cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I hate my voice : Coming to terms with minor bodily stigmas

This article presents a narrative, autoethnographic, theoretical account of the public and private negotiation of minor bodily stigmas, which are mild physical imperfections that make us fear we stand out and might be rejected. To examine the situated complexity of stigmatized identity, the author tells a story that shows concrete interactional details of an episode in which minor bodily stigmas evolved into a significant topic of conversation between strangers. His personal narrative explores the felt experience of minor bodily stigmas from the perspective of the experiencing and interacting holder. Thus, his work problematizes Erving Goffman's sociological approach to stigmas, which examines inclusively all forms of stigmas from a distanced observational stance of beholder that privileges the outsider perspective of how others see us. Using minor bodily stigmas as a heuristic category, the author emphasizes how they are experienced as a double bind in interaction (to notice or not to notice) and a double bind in personal feelings (of moral character as well as physical appearance). He seeks to connect theoretical and categorical understandings of minor bodily stigmas to their concrete felt experience in day-to-day life in order to examine possibilities for resisting and reframing stigmas in everyday life.
Characteristics of acquired firms: the case of the banking industry

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is twofold: to determine firm characteristics that explain mergers in the banking industry and to predict the likelihood of a merger.Design/methodology/approach – A logit model is used to estimate coefficients. The paper also tests the effect of the Financial Services Modernization Act on market structure and uses a national sample from 1997 to 2003.Findings – Results indicate that profitability (PROF), size (SIZE), asset management (ASSETMGT), and solvency (SOLV) are factors in explaining mergers in the full sample model. Poor ASSETMGT, large target banks, low PROF, and solvent banks represent merged firms in the full sample model. The results also indicate that loan activity is not a factor in explaining mergers. It appears that banks merged before the Financial Services Modernization Act (Pre‐1999 Merger Model) are characterized by poor ASSETMGT, and are solvent. In contrast, the only factor explaining mergers after the Financial Services Modernization Act (Post‐1999 ...
Bias analysis of maximum likelihood target location estimator

This paper investigates the bias of the maximum likelihood target location estimate resulting from the Gaussian data measurement noise and sensor position errors. The bias components from them are interrelated, except when they are independent and identically distributed. The bias behaviors of time of arrival, time difference of arrival, and angle of arrival positionings are contrasted, and geometric conditions under which the location bias becomes zero are elaborated.We illustrate the developed results for bias compensation in improving the performance of target tracking.
Evaluation of a mixed-phase column packing for the GC determination of fumigant residues in grains.

A 1.8 m mixed-phase column of 20% OV-225∶20% OV-17 (2∶1) separates the residues of seven grain fumigants and interchanges their elution order from that of 20% OV-101 or 20% OV-17 single-phase columns. A working solvent of isooctane in which fumigant residues are stable, chromatographs in front of the analytes on the mixed column. These combined characteristics make the mixed column suitable for the determination of fumigant residues of stored grains.
Substitution on the A-ring confers to bryopyran analogues the unique biological activity characteristic of bryostatins and distinct from that of the phorbol esters.

A close structural analogue of bryostatin 1, which differs from bryostatin 1 only by the absence of the C30 carbomethoxy group (on the C13 enoate of the B-ring), has been prepared by total synthesis. Biological assays reveal a crucial role for substitution in the bryostatin 1 A-ring in conferring those responses which are characteristic of bryostatin 1 and distinct from those observed with PMA.
A cascaded micro preconcentration approach for extraction of volatile organic compounds in water

This paper reports a novel method for extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from aqueous matrix using MEMS technology. The method consists of connecting two microfabricated chips in a tandem configuration. The first chip is comprised of 7mm×7mm×0.24mm etched cavity inside 12mm square chip and is mainly used for storing aqueous sample while the second one has an array of parabolic reflectors inside its 7mm×7mm×0.24mm cavity. The parabolic reflectors are coated with an adsorbent material for capturing VOCs introduced by passing an inert gas through the former stage. The concept presented herein, is to minimize the contact between aqueous sample and the adsorbent bed. Direct injection of aqueous sample into the GC system causes problems such as flashback in the injector liner, saturation and degradation of column stationary phase and may even result in extinguishing flame ionization detector (FID). This approach eliminates abovementioned problems and can be used to develop an inexpensive handheld water sensor.
A Rule of Thumb in Mammalian Herbivores

In two experiments on appetitive learning we conditioned lambs, Ovis aries, to particular concentrations of a flavour by mixing the flavour with an energy-rich food that complemented their energy-poor diet. The lambs were subsequently offered energy-rich food with five different concentrations of the flavour (the concentration to which they were conditioned, two higher concentrations, and two lower concentrations). At these tests, the lambs consistently preferred the weaker flavours. This finding stands in contrast to earlier results on generalization gradients. In a third experiment, similarly designed to the other two, we tested for effects of a strong flavour on the behaviour of lambs when they were offered a novel nutritious food. Half of the lambs were offered unadulterated wheat, and the others strongly flavoured wheat. We found that the flavour in itself was initially aversive. We propose that the lambs’ avoidance of foods with strong flavours may be an expression of a rule of thumb of the type ‘given a choice, avoid food with strong flavours’. Such a rule could be part of a risk-averse foraging strategy displayed by mammalian herbivores, and which could be of particular importance when they encounter unfamiliar foods.
Forestry policy and charcoal production in Senegal

Abstract This paper examines the historical, social and political-economic dynamics of environmental policy implementation in Senegal's charcoal market. It explores the relationship between urban demand for charcoal and its rural environmental consequences. It focuses on the ways in which the social and political-economic relations within the market and between the market and state shape production, exchange, regulation, and ultimately the social and ecological consequences of charcoal production and use. The article begins by characterizing the patterns of woodfuel supply and use in Senegal and by recounting the historical perception and response to environmental problems associated with the woodfuel trade. It describes the social and economic organization of production and exchange, followed by an analysis of policy implementation. It also shows that where social relations dominate production and exchange, environmental policy making and implementation will be an iterative process. Sustainable resource management is not implemented once and for ever, but will come and go.
Surface selective modification of poly(vinyl chloride) film with lithiated α,ω-diaminopoly(alkene oxide)s

Abstract Procedures that lead to surface selective modification of preformed poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films are detailed. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscoy (X.p.s.), ultra-violet (u.v.)—visible spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, we followed the changes induced in PVC films by dehydrochlorination with lithiated α,ω-diaminopoly(alkene oxide)s. By controlling the temperature of the reaction, we could control the depth and extent of reaction. After about 20–30 min at −78°C, −42°C or 0°C, the depth of the polyunsaturated layer was about 60 A, 500 A or 2000 A (1 A = 0.1 nm), respectively, as estimated by u.v.—visible analysis. Further modification at that point occurred at a slower rate. X.p.s. analysis of the changes in the Cl2p and C1s signals indicated that about 60% of the vinyl chloride subunits had been consumed by the lithiated amide base in 1 h at −78°C. Subsequent modifications of the unsaturated surfaces produced by dehydrochlorination are also described. Nucleophilic substitution led to surfaces grafted by poly(alkene oxide)s or poly(ethylene imine)s. Hydroboration—oxidation or hydroboration—grafting led to surfaces containing hydroxy groups or poly(methyl methacrylate) grafts.
The Pitman Canyon paleoseismic record: A re-evaluation of southern San Andreas Fault segmentation

Abstract Correlation of three well-resolved paleoseismic records, including the Pitman Canyon site with its emerging record, presents a new possibility to understand fault segmentation. To be a useful concept, fault segment boundaries must be relatively stationary over multiple seismic cycles and must appear frequently in limiting the rupture extent of earthquakes; thus, sites on the same segment should share more paleoseismic events than those on different segments. A conclusive event correlation between sites is difficult or impossible due to dating uncertainties. However, often the data are adequate to preclude correlation and thus provide firm limits on rupture extent for those events. Thus clear non-correlations provide more information about segmentation than do unprovable potential correlations. The southern end of the most recent rupture in 1857, between Wrightwood and Pitman Canyon, is often used to define a segment boundary. However, there is an absence of significant non-correlation between the previous five Pitman Canyon events and the Wrightwood events. While both Pallett Creek and Wrightwood ruptured in 1857, only two of the previous five Wrightwood events can correlate with Pallett Creek events, which may or may not indicate that they actually do. These paleoseismic records do not support the existence of a segment boundary between Wrightwood and Pitman Canyon as defined by the 1857 rupture extent, suggesting a reevaluation of southern San Andreas Fault segmentation, and using historic ruptures to define segments in general.
Anterior forebrain pathway is needed for stable song expression in adult male white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)

The anterior forebrain pathway of the avian song system is involved in juvenile song learning, but its function in adult song behavior is not known. This report uses lesions to study the role of a particular forebrain nucleus, IMAN, in the seasonal regeneration of song in adult white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha). White-crowned sparrows, even when acoustically isolated as juveniles, crystallize a single song which they maintain throughout adulthood. The lateral portion of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (1MAN) was lesioned bilaterally in adult males maintained on short days (8 h of light). Daylength was increased to 16 h following the surgeries, and all birds were recorded in the post-lesion singing season. Lesioned birds showed a large decrease in song note frequency following the lesions, significantly larger than did intact, age-matched controls. Further changes were seen in the post-lesion songs of seven of 11 successfully lesioned males. These changes included variability in song pattern, loss of frequency control and addition of new notes, some of which had been practiced during juvenile song development. These changes seemed especially large in birds that had either been acoustically isolated or had not fully copied a tape-tutor song during juvenile song development. These results are the first to indicate that the motor memories for song elements that had been practiced and discarded early in life are retained, and they suggest that 1MAN affects seasonal song expression by selectively reinforcing a particular song pattern.
Targeted sequencing of the human X chromosome exome.

Abstract We used a RainDance Technologies (RDT) expanded content library to enrich the human X chromosome exome (2.5 Mb) from 26 male samples followed by Illumina sequencing. Our multiplex primer library covered 98.05% of the human X chromosome exome in a single tube with 11,845 different PCR amplicons. Illumina sequencing of 24 male samples showed coverage for 97% of the targeted sequences. Sequence from 2 HapMap samples confirmed missing data rates of 2–3% at sites successfully typed by the HapMap project, with an accuracy of at least ~ 99.5% as compared to reported HapMap genotypes. Our demonstration that a RDT expanded content library can efficiently enrich and enable the routine sequencing of the human X chromosome exome suggests a wide variety of potential research and clinical applications for this platform.
Sliding Phases in XY Models, Crystals, and Cationic Lipid-DNA Complexes

We predict the existence of a new class of phases in weakly coupled, three-dimensional stacks of two-dimensional (2D) $\mathrm{XY}$ models. These ``sliding phases'' behave like decoupled, independent 2D $\mathrm{XY}$ models with zero free-energy cost for macroscopic relative rotation of spins in different layers and algebraic decay of two-point spin correlation functions with in-plane separation. Our results, which contradict past studies because we include higher-gradient couplings between layers, also apply to crystals and may explain recently observed behavior in cationic lipid-DNA complexes.
Scattering of P-polarized evanescent waves by a spherical dielectric particle

The scattering of plane waves by dielectric particles is an age-old problem for which a complete solution was given by Gustav Mie (1908). Mie's solution to the plane-wave case was later extended to the evanescent case in order to achieve resolutions beyond the Rayleigh limit. Solutions exist based on the multipole expansion method and group-theory method. Present work suggests an alternative solution to the scattering of evanescent waves by a spherical dielectric particle, by obtaining the scattering coefficients from Debye's potentials as solved by Born and Wolf in the plane-wave case.
Effective Social Work Practice with Korean Immigrant Families

ABSTRACT This study converts recent social science empirical studies on the new Korean immigraet family into practical tools that can be utilized by social workers and other human service professionals. The method utilized in this study is based on the knowledge retrieval/synthesis, conversion/design approach. Among a variety of recent research findings on Korean immigrants, studies on marital adjustments and parent-child relationships are examined. A series of consensus generalizations are formulated and application guidelines for social work practice are presented for social workers who work extensively with Korean immigrants and their families.
Nature of a Hemicellulose extracted from Cellulose with Water

DURING the course of investigations leading te the development in this laboratory of the phenol–sulphuric acid procedure for the quantitative determination of sugars1, small amounts of water-soluble carbohydrate impurities were detected in the paper (Whatman No. 1) used for separating mixtures of sugars.
Unusual cell form ofBacterium anitratum produced by sulfonamides

Neben bereits beschriebenen fusiformen Filamenten und Spheroplasten-ahnlichen Formen entstanden unter dem Einfluss der Sulfonamidpraparate (Sulfathiazol, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfameth-oxypyridazine, Gantrisin, Elkosin) aus den stabchenformigen Zellen desBacterium anitratum, auch andere aberrante Zellformen, wie plektridiumformige, triangulare und verzweigte Filamente.
Configurable integrated monitoring system for mobile devices

Recently, we have seen a dramatic increase in the adoption of smartphones. While these new computing interfaces have begun to supplant much of our daily computing needs, individuals use mobile phones in a different manner than traditional computing systems. A better understanding of how these devices are used, and how common usage patterns impact system performance, can provide insights which lead to improvements in system and application design. Traditional system monitoring methods can be ported to mobile devices, but smartphones present some unique challenges, such as limited battery power and computing resources. They also provide some unique opportunities, particularly the ability to capture contextual data. Smartphones include a wide range of sensors which can be used to provide insights about the context of the activities being monitored. The need for monitoring on mobile devices is not limited to performance modeling, however. Smartphones can benefit from real-time monitoring which can be used to facilitate context-aware applications. In this thesis, we introduce a configurable integrated monitoring solution for mobile devices. This service integrates traditional system performance monitoring with user activity monitoring and sensor data to provide a comprehensive monitoring solution. The monitoring service can be configured to the user's needs, allowing users to generate data for offline analysis or receive real-time updates to be utilized by applications. The monitoring service also allows clients to receive notification of custom defined events, which can simplify context-aware development. This monitoring toolset is designed to efficiently integrate monitoring activities to reduce the impact on smartphones' limited resources.
Uvulectomy: A Common Ethnosurgical Procedure in Africa

The partial or complete removal of the uvula is a procedure considered almost obsolete by cosmopolitan physicians. Antibiotic therapy is now accepted as the treatment of choice for most enlarged, infected uvulae, and modern medical evaluation is considered essential to rule out the possibility of life-threatening conditions such as tuberculosis or cancer as the underlying cause of symptoms. However, traditional African practitioners continue to perform uvulectomies at the request of their patients and to claim safe alleviation of symptoms, despite severe complications noted by physicians. I postulate that uvulectomy, a procedure recognized by Africans to be therapeutic rather than religious, may have been beneficial when modern health services were unavailable and may have been the treatment of choice in pre-antibiotic days.
Wasserstoffionconcentration und Fermentgehalt im Duodenalsaft.

Zusammenfassung. Durch eine fractionierte Aufheberung des Duodenalsafts wurde folgendes festgestellt. Die PH-werte der einzelnen Proben schwanken innerhalb weiten Grenzen von PH 8.5 bis > 1.0, kleinere Schwankungen sind haufiger. Die grossten Schwankungen werden durch das Einstromen des sauren Magensafts ins Duodenum, die die neutrale oder leicht alkalische Reaktion in eine stark saure andert, hervorgerufen. In Fallen von Achylia gastrica sind die Schwankungen der PH-Werte viel kleiner um etw. 1.5 PH. In einem Falle starker Hyperaziditat wurde in allen Proben konstant sehr niedrige PH-Werte gefunden. Die Lipasemenge der einzelnen Proben ist eine sehr variierende, und schwankt im grossen und ganzen mit den PH-Werten parallel. Bei PH-Werten bis 4.5-5.0 findet man konstant eine sehr geringe Lipasewirkung, bei Werten von PH 6.5–8.5 ist die lipolytische Kraft des Duodenalsafts am starksten, aber in den einzelnen Proben eine sehr schwankende, auch bei ungefahr derselben Reaktion. Die Diastase und das Trypsin folgen im allgemeinen die fur die Lipase aufgestellten Regeln, doch findet man auch bei relativ stark saurer Reaktion eine wenn auch nicht grosse Trypsinwirkung. Es scheint als ob die Salzsaure die Lipase direkt zerstort. In einem Falle pancreatogener Fettdiarrhoe wurde in allen den aufgeheberten Proben innerhalb c. 2 1/2 Stunden konstant eine sehr geringe Lipasemenge bei einem hohen und stetig steigenden PH-Wert gefunden, was als pathologisch angesehen werden muss.
An Empirically Generated Typology of Men Who Batter

Abstract The goal of this research was to determine whether profiles of men who batter their female intimate partners differ significantly according to their attachment style, violent and nonviolent conflict resolution tactics, psychopathology, jealousy, and alcoholism. The sample consisted of 201 men enrolled in domestic violence programs. The design was a self-report survey consisting of the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ); Conflict Tactic Scales, Revised (CTS2); Basic Personality Inventory (BPI); Multidimensional Jealousy Scale (MJS); and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Cluster analysis was used to classify subjects based on the similarity of their behavioral and personality profiles. Post-hoc analyses were computed to assess significant differences in terms of cluster-determining as well as demographic variables. Cluster analysis yielded five discernable clusters: pathological, sexually violent, generally violent, psychologically violent, and family-only. Comparisons to previously i...
An extinction cue reduces spontaneous recovery of ataxic ethanol tolerance in rats

Ethanol ataxia experiments with rats investigated cue effects on conditioned tolerance. Spontaneous recovery (SR) was assessed 1 day and 18 days after extinction with conditioned stimuli (CSs) paired or unpaired with an ethanol unconditioned stimulus (US). Behavioral tolerance was assessed by not tilting the apparatus during conditioning. Non-associative processes were assessed post-conditioning with or without a buzzer cue. Bouton’s (1993, Psychol Bull 114:80–99) memory theory was tested using an extinction cue and an associatively neutral cue presented during SR testing. Tolerance was conditioned to a room + strobelight CS by ethanol injections experienced on a tilting floor (standard conditioning). Controls received no ethanol or ethanol, either during the CS without the floor tilting or 11 h post-CS. SR testing occurred 1 day or 18 days after extinction (experiment 1). Conditioning was followed by tolerance and CR tests either with or without a 15-s buzzer cue (experiment 2). In extinction, the CS and cue occurred without ethanol; the cue occurred before 7% or none of the extinction trials. Testing occurred 18 days after extinction with or without that cue (experiment 3), or with an equally familiar (“neutral‘’) cue presented before conditioning (experiment 4). Tolerance developed without floor tilting. CS–US unpairings prevented tolerance. Tolerance SR occurred 18 days but not 1 day after extinction only after CS–US pairings (experiment 1). Post-conditioning tests showed no unconditioned effects of the cue (experiment 2). Testing with no cue 1 day after extinction with the cue resulted in no tolerance increase. The extinction cue reduced SR (experiments 3 and 4); the neutral cue did not (experiment 4). Cues correlated with extinction reduce SR. Non-associative and practice processes, Bouton’s (1993, Psychol Bull 114:80–99) memory theory, alternative interpretations, and clinical implications are discussed.
NOAA budget would boost satellite funding but cut some key areas

The White House's proposed fiscal year (FY) 2013 budget for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), announced on 13 February, looks favorable at first glance. The administration's request calls for $5.1 billion, an increase of $153 million (3.1%) above the FY 2012 estimated budget. However, the increase for NOAA satellites is $163 million, which means that other areas within the agency would be slated for decreased funding, including programs within the National Ocean Service (NOS), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Weather Service (NWS), and some NOAA education programs. The proposed overall budget for the agency “reflects the overarching importance of weather satellites to public safety, to national security, and to the economy,” NOAA director Jane Lubchenco said at a 16 February briefing, noting that difficult choices were made regarding the budget. “Due to significant resources required for our weather satellites and the economic conditions in the country, other parts of our budget have been reduced, in some cases quite significantly,” she said. She added that the imperative to fund both the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) and geostationary satellites in FY 2013 “imposes serious constraints on the rest of NOAA's budget.”
Inhibitory Effect of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on Myometrial Contractility Is Diminished at Parturition

The uterus is innervated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive neurons, and CGRP inhibits spontaneous and evoked contractions in the uterus and fallopian tubes. In the present study using isometric force measurements on myometrial strips, we determined that CGRP inhibition of acetylcholine-induced contractions was drastically reduced at parturition compared with earlier stages of pregnancy in mice. The levels of inhibition exerted by CGRP paralleled the expression of a novel protein recently implicated in CGRP receptor activation, the CGRP-receptor component protein (CGRP-RCP). The mouse CGRP-RCP complementary DNA was isolated from uterus, and expression of the CGRP-RCP was monitored during gestation by Northern and Western blot analysis. Although CGRP-RCP messenger RNA levels did not vary significantly during gestation and postpartum, CGRP-RCP protein was greatly diminished at parturition. This diminution correlated with the loss of CGRP inhibition of acetylcholine-induced contractions...
Robust decentralized detection by asymptotically many sensors

Abstract We consider a decentralized hypothesis testing structure with asymptotically many sensors, each collecting a single datum. The sensors deploy robust test functions that are designed for outlier classes of hypotheses. The sensor outputs are transmitted to the fusion center for the global decision. In this paper, we concentrate on sensor-level decision making, and study the asymptotic performance of the decentralized detection scheme described above. In particular, we utilize the asymptotic relative efficiency performance measure, defined as the ratio of the number of sensors needed by the decentralized structure over the number of data needed by the centralized one to attain the same performance level. Our results indicate the superiority and the necessity of using robust statistical techniques.
Conversion of labeled hydrocarbons: VI. n-[1-14C-] and n-[4-14C-] heptane over PtSn- and PtReAl2O3 catalysts☆

The 14C distribution in toluene from the aromatization of n-[1-14C-] and n-[4-14C-] heptane over both PtSn- and PtReAl2O3 catalysts was that expected for a direct 1,6-ring closure. The results using the bimetallic catalysts were in excellent agreement with results previously reported for a metal oxide catalyst (chromia) and a metal catalyst (Pt) suggesting that dehydrocyclization follows a similar mechanism over all three catalyst systems.
Induction of potent cellular immune response in mice by hepatitis C virus NS3 protein with double‐stranded RNA

Double-stranded RNA is produced during virus replication and, together with the viral antigen, is responsible for inducing host antivirus immunity. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein-3 (NS3) has been implicated in the immune evasion of HCV, and is one of the prime targets for inducing immunity against HCV infection. Mice were immunized with recombinant NS3 protein (rNS3) and poly (I:C) emulsified in Montanide ISA 720 (M720). Cytokine production was assayed by enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and CD4(+) IFN-gamma(+) T helper (Th) cells or CD8(+) IFN-gamma(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry. Anti-NS3 titre and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG1 levels were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Administration of rNS3 formulated in poly (I:C) and M720 induced anti-NS3 titres with a predominantly IgG2a isotype comparable to those induced by rNS3 in CpG-ODN and M720. The cytokine profiles showed that this formulation induced a Th1-biased immune response with several-fold more interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing cells than interleukin-4-producing cells. In contrast, rNS3 in M720 induced a Th2-biased immune response. The frequency of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells induced by rNS3 in poly (I:C) and M720 was significantly higher than that induced by rNS3, rNS3 in M720, or rNS3 in poly (I:C), and was comparable to that induced by rNS3 in CpG-ODN with M720. The antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune response persisted for up to 7 months after immunization. In conclusion, poly (I:C) with rNS3 in M720 can elicit a strong and persistent Th1-biased immune response and a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response through cross-priming in mice. This study highlighted a promising formulation for inducing an efficient cellular immune response against HCV that has potential for HCV vaccine development.
Fine tuning the radiometrically derived geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) for 0–10 Ma

New 40Ar/39Ar step-heating ages for geomagnetic field reversals at 3.2 and 4.5 Ma, along with previous data at ∼1, 2, 10 and 16 Ma, are used to derive a geomagnetic polarity time scale for 0–10 Ma. These ages for chron boundaries are fitted to the relative widths of the polarity intervals on the ocean floor, using a cubic spline technique. The interpolated ages of chrons for 0–6 Ma are in good agreement with the astronomical time scale and differ considerably from earlier attempts, based, in part, on K-Ar dates. Significant differences between the interpolated ages and the astronomical time scale are noted for the onset of the Olduvai and Reunion (sub)chrons; there is better agreement if 40Ar/39Ar data obtained from direct dating of these chrons is utilized. This time scale is estimated to be accurate to ±1% for 0–6 Ma; for 6–10 Ma, the lack of a tie-point limits the accuracy to about ±2%.
Age Group Differences in the Use of Breast Cancer Screening Tests The Effects of Health Care Utilization and Socioeconomic Variables

The age-related decline in the use of breast cancer screening tests, specifically periodic mammography and physical breast examinations by a doctor, is especially problematic given that breast cancer risk increases with age. Survey data (N = 3,507) from the Awareness of Breast Cancer Project are used to compare the effects of socioeconomic variables and usual health care use variables on recent use of breast cancer screening tests in women 50 to 75 years of age on Long Island, New York. Having annual checkups and seeing an obstetrician/gynecologist for routine health care are the best predictors of recent mammography and breast physical exams for all women. Income level and education are not independent predictors of recent screening for women over 65. The implications of the effect of primary care practioners on periodic breast cancer screening in older women are discussed.
Influence of Visual Projection on Young Children′s Depictions of Object Proportions

Abstract Can young children use the lengths of lines on a page to show the orientations of object surfaces? In two experiments, 5- and 6- and 7- and 8-year-olds drew models composed of upright cards: a square facing the child′s vantage point was hinged to a second card of the same height. The second card′s width was equal to or half the width of the square. In Experiment 1, the second card was in the same plane as the facing square, or receding by 45°. Depicted width was examined by measudeg the lengths of lines showing horizontal card edges. For both age groups ( N = 63) the equal-width card was drawn as significantly narrower (relative to the facing square) when it was receding than when it was not receding. Depicted widths of the half-width card did not change with orientation. In Experiment 2, the second card receded by 45° or 75°. For both age groups ( N = 62), the equal-width and the half-width cards were drawn as narrower when they receded by 75° than when they receded by 45°. However, 5- and 6-year-olds used larger widths than 7- and 8-year-olds. Findings from both experiments suggest that 5- and 6-year-olds are more reluctant to depart from the actual object proportions, but children in both age groups can foreshorten line lengths to indicate surfaces receding from a vantage-point.
Congenital anomalies of the male urethra

The spectrum of congenital anomalies of the male urethra is presented. The embryologic basis of each anomaly, when known, is discussed. Clinical and imaging features of each entity are presented.
Diurnal temperature sensitivity of dairy cattle in a naturally cycling environment

Abstract 1. 1.|Vaginal temperatures of 15 Bos taurus cattle were monitored for 17 days in daily pens exposed to normal environmental fluctuations. 2. 2.|Regressions of vaginal temperature on ambient temperature were made for each collection time in the 24 h cycle. Slopes of regressions provided an index of animal sensitivity to environmental temperature. 3. 3.|Fluctuations in sensitivity occurred throughout the day with positive slopes excepts at 0630 h.
Large-scale initiated chemical vapor deposition of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) thin films

The initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was scaled up using dimensionless analysis. In the first stage, PGMA was deposited onto a large stationary substrate and a deposition rate as high as 85 nm/min was achieved. It was found that the deposition rate increases with increasing filament temperature, whereas the deposition rate and the number-average molecular weight decrease with increasing substrate temperature. In the second stage, PGMA was deposited onto a moving substrate. At speeds between 20 mm/min and 60 mm/min, the deposition rate on the moving substrate was found to be equal to the deposition rate on the stationary substrate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the epoxide functionality of the PGMA films was retained during the iCVD process. Since the iCVD polymerization of different vinyl monomers all use similar parameters, this scale up can be applied to the scale up of other vinyl monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and perfluoroalkyl ethyl methacrylate.
Modification of visual response properties in the superior colliculus of the golden hamster following stroboscopic rearing

1. Visual response properties of superior collicular neurones were investigated in golden hamsters reared from birth to adulthood in a stroboscopic environment. 2. In comparison to normally reared animals, there was a marked decrease in the incidence of directionally selective cells in the colliculus of the strobe-reared hamsters. This effect was apparent when directional selectivity was determined by either the null criterion or a statistical measure. The reduction in directionally selective cells was found in both superficial and the deep layers of the colliculus. 3. Neurones in strobe-reared hamsters also exhibited a different speed preference distribution from that obtained for normal animals, in that more cells in the restricted hamsters responded only to slow velocities, and less were broadly tuned with regard to the speed of moving stimuli. 4. In addition to the effects obtained in dynamic response properties, there were also changes in the static response properties of superior collicular neurones. These were an increase in the proportion of cells whose responses were not affected by changing the size of a stationary flashed stimulus, and a concomitant decrease in the number of cells demonstrating either partial or complete suppression when the size of a flashed stimulus exceeded the boundaries of the receptive field activating region. Furthermore, while all cells which responded to stationary stimuli in normal animals yielded only phasic responses to stimulus onset and/or offset, in the strobe-reared hamsters eight cells were encountered which responded in a sustained fashion to stationary spots. 5. There was no indication of an increased responsivity in the restricted animals to strobe stimulation, even when a strobe rate identical to that employed in the rearing environment was employed. 6. The results were interpreted as indicating a disruption of normal visual functional organization in the hamster's superior colliculus by an aberrant visual input during development.
Azimuth-dependent statistics for interpolating geodetic data

Most authors using statistical interpolation techniques on geodetic data have assumed isotropy for the undulation autocorrelation. Tests of actual data,414 deflections of the vertical, indicate this assumption is not valid. The results of interpolation, however, are not very sensitive to the parameters in the covariance function. A special limiting case for which statistical interpolation degenerates into a completely deterministic process is given in the spherical domain. In this case the covariance function has absolutely no effect on the results, so that the covariance of the output of a prediction need not be that assumed for the interpolation. This provides a self-correcting process whereby the information in the data corrects for a poor choice of covariance function. Estimates of the precision of the interpolation, on the other hand, are very sensitive to the covariance function, particularly to the modeling of azimuth dependence. A simple procedure for generalizing isotropic functions to azimuth dependence is given, which provides sufficiently accurate estimates of precision. The advisability of trend removal is illustrated by some numerical examples.
Homogeneous CO hydrogenation: dihydrogen activation involves a frustrated Lewis pair instead of a platinum complex.

During a search for conditions appropriate for Pt-catalyzed CO reduction using dihydrogen directly, metal-free conditions were discovered instead. A bulky, strong phosphazene base forms a “frustrated” Lewis pair (FLP) with a trialkylborane in the secondary coordination sphere of a rhenium carbonyl. Treatment of the FLP with dihydrogen cleanly affords multiple hydride transfers and C−C bond formation.
Phosphorous Digestibility and Activity of Intestinal Phytase in Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus

Experiments were conducted to determine the degree to which phytate-bound phosphorus from plant protein sources could be used by hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus). Utilizing an inert marker technique with chromic oxide, hybrid tilapia in our study were effective at utilizing both inorganic and phytate phosphorus as evidenced by average apparent digestibility values of 93.2% and 90.0% for total and phytate phosphorus, respectively. Analysis of the intestinal brush border membrane of the tilapia revealed enzyme activity that was capable of hydrolyzing phytic acid. The presence of phytic acid hydro-lyzing enzyme activity in the intestinal brush border provides a probable mechanism by which these hybrid tilapia are able to utilize phytate phosphorus effectively.
Teaching in the zone of proximal development: Implications for responsive teaching practice

This article draws upon current conceptual and empirical understanding of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development in suggesting implications for early childhood teaching within the zone of proximal development (or responsive teaching). Discussion centers on the following key Vygotskian ideas: teaching-learning as a profoundly social process that enables children to exceed the reaches of their current developmental level; intersubjectivity or shared understanding as a basis for collaborative activity; and activity settings as social contexts for dynamic teaching and assessment. Examples of responsive teaching practice in early childhood classrooms are provided.
Effect of mutual coupling in adaptive arrays

In this paper, the effect of mutual coupling on adaptive array antenna is investigated. Through an example of a two-element dipole array, it is shown that the effect of the mutual coupling is detrimental on adaptive array and can not be neglected. A method proposed in the literature to compensate for the effect of mutual coupling is tested and applied successfully. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 270–274, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10579
Misinterpretation of lateral acoustic variations on high-resolution seismic reflection profiles as fault offsets of Holocene bay mud beneath the southern part of San Francisco Bay, California

We collected high-resolution seismic reflection profiles in the southern part of San Francisco Bay in 1992 and 1993 to investigate possible Holocene faulting along postulated transbay bedrock fault zones. The initial analog records show apparent offsets of reflection packages along sharp vertical boundaries. These records were originally interpreted as showing a complex series of faults along closely spaced, sharp vertical boundaries in the upper 10 m (0.013 s two-way travel time) of Holocene bay mud. A subsequent survey in 1994 was run with a different seismic reflection system, which utilized a higher power source. This second system generated records with deeper penetration (max. 20 m, 0.026 s two-way travel time) and demonstrated that the reflections originally interpreted as fault offsets by faulting were actually laterally continuous reflection horizons. The pitfall in the original interpretations was caused by lateral variations in the amplitude brightness of reflection events, coupled with a long (greater than 15 ms) source signature of the low-power system. These effects combined to show apparent offsets of reflection packages along sharp vertical boundaries. These boundaries, as shown by the second system, in fact occur where the reflection amplitude diminishes abruptly on laterally continuous reflection events. This striking lateral variation in reflection amplitude is attributable to the localized presence of biogenic(?) gas.
Spitzer Spectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B[e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We used the Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) to obtain mid-infrared (5-35 μm) spectra of two highly luminous B[e] stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), R126 (HD 37974) and R66 (HD 268835). Both stars display flat spectra with silicate emission features; R66 displays, in addition, spectral evidence of crystalline grains and PAHs. Given the similarity of the IRS spectra of R126 and R66 to those of pre-main-sequence stars, we interpret these spectra as being due to thermal emission from circumstellar dust disks. Comparison with a model of thermal emission from a passive, irradiated dust disk suggests that the disks around R126 and R66 are quite massive, with ~3 × 10-3 M☉ of dust contained between 120 and 2500 AU from the star in the case of R126. Episodic mass ejections and/or debris disks (perhaps surrounding as-yet undetected companion stars) represent potential sources for the thermal dust emission from these and other B[e] hypergiants in the LMC.
Storage and delivery of nitric oxide via diazeniumdiolated metal organic framework

Abstract Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are generally explored for gas adsorption and separation but more recently they have been studied for use in biomedical applications. The present study focuses on the incorporation of a nitric oxide (NO) donor, called a diazeniumdiolate (NONOate), into a new MOF using a one-step post-synthetic method. The MOF, Cu-TDPAT, contains copper nodes linked by 2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (H 6 TDPAT). This MOF adsorbs NO and the TDPAT linker contains secondary amines which react with NO to form a NONOate. The covalently bound NONOate donor group allows for greater control over the NO storage and delivery rate. Over the course of 7 days, the Cu-TDPAT NONOate will yield approximately 175 μmol/g NO by exposure to 85% humidity and 53 μmol/g NO by heating to 37 °C.
Mussel Periostracum from Deep-Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: 3. Secondary Inhabitants

. Vacated microborings in periostracum of live mussels of the Florida Escarpment redox community (depth of 3266 m) become a habitat for a prolific secondary microbiota consisting of a variety of prokaryotic and a few eukaryotic organisms. Periostracum surface is also colonized by diverse microorganisms, dominated by presumed chemolithotrophic bacteria with stacks of intracellular lamellae. Unlike sheltered microflora within borings, the surface community is heavily grazed upon by numerous archaeogastropods and ciliates.
Reverse atom transfer radical graft polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine onto inorganic oxide surfaces

Thin poly(4-vinylpyridine) films terminally anchored onto nonporous inorganic oxide substrates were synthesized by aqueous phase reverse atom transfer radical graft polymerization (ATRGP). Surface initiators were immobilized on the inorganic substrate surface by chemically attaching glycidoxytrimethoxy silane onto the substrates followed by conversion of the glycidoxy silane into azobis silane by a reaction with 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid). Reverse ATRGP of 4-vinylpyridine onto the active surface azo sites was carried out in a 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/water solvent mixture using CuCl2/2,2′-bipyridine as the catalyst-ligand complex with initial monomer concentration [M]0 = 2.32M at 90°C. Controlled radical polymerization was achieved at catalyst to initiator molar ratios of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1, with a catalyst to ligand molar ratio of 1 : 2. Controlled polymerization was indicated by a first-order rate of polymerization kinetics, with respect to monomer conversion at the surface and in solution, the linear increase of the P4VP graft yield with time, and a low polydispersity index (PDI < 1.40). The highest graft yield of 8 mg/m2 was achieved at a 3 : 1 catalyst to initiator molar ratio which corresponded to a number-average molecular weight of 11,500 g/mol, surface density of 0.69 μmol/m2, and a polydispersity index of 1.28. AFM surface analysis of the grafted polymer films, prepared by reverse ATRGP of 4VP, revealed a decrease in the RMS surface roughness (RRMS = 1.04 nm) and feature size (feature diameter = 20–45 nm), relative to uncontrolled free radical graft polymerization (RRMS = 1.42 nm; feature diameter = 60–145 nm), thereby providing an additional indication that a denser and controlled reaction was achieved via reverse ATRGP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Chromatographic detection limits in pharmaceutical method development

Abstract A procedure for the determination of chromatographic method detection limits that incorporates the variabilities associated with sample preparation, measurement, and calculations is described. Theoretical considerations lead to an equation for the calculation of a method detection limit that evaluates the precision of the method near the detection limit and incorporates the number of sample and standard replicates used for a determination. Guidelines for the experimental determination of the method detection limit and for subsequent method procedure limitations were developed from the assumptions employed. This procedure is general and can be applied to chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques. Several examples which demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure for chromatographic methods are given. Method detection limits determined in this way should provide consistency for methods developed for pharmaceutical applications.