cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fredholm Determinant Representation in ASEP

In previous work (Tracy and Widom in Commun. Math. Phys. 279:815–844, 2008) the authors found integral formulas for probabilities in the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) on the integer lattice ℤ. The dynamics are uniquely determined once the initial state is specified. In this note we restrict our attention to the case of step initial condition with particles at the positive integers ℤ+ and consider the distribution function for the mth particle from the left. In Tracy and Widom (Commun. Math. Phys. 279:815–844, 2008) an infinite series of multiple integrals was derived for the distribution. In this note we show that the series can be summed to give a single integral whose integrand involves a Fredholm determinant. We use this determinant representation to derive (non-rigorously, at this writing) a scaling limit.
Textures and morphologies of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond

Abstract The textures, surface morphologies, structural perfection, and properties of diamond films grown by activated chemical vapor deposition (CVD) vary greatly with the growth conditions. The evolution of two commonly observed polycrystalline morphologies, which give rise to 〈110〉 textures, will be described as well as the development of four films grown to produce 〈100〉, 〈111〉 and “near 〈100〉” textures with various combinations of growth facets. These films were grown to test models of texture development. Films free of twins, microtwins, and stacking faults are deposited when only {100} facets are permitted to grow. In polycrystalline materials, special conditions must be met to avoid the formation of planar defects at the peripheries of individual crystallites. The planar defects grow from {111} or mixed microfaceted surfaces. Twinning plays an important role in the growth of {111} faceted surfaces. The films have been characterized with Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical methods.
Neoliberalism, Neoclassicism and Economic Welfare

Over the past 25 years, a variety of Neoliberal reforms were introduced. Instead of growth, stability, and the narrowing of income gaps, however, we have seen stagnation, volatility, and increased inequality. The paper examines the theory that justified these policies, describes an alternative approach, and takes a brief look at a small group of Latin American countries in the aftermath of the Mexican Crisis. It is shown that not only does the alternative view raise serious doubts about the efficacy of Neoliberalism, but that those countries that refused to follow suit were better protected against contagion after the December Mistake.
Biomarkers (molecular fossils) as geochemical indicators of life

Abstract Biomarkers (also termed chemical fossils, molecular markers, indicators or organic tracers) are specific organic compounds which are useful in assessing the genetic sources of lipidic or bituminous organic matter. Biomarkers in geological samples on Earth are products derived from biochemical (natural product) precursors by mainly reductive but also oxidative alteration processes (e.g., cholestanes from cholesterol). They have chemical structures which can be related back to their precursor compounds in contemporary or extinct biota. Generally, lipids, pigments and biomembranes are preserved best over longer geological times. Thus the detailed characterization of biomarker structures and mixture compositions permits the assessment of the major contributing source species of extinct and/or extant life. Biomarkers cannot be synthesized by abiological processes and each precursor generally is altered by diagenetic and catagenetic processes to a sequential series of derivative products. The utility of biomarkers as indicators of biogenic, paleoenvironmental and geochemical processes on Earth has been widely accepted. Here I redefine and discuss the application of this concept to extraterrestrial exploration for evidence of life or prebiotic organic synthesis. Nonbiomarkers are also considered in this context.
Model studies toward the synthesis of macrolactin A: Organoiron methodology for introduction of the C1–C11 and C16–C24 segments

Abstract Preparation of the Fe(CO)3 complexed C1–C11 and the C16–C24 segments of macrolactin A has been accomplished from (sorbaldehyde)Fe(CO)3 in 4 steps and 5 steps respectively.
T-odd momentum correlation in radiative β decay

The triple-product correlations observable in ordinary neutron or nuclear beta decay are all naively T violating and can connect, through an assumption of CPT invariance, to constraints on sources of CP violation beyond the Standard Model. They are also spin dependent. In this context the study of radiative beta decay opens a new possibility, in that a triple-product correlation can be constructed from momenta alone. Consequently its measurement would constrain new spin-independent sources of CP violation. We will describe these in light of the size of the triple momentum correlation in the decay rate arising from electromagnetic final-state interactions in the Standard Model. Our expression for the corresponding T-odd asymmetry is exact in ${\cal O}(\alpha)$ up to terms of recoil order, and we evaluate it numerically under various kinematic conditions. We consider the pattern of the asymmetries in nuclear β decays and show that the asymmetry can be suppressed in particular cases, facilitating searches for new sources of CP violation in such processes.
Using Index ETFs for Multi-Asset-Class Investing: Shifting the Efficient Frontier Up

This article provides evidence and analysis to show that a MAC (multi-asset-class) diversified portfolio performed well in mean–variance space and under varying market conditions, including the very adverse 2008 market crash. The portfolio also delivered during the two bull phases in the full period over which asset history existed. The construction of the covariance matrix for the efficient frontiers was independent of any return estimates or dynamic volatility-switching mechanisms. To abstract from hindsight bias, a 1/N equal-weighted portfolio was constructed and tested, consistent with some literature—it may still be the best alternative. In any case, the minimum-variance portfolios and the 1/N portfolio far exceeded the Sharpe ratio of the capitalization-weighted Russell 1000 equity index. The efficiency gains are potentially attributed to a lower overlap of the return-generating vectors, something that is not possible, to that extent, in an all-equity portfolio, irrespective of the extent of diversification in the non-negative space. Toward that, a scalar construct of overall dependencies called generalized variance is used as a measure of the overall spread within the covariance matrix. Two actual efficient frontiers are built with return data over the full length of the study and are tested for portfolio efficiencies. Finally, with the objective of making such alternate asset and risk-allocation processes available to a wider set of investors, the portfolio components chosen to represent the low-correlation asset classes were among the most liquid index ETFs available on U.S. exchanges.
Functional membranes via nanoparticle self-assembly

This article summarizes a recently developed approach for the preparation of membrane materials by the self-assembly of inorganic, polymeric or hybrid nanoparticles, with the focus on functional membranes possessing permselectivity. Two types of such membranes are discussed, those possessing size and charge selectivity suitable for ultra- and nanofiltration and chemoselective separation, and those possessing proton or lithium transport properties suitable for fuel cell and lithium battery applications, respectively. This article describes the preparation methods of nanoparticle membranes, as well as their mechanical, molecular, and ionic transport properties.
Subretinal fluid stimulation of retinal pigment epithelial cell migration and proliferation is dependent on certain features of the detachment or its treatment.

• Subretinal fluid was collected without contamination by blood by placing capillary tubes within drainage sclerotomies when retinal reattachment surgery was performed. All samples (N = 24) stimulated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell migration and proliferation, but a wide range of activity existed (migration, 27.5% to 322.5% above baseline; proliferation, 7.5% to 318.3% above baseline). The correlation between migration- and proliferation-stimulating activity was not strong, suggesting the possibility that different agents are responsible for each. Several variables were examined for correlation with each activity, including age and sex of the patient; extent, duration, and height of the detachment; protein content of the fluid; and amount of cryopexy. It was found that proliferation-stimulating activity increased with the extent of detachment and duration of detachment, while migration-stimulating activity correlated best with amount of cryopexy given before drainage. These data suggest that retinal cryopexy enhances RPE cell migration activity in subretinal fluid, while RPE proliferation activity increases with the size and duration of detachment.
Orbital evolution of circumplanetary dust by resonant charge variations

Vast ethereal rings composed of micron-sized particles have been detected about the three giant planets so far visited by Voyager. An orbital evolution mechanism for gravitationally dominated circumplanetary dust is identified here that may temporarily overwhelm other processes. Evolution rates that agree with numerical integrations are derived, and it is suggested how this process could affect the location of the faint rings evident today.
Ideals in Graph Algebras

We show that the graph construction used to prove that a gauge-invariant ideal of a graph C ∗ -algebra is isomorphic to a graph C ∗ -algebra, and also used to prove that a graded ideal of a Leavitt path algebra is isomorphic to a Leavitt path algebra, is incorrect as stated in the literature. We give a new graph construction to remedy this problem, and prove that it can be used to realize a gauge-invariant ideal (respectively, a graded ideal) as a graph C ∗ -algebra (respectively, a Leavitt path algebra).
Urinary Bladder Pseudolesions on Contrast-Enhanced Helical CT: Frequency and Clinical Implications

The goals of this study were to define the distinguishing characteristics and frequency of urinary bladder pseudolesions that are produced as opacified urine enters the bladder during contrast-enhanced helical CT of the abdomen and to evaluate the usefulness of delayed imaging in differentiating pseudolesions from true lesions.Contrast-enhanced routine CT scans of 184 patients were obtained prospectively. For each patient, we also obtained 5-min delayed images of the bladder. The images were evaluated for apparent focal thickening or polypoid lesions involving the bladder wall, findings that may represent bladder neoplasia, without knowledge of the indications for the scan, the patient's clinical history, or the patient's diagnosis. Apparent lesions that were visible on routine images and entirely absent on delayed images were considered to be pseudolesions.Apparent lesions were identified on 20 (10.9%+/-4.5% [limits of the 95% confidence interval]) of the routine CT scans. Using delayed images, the 21 ap...
New effective treatment of the light-front nonvalence contribution in timelike exclusive processes

Abstract We discuss a necessary nonvalence contribution in timelike exclusive processes. Following a Schwinger–Dyson type of approach, we relate the nonvalence contribution to an ordinary light-front wave function that has been extensively tested in the spacelike exclusive processes. A complicate four-body energy denominator is exactly cancelled in summing the light-front time-ordered amplitudes. Applying our method to K l3 and D 0 → K − l + ν l where a rather substantial nonvalence contribution is expected, we find not only an improvement in comparing with the experimental data but also a covariance (i.e., frame-independence) of existing light-front constituent quark model.
THE NONISOTHERMAL STAGE OF MAGNETIC STAR FORMATION. I. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM AND METHOD OF SOLUTION

We formulate the problem of the formation and subsequent evolution of fragments (or cores) in magnetically supported, self-gravitating molecular clouds in two spatial dimensions. The six-fluid (neutrals, electrons, molecular and atomic ions, positively charged, negatively charged, and neutral grains) physical system is governed by the radiation, nonideal magnetohydrodynamic equations. The magnetic flux is not assumed to be frozen in any of the charged species. Its evolution is determined by a newly derived generalized Ohm's law, which accounts for the contributions of both elastic and inelastic collisions to ambipolar diffusion and Ohmic dissipation. The species abundances are calculated using an extensive chemical-equilibrium network. Both MRN and uniform grain size distributions are considered. The thermal evolution of the protostellar core and its effect on the dynamics are followed by employing the gray flux-limited diffusion approximation. Realistic temperature-dependent grain opacities are used that account for a variety of grain compositions. We have augmented the publicly available Zeus-MP code to take into consideration all these effects and have modified several of its algorithms to improve convergence, accuracy, and efficiency. Results of magnetic star formation simulations that accurately track the evolution of a protostellar fragment from a density 103 cm–3 to a density 1015 cm–3, while rigorously accounting for both nonideal MHD processes and radiative transfer, are presented in a separate paper.
Basicity of nitrogen donors in an amino-substituted methylmercury derivative of adenine. Crystal structure of μ-(adeninato-μ-N6, N9)-bis[methylmercury(II)]· ethanol

Abstract The compound [(CH3Hg)2(Ad-H)]·CH3CH2OH has been isolated from an ethanolic 2:1 solution of CH3HgOH and adenine (HAd) and its structure has been established by X-ray diffraction. The title compound is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 7.999(3), b = 24.056(8), c = 14.625(2) A, β = 90.56(2)°, Z = 8. The structure was solved and refined on 2203 observed reflections to R = 0.053. The asymmetric unit includes two independent, identically substituted molecules, in which the adenine base is coordinated at both N9 and N6. The monomercurated amino groups are found in the less sterically hindered anti orientation (Hg above N7). This is the first crystal structure of a methyl- mercury complex of adenine showing an intermolecular contact of N1 with Hg. Structural features discussed in this paper are relevant to the understanding of the relative basicities of the nitrogen donors in adenine and their modification upon metal coordination at N9 and N6.
Iron-Excess Manganese Ferrite: Electrical Conductivity and Cation Distributions

The electronic conductivity and thermoelectric power of a magnetic ferrite of composition Mn0.863Fe2.137O4 have been measured as functions of oxygen partial pressure and temperature. Within the single-phase region of the spinel ferrite, both electrical properties are essentially independent of the oxygen partial pressure, implying that the electronic charge carrier concentration is governed by the molecularity rather than by oxygen nonstoichiometry. The electrical conduction behavior is successfully interpreted on the basis of a small polaron model, yielding a hopping energy of 0.363 ± 0.008 eV and a drift mobility of 0.05 to 0.10 cm2/(V·s) in the temperature range of 900 to 1300 K.
Diagnostic importance of the tongue in internal medicine

Abstract 1. 1. A plea is made for adequate inspection of the tongue of all patients. 2. 2. Some common lingual manifestations of systemic diseases are described.
Equivalence of views by query capacity

Abstract The ability of view users to retrieve information contained in a database is studied. A measure of this ability, called “query capacity,” is introduced and shown to be valuable for defining important concepts concerning views. Three such notions, namely equivalence, redundancy, and decomposition of views, are identified and investigated. A key tool, called “template substitution,” is introduced to aid in these investigations. Among the major results obtained are the following: (1) Characterizations of view equivalence and redundancy in views. (2) The decidability of view equivalence. (3) A technique to eliminate redundancy in views. (4) The decomposition of a view into an essentially unique normal form.
Finite-part integrals and the Euler-Maclaurin expansion

The context of this note is the discretization error made by the m-panel trapezoidal rule when the integrand has an algebraic singularity at one end, say x = O, of the finite integration interval. In the absence of a singularity, this error is described by the classical Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, which is an asymptotic expansion in inverse integer powers of m. When an integrable singularity (xα with α > -1) is present, Navot’s generalization is valid. This introduces negative fractional powers of m into the expansion. Ninham has generalized this result to noninteger α satisfying α < -1. In this note, we extend these results to all α by providing the nontrivial extension to negative integer α. This expansion differs from the previous expansions by the introduction of a term log m.
Standard bases for affine parabolic modules and nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials

Abstract We establish a connection between (degenerate) nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials and standard bases and dual standard bases of maximal parabolic modules of affine Hecke algebras. Along the way we prove a (weak) polynomiality result for coefficients of symmetric and nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials.
Scalar curvature and holomorphy potentials

Abstract A holomorphy potential is a complex valued function whose complex gradient, with respect to some Kahler metric, is a holomorphic vector field. Given k holomorphic vector fields on a compact complex manifold, form, for a given Kahler metric, a product of the following type: a function of the scalar curvature multiplied by functions of the holomorphy potentials of each of the vector fields. It is shown that the stipulation that such a product be itself a holomorphy potential for yet another vector field singles out critical metrics for a particular functional. This may be regarded as a generalization of the extremal metric variation of Calabi, where k = 0 and the functional is the square of the L 2 -norm of the scalar curvature. The existence question for such metrics is examined in a number of special cases. Examples are constructed in the case of certain multifactored product manifolds. For the SKR metrics investigated by Derdzinski and Maschler and residing in the complex projective space, it is shown that only one type of nontrivial criticality holds in dimension three and above.
Spin-orbit coupling and the static polarizability of single-wall carbon nanotubes

We calculate the static longitudinal polarizability of single-wall carbon tubes in the long wavelength limit taking into account spin-orbit effects. We use a four-orbital orthogonal tight-binding formalism to describe the electronic states and the random phase approximation to calculate the dielectric function. We study the role of both the Rashba as well as the intrinsic spin-orbit interactions on the longitudinal dielectric response, i.e., when the probing electric field is parallel to the nanotube axis. The spin-orbit interaction modifies the nanotube electronic band dispersions, which may especially result in a small gap opening in otherwise metallic tubes. The bandgap size and state features, the result of competition between Rashba and intrinsic spin-orbit interactions, result in drastic changes in the longitudinal static polarizability of the system. We discuss results for different nanotube types and the dependence on nanotube radius and spin-orbit couplings.
The effects of individual and context on aggression in repeated social interaction

In two studies using variations of the Prisoner's Dilemma game, we explore the impact of individual traits and social context on aggressive behavior. In the first study, we compared defection rates in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma when participants were presented with a payoff matrix (Description condition) or learned payoffs through experience (Experience condition). Interpersonal trust and maximizing tendency led to relatively less defection in the Description condition than in the Experience condition, demonstrating that individual characteristics manifest differently depending on the information available to decision-makers. In the second study, we employed a new game paradigm, the Intergroup Prisoner's Dilemma with Intragroup Power Dynamics, to examine the way that power motives influence extreme aggressive behavior. We discovered that certain individuals exhibit very high levels of defection, but only when they play with particular combinations of predefined strategies, further suggesting how the confluence of individual factors and context can induce aggression.
Affine and Projective Tree Metric Theorems

The tree metric theorem provides a combinatorial four-point condition that characterizes dissimilarity maps derived from pairwise compatible split systems. A related weaker four point condition characterizes dissimilarity maps derived from circular split systems known as Kalmanson metrics. The tree metric theorem was first discovered in the context of phylogenetics and forms the basis of many tree reconstruction algorithms, whereas Kalmanson metrics were first considered by computer scientists, and are notable in that they are a non-trivial class of metrics for which the traveling salesman problem is tractable. We present a unifying framework for these theorems based on combinatorial structures that are used for graph planarity testing. These are (projective) PC-trees, and their affine analogs, PQ-trees. In the projective case, we generalize a number of concepts from clustering theory, including hierarchies, pyramids, ultrametrics, and Robinsonian matrices, and the theorems that relate them. As with tree metrics and ultrametrics, the link between PC-trees and PQ-trees is established via the Gromov product.
The world wide wait: effects of delays on user performance

Abstract Individuals searching for information on the World Wide Web are more likely to lose interest in a site if download times exceed 10 s (Nielsen, 1996). Long download times result in increased frustration and dissatisfaction, as well as lost profits for e-commerce web sites. This study investigated the effect of web page download delays on user performance and frustration. Twenty-five participants were presented information location tasks on a web site with varying download delays. The effect of delays (1, 30, 60 s) on lostness, frustration, and task completion was examined. The results indicated a marginal effect of delay on lostness, with participants being less lost in the 60 s delay conditions than the 1 or 30 s delay conditions. Frustration was affected by longer delay times, with the 60 and 30 s delays being rated as significantly more frustrating than the 1 s delays. The proportion of tasks completed was also lower for the longer delay conditions. These findings indicate that, for web site efficiency, faster may not always be better. Designers are encouraged to consider the cognitive demands of the tasks performed with their web site. Relevance to industry Studies on web page download time are relevant to industry since it is important to identify specific recommendations for response times based on audience and task demands. In addition, a major complaint for users is download time on the Internet, so aspects that affect perceptions of download time are worthy of investigation.
A new drawing technique for nylon-6 by reversible plasticization with iodine

Abstract A new technique to draw nylon-6 is developed by using iodine as a reversible plasticizer. This is based on the ability of the α-crystals to transform fully to λ-crystals by treatment with an aqueous KI 3 solution. Drawing is performed on the intermediate nylon-6-I complex and iodine is subsequently removed with sodium thiosulphate to generate back a transparent, drawn nylon-6. At 55°C, a 790% elongation has been obtained, considerably higher than previously reported for nylon-6. A dynamic mechanical study of the undrawn complex showed an α-transition at 41°C–53°C. Above this temperature, it is rubbery and can be easily stretched. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction scans show the complete disappearance of nylon-6 crystalline peaks, indicating a fully amorphous structure. Drawing of the complex produced new diffraction peaks, implying a strain-induced crystallization to a new crystal structure. This new structure is shown to be monoclinic with the a -axis expanded to 17.2 A to accommodate iodine intercalated between the nylon-6 chains.
A novel approach to the study of conformality in the SU (3) theory with multiple flavors

We investigate the transition between spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and conformal behavior in the SU(3) theory with multiple fermion flavors. We propose a new strategy for studying this transition. Instead of changing the number of flavors, we lift the mass of a subset of the fermions, keeping the rest of the fermions near the massless chiral limit in order to probe the transition.
Iridium(I)-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective allylic amidation

Ir(I)-catalyzed intermolecular allylic amidation of ethyl allyl carbonates with soft nitrogen nucleophiles under completely 'salt-free' conditions is described. A combination of (Ir(COD)Cl)2, a chiral phosphoramidite ligand L * , and DBU as a base in THF effects the reaction. The reaction appears to be quite general, accommodating a wide variety of R-groups and soft nitrogen nucleophiles, and proceeds with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities to afford the branched N-protected allylic amines. The developed reaction was conveniently utilized in the asymmetric synthesis of N-Boc protected a- and b-amino acids as well as ()-cytoxazone.
On scattering by nuclei at high energies

We study how nucleon-nucleon correlations influence high energy scattering by nuclei. Using the multiple scattering theory of Kerman, McManus, and Thaler we formulate the scattering problem in terms of an infinite system of coupled equations. For the calculation of elastic scattering we propose replacing the infinite system by a pair of coupled equations, containing the elastic channel and another effective one which carries all inelastic strength. The coupling potential is proportional to the nuclear pair correlation function and a first approximation to this potential is obtained. These equations are accurate to the extent that the pair correlations and not higher order correlations are important. There are no restrictions to forward scattering norare any “on the energy shell” approximations made. In order to obtain insight into the structure of the many-channel S matrix for high energies, the infinite system of coupled equations is solved by semi-classical methods and explicit formulae for the S-matrix elements as a function of various potentials and the nuclear pair correlation function are obtained. We show how properties of excited target states may complicate a reliable extraction of correlations in high energy scattering by nuclei. A close relation between our semi-classical solution and Glauber’s multiple scattering is established. A numerical study of high-energy nucleonnucleus scattering using the methods developed in this paper is under way.
Greater than 100% photon-conversion efficiency from an optical parametric oscillator with intracavity difference-frequency mixing.

Using 100-ps Nd:YAG pump pulses, we synchronously pump an optical parametric oscillator with intracavity difference-frequency mixing (DFM) between the signal and the idler. The cavity is singly resonant at the signal frequency. The signal, idler, and difference wavelengths are near 1.5, 3.5, and 2.8microm , respectively. Periodically poled lithium niobate is used for both interactions. Results show an 80% enhancement in the idler power-conversion efficiency and an idler photon-conversion efficiency of 110% when the DFM interaction is phase matched. Backconversion of the pump is suppressed when the DFM interaction is phase matched, and pump depletion increases from 65% to 79% at full pump power.
Optimal Cache-Oblivious Mesh Layouts

A mesh is a graph that divides physical space into regularly-shaped regions. Meshes computations form the basis of many applications, including finite-element methods, image rendering, collision detection, and N-body simulations. In one important mesh primitive, called a mesh update, each mesh vertex stores a value and repeatedly updates this value based on the values stored in all neighboring vertices. The performance of a mesh update depends on the layout of the mesh in memory. Informally, if the mesh layout has good data locality (most edges connect a pair of nodes that are stored near each other in memory), then a mesh update runs quickly. This paper shows how to find a memory layout that guarantees that the mesh update has asymptotically optimal memory performance for any set of memory parameters. Specifically, the cost of the mesh update is roughly the cost of a sequential memory scan. Such a memory layout is called cache-oblivious. Formally, for a d-dimensional mesh G, block size B, and cache size M (where M=Ω(B d )), the mesh update of G uses O(1+|G|/B) memory transfers. The paper also shows how the mesh-update performance degrades for smaller caches, where M=o(B d ). The paper then gives two algorithms for finding cache-oblivious mesh layouts. The first layout algorithm runs in time O(|G|log 2|G|) both in expectation and with high probability on a RAM. It uses O(1+|G|log 2(|G|/M)/B) memory transfers in expectation and O(1+(|G|/B)(log 2(|G|/M)+log |G|)) memory transfers with high probability in the cache-oblivious and disk-access machine (DAM) models. The layout is obtained by finding a fully balanced decomposition tree of G and then performing an in-order traversal of the leaves of the tree. The second algorithm computes a cache-oblivious layout on a RAM in time O(|G|log |G|log log |G|) both in expectation and with high probability. In the DAM and cache-oblivious models, the second layout algorithm uses O(1+(|G|/B) log (|G|/M)min {log log |G|,log (|G|/M)}) memory transfers in expectation and O(1+(|G|/B)(log (|G|/M)min {log log |G|,log (|G|/M)}+log |G|)) memory transfers with high probability. The algorithm is based on a new type of decomposition tree, here called a relax-balanced decomposition tree. Again, the layout is obtained by performing an in-order traversal of the leaves of the decomposition tree.
Learnability of Type-logical Grammars

This paper extends previous research on learning procedures for classical categorial grammars and learnability of classes of such grammars. The grammatical framework here is updated to multimodal type-logical grammar, and a previously described learning procedure for these grammars is reviewed. The procedure acts on input samples of strings labeled by their semantic composition terms in the lambda calculus, and is able to learn lexical assignments of sets of categories to the vocabulary items using a broad range of permitted type logics. It is then shown that linguistically valuable subsets of the range of the algorithm are identifiable in the limit from term-labeled string data. The entire range of the algorithm is shown to be not a learnable class. It is informally argued that, given the right type logic, the learnable classes of grammars include members which generate natural languages, and thus that natural languages are learnable in this way.
Relaxation and decoherence in a resonantly driven qubit

Relaxation and decoherence of a qubit coupled to the environment and driven by a resonant ac field are investigated by analytically solving the Bloch equation of the qubit. We found that the decoherence of a driven qubit can be decomposed into intrinsic and field-dependent decoherence. The intrinsic decoherence time equals the decoherence time of the qubit in a free decay while the field-dependent decoherence time is identical with the relaxation time of the qubit in driven oscillation. Analytical expressions of the relaxation and decoherence times are derived and applied to study a microwave-driven SQUID flux qubit. The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained from directly numerically solving the master equation. The relations between the relaxation and decoherence times of a qubit in free decay and driven oscillation can be used to extract the decoherence and thus dephasing times of the qubit by measuring its population evolution in free decay and resonantly driven oscillation.
Kinetic study of ethylene hydrogenation

Abstract Turnover frequencies and kinetic reaction orders were determined for ethylene hydrogenation over platinum catalysts at temperatures from 223 to 336 K, hydrogen pressures between 50 and 650 Torr, and ethylene pressures from 5 to 600 Torr. The hydrogen kinetic order was observed to decrease continuously from first order at 336 K to half order at 248 K. Zero-order ethylene kinetics were found at ethylene pressures above 75 Torr, and the ethylene order became negative at lower ethylene pressures. The half-order hydrogen kinetics at low temperatures and the observed zero-order ethylene kinetics at higher ethylene pressures can be explained by a Horiuti-Polanyi mechanism in which hydrogen is adsorbed noncompetitively on a surface essentially covered with adsorbed hydrocarbon species. Hydrogen competes with ethylene adsorption at higher temperatures and lower ethylene pressures. A combination of the noncompetitive and competitive pathways explains the steady-state kinetics over the entire range of temperatures and pressures studied.
Experimental determination of conduction and valence bands of semiconductor nanoparticles using Kelvin probe force microscopy

The ability to determine a semiconductor’s band edge positions is important for the design of new photocatalyst materials. In this paper, we introduced an experimental method based on Kelvin probe force microscopy to determine the conduction and valence band edge energies of semiconductor nanomaterials, which has rarely been demonstrated. We tested the method on six semiconductor nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3, CeO2, Al2O3, CuO, TiO2, and ZnO) with known electronic structures. The experimentally determined band edge positions for α-Fe2O3, Al2O3, and CuO well matched the literature values with no statistical difference. Except CeO2, all other metal oxides had a consistent upward bias in the experimental measurements of band edge positions because of the shielding effect of the adsorbed surface water layer. This experimental approach may outstand as a unique alternative way of probing the band edge energy positions of semiconductor materials to complement the current computational methods, which often find limitations in new synthetic or complex materials. Ultimately, this work provides scientific foundation for developing experimental tools to probe nanoscale electronic properties of photocatalytic materials, which will drive breakthroughs in the design of novel photocatalytic systems and advance the fundamental understanding of material properties.
Why Did Thailand's Middle Class Turn against a Democratically Elected Government? The Information-Gap Hypothesis

In 2006, Bangkok's middle-class residents overwhelmingly supported the military coup that displaced the elected government of Thaksin Shinawatra. Survey research shows that opponents of Thaksin had a stronger commitment to liberal democracy and possibly to royalist values while rural voters supported Thaksin because he fulfilled their social demands. Opposition to Thaksin was not motivated by economic interests, but rather, there is some evidence that urban middle- and upper-class voters disliked Thaksin because they heard negative reporting about him, which were less available in the countryside. These findings are compatible with a new theory of democratic consolidation, in which the upper classes have the means that would enable and encourage them to pay sufficient attention to politics to discover that what they viewed as ‘good government’ was violated by the ruling party, which could have led to demands for more democracy historically. More recently, however, in Thailand and perhaps other instances in Southeast Asia and Latin America, those with the money and leisure to follow politics closely have heard reports about the ‘bad government’ of populist, democratically elected leaders, and thus have turned against them.
Activation of D1 dopamine receptors induces emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia

BACKGROUND A recent study showed that methylphenidate induces emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Methylphenidate inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that selective dopamine receptor activation induces emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.
A normal form around a Lagrangian submanifold of radial points

In this work we produce microlocal normal forms for pseudodifferential operators which have a Lagrangian submanifold of radial points. This answers natural questions about such operators and their associated classical dynamics. In a sequel, we will give a microlocal parametrix construction, as well as a construction of a microlocal Poisson operator, for such pseudodifferential operators.
Interlacing families I: bipartite Ramanujan graphs of all degrees

We prove that there exist infinite families of regular bipartite Ramanujan graphs of every degree bigger than 2. We do this by proving a variant of a conjecture of Bilu and Linial about the existence of good 2-lifts of every graph. We also establish the existence of infinite families of `irregular Ramanujan' graphs, whose eigenvalues are bounded by the spectral radius of their universal cover. Such families were conjectured to exist by Linial and others. In particular, we prove the existence of infinite families of (c,d)-biregular bipartite graphs with all non-trivial eigenvalues bounded by sqrt{c-1}+sqrt{d-1}, for all c, d \geq 3. Our proof exploits a new technique for demonstrating the existence of useful combinatorial objects that we call the "method of interlacing polynomials'".
The Salience of Social Contextual Factors in Appraisals of Police Interactions with Citizens: A Randomized Factorial Experiment

Prior research indicates that public assessments of the manner in which the police exercise their authority are a key antecedent of judgments about the legitimacy of the police. In this study, the importance of context in influencing people’s assessment of police wrongdoing is examined. A randomized factorial experiment was used to test how respondents perceive and evaluate police–citizens interactions along a range of types of situations and encounters. 1,361 subjects were surveyed on factors hypothesized to be salient influences on how citizens perceive and evaluate citizen interactions with police. Subjects viewed videos of actual police–citizen encounters and were asked for their evaluations of these observed encounters. Contextual primes were used to focus subjects on particular aspects of the context within which the encounter occurs. Structural equation models revealed that social contextual framing factors, such as the climate of police–community relations and the legality of the stop that led to the encounter, influence citizen appraisals of police behavior with effects comparable in size to and even larger than demographic variables such as education, race, and income. These results suggest that the understandings and perceptions that people bring to a situation are important determinants of their assessment of police fairness. The police can positively influence citizen interpretations of police actions by striving to create a climate of positive police–community relationships in cities.
A stereoselective synthetic approach to N-alkyl-4β-methyl-5-phenylmorphans

Abstract A convergent, highly stereoselective synthetic approach to N-alkyl-4β-methyl-5-phenylmorphans has been developed utilizing alkylation of the metalloenamine of N-alkyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenylpyridines with 2-(chloromethyl)-3,5-dioxahex-1-ene (Okahara's reagent) followed by Clemmensen reduction.
Parallel sparse interpolation using small primes

To interpolate a supersparse polynomial with integer coefficients, two alternative approaches are the Prony-based "big prime" technique, which acts over a single large finite field, or the more recently-proposed "small primes" technique, which reduces the unknown sparse polynomial to many low-degree dense polynomials. While the latter technique has not yet reached the same theoretical efficiency as Prony-based methods, it has an obvious potential for parallelization. We present a heuristic "small primes" interpolation algorithm and report on a low-level C implementation using FLINT and MPI.
Homotopy actions, cyclic maps and their duals

An action of A on X is a map F : A £ X ! X such that FjX = id: X ! X. The restriction FjA: A ! X of an action is called a cyclic map. Special cases of these notions include group actions and the Gottlieb groups of a space, each of which has been studied extensively. We prove some general results about actions and their Eckmann-Hilton duals. For instance, we classify the actions on an H-space that are compatible with the H-structure. As a corollary, we prove that if any two actions F and F 0 of A on X have cyclic maps f and f 0 with ›f = ›f 0 , then ›F and ›F 0 give the same action of ›A on ›X. We introduce a new notion of the category of a map g and prove that g is cocyclic if and only if the category is less than or equal to 1. From this we conclude that if g is cocyclic, then the Berstein-Ganea category of g is 6 1. We also briefly discuss the relationship between a map being cyclic and its cocategory being 6 1.
Similarity-based surface modelling using geodesic fans

We present several powerful new techniques for similarity-based modelling of surfaces using geodesic fans, a new framework for local surface comparison. Similarity-based surface modelling provides intelligent surface manipulation by simultaneously applying a modification to all similar areas of the surface. We demonstrate similarity-based painting, deformation, and filtering of surfaces, and show how to vary our similarity measure to encompass geometry, textures, or other arbitrary signals. Geodesic fans are neighbourhoods uniformly sampled in the geodesic polar coordinates of a point on a surface. We show how geodesic fans offer fast approximate alignment and comparison of surface neighbourhoods using simple spoke reordering. As geodesic fans offer a a structurally equivalent definition of neighbourhoods everywhere on a surface, they are amenable to standard acceleration techniques and are well-suited to extending image domain methods for modelling by example to surfaces.
Earnings management, expected returns on pension assets, and resource allocation decisions

This paper empirically examines the role of expected rate of return on pension assets reported under SFAS 87 as a tool for meeting and beating earnings targets and its effect on firm value. Results suggest that managers may use this pension assumption to inflate earnings per share (eps) when they are going to miss the earnings expectations. The earnings inflation is directly related to the amount by which earnings will miss the target and to earning sensitivity to expected return on pension asset assumption. The results are robust to two different measures of earnings inflation and two of earnings expectations.The market behaves semi-efficiently and appears to adjust the firm value for large earnings inflations and in situations where firms have incentives to manipulate earnings or earnings are highly sensitive to expected rate of return on pension assets. However, this adjustment is not complete and post-announcement returns continue to depend on the inflated component of earnings, confirming that resource allocation decisions are based on managed earnings. Additional disclosure requirements to make pension assumptions more transparent are also discussed in the paper. Such disclosures could enhance the efficient use of the information by market participants.
On a greedy 2-matching algorithm and Hamilton cycles in random graphs with minimum degree at least three

We describe and analyse a simple greedy algorithm 2greedy that finds a good 2-matching M in the random graph G=Gn,cni¾?i¾?3 when ci¾?10. A 2-matching is a spanning subgraph of maximum degree two and G is drawn uniformly from graphs with vertex set [n], cn edges and minimum degree at least three. By good we mean that M has Ologn components. We then use this 2-matching to build a Hamilton cycle in On1.5+o1 time w.h.p. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 443-497, 2014
The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses

The question of Jewish ancestry has been the subject of controversy for over two centuries and has yet to be resolved. The “Rhineland hypothesis” depicts Eastern European Jews as a “population isolate” that emerged from a small group of German Jews who migrated eastward and expanded rapidly. Alternatively, the “Khazarian hypothesis” suggests that Eastern European Jews descended from the Khazars, an amalgam of Turkic clans that settled the Caucasus in the early centuries CE and converted to Judaism in the 8th century. Mesopotamian and Greco–Roman Jews continuously reinforced the Judaized empire until the 13th century. Following the collapse of their empire, the Judeo–Khazars fled to Eastern Europe. The rise of European Jewry is therefore explained by the contribution of the Judeo–Khazars. Thus far, however, the Khazars’ contribution has been estimated only empirically, as the absence of genome-wide data from Caucasus populations precluded testing the Khazarian hypothesis. Recent sequencing of modern Caucasus populations prompted us to revisit the Khazarian hypothesis and compare it with the Rhineland hypothesis. We applied a wide range of population genetic analyses to compare these two hypotheses. Our findings support the Khazarian hypothesis and portray the European Jewish genome as a mosaic of Near Eastern-Caucasus, European, and Semitic ancestries, thereby consolidating previous contradictory reports of Jewish ancestry. We further describe a major difference among Caucasus populations explained by the early presence of Judeans in the Southern and Central Caucasus. Our results have important implications for the demographic forces that shaped the genetic diversity in the Caucasus and for medical studies.
Set partition patterns and statistics

Abstract A set partition σ of [ n ] = { 1 , … , n } contains another set partition π if restricting σ to some S ⊆ [ n ] and then standardizing the result gives π . Otherwise we say σ avoids π . For all sets of patterns consisting of partitions of [3], the sizes of the avoidance classes were determined by Sagan and by Goyt. Set partitions are in bijection with restricted growth functions (RGFs) for which Wachs and White defined four fundamental statistics. We consider the distributions of these statistics over various avoidance classes, thus obtaining multivariate analogues of the previously cited cardinality results. This is the first in-depth study of such distributions. We end with a list of open problems.
Homological symbols and the Quillen conjecture

We formulate a �correct� version of the Quillen conjecture on linear group homology for certain arithmetic rings and provide evidence for the new conjecture. In this way we predict that the linear group homology has a direct summand looking like an unstable form of Milnor K-theory and we call this new theory �homological symbols algebra�. As a byproduct, we prove the Quillen conjecture in homological degree two for the rank two and the prime 5.