cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective targeting of human colon cancer stem-like cells by the mTOR inhibitor Torin-1

Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is incurable for most patients. Since mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been suggested as a crucial modulator of tumor biology, we aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of mTOR targeting for CRC therapy. To this purpose, we analyzed mTOR expression and the effect of mTOR inhibition in cancer stem-like cells isolated from three human metastatic CRCs (CoCSCs). CoCSCs exhibited a strong mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) expression, and a rare expression of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). This latter correlated with differentiation, being expressed in CoCSC-derived xenografts. We indicate Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) as the possible main mTORC2 effector in CoCSCs, as highlighted by the negative effect on cancer properties following its knockdown. mTOR inhibitors affected CoCSCs differently, resulting in proliferation, autophagy as well as apoptosis induction. The apoptosis-inducing mTOR inhibitor Torin-1 hindered growth, motility, invasion, and survival of CoCSCs in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth in vivo with a concomitant reduction in vessel formation. Torin-1 also affected the expression of markers for cell proliferation, angio-/lympho-genesis, and stemness in vivo, including Ki67, DLL1, DLL4, Notch, Lgr5, and CD44. Importantly, Torin-1 did not affect the survival of normal colon stem cells in vivo, suggesting its selectivity towards cancer cells. Thus, we propose Torin-1 as a powerful drug candidate for metastatic CRC therapy.
An event set approach to sequence discovery in medical data

The goal of this research is the discovery of useful concepts in temporal medical databases. Building on previous experiments, we introduce TEMPADIS, the Temporal Pattern Discovery System, which uses an Event Set Sequence approach to discover sequential patterns in medical data. We discuss problems unique to mining medical databases and introduce techniques to overcome some of these problems. Verification results are presented based on a database of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients monitored over four years.
Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance

Abstract This study examined the relationships among employees’ emotional intelligence, their manager’s emotional intelligence, employees’ job satisfaction, and performance for 187 food service employees from nine different locations of the same restaurant franchise. We predicted and found that employees’ emotional intelligence was positively associated with job satisfaction and performance. In addition, manager’s emotional intelligence had a more positive correlation with job satisfaction for employees with low emotional intelligence than for those with high emotional intelligence. These findings remain significant after controlling for personality factors. A similar pattern was found for job performance; however, the effect did not meet traditional standards of significance. Applied implications of the results are discussed.
Regularity and integrability of rotating shallow-water equations

Abstract We consider classical shallow-water equations for a rapidly rotating fluid layer. The Poincare/Kelvin linear propagator describes fast oscillating waves for the linearized system. We show that solutions of the full nonlinear shallow-water equations can be decomposed as U(t,x 1 ,x 2 ) + Ũ(t,x 1 ,x 2 ) + W’(t,x 1 ,x 2 ) + r, where Ũ is a solution of the quasigeostrophic (QG) equation. Here r is a remainder, which is uniformly estimated from above by a majorant of order 1/f 0 . The vector field W’(t,x 1 ,x 2 ) describes the rapidly oscillating ageostrophic (AG) component. This component is exactly solved in terms of Poincare/Kelvin waves with phase shifts explicitly determined from the nonlinear quasigeostrophic equations. The mathematically rigorous control of the error r, based on estimates of small divisors, is used to prove the existence, on a long time interval T * , of regular solutions to classical shallow-water equations with general initial data ( T * → +∞, as 1/f 0 → 0).
SNR Estimation in a Non-Coherent MFSK Receiver with Diversity Combining

In this paper, the problem of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimator design for a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) communication system employing non-coherent M-ary frequency shift keying (NCMFSK) modulation scheme is considered. The transmitted signal undergoes Rayleigh fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and is received at a receiver with L diversity branches. Closed-form expressions of data aided (DA) and non-data aided (NDA) estimators have been derived using the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation approach. Cramer-Rao bound has been evaluated to compare the performance of the designed estimators. The effect of increasing the receiver diversity branches on the performance of estimators has been quantified. Index Terms —SNR Estimation, Receiver Diversity Combining.
Farm-Level Economics of Soil Conservation in the Palouse Area of the Northwest: Comment

problems in the nation (USDA). While Burt's article represents an interesting illustration of optimal control methodology, we are concerned that the drastic conceptual simplifications made to fit the problem of the OCT model used, combined with the use of obsolete data, severely limit the managerial or policy relevance of his empirical analysis. The conclusion that "intensive wheat production with good cultural and fertilization practices ... [is] not a threat to the long-run productivity of the soil" (p. 91) is an example of the questionable results reached with Burt's OCT model. The intensive cultivation Burt refers to consists of highly erosive moldboard plowing which, he implies, merits no soil erosion control policy efforts based on soil productivity impacts. By attempting to go beyond an illustration of OCT methodology into the realm of substantive recommendations about acceptable practices, Burt's article risks exemplifying the syndrome described by Blatt in a book chapter entitled, "How Economists Misuse Mathematics." Blatt specifically uses OCT to illustrate the misapplication of mathematical techniques to economic policy issues. He demonstrates how the specification errors which plague optimal control models can produce magnified distortions in the deduced "optimal" management strategies or policies.
How should a Catholic hospice respond to patients who choose to voluntarily stop eating and drinking in order to hasten death

The practice of voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED) in order to hasten death poses a unique problem for the Catholic hospice. Hospice staff may be confronted with patients already on their service who decide to pursue this option for ending their lives. Patients not on hospice service who are contemplating VSED are often advised to contact hospice for symptom palliation associated with the process of VSED. Intentionally hastening death not only violates the sanctity of human life and the Ethical and Religious Directives the Catholic hospice is bound to uphold, but it also runs counter to the general philosophy that hospice neither hastens nor postpones death. At the same time, hospice programs have a strong philosophy of nonabandonment of patients. This article will analyze the ethical issues from the perspective of the Catholic tradition and suggest strategies for the Catholic hospice to respond to this group of patients.
Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in the human striatum: a postmortem ultrastructural study.

Within the basal ganglia, the functionally defined region referred to as the striatum contains a subset of GABAergic medium spiny neurons expressing the neuropeptide enkephalin. Although the major features of ultrastructural enkephalin localization in striatum have been characterized among various species, its ultrastructural organization has never been studied in the human brain. Human striatal tissue was obtained from the Maryland and Alabama Brain Collections from 8 normal controls. The brains were received and fixed within 8 hours of death allowing for excellent preservation suitable for electron microscopy. Tissue from the dorsal striatum was processed for enkephalin immunoreactivity, and prepared for electron microscopy. General morphology of the dorsal striatum was consistent with light microscopy in human. The majority of neurons labeled with enkephalin were medium-sized, and had a large nonindented nucleus with a moderate amount of cytoplasm, characteristic of medium spiny neurons. Of the spines receiving synapses in dorsal striatum, 39% were labeled for enkephalin and were of varied morphologies. Small percentages (2%) of synapses were formed by labeled axon terminals. Most (82%) labeled terminals formed symmetric synapses. Enkephalin-labeled terminals showed no preference toward spines or dendrites for postsynaptic targets, whereas in rat and monkey, the vast majority of synapses in the neuropil are formed with dendritic shafts. Thus, there is an increase in the prevalence of axospinous synapses formed by enkephalin-labeled axon terminals in human compared to other species. Quantitative differences in synaptic features were also seen between the caudate nucleus and the putamen in the human tissue.
Factors associated with clopidogrel nonresponsiveness

Clopiodgrel therapy is the standard of care in patients with acute coronary syndrome and in those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, there is a significant amount of interindividual variability in clopidogrel responsiveness. Clopidogrel is a prodrug and requires metabolism via several CYP450 enzymes in order to exert its antiplatelet effects. Interference in these activation steps is the primary cause of clopidogrel nonresponsiveness. This review focuses on genetic polymorphisms in, and drug interactions with, the CYP450 enzymes that are associated with clopidogrel nonresponsiveness. In addition, clinical factors that effect clopidogrel responsiveness are also reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on those factors that are not only associated with a change in clopidogrel pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, but are also associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Currently, the majority of data assessing clopidogrel nonresponsiveness focus on genetic variation in CYP2C19 and drug interactions with proton pump inhibitors. However, genetic variation in other CYP450 enzymes, other drug interactions and clinical causes have been studied and are also reviewed here. It is important for healthcare practitioners to recognize all of the causes of clopidogrel nonresponsiveness, especially as novel antiplatelet alternatives become available.
Laboratory models, causal explanation and group selection

We develop an account of laboratory models, which have been central to the group selection controversy. We compare arguments for group selection in nature with Darwin's arguments for natural selection to argue that laboratory models provide important grounds for causal claims about selection. Biologists get information about causes and cause-effect relationships in the laboratory because of the special role their own causal agency plays there. They can also get information about patterns of effects and antecedent conditions in nature. But to argue that some cause is actually responsible in nature, they require an inference from knowledge of causes in the laboratory context and of effects in the natural context. This process, cause detection, forms the core of an analogical argument for group selection. We discuss the differing roles of mathematical and laboratory models in constructing selective explanations at the group level and apply our discussion to the units of selection controversy to distinguish between the related problems of cause determination and evaluation of evidence. Because laboratory models are at the intersection of the two problems, their study is crucial for framing a coherent theory of explanation for evolutionary biology.
Air traffic control jurisdictions of responsibility and airspace structure

This paper addresses the design and evaluation of those units of airspace (sectors) under the jurisdiction of a team of air traffic controllers. The limitations of the current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) criterion for the creation of new sectors are discussed, and other necessary considerations are enumerated. A methodology for sector design and evaluation is described that is sensitive to these additional features. The technique relates the traffic variables, route and sector geometry, and control procedures to the decision-making time (DMT) required on the part of the air traffic control (ATC) team. The term "decision-making time" is used synonymously with "controller work load," which constitutes the required sector evaluation criterion when overall ATC facility capacity and manning efficiency are desired.
IONIZING RADIATION ASSOCIATED WITH SOLAR RADIO NOISE STORM

Beginning at 1525 U.T. on August 22, 1958, ionizing radiation appeared at an atmospheric depth of 10 g/cm/sup 2/ in time association with a great solar radio noise storm. The response of three balloon-borne detectcrs, single counter, counter telescope, and ion chamber, is shown. The rates of the ion chamber and counter telescope rose by as much as a factor of ten above the cosmicray level while the single counter increased by a much smaller factor. The relative responses of the three detectors are given, and it is deduced that these ratios are wholly consistent with protons having an energy loss no greater than 4.5 times minimum ionization as was determnined by comparing their ion chamber to single counter ratio with that for cosmic rays and using data on average specific ionization. (W.D.M.)
Spectroscopy of Cr4+ in MgCaBa aluminate glass. The coupling of 3T2 and 1E states

Abstract The spectroscopic properties of Cr4+ in MgCaBa aluminate glass at 15 K have been studied using time-resolved fluorescence measurements. It is found that the luminescence of Cr4+ in the glass is from Cr4+ ions in both high and low crystalline field sites. With increasing delays the broadband emission observed at early times gradually evolves into a narrow band with a peak wavelength at 1.18 μm. The time-resolved spectra are compared with the theoretical prediction of a model taking into account both the site distribution and the admixture of the 3T2 state into 1E state through spin-orbit interaction.
Productivity and Cost Assessment of Computed Radiography, Digital Radiography, and Screen-Film for Outpatient Chest Examinations

An objective assessment and comparison of computed radiography (CR) versus digital radiography (DR) and screen-film for performing upright chest examinations on outpatients is presented in terms of workflow, productivity, speed of service, and potential cost justification. Perceived ease of use and workflow of each device is collected via a technologist opinion survey. Productivity is measured as the rate of patient throughput from normalized timing studies. The overall speed of service is calculated from the time of examination ordering as stamped in the radiology information system (RIS), to the time of image availability on the picture archiving and communication system (PACS), to the time of interpretation rendered (from the RIS). A cost comparison is discussed in terms of potential productivity gains and device expenditures. Comparative results of a screen-film (analog) dedicated chest unit versus a CR reader and a DR dedicated chest unit show a higher patient throughput for the digital systems. A mean of 8.2 patients were moved through the analog chest room per hour, versus 9.2 patients per hour using the CR system and 10.7 patients per hour with the DR system. This represents a 12% increase in patient throughput for CR over screen-film; a 30% increase in patient throughput for DR over screen-film, which is statistically significant; and a 16% increase in patient throughput for DR over CR, which is not statistically significant. Measured time to image availability for interpretation is much faster for both CR and DR versus screen-film, with the mean minutes to image availability calculated as 29.2 ± 14.3 min for screen-film, 6.7 ± 1.5 min for CR, and 5.7 ± 2.5 min for DR. This represents an improved time to image availability of 77% for CR over screen-film, 80% for DR over screen-film, and 15% for DR over CR. These results are statistically significant (P <.0001) for both CR over screen-film and DR over screen-film but not statistically significant for DR over CR. A comparison of the digital technology costs illustrates that the high cost of DR may not be justifiable unless a facility has a steady high patient volume to run the device at or near 100% productivity. Both CR and DR can improve workflow and productivity over analog screen-film in a PACS for delivery of projection radiography services in an outpatient environment. Cost justification for DR over CR appears to be tied predominantly to high patient volume and continuous rather than sporadic use patterns.
Large ferredoxin crystals from a blue-green alga, Phormidium foveolarum☆

Abstract Large rectangular, solid ferredoxin crystals have been obtained from the blue-green alga, Phormidium foveolarum . In contrast to the needle- or rodshaped crystals obtained previously from other algal sources, Phormidium ferredoxin crystals should prove useful for X-ray crystallography. The ratios of absorbance at the maxima in the visible region at 465 nm, 423 nm and 331 nm to that in the ultraviolet at 276 nm are 0.56, 0.60 and 0.77, respectively, and comparable to the values reported for Nostoc ferredoxin. Millimolar absorbance coefficients at 465 nm, 423 nm and 331 nm are 9.0, 9.6 and 12.4 and resemble higher plant ferredoxin. The amino acid composition of Phormidium ferredoxin is similar to other algal and higher plant ferredoxins but contains fewer basic residues. It contains only 2 lysine residues per mole, whereas algal and higher plant ferredoxins contain 3–5 lysine residues. The molecular weight is estimated to be 11 000 to 12 000 daltons. The ferredoxins of the blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans , and of the red alga, Bumilleriopsis filiformis , reportedly contain one atom of labile sulfur per mole, but Phormidium ferredoxin contains two atoms of labile sulfur in a 1:1 ratio with iron.
Functional distinctions between the ribonucleic acids from citrus exocortis viroid and plant viruses: cell-free translation and aminoacylation reactions

Abstract A low molecular weight RNA having tRNA-like physical characteristics has previously been shown to be the pathogen causing citrus exocortis disease. The ability of this RNA to serve as a messenger molecule, or as an amino acid acceptor, was compared with that of other small RNA molecules from plant viruses. While the viral RNAs showed both of these activities, the citrus exocortis viroid had neither, contrasting the nature of this pathogen with that of plant viruses.
Using Key Instructional Elements to Systematically Promote Social Skill Generalization for Students with Challenging Behavior.

School success may be minimal for students who have difficulties building social relationships and ultimately fail at developing social competence. As a result, social skills training is often prov...
Erratum to “Weight and body mass index in Parkinson's disease patients after deep brain stimulation surgery” [Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 11 (2005) 247–252]

Department of Neurology, Fairview-University Medical Center and the University of Minnesota, PWB 12-146, MMC 295, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Fairview-University Medical Center and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Surgery, Fairview-University Medical Center and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA Minnesota Obesity Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul and Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul and Minneapolis, MN, USA
The Effect of Selection Ratio on Perceptions of the Fairness of a Selection Test Battery

This research examined the effects of the selection ratio on applicants’ perceptions of the fairness of a battery of tests. These fairness perceptions were also examined to assess whether they moderated the validity of the tests. A laboratory study was undertaken to examine the effects of the selection ratio on applicants going through a selection process and to examine the effects of being hired or rejected. Results revealed that the selection ratio did not have an effect on perceptions, but that hired individuals perceived greater distributive fairness. Furthermore, attitudes towards the cognitive ability test moderated the validity of the cognitive ability test, but attitudes toward the personality test did not moderate the validity of the personality test.
Ordered phosphorylation of p42mapk by MAP kinase kinase.

Preparation of milligram amounts of [32P]p42mapk, phosphorylaled at Tyr185 or diphosphorylated at Tyr185/Thr183, for use as specific protein phosphatase substrates is described. Tyr- but not Thr-phosphorylated p42mapk, accumulates when ATP is limiting. Furthermore, Tyr185-phosphorylated p42mapk exhibits an apparent 10-fold decrease in apparent Km (46.6 ± 6.6 nM) for MAP kinase kinase compared to that for the dephospho form (∼476 nM). We conclude that Tyr185 precedes Tyr185 phosphorylation, and that this is prerequisite, dramatically increasing the affinity of p42mapk for MAP kinase kinase.
Specific responsiveness of chick trigeminal motor nucleus explants to target-conditioned media.

Explants of the neural tube from stage 11 chick embryos containing the metencephalic trigeminal (V) motor nucleus were cultured in standard control medium, in medium conditioned by appropriate target musculature (the mandibular process of the first visceral arch that gives rise to jaw musculature innervated by motor V) or in medium conditioned by inappropriate target musculature (rostral limb bud tissue). The appropriate and inappropriate muscle tissues were of the same developmental stage (stage 22) and were in similar states of differentiation. At this point in vivo, both are just beginning to be innervated. The neuritic outgrowth from the explants was quantified after 6 days in vitro. While explants from all three groups appeared healthy and exhibited some neuritic outgrowth, the density and complexity of this growth was significantly greater in the group cultured with the appropriate (jaw) muscle-conditioned medium. Growth in this group significantly surpassed that of both the control and the inappropriate (limb) muscle-conditioned medium group. The inappropriate muscle-conditioned medium group did not differ from the control group. These results demonstrate a specific responsiveness of the trigeminal motor nucleus population to its appropriate target tissue. Since relatively small amounts of the muscle-conditioned medium were used with each explant, it is suggested that there is a high degree of sensitivity of this population to factors present in their target at the time innervation would normally be occurring. It is hypothesized that such selective responsiveness may play a role in guiding or sustaining growth during normal neurogenesis.
BrdU-33258 Hoechst analysis of DNA replication in human lymphocytes with supernumerary or structurally abnormal X chromosomes.

BrdU-33258 Hoechst techniques have been used to characterize DNA replication patterns in lymphocytes from human females with supernumerary or structurally abnormal X chromosomes. Fluorescence analysis permits identification of late replicating X chromosomes in a very high proportion of cells and affords a high resolution method for determining the interchange points of X-X and X-autosome translocations. Asynchrony among terminal replication patterns of multiple late replicating X chromosomes within an individual cell can occasionally be demonstrated. The arms of isochromosomes usually exhibit symmetrical fluorescence patterns, with replication terminating in bands Xq21 and Xq23 (predominant pattern) or in bands Xq25 and Xq27 (alternative pattern) in both arms. In the vast majority of lymphocytes containing a balanced X-13 or X-19 translocation, the normal X is late replicating. However, DNA synthesis in the translocation products occasionally appears somewhat delayed relative to that expected for an early replicating X, consistent with possible position effects on replication kinetics.
Energy bands and electronic density of states in liquid palladium

Abstract Calculations are presented of the energy bands E ( k ) and electronic density of states N ( E ) using a liquid generalization of Andersen's version of the KKR equations of band theory. The method is applied to liquid Pd using a muffin-tin potential in the renormalized free atom approximation (RFA) with Slater exchange, and a comparison is made with earlier resistivity calculations by the authors using the same potential model. Some observations are made regarding the value and future applications of this approach.
Immunofluorescent Visualization of Myosin in Human Epidermal Cells

An antiserum against guinea pig epidermal myosin was used for the localization of myosin in frozen sections of human epidermis and cultured human epidermal cells. The antiserum gave a single precipitin band with epidermal myosin but did not cross react with muscle myosin or epidermal keratin in immunodiffusion plates. Strong staining, in the indirect immunofluorescence technique, was observed in cells of the lower layers of human and guinea pig epidermis. The antibody also reacted with myofibrils, intracellular filaments in cultured human epidermal cells and fibers in 3T3, HeLa and PtK2 cells. Double immunofluorescence staining using antisera against myosin and keratin revealed no obvious differences in staining patterns in filaments of cultured human epidermal cells.
Analysis of Present Geomagnetic Field for Comparison with Paleomagnetic Results

Both the dipole and nondipole components of the present geomagnetic field are analyzed by calculating the orientation of hypothetical geocentric dipoles which, if acting alone, would produce the present geomagnetic field as observed at points on a grid covering the earth at 10° intervals. The dispersion in direction of these virtual geomagnetic poles due to the nondipole component of thee geomagnetic field (1) is larger in the southern hemisphere than in the northern; (2) increases with increase in latitude; (3) at all latitudes is of the same order of magnitude as the dispersion due to a wobble of several tens of degrees of the main geocentric dipole; (4) is anomalously small over a region of continental dimensions in the central Pacific ocean. The parameters describing these variations of poles are transformed to parameters describing variations of the geomagnetic field for comparison with paleomagnetic data.
PMR investigation of long-range couplings in some 1,2,4-trisubstituted naphthalenes

Abstract The PMR spectra of seven 1,2,4-trisubstituted naphthalenes have been obtained and analyzed. The most striking feature observed is the presence of long-range interring couplings, J 35 and J 37 , transmitted through five and seven bonds, respectively, which have not been previously reported for these compounds. Also, a reasonably good correlation has been found for the chemical shifts of H 6 and H 7 and the sum of the ΔpK z values from the corresponding monosubstituted naphthoic acids.
Evidence for a time dependent excitation process in silane radio frequency glow discharges

A new phenomenon in rf glow discharges has been observed, namely the existence of a strongly time dependent excitation of atomic levels. The observed excitation width of 10 ns (FHWM) is short compared to the 37‐ns duration of a half‐cycle of the 13.56‐MHz applied rf power. This implies a similar time dependence of the density of those electrons responsible for the excitation. Moreover, the excitation propagates through the glow away from the nearer electrode. The nature of this propagation phenomenon is uncertain. These results are deduced from a time resolved study of the λ=288.2 nm emission from neutral excited silicon, Si(4s1,1P0) and λ=656.3 nm emission from H(n=3), generated within the rf silane glow discharge. The radiative lifetimes of these two states are 5.2 and 10 ns, respectively. A study of the Si to H yield ratio, together with some Langmuir probe measurements, indicates that the electrons are themalized in the glow regions.
Will Safety Release Cords on Children's Cameras Prevent Strangulation?

This study investigated the automatic safety release mechanisms on neck cords for children's cameras. The purpose of the safety release mechanism is to reduce accidental strangulation associated with children's toys that have neck cords. The horizontal pull forces that activate the automatic safety release mechanism were measured for two different styles of release mechanisms for neck cords. When these forces were compared to forces associated with child strangulation, the automatic safety mechanisms released at higher forces than the forces associated with accidental strangulation or death, which is contrary to what was intended and creates a false sense of security for parents who select a toy camera with such a device.
Modification of the velocity distribution of H2 molecules in a supersonic beam by intense pulsed optical gradients

We report the acceleration and deceleration of H(2) molecules in a supersonic molecular beam by means of its interaction with an intense optical gradient from a nanosecond far-off-resonant optical pulse. The strong optical gradients are formed in the interference pattern of two intense optical pulses at 532 nm. The velocity distribution of the molecular beam, before and after the applied optical pulse, is measured by a velocity-mapped ion imaging technique. Changes in velocity up to 202 m s(-1)+/- 61 m s(-1) are observed in a molecular beam initially travelling at a mean speed of 563 m s(-1). We report the dependence of this change in velocity with the strength of the optical gradient applied.
Hyperspectral imager development at Army Research Laboratory

Development of robust compact optical imagers that can acquire both spectral and spatial features from a scene of interest is of utmost importance for standoff detection of chemical and biological agents as well as targets and backgrounds. Spectral features arise due to the material properties of objects as a result of the emission, reflection, and absorption of light. Using hyperspectral imaging one can acquire images with narrow spectral bands and take advantage of the characteristic spectral signatures of different materials making up the scene in detection of objects. Traditional hyperspectral imaging systems use gratings and prisms that acquire one-dimensional spectral images and require relative motion of sensor and scene in addition to data processing to form a two-dimensional image cube. There is much interest in developing hyperspectral imagers using tunable filters that acquire a two-dimensional spectral image and build up an image cube as a function of time. At the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), we are developing hyperspectral imagers using a number of novel tunable filter technologies. These include acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) that can provide adaptive no-moving-parts imagers from the UV to the long wave infrared, diffractive optics technology that can provide image cubes either in a single spectral region or simultaneously in different spectral regions using a single moving lens or by using a lenslet array, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)-based Fabry-Perot (FP) tunable etalons to develop miniature sensors that take advantage of the advances in microfabrication and packaging technologies. New materials are being developed to design AOTFs and a full Stokes polarization imager has been developed, diffractive optics lenslet arrays are being explored, and novel FP tunable filters are under fabrication for the development of novel miniature hyperspectral imagers. Here we will brief on all the technologies being developed and present highlights of our research and development efforts.
Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Regulation of Sarco-endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 3 in Insulin-secreting β-Cells

We have previously characterized an insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)-overexpressing β-cell line. These β-cells demonstrated elevated fractional insulin secretion and elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels compared with wild-type and vector controls. This effect of IRS-1 may be mediated via an interaction with the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Here we demonstrate that IRS-1 and IRS-2 localize to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-enriched fraction in β-cells using subcellular fractionation. We also observe co-localization of both IRS-1 and IRS-2 with ER marker proteins using immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. Furthermore, immuno-electron microscopy studies confirm that IRS-1 and SERCA3b localize to vesicles derived from the ER. In Chinese hamster ovary-T (CHO-T) cells transiently transfected with SERCA3b alone or together with IRS-1, SERCA3b co-immunoprecipitates with IRS-1. This interaction is enhanced with insulin treatment. SERCA3b also co-immunoprecipitates with IRS-1 in wild-type and IRS-1-overexpressing β-cell lines. Ca2+uptake in ER-enriched fractions prepared from wild-type and IRS-1-overexpressing cell lines shows no significant difference, indicating that the previously observed decrease in Ca2+uptake by IRS-1-overexpressing cells is not the result of a defect in SERCA. Treatment of wild-type β-cells with thapsigargin, an inhibitor of SERCA, resulted in an increase in glucose-stimulated fractional insulin secretion similar to that observed in IRS-1-overexpressing cells. The colocalization of IRS proteins and SERCA in the ER of β-cells increases the likelihood that these proteins can interact with one another. Co-immunoprecipitation of IRS-1 and SERCA in CHO-T cells and β-cells confirms that these proteins do indeed interact directly. Pharmacological inhibition of SERCA in β-cells results in enhanced secretion of insulin. Taken together, our data suggest that interaction between IRS proteins and SERCA is an important regulatory step in insulin secretion.
Teachers' Conceptualization of Pupil Control in Elementary School Physical Education

Abstract Management of conduct has been considered the most important problem facing schools in America during 16 of the last 20 years (Gallup, 1988). Yet little is known about specific techniques teachers use to achieve pupil control in physical education. One purpose of this work is to describe the development of a conceptual framework for pupil control techniques. The framework was derived from 64 live observations and audiotapes of elementary school physical education lessons. A second purpose is to describe how teachers may potentially foster pupil self-control. Data were reduced through analytic induction, constant comparison, and topological analysis. The investigator placed 23 categories into three classifications as perceived by teachers: anticipatory, tutorial, and punitive. Teachers confirmed frequency of using techniques during interviews and on surveys. Intraobserver agreement tests yielded 88% for distinguishing among categories. Interobserver scores ranged from 83 to 86% agreement. Categori...
A Study of Isothermal Flow Past a Confined Bluff Body

The paper describes a preliminary assessment of a TEACH-based mathematical model, known as TURCOM, for isothermal flow past a confined bluff-body. The assessment is based on comparisons of numerical predictions with the experimental data. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and gas analysis were used to measure radial profiles of axial velocity and CO2 concentration. Laser sheet illumination was employed to study the gross features of the flow.Depending on the jet velocity ratio, two or three recirculation zones and two well-defined stagnation points along the centerline were predicted. Agreement between the predictions and experimental data were reasonably good, but the axial location of the fuel stagnation point was under-estimated when compared with the LDV data. Flow visualization indicated vortex shedding off the edges of the bluff body, an unsteady flow phenomenon that neither TURCOM prediction nor LDV measurements could identify.Copyright © 1990 by ASME
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) phosphorylation promotes dopaminergic neuronal survival during 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress is a major pathophysiological mediator of degenerative processes in many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Aberrant cell signaling governed by protein phosphorylation has been linked to oxidative damage of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Although several studies have associated activation of certain protein kinases with apoptotic cell death in PD, very little is known about protein kinase regulation of cell survival and protection against oxidative damage and degeneration in dopaminergic neurons. Here, we characterized the PKD1-mediated protective pathway against oxidative damage in cell culture models of PD. Dopaminergic neurotoxicant 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) was used to induce oxidative stress in the N27 dopaminergic cell model and in primary mesencephalic neurons. Our results indicated that 6-OHDA induced the PKD1 activation loop (PKD1S744/S748) phosphorylation during early stages of oxidative stress and that PKD1 activation preceded cell death. We also found that 6-OHDA rapidly increased phosphorylation of the C-terminal S916 in PKD1, which is required for PKD1 activation loop (PKD1S744/748) phosphorylation. Interestingly, negative modulation of PKD1 activation by RNAi knockdown or by the pharmacological inhibition of PKD1 by kbNB-14270 augmented 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis, while positive modulation of PKD1 by the overexpression of full length PKD1 (PKD1WT) or constitutively active PKD1 (PKD1S744E/S748E) attenuated 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic role for PKD1 during oxidative neuronal injury. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PKD1 signaling plays a cell survival role during early stages of oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons and therefore, positive modulation of the PKD1-mediated signal transduction pathway can provide a novel neuroprotective strategy against PD.
A critical reexamination of the continous spectrophotometric assay for adenosine deaminase

The continuous spectrophotometric assay for adenosine deaminase has been reinvestigated, using both adenosine and 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine as substrates. This assay is based on the reported decrease in absorbance at or near 265 nm between the adenine nucleoside substrate and the hypoxanthine nucleoside product. In the substrate concentration range 1,5 – 8.0 × 10−4m, the progress of the reaction is associated with an anomalous sigmoidal dependence of absorbance on time, and the overall change in absorbance decreases with increasing substrate concentration. Near 8 × 10−4m substrate, the deamination proceeds with no change in absorbance, while at higher concentrations, small increases in absorbance are observed. These effects, if ignored, generate initial “rate” data exhibiting an apparent substrate inhibition whieh, however, is completely an artifact induced by the spectral anomalies. Over the entire concentration range 5 × 10−6–1 × 10−3m, alternative assay methods (e.g., discontinuous detection of the product, ammonia) yeld normal Michaelis-Menten kineties. The anomalous behavior manifested in the continuous spectrophotometric assay is due to large negative deviations from Beer's law. These deviations are observed for all four of the nucleosides tested, viz., adenosine, 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine, inosine, and 9-β-d-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine. The departure from Beer's law is detectable anywhere in the concentration range 5 × 10−6–1 × 10−3m, but is most marked at concentrations above 1 × 10−4m. Thus, the continuous spectrophotometric assay for adenosine deaminase should be utilized withextreme caution, and should not be employed at concentrations exceeding 1 × 10−4m, irrespective of the Km value for the substrate. Specific recommendations are given for future assays.
C. D. Walcott – definitely a Rocky Mountain geologist

Profile of Rocky Mountain Geologist – a continuing series Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850–1927) (Fig. 1), was a great geologist, along with being a great paleontologist. Anyone who reads nothing more about him than his list of publications (Darton, 1928; Yochelson, 1967) ought to be impressed; providing references to papers resulting from Walcott's field efforts mentioned below would greatly exceed the word limit. His 1910 discovery of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale biota in eastern British Columbia certainly qualifies him as a Rocky Mountain geologist. For those who would view a paleontologist as not-quite a true geologist, Walcott's early years with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) show his mettle in the field, if the title may be expanded geographically to include the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range province. Figure 1. Charles Doolittle Walcott, shortly after he was appointed third director of the U.S. Geological Survey; this picture is undated but was probably taken in 1894 or 1895. From Smithsonian Institution Archives number 82-3145. Employee number 20 entered duty with the USGS on July 21, 1879 (Yochelson, 1998). Before Walcott had time to reconsider career choice, he was borne by passenger train, freight train, stagecoach and mule, to Kanab in southwest Utah. His assignment was more or less straightforward, namely to measure a standard section of the regional rock column and collect fossils from the various stratigraphic units. With a couple of mules, and a camp hand/cook/ mule skinner, he set out for the fresh-water Tertiary strata of the Pink Cliffs, not far from present-day Bryce Canyon National Park. He began measuring downward until he reached the Colorado River, ending at the Cambrian sandstone. This was more than 13,000 feet of section! It was mid-November before Walcott returned to Washington. Only the Paleozoic strata were described and only in the most preliminary …
Targeting the Tcf4 G13ANDE17 binding site to selectively disrupt β-catenin/T-cell factor protein-protein interactions.

Selective disruption of protein–protein interactions by small molecules is important for probing the structure and dynamic aspects of cellular network. It can also provide new therapeutic targets. β-Catenin of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway uses the same positively charged groove to bind with T-cell factor (Tcf), cadherin, and adenomatous polysis coli (APC). The extravagant formation of β-catenin/Tcf interactions drives the initiation and progression of many cancers and fibroses, while β-catenin/cadherin and β-catenin/APC interactions are essential for cell–cell adhesion and β-catenin degradation. In this study, a selective binding site that can differentiate β-catenin/Tcf, β-catenin/cadherin, and β-catenin/APC interactions was identified by alanine scanning and biochemical assays. A new peptidomimetic strategy that incorporates SiteMap and multiple-copy simultaneous search was used to design selective small-molecule inhibitors for β-catenin/Tcf interactions. A potent inhibitor was discovered to bind...
Relative biological effectiveness of 252Cf radiation as estimated by thymus weight loss.

The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 252Cf radiation at a low dose rate (LDR) of 21.1 cGy/h was studied for its mixed neutron and gamma radiations vs. LDR 137Cs (70.6 cGy/h) and acute 60Co gamma radiations (123 cGy/min). Dose response was determined by thymus weight loss and showed bi-exponential curves reflecting a sensitive and less sensitive populations to 252Cf, 137Cs and 60Co radiations. The mean lethal doses (D0''s) for the first component were: 252Cf, 74 ± 6 cGy; 137CsS, 108 ± 15 cGy; 60Co, 102 ± 20 cGy; 137Cs and 60Co pooled, 109 ± 26 cGy. The D0''s for the second component were: 252Cf, 375 ± 50 cGy; 137Cs; 619 ± 50 cGy; 60Co, 627 ± 270 cGy; 137Cs and 60Co pooled, 624 ± 56 cGy. The RBE obtained by the ratio of the first component (pooled 137Cs and 60Co to 252Cf) was 1.47 ± 0.14 for n + γ and for neutrons only was 1.70 ± 0.16. The ratio of the doses of 137Cs to 252Cf to obtain a fractional weight change of 50% gave and RBE of 1.70 ± 0.20, and RBEn = 2.04 ± 0.24. The RBE by the ratio of pooled 137Cs and 60Co data to 252Cf to obtain 50% weight loss from all data was estimated to be 3.00 ± 0.60, and RBEn = 4.00 ± 0.80. No dose rate effect was found for LDR 137Cs vs. acute 60Co radiations.
Moderator and Mediator Effects in Hospitality Research

Abstract Investigation of moderator or mediator effect allows researchers to explain a more precise description of the relationship between independent and outcome variables. Although moderator and mediator are often incorporated in the hospitality research, unclear differences between the two variables and other third variables, and technical complexity in statistical testing seem to confuse researchers in adopting appropriate conceptualizations and analyses. The goals of this article are to (a) summarize the conceptual differences between moderators and mediators, (b) provide nontechnical descriptions of how to examine each type of effect in statistical analysis via regression and SEM approaches, (c) differentiate mediated-moderation and moderated-mediation effects, and (d) discuss other third variable effects of confusion in the moderator and mediator studies. Efforts are made to translate existing technical literature on the moderator and mediator testing.
Discrimination: Market or Societal?

The analysis of any problem laden with social, economic and emotional burdens runs the inherent risk of misunderstanding. The issue of discrimination is, perhaps the leading behavioural issue of this generation, and as such it has a multitude of facts, myths amd emotions associated with it. Assumptions have been made about the nature and locus of discrimination which this article proposes to investigate.
Low-power, low-complexity instruction issue using compiler assistance

In an out-of-order issue processor, instructions are dynamically reordered and issued to function units in their data-ready order rather than their original program order to achieve high performance. The logic that facilitates dynamic issue is one of the most power-hungry and time-critical components in a typical out-of-order issue processor.This paper develops a cooperative hardware/software technique to reduce complexity and energy consumption of the issue logic. The proposed scheme is based on the observation that not all instructions in a program require the same amount of dynamic reordering. Instructions that belong to basic blocks for which the compiler can perform near-optimal sche- duling do not need any intra-block instruction reordering but require only inter-block instruction overlap. In contrast, blocks where the compiler is limited by artificial dependences and memory misses require both intra-block and inter-block instruction reordering. The proposed Reorder-Sensitive Issue Scheme utilizes a novel compile-time analyzer to evaluate the quality of schedules generated by the static scheduler and to estimate the dynamic reordering requirement of instructions within each basic block. At the micro-architecture-level, we propose a novel issue queue that exploits the varying dynamic scheduling requirement of basic blocks to lower the power dissipation and complexity of the dynamic issue hardware.An evaluation of the technique on several SPEC integer benchmarks indicates that we can reduce the energy consumption in the issue queue on average by 72% with only 5% performance degradation Additionally, the proposed issue hardware is significantly less complex when compared to a conventional monolithic out-of-order issue queue, providing the potential for high clock speeds.