cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalable estimation-of-distribution program evolution

I present a new estimation-of-distribution approach to program evolution where distributions are not estimated over the entire space of programs. Rather, a novel representation-building procedure that exploits domain knowledge is used to dynamically select program subspaces for estimation over. This leads to a system of demes consisting of alternative rep-resentations (i.e. program subspaces) that are maintained simultaneously and managed by the overall system. Meta-optimizing semantic evolutionary search (MOSES), a program evolution system based on this approach, is described, and its representation-building subcomponent is analyzed in depth. Experimental results are also provided for the overall MOSES procedure that demonstrate good scalability.
Phage therapy to reduce preprocessing Salmonella infections in market-weight swine.

Contamination of meat products with food-borne pathogens usually results from the carcass coming in contact with the feces of an infected animal during processing. In the case of Salmonella, pigs can become colonized with the organism during transport and lairage from contaminated trailers and holding pens, resulting in increased pathogen shedding just prior to processing. Increased shedding, in turn, amplifies the likelihood of carcass contamination by magnifying the amount of bacteria that enters the processing facility. We conducted a series of experiments to test whether phage therapy could limit Salmonella infections at this crucial period. In a preliminary experiment done with small pigs (3 to 4 weeks old; 30 to 40 lb), administration of an anti-Salmonella phage cocktail at the time of inoculation with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reduced Salmonella colonization by 99.0 to 99.9% (2- to 3-log reduction) in the tonsils, ileum, and cecum. To test the efficacy of phage therapy in a production-like setting, we inoculated four market-weight pigs (in three replicates) with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and allowed the challenged pigs to contaminate a holding pen for 48 h. Sixteen naive pigs were randomly split into two groups which received either the anti-Salmonella phage cocktail or a mock treatment. Both groups of pigs were comingled with the challenged pigs in the contaminated pen. Treatment with the anti-Salmonella phage cocktail significantly reduced cecal Salmonella concentrations (95%; P < 0.05) while also reducing (numerically) ileal Salmonella concentrations (90%; P = 0.06). Additional in vitro studies showed that the phage cocktail was also lytic against several non-Typhimurium serovars.
Methyl (trans‐2‐Iodo‐1‐Tetralin)Carbamate

Methyl (trans-2-Iodo-1-Tetralin)Carbamate product: methyl (trans-2-iodo-1-tetralin)carbamate Keywords: addition, to CC; addition, to CO; iodine isocyanate, preparation of; silver cyanate, preparation of
Conversion from intravenous to intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin in combination with lamivudine is safe and cost‐effective in patients receiving long‐term prophylaxis to prevent hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation

Recurrent hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation was previously frequent and associated with significant allograft failure and mortality. Recurrence rates of hepatitis B were improved with the use of passive immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin, and later, lamivudine monotherapy. Combination prophylaxis with intravenous hepatitis B immune globulin and lamivudine substantially decreased rates of hepatitis B recurrence, but intravenous administration of hepatitis B immune globulin was expensive and associated with significant adverse effects. In the current study, 59 patients receiving primary liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B infection were prospectively followed up after converting from intravenous to intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin in combination with lamivudine. All patients tolerated intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin well. At a median follow-up of 511 days after conversion to intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin, 58 of 59 patients (98.3%) were hepatitis B surface antigen-negative. Twenty-one patients (35.6%) required a median of one supplemental intravenous hepatitis B immune globulin infusion to maintain therapeutic antibody levels. Economic analysis showed an average cost-effectiveness ratio for combination intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin plus lamivudine of $52,600 per recurrence prevented, which was far below the cost of lamivudine monotherapy and of intravenous hepatitis B immune globulin alone or in combination with lamivudine. These results suggest that intramuscular administration of hepatitis B immune globulin in combination with lamivudine offers a safe, effective, and cost-effective approach to preventing hepatitis B recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation.
Public Attitudes toward the Use of Psychiatric Medications for Children

Psychiatric medication use for children has increased dramatically over the past three decades. Despite substantial media attention to the issue, little is known about how the lay public feels about the use of psychiatric medications for children. Drawing on theories of medicalization, we describe and analyze Americans' attitudes towards the use of psychiatric medications generally and Prozac specifically for children described as having three types of behavioral problems. Using data from the 1998 General Social Survey's Pressing Issues in Health and Medical Care Module, we find that more Americans (57%) are willing to use psychiatric medications for children who have expressed suicidal statements than for "oppositional" behaviors (34.2%) or for hyperactivity (29.5%). Across the board, respondents are less willing to give Prozac than the general class of psychiatric medications. While socio-demographics do little to identify Americans with differing positions, the strongest and most consistent correlates of willingness to give psychiatric medications to children are trust in personal physicians, general attitudes towards psychiatric medications, and the respondent's expressed willingness to take psychiatric medications herself or himself.
Uniform 90-channel multiwavelength InAs/InGaAsP quantum dot laser

A 93-channel multiwavelength laser with maximum channel intensity non-uniformity of 3.0 dB over a wavelength range from 1638 to 1646 nm was demonstrated on the basis of a single 4500 mum-long InAs/InGaAsP quantum dot Fabry-Perot cavity chip. All channels were stable because of inhomogeneous gain broadening due to statistically distributed sizes and geometries of self-assembled quantum dots
A multi-modal highlight extraction scheme for sports videos using an information-theoretic excitability measure

A generic method for sports video highlight selection is presented in this study. Processing begins where the video is divided into short segments and several multi-modal features are extracted from each video segment. Excitability is computed based on the likelihood of the features lying in certain regions of their probability density functions that are exciting and rare. The proposed measure is used to rank order the partitioned segment stream to compress the overall video sequence and produce a contiguous set of highlights. Experiments are performed on baseball videos using excitement in the commentators' speech, audio energy, slow motion replay, scene cut density, and motion activity as features. Subjective evaluation of excitability and ranking of video segments yield a higher correlation with the proposed measure compared to well-established techniques indicating the effectiveness of the approach.
Ventricular Function Curves in the Exercising Dog

Ventricular function curves of cardiac output and stroke volume versus left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were obtained during rapid infusion of Tyrode9s solution in dogs standing at rest and during near-maximal exercise both before and after administration of propranolol. Cardiac output and stroke volume ventricular function curves were expressions of first-order processes as indicated by the close fit of data points to computer-derived exponential curves. At near-maximal levels of exercise, the rapid infusion of Tyrode9s solution increased stroke volume by an average of 12 ml, indicating that at near-maximal exercise the pumping ability of the heart may be limited by venous return rather than by ventricular performance. The heightened sympathetic activity during exercise increased myocardial contractility, since the plateaus of the ventricular function curves were significantly higher during exercise than at rest. Propranolol negated the increase in contractility associated with exercise and the plateaus of ventricular function curves were then not significantly different from those obtained at rest.
Doppler index combining systolic and diastolic myocardial performance : Clinical value in cardiac amyloidosis

Objectives. This study was designed to determine the clinical value of a Doppler-derived index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance in the assessment of cardiac amyloidosis. Background. Cardiac amyloidosis is an infiltrative disease with diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Therefore, the index of myocardial performance combining systolic and diastolic time intervals could be a useful predictor of clinical outcome in cardiac amyloidosis. Methods. The study included 45 patients with biopsy-proved amyloidosis and 45 age-matched normal subjects. All patients had typical echocardiographic features of amyloid cardiac involvement.t A Doppler-derived index, defined as the sum of isovolumetric contraction time and isovolumetric relaxation time divided by ejection time, was measured from left ventricular outflow and mitral inflow Doppler velovity profiles recorded during routine echocardiography. The index as well as conventional systolic or diastolic echocardiographic/Doppler variables were related to subsequent outcome. Results. The isovolumetric contraction and relaxation times were prolonged and ejection time was shortened (p < 0.001) in patients with amyloidosis compared with that in normal subjects, resulting in a marked increase of the index from normal values (p < 0.001). In the amyloid group the index was highest in patients with a low stroke index or with both shortened mitral deceleration time and lower ejection fraction. By univariate analysis, New York Heart Association functional class, the index, ejection fraction and mitral deceleration time were significant predictors of outcome. However, by multivariate stepwise regression analysis, functional class and the index were the only independent predictors of survival. Conclusions. The Doppler-derived index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance correlates with global cardiac dysfunction and is a useful predictor of clinical outcome in patients with cardiac amyloidosis.
Reduction of Borazines Mediated by Low‐Valent Chromium Species

Recharging spent BN fuel: {Cr(CO)(3)} mediates the reduction of borazines by hydride and methyl nucleophiles to generate anionic complexes of dearomatized hexamethylborazine. Subsequent quenching leads to the release of a substituted cyclotriborazane, successfully demonstrating the stepwise reduction of a B=N bond.
Two amino acid substitutions within the capsid are coordinately required for acquisition of fibrotropism by the lymphotropic strain of minute virus of mice.

Abstract Nucleotide changes at both codons 317 and 321 in the VP2 capsid gene of the immunosuppressive strain of the murine parvovirus minute virus of mice, MVM(i), are required to create a virus capable of growing in A9 fibroblasts. This double mutant virus, ILB1, has growth characteristics very similar to those of the prototype fibrotropic strain MVM(p) in both single- and multiple-round infections of fibroblasts and is about 100-fold better at infecting fibroblasts than MVM(i). When only one nucleotide position is changed, either in codon 317 (as in ILB2) or in codon 321 (as in ILB3), the resulting viruses are less than twice as efficient as their parent MVM(i) at infecting fibroblasts. In the restrictive infection of A9 cells by the single mutants and MVM(i), gene expression and DNA replication were markedly reduced compared with ILB1 infection of the same cells or compared with infections of permissive hybrid cells by each of the viruses. This suggests that restriction acts predominantly at an early step in the infection. Since the phenotypes of ILB2 and ILB3 are essentially indistinguishable in restrictive infections, it is most likely that the individual loci affect the same step in the viral life cycle. The dramatic increase in fibroblast infectivity shown by ILB1 indicates a synergistic interaction between these two amino acid residues in the same rate-limiting process in fibroblast infection.
Structure-Function Analysis of the mRNA Cap Methyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA cap methylating enzyme is a 436-amino acid protein encoded by the essential ABD1 gene. To identify structural features of ABD1 required for enzyme function, we introduced alanine mutations at 19 positions within a 205-amino acid region of similarity to the methyltransferase domain of the vaccinia capping enzyme. Three new recessive lethal mutations, E170A, D194A, and R206A, were identified. Structure-function relationships were clarified by introducing conservative substitutions at Glu-170, Asp-194, and Arg-206, and at Tyr-254 (an essential residue identified previously). Alleles E170D and D194E were viable, whereas E170Q and D194N were lethal; hence, acidic side chains were critical at both positions. R206K was viable, suggesting that a basic residue sufficed. Y254S was lethal, whereas Y254F was viable, albeit slow growing; thus, an aromatic side chain was important. The ABD1 mutations that were deleterious in vivoelicited catalytic defects in vitro. By studying the effects of amino- and carboxyl-terminal deletions, we defined a fully active catalytic domain of ABD1 from residues 130 to 426. Residues 110–129 were dispensable for methyltransferase activity in vitro, but essential for function in vivo. This analysis allowed us to delineate a subfamily of ABD1-like proteins within the superfamily of AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases. In addition, we identify a candidateCaenorhabditis elegans gene encoding a putative cap methyltransferase. All residues essential for ABD1 activity are conserved in the C. elegans homologue.
The Effects of Ballot Initiatives on Voter Turnout in the American States

With few exceptions, voter turnout continues to decline in the United States. Although normative theorists, journalists, and defenders of participatory democracy frequently suggest that citizen-initiated ballot measures can increase voter turnout, previous research has not supported this claim. Yet, in the past 25 years, usage of direct democracy has exploded in the United States. Using pooled time series data for the 50 states over a 26-year period (1970-1996), we find that the presence and usage of the initiative process is associated with higher voter turnout in both presidential and midterm elections. The disparity in turnout rates between initiative and noninitiative states has been increasing over time, estimated at 7% to 9% higher in midterm and 3% to 4.5% higher in presidential elections in the 1990s. Our analysis suggests that the initiative process can and does play a positive role in increasing electoral participation.
Association Between Timing of Antibiotic Administration and Mortality from Septic Shock in Patients Treated with a Quantitative Resuscitation Protocol

Objective: We sought to determine the association between time to initial antibiotics and mortality of patients with septic shock treated with an emergency department-based early resuscitation protocol. Design: Preplanned analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of early sepsis resuscitation. Setting: Three urban U.S. emergency departments. Patients: Adult patients with septic shock. Interventions: A quantitative resuscitation protocol in the emergency department targeting three physiological variables: central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, and either central venous oxygen saturation or lactate clearance. The study protocol was continued until all end points were achieved or a maximum of 6 hrs. Measurements and Main Results: Data on patients who received an initial dose of antibiotics after presentation to the emergency department were categorized based on both time from triage and time from shock recognition to initiation of antibiotics. The primary outcome was inhospital mortality. Of 291 included patients, mortality did not change with hourly delays in antibiotic administration up to 6 hrs after triage: 1 hr (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 0.6 –2.5), 2 hrs (OR, 0.71; 0.4 –1.3), 3 hrs (OR, 0.59; 0.3–1.3). Mortality was significantly increased in patients who received initial antibiotics after shock recognition (n 172 [59%]) compared with before shock recognition (OR, 2.4; 1.1– 4.5); however, among patients who received antibiotics after shock recognition, mortality did not change with hourly delays in antibiotic administration. Conclusion: In this large, prospective study of emergency department patients with septic shock, we found no increase in mortality with each hour delay to administration of antibiotics after triage. However, delay in antibiotics until after shock recognition was associated with increased mortality. (Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2066 –2071)
Eficacia de Entranamiento Diario a 1 Repeticion de Maximo Peso en Levantadores de Pesas Bien Entrenados: Una Serie de Estudios

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of daily one-repetition maximum (1RM) training of the back squat on maximal strength. Methods: Three competitive lifters performed the squat for 37 consecutive days and are reported as individual cases. Participant 1 (P1) (body mass=80.5kg; age=28yrs.) and participant 3 (P3) (body mass=108.8kg; age=34yrs.) were powerlifters; participant 2 (P2) (body mass=64.1kg; age=19yrs.) was a weightlifter. Each participant had at least 5yrs of training experience with the squat. During days 1-35, participants performed a 1RM squat followed by 5 volume sets of 3 repetitions at 85% or 2 repetitions at 90% of the daily 1RM. On day-36, participants performed only 1 set of 1 repetition at 85% of day-1 1RM; and a final 1RM was performed on day-37. Results: Absolute and percent changes for P1 from day-1 to day-37 were +5kg/2.3%, and from day-1 to peak (greatest 1RM of the period) were +12.5kg/5.8%. P2 experienced a 13.5kg/10.8% increase in 1RM from both day-1 to day-37 and day-1 to peak. P3 demonstrated a 21.0kg/9.5% increase from both day-1 to day-37 and day-1 to peak. All 3 participants exhibited significant (p<0.05) correlations between time (days) and 1RM (P1: r=0.65, P2: r=0.78, P3: r=0.48). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that daily 1RM training effectively produced robust changes in maximal strength in competitive strength athletes in a relatively short training period.
CyberKnife Radiosurgery for Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal cancer diagnoses. The high mortality rate is primarily related to its advanced stage at diagnosis and the high rate of distant metastases. The treatment results of resected and locally advanced pancreatic cancer via conventional chemoradiotherapy have been disappointing, with a high rate of local disease progression and metastases. Past investigation has suggested improved outcomes with radiotherapy dose escalation. Extracranial stereotactic radiosurgery using CyberKnife® (Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, CA) technology is a novel approach to the administration of radiation in a single outpatient treatment, while minimizing the irradiation of surrounding normal structures. Phase I/II studies have shown it to be safe and effective in providing local tumor control and palliation of local symptoms. Furthermore, the decreased treatment time with radiosurgery minimizes the delay in initiation of systemic therapy. The role of pre-operative radiosurgery in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy has many theoretical advantages over conventional neo-adjuvant or post-operative fractionated radiotherapy in combination with sensitizing chemotherapy. The movement of the pancreas due to respiration poses a challenge in the planning of stereotactic radiosurgery. In this chapter, the use of Image Guided Radiotherapy techniques (IGRT), such as the Synchrony® (Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, CA) Respiratory Motion Tracking system and respiratory gated 4D PET-CT scanning for defining the tumor volume is reviewed.
A Note on Five Traditional Theories of Moral Reasoning

Business decisions, by their nature, involve ethical considerations because (1) most economic decisions are choices where the decision-maker could have done otherwise, (2) every decision or action affects people, and (3) every decision or set of decisions is embedded in a belief system that presupposes some basic values or their abrogation. The task of justifying moral beliefs and integrating them into business situations and the process of applying ethical standards to everyday decision-making are incomplete and can be exasperating. But the business manager has recourse to the long tradition of ethical study. This note outlines some of the basic terms used in the study of ethics and describes the task of business ethics. Most important, the text describes five theories of moral reasoningutilitarianism, rule-based morality, a rights approach, a contemporary Aristotelian approach to virtuous character, and social justice. They lay out minimum standards for an acceptable moral decision that can serve as criteria for moral business judgments.
A Complication following the Transcatheter Closure of a Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect.

Today, congenital heart diseases may be treated without surgery through advances in interventional cardiology. However, complications such as infection and thrombus formation may develop due to foreign materials used during these procedures. Surgical intervention may be required for the removal of the device utilized for the procedure. In this case report, we present the surgical treatment of a residual ventricular septal defect (VSD) that had developed in a 6-year-old patient with an apical muscular VSD closed with the Amplatzer muscular VSD device. The patient was admitted to the emergency room with complaints of abdominal pain and high fever 5 days after discharge without any cardiac symptoms. When she arrived at our clinic, she had a heart rate of 95 bpm, blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg, and temperature of 38.5oC. Examinations of the other systems were normal, except for a 3/6 pan-systolic murmur at the mesocardiac focus on cardiac auscultation. Echocardiography showed a residual VSD, and the total pulmonary blood flow to the total systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of the residual VSD was 1.8. In the operating room, the Amplatzer device was removed easily with a blunt dissection. The VSD was closed with an autologous fresh pericardial patch. Following the pulmonary artery debanding procedure, the postoperative period was uneventful. The condition of the patient at the time of discharge and in the first postoperative month's follow-up was good. There was no residual VSD or infection.
Biomechanical effects of rotator interval closure in shoulder arthroplasty

Background Subscapularis dysfunction remains a significant problem after shoulder arthroplasty. Published techniques have variable recommendations for placing a rotator interval closing suture in attempts to off-load the subscapularis repair site, the implications of which have yet to be examined in the literature. The goals of this study were to investigate the biomechanical benefit of the rotator interval closing suture on the subscapularis repair strength and to analyze the effect on shoulder range of motion. Methods Sixteen matched cadaveric shoulders underwent a subscapularis tenotomy and shoulder arthroplasty. The subscapularis tenotomy was repaired, and motion at physiologic torsional force was recorded. One of each matched pair was randomly assigned to receive an additional rotator interval closure suture. Each specimen then underwent a standardized cyclic loading with measurement of gap formation and load to failure. Results The rotator interval closing suture significantly increased the ultimate load to failure of the subscapularis repair (452 N vs. 219 N; P = .002) and decreased gap formation at the subscapularis repair site. Measurement of the shoulder motion showed no significant difference between shoulders with and without the rotator interval closing suture. Discussion We report the additional biomechanical benefit that the rotator interval closing suture provides to the subscapularis repair site after shoulder arthroplasty. This suture acts to improve the load to failure of the subscapularis repair and to decrease gap formation under cyclic load. Furthermore, it does not detrimentally affect shoulder external rotation or overall arc of rotation. Our findings support the application of this off-loading technique after subscapularis repair during shoulder arthroplasty.
Investigation of E2 and E3 radiation above the giant dipole resonance in /sup 89/Y(p,. gamma. /sub 0/)/sup 90/Zr

New detailed angular distribution measurements are presented for $^{89}\mathrm{Y}(p, {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0})^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ above the giant dipole resonance ($14 \mathrm{MeV}l~{E}_{p}l~27 \mathrm{MeV}$), which show pronounced effects of higher multipoles. Direct-semidirect calculations provide a good description of the data by including $E2$ and $E3$ as well as $E1$ radiation. The sensitivity of the reaction to a $T=1$ giant quadrupole resonance is demonstrated.
Improved techniques using Giemsa stained glycol methacrylate tissue sections to quantitate basophils and other leukocytes in inflammatory skin lesions

Improved techniques were developed for processing inflammatory skin lesions in glycol methacrylate (JB-4, Polysciences, Inc.) and for quantitating their leukocyte infiltrates by light microscopy: (1) fixation of entire pelts from rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice bearing multiple lesions eliminated artifacts due to biopsy and produced uniformly oriented skin sections; (2) adding dimethylsulfoxide and hydrogen peroxide to the Karnovsky-type fixative increased the rate and effectiveness of fixation; (3) the presence of glycerol in the infiltrating methacrylate and the polymerized plastic block improved the sectionability of skin and other tissues; (4) coating slides with JB-4 Solution A prevented detachment of specimens; (5) Giemsa staining at a carefully selected pH provided optimal differentiation of leukocytes from the several species examined, including man. These techniques, which allowed an accurate histologic assessment of inflammatory skin lesions, were especially valuable for quantitating basophils.
Lactate dehydrogenases in Oomycetes.

Lactate dehydrogenases [D(-)-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.28] have recently been detected in a number of lower fungi particularly among the Oomycetes (Gleason and Price, 1969; Warren and Mullins, 1969; LeJohn, 1971) and the Chytridiomycetes (Gleason and Price, 1969; LeJohn, 1971). The Oomycetes known to synthesize these enzymes are Apodachlya brachynema (Hildebrand) Pringsheim, Araiospora sp., Sapromyces elongatus (Cornu) Coker, Mindeniella spinospora Kanouse, Rhipidium sp., Aqualinderella fermentans Emerson & Weston, Achlya ambisexualis Raper, Aphanomyces laevis DeBary, Pythium ultimum Trow, and Phytophthora dreschleri Tucker (Gleason and Price, 1969; Warren and Mullins, 1969; LeJohn, 1971; Gleason, unpublished data). The purpose of this study was to compare certain physical and kinetic properties of the lactate dehydrogenases from several of the Oomycetes listed above. The fungi used for this investigation were kindly made available by the following: Pythium ultimum (67-1) by Dr. Joseph Hancock, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley; Aphanomyces laevis (107-52) by Dr. Torgny Unestam, Institute of Physiological Botany, University of Uppsala; and the members of the Leptomitales by Dr. Ralph Emerson, Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley. The methods for growth of the fungi and for preparation of cellfree extracts were the same as those described by Gleason and Price (1969). The reaction rates were measured spectrophotometrically at room temperature by a Zeiss PMQII spectrophotometer equipped with a strip chart recorder. The standard assay mixture for the backward reaction contained sodium pyruvate (3.3 X 10-4 M), reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (1.4 x 10-4 M), potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0), and enzyme in a final volume of 3.0 ml. The standard assay mixture for the forward reaction contained D(-)lithium lactate (0.1 M), NAD (2.0 X 10-4 M), tris hydrochloride buffer (0.1 M, pH 8.5), and enzyme in a final volume of 3.0 ml. The rate of the reaction was determined by change in absorbance at 340 mu
The Bird's Eye View On Finite Element Method For Stochastic Structures

Extensive motivation to do an additional work in the finite element method in stochastic problems (FEMSP) is discussed. The qualitative comparison of FEMSP with the state of the art of the deterministic FEM is given. These observations and thoughts are then realized in several manners. We first present the exact inverse FEMSP. which however can not serve as a general tool for stochastic analysis of complex structures. The new variational principles for stochastic beams, for the mean response function, as well as response's auto-correlation function are formulated and the FEM based on the variational principles is presented. Finally, a general non-perturbative FEM for stochastic probelms is developed, based on the element-level flexibility. It is concluded that much work needs to be done in order FEMSP to be at the level compared to that of the deterministic FEM. The advantage of the main methods presented here over the conventional ones lies in their non-perturbational nature. Numerical examples are presented.
The Uses of Telephone Directories for Survey Sampling

Several recent publications [1-3] have discussed the use of random digit dialing to overcome the limitations of telephone directories due to unlisted numbers and new telephone installations. While these new procedures do not require the use of telephone directories, they do have problems of their own. In this article, we discuss methods for combining directory sampling with random digit dialing and some door-to-door listing to obtain various levels of sample quality. Surprisingly, some of the methods that use directories are not only higher in quality, but less expensive than methods that use random dialing or door-to-door listing exclusively.
Sickle Hemoglobin and the Gravid Patient: A Management Controversy

It is evident that patients with sickle cell disease are now able to complete a pregnancy with reasonable expectation of a good outcome for both mother and baby. Although there is a wide divergence of opinion as to which diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to employ, the use of methods individualized for the specific geographic area will yield the best results.
Migratory Status, Winter Subspecies Interactions, and Habitat Segregation of Atlantic Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia atlantica)

ABSTRACT We performed the first winter surveys of the Atlantic Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia atlantica), a poorly known subspecies that is endemic to sand dunes of the mid-Atlantic coast. Novel findings include that the Atlantic Song Sparrow is a year-round resident or partial migrant, primarily flocks with the same subspecies despite occurring in sympatry with the eastern Song Sparrow (M. m. melodia) in winter, and exhibits age-specific habitat use in winter, with immatures greatly outnumbering adults in adjacent saltmarshes. These results are important for conservation planning and understanding the ecology and evolution of this unique subspecies across the annual cycle.
Therapeutic Advances in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: The Role of New-Small Molecule Inhibitors

Overview:The discovery that a somatic point mutation (JAK2V617F) in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is highly prevalent in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has been a crucial breakthroug...
Tracking rootkit footprints with a practical memory analysis system

In this paper, we present MAS, a practical memory analysis system for identifying a kernel rootkit's memory footprint in an infected system. We also present two large-scale studies of applying MAS to 848 real-world Windows kernel crash dumps and 154,768 potential malware samples. Error propagation and invalid pointers are two key challenges that stop previous pointer-based memory traversal solutions from effectively and efficiently analyzing real-world systems. MAS uses a new memory traversal algorithm to support error correction and stop error propagation. Our enhanced static analysis allows the MAS memory traversal to avoid error-prone operations and provides it with a reliable partial type assignment. Our experiments show that MAS was able to analyze all memory snapshots quickly with typical running times between 30 and 160 seconds per snapshot and with near perfect accuracy. Our kernel malware study observes that the malware samples we tested hooked 191 different function pointers in 31 different data structures. With MAS, we were able to determine quickly that 95 out of the 848 crash dumps contained kernel rootkits.
Does the Delivery of CBT for Youth Anxiety Differ Across Research and Practice Settings

Does delivery of the same manual-based individual cognitive-behavioral treatment (ICBT) program for youth anxiety differ across research and practice settings? We examined this question in a sample of 89 youths (M age = 10.56, SD = 1.99; 63.70% Caucasian; 52.80% male) diagnosed with a primary anxiety disorder. The youths received (a) ICBT in a research setting, (b) ICBT in practice settings, or (c) non-manual-based usual care (UC) in practice settings. Treatment delivery was assessed using four theory-based subscales (Cognitive-behavioral, Psychodynamic, Client-Centered, Family) from the Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy-Revised Strategies scale (TPOCS-RS). Reliable independent coders, using the TPOCS-RS, rated 954 treatment sessions from two randomized controlled trials (1 efficacy and 1 effectiveness trial). In both settings, therapists trained and supervised in ICBT delivered comparable levels of cognitive-behavioral interventions at the beginning of treatment. However, therapists trained in ICBT in the research setting increased their use of cognitive-behavioral interventions as treatment progressed whereas their practice setting counterparts waned over time. Relative to the two ICBT groups, the UC therapists delivered a significantly higher dose of psychodynamic and family interventions and a significantly lower dose of cognitive-behavioral interventions. Overall, results indicate that there were more similarities than differences in manual-based ICBT delivery across research and practice settings. Future research should explore why the delivery of cognitive-behavioral interventions in the ICBT program changed over time and across settings, and whether the answers to these questions could inform implementation of ICBT programs.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Condom Availability Program on a College Campus: Lessons from the Field.

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advocate access to condoms as a critical sexual health prevention strategy. The purpose of this article is to discuss the implementation and evaluation of a condom availability program using dispensing machines in residence halls at a Midwestern U.S. university. Undergraduate students (N = 337) living in on-campus housing participated in a survey about their utilization of condom dispensers at the beginning and end of three academic years (2008–2009, 2009–2010, and 2010–2011). Questions also addressed students' attitudes toward the condom dispensers and related sexual behavior. Results indicated that the presence of condom machines did not increase rates of sexual activity (a concern of university administrators), but there was also no improvement in rates of unprotected sex. Overall, students reported high levels of satisfaction with the condom availability program. Implementation challenges are discussed and recommendations for universities and...
Treatment considerations in pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection caused by the soil-dwelling fungi, Coccidioides species. Coccidioidal infections may be asymptomatic in up to two-thirds of infected persons. Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis is the most common form of symptomatic infection. Fluconazole is the antifungal agent typically used to treat pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Other azoles and amphotericin B products may be prescribed to treat nuanced aspects of coccidioidomycosis.Areas covered: This review discusses current literature regarding medical treatment options, including the various triazoles and amphotericin B products. In addition, we discuss uncomplicated and complicated pulmonary infections and their sequelae and the approach to managing coccidioidomycosis in certain populations of patients, such as pregnant women, transplant recipients, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, and recipients of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors.Expert commentary: Symptomatic coccidioidom...
Direct Observation of Unidirectional Cholesterol Flipping on the Surface of P-Glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a biomedically important member of the largest superfamily of ABC transporters and mediates multidrug resistance in many cancer types. Substrate binding and transport in Pgp are modulated by the presence of cholesterol in the membrane, while cholesterol itself is a substrate and exported by Pgp. Structural information on cholesterol binding sites and mechanistic details of its transport pathway are largely unknown. In this study, a set of 35 independent simulations of Pgp oriented independently in cholesterol-rich lipid bilayers were performed, adding to a total of 7 μs, enabling extensive sampling of lipid-protein interactions. From the ensemble of cholesterol molecules (∼4700) sampled in these simulations, one complete and two partial cholesterol flipping events were captured. All of the flipping events visited a region formed by transmembrane (TM) helices TM1, TM2, and TM11 with Tyr 49 and Tyr 126 as key residues interacting with cholesterol. This region has been identified with two cholesterol-recognition amino acid sequence (CRAC) motifs. Cholesterol flipping from the inner leaflet initially binds to this motif and assumes a 90° angle to the membrane normal burying its only hydroxyl group within the surface of the protein followed by flipping to the outer leaflet. Convergence and clustering analyses of cholesterol molecules around Pgp revealed that cholesterol binds to specific regions formed between TM1-6 and TM8 helices interacting through its rough surface. From the generated ensemble of cholesterol sampling around Pgp, only a single complete cholesterol flipping from inner leaflet to outer leaflet has been directly observed, which supports the known flippase activity of Pgp. Our study is the first to report that substrate translocation by Pgp might take place through pathways on the surface of the protein.
Successive MJO propagation in MERRA‐2 reanalysis

Composite circumnavigating Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) events in Version 2 of the NASA Modern Era Reanalysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) reanalysis propagate as convectively coupled Kelvin waves over the Western Hemisphere and moisture waves like that described by Adames and Kim (2016) over the warm pool. Estimated zonally variable phase speeds of coupled Kelvin waves in the tropics are calculated by determining the “effective static stability” experienced by the wave. The wave is structured similarly to a classically derived deep tropospheric Kelvin wave, and its phase speed is up to 33 m s−1 or 40 m s−1 over the central/eastern Pacific or Atlantic/equatorial Africa, respectively, during boreal winter. Theoretically, estimated phase speeds of convectively coupled Kelvin waves over the tropical warm pool are greater than 15 m s−1, much faster than the propagation of the reanalyzed MJO. A complete theory for MJO propagation around the globe must allow both coupled Kelvin waves and moisture waves.
Can human rights conditionality reduce repression? Examining the European Union’s economic agreements

The insertion of human rights commitments into international economic agreements is now a widespread practice. We argue that the effect of such commitments depends on the degree of leverage held by one partner over the other. In a comprehensive analysis of the European Union’s (EU’s) relations with developing countries, we find that human rights clauses are conditionally effective; they are associated with improved political freedom and physical integrity rights only in countries that are more heavily dependent on EU aid. An in-depth look at the EU’s enforcement of its human rights clause in the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) group reveals that the Union most often responds to violations of political rights—particularly coups and flawed elections—and that enforcement is indeed a more powerful catalyst for change in highly aid-dependent states. Alternative explanations—that the impact of the human rights clause depends on legalization, the country’s strategic importance, NGO activity, or domestic institutions—find little support.
Comparison of high dose methotrexate treatments in CNS lymphoma patients: The Henry Ford experience.

2028Background: The main backbone of therapy for CNS lymphoma involves systemic treatment with high dose methotrexate (HDMTX)-based regimens,with radiotherapy reserved only for cases that fail systemic therapy due to the significant cognitive toxicity of radiation. Over the last decade, rituximab and subsequently temozolomide were added to HDMTX chemotherapy regimens. Methods: Patients diagnosed with CNS lymphoma between 2009 and 2015 were identified. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients who received HDMTX alone (Cohort A), HDMTX and rituximab (Cohort B) and HDMTX, rituximab and temozolomide (Cohort C). Data collected included treatment related adverse events along with OS and PFS. Results: 31 patients were diagnosed with CNS lymphoma. 11, 10 and 6 patients were in cohorts A, B and C respectively. Median PFS and OS for the entire cohort were 14 and 25 months respectively. Cohort results were compared to the respective reference trials published in the literature. Cohort A had a PFS of 11...
Psychosocial Benefits of Cooking Interventions: A Systematic Review

Objectives. Cooking interventions are used in therapeutic and rehabilitative settings; however, little is known about the influence of these interventions on psychosocial outcomes. This systematic ...
State Agencies’ Use of Administrative Data for Improved Practice: Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities

Growing interest in the use of administrative data to answer questions around program implementation and effectiveness has led to greater discussion of how government agencies can develop the necessary internal data infrastructure, analytic capacity, and office culture. However, there is a need for more systematic research into how states find different pathways and strategies to build administrative data capacity. Drawing on interviews with almost 100 human service agency staff and their data partners, the authors examine the realities of administrative data use. They summarize the experiences of data users in order to address two main challenges: limited analytic capacity and challenges to linking or sharing data resources. The article concludes by examining a range of approaches that government agencies take to improve data quality and capacity to analyze that data.
Reification and Salvation

The present chapter deals with Lukacs’ theory of reification of the ‘proletariat’, and his vision of human redemption from alienation under ‘capitalism’ through the ‘proletariat’. Lukacs’ theory of reification and his vision of human redemption are fundamental to the full understanding of his Marxian scheme of a collective cultural psychotherapy which he tried to implement in practice on a large scale during the Hungarian Commune of 1919 when attempting to “revolutionize the souls” of Hungarians. His views on reification and his vision of redemption are synthetically embraced in the conception of the ‘proletariat’ which is for this reason a dialectic, Janus-faced entity. One may speak of Lukacs’ views about the ‘proletariat’ as a commodity, and his views about the ‘proletariat’ as a redeemer.1 And here the secularized messianism of his Marxism comes fully to the fore.2
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: can imaging phenotypes predict survival and tumor genetics?

On computed tomography (CT), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICC) are a visibly heterogeneous group of tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between CT imaging phenotypes, patient survival, and known genetic markers. A retrospective study was performed with 66 patients with surgically resected ICC. Pre-surgical CT images of ICC were assessed by radiologists blinded to tumor genetics and patient clinical data. Associations between qualitative imaging features and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were performed with Cox proportional hazards regression and visualized with Kaplan–Meier plots. Associations between radiographic features and genetic pathways (IDH1, Chromatin and RAS-MAPK) were assessed with Fisher’s Exact test and the Wilcoxon Rank sum test where appropriate and corrected for multiple comparisons within each pathway using the False Discovery Rate correction. Three imaging features were significantly associated with a higher risk of death: necrosis (hazard ratio (HR) 2.95 95% CI 1.44–6.04, p = 0.029), satellite nodules (HR 3.29, 95% CI:1.35–8.02, p = 0.029), and vascular encasement (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.28–5.41, p = 0.029). Additionally, with each increase in axial size, the risk of death increased (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26, p = 0.029). Similar to findings for OS, satellite nodules (HR 3.81, 95% CI 1.88–7.71, p = 0.002) and vascular encasement (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.24–4.06, p = 0.019) were associated with increased risk of recurrence/death. No significant associations were found between radiographic features and genes in the IDH1, Chromatin or RAS-MAPK pathways (p = 0.63–84). This preliminary analysis of resected ICC suggests associations between CT imaging features and OS and DFS. No association was identified between imaging features and currently known genetic pathways.
A Path Analysis of Nutrition, Stimulation, and Child Development Among Young Children in Bihar, India.

Nutrition plays an important role in the development of a child, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where malnutrition is often widespread. The relation between diet, hemoglobin, nutritional status, motor development, stimulation and mental development was examined in a cross-sectional sample of 1,079 children 12-18 months of age living in rural Bihar, India. Path analysis revealed associations between (a) length-for-age z-scores and motor development, standardized β (β) = .285, p < .001, and (b) motor and all mental development outcomes (language: β = .422; personal-social: β = .490; memory: β = .139; and executive function: β = .072, all p < .001). Additionally, stimulation was significantly associated with language scores and hemoglobin concentration with memory. These findings inform interventions aimed at improving child development in Northern India.