cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Leader Proteinase of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Inhibits the Induction of Beta Interferon mRNA and Blocks the Host Innate Immune Response

We have previously shown that the leader proteinase (Lpro) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) blocks cap-dependent mRNA translation and that a genetically engineered FMDV lacking the leader proteinase coding region (A12-LLV2) is attenuated in cell culture and susceptible animals. The attenuated phenotype apparently is a consequence of the inability of A12-LLV2 to block the expression of type I interferon (IFN-α/β) protein, resulting in IFN-induced inhibition of FMDV replication. Here we show that in addition to preventing IFN-α/β protein synthesis, Lpro reduces the level of immediate-early induction of IFN-β mRNA and IFN-stimulated gene products such as double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR), 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase, and Mx1 mRNAs in swine cells. Down-regulation of cellular PKR by RNA interference did not affect wild-type virus yield but resulted in a higher yield of A12-LLV2, indicating a direct role of PKR in controlling FMDV replication in the natural host. The observation that Lpro controls the transcription of genes involved in innate immunity reveals a novel role of this protein in antagonizing the cellular response to viral infection.
Perceptions of Learned Helplessness Among Emerging Adults Aging Out of Foster Care

Emerging adults (18–25) aging out of foster care are more likely than their peers who did not age out to experience poor outcomes. Using content analytic procedures, this study analyzed semi-structured interviews (n = 134) and four focus groups with homeless emerging adults, including a subset that aged out of foster care. Findings indicate participants who aged out reported a perception of learned helplessness. The study explores participants’ perceptions of possible contributors to learned helplessness including systemic causes. Participants discuss concerns that the child welfare system may inhibit youth in the development of self-efficacy, motivation, and the belief that they can affect future events. Recommendations for practice and policy are discussed.
Probability of successful transfer of low-level concepts via machine translation: a meta-evaluation

In this paper, we present one of the important metrics used to measure the quality of machine translation in the DARPA TRANSTAC program. The metric is stated as either the probability or the odds of a machine translation system successfully transferring the meaning of content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, plus the most important quanitifiers and prepositions). We present the rationale for the metric, explain its implementation, and examine its performance. To characterize the performance of the metric, we compare it to utterance level (or sentence-level) human judgments of the semantic adequacy of the translations, obtained from a panel of bilingual judges who compare the source-language input to the target-language (translated) output. Language pairs examined in this paper include English-to-Arabic, Arabic-to-English, English-to-Dari, and Dari-to-English.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among north american women

Women constitute the fastest growing segment of adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), representing 18% of all cases in the United States in 1994. Heterosexual transmission is now the dominant route by which women are infected. Recent reports indicate that although certain manifestations may be different in women than in men, the rate of clinical progression is similar when they receive comparable medical treatment. Antiretroviral therapy is equally as effective in women as in men. As in men, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most frequent AIDS-defining diagnosis in women. Candida esophagitis and ulcers secondary to herpes simplex virus are more common in women. Kaposi's sarcoma is rare. The prevalence of humanpapilloma virus infection and cervical neoplasia is increased in HIV-seropositive women. Vaginitis due to candida, trichomonas, and bacterial vaginosis are common findings among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive women. The clinical course and response to therapy in certain sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis and herpes) may be altered. The use of zidovudine during pregnancy and delivery has been associated with a 67.5% reduction in vertical transmission.
Charge-transfer analogue-to-digital convertor

A novel means of implementing an analogue-to-digital conversion function by charge-transfer techniques is described. The number of metered charge packets that is required to fill a potential ‘well’ to a predetermined threshold level is linearly proportional to the magnitude of the input analogue voltage. Circuits have been implemented using p-channel, aluminium-gate technology, and have demonstrated 10–12 bits resolution capability.
T-cell recognition of myelin basic protein

Abstract Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system which has been hypothesized to be autoimmune in nature. To test whether this is the case, Kai Wucherp fennig and colleagues have developed a set of criteria that must be met to satisfy the hypothesis. Here, they present these criteria and assess the extent to which studies to date satisfy them.
Marketing research for public health: A demonstration of differential responses to advertising

This study illustrates the use of marketing research techniques outside of the traditional limits of marketing. It examines awarencess of two distinct promotional themes promoting venereal disease prevention. The study is done with a relatively homogeneous sample and shows the need for a segmentation strategy in promoting this critical public health issue. Both attitudes and media behavior of respondents are examined and it is shown that the different promotional appeals are recalled by persons with different sets of values and different media habits.
Linearly connected sequences and spectrally optimal dual frames for erasures

Abstract In the case that a frame is prescribed for applications and erasures occur in the process of data transmissions, we examine optimal dual frames for the recovery from single erasures. In contrast to earlier papers, we consider the spectral radius of the error operator instead of its operator norm as a measure of optimality. This notion of optimality is natural when the Neumann series is used to recover the original data in an iterative manner. We obtain a complete characterization of spectrally one-erasure optimal dual frames in terms of the redundancy distribution of the prescribed frame. Our characterization relies on the connection between erasure optimal frames and the linear connectivity property of the frame. We prove that the linear connectivity property is equivalent to the intersection dependent property, and is also closely related to the well-known concept of a k-independent set. Additionally, we also establish several necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an alternate dual frame to make the iterative reconstruction work.
Social-Aware DNS: First Step towards Future Internet

Domain Name System (DNS) plays an important middle role by coupling data from the Web with the ownership of their hosts. This coupled architecture has shortcomings like inefficient content fetching from the Web and DNS misconfiguration in today's Internet. This paper proposes a new architecture to redesign the current DNS by leveraging online social media system for better future Internet. Instead of hierarchical design, we present a flat decoupled naming system for our social-aware DNS. Moreover, we present our mechanism for query resolution within the trusted members in the communities that will distribute load and reduce traffic in the system. Finally, we present trusted cache scheme in our social-aware DNS architecture to reduce query resolution latency.
Needle Transfer Among Injection Drug Users: A Multilevel Analysis

Objective: The purpose of the study described here is to extend our understanding of needle transfer behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs) by combining both micro and macro variables in a multilevel model. Methods: A sample of 8,404 IDUs interviewed at 18 sites of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Cooperative Agreement for AIDS Community-Based Outreach/Intervention Program (COOP) was used for the study. A multilevel model was employed to deal with intraclass correlation in the sample and to evaluate the impact of micro and macro variables on needle transfer among IDUs. Results: A significant intraclass correlation was detected in the sample. Needle transfer was associated with both the individual characteristics and the features of the social setting in which they were embedded. Some of the micro slopes were fixed, while some varied from site to site, depending on the values of macro variables. The micro intercept and the micro slope of ethnicity vary randomly across social settings, while...
Is Marital Quality Declining? The Evidence from Two Generations

The authors investigated the possibility that changes in the economic and social context of marriage have lowered marital quality in recent marriages. They used data from a national probability sample of two generations representing individuals married between 1969-1980 and between 1981-1992. Compared with the older group, the younger group (both men and women) reported significantly lower levels of marital interaction and significantly higher levels of marital conflict and problems. Increases in age at first marriage and education between generations did not offset these declines. Changes in economic resources, work and family demands, wives' gender role attitudes, and cohabitation prior to marriage accounted for these changes
Searching for markers in the hereditary intestinal polyposes.

Oral abnormalities in the intestinal polyposes have been reported by numerous authors. Detection of occult osteomatous and other dental changes in the jaws before development of polyps would be of considerable importance in the early diagnosis of premalignant gastrointestinal disorders. More than 425 individuals from families in whom intestinal polyposis is segregating have received oral-facial examinations. The dental findings may permit early, nonivasive identification of individuals at risk for polyposis.
Book Review Essay: The Relevance of Richard Rorty to Management Research

The article reviews the book “The Relevance of Richard Rorty to Management Research,” by R. Edward Freeman.
DSM-5: a teachable moment.

The rollout of DSM-5 is both a challenge and an opportunity for psychiatrists and particularly for trainees. Psychiatric education in the wake of DSM-5 will go beyond memorizing lists of new criteria. Teachers and learners alike will seize the “teachable moment” to learn new content, model how to approach and apply new understanding, think about how new knowledge is developed, and appreciate the importance of public dialogue.We can capitalize on this moment to improve the teaching of assessment skills as a central focus of residency training.
ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE MODELS FOR GEOMATERIALS: THEORETICAL AND NUMERICAL CHALLENGES

A new anisotropic damage model for rock is formulated and discussed. Flow rules are derived with the energy release rate conjugate to damage, which is thermodynamically consistent. Drucker–Prager yield function is adapted to make the damage threshold depend on damage energy release rate and to distinguish between tension and compression strength. Positivity of dissipation is ensured by using a nonassociate flow rule for damage, while nonelastic deformation due to damage is computed by an associate flow rule. Simulations show that the model meets thermodynamic requirements, follows a rigorous formulation, and predicts expected trends for damage, deformation and stiffness.
Statistical Properties of Pressure in a Random Wave Field

Abstract The probability density function, the first three statistical moments, and the spectrum of pressure are obtained for a Gaussian, stationary and homogeneous random gravity-wave field in deep water, taking into consideration the effects of free-surface fluctuations. Approximate representation of the spectrum is also derived. It is shown that the statistical properties of pressure differ appreciably from those when free-surface fluctuations are ignored especially at, around, and above the equilibrium surface.
Near-infrared monitoring of perfusion and oxygen availability in abdominal organs and skeletal muscle during hypoxia

Near-IR spectroscopy was used to quantify blood content and oxygenation dynamics in abdominal organs and skeletal muscle of 18 anesthetized rabbits during hypoxic hypoxia. Liver, kidney, and hindlimb muscle were exposed surgically. Laser diode pulses transmitted across the tissues were detected by means of a photomultiplier. The amount and redox level of tissue hemoglobin were estimated from the near-IR signals and monitored during 5- min-long hypoxic challenges and subsequent recovery periods. In the kidney, exposure to 10% FiO2 resulted in rapid and symmetrical changes in oxygenated and reduced hemoglobin with 50% of the variations occurring within 1 min and a plateau after 3 min. Total hemoglobin did not change and hemoglobin oxygenation returned to baseline within 1 min of hypoxia cessation. Exposure to 6% FiO2 doubled the decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin and induced a sustained vasoconstriction which decreased total hemoglobin content 2 min after initiation of hypoxia. Comparable patterns were observed in the liver and skeletal muscle with the following exceptions: local vasoconstriction was generally not observed at 6% FiO2, return to baseline oxygen availability was much slower in skeletal muscle than in the other organs.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Commentary on Relational Social Work: A Model for the Future

In their article “Relational social work: A model for the future” Ornstein and Ganzer (2005) raise a number of very interesting and useful points. We believe it to be a valuable contribution to the profession of social work. To be sure, relational constructs are consistent with social work values and are poised to positively impact the practice of social work. To inform social work by a theory known as relational psychoanalysis is, in our opinion, a significant contribution. To call social work that is informed by a relational psychoanalysis, “relational social work” is a misnomer. Relational psychoanalytically informed social work is a difficult phrase but it is more descriptive of their model.
Electron transfer/transport at metal‐molecule interfaces probed by femtosecond time‐resolved two‐photon photoemission: Heptane and fullerene on Au(111)

Electron transfer and transport at metal-molecule interfaces has been a central problem in a number of disciplines. There is renewed interest in this problem from the rapidly growing field of molecule-based electronics, where the socalled "contact problem" is usually probed in transport measurements. Here, we probe interfacial electron transfer/transport using time-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. Such an approach allows us to quantitatively measure the energetic alignment of occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals to the metal Fermi level, the electronic coupling strength (or spectral density) between the molecular orbital and the metal substrate, and electronic-nuclear coupling leading to dynamic localization. These three types of information are in fact key ingredients in quantitative theories for electron transfer and transport at molecule-metal surfaces. Recent examples from our laboratory are used to illustrate the point. They include femtosecond dynamics of image potential resonances on heptane-covered Au(111) and exciton relaxation dynamics in C 6 0 epitaxial films on Au(111). On heptane/ Au(111), the lifetime of the n = 1 image potential resonance increases from 52 fs at one monolayer (ML) coverage to 700 fs at 2 ML and 2.8 ps at 3 ML. On C 6 0 /Au(111). the Frenkel exciton (involving the LUMO+1 level) couples over long distance to the metal substrate, with lifetime of 350 fs at 30 ML to 80 fs at 2 ML coverage. The film-thickness-dependent decay dynamics in both cases can be attributed to interfacial electron transfer. Fitting the distance-dependent electron transfer rates to a simple exponential function gives the characteristic distance parameter of β = 0.6 ′ 0.1 and 0.023 ′ 0.005 A - 1 for heptane- and C 6 0 -covered Au(111), respectively. The difference in the β parameters illustrates the essential role of the electronic structure of molecules in mediating interfacial electron transfer/transport.
European immigration and Continental feminism: Theories of Rosi Braidotti

This article considers the academic writings and activism of the major Continental feminist philosopher Rosi Braidotti against the background of the growing religiously and racially biased anti-imm...
Tissue Specific Expression of Rat Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase Activity and mRNA

The tissue specific expression of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase [(PAM) EC 1.14.17.3], an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of amidated bioactive peptides from their glycine-extended precursors, was examined in adult rat. Soluble and membrane-associated PAM enzymatic activities were determined, and the levels and size classes of PAM mRNA were examined by Northern blot analysis. PAM specific activity varied 1000-fold in the tissues examined, with highest levels in heart atrium, pituitary and salivary glands, and hypothalamus. The fraction of total PAM activity that was membrane associated varied from approximately 70% in heart atrium to 10% in neurointermediate pituitary lobe and thyroid gland. Levels of PAM mRNA varied over 300-fold. In the heart atrium, PAM mRNA accounts for more than 0.1% of the mRNA. For many tissues the ratio of total PAM specific activity to PAM mRNA levels was similar; however, PAM activity was higher than expected from mRNA levels in the salivary glands and lower than expected in several tissues, including heart ventricle. Three major size classes of PAM mRNA were identified among the tissues. Use of RNAse H indicated that differences in size were not due to the length of the poly(A) tail. The heart and central nervous system expressed PAM mRNA of the 4.2 kilobase (kb) and 3.8 kb size classes, while the remaining tissues expressed predominantly 3.8 kb and 3.6 kb classes; few tissues contained only one size class of PAM mRNA. The two major forms of PAM mRNA in adult heart atrium differ by the presence or absence of a 315 nucleotide segment in the protein coding region. Using a cDNA probe from within this segment, the 4.2 kb and 3.8 kb size classes of PAM mRNA in the central nervous system appeared to resemble those in the heart atrium. In the remaining tissues, a subset of PAM mRNAs in the 3.8 kb and 3.6 kb size classes hybridized with this probe, suggesting that additional forms of PAM mRNA are present.
Control of ultralow pressures: an absolute thermodynamic manometer.

A method of accurately manipulating the pressure of helium gas in the range P=10−1 to 10−20 Torr, T<5 K is presented. The method requires only a very modest apparatus and makes use of thermodynamic measurements on the 4He–Grafoil system. A calibration curve and a pressure scale for the manometer are developed which will allow convenient application in other laboratories. An experiment which utilizes the technique is briefly disscussed.
Heparin binding sites are present at a higher concentration on sperm of subfertile men than donors of known fertility.

Heparin sulfate has been shown to both stimulate sperm capacitation and cause decondensation of sperm chromatin. Recent studies have shown that sperm chromatin decondensation following exposure to a low concentration of heparin sulfate is inversely correlated with penetration ability. This study shows that sperm from subfertile patients contain a higher ( p <. 05) concentration of heparin binding sites than sperm from donors of known fertility. No differences were observed in the binding affinity of 3 H-labeled heparin to donor and patient sperm. Binding was specific for sulfated heparin and dextran. FITC-labeled heparin bound to a higher percentage ( p <. 01) of patient sperm (39.6 &#45 3.1) than donor sperm (12.3 &#45 1.7). A relationship is demonstrated between heparin binding sites and sperm chromatin decondensation following heparin exposure, both of which are increased in sperm from subfertile men.
Hypothalamic metallic deposition and the production of experimental obesity.

Abstract The effectiveness of the deposition of metallic ions in the medial hypothalamus in producing experimental obesity in rats was investigated. Both the direct deposition to the hypothalamus of Fe +++ (as FeCl 3 · 6H 2 O) or Cu ++ (as CuCl 2 · 2H 2 O) via bilateral stainless steel cannulae or via anodal electrolysis with stainless steel or copper electrodes resulted in similar significant increases in daily weight gain and the development of obesity. NaCl deposition via cannulae, sham lesions, and empty cannulae insertion were all ineffective in altering body weight. These results suggest that: (a) the electrical events associated with anodal direct current lesions using stainless steel or copper electrodes are secondary to the deposition of metallic ions in the production of experimental obesity; and, (b) the tissue destruction in the ventromedial hypothalamic region coupled with the presence of heavy metal ions apparently ‘add’ to produce a very high probability of the development of experimental obesity.
Effects of Organic Enrichment on Zooplankton Abundance and Walleye Fry Growth and Survival in Artificial Rearing Ponds

ABSTRACT Cylindrical aluminum enclosures in an artificial rearing pond were used to examine the effect of organic enrichment with alfalfa pellets and fish predation on the abundance and size structure of cladocerans and the growth and survivorship of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) fry. Organic enrichment had a stronger effect than walleye fry predation on cladoceran abundance. Increased cladoceran abundance was due to increased abundance of smaller individuals, suggesting organic enrichment stimulated cladoceran reproduction. Although fish predation did not influence total cladoceran abundance, it did appear to reduce the abundance of larger size classes of cladocerans (> 1.25 mm total length). Organic enrichment did not increase survival of walleye fry but did increase their average weight and condition, especially among larger fry.
Intraurban Migration, Neighborhoods, and City Structure

The neighborhood is the central analytical entry point into a wide range of research topics, but it is an open question as to what defines a neighborhood. Most quantitative neighborhood classification methods are based on the assumption that neighborhoods are composed of places with similar spatial and socioeconomic characteristics. While this assumption is both convenient and valuable in neighborhood classification, it tends to overlook critical features of lived experience, particularly human activities such as migration. This paper examines neighborhood classification through the lens of migration patterns in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minnesota. This study uses a parcel dataset to derive a near complete depiction of intraurban migration, which is then coupled to a new combination of methods informed by migration concepts to construct and analyze neighborhood structure. The results of this approach illustrate the value of combining data, method, and theory of human migration in neighborhood c...
Axon-target interactions maintain synaptic gene expression in retinae transplanted to intracranial regions of the rat

Abstract In the present study we examined the effects of optic axon–CNS target interactions on gene expression in the rat retina. These studies took advantage of a transplantation paradigm that allowed us to assay gene expression in retinae transplanted to different intracranial locations in the neonatal rat that either promoted (dorsal midbrain) or precluded (cerebral cortex) the formation of retino-collicular connections. Using in situ hybridization experiments, we observed that transplantation to the dorsal midbrain resulted in a relatively normal pattern of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) β -3 subunit and glutamate receptor 3 (GluR3) gene expression. In contrast, retinae transplanted to the cerebral cortex (which did not result in normal retino-collicular interactions) showed a dramatic reduction in nAChR β -3 subunit and GluR3 gene expression. These results agree with those obtained in the adult goldfish retina, where it has been demonstrated that an optic nerve–optic tectum interaction is responsible for the re-induction nAChR and NMDA receptor gene expression during optic nerve regeneration. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that proper axon–target interactions are required for maintenance of nAChR and glutamate receptor gene expression in the mature vertebrate retina.
Effect of growth rate on phenotypic expression of 6-thioguanine resistance in human diploid fibroblasts.

Abstract The influence of growth rate on the kinetics of phenotypic expression of 6-thioguanine resistance has been investigated by establishing 3 protocols for the maintenance of mutagenized stock cultures of human diploid fibroblasts. These protocols differed in the frequency with which subculture was performed during the phenotypic expression period. The resultant growth kinetics varied widely from continual exponential proliferation to density-inhibited growth for much of the expression period. With all of the substance protocols, a maximum mutation frequency was reached by 9 days after exposure of confluent cultures to 6 J/m 2 of 254 nm UV light. The maximum frequency was similar in all experimental groups and remained stable up to 17 days after irradiation, the last time point tested. These results indicate that continual proliferation is not required for optimal expression of 6-thioguanine resistance.
Incarcerated Mothers and Child Visitation: A Law, Social Science, and Policy Perspective

This article examines the issue of child visitation for criminally confined mothers. This topic is assessed, mindful of what the social science literature reports, especially in regards to recidivi...
Logic cell emulation for ASIC in-circuit emulators

Following a discussion of several approaches to logic cell emulation in ASIC in-circuit emulators (ICE) programmable logic components (PLCs) are selected as the recommended approach to the problem. User-programmable logic components allow ASIC ICE units to maintain flexibility through reprogrammability. Since they are reusable, PLCs inherently become cost-effective. Over the past five years PLC densities have grown four-fold, further reducing costs. Utilizing these programmable logic devices for logic cell emulation allows ASIC ICE units to provide full-chip emulation capability for use in many ASIC applications. >
Thermal conditions at the bed of the Laurentide ice sheet in Maine during deglaciation: implications for esker formation

The University of Maine Ice Sheet Model was used to study basal conditions during retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet in Maine. Within 150 km of the margin, basal melt rates average � 5m m a -1 during retreat. They decline over the next 100 km, so areas of frozen bed develop in northern Maine during retreat. By integrating the melt rate over the drainage area typically subtended by an esker, we obtained a discharge at the margin of � 1.2 m 3 s -1 . While such a discharge could have moved the material in the Katahdin esker, it was likely too low to build the esker in the time available. Additional water from the glacier surface was required. Temperature gradients in the basal ice increase rapidly with distance from the margin. By conducting upward into the ice all of the additional viscous heat produced by any perturbation that increases the depth of flow in a flat conduit in a distributed drainage system, these gradients inhibit the formation of sharply arched conduits in which an esker can form. This may explain why eskers commonly seem to form near the margin and are typically segmented, with later segments overlapping onto earlier ones.
An inverse cascade model for self-organized complexity and natural hazards

SUMMARY The concept of self-organized complexity evolved from the scaling behaviour of several cellular automata models, examples include the sandpile, slider-block and forest-fire models. Each of these systems has a large number of degrees of freedom and shows a power-law frequencyarea distribution of avalanches with N ∝ A −α and α ≈ 1. Actual landslides, earthquakes and forest fires exhibit a similar behaviour. This behaviour can be attributed to an inverse cascade of metastable regions. The metastable regions grow by coalescence which is self-similar and gives power-law scaling. Avalanches sample the distribution of smaller clusters and, at the same time, remove the largest clusters. In this paper we build on earlier work (Gabrielov et al.) and show that the coalescence of clusters in the inverse cascade is identical to the formation of fractal drainage networks. This is shown analytically and demonstrated using simulations of the forest-fire model.
Imaging Isolated Gold Atom Catalytic Sites in Zeolite NaY

Gold, the most stable metallic element, attracted wide attention as a catalyst only after the discovery that gold nanoclusters on oxide supports are highly active and selective for reactions including numerous oxidation,[1–8] hydrogenation,[9–11] hydroamination,[12, 13] ring expansion,[14, 15] and coupling[16, 17] reactions. The catalytic properties of supported gold strongly dependent on the gold–support interactions and the size of the active species, which must be small—typically clusters with diameters of the order of 1 nm.[18–20] Frequent discoveries of new gold-catalyzed reactions are leading the science; understanding has been slow to emerge.[21] Major challenges are to identify the catalytically active species and to characterize gold–support interactions.
Issues in convergence improvement for non‐linear finite element programs

Systems of non-linear equations as they arise when analysing various physical phenomena and technological processes by the implicit Finite Element Method (FEM) are commonly solved by the Newton–Raphson method. The modelling of sheet metal forming processes is one example of highly non-linear problems where the iterative solution procedure can become very slow or diverge. This paper focuses on techniques to overcome these numerical difficulties. Several methods to generate initial guesses within the radius of convergence are proposed. Appropriate stopping criteria for the iterative procedure are discussed. A combination of various line search methods with the continuation method is proposed. The efficiency and robustness of these numerical procedures are compared based on a set of test examples. A particular form of line search was identified which allows the stable and efficient solution of highly non-linear sheet metal forming problems. Even though the present investigations were motivated by the application of the implicit FEM to the simulation of sheet metal forming processes, the findings are general enough to be applicable to a wide spectrum of non-linear FEM applications. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REGIONAL BRAIN GLUCOSE METABOLISM IS ALTERED DURING RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP IN THE CAT : A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Glucose utilization was measured in 74 brain regions of the cat during states of wakefulness or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These data were obtained from intact, unanesthetized animals which were instrumented for objectively measuring states of consciousness. Through a chronically implanted intravenous catheter, the cats received 250 microCi of magnitude of 6-14C glucose during REM sleep (N = 3) or during wakefulness (N = 3). After spending approximately 8 min in REM sleep or in quiet wakefulness, the cats were administered a lethal dose of barbiturate and the brains were removed and processed for autoradiography. The results revealed site-specific changes in glucose metabolism during REM sleep. Significant alterations in glucose use occurred in the thalamus, the limbic system, and specific regions of the pontine reticular formation. These data demonstrate for the first time that during states comprised entirely of REM sleep there are anatomically specific changes in cerebral glucose metabolism. The majority of brain regions exhibiting REM sleep-dependent changes in glucose metabolism either overlapped with regions known to contain cholinergic cell bodies, or with areas that receive prominent cholinergic input.
Theoretical modeling of cavity-backed patch antennas using a hybrid technique

A hybrid technique that combines the method of moments (MoM) and the finite element method (FEM) to analyze cavity-backed patch antennas is presented. This technique features the use of FEM in solving the electromagnetic field distribution in the cavity and the use of MoM in solving integral equations outside the cavity. The results of MoM and FEM are combined through the continuity conditions on the boundary of the cavity. Due to the flexibility of FEM, complex cavities filled with inhomogeneous media can be analyzed by this technique. The results obtained by this hybrid technique are compared to the finite difference time domain (FDTD) results and good agreement is found. >
The ethnography of process: Excavating and re-generating civic engagement and political subjectivity:

This article problematizes the ethnography of process with respect to civic engagement and political subjectivity. Process is approached in a two-pronged sense: as a target of ethnographic/phenomenological discovery and as a place-based issue particular to the US. Regarding the first sense, I examine the dialogic emergence of political subjectivity in specific communication contexts. Concurrently, I raise epistemological questions about the power of words to name states and processes of civic-being. Regarding the second sense, I argue that the experience, expression, and investigation of political subjectivity in the US is informed and hampered by a political/discursive culture that emphasizes discrete ‘engagement measures’ and ‘decisive stances’ over processes. Interweaving these two prongs together, I argue for greater experimentation with re-presentational forms that excavate and regenerate processes of civic engagement and political subjectivity. Data stem from ethnographic and theatrical work with yo...
Why women see differently from the way men see? A review of sex differences in cognition and sports

Abstract The differences of learning and memory between males and females have been well documented and confirmed by both human and animal studies. The sex differences in cognition started from early stage of neuronal development and last through entire lifespan. The major biological basis of the gender-dependent cognitive activity includes two major components: sex hormone and sex-related characteristics, such as sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) protein. However, the knowledge of how much biology of sex contributes to normal cognitive function and elite athletes in various sports are still pretty limited. In this review, we will be focusing on sex differences in spatial learning and memory – especially the role of male- and female-type cognitive behaviors in sports.
Exact and Approximate Methods for Calculating Signal and Transition Probabilities in FSMs

In this paper, we consider the problem of calculating the signal and transition probabilities of the internal nodes of the combinational logic part of a finite state machine (FSM). Given the state transition graph (STG) of the FSM, we first calculate the state probabilities by iteratively solving the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations. Using these probabilities, we then calculate the exact signal and transition probabilities by an implicit state enumeration procedure. For large sequential machines where the STG cannot be explicitly built, we unroll the next state logic k times and estimate the signal probability of the state bits using an OBDD-based approach. The basic computation step consists of solving a system of nonlinear equations. We then use these estimates to approximately calculate signal and transition probabilities of the internal nodes. Our experimental results indicate that the average errors of transition probabilities and power estimation(compared to the exact method) are only 5% and 0.6% respectively when k = 3. This is an order of magnitude improvement in computation accuracy compared to the existing approaches.
HIV infection in women may lead to xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction

Abstract Original Article Navazesh M, Mulligan R, Barron Y, Redford M, Greenspan D, Alves M, et al. A 4-year longitudinal evaluation of xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction in the Women's Interagency HIV Study participants. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95(6):693–8. Level of Evidence 1b Purpose To investigate the association between HIV infection in women and xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction Source of Funding Government — National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Type of Study/Design Longitudinal cohort study
Novel therapeutics in multiple myeloma

Most myeloma patients still experience recurrent relapse and eventually become resistant and/or intolerant of effective agents such as corticosteroids, alkylating agents, immune modulators (lenalidomide and thalidomide) or proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib. Once this happens average survivals are less than one year. Progress has been made for such patients, however, with the demonstration of clinical benefit of novel proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib) and immune modulators (pomalidomide). Pomalidomide when used with dexamethasone has activity in 30–60% of patients depending on disease stage. Carfilzomib is an irreversible proteasome inhibitor with favorable toxicity profile (minimal neuropathy) and response rates of 17–54% depending on the disease stage treated. Novel targets are also being explored. Histone deacetylase inhibitors such as vorinostat and panobinostat are in phase II testing although results from a randomized trial combining vorinostat with bortezomib were disappointing. Other small molecules or monoclonal antibodies with novel targets such as kinase inhibitors(AKT, CDK5) and cell surface receptors (e.g. elotuzumab) are undergoing active investigation.
Leaflet initiation is temporally and spatially separated in simple and complex tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf mutants: a developmental analysis

Formation of a compound leaf requires the involvement of multiple factors, including KNOX1 gene expression. To further characterize simple and complex tomato leaf mutants, we analyzed their morphology and development by as- sessing: leaf phenotypes, primary leaf morphogenesis, expression of the class I KNOX gene LeT6, and meristematic activ- ity of the marginal blastozone. Mutants with alterations in lobing and (or) pinnation (decrease/increase) were analyzed. Primary leaflet initiation is delayed in mutants with decreased lobing. In contrast, leaflet initiation is advanced or similar to the wild type in mutants with deep lobes. Leaves with increased pinnation along the rachis require a protracted develop- mental program to form their final leaf morphology. Using a morphometric analysis, we show that leaf complexity can be quantified. The expression pattern of LeT6 correlates with histological analysis of meristematic activity of the marginal blastozone, suggesting that LeT6 may play a role, through some unknown mechanism, to regulate meristematic compe- tence, not only in the marginal blastozone to regulate leaflet lobing, but along the entire length of the leaf to regulate pin- nation in compound leaves.
Apoptosis and Autophagy: Decoding Calcium Signals that Mediate Life or Death

Calcium is a versatile and dynamic 2nd messenger that is essential for the survival of all higher organisms. In cells that undergo activation or excitation, calcium is released from the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum to activate calcium-dependent kinases and phosphatases, thereby regulating numerous cellular processes; for example, apoptosis and autophagy. In the case of apoptosis, endogenous ligands or pharmacological agents induce prolonged cytosolic calcium elevation, which in turn leads to cell death. In contrast, there is now evidence that calcium regulates autophagy by several mechanisms, and these may be important for maintaining cell survival. Here we summarize what is known about how calcium regulates these life and death decisions. We pay particular attention to pathways that have been described in lymphocytes and cardiomyocytes, as these systems provide optimal models for understanding calcium signaling in the context of normal cell physiology.
Endometriosis and Oxidative Stress

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecologic disease process with multifactorial etiology. Increased oxidative stress, a result of increased production of free radicals or depletion of the body’s endogenous antioxidant defense, has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Oxidative stress is thought to promote angiogenesis and the growth and proliferation of endometriotic implants. Oxidative stress in the reproductive tract microenvironment is known to negatively affect sperm count and quality and may also arrest fertilized egg division leading to embryo death. Increased DNA damage in sperm, oocytes, and resultant embryos may account for the increase in miscarriages and fertilization and implantation failures seen in patients with endometriosis. The evidence linking endometriosis and infertility to endogenous pro-oxidant imbalance provides a rationale for the empiric use of antioxidant therapy. Vitamin C and E deficiency has been demonstrated in women with endometriosis. Observational and randomized controlled studies have shown vitamin C and E combination therapy to decrease markers of oxidative stress.
Professional Responsibility in Transborder Practice: Conflict and Resolution

This article explores the professional responsibility problems arising from the increasing tendency of lawyers' work to cross national frontiers. It first describes persisting variations in the rules governing professional practice from country to country and the underlying differences between professions that give rise to such variations. Examples are drawn primarily from France and Germany. It then explores the ways in which such differences might be resolved. Those problems may appear either in the form of disciplinary proceedings or malpractice suits and the conflicts of law rules as to the two categories of cases appear to differ significantly.
Huizong and the Imperial Dragon: Exploring the Material Culture of Imperial Sovereignty

This article examines the case of the Song emperor Huizong (r. 1100-1125) in order to explore the dragon as an imperial image in China. Huizong put images of dragons on the bells and cauldrons he had cast, paper he had printed, and stones he had inscribed. His paintings catalogue singled out those paintings of dragons and fish as a distinct category, something no earlier classification of paintings had done. His antiquities catalogue included numerous discussions of dragon imagery on ancient objects.Huizong's two ”double dragon” seals are given close attention, as seals are a material object with close ties to emperorship from early times. Huizong's double-dragon seals were in no sense conventional for his time and place. First, they do not depict words or characters, but are pictures. Yet the pictures seem to resemble characters at first glance- they are made out of connected, curved lines. In addition, there is the question of why there are two dragons rather than one, despite the fact that the emperor was a singular individual, the ”one man” of classical tradition. Two possible sources for Huizong's innovation in the design of his double dragon seals are considered in this article: his collection of antiquity rubbings and his interest in Daoist talismans.These seals encourage us to think about the material culture of imperial sovereignty in a new way. What made the emperor an emperor was a set of practices and conventions that did not change each time a new ruler acceded to the throne. To work, they had to be timeless. Most of the dragon imagery connected to the throne represents the office of the emperor. Yet emperors were at the same time individual men, with personal habits, preferences, talents, and quirks. By Song times, personal seals were a common means of expressing individual identity among literati. Huizong found a way to take the dragon- the symbol of his office- and have it also function as a symbol of himself. This suggests that even with an institution as dominating as the imperial one, there was still room for more private, creative uses of material and visual culture. For Huizong, the image of the dragon played a part both in making the throne seem remote, linked to the authority of antiquity, and in making it approachable, linked to popular culture.
Hereditary Classes of Operators and Matrices

implies that the matrix A is hermitian. Here A* denotes the conjugate transpose of the matrix A. The answer is yes (of course, only the case of singular A is nontrivial), as can be proved by elementary methods: By Schur's triangularization theorem, which asserts that every square size complex matrix is unitarily similar to an upper triangular matrix [17, Theorem 2.3.1], we may assume that A itself is upper triangular. Inspection of the diagonal entries of A*A = A2 shows that all the diagonal entries of A are real and all the off-diagonal entries are zero. Thus, A is Hermitian, since it is unitarily similar to a real diagonal matrix. Consider now a "symmetrized"version of (1.1) in which the squares of both A and A* appear symmetrically:
Determination of aluminum in noodles,vermicelli and puffed food by ICP-OES

Objective:To establish a determination method of aluminum in noodles,vermicelli and puffed food by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-OES),and find out the levels of aluminum in these foods.Methods:The samples were wet digested,analyzed by ICP-OES and quantified by external standard.Results:The lowest detection limit was 0.024 μg/ml,the lowest detectable concentration of 0.600 mg/kg;The linear range of the method was 0.200 μg/ml～50.0 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999.The recovery rate and relative standard deviation were 91.9%～106.7%,0.88%～3.06%,respectively.In the three detected foods,the level of aluminum was highest in vermicelli,with puffed food next and finally noodles.Conclusion:The method is simple,accurate,low interference,low detection limit,wide linear range for determination of aluminum in food.
Problems in heart rate and alpha electroencephalographic feedback. Is the control over the feedback stimulus meaningful

When a subject has demonstrated successful control over a feedback stimulus, the experimenter should not interpret this to mean that the subject has learned a specific correlated physiological function. Data from two types of experiments — attempted heart rate stoppage and alpha electro-encephalographic feedback control — demonstrate some of the problems. The apparent heart stoppage of one subject was caused by the decrease in arterial pressure which occurred during a Valsalva procedure. The successful control over feedback stimuli during an EEG feedback study led to confused results: in this case the alpha criterion was too broad and was satisfied by different alpha frequencies, amplitudes, phase relations, and toposcopic distributions. Grouped subject data would only confuse the interpretation further. Suggestions to avoid some EEG feedback pitfalls are given.