cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GreenLoc: Energy Efficient Wifi-Based Indoor Localization

Abstract User-localization and positioning systems have been a core challenge in the domain of context-aware pervasive systems and applications. GPS has been the de-facto standard for outdoor localization; however, geo-satellite signals upon which GPS rely, are inaccurate in indoor environments. Therefore, various indoor localization techniques based on triangulation, scene analysis, or proximity, have been introduced. The most prominent technologies over which these techniques are applied include WiFi, Bluetooth, RFID, Infrared, and UWB. Due to the ubiquitous deployment of access points, WiFi-based localization via triangulation has emerged to be among the most prominent indoor positioning solutions. A major deployment obstacle for such systems, however, is the high-energy consumption rates of Wifi adapters in mobile devices where energy is the most valuable resource. We propose GreenLoc, an indoor green localization system that exploits sensors prevalent in today's smart-phones in order to dynamically adapt the frequency of location updates required. Significant energy gains can, therefore, be acquired when users are not mobile. For example, accelerometers can aid in detecting different user states such as walking, running or stopping. Based on these states, mobile devices can dynamically decide upon the appropriate update frequency. We accommodate various motion speeds by estimating the velocity of the device using the latest two location coordinates, and the time interval between these two-recorded locations. We have taken the first steps towards implementing GreenLoc, based on the infamous Ekahau system. We have also conducted preliminary tests utilizing the accelerometer, gravity, gyroscope, and light sensors residing on the HTC Nexus One and IPhone4 smart-phones. To further save energy in typical indoor environments, such as malls, schools, and airports, GreenLoc exploits people's proximity when moving in groups. Devices within short-range of each other do not necessarily require that they each be individually tracked. Therefore, GreenLoc detects and clusters users moving together and elects a reference node (RN) based on device energy levels and needs. The elected RN will then be tracked via triangulation while other nodes in the group will be tracked based on the RN's location using Bluetooth. Our initial analysis demonstrates very promising results with this system.
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health: Introduction

(1995). Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health: Introduction. Quest: Vol. 47, The Academy Papers, No. 28. The Role of Physical Activity in Fitness and Health, pp. 261-262.
COMeT: Continuous Online Memory Test

Today's computers have gigabytes of main memory due to improved DRAM density. As density increases, smaller bit cells become more susceptible to errors. With an increase in error susceptibility, the need for memory resiliency also increases. Self-testing of memory health can proactively check for errors to improve resiliency. This paper describes a software-only self test to continuously test memory. We present the challenges and design for an approach, called Continuous Online Memory Testing (COMeT), that targets chip multiprocessors. COMeT tests memory health simultaneously with application execution in anticipation of allocation requests. The approach guarantees that memory is tested within a fixed time interval to limit exposure to lurking errors. We developed and evaluated an implementation of COMeT. On the SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks, COMeT has a low 4% average performance overhead. When emulated errors were injected into physical memory, applications executed 1.13x to 4.41x longer with COMeT than without it.
A novel identity from random walk theory

Abstract A novel expansion of binomial coefficients in terms of trigonometric functions has been obtained by comparing expressions for the time evolution of the probability distribution for a random walker on a ring obtained by separate combinatoric and eigenvalue approaches.
A Superconducting Half-Wave Resonator for Accelerating High Velocity Ions

A computer model for the design of superconducting resonators has been developed which includes feedback effects due to non-linear superconducting surface resistance. These non-linearites may be due to either magnetic field or temperature. We have utilized this model to optimize the design of accelerating resonators for heavy ions. A half-wave structure of this design has been fabricated and is being evaluated with respect to the parameters of the model. Preliminary experimental results agree with the model to within a few percent. The half-wave design is particularly well suited to high frequency, high s resonators because of its low magnetic field, or to low frequency, very low s resonators because of its good mechanical stability.
Lessons from the West Nile Viral Encephalitis Outbreak in New York City, 1999: Implications for Bioterrorism Preparedness

The involvement and expertise of infectious disease physicians, microbiologists, and public health practitioners are essential to the early detection and management of epidemics--both those that are naturally occurring, such as the 1999 outbreak of West Nile virus (WN virus) in New York City, and those that might follow covert acts of bioterrorism. The experience with the WN virus outbreak offers practical lessons in outbreak detection, laboratory diagnosis, investigation, and response that might usefully influence planning for future infectious disease outbreaks. Many of the strategies used to detect and respond to the WN virus outbreak resemble those that would be required to confront other serious infectious disease threats, such as pandemic influenza or bioterrorism. We provide an overview of the critical elements needed to manage a large-scale, fast-moving infectious disease outbreak, and we suggest ways that the existing public health capacity might be strengthened to ensure an effective response to both natural and intentional disease outbreaks.
Affective Variables and a Less Commonly Taught Language: A Study in Beginning Japanese Classes*

Learning a less commonly taught language or a “noncognate” language such as Japanese can be a daunting task for American students. The number of American students who are studying Asian languages at the university level-in particular Japanese and Chinese-is skyrocketing. Unfortunately, however, the attrition rate among these students is also very high. The present study explored the possible relationships between affective variables (e.g., attitudes, motivation, classroom personality) and students' linguistic performance in beginning Japanese classes. It was hypothesized that the high difficulty level of this noncognate non-IndoEuropean language would trigger strong negative affective reactions that would, in turn, affect their linguistic performance. The results of the study indicate that motivation and attitudinal factors are critical in predicting students' success in Japanese. Classroom personality factors such as risktaking and discomfort were also found to be determinants of the students' final grades. In addition, negative changes in the students' attitude and motivation were observed when the results of the autumn quarter were compared with those of the spring quarter. Based on these findings, recommendations are made to enhance students' motivation and attitude toward learning Japanese.
Analysis of capsid portal protein and terminase functional domains: interaction sites required for DNA packaging in bacteriophage T4.

Bacteriophage DNA packaging results from an ATP-driven translocation of concatemeric DNA into the prohead by the phage terminase complexed with the portal vertex dodecamer of the prohead. Functional domains of the bacteriophage T4 terminase and portal gene 20 product (gp20) were determined by mutant analysis and sequence localization within the structural genes. Interaction regions of the portal vertex and large terminase subunit (gp17) were determined by genetic (terminase-portal intergenic suppressor mutations), biochemical (column retention of gp17 and inhibition of in vitro DNA packaging by gp20 peptides), and immunological (co-immunoprecipitation of polymerized gp20 peptide and gp17) studies. The specificity of the interaction was tested by means of a phage T4 HOC (highly antigenicoutercapsid protein) display system in which wild-type, cs20, and scrambled portal peptide sequences were displayed on the HOC protein of phage T4. Binding affinities of these recombinant phages as determined by the retention of these phages by a His-tag immobilized gp17 column, and by co-immunoprecipitation with purified terminase supported the specific nature of the portal protein and terminase interaction sites. In further support of specificity, a gp20 peptide corresponding to a portion of the identified site inhibited packaging whereas the scrambled sequence peptide did not block DNA packaging in vitro. The portal interaction site is localized to 28 residues in the central portion of the linear sequence of gp20 (524 residues). As judged by two pairs of intergenic portal-terminase suppressor mutations, two separate regions of the terminase large subunit gp17 (central and COOH-terminal) interact through hydrophobic contacts at the portal site. Although the terminase apparently interacts with this gp20 portal peptide, polyclonal antibody against the portal peptide appears unable to access it in the native structure, suggesting intimate association of gp20 and gp17 possibly internalizes terminase regions within the portal in the packasome complex. Both similarities and differences are seen in comparison to analogous sites which have been identified in phages T3 and lambda.
Green house studies on the biology of winter annual grasses and the use of cover crops and herbicides for their control

Greenhouse studies were initiated in two small ( Polypogon fugox) and large (Phalaris minor) seeded annual grasses in 2007 at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA. These two annual grasses were very common in wheat fields of midhills and terai regions of Nepal. P fugox was taken for biological study. Days to emergence took 8-11 days in green house. Early emerged panicles were longer than those emerged late. Panicle took 10-12 days to emerge completely from the flag leaf. Panicles per plant were 120. Seeds were very small having about 1091 seeds per panicle. So one fully matured plant could produce seeds about 130920. Study on eco-biology needs to continue in the future. P fugox and P minor responded differently to buckwheat residues. Among different treatments emergence and growth of both weeds were suppressed more by buckwheat residues when left on the surface than incorporated. P minor was less affected by buckwheat residues. It might be due to larger seed compared to P fugox . Post emergence herbicides clodinofop and pinoxaden were effective on both grasses. Isoproturon and tralkoxydim were effective on P fugox. Sulfosulfuron was good in reducing plant growth to some extent. Preemergence herbicides pendimethalin and s-metolochlor were effective in reducing emergence and growth of both weeds. Isoproturon and and sulfosulfuron suppressed plant growth reducing dry plant biomass. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v2i0.7529 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 2: 2011 pp.139-148
Reexpression of p8 Contributes to Tumorigenic Properties of Pituitary Cells and Appears in a Subset of Prolactinomas in Transgenic Mice that Hypersecrete Luteinizing Hormone

Targeted overexpression of LH in transgenic mice causes hyperproliferation of Pit-1-positive pituitary cells and development of functional adenomas. To characterize gene expression changes associated with pituitary tumorigenesis, we performed microarray studies using Affymetrix GeneChips comparing expression profiles from pituitary tumors in LH-overexpressing mice to wild-type control pituitaries. We identified a number of candidate genes with altered expression in pituitary tumors. One of these, p8 (candidate of metastasis-1), encodes a native high-mobility group-like transcription factor previously shown to be necessary for ras-mediated transformation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and also implicated in breast cancer progression. Herein, we show that expression of p8, normally quiescent in adult pituitary, localizes to tumor foci containing lactotropes, suggesting a linkage with their transformation. To further establish the functional significance of p8 in pituitary tumorigenesis, we constructed several clonal cell lines with reduced expression of p8 from a parent GH3 somatolactotrope cell line. These clonal derivates, along with the parent cell line, were tested for tumorigenicity by injection into athymic mice. When compared with wild-type GH3 with higher levels of p8, GH3 cells with reduced expression of p8 displayed attenuated tumor development or failed to develop tumors at all. Similar results were obtained with gonadotrope-derived cell lines that displayed reduced expression of p8. Together, these data suggest that maintenance of the transformed phenotype of pituitary GH3 cells requires expression of p8 and that it may play a similar role when reexpressed in a subset of lactotropes that form prolactinomas in vivo .( Molecular Endocrinology 18: 2583–2593, 2004)
Negotiation as Adaptive Learning

The main theses of this paper are 1) that there are such things as "negotiating strategies," 2) that negotiating strategies are acquired from experience from a variety of often dissimilar events, and 3) that when those strategies are brought together at the bargaining table, they usually bring about agreements that are sub-optimal from an overall social welfare standpoint. This perspective is set up to contrast with a variety of models and views that tend to treat negotiations as self-contained events, as though they were individual "games" that could be analyzed solely with respect to their particular parameters - in isolation from other negotiations and experiences that may have shaped the behavior and expectations of the bargainers. A by-product of this approach is the proposition that there is no single answer to the question "how should one negotiate?" and that instead we should expect to find a variety of dissimilar strategies in use, and that the effectiveness of a strategy will depend upon which other strategies it encounters in practice. The paper is constructed around the concept of "learning," and builds its theses from explorations of the various definitions and interpretations of that word. The paper begins with a short explanatory background, proceeds to explorations of three different applications of the term "learning" in negotiation theory, and then goes on to develop a model of adaptive learning that is relevant to negotiating strategies. Following this is a discussion of the social "optimality" of the negotiating strategies that can be expected to evolve in a society. Then there are a few numerical examples that are intended to highlight the properties of the theory, and, finally, a few comments on insights that may be useful for negotiators themselves.
Tracing the brain's circuitry with functional imaging.

Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus alleviates the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by increasing activity of brain areas involved in movement (pages 671–674).
The uptake and metabolism of carbaryl by isolated perfused rabbit lung

Abstract The isolated perfused rabbit lung was used to study the uptake and metabolism of carbaryl. Analysis of the uptake data revealed that movement of carbaryl from the perfusate into the lungs way by simple diffusion. In 15 min, 26% of the dose of carbaryl was taken up. Ouabain (10−4 m ) had no statistically significant effect on uptake or metabolism. It was found that changing the perfusions flow rate significantly influenced the uptake of carbaryl. Analysis of the dichloromethane extracts of perfusate and lung tissue using high pressure liquid chromatography revealed the presence of the carbaryl metabolites, 4-hydroxycarbaryl, and α-naphthol. A number of unidentified peaks was also seen. It was concluded that the lungs are able to take up and metabolize significant quantities of carbaryl.
Variational calculations for the square-lattice quantum antiferromagnet

We study the spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a square lattice using variational Monte Carlo calculations. We construct a variational wave function which gives accurate ground-state energy and is consistent with sum rules for the dynamical structure function. The spin-wave velocity and the spin-stiffness constant can be calculated using sum rules. We obtain ${Z}_{c}$==c/${c}_{0}$, where ${c}_{0}$ is the classical spin-wave velocity. This and other ground-state quantities are in good agreement with spin-wave theory and Monte Carlo calculations.
Sources of self-efficacy in mathematics: A validation study

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop and validate items with which to assess A. Bandura’s (1997) theorized sources of self-efficacy among middle school mathematics students. Results from Phase 1 ( N = 1111) were used to develop and refine items for subsequent use. In Phase 2 of the study ( N = 824), a 39-item, four-factor exploratory model fit best. Items were revised to strengthen psychometric properties. In Phase 3 ( N = 803), a 24-item, four-factor confirmatory factor model fit best. This final model was invariant across gender and ethnicity. Subscales correlated with self-efficacy, self-concept, mastery goals, and optimism. Results suggest that the sources scale is psychometrically sound and could be adapted for use in other domains.
A random search strategy for function optimization

A random search strategy is presented which uses clustering of best function points. This method can be used to locate starting points for other algorithms and to examine the features of a function under consideration.
Purification of alpha-2 macroglobulin by immunoadsorbent chromatography.

Abstract A method for preparation of alpha-2 macroglobulin (α2M) by immunoadsorbent chromatography utilizing rabbit-anti-human α2M-conjugated Sepharose 4B is described. This procedure offers a rapid, simple and inexpensive method for purification of α2M from as little as 2.0 ml of human serum. By multiple applications to the absorbent column, as much as 10 mg of purified α2M may be easily prepared in one day. This technique is especially useful for isolation of α2M from individual sera and for studies of cultured cell supernatants containing human α2M.
Vocal Folds Detect Ionic Perturbations on the Luminal Surface: An In Vitro Investigation

Summary The homeostasis of fluid bathing the luminal surface of the vocal folds is important for phonation and laryngeal defense. Dehydration of the respiratory tract during mouth breathing can perturb the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in surface fluid. Exposure to dry air also increases the osmolarity of airway surface fluid. We hypothesized that viable vocal fold epithelium would detect changes in the ionic and osmotic composition of fluid on the luminal surface. Therefore, we examined bioelectric responses of vocal folds exposed to physiologically real, luminal ionic and osmotic challenges in vitro . The study used randomized factorial design with experimental and sham control groups. Fifty native ovine vocal folds were exposed to five challenges (ionic, osmotic, combined ionic-osmotic, and sham) on the luminal surface. Bioelectric measures of potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (I SC ), and tissue resistance were assessed at prechallenge baseline, during challenge, and after removal of challenge. Ionic and combined ionic-osmotic challenges reduced PD and I SC ( P P >0.05). Viable ovine vocal fold epithelia detect ionic perturbations to the luminal surface. This sensitivity to luminal ionic challenge may be necessary to maintain the homeostasis of surface fluid.
Decline in Exogenous Gene Expression in Primate Brain Following Intravenous Administration Is Due to Plasmid Degradation

Nonviral gene transfer to the brain of adult Rhesus monkeys is possible with a single intravenous administration of plasmid DNA that is encapsulated in the interior of pegylated immunoliposomes, which are targeted across membrane barriers in vivo with a monoclonal antibody to the human insulin receptor. The present studies measure the rate of decay of luciferase gene expression in the Rhesus monkey with luciferase enzyme assays, Southern blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Luciferase enzyme activity in frontal cortex, cerebellum, and liver decays with a t1/2 of 2.1 ± 0.1, 2.6 ± 0.2, and 1.7 ± 0.01 days, respectively. Luciferase plasmid in brain and liver was detectable by Southern blotting at 2 days, but not at 7 or 14 days. The concentration of luciferase plasmid DNA in brain and liver was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and decayed with t1/2 of 1.3 ± 0.3 and 2.7 ± 0.5 days, respectively. The maximal concentration of luciferase plasmid DNA in Rhesus monkey brain was 3–4 molecules/cell following an i.v. administration of 12 μg/kg pegylated immunoliposome encapsulated plasmid DNA. These results demonstrate that the rate of loss of exogenous gene expression in the primate in vivo correlates with the rate of DNA degradation of the exogenous plasmid DNA.
Protein-energy Undernutrition and Life-threatening Complications Among the Hospitalized Elderly

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether elderly patients with protein-energy undernutrition at admission are at increased risk for subsequent life-threatening events after controlling for illness severity.
Enzyme-Amplified Amperometric Detection of 3000 Copies of DNA in a 10-μL Droplet at 0.5 fM Concentration

We reported earlier the detection of a 38-base DNA strand at 20 pM concentration by an enzyme-amplified sandwich-type amperometric assay. The assay utilized a carbon electrode on which a redox polymer, comprising a DNA capture sequence, was electrodeposited. When present in the tested solution, part of the probed sequence hybridized with the capture probe. Hybridization of its remaining part with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled sequence resulted in the flow of an H2O2 electroreduction current, the redox polymer wired HRP forming an electrocatalyst. Here we report a >104-fold improvement in the detection limit of the assay. DNA was detected at 0.5 fM concentration when the earlier used 3.6-mm-diameter carbon electrode was replaced by a 10-μm-diameter microelectrode. The radial diffusion of electrons through the film on the microelectrode allowed the electrodeposition of a thicker film of the redox polymer, an increase in the loading of the capture sequence, and increased the collection efficiency of...
The market for pediatric surgeons: an updated survey of recent graduates.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the demand for pediatric surgeons as perceived by recent graduates of North American pediatric surgery training programs. Methods: A survey was mailed to every pediatric surgeon who completed a certified training program in North America between 1998 and 2000; 81% of 83 responded. Data from the previous survey of 1992 through 1997 graduates provided longitudinal comparisons. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate statistical analysis. Results: The number of graduates was 28, 31, and 24 for 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively, down from 35 graduates in 1997. All found positions in pediatric surgery, and first-year incomes continue to rise. Fewer graduates (54%) desired an academic position coupled with research compared with previous survey respondents (64%), and 69% were able to find such a position. A practice at a university children's hospital remained the most desired by over 80%, but only 38% obtained positions in this type of practice. However, 55% were able to find a position in a children's hospital (university or community), which had declined gradually to a low of 32% in 1997. The 1998 to 2000 graduates perceive a much stronger demand for pediatric surgeons compared with previous survey respondents (46% v 14%), and greater than 50% felt that too few pediatric surgeons were being trained. Conclusions: The market demand for pediatric surgeons remains strong as measured by employment and income. The perception of the market by the 1998 through 2000 graduates is positive, which contrasts with the 1992 through 1997 graduates. However, there continues to be significant market changes including a proliferation of positions at community Children's hospitals. J Pediatr Surg 38:397-405. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Hip extension during the come-out of multiple forward and inward pike somersaulting dives is controlled by eccentric contraction of the hip flexors.

Abstract A modelling approach was used in the present study to investigate the role of the hip muscles during the come-out of forward and inward multiple somersaulting dives in a pike position. A planar two-segment model was used to simulate the somersault and come-out of three commonly performed dives from a 3-m springboard: forward two-and-one-half somersault pike dive (105B), forward three-and-one-half somersault pike dive (107B), and inward two-and-one-half somersault pike dive (405B). Three simulations were run for each dive: (1) hip angle was constrained to be constant, (2) hip torque was removed after 0.1 s, and (3) hip angle was constrained to a typical come-out time history used by elite divers. Simulation results indicated that hip flexion torque was required both to maintain a rigid pike position during somersault (range = 205.5–282.3 Nm) and to control the hip extension movement during the come-out (peak torque range = 355.8–548.1 Nm) in forward and inward multiple somersaulting dives. Coaches...
Incidence, etiology, and management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks following trans-sphenoidal surgery.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The incidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak following trans-sphenoidal surgery ranges from 0.5% to 15.0%. Factors predicting which patients are likely to develop postoperative leaks and optimal management of these patients are poorly defined. The objective was to determine 1) the incidence of CSF leak following trans-sphenoidal surgery; 2) demographic or intraoperative factors associated with postoperative leaks; 3) techniques and efficacy of postoperative leak management at Oregon Health and Science University, (Portland, OR). Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Two hundred thirty-five trans-sphenoidal surgeries were performed on 216 patients between 1994 and 2001. Follow-up data were available for 217 operations (92.3%) performed on 202 patients (93.5%). Results: Postoperative CSF leaks occurred in 6.0% (13 of 217) of patients. Leaks were more common in the setting of revision surgery versus primary surgery (14.6% vs. 4.0%, P = .0096), nonadenomatous disease versus pituitary adenoma (15.8% vs. 5.1%, P = .059), or if an intraoperative leak occurred (12.7% vs. 2.7%, P = .004). However, on multivariate analysis, only the presence of intraoperative leak (P = .008) and nonadenomatous disease (P = .047) were found to be independently associated with postoperative CSF leak. Size of adenoma was not associated with occurrence of postoperative CSF leak (6.4% for microadenoma vs. 4.2% for macroadenoma) on both univariate and multivariate analysis. There were 13 postoperative CSF leaks: 2 resolved with lumbar drainage and 11 required operative management (three required multiple procedures). Of the three patients who required multiple operations, two had hospital courses complicated by meningitis and postinfectious hydrocephalus and ultimately required ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Endoscopic re-exploration was successful in 87.5% (7 of 8) of cases. Conclusions: Cerebrospinal fluid leaks following trans-sphenoidal surgery occurred in 6.0% of cases. Nonadenomatous disease and presence of an intraoperative leak were independent predictors of a postoperative leak. Endoscopic re-exploration combined with packing was an effective technique in managing uncomplicated postoperative leaks. In the setting of meningitis and postinfectious hydrocephalus, more invasive techniques such as ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be necessary.
Approximate Three-Dimensional Solutions for Symmetric Laminates Under Inplane Loading *

A three-dimensional equilibrium finite element analysis is used to obtain approximate stress solutions for some finite symmetric laminates under inplane loading. The analysis is based on a comple mentary energy formulation. Obtained stress solutions at the center section of the laminate are compared with solutions for uniform axial strain that are available in the literature. A comparison of the stress distributions obtained at the center and end sections of the laminate shows that a large τyz stress can occur at the end section and a large τxz can occur at the center section. The influence of laminate stacking sequence on the predicted σz is also presented.
Highly enantioselective capillary electrophoretic separations with dilute solutions of the macrocyclic antibiotic ristocetin A.

Ristocetin A is one of a series of structurally related amphoteric, glycopeptide, macrocyclic antibiotics. These compounds have several features that make them attractive as chiral selectors. These include spatially oriented functional groups that are known to provide the types of interactions that are conducive to enantio-recognition, a somewhat rigid "pocket" that can provide a site for hydrophobic interactions and polar, flexible arms (i.e., pendent sugar moieties) that can rotate to hydrogen bond and otherwise interact with a variety of chiral analytes. In addition, these compounds are sufficiently soluble in water, aqueous buffers and aqueous-organic solvents that are commonly used in capillary electrophoresis (CE). The use and optimization of ristocetin A as a chiral selector in CE is discussed. Over 120 racemates are resolved including a variety of N-blocked amino acids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds and a large number of biologically important compounds containing carboxylic acid groups (e.g., mandelic acid derivatives, lactic acid derivatives, folinic acid, tropic acid).
AMP-activated protein kinase is essential for survival in chronic hypoxia

This study was undertaken to interrogate cancer cell survival during long-term hypoxic stress. Two systems with relevance to carcinogenesis were employed: Fully transformed BJ cells and a renal carcinoma cell line (786-0). The dynamic of AMPK activity was consistent with a prosurvival role during chronic hypoxia. This was further supported by the effects of AMPK agonists and antagonists (AICAR and compound C). Expression of a dominant-negative AMPK alpha resulted in a decreased ATP level and significantly compromised survival in hypoxia. Dose-dependent prosurvival effects of rapamycin were consistent with mTOR inhibition being a critical downstream mediator of AMPK in persistent low oxygen.
Alignment of sound localization cues in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus

Accurate sound localization is based on three acoustic cues (interaural time and intensity difference and spectral cues from directional filtering by the pinna). In natural listening conditions, ev...
Radial sensitivity of elastic scattering

A new technique has been developed, employing a localized perturbation of the radial nuclear optical potential, which permits direct investigation of the sensitivities of optical model analysis of elastic scattering data to the details of the radial potential. It is found that both light- and heavy-ion scattering probe primarily the nuclear surface region. Higher energy scattering data probe further into the interior than lower energy data. The value of the potential at the center of the nucleus cannot be determined, but only inferred if a fixed parametrization such as Woods-Saxon geometry is specified. In addition, it is found that the region of radial sensitivity of the imaginary potential is systematically closer to the center of the nucleus than is that of the real potential.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Radial sensitivity of optical model calculations to elastic $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ data analyzed for $p$+$^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$+$^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$+$^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ at low and intermediate incident energies.
Hospital information systems: perspectives on problems and prospects, 1979 and 2002

Purpose: To assess progress made in hospital information systems (HIS) since 1979, when the forerunner of the International Medical Informatics Association Working Group on HIS first met. Methods: A review of the recommendations made in 1979 identified core concerns, which were analyzed in light of the state of the art in 2002. Results: Despite significant changes over the years, the underlying concerns identified in 1979 are still valid today. In 2002 as in 1979, HIS must be integrated into the hospital's organizational structure; financial and economic benefits depend upon using technology as an enabler of improved clinical outcomes; and education and training remain critical to the successful use of technology solutions. The tools available for addressing these concerns have changed enormously. Where there were dumb terminals, there are the World Wide Web and handheld devices. As a result, we are raising our expectations and changing the terms of our discussions. Today the focus is shifting to patient safety, decision support, and evidence-based practice; the concerns voiced in 1979 have become medical informatics cornerstones. New tools and new approaches now available can improve the quality of care. Using them appropriately requires careful planning and education for patients as well as healthcare professionals.
In vivo and intracellular sensing and imaging of free zinc ion

We describe new methods for the study of zinc in biological specimens. Intracellular free zinc was determined at levels down to picomolar using an excitation ratiometric fluorescence-based biosensing approach using a carbonic anhydrase variant as transducer. A new fiber optic sensor suitable for in vivo use is also described using laser excitation and an emission ratiometric approach; the zinc concentration range of sensor response can be selected to fit the application.
Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats. Iii. Sensory Cues Involved in the Lactating Female's Response To Her Young 1)

Twenty-six lactating female rats were observed in a series of tests designed to identify the sensory cues involved in the retrieving of young to the nest. In some instances females were surgically deprived of one or more sensory receptors. In other cases the females were unoperated and the sensory qualities of the young were modified. The types of desensitization employed were enucleation of the eyes, cauterization of the olfactory bulbs, and transection of the sensory nerves serving the anterior portion of the head, including the snout and lips. Modification of sensory qualities of the young was achieved in different instances by spraying living young with oil of lavender, coating young with vasoline or collodion, killing the young just before the test by separation of the brain and spinal cord, and chilling freshly killed young in a refrigerator. In some tests living young were enclosed in glass vials so that they were visually accessible to the female but could not be smelled or touched. In other tests normal young were confined inside a small, wire-mesh cage so that the female could smell them but could not establish physical contact. In addition to normal or artificially modified young, other retrievable objects were offered to the experimental females. These included young mice and rabbits, and pieces of fresh meat cut to the size of a newborn rat. The results of these various procedures led to the conclusion that the retrieving response is ordinarily governed by a combination of sensory cues. When they are available, visual, chemical, tactile and thermal sensations all contribute to the female's tendency to approach, pick up and retrieve her offspring. No single type of sensation is indispensable. It appears that the female's retrieving behavior, like the sexual behavior of the male rat or like the maze-learning performance of both sexes, normally involves multisensory controls. This finding is believed to be related to the fact that the cerebral cortex plays an important role in the male's copulatory behavior, the female's maternal performance and in maze learning. It is probably the intervention of a cortical component which makes the rat's maternal behavior different from analogous reactions in lower vertebrates. In the latter, much of the reproductive activity seems to be controlled by relatively simple, unisensory forms of stimulation. This could be due to the fact that in these lower forms a higher nervous mechanism such as the cortex is lacking.
Factitious disorder in a manic patient: case report and treatment considerations

A case of factitious disorder with physical symptoms is described in a patient with manic-depressive illness. The coexistence of factitious disorder and bipolar disorder has not been previously reported. Clinicians should search for an underlying affective disorder in patients who fabricate signs and symptoms of physical illness, since mania may simulate or contribute to the production of factitious behavior.
Massive neutrinos and the large-scale structure of the Universe

If neutrinos dominate the mass density of the Universe, they play a critical role in the gravitational instability theory of galaxy formation. For neutrinos of mass $30{m}_{30}$ eV, a maximum Jeans mass ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}m}\ensuremath{\approx}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}{{m}_{30}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ is derived. On smaller scales, neutrino fluctuations are damped, and the growth of baryon fluctuations is greatly inhibited. Structures on scales $g{M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}m}$ may collapse, forming galaxies as in Zel'dovich's "pancake" theory.
Phenols in smoked, cured meats: nitrosation of phenols in liquid smokes and in smoked bacon.

Nitrosation of the phenolic components of liquid smoke preparations has been shown to take place in model systems simulating gastric digestion of smoked bacon. The major products isolated have been shown to be o-nitrophenols formed by oxidation, in the meat system, of the corresponding nitroso derivative. Similar compounds have been shown to be formed in actual samples of liquid smoked and traditionally smoked bacon during processing, frying and simulated digestion.
An Operations Research Approach to Work-Optimal Trajectories for Redundant Robotic Manipulators

Control of redundant robotic manipulators has proven to be troublesome in the past. Redundant manipulators exhibit more degrees of freedom than there are constraints on their pose. As a result the robot’s kinematics are non-deterministic, and an infinite number of robot poses satisfy any given set of constraints. Thus there are an infinite number of paths that a robot may take whilst following a trajectory planned in Cartesian space (as opposed to joint space). We present a trajectory following method for a redundant welding robot with nine degrees of freedom (DOF). A powerful modeling tool widely used in operations research, AMPL, is leveraged to this end. The paths developed for the 9-DOF robot are optimized for minimum energy consumption by the robot motors. We also demonstrate a simulated robot work cell which is used to visualize and demonstrate the paths produced in this manner. Common robotic welding tasks are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of these optimization and visualization tools. We conclude with a discussion of the computational efficiency and limitations of this new method, and highlight several paths forward for this line of research.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The effect of zirconium in metal/bromide catalysts during the autoxidation of p-xylene. Part I. Activation and changes in benzaldehyde intermediate formation

Abstract The changes in activity and intermediate formation by the addition of zirconium to a Co/Mn/Br and Co/Ce/Br catalyzed aerobic p -xylene oxidation as a function of catalyst concentration, Co/Mn ratio, and Zr concentration are presented. There is a maximum activity increase at an optimum Co/Mn/Br concentration. As the degree of activation caused by Zr increases so does the ratio of the rate of benzaldehyde/rate of benzyl alcohol formation. While the most active Co/Mn/Br catalyst is at a 5/l Co/Mn ratio, the most active Co/Mn/Zr/Br catalyst is at a 1/1 ratio. The coordination chemistry in acetic acid/water systems is summarized. The experimental data is rationalized by postulating that the benzyl hydroperoxide is dehydrated in the coordination sphere of the metals to give benzaldehyde and water, that the strong Lewis acidity of Zr(IV) is responsible for the changes in activity and selectivity, and that it occurs through a polynuclear Co/Mn/Zr coordination compound.
A Feather in Her Cap

In this case, the authors explore the tensions that emerge when students exert their right to visibly demonstrate their cultural values and beliefs at school or school-sponsored activities and events. This case was designed for educational leadership courses dealing with diversity, pluralism, multiculturalism, and democratic values. Students should be encouraged to discuss pluralism and democratic education juxtaposed with multiculturalism. They should consider ways in which the principal and teachers in this case either missed or tried to use opportunities to engage students in transformative, cross-cultural pedagogies that could prove to be socially reconstructive.
On the functional CLT for partial sums of truncated bounded from below random variables

Abstract Let { X , X i } i ⩾ 1 be i.i.d. bounded from below continuous random variables, E | X | ∞ , E X 2 = ∞ , and { b n } n ⩾ 1 be a sequence of increasing positive numbers. When X belongs to the Feller class and b n is such that n P ( X > b n ) → ∞ and E ( X I X > b n ) / E ( X 2 I X ⩽ b n ) = o ( ( ln n ) - 1 ) , a functional central limit theorem for the truncated sums S n = ∑ i = 1 n X i I X i ⩽ b n is proved.
A distributed real-time operating system

Two versions of the HARTS operating system, which is based on Software Components Group's pSOS uniprocessor kernel, are presented. In one version, pSOS services are enhanced to provide interprocessor communication and a distributed naming service. In the second version, real-time fault-tolerant communication, including reliable broadcasting, clock synchronization, and group communication are added to the HARTS operating system. Three tools to evaluate the performance and fault tolerance dependability of HARTS hardware and software-a synthetic-workload generator, a monitor, and a fault injector-are described. The generator produces a synthetic workload, the monitor collects the performance data, and the fault injector simulates faulty behavior for further study. Together these tools create a facility that lets the user perform a wide range of experiments. The tools are independent, so they are equally effective separately or together, depending on the requirements. >
A randomized, single-blinded, prospective study that compares complications between cuffed and uncuffed nasal endotracheal tubes of different sizes and brands in pediatric patients.

Abstract Study Objective To compare any association between the problematic distal placement of cuffed and uncuffed nasal endotracheal tubes (NETTs) of different sizes and brands in pediatric patients. Design Randomized, single-blinded, prospective study. Setting Operating room at The Children's Hospital. Patients Pediatric patients (aged 2-18 years) scheduled for dental surgery under general anesthesia whose American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status is not greater than 2. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to preformed cuffed (1) RAE (Ring-Adair-Elwyn) endotracheal tube by Mallinckrodt or (2) nasal AGT NETT by Rusch. Measurements The distance between the tube's distal end and the carina was measured using a fiber optic bronchoscope. Problematic placements were defined where the tip of the tubes was within 0.5 cm of carina. Main Results The odds of a problematic placement was 7 times higher (95% confidence interval of odds ratio, 2.06, 23.4) in patients managed with cuffed tubes than those with uncuffed tubes ( P = .002). The distance between the tip of cuffed NETT tubes and carina was significantly less than with uncuffed tubes. Conclusions The chances of possible complications were significantly higher with cuffed NETT. The NETT should be kept at least 0.5 cm above carina to avoid possible complications.
Memory hierarchy optimizations and performance bounds for sparse A T Ax

This paper presents uniprocessor performance optimizations, automatic tuning techniques, and an experimental analysis of the sparse matrix operation, y = AT Ax, where A is a sparse matrix and x, y are dense vectors. We describe an implementation of this computational kernel which brings A through the memory hierarchy only once, and which can be combined naturally with the register blocking optimization previously proposed in the Sparsity tuning system for sparse matrix-vector multiply. We evaluate these optimizations on a benchmark set of 44 matrices and 4 platforms, showing speedups of up to 4.2×. We also develop platform-specific upper-bounds on the performance of these implementations. We analyze how closely we can approach these bounds, and show when low-level tuning techniques (e.g., better instruction scheduling) are likely to yield a significant pay-off. Finally, we propose a hybrid off-line/run-time heuristic which in practice automatically selects nearoptimal values of the key tuning parameters, the register block sizes.
Internal hernia through a defect in the broad ligament: a rare cause of intestinal obstruction

Internal hernias through the broad ligament are an extremely rare cause of intestinal obstruction. Clinical symptoms and imaging are often nonspecific, making preoperative diagnosis difficult. The authors report a case in which multidetector computed tomography proved useful in the preoperative diagnosis.
Quantitative analysis of heart sounds and systolic heart murmurs using wavelet transform and AR modeling

A quantitative approach integrating AR modeling and wavelet transform is presented in this paper to analyze the digitized phonocardiogram. The recognition of the first and the second heart sounds (S 1 and S 2 ) were facilitated with wavelet transform without referring to the QRS waveform. We found that the Daubechies wavelet is most effective in identifying S 1 and S 2 . In addition, the boundaries of S 1 , S 2 , and the onset and duration of the systolic murmur thus identified within the systole could be marked using the wavelet-filtered signal's strength. Furthermore, quantitative measures derived from a 2nd order AR model were used to delineate the configuration and pitch of the systolic murmur found within through piecewise segmentation. The proposed approach was tested and proved effective in delineating a set of clinically diagnosed systolic murmurs. The suggested AR and wavelet transform combined approach can be generalized with minor adjustments to delineate diastolic murmurs as well.
Calcium oxalate crystal deposition in kidneys of hypercalciuric mice with disrupted type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter.

The most common theories about the pathogenesis of idiopathic kidney stones consider precipitation of calcium phosphate (CaP) within the kidneys critical for the development of the disease. We deci...