cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of the Anti-Apartheid Movement

The anti-apartheid movement and the development of the Sullivan Principles must be interpreted in the historical context both of South Africa and of the confluence of events in and between the United States and South Africa from the early 1960s through the 1980s. In this chapter, we first discuss the pivotal role of the Dutch Reformed Church and its rationale for supporting apartheid. We then turn to an analysis of the evolving anti-apartheid position of the mainline Protestant churches and the Roman Catholic Church. In this context, we will be highlighting the connection between the churches in South Africa and those in the United States. The remaining sections of the chapter examine the relevant political dynamics of South Africa, the United States, and the United Nations. Although some of these themes are discussed in greater detail in later chapters, the overview presented here provides a context for the unfolding story.1
System-of-Systems Modeling and Simulation of a Ship Environment With Wireless and Intelligent Maintenance Technologies

Modeling and simulation environments are needed to support decision making in Navy Warfighters, which are emergent systems that pose a challenge to operations management. Ships consist of complex interconnected systems such as the infrastructure, crew, and workflow. A system-of-systems approach using agent-based modeling is applied here to develop workflow simulations involving a ship's crew conducting routine maintenance, watch duty, and reporting functions. Simple models are used to describe basic behavioral traits and intelligence in crew members; machinery including sensors for intelligent maintenance; equipment consuming power; mobile and stationary communication network access points; models for data transfer over the network; crew mobility models; power distribution and trimming models for the electrical system; and a fire model to simulate emergency scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate an increase in machine availability due to the implementation of intelligent maintenance systems. The effects of wireless-network usage on crew resource utilization and overall ship capability in normal operational scenarios are also demonstrated. A simple rescheduling algorithm is used to improve crew utilization and estimate manning requirements. The effects of emergency scenarios such as fires in different locations are also studied. Sensitivity analysis is presented to verify the developed model, and a note on validation is given.
A local distributed peer-to-peer algorithm using multi-party optimization based privacy preservation for data mining primitive computation

This paper proposes a scalable, local privacy-preserving algorithm for distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) data aggregation useful for many advanced data mining/analysis tasks such as average/sum computation, decision tree induction, feature selection, and more. Unlike most multi-party privacy-preserving data mining algorithms, this approach works in an asynchronous manner through local interactions and therefore, is highly scalable. It particularly deals with the distributed computation of the sum of a set of numbers stored at different peers in a P2P network in the context of a P2P web mining application. The proposed optimization-based privacy-preserving technique for computing the sum allows different peers to specify different privacy requirements without having to adhere to a global set of parameters for the chosen privacy model. Since distributed sum computation is a frequently used primitive, the proposed approach is likely to have significant impact on many data mining tasks such as multi-party privacypreserving clustering, frequent itemset mining, and statistical aggregate computation.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPECIES DIVERSITY AND STRESS INTENSITY ON COMMUNITY RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE

Recent theory, such as the insurance hypothesis, suggests that higher species diversity may dampen perturbation dynamics within a community. The dynamics of a rocky intertidal macroalgal community were evaluated using an experimentally induced heat stress applied at the end of a 15-mo manipulation of diversity. This pulse event produced a gradient of thermal stress within plots and, consequently, different degrees of perturbation. In gen- eral, the resistance of the community to the thermal stress was forecast by the pre-stress cover of dominant species, total algal cover, and standing biomass. Because higher diversity treatments, especially those containing the dominant algal group, fucoids, had higher overall abundance, highest diversity treatments were the most severely affected. The stress was also relatively nonselective, in that species were reduced in roughly equivalent proportions, suggesting an important distinction for predicting when diversity will not influence dis- turbance dynamics. The resilience of the community was strongly dependent on which species were initially present in the plots and the degree of disturbance. In highly disturbed areas, although the recovery trajectory was similar in early successional stages, differences emerged later; these differences appear to be attributable to the composition of the sur- rounding regeneration pool. For treatments not receiving the thermal stress, low-diversity plots without fucoids remained in states unlike the reference condition for most of the monitored resilience period. But plots in high-diversity treatments, even areas within plots that had experienced moderate disturbance, returned to states similar to the reference quick- ly. Thus, resilience (but not resistance) results are consistent with the insurance hypothesis. Overall, diversity's influence on community dynamics is complex and will depend on the characteristics of the stress as well as the characteristics of the species present in the
Risk Avoidance Objective in Water Resources

In the past, risk has been considered implicitly in the planning and management of water resources systems analysis. A method is developed through which risk indices are explicitly defined for the operation of a water supply system that provides water mainly to meet regional irrigation and energy requirements. The risk indices obtained can be included in the system objective function to be optimized.
The Use of Music with Young Children to Improve Sustained Attention during a Vigilance Task in the Presence of Auditory Distractions

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of music to sustain attention of young children during conditions of auditory distractions. Kindergarten students (N=76) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions/groups: (a) spoken story with no distraction, (b) spoken story with distraction, (c) musical story with no distraction, musical story with distraction. Participants were asked to listen to the story and to identify specific "actions" and "animals" that were presented (i.e., spoken or sung) within the story. A tally of correct responses (child pointed to correct actions/animals at appropriate times) was recorded during the listening task. Observations of participants' behaviors while listening were also made by the experimenter using narrative recording procedures. A one-way ANOVA was computed to assess the difference in mean scores across the four experimental conditions. Significant results were found. Further analysis employing a Tukey post hoc/multiple comparisons test revealed significant differences between the spoken story with distraction condition and the musical story with distraction condition. These statistical results, along with the observations of listening behaviors, were discussed in terms of providing suggestions for future research and in lending support to the use of music with young children to improve vigilance within educational and clinical settings.
Oviposition Behavior and Temperature Effects on Egg Development of the Southern Pine Cone worm Dioryctria amatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Peak oviposition by Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) females occurred from 5 to 7 days after moth emergence and ca. 80% of the eggs were laid during the period from 3 to 12 days after emergence. The threshold temperature for D. amatella egg development was determmed to be 11°C. The number of degree-days required for complete egg development ranged from a mean of 115.5 degree-days at 16°C to 84 degree-days at 28°C. The estimated number of degree-days required for egg hatch was 86.6.
Beyond white privilege: Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism

This paper builds from scholarship on whiteness and white privilege to argue for an expanded focus that includes settler colonialism and white supremacy. We argue that engaging with white supremacy...
The devil, the details, and the HGDP.

presumably impoverished groups in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of these results? How does the HGDP plan to eventually enfranchise such groups to become self-sufficient in their own genomic assessments? Surely the goals of the HGDP have advanced, at this point, to more than simply collecting samples with informed consent? Surely HGDP backers recognize the need to couple their requests for DNA and other data with the provision of educational opportunities and improvements in health care? Mutual benefit has to be built into a contractual relationship between a studied community and interested researchers. As it now stands, all the power is on one side?the side of the researchers?a side that too frequently won't take "no" for an answer. In spite of the fact that a large number of groups have already unequivocally refused to participate in the HGDP, HGDP leadership has operated, at least initially, from an assumption of eminent domain. This mind-set implies that researchers collecting, analyzing, and interpreting in the name of "science" have an inherent right of access to human genetic diversity. Human sequence polymorphisms become property. Access to variant polymorphisms becomes a property rights issue. This way of thinking validates a paradigm of imposition. True informed consent cannot be obtained in a coercive, non-egalitarian context. The paradigm of imposition and the notion of eminent domain in human genetic diversity studies are extremely problematic. True informed consent to participate in genetic diversity studies has to be given within the context of one's own mind-set and worldview. The rationale, perceived benefit, and potential costs have to be evaluated from the perspective of the indigenous or oppressed individual and group. This is quite a bit more than simple translation. In fact, true informed consent cannot be realized without indigenous and oppressed peoples participating in all aspects of human genetic studies. A workable HGDP version of the HGP's Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI) program must be in place before additional funding to implement the HGDP is granted. The exact mission of the HGDP needs to be redefined, given the existence of newer and better-funded projects concerned with contemporary human variation. Only then will we be able to know if there is still a need for the HGDP.
Rational design of mass diffusion metamaterial concentrators based on coordinate transformations

Recent advances in coordinate transformations of Fick's equation have paved the way for the design of metamaterial devices that can manipulate mass diffusion flux. The control of diffusion paths has a great potential for the design of novel catalytic and separation systems in chemical and biomolecular engineering. In order to explore these new applications, it is necessary to understand mass diffusion in coordinate transformation metamaterial devices. In this work, we present a comprehensive study on the impact of structure and material properties on the resultant physical properties of mass concentrator metamaterial shells. The concentration gradient at the core, the total mass flow rate towards the core, and the disturbance of the external concentration field are systematically examined in order to provide guidelines for the rational design and fabrication of metamaterial mass concentrators. A practical case is also presented where the concentration of oxygen diffusing in a polymeric system is studied.
The Effect of Emotionally Arousing Negative Images on Judgments About News Stories

Two experiments investigated the influence effects of negative photographs on people's attitudes after reading a news story. Experiment 1 presented an online news emulation to participants showing ...
Hauptmann’s Germanen Und Römer

(1942). Hauptmann’s Germanen Und Romer. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 174-196.
Stochastic Investigation of the Feasibility of Using Remotely Sensed Moisture Data for Rainfall Induced Landslide Hazard Assessment

The ability for timely evaluation of sudden increases in ground moisture levels would be a valuable tool in reliable assessment of rainfall triggered landslide risk. Surface soil moisture estimated based on satellite images would be vital in such evaluations. In this study, three alternative stochastic classification models, logistic regression, decision tree and bagged tree have been developed to identify locations of high landslide risk based on site attributes of geology, soil type, slope, land cover and the corresponding satellite based soil moisture estimates. As opposed to the commonly used validation set approach, in this work, cross validation was employed to improve the prediction accuracy of the models. It was seen that all three classification models provided reasonably accurate predictions. It is expected that the findings of this research would lay the groundwork for the future formulation of a timely, reliable and effective method for landslide hazard prediction.
Regression Testing for Model Transformations: A Multi-objective Approach

In current model-driven engineering practices, metamodels are modified followed by an update of transformation rules. Next, the updated transformation mechanism should be validated to ensure quality and robustness. Model transformation testing is a recently proposed effective technique used to validate transformation mechanisms. In this paper, a more efficient approach to model transformation testing is proposed by refactoring the existing test case models, employed to test previous metamodel and transformation mechanism versions, to cover new changes. To this end, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is employed to generate test case models that maximizes the coverage of the new metamodel while minimizing the number of test case model refactorings as well as test case model elements that have become invalid due to the new changes. Validation results on a widely used transformation mechanism confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Analysis of radiation therapy for the control of Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck based on 36 cases and a literature review

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive epidermal cancer. We conducted a retrospective study and literature review to investigate the impact that radiation therapy has on local, regional, and distant control as part of the oncologic management of MCC of the head and neck and to further elucidate the role of radiation therapy with regard to regional control for the clinically uninvolved neck. We reviewed all registered cases of head and neck MCC that had occurred at four institutions from January 1988 through December 2005. Treatment and outcomes data were collected on patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I, II, and III tumors. Local, regional, and distant control rates were calculated by comparing variables with the Fisher exact test; Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to report actuarial control data. Stage I to III head and neck MCC was identified in 36 patients-22 men and 14 women, aged 43 to 97 years (mean: 71.6) at diagnosis. Patients with stage I and II tumors were combined into one group, and their data were compared with those of patients with stage III tumors. Twenty-six patients (72%) had clinical stage I/II disease and 10 patients (28%) had clinical stage III disease. Median follow-up was 41 months for the stage I/II group and 19 months for the stage III group. Based on examination at final follow-up visits, local recurrence was seen in 7 of the 36 patients (19%), for a local control rate of 81%. The 2-year actuarial local control rate for all stages of MCC was 83%; by treatment subgroup, the rates were 95% for those who had undergone radiation therapy to the primary site and 69% for those who had not-a statistically significant difference (p = 0.020). Based on information obtained at final follow-ups, 10 of the 36 patients (28%) experienced a regional recurrence, for a regional control rate of 72%. The 2-year actuarial regional control rate among all patients was 70%; by subgroup, rates were 82% for patients who had undergone regional node radiation therapy and 60% for those who had not-not a statistically significant difference (p = 0.225). Nine patients (25%) overall developed a distant metastasis, for a distant control rate of 75%. Salvage therapies included chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to the metastatic site, but neither had any significant effect on survival. Regardless of treatment, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves leveled off at 30 months with 82% survival for the stage I/II group and at 19 months with 60% survival for the stage III group. We conclude that radiation therapy to the primary tumor site (either following resection or definitively) results in a local control rate of more than 90% in patients with head and neck MCC. We also found a trend toward improved regional control of the clinically negative neck with the addition of radiation therapy.
Miniaturized P-band beamforming synthetic aperture radar transceiver

The next generation synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments for the study of Earth and planets will employ multiple-input multiple output architectures and advanced beamforming techniques to significantly enhance the capabilities of remote sensing radars. One key component in realizing these instruments is a compact, lightweight and power efficient radar transceiver. To this end a P-band radar transceiver was developed to advance the technical readiness level (TRL) level toward spaceborne SAR instruments at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC).
Recruiting Older Adults With Functional Difficulties Into a Community-Based Research Study: Approaches and Costs:

The CAPABLE (Community Aging in Place, Advancing Better Living for Elders) trial in Baltimore City tested whether an interdisciplinary team of occupational therapists, nurses, and handymen reduces disability and health expenditures in community-dwelling older adults with functional difficulties. This study describes methods and associated costs of recruiting 300 low-income, cognitively intact, older adults with functional difficulties into this study. Sources of participant enrollment included direct mailings (35%), government program referrals (19%), community-based organizations (16%), ambassador referrals (15%), and media (4%). Fifty six (30%) of 187 older adults referred through government organizations were enrolled, while 49 (7.6%) of 648 referred from community-based organizations were enrolled. Total recruitment costs were US$81,453.12. Costs per participant for mailings, media, ambassadors, and community-based organizations were respectively US$745.10, US$256.82, US$22.28, and US$1.00. Direct mailings yielded the most participants but was the most costly method per participant. Ambassadors were least expensive and may offer a low-cost addition to community outreach for recruitment of older adults into research.
Parenthood and Adult Psychological Developments

Although the birth rate is declining in many countries of the world and voluntary childlessness is on the increase in Western industrialized societies, most people ultimately become parents. Extensive debate since the 1950s on the question of whether and how becoming a parent alters one's life has led to three different but not mutually exclusive answers: The transition to parenthood produces (a) primarily negative changes in the functioning of individual parents and their relationships as couples, (b) few significant negative or positive changes, and (c) an impetus toward adults' psychological development. We conclude that there is truth in all three alternatives. A summary of contemporary longitudinal research following couples from before to after the birth of a first child demonstrates that while some aspects of family life remain stable, this transition increases the risk of individual and marital distress for many but not all new parents. Despite these disquieting findings, developmental theories suggest that the disequilibrium associated with this major life transition can also stimulate new parents' development. So far, the evidence supporting this assertion is anecdotal. Still needed are systematic studies that define development in adulthood and follow parents from before to after having a child.
Superfund Strategies and Technologies: A Role for Biotechnology

One of the largest potential markets for biotechnology in the environmental area is the cleanup of chemically contaminated sites. Some site cleanups take place within the Federal Superfund program; but many others, supposedly less severe situations, occur within state or federal agency programs or are done by companies. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has estimated that within the next 50 years as many as 10,000 sites may require cleanup within the Superfund program at a total cost of perhaps $300 billion (4). About a thousand sites are now on the National Priorities List and slated for a remedial cleanup.
Overview of applications in medicine

Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) for characterizing foreign matter within human tissue is most frequently employed in the study of inhaled particles within the substance of the lung. The most common diagnostic role of analytic electron microscopy is seen in studies of the pneumoconioses: the spectrum of nonneoplastic reactions that the lung parenchyma displays toward inhaled and retained minerals, metals, dusts, and organic materials. This varied family of diseases includes asbestosis, silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, hard metal pneumoconiosis, and many others. A variety of metals and other elements may be detected with EDX analysis, including copper in tissues of patients with Wilson's disease, thorium in patients who have been injected in the past with the radiographic contrast material Thorotrast, gold in patients treated with long-term chrysotherapy, and arsenic or lead in patients with heavy metal poisoning. Analytic electron microscopy may corroborate or refute a known or suspected exposure, which may be remote. The rare earths cerium and lanthanum have been detected in alveolar macrophages and in lung tissue at least 15 years after the last known exposure, suggesting a means for their metabolism and biopersistence.
Comparison of Outcomes in Level I vs Level II Trauma Centers in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy or Craniectomy for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) carries a devastatingly high rate of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE To assess whether patients undergoing craniotomy/craniectomy for severe TBI fare better at level I than level II trauma centers in a mature trauma system. METHODS The data were extracted from the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study database. Inclusion criteria were patients > 18 yr with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score less than 9) undergoing craniotomy or craniectomy in the state of Pennsylvania from January 1, 2002 through September 30, 2017. RESULTS Of 3980 patients, 2568 (64.5%) were treated at level I trauma centers and 1412 (35.5%) at level II centers. Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups except for significantly worse GCS scores at admission in level I centers (P = .002). The rate of in-hospital mortality was 37.6% in level I centers vs 40.4% in level II centers (P = .08). Mean Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores at discharge were significantly higher in level I (10.9 ± 5.5) than level II centers (9.8 ± 5.3; P < .005). In multivariate analysis, treatment at level II trauma centers was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.37; P = .01) and worse FIM scores (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.7; P = .001). Mean hospital and ICU length of stay were significantly longer in level I centers (P < .005). CONCLUSION This study showed superior functional outcomes and lower mortality rates in patients undergoing a neurosurgical procedure for severe TBI in level I trauma centers.
On Digitisation as a Preservation Measure

ABSTRACTWhile access and engagement are usually the primary objectives of digitisation projects, they often also claim to benefit the long-term preservation of collection items due to reducing hand...
Poison Ivy: The Problem of Tax Exemption in a Deindustrializing City, Yale and New Haven, 1967–1973

This paper addresses the question of what the role of a tax-­exempt university has been in a deindustrializing city, and how the university has conceived of its responsibilities as an “institutional/corporate citizen” when confronting the need to expand. In 1973, Yale University attempted to build two new residential colleges, but the New Haven city council vetoed construction on the grounds that such expansion would deprive the city of needed tax revenue. This fight was well recorded in Yale president Kingman Brewster’s archives, which also reveal how Yale saw its conflicting responsibilities towards the nation and towards the city.
Upper Jurassic structure and evolution of the Yucatán and Campeche subbasins, southern Gulf of Mexico

The Isthmian salt basin in the southern Gulf of Mexico can be divided into the Yucatan and Campeche subbasins, separated by a base-salt high near the nose of the Yucatan platform. Despite their proximity, these two subbasins experienced radically different histories in the period immediately following salt deposition. Portions of the Yucatan subbasin are characterized by large-scale (locally as much as 60 km [37 mi]) downdip translation of salt and suprasalt sediments during the Late Jurassic. This translation produced a major detached extensional province at the updip end of the basin, which is not compensated by observed shortening downdip. We interpret this history to be a result of unconfined seaward flow of salt and its cover during basin opening, a process mirrored on the conjugate Florida margin. The Campeche subbasin, in contrast, shows no evidence of significant Late Jurassic translation detached on salt. No large-scale extensional or contractional provinces of Mesozoic age are evident, although some minor translation did occur. We suggest that salt in the Campeche subbasin was confined at its seaward end, which prevented the seaward salt flow experienced in the Yucatan subbasin. Furthermore, salt at the seaward end of the Campeche subbasin lies 2–3 km (1–2 mi) above oceanic crust, in contrast to salt lying on crust whose top sits at or below the level of oceanic crust at the seaward ends of the Tamaulipas, Yucatan, and Florida margins. The Campeche subbasin thus appears to have been perched relative to other parts of the Gulf of Mexico.
Autoreactivity profiles of influenza hemagglutinin broadly neutralizing antibodies

Epitope-focused approaches for selective clonal induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) inform most current vaccine strategies for influenza virus and other rapidly evolving pathogens. The two conserved epitopes on the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) - the “stem” and the receptor-binding site (RBS) on the “head” - are the focus of the current “universal” influenza vaccine development efforts. Because stem-directed serum bnAbs are much less abundant than head-directed ones, we hypothesized that the HA stem bnAbs may be autoreactive and thus eliminated through the mechanisms of self-tolerance. We compared autoreactivity profiles of a set of stem and head-directed bnAbs. Most of the stem bnAbs we examined bound autoantigens; several showed staining of HEp-2 cells. A smaller proportion of the head-directed bnAbs were polyreactive. Gene usage did not correlate with autoreactivity. We suggest that complex foreign antigens may often have surface patches resembling some host epitope; our results indicate that HA stem epitopes resemble a host epitope more frequently than does the RBS.
Protein Binding Effects of Dopamine Coated Titanium Dioxide Shell Nanoparticles

Nontargeted nanoparticles are capable of entering cells, passing through different subcellular compartments and accumulating on their surface a protein corona that changes over time. In this study, we used metal oxide nanoparticles with iron oxide core covered with titanium dioxide shell (Fe3O4@TiO2), with a single layer of covalently bound dopamine covering the nanoparticle surface. Mixing nanoparticles with cellular protein isolates showed that these nanoparticles can form complexes with numerous cellular proteins. Addition of non-toxic quantities of nanoparticles to HeLa cell culture resulted in their non-specific uptake and accumulation of protein corona on nanoparticle surface. TfRC, Hsp90 and PARP were followed as representative protein components of nanoparticle corona; each protein bound to nanoparticles with different affinity. Presence of nanoparticles in cells also mildly modulated gene expression on the level of mRNA. In conclusion, cells exposed to nontargeted nanoparticles show subtle but numerous changes that are consistent from one experiment to another. [READ ARTICLE](https://precisionnanomedicine.com/article/10699)
Performance Analysis for Virtual-Cell Based CoMP 5G Networks Using Deep Recurrent Neural Nets

Providing high date rates that are independent of user location in the network is one of the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless network goals. This goal becomes even more challenging when the mobility of users is taken into account. The handovers that happens as the user crosses from cell to another can cause a sever degradation in the user's perceived data rate. The concept of Virtual Cell (VC) that is based on Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) transmission is a promising solution for providing high data rates independent of user location in the network, and in particular for cell edge users. Multiple base-stations (BS) can coordinate with each other creating a Virtual Cell (VC). Users can roam within a Virtual Cell (VC) without the need to perform a handover. This diminishes the number of handovers a user will encounter, and also enhances the data rate for cell edge user by mitigating the Inter-Cell Interference (ICI) within a virtual cell. However, to enable the concept of Virtual Cells (VCs) rapid decisions need to be taken about when to enable / disable the VC mode and which Base Stations should be joining/leaving the VC as the user roams in the network. In this paper, the performance analysis of a novel algorithm based on a modification in the hidden layer of the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), referred to as Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs). The RNN-GRU model is used for predicting the triggering conditions on enabling / disabling the VC mode. Sequences of the Received Signal Strength (RSS) values for different users in the network, were used for training the RNN-GRU model. After training, the RNN-GRU was used to predict the future RSS values, which is then used for making proactive decisions on enabling/disabling VC mode. Simulation results demonstrates that the proposed GRU-RNN model achieves an accuracy of 92% to predict the triggering conditions for enabling and disabling the CoMP mode as required based on the mobility of users.
A Sensitive XRF Screening Method for Lead in Drinking Water

A novel method for quickly and quantitatively measuring aqueous lead in drinking water has been developed. A commercially available activated carbon felt has been found to effectively capture lead from tap water, and partnered with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, it provides quantitative measurement of aqueous lead in drinking water. Specifically, for a 2 L volume of tap water, the linear range of detection was found to be from 1-150 ppb, encompassing the current EPA limit for lead in drinking water (15 ppb). To make a reproducible and easy to use method for filtering, a 2 L bottle cap with a 1.25 cm diameter hole was used for filtering. Utilizing this filtration method, 75 solutions from 0 to 150 ppb lead gave a 91% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and 93% accuracy, and all the misclassified samples fell between 10 and 15 ppb. This method has also proved reliable for detecting calcium as well as several other divalent metals in drinking water including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese.
Water uptake dynamics for adult peach trees in a subtropical humid climate

Abstract Low-chill peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars allow Florida growers to become competitive by offering fruits earlier than northern states for premium prices. Due to the predominance of sandy soils in Florida, irrigation is required to ensure fruit production in peaches. Available irrigation recommendations and peach crop coefficients (Kc) were determined in Mediterranean and temperate climates, and they can overestimate water demand in humid subtropical climates. Thus, a two-year study was conducted in Citra, FL, aiming to determine the water requirements and Kc values for four-year-old peach trees in humid subtropical conditions. A daily soil water balance and the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined using soil volumetric water content recorded every 10 min. Five soil probes, each equipped with soil moisture sensors at 10, 20, 40, and 80 cm of soil depth representing soil depth layers of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm, respectively placed under the tree canopy. The ratios of daily ETc and Penman-Monteith FAO-56 reference evapotranspiration were used to estimate Kc for phenological stages of adult (≥4-year-old) peach trees. A soil water depletion coefficient (Ks) was estimated obtaining a threshold of 25.8 % available soil water depletion before trees undergo water stress. Daily ETc ranged from 0.22 mm d−1 during dormancy to 3.65 mm d−1 during shoot development. Values of Kc for peach trees ranged from 0.30 during dormancy to 0.69 during fruit maturity. The use of peach tree Kc adapted for subtropical humid conditions reduce the estimated crop water requirements by 21 % compared to the Kc values reported in FAO-56 guidelines.
Analytical methods for mixed organic chemical residues and contaminants in food

Developing methods that can analyze multiple categories of organic chemical residues such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, human drugs, and environmental contaminants in food with a single analytical procedure is a growing trend. These methods for mixed organic chemical residues and contaminants focus on the chemical properties of these analytes rather than how they are used and adulterate the food supply. This paper highlights recently published methods for mixed residue and contaminant methods in food including advances in technology (instrumental hardware, data processing programs, and sample cleanup) that allow for a larger number of compounds to be monitored simultaneously. The factors that determine the scope, or number and type of analytes in a given method, including needs for specific food commodities, complexity of the analytical procedure, and the intended purpose (qualitative vs quantitative analysis) will be examined. Although there are clear advantages to expanding the number of unwanted chemicals being monitored in the global food supply, challenges to developing and implementing mixed organic residue and contaminant methods will also be discussed. Going forward, it will be important to implement these methods to more thoroughly protect the food supply for a wide variety of targeted and non-targeted chemical residues and contaminants while also having the regulatory framework in place to effectively manage the results of these comprehensive analyses. Graphical abstract.
Time to Positivity of Neonatal Blood Cultures for Early-onset Sepsis

BACKGROUND In newborns at risk for early-onset sepsis, empiric antibiotics are often initiated while awaiting the results of blood cultures. The duration of empiric therapy can be guided by the time to positivity (TTP) of blood cultures. The objective of the study was to determine the TTP of neonatal blood cultures for early-onset sepsis and the factors which may impact TTP. METHODS Observational study of blood cultures growing pathogenic species obtained within 72 hours of birth from infants born at 23-42 weeks gestation, at 19 hospitals in Northern California, Boston, and Philadelphia. TTP was defined as the time from blood culture collection to the time organism growth was reported by the microbiology laboratory. RESULTS A total of 594 blood cultures growing pathogenic bacteria were identified. Group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli accounted for 74% of blood culture isolates. Median TTP was 21.0 hours (interquartile range, 17.1-25.3 hours). Blood cultures were identified as positive by 24 hours after they were obtained in 68% of cases; by 36 hours in 94% of cases; and by 48 hours in 97% of cases. Neither the administration of maternal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, gestational age <35 weeks, nor blood culture system impacted median TTP. CONCLUSIONS Pathogens are isolated by 36 hours after blood culture collection in 94% of neonatal early blood cultures, regardless of maternal antibiotic administration. TTP information can inform decisions regarding the duration of empiric neonatal antibiotic therapies.
Adapted Grading in Physical Education for Students with Disabilities

An adapted grading system for students with disabilities in general physical education allows utilization of existing assessment tools such as rubrics and checklists and provides methods of individ...
Progressive dysexecutive syndrome due to Alzheimer’s disease: a description of 55 cases and comparison to other phenotypes

We report a group of patients presenting with a progressive dementia syndrome characterized by predominant dysfunction in core executive functions, relatively young age of onset and positive biomarkers for Alzheimer's pathophysiology. Atypical frontal, dysexecutive/behavioural variants and early-onset variants of Alzheimer's disease have been previously reported, but no diagnostic criteria exist for a progressive dysexecutive syndrome. In this retrospective review, we report on 55 participants diagnosed with a clinically defined progressive dysexecutive syndrome with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers available. Sixty-two per cent of participants were female with a mean of 15.2 years of education. The mean age of reported symptom onset was 53.8 years while the mean age at diagnosis was 57.2 years. Participants and informants commonly referred to initial cognitive symptoms as 'memory problems' but upon further inquiry described problems with core executive functions of working memory, cognitive flexibility and cognitive inhibitory control. Multi-domain cognitive impairment was evident in neuropsychological testing with executive dysfunction most consistently affected. The frontal and parietal regions which overlap with working memory networks consistently demonstrated hypometabolism on positron emission tomography. Genetic testing for autosomal dominant genes was negative in all eight participants tested and at least one APOE e4 allele was present in 14/26 participants tested. EEG was abnormal in 14/17 cases with 13 described as diffuse slowing. Furthermore, CSF or neuroimaging biomarkers were consistent with Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology, although CSF p-tau was normal in 24% of cases. Fifteen of the executive predominate participants enrolled in research neuroimaging protocols and were compared to amnestic (n = 110), visual (n = 18) and language (n = 7) predominate clinical phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease. This revealed a consistent pattern of hypometabolism in parieto-frontal brain regions supporting executive functions with relative sparing of the medial temporal lobe (versus amnestic phenotype), occipital (versus visual phenotype) and left temporal (versus language phenotype). We propose that this progressive dysexecutive syndrome should be recognized as a distinct clinical phenotype disambiguated from behavioural presentations and not linked specifically to the frontal lobe or a particular anatomic substrate without further study. This clinical presentation can be due to Alzheimer's disease but is likely not specific for any single aetiology. Diagnostic criteria are proposed to facilitate additional research into this understudied clinical presentation.
Analytic Impulsive Maneuver Sequences for Nominal Safety Ellipse Reconfigurations

This paper presents analytic solutions for three-impulse maneuver sequences that perform safety ellipse resizing and phasing. Safety ellipses are relative motion trajectories that do not require th...
Profiling and optimizing deep learning inference on mobile GPUs

Mobile GPU, as the ubiquitous computing hardware on almost every smartphone, is being exploited for the deep learning inference. In this paper, we present our measurements on the inference performance with mobile GPUs. Our observations suggest that mobile GPUs are underutilized. We study the inefficient issue in depth and find that one of root causes is the improper partition of compute workload. To solve this, we propose a heuristics-based workload partitioning approach, considering both performance and overheads on mobile devices. Evaluation results show that our approach reduces the inference latency by up to 32.8% on various devices and neural networks.
Multiple Dimensions of Family-Centered Practice in Residential Group Care: Implications Regarding the Roles of Stakeholders

This article summarizes findings of a dissertation study (Johnson, 1994) that examined efforts of residential group care programs to involve families. Results disclosed six independent dimensions of these family engagement practices. The author suggests that these factors may be most easily interpreted as they relate to the roles and functions of various stakeholders, including direct care staff, program social workers, team leaders, administrators, and Department of Social Services workers.
Attitudes toward genomics and precision medicine.

Purpose: This paper reports on a novel measure, attitudes toward genomics and precision medicine (AGPM), which evaluates attitudes toward activities such as genetic testing, collecting information on lifestyle, and genome editing – activities necessary to achieve the goals of precision medicine. Discussion: The AGPM will be useful for researchers who want to explore attitudes toward genomics and precision medicine. The association of concerns about precision medicine activities with demographic variables such as religion and politics, as well as higher levels of education, suggests that further education on genomic and precision activities alone is unlikely to shift AGPM scores significantly. Methods: We wrote items to represent psychological and health benefits of precision medicine activities, and concerns about privacy, social justice, harm to embryos, and interfering with nature. We validated the measure through factor analysis of its structure, and testing associations with trust in the health information system and demographic variables such as age, sex, education, and religion. Results: The AGPM had excellent alpha reliability (.92) and demonstrated good convergent validity with existing measures. Variables most strongly associated with higher levels of concern with precision medicine activities included: regular religious practice, republican political leanings, and higher levels of education.
Conserved Circuits for Direction Selectivity in the Primate Retina

The detection of motion direction is a fundamental visual function and a classic model for neural computation1,2. In the non-primate mammalian retina, direction selectivity arises in starburst amacrine cell (SAC) dendrites, which provide selective inhibition to ON and ON-OFF direction selective retinal ganglion cells (dsRGCs)3,4. While SACs are present in primates5, their connectivity is unknown and the existence of primate dsRGCs remains an open question. Here we present a connectomic reconstruction of the primate ON SAC circuit from a serial electron microscopy volume of macaque central retina. We show that the structural basis for the SAC’s ability to compute and confer directional selectivity on post-synaptic RGCs6 is conserved in primates and that SACs selectively target a single ganglion cell type, a candidate homolog to the mammalian ON-sustained dsRGCs that project to the accessory optic system and contribute to gaze-stabilizing reflexes7,8. These results indicate that the capacity to compute motion direction is present in the retina, far earlier in the primate visual system than classically thought, and they shed light on the distinguishing features of primate motion processing by revealing the extent to which ancestral motion circuits are conserved.
Enantioselective Synthesis of an Unnatural Amino Acid, L-Carboranylalanine

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) holds great promise as a radiochemotherapeutic treatment for various cancers, including malignant melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Its appeal lies in the potential for great selectivity in cell killing due to its binary nature. A noncytotoxic compound containing 10B is first introduced to the tumor. Subsequent exposure to an epithermal neutron beam will cause a uniquely efficient neutron capture by 10B. The 11B intermediate undergoes rapid decomposition to an α-particle and recoil lithium atom. The sizeable kinetic energy of these particles (2.8 MeV) is deposited within 10-15 µm, roughly one cell diameter. The two independently manipulable requirements for this therapy allow great precision in treatment of neoplasms.
A corpora allata farnesyl diphosphate synthase in mosquitoes displaying a metal ion dependent substrate specificity.

Abstract Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a key enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis, it catalyzes the head-to-tail condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) with two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to generate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a precursor of juvenile hormone (JH). In this study, we functionally characterized an Aedes aegypti FPPS (AaFPPS) expressed in the corpora allata. AaFPPS is the only FPPS gene present in the genome of the yellow fever mosquito, it encodes a 49.6 kDa protein exhibiting all the characteristic conserved sequence domains on prenyltransferases. AaFPPS displays its activity in the presence of metal cofactors; and the product condensation is dependent of the divalent cation. Mg2+ ions lead to the production of FPP, while the presence of Co2+ ions lead to geranyl diphosphate (GPP) production. In the presence of Mg2+ the AaFPPS affinity for allylic substrates is GPP > DMAPP > IPP. These results suggest that AaFPPS displays “catalytic promiscuity”, changing the type and ratio of products released (GPP or FPP) depending on allylic substrate concentrations and the presence of different metal cofactors. This metal ion-dependent regulatory mechanism allows a single enzyme to selectively control the metabolites it produces, thus potentially altering the flow of carbon into separate metabolic pathways.