cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spasmolytics; basic esters of substituted malonic acid.

Certain 2-diethylaminoethyl esters of disubstituted malonic acid that resembled effective antispasmodic esters of analogous disubstituted acetic acids have been synthesized. The preparative methods used are described. Preliminary pharmacological studies indicate that all the compounds show some degree of antispasmodic activity.
Cyclohexadecanone derivative/γ-cyclodextrin complexes MD simulations and AMSOL calculations in vacuo and in aquo compared with experimental findings

Abstract The complex formations of cis- and trans-cyclohexadecenone (cis-CHDC and trans-CHDC) and cyclohexadecanone (CHDH) with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) in the presence of water are investigated. In the experiment [cis-CHDC//γ-CD] complexes are found to be slightly preferred over [trans-CHDC//γ-CD] complexes, with an energy difference of less than 1 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in vacuo showed that energetically favourable complexes are formed, whereby (contrary to experiment) trans-CHDC has the best complexation energy, followed by cis-CHDC, (their calculated energy difference being less than 3 kcal/mol) and then cyclohexadecanone (CHDH). MD simulations in aqueous solution reveal positive complexation energies for all three compounds of about 12 to 25 kcal/mol, i.e., these practically do not exist in aquo, which is in agreement with the experimental observation that about 99% precipitate is formed. AMSOL calculations of the hydration energies support the low solubility of all three CHDC derivatives and the high solubility of γ-CD. Therefore, the simulations in aquo showed that hydration can play such an important role, that although complexation is possible in vacuo, the complexes are not formed in water.
Spontaneous Peritonitis And Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Importance of Accurate Diagnosis of Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections

Primary Gram-positive bacterial peritonitis developed in three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These cases suggest a possible association between these two entities. Furthermore, they emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis when evaluating abdominal symptoms in patients with SLE. ( JAMA 232:929-931, 1975)
Social Class Measurement and Women's Occupational Roles

A major shortcoming in the measurement of social class is neglect of the characteristics of women, particularly working wives, in the allocation of class position to individuals and families. The increasing proportion of women who work makes this an important factor. Data from several samples show that in a substantial number of marital pairs the occupational and educational level of the wives exceeds that of the husbands, so that about a third of these families are misclassified, using the Hollingshead (1957) Two Factor Index of Social Position for class measurement. The increased life chances accruing when both marriage partners work argue for allocating families to the social class level of the higher of the marriage partners. Because of the differential status of white-collar and blue-collar work in our society, and the segregative distribution of women in certain occupations, the most common effect of such action would be to raise the class level of some families where the husband is a blue-collar worker. The possible consequences of this reclassification are described using a study of adolescent drug use as an example. Indices of social class, at least in the United States, are commonly based on one or more of three indicators; occupation, education, and income. The Hollingshead two factor index combines occupation and education, the Duncan SES considers occupation only, and the U.S. census estimate of socioeconomic status uses all three. Various ad hoc attempts at social class measurement for particular studies often use income alone, or in combination with occupation or education.
Peer Victimization: The Role of Emotions in Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping.

Mediator models were examined in which children's emotional reactions to peer aggression were hypothesized to mediate their selection of coping strategies and subsequent peer victimization and internalizing problems. Self-report data were collected from 145 ethnically diverse kindergarten through fifth grade children (66 females and 79 males) who attended a predominantly low- to middle-class school. Hypothetical scenarios were used to assess children's anticipated responses to peer aggression. Victims reported more intense negative emotions (e.g., fear and anger) than did nonvictims. Fear emerged as a predictor of advice seeking which, in turn, predicted conflict resolution and fewer internalizing problems. Conflict resolution was associated with reductions in victimization. Anger and embarrassment predicted revenge seeking which, in turn, was associated with increases in victimization. Additional pathways predicting changes in peer victimization across a single academic year as a function of children's emotional and coping responses to peer abuse are discussed.
Brainstem mechanisms integrating gut-derived satiety signals and descending forebrain information in the control of meal size

Ingestive behavior is controlled by a complex interplay between signals conveying availability of (1) potentially ingestible food in the environment, (2) digestible food in the alimentary canal, (3) circulating fuels and (4) stored fuels. Each of these four classes of signals interact with specific sensors and neural circuits whose integrated output determines when food intake is initiated and when it is stopped. Because the final common path responsible for oromotor control is contained within complex neural pattern generators within the brainstem and is intimately linked to sensory information from the alimentary canal, at least part of the integration between the four classes of signals is thought to take place at the level of the caudal brainstem. Here we show that CCK, representing a class 2, or direct signal, and MC4-melanocortin receptor activity, representing a second order class 3/4, or indirect signal, converge in the nucleus of the solitary tract where they modulate activity of the mitogen-activated, extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK) pathway to determine the level of satiation. Blockade of this signaling pathway attenuates suppression of deprivation-induced food intake by intraperitoneal CCK and fourth ventricular MTII injection. Additional findings suggest that specific ERK-phosphorylation sites on ion channels and enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis of NTS neurons may be involved in ERK-mediated satiation and meal termination. Longer-term downstream effects of ERK activation might involve CREB-mediated gene transcription known to produce plasticity changes in neurocircuitry that could determine inter-meal intervals and the size of future meals.
Time course of coronary endothelial healing after injury due to ischemia and reperfusion.

BACKGROUND Although it has been demonstrated in short-term preparations that ischemia with early reperfusion results in coronary vascular injury manifested by abnormal endothelium-dependent relaxation and increased permeability to plasma proteins, it has not been clear whether these abnormalities are permanent or reversible. METHODS AND RESULTS In a canine model, regional coronary ischemia was accomplished by 1 hour of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, and follow-up studies were performed after reperfusion for 1 hour, 48 hours, 2 weeks, or 9 weeks. Vasorelaxation was measured in vitro with preconstricted epicardial coronary artery rings subjected to increasing concentrations of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator ADP and the endothelium-independent vasodilator nitroprusside. At 1 and 48 hours of reperfusion, relaxation of rings from the ischemic reperfused artery to ADP was blunted, but relaxation to nitroprusside was normal. At 2 weeks there was a nonsignificant trend toward a blunted response to ADP in the ischemic/reperfused rings, and at 9 weeks a completely normal response to ADP was observed. Coronary microvascular permeability was assessed by measurement of protein leak index (PLI), by using a double-isotope technique with autologous radiolabeled transferrin and erythrocytes. At 1 and 48 hours of reperfusion there were substantial increases in PLI in the previously ischemic regions, indicative of increased extravascular transferrin. There was a small increase in PLI at 2 weeks but a completely normal measurement at 9 weeks. Electron microscopy of ischemic/reperfused vessels demonstrated endothelial cell swelling and other abnormalities in epicardial arteries and the microcirculation at 48 hours of reperfusion but normal endothelium at 2 weeks of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS After 1 hour of regional coronary ischemia, coronary endothelial injury occurs early in reperfusion with abnormalities in epicardial coronary artery endothelium-dependent relaxation, coronary microvascular permeability, and both epicardial coronary artery and microvascular histology. This pattern of injury persists for at least 48 hours, but there is partial functional and complete histological recovery within 2 weeks and complete functional recovery within 9 weeks.
Scattered Light in a DMD based Multi-Object Spectrometer

The DMD (Digital Micromirror Device) has an important future in both ground and space based multi-object spectrometers. A series of laboratory measurements have been performed to determine the scattered light properties of a DMD. The DMD under test had a 17 μm pitch and 1 μm gap between adjacent mirrors. Prior characterization of this device has focused on its use in DLP (TI Digital Light Processing) projector applications in which a whole pixel is illuminated by a uniform collimated source. The purpose of performing these measurements is to determine the limiting signal to noise ratio when utilizing the DMD as a slit mask in a spectrometer. The DMD pixel was determined to scatter more around the pixel edge and central via, indicating the importance of matching the telescope point spread function to the DMD. Also, the generation of DMD tested here was determined to have a significant mirror curvature. A maximum contrast ratio was determined at several wavelengths. Further measurements are underway on a newer generation DMD device, which has a smaller mirror pitch and likely different scatter characteristics. A previously constructed instrument, RITMOS (RIT Multi-Object Spectrometer) will be used to validate these scatter models and signal to noise ratio predications through imaging a star field.
Determining hydrogen fluoride mirror reflectances with the cavity phase shift method

Current work with the cavity phase shift (CAPS) method concentrates on hydrogen fluoride laser wavelengths between 2.6 and 3.0 um. This method and continued advancements in experimental techniques are described. With use of a cavity dither the accuracy of reflectance measurements has been improved over previous work to ±0.0004 for reflectances around 0.995. Results of measurements on dielectric-coated elements are reported, as are studies on metallic monolayers placed on nontransmitting substrates. The required CAPS configuration in these cases is a three-mirror arrangement permitting angle-of-incidence variation. In this mode the CAPS method becomes a verification technique for optical coatings on particular resonator designs.
A World-System Approach to Post-Catastrophe International Relief

As our understanding of disaster shifts from an event concentrated in time and space to a social occasion occurring across time and space, so too must our explanations of disaster shift from theories of the middle range to broader theoretical frameworks. We explore the world-system approach in an effort to understand the upper limits of theory for disaster and offer this approach as a better understanding of how long-term development shapes social change. Utilizing media reports of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami from the United States to India, Indonesia and Thailand over a one-year period, we find perceptions of aid vary by economic zones and nation-states in the contemporary world system.
The Ventricular Fibrillation Waveform Approach to Direct Postshock Chest Compressions in a Swine Model of VF Arrest

Abstract Background In retrospective swine and human investigations of ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest, the amplitude-spectral area (AMSA), determined from the VF waveform, can predict defibrillation and a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Objectives We hypothesized that an algorithm using AMSA in real time to direct postshock chest compression (CC) duration would shorten the time to ROSC and improve neurological outcome in a swine model of VF cardiac arrest with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or nonischemic myocardium. Methods AMI was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. VF was untreated for 10 min. Animals were randomized to either traditional resuscitation with 2 min of CC after each shock or to an AMSA-guided algorithm where postshock CCs were shortened to 1 min if the preshock AMSA exceeded 20 mV-Hz. Results A total of 48 animals were studied, 12 in each group (AMI vs. normal, and traditional vs. AMSA-guided). There was a nonsignificant shorter time to ROSC with an AMSA-guided approach in AMI swine (17.2 ± 3.4 vs. 18.5 ± 4.7 min, p = NS), and in normal swine (13.5 ± 1.1 vs. 14.4 ± 1.2, p = NS). Neurological outcome was similar between traditional and AMSA-guided animals. AMSA predicted ROSC (p Conclusion Although AMSA predicts ROSC in a swine model of VF arrest in both AMI and normal swine, a waveform-guided approach that uses AMSA to direct postshock CC duration does not significantly shorten the time to ROSC or alter neurological outcome.
Reviewing the reviewers: The bell curve

Judging by the remarkable furor triggered by its publication, The Bell Curve may prove to be not simply this decade's most important work of social science but, as Troy Duster notes, "a major sociohistorical event" as well (Duster 1995). Yet, in light of the wildly divergent responses to the book, the precise nature of its future impact on research, policy, and public consciousness remains un clear. Will it suffer the fate of "The Moynihan Report" and render its topic taboo for another generation, or will it fundamentally reorient our thinking about the shapers of life chances and the sources of social problems? With the initial torrent of reviews and reactions in the popular press mercifully behind us, and the first fruits of more scholarly, and, one hopes more thoughtful, analyses beginning to appear in professional journals, more sober speculation about The Bell Curve's impact may now be possible. Such a task requires more than an assessment of the book's central findings and interpretations. It demands an examination of the acrimonious debate itself, a debate in which contemporary prejudices and anxieties concerning race, class, science, and public policy have come bubbling to the surface. These forces?of passion, interest, and misunder standing? and not simply the weight of evidence and argument will help to determine The Bell Curve's ultimate influence. That The Bell Curve has "struck a chord" or "touches an open nerve" (de pending on one's point of view) is clear. That it can serve as "an ideological marker for this period" (Duster 1995) or a "mirror for our morally exhausted times" (Newsweek), in which much is also revealed "about the intellectual tem per of our era" (Murray 1995a) may well be true. But which "chords," whose "nerves" and what "ideologies"? What precisely does this "mirror" reveal to us about the state of our nation, and, incidentally, the state of our discipline as well?
Genetic inducible fate mapping in larval zebrafish reveals origins of adult insulin-producing β-cells

The Notch-signaling pathway is known to be fundamental in controlling pancreas differentiation. We now report on using Cre-based fate mapping to indelibly label pancreatic Notch-responsive cells (PNCs) at larval stages and follow their fate in the adult pancreas. We show that the PNCs represent a population of progenitors that can differentiate to multiple lineages, including adult ductal cells, centroacinar cells (CACs) and endocrine cells. These endocrine cells include the insulin-producing β-cells. CACs are a functional component of the exocrine pancreas; however, our fate-mapping results indicate that CACs are more closely related to endocrine cells by lineage as they share a common progenitor. The majority of the exocrine pancreas consists of the secretory acinar cells; however, we only detect a very limited contribution of PNCs to acinar cells. To explain this observation we re-examined early events in pancreas formation. The pancreatic anlage that gives rise to the exocrine pancreas is located in the ventral gut endoderm (called the ventral bud). Ptf1a is a gene required for exocrine pancreas development and is first expressed as the ventral bud forms. We used transgenic marker lines to observe both the domain of cells expressing ptf1a and cells responding to Notch signaling. We do not detect any overlap in expression and demonstrate that the ventral bud consists of two cell populations: a ptf1-expressing domain and a Notch-responsive progenitor core. As pancreas organogenesis continues, the ventral bud derived PNCs align along the duct, remain multipotent and later in development differentiate to form secondary islets, ducts and CACs.
Semiparametric estimation in the secondary analysis of case–control studies

We study the regression relationship among covariates in case-control data, an area known as the secondary analysis of case-control studies. The context is such that only the form of the regression mean is specified, so that we allow an arbitrary regression error distribution, which can depend on the covariates and thus can be heteroscedastic. Under mild regularity conditions we establish the theoretical identifiability of such models. Previous work in this context has either (a) specified a fully parametric distribution for the regression errors, (b) specified a homoscedastic distribution for the regression errors, (c) has specified the rate of disease in the population (we refer this as true population), or (d) has made a rare disease approximation. We construct a class of semiparametric estimation procedures that rely on none of these. The estimators differ from the usual semiparametric ones in that they draw conclusions about the true population, while technically operating in a hypothetic superpopulation. We also construct estimators with a unique feature, in that they are robust against the misspecification of the regression error distribution in terms of variance structure, while all other nonparametric effects are estimated despite of the biased samples. We establish the asymptotic properties of the estimators and illustrate their finite sample performance through simulation studies, as well as through an empirical example on the relation between red meat consumption and heterocyclic amines. Our analysis verified the positive relationship between red meat consumption and two forms of HCA, indicating that increased red meat consumption leads to increased levels of MeIQA and PhiP, both being risk factors for colorectal cancer. Computer software as well as data to illustrate the methodology are available at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/rss-datasets.
Alarm Pheromones of the Ant Atta Texana

Abstract 4-Methyl-3-heptanone (0·59 μg/head) and 2-heptanone (0·14 μg/head) are the main volatile components of the mandibular glands of major workers. In the laboratory, worker ants detected and were attracted by 4-methyl-3-heptanone at a concentration of 5·7 × 10−13 g/cm3 (2·7 × 107 molecules/cm3). They were alarmed by a concentration of 5·7 × 10−12 g/cm3 (2·7 × 108 molecules/cm3). 2-Heptanone is less effective by a factor of 1000. In the field, low concentrations attract and alarm; high concentrations repel and alarm.
Assessing learning: From accountability to transformation

Assessing learning in higher education can be a very difficult task. There are some differences, however, when assessing for accountability to others and assessing for transformation. These distinctions are embedded in our historical understanding of teaching and learning.
Metachromasy in the eggs of fifteen lower animals

The eggs or oocytes, and in some cases the ovaries, of four annelids, three molluscs, two arthropods, three echinoderms and three chordates were examined for the presence of metachromasy, using toluidine blue.
Inhibition of calcium uptake, sodium uptake, and catecholamine secretion by methoxyverapamil (D600) in primary cultures of adrenal medulla cells.

: The calcium-entry antagonist D600 (methoxyverapamil) inhibited nicotine- and veratridine-induced -45Ca-4 uptake, 22Na+ uptake, and catecholamine secretion in primary cultures of bovine adrenal medulla cells. Inhibition of nicotine-induced effects occurred at D600 concentrations approximately 3-10-fold lower than those needed to produce similar inhibition of veratridine-induced effects. Inhibition of the veratridine-induced effects was competitive, but inhibition of the nicotine-induced effects was not competitive. These re-sults suggest that D600, in addition to blocking “slow” Ca- channels and tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ channels also blocks nicotine transmission, possibly either by noncompetitively inhibiting the interaction of nicotine with the receptor binding site or by blockade of the receptor-associated ion conductance channel.
Monitoring cardiac function with nuclear techniques.

Abstract Noninvasive Imaging with radioactive tracers has become widely used since its introduction in the early 1970s. Improvements continue to be made in the techniques and the clinical applications. Much of the information provided by these techniques is new. The first transit studies are used mainly in the evaluation of pulmonary transit time, detection of intracardiac shunting, evaluation of right ventricular function, measurement of ejection fraction and detection of wall motion abnormalities at rest and after exercise. The gated blood pool study is found to be most useful in assessment of global left ventricular function, regional wall motion, valve regurgitation and right ventricular function. The techniques of nuclear cardiac imaging are noninvasive, simple, successfully performed in almost 100 percent of cases. They are easy to interpret, able to be quantified and able to be almost totally automated. Their use is likely to become more widespread in the future.
Was James Madison Wrong? Rethinking the American Preference for Short, Framework-Oriented Constitutions

American constitutional thought has long held that short, framework-oriented constitutions last longer than lengthy, statute-oriented constitutions. The longevity of the U.S. Constitution contributes heavily to this assumption. Not surprisingly, political scientists criticize state constitutions for their greater length and tendency to address issues better dealt with through ordinary statute law. These â€œdefectsâ€ are frequently cited as responsible for the shorter lifespan of state constitutions. An examination of the 145 constitutions used by the American states since 1776, however, reveals a relationship among content, length, and durability that refutes the assumption that the design of the national constitution is necessarily superior. To the contrary, the analysis here reveals that longer and more detailed design of state constitutions actually enhances rather than reduces their longevity.
Sleep medicine education: are medical schools and residency programs napping on the job?

In this Training Matters article, Gamaldo and Salas provide an important and timely appraisal of the current state of sleep medicine education at medical-school and postgraduate levels. They highlight the need for more extensive integration of sleep education into the training curriculum and describe some new initiatives designed to achieve this goal.
A computers system for respiratory parameters.

Abstract This paper describes a new method of computing respiratory system parameters. Continuous measurements are made on driving pressure and flow during breathing. Intraesophageal pressure is obtained by a transducer directly in the esophagus. The data are converted to discrete values at a rate of 100 times per second, and then processed by digital computer. A least-mean-square criterion is used to determine compliance and resistance. Calculations are done on the basis of a total breath and separately over inspiration and expiration. Also, compliance is calculated by the two-point method, from pressure and volume at the start and end of inspiration. Statistical analysis of the results show a significantly higher compliance on inspiration than expiration, and a significantly higher resistance on expiration than inspiration. Compliance determined by the two-point method and inspiratory compliance determined by the least-mean-square technique show no significant difference and a high degree of correlation.
THEORY AND MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL MECHANISMS : V. FLASH DURATION AND CRITICAL INTENSITY FOR RESPONSE TO FLICKER.

The relation between flash duration and mean critical intensity (white light) for threshold recognition of visual flicker, as a function of flash frequency, was investigated by means of measurements at five values of the light-time fraction: 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.90, with flash frequencies of the interrupted beam ranging from 2 to 60 per second. A square area, 6.1 x 6.1°, centrally fixated) was viewed monocularly; the discriminometer used provides automatically an artificial pupil 1.8 mm. in diameter. Except for the slight day-to-day fluctuation in the magnitudes of the parameters, the data for the observer used are shown to form an essentially homogeneous group. As for other animals tested, the F - log Im curve is enlarged and moved toward lower flash intensities as the light-time fraction is decreased. The high intensity segments of the duplex curves are fitted by normal probability integrals for which F max. and the abscissa of inflection are rectilinear functions of tL(tL + tD), with opposite slopes. The third parameter, (σ'log I, is invariant. The low intensity segments are composites, their shapes determined by the summation of the lower part of the high intensity curve with an overlapping low intensity population of effects. Both the rising and the declining branches of this latter assemblage suffer competitive partial suppression by the effects in the high intensity population. The detailed analysis shows that these results are consistent with the theory of the central, rather than peripheral, location of the dynamically recognizable elements in the determination of flicker.
Forced and free variations of the surface temperature field in a general circulation model

Abstract The concept of “forced” and “free” variations of large-scale surface temperature is examined by analyzing several long runs of the Community Climate Model (CCMO) with idealized boundary conditions and forcing. 1) The planet is all land with uniform sea-level topography and fixed soil moisture. 2) The planetary surface and prescribed ozone are reflection symmetric across the equator and there is no generation of snow. 3) The obliquity is set to zero so that the climate is for a perpetual equinox solar insolation (i.e., sun fixed over the equator). After examining some relevant aspects of the undisturbed climate (surface temperature field) such as temporal and spatial autocorrelations and the corresponding spectra, two types of changes in external forcing are imposed to study the model response: 1) sinusoidal changes of the solar constant (5%, 10%, 90%, and 40% amplitudes) at periods of 15 and 30 days (the latter is the autocorrelation time for the global average surface temperature) and 20% at 60 ...
Ossification of the mouse metatarsal: Differentiation and proliferation in the presence/absence of a defined growth plate

There is significant diversity in growth plate behavior among sites within an individual skeleton and between skeletons of different species. This variation within wild-type animals is an underutilized resource for studying skeletal development. One bone that potentially exhibits the most diverse behavior is the metatarsal. While one end forms a growth plate with an epiphyseal secondary center of ossification as in other long bones, the opposite end undergoes direct ossification in a manner more similar to short bones. Although descriptions of human metatarsal/metacarpal ossification are available, a detailed comparative analysis has yet to be conducted in an animal model amenable to biomolecular analysis. Here we report an analysis of proximal and distal ossification in an age series of mouse metatarsals. Safranin O staining was used for qualitative and quantitative histology, and chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for type X collagen and proliferative cell nuclear antigen expression. We establish that, as in the human, both growth plate formation and direct ossification occur in the mouse metatarsal, with chondrocyte populations showing distinct differentiation patterns at opposite ends of the bone. In addition, growth plate formation is characterized by a peak of proliferation in reserve zone chondrocytes that distinguishes it from both established growth plates and direct ossification. Our analysis demonstrates that the mouse metatarsal is a productive model for investigating natural variation in ossification that can further understanding of vertebrate skeletal development and evolution.
Genetic approaches to identify disease genes for birth defects with cleft lip/palate as a model

BACKGROUND Understanding the etiology of birth defects is an important step toward developing improved treatment and preventive strategies. Most birth defects have an underlying genetic basis, ranging from single genes playing dominant or recessive roles in Mendelian disorders to a mixture of contributions from multiple genes and environmental triggers in complex traits. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of genetic approaches to identifying disease genes for genetically complex birth defects. METHODS A review of the literature describing successes and limitations for identifying disease genes for complex traits was conducted. RESULTS Cleft lip and cleft palate are common congenital anomalies with significant medical, psychological, social, and economic ramifications. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man catalog (OMIM; http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim) lists more than 400 single-gene causes of clefts of the lip and/or palate. Genetic causes of clefting also include chromosomal rearrangements, genetic susceptibility to teratogenic exposures, and complex genetic contributions of multiple genes. CONCLUSIONS Genetic causes of birth defects can be identified using an increasingly powerful combination of careful sample collection, molecular analytic methods, and statistical evaluations. We will describe a range of approaches to search for genetic factors of birth defects and use our own work with cleft lip and palate as a model. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Are period models well defined

Abstract This paper reexamines the criticisms of period models raised by Duncan Foley and Josef May. It is shown that the qualitative predictions both of the beginning-of-period and end-of-period models depend on the length of the period of analysis—even when the period of analysis is restricted to finite length. Then a guideline for selecting the length of the period of analysis is developed that eliminates the problems.
High-power single-mode InGaAsP/InP laser diodes for pulsed operation

We present high power, high reliability, single mode ridge waveguide laser diodes operated in an external cavity configuration. The cavity is formed by installing an InGaAsP/InP laser chip into a cavity with a Bragg grating mirror (BGM). The laser has fiber optical output. The devices are characterized by narrow spectral width operation, in pulsed and CW modes. We obtained 1.7 W output power in single mode fiber at 2 - 10 ns pulses, at a 1550 nm wavelength, with an optical line width of 0.15 nm. For CW excitation, the devices emitted 200 mW optical power with a bandwidth of less than 0.01 nm. These devices exhibit high temperature stability of the laser line spectral position. The construction of these devices enables cost-efficient, narrow bandwidth lasers in the wavelength range from 1300 to 1900 nm.
T-cell signaling: The importance of receptor clustering

T-cell receptors bound to peptide-MHC molecules undergo higher-order oligomerization in solution. This observation, the low-affinity-recognition properties of T-cell receptors, and other indications that such receptors undergo rapid, serial engagement by a single ligand suggest a dynamic clustering model of T-cell signaling.
Term dependence: a basis for Luhn and Zipf models

There are regularities in the statistical information provided by natural language terms about neighboring terms. We find that when phrase rank increases, moving from common to less common phrases, the value of the expected mutual information measure (EMIM) between the terms regularly decreases. Luhn's model suggests that midrange terms are the best index terms and relevance discriminators. We suggest reasons for this principle based on the empirical relationships shown here between the rank of terms within phrases and the average mutual information between terms, which we refer to as the Inverse Representation – EMIM principle. We also suggest an Inverse EMIM term weight for indexing or retrieval applications that is consistent with Luhn's distribution. An information theoretic interpretation of Zipf's Law is provided. Using the regularity noted here, we suggest that Zipf's Law is a consequence of the statistical dependencies that exist between terms, described here using information theoretic concepts.
Refractive Surgery in Children: Is It Ready for Prime Time?

Introduction: Potential indications for excimer laser procedures in children include accommodative esotropia, bilateral high ametropia, and severe anisometropia. Treatment of these conditions has traditionally included spectacle or contact lens use. This treatment, however, is often ineffective in children with severe anisometropia or bilateral ametropia, especially those with neuropsychological disorders. Refractive surgery may be a viable treatment option for these conditions. Methods: The visual and refractive results from our studies on photorefractive keratectomy for pediatric anisometropic amblyopia are discussed. Also, I will present a review of the world literature on excimer laser procedures for accommodative esotropia, pediatric high anisometropia, and pediatric bilateral high ametropia. Results: In our study, at 36 months follow-up, 7 of 9 patients who were able to perform psychophysical acuity testing preoperatively had improvement of two or more lines of uncorrected visual acuity and 6 of 9 had improvement of two or more lines of best corrected visual acuity. Fifty percent of the myopic patients and 100% of the hyperopic patients were within 2 D of refractive target at the 36-month follow-up visit. Refractive error stability has been good and corneal haze has been minimal. Conclusions: Refractive surgery in children to reduce amblyopiogenic levels of refractive error is proving to be relatively stable. Best corrected and uncorrected visual acuity has also been shown to improve following the excimer laser procedures. Refractive surgery also appears to be effective for pure accommodative esotropia. Randomized clinical trials are needed to fully establish safety and efficacy. Other refractive procedures, such as clear lens extraction and phakic intraocular lenses, may also prove to be valid treatment options for these conditions in the future.
Poor People's Movements 25 Years Later: Historical Context, Contemporary Issues

Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. By Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977. 381 pages.
Dress and the Female Gender Role in Magazine Advertisements of 1950–1994: A Content Analysis

This content analysis of magazine advertisements was conducted to examine changesfrom 1950 to 1994 in gender orientation of roles and dress of women in advertisements and to investigate ways in which women's dress has been used in advertisements to socially construct the female role. Findings indicate that women were most often depicted in feminine roles and dress. As time progressed dress became somewhat more masculine, but roles remained consistently feminine. Findings suggest that advertisers in Good Housekeeping and Vogue have not depicted women realistically. No direct relationship between the gender orientation of the women's roles and dress was observed; gendered roles of activity did not vary with traditional gender stereotypes of appearance within magazine advertisements across time. This finding is interpreted as a possible reflection of social changes related to the postmodern era. The need to reconsider the relationship between appearance and gender roles in a postmodern context is addressed.
The burden of disease among the global poor

Summary Background Global and regional estimates show that noncommunicable diseases in old age are rising in importance relative to other causes of ill health as populations age, and as progress continues against communicable diseases among infants and children. However, these estimates, which cover population groups at all income levels, do not accurately reflect conditions that prevail among the poor. We estimated the burden of disease among the 20% of the global population living in countries with the lowest per capita incomes, compared with the 20% of the world's people living in the richest countries. Methods Estimates for the global poorest and richest 20% were prepared for 1990 for deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), by a procedure used in a prominent recent study of the global disease burden. Projected mortality rates in the year 2020 were established for the world's poorest and richest 20% under various assumptions about the future rate of decline in communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Findings In 1990, communicable diseases caused 59% of death and disability among the world's poorest 20%. Among the world's richest 20%, on the other hand, noncommunicable diseases caused 85% of death and disability. A raised baseline rate of communicable disease decline between 1990 and 2020 would increase life-expectancy among the world's poorest 20% around ten times as much as it would the richest 20% (4·1 vs 0·4 years). However, the poorest 20% would gain only around a quarter to a third as much as the richest 20% from a similar increase in noncommunicable diseases (1·4 vs 5·3 years). As a result, a faster decline in communicable diseases would decease the poor-rich gap in 2020, but under an accelerated rate of overall decline in non-communicable diseases, the poor-rich gap would widen. Interpretation Our estimates are crude, but despite their limitations, they give a more accurate picture of changes in attributable mortality among the world's poor than do the global averages in current use.
Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in Digitally Enabled Teams

To understand the impact of social capital on knowledge integration and performance within digitally enabled teams, we studied 46 teams who had a history and a future working together. All three dimensions of their social capital (structural, relational, and cognitive) were measured prior to the team performing two tasks in a controlled setting, one face-to-face and the other through a lean digital network. Structural and cognitive capital were more important to knowledge integration when teams communicated through lean digital networks than when they communicated face-to-face; relational capital directly impacted knowledge integration equally, regardless of the communication media used by the team. Knowledge integration, in turn, impacted team decision quality, suggesting that social capital influences team performance in part by increasing a team’s ability to integrate knowledge. These results suggest that team history may be necessary but not sufficient for teams to overcome the problems with the use of lean digital networks as a communication environment. However, team history may present a window of opportunity for social capital to develop, which in turn allows teams to perform just as well as in either communication environment.
Application of temporal texture features to automated analysis of protein subcellular locations in time series fluorescence microscope images

Protein subcellular locations, as an important property of proteins, are commonly learned using fluorescence microscopy. Previous work by our group has shown that automated analysis of 2D and 3D static images can recognize all major subcellular patterns in fluorescence micrographs, and that automated methods can be used to distinguish patterns that are subtly different. Since many proteins are in constant movement within the cell, we extended our studies to time series images, which contain both spatial and temporal information. In this paper, we present the application of a set of temporal texture features, which do not require predefining objects for tracking, to the classification of subcellular location patterns. We demonstrate that these features successfully captured new information contained in the time domain by evaluating the accuracy of automated classification of a data set of five proteins with similar location patterns.
Sensitivity of Delft3D to input conditions

January 2009, the forecasting ability of the DelfOD modeling suite was demonstrated in real time for an area in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. As part of the demonstration, a bathymetrie survey was conducted, and several wave buoys of different types were deployed. DelfOD is a three-dimensional modeling suite that can also be run in depth-averaged mode to provide wave conditions, currents, changes in morphology, or a combination of these processes for areas of interest. Each process is modeled by a specialized module at a range of spatial scales that vary from tens of kilometers to smaller coastal scales on the order of meters. The depth-averaged model was configured for the area of interest (AOI) located on Santa Rosa Island in the vicinity of Navarre Beach, FL. The wave and flow modules were coupled, allowing for wave-current interactions resulting in wave and tide driven currents. Comparisons between estimated and measured wave parameters showed an underestimation in wave height leading to a sensitivity analysis to determine how changes in the bathymetry, wind input, and wave boundary conditions affect the DelfOD output. It was determined that although the wave and current conditions showed some sensitivity to more highly resolved bathymetry, the wave predictions were not improved much by using the updated bathymetry. This is likely because 1) the bathymetrie shape of the coastline near Navarre is simple and linear and 2) because sensor location was arbitrarily chosen; alternative locations in the AOI showed a greater sensitivity to bathymetry. The DelfOD results were much more sensitive to wind input and wave boundary conditions in this particular application. We will present the sensitivity of wave results to changes in the model configuration with respect to the model parameters discussed in addition to the improvements rendered by the changes. Although data limitations inhibit a validation of the flow module, sensitivity of the flow module to the changes in the wave conditions will be discussed.
Non-iminosugar glucocerebrosidase small molecule chaperones

Small molecule chaperones are a promising therapeutic approach for the Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs). Here, we report the discovery of a new series of non-iminosugar glucocerebrosidase inhibitors with chaperone capacity, and describe their structure–activity relationship (SAR), selectivity, cell activity and phamacokinetics.
Biomarkers of trace mineral intake and status

The emerging public health importance of zinc and selenium and the continuing public health challenges of iron and iodine draw attention to the unmet need for improved biomarkers of trace element status. Currently available biomarkers of these four trace elements are critiqued including the outstanding lack of satisfactory biomarkers for the assessment of zinc intake and status. Other trace elements are reviewed briefly including copper, for which human dietary deficiencies and excesses have been documented, and chromium, which is of possible but unconfirmed public health significance. Evolving strategies of considerable potential include molecular techniques such as the measurement of metallothionein mRNA in lymphocytes as a biomarker of zinc status, an assay that can now be performed with a dried blood spot. The judicious application of tracer techniques also has a role in advancing the quality of zinc biomarkers. Also of special current interest is full definition of the potential of plasma-soluble transferrin receptor concentrations as the biomarker of choice for the detection of early functional iron deficiency.
Parallel emergence of spatial tuning and echo suppression in the auditory midbrain? Focus on "a neuronal correlate of the precedence effect is associated with spatial selectivity in the barn owl's auditory midbrain".

The localization of sound sources in reverberant environments is complicated by the presence of acoustic reflections (echoes) that can produce spatial masking and can alter directional cues. The fact that localization behavior is not seriously impaired in reverberant spaces suggests some form of
Inhibition of Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin-mediated cell adherence with monoclonal antibodies

Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), a 220-kDa protein located on the surface of Bordetella pertussis , is one of the major cell adhesins of this bacterium. We have produced three hybridoma cell lines that express monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against FHA: X3C, X3E and X4B. The anti-FHA mAbs X3C and X3E reacted with 220-kDa FHA protein bands on Western blots. The mAb X4B, which reacted with FHA in ELISA, did not bind to FHA in a Western blot assay. All three mAbs seemed to be directed to the same epitope or to epitopes in close proximity as suggested by competition ELISAs. All three mAbs were able to inhibit the adherence of Chinese hamster ovary cells to purified FHA, and they could also inhibit the FHA-mediated agglutination of goose red blood cells. The attachment of B. pertussis to epithelial cell monolayers was inhibited by the mAb X3C. These antibodies are very useful probes to identify the presence of FHA in bordetellae species and in clinical reagents such as pertussis vaccines, and to characterize the functional domains of this important bacterial adhesin.