cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Maternal Behaviour by Central Infusion of Corticotrophin‐Releasing Hormone in Marmoset Monkeys

Stress can inhibit maternal behaviour and increase rates of child abuse in humans and other animals; however, the neuroendocrine mechanisms are not known. To determine whether corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a role in stress-induced disruption of maternal behaviour in primates, we characterised the effects of acute i.c.v. infusions of CRH on maternal and abusive behaviour in common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). Nulliparous females were implanted with indwelling i.c.v. guide cannulae before conception. Between 18 and 58 days after the birth of her first infants, each female underwent a series of i.c.v. infusions of human CRH (0, 2, 8 and 25 μg) in 8 μl of artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In the 70 min after infusion, marmosets were tested with one of their infants, first in their home cage and, subsequently, in an unfamiliar cage in which the infant was confined in a transparent box on the cage floor. In the home cage, the highest dose of CRH significantly reduced the amount of time that mothers spent carrying their infants, as compared to vehicle alone, although it did not reliably affect aggression toward the infant or other behaviours. In the confined-infant test, the highest dose of CRH significantly reduced the amount of time that mothers spent on the cage floor, increased mothers' vocalisation rates, and tended to reduce their activity levels and time spent in proximity to their infant. Twenty-five micrograms of CRH also elicited significant elevations in plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol concentrations compared to vehicle. These results indicate that i.c.v.-administered CRH reduces maternal behaviour in marmoset mothers, in both familiar and unfamiliar environments, but does not increase infant abuse.
An Experiment in Global Divergent Initialization

Abstract The consequences of using a divergent initialization procedure in a cyclic environment are investigated. The global analysis-forecast system currently operational at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) is used in the investigation. The global analyses in this system are essentially nondivergent. The 6 h forecast divergence produced by the global model is in good synoptic agreement with the analyzed mass field valid at the time of the forecast. Nevertheless, the divergent initialization causes only small changes in both the global analyses and forecasts. The small changes in the forecast have no significant impact on the verification scores and do not tend to accumulate over several analysis-forecast cycles. It is concluded that divergent initialization neither degrades nor improves the performance of the global analysis-forecast System currently operational at NMC.
Phoneme perception in two- and three-year-old children.

20 2- and 3-yr.-old children were given a phoneme perception task in which they were to point to one of two pictures whose labels differed by minimally discriminable phonetic features. Results suggested that picture identification testing can be used successfully to test phoneme perception in Ss as young as 2 yr., that place-of-articulation cues are not difficult for young children to distinguish, and that children's acquisition of expressive phonology must not be wholly dependent on their ability to process phonetic cues from the environment.
Effect of Diaporthe/Phomopsis Species Isolated from Soyabean and Abutilon theophrasti on Soybean Seed Germination

Twelve isolates of Diaporthe/Phomopsis species from soybean (six isolates) and Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) (six isolates) were studied for their pathogenicity to soybean and their effect on soybean seed germination and seedling survival after artificial seed inoculation. The following criteria were taken into consideration: number of germinated and rotten seeds, seedlings with necrosis, germ length and length of necrotic lesion. All tested Diaporthe/Phomopsis isolates caused seeds rot. P. longicolla isolates from soybean plants (PL1 and PL2) and isolates from velvetleaf (AbPL1 and AbPL2) exhibited statistically significant decrease in germ growth. These germs were only 1.0–1.8 cm long. No relation between length of germs and length of necrosis was found. The highest percentage of decayed seedlings was determined in the isolates AbPL1 and 2 as well as in PS 1 and PL 1 20 days after inoculation. Results of our research showed that Diaporthe/Phomopsis species from velvetleaf could be more pathogenic on soybean than isolates of the same species from soybean.
Unknown Multiple Narrow-Band Disturbance Rejection in Hard Disk Drives: An Adaptive Notch Filter and Perfect Disturbance Observer Approach

In this paper, an adaptive control scheme is developed to reject unknown multiple narrow-band disturbances in a hard disk drive. An adaptive notch filter is developed to efficiently estimate the frequencies of the disturbance. Based on the correctly estimated parameters, a disturbance observer with a newly designed multiple band-pass filter is constructed to achieve asymptotic perfect rejection of the disturbance. Evaluation of the control scheme is performed on a benchmark problem for HDD track following.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Binding of Fe 2+ by Mammalian Ferritin

An average of 140 Fe2+ ions bind to mammalian ferritin that has an average core content of 1876 Fe3+ ions per molecule. The Fe2+ ions enter the protein interior and exchange electrons with the core Fe3+ ions. A non-homogeneous model for the iron-containing core of ferritin is proposed.
Institutional Open Access Funds: Now Is the Time

To date, the Berkeley OA fund has ensured that 43 articles are free to be read immediately upon publication and 44 additional articles are now in the pipeline. The full scope of OA publishing during this period was significantly larger, at least by a factor of four. The OA fund allocation will continue to be carefully managed over the coming years. We are tracking our potential liability assuming the OA landscape grows with additional publishers and OA options. The amount predicted as necessary to maintain the fund based on the initial 18-month uptake data is US$45,000. This is less than 1% of the US$6.2 million the library invests in subscribing to closed-access digital journals. We are paying attention in particular to the attempts by the California Digital Library, which negotiates major journal publisher licenses on behalf of the UC campuses, to include terms within the licenses that enable UC authors to take advantage of publishers' hybrid OA options [16]. And it comes with far less of the myriad overhead costs associated with those closed-access subscriptions because that subscription price doesn't tell the full story of the actual cost of maintaining the subscription. Those subscriptions involve staff-intensive license negotiations. Institutions develop and maintain systems architectures in order to ensure that only authorized users have access and respond to challenges from publishers of the content when actual or potential breaches of the licenses are identified (publishers invest hugely in monitoring use of their content in order to ensure the license terms are not breached and are quite willing to contact the institutional subscriber when any untoward activity appears on their logs). They must, in certain instances, maintain the confidentiality of certain clauses in the licenses and increasingly respond to freedom of information, public records act requests related to the investments of public resources in those contracts. The need to experiment is particularly heightened during this economic crisis when investments in subscriptions are increasingly difficult to justify, particularly given the alternate forms of open access to content and decreasing ability for libraries to reliably distinguish OA and non-OA content within the journal. We believe that institutions (and the sub-institutional units that manage collection funds) should be open to exploring alternative funding models for scholarly communication. Institutions should highly value funding models that promote universal access to their research output. And during an economic crisis, these institutions should question the extensive financial and human resource investments required by the subscription model, a model that both excludes non-authorized users and entails large-scale and complex licensing and legal obligations. The time is now for broad-scale adoption of institutional OA funds.
Dental Caries and Tooth Loss in Adolescents With Early‐Onset Periodontitis

The aim of this study was to assess the caries experience and tooth loss over 6 years in subjects with early-onset periodontitis as compared to their matched controls, and to describe the characteristics of teeth lost during this period. A multi-stage probability sample representing 8th to 12th grade U.S. schoolchildren were screened during the 1986/1987 school year to identify subjects with early-onset periodontitis (cases). The examination included measuring the clinical attachment level, presence of caries and dental restorations, and tooth loss. A random sample of controls without earlyonset periodontitis were selected for a follow-up examination and were matched to cases on gender, race, age, and geographic location. A total of 266 subjects, with a mean age of 16 years at baseline, were examined during the 1992/1993 school year and were classified into localized (LJP) and generalized juvenile periodontitis (GJP), incidental attachment loss (IAL), and control groups. Whites had more caries experience ...
Base-promoted synthesis of monometallic and bimetallic platinum complexes containing chelating O,O- or S,S-donor ligands

Abstract Dichloroplatinum complexes [PtCl2L2] (L2 = cod, dppp) react with 1,2-C6H4E2 (E = O, S) in the presence of a base to produce mononuclear complexes. The diene was not readily displaced from [Pt(E2C6H4-EE)(cod)]. A second approach to complexes containing dianionic chelating ligands involved [Pt(acac)2] as precursor. Reaction with dppp and oxalic acid gave [Pt(C2O4)(dppp)], whereas the analogous reaction with Ph2PC CPPh2 produced the bimetallic complex [Pt(C2O4-OO)(μ-Ph2PC CPPh2)]2. Similar reactions with 1,2-C6H4E2 (E = O, S) also gave bimetallic products. The structures of [Pt(C2O4)(dppp)] and [Pt(C2O4-OO)(μ-Ph2PC CPPh2)]2 have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Antecedents and self‐induction of active‐break south Asian monsoon unraveled by satellites

[1] Understanding the origin and perpetuation of the monsoon cycle has eluded scientists for decades. Using a suite of unprecedented satellite measurements, we show that the antecedents of the active/break monsoon emerge in the western equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO). The initiation of a new rainy phase in the western EIO is preceded by in situ surface wind convergence and central EIO warming, both are induced by the subdued condition over the eastern EIO set up in the previous cycle. Thus, a self-induction mechanism appears to be operating in maintenance of the Indian monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. The finding here offers a focus for prediction of the active/break Indian monsoon with potential predictability about four weeks in advance.
Stress hormones suggest opposite trends of food availability for planktivorous and piscivorous seabirds in 2 years

Apex predators can provide valuable information about effects of climate variability on trophodynamics in the Bering Sea. We used corticosterone (the primary avian stress hormone, ‘‘CORT’’) as a proxy of changes in prey availability for planktivorous and piscivorous seabirds. CORT secretion reflects energy balance in breeding individuals and can be used to monitor changes in the marine environment that alter food availability. We tested whether CORT in planktivorous least auklets (Aethia pusilla) and piscivorous thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) on two Pribilof Islands differed spatially or temporally in 2003 and 2004. During June–September of each year, we sampled birds breeding on St. Paul and St. George Islands. We found that seasonal dynamics of CORT varied between years. Although the seasonal dynamics were similar between islands in a year, in 2004 there were inter-island differences in CORT levels for both species. In 2003, CORT in murres was low throughout the season, suggesting that their prey availability (primarily forage fishes) was consistently good. In 2004, CORT levels suggested that overall food availability was poor for murres and declined as the season progressed. For auklets, inter-annual variability was associated with contrasting intra-seasonal patterns in the availability of zooplankton prey (primarily Neocalanus spp.). In 2003, high early-season (June) CORT indicated that auklets were food-limited, but CORT decreased in July, suggesting that the availability of zooplankton improved as the season progressed. In 2004, CORT was low early in the season (June), but an abrupt increase late in the season (July) suggests that food became scarce. Our data indicate that environmental differences between 2003 and 2004 affected prey availability for planktivorous and piscivorous alcids in opposite ways. These results suggest that in the shelf regions of the Bering Sea, the populations of apex predators feeding on zooplankton may be affected by environmental fluctuations differently than those feeding on forage fish.
Benchmark, sample & measure

The routine I will describe was started as a PL/I routine written by Mr. Gib Scranton, at ISU, for a graduate course. The routine used much core (70-80k), and that is a commodity that is quite scarce in any installation. A second iteration was performed in Assembler F by Mr. Dana Zimmerli, an instructor and systems analyst.
The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels

The displacement between the $2s$ and $2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ levels of hydrogen is calculated on the assumption that it is caused by interaction with the radiation field; the calculation is relativistic, but the spin of the electron is neglected. The theory gives a finite result, agreeing closely with the experimental value.
Bacterially mediated diagenetic origin for chert-hosted manganese deposits in the Franciscan Complex, California Coast Ranges

Numerous manganese deposits in the Franciscan Complex, California, occur as conformable lenses within bedded radiolarian chert-argillite sequences that are, in turn, intercalated within thicker sections of sandstone and shale. The field relations, composition, and petro-graphic and isotopic characteristics indicate that the manganese was concentrated by diagenetic reconstitution of siliceous and hemipelagic sediment during burial. The ore lenses are Mn-rich and Fe-poor assemblages consisting largely of rhodochrosite, manganese silicates, opal-CT (disordered cristobalite-tridymite), and quartz. Highly negative δ 13 C values for the carbonate carbon in rhodochrosite indicate that CO 2 likely originated from oxidation of methane; less negative values result from mixing of methanogenic carbon and CO 2 derived from bacterial degradation of organic matter. The δ 18 O values for the carbonate of rhodochrosite indicate temperatures of formation between 12 and 100 °C. The oxidation of methane prior to carbonate precipitation may have used the minor (0.4%–0.5%) Mn and Fe oxyhydroxides and oxides deposited with the sediment. The mobilization of manganese from biogenic and terrigenous sources in the sediment column into discrete horizons and the fractioriation of manganese from iron reflect the presence of oxidation-reduction boundaries and gradients in the sediment column. Fluids derived from compaction and silica-dehydration reactions in the transformation of opal-A (X-ray amorphous biogenic silica) to quartz were involved in transportation of principal components. Sedimentary and geochemical attributes suggest that the deposits formed in a deep-water environment in a zone of oceanic upwelling near a continental margin.
Coupled Pattern Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature and TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Height

Abstract Though thermal effects dominate steric changes in sea level, the long-period contribution of thermal expansion to sea level is uncertain. Nerem et al. found that a global map of sea surface temperature (SST) trends and a corresponding map of TOPEX/Poseidon-derived sea surface height (SSH) trends were strongly correlated. This result is explored with a coupled pattern analysis (CPA) between five years of global SST and SSH, which allows for matching of modes of common temporal variability. The dominant mode found is an annual cycle that accounts for nearly all (95.3%) of the covariance between the fields and has a strong SST/SSH spatial correlation (0.68). The spatial correlation is strong in both the Atlantic (0.80) and the Pacific (0.70). Good temporal and spatial agreement between the SSH and SST fields for the primary seasonal mode suggests that a robust regression between fields may have some physical significance with respect to thermal expansion and that the regression coefficient might be ...
Oxygen transfer to blood flowing in round tubes including Bohr and Haldane effects

Abstract An iterative numerical solution for the coupled oxygen and carbon dioxide convective diffusion problems for blood flow in a large gas permeable tube is given. By comparison with the prior work of Weissman and Mockros, it is shown that the Bohr and Haldane effects are of secondary importance in these problems.
Wireless Sensor Network Energy Use While Tracking Secure Area Intrusions

Understanding energy use in a wireless sensor network is the most important aspect of these cheaply deployed sensor nets. This paper models and calculates the energy consumption of a network, as an intrusion into a secured area is tracked. The network is composed of a randomly distributed array of wireless sensors, which can simulate multiple protocols for relaying detection information. Increasing the number of cluster heads within the sensor distribution area as well as increasing the transmission range of individual nodes, directly reduces energy consumed while tracking an intrusion. However, increasing sensor fidelity increases the energy consumed while tracking an intrusion. The models created to simulate a network, its protocols and data transfers, and a penetrating agent, proved to be an effective toolset to test network conditions and determine energy costs.
France and the Aftermath of Roosevelt's “Quarantine” Speech

On October 5, 1937, in the heart of America's isolationist belt, President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced the dictators and called for a concerted international effort to quarantine the aggressors. His words drew the excited attention of the world and raised high the expectations for an immediate revision of America's neutrality policy. An opportunity was quickly provided Roosevelt to implement his new policy when the signators of the Nine Power Treaty were invited to Brussels to confer over Japan's undeclared war against China. These developments roused the ire of the American isolationists but brought fresh hope to those who believed a policy of resistance would restrain the dictators. For the next several weeks in this year of decision the balance swung away from the appeasers towards the resisters. For a time, because of American participation, the Brussels conference seemed to hold high promise for the success of the latter group. Then, as the United States backed away, the appeasers returned to lead Europe along the road to Munich.
An Efficient Test Pattern Selection Method for Improving Defect Coverage with Reduced Test Data Volume and Test Application Time

Testing using n-detection test sets, in which a fault is detected by n (n > 1) input patterns, is being increasingly advocated to increase defect coverage. However, the data volume for an n-detection test set is often too large, resulting in high testing time and tester memory requirements. Test set selection is necessary to ensure that the most effective patterns are chosen from large test sets in a high-volume production testing environment. Test selection is also useful in a time-constrained wafer-sort environment. The authors use a probabilistic fault model and the theory of output deviations for test set selection - the metric of output deviation is used to rank candidate test patterns without resorting to fault grading. To demonstrate the quality of the selected patterns, experimental results were presented for resistive bridging faults and non-feedback zero-resistance bridging faults in the ISCAS benchmark circuits. Our results show that for the same test length, patterns selected on the basis of output deviations are more effective than patterns selected using several other methods
1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge, California, earthquakes: did the zones with severely damaged buildings reoccur?

Abstract This paper compares the distribution of damage from the San Fernando, 1971, and Northridge, 1994, earthquakes. Both events had similar size, occurred on blind thrust faults beneath the densely populated San Fernando Valley of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, and hence offer a rare opportunity to compare the effects of the two earthquakes. In a previous study of the distribution of red-tagged (‘unsafe’) buildings and of breaks in the water distribution system caused by the Northridge earthquake, the authors discovered that buildings were damaged less where the soil response was not linear (as indicated by the breaks in the water pipes), except in localized areas of very severe shaking (peak ground velocity exceeding 150 cm/s). The study in this paper shows that the same applies to the damage caused by the San Fernando earthquake, and that the areas with severely damaged buildings (so called ‘gray zones’) for both earthquakes overlapped. This reoccurrence of damage within the same area is interpreted to result from some specific properties of local soil and geology. These properties are not fully understood at present, but should be explored to provide a basis for a new tool for forecasting microzonation maps, and reducing future seismic hazard.
CP violation, radiative symmetry-breaking effects, and Higgs-particle and fermion masses

Existence of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation is shown to require a bound on a Higgs-particle mass in several examples. A lower bound which depends on the fermion mass is derived from the one-loop approximation in an Abelian theory. Two SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) examples are studied. The first produces radiative $\mathrm{CP}$ violation by electron and muon loops when a neutral-Higgs-particle mass is bounded by limits determined by electron and muon masses. The $\mathrm{CP}$-violating vacuum phase $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is bounded by $tan\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{2(\frac{{M}_{e}}{{M}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}})}{[1\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{{M}_{e}}{{M}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}})}^{2}]}$. The usual four quarks couple to the two Higgs doublets as in the scheme proposed by Weinberg, and $\mathrm{CP}$ is violated by charged-Higgs-particle exchange. No third Higgs doublet is needed, but the bound on one neutral-Higgs-particle mass is so low that unacceptably large effects arise in thermal neutron-electron scattering. A second scheme with spontaneous $P$ and $\mathrm{CP}$ violation by fermion loops, where heavy leptons and superheavy quarks are included, produces a light neutral-Higgs-particle mass which is estimated to be 300 MeV. Higgs-particle effects are within experimental limits. The vacuum phase angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is bounded by light-to-heavy-fermion mass ratios, $\frac{{M}_{f}}{{M}_{{f}^{\ensuremath{'}}}}$, according to $tan\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{2(\frac{{M}_{f}}{{M}_{{f}^{\ensuremath{'}}}})}{[1\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{{M}_{f}}{{M}_{{f}^{\ensuremath{'}}}})}^{2}]}$.
Violence in the Dutch Patriot Revolution

In the small provincial cities of the eastern Netherlands, the annual election of magistrates and town councilors was perhaps the most important public ritualof the year under the old regime. The elaborate and often solemn ceremony symbolized ancient chartered liberties—even when results of the co-optative elections were a foregone conclusion—and thus served to reinforce the community's sense of corporate identity. In 1786, however, in the midst of astruggle for control of the city, the annual Petrikeur in Deventer got out of hand. The day started out normally enough with the traditional worship service in the Grote Kerk, but after the black-robed members of the town council had passed in procession across the square to the stadhuis, a group of dissident councilors, who called themselves Patriots and were implacably opposed to the influence of the stadhouder in municipal politics, attacked aportrait of Prince William III of Orange, the stadhouder who in 1675 first insinuated himself into the electoral process.
Stably Luminescent Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains for Use in Bioluminescent Imaging

In vivo bioluminescent imaging permits the visualization of bacteria in live animals, allowing researchers to monitor, both temporally and spatially, the progression of infection in each animal. We sought to engineer stably luminescent clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, with the goal of using such strains in mouse models. The gram-positive shuttle vector pMAD was used as the backbone for an integration plasmid. A chloramphenicol resistance gene, a modified lux operon from Photorhabdus luminescens, and approximately 650 bp of homology to the chromosome of the USA300 S. aureus strain NRS384 were added, generating plasmid pRP1195. Electroporation into strain RN4220 followed by temperature shift led to integration of pRP1195 into the chromosome. The integrated plasmid was transferred to clinical strains by phage transduction. Luminescent strains displayed no in vitro growth defects. Moreover, luminescence was stable in vitro after three rounds of subculture over 48 hours of growth in the absence of antibiotics. Mice were infected with a luminescent strain of NRS384 in skin and intravenous models. In a mouse skin model, luminescent bacteria were present in lesions that formed and cleared over the course of several days, and in an intravenous model, bacteria inoculated in the mouse tail vein were observed spreading to multiple tissues. No statistically significant difference in virulence was observed between NRS384 and the luminescent strain in either infection model. These preliminary data suggest that this luminescent USA300 strain is suitable for use in mouse models. Similar strains were engineered using other sequenced clinical strains. Because these strains are stably luminescent, they should prove useful in animal models of infection.
More Than Just An Eyesore: Local Insights And Solutions on Vacant Land And Urban Health

Vacant land is a significant economic problem for many cities, but also may affect the health and safety of residents. In order for community-based solutions to vacant land to be accepted by target populations, community members should be engaged in identifying local health impacts and generating solutions. We conducted 50 in-depth semi-structured interviews with people living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a city with high vacancy, about the impact of vacant land on community and individual health and safety, as well as ideas for solutions to vacant land. Participants described a neighborhood physical environment dominated by decaying abandoned homes and overgrown vacant lots which affected community well-being, physical health, and mental health. Vacant land was thought to affect community well-being by overshadowing positive aspects of the community, contributing to fractures between neighbors, attracting crime, and making residents fearful. Vacant land was described as impacting physical health through injury, the buildup of trash, and attraction of rodents, as well as mental health through anxiety and stigma. Participants had several ideas for solutions to vacant land in their community, including transformation of vacant lots into small park spaces for the elderly and playgrounds for youth, and the use of abandoned homes for subsidized housing and homeless shelters. A few participants took pride in maintaining vacant lots on their block, and others expressed interest in performing maintenance but lacked the resources to do so. Public health researchers and practitioners, and urban planners should engage local residents in the design and implementation of vacant land strategies. Furthermore, municipalities should ensure that the health and safety impact of vacant land helps drive policy decisions around vacant land.
A viable tin-lead solder substitute: Sn-Ag-Cu

Rising concern over the use of lead in industry provides a driving force for the development of improved lead-free industrial materials. Therefore, a new lead-free base solder alloy Sn-4.7Agl.7Cu (wt.%) has been developed upon which a family of lead-free solders can be based. This solder alloy exhibits a ternary eutectic reaction at 216.8 ± 1°C (L ↠ η+ ϕ + β-Sn; η = Cu6Sn5, θ = Ag3Sn). Preliminary tests of solderability demonstrate intermetallic phase formation on model solder joint interfaces and good wettability in a fluxed condition suggest technological viability and motivates much more extensive study of this solder alloy.
Difficulties with Correcting Radar Rainfall Estimates Based on Rain Gauge Data: A Case Study of Severe Weather in Montana on 16–17 June 2007

Abstract The principal source of information for operational flash flood monitoring and warning issuance is weather radar–based quantitative estimates of precipitation. Rain gauges are considered truth for the purposes of validating and calibrating real-time radar-derived precipitation data, both in a real-time sense and climatologically. This paper examines various uncertainties and challenges involved with using radar and rain gauge data in a severe local storm environment. A series of severe thunderstorm systems that occurred across northeastern Montana illustrates various problems with comparing radar precipitation estimates and real-time gauge data, including extreme wind effects, hail, missing gauge data, and radar quality control. Ten radar–gauge time series pairs were analyzed with most found to be not useful for real-time radar calibration. These issues must be carefully considered within the context of ongoing efforts to develop robust real-time tools for evaluating radar–gauge uncertainties. Re...
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF KETENE BONDING MODES IN BIS(PHOSPHINE) PALLADIUM KETENE COMPLEXES

Abstract Theoretical studies were carried out on a series of bis(phosphine) palladium ketene complexes (PR3)2Pd(CH2=C=O), and on the related CH2=C=O and Pd(PR3)2 molecular fragments in order to investigate the electronic structure and the bonding of the ketene ligand to the metal fragment in these complexes. An analysis of the frontier MOs has been performed in order to understand the interactions between the ketene and the metal fragments. The calculated results have shown that the η2-(C,C) mode is preferred over the η2-(C,O) mode by 10–15 kcal/mol in bis(phosphine) palladium ketene complexes. The basicity and bulkiness of the phosphine ligands PR3 have little effect on the bonding mode in (PR3)2Pd(CH2=C=O) complexes. The most stable structure was calculated to be the η2-(C,C) square planar geometry with the CH2 group of ketene out of the molecular plane. Comparison and discussion between the two bonding modes were also presented in this paper.
Low bone mass in premenopausal chronic dieting obese women

Background: Obese premenopausal women are thought to be at low risk for osteoporosis due to increased body weight and effects of estrogen on weight-bearing bone. Objective: To examine the effect of restrained eating on obese women, we examined bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) of the spine and femur in obese women who were restrained eaters, with emphasis on the relationship between BMC and determinants of bone mass, and current eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity, and indices of calcium regulation, bone metabolism, stress and inflammation. Design: A total of 78 obese, Caucasian, female, restrained eaters, ages 30–45 y, were enrolled in a weight lose program. Height, weight, bone turnover markers, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), cortisol, c-reactive protein (CRP), dietary intake, eating behaviors, physical activity, and BMD and BMC were measured. Setting: This study was conducted at the University of California, in Davis, CA, USA. Results: In all, 31% of women had osteopenia or osteoporosis (OSTEO). In the OSTEO group, 87.5% of women had osteoporosis or osteopenia of the lumbar spine and 12.5% of the women had osteoporosis or osteopenia in femur. A significant positive correlation between BMC and energy expenditure (r=0.256), and a significant negative correlation between BMC and number of times on a weight loss diet (r=−0.250) and cognitive restraint (r=−0.239) were observed. No significant differences were observed between OSTEO women and nonosteoporotic women for current eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity habits, bone turnover, calcium regulation, stress, or inflammation. Conclusions: Obese restrained eaters are at risk for low bone mass. Prior dieting may be responsible. Chronic dieters should be encouraged to decrease their dietary restraint, develop healthy eating habits and increase physical activity.
Banality and Enigma.

The Organization of American Historians (OAH) and theJAH have done many wonderful things in recent years, but "What Do American Historians Think: A Survey" is not one of them. This project is a colossal exercise in banality. The finding that historians hope to contribute something to "human wisdom" and believe they should try to discover "new sources and/or information about the past" is about as interesting as would be a study revealing that tentmakers hope to keep campers dry. That "diversity" should be found to be valued highly by members of an organization that has spent the past two decades celebrating it should come as no surprise. That "intolerance, ethnocentrism, and racism" should together constitute a "dark spot in American history" in the eyes of a profession that has expended much of its energy in the critical exploration of this failing is, again, to be expected. And one might ask, parenthetically, if the history of the United States is best understood as the morality play implied by the terms "dark spot" and "bright spot"? That many Ph.D.'s say grumpy things about the "hoops" they had to jump through in graduate school will surely glaze the eyes of even the most alert and conscientious member of the Committee on the Future of the Graduate Program. But what is banal to some may be encouraging to others. The survey may give heart to extreme anti-elitists, eager to cut down to size those professors who think themselves intellectually superior to the average reader of the Sunday supplements. Readers of a journal ostensibly oriented to the interests of learned specialists are now soberly invited to answer Parade-magazine style inquiries into "what person in American history" we "most admire." Is American history a repository for inspirational models, as this phrasing implies? Those willing to play this game answer predictably enough: the winner of this popularity contest is Abe Lincoln. And so with commercial motion pictures: what is our "favorite movie" about the United States? Why, Gone with the Wind, of course. Why "favorite"? The word does not take us very far. How different the survey's results might have been-and how much more potentially revealing of historians' attitudes had the question been formulated to take account of distinctions masked by "favorite." Is a movie (or novel -the same query applies to the survey's question about novels) being considered simply as a meaning-rich historical artifact or as an expression of insights about history with which the historian agrees? After all, many novels and commercial motion pictures do display sound ideas about the
Mechanism involved in the modulation of photoreceptor-specific cyclic nucleotidegated channel by the tyrosine kinase adapter protein Grb14

We recently found that growth factor receptor-bound (Grb) protein 14 is a novel physiological modulator of photoreceptor specific cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha subunit (CNGA1). Grb14 promotes the CNG channel closure through its Ras-associating (RA) domain. In the current study we show that this RA domain-mediated inhibition of rod CNG channel is electrostatic in nature. Grb14 competes with cGMP for the CNGA1 binding pocket and electrostatically interacts with Arg559 through a negatively charged β-turn at its RA domain. Moreover, the three Glu residues (180–182) in Grb14 are absolutely critical for electrostatic interaction with the cGMP binding pocket and resultant inhibition. Our study also demonstrates that substitution of Lys140 for Ala or in combination with polyglutamte mutants of Grb14 results in a significantly reduced binding with CNGA1. These results suggest that in addition to Glu180–182 and Lys140, other residues in Grb14 may be involved in the electrostatic interaction with CNGA1. The RA domain is highly conserved among the members of Grb7 family of proteins, which includes Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14. Further, only Grb14 is able to modulate the channel activity, but not Grb7 and Grb10. All together, it suggests the existence of a divergence in RA domains among the members of the Grb7 family.
Membrane potential of the unfertilized sea urchin egg

Abstract The membrane potential, specific resistance, and potassium selectivity of the unfertilized Strongylocentrotus purpuratus egg were determined by two independent methods: tracer flux and microelectrode. The potassium influx was 0.50 ± 0.2 pmole/cm2· sec, which was greater than the sodium, chloride, and calcium influxes by factors of 4, 7, and 75, respectively. By means of the constant-field equations, the flux data were used to calculate membrane potential (−70 mV) and specific resistance (420 kΩ · cm2). The effect of the external potassium concentration on the sodium influx was determined and the results closely fit the result expected if the membrane behaved as a potassium electrode. Microelectrode measurements of the potential and resistance were −75 ± 3 mV and 380 ± kΩ · cm2.
Laboratory solar flare experiments

Several laboratory experiments on magnetic field line reconnection are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the double inverse pinch device (DIPD) in which magnetic flux is built up during a quiescent reconnection phase and then abruptly transferred during an impulsive reconnection phase. Scaling estimates show that this impulsive phase corresponds to a solar release of 1030 ergs in 102 seconds with the production of GeV potentials. The trigger for the impulsive “flare” is a conduction mode instability (ion-acoustic) which abruptly changes the resistance of the neutral point region when the reconnection current density reaches a critical value.
Genome sequences published outside of Standards in Genomic Sciences, January–March 2012

The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliographic data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.
Assessing the FDIC's premium and examination policies using ‘Soviet’ put options

Abstract The FDIC's total liability for insuring a bank's deposits during a fixed period diminishes as the frequency of examinations increases, since a marginally solvent bank can be closed while losses are small. The paper develops a technique for pricing the insurance liability over a fixed period during which there are multiple examinations. Under current policy most banks are examined annually and reviewed every six months, at which time the fees for insurance may be adjusted. Since the current schedule of fees allows only a narrow range and a few discrete levels, the FDIC typically retains some positive or negative residual liability in each six-month period and for the entire year. We show how to estimate this net liability. The calculations of total and net liability are illustrated for a sample of large banks.
What is now current good manufacturing practice for PET drugs

The new CGMP for PET pharmaceuticals will significantly affect the nuclear medicine community. The documentation, and in some cases the processes for the production, quality assurance, and distribution of PET pharmaceuticals will have recommended changes. The average yearly cost of the implementation of the final rule is estimated to be about 2,450,000 dollars, not counting start-up costs.
Effect of the Isoniazide on Guinea Pigs Infected with Isoniazide Resistant Strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

SUMMARY Isoniazide administered for six weeks in the treatment of tuberculosis of the guinea pig infected with isoniazide resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis is effective to the resistance level of 1 mcgm./cc. Above this degree of resistance the progress of the disease is delayed in comparison with the non-treated control animals.
Gastric bypass surgery as treatment of recalcitrant gastroparesis

Abstract Background Few treatments for idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis exist beyond symptom management, and no study has described gastric surgery for gastroparesis in obese and morbidly obese patients. The objective of this study was to describe treatment of recalcitrant gastroparesis in obese adults with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of adult patients who underwent laparoscopic RYGB. Clinical data pre- and postsurgery and at a follow-up of up to 2 years were reviewed. Total symptom scores for gastroparetic symptom severity and frequency were compared presurgery and at follow-up using paired t tests. Results Seven obese and morbidly obese patients (body mass index [BMI] = 39.5, range=33–54; 6 women) with idiopathic or diabetic gastroparesis reported marked symptom improvement, and total symptom scores significantly decreased after RYGB. All 4 patients who were taking prokinetics preoperatively no longer required their medication after surgery. Three patients required prolonged treatment with antinausea medications in the postoperative period. Mean BMI change was 9.1 units and mean percent excess weight lost was 71.6 lbs. No perioperative complications were experienced. Two required readmissions due to various concerns (dysphagia, nausea, anastomotic ulcer). Conclusions In our cohort, no patients required the use of prokinetics after surgery and everyone experienced significant improvement in symptoms. Importantly, we found that RYGB is a safe surgical treatment for gastroparesis in obese patients. Our results indicate that gastroparesis, primarily believed to result in being underweight, can present in morbid obesity and can be markedly improved with RYGB.
Arthur: A personalized instructional system

PERSONALIZED INSTRUCTION can be defined as instruction that is tailored to the learner’s learning style. Arthur (Gilbert & Han, 1999) is an adaptive instructional system that provides personalized instruction to each learner. Arthur has been used in two research experiments, and the findings of those experiments are reported here. The focus of the experiments was to find a significant difference in learner outcomes. As Russell (1999) has discovered, numerous implementations of instruction using technology have not provided a significant difference in learner outcomes. In Russell’s observations, the distribution of learner outcomes was normal. In this study, a significant difference will be observed when the distribution of learner outcomes is skewed with the majority of learners on the high end of the distribution. Arthur delivers a significant difference in learner outcomes by adapting instructional methods within lessons.
Estrogen replacement therapy is associated with less progression of subclinical structural brain disease in normal elderly women: a pilot study.

Background Cortical atrophy, central atrophy, deep white-matter hyperintensities, and periventricular hyperintensities are reported in normal aging. Objectives We examined the effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on these forms of ‘subclinical structural brain disease’ (SSBD) in normal, postmenopausal women in a pilot, naturalistic, longitudinal study of 15 subjects. Methods Two assessments were performed at least two years apart, with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological testing. Results Women receiving open-label ERT showed significantly less progression of SSBD than those who did not. Conclusions The association between reduced SSBD progression and ERT suggests this intervention could help preserve normal brain structure in healthy elderly women. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Resistance Experienced by Spheres in their Motion through Gases

Kinetic theory of the resistance to a sphere moving through a gas.— (1) Droplets small in comparison with the mean free path. The high degree of accuracy achieved in the experimental determination of the law of motions of droplets through gases, makes a careful theoretical examination of the problem desirable. Assuming the usual Maxwellian distribution of velocities in the gas, the force exerted by the impinging molecules is found to be M where M=(4π/3) Nma2cmV, N, m, a, and cm being the number per unit volume, mass, radius, and mean speed of the molecules and V the speed of the droplet. The force exerted by the molecules leaving the surface depends on how they leave. (1) For uniform evaporation from the whole surface, the force is -M; (2) for specular reflection of all the impinging molecules, -M; (3) for diffuse reflection with unchanged distribution of velocities, -(13/9)M; (4) for diffuse reflection with the Maxwell distribution corresponding to the effective temperature of the part of the surface they come from, -(1+9π/64)M, for a non-conducting droplet (4a), and -(1+π/8)M, for a perfectly conducting droplet (4b). Cases (1) and (2) can not be distinguished experimentally, but (2) is more probable physically. The experimental values agree with 1/10 specular reflection, case (2), and 9/10 diffuse reflection, case (4a) or (4b). For large values of l/a, the droplet behaves like a perfect conductor, case (4b). (2) Comparatively large spheres. The distribution of velocities is no longer Maxwellian because of the hydrodynamic stresses which can not now be neglected. The new law is derived (Eq. 47). The conditions at the surface of the sphere are discussed and it is shown that the diffusely reflected molecules have a Maxwellian distribution corresponding to the temperature and density of the gas, just as though they were reflected with conservation of velocity (specularly). The assumptions of Bassett are theoretically justified and a complete confirmation is obtained for the correction factor for Stokes' law [1+0.7004 (2/s-1) (l/a)] on which Millikan's conclusions are based, especially as to the percentage of specular reflection. (3) Rotating spheres are also considered in an appendix, and the values of the resistance are derived for various cases.
Wet Chemical Synthesis of High Aspect Ratio Cylindrical Gold Nanorods

Gold nanorods with aspect ratios of 4.6 ± 1.2, 13 ± 2, and 18 ± 2.5 (all with 16 ± 3 nm short axis) are prepared by a seeding growth approach in the presence of an aqueous miceller template. Citrate-capped 3.5 nm diameter gold particles, prepared by the reduction of HAuCl4 with borohydride, are used as the seed. The aspect ratio of the nanorods is controlled by varying the ratio of seed to metal salt. The long rods are isolated from spherical particles by centrifugation.