cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply: Bagger and the Ghosts of GAA

I am grateful1 for Mr Bagger's thoughtful remarks, as well as those of Professors Cousins, Smith, Katz, and Gimello at a recent American Academy of Religion panel devoted to The Problem of Pure Consciousness.2, But I cannot help but be struck by the tone of Mr Bagger's notice. As one colleague communicated to me after reading the piece, this is one of the most grat? uitously rude pieces he had ever seen ! If our book is really as bad as all this, it makes one wonder (a) why Religious Studies, or Mr Bagger, would bother to give it such attention, and (b) whether it indicates how deeply we have touched a nerve in the contemporary debate. I think that we can learn something, however, from Mr Bagger's superior tone and power-game language. In addition to using 'naive' some four times, he calls us ' uncritical ' I suppose this means we are not people who are 'critical' and 'sophisticated'. We are 'regressive' -opposed perhaps to the ' progressive ' ? He (wrongly, by the way) accuses me of mustering support for a 'largely abandoned position'-abandoned by whom, one wonders? What is at work in such imperious language? There seems to be a covert allusion here to a kind of philosophical in-group, those 'in the know', the philosophically sophisticated, critical and progressive. Bagger thus appeals through language to what we might call a, or perhaps the, 'generally accepted approach' in the humanities and social sciences, or, for short, the GAA. Just as there is a PC, a politically correct, haunting the halls of the U.S. academe, there seems to be another 'correct' view, a GAA. In appealing to such an approach, Bagger is able to count on several unnoticed but critical assumptions of this GAA. As I see it, in both Bagger and the GAA, there are three, each of which, when exposed to the light of day, seems quite ill-taken. GAA Assumption 1. The first concerns mystical texts. That mystical texts are key to constructivism, the position we criticize and Bagger defends, can be seen if we look into Mr Bagger's first main point about our book, which concerns intuitions. Bagger maintains that what Katz called his 'single
Dual Energy Imaging In Projection Radiography

This study presents preliminary results of dual energy imaging techniques in film digital radiography applicable for clinical use. The studies were carried out by single x-ray exposure as well as double exposure technique. The single exposure technique was accomplished by placing two sets of screen/film combinations in a single cassette with an energy separation filter between them. The two optimal energies defined as the largest energy separation between the high and the low energy image were selected by a computer simulation followed by an experimental verification. A humanoid and a wedge-shaped plastic phantom were used to test the image quality. The images on the films were digitized by a high resolution laser scanner. The quality of the separated images though slightly inferior to the double exposure technique, was acceptable for clinical application.
Evidence of Efficient Transovarial Transmission of Culex Flavivirus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

This study determined the transovarial transmission (TOT) potential and tissue tropisms of Culex flavivirus (CxFV), an insect-specific flavivirus, in Culex pipiens (L.). Several hundred mosquito egg rafts were collected in the field, transferred to the insectaries, reared to the fourth larval instar, and identified using morphological characteristics. Cx. pipiens were reared to adults, allowed to oviposit in individual containers, and tested for CxFV RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequencing. Eighteen CxFV RNA-positive females were identified from 26 females that oviposited viable egg rafts. Thirty F1 adults from each positive female were individually tested by RT-PCR for CxFV RNA. Viral RNA was detected in 526 of 540 progeny, and thus, the filial infection rate was 97.4%. Because all 18 positive females produced infected offspring, the TOT prevalence was 100%. These data indicated that efficient TOT of CxFV occurs in nature. To define the tissue tropisms of CxFV, different tissues (salivary glands, ovaries, testes, head, fat bodies, and midguts) were removed from the remainder of the F1 and tested by RT-PCR for CxFV RNA. Viral RNA was detected in all tissues. Additionally, uninfected laboratory-colonized Cx. pipiens were infected with CxFV by needle inoculation, and ovaries were collected at 4, 6, 8, and 12 d postinoculation and tested for CxFV RNA by RT-PCR. Viral RNA was detected at all time points, demonstrating that CxFV infects the ovaries as early as 4 d postinoculation. Surprisingly, however, we were unable to demonstrate transovarial transmission despite the presence of viral RNA in the ovaries. Nevertheless, the experiments performed with field-infected Cx. pipiens demonstrate that TOT is an efficient mechanism by which CxFV is maintained in mosquitoes in nature.
Assessment of Left Ventricular Performance in Man Instantaneous Tension-Velocity-Length Relations Obtained with the Aid of an Electromagnetic Velocity Catheter in the Ascending Aorta

A three-dimensional construct of the tension-velocity-length relations of the intact human heart has been obtained in 17 patients by measurement of instantaneous ascending aortic flow velocity, left ventricular (LV) high-fidelity pressure, and end-diastolic volume. Left ventricular instantaneous volume was determined by subtracting the integral of the flow trace, obtained with an electromagnetic velocity catheter, at each 5-sec interval from the end-diastolic volume measured on a biplane left ventriculogram. By utilizing a thin-walled spherical model for the LV, instantaneous velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF), wall tension, and circumferential length were calculated and plotted with the aid of a computer on a three-dimensional perspective graph. The resulting tension-velocity-length relations in seven patients with normal LV function were clearly separated from those of 10 patients with abnormal LV function. Of velocity indices alone, peak VCF in circumferences/sec (circ/sec) provided the best statistical separation between the groups with normal and abnormal ventricular function (2.54 ± 0.18 [sem] circ/sec and 1.09 ± 0.15 circ/sec, respectively) ( P 0.05). Likewise, VCF at peak tension was significantly greater in the patients with normal as opposed to abnormal LV function (1.77 ± 0.10 and 0.93 ± 0.15 circ/sec, respectively) ( P 0.05). Mean VCF also served to separate the two groups, averaging 1.35 ± 0.07 and 0.72 ± 0.10 circ/sec in the patients with normal and abnormal ventricular performance, respectively ( P < 0.001). Peak wall tension did not differ significantly between the two patient groups, averaging 231.4 ± 15.7 and 273.3 ± 16.4 g/cm in the patients with normal and abnormal ventricular function, respectively. Peak instantaneous power was higher in the normal compared to the abnormal group, averaging 8.39 ± 0.83 and 5.91 ± 0.60 kg-cm/sec per cm of circumference, respectively ( P < 0.05). It is concluded that a three-dimensional construct of left ventricular circumferential velocity, tension, and length during ejection is readily obtainable during diagnostic cardiac catheterization and provides a sensitive and comprehensive description of LV myocardial function in man.
Red Light Emitting ``Push-Pull'' Disubstituted Poly(1,4-phenylenevinylenes)

The “push−pull” electronically substituted systems poly(2[5]-chloro-5[2]-(n-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) and poly(2[5]-bromo-5[2]-(n-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene)1 and 2, respectivelywere synthesized by a modified soluble precursor route. Thermal elimination of polyether precursors to 1 and 2 yields the final conjugated polymers as free-standing, flexible red films. The polyether precursors may be film-cast from methanol to make light emitting diode (LED) devices which have red light emission in the 620 nm region. The ease of synthesis and processibility of 1 and 2 make these promising candidates for red light emitting LEDs.
The accuracy of long-term earnings forecasts in the electric utility industry

This paper examines the accuracy of various methods of forecasting long-term earnings growth for firms in the electric utility industry. In addition to a number of extrapolative techniques, Value Line analyst forecasts are also evaluated. Value Line analyst forecasts for a five-year time horizon are found to be superior to many of the extrapolative models. Among the extrapolative models examined, implied growth and historical book value per share growth rate models performed best. These results provide strong support for using Value Line growth forecasts in cost of capital estimates for electric utilities in the context of utility rate cases. Value Line forecast errors could be explained by changes in dividend payout ratios, the firm's regulatory environment and bond rating changes.
A principal component analysis of sea-surface temperature in the Arabian Sea

Abstract Spatial and temporal variability in sea-surface temperature (SST) is analyzed by the method of principal component analysis (PCA). Variability of satellite-derived SST from the NOAA/NASA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder data over the Arabian Sea is compared to the PCA of the mixed-layer temperature fields from two different Indian Ocean models. Climatological model output is compared to Pathfinder's “averaged” year using data from 1987 to 1990. A 5-year analysis with data and model output (from 1985 to 1989) is also done. The first mode in all the studies accounts for 58.2–95.8% of the SST variability, and is identified with the seasonal warming and cooling associated with the Indian Monsoon. The second mode accounts for 20.6–31.1% and corresponds to the radiative heating of the basin. Time series of the basin's mean SST shows that the models lag Pathfinder SST by approximately one month. The climatological models fail to reproduce the SST variability, in both space and time, of the Arabian Sea. The Luther–Ji model, forced by interannual monthly winds, does much better. The main discrepancies are likely due to the models’ forcing fields underestimating the strength of the monsoon, and the vertical thermal structure not being adequate to represent the real ocean, especially in upwelling areas.
Motion and vision. II. Stabilized spatio-temporal threshold surface.

The stabilized contrast-sensitivity function measured at a constant retinal velocity is tuned to a particular spatial frequency, which is inversely related to the velocity chosen. The Fourier transforms of these constant-velocity passbands have the same form as retinal receptive fields of various sizes. At low velocities, in the range of the natural drift motions of the eye, the stabilized contrast-sensitivity function matches the normal, unstablized result. At higher velocities (corresponding to motions of objects in the environment), this curve maintains the same shape but shifts toward lower spatial frequencies. The constant-velocity passband is displaced across the spatio-temporal frequency domain in a manner that is almost symmetric about the constant-velocity plane at v = 2 deg/s. Interpolating these diagonal profiles by a suitable analytic expression, we construct the spatio-temporal threshold surface for stabilized vision, and display its properties in terms of the usual frequency parameters; e.g., at low spatial frequencies, the temporal response becomes nearly independent of spatial frequency, while at low temporal frequencies, the spatial response becomes independent of temporal frequency.
Bohmian Trajectories For a Time Foliation with Kinks

Abstract This paper concerns the hypersurface Bohm–Dirac model, i.e., the version of Bohmian mechanics in a relativistic space–time proposed by Durr et al. (1999), which assumes a preferred foliation of space–time into spacelike hypersurfaces (called the time foliation) as given. We show that the leaves of the time foliation do not have to be smooth manifolds but can be allowed to have kinks. More precisely, we show that, also for leaves with kinks, the trajectories are still well defined and the appropriate | ψ | 2 distribution is still equivariant so that the theory is still empirically equivalent to standard quantum mechanics. This result applies to the case where the time foliation is determined by the previously proposed law d n = 0 , since such a foliation generically has kinks.
Iron-induced lipid peroxidation in spinal cord: protection with mannitol and methylprednisolone.

The ability of the free radical scavenger, mannitol, and the synthetic glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) to reverse the effects of iron catalyzed free radical induced lipid peroxidation was assessed in the feline spinal cord. Ferrous chloride (100 mM) was infused into the gray matter of lumbar spinal cord, the region frozen in situ, removed, and homogenates of the gray matter analyzed for activity of Na+,K+-ATPase and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). ATPase activity had declined to approximately 30% of control by 2 h after FeCl2 infusion and remained at this level through 24 h. Malondialdehyde values were elevated almost twofold at 2 h. Mannitol essentially reversed the effects of FeCl2 infusion on Na+,K+-ATPase activity and MDA production. These results may implicate the hydroxyl radical (. OH), or an oxidizing species with . OH-like reactivity, as the initiating radical species in this model of lipid peroxidation. Similarly, MPSS prevented the decline in spinal cord Na+,K+-ATPase activity and rise in MDA levels that were induced by FeCl2 infusion. This demonstrated that at the dosage levels used in this study, MPSS was an effective antioxidant. This finding provides presumptive evidence suggesting that, at least in experimental animals, the effectiveness of MPSS in preventing the tissue necrosis and paralysis that is the sequelae of spinal cord trauma may reside, in part, in the capacity of this glucocorticord to quench peroxidative reactions in the injured tissue.
Resolution of the paradox of ammonia and hydroxylamine as substrate analogues for the water-oxidation reaction catalyzed by photosystem II

The O/sub 2/-evolving center of photosystem II (PSII) contains a Mn tetramer complex that serves as the catalyst for the H/sub 2/O-oxidation reaction. In a ligand-substitution reaction thought to be analogous to the substrate-binding reaction, NH/sub 3/ coordinates to the Mn complex only after formation of the S/sub 2/ state, which then exhibits an altered S/sub 2/-state multiline electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal. The free-base form of hydroxylamine binds to a Cl/sup -/-binding site prior to reacting with the Mn complex; subsequently, hydroxylamine probably reduces the Mn complex from the S/sub 1/ state to the S..sqrt../sub 1/ state through an outer-sphere electron-transfer mechanism. The rate of hydroxylamine's reaction with the Mn complex is reduced about 17-fold with each added N-methyl substituent, showing that the binding site is sterically selective for small ligands. NH/sub 3/ also binds to the O/sub 2/-evolving center in the S/sub 1/ state in a manner inversely dependent on the Cl/sup -/ concentration, causing the Mn complex to exhibit a g = 4.1 EPR signal in lieu of the multiline EPR signal in the S/sub 2/ state. The results suggest that primary amines and hydroxylamines bind to the O/sub 2/-evolving center in the S/sub 1/ state atmore » the same Cl/sup -/-binding site. Thus, two ligand-binding sites exist in the O/sub 2/-evolving center. One site is located on the Mn complex and is restricted to binding NH/sub 3/ and presumably H/sub 2/O. This site is assigned to the substrate-binding site. A second site is identified as the Cl/sup -/-binding site; primary amines and hydroxylamines compete with Cl/sup -/ for coordination to this site. In view of the finding that hydroxylamines bind to the Cl/sup -/-binding site, they conclude that hydroxylamines should not be considered as substrate analogues for the H/sub 2/O-oxidation reaction catalyzed by PSII.« less
Modeling of pressure and shear-driven flows in open rectangular microchannels

Abstract Analytical expressions are derived for the mean velocity of a liquid flowing in an open rectangular microchannel. Solutions are decomposed into additive components driven by pressure gradients and by shear stresses on the liquid/vapor interface. Speeds are computed numerically for meniscus contact angles ranging from 0° to 90°, arbitrary channel aspect ratios, and for wetting regimes ranging from liquid-full to nearly-dry corner flows. These numerical results are used to guide the development of several analytical expressions that apply in asymptotic limits of fluid depth and contact angle. The resulting asymptotes are then blended analytically to obtain relatively simple, accurate, and comprehensive expressions for the mean velocity.
Dynamic geometrically nonlinear analysis of transversely compressible sandwich plates

Abstract In order to construct a plate theory for a thick transversely compressible sandwich plate with composite laminated face sheets, the authors make simplifying assumptions regarding distribution of transverse strain components in the thickness direction. The in-plane stresses σ xx , σ xy and σyy (Fig. 1) are computed from the constitutive equations, and the improved values of transverse stress components σ xz , σ yz and σzz need to be computed by integration of pointwise equations of motion in a post-process stage of the finite element analysis. The improved values of the transverse strains can also be computed in the post-process stage by substituting the improved transverse stresses into the constitutive relations. A problem of cylindrical bending of a simply supported plate under a uniform load on the upper surface is considered, and comparison is made between the displacements, the in-plane stress and the improved transverse stresses (obtained by integration of the pointwise equations of motion), computed from the plate theory, with the corresponding values of exact elasticity solutions. In this comparison, a good agreement of both solutions is achieved. In the finite element analysis of sandwich plates in cylindrical bending with small thickness-to-length ratios, the shear locking phenomenon does not occur. The model of a sandwich plate in cylindrical bending, presented in this paper, has a wider range of applicability than the models presented in literature so far: it can be applied to the sandwich plates with a wide range of ratios of thickness to the in-plane dimensions, with both thin and thick face sheets (as compared to the thickness of the core) and to the sandwich plates with both transversely rigid and transversely compressible face sheets and cores.
Neurotic love letters.

Abstract The intensity of falling in love is expressed through sexual longing and is focused on pleasures of the body. Fresh fruits and vegetables and other elements of nature-wind, birds, foliage-form part of the setting of seduction. Being in love with another woman makes the entire world beautiful. But the lesbian paradise is eventually eclipsed by bitter realities that intrude upon the relationship-the ever-present ex-lover (still in the picture), family ties (with homophobic overtones), business connections (that imperil lesbian economic independence), and issues of commitment and honesty that eventually lead to betrayal and a bittersweet breakup. Based on correspondence originally written in Spanish, “Neurotic Love Letters” is a testament to an unfortunate fact-that all the love and lust between two women cannot always conquer dubious circumstances and harsh realities unique to lesbian relationships.
A method for measuring steady local heat transfer to an impinging liquid jet

Abstract A new apparatus has been developed to measure local convection coefficients for heat transfer to an impinging liquid jet. The heater and measurement systems and the data reduction procedure are described. Heat fluxes of 0.25–2.5 MW/m2 were delivered to a 119 × 35.7 mm surface by passing an electric current through a thin metal plate. The temperature and heat flux distributions at the jet-surface interface were computed from temperatures measured at 5.1 mm intervals on the opposite side of the heater. The apparatus is unique in that heat fluxes sufficient to induce steady convective boiling were delivered to an area large enough to accomodate local measurements in both the jet impingement and parallel flow regions. This paper emphasizes the experimental method, including a discussion of uncertainties, and selected results are presented to show that the methodology is viable.
Nuclear localization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribonucleotide reductase small subunit requires a karyopherin and a WD40 repeat protein.

Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the reduction of ribonucleotides to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides and is an essential enzyme for DNA replication and repair. Cells have evolved intricate mechanisms to regulate RNR activity to ensure high fidelity of DNA replication during normal cell-cycle progression and of DNA repair upon genotoxic stress. The RNR holoenzyme is composed of a large subunit R1 (α, oligomeric state unknown) and a small subunit R2 (β2). R1 binds substrates and allosteric effectors; R2 contains a diferric-tyrosyl radical [(Fe)2-Y·] cofactor that is required for catalysis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, R1 is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, whereas R2, which is a heterodimer (ββ′), is predominantly in the nucleus. When cells encounter DNA damage or stress during replication, ββ′ is redistributed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in a checkpoint-dependent manner, resulting in the colocalization of R1 and R2. We have identified two proteins that have an important role in ββ′ nuclear localization: the importin β homolog Kap122 and the WD40 repeat protein Wtm1. Deletion of either WTM1 or KAP122 leads to loss of ββ′ nuclear localization. Wtm1 and its paralog Wtm2 are both nuclear proteins that are in the same protein complex with ββ′. Wtm1 also interacts with Kap122 in vivo and requires Kap122 for its nuclear localization. Our results suggest that Wtm1 acts either as an adaptor to facilitate nuclear import of ββ′ by Kap122 or as an anchor to retain ββ′ in the nucleus.
Quantum Coherence in an Exchange-Coupled Dimer of Single-Molecule Magnets

A multi- high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance method is used to probe the magnetic excitations of a dimer of single-molecule magnets. The measured spectra display well-resolved quantum transitions involving coherent superposition states of both molecules. The behavior may be understood in terms of an isotropic superexchange coupling between pairs of single-molecule magnets, in analogy with several recently proposed quantum devices based on artificially fabricated quantum dots or clusters. These findings highlight the potential utility of supramolecular chemistry in the design of future quantum devices based on molecular nanomagnets.
Pathways linking temperament and depressive symptoms: A short-term prospective diary study among adolescents

The current study examined mechanisms through which trait negative affectivity (NA) and effortful control (EC) prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in a community sample of 110 adolescents (mean age=16.40 years) in a 9-week, multi-wave diary study. We hypothesised youth with high NA and low EC would experience greater increases in depressive symptoms because they generate more maladaptive cognitive responses to stress. NA predicted greater event-specific rumination and negative cognitive style across the study period. After controlling for trait cognitive vulnerabilities, only event-specific rumination mediated the effect of NA on subsequent depressive symptoms, suggesting that high-NA youth are more likely to ruminate about stressful events, which then predicts increases in depressive symptoms. EC did not moderate the effects of NA on either depressive symptoms or cognitive responses to stress. Results are discussed in terms of vulnerability-stress models linking temperament and depress...
Cognition in Clinical Practice: The Clinician and the Patient

Copyright: © 2013 Jorgensen LE. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. As a clinically trained audiologist and researcher, I feel that it is important to always provide the best services to my patients and provide the most accurate information for my students. This starts with teaching patients and students to demand evidence based practice. Evidence based practice is a term that has been used over and over in clinical practice. We expect our students and clinicians to apply research to every day clinical decisions in the care of patients in all professions. To be able to apply the most recent and accurate evidence to clinical practice, clinicians must have access to research findings. Many clinicians are not associated with organizations (e.g. universities) that purchase subscriptions to journals; therefore, they must purchase these articles on their own, rely on non-peer reviewed trade journals or rely on the available abstract for the evidence for clinical practice. This leads to frustration and inaccurate clinical application of information. Also, with younger patients coming to receive services, many of them are demanding access to information prior to their appointment to become more informed consumers. Open-source journals allow anyone to access the information necessary for best clinical practice; this includes clinicians, researchers, students and patients. If everyone has access to the most recent evidence, in turn, it will better improve the researcher, clinician patient relationship and improve the services we provide.
Spectroscopy of single atoms in the scanning-tunneling microscope.

A study is presented of the bias dependence of the tunneling current between two planar metal electrodes, each of which has an adsorbed atom. (One atom can be thought of as the tip, the other as the sample.) The positions of the peaks in a plot of the calculated $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}I}{d\mathrm{ln}V}$ versus $V$ show a close correspondence to the positions of the resonances in the densities of states of both sample and tip.
Chlordimeform produces profound, selective, and transient changes in visual evoked potentials of hooded rats.

Rat visual function was tested after acute exposure to chlordimeform (CDM), a formamidine insecticide/acaricide. Adult male Long-Evans rats were surgically implanted with epidural recording electrodes overlying visual cortex and tested 1 week later. Pattern reversal-evoked potentials (PREPs), flash-evoked potentials (FEPs), and FEP recovery ratios were measured after acute CDM administration. Averaged recordings obtained during 200 reversals of a black-and-white square wave grating comprised the PREPs, and those obtained during 128 paired strobe lamp flashes comprised the FEPs. In the first study, which examined dose-response relationships, i.p. injections of 0 (saline), 5, 15, or 40 mg/kg CDM-HCl were administered 30 min prior to testing. The PREP amplitudes showed large dose-related changes in the CDM-treated rats. PREP N1P1 and P1N3 peak-to-peak amplitudes increased more than 200% in the 40 mg/kg group. In contrast, FEP amplitudes and FEP recovery ratios were unchanged by CDM. Both PREP and FEP peak latencies were increased by CDM in dose-related fashions. In the second study, which examined the time course of CDM action, PREPs and paired-pulse FEPs were recorded 3, 6, and 24 h after dosage with either 0 or 40 mg/kg CDM. All evoked potential changes were large at 3 and 6 h, but had returned to control values by 24 h. In summary, acute exposure to CDM temporarily increased both the amplitude and latency of PREPs, but only the latency of FEPs.
Adriamycin-dependent release of iron from microsomal membranes

Microsomes incubated with NADPH and the cardiotoxic anticancer drug adriamycin reductively release their bound nonheme iron, which is accounted for by ferritin and an as yet uncharacterized nonferritin pool. The reaction is mediated by one-electron reduction of adriamycin to semiquinone radical and subsequent reoxidation of this radical at the expense of membrane iron to regenerate adriamycin and promote Fe2+ release. The semiquinone radical of adriamycin can also reoxidize at the expense of molecular oxygen to form superoxide. However, superoxide dismutase does not inhibit Fe2+ release, indicating either that superoxide is not involved in iron reduction or that superoxide reacts at sites which are sterically inaccessible to the enzyme. It is proposed that the reductive mobilization of membrane-bound iron may mediate the therapeutic or toxic effects of adriamycin, irrespective of the superoxide dismutase content of the target cells.
Pesticide exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease: A family-based case-control study

Pesticides and correlated lifestyle factors (e.g., exposure to well-water and farming) are repeatedly reported risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), but few family-based studies have examined these relationships. Using 319 cases and 296 relative and other controls, associations of direct pesticide application, well-water consumption, and farming residences/occupations with PD were examined using generalized estimating equations while controlling for age-at-examination, sex, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption. Overall, individuals with PD were significantly more likely to report direct pesticide application than their unaffected relatives (odds ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–2.29). Frequency, duration, and cumulative exposure were also significantly associated with PD in a dose-response pattern (p ≤ 0.013). Associations of direct pesticide application did not vary by sex but were modified by family history of PD, as significant associations were restricted to individuals with no family history. When classifying pesticides by functional type, both insecticides and herbicides were found to significantly increase risk of PD. Two specific insecticide classes, organochlorines and organophosphorus compounds, were significantly associated with PD. Consuming well-water and living/working on a farm were not associated with PD. These data corroborate positive associations of broadly defined pesticide exposure with PD in families, particularly for sporadic PD. These data also implicate a few specific classes of pesticides in PD and thus emphasize the need to consider a more narrow definition of pesticides in future studies.
On the fundamental metric theorems of additive number theory

Abstract Comparisons are made between the fundamental metric theorems of additive number theory. Generalizations, which are in a sense widest possible, are obtained for these theorems.
Thermal analysis via molecular dynamics simulation

Thermal analysis by classical molecular dynamics simulations is discussed on hand of heat capacity of crystals of 9600 atoms. The differences between quantum mechanical and classical mechanical calculations are shown. Anharmonicity is proven to be an important factor. Finally, it is found that defects contribute to an increase in heat capacity before melting. The energy of conformational gauche defects within the crystal is only about 10% due to internal rotation. The other energy must be generated by cooperative strain. The conclusion is that the next generation of faster computers may permit wider use of molecular dynamics simulations in support of the interpretation of thermal analysis.
Homogeneous transformation matrices for computer graphics

Abstract Explicit expressions are derived for homogeneous matrix representations of geometric transformations such as projection, dilation, reflection, shear, strain, and rotation. These expressions are n -dimensional and require no change of coordinates. Instead they use matrices of independent points on invariant flats of the transformations. Three operations on these matrices may be utilized: (a) representation of a flat by intersecting hyperplanes, (b) finding an oriented normal of a flat, and (c) orthogonalization. Some new theorems in analytic projective geometry are proved, including the representation of a linear transformation by an axis and corresponding center. A new approach to three dimensional viewing transformations is presented in which the final display, and a typical observer of this display, are modeled in world coordinates. The user designates a hypothetical “world observer”; and a viewing transformation is constructed that produces a display that appears the same to the display observer as the corresponding object would appear to the world observer. An algorithm is described to find an optimal world observer given an object to be viewed and a preferred viewing direction.
Vitreous Hemorrhages and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in the Newborn

Of 164 consecutive newborns seen in consultations, three babies had either a preretinal or a vitreous hemorrhage, a rare occurrence. Two of these babies had a mild form of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The hemorrhages cleared within a few months after birth. Each of the three babies was premature, had a respiratory distress syndrome, and was born to a primiparous mother. The possibility of a coagulation defect causing intraocular hemorrhage in newborns should be considered along with the tranditional mechanical theories.
Die Kristallstruktur des Kaliumkanals: eine neue Ära in der Chemie der biologischen Signalübertragung

Der Vergleich mit Kronenethern drangt sich auf, wenn man die Anordnung von Carbonyl-Sauerstoffatomen des Proteinruckgrats in der Struktur des Kaliumkanals (siehe schematischer Ausschnitt) aus dem Bakterium Streptomyces lividans betrachtet. Dieser engste Teil der Kanalpore wirkt als Selektivitatsfilter, was die um den Faktor 10 000 grosere Durchlassigkeit der Kanale fur K+- im Vergleich zu der fur Na+-Ionen erklaren konnte. Tatsachlich wurden in diesem Bereich zwei K+-Ionen lokalisiert; dies ist ein Hinweis auf den hohen Ionenflus durch den Kanal.
Corporate responsibility for cultural heritage: conservation, sustainable development and corporate reputation

Ancient and historic sites around the world are endangered by agricultural and industrial development, conflict, natural disasters, human neglect and outright vandalism. Some of these sites are ren...
In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of some naturally occurring and synthetic sugars

Soluble sugars are thought to play an important role in the fermentation processes of the rumen but their actual fermentation rate has not been fully assessed. Some sugars are also used as markers to assess gut permeability in monogastrics but their use in ruminants can be compromised by the hydrolytic activity of rumen microflora. This study aimed to evaluate the fermentability of some naturally occurring and synthetic soluble sugars. The synthetic soluble sugars were included to verify their possible use as markers for studies of gut permeability in ruminants. In vitro gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from glucose, fructose, xylose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, arabinose mannitol, lactulose and sucralose were measured in a 24 h-incubation trial using ruminal fluid from heifers adapted or not-adapted to additional sugars in the diet, and with caecal content as inocula. Gas production from the same sugars was further evaluated in a 72 h-incubation trial with not-adapted rumen fluid only. Gas and VFA production were not affected by feeding additional sugars, but significant effects of inocula (ruminal vs caecal), sugars and their interaction were observed. Caecal inoculum produced less gas but higher VFA than ruminal inocula. Fructose and glucose had the highest rates of gas production (10.57% h -1 and 10.42% h -1 , respectively), and lactulose and mannitol the lowest (3.47% h -1 and 4.63% h -1 , respectively) when fermented with ruminal fluid. Sucralose seemed to have a negative effect on microbial fermentations. Our results indicate that lactulose and mannitol might largely escape rumen fermentation, suggesting their possible use as markers to test gut permeability also in ruminants. This needs to be verified in vivo .
The two faces of high self-monitors: Chameleonic moderating effects of self-monitoring on the relationships between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors

Summary This study examines whether and how self-monitoring moderates the relationships between two personality traits (agreeableness and conscientiousness) and counterproductive work behavior directed toward the organization (CWB-O) and toward other employees (CWB-I). High self-monitors strive to attain personal goals related to status and prestige enhancement by adjusting their behavior to what the situation requires or allows for. We propose that the status enhancement motive can take on two different yet related forms—impression management (interpersonal potency) and opportunism (win-at-all-costs)—depending on relevant situational cues. We hypothesize that in public, interpersonal settings where their behavior is visible to others, high self-monitors' desire to enhance their status by looking good to others suppresses the natural expression of low agreeableness via increased engagement in CWB-I. Conversely, we hypothesize that in private, non-interpersonal settings where their behavior is rarely visible to others, high self-monitors' desire to enhance their status by doing whatever it takes to get what they want intensifies the natural expression of low conscientiousness via increased engagement in CWB-O. On the basis of two independent samples of participants, results of moderated multiple regression analyses provided support for the hypotheses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Postmenopausal Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Decision Analysis

Purpose The optimal adjuvant endocrine strategy for postmenopausal breast cancer is unknown. Options include the antiestrogen tamoxifen, estrogen deprivation with aromatase inhibitors, and sequential therapy with tamoxifen and then an aromatase inhibitor. Methods We developed Markov models to simulate 10-year disease-free survival among postmenopausal women with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. The treatment strategies analyzed were 5 years of tamoxifen alone, 5 years of an aromatase inhibitor alone, and sequential treatment consisting of tamoxifen with cross over to an aromatase inhibitor at 2.5 or 5 years. Risk estimates were derived from reported randomized clinical trials. Results Sequential therapy with tamoxifen followed by cross over to an aromatase inhibitor at 2.5 years yielded a modest improvement in disease-free survival compared with planned aromatase inhibitor monotherapy. At 10 years, the cross-over strategy yielded absolute disease-free survival rates of 83.7% and 67.6% for node-neg...
Abrupt-Onset Severe Headaches

Thunderclap headache, a severe headache which is maximal in intensity at onset, is associated with numerous underlying disorders, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, unruptured intracranial aneurysm, cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy. After exclusion of all possible causes, thunderclap headache may be considered a primary headache. This review summarizes the diagnostic considerations and clinical approach to thunderclap headache, with particular emphasis on the reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes.
Gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity.

Background: Gemcitabine is the only approved cytotoxic agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer by the Food and Drug Administration. In addition, gemcitabine is also commonly used for the management of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancer. Myelosuppression is the most common toxicity of gemcitabine therapy. Pulmonary toxicities due to gemcitabine have, however, been reported. Dyspnea occurs in approximately 25% of patients treated with gemcitabine, whereas serious pulmonary toxicities are much less common, approximately 0.3%. Here, we present a case of gemcitabine-induced pneumonitis, encountered during treatment of pancreatic cancer, and review the literature of this rare, but dangerous complication. Case Report: A 56- year old male being treated for stage IV pancreatic cancer developed progressive dyspnea on exertion, chest tightness, and palpitations. Oxygen saturation was 82-84%. Computerized-tomography (CT) angiography of the chest demonstrated new diffuse groundglass opacities in the bilateral lower lobes when compared to the CT of the chest without intravenous contrast, 5 weeks prior. Mild to moderate emphysema was also seen, but no pulmonary emboli were detected. Myocardial infraction was ruled-out by normal electrocardiogram and normal cardiac biomarkers. Conclusion: We report another case of gemcitabine-induced pneumonitis. Physicians seeing such patients should be aware of this rare but real pulmonary toxicity. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to potentially fatal outcomes. Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) is a widely used antineoplastic agent and is considered the standard-of-care in a variety of oncology settings, including pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is a devastating diagnosis to patients and their families, with median overall survival ranging from 6-
A Rapid-Acquisition Electrical Time-Domain Reflectometer for Dynamic Structure Analysis

A rapid-acquisition electrical time-domain reflectometer (TDR) that is capable of acquiring thousands of signatures per second was developed for dynamic structure analysis. The operation of the TDR and its application in the monitoring of dynamic structures are discussed. The TDR was evaluated with a coaxial-cable crack sensor embedded in a full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) column during a 60-s earthquake simulation at the Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center in Japan. The TDR signatures acquired from the sensor during the simulation are analyzed and correlated with the cracks that formed in the RC column.
Lead roles for supporting actors: critical functions of inner ear supporting cells.

Abstract Many studies that aim to investigate the underlying mechanisms of hearing loss or balance disorders focus on the hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons of the inner ear. Fewer studies have examined the supporting cells that contact both of these cell types in the cochlea and vestibular end organs. While the roles of supporting cells are still being elucidated, emerging evidence indicates that they serve many functions vital to maintaining healthy populations of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Here we review recent studies that highlight the critical roles supporting cells play in the development, function, survival, death, phagocytosis, and regeneration of other cell types within the inner ear. Many of these roles have also been described for glial cells in other parts of the nervous system, and lessons from these other systems continue to inform our understanding of supporting cell functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Annual Reviews 2013” .
Subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: latent class analysis of data from two randomised controlled trials.

Summary Background Subphenotypes have been identified within heterogeneous diseases such as asthma and breast cancer, with important therapeutic implications. We assessed whether subphenotypes exist within acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), another heterogeneous disorder. Methods We used data from two ARDS randomised controlled trials (ARMA trial and ALVEOLI trial), sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. We applied latent class modelling to identify subphenotypes using clinical and biological data. We modelled data from both studies independently. We then tested the association of subphenotypes with clinical outcomes in both cohorts and with the response to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in the ALVEOLI cohort. Findings We analysed data for 1022 patients: 473 in the ARMA cohort and 549 in the ALVEOLI cohort. Independent latent class models indicated that a two-class (ie, two subphenotype) model was the best fit for both cohorts. In both cohorts, we identified a hyperinflammatory subphenotype (phenotype 2) that was characterised by higher plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, a higher prevalence of vasopressor use, lower serum bicarbonate concentrations, and a higher prevalence of sepsis than phenotype 1. Participants in phenotype 2 had higher mortality and fewer ventilator-free days and organ failure-free days in both cohorts than did those in phenotype 1 (p vs low PEEP) on mortality, ventilator-free days and organ failure-free days differed by phenotype (p=0·049 for mortality, p=0·018 for ventilator-free days, p=0·003 for organ-failure-free days). Interpretation We have identified two subphenotypes within ARDS, one of which is categorised by more severe inflammation, shock, and metabolic acidosis and by worse clinical outcomes. Response to treatment in a randomised trial of PEEP strategies differed on the basis of subphenotype. Identification of ARDS subphenotypes might be useful in selecting patients for future clinical trials. Funding National Institutes of Health.
False-positive cells in sentinel lymph nodes

Melanoma sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) are carefully evaluated to maximize sensitivity. Examination includes hematoxylin and eosin (H+E) stained sections at multiple levels through the node, with subsequent immunohistochemical (IHC) stains for melanocytic markers if H+E sections are negative for melanoma. However, not all IHC-positive cells in SLN are metastatic melanoma, as evidenced by the presence of MART-1 positive cells in SLN from breast cancer patients with no history of melanoma (so-called 'false-positive' cells). These 'false-positive cells' could be nodal nevus, non-melanocytic cells with cross-reacting antigenic determinants, phagocytic cells containing melanocyte antigens, or possibly melanocytes or melanocyte stem cells liberated at the time of biopsy of the cutaneous melanoma. Examination of SLN requires careful correlation of H+E and IHC findings.
Vascular invasion of cartilage: Correlation of morphology with lysozyme, glycosaminoglycans, protease, and protease-inhibitory activity during endochondral bone development☆

Abstract Changes in the levels of lysozyme, patterns of glycosaminoglycans, and activities of proteases and protease inhibitors were studied during matrix-induced cartilage, bone, and bone marrow development. The morphological transitions were correlated with the biochemical parameters. There was a peak in lysozyme content on Day 3, during mesenchymal cell proliferation, followed by a decline during endochondral bone formation. The lysozyme levels increased again and attained maximal values during hematopoiesis on Day 21. Protease-inhibitory activity was maximal during chondrogenesis and diminished during osteogenesis. Protease activity was maximal on Day 3 during mesenchymal cell proliferation and was apparently present as an enzyme-inhibitor complex. Vascularization and bone formation were accompanied by an increase in protease activity. Chondroitin-4-sulfate was the predominant glycosaminoglycan detected in the matrix-induced cartilage and bone.