cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Cultured Brain Cells: Stimulation with an Extractable Pituitary Cytotropic Factor*

Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in cultured cells of the ventral hypothalamus-midbrain of fetal rats has been investigated. TH mRNA and TH were quantified by an S1 nuclease protection assay and an immunoblot assay, respectively. Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and dopamine secretion were evaluated using their rates of accumulation in the culture medium. The rate of accumulation of DOPA was 2-3 times that of dopamine. Inhibitors of TH activity caused a dose-dependent reduction in DOPA secretion. During an 11-week culture of dissociated cells, TH mRNA increased from 1.6 to 2.8 attomole/well between the first and fourth week of culture, remained steady to the ninth week, and then declined. TH increased from 12 to 105 fmol/well between the first and seventh week and then declined. DOPA secretion increased until the sixth week and then remained steady to the tenth week. An extract of rat pituitaries stimulated DOPA secretion by the cultures in a dose-dependent manner. This activity, attributed to a cytotropic factor (CTF), was inactivated by heating for 10 min in a boiling water bath, but was unaffected by trypsin digestion. Incubation with CTF for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h resulted in a day by day increase in the secretion of DOPA. After 96 h of culture with CTF, the amount per well of TH mRNA, but not TH, was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than the control value. Pituitary CTF is probably not PRL, since rat PRL did not appreciably affect DOPA secretion or the amount of TH mRNA or TH in the cells. Withdrawal of CTF from CTF-stimulated cells resulted in a marked reduction in DOPA secretion as well as a decrease in TH mRNA. These results support the hypothesis that the pituitary gland contains a cytotropic factor that stimulates TH expression in fetal brain cells of the hypothalamus-midbrain.
TH-D-M100E-06: Unified Dosimetry Index (UDI): A New Paradigm for Ranking Treatment Plans

Purpose: A new index for scoring treatment plans that unifies the four dosimetry indices of coverage, conformity, homogeneity and dose gradient, into one simple equation, is introduced. We present results of actual clinical cases evaluated with new scoring index, validating its effectiveness. Methods and Materials: We formulated a unified dosimetry index (UDI) that computes for any given treatment plan its deviations in terms of dose coverage, conformity, homogeneity, and dose gradient vis‐a‐vis an ideal plan. We define an ideal plan as one with perfect dose coverage, conformity, homogeneity, and a step‐wise fall‐off to zero dose outside the planning target. To demonstrate effectiveness of the scoring system, a retrospective evaluation of 21 stereotactic radiosurgery cases was conducted. The cases presented were planned on BrainSCAN (by BrainLAB Inc) utilizing 5–8 single‐isocenter non‐coplanar fixed beams collimated with micro multi‐leaf collimator (MMLC). This index is designed to be utilized also for scoring of radiotherapy treatment plans obtained using various other forward and inverse planning techniques including IMRT, and multiple‐isocenters noncoplanar arcs. Results: For most of the cases evaluated, conformity and dose gradient were the two dominant components. The contribution from dose homogeneity was significant only in a few cases. All plans received very close to full dose coverage, and as a result the contribution from dose coverage component to the overall score was negligible. However, for inverse planning the contributions from dose coverage and homogeneity components to the overall score are expected to be quite more significant and variable. Conclusion: The unified dosimetry index is demonstrated as an effective tool for scoring treatment plans. Utilizing the mean and standard deviation of UDI scores from a pool of treatment plans of similar modality and planning technique, we suggest a general guide for ranking treatment plans as “excellent”, “good”, “average”, or “poor”.
A story in small lessons magnified: the creation of an online campus

Purpose – This paper aims to outline the beginnings of online education.Design/methodology/approach – This article is a narrative account by an “early adapter” of her initiation into online learning, at a time when few people could even conceive the potentialities of the mode and nobody could clearly envision them.Findings – This article reveals a side to the endeavor that is usually edited out of more formal histories, which focus primarily on major discoveries – the untidy process of coming to terms with new possibilities in the course of daily life, while struggling with both incomprehension of one's peers and personal uncertainties of one's own.Originality/value – The article illustrates how innovation is driven not simply by pragmatic needs as much as by the lure of the unknown.
Mafic–felsic magma mixing limited by reactive processes: A case study of biotite-rich rinds on mafic enclaves

Article history: Mafic enclaves in felsic plutons are often used to argue that intermediate magmas are formed by mafic- felsic magma mixing, but the extent and nature of mixing remains unclear. Here, we examine biotite-rich rinds on mafic enclaves from the Cretaceous Bernasconi Hills Pluton in the Peninsular Ranges Batholith of southern California to gain insight into magma mixing processes. Rinds differ from the enclave interior and the host monzogranite in being more fine-grained and more mafic and potassic. Rinds are also 2-5 times more enriched in rare earth elements than the host monzogranite and up to 3 times more enriched than enclave interiors. These observations indicate that the rinds were not generated by isochemical quenching, binary mixing between enclave and host monzogranite, or in-situ magmatic differentiation. Instead, rinds appear to have been formed by chemical reaction between the solidified enclave and a hydrous K-rich residual melt or fluid formed after progressive crystallization and cooling of the host magma body, transforming amphibole in the enclave into biotite-rich rinds. Field observations show snapshots of biotite-rich rinds being eroded away and new rinds simultaneously forming on freshly eroded surfaces of enclaves, consistent with rinds being formed by chemical reaction instead of as quenching products. Deformation of enclaves is accommodated primarily by ductile attenuation of the thin rind while the enclave as a whole tends to rotate as a rigid body with minimal internal deformation other than localized brittle failure. A comparison of the aspect ratios and cross-sectional areas of mafic bodies in the pluton shows that those with high aspect ratios (indicating greater accumulated strain) are systematically more biotite-rich and have smaller cross-sectional areas than those with lower aspect ratios, which are amphibole-rich. These relationships not only confirm that biotite-rich lithologies are more deformable but also indicate that the high aspect ratio biotite-rich bodies (also known as schlieren) derive from small parent bodies, consistent with a derivation from eroding enclave rinds rather than from the enclave itself. Finally, geochemical and thermodynamic modeling indicates that the biotite-rich rinds formed when the host felsic magma had cooled to a low melt fraction state (F = 0.15-0.3; 700-760 ◦ C), suggesting that such reactions occur late in the lifespan of a magma body. Thus, mafic-felsic mixing may not be an efficient process for making intermediate magmas unless the magma body can reside at this low temperature range long enough to permit rind formation and subsequent deformation.
Heat capacity of glass-forming fluorozirconates

Abstract Heat capacities of fluorozirconates between 25 and 800°C have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transposed-temperature-drop calorimetry. Heat capacities of glasses are relatively similar, while the heat capacities of melts are more distinct among different compositions in the superliquidus range. The average heat capacity between the glass transition temperature ( T g ) and the liquidus temperature ( T l ) has a value close to the heat capacity of the supercooled liquid just above T g , but is higher than the heat capacity of high-temperature melts. Therefore, the fluorozirconate exhibits an increased heat capacity in the T g - T l interval. The region of high heat capacity is related to the restructuring in the supercooled liquid regime. This behavior supports our previous study which suggests a substantial structural change from melt to glass. The restructuring gives excess contributions to heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy and allows the supercooled liquid to significantly lower its free energy (relative to one which does not change structural state), resulting in a diminished thermodynamic driving force for crystallization. Glass formation in fluorozirconates is not only controlled by kinetics but also assisted by restructuring thermodynamics.
The phenolic binding site in T3Rf3 insulin

Abstract The phenolic binding site of nine T 3 R f 3 hexameric insulin crystal structures, retrieved from the Brookhaven Protein Data Base, were carefully examined in order to define those residues which make up the interior lining of the site and to identify all solvent and phenolic derivative molecules which reside in the site. Six of these structures contain phenolic derivatives which occupy very similar positions and form hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl oxygen of A6 Cys and the nitrogen of A11 Cys of the R-state monomer; three structures contain only water in the binding site. Side chains which make up the interior surface of the binding site have similar conformations with the exception of B13.1 Glu, B13.2 Glu and B5.4 His. Based upon a consensus of hydrogen bonded contacts from a residue within the binding site to a phenolic derivative or water molecule, A6.2 Cys, A11.2 Cys, B10.2 His, B13.2 Glu, B10.3 His, B13.3 Glu, B5.4 His and B13.4 Glu form the majority of contacts, adding stability to the insulin hexamer. The phenolic binding site has three channels which extend to the surface of the hexamer; two of these channels lie on the R-surface of the hexamer and are approximately 3.0 A in diameter while the third, 4.5 A in diameter, lies on the T-surface adjacent to a zinc ion.
Dad’s Diet and Baby’s Metabolism

We’ve all heard the saying, “You are what you eat.” Well, maybe it would be more correct to say, “You are what your parents eat.” Diet and nutrition have long been known to influence epigenetically inherited traits, particularly the metabolic programming of the fetus. Yet, most research on the transgenerational effects of nutrition has focused on the maternal diet and the intrauterine environment. However, new results show that the paternal diet is also important. In an elegant series of experiments in mice, Carone et al . showed that the offspring of males fed a low-protein diet had increased hepatic expression of many genes involved in cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis and decreased levels of cholesterol esters—which are associated with atherosclerosis—as compared with that of the offspring of males fed a control diet. A number of growth-associated microRNAs also had increased expression in the livers of offspring from fathers fed low-protein diets as compared with those of fathers fed control diets. Furthermore, epigenomic profiling of livers from offspring whose fathers were fed low-protein diets revealed numerous changes in cytosine methylation—a widespread DNA modification that is environmentally responsive and carries transgenerational heritable information—compared with that of livers from control offspring. In particular, a substantial (~30%) increase in methylation was found in a putative enhancer region of the key lipid regulator gene, Ppara , which was correlated with reduced expression of this gene. In summary, Carone et al .’s findings demonstrate that paternal diet affects metabolic programming in the offspring and that epigenetic information that is responsive to environmental conditions is carried in sperm. Given recent epidemiological data showing that limited food intake in paternal grandfathers is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease in grandchildren, these results appear directly relevant to human disease and reinforce the importance of both maternal and paternal diet and environmental exposures on the offspring’s health. B. R. Carone et al ., Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals. Cell 143 , 1084–1096 (2010). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(10)01426-1
Use of Halocarbon Oils as a Matrix for Transmission Spectroscopic Studies of Solid Inorganic Materials in the Near-Infrared and Visible Regions:

Halocarbon oils are shown to be a useful matrix for transmission spectroscopic studies of solid inorganic materials in the near-infrared and visible regions. Absorption spectra of these oils are flat and featureless between 5000 and 32,000 cm−1. The halocarbon oils are inert to virtually all types of inorganic substances at room temperature. Light scattering appeared to be reduced for the more viscous of two halocarbon oils investigated. Examples of the application of the halocarbon oil mull technique are given for three inorganic substances: chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate, nickel(II) hydroxide, and silicotungstic acid.
Exponentially Stabilizing Boundary Control of String-Mass Systems

Exponentially stabilizing controllers are derived for the transverse vibration of a string-mass sys tem modeled by the one-dimensional wave equation with a pinned and a controlled boundary condition. Lya punov's theory for distributed parameter systems, the Meyer-Kalman-Yakubovitch Lemma, and integral in equalities prove that a class of boundary controllers provide strong exponential stability. These controllers are designed so that the transfer function between boundary slope and velocity satisfies a restricted strictly positive real condition. An example controller, consisting of boundary position, velocity, slope, slope rate, and integrated slope feedback, is implemented on a laboratory test stand. In experimental impulse response tests, the controlled response decays six times faster than the open-loop response and has half the response amplitude.
A cognitive-behavioral approach to understanding and treating sexual trauma

This paper presents a cognitive-behavioral model for conceptualizing and intervening in the area of sexual trauma. A central theme is understanding and modifying the process of victimization. The survivor of sexual trauma can regain a positive sexual self-esteem and view sexuality as a planful, choiceful activity which can enhance her life.
Bony augmentation of the maxillary sinus via a Le Fort I osteotomy: a report of 3 cases.

The patient with partial edentulism and accompanying interarch alveolar positional discrepancies poses a particular dilemma with respect to prosthetic reconstruction. Placement of endosseous implants is a viable option, but the interarch alveolar discrepancy must be addressed, along with the confounding situation of limited bone height below the floor of the maxillary sinus secondary to ridge atrophy and sinus morphology. Various procedures have been described in the literature for grafting the maxillary sinuses, both with simultaneous and secondary implant placement.1,2 The literature has described techniques of augmentation of the sinus floor through either a sinus membrane lift procedure3-6 or a “sandwich” technique of sinus inlay grafting through a Le Fort I osteotomy with inferior and anterior repositioning to restore the vertical and anterior dimension of the severely atrophic edentulous maxilla.7-10 In this report, a technique for grafting the maxillary sinus through a Le Fort I osteotomy in patients planned for implant-borne prosthetic reconstruction who also have been identified as needing alteration of the maxillary alveolar position is described and 3 patients who have undergone treatment with this technique are presented.
Duodenal bezoar: a case report and review of the literature.

An 89-year-old man was admitted with a 2-week history of epigastric discomfort and intermittent nausea and vomiting. For 2 days prior to admission, the vomiting was persistent. Abdominoperineal resection had been done for carcinoma of the rectum at age 80, and a duodenal ulcer had been diagnosed radiographically at age 86. Eight months before admission, he was seen in the emergency department because of diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhea. Abdominal films revealed air in the biliary tract, but his symptoms subsided and no further investigations were carried out. Physical examination disclosed moderate dehydration, epigastric distention, and tenderness. Nasogastric suction yielded 500 ml of bile-stained fluid. Biochemical analysis gave evidence of hypokalemia, hypochloremia, alkalosis, and azotemia. The bilirubin was minimally elevated (1.6 mg/ 100 ml). Endoscopy revealed a large, hard, green-yellow mass projecting through the pylorus (Fig. 1). This mass was interpreted to be a large gallstone obstructing the pylorus. The gallstone was manipulated into the stomach with the use of the biopsy forceps. This was accomplished by passing the biopsy forceps alongside the gallstone and into the duodenal bulb. Using the forceps as a lever, the stone came free as a peristaltic wave moved through. Attempts to remove the stone per os were unsuccessful because of its large size. Following the procedure, the patient was able to take a liquid diet without further episodes of vomiting. Laparotomy was subsequently carried out and a 6by 6by 3-cm gallstone was removed from the stomach. The gallbladder was small and contracted and the wall was adherent to the duodenum. No further operative procedures were carried
National Transonic Facility Characterization Status

This paper describes the current status of the characterization of the National Transonic Facility. The background and strategy for the tunnel characterization, as well as the current status of the four main areas of the characterization (tunnel calibration, flow quality characterization, data quality assurance, and support of the implementation of wall interference corrections) are presented. The target accuracy requirements for tunnel characterization measurements are given, followed by a comparison of the measured tunnel flow quality to these requirements based on current available information. The paper concludes with a summary of which requirements are being met, what areas need improvement, and what additional information is required in follow-on characterization studies.
COOPERATIVES' SHARES IN FARM INDUSTRIES: ORGANIZATIONAL AND POLICY FACTORS

Cooperatives compete in farm-supply and marketing industries with investor-owned enterprises. Cooperatives' shares should depend on their distinctive organization: dealing “at cost” with members whose equities are tied to their current transactions with the cooperative. We show how this ownership structure affects cooperatives' activities and investment decisions, how it interacts with the public policies affording cooperatives special tax and antitrust status, and what these factors together imply for cooperatives' market shares and the extent of their vertical integration. Available data permit only informal tests of these predictions, but the evidence seems to confirm them strongly.
The diameter of the symplectomorphism group is infinite.

Shnirelman has proved that the group of volume-preversing diffeomorphisms of the cube in R 3 has finite diameter and has announced the result that this is false for the square. Despite the fact that Shnirelman formulated his theorem only for the 3-dimensional cube, his proof can be modified for the case of the group of volume preserving diffeomorphisms of any compact simply-connected Riemannian manifold of dimension > 2. It turns out that the situation with the group of symplectic diffeomorphisms is completely different. We prove that the diameter of the symplectomorphism group of any compact exact symplectic manifold (necessarily with boundary) is infinite
What is beautiful is good, even online: Correlations between photo attractiveness and text attractiveness in men's online dating profiles

Attractive people are considered by others to have many positive qualities and in the case of social skills and intelligence, these attributions are often true. In internet dating, individuals with attractive profile photos are viewed more favorably overall, but no research has yet established whether they indeed have more positive qualities. We addressed this issue by having 50 women independently rate 100 photos and free-written texts taken from males' profiles on a popular dating website. Photos rated as physically attractive had profile texts that were rated as more attractive, even though photos and texts were rated by different judges. Perceived confidence seemed to play a mediating role, suggesting that attractive men write appealing texts because they are aware of their high mate value. Thus, contrary to popular belief, the internet does not seem to ''level the playing field.''
Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and their subunits in human urine following gel filtration.

Urine collected from postmenopausal women, normal men, women and children was prepared by vacuum dialysis and kaolin extraction prior to chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Specific radioimmunoassays for LH, α subunit, LHβ, FSH and FSHβ were utilized to define the elution patterns of the urinary filtrates, extracts, 2nd IRP-HMG and postmenopausal serum. The following findings were obtained: 1) FSH eluted as a distinct immuno-reactive peak whereas LH eluted more diffusely, 2) free a subunit was present in all urinary preparations, the 2nd IRP-HMG and postmenopausal serum, 3) free FSHβ but not LHβ was detectable in postmenopausal urine, and 4) an LHβ immunoreactive fragment with an approximate molecular weight of 5000 daltons was present in all urinary preparations and the 2nd IRP-HMG but not in postmenopausal serum.
254 THE PHARMACOLOGY OF 2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID (DMS) A NEW AGENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEAVY METAL POISONING

DMS has been identified as a potentially useful drug for the treatment of lead and mercury poisoning. Using chronically lead poisoned rats, we have compared the ability of DMS (p.o.and i.p.) to induce lead excretion to D-penicillamine, BAL, EDTA and the combination of BAL + EDTA. Each treatment group received a total drug dose of 30 mg/kg/day for 5 days and urinary and fecal lead excretion were measured daily. DMS (i.p.) and BAL (i.p.) were the most effective treatments; whereas two-thirds of the lead was excreted in the feces and one-third in urine in response to BAL, the pattern was the reverse with DMS which is more water soluble. DMS was slightly less effective when administered p.o., presumably because of incomplete drug absorption; nevertheless, this treatment was as effective as the combination of BAL + EDTA (i.p.), and more effective than EDTA or D-penicillamine. We have extended the potential uses of DMS to include arsenic poisoning. In the rat, arsenic excretion in response to DMS(i.p) was greater than that in response to BAL (i.p.). The LD50 of DMS is greater than 3 g/kg in rats and mice. The chronic administration of 100 or 200 mg/kg i.p., 5 days per week for 6 months has led to no gross or histopathology, as determined by a certified veterinary pathologist. We hope to initiate a clinical trial of DMS in the near future.
Odysseus and the stag

A number of recent papers have discussed the episode at Odyssey 10.156–72 in which Odysseus, on the third morning after landing on Circe's island, sees, kills, and transports a huge stag whose meat revives his men, who are exhausted in both body and spirit. Since the incident does not advance the main action, it invites interpretation, particularly since it is so richly elaborated. Naturally, it has received several: that the stag should be understood as a transformed human, and thus prefigures the rest of the episode; that the incident marks the liminality of Odysseus, who is about to lose some of his manhood in remaining for a year on the island; that the stag derives from the magical animal which, in folktale, often leads the hero into the Otherworld or the Underworld; and that it serves, both within its immediate context and within the narrative as told to the Phaeacians, as a figure for heroic action, removed from the battlefield and rendered ‘urbane’ by its emphasis on the cleverness with which Odysseus transports the dead animal rather than on the actual killing. I would like to point to a completely different aspect of the episode and to suggest that although some of these studies may be true pointers to its origin, its function within the narrative is straightforward and does not in itself demand such elaborate interpretation: the incident with the stag belongs to a series of incidents that test the ability of Odysseus and his crew to obtain meat, and so develop central themes of feasting, social order, and leadership.
Preventive Dentistry for the Pedia Tric Pa Tient

Dentistry for children is perhaps the most needed and yet most neglected area of dental services. In spite of its extreme importance, some health professionals are prone to discount its values. Inadequate or unsatisfactory dental treatment during childhood may cause permanent damage. With proper individual, professional, and community care, much of the oral disease present today could be eradicated.
Pancreatic carcinoma as a sequel to therapy of lymphoma.

Development of a carcinoma in the pancreas of a young man who had five years previously undergone intensive radiotherapy and subsequent chemotherapy for treatment of a lymphoma suggests that induction of the second neoplasm occurred as the result of the therapy of the first. While definitive proof of causality is lacking, a review of recent literature strongly suggests that the association noted in the patient described is more than serendipitous. Increased usage of high-dose radiotherapy, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy, may be directly related, and it is imperative that such an association be kept in mind when such patients are seen in follow-up.
Case report 554

Report of a case of osteonecrosis at multiple sites in a 31-year-old white man, after corticosteroid treatment
Challenges and opportunities in deeply embedded systems security

Deeply embedded systems present a number of new challenges and opportunities in security. In this essay, we introduce some of them and explore potential ideas for addressing them.
Summary of Recent Proposed Regulation for Assessment of Safety and Effectiveness of Drugs and Biological Products in the Pediatric Population

AbstractIn the fall of 1997, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed to add onto the existing 1994 regulations dealing with the “pediatric use” subsection of prescription drug labels. These new regulations were titled Docket No. 97N-0165 “Regulations Requiring Manufacturers to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of New Drugs and Biological Products in Pediatric Patients”1. These new rules will require pharmaceutical companies to collect data for those drugs whose indications may be applicable to usage in children before the compound will be approved (or soon thereafter). In some cases, manufacturers will also have to provide this information (within a length of time determined by both the FDA and the manufacturer) for drugs already marketed. It is proposed that, by including safety and effectiveness information on the label, the pediatric population will be less likely to have serious adverse events or subtherapeutic treatments. This article will cover in detail the 1997 proposed regulations an...
An Optimized Design for PIGMI

PIGMI (Pion Generator for Medical Irradiations) is a compact linear proton accelerator design, optimized for pion production and cancer treatment use in a hospital environment. Technology developed during a four-year PIGMI Prototype experimental program allows the design of smaller, less expensive, and more reliable proton linacs. A new type of low-energy accelerating structure, the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) has been tested; it produces an exceptionally good-quality beam and allows the use of a simple 30-kV injector. Average axial electric-field gradients of over 9 MV/m have been demonstrated in a drift-tube linac (DTL) structure. Experimental work is underway to test the disk-and-washer (DAW) structure, another new type of accelerating structure for use in the high-energy coupled-cavity linac (CCL). Sufficient experimental and developmental progress has been made to closely define an actual PIGMI. It will consist of a 30-kV injector, an RFQ linac to a proton energy of 2.5 MeV, a DTL linac to 125 MeV, and a CCL linac to the final energy of 650 MeV. The total length of the accelerator is 133 meters. The RFQ and DTL will be driven by a single 440-MHz klystron; the CCL will be driven by six 1320-MHz klystrons. The peak beam current is 28 mA. The beam pulse length is 60 ps ?s at a 60-Hz repetition rate, resulting in a 100-?A average beam current. The total cost of the accelerator is estimated to be ~$10 million.
Dendritic Initiators for “Living” Radical Polymerizations: A Versatile Approach to the Synthesis of Dendritic-Linear Block Copolymers

The first use of polyether dendrons as macromolecular initiators for the controlled free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers has been demonstrated. Dendrons containing either a single benzylic TEMPO or halide functionality at their focal point have been used for the nitroxide mediated and atom transfer radical polymerizations, respectively. In both cases, hybrid dendritic-linear block copolymers with well-controlled molecular weights and low polydispersities can be obtained. The structure of the hybrid block copolymers is supported by SEC and spectral data. All the copolymers exhibit a single Tg, indicating that both blocks are miscible. Hybrid block copolymers difficult or impossible to prepare by previous techniques have been synthesized to demonstrate the versatility of this approach.
Karl Barth and the Future of Theology

Karl Barth has often been compared to Thomas Aquinas. The principal reasons for the comparison have been the systematic power and massive structure of the Kirchliche Dogmatik, with its illuminating interior conversation of the Church with itself, and Barth's searching and vigorous attempt to displace the ontological fulcrum of the Summa Theologiae by a christocentric analysis of God's freedom in revelation to be God for man in the world.
Dystrophin-related muscular dystrophies

The gene for the locus involved in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies has been cloned and subject to intense analysis. The protein product of the locus is called dystrophin, and it has been shown to be associated with the muscle fiber membrane. The new knowledge of the molecular genetics of these disorders is being applied rapidly in clinical practice. Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis have been revolutionized by the use of probes for the gene. These probes are also being employed to clarify cases where conventional clinical examination results in equivocal diagnoses. It is suggested that the disorders characterized by dystrophin abnormalities should be called dystrophin-related muscular dystrophies (DRMD). There are mouse and dog models for DRMD and these are being used to explore therapeutic strategies for treating DRMD patients.
A topology preserving method for generating equilibrated polymer melts in computer simulations.

A new method for generating equilibrated configurations of polymer melts is presented. In this method, the molecular weight of an equilibrated melt of polymers is successively doubled by affinely scaling the simulation box and adding beads along the contour of the chains. At each stage of molecular weight doubling, compressive deformations are produced on all length scales, while the random walk nature of the polymers is preserved, thereby requiring relaxation times significantly smaller than the reptation time to fully equilibrate the melt. This method preserves the topological state of individual polymers in the melt and its effectiveness is demonstrated for linear polymers with molecular weight N up to 1024, and cyclic polymers with N up to 8192. For the range of N studied, the method requires simulation time that scales as N2 and is thought to be applicable to a variety of polymer architectures.
Should Severe Aortic Stenosis Be Operated on Before Symptom Onset? Aortic Valve Replacement Should Be Operated on Before Symptom Onset

The goal for the optimal treatment of the patient with severe aortic stenosis (AS) is the proper timing of the only effective therapy for the disease (aortic valve replacement [AVR]) in such a way as to prevent sudden death and to maximize the patient's quality of life. Response by Shah on p 117 For the patient with severe AS who develops the classic symptoms of angina or syncope or those of heart failure (primarily dyspnea on exertion), management is one of the most straightforward in medicine. Either the patient undergoes AVR or begins to suffer a mortality rate of ≈2% per month.1–4 Thus, roughly 75% of symptomatic patients with severe AS will die within 3 years of symptom onset without AVR (Figure 1).3 Furthermore, AVR is also salutary by improving the quality of life because it relieves symptoms. Figure 1. The survival of patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement shows a striking benefit compared with that of patients who refused surgery. Reprinted with permission from Schwarz et al.3 The asymptomatic patient with severe AS poses a much more difficult management decision. AVR will not improve the quality of life (the patient is asymptomatic), and furthermore, most such patients have a good short-term prognosis, with a risk of sudden death of <1% per year.1,5,6 The obvious problem is that this risk of sudden death is not zero. Given the opportunity to observe enough patients with asymptomatic severe AS, the practitioner likely will experience a patient who dies suddenly and unexpectedly, a terrible consequence for the patient, as well as the family and the physician. Every physician carries a scale in the back of his or her mind with which to weigh the risk and benefit of every decision that …
Shrinkage and model selection with correlated variables via weighted fusion

In this paper, we propose the weighted fusion, a new penalized regression and variable selection method for data with correlated variables. The weighted fusion can potentially incorporate information redundancy among correlated variables for estimation and variable selection. Weighted fusion is also useful when the number of predictors p is larger than the number of observations n. It allows the selection of more than n variables in a motivated way. Real data and simulation examples show that weighted fusion can improve variable selection and prediction accuracy.
The Influence of High Pressure Oil Seals on Turbo-Rotor Stability

The use of ring type oil seals in modern turbo-compressors is a standard design procedure which has evolved as a result of experimental testing and field experience. Originally, major concerns were inner-seal leakage and losses associated with the fluid-film friction in the seal oil film. More recent applications of oil seals have been in compressors which run in excess of double the first shaft bending peak response speed. This fact has focused attention on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the oil seals. This paper presents a method of analyzing high-pressure ring type oil seals which enables the design engineer to determine the seals' influence on rotor-bearing stability. The results of the analysis are used in a multi-mass flexible rotor stability analysis to show how the oil seals can produce a zone of shaft-whip instability in high-speed turbo-compressors. Experimental results are presented which clearly indicate the presence of shaft whip instability before oil seal modifications and its total ab...
Trichostrongylus colubriformis: egg lethality due to Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin.

Abstract A toxin from crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was lethal in vitro to eggs of the ruminant nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis, with an LD50 of 1.8 ng/ml. Larval viability declined after a 2-hr exposure to B. t. israelensis and was dependent on the development period of eggs prior to exposure. Alkaline solubilization suggested that the insecticidal δ-endotoxin of B. t. israelensis was not responsible for nematicidal activity. Filtration of the toxin through 0.2- or 0.45-μm-pore filters revealed that the nematicidal activity was retained on the filter. Toxicity for nematode eggs was decreased by the enzyme inhibitor l -1-tosylamide 2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone (10−4M) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (10−5M) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (10−6M). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid from 10−9to 10−5M had no effect on the toxicity while phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride from 10−9to 10−5M inhibited toxicity. Fourteen mammalian and microbial enzymes had no significant effect on larval viability while 12 sugars and lipids failed to reduce the toxicity. Addition of 5 mM calcium to the eggs' medium decreased the B. t. israelensis toxicity by 20-fold. The calcium-dependent inhibition of toxicity was reversed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (10−5M) and lanthanum chloride (100 μM). The ionophore A-23187 decreased the LD50 by 18-fold to 33.5 ng/ml. Addition of 5 mM calcium chloride to the ionophore and toxin yielded an LD50 of 9.2 ng/ml. Treatment of nematode eggs with B. t. israelensis toxin for 2 or 24 hr had no effect on subsequent binding of selected fluoresceinated lectins to the eggshell.
Synthesis and Structural Study of the (N,N,N′,N′-Tetraethylethylenediamine)CdFe(CO)4 Dimer

The new [(teeda)CdFe(CO)4]2 complex has been isolated from the reaction of with tetraethylethylenediamine. Unlike previous structural reports of ligand adducts of complexes, which have all been trimeric species composed of six-membered Cd3Fe3 rings, the teeda complex crystallized as a dimer, analogous to [(2,2-bpy)ZnFe(CO)4]2. As in the zinc dimer, significant distortion arises from steric interactions between the axial carbonyl ligands on opposing iron centers. The complex sits on an inversion center, leading to two independent Cd–Fe distances, 2.7244(6) and 2.7433(6) A, and crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/a with a = 14.8546(2) A, b = 15.1647(3) A, c = 15.5252(3) A, β = 90.9517, and = 1.719 g/cm3 at 150(1) K.
Correlations at Small Relative Momenta among Protons Produced in Collisions of 1.8-GeV/nucleon Ar 40 with a KC1 Target

Correlations between two protons produced in the inclusive reaction $\mathrm{Ar}+\mathrm{KCl}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+p+X$ at 1.8 GeV/nucleon have been measured for proton rapidities near the beam rapidity ${Y}_{B}$ and near $\frac{{Y}_{B}}{2}$. Comparison with model calculations suggests that the size of the region of final scattering is 3.5 fm at ${Y}_{B}$ and corresponds to that expected for a projectile remnant. The sizes we obtain at $\frac{{Y}_{B}}{2}$ (with or without high multiplicity requirements) are smaller (2.4-2.8 fm) and seem inconsistent with a thermalized source containing a large fraction of the available nucleons.
Impact of Discussion on Peer Evaluations: Perceptions of Low Achievement and Effort

The authors placed 5th-grade students into small groups of 3 in order to examine the impact of group discussion and displayed effort on children's evaluations of a low-achieving peer. Low effort by a target peer resulted in negative evaluations across attributional, affective, help-giving, and social response dimensions. Children who participated in group discussion before making individual evaluations exhibited a polarizing effect in which more extreme evaluations were made than when children did not participate in group discussion. Although all children were affected by both effort level and discussion conditions, gender differences were observed. These findings (a) highlight the importance of addressing the role of the peer group when working with low-achieving children and (b) underscore the impact of effort attributions and low achievement on peer perceptions among elementary-age children.
Analysis and measurement of a novel on-chip variable delay transmission line with fixed characteristic impedance

RF designs such as phased array antenna systems make use of on-chip electronically controllable delay elements. This paper presents simulations and measurements of on-chip variable delay transmission lines with fixed characteristic impedance in two different technologies. EM simulations in a 130 nm BiCMOS technology show a delay change of 15.6 % is possible while the characteristic impedance of the novel transmission line varies a maximum of 3.7% from the 50 Ω target between two possible delay states. Measurement results from a 45 nm SOI digital technology reveal a maximum delay change of 16.0 % and a maximum characteristic impedance deviation between delay states of 7.4% in a 10 GHz region of the Ka-band between 25 GHz and 35 GHz.
Space station propulsion analysis study

This paper summarizes the impacts on the weight, volume and power usage of a manned space station and its 90-day resupply for three integrated, auxiliary propulsion subsystems. The study was performed in coordination with activities of the Space Staton Concept Development Group (CDG). The study focused on three space station propulsion high-low thrust options that make use of fluids that will be available on the manned space station. Specific uses of carbon dioxide, water and cryogen boiloff were considered. For each of the options the increase in station hardware mass and volume to accommodate the dual thrust option is offset by the resupply savings, relative to the reference hydrazine system, after one to several resupplies. Over the life of the station the savings in cost of logistics could be substantial. The three options are examples of alternative technology paths that, because of the opportunity they provide for integration with the environmental control life support system (ECLSS) and OTV propellant storage systems, may reduce the scarring which is required on the early station to meet the increasing propulsion requirements of the growth station.
Cerebral evoked responses in hypothyroidism

Abstract Cerebral evoked responses to light have been studied in forty-five patients with hypothyroidism and forty-five normal subjects matched for age and sex. Average latencies of all waves examined were longer for the patient sample, some of the differences being highly significant on statistical testing. With one exception, average amplitudes of the waves were smaller in patients with hypothyroidism as compared with normal subjects. The lone exception was the second occipital wave, surface positive, which had a significantly larger amplitude. Replacement therapy resulted in normalization of cerebral responses, no significant differences being found between treated patients and controls. Evoked responses obtained from patients at rest and during a reaction time task were different in several respects. The findings were discussed in relation to the effect of level of attention upon electrocortical activity.
Sensory Processing Difficulties, Behavioral Problems, and Parental Stress in a Clinical Population of Young Children

This study examined the relationship between sensory processing difficulties, parental stress, and behavioral problems in a clinical sample of young children with developmental and behavioral difficulties. We hypothesized that a high rate of sensory processing difficulties would be found, that there would be a high rate of comorbidity between sensory processing difficulties and behavioral problems, and that children’s sensory processing difficulties and parental stress would be highly correlated. Parents of 59 children ages two to five who attended an out-patient clinic in a low income, urban community completed the Child Behavior Checklist, Parental Stress Inventory-Short Form and the Short Sensory Profile. Children in this clinical population showed a high prevalence (55.9 %) of sensory processing difficulties, a significantly higher rate than previously reported. Sensory processing deficits were correlated with behavioral difficulties and parental stress levels-suggesting that as sensory processing difficulties increase, so do behavioral difficulties and parental stress. Parents of children with sensory processing deficits had significantly higher levels of parental stress than parents of children without sensory deficits. Parenting stress levels were also clinically elevated for the cohort of children in which sensory processing difficulties and behavioral concerns co-existed. These findings suggest that treatment outcomes might improve and parental stress could be reduced if mental health clinicians were trained to identify and address sensory problems. This could result in more children being screened and treated for sensory processing difficulties and an eventual reduction in the rates of parental stress.
Reexamination of executive functions in psychosis-prone college students

Abstract The verbal and nonverbal executive functions of 19 psychosis-prone and 19 normal controls were examined. Subjects completed the WAIS-R Block Design and Vocabulary subtests, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT), the Booklet Category Test (BCT), the Design Fluency Test (DFT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B. Analysis of the performance patterns on these measures revealed that psychosis-prone college students exhibit relative deficits on all of the above verbal and nonverbal measures of executive functions but not on measures of nonexecutive functions. These findings confirm previously reported studies that have correlated executive functions and pre-frontal structural deficits with schizotypal personality traits and provide additional support for the association between neuropsychological functions and certain personality traits.
Mutual interaction of ion uptake and membrane potential

The concentration dependence of cation uptake by the cell may be considerably complicated when this uptake is accompanied by a depolarization of the cell membrane. In case of carrier-mediated transport deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics may come to the fore comparable to those found in a dual mechanism of cation uptake or when substrate inhibition is involved. This remains true when only the maximum rate of uptake and not the Km is dependent upon the membrane potential. We have proven this by means of computer simulation of cation transport mediated by a non-mobile carrier. Under restricted conditions still apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics may be found despite the fact that the membrane potential varies with increasing substrate cation concentration. But even then there are still differences with 'normal' transport kinetics. A non-competitive inhibitor does not only affect the maximum rate of uptake but also the apparent Km. Depolarization of the cells by a cation which passes the cell membrane by means of diffusion, affects the uptake of the substrate cation almost in the same way as a non-competitive inhibitor does and causes both a decrease in the maximum rate of uptake and an increase in Km. In the case of competitive inhibition the apparent affinity of the inhibitor for the carrier depends upon the rate of transfer of this inhibitor through the cell membrane. The mutual influence of cation uptake and membrane potential is dealt with for uniport of either monovalent or divalent cations and for cotransport of monovalent cation with protons, as well. Possible effects of the surface potential are accounted for.