cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can natural phenotypic variances be estimated reliably under homogeneous laboratory conditions

The phenotypic variance is assumed to be greater in a more heterogeneous environment. The validity of this assumption is important for microevolutionists to extrapolate results from the laboratory to field environments. We subjected clutches of eggs from common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) to a split-family design to evaluate the variability in incubation time and four size traits of neonates from eggs incubated in the laboratory and those left in situ. Mean size measurements were similar between the laboratory and the field, but incubation time was systematically longer in the field. We found no tendency among clutches for hatchlings resulting from eggs incubated in laboratory or field environments to demonstrate greater variability. Also contrary to expectation, clutches that experienced greater thermal variation in the field did not exhibit greater variation in phenotypic traits. Consequently, extrapolating results from the laboratory to the field may not always be problematic for microevolutionary analyses.
Raman scattering from low-frequency phonons in stage-2 graphite-rubidium intercalation compounds

First-order Raman scattering from low-frequency phonons in stage-2 graphite-rubidium intercalation compounds is observed at $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}18, 22, 35, \mathrm{and} 115$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and these frequencies are used to develop a lattice-dynamical model for this compound. The model is based on ${k}_{z}$-axis zone folding of the pristine graphite dynamical matrix which is consistent with the staging periodicity of the intercalation compounds. The doublet (at 18 and 22 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) is identified with transverse modes involving rigid shearing displacements of the graphite and the rubidium sheets, whereas the feature observed at 115 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is identified with an out-of-plane mode. The 35-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ feature is observed only for temperatures $Tl170$ K, which is the temperature reported for a phase transition in this compound. We associate the $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}35$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ feature with zone-edge phonons which are rendered Raman active by the phase transition at 170 K. The Raman activity is ascribed to an in-plane, zone-folding interaction associated with a low-temperature commensurate rubidium-layer ordering.
Chaucer and the tradition of the roman antique

This is a detailed investigation of Chaucer's poetics in Troilus and Criseyde and the Knight's Tale in relation to an important continental narrative tradition. It is the first such wide-ranging study since Charles Muscatine's seminal Chaucer and the French Tradition and the first book to argue in detail that Chaucer's poems, Boccaccio's Filostrato and Teseida and the twelfth-century French romans antiques participate in a distinct formal tradition within the protean field of medieval romance. By close examination of the formal and ethical designs of each poem, Barbara Nolan explores both the compositional practices shared by all of the poets she discusses, and their calculated differences from each other. Her analysis culminates in a full examination of Chaucer's richly original response to the continental verse narratives from which he borrowed. No other study offers so full and careful a delineation of the compositional features that distinguish the roman antique from other forms of romance in the Middle Ages.
Molecular Origins of the Slow Streptavidin-Biotin Dissociation Kinetics

The association of streptavidin and avidin with biotin is among the strongest known noncovalent protein-ligand interactions (K{sub a} nearly equals 2.5 x 10{sup 13} M{sup -1}) and is controlled by an exceptionally slow off-rate. We have used this model system to elucidate the role of aromatic tryptophan side-chain binding contacts in the dissociation reaction coordinate and relatedly to the construction of the activation barrier and to the structure of the transition state. We have also conducted a transition state analysis of the temperature-dependent dissociation kinetics, which along with the independent estimation of the equilibrium biotin-binding free energies and enthalpies has provided thermodynamic profiles defining the enthalpic, entropic, and free energy barriers to dissociation for the mutants relative to wild-type streptavidin. The increased biotin off-rate for W79F, which contacts the valeric acid moiety of biotin, and for W120F, which partially caps the bicyclic ring system, is caused largely by free energy destabilization of the ligand-bound ground state relative to wild-type streptavidin. W79F displays an increased equilibrium binding enthalpy relative to wild-type, and thus streptavidin sacrifices potential binding enthalpy to minimize the entropic costs of biotin immobilization. 26 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.
Evaluation of Culicoides insignis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a vector of bluetongue virus

Abstract Based upon epidemiological evidence, Culicoides insignis Lutz is a probable biological vector of bluetongue viruses (BTV) in South Florida, the Carribean Region and Central America. The vector potential of this species for BTV was evaluated in the laboratory in a series of experiments using insects caught in the field. Although there was great variation in the percentage of flies that fed from any one catch, it was demonstrated that C. insignis became infected after membrane feeding on a mixture of blood and virus. The infection rates ranged from 20 to 62.5%. Following intrathoracic inoculation, BTV replicated to high titres in C. insignis . Such flies were also shown to be capable of transmitting BTV to susceptible sheep and embryonated chicken eggs. This series of experiments provides the first conclusive evidence that C. insignis is a biological vector of bluetongue virus. This is the first proven vector of BTV in the neotropics.
Features of Online Health Communities for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

The aim of this exploratory study was to examine diabetes online health communities (OHCs) available to adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We sought to identify and classify site features and relate them to evidence-based processes for improving self-management. We reviewed 18 OHCs and identified the following five feature categories: social learning and networking, information, guidance, engagement, and personal health data sharing. While features that have been associated with improved self-management were present, such as social learning, results suggest that more guidance or structure would be helpful to ensure that those processes were focused on promoting positive beliefs and behaviors. Enhancing guidance-related features and structure to existing OHCs could provide greater opportunity for effective diabetes self-management support. To support clinical recommendations, more research is needed to quantitatively relate features and participation in OHCs to patient outcomes.
Impedance boundary method of moments for accurate and efficient analysis of planar graded-index optical waveguides

An impedance boundary method of moments (IBMOM) is proposed to accurately and efficiently compute the propagation characteristics including the number of guided modes of general graded-index dielectric slab waveguide structures. The method is based on Galerkin's procedure in the method of moments and employs the exact impedance boundary condition at the interfaces between the graded-index region and constant-index cladding. Legendre polynomials are utilized in the field expansion. Computational results are shown for waveguides with various inhomogeneous refractive index profiles. The results indicate that typically five Legendre polynomials are sufficient for accurate solutions of the dominant TE and TM modes in optical waveguides having a finite region of inhomogeneous refractive index. Diffused optical waveguides with untruncated index profiles as well as coupled dielectric waveguides can be accurately analyzed using ten Legendre polynomials. >
The consequences of forty years of tourism growth.

Abstract Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.
Antibiotic Exposure and IBD Development Among Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether childhood antianaerobic antibiotic exposure is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study employed data from 464 UK ambulatory practices participating in The Health Improvement Network. All children with ≥2 years of follow-up from 1994 to 2009 were followed between practice enrollment and IBD development, practice deregistration, 19 years of age, or death; those with previous IBD were excluded. All antibiotic prescriptions were captured. Antianaerobic antibiotic agents were defined as penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, tetracyclines, clindamycin, metronidazole, cefoxitin, carbapenems, and oral vancomycin. RESULTS: A total of 1 072 426 subjects contributed 6.6 million person-years of follow-up; 748 developed IBD. IBD incidence rates among antianaerobic antibiotic unexposed and exposed subjects were 0.83 and 1.52/10 000 person-years, respectively, for an 84% relative risk increase. Exposure throughout childhood was associated with developing IBD, but this relationship decreased with increasing age at exposure. Exposure before 1 year of age had an adjusted hazard ratio of 5.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.66–18.28) but decreased to 2.62 (95% CI: 1.61–4.25) and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.35–1.84) by 5 and 15 years, respectively. Each antibiotic course increased the IBD hazard by 6% (4%–8%). A dose-response effect existed, with receipt of >2 antibiotic courses more highly associated with IBD development than receipt of 1 to 2 courses, with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.77 (95% CI: 2.13–10.68) versus 3.33 (95% CI: 1.69–6.58). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood antianaerobic antibiotic exposure is associated with IBD development.
Dust accumulation in the canopy: a potential cause of dental microwear in primates.

Dental microwear researchers consider exogenous grit or dust to be an important cause of microscopic wear on primate teeth. No study to date has examined the accumulation of such abrasives on foods eaten by primates in the forest. This investigation introduces a method to collect dust at various heights in the canopy. Results from dust collection studies con- ducted at the primate research stations at Ketambe in Indonesia, and Haci- enda La Pacifica in Costa Rica indicate that 1) grit collects throughout the canopy in both open country and tropical rain forest environments; and 2) the sizes and concentrations of dust particles accumulated over a fixed period of time differ depending on site location and season of investigation. These results may hold important implications for the interpretation of microwear on primate teeth. o 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A computer system for bedside medical research

The University of Alabama Myocardial Infarction Research Unit (MIRU) supports clinical research on patients who have sustained a myocardial infarction (heart attack). MIRU is a contract from the National Heart Institute whose goal is the reduction of mortality and morbidity from myocardial infarction. Patient rooms provide the environment for intensive coronary care and research. Two laboratories facilitate study of critically ill patients with complicating conditions, such as, shock, congestive heart failure and severe arrhythmia. The digital computer housed adjacent to the patient rooms is dedicated to on-line real-time MIRU research (see Figure I., MIRU).
LONG‐TERM TRENDS IN HARBOR SEAL NUMBERS AT TUGIDAK ISLAND AND NANVAK BAY, ALASKA

We conducted land-based counts of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) and collected related environmental data at Tugidak Island (Gulf of Alaska, 1994–2000) and Nanvak Bay (Bristol Bay, 1990–2000) to estimate population trends and identify factors influencing counts. At Tugidak Island, the seal population declined substantially during molting from 1976 through the 1980s, stabilized in the early 1990s, and increased at a moderate rate (3.4%/yr, CI: 1.0%–5.8%) from 1994 to 2000. Pups and all seals ashore during pupping increased at higher annual rates of 5.4% (CI: 2.2%–8.8%) and 8.3% (CI: 4.5%–12.3%) from 1994 to 2000 at Tugidak Island. At Nanvak Bay seals declined in abundance between 1975 and 1990 but increased during the 1990s at 9.2%/yr (CI: 7.2%–11.3%) during pupping and 2.1%/yr (CI: 0.6%–3.6%) during molting. Date and time-of-day were significant covariates in all analyses. Factors that led to declines at Tugidak Island and Nanvak Bay have seemingly abated sufficiently such that these populations are currently increasing, though still greatly reduced from the 1970s. Index sites are useful adjuncts to aerial surveys, providing survey-related information not always available from aerial counts, which is useful in survey design and data analysis.
A Road Map to Commercialization of Cartilage Therapy in the United States of America

Despite numerous efforts in cartilage regeneration, few products see the light of clinical translation as the commercialization process is opaque, financially demanding, and requires collaboration with people of varied skill sets. The aim of this review is to introduce, to an academic audience, the different paradigms involved in the commercialization of cartilage regeneration technology, elucidate the different hurdles associated with the use of cells and materials in developing new technologies, discuss potential commercialization strategies, and inform the reader about the current trends observed in both the clinical and laboratory setting for establishing clinical trials. Although there are review articles on articular cartilage tissue engineering, independent reports provided by the Food and Drug Administration, and separate review articles on animal models, this is the first review that encompasses all of these facets and is presented in a format favorable to the academic investigator interested in ...
Small‐angle x‐ray scattering studies of isothermally crystallized bulk polyethylene

A set of isothermally melt-crystallized polyethylene samples was examined using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Time and temperature of crystallization were the variable parameters used to create the set of samples. Following background subtraction, desmearing, and application of the Lorentz factor to the raw SAXS data it is possible to see many orders of reflection. This suggests that much higher degrees of order are present in isothermally melt-crystallized samples than had previously been thought possible. A combination of SAXS and DSC data indicates that there is no evidence for isothermal thickening in these samples. This study, coupled with data obtained from PE single crystals, produced information concerning the extrapolation of single-crystal data to fit bulk systems. In addition, the equilibrium melting point T determined is somewhat lower than previously claimed. This study also suggests that the surface energy of the mature crystals is always lower than that of the nucleated state and/or the nucleation factor Kσen increases with decreasing supercooling.
The impact of detention basin design on residential property value: Case studies using GIS in the hedonic price modeling

Abstract This study examined the impact of two different detention basin designs on residential property value. The hedonic price model was applied to analyze two College Station, TX, subdivisions. One subdivision had only uniuse flood control detention basins (UDBs) and the other included a multi-use detention basin (MDB) integrating a detention pond with a recreational neighborhood park. Geographic information system (GIS) was used for analysis. Spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression were analyzed. The results indicate that the network distance from the UDBs did not have a significant effect on residential property value. Yet, the properties with a view of the UDBs were significantly lowered in property value. In contrast, the network distance from the MDB where a neighborhood park was merged had a significant impact on residential property value within the 274-m (900-ft) impact area, consistent with expectations. The study also found that environmental amenities such as recreational facilities improved the hedonic price model for the impact area of the MDB, whereas the effect of spatial and locational features was not significant due to its spatial location. The findings of this study imply that thoughtful integration between recreation facilities and detention basins could significantly alter public’s perception of detention basins from stormwater collection eyesores to neighborhood parks. The challenge is whether municipal governments are willing to adopt a policy that encourages developments with MDBs as these municipalities will typically become responsible for maintaining them after construction.
The Web Of Steel And The Heart Of The Eagle: The Contextual Interface Of American Corrections And Native Americans

This article introduces this special edition of The Prison Journal, entitled American Corrections and Native Americans. Examined first is the historic web of steel that creates the context of interface between correctional control and American Indian Peoples. The web of steel is a metaphor for the policies and actions of European and American governments that enslave the eagle spirit of Indian Peoples to be free. Strands of this web include, but are not limited to, slavery, ethnic cleansing, confinement and starvation on reservations, Indian boarding schools, continuing theft of Indian lands and natural resources, correctional control and institutionalized discrimination, crime victimization, correctional control, and the benign neglect of academic criminology and criminal justice. For Indian Peoples, being under some form of correctional control is a continuation of ancestral experiences. The second major part of this article introduces the contributing authors to this special edition and their respectiv...
Quantitative effect of scaffold abundance on signal propagation.

Protein scaffolds bring together multiple components of a signalling pathway, thereby promoting signal propagation along a common physical 'backbone'. Scaffolds play a prominent role in natural signalling pathways and provide a promising platform for synthetic circuits. To better understand how scaffolding quantitatively affects signal transmission, we conducted an in vivo sensitivity analysis of the yeast mating pathway to a broad range of perturbations in the abundance of the scaffold Ste5. Our measurements show that signal throughput exhibits a biphasic dependence on scaffold concentration and that altering the amount of scaffold binding partners reshapes this biphasic dependence. Unexpectedly, the wild-type level of Ste5 is ~ 10-fold below the optimum needed to maximize signal throughput. This sub-optimal configuration may be a tradeoff as increasing Ste5 expression promotes baseline activation of the mating pathway. Furthermore, operating at a sub-optimal level of Ste5 may provide regulatory flexibility as tuning Ste5 expression up or down directly modulates the downstream phenotypic response. Our quantitative analysis reveals performance tradeoffs in scaffold-based modules and defines engineering challenges for implementing molecular scaffolds in synthetic pathways.
Die Arbeiterfrage des 19. Jahrhunderts als auslösende Ursache neuzeitlicher staatlicher Sozialpolitik

Die Arbeiterfrage des 19. Jh. last sich vereinfacht umschreiben als die soziale und sozialpolitische Problematik, die sich aus den wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und gesellschaftlichen Lebensumstanden der in Deutschland im 19. Jh. entstehenden Schicht der Industriearbeiter ergab.
Glucose-regulated protein 78 controls cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy to determine antiestrogen responsiveness.

Whilemorethan70%ofbreastcancersexpressestrogenreceptor-a(ERþ),endocrinetherapiestargetingthese receptors often fail. The molecular mechanisms that underlie treatment resistance remain unclear. We investigated the potential role of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in mediating estrogen resistance. Human breast tumors showed increased GRP78 expression when compared with normal breast tissues. However, GRP78 expression was reduced in ERþ breast tumors compared with HER2-amplifed or triple-negative breast tumors. ERþ antiestrogen-resistant cells and ERþ tumors with an acquired resistant antiestrogen phenotype were both shown to overexpress GRP78, which was not observed in cases of de novo resistance. Knockdown of GRP78 restored antiestrogen sensitivity in resistant cells, and overexpression of GRP78 promoted resistance in sensitive cells. Mechanistically, GRP78 integrated multiple cellular signaling pathways to inhibit apoptosis and stimulate prosurvival autophagy, which was dependent on TSC2/AMPK-mediated mTOR inhibition but not on beclin-1. Inhibition of autophagy prevented GRP78-mediated endocrine resistance, whereas caspase inhibition abrogated theresensitizationthatresultedfromGRP78loss.SimultaneousknockdownofGRP78andbeclin-1synergistically restored antiestrogen sensitivity in resistant cells. Together, our findings reveal a novel role for GRP78 in the integration of cellular signaling pathways including the unfolded protein response, apoptosis, and autophagy to determine cell fate in response to antiestrogen therapy. Cancer Res; 72(13); 3337-49. � 2012 AACR.
EXPLORING HUMAN VISUAL ATTENTION IN AN MEG STUDY OF A SPATIAL CUEING PARADIGM USING A NOVEL ANCOVA DESIGN

Visual attention models postulate that relevant information is selectively extracted by differentially modulating neural activity in the visual cortex to control the response to target and distractor stimuli. To investigate attention bias mechanisms in the brain, we use general linear modeling of cortically constrained images of oscillatory alpha activity extracted from an MEG study of visual attention. By using a novel ANCOVA design, we create statistics that estimate the temporal evolution of attention effects on several cortical regions. We present evidence that the superior parietal lobe and temporal parietal junction have instrumental roles, respectively, in shifting and sustaining attention.
Rousseau's Social Contract and the Functional Integrity of the Group-As-A-Whole

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's social contract theory considered how individuals might be governed as a group without losing their rights as individuals. He speculated about what type of group process would support individual freedom and hypothesized about the formulation of a `general will' to account for the uniformity of belief and action by which a political body charts a common course. Support for the autonomy of individuals and the functional integrity of the group-as-a-whole is also critical to the work of group psychotherapy. This article uses Rousseau's ideas to examine how the group-as-a-whole configures in order to express its general will, what channels of expression are open to members within the body politic, and the nature of the relationship between leaders and followers within the social and therapeutic contract.
Modernismo/Modernidad y el Proyecto de Alzar la Nación

(1998). Modernismo/Modernidad y el Proyecto de Alzar la Nacion. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 121-131.
Short-term response of reptiles and amphibians to prescribed fire and mechanical fuel reduction in a southern Appalachian upland hardwood forest

Abstract We compared the effects of three fuel reduction techniques and a control on the relative abundance and richness of reptiles and amphibians using drift fence arrays with pitfall and funnel traps. Three replicate blocks were established at the Green River Game Land, Polk County, North Carolina. Each replicate block contained four experimental units that were each approximately 14 ha in size. Treatments were prescribed burn (B); mechanical understory reduction (M); mechanical + burn (MB); and controls (C). Mechanical treatments were conducted in winter 2001–2002, and prescribed burns in March 2003. Hot fires in MB killed about 25% of the trees, increasing canopy openness relative to controls. Leaf litter depth was reduced in B and MB after burning, but increased in M due to the addition of dead leaves during understory felling. The pre-treatment trapping period was short (15 August–10 October 2001) but established a baseline for post-treatment comparison. Post-treatment (2002–2004), traps were open nearly continuously May–September. We captured a total of 1308 species of 13 amphibians, and 335 reptiles of 13 species. The relative abundance of total salamanders, common salamander species, and total amphibians was not changed by the fuel reduction treatments. Total frogs and toads (anurans) and Bufo americanus were most abundant in B and MB; however, the proximity of breeding sites likely affected our results. Total reptile abundance and Sceloporus undulatus abundance were highest in MB after burning, but differed significantly only from B. Mean lizard abundance in MB was highest in 2004 and higher than in other treatments, but differences were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that a single application of the fuel reduction methods studied will not negatively affect amphibian or reptile abundance or diversity in southern Appalachian upland hardwood forest. Our study further suggests that high-intensity burning with heavy tree-kill, as in MB, can be used as a management tool to increase reptile abundance – particularly lizards – with no negative impact on amphibians, at least in the short-term.
WHAT DOES FREQUENCY HAVE TO DO WITH GRAMMAR TEACHING

Using frequency findings from corpus linguistics, this paper explores the relationship between the information presented in ESL-EFL materials and what is known about actual language use based on empirical studies. Three aspects of materials development for grammar instruction are discussed: the grammatical features to be included, the order of grammatical topics, and the vocabulary used to illustrate these topics. For each aspect, we show that there are often sharp contrasts between the information found in grammar materials and what learners encounter in the real world of language use. In our conclusion, we argue that a selective revision of pedagogy to reflect actual use, as shown by frequency studies, could result in radical changes that facilitate the learning process for students.
Large-area blown bubble films of aligned nanowires and carbon nanotubes

Many of the applications proposed for nanowires and carbon nanotubes require these components to be organized over large areas with controlled orientation and density. Although progress has been made with directed assembly and Langmuir–Blodgett approaches, it is unclear whether these techniques can be scaled to large wafers and non-rigid substrates. Here, we describe a general and scalable approach for large-area, uniformly aligned and controlled-density nanowire and nanotube films, which involves expanding a bubble from a homogeneous suspension of these materials. The blown-bubble films were transferred to single-crystal wafers of at least 200 mm in diameter, flexible plastics sheets of dimensions of at least 225 × 300 mm2 and highly curved surfaces, and were also suspended across open frames. In addition, electrical measurements show that large arrays of nanowire field-effect transistors can be efficiently fabricated on the wafer scale. Given the potential of blown film extrusion to produce continuous films with widths exceeding 1 m, we believe that our approach could allow the unique properties of nanowires and nanotubes to be exploited in applications requiring large areas and relatively modest device densities.
The Relative Plaque Removal Effect of a Prebrushing Mouthrinse

A total of 51 adult subjects participated in a three-period crossover trial to test plaque-removal effectiveness of a prebrushing mouthrinse. Subjects refrained from brushing to allow plaque to accumulate for 24 hours before the test. The accumulated plaque was graded using Turesky's method. The subjects then used one of three treatment regimens, were retested for accumulated plaque and regraded. The three treatments tested were a commercial prebrushing mouthrinse and no toothbrushing; a commercial prebrushing mouthrinse and brushing with a dentifrice for 30 seconds; a prebrushing water rinse and brushing with a dentifrice for 30 seconds. The analysis of the data found that both groups that brushed removed significantly more plaque than the group that did not brush. However, both the prebrushing rinse group and the water rinse group achieved the same amount of plaque removal through 30 seconds of toothbrushing with a dentifrice.
Importance of infarct-related artery patency for recovery of left ventricular function and late survival after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of late infarct-related artery patency for recovery of left ventricular function and late survival after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Background. Infarct-related artery patency is thought to improve late survival by its effect on preservation of left ventricular function. Patency may also enhance late survival by preventing left ventricular dilation and reducing arrhythmias, independent of myocardial salvage. However, most studies have not shown patency to be an independent predictor of survival when late left ventricular function is taken into account. Methods. We followed up 576 hospital survivors of acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty for 5.3 years. Ejection fraction and infarct-related artery patency were determined at follow-up catheterization at 6 months. Predictors of late cardiac survival were determined using Cox regression models. Results. Patients with patent arteries had more improvement and a better late ejection fraction than patients with occluded arteries (56.3% vs. 47.9%, p = 0.001). In patients with acute ejection fraction Conclusions. Infarct-related artery patency is important for recovery of left ventricular function, and in patients with acute ejection fraction
Sparse linear discriminant analysis for simultaneous testing for the significance of a gene set/pathway and gene selection

Motivation: Pathway and gene set-based approaches for the analysis of gene expression profiling experiments have become increasingly popular for addressing problems associated with individual gene analysis. Since most genes are not differently expressed, existing gene set tests, which consider all the genes within a gene set, are subject to considerable noise and power loss, a concern exacerbated in studies in which the degree of differential expression is moderate for truly differentially expressed genes. For a significantly differentially expressed pathway, it is also of substantial interest to select important genes that drive the differential expression of the pathway. Methods: We develop a unified framework to jointly test the significance of a pathway and to select a subset of genes that drive the significant pathway effect. To achieve dimension reduction and gene selection, we decompose each gene pathway into a single score by using a regularized form of linear discriminant analysis, called sparse linear discriminant analysis (sLDA). Testing for the significance of the pathway effect proceeds via permutation of the sLDA score. The sLDA-based test is compared with competing approaches with simulations and two applications: a study on the effect of metal fume exposure on immune response and a study of gene expression profiles among Type II Diabetes patients. Results: Our results show that sLDA-based testing provides a powerful approach to test for the significance of a differentially expressed pathway and gene selection. Availability: An implementation of the proposed sLDA-based pathway test in the R statistical computing environment is available at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/~mwu/software/ Contact: xlin@hsph.harvard.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Resonance Raman study of ferric heme adducts of dehaloperoxidase from Amphitrite ornata.

The study of axial ligation by anionic ligands to ferric heme iron by resonance Raman spectroscopy provides a basis for comparison of the intrinsic electron donor ability of the proximal histidine in horse heart myoglobin (HHMb), dehaloperoxidase (DHP), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). DHP is a dimeric hemoglobin (Hb) originally isolated from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata. The monomers are structurally related to Mb and yet DHP has a peroxidase function. The core size marker modes, ν2 and ν3, were observed using Soret excitation, and DHP-X was compared to HHMb-X for the ligand series X = F, Cl, Br, SCN, OH, N3, and CN. Special attention was paid to the hydroxide adduct, which is also formed during the catalytic cycle of peroxidases. The Fe−OH stretching frequency was observed and confirmed by deuteration and is higher in DHP than in HHMb. The population of high-spin states of the heme iron in DHP was determined to be intermediate between HHMb and HRP. The data provide the first direct measu...
Forecasting of solar particle event integral proton fluences using Bayesian inference

Previous work by the authors has demonstrated the ability to predict solar particle event dose and dose rate temporal profiles using Bayesian inference models as implemented by Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques. Dose and dose rate time profiles have a nonlinear temporal dependence, usually modeled as a nonlinear sigmoidal growth curve. These models lend themselves to the prediction of future doses given data from early in the event. The operational implementation of this methodology would utilize onboard instruments to mark the beginning of an event and onboard dosimeters to provide real-time dose and dose rate values as input to the empirical model. Similarly, solar particle event integral proton fluences demonstrate a nonlinear temporal dependence and may be modeled as a nonlinear sigmoidal growth curve. Predicting fluences rather than doses allows the forecaster to then calculate and predict the response function of choice. A larger sample of historical solar particle events was used for proton fluence prediction model development than previously for the dose and dose rate prediction efforts. In addition to quantitative forecasts, our models provide almost immediate qualitative classification of new events as significant versus insignificant, thus providing a tool to operators for making decisions concerning the commitment of forecasting resources. The justification for modeling fluence using non-linear sigmoidal growth curves and hierarchical models is examined, and the hypothesis that significant events (in terms of fluence) can be identified by fluence alone, early in the evolution of the event, is examined.
Musical Talent: Innate or Acquired? Perceptions of Students, Parents, and Teachers

Secondary analysis of descriptive data concerning musically gifted students, their parents, and their teachers yields distinctive attribution patterns for each group. The patterns describe this gro...
Airway Hypersensitivity, Reflux, and Phonation Contribute to Chronic Cough

Background & Aims Although chronic cough is common, its etiology is often elusive, making patient management a challenge. Gastroesophageal reflux and airway hypersensitivity can cause chronic cough. We explored the relationship between reflux, phonation, and cough in patients with idiopathic chronic cough. Methods We performed a blinded, cross-sectional study of nonsmoking patients with chronic cough (duration, >8 weeks) refractory to reflux treatment referred to the Digestive Disease Center at Vanderbilt University. All underwent 24-hour acoustic recording concurrently and temporally synchronized with ambulatory pH-impedance monitoring. Cough, phonation, and pH-impedance events were recorded. We evaluated the temporal relationship between cough and phonation or reflux events using Poisson and logistic regression. Results Seventeen patients met the inclusion criteria (88% female; 100% white; median age, 63 years [interquartile age range, 52–66 years]; mean body mass index, 30.6 [interquartile range, 27.9–34.0]); there were 2048 analyzable coughing events. The probability of subsequent coughing increased with higher burdens of preceding cough, reflux, or phonation. Within the first 15 minutes after a cough event, the cough event itself was the main trigger of subsequent cough events. After this period, de novo coughing occurred with increases of 1.46-fold in association with reflux alone (95% confidence interval, 1.17–1.82; P Conclusions Antecedent phonation and reflux increased the rate of cough events in patients with idiopathic chronic cough. Reflux events were more strongly associated with increased rate of coughing. Our findings support the concept that airway hypersensitivity is a cause of chronic cough, and that the vocal folds may be an effector in chronic cough ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01263626.
A new montane species of Cercosaura (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from Colombia, with notes on the distribution of the genus

The gymnophthalmid genus Cercosaura is distributed throughout South America and southern Panama. Cercosaura hypnoides sp. nov. was discovered from Meta, Colombia and differs from all other species by possessing threesupraoculars, a single palpebral scale, five supralabials and infralabials, hexagonal, keeled dorsal scales arranged intransverse and oblique rows, small lateral scales, six longitudinal rows of ventrals, 8–12 femoral pores per hindlimb,18–22 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe, overlapping limbs when adpressed against the body, and the pattern of twodorsolateral and two lateral stripes throughout the head, body, and tail. The description of the new species increases the known number of Cercosaura species to 13, with five species occurring in Colombia.
Thin Fresnel zone plate lenses for underwater acoustics: Modeling and experiments

In situations where size, weight, and system complexity are important, Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lenses have potential advantages in acoustic systems. Numerical modeling and laboratory characterization of focusing by a Soret type FZP lens are presented in this study. Both rubber foam and resonant air cavity designs are considered for the opaque zones. This study extends previous work by examining a wider range of incident field angles. Measurements of a higher-order focus, more narrow than the primary focus but with reduced gain, are also presented that compare favorably with modeling predictions. Comparison is also made between standard diffraction theory predictions (Fourier acoustics) and finite-element, oblique wave scattering simulations for the axisymmetric FZP geometry. The latter accounts for edge effects and acoustic penetration through the lens material, and predicts a higher focal gain for oblique plane wave insonification. Finally, the directivity of an FZP lens and hydrophone combination is compared with that of an ideal pressure sensitive disk of equivalent diameter to assess gain vs. side-lobe tradeoffs. Calculations demonstrate 10 dB reduction of the first sidelobe level using the FZP with a 15% main lobe broadening.
STATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY ALLOMETRY OF OSTEOMETRIC TRAITS IN SELECTED LINES OF RATS.

Are allometric coefficients, long used to describe size-related shape changes within various taxa, subject to change as a result of evolutionary forces such as selection? Quantitative genetical theory tells us that directional selection for a character, e.g., body weight, certainly can produce correlated responses in the means of characters which are genetically related to body weight (Falconer, 1981). It may also lead to altered genetic, and hence phenotypic, covariances conventionally used to calculate allometric coefficients among various traits (Lande, 1979). Practical experience with artificial selection experiments has shown reasonable stability of variance/covariance matrices even with considerable changes in the means of the traits (Bell and Burris, 1973; Cheung and Parker, 1974; Falconer, 198 1), but given sufficient time, selection should be able to change allometric coefficients. If divergence in the means of traits has occurred as a result of selection, Lande (1979, 1984) has shown that evolutionary allometry assessed between lines can be predicted from genetic allometric patterns within lines, but not from phenotypic ones as originally supposed (Kurten, 1954; Jerison, 1973; Gould, 1975). More specifically, evolutionary allometry theoretically equals the ratio of the genetic covariances of any two traits with the selected trait (Lande, 1979). There is much interest in the relationship between static and evolutionary allometry (Gould, 1966; Lande, 1979; Cheverud, 1982), and it therefore seems important to test this theory empirically. Recently a series of investigations was initiated with lines of rats selected for increased and decreased body weight gain, the main purpose of which was to study genetical variation in size and shape in a number of morphometric characters (Atchley and Rutledge, 1980; Atchley et al., 1981, 1982). In this paper, static allometric coefficients are calculated for each of 17 osteometric characters within each of the selection lines and their replicates in order (1) to discover whether they have significantly diverged as a result of selection, and (2) to test the relationship between static and evolutionary allometry predicted by Lande (1979).
Modeling of Aspect Ratio Dependent Etching in an Inductively Coupled Plasma

SPEEDIE is used to simulate aspect ratio dependent etching of silicon dioxide in an inductively coupled plasma. Overhang test structures and standard via/trench structures are etched in the system under standard processing conditions. Results from the overhang test structure yield information about the ion angular distribution and aid in the development of the model. The simultaneous etching and deposition model includes such effects as ion enhanced polymer deposition, angle dependent polymer sputtering, Langmuir adsorption saturation model, and surface dependent sticking probability. The model is able to capture all the lag trends, defined as the difference in etch rate for different aspect ratios, and profiles accurately.
The Protection Motivation Model: A Normative Model of Fear Appeals:

Marketing researchers have questioned the use of the fear appeal, believing it to be too difficult to implement properly. AIDS, drug abuse, and other social problems have caused practitioners to re...
THE SHEEP AND GOAT CORRAL: A KEY STRUCTURE IN NAVAJO SITE ANALYSIS

The recent growth of interest in Navajo archaeology suffers from the lack of an analytical foundation comparable to that which structures research on the prehistoric populations of the Southwest. Observations on the data potential of the ubiquitous sheep and goat corral are offered as a contribution to the effort to develop such a basis for Navajo archaeology. These corrals provide information on site function, site chronology, duration of site use, site abandonment and reuse, seasonality of site utilization, herd sizes, movements of residence groups, and economic behavior of the sites' inhabitants.
Prevalence of HIV and syphilis and its risk behavior among "money boys" in Chongqing(2006-2008)

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of HIV and syphilis and its risk factors among money boy(MB), and to provide scientific proposals for the disease intervention among MB. Methods Data of the cross-sectional survey from 2006 to 2008 were analyzed. The tendency of HIV and syphilis prevalence and its risk behavior were compared. Results A total of 47, 71 and 54 MB were investigated in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The rate of condom use while having sex with men in the last time was increased from 66.0% in 2006 to 75.9% in 2008. The rate of condom use while having sex with men for money was increased from 70.2% in 2006 to 79.6% in 2008. From 2006 to 2008, the proportion of unprotected anal sex with men for money was 42.6%, 40.8% and 50.0%, respectively. HIV prevalence rate in 2006, 2007 and 2008 was 12.8%, 9.9% and 7.4%, respectively, and the syphilis prevalence was 19.1%, 8.5% and 5.6%, respectively. Conclusions Among MB,HIV prevalence is still high and a high risk behavior was common.There is an immediate need on the disease intervention among MB.
Video genre categorization using SVM classifiers with active learning

A video genre categorization scheme based on SVM classifiers with active learning was proposed.The scheme consists of two steps: firstly,ten computable visual features related to video genres were analyzed and extracted;secondly,to acquire training samples for SVM classifiers,active learning was adopted to select the most informative samples for users to label.This can achieve comparable categorization accuracy with fewer training samples labeled.Moreover,to tackle the problem of selecting informative samples in the multi-class case,a new sample selection strategy was proposed.In this strategy,posterior probability was used to calculate the confidences of unlabeled samples.The informative samples were selected from the unlabeled samples according to their confidences.Experimental results show that active learning achieves good video genre categorization performance compared with the previous passive learning method,and active learning based on posterior probability performs better than the existing method based on version space.
Assessing Opportunities for Student Pharmacist Leadership Development at Schools of Pharmacy in the United States

Objective. To summarize student pharmacist leadership development opportunities delivered by pharmacy programs, to describe selected opportunities, and to assess how these opportunities meet leadership development competencies. Methods. A multi-method study was conducted that comprised a systematic content analysis of pharmacy education journals, pharmacy program websites, and telephone interviews with key informants, which included open-ended questions and scaled responses. Results. Review of six articles, 37 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Annual Meeting abstracts, and 138 websites resulted in the identification of 191 leadership development opportunities. These consisted of courses, projects/programs, and events/speaker series. Interviews with 12 key informants detailed unique events that developed leadership competencies. Formal assessments of student leadership development were limited and primarily focused on informal feedback and course evaluations. Conclusion. Most US pharmacy programs offer their students an array of opportunities to develop leadership abilities. Pharmacy programs should consider expanding opportunities beyond elective courses, learn from the successes of others to implement new leadership development opportunities, and bolster the assessment of student leadership competencies and outcomes.