cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opioid use disorder and homelessness in the Veterans Health Administration: The challenge of multimorbidity

Objective: The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical correlates of opioid use disorder (OUD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, among homeless veterans nationally in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Design: Administrative data on 256,404 veterans who were homeless and/or had OUD in fiscal year 2012 were analyzed to evaluate OUD as a risk factor for homelessness along with associated characteristics, comorbidities, and patterns of service use. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were used to compare homeless veterans with OUD to veterans with OUD but no homelessness and homeless veterans with no OUD. Results: Altogether 17.9 percent of homeless VHA users were diagnosed with OUD and 34.6 percent of veterans with OUD were homeless. The risk ratio (RR) for homelessness among veterans with OUD was 28.7. Homeless veterans with OUD, compared to nonhomeless veterans with OUD showed extensive multimorbidity with greater risk for HIV (RR = 1.57), schizophrenia (RR = 1.62), alcohol use disorder (RR = 1.67), and others. Homeless veterans with OUD also showed more multimorbidity and used more services than homeless veterans without OUD. Homeless and nonhomeless OUD veterans used opiate agonist therapy at similar, but very low rates (13 and 15 percent). Conclusions: OUD is a major risk factor for homelessness. Homeless veterans with OUD have high levels of multimorbidity and greater service use than veterans with either condition alone. Tailored, facilitated access to opioid agonist therapy may improve outcomes for these vulnerable veterans.
A heat-labile inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid degradation in Bacillussubtilis☆

Abstract Extracts of Bacillus subtilis can be prepared which have relatively little degradative activity on the transforming ability of homologous DNA( Reiter and Strauss, 1965 ). However, when such extracts are heated at temperatures of 70°C or above for short periods and then added to DNA, the transforming activity of the DNA is lost. In this report we should like to demonstrate that the phenomenon is due to the lability of a nuclease inhibitor.
Clinical Trials on N-Acetylcysteine

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been studied in clinical trials in a wide variety of medical conditions since the 1960s with a large growth in its clinical study since the 1990s. There have been a large number of studies on NAC in renal, pulmonary, surgery, cardiology, and gastroenterology with growing interest in the areas of psychiatry, exercise physiology, and neurology. Although it is very well-known as an antidote for acetaminophen poisoning, this is not the area where clinical trials are predominant. This chapter introduces the clinical section of the book by providing an overview of the chapter organization as well as describing the systematic methodology used to select the clinical trials for review and determine the recommendations for each medical condition reviewed.
Authentication Methods and Recent Developments

This segment of the “Sharpest Tool” column provides an overview of the current options for authentication for electronic resources and discusses recent developments in this area. Remote access to e...
A Ramped Administration of Pamidronate in Children: Preliminary Results

Introduction Pamidronate is the most widely used bisphosphonate to treat osteoporosis in children. It is commonly given IV for 3 consecutive days, for 5 orHtreatment fractures occur at the margins of pamidronate bands that form with bisphosphonate treatment in growing bone. A ramped dosing regimen was proposed to mediate stress-riser formation. Objectives Compare the effects of a ramped dosage schedule of pamidronate on BMD, fracture rate and location versus a uniform 5-course regimen. Methods Ten non-ambulatory children (7 females) with neuromuscular disabilities who received IV pamidronate with a tapering dose were identified (Group 1) and compared to a cohort of 25 similar patients who received a uniform 5-course regimen (Group 2). Periodic DXA evaluations were performed every 6 months. Fracture rate before and after treatment was calculated using the person-years method, with post-treatment observation starting with the first dose. Radiographs were examined for location of fracture. Results Over treatment, lumbar spine (LS) BMD increased 47.7% and lateral distal femur (LDF) BMD of all regions (R1, R2 & R3) increased 38.0%, 30.1%, and 22.9%, respectively. Group 2 BMD increases were 40.3% at LS and 68.3%, 15.6% and 10.8%, for LDF R1 – R3. Mean post-treatment observation period was 4.6 years. Two of 10 children in Group 1 sustained a fracture during treatment [right distal femur at 3 weeks, left foot at 10.5 months] but no fractures occurred after treatment ended. Pre and post-treatment fracture rates were 18.5% and 4.3%. Four of 25 in Group 2 sustained 5 fractures after treatment over the same time period; 80% occurred at pamidronate bands. Pre and post-treatment fracture rates in were 36% and 13% for Group 2. Conclusion Regardless of dosing schedule, BMD improved, post-treatment fracture rate decreased after treatment started, and fractures occurred during treatment. After treatment ended, no fractures occurred in those who received the ramped dosage, suggesting reduction in stress riser formation. A longer treatment period and greater total amount of drug administered with the ramped dose might be contributory. Further study of a ramped dosing schedule is warranted.
Carotid Artery Stenosis

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the most common cause of disability. Most strokes are ischemic and can be prevented by carotid revascularization. At the present time, indications for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) include asymptomatic stenosis of more than 80% or symptomatic stenosis of more than 50%. Current data shows superiority of CEA over carotid artery stenting (CAS) as first-line treatment.
Educational Attainment Better Reduces Disability for Non-Hispanic than Hispanic Americans

Objectives: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refers to the weaker protective health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) for minorities, particularly educational attainment for racial and ethnic minorities, compared to the general population. This pattern has been documented among African-Americans compared to Whites, however, we know very little about MDRs for educational attainment on disability among Hispanics compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Aims: This cross-sectional study explored ethnic variation in the effects of educational attainment on severity of disability in the United States of America (USA). Materials and Methods: The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was a national survey of the general population in the USA. The total sample was 1021 American adults that reported some disability. Of the 1021 participants, 855 identified as Non-Hispanic and 165 identified as Hispanic. The independent variable was educational attainment. The main outcome was severity of disability measured using self-reported data. Age, gender, and race were covariates. Ethnicity was the effect modifier. Results: Among individuals with a disability, higher levels of educational attainment were associated with fewer disabilities, independent of all confounders. When ethnicity and educational attainment were interacted on severity of disability, the results indicated a smaller protective effect for Hispanics than for Non-Hispanics with a disability. Ethnicity-stratified models showed an effect for Non-Hispanics but not for Hispanics. Conclusions: The protective effects of educational attainment against severity of disability are smaller for Hispanics than for Non-Hispanics. To prevent health disparities, there is a need to minimize MDRs of SES for ethnic minorities. To do so, there is a need for innovative economic, public, and social policies that are not limited to equalizing educational attainment but that also help minorities leverage their resources and gain tangible outcomes.
RADAR: automated task planning for proactive decision support

Proactive Decision Support aims at improving the decision making experience of human decision-makers by enhancing the quality of the decisions and the ease of making them. Given that AI techniques ...
Temporal Trends and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Combined Organ Transplantation: Insights from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)

Purpose Studies have shown that highly selected patients undergoing combined heart-kidney (HK) and heart-liver transplants (HL) have short- and long-term outcomes comparable to those observed in primary heart transplantation (HT). Methods Adults patients with stage D heart failure that underwent combined HK, HLv and heart-lung (HL) were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry between 1991 and 2016, with follow-up through March 2018. We conducted inverse-probability weighted estimator (IPWE) survival analysis of long-term survival stratified by type of combined organ transplant, accounting for donor, recipient and operative characteristics. Results We identified 2300 patients who underwent combined organ transplant (HK: 1,257, HLv: 212, HL: 831). HL recipients were more likely white (77%), females (58%), with congenital heart disease (44.5%), and longer waiting list time (median 195 days). HK transplant increased significantly during the study period where as HL decreased significantly (Figure). Median survival was 12.2 years for HK (95% Confidence intervals [CI], 10.8-12.8), 12 for HLv (95% CI 8.6-17.6) but significantly lower at 4.5 years for HL (95% CI 3.6-5.8) (Figure). Conclusion Combined HK and HLv transplantation rates are increasing and long-term survival is comparable to primary HT, unlike HL which is associated with decreasing trends and significantly lower survival.
1 – Polytomous Responses

Publisher Summary The analysis of data by log-linear models involves several distinct stages. In the first stage, a plausible model is proposed for the data under study. In the second stage, unknown parameters in the model are estimated from the data, generally by the method of maximum likelihood. This methods yields estimates available in closed form, as in the equiprobability model, or estimates computed by a version of the Newton–Raphson algorithm with analogies to weighted regression analysis, as in the log-linear time-trend model. In the third stage, these parameter estimates are used in the statistical tests of the model's adequacy. More specific insight into deviations between model and data are provided by the analysis of adjusted residuals and of selected linear combinations of frequencies. This chapter discusses maximum-likelihood equations and the Newton–Raphson algorithm for general log-linear models for both multinominal and Poisson data. The general analogies with weighted regression analysis are used to describe the Newton-Raphson algorithm and to develop large-sample approximations to the distributions of parameter estimates, residuals, and chi-square statistics.
Heartbeat: Heart disease and COVID-19

During the COVID-19 pandemic it has become evident that the interaction between COVID-19 infection and cardiovascular disease goes both ways: patients with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) are at higher risk of adverse outcomes if infected; conversely, regardless of the presence of absence of underlying cardiovascular disease, acute myocardial injury is common in patients with COVID-19 infection. In this issue of Heart Wei and colleagues1 report that in a prospective study of 101 cases of COVID-19 in Sichuan, China, acute myocardial injury was present in 15.8% of patients, with an elevation in high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) more than five times normal in many patients. Clinical factors associated with an elevated hs-TnT were older age and pre-existing CVD. An elevated hs-TnT level was associated with a higher likelihood of mortality, admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and treatment with vasoactive agents. (table 1) View this table: Table 1 In-hospital clinical outcomes in 101 cases of COVID-19 in Sichuan, China In the accompanying editorial, Cheng and Leedy2 discuss the likely pathophysiology of myocardial injury in patient with COVID-19 infection including unmasking of underlying cardiovascular disease, coronary plaque rupture and cytokine release syndrome. They also emphasise the importance of identifying the underlying …
Talin folding as the tuning fork of cellular mechanotransduction

Cells continually sample their mechanical environment using exquisite force sensors such as talin, whose folding status triggers mechanotransduction pathways by recruiting binding partners. Mechanical signals in biology change quickly over time and are often embedded in noise; however, the mechanics of force-sensing proteins have only been tested using simple force protocols, such as constant or ramped forces. Here, using our magnetic tape head tweezers design, we measure the folding dynamics of single talin proteins in response to external mechanical noise and cyclic force perturbations. Our experiments demonstrate that talin filters out external mechanical noise but detects periodic force signals over a finely tuned frequency range. Hence, talin operates as a mechanical band-pass filter, able to read and interpret frequency-dependent mechanical information through its folding dynamics. We describe our observations in the context of stochastic resonance, which we propose as a mechanism by which mechanosensing proteins could respond accurately to force signals in the naturally noisy biological environment.
Novel, natural allosteric inhibitors and enhancers of Candida rugosa lipase activity

Abstract Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is an enzyme commonly used in medicinal and biotechnological applications. Allosteric modulators of CRL could aid in modifying lipase-related diseases as well as improving biotechnological processes. Thus, a combinatorial approach of computational in-silico and high-throughput in-vitro screening was used to identify allosteric modulators of CRL. The screening of natural product libraries resulted in 132 compounds of which 53 were tested in-vitro. Subsequently, four inhibitors and three enhancers were identified of which rutin and cynaroside represented the strongest inhibitors of CRL activity (IC50: 227 ± 26 µM and 446 ± 15 µM, respectively) and NP-008496 the strongest enhancer (EC50: 425 ± 18 µM). All three compounds were predicted to bind the same allosteric site suggesting a common mechanism. Therefore, the present study demonstrated a reliable work-flow, identified an allosteric site of CRL and determined inhibitors and enhancers with numerous potential medical and biotechnological applications.
The modified Q-cycle: A look back at its development and forward to a functional model.

Abstract On looking back at a lifetime of research, it is interesting to see, in the light of current progress, how things came to be, and to speculate on how things might be. I am delighted in the context of the Mitchell prize to have that excuse to present this necessarily personal view of developments in areas of my interests. I have focused on the Q-cycle and a few examples showing wider ramifications, since that had been the main interest of the lab in the 20 years since structures became available, - a watershed event in determining our molecular perspective. I have reviewed the evidence for our model for the mechanism of the first electron transfer of the bifurcated reaction at the Qo-site, which I think is compelling. In reviewing progress in understanding the second electron transfer, I have revisited some controversies to justify important conclusions which appear, from the literature, not to have been taken seriously. I hope this does not come over as nitpicking. The conclusions are important to the final section in which I develop an internally consistent mechanism for turnovers of the complex leading to a state similar to that observed in recent rapid-mix/freeze-quench experiments, reported three years ago. The final model is necessarily speculative but is open to test.
The Evaluation of Palpitations and Dizziness in the Athlete

Palpitations and dizziness are two of the most common complaints in general cardiology outpatient visits (Pelliccia et al. Eur Heart J 28:2006–10, 2007; Kroenke et al., Arch Intern Med 150:1685–9, 1990). These symptoms are common sensations that are readily identified by patients as “abnormal” and often prompt a consultation with a health professional. For athletes, while the majority of cases are typically benign in nature (Weber and Kapoor, Am J Med 100:138–48, 1996), exercise-induced dizziness and palpitations could indicate underlying cardiac disease in an athlete, and therefore, a detailed investigation is required beyond the standard clinical history and physical (Zipes and Garson, Am Coll Cardiol 24:892–9, 1994). In this chapter, we will review basic concepts surrounding the etiologies, diagnostic workup, and management strategies for athletes presenting with the generalized symptoms of palpitations and dizziness.
Economic Evaluations of New Antibiotics: The High Potential Value of Reducing Healthcare Transmission Through Decolonization

BACKGROUND Antibiotics designed to decolonize carriers of drug-resistant organisms could offer substantial population health benefits, particularly if they can help avert outbreaks by interrupting person-to-person transmission chains. However, cost effectiveness of an antibiotic is typically evaluated only according to its benefits to recipients, which can be difficult to demonstrate for carriers of an organism that may not pose an immediate health threat to the carrier. METHODS We developed a mathematical transmission model to quantify the effects of 2 hypothetical antibiotics targeting carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among long-term acute care hospital inpatients: one assumed to decrease the death rate of patients with CRE bloodstream infections (BSIs) and the other assumed to decolonize CRE carriers after clinical detection. We quantified the effect of each antibiotic on the number of BSIs and deaths among patients receiving the drug (direct effect) and among all patients (direct and indirect effect) compared to usual care. We applied these results to a cost-effectiveness analysis with effectiveness outcome of life-years gained and assumed costs for antibiotic doses and for CRE BSI. RESULTS The decolonizing antibiotic, once indirect effects were included, produced increased relative effectiveness and decreased relative costs compared to both usual care and the BSI treatment antibiotic. In fact, in most scenarios, the decolonizing drug was the dominant treatment strategy (ie, less costly and more effective). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics that decolonize carriers of drug-resistant organisms can be highly cost-effective when considering indirect benefits within populations vulnerable to outbreaks. Public health could benefit from finding ways to incentivize development of decolonizing antibiotics in the US, where drugs with unclear direct benefits to recipients would pose difficulties in achieving FDA approval and financial benefit to the developer.
Airway and Cardiothoracic Emergencies

This chapter will provide an overview of the anatomy of the upper and lower airway, thoracic structures, and how to identify common cardiac- and respiratory-related emergencies and their treatments.
Carbon Cryogel and Carbon Paper-Based Silicon Composite Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

A variety of materials are under investigation for use as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, of which, the most promising are those containing silicon. 6 One such material is a composite formed via the dispersion of silicon in a resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) gel followed by pyrolysis. Two silicon-carbon composite materials, carbon microspheres and nanofoams produced from nano-phase silicon impregnated RF gel precursors have been synthesized and investigated. Carbon microspheres are produced by forming the silicon-containing RF gel into microspheres whereas carbon nano-foams are produced by impregnating carbon fiber paper with the silicon containing RF gel to create a free standing electrode. 1-5 Both materials have demonstrated their ability to function as anodes and utilize the silicon present in the material. Stable reversible capacities above 400 mAh/g for the bulk material and above 1000 mAh/g of Si have been observed.
“Be Strong and Resolute!”: Reading Joshua in the Contemporary Church:

The Lord spoke to Joshua son of Nun, Moses’ assistant, saying, “My servant Moses is dead. Now proceed to cross the Jordan, you and all this people, into the land that I am giving to them, to the Is...
Upscaling of CO2 injection into brine with capillary heterogeneity effects

Abstract The large-scale simulation of CO 2 storage operations can be expensive computationally, particularly when the effects of fine-scale capillary pressure heterogeneity are included. The application of upscaling techniques could lead to substantial reductions in computational cost. This work targets the development of an upscaling procedure that is applicable for the CO 2 injection stage, which corresponds to a drainage process. Specifically, we develop and apply a new upscaling technique for two-phase flow in heterogeneous formations with capillary heterogeneity effects. The procedure entails first upscaling capillary pressure in the capillary limit, and then computing coarse-scale relative permeability functions using a global dynamic upscaling procedure. An iterative method is applied to enhance the accuracy of the upscaled capillary pressure functions. The new dynamic upscaling approach is applied to a synthetic heterogeneous two-dimensional aquifer model that involves injection of CO 2 into brine. Fine-scale simulation results are compared with coarse-scale results generated using both the dynamic upscaling approach and a simpler method that entails the use of upscaled capillary pressure in conjunction with rock relative permeability curves. It is shown that the dynamic upscaling procedure provides results that are close to those from the fine-scale simulation and are consistently more accurate than results from the simpler method. The upscaling procedure is tested over a range of injection rates spanning three orders of magnitude. We show that, although the upscaled functions are in general rate dependent, accurate coarse-scale results can be obtained using upscaled relative permeability functions computed at only two different flow rates. We also observe that the model constructed using our method retains reasonable accuracy even when the flow problem differs from that used to compute the upscaled functions.
Physiological properties of vestibular primary afferents that mediate motor learning and normal performance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in monkeys

We have used electrical stimulation of the vestibular apparatus to reveal parallels between the physiological responses of the vestibular afferents activated at different currents and the properties of the evoked eye movements before and after magnifying spectacles had been used to cause motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Stimulation with the lowest currents caused little or no eye motion, but activated all the afferents with irregular spontaneous discharge, low sensitivities to head velocity, and highly phasic responses during rapid head turns. Stimulation with moderate currents caused substantial eye motion that was weakly affected by motor learning; these currents activated afferents with a wide range of physiological properties, including many that had intermediate discharge regularity, high sensitivity to head velocity, and clear phasic responses during rapid head turns. Stimulation at still higher currents caused still larger eye movements that were strongly altered by motor learning; these currents activated primarily afferents that had regular spontaneous discharge, lower sensitivities to head velocity, and tonic responses during rapid head turns. Stimulation at the highest currents did not cause any further increment in the amplitude of the evoked eye movement, but activated the afferents with the most regular spontaneous discharge and the lowest sensitivities to head velocity. The data imply that the VOR pathways receive substantial vestibular inputs from afferents with a middle range of thresholds for electrical stimulation. These afferents have a wide range of physiological properties, including a large group that shows substantial phasic responses during rapid head turns. The data also suggest that only a subset of these afferents, primarily those with more regular spontaneous discharge, project into the VOR pathways that are modified in association with motor learning.
Social Work in Health Settings: Practice in Context, by Toba Schwaber Kerson, Judith L. M. McCoyd, and Associates

In the three prior editions of this book of case studies (1982, 1989, & 1997), Kerson used a “practice in context” framework that is again presented comprehensively in the first chapter of this edi...
Time-Space in Geography

This article reviews the development of time-space perspectives in geography and exposes linkages between these perspectives and society's prevailing technologies for travel and communication. Special attention is given to the role of information, computation, and visualization technologies that shape the research practices that advance the potential to understand social organization and human activity behavior in a time-space context.
Mechanisms of Insulator Function in Gene Regulation and Genomic Imprinting

Correct temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression are required to establish unique cell types. Several levels of genome organization are involved in achieving this intricate regulatory feat. Insulators are elements that modulate interactions between other cis-acting sequences and separate chromatin domains with distinct condensation states. Thus, they are proposed to play an important role in the partitioning of the genome into discrete realms of expression. This review focuses on the roles that insulators have in vivo and reviews models of insulator mechanisms in the light of current understanding of gene regulation.
91Zr(τ, α)90Zr and the T=1 g92−d52 matrix elements: Test of an average effective interaction

Abstract The 91Zr(τ, α)90Zr reaction has been studied and members of the ( g 9 2 ) −1 d 5 2 multiplet were identified, yielding the g 9 2 − d 5 2 particle-particle matrix elements in both isospin states. The results are compared with calculations using an interaction that had been deduced from other data.
The program directors' perspective on the goals and objectives of advanced general dentistry training

In September of 1991, all postgraduate general dentistry (PGD) program directors (Advanced Education in General Dentistry [AEGD] and General Practice Residency [GPR] directors [n = 325]) were surveyed to ascertain their opinions of the ideal goals and objectives of PGD programs. The response rate was 81.5 percent (n = 265). The directors rated the relative importance of various PGD program goals and objectives. The average of all the items rated was 3.4 on a scale ranging from 1 = unimportant to 4 = very important. The respondents identified several clinical and didactic subject areas that they considered very important including; infection control, CPR, dental and medical emergencies, diagnosing dentoalveolar trauma, diagnosing oral pathology, and assessment and treatment of patients with medical conditions. They also identified several training areas which were beyond the scope of a PGD program, e.g., research techniques, pediatric sedation, and selected advanced clinical procedures in dentistry (implantology and orthodontics) which require a long time to complete. In general, there was substantial agreement among the directors of different program types and sites as to the relative importance of various program goals. The largest differences were found among directors of programs from different sites, e.g., hospitals versus dental schools as opposed to directors from different program types, e.g., GPR versus AEGD. There is now a need to determine the relationship of these identified idealized goals and differences to program outcomes for the graduates of PGDs.
Imprecise task schedule optimization

Considerable research has been done in order to schedule tasks on multiple processing systems. Some of the computation time of these tasks may, however, be imprecise due to the nature of the problem. In this paper, an imprecise task graph is used to model the problem where each node represents a task associated with its computation time. An algorithm, called rotation scheduling, is extended to handle the imprecise task scheduling and fuzzy arithmetic is used to estimate the size of a schedule. The goal of the algorithm is to give the optimized schedule as much as possible. Experiments showing the effectiveness of this approach are also presented.
SNF9007 : a novel analgesic that acts simultaneously at Delta1, Delta2 and Mu opioid receptors

Intracerebroventricular administration of the synthetic cholecystokinin analog SNF9007 (Asp-Tyr-D-Phe-Gly-Trp-[NMe]-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2) produced antinociception in the mouse hot-plate and warm water tail-flick tests. The mechanisms of its analgesic actions were assessed by administering antagonists selective for CCK (cholecystokinin octapeptide, sulfated)-A and CCK-B receptors, as well as specific antagonists for the mu opioid receptor (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2, 1 microgram i.c.v.), the delta-1 opioid receptor [D-Ala2-Leu5,Cys6]enkephalin, 4.57 nmol i.c.v., 24 hr pretreatment), the delta-2 opioid receptor (naltrindole benzofuran, 25 pmol i.c.v.) and the kappa opioid receptor (nor-binaltorphimine, 10 mg/kg s.c.). The antinociceptive activity of SNF9007 was not a result of the activation of CCK receptors, as treatment with either CCK-A or CCK-B receptor antagonist was ineffective in blocking SNF9007 antinociception. Nor-binaltorphimine and naltrindole benzofuran were completely ineffective in blocking SNF9007 antinociception when administered alone or in combination. However, co-administration of delta-1 or delta-2 opioid receptor antagonists with the mu opioid receptor antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 resulted in a dramatic reduction in analgesic responses to SNF9007. Furthermore, the co-administration of mu+delta-1 + delta-2 opioid receptor antagonists resulted in an even greater inhibition of SNF9007 antinociception (> 10-fold shift). We conclude that SNF9007 acts simultaneously at brain delta-1, delta-2 and mu opioid receptors to induce antinociceptive effects in mice.
Machines Learning Culture

Recent interdisciplinary explorations, integrating computer science, math, the digital humanities, and the arts, point to the utilitarian and expressive capabilities of machine-learning approaches in creating work with diverse appeal. These initiatives include research within the relatively traditional domain of historical art analysis, a growing collection of body-tracking work using machine learning in the background, and a variety of provocative art installations that place algorithmic computing front and center. While these projects tackle their subject at varying levels of scale and depth and in different contexts, each contributes to building the public discourse about the impact, role, and reach of machine learning in our lives.
DataToText: A Consumer-Oriented Approach to Data Analysis

DataToText is a project developed where the user communicates the relevant information for an analysis and DataToText computer routine produces text output that describes in words, tables, and figures the results from the analyses. Two extended examples are given, one an example of a moderator analysis and the other an example of a dyadic data analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of DataToText are discussed in terms of the statement of the problem, the steps in the analysis, and understanding the meaning of the results. Also discussed is the potential role of DataToText in pedagogy. Although there are some clear deficiencies in a DataToText analysis, it is argued that, more often than not, DataToText will lead to better analyses. Finally, a call is made for methodologists to become more consumer oriented by providing researchers with tools to facilitate the use of methodological developments.
Cold Moho boundary beneath island arc systems: An example from the North Kamchatka Arc

A suite of amphibole-bearing ultramafic and mafic xenoliths representing the crust-mantle boundary was sampled in the northern segment of the Kamchatka arc. These nodules exhibit low equilibration temperatures at elevated pressures suggesting relatively cold conditions at Moho depths, which are uncommon in modern island arcs. A model including successive stages of subduction initiation, subduction cessation resulting in cooling of the lithospheric wedge, followed by intra-arc rifting due to upwelling of astenospheric diapirs is proposed to explain the observed textural, petrologic and chemical characteristics of sampled rock assemblage.
A Changed America? The Effects of September 11th on Depressive Symptoms and Alcohol Consumption

In the weeks following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, social commentators argued that America had profoundly "changed." In light of these arguments and the literature on disasters, we examine the immediate and longer-term mental health consequences of September 11th using a national sample of full-time American workers. We model the effects of temporal proximity to the attacks on depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption, while controlling for demographic characteristics. Our data revealed a significant increase in the number of depressive symptoms reported during the 4 weeks after the attacks. In the subsequent weeks, levels of depressive symptoms returned to pre-September 11th levels. Contrary to expectations, there was some indication of decreased alcohol consumption after September 11th, although these effects were modest. These analyses provide little support for popular assertions that September 11th resulted in lasting and measurable impacts on Americans' well-being. Language: en
Effects of diabetes and dietary manipulation on rat parotid gland secretory response to sympathetic nerve stimulation

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of streptozotocin-diabetes, bulk-diet, low protein diet (8%) and protein-calorie malnutrition on parotid gland response to sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied in male Wistar rats. 2. 2. Mean body weights were considerably less in diabetic and protein-calorie malnourished rats than in the other groups, but parotid gland weight was reduced only in animals placed on a low-protein diet. 3. 3. Salivary flow rate (μ1/min/g tissue) and total protein output (mg secreted/g tissue) were reduced in diabetic rats. 4. 4. Salivary composition was altered in diabetes and protein-calorie restriction, and the specifie changes were unique to each condition. 5. 5. Thus, with the possible exception of gland weight the effects of diabetes on parotid gland structure and function are not related to either hyperphagia or nutritional status.
Homotopic types of right stabilizers and orbits of smooth functions on surfaces

Let M be a connected smooth compact surface and let P be either the number line $$ \mathbb{R} $$ or a circle S 1. For a subset X ⊂ M, by $$ \mathcal{D} $$ (M, X) we denote a group of diffeomorphisms of M fixed on X. We consider a special class $$ \mathcal{F} $$ of smooth mappings f:M → P with isolated singularities containing all Morse mappings. For each mapping f ∈ $$ \mathcal{F} $$ , we consider certain submanifolds X ⊂ M “adapted” to f in a natural way and study the right action of the group $$ \mathcal{D} $$ (M, X) on C ∞( M, P). The main results of the paper describe the homotopic types of the connected components of stabilizers $$ \mathcal{S} $$ (f) and the orbits $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (f) of all mappings f ∈ $$ \mathcal{F} $$ and generalize the results of the author in this field obtained earlier.
Design of 2.5-micrometer Josephson current injection logic (CIL)

This paper describes Josephson Current Injection Logic (CIL) circuits. The design of the basic logic circuits, the two-and four-input OR and AND gates, and a timed inverter circuit, is presented in full detail and the logic delay and its sensitivity to design and fabrication parameters are investigated using detailed models of devices based on a 2.5-µm technology. The nominal logic delay of the circuits is estimated at 36 ps per gate for an average fan-in of 4.5 and fan-out of 3. The corresponding average power dissipation is 3.4 microwatts per gate. Finally, experimental delay measurements are presented for two-input and four-input OR and AND gates. The delay experiments are in excellent agreement with computer simulations.
Ureteral obstruction by uterine artery aneurysm in third trimester of pregnancy

Uterine artery aneurysm (UAA) is an uncommon complication of pregnancy. Its diagnosis before postpartum hemorrhage is rare. We report on a patient who presented with symptomatic ureteral obstruction secondary to UAA. The hydronephrosis was managed by ureteral stenting. The UAA was successfully embolized after a planned cesarean section delivery. UAA is a rare and clinically significant cause of hydronephrosis during pregnancy.
Constructing a sense of home: Place affiliation and migration across the life cycle

This study of place identity analyzes how mobile Americans construct a sense of home through place affiliations. Based on interviews with 432 migrants to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, this research indicates that migration does not preclude an emergent sense of home but that migration at different stages of the life cycle does produce different patterns of place affiliation. Where younger migrants more often base their identity on affiliations of friendship, family, and emotional self-attributions, older migrants do so in terms of dwelling and prior experience with place. Thus, this study challenges the view that place identity is eroded by mobility, arguing instead that place identification must be understood within the process of life cycle change and place mobility.
EFFECT OF THE PARENTAL NUTRIENT REGIME ON GROWTH OF THE PROGENY IN ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI (MALVACEAE).

Two genets of Abutilon theophrasti were clonally replicated and grown to maturity in a glasshouse at two levels of nutrient supply. The seeds produced were weighed and the resulting seedlings exposed to two nutrient levels during development. The progeny plants were harvested on three occasions, and leaf areas and dry weights of the different plant parts were determined. At the early stages of growth an increase in the maternal nutrient supply significantly increased seedling height, cotyledon area, and leaf areas, and seed weight had a significant effect on several traits. The maternal nutrient addition had no significant effect at a later stage of growth (35 d after sowing), but at 56 d after sowing it did affect offspring leaf areas and dry weights. Significant interaction terms indicate that the response to parental nutrient addition may depend both on genotype and on the nutrient status of the progeny. Different plant characters are differentially sensitive to maternal conditions and these may be expressed at different stages of development.
Thermal Degradation of a Char-Forming Plastic During Hypsersonic Flight

A detailed theoretical aerothermostructural analysis is presented of the problem of determining the rate of ablation of a typical thermosetting hydrocarbon plastic tha t is subjected to the severe heat transfer rates encountered at the stagnation point of a hypersonic re-entry vehicle. The thermal degradation of the plastic is treated as a chemical reaction in depth by means of a chemical kinetic equation for the pyrolysis process. The analysis includes a mathematical description of the flow of the chemically reacting gases through the porous char. Hypersonic boundary layer mass transfer effects including gas phase combustion are considered in the overall energy balance. Numerical results are obtained for the reaction zone thickness, the rate of gasification of the plastic, the pressure drop through the char, and the temperature distribution within the material. The thermal stresses and the mechanical stresses due to the gas pressure drop through the porous char are calculated, and the mechanism by which the char layer builds up and collapses with time is demonstrated theoretically for the first t ime. Finally, correlated results are obtained for the maximum surface temperature, the period of spallation, and the maximum char thickness as a function of the stagnation pressure and stagnation enthalpy for the entire hypersonic suborbital flight regime.
Somatic cell hybrid selection with a transfectable dominant marker.

A recombinant plasmid vector, pSV2-neo, coding for resistance to neomycin and the related antibiotic G-418, was transfected into the mouse myeloma line X63-Ag8.653 by a modification of the protoplast fusion technique. The time interval required to obtain 106 G-418 resistant cells was 20 days and the efficiency was 10−4–10−5, which represents a significant advantage over classical methods of selecting mutant cells bearing a dominant selection marker. To investigate the efficiency of this marker in somatic cell hybrid selection, these cells were fused to the human myeloma line U-266 and the hybrids were selected either in HAT + G-418 or HAT + ouabain. The pSV2-neo vector was as efficient as ouabain as a dominant marker with respect to the number of viable hybrid colonies selected and their levels of immunoglobulin secretion. The reciprocal experiment was also performed: HAT-sensitive, mutant U-266 cells were transfected with pSV2-neo, clones selected in G-418 and fused with X63-Ag8.653 cells, and hybrids selected in ouabain plus G-418, yielding HAT-sensitive hybrid “heteromyelomas” that were effective fusion partners with human B lymphocytes.
On turbulent convection currents and the circulation of the Red Sea

Abstract Similarity solutions are found for two convective turbulent flows driven by a uniform flux of buoyancy B0 across a nearly horizontal free surface. In the first, the fluid occupies the region x > 0 below a free surface near z = 0 across which there is a constant rate of addition of positive buoyancy. A convective boundary layer develops, flowing outwards near the free surface and entraining the underlying fluid. The surface velocity in this case is found to be proportional to (B 0 x) 1 3 , the surface buoyancy (or density difference) is proportional to (B 0 2 /x) 1 3 and the bounary-layer depth is proportional to x. In the second, the flow is modified by the presence of a sill at depth d far from the barrier x = 0; buoyancy flux can be either positive or negative. In this situation, again the surface velocity is proportional to (B 0 x) 1 3 , but the distribution of surface buoyancy is proportional to B 0 2 3 x 2 3 d −1 and the boundary-layer depth is constant, of order d. This second situation is similar to that found in the Red Sea, and the similarity predictions are compared with oceanographic observations from this region.
The Physicians' Anti-Abortion Campaign and the Social Bases of Moral Reform Participation

The socialization and micromobilization approaches to participation in social movements lead to contrasting expectations about predictors of participation. The former position leads one to expect that attitudes, community memberships, and previous community memberships will predict participation. The latter leads one to expect effects of present community memberships, but calls into question the role of values and previous community memberships. In this paper, I study physician participation in a local anti-abortion campaign to trace the bases of such activity. While present community memberships appear to play a role, premedical college community plays no role. Further, while attitude variables appear to play some role, anti-abortion participants in the survey actually reject the Right-to-Life movement leadership's position on most of a series of movement-relevant issues. I interpret this finding in terms of Noelle-Neumann's concept of "the spiral of silence," which holds that the desire to avoid isolation leads to attitude incongruent activity, when such activity appears to have community sponsorship. Nothing would seem more self-evident than the proposition that values play a key role in the decision to participate in moral reform movements, yet the issue is not at all settled. Positions on this point range from the assertion that the basis of moral reform is "culture and socialization" (Wood & Hughes 1984, p. 88), to assertions by resource mobilization theorists that values are secondary to structural/network conditions as causes of participation (Jenkins 1983), to the position of the once-popular "status discontents" school that participation serves primarily status maintenance ends (see the review in Lo 1982).
Comparison of immediate postoperative pain after transvaginal versus traditional laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background Transvaginal cholecystectomy (TVC) is the most common natural orifice transluminal surgery (NOTES) performed in women, yet there is a paucity of data on intraoperative and immediate postoperative pain management. Previous studies have demonstrated that NOTES procedures are associated with less postoperative pain and faster recovery times. This study analyzes intraoperative and postoperative opioid use for TVC compared with traditional four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LCs).
Immune-enhancing enteral nutrients differentially modulate the early proinflammatory transcription factors mediating gut ischemia/reperfusion.

Background: Recent reports suggest that enteral diets enriched with arginine may be harmful by enhancing inflammation. This is consistent with our gut ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model in which arginine induced the proinflammatory mediator inducible nitric oxide synthase and resulted in injury and inflammation whereas glutamine was protective. We now hypothesize that arginine and glutamine differentially modulate the early proinflammatory transcription factors activated by gut I/R. Methods: At laparotomy, jejunal sacs were filled with either 60 mmol/L glutamine, arginine, or an iso-osmotic control followed by 60 minutes of superior mesenteric artery occlusion and 6 hours of reperfusion and compared with shams. Jejunum was harvested for nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and c-jun and c-fos (AP-1 family) by supershift. Results: Both NF-κB and AP-1 were activated by gut I/R. Arginine and glutamine had no differential effect on NF-KB, whereas AP-1 expression (c-jun but not c-fos) was markedly enhanced by arginine and significantly lessened by glutamine. Conclusion: Arginine enhanced expression of the early proinflammatory transcription factor AP-1 but not NF-κB. This represents a novel mechanism by which arginine may be harmful when administered to critically ill patients.
JSpace: implementation of a Linda system in Java

This paper describes an implementation of Linda for Java. Several capabilities of Java such as rich typing and object oriented programming are used to provide a powerful model. The implementation provides the functionality of Linda as well as some extensions taking advantages of Java. A short presentation of the Linda model and some examples are also provided.