cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONFOCAL MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRIN EXPRESSION ON THE MICROVASCULATURE AND ITS SPROUTS IN THE NEONATAL FORESKIN

Abstract Members of the integrin family of adhesion receptors are essential participants in blood vessel growth and remodeling. It is not known which integrins are involved in the initial stages of angiogenesis in vivo . In this study we determined the location of integrins on the blood vessels of a growing tissue, the neonatal foreskin, in which neovascularization is likely to occur. We used the confocal microscope to visually reconstruct vessels from the papillary dermis of the foreskin and to identify potential sprouts as narrow, tapering extensions from these vessels. Blood vessels were initially identified by their positive reaction with antibodies to von Willebrand factor or human platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and their negative response to anti-neurofilament antibodies. Later, vessels were identified by their shape and location. We screened vessels with anti bodies to integrin subunits α1, α2, α3, &5, α6, αv, β1, β3 and β4. We found that integrin subunits α6 and β4 were consistently found along the whole length of capillary loops and extended to the distal ends of presumed sprouts. The α2 and αv integrin concentrations, which are normally low in the microvasculature, were increased on the sprouts. α5 was either absent from vessels entirely or more concentrated on the body than on the sprout, α1 was more commonly present on nerves than blood vessels. These studies suggest an important role for the α1β4 integrin in the initial stages of endothelial outmigration during new vessel growth
Understanding the Steric Control of Stereoselective Olefin Binding in Cyclopentadienyl Complexes of Rhenium: An Application of de Novo Ligand Design

Gladysz has demonstrated that the [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)]+ fragment can stereoselectively bind prochiral olefins. The origins of selectivity are thought to be rooted in the steric interaction between the substituent on the olefin and ligands on the Re. Using Brown's ligand repulsive energy methodology, we have verified that stereoselectivity toward prochiral α-olefins in [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)]+ can be understood in terms of a steric argument. Using molecular mechanics, we examine how the fragment [(η5-C5R5)Re(NO)(L)]+ (R = H, Me; L = PMe3, PPh3) stereoselectively binds prochiral α-olefins, CH2CHR (R = Me, n-Pr, CH2Ph, Ph, i-Pr, t-Bu, and SiMe3). We have used the molecular mechanics results to rate the relative impact on stereoselectivity toward α-olefins by the size of the cyclopentadienyl ring versus the size of the phosphine.
Observation of an index-of-refraction-induced change in the Drude parameters of Ag films

The method of attenuated total internal reflection has been used in the visible region to obtain precise values of the dielectric function of Ag films in contact with different dielectric media. By measuring, at eight visible laser wavelengths, the surface-plasmon resonance of an Ag film against air and then against an organic liquid, we show that for both cases the dielectric function can be described by the Drude model with the well-known frequency-dependent relaxation time, namely, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\ensuremath{\omega})={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+\ensuremath{\beta}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$. The interesting results are that ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\mathrm{liquid})g{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\mathrm{air})$, that $\ensuremath{\beta}(\mathrm{liquid})l\ensuremath{\beta}(\mathrm{air})$, and that the plasma frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}(\mathrm{liquid})g{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}(\mathrm{air})$. The fact that $\ensuremath{\beta}$ changes---the sign of the change or its magnitude---appears to eliminate all previous models which have been proposed to describe this frequency-dependent term. The observed changes in $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ are consistent with the idea of a complex relaxation time whose real and imaginary parts are connected in a causal way. The index-of-refraction dependence of the Drude parameters demonstrates that surface electrodynamics must play an important role. The observed trends reported here could be accounted for if increasing the index of the dielectric half-space would increase the attractive surface-plasmon interaction and decrease the magnitude of electron-electron scattering in the Ag surface.
Q-Scores, Temperament, and Delinquency

(1945). Q-Scores, Temperament, and Delinquency. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 81-103.
Perinatal outcome following intravascular transfusion in severely isoimmunized fetuses.

Abstract Twenty-six severely isoimmunized pregnancies managed exclusively with ultrasonographically guided intravascular fetal transfusions are reported. The mean gestational age plus and minus one standard deviationy (±SD) was 26.3 ± 3.6 weeks and the mean hematocrit (±SD) prior to initial transfusion was 20.6 ± 6.7%. Four of seven hydropic fetuses and 9 of 19 without hydrops were ≤ 26 weeks gestation at the first transfusion. Overall survival was 85% ( 22 26 ). Survival was similar whether or not fetal hydrops was present ( 6 7 vs. 16 19 ) and whether or not the first transfusion was administered at ≤26 weeks gestation ( 10 13 vs. 12 13 ).
Mobile Communications in the United States

Public enthusiasm for cellular and cordless telephones has stimulated widespread interest in new mobile services. However, the outlook for the future is clouded by technical and regulatory uncertainties. In some respects, Western Europe and the United States are moving in opposite directions. Europe, which now has five incompatible cellular systems, is converging toward one continental standard. Meanwhile, North American networks, which until now have operated with a single cellular standard, will be divided by three separate approaches to increasing capacity - time division, code division, and frequency division. Promoting alternatives to the present cellular networks, dozens of American companies have begun technical and marketing trials of personal communications. Although it remains to be seen which services and technologies will find commercial application, it is safe to predict that many new networks will emerge in the mid-1990's. They will change substantially the way people communicate and will transform the structure of the telecommunications industry.
New Earth Science Research Opportunities: Committee Seeks Input

In 2001, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) published Basic Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences, which helped define the priorities for the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Earth Sciences (EAR) over the past decade. Motivated by this report, EAR funded key components of the EarthScope initiative, established a network of Critical Zone Observatories, and expanded its postdoctoral fellowship programs. Ten years later, again at the behest of NSF, NAS has assembled the Committee on New Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences at the National Science Foundation. The committee will, among other things, identify high- priority new and emerging research opportunities in the Earth sciences over the next decade, including surface and deep Earth processes and interdisciplinary research with fields such as ocean and atmospheric sciences, biology, engineering, computer science, and social and behavioral sciences. The committee also will identify key instrumentation and facilities needed to support these new and emerging research opportunities.
Evidence against a role of acetaldehyde in electroencephalographic signs of ethanol-induced intoxication

Acetaldehyde, the proximate metabolite of ethanol, when injected intravenously in rats produced electroencephalogram (EEG) changes similar to those observed after ethanol administration; that is, low doses activated the cortical EEG and higher doses caused activation followed by synchronization. However, when acetaldehyde was administered as a continuous infusion to simulate production of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, only synchronization occurred, and then only at the higher doses. At low infusion dosage when the EEG was unaffected, concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood were equal to or greater than those which occur during intoxication. Thus, acetaldehyde by itself cannot account for ethanol-induced EEG synchronization.
Effects of alkyl substitution on the energetics of enolate anions and radicals.

The photoelectron spectra of the structural isomers of the three- and four-carbon enolate anions, n-C3H5O-, i-C3H5O-, n-C4H7O-, s-C4H7O-, and i-C4H7O- have been measured at 355 nm. Both the X(2A‘ ‘) ground and A(2A‘) first excited states of the corresponding radicals were accessed from the X(1A‘) ground state of the enolate anions. The separation energies of the ground and first excited states (T0) were determined: T0[(E)-n-C3H5O] = 1.19 ± 0.02 eV, T0[(Z)-n-C3H5O] = 0.99 ± 0.02 eV, T0[i-C3H5O] = 1.01 ± 0.02 eV, T0[n-C4H7O] = 1.19 ± 0.02 eV, T0[(2,3)-s-C4H7O] = 1.25 ± 0.02 eV, T0[(1,2)-s-C4H7O] = 0.98 ± 0.02 eV, and T0[i-C4H7O] = 1.36 ± 0.02 eV. The effects of alkyl substitution on the vibronic structure and energetics previously observed in the vinoxy radical are discussed. The X(1A‘)−X(2A‘ ‘) relative stability is strongly influenced by substitution whereas the X(1A‘)−A(2A‘) relative stability remains nearly constant for all of the observed structural isomers. Alkyl substitution at the carbonyl carbon a...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P increase levels of enkephalin-containing peptides in adrenal chromaffin cells.

Abstract The neuropeptides substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), reported to exist in the splanchnic nerve terminals innervating the adrenal medulla, elevate the levels of enkephalin-containing peptides (ECPs) in cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. Cellular ECP stores were increased over 48 hr by 72 and 46 percent, respectively, following incubation with 5 μM VIP or 10 μM substance P, maximally effective concentrations. The results suggest that VIP and substance P may be trans-synaptic modulators of chromaffin cell ECP stores.
Fungal urosepsis after ureteroscopy in cirrhotic patients: a word of caution.

OBJECTIVES Fungal sepsis after ureteroscopy (URS) is rarely reported. We report on 2 cases of acute fungemia that developed after routine ureteroscopic stone manipulation in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. This represents a unique and high-risk population, and, to our knowledge, these are the first such cases reported. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of 2 patients with Child-Pugh class B and C liver cirrhosis who had undergone ureteroscopy (URS) and holmium laser lithotripsy for obstructing ureteral calculi. RESULTS The treated stones measured 10 mm and 12 mm and were at the right ureteropelvic junction and left ureterovesical junction, respectively. Both patients had had indwelling ureteral stents in place for 1 and 2 months before URS plus holmium laser lithotripsy, with negative preoperative urine cultures. Each procedure was uncomplicated, and a ureteral stent was left in situ in each case. Within 12 hours of URS, each patient became tachycardic, hypotensive, and febrile. Blood, urine (proximal to the stone), and stone cultures were positive for Candida albicans in both patients. They were both successfully treated with intravenous fluconazole and subsequently discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 12 and 13, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with advanced liver disease appear to be at greater risk of fungal sepsis after otherwise uncomplicated URS and stone manipulation. Consideration should be given to prophylactic antifungal therapy, in addition to the standard antibacterial prophylaxis for such procedures.
Haemolymph protein reserves of diapausing and nondiapausing codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract Haemolymph from diapausing codling moth larvae contain a dominant soluble protein, which is of minor significance in the haemolymph of nondiapausing larvae. This haemolymph protein is accumulated during the ultimate larval instar and its concentration is maintained throughout diapause development. Larvae induced into a diapause-like condition following topical treatment with a juvenile hormone mimie stored the haemolymph protein.
Optokinetic nystagmus after cerebellar uvulonodulectomy in squirrel monkeys.

After cerebellar uvulonodulectomy in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), a change occurred in the optokinetic nystagmus, in that there was a slow-phase eye speed decline, at the stimulus speeds above 90°/sec. The difference was statistically significant when pre- and post-ablative comparisons were made. This result supports the usefulness of the optokinetic nystagmus examination to diagnose conditions which involve posterior inferior vermis of vestibulo-cerebellum. The optokinetic after-nystagmus depicted a similar decline postoperatively.
Accuracy of focus wedge mark measurement using fitting function for partially coherent illumination

The theory of best focus determination in focus wedge mark (FWM) metrology is extended from coherent illumination to partially coherent illumination. Through a theoretical analysis, we propose a focus curve fitting function suitable for the FWM, which is expressed by the sinc function. The experimental results for best focus estimations using two types of fitting functions, which are a conventional quadratic polynomial and the proposed sinc function, are reported for various defocus regions to be fitted. When the first inflection points of the sinc function are included in the fitting defocus region, we can achieve stable best focus estimation within 3 nm in our i-line exposure experiments.
United States–China Plane Collision Negotiation

On April 1, 2000 an American surveillance plane and a Chinese fighter plane collided off the coast of China. The Chinese pilot parachuted out of his aircraft but was presumed dead; his body was not found. The U.S. plane made an emergency landing at a Chinese military airfield without receiving permission. China thus had possession of the U.S. plane and crew. China said that the U.S. was responsible for the crash and demanded an apology. The U.S. expressed “regret” over the collision but declared it had no apology to give as the fault lay with the Chinese pilot. On April 10 with negotiation between the two countries remaining deadlocked, the author considered the problem in the Evolutionary Systems Design (ESD) framework. The article discusses the author's analysis and solution, his efforts to implement it, and the agreed solution announced by the U.S. and China on April 11.
Full Scale IQ Equivalents for a Two Subtest Short Form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised

A table is presented giving Full Scale IQ equivalents of sums of scaled scores on Vocabulary and Block Design for both the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Wechsler Inte...
A preliminary study of three training methods for land cover classification by artificial neural networks

This paper reports our preliminary study that aims to examine the effectiveness of training methods for land cover classification by artificial neural networks. We consider three training methods, namely, the gradient descent method, the conjugate gradient method, and the Quasi-Newton method. We apply these methods to derive land cover information from a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scene covering a urban area. Our initial experiment results suggest training methods can affect the overall efficiency of neural networks in terms of land cover classification accuracy.
Glycosylation of human cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) decreases the efficacy of certain COX-2 inhibitors

Prostanoids play an important role in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation and cancer. The rate-limiting step in the prostanoid biosynthesis pathway is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 exists as two glycoforms, 72 and 74 kDa, the latter resulting from an additional glycosylation at Asn(580). In this study, Asn(580) was mutated, and the mutant and wild-type COX-2 genes were expressed in COS-1 cells to determine how glycosylation affects the inhibition of COX-2 activity by aspirin, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, celecoxib, and etoricoxib. Results indicate that certain inhibitors were 2-5 times more effective at inhibiting COX-2 activity when the glycosylation site was eliminated, indicating that glycosylation of COX-2 at Asn(580) decreases the efficacy of some inhibitors.
Isolation of nuclei from Euglena gracilis.

Abstract A method for the mass isolation of Euglena nuclei is described. Breakage of cells, without damaging the nuclei, is obtained by “loosing” the tough cell envelope by freezing and thawing and Triton treatment or by digestion with pancreatic protease prior to cell breakage. The DNA content of the nucleus is constant throughout the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth, while the RNA content decreases from logarithmic to stationary phase. The sedimentation pattern of the RNA extracted from the isolated nuclei shows three sedimentation peaks with an apparent sedimentation value of 19, 11 and 6 S.
Allelic exclusion at the TCRβ locus

Assembly of TCRbeta chain variable-region genes is regulated in the context of allelic exclusion. Differential epigenetic modifications of the two TCRbeta alleles established early in embryonic development may be important for permitting allelic exclusion by ordering rearrangement of the two alleles in double-negative thymocytes. Expression of a TCRbeta chain, as part of the pre-TCR complex, activates signaling pathways that enforce allelic exclusion in double-positive thymocytes. These signaling pathways, which utilize p56(lck) and SLP-76, may be distinct from those used to promote other processes initiated by pre-TCR expression. In double-positive thymocytes allelic exclusion is enforced, in part, by changes in Vbeta gene segment accessibility promoted by cis-acting elements that may be distinct from those regulating accessibility of D/Jbeta gene segments.
Poly(ethylene oxide) star molecules: synthesis, characterization, and applications in medicine and biology.

Festschrift remark-It was an honor to be invited to honor Allan Hoffman on the occasion of his 60th birthday. It seems like yesterday that Allan and I shared an office in old Building 12 on the M.I.T. campus. At that time Allan had lost a bout with a snow covered mountain while on skis, and consequently moved about awkwardly in our already small room on crutches with a heavy cast. Despite these impediments, he carried on his classroom activities with typical energy. It was even earlier that at M.I.T., under the supervision of Ed Gilliland and myself, he carried out his doctoral research on the radiation grafting of styrene to polyethylene. Both he and I have dabbled in radiation chemistry on and off since then-he far more than I. Neither of us at that epoch had much idea about biomaterials or medical applications of materials-at least I did not-perhaps Allan had it in the back of his mind. The University of Washington, Seattle, is recognized as one of the great centers of biomedical engineering in the wor...
Using the Scientific Method to Guide Learning: An Integrated Approach to Early Childhood Curriculum

Researchers and practitioners have become increasingly interested in how early childhood programs prepare young children for science. Due to a number of factors, including educators’ low self-efficacy for teaching science and lack of educational resources, many early childhood classrooms do not offer high-quality science experiences for young children. However, high-quality science education has the potential to lay an important foundation for children’s knowledge and interest in science as well as reinforcing and integrating critical language, literacy, and math readiness skills. This paper examines the current research on science in preschool classrooms and provides suggestions on how to teach science that supports children’s development across domains. Using the scientific method to explore science with young children provides a systematic model for engaging children in observation, questioning, predicting, experimenting, summarizing, and sharing results. These processes encourage children’s use of language, literacy, and mathematics skills in authentic ways. Suggestions are provided for teachers to use the scientific method as their guide for generating scientific discovery in their classroom.
Age of Martian channels

The ages of large martian channels have been studied by determining the relative abundances of craters superimposed on channels and adjacent terrains and by examining superposition relationships between channels and plains and mantle materials. The channels are extremely old, are spatially confined and temporally related to the ancient cratered terrain, and in many cases are related to the as yet poorly understood genetic processes of fretting and chaos formation. No evidence is found for recent channel activity.
Interpretation of quantum field theories with a minimal length scale

It has been proposed that the incorporation of an observer independent minimal length scale into the quantum field theories of the standard model effectively describes phenomenological aspects of quantum gravity. The aim of this paper is to interpret this description and its implications for scattering processes.
A determinant of disease symptom severity is located in the 3'-terminal noncoding region of the RNA of a plant virus.

Abstract Inoculation of Nicotiana tabacum plants with RNA transcribed in vitro from a variant (pXBS8) of a cloned full-length DNA copy of tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) RNA resulted in attenuation of the vein mottling and blotching symptoms typically produced by transcripts of cloned wild-type cDNA (pXBS7). Similar amounts of virus were detected by ELISA (using anti-TVMV coat protein serum) in systemically infected leaves of plants inoculated with pXBS7 or pXBS8 transcripts. pXBS8 was shown to contain a 58-nucleotide segment in the sequence corresponding to the 3'-terminal untranslated region of TVMV RNA that was not present in pXBS7. This segment resulted in the appearance in pXBS8 transcripts of four adjacent direct repeats of a 14-nucleotide sequence, AUAAUUAUAUAUAU, that is present in the 3'-untranslated region of TVMV RNA, with two additional nucleotides (AU) between the first and second repeats. Insertion of restriction fragments containing the segment into pXBS7 and inoculation of plants with transcripts of the chimeric construct (pXBS78) resulted in the attenuated-symptom phenotype and was not accompanied by a reduced accumulation of virus in the plant as determined by ELISA and Northern blot analysis. When the extra nucleotides were removed from the variant clone, symptoms induced by transcripts of the cDNA (pXBS87) resembled those induced by wild-type transcripts. The results indicate that a noncoding region of the genome can have a direct effect on the induction of disease symptoms by an RNA virus.
Medium modifications of the bound nucleon GPDs and incoherent DVCS on nuclear targets

Abstract We study incoherent DVCS on 4He in the He 4 ( e , e ′ γ p ) X reaction, which probes possible medium-modifications of the bound nucleon GPDs and elastic form factors. Assuming that the bound nucleon GPDs are modified in proportion to the corresponding bound nucleon elastic form factors, as predicted in the quark–meson coupling model, we develop an approach to calculate various incoherent nuclear DVCS observables. As an example, we compute the beam-spin DVCS asymmetry, and predict the x B - and t-dependence of the ratio of the bound to free proton asymmetries, A LU p * ( ϕ ) / A LU p ( ϕ ) . We find that the deviation of A LU p * ( ϕ ) / A LU p ( ϕ ) from unity is as much as ∼ 6 % .
Human adult endothelial cell growth in culture

The purpose of the present study was to culture human adult endothelial cells (HAECs) on a long-term basis in the laboratory. Previous inability to accomplish this has been the major impediment to the in vitro study of endothelialization of prosthetic grafts with human cells, a problem of significant clinical relevance. We have been successful in developing a technique that allows HAECs from human adult arteries, veins, and capillaries to proliferate vigorously in culture for up to 80 population doublings. HAECs are grown on a gelatin surface (medium 199 containing 20% fetal calf serum). Heparin and endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) are required for optimal growth. With this technique, which will be described in detail, over 10(23) HAECs can be produced from each 1 cm2 of vascular tissue. This makes large numbers of HAECs available for high-density seeding on prosthetic grafts prior to implantation. It also permits for the first time with human cells the in vitro study of prosthetic grafts--HAEC interactions and the factors that enhance optimal growth and adherence to prosthetic materials. It is hoped that identification of the factors promoting graft endothelialization in combination with high-density seeding will lower graft thrombogenicity and therefore result in greater graft longevity than has been possible heretofore.
Two-column ion-exchange method for the determination of copper-complexing capacity and conditional stability constants of copper complexes for ligands in natural waters

Abstract Sample solutions titrated with Cu 2+ ions are passed sequentially through two ion-exchange columns in an automated flow system. The first column is packed with Chelex-100 resin and retains Cu 2+ ions that are free or derived from copper complexes that dissociate in the column. The second column is packed with AG MP-1 anion-exchange resin and retains negatively charged Cu(II) complexes. The retained copper species are then eluted from the columns and determined on-line with a flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometer. It is necessary to correct for a small fraction of free Cu 2+ ions that pass through the first column and are retained by the second column. The Cu(II)-complexing capacity of sample solutions is determined from plots of the concentration ratio of free Cu 2+ ions to Cu(II) complexes vs. the concentration of free Cu 2+ ions. Conditional stability constants of the copper complexes are also estimated from these plots. The complexing capacity of sample solutions is also determined rapidly by measuring the concentration of complexed Cu(II) after spiking the sample with an excess of Cu 2+ ions. The sample solutions tested were 4.0μ M NTA, 4.0-mg/l. humic acid, and a river water.
nARratives of augmented worlds

This paper presents an examination of augmented reality (AR) as a rising form of interactive narrative that combines computer-generated elements with reality, fictional with non-fictional objects, in the same immersive experience. Based on contemporary theory in narratology, we propose to view this blending of reality worlds as a metalepsis, a transgression of reality and fiction boundaries, and argue that authors could benefit from using existing conventions of narration to emphasize the transgressed boundaries, as is done in other media. Our contribution is three-fold, first we analyze the inherent connection between narrative, immersion, interactivity, fictionality and AR using narrative theory, and second we comparatively survey actual works in AR narratives from the past 15 years based on these elements from the theory. Lastly, we postulate a future for AR narratives through the perspective of the advancing technologies of both interactive narratives and AR.
The Efficacy of Africa's National Parks: An Evaluation of Julius Nyerere's Arusha Manifesto of 1961

Abstract In the Arusha Manifesto of 1961, Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere recognized Africa's wildlife and consequently its parks as the rightful heritage of all humankind and pledged the new African states to manage these resources accordingly. Since their independence, the African states have dedicated considerable land to national parks; failure to develop robust economies has resulted in insufficient management of the parks, however. Africans and Westerners regard national parks in different ways, and the growing management dilemma for the parks is exacerbating these differences. Of particular concern are differences in expectations for the role of national parks in economic development and differences in perceptions of the seriousness of intrusions into national parks. The failure of African nations to develop economically suggests the need for greater Western financial support of Africa's national parks if the promise of the Arusha Manifesto is to be kept.
Hydrogeologic control on zeolitic diagenesis of the White River sequence

Smectite, opal-CT, and clinoptilolite are common alteration products in the White River sequence, a mid-Tertiary unit in the Great Plains and northern Rocky Mountains. The White River sequence is largely made up of fine-grained tuffaceous material that is rich in unaltered rhyolitic glass. Smectite is ubiquitous, and it or a precursor phase was present during White River soil formation but also formed after burial. Smectite Fe (from 5% to 7% Fe 2 O 3 ) and Ti (from 0.4% to 0.8% TiO 2 ) concentrations in mud rocks suggest formation from dacitic to latitic glass. Rhyotitic glass, however, was the primary source for opal-CT and clinoptilolite. Opal-CT and clinoptilolite have a highly variable distribution over macroscopic to regional scales of observation. Stable isotopic compositions of smectite (δ 18 O (SMOW) = 11.8‰ to 13.3‰), opal-CT (δ 18 O (SMOW) = 19.9‰ to 24.3‰), and late diagenetic calcite (δ 18 O (SMOW) = 10.3 ± 2.0‰) suggest that burial diagenetic reactions took place at temperatures ranging from 27 to 55 °C. Clinoptilolite apparently formed in areas with high contact times between paleoground water and vitroclastic material. In White River rocks of Wyoming, clinoptilolite occurs only in localities that are interpreted as lying within paleo-ground-water discharge zones. In the Great Plains, clinoptilolite is rare in eastern Colorado and southern Nebraska but progressively increases in abundance to the north, reflecting a northward decrease in permeability. Zeolitic alteration near Douglas, Wyoming, changed the hydrologic role of tuffs from aquifers to aquitards. Tuffs were originally aquifers because of their high Permeability (>30 md) relative to interbedded mud rocks (10 -4 to 1 md), Signigicant thicknesses (0.5 to 2 m presentday), and lateral continuity. Tuff alteration, however, decreased permeability by ∼4 orders of magnitude relative to glass-rich portions. Similar diagenetic effects on mud-rock permeabilities are likely. Mass flux into altered tuffs at Douglas is indicated by an increase in bulk rock density from ∼1.3 g/cm 3 for glass-rich tuff to ∼1.7 and ∼2.0 g/cm 3 , respectively, for zeolitic and siliceous counterparts. Local silica redistribution accouts for the bulk of the density increases. A systematic increase in Ba content of clinoptilolite over a 150-m vertical section (from 0.1 to 6.6 mol% of the exchangeable cations) suggests that it was derived from underlying units.
Muscle force and stiffness during activation and relaxation. Implications for the actomyosin ATPase.

Isolated skinned frog skeletal muscle fibers were activated (increasing [Ca2+]) and then relaxed (decreasing [Ca2+]) with solution changes, and muscle force and stiffness were recorded during the steady state. To investigate the actomyosin cycle, the biochemical species were changed (lowering [MgATP] and elevating [H2PO4-]) to populate different states in the actomyosin ATPase cycle. In solutions with 200 microM [MgATP], compared with physiological [MgATP], the slope of the plot of relative steady state muscle force vs. stiffness was decreased. At low [MgATP], cross-bridge dissociation from actin should be reduced, increasing the population of the last cross-bridge state before dissociation. These data imply that the last cross-bridge state before dissociation could be an attached low-force-producing or non-force-producing state. In solutions with 10 mM total Pi, compared to normal levels of MgATP, the maximally activated muscle force was reduced more than muscle stiffness, and the slope of the plot of relative steady state muscle force vs. stiffness was reduced. Assuming that in elevated Pi, Pi release from the cross-bridge is reversed, the state(s) before Pi release would be populated. These data are consistent with the conclusion that the cross-bridges are strongly bound to actin before Pi release. In addition, if Ca2+ activates the ATPase by allowing for the strong attachment of the myosin to actin in an A.M.ADP.Pi state, it could do so before Pi release. The calcium sensitivity of muscle force and stiffness in solutions with 4 mM [MgATP] was bracketed by that measured in solutions with 200 microM [MgATP], where muscle force and stiffness were more sensitive to calcium, and 10 mM total Pi, where muscle force and stiffness were less sensitive to calcium. The changes in calcium sensitivity were explained using a model in which force-producing and rigor cross-bridges can affect Ca2+ binding or promote the attachment of other cross-bridges to alter calcium sensitivity.
The Quantitative Determination of Surface Oxide and Interfacial Metal Lost in Erbium Tritide Films

Thin film technology is important in many disciplines. A common problem encountered is the resulting purity of the deposited film. A contribution to this contamination is the interactions between the metal film and the substrates. Our particular interest is in erbium deuteride/tritide thin films, which are used for neutron generator targets.
Nitric oxide releasing material adsorbs more fibrinogen.

One mechanism of the failure of blood-contacting devices is clotting. Nitric oxide (NO) releasing materials are seen as a viable solution to the mediation of surface clotting by preventing platelet activation; however, NO's involvement in preventing clot formation extends beyond controlling platelet function. In this study, we evaluate NO's effect on factor XII (fibrinogen) adsorption and activation, which causes the initiation of the intrinsic arm of the coagulation cascade. This is done by utilizing a model plasticized poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC), N-diazeniumdiolate system and looking at the adsorption of fibrinogen, an important clotting protein, to these surfaces. The materials have been prepared in such a way to eliminate changes in surface properties between the control (plasticized PVC) and composite (NO-releasing) materials. This allows us to isolate NO release and determine the effect on the adsorption of fibrinogen, to the material surface. Surprisingly, it was found that an NO releasing material with a surface flux of 17.4 ± 0.5 × 10−10 mol NO cm−2 min−1 showed a significant increase in the amount of fibrinogen adsorbed to the material surface compared to one with a flux of 13.0 ± 1.6 × 10−10 mol NO cm−2 min−1 and the control (2334 ± 496, 226 ± 99, and 103 ±31% fibrinogen adsorbed of control, respectively). This study suggests that NO's role in controlling clotting is extended beyond platelet activation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 3201–3210, 2013.
Hematopoiesis in the feline fetal liver: an assessment by flow cytometry.

Abstract The domestic cat is an excellent model for the development of therapeutic protocols that target hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) because it is relatively resistant to complications related to bone marrow transplantation. To identify a plentiful source of HSC that could be used as targets for gene transduction and transplantation, the livers of 28 mid-gestation fetuses (28–52 days) and late-gestation fetuses (53 days-term) were analyzed for erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and uncommitted hematopoietic progenitor cells by flow cytometry. We found that the fetal liver mononuclear cells (FLMCs) contained 57% erythroid progenitors during mid-gestation, but this percentage declined to 43% as gestation progressed. Myelomonocytic cells within FLMC were more numerous in late-gestation (31%) than in mid-gestation (18%). Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb), CH 152 and CH 755, which recognize cells with the potential to reconstitute multilineage hematopoiesis in cats, were tested. Approximately, 32% of FLMC from late-gestation fetuses expressed the epitope recognized by mAb CH 152, a significant increase above the 12% positive cells in mid-gestation fetuses. Approximately, 33% of hepatic mononuclear cells expressed the epitope recognized by mAb CH 755 in both mid-term and late-term fetuses. When expressed in absolute numbers, medians of 2.7×107 CH 152-positive cells and 3.2×107 CH 755-positive cells were extracted from the late-term fetal livers of individual cats. T-lymphocytes were a minor component (
Measuring U.S. innovative activity: business data at the U.S. Census Bureau

Innovation is seen as a source of strength and vitality in the U.S. economy. Better measures of innovative activity—including but not limited to innovation alone—could improve what we know about the sources of productivity and economic growth. The U.S. Census Bureau collects data on some measures of innovative activity that research shows affect economic performance. But understanding how the effects work requires more than just measures of innovative activity. It also requires solid statistical information about core measures of the economy so we can rule out the possibility that a measure of innovative activity merely proxies for something omitted from or measured poorly in the core data. Gaps in core measures can be filled by better integrating existing data and by more structured collections of new data.
Tandem calling pheromone in the genusLeptothorax (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Behavioral analysis of specificity

Ants of the genusLeptothorax recruit to new nest sites and newly discovered food sources by tandem running. This involves one ant directly leading a nestmate to the target area. Pheromones from the poison gland have proved the most important signal employed during this recruitment behavior. Comparative behavioral analysis with 11 species ofLeptothorax demonstrated a subgenus specificity of the tandem calling pheromone between the subgeneraLeptothorax andMychothorax.
EFFECTS OF CURRENTS ON THE STOCHASTIC RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKES OF MULTIPLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM MODELS OF GUYED OFFSHORE TOWERS

Abstract The dynamic response of multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) guyed offshore towers to stochastic earthquake loads and a steady uniform current is investigated. The nonlinear cable stiffness and the fluid-structure interaction were linearized by using the stochastic linearization method. To investigate the importance of higher modes on the stochastic forces and moments of the guyed tower, numerical results for several load cases are presented and discussed. The displacement statistics from the MDOF linear analysis were compared with the statistics of an equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) time simulation that incorporated the nonlinearities of the structure. The increased damping of the structure with increasing current was found to significantly reduce the stochastic forces and moments of the structure.
Transverse bacterial migration induced by chemotaxis in a packed column with structured physical heterogeneity.

The significance of chemotaxis in directing bacterial migration toward contaminants in natural porous media was investigated under groundwater flow conditions. A laboratory-scale column, with a coarse-grained sand core surrounded by a fine-grained annulus, was used to simulate natural aquifers with strata of different hydraulic conductivities. A chemoattractant source was placed along the central axis of the column to model contaminants trapped in the heterogeneous subsurface. Chemotactic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli HCB1 and Pseudomonas putida F1, introduced into the column by a pulse injection, were found to alter their transport behaviors under the influence of the attractant chemical emanating from the central source. For E. coli HCB1, approximately 18% more of the total population relative to the control without attractant exited the column from the coarse sand layer due to the chemotactic effects of α-methylaspartate under an average fluid velocity of 5.1 m/d. Although P. putida F1 demonstrat...
CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP AND URBAN PROBLEM SOLVING: THE CHANGING CIVIC ROLE OF BUSINESS LEADERS IN AMERICAN CITIES

ABSTRACT:Our concern in this article is corporate civic elite organizations and their role in social production and urban policy in the United States. Recent urban literature has suggested that the...
A Baker's Dozen: 13 Software Engineering Challenges

Software engineering has developed over the last few decades into a discipline of many diverse areas of interest. Examples include testing, programming, design, architecture, maintenance, metrics and evolution. Specialty conferences and publications proliferate, stay for a short time, and then disappear, while software engineering remains as nontraditional engineering - part craft, part art, and part logic. This article describes 13 challenges faced by software engineering research and practitioner community, and hints on what to do about them. The challenges include: (1) software quality, (2) return on investment, (3) process improvement, (4) metrics and measurement, (5) standards confusion, (6) standards interoperability, (7) legacy software, (8) testing stoppage criteria, (9) interoperability and composability, (10) operational profiles, (11) designing in, (12) product certification, (13) services.
Property rights to consumer information: A proposed policy framework for direct marketing

Abstract Literature on property rights suggests that consumers may have valid claims against database owners who use and sell personal information for direct marketing purposes. The marketplace, legal, and societal implications of consumer ownership of personal information are explored. A policy framework is proposed that seeks to improve the relationship between marketers and consumers via improved consumer contact and information handling practices.
Analyzing the Informal Institutional Restraint in Government Behavior

The most important factor of government behavior is the conduct of government functionary. It fully demonstrates the law enforcement and personnel management by the officeholders. The ultimate aim of the government reform is to maximize the operating efficiency at the smallest economic cost. A systematic structure is to be set up by re-combing and integrating government management, adjusting and clarifying the rights and responsibilities of decision-making, implementation and supervision, enabling the overall government behavior to run more scientifically and reasonably. However, the most important is the behavior problems of the government officeholders and their distorted acts can be seen in every government throughout history. There are many reasons for this: government departments in pursuit of their invisible income; emotional factors of likes or dislikes in decision-making process; the drive by economic interests; the negative effect of traditional culture. Formal system can not completely eliminate the distorted acts of government functionary. Informal system can effectively constrain their acts. The administrative culture belongs to the informal system. Constructing the cultural environment is a systematic way to regulate the government behavior.
Conductive catheter inhibits bacterial colonization

Purpose To characterize a novel prototype conductive catheter for the ability to inhibit bacterial colonization in bacterial culture and to optimize the electrical parameters for safe use in patients. Materials and Methods A custom vascular access device catheter was designed and fabricated with conductive elements as well as 2 electrodes at the catheter tip, separated by a conductive segment that required the electrical current to travel from one electrode to another at the distal end of the catheter. Catheters were innoculated with Staph aureus (28 × 10 9 CFU) and incubated with and without exposure to electrical current at pre-selected current levels and durations. After exposures, catheters were sonicated (to allow bacterial removal and quantification) and plated, and bacteria counted in colony forming units (CFU’s). Group 1: no current, Group 2: 4 microAmps × 24 hours, Group 3: 8 microAmps × 24 hours, Group 4: 0 microAmps × 8 hours, Group 5: 4 microAmps × 8 hours, Group 6: 8 microAmps × 8 hours, Group 7: 4 microAmps × 4 hours. Results The colony forming units were significantly reduced in all treatment arms that included electrical current. 8 hour and 24 hour current treatment groups reduced bacterial colonization by > 90 %. 4 hours current resulted in no significant reduction of bacteria. 4 microAmps was more effective than 8 microAmps at reducing bacterial CFU. Conclusion A novel vascular access device catheter was designed, developed, and tested in vitro. This catheter with conductive elements inhibits bacterial colonization in vitro when minute electrical current (4 to 8 micrioAmps) is applied across the tip for 8 to 24 hours. Further validating in vivo trials are planned, which could have broad implications for prophylaxis of catheter-related sepsis. Table 1
Productive Tensions: Ethnographic Engagement, Complexity, and Contradiction

This article discusses engagement, complexity, and contradiction as resources for, rather than simply impediments to, good research. Drawing on examples from her own work of the past three decades on body image, commercial sex, and the medical use of marijuana, the author examines the benefits of, as well as some of the challenges presented by, this approach to scholarly practice.
Optimal monitoring in multi-channel multi-radio wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMN) are finding increasing usage in city-wide deployments for providing network connectivity. Mesh routers in WMNs typically use multiple wireless channels to enhance the spatial-reuse of frequency bands, often with multiple radios per node. Due to the cooperative nature of WMNs, they are susceptible to many attacks that cannot be defeated by using traditional cryptographic mechanisms of authentication or encryption alone. A solution approach commonly used for defending against such attacks is behavior-based detection in which some nodes overhear communication in their neighborhood to determine if the behavior by a neighbor is legitimate. It has been proposed to use specialized monitoring nodes deployed strategically throughout the network for performing such detection. The problem that arises is where to deploy these monitoring nodes, how to minimize their number, and which channels to tune their radios to, such that the maximum part of the network can be covered. This problem has been solved for single channel networks by a greedy approximation algorithm since the exact solution is NP-hard. The greedy algorithm achieves the best performance, in terms of the worst case, possible among all polynomial-time algorithms provided that P!=NP. In this paper, we solve the problem for multi-channel multi-radio WMNs. The intuitive extension of the greedy algorithm destroys the property of best performance. Instead, we formulate the problem as an integer linear program, solve its linear program relaxation, and then use two rounding techniques that we develop by adapting existing rounding schemes. We thereby present two approximation algorithms. The first, computationally-light algorithm, called probabilistic rounding algorithm gives an expected best performance in the worst case. The second, called deterministic rounding algorithm achieves the best worst-case performance in a deterministic manner. To evaluate how the three algorithms perform in practice, we simulate them in random networks and scale-free networks.