cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of atmospheric sea salt concentrations in Hawaii using a Tala kite

An inexpensive and convenient method to sample sea salt concentrations in the lowest few hundred meters of the atmosphere was tested in Hawaii. The string to a Tala kite flying at about 150 m was intersected by thin steel wires on which sea salt collected during one hour long flights. Measurements were taken at two beaches and inland of one of them. Sampled concentrations compared well with same day aircraft and tower measurements. A surf zone upwind of one of the beaches produced surface concentrations as high as 250 μg m -3 , while the other beach without such a zone had less than 35 μg m -3 . The high concentrations at the surf beach extended above 145 m. Concentrations at 100 m correlated best to wind speed at this level and less so to previous two-day mean upwind surf condition, cloudiness and shower activity. Simultaneous measurements at and inland of the surf beach showed the effects of boundary layer mixing with a much more uniformly decreasing concentration profile as opposed to a steep decrease up to about 40 m at the beach. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00136.x
African Urbanization as Flight? Some Policy Implications of Geography

The mystery of the lack of a positive relationship between growth and urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa has been raised in a number of studies. A recent paper by Barrios et al. (Journal of Urban Economics 60:357–371, 2006) provides a compelling explanation for why this occurs. Exploiting a new data source, they show how climate change, specifically the reduction in rainfall, has driven people from the increasingly impoverished countryside to the city. They also show that while this is an important factor explaining urbanization in sub-Saharan African countries it does not affect urbanization elsewhere. Their explanation for this important difference is differences in the patterns of rainfall, as well as the composition of soil in most sub-Saharan countries. In a word, geographical factors have dominated the unusual pattern observed in the world’s most rapidly urbanizing continent. In this paper, we extend the work done by Barrios et al. to include more observations and more detailed geographic variables. We first replicate their results and extend the number of observations to more recent periods. Then we consider the effects of a range of specific country geographical characteristics, relying on data developed by other researchers. After discussing our results, we focus on the implications of our findings for policy formulation, particularly for sub-Saharan African countries. The results indicate that geographical circumstances place significantly more important constraints on maximization processes. In other words, urbanization in these countries takes place in a profoundly “second-best” world. We consider what this kind of context implies for the sequencing and implementation of economic reforms which would allow for an urbanization process that would be more conducive to economic growth.
Surgical outcomes in hyporesponsive prolactinomas: analysis of patients with resistance or intolerance to dopamine agonists.

Surgery for prolactinoma patients is usually reserved for those who are intolerant of or have an inadequate response to medication. We report the results of surgical treatment in these patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of patients with histopathologically confirmed prolactinomas; two patients treated with craniotomy and 77 patients with prolactinomas treated by transsphenoidal surgery between 1993 and 2003. We evaluated symptomatic patients who did not tolerate or did not respond to dopamine agonist therapy (persistent hyperprolactinemia and/or no shrinkage of tumor mass). We report remission rates, prolactin levels, and medications either not tolerated or ineffective. Results: Eighteen patients were intolerant of medical therapy (nine with macroadenomas and nine with microadenomas). Postoperatively, 12 patients (67%) achieved normalization of prolactin and relief of symptoms from surgery alone. Sixty-one patients were resistant to dopamine agonist therapy (45 with macroadenomas and 16 with microadenomas). Forty-six patients had both elevated prolactin levels and no shrinkage. 22 patients (36%) achieved normal postoperative prolactin levels. Ten of the remaining 39 patients required adjunctive medical therapy to maintain normal prolactin levels and relief of symptoms. Conclusions: Remission through surgery was achieved in 67% (12 of 18 patients, 4 macroadenomas and 8 microadenomas) of prolactinoma patients who fail medical therapy with dopamine agonists because of intolerance to medication. Remission was also achieved in 36% (22 of 61 patients, 12macroadenomas and 10 microadenomas) of patients who demonstrated resistance to dopamine agonist medication.
A study of the morphology of GaN seed layers on in situ deposited SixNy and its effect on properties of overgrown GaN epilayers

Abstract We studied the morphological dependence of the initial GaN seed layers on in situ deposited Si x N y and its effect on the structural and electrical properties of GaN epilayers overgrown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Primarily scanning electron microscopy images were used for a systematic investigation of the effects of the growth parameters of Si x N y and GaN layers on the morphology of the initial GaN seed layers prior to overgrown layers. High-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the full width at half maximum of (1 0 2) rocking curve decreased significantly from 8.4 to 4.6 arcmin as the chamber pressure was increased from 30 to 300 Torr for the growth of the 0.3 μm-thick initial GaN seed layer. Thermally activated carrier transport measurements in the overgrown GaN epilayers showed a V-shaped temperature-dependent electron concentration profile with a minimum at 80 K, the shape of which is attributed to a highly degenerate impurity band in the heavily silicon-doped GaN region at the GaN/Si x N y interface.
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Early Cancers, Flat Adenomas, and Submucosal Tumors in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Background & Aims Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a promising technique in the treatment of large premalignant and early malignant gastrointestinal lesions. In contrast to Japan and Asian countries, few data are available from Western countries. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of ESD in a European center, with special regard for the success rate and learning curve. Methods Over a 4-year-period, 82 epithelial or submucosal lesions were referred for ESD. Seventy-one ESDs were performed (51 gastric, 17 rectal, 2 esophageal, and 1 duodenal). Resection rates, procedure times, specimen sizes, complications, and recurrences were noted. The mean follow-up period was 15 months. Results Specimen size increased significantly ( P P P = NS). No recurrence was observed after R0 en bloc resection whereas the recurrence rate was 38.5% after piecemeal resections ( P Conclusions ESD is technically feasible and shows promising results in this German single-center-study. ESD is time consuming and difficult but shows a learning curve resulting in a decrease of the procedural duration over time. R0 en bloc resection is mostly possible and can avoid the risk of local recurrence.
Experimental Approaches to Poultry Meat Surface Pasteurization by Condensing Vapors

Abstract INTRODUCTION AMONG the many animal derived food products that have been implicated in Salmonella-caused food poisoning outbreaks, chicken and turkey meat have been involved in a substantial percentage of the cases. For example, in 1967, out of 25 outbreaks involving 5,600 people reported by the Salmonella Surveillance Reports, five outbreaks involving 2,295 people were traced to contaminated turkey meat. These cases arose mainly in institutional type feeding, so we may suspect that they might have been caused by poor handling practices in the institutional kitchens. However, the fact remains that poultry represents a widespread and ever present reservoir of salmonellae on the farm, in the processing plant (Bryan, 1965), and in the finished product (Sadler and Corstvet, 1965) as it moves to the point of consumption to be cooked. Since subjection of poultry meat products to an adequate end point cooking temperature will destroy all potential pathogenic microorganisms, it is…
Mattesia oryzaephili (Neogregarinorida: Lipotrophidae), a Pathogen of Stored-Grain Insects: Virulence, Host Range and Comparison with Mattesia dispora

The neogregarine, Mattesia oryzaephili (Neogregarinorida: Lipotrophidae) has only been reported from the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The pathogen’s presence in cadavers of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, in collapsed colonies prompted studies of its potential to control stored-product insects. Respective mortality rates in fourth instar C. ferrugineus and C. pusillus were 15.3 and 17.7% at 10 2 oocysts/g of diet and 89.4 and 80.5% at 10 5 oocysts/g. The mortality of fourth instar O. surinamensis exposed to 10 5 oocysts/g was only 12%. For C. ferrugineus larvae, there were no significant differences in mortality and infection between exposure to Mattesia dispora and exposure to M. oryzaephili (P� /0.05), but for C. pusillus larvae, both responses were significantly higher for M. oryzaephili than M. dispora. Adult C. ferrugineus and O. surinamensis were similar in their responses to M. oryzaephili, with mortality not exceeding 20%, but differed in their responses to M. dispora, with O. surinamensis being more susceptible. The median lethal doses for larval Mediterranean flour moths, Ephestia kuehniella, were 7.9/10 7 M. oryzaephili oocysts/g of diet and 2.7/10 3 M. dispora oocysts/g of diet. In single dose assays of M. oryzaephili physiological host range, greater than 75% infection was achieved for Rhyzopertha dominica and Plodia interpunctella. More than half of oocysts germinated during passage through the guts of susceptible and resistant insects. Second and third instar Galleria mellonella were highly susceptible to M. oryzaephili infection, but fifth instars were not. Infection percentages in fifth instars exposed to 10 6 oocysts/g were significant only when boric acid or the stilbene, Blankophor † RHK were incorporated into the diet. Host range and general morphology confirm
Mechanical circulatory support in children: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and ventricular assist devices.

The field of mechanical support for the failing circulation in infants and children using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or ventricular assist devices (VADs) continues to progress. Alth...
Structural topic models for open ended survey responses

Collection and especially analysis of open-ended survey responses are relatively rare in the discipline and when conducted are almost exclusively done through human coding. We present an alternative, semiautomated approach, the structural topic model (STM) (Roberts, Stewart, and Airoldi 2013; Roberts et al. 2013), that draws on recent developments in machine learning based analysis of textual data. A crucial contribution of the method is that it incorporates information about the document, such as the author's gender, political affiliation, and treatment assignment (if an experimental study). This article focuses on how the STM is helpful for survey researchers and experimentalists. The STM makes analyzing open-ended responses easier, more revealing, and capable of being used to estimate treatment effects. We illustrate these innovations with analysis of text from surveys and experiments.
Inhibition of hemagglutination of Columbia SK virus by human polio-convalescent sera.

Summary and ConclusionsIn a series of 57 sera collected from poliomyelitis patients during the acute or subacute stage of their illness, 9 (16%) gave strongly positive reactions, 5 (9%) gave questionable reactions and 43 (75%) gave negative reactions when tested for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibitory substances against Col-SK virus. All of 12 sera from patients convalescing from Jap B encephalitis gave negative reactions. In a control group of 80 sera from healthy individuals 2 (2.5%) gave positive reactions, 4 (5%) gave questionable reactions, and 74 (92.5%) gave negative reactions. Of 14 positive or questionable poliomyelitis sera, 5 contained significant neutralizing antibody levels against Col-SK virus as determined by mouse test. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Relationship between plasma bubbles and density enhancements: Observations and interpretation

Plasma bubbles are regions of depleted plasma density in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere. Plasma enhancements, also referred as plasma blobs, are regions where the plasma density is increased. It has not been well understood whether and how plasma enhancements are related to plasma bubbles. In this paper, we present the observations of plasma bubbles and enhancements by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite during 2008 and 2009. In some cases, C/NOFS first detected plasma bubbles near the magnetic equator and then plasma enhancements at the same longitudes but at higher latitudes during subsequent orbits. In other cases, C/NOFS first detected plasma enhancements at off-equatorial locations and then plasma bubbles near the magnetic equator at the same longitudes. It is also found that plasma enhancements existed just above plasma depletions. We propose a unified scenario to describe the evolution of plasma bubbles and the formation of plasma enhancements. In the proposed scenario, plasma enhancements can occur at different latitudes and altitudes during the early, intermediate, and late stages of the bubble evolution. This scenario provides a reasonable explanation of the observations.
Visual acuity in children with autism spectrum disorder

Today, controversy still surrounds the acuity visual (VA) in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD has been associated with hypersensitivity but recent studies have questioned these results. The aim of this study was to compare VA in children with ASD and typically developing children (TD). The study included 34 children: 12 with ASD [people living with (PW) ASD group: 1 female, 11 males] and 22 TD (PWTD group: 9 females, 13 males). The PWASD group was from the Clinica Mexicana de Autismo (CLIMA) and the PWTD group was from the Aztecas elementary school. VA was measured with Kay picture test cards for children without correction. Right eye VA of the PWASD group ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 (0.88±0.23) and left eye VA ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 (0.87±0.23). Right eye VA of the PWTD group ranged from 0.3 and 1.0 (0.84±0.23) and left eye VA ranged 0.3 and 1.0 (0.78±0.22). Non-statistically significant differences were found (t-test, P>0.05). Results support the view that visual acuity is not affected in children with ASD compared with TD children.
Type I and Type II error concerns in fMRI research: re-balancing the scale

Statistical thresholding (i.e. P-values) in fMRI research has become increasingly conservative over the past decade in an attempt to diminish Type I errors (i.e. false alarms) to a level traditionally allowed in behavioral science research. In this article, we examine the unintended negative consequences of this single-minded devotion to Type I errors: increased Type II errors (i.e. missing true effects), a bias toward studying large rather than small effects, a bias toward observing sensory and motor processes rather than complex cognitive and affective processes and deficient meta-analyses. Power analyses indicate that the reductions in acceptable P-values over time are producing dramatic increases in the Type II error rate. Moreover, the push for a mapwide false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05 is based on the assumption that this is the FDR in most behavioral research; however, this is an inaccurate assessment of the conventions in actual behavioral research. We report simulations demonstrating that combined intensity and cluster size thresholds such as P < 0.005 with a 10 voxel extent produce a desirable balance between Types I and II error rates. This joint threshold produces high but acceptable Type II error rates and produces a FDR that is comparable to the effective FDR in typical behavioral science articles (while a 20 voxel extent threshold produces an actual FDR of 0.05 with relatively common imaging parameters). We recommend a greater focus on replication and meta-analysis rather than emphasizing single studies as the unit of analysis for establishing scientific truth. From this perspective, Type I errors are self-erasing because they will not replicate, thus allowing for more lenient thresholding to avoid Type II errors.
Dynamic aspects of the error in eccentric beam modelling

The usual linear shape function for approximating axial displacements in beam finite elements used as eccentric stiffeners or as portions of composite cross-sections, leads to an error in the static deflection. A modified element reduces this error. The behaviour of these two elements under free vibration is examined. The linear element is shown to be in considerable error in the dynamic case also.
Parallel parsing of spoken language

The authors extended H. Maruyama's (1990) constraint dependency grammar (CDG) to process a lattice of sentence hypotheses instead of separate test strings. A postprocessor to a speech recognizer producing N-best hypotheses generates the word lattice representation, which is then augmented with information required for parsing. The authors summarize the CDG parsing algorithm and describe how the algorithm is extended to process the lattice on a single processor machine. They outline the CRCW P-RAM algorithm for parsing the word lattice, which requires O(n/sup 4/) processors to parse in O(k+n) time. >
Lack of association between tea and cardiovascular disease in college alumni

Background Epidemiological studies suggest that tea intake, a major dietary source of flavonoids, may be associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods We prospectively followed 17 228 subjects (mean age, 59.5 years) initially free of CVD and cancer from the College Alumni Health Study. Participants provided baseline self-reports of tea consumption (cups/day) and coronary risk factors. During a median follow-up of 15 years, there were 3372, 2615, and 757 cases of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke, respectively, ascertained from either self-reports or death certificates. Results Overall, the median level of tea consumption was 1 cup/day. Compared with participants consuming no tea, the multivariate relative risks (RR) of CVD for those drinking <1, 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 cups/day were 0.99, 0.96, 0.95, 0.91, and 0.95, respectively (P, trend = 0.19). The multivariate RR were 0.97, 0.98, 0.93, 0.85, and 0.98 for CHD (P, trend = 0.25), and 1.05, 0.89, 1.00, 1.09, and 0.83 for stroke (P, trend = 0.53). There was no evidence of effect modification. Changes in tea intake were assessed in a subgroup of 7730 men, with those continuing to drink tea having a non-significant 33% reduction in the risk of stroke. Conclusions Tea intake, likely consumed as black tea, was not strongly associated with a reduced risk of CVD in this population of US college alumni.
Navigating Service in Untenured Waters: What it Means to be a Service-Learning Mentor

This article describes how a university’s community service initiative helped facilitate a mentoring opportunity between a pharmacy student and an education professor. The professor takes up Boyer’s (1990) call to reconsider the priorities of the professoriate and addresses his question “What does it mean to be a scholar”? She explores her emerging identity as a scholar amid the competing obligations of the tenure track and applies a narrative form to relate and describe the service-learning study she undertook with the pharmacy student. She found that with institutional and collegial support, “service” can become personally and professionally transformative, offering benefits to the self and the community and figuring deeply in one’s emerging identity as an engaged scholar.
Case Study: An Ethics Case Study of HIV Prevention Research on Facebook: The Just/Us Study

Objective To consider issues related to research with youth on social networking sites online. Methods Description of the data collection process from 1,588 participants in a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of HIV prevention education delivered on Facebook. Using respondent-driven sampling, staff-recruited participants are encouraged to recruit up to three friends to enroll in the study. Results Researchers should (a) consider whether an online social networking site is an appropriate place to implement a research study; (b) offer opportunities to review informed consent documents at multiple times and in multiple locations throughout the study; and (c) collect data outside the social networking site and store it behind secure firewalls to ensure it will not be accessible to any person on the social networking site. Conclusions Online social networks are growing in popularity. Conducting research on social media sites requires deliberate attention to consent, confidentiality, and security.
Allosteric network of cAMP-dependent protein kinase revealed by mutation of Tyr204 in the P+1 loop

Previous studies on the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) identified a conserved interaction pair comprised of Tyr204 from the P+1 loop and Glu230 at the end of the αF-helix. Single-point mutations of Tyr204 to Ala (Y204A) and Glu230 to Gln (E230Q) both resulted in alterations in enzymatic kinetics. To understand further the molecular basis for the altered kinetics and the structural role of each residue, we analyzed the Y204A and the E230Q mutants using hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange coupled with mass spectrometry and other biophysical techniques. The fact that the mutants exhibit distinct molecular properties, supports previous hypotheses that these two residues, although in the same interaction node, contribute to the same enzymatic functions through different molecular pathways. The Tyr204 mutation appears to affect the dynamic properties, while the Glu230 mutation affects the surface electrostatic profile of the enzyme. Furthermore, H/D exchange analysis defines the dynamic allosteric range of Tyr204 to include the catalytic loop and three additional distant surface regions, which exhibit increased deuterium exchange in the Y204A but not the E230Q mutant. Interestingly, these are the exact regions that previously showed decreased deuterium exchange upon binding of the RIα regulatory subunit of PKA. We propose that these sites, coupled with the P+1 loop through Tyr204, represent one of the major allosteric networks in the kinase. This coupling provides a coordinated response for substrate binding and enzyme catalysis. H/D exchange analysis also further defines the stable core of the catalytic subunit to include the αE, αF and αH-helix. All these observations lead to an interesting new way to view the structural architecture and allosteric conformational regulation of the protein kinase molecule.
Disasters as Agents of Social Change in Recovery and Reconstruction

This paper highlights a variety of studies on disaster recovery and reconstruction, some showing that political, economic, and social change is unlikely after disasters; some showing that change occurs frequently after disasters; and still others showing that both are true, depending on who you are. This paper examines the reasons for these findings and concludes by pointing out pitfalls and opportunities for both research and public policy regarding recovery and reconstruction.
All-atom empirical force field for nucleic acids: II. Application to molecular dynamics simulations of DNA and RNA in solution

Molecular dynamics simulations based on empirical force fields can greatly enhance knowledge of DNA and RNA structure and dynamics in solution. Presented are results on simulations of three DNA sequences and one RNA sequence using the new all-atom CHARMM27 force field for nucleic acids presented in the accompanying manuscript (Foloppe, MacKerell, J Comput Chem, this issue). Data are reported on structural, dynamic, and hydration properties including dihedral angle, sugar puckering, and helicoidal parameter probability distributions. Also presented are calculations of a DNA hexamer in 0 and 75% ethanol starting from both the canonical A and B forms. Analysis of RMS differences with respect to the canonical A and B forms of DNA show a highly anticorrelated behavior indicating that the force field samples the equilibrium between the A and B forms of DNA. Proper stabilization of B form DNA in aqueous solution and A form DNA in 75% ethanol show that this equilibrium can be perturbed by environmental contributions. Success of the force field in reproducing a variety of experimental data for duplex DNA and RNA indicates that it is of general use for computational investigations of nucleic acids as well as nucleic acids in complexes with proteins and lipids. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 105–120, 2000
Self-monitoring and mimicry of positive and negative social behaviors

Abstract This study examined the role that self-monitoring plays in behavioral mimicry. Participants were exposed to videotaped targets who were laughing, yawning, frowning, or neutral in their expression. Participants’ behavioral mimicry while viewing the targets was recorded. It was hypothesized that higher self-monitors would show greater mimicry than lower self-monitors. It was also hypothesized that participants would respond differently to positive and negative target expressions. Participants who scored higher in self-monitoring did mimic the targets’ behaviors more often, and participants showed less mimicry of frowns than of laughs or yawns.
Mind the Gap The London Underground Map and Users' Representations of Urban Space

This paper explores the effects of iconic, abstract representations of complex objects on our interactions with those objects through an ethnographic study of the use of the London Underground Map ...
Multiassignment for tracking a large number of overlapping objects [and application to fibroblast cells]

In this paper we present a new technique for data association using multiassignment for tracking a large number of closely spaced (and overlapping) objects. The algorithm is illustrated on a biomedical problem, namely the tracking of a group of fibroblast (tissue) cells from an image sequence, which motivated this work. Because of their proximity to one another and due to the difficulties in segmenting the images accurately from a poor-quality image sequence, the cells are effectively closely spaced objects (CSOs). The algorithm presents a novel dichotomous, iterated approach to multiassignment using successive one-to-one assignments of decreasing size with modified costs. The cost functions, which are adjusted depending on the "depth" of the current assignment level and on the tracking results, are derived. The resulting assignments are used to form, maintain and terminate tracks with a modified version of the probabilistic data association (PDA) filter, which can handle the contention for a single measurement among multiple tracks in addition to the association of multiple measurements to a single track. Estimation results are given and compared with those of the standard 2D one-to-one assignment algorithm. It is shown that iterated multiassignment results in superior measurement-to-track association. The algorithms presented can be used for other general tracking problems, including dense air traffic surveillance and control.
Role of nitrogen- and sulphur-containing compounds in the ageing of liquid fuels

Abstract Insoluble and adherent sediments are formed during ageing of liquid fuels. In this research, the extent of deposit formation was studied by adding specific nitrogen- and sulphur-containing compounds to upgraded coal-derived liquids, petroleum-derived JP-5 jet and diesel fuels. Of the nitrogen compounds tested, the ability to promote sediment formation is much greater for 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (DMP), than 2,6-dimethylquinoline (DMQ). Of the sulphur-containing compounds tested, the decreasing order is: thiophenol, tetrahydrothiophene, thiophene. Synergistic effects between DMP and thiophenol can occur. Degradation products obtained by heat stressing of fuels enriched with specific heteroatomic compounds were analysed by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
The Radiolabeled Frog Red Blood Cell: A NEW MARKER OF CORTICAL BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN THE KIDNEY OF THE DOG

The red cell of the bullfrog Bufo vulgaris was used to measure the intrarenal distribution of blood flow in the kidney of the dog. These cells were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde and labeled with sodium pertechnetate (99MTc); they were 18 x 10µ in size and had a specific gravity of 1.076--a value close to that of the dog red blood cell. These cells had no discernible effect on systemic or renal hemodynamics after injection, did not agglutinate, were well mixed and evenly distributed throughout different areas of the renal cortex, and were completely extracted in one circulation through the kidney. When the renal cortex was divided into four equal zones, the fractional distribution of the frog red blood cells was 39, 33, 20, and 8% going from the outer to the inner cortex. These values were not significantly different from those obtained in the same dogs with radioactive microspheres--particles much denser than the frog red cells. In two other models involving intrarenal acetylcholine administration and hemorrhagic hypotension, there was no difference between the regional blood flow distribution measured with the frog red cell method and that measured with the microsphere method. However, with both acetylcholine infusion and hemorrhage, there was a redistribution of renal cortical blood flow to the inner cortex compared with the distribution determined by either method during hydropenia. Thus, a similar intrarenal distribution of blood flow was found with two indicators of different size, shape, and density. We suggest that the primary rheologic factor affecting a particle such as a frog red blood cell or a microsphere markedly diluted among circulating red cells is its interaction with these normal cells.
Outcome of Intensive Care in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

The prognosis of patients who become critically ill due to complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is generally believed to be poor, but no detailed studies have substantiated this impression. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with AIDS admitted to the Medical Special Care Unit (MSCU) at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York over a 42-month period. Of 910 patients admitted to the MSCU, 35 (4% ) had AIDS. An additional patient admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit was included in the analysis.Respiratory failure occurred in 31 patients (86% ) and was the most common problem necessitating admission. Twenty-five of these patients (69% ) had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. All 31 patients with respiratory failure required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, and 27 (87%) died during the same hospitalization. Pneumothorax requiring tube thoracostomy occurred in 6 of 31 patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. Among the 4 mechanically vent...
Fine Needle Aspiration of Squamous-Lined Cysts of the Pancreas

Squamous-lined cysts (SLC) in the pancreas are rare and include lymphoepithelial cysts (LEC), dermoid cysts (DC), and epidermoid cysts in heterotopic spleen (EC). Previously only rare case reports and small case series have been published describing the FNA findings in these entities. The departmental archives were searched for surgically excised SLC from the pancreas. Twenty-five specimens were identified: 20 LEC, four EC, and one DC. Eight corresponding FNA specimens taken prior to resection were identified and available for review: seven LEC and one EC. A junior and senior pathologist reviewed the cases individually and then together for consensus. On morphological review, all lesions contained single nucleated and anucleated mature squamous cells, macrophages, and varying amounts of lymphocytes. Benign squamous fragments were found in half of all specimens. Amorphous debris was found in all cases. Keratin was found in all but two cases and its appearance varied among cases. Half of all cases contained cholesterol crystals. No nuclear atypia or necrosis was noted. Inspissated mucin, a potentially misleading finding, was seen in three cases. The most important goal in evaluating pancreatic cystic lesions is to exclude a mucin-producing neoplasm. If features of a SLC are present, the differential diagnosis should include LEC, DC, and EC. Only 38% (3/8) cases had the most specific features of an SLC present (squamous fragments, cholesterol crystals, keratin, and squamous cells), which suggests that most cases will not be specifically identified on FNA even by experienced cytopathologists.
Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology

Introduction / Daniel A. Segal and Sylvia J. Yanagisako 1 Rearticulating Anthropology / James Clifford 24 Unchosen Grounds: Cultivating Cross-Subfield Accents for a Public Voice / Rena Lederman 49 Flexible Disciplinarity: Beyond the Americanist Tradition / Sylvia J. Yanagisako 78 Languages/Cultures Are Dead! Long Live the Linguistic-Cultural! / Michael Silverstein 99 An Archaeology of the Four-Field Approach in Anthropology in the United States / Ian Hodder 126 References 141 Contributors 161 Index 163
Rutting Resistance of Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Pavements Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Mixtures

Improved understanding of rutting resistance of a rubberized asphalt concrete pavement that contains reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP is important to stimulating the use of rubberized asphalt mixtures. Use of RAP in the past has proved to be economical, environmentally sound, and effective in increasing the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. Rubberized asphalt has been used success- fully in improving the mechanical characteristics, such as rutting resistance, of typical hot mix asphalt HMA mixture around the country and the world. The objective of this research was to investigate the rutting resistance characteristics of the rubberized asphalt mixtures through a laboratory testing program. The experimental design included use of two rubber types ambient and cryogenically produced, four rubber contents, and three crumb rubber sizes. The results of the experiments indicated that the use of RAP and crumb rubber in the HMA can effectively improve the rut resistance of these mixes.
Comme il Faut: a system for authoring playable social models

Authoring interactive stories where the player is afforded a wide range of social interactions results in a very large space of possible social and story situations. The amount of effort required to individually author for each of these circumstances can quickly become intractable. The social AI system Comme il Faut (CiF) aims to reduce the burden on the author by providing a playable model of social interaction where the author provides reusable and recombinable representations of social norms and social interactions. Motivated through examples from an in-development video game, Prom Week, this paper provides a detailed description of the structures with which CiF represents social knowledge and how this knowledge is employed to simulate social interactions between characters.
Stochastic optimization using hellinger distance

Stochastic optimization facilitates decision making in uncertain environments. In typical problems, probability distributions are fit to historical data for the chance variables and then optimization is carried out, as if the estimated probability distributions are the "truth". However, this perspective is optimistic in nature and can frequently lead to sub-optimal or infeasible results because the distribution can be misspecified and the historical data set may be contaminated. In this paper, we propose to integrate existing approaches to decision making under uncertainty with robust and efficient estimation procedures using Hellinger distance. Within the existing decision-making methodologies that make use of parametric models, our approach offers robustness against model misspecifications and data contamination. Additionally, it also facilitates quantification of the impact of uncertainty in historical data on optimization results.
A Study of Group Velocity Dispersion of Single-Mode Optical Waveguide Utilizing Siloxane Polymer

We have developed a single-mode optical waveguide utilizing siloxane polymer on ceramic substrate for opto-electronic multichip modules (O/E-MCM) to operate Tera bps. In this paper, we describe group velocity dispersion for the optical waveguide utilizing siloxane polymer on ceramic substrate. The group velocity dispersion becomes 0 fs/cm·nm at around 1310 nm and 1530 nm wavelength. There is abnormal dispersion at around 1530 nm. The results showed that the group velocity dispersion of the optical waveguide was significantly related to the absorption spectrum of siloxane polymer. The group velocity dispersion of the optical waveguide is about 0.4 fs/cm·nm at 1550 nm wavelength. When a 500 femto seconds optical pulse, which has 16 nm for spectrum width, pass through the 50 mm long optical waveguide, pulse expansion is estimated 20 fs/cm·nm. This expansion of spectrum is well to distinguish femto seconds optical signals. Thus, the optical waveguide utilizing siloxane polymer is capable for femto seconds optical pulses transmission.
Molecular simulations of the electric double layer structure, differential capacitance, and charging kinetics for N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide at graphite electrodes.

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (pyr13FSI) room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) confined between graphite electrodes as a function of applied potential at 393 and 453 K using an accurate force field developed in this work. The electric double layer (EDL) structure and differential capacitance (DC) of pyr13FSI was compared with the results of the previous study of a similar RTIL pyr13bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (pyr13TFSI) with a significantly larger anion [Vatamanu, J.; Borodin, O.; Smith, G. D.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14825]. Intriguingly, the smaller size of the FSI anion compared to TFSI did not result in a significant increase of the DC on the positive electrode. Instead, a 30% higher DC was observed on the negative electrode for pyr13FSI compared to pyr13TFSI. The larger DC observed on the negative electrode for pyr13FSI compared to pyr13TFSI was associated with two structural features of the EDL: (a) a closer approac...
Security Assessment of Time Synchronization Mechanisms for the Smart Grid

The need to dynamically monitor the modern power grid, react to its disturbances, control, and protect its operations requires the availability of globally synchronized measurement devices. Accurate time synchronization across these devices is as essential as the services they provide. The secure operation of the time supplying mechanisms soar among the main concerns on the path towards the smart grid. In this paper, we overview the mechanisms serving time synchronization for the smart grid. We analyze their security aspects and review their pitfalls. The standardization efforts to meet the grid’s timing needs are also presented. Finally, gaps revealed through the analysis are disclosed and mitigation strategies are proposed.
Analysis of Structural Model of Gumudi Anticline in Southern Margin of Junggar Basin

The southern margin of Junggar basin underwent Tianshan movement in late Himalayan orogeny and formed a series of anticlines and related faults.Owing to its complex surface and subsurface geologic conditions,the seismic reflection data from this area are poor and the structural style varies and is always troublesome in discrimination.In order to establish the proper structural style,this paper takes the structural description of Gumudi anticline as an example,the fault-folded theory as a guide,and the structural modeling technique as a tool for anatomizing complex structures,finally,develops a model of structural geology fitting for real situation of this area.The procedure for modeling is also presented herein.
Pubertal development of the boar: testosterone, estradiol-17 beta, cortisol and LH concentrations before and after castration at various ages.

Forty-eight Landrace x Duroc boars were assigned at weaning to eight castration ages (40, 70, 100, 130, 160, 190, 220 and 250 d). Catheterization of the external jugular vein was performed 5 d before scheduled castration. Blood samples were collected every .5 h between 0800 and 1200 h, 2 d before (-2) and on d +1, +2, +3, +4, +8 and +16 after castration. Testosterone (T) was determined in serum samples collected every .5 h on d -2. Serum concentrations of estradiol-17 beta (E2), cortisol (C) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were quantified by radioimmunoassays in pooled (within boar) samples collected on d -2. In addition, LH was determined in pooled (within boar) samples collected on d +1, +2, +3, +4, +8 and +16 after castration. Mean concentrations of T and E2 (d -2) increased in a near linear (P less than .01) fashion with age of boar. However, T concentrations at 250 d of age had declined (P less than .01) to values similar to concentrations of boars at 130 d of age. Serum C concentrations (d -2) were lower (P less than .01) at 100, 130 and 160 d of age compared with an average C concentration of 19 ng/ml for all other age groups. Mean concentrations of LH (d -2) did not differ among any of the ages. Luteinizing hormone concentrations were elevated (P less than .01) within 1 to 2 d following castration at 40, 70, 100, 130 and 160 d of age. Serum T concentrations of individual boars varied greatly at all ages as determined by half-hourly sampling over a 4-h period. The results indicate that in the boar: (1) T concentrations increase as pubertal development progresses and decline as maturity nears; (2) E2 concentrations increase steadily through pubertal development; (3) C concentrations are depressed at 100, 130 and 160 d of age relative to concentrations before and after that period; (4) LH concentrations are constant during pubertal development, and (5) a decrease in the sensitivity of the negative feedback mechanism controlling LH occurs after 160 d of age.
Improved prediction of fetal lung maturity in diabetic pregnancies: A comparison of chromatographic methods

Following planned termination of pregnancy, infants of diabetic mothers have shown a continued vulnerability to the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), suggesting false positive results on fetal lung maturity testing. We studied the adequacy of the standard one-dimensional chromatographic lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio for predicting RDS in 56 diabetic and 50 nondiabetic pregnancies. An exceptionally low incidence of RDS was noted for the study (0.95%) as well as for diabetic pregnancies alone (1.85%). The clinical results were further compared to a new method for determining L/S ratios and identifying other pulmonary phospholipids by two-dimensional chromatography. Values for two-dimensional L/S ratios were significantly lower from 36 through 38 weeks’ gestation (P
Peter Handke's Sprechstücke and speech‐act theory

Peter Handke's Sprechstucke, through focusing on the performance of language, partake in the postmodern critique of representation. As a species of nonmatrixed theater, i.e., theater which avoids the strong traditional fictional matrices of time, place, character, situation, and action, the “speech‐plays” raise interesting issues pertaining to language, representation, presence, and performance. J. L. Austin's “Speech‐Act Theory’ provides analytical concepts helpful in understanding the turns that Handke effects with language in the Sprechstucke. While an Austinian analysis of these pieces reveals the mechanics of Handke's rhetoric, it is ultimately incapable of disclosing his critical position. Although not addressed to Handke, Jacques Derrida's critique of Austin offers insight into Handke's position—as revealed in the Sprechstucke— on issues of language and representation. Together, Austin and Derrida present a valuable perspective from which to reassess the contribution of Handke's earliest writing fo...
Domestic Homicide: The Continuing Search for Justice

Domestic homicides include killing an intimate or that person’s romantic partner out of jealous rage, and killing a batterer out of fear and despair. How the criminal law treats these different kinds of domestic homicides continues to challenge our sense of justice. In this Article, I first address the injustice that the partial defense of provocation for domestic homicides currently presents. I then discuss why eliminating or modifying the defense will continue to be problematic so long as mandatory sentencing persists. I next turn to the recent developments in Australian states, where experimentation in this area continues. I describe and analyze Australia’s continuing debate over how the criminal law should respond to different kinds of domestic homicides. Finally, I examine the most recent sweeping change to American criminal defense law: Stand Your Ground/Castle laws such as Florida’s. I suggest that American lawmakers should consider enacting a modified version of a recent Australian provision by amending the modern Castle laws to provide a presumption of self-defense for domestic violence survivors who kill their batterers in their homes or vehicles.
The Effect of Aging on Cervical Parameters in a Normative North American Population.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objectives:To investigate age-based changes in cervical alignment parameters in an asymptomatic population.Methods:Retrospective review of a prospective stud...
Anti-GITR therapy promotes immunity against malignant glioma in a murine model

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potently immunosuppressive cells that accumulate within the glioma microenvironment. The reduction in their function and/or trafficking has been previously shown to enhance survival in preclinical models of glioma. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor enriched on Tregs that has shown promise as a target for immunotherapy. An agonistic antibody against GITR has been demonstrated to inhibit Tregs in a number of models and has only been recently addressed in glioma. In this study, we examined the modality of the antibody function at the tumor site as opposed to the periphery as the blood–brain barrier prevents efficient antibody delivery to brain tumors. Mice harboring established GL261 tumors were treated with anti-GITR monotherapy and were shown to have a significant increase in overall survival (p < 0.01) when antibodies were injected directly into the glioma core, whereas peripheral antibody treatment only had a modest effect. Peripheral treatment resulted in a significant decrease in granzyme B (GrB) expression by Tregs, whereas intratumoral treatment resulted in both a decrease in GrB expression by Tregs and their selective depletion, which was largely mediated by FcγR-mediated destruction. We also discovered that anti-GITR treatment results in the enhanced survival and functionality of dendritic cells (DCs)—a previously unreported effect of this immunotherapy. In effect, this study demonstrates that the targeting of GITR is a feasible and noteworthy treatment option for glioma, but is largely dependent on the anatomical location in which the antibodies are delivered.