cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Concise, metathesis based approach to construction of the lepadiformine/cylindricine tricyclic framework

Abstract A tandem dienyne metathesis based strategy has been developed for construction of the core tricyclic framework found in the lepadiformine and cylindricine alkaloids. 2-Pentenyl-2-ethynylpyrollidine acrylamide that serves as the starting material for the key ruthenium carbene catalyzed metathesis process is prepared by using a concise route starting with l -proline.
Optical Spectroscopy of K-Selected Extremely Red Galaxies

We have obtained spectroscopic redshifts for 24 sources from a sample of bright, K-selected extremely red objects (EROs) using the Keck I Telescope. These EROs have high-resolution morphologies from the Hubble Space Telescope and were selected with a median Ks magnitude of 18.7 and F814W-Ks > 4 mag (Yan & Thompson 2003). Among the 24 redshifts, the majority (92%) are at 0.9 < z < 1.5. We derived the rest-frame J-band luminosity function at zmedian = 1.14. Our result suggests that the luminosity evolution between bright EROs at z ~ 1 and the present-day greater than L* massive galaxies is at most about 0.7 mag. Combining the morphologies and deep spectroscopy revealed that the 24 EROs have the following properties: (1) Eighty-six percent of the spectra have absorption features from old stars, suggesting that the dominant stellar populations seen in the rest-frame UV are old stars. Fifty percent of the sources have pure absorption lines, while the remaining 50% have emission lines, indicating recent star formation. We conclude that the color criterion for EROs is very effective in selecting old stellar populations at z ~ 1, and a large fraction of these systems with prominent old stellar populations also have recent star formation. (2) The 12 emission-line systems have the same number of disk and bulge galaxies as in the remaining 12 pure absorption-line systems. We conclude that spectral classes do not have a simple, direct correspondence with morphological types. (3) Three EROs could be isolated, pure passively evolving early-type galaxies at z ~ 1. This implies that only a small fraction (10%–15%) of early-type galaxies are formed in a rapid burst of star formation at high redshifts and evolved passively since then. (4) Three EROs have very red continua and pure emission-line spectra. Their redshifts and star formation rates are similar to that of HR 10. These three sources are potential candidates for dusty starbursts. (5) We identified three active galactic nuclei (13%), which is consistent with what has been found by deep Chandra observations.
In vitro polyoma DNA synthesis: Involvement of RNA in discontinuous chain growth

Abstract Short fragments of DNA (5 S) isolated by denaturation from polyoma replicative intermediates pulse-labeled in vitro were shown to have RNA covalently attached by three criteria: (1) such fragments were slightly denser than bulk viral DNA. (2) They could be labeled directly with α- 32 P-labeled ribotriphosphates. (3) Alkaline hydrolysis of fragments labeled with α- 32 P-labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates showed 32 P transfer to 3′ ribonucleoside monophosphates. Except for a preference of transfer from dC, the link showed little sequence specificity. The data are compatible with the notion that all short fragments in replicating viral DNA are initiated by an RNA primer. This RNA is maximally 30 bases long and is rather short-lived.
The cubital tunnel syndrome: Diagnosis and precise localization

The cubital tunnel syndrome is a subgroup of ulnar neuropathies arising at the elbow, with nerve entrapment under the aponeurosis connecting the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. To separate this condition more clearly from tardy ulnar palsy, the clinical and electrophysiological features of 9 patients are presented, 6 of whom had the syndrome bilaterally. There was no history of trauma and no clinical or roentgenographic evidence of joint deformity in any of the patients. In 9 of the 15 ulnar nerves, abnormal conduction was localized to the level of the cubital tunnel (1.5 to 3.5 cm distal to the medial epicondyle). The findings were confirmed intraoperatively in 7 patients and corresponded to a tight band compressing the ulnar nerve and causing narrowing at the cubital tunnel with swelling proximally. This syndrome represents a common and distinct subgroup of ulnar neuropathies at the elbow.
Picosecond Photon-Solid Interaction Phase Transition in Silicon

Four different regimes of photoelectric emission are observed over a vide fluence range of UV-laser pulses irradiating single-crystal silicon samples. The role of the electron-hole plasma in the nonlinear photoemission is demonstrated by temporal correlation measurements. A regime where ion thermal evaporation processes take place is observed above the critical fluence for melting. At higher laser fluences nonlinear ion acceleration is demonstrated by direct time-of-flight measurements.
The emergence of saliency and novelty responses from Reinforcement Learning principles

Recent attempts to map reward-based learning models, like Reinforcement Learning [Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998). Reinforcement Learning: An introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press], to the brain are based on the observation that phasic increases and decreases in the spiking of dopamine-releasing neurons signal differences between predicted and received reward [Gillies, A., & Arbuthnott, G. (2000). Computational models of the basal ganglia. Movement Disorders, 15(5), 762-770; Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1-27]. However, this reward-prediction error is only one of several signals communicated by that phasic activity; another involves an increase in dopaminergic spiking, reflecting the appearance of salient but unpredicted non-reward stimuli [Doya, K. (2002). Metalearning and neuromodulation. Neural Networks, 15(4-6), 495-506; Horvitz, J. C. (2000). Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events. Neuroscience, 96(4), 651-656; Redgrave, P., & Gurney, K. (2006). The short-latency dopamine signal: A role in discovering novel actions? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(12), 967-975], especially when an organism subsequently orients towards the stimulus [Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1-27]. To explain these findings, Kakade and Dayan [Kakade, S., & Dayan, P. (2002). Dopamine: Generalization and bonuses. Neural Networks, 15(4-6), 549-559.] and others have posited that novel, unexpected stimuli are intrinsically rewarding. The simulation reported in this article demonstrates that this assumption is not necessary because the effect it is intended to capture emerges from the reward-prediction learning mechanisms of Reinforcement Learning. Thus, Reinforcement Learning principles can be used to understand not just reward-related activity of the dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia, but also some of their apparently non-reward-related activity.
The exterior algebra ΛkRn and area minimization

Abstract The structure of the exterior algebra Λ k R n is studied in low dimensions, and consequences are drawn for k -dimensional area-minimizing surfaces in R n . For a general form o∈Λ 2 R 4 , Section 3 gives explicit formulas for the comass ‖o‖ and the face of the Grassmannian exposed by o. Section 4 classifies the faces of the Grassmannian of the 3-planes in R 6 and hence the associated geometries of area-minimizing surfaces (there are four types). Section 5 establishes an equality involving the comass norm in low dimension and draws implications on when the Cartesian product of area-minimizing surfaces is area-minimizing. New examples of area-minimizing integral currents with singularities follow.
Hemoconcentration, Heart Failure, and Survival

Background: Overly aggressive diuresis leading to intravascular volume depletion has been proposed as a cause for worsening renal function during the treatment of decompensated heart failure .I f diuresis occurs at ar ate greater than extravascular fluid can refill the intravascular space, the concentration of such intravascular substances as hemoglobin and plasma proteins increases. We hypothesized that hemoconcentration would be associated with worsening renal function and possibly would provide insight into the relationship between aggressive decongestion and outcomes. Methods and Results: Subjects in the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness trial limited data set with a baseline/ discharge pair of hematocrit, albumin, or total protein values were included (336 patients). Baseline-to-discharge increases in these parameters were evaluated, and patients with ≥2 in the top tertile were considered to have evidence of hemoconcentration. The group experiencing hemoconcentration received higher doses of loop diuretics, lost more weight/fluid, and had greater reductions in filling pressures (P<0.05 for all). Hemoconcentration was strongly associated with worsening renal function (odds ratio, 5.3; P<0.001), whereas changes in right atrial pressure (P=0.36) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (P=0.53) were not. Patients with hemoconcentration had significantly lower 180-day mortality (hazard ratio, 0.31; P=0.013). This relationship persisted after adjustment for baseline characteristics (hazard ratio, 0.16; P=0.001). Conclusion: Hemoconcentration is significantly associated with measures of aggressive fluid removal and deterioration in renal function. Despite this relationship, hemoconcentration is associated with substantially improved survival. These observations raise the question of whether aggressive decongestion, even in the setting of worsening renal function, can positively affect survival.
New one-dimensional uranyl and neptunyl iodates: crystal structures of K3[(UO2)2(IO3)6](IO3)·H2O and K[NpO2(IO3)3]·1.5H2O

Abstract The uranyl and neptunyl(VI) iodates, K3[(UO2)2(IO3)6](IO3)·H2O (1) and K[NpO2(IO3)3]·1.5H2O (2) , have been prepared and crystallized under mild hydrothermal conditions. The structures of 1 and 2 both contain one-dimensional ∞1[AnO2(IO3)3]1−(An=U,Np) ribbons that consist of approximately linear actinyl(VI) cations bound by iodate anions to yield AnO7 pentagonal bipyramids. The AnO7 units are linked by bridging iodate anions to yield chains that are in turn coupled by additional iodate anions to yield ribbons. The edges of the ribbons are terminated by monodentate iodate anions. For 1 and 2 , K+ cations and water molecules separate the ribbons from one another. In addition, isolated iodate anions are also found between ∞1[UO2(IO3)3]1− ribbons in 1 . In order to aid in the assignment of oxidation states in neptunyl containing compounds, a bond-valence sum parameter of 2.018 A for Np(VI) bound exclusively to oxygen has been developed with b=0.37 A. Crystallographic data (193 K, MoKα, λ=0.71073): 1 , triclinic, P 1 , a=7.0609(4) A, b=14.5686(8) A, c=14.7047(8) A, α=119.547(1)°, β=95.256(1)°, γ=93.206(1)°, Z=2, R(F)=2.49% for 353 parameters with 6414 reflections with I>2σ(I); (203 K, MoKα, λ=0.71073): 2, monoclinic, P21/c, a=7.796(4) A, b=7.151(3) A, c=21.79(1) A, β=97.399(7)°, Z=4, R(F)=6.33% for 183 parameters with 2451 reflections with I>2σ(I).
Ulnar shortening for tears of the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex

Ten consecutive patients had their ulnas shortened for treatment of ulnar wrist pain associated with triangular fibrocartilaginous complex tears. Each injury was traced to a previous fall or an overuse syndrome. Conservative treatment failed. In all patients, x-ray films showed ulnar positive or neutral variance. The ulna was shortened an average of 2 mm. Frank ulnolunate abutment and/or cartilage degeneration was found in six cases. Follow-up averaged 23 months, and except for one patient in whom radiocarpal arthritis developed, the remaining patients were satisfied and returned to their work or previous level of activity. Relief of pain, grip strength, and range of motion were excellent, except for an average decrease in flexion of 25.8 degrees (p = 0.01). Hardware irritation was noted in six patients. These findings substantiate the use of ulnar shortening to relieve ulnolunate impingement in patients with ulnar positive or neutral wrists in whom ulnar wrist pain develops and who demonstrate triangular fibrocartilaginous complex tears after acute trauma and/or overuse syndromes.
Factorization and scaling in hadronic diffraction

A comprehensive analysis of single diffraction dissociation data on $p(\overline{p})+\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}p(\overline{p})+X$ from fixed target to collider energies reveals a striking breakdown of factorization, which does not affect the shape of the ${M}_{X}^{2}$ dependence of the differential cross sections. Phenomenologically, this result can be obtained by postulating a scaling law for hadronic diffraction, which is embedded in the hypothesis of Pomeron flux renormalization introduced to unitarize the triple-Pomeron amplitude.
A qHLRT Modulation Classifier with Antenna Array and Two-Stage CFO Estimation in Fading Channels

A likelihood ratio test (LRT) -based modulation classifier is sensitive to unknown parameters, such as carrier frequency offset (CFO), phase shift, etc. To better handle this problem, a robust antenna array -based quasi-hybrid likelihood ratio test (qHLRT) approach is proposed in this paper. A non-maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is employed to reduce the computational burden of multivariate maximization. A double CFO estimation scheme is also proposed, which increases the accuracy of CFO estimation. To deal with channel fading, maximal ratio combining approach is applied for CFO estimation as well as the computation of the likelihood functions. It is shown that when implementing with the nonlinear least-squares (NLS) phase parameters estimator and the method-of-moment (MoM) amplitude estimator, our scheme offers an effective way to recognize linear modulation formats with unknown parameters in fading channels.
Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in adult human non-neoplastic astrocytes is sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or antibody to the 55-kDa TNF receptor

Abstract Infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by monocytes is a characteristics of many non-malignant disease processes, although the signals regulating such traffic are unclear. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other inflammatory cytokines have been shown to elicit production of monocyte chemoattractant activity in glioma cells, but the regulation of such activity in non-neoplastic adult astrocytes has not been examined. We previously observed that TNF constituted a proliferative signal for non-neoplastic adult human astrocytes in vitro involving the 55-kDa TNF receptor. In the present study, we demonstrate that TNF exposure enhances the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA and functional monocyte chemoattractant activity in non-neoplastic astrocytes. Results indicated that MCP-1 mRNA expression was maximal within 3 h, and was further augmented by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CY). Antibody (htr-9) directed against the 55-kDa TNF receptor also elicited MCP-1 mRNA expression while antibody to the 75-kDa TNF receptor (utr-1) was ineffective. Secretion of monocyte chemoattractant activity was significantly greater in TNF- or htr-9-treated astrocytes than in utr-1-treated or untreated controls; activity was abolished by treatment with antibody to MCP-1. These findings suggest that non-neoplastic adult human astrocytes may contribute to CNS inflammatory responses by mediating recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes.
Model filled rubber. II. Particle composition dependence of suspension rheology

Monodisperse size colloidal particles varying in chemical composition were synthesized by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization. Using a stress-controlled rheometer, the rheological behavior of colloidal suspensions in a low molecular weight liquid polysulfide was investigated. All suspensions exhibited shear thinning behavior. The shear viscosity, dynamic moduli, and yield stress increased as interactions between particles and matrix increased. The rheological properties associated with network buildup in the suspensions were sensitively monitored by a kinetic recovery experiment. We propose that interfacial interactions by polar and hydrogen bonding between particles and matrix strongly promote affinity of matrix polymer to the filler particles, resulting in adsorption or entanglement of polymer chains on the filler surface. A network structure was formed consisting of particles with an immobilized polymer layer on the particle surface with each particle floc acting as a temporary physical crosslinking site. As the interfacial interaction increases, the adsorbed layer thickness on the filler particles, hence, the effective particle volume fraction, increases. As a result, the rheological properties were enhanced in the order PS < PMMA < PSVP. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 815–824, 1999
Glycemic Control and Heart Failure Among Adult Patients With Diabetes

Background—Glycemic control is associated with microvascular events, but its effect on the risk of heart failure is not well understood. We examined the association between hemoglobin (Hb) AIc and the risk of heart failure hospitalization and/or death in a population-based sample of adult patients with diabetes and assessed whether this association differed by patient sex, heart failure pathogenesis, and hypertension status. Methods and Results—A cohort design was used with baseline between January 1, 1995, and June 30, 1996, and follow-up through December 31, 1997 (median 2.2 years). Participants were 25 958 men and 22 900 women with (predominantly type 2) diabetes, ≥19 years old, with no known history of heart failure. There were a total of 935 events (516 among men; 419 among women). After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, obesity, use of β-blockers and ACE inhibitors, type and duration of diabetes, and incidence of interim m...
A structural approach for finding functional modules from large biological networks

Background Biological systems can be modeled as complex network systems with many interactions between the components. These interactions give rise to the function and behavior of that system. For example, the protein-protein interaction network is the physical basis of multiple cellular functions. One goal of emerging systems biology is to analyze very large complex biological networks such as protein-protein interaction networks, metabolic networks, and regulatory networks to identify functional modules and assign functions to certain components of the system. Network modules do not occur by chance, so identification of modules is likely to capture the biologically meaningful interactions in large-scale PPI data. Unfortunately, existing computer-based clustering methods developed to find those modules are either not so accurate or too slow.
Fatty Acid Control of Ethane Production by Sub-cellular Particles from Apples and its Possible Relationship to Ethylene Biosynthesis

Burg and Burg1 have pointed out that the gas evolved in incubation mixtures of thiomalio acid and sub-cellular particles from apples and tomatoes was in fact not ethylene, as previously reported2. However, the appearance of an ‘ethylene-like’ gas which chromatographed very close to ethylene was confirmed. The purpose of this communication is to identify the ‘ethylene-like’ gas, to report that linolenic acid may be an important component of the enzymatic system, and to indicate the possible pertinence of this system to the pathway for ethylene biosynthesis in plant cells.
Necroptosis, a novel form of caspase-independent cell death, contributes to neuronal damage in a retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury model.

Necroptosis is programmed necrosis triggered by death receptor signaling. We investigated whether necroptosis contributes to neuronal damage and functional impairment in a model of retinal ischemia. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to raised intra-ocular pressure for 45 min and received intravitreal injections of the specific necroptosis inhibitor, Nec-1, its inactive analogue (Nec-1i) or vehicle. Seven days after ischemia, ERGs were performed and then the eyes were enucleated for histological analysis. In other animals, retinas were subjected to propodium iodide, TUNEL staining or Western Blotting and probed with anti-LC-3 antibody. Results: Retinal ischemia resulted in selective neuronal degeneration of the inner layers. Pretreatment with Nec-1 led to significant preservation in thickness and histoarchitecture of the inner retina and functional improvement compared with vehicle-treated controls. Pretreatment with Nec-1i did not provide histological or functional protection. Post-treatment with Nec-1 also significantly attenuated the ERG b-wave reduction compared with ischemic vehicle controls. Nec-1 had no effect on the number of caspase or TUNEL-labelled cells in the ischemic retina but did inhibit the induction of LC-3 II and reduced the number of PI-labelled cells after ischemia. Conclusion: Necroptosis is an important mode of neuronal cell death and involves autophagy in a model of retinal ischemia. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of high temperature oxidation of laser surface engineered TiC/Al alloy ‘composite’ coating on 6061 aluminium alloy

AbstractStructural, morphological, and kinetic investigations into the oxidation behaviour of a laser surface engineered TiC/Al alloy ‘composite’ coating on 6061 aluminium alloy are discussed in the present work. Specimens of 6061 alloy coated with TiC were oxidised at 473, 673, and 873 K in air for 50 h to study the effects of long duration exposure on the coating. Severe oxidation of the coating was observed above 673 K and delamination/separation of the coating occurred in the specimen exposed to 873 K. The oxidation kinetics were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of pure TiC (coating material), 6061 alloy (substrate material), and the TiC/6061 aluminium alloy ‘composite’ coating in the temperature range 473–873 K. Oxidation and oxidation rate within the lower temperature range (473–573 K) were comparable for both TiC and 6061 alloy, whereas both oxidation and oxidation rate were several times greater for TiC compared with 6061 alloy above 573 K, which illustrates accordingly two different ox...
Testing the Internet's Effect on Democratic Satisfaction: A Multi-Methodological, Cross-National Approach

ABSTRACT While recent events spotlighted the Internet's capacity to make political organization more efficient once disaffected citizens are moved to action, this article tests another component of the Internet's potential to influence the cost-benefit calculus of political behavior: how the Internet influences the motivation to act or organize in the first place. After introducing two causal mechanisms—the Internet's mirror-holding and window-opening functions—this article tests the Internet's influence on citizens' (dis)satisfaction with the way that “democracy” functions in their own countries. This includes a random effects regression of panel data at the country level and a mixed-level regression of cross-sectional survey data at the individual level. The next section of this article presents the results from a randomized field experiment conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, enabling a direct test of the causal relationship shared by Internet use and (dis)satisfaction. The findings uncovered in each ...
OBRA regulations and the use of psychotropic drugs in long-term care facilities: Impact and implications for geropsychiatric care

This article reviews governmental guidelines regulating the use of psychotropic drugs in long-term care facilities as established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 and their impact on the use of psychotropic agents in these settings. A major component of these guidelines is to regulate the clinical indications for psychoactive drugs (neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, and sedative hypnotics) in residents of long-term care facilities. Responsibilities of the prescribing physician, facility medical director, and consulting pharmacist--as well as quality assurance procedures-in complying with OBRA regulations are examined. Evidence that OBRA regulations have reduced the use of psychotropic drugs and physical restraints in long-term nursing facilities is reviewed. Implications of the OBRA regulations for the training and clinical practice of psychiatrists and primary care clinicians are discussed as well as recommendations for increasing the availability of mental health services for this patient population via multidisciplinary geropsychiatric consultation-liaison teams.
Why Does Patient Activation Matter? An Examination of the Relationships Between Patient Activation and Health-Related Outcomes

Background There is a growing awareness that patients should be more active and effective managers of their health and health care. Recent studies have found patient activation—or having the knowledge, skills, and confidence to manage one’s health, to be related to health-related outcomes. These studies have often relied on self-reported outcomes and often have used small samples.
Subtype selectivity of dopamine receptor ligands: insights from structure and ligand-based methods.

Subtype selective dopamine receptor ligands have long been sought after as therapeutic and/or imaging agents for the treatment and monitoring of neurologic disorders. We report herein on a combined structure- and ligand-based approach to explore the molecular mechanism of the subtype selectivity for a large class of D2-like dopamine receptor ligands (163 ligands in total). Homology models were built for both human D2L and D3 receptors in complex with haloperidol. Other ligands, which included multiple examples of substituted phenylpiperazines, were aligned against the binding conformations of haloperidol, and three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analyses were carried out. The receptor models show that although D2 and D3 share highly similar folds and 3D conformations, the slight sequence differences at their extracellular loop regions result in the binding cavity in D2 being comparably shallower than in D3, which may explain why some larger ligands bind with greater aff...
Using Authorities to Improve Subject Searches

Authority files have played an important role in improving the quality of indexing and subject cataloging. Although authorities can significantly improve searching by increasing the number of access points, they are rarely an integral part of the information retrieval process, particularly end-users’ searches. A retrieval prototype, searchFAST, was developed to test the feasibility of using an authority file as an index to bibliographic records. searchFAST uses Faceted Application of Subject Terminology (FAST) as an index to OCLC's WorldCat.org bibliographic database. The searchFAST prototype complements, rather than replaces, existing WorldCat.org access. The bibliographic file is searched indirectly; first the authority file is searched to identify appropriate subject headings, then the headings are used to retrieve the matching bibliographic records. The prototype demonstrates the effectiveness and practicality of using an authority file as an index. Searching the authority file leverages authority con...
Applicant Perceptions of State Priorities in the Illinois Small Cities CDBG Program: Implications for Local Targeting

The State of Illinois has targeted economic development as a majorpriority in the Small Cities Community Development Block Grant program, although the state still accepts applications for public facilities and housing rehabilitation. This article examines the impact of this state priority on the application behavior of small cities. We find that grant applicants perceive that the state's economic development emphasis decreases their ability to be successful in obtaining housing rehabilitation grants. This perception has had an impact on subsequent application behavior. Cities no longer apply for grants that are most likely to benefit directly those with low and moderate incomes.
Relationship between enamel fluoride concentration and dental caries in a selected population

The relationship between dental caries experience (DMFT) and enamel fluoride concentration (EnF) was determined in 100 freshman dental students aged between 20 and 26 yr. DMFT was determined by clinical examination and supplemented by bitewing radiographs. Biopsies were performed on the maxillary right canine of each student by etching with 1 M perchloric acid for 5 s. A regression analysis of DMFT and EnF and of square root DMFT and 1nEnF indicated that the correlation coefficients were not significant. Students exposed to fluoridated drinking water had significantly lower DMFT and significantly greater EnF than the students reared in areas with non-fluoridated drinking water.
The Huygens principle for flow around an arbitrary body in a viscous incompressible fluid

The consequences of immersing a body in a Stokesian flow can be studied in the language employed in scattering research. After implementing the description of Stokesian flow in terms of velocity and pressure phasors, we formulate mathematical expressions delineating the Huygens principle for both phasors. Application is then made to scattering problems with special emphasis on impenetrable bodies.
Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: The Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE Study).

Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: The Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE Study). Background Hyperphosphatemia underlies development of hyperparathyroidism, osteodystrophy, extraosseous calcification, and is associated with increased mortality in hemodialysis patients. Methods To determine whether calcium acetate or sevelamer hydrochloride best achieves recently recommended treatment goals of phosphorus ≤5.5mg/dL and Ca × P product ≤55mg 2 /dL 2 , we conducted an 8-week randomized, double-blind study in 100 hemodialysis patients. Results Comparisons of time-averaged concentrations (weeks 1 to 8) demonstrated that calcium acetate recipients had lower serum phosphorus (1.08mg/dL difference, P = 0.0006), higher serum calcium (0.63mg/dL difference, P 2 /dL 2 difference, P = 0.022) than sevelamer recipients. At each week, calcium acetate recipients were 20% to 24% more likely to attain goal phosphorus [odds ratio (OR) 2.37, 95% CI 1.28–4.37, P = 0.0058], and 15% to 20% more likely to attain goal Ca × P (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.20–3.86, P = 0.0097). Transient hypercalcemia occurred in 8 of 48 (16.7%) calcium acetate recipients, all of whom received concomitant intravenous vitamin D. By regression analysis hypercalcemia was more likely with calcium acetate (OR 6.1, 95% CI 2.8–13.3, P P Conclusion Calcium acetate controls serum phosphorus and calcium-phosphate product more effectively than sevelamer hydrochloride. Cost-benefit analysis indicates that in the absence of hypercalcemia, calcium acetate should remain the treatment of choice for hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients.
Posttranscriptional regulation of ferritin during nodule development in soybean

During soybean (Glycine max) nodule development, induced ferritin mRNA concentration remains elevated while the protein concentration decreases 4- to 5-fold (M. Ragland and E.C. Theil [1993] Plant Mol Biol 21: 555–560). Investigation of posttranscriptional regulation of nodule ferritin during development showed that ferritin mRNA was efficiently translated based on polyribosome size in vivo, protein synthesis (0.8% of total protein) in vitro, and protein synthesis in intact nodules. Ferritin, a plastid protein, was processed in both immature and mature nodules. In chimeric mRNA, soybean ferritin mRNA sequences blocked the function of the iron regulatory element (IRE), the cis regulatory element of animal ferritin mRNA; the IRE regulates chimeric animal mRNAs. The absence of translational regulation of ferritin in plants contrasts with ferritin regulation in animals. Thus, ferritin regulation has diverged during evolution, whereas structure of the mature protein has been conserved. Ferritin in mature soybean nodules is apparently regulated after translation, possibly in analogy with such plastid proteins as chlorophyll-binding proteins D1, CP43, LHCI, and LHCII, the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, and apoplastocyanin. An autocatalytic mechanism observed in vivo for degradation of plastid protein D1 and in vitro for pea ferritin during iron release could explain the ferritin decreases in mature nodules.
GnRH analogs and safety.

Potential broad clinical uses of GnRH analogs in gynecological applications raise several issues regarding the safety of these peptide hormones in women. These analogs have widespread applicability in a variety of disorders such as leiomyomata uteri, polycystic ovarian disease, prior to laser ablation for dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and infertility [1–10]. Included in these indications is the treatment of endometriosis [2], a ubiquitous disease in reproductive-aged women. GnRH analogs decrease ovarian steroidogenesis through selective hypophysectomy with reduced gonadotropin release; and thus diminish estradiol levels. The GnRH induced hypoestrogenic state raises concerns about effects on bone mass, especially in women with endometriosis, a disease which is associated with decreased bone [11], as well as in the treatment of fibroids in perimenopausal women, who may already have altered bone turnover. This potential side effect of GnRH analog therapy is important, since estrogen appears to be a critical factor in the regulation of bone turnover. Consequently, bone density response during GnRH analog use must be carefully assessed in all women, and particularly in the perimenopausal population.
Two Strategies of Social Change and their Dilemmas

A group may enter into intergroup contacts with dual change objectives-concessions in substantive areas and improvements in relationships. These two objectives are achieved through quite different strategies, involving power tactics on the one hand and attitude change activities on the other. The present analysis shows that at the tactical level the methods of achieving and employing power are detrimental to the methods of achieving more friendliness and trust, and vice versa. Many dilemmas confront group leaders who would pursue both strategies. The article discusses ways in which leaders attempt to cope with these tactical dilemmas and sometimes integrate the two strategies into a broader strategy of social change. Final comments are devoted to the implications of this discussion for leadership training and the theory and practice of social change.
Wide Awake to the World: The Arts and Urban Schools—Conflicts and Contributions of an After-School Program

While the benefits of arts involvement are increasingly clear, policies and practices consistent with this recognition are not proceeding apace. Nearly half the schools in the United States have no full-time arts teachers and emphases on “standards” have led to the elimination of the arts in many urban schools. This case study of a multi-year after-school arts program in urban public schools explores challenges and tensions that emerged during the program’s implementation. Focusing on understanding the place and purpose of an arts program in a specific community, we employed a grounded theory approach and used multiple data-gathering methods, ranging from observations and interviews to surveys. We found that in serving hundreds of students, employing dozens of staff, and aiming to meet several complex goals, this arts program faced technical challenges that undermined its effectiveness. The arts program also suffered from unaddressed conflicts regarding norms and values. Artists attempted to provide students opportunities for creative exploration, while school staff emphasized control, order, and academic goals. We discuss these tensions and the ways they undermined the arts program.
The bird of time: cognition and the avian biological clock.

Avian behavior and physiology are embedded in time at many levels of biological organization. Biological clock function in birds is critical for sleep/wake cycles, but may also regulate the acquisition of place memory, learning of song from tutors, social integration and time-compensated navigation. This relationship has two major implications. First, mechanisms of the circadian clock should be linked in some way to the mechanisms of all these behaviors. How is not yet clear, and evidence that the central clock has effects is piecemeal. Second, selection acting on characters that are linked to the circadian clock should influence aspects of the clock mechanism itself. Little evidence exists for this in birds, but there have been few attempts to assess this idea. At its core, the avian circadian clock is a multi-oscillator system comprising the pineal gland, the retinae and the avian homologues of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, whose mutual interactions ensure coordinated physiological functions, which are in turn synchronized to ambient light cycles via encephalic, pineal and retinal photoreceptors. At the molecular level, avian biological clocks comprise a genetic network of “positive elements” clock and bmal1 whose interactions with the “negative elements” period2, period3 and the cryptochromes form an oscillatory feedback loop that circumnavigates the 24 hrs of the day. We assess the possibilities for dual integration of the clock with time-dependent cognitive processes. Closer examination of the molecular, physiological, and behavioral elements of the circadian system would place birds at a very interesting fulcrum in the neurobiology of time in learning, memory and navigation.
Comparison of lectin reactivity in the vessel beds of the rat eye.

The capillary beds of the eye are lined by two types of endothelia, fenestrated in the choriocapillaris and ciliary body, and continuous in the retina and iris. In this study, we wished to find a marker for each of these types of vessel beds using lectin histochemistry. Sections of glutaraldehyde fixed rat eyes embedded in epoxy resin were extracted with sodium ethoxide and rehydrated. Binding of 15 different lectins was visualized using the avidin-biotin peroxidase technique. We found WGA, WGA-s, LFA and PHA-E to strongly bind retinal vessels. In addition to the above lectins, iris vessels bound GSL-I. Choriocapillaris reacted variably only with WGA and not at all with other lectins tested. Vessels of ciliary body processes did not react with any lectin studied. The less fenestrated vessels of the base of the ciliary process bound lectins similar to the retina. We speculate that the differential lectin staining of the various vessel beds of the eye may reflect the degree of fenestration of the endotheliu...
Acoustic source localization and discrimination in urban environments

Collaborative localization and discrimination of acoustic sources is an important problem for monitoring urban environments. Acoustic source localization typically is performed using either signal-based approaches that rely on transmission of raw acoustic data and are not suitable for resource-constrained wireless sensor networks or feature-based methods that result in degraded accuracy, especially for multiple targets. In this paper, we present a feature-based localization and discrimination approach for multiple acoustic sources using wireless sensor networks that fuses beamform and power spectral density data from each sensor. Our approach utilizes a graphical model for estimating the position of the sources as well as their fundamental and dominant harmonic frequencies. We present simulation and experimental results that show improvement in the localization accuracy and target discrimination. Our experimental results are obtained using motes equipped with microphone arrays and an onboard FPGA for computing the beamform and the power spectral density.
Arabidopsis peroxin 16 trafficks through the ER and an intermediate compartment to pre-existing peroxisomes via overlapping molecular targeting signals

Previously it has been shown that the endogenous Arabidopsis peroxin, AtPEX16, coexisted at steady state in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisomes. Herein, an ER-to-peroxisome trafficking pathway and the requisite molecular targeting signals for mycAtPEX16 transiently expressed in Arabidopsis and tobacco BY-2 suspension cells are described. Immunofluorescent mycAtPEX16 was observed initially in the cytosol (<2 h) and subsequently (2–4 h) in perinuclear/reticular ER and non-Golgi/nonperoxisome structures termed the ER-peroxisome intermediate compartment. After 4 h, all catalase- and ascorbate peroxidase-containing peroxisomes also possessed mycAtPEX16, indicative of mycAtPEX16 sorting to pre-existing peroxisomes. Incubations of bombarded cells at 15 � C, or in brefeldin A at 25 � C, resulted in accumulations of mycAtPEX16 within the ER. Following re-equilibration of cold-treated cells at 25 � C, or removal of brefeldin A, mycAtPEX16 was observed mainly in the ER-peroxisome intermediate compartment, and later within all of the peroxisomes in both species. Two internal membrane helices and the intervening sequence including the amino acid residues -VRS- were found necessary and sufficient for targeting AtPEX16 first to the ER and then to peroxisomes. Individual targeting signals for these organelles were indistinguishable, indicative of overlapping signal(s). In summary, the trafficking study of AtPEX16 revealed a dynamic link between the ER and preexisting peroxisomes, which provided novel data in support of an upgraded semi-autonomous peroxisome model portraying participation of the ER in the sorting of certain peroxisome membrane proteins, such as AtPEX16, through an intermediate compartment to pre-existing plant peroxisomes.
A Computational Model of Event Segmentation From Perceptual Prediction

People tend to perceive ongoing continuous activity as series of discrete events. This partitioning of continuous activity may occur, in part, because events correspond to dynamic patterns that have recurred across different contexts. Recurring patterns may lead to reliable sequential dependencies in observers’ experiences, which then can be used to guide perception. The current set of simulations investigated whether this statistical structure within events can be used 1) to develop stable internal representations that facilitate perception and 2) to learn when to update such representations in a selforganizing manner. These simulations demonstrate that experience with recurring patterns enables a system to accurately predict upcoming stimuli within an event, to identify boundaries between such events based on transient increases in prediction error, and to use such boundaries to improve prediction about subsequent activities.
Multiplexed pressure sensing with elastomer membranes

We demonstrate a novel optical pressure measurement platform for microfluidics. The pressure sensors operate as pneumatically-tunable microlenses whose focal lengths vary with pressure. We show that pneumatic lens arrays can be used to perform sensitive multiplexed pressure measurements in microfluidic channels.
Pipeline embolization for definitive endoluminal reconstruction of blister-type carotid aneurysms after clip wrapping.

Background Ruptured blister aneurysms of the carotid artery are difficult to safely treat. We present a novel strategy of microsurgical clip wrapping of internal carotid artery blister aneurysms in the setting of acute rupture, followed by delayed placement of a pipeline embolization device for definitive treatment. Clinical presentation We present two cases of ruptured blister aneurysms of the internal carotid artery treated by wrapping of the diseased segment of the vessel, followed by delayed deployment of a flow diverting stent once the patient was out of the vasospasm window but during the same hospitalization. Results Clip wrapping followed by flow diversion in a delayed fashion results in anatomic remodeling of the diseased artery without a high morbidity. Conclusions A combined approach of acute surgical stabilization followed by definitive endovascular reconstruction may reduce hemorrhagic complications while improving long term treatment durability.
The Personal and Academic Self-Concept Inventory: Factor Structure and Gender Differences in High School and College Samples:

The Personal and Academic Self-Concept Inventory (PASCI) measures global, social, physical, and academic components of self-concept, as well as social anxiety. Several competing structural models were tested by confirmatory factor analysis for a sample of high school (N = 222) and college (N = 338) students. Seven oblique factors which included two social factors (Social Acceptance and Social Anxiety) fit the data best, and a second-order model supported the hierarchical structure of the data. Internal-consistency and test-retest measures indicated that the scales were reliable. Girls and women scored lower than the boys and men on Physical Ability and on Math Ability, consistent with other findings. Self-Concept scales were stable across high school grades, but global self-concept was higher in the college group, also consistent with prior research.
First Passage Time Analysis on Climate Indices

Climate variability is simply represented by teleconnection patterns such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific–North American pattern (PNA), and Southern Oscillation (SO) with associated indices. Two approaches can be used to predict the indices: forward and backward methods. The forward method is commonly used to predict the index fluctuation at time t with a given temporal increment . Using this method, it was found that the index (such as for NAO) has the Brownian fluctuations. On the basis of the first passage time (FPT) concept, the backward method is introduced in this study to predict the typical time span () needed to generate a fluctuation in the index of a given increment . After the five monthly indices (AO, AAO, NAO, PNA, and SO) run through the past history, the FPT density functions are obtained. FPT presents a new way to detect the temporal variability of the climate indices. The basic features for the index prediction are also discussed.
Correlation of laser-induced damage performance to crystal growth conditions in KDP and DKDP crystals

We reveal key factors determining laser-induced damage resistance in KDP/DKDP by measuring the damage initiation events per unit volume as a function of the laser fluence in regions of crystals grown with varied growth parameters.
Imaging Chest Trauma

Trauma is the third leading cause of death in the USA and the leading cause of death for those under 40 years of age. Approximately 25% of trauma deaths result from thoracic injuries. In the USA each year, more than 300,000 patients are hospitalized and more than 25,000 die as a consequence of chest trauma [1, 2, 3]. Blunt trauma accounts for 90% of chest trauma and the most common causes of blunt trauma are motor-vehicle collisions and falls [4, 5].