cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statutes of Limitations

The concept of time occupies a relatively uneasy but long-standing and stable position in many legal systems. Statutes of limitations—specifically, procedural rules establishing time limits that regulate a plaintiff's ability to pursue legal actions—flow from legislative and judicial sources, have existed for centuries and today are largely ubiquitous. Their operation includes classifying cases, establishing time limitation periods, and implementing principles of accrual and tolling. Statutes of limitations seek to reconcile competing policy and legal interests. One interest involves the desire for an orderly legal system that resolves claims promptly, efficiently, and equitably, while another involves the desire for the resolution of substantive legal claims and individual justice. The general judicial, legislative, and scholarly ambivalence and unease that moor statutes of limitations are evidence of the relative weights of the competing interests frequently at stake, especially in hard cases, as well as the difficulty of reconciling difficult legal principles. This unease and ambivalence flow also from the structure of statutes of limitations and the difficulties inherent in achieving the goals they are designed to accomplish.
Interpersonal psychotherapy for the prevention of binge-eating disorder and adult obesity in an African American adolescent military dependent boy

Abstract Objective Military adolescent boys report similar levels of disordered-eating as their female counterparts. Yet, interventions for the prevention of full-threshold eating disorders in adolescent boys are lacking. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), an evidenced-based therapy adapted for the prevention of BED and adult obesity, has been studied in adolescent girls, but it is unclear whether IPT might resonate with adolescent boys. Method The current case study elucidates the use of a 12-week IPT group intervention for the prevention of BED and adult obesity in adulthood for an African American adolescent military dependent boy with reported loss-of-control (LOC)-eating, obesity, and elevated mood symptoms. Results LOC-eating and body mass index metrics decreased immediately post-intervention and further decreased by one-year follow-up. Social functioning scores improved and anxiety and depression scores decreased from baseline to one-year follow-up. In contrast to previous observations among girls, these improvements were evidenced without the teen's explicit acknowledgement of the link between mood and eating behaviors. Discussion Although the mechanism of change may manifest differently than for girls, adapted IPT may be an effective intervention strategy for adolescent boys with LOC-eating and obesity who endorse elevated mood symptoms.
Trust in expert versus lay comments in online articles about spanking and car seat safety.

In this study, we experimentally examined parents' perceptions of scientific information about spanking, a controversial topic, and car seat safety, a consensus topic, presented in online news articles. Specifically, we tested whether parents of children ages 2 to 8 years would trust scientific experts (speaking from professional expertise) more than online lay commenters (speaking from personal experience). One hundred and eighty parents across 41 U.S. states were recruited online from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (124 mothers, 56 fathers; 74% White, 9% Black, 8% Latino, 8% Asian, and 1% other or multiple ethnicities). Parents were randomly assigned to read a news article with an expert discussing spanking research that varied by two conditions: The news article contained either anti-spanking lay comments or pro-spanking lay comments. All parents also read a second news article on car seat safety (a consensus topic). Between-condition analyses were used to compare perceptions of the comment conditions, and within-condition analyses were used to compare perceptions of the expert knowledge versus the comments and to compare perceptions of the spanking expert versus the car seat expert. Moderation analyses were used to compare parents' perceptions based on their attitudes toward spanking. Parents with positive attitudes toward spanking recognized pro-spanking comments as opinion, yet still found them more trustworthy than a scientist taking the opposite position. All parents perceived the car seat expert as trustworthy. The results highlight challenges in disseminating information about controversial topics to the public. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Time Token Terhadap Hasil Belajar Bahasa Indonesia Siswa SD

: This research to find out whether there is the influence of the cooperative to time token type learning model on the learning outcomes of Indonesian language speaking skills in fifth grade students of SD Negeri 1 Massepe. This research uses a quantitative approach to the type of experimental research and uses a Pre-Experimental design in the form of One Group Pre-test - Post-test Design. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling technique with a sample of 15 students. The results of hypothesis testing using the One Sample T-Test test obtained a significance of 0.00 (0.00 <0.05) the average score of the pretest was smaller than the average score of the posttest or µ1 ˂ µ2 indicating that H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted which means there are differences in the average results of speaking skills of fifth-grade students of SDN 1 Massepe on Indonesian language subjects between before and after the use of cooperative learning models of time token types. Based on these results it can be concluded that there is the influence of the cooperative to time token type learning model on the learning outcomes of Indonesian speaking skills in fifth grade students of SD Negeri 1 Massepe.
Influence Through Intimidation: Evidence from Business Lobbying and the Regulatory Process

Interest group influence in the policy process is often assumed to occur through a mechanism of exchange, persuasion, or subsidy. Here, we explore how business groups may also exert influence by intimidating policymakers—a form of persuasion, but one based not on the provision of policy information but of political information. We develop a theory where a business firm lobbies a regulator to communicate political information about its capacity to commit to future influence-seeking activities that would sanction the regulator. The regulator assesses the credibility of this message by evaluating the firm’s commitment to lobbying. Guided by our theory, we present evidence consistent with expectations that intimidation can shape regulatory outcomes to the advantage of certain firms, both through a chilling effect, where lobbying derails nascent regulatory plans, as well as a retreating effect, where opposition to published proposals leads to their withdrawal.
New-onset postpartum preeclampsia: epigenetic mechanism and prediction

Placental cytosine (CpG) methylation was measured to predict new-onset postpartum preeclampsia (NOPP) and interrogate its molecular pathogenesis.NOPP was defined as patients with a new diagnosis of...
Vaccine-driven lung TRM cells provide immunity against Klebsiella via fibroblast IL-17R signaling.

Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are thought to play a role in lung mucosal immunity to pathogens, but strategies to elicit TRM by mucosal vaccines have not yet been fully realized. Here, we form...
Valency and Bonding: A Natural Bond Orbital Donor-Acceptor Perspective

This graduate level text presents the first comprehensive overview of modern chemical valency and bonding theory, written by internationally recognised experts in the field. The authors build on the foundation of Lewis- and Pauling-like localized structural and hybridization concepts to present a book that is directly based on current ab-initio computational technology. The presentation is highly visual and intuitive throughout, based on the recognizable and transferable graphical forms of natural bond orbitals (NBOs) and their spatial overlaps in the molecular environment. The book shows applications to a broad range of molecular and supramolecular species of organic, inorganic and bioorganic interest. Hundreds of orbital illustrations help to convey the essence of modern NBO concepts for those with no extensive background in the mathematical machinery of the Schrodinger equation. This book will appeal to those studying chemical bonding in relation to chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry and physics.
The effect of repeat sternotomy during right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.

Objective Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction necessitates frequent reoperation. To understand the early outcomes, we analyzed our results to provide the intra- and postoperative morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that multiple previous sternotomies do not influence the morbidity, mortality, or survival. Design We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent reoperative RVOT reconstruction at the University of Rochester Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical Center from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2009. Patients were divided into three groups based upon the number of previous sternotomies: Group 1 with one, Group 2 with two, and Group 3 with three or more previous sternotomies. Results 220 patients had reoperative RVOT reconstruction, 103 in Group 1, 71 in Group 2, and 46 in Group 3. There was no difference in the percentage of inadvertent cardiotomy between groups (Group 1: 2%, Group 2: 1%, Group 3: 2%; P =.9) The number of previous sternotomies had no effect upon infection, arrhythmia, or the percentage of patients who received a red blood cell transfusion (Group 1: 56%, Group 2: 49% Group 3: 43%; P =.3). Perioperative mortality for the entire group was 3/220 (1.4%), with no difference between groups. At a mean follow-up of 39 months, there was a survival of 98% for Groups 1 and 3 and 97% for Group 2 (P =.7). Conclusion Reoperative RVOT reconstruction can safely be performed with limited morbidity and mortality. The number of previous sternotomies does not influence the rate of cardiotomy, red blood cell transfusion, or early outcome.
The Functional Relationship and Use of Going-in and Going-out Capitalization Rates

In performing a Discounted Cash Flow Analysis for an income-producing property, a traditional rule-of-thumb indicates that the going-out capitalization rate should be one-half to one percent higher...
Toward automatic proof generation for information flow policies in third-party hardware IP

The proof carrying hardware intellectual property (PCHIP) framework ensures trustworthiness by developing proofs for security properties designed to prevent introduction of malicious behaviors via third-party hardware IP. However, converting a design to a formal representation and developing proofs for the desired security properties is a cumbersome task for IP developers and requires extra knowledge of formal reasoning methods, proof development and proof checking. While security properties are generally specific to each design, information flow policies are a set of policies which ensure that no secret information is leaked through untrusted channels, and are mainly applicable to the designs which manipulate secret and sensitive data. In this work, we introduce the VeriCoq-IFT framework which aims to (i) automate the process of converting designs from HDL to the Coq formal language, (ii) generate security property theorems ensuring information flow policies, (iii) construct proofs for such theorems, and (iv) check their validity for the design, with minimal user intervention. We take advantage of Coq proof automation facilities in proving the generated theorems for enforcing these policies and we demonstrate the applicability of our automated framework on two DES encryption circuits. By providing essential information, the trustworthiness of these circuits in terms of information flow policies is verified automatically. Any alteration of the circuit description against information flow policies causes proofs to fail. Our methodology is the first but essential step in the adoption of PCHIP as a valuable method to authenticate the trustworthiness of third party hardware IP with minimal extra effort.
Influence of corticosteroids on interleukin-1β-stimulated equine chondrocyte gene expression.

Objective To compare the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) on expression of selected chondrocyte genes in recombinant equine interleukin-1β (reIL-1β) stimulated articular cartilage explants. Design In vitro experiment. Animals Horses (n = 6). Procedures Articular cartilage explants from 2- to 3- year-old horses were exposed to reIL-1β in the presence and absence of TA and MPA at 10−7 and 10−6 M. Resting levels of mRNA of anabolic and catabolic genes of chondrocyte origin were quantified using qPCR after 6- and 12-hour incubations. Genes of interest included aggrecan interglobular domain, aggrecan, and collagen II, matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 13 (MMP3, MMP 13), aggrecanase 1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 (TIMP 1, TIMP 2), BCL 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2). Results IL-1β significantly influenced the expression of most transcripts. MPA and TA inhibited the induction of MMP 13 at 6 and 12 hours; an effect that was significant at 6 hours with MPA at 10−7 M and TA at 10−6 M. Similarly, COX 2 was induced by reIL-1β and MPA and TA significantly inhibited its upregulation. TIMP 2 expression was reduced by reIL-1β, an effect that was significantly abrogated by MPA and TA. There were no significant differences observed between glucocorticoids for any gene studied. Conclusions No differential effects of MPA or TA on chondrocytic gene expression were identified suggesting that any divergent influences of these glucocorticoids on chondrocyte metabolism are posttranslational.
Use of flow cytometry with fluorescent antibodies in real‐time monitoring of simultaneously inoculated alcoholic‐malolactic fermentation of Chardonnay

Aims: To monitor in real-time the changes in microbial populations and chemistry of grape juice simultaneously inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni. Methods and Results: Viable populations of S. cerevisiae and O. oeni in Chardonnay fermentations were identified and quantified using fluorescent dyes and fluorescently labelled antibodies in a flow cytometric assay. Fermentation chemistry was monitored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, except for malic acid which was measured enzymatically. Malic acid utilization by O. oeni was greatest in the presence of the yeast Cepage. Growth of O. oeni was substantially slower in the presence of the yeast VL1. The three yeasts had similar fermentation rates in the presence and absence of O. oeni. Conclusions: Viable and nonviable yeast and bacterial populations can be rapidly discriminated in simultaneous malolactic-alcoholic wine fermentations using antibodies, fluorescent dyes and flow cytometry. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study using fluorescently labelled antibodies to discriminate and monitor yeast and bacterial populations in wine fermentations and offers a new approach to investigating microbial interactions in wine fermentations.
Secondary schools in Napoleonic Italy (1802–14)

Napoleon conceptualized public education, especially at the secondary level, as a tool designed to unify and strengthen the state. In France, he set up forty-five secondary schools, lycees, characterized by uniformity, a hierarchical structure, centralization, state control, and a standardized curriculum. He exported the French education system to his satellite states to help in ‘frenchifying’ them. This article discusses the establishment of secondary schools, licei, in the Republic and Kingdom of Italy (1802–14), exploring educational legislation and its implementation and the Direzione generale di pubblica istruzione that ran public education. The government created a liceo in each of the twenty-four departments. This article studies academic disciplines, teachers, books, student numbers, and other aspects that concerned the functioning of the schools. It assesses the consequences of the educational reforms and argues that the Napoleonic authorities laid the foundations of a modern public secondary sch...
Recruitment order among motoneurons from different motor nuclei.

Recruitment order among motoneurons from different motor nuclei. The principles by which motoneurons (MNs) innervating different multiple muscles are organized into activity are not known. Here we test the hypothesis that coactivated MNs belonging to different muscles in the decerebrate cat are recruited in accordance with the size principle, i.e., that MNs with slow conduction velocity (CV) are recruited before MNs with higher CV. We studied MN recruitment in two muscle pairs, the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles, and the MG and posterior biceps femoris (PBF) muscles because these pairs are coactivated reliably in stretch and cutaneous reflexes, respectively. For 29/34 MG-LG pairs of MNs, the MN with lower CV was recruited first either in all trials (548/548 trials for 22 pairs) or in most trials (225/246 trials for 7 pairs), whether the MG or the LG MN in a pair was recruited first. Intertrial variability in the force thresholds of MG and LG MNs recruited by stretch was relatively low (coefficient of variation = 18% on average). Finally, punctate stimulation of the skin over the heel recruited 4/4 pairs of MG-LG MNs in order by CV. By all of these measures, recruitment order is as consistent among MNs from these two ankle muscles as it is for MNs supplying the MG muscle alone. For MG-PBF pairings, the MN with lower CV was recruited first in the majority of trials for 13/24 pairs and in reverse order for 9/24 pairs. The recruitment sequence of coactive MNs supplying the MG and PBF muscles was, therefore, random with respect to axonal conduction velocity and not organized as predicted by the size principle. Taken together, these findings demonstrate for the first time, that the size principle can extend beyond the boundaries of a single muscle but does not coordinate all coactive muscles in a limb.
Más allá de la taxonomía: perspectivas para entender la diversidad morfológica en la familia de las Gramíneas (Poaceae)

La familia de las Gramineas (Poaceae) es bien conocida desde el punto de vista taxonomico, con mas de 10.000 especies descriptas, caracterizadas y clasificadas de acuerdo con una variedad de caracteres morfologicos, en particular de la inflorescencia y de la espiguilla, como tambien por una gran cantidad de caracteres micromorfologicos y moleculares. Informacion abundante sobre esta familia es accesible electronicamente. Las filogenias disponibles han identificado 12 linajes principales clasificados como subfamilias, dentro de cada una de ellas, y en particular dentro de la subfamilia Panicoideae, la filogenia se esta revelando con creciente claridad. Los estudios de desarrollo se enfocan en la actividad y el destino de los meristemas de toda la planta, e ilustran como se origina la morfologia adulta. Los analisis de loci de caracteres cuantitativos (QTL) verifican que algunos caracteres taxonomicos son controlados por genes diferentes, apoyando el uso de estos caracteres en la taxonomia. Los estudios de expresion genica identifican varios genes, entre ellos LEAFY HULL STERILE1 , RAMOSA1 , y TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 , que pueden haber contribuido a la diversificacion de las gramineas.
Attribution of ionospheric vertical plasma drift perturbations to large-scale waves and the dependence on solar activity

[1] In this study, we quantify the contribution of individual large-scale waves to ionospheric electrodynamics and examine the dependence of the ionospheric perturbations on solar activity. We focus on migrating diurnal tide (DW1) plus mean winds, migrating semidiurnal tide (SW2), quasi-stationary planetary wave one (QSPW1), and nonmigrating semidiurnal westward wave one (SW1) under northern winter conditions, when QSPW1 and SW1 are climatologically strong. From thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model simulations under solar minimum conditions, it is found that the mean winds and DW1 produce a wave two pattern in equatorial vertical E×Bdrift that is upward in the morning and around dusk. The modeled SW2 also produces a wave two pattern in the ionospheric vertical drift that is nearly a half wave cycle out of phase with that due to mean winds and DW1. SW1 can cause large vertical drifts around dawn, while QSPW1 does not have any direct impact on the vertical drift. Wind components of both SW2 and SW1 become large at middle to high latitudes in the E-region, and kernel functions obtained from numerical experiments reveal that they can significantly affect the equatorial ion drift, likely through modulating the E-region wind dynamo. The most evident changes of total ionospheric vertical drift when solar activity is increased are seen around dawn and dusk, reflecting the more dominant role of large F-region Pedersen conductivity and of the F-region dynamo under high solar activity. Therefore, the lower atmosphere driving of the ionospheric variability is more evident under solar minimum conditions, not only because variability is more identifiable in a quieter background but also because the E-region wind dynamo is more significant. These numerical experiments also demonstrate that the amplitudes, phases, and latitudinal and vertical structures of large-scale waves are important in quantifying the ionospheric responses.
Water-Soluble Thermoresponsive Polylactides

Novel glycolides with pendent oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether substituents were synthesized. Subsequent ring-opening polymerization using 4-tert-butylbenzyl alcohol as the initiator and Sn(2-ethylhexanote)2 as the catalyst yielded homogeneous oligo(ethylene oxide)-grafted polylactides with high molecular weights and low polydispersities. Polymers with short oligo(ethylene oxide) chains (1 or 2 ethylene oxide repeat units) are more hydrophilic than polylactide but insoluble in water, whereas polymers having 3 or 4 ethylene oxide repeat units are water-soluble. Aqueous solutions of polymers with 3 and 4 ethylene oxide repeat units in each pendent chain are thermoresponsive, with lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) at 19 and 37 °C, respectively. The LCST transitions were confirmed by cloud point measurements, variable temperature dynamic light scattering, and changes in line widths measured by variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Application of electrically invisible antennas to the Modulated Scatterer Technique

The modulated scatterer technique (MST) has shown promise for applications in microwave imaging, electric field mapping, and materials characterization. Traditionally, MST scatterers are dipoles centrally loaded with an element capable of modulation (e.g., a p-i-n diode). By modulating the load element, signals scattered from the MST scatterer are also modulated. However, due to the small size of such scatterers, it can be difficult to reliably detect the modulated signal. Increasing the modulation depth (MD; a parameter related to how well the scatterer modulates the scattered signal) may improve the detectability of the scattered signal. In an effort to improve the MD, the concept of electrically invisible antennas is applied to the design of MST scatterers. This paper presents simulations and measurements of MST scatterers that have been designed to be electrically invisible during the reverse bias state of the modulated element (a p-i-n diode in this case), while producing detectable scattering during the forward bias state (i.e., operate in an electrically visible state). The results using the new design show significant improvement to the MD of the scattered signal as compared with a traditional MST scatterer (i.e., dipole centrally loaded with a p-i-n diode).
Determination of calcium, iron and magnesium in rabbit arteries by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract Regional variations in arterial concentrations of Ca, Mg and Fe may influence susceptibility to atherosclerosis. However, investigation of such hypotheses requires the availability of a sensitive, reliable method for the determination of elements in small arterial samples. These biologically important elements are determined in rabbit arteries by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Arterial samples (aorta and iliac arteries) are collected from 4- and 6- to 7-month-old rabbits fed rabbit chow. Closed-vessel microwave acid digestion is used to prepare the samples. The accuracy of the method is tested with a NIST bovine liver (1577b) standard reference material, and the amount of each metal found is within the reported uncertainty in the certified concentration. Also, the recovery from artery samples spiked with 0.5 μg of each metal is nearly 100% (96–105% Ca, 93–105% Fe, and 92–104% Mg). The simultaneous multielement detection of Ca, Fe and Mg at levels more than 1000-fold higher than the detection limit, in arterial samples weighing as little as 5 mg, suggests that this method may be applicable to very small clinical samples or arterial samples from very small animals.
Controlling unstable states in reaction-diffusion systems modeled by time series.

We introduce an algorithm for controlling unstable states of a spatiotemporal system modeled by a time series. Control is achieved by adjusting an external parameter at the boundary. Our time series is taken as the concentration from an experiment modeled by a reaction-diffusion system. It is shown that unstable states can be maintained by performing fluctuations of the concentration at the boundaries, while monitoring the dynamics from an interior spatial point.
Search, rest, and grace in Pascal

For Pascal, how are human beings related, or how do they relate themselves, to the summum bonum in this life? In what sense do they share in it, and how do they come to share in it? These are questions that emerge in many ways in Pascal’s writing, significantly in his concept of repos. To answer these questions, especially by elucidating what repos is for human beings in this life, I would like to begin with Graeme Hunter’s “Motion and Rest in the Pensees”. Hunter’s account of Pascal is important because his purpose is to specifically address how certain aspects of modernity affect how Pascal understood repos. Hunter is certainly correct when he argues that for Pascal, repos is an orderly, directed seeking of truth—what Hunter designates as “search.” However, Hunter’s account of Pascal’s repos falls short of completion, because he neglects a crucial part of Pascal’s articulation of repos: his emphasis on the role of God’s grace in searching. By neglecting Pascal’s emphasis on grace, Hunter inadvertently depicts Pascal as reducing repos to motion, rather than envisioning them together in dialectical unity. I argue that for Pascal, it is correct to say that someone who is anxiously searching has indeed “already found,” but this cannot be solely due to human efforts: rather, it because the whole enterprise is entirely infused by grace.
Emergence of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk for Coronary Artery Disease: The Bogalusa Heart Study

The underlying determinants of cardiovascular risk are governed by both genetic and lifestyle factors. One of the major adverse outcomes of unhealthy lifestyles is obesity, the genesis of which begins in childhood. Obesity, an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, persists (tracks) strongly from adolescent years to adulthood. Secular trends toward increased obesity in the past 25 years have occurred in children and adults alike. Of interest, baseline adiposity precedes hyperinsulinemia in all age groups, independently of race, sex, and baseline insulin levels. Adiposity is an independent predictor of the risk of developing the cluster of risk variables of the metabolic syndrome X, beginning in childhood. Exposure to a multiple risk factor burden over time enhances the development of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertensive cardiovascular disease. In fact, autopsy studies in youths have shown that the extent of fibrotic atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, measured antemortem, increases markedly with the presence of syndrome X risk variables. Further, in overweight children, insulin levels are associated with left ventricular mass. In young people, overnutrition, coupled with physical inactivity, leads to weight gain. Since obesity, unhealthy dietary habits, and a sedentary lifestyle are interrelated and modifiable, prevention and intervention must begin in early life. (c)2001 CHF, Inc.
Frequency locking of an erbium-doped fiber ring laser to an external fiber Fabry - Perot resonator.

An all-fiber, single-frequency, erbium-doped ring laser has been frequency locked to a resonance peak of an external fiber Fabry-Perot resonator by the Pound-Drever technique. In addition, feedback to the mode selection filter in the laser resonator eliminates occasional mode hopping completely, resulting in frequency-locked, stable, single-frequency operation of the laser for periods of several hours.
Transcriptional regulation of tissue-specific genes by the ERK5 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

The ERK5 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) differs from other MAPKs in possessing a potent transcriptional activation domain. ERK5-/- embryos die from angiogenic defects, but the precise physiological role of ERK5 remains poorly understood. To elucidate molecular functions of ERK5 in the development of vasculature and other tissues, we performed gene profile analyses of erk5-/- mouse embryos and erk5-/- fibroblast cells reconstituted with ERK5 or ERK5(1-740), which lacks the transactivation domain. These experiments revealed several potential ERK5 target genes, including a proapoptotic gene bnip3, known angiogenic genes flt1 and lklf (lung Kruppel-like factor), and genes that regulate cardiovascular development. Among these, LKLF, known for its roles in angiogenesis, T-cell quiescence, and survival, was found to be absolutely dependent on ERK5 for expression in endothelial and T cells. We show that ERK5 drives lklf transcription by activating MEF2 transcription factors. Expression of erk5 short hairpin or a dominant-negative form of the ERK5 upstream activator, MEK5, in T cells led to downregulation of LKLF, increased cell size and upregulation of activation markers. Thus, through its kinase and transcriptional activation domains, ERK5 regulates transcriptional responses of cell survival and quiescence critical for angiogenesis and T-cell function.
BDNF‐restricted knockout mice as an animal model for aggression

Mice with global deletion of one brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) allele or with forebrain-restricted deletion of both alleles show elevated aggression, but this phenotype is accompanied by other behavioral changes, including increases in anxiety and deficits in cognition. Here we performed behavioral characterization of conditional BDNF knockout mice generated using a Cre recombinase driver line, KA1-Cre, which expresses Cre in few areas of brain: highly at hippocampal area CA3 and moderately in dentate gyrus, cerebellum and facial nerve nucleus. The mutant animals exhibited elevated conspecific aggression and social dominance, but did not show changes in anxiety-like behaviors assessed using the elevated plus maze and open field test. There were no changes in depression-like behaviors tested in the forced swim test, but small increase in immobility in the tail suspension test. In cognitive tasks, mutants showed normal social recognition and normal spatial and fear memory, but exhibited a deficit in object recognition. Thus, this knockout can serve as a robust model for BDNF-dependent aggression and object recognition deficiency.
Combining corners from multiple segmenters

Pen-based interfaces utilize sketch recognition in order to allow users to sketch complex systems with intuitive input. In order to allow users to freely draw their ideas without constraints, the low-level techniques involved with sketch recognition must be perfected because poor low-level accuracy can impair a user's interaction experience. Stroke segmentation algorithms often employ single, specific techniques in their attempts to splice strokes into primitives used for visual shape representations. These algorithms each have their strengths and weaknesses, and different segmenters find and miss different corners.We introduce a technique to combine polyline corner results from different segmenters by using a variation of feature subset selection. Our feature subset selection algorithm uses a sequential floating backward selection with a mean-squared error objective function in order to find the best subset of corners. By utilizing our combination method, we were able to achieve all-or-nothing accuracies of 0.926 on polyline stroke data.
Scheduling about a large common due date with tolerance to minimize mean absolute deviation of completion times

In this article the problem of minimizing the mean absolute deviation (MAD) of job completion times about an unrestricted given common due date with tolerance in the n-job, single-machine scheduling environment is considered. We describe some optimality conditions and show that the unrestricted version of the MAD problem with an arbitrary due date tolerance is polynomial by proposing a polynomial-time algorithm for identifying an optimal schedule. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS : I. SEPARATION OF SOLUBLE ANTIGEN FROM VIRUS.

The virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis can be sedimented in the ultracentrifuge and washed repeatedly; the virus retains its activity provided that a small amount of normal serum is present in the diluent. A soluble substance capable of fixing complement in the presence of immune serum can be separated from the virus. Washed virus fixes complement poorly. The serologically specific soluble antigen is widely distributed in tissues of infected guinea pigs, mice, and monkeys.
Toward nitrogen neutral biofuel production

Environmental concerns and an increasing global energy demand have spurred scientific research and political action to deliver large-scale production of liquid biofuels. Current biofuel processes and developing approaches have focused on closing the carbon cycle by biological fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and conversion of biomass to fuels. To date, these processes have relied on fertilizer produced by the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, and have not addressed the global nitrogen cycle and its environmental implications. Recent developments to convert protein to fuel and ammonia may begin to address these problems. In this scheme, recycling ammonia to either plant or algal feedstocks reduces the demand for synthetic fertilizer supplementation. Further development of this technology will realize its advantages of high carbon fixation rates, inexpensive and simple feedstock processing, in addition to reduced fertilizer requirements.
148 PIGLET GROWTH AND BLOOD COMPONENTS DURING LACTATION FOLLOWING RECIPROCAL EMBRYO TRANSFER BETWEEN MEISHAN AND WHITE CROSSBRED GILTS

Sow productivity has a significant economic impact on the swine industry and is influenced by several factors, including preweaning piglet mortality. In Western breeds, low birth weight piglets exhibit the greatest susceptibility to preweaning mortality. In contrast, Meishan (MS) piglets have decreased birth weights but lower preweaning mortality rates, suggesting that birth weight is not the sole component of preweaning survival. The objective of the current study was to determine the contributions of the maternal and piglet breed and their interactions on piglet growth and blood components pertaining to survivability during lactation following reciprocal embryo transfer between MS and White crossbred (WC) gilts. Twenty-five successful pregnancies were produced by embryo transfer in 2 farrowing seasons that represented all maternal and piglet breed combinations; MS × MS (n = 4 litters), MS × WC (n = 7 litters), WC × MS (n = 7 litters), and WC × WC (n = 7 litters). At Day 1, 10, and weaning (average weaning age = 18 days), piglets (n = 147, 97, and 94, respectively at Day 1, 10, and weaning) were weighed and blood samples were taken. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, nitrogen, nonesterified fatty acids, albumin, and cortisol were measured in all blood samples. All data were analysed for ANOVA using mixed model procedures. Piglet weights were greater (P < 0.001) throughout lactation in piglets from WC dams regardless of piglet breed. As a result, average daily gains from Days 1 to 10 and weaning were greater (P < 0.05) in piglets from WC dams. There were significant (P < 0.001) maternal × piglet × day interactions for hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in which levels were greatest at Day 1 in MS piglets from WC dams and at Day 10 in MS piglets from MS dams but decreased in WC piglets from WC dams at Day 1. Glucose was greater (P < 0.05) at Day 1 in piglets from WC dams regardless of piglet breed but was greater (P < 0.05) at weaning in WC piglets regardless of maternal breed. Nitrogen was similar at Day 1 for all maternal and piglet breed combinations, but at Day 10 and weaning, nitrogen levels were greater (P < 0.001) in MS piglets regardless of maternal breed. Nonesterified fatty acid was greater throughout lactation in piglets from MS dams irrespective of piglet breed. Albumin was greater (P < 0.05) in MS piglets throughout lactation regardless of maternal breed. Cortisol was not different between the maternal and piglet breed combinations throughout lactation, but cortisol was greater (P < 0.001) at Day 1 compared with Day 10 and weaning. This study demonstrated that piglet growth during lactation was influenced more by maternal breed in favor of WC dams, which supports previous crossbreeding studies. However, blood components pertaining to survivability displayed complex interactions between the piglet and maternal breed, which may signify possible mechanisms for improved preweaning survivability of MS pigs.
Twenty-four-hour prolactin secretory patterns in women with galactorrhea, normal menses, normal random prolacting levels and abnormal sellar tomograms

During a systematic study of women with idiopathic galactorrhea, we observed several patients with normal random serum prolactin (PRL) levels and normal menses, but abnormal sellar tomograms characteristic of a pituitary adenoma. To test the hypothesis that these women might have intermittent PRL hypersecretion, we studied PRL secretion by sampling blood every half hour for 24 h in 10 patients and for 17.5 h in another, and compared the findings to those of a group of 5 normal women. The mean 24-h PRL of the 10 patients (16.8 ± 7.8 ng/ml; mean ± SD) was not significantly different from that of the normal women (13.6 ± 3.2 ng/ml), and each patient showed a normal sleep-associated PRL increment. Three individuals exhibited an abnormally elevated 24-h PRL (> 20 ng/ml). Increased PRL secretion occurred primarily at night or in the afternoon. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration caused normal or exaggerated PRL responses in all patients tested. High resolution CT scanning of two of the hypersecre-tors suggested a microadenoma in one case. In another case whose PRL was normal over 17.5 h, transsphenoidal surgery, carried out because of the tomographic findings and the symptom of headaches, demonstrated a 5-mm chromophobe adenoma that did not contain PRL by immuno-histochemistry. Postoperatively the galactorrhea persisted. We conclude that most women with galactorrhea, normal PRL., normal menses, and abnormal tomograms have normal PRL secretion. However, a minority of patients with this syndrome do demonstrate intermittent PRL hypersecretion. The etiology of intermittent PRL hypersecretion and its relevance to galactorrhea have not been determined. Furthermore the clinical and pathological significance of the “abnormal” tomograms and their relevance to PRL secretion and galactorrhea are not clear.
CRISPR-Induced Distributed Immunity in Microbial Populations

In bacteria and archaea, viruses are the primary infectious agents, acting as virulent, often deadly pathogens. A form of adaptive immune defense known as CRISPR-Cas enables microbial cells to acquire immunity to viral pathogens by recognizing specific sequences encoded in viral genomes. The unique biology of this system results in evolutionary dynamics of host and viral diversity that cannot be fully explained by the traditional models used to describe microbe-virus coevolutionary dynamics. Here, we show how the CRISPR-mediated adaptive immune response of hosts to invading viruses facilitates the emergence of an evolutionary mode we call distributed immunity - the coexistence of multiple, equally-fit immune alleles among individuals in a microbial population. We use an eco-evolutionary modeling framework to quantify distributed immunity and demonstrate how it emerges and fluctuates in multi-strain communities of hosts and viruses as a consequence of CRISPR-induced coevolution under conditions of low viral mutation and high relative numbers of viral protospacers. We demonstrate that distributed immunity promotes sustained diversity and stability in host communities and decreased viral population density that can lead to viral extinction. We analyze sequence diversity of experimentally coevolving populations of Streptococcus thermophilus and their viruses where CRISPR-Cas is active, and find the rapid emergence of distributed immunity in the host population, demonstrating the importance of this emergent phenomenon in evolving microbial communities.
Theory and Methodology in Family Socialization Research

ABSTRACT The status of research on primary socialization in the family is assessed using Kuhn'S concept of paradigm. Data were derived from a content analysis of a twenty-five percent random sample of all articles on family primary socialization published in The Journal of Marriage and the Family and its predecessor, Family Living, from 1939 through 1989. Articles were analyzed according to the following paradigmatic dimensions: image of the subject matter, theory, methodology, purpose and object of study. Evidence is found for both pluralism and hegemony. Pluralism is evidenced from the competition between systems theory and symbolic interaction as dominating theoretical frameworks. A constraining hegemony in research on primary socialization was also identified as use of survey methods, basic purposes, focus on parent-child relationships and the adolescent stage of development. There was a conspicuous lack of concern with linkages of the family to other institutions involved in primary socialization, or...
Behavior Therapy for Depression in Drug Dependence (BTDD): Results of a Stage Ia Therapy Development Pilot

Limited access to positive reinforcers is a central feature in behavioral formulations of substance use and depression, and evidence suggests both disorders share similar environmental contexts. The Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Drug Dependence (BTDD) was developed to target the density of potential reinforcers in a patient's environment to reduce both depression and illicit substance use using therapeutic techniques from three operant based treatment programs, Community Reinforcement Approach, Changing Reinforcement Events, and Treatment-plan Contingency Management. Results of an uncontrolled Stage Ia trial (n = 29), indicated 48% of the participants demonstrated at least a 50% reduction in baseline depression scores during the 16-session treatment program. Those designated as treatment responders completed more out-of-session behavioral activities, attended more treatment sessions, and demonstrated less benzodiazepine use during the program than non-responders. There were no changes in opiate and cocaine use. BTDD may be a useful adjunct to methadone maintenance for treating comorbid depressive disorders.
Nonclinical support of pediatric drug development in a global context: an industry perspective

The earlier inclusion of children into clinical trials has challenged toxicologists to develop nonclinical strategies to support these trials early in the drug development process, and the routine practise of global development strategies (i.e., concomitant development and filing in multiple geographical regions) adds another complication. Ideally, one would like to develop a stagey that would meet regulatory requirements from all regions. This presentation illustrated the challenges faced in developing a strategy regarding the need to perform a toxicity study in juvenile animals and the design of any necessary study that will receive global regulatory agreement. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:269–272, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal Drifts of Streamers across the Heliospheric Current Sheet

Potential field source surface (PFSS) extrapolations of the photospheric magnetic field provide a qualitatively correct model of the coronal magnetic structure. We show that the magnetic structure provided by PFSS describes a framework within which high-density coronal streamers are distributed. However, the density structures have considerable freedom to drift longitudinally along the magnetic structure. Some caution must therefore be taken when using PFSS models as proxies for the coronal density structure. In particular, while measurements of coronal rotation using PFSS models provide an estimate of the large-scale magnetic structure rotation, they are not valid measurements of the density rotation. Furthermore, attempts to assign a consistent rate of rotation to the electron corona over long time periods are not always valid since the movement is dominated by structural reconfiguration. These conclusions are reached by the application of solar rotational tomography to LASCO C2/Solar and Heliospheric Observatory observations during solar minimum (1996-1997), revealing the changing density structure of the equatorial streamer belt at a height of 4 R ?.
Prostaglandin E1, fails to reduce endotoxin-induced pulmonary vascular protein leak in the dog

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) treatment may improve survival in human adult respiratory distress syndrome, but whether it decreases lung injury, improves pulmonary hemodynamics, or alters post-injury lung repair is unclear. We evaluated the effects of PGE1 pretreatment (30 ng/kg/min continuous infusion) on endotoxin-induced lung injury, measured as increases in extravascular protein leak, in the anesthetized dog. Hemodynamic effects of treatment were slight and unsustained. Measurements with a double isotope tracer technique indicated that endotoxin produced a large increase in the protein leak index compared with control (40 − 5 × 10−4 v 16 − 2 × 10−4 cm−1). This increase was unaffected by PGE1 treatment (37 − 6 × 10−4 cm−1) and PGE1 itself had no effect on protein leak (18 ± 10−4 cm−1). Similarly, the increase in gravimetric extravascular lung water (measured as wet to dry weight ratio) with endotoxin was not attenuated by PGE1 (control, 3.9 ± 0.2 g wet/g dry bloodless lung; endotoxin, 4.3 ± 0.5; PGE1 plus endotoxin, 4.8 ± 0.5; PGE1 alone, 3.8 ± 0.2). We conclude that PGE1 does not ameliorate lung injury induced by endotoxin in the dog.