cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Error detection in arrays via dependency graphs

This paper describes a methodology based on dependency graphs for doing concurrent run-time error detection in systolic arrays and wavefront processors. It combines the projection method of deriving systolic arrays from dependency graphs with the idea of input-triggered testing. We call the method ITRED, forInput-driven Time-Redundancy Error Detection. Tests are triggered by inserting special symbols in the input, and so the approach gives the user flexibility in trading off throughput for error coverage. Correctness of timing is proved at the dependency graph level. The method requires no extraPEs and little extra hardware. We propose several variations of the general approach and derive corresponding constraints on the modified dependency graphs that guarantee correctness. One variation performs run-time error correction using majority voting. Examples are given, including a dynamic programming algorithm, convolution, and matrix multiplication.
Core geometry in perspective

Research on animals, infants, children, and adults provides evidence that distinct cognitive systems underlie navigation and object recognition. Here we examine whether and how these systems interact when children interpret 2D edge-based perspectival line drawings of scenes and objects. Such drawings serve as symbols early in development, and they preserve scene and object geometry from canonical points of view. Young children show limits when using geometry both in non-symbolic tasks and in symbolic map tasks that present 3D contexts from unusual, unfamiliar points of view. When presented with the familiar viewpoints in perspectival line drawings, however, do children engage more integrated geometric representations? In three experiments, children successfully interpreted line drawings with respect to their depicted scene or object. Nevertheless, children recruited distinct processes when navigating based on the information in these drawings, and these processes depended on the context in which the drawings were presented. These results suggest that children are flexible but limited in using geometric information to form integrated representations of scenes and objects, even when interpreting spatial symbols that are highly familiar and faithful renditions of the visual world.
Experienced Web users' search behavior: Effects of focus and emotion control

This study investigates how users’ cognitive and affective characteristics influence the navigational and search behaviors on the Web among experienced Web users. Sixty-seven undergraduate students participated in the study. Two standardized tests and a questionnaire were used to collect information on the participants’ cognitive style, problem-solving style, and demographics. Factor analysis was performed on the scores from the two standardized tests (Group Embedded Figures Test and Problem Solving Inventory), and extracted two user factors (Focus Control and Emotion Control). The Focus Control factor seemed to influence users’ navigational behaviors, such as the use of links and back buttons, whereas the Emotion Control factor affected search behaviors including keyword searching, and also search performance measured by precision and recall.
A comparison of skinfolds and leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance for the assessment of body composition in children.

Background This field-based investigation examined the congruence between skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance in assessing body composition in children.
Risk and Resilience Factors in Coping with Daily Stress in Adulthood: The Role of Age, Self-Concept Incoherence, and Personal Control.

This study observed young, middle-aged, and older adults (N = 239; Mage = 49.6 years; range = 18-89 years) for 30 consecutive days to examine the association between daily stress and negative affect, taking into account potential risk (i.e., self-concept incoherence) and resilience (i.e., age, perceived personal control) factors. Results indicated that younger individuals and individuals with a more incoherent self-concept showed higher average negative affect across the study. As well, individuals reported higher negative affect on days that they experienced more stress than usual and on days that they reported less control than usual. These main effects were qualified by significant interactions. In particular, the association between daily stress and negative affect was stronger on days on which adults reported low control compared with days on which they reported high control (i.e., perceptions of control buffered stress). Reactivity to daily stress did not differ for individuals of different ages or for individuals with different levels of self-concept incoherence. Although all individuals reported higher negative affect on days on which they reported less control than usual, this association was more pronounced among younger adults. The current study helps to elucidate the role of risk and resilience factors when adults are faced with daily stress.
The Drosophila Lissencephaly1 (DLis1) gene is required for nuclear migration.

Nuclear movement is critical for several developmental processes in eukaryotes. Drosophila oogenesis provides a paradigmatic example in which localization of the nucleus generates a source of cellular asymmetry that is used in patterning both the anterior–posterior and the dorsal–ventral axes of the oocyte. In this study we show that mutations in the Drosophila Lissencephaly1 (DLis1) gene result in partial ventralization of the eggshell. DLis1 mutations affect the localization of gurken mRNA and protein in the oocyte. These defects are correlated with incorrect positioning of the oocyte nucleus, suggesting that DLis1 is required for nuclear migration. DLis1 shows significant sequence conservation across the evolutionary spectrum. Fungal cognates of DLis1 are involved in nuclear migration while homologs in humans and mice are implicated in neuronal migration. DLis1 shows genetic interactions with the Glued and Dynein heavy chain subunits of the dynein/dynactin complex, supporting the idea that the Lis1 family of proteins plays a role in microtubule motor-based nuclear motility.
Magnetic structure of ionizing shock waves Part 1. Skew shocks

Initially non-conducting gas is ionized by a thin viscous shock wave. Upstream there can be no magnetohydrodynamic interaction because of the zero conductivity, but the conducting downstream region may have a magneticStructure which interacts with the flow variables. A theoretical analysis is made in the zeromagnetic-Prandtl-number (‘non-viscous ’) limit, i.e. ohmic dissipation is the dominant diffusion mechanism. Unlike magnetohydrodynamic shocks in a pre-ionized gas, ionizing shock waves are not necessarily plane-polarized. Thus ‘skew ’ shock structures can exist, in which the upstream and downstream magnetic field vectors and the shock wave normal do not all lie in a single plane. Explicit solutions are given for typical values of the governing parameters, showing how the magnetic field vector rotates about the shock wave normal as its transverse component changes in magnitude through the shock layer. Skew shocks are necessarily sub -Alfvenic downstream. Unlike the pre-ionized case, the range of trans -Alfvenic shock waves is not excluded, since these shocks can absorb Alfven waves within their structure. With strong magnetic fields it is possible to achieve very high downstream temperatures by Joule heating. Alternatively, in some cases, magnetic energy can be fed into directed kinetic energy, producing an overall expansion shock.
May you live in interesting times: A retiring editor in chief reviews the job and looks ahead.

’s pages an ever better care-taker of their intellectual property. It wasn’t long,however, before the day-to-day mechanics of runningthe journal used up all my free time, tarnished myaltruism and extinguished my delusions of authority.Although I had been an associate editor for severalother journals, had reviewed hundreds of microbio-logical papers and had co-edited ﬁve books on fungi,none of my experience prepared me for this job. Ialready knew that editing was different from researchand writing. What I didn’t know was how differentbeing an editor in chief was from other kinds of ed-itorial activities. An editor in chief’s job was a lotmore than being able to differentiate a bad publica-tion from a good one. For starters, it required skillsin journalism that I did not possess. Frankly, I’d neverpaid any attention to the difference between a hy-
The Use of a Video Laryngoscope by Emergency Medicine Residents Is Associated With a Reduction in Esophageal Intubations in the Emergency Department

Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the incidence of esophageal intubations (EIs) when emergency medicine (EM) residents used a direct laryngoscope (DL) versus a video laryngoscope (VL) for intubation attempts in the emergency department (ED). Methods: Prospectively collected continuous quality improvement data on tracheal intubations performed by EM residents in an academic ED over a 6-year period were retrospectively analyzed. Following each intubation, EM residents completed a data form with patient, intubation, and operator characteristics. Data collected included the method of intubation, drugs used, device(s) used, number of attempts, outcome of each attempt, occurrence of EIs, and occurrence of adverse events (hypoxemia, aspiration, dysrhythmia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest). The incidence of EI was compared between intubation attempts with a DL and with a VL (GlideScope or C-MAC). Propensity score matching and conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the association between the intubation device (DL vs. VL) and EI. Results: Over the 6-year period, 2,677 patients underwent 3,425 intubation attempts by EM residents with a DL or a VL. A DL was used in 1,530 attempts (44.7%) and a VL was used in 1,895 attempts (55.3%). There were 96 recognized EIs (2.8%). The incidence of EI when using a DL was 78 of 1,530 attempts (5.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.1% to 6.3%) and when using a VL was 18 of 1,895 attempts (1.0%; 95% CI = 0.6% to 1.5%). Based on the propensity score matched analysis, the odds ratio for the occurrence of an EI for DL versus VL was 6.9 (95% CI = 3.3 to 14.4). Patients who had inadvertent EIs had a higher incidence of adverse events (49.5%; 95% CI = 38.9% to 60.0%) than patients in which EI did not occur (19.8%; 95% CI = 18.3% to 21.4%). Conclusions: The use of a VL by EM residents during an intubation attempt in the ED was associated with significantly fewer EIs compared to when a DL was used. Patients who had inadvertent EIs had significantly more adverse events than those who did not have EIs. EM residency training programs should consider using VLs for ED intubations to maximize patient safety when EM residents are performing intubation.
Community Improvement Districts in Metropolitan Atlanta

Abstract: Community improvement districts (CIDs) in Georgia are business improvement districts (BIDs) with a difference: They are constitutionally established autonomous local governments, though entirely run by the districts' leading property/business owners, mostly real estate and banking interests. Like BIDs they assess themselves but, as governments, they are also able to leverage large sums of state and federal monies for substantial infrastructure construction and improvements. In metropolitan Atlanta, CIDs arose first in response to an excess of success in suburban commercial nodes that required large-scale capital investments and transportation improvements. In the business-friendly political climate of Georgia they are strongly supported by the officials of the counties and city within which they are located, though there are some differences between CID and local government relations from county to county and especially the city. The autonomous legal status of CIDs and their ability to leverage ...
National Educational Assessment

Before we can fruitfully debate the merits of a national assessment program, the author believes we must decide what it is that is to be assessed. The distinction between education and schooling must be clear. There must be agreement on what can be measured or assessed with existing tools. The author suggests that Congress must raise its sights above the deceptively simple sounding goal of assessing the effectiveness of schools.
Applied primatology in the modern zoo

The modern zoo environment is quite different from its counterpart 50 years ago. Hard zoo environments are rapidly being replaced by soft, naturalistic exhibitry. Scientists have become interested in the behavioral effects of captivity, and the welfare of captive animals has become an important issue for zoo biologists. Recent studies have indentified many of the variables that make up the experience of captivity. Fieldwork provides the context for understanding the basic needs of wild animals. Zoo environments can be enriched by simulating the natural habitat, and naturalistic zoos are likely to educate more effectively.
Comparison of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Optic Disk Algorithms with Optical Coherence Tomography to Detect Glaucoma

Purpose To compare the performance of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and optic disk algorithms as determined by optical coherence tomography to detect glaucoma. Design Observational cross-sectional study. Methods setting: Academic tertiary-care center. study population: One eye from 42 control subjects and 65 patients with open-angle glaucoma with visual acuity of ≥20/40, and no other ocular pathologic condition. observation procedures: Two optical coherence tomography algorithms were used: "fast RNFL thickness" and "fast optic disk." main outcome measures: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves and sensitivities at fixed specificities were used. Discriminating ability of the average RNFL thickness and RNFL thickness in clock-hour sectors and quadrants was compared with the parameters that were derived from the fast optic disk algorithm. Classification and regression trees were used to determine the best combination of parameters for the detection of glaucoma. Results The average visual field mean deviation (±SD) was 0.0 ± 1.3 and −5.3 ± 5.0 dB in the control and glaucoma groups, respectively. The RNFL thickness at the 7 o'clock sector, inferior quadrant, and the vertical C/D ratio had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (0.93 ± 0.02, 0.92 ± 0.03, and 0.90 ± 0.03, respectively). At 90% specificity, the best sensitivities (±SE) from each algorithm were 86% ± 3% for RNFL thickness at the 7 o'clock sector and 79% ± 4% for horizontal integrated rim width (estimated rim area). The combination of inferior quadrant RNFL thickness and vertical C/D ratio achieved the best classification (misclassification rate, 6.2%). Conclusion The fast optic disk algorithm performs as well as the fast RNFL thickness algorithm for discrimination of glaucoma from normal eyes. A combination of the two algorithms may provide enhanced diagnostic performance.
Practical use of a polymorphic applicative language

Assembling a large system from its component elements is not a simple task. An adequate notation for specifying this task must reflect the system structure, accommodate many configurations of the system and many versions as it develops, and be a suitable input to the many tools that support software development. The language described here applies the ideas of λ-abstraction, hierarchical naming and type-checking to this problem. Some preliminary experience with its use is also given.
The sequential semantics of producer effect systems

Effects are fundamental to programming languages. Even the lambda calculus has effects, and consequently the two famous evaluation strategies produce different semantics. As such, much research has been done to improve our understanding of effects. Since Moggi introduced monads for his computational lambda calculus, further generalizations have been designed to formalize increasingly complex computational effects, such as indexed monads followed by layered monads followed by parameterized monads. This succession prompted us to determine the most general formalization possible. In searching for this formalization we came across many surprises, such as the insufficiencies of arrows, as well as many unexpected insights, such as the importance of considering an effect as a small component of a whole system rather than just an isolated feature. In this paper we present our semantic formalization for producer effect systems, which we call a productor, and prove its maximal generality by focusing on only sequential composition of effectful computations, consequently guaranteeing that the existing monadic techniques are specializations of productors.
Extracellular Signatures as Indicators of Process Methods

Much of the focus within microbial forensics has been on characteristics of the specific agent involved, principally the genetic makeup. The phenotypic changes in the microbial cell have also been characterized by analyzing changes in the structure, elemental, chemical, or biochemical content of the cell produced in response to the growth environment. The same analytical methods used to detect cellular constituents can be applied to detecting residual indicators of materials used for production and preservation. Specific examples, such as residual agar or blood components from solidified growth medium, have been targeted for assay development. However, the same methods can be applied to detection of other carbohydrate and protein components derived from growth medium or used for dry stabilization. Taken together, these residual components comprise a potentially rich signature of the method used to produce a biological agent.
Classification of Willow Species Using Large-Scale Aerial Photography

The distribution characteristics of willow (genus Salix) can be evaluated with the use of remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) technologies, and spatial analysis. This information can be used to better understand willow ecology, such as willow community composition, species relationships, and associations with other landscape attributes (i.e., soils, elevation gradients, water sources, and landscape position). Aerial photographs of a willow-dominated riparian area located in southeastern Oregon were taken in November 1999 at a 1:2 400 scale. Four basic techniques were used to separate willow species from each other in both color and infrared images using ERDAS Imagine® GIS. Willow species included Geyers willow (Salix geyeriana Anderson), Booth willow (Salix boothii Dorn), and Lemmon's willow (Salix lemmonii Bebb). The techniques used to analyze aerial photographs included image resampling (degrade), image filtering (smoothing), unsupervised classification, and supervised classification. Highest accuracy was obtained using a supervised classification of the color images smoothed with a low-pass convolution filter (84.6% accuracy). Spectral samples were collected using a polygon digitizing method, which had superior results compared to the seed or region growing method. The infrared image was least effective in separating the plants into species classes (58.6% accuracy). This may be due to the lack of the blue band in the infrared image.
The Response of Tropical Climate to the Equatorial Emergence of Spiciness Anomalies

Abstract The ocean–atmosphere response to the surfacing of temperature anomalies from the oceanic thermocline is a key process in climate variability with decadal time scales. Using a coupled general circulation model, it is shown how density-compensating temperature and salinity (spiciness) anomalies emerging in the upwelling region of the equatorial Pacific modulate tropical climate. Upon reaching the surface in the central equatorial Pacific, warm and salty spiciness anomalies increase sea surface temperature and salinity, and vent their heat anomaly to the atmosphere, primarily by the latent heat flux. The associated surface buoyancy flux increases vertical mixing, and thereby dampens surface temperature anomalies. The moisture added to the atmosphere increases precipitation in the western Pacific and intertropical convergence zone, and strengthens the trade winds east, and weakens them west of the date line. Central equatorial Pacific surface temperatures are slightly warmed by the resulting deepened...
Jung’s Qualitative Personality Theory

Jung’s personality theory, originally a guide for psychoanalysts seeking patterns in clients’ psyches, has until now been entirely qualitative and free of numbers. Its quantification to come must be based on and be consistent with this qualitative description. This chapter places this informal set of descriptions on an axiomatic foundation so that typological “principles” can be deduced logically and rigorously as in Euclid’s classical geometry. To make this accessible to the non-mathematical reader, the presentation will be kept informal rather than being expressed in the dry theorems and corollaries of high school.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptors and binding proteins by colonic smooth muscle cells

We recently demonstrated upregulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) binding sites in the smooth muscle layer of inflamed rat colon. The increase in binding sites was due to increased expression of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which modulate the effects of IGF. To further study the role of IGF in the colon, we investigated whether cultured colonic smooth muscle cells (SMC) express IGF-I receptors and IGFBPs. SMC were isolated by collagenase digestion from rat colonic smooth muscle and grown in primary culture. Equilibrium binding experiments using (125)I-labeled IGF-I showed the presence of an IGF-I receptor with a dissociation constant of 1.96 nM and a maximal binding constant of 53,000 receptors/cell. Competition binding studies with IGF-II and insulin, together with chemical cross-linking experiments, corroborated this conclusion. Western ligand blotting of conditioned medium and Northern analysis of total RNA demonstrated that the cells expressed and secreted IGFBP-4, -5, and -3 with molecular masses of 25, 31, and 45 kDa, respectively. These results, together with our in vivo studies in the rat, support a role for IGF in tissue fibrosis and stricture formation during chronic intestinal inflammation.
Polymer coordination promotes selective CO2 reduction by cobalt phthalocyanine

Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) is a known electrocatalyst for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) that, when adsorbed onto edge-plane graphite (EPG) electrodes, shows modest activity and selectivity for CO production along with co-generation of H2. In contrast, electrodes modified with CoPc immobilized in a poly-4-vinylpridine (P4VP) film show dramatically enhanced activity and selectivity compared to those modified with CoPc alone. CoPc-P4VP films display a faradaic efficiency of ∼90% for CO, with a turnover frequency of 4.8 s−1 at just −0.75 V vs. RHE. Two properties of P4VP contribute to enhancing the activity of CoPc: (1) the ability of individual pyridine residues to coordinate to CoPc and (2) the high concentration of uncoordinated pyridine residues throughout the film which may enhance the catalytic activity of CoPc through secondary and other outer coordination sphere effects. Electrodes modified with polymer-free, five-coordinate CoPc(py) films (py = pyridine) and with CoPc catalysts immobilized in non-coordinating poly-2-vinylpyridine films were prepared to independently investigate the role that each property plays in enhancing CO2RR performance of CoPc-P4VP. These studies show that a synergistic relationship between the primary and outer coordination sphere effects is responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity of CoPc when embedded in the P4VP membrane.
Three-dimensional Vp/Vs variations along the Loma Prieta rupture zone

An inversion of S - P seismic wave arrival time data primarily from the Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) array deployed in the aftershock zone of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake has yielded a 3-D model for Vp/Vs variations along the Loma Prieta rupture zone. Significant effort was devoted to identifying S -to- P converted waves, which were prevalent at a few of the stations used. The inversion method uses 3-D ray tracing in an existing laterally heterogeneous P -wave velocity model to determine the initial paths for S waves, assuming a constant Vp/Vs . The model represents spatial variations in Vp/Vs on a 3-D grid with node spacings of 3 to 15 km horizontally and 3 to 5 km vertically. The reduction in data variance, computed exactly by applying the Vp/Vs perturbations to the S -velocity structure, exceeds 65% for the single-step inversion. We interpret the Vp/Vs model in conjunction with other available geological and geophysical information. Our major findings are 1) high Vp/Vs along the fault zone in the upper crust, indicative of upthrust gabbroic rocks, 2) predominantly low Vp/Vs in the lower crust, indicative of an underlying quartz-rich basement, and 3) two areas of low Vp/Vs in the near-surface associated with known quartz-rich rock sequences, one a sandstone and the other granite and/or granodiorite. We also tentatively identify a boundary between areas of low and slightly high Vp/Vs at depth in the immediate vicinity of the Loma Prieta mainshock hypocenter. Our results indicate the diagnostic power of a 3-D Vp/Vs model when it is combined with other geological and geophysical information.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Ni + and Ni 3 + in ZnSe

Photosensitive electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectra of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$ substitutional for zinc in ZnSe have been observed. The ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{+}$ $g$ factor is reduced from the crystal-field theoretical value. Interpretation of the reduction in terms of covalent bonding implies considerable delocalization of the nickel wave function; however, a dynamical Jahn-Teller effect may cause the reduction. Superhyperfine structure from the nearest-neighbor seleniums is observed for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$.
HIGH CENTER VOLUME IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS: A NEW YORK STATE WIDE ANALYSIS OF 300,000 ADMISSIONS

Center volume is a determinant of outcomes in patients requiring complex medical treatments. We evaluated the effect of center volume on in-hospital mortality in patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of heart failure (HF). A retrospective analysis of adult patients with a primary discharge
Movement and Spacing of Singing Amblycorypha parvipennis Males

The nature of movement and spacing of flightless, singing Amblycorypha parvipennis StA¥l males was studied by marking and relocating singing males. Aggregation is, at least in part, passive because males preferentially select certain tall forbs, bushes, and trees as singing sites. Results of acoustical interaction of a pair of males at varying distances and distribution of nearest-neighbor distances were used to operationally define choruses—within which males proved to be uniformly distributed. Uniform distribution suggests territoriality, and the rarity of overt threat and fighting suggests that males space themselves by the sounds of other males. Although most males occupied a singing site for at least several hours an evening, males moved an average of 12.0 m in 24 h, a greater distance than other katydids studied. Movement was variable, with males moving within choruses, moving to smaller or larger choruses, or becoming solo males. Movement into and out of various resource patches suggests that males may monitor density of males and move away from or toward them. Extensive movement also may be a result of males moving to the sounds of females, which produce short ticks in response to male phrases, and males searching for females under conditions of high density. We speculate about the evolution of male acoustical interaction and the means by which females choose mates within a chorus.
Effect of Controlled-Release Fertilizer Application Rates on Bedding Plant Growth In Substrates Containing Compost

Growth of ‘Accent Orange’ impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook.f) and ‘Blue Rhea’ salvia (Salvia farinacea Benth.) plants were compared in substrates containing 0, 30, 60, or 100% compost made from biosolids and yard trimmings and fertilized with 13N-5.7P-10.8K Nutricote (type 100 plus minors) top-dressed at transplanting at 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 g per pot (6, 12, 24, or 48 kg·100 m−2). Initial substrate cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were greater in substrates containing 30, 60 or 100% compost than in substrates containing 0% compost. Shoot dry mass of impatiens and salvia plants increased as fertilizer application rate increased in all substrates. Final impatiens and salvia substrate EC concentrations also increased as fertilizer application rate increased from 0.5 to 4 g in all substrates. There was no difference in impatiens or salvia shoot dry mass among the substrates when plants were fertilized...
Liquefaction Analysis of the 1971 Ground Failure at the San Fernando Valley Juvenile Hall, California

A lateral spread seriously damaged the San Fernando Valley Juvenile Hall during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. A subsurface investigation in 1981 was conducted using cone penetration and standard penetration tests to define the stratigraphy and to obtain samples and penetration data for a liquefaction analysis. The investigation showed that a loose layer of sandy silt and silty sand at a depth of approximately 4.5–5.5 m (14.8–18.0 ft) liquefied during the earthquake. The liquefaction zone is located in a layer of sediment estimated to be younger than 10,000 yrs. Sediment underlying the failure zone, which is estimated to be older than 35,000 yrs, is marginally to highly resistant to liquefaction-induced ground failure.
Customer Loyalty Program Management: What Matters to the Customer

Loyalty programs have proliferated throughout the hospitality industry, often with little evidence that these programs create behavioral or attitudinal loyalty to the firm that offers the program. ...
The Over Compensate and Surplus of Fruit

The over compensate and surplus of fruit were discussed in the paper.The biology and physiology mechanism of yield increasing by reducing surplus was put forward.The ways to overcome the surplus were also discussed.
Spontaneous contractility of human myometrium in an isolated isometric system: I. Effects of tissue origin and environmental temperature☆

Abstract A study of spontaneous contractility of human myometrium in an isolated isometric system has indicated that well defined differences are found between myometrial specimens excised during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle and those associated with a secretory endometrium. Preparations from the gravid uterus exhibited characteristics that differentiate them from specimens excised from nonpregnant uteri. In subjects with functioning endometria, age and parity had no demonstrable influence upon rate of contraction or maximum tension of the preparations. Lowering of environmental temperature resulted in a marked reduction in spontaneous contraction rate and a prolongation of the contraction cycle but without a reduction in maximum tension developed during contraction cycles.
Microspectrophotometric estimation of the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of individual normal and leukemic human lymphocytes.

The DNA content, in arbitrary units, of individual circulating lymphocytes from nine normal subjects, nine patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and five patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia was estimated microspectrophotometrically with the Feulgen dye. Normal circulating lymphocytes were found to contain twice the average DNA content of normal human spermatids, corroborating their diploid chromosome number. Lymphocytes from normal and leukemic lymph node and bone marrow were frequently found possessing four times the average spermatid DNA value. Three out of nine patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and four of five patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia had significantly increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes containing DNA values which were elevated above the normal diploid value. The patients demonstrating cells with elevated DNA values were in a clinically exacerbated phase of their disease. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Multisession, noninvasive closed-loop neuroprosthetic control of grasping by upper limb amputees

Upper limb amputation results in a severe reduction in the quality of life of affected individuals due to their inability to easily perform activities of daily living. Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that translate grasping intent from the brain's neural activity into prosthetic control may increase the level of natural control currently available in myoelectric prostheses. Current BMI techniques demonstrate accurate arm position and single degree-of-freedom grasp control but are invasive and require daily recalibration. In this study we tested if transradial amputees (A1 and A2) could control grasp preshaping in a prosthetic device using a noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG)-based closed-loop BMI system. Participants attempted to grasp presented objects by controlling two grasping synergies, in 12 sessions performed over 5 weeks. Prior to closed-loop control, the first six sessions included a decoder calibration phase using action observation by the participants; thereafter, the decoder was fixed to examine neuroprosthetic performance in the absence of decoder recalibration. Ability of participants to control the prosthetic was measured by the success rate of grasping; ie, the percentage of trials within a session in which presented objects were successfully grasped. Participant A1 maintained a steady success rate (63±3%) across sessions (significantly above chance [41±5%] for 11 sessions). Participant A2, who was under the influence of pharmacological treatment for depression, hormone imbalance, pain management (for phantom pain as well as shoulder joint inflammation), and drug dependence, achieved a success rate of 32±2% across sessions (significantly above chance [27±5%] in only two sessions). EEG signal quality was stable across sessions, but the decoders created during the first six sessions showed variation, indicating EEG features relevant to decoding at a smaller timescale (100ms) may not be stable. Overall, our results show that (a) an EEG-based BMI for grasping is a feasible strategy for further investigation of prosthetic control by amputees, and (b) factors that may affect brain activity such as medication need further examination to improve accuracy and stability of BMI performance.
Re-evaluation of EMG-torque relation in chronic stroke using linear electrode array EMG recordings

The objective was to re-evaluate the controversial reports of EMG-torque relation between impaired and non-impaired sides using linear electrode array EMG recordings. Ten subjects with chronic stroke performed a series of submaximal isometric elbow flexion tasks. A 20-channel linear array was used to record surface EMG of the biceps brachii muscles from both impaired and non-impaired sides. M-wave recordings for bilateral biceps brachii muscles were also made. Distribution of the slope of the EMG-torque relations for the individual channels showed a quasi-symmetrical “M” shaped pattern. The lowest value corresponded to the innervation zone (IZ) location. The highest value from the slope curve for each side was selected for comparison to minimize the effect of electrode placement and IZ asymmetry. The slope was greater on the impaired side in 4 of 10 subjects. There were a weak correlation between slope ratio and strength ratio and a moderate to high correlation between slope ratio and M-wave ratio between two sides. These findings suggest that the EMG-torque relations are likely mediated and influenced by multiple factors. Our findings emphasize the importance of electrode placement and suggest the primary role of peripheral adaptive changes in the EMG-torque relations in chronic stroke.
Economics of Ethanol and Biodiesel

Abstract The growing interest in biofuels is driven by political, economic, environmental, and ethical forces. Characteristically, there are both proponents and opponents on each of the driving forces. For one, economics, it would seem that the numbers should do the talking, and any analysis should be fairly direct and give a story. However, as in many of the arguments about biofuels, there is more than meets the eye because there are far-reaching implication that many do not realize, and any economic analysis greatly depends on the assumptions that mold the analysis. There are economic associations with quantities and prices of various inputs, substitutes, complements, production scale, and consumption of direct and byproducts that place different but important perspectives on the use of biofuels.
Increased Failure Rate of Modified Double Arthrodesis Compared With Triple Arthrodesis for Rigid Pes Planovalgus.

For rigid pes planovalgus deformities, modified double and triple arthrodeses have had high union rates and subjective outcomes reported. Increased rates of talonavicular nonunions after modified double arthrodesis have led to concern regarding this procedure. A retrospective medical record review was performed of patients who had undergone either a modified double (n = 9) or triple (n = 7) arthrodesis for stage 3 pes planovalgus deformity. Radiographs were reviewed for hindfoot alignment, bony union, and hardware failure. Data from questionnaires, including the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, were obtained. No significant differences were found between the cohorts in terms of preoperative radiographic parameters or patient characteristics. The modified double arthrodesis cohort demonstrated a nonunion rate of 44% (4 of 9), but the triple arthrodesis cohort had a 0% (0 of 7) nonunion rate (p = .042). The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure activities of daily living, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score activities of daily living, and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score quality of life scores were significantly worse for the modified double arthrodesis than for the triple arthrodesis group. For patients with stage 3 pes planovalgus, modified double arthrodesis resulted in significantly greater rates of nonunion and incomplete union, with significantly inferior subjective outcome scores compared with triple arthrodesis for the same indication.
The multiple pathways to autoimmunity

Efforts to understand autoimmunity have been pursued relentlessly for several decades. It has become apparent that the immune system evolved multiple mechanisms for controlling self-reactivity, and defects in one or more of these mechanisms can lead to a breakdown of tolerance. Among the multitude of lesions associated with disease, the most common seem to affect peripheral tolerance rather than central tolerance. The initial trigger for both systemic autoimmune disorders and organ-specific autoimmune disorders probably involves the recognition of self or foreign molecules, especially nucleic acids, by innate sensors. Such recognition, in turn, triggers inflammatory responses and the engagement of previously quiescent autoreactive T cells and B cells. Here we summarize the most prominent autoimmune pathways and identify key issues that require resolution for full understanding of pathogenic autoimmunity.
Improving plant nitrogen use efficiency through alteration of amino acid transport processes

Improving the efficiency of nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization in plants could potentially increase crop yields while reducing N fertilization and, subsequently, environmental pollution. Within most plants, N is transported primarily as amino acids. In this study, pea (Pisum sativum) plants overexpressing AMINO ACID PERMEASE1 (AAP1) were used to determine if and how genetic manipulation of amino acid transport from source to sink affects plant N use efficiency. The modified plants were grown under low, moderate, or high N fertilization regimes. The results showed that, independent of the N nutrition, the engineered plants allocate more N via the vasculature to the shoot and seeds and produce more biomass and higher seed yields than wild-type plants. Dependent on the amount of N supplied, the AAP1-overexpressing plants displayed improved N uptake or utilization efficiency, or a combination of the two. They also showed significantly increased N use efficiency in N-deficient as well as in N-rich soils and, impressively, required half the amount of N to produce as many fruits and seeds as control plants. Together, these data support that engineering N allocation from source to sink presents an effective strategy to produce crop plants with improved productivity as well as N use efficiency in a range of N environments.
Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The association between persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been strengthened by substantial recent evidence. This evidence consists of both retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies, molecular studies of human tissue and HCC cell lines obtained from human HBV carriers who developed liver cancer, and studies of animal models infected with viruses closely related to HBV. Although the mechanism(s) by which persistent HBV infection and development of HCC are related remain largely unknown, techniques of modern molecular biology offer the means by which such answers may be obtained in the future. In this chapter, evidence supporting the association between persistent infection with HBV and the development of primary liver cancer will be examined in the hope of offering insight into the possible mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis as related to HBV infection.
Human Dimensions of Water Security

While climate change presents formidable challenges to global water systems, water problems are primarily the result of the failure of societal institutions to manage the resource and meet the needs of current residents, the economy and environment, and future generations. Single-minded focus on climate change and hydrological response dominates water science at the expense of research that investigates how to safeguard water systems in the face of inevitable environmental and societal change. The latter emphasizes the role of markets, urban planning, insurance, policy, technology, governance, cultural attitudes and values, institutions, legal frameworks, and decision-making strategies in mitigating water stress. This chapter focuses on the issue of vulnerability in the water sector: what it means, why it exists, and how to remedy it.
Modeling the physisorption of graphene on metals

Many processes of technological and fundamental importance occur on surfaces. Adsorption is one of these phenomena that has received the most attention. However, it presents a great challenge to conventional density functional theory. Starting with the Lifshitz-Zaremba-Kohn second-order perturbation theory, here we develop a long-range van der Waals (vdW) correction for physisorption of graphene on metals. The model importantly includes quadrupole-surface interaction and screening effects. The results show that, when the vdW correction is combined with the Perdew-Burke-Enzerhof functional, it yields adsorption energies in good agreement with the random-phase approximation, significantly improving upon other vdW methods. We also find that, compared with the leading-order interaction, the higher-order quadrupole-surface correction accounts for about $25%$ of the total vdW correction, suggesting the importance of the higher-order term.
Spatial variation in Late Ordovician glacioeustatic sea-level change

Abstract Mass extinction of Late Ordovician marine fauna closely coincided with southern hemisphere glaciation. The sequence stratigraphic architecture of shallow marine deposits informs estimates of glacioeustatic sea-level change at sites both proximal and distal to the reconstructed Ordovician ice sheet(s) and contemporaneous changes in ice volume. A recent correlation framework for the stratigraphic architectures of one near and one far field Late Ordovician margin concluded that the Late Ordovician glaciation encompassed multiple long-term cycles of ice volume growth and retreat with superimposed higher frequency cycles. Here we posit that—similar to Cenozoic glacial cycles—glacial isostatic adjustment can preclude synchronous and similar magnitude (or directional) changes in Late Ordovician sea level between ice proximal and ice distal locations and, hence, distort a globally correlative sequence stratigraphy. We explored whether long-duration (i.e., million year) Late Ordovician glacial cycles should produce a globally coherent, eustatic record of sea-level change between ice proximal and ice distal margins using a gravitationally self-consistent theory that accounts for the deformational, gravitational and rotational perturbations to sea level on a viscoelastic Earth model. We adopted a Late Ordovician paleogeography and a synthetic continental ice-sheet distribution and volume informed by the areal extent of glaciogenic deposits and geochemical records, respectively. We demonstrate that modeled million year Late Ordovician glacial cycles produce sea-level histories on near and far field margins that differ from eustasy, and from one another, due primarily to elastic flexure and associated gravitational effects. While predicted far-field sea-level histories faithfully preserve the temporal structure of modeled glacioeustasy, their amplitude may differ from eustasy by as much as 30–40%. The impact of glacial isostatic adjustment is largest at the margins of glaciated continents, and these effects can be of the same order of magnitude as the eustatic, and even induce a local sea-level rise during an episode of ice growth and eustatic sea-level fall, and vice versa. In this regard, stratal surfaces of maximum regression and flooding expressed at near-field margins need not reflect global (‘eustatic’) trends in ice sheet growth and decay, respectively, and thus may not provide chronostratigraphic horizons for correlation with far-field sequence stratigraphic architectures.
MAP-2e, a novel MAP-2 isoform, is expressed in gliomas and delineates tumor architecture and patterns of infiltration.

The MAP-2 isoform containing exon 13 (MAP-2e) is expressed in human fetal development as early as 15 gestational weeks and parallels oligodendrocyte maturation. MAP-2e is down-regulated following myelination and is expressed in few cells in the adult central nervous system (CNS). To determine whether CNS tumors express MAP-2e, we screened 122 archival, paraffin-embedded adult and pediatric tumors of the CNS and non-CNS. All oligodendrogliomas were positive and extensive staining was observed in glioblastomas, various malignant gliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. MAP-2e was not expressed in non-CNS tumors or neuroblastomas. Thus, neuroectodermal tumors that have glial characteristics express this developmental marker of immature glia. Analysis of oligodendrogliomas demonstrated numerous cell morphologies from round cells with no processes to cells with single or multiple processes. MAP-2e immunostaining also delineated tumor invasion into adjacent gray and white matter, indicating that MAP-2e appears to be a useful marker for examining the infiltration of malignant cells into surrounding tissue.