cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the Shadow of the Thucydides Trap: International Relations Theory and the Prospects for Peace in U.S.-China Relations

Rising powers and the consequent shifts in the balance of power have long been identified as critical challenges to the international order. What is the likelihood that China and the United States will fall into the Thucydides Trap, meaning that the two countries will fight a major war during a potential power transition? This article creates a framework of seven variables, derived from dominant international relations theories and Graham Allison’s “twelve clues for peace,” that predict the likelihood of major conflict between a rising and an established power: degree of economic interdependence, degree of institutional constraints, domestic political system, nature of relevant alliances, nature of nuclear weapons programs, the sustainability of the rising power’s growth, and its level of dissatisfaction. It then evaluates the values of these variables in the context of the U.S.-China relationship to determine whether pessimism about the prospects of peace is warranted. This analysis leads to more mixed conclusions about the prospects of peace than liberal international relations theory and Allison’s twelve clues would suggest. This research further operationalizes power transition theory and has practical implications for U.S. policy toward China.
Predicting STEM performance in a Hispanic serving institution

Abstract The present study examined the Big Five factor model of personality and cognitive ability as predictors of academic performance in a sample of non-traditional student STEM majors (n = 342) at a Hispanic-serving two-year college in the United States. Cognitive ability, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness significantly predicted academic performance; however, main effects of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness were no longer significant after accounting for the interaction of Agreeableness with cognitive ability. Specifically, a significant interaction was observed on Agreeableness for individuals with higher cognitive ability (+1 SD). Findings indicate non-traditional STEM students high in cognitive ability may be influenced negatively in academic performance if they possess the trait of Agreeableness. This finding has implications for how personality moderates student academic performance within a non-traditional population quite differently from findings in other studies that have examined more traditional college-going students. Consequently, the present study suggests the interrelationship between Agreeableness and cognitive ability may be an important feature to consider in future work for two-year colleges attempting to retain and support non-traditional students in pursuit of STEM careers, which is particularly notable given the findings center around those with higher ability.
Effects of reallocating sedentary time with physical activity on quality of life indicators in breast cancer survivors.

Objectives Physical activity is associated with better quality of life (QOL) among breast cancer survivors. However, it is unknown the extent to which time spent sedentary or replacing this time with active behaviors may affect QOL. Our aim was to determine the effect of substituting time between sedentary and active behaviors on QOL indicators in breast cancer survivors. Methods An isotemporal substitution approach was used to examine the associations of reallocating time to sedentary and active behaviors measured by accelerometry with Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment-Breast (FACT-B; total, physical, social, emotional, functional well-being, and breast cancer-specific concerns) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores in a pooled analysis of breast cancer survivors (n = 753; Mage = 56.9 ± 9.5 y) from two observational studies. Results Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was associated with improved FACT-B total (B = 3.0; 95% CI, 0.6-4.5), physical well-being (B = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.33-1.2), and functional well-being (B = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.03-1.2) scores. Reallocating 30 minutes of light activity to 30 minutes of MVPA was associated with improved FACT-B total (B = 2.4; 95% CI, 0.3-6.0) and physical well-being (B = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.27-1.2) scores. There was no significant substitution of time effects on HADS scores. Conclusions Substituting sedentary time with MVPA showed the greatest range of effects across QOL indicators. These results can inform intervention development interventions and more comprehensive activity recommendations for breast cancer survivors.
Race and Affect: Pleasurable Mixing in Ben Jonson's The Masque of Blackness

The critical field of The Masque of Blackness often annotates Queen Anne and her ladies’ blackface performance with a courtier's eye-witness comment that the “lean cheeked moors” were “loathsome” a...
The Measurement of the Propensity to Trust Automation

In recent years, there has been a focus on not just how people work with automation, but how humans interact with and rely on automation in human-automation teams. Few studies have examined how propensity to trust in automation influences trust behaviors. Of the published studies, there are inconsistencies in how propensity to trust automation is conceptualized and thus measured. Research on attitudes and intentions has discerned that reliability and validity of measures can be increased by using language that is more specific for a particular context, which reduces respondent ambiguity and increases the ability to predict behavior. This study examined traditional measures of propensity to trust automation, and whether adapting measures could enhance our ability to predict beliefs about automation trustworthiness (perceived trustworthiness) and behaving in a trusting manner when interacting with automation (behavioral trust). Participants (N = 55) completed three propensity to trust in automation surveys including Propensity to Trust Technology, an adapted propensity measure, and the Complacency-Potential Rating Scale. Participants played a modified investor/dictator game, where people thought they were teaming with a NAO robot. This study demonstrated that compared to a more generally-worded measure, the context-specific measure of propensity to trust automation was more reliable and better predicted perceived trustworthiness and behavioral trust. Furthermore, the adapted measure was the only significant predictor of both beliefs about the trustworthiness of the automation and the actual trusting behaviors of participants. By decreasing the ambiguity of measures of propensity to trust automation, the reliability and predictive validity are increased.
Examining opioid-involved overdose mortality trends prior to fentanyl: New York City, 2000-2015

Abstract Background Rates of overdose death in New York City (NYC) increased 26% from 2000 to 2015, with a notable decrease in rate from 2006 to 2010. Beginning in 2016, the synthetic opioid fentanyl entered the NYC illicit drug market and has been associated with large increases in overdose death. This study assessed NYC trends in opioid-involved overdose death prior to fentanyl to understand the contribution of specific opioids and inform overdose prevention strategies. Methods Data were derived from death certificates linked to postmortem toxicology testing. We stratified cases into three mutually exclusive groups: (1) heroin without opioid analgesics (OAs); (2) OAs without heroin; and (3) the combination of heroin and OAs. We calculated mortality rates by year, and compared rates by the demographic characteristics age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Joinpoint regression identified junctures in trends between 2000 and 2015. Results Rates of overdose death involving heroin without OAs decreased from 2006 to 2010, then increased from 2010 to 2015 among males, persons age 15 to 54, and Blacks and Whites. Rates of overdose death involving OAs with and without heroin increased from 2000 to 2015 across all demographic subgroups. Conclusions The identified trends in overdose death are suggestive of demographic shifts in drug use. In particular, the tamper-resistant reformulation of oxycodone 80 mg may have increased the use of heroin among primary OA users. Notably, older adults may have had established heroin use practices prior to the proliferation of OAs and thus may have been less likely to modify drug use practices.
Correlated cryogenic fluorescence microscopy and electron cryotomography shows that exogenous TRIM5α can form hexagonal lattices or autophagy aggregates in vivo

Members of the TRIM protein family have been shown to gather into structures in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. One TRIM protein family member, TRIM5α, has been shown to form cytoplasmic bodies involved in restricting retroviruses such as HIV-1. Here we applied cryogenic correlated light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) to intact mammalian cells expressing YFP-rhTRIM5α and found hexagonal nets were present whose arm-lengths were similar to those of the hexagonal nets formed by purified TRIM5α in-vitro. We also observed YFP-rhTRIM5α within a diversity of structures with characteristics expected for organelles involved in different stages of macroautophagy, including disorganized protein aggregations (sequestosomes), sequestosomes flanked by flat double-membraned vesicles (sequestosome:phagophore complexes), sequestosomes within a double-membraned vesicle (autophagosomes), and sequestosomes within multi-vesicular autophagic vacuoles (autolysosomes or amphisomes). Vaults were also seen in these structures, consistent with their role in autophagy. Our data (i) support recent reports that TRIM5α can form both well-organized signaling complexes and non-signaling aggregates, (ii) offer the first images of the macroautophagy pathway in a near-native state, and (iii) reveal that vaults arrive early in macroautophagy.
Passive targeting in nanomedicine: fundamental concepts, body interactions, and clinical potential

Abstract Passive targeting is an important concept in nanomedicine. Passively targeted nanoparticles have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of various diseases, including liquid and solid tumors. In this chapter, we explore the fundamental concepts of passive nanoparticle targeting in the context of cancer nanomedicine. We highlight biological barriers and body interactions that nanoparticles encounter upon systemic administration. The chapter continues with a brief discussion of the clinical relevance of passively targeted nanoparticles. We conclude this chapter by discussing strategies to further improve the potential of targeted nanoparticle approaches for nanomedicine and biomedical applications.
Suture Versus Screw Fixation of Tibial Spine Fractures in Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Study.

Background:Tibial spine fractures involve an avulsion injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at the intercondylar eminence, typically in children and adolescents. Displaced fractures are co...
Use of an optimized primary ovarian cancer xenograft model to mimic patient tumor biology and heterogeneity.

5036 Background: Current xenograft and transgenic models of ovarian cancer are mainly homogeneous and poorly predict response to therapy. Use of patient tumors may represent a better model for tumo...
Predictors of Reexcision following Breast-Conserving Surgery for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.

Reexcision following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) results in adjuvant treatment delays, higher health care costs, and undesirable cosmetic outcomes. The purpose of this study is to determine patient, imaging, pathological, and surgical predictors of reexcision following BCS for DCIS. A retrospective review of women with DCIS who had BCS from 2007 to 2016 was conducted. Patient, imaging, pathological, and surgical features, in addition to surgical outcomes, were collected from medical records. Standard statistical tests were used to compare features between patients who did and did not undergo at least one reexcision. A multivariable logistic regression model was fit to assess features associated with reexcision. A total of 547 women (mean age 59 years; range 30–88 years) diagnosed with DCIS at core needle biopsy underwent BCS. Of all women, 31.6% (173/547) had at least one reexcision. With multivariable analysis, features associated with reexcision included younger patient age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–1.0, p = 0.049), African-American race (aOR 2.66, 95% CI 1.13–6.26, p = 0.03), biopsy modality of ultrasound (aOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.22–4.53, p = 0.01), and earlier year of surgery (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86–0.98, p = 0.01). No pathological features of DCIS were associated with reexcision risk. In our cohort of nearly 550 women with DCIS who underwent BCS, 31.6% had at least one reexcision. Features associated with reexcision include younger patient age, African-American race, biopsy modality of ultrasound, and earlier year of surgery.
Dualism or solidarity? Conditions for union success in regulating precarious work:

This article summarizes and reviews research on union responses to precarious work in Europe, based on a systematic coding of 56 case study-based articles published between 2008 and 2019. Analyses ...
Elevational gradients do not affect thermal tolerance at local scale in populations of livebearing fishes of the genus Limia (Teleostei, Poeciliidae)

One of the main assumptions of Janzen′s (1976) mountain passes hypothesis is that due the low overlap in temperature regimes between low and high elevations in the tropics, organisms living in high-altitude evolve narrow tolerance for colder temperatures while low-altitude species develop narrow tolerance for warmer temperatures. Some studies have questioned the generality of the assumptions and predictions of this hypothesis suggesting that other factors different to temperature gradients between low and high elevations may explain altitudinal distribution of species in the tropics. We assessed variation in tolerance to extreme temperatures (measured as critical thermal minimum (CTmin) and maximum (CTmax)) and also compared thermal breadth for populations of eight species of livebearing fishes of the genus Limia occurring in three Caribbean islands and that occupy different altitudinal distribution. Our results showed that species analyzed had significant differences in thermal limits and ranges. Generally, species distributed in high and low elevations did not differ in thermal limits and showed a wider range of thermal tolerance. However, species living in mid-elevations had narrower range of temperature tolerance. We found no significant effect of phylogeny on CTmin, CTmax and thermal ranges among species. This study did not provide evidence supporting Janzen′s hypothesis at a local scale since thermal tolerance and altitudinal distribution of Limia species were not related to temperature gradients expected in nature. Phylogeny also did not explain the patterns we observed. We suggest that biotic factors such as species interactions, diet specializations, and others should be taken into account when interpreting current distribution patterns of Limia species.
Point Prevalence of Children with Complex Critical Illness on the General Inpatient Units

Point Prevalence of Children with Complex Critical Illness on the General Inpatient Units Purpose: Pediatric hospitalists care for a wide variety of patients on general inpatient care units. Children with medical complexity (CMC) have higher rates of mortality and morbidity, prolonged length of stay, and utilize a disproportionate amount of healthcare expenditures than acute patients without chronic illness. Data collected over the past few decades suggest that CMC, specifically a subset of children who …
Parity-violating effects of the bound system of a charged fermion and an Abelian dyon with charge Z sub d lt Z sub d sup c and for j ge t bar q t bar +1/2

The {Delta}{ital j}=0 parity-violating electric dipole transitions are discussed and nonvanishing electric dipole moments {l angle}{ital d}{sub {ital z}}{r angle}{sub qnjm} are obtained for the bound system of a charged fermion and an Abelian dyon with electric charge {ital Z}{sub {ital d}}{lt}Z{sub d}{sup c}, a critical value of order {alpha}{sup {minus}1}, and for total angular momentum {ital j}{ge}{vert bar}{ital q}{vert bar}+1/2. A new possibility to search for dyons in bound conditions is analyzed.
Transient Electric Birefringence of Linear and Circular DNA: A Comparison of Kinetic Theory Predictions.

The use of monodisperse DNA and restriction enzyme modification allows the preparation of model samples of polymer rings and linear chains with a precision that is not possible by conventional synthetic routes. These samples allow direct comparisons of the predictions of polymer kinetic theories. Transient electric birefringence allows rapid imposition or forces (â¼100 ns) and monitoring of conformational changes (â¼0.7 µs). We determined the relaxation spectra of once-cut linear ΦX-174 (5386 bp), twice-cut linear ΦX-174 (2693 bp), and relaxed ring (5386 bp) ΦX-174 with transient electric birefringence. This allows comparison of the relaxation dynamics of a linear chain and a polymer loop with exactly the same contour length. The relaxed loop and the twice-cut DNA had the longest relaxation times of 1039 and 1076 µs, respectively. The loop was measured both in the native supercoiled state and in the relaxed state. We found the birefringence decayed in agreement with bead-spring (Rouse/Zimm) models for polymer dynamics determined by both a model-independent average relaxation time and deconvolution of the decay into a sum of exponentials. Deconvolution was performed by CONTIN and by the Pade-Laplace method. For both the relaxed ring and the linear fragments, we found the longer time constants τ1 and τ2 were discrete and had a spacing that was in agreement with the Rouse model without hydrodynamic interaction (τ1/τ2 = 0.25), which would be expected for a chain with 20 statistical segments. The excitation of higher relaxation modes could be observed as the electric field pulse length increased.
Compassion, communication, and the perception of control: a mixed methods study to investigate patients' perspectives on clinical practices for alleviating distress and promoting empowerment during awake craniotomies.

Purpose To inquire into clinical practices perceived to mitigate patients' intraoperative distress during awake craniotomies. Methods This mixed-methods study involved administration of Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale and PTSD Checklist prior to the awake craniotomy to evaluate anxiety and information-seeking related to the procedure and symptoms of PTSD. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and Depression Module of the Patient Health Questionnaire were administered before and after the procedure to evaluate generalized anxiety and depression. Patient interviews were conducted 2-weeks postprocedure and included a novel set of patient experience scales to assess patients' recollection of intraoperative pain, overall distress, anxiety, distress due to noise, perception of empowerment, perception of being well-prepared, overall satisfaction with anaesthesia management, and overall satisfaction with the procedure. Qualitative data were analysed using conventional content analysis. Results Participants (n = 14) had undergone an awake craniotomy for tissue resection due to primary brain tumours or medically-refractory focal epilepsy. Validated self-report questionnaires demonstrated reduced levels of generalized anxiety (pre mean = 8.66; SD = 6.41; post mean= 4.36; SD = 4.24) following the awake craniotomy. Postprocedure interviews revealed very high satisfaction with the awake craniotomy and anaesthesia management and minimal levels of intraoperative pain, anxiety, and distress. The most stressful aspects of the procedure included global recognition of medical diagnosis, anxiety provoked by unfamiliar sights, sounds, and sensations, a perception of a lack of information or misinformation, and long periods of immobility. Important factors in alleviating intraoperative distress included the medical team's ability to promote patient perceptions of control, establish compassionate relationships, address unfamiliar intraoperative sensations, and deliver effective anaesthesia management. Conclusion Compassion, communication, and patient perception of control were critical in mitigating intraoperative distress. Clinical practice recommendations with implications for all clinicians involved in patient care during awake craniotomies are provided. Use of these interventions and strategies to reduce distress are important to holistic patient care and patient experiences of care and may improve the likelihood of optimal brain mapping procedures to improve clinical outcomes during awake craniotomies.
Objective Colour from Multispectral Imaging

The light reflected from a surface depends on the scene geometry, the incident illumination and the surface material. One of the properties of the material is its albedo r(l) and its variation with respect to wavelength. The albedo of a surface is purely a physical property. Our perception of albedo is commonly referred to as colour. This paper presents a novel methodology for extracting the albedo of the various materials in the scene independent of incident light and scene geometry. A scene is captured under different narrow-band colour filters and the spectral derivatives of the scene are computed. The resulting spectral derivatives form a spectral gradient at each pixel. This spectral gradient is a normalized albedo descriptor which is invariant to scene geometry and incident illumination for diffuse surfaces.
Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of myocardium imaged by cardiovascular magnetic resonance reflects the anisotropy of myocardial filament α-helix polypeptide bonds

A key component of evaluating myocardial tissue function is the assessment of myofiber organization and structure. Studies suggest that striated muscle fibers are magnetically anisotropic, which, if measurable in the heart, may provide a tool to assess myocardial microstructure and function. To determine whether this weak anisotropy is observable and spatially quantifiable with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), both gradient-echo and diffusion-weighted data were collected from intact mouse heart specimens at 9.4 Tesla. Susceptibility anisotropy was experimentally calculated using a voxelwise analysis of myocardial tissue susceptibility as a function of myofiber angle. A myocardial tissue simulation was developed to evaluate the role of the known diamagnetic anisotropy of the peptide bond in the observed susceptibility contrast. The CMR data revealed that myocardial tissue fibers that were parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field direction appeared relatively paramagnetic and diamagnetic, respectively. A linear relationship was found between the magnetic susceptibility of the myocardial tissue and the squared sine of the myofiber angle with respect to the field direction. The multi-filament model simulation yielded susceptibility anisotropy values that reflected those found in the experimental data, and were consistent that this anisotropy decreased as the echo time increased. Though other sources of susceptibility anisotropy in myocardium may exist, the arrangement of peptide bonds in the myofilaments is a significant, and likely the most dominant source of susceptibility anisotropy. This anisotropy can be further exploited to probe the integrity and organization of myofibers in both healthy and diseased heart tissue.
ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC 2009 Appropriateness Criteria for Coronary Revascularization: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriateness Criteria Task Force, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, and the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, along with key specialty and subspecialty societies, conducted an appropriateness review of common clinical scenarios in which coronary revascularization is frequently considered. The clinical scenarios were developed to mimic common situations encountered in everyday practice and included information on symptom status, extent of medical therapy, risk level as assessed by noninvasive testing, and coronary anatomy. Approximately 180 clinical scenarios were developed by a writing committee and scored by a separate technical panel on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization was considered appropriate and likely to improve health outcomes or survival. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate revascularization was considered inappropriate and unlikely to improve health outcomes or survival. The mid range (4 to 6) indicates a clinical scenario for which the likelihood that coronary revascularization would improve health outcomes or survival was considered uncertain. For the majority of the clinical scenarios, the panel only considered the appropriateness of revascularization irrespective of whether this was accomplished by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). In a select subgroup of clinical scenarios in which revascularization is generally considered appropriate, the appropriateness of PCI and CABG individually as the primary mode of revascularization was considered. In general, the use of coronary revascularization for patients with acute coronary syndromes and combinations of significant symptoms and/or ischemia was viewed favorably. In contrast, revascularization of asymptomatic patients or patients with low-risk findings on noninvasive testing and minimal medical therapy were viewed less favorably. It is anticipated that these results will have an impact on physician decision making and patient education regarding expected benefits from revascularization and will help guide future research.
Nanoscale Fracture Resistance Measurement of a Composite Bone Cement

R-curve characterizes the resistance to fracture of a propagating crack on a brittle material. Ceramic filler material can be added to the PMMA bone cement to improve its resistance to fracture of a propagating crack. The motivation of this study was to improve the fracture resistance of the composite bone cement by incorporating bioactive ceramic nanoparticles with the bone cement. The hypothesis of this study was that extrinsic toughening characteristics of composite cement affect bone-composite fracture toughness. Two specific objectives were achieved during the study: (1) the fracture properties of composite cements were evaluated using in-situ field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), (2) R-curve affects on the fracture toughness of composite cements were examined using in-situ FESEM based R-curve measurement techniques. ASTM standard bow tie single edge notch tension specimen was fabricated using commercial PolyMethylMethAcrylate (PMMA) bone cement, bone cement with MgO micro and nanoparticles. The in-situ FESEM SENT fracture tests were conducted on cement specimens at a speed of 1.1 μm/sec. using Evex SEM tensile test stage. This study found that the initiation stress intensity factor of the CBC specimen was higher compared to MgO additives incorporated CBC specimen. Higher energy is required for CBC specimen compared to the composite CBC specimens to propagate crack up to failure. MgO particles contribute to the origin of voids in the cement structure which affect the structural integrity MgO incorporated PMMA bone cement.
Sildenafil and physical exertion in men with coronary artery disease.

To the Editor: Dr Arruda-Olson and colleagues 1 found that sildenafil had no effect on symptoms, exercise capacity, or ischemia in men with known or probable coronary artery disease (CAD). The authors’ model of reversible myocardial ischemia has important clinical limitations. The great majority of serious cardiac events related to sexual activity—with or without sildenafil—are destined to occur not in patients with inducible ischemia caused by obstructive coronary lesions, but rather in patients who experience rupture of vulnerable but nonobstructive coronary lesions. 2 Many such individuals also have diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension and use tobacco, which are themselves risk factors for erectile dysfunction, yet these patients do not exhibit inducible ischemia. 3 This study was not designed to address this important group. Perhaps future research will clarify what levels of functional capacity and severity of ischemia can be considered truly safe for men with CAD who wish to use sildenafil. In the meantime, in men with established CAD, the absolute risk of myocardial infarction during coitus is no greater than 20 per million. 4 The peak cardiovascular workload associated with coitus is often said to be 3.3 to 3.4 metabolic equivalent tasks. 5,6 However, many of the subjects on whom these values are based were far younger than the average age of 66 years reported in the study by Arruda-Olson et al. Indeed, the average age of the healthy subjects evaluated by Bohlen et al 6 was 33 years (range,
Wind Generation in the Future Competitive California Power Market

The goal of this work is to develop improved methods for assessing the viability of wind generation in competitive electricity markets. The viability of a limited number of possible wind sites is assessed using a geographic information system (GIS) to determine the cost of development, and Elfin, an electric utility production costing and capacity expansion model, to estimate the possible revenues and profits of wind farms at the sites. This approach improves on a simple profitability calculation by using a site-specific development cost calculation and by taking the effect of time varying market prices on revenues into account. The first component of the work is to develop data characterizing wind resources suitable for use in production costing and capacity expansion models, such as Elfin, that are capable of simulating competitive electricity markets. An improved representation of California wind resources is built, using information collected by the California Energy Commission (CE C) in previous site evaluations, and by using a GIS approach to estimating development costs at 36 specific sites. These sites, which have been identified as favorable for wind development, are placed on Digital Elevation Maps (DEMs) and development costs are calculated based on distances to roads and transmission lines. GIS is also used to develop the potential capacity at each site by making use of the physical characteristics of the terrain, such as ridge lengths. In the second part of the effort, using a previously developed algorithm for simulating competitive entry to the California electricity market, the Elfin model is used to gauge the viability of wind farms at the 36 sites. The results of this exercise are forecasts of profitable development levels at each site and the effects of these developments on the electricity system as a whole. Under best guess assumptions, including prohibition of new nuclear and coal capacity, moderate increase in gas prices and some decline in renewable capital costs, about 7.35 GW of the 10 GW potential capacity at the 36 specific sites is profitably developed and 62 TWh of electricity produced per annum by the year 2030. Most of the development happens during the earlier years of the forecast. Sensitivity of these results to future gas price scenarios is also presented. This study also demonstrates that an analysis based on a simple levelized profitability calculation approach does not sufficiently capture the implications of time varying prices in a competitive market.
Public Health for an Aging Society, edited by Thomas R. Prohaska, Lynda A. Anderson, and Robert H. Binstock

This book offers a dynamic and rigorous approach to examining issues and advancing a research/service agenda for our growing older population through a public health approach. The editors build upo...
David Simpson, Romanticism and the Question of the Stranger and Jane Stabler, The Artistry of Exile: Romantic and Victorian Writers in Italy

Review by Omar F. Miranda (New York University) of David Simpson, Romanticism and the Question of the Stranger. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2013. Pp. 271. £22.50. ISBN 9780226922355 and Jane Stabler, The Artistry of Exile: Romantic and Victorian Writers in Italy . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. 272. £50. ISBN 9780199590247.
Perceived effectiveness of school psychological services: A comparative study

Abstract In order to isolate variables present in school psychologists which may enhance effective delivery of school psychological service, supervisors of psychological services, classroom teachers, and building principals within the state of Iowa were asked to evaluate the performance of their school psychologist in 10 functional areas. Both supervisors and classroom teachers perceived those school psychologists with 4–9 years experience as the most effective. Teaching experience, as a requirement for school psychology certification, did not receive support. The level of training for the psychologist (degree) yielded conflicting results among the raters.
Separation of absorption and scattering heterogeneities in NIR tomographic imaging of tissue

Tissue in the near-infrared (NIR) is heterogeneous in both its absorption and scattering properties. Reconstruction methods for NIR imaging have, in the past, not been able to completely separate these two parameters as well as would be desired. Strategies for more complete separation of absorbing and scattering heterogeneities for reconstructed NIR tomographic images are investigated in both numerical simulations and phantom studies. In this study, two specific approaches are considered: (a) scattering reconstruction based on phase only data, and (b) the use of multiple modulation frequencies.
The 1997 Pan American Climate Studies Tropical Eastern Pacific Process Study. Part II: Stratocumulus Region*

Abstract An ad hoc experiment in the marine stratocumulus region to the west of Mexico was conducted from 29 August to 6 September 1997 as part of the Pan American Climate Studies Tropical Eastern Pacific Process Study cruise on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship Ronald H. Brown after a medical emergency cut short the planned time in the eastern Pacific ITCZ. The joint variation of cloud structure, drizzle, and tropospheric stratification was documented by a combination of three hourly upper air soundings, scanning C—band radar, hourly cloud photography, and visual observation. The sensitive C—band Doppler radar mounted on the ship was able to obtain observations of drizzle cells with regions of greater than 10 dBZ of 2—3—km scale in the horizontal and peak reflectivities of greater than 25 dBZ.
Platelet attachment stimulates endothelial cell regeneration after arterial injury

Background. Arterial injury is associated with endothelial disruption and attachment of platelets to an exposed subintimal layer. A variety of factors released by platelets may affect the ability of endothelial cells bordering an injury to regenerate. In this study an organ culture model of arterial injury was used to investigate the relationship between attachment of platelets to a superficial arterial injury and endothelial regeneration. Methods. A defined superficial endothelial injury was made in whole vessel wall explants of rabbit thoracic aorta. Injured explants were treated with either fresh whole platelets, the supernatant of platelets aggregated by collagen, or basic fibroblast growth factor. Four days after injury and treatment, the average distance of endothelial regeneration was determined. Results. A dramatic increase in the rate of endothelial cell regeneration was observed when injured vessels were exposed to fresh whole platelets (p=0.003). This increase in regeneration was comparable to that observed with fibroblast growth factor. No increase in the regenerative rate was found after exposure of explants to the supernatant of aggregated platelets (p=0.69). Conclusions. Platelets stimulate endothelial regeneration at a rate equal to that observed with the potent endothelial mitogen basic fibroblast growth factor. Because this effect was not demonstrated with the supernatant of aggregated platelets, endothelial regeneration may be dependent on attachment of the platelets to the area of injury.
Beyond inflammation: site-directed immunotherapy

Abstract As new biological therapies are devised, finer control over their delivery to local sites of disease or injury is needed. Migratory leukocytes are attractive vehicles for therapeutic agents. However, to exploit them fully, more information is required on the control of cell movement to local sites of microscopic disease. Here, Lois Lampson suggests that the brain, with its low immunological background and varied microenvironments, can yield some useful insights.
A virtual media (Vmedia)JPEG 2000 interactive image browser

A Vmedia JPEG 2000 interactive image browser is developed. Two key technologies make our system unique: it is the first to implement the decoder ROI access functionality of JPEG 2000, and it uses virtual media (Vmedia) protocol to manage and deliver the ROI bitstream in an efficient fashion. The user browses the image by specifying a region of interest (ROI) with spatial and resolution restriction. Only the portion of the compressed bitstream covering the current ROI is streamed. Moreover, the streaming is performed in a progressive fashion so that a coarse view of the ROI can be rendered very quickly and then gradually refined as more and more bits arrive. Vmedia greatly improves the browsing experience of large images over the slow network.
The case for human exploration of Mars

The results of a workshop on the feasibility and logic of a manned Mars mission and base are discussed. Criteria for evaluating the merit of proposed Mars expeditions are presented, and the precursor mission requirements of various proposed scenarios are considered. Science objectives and how various mission scenarios would serve them are addressed. Issues of launch, assembly, transportation, and Mars base infrastructure are examined. Advanced propulsion concepts for use in a Mars mission are discussed, and international cooperation in a Mars mission is addressed. The relevance of the workshop to the crisis of education in America is considered.
The microwave controversy

A great deal of controversy exists in the field of microwave radiation bioeffects and permissible exposure levels. Much of this controversy is based on differences in philosophy between the Western and Soviet Bloc nations. These differences are discussed along with the industrial and environmental significance of microwave radiation. It is suggested that increased co‐operation between East and West in this field would be invaluable in helping to resolve the controversy.
Challenges and opportunities in El Salvador's financial sector

Abstract The formal financial sector has expanded rapidly in postwar El Salvador, encouraged by premature financial liberalization and a remittance windfall, exceeding commercial banks' capacities to lend prudently. The counterpart of this spurious financial deepening is a shallow financial market for smaller firms, which reflects both difficult real conditions for small urban and agricultural enterprises, and the unfortunate effects of the credit-channeling model characterizing development banks and most nongovernment organization projects. This model discourages the growth of small-scale institutions that can fund themselves from local resources, and limits the ability of small producers to accumulate financial savings.
Magnetic phase diagram, static properties, and relaxation of the insulating spin glass Co1-xMnxCl2

The magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O are examined by dc magnetization measurements as a function of temperature and field. This insulating system has both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions, the distribution of which may be randomized to some degree by removal of one water from the parent system ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${2\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O. It behaves as a reentrant spin glass. A field-induced transition is observed in the 4\char21{}6 kG range, a much smaller field than the 31.3-kG metamagnetic transition in ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${2\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O. The nonlinear susceptibility displays an unusual variation with temperature, but does not scale in the conventional way. The thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) is examined as a function of cooling field and temperature. Its time development approximates a stretched exponential decay and the parameters characterizing this are analyzed. It is also found that the TRM scales well according to a T ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}$(t/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$) form, for temperatures not much above \ensuremath{\sim}0.7${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$, with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10\char21{}}$${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}9}$ s. Irreversibility lines are derived from measurements of field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetizations. A weak irreversibility sets in at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$(H=0)=9.0 K and displays no detectable field dependence up to 1 kG. A strong irreversibility sets in at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$(H=0)=8.4 K and displays a strong field dependence. The results are analyzed using theories which consider anisotropy. The strong irreversibility line conforms much better to a (reduced) form ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{g}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{h}}^{0.53}$, recently proposed for the 3D Ising short-range spin glass, than to the usual De Almeida\char21{}Thouless mean-field form ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{g}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{h}}^{2/3}$.
Evaluation of a carboxymethylcellulose sponge for prevention of postoperative adhesions.

Background A novel lyophilized carboxymethylceflulose (CMC) sponge has been developed for prevention of surgical wound adhesions. One potential mechanism for preventing abdominal adhesion is suppression of the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and other macrophage derived fibroblast stimulating factors that partially mediate adhesion formation. Methods To study the efficacy and mechanisms of action of the CMC sponge, we performed standard cecal denudation and abdominal wall apposition on rats. A CMC sponge or a commercially available adhesion preventive barrier (Interceed) was placed on the denuded surface. After 14 days, adhesion severity was graded blindly on a scale ranging from 0 (no adhesion) to 5 (severe adhesion). TGF-β expression was determined by immunocytochemical staining. To assess the secretion of macrophage derived fibrogenic factors in control and CMC rats, labeled thymidine and proline uptake and hydroxyproline production were measured in NRK rat fibroblasts cultured with conditioned medium of peritoneal macrophages. Results The severity of adhesions in the CMC sponge group (0.7 ± 0.3) was significantly lower than in the Interceed or control groups (2.2 ±0.3; 4.6 ± 0.1). In control animals TGF-β expression in endothelium and fibroblasts was maximal on day 3. Neither CMC nor Interceed reduced this expression. Conditioned media derived from sponge-exposed postsurgical peritoneal macrophages did not inhibit fibroblast growth or collagen formation. Conclusions In this model the CMC sponge was more effective than Interceed in preventing postoperative adhesions. Its action was not due to inhibition of TGF-β expression or macrophage derived fibrogenic factors. These data highlight the primary importance of local barrier effect in adhesion prevention.
Parallel prefix computation with few processors

Abstract We present a parallel prefix algorithm which uses (2(p + 1) p (p + 1) + 2 )n − 1 arithmetic and (p (p − 1) p (p + 1) + 2 )n + ( 1 2 ) p (p − 1) routing steps to compute the prefixes of n elements on a distributed-memory multiprocessor with p τ = τ R τ A , which is the ratio of the time required to transfer an operand to the time required to perform the operation of the prefix problem. The new algorithm is shown to be more efficient when n is large and p 2 (p − 1) ≤ 4 τ .
Evaluation of coronary revascularization to prevent tachycardia recurrences in survivors of ventricular fibrillation

Long-term follow-up of 29 consecutive survivors of ventricular fibrillation who underwent revascularization demonstrated that recurrent arrhythmics events were common. Because revascularization alone does not prevent arrhythmia recurrence, treatment with an implantable defibrillator should be considered in these patients.
Inhibition and Recovery of Brain Cholinesterase Activity in House Flies Poisoned with Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds

Seventeen organophosphate, three carbamate and one sulfamate compounds were topically applied to female house flies ( Musca domestica (L.)) to determine the correlation between toxicity, symptomology and in vivo inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity. The surviving flies from an LD50 dose of all the compounds went through hyperactive and paralytic symptoms and definite brain cholinesterase inhibition before recovery. Except for the carbamate, Isolan, the brain cholinesterase recovered completely with 1280 minutes and with several compounds the recovery was complete 80 minutes after treatment. The time of the highest rate of mortality in the insecticide-treated population and of paralytic symptoms in the survivors was usually closely associated with the time of maximum enzyme inhibition. Marathon was the major exception where the greatest paralysis and mortality occurred after the cholinesterase activity had shown considerable recovery. By assaying the brain cholinesterase at varying substrate concentrations it was found that at the stage of hyperactivity and early paralysis in poisoning a shift occurred in the optimum substrate concentration. This might be due to a transitory competitive stage in the cholinesterase inhibition with certain organophosphates prior to phosphorylation of the enzyme and the dephosphorylation involved in recovery. Alternative explanations are also considered.
Hypercube parallel architecture applied to electromagnetic scattering analysis

The authors code the algorithms for two electromagnetic codes, the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) and the Finite Difference Time Domain Code (FDTD), for the Mark III Hypercube. The execution times for these codes are evaluated. For both codes large speedup factors are found when runs on 32 nodes are compared to runs on one node and to runs on a VAX 11/750. The accuracy of these codes is verified by comparisons with versions running on sequential machines and with published results. >
Mechanism of Cytokinetic Contractile Ring Constriction in Fission Yeast

Cytokinesis involves constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring. The mechanisms generating ring tension and setting the constriction rate remain unknown because the organization of the ring is poorly characterized, its tension was rarely measured, and constriction is coupled to other processes. To isolate ring mechanisms, we studied fission yeast protoplasts, in which constriction occurs without the cell wall. Exploiting the absence of cell wall and actin cortex, we measured ring tension and imaged ring organization, which was dynamic and disordered. Computer simulations based on the amounts and biochemical properties of the key proteins showed that they spontaneously self-organize into a tension-generating bundle. Together with rapid component turnover, the self-organization mechanism continuously reassembles and remodels the constricting ring. Ring constriction depended on cell shape, revealing that the ring operates close to conditions of isometric tension. Thus, the fission yeast ring sets its own tension, but other processes set the constriction rate.