectric-loaded (DL) waveguide is a way to generate high-power radio frequency (RF) waves for future particle accelerators, especially for two-beam-acceleration. In a two-beam-acceleration scheme, a low-energy, high-current particle beam is passed through a deceleration section of waveguide (decelerator), where the power from the beam is partially transferred to trailing electromagnetic waves (wakefields); then with a properly designed RF output coupler, the power generated in the decelerator is extracted to an output waveguide, where finally the power can be transmitted and used to accelerate another usually high-energy low-current beam. The decelerator, together with the RF output coupler, is called a power extractor. At Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA), we designed a 7.8GHz power extractor with a circular DL waveguide and tested it with single electron bunches and bunch trains. The output RF frequency (7.8GHz) is the sixth harmonic of the operational frequency (1.3GHz) of the electron gun and the linac at AWA. In single bunch excitation, a 1.7ns RF pulse with 30MW of power was generated by a single 66nC electron bunch passing through the decelerator. In subsequent experiments, by employing different splitting-recombining optics for the photoinjector laser, electron bunch trains were generated and thus longer RF pulses could be successfully generated and extracted. In 16-bunch experiments, 10ns and 22ns RF pulses have been generated and extracted; and in 4-bunch experiments, the maximum power generated was 44MW with 40MW extracted. A 26GHz DL power extractor has also been designed to test this technique in the millimeter-wave range. A power level of 148MW is expected to be generated by a bunch train with a bunch spacing of 769ps and bunch charges of 20nC each. The arrangement for the experiment is illustrated in a diagram. Higher-order-mode (HOM) power extraction has also been explored in a dual-frequency design. By using a bunch train with a bunch spacing of 769ps and bunch charges of 50nC each, 90.4MW and 8.68MW of extracted power levels are expected to be reached at 20.8GHz and 35.1GHz, respectively. In order to improve efficiency in HOM power extraction, a novel technique has been proposed to suppress unintended modes.
Cation- and Anion-dependent Reassociation of Formyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase Subunits

Abstract Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase purified from Clostridium cylindrosporum and Clostridium acidi-urici exists as a catalytically active tetramer in the presence of specific monovalent cations or as an inactive monomer in their absence. Addition of monovalent cations to the dissociated enzyme causes the monomers to reassociate to the tetramer. The order of cation effectiveness is NH4+ g T1+ g Rb+ ∼ K+ g Cs+ g Na+ ∼ Li+. The rate and the extent of reactivation is influenced by the counter ion. Sulfate and phosphate, for example, stimulate reassociation while thiocyanate, trichloroacetate, and perchlorate completely inhibit the reaction. This effect is attributed to the ability of the anion to alter the "iceberg" structure of water which exists about exposed hydrophobic residues on the monomer. Increasing the ionic strength of the reaction medium results in an increase in both the rate and the extent of reassociation. Difference spectroscopy experiments suggest that aromatic amino acids are buried during reassociation. An investigation of the kinetics of cation-dependent subunit reassociation indicates that reactivation of monomers from C. cylindrosporum is second order with respect to monomer concentration, while reactivation of C. acidi-urici monomers is a first order process. It is proposed that the rate-determining step in the C. cylindrosporum case is the combination of two subunits to form a dimer; in the C. acidiurici case, a conformational change in the subunit, which is rate-limiting, must occur before reassociation is possible. The presence of MgATP at concentrations near its Michaelis constant greatly increases the rate of reassociation of monomers from C. acidi-urici. Preincubation of the monomers with MgATP results in a change in the kinetic order of cation-dependent reassociation from first to second order. This substrate, by binding to the monomer, evidently produces the conformational alteration required for reactivation. Low concentrations of MgATP have no effect on the reactivation of C. cylindrosporum monomers.
Sinusoidal responses of nonlinear signal processing operators

The response of morphological operators to sinusoidal input is studied and compared to that of the standard median filter. It is shown that the morphological operators have performance characteristics that are comparable to those of finite impulse response hybrid median filters. It is further shown that for both the morphological operators and the median filter, a sampling rate significantly higher than the Nyquist rate is needed for the input sine wave to avoid being severely attenuated. >
Analysis of survival in pediatric high-grade brainstem gliomas: A population-based study

Background: The purpose of this study was to use the National Cancer Institutes' Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to perform a large-scale analysis of brainstem anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Use of the SEER database gave us a larger sample size of this rare tumor type, allowing for the analysis of the relationship between prognostic factors and survival. Materials and Methods: We selected pediatric patients (<18 years old) from the SEER database with histologically confirmed diagnoses of primary high-grade gliomas (World Health Organization Grade III/IV) of the brainstem. In univariate and multivariate analysis, we analyzed the relationship between demographic (age, gender, race, diagnosis date), histologic (AA, GBM), and treatment (surgery, radiation) factors on survival. Results: In our cohort of 124 patients, those with AA had a median survival of 13 months and those with GBM 9 months. Higher-grade tumors were associated with statistically significantly increased mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.74, confidence intervals [CIs]: 1.17-2.60). Surgical intervention was associated with a significantly lower mortality, either alone (HR: 0.14, CI: 0.04-0.5) or in combination with radiation (HR: 0.35, CI: 0.15-0.82). Radiation therapy alone was significantly associated with decreased mortality within the first 9 months after diagnosis but not with overall mortality. No demographic characteristics were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions: Outcome remains poor in the pediatric high-grade brainstem glioma population. Survival is correlated with lower-grade tumor histology, radiation therapy only in the first 9 months after diagnosis, and surgical resection.
Reaganomics: Its Impact on the Voluntary Not-for-Profit Sector

In seeking to diminish government's role in financing human services, the Reagan Administration has advocated increased responsibility for the voluntary sector. This analysis of data from a variety of voluntary not-for-profit agencies documents the initial effects of Reaganomics and considers projections for the future of those agencies.
Superplumes from the Core-Mantle Boundary to the Lithosphere: Implications for Heat Flux

Three-dimensional modeling of upper-mantle anelastic structure reveals that thermal upwellings associated with the two superplumes, imaged by seismic elastic tomography at the base of the mantle, persist through the upper-mantle transition zone and are deflected horizontally beneath the lithosphere. This explains the unique transverse shear wave isotropy in the central Pacific. We infer that the two superplumes may play a major and stable role in supplying heat and horizontal flow to the low-viscosity asthenospheric channel, lubricating plate motions and feeding hot spots. We suggest that more heat may be carried through the core-mantle boundary than is accounted for by hot spot fluxes alone.
Volatile budget of Kilauea volcano

The volatile content of magma in the reservoirs of active volcanoes has an important bearing on problems of petrogenesis, magma degassing, eruption mechanisms, eruption forecasting and monitoring and the environmental impact of eruptions. Volcanic gas compositions and the S content of glasses are used to infer the volatile content and the degassing systematics of magma from the Kilauea volcano. Our results are combined with data for Kilauea's magma supply and distribution over the past 27 yr to calculate the volatile budget of the volcano.
Quantitative EEG Findings in Convicted Murderers

SUMMARY In this study we examined the QEEGs of convicted murderers (n = 73) living on death row, referred by attorneys, and compared them to a control group (n = 23) referred for neuropsychological evaluation by physicians, attorneys, or a State Vocational Rehabilitation Department. The individuals living on death row committed murders during robberies, drug deals, rapes, and crimes of passion. They all had suspected or known histories of traumatic brain injury; some had comorbidities of schizophrenia, depression, and other psychiatric diagnoses. The individuals in the control group had a history of head trauma resulting primarily from motor vehicle accidents; a few had the comorbidity of depression. The murderers were randomly divided into two separate groups for comparisons with the control group. Coherence (within broad-band alpha) scores were calculated between all scalp electrode sites and fast-fourier spectral analyses were performed for each channel for two QEEG samples of at least 60 seconds (afte...
Medullary respiratory neuronal activity modulated by stimulation of the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum

The ability of the rostral fastigial nucleus (FNr) of the cerebellum to modulate medullary respiratory neuronal activity was examined in 17 anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated cats. A bipolar stimulating electrode was positioned into the FNr and tungsten microelectrodes used to record units within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), nucleus ambiguus (NA) and nucleus retroambigualis (NRA). Transient stimuli ( or = 20-50 Hz) were delivered during either the inspiratory or expiratory phases; (2) terminated the burst durations of inspiratory (77%) and expiratory (94%) neurons with stimulus-response latencies of 28.2 +/- 3.1 ms (inspiratory) and 29.4 +/- 3.6 ms (expiratory); (3) elicited changes in phrenic neurogram concomitant with the effects noted on medullary neuronal activities; (4) failed to change heart rate and arterial blood pressure; and (5) did not affect medullary neuronal and phrenic nerve activity following kainic acid injection into the FNr. We conclude that activation of the FNr (likely its cell bodies) can modulate the respiratory output via influences on medullary respiratory-related neurons. The primary cerebellar effect across all sub-types of respiratory neurons was early termination.
Epsilon aminocaproic acid reduces transfusion requirements in patients with thrombocytopenic hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) is an antifibrinolytic drug that has been used to control hemorrhage by stabilizing the thrombus. It has been used in thrombocytopenic patients largely on an empiric basis. METHODS Concerns regarding side effects have limited the use of this drug. The authors reviewed their experience with EACA at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation from 1997 to 2003. RESULTS Of 77 patients with thrombocytopenic hemorrhage, 51 (66%) patients achieved a complete response and 13 (17%) patients achieved a partial response, resulting in a decrease in platelet and red blood cell transfusions. Adverse effects were manageable in this set of patients with severe underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS Based on this experience, EACA may be a valuable adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with thrombocytopenic hemorrhage. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
No age differences in complex memory search: Older adults search as efficiently as younger adults

In 2 experiments, the authors investigated age differences in memory search under 4 conditions: forward search, backward search, random search, and fixed irregular search. Both search slopes and serial position curves were investigated. Mixing conditions led to smaller age differences than blocking conditions, suggesting that younger adults have an advantage over older adults when strategies can be applied to memory scanning. All age differences in scanning rates, however, disappeared when age differences in a magnitude-judgment control task were controlled for, showing that age differences in memory scanning tasks are not because of the scanning process per se, but because of attention, sensorimotor speed, and decision processes. In both experiments, the serial position curves of older adults echoed those of younger adults closely, demonstrating that younger and older adults use the same scanning processes.
The role of mothers' and adolescents' perceptions of ethnic-racial socialization in shaping ethnic-racial identity among early adolescent boys and girls.

The current study examined relationships between adolescents’ and mothers’ reports of ethnic-racial socialization and adolescents’ ethnic-racial identity. The sample included 170 sixth graders (49% boys, 51% girls) and their mothers, all of whom identified as Black, Puerto Rican, Dominican, or Chinese. Two dimensions of ethnic-racial socialization (cultural socialization and preparation for bias) were evaluated alongside three dimensions of ethnic-racial identity (exploration, affirmation and belonging, and behavioral engagement). Mothers’ reports of their cultural socialization predicted adolescents’ reports, but only adolescents’ reports predicted adolescents’ ethnic-racial identity processes. Mothers’ reports of preparation for bias predicted boys’ but not girls’ reports of preparation for bias. Again, only adolescents’ reports of preparation for bias predicted their ethnic-racial identity. Thus, several gender differences in relationships emerged, with mothers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of cultural socialization, in particular, playing a more important role in girls’ than in boys’ identity processes. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.
Classification of gravitational waves in a nonsymmetric gravitational theory.

We analyze the polarization properties of weak, plane gravitational waves in theories of gravity containing a nonsymmetric metric. The calculation focuses on the physically observable geodesic-deviation forces that affect gravitational-wave detectors. Considering three different definitions of measurable geodesic deviation, we find that the most general wave may contain up to 12 modes of polarization. For the particular case of the nonsymmetric theory of Moffat, we find that, under two of the three possible definitions of geodesic deviation, the theory admits waves of up to five modes: three transverse, of helicity +- 2 and 0, and two longitudinal, of helicity +- 1. The presence or absence of the latter modes is found to be Lorentz-frame dependent, meaning that it is impossible to characterize such waves in terms of zero-mass particles of definite helicity. We find that this problem may be overcome, leaving Lorentz-invariant modes of helicity +- 2, if the third, ''transposition-invariant,'' definition of measurable geodesic deviation is adopted for this theory. The general formalism developed here may be useful for analyzing other nonsymmetric theories of gravitation.
Variational formulation of linear problems with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions and internal discontinuities

Abstract A variational formulation applicable to linear operators with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions and jump discontinuities is presented. For the formulation to be applicable, the boundary condition and discontinuities have to be consistent with the operator governing the field problem. The problem is set up in a space of suitable continuous bilinear mapping. Thus, operators on inner product spaces, convolution spaces and energy spaces are included as specializations. The basic construction can be used to generate dual-complementary variational principles. Implementation is illustrated by examples. The role of boundary terms in finite element discretizations based on interpolants of limited smoothness is discussed.
The analysis of antinuclear and antinucleolar autoantibodies of scleroderma by radioimmunoprecipitation assays

We have characterized autoantibodies to nuclear and nucleolar antigens in 112 patients with diffuse scleroderma, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias), scleroderma overlap syndromes, or primary Raynaud's phenomenon by indirect immunofluorescence and radiolabeled immunoprecipitation assays. We noted for the first time that anti-Th RNP antibodies represent a common antibody specificity in scleroderma (occurring in 13% of patients with scleroderma-like illnesses) and that anti-NOR 90 antibodies are quite rare in American patients (none found). In addition, we describe 3 new scleroderma-associated autoantibodies.
Extending the Marriage Metaphor as a Way to View Marketing Relationships

ABSTRACT Relationships lie at the center of many marketing activities, and in certain cases are a central focus of a firm's marketing strategy. This review further develops the use of marriage as a useful metaphor for understanding many marketing relationships. Specific attention is given to the nature of a marriage relationship and to the critical transitions and different trajectories that define marriages. Dwyer, Schurr and Oh (1987) point out that far too little is known about these aspects of marketing relationships. We provide a complementary perspective on the issues that will help relationships survive and prosper. Drawing upon work in the area of marriage and family studies, we introduce several aspects of relationship trajectory and discuss implications for marketing conduct and scholarly research.
Factors influencing disease self-management among veterans with diabetes and poor glycemic control.

Although the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has made significant organizational changes to improve diabetes care, diabetes self-management has received limited attention. The purpose of this study is to assess factors influencing diabetes self-management among veterans with poorly controlled diabetes. Surveys were mailed to patients with type 2 diabetes and a HbA1c of 8% or greater who attended 1 of 2 VA Medical Centers in Washington State (n = 1,286). Validated survey instruments assessed readiness to change, self-efficacy, provider advice, and diabetes self-care practices. Our response rate was 56% (n = 717). Most respondents reported appropriate advice from physicians regarding physical activity, nutrition, and glucose monitoring (73%, 92%, and 98%, respectively), but many were not ready to change self-management behaviors. Forty-five percent reported non-adherence to medications, 42% ate a high-fat diet, and only 28% obtained either moderate or vigorous physical activity. The mean self-efficacy score for diabetes self-care was low and half of the sample reported readiness to change nutrition (52%) or physical activity (51%). Individuals with higher self-efficacy scores were more likely to adhere to medications, follow a diabetic meal plan, eat a lower fat diet, have higher levels of physical activity, and monitor their blood sugars (P < .001 for all). Although veterans with poor diabetes control receive appropriate medical advice, many were not sufficiently confident or motivated to make and maintain self-management changes. Targeted patient-centered interventions may need to emphasize increasing self-efficacy and readiness to change to further improve VA diabetes outcomes.
Circuits with Light at Nanoscales: Optical Nanocircuits Inspired by Metamaterials

A form of optical circuitry is overviewed in which a tapestry of subwavelength nanometer-scale metamaterial structures and nanoparticles may provide a mechanism for tailoring, patterning, and manipulating local optical electric fields and electric displacement vectors in a subwavelength domain, leading to the possibility of optical information processing at the nanometer scale. By exploiting the optical properties of metamaterials, these nanoparticles may play the role of "lumped" nanocircuit elements such as nanoinductors, nanocapacitors, and nanoresistors, analogous to microelectronics. I show that this concept of metamaterial-inspired nanoelectronics ("metactronics") can bring the tools and mathematical machinery of the circuit theory into optics, may link the fields of optics, electronics, plasmonics, and metamaterials, and may provide road maps to future innovations in nanoscale optical devices, components, and more intricate nanoscale metamaterials.
Statistical Aspects of Reliability in systems Development

A system reliability program is an operational procedure for obtaining the over-all reliability objectives in the development of a system. The reliability program must be closely integrated with the system developmental activities to assure that the over-all program objectives are fully obtained within the required time scale. The analytical objectives of the system reliability program are twofold. First, the specified system reliability requirements must be apportioned to the subsystems and components to assure adequate equipment design. Second, as component and subsystem design data are made available throughout the development program, this information must be utilized in predicting the System reliability. In predicting system reliability, it is necessary to determine both the component reliability relationships and the individual component failure probabilities. Several statistical methods for determining component reliability are presented; however, the exact methodology must be tailored to the specific system and development program. System reliability can be predicted by utilizing component reliability data together with an adequate analysis of component and subsystem reliability relationships.
Constructing peace scenarios for the Middle East

In the aftermath of the Iraq war, global attention to the resolution of the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict has increased, but the way ahead still seems as difficult as before. The lack of trust on both sides has led to the development of the internationally backed “Road map for peace” that avoids direct negotiation between the parties. This inability to communicate, cooperate and compromise could be alleviated by plausible peace scenarios – stories connecting the future and present for the Middle East. This article reports on the results so far of the Millennium Project’s study to create such scenarios.
Missing checkerboards? An absence of competitive signal in Alnus-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities

A number of recent studies suggest that interspecific competition plays a key role in determining the structure of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities. Despite this growing consensus, there has been limited study of ECM fungal community dynamics in abiotically stressful environments, which are often dominated by positive rather than antagonistic interactions. In this study, we examined the ECM fungal communities associated with the host genus Alnus, which live in soils high in both nitrate and acidity. The nature of ECM fungal species interactions (i.e., antagonistic, neutral, or positive) was assessed using taxon co-occurrence and DNA sequence abundance correlational analyses. ECM fungal communities were sampled from root tips or mesh in-growth bags in three monodominant A. rubra plots at a site in Oregon, USA and identified using Illumina-based amplification of the ITS1 gene region. We found a total of 175 ECM fungal taxa; 16 of which were closely related to known Alnus-associated ECM fungi. Contrary to previous studies of ECM fungal communities, taxon co-occurrence analyses on both the total and Alnus-associated ECM datasets indicated that the ECM fungal communities in this system were not structured by interspecific competition. Instead, the co-occurrence patterns were consistent with either random assembly or significant positive interactions. Pair-wise correlational analyses were also more consistent with neutral or positive interactions. Taken together, our results suggest that interspecific competition does not appear to determine the structure of all ECM fungal communities and that abiotic conditions may be important in determining the specific type of interaction occurring among ECM fungi.
THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON BOOKS FOR DEVASTATED LIBRARIES

Plans for a campaign for books for devastated libraries are getting under way in the United States and Canada. Since the beginning of the war there have been appeals by special groups on behalf of various libraries or the libraries of certain countries. We all know that the best organization and use of material can be achieved only through a joint co‐ordinated effort on behalf of all libraries that have been damaged or destroyed in the war. Launching of such a campaign was deferred for various reasons, but now it seems to be taking its first toddling steps.
Isolation of adaptation mechanisms and photopigment spectra by vitamin A deprivation inDrosophila

Intense short wavelength adaptation converts rhodopsin to a long wavelength absorbing stable metarhodopsin and inactivates R1–6 photoreceptors inDrosophila. In addition to decreasing sensitivity, vitamin A deprivation eliminates this short wavelength induced R1–6 inactivation. A model (Fig. 4) explains this adaptational difference of vitamin A deprivedDrosophila (from normally-reared or high vitamin A supplemented flies) in terms of decreasing photopigment quantity without decreasing membrane adaptation mediating channels. The data and model suggest that 1) photopigment and membrane processes are separate; 2) transduction and adaptational mechanisms are different; and 3) maximal adaptation establishes a steadystate wavelength-specific rhodopsin to metarhodopsin ratio. Sensitivity as a function of wavelength for maximal adapting stimuli was obtained from vitamin A deprivedDrosophila (Fig. 3). These data reflect relative rhodopsin levels. They were used to derive a measure related to spectral sensitivity ofin vivo metarhodopsin spectral absorption characteristics (Fig. 5). The presently reported metarhodopsin spectral function has certain advantages over previously reported electrophysiologically-based functions. It differs fromin vitro data by having an ultraviolet maximum and a shorter wavelength visible maximum. This finding is consistent with current theory on fly vision. The data obtained from vitamin A deprivedDrosophila are similar to data fromCalliphora andMusca; possible adaptational differences among different fly species may be explained by the model which explains differences betweenDrosophila in the vitamin A deprived vs. enriched conditions.
MICROWAVE EMISSION FROM HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMAS

Recent investigations have suggested alarmingly high energy losses from plasmas contemplated in fusion research due to cyclotron radiation. A calculation is made in which it is concluded that the loss is definitely negligible for plasma temperatures less than and most probably greater than 100 kev. The calculation was carried out explicitly for a spatially varying magnetic field characteristic of mirror machines. (W.D.M.)
Lipopolysaccharide core glycosylation in Rhizobium leguminosarum. An unusual mannosyl transferase resembling the heptosyl transferase I of Escherichia coli.

The lipopolysaccharide structure of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum differs from that of Escherichia coli in several ways, one of which is the sugar composition of the core. The E. coli inner core consists of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) and L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (heptose), while the inner core of R. leguminosarum contains 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), mannose, galactose, and galacturonic acid. The two Kdo residues and their linkages appear to be identical in both species. The linkages of heptose in E. coli and of mannose in R. leguminosarum to Kdo are both α1-5. We now characterize a membrane-associated glycosyl transferase in R. leguminosarum extracts that incorporates mannose into nascent lipopolysaccharide, using Kdo2-lipid IVA as the acceptor and GDP-mannose (or synthetic ADP-mannose) as the donor. The mannosyl transferase is associated with the inner membrane. The apparent Km values for GDP-mannose and Kdo2-lipid IVA are 4.3 μM and 7.1 μM, respectively, in the presence of excess co-substrate. Extracts of E. coli do not catalyze GDP-mannose-dependent glycosylation of Kdo2-lipid IVA, but they are active when ADP-mannose is substituted for GDP-mannose. Given the structural similarity of ADP-mannose to ADP-heptose, we examined the possibility that heptosyl transferase I of E. coli (the product of the rfaC gene) catalyzes mannose transfer from ADP-mannose to Kdo2-lipid IVA. Extracts of E. coli mutants defective in the rfaC gene are unable carry out ADP-mannose-dependent glycosylation of Kdo2-lipid IVA. Plasmids bearing rfaC+ not only restore the missing activity but also direct its overexpression. Our assay using ADP-mannose as a substitute for ADP-heptose (which is not readily available) should facilitate the purification and characterization of heptosyl transferase I of E. coli. The GDP-mannose-dependent enzyme of R. leguminosarum may represent a functional equivalent of E. coli RfaC.
WAIS-III IQs, Horn's theory, and generational changes from young adulthood to old age

Abstract This paper examined age changes in intellectual ability across the broad 16- to 89-year age range. The results of two studies, both involving IQs on the recently published WAIS-III, are presented and integrated to address issues concerning the relationship of IQ to age, most notably how this relationship (a) provides greater insight into Horn's expansion and elaboration of fluid-crystallized theory and (b) has changed from one generation to the next when the data are analyzed in the context of data on the WAIS, WAIS-R, and other intelligence tests for adults. Study 1 was a cross-sectional investigation based on standardization data from the WAIS-III manual and data provided by the test publisher that evaluated changes on the three WAIS-III IQs, controlling for the important cohort variable of educational attainment. Study 2 was a longitudinal investigation with independent samples that examined the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs of seven cohorts at three points in time over a span of 17 years. For the latter study, the data source was normative data from the WAIS-R and WAIS-III, with appropriate adjustments for errors due to changes in instrumentation and time lag. Results were interpreted in the context of Horn's theory, especially his distinction between maintained and vulnerable abilities. Differences in age patterns from the 1950s through 1970s versus the 1980s and 1990s were interpreted from the perspective of real generational changes in the age–IQ relationship.
Joseph W. Berg, Jr. (1920-1997)

Joe Berg was a geophysicist who traveled many paths to make important contributions to the advancement of his science. Many of us remember him best as the man who, for more than 20 years, saw to it that the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council fulfilled its mandate to guide the support and development of the geological sciences in the United States. Before coming to the academy in 1966, he had established himself as a university professor of geophysics and a productive researcher in seismology. And if Joe were to have a coat-of-arms, it would combine a violin and a golden retriever—two of his passions.
Capital Constraints and Industry Mix Implications for African-American Business Success

Although not universally appreciated, African-Americans have a long history of entrepreneurial achievements against the odds. African-Americans are more likely to start a business, yet, are less likely to succeed. Well-documented discriminatory practices by industry sectors exclude minorities from lucrative business opportunities. This paper examines participation of African-American owned businesses in key industries to assess implications for revenue generation and hiring potential. While the numbers of African-American owned businesses are increasing; and these firms are providing greater contributions to the socio-economic progress of African Americans and potentially other disadvantaged groups, evidence that African-American owned businesses suffer adversely from unequal access to capital markets and institutional barriers is prevalent. A wealth gap between African-American owned business and non-minority business owners exists and for some industries has widened, as survival of African-American owned business is threaten.
Optimum Signals for Radar

The research reported herein deals with the general problem of the selection of radar waveforms. The investigation is specifically concerned with the synthesis of radar signals which are optimum in the sense that they are characterized by ambiguity surfaces minimized over certain predetermined regions of the ambiguity plane. The weighted ambiguity surface is utilized as the weighted error criterion. This error criterion is mathematically tractable and pertinent to radar system performance but is not unduly restrictive as some orientation parameters are left unspecified for subsequent cost or penalty function analysis. The signal optimization is approached by variational techniques augmented by equality and inequality constraints, for example, limiting the amount of bandwidth or frequency modulation to be less than some system requirement. Several examples are presented demonstrating the optimization techniques and providing a minimum error for the stated problem. It is shown that for any given type of amplitude modulation of the radar signal, the variance or dispersion of the ambiguity surface is not decreased for any type of phase modulation added. The optimum signal for an elliptical weighting function is derived for several cases. The minimum error is shown to depend upon the constraints and the unspecified orientation parameters and, for one case, on the second moment of the signal.
POLICEwomen or PoliceWOMEN?: Doing Gender and Police Work

This work originates from a set of accounts given by female police officers to determine how they construct their identity and their image of themselves in relation to their gender, as they talk ab...
Effects of rest intervals on lower extremity kinematics and coupling during the Star Excursion balance test

Background Kinematic differences exist in ankle joint motion between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI) and have been recognized during walking, running and jumping[1]. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a common test used to evaluate dynamic postural control by measuring reach distance[2]. However, little is known regarding lower extremity joint motion and coupling during this task and regarding the between trial rest interval and its potential relationship to fatigue and kinematics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate lower extremity kinematics and coupling relationships during the SEBT at different rest intervals.
Data fusion for 3D object reconstruction

Recently multisensor data fusion has proven its necessity for computer vision and robotics applications. 3D scene reconstruction and model building have been greatly improved in systems that employ multiple sensors and/or multiple cues data fusion/integration. In this paper, we present a framework for integrating registered multiple sensory data, sparse range data from laser range finders and dense depth maps of shape from shading from intensity images, for improving the 3D reconstruction of visible surfaces of 3D objects. Two methods are used for data integration and surface reconstruction. In the first method, data are integrated using a local error propagation algorithm, which we have developed in this paper. In the second method, the integration process is carried out using a feedforward neural networks with backpropagation learning rule. It is found that the integration of sparse depth measurements has greatly enhanced the 3D visible surface obtained from shape from shading in terms of metric measurements. We also review the current research in the area of multisensor/multicue data fusion for 3D object reconstructions.
Effects of authoritarian, anti-authoritarian, and egalitarian legal attitudes on mock juror and jury decisions.

The effects of authoritarian, anti-authoritarian, and egalitarian legal attitudes on verdicts by simulated jurors and juries were investigated. 360 undergraduate students in introductory psychology...
Role Conflict Between Housework and Child Care

Twenty-seven mothers of preschool children were interviewed to determine what degree of conflict they experienced between the tasks of housework and child care. The components and consequences of h...
Bayesian-based fusion of 2-D and 3-D LADAR imagery

Laser Radar imagers can be designed to provide 2-D or 3-D images of scenes. The 2-D imagers generally possess superior spatial resolution while providing a rough estimate of the range to the target. Newly developed 3-D systems possess the ability to form images of the scene as well as range to every pixel in the scene. The spatial resolution of these systems is typically many times less than those of the 2-D systems. It is the goal of this work to present a statistical method for fusing 2-D and 3-D LADAR imagery. The method is used on simulated LADAR sensor data in order to demonstrate its potential for improving both the range resolution and spatial resolution over what could be achieved alone from either sensor.
A green new deal: why green, how new, and what is the deal?

For nearly two decades, a few thinkers and movements, which are regarded as being ‘progressive’, or even on the traditional ‘left-wing’, in the US, have gravitated toward visions of an ‘eco-sociali...
Symmetrical focal chest uptake in gallium-67 scintigraphy

Deux cas: une sclerodermie et une pneumopathie d'aspiration provoquent des images symetriques
Temperature Effects on Food Contact Surface Properties

Measurable contact surface properties related to surface energy have been suggested to provide direction for prediction and control of fluid food behavior at interfaces. With respect to fouling of heat exchangers, such properties may be useful for development of mathematical models which incorporate surface-related terms. Surface energy parameters for a variety of contact surfaces were recorded at temperatures from 7 to 80°C. A linear dependence was observed between surface energy properties and temperature. This suggests a need to account for temperature influences on surface energy in further development of models which describe surface interactions undergone by food components at temperatures outside of the ambient range.
Soil Disturbance Increases Soil Microbial Enzymatic Activity in Arid Ecoregions

Functional diversity of the soil microbial community is commonly used in the assessment of soil health as it relates to the activity of soil microflora involved in carbon cycling. Soil microbes in different microenvironments will have varying responses to different substrates, thus catabolic fingerprint information of each location-specific community can be obtained. The purpose of this study was to evaluate total-soil enzymatic activity profiles across three disturbance regimes in an arid desert grassland in the Southwestern United States. Microbial enzymatic activity was measured using the MicroResp™ system, which measures respiration of microbes within whole soil samples supplemented with various carbon sources (simple and polymeric sugars, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and fatty acids - tests run in the absence of light). Total bacterial diversity was assessed by 16s DNA pyrosequencing. Microbial activity was greatest and most variable in sites exposed to disturbance (grazing, natural gas extraction). Decoupling the C cycle from the C-fixing cyanobacteria may induce more diverse C uptake pathways associated with a more diverse microbial population. Similarities in taxonomic diversity and C substrate utilization patterns show that, for arid lands, any degradation-enhanced heterogeneity in soil’s biotic and abiotic parameters may drive changes in soils towards higher functional diversity to adapt to the disturbance.
On identifying the optimal number of population clusters via the deviance information criterion.

Inferring population structure using Bayesian clustering programs often requires a priori specification of the number of subpopulations, , from which the sample has been drawn. Here, we explore the utility of a common Bayesian model selection criterion, the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC), for estimating . We evaluate the accuracy of DIC, as well as other popular approaches, on datasets generated by coalescent simulations under various demographic scenarios. We find that DIC outperforms competing methods in many genetic contexts, validating its application in assessing population structure.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ANTITOXIN PRODUCED IN NORMAL AND ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXOID V. PECULIAR ELECTROPHORETIC CONFIGURATION OF SERUM PROTEINS AND PROTEIN-BOUND POLYSACCHARIDES IN CERTAIN ANTITOXIC SERA. DEMONSTRATION OF SERUM CHANGES IN CERTAIN SEVERE MANIFESTATIONS OF ALLERGY.

The method of filter paper electrophoresis was used to study proteins and protein-bound polysaccharides in sera obtained from subjects before and after a single booster dose of diphtheria toxoid, and in sera from allergic subjects. The electrophoretic patterns of precipitating antitoxic sera resembled those found in normal non-immune sera. However, skin-sensitizing antitoxic sera were distinguished by a relatively large beta globulin component and a small or indistinct alpha2 globulin. Fusion of both components was present in some sera containing this variety of antitoxin. Considerable amounts of serum-bound polysaccharides in these sera migrated relatively slowly in contrast to the behavior of polysaccharides of precipitating antitoxic sera which migrated faster when tested under similar conditions. Alterations in proteins and carbohydrates were most readily observed in specimens containing high titers of antitoxin. There were no demonstrable differences between the electrophoretic behavior of sera obtained from subjects before or after immunization with toxoid. Electrophoretic patterns of serum from allergic subjects who developed marked eosinophilia showed attenuation of the alphas globulin associated with a relative preponderance of slow migrating protein-bound polysaccharides. These alterations were not present in sera obtained from the same persons before and after the development of eosinophilia. Changes in the proteins and polysaccharides could not be demonstrated with consistency in subjects with mild to moderate hay-fever symptoms. One person who developed severe acute hay-fever symptoms showed alterations in the beta and alpha2 globulins. Rheumatic fever subjects showed no unusual changes in the distribution of serum components. However, transition from the acute process to convalescence is graphically demonstrated by the marked decreases in gamma and alpha globulins and in protein-bound carbohydrates.