cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced compression-ignition engines—understanding the in-cylinder processes

Abstract Advanced compression-ignition (CI) engines can deliver both high efficiencies and very low NOX and particulate (PM) emissions. Efficiencies are comparable to conventional diesel engines, but unlike conventional diesel engines, the charge is highly dilute and premixed (or partially premixed) to achieve low emissions. Dilution is accomplished by operating either lean or with large amounts of EGR. The development of these advanced CI engines has evolved mainly along two lines. First, for fuels other than diesel, a combustion process commonly known as homogeneous charge compression-ignition (HCCI) is generally used, in which the charge is premixed before being compression ignited. Although termed “homogeneous,” there are always some thermal or mixture inhomogeneities in real HCCI engines, and it is sometimes desirable to introduce additional stratification. Second, for diesel fuel (which autoignites easily but has low volatility) an alternative low-temperature combustion (LTC) approach is used, in which the autoignition is closely coupled to the fuel-injection event to provide control over ignition timing. To obtain dilute LTC, this approach relies on high levels of EGR, and injection timing is typically shifted 10–15° CA earlier or later than for conventional diesel combustion so temperatures are lower, which delays ignition and provides more time for premixing. Although these advanced CI combustion modes have important advantages, there are difficulties to implementing them in practical engines. In this article, the principles of HCCI and diesel LTC engines are reviewed along with the results of research on the in-cylinder processes. This research has resulted in substantial progress toward overcoming the main challenges facing these engines, including: improving low-load combustion efficiency, increasing the high-load limit, understanding fuel effects, and maintaining low NOX and PM emissions over the operating range.
Performance of Lead Hollow Cathode Lamps for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

The use of neon as filler gas in lead hollow cathode lamps provides considerably more light energy than was available with earlier lamps. The spectroscopic performance of these lamps is reported as a function of gas fill, lamp current and spectral bandpass The detection limit for the lead analysis is shown to be 0.03 ppm lead in aqueous solutions with the new lamps and particular atomic absorption instrumentation
Social isolation associated with depression: A case report of hikikomori

Background:Social isolation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A severe form of social isolation or social withdrawal, called hikikomori in Japan, has been described, but contr...
B+ trees and indexed sequential files: a performance comparison

An analytic method for comparing the performance of B+ trees and indexed sequential files is proposed. Preliminary results indicate that indexed sequential files may be more efficient than B+ trees in certain applications.
Direct correlation of microtwin distribution with growth face morphology of CVD diamond films by a novel TEM technique

A thick as-grown diamond film was examined directly by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) without thinning, and the important microstructures near the growth surface were characterized. Specimen preparation for TEM involved simply fracturing the film; some of the diamond grains located on the specimen edge were thin enough to be directly examined by TEM. The 3-D topography of the diamond grains located at the intersection of the growth and the fracture surfaces was obtained using secondary electron images, so that the 2-D projected grain geometry could be derived easily to help interpret the TEM images. A diamond film grown with a 〈001〉 texture and having grains 2–3 μm diameter with {001} facets parallel to the substrate and four inclined {111} facets was examined. Grains with fracture surfaces that intersected the top (001) facet, grains with fractures that intersected only {111} facets, and unfractured grains were studied. It was found that the core volume bounded by the (001) top facet and its projected column defined by orthogonal internal {110} were free from microtwins, but contained a few dislocations. The remaining volume around this core, bounded by {111} facets (or grain boundaries) and the internal {110}, was filled with microtwins. The microtwins were not merely at the {111} surfaces. Our results reveal a growth mechanism in which microtwins are formed as material is added to {111} but not {001}. The formation of microtwins in CVD diamond is thus clearly associated with growth on {111} surface facets.
Reduce pressure on students and it services via software-vendor programs and hosting

Supporting computer science and computer application courses requires spending many resources on specialized software. Courses, such as database concepts and applications, depend upon hands-on experience with software to help students understand important principles. Both the university computer labs and students need to install software for homework assignments. Problems include software availability, cost, installation, platform compatibility, and configuration. While academic licensing provides software to students at significantly lower prices, the price may still be too high for some students. Installation and configuration on client/student side may also be a problem. Further, IT departments face the challenge of installing, upgrading and patching the software in student labs.An inexpensive alternative exists to reduce the burden on both students and IT departments. Several software vendors provide either free software or free centralized hosting with web access. Service, technical support, and upgrades are also provided. Typically, client-side setup and configuration is minimized. Advantages include reducing platform dependence, providing prompt professional helpdesk support and account management, and training for instructors. We have implemented two variations of vendor provided software or hosting. This paper will share our experiences in using this approach to support our computer science courses, especially in our database related courses. We will describe these technologies and explore the implementation process including problems encountered.
Topological Helicity for Framed Links

We introduce topological helicity, an invariant for oriented framed links. Topological helicity provides an elementary means of computing helicity for a magnetic flux rope by measuring its knotting, linking, and twisting. We present an equivalence relation, reconnection-equivalence, for framed links and prove that topological helicity is a complete invariant for the resulting equivalence classes. We conclude by showing that one can use magnetic reconnection to transform one collection of linked flux ropes into another collection if and only if they have the same helicity.
Novel Permissive Role of Epidermal Growth Factor in Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) Signaling and Growth Suppression: MEDIATION BY STABILIZATION OF TGF-β RECEPTOR TYPE II,

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signals through TGF-β receptor serine/threonine kinases (TβRI and TβRII) and Smads, regulating cell growth and apoptosis. Although loss of TGF-β receptor levels is strongly selected for during the progression of most cancers, tumor cells frequently escape from complete loss of TGF-β receptors through unknown mechanisms. Here, we provide the first evidence that epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, which is generally enhanced in cancer, is permissive for regulation of gene expression and growth suppression by TGF-β in LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Our results support that these permissive effects occur through enhanced stability of TβRII mRNA and reversal of TGF-β-mediated TβRII mRNA loss. Changes in stability of TβRII mRNA occur soon after EGF or TGF-β1 addition (optimal within 3 h) and are independent of de novo protein synthesis or transcription. Remarkably, such loss of TβRII by TGF-β can be mediated by a kinase-dead TβRII (K277R), as well as by other forms of this receptor harboring mutations at prominent autophosphorylation sites. Moreover, Smad3 small interfering RNA, which blocks TGF-β-induced AP-1 promoter activity, does not block changes in the expression of TβRII by EGF or TGF-β. We have also shown that changes in TβRII levels by EGF are EGF receptor-kinase-dependent and are controlled by signals downstream of MEK1/2. Our findings provide invaluable insights on the role of the EGF receptor-kinase in enhancing TGF-β responses during prostate carcinogenesis.
Scaling Ethernet speeds to 100 Gbits/s and beyond

Dramatic growth in Internet Protocol (IP) traffic demand is driving the need for new high-bandwidth IP interfaces. Today, router-to-router and router-to-transport system connections using Ethernet interfaces are limited to 10 Gbits/s (10GE) or slower. Although techniques, such as link aggregation, allow a limited degree of extensibility beyond 10 Gbits/s, they are limited in terms of scalability, introduce additional complexity, and reduce throughput efficiency. Discussion now centers on defining an Ethernet architecture that meets the needs of carriers and is conducive to implementation by the switch and server vendors. In this paper, we consider aggregation at the physical layer (APL) as a means to reuse existing 10GE physical layers (PHYs), while offering interface scalability to 100 Gbits/s and beyond. With APL, aggregation is performed at the PHY, whereby full Ethernet frames are transmitted across the aggregated PHYs in a parallel fashion. This ensures equal utilization of all links and allows aggregate bandwidth between nodes to scale with each new link added. We have demonstrated the applicability of such an approach by implementing a 100 Gbits/s interface using off-the-shelf components and running it over a live 4,000 km backbone network of a tier-1 Internet service provider.
Dance Medicine and Dance Injuries: The Case for Accreditation and Certification

This article describes common dance injuries and how injuries and improper training can be prevented in K-12 dance education, university dance education, private dance studios, and nonprofessional and professional dance groups.
Genetic neuro-scheduler for job shop scheduling

Abstract This paper describes a hybrid approach between two new techniques, Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks, for generating Job Shop Schedules (JSS) in a discrete manufacturing environment based on non-linear multi-criteria objective function. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as a search technique for an optimal schedule via a uniform randomly generated population of gene strings which represent alternative feasible schedules. GA propagates this specific gene population through a number of cycles or generations by implementing natural genetic mechanism (i.e. reproduction operator and crossover operator). It is important to design an appropriate format of genes for JSS problems. Specifically, gene strings should have a structure that imposes the most common restrictive constraint; a precedence constraint. The other is an Artificial Neural Network, which uses its highly connected-neuron network to perform as a multi-criteria evaluator. The basic idea is a neural network evaluator which maps a complex set of scheduling criteria (i.e. flowtime, lateness) to evaluate values provided by experienced experts. Once, the network is fully trained, it will be used as an evaluator to access the fitness or performance of those stimulated gene strings. The proposed approach was prototyped and implemented on JSS problems based on different model sizes; namely small, medium, and large. The results are compared to the Shortest Proceesing Time heuristic used extensively in industry.
Stability of an elastic cube under dead loading: Two equal forces

Abstract A cube of incompressible neo-Hookean material undergoes a pure homogeneous deformation and is held in equilibrium by three specified pairs of equal and opposite forces, two of which are the same, applied normally to its faces and uniformly distributed over them. The possible equilibrium states are determined and the stability of each is studied with respect to arbitrary superposed infinitesimal deformations. The stability limits are found to be different from those obtained when only infinitesimal deformations having the same principal directions as those of the basic equilibrium state are considered. The differences arise from rotational and shearing types of instabilities that may occur in the general case. A critical inference is drawn concerning the nature of the dead loading conditions employed.
9-Piperazine substituted perylene-3,4-dicarboximide as a fluorescent probe in ratiometric analysis.

The communication describes the synthesis and studies of 9-piperazine substituted perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (1). In aqueous solution, the ratio of fluorescence emission intensities from the localized excited state (∼585 nm) to the charge transfer excited state (∼695 nm) increases in the pH range of 7.5–9. Furthermore, compound 1 may be used for ratiometric detection of double-stranded DNA.
Clonal Deletion of Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen-Specific T Cells in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate Mice: An Important Role for Clonal Deletion in Shaping the Repertoire of T Cells Specific for Antigens Overexpressed in Solid Tumors

In addition to their overexpression in cancer cells, most of the tumor-associated Ags are expressed at low but detectable levels in normal tissues. It is not clear whether the repertoire of T cells specific for unmutated tumor Ags is shaped by negative selection during T cell development. The transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model is transgenic for the SV40 large T Ag (Tag) under the control of the rat probasin regulatory elements. Although it has been established that T lymphocytes from TRAMP mice are tolerant to SV40 Tag, the mechanism of the tolerance is largely unknown. To examine whether the T cell clonal deletion is responsible for the tolerance, we crossed the TRAMP mice with mice transgenic for a rearranged TCR specific for SV40 Tag presented by the H-2K k . Double transgenic TRAMP/TCR mice showed profound thymic deletion of SV40 Tag-reactive T cells, including a 6- to 10-fold reduction in the total thymocyte numbers and a >50-fold reduction in phenotypically mature T cells. Consistent with this finding, we observed that the SV40 Tag and endogenous mouse probasin genes are expressed at low levels in the thymus. These results demonstrate that clonal deletion is a major mechanism for tolerance to Ags previously regarded as prostate-specific, and provide direct evidence that the T cell repertoire specific for an unmutated tumor Ag can be shaped by clonal deletion in the thymus.
Achieving higher yield through diagnosis

Given the trends in manufacturing process, design and their interaction can diagnosis play a greater and more central role in achieving higher yields? Can automated logic diagnosis solutions become a fundamental driver of yield improvement or will it just remain a secondary endeavor?
Mutual Information Methods with Particle Filters for Mobile Sensor Network Control

This paper develops a set of methods enabling an information-theoretic distributed control architecture based on particle filters to facilitate search by a mobile sensor network, permitting the use of nonlinear and non-Gaussian sensor models. Given a particular configuration sensors, this technique exploits the structure of the probability distributions of the target state and of the sensor measurements to compute the control inputs to the mobile sensors leading to future observations that minimize, in expectation, the future uncertainty of the target state. We compute the mutual information using a particle set representation of the posterior distribution. In order to control a large number of mobile sensors as a network, single-node and pairwise-node approximation schemes are presented, with analytically bounded error, making the approach scalable to increasing network sizes, while still planning cooperatively. The methods are applied in simulation to bearings-only sensing, and to localizing an avalanche rescue beacon of a buried victim, using transceivers on quadrotor aircraft to measure the magnetic field. Monte Carlo simulations also demonstrate that as network size increases, the sensors more quickly localize the target, and the pairwise-node approximation results in superior performance to the single-node approximation.
Role of postoperative vitamin D and/or calcium routine supplementation in preventing hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Transient hypocalcemia is a frequent complication after total thyroidectomy. Routine postoperative administration of vitamin D and calcium can reduce the incidence of symptomatic postoperative hypocalcemia. We performed a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of this intervention. The primary aim was to evaluate the efficacy of routine postoperative oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation in preventing symptomatic post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia. The second aim was to draw clear guidelines regarding prophylactic calcium and/or vitamin D therapy for patients after thyroidectomy. Methods We identified randomized controlled trials comparing the administration of vitamin D or its metabolites to calcium or no treatment in adult patients after thyroidectomy. The search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge databases. Patients with a history of previous neck surgery, calcium supplementation, or renal impairment were excluded. Results Nine studies with 2,285 patients were included: 22 in the vitamin D group, 580 in the calcium group, 792 in the vitamin D and calcium group, and 891 in the no intervention group, with symptomatic hypocalcemia incidences of 4.6%, 14%, 14%, and 20.5%, respectively. Subcomparisons demonstrated that the incidences of postoperative hypocalcemia were 10.1% versus 18.8% for calcium versus no intervention and 6.8% versus 25.9% for vitamin D and calcium versus no intervention. The studies showed a significant range of variability in patients' characteristics. Conclusions A significant decrease in postoperative hypocalcemia was identified in patients who received routine supplementation of oral calcium or vitamin D. The incidence decreased even more with the combined administration of both supplements. Based on this analysis, we recommend oral calcium for all patients following thyroidectomy, with the addition of vitamin D for high-risk individuals.
Efficacy of whey protein supplementation on resistance exercise-induced changes in lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function in mobility-limited older adults.

THE age-related loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia, is associated with declines in strength and physical functioning; a combination that is strongly predictive of future disability (1,2). Various interventions have been examined to delay progression of muscle loss and prolong independence among community-dwelling older adults. Studies examining changes in muscle CSA have observed that although older adults are responsive to resistance training (RT) stimuli (3,4), muscle hypertrophy is attenuated with aging (5–7). Whey protein concentrate (WPC) contains a disproportionate amount of essential amino acids, is readily available commercially, and is palatable; thus, it may represent an ideal protein source to promote muscle anabolism in older individuals undergoing RT. Interestingly, in young healthy male adults, fat-free milk consumption has been shown to increase muscle size and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in response to RT compared with isoenergetic soy protein (8) and casein, respectively (9). It is well recognized that leucine and the other branched chain amino acids (isoleucine and valine) are abundant in WPC and may be responsible for its enhanced ability to stimulate muscle protein anabolism, particularly in older adults (10,11). To date, the effects of protein supplementation with RT on body composition, muscle hypertrophy, strength, and physical function in older adults have yielded mixed results (12–19). More importantly, most studies have focused on healthy older adults with very limited data from trials on mobility-limited older adults (15), and where nutritional and not specifically protein supplementation was a focus (19). Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the chronic effects of WPC and RT in mobility-limited older adults on changes in whole-body lean mass, mid-thigh muscle CSA, muscle strength, and physical functioning. We hypothesized that compared with an isocaloric control, a daily 40g supplement of WPC would increase whole-body lean mass, mid-thigh muscle CSA, muscle strength, and physical functioning in older mobility-limited adults in response to 6 months of RT.
Interactions of the Papovavirus DNA Replication Initiator Proteins, Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 E1 and Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen, with Human Replication Protein A

Papovaviruses utilize predominantly cellular DNA replication proteins to replicate their own viral genomes. To appropriate the cellular DNA replication machinery, simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (Tag) binds to three different cellular replication proteins, the DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex, the replication protein A (RPA) complex, and topoisomerase I. The functionally similar papillomavirus E1 protein has also been shown to bind to the DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex. Enzyme-linked immunoassay-based protein interaction assays and protein affinity pull-down assays were used to show that the papillomavirus E1 protein also binds to the cellular RPA complex in vitro. Furthermore, SV40 Tag was able to compete with bovine papillomavirus type 1 E1 for binding to RPA. Each of the three RPA subunits was individually overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble fusion protein. These fusion proteins were used to show that the E1-RPA and Tag-RPA interactions are primarily mediated through the 70-kDa subunit of RPA. These results suggest that different viruses have evolved similar mechanisms for taking control of the cellular DNA replication machinery.
Parameterization Improvements in an Eddy-Permitting Ocean Model for Climate

Different parameterizations for vertical mixing and the effects of ocean mesoscale eddies are tested in an eddy-permitting ocean model. It has a horizontal resolution averaging about 0.78 and was used as the ocean component of the parallel climate model. The old ocean parameterizations used in that coupled model were replaced by the newer parameterizations used in the climate system model. Both ocean-alone and fully coupled integrations were run for at least 100 years. The results clearly show that the drifts in the upper-ocean temperature profile using the old parameterizations are substantially reduced in both sets of integrations using the newer parameterizations. The sea-ice distribution in the fully coupled integration using the newer ocean parameterizations is also improved. However, the sea-ice distribution is sensitive to both sea-ice parameterizations and the atmospheric forcing, in addition to being dependent on the ocean simulation. The newer ocean parameterizations have been shown to improve considerably the solutions in non-eddy-resolving configurations, such as in the climate system model, where the horizontal resolution of the ocean component is about 28. The work presented here is a clear demonstration that the improvements continue into the eddy-permitting regime, where the ocean component has an average horizontal resolution of less than 18.
THE SUPREME COURT AS A COUNTERMAJORITARIAN INSTITUTION? THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC OPINION ON SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

Although normative questions about the role of the Supreme Court as a countermajoritarian institution have long excited controversy in democratic theory, empirical questions about how far the Court acts contrary to majoritarian opinion have received less attention. Time series analyses for the period 1956–89 indicate the existence of a reciprocal and positive relationship between long-term trends in aggregate public opinion and the Court's collective decisions. The Court's ideological composition changes in response to previous shifts in the partisan and ideological orientation of the president and Congress. The Court also responds to public opinion at the margins even in the absence of membership change. Since 1981, the relationship has vanished or turned negative in direction. The Court's ideological balance has been upset by an unbroken string of conservative-to-moderate appointments, thereby undermining the dynamics that promote judicial responsiveness and raising questions about the majoritarianism of the contemporary and future Court.
An evolutionarily ancient Oatp: insights into conserved functional domains of these proteins

Cellular uptake of organic solutes is mediated in large part by a gene family of membrane transporters calledOATPs (SLC21A). To study the structural determinants and evolutionary development of the...
Our Work with Cyanogenic Plants

The author identifies three individuals who played major roles in the development of his scientific career: his chemistry professor at the University of Colorado, Reuben Gustavson; his Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Chicago, Birgit Vennesland; and his friend and departmental colleague of 55 years at the University of California, Paul Stumpf. He also mentions students, postdoctoral scholars, and professional colleagues he encountered during his career of nearly 50 years as a plant biochemist. Finally, the article describes the author's research on cyanogenic plants. These plants contain hydrogen cyanide in a bound form that is usually released when the plant tissue is macerated. Cyanogenic plants contain cyanogenic glycosides in which the hydroxyl groups of cyanohydrins (alpha-hydroxynitriles) of aldehydes or ketones are covalently linked to a sugar, usually D-glucose. The biosynthesis, localization, and degradation, by hydrolysis, of these compounds have been examined, especially in sorghum and flax seedlings.
Upper extremity compartment syndrome after minor trauma: an imperative for increased vigilance for a rare, but limb-threatening complication

Compartment syndrome of any extremity is a limb-threatening emergency requiring an emergent surgical management. Thus, ruling out compartment syndrome is often high on the list of priorities when treating high-energy injuries and fractures. However, even in the most seemingly benign injuries, this dangerous diagnosis must always remain on the differential and suspicion must remain high. 23-year-old factory worker presents after a low energy entrapment injury to his left forearm. Initial work-up and evaluation noted an isolated radial head dislocation with a normal physical motor and sensory exam. However, maintaining high suspicion for compartment syndrome despite serial normal physical exams, led objective compartment pressure measurement leading to definitive diagnosis. Emergent surgical intervention via compartment fasciotomies was performed, along with closed reduction and ligament repair. At 1 year follow-up, the patient was well-healed, back to work with full range of motion and not activity limitations. Despite a seemingly benign injury pattern, and a relatively low energy mechanism, vigilant concern for compartment syndrome following any kind of entrapment injury should initiate serial examinations and compartment pressure measurements especially in circumstances with continued swelling and inability to perform an accurate clinical assessment due to an obtunded or medicated patient.
Mutual coupling between microstrip dipoles in multielement arrays

An analytical method for evaluating mutual coupling in multielement microstrip arrays is discussed. The elements of the array are strip dipoles covered by an overlayer and excited by microstrip lines embedded in the substrate. In addition, two different ways of excitation are considered to evaluate the effect of the feeding lines on the coupling between the dipoles. Throughout the analysis, the transmission line and dipole widths are taken to be a fraction of the free-space wavelength, so that the longitudinal current component is the dominant contributor to the characteristics of the array. Under this assumption, the transverse component of the current is neglected without introducing appreciable error. The current distribution along the longitudinal direction is evaluated by solving an appropriate integral equation using Galerkin's method with piecewise continuous sinusoidal functions. All possible interactions between the currents on the feeding transmission lines and dipoles are included. Using the computed current distribution, transmission-line theory is applied on the feeding microstrip lines to evaluate self- and mutual impedances as well as scattering coefficients at chosen reference planes. >
Glucocorticoid-resistant lymphoma cell variants that contain functional glucocorticoid receptors.

Abstract A mouse T-lymphosarcoma cell line stably infected with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) was used as the parent line for a genetic analysis of two glucocorticoid hormone responses, hormone-induced cytolysis and stimulation of viral gene expression. Variants were selected for survival and elevated expression of MMTV proteins in the presence of the steroid. The MMTV marker provided a sensitive test for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in the hormone-resistant variants. This strategy resulted in the isolation of two novel types of hormone-resistant variants. One type of variant with only about 25% of the level of GR found in the parent line was resistant to the cytolytic effects of glucocorticoid but produced increased levels of MMTV gene products in response to the hormone. This variant phenotype demonstrated that the MMTV response requires fewer GR than the cytolytic response. Another variant, which required approximately 100-fold higher concentrations of hormone than the wild-type cells for both responses, apparently contained GR with altered hormone-binding properties.
Executive function moderates the association between fearful temperament and dimensions of perfectionism

Abstract Previous research has shown that perfectionism is a dimensional construct and that it may be predicted by factors such as temperament and executive function. However, no previous studies have connected these lines of research. The current study sought to test a path model examining the role of fearful temperament, the cognitive shift domain of executive function, and their interaction on separate dimensions of perfectionism (SOP-critical, SPP, and SOP-striving). Participants were 56 parent–child dyads recruited from the community. Children were 7–13 years (51.8% male; 83.6% Caucasian, 9.1% African American). Overall the model fit the data well. Results indicated that fearful temperament and cognitive shift did not individually predict for any dimension of perfectionism. However, the interaction of fearful temperament and cognitive shift did predict for scores of SOP-critical and SPP, such that those children with higher cognitive shift deficits had a stronger effect of fearful temperament on dimensions of perfectionism. The interaction did not predict for scores of SOP-striving. These results, consistent with previous research, suggest that SOP-critical and SPP may represent maladaptive aspects of perfectionism, while SOP-striving may represent adaptive aspects of perfectionism. Further, it appears that maladaptive and adaptive perfectionism dimensions have separate developmental precipitants.
The Reconstituted Acetylcholine Receptor

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the postsynaptic membrane protein that transduces the binding of acetylcholine (ACh) into the transient opening of a cation-selective channel. This signal-transduction event is the fundamental process in the transfer of information across synaptic junctions in excitable tissues (reviewed by Changeux, 1981; Changeux et al., 1984; Anhold et al., 1984; Karlin, 1980; Conti-Tronconi and Raftery, 1982).
Performance of high temperature PEM fuel cell materials. Part 1: Effects of temperature, pressure and anode dilution

Abstract High temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cells operate most effectively at temperatures 160 °C or greater and can tolerate high carbon monoxide concentrations in fuel feeds. For practical mobile fuel cell systems, the ability to tolerate high levels of carbon monoxide enables a simplified integrated reformer fuel cell design, where a one-step reforming process can directly feed the fuel cell. This creates the potential for practical fuel cell systems to be designed that are capable of operating using an on-board hydrocarbon fuel. Hydrocarbon reforming processes (i.e., partial oxidation, steam reforming, or autothermal reforming) generate effluent gas compositions that typically contain various amounts of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water. While there are several studies that have examined the effects of CO dilution on HT-PEM fuel cell performance, there are very few that have examined the effects of other common reformate species, particularly while operating at varying temperatures and pressures. This work aims to fill the research gap in published data through evaluation of the performance exhibited by two HT-PEM membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) types, Advent's TPS © -based MEA and the BASF Celtec series MEA, based on acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI). In Part I of this series, the effects of temperature and pressure for various percentages of anode dilution were investigated. Temperatures and pressures were varied from 160 to 200 °C and 101.3–200 kPa, respectively. The effect of hydrogen diluted with nitrogen in the anode feed was examined with nitrogen concentrations up to 70%. Overall, the PBI MEA provided greater performance than the TPS for all tested conditions. Our results show that the performance loss due to high dilution levels can be wholly mitigated through an increase in operating temperature, pressure, or a combination thereof. For example, even at a dilution level containing 70% nitrogen, operating the cell at 200 °C and at 200 kPa provides the same power output as running the cell on pure hydrogen at 160 °C and at atmospheric pressure. This data can be used to model the performance effect of high diluent concentrations in the anode gas feed when developing an integrated reformer/fuel cell system.
Design for Trust

Designing for trust requires identification of the sometimes subtle manner in which trust can be embedded in a system. Defining trust as the intersection of privacy, security and reliability can enable or simplify the identification of trust as embedded in a technical design. Yet while this definition simplifies, it also illuminates a sometimes overlooked problem. Because privacy is an element of trust, purely operational definitions of trust are inadequate for developing systems to enable humans to extend trust across the network. Privacy is both operational (in the sharing of data) and internal (based on user perception of privacy). Designing trust metrics for the next generation Internet, and indeed implementing designs that embed trust, requires an understanding of not only the technical nuances of security but also the human subtleties of trust perception.
Abstract 180: The Growth Rate of Early DWI Lesions is Highly Variable and Associated with Penumbral Salvage and Clinical Outcomes Following Endovascular Reperfusion

Background: The degree of variability in the rate of early DWI expansion has not been well characterized. We hypothesized that Target Mismatch patients with slowly expanding DWI lesions have more penumbral salvage and better clinical outcomes following endovascular reperfusion than Target Mismatch patients with rapidly expanding DWI lesions. Methods: This substudy of DEFUSE 2 included all patients with a clearly established time of symptom onset. The initial DWI growth rate was determined from the baseline scan by assuming a volume 0 ml just prior to symptom onset. Target Mismatch patients who achieved reperfusion (>50% reduction in PWI after endovascular therapy), were categorized into tertiles according to their initial DWI growth rates. For each tertile, penumbral salvage (comparison of final volume to the volume of PWI (Tmax > 6 sec)/ DWI mismatch prior to endovascular therapy), favorable clinical response, and good functional outcome (see figure for definitions) were calculated. We also compared the growth rate in patients with the Target mismatch vs. Malignant Profile. Results: 64 patients were eligible for this study. Target mismatch patients (n=44) had initial growth rates (range 0 to 43 ml/hr, median of 3 ml/hr) that were significantly less than the growth rates in Malignant profile (n=7) patients (12 to 92 ml/hr, median 39 ml/hr; p Conclusions: The growth rate of early DWI lesions in acute stroke patients is highly variable; Malignant profile patients have higher growth rates than other MRI profiles. Among Target Mismatch patients, a slower rate of DWI growth is associated with a greater degree of penumbral salvage and improved clinical outcomes following endovascular reperfusion.
Die Thôrsdrâpa Des Eilífr Godrúnarson: Textinterpretation

Eilifs porsdrâpa gilt als das schwierigste der mythologischen Skaldengedichte. Weder im Hinblick auf den Gesamtinhalt noch in Bezug auf Einzelfragen der Interpretation ist Einigkeit erzielt worden. Verantwortlich dafur ist weniger unsere mangelnde Kenntnis der Skaldenkunst als die schlechte Ueberlieferung.
Energy balance of the tidal current in the Obatake Seto Strait

Current measurements made with a Doppler Current Profiler were taken along cross sections in the Obatake Seto Strait, a small strait in the western part of the Seto Inland Sea. The energy loss between two cross sections of the strait was estimated using the control volume analysis of the stationary one-dimensional energy equation. The large energy loss observed in the strait cannot be explained in terms of general bottom friction in the coastal region. The loss is attributed to the form loss, which is accompanied by internal turbulence and vortices generated by the specific topography of the strait, in addition to the loss by friction. This is supported by the fact that the energy loss in the strait differs, depending upon the current direction.
Systematic Fluorination of P3HT: Synthesis of P(3HT-co-3H4FT)s by Direct Arylation Polymerization, Characterization, and Device Performance in OPVs

We present a strategy for tuning physical properties of P3HT-based copolymers by incorporating a fluorinated thiophene repeat unit. The synthesis and characterization of a series of fluorinated polythiophene P(3HT-co-3H4FT) materials are described, where the percentage of fluorinated repeat units in the polymer backbone is systematically varied from 0 to 100%. These P(3HT-co-3H4FT)s (P0, P25, P50, P75, and P100) were synthesized via direct arylation polymerization (DArP) methods. By varying the feed ratio of the two monomers, the percent of fluorinated repeat units (3H4FT) could be precisely controlled. As fluorination is increased, there is a strong effect on the electronic properties of the polymers, evidenced by a 0.4 eV drop in the EHOMO level for P100 when compared to P0. GIWAXS and TEM were used to determine the crystallinity and morphology. TEM analysis of thin film polymer/PCBM bulk-heterojunction blends indicates that increased fluorination does not result in stronger phase separation. Organic ph...
A Control Approach for Broadening the Operating Frequency Range of a Bridge Vibration Energy Harvester

Remote bridge condition monitoring can be accomplished using sensors equipped with transmitters. This allows for timely detection of structural degradation and thereby increases safety. These sensors require a more permanent power source than batteries to enable operation without costly periodic maintenance. Since bridges exhibit structural vibration, electromagnetic vibration energy harvesting is a viable power source candidate. Unfortunately conventional electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters (VEHs) operate efficiently only at their natural frequency. Since a single bridge will vibrate differently, depending on its traffic conditions, the following work proposes a method for augmenting the excitation frequency bandwidth for electromagnetic VEHs, thereby enabling them to be feasible power supplies for bridge condition monitoring. Specifically, the paper provides experimental results showing the effectiveness of the proposed method in inducing resonance type behavior in an electromagnetic VEH at excitation frequencies that otherwise produce little to no motion in the harvester.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
New mechanisms and treatment modalities for retinal degenerative diseases

R and macular degenerative diseases due to dysfunction of photoreceptors are a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Photoreceptors are highly polar and metabolically active ciliary neurons. They have a distinct inner segment and outer segment (OS). The OS is considered is an extension of a primary cilium and boasts of being a privileged compartment. The composition of the OS, with regards to the proteins and lipids, is distinct from the rest of the neuron. The OS is also composed of a coin-stack shaped arrangement of thousands of membranous discs loaded with the chromophore rhodopsin and other proteins involved in phototransduction cascade. Intriguingly, ~10% of the tip of the OS discs is shed every day and new discs are added at the base of the OS. The shedding is mediated by the interaction of the OS with the overlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Owing to their involvement in development and maintenance of visual cascade, defects in the formation or composition of the OS or in the shedding by the RPE result in photoreceptor degenerative diseases. In this session, we will focus on recent advances in delineating the underlying mechanism of photoreceptor OS development and shedding pathways. Specifically, this session will present evidence for involvement of ciliary proteins in modulating OS composition and disc maintenance as well as ascertaining the role of potassium channel proteins in the RPE in photoreceptor survival and function. These studies will also assist in the development of rational treatment modalities for these blinding disorders.
Encouraging medical students to explore career tracks within medicine may help them avoid burnout.

To the Editor: Forty percent of young physicians report that they would not go to medical school if given the choice again.1 Twenty percent of physicians are dissatisfied with their careers,2 while 34% meet criteria for burnout.3 An explanation for these staggering numbers may be found in a study revealing that those who spend less than 20% of their time on their most meaningful activity (i.e., patient care, research, or education) have significantly higher rates of burnout than do physicians who focus on their most meaningful areas.3 This suggests that optimizing career fit would substantially increase physician satisfaction. Since medical school is often the first opportunity for future physicians both to explore the various career tracks within medicine and also to experience burnout, it would be an ideal place for medical students to pursue their unique interests to ensure a good fit.
Experimental Investigation of Vortex Asymmetry on a Conical Forebody at High Angles of Incidence

A high fidelity LES Navier-Stokes solver was utilized to investigate and understand vortex asymmetry phenomenon on a 12 semi-apex angle cone at Reynolds number of 100,000 and freestream Mach number of 0.3. Flow field characteristics are assessed with the introduction of multiple random imperfections near the tip of the conical body. Results show symmetrical flow features at α = 20° and asymmetrical flow pattern at α = 40°. The magnitude of asymmetry varies with roll orientation of the nose cone.
Optimizing energy use of SmartFarms with smartgrid integration

The demand for energy from renewable sources (RS) such as biomass, wind, and solar power is increasing as a result of concerns over environmental changes and global warming. This has resulted in the proliferation of distributed generation based on Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The appearance of Smartgrid and dynamic pricing enabled small players producing significantly small capacities to be able to sell their energy. As an energy consumer Agriculture also contributes to global warming. Furthermore because of increasing need for energy inputs to optimize production, Agriculture will continue to rely on energy to increase its productivity in line with increasing population and demand. It is therefore susceptible to being impacted by variabilities in energy supply and demand. Since agricultural enterprises also have potential to generate energy from agricultural residue, they can participate in Smartgrids as Smartloads and Smartgenerators. This work presents an integration model between SmartFarms and the Smartgrid. This way SmartFarms can participate actively and benefit from the energy market. It focuses on ways to improve the decision support systems in Smartfarms to enable optimal decision making. In this fashion, SmartFarms can support the reliable operation of Smartgrids while minimizing their expenditures on energy.
The computer simulation of well-bottom trace of the singular one-cone bit

The simulation model of interaction between the singular one-cone bit and the well bottom by using the geometric model of the one-cone bit and the computer simulation technology.The software for simulation of interaction between the bit and rock is developed.The simulated hit is obtained with structural parameters given and well-bottom trace of interaction between the bit and rock is presented.The actual well bottom pattern is obtained by the experiment of rock breaking of the bit, and it is very close to that simulated by the computer.This proves the simulation model correct,and provides a helpful method for the design of hits.
A comparative study of epidemiology and molecular evolution between MERS and SARS

Objective To evaluate the differences of epidemic characteristics between Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS); analyze the relationship between the two pathogens; and explore the possible different origins.Methods Descriptive studies were applied to compare distribution of MERS and SARS cases.Phylogenetic tree of filtered sequences was constructed using the maximum likelihood method in MEGA 6.0 software based on conservative region.Results Despite the single transmission mode and low morbidity,the mortality rate of MERS was higher than that of SARS(P = 0.001).Phylogenetic analysis showed that both MERS coronavirus(MERSCo V) and SARS coronavirus(SARS-Co V) sequences of human source had very close relations with animal origin,but the support degree of MERS-Co V-related sequences clustering was generally higher than that of SARS-Co V.Conclusions Camels and bats carrying MERS-Co V are the source of MERS infection,even the host reservoir.MERS is an evolutionary natural focus infection disease.SARS-Co V is passenger virus produced from non-natural evolution.
The continuum of disclosure: exploring factors predicting tentative disclosure of child sexual abuse allegations during forensic interviews and the implications for practice, policy, and future research

When a child sexual abuse investigation ensues, many children do not disclose readily to professionals. Defining disclosure beyond the disclosure versus nondisclosure dichotomy is essential, yet little research exists on factors associated with a continuum of disclosure, including active and tentative disclosure. Through the coding of 196 forensic interviews using content analysis and subsequent regression analysis, findings suggest that children of color, children abused by adults, unintentional initial disclosure, and those lacking family support were more likely to tentatively disclose in this study. Implications include a need to understand tentative disclosure as part of a normal continuum of disclosure within court proceedings and investigations of abuse allegations.