cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of hepatic drug transporters and phase II metabolizing enzymes: mechanisms of hepatic excretion of sulfate, glucuronide, and glutathione metabolites

The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body. Typically, metabolic conversion of a drug results in inactivation, detoxification, and enhanced likelihood for excretion in urine or feces. Sulfation, glucuronidation, and glutathione conjugation represent the three most prevalent classes of phase II metabolism, which may occur directly on the parent compounds that contain appropriate structural motifs, or, as is usually the case, on functional groups added or exposed by phase I oxidation. These three conjugation reactions increase the molecular weight and water solubility of the compound, in addition to adding a negative charge to the molecule. As a result of these changes in the physicochemical properties, phase II conjugates tend to have very poor membrane permeability, and necessitate carrier-mediated transport for biliary or hepatic basolateral excretion into sinusoidal blood for eventual excretion into urine. This review summarizes sulfation, glucuronidation, and glutathione conjugation reactions, as well as recent progress in elucidating the hepatic transport mechanisms responsible for the excretion of these conjugates from the liver. The discussion focuses on alterations of metabolism and transport by chemical modulators, and disease states, as well as pharmacodynamic and toxicological implications of hepatic metabolism and/or transport modulation for certain active phase II conjugates. A brief discussion of issues that must be considered in the design and interpretation of phase II metabolite transport studies follows.
Implications of the earth summit for ocean and coastal governance

Abstract The Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, was unique in the history of international conferences. Never before had so many heads of state participated in such an international negotiation. UNCED was also unique in both the breadth of environmental and development issues addressed and in the nature of the cross‐cutting dimensions that were examined (for example, from poverty, population growth, and the role of indigenous peoples to unsustainable patterns of consumption (in the North), the role of women, and technology transfer). The chapter devoted to oceans and coasts was the longest and, in some ways, the most comprehensive, of the 40 chapters making up the action plan (Agenda 21) that was approved at Rio. This article provides an overview of the events leading up to the Earth Summit, describes the principal outputs of the conference and their potential effects on ocean and coastal governance, discusses the main tens...
Synthesis of pyrrolidines using an α-cyanoaminosilane as an azomethine ylide equivalent

Abstract The potential of α-cyanoaminosilane ( 3 ) to act as an azomethine ylide equivalent is illustrated by its treatment with silver fluoride in the presence of electron deficient olefins to give substituted pyrrolidines in high yield.
Current trends in outpatient pharmacy services and billing

Abstract Objectives To provide a summary of community and ambulatory pharmacy practices and billing patterns for medication therapy management (MTM) services and to identify reasons pharmacists report not billing for direct patient care services. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting United States, February 2011. Participants Members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Ambulatory Care Practice and Research Network, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Ambulatory and Chronic Care Practitioners, and American Pharmacists Association MTM e-community. Intervention Online survey. Main outcome measures Practice setting, pharmacy services performed, billing technique, and payer, as well as reasons for not billing. Results MTM services were provided by 287 pharmacists. The most common practice settings included physician office (23.6%), health-system outpatient facility (21.7%), and community pharmacy (20.2%). A total of 149 of 276 pharmacists (54.0%) reported billing for MTM services; 16 of 276 (5.8%) did not know if they were currently billing. Community pharmacists were more likely to bill than all other sites combined (80.5% vs. 53.1%, P 75% of visits face-to-face were more likely to bill (66.2% vs. 46.6%, P Conclusion A variety of MTM services are provided in outpatient settings with inconsistent billing techniques and reimbursement. Pharmacists should continue to work toward consistent, sustainable reimbursement to expand MTM services.
Lmx1b is required for murine trabecular meshwork formation and for maintenance of corneal transparency

Studies of Lmx1b have shown that it is required for anterior segment formation during embryonic development and that reduction of Lmx1b may contribute to elevated intraocular pressure in the adult. However, whether Lmx1b is required for formation of anterior segment tissues that are associated with regulation of intraocular pressure has not been addressed due to the perinatal lethality of Lmx1b null allele. Here we use conditional deletion strategies to circumvent perinatal lethality. Our results indicate that Lmx1b is required in neural crest–derived periocular mesenchyme for formation of anterior segment tissues, including trabecular meshwork, a critical regulator of intraocular pressure. Furthermore, we show that Lmx1b is essential to maintain proper functioning of those tissues in the adult. Taken together, our results are the first to link a specific transcription factor to trabecular meshwork formation and the first to demonstrate specific requirements for Lmx1b in maintaining the integrity of adult anterior segment. Developmental Dynamics 239:2161–2171, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of the Dielectric Function on the Phonon Spectrum of Magnesium

In this paper we demonstrate that an excellent fit to the phonon spectrum of a simple metal, magnesium, may be obtained with a local pseudopotential containing only two adjustable parameters. We compare the spectrum obtained with a fixed pseudopotential using different dielectric response functions. The Hubbard dielectric function yields phonon frequencies 30% greater than the Kleinman-Langreth one, with the random-phase approximation yielding intermediate frequencies.
Nectaries on the fruit of Crescentia and other Bignoniaceae

Nectar glands are described for the first time on the developing fruits ofCrescentia cujete L. and their presence noted on fruits in 15 other genera of the Bignoniaceae. The nectaries are tiny, nonvascularized, patelliform structures of epidermal origin. They attract ants which are postulated to function in an antiherbivore role.
Mathematical theory of motivation interactions of two individuals.

The behavior of two individuals, consisting of effort which results in output, is considered to be determined by a satisfaction function which depends on remuneration (receiving part of the output) and on the effort expended. The total output of the two individuals is not additive, that is, together they produce in general more than separately. Each individual behaves in a way which he considers will maximize his satisfaction function. Conditions are deduced for a certain relative equilibrium and for the stability of this equilibrium, i.e., conditions under which it will not “pay” the individual to decrease his efforts. In the absence of such conditions “exploitation” occurs which may or may not lead to total parasitism. Some forms of the inverse problem are considered, where the form of behavior is given and forms of the satisfaction function are deduced which lead to it.
Tropical cyclones, climate change, and scientific uncertainty: what do we know, what does it mean, and what should be done?

The question of whether and to what extent global warming may be changing tropical cyclone (TC) activity is of great interest to decision makers. The presence of a possible climate change signal in TC activity is difficult to detect because interannual variability necessitates analysis over longer time periods than available data allow. Projections of future TC activity are hindered by computational limitations and uncertainties about changes in regional climate, large scale patterns, and TC response. This review discusses the state of the field in terms of theory, modeling studies and data. While Atlantic TCs have recently become more intense, evidence for changes in other basins is not persuasive, and changes in the Atlantic cannot be clearly attributed to either natural variability or climate change. However, whatever the actual role of climatic change, these concerns have opened a "policy window" that, if used appropriately, could lead to improved protection against TCs.
Presence of a Cyclic AMP Response Element‐Binding Protein in Oligodendrocytes

Several lines of evidence indicate that cyclic AMP (cAMP) induces oligodendrocytes differentiation. However, the mechanism(s) of this stimulation remains unknown. Because in several cell types the transcriptional activity of various cAMP-responsive genes is regulated through a cis-acting DNA sequence known as cAMP response element (CRE), we investigated the possible presence of a CRE binding (CREB) protein in myelinating oligodendrocytes. A double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a tandem repeat of the CRE sequence was labeled with T4 kinase in the presence of [32P]ATP and then incubated with a nuclear protein extract from 14-day-old rat brain oligodendrocytes. The reaction mixture was then electrophoresed on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. The results indicated the presence of a protein that specifically binds to the CRE sequence. The results were supported by southwestern blotting assays in which the CRE probe bound to a approximately 45-kDa protein species. In separate experiments, it was shown that the 45-kDa protein can be phosphorylated in vitro by the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A. Developmental analysis of CREB protein expression indicated a peak at 14 days of age, preceding the peak of myelinogenesis.
The Comparative Validity of Interactive Multimedia Questionnaires to Paper-Administered Questionnaires for Beverage Intake and Physical Activity: Pilot Study

Background: Brief, valid, and reliable dietary and physical activity assessment tools are needed, and interactive computerized assessments (ie, those with visual cues, pictures, sounds, and voiceovers) can reduce administration and scoring burdens commonly encountered with paper-based assessments. Objective: The purpose of this pilot investigation was to evaluate the comparative validity and reliability of interactive multimedia (IMM) versions (ie, IMM-1 and IMM-2) compared to validated paper-administered (PP) versions of the beverage intake questionnaire (BEVQ-15) and Stanford Leisure-Time Activity Categorical Item (L-Cat); a secondary purpose was to evaluate results across two education attainment levels. Methods: Adults 21 years or older (n=60) were recruited to complete three laboratory sessions, separated by three to seven days in a randomly assigned sequence, with the following assessments–demographic information, two IMM and one paper-based (PP) version of the BEVQ-15 and L-Cat, health literacy, and an IMM usability survey. Results: Responses across beverage categories from the IMM-1 and PP versions (validity; r =.34-.98) and the IMM-1 and IMM-2 administrations (reliability; r =.61-.94) (all P <.001) were significantly correlated. Paired t tests revealed significant differences in sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) grams and kcal ( P =.02 and P =.01, respectively) and total beverage kcal ( P =.03), on IMM-1 and IMM-2; however, comparative validity was demonstrated between IMM-2 and the PP version suggesting familiarization with the IMM tool may influence participant responses (mean differences: SSB 63 grams, SEM 87; P =.52; SSB 21 kcal, SEM 33; P =.48; total beverage 65 kcal, SEM 49; P =.19). Overall mean scores between the PP and both IMM versions of the L-Cat were different (both P <.001); however, responses on all versions were correlated ( P <.001). Differences between education categories were noted at each L-Cat administration (IMM-1: P =.008; IMM-2: P =.001; PP: P =.002). Major and minor themes from user feedback suggest that the IMM questionnaires were easy to complete, and relevant to participants' typical beverage choices and physical activity habits. Conclusions: In general, less educated participants consumed more total beverage and SSB energy, and reported less engagement in physical activity. The IMM BEVQ-15 appears to be a valid and reliable measure to assess habitual beverage intake, although software familiarization may increase response accuracy. The IMM-L-Cat can be considered reliable and may have permitted respondents to more freely disclose actual physical activity levels versus the paper-administered tool. Future larger-scale investigations are warranted to confirm these possibilities. [JMIR Res Protoc 2013;2(2):e40]
Depression and adherence to lifestyle changes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.

PurposeDepression affects millions of people worldwide and is prevalent among those with diabetes. The purpose of this review was to synthesize recent research on depression and adherence to dietar...
Impact of left ventricular dysfunction on hospital mortality among patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention.

Many patients with systolic dysfunction undergo elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) despite the unknown risk and limited data supporting its use. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the severity of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and hospital mortality in patients who undergo elective PCI. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all patients who underwent elective PCI in New York State in 1998 and 1999. Patients were stratified into 5 groups on the basis of their LV ejection fractions (EFs) before PCI (>55%, 46% to 55%, 36% to 45%, 26% to 35%, and 55%, 46% to 55%, 36% to 45%, 26% to 35%, and 55%, respectively. In conclusion, this analysis demonstrates that elective PCI is commonly performed in patients with reduced EFs, and the risk for hospital mortality increases as the EF decreases. For patients who undergo elective PCI, an EF < or =45% is associated with higher adjusted hospital mortality. Whether elective PCI in patients with low EFs reduces morbidity and/or mortality over medical therapy alone is unknown.
The effect of maternal heroin addiction on neonatal jaundice.

The lack of significant jaundice among infants of heroin-addicted mothers suggested a possible mitigating effect of heroin on bilirubin accumulation in the newborn infant. This possibility was substantiated by the finding of increased bilirubin glucuronyl transferase activity in morphine-addicted mice and the morphologic demonstration of an increase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of their liver cells as seen by electron microscopy. The significance of enhanced glucuronyl transferase activity may extend beyond the metabolism of bilirubin.
New materials for biological fuel cells

Major improvements in biological fuel cells over the last ten years have been the result of the development and application of new materials. These new materials include: nanomaterials, such as nanotubes and graphene, that improve the electron transfer between the biocatalyst and electrode surface; materials that provide improved stability and immobilization of biocatalysts; materials that increase the conductivity and surface area of the electrodes; and materials that aid facile mass transport. With a focus on enzymatic biological fuel cell technology, this brief review gives an overview of the latest developments in each of these material science areas and describes how this progress has improved the performance of biological fuel cells to yield a feasible technology.
Measurement of diffusion parameters using a sinusoidal iontophoretic source in rat cortex.

Abstract A new method was developed to extract diffusion parameters in brain tissue using a sinusoidal iontophoretic point source of tetramethylammonium operated at different frequencies. The resulting steady state oscillating extracellular concentration of this probe molecule was continuously monitored using an ion-selective microelectrode located about 100 μm from the source. Because the probe molecules must diffuse through the extracellular space (ECS), the oscillating concentration at the recording location will develop a phase lag and an amplitude attenuation relative to the sinusoidal source. These two components of the signal can be analyzed to determine the tortuosity factor λ and the ECS volume fraction α. The method also measures the nonspecific clearance rate constant κ. In brain slices this reflects washout of diffusing molecules. Values of α (0.18±0.05) and λ (1.67±0.08) obtained from this frequency method in rat cortical slices were similar to those obtained by the real-time iontophoretic method employing a square pulse source. The relative merits of the frequency method compared to the pulse method are discussed.
Shubnikov-De Haas Studies of Negative Persistent Photoconductivity in AlGaSb/InAs/AlGaSb Quantum Wells

We have measured the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) effect in the MBE grown Al0.6Ga0.4Sb/InAs/Al0.6Ga0.4Sh single quantum well (QW) for the magnetic fields up to 4.5T and the temperatures from 1.1 K to 4.2K. The carrier concentration of the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) was varied via the negative persistent photoconductivity (NPPC) effect. By illuminating the sample with a red light-emitting diode (LED) at the low temperature, the carrier concentration of the 2DEG in the InAs well was reduced from 5.8×1011 cm−2 to 3.6×1011 cm−2 and the corresponding quantum lifetime increased from 0.16ps to 0.21ps. The effective mass was determined by the temperature dependence of SdH oscillations and equal to (0.0317 ± 0.0005)m0.
Synchronizing real and predicted synthetic video imagery for localization of a robot to a 3D environment

A mobile robot moving in an environment in which there are other moving objects and active agents, some of which may represent threats and some of which may represent collaborators, needs to be able to reason about the potential future behaviors of those objects and agents. In previous work, we presented an approach to tracking targets with complex behavior, leveraging a 3D simulation engine to generate predicted imagery and comparing that against real imagery. We introduced an approach to compare real and simulated imagery using an affine image transformation that maps the real scene to the synthetic scene in a robust fashion. In this paper, we present an approach to continually synchronize the real and synthetic video by mapping the affine transformation yielded by the real/synthetic image comparison to a new pose for the synthetic camera. We show a series of results for pairs of real and synthetic scenes containing objects including similar and different scenes.
African American Preschool Children's Physical Activity Levels in Head Start

The purpose of this study was to describe the physical activity levels of urban inner city preschoolers while attending Head Start, the federally funded preschool program for children from low-income families. Participants were 158 African American children. Their physical activity during Head Start days was measured using programmed RT-3 accelerometers. Results revealed that the children spent the most time in sedentary and light physical activity, while their participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activities was low. Given the sedentary class format and limited physical space for the Head Start programs observed, we suggest adding a structured physical activity component to Head Start schools to fight the overweight and obesity crisis.
Fast axonally transported proteins in regenerating goldfish optic nerve: effect of abolishing electrophysiological activity with TTX

Abstract Blocking neural activity with intraocular tetrodotoxin (TTX) hinders regeneration of goldfish optic axons, and prevents the refinement of the retinotopic map that is formed in the optic tectum. The latter effect is not observed with TTX treatment confined to the first two weeks of regeneration, but is produced when the TTX treatment is delayed until after this time. In the present study, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to analyse the effects of two different schedules of TTX treatment (0–9 days or 14–32 days) on incorporation of [3H]proline into individual proteins conveyed by fast axonal transport in the optic nerve. The labelling of many of these proteins was somewhat reduced by either schedule of TTX treatment, but a number of proteins showed a larger reduction as a result of the delayed treatment. These included some glycoproteins, as well as a protein of about 45 kDa and pI 4.5, which shows greatly increased synthesis during regeneration, and which is probably identical to the ‘growth-associated protein’ GAP-43. By contrast, cytoskeletal proteins (α- and s-tubulin and actin) were unaffected by the delayed TTX treatment. It is possible that the differential effects of the early and delayed TTX treatments on various transported proteins may account for differences in the effect of these treatments on the retinotectal projection.
Cogan and Verhoeff: A friendship of genius

Following Dave’s death in September of 1993, I reread many of his publications. One of the most fascinating papers Dave wrote was his unique obituary of Frederick Verhoeff, delivered as the Third Frederick H. Verhoeff Lecture to the American Ophthalmological Society in 1969. On rereading this remarkable obituary, written in the form of a letter to Dr. Verhoeff, I realized that Dave tells us as much, perhaps more, about himself than about Verhoeff. Verhoeff served as a model for him in life. In his lecture he paid tribute to Verhoeff’s intellectual honesty, his courage, his originality, his scientific spirit, his loyalty, and his wit. These are the traits that made Dave Cogan himself such a great man.
Equilibrium configurations of point vortices in doubly connected domains

Point vortex flows of a steady, two dimensional, inviscid, and incompressible fluid are studied for doubly connected geometries. The Routh function is explicitly constructed, and equilibrium configurations of vortices are found by determining critical points numerically. The numerical computations make use of an analogue of the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation for doubly connected regions.
Analgesics for acute pain: Meeting the United States Food and Drug Administration's requirements for proof of efficacy.

Objective To examine the United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) standards for reviews of the scientific basis for efficacy claims for newly approved oral analgesics. Methods Comparison of the trial methodologies and results provided by the FDA's medical reviewer in the Summary Bases of Approval (SBA) for the 9 oral acute analgesics approved in the last 10 years: ketorolac, diclofenac potassium, bromfenac, tramadol, hydrocodone/ibuprofen fixed combination, celecoxib, rofecoxib, tramadol/acetaminophen, and valdecoxib. Results For all 9 new analgesics, studies were conducted in patients with postoperative dental pain and nondental surgical pain. The relief of gynecologic pain was examined for 5 of the new drugs. No studies in other pain models (such as infection, neuropathy, and nonsurgical trauma) supported claims of efficacy for any of the new drugs. The overall designs of the dental and nondental surgical studies, including timing of the single dose of trial drug, timing of evaluations, scales used for evaluations, and the use of both measured and derived outcome variables, were similar across the 8 development programs fully described in SBAs. Other characteristics of the trials, including choice of population for efficacy analyses, methods of carrying forward pain intensity and pain relief scores, and the length of time patients were encouraged to refrain from use of rescue medication differed across the development programs. Conclusion The requirements for approval of new analgesics in the United States encourage the pharmaceutical industry to perform efficacy studies using stylized designs in dental and nondental surgical pain. Studies of the efficacy of new analgesics in other common clinical settings are rarely or never included in development programs.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Keratinocyte Proline-rich Protein, a Novel Squamous Epithelial Marker Isolated During Skin Development *

We describe a novel rat cDNA named keratinocyte proline-rich protein (KPRP) isolated by RNA differential display during skin development. We determine that KPRP is expressed in stratified squamous epithelium, and its ∼2.8-kb cDNA encodes a 699-amino acid protein with high proline content (19%). KPRP is an insoluble protein, similar to most epidermal terminal differentiation-associated proteins. Immunoblot of the protein lysate from keratinocytes, using strong reducing conditions, demonstrates two KPRP bands of ∼76 and 55 kDa size. KPRP is expressed in stratified squamous epithelia of skin, tongue, and esophagus. The initiation of KPRP expression in fetal rat skin at E17, E18, E19, E20, and E21 was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR. Fetal skin at E19 and later expresses KPRP. In situ hybridization of skin from E18, E19, and 4-day-old neonatal rats demonstrates that interfollicular and follicular keratinocytes express KPRP. Anti-KPRP antibody demonstrates KPRP protein localizes to all layers of stratified epithelia in skin, tongue, and esophagus. In cultured dermal keratinocytes, KPRP is diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm with denser staining adjacent to the nuclear and plasma membranes. Additionally, immunoreactive intracellular granules are observed during keratinocyte detachment from their plastic substrate. Rat KPRP has 89% homology to a mouse genomic DNA sequence and 56% homology to a human hypothetical protein. We conclude that KPRP may be a new epidermal terminal differentiation-related protein expressed in stratified squamous epithelia. KPRP is expressed by fetal dermal keratinocytes during late gestation and is a new marker of maturing epidermis during fetal skin development.
A content-based video browsing system based on visual neighbor similarity

A new interactive shot level video navigation system is developed to support three types of content-based browsing functions: Neighbor clustering, Visual similarity, and Visual Neighbor Similarity (VNS) browsing..
Robotic and videoscopic surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation: Six month follow-up in a series of 29 consecutive patients

Abstract Introduction: Since September 2002 we have performed 51 minimally invasive atrial fibrillation (AF) ablative operations with six-month follow-up available for the first 29 patients (57.9%). Both robotic (da Vinci®, Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) and videoscopic modalities were used. Microwave ablation was completed by either an endocardial or a combination of epicardial and endocardial approaches. Robotic precision may increase accuracy for lesion placement while the endocardial approach may improve electrical isolation. Methods: Robotic endocardial (RE) (n = 7; 24%), robotic combined (RC) (n = 8; 28%), videoscopic endocardial (VE) (n = 9; 31%) and videoscopic combined (VC) (n = 5; 17%) approaches were used. Endocardial lesions encircle the left atrial appendage and pulmonary veins with another lesion from the pulmonary veins to the mitral valve annulus. The combined approach isolates the pulmonary veins epicardially while the remainder of the lesions are placed endocardially. Results: At six months, absence of AF occurred in 100% and 86% of patients undergoing RE and RC, respectively. VE and VC yielded freedom from AF in 89% and 40%, respectively. Overall, sinus rhythm was achieved in 93% of robotic patients (n = 14) and 71% of videoscopic patients (n = 14). Freedom from AF was 94% (n = 16) in endocardial alone and 67% (n = 12) in combined. Conclusions: Rhythm at six-month follow-up of our first 29 patients trend toward improved results with the robotic endocardial approach. A prospective randomized study will further determine the most efficacious method to surgically treat atrial fibrillation.
A new in vivo technique for three-dimensional shoulder kinematics analysis.

Objective. The field of shoulder kinematics research has long relied upon the use of cadaveric models or invasive techniques in human volunteers. In this paper, a novel method is presented that utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a software system called 3DVEWNIX. This method permits non-invasive, repetitive evaluation of living patients for glenohumeral kinematics analysis. The objectives of this study were twofold: to validate the quantitative accuracy of this technique; and to demonstrate glenohumeral relationships in asymptomatic volunteers during internal and external rotation of the arm. Design. The translational accuracy was first assessed by comparing known cadaveric glenohumeral translations with calculations from MR images of the cadaver. Nine asymptomatic volunteers were subsequently placed in an external shoulder positioning device in the scanner and imaged in 10° increments of actively achieved internal and external rotation. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the glenoid and humerus were used to evaluate the glenohumeral relationships in the tested positions of rotation. Results. The quantitative analysis revealed an error of 0.61 mm (SEM 0.11 mm). Examination of the volunteers demonstrated normal relationships about the glenohumeral joint in internal and external rotation. In addition, this method provided detailed images of the bony surface architecture from any perspective. These images can be transformed into a cinematic three-dimensional depiction of active shoulder rotation. Conclusion. This new technique offers an accurate, non-invasive method for assessing the normal glenohumeral relationships in shoulder kinematics. We now possess the capability to investigate the kinematics of normal and abnormal shoulder conditions non-invasively in a large patient population.
Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: a prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. I. Isolation; physical and enzymatic properties.

This is the first of a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological, and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3′-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.7, (Staphylococcal nuclease, Micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses the purification of the enzyme and its general physical and enzymological properties. Subsequent articles will deal with specific studies of the nucleotide binding site, crystallographic studies of a nuclease-inhibitor complex, use of the nuclease as a model for protein folding and possible mechanisms for the action of the enzyme.
A novel hyper-elastic thin film nitinol covered stent significantly decreases intra-aneurysmal flow in vitro

A novel hyper-elastic thin film nitinol (HE-TFN) covered stent has been developed to promote aneurysm quiescence by diminishing flow across the aneurysm's neck. Laboratory aneurysm models were used to assess the flow changes produced by stents covered with different patterns of HE-TFN. The flow diverters were constructed by covering Wingspan stents (Boston Scientific) with HE-TFNs (i.e., 82 and 77% porosity) and deployed in both in vitro wide-neck and fusiform glass aneurysm models. In wide-neck aneurysms, the 82% porous HE-TFN stent reduced mean flow velocity in the middle of the sac by 86.42±0.5%, while a 77% porous stent reduced the velocity by 93.44±4.99% (n=3). Local wall shear rates were also significantly reduced by about 98% in this model after device placement. Tests conducted on the fusiform aneurysm revealed smaller intra-aneurysmal flow velocity reduction to 48.96±2.9% for 82% porous and to 59.2±6.9% for 77% porous stent, respectively. The wall shear was reduced by approximately 50% by HE-TFN stents in fusiform models. These results suggest that HE-TFN covered stents have potential to promote thrombosis in both wide-necked and fusiform aneurysm sacs.
AN APPLICATION OF BONE‐MARROW CULTURES TO TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

1. A method of cultivating bone marrow in vitro is described, together with its applications to toxicology and therapeutics. 2. BAL and BAL-Intrav have been compared as antidotes to arsenicals. BAL-Intrav is less toxic than BAL, but is less potent as an antidote to lewisite oxide, and the range of effective therapeutic concentrations is smaller. The reaction product of BAL and Mapharside is toxic; the toxicity is diminished by an excess of BAL. The reaction product between BAL-Intrav and Mapharside appears to be less toxic. 3. Extending the comparison to mercury and antimony, it appears that BAL-Intrav is superior as an antidote to BAL. Both substances form toxic reaction products with antimony potassium tartrate and with Neostam; it is suggested that in the intact animal every effort should be made to encourage the excretion of these products. 4. Benzene is not toxic to bone marrow; of its oxidation products, the dihydric phenols are much more toxic than the trihydric phenols or than phenol itself. We are indebted to Surgeon-Lieut. N. M. Hancox, R.N.V.R., for allowing us to make use of his work on the culture of bone marrow; to Mr. P. D. Mitchell, Dr. L. N. Owen, and Dr. L. A. Stocken for gifts of chemicals; to Mr. R. M. Weston, F.R.P.S., for the photographs; to Professor R. A. Peters, F.R.S., Professor G. R. Cameron, F.R.S., and Surgeon-Captain A. Fairley, R.N., for advice and criticism; and to the Chief Scientist, Ministry of Supply, for permission to publish this paper, the substance of which has already appeared in Porton Reports (1944-45).
An appraisal of titanium research and development.

B discussing the status of titanium research and development, it is well to review the history of the metal, since, to a large degree, the gaps in our knowledge result from its historical development. The modern history of titanium started about 1947, almost 20 yr ago, with the Bureau of Mines' work on extraction, consolidation, processing, and properties of magnesium-reduced titanium sponge, produced by the Kroll process. The timing of the Bureau's work was superb. The war was just over, and defense research and development needed something new to avoid a massive shutdown. They turned to jet aircraft. Titanium was a natural material for jets but was completely undeveloped. There was no production, no alloys, no technology. The rnetalproducing industry and the government plunged headlong into titanium development. By 1950, titanium was available from plants built by industry with benefit of a fast write-off allowed by the government. The production of sponge was subsidized by government purchase contracts. Research on all of the facets of titanium metallurgy was conducted by government laboratories, universities, and industry. Generally, the government supported physical metallurgy, whereas industry supported process metallurgy. In retrospect, some really prodigious problems were solved in the initial decade.
Factors Affecting Populations of the Citrus Bud Mite in Southern California Lemon Orchards and Acaricide Treatments for Control of This Eriophyid

Studies of populations of the citrus bud mite, Aceria sheldoni (Ewing). over a period of 2 to 5 years in treated and untreated plots in four southern California lemon orchards are reported. In untreated plots a rapid increase in infestations in lemon buds started in Mayor June and peaked in August or September. In some years high populations were maintained throughout the fall and winter; in other years populations gradually decreased during the winter. In either case, populations fell to an annual low during April and May. These general population trends were correlated with seasonal climatic changes and plant growth cycles. Warm summer weather favorable for plant growth and also for mite dispersal resulted in rapid increase in infestation, whereas winter conditions appeared to reduce movement from one bud to another. Periods of low humidity during the winter or spring appeared to be major factors in the decline of infestation within the buds during this period. An unusually hot period in September 1955 resulted in a sharp decrease of infestation, especially in the orchard farthest from the coast. The summer population increase was about 1 month later under fruit buttons than in the buds. Populations under fruit buttons were higher than bud populations during most of the year. Applications of petroleum oil and of Aramite in both fall and spring were necessary for adequate control. Chlorobenzilate was most effective when applied between the first of June and the last of September, and a single application during this period kept mite populations low for a year.
On the coherence of information highlighted by narrators with aphasia

Background: A central purpose of narration is to convey one's point of view about a narrated event. One's expressed evaluation of a narrated event (modalising language) is often differentiated from one's expression of the time, place, person, and event proper (referential language). Use of narrative evaluative devices highlights information in narratives. Previous findings provide evidence that the frequency of use, co-occurrence and distribution of evaluative devices are similar for narratives of speakers with and without aphasia, suggesting a preservation of evaluative or modalising language in aphasia. Aims: This study complements prior research on structural aspects of evaluative devices by examining the distribution and overall coherence of the content emphasised by evaluative devices in the personal narratives of speakers with aphasia, as compared to that of narratives produced by demographically similar speakers without aphasia. Methods & Procedures: Participants were 33 demographically matched, En...
Measuring public library accessibility: A case study using GIS

Abstract Physical accessibility is considered a fundamental measure of freedom to attend activities. Although several accessibility analyses have been conducted of public libraries, these studies tend to measure the distance from the users' homes to the library using straight lines. This generally serves as a poor measurement of actual travel distances. In order to provide more realistic analysis, and measure patterns of library access more accurately, this study employed geographic information systems (GIS), including descriptive and statistical analyses, and a road network-based distance measure. One finding from the GIS analyses was that distance was a determining factor for library use. Specifically, the evidence shows that distance affected a considerable number of registered users who lived within the areas that were defined through Thiessen polygons. Another finding was that there was a difference in the travel distance between ethnic groups: Caucasians went further to access public libraries than other ethnic groups. Finally, in terms of the relationship between distance and demographic data, household characteristics relative to children and education level were significantly related to the travel distance of users. To improve the accessibility of public libraries, this study recommends librarians define service areas for libraries, develop library programs and services for susceptible user groups, and evaluate user groups' needs.
Corrections to megavoltage depth-dose values due to reduced backscatter thickness.

Multiplicative corrections for percent depth‐dose values were measured for situations with nonmaximal backscatter because of reduced thickness of the irradiated phantom. Data were obtained for common clinical field sizes for a 60Co beam as well as beams from a 2.5‐MV and a 4.0‐MV generator. Functional forms, which summarize the results and include field size effects, depth, and the thickness of the backscatter medium as variables, were obtained by regression analysis.
Charm: a framework for rapidly prototyping cryptosystems

We describe Charm, an extensible framework for rapidly prototyping cryptographic systems. Charm provides a number of features that explicitly support the development of new protocols, including support for modular composition of cryptographic building blocks, infrastructure for developing interactive protocols, and an extensive library of re-usable code. Our framework also provides a series of specialized tools that enable different cryptosystems to interoperate. We implemented over 40 cryptographic schemes using Charm, including some new ones that, to our knowledge, have never been built in practice. This paper describes our modular architecture, which includes a built-in benchmarking module to compare the performance of Charm primitives to existing C implementations. We show that in many cases our techniques result in an order of magnitude decrease in code size, while inducing an acceptable performance impact. Lastly, the Charm framework is freely available to the research community and to date, we have developed a large, active user base.
Interspecific variation in the repair of UV damaged DNA in the genus Xiphophorus as a factor in the decline of the Rio Grande Platyfish.

The fish genus Xiphophorus consists of 26 species distributed along the eastern slopes of mountain ranges extending from northern Mexico to Belize and Nicaragua. We analyzed light-dependent repair of UV-induced DNA damage in at least two species from each of the four monophyletic Xiphophorus groups. We found that the northern platyfish had significantly reduced photoenzymatic repair compared to the other three groups, including the northern swordtails, southern platyfish and southern swordtails. All of the species of the northern platyfish, including the Marbled (meyeri), Northern (gordoni) and Monterrey Platyfish (couchianus) are the northernmost species in the genus and are the only three species in the genus that are currently found on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Satellite data from the past 30 years (1979–2008) correlate greater increases in shorter wavelength UVB with higher latitudes within the Xiphophorus range. We suggest that, combined with other consequences of human population growth, anthropogenic deozonation resulting in a disproportionate increase in UVB in temperate latitudes may be a contributing factor in the decline and extirpation of the northern platyfish.
Metastable phase formation in rapidly quenched Zr80Pt20 alloys: Linkage to oxygen

Abstract Melt spun Zr80Pt20 ribbons having oxygen contents ranging from Pt bonds, and a metastable β-Zr(Pt) structure is formed.
Multicultural Task Groups An Account of the Low Contribution Level of Minorities

This study sought to explain the contribution imbalance between minority and majority members of multicultural task groups in terms of differences in personal characteristics outside of racial or e...
Regulatory considerations for companion diagnostic devices

The emergence of companion diagnostic devices has been spurred by drug discovery and development efforts towards targeted therapies, particularly in oncology. Companion diagnostics and their corresponding therapeutics are often codeveloped, or developed in parallel, to ensure the safe and effective use of the products. The regulatory framework for companion diagnostics has gradually evolved as a result of the essential role of diagnostic tests to identify the intended population for a corresponding treatment. Here, we describe the current regulatory model for companion diagnostics in the US and outline key strategies for a successful codevelopment program from the device perspective. We also discuss how technological advances and changes in clinical management may challenge the regulatory model in the future.
Types and distribution of synapses upon basket and stellate cells of the mouse cerebellum: an electron microscopic study.

The consistent identification of nerve terminals in the molecular layer of the mouse cerebellum has permitted electron microscopic study of the spatial and numerical distribution of synapses upon the soma and dendrites of stellate cells at three depths in the molecular layer. The number of boutons synapsing per 100 μ of cell perimeter, or general synaptic density (G.S.D.) has been found to vary among stellate cells located at different depths in the molecular layer. It has also been found that the G.S.D. of the dendrites is greater than that of the cell bodies of these cells. The specific synaptic densities, or number of boutons of specific type (such as parallel fiber, climbing fiber etc.) synapsing upon 100 μ of cell perimeter, have been found to vary significantly for each type of terminal among upper, lower, and very low stellate cells in the molecular layer. Very low stellate cells receive almost exclusively Purkinje collateral synapses upon their cell bodies (the dendrites have not been identified) whereas low stellate cells (basket cells) receive upon both their cell bodies and dendrites mostly parallel fiber synapses and in decreasing order lesser amounts of basket-stellate, Purkinje collateral and climbing fibers. Uppermost stellate cells, however, receive only parallel fiber and a few stellate terminals. The distribution of synapses upon stellate cells found in the mouse agrees with physiological data reported in the cat.
Translocation of Gunnison's prairie dogs from an urban and suburban colony to abandoned wildland colonies

Translocating prairie dogs from areas in or near human developments to wildlands can reduce conflicts with humans or supplement wild populations, but translocation methods differ in cost and fate of translocated individuals is often difficult to assess. We translocated 74 Gunnison's prairie dogs from 1 source colony in downtown Flagstaff, Arizona (urban) and 75 from 1 source colony in lower density housing outside the city (suburban) to 2 abandoned, recipient colonies on open grasslands 50 km north of the city (wildland). We released animals into uncaged, pre-existing burrow entrances (hard release) or into temporary cages over pre-existing burrow entrances (soft release). We captured 15 (10%) marked animals 1 year post-translocation at the 2 recipient colonies, 7 from soft release treatments and 8 from hard release treatments but visual surveys indicated a minimum of 57 adult prairie dogs and 76 pups present. Adult prairie dogs in all photographs taken by automated cameras placed at burrow entrances at each recipient colony had ear tags, suggesting that most animals at these colonies were survivors from translocation and that survival was likely higher than 10%. By 1 year post-release, recipient colonies occupied an area roughly 9–18 times that of source colonies. Urban Gunnison's prairie dogs can be successfully translocated to abandoned wildland colonies without using soft release methods, but animals may disperse widely. Given the cost and effort translocation requires, and the fact that all 6 confirmed mortalities were from human shooting, we recommend temporary restrictions on shooting at recipient colonies until populations have met management goals. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Veterans Vocational Rehabilitation: A Program in Transition

The VA has authorization to arrange for virtually any service needed by the disabled veteran to assist in accomplishing the purposes of vocational rehabilitation. This article provides a program overview of the provisions and process of the VA's rehabilitation effort and discusses the implications of training disabled veterans under the G.I. Bill. A number of agency actions are detailed to point out areas of potential improvement in the rehabilitation movement.
Evaluation of a Reiterant Force-Impulse Task in the Tongue

In the current study characteristics of a lingual force-impulse task were examined. In the task, neurologically normal adults were required to produce sequences of lingual force impulses that were ...