cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordination of suck‐ swallow‐respiration in infants born to mothers with drug‐abuse problems

To delineate quantitatively differences in suck-swallow-respiration coordination during feeding in term infants exposed to drugs in utero, 16 control infants (10 females, six males; mean birthweight 3209g, standard error of the mean [SEM] 103g) and 15 drug-exposed infants (seven females, eight males; seven cocaine, eight opiates; neonatal abstinence [Finnegan] scores less than 10; mean birthweight 3001g, SEM 93g) were studied in the first three days of life and again at one month of age. Coefficients of variation (COVs) of suck-suck, swallow-swallow, and breath-breath intervals were used as measures of stability of individual rhythms. COVs of suck-swallow and swallow-breath intervals were used to determine stability of multiply integrated rhythms. In the first three days of life, a significantly higher percentage of 'apneic swallows' (runs of three or more swallows not associated with breathing movements, divided by total run-swallows) was noted during feeding in the drug-exposed infants (mean 5.3% SEM 1.7%) compared with controls (mean 0.9%, SEM 0.4%;p<0.02), who also had less breath-breath rhythmic stability (higher COV) and shorter swallow-breath intervals. These differences were no longer evident at one month of age. Opiate-exposed infants were generally more affected than the cocaine-exposed infants. Swallowing was less rhythmic in the drug-exposed cohort, especially in opiate-exposed infants, but this difference also disappeared by one month. In the first days of life, drug-exposed infants were less efficient feeders, ingesting less volume per run-swallow than controls (mean 0.31ml, SEM 0.05ml, versus 0.45ml, SEM 0.05ml;p<0.05). The decreased efficiency appeared to be compensated for by a slightly faster swallow rate (mean 53 swallows per minute SEM 2 versus 47 swallows per min, SEM 1, in controls;p<0.005). By one month of age these differences between groups had disappeared as well. Intrauterine drug exposure, even in infants with relatively mild symptoms of withdrawal, may adversely impact development of brainstem respiratory and swallow centers, thus affecting, albeit transiently, the underlying biorhythms of feeding.
4-(2-di-n-propylaminoethyl)-7-methoxyindole

Preparation of the title compound has been achieved by a modification of the Reissert indole synthesis, starting with 2-nitro-3-methyl-4-cyanoanisole (3), and homologation of the CN group of the resulting 4-cyano-7-methoxyindole. The starting material 3 was prepared by bromination of 2-nitro-3-methylphenol, and the structure of the bromination product was verified chemically.
The Jet Experiments in Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics (JENSA) gas jet target

Abstract New radioactive ion beam (RIB) facilities will push further away from stability and enable the next generation of nuclear physics experiments. Of great importance to the future of RIB physics are scattering, transfer, and capture reaction measurements of rare, exotic, and unstable nuclei on light targets such as hydrogen and helium. These measurements require targets that are dense, highly localized, and pure. Targets must also accommodate the use of large area silicon detector arrays, high-efficiency gamma arrays, and heavy ion detector systems to efficiently measure the reaction products. To address these issues, the Jet Experiments in Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics (JENSA) Collaboration has designed, built, and characterized a supersonic gas jet target, capable of providing gas areal densities on par with commonly used solid targets within a region of a few millimeters diameter. Densities of over 5×1018 atoms/cm2 of helium have been achieved, making the JENSA gas jet target the most dense helium jet achieved so far.
Mathematical model for the formation of thin-film composite hollow fiber and tubular membranes by interfacial polymerization

Abstract A general model has been developed for the formation of thin-film composite hollow fiber and tubular membranes by diffusion- and reaction-controlled interfacial polymerization under non-steady-state boundary conditions. The special models for either diffusion-controlled or reaction-controlled interfacial polymerization under both steady and non-steady state boundary conditions have been obtained by simplifying the general model. The special models agree with similar models, where available in the literature. This work significantly extends existing theories for the formation of thin-film composite membranes by interfacial polymerization and provides an important guide for effective control of the thickness of the surface barrier layer of thin-film composite membranes prepared by interfacial polymerization.
A Black and White Game: Racial Stereotypes in Baseball

The current study experimentally tested stereotypes and credibility of messages associated with athletes. Participants were asked to rate photos of Black and White baseball players based on stereotypes identified in previous literature. They were then given an anonymous paragraph from a newspaper that featured either a stereotype consistent or inconsistent message and asked to rate the author’s credibility. Black players were rated significantly higher in physical strength and natural ability, which is consistent with previous literature. However, inconsistent with previous literature, White players were not rated significantly higher in intelligence and leadership. Despite these results, when measuring credibility, this study found White-consistent stereotypes to be credible, whereas Black-consistent ones were not. These results are interpreted in light of Devine’s model of stereotype processing and in-group, out-group bias.
New QCT analysis approach shows the importance of fall orientation on femoral neck strength.

The influence of fall orientation on femur strength has important implications for understanding hip fracture risk. A new image analysis technique showed that the strength of the femoral neck in 37 males varied significantly along the neck axis and that bending strength varied by a factor of up to 2.8 for different loading directions. Introduction: Osteoporosis is associated with decreased BMD and increased hip fracture risk, but it is unclear whether specific osteoporotic changes in the proximal femur lead to a more vulnerable overall structure. Nonhomogeneous beam theory, which is used to determine the mechanical response of composite structures to applied loads, can be used along with QCT to estimate the resistance of the femoral neck to axial forces and bending moments. Materials and Methods: The bending moment {My(θ)} sufficient to induce yielding within femoral neck sections was estimated for a range of bending orientations (θ) using in vivo QCT images of 37 male (mean age, 73 years; range, 65–87 years) femora. Volumetric BMD, axial stiffness, average moment at yield (My,avg), maximum and minimum moment at yield (My,max and My,min), bone strength index (BSI), stress-strain index (SSI), and density-weighted moments of resistance (Rx and Ry) were also computed. Differences among the proximal, mid-, and distal neck regions were detected using ANOVA. Results: My(θ) was found to vary by as much as a factor of 2.8 for different bending directions. Axial stiffness, My,avg, My,max, My,min, BSI, and Rx differed significantly between all femoral neck regions, with an overall trend of increasing axial stiffness and bending strength when moving from the proximal neck to the distal neck. Mean axial stiffness increased 62% between the proximal and distal neck, and mean My,avg increased 53% between the proximal and distal neck. Conclusions: The results of this study show that femoral neck strength strongly depends on both fall orientation and location along the neck axis. Compressive yielding in the superior portion of the femoral neck is expected to initiate fracture in a fall to the side.
Interstitial Leydig cell tumor of testis.

Abstract We report on a case of interstitial cell tumor of the testis with an unusual presentation and review the historic background of this disease.
Specific versus Nonspecific Isothermal DNA Amplification through Thermophilic Polymerase and Nicking Enzyme Activities

Rapid isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies can enable diagnosis of human pathogens and genetic variations in a simple, inexpensive, user-friendly format. The isothermal exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR) efficiently amplifies short oligonucleotides called triggers in less than 10 min by means of thermostable polymerase and nicking endonuclease activities. We recently demonstrated that this reaction can be coupled with upstream generation of trigger oligonucleotides from a genomic target sequence, and with downstream visual detection using DNA-functionalized gold nanospheres. The utility of EXPAR in clinical diagnostics is, however, limited by a nonspecific background amplification phenomenon, which is further investigated in this report. We found that nonspecific background amplification includes an early phase and a late phase. Observations related to late phase background amplification are in general agreement with literature reports of ab initio DNA synthesis. Early phase backgrou...
Dynamic and equilibrium swelling of DVB-crosslinked polystyrene particles

The dynamic and equilibrium swelling behavior of polystyrene microparticles crosslinked with divinyl benzene was investigated in methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexane. The dynamic studies gave new information about the mechanism of penetrant transport in this polymer. The equilibrium studies were used to determine important parameters of the crosslinked structure of these systems, including the average molecular weight between crosslinks, Mc
Electron scattering in solid state detectors: Geant 4 simulations

Abstract All plasmas in the magnetosphere and interplanetary space contain non-thermal populations. Critical information on their acceleration mechanisms is provided by the slope of their energy spectra. The measurement of how energetic (non-thermal) electron spectra evolve in time provides fundamental information on how their acceleration processes develop. In an effort to characterize the response of current energetic particle instruments to energetic electrons we have taken advantage of the Geometry and Tracking toolkit (GEANT4) to provide the framework for an instrument model and a simulation environment. The results of these simulations match very well with data collected during various instrument calibration tests and give us confidence that GEANT4 handles electron interactions with matter in a reasonable fashion. The results of a specific Monte Carlo simulation (the response of the ACE/EPAM instrument to near-relativistic solar electron events) will be discussed. Given the usefulness of these simulations the GEANT4 toolkit has become an integral part of current and future energetic particle instrument development efforts.
Homotransplant Antigens: Preparation of Active Cellular Fractions

WE have reported recently a method for the measurement of the antigenicity of whole splenic cells using highly inbred strains of mice in a homo-transplant system1. Using this method of assay, we have tested fractions of mouse splenic cells for antigenic activity. Below are described the preparation and properties of tissue fractions active as antigens in a homotransplant system. Other methods of preparation of antigenic fractions from tissues have been described by Billingham, Brent and Medawar2, by Berrian and Brent3, by Haskova and Hrubesova4, by Castermans and Oth5, and Lejeune-Ledant and Albert6.
Growth and Development of a Body of Knowledge: 16 Years of New Product Development Research, 1989-2004

In this study, a content analysis was performed on 815 articles focused on new product development (NPD) published in 10 selected leading marketing, management, NPD, and research and development (R&D) journals from 1989 to 2004. Journals selected were a combination of leading journals in the discipline and publications that included NPD articles. NPD articles were classified by a series of key attributes including methodology employed, domains of knowledge utilized, and broad topics explored. The resulting data were then studied to discern trends over time or common characteristics within domains, methodologies, or journals. The study of NPD has grown since the Journal of Product Innovation Management (JPIM) was launched in 1984. This study shows strong growth in the number of articles on NPD in each category of journal selected. The research in the articles has changed: The early focus on a few selected success factors or a staged development process has evolved and broadened over the 16-year period. More variables and more sophisticated models are being studied in NPD articles. The study found a continuing evolution in research topics and increased sophistication in quantitative techniques over the 16-year period. Overall this review of the NPD literature uncovers encouraging signs of a maturing discipline. However, there are concerns about continuing issues in methodology, insufficient study of service innovation, and continued focus on process characteristics instead of other antecedents of NPD success. The service sector seems to be understudied, even as the reality of a service economy is generally acknowledged. The call in a recent meta-analysis to focus more on market and product characteristics and less on process characteristics has not yet been heeded, even by marketing researchers.
Comparing dengue and chikungunya emergence and endemic transmission in A. aegypti and A. albopictus

Chikungunya and dengue are re-emerging mosquito-borne infectious diseases that are of increasing concern as human travel and expanding mosquito ranges increase the risk of spread. We seek to understand the differences in transient and endemic behavior of chikungunya and dengue; risk of emergence for different virus-vector assemblages; and the role that virus evolution plays in disease dynamics and risk. To address these questions, we adapt a mathematical mosquito-borne disease model to chikungunya and dengue in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. We derive analytical threshold conditions and important dimensionless parameters for virus transmission; perform sensitivity analysis on quantities of interest such as the basic reproduction number, endemic equilibrium, and first epidemic peak; and compute distributions for the quantities of interest across parameter ranges. We found that chikungunya and dengue exhibit different transient dynamics and long-term endemic levels. While the order of most sensitive parameters is preserved across vector-virus combinations, the magnitude of sensitivity is different across scenarios, indicating that risk of invasion or an outbreak can change with vector-virus assemblages. We found that the dengue – A. aegypti and new Reunion strain of chikungunya – A. albopictus systems represent the highest risk across the range of parameters considered. These results inform future experimental and field research efforts and point toward effective mitigation strategies adapted to each disease.
Association of religion with delusions and hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia: Implications for engagement and adherence

Abstract Objective The relationship of religion and schizophrenia is widely acknowledged, but often minimized by practitioners and under investigated by researchers. In striving to help fill this gap, this paper focuses on examining four aims: 1) how research has investigated the association between religiosity and schizophrenia; 2) how is religiosity associated with delusions and hallucinations; 3) what are the risk and protective factors associated with religiosity and schizophrenia; and 4) does religion influence treatment adherence with individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods A systematic literature search of PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases from January 1, 1980 through January 1, 2010 was conducted using the terms schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) and religion, religiosity, spirituality, or faith. Seventy ( n = 70) original research studies were identified. Results Religion can act as both a risk and protective factor as it interacts with the schizophrenia symptoms of hallucination and delusions. Cultural influences tend to confound the association of religion and schizophrenia. Adherence to treatment has a mixed association with religiosity. Conclusion The relationship between religion and schizophrenia may be of benefit to both clinicians and researchers through enhancing adherence to treatment, and enhancement of the protective aspects while minimizing associated risk. The relationship of religion and schizophrenia needs further research that is more nuanced and methodologically rigorous, specifically concerning its influence on engagement and adherence to treatment.
Design and performance of a multi-pinhole collimation device for small animal imaging with clinical SPECT and SPECT–CT scanners

A multi-pinhole collimation device is developed that uses the gamma camera detectors of a clinical SPECT or SPECT-CT scanner to produce high-resolution SPECT images. The device consists of a rotating cylindrical collimator having 22 tungsten pinholes with 0.9 mm diameter apertures and an animal bed inside the collimator that moves linearly to provide helical or ordered-subsets axial sampling. CT images also may be acquired on a SPECT-CT scanner for purposes of image co-registration and SPECT attenuation correction. The device is placed on the patient table of the scanner without attaching to the detectors or scanner gantry. The system geometry is calibrated in-place from point source data and is then used during image reconstruction. The SPECT imaging performance of the device is evaluated with test phantom scans. Spatial resolution from reconstructed point source images is measured to be 0.6 mm full width at half maximum or better. Micro-Derenzo phantom images demonstrate the ability to resolve 0.7 mm diameter rod patterns. The axial slabs of a Micro-Defrise phantom are visualized well. Collimator efficiency exceeds 0.05% at the center of the field of view, and images of a uniform phantom show acceptable uniformity and minimal artifact. The overall simplicity and relatively good imaging performance of the device make it an interesting low-cost alternative to dedicated small animal scanners.
Male gender is associated with excessive IL-6 expression following severe injury.

Objective: An important and persistent laboratory finding has been that males and females respond differently after traumatic injury and hemorrhagic shock. We have previously presented clinical data showing that male gender is independently associated with a 40% higher rate of multiple organ failure (MOF) and a 25% higher rate of nosocomial infection (NI) after injury; however, the mechanism responsible for this dimorphic response after injury has not been adequately characterized clinically. Methods: Data were obtained from a multicenter prospective cohort study evaluating clinical outcomes in severely injured adults with blunt hemorrhagic shock. Proteomic analysis of serum inflammatory cytokines, on days 0, 1, and 4 postin-jury, was performed on 46 males and 34 females. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare serial IL-1β, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 serum levels across gender, while controlling for important confounders. Logistic regression modeling was then used to analyze the independent risk of MOF and NI associated with gender. Results: IL-6 serum levels were statistically higher in males relative to females (p = 0.008). This higher level of IL-6 expression in males remained statistically significant over time even after controlling for differences in age, initial base deficit, ISS, and 12-hour blood transfusion requirements (p = 0.025). No differences in IL-1β serum levels (p = 0.543), TNF-a, (p = 0.200) IL-8 (p = 0.107), and IL-10 (p = 0.157) were found. Males had a higher crude incidence of MOF and an 11-fold higher independent risk of MOF. Conclusions: Persistently elevated IL-6 levels in males are associated with a higher rate of MOF. It is not known if this excessive IL-6 expression in males is causal or only a marker for poor outcome. Further studies are required to elucidate if this early, persistent IL-6 expression is responsible for the gender-based differential outcomes after injury.
The election of women in list PR systems: Testing the conventional wisdom

Abstract Certain institutional variables – closed lists, high district or party magnitudes, gender quotas, and placement mandates – are widely thought to facilitate the election of women in list PR systems, but this “conventional wisdom” has not been subject to a comprehensive, cross-national test. After reviewing the pertinent literature and highlighting potential interactions among these institutional variables, this article evaluates the election of women in virtually all democracies that rely primarily on list PR to elect the lower house or unicameral chamber of the national legislature, using an original data set and OLS regressions. The results provide strong evidence that contextual differences – rather than institutional factors – explain most of the variation. Among the institutional variables, only placement mandates clearly matter. Other institutional variables have only marginal impacts, at best, and these appear to diverge by ballot structure. The conclusion briefly addresses the practical implications of these findings.
On the arithmetical rank of monomial ideals

The arithmetical rank of monomial ideals has been studied by several authors. In [ 12, 131, for example, the result of the above theorem is proved in some special cases. On the other hand in [8] we stated the conjecture to the effect that every algebraic set l’c P” of pure codimension t can be set-theoretically cut out by n [n/t] + 1 hypersurfaces. Supporting evidence for this conjecture is as follows:
Access to handouts of presentation slides during lecture: Consequences for learning

Teachers often lecture with presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint; however, little research has examined the effects of this new technology on learning. One issue that arises is whether or not to give students copies of the lecture slides, and if so when. A survey documented that students prefer to receive lecture slides before class, whereas instructors were less pronounced in their preferences. Two experiments examined whether having handouts of the slides facilitated encoding of science lectures. Having access to handouts of the slides during lecture was associated with a number of benefits: less note-taking (studies 1 and 2), less time needed to prepare for a final test (study 1), and better performance on the final test (study 2). Overall, receiving handouts before lecture helped efficient encoding of the lecture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textural and compositional characterization of recent sediments along a paraglacial estuarine coastline, Maine, USA

Abstract Textural and mineralogical characteristics of bottom sediments collected from the lower Kennebec River estuary, Maine, and adjacent nearshore region were used to differentiate subtidal sedimentary environments. Five depositional environments, defined on the basis of bottom morphology, bathymetry, and dominant sedimentary processes—estuarine channel, channel margin, outer bar, shoreface, and offshore—possess distinct sedimentological characteristics. Trends in textural characteristics of these environments and those along the adjacent barrier beach include: (1) systematic decrease in mean grain size from the estuarine channel to the offshore facies; (2) similarity between the outer bar and estuarine channel sands; (3) increase in sediment sorting from the channel/margin and offshore to shoreface facies; and (4) fining of the low-tide terrace, beachface, and berm samples away from the bar-welding region. The fine-grained nature of the offshore facies is the result of deposition of suspended sediment delivered to the coast during large flood events, whereas the coarse fraction is contributed through the attrition of carbonate tests of the local macrofauna. Results of compositional analyses reveal: (1) a decrease in shell fragments from the estuarine channel (>50%) to the offshore (
Improved outcome in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia predicted by KIR and HLA genotypes

Inhibitory killer immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (KIRs) recognize HLA-C and -B epitopes on target cells, thereby regulating natural killer (NK) cell activity. In 178 patients receiving T-cell-depleted HLA-identical sibling transplants for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), analysis of donor KIR genotype with HLA genotype demonstrated that 62.9% of the patients lacked an HLA ligand for donor-inhibitory KIR. Lack of HLA ligand for donor-inhibitory KIR (missing KIR ligand) had no effect on disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), or relapse in patients receiving transplants for CML and ALL. In patients with AML and MDS, however, there was a significant missing KIR ligand effect on DFS (P = .014; hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.28-0.88) and OS (P = .03; HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.3-0.93). Incidence of relapse was also lower in patients with AML and MDS who lacked the HLA ligand for donor-inhibitory KIR (P = .04; HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.18-0.97). AML and MDS patients lacking 2 HLA ligands for donor-inhibitory KIR had the highest DFS (P = .002) and OS (P = .003). There was no significant contribution of donor-activating KIR to transplantation outcome in these patients. These data indicate that the absence of class I ligand in the recipient for donor-inhibitory KIR can be a prognostic factor for transplantation outcome in HLA-identical sibling transplantation and that the lack of HLA-C or -B ligands for donor-inhibitory KIR can contribute to improved outcomes for patients with AML and MDS. (Blood. 2005;105:4878-4884)
Applications of 31P NMR spectroscopy in development of M(Duphos)-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of P-stereogenic phosphines (M = Pt or Pd)

Abstract This perspective describes the use of 31 P NMR spectroscopy in an ongoing research project on enantioselective P−C bond formation catalyzed by platinum and palladium Duphos complexes. This technique was used to characterize catalyst precursors, intermediates and products, to determine equilibrium and rate constants, and to measure the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the P-stereogenic phosphine products. Applications of 31 P NMR spectroscopy in problem-solving and identifying unexpected products, as well as the analysis of an unusual and esthetically pleasing spectrum, are also discussed.
Hemoglobin of the aquatic salamander, Cryptobranchus.

Abstract 1. 1. Properties of the hemoglobin in three populations of the giant aquatic salamander, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, have been examined. 2. 2. A single apparently identical component was found in all members. 3. 3. The sedimentation coefficient of 4·8 S and data on tryptic peptide maps suggest that the protein is tetrameric. 4. 4. It exhibits no Bohr effect but shows distinctly sigmoid oxygen equilibrium curves (n = 2·7) above pH 6·8. P50 values are only slightly altered at lower pH but the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve changes to give a Hill coefficient of about 1·7 at pH5·0. 5. 5. The effects of organic phosphates such as 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate on the oxygen affinity of the protein are much less pronounced than in most mammalian hemoglobins. 6. 6. The properties of the protein resemble frog tadpole hemoglobin in certain respects and adult frog hemoglobin in others .
Beyond Gentrification: Mobilizing Communities and Claiming Space

During the 20th century, neighborhood change and the displacement of low-income residents from their homes has occurred in a variety of ways from the demolition of entire areas to more recent revitalization efforts emphasizing the building of community and new governance structures. In this paper, I argue two interrelated points. First, whereas economic displacement of low-income people from their homes and neighborhoods is one effect of neighborhood revitalization initiatives, there is a wider set of factors that constitutes the marginalization, displacement, and exclusion of certain population groups from effectively making claims on neighborhood space. Second, in an era of neoliberalization, whereby civil society is expected to play a larger role in neighborhood governance and the provision of social welfare, the formation and activities of neighborhood-based communities, and their relation to state and market forces, have become increasingly important factors to examine. In this article, I address the...
When can management science research be generalized internationally

Discussion about international generalizability has rarely addressed the full scope of management science research. This paper identifies a number of obstacles to international generalizability, and shows how they affect technical systems research and social systems research in different ways. Examples of management science research are examined critically for their validity elsewhere in the world. Implications are discussed for the interpretation of existing research and for the design of research.
Neuromuscular consequences of low back pain and core dysfunction.

Recurring episodes of low back pain present a dilemma for patients and clinicians. Patients who experience disability caused by repeated low back pain episodes are limited in their activities of daily living and may experience inappropriate neuromuscular adaptations to maintain and/or preserve function. Unfortunately, it is likely that these changes create an environment where lower extremity and spine joints are exposed to unusual and possibly excessive forces while attenuating impact from walking, running, or other activities. Individuals who want to maintain a healthy lifcstyle may be restricted because of recurring and disabling nonspecific low back pain. Individuals who must continue with normal and necessary activities of daily living may choose an adaptive mechanism to preserve functional gait. Some individuals may use an adaptive strategy that is unfavorable, possibly exposing muscles and joints to further injury or long-term degenerative processes.
Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring in children with Down syndrome

Neurophysiological monitoring during complex spine procedures may reduce risk of injury by providing feedback to the operating surgeon. This tool is a well-established and important surgical adjunct in adults, but clinical data in children are not well described. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring data have not been reported in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Down syndrome, who commonly present with craniocervical instability requiring internal fixation. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability and safety of neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring in a group of children with Down syndrome undergoing neurosurgical spine procedures. A total of six consecutive spinal procedures in six children with Down syndrome (three boys and three girls; mean age 10 years, range 4–16 years) were analyzed between January 1, 2008 and June 31, 2011. Somatosensory evoked potentials were stimulated at the ulnar nerve and tibial nerve for upper and lower extremities, respectively, and recorded at Erb’s point and the scalp. Motor evoked potentials were elicited by transcranial electrical stimulation and recorded at the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle and tibialis anterior muscle for upper and lower extremities, respectively. A standardized anesthesia protocol for monitoring consisted of a titrated propofol drip combined with bolus dosing of fentanyl or sufentanil. Somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were documented at the beginning and end of the procedure in all six patients. Changes during the surgery were recorded. Five patients maintained somatosensory potentials throughout surgery. One patient demonstrated a >10 % increase in latency or >50 % decrease in amplitude suggesting spinal cord dysfunction. A mean baseline stimulation threshold for motor evoked potentials of 485 + 85 V (range 387–600 V) was used. Four patients maintained motor evoked potentials throughout surgery. One patient had loss of left lower somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after rod placement; upon removal of the rod, SSEPs returned but not MEPs. Another patient did not have consistent MEPs on one side and had absent MEPs on the contralateral side throughout the case. Loss of MEPs in these two patients did not correlate with postoperative neurological status. There were no complications directly related to neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring technique. Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring during neurosurgical procedures in children with Down syndrome may be reliably and safely implemented. Changes in neurophysiologic parameters during surgery must be carefully interpreted, and discussed with the neurosurgeon, neurophysiologist, and neuroanesthesiologist, and may not correlate with postoperative clinical changes. These changes may be related to abnormal physiology rather than an insult at the time of surgery. Nonetheless, the authors advocate routine neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring in this special group of children undergoing neurosurgical spine procedures.
Approximate Generalizations and Computational Experiments

In this paper I demonstrate how one can generalize finitely many examples to statements about (infinite) classes of economic models. If there exist upper bounds on the number of connected components of one-dimensional linear subsets of the set of parameters for which a conjecture is true, one can conclude that it is correct for all parameter values in the class considered, except for a small residual set, once one has verified the conjecture for a predetermined finite set of points. I show how to apply this insight to computational experiments and spell out assumptions on the economic fundamentals that ensure that the necessary bounds on the number of connected components exist.
DEWEY, ECOLOGY, AND EDUCATION: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY DEBATES OVER DEWEY'S NATURALISM AND (TRANSACTIONAL) REALISM

In the early 1970s, Thomas Colwell argued for an ''ecological basis (for) human community.'' He suggested that ''naturalistic transactionalism'' was being put forward by some ecologists and some philosophers of education, but independently of each other. He suspected that ecologists were working on their own versions of naturalistic transactionalism independently of John Dewey. In this essay, Deron Boyles examines Colwell's central claim as well as his lament as a starting point for a larger inquiry into Dewey's thought. Boyles explores the following questions: First, was and is there a dearth of literature regarding Dewey as an ecological philosopher? Second, if a literature exists, what does it say? Should Dewey be seen as biocentric, anthropocentric, or something else entirely? Finally, of what importance are the terms and concepts in understanding and, as a result, determining Dewey's ecological thought in relation to education?
Temperature control device for single molecule measurements using the atomic force microscope

The design and implementation of a temperature control device for the atomic force microscope (AFM) are described. This device is based on a thermoelectric module which can be used for both heating and cooling the samples in the AFM liquid chamber within the range of 5–50°C. A thermocouple is inserted in the liquid chamber to measure the sample temperature. A commercial thermoelectric temperature controller is used to keep the temperature constant during a measurement, which can be stabilized within 0.1°C. To dissipate the heat generated by the thermoelectric module during cooling, a water cooled heat sink is used. Using this device, imaging and mechanical unfolding experiments were carried out at different temperatures. The results show that the temperature control device does not significantly reduce the imaging capacities of the AFM, and that the force-induced unfolding of individual protein molecules can be readily observed at different temperatures. Temperature dependent single molecule measurements ...
Design of a CCN Instrument for Airborne Measurement

A new instrument for measuring cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) on board small aircraft is described. Small aircraft are attractive mainly because they are less costly, but they require instruments that are designed for minimum weight, volume, and power consumption; that are robust; and that are capable of autonomous operation and making measurements at a frequency appropriate for aircraft speeds. The instrument design combines the streamwise gradient technique previously reported by J. G. Hudson, and the alternating gradient condensation nuclei counter described by W. A. Hoppel et al. Field and laboratory measurements, and modeling studies show that this combination exhibits poor sensitivity for the measurement of CCN spectra; for the climatically important range of critical supersaturations, 0.03%‐1%, the measured variable, droplet diameter, varies only by 30%. The ability to resolve CCN spectra using this method is therefore in question. Studies of this instrument in a fixed supersaturation mode show that it can measure CCN at a single supersaturation in the range of 0.1%‐2%. Calibration and testing of the instrument in this mode is described. The instrument is capable of making accurate, high-frequency (.0.1 Hz) measurements of CCN at a fixed supersaturation, while satisfying the constraints for small aircraft.
Effects of elevated CO 2 in the early life stages of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus , and potential consequences of ocean acidification

Abstract. The limited available evidence about effects on marine fishes of high CO2 and associated acidification of oceans suggests that effects will differ across species, be subtle, and may interact with other stressors. This report is on the responses of an array of early life history features of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an ecologically and economically important flatfish of the inshore and nearshore waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA), to experimental manipulation of CO2 levels. Relative survival of summer flounder embryos in local ambient conditions (775 μatm pCO2, 7.8 pH) was reduced to 48% when maintained at intermediate experimental conditions (1808 μatm pCO2, 7.5 pH), and to 16% when maintained at the most elevated CO2 treatment (4714 ppm pCO2, 7.1 pH). This pattern of reduced survival of embryos at high-CO2 levels at constant temperature was consistent among offspring of three females used as experimental subjects. No reduction in survival with CO2 was observed for larvae during the first four weeks of larval life (experiment ended at 28 d post-hatching (dph) when larvae were initiating metamorphosis). Estimates of sizes, shapes, and developmental status of larvae based on images of live larvae showed larvae were initially longer and faster growing when reared at intermediate- and high-CO2 levels. This pattern of longer larvae – but with less energy reserves at hatching – was expressed through the first half of the larval period (14 dph). Larvae from the highest-CO2 conditions initiated metamorphosis at earlier ages and smaller sizes than those from intermediate- and ambient-CO2 conditions. Tissue damage was evident in larvae as early as 7 dph from both elevated-CO2 levels. Damage included dilation of liver sinusoids and veins, focal hyperplasia on the epithelium, and separation of the trunk muscle bundles. Cranio-facial features changed with CO2 levels in an age-dependent manner. Skeletal elements of larvae from ambient-CO2 environments were comparable or smaller than those from elevated-CO2 environments when younger (7 and 14 dph) but were larger at developmental stage at older ages (21 to 28 dph), a result consistent with the accelerated size-development trajectory of larvae at higher-CO2 environments based on analysis of external features. The degree of alterations in the survival, growth, and development of early life stages of summer flounder due to elevated-CO2 levels suggests that this species will be increasingly challenged by future ocean acidification. Further experimental studies on marine fishes and comparative analyses among those studies are warranted in order to identify the species, life stages, ecologies, and responses likely to be most sensitive to increased levels of CO2 and acidity in future ocean waters. A strategy is proposed for achieving these goals.
Dependence of p-p Scattering Parameters on Phase Shifts

An attempt is made to deduce the dependence of the double and triple p-p scattering parameters on the /sup 1/S/sub 0/, /sup 1/D/sub 2/ nce to the SMl pctential at 150 Mev. It is found that a positive depolarization requires a small or even negative /sup 3/P/sub 0/ phase shift, thus fuvoring a strong spin- orbit potential. The parameters R and A depend chiefly on the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ and /sup 1/D/sub 2/ phase shifts. (a uth)
Design and Analysis of Distributed Radar Sensor Networks

In this paper, we design a network of distributed radar sensors that work in an ad hoc fashion, but are grouped together by an intelligent clusterhead. This system is named Radar Sensor Network (RSN). A RSN not only provides spatial resilience for target detection and tracking compared to traditional radars, but also alleviates inherent radar defects such as the blind speed problem. This interdisciplinary area offers a new paradigm for parallel and distributed sensor research. We propose both coherent and noncoherent RSN detection systems applying selection combination algorithm (SCA) performed by clusterhead to take the advantage of spatial diversity. Monte Carlo simulations show that proposed RSN can provide much better detection performance than that of single radar sensor for fluctuating targets, in terms of probability of false alarm and miss detection. We also analyze the impact of Doppler shift on both coherent and noncoherent RSN detection systems at the presence of clutter. The result is that the coherent system is more robust to the noncoherent RSN.
Nature of the difference in apparent molecular weights between the alpha subunit of urinary human chorionic gonadotropin and the alpha protein secreted by HeLa cells

Abstract The glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit secreted by HeLa cells has an apparent molecular weight greater than that of urinary chorionic gonadotropin alpha as determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-75 superfine. The difference in gel elution patterns between these proteins is not observed when the HeLa protein is first incubated under conditions employed to remove sialic acid (53 mM H 2 SO 4 , 80°C, 90 min). Because the modified tumor protein produces a dose-response curve parallel to those of the unmodified tumor protein and the urinary hCG subunit, and is readily bound by ricinagarose, it is concluded that the antigenicity of the protein has not been greatly altered and that the bulk of the carbohydrate side chains remain intact. These observations suggest that the greater apparent molecular weight of HeLa alpha compared to urinary hCG alpha may be due to an increase in the sialic acid content of the tumor protein.
6S RNA is a widespread regulator of eubacterial RNA polymerase that resembles an open promoter

6S RNA is an abundant noncoding RNA in Escherichia coli that binds to σ70 RNA polymerase holoenzyme to globally regulate gene expression in response to the shift from exponential growth to stationary phase. We have computationally identified >100 new 6S RNA homologs in diverse eubacterial lineages. Two abundant Bacillus subtilis RNAs of unknown function (BsrA and BsrB) and cyanobacterial 6Sa RNAs are now recognized as 6S homologs. Structural probing of E. coli 6S RNA and a B. subtilis homolog supports a common secondary structure derived from comparative sequence analysis. The conserved features of 6S RNA suggest that it binds RNA polymerase by mimicking the structure of DNA template in an open promoter complex. Interestingly, the two B. subtilis 6S RNAs are discoordinately expressed during growth, and many proteobacterial 6S RNAs could be cotranscribed with downstream homologs of the E. coli ygfA gene encoding a putative methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. The prevalence and robust expression of 6S RNAs emphasize their critical role in bacterial adaptation.
When and How Do Domestic Constraints Matter? Two-Level Games with Uncertainty

Recent studies of uncertainty in international relations treat nation-states as unitary actors, but it may be more realistic to suppose that uncertainty also arises from domestic decision-making processes. By formalizing Putnam's theory of two-level games, this article attempts to integrate the studies of uncertainty and the “second image.” The distinction between domestic and international asymmetric information turns out to be subtle yet important. When there is complete information and international asymmetric information, domestic constraints may or may not enhance bargaining power; but they do not make successful ratification difficult. On the other hand, when there is incomplete domestic information, successful ratification is not guaranteed although the expected payoffs of the constrained negotiators may be still greater than without domestic constraints.
Mode of action of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin Tissue and subcellular specificities and role of cyclic GMP

Abstract Some enteric strains of Escherichia coli release a heat-stable enterotoxin which, in contrast to cholera and heat-labile E. coli enterotoxins, stimulates guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.2). We have exmined the tissue specificity of its action and the relation of its action to those of the 8-bromo analogues of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP. Heat-stable enterotoxin stimulated guanylate cyclase activity and increased cyclic GMP oncentration throughout the small and large intestine. It increased transepithelial electric potential difference and short-circuit current in the jejunum, ileum and caecum but not in the duodenum or distal colon. This pattern of electrical responses was mimicked by 8-bromo-cyclic GMP. However, 8-bromo-cyclic AMP produced an electrical response in all intestinal segments. The enterotoxin failed to stimulate guanylate cyclase in liver, lung, pancreas or gastric antral mucosa. In the intestines, it stimulated only the particulate and not the soluble form of the enzyme. Preincubation of the toxin with intestinal membranes did not render it capable of stimulating pancreatic guanylate cyclase. Cytosol factors did not enhance the toxin's stimulation of intestinal guanylate cyclase. This study supports the role of cyclic GMP as intracellular mediator for heat-stable enterotoxin and suggests that the toxin affects a membrane-mediated mechanism for guanylate cyclase activation that is unique to the intestines.
When the Evidence Says, “Yes, No, and Maybe So” Attending to and Interpreting Inconsistent Findings Among Evidence-Based Interventions

An international, multi-disciplinary effort aims to identify evidence-based treatments (EBTs) or interventions. The goal of this effort is to identify specific techniques or programs that successfully target and change specific behaviors. In clinical psychology, EBTs are identified based on the outcomes of randomized controlled trials examining whether treatments outperform control or alternative treatment conditions. Treatment outcomes are measured in multiple ways. Consistently, different ways of gauging outcomes yield inconsistent conclusions. Historically, EBT research has not accounted for these inconsistencies. This paper highlights the implications of inconsistencies, describes a framework for redressing inconsistent findings, and illustrates how the framework guides future work examining how to administer and combine treatments to maximize treatment effects, and study treatments meta-analytically.