cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upjohn Co. v. United States as Support for Selective Waiver of the Attorney-Client Privilege in Corporate Criminal Investigations

In 1981, the U.S. Supreme Court in Upjohn Co. u United States clarified the application of the attorney-client privilege to corporations and recognized three concerns in deciding whether such a privilege applies: the predictability as to which communications will be disclosed to third parties, the promotion of the free flow of information between clients and attorneys, and the encouragement of corporate self-policing and cooperation with investigations. Recently, however, a new debate over the attorney-client privilege has arisen in the corporate context—whether to recognize a selective waiver of the attorney-client privilege where communications have been disclosed already to one government agency but not to civil litigants or other government agencies. This debate has engendered conflicting responses from federal circuit courts, the U.S. Department of justice, the Advisory Committee on Federal Evidence Rules, and Congress. This Note argues that by adhering to the principles laid out in Upjohn, courts, lawmakers, and rulemakers should resolve the conflict in favor of recognizing a selective waiver of the attorney-client privilege.
Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Survival of 839 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients has been reviewed in relation to a number of patient and disease characteristics. Over-all, the relative 5-yr survival rate was 44%. Studying survival by age and sex led to the following observations: Dividing age into intervals
Corporate Inversions: A Case of Having the Cake and Eating it Too?

The race by American companies to change their incorporation to countries with lower corporate tax rate has reached fever pitch. Using a comprehensive sample of U.S. companies that reincorporate overseas (\invert") between 1996 and 2013 and a matched set of U.S. incorporated multinational rms, we study the benets and costs of such
Nanocomposite materials for nonlinear optics

Summary form only given. In this talk, we review recent research aimed at developing new nonlinear optical materials based on the concept of forming a composite of two or more constituent materials. The goal of this research is to develop materials with superior optical properties for use in applications such as photonics, optical switching, and optical limiting.
Fire Hydrant Play: Injuries and Their Prevention

A total of 86 children treated for injuries that occurred while playing in water from fire hydrants are described. Patients were urban (100%), minority (97%) children with few alternative means for keeping cool. Injuries occurred on extremely hot summer days (mean maximum temperature 36.3 degrees C [97.5 degrees F]). Laceration of the foot on broken glass was the most common injury and was prevented by wearing footwear (P less than .001). Motor vehicles caused all serious injuries. Sprinkler attachments on the hydrants were associated with significantly fewer motor vehicle-related injuries (P less than .001) and water pressure-related injuries (P = .02). Adults were present at more than 90% of injury scenes, but had no effect on the safety of fire hydrant play. Public policy should be directed toward increasing the availability of alternative means for keeping cool, increasing the number of hydrants equipped with sprinklers, and reducing the amount of broken glass in the streets. Public education targeting adults to remove glass from the street, insist that children wear footwear, and open only those hydrants that have sprinklers could further reduce injuries to urban children who play in water from fire hydrants.
A brief, regular, proactive telephone “coaching” intervention for diabetes: Rationale, description, and preliminary results

Abstract Telephone-delivered interventions (TDIs) represent a potentially cost-effective method to increase medical adherence. TDIs for diabetes patients have typically been delivered by nurses or computerized telephone messaging. Psychology undergraduates, however, are less costly than nurses, have a strong background in behavioral science, and provide the personal relationship missing with computerized contact. This paper presents the rationale for and description of a brief, regular, proactive telephone intervention designed to be delivered by psychology undergraduates (i.e., paraprofessionals). “Coaches” administer a 15-min telephone intervention weekly for 3 months and biweekly for 3 additional months. Guided by a semistructured protocol that focuses on behavioral goals, coaches provides support, collaborative problem-solving, and apply basic cognitive-behavioral techniques. Results from a pilot study on type 1 diabetes patients are presented. This preliminary evidence suggests that the program is feasible, acceptable to a large majority of patients, and effective in reducing HbA1c levels.
One-atom detection and statistical studies with resonance ionization spectroscopy

To learn how to take matter apart atom-by-atom and to count each atom according to its type, regardless of its initial chemical or physical state, is presumably a worthy goal in scientific research[l]. The advent of the laser created real hope that these aspirations will be realized. The counting of atoms is not merely an intellectual exercise set apart from real-world applications. On the contrary, even though the capability is scarcely more than five years old, practical applications have been made in many fields of chemistry, physics, the environment and industry. In this lecture we wish to review how the laser made possible the counting of atoms and how this capability has been put to use in situations where atoms are free to react chemically as they diffuse through a medium. Fluctuation phenomena and statistical mechanics can also be examined in these situations.
Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation

Introduction Section One: What is a Microfinance Institution? Section 1.1 Village Banks Section 1.2 Trust and Group Lending Section 1.3 Focus on Women Section 1.4 High Interest Rates, Subsidy, and Financial Sustainability Section 1.5 Qualified Leadership Section 1.6 Types of MFIs Section Two: Criticisms of Microfinance Section 2.1 Does Not Reach the Poorest Section 2.2 Not Financially Sustainable Section 2.3 Potentially Harmful to Women Section 2.4 Creates Large Debt Section 2.5 Not Universal in Application Section Three: Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation Section 3.1 Increase in Income Section 3.2 Better Nutrition Section 3.3 Higher School Attendance Section 3.4 Women’s Empowerment Section 3.5 Lifts Poor Out of Poverty Section 3.6 Integrated Programs Conclusion References 2 Rollins Undergraduate Research Journal, Vol. 2 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 9 http://scholarship.rollins.edu/rurj/vol2/iss1/9
Indirect stimulation of recombination in Escherichia coli K-12: dependence on recJ, uvrA, and uvrD.

Direct and indirect UV-stimulated homologous genetic recombination was investigated in Escherichia coli strains blocked in several host-encoded functions. Genetic recombination was assayed by measuring beta-galactosidase produced after recombination between two noncomplementing lacZ ochre alleles. Both types of stimulation (direct and indirect) were found to be primarily RecF pathway-mediated. In a rec+ background, both direct and indirect stimulation were found to be dependent on uvrD (coding for helicase II). In a recB21 sbcB15 background, direct and indirect stimulation were uvrD dependent only when the strain was additionally deficient in the UvrABC excision repair pathway. Indirect but not direct stimulation was also dependent on recJ (coding for a 59-to-39 exonuclease specific for single-stranded DNA) regardless of sbcA or sbcB configuration. The methyl-directed mismatch repair system (mutSLH) also appeared to play an important role in stimulation. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that excision of UV-induced DNA damage is a prelude to UV-mediated stimulation of genetic recombination.
Dual Exchange Markets for Countries Facing Financial Crises

Abstract In dual exchange markets there is an exchange market for capital transactions separate from the foreign exchange market for current transactions. Developing countries experiencing financial crises should avoid both a substantial decline in the exchange value of their currency and a reduction of their imports to the point at which their production and consumption of essentials are grossly impaired. It is suggested that a temporary system of dual exchange markets will prevent capital outflow from reducing foreign exchange for imports of goods and services. Both markets should be free of exchange controls except those needed to maintain separation of the markets.
Epigenetic regulation of retinal development and disease

Epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromosomal organization, is emerging as a new layer of transcriptional regulation in retinal development and maintenance. Guided by intrinsic transcription factors and extrinsic signaling molecules, epigenetic regulation can activate and/or repress the expression of specific sets of genes, therefore playing an important role in retinal cell fate specification and terminal differentiation during development as well as maintaining cell function and survival in adults. Here, we review the major findings that have linked these mechanisms to the development and maintenance of retinal structure and function, with a focus on ganglion cells and photoreceptors. The mechanisms of epigenetic regulation are highly complex and vary among different cell types. Understanding the basic principles of these mechanisms and their regulatory pathways may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of retinal diseases associated with transcription dysregulation, and new therapeutic strategies for treatment.
Fabrication and characterization of anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell based on BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ electrolyte

Abstract Anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on a proton and oxide ion mixed conductor electrolyte, BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ (BZCYYb), have been fabricated using phase inversion and dip-coating techniques with a co-firing process. The single cell is composed of NiO–BZCYYb anode, BZCYYb electrolyte and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF)–BZCYYb cathode. Maximum power densities of 0.08, 0.15, and 0.26 W cm−2 have been obtained at 500, 550 and 600 °C, respectively, using H2 as fuel and ambient air as oxidant.
Dynamic Buckling and Instability in Soil and Sand Penetration

In this paper, an initial attempt has been made to analytically model what has been experimentally observed when ogival-nose penetrators were fired at high velocities (up to 1500 m/sec) into soil-type (particulate) materials. Although very little experimental data of this type is available, in several instances, penetrators recovered after tests of this type were conducted were severely deformed, exhibiting excessive bending in their shank regions. The result of this initial effort is an estimate for the velocity limit that avoids the growth of lateral disturbances that will ultimately fail the penetrator. In spite of the many approximations and assumptions that were made in the development of the theory, the results are very promising and offer a path to more sophisticated results.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Synthesis at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology

As the focus of synthesis increasingly shifts from its historical emphasis on molecular structure to function, improved strategies are clearly required for the generation of molecules with defined physical, chemical, and biological properties. In contrast, living organisms are remarkably adept at producing molecules and molecular assemblies with an impressive array of functions - from enzymes and antibodies to the photosynthetic center. Thus, the marriage of Nature's synthetic strategies, molecules, and biosynthetic machinery with more traditional synthetic approaches might enable the generation of molecules with properties difficult to achieve by chemical strategies alone. Here we illustrate the potential of this approach and overview some opportunities and challenges in the coming years.
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes: Two ways to kill target cells

Of the two pathways implicated in target-cell damage by cytotoxic lymphocytes, secretory granule exocytosis seems to dominate in anti-viral immunity whereas the Fas pathway may regulate immune responses.
Dual-energy decomposition using a kinestatic charge detector

The Kinestatic Charge Detector (KCD) is an electronic digital strip beam x-ray detector which has been shown to possess a high detective quantum efficiency, good spatial resolution, and good scatter rejection. We have investigated its use as a dual-energy x-ray detector detector, which involves the acquisition of two images with different mean x-ray energies that can be reconstructed using a suitable algorithm to form images of two basis materials such as bone and soft tissue. Dual-energy imaging with a single exposure may be performed with a KCD by segmenting its x-ray collection region into front and back regions. The lower x-ray photons will then be preferentially absorbed in the front region. Computer simulations were performed to evaluate a segmented KCD's ability to reconstruct various combinations of Plexiglas and aluminum. Actual experimental data were also taken for various Plexiglas and aluminum combinations with a non-imaging research KCD. The suitability of using analytic calibration functions as decomposition algorithms for aluminum and Plexiglas basis material images was investigated. Fits were performed for the computer simulations using the high-energy and low-energy data, with and without the addition of noise. Similar fitting techniques were used with the experimental KCD data. A true rms accuracy of 150 micrometer for aluminum and 500 micrometer for Plexiglas was obtainable from fits for the computer simulated data, even with the addition of noise. The experimental data taken with the non-imaging KCD yielded rms errors of approximately 250 micrometer for aluminum and 1000 micrometer for Plexiglas, comparable to simulated noisy data. We conclude that suitable decomposition algorithms exist for a segmented dual-energy KCD to be able to reconstruct aluminum and Plexiglas material thicknesses to an accuracy sufficient for clinical diagnosis in chest radiography.
Bell's Palsy in Children: Role of the School Nurse in Early Recognition and Referral.

Bell’s palsy is the most common condition affecting facial nerves. It is an acute, rapidly progressing, idiopathic, unilateral facial paralysis that is generally self-limiting and non–life threaten...
Rapid changes of the surface soil heat flux and its effects on the estimation of evapotranspiration

Abstract An experiment was conducted during August and early September 1991 in the middle of an alfalfa field in Logan, northern Utah. Twenty-minute values of climatic factors, including soil heat flux at a depth of 8 cm G 8cm and average soil temperature at 2 and 6 cm, were measured using the Campbell Scientific CS Bowen Ratio System. Knowing the soil moisture content, the values of the surface soil heat flux G sur were computed. Short term (20 min) evaluations indicated rapid changes of G sur vs. G 8cm . It was shown that in addition to solar and net radiations, cloudiness, wind speed and direction also affect the surface soil heat flux. Statistical analysis showed that daily actual evapotranspiration ET a (measured on a 20 min basis) could be overestimated up to 41% if G 8cm were used instead of G sur in the Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method. The results indicated that ET a2 / ET a1 = 1.54 (based on 20-min calculations for this experiment). The suffixes 2 and 1 refer to the applicatin of G 8cm and G sur in the BREB method, respectively. The ratio for potential evapotranspiration ET p was ET p2 / ET p1 =0.998. This means using the short term G 8cm instead of G sur results in an overestimated ET a . For the 24-h computation of ET p , either G 8cm or G sur can be used without any serious errors.
Children's response speeds to the offset of novel and familiar stimuli ☆

Abstract Forty children observed a light of one color (red or green) on each of 20 trials and then performed in a lever-pulling task in which stimulus offset served as the signal to respond. For each S , the familiarized stimulus was the signal on half the motor task trials, a nonfamiliarized (“novel”) stimulus being the signal on the remaining trials. Both starting and movement speeds were greater to the novel than to the familiar stimulus. It was suggested that a motivational rather than an associative interpretation best accounts for the results. No evidence was obtained for a change effect, which has been characterized in previous studies by faster response speeds on trials involving change in stimulus from the previous trial than on trials involving no change.
SELECTION OF RELEVANT FEATURES: A CONVERGENT AND DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY ANALYSIS

Summary.-This study examined the interrelations of 7 objective product features and 3 subjective product features using two measures €or each interrelationship. An adaption of the 1959 Campbell and Fiske multitrait-rnultimethod analysis indicated significant and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity for the objective product features and the subjective product features, respectively. Undergraduate business school students served as the subjects and the stimulus object was a clock radio. Mueller reported that "Judged within the context of psychological measurement . . . the art of attitude measurement is in relatively respectable condition. There is a large variety of attitude-measurement techniques and procedures from which to choose, each with its unique advantages and disadvantages. Most of these techniques can achieve moderately high reliabihty, some can achieve very high reliability.' The most serious weakness in attitude measurement is in the realm of validity." Measure vahdation, according to Szybillo, Binstok, and Buchanan (1977), has two requirements, convergent vahdity and discriminant validity. Churchill (1979) indicates that "Evidence of the convergent validity of the measure is provided by the extent to which it correlates highly with other methods designed to measure the same construct." Discriminant validity is shown by "predictably low correlations between the measure of interest and other measures that are supposedly not measuring the same variable or concept" (Heeler & Ray, p. 362). Convergent and discriminant validity are usually investigated through the use of the Campbell and Fiske (1757) multimethod-multitrait matrix using correlational analysis. The study reported here examines the convergent validity and discriminant validity of two attitude-related measures across seven objective product features and three subjective product features by means of the Campbell and Fiske (1759) framework. METHOD
Identification of isoforms of G proteins and PKC that colocalize with tight junctions.

Recent evidence suggests that the formation and permeability of tight junctions are actively regulated by second-messenger-generating systems involving G proteins and protein kinase C (PKC). A possible specific target for these regulatory proteins is the tight junction protein ZO-1. An extensive immunocytochemical study was performed in cultured epithelial monolayers of MDCK and Caco-2 cells to identify which isoforms of G proteins and PKC are present at or near the zonula occludens complex. Antibodies against α-subunits of each one of the four major subfamilies were used for the localization of the G proteins. For the PKC localization, antibodies against eight different isoforms were used. In confluent monolayers, Gα12 and PKC ζ, were the only isoforms of these proteins present at the cell borders. In subconfluent monolayers, Gα12 and PKC ζ were found at the plasma membrane only along the areas of lateral cell-cell contact. These isoforms formed a pattern of distribution very similar to the ZO-1 protein. The present findings indicate that Gα12 and PKC ζ may be part of the zonula occludens complex and may locally regulate formation and permeability of tight junctions.
Diffusion on treelike clusters.

We present a general relationship between the diffusion exponent ${d}_{w}$ and the fractal exponents of trees (i.e., clusters without loops), ${d}_{w}$=(${d}_{f}$/${d}_{l}$)(2+${d}_{l}$-${d}_{l}^{s}$ ). The exponents ${d}_{f}$, ${d}_{l}$, and ${d}_{l}^{s}$ are the fractal dimension, the intrinsic dimension of the tree, and the intrinsic dimension of its skeleton, respectively. This new result is supported by scaling arguments and numerical data.
Clinical Utility of Lisdexamfetamine for the Management of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder affecting children and adolescents, and may cause impairment in many domains of social and occupational functioning. Despite proven efficacy of existing treatments, recent focus has been on the development of newer, once-daily medications. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) was first released in 2007 and is approved for the treatment of ADHD in ages 6 and above. LDX is a uniquely formulated stimulant, a prodrug which requires an enzymatic hydrolytic reaction to be converted to active dextroamphetamine. LDX has a longer duration of action compared to other stimulants and has less potential to be misused or abused. LDX has repeatedly demonstrated improvement in ADHD symptoms compared to placebo, and seems to be at least as effective as other stimulants. LDX still carries the risks and disadvantages of other stimulants and may be more expensive than other stimulants. LDX can be expected to be increasingly used as a first-line agent for the treatment of ADHD.
Aquarius main structure configuration

The Aquarius/SAC-D Observatory is a joint US-Argentine mission to map the salinity at the ocean surface. This information is critical to improving our understanding of two major components of Earth's climate system - the water cycle and ocean circulation. By measuring ocean salinity from space, the Aquarius/SAC-D Mission will provide new insights into how the massive natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice influences ocean circulation, weather and climate.
Giant Condensation Nuclei from Bursting Bubbles

AMONG cloud physics workers there is increasing recognition that the larger of the salt nuclei that are found in the air may initiate rain by coalescence in clouds. Hence mechanisms which produce these nuclei at ocean surfaces are of special interest. Kohler1 has suggested that they result from spray formed by the action of strong winds on wave crests. More recently, Aliverti and Lovera2 have related the production of minute salt particles to the presence of bursting bubbles at the sea surface, and Facy3 has suggested that the particles result from the shattering of the thin water-films present in clusters of bubbles.
Structure of alanine dehydrogenase from Archaeoglobus: active site analysis and relation to bacterial cyclodeaminases and mammalian mu crystallin.

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus contains an l-Ala dehydrogenase (AlaDH, EC 1.4.1.1) that is not homologous to known bacterial dehydrogenases and appears to represent a previously unrecognized archaeal group of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases. The gene (Genbank AAB89583; TIGR AF1665) was annotated initially as an ornithine cyclodeaminase (OCD) on the basis of strong homology with the mu crystallin/OCD protein family. We report the structure of the NAD-bound AF1665 AlaDH (AF-AlaDH) at 2.3 A in a C2 crystal form with the 70 kDa dimer in the asymmetric unit, as the first structural representative of this family. Consistent with its lack of homology to bacterial AlaDH proteins, which are mostly hexameric, the archaeal dimer has a novel structure. Although both types of AlaDH enzyme include a Rossmann-type NAD-binding domain, the arrangement of strands in the C-terminal half of this domain is novel, and the other (catalytic) domain in the archaeal protein has a new fold. The active site presents a cluster of conserved Arg and Lys side-chains over the pro-R face of the cofactor. In addition, the best ordered of the 338 water molecules in the structure is positioned well for mechanistic interaction. The overall structure and active site are compared with other dehydrogenases, including the AlaDH from Phormidium lapideum. Implications for the catalytic mechanism and for the structures of homologs are considered. The archaeal AlaDH represents an ancient and previously undescribed subclass of Rossmann-fold proteins that includes bacterial ornithine and lysine cyclodeaminases, marsupial lens proteins and, in man, a thyroid hormone-binding protein that exhibits 30% sequence identity with AF1665.
Half-lives of some short-lived mass-separated gaseous fission products and their daughters

Abstract The half-lives of several short-lived isotopes of Kr, Rb, Sr, Xe, Cs and Ba have been measured using sources of isotopically pure Xe or Kr and multi-scaling selected transitions in the Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectra of their decays. Beta-ray multi-scaling was employed to confirm the gamma-ray multi-scaling results in several cases. The results of the measurements are (in sec) 89 Kr, 190.7±1.4; 89 Rb, 909±7; 90 Kr, 32.32±0.09; 90 Rb, 153±3 and 251±10; 91 Kr, 5.87±0.04; 91 Rb, 58.2±0.2; 92 Kr, 1.840±0.008; 92 Rb, 4.50±0.03; 93 Kr, 1.289±0.012; 93 Rb, 5.86±0.13; 93 Sr, 439±6; 137 Xe, 229.1±0.8; 138 Xe, 850±4; 138 Cs, 1932±12; 139 Xe, 39.68±0.14; 139 Cs, 556±3; 140 Xe, 13.60±0.10; 140 Cs, 63.7±0.3; 141 Xe, 1.720±0.013; 141 Cs, 24.7±0.4; 141 Ba, 1096±4; 142 Xe, 1.24±0.02; 142 Cs, 1.68±0.02 and 142 Ba, 639±7. The existence of an isomeric state in 90 Rb is indicated by the result spectrum multi-scaling. In most cases, these results compare favorably with recently published values of these half-lives.
Ultrastructural characteristics of synaptic endings in the cochlear nucleus having acetylcholinesterase activity.

Abstract Karnovsky's method was used to examine the ultrastructural distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) of the cat and chinchilla. The density of synaptic endings with reaction product is greatest in the superficial layer of granule cells covering the AVCN. In addition to primary cochlear nerve afferents, an abundance of feedback fibers terminate in the AVCN. Some feedback fibers are from neurons intrinsic to the AVCN, while others arise from neurons with long axons located in nuclei at higher levels. By destroying the cochlea, we demonstrated that endings of cochlear nerve afferents do not have demonstrable AChE activity. However, at least 3 types of terminals not belonging to cochlear nerve axons do have AChE activity. These 3 groups of endings differ in external configuration and in the shape of their synaptic vesicles. None of these groups has characteristics which permit identification of AChE-type endings without the histochemical reaction, because many endings without detectable AChE activity are morphologically similar to those with activity. In the AVCN proper most endings with AChE activity are boutons containing flattened vesicles. Some of these probably represent terminals of feedback fibers from the superior olive. The superficial granular layer has two different types of endings with AChE activity: boutons and mossy endings. Both of these contain round synaptic vesicles about 49 nm in diameter (vesicles of cochlear nerve afferent endings are round but 56.5 nm in diameter). Sources of these endings are not known. Our results indicate that in the AVCN the shape of synaptic vesicles is not a parameter which is useful in predicting if nerve endings will have histochemical evidence of AChE activity.
Relativistic mean field theory of nuclei with a vector meson self-interaction

Abstract The inclusion of an isoscalar vector-meson quartic self-interaction (VSI) in the relativistic mean field theory of nuclei is discussed. We consider mostly nuclear matter, and in particular the equation of state (EOS) at T = 0. A VSI softens the EOS; in particular a moderately strong VSI gives an EOS similar to those obtained from nonrelativistic many-body calculations. Estimates of the spin-orbit splitting in light nuclei indicate that this splitting is not sensitive to the strength of the VSI and will depend mostly on the effective mass M ∗ . The energy dependence of the optical potential gives M ∗ /M ∼- 0.6 independent of the VSI, and consistent with that obtained from the spin-orbit splitting.
Purification of an ammonium-inducible glutamate dehydrogenase and the use of its antigen affinity column-purified antibody in specific immunoprecipitation and immunoadsorption procedures

Abstract A modified five-step purification procedure was developed which gave an 80–87% yield of pure NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) from Chlorella. The enzyme was shown to be composed of six identical subunits with alanine as the C-terminal amino acid. The purified enzyme was covalently coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose-4B, and then the subunits were linked together with dimethyl suberimidate to make a stable antigen affinity column for purification of anti-NADP-GDH IgG from rabbit antiserum. When the subunits of the column-bound holoenzyme were not linked together, elution of the anti-NADP-GDH IgG resulted in a 50% loss of enzyme subunits from the column. This loss of subunits inactivated the column. The monospecific, affinity-purified anti-NADP-GDH IgG was used in an indirect immunoprecipitation procedure with purified sheep anti-rabbit IgG or in an indirect procedure with Staphylococcus Protein A Sepharose 4B to obtain a 95–98% recovery (by either procedure) of 35S-labeled NADP-GDH from radioactive Chlorella cell homogenates. As shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the [35S]NADP-GDH recovered by these procedures was free of contaminating radioactive cellular proteins. When direct precipitation was used with the purified antibody, only an 85–90% recovery of the radioactive enzyme was obtained. Thus, the indirect procedures would be the ones of choice for measurements of the in vivo rates of synthesis and degradation of the NADP-GDH which comprises approximately 0.2% of the total soluble protein of Chlorella.
A screen for Neurospora knockout mutants displaying growth rate dependent branch density

Branch density (the spatial distribution of branch initiation points along a growing hypha) in wild-type Neurospora has been shown to remain constant at different growth rates due to a hypothesized system which compensates for hyphal growth rate. Here we report the results of a survey of the Neurospora knockout library for mutants affecting this proposed growth rate compensation system. The mutants identified fail to maintain branching homeostasis at different growth rates, thus showing growth rate-dependent branch density. The gene functions highlighted by this screen are diverse with several emerging themes including: ubiquitin-binding proteins, kinases, metal binding/metal metabolism proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) control proteins, and clock-associated/clock-controlled proteins. Other than their common influence on branch density homeostasis, the relationships between these gene functions and how they interact to influence branching are unclear.
Percutaneous transfemoral right heart catheterization. The pulmonary wedge catheter.

A simple catheter design is presented which allows obtaining the wedge position in the pulmonary lung field with a catheter passed from the femoral route. The catheter is made from very flexible polyethylene tubing in which a reverse curve is positioned 2.5 cm from its single, end hole tip. This catheter deserves trial by those physicians desiring to perform total right heart catheterization from the femoral route.
Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie

Abstract We tested how edges affect nest survival and predator distribution in a native tallgrass prairie system in southwestern Missouri using artificial nests, natural nests of Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii), and mammal track stations. Survival of artificial nests was lower within 30 m of forest edge. Nesting success of Dickcissels and Henslow's Sparrows was lower within 50 m to a shrubby edge than at greater distances, whereas fates of nests were not related to distances to roads, agricultural fields, or forests. Evidence from clay eggs placed in artificial nests indicated that mid-sized carnivores were the major predators within 30 m of forest edges. Furthermore, mid-sized carnivores visited track stations most frequently within 50 m of forest edges. Because proximity of woody habitat explained more variation in nest survival and mammal activity than did fragment size, it appears that edge effects were more pronounced than area effects. Edge effects appeare...
Analysis of angiotensins I, II, III, and iodinated derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Angiotensins I, II, and III were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on an octadecylsilyl column. The peptides were isocratically eluted with 50 m m NaH2PO4-25% ( v v ) acetonitrile, pH 6.0. The retention times were 3.3, 6.0, and 9.6 min for angiotensin II, III, and I, respectively. 125I-Angiotensins II, III, and I eluted with retention times of 5.4, 16.8, and 19.9 min, respectively, under the same chromatographic conditions used for the unlabeled angiotensins. The effect of iodination of the tyrosine residue on the retention time was also demonstrated by chromatographic comparison of tyrosine and diiodotyrosine. Saralasin (Sar1, Ala8-angiotensin II), a partial agonist of angiotensin II, and des-Asp1, Ile8-angiotensin II, an inhibitor of angiotensin III, eluted with retention times of 2.5 and 3.9 min, respectively.
A Comparison of Electrokymography and Roentgenkymography in the Study of Myocardial Infarction

The authors present two cases of myocardial infarction to demonstrate that electrokymography is superior to roentgenkymography as a method for detecting localized areas of myocardial damage. This superiority is based principally on greater ease of exploration of the ventricular pulsations, clearer delineation of the kymographic curve as a result of greater magnification, and more accurate analysis of the phases of the cardiac cycle by simultaneous recording and integration with other graphic tracings.
TEENAGE PREGNANCY AS A RISK FACTOR FOR NEONATAL AND POSTNEONATAL MORTALITY: THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF MATERNAL RACE. † 620

TEENAGE PREGNANCY AS A RISK FACTOR FOR NEONATAL AND POSTNEONATAL MORTALITY: THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF MATERNAL RACE. † 620
Evaluation of heterojunction MOSFETs using UHVCVD deposited tensile-strained Si1−yCy alloy layers

Si1−yCy alloy layers deposited on (1 0 0) Si form a tensile-strained layer, similar to strained-Si on a relaxed SiGe buffer. We present the results of fabrication of heterojunction metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) devices using Si1−yCy alloy layers, deposited by UHVCVD. By developing a low temperature process flow (<750 °C), processing concerns for these types of films are alleviated. We present the results of Si1−yCy/Si heterojunction NMOSFET and PMOSFET devices. For small amounts of C (∼0.5%), we found significant enhancement for PMOSFET devices; however, NMOSFET devices showed significant degradation. We show that with increasing fields and C concentrations, device performance may be hampered by alloy scattering in spite of the favorable bandstructure.
Translation of reovirus messenger ribonucleic acids synthesized in vitro into reovirus proteins in a mouse L cell extract.

Abstract Ten species of reovirus mRNAs were synthesized by incubating ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP with reovirus particles which had been treated with chymotrypsin. The mRNAs obtained promote the synthesis of seven or more proteins in a cell-free system prepared from mouse L fibroblasts and the mobilities of these proteins during electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gels are indistinguishable from those of reo capsid proteins. Three antisera were prepared in rabbits: the first against the large size class of reo virion proteins, the second against the medium, and the third against the small. From the proteins whose synthesis was directed in the cell-free system by reo mRNAs each antiserum precipitates only those which correspond in size to the virion proteins against which the antiserum was prepared. The translation of reo mRNA occurs on large polysomal structures. Translation of peptide chains is initiated in the reo mRNA-directed cell-free system for at least 30 min. The average half-life of the various reo mRNAs during protein synthesis in our system is about 15 min. The optimal ionic conditions for reo mRNA translation are very different from those for encephalomyocarditis virus mRNA translation.
On the effects of dimensionality reduction on high dimensional similarity search

The dimensionality curse has profound effects on the effectiveness of high-dimensional similarity indexing from the performance perspective. One of the well known techniques for improving the indexing performance is the method of dimensionality reduction. In this technique, the data is transformed to a lower dimensional space by finding a new axis-system in which most of the data variance is preserved in a few dimensions. This reduction may also have a positive effect on the quality of similarity for certain data domains such as text. For other domains, it may lead to loss of information and degradation of search quality. Recent research indicates that the improvement for the text domain is caused by the re-enforcement of the semantic concepts in the data. In this paper, we provide an intuitive model of the effects of dimensionality reduction on arbitrary high dimensional problems. We provide an effective diagnosis of the causality behind the qualitative effects of dimensionality reduction on a given data set. The analysis suggests that these effects are very data dependent. Our analysis also indicates that currently accepted techniques of picking the reduction which results in the least loss of information are useful for maximizing precision and recall, but are not necessarily optimum from a qualitative perspective. We demonstrate that by making simple changes to the implementation details of dimensionality reduction techniques, we can considerably improve the quality of similarity search.
Similarities between interstitial cystitis and male chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Few clinical conditions encountered by the urologist cause more patient and clinician frustration than interstitial cystitis and male chronic pelvic pain syndrome, also know as nonbacterial prostatitis. This frustration is fueled by the chronicity of often disabling urogenital (and often associated systemic) symptoms coupled with delayed care, misdiagnosis, and suboptimal clinical responses. Basic research and therapeutic trials for these syndromes have historically taken two separate paths. However, mounting evidence suggests that significant overlap may exist between them in epidemiology, pathophysiology, and even therapy. This discussion reviews some of the common features of these clinical problems and makes a case that they might in fact represent different manifestations of the same disease process.
SYMAP analyses in archaeology: Intrasite assumptions and a comparison with TREND analysis

Computer‐based descriptive mapping techniques have been uncritically used in archaeological applications with varying degrees of success and acceptance. The TREND procedure, for example, has been widely advocated, while the SYMAP procedure is still little recognized. This paper shows that the SYMAP algorithm has underlying premises which are more consistent with general archaeological assumptions regarding the intrasite deposition of cultural materials. TREND analyses, on the‐other hand, are shown to be deficient in many situations. Two real intrasite examples arc portrayed which indicate that the SYMAP procedures are generally preferable to the TREND procedures.
Radical deoxygenation of xanthates and related functional groups with new minimalist N-heterocyclic carbene boranes

Minimalist N-heterocyclic carbene boranes 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylideneborane and 2,4-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylideneborane are readily available and have low molecular weights. They exhibit superior performance to first-generation NHC-boranes, providing improved yields in reductions of xanthates and related functional groups.
Maintaining Facebook Friendships: Everyday Talk as a Mediator of Threats to Closeness

This study evaluated a theoretical model of Facebook friends’ everyday talk. Participants included younger and older adult users reporting on a Facebook friendship. Results support the expectation, drawn from self-expansion theory, that both Facebook and face-to-face everyday talk is associated with relational closeness. Following the relational turbulence model, both forms of everyday talk mediated the association between relational uncertainty and closeness, whereas only face-to-face everyday talk mediated geographic distance. This pattern of results supports the model, suggesting that the management of interdependence is a function of everyday talk in the face of relational uncertainty.
A Picture is Worth Twenty Words (About the Self): Testing the Priming Influence of Visual Sexual Objectification on Women's Self-Objectification

Extending a major premise of objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), this article tests the notion that visual depictions of sexual objectification of women's bodies can amplify women's state self-objectification (SO) in the short term. After deriving two operationalizations of sexual objectification that conformed to the tenets of objectification theory, results showed that women who were assigned to images of female models with high skin exposure (the first operationlization of sexual objectification) used more negative words to describe their appearance than participants assigned to control images. In addition, the body-display images produced more state SO and more negativity about one's appearance than images of women segmented into body parts (which represented the second operationalization). Implications for objectification theory and media priming effects are discussed.
THE PARTIAL ORDER OF DOMINANT WEIGHTS

Abstract The weight lattice of a crystallographic root system is partially ordered by the rule that λ > μ if λ − μ is a nonnegative integer linear combination of positive roots. In this paper, we study the subposet formed by the dominant weights. In particular, we prove that λ covers μ in this partial order only if λ − μ belongs to a distinguished subset of the positive roots. Also, if the root system is irreducible, we prove that the Mobius function of the partial order takes on only the values {0, ±1, ±2}.
Equilibrium chain exchange kinetics in block copolymer micelle solutions by dissipative particle dynamics simulations

The kinetics of chain exchange between diblock copolymer micelles in solution at equilibrium were studied by dissipative particle dynamics simulation. We performed hybridization simulations for A2B3 or A4Bx (x = 4, 6, 8) micelle solutions in which approximately half of all micelles and free chains were initially colored and chain exchange between micelles was monitored by analyzing the time-dependent fraction of colored chains in aggregates. We found that in all cases the chain exchange is dominated by chain (or small aggregate) expulsion and follows a first-order kinetic process with the characteristic time, τ, increasing exponentially with core block length, NA and interaction parameter between blocks, χAB as τ ≈ exp (0.67χABNA). We determined that chain exchange between micelles does not depend on concentration but occurs via several kinetic mechanisms: unimer expulsion/insertion, small aggregate fragmentation/merging and unequal size micelle fission/fusion, which all exhibit very similar relaxation times. Chain exchange between micelles in A4Bx micelle solutions is found to occur more rapidly for diblock copolymers with a longer corona-block length, as the area per chain and critical micelle concentration are larger (while micelle size and critical micelle temperature are lower) in this case, implying a lower potential barrier for chain (or small aggregate) expulsion from micelles.
Transcriptional profiling reveals evidence for signaling and oligodendroglial abnormalities in the temporal cortex from patients with major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and devastating psychiatric disorders. To identify candidate mechanisms for major depressive disorder, we compared gene expression in the temporal cortex from 12 patients with major depressive disorder and 14 matched controls using Affymetrix HgU95A microarrays. Significant expression changes were revealed in families of genes involved in neurodevelopment, signal transduction and cell communication. Among these, the expression of 17 genes related to oligodendrocyte function was significantly (P 1.4) decreased in patients with major depressive disorder. Eight of these 17 genes encode structural components of myelin (CNP, MAG, MAL, MOG, MOBP, PMP22, PLLP, PLP1). Five other genes encode enzymes involved in the synthesis of myelin constituents (ASPA, UGT8), or are essential in regulation of myelin formation (ENPP2, EDG2, TF, KLK6). One gene, that is, SOX10, encodes a transcription factor regulating other myelination-related genes. OLIG2 is a transcription factor present exclusively in oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors. Another gene, ERBB3, is involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation. In addition to myelination-related genes, there were significant changes in multiple genes involved in axonal growth/synaptic function. These findings suggest that major depressive disorder may be associated with changes in cell communication and signal transduction mechanisms that contribute to abnormalities in oligodendroglia and synaptic function. Taken together with other studies, these findings indicate that major depressive disorder may share common oligodendroglial abnormalities with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Electrostatic Interaction Model for the Calculation of the Polarizability of Large Noble Metal Nanoclusters

In this work we have presented a capacitance-polarizability interaction model for describing the polarizability of large metal clusters. The model consists of interacting atomic capacitances and polarizabilities that are optimized to reproduce the full polarizability tensors of medium sized (N ≤ 68) gold and silver clusters. The reference polarizability tensors have been calculated using time-dependent density functional theory and shown good agreement with experimental results. We have shown that very good agreement between the model and the DFT results can be achieved both for the isotropic and anisotropic polarizability as a function of size, thus providing an accurate description of the polarizability of noble metal clusters. The model is computationally efficient and can easily handle cluster several nm in radius, thus, provides a natural bridge between the quantum mechanical methods and the macroscopic electrodynamic description. This allowed us to study the polarizability of silver and gold cluster...
Adaptive Education and Student Outcomes: A Quantitative Synthesis

AbstractTo estimate the effects of adaptive education on cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes of learning, 309 effect sizes were calculated using statistical data from 38 studies that contained a combined sample of approximately 7,200 students. The substantial mean of the study-weighted effect sizes is .45, suggesting that the average student in adaptive programs scores at the 67th percentile of control group distributions. The effect appeared constant across grades, socioeconomic levels, races, private and public schools, and community types. In addition, the effects were not significantly different across the categories of adaptiveness, student outcomes, social contexts, and methodological rigor of the studies.