cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wireless on-demand drug delivery

Wireless on-demand drug delivery systems exploit exogenous stimuli—acoustic waves, electric fields, magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation—to trigger drug carriers. The approach allows drugs to be delivered with controlled release profiles and minimal off-target effects. Recent advances in electronics and materials engineering have led to the development of sophisticated systems designed for specific applications. Here we review the development of wireless on-demand drug delivery systems. We examine the working mechanisms, applications, advantages and limitations of systems that are triggered by electric fields, magnetic fields or electromagnetic radiation. We also provide design guidelines for the development of such systems, including key metrics for evaluating the practicality of different smart drug delivery systems. This Review examines wireless on-demand drug delivery systems that are triggered by electric fields, magnetic fields or electromagnetic radiation, and provides design guidelines for the development of such systems.
Private and Public Approaches to Patent Holdup in Industry Standard-Setting

Many standard setting organizations (SSOs) promote coordinated industry-wide investments in technologies that may be patented. If these investments are sunk before implementers become aware of the patents, or obtain some assurance of a reasonably priced license, the patentee will have a very strong bargaining position. The resulting holdup problem may lead to higher prices and reluctance to implement new standards. This article describes steps that many SSOs take (or might take) to mitigate patent holdup, and discusses public policies that can strengthen or weaken the private initiatives of SSOs to deal with the problem of potential holdup.
Phage Activity Against Planktonic and Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus Periprosthetic Joint Infection Isolates.

We recently reported the successful treatment of a case of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with phage. Phage activity against bacteria causing PJI has not been systematically evaluated. Here we examined the in vitro activity of seven lytic phages against 122 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus recovered between April 1999 and February 2018 from subjects with PJI. Phages were assessed against planktonic and biofilm phenotypes. Activity of individual phages was demonstrated against up to 73% of bacterial isolates in the planktonic state and up to 100% of biofilms formed by isolates that were planktonically phage-susceptible. Susceptibility to phage was not correlated with small colony variant status. These results demonstrate that phages can infect S. aureus causing PJI in both planktonic and biofilm phenotypes, and thus are worthy of investigation as an alternative or addition to antibiotics in this setting.
Minority Political Leadership Institute: a model for developing racial equity leadership

Building leadership capacity centered on the interests and needs of racial and ethnic minoritized communities is critical and complex. This exploratory qualitative case study examined the Minority ...
EVALUATION OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE FROM RANK-ORDER DATA.

An approximate model is proposed for predicting the rank-order of system failure probabilities. This approximate model, based on a previous exact one, uses rank-order input data. Rank-order form simplifies data gathering while sacrificing only a slight amount of rigor. Further, a wider range of informants may be used to obtain useful system information than when numerical probabilities must be requested.
Correlation of gene methylation in surgical margin imprints with locoregional recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background Securing negative surgical margins is a critical goal for head and neck surgery. Local recurrence occurs even in some cases with histologically negative surgical margins. Minimal residual tumor cells may lead to locoregional recurrence despite clear histologic margins reported at the time of resection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In order to identify subclinical residual disease, we analyzed deep margin imprint samples collected on one layer nitrocellulose sheets.
Experimenting with Langevin Lattice QCD

We report on the status of our investigations of the effects of systematic errors upon the practical merits of Langevin updating in full lattice QCD. We formulate some rules for the safe use of this updating procedure and some observations on problems which may be common to all approximate fermion algorithms.
Adjoint Clifford Rings

Let \(R\)> be a ring and define \(^\bigcirc \), which yields a monoid \((R, \circ )\), called the {\it adjoint semigroup\/} or {\it circle semigroup\/} of \(R\). This paper continues the authors" investigations into the relationship between a ring and its adjoint semigroup, focusing here on the case where \((R, \circ )\) is a Clifford semigroup. Such rings are called {\it adjoint Clifford rings.\/} Structure theory for such rings is developed and examples are given to illustrate and delimit the theory.
FIN 48: The Impact On Staffing, Internal Control Processes And Expertise Of Privately-Held Companies

While FASB Interpretation 48 (FIN 48), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes-An Interpretation of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 109, Accounting for Income Taxes applies to both privately-held and publicly traded companies, privately-held companies have characteristics that can impact implementation. This paper reports the findings of a survey of the top 100 privately-held companies to determine how these organizations are addressing the staffing of tax department personnel, process controls and knowledge acquisition during the implementation of FIN 48.
Currentcy: a unifying abstraction for expressing energy management policies

The global nature of energy creates challenges and opportunities for developing operating system policies to effectively manage energy consumption in battery-powered mobile/wireless devices. The proposed currentcy model creates the framework for the operating system to manage energy as a first-class resource. Furthermore, currentcy provides a powerful mechanism to formulate energy goals and to unify resource management policies across diverse competing applications and spanning device components with very different power characteristics. This paper explores the ability of the currentcy model to capture more complex interactions and to express more mature energy goals than previously considered. We carry out this exploration in ECOSystem, an "energy-centric" Linux-based operating system. We extend ECOSystem to address four new goals: 1) reducing residual battery capacity at the end of the targeted battery lifetime when it is no longer required (e.g., recharging is available), 2) dynamic tracking of the energy needs of competing applications for more effective energy sharing, 3) reducing response time variation caused by limited energy availability, and 4) energy efficient disk management. Our results show that the currentcy model can express complex energy-related goals and behaviors, leading to more effective, unified management policies than those that develop from per-device approaches.
Evaluation of free psa isoforms, psa complex formation, and specificity of anti-psa antibodies by hplc and page-immunoblotting techniques

Both high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-immunoblotting (PAGE-immunoblotting) procedures have been established for the study of isoforms of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the complex formation between free PSA and protease inhibitors, and for the evaluation of the specificities of various anti-PSA antibodies. We found multiple isoforms of free PSA on PAGE, which were all capable of forming complexes with protease inhibitors. The same isoform pattern can be produced from the original seminal fluid. The PSA isoforms differ from each other most likely in charge because they could be converted to one band on SDS-PAGE and to a single peak by gel filtration chromatography. We found it difficult to form large quantities of PSA complex when mixing free PSA from seminal fluid with protease inhibitors, regardless of whether the free PSA or the protease inhibitors were in excess. Except for the PSA-ACT complex, which was consistently detectable by both HPLC and PAGE-immunoblotting techniques after incubation, these two procedures disagreed in their detection of PSA-A2M and PSA-AT complexes. The PSA-A2M complex was usually observable by immunoblotting techniques but barely detectable on HPLC, whereas PSA-AT was totally invisible by immunoblotting but appeared as a peak in the HPLC elution profile. Mixing free PSA with serum clearly resulted in both PSA-ACT and PSA-A2M complexes. However, more PSA-ACT than PSA-A2M was formed; the result was also confirmed by using 125I-PSA for mixing. PSA could be separated into active and inactive PSA by DEAE Sepharose chromatography with a 14-fold difference in protease activity. The difference in enzymatic activity apparently had no effect on complex formation. All the anti-PSA antibodies examined in this study reacted with PSA isoforms, PSA-ACT and PSA-A2M complexes. We conclude that it would be almost impossible to establish an assay to measure all forms of PSA in the serum and to expect to produce precise and accurate PSA values.
Foster Caregiver Motivation and Infant Attachment: How do Reasons for Fostering Affect Relationships?

This study reports the results of the effects of types of caregiver motivation to foster parent on the security of attachment of infants in care. Using the Motivations for Foster Parenting Inventory and the Ainsworth Strange Situation Procedure, the differences in motivation of kin and non-kin caregivers and the effects of motivation on security of attachment of 46 infants is reported. Result found that motivations to foster, such as the desire to increase family size, and social concern for the community, were significant predictors for secure attachment; while reasons for fostering such as spiritual expression, adoption, and replacement of a grown child, were predictors of insecure attachment. Research and practice implications are discussed.
The geologic records of dust in the Quaternary

Abstract Study of geologic records of dust composition, sources and deposition rates is important for understanding the role of dust in the overall planetary radiation balance, fertilization of organisms in the world’s oceans, nutrient additions to the terrestrial biosphere and soils, and for paleoclimatic reconstructions. Both glacial and non-glacial processes produce fine-grained particles that can be transported by the wind. Geologic records of dust flux occur in a number of depositional archives for sediments: (1) loess deposits; (2) lake sediments; (3) soils; (4) deep-ocean basins; and (5) ice sheets and smaller glaciers. These archives have several characteristics that make them highly suitable for understanding the dynamics of dust entrainment, transport, and deposition. First, they are often distributed over wide geographic areas, which permits reconstruction of spatial variation of dust flux. Second, a number of dating methods can be applied to sediment archives, which allows identification of specific periods of greater or lesser dust flux. Third, aeolian sediment particle size and composition can be determined so that dust source areas can be ascertained and dust transport pathways can be reconstructed. Over much of the Earth’s surface, dust deposition rates were greater during the last glacial period than during the present interglacial period. A dustier Earth during glacial periods is likely due to increased source areas, greater aridity, less vegetation, lower soil moisture, possibly stronger winds, a decreased intensity of the hydrologic cycle, and greater production of dust-sized particles from expanded ice sheets and glaciers.
Precarious Work and the Challenge for Asia

This article discusses the social, economic, and political factors that led to the rise and consolidation of precarious work in various countries in Asia. We first define what we mean by “precarious work” and its utility for describing the growth of work that is uncertain and insecure and in which risks are shifted from employers to workers. We then provide an overview of the factors that generated precarious work in industrial nations, notably the spread of neoliberalism as a political and economic perspective, the expansion of global competition, and technological development. These macro structural influences created an impetus for greater flexibility among both states and employers, which in turn led to more precarious work in both formal and informal sectors of the economies of many Asian countries. This, in turn, has provoked various types of resistance on the part of workers against the negative consequences of precarious work.
WHAT WE KNOW NOW THAT WE WISH WE KNEW THEN ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: A RETROSPECTIVE ON THE 1992 STRATEGIC PLAN

From September 1991 until June 1992, a core writing team worked on what was the first intelligent transportation systems (ITS) strategic plan in the United States. This plan was entitled "A Strategic Plan for IVHS [Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems] in the United States." It defined the ITS program at a national scale in a way that has been characterized as seminal. The plan, by most accounts, served as the blueprint for the early development of ITS in the United States and as the basis for subsequent plans produced by ITS America, the federal government, various states, and a number of private-sector organizations. Various aspects of ITS are explored retrospectively, contrasting views from 11 years ago, when the strategic plan was produced, with the current reality. Areas discussed include advanced traveler information systems, advanced transportation management systems, reliability, getting the ITS program off the ground in the early 1990s, strategic use of information, automated network management, e...
Light-hole to heavy-hole acoustic phonon scattering rate

A superlattice consisting of periods of $90\AA{} {\mathrm{Si}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.3}$ quantum wells and 50 \AA{} Si barriers on a $(100) {\mathrm{Si}}_{0.81}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.19}$ buffer is investigated for the purpose of designing Si-based terahertz intersubband lasers using the feature of inverted light-hole effective mass. It has been shown that the energy subband dispersion curve of this structure demonstrates a region of inverted light-hole effective mass. Since the energy separation between the two lowest subbands that are also of different type is below the optical phonon energy, acoustic phonon scattering is an important nonradiative process and is therefore studied. Our result indicates that the intersubband phonon scattering process is much weaker between different types of subband. For the particular structure of interest, this scattering rate is about 0.5/ns, corresponding to an intersubband lifetime of 2 ns, which is much longer than the typical lifetime of 1 ps when it is between subbands of the same kind.
Influence of striate lesions on visually evoked activity in tree shrew temporal cortex.

Responses to visual stimuli were examined in striate and temporal cortex of tree shrews. Visual evoked potentials were present over a wide area, but maximal amplitudes were recorded in the projection areas of the lateral geniculate and pulvinar nuclei. Single cells in the striate cortex responded briskly to moving edges and exhibited the properties of simple and complex receptive fields. In the temporal cortex, by contrast, only 50% of the cells were responsive to visual stimuli; of these the majority had receptive fields which were large, diffuse, and difficult to delineate. Altation of the striate cortex resulted in a shift of the point at which evoked potentials reversed polarity to deeper levels in temporal cortex, but amplitudes were not affected. Visual stimulation continued to activate only 12% of temporal neurons in operated animals. Retention of visually guided behavior by tree shrews after ablation of the striaie cortex does not appear to depend on a large cortical pool of contrast-sensitive and orientation selective neurons with well-demarcated receptive fields. While continued visual responsiveness of the temporal cortex after ablation of area 17 supports the conclusion, based on anatomical and behavioral studies, that the ascending tectotemporal system can mediate some visual functions independently of the geniculostriate system, receptive fields of temporal cortical neurons do not reflect an organization suggesting a capability for complex pattern analysis. In destriated tree shrews, this function may be subcortical.
Why Equal Opportunity is not a Valuable Goal

In this paper, I provide an analysis of equal opportunity. I argue that equal opportunity occurs where two or more persons with equal natural abilities and willingness to work hard have chances at various jobs that are in the aggregate of equal value. I then argue that equal opportunity is neither valuable nor something that the government ought to pursue. First, it is not clear why we should value opportunities rather than outcomes. Second, the value of equal opportunity rests on the value of interest satisfaction. However, if interest satisfaction is relatively constant across different jobs and different job opportunities, then the concern for interest satisfaction will not ground the value of equal opportunity. Third, equalizing opportunities is not in itself valuable because persons are not equally valuable. Fourth, even if equal opportunity were valuable, the government could pursue it only by trespassing on individual rights.
Stable ester conjugate between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD6 protein and ubiquitin has no biological activity.

The RAD6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisae, which encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, is required for DNA repair, DNA damage-induced mutagenesis and sporulation. To evaluate the biological relevance of the thioester adduct between RAD6 protein and ubiquitin, formed as an obligatory, transient intermediate during ubiquitin conjugation to substrates, we 3ltered cysteine 88 in RAD6 to serine. Esterification with ubiquitin occurs at serine 88 in the mutant protein, but conjugation of ubiquitin to the test substrate histone H2A is inactivated. Phenotypically, strains harboring the rad6 Ser88 allele are indistinguishable from rad6 deletion (rad6Δ) mutant cells. These findings argue against ligation of ubiquitin at cysteine 88 acting as a functional switch of a cryptic biochemical activity in RAD6.
Applying Social Role Theory to Gender and Volunteering in Professional Associations

In the context of professional societies and trade associations, social role theory hypothesizes that women’s and men’s volunteer roles will also reflect gendered choices that persist even after controlling for parenting, professional experience, education, race, country of residence, and other potentially mitigating factors. Our sample includes 12,722 members of 23 diverse US-based international professional societies who participated in a survey of volunteer behavior in 2007. Using probit regression analysis, we find that gender continues to influence volunteer behaviors within professional settings. Instead of a pattern of male and female preferences for certain roles, we find that women are consistently less likely than men to engage in most volunteer activities common to professional association life. However, this gender disparity is partly neutralized when women are older and fully employed. Overall, social role theory provides a significant but incomplete perspective for understanding the volunteer behavior of professional society members.
The effects of electric current applied to skin: A review for transdermal drug delivery

Abstract Electrical enhancement of transdermal drug delivery is limited by undesired side-effects, such as tissue damage and pain. To aid in the development of electrical protocols which safely increase transport across skin, this review discusses the effects of electrical current on: skin electrical properties; sensation, pain, and muscle stimulation; and safety considerations. Quantitative relationships are presented whenever possible. First, the magnitudes and time scales of electrically induced changes in skin's electrical properties are characterized empirically and mechanistically. Then, sensation, pain, and muscle stimulation caused by electric current are each described as functions of electrical parameters (e.g., current, pulse length, pulse rate), based largely on the Weiss-Lapicque strength/duration relationship for nerve stimulation. Finally, safety considerations are also discussed and quantified from the perspective of thermal burns, the heart, skin irritation, and long-term exposure to current. Electrical parameters and uses of existing electrical medical devices and procedures are also summarized.
The Yellow Bioluminescence Bacterium, Vibrio fischeri Y1, Contains a Bioluminescence-Active Riboflavin Protein in Addition to the Yellow Fluorescence FMN Protein

The yellow bioluminescence Y1 strain of Vibrio fischeri can produce a 22 kDa protein with either FMN or riboflavin as a bound fluorophore. Both forms are active for shifting the bioluminescence spectral maximum. The fluorescence spectral distribution of the two proteins differs slightly and the in vivo emission appears to be an equal mixture of the two. The bioluminescence activity of the riboflavin Y1 protein contrasts with the inactivity of the related Photobacterium type.
The External Ear and the Tympanic Membrane A Three-dimensional Study

The study of the anatomical variations of the external ear is important for the ear surgeon who assesses the middle ear in this way. Furthermore, the design of insert earmoulds for use with either hearing aids or portable radios requires a better knowledge of the shape of the external ear. We studied the external ear structures and the drumhead in 140 cadavers with no previous history of ear pathology. A silicone resin was used, employing a dental impression technique. These permanent impressions were analysed by means of an operating microscope. Different parameters were studied, to determine the average dimensions of the structures. The clinical significance of these results is discussed.
What Does Blood Membership Mean in Political Terms?: The Political Incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese Descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004

This attempts to explain the limited political incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004. A 1990 reform provides Nikkeijin a renewable visa that has enabled some 300,000 LAN to emigrate to Japan on the basis of Japanese blood descent or ethnicity.1 Long-term marginalized minority groups, such as Zainichi Koreans and Chinese,2 are comparatively better incorporated in Japan's political system and their demands increasingly recognized as more legitimate. I argue Japan's changing ethnic citizenship regime, political opportunity structure, and structure of civil society combined with LAN language difficulties, newness of residence, small size, low minority status, and powerful myth of return limits their immigrant political incorporation in Japan.
A theorem in complex symplectic geometry

We prove that two simple, closed, real-analytic curves in C2n that are polynomially convex are equivalent under the group of symplectic holomorphic automorphisms of C2n if and only if the two curves have the same action integral. Every two simple real-analytic arcs in C2n are so equivalent.
A Successful Approach in College‐wide Web Sites Development

Focuses on the development of an appropriate Web presence for the College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (CHASS) at the University of California, Riverside (UCR), the largest college on the UCR campus, with nineteen academic departments, four formal research centers, offering 55 majors and more than 40 minors. Outlines the vision and the strategy, and summarises the benefits of the project.
Investigating glucose and xylose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces stipitis via 13C metabolic flux analysis

13C metabolic flux analysis (13CMFA) has been extensively applied in studying the glucose metabolism of yeast strains such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces stipitis. Here, we tried to augment the previous fluxomic studies by applying 13CMFA to rigorously investigate the metabolic flux distributions in S. stipitis and the recombinant S. cerevisiae strains when xylose was utilized as the sole carbon substrate. It was found that less carbon fluxes were diverted into the TCA cycle in S. stipitis than the recombinant S. cerevisiae strains. Compared to single sugar utilization, the co-utilization of glucose and xylose by S. stipitis led to increased metabolic fluxes into the futile pathway and the TCA cycle, but did not improve sugar-based ethanol yield. In addition, heterologous expression of xylose pathway in engineered S. cerevisiae strains may affect the glucose utilization. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3195–3202, 2013
Selective detection and identification of sugar nucleotides by CE-electrospray-MS and its application to bacterial metabolomics.

A novel method employing CE−ESMS and precursor ion scanning was developed for the selective detection of nucleotide-activated sugars. By using precursor ion scanning for fragment ions specific to the different nucleotide carriers, i.e., ions at m/z 322 for cytidine monophosphate, m/z 323, 385, and 403 for uridine diphosphate, m/z 362, 424, and 442, for guanosine diphosphate, and m/z 346, 408, and 426 for adenosine diphosphate, it was possible to selectively detect sugar nucleotides involved in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. Enhancement of sensitivity was achieved using N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N‘-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) as a sample stacking buffer and provided detection limits between 0.2 and 3.8 pmol·mL-1. The present CE−ESMS method provided linear dynamic ranges over the concentrations 0.2−164 nM (r2 = 0.952−0.997) for different nucleotide sugar standards. The application of this method is demonstrated for the identification of intracellular pools ...
Mechanical behavior of NiTi shape memory alloy fiber reinforced Sn matrix “smart” composites

The detrimental effects of Pb on the environment and human health have provided the driving force for replacement of Pb–Sn solders with Pb-free alternatives. Sn-rich Pb-free solder alloys with silver and copper alloying additions have higher strength but lower elongation-to-failure than Pb–Sn solders. Thus, these alloys are more susceptible to failure under mechanical shock, drop, and thermal fatigue conditions. In this article, mechanical tensile testing of NiTi–Sn3.5Ag single fiber composites demonstrates superelastic behavior of the composite with 85% strain recovery. Fatigue experiments show an evolution in damage over cycles, and an S–N curve shows sharp transition between a nearly vertical low-cycle fatigue behavior and the high-cycle fatigue regime. The solder composite exhibits constant fatigue strength over the superelastic range of the NiTi fiber.
Investigating phishing victimization with the Heuristic-Systematic Model: A theoretical framework and an exploration

To the extent that phishing has become a serious threat to information security, there has been rather limited theory-grounded research on this burgeoning phenomenon. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model of victimization by phishing based on the Heuristic-Systematic Model of information processing. We argue that the Heuristic-Systematic Model offers an ideal theoretical framework for investigating the psychological mechanism underlying the effectiveness of phishing attacks. An exploratory experiment is presented to validate the research model based on the theory.
A Multipotential Leukemia Cell Line (K-562) of Human Origin

AbstractThe K-562 leukemia cell line, originally established in our laboratory, has been characterized as an early precursor of the granulocytic series with a block for differentiation. Since K-562 blasts did not differentiate when cultured for 7-8 days in liquid media or 14-16 days in agar-gel an attempt was made to stimulate their potential for spontaneous differentiation by prolonging the time in culture. Inducers of differentiation were not added to the cultures and the cells were studied when they reached the steady state rather than during exponential growth. The cultivation of K-562 cells for 10 to 11 days in media gradually depleted of the essential nutrients needed for cell division induced their differentiation into early precursors of the monocytic, granulocytic, and erythrocytic series. Thus, the peroxidase reaction for hemoglobin demonstrates benzidine-positive material limited to the region of the Golgi apparatus. Analysis of the hemoglobin by isoelectric focusing indicated major bands in th...
Molecular DNA-RNA Hybridization as a Means of Chromosome Mapping

We have used molecular DNA-RNA hybridization as a direct means of assayign a human gene. This assay provided a logical method of chromosome mapping. Comparison of rRNA hybridization with normal and monogoloid DNA was used to measure ribosomal RNA genes on the 21st chromosome. The DNA-rRNA reaction was chosen because of the relative abundance of rRNA and its characteristic sedimentation in sucrose. Mongoloid tissue was used since the 21st chromosome is known to contain a nucleolar organizer. Th enucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis in other eucaryotes. The assay of the rRNA genes required purification of the DNA and rRNA. We found that approximately 14 × 10−5 of the human DNA hybridized with rRNA under conditions where the specific complementary sites were saturated. Assuming a DNA content per cell of 9.2 pg enough DNA complementary to rRNA was present in each cell to code for approximately 300 ribosomes. In two different mongoloid patients in whom we assayed for rRNA genes, we found a 14% and a 20% increase in hubridization. These initial studies provide a foundation for increasing the sensitivity of the reaction. We should be able to utilize tissue with specific deletions of the 21st chromosome for fine mapping of the chromosome and exact quantitation of the genes. This type of study also provides a method of mapping other human genes for which we can obtain purified gene products. These include hidden viral genomes, transfer RNA's and purified messenger RNA's such as hemoglobin messenger.
Planar multimode detector arrays for infrared and millimeter-wave applications

A new type of detector array is described. By means of a suitably designed metallic network, many detector elements (each individually small compared to wavelength) are assembled into an impedance-matched termination for radiation incident normally on the plane of the device. Residual reactance is tuned out by means of a movable backshort. An array of 400 bismuth-film microbolometers with a total area of 1 cm2has been tested at 215 GHz. A coupling efficiency of approximately 60 percent was observed. The detector has a D* of 4 \times 10^{8} cm . Hz1/2/W at room temperature with response time on the order of 2 \times 10^{-7} s. Similar arrays of Schottky and SIS diodes can probably be constructed.
The Lifetime Risk of Adult-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

Objective Understanding of the personal risks for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases remains poor, despite advances in knowledge with regard to their pathogenesis, therapeutics, and clinical impact, in part because the personal lifetime risk of developing these diseases is unknown. This study was undertaken to estimate the lifetime risk of RA, as well as other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), giant cell arteritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Sjogren's syndrome, and to provide an overall estimate of the risk of developing inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic disease over a lifetime. Methods Using the incidence rates obtained from our population-based studies of rheumatic diseases among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, and mortality rates from life tables for the general population, we estimated the sex-specific lifetime risk of rheumatic disease. Results The lifetime risk of RA developing in US adults was 3.6% for women and 1.7% for men, and the lifetime risk of rheumatoid factor-positive RA was 2.4% for women and 1.1% for men. The second most common inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic disease was PMR, with a lifetime risk of 2.4% for women and 1.7% for men. The overall lifetime risk of inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic disease was 8.4% for women and 5.1% for men. Conclusion One in 12 women and 1 in 20 men will develop an inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic disease during their lifetime. These results can serve as useful guides in counseling patients regarding their lifetime risk of these conditions and have important implications regarding disease awareness campaigns.
Larvicidal activity of α-mangostin in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

α-Mangostin, a major xanthone derivative in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), has been proven to have a wide range of biological-activities. In this study, we assessed the larvicidal and antifeeding activities of α-mangostin using larvae and adults of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. α-Mangostin showed larvicidal activity and growth inhibitory effects under non-choice feeding conditions. The LC50 values with 7-, 14- and 23-day treatment were 63.66 (13.29–279.79) μM, 8.37 (2.67–20.27) μM and 4.09 (0.89–11.81) μM, respectively. Larval development was significantly delayed 3–8 days with α-mangostin treatment. The antifeeding activity of α-mangostin was also tested by leaf disc non-choice and choice methods against larvae and adults of L. decemlineata. α-Mangostin had stronger antifeeding-activity toward adults than toward larvae, whereas there was low lethality in adults associated with higher antifeeding indexes (AFIs). The larvicidal and antifeeding effects suggest that α-mangostin and related compounds should be explored for their potential as botanical insecticide alternatives for control of the Colorado potato beetle.
Reversible core-interconversion of an iron(III) dihydroxo bridged complex.

Complexes [Fe(Hhbi)2(NO3)]·2EtOH (1·2EtOH) and [Fe2(μ-OH)2(Hhbi)4]·2H2O·8EtOH (2·2H2O·8EtOH) crystallize in the orthorhombic Fdd2 and P42212 space groups, respectively (Hhbi− = the monoanion of 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole). Complex 1 exhibits paramagnetic relaxation as evidenced by Mossbauer spectroscopy, and significant axial zero-field splitting (1.5 cm1 <D < 3 cm−1), along with a rhombic distortion (E = 0.205 cm−1), as shown by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Complex 2 undergoes, upon drying, a core conversion toward an oxo-bridged diferric species and, to a smaller extent, decomposition toward a mononuclear ferric complex, as evidenced by Mossbauer, magnetic, EPR, and mass spectrometry data. The core conversion is reversible through recrystallization from wet EtOH, leading to the original complex, which crystallizes in the initial space group.
The social production of American identity: Standardized testing reform in the United States

(2003). The social production of American identity: Standardized testing reform in the United States. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 131-164.
Instruction cache performance of a commercial workload on the Motorola 88110 microprocessor

Abstract Commercial workloads, such as transaction processing, stress the memory hierarchies of current computers. TPC-B is a transaction processing benchmark that generates significant operating system and database activity, and a TPC-B instruction trace is analyzed for the Motorola 88110 microprocessor. Instruction set usage reveals one branch in every four to five instructions, and instruction cache performance indicates that this branching behavior causes a large number of words to be brought in by cache refills but never used. Code reorganization optimizations to reduce unused words and avoid cache misses are simulated and found to reduce misses in the on-chip instruction cache by almost one fifth.
Radio Revisionism: Media Historiography and the KDKA Myth

Popular recountings of radio's past tend to begin with KDKA's November 2, 1920 broadcast of the Coolidge-Harding election returns, in effect deligitimizing the complex pre-commercial period in American broadcasting. The effects of this are apparent in the neglect of the pre-commercial period in popular and scholarly histories of radio. In contributing to the bourgeoning body of revisionist work in radio scholarship, this essay reexamines the historical role of KDKA, Pittsburgh. Primarily, I focus on the maintenance and reinforcement of what I call “the KDKA myth” to examine how KDKA has managed its primacy claim throughout the station's history.
Respiratory rates in emergency department patients.

The respiratory rate is a sensitive and nonspecific indicator of respiratory dysfunction. Establishing a "normal" respiratory rate has mainly been arbitrary. This study evaluated "normal" respiratory rates in 110 emergency department patients. The mean respiratory rate was 20.1 (+/- 4.0). Women had a more rapid respiratory rate 20.9 (+/- 3.9) than men 19.4 (+/- 4.0) (p less than .04). Smokers had a higher respiratory rate 20.5 (+/- 4.0) than nonsmokers 19.3 (+/- 4.0), but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.124). It was also noted that the respiratory rate measured by the nurse was almost always different from that measured by the medical student (P less than 0.0001). Based on a review of the literature concerning what constitutes a "normal" respiratory rate, we conclude that the "normal" respiratory rate may be higher than that suggested in the medical literature.
The E-box like sterol regulatory element mediates the suppression of human Δ-6 desaturase gene by highly unsaturated fatty acids

Delta-6 Desaturase (D6D) catalyzes the first step of the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) that play pivotal roles in many biological functions. The D6D expression is under feedback regulation by dietary HUFA. We co-transfected D6D promoter-reporter constructs to HepG2 cells with an expression vector of nuclear form sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). A 90-bp region of the D6D promoter was required for the activation by SREBP-1c as well as for the suppression of the promoter activity by HUFA. The region contained two candidates of sterol regulatory element (SRE). Mutation analysis identified E-box like SRE (SRE-2) as essential for both SREBP-1c activation and HUFA suppression. SRE-2 has a core sequence of CAGCAG, and is also conserved in stearoyl CoA desatruases. Because HUFA are primarily incorporated into phospholipids (PL), our results suggest that the primary role of SREBP-1c in liver is the regulation of fatty acid supply for PL rather than for triglycerides.
Kinetic studies on the oxidase systems of photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract In vivo, spectroscopic changes attributed to the oxidation of a substrate-reduced pigment absorbing maximally at 428 mμ occur rapidly and in approximately exponential kinetics (k1 ∼ 2·104–5·104 M−1·sec−1) for Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, 5·103 M−1·sec−1 for Rhodospirillum rubrum. This pigment qualifies as an oxidase of the bacteria and is probably closely related to cytochrome o. In vitro, purified Rhodospirillum heme protein (RHP) reacts more slowly with oxygen (k1 ∼ 1·103 M−1·sec−1) and shows kinetic anomalies; partially reduced RHP exhibits exponential kinetics and fully reduced RHP exhibits zero-order kinetics (dithionite reduction). Dithionite-reduced RHP reacts with carbon monoxide in a complex reaction with two slow steps in the ratio 14:1. A noteworthy property of RHP is its rapid reduction by dithionite in the presence of oxygen despite the rapidity of the oxygen reaction with oxygen. No pigment with the kinetic properties of purified RHP is found in the cells so far studied.
Effect-independent Measures of Tissue Responses to Fractionated Irradiation

SummaryTissue repair factors measure that sparing the can be achieved from dose fractionation in the absence of proliferation. Four repair factors are analysed in these terms: FR, Frec, the ratio of linear-quadratic survival model parameters β/α, and the half-time T1/2 for intracellular repair processes. A desirable feature of any repair factor is that it be independent of the level of injury induced in the tissue (or its single-dose equivalent, D1), since the comparison of tissues on the basis of the factor would not be meaningful, if they were characterized by differing D1s. Theoretically, FR and Frec are increasing functions of D1, and thus depend on level of effect. This is confirmed by analysis of skin reactions after multifractionated radiation. By contrast, β/α is effect-independent as a measure of repair capacity in skin, gut, and bone marrow, tissues for which it is reasonable to assume that survival of identifiable target cells is the primary determinant of the endpoint. For a functional endpoin...
Structure Refinement of Protein Low Resolution Models using GNEIMO Constrained Dynamics Method

The challenge in protein structure prediction using homology modeling is the lack of reliable methods to refine the low resolution homology models. Unconstrained all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) does not serve well for structure refinement due to its limited conformational search. We have developed and tested the constrained MD method, based on the Generalized Newton-Euler Inverse Mass Operator (GNEIMO) algorithm for protein structure refinement. In this method, the high-frequency degrees of freedom are replaced with hard holonomic constraints and a protein is modeled as a collection of rigid body clusters connected by flexible torsional hinges. This allows larger integration time steps and enhances the conformational search space. In this work, we have demonstrated the use of a constraint free GNEIMO method for protein structure refinement that starts from low-resolution decoy sets derived from homology methods. In the eight proteins with three decoys for each, we observed an improvement of ~2 A in the RMSD to the known experimental structures of these proteins. The GNEIMO method also showed enrichment in the population density of native-like conformations. In addition, we demonstrated structural refinement using a “Freeze and Thaw” clustering scheme with the GNEIMO framework as a viable tool for enhancing localized conformational search. We have derived a robust protocol based on the GNEIMO replica exchange method for protein structure refinement that can be readily extended to other proteins and possibly applicable for high throughput protein structure refinement.
The role of the placenta in the vertical transmission of HIV and other infectious agents

Summary It was obvious to all in attendance that the dialogue concerning not only HIV but all infectious agents must be continued as part of these international placental conferences. It was noted with pleasure that significant advances have occurred since the meeting of the Rochester Trophoblast Conference in 1992. Enhanced efforts by not only placentologists but also microbiologists, molecular biologists, pathologists, obstetricians, neonatologists, pharmacologists and those in related disciplines continue to be required for the anticipated breakthroughs necessary for the prevention of the vertical transmission of serious infections in the newborn such as HIV. All of the presentations emphasized the essential role of the placenta in modulating the infectivity of the conceptus. It was concluded that placentae from all stages of gestation are at risk of infection by certain viral strains which appear to specifically infect the placenta, e.g., HIV.
Threshold margins, growth, and inflation: Creating real economic value

Abstract This paper examines financial strategy by focusing on the minimum operating profit (threshold) margin necessary to create firm value. Starting from a model which describes the interrelationships among exogenous and endogenous variables that affect the market value of the firm, the firm's potential growth in sales (and value) is expressed as a function of the underlying financial and operating parameters. Computer simulation is used to track the effect of changing the underlying parameters on firm value growth and threshold margin. Effects of changes in parameter values, both within and beyond management control, are investigated. The implications of these effects for the financial manager are then explored.
Pulsed Ho:YAG oscillator and amplifier

A pulsed Ho:YAG system has been investigated both as an oscillator and an amplifier. The oscillator was operated normal mode in the TEM 00 mode with a slope efficiency of 0.012. When Q -switched, the laser produced in excess of 80 mJ per pulse with a pulse length of about 30 ns. The predictions of pulse length and energy are in fair agreement with a simple theory presented within. The Ho:YAG was also operated as an amplifier. Large signal gains in excess of 2.0 were observed, which is closely comparable with theoretical predictions. Mode-locked pulses, with a pulse length of about 0.57 ns, were produced by using an acoustooptic mode locker.
Identification of T lymphocyte subpopulations that regulate elaboration of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

To determine the role of T lymphocytes (TL) that bear Fc receptors for IgG (T gamma +) and IgM (T mu +) and of those that do not (T gamma- and T mu-) in the elaboration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity (GM-CSA), we coincubated TL or the TL subpopulations in varying proportions with a constant concentration of autologous monocyte-macrophages (M phi) along with methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER). These conditioned media (CM) were assayed for GM-CSA. M phi and TL interacted maximally at 1:3-1:6 ratios, significantly less so at a 1:9 ratio. Coincubation of M phi with T gamma- fraction markedly enhanced GM-CSA elaboration at all M phi:T gamma- ratios, progressively increasing colony-stimulating activity as the proportion of T gamma- cells increased. M phi interacted with the T gamma- fraction significantly better (P = 0.001) at all the ratios tested than it did with the T gamma- mu + or T gamma- mu- subsets, suggesting that the T gamma- mu + and T gamma- mu- subsets must interact. Coincubation of the T gamma + fraction synergistically enhanced GM-CSA elaboration only at M phi:T gamma + ratios of 1:1.5 and 1:3. Further increases in the proportion of T gamma + cells rapidly and progressively decreased the capacity of the CM to stimulate granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC). Also, inclusion of Tgamma+ cells in the coincubation mixtures of M phi and T gamma- fraction significantly suppressed GM-CSA elaboration. Dose-response curves and CM-mixing experiments revealed that the CM from coincubation of M chi and T gamma+ not only contained smaller amounts of stimulating factors but also contained a GM-CFC inhibitor. Experiments also demonstrated that the suppressor subpopulation enriched with the T gamma+ fraction was radiosensitive. These results suggest that the elaboration of GM-CSA is controlled by helper and suppressor subpopulations that are enriched with T gamma- and T gamma+ fractions, respectively. Furthermore, the suppressor effect is radiosensitive.