cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptual Knowledge, Discrimination, and Closure

Carter and Pritchard (Philos Stud 173(4):969–990, 2016) and Pritchard (Nous 44(2):245–268, 2010, Epistemological disjunctivism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, Epistemic angst: radical scepticism and the groundlessness of our believing, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2016) have tried to reconcile the intuition that perceptual knowledge requires only limited discriminatory abilities with the closure principle. To this end, they have introduced two theoretical innovations: a contrast between two ways of introducing error-possibilities and a distinction between discriminating and favoring evidence. I argue that their solution faces the “sufficiency problem”: it is unclear whether the evidence that is normally available to adult humans is sufficient to retain knowledge of the entailing proposition and come to know the entailed proposition. I submit that, on either infallibilist or fallibilist views of evidence, Carter and Pritchard have set the bar for deductive knowledge too low. At the end, I offer an alternative solution. I suggest that the knowledge-retention condition of the closure principle is not satisfied in zebra-like scenarios.
Chapter 26 – Membrane Cofactor Protein

Since its discovery ∼30 years ago, our knowledge about membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) has expanded beyond its role as a potent complement regulator that is expressed as a family of four isoforms on most cells and that differ in O-glycosylation and cytoplasmic tails. Initially known as a cofactor for the factor-I-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b, CD46 functions now include roles as a pathogen magnet, key constituent in human T cell biology, promoter of epithelial cell autophagy and player in reproductive biology. CD46 also is a promising new therapeutic target for xenotransplantation of transgenic CD46-expressing pig organs, for delivery of anti-tumour agents via viruses (especially adenovirus), and for cancer treatment regimens via use of CD46 monoclonal antibodies. Further, since mice primarily express CD46 on spermatozoa and in eye, the Cd46−/− mice may assist CD46 reproductive studies and provide a much needed model to study age-related macular degeneration.
Reproductive isolation and the maintenance of species boundaries in two serpentine endemic Jewelflowers

Speciation occurs when reproductive barriers substantially reduce gene flow between lineages. Understanding how specific barriers contribute to reproductive isolation offers insight into the initial forces driving divergence and the evolutionary and ecological processes responsible for maintaining diversity. Here, we quantified multiple pre- and post-pollination isolating barriers in a pair of closely related California Jewelflowers (Streptanthus, Brassicaceae) living in an area of sympatry. S. breweri and S. hesperidis are restricted to similar serpentine habitats; however, populations are spatially isolated at fine-scales and rarely co-occur in intermixed stands. Several intrinsic postzygotic barriers were among the strongest we quantified, yet, postzygotic barriers currently contribute little to overall reproductive isolation due to the cumulative strength of earlier-acting extrinsic barriers, including spatial isolation, and flowering time and pollinator differences. Data from multiple years suggest that pre-pollination barriers may have different strengths depending on annual environmental conditions. Similarly, crossing data suggest that the strength of intrinsic isolation may vary among different population pairs. Estimates of total reproductive isolation in S. breweri and S. hesperidis are robust to uncertainty and variability in individual barrier strength estimates, demonstrating how multiple barriers can act redundantly to prevent gene flow between close relatives living in sympatry.
Concluding Remarks and Outlook

The measurements of the b lifetime, τb ~ 10-12 sec, have greatly constrained the quark mixing matrix of Kobayashi and Maskawa (K-M). The communication between the second and the third generations of quark states is greatly suppressed compared to that between the first and the second generations, (the suppression is about 5 times in amplitudes more severe than that of Cabibbo), Through unitarity, the rest of the mixing matrix is relatively well determined, including the result that the 2x2 GIM matrix is unitary to a good approximation, (with a deviation less than 10-2). To improve our knowledge of the mixing matrix, we need a more precise value of Vub What we have now is \({10^{ - 3}} < |{{\text{v}}_{{\text{ub}}}}| < {10^{ - 2}}\), with the lower bound from the CP-violation parameter e, and the upper bound from the measurements of the b lifetime and its semileptonic decays. One of the cleanest ways to measure this number is to measure \({\text{B}}_{\text{u}}^ \pm \to {\tau ^ \pm }{\mathop v\limits^{\mathop \to \limits^ \leftarrow } _\tau } \) (here \(\mathop \nu \limits^ \leftarrow \) denotes neutrino, and \(\mathop \nu \limits^ \to \) denotes antineutrino, a notatin invented by M. Goldhaber at this conference). Unfortunately its branching ratio is very small \({10^{ - 6}} < {\text{Br}}\left( {{{\text{B}}_{\text{u}}} \to \tau {\nu _\tau }} \right) < {10^{ - 4}},\) its precise value depending on the value of \(|{{\text{V}}_{{\text{ub}}}}| \bullet \). I propose this as a challenge to our experimental colleagues.
Phylogenetic relationship of Picea mongolica with other Picea species in the same area based on chloroplast gene variations

Picea mongolica is a conifer with a limited distribution in China and its taxonomic status is controversial. In order to explore genetic differences between P. mongolica and other nearby Picea species and to investigate its taxonomic status, phylogenetic relationships were analyzed between P. mongolica and Picea koraiensis, Picea meyeri and Picea wilsonii by three chloroplast gene sequences matK, chlB and atpA. The length of joint chloroplast sequence is 2379 bp. The fifteen haplotypes were identified by haplotype network analysis, among which two were major haplotypes and nine were unique. In addition, the genetic diversity of the sample collection species was inferred. Based on the haplotype network and Neighbor Joining phylogenetic tree analysis, P. mongolica was located on the basal clade of the phylogenetic tree which had more primitive taxa, and the genetic diversity of P. mongolica was highest. The significant differences between P. mongolica and these other Picea species were identified by this research.
Cross-Linked Envelopes: Keratinocyte Transglutaminase

Membrane-bound transglutaminase plays a key role in the formation of cross-linked envelopes during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. The enzyme can be solubilized from the particulate fraction of cultured epidermal cells by nonionic detergent Alternately, it can be released in a soluble form by treatment of the particulates with hydroxylamine, indicating that esterified fatty acid serves as a membrane anchor. Facilitating study of structure-function relations, the released enzyme can be purified nearly to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on a column of B.C1 monoclonal antibody covalentfy linked to Sepharose 4B. In SCC-9 neoplastic human keratinocytes, expression of the transglutaminase markedly increases as the cultures arrive at confluence, approximately a week before their involucrin content becomes appreciable. Arrest of cell growth with α-difluoromethylomithine prior to confluence leads to the increased expression of transglutaminase, but involucrin synthesis is largely prevented. Thus, the cells appear to enter a state of intermediate differentiation at confluence which is stabilized by arrest of DNA synthesis, thereby uncoupling the differentiation program. However, when the cells are grown in medium supplemented with low serum concentrations (0.1–0.4%), reduced cell growth and saturation densities are accompanied by reduced rates of increase in transglutaminase activity. Of potential assistance in assays of transglutaminase in crude extracts, especially those of low specific activity, reductively methylated casein is shown to give six-fold higher incorporation of labelled putrescine than unmodified casein.
Mechanical Thrombectomy for Sequential Bilateral Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusions in a Patient With Recurrent Cryptogenic Strokes: A Case Report

Recurrent sequential mechanical thrombectomy for cryptogenic large vessel occlusion (LVO) can lead to excellent clinical outcome. A 68-year-old right-handed male presented with an acute proximal right middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic syndrome and underwent successful revascularization by mechanical thrombectomy with normal functional recovery. He was treated with dual antiplatelet therapy for 2 months following discharge, however later discontinued clopidogrel due to side effects. He then developed a recurrent, contralateral MCA occlusion 16 months later and once again received emergent endovascular reperfusion therapy with excellent neurological outcome. He has remained on off-label empiric oral anticoagulation since and has not had recurrent stroke nor evidence of cerebral ischemia. Favorable clinical outcomes can be achieved in patients despite recurrent LVO who underwent emergent mechanical thrombectomy. Optimal antithrombotic secondary stroke prevention strategies following embolic stroke of unknown source remains uncertain as recent evidence does not support rivaroxaban or dabigatran over aspirin. The benefit of apixaban over aspirin for the prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemia is under current investigation.
Is Flow Diversion the Death of Simple Coiling or Stent-assisted Coiling? A Single-center Experience.

Background Since the introduction of endovascular methods to treat cerebral aneurysms, several technical advances have allowed a greater number of aneurysms to be treated endovascularly as opposed to open surgical clipping. These include flow diverting stents, which do not utilize coils and instead treat aneurysms by acting as an "internal bypass." We sought to investigate whether flow diversion is replacing coiling at our institution. Methods A retrospective chart review on five years of data was conducted to investigate the possible increasing use of flow diversion devices compared to traditional simple or stent-assisted coiling. Results Over five years, the population revealed a trend toward an increased proportion of female patients, increased frequency of basilar tip and internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm location, increased hospital volume, and increased volume of patients treated by dual-trained neurosurgeons over interventional radiologists. Patients were stratified by aneurysm location and statistically significant differences were observed. Flow diversion devices were used with increasing frequency when treating aneurysms arising from the proximal internal carotid artery (Odds ratio (OR)=1.24, 95% CI: 1.02-1.50; p = 0.03), and middle cerebral artery (OR=2.60, 95% CI: 1.38-4.88; p = 0.003). Distal internal carotid artery aneurysm location came close to achieving statistical significance (OR=1.3, 95% CI: 0.99-1.72; p = 0.063). Conclusion In our single center experience at Houston Methodist Hospital, flow diversion devices are being used more frequently for aneurysms arising from the proximal ICA, MCA, and likely distal ICA (though this third location barely failed to achieve statistical significance.
Do hearing aids live up to their promises

The main type of acquired hearing impairment is presbycusis (age-related hearing impairment). In presbycusis, mainly the high tones are no longer heard properly. In the Netherlands, approximately 2 million people are hard of hearing. About one third of all hearing impaired people have 1 or 2 hearing aids. 90% of the group of hearing aid users consists of people over 65. 15% of hearing aid users never or rarely use their hearing aid. The main complaint of hearing aid users is a reduced understanding of speech in noise. When the hearing impaired start to avoid a noisy setting, this can lead to symptoms of sadness and loneliness. Hearing aids live only partially up to promises. Both more information about hearing aids and more support for hearing aid users are necessary to achieve greater satisfaction.
ACTIVITIES OF COMPONENTS IN MgO-B_2O_3 MELT

The activity of MgO in MgO-B_2O_3 melt was experimentally determinedat 1500 and 1550℃ by means of slag-liquid Sn equilibrium. The activity of B_2O_3was calculated by integrating Gibbs-Duhem equation. The standard Gibbs energies offormation of binary compounds 2MgO·B_2O_3 and 3MgO·B_2O_3 were estimated withthe activity data of components in B_2O_3-MgO melt.
Effects of Culturally Tailored User Interface Design

In recent years there has been tremendous development in user interface, the way by which people interact with computer systems. A key feature that needs to be considered in user interface design is culture. Research has shown that adopting a culturally-tailored approach in user interface design is a better approach than the “One size fits all” methods, and results in increased user satisfaction and engagement. This paper examines and highlights the implications of incorporating unique cultural components, such as values, diet and perception, into the interface. A pilot study was conducted with 30 participants to examine the usability impact of a culturally tailored interface design application using two West African user groups, specifically Ghanaian and Nigerian communities living in Maryland, United State as a case study.
Lessons Learned From Developing a MCI Virtual Empowerment Program

In the Spring of 2020, COVID-19 closures and safe distancing orders required healthcare programs across the US to cease in-person treatment. This paper presents a case study of rapidly pivoting a n...
Use of Adhesive Tape to Facilitate Optimal Mask Positioning and Use in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Study Hypothesis We hypothesize that placing a piece of surgical tape at the bridge of the nose over the mask will improve proper mask use among emergency department patients by creating a physical deterrent to mask removal. Methods This study was an open-label single-center randomized controlled trial of a simple intervention to improve mask use performed at Eskenazi Hospital between April 2020 and October 2020. We permitted participants to either use their own mask or the surgical/cloth mask that we provided. We then randomized the participants to either the control group (no tape over the mask/nose) or to the intervention group (tape placed over the face mask at the bridge of the nose). The primary outcome of this study was the frequency at which participants correctly wore their masks upon reevaluation at 60 minutes. A subgroup analysis based on the mask type compared adherence in those with a hospital-provided mask versus in those with a patient-supplied mask. Results We enrolled 123 participants in this trial. At 60 minutes, 100% of the intervention group participants were correctly wearing their masks versus 69% of control participants (absolute risk reduction, 31%; 95% CI, 19% to 43%; number needed to treat=3.2 patients). Subjects who were observed wearing their masks incorrectly exhibited some combination of either their mask removed or their nose and/or mouth exposed. Hospital-provided masks were not more likely to be worn correctly (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 0.9 to 12.3). Conclusion Applying a piece of tape to a mask on the bridge of the nose affords a simple, low-cost, and low-risk solution that resulted in 100% of patients wearing their masks correctly at a 60-minute reevaluation.
Collaboration and content recognition features in an inquiry tutor

This demonstration will show how a tutor can detect the content of collaborative behavior and offer relevant domain level interventions Rashi is a domain independent intelligent tutor providing students with practice using inquiry skills When working on human biology, students interact with a virtual sick patient whom they must successfully diagnose Rashi supports students as they create hypotheses and collect data to support and refute these hypotheses In order to increase the efficacy of Rashi, we incorporated collaborative tools that support group efforts by supporting students as they dynamically share experiences and work together to reach a diagnosis In addition to this, Rashi contains an intelligent agent that examines collaborative efforts and automatically detects the expert knowledge students are working with Visitors to this demo will first explore these collaborative tools in detail Two people will collaborate about a diagnosis and the intelligent agent will examine their collaborative activity and compare it with an expert knowledge base, to determine what domain content is relevant to their activities The tutor will provide interventions to the visitors that leverage this content recognition. This demonstration provides evidence that expert knowledge bases are a plausible development option for intelligent tutoring systems because they can leverage content recognition to provide more useful feedback In Rashi, some collaborative content is recognized when students manually match discussion items to expert knowledge However, the greatest impact comes when the tutor recognizes participants' content by matching words and phrases in the chat conversation Experiments show that the tutor can recognize this content correctly with more than 70% accuracy Thus, it can provide interventions that suggest what direction students might take if they reached an impasse. This demonstration provides evidence that complicated NLP techniques are not always necessary; a tutor can understand domain level student activity and provide useful interventions using a well-built expert knowledge base In addition, we show that even though the lack of more complicated techniques may lead to some error in content recognition, we can provide unique forms of feedback that are not detrimental to students when the content is incorrectly recognized, but is significantly helpful when it is correctly recognized.
Electoral Demand for Secure Private Property: On the Edge of Human Capital and Institutions

Discussions concerning the issue of distinguishing the influences of human capital and institutions on economic growth pose the question of the boundary between these two notions. Education, traditions, and other factors have an impact on people’s readiness to acknowledge and support certain distinctions. The respect of agents in the surrounding milieu for private property exerts a significant influence on the possibilities of taking advantage of its products. Significant differences in these factors in post-Socialist countries have found their expression in differences in electoral preferences. These last predetermined the distinctive features both of the preferences of legislators, and of the outcomes of the introduction and enforcement of what were often pieces of similar legislation. In any case, the connections between variability in preferences and economic indicators turn out to be statistically significant.Evidently, it makes sense to classify civic qualifications, or moral norms which have become established among market agents, together with the special components of human capital. But then looking for the boundary between such a component of human capital and institutions properly so called seems to make rather little sense.
En torno a la enunciación en la sátira: los casos de El Crotalon y los Sueños de Quevedo

En el marco de las teorias actuales de la literatura resulta problematica la clasificacion de la satira como forma literaria. No lo era en el ambito de la literatura latina, en el que la satura constituia un genero perfectamente identificado para sus receptores y, por ello, podia ser definida en sus rasgos esenciales. El corpus clasico de satiras incluia dos variantes: la satura en hexametros y la satira menipea que podia combinar prosa y verso. El concepto de satura parece ya circunscripto en un texto de Lucilio. Pero sin duda Horacio explicita las normas del genero literario que escoge en, por lo menos, tres ocasiones: dos en sus sermones 1,4, 1-4, donde cita a Lucilio y establece los antecedentes griegos del genero romano y II, 1, sobre la necesidad de escribir satiras- una en su EpistuJae, II,2,58-60; A partir de Horacio, por lo tanto, la satura se presenta como realizacion historica de un tipo de discurso literario, es decir, como un genero definido por convenciones propias segun el modelo ya ofrecido por Lucilio 1• Sin duda, los tratadistas romanos reconocian la influencia de obras satiricas griegas en los escritores de Saturae. Pero Quintiliano no vacila en senalar el caracter de novedad generica de la satira en verso; por ello excluye la posibilidad de un prototipo griego: "satura. . . tota nostra est." (lnstitutio oratoria, 10,1,95).
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY ON THE MOON

Three tasks await physicists and chemists on the Moon. These are: 1 A survey of the physical and chemical properties of the Moon, with particular stress on the surface and the various types of particles and rays impinging upon it. 2 The mobilization of all of our knowledge and equipment in physics and chemistry for the creation of living and working conditions on the Moon. 3 The initiation of pure and applied research in physics and chemistry in laboratories on the Moon or “field work” on its surface. In the present review some of the details of these three tasks are discussed as far as one can foresee them. Survey of the Moon Work on this project has now been successfully started but some of the most important data are still lacking. Suggestions are made as to the character of these as yet unknown facts about the Moon and as to methods to learn more about them. Realization of living conditions Solar furnaces and magnetohydrodynamic generators of electric power are among the most promising devices for the effective decomposition of rocks on the Moon and the generation of oxygen, water, nitrogen and the production of foodstuffs, propellants and all sorts of construction materials. These devices are described. Scientific experimentation on the Moon Taking advantage of the low gravitational and magnetic fields on the Moon, the absence of any atmosphere, the sterility of its surface, the availability of the full influx of light from the Sun and all other radiations, a great number of experiments can be devised which are either not possible on the Earth at all or which are much easier executed on the Moon. A number of these experiments are described and it is shown that we may hope to decide, on the Moon, some fundamental scientific issues very quickly. In order to remain objective and not to squander funds and efforts uselessly, it must nevertheless be remembered that experimentation on the Earth with the aid of balloons, Earth-launched rockets and unmanned Earth satellites, and space ships, all have their particular merits. We must therefore choose devices which can give us the desired results in the most effective way, without attempting to do all of the intended experiments exclusively on the Moon. The members of the International Academy of Astronautics will be interested in studying the projects described in friendly international co-operation.
Evidence for methyl group transfer between the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins in Bacillus subtilis.

We present evidence for methyl (as methyl or methoxy) transfer from the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins H1 and possibly H3 of Bacillus subtilis to the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein H2. This methyl transfer, which has been observed in vitro (D. J. Goldman and G. W. Ordal, Biochemistry 23:2600-2606, 1984), was strongly stimulated by the chemoattractant aspartate and thus may play an important role in the sensory processing system of this organism. Although radiolabeling of H1 and H3 began at once after the addition of [3H]methionine, radiolabeling of H2 showed a lag. Furthermore, the addition of excess nonradioactive methionine caused immediate exponential delabeling of H1 and H3 while labeling of H2 continued to increase. Methylation of H2 required the chemotactic methyltransferase, probably to first methylate H1 and H3. Aspartate caused increased labeling of H2 and strongly decreased labeling of H1 and H3 after the addition of nonradioactive methionine. Without the addition of nonradioactive methionine, aspartate caused demethylation of H1 and to a lesser extent H3, with an approximately equal increase of methylation of H2. Images
Cellular deficiency in the RGS10 protein facilitates chemoresistant ovarian cancer

More than 30 regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins encompass the RGS protein superfamily of critical regulators essential to cellular homeostasis. There is enormous structural and functional diversity among the RGS superfamily, and as such they serve a wide range of functions in regulating cell biology and physiology. Recent evidence has suggested roles for multiple RGS proteins in cancer initiation and progression, which has prompted research toward the potential modulation of these proteins as a new approach in cancer therapy. This article will discuss basic RGS molecular pharmacology, summarize the cellular functions and epigenetic regulation of RGS10, review ovarian cancer chemotherapy and describe the role of RGS10 in ovarian cancer survival signaling.
Diffusion in Solids via Nuclear Track Analysis

Nuclear track analysis has been used to follow the diffusion of melted lithium hydroxide in pellets of aluminum oxide as a function of temperature and time. {alpha} particle tracks, created by thermal neutrons on an allyl diglycol carbonate monomer film, are visible under a high-power optical microscope after chemical etching in a sodium hydroxide solution. The number of tracks present at various depths within each pellet is proportional to the concentration of lithium hydroxide. Using a one-dimensional diffusion model with appropriate boundary conditions, values of the lithium hydroxide diffusion coefficient in the porous pellet have been determined. The diffusion coefficients, as well as their temperature dependency, are consistent with expectations for this type of system and it is concluded that nuclear track analysis is a viable technique for solid-state diffusion studies in appropriate materials.
Non-invasive, serum DNA pregnancy testing leading to incidental discovery of cancer: A good thing?

Cell-free DNA for perinatal screening is a growing industry. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is based on the premise that foetal DNA is able to cross the placental barrier and enter the mother's circulation, where it can be examined for chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 13, 18 or 21. Such tests are expected to be widely used by pregnant women, with the annual market expected to surpass $1 billion. Recently, a number of case reports have emerged in the haematology-oncology literature. The routine use of NIPT has led to the discovery of maternal neoplasms. Most writers have concluded that this is yet another benefit of the test; however, a closer examination of the cases reveals that this incidental detection may not improve patient outcomes. In some cases, early detection provides lead time bias, but does not change the ultimate clinical outcome, and in other cases, detection constitutes earlier knowledge of a cancer whose natural history cannot be altered. Here, we explore in detail cases where cancer was incidentally discovered among women undergoing routine non-invasive pregnancy testing, and investigate whether or not these women were benefitted by the discovery.
Impact of confinement and interfaces on coordination chemistry: Using oxovanadate reactions and proton transfer reactions as probes in reverse micelles

Abstract The versatility of the heterogeneous environment in microemulsions and its impact on coordination chemistry is illustrated by the simple reactions of oxovanadates in aerosol-OT (AOT)/isooctane reverse micelles (RMs). In reverse micelles, vanadate dimerization at neutral and basic pH increases compared to bulk aqueous solution, consistent with localizing in the water pool and an increase in the proton concentration. Formation of tetrameric and pentameric oxovanadate also increases at neutral and basic pH in micellar environments, but at some pH values this system achieves oxovanadate mixtures not accessible in aqueous solutions. Proton transfer reactions monitored using decavanadate suggest that the interior of water pools have proton concentration approximating neutral pH values. These results lead to the proposal that a proton gradient from the RM interior toward the periphery is established in these systems, when the initial aqueous solution is acidic prior to RM formation. In addition to solvation, the effect of these RM structures on such simple systems (although less conventional coordination complexes), suggest the potential for application of these systems to direct the coordination chemistry of metals and metal complexes for preparative purposes. For example, in the emerging field of nanochemistry RMs are used as a template for the synthesis of nanostructures.
Effects of surgical repair on active shoulder position sense and 3-dimensional reaching accuracy in a patient with anterior shoulder instability.

AbstractThe purpose of this report was to investigate whether a subject with anterior shoulder instability exhibited better active shoulder position sense and 3-dimensional (3-D) reaching accuracy after a surgical repair. The 19-year-old male subject underwent an open Bankart repair procedure for his left shoulder followed by a standardized post-operative rehabilitation program. Shoulder position sense was examined with traditional passive matching and active positioning protocols. Reaching accuracy in space with the unrestricted arm motion was also examined. The subject was tested 5 months prior to the surgery and re-tested 6 months after the surgery. With the traditional passive matching protocol, shoulder position sense improved <2° after surgery. However, shoulder position sense improved greatly after surgery with active shoulder abduction (up to 4.25°) and active shoulder rotation (up to 5.87°) testing protocols. In addition, reaching accuracy also greatly improved after surgery (up to 10.97 cm) with...
Changes in executive control across the life span: examination of task-switching performance.

A study was conducted to examine changes in executive control processes over the life span. More specifically, changes in processes responsible for preparation and interference control that underlie the ability to flexibly alternate between two different tasks were examined. Individuals (N = 152) ranging in age from 7 to 82 years participated in the study. A U-shaped function was obtained for switch costs (i.e., the time required to switch between tasks compared with a repeated-task baseline), with larger costs found for young children and older adults. Switch costs were reduced with practice, particularly for children. All age groups benefited from increased preparation time, with larger benefits observed for children and older adults. Adults benefited to a greater extent than children when the interval between the response to one task and the cue indicating which task to perform next was lengthened, which suggested faster decay of interference from the old task set for adults than for children. A series of hierarchical analyses indicated that the age-related variance in task-switching performance is independent, at least in part, from the age-related variance in other cognitive processes such as perceptual speed and working memory. The results are discussed in terms of the development and decline of executive control processes across the life span.
Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Ribbed Pipe Using Large Eddy Simulation

Flow through a circular pipe with uniformly spaced rib roughness elements is investigated using large eddy simulation (LES). The spacing between the ribs is varied to form three representative types of surface roughness: d-type, intermediate, and k-type. The numerical results are validated against experimental measurements and other numerical data published in the literature. The flows with different types of surface roughness exhibit quite different characteristics in terms of mean flow quantities and coherent eddy structures. Finally, connections are established between the complex three-dimensional turbulent flow field and the classical-concept roughness function for each type of roughness.
Husbands' Marital Violence and the Adjustment Problems of Clinic-Referred Children

This research assessed the relation between husbands' marital violence and child problems in a sample of families seeking clinical services for their children's (4 to 7 years) oppositional, noncompliant behavior. We assessed whether husbands' marital violence was associated with increased levels of child problems after accounting for parental marital discord, parent-child aggression, and wives' acts of aggression toward husbands. We also assessed the contribution of data collected from fathers in evaluating the relation between husbands' marital violence and child problems. Ninety mothers and fathers each provided data on husbands' marital violence, their children's externalizing and internalizing problems, general marital discord, parental aggression toward children, and wives' aggression toward husbands. Husbands' marital violence was associated with child problems, even after accounting for general marital discord, parental aggression toward children, and wives' aggression toward husbands. The documented relations were more a function of fathers' than mothers' reports of child problems. In fact, relations between husbands' marital violence and child problems emerged only when fathers' data were included.
The Tg of amorphous linear polyethylene: a torsion braid analysis

The Tg of amorphous linear polyethylene has been studied using torsion braid analysis. 4 transitions are observed: at 150°K, 190°K, 260°K and 370°K. Our results indicate that linear polyethylene has 2 glass transitions, a Tg(L) at 190°K, corresponding to the truly amorphous polymer and a Tg(U) at 260°K corresponding to the amorphous regions constrained by crystalline regions.
Poverty, Race, and Us Metropolitan Social and Economic Structure

This research evaluates the link between social and economic structural features of US urban areas and the poverty rates of black and white residents in 1990. Using a sample of 112 metropolitan areas (with poverty rates ranging from 9.4% to 45.4% for blacks, and 3.5% to 16.0% for whites) and multiple regression analysis, we find that metropolitan location in the Northeast lowers poverty rates of blacks and whites compared to metropolitan areas in other regions. Moreover, population growth, higher percent black, increased black high school graduation rates, the presence of immigrants, a high percentage of workers employed in manufacturing and relatively few in retailing, low black unemployment, and an older black population are related to lower black poverty rates. For whites, lower poverty rates are related to high racial residential segregation, increased white high school graduation rates, low white unemployment, a large black population, and a high percentage of workers employed in manufacturing and fe...
Guidelines for Assessing Migrant Handicapped Students

The nomadic lifestyle of migrants seriously hinders their access to and the continuity of appropriate educational services. As a result, migrant handicapped students are both underidentified and underserved. One means of insuring the delivery of appropriate educational services to migrant students is through assessment. The purpose of this article is to provide educators with guidelines for assessing the unique needs of migrant students. Specific guidelines presented include (a) identifying the student's language and cultural background, (b) examining adaptive behavior, (c) using the Migrant Student Record Transfer System (MSRTS), (d) determining the student's medical needs, (e) involving migrant parents, (f) interviewing the student's teachers, (g) choosing appropriate assessment instruments, (h) employing curriculum-based assessment, and (i) establishing a network of community resources.
Graded nanowire ultraviolet LEDs by polarization engineering

Given the large thermal activation energy of acceptors in high %Al AlGaN, a new approach is needed to control p-type conductivity in this material. One promising alternative to using impurity doping with thermal activation is using the intrinsic characteristics of the III-nitrides to activate dopants with polarization-induced charge in graded heterostructures. In this work polarization-induced activation of dopants is used in graded AlGaN nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy to form ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. Electrical and optical characterization is provided, showing clear diode behavior and electroluminescent emission at 336nm. Variable temperature electrical measurements show little change in device performance at cryogenic temperatures, proving that dopant ionization is polarizationinduced rather than thermally activated.
Stereotactic Biopsy: Advantages and Limitations

: Percutaneous-needle biopsy of breast lesions has become an accepted method for definitive diagnosis of many women with impalpable breast lesions that are worrisome for carcinoma. The incorporation of this technique into a clinical practice requires that the physician who recommends this procedure and the one who performs it must understand the advantages and limitations it offers in the various clinical settings in which it might be utilized. Percutaneous-needle biopsy can be performed with either x-ray (stereotactic) or ultrasound imaging guidance. The biopsy can be done with fine-needle aspiration to obtain cells for cytology or with coreneedle biopsy to obtain tissue for histologic assessment. This article will review the applications and limitations of stereotactic-needle biopsy (SNB). Because core biopsy is most frequently performed in the United States, stereotactic core needle biopsy (SCNB) will be emphasized.
Inhibition of Neuronal Cell Mitochondrial Complex I with Rotenone Increases Lipid β-Oxidation, Supporting Acetyl-Coenzyme A Levels

Rotenone is a naturally occurring mitochondrial complex I inhibitor with a known association with parkinsonian phenotypes in both human populations and rodent models. Despite these findings, a clear mechanistic link between rotenone exposure and neuronal damage remains to be determined. Here, we report alterations to lipid metabolism in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to rotenone. The absolute levels of acetyl-CoA were found to be maintained despite a significant decrease in glucose-derived acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, palmitoyl-CoA levels were maintained, whereas the levels of many of the medium-chain acyl-CoA species were significantly reduced. Additionally, using isotopologue analysis, we found that β-oxidation of fatty acids with varying chain lengths helped maintain acetyl-CoA levels. Rotenone also induced increased glutamine utilization for lipogenesis, in part through reductive carboxylation, as has been found previously in other cell types. Finally, palmitoylcarnitine levels were increased in response to rotenone, indicating an increase in fatty acid import. Taken together, these findings show that alterations to lipid and glutamine metabolism play an important compensatory role in response to complex I inhibition by rotenone.
Microlocal dispersive smoothing for the Schrödinger equation

This paper establishes a connection between the microlocal smoothness of solutions of the initial value problem for Schrodinger's equation and the global behavior of bicharacteristics of the principal symbol. In particular, localized initial data gives rise to solutions which are microlocally smooth at all points which are not trapped backwards by the bicharacteristic flow. The origin of the phenomenon is in the dispersive nature of the equation. The results imply microlocal regularity properties of the fundamental solution. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Derivation of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial to the health of the brain and is often compromised in neurological disease. Moreover, because of its barrier properties, this endothelial interface restricts uptake of neurotherapeutics. Thus, a renewable source of human BBB endothelium could spur brain research and pharmaceutical development. Here we show that endothelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) acquire BBB properties when co-differentiated with neural cells that provide relevant cues, including those involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The resulting endothelial cells have many BBB attributes, including well-organized tight junctions, appropriate expression of nutrient transporters and polarized efflux transporter activity. Notably, they respond to astrocytes, acquiring substantial barrier properties as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (1,450 ± 140 Ω cm2), and they possess molecular permeability that correlates well with in vivo rodent blood-brain transfer coefficients.
Molecular and solid-state properties of tris-(8-hydroxyquinolate)-aluminum

We use a hybrid density-functional-theory approach to calculate ground-state electronic properties and a time-dependent density-functional-theory approach to investigate the excited state electronic properties of molecular tris-(8-hydroxyquinolate)-aluminum, Alq. The calculated molecular results are compared with measurements on dense solid-state films of Alq. We specifically consider: the optical absorption spectrum near the fundamental absorption threshold, the ionization potential, the single-particle energy gap, the static dielectric constant, and the electric-field dependence of the electron mobility. We find that the molecular calculations can describe the optical absorption spectrum near the fundamental absorption threshold without significant corrections for solid-state effects. The energies of the triplet excited states are computed and the lowest triplet is found to lie 0.64 eV below the lowest excited singlet state. In contrast, large dielectric corrections must be included for the molecular calculations to describe the ionization potential and single-particle energy gap. When these dielectric corrections are made, using the calculated molecular polarizability, which accurately gives the measured static dielectric constant, both the ionization potential and single-particle energy gap are well described. The calculated molecular dipole moment can be used to interpret the electric-field dependence of the electron mobility. The solid-state properties, determined from the molecular calculations, are then used in a device model to describe the measured current-voltage characteristics in Alq diodes.
Multiplicative scale uncertainties in the unified approach for constructing confidence intervals

Abstract We have investigated how uncertainties in the estimation of the detection efficiency affect the 90% confidence intervals in the unified approach for constructing confidence intervals. The study has been conducted for experiments where the number of detected events is large and can be described by a Gaussian probability density function. We also assume the detection efficiency has a Gaussian probability density and study the range of the relative uncertainties σ e between 0% and 30%. We find that the confidence intervals provide proper coverage over a wide signal range and increase smoothly and continuously from the intervals that ignore scale uncertainties with a quadratic dependence on σ e .
Chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates nNOS mRNA and protein expression in the rat hypothalamus.

Abstract Exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) as observed in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) elicits a sustained elevation of sympathetic activity and arterial blood pressure. Our overall hypothesis is that intermittent hypoxia might increase sympathetic activity, in part by altering neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the hypothalamus, where nitric oxide is sympathoinhibitory. In this study, we begin investigation of this hypothesis by testing the more specific hypothesis that the CIH alters nNOS expression in regions of the hypothalamus associated with cardiovascular regulation. To test the effect of CIH on NOS expression we subjected male Sprague–Dawley rats to cyclic intermittent hypoxia for 8 h/day, for 35 days. Experimental rats showed an increase in systemic blood pressure. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed on hypothalamic sections, respectively. The CIH rats displayed significantly lower levels of both nNOS mRNA and protein in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) with different changes in the subareas of the PVN. There was a decreased level of nNOS mRNA and protein in the subfornical organ and the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the CIH rats, but no significant change in the supraoptic nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area. This work suggests that examination of central regulation of sympathetic activity may help elucidate the mechanisms of hypertension after CIH.
Tests for sex differences in fitness-linked traits in the spider Agelenopsis aperta (Araneae: Agelenidae)

The idea that traits linked to individual fitness may differ between males and females was tested in the desert funnel-web spider,Agelenopsis aperta. The study entailed comparison of juvenile male and female behavior with respect to three traits previously shown to be linked to female body mass and ultimately to individual female fitness: habitat discrimination, territorial behavior, and agonistic behavior. As juveniles, male and female spiders behave similarly: they utilize the same habitat cues in locating web sites, maintain similar territory sizes, and exhibit the same behavior patterns in territorial disputes. Like females, males that obtain the highest-quality web sites achieve a greater body mass and are more likely to survive to maturity.
Congressional Leadership on the Front Lines: Committee Chairs, Electoral Security, and Ideology

During the 2006 campaign, many on the political right expressed anxiety about the slate of Democratic representatives and senators poised to become committee chairs in the event of a Democratic victory. After the election, despite post-election promises of “unity” and “bipartisanship” among congressional Democrats, the question remained: How well would this progressive group of “old bulls” work with the new majority, the existence of which was due in part to the 61 Democrats representing House districts that President George W. Bush won in 2004? (Greenblatt 2007, 524) In this paper, we investigate the claim that Democratic committee leaders in the 110th Congress are out of step with their party caucus by comparing the ideological leadership profiles of chairs in the 110th Congress with those of their Republican predecessors in the 109th, as well as those of Democratic chairs from the “Textbook,” “Reform,” and early “Post-reform” eras. We show that Democratic chairs in the 110th Congress are primarily drawn from the most liberal ranks of the Democratic Caucus, particularly in the House.The authors wish to thank Sara Callow for her excellent and timely research assistance.
Olfactory nerves and their excitatory action in the olfactory bulb

Extracellular field potentials were recorded from the rabbit olfactory bulb following stimulation of the surface and the lateral olfactory tract. Experiments were also performed on olfactory nerve rootlets and a conduction velocity of .34 m/sec and an absolute refractory period of 2.7 msec were obtained. Stimulation of the surface of the bulb produced in a nearby surface recording electrode an initial sharp triphasic potential followed by two slow negative waves and a later positive wave. It was concluded that the initial triphasic potential represents the compound action potential of the olfactory nerves. The first slow negative wave is due to the postsynaptic excitation of the dendrites of secondary neurons by the olfactory nerves. The second negative wave is due to the synaptic depolarization of the granule cell processes by the dendrites of secondary neurons. The later positive wave represents the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials generated in the relay neurons by the granule cell processes.