cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Band gap and correlated phenomena in bilayer and trilayer graphene

Graphene and its few layer cousins are unique two-dimensional (2D) systems with extraordinary electrical, thermal, mechanical and optical properties, and they have become both fantastic platforms for exploring fundamental processes and some of the most promising material for next generation electronics. Here we present our transport studies of dual gated suspended bilayer and trilayer graphene devices. At the charge neutrality point, application of an electric field induces a gap in bilayer graphene’s band structure. For high mobility bilayer devices, we observe an intrinsic insulating state with a gap of 2-3 meV and a transition temperature ~5K, which arises from electronic interactions. In ABC-stacked trilayer devices, an insulating state with gap ~25 meV is observed. Our results underscore the rich interaction-induced collective states in few layer graphene and suggest a promising direction for THz technology and high speed low dissipation electronic devices.
Neuroscience in Social Work Practice and Education

Abstract In the past two decades, advances in neuroscience research have revolutionized the scientific community's understanding of branehavior connections. Social work is now taking note of this trend. Specialists in substance abuse, addiction, and co-occurring diagnoses are beginning to relinquish long-held beliefs in mind-body dualism in favor of a truly integrated biopsychosocial understanding. This article identifies challenges related to social work and argues that neurobiological knowledge is essential for a biopsychosocial understanding of substance abuse and addiction, other mental disorders, co-occurring conditions, and human behavior. It gives examples of drawing on neurobiological knowledge for practice applications. These include educating users, families, and providers about neurobiological aspects of substance abuse (psychoeducation); using neuroscience research on mental illness and addiction to develop integrated approaches for dually diagnosed persons; and considering a range of medicati...
Role of the cyclic AMP response element in rat fibronectin gene expression

Fibronectin expression is of considerable importance in normal and fibrotic liver. Plasma fibronectin levels are correlated with good prognosis in liver failure, and cellular fibronectin plays a crucial role in fibrogenesis. In this study, we observed that the H4II rat hepatoma cell line does not express fibronectin. Furthermore, a recombinant vector (pFGH) containing the promoter elements of the fibronectin gene showed no promoter function when transfected into this cell line. However, pFGH was actively expressed in L-cells and rat skin fibroblasts, cell types that express large amounts of endogenous fibronectin. To study the mechanisms regulating fibronectin expression, we evaluated the transcriptional regulatory elements of the rat fibronectin gene by mutational analysis and DNA-protein binding studies
Solvent Effects on the Second Virial Coefficient of Subtilisin and Solubility

Protein−protein interactions of Properase and Purafect subtilisin in solution have been studied by static light scattering as a function of salt type (NaCl, NaSCN) and salt concentration. The second virial coefficient is a measure of two-body protein−protein interactions. The measured second virial coefficients decreased from positive to negative values with increasing salt concentration, showing that protein−protein interaction changed from repulsion to attraction. The second virial coefficient of Properase in NaSCN is lower than that in NaCl, indicating that aggregation is more favorable in NaSCN solution. Moreover, solubility was quantitatively correlated with the second virial coefficient using a theoretically based correlation. To relate the protein interactions to mechanistic contributions, the experimental osmotic second virial coefficients were fitted to a DLVO-type model, consisting of hard sphere, charge−charge electrostatic, dispersion and osmotic attraction potentials, leaving the Hamaker cons...
Structure of 4-amino-3-butyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione: Relation to derivatives with H, Me, Et, and Pr in the 3-position

The compound 4-amino-3-butyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione [crystal data: C6H12N4S, triclinic, P $$ \bar 1$$ , Z = 2, a = 7.546(2), b = 11.217(3), c = 5.681(1) A, α = 103.12(2), β = 91.33(2), γ = 72.41(2)°, V = 445.9(2) A3] contains an essentially planar triazole ring with the butyl group rotated out of the plane by approximately 104°. The molecules form hydrogen-bonded dimers through intermolecular N–H $$ \cdots $$ S interactions involving the thione sulfur atom and the protonated nitrogen atom on the ring. These units are then linked into columns through N–H $$ \cdots $$ N hydrogen bonds between the amine group and the unsubstituted ring N atom of adjacent molecules. The structural features of this compound are compared with those of the corresponding triazoles with H, methyl, ethyl and propyl groups on the 3-carbon.
Thermally Cross-Linkable Hole-Transporting Materials for Improving Hole Injection in Multilayer Blue-Emitting Phosphorescent Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes

One of the most challenging tasks in fabricating multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) is to develop robust hole-transporting materials that possess matched energy level with indium tin oxide (ITO) anode and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of light-emitting polymers to facilitate efficient hole injection and transport. In this article, a series of thermally cross-linkable 4,4′,4′′-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) derivatives have been synthesized to explore their function as efficient hole-transporting materials for blue-emitting electrophorphorescent devices. In particular, their excellent solvent resistance enables them to be used in the double hole-transporting layer (HTL) device configuration to facilitate cascade hole injection. The effects of cross-linking temperature and the functional group on the compatibility between two HTLs are investigated through optical and atomic force microscopy. When vinylbenzyl ether is used as the cross-linking group for TCTA, it shows t...
Selection of bioassay method influences detection of annual bluegrass resistance to mitotic-inhibiting herbicides.

Dinitroaniline-resistant annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) has been reported in several states; however, there are no standardized screening methods for detecting resistance. Research was conducted to evaluate screening techniques (Murashige and Skoog [MS] media, filter paper, hydroponics, and soil based) to detect herbicide resistance to dithiopyr, prodiamine, and pendimethalin in a suspected resistant ecotype of annual bluegrass from Chattanooga, TN (Chattanooga). A senstitive ecotype from Fresno, CA (Control) was also tested. All the bioassays were able to diagnose the ecotype from Chattanooga as resistant to prodiamine and pendimethalin. However, the degree of resistance was highly variable between bioassays. In hydroponics, the amount of prodiamine required to inhibit Chattanooga growth by 50% was 26 times more than Control. Comparatively, in MS media the amount of prodiamine required to inhibit Chattanooga growth by 50% was 80 times more than Control. Minor dithiopyr resistance from the Chattanooga ecotype was detected by the hydroponics, filter-paper and soil-based bioassays. Hydroponics provided the most rapid diagnosis of resistance, accessing resistance for a mature plant in 10 d. The MS-media bioassay had the least amount of confounding variables. These findings highlight the potential variation in results that can occur in mitotic-inhibiting herbicide resistance detection simply on the basis of how plant samples are assayed.
Influence of experimental conditions on nitrogenous excretion by Lake Michigan Mysis relicta (Lovén): laboratory studies with animals acclimated in Fragilaria

In laboratory experiments, rates of excretion of ammonia and urea by Lake Michigan Mysis relicta were compared for animals incubated in the presence and the absence of algal food (Fragilaria crotonensis chemostat outflow). Prior to experiments, all animals were acclimated to laboratory conditions and the experimental food for 2–4 weeks. Algae used in experiments were enriched in the dark with nutrients (N and P) prior to experimental incubation.
Carrier density fluctuation noise in silicon junction field effect transistors at low temperatures

Abstract At temperatures below 125°K fluctuations of the carrier density in the conducting channel region increase the noise in Si JFET's up to 23 db above the usual thermal noise level. Experiments are in good agreement with this model when the field dependence of the carrier mobility is included in the derivation of the noise expressions. The capture coefficients for shallow boron and phosphorus levels in Si are estimated from the noise data at 77°K: c p − = 3·5 × 10 −6 and c n + = 2·3 × 10 −6 cm 3 /sec.
Effects of Metal Ion Type on Ionomer-Assisted Reactive Toughening of Poly(lactic acid)

In this study, toughening of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) through reactive blending with epoxy-containing elastomer and ionomer was investigated. Four commercial ionomers based on the poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) precursor were evaluated in this study, which contained zinc, magnesium, sodium, an lithium ions, respectively. Effects of metal ion type, elastomer/ionomer weight ratio and blending temperature on impact toughness of PLA ternary blends were studied. The toughening effects of metal ions of the ionomers is in the order of Zn > Mg > Li ≈ Na. High blending temperature and high elastomer/ionomer ratio both promoted the effective toughening of the PLA ternary blends. The reactive compatibilization and cross-linking of the epoxy-containing elastomer were analyzed using FT-IR, SEM, dynamic mechanical analysis, and torque rheology. In addition, the effect of metal ion type on thermal degradation of PLA was also examined.
Comparison of subpopulations of tumor cells with altered migratory activity, attachment characteristics, enzyme levels and in vivo behavior

Abstract A murine fibrosarcoma cell line was established in culture and maintained on medium with 10% fetal calf serum. A subpopulation of cells that was adapted to grow in medium with 10% normal human serum was derived from this parent line. The two cell lines were compared with regard to their ability to migrate and to their ability to attach to plastic flasks. Cells from the parent line migrated actively and attached efficiently in medium with fetal calf serum. The migratory activity and attachment efficiency of these cells was greatly reduced, however, in medium with human serum. The human serum-adapted cells migrated and attached almost equally well in either serum. Activities of various enzymes of the two cell lines were compared. The human serum-adapted cells had lower levels of β-glucuronidase, acid-protease and glycosidase activities but elevated levels of neutral protease activity. The ability of these two groups of cells to form tumors in syngeneic mice was compared. The human serum-adapted cells induced tumors in a much lower percentage of the animals than did the parent fibrosarcoma cells. Furthermore, the human serum-adapted cells did not spontaneously metastasize while the parent cells did.
Southwest oregon radio system for the Bonneville Power Administration

THE southwest coast line of Oregon is rugged, primitive, and beautiful. From Gold Beach, near the Oregon-California border, the towns of Port Orford, Bandon, Coos Bay, Reedsport, and Mapleton lie on the sea at the foot of the coast range in a northward sweep of 144 miles.
Marxist challenges to Heidegger on alienation and authenticity

From what has been argued, it should now be apparent how Heidegger's philosophy of the affect, its ontological disclosures and its relation to authenticity might be enlarged to meet certain marxist challenges. The most valuable instruction to be gained from these citicisms, I think, is that which Lukacs offers in the example of Szilasi's intuition of co-presence. Traditional phenomenology needs to enrich its investigations into the social and historical reality of situation. Kosik's point that Heideggerian authenticity lacks the crucial third step (revolutionary change of society) is also profound but again, not incompatiblein se with Heidegger's concept. Alternatively, one might as easily say that Critical Marxism or any Marxist Humanism can still be enriched by certain Heideggerian insights.
Ethanol effects on neonatal rat cortex: comparative analyses of neurotrophic factors, apoptosis-related proteins, and oxidative processes during vulnerable and resistant periods

The developing central nervous system (CNS) is highly susceptible to ethanol, with acute or chronic exposure producing an array of anomalies and cell loss. Certain periods of vulnerability have been defined for various CNS regions, and are often followed by periods of relative ethanol resistance. In the present study, neonatal rats were acutely exposed to ethanol during a time when peak cell death is found in developing cerebral cortex (postnatal day 7; P7), and during a later neonatal period of ethanol resistance (P21). Comparisons at the two ages were made of basal levels of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), and in addition, ethanol-mediated changes in NTFs, apoptosis-related proteins, antioxidant activities, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified at 0, 2, and 12 h following termination of exposure. It was found that at P21, basal levels of NTF nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were considerably higher than at P7, possibly affording protection against ethanol neurotoxicity at this age. Following ethanol treatment at P7, approximately equal numbers of pro-apoptotic and pro-survival changes were produced, although most of the pro-apoptotic alterations occurred rapidly following termination of treatment, a critical period for initiation of apoptosis. At P21, however, the large majority of ethanol-mediated changes were adaptive, favoring survival. We speculate that the capacity of the older CNS to upregulate a number of protective elements within the cellular milieu serves to greatly mitigate ethanol neurotoxicity, while in younger animals, such adjustments are minimal, thus enhancing ethanol vulnerability within this developing region.
Evolution of rifted ocean ridges

Abstract A major question in seafloor tectonics has been, how does the 2-km-deep rift valley characteristic of slow-spreading ridges evolve into the relatively horizontal undulating relief of the rift mountains? Deep-tow studies of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge suggest that the primary mechanism for transformation of the rift valley topography is normal faulting along fault planes which dip away from the valley axis. The faulting occurs in a narrow zone just beyond the outer walls of the rift valley. This model allows for a steady-state evolution of the rift valley into the rift mountains in which the state of stress in the oceanic lithosphere continues to be in horizontal deviatoric tension throughout the entire process. Alternate mechanisms involving reverse faulting or regional tilt may be active but are found to be of less importance. Implications for various dynamic models of the rift valley are discussed.
Confirmation of UAG as a nonsense codon in bakers' yeast by amino acid replacements of glutamic acid 71 in iso-1-cytochrome c.

Abstract The yeast mutant cy1–76 is more than 99% deficient in iso-1-cytochrome c. Twelve intragenic revertants of cy1–76 have approximately normal amounts of iso-1-cytochromes c, which are altered by replacement of glutamic acid 71 with either tryptophan, leucine, tyrosine, serine, glutamine or lysine. It is concluded that position 71 in functioning iso-1-cytochrome c can be radically varied, and that the defect in cy1–76 is a nonsense codon, UAG, corresponding to position 71. Tryptophan is the replacement in 4 of the 12 revertants of cy1–76. Tryptophan is similarly abundant as a replacement of lysine 9 in the previously studied 42 revertants ofcy1–179, but is not a replacement in the 45 previously studied revertants of cyl-9. Since amino acid replacements indicate that either UAA or UAG nonsense mutations occur in all three mutants, these new results confirm the previously recognized distinction between the two nonsense codons: one, evidently UAG, can be reverted to a tryptophan codon, while the other, apparently UAA, cannot; apparently UGA does not encode tryptophan in yeast.
Analogs of Tetrahydrofolic Acid XXXIII: Hydrophobic Bonding to Dihydrofolic Reductase V. Inhibition by Some Pyrimidines Bridged to Benzoic Acid

Folk acid (I), pteroic acid (IV), and a series of 2-amino-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinols bridged from its 5-position to the p -position of bentoic acid with aminopropyl (VII), butyl (X), carbamoylpropyl (XIII), sulfonamidopropyl (XV), and N -acetylamino-propyl (XVI) were compared as inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase. Evidence was presented that VII and X probably had their side chains off of the 5-position of the pyrimidine complexed to the hydrophobic region of the enzyme, whereas XIII, XV, and XVI probably had their side chains complexed to the locus on the enzyme that normally binds the p -aminobenzoyl moiety of folic acid (I).
Empirical regularities in black markets for currency

Abstract This paper develops a model of the black or parallel market foreign exchange rate. This rate is seen to depend upon the level of the official rate, the (unobserved) equilibrium rate, the premium offered for exchange sold through the black market, and government reserve-level policies. The model is then empirically estimated for 10 countries over a period from 1957 through 1983. The results generally support the model specified by theory. Additionally, the paper provides weak-form tests concerning the efficiency of the black market. The results cannot reject the hypothesis that the current black market rate incorporates all relevant historical price information.
Universal fermi gas with two- and three-body resonances.

We consider a Fermi gas with two components of different masses, with the $s$-wave two-body interaction tuned to unitarity. In the range of mass ratio $8.62lM/ml13.6$, it is possible for a short-range interaction between heavy fermions to produce a resonance in a three-body channel. The resulting system is scale invariant and has universal properties, and is very strongly interacting. When $M/m$ is slightly above the lower limit 8.62, the ground state energy of a $2\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$ mixture of heavy and light fermions is less than 2% of the energy of a noninteracting gas with the same number densities. We derive exact relationships between the pressures of the unitary Fermi gases with and without three-body resonance when the mass ratio is close to the critical values of 8.62 and 13.6.
Effect of cavitation on reacting systems

When ultrasound is applied to a liquid reacting system, the reaction rates are often increased. The application of ultrasonics, therefore, provides additional modes of accelerating the reaction rates which are usually not considered by conventional mechanisms. In an attempt to study the effect of ultrasonics on chemical reactions, experimental work was undertaken in which the reaction rates of the hydrolysis of methyl acetate were measured under the presence of ultrasound. The temperature, the vapor pressure with in the cavitating bubbles, the resonance characteristics, the volume of the reacting system, and the intensity and frequency of the ultrasound are all influencing parameters on the reaction rates.
An examination of disciplinary procedures with children

Abstract In Experiment I the effect of the contingent application of negative attention (a verbal reprimand plus a brief period in which the authority person glares intently at the child) and repeated commands on the noncompliant behavior of children was examined. Thirty-two mother-child pairs served as subjects. The results indicated that negative attention decreased noncompliance whereas repeated commands did not. In Experiment II the effectiveness of negative attention, isolation, ignoring, and a combination of procedures (the alternate use of isolation, ignoring, and negative attention with the same subject) in reducing noncompliance and maintaining it at a low level during a recovery period was examined. Twenty-eight mother-child pairs served as subjects. The results indicated that each of the four disciplinary procedures reduced noncompliance. However, negative attention was associated with less off-task behavior than the isolation and combination procedures when discipline was being imposed and a lower level of noncompliance than ignoring during recovery, whereas the combination condiiton was the only procedure that maintained noncompliance during recovery at the treatment level.
What happened to the nationalists in Ukraine

Ukraine's declaration of independence, the long‐sought‐after goal of Ukrainian nationalists, has not led to nationalist ascendancy in post‐Soviet Ukraine. This article examines the weaknesses of nationalist parties and groups and tries to account for this outcome. In addition to strategic mistakes by elites and the structure of Ukrainian society, it suggests that the nationalist discourse is unable to respond to the demands of most people in Ukraine and is associated with failed policies and leaders. It highlights how in key ways the Ukrainian experience has differed from that of other post‐communist ‘nationalizing’ states.
Career staging for girls moving toward (away) from computing careers

In this paper, we examine career lifecycle models and recommend the (re)construction of an IT Career Lifecycle model to explore why the IT profession continues to struggle with the employment of under-represented groups, in general, and school-age young girls, in particular. The major contribution of this research is a holistic model developed to uncover pre-college, formative norms and perceptions of high school girls towards IT careers and the demands associated with thriving in the field. The ultimate objective is to use Stage 1 of an IT Career Lifecycle model (to develop information technology career recruitment and retention strategies to attract girls and minorities to the IT profession) while they are enrolled in primary education. By focusing on Stage 1 of the model, we present propositions regarding the perceptions of the IT field and provide future direction for model testing based on our initial findings using a convenient sample of 411 girls aged fourteen to seventeen. Lastly, while IS literature primarily focuses on career experiences of working professionals, our work shifts the discourse to lend itself to the investigation of the more influential years associated with K-12.
Dinitrogen Complexes of Pincer-Ligated Iridium

Precursors of the fragment (PCP)Ir have been previously reported to react with dinitrogen to give the bridging dinuclear complex [(PCP)Ir]2(N2) (2), which was crystallographically characterized. We...
Evaluation of functional relationships for predicting mainstream smoke constituent machine yields for conventional cigarettes from the Japanese market.

Abstract The objective of this study was to predict mainstream smoke constituent yields for conventional filter cigarette brands on sale in Japan between 2004 and 2005. Mainstream smoke was generated under ISO machine smoking conditions. Developed functional relationships indicate the validity of benchmarking even for a market which is characterized by a diversity of tobacco blend types. Smoke yields were in general well predicted by linear regression with “tar” ( R 2 ⩾ 0.7). Blend-type-sensitive analytes like tobacco-specific nitrosamines showed improved prediction relationships after blend stratification or regressing against nitric oxide (NO, R 2 > 0.7). Relationships calculated from 83 exploratory brands were validated with a subset of 23 validation brands. Seventy-five to one-hundred percent of the validation brand yields were inside the 95% prediction intervals. The mean-relative prediction error over all analytes was 24% after stratification. Smoke constituents yields analyzed in 2002 from 96 Japanese market products were well predicted and indicate the model validity over time. Similar relationships were observed when comparing American blended filter cigarette yields from Japan and worldwide markets. Consistent with reported results from previous benchmark studies and market surveys mainstream smoke constituent yields are well predictable when “tar” (and NO) yields are known.
Capturing the margins: World market prices and cotton farmer incomes in West Africa

Summary World cotton prices soared to record levels in March 2011, reaching $2.20 a pound in contrast to 40–80¢/pound between 2000 and 2010. The price spike serves as a natural experiment that offers insights into the relationship between world cotton prices and producer prices in West Africa. A comparative study of Burkina Faso and Cote d’Ivoire shows that national and regional level processes such as price setting mechanisms, inequalities in knowledge and power, and the oligopsonistic structure of West Africa’s cotton economies exert a strong influence on the share of world market prices that producers ultimately receive.
Projectivities over rings with many units

This paper proves Hua's Theorem and, from this, the Fundamental Theorem of Projective Geometry for the projective line over a commutative ring with “many units”.
Measurement of Bending Deformation for Small Diameter Orthodontic Wires

The stiffness tester and torque meter were found to yield nearly the same measurements of bending deformation for orthodontic wires as small as .007 inch diameter, provided the different bending apparatus are calibrated to each other. Although frictional losses in the test apparatus did not appear to be significant, the test span length does significantly affect measured values of Young's modulus and flexural yield strength, in a manner similar to that previously found for larger-diameter wires.
Photon dose rate from induced activity in the beam stop of a 400 GeV proton accelerator

Abstract Calculated results are presented of the photon dose rate from the induced activity produced in the beam stop of a high-energy proton accelerator. Incident proton energies of 400 GeV, 200 GeV and 30 GeV are considered. In each case the photon dose rate is given as a function of radius in the beam stop and as a function of time after the beam is turned off for assumed operating times of 90 days and 10 years.
Identification of His141 in the Active Site of Bacillus subtilis Adenylosuccinate Lyase by Affinity Labeling with 6-(4-Bromo2,3-dioxobutyl)thioadenosine 5′-Monophosphate

Abstract Adenylosuccinate lyase of Bacillus subtilis is inactivated by 25-400 μM 6-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thioadenosine 5′-monophosphate (6-BDB-TAMP) at pH 7.0 and 25°C. The initial inactivation rate constant exhibits nonlinear dependence on the concentration of 6-BDB-TAMP, implying there is reversible formation of enzyme-reagent complex (KI = 30 ± 4 μM) prior to irreversible modification (kmax = 0.139 ± 0.005 min−1). The tetrameric enzyme incorporates about 1 mol of 6-BDB-[32P]TAMP per mol of enzyme subunit concomitant with complete inactivation. Protection against inactivation and incorporation of [32P]reagent is provided by adenylosuccinate or a combination of AMP and fumarate, whereas either AMP or fumarate alone is much less effective. These observations suggest that 6-BDB-TAMP targets the adenylosuccinate-binding site. Hydrolyzed 6-BDB-TAMP is a competitive inhibitor with respect to adenylosuccinate in the catalytic reaction and also decreases the rate of inactivation by 6-BDB-TAMP. These results account for the decrease in the inactivation rate as the reaction of 6-BDB-TAMP with the enzyme proceeds. Purification by chromatography on dihydroxyboryl-agarose and high performance liquid chromatography of the tryptic digest of inactivated enzyme yields a single radioactive peptide, Thr140-Phe150, as determined by gas-phase sequencing. Modified His141 is the reaction product of 6-BDB-TAMP and adenylosuccinate lyase. We conclude that 6-BDB-TAMP functions as a reactive adenylosuccinate analog in modifying His141 in the substrate-binding site of adenylosuccinate lyase, where it may serve as a general base accepting a proton from the succinyl group during catalysis.
Effects of fexofenadine on the early response to nasal allergen challenge

Background Previous studies using nasal allergen challenge models have shown that terfenadine, an H 1 antihistamine, inhibits histamine release during the early response to allergen provocation. Fexofenadine, the active metabolite of terfenadine, has strong H 1 -antihistaminic activity and no cardiac effects. Clinical studies have documented the efficacy of fexofenadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Objective To determine whether fexofenadine, like terfenadine, inhibits histamine and tryptase release during the early allergic response. Methods Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study in 20 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis, out of their allergy season (median age 27.5 years, 13 males and 7 females). Subjects were medicated with either placebo or fexofenadine 180 mg orally daily for 1 week followed by nasal challenge with allergen. After each challenge, sneezes and nasal symptoms were recorded, and a nasal lavage was obtained for the assay of albumin, an indicator of vascular permeability, and histamine and tryptase, indicators of mast cell degranulation. Results When patients were on placebo, allergen challenges led to significant increases in all measured parameters compared with the sham challenges with diluent. Treatment with fexofenadine resulted in inhibition of allergen-induced symptoms and increased vascular permeability, but not the release of histamine and tryptase. Conclusion Fexofenadine is an effective H 1 antihistamine, but in contrast to its parent compound, terfenadine, it does not affect the release of the mast cell mediators histamine and tryptase.
An Evolutionary Framework for Association Testing in Resequencing Studies

Sequencing technologies are becoming cheap enough to apply to large numbers of study participants and promise to provide new insights into human phenotypes by bringing to light rare and previously unknown genetic variants. We develop a new framework for the analysis of sequence data that incorporates all of the major features of previously proposed approaches, including those focused on allele counts and allele burden, but is both more general and more powerful. We harness population genetic theory to provide prior information on effect sizes and to create a pooling strategy for information from rare variants. Our method, EMMPAT (Evolutionary Mixed Model for Pooled Association Testing), generates a single test per gene (substantially reducing multiple testing concerns), facilitates graphical summaries, and improves the interpretation of results by allowing calculation of attributable variance. Simulations show that, relative to previously used approaches, our method increases the power to detect genes that affect phenotype when natural selection has kept alleles with large effect sizes rare. We demonstrate our approach on a population-based re-sequencing study of association between serum triglycerides and variation in ANGPTL4.
Clinic-based depression screening in lung cancer patients using the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 depression questionnaires: a pilot study

Objectives This study aims to validate the ability to perform depression screening with the patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-2 and PHQ-9 depression modules in a busy, outpatient practice, and to evaluate the prevalence of depression among lung cancer outpatients at our institution.
gem-chloro(trimethylsilyl)allyllithium: A novel ambident nucleophile

Abstract gem-Chloro(trimethylsilyl)allyllithium, Li(Me3SiCClCHCH2), was prepared by the transmetalation reaction between Ph3PbCH2CHC(Cl)SiMe3 and n-butyllithium in THF at −90°C. The terminus at which new bond formation occurs in reactions of this ambident nucleophile appears to be determined by electronic and steric factors. Reactions of this reagent with trimethylchlorosilane, trimethyltin chloride, iodomethane, aqueous HCl, aldehydes (n-C6H13CHO, PhCHO) and ketones (CF3C(O)CH3, PhC(O)CH3, cyclohexanone) were carried out.
An Evaluation of a Master's Degree in K-8 Mathematics and Science: Classroom Practice.

“Evaluation as a particular kind of investigated discipline is distinguished from, for example, traditional empirical research in the social sciences or from literary criticism, criminalistics, or investigative reporting, partly by its extraordinary multidisciplinarity” (Scrivens, 1991, p. 141). It is this unique multidisciplinary feature of evaluation that adds usefulness when determining the effectiveness of programs seeking to integrate mathematics and science teaching and learning across elementary and middle grade levels. In 2005, a K-8 mathematics and science program celebrated its 15th year of service. The program was the result of education, business, and community partnership efforts focused on improving mathematics and science teaching and learning in schools throughout a metropolitan region in the southeastern United States. To date, over 350 K-8 teachers have completed a master's degree through this mathematics and science education program. The director realized that an evaluation of the program would likely provide insights that would benefit not only the efforts of the program but the broader mathematics and science teaching and learning community. Hence, the National Science Foundation (award No. 9815931), which had provided start-up funds for the program responded to this need and provided funding for a longitudinal evaluation of the program. The evaluation was conducted from 1999 to 2004. This article focuses on the evaluation results for years 1 and 2 and addresses the question related to changes in teachers' classroom practice.
Jeong as the Paradigmatic Embodiment of Compassion (Hesed): A Critical Examination of Disparate and Dispostional Jeong

In this article I argue that while jeong is a particular Korean cultural expression, it is also a paradigmatic embodiment of compassion that can enhance the Christian practice of compassion for both Koreans and non-Koreans. Utilizing self psychology, I examine the psychological dynamics behind jeong and demonstrate that jeong is the outward manifestation of the self-selfobject relationships that can facilitate the development of the self and can be seen as developing from an immature to a mature state. This in-depth approach to the psychological examination of jeong also brings forth a more comprehensive understanding of jeong as the distinctions between disparate experiences and the dispositional aspects of jeong and between the life-forming and life-threatening aspects of jeong. I also demonstrate jeong in the relationship between Ruth and Naomi.
Chemical Structures of Fuel-Rich, Premixed, Laminar Flames of 1, 1- C2H4Cl2/CH4/O2/Ar

ABSTRACT Temperature and species mole fraction profiles were determined in atmospheric-pressure, premixed, laminar, flat flames of 1,1-C2H4Cl2 and CH4 under fuel-rich conditions at different Cl/H ratios. Samples were withdrawn from within the flame using a heated microprobe followed by gas analysis by on-line capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mole fraction profiles were determined for all the reactants and for CO.CO2.HCl, H2O, H2.C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, CH3Cl, C2H3Cl, CH2CCl2, CH3CHClCH3, CH2CClCHCH2, C4H4, C4H2C6H6 (benzene), and C10 H8 (napthalene). The role of these species, in view of the current ideas of the mechanism of combustion of 1,1-DCE is discussed and compared to earlier measurements made in l,2-C2H4C12 flames.
Desiccation and the survival of Aesculus, Castanea, and Quercus embryo axes through cryopreservation

Abstract Isolated embryo axes of Aesculus, Castanea, and Quercus were cultured after increasing periods of desiccation. A portion of the dried axes at each harvest were also frozen in liquid nitrogen before culture. In all cases, there was a level of desiccation after which viability decreased, although some desiccation was necessary for the survival of axes through freezing. Thus, for all species tested, there was a window of desiccation during which survival through freezing was maximized. Differences in the level of survival through freezing during this window ranged from complete survival of A. hippocastanum, survival and growth of the root with C. sativa, and callus growth from Quercus sp.
Meaning-Making and Domestic Violence Victim Advocacy: An Examination of Feminist Identities, Ideologies, and Practices

Early domestic violence victim advocacy included survivor-defined, intersectional, and social change practices rooted in feminism. Yet, research specifically examining the ways that advocates identify with and make meaning of feminism, and the relationship of such meanings to advocates’ practices, is limited. Drawing from interviews with 26 domestic violence victim advocates, the interaction between feminist identity, ideology, and practices is examined. Findings indicated that advocates with feminist identities and ideologies held survivor-defined, social change, and intersectional approaches to advocacy. Nonfeminist advocates practiced survivor-defined advocacy, but did not maintain social change or intersectional practices. Implications for advocacy are provided.
MobileGuardian: A security policy enforcement framework for mobile devices

Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are widely used for personal and business uses. Compared to personal mobile subscribers, enterprises have more concerns about mobile device security. The challenges an enterprise may face include unlimited access to corporate resources, lack of encryption on corporate data, unwillingness to backup data, etc. Many of these issues have been resolved by auditing and enforcing security policies in enterprise networks. However, it is difficult to audit and enforce security policies on mobile devices. A substantial discrepancy exists between enterprise security policy administration and security policy enforcement. In this paper, we propose a framework, MobileGuardian, for security policy enforcement on mobile devices. Security policy enforcement is further divided into four issues, i.e., sensitive data isolation, security policy formulation, security policy testing, and security policy execution. The proposed framework is secure, flexible, and scalable. It can be adopted on any mobile platforms to implement access control, data confidentiality, security, and integrity.
Interaction of BDNF and testosterone in the regulation of adult perineal motoneurons.

In androgen-sensitive motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), we investigated the interaction of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and testosterone to understand whether each factor gates the ability of the other to regulate androgen receptor expression and soma size, and whether each factor requires the presence of the other for its action. We axotomized SNB motoneurons and applied BDNF or PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) to the cut ends of the axons in rats that were castrated and treated with either testosterone or placebo. Control groups were either not castrated or not axotomized, or had intact SNB axons and were castrated and treated with testosterone or placebo. We found that testosterone determined the expression of nuclear androgen receptor, and this effect was enhanced by both BDNF and contact with the target muscles. The effect of BDNF on androgen receptor expression was seen only when testosterone was present. In the regulation of soma size, BDNF dominated. The application of BDNF completely compensated for the loss of testosterone in castrated males so that the testosterone effect on soma size was seen only in intact SNB motoneurons and in axotomized motoneurons treated with PBS. Moreover, testosterone increased androgen receptor and soma size in axotomized SNB motoneurons, indicating that testosterone can act on sites other than the target muscles of the SNB to regulate each of these. These results indicate that the regulation of androgen receptor by testosterone does not require BDNF, but the regulation of androgen receptor by BDNF does require testosterone. The regulation of soma size by BDNF does not require high expression of nuclear androgen receptor. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 44: 308–319, 2000
Continuously Tunable Pulsed Ultraviolet Light Source

A technique is described for producing a continuously tunable uv source using the broadband emission from a dye laser as input to a rotatable KDP crystal. A theoretical model is developed based on mixing of emission band components which are spaced equidistant and symmetrically about the part of line that corresponds to maximum SHG (Δk = 0). This model agrees well with the observed spectral line narrowing, relatively high experimental conversion efficiency, and experimental tuning curve.
Physically-Aware N-Detect Test Relaxation

Physically-aware N-detect (PAN-detect) test has been demonstrated to improve defect detection for modern designs. One existing approach for PAN-detect test generation that is applicable for industrial designs generates fully-specified test sets. This work presents a PAN-detect test relaxation methodology that can be applied to both physically-aware test sets as well as arbitrary test sets. The methodology enhances PAN-detect test applicability by allowing test-input values to be unspecified as don’t cares, which can be utilized for test compression, scan-power reduction, and test enrichment. The test quality of the relaxed test set is maintained by preserving the PAN-detect coverage of the original test set. Experiment results demonstrate that the physically-aware N-detect test relaxation approach relaxes, on average, 42% of the test-input values while preserving PAN-detect coverage.
How Industries Evolve

Firms can improve their performance by tailoring investments to ride industry trends rather than to fight them. This article sheds light on how. It argues that better corporate performance hinges on understanding how industries evolve and that the main frameworks currently in use (the five forces and the S-curve/product life cycle models) are incomplete for this purpose. Building on an extensive body of fieldwork and statistical research, the author identifies four basic models of industry evolution which she calls ‘receptive’, ‘blockbuster’, ‘radical organic’, and ‘intermediating’. Each kind of evolution involves specific kinds of risks, and each carries different implications for the relevance of established capabilities and investment priorities.
Family Resources as Resistance Factors for Psychological Maladjustment in Chronically Ill and Handicapped Children

The hypothesis that their psychological adjustment is related in part to resources present in their families was investigated in 153 children, age 4-16, who had one of five chronic physical disorders: juvenile diabetes, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obesity, spina bifida, or cerebral palsy. Their mothers completed standardized psychometric instruments to measure specific dimensions of family psychological and utilitarian resources and of child adjustment. Variation in children's psychological adjustment was related both to their psychological and utilitarian family resources. Psychological family resources contributed uniquely to the prediction of adjustment beyond that provided by utilitarian family resources. These results are discussed as having implications for the identification of chronically ill and handicapped children at risk for adjustment difficulties.
Preventing Nuclear Use: Internationally-Controlled Theater Missile Defenses Among Non- Super-Arsenal States

The current debates over missile defenses in the United States assume that the systems are meant to provide a defense for US territory, allies or troops abroad. This article proposes a different view with significant security potential. Specifically, theater missile defenses should be considered as an international tool to prevent nuclear weapons use among proliferated states by providing a confidence-building measure and slowing crises.
Description and Philosophy of Spectral Methods

We describe the use of spectral methods in computational fluid dynamics. Spectral methods are generally more accurate and often faster than finite-differences. For example, the ∇2 operator in 2 or 3 dimensions is easier to invert with spectral techniques because the spatial dependence of the operator separates in a more natural way. We warn against the use of some of the more common spectral expansions. Bessel series expansions of functions in cylindrical geometries converge poorly. However, other series expansions of the same functions converge quickly. We show how to choose basis functions that give fast convergence and outline the differences between Galerkin, tau, modal, collocation, and pseudo-spectral methods.
Developmental expression of eNOS in postnatal swine mesenteric artery.

Developmental changes in the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) within the mesenteric artery of swine were studied in fetal (110 days postconception/117 days total gestation) an...
Differential assembly of coexpressed glutamate receptor subunits in neurons of rat cerebral cortex

In the rat, subunits of the glutamate receptor family fall into three pharmacologically distinct groups: alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid preferring receptors (Glu R1-4), kainate preferring receptors (Glu R5-7, KA 1, KA 2), and N-methyl-D-aspartate preferring receptors (NMDA R1, NMDA R2A-2D). In the present study, we demonstrate immunocytochemically that the majority of neurons in rat cerebral cortex coexpress members of all three groups of glutamate receptor subunits, Glu R2/3, Glu R5/6/7, and NMDA R1. Using immunoaffinity purified or immunoprecipitated alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, we show that alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors containing Glu R1-4, kainate receptors containing Glu R6, Glu R7, and KA 2 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors containing NMDA R1 each form distinct protein complexes that do not share subunits. Our data indicate that a mechanism exists which allows for the specific assembly of selected glutamate receptor subunits into functionally and structurally distinct heteromeric receptors.
When Seeing Is Knowing: The Role of Visual Cues in the Dissociation between Children's Rule Knowledge and Rule Use.

The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task requires children to switch from sorting cards based on shape or color to sorting based on the other dimension. Typically, 3-year-olds perseverate, whereas 4-year-olds flexibly sort by different dimensions. Zelazo and colleagues (1996, Cognitive Development, 11, 37–63) asked children questions about the postswitch rules and found an apparent dissociation between rule knowledge and rule use, namely that 3-year-olds demonstrate accurate knowledge of the postswitch rules despite sorting cards incorrectly. Here, we show that children’s success with these questions is grounded in their use of available visual cues; children who fail sorting use the target cards to correctly answer questions, and when the cards are unavailable they guess. This suggests that there might not be a dissociation between children’s rule knowledge and rule use in the DCCS.