cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similarities in Business and IT Professional Ethics: The Need for and Development of A Comprehensive Code of Ethics

The study of business ethics has led to the development of various principles that are the foundation of good and ethical business practices. A corresponding study of Information Technology (IT) professionals’ ethics has led to the conclusion that good ethics in the development and uses of information technology correspond to the basic business principle that good ethics is good business. Ergo, good business ethics practiced by IT professionals is good IT ethics and vice versa. IT professionals are professionals in businesses; a difficulty presented to these professionals, however, is the number and diversity of codes of ethics to which they may be held. Considering the existence of several formalized codes of ethics prepared by various IT professionals’ associations, a more harmonized approach seems more reasonable. This paper attempts to present a review of the purpose of codes of ethics, the persons who should be covered by such codes and to organize codes of ethics for business in general and IT professionals in particular and to make the argument that, once again, good ethics is good business practice, regardless of the profession or occupation concerned
VLSI implementation of discrete wavelet transform

This paper presents a VLSI implementation of discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The architecture is simple, modular, and cascadable for computation of one or multidimensional DWT. It comprises of four basic units: input delay, filter, register bank, and control unit. The proposed architecture is systolic in nature and performs both high- and low-pass coefficient calculations with only one set of multipliers. In addition, it requires a small on-chip interface circuitry for interconnection to a standard communication bus. A detailed analysis of the effect of finite precision of data and wavelet filter coefficients on the accuracy of the DWT coefficients is presented. The architecture has been simulated in VLSI and has a hardware utilization efficiency of 87.5%. Being systolic in nature, the architecture can compute DWT at a data rate of N/spl times/10/sup 6/ samples/s corresponding to a clock speed of N MHz.
Selective cardiorespiratory effects mediated by mu opioid receptors in the nucleus ambiguus.

The respiratory and cardiovascular effects of the highly selective mu opioid agonist, d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5 enkephalin (DAGO) and the relatively selective delta agonist, D-Ala2, d-Leu5 enkephalin (DADL) were compared following injection (0.1 μl) into the nucleus ambiguus (NA) of spontaneously-breathing and artificially-respired, pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. In non-ventilated animals, the opioids elicited dose-related (3 × 10−11 −3 × 10−9 M), naloxone-reversible depression of respiratory rate (RR) without altering the tidal volume. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was unchanged at small doses and decreased at the largest dose; heart rate (HR) was unchanged. In artificially-respired animals, both peptides elicited dose-related, naloxone-reversible increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate; DAGO was significantly more potent than DADL (P < 0.01). Given the relative potency and selectivity of the opioids tested, these findings are consistent with the conclusion that mu receptors may selectively mediate the respiratory and cardiovascular actions of opioids in an important brain stem cardiorespiratory center in the rat. Moreover, these data indicate the importance of respiratory effects on the cardiovascular activity of centrally administered opioids.
Study of the isospin structure of single-pion production in charged-current neutrino interactions

The isospin structure of weak single-pion production in the reactions $\ensuremath{\nu}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, $\ensuremath{\nu}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, and $\ensuremath{\nu}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ has been studied using the 7-foot deuterium bubble chamber exposed to a wide-band neutrino beam at BNL. We find that the $I=\frac{1}{2}N\ensuremath{\pi}$ amplitude is substantial even in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)$ mass region and the relative phase angle $\ensuremath{\psi}$ is approximately 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} as predicted by the Adler model.
Inflammation-induced shift in the valence of spinal GABA-A receptor-mediated modulation of nociception in the adult rat.

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the impact of persistent inflammation on spinal γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A) receptor–mediated modulation of evoked nociceptive behavior in the adult rat. Nocifensive threshold was assessed with von Frey filaments applied to the dorsal surface of the hind paw. The GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol, the antagonist gabazine, the benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam, and antagonists PK11195 and flumazenil were administered spinally in the presence and absence of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation. In naive rats, muscimol increased and gabazine decreased nociceptive threshold. After CFA, the effects of these compounds were reversed: Low doses of muscimol exacerbated the inflammation-induced decrease in nociceptive threshold and gabazine increased nociceptive threshold. Midazolam increased nociceptive threshold both in the presence and absence of inflammation. Flumazenil but not PK11195 blocked the analgesic effects of midazolam. These findings indicate that inflammation-induced changes in GABA-A signaling are complex and are likely to involve several distinct mechanisms. Rectifying the changes in GABA-A signaling may provide effective relief from hypersensitivity observed in the presence of inflammation. Perspective An inflammation-induced shift in spinal GABA-A receptor signaling from inhibition to excitation appears to underlie inflammatory pain and hypersensitivity. Use of GABA-A receptor selective general anesthetics in association with therapeutic interventions may be contraindicated. More importantly, rectifying the changes in GABA-A signaling may provide effective relief from inflammatory hypersensitivity.
Abnormal Bone Repair in Jaws, Socket Sclerosis: A Sign of Systemic Disease

In a sample of patients admitted for treatment at a medical center clinic, 2.7% had a form of abnormal bone healing after tooth extraction. The repair was termed socket sclerosis. The patients with and without socket sclerosis were compared by sex and race, by disease category, and by surgical procedures. No sex or race predilection was apparent. In the analysis by 17 disease categories, the patients with socket sclerosis had a higher incidence of digestive and renal diseases than those without socket sclerosis. A greater frequency of abdominal surgical procedures was found for patients with socket sclerosis. Possibly, full-mouth radiographs showing socket sclerosis could be used to detect some gastrointestinal and renal diseases.
Migration of transplanted neural progenitor cells in a ferret model of cortical dysplasia.

Abstract Although altered gene expression clearly causes failure of the neocortex to form properly, many causes of neocortical dysplasia arise from environmental or unknown factors. Our lab studies a model of cortical dysplasia induced by injection of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) into pregnant ferrets on embryonic day 33 (E33), which shares many features of neocortical dysplasia in humans. E33 MAM treatment results in characteristic deficits that include dramatic reduction of layer 4 in somatosensory cortex, widespread termination of thalamic afferents, and altered distribution of GABAergic elements. We determined the ability of immature cells to migrate into MAM-treated cortex using ferret neural progenitor cells obtained at E27 and E33 and mouse neural progenitor cells obtained at E14. When these cells were transplanted into organotypic cultures obtained from normal and E33 MAM-treated ferret cortex prepared on postnatal day 0 (P0), all progenitor cells migrated similarly in both hosts, preferentially residing in the upper cortical plate. The site of transplantation was significant, however, so that injections into the ventricular zone were more likely to reach the cortical plate than transplants into the intermediate zone. When similar cells were transplanted into ferret kits, ∼ P7–P9, and allowed to survive for 2–4 weeks, the donor cells migrated differently and also reached distinct destinations in normal and MAM-treated hosts. MAM-treated cortex was more permissive to invasion by donor cells as they migrated to widespread aspects of the cortex, whereas transplants in normal host cortex were more restricted. E27 neural progenitor cells populated more cortical layers than later born E33 neural progenitor cells, suggesting that the fate of transplanted cells is governed by a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
Ownership or Leasing of MRI Facilities by Nonradiologist Physicians Is a Rapidly Growing Trend

Purpose To study growth trends in the ownership of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations by nonradiologist physicians who either own the equipment outright or are involved in scan leasing arrangements. Methods and Materials Medicare Part B data sets from 2000 through 2005 were reviewed, and procedure codes for MRI examinations were selected. The focus was on only those procedures performed at nonhospital, private-office facilities. Using Medicare's physician specialty codes, all such studies were categorized according to the specialties of the physicians who performed them. Ownership was determined by including only those claims for global or technical-component-only reimbursement. Physicians owning or leasing MRI facilities would use one or the other of these two types of claims. Professional-component-only claims were not included. Procedure volumes and growth trends were compared among radiologists and other specialists. Results From 2000 to 2005, private-office MRI examinations performed by radiologists increased by 83%. During the same period, private-office MRI examinations performed by nonradiologist physicians, either through owning or leasing the equipment, increased by 254%. Excluding studies performed by independent diagnostic testing facilities (for which physician ownership cannot be determined), nonradiologists' share of the private-office MRI market rose from 11% in 2000 to 20% in 2005. The nonradiologic specialties most actively involved in performing MRI were orthopedic surgery (161,296 Medicare studies in 2005), neurology (63,363 studies), primary care (58,092 studies), internal medicine subspecialties (34,317 studies), and neurosurgery (20,712 studies). Conclusions In the private-office setting in 2005, radiologists performed most MRI examinations. However, the growth rate from 2000 to 2005 among nonradiologist physicians was far higher, 254% compared with 83% among radiologists. Because scans performed by nonradiologists through ownership or leasing are subject to self-referral, the much more rapid growth among those physicians should be of concern to policymakers and payers.
A complete system for head tracking using motion-based particle filter and randomly perturbed active contour

Recent advances in multimedia and communication require techniques for accurately tracking objects in video sequences. We propose a complete system for head tracking and contour refinement. Our tracking approach is based on particle filtering framework. However, unlike existing methods that use prior knowledge or likelihood functions as proposal densities, we use a motion-based proposal. Adaptive Block Matching (ABM) algorithm is the motion estimation technique used. Several advantages arise from this choice of proposal. (i) Only few samples are propagated. (ii) The tracking is adaptive to different categories of motion (iii) Off-line motion learning is not needed. Following the tracking is the contour refinement step. We want to transform the parametric estimate representing the tracked head at a given time instant into an elastic contour delineating the head’s boundaries. We use an active contour framework based on a dynamic programming scheme. However active contours are very sensitive to parameter assignment and initial condition. Using the tracked parametric estimate, we create a set of randomly perturbed initial conditions. The optimal contour is then the one corresponding to the lowest energy. Our system demonstrates tracking a person’s head in complex environments and delineates its boundaries for future use.
Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis.

HARRIES et al. recently reported that cigarette smokers were less likely to have ulcerative colitis than nonsmokers.1 Bures et al. have observed a similar association.2 Harries' paper was followed by an extraordinary case report by de Castella, on a young woman in whom ulcerative colitis developed after she had stopped smoking cigarettes.3 On numerous subsequent occasions, signs and symptoms of the disease disappered when the woman started smoking and reappeared when she stopped. Roberts and Diggle reported a similar case in a woman with ulcerative colitis, who was asymptomatic while smoking and whose symptoms returned within 48 to 72 hours . . .
Proton spin-lattice relaxation in polycrystalline CH3SiCl3, CH3GeCl3, and CH3SnCl3

Abstract Spin-lattice relaxation times are reported for the polycrystalline compounds CH3XCl3 (X = Si, Ge, Sn) at 17.1 and 36 MHz. A single T1 minimum is found in each case and the activation energies from plots of 1n T1 vs T−1 on the high-temperature side of the T1 minimum are: CH3SiCl3 (5.0 kJ/mole), CH3GeCl3 (3.7), and CH3SnCl3 (3.6). At lower temperatures than the T1 minimum there are significant deviations from BPP behavior; however, there is no clear evidence that “tunneling-assisted relaxation” is present.
The First Nine Years--A Study of the Advanced Placement Program in Mathematics.

The Advanced Placement Program in mathematics has been administered by the College Entrance Examination Board since 1955. In June 1956, 386 students took the Advanced Placement Mathematics examination, and by June 1969, the number had grown to 13,954. The popularity of the program does not ipso facto imply its success. The early days of the program were closely followed by the advent of Sputnik and the resulting renewed interest in the training of mathematicsand science-oriented talented students. A direct result was the
Performing Gender, Place, and Emotion in Music: Global Perspectives edited by Fiona Magowan and Louise Josepha Wrazen

Performing Gender, Place, and Emotion in Music: Global Perspectives is an interdisciplinary title that makes a strong contribution to research in ethnomusicology, dance, and anthropology. Additiona...
Unsettling Statecraft: Democracy and Neoliberalism in the Central Andes

Latin America in the 1980s was marked by the transition to democracy and a turn toward economic orthodoxy. Unsettling Statecraft analyzes this transition in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, focusing on the political dynamics underlying change and the many disturbing tendencies at work as these countries shed military authoritarianism for civilian rule. Conaghan and Malloy draw on insights from the political economy literature, viewing policy making as a historically conditioned process, and they conclude that the disturbing tendencies their research reveals are not due to regional pathology but are part of the more general experience of postmodern democracy."
Application of simultaneous excitation/detection to generate real-time excitation profiles in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Simultaneous excitation/detection (SED), which permits observation of ion motion during an excitation event, is used to generate real-time Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) excitation profiles that track the radial extent of ion motion in a trapped-ion cell. The conventional FTICR excitation profile is collected in a series of individual experiments in which peak magnitude is monitored as excitation voltage is increased. In contrast, SED permits the single-scan detection of ion cyclotron motion within the trapped-ion cell and consequently yields the data that produces a real-time excitation profile. Data analysis techniques are presented that facilitate conversion of a time domain SED profile into an excitation profile. An order of magnitude decrease in the amount of time is required to acquire an excitation profile, while the precision of the measurement is improved. To demonstrate the utility of the technique, it is applied to the study of axial and radial ion loss mechanisms for argon, benzene, and acetophenone ions under different conditions. SED excitation profiles are also used to illustrate the facility of quadrupolar excitation for minimizing radial ion loss.
Maximum real-ear gain of in-the-ear hearing aids.

Three hearing aid manufacturers provided custom full-shell in-the-ear hearing aids for each of 3 hearing-impaired subjects. Each manufacturer was instructed that the hearing aids should provide the maximum possible acoustic gain within the limits of hearing aid shell size and available components. Coupler gain, insertion gain, and functional gain were measured for each hearing aid. Gain measures were made with the volume control at either the full-on setting or the highest setting possible before the onset of acoustical feedback. Full-on coupler gain curves were similar across all nine hearing aids. Individual differences in concha/ear canal size and in the fit of the hearing aids produced substantial variance in insertion gain across hearing aids. Peak insertion gain varied from 41 to 58 dB. If 10 dB reserve gain is allowed, the range of estimated peak use gain from these maximum-gain in-the-ear hearing aids is 31–48 dB.
Venus: A Contrast in Evolution to Earth

Of the planets, Venus and Earth are by far the most similar in primary properties, yet they differ markedly in secondary properties. A great impact into Earth is believed to have created its moon and removed its atmosphere; the lack of such an impact into Venus apparently led to a greatly differing atmospheric evolution. The lack of an ocean on Venus prevents the recycling of volatiles and inhibits subduction, so that its crust is probably more voluminous than Earth's, although distorted and quite variable in thickness. Venus's upper mantle appears to be depleted in both volatiles and energy sources because, in addition to the lack of volatile recycling, melts of mantle rocks are more dense than their solid matrix at pressures above 8 gigapascals and hence sink if they occur at depths below 250 kilometers. Appreciable energy sources persist at great depths to sustain the few great mountain complexes. The greatest current problem is reconciling the likelihood of a voluminous crust with indications of considerable strength at shallow depths of 20 to 100 kilometers.
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Benign Breast Epithelium

: Estrogen and progesterone are necessary for lobulo-alveolar development of the human breast, and there is an abundance of epidemiologic literature implicating estrogen and possibly progesterone exposure as promoters of breast malignancy. The investigation of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) distribution in normal and benign breast tissue may be a measure of susceptibility of the tissue to these hormones. Earlier data from radioligand binding assays showed that benign breast tissue expressed little or no ER; newer immunohistochemical (IHC) methods have led to the investigation of benign breast tissue from at least 1243 women in 12 studies in the last 9 years. These show that the level of expression of ER and PgR in normal breast epithelium is significantly lower than in receptor positive carcinomas. Immunostaining patterns for both receptors show a great deal of heterogeneity. There is general agreement that stromal and myoepithelial cells are negative for both ER and PgR. A growing body of evidence suggests that PgR is the dominant sex steroid receptor in the normal breast. Mean values for PgR positive cells in breast epithelium range from 24% to 29%; ER is positive by IHC in 3% to 15.6% of normal breast epithelial cells. No firm conclusions are possible as yet regarding overexpression in proliferative epithelium. There is agreement that the proportion of ER positive cells declines in the second half of the menstrual cycle, but there is no clear cut relationship between PgR positivity with the menstrual cycle. Oral contraceptive use appears to decrease the proportion of ER positive cells, and increase mammary epithelial proliferation. A recent case-control analysis of epithelial ER and PgR status reports an association of ER positive benign epithelium with the presence of cancer in the breast. Future research should include a systematic quantitative analysis of receptor expression in epithelial proliferative lesions, and the longitudinal follow-up of women who have had receptor testing on benign breast tissue.
Excimer Laser Induced Photolytic Deposition of Aluminum Nitride: Ftlm Growth and Properties

Excimer laser photolysis has been used for the growth of smooth and well-adhering thin films of aluminum nitride (AlN) on Si, fused quartz, and KBr substrates at temperatures as low as 350 K. The photolysis was carried out at 193 nm, with the laser beam propagating parallel to the substrate. Trimethylamine alane and ammonia were used as gas-phase precursors. The growth rate of these films was investigated as a function of laser fluence. These measurements, as well as other investigations of film growth with and without the photolysis laser, reveal that no AlN film is produced in the absence of laser-induced photolysis of the precursors. The morphology and physical properties of these laser-grown films have been studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Optical absorption spectra of films grown on fused quartz were measured as a function of substrate temperature. A substrate temperature of 350 K was found to be optimum for obtaining good film quality while precluding any effects due to the thermal decomposition of the precursors. The films have excellent dielectric properties as shown by I-V and C-V measurements. The details of AlN film growth using low-temperature gas-phase photolysis at 193 nm and the characterization of these laser grown films will be discussed.
HERRING PARASITE AND TISSUE ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

ABSTRACT We examined the intensity and prevalence of larval nematodes (Anisakis simplex,) and alterations in selected tissues of spawning Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) exposed to crude oil, in the laboratory under controlled conditions and in Prince William Sound 14 days after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In the laboratory, intensity and prevalence of nematodes in the body cavities of herring exposed to the water-soluble fraction of oil declined when exposed to doses above 1.2 mg/L total aromatics. In Prince William Sound, nematodes were rare in spawning herring from oiled sites and abundant among herring from areas outside the spill. Oil exposure apparently induced the nematodes to migrate from the body cavity to the body wall with the lower intensity reflecting a change in parasite location. A coccidian Eimeria clupearum was found in greater numbers in oil exposed herring. To verify exposure effects and to link parasite and tissue alteration with oil exposure, histological examination was use...
Mode Interaction In A Primed Gyrotron

Multi-mode operation in an overmoded gyrotron experiment is compared with the predictions of a quasi-linear theory. The different regimes of strong and weak coupling of the TE111 mode to other modes are determined. The effects of transit time broadening and beam perpendicular energy change on mode competition is investigated. The start-up of oscillation is studied in both primed and unprimed conditions. Finally the theory is used to predict the degree of mode control obtained by a driving signal of given amplitude.
Determination of the classes of free monocarbonyl compounds in oxidizing fats and oils

Simultaneous equations were derived to distinguish and account for the major free monocarbonyl classes in oxidizing fats and oils. The procedure of Pool and Klose was modified to accommodate the equations. The procedure involves conversion of the free monocarbonyls to DNP-hydrazones by passage of a benzene solution of the sample over an alumina-DNP-hydrazine reaction column. The alkanals, alk-2-enals and alk-2,4-dienals were measured by absorbance readings at 430, 460, and 480 mμ of a benzene alcoholic-KOH hydrazone solution. The average error of the procedure in the analysis of total carbonyls in authentic mixtures was 2.4%.
Cohn’s Theorem for Elastic Networks

Presentation du theoreme de COHN. Definition du bruit elastique. Prise en consideration des quantites convenables pour le calcul par developpement en series, et convenables pour les simulations par ordinateur. Applications du theoreme de COHN: derivations de la susceptibilite, au bruit sur des reseaux elastiques; etude de la transition continue du reseau lineaire au reseau elastique non lineaire
The Research on Ethernet Ring Protection Switching

TU-T has recommended a standardized scheme for achieving sub-50ms service protection in ring topologies through Ethernet Ring Protection Switching (ERPS) specified in G.8032 recommendation[. ERPS provides a means to reliably achieve carrier-class network requirements for Ethernet topologies forming a closed loop. This article outlines an Ethernet ring protection switching mechanism and explains how its automatic protection switching (APS) protocol works. In addition, this article illustrates a sample scenario with failure and recovery.
Cultivating an Ethic of Environmental Sustainability: Integrating Insights from Aristotelian Virtue Ethics and Pragmatist Cognitive Development Theory

AbstractDespite increased attention for environmental sustainability programming, large-scale adoption of pro-environmental behaviors has been slow and largely short-term. This article analyzes the...
Understanding identity exposure in pervasive computing environments

Various miniaturized computing devices that store our identity information are emerging rapidly and are likely to become ubiquitous in the future. They allow private information to be exposed and accessed easily via wireless networks. When identity and context information is gathered by pervasive computing devices, personal privacy might be sacrificed to a greater extent than ever before. People whose information is targeted may have different privacy protection skills, awareness, and privacy preferences. In this research, we studied the following issues and their relations: (a) identity information that people think is important to keep private; (b) actions that people claim to take to protect their identities and privacy; (c) privacy concerns; (d) how people expose their identity information in pervasive computing environments; and (e) how our RationalExposure model can help minimize unnecessary identity exposure. We conducted the research in three stages, a comprehensive survey and two in-lab experiments. We built a simulated pervasive computing shopping system, called InfoSource. It consisted of two applications and our RationalExposure model. Our data show that identity exposure decisions depended on participants' attitudes about maintaining privacy, but did not depend on participants' concerns or security actions that they claimed to have taken. Our RationalExposure model did help the participants reduce unnecessary disclosures.
Isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci from Phaedranassa tunguraguae (Amaryllidaceae)

Phaedranassa tunguraguae is an endangered species endemic to Ecuador. Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched genomic library for this species. Levels of polymorphism were evaluated using a total of 31 individuals from a single natural population. An average of 14.1 alleles per locus was detected, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.387 to 0.903. All but one locus depart significantly from Hardy– Weinberg equilibrium. These loci are the first microsatellite primers isolated for Amaryllidaceae and will be utilized to investigate patterns of genetic variation of P. tunguraguae , which will contribute data relevant to the conservation of the species.
Association of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with live algae and total lipids in rivers—a field-based approach

The association of PCBs and live algal cells in rivers was studied at four locations during four seasons in two Wisconsin rivers. Positive relations between particle-associated PCBs and both chlorophyll-a and algal carbon concentrations indicated that live algal cells were a significant sorption phase for dissolved PCBs. Large Pennate diatoms (Navicula, Synedra, Pinnularia, Diatoma, and Cocconeis), or more rarely, Euglenoids (Trachelomonas sp.), dominated most sample assemblages on an algal carbon basis. These assemblages made up the highest percentage of total SOC during spring (average=50%) and lowest during summer (average=15%). At the three impounded sites, most individual PCB congeners were relatively enriched in samples characterized by: (1) high concentrations of algal carbon (as a percent of SOC), (2) algal assemblages dominated (or co-dominated) by Euglenoids, and (3) high concentrations of total lipids. Despite relatively higher masses of sorbed PCBs in the most lipid-rich samples, there was no robust correlation between total lipid content and particle-associated PCBs when aggregating all samples from the study. A possible explanation is that PCBs are associated with other structural components in live algae and (or) departure from chemical equilibrium in the river due to algal growth kinetics. A kinetic uptake model was used to calculate the mass of PCBs associated with the total organic carbon content of live algae. Based on this model, PCBs were enriched in algal cells during bloom seasons (spring and fall) compared to non-bloom seasons (summer and winter). Further, although individual PCB congener partition coefficients (log) to live algal cells (range=5.3-6.4) overlapped to those for detritus (range=3.6-7.4), PCBs tended to be enriched in detrital carbon pools during non-bloom conditions. The larger range of estimated PCB partition coefficients for detritus likely reflects the more heterogeneous nature of this material compared to live algal cells.
Transculturals: Identifying the Invisible Minority.

Transculturals spend their formative years in countries other than their country of origin. Specific issues addressed in this article are unique characteristics, prevalence rates, and developmental outcomes of transculturals. The author provides a culturally sensitive treatment model for transculturals, based on G. Roysircar's (2009) Multicultural Relationship Model. Los individuos transculturales pasan sus anos formativos en un pais distinto a su pais de origen. Los asuntos especificos tratados en este articulo son sus caracteristicas unicas, indices de prevalencia, y resultados de su desarrollo. El autor proporciona un modelo de tratamiento culturalmente sensible hacia los individuos transculturales, basado en el Modelo de Relaciones Multiculturales de G. Roysircar (2009).
Components of visual orienting in early infancy: Contingency learning, anticipatory looking, and disengaging

Three aspects of the development of visual orienting in infants of 2, 3, and 4 months of age are examined in this paper. These are the age of onset and sequence of development of (1) the ability to readily disengage gaze from a stimulus, (2) the ability to consistently show “anticipatory” eye movements, and (3) the ability to use a central cue to predict the spatial location of a target. Results indicated that only the 4--month-old group was easily able to disengage from an attractive central stimulus to orient toward a simultaneously presented target. The 4--month-old group also showed more than double the percentage of “anticipatory” looks than did the other age groups. Finally, only the 4--month-old group showed significant evidence of being able to acquire the contingent relationship between a central cue and the spatial location (to the right or to the left) of a target. Measures of anticipatory looking and contingency learning were not correlated. These findings are, in general terms, consistent with the predictions of matura-tional accounts of the development of visual orienting.
On the sources and implications of Carnap’s Der Raum

Abstract Der Raum, Carnap’s earliest published work, finds him largely a follower of Husserl. In particular, he holds a distinctively Husserlian conception of the synthetic a priori—a view, I will suggest, paradigmatic of what he would later reject as ‘metaphysics’. His main purpose is to reconcile that Husserlian view with the theory of general relativity. On the other hand, he has already broken with Husserl, and in ways which foreshadow later developments in his thought. Especially important in this respect is his use of Hans Driesch’s Ordnungslehre.
Nature and Status of Community College Leadership Development Programs

This study was conducted because of the paucity of research on community college leadership development programs. A mailed survey was used to gather data from a national sample of incumbent community college presidents with 286 out of 389 responding for a return rate of 74%. Of national and regional programs, the Chair Academy, the Executive Leadership Initiative, and the Future Leaders Institute had the highest percentages of participation by top-level community college administrators. Nearly 70% of presidents believe that there is a need to expand in-house development programs.
Experiment and model for deviation from Pelgrom scaling relation in device width

Through modeling, simulations, and experimental data, we show that FETs exhibit several width dependent characteristics purely due to un-correlated random variations among sub-threshold currents in different width segments. They include unit-width median sub-threshold current and constant-current threshold voltage. The width scaling relation for threshold voltage mismatch is different from Pelgrom scaling relation for sufficiently large variation when compared to the thermal voltage.
Abductive inference in Bayesian belief networks using swarm intelligence

Abductive inference in Bayesian belief networks, also known as most probable explanation (MPE) or finding the maximum a posterior instantiation (MAP), is the task of finding the most likely joint assignment to all of the (non-evidence) variables in the network. In this paper, a novel swarm intelligence-based algorithm is introduced that efficiently finds the k MPEs of a Bayesian network. Our swarm-based algorithm is compared with two state-of-the-art genetic algorithms, and the results show that the swarm-based algorithm is effective and outperforms the two genetic algorithms in terms of computational resources required.
Use of antimicrobials for EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic cysts: a retrospective, comparative analysis

Background Pancreatic cystic lesions present a challenge for patients and physicians alike. Morphology alone is inaccurate in discriminating lesion pathology, and use of EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) improves accuracy. Current American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines recommend prophylactic antibiotics during FNA of cystic lesions to minimize infection risk. However, evidence pertaining to infection risk has been conflicting. The use of prophylactic antibiotics might not be free of other adverse events and might not prevent infection. Objective To assess the impact of antimicrobial therapy for prophylaxis during EUS-FNA of pancreatic cysts. Design Retrospective cohort study. Patients This study involved all patients who underwent EUS-FNA of pancreatic cysts at one institution from May 2007 to April 2010. Intervention Antibiotic prophylaxis for EUS-FNA. Main Outcome Measurements Infection of a pancreatic cyst, fever, or bacteremia after EUS-FNA. Secondary variables included other complications of the procedure related to the use of prophylaxis (ie, allergic reactions, secondary infections). Results EUS-FNA was performed on 253 patients in 266 procedures. Antibiotics were used in 88 endoscopy cases (ATB group), whereas no antibiotics were used in 178 cases (NATB group). There were no differences in patient or cyst characteristics between groups. There were 4 major complications in the NATB group (localized bleeding, 2; pancreatitis, 1; bile leakage, 1) and 2 in the ATB group (possible cyst infection, 1; bile leakage, 1) ( P = 1.0). Eight mild adverse events were observed in the NATB group and 6 in the ATB group ( P = .56). Infections and antibiotic-related complications occurred in 1 (0.6%) (transient fever) in the NATB group and 4 (4.5%) in the ATB group (local allergic reaction, 2; possible cyst infection, 1; Clostridium difficile diarrhea, 1) ( P = .04). Limitations Retrospective analysis. Conclusion The incidence of infectious complications after EUS-FNA of pancreatic cystic lesions, with or without antibiotic prophylaxis, appears very low. We have not observed a protective effect from periprocedural prophylactic antibiotic administration.
International video and the video revolution

(1983). International video and the video revolution. Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 261-266.
Oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)-based coil-rod-coil triblock copolymer: Synthesis and controlled self-organization in solution

The self-assembling ability of block copolymers offers an attractive strategy for the organization of π-conjugated polymers. This article reports the synthesis of a coil–rod–coil triblock copolymer consisting of oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) as the rodlike segment and polystyrene as the coil-like segment. The chemical structure of the afforded triblock copolymer has been fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, Raman, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet–visible, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The small-angle neutron scattering and photophysical measurements indicate that this triblock copolymer exhibits unique solvatochromatic behaviors through the interplay of aggregation-induced π–π stacking and planarization of the conjugated backbone. Supramolecular gel nanostructures have been produced via the controlled assembly of the polymer into H-aggregates. It has been demonstrated that the use of the solvent composition to influence chain conformations and thus to manipulate the packing of the conjugated polymer blocks is important for achieving control in the assembly of conducting polymers and associated optical characteristics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6007–6019, 2005
Lack of Accuracy, Feedback, and Commitment in Teacher Evaluation.

The contention that evaluation and supervision is the primary process in today's schools by which instructional excellence is achieved and maintained (Pajak's 1990) is wishful thinking. Rather, this characterization is dead wrong. Teacher evaluation has lost or never had a purpose. It has become perfunctory. Little energy is invested, and the teacher receives little if any constructive feedback for improvement. In too many districts, the only reason for complying is to meet state requirements.
A mechanism for the accelerated wear of high speed sliding surfaces in the presence of spherical particles

Abstract A mechanism for the accelerated wear of bearing surfaces due to the cutting action of the spherical particles between bearing surfaces in sliding contact is proposed and verified experimentally.
Gravity signal transduction in primary roots.

• Aims The molecular mechanisms that correlate with gravity perception and signal transduction in the tip of angiosperm primary roots are discussed. • Scope Gravity provides a cue for downward orientation of plant roots, allowing anchorage of the plant and uptake of the water and nutrients needed for growth and development. Root gravitropism involves a succession of physiological steps: gravity perception and signal transduction (mainly mediated by the columella cells of the root cap); signal transmission to the elongation zone; and curvature response. Interesting new insights into gravity perception and signal transduction within the root tip have accumulated recently by use of a wide range of experimental approaches in physiology, biochemistry, genetics, genomics, proteomics and cell biology. The data suggest a network of signal transduction pathways leading to a lateral redistribution of auxin across the root cap and a possible involvement of cytokinin in initial phases of gravicurvature. • Conclusion These new discoveries illustrate the complexity of a highly redundant gravity-signalling process in roots, and help to elucidate the global mechanisms that govern auxin transport and morphogenetic regulation in roots.
Small-angle neutron scattering study of the decomposition of Fe-28Cr-10. 5Co. [none]

Dynamic scaling of the decomposition of an Fe-28Cr-10.5Co alloy treated at 450/sup 0/, 500/sup 0/, and 550/sup 0/C after a water quench from 950/sup 0/C was investigated with small-angle neutron scattering. Scattering curves measured from the alloy treated at 500/sup 0/C and 550/sup 0/C for times up to 100 hours can be superimposed on a common curve using a k/sub m/-/sup 1/-scaling of the scattering vector length (k = 4..pi..sin(theta)/lambda) and k/sup 3//sub m/-scaling of the scattering intensity scale, where k/sub m/ is the scattering vector for maximum intensity for each scattering curve. At 450/sup 0/C, however, such dynamic scaling does not apply for treatment times between 32 and 192 hours. The 450/sup 0/C curve for 256 hours does scale to the common curve for treatments at 500/sup 0/C and 550/sup 0/C. The departure from scaling found at 450/sup 0/C is consistent with the absence of sharp interfaces and the persistence of localized clustering or critical scattering in the chromium-rich and iron-rich regions. An analysis of the shape of the scattering curves was made in terms of a cluster interference function. It was found that a Gaussian single cluster function is modulated by a cluster interference function given by (k/k*)/supmore » n/ exponent n is approximately 4 and k* is the limit in k beyond which the interference function is unity. This exponent is larger than that found in computer simulations and in experimental studies of spinodal systems.« less
Phenotypic restriction of antigen-binding specificity on immunized amphibian spleen cells

Abstract Antigen-binding studies have been used to determine the specificity of immunized splenocytes of adult representatives in three groups of Amphibia, the American common newt, Triturus viridescens , the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis , and the American leopard frog, Rana pipiens . At question is the basis for organismal response diversity available to lower vertebrates. In vivo immunization with horse erythrocytes (HRBC) followed by trinitrophenylated (TNP) HRBC was effected. Dissociated splenic lymphocytes capable of binding TNP-HRBC and HRBC were counted after preincubation with glycine or TNP-glycine. Since TNP-glycine blocked Triturus immunocytes from binding TNP-HRBC and HRBC equally, while only binding to TNP-HRBC was blocked in the other two species, we have concluded that immunized cells from Triturus , but not Xenopus or Rana , appear to bear surface receptor molecules capable of binding TNP and a determinant of HRBC.
The limiting Sherwood and Nusselt numbers in sphere-packed beds

A model for calculating the limiting values of the Sherwood and the Nusselt numbers is proposed. It is argued that these numbers, when based on local driving forces, must approach finite values as the Reynolds number approaches zero. The calculated results are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Altered expression and function of ryanodine receptors and FKBP12.6 after subarachnoid hemorrhage: more than meets the eye

Subarachnoid hemorrhage decreases the expression of ryanodine receptors and increases the expression of the immunophilin, FK506-binding protein (FKBP)12.6 in cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells, reducing the occurrence of Ca2+ sparks, limiting negative feedback regulation of cerebrovascular tone and promoting vasospasm. However, given the large number of binding partners with which FKBP12.6 and related proteins interact, it appears likely that the altered expression of this immunophilin will have a broader impact on cerebrovascular smooth muscle function. In addition, the mechanisms responsible for the measured changes in expression of ryanodine receptors and FKBP12.6 yet remain unknown. These topics should prove to be fertile ground for future studies.
Gaseous mercury in background forest soil in the northeastern United States

[1] Although the soil gaseous mercury (Hg) reservoir is an important component of the soil Hg emission process, little is known of the behavior of gaseous Hg in soil pores and the processes governing the ultimate evasion of Hg from soil surfaces. In this study, gaseous Hg in background forest soil in the northeastern United States was examined during 2003 and 2004 using a novel flask sampling technique. This represents the first detailed study of gaseous Hg concentration within the soil profile. Soil gaseous Hg varied seasonally with soil temperature, and highest concentrations consistently occurred in the O- and upper A-horizons. The study revealed clear gradients in gaseous Hg concentrations, which bore striking resemblance to gradients in bound Hg. In addition, measurements of soil Hg flux were correlated with soil gaseous Hg concentrations at 2 cm depth. These results indicate that the upper soil layers, rich in bound Hg, act as a source of gaseous Hg that may ultimately be emitted to the atmosphere. Large changes in soil gaseous Hg over shallow layers underscore the importance of fine vertical resolution of measurements, and therefore the utility of flask sampling.
Zoledronic acid in cancer patients with bone metastases: Results of phase I and II trials

Zoledronic acid (Zometa, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, East Hanover, NJ) is a new, highly potent bisphosphonate that may provide improved management of skeletal complications in cancer patients with bone metastases. A total of 383 cancer patients with osteolytic bone lesions was evaluated in two phase I studies and one phase II study of zoledronic acid. The phase I studies used two dosing regimens, either a 5-minute monthly intravenous infusion of 0.1 to 8 mg administered for 3 or more months or a single 30 to 60 second intravenous bolus of 1 to 16 mg. Zoledronic acid was well tolerated in the two phase I studies and a maximum tolerated dose was not reached in either study. A dose-dependent decrease in urinary markers of bone resorption was observed with the monthly 5-minute infusion. A single intravenous bolus of doses ranging from 2 to 16 mg zoledronic acid suppressed biochemical markers of bone resorption for up to 8 weeks. The phase II study evaluated a 5-minute infusion of 0.4, 2, or 4 mg zoledronic acid and a 2-hour infusion of 90 mg pamidronate in 280 patients with bone metastases and multiple myeloma or breast cancer. Significantly fewer patients receiving the 2 and 4 mg doses of zoledronic acid or 90 mg pamidronate required radiation therapy to bone than those patients receiving a 0.4 mg dose of zoledronic acid. Only 30% to 35% of patients in the 2 and 4 mg zoledronic acid groups or in the pamidronate group experienced any skeletal related event compared with 46% in the 0.4 mg zoledronic acid group. Adverse events consistent with an acute phase reaction were observed with both bisphosphonates. No new, unexpected adverse events were observed with this novel bisphosphonate. These studies support the further evaluation of zoledronic acid in cancer patients with osteolytic metastases. Doses of 0.4 mg or less are ineffective, while rapid infusion of more than 8 mg may increase the risk of renal dysfunction. A 4 mg dose given as a brief infusion appears to offer an excellent benefit/risk ratio for further evaluation in phase III trials.