cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitation and evolution of the quasi-2-day wave observed in UARS/MLS temperature measurements

The quasi-2-day wave is known as a strong and transient perturbation in the middle and upper atmosphere that often occurs shortly after solstice. The excitation mechanisms of this transient wave have been discussed for years, but no clear answer has yet been attained. In this paper, propagating characteristics of the 2-day wave are studied based on 8-mon temperature measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder onboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. The studies are focused on the wave events that happened in January 1993 and in July-August 1993. The observations suggest that winter planetary waves could be responsible for triggering the summer 2-day wave through long penetration into the summer stratosphere. A connection is evident in the evolution of the wave amplitude between the summer 2-day wave generation and winter wave penetration. The data also suggest that the enhancement of the wave amplitude is a manifestation of both a local unstable wave and a global normal-mode Rossby wave.
Targeting the homologous recombination pathway by small molecule modulators

During the last decade, the use of small molecule (MW <500 Da) compounds that modulate (inhibit or activate) important proteins of different biological pathways became widespread. Recently, the homologous recombination (HR) pathway emerged as a target for such modulators. Development of small molecule modulators pursues two distinct but not mutually exclusive purposes: to create a research tool to study the activities or functions of proteins of interest and to produce drugs targeting specific pathologies. Here, we review the progress of small molecule development in the area of HR.
Structural studies on pepsinogen and pepsin. Tryptic digests of pepsinogen and pepsin.

Reduced-carboxymethylated pepsinogen and pepsin were digested with trypsin. The peptides were separated on Sephadex G-25. Four fractions were obtained, designated as A, B, C, and D. Nearly identical proportions of amino acids were found in Fractions A and D of the two digests indicating that A and D of the pepsinogen digest originate from the pepsin moiety of the molecule. Fraction C, on the other hand, contains basic peptides of the NH2-terminal polypeptide chain segment released on activation of the zymogen to the enzyme. The A fractions have been further fractionated on Sephadex G-100 and on DEAE-cellulose. The peptides of C of the pepsinogen digest were purified by chromatography on Amberlite IR-120, and the amino acid composition of 7 of them was established. The peptides identified contain 7 of the 9 lysine residues, the 2 arginines and 1 of the 2 histidines present in the NH2-terminal peptide portion of pepsinogen.
The Effect of Adding Plant Sterols or Stanols to Statin Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: To characterize the effect of plant sterols/stanols on serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic patients on concurrent statin therapy, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database was conducted from the earliest possible date through May 2008. Trials were included in the analysis if they were randomized controlled trials evaluating the use of plant sterols/stanols in combination with statins in hypercholesterolemic patients that reported efficacy data on total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, or triglycerides. The weighted mean difference (WMD) of the change from baseline (in mg/dL) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated as the difference between the mean in the plant sterol/stanol groups and the control groups, using a random-effects model. Results: Eight studies (n 5 306 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Upon meta-analysis, the use of plant sterols/stanols in combination with statin therapy significantly lowered total cholesterol (WMD, 214.01 mg/dL [95% CI, 218.66 to 29.37], p , 0.0001) and LDL cholesterol (WMD, 213.26 mg/dL [95% CI, 217.34 to 29.18], p , 0.0001) but not HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. Conclusions: Based upon the current literature, we can only say that plant sterols/stanols, when administered in addition to statins, favorably affect total and LDL cholesterol with 95% confidence. Randomized trials examining the impact of plant sterols/stanols in combinatation with statins on patient morbidity and mortality are needed.
DE FINETTI ON RISK AVERSION

According to Mark Rubinstein (2006) ‘In 1952, anticipating Kenneth Arrow and John Pratt by over a decade, he [de Finetti] formulated the notion of absolute risk aversion, used it in connection with risk premia for small bets, and discussed the special case of constant absolute risk aversion.’ The purpose of this note is to ascertain the extent to which this is true, and at the same time, to correct certain minor errors that appear in de Finetti's work.
Venular endothelium-derived NO can affect paired arteriole: a computational model.

Venular endothelial cells can release nitric oxide (NO) in response to intraluminal flow both in isolated venules and in vivo. Experimental studies suggest that venular endothelium-released NO caus...
Gcn4p, a Master Regulator of Gene Expression, Is Controlled at Multiple Levels by Diverse Signals of Starvation and Stress

All cells undergo rapid transcriptional reprogramming in response to environmental changes by mobilizing transcriptional activators and repressors. Transcriptional activator proteins function by binding to specific DNA sequences and recruiting the transcriptional machinery to the promoters of genes
Fast parallel solution of fixed point equations for the performance evaluation of circuit-switched networks

Abstract Massively parallel algorithms are presented for solving systems of fixed point equations, modeling state-dependent routing in large asymmetric circuit-switched networks. Our focus is on the Aggregated Least Busy Alternative (ALBA) routing policy of Mitra, Gibbens and Huang. On a 16384 processor MasPar parallel computer, about a minute is required to compute estimates of the call blocking probabilities for every node-pair, for realistic networks of over 100 nodes. A few hours are required on a high speed workstation.
Pinch force matching errors predicted by an equilibrium-point model.

Varying the size or stiffness of an external load often results in systematic grasp force or finger span matching errors, typically judged via contralateral matching. In the present study, subjects squeezed compliant or rigid manipulanda in each hand using three-finger pinch in order to generate, and simultaneously match, a reference force indicated by a visual cue. Subjects were not informed which hand was the reference and were given only l s to make a match. Under these conditions, subjects appeared to match central commands rather than perceived force. Forces were always exaggerated when squeezing an isometric load to match a compliant load and were too small when matching a compliant load to an isometric load. The matching errors were largest for the most compliant spring and increased with the reference force. When the loads were symmetric (e.g., both compliant), errors were small, but subjects persistently squeezed slightly harder with the left (nondominant) hand. Apart from the left-hand bias, the matching results agree quantitatively and in detail with the predictions of an equilibrium point model (the λ model), in which central commands shift the rest length of spring-like muscle. The matching data are fit best assuming that the muscle's compliance characteristic is an accelerating function, in agreement with previous direct measurements of pinch stiffness.
A Meta-Analysis The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Student Academic Achievement

A meta-analysis was undertaken, including 66 studies, to determine the relationship between father involvement and the educational outcomes of urban school children. Statistical analyses were done ...
Elevated Serum Pancreatic Enzymes in a Patient With Transient Gastritis

A 12-year-old boy presented to the emergency department (ED) with his parents following 7 to 8 episodes of nonbloody, nonbilious emesis that began shortly afterheawoke thatmorningwithnauseaand abdominal pain. He had not eaten since dinner the night before, which was at a local Mexican restaurant with his family. He had remained afebrile, no other family members were ill, and the patient had been in his usual state of good health the day prior with normal activity, appetite, and bowel movements. There was no history of trauma, travel, infections, or ingestions. His past medical history was significant for seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild intermittent asthma that were well controlled with cetirizine and albuterol, respectively (neither of which had been taken for more than 6 months). Surgical history was significant for left inguinal hernia repair at age 7. He had no known allergies, and his immunizations were up to date. In the ED, the patient received normal saline boluses of 500 mL (20 mL/kg) and 400 mL (16 mL/ kg), a 4-mg dose of oral dissolvable ondansetron, had labs drawn, and had a noncontrast abdominal computed tomography (CT). Pediatrics was called to evaluate the patient and the following physical exam was obtained:
Evidence for Exchange-Coupled Linear Chains in Cu ( N H 3 ) 4 S O 4 · H 2 O

Published values of specific heat and magnetic susceptibility for Cu${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$S${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O show broad maxima at a temperature roughly ten times the N\'eel temperature. It is shown that the behavior of these quantities above the N\'eel temperature may be explained qualitatively, and also quantitatively at temperatures near the maxima, in terms of an isotropic, antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between neighboring spins in linear chains of copper ions. The exchange energy, $\frac{|J|}{k}$, is equal to 3.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
The Place of Theory in Teaching American Economic History

T HIS topic was discussed by a panel consisting of D. L. Kemmerer, University of Illinois; William B. Gates, Jr., Williams College; Broadus Mitchell, Rutgers University; and Thomas C. Cochran, New York University. The chairman was Edward C. Kirkland, Bowdoin College. In essence, the discussion was a criticism and evaluation of a paper by Mr. Kemmerer, the only formal presentation in the proceedings. Mr. Kemmerer's paper was a plea for more economic theory in the teaching of American economic history. He began his discussion with an examination of the texts in American economic history. While these were admirable enough from the factual point of view, they were, whether written by economists or historians, usually deficient in analysis and interpretation. They neglected both causation and consequences. This essential failure prevented the achievement of the goals of economic history: an explanation of the development of our economic order, the provision of illustrative material for the courses in economic principles, and, perhaps most important of all, the education of citizens, whether leaders or followers, in the detection of economic fallacies. Economic history should be the handmaiden of economic policy. After an enumeration of the concepts included and excluded in most texts, the latter the far more numerous list, the speaker, largely from his own experience as a teacher, illustrated the usefulness of certain economic concepts in illuminating economic history. Thus the concept of "overproduction," precisely defined as "producing more of some product than can be sold at a price that will cover costs," could be applied from the time of the Grangers to the Agricultural Adjustment Administration to explain agricultural discontent and varied governmental measures employed to meet the agricultural problems of these decades. Adam Smith's observation, "specialization is limited by the extent of the market," is a useful device to explain the evolution of manufacturing. The concept of "high fixed costs" helps to explain the keenness of competition and the drive to monopoly. Finally, a proper definition of "labor productivity" is a prelude to a correct appreciation of the fact that the patent increase in American productivity is in large measure due to the application of capital. Productivity,
Why the Overwhelming Evidence on Partner Physical Violence by Women Has Not Been Perceived and Is Often Denied

Over 200 studies have found about the same percentage of women as men physically assault partners, and that the risk factors and motivations are mostly the same as for men. Explanations are suggested for why this fundamental fact has not been perceived by the public and practitioners, including concealment and denial by many academics who know the research. Explanations for concealment and denial are also presented, with discussion of the adverse effect that misperception and denial have had on prevention and treatment programs. The practical implications of recognizing gender symmetry in partner violence are discussed.
New Insights on Flower Constellations Theory

The theory of Flower Constellations consists of a general methodology to design axial-symmetric satellite constellations whose satellites all move on the same trajectory with respect to a reference frame rotating at assigned constant angular velocity. Due to the complexity, the Flower Constellations theory as introduced by the authors, is incomplete, leaving open several problems, such as the equivalency and the similarity. In this article, the foundations of the Flower Constellations theory are revisited from a mathematical perspective, and three new important invariants of these constellations are found constituting fundamentals toward the complete theory. These are: the -space, the flower anomaly, and the configuration number. Using these elements, we provide a theorem giving the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalency problem in the -space and an algorithm allowing to generate all the similar Flower Constellations to a given one.
PARP-Inhibitors in BRCA-Associated Pancreatic Cancer

Recent data suggests that treatingpatients with pancreatic cancer that express mutations in BRCA1 , BRCA2 , and PALB2 with chemotherapy which targets the DNA repair defect in these cells , such as platinum based therapies or PARPi [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor] , may be more beneficial in these patients. Moreover , further data also indicates the promise of combining PARPi with conventional chemotherapy. Authors summarize the data related to PARPi in BRCA-associated pancreatic cancer that was presented at the annual meeting of ASCO 2014. Enrolment on a clinical trial for patients who fit these criteria should be encouraged. Image: Schematic representation of PARP and BRCA mediated DNA repair.
A practical self-calibration scheme implementation for pipeline ADC

An efficient pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) self-calibration implementation is presented. The technique uses a highly linear on-chip analog ramp generator, performs a simplified on-chip integral nonlinearity (INL) measurement, and extracts the compensation coefficients. Except for the ramp generator, the whole calibration is performed in the digital domain and is done at the nominal ADC speed (at-speed). The approach does not require any modification to the original analog section of the ADC. The INL measurement can be carried off-chip to simplify the production testing or to perform performance verification in the application environment. Simulation and measurement results show an INL improvement of more than 2 bits (from /spl plusmn/2.1 LSB to /spl plusmn/0.5 LSB).
Studies of the Aerodynamic Performance of a 10 kW Horizontal-Axis Windmill

The aerodynamic performance of a modern, high-tip-speed, three-bladed windmill rated at lOkW at 30 mph was studied by three methods. First, the results of field tests of the actual device with both a resistive and a battery-charging electric load are reported. Second, the predictions of a simple blade-element analysis are presented and compared with the field data. Aerodynamic blade section coefficients of an actual blade section were measured in a wind tunnel and used as input in the analysis. Third, wind tunnel test results for a 1 5th scale model are given. Reynolds number simulation from model to prototype is considered in detail. The results of all three efforts are compared, and good agreement is shown. Nomenclature C = mean chord CL -coefficient of lift CD = coefficient of drag Re — Reynolds number V —velocity c = local chord q = dynamic pressure in centimeters of water r = local radius x = tip-speed ratio (QR/ K) a = angle of attack Q = angular velocity A = scaling factor v = kinematic viscosity
Thoracic disk herniation

IXTER and Barr ~ reported four thoracic disk patients, two of whom became paraplegic postoperatively. Love and Kiefer reported the first large series (17 cases) in the Englishspeaking world. 2 Of 14 patients with motor involvement, only one was improved by operation. Because of the poor surgical results and difficulty of diagnosis, the problem of thoracic disk has lain in a dark corner of medicine. Centrally herniated thoracic disk classically presents with paraparesis or paraplegia from cord compression. Perhaps because of its rarity, thoracic disk herniation is seldom thought of as the cause of the clinical findings. The myelographic diagnosis is often difficult? "5 In years past, when Pantopaque (Lafayette Pharmacal, Lafayette, IN) was routinely used for thoracic myelography, the thoracic spinal cord was difficult to see because of the density of the contrast
Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase expression by platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists in the rat liver and cultured rat Kupffer cells.

Excessive nitric oxide (NO) generated by hepatic cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory substances (e.g., platelet-activating factor [PAF]) is a key contributor to the pathophysiological outcomes observed in the liver during sepsis. In rats subjected to liver-focused endotoxemia, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in the intact liver were elevated by 6 hours; cell-specific expression of iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) was Kupffer cells (KCs), endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels at 6 hours confirmed hepatic damage. Pretreatment of endotoxemic rats with PAF receptor antagonists BN 50739 or WEB 2170 reduced serum ALT and iNOS mRNA levels in the intact liver. Pretreatment of cultured KCs with BN 50739 or WEB 2170 inhibited both LPS and PAF-induced iNOS mRNA formation. In addition, LPS-induced iNOS protein levels in KCs pretreated with BN 50739 or WEB 2170 were decreased. Exposure of KCs to either LPS or PAF caused the translocation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) into the nucleus and this process was attenuated by BN 50739 and WEB 2170. There was concomitant inhibition of LPS-dependent degradation of the inhibitory protein IκBα and increase in intracellular Ca2+ in KC treated with BN 50739 or WEB 2170. Also, in KCs, LPS was able to induce iNOS mRNA expression independent of CD14. This response was inhibited by pretreatment of KCs with either BN 50739 or WEB 2170. Our findings indicate that PAF receptor antagonists convey protection against hepatocellular injury accompanied by a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) formation in the livers of endotoxemic rats.
Cephalosporin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Clinical Manifestations, Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms, and the Role of Electroencephalographic Monitoring

Objective:To review the clinical manifestations of cephalosporin-induced neurotoxicity, underlying potential mechanisms, role of electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, and management of neurotoxicity.Data:A PubMed search (1970–May 2006) was conducted using search terms such as cephalosporins, neurotoxicity, seizures, and status epilepticus. The search was not limited to the English language and yielded approximately 187 articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Several case reports and case series were included to outline the salient clinical features of cephalosporin neurotoxicity. Laboratory studies investigating the potential mechanisms were also included. Reports outlining the EEG features of cephalosporin neurotoxicity were included and the role of continuous EEG monitoring was extracted. Finally, management strategies of such neurotoxicity are discussed.Data Synthesis:Cephalosporin-induced neurotoxicity may manifest in a variety of clinical presentations, ranging from simple encephalopathy or ...
Massive Cerebrovascular Infarct Due to the Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Patient With Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is caused by thrombotic vascular occlusions that affect both small and large vessels, producing ischemia in the affected organs as well as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). We report a case of a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who developed massive cerebral ischemia due to this entity. Prompt and aggressive treatment may prevent and actually resolve lethal complications caused by this devastating syndrome.
Personality Counts for a Lot: Predictors of Mental and Physical Health of Spouse Caregivers in Two Disease Groups

The purposes of this study were to examine the influence of personality on mental and physical health of spouse caregivers and to determine whether there were differences in such influences depending on disease context. The disease contexts compared were Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD; with no coexisting dementia)—both chronic, degenerative diseases of later life. It was predicted that personality would be related to mental and physical health, directly and indirectly, and that AD caregivers would have higher levels of perceived stress and worse mental and physical health outcomes. Participants in the study were 175 caregivers (88 AD; 87 PD) living at home with their ill spouses. The data provided an excellent fit to the hypothesized model of the relationships between personality, disease group, social support, perceived stress, and mental and physical health. Seventy-eight percent of the variance in mental health was accounted for and 35% of the variance in physical health was explained. Personality had significant direct and indirect effects on mental health and significant indirect effects on physical health. As predicted, AD caregivers had significantly worse mental health than PD caregivers; however, AD caregivers had better physical health than PD caregivers, controlling for other variables in the model. These results are discussed in relation to the existing caregiving and behavioral medicine literature. Future research should include different domains of personality—states and longer term self-regulatory processes in addition to traits—to advance models of caregiving processes further.
A scalable, robust network for parallel computing

CX, a network-based computational exchange, is presented. The system's design integrates variations of ideas from other researchers, such as work stealing, non-blocking tasks, eager scheduling, and space-based coordination. The object-oriented API is simple, compact, and cleanly separates application logic from the logic that supports interprocess communication and fault tolerance. Computations, of course, run to completion in the presence of computational hosts that join and leave the ongoing computation. Such hosts, or producers, use task caching and prefetching to overlap computation with interprocessor communication. To break a potential task server bottleneck, a network of task servers is presented. Even though task servers are envisioned as reliable, the self-organizing, scalable network of n servers, described as a sibling-connected fat tree, tolerates a sequence of n — 1 server failures. Tasks are distributed throughout the server network via a simple “diffusion” process.CX is intended as a test bed for research on automated silent auctions, reputation services, authentication services, and bonding services. CX also provides a test bed for algorithm research into network-based parallel computation.
Control of proliferation in the retina: temporal changes in responsiveness to FGF and TGF alpha

Proliferation in the rat retina, as in other parts of the nervous system, occurs during a restricted period of development. In addition to regulating cell number, the mechanisms that control proliferation influence the patterning of tissues, and may affect the determination of cell type. To begin to determine how proliferation is controlled, several growth factors found in the retina were tested for effects on progenitor cell division in culture. Proliferation was enhanced by TGF alpha, bFGF and aFGF, and many of the dividing cells later differentiated into cells with the antigenic phenotypes of retinal neurons and glial cells. The mitotic response of retinal cells to these factors changed during development: progenitor cells from younger retinas (embryonic day 15 to 18; E15-E18) were more responsive to FGF's, while progenitor cells from older retinas (greater than E20) were more responsive to TGF alpha. Progenitor cells stopped dividing in vitro, even when treated with excess mitogen. These observations suggest that proliferation in the retina may be stimulated by multiple mitogenic signals provided by TGF alpha, FGF, or related factors, and that proliferation is not controlled by limiting concentrations of mitogen alone. Rather, these data demonstrate that retinal cells change during development in their responsiveness to mitogenic signals. Such changes may contribute to the regulation of proliferation.
literature review of the Polychaeta of the Caribbean Sea

A list of all known polychaete species reported in the primary literature is presented for the Caribbean Sea. The most spe-cies-rich polychaete faunas are those of Cuba in the North Caribbean ecoregion and Trinidad-Tobago and Colombia in theSouth Caribbean ecoregion while the ecoregion with the greatest number of species is the Greater Antilles. While part ofthe explanation for these higher diversity areas may be due to collection effort, these areas may also be higher in speciesnumber as a result of being ecotones between the Gulf of Mexico in the north and the northern South American region tothe south. The most species-rich families are the Syllidae, Eunicidae, Nereididae, Polynoidae, Sabellidae, Serpulidae, Ter-ebellidae, and Spionidae. A brief discussion of the history of polychaete research identified many of the more importantworkers in the characterization of the polychaete fauna of the region. An analysis of the species-record accumulation curvefor polychaetes indicated that this fauna has not yet been fully characterized. One portion of the polychaete fauna identified as being especially poorly known is that from the deep-water areas of the Caribbean.
Dietary Nutrient Intake in School‐Aged Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Background Nutrition is an important factor that affects brain development. Nutritional deficiencies can exacerbate alcohol's damaging effects. Conversely, nutritional supplementation can serve a protective role against alcohol damage and may prove to be a worthwhile intervention strategy. This study investigated dietary intake in school-aged children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure to understand their nutritional status, compared to a national sample of typically developing children and Dietary Reference Intakes. Methods Dietary intake data were collected from children with confirmed histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (5 to 10 years, n = 55) using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recall (ASA24). Observed nutrient levels were compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes to evaluate adequacy of nutrient intake as well as to national averages for same-aged children (What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007–2008). Results Alcohol-exposed children exhibited poorer nutritional status compared to the typically developing NHANES sample, consuming lower levels of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamins C and K, niacin, and choline. Moreover, their diets did not meet Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intake for dietary fiber, potassium, vitamins E and K, omega-3 fatty acids, and choline. Conclusions The present findings are consistent with prior studies investigating nutritional intake in preschoolers with FASD, indicating that these children are vulnerable to nutritional inadequacies. Moreover, data suggest a specific profile of dietary intake in this population. As several nutrients are important for cognitive development, targeted interventions in clinical populations might be effective in boosting outcomes. Thus, further clinical investigation into the role of nutrition in improving cognitive outcomes is warranted.
Educating medical students in the era of ubiquitous information

Health care around the world is going digital. This inexorable trend will result in: (1) routine documentation of care in digital form and emerging national infrastructures for sharing data that allow progress toward a learning health system; and (2) a biomedical "knowledge cloud" that is fully integrated into practice environments and accessible to both providers and consumers of healthcare. Concurrently, medical students will be complete digital natives who have literally grown up with the Internet and will enter practice early in the next decade when the projected changes in practice approach maturity. This essay describes three competencies linked to this evolving information environment-(1) knowing what you do and don't know, (2) ability to ask a good question, and (3) skills in evaluating and weighing evidence-and suggests educational approaches to promote student mastery of each competency. Shifting medical education to address these competencies will call into question many current methods but may be essential to fully prepare trainees for optimal practice in the future.
Vibration-based photoacoustic tomography

Photoacoustic imaging employing molecular overtone vibration as contrast mechanism opens a new avenue for deep tissue imaging with chemical bond selectivity. Here, we demonstrate vibration-based photoacoustic tomography with an imaging depth on the centimeter scale. To provide sufficient pulse energy at the overtone transition wavelengths, we constructed a compact, barium nitrite crystal-based Raman laser for excitation of 2nd overtone of C-H bond. Using a 5-ns Nd:YAG laser as pumping source, up to 105 mJ pulse energy at 1197 nm was generated. Vibrational photoacoutic spectroscopy and tomography of phantom (polyethylene tube) immersed in whole milk was performed. With a pulse energy of 47 mJ on the milk surface, up to 2.5 cm penetration depth was reached with a signal-to-noise ratio of 12.
Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for Historic Adobe Buildings

This article presents a comprehensive overview of the techniques available for the seismic retrofitting of adobe buildings. It analyzes these techniques’ viability from a structural engineering standpoint and evaluates their suitability in the context of historic preservation. Analysis was based on an exhaustive review of studies addressing retrofitting techniques of earthen structures, as well as consultation with field experts. The guiding principles of conservation relating to the structural reinforcement of monuments were taken into account. Traditional techniques that enhance the stability of the building, such as wooden ring beams, wooden ties interconnecting parallel walls, corner keys, and the addition of buttresses were found to be effective solutions since they employ compatible and low-cost materials such as earth and wood. When these techniques prove insufficient, minimally invasive measures such as introducing a plywood diaphragm, horizontal steel rods, a geomesh covered with mud rendering or...
Analytics, Continentals, and Modern Skepticism

Au-dela de la division geographique entre philosophie analytique et philosophie continentale, l'A. avance l'hypothese selon laquelle les deux branches de la pensee contemporaine partagent la meme experience fondamentale de la philosophie moderne, c'est-a-dire un certain type de scepticisme concernant le statut scientifique de la philosophie, herite d'une double tradition qui aboutit a Wittgenstein, d'une part, et a Heidegger , d'autre part. Examinant la problematique je-nous dans le cadre de l'idealisme (Kant, Hegel), de la logique (Husserl, Wittgenstein) et de l'universite (philosophie academique), l'A. conclut a la meme negativite des deux courants concenrant la continuite de l'ideal de raisonnement des Lumieres
Retroviral insertional mutagenesis of a herpesvirus: a Marek's disease virus mutant attenuated for oncogenicity but not for immunosuppression or in vivo replication

Our earlier studies have shown that retrovirus insertion into herpesvirus is an efficient process that engenders recombinant herpesviruses with altered biological properties. The RM1 clone is derived from the JM strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) through retrovirus insertional mutagenesis and contains sequences of reticuloendotheliosis virus inserted at the junction of the internal repeat and unique short regions of the genome. In previous studies, the RM1 clone appeared attenuated for oncogenicity but caused marked atrophy of the thymic lobes. The present studies represent a detailed analysis of the biological characteristics of the RM1 clone in order to better understand mechanisms of oncogenicity and gene function of MDV. RM1 was almost fully attenuated for oncogenicity but retained other in vivo properties of virulent viruses such as thymic and bursal atrophy, early immunosuppression, early cytolytic infection followed by efficient replication, and contact spread--all normally absent in attenuated strains. This suggests that, for serotype 1 MDV, oncogenicity is not tightly linked with immunodepression or viral replication and that these properties may be controlled by different genes or mechanisms. The mutation was stable through serial passage of the virus in chickens as determined by molecular analysis. None of the mutant viruses demonstrated expansion of the 132-bp repeat region of the genome, indicating that such expansion is not required for attenuation. Chickens vaccinated with RM1 clones were protected against challenge with virulent MDV, and levels of protection exceeded those of other attenuated serotype 1 vaccine viruses. Thus, attenuation by selective mutation may be an advantageous strategy for development of serotype 1 Marek's disease vaccines.
An Archaeological Survey of the Lower Gila River, Arizona

ABSTRACTDuring January and February 1964, an archaeological survey of the Lower Gila River was undertaken by the Arizona State Museum to locate sites endangered by future Gila River channel alterations. The 85 sites located in the survey reflected occupation in the river valley by several culturally distinct groups. Anglo American, modern Papago, historic Western Yavapai, historic and prehistoric Yuman, and prehistoric Hohokam sites were represented.
Analysis of Copper-Bearing Rocks and Minerals for Their Metal Content Using Visible Spectroscopy: A First Year Chemistry Laboratory Exploration

General chemistry and introductory chemistry students were presented with a laboratory exploration for the determination of the mass percent of copper in rock and mineral samples. They worked independently in the laboratory, which involved multiple lab (pipetting, preparing standard solutions by quantitative dilution, recording visible spectra with spectrometers) and data analysis skills (graphing and multistep stoichiometry calculations) using spreadsheet software. The results from the malachite mineral samples were used to evaluate the success of the copper extraction and analysis methods. Students were tasked with evaluating the economic viability of a “mining site” using their analysis of the malachite bearing rock samples. They worked with the entire class data set to make this evaluation. Students’ lab reports and spreadsheets (submitted electronically) were evaluated using a grading rubric. Their engagement and enthusiasm for this exploration was high as they were eager to solve this real-life prob...
Seasonal regulation of herbivory and nutrient effects on macroalgal recruitment and succession in a Florida coral reef

Herbivory and nutrient enrichment are drivers of benthic dynamics of coral reef macroalgae; however, their impact may vary seasonally. In this study we evaluated the effects of herbivore pressure, nutrient availability and potential propagule supply on seasonal recruitment and succession of macroalgal communities on a Florida coral reef. Recruitment tiles, replaced every three months, and succession tiles, kept in the field for nine months, were established in an ongoing factorial nutrient enrichment-herbivore exclusion experiment. The ongoing experiment had already created very different algal communities across the different herbivory and nutrient treatments. We tracked algal recruitment, species richness, and species abundance through time. Our results show seasonal variation in the effect of herbivory and nutrient availability on recruitment of coral reef macroalgae. In the spring, when there was higher macroalgal species richness and abundance of recruits, herbivory appeared to have more control on macroalgal community structure than did nutrients. In contrast, there was no effect of either herbivory or nutrient enrichment on macroalgal communities on recruitment tiles in cooler seasons. The abundance of recruits on tiles was positively correlated with the abundance of algal in the ongoing, established experiment, suggesting that propagule abundance is likely a strong influence on algal recruitment and early succession. Results of the present study suggest that abundant herbivorous fishes control recruitment and succession of macroalgae, particularly in the warm season when macroalgal growth is higher. However, herbivory appears less impactful on algal recruitment and community dynamics in cooler seasons. Ultimately, our data suggest that the timing of coral mortality (e.g., summer vs. winter mortality) and freeing of benthic space may strongly influence the dynamics of algae that colonize open space.
Metaphor in intergroup relations

Belonging to groups and relating to other groups are central parts of our lives, but they confront us with abstract ideas (e.g., identity and power) and nebulous feelings. To make sense of it all, people rely on conceptual metaphors: cognitive tools that ground abstractions in dissimilar, more concrete ideas that are easier to grasp. We review some common metaphors that people use in intergroup contexts—metaphors that draw on knowledge of such familiar experiences as physical cleansing and warmth sensations. We review evidence that these metaphors are not mere figures of speech, but have a systematic and practically important influence on intergroup attitudes and behavior. Most of this work shows that reliance on metaphor contributes to prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, sometimes without the person's awareness. Yet we consider the hopeful possibility that citizens, politicians, and researchers can harness the power of metaphor to promote intergroup harmony and peace.
Lipid-dependent regulation of exocytosis in S. cerevisiae by OSBP homolog (Osh) 4

Polarized exocytosis is an essential process in many organisms and cell types for correct cell division or functional specialization. Previous studies established that homologs of the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) in S. cerevisiae, which comprise the Osh protein family, are necessary for efficient polarized exocytosis by supporting a late post-Golgi step. We define this step as the docking of a specific sub-population of exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane. In the absence of other Osh proteins, yeast Osh4p can support this process in a manner dependent upon two lipid ligands, PI4P and sterol. Osh6p, which binds PI4P and phosphatidylserine, is also sufficient to support polarized exocytosis, again in a lipid-dependent manner. These data suggest that Osh-mediated exocytosis depends upon lipid binding and exchange without a strict requirement for sterol. We propose a two-step mechanism for Osh protein-mediated regulation of polarized exocytosis by using Osh4p as a model. We describe a specific in vivo role for lipid binding by an OSBP-related protein (ORP) in the process of polarized exocytosis, guiding our understanding of where and how OSBP and ORPs may function in more complex organisms.
Industrial Perspectives on the use of Dioxygen: New Technology to Solve Old Problems

The selective catalytic oxidation of organic molecules continues as a very important reaction pathway for the synthesis of primary and specialty chemicals in the chemical industry worldwide. Catalytic utilization of molecular oxygen using both soluble metal compounds in liquid reaction media (homogeneous catalysis) and the surfaces of metals or metal oxide compounds in gas or liquid reaction media (heterogeneous catalysis) is very important today, and will become even more important in the future as worldwide environmental policies become more stringent. This will necessitate the development of new “no-waste” technologies which will provide economically viable syntheses of molecules of commercial importance. Clearly, selective catalytic oxidation with O2 represents critical technology and will be an area in which continued research and technical breakthroughs will be required.
Exercise-Induced Muscle Pain

Pain has been defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. This definition implies that the pain experience is subjective, has an affective component, and may not require actual tissue damage. The purpose of this laboratory manual is to focus on the intensity of pain that occurs naturally in active skeletal muscles during exercise, even in individuals who are healthy and injury-free. This perceptual construct is independent of perceived exertion, but the two variables have been measured concurrently during both aerobic and resistance exercise in adults and children. Similar to perceived exertion, individuals can rate their intensity of perceived pain by selecting a rating from a range of numerical categories displayed on a scale. Some scales, such as the Pain Intensity Scale and the Children’s OMNI Muscle Hurt Scale, include construct-specific verbal and pictorial descriptors placed in juxtaposition to numerical categories representing the range of perceptual responsiveness from no pain at all to unbearable pain. Exercise-induced muscle pain may be an important variable to monitor during exercise testing and prescription because of its potentially powerful implications for the adoption and maintenance of regular PA.
Abstract 137: Pharmacologic activation of integrin CD11b as a novel therapeutic strategy against lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. With a 5-year survival rate of 18%, lung cancer patients are in immediate need of new therapeutic options. A major problem facing immunotherapy for cancer is the active immune suppression by the tumor. Tumors show presence of large numbers of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), which suppress the adaptive immune response, increase neo-vascularization to the tumor, and promote tumor survival. Integrin CD11b is highly expressed on TAMs and is essential for their recruitment and biological functions. Reasoning that CD11b activity is important for controlling tumor growth, we developed a novel small molecule agonist called leuhadherin-1 (LA1), which activates CD11b. We found that CD11b activation by LA1 significantly reduced tumor growth in wild type mice bearing Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumors as early as one week post treatment. Conversely, LLC tumors grew at a faster rate in CD11b-/- mice, compared to wild type mice, showing that CD11b is important for controlling tumor growth. Importantly, LA1 treatment in tumor bearing CD11b -/- mice did not show any efficacy, demonstrating the specificity of LA1 to CD11b. These data suggest that CD11b activation via LA1 modulates TAMs in tumors and is a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer. Citation Format: Terese Geraghty, Anugraha Rajagopalan, Samia Khan, Judith Varner, Vineet Gupta. Pharmacologic activation of integrin CD11b as a novel therapeutic strategy against lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 137.
Evaluating and Improving Probability Assessment in an Ambiguous, Sequential Environment

The current study explores the validity of verbal probability assessments in a sequential and highly ambiguous task, that is, one in which it is virtually impossible to know or learn about the true probabilities of possible outcomes. Participants observed the pre-defined motion of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), such that the participant’s success depended on the UAV reaching a target sector without being spotted by an opponent UAV. At several points in each trajectory, participants’ task was to evaluate the likelihood of reaching the target successfully. The study utilized a 2 × 2 independent-groups factorial design to examine the effect of probability incentivization (Brier vs none), in which participants receive payment based on the nearness of their predictions to actual outcomes, and informational reviews (present vs absent), in which participants engage in detailed discussion with the experimenter, regarding their assessments in seven previous trials before continuing, on probability assessment. A statistically significant main effect of Brier scoring was found, such that Brier based incentivization improved assessment accuracy. The effect of informational review and the interaction effect were not significant. All groups performed significantly better than random and uninformed performance. Outcomes from this study improve our understanding of the validity of online judgments made by operators of unmanned vehicles in strategic settings. It is concluded that non-expert probability assessments carry important information value even in ambiguous settings and even without incentives, and importantly, are further amenable to incentives and training.