cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle Deposition onto Solid Surfaces with Micropatterned Charge Heterogeneity: The “Hydrodynamic Bump” Effect

A radial stagnation-point flow cell utilizing an optical microscope and an image-capturing device was used to directly observe the deposition kinetics of colloidal particles onto micropatterned glass surfaces with well-defined surface charge features. Surface charge heterogeneity was microfabricated onto glass surfaces by silanizing specified regions of the glass surface by a soft lithographic technique. At a certain combination of solution ionic strengths and particle Peclet numbers, the observed deposition rates deviated from predictions on the basis of a particle-deposition model for surfaces with macroscopic patchwise charge heterogeneity. The results are attributed to the interplay between hydrodynamic and electrostatic double-layer interactions and are explained by a phenomenon we term the “hydrodynamic bump” effect.
Automatic array property detection via static analysis

Simultaneous use of multiple programming languages aids in creating efficient modern programs in the face of legacy code; however, creating language bindings to low-level languages like C by hand is tedious and error prone. We offer an automated suite of analyses to enhance the quality of automatically produced bindings by recovering high-level array type information missing in C's type system. We emit annotations in the style of GObjectIntrospection, which produces bindings from annotations. We annotate an array argument as terminated by a special sentinel value, fixed length of a constant size, or of length determined by another argument. This information helps produce more idiomatic, efficient bindings.
Parallel CFD computations of projectile aerodynamics with a flow control mechanism

Abstract This paper describes a computational study undertaken to model the free-flight aerodynamics of a finned projectile both with and without flow control. The flow control is achieved by locating small microflaps between rear fins of the finned projectile. These microflaps alter the flow field in the finned region of the projectile resulting in asymmetric pressure distribution and thus, producing control forces and moments. Both steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and coupled CFD/rigid body dynamics (RBD) techniques have been used to compute the aerodynamics associated with the free flight of the finned projectile both with and without the microflaps. Some results relating to the parallel performance of the CFD flow solver are also addressed. Navier–Stokes computations have been performed and steady-state solutions have been obtained from subsonic to supersonic speeds. Computed results show the microflaps to be ineffective at transonic speeds and effective at supersonic velocities. Based on these results, additional coupled CFD/RBD calculations were performed at three supersonic velocities (M = 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0). Computed results obtained from these coupled virtual fly-out simulations include the effect of microflaps and are being used to show the potential of these microflaps for providing control authority to maneuver the finned projectile.
North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones and U.S. Flooding

Riverine flooding associated with North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) is responsible for large societal and economic impacts. The effects of TC flooding are not limited to the coastal regions, but affect large areas away from the coast, and often away from the center of the storm. Despite these important repercussions, inland TC flooding has received relatively little attention in the scientific literature, although there has been growing media attention following Hurricanes Irene (2011) and Sandy (2012). Based on discharge data from 1981 to 2011, the authors provide a climatological view of inland flooding associated with TCs, leveraging the wealth of discharge measurements collected, archived, and disseminated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Florida and the eastern seaboard of the United States (from South Carolina to Maine and Vermont) are the areas that are the most susceptible to TC flooding, with typical TC flood peaks that are 2 to 6 times larger than the local 10-yr flood peak, causing ma...
Primary production scheduling at steelmaking industries

This paper describes primary production scheduling in the steel industry—the problem and the approaches to the solution. The scheduling problem in steel plants is known to be among the most difficult of several industrial scheduling problems. We first describe the main steelmaking processes and show how scheduling affects the effectiveness of plant operations. We characterize the problems associated with scheduling steelmaking activities to achieve business objectives of delivering quality steel on time to customers, while minimizing operating costs. We then describe several different approaches for computerized scheduling solutions. They include application of techniques in operations research, artificial intelligence, and a hybrid of these two. We conclude by describing advanced techniques for integrated scheduling of steel plants.
Toxic structure: Investigation of the structure and intended purpose of the EPA

Pentadic criticism of the National Energy Policy Act and The Ash Council Memo identifies two vastly different motives of government interaction with the environment. The first motive is based on a view that humans and the environment lie in opposition to each other, a relationship in which humans take a mastery role, managing rather than protecting the environment. The second motive addresses public concern for the environment as more than an economic resource, addressing concerns that economic progress has taken a toll on the environment as a whole. This paper addresses the origin of both motives and relates them to the policies and practices of the contemporary Environmental Protection Agency.
Substituent effects on regioselectivity in the autoxidation of nonconjugated dienes

Free radical oxidation of several 1,4-dienes was carried out in the presence of variable concentrations of α-tocopherol to investigate the effect of diene structure on product distribution. Oxidations carried out at low tocopherol concentration gave only C-1 and C-5 conjugated diene hydroperoxides, while higher concentrations of the antioxidant resulted in formation of substantial amounts of the nonconjugated C-3 diene hydroperoxide. Increasing size of the substituents at C-1 and C-5 of the diene favors kinetic products arising from oxygen addition at the nonconjugated position, C-3, of the pentadienyl radical intermediate. Substituents at C-1 or C-5 of the pentadienyl radical also have a significant effect on the regioselectivity of the conjugated diene hydroperoxides formed, larger substituents directing oxygen addition to the pentadienyl radical at the site of least steric hindrance. This trend is also observed in oxidations of ω-3 and ω-6 linolenate fatty acid esters. Groups at C-1 and C-5 of the dien...
Giant planet migration through the action of disk torques and planet-planet scattering

Abstract This paper presents a parametric study of giant planet migration through the combined action of disk torques and planet–planet scattering. The torques exerted on planets during Type II migration in circumstellar disks readily decrease the semi-major axes a , whereas scattering between planets increases the orbital eccentricities ɛ . This paper presents a parametric exploration of the possible parameter space for this migration scenario using two (initial) planetary mass distributions and a range of values for the time scale of eccentricity damping (due to the disk). For each class of systems, many realizations of the simulations are performed in order to determine the distributions of the resulting orbital elements of the surviving planets; this paper presents the results of ∼8500 numerical experiments. Our goal is to study the physics of this particular migration mechanism and to test it against observations of extrasolar planets. The action of disk torques and planet–planet scattering results in a distribution of final orbital elements that fills the a – ɛ plane, in rough agreement with the orbital elements of observed extrasolar planets. In addition to specifying the orbital elements, we characterize this migration mechanism by finding the percentages of ejected and accreted planets, the number of collisions, the dependence of outcomes on planetary masses, the time spent in 2:1 and 3:1 resonances, and the effects of the planetary IMF. We also determine the distribution of inclination angles of surviving planets and the distribution of ejection speeds for exiled planets.
A Multiuser Development Scenario for ICF

Concern has been expressed in recent years that the development of fusion power may require a series of facilities that are so expensive as to be unaffordable even if the end design of a power station appears to be attractive. Of course, the perception of what is affordable depends a great deal on the national urgency attached to the program at any given time. Just a few years ago, after a decade of fuel shortages, gas lines, and the energy “crisis”, Congress passed a bill that seemingly guaranteed virtually unlimited funds for an accelerated magnetic fusion development program. In the few years since, the support for such an approach has disappeared and now the program is even considering abandoning the technological approach all agree has the best chance of producing a burning plasma soonest, in favor of riskier approaches that may have less expensive development steps. In view of the fact that the perception of what is affordable can change so quickly, some advocate waiting until the climate changes back, confident in their expectation that the present glut of energy will fade and that the national resolve will return to development of fusion power. This may happen, of course, but it would seem somewhat foolish to plan on it. When the glut fades, as it surely will, many factors will determine the national response to it. Energy conservation technology is now a dynamic force in many sectors of our economy.
How Does Preeclampsia Predispose to Future Cardiovascular Disease

Over the last few decades, there has been increasing emphasis on cardiovascular disease in women and study of female-specific cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension in pregnancy, and specifically preeclampsia, has been identified as one such risk factor. In this review, we explore the epidemiological evidence for preeclampsia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We propose reasons for this association, giving evidence for potential pathways linking preeclampsia with future cardiovascular disease.
Multiscale assessment of green leaf cover in a semi-arid rangeland with a small unmanned aerial vehicle

Spatial variability in green leaf cover of a semi-arid rangeland was studied by comparing field measurements on 50 m crossed transects to aerial and satellite imagery. The normalized difference vegetation index was calculated for 2 cm resolution images collected with a multispectral digital camera mounted on a radio-controlled helicopter, as well as a 30 m resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper image. Variograms of green cover from these two sources show that the range of influence for spatial autocorrelation extended to a distance of approximately 200 m. Field transects that are much smaller than the extent of this spatial autocorrelation are more likely to fall within local deviations from the mean landscape condition. A sampling scheme that exceeds the spatial scale of these localized deviations is shown to reduce sample variance and require fewer sampling locations to reach a given level of measurement uncertainty. The time and cost of more spatially extensive sampling at each location may be less than deploying to a larger number of locations with smaller transects, and unmanned aerial vehicles may be a valuable tool in extending current field sampling strategies for quantifying the health of shrub-dominated rangelands.
Amikacin Assay in Serum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of amikacin in serum is described. The antibiotic was separated from serum by adsorption on silica gel. The adsorbed drug was then derivatized with o -phthalaldehyde and eluted with ethanol. The derivatized amikacin was separated by reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitated by fluorometry. A linear response for serum samples containing amikacin ranging from 1.0 to 15 μg/ml was obtained. Other antibiotics including various aminoglycosides did not interfere with the amikacin assay. Comparison with a standard microbiological assay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.99. This chemical assay is sensitive and specific under the conditions tested and can be performed rapidly.
Effects of Gentamicin on Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Collagenase

The effects of gentamicin on three proteolytic enzymes were studied. Gentamicin was tested at concentrations of 0.5-500 upg/ml. Trypsin was tested at 0.5 ug/ml using p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and at 0.1 and 0.5 utg/ml using azocoll as the substrate. Chymotrypsin was tested at 0.1 and 0.5 ,g/ml with azocoll. A soluble [14C]collagen assay was used to measure activity of collagenase derived from Clostridium histolyticum. The profiles of proteolytic activity vs. gentamicin concentration were similar for all three enzymes. At lower concentrations of gentamicin (<70 ,/g/ml), there were two peaks of enhanced protease activity generally followed by inhibition. These unusual multiphasic effects of gentamicin on three different proteases are not presently understood, but they imply a previously unreported mode of action for this antibiotic. Gentamicin is an antibiotic used in an increasingly broad variety of biological systems [1, 2]. In our search for proteolytic enzymes that might be elaborated by Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda) eggs to effect passage through host tissues, our initial results suggested that proteolytic activity was associated with contaminating bacteria. In subsequent experiments gentamicin, because of its broad antibacterial specificity, was incorporated into the protease assay media at final concentrations of 10-100 /ug/ml. The resultant sterility coincided with lack of proteolytic activity from either live parasite eggs or egg homogenates. We therefore suspected that the antibiotic might inhibit proteolytic activity and tested the effect of gentamicin on the enzymatic activity of three well-characterized proteases: pancreatic trypsin, pancreatic chymotrypsin, and bacterial collagenase. The results described below demonstrate that the action of these three proteases is affected by gentamicin in a nonlinear and concentration-dependent fashion.
Development of a telephone-based intervention for support persons to help smokers quit

This study represents the first step toward systematic behavioral treatment development and pilot testing of a novel approach to smoking cessation that utilizes adults interested in helping someone to stop smoking (i.e., support persons) as the agent of change. The counselor manual for a telephone-based intervention for support persons was developed based on a previous clinic-based intervention. Social cognitive theory served as the conceptual basis for the intervention. Ten adult non-smoking females completed the treatment protocol, consisting of six 20 - 30-min sessions and written materials. The support person was the sole recipient of the professional intervention. Feedback was obtained from 8 of the 10 participants and all 4 telephone counselors 1 week post-treatment (week 10). Results indicate that the telephone-based intervention was feasible and acceptable to participants. The intervention was refined based on participant and counselor feedback and will be subsequently tested in a randomized pilot trial.
Quantitative shotgun proteomics using a protease with broad specificity and normalized spectral abundance factors.

Non-specific proteases are rarely used in quantitative shotgun proteomics due to potentially high false discovery rates. Yet, there are instances when application of a non-specific protease is desirable to obtain sufficient sequence coverage of otherwise poorly accessible proteins or structural domains. Using the non-specific protease, proteinase K, we analyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae preparations grown in 14N rich media and 15N minimal media and obtained relative quantitation from the dataset using normalized spectral abundance factors (NSAFs). A critical step in using a spectral counting based approach for quantitative proteomics is ensuring the inclusion of high quality spectra in the dataset. One way to do this is to minimize the false discovery rate, which can be accomplished by applying different filters to a searched dataset. Natural log transformation of proteinase K derived NSAF values followed a normal distribution and allowed for statistical analysis by the t-test. Using this approach, we generated a dataset of 719 unique proteins found in each of the three independent biological replicates, of which 84 showed a statistically significant difference in expression levels between the two growth conditions.
Brain activity in predominantly-inattentive subtype attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during an auditory oddball attention task

Previous functional neuroimaging studies have found brain activity abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on numerous cognitive tasks. However, little is known about brain dysfunction unique to the predominantly-inattentive subtype of ADHD (ADHD-I), despite debate as to whether DSM-IV-defined ADHD subtypes differ in etiology. This study compared brain activity of 18 ADHD-I adolescents (ages 12-18) and 20 non-psychiatric age-matched control participants on a functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) auditory oddball attention task. ADHD-I participants had significant activation deficits to infrequent target stimuli in bilateral superior temporal gyri, bilateral insula, several midline cingulate/medial frontal gyrus regions, right posterior parietal cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem. To novel stimuli, ADHD-I participants had reduced activation in bilateral lateral temporal lobe structures. There were no brain regions where ADHD-I participants had greater hemodynamic activity to targets or novels than controls. Brain activity deficits in ADHD-I participants were found in several regions important to attentional orienting and working memory-related cognitive processes involved in target identification. These results differ from those in previously studied adolescents with combined-subtype ADHD, who had a lesser magnitude of activation abnormalities in frontoparietal regions and relatively more discrete regional deficits to novel stimuli. The divergent findings suggest different etiological factors might underlie attention deficits in different DSM-IV-defined ADHD subtypes, and they have important implications for the DSM-V reconceptualization of subtypes as varying clinical presentations of the same core disorder.
A method for predicting the adsorption energetics of diatomic molecules on metal surfaces

A model for determining the energy variations during adsorption of diatomic molecules on metal surfaces is presented. The procedure allows the total bond order to vary based on the probabilities of finding electron pairs in the forming and breaking bonds. Also, the relationship between bond energy and bond order for the gas-phase reactant is described by a Morse potential that is modified to account for experimental bond dissociation energies. With the model, the reaction trajectory and the structure of the corresponding transition state are determined directly from the energy surface. This yields the heat of molecular adsorption and the activation energy for dissociative adsorption and it indicates the conditions that favor dissociative rather than molecular adsorption. The results for adsorption of O2, N2, and H2 on several different metal surfaces show reasonable agreement with available experimental data.
Nd: phosphate glass mode-locked oscillator and amplifier system

A 100-mJ 6-ps pulse was produced from a mode-locked oscillator and an 8 in long amplifier system using Kigre Q-88 Nd: phosphate rods.
Lower Extremity Physical Performance, Self-Reported Mobility Difficulty and Use of Compensatory Strategies for Mobility by Elderly Women

Abstract Ganesh SP, Fried LP, Taylor DH Jr, Pieper CF, Hoenig HM. Lower extremity physical performance, self-reported mobility difficulty, and use of compensatory strategies for mobility by elderly women. Objective To describe the relationship between lower extremity physical performance, self-reported mobility difficulty, and self-reported use of compensatory strategies (CSs) for mobility inside the home. Design Cross-sectional exploratory study. Setting Community-dwelling elders. Participants Disabled, cognitively intact women 65 years or older (N=1002), from the Women's Health and Aging Study I. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures CS scale: no CS, behavioral modifications (BMs) only, durable medical equipment (DME) with or without use of BMs, and any use of human help (HH); and 3 dichotomous CS measures: any CS (vs none); DME+HH (vs BMs only, among users of any CS); any HH (vs DME only, among users of any DME/HH). Results Self-reported mobility difficulty and physical performance were significantly correlated with one another ( r =−.57, P r =.51, P r =−.54, P P Conclusions Physical performance, self-reported difficulty, health conditions, and contextual factors have complex effects on the way elders carry out mobility inside the home.
Selective Trafficking of Non-Cell-Autonomous Proteins Mediated by NtNCAPP1

In plants, cell-to-cell communication is mediated by plasmodesmata and involves the trafficking of non-cell-autonomous proteins (NCAPs). A component in this pathway, Nicotiana tabacum NON-CELL-AUTONOMOUS PATHWAY PROTEIN1 (NtNCAPP1), was affinity purified and cloned. Protein overlay assays and in vivo studies showed that NtNCAPP1 is located on the endoplasmic reticulum at the cell periphery and displays specificity in its interaction with NCAPs. Deletion of the NtNCAPP1 amino-terminal transmembrane domain produced a dominant-negative mutant that blocked the trafficking of specific NCAPs. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing this mutant form of NtNCAPP1 and plants in which the NtNCAPP1 gene was silenced were compromised in their ability to regulate leaf and floral development. These results support a model in which NCAP delivery to plasmodesmata is both selective and regulated.
Image segmentation using modified neural network techniques

This paper describes an application of neural networks in segmenting gray shade images. It describes a method for ranking pixel features relative to their ability to discriminate among different image segment classes. A neural classifier is proposed which operates on pixel feature vectors as inputs to the network, each feature having a variable weight. The weights are iteratively changed to obtain dense and highly separated clusters. The resulting weights are indicative of the usefulness, or rank, of the features.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cell density influences insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in a cell type-specific manner.

The effect of cellular density on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene expression was characterized in several tumor-derived cell lines. IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts increased more than 200-fold when C6 glioma cells grew to postconfluence. IGF-I receptor andβ -actin mRNAs were induced by 6- and 2-fold, respectively, as a function of confluence. IGF-I mRNA transcripts in GH3 and SK-N-MC cells increased about 4- to 5-fold in confluent cultures compared with sparse cultures. In OVCAR-3 cells, the IGF-I mRNA level remained constant as the cell density increased. Transient transfection experiments were performed with IGF-I exon 1 promoter/luciferase fusion constructs in C6 cells. The luciferase activity of a construct containing exon 1 sequence between +75 and +282 (the most 5′ transcription initiation site was designated +1) was stimulated by 2.5-fold in dense cultures compared with that in sparse cultures of C6 cells. Luciferase activities of other constructs containing at least 282 bp of exon...
Series solution of a class of nonlinear optimal regulators

A class of nonlinear optimal regulators is studied by means of a series expansion of the equations of motion, the optimal cost function, and the optimal control function in a Hamilton-Jacobi context. An indicial formulation of the problem based on symmetric tensor representations is given, and an algorithm for solution of the resulting equations is developed. Associated computational issues are also discussed. An example for the optimal control of a double inverted pendulum is presented to illustrate the approach.
Administration of Questionnaires for Collecting Quantitative Data in International Marketing Research

This paper discusses the various methods of questionnaire administration for collecting quantitative survey data in international marketing research. The general characteristics of telephone, computer assisted telephone, in-home personal, mall intercept, computer administered CRT interviews, mail, and mail panels are examined. The applicability of these methods for conducting marketing research in North America, Europe, newly industrialized countries, and developing countries is evaluated. Some guidlines for the selection of appropriate methods for conducting international marketing research are provided. The paper concludes with some additional observations on the administration of survey questionnaires in an international context.
User needs assessment for implementing the TSA in Tanzania

Abstract The recently approved Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) provides opportunities for countries around the world to improve the quality of their respective tourism statistics and make them compatible with international standards. This paper describes how clarity of user needs assessment can identify implementation priorities and scope of the TSA. Given the elaborate conceptual design of the TSA, prioritizing parts of its implementation will be a realistic process and will also ensure maximum utility of its output for potential user groups. Results of this study are based on evidence from Tanzania's experience of developing a TSA.
Are computers scapegoats? Attributions of responsibility in human-computer interaction

This study investigated how people make attributions of responsibility when interacting with computers. In particular, two questions were addressed: under what circumstances will usersblamecomputers for failed outcomes? And under what circumstances will userscreditcomputers for successful outcomes? The first prediction was that similarity between a user's personality and a computer's personality would reduce the tendency for users to exhibit a “self-serving bias” in assigning responsibility for outcomes in human?computer interaction. The second prediction was that greater user control would lead to more internal attributions, regardless of outcome. A 2×2×2 balanced, between-subjects experiment (N=80) was conducted. Results strongly supported the predictions: when the outcome was negative, participants working with asimilarcomputer were less likely to blame the computer and more likely to blame themselves, compared with participants working with adissimilarcomputer. When the outcome was positive, participants working with asimilarcomputer were more likely to credit the computer and less likely to take the credit themselves, compared with participants working with adissimilarcomputer. In addition, when users were given more control over outcomes, they tended to make more internal attributions, regardless of whether the outcome was positive or negative.
Educational and career outcomes of an internal medicine preceptorship for first-year medical students.

OBJECTIVE: Medical educators have attempted in recent years to provide quality clinical experiences for medical students early in their medical training. We questioned whether participating in a preceptorship in internal medicine (PIM) resulted in better performances on subsequent clinical rotations and increased interest in internal medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four students have participated in the PIM to date, with control groups consisting of students who applied for it but were not selected (n=36), students participating in a preceptorship in family medicine (n=168), and the remaining students (n=330). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University medical center and community practices. INTERVENTION: A 2-month, clinical preceptorship following the first year of medical school. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The following outcomes were assessed: scores in the introduction to clinical medicine course; grades in the medical ethics course; scores from the internal medicine clerkship; and choosing a career in internal medicine. In their second year, PIM students scored higher in both semesters of the introduction to clinical medicine course (87% and 86% vs 84% and 84%, p’s<.01) and were more likely to receive honors in ethics (50% vs 29%, p<.01) than non-PIM students. During the internal medicine clerkship, PIM students’ scores were significantly higher on an objective structured clinical examination (79% vs 76%, p=.05), ambulatory clinical evaluations (80% vs 76%, p<.01), and overall clerkship scores (78% vs 75%, p=.03) but not on inpatient clinical evaluations or on the National Board of Medical Examiners Subject Examination. Preceptorship students were more likely to receive honors grades in the medicine clerkship (33% vs 10%, p<.01), and they were more likely to match into internal medicine residencies than control students (54% vs 27%, p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: The PIM course is an intervention, early in students’ careers, which appears to benefit them academically and increase their interest in internal medicine as a career.
Morphology of CdS thin films: Pinholes and their effect on open circuit voltage in CdS/CdTe solar cells

CdTe solar cells are lagging other similar types of solar cell devices with similar band gap in terms of performance primarily due to lower open circuit voltage V OC (voltage deficit). Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) films affect V OC . When CdS thickness is high (more than 200nm), it absorbs some of the photons and thus generated photocurrent is reduced but the open circuit voltage is maintained. When its thickness is reduced below 100nm, photocurrent is increased but the voltage drops. This voltage loss might be due to formation of localized weak (CdTe/TCO) diodes or it might be due to some electronic effects. CdS films of different thicknesses were produced using the Advanced R& D Deposition System and were studied. The presence of pinholes in CdS film thicknesses between 30 to 200nm was investigated using Blue Light Transmission Microscopy (BLTM). SEM images and EDS analysis were conducted to confirm results of BLTM, differentiate CdS film and pinholes, to check surface morphology and chemical composition of different film areas. There are two main categories of pinholes: natural and artificial. Natural sources include lack of grain coalescence and TCO surface roughness. Artificial sources as observed in experiments include scratches, scuffing marks, dust or particulates and cleaning issues. Results thus far indicate that the primary causes of pinholes in CdS films are dust and/or particulates and cleaning issues.
Development of small carbonate banks on the south Florida platform margin: response to sea level and climate change

Abstract Geophysical and coring data from the Dry Tortugas, Tortugas Bank, and Riley’s Hump on the southwest Florida margin reveal the stratigraphic framework and growth history of these carbonate banks. The Holocene reefs of the Dry Tortugas and Tortugas Bank are approximately 14 and 10 m thick, respectively, and are situated upon Pleistocene reefal edifices. Tortugas Bank consists of the oldest Holocene corals in the Florida Keys with earliest coral recruitment occurring at ∼9.6 cal ka. Growth curves for the Tortugas Bank reveal slow growth (
The impact of information technology in design and construction: the owner's perspective

This paper reports on findings of a November 1996 exploratory survey of architecture–engineering clients (Fortune 500 corporate facility managers). This research investigated how the practices of corporate facility managers are being influenced by rapid changes in information technology. The conceptual model that served as a guide for this research hypothesized that information technology acts as both an enabler (that is, information technology provides an effective mechanism for managers to implement desired changes), as well as a source of innovation (that is, new information technology innovations create new facility management opportunities). The underlying assumption of this research is that information technology is evolving from a tool that incrementally improves `back-office' productivity to an essential component of strategic positioning that may alter the basic economics, organizational structure and operational practices of facility management organizations and their interactions with service providers (architects, engineers, and constructors). The paper concludes with a discussion of researchable issues.
Effect of Unsteady Wake With Trailing Edge Coolant Ejection on Detailed Heat Transfer Coefficient Distributions for a Gas Turbine Blade

Detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions on a turbine blade under the combined effects of trailing edge jets and unsteady wakes at various free-stream conditions are presented using a transient liquid crystal image method. The exit Reynolds number based on the blade axial chord is varied from 5.3 X 10 5 to 7.6 X 10 5 for a five blade linear cascade in a low speed wind tunnel. Unsteady wakes are produced using a spoked wheel-type wake generator upstream of the linear cascade. Upstream trailing edge jets are simulated by air ejection from holes located on the hollow spokes of the wake generator. The mass flux ratio of the jets to free-stream is varied from 0.0 to 1.0. Results show that the surface heat transfer coefficient increases with an increase in Reynolds number and also increases with the addition of unsteady wakes. Adding grid generated turbulence to the unsteady wake further enhances the blade surface heat transfer coefficients. The trailing edge jets compensate the defect in the velocity profile caused by the unsteady passing wakes and give an increase in free-stream velocity and produce a more uniformly disturbed turbulence intensity profile. The net effect is to increase both the front parts of blade suction and pressure surface heat transfer.
Mechanistic Force Models for Chip Control Tools

A mechanistic modeling approach to predicting machining forces for grooved tools is developed. The models are based solely on the grooved tool geometry and the specific normal cutting energy and friction energy for flat tools. Special grooved tools (M2 grade HSS) were designed and fabricated and orthogonal cutting tests were performed to validate the model. The workpiece material used was Al 6061-T6. The force predictions from the model are found in good agreement with the measured forces. The effects of groove design parameters on the cutting forces are also determined.
Chronic illness and disability in adolescence

Introduction: The Demographic Trends Over the past 20 years we have seen marked improvements in both neonatal life support technologies and medical/surgical interventions in conditions which heretofore had an early childhood mortality. As a consequence, in the industrialized nations of the world there has been a trend toward increasing survival of children with disabilities resulting in a marked increase in the prevalence of chronic illnesses and disabilities in adolescence. Approximately 1 of 10 children are born with chronic or disabling conditions (1). Of those, nearly one-third have disabilities which limit activities of daily living. Additionally, in the United States over the past 20 years we have seen doubling in the prevalence of activity-limiting conditions from 2% to 4% (2). survival is more than 300% greater than 20 years ago (3). Today, in industrialized countries over 85% of children born with chronic conditions and disabilities will survive until at least the age of 20 years (3). The challenges of the next two decades will rest less on technological advances than in the domains of social and developmental support of such youths and their families. Rather, we will be faced with previously unknown situations:
Academic Affiliations of Social Work Journal Article Authors, 2004-2008

The researchers tabulated the academic affiliations of the authors of all articles published between 2004 and 2008 in 6 major social work journals to produce a ranking of the colleges and universities whose faculty made the most substantive contributions to the social work literature. The results of this analysis are compared with findings of 5 identical, previously published studies, which cover the 5-year periods of 1979-1983, 1984-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, and 1999-2003. The limitations of this method of analysis are discussed, as are its merits.
Evaluation of mortality in surgical neonates over a 10-year period: nonpreventable, permissible, and preventable death.

Abstract The mortality pattern and causes of death in surgical neonates were evaluated over the period of 1980 through 1990 in order to assess whether any deaths might have been prevented. In the study period 1,010 neonates were admitted, 104 of whom died (10%). These 104 neonates formed our study population. The Clinical Classification System (CCS) and the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) were used to assess the severity of illness. All 104 nonsurvivors were seriously ill (CCS 3 and 4; TISS > 20). The mortality pattern was classified in three groups. Group A (nonpreventable death) included 56 deaths, 48 of which were due to the underlying disease. The other 8 patients died of a nonpreventable complication of treatment. Eleven of the patients in group B (permissible death) had (multiple) congenital anomalies associated with chromosomal anomalies. Three of them were not treated and in the other 8 treatment was initially started but later withdrawn. In most of the other 14 patients further treatment was withdrawn because of serious postoperative complications or inoperable cardiac anomalies. Group C (preventable death) consisted of 23 patients. Six of 10 had irreversible brain damage due to prolonged hypoxemia. In the other 13 patients of group C, death was due to sepsis acquired in the postoperative period and treated inadequately. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequent isolated pathogen (713).
Searching Electronic Databases to Locate Tests and Measures.

Requests for tests and measuring instruments for use in class assignments and faculty and student research are both familiar and frustrating to most academic librarians. In typical scenarios, an education student wants to measure aggression in children or a nursing student needs a test for patient mobility. Even the faculty member who may know the name of a scale may not know its author or how to obtain a copy. All are looking for a measure applicable to a specific situation and each has come to the library in hopes of walking away with a copy of the measure that day. Those familiar with measurement literature know that accessing measures can be time consuming, circuitous, and sometimes impossible. The standard test reference books, such as the Mental Measurements Yearbook and Tests in Print (both of which are published by the Buros Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska), are of limited use. These books typically do not include actual instruments or noncommercial tests from the journal and report literature. While these standard reference books are essential to a test literature collection, sole use of them would mean bypassing large numbers of instruments developed and published only in articles, reports, papers, and dissertations. Sources are available to locate additional measurements, tests, and instruments, but they are widely dispersed in the print and electronic literature.
Cancer in persons with inherited blood coagulation disorders

In order to assess the influence of an inherited blood coagulation disorder in individuals who developed cancer, a mail survey of physicians who care for individuals with a bleeding diathesis was evaluated. Sixty-one individuals in an estimated population of 10,500 with both disorders were identified. An apparent increase in the incidence of cancer in the genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems was noted. However, in the largest group ( hemophilia) the primary site of cancer was similar to an age and sex matched population. There did not appear to be a change in the onset of metastatic disease in these individuals, as compared to an individual with cancer who did not have an inherited blood coagulation disorder.
Probing Structure, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, and Dynamics on Metal Surfaces by Optical Second Harmonic Generation

With the intrinsic surface sensitivity, superior frequency and time resolution, and adaptability to all pressure conditions, optical second harmonic generation has proven a versatile and powerful diagnostic tool for surface science studies. Examples are provided in the use of surface second harmonic generation in elucidating the adsorption kinetics and structural transitions of molecular adlayers, detecting surface electronic transitions, and determining transient temperature changes on metal surfaces.
A modified Zabolotskaya–Khokhlov equation for systems having small quadratic nonlinearity

Abstract We examine three-dimensional, weakly diffracting, weakly nonlinear waves propagating in a uniform medium. A method of multiple scales is used to derive an extension of the Zabolotskaya–Khokhlov equation which is valid for systems having a quadratic nonlinearity parameter which is either zero or small. The effects of relaxation, dissipation, and dispersion are also considered resulting in general forms of the modified Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation and the modified Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov equation. Further results include the delineation of the simplifications required when the system is such that waves propagate isotropically, i.e., where the shock and characteristic speeds are independent of the direction of propagation. We also illustrate our results with physical examples corresponding to the nonlinear acoustics of pressurized gases with a uniform wind and obliquely propagating Alfven waves.
Annealing of Multivacancy Defects in 4H-SiC

The annealing behavior of defects observed in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photoluminescence (PL) is discussed. We consider the divacancy (the P6/P7 EPR centers) and a previously unreported EPR center that we suggest is a ${V}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{V}_{\mathrm{Si}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ trivacancy and their relationship with each other and with the UD1--3 series of PL lines near $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. We observe that the divacancy and the UD2 PL lines annealing behavior is strongly correlated further establishing the relationship between the EPR and PL centers. We present a detailed discussion of this center and its $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ hyperfine spectra which supports our assignment as a trivacancy. The intensity of this center increases with annealing temperature as the divacancy decreases and there is a sample-to-sample correspondence between the overall intensities of the two centers. However, the details of their annealing suggest a more complex relationship than a simple one-to-one transformation. In addition, while the UD1 PL increases with annealing temperature, sample-to-sample variations indicate it is not related to this EPR center.
Nitrous oxide in the pediatric emergency department

Abstract Nitrous oxide is a gas that has anxiolytic, amnestic, and mild-to-moderate analgesic properties. Patients describe a detached or "floating" sensation but typically remain awake during the procedure and are able to follow commands while breathing the gas. Nitrous oxide is particularly useful in the emergency department because it does not require intravenous access and has a rapid onset of action (
Inherited Thrombocytopenia: Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytopenia With Absent Radii

Thrombocytopenia in the newborn period can signify an inherited platelet disorder. Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) and thrombocytopenia with absent radii (TAR) share features of isolated thrombocytopenia, reduced or absent marrow megakaryocytes, impaired responsiveness to thrombopoietin (TPO), and high plasma TPO levels. These disorders are most readily distinguished from each other by the finding of radial aplasia in TAR and the presence of c-MPL mutations in CAMT. In addition, their long-term outcomes are strikingly different: the development of trilineage marrow failure in CAMT in contrast to the general improvement of thrombocytopenia in TAR. The differential diagnosis for CAMT and TAR also includes other congenital disorders in which thrombocytopenia and radial abnormalities can be seen. In this article we will review our molecular and clinical understanding of these two inherited disorders of amegakaryocytosis.
Policy and institutional dimensions of the water–energy nexus

Energy and water are interlinked. The development, use, and waste generated by demand for both resources drive global change. Managing them in tandem offers potential for global-change adaptation but presents institutional challenges. This paper advances understanding of the water–energy nexus by demonstrating how these resources are coupled at multiple scales, and by uncovering institutional opportunities and impediments to joint decision-making. Three water–energy nexus cases in the United States are examined: (1) water and energy development in the water-scarce Southwest; (2) conflicts between coal development, environmental quality, and social impacts in the East; and (3) tensions between environmental quality and economic development of shale natural gas in the Northeast and Central U.S. These cases are related to Eastern, Central, and Western regional stakeholder priorities collected in a national effort to assess energy–water scenarios. We find that localized challenges are diminished when considered from broader perspectives, while regionally important challenges are not prioritized locally. The transportability of electricity, and to some extent raw coal and gas, makes energy more suitable than water to regionalized global-change adaptation, because many of the impacts to water availability and quality remain localized. We conclude by highlighting the need for improved coordination between water and energy policy.
Diffuse EUV spectrometer UCB

An extreme ultra-violet diffuse spectrograph known as the ultraviolet cosmic background spectrometer is scheduled for a 1996 launch on the NASA SSTI mission Lewis. UCB is one of three prime science instruments aboard the Lewis spacecraft and is schedules to conduct observations for 3 to 5 years. The spectrograph will obtain spectra of diffuse 550 to 1100 angstrom radiation with a sensitivity improvement of an order of magnitude or more in comparison with previous work. UCB incorporates new technology such as a special diffraction grating, an anti-coincidence guarded micro- channel plate detector system, low-radioactivity ultra low- noise micro-channel plates, and a chemical treatment for enhancing detector efficiency. The observations will contribute important new information about the Galaxy's local interstellar medium and about speculative scenarios regarding exotic nuclear particles in dark matter. We describe the instrumentation and the UCB science mission.