cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Origins of the Right to Science: the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man

To be published in Porsdam H. and S. Porsdam Mann (eds.), The Right to Science: Then and Now, Cambridge University Press, 2021. This chapter tells the story of the drafting and adoption of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (1948), and in particular of its provisions on the “right to science” and the “rights of science”-- that is to say the human rights that are most crucial for the work of scientists and inventors, such as freedom of thought, academic freedom, intellectual property and others. The American Declaration is the first broad and detailed enumeration of human rights to be adopted by an intergovernmental organization. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is hailed as the founding document of international human rights, it is often forgotten that it was preceded and inspired by the American Declaration. While the Universal and the American declarations were largely drafted in parallel, the drafting of the American Declaration was always a couple of steps ahead. The American Declaration was completed before the second round of drafting of the Universal Declaration, and was adopted on 2 May 1948, almost eight months before the Universal Declaration (10 December 1948). There is no doubt that the American Declaration heavily influenced the drafting process and final wording of the universal one. Thus, if one were to pinpoint a day and place where the “right to science” was born, it would be on 31 December 1945, in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. On that day, the Inter-American Juridical Committee adopted the first draft of the future American Declaration. In it, they described a new human right, never articulated before: the right to benefit from progress in science and technology, also known more succinctly as “the right to science”. Although reworded and re-elaborated, the right survived two drafts and the negotiating process to end up in Article XIII of the American Declaration. In turn, that provided the essential wording for Article 27.1 of the Universal Declaration, which then led to Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and several other human rights treaties and declarations.
Promoting Autonomous Vehicles Using Travel Demand and Lane Management Strategies

A key challenge facing cities of today is the persistent and growing urban congestion that has significant adverse effects on economic productivity, emissions, driver frustration, and quality of life. The concept of smart cities, which can revolutionize the management of metropolitan transportation operations and infrastructure, shows great promise in mitigating this problem. Specifically, the automation and connectedness (A&C) of smart city entities such as its infrastructure, services, and vehicles, can be helpful. In this regard, this paper focuses on the potential of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and AV infrastructure, particularly during prospective transition era where there will be mixed streams of AVs and human driven vehicles (HDVs). The paper considers two aspects of this potential: connectivity-enabled travel demand management and travel infrastructure supply through lane management. To demonstrate the opportunity associated with this potential, this paper first presents an AV-enabled tradable credit scheme (TCS) to manage travel demand. Here, the transportation authority distributes travel credits to travelers directly and instantaneously using the AV’s A&C features. Then, travelers use their A&C features to pay these credits for travel at specific locations or times-of-day according to their choices of lane types and links. With regard to supply, the paper considers that the road network consists of two lane types: AV-dedicated, and mixed traffic lanes, and develops a scheme for Travel Demand and Lane Management Strategies in AV transition era (TLMAV). First, the paper models the expected travel choices based on the user equilibrium concepts, at different levels of AV market penetration. Then, the existence of the optimal solution in terms of link flows and the prevailing travel credit price is demonstrated. Then, the paper establishes the optimal TLMAV that minimize total travel time subject to user equity constraints. The results demonstrate the extent to which HDV users suffer increase in travel cost if equity is not considered in the model. The results also show how the transportation agency can use TLMAV to keep HDV travel costs to acceptable levels, particularly during early periods of the AV transition period.
Bone Strength/Bone Mass Discrepancy in Glucocorticoid-Treated Adult Mice

Glucocorticoids increase bone fragility in patients in a manner that is underestimated by bone mass measurement. This study aimed to determine if the adult mouse could model this bone strength/bone mass discrepancy. Forty-two 13-week-old BALB/cJ mice were randomized into vehicle and glucocorticoid groups, implanted with vehicle or 6-methylprednisolone pellets, and necropsied after 60 and 120 days. Bone strength and bone mass/microarchitecture were assessed at the right central femur (CF; cortical-bone-rich) and sixth lumbar vertebral body (LVB6; trabecular-bone-rich). Bound water (BW) of the whole right femur was analyzed by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) relaxometry. Data were analyzed by two-factor ANOVA with time (day 60 and day 120) and treatment (vehicle and glucocorticoid) as main effects for all data. Significant interactions were further analyzed with a Tukey's post hoc test. Most bone strength measures in the CF were lower in the glucocorticoid group, regardless of the duration of treatment, with no time × treatment interaction. However, bone mass measures in the CF showed a significant time × treatment interaction (p = 0.0001). Bone strength measures in LVB6 showed a time × treatment interaction (p < 0.02) such that LVB6 strength was lower after 120 days of glucocorticoids compared with 120 days of vehicle treatment. Whole-femur-BW was lower with both glucocorticoid treatment (p = 0.0001) and time (p < 0.02), with a significant time × treatment interaction (p = 0.005). Glucocorticoid treatment of male BALB/cJ mice resulted in the lowering of bone strength in both cortical and trabecular bone that either appeared earlier or was greater than the treatment-related changes in bone mass/microarchitecture. The adult mouse may be a good model for investigating the bone strength/mass discrepancy observed in glucocorticoid-treated patients. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Interpolation of tensile properties of polymer composite based on Polyjet 3D printing

This research utilizes the advancement of multi-polymer jetting technology to construct structures from composite layers using polymer materials, and with goal to interpolate intermediate tensile properties that meets the application requirement without compromising the design form. The research hypotheses that the tensile properties of a uniformly layered composite can be linearly interpolated from the mass ratios composing its structure. The hypothesis was tested and validated on standard specimens composed of two polymer materials sandwiched in ultrathin layers. The linear regression analysis between mass ratios and the tensile properties exhibits strong coefficient of determinations for the fitted data $$R_{{\text{reg}}}^2$$ and the proposed linear model $$R_{{\text{hyp}}}^2$$ which were obtained for yield strength, elasticity modulus, maximum strength, and strength at break. The tensile elongations measured at the maximum strength and the rapture strength undergo significant fluctuations that make their regression less linear with the mass ratio. Finally, the elongation at yield remains constant regardless of mass ratio.
Leading and Managing Change in Contracting and Acquisition

The Chief of Contracting for the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) responsible for all U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) contracting in 12 African nations has reviewed the results of several audits and inspections, including his own, on the state of DoD contracting in expeditionary environments. The reports are anything but encouraging. It is clear that the contracting operations at CJTF-HOA are on the verge of system and operational failure. He knows that several follow-up audits are planned throughout the year, so he does not have much time to show some results. Excerpt UVA-OM-1478 Rev. Nov. 8, 2013 LEADING AND MANAGING CHANGE IN CONTRACTING AND ACQUISITION “Djibouti? What am I doing in Djibouti?,” Lieutenant Colonel David Lloyd, U.S. Army Reserve, remembered thinking that day in late December 2007, as he sat at his desk in Djibouti, Africa, just 11 miles from the border of Somalia (Exhibit 1). LTC Lloyd had just assumed his role as the Chief of Contracting for Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA). In this position, he was responsible for all U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) contracting in the Horn of Africa, a geographic area consisting of 12 African nations whose land mass was greater than that of the United States. The timing could not have been worse. He had just reviewed the findings of several audits and inspections, including his own, on the state of DoD contracting in expeditionary environments. The reports were anything but encouraging. The contracting activities in Iraq and Afghanistan, both multi-billion-dollar operations, were deemed severely deficient by government reviewers. Two recent reviews of his own Contingency Contracting Office (CCO) in CJTF-HOA found similar deficiencies and rated the operations as failing. His internal assessments of the operations confirmed the audit findings. It was clear that the contracting operations at CJTF-HOA were on the verge of system and operational failure. Background At the time, the U.S. military was the largest customer in the world. In 2007 alone, the U.S. military contracted for a staggering $ 312 billion in supplies and services, and that figure would increase in the coming years ($ 392 billion in 2008, $ 366 billion in 2009). In times of war or other significant military operations, these amounts increased accordingly, sometimes exponentially as seen in Afghanistan and Iraq between 2003 and 2010. Being the largest customer also meant that the U.S. military was the largest contractor in the world, and every contract needed a contracting officer to properly award and monitor it. The contracting process was a highly regulated and complex process. There were numerous federal and DoD regulations to follow and multiple types of contracts that could be awarded. The two types of contracts most commonly used for the procurement of goods and services in the federal government, including the DoD, were cost-reimbursement and fixed-price. . . .
A Critical Feminist Approach for Equity and Inclusion in Undergraduate Biology Education

This chapter addresses the issue of inequity in undergraduate introductory biology courses by proposing a framework for applying feminist poststructuralism as a pedagogical tool to improve the teaching and learning environment. In this chapter, I define feminist poststructuralism, explore how the teaching and learning environment in introductory biology courses perpetuates inequity, describe a framework for using feminist poststructuralism to develop a course syllabus and lesson plan, and discuss teaching and learning strategies that promote equity and inclusion in introductory biology courses. The goal of this chapter is to provide a framework that undergraduate biology educators can use for future course redesign.
A relational approach to evaluate food environments finds that the proximate food environment matters for those who use it.

Abstract Using a relational approach, this study investigates whether shopping close to home moderates the relationship between the proximate food environment and diet. To address this question, we develop the proximate food retail quality (PFRQ) score, an inverse-distance weighted measure of all food retailers within a resident's neighborhood that incorporates audit data of each food retailer. This study relies on data collected through 24-h dietary recalls and psychosocial surveys administered to 449 adults in two socioeconomically matched neighborhoods. Food retailer audits collected data on the availability, price, and quality of healthful foods. Seventy-one percent of study participants report conducting at least 50% of their food shopping within approximately one mile of their home. Household income and education are associated with likelihood to shop close to home, while access to a personal vehicle is not. Finally, results suggest that, for residents who shop primarily close to home, a one unit increase in proximate food retail environment score is associated with a 17.2-point increase in HEI-2010 score, a measure of overall diet quality that ranges from zero to 100. This study suggests that the food environment matters for those who use it and that a low-quality proximate food environment can amplify individual disadvantage.
Preceptoring, proctoring, mentoring, and coaching in surgery.

Contemporary models of surgical education that are founded on sound educational theories and constructs need to be used across the continuum of professional development of surgeons starting with the first day of medical school, through surgery residency and fellowship training, to the last day of surgical practice. The highly learner-centered and individually-focused special interventions of preceptoring, proctoring, mentoring, and coaching should be linked to innovative competency-based education models to address the educational needs of learners at all levels, and especially of surgeons in practice to continually improve their knowledge, skills, and performance, with the aspirational goal of achieving expertise and mastery. Each of these interventions is distinct with its own unique characteristics, applications, and anticipated impact, which must be clearly recognized for the interventions to be used most effectively. Broad acceptance and adoption of the aforementioned special interventions require recognition of the value each brings to the learner and the educational program. Professional organizations should play a key role in designing innovative educational programs that include these interventions, supporting their integration into surgical education and surgical practice, and influencing changes in the cultures in surgery to facilitate broad adoption of these interventions.
42-LB: Medication Adherence in Young Adults with Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: The iCount Study

Background: Medication adherence is poor in young adults (YAs) with youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). Little is known about intrapersonal factors that may relate to adherence. Aims: To assess associations of intrapersonal factors to medication adherence in Treatment Options for Adolescents and Youth (TODAY2) YAs. Methods: Validated measures (attitudes, beliefs, self-efficacy, distress, depression, anxiety) and insulin use surveys, were completed at a TODAY2 visit. Adherence to oral hypoglycemia agents (OHAs) was assessed with 3 monthly unannounced phone pill counts. Those taking ≥ 80% of pills/insulin classified “high-adherent;” Results: Of 381 YAs in iCount (mean age 26 yrs, 68% female, 20% non-Hispanic white, 38% non-Hispanic Black, 36% Hispanic, 64.9% Conclusion: Poor medication adherence is common in YAs with youth-onset T2D. More needs to be learned about factors associated with adherence to develop tailored, effective interventions. Disclosure P. M. Trief: None. D. Uschner: None. M. Tung: None. K. Drews: None. S. Kalichman: None. B. Anderson: None. J. D. Bulger: None. R. S. Weinstock: Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, Kowa Research Institute, Inc., Medtronic, Tolerion, Inc. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1RO1DK110456-01A1; U01DK61230)
Electrically-Driven Cell-Type Specific Neuromodulation in the External Globus Pallidus

The identification of distinct cell-types throughout the basal ganglia has been essential in advancing our understanding of network function and improving neurological therapies. In the globus pallidus externa (GPe), interventions targeted to neuronal subpopulations have profound therapeutic potential, but are challenging to implement in clinical settings. We investigated whether electrical stimulation can be tuned to engage cell-type specific responses in the GPe. Although conventional stimulation was non-specific, variance in the synaptic inputs onto Parvalbumin (PV-GPe) and Lim homeobox 6 (Lhx6-GPe) subpopulations enabled us to segregate the responses of these neurons using brief, high frequency bursts of stimulation. The circuit elements responsible for this synaptic variation were found to be asymmetrical inputs from the STN and collaterals of striatonigral neurons. Using a machine-learning approach, we established stimulus parameters that maximize this cell-type specific neuromodulation. These results establish the feasibility of rapidly transforming knowledge about circuit architecture into translatable therapeutic approaches.
Ultrafast laser strain generation for nanometer-precision alignment of optical components

Optical systems such as X-ray telescopes or micro-optical systems can require alignment of optical components with nanometer-level tolerances, and often with stringent volume and mass requirements. We propose fabricating, bonding, and subsequently adjusting length of glass spacers using ultrafast lasers. Ultrafast laser processing has been industrialized over the last decade for micron-accuracy glass cutting with complex shapes, and for glass-to-glass and glass-to-metal welding. In this paper, we will show experimental results demonstrating the ability to generate stable strain in Corning® Eagle XG® glass samples, which causes permanent nanometer-scale length changes. We demonstrate a total strain of ~10-3, or microns of displacement per millimeter length of laser-modified glass. We also measure stability in laser-modified samples and find that the length changes are nanometer-stable. We also show how this process may be applied for alignment of X-ray mirrors by combining industrialized ultrafast laser processes for glass cutting and glass-to-glass welding with strain generation and control. This powerful and flexible process may enable compact, lightweight set-and-forget alignment of optical systems with nanometer tolerances.
The Economic Consequences of Regulatory Similarity

Using novel data, we develop a similarity score which compares the regulatory exposure of each two companies, for example if they lobby against similar rules. Regulatory similarity transcends industrial, geographic, and product market boundaries, but responds to exogenous regulatory shocks. Consistent with rational learning and efficient contract theories, regulatory similarity explains the co-movement of key corporate outcomes and the relative performance evaluation of corporate executives. Converting the pairwise similarities into a regulatory network, we find that network centrality increases complexity and reduces the quantity and quality of firm-specific information. Combined, our results highlight important economic implications of shared regulatory exposure.
AILC: Accelerate On-Chip Incremental Learning With Compute-in-Memory Technology

As AI applications become pervasive on edge device, incrementally learning new tasks is demanded for deep neural network (DNN) models. In this article, we proposed AILC, a compute-in-memory (CIM)-based accelerator for on-chip incremental learning using STT-MRAM technology. On the software side, a network-expansion-based low-precision training algorithm is proposed for incremental learning, where the loss function is modified to handle the unbalanced training dataset. On the hardware side, the detailed CIM accelerator design for incremental learning is illustrated. A workload-aware hardware resources assignment protocol is proposed to improve the throughput when the workload of weight gradient calculation is low. The software simulation results on CIFAR-100 dataset show that the proposed algorithm can effectively support incremental learning despite the device conductance variation exists. System-level benchmark shows that AILC could achieve 147×, 3.7×∼28.7×, 2.05×∼2.9× higher energy efficiency than Nvidia Titan-V GPU, RRAM-based CIM accelerators and edge TPU/GPU, respectively. Compared to the baselines, the throughput of AILC is improved by 2.0×∼2.2× on average with the hardware resources assignment protocol, which results in 4.1×∼21.4× higher throughput than edge TPU/GPU.
Abstract PO-091: Histamine receptor 1 (HRH1): A potentially novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) therapeutic target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and tumors

A recent study reported that patients taking HRH1 antihistamines have decreased progression of various tumors, including PDAC; the authors inferred that this was an immune effect (Fritz et al., PMID: 33550204). We have initiated studies to test an alternative hypothesis: HRH1 expressed by PDAC cells may contribute to the malignant phenotype and if so, FDA-approved HRH1 antihistamines might be therapeutics to treat or perhaps prevent PDAC. We have undertaken bioinformatic and experimental approaches to test this hypothesis. Our bioinformatic analysis revealed that PDAC tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have >30-fold higher HRH1 expression than in normal pancreas (GTEx database) and is highly expressed in PDAC cell lines in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). HRH1 expression was selectively associated with markers of PDAC cells and not with markers of other cell types in the tumor microenvironment. Higher expression of HRH1 in TCGA-PDAC tumors negatively impacts on patient survival. Our experimental studies indicate that human and mouse PDAC cells express HRH1 mRNA, protein and signaling and that HRH1 is present on the surface of PDAC cells. We found that histamine prominently increases calcium [Ca2+] in multiple human PDAC cell lines with EC50 values comparable to that in other cell types. The histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca2+] occurs via a Gq/11 (heterotrimeric GTP binding protein)-dependent mechanism and is blocked by multiple FDA-approved HRH1 antihistamines (with pKi values similar to those of HRH1 inhibition of other cell types). HRH1 activation by histamine increases PDAC cell migration. Histamine also increases the production of numerous cytokines (including VEGF) from PDAC cells, and in preliminary studies, stimulates growth of multiple PDAC cell lines at low concentrations (1-10 nM). Together with published data indicating that mast cells (which synthesize and release histamine) in PDAC tumors are associated with PDAC cell growth/invasion, angiogenesis and worse prognosis, our findings suggest that independent of immune cells, a "mast cell-histamine-PDAC cell HRH1 axis" may contribute to the malignant phenotype of PDAC tumors. Importantly, HRH1 on PDAC cells could be targeted by repurposing approved HRH1 antihistamines as a novel therapeutic approach for PDAC tumors. Supported by grants from the University of California Cancer Research Coordinating Committee and Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program. Citation Format: Cristina Salmeron, Krishna Sriram, Mehrak Javadi-Paydar, Paul A. Insel. Histamine receptor 1 (HRH1): A potentially novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) therapeutic target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-091.
RDFizing the biosynthetic pathway of E.coli O-antigen to enable semantic sharing of microbiology data

Background The abundance of glycomics data that have accumulated has led to the development of many useful databases to aid in the understanding of the function of the glycans and their impact on cellular activity. At the same time, the endeavor for data sharing between glycomics databases with other biological databases have contributed to the creation of new knowledgebases. However, different data types in data description have impeded the data sharing for knowledge integration. To solve this matter, Semantic Web techniques including Resource Description Framework (RDF) and ontology development have been adopted by various groups to standardize the format for data exchange. These semantic data have contributed to the expansion of knowledgebases and hold promises of providing data that can be intelligently processed. On the other hand, bench biologists who are experts in experimental finding are end users and data producers. Therefore, it is indispensable to reduce the technical barrier required for bench biologists to manipulate their experimental data to be compatible with standard formats for data sharing. Results There are many essential concepts and practical techniques for data integration but there is no method to enable researchers to easily apply Semantic Web techniques to their experimental data. We implemented our procedure on unformatted information of E.coli O-antigen structures collected from the web and show how this information can be expressed as formatted data applicable to Semantic Web standards. In particular, we described the E-coli O-antigen biosynthesis pathway using the BioPAX ontology developed to support data exchange between pathway databases. Conclusions The method we implemented to semantically describe O-antigen biosynthesis should be helpful for biologists to understand how glycan information, including relevant pathway reaction data, can be easily shared. We hope this method can contribute to lower the technical barrier that is required when experimental findings are formulated into formal representations and can lead bench scientists to readily participate in the construction of new knowledgebases that are integrated with existing ones. Such integration over the Semantic Web will enable future work in artificial intelligence and machine learning to enable computers to infer new relationships and hypotheses in the life sciences.
Amicus Brief in "Obergefell v. Hodges"

Supreme Court precedent establishes that the government may not punish children for matters beyond their control. Same-sex marriage bans and non-recognition laws (“marriage bans”) do precisely this. The states argue that marriage is good for children, yet marriage bans categorically exclude an entire class of children – children of same-sex couples – from the legal, economic and social benefits of marriage. This amicus brief recounts a powerful body of equal protection jurisprudence that prohibits punishing children to reflect moral disapproval of parental conduct or to incentivize adult behavior. We then explain that marriage bans punish children of same-sex couples because they: 1) foreclose their central legal route to family formation; 2) categorically void their existing legal parent-child relationships incident to out-of-state marriages; 3) deny them economic rights and benefits; and 4) inflict psychological and stigmatic harm. States cannot justify marriage bans as good for children and then exclude children of same-sex couples based on moral disapproval of their same-sex parents’ relationships or to incentivize opposite-sex couples to “procreate” within the bounds of marriage. To do so, severs the connection between legal burdens and individual responsibility and creates a permanent class or caste distinction.
Feedback regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity by dietary cholesterol is not due to altered mRNA levels.

Abstract Feeding rats diets containing 2% cholesterol markedly reduced hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity but had little effect on mRNA levels. Addition of mevalonolactone to the diet further decreased reductase activity independent of a change in mRNA levels. In contrast, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase mRNA levels and enzyme activity were decreased to similar degrees in response to dietary cholesterol. Addition of mevalonolactone to the diet did not further decrease farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity. Dietary cholesterol and mevalonolactone had no effect on mRNA levels for "cellular nucleic acid-binding protein" which has been demonstrated to bind the sterol regulatory elements in the HMG-CoA reductase and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase promoters. Dietary cholesterol increased cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA levels as expected. These results suggest that cholesterol-mediated feed-back regulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase gene expression does not occur at the level of transcription.
Low Noise Amplifiers: Device Noise Characterization and Design

The basic procedures for device noise characterization and the design of low noise amplifiers are described. Keywords: low-noise amplifiers; design; transistors
The Drosophila EGF receptor controls the formation and specification of neuroblasts along the dorsal-ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo.

The segmented portion of the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system develops from a bilaterally symmetrical, segmentally reiterated array of 30 unique neural stem cells, called neuroblasts. The first 15 neuroblasts form about 30–60 minutes after gastrulation in two sequential waves of neuroblast segregation and are arranged in three dorsoventral columns and four anteroposterior rows per hemisegment. Each neuroblast acquires a unique identity, based on gene expression and the unique and nearly invariant cell lineage it produces. Recent experiments indicate that the segmentation genes specify neuroblast identity along the AP axis. However, little is known as to the control of neuroblast identity along the DV axis. Here, I show that the Drosophila EGF receptor (encoded by the DER gene) promotes the formation, patterning and individual fate specification of early forming neuroblasts along the DV axis. Specifically, I use molecular markers that identify particular neuroectodermal domains, all neuroblasts or individual neuroblasts, to show that in DER mutant embryos (1) intermediate column neuroblasts do not form, (2) medial column neuroblasts often acquire identities inappropriate for their position, while (3) lateral neuroblasts develop normally. Furthermore, I show that active DER signaling occurs in the regions from which the medial and intermediate neuroblasts will later delaminate. In addition, I demonstrate that the concomitant loss of rhomboid and vein yield CNS phenotypes indistinguishable from DER mutant embryos, even though loss of either gene alone yields minor CNS phenotypes. These results demonstrate that DER plays a critical role during neuroblast formation, patterning and specification along the DV axis within the developing Drosophila embryonic CNS.
Recommendations to Improve Employee Thermal Comfort When Working in 40°F Refrigerated Cold Rooms.

Cold rooms are commonly used for food storage and preparation, and are usually kept around 40°F following food safety guidelines. Some food preparation employees may spend 8 or more hours inside cold rooms. These employees may not be aware of the risks associated with mildly cold temperatures, dampness, and limited ventilation. We performed an evaluation of cold rooms at an airline catering facility because of concerns with exposure to cold temperatures. We spoke with and observed employees in two cold rooms, reviewed daily temperature logs, evaluated employee's physical activity, work/rest schedule, and protective clothing. We measured temperature, percent relative humidity, and air velocities at different work stations inside the cold rooms. We concluded that thermal comfort concerns perceived by cold room employees may have been the result of air drafts at their workstations, insufficient use of personal protective equipment due to dexterity concerns, work practices, and lack of knowledge about good he...
The potential utility of B cell-directed biologic therapy in autoimmune diseases

Increasing awareness of the importance of aberrant B cell regulation in autoimmunity has driven the clinical development of novel B cell-directed biologic therapies with the potential to treat a range of autoimmune disorders. The first of these drugs—rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the B cell-specific surface marker CD20—was recently approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis in patients with an inadequate response to other biologic therapies. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential use of rituximab in the management of other autoimmune disorders. Results from early phase clinical trials indicate that rituximab may provide clinical benefit in systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, vasculitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura. Numerous case reports and several small pilot studies have also been published reporting the use of rituximab in conditions such as myositis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Still’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. In general, the results from these preliminary studies encourage further testing of rituximab therapy in formalized clinical trials. Based on results published to date, it is concluded that rituximab, together with other B cell-directed therapies currently under clinical development, is likely to provide an important new treatment option for a number of these difficult-to-treat autoimmune disorders.
A Randomized Trial of Three Videos that Differ in the Framing of Information About Mammography in Women 40 to 49 Years Old

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of providing structured information about the benefits and harms of mammography in differing frames on women’s perceptions of screening.
A continuous assay of acetate kinase activity: measurement of inorganic phosphate release generated by hydroxylaminolysis of acetyl phosphate.

Acetate kinase, a member of the ASKHA (Acetate and Sugar Kinases, Hsp70, Actin) phosphotransferase superfamily is a central enzyme in prokaryotic carbon and energy metabolism. Recently extensive structural and biochemical studies of acetate kinase and related carboxylate kinases have been conducted. Analysis of the kinetic properties of wild-type and mutant enzymes has been impeded by the nature of the current assays for acetate kinase activity. These assays have the disadvantages of being either discontinuous or insensitive or of utilizing compounds that interfere with activity measurements. We have developed a novel continuous assay that depends on the purine nucleoside phosphorylase-based spectroscopic measurement of the inorganic phosphate generated by hydroxylaminolysis of one of the products of the acetate kinase reaction, acetyl phosphate. This assay has enabled a determination of the kinetic parameters of the Thermotoga maritima acetate kinase that indicates a lower Km for acetate than previously published.
Application of neurolinguistic techniques to knowledge acquisition

Good communication between the domain expert and the knowledge engineer is a must for successful knowledge engineering. However, this is not an easily achieved goal because much of the process of knowledge engineering is still a relatively ad hoc endeavor, pursued by individuals from a wide range of backgrounds with limited training. Consequently, individual knowledge engineers are frequently faced with numerous difficulties including experts who have difficulty verbalizing their knowledge and reasoning processes, who feel uncomfortable discussing their work, or who are unwilling to reveal their knowledge. In these situations, a primary responsibility of the knowledge engineer is to establish an environment in which the expert can be more able, comfortable, and willing to communicate his knowledge. The authors argue that the techniques used in psychological interviewing can be used equally well in knowledge engineering. They discuss some techniques derived from neurolinguistic programming (NLP) (Grinder & Bandler, 1976) and show how they can address possible trouble points in setting up a comfortable interviewing environment.
SUPERIORS' ARGUMENTATIVENESS AND VERBAL AGGRESSIVENESS AS PREDICTORS OF SUBORDINATES' SATISFACTION

Corporatist theory of job productivity is reviewed and ideas about organizational communication are explored from the perspective of recent conceptions of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness. A hypothesis is derived that the more subordinates perceive their superiors are high in argumentativeness and low in verbal aggressiveness, the more the subordinates also wilt be argumentative and have job satisfaction. A study is reported that surveyed 216 subordinates in a variety of organizations in a major metropolitan and industrial section of the midwest. Canonical correlation analysis revealed three significant roots that suggested considerable support for the research hypothesis. Implications of the results are discussed, particularly in terms of corporatist theory.
2-Adic Congruences of Nörlund Numbers and of Bernoulli Numbers of the Second Kind

Abstract In this paper, we find simple 2-adic congruences mod 2[n/2]+1for the Norlund numbersB(n)nand for the Bernoulli numbers of the second kindbn. These congruences improve F. T. Howard's mod 8 congruences (in“Applications of Fibonacci Numbers,” Vol. 5, pp. 355–366, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1993). We use recurrence relations to determine when our congruences are best possible and to obtain further information about the 2-adic expansions ofB(n)n/n! and ofbn.
Child therapy outcome in a community mental health center

Studies by the Davis Child Therapy Effectiveness Project reveal that brief therapy is the norm. A retrospective outcome study in one mental health center shows a large proportion of adjustment reactions. Outcome ratings from therapists, parents and patients show fairly high levels of outcome and significant improvement in rated impairment. The children who were more impaired at intake were found to have the most visits and numbers of visits were unrelated to success in treatment. Examples are provided illustrating the use of parent responses to modify center practices.
Environmental Design in the Developing World: Some Thoughts on Design Education

Disaffected by the quality of modernizing environments, students from the developing world come to the West, desirous of an education that will show them how to design and plan environments that best satisfy local needs But, unfortunately, conventional design training in the U S often amounts to a socialization to professional world views and values of the Western world Little relevance is offerred, therefore, in approaching the staggering environmental problems of most Third World countries which continue to experience polarized development and explosive urban growth. It is argued in this paper that there is a serious need to re-think the nature of education for Third World designers who come to the West for advanced professional training In developing this argument, some of the typical concerns of Third World environmental design are discussed Preliminary ideas about how the design curriculum can be reoriented to be more responsive to the needs of foreign students are also presented
Monoamine oxidase activity of the cat nictitating membrane and superior cervical ganglion under various experimental conditions

Abstract Monoamine oxidase activity of the cat nictitating membrane and superior cervical ganglion was studied using a fluorimetric technique after chronic decentralization and denervation and pretreatment with reserpine and pheniprazine. Catecholamine content of the cat nictitating membrane and superior cervical ganglion was measured by using a fluorimetric technique after reserpine and pheniprazine pretreatments. Monoamine oxidase activity of the nictitating membrane was reduced in all procedures studied, while enzyme activity of the superior cervical ganglion was unchanged by sectioning of the preganglionic fiber (decentralization). Catecholamine content of the nictitating membrane was unchanged by pheniprazine treatment, while that of the superior cervical ganglion increased. Results are discussed in terms of the possible differences in the turnover rates of norepinephrine in the nictitating membrane and superior cervical ganglion. The effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on reserpineinduced depletion of catecholamines in the cat nictitating membrane and in rat heart was also studied. The Catecholamine content of the cat nictitating membrane 18–24 hr after treatment with reserpine or with pheniprazine plus reserpine was reduced to the same extent. Similar results were obtained with the rat heart. The data support the concept that monoamine oxidase inhibition does not prevent the reserpine-induced release of catecholamines.
Stimulation of brain membrane protein phosphorylation by calcium and an endogenous heat-stable protein

THE important role of Ca2+ in the physiology of the nervous system is well documented1,2. However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying certain of its physiological effects, such as stimulus–secretion coupling3,4 and synthesis of cate-cholamines5,6, have not yet been elucidated. Calcium has been implicated in several biochemical reactions of potential importance to synaptic function. Thus, calcium and a heat-stable calcium-binding protein activate the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from mammalian brain7,8. The calcium-dependent regulator (CDR) from porcine brain9, bovine heart10 and bovine brain11 has been purified and characterised. CDR seems to be a calcium receptor as it binds calcium strongly and specifically. There is evidence that a CDR·Ca2+ complex is the true activator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase12–14. A detergent-solubilised preparation of brain adenylate cyclase can also be activated by this calcium-binding protein15. Calcium stimulates protein phosphorylation in both intact16,17 and lysed18,19 synaptosomes and this cyclic nucleotide-independent mechanism may mediate or modulate some of the intracellular effects of Ca2+ on the function of presynaptic nerve terminals. We report here that calcium-dependent phosphorylation of synaptosomal membrane fractions from rat cerebral cortex requires an endogenous protein factor present in the synaptosomal cytoplasm. Calcium stimulated phosphorylation is lost on purification of synaptic membranes and can be effectively recovered by reconstitution with either the synaptosomal cytoplasm or with a purified preparation of CDR. Thus, regulation by calcium of calcium-dependent protein kinase activity may be mediated physiologically by the calcium-binding protein postulated to regulate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and adenylate cyclase.
Synthesis and photophysics of ambipolar fluoren-9-ylidene malononitrile derivatives.

The efficient synthesis of ambipolar 2,7- and 3,6-disubstituted fluoren-9-ylidene malononitrile derivatives (4 and 9) is described. Structure−activity relationships depend on the position of substitution. Population of the S1 excited state in the 2,7-disubstituted FM derivatives is achieved via higher states, as evidenced from the UV−vis absorption and emission spectra. The results are supported by TDDFT calculations. Charge transfer states were the main deactivation path of the excited states of ambipolar 9b in polar solvents, as evidenced by fluorescence spectroscopy.
The Sanford Underground Research Facility at Homestake

The Sanford Underground Research Facility at Homestake is presented. The Davis campus is described in detail including the two laboratory modules at the 4850ft level (4200 mwe). These modules currently house the LUX dark-matter experiment and MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments. The facility is managed for the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The South Dakota Science and Technology Authority owns and operates the facility. The facility is being considered for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments as well as for nuclear astrophysics physics. SURF is a dedicated facility with significant expansion capability.
Hippocampal pyramidal cells and aging in the human: A quantitative study of neuronal loss in sectors CA1 to CA4

A number of investigators have proposed that hippocampal pathology contributes to the memory impairment seen in normal aging. The published morphometric studies of aging-associated quantitative changes in pyramidal cells in human hippocampus have yielded somewhat inconsistent results. We measured the volume, pyramidal cell density, and neuronal and nuclear cross-sectional areas in sectors CA1 through CA4 in right and left hippocampi from the brains of 23 normal subjects (age range 4 to 98 years) in the Yakovlev Collection. All four hippocampal sectors tended to show a decline in volume and pyramidal cell density with age, but the degree of neuronal loss was statistically significant only in CA4. The aging-related cell loss did not appear to be linear, but was most obvious after age 65. Elderly subjects had 19% (CA1), 16% (CA2), 17% (CA3), and 25% (CA4) lower mean pyramidal cell density compared with subjects under age 65. The relatively greater neuronal loss in CA4 could possibly be related to its high catecholaminergic innervation.
STUDIES OF RARE EARTH ALPHA EMITTERS

A series of bombardments using alpha particles from the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron on rare earth oxides has resulted in the discovery and mass assignment of two new alpha-emitting isotopes, ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{153}$ (5 hr) and ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{154}$ (13 hr). Mass assignments have been made for two other alpha emitters, ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{152}$ (2.3 hr) and ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{151}$ (19 hr). A new 10-hr electron-capture isotope has been identified as ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{155}$. Evidence is also presented for the discovery of another isotope, ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{149}$ (8 min), which was produced by a ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ ion bombardment on praseodymium.
An intuitive error analysis for FDTD and comparison to MoM

The accuracy of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) algorithm is commonly treated in two ways: a local analysis of the error in a finite-difference stencil, and the numerical dispersion relation for plane-wave propagation. This article presents a simple solution error estimate that connects these two approaches. This error estimate is nearly identical to a solution error estimate for the Method of Moments, except that the FDTD error includes an additional dependence on the electrical problem size
Profile Face Detection: A Subset Multi-Biometric Approach

This paper presents a detection system which uses information from a profile face detector and an ear detector to better localize true profiles. The system was tested on data from a simulated security checkpoint. Drivers' profiles were detected as their vehicles passed the camera. The detection rate for the multi-biometric detector is 95% with an average of 0.15 false detections per image. On the same data, a conventional detector had a detection rate of 97% with an average of 1.8 false detections per image. It is shown that a multi-biometric detector provides a performance boost over conventional detectors.