cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation and Mechanical Analysis of Repeatable Random Rough Surfaces

Natural weathering and wear of structural materials in service nearly always generate surface roughness, and follow the Central Limit Theorem prediction for surface topology. This study couples experimental and statistical theory, to extend knowledge of life of materials from initial service surface conditions through surface damage accumulation. Statistical moments and other parameters were correlated with fracture locations probability (H/N), versus auto correlation length, and depth. As the surface grows to a full Gaussian, H/N increases its dependence on profile’s average and RMS roughness, and derived parameters. This dependence shows an asymptotic limit behavior that approaches agreeably Griffith’s crack criterion, though with multiple fracture locations. Importantly, a Transitional Region was observed, below which the probable location of fracture is uncorrelated to the parameters studied. This is because introduced roughness is insufficient to compete with impurities, internal and external manufacturing flaws, and scratches, due to handling and machining, on the samples.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Small ball problem via wavelets for Gaussian processes

Abstract The recently developed theory of wavelets is used to estimate small ball probability for a class of Gaussian processes including d -dimensional fractional Brownian motion.
Avian Conservation Practices Strengthen Ecosystem Services in California Vineyards

Insectivorous Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) occupy vineyard nest boxes established by California winegrape growers who want to encourage avian conservation. Experimentally, the provision of available nest sites serves as an alternative to exclosure methods for isolating the potential ecosystem services provided by foraging birds. We compared the abundance and species richness of avian foragers and removal rates of sentinel prey in treatments with songbird nest boxes and controls without nest boxes. The average species richness of avian insectivores increased by over 50 percent compared to controls. Insectivorous bird density nearly quadrupled, primarily due to a tenfold increase in Western Bluebird abundance. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the abundance of omnivorous or granivorous bird species some of which opportunistically forage on grapes. In a sentinel prey experiment, 2.4 times more live beet armyworms (Spodoptera exigua) were removed in the nest box treatment than in the control. As an estimate of the maximum foraging services provided by insectivorous birds, we found that larval removal rates measured immediately below occupied boxes averaged 3.5 times greater than in the control. Consequently the presence of Western Bluebirds in vineyard nest boxes strengthened ecosystem services to winegrape growers, illustrating a benefit of agroecological conservation practices. Predator addition and sentinel prey experiments lack some disadvantages of predator exclusion experiments and were robust methodologies for detecting ecosystem services.
Effect of respiratory pattern on ozone injury to the airways of isolated rat lungs

Ozone stimulates the “defensive” C-fibers in the lungs, changing breathing pattern to rapid and shallow. We hypothesized that when ozone is administered to the isolated lung with a rapid shallow breathing pattern rather than a slow deep pattern, relatively less airway epithelial damage would occur. Four groups of isolated buffer perfused rat lungs were exposed to ozone (1 ppm) or to filtered air for 90 min with either a slow deep (SDB, tidal volume 2.4 ml, frequency 40 breaths/min) or a rapid shallow breathing pattern (RSB, tidal volume 1.2 ml, frequency 80 breaths/min), resulting in an equivalent inspired dose. The absorbed dose of ozone did not differ between the exposed groups. Ethidium homodimer-1 was then instilled into the trachea to identify injured airway epithelial cells. The lungs were fixed, the airways were microdissected, and the airway epithelial cells were counterstained with YPRO-1 prior to evaluation with confocal microscopy. Ozone-induced airway epithelial cell injury occurred to a lesser overall degree when lungs were exposed by the RSB pattern (p = 0.003). The relative reduction in injury was greater (p < 0.05) in the proximal axial airway than in its adjacent airway branch and terminal bronchioles. Ozone induced an increase in pulmonary resistance with the SDB pattern but not with the RSB pattern. Thus, at an equivalent dose of inspired ozone, a RSB pattern resulted in less total damage than a SDB pattern and the distribution of protection was heterogeneous with proximal axial airways displaying the greatest relative reductions in epithelial damage.
Systematic approach for describing the geometry of spectrophotometry

In the field of spectrophotometry, the value of the quantities depends upon the geometry under which they are measured. Therefore, it is imperative to completely describe the measurement geometry. Many documentary standards specify the geometry for a particular application. However, to accurately specify the geometry, a general, basic understanding of the relevant parameters for describing the geometry is required. A systematic approach for describing the measurement geometry is presented, which will hopefully have a positive impact on documentary standards. The key to describing the geometry is to consider the illuminator and receiver of the instrument as optical systems with pupils and windows. It is these optical systems, together with the reference plane, that determine the sampling aperture of the instrument. The geometry is then completely described by the relations between the sampling aperture and the optical systems of the illuminator and receiver. These concepts are illustrated by considering three configurations of pupils and windows relative to the focal point of an optical system.
Experiments on Stochastic Cooling of 200 MeV Protons

Equipment for the stochastic cooling of 200 MeV protons in the Fermilab cooler ring has been installed and operated. Vertical and longitudinal cooling systems were installed by early 1980 and had successfully operated by May 1980. Traveling-wave structures particularly effective for the sub-relativistic beam velocities were used for the pickup and kicker electrodes.
The Juneau Terrain-Induced Turbulence Alert System

Abstract The Juneau, Alaska, airport vicinity experiences frequent episodes of moderate and severe turbulence, which affect arriving and departing air traffic. The Federal Aviation Administration funded the National Center for Atmospheric Research to develop a warning system, consisting of carefully placed anemometers and wind profilers, along with data communications, an algorithm, and display, to warn pilots of potentially hazardous situations. The system uses regressions based on comparisons of research aircraft data with measurements from the ground-based sensors to estimate the turbulence intensity along selected flight paths. This paper describes the development of the turbulence warning system, from meteorological characteristics through sensor placement, algorithm construction and evaluation, and display design. The discussion includes how best estimates of winds were made in adverse meteorological and topographic conditions, how turbulence was calculated from aircraft conducting various flight ma...
Oral antipsychotic update: a brief review of new and investigational agents for the treatment of schizophrenia.

This narrative review provides an overview of the three new oral second-generation antipsychotics that have become available in the US: iloperidone, asenapine and lurasidone. Although they are associated with less weight gain and fewer metabolic abnormalities than some of the older second-generation antipsychotics, iloperidone, asenapine and lurasidone have differences that make them unique from each other. Examples of these differences include dosing frequency, specific instructions on dosing with food, titration requirements, and potential association with sedation, extrapyramidal side effects, akathisia, and prolongation of the ECG QT interval. Additional information is provided regarding agents in late stage clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia: cariprazine and brexpiprazole (both are dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists) and bitopertin (a glycine transport inhibitor that may have antipsychotic effects).
Fracture analyses of surface-cracked pipes and elbows using the line-spring/shell model

Abstract The line-spring/shell model proposed by Rice and Levy (1972) and further modified by Parks and co-workers (1981, 1982, 1995) provides an attractive and inexpensive alternative to analyzing surface-cracked structures. This model idealizes the complex three-dimensional surface crack problem in a plate- or shell-like structure as a more tractable two-dimensional problem. Though used in some previous studies, this model has largely been ignored in the study of surface-cracked nuclear piping components. While it is true that the line-spring method has some restrictions, it can provide reasonably accurate predictions of important fracture parameters of cracked components within the domain of its applicability. Through some detailed studies of surface-cracked pipes and elbows, the predictive nature of the line-spring model is demonstrated by comparing its predictions with that of a three-dimensional finite element model as well as with experimental measurements. Excellent comparisons between the predictions of the line-spring/shell and three-dimensional finite element models are shown not only using the three-dimensional finite element calculations performed by the author, but also using the three-dimensional calculations performed by two other independent investigators. It is hoped that the results shown in this paper invalidate the criticisms and reestablish the usefulness and reasonable accuracy of the line-spring mode, within its domain of applicability, in the analyses of surface-cracked structures.
The Rise of the Community-Based Participatory Research Initiative at the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences: An Historical Analysis Using the Policy Streams Model

Background: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an approach to research that seeks equitable and collaborative involvement of community members and researchers in all aspects of the research process. It has moved slowly into the areas of health and public health research. In 1995, the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) launched the first research initiative at NIH specifying the use of the CBPR approach. Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to provide the historical record and to identify factors and events that led to the development of the policy creating the CBPR initiative at NIEHS. Methods: The study used Kingdon's policy streams model as an analysis framework. The policy streams model explains that policies are developed when three "streams" (problem, policy and political) come together at a point called the policy window. Information collected from key informant interviews and document analyses were coded to the components of the policy streams model. Results: The study documented factors and events in each of the three streams of the model. All these occurred about the same time to bring together the three streams, causing the opening of a policy window. This analysis demonstrates an importance of problem awareness and changes in leadership positions or ideology/mood to bring a policy option to the attention of policymakers, and the importance of a policy entrepreneur to advocate for a particular policy when the opportunity arises. Conclusions: Policy entrepreneurs should be alert for opportunities to take advantage of the open policy windows when they emerge, thereby achieving success in moving policy ideas forward.
Precursors of the pyrimidine and thiazole rings of thiamine.

Abstract An investigation of the precursors for de novo synthesis of thiamine was carried out by pulsing log phase cultures of Bacillus subtilis with labeled substrates. It was concluded that the pyrimidine ring is derived primarily from formate, acetate and aspartate, and the thiazole ring totally from alanine and methionine. A scheme is presented suggesting the specific carbons of thiamine which originate from each precursor molecule.
Nucleotide Excision Repair in Yeast Is Mediated by Sequential Assembly of Repair Factors and Not by a Pre-assembled Repairosome

Abstract In yeast and humans, nucleotide excision repair (NER) of ultraviolet (UV)-damaged DNA requires a large number of highly conserved protein factors, which include the multisubunit RNA polymerase II transcription factor TFIIH. Here, we examine whether NER occurs by sequential assembly of different repair factors at the site of DNA damage or by the placement there of a “preformed” repairosome containing TFIIH and all the other essential NER factors. Contrary to the recent report (Svejstrup, J. Q., Wang, Z., Feaver, W. J., Wu, X., Bushnell, D. A., Donahue, T. F., Friedberg, E. C., and Kornberg, R. D.(1995) Cell 80, 21-28), our results provide no evidence for a pre-assembled repairosome; instead, they support the sequential assembly model. By several independent criteria, including co-purification, immunoprecipitation, and gel filtration of homogeneous proteins, we show that the damage recognition factor Rad14 exists in a ternary complex with the Rad1-Rad10 nuclease. We also find that Rad14 interacts directly with Rad1, but only slightly with Rad10, and that it interacts with the Rad1-Rad10 complex much more efficiently than with Rad1 alone. In the reconstituted NER system, a higher level of incision of UV-damaged DNA is achieved with the Rad1-Rad10-Rad14 complex, which we designate as nucleotide excision repair factor-1, NEF-1.
Fast-growth Thermodynamic Integration∶ Results for Sodium Ion Hydration

Slow-growth thermodynamic integration (TI) is a simple method to calculate free energy differences in fluid and macromolecular systems. A recently derived identity (Jarzynski, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2690, 1997) permits the calculation of free energy differences from repeated TIs at arbitrary growth rates. Here, I investigate the quantitative accuracy of the resulting 'fast-growth' TI for the charging of a sodium ion in water. To estimate the corresponding free energy of hydration, I use simple expressions involving the means and variances of the non-equilibrium work.
The Sense of Chromophore Orientation in Films Made by Alternating Polyelectrolyte Deposition

Abstract : Alternating polyelectrolyte deposition (APD) is a technique for fabricating multilayer thin films at room temperature. The substrate is alternately dipped in two different aqueous solutions - one containing a polycation and the other a polyanion. By incorporating chromophores in the polycation and/or polyanion, it has been demonstrated that the APD process can be used to make multilayer second order nonlinear optical polymer films. In addition, a recent encouraging discovery is that these films exhibit a high degree of thermal robustness.
Indications for a hydrogen snoek peak in an NbV alloy

This communication presents results of low frequency internal friction measurements in undoped wire containing 0.034 at.% residual H and wire containing 3.5 and 6.0 at% H. The alloy was 50 at% Nb-50 at% V. 19 refs.
Evaporation at high altitudes and latitudes

Foreword—The writer is under special obligations to Robert E. Horton. for causing the resurrection of the data upon which the following paper is based and to Francois E. Matthes for pointing out their application to glacier-evolution at mountain tops. Walter J. Herz deserves special commendation for serving as pinch computer in preparing the tables. This study of evaporation begun in 1910 represents not so much a finished piece of work entered upon with the refinement of laboratory method as a pioneer effort based upon scant material and observers. Its value lies in the unusual situations in which the measurements were made and their application to the study of the evolution of snow and ice.
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Plasma Alcohol Clearance

The effects of short-term and long-term ascorbic acid supplements on plasma alcohol clearance were studied in 13 clinically healthy male subjects. Two dose levels of alcohol, 0.5 and 0.8 g/kg body weight, were used. Blood samples were taken at zero time, 0.5 hours, then hourly up to 6 hours after alcohol consumption for the measurement of plasma alcohol and ascorbic acid levels, red-cell reduced glutathione level, and plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. At both dosages of alcohol, short-term as well as long-term pretreatment with ascorbic acid significantly enhanced the clearance of plasma alcohol. Although long-term ascorbic acid pretreatment resulted in better alcohol clearance, no significant difference in alcohol clearance was found between short-term and long-term ascorbic acid pretreatment. The two dose levels of alcohol had no significant effect on the red-cell reduced glutathione concentration or plasma alanine aminotransferase activity.
The Flexible Use of Phonological Information in Word Recognition in Korean

Abstract Two experiments assessed word recognition in processes in Korean. The Korean orthography mixes alphabetic and logographic scripts ( Hangul and Hanza , respectively). In the first experiment, native Korean speakers named words printed either in Hangul or in Hanza. One group received 20% Hanza and 80% Hangul, and for the second group these proportions were reversed. Recognition of Hangul words, but not Hanza words, was affected by this manipulation. In the second experiment, subjects read high- and low-frequency Hangul words embedded in a list consisting of additional Hangul words, Hanza words, or Hangul pseudowords. Only in the context of Hanza words did Hangul word frequency affect naming time. These results suggest a flexibility in the use of phonological information in reading alphabetic Korean, and suggest further that a phonological route to word recognition is favored by the shallow Hangul orthography.
Urinary tract infections.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect approximately 25-35% of women between the ages of 20-40 years.1 UTIs account for more than 6,000,000 office visits in the United States per year, with an annual health cost exceeding $1 billion. Twenty percent of women who have a UTI will have more than three recurrences a year, and approximately 250,000 present initially as acute pyelonephritis. Approximately 15-50% of patients with symptoms of acute cystitis are also found to have involvement of the upper urinary tract.2 Sexually active women who develop symptoms of a UTI, namely dysuria, may have one of the following infections: acute urethritis, acute cystitis, or vaginitis. Individuals with vaginal trichomoniasis may also have involvement of the urethra and complain of dysuria.3
The ethics of cultivated gratitude.

Given narrow operating margins, health care organizations are increasingly relying on philanthropy to fund operations. Since individuals provide the majority of philanthropic support, many organizations have expanded their “grateful patient fundraising” programs to include current inpatients, both established donors as well as persons of wealth. While this is legally permissible under HIPAA, it raises substantial ethical concerns for potential coercion of vulnerable patients, as well as unequal care stemming from preferential treatment and provided “amenities.” While some have drawn the analogy to the additional comforts provided to first-class airline passengers, this analogy is flawed because of the potential clinical impact of the opportunities and services provided, especially to merely potential donors. From an ethical perspective, such programs should only provide non-clinical amenities to established donors, and at the same time strive for maximal transparency whereby all patients are assured of equal care and are fully informed of the specific benefits associated with any potential donation.
Effects of dietary lipid and environmental salinity on growth, body composition, and cold tolerance of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus).

Simultaneous, 6-week feeding trials were conducted in which diets containing menhaden, corn, coconut and hydrogenated menhaden oil at 7.0%, plus a diet containing 14% menhaden oil, were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) at two different salinities (5 and 32%.). Weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by diet and salinity. Fish fed the diet containing 14% menhaden oil had the greatest weight gain; whereas, fish fed the diet containing coconut oil gained the least weight. Fish in brackish water had significantly greater weight gain than fish in full-strength seawater over the 6-week period, although fish fed coconut and saturated menhaden oil in brackish water had reduced survival. Dietary lipid also significantly affected muscle and liver total lipid, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, as fish fed the diets containing 14% menhaden oil had higher values for all of these body condition indices. After the feeding trial, fish were subjected to a chronic cold tolerance assay. In the chronic trial, where temperature was gradually reduced over a 3-week period, fish fed the diets containing menhaden oil had significantly lower median lethal temperatures (MLT) than those fish fed the diets containing coconut, corn and saturated menhaden oils. No significant effects of cold exposure were observed on muscle and liver total lipid. Cold exposure prompted a modification in lipid metabolism by lowering total saturated fatty acids and raising (n − 3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the neutral lipid of liver. Fish with the lowest MLT in the chronic assay exhibited signs of conserving (n − 3) HUFA and depleting (n − 6) fatty acids [primarily 18:2 (n − 6)], resulting in higher (n − 3)/(n − 6) ratios in the polar lipid of liver. These data suggest that the lower lethal temperature of juvenile red drum can be reduced through dietary manipulation involving the inclusion of high levels of dietary lipid rich in (n − 3) HUFA.
Statistical parametric signature/sensor/detection model for multispectral mine target detection

A statistical parametric multispectral sensor performance model was developed by ERIM to support mine field detection studies, multispectral sensor design/performance trade-off studies, and target detection algorithm development. The overall model incorporates four components; a mission flight model, a multispectral target and background signature model, a multispectral sensor model, and a multispectral target detection model. Emphasis is placed on estimating the effects of mission multispectral target detection algorithms. Thus, the model ideally supports mission and multispectral sensor trade studies which require optimization of the system's overall target detection performance. The model and a typical example of performance prediction results are presented.
Fusion Based Classification Method And Its Application

Summary Classification algorithms have many applications both in exploration and production seismology. Many classification algorithms have been reported in the literature, such as, seismic facies identification, lithology/fluid prediction, etc. However, improper choice of an algorithm and parameters for a specific problem will create incorrect classification results. Here, we elaborate on some of these issues. Further, we propose combing multiple classifiers with DempsterShafer theory (DS) to increase the accuracy of the classification. The philosophy of our approach is that different classifiers may offer complementary information about the patterns to be classified, combining classifiers in an efficient way can achieve better classification results than any single classifier. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated with a synthetic data test.
History and perspectives of hypocretin/orexin research in sleep medicine

By using forward and reverse genetics, genes involved in the pathogenesis of narcolepsy (hypocretin/orexin ligand and its receptor) in animals have been identified. Mutations in hypocretin-related genes are extremely rare in humans, but hypocretin ligand deficiency is found in many cases. A series of these discoveries are representing the most striking progress in narcolepsy research in the last 100 years, and should continue to contribute to the development of new diagnostic tests and treatments. Impacts of the hypocretin system on sleep physiology have also rapidly increased. Hypocretins/orexins are novel hypothalamic neuropetides discovered outside the sleep research field by using subtractive polymerase chain reaction/reverse pharmacology techniques. Hypocretins are involved in various fundamental hypothalamic functions such as feeding, energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine regulation. Hypocretin neurons project to most ascending arousal systems (including monoaminergic and cholinergic systems), and generally exhibit excitatory inputs. Together with the recent finding of the sleep promoting system in the hypothalamus, especially in the γ-amynobutyric acid (GABA)/Galanin ventrolateral preoptic area, which exhibits inhibitory inputs to these ascending systems, the hypothalamus is now recognized as the most important brain site for the sleep switch. Meanwhile, narcolepsy now appears to be a more complex condition than previously thought. The pathophysiology of the disease is involved in the abnormalities of sleep and various hypothalamic functions caused by the hypocretin deficiency, such as the changes in energy homeostasis. Narcolepsy is thus an important model to study the fundamental hypothalamic function and the links between sleep regulation, energy homeostasis and/or feeding.
Identification of seven rat axonemal dynein heavy chain genes: Expression during ciliated cell differentiation

Abstract Axonemal dyneins are molecular motors that drive the beating of cilia and flagella. We report here the identification and partial cloning of seven unique axonemal dynein heavy chains from rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells. Combinations of axonemal-specific and degenerate primers to conserved regions around the catalytic site of dynein heavy chains were used to obtain cDNA fragments of rat dynein heavy chains. Southern analysis indicates that these are single copy genes, with one possible exception, and Northern analysis of RNA from RTE cells shows a transcript of approximately 15 kb for each gene. Expression of these genes was restricted to tissues containing axonemes (trachea, testis, and brain). A time course analysis during ciliated cell differentiation of RTE cells in culture demonstrated that the expression of axonemal dynein heavy chains correlated with the development of ciliated cells, while cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain expression remained constant. In addition, factors that regulate the development of ciliated cells in culture regulated the expression of axonemal dynein heavy chains in a parallel fashion. These are the first mammalian dynein heavy chain genes shown to be expressed specifically in axonemal tissues. Identification of the mechanisms that regulate the cell-specific expression of these axonemal dynein heavy chains will further our understanding of the process of ciliated cell differentiation.
eTAMIS: endoscopic visualization for transanal minimally invasive surgery.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgical (TEM) resection is associated with improved outcomes compared to transanal excision of rectal lesions. However, TEM equipment requires additional operative setup time, and tumor location dictates patient positioning. In 2010, Drs. Attallah, Albert, and Larach developed an alternative technique, transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS). Herein, we describe our novel experience using endoscopic visualization to perform TAMIS (eTAMIS) to remove a large rectal polyp. This is a technical note describing a new surgical technique, eTAMIS. The technique is performed with the Gelpoint Path TAMIS platform (Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA) and a standard single-channel endoscope for visualization. Patient demographics, operative data, and pathologic data were recorded. eTAMIS was initially performed in a 50-year-old woman with an endoscopically defiant rectal mass discovered on routine screening colonoscopy. The lesion was a tubulovillous adenoma, 10 cm from the anal verge, anterior, and occupied 15–20 % of the circumference. The rectal mass was removed by eTAMIS. The operative time was 101 minutes, and the patient was discharged within 24 h without event. Final pathology revealed a focus of well-differentiated rectal adenocarcinoma with focal invasion into the muscularis mucosa (Haggit level 0, pTis) arising in the head of a pedunculated tubulovillous adenoma. At 1-year follow-up endoscopy, the patient had no evidence of recurrent mass or polyp. This is the first technical report describing endoscopic visualization for TAMIS. Endoscopic visualization facilitates intraluminal articulation and lens cleaning while minimizing extraluminal instrument collisions. eTAMIS is a practical and logical evolution of the visual approach to natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery and laparoendoscopic surgery.
Risk Factors Associated with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes Contamination of Produce Fields

Identification of management practices associated with preharvest pathogen contamination of produce fields is crucial to the development of effective Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). A cross-sectional study was conducted to (i) determine management practices associated with a Salmonella- or Listeria monocytogenes-positive field and (ii) quantify the frequency of these pathogens in irrigation and nonirrigation water sources. Over 5 weeks, 21 produce farms in New York State were visited. Field-level management practices were recorded for 263 fields, and 600 environmental samples (soil, drag swab, and water) were collected and analyzed for Salmonella and L. monocytogenes. Management practices were evaluated for their association with the presence of a pathogen-positive field. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were detected in 6.1% and 17.5% of fields (n = 263) and 11% and 30% of water samples (n = 74), respectively. The majority of pathogen-positive water samples were from nonirrigation surface water sources. Multivariate analysis showed that manure application within a year increased the odds of a Salmonella-positive field (odds ratio [OR], 16.7), while the presence of a buffer zone had a protective effect (OR, 0.1). Irrigation (within 3 days of sample collection) (OR, 6.0), reported wildlife observation (within 3 days of sample collection) (OR, 6.1), and soil cultivation (within 7 days of sample collection) (OR, 2.9) all increased the likelihood of an L. monocytogenes-positive field. Our findings provide new data that will assist growers with science-based evaluation of their current GAPs and implementation of preventive controls that reduce the risk of preharvest contamination.
Effects of stress, communication relevance, and birth order on opinion change

Subjects under high or low fear were presented with a communication: those under high fear showed significantly greater change on topics both relevant and irrelevant to the source of fear. There was a nonsignificant tendency for first-born Ss to show more change. Fear manipulation was confirmed by two stress measures, Mood Adjective Check List and Palmar Sweat Index.
Developmental trends in item recognition following a verbal discrimination study trial

Age-related changes in the processes mediating verbal discrimination learning were investigated by a procedure in which right, wrong, and new items were tested individually for oldness after a single study trial on right-wrong pairs. Sixth-grade children displayed higher hit rates than fourth-grade children for both right and wrong items, suggesting that increasing age is accompanied by both increasing rehearsal responses to right items and increasing perceptual responses to wrong items. The increase with age in responses to wrong items serves to compensate for the gain in responses to right items, thus accounting for the absence of pronounced age increments in verbal discrimination learning proficiency.
Quinone–amine polymers. V. Syntheses and solubilities of several diamine–p-benzoquinone oligomers (PAQ)

Several diamine–p-benzoquinone polymer/oligomers were synthesized to find those that exhibited superior properties, in addition to being able to displace water from wet, rusty steel surfaces. Unfortunately, many of these were found to be insoluble in most commonly used solvents and a few to be insoluble in all 34 solvents used in polymer solubility studies. The reason for this low solubility is believed to be the extremely regular structure of the polymers.
Rapamycin Paradox Resolved

The goal of aging research is to extend healthspan, the period of life free of chronic disease. It has been known for decades that calorie restriction—a regime of reduced calorie consumption without malnutrition—extends the life span of mammals ( 1 ) and other model organisms. A primary effect of calorie restriction is to improve glucose homeostasis, which may underlie increased longevity. In the last few years, the focus has turned from characterizing genes and molecular mechanisms that drive aging ( 2 ) to small-molecule interventions, and in 2009, rapamycin was the first drug reported to extend the life span of mice—roughly 15% in females and 10% in males ( 3 ). Rapamycin has been proposed as a calorie restriction mimetic and, at least in mouse models, it is proving beneficial in preventing the onset of many age-related diseases ( 4 ). However, there is a fly in the ointment regarding its use (or that of rapalog derivatives) to extend healthspan. Rapamycin causes glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in mice and humans ( 5 ), effects that could outweigh longevity benefits. On page 1638 of this issue, Lamming et al. ( 6 ) identify a mechanism by which the drug confers insulin resistance, and show that rapamycin's effect on glucose homeostasis and longevity can be uncoupled.
Contribution of direct solvent injury to the dose-dependent kinetics of trichloroethylene: portal vein administration to rats.

Abstract Presystemic elimination of trichloroethylene (TCE), a common contaminant of drinking water, has been shown by Lee et al. (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 139, 262–271, 1996) to be inversely related to dose. When relatively high doses were administered to rats via the portal vein (PV), first-pass hepatic extraction became negligible. This phenomenon could result not only from metabolic saturation, but from suicidal destruction of cytochromes P450 and hepatocellular injury as well. The objectives of the current investigation were to: (a) clarify the relative roles of P450 depletion and hepatocellular toxicity in the apparent cessation of hepatic elimination of TCE in animals given relatively high doses of TCE via the PV; and (b) investigate mechanism(s) of hepatocellular injury under such exposure conditions. TCE (16 and 64 mg/kg body weight (bw) was incorporated into a 5% aqueous Alkamuls emulsion and injected via an indwelling jugular vein (JV) or PV cannula into male Sprague–Dawley rats. Some animals received 73.5 μmol/kg of p -nitrophenol (PNP), a competitive metabolic inhibitor of TCE, through the PV cannula 3 min before TCE. Administration of TCE via the PV resulted in deposition of relatively high levels of TCE in the liver. PV dosing resulted in lower total hepatic P450 levels than did JV dosing. PV dosing produced marked elevations of cytoplasmic enzymes in serum, but JV dosing did not. Decreases in hepatic P450 were not selective for cytochrome P4502E1. Histological examination of the liver of PV-dosed rats revealed periportal rather than centrilobular necrosis. PNP pretreatment failed to prevent the increase in serum enzymes, decrease in hepatic P450 content, and hepatic necrosis following PV TCE. It is concluded that PV injection of bolus doses of TCE ≥ 16 mg/kg causes liver injury within minutes in rats, primarily through direct solvent action on hepatocellular membranes rather than by P450-mediated effects. This liver damage likely plays a modest role in reducing the liver's capacity to metabolize high PV doses of TCE.
Strongyloides robustus and the Northern Sympatric Populations of Northern (Glaucomys sabrinus) and Southern (G. volans) Flying Squirrels

Within North America, northern (Glaucomys sabrinus) and southern (Glaucomys volans) flying squirrels occupy distinct ranges with limited overlap. Sympatry in northern latitudes coincides with northern hardwood vegetation from Minnesota to New England. Strongyloides robustus is an intestinal parasite that infects both species but appears to be deleterious only to northern flying squirrels. As a result, S. robustus could be a critical determinant of flying squirrel population characteristics in at least some areas of sympatry. However, cold weather could potentially limit the distribution of S. robustus in northern climates. Therefore, we assessed fecal samples from both flying squirrel species to determine the presence of the nematode in Wisconsin. Strongyloides robustus was found in 12 flying squirrel scat samples and infected 52% of southern flying squirrels and 11% of northern flying squirrels. Prevalence of S. robustus infection for northern flying squirrels was substantially lower than previously reported from more southern regions. This is the northernmost documentation of S. robustus in flying squirrels and the first documentation of S. robustus parasitizing flying squirrels in Wisconsin.
Salivary Biomarkers Associated With Gingivitis and Response to Therapy

Background: Salivary biomarkers are potentially important for determining the presence, risk, and progression of periodontal disease. However, clinical translation of biomarker technology from lab to chairside requires studies that identify biomarkers associated with the transitional phase between health and periodontal disease (i.e., gingivitis).Methods: Eighty participants (40 with gingivitis, 40 healthy) provided saliva at baseline and 7 to 30 days later. An additional sample was collected from gingivitis participants 10 to 30 days after dental prophylaxis. Clinical parameters of gingival disease were recorded at baseline and the final visit. Salivary concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured.Results: Clinical features of health and gingivitis were stable at both baseline visits. Participants with gingivitis demonstrated significantly higher bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (P...
Effects of methanol on the growth of gastrointestinal anaerobes

The effects of methanol on the growth of representative, predominant, anaerobic gut bacteria were studied. Growth yields and rates were determined in a base medium to which methanol was added to produce media with methanol concentrations varying, in twofold steps, over a concentration range of 0.01 to 25%, by volume. The growth of many of the organisms was completely inhibited by a methanol concentration equal to, or less than, 6.2%. Isolates representing cellulolytic species were completely inhibited at a methanol concentration of 3.1%, and inhibitory effects on the yield of some cellulolytic isolates were found at a methanol concentration as small as 0.01%. Although most of the organisms studied were inhibited at relatively small methanol concentrations, isolates of Selenomonas ruminantium, Bacteroides ovatus, and Fusobacterium necrophorum were relatively methanol resistant. A methanol concentration of 12.5% was required to completely inhibit S. ruminantium. Substantial growth of B. ovatus was obtained in media containing 12.5% methanol, and for F. necrophorum, substantial growth occurred in media containing 25% methanol. The yields of F. necrophorum strain B85 and S. ruminantium strain PC18 were enhanced by relatively small methanol concentrations and reduced with further methanol concentration increase Anaerobic, nonsporing gut bacteria exhibit a diversity of responses to methanol.
Narrow-linewidth unstable resonator.

We describe the use of an asymmetric feedback ring in an unstable resonator to obtain arbitrarily narrow-linewidth radiation across the full available aperture. We demonstrate its use with an electric-discharge XeCl laser to produce single-line radiation with a linewidth of 0.15 cm−1.
Treatment with oseltamivir in children hospitalized with community-acquired, laboratory-confirmed influenza: review of five seasons and evaluation of an electronic reminder.

BACKGROUND: When initiated within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, oseltamivir has been shown to reduce severity and length of influenza illness. Few studies have evaluated the use of oseltamivir in patients hospitalized with influenza. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prescribing practices for oseltamivir in children hospitalized with influenza and to evaluate a mechanism to improve the rate of appropriate prescription. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS: Retrospective cohort study of 929 patients aged 21 years or younger hospitalized with community-acquired laboratory-confirmed influenza (CA-LCI) during 5 consecutive seasons (2000-2005). We examined oseltamivir eligibility, which included patients 1 year of age or older with an influenza test result available within 48 hours of symptom onset. During the 2005-2006 season, an observational trial of an electronic reminder was conducted to improve the frequency of oseltamivir prescription. MEASUREMENTS: Oseltamivir prescription. RESULTS: Of 305 patients (32.8%) eligible for treatment with oseltamivir, 49 (16.1% of those eligible) were prescribed oseltamivir during hospitalization. Prescription rates for indications consistent with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval (“on label”) increased from 0% to 37.2% over 5 seasons (P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Oseltamivir was used infrequently for children hospitalized with influenza. In addition, use inconsistent with the FDA label of oseltamivir occurs. Mechanisms are needed to improve appropriate prescription of oseltamivir. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:171–178. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
The use of self and reflective practice in relational teaching and adult learning: a social work perspective

This article explores the relationship between reflective practice and relational teaching as a basis for a teaching philosophy for adult learners. Concepts such as countertransference, authenticity and use of self are highlighted as essential for effective teaching in the twenty-first century. These concepts, along with adult learning theories, are integrated into a teaching philosophy that aims to maximize teacher effectiveness and awareness as well as student learning.
John Cassian and Sulpicius Severus

It was Marc Bloch, I believe, who once posed the question whether there may not have been schools of asceticism, whether different groups of men at different times might have viewed the holy life in different ways and even have formed rival schools. The popular idea of what makes a saint has varied from time to time. The earliest Christians, suffering under the persecutions of the Roman Empire, reserved their admiration and their cult for those who suffered martyrdom. Albert Marignan has traced the transformation of this ideal after the end of the persecutions. When Christians no longer suffered death for their beliefs, they hoped to gain a similar crown by a living death, by the sacrifice of all earthly joys and the mortification of the flesh. The monastic ascetic ideal was born. But the monk, at least in the West, did not retain a lasting and exclusive hold on the affections of the Christian populace. He was ousted from his place by the hero bishop, the protector of the city, who combined ascetic practices with social leadership. Yet was the change a simple evolution in time, or were there really rival schools of sainthood through which the transformation took place?
Accuracy of Recall among "Eyewitnesses" to a Simulated Robbery: Intrapersonal and Stimulus Determinants

This study is a laboratory analogue investigation of variables that impinge upon the recall of detail about a simulated act of armed robbery among “eyewitnesses.” Specifically, this study sought to determine (1) whether recall of detail by Ss who watch the videotape of a simulated “armed robbery” taken by surveillance camera in a “convenience” store varies according to (a) the dress and appearance of the presumed “robber,” (b) the gender of the victim of the “robbery,” and/or (c) the gender of the “eyewitness”; and (2) whether such recall varies according to S’s inventoried psychological “needs.” Ss viewed the videotape of the simulated robbery under one of four conditions representing variations in the dress and appearance (“status”) of the alleged offender and the gender of the alleged victim; completed the Personality Adjective Inventory; and responded to a questionnaire concerning details of the alleged offense. Results indicate that the single statistically significant source of variance in accuracy of recall of detail is the experimentally manipulated “status” of the perpetrator; gender of victim and of subject contribute significantly neither in isolation nor in interaction. Inventoried psychological needs for “autonomy” and “change” are significantly but negatively and weakly correlated with accuracy among women Ss, while “change” alone is so correlated among men Ss. Findings are interpreted in accordance with theory and research in experimental social psychology and psychological criminology bearing upon person perception and role expectancy in relation to behavioral stereotypes.
c-Jun Expression in Adult Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons: Differential Response after Central or Peripheral Axotomy ☆

The response of the mature central nervous system (CNS) to injury differs significantly from the response of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Axotomized PNS neurons generally regenerate following injury, while CNS neurons do not. The mechanisms that are responsible for these differences are not completely known, but both intrinsic neuronal and extrinsic environmental influences are likely to contribute to regenerative success or failure. One intrinsic factor that may contribute to successful axonal regeneration is the induction of specific genes in the injured neurons. In the present study, we have evaluated the hypothesis that expression of the immediate early gene c-jun is involved in a successful regenerative response. We have compared c-Jun expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following central or peripheral axotomy. We prepared animals that received either a sciatic nerve (peripheral) lesion or a dorsal rhizotomy in combination with spinal cord hemisection (central lesion). In a third group of animals, several dorsal roots were placed into the hemisection site along with a fetal spinal cord transplant. This intervention has been demonstrated to promote regrowth of severed axons and provides a model to examine DRG neurons during regenerative growth after central lesion. Our results indicated that c-Jun was upregulated substantially in DRG neurons following a peripheral axotomy, but following a central axotomy, only 18% of the neurons expressed c-Jun. Following dorsal rhizotomy and transplantation, however, c-Jun expression was upregulated dramatically; under those experimental conditions, 63% of the DRG neurons were c-Jun-positive. These data indicate that c-Jun expression may be related to successful regenerative growth following both PNS and CNS lesions.