cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John Wakeley discusses theoretical population genetics

Abstract John R. Wakeley is Thomas D. Cabot Associate Professor of Biology at the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University ( http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/ ). His research is theoretical population genetics and molecular evolution, with a focus on the analysis of DNA sequence data, with particular interest in models of population subdivision and the divergence of populations and species. Prof. Wakeley develops statistical models to study genetic and demographic components in the evolution of subpopulations within species. Born in Berkeley, CA, USA, Wakeley obtained a BS and MS in Biology from Stanford University in 1989; he then went on to do a PhD in Integrative Biology from the University of California, Berkeley (1994). Following this, he went to the National Institute of Genetics in Mishima, Japan (1994–1995), then on to do an NIH postdoc at Rutgers University (1995–1998) and moved to Harvard in 1998.
The effects of schematic and affective processes on metaphorical invention

This research predicted that greater knowledge, stronger affect, and positive attitudes concerning a topic would lead to the construction of laboratory-induced metaphorical statements. Subjects (n=45) were given a list of 13 politicians and instructed to create metaphors about several of their choosing. Politicians selected as the topics of metaphors were compared to those not selected. Respondents possessed more knowledge, had stronger feelings, and intended to vote for the politicians who were the topics of metaphors more than for those not selected. Future research should futher investigate the role of knowledge, prevailing mood, and attitudes on metaphorical invention, and examine spontaneously occuring metaphors.
Daily cycles of hibernation in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami.

Abstract Thirty-six kangaroo rats were captured in the Mojave Desert near Las Vegas. Eight rats, group A, were kept at room temperature, 25 ± 2 °C. Ten, Group B, were kept at 13–15 °C and fed ad libitum. Eighteen, group C, were kept at 13–15 °C and fed only 2 g of dry oats daily. Rate of O2 consumption, VO2, food intake, rectal temperature, Tre., body weight and composition were measured in all groups. Group B showed a significant increase in VO2, and food intake and no change in Tre body weight as compared to group A. After 2 days on the limited food intake group C began to lose weight, and Tre then began to fluctuate ranging between 14 and 36 °C; the animals exhibited hibernation when the Tre was low. Eight of the 18 rats of group C reached Tre values of 14 °C or below; only one of these survived. The lowest Tre in the other 10 was 15 °C; all survived. Chemical analysis of the homogenized rats showed a significant decrease in body fat in group C to average 1.0% contrasted with 7.8% in group B and 3.7% in group A. The VO2 ranged from 1.9 ml/g hr at a Tre of 36.5 to 0.2 ml/g hr at a Tre of 15 °C. In conclusion D. merriami utilizes hibernation as an effective adaptive mechanism to carry out their essential body functions when on a limited food intake. It seems that maintaining a level of more than 1.5% of body fat is essential for successful arousal from hibernation.
Phoneme segmentation training: Effect on reading readiness

Recent evidence suggests that the ability to segment words into phonemes is significantly related to reading success, and that training in phoneme segmentation appears to have a positive influence on beginning reading. In this study, we evaluated the effect on reading readiness of phoneme segmentation training in kindergarten. Ninety nonreaders with PPVT-R standard scores of 78 or higher were randomly selected from six kindergarten classrooms and assigned to one of three treatment conditions: a) phoneme segmentation group; b) language activities group (control group I); and c) no intervention (control group II). The phoneme segmentation group received seven weeks of instruction in segmentation and in letter names and sounds. Also for seven weeks, the language activities group received the identical instruction in letter names and sounds and additional language activities. Prior to the intervention, the three groups did not differ in age, sex, race, PPVT-R phoneme segmentation, letter name and letter sound knowledge, or reading ability. After the intervention, the phoneme segmentation group outperformed both control groups on phoneme segmentation and reading measures. This study provides additional strong support for including phoneme segmentation training in the kindergarten curriculum. Clinical suggestions for teachers are included.
Abstract 5347: Identification of differentially expressed proteins in breast cancer stem cells using proteomic profiling

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are now recognized as pivotal entity in the development and progression of breast cancer. The CSCs are believed to be responsible for recurrence/relapse of cancer because of their ability to resist chemotherapeutic drugs. The present drugs in the clinics predominantly target the highly proliferating cells sparing the slow dividing and resistant cells. If the drugs targeting the cancer stem cells evolve, there is a possibility of eradication of cancer. In this direction it is imperative to understand the fundamental difference between the cancer stem cells and the non cancer stem cells. Hence, a basic understanding of genes expressed in CSCs vs non-CSCs needs to be explored. A large number of high throughput and extensive Micro array studies have been carried out to understand the normal and various breast cancer subtypes however, the RNA profiles does not necessarily match the protein profile, Therefore determination of protein levels is the key to identify the novel targets for cancer stem cells. To address this issue and to identify meaningful targets for breast cancer we have characterized breast cancer stem cells from primary cultures of Her2/Neu transgenic mice. We identified the altered proteins through LC-MS/MS using an LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometer and confirmed those results using quantitative RT-PCR. We further performed insilico analysis, using microarray datasets, for identification of group of genes, which in combination can provide prognostic importance. We identified PTMA, S100A4, S100A6, TNXRD1, COX-1, COX-2 and FTH1 as a group of genes, which in combination were significantly associated with poor clinical outcome of breast cancer patients. Among these genes FTH1 was identified as a novel protein associated with prognosis of breast cancer, which is overexpressed in enriched breast CSCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5347. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5347
Expression cloning of the TGF-β type II receptor, a functional transmembrane serine/threonine kinase

Abstract A cDNA encoding the TGF-β type II receptor protein has been isolated by an expression cloning strategy. The cloned cDNA, when transfected into COS cells, leads to overexpression of an ∼80 kd protein that specifically binds radioiodinated TGF-β1. Excess TGF-β1 competes for binding of radioiodinated TGF-β1 in a dose-dependent manner and is more effective than TGF-β2. The predicted receptor structure includes a cysteine-rich extracellular domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a predicted cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase domain. A chimeric protein containing the intracellular domain of the type II receptor and expressed in E. coli can phosphorylate itself on serine and threonine residues in vitro, indicating that the cytoplasmic domain of the type II receptor is a functional kinase. This result implicates serine/threonine phosphorylation as an important mechanism of TGF-β receptor-mediated signaling.
Observations of Ice Microphysics through the Melting Layer

AbstractThe detailed microphysical processes and properties within the melting layer (ML)—the continued growth of the aggregates by the collection of the small particles, the breakup of these aggregates, the effects of relative humidity on particle melting—are largely unresolved. This study focuses on addressing these questions for in-cloud heights from just above to just below the ML. Observations from four field programs employing in situ measurements from above to below the ML are used to characterize the microphysics through this region. With increasing temperatures from about −4° to +1°C, and for saturated conditions, slope and intercept parameters of exponential fits to the particle size distributions (PSD) fitted to the data continue to decrease downward, the maximum particle size (largest particle sampled for each 5-s PSD) increases, and melting proceeds from the smallest to the largest particles. With increasing temperature from about −4° to +2°C for highly subsaturated conditions, the PSD slope ...
Rotating sample system: an equivalent of a rotating electrode for microliter samples.

Voltammetric experiments in sample droplets of 20 μL volume were carried out with gold ring electrodes microfabricated on Pyrex substrates. The droplet studied was centered and kept in place by a hydrophobic ring deposited on the substrate around the ring electrode, which also ensured that each sample assume a semispherical shape. A small hole in the center of the substrate filled with an agar gel membrane served as a junction. A mild jet of humidified nitrogen gas directed tangentially at the droplet caused it to rotate at a high rate. Cyclic voltammetry and constant-potential electrolysis of potassium ferricyanide were used to characterize this rotating sample system and to calculate diffusion layer thickness. The results clearly demonstrate that rotating of a semispherical microsample placed above a stationary ring electrode with a mild gas jet can be as effective as a rotating electrode system. As a practical example, voltammetric stripping analysis of 20−120 pmol mercuric nitrate samples was performe...
Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis

Abstract SESSION TYPE: DVT/PE/Pulmonary Hypertension Posters IPRESENTED ON: Wednesday, October 24, 2012 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PMPURPOSE: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remains associated with substantial morbidity. Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) often complicates acute DVT and may lead to major symptoms that limit quality of life (QoL). Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has recently been shown to reduce the risk for PTS. However, PTS is invasive, costly, and may result in major bleeding. Therefore, we performed a decision analysis in order to determine if CDT is cost-effective.METHODS: We created a decision model in which patients with acute DVT were managed with or without CDT. The model examined outcomes in 1,000 hypothetical subjects and all were treated with similar anticoagulation strategies with the exception of CDT. The costs of saving one added quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) in our reference case represented the primary endpoint. Model inputs were derived from the literature and all costs were converted to 2010 US dollars. We assumed a societal perspective. We conducted univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our assumptions. We relied on Monte-Carlo simulation to generate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around our point estimate of the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER).RESULTS: In the base case scenario the CER equaled $104,394/QALY. Nearly three-quarters of all the costs in the CDT arm were due to the direct costs of CDT. CDT generated nearly 52 added QALYs compared to standard care. The marginal cost to prevent one case of PTS measured $57,309. The model was most sensitive to the estimated risk reduction (RR) for PTS with CDT. Ranging the RR for PTS with CDT around the 95% CIs for this variable yielded CERs varying from approximately $52,000/QALY to $1.7m/QALY saved. The model was mildly sensitive to the impact of PTS on QoL and the costs of CDT. In the worst case scenario with all variables simultaneously skewed against CDT, the cost for QALY came to more than $7.7m/QALY saved. The 95% CIs around the base case CER varied from $144,202 to $89,165. Few simulations fell below the $100,000/QALY threshold.CONCLUSIONS: Although CDT may significantly reduce the risk for PTS following acute DVT, this approach is not cost-effective. The limited impact of CDT and uncertainty surrounding its efficacy elucidate why this approach proves cost-ineffective.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: CDT should not be considered a routine adjunct to care for acute DVT.DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: C. Chan, M. Zilberberg, G. Lamare, A. ShorrNo Product/Research Disclosure InformationWashington Hospital Center, Washington, DC.
Postterrorism services for victims and surviving family members: Lessons from Pan Am 103*

This study presents the findings of a services utilization and satisfaction survey of surviving family members of the Pan Am 103 (Lockerbie, Scotland) bombing. The goals of this study were to evaluate satisfaction with services provided; to gather information from surviving family members about experiences that might be expected to affect satisfaction; to estimate the psychological, physical, and financial impact of the homicide on surviving family members; to obtain recommendations regarding how services can be improved; and to solicit opinions regarding needs for future services. Participants were surviving family members who were interviewed twice using telephone interviews, once prior to completion of the criminal trial and again 7 weeks after the verdict. Results indicated that many surviving family members suffered from considerable problems associated with the loss of their loved ones. However, families found services provided by the United States Office for Victims of Crime, such as information about the court process, to be helpful. Finally, participants made specific recommendations for the improvement of services, including greater emotional support.
A Foot in Both Worlds: Asian Americans' Perceptions of Asian, White, and Racially Ambiguous Faces

Past research on racial perception has often focused on responses from White participants, making it difficult to determine the role of perceiver race in the perception of others. Similarly, studies examining perceptions of individuals whose racial category membership is unclear have not systematically examined responses from non-Whites. This was addressed by showing Asian participants pictures of Whites, Asians, and racially ambiguous White-Asian faces. Event-related potentials were recorded to measure early attention responses. Participants initially oriented more to outgroup White than ingroup Asian or racially ambiguous faces. Shortly after that, they showed sensitivity to the racial context in which the faces were presented, more deeply processing ingroup Asian and racially ambiguous faces when they were seeing lots of other Asians, but more deeply processing outgroup White and racially ambiguous faces when they were seeing lots of other Whites. Still later, responses were more sensitive to the objective physical properties of the faces, with racially ambiguous faces differentiated from both Whites and Asians. These results demonstrate the fluidity of racial processing, and when compared to responses obtained from White participants, show how perceiver race and racial context influences attention to racial cues.
Radiosynthesis of a photoaffinity probe for the cocaine receptor of the dopamine transporter : 3β-(p-chlorophenyl)tropan-2β-carboxylic acid m-([125I]-iodo)-p-azidophenethyl ester ([125I]-RTI-82)

The tropane alkaloid RTI-82, an iodoarylazide, has been labeled with iodine-125 for use as a photoaffinity probe for the cocaine binding site of the dopamine transporter. The one-flask radiosynthesis involves nocarrier-added electrophilic radioiodination of the corresponding aniline followed by diazotization and treatment with sodium azide. Isolation by reverse phase HPLC and solid phase extraction gives [125I]-RTI-82 in good yield (76 ± 7%, n=6), high radiochemical purity (>99.8%), and high specific radioactivity (1490 - 1880 mCi/μmol).
Lithium Ion Diffusion Mechanism in Lithium Lanthanum Titanate Solid-State Electrolytes from Atomistic Simulations

Perovskite-structured lithium lanthanum titanate (LLT, La2/3–xLi3xTiO3, 0 < x < 0.16) is a promising solid electrolyte with high lithium ion conductivity and a good model system to understand lithium ion diffusion behaviors in solids. Molecular dynamics (MD) and related atomistic computer simulations were used to study the diffusion behavior and diffusion mechanism as a function of composition in LLT solid-state electrolytes. The effect of defect concentration on the structure and lithium ion diffusion behaviors in LLT was systematically studied using MD simulations and molecular static calculations with the goal to obtain fundamental understanding of the diffusion mechanism of lithium ions in these materials. The simulation results show that there exists an optimal vacancy concentration at around x = 0.067 at which lithium ions have the highest diffusion coefficient and the lowest diffusion energy barrier. The lowest energy barrier from dynamics simulations was found to be around 0.22 eV, which compared favorably with 0.19 eV from static nudged elastic band calculations. It was also found that lithium ions diffuse through bottleneck structures made of oxygen ions, which expand in dimension by 8%–10% when lithium ions pass through. By designing perovskite structures with larger bottleneck sizes can be a means of further improving lithium ion conductivities in these materials.
Acetaminophen: Acute and chronic effects on renal function

Acetaminophen (APAP) is normally metabolized in the liver and kidney by P450 enzymes. No toxicity is observed with therapeutic doses of APAP. However, after ingestion of large quantities of APAP (>2,000 mg/kg), highly reactive quinones, metabolites of APAP, are generated; these react with glutathione and sulfhydryl groups on critical proteins, resulting in cellular dysfunction and hepatic and renal toxicity. The P450 metabolizing enzymes differ somewhat in character between the liver and kidney. Factors that enhance renal toxicity include chronic liver disease, possibly gender, concurrent renal insults, and conditions that alter the activity of P450-metabolizing enzyme systems. Acute renal toxicity is characterized by cellular injury primarily confined to the proximal tubule and significant reductions in glomerular filtration rate. However, there is little evidence that chronic administration of APAP contributes to chronic renal disease and analgesic nephropathy. The only report on this subject suggests that combination therapy with aspirin is required for medullary damage in rats. No evidence exists for the development of chronic analgesic nephropathy with APAP alone. Epidemiologic studies in healthy individuals have failed to demonstrate a significant correlation between APAP use and chronic renal disease and classic analgesic nephropathy. Therefore, large doses of APAP can produce both renal and hepatic failure, but little evidence exists for production of classic analgesic nephropathy with the use of APAP alone.
An insular geography approach to equilibrium numbers of physician specialties across urban centers.

Abstract In this study we apply the theory of island biogeography to the distribution of physician specialties among large American cities. Drawn from the population and community ecology of isolated habitats, the theory provides a predictive model for determining equilibrium numbers of physician specialties from observations of rates of immigration and emigration of specialties at a particular city. The theory assumes that increased specialty density results in increased negative interaction or competition between specialties, and that this leads to decreased immigration and increased emigration rates. The theory also assumes that increased isolation decreases immigration rates. Key elements of the theory are city size, degree of isolation, number of specialties present, rate at which new specialties arrive, and rate at which existing specialties leave. Our analysis showed that city size was strongly related to specialty number, as predicted by the theory, but that isolation, contrary to the predictions, was unrelated to number. During the 6 year period studied, emigration appeared to decrease as density increased, and immigration appeared to increase. These reversals of the theory's assumptions indicate that some form of non-negative interaction between specialties may develop as specialty number becomes large. Alternative specialty interactions are discussed as possible explanations of the reversal of immigration and emigration relationships. The reversals indicate that specialty number is likely to grow to the maximum possible in large cities, resulting in intensification of the problem of duplication of health care services. Lack of any relationship between degree of isolation and number of specialties suggests that relocation of physician training may have little effect on specialty distribution across large cities.
Statistical CT noise reduction with multiscale decomposition and penalized weighted least squares in the projection domain

Purposes: The suppression of noise in x-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging is of clinical relevance for diagnostic image quality and the potential for radiation dose saving. Toward this purpose, statistical noise reduction methods in either the image or projection domain have been proposed, which employ a multiscale decomposition to enhance the performance of noise suppression while maintaining image sharpness. Recognizing the advantages of noise suppression in the projection domain, the authors propose a projection domain multiscale penalized weighted least squares (PWLS) method, in which the angular sampling rate is explicitly taken into consideration to account for the possible variation of interview sampling rate in advanced clinical or preclinical applications. Methods: The projection domain multiscale PWLS method is derived by converting an isotropic diffusion partial differential equation in the image domain into the projection domain, wherein a multiscale decomposition is carried out. With adoption of the Markov random field or soft thresholding objective function, the projection domain multiscale PWLS method deals with noise at each scale. To compensate for the degradation in image sharpness caused by the projection domain multiscale PWLS method, an edge enhancement is carried out following the noise reduction. The performance of the proposed method is experimentally evaluatedmore » and verified using the projection data simulated by computer and acquired by a CT scanner. Results: The preliminary results show that the proposed projection domain multiscale PWLS method outperforms the projection domain single-scale PWLS method and the image domain multiscale anisotropic diffusion method in noise reduction. In addition, the proposed method can preserve image sharpness very well while the occurrence of 'salt-and-pepper' noise and mosaic artifacts can be avoided. Conclusions: Since the interview sampling rate is taken into account in the projection domain multiscale decomposition, the proposed method is anticipated to be useful in advanced clinical and preclinical applications where the interview sampling rate varies.« less
Fatty acid composition inCuphea seed oils from brazil and nicaragua

Seed oils ofCuphea are characterized by a diverse assemblage of fatty acid patterns emphasizing short- and medium-chain fatty acids. For this report, seed oils of 19 populations from 14 species were analyzed. Thirteen species are from Brazil and one from Nicaragua. Fatty acid compositions of oils of eight species are reported for the first time. Lauric acid predominates in 10 species, myristic acid in one, and linoleic acid in three. Small amounts of C20:0 and C20:1 are recorded in one species. The major fatty acid for each taxonomic section is consistent with that reported earlier as characteristic of the section. Seed oil compositions of species previously reported from North or Central American populations are comparable to those of the Brazilian populations.
Gender differences in depressive symptoms among older Korean American immigrants.

Despite consistent reports over many years of a greater prevalence of depression among women, mechanisms underlying the gender difference remain unclear. Mechanisms relevant to immigrant elderly populations are virtually unexplored. The present study examined gender variations in depressive symptoms using a community sample of 230 older Korean American immigrants (Mage = 69.8; standard deviation = 7.05) in Florida. We were interested in examining not only mean differences but gender differences in the impact of demographic variables (age, marital status, and education), health constraints (chronic conditions and functional disability), and personal resources (sense of control, social network, and acculturation) on depressive symptoms. Consistent with previous literature, women scored higher on depressive symptoms than men. In a hierarchical regression model, women and those with more chronic conditions, greater functional disability, and lower sense of control were found to have more depressive symptoms. ...
Understanding of observed video action events by people with aphasia

Background: Many people with aphasia show preservation of areas of cognition that do not rely on language comprehension or expression. However, several studies have reported on individuals, who have difficulty processing nonverbal events, i.e., they do not seem to make inferences about the outcome of observed events as easily as people without language impairment. The relative frequency of this deficit in those with aphasia is not well understood, however, because most studies have focused on only one or two individuals. Aims: The aims of the current study were: (1) to investigate how frequently a deficit in nonverbal event processing would be found in a group of 28 individuals with chronic aphasia and (2) to explore the relationship between this deficit and standardised measures of language and nonverbal cognition. Methods & Procedures: The Role Video and a battery of standardised language and nonverbal cognition assessments were given to 28 participants with chronic aphasia representing a range of aphas...
Cu Interconnect Limitations and Opportunities for SWNT Interconnects at the End of the Roadmap

The historical understanding of the interconnect problem in electronics has been that the penalty due to the performance degradation of interconnects with technology scaling would be most severe for long interconnects at the global level. At the nanoscale, however, the nature of the interconnect problem changes and paves the way for new opportunities. This is because of the fact that the metal resistivity at small interconnect dimensions drastically increases due to size effects. In this paper, it is shown that the historical trend of achieving smaller interconnect latency for short local- and intermediate-level interconnects will not hold true for future technology nodes. This paper investigates new opportunities that rise as a consequence of this radical change in the nature of the interconnect problem. Contrary to the previous publications, which have indicated that individual single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) interconnects are too resistive for high-performance CMOS applications and must be used in bundles, this paper demonstrates that they can offer significant delay and energy-per-bit improvements in high-performance circuits at the end of the roadmap. Performances of various design scenarios that comprise one or a few parallel individual SWNT interconnects are compared against the performance of the conventional Cu/low- k interconnect technology at future technology nodes using delay, energy per bit, and energy-delay product as metrics.
Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling Studies, and Calpain Inhibitory Activity of Novel α-Ketoamides Incorporating Polar Residues at the P1‘-Position

A series of novel α-ketoamides incorporating stereoisomeric residues with different electronic properties at the P1‘-position were synthesized to study the electronic requirements for inhibitor binding to the S1‘-subsite of calpain I. The results of the study suggested the presence of an acidic amino acid residue at the S1‘-subsite of calpain I. For example, ester 1a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CO-d-Phe-OMe) was over 450-fold more potent than its carboxylic acid derivative 2a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CO-d-Phe-OH). Additionally, amidino derivative 3a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CONH-d-CH[C(NH)NH2]Bn) was about 6000-fold more potent than 2a. Furthermore, 4a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CONHCH2Bn) was 12-fold less potent than its aza analogue 4b (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CONHNHBn). The results are consistent with the presence of an acidic amino acid residue at the S1‘-subsite of calpain I. The acidic amino acid residue was found to be Glu261 via molecular modeling studies.
The depressed mother and her one-year-old infant: environment, interaction, attachment, and infant development.

Maternal depression is a prevalent symptom among lowincome mothers with infants. Depressed mothers are more likely than nonde pressed mothers to show hostile and intrusive behavior toward their infants, and infants of depressed mothers are more likely to exhibit slowed development and unstable, avoidant attachment behaviors.
Social regulation of reproduction in male cichlid fishes

Social interactions and relative positions within a dominance hierarchy have helped shape the evolution of reproduction in many animals. Since reproduction is crucial in all animals, and rank typically regulates access to reproductive opportunities, understanding the mechanisms that regulate socially-induced reproductive processes is extremely important. How does position in a dominance hierarchy impact an individual’s reproductive behavior, morphology, and physiology? Teleost fishes, and cichlids in particular, are ideally-suited models for studying how social status influences reproduction on multiple levels of biological organization. Here I review the current knowledge on the reproductive behavioral and physiological consequences of relative position in a dominance hierarchy, with a particular focus on male cichlids. Dominant and subordinate social status is typically associated with distinct differences in activity along the entire hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Further, when transitions in social status occur between subordinate and dominant individuals, there are plastic changes from whole-organism behavior to molecular-level gene expression modifications that occur quickly. These rapid changes in behavior and physiology have allowed cichlids the flexibility to adapt to and thrive in their often dynamic physical and social environments. Studies in cichlid fishes have, and will continue, to advance our understanding of how the social environment can modulate molecular, cellular, and behavioral outcomes relevant to reproductive success. Future studies that take advantage of the extreme diversity in mating systems, reproductive tactics, and parental care strategies within the cichlid group will help generate hypotheses and careful experimental tests on the mechanisms governing the social control of reproduction in many vertebrates.
Ethics and the 7 “P's” of computer use policies

A Computer Use Policy (CUP) defines who can use the computer facilities for what. The CUP is the institution's official position on the ethical use of computer facilities. The authors believe that writing a CUP provides an ideal platform to develop a group ethic for computer users. In prior research, the authors have developed a seven phase model for writing CUPs, entitled the 7 “P's” of Computer Use Policies. The purpose of this paper is to present the model and discuss how the 7 P's can be used to identify and communicate a group ethic for the institution's computer users.
Regional stagnation of ice in northeastern Connecticut: An alternative model of deglaciation for part of New England

Re-evaluation of published maps and reconnaissance of the rest of the Shetucket River basin lead to the conclusion that stagnation of the late Wisconsinan ice occurred simultaneously throughout the basin rather than in narrow zones during ice-margin recession as has been the accepted model for decades in New England. Evidence includes especially (1) ice-contact deposits laid down over large areas, from the highest hills to the valley bottoms, wherein ice to the south was required, and (2) a series of discontinuous ice-contact lake deposits extending tens of kilometres up all major valleys, which were graded to a major ice and drift barrier in the lower part of the basin. Neither of these situations is possible at the scale observed in ice-margin recession. Regional deglaciation suggests that previous estimates of the ground-water capacity of the valley fills and of the supply of coarse construction aggregates are too high.
Economie botany—A modern concept of its scope

No longer limited to descriptions of economically important plants and to accounts of their culture, products, preparation, occurrence, distribution and uses, the scope of Economic Botany today must include careful taxonomic work, the application of physiological principIes, recognition of ecological relationships and the science of genetics.
Security surveillance challenges and proven thermal imaging capabilities in real-world applications

Uncooled thermal imaging was first introduced to the public in early 1980's by Raytheon (legacy Texas Instruments Defense Segment Electronics Group) as a solution for military applications. Since the introduction of this technology, Raytheon has remained the leader in this market as well as introduced commercial versions of thermal imaging products specifically designed for security, law enforcement, fire fighting, automotive and industrial uses. Today, low cost thermal imaging for commercial use in security applications is a reality. Organizations of all types have begun to understand the advantages of using thermal imaging as a means to solve common surveillance problems where other popular technologies fall short. Thermal imaging has proven to be a successful solution for common security needs such as: · vision at night where lighting is undesired and 24x7 surveillance is needed · surveillance over waterways, lakes and ports where water and lighting options are impractical · surveillance through challenging weather conditions where other technologies will be challenged by atmospheric particulates · low maintenance requirements due to remote or difficult locations · low cost over life of product Thermal imaging is now a common addition to the integrated security package. Companies are relying on thermal imaging for specific applications where no other technology can perform.
Insulation Systems Evaluation for Large DC Machines Using Functional Testing Procedures

Use of the functional testing approach to predict the thermal capability of insulation systems by comparison with service- proved systems under identical simulated operating conditions more severe than normal is reported. As an example, the development of an effective functional test model and test procedure for the evaluation of armature coil insulation systems for large dc machines is described. Direct current form-wound motorette investigations are reviewed, with the evolutionary procedural changes and test results over the past ten years. Particular attention is given the criteria used to determine the point at which the thermal aging process impairs the dielectric properties of the coil insulation. Information is provided for appraising test codes for the evaluation and classification of insulation systems for dc machines being considered by IEEE Technical Committees.
Personalized and Global Generativity: A Prevalent, Important, but Unlabeled Distinction in the Literature

Generativity researchers most often portray generativity as the long period of adulthood when individuals move into various roles of societal responsibility. Measures are designed to capture the unlimited ways individuals demonstrate care and concern for society’s continued well-being in the domains of family, work, and community, consequently sustaining the general society and the next generation. However, an alternative form of generativity is also prevalent in the generativity literature. This form portrays generativity as the continued investment of one’s most productive time and one’s most creative, intellectual, and material resources toward a single project over many years—one’s life’s work, which is to positively impact society in some idiosyncratic way. Erikson, McAdams, generativity psycho-biographers, and lifespan psychologists demonstrate clear recognition of personalized generativity; however, empirical studies featuring this form have not followed. Of the 26 generativity studies examined, none contain clear personalized generativity indicators. Research in other areas of adult psychological development strongly suggests that it is the identity-related (personalized) aspects of generativity that are more closely associated with psychological well-being in mid- to late life. Distinguishing these two forms of generative expression may help us to (1) better understand the relationship between aspects of generativity and well-being; (2) clarify some of the current discriminant validity measurement concerns in generativity research; and (3) invite important intervention strategies that could lead to creative, highly specified, and effective solutions to contemporary social problems and to later life revitalization for older adults.
Comments on integrating person-centered and variable-centered research on problems associated with the use of alcohol.

For any sample of m different variables obtained on a sample of n different persons, there is an identity transformation between classifications of persons (types) that are defined with person-centered methods and classifications of variables (factors) defined with variable-centered methods: types are manifested in factors and factors are expressed in types. Both kinds of methods analyze the variability-the same variability-in a personsby-variables data matrix. Person-centered types can be transformed into variable-centered factors. Thus, at a basic level there is a basis for integrating person-centered and variable-centered research. But there are many different ways to implement person-centered methods, just as there are many different ways to resolve variables into factors, and generally any model for analysis directed at identifying types will not be the complement of a model selected for analysis leading to factors. Thus, while the results from the two kinds of analysis can be related to one another, the results they produce in applications can be quite different. Also, in practice, one method is used before the other. For example, person-centered methods might be used to form types, which are then studied with multiple-group, variable-centered methods to test hypotheses specifying invariance or differences of relationships across types. There are good reasons to think in terms of types as one contemplates analysis in terms of variables. But the reverse also is true. In typological analysis, it must be assumed that types exist and that samples of subjects and indicator variables are drawn in ways that can reveal this. Different typologies indicated by person-centered research are most concretely compared if the different studies use comparable sets of persons, indicator variables, and other variables that can indicate correlates. Strictly speaking, none of these sets were comparable in the three substantive studies reviewed here. Nevertheless, at an abstract level it was possible to see that the results of the three studies agreed in indicating that there is a type of adolescent and young adult that, by and large, does not have-or at least does not report having-problems associated with the use of alcohol. This type is in the majority, accounting for approximately 60% of the youth sampled in the reviewed studies. The studies agree also in suggesting that types may emerge along a continuum of maladjustment characterized by increasing use of alcohol and other drugs, failures in school, problems at home, interpersonal difficulties, delinquency, and legal problems. Variable-centered dynamic analyses might further describe phenomena of this kind.
The Nearly Forgotten Oyster: Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864 (Olympia Oyster) History and Management in Washington State

ABSTRACT Overexploited fisheries are a worldwide problem. Restoration efforts aimed at these fisheries often involve a combination of reduced catch, hatcheries, and habitat improvement. The native oyster of western North America, Ostrea lurida,† was commercially extinct in most locations more than a century ago. In this paper, we track the history of its management for insight into its demise and failed recovery in Washington State. We document six phases of management: open access, aquaculture, control of water pollution sources, substitution by nonindigenous oysters, harvest regulations and marine reserves, and restoration. Three general lessons emerge from this historical analysis, which may apply generally to exploited fisheries that fail to recover. First, the introduction of substitute species led to neglect of the native species for many decades. Second, reserves were not fully protected and instead were designed for commercial removal of newly settled oysters, thus they largely failed. Finally, cu...
Dynamics for Golden Mean Rotation

Trajectory scalings for golden mean quasiperiodic motion are determined from its renormalization group. The power spectrum is then computed in an accurate approximation.
SEM/EDAX Analysis of PIND Test Failures

Packaged LSI and hybrid devices used in high reliability military and space applications must pass a rigorous series of screens defined by Method 5004 of Mil Standard 883B. One of these screens is the Particle Impact Noise Detection (PIND) test. This test uses a very sensitive acoustic transducer to listen for particles within the package while the package is vibrated and shocked. We have used SEM, EDAX, and optical microscopy to analyze the particles from PIND failures. From these analyses we have identified the primary sources of PIND failures and have developed procedures that yield a low reject rate at PIND test. The device used in this investigation was a 1 K RAM die eutectically attached to a 24-pin leadless hermetic package (LHP). The package is solder sealed in a belt furnace with a gold-tin eutectic preform and a gold-plated cover. We have recovered the particles from PIND test failures by placing lead tape over a punched hole in the gold plated Kovar lid. The package is then vibrated until the particles pass through the hole and are attached to the adhesive on the tape. From the analyses we have identified many sources of particles that cause PIND test failures; the main source being the gold-tin solder preform used in the sealing process. We have investigated the effect of sealing materials, furnace temperature, furnace ambient, and package orientation on the number of gold-tin solder spheres.
Asynchronies in the Development of Electrophysiological Responses to Motion and Color

Recent reports have documented greater plasticity in the dorsal visual stream as compared with the ventral visual stream. This study sought to test the hypothesis that this greater plasticity may be related to a more protracted period of development in the dorsal as compared with the ventral stream. Age-related effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by motion and color stimuli, designed to activate the two visual streams, were assessed in healthy individuals aged 6 years through adulthood. Although significant developmental effects were observed in amplitudes of ERPs to both color and motion stimuli, marked latency effects were observed only in response to motion. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the dorsal stream displays a longer developmental time course across the early school years than the ventral stream. Implications for neural and behavioral plasticity are discussed.
SmaggIce: Further Progress in Software for Gridding 2D Iced Airfoils

This paper presents progress being made in developing the SmaggIce software toolkit which is used to create structured grids for 2D iced airfoils in preparation for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. A brief introduction is given which establishes the reasons for performing CFD analysis in icing research and the need for software to help with this. A short overview of a previously released version of SmaggIce (v1.2) is included. SmaggIce v1.2 includes tools for geometry preparation, a prerequisite task to performing gridding operations. Details of features added in the current version of SmaggIce (v1.8) are presented. These include tools for domain decomposition, block boundary modification, gridding, and grid quality display. Finally, plans are listed for the final version of SmaggIce (v2.0) which will include additional boundary modification tools and solution display.
EFFECTS OF MANUAL DAMAGE ON TURKEY OAK (FAGALES: FAGACEAE) FOLIAR TANNIN CONCENTRATION AND SUBSEQUENT HERBIVOROUS INSECT ABUNDANCE

Foliar tissue of turkey oak trees, Quercus laevis Walter (Fagales: Fagaceae), were manually damaged in an attempt to investigate their wounding response. Leaves were damaged with a hole punch early in the growing season to simulate herbivory. To another group of trees, the hormone, jasmonic acid, was applied to leaves in situ to determine if this volatile compound associated with wounding could elicit a defensive response in non-damaged trees. Foliar tannin concentration increased in both control and treated trees within 2 weeks after the experiment had been begun. Damaged trees exhibited a 56.5% increase in foliar tannin concentration and trees applied with jasmonic acid showed a 62.4% increase while control trees had only a 35.9% increase; however, these differences were not significant. Interestingly, manually damaged leaves demonstrated a 72.5% increase in crude tannin levels, whereas non-damaged leaves on damaged trees showed only a 42.3% increase. These differences approached significance and suggest that damage to leaves induced an increase in tannins, but this increase was not systemic. Moreover, damaged and jasmonate-treated trees had significantly fewer insects compared with control trees. Manually damaged leaves had the highest tannin concentration after treatment, and this was interpreted to be an induced defense or wounding response. Jasmonic acid appeared to have no effect on foliar tannin concentration; however, the number of herbivorous insects on jasmonic acid treated trees was similar to the number on damaged trees.
Many-electron conductivity of a non-degenerate 2D electron liquid in strong magnetic fields

Abstract We study the frequency-dependent conductivity of a nondegenerate two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in a quantizing magnetic field in the presence of weak short-range disorder. The 2DES is correlated, forming a liquid, which makes it necessary to account for electron–electron interaction (EEI) nonperturbatively. In strong magnetic fields, the low-frequency conductivity can be expressed perturbatively in disorder, in terms of the time-dependent density–density correlator of the liquid. For short-range disorder the relevant time scale te is much shorter than the characteristic hydrodynamical cut-off time. As a result, the expression is dominated by short-time correlators of the liquid, which allows us to obtain an explicit expression for the frequency-dependent conductivity. The results directly apply for the strong-field magnetoconductivity of electrons on helium surface.