cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistant Starch: Metabolic Effects and Potential Health Benefits

Although there is strong evidence that the amount and type of fat in the diet can have dramatic effects on metabolism, the case for carbohydrate subtypes influencing metabolic parameters is emerging. By definition, resistant starch (RS) is any starch that is not digested in the small intestine but passes to the large bowel. Here, RS is a good substrate for fermentation which gives rise to an increase in short-chain fatty acid production. The differing rates of absorption between RS and digestible starch are thought to denote their differential metabolic responses. RS intake is associated with several changes in metabolism which may confer some health benefits. RS intake seems to decrease postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses, lower plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, improve whole body insulin sensitivity, increase satiety, and reduce fat storage. These properties make RS an attractive dietary target for the prevention of diseases associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance as well as the development of weight loss diets and dietary therapies for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. This review analyzes the body of literature examining the metabolic effects of RS consumption and discusses possible mechanisms whereby increased short-chain fatty acid production in the bowel could account for some of these effects. The effects of RS in the large bowel per se are the topic of other reviews and are not addressed in this paper.
Utilization of ACL Injury Biomechanical and Neuromuscular Risk Profile Analysis to determine the effectiveness of Neuromuscular Training: A Prospective Cohort Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives:Over 125,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur each year in the United States. External loads on the knee in the frontal plane, specifically the knee abduction moment (KAM)...
A Longitudinal Study of Human Exposure to Potential Nuclear Power Plant Risk

This study constructs a potential risk index (PRI) for the 65 U.S.-based commercial nuclear power plant (NPP) sites in relation to their surrounding populations. Four risk levels are defined: low risk, moderate risk, high risk, and very high risk. Discrepancies that exist in the sociodemographic characteristics of the host communities’ populations are examined as sorted by risk-level category. It is found that a greater percentage of minority groups are exposed to the highest levels of risk. In addition, percent “Hispanic” and percent “Other,” a grouping that includes multiracial, mixed, interracial, as well as Hispanic and Latino groups (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, or Spanish) are categories that show the greatest percent change in both the period 1990–2000 and 2000–2010.
Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics Are Associated with Disability Independently of Vascular Conditions.

Background Vascular risk factors may be associated with disability independently of vascular events. We examined whether the American Heart Association’s 7 ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics were independently associated with disability in a nationally representative cohort. Methods Adults age ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2012 were included. Ideal CVH was calculated as a composite of 7 measures, each scored 0–2. Primary predictors were number of ideal CVH metrics and score of CVH metrics. The outcome was a dichotomous score from 20 activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADLs. Unadjusted and adjusted weighted logistic models estimated associations between ideal CVH and disability. The data were analyzed in 2015. Results Among 22692 participants, mean age was 46.9 years. Cardiac disease and stroke were present in 6.6% and 2.8%; 90.3% had poor physical activity and 89.9% poor diet. Among 3975 individuals with full CVH data, in fully adjusted models, OR for disability was 0.90 (95% CI 0.83–0.98) per point increase in ideal CVH score, and 0.84 (0.73–0.97) per additional number of ideal CVH metrics. Conclusions CVH metrics were strongly and significantly associated with reduced odds of disability independently of vascular and non-vascular conditions. Poorer CVH may cause subclinical vascular disease resulting in disability.
Ohmic Contacts on β-SiC

We report on ohmic contacts on P-SiC. The contacts were formed using Ni, NiCr, W, Ti, WSi2 and TiSi2. Contact resistance measurement and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) were used to study annealing effects on contact materials. Auger analysis of Ni-SiC system indicates that during heat treatment, Ni reacts with Si to form silicide. Similar results are found for NiCr-SiC contacts. Minimum contact resistance of tungsten and titanium on SiC is measured to be 6.1×10−3 ohm/cm2 and 7.6×10−3 ohm/cm2, respectively. High temperature annealing deteriorates both contacts although for titanium contacts the resistance increases less dramatically as compared to tungsten contacts. The silicides of tungsten and titanium yield lower contact resistance than metallic W and Ti contacts. The contact resistance for WSi2 and TiSi2 after heat treatment decreases to 3.0×10−4 ohm/cm2 and 1.1×10−4 ohm/cm , respectively.
Effect of Reserpine on Thyroid Activity in Rats.

SummaryReserpine at doses of 5, 10 or 50 μg/100 g/day inhibits thyroid activity in rats. Thyroidal I131 output is decreased significantly and thyroid secretion rate is reduced approximately 84–90% below control values. It is suggested reserpine alters thyroid function through inhibition of thyrotropin secretion.
The localized incorporation of 3H-L-fucose into cell-wall polysaccharides of the cap and epidermis of corn roots

When 3H-L-fucose is provided to corn roots, a large proportion of the radioactivity is recovered in the polysaccharides extracted from the cell wall. Hydrolysis of this material yields 3H-L-fucose as the sole radioactive product. Two metabolites, identified tentatively as L-fucose-1-phosphate and a nucleoside diphosphate derivative of L-fucose have been isolated from the ethanol soluble fractions of the roots and are possibly precursors of the polysaccharide. Autoradiographs of tissue sections indicate that the synthesis of polysaccharides containing L-fucose is confined largely to the root-cap and epidermis. The outer epidermal wall and root-cap slime are particularly radioactive and, therefore, likely to be relatively rich in fucose. By contrast the cell walls from more deeply lying tissues incorporate negligible amounts of the sugar.
EVALUATION OF SELECTED FOLIAR APPLIED INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF SOYBEAN LOOPER IN VIRGINIA SOYBEAN, 2005

0.047 0.25 0.00c 1.50bcd 1.75de 0.00 0.50 0.50cde 1.00cde Lannate LV 2.4L 0.450 0.00 0.00c 0.75d 0.75e 0.25 0.00 0.25de 0.50de Larvin 3.2AF 0.600 0.25 0.25bc 2.00bcd 2.50cde 0.00 0.00 0.00e 0.00e Baythroid 2E 0.044 1.00 1.50a 2.25bcd 4.75bc 0.00 0.25 1.50cde 1.75cde Prolex 1.25EC 0.015 1.25 0.75abc 3.00bcd 5.00bc 0.75 0.25 2.00bc 3.00bcd Steward 1.25SC 0.059 0.50 0.00c 3.75b 4.25bcd 1.00 0.75 1.75cd 3.50bc Steward 1.25SC 0.078 0.00 0.00c 1.00cd 1.00e 0.50 0.00 0.00e 0.50de
Psychosomatic aspects of cardiovascular disease.

Emotions may play a role in the development of some cardiovascular disorders, and heart disease often gives rise to psychologic problems. Perceptions and thoughts about the heart may also become in...
Bioluminescence and MR Imaging of the Safety and Efficacy of Vascular Disruption in Gliomas

The goal of the present study was to examine the safety and efficacy of the vascular disrupting agent (VDA) EPC2407 (Crolibulin™) in experimental glioma models using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Experimental imaging studies were performed in subcutaneous human U87 glioma xenografts and orthotopic murine gliomas established by intracranial implantation of luciferase-transfected glioma cells (GL261-luc). Correlative histopathology and long-term survival analysis was also performed. Treatment with EPC2407 decreased tumor perfusion and increased necrosis and tumor doubling times in subcutaneous U87 xenografts. Dynamic BLI and T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI showed reduction in blood flow of intracranial GL261-luc gliomas within a few hours of VDA treatment. T2-weighted MRI did not show any evidence of hemorrhaging or edema in uninvolved brain tissue of EPC2407-treated animals. A significant increase in median survival (p < 0.05) was observed in the orthotopic GL261-luc model following VDA treatment compared to untreated controls. We demonstrate, for the first time, the biological activity of EPC2407 in experimental gliomas. Further investigation into the potential of VDAs in combination with chemoradiation therapy against gliomas is warranted.
Hormone replacement before menopause. Is it a good idea

PreviewThe efficacy and safety of hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women are no longer issues of heated debate. The same cannot be said of hormone replacement therapy for women approaching menopause who, though still menstruating, have the emotional and physical symptoms of clinical menopause. In this article, Dr Wells presents a solid case advocating such treatment during the premenopausal stage of the climacteric.
A Systems-Level Roadmap for Biomass Thermal Fractionation and Catalytic Upgrading Strategies

Although multistage thermal decomposition (fractionation) of biomass with catalytic upgrading is a promising strategy of achieving sustainable fuels production, the number of thermal decomposition stages, their conditions, and the optimal catalytic upgrading chemistries are not known. In this paper, we use conceptual process modeling to propose a general roadmap for the design of a biorefinery by employing these technologies. The overall process considered includes a biomass pretreatment system, a (multistage) thermal decomposition system in which the biomass in decomposed into various fractions, a fraction upgrading system, and a combustion system. We focus primarily on the design of the thermal decomposition and fraction upgrading systems. The goal of our work is to demonstrate the key trade-offs between various process options and to identify important areas for improvement. In general, increasing the complexity of the fraction upgrading systems increases the ultimate yield of C6+ products, though there are diminishing returns on the increase in product yield versus the complexity of the catalytic upgrading sequences. The choice of the number of thermal decomposition stages is not simple and requires careful consideration of the chemistries available to upgrade different components and the relative abundances of these different components. Therefore, the optimal design of the thermal decomposition and fraction upgrading systems cannot be done independently.
New Imaging Techniques for Bone

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the existing imaging techniques for assessing trabecular and cortical architecture as well as emerging advances in these areas. A brief description of the physics behind X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging is provided to lay the foundation for review of image acquisition techniques. Next, the authors review at length image analysis algorithms that are used to derive measurements of bone structure from these images. Finally, to present the diagnostic capabilities of the imaging methods, the authors discuss published in vitro and in vivo studies on the relationships of the image-derived bone measures with bone strength, biomechanics, fracture discrimination, and osteoporotic status.
Abstract 91: Weekend Admission Following Non-Traumatic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest is a Prognosticator of Poor Outcome: Results from a Nationwide Database

Background: In the United States, differences in outcome based on day of admission have been reported for several disease entities including in-hospital cardiac arrest. We investigated whether outcomes are similarly affected in patients with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods: The 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Nationwide Emergency Department Sample are nationally representative databases containing data on 8 and 21 million discharges, respectively. We included all patients with an ICD-9 CM code for a principle diagnosis of cardiac arrest and excluded those with ICD-9 CM code for any diagnosis of trauma. We defined “weekend” as Saturday 12:01 am to Sunday 11:59 pm. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of in-hospital death or discharge to hospice. Secondary outcomes are listed in the table. Poor neurologic outcome was a composite endpoint of coma, vegetative state or anoxic brain injury with feeding tube or tracheostomy placement in patients discharged alive. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using multivariable regression analyses. Results: In 2010, 140,128 OHCA patients were admitted to an ED in the United States; 29.3% occurred on the weekend. Ventricular fibrillation was the presenting rhythm in 3.8% of emergency department OHCA visits. Overall survival to hospital admission and discharge were only 8.2% and 4.8% respectively. When adjusted for variables known to affect outcome (Table), total in-hospital mortality remained higher on weekends compared with weekdays. Other outcomes, including the use of hypothermia were similar between weekends and weekdays. Conclusion: Despite the many advances in resuscitation systems, the national survival to hospital admission and discharge for non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains very low. Yet again, a weekend admission appears as an independent predictor of higher in-hospital mortality in this patient population. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Ethical issues in pediatric genetic testing and screening

Purpose of reviewDevelopments in genetic test technologies enable a detailed analysis of the genomes of individuals across the range of human development from embryos to adults with increased precision and lower cost. These powerful technologies raise a number of ethical issues in pediatrics, primar
California Electricity Restructuring, The Crisis, and Its Aftermath

This chapter provides an overview of California's electricity restructuring in the mid-1990s. California's goal was to deregulate both the wholesale and the retail electricity market, after a transition period during which utilities would be able to recover stranded costs. The California experience proves that electricity deregulation has been an utter failure in California, and by extension, is likely to be a failure elsewhere. In California, restructuring has set the stage for widespread wholesale market competition and adequate electric generation capacity. California's restructuring has resulted in increases in new electric generating plants proposed, approved, and under construction. The California experience illustrates that actions economically isolating the supply side of markets from the demand side create problems. California's electric system includes both complicated organizations and complex economic structures. Flaws in the California market design encouraged market gaming or exercise of market power by generators, traders, utilities, and the state itself. Nevertheless, the future regulatory direction remains uncertain, with some advocates trying to force a return to a vertically integrated monopoly structure and others striving to improve regulatory rules within a partially regulated, partially deregulated system.
Regulatory signaling in pancreatic organogenesis. implications for aberrant signaling in pancreatic cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on five major embryonic signaling networks and discusses the role of their aberrant reactivation in the pathobiology of pancreatic cancer. One of the earliest signaling pathways known to be important in pancreas development is the Notch pathway. Once the transmembrane Notch receptor is activated by binding of its ligands Delta and Serrate, its intracellular domain translocates in the nucleus where it associates with recombination signal binding proteins (RBPs), also known as CSL/CBF1/Su(H)/LAG-1 transcription factors. RBP-j is a part of the trimeric transcription factor Ptf1, which is essential for early pancreas development as well as differentiation and maintenance of exocrine cells. Ptf1 is composed of p48, a pancreas- and cerebellum-specific factor, a class A bHLH protein, and RBP-j. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and its receptors are highly expressed in the embryonic foregut before any budding of the pancreas. By embryonic day 8, Shh expression is downregulated in the region fated to give rise to the dorsal bud of the pancreas. Shh downregulation would be the key event in restricting the zone of Pdx1 expression that will become the pancreas. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is dramatically upregulated during the progression from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and PTCH expression is also present in the stromal elements adjacent to the cancer. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) isoforms are major regulators of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine cell fates, and all three isoforms and their signaling components are expressed in the pancreatic epithelium and surrounding mesenchyme from embryonic to adult stages. The TGFβ superfamily of secreted growth factors consists of several sub-families that include the three mammalian TGFβ isoforms, the activins/inhibins and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP).
The 1200 year composite ice core record of Aleutian Low intensification

Future changes in North Pacific wintertime climate will be largely determined by the response of the Aleutian Low (ALow) pressure system to anthropogenic forcing. Although the ALow has intensified over the twentieth century, global climate model projections of future ALow variability are equivocal. In order to evaluate decadal to centennial ALow forcing mechanisms and provide context for the modern intensification, here we combine a new Denali ice core (Alaska) sea-salt sodium record with the Mount Logan ice core (Yukon) sodium record to develop a composite 1200 year record of ALow variability. The composite record indicates that the recent secular ALow intensification began circa 1741 and is unprecedented in magnitude and duration over the past millennium. North Pacific ice core snow accumulation and stable isotope records are consistent with this interpretation. The ALow intensification is associated with warming tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, consistent with dynamic theory and instrumental correlations.
A test of the response-mediated reinforcement hypothesis

The relationship between the unconditioned operant rate of bar pressing and the frequency with which Ss bar press for food during a 40-min. free-feeding bar-press choice period was studied using 30 male albino rats. The operant level of bar pressing was recorded for each S during one hour trials on each of 6 consecutive days. On the basis of the rank order of the mean frequency of unconditioned bar presses emitted by each S during the 6 trials, the Ss were divided into 3 groups of 10 Ss each. All Ss were later trained to bar press for food pellets, each S receiving 320 food-rewarded bar presses, and finally given a choice between bar pressing for food pellets or free feeding from their home-cage food cup. The frequency of bar pressing for food during the choice period was found to be an increasing monotonic function of the unconditioned operant rate of bar pressing. These results were discussed in relation to previous findings suggesting that the performance of an operant may mediate its own reinforcement.
Room-Temperature Mechanical Strength Selection Criteria of G-10 Intended for Cryogenic Service

The Component Development and Integration Facility (CDIF) superconducting magnet features a superconductor support structure that uses G-10 fiberglassepoxy laminate for structural and insulating functions. The magnet for the CDIF magnetohydrodynamic power train is a 45° rectangular saddle, pancake-wound dipole with a graded field (Fig. 1). The conductor is held within longitudinal grooves in fiberglass-epoxy support plates. In this manner, individual conductors are independently supported and separated from adjacent conductors. Cooling within the winding is provided by liquid helium in channels that are machined on the face of the support plates opposite to the conductor grooves. The helium channels are perpendicular to and communicate with the conductor grooves; they provide passages for the liquid helium coolant from the channels to the grooves. Within the groove, a copper wire overwrap on the conductor provides space for helium between the conductor surfaces and the adjacent support plate surfaces. There are 80 support plates, 40 per side, stacked and bolted together to form the winding. A detail of the stacked plates is shown in Fig. 2.
Transformation and Renewal Through the Arts

This chapter explores the educational impact of Deirdre Hurst du Prey, a founding member of the original Michael Chekhov Theatre Studio of Dartington Hall, England. Du Prey’s spirit resonates with these lines by Keats, which were read at her funeral to mark the conclusion of 100 eventful years.
Thromboembolic prophylaxis protocol with warfarin after radiofrequency catheter ablation of infarct-related ventricular tachycardia.

Introduction Ablation in the left ventricle (LV) is associated with a risk of thromboembolism. There are limited data on the use of specific thromboembolic prophylaxis strategies postablation. We aimed to evaluate a thromboembolic prophylaxis protocol after ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. Methods and results The index procedures of 217 patients undergoing ablation for infarct-related VT with open irrigated-tip catheters were included. Patients with large LV endocardial ablation area (>3 cm between ablation lesions) were started on low-dose, slowly escalating unfractionated heparin (UFH) infusion 8 hours after access hemostasis, followed by 3 months of anticoagulation. Patients with less extensive ablation were treated only with antiplatelet agents postablation. Postablation bridging anticoagulation was used in 181 (83%) patients. Of them, 11 (6%) patients experienced bleeding events (1 required endovascular intervention) and 1 (0.6%) experienced lower extremity arterial embolism requiring vascular surgery. Systemic anticoagulation was prescribed in 190 (89%) of 214 patients discharged from the hospital (warfarin in 98%), while the rest received single- or dual-antiplatelet therapy alone. Patients treated with an anticoagulant had significantly longer radiofrequency time compared to patients treated with antiplatelet agents only. One (0.5%) of the patients treated with oral anticoagulation experienced major bleeding 2 weeks postablation. No thromboembolic events were documented in either the anticoagulation or the "antiplatelet only" group postdischarge. Conclusion A slowly escalating bridging regimen of UFH, followed by 3 months of oral anticoagulation, is associated with low thromboembolic and bleeding risks after infarct-related VT ablation. In the absence of extensive ablation, antiplatelet therapy alone is reasonable.
Coiling Versus Microsurgical Clipping in the Treatment of Unruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: A Meta-Analysis.

Background Open microsurgical clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms has long been the gold standard, yet advancements in endovascular coiling techniques have begun to challenge the status quo. Objective To compare endovascular coiling with microsurgical clipping among adults with unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms (MCAA) by conducting a meta-analysis. Methods A systematic search was conducted from January 2011 to October 2015 to update a previous meta-analysis. All studies that reported unruptured MCAA in adults treated by microsurgical clipping or endovascular coiling were included and cumulatively analyzed. Results Thirty-seven studies including 3352 patients were included. Using the random-effects model, pooled analysis of 11 studies of microsurgical clipping (626 aneurysms) revealed complete aneurysmal obliteration in 94.2% of cases (95% confidence interval [CI] 87.6%-97.4%). The analysis of 18 studies of endovascular coiling (759 aneurysms) revealed complete obliteration in 53.2% of cases (95% CI: 45.0%-61.1%). Among clipping studies, 22 assessed neurological outcomes (2404 aneurysms), with favorable outcomes in 97.9% (95% CI: 96.8%-98.6%). Among coiling studies, 22 examined neurological outcomes (826 aneurysms), with favorable outcomes in 95.1% (95% CI: 93.1%-96.5%). Results using the fixed-effect models were not materially different. Conclusion This updated meta-analysis demonstrates that surgical clipping for unruptured MCAA remains highly safe and efficacious. Endovascular treatment for unruptured MCAAs continues to improve in efficacy and safety; yet, it results in lower rates of occlusion.
Nanostructured Antireflective Iridium Oxide Coating for Water Oxidation

Iridium oxide (IrOx) is one of the best catalysts for the aqueous oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and its activity is greatly impacted by surface characteristics. By reactively sputtering in a high O2 flow-rate environment, vertically oriented IrOx nanoplatelets grow several hundred nanometers high exhibiting large surface areas and antireflective optical properties across the visible spectrum. The nanoplatelet IrOx surface is electrochemically compared to other morphologies of IrOx surfaces for OER activity. It was found that the nanoplatelet IrOx surface outperforms all other tested morphologies and planar Ir-metal by exhibiting higher currents and lower overpotentials. Longevity testing of catalytic activity shows that the nanoplatelet surface is more stable in a wide pH range. Characterization with X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the stoichiometry and oxidation states are similar between the different morphologies of IrOx, but the preferred crystallographic orientati...
An Integrated Approach to Managing IT Portfolio

As IT portfolio management (ITPM) has been increasingly regarded as solution to governing IT investment, enterprises are faced with the challenge to develop and manage IT portfolio. We argue that IT portfolio needs to additionally consider managerial flexibilities and interdependencies in terms of a balanced portfolio return and risk. Moreover, we propose an IT portfolio model that is capable of considering option and synergy to make decision. Finally, we demonstrate an example to show the use our proposed model.
A Case Study: Composite Structure Design Optimization

This chapter presents an engineering application of global optimization with a case study on designing large composite structures. The problem of designing large composite structures often becomes a global optimization problem when practical issues such as performance and manufacturability of the structures are considered. We demonstrate how problems on this type can be formulated and solved using two design examples. A stochastic optimization approach is used to obtain the solutions in both examples.
Frege and Russell on Assertion

Russell claims in Principles of Mathematics (1903) that grammar brings us closer to a correct logic than do the opinions of philosophers. In chapter IV of that book, he sets out to treat the nature of assertion, propositions, and the terms of grammar, prefacing his investigations with the remark, “in what follows, grammar, though not our master, will be taken as our guide” (PoM, §46, p. 42). Some may find this remark curious, for in so much of Russell’s early work, there is more in common with the views of Frege and of other mathematically oriented logicians (e.g., Cantor, E. Schroder and Peano) than there is with the work of logicians whose conception of logic cleaves closely to the categories of traditional grammatical analysis. Representative of this latter group is the early twentieth-century logician W. E. Johnson, from whom Russell claims in the preface to Principles to have received “many useful hints” (ibid., p. xviii).
Hyperarousal and sleep reactivity in insomnia: current insights

Hyperarousal is a key component in all modern etiological models of insomnia disorder. Overall patterns in the literature suggest that over-active neurobiological and psychological systems contribute to difficulty sleeping. Even so, mixed results regarding the specific mechanisms linking hyperarousal to sleep disturbance limit current etiological conceptualizations. Similar basal arousal profiles between individuals with high vs low risk for insomnia in the absence of stress exposure suggest that dysregulated stress "response" rather than general hyperarousal may be a more pertinent marker of risk. In this report, we discuss evidence for hyperarousal in insomnia and explore the role of sleep reactivity. A trait characteristic, sleep reactivity is the degree to which stress disrupts sleep, manifesting as difficulty falling and staying asleep. Premorbid sleep reactivity has been shown to identify individuals at risk for future insomnia disorder, such as highly reactive sleepers (whose sleep systems are sensitive to stress) who are at elevated disease risk. Research points to genetics, family history of insomnia, gender, and environmental stress as factors that influence sleep reactivity. Importantly, stress-related cognitive-emotional reactivity (e.g., rumination, worry) may exploit the vulnerability of a highly reactive sleep system. We propose that sleep reactivity and cognitive-emotional reactivity may share a bidirectional relationship, conferring an insalubrious environment for sleep in response to stress. Future research on sleep reactivity is needed to identify its neurobiology, characterize its relationship with cognitive-emotional reactivity, and explore the potential clinical utility of sleep reactivity in treatment planning.
BDNF is necessary for neuronal activity-regulated oligodendrogenesis (P2.409)

Objective: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in both normal developmental myelination and in remyelination after some forms of demyelinating injury through regulation of proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte proliferation cells (OPCs). BDNF is also implicated in induction of a switch between passive innate myelination and neuronal activity-dependent adaptive myelination. We have previously shown that neuronal activity promotes OPC proliferation, differentiation and changes in myelin microstructure using optogenetic stimulation of the premotor circuit in awake, behaving mice. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating these responses of myelin-forming cells to neuronal activity are incompletely understood. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that BDNF mediates neuron:OPC communication and promotes activity-regulated oligodendrogenesis. Using a genetic mouse model that lacks calcium-regulated factor binding elements in promoter IV of the BDNF gene and thus lacks activity-regulated up-regulation of BDNF expression, we found a complete abrogation of the proliferative response of OPCs in white matter following acute optogenetic stimulation, as well as deficits in oligodendrogenesis after stimulation. Confirming the necessity of activity-regulated OPC BDNF-TrkB signaling in OPCs to the activity-regulated response, inducible knock out of TrkB in OPCs (PDGFRa::CreER; TrkB fl/fl ) similarly eliminates oligodendrogenesis in the corpus callosum after optogenetically-elevated neuronal activity in the premotor circuit. Additionally, treating mice with a TrkB small molecule agonist after focal demyelination improved OPC proliferation within the lesioned area of the corpus callosum. Our data suggest a critical role for activity dependent BDNF-TrkB signaling in activity-regulated oligodendrogenesis and myelination. Background: NA Design/Methods: NA Results: NA Conclusions: NA Disclosure: Dr. Geraghty has nothing to disclose. Dr. Monje has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Cygnal Therapeutics.
Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors affecting the skeleton: a seminal case series

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is increasing in cancer therapy today. It is critical that treatment teams become familiar with the organ systems potentially impacted by immune-related adverse events associated with these drugs. Here, we report adverse skeletal effects of immunotherapy, a phenomenon not previously described. In this retrospective case series, clinical, laboratory and imaging data were obtained in patients referred to endocrinology or rheumatology with new fractures (n = 3) or resorptive bone lesions (n = 3) that developed while on agents targeting PD-1, CTLA-4 or both. The average age of patients was 59.3 (SD 8.6), and five were male. Cancer types included melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer. All fracture patients had vertebral compression, and two of the three had multiple fracture sites involved. Sites of resorptive lesions included the shoulder, hand and clavicle. Biochemically, elevated or high-normal markers of bone resorption were seen in five of the six patients. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in three of the four patients where checked. This case series represents the first description of potential skeletal adverse effects related to immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings are important for providers caring for patients who experience musculoskeletal symptoms and may merit additional evaluation.
Basics of Java Programming: A Project PrintXmasCard

Chapter 2 starts Java programming. When we write a paper, we start from words, to sentences, to paragraphs, to sections, and to the complete paper by following the syntax and semantics of our natural language. Writing a program is just like that. We start from variables, to statements, to methods, to classes, and to a complete project by following the syntax and semantics of the Java programming language. We are going to introduce the programming concepts and practices through the designing and constructing of a project PrintXmasCard, which illustrates that a program consists of three parts in general: input, computation, and output.
Reductive transformations of layered manganese oxides by small organic acids and the fate of trace metals

Abstract Manganese oxides are often major controls on the fate of trace metals in the environment. Exposure to dissolved Mn(II) alters the mineral structure and metal binding mechanisms. Such direct interaction of reduced and oxidized Mn species is largely limited to redox interfaces, but indirect Mn(II) generation may occur more widely. Small organic acids common in soils and organic matter-bearing sediments reduce Mn oxides, generating dissolved Mn(II), but the impact of such reduction on mineral structure and trace metal fate is largely unknown. This study investigates the reaction of three organic acids (oxalate, citrate, and 4-hydroxybenzoate) with two phyllomanganate minerals at pH 4, 5.5, and 7. Aging these phases for four weeks with each organic acid caused partial Mn reduction, generating solid-phase Mn(II) and Mn(III) as well as dissolved Mn(II), with the greatest concentration observed at pH 4. Citrate and 4-hydroxybenzoate produced substantially greater reduction than oxalate, with the net electron transfer indicating that oxidation products of the initial organic acids also reacted with the minerals. In all cases the phyllomanganate sheet structure was preserved after reaction and no phase transformations were observed. Metal uptake was not substantially altered by the organic acids at pH 7, despite these molecules causing substantial solid-phase Mn reduction, whereas at pH 4 adsorption of Ni and Zn decreased compared to organic acid-free systems. Ni adsorption mechanisms transitioned from binding above vacancy sites to at sheet edges in the presence of citrate and 4-hydroxybenzoate, whereas oxalate addition favored Ni binding to vacancy sites. In addition, at pH 7 oxalate and 4-hydroxybenzoate enhanced incorporation into Mn(III)-poor phyllomanganates sheets. For Zn, oxalate had little effect on binding mechanisms but citrate and 4-hydroxybenzoate increased the fraction of tetrahedral species and binding to edge sites. For both metals, changes in uptake and adsorption mechanisms were likely caused by both vacancy filling with Mn(II) and Mn(III) as well as the formation of Mn(III)-rich edges. This study shows that reduction by organic acids alters the reactivity of Mn oxide minerals which enhances trace metal micronutrient and contaminant availability in soils and aquatic systems.
Classification of iron oxide aerosols by a single particle soot photometer using supervised machine learning

Abstract. Single particle soot photometers (SP2) use laser-induced incandescence to detect aerosols on a single particle basis. SP2s that have been modified to provide greater spectral contrast between their narrow and broad-band incandescent detectors have previously been used to characterize both refractory black carbon (rBC) and light-absorbing metallic aerosols, including iron oxides ( FeOx ). However, single particles cannot be unambiguously identified from their incandescent peak height (a function of particle mass) and color ratio (a measure of blackbody temperature) alone. Machine learning offers a promising approach for improving the classification of these aerosols. Here we explore the advantages and limitations of classifying single particle signals obtained with a modified SP2 using a supervised machine learning algorithm. Laboratory samples of different aerosols that incandesce in the SP2 (fullerene soot, mineral dust, volcanic ash, coal fly ash, Fe2O3 , and Fe3O4 ) were used to train a random forest algorithm. The trained algorithm was then applied to test data sets of laboratory samples and atmospheric aerosols. This method provides a systematic approach for classifying incandescent aerosols by providing a score, or conditional probability, that a particle is likely to belong to a particular aerosol class (rBC, FeOx , etc.) given its observed single particle features. We consider two alternative approaches for identifying aerosols in mixed populations based on their single particle SP2 response: one with specific class labels for each species sampled, and one with three broader classes (rBC, anthropogenic FeOx , and dust-like) for particles with similar SP2 responses. Predictions of the most likely particle class (the one with the highest mean probability) based on applying the trained random forest algorithm to the single particle features for test data sets comprising examples of each class are compared with the true class for those particles to estimate generalization performance. While the specific class approach performed well for rBC and Fe3O4 ( ≥99 % of these aerosols are correctly identified), its classification of other aerosol types is significantly worse (only 47 %–66 % of other particles are correctly identified). Using the broader class approach, we find a classification accuracy of 99 % for FeOx samples measured in the laboratory. The method allows for classification of FeOx as anthropogenic or dust-like for aerosols with effective spherical diameters from 170 to >1200 nm. The misidentification of both dust-like aerosols and rBC as anthropogenic FeOx is small, with % of the dust-like aerosols and % of rBC misidentified as FeOx for the broader class case. When applying this method to atmospheric observations taken in Boulder, CO, a clear mode consistent with FeOx was observed, distinct from dust-like aerosols.
Refining the Analysis of Mechanism–Outcome Relationships for Anxiety Treatment: A Preliminary Investigation Using Mixed Models:

Although efficacious treatments exist for anxiety disorders, issues remain regarding how best to conceptualize and measure purported change processes in clinical research. In the current study, we ...
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus causes the vesicles and erosions of the epithelium of the tongue, mouth, muzzle, and feet. Sometimes the focal degeneration of cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue may occur. A large number of other animals may be infected experimentally. Man is rarely infected, but the virus may reside in the pharynx for at least 24 hours. The existence of immunologically distinct types was first described in the 1920s for types A, O, and C; types Sat 1, Sat 2, Sat 3, and Asia 1 were identified at Pirbright between 1948 and 1954. The first vaccines were developed using virus extracted from infected cattle and inactivated with formalin. A method for culturing the virus in suspended tongue tissue has been described. This formed the basis of vaccines used extensively in Europe and South America. The techniques of recombinant DNA (genetic engineering) and peptide synthesis are being applied to research into new technologies for FMD vaccine production.
Computer-Aided Design, 3-D–Printed Manufacturing, and Expert Validation of a High-fidelity Facial Flap Surgical Simulator

ImportanceFacial flap procedures may be difficult for surgical trainees to conceptualize and challenging for supervising surgeons to allow entrustment early in training. Simulation outside of the o...
Spectral analysis of lower limb EMG activity in individuals with motor complete SCI during standing with epidural stimulation

The EMG signals have been recorded from lower limb muscles during standing in individuals with complete spinal cord injury implanted with spinal cord epidural stimulation. In this study, the EMG signals are classified based on the quality of standing using spectraldomain features obtained by three frequency transformation methods: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). The k-nearest neighbor method was used for the classification task. It is shown that CWT features have the highest classification accuracy (~ 90%) compared to STFT and FFT. This suggests that CWT provides more in-depth assessment of time-frequency content of the EMG signals that can discriminate between assisted and independent standing performances.
Teacher Satisfaction with School Psychologist Services: Is There a Study Behind the Data?

A historical analysis of the controversy surrounding an alleged study, the data from which were originally published in 1969. Despite considerable evidence refuting the validity of both the data an...
School Social Capital and Tobacco Experimentation Among Adolescents: Evidence From a Cross-Classified Multilevel, Longitudinal Analysis

Abstract Purpose School social capital incorporates the intangible prosocial resources from social networks, including expectations and social norms, found in a school environment. School social capital may influence health behaviors such as smoking. This study examined the association of school social capital with smoking behaviors from childhood into adolescence. Methods We used a cohort sampled from three U.S. cities for the Healthy Passages Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The primary outcome was cigarette smoking at grade 10 (Wave 3). The primary predictor of interest was school social capital at grade 5 (Wave 1). We included potential covariates at the individual, school, and neighborhood levels at Wave 1. To account for simultaneous clustering in schools and neighborhoods, cross-classified multilevel models were used. Results After exclusions and imputations for missing variables, our final sample contained 3,968 students as constituents of 118 schools and 479 neighborhoods. With adjustment for the covariates, school social capital for grade 5 was negatively associated with cigarette smoking in grade 10. We estimated that a 1 standard deviation increase in the school average social capital for grade 5 is associated with an odds ratio of .86 (95% credible interval: .75–.98) for school-level smoking in grade 10. Conclusions This study suggests that school social capital in late elementary years is associated with reduced smoking behaviors among adolescents in the U.S. Influencing school social capital through enrichment of positive social norms and parent/teacher expectations may be a useful strategy to reduce adolescent smoking, with long-term implications for adult health.
PLAQUE MORPHOLOGY PREDICTORS OF SIDE BRANCH OCCLUSION AFTER MAIN VESSEL STENTING IN CORONARY BIFURCATION LESION: OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING STUDY

There is little information about underlying plaque morphology of the main vessel (MV) and its potential impact on side branch occlusion (SBO) after MV stenting. 116 consecutive coronary bifurcations with side branch (SB) >1.5mm undergoing provisional SB stenting were analyzed. Optical coherence
Understanding the multifaceted geospatial software ecosystem: a survey approach

Understanding the characteristics of the rapidly evolving geospatial software ecosystem in the United States is critical to enable convergence research and education that are dependent on geospatia...
Hyaluronic acid and its biomedical applications: A review

Abstract Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring biopolymer possessing numerous functions within the body including wound repair, cell migration, and cell signaling. Due to its versatility, hyaluronic acid has been a major component of biomedical research and has seen application in several fields such as tissue engineering and cancer treatments through a multitude of different forms. This review aims to outline hyaluronic acid's role in the healing process while focusing on its myriad of forms and applications in the biomedical world.
Regional Wind Power Ramp Forecasting through Multinomial Logistic Regression

Wind power ramps are the abrupt yet significant change in wind power productions. The information on the ordinal levels of impending wind power ramp could help power system operator to arm operation or ramping reserves in a timely manner. This paper presents novel approaches for regional wind power ramp level forecasting using real-time meso-scale wind speed measurements. Motivated by the correlation of the meso-scale wind speed measurements with the regional wind power data, the proposed approach utilizes multinomial logistic regression for wind power ramp forecasting. An approach that combines the probabilistic output of individual regressive models in a weighted manner is proposed, with the weights calculated by minimizing the Brier skill score of the combined model. The proposed methods are tested by using real-world data, and is compared with benchmark methods. The results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
EDC3 phosphorylation regulates growth and invasion through controlling P-body formation and dynamics

Regulation of mRNA stability and translation plays a critical role in determining protein abundance within cells. Processing bodies (P-bodies) are critical regulators of these processes. Here, we report that the Pim1 and 3 protein kinases bind to the P-body protein enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 (EDC3) and phosphorylate EDC3 on serine (S)161, thereby modifying P-body assembly. EDC3 phosphorylation is highly elevated in many tumor types, is reduced upon treatment of cells with kinase inhibitors, and blocks the localization of EDC3 to P-bodies. Prostate cancer cells harboring an EDC3 S161A mutation show markedly decreased growth, migration, and invasion in tissue culture and in xenograft models. Consistent with these phenotypic changes, the expression of integrin β1 and α6 mRNA and protein is reduced in these mutated cells. These results demonstrate that EDC3 phosphorylation regulates multiple cancer-relevant functions and suggest that modulation of P-body activity may represent a new paradigm for cancer treatment.