cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric aljamía: A visual transliteration

Aljamia is a Castilian word for the transliteration of Iberian Romance languages through Arabic script that also addresses the investigative collaborations that took place in Spain between Christian, Muslim and Jewish scholars during the Middle Ages. The concept of aljamia can also be extended to the development of linear perspective in Florence as a transliteration of Islamic science and mathematics into Western visual expression. This paper addresses the cross-cultural currents between the medieval Muslim and Christian worlds as a series of transliterations that overlapped and eventually diverged only to be reconciled in an emerging global civilization in the twenty-first century.
System-level modeling of IEEE 802.16E mobile wimax networks: Key issues

WiMAX has attracted a lot of attention recently in the telecommunication community including researchers, product developers, and service providers. Numerous papers have been published on various design issues of WiMAX networks. Since the issues being discussed are usually ahead of product availability, most of these studies require simulation. It is important to have some common features among these models so that their results can be compared. Therefore, the Application Working Group of the WiMAX Forum has developed a standard simulation methodology that describes the key features to be simulated, the method of simulating these features, and various parameter values to be used. This system-level methodology has been used in several public and commercial WiMAX simulation models. This article presents a summary of the simulation methodology, and discusses the key issues and common mistakes in simulating various features of network configuration, and the physical, MAC, and application layers.
Aquacel Surgical Dressing Reduces the Rate of Acute PJI Following Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Case-Control Study

An effort to prevent PJI has led to the development of antimicrobial dressings that support wound healing. We sought to determine whether Aquacel Surgical dressing independently reduces the rate of acute PJI following TJA. A single institution retrospective chart review of 903 consecutive cases who received the Aquacel Surgical dressing and 875 consecutive cases who received standard gauze dressing was conducted to determine the incidence of acute PJI (within 3 months). The incidence of acute PJI is 0.44% in the Aquacel dressing group compared to 1.7% in the standard gauze dressing group (P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed that use of Aquacel dressing was an independent risk factor for reduction of PJI (odds ratio of 0.165, 95% confidence interval: 0.051-0.533). Aquacel Surgical dressing significantly reduces the incidence of acute PJI.
Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following a single oral dose.

Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following a Single Oral Dose. McConnell, E. E., Moore, J. A., and Dalgard, D. W. (1978). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43, 175–187. The oral LD50 of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in female rhesus monkeys was
Assessing Multicomponent DNAPL Biostabilization.I: Coal Tar

Subsurface spills of high-molecular weight, multicomponent, dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) are intractable for remediation by conventional techniques. This paper introduces the concept of biostabilization of the DNAPL source region as a means of achieving risk reduction at DNAPL-contaminated sites. Successful biostabilization depends upon the interplay among dissolution, degradability, and toxicity of various DNAPL constituents, difficult to predict a priori for the mixture. Bench-scale screening tests are proposed for identifying those DNAPLs that are amenable to biostabilization. The screening protocols compare four criteria: (1) microbial activity; (2) composition of the DNAPL residue; (3) aqueous phase contaminant concentrations; and (4) aggregate aqueous phase toxicity—across unbiotreated controls and in mixed versus unmixed biometers. The unmixed system represents slow dissolution from DNAPL pools in the quiescent subsurface. The protocols are developed and evaluated with DNAPL coal tar in ...
Wellness Outcomes of Trauma Psychoeducation

A program evaluation study was conducted to determine if a group psychoeducation course would improve wellness scores in subjects with trauma-related disorders. The sample consisted of 10 men age 20-65 years and 44 women age 20-66 years. Levels of wellness were evaluated using the Wellness Assessment Tool [International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research, 3(1) (1996), 308-317] that evaluates 10 wellness items in each of the four domains: health, attitudes/behavior, environment/relationship, and spirituality. Paired sample correlations showed statistically significant correlations among 37 of the 50 pairs, ranging from .524 in the health scores to .830 in spirituality. The paired t tests also showed significant differences at P = .05 in each of the wellness domains. Subjects felt an improvement in overall health, a decrease in interpersonal conflict, a stronger sense of spirituality, and improvement in environmental control and interpersonal relationships.
Arrhythmia issues in patients with renal disease.

Arrhythmia issues arise frequently in the renal disease population, spanning the spectrum from benign ectopy to sustained arrhythmias. Studies adding to our understanding of arrhythmias and advances in technology have revolutionized the way we deal with many arrhythmias. In dealing with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, risk stratification is important, class III antlarrhythmics are preferred medications, and implantable defibrillator have assumed a dominant role. Atrial fibrillation, the most common cardiac arrhythmia, presents the challenges of dosing and drug interactions in the renal disease population; established and evolving catheter ablation approaches are becoming increasingly important. Other supraventricular arrhythmias will occur in this population and will require management. Permanent pacemakers continue to have a significant role for bradyarrhythmias; newer modes and features allow tailoring of these devices to individual patients. In addition, newer types of pacemakers may allow for clinical improvement in heart failure patients. Appropriate handling of arrhythmias can enhance the survival and quality of life of patients with renal disease.
Electrophysiological effects of selective opioid agonists on spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in vivo.

Abstract The mechanism by which endogenous opioid peptides regulate neuronal excitability in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus remains unclear. We studied the neurophysiologic responses to various receptor-selective opioids, given both iontophoretically and systemically, in anesthetized rats. Single unit action potentials and field potential recordings were taken from electrophysiologically classified dentate granule cells (DGCs) or dentate interneurons (INTs). The mu receptor agonist ([ d -Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol]-Enkephalin (DAMGO)) increased the responsiveness of DGCs to perforant path stimulation, although it did not induce spontaneous activity in DGCs. We did not see this facilitation with systemic morphine sulfate (MS). However, both DAMGO and MS produced similar, primarily inhibitory, effects on INTs. The responsiveness of an individual INT tended to be related to the cell's location in the dentate gyrus, and to a lesser degree, to its baseline spontaneous discharge frequency. U-50488H, a selective kappa receptor agonist, had little effect on either DGCs or INTs. Our results suggest that mu selective opioids have a complex neuropharmacology in this region involving interaction among different types of INTs to produce an effect on the principal output cells.
Regulation of cadherin expression in the chicken neural crest by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

In neural crest cell development, the expression of the cell adhesion proteins cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 commences after delamination of the neural crest cells from the neuroepithelium. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is known to drive this delamination step and is a candidate for inducing expression of these cadherins at this time. This project was initiated to investigate the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the expression of cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 by treating neural crest cells with Wnt3a ligand. Expression of cadherin-11 was first confirmed in the neural crest cells for the chicken embryo. The changes in the expression level of cadherin-7 and -11 following the treatment with Wnt3a ligand were studied using real-time RT-PCR and immunostaining. Statistically significant up-regulation in the mRNA expression of cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 and in the amount of cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 protein found in cell-cell interfaces between neural crest cells was observed in response to Wnt, demonstrating...
Evaluation of Automated Extraction of Organochlorine Contaminants from Freshwater

A semiautomated solid phase extraction (SPE) system fitted with reverse phase disks was evaluated for the extraction and concentration of trace contaminants in water. Organochlorine compounds of environmental interest and covering a wide range of log Kow values were dissolved in laboratory water of low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and extracted using a variety of solvents and conditions based on a survey of the literature. The most successful eluent was 15% diethyl ether in n-pentane which recovered 64−91% of the analytes. We tested the influence of DOC from a Canadian Shield humic lake on the recovery of organochlorine compounds by this SPE technique. Recoveries of analytes from high DOC lake water were lower by SPE (42−69%) than by a shake-flask liquid−liquid extraction method (59−98%). An additional 2−11% of analytes were recovered by solvent rinses of containers. Breakthrough, assessed by liquid−liquid extraction of water of SPE sample effluent, ranged from 6 to 38% for lake water samp...
On a finite element method with variable element topology

A new finite-element-like approximation method for problems in solid mechanics, here called the variable-element-topology finite element method (VETFEM), is presented. The displacement-based variational basis of the conventional finite element method (FEM) is retained in the VETFEM, as is the discretization of the problem into elements. However, VETFEM elements are not subject to any of the geometric or topological restrictions of conventional elements: they may contain any number of nodes in any arrangement. The polynomial VETFEM shape functions emerge from a constrained minimization process on each element, instead of from an isoparametric transformation from a parent element as in the conventional FEM. All the powerful features normally associated with the conventional FEM are exhibited by the new method. In addition, because of the absence of geometric and/or topological restrictions on the elements, automatic mesh generation is enormously simplified. For this reason, the VETFEM is thought to be particularly useful for problems involving very complex geometry, adaptive remeshing, or crack extension.
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy mimicking acute necrotizing encephalopathy.

Abstract Background Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a rare childhood syndrome associated with distinct and unifying neuroimaging features that are often used for the diagnosis of this entity. Patient We describe a previously healthy 9-month-old girl who presented with upper respiratory symptoms, suspected seizures, and positive nasopharyngeal rapid antigen test for influenza A virus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed signal abnormality in both thalami, bilateral caudate nuclei, brainstem tegmentum, subcortical white matter, and cerebellar hemispheres, suggestive of acute necrotizing encephalopathy. She subsequently had a cardiac arrest, was placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and treated with methylprednisone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis without apparent clinical response. On autopsy, neuropathology showed evidence of hypoxic-ischemic injury but lacked evidence of hemorrhagic necrosis, which is typically associated with acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Conclusion Combined clinical and neuroimaging features may be suggestive but not sufficient for the diagnosis of acute necrotizing encephalopathy.
Structured flowcharts outperform pseudocode across five measures: an experimental comparison

The results of this experiment show a clear advantage for structured flowcharts over pseudocode for the comprehension of conditional logic. The goal of this experiment was to do the most highly controlled study ever done on the utility of structured flowcharts. This experiment represents two years of effort. Eighty-two intermediate-level programmers served as subjects. The design used repeated measures across all variables. Three algorithms were chosen as test stimuli. The algorithms represented three levels of complexity: simple, medium, and complex. The pseudocoded algorithms took 1.7, 1.9, and 2.5 times longer to comprehend for the simple, medium, and complex algorithms, respectively. These three ratios significantly differed from 0. The ratios 1.7 and 1.9 did not differ significantly from each other, but did differ from 2.5.
Luneberg Lenses for Space Communications

The purpose of this paper is to create greater familiarity with recent developments in Luneberg lenses and to point out their usefulness in space communications. The term Luneberg lens is widely used to denote any lens having a radial variation in index of refraction. As a result of the radial variation in index a Luneberg lens antenna may scan a full 3600 by feed movement alone or simultaneous coverage in many directions may be accomplished by using multiple feeds. In the sections that follow the present state of the art with regard to Luneberg lens antennas and reflectors is briefly summarized and some examples to illustrate the use of Luneberg lenses in space communications systems are given. Lens structures are discussed as well as the possibility of using the atmosphere of a planet as a gigantic lens.
World distribution of solar radiation

Abstract A series of 12 monthly world maps of the daily means of total solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface has been prepared. Isolines of constant radiation have been drawn at intervals of 50 langleys per day (cal/sq cm, day). Data for the computation of mean radiation levels were compiled from many sources, including weather reports and summaries, personal communications from weather and research organizations, and IGY and IGC reports. For areas in which few or no radiation data were available, such information was synthesized by use of sunshine-hours data and approximation formulae applicable to the particular climate type. Radiation data were obtained for 668 stations, whereas sunshine-hours values were used in estimating radiation from 233 additional locations. The maps are recommended for general use in appraising the collector area requirements for solar applications in broad regions. They do not, of course, reveal the influence of microclimatic factors on local solar-radiation levels. In addition to the maps, the paper contains an explanation of the various radiation instruments, the methods for data handling, the estimation of radiation values from sunshine-hours data, and the limitations and utility of the radiation maps.
Lipoma of the spermatic cord, fatty herniation, liposarcoma

Speed [1914] reported the incidence of cord lipoma, encountered equally with both indirect and direct herniae, to be 47.4%. All appeared to arise, with their blood supply, from the preperitoneal fat pad. High excision was recommended to prevent hernial recurrence. Fawcett [1997] confirmed these observations, finding 1% arising from the cord itself, which is now known to form in the preperitoneal space of Bogros. Watson [1948] insisted that inguinal Hpomas “should be called hernias only when accompanied by a peritoneal sac”. However, 7% of cord lipomas are reported to be sac-less, associated occasionally with ureteral “prolapse”. To avoid medicolegal consequences, they now should also be considered hernias. Inguinal hernia classifications need to reflect this reality.
Coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation

Cell proliferation and differentiation are highly coordinated processes during development. Recent studies have revealed that this coordination may result from dual functions residing in the central regulators of proliferation, allowing them to also regulate differentiation. Studies have also shown that some terminally differentiated cells can be made to divide beyond their normal capacity.
Reading Baby Books: Medicine, Marketing, Money and the Lives of American Infants

This article examines American baby books from the late nineteenth through the twentieth century. Baby books are ephemeral publications—formatted with one or more printed pages for recording developmental, health, and social information about infants and often including personal observations, artifacts such as photographs or palm prints, medical and other prescriptive advice, and advertisements. For historians they serve as records of the changing social and cultural worlds of infancy, offering insights into the interplay of childrearing practices and larger social movements. Baby books are a significant historical source both challenging and supporting current historiography, and they illustrate how medical, market and cultural forces shaped the ways babies were cared for and in turn how their won behavior shaped family lives. A typology of baby books includes the lavishly illustrated keepsake books of the late nineteenth century, commercial and public health books of the twentieth century, and on-line records of the present day. Themes that emerge over time include those of scientific medicine and infant psychology, religion and consumerism. The article relies on secondary literature and on archival sources including the collections of the UCLA Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library as well as privately held baby books.
Regulation of prolactin production and cell growth by estradiol: difference in sensitivity to estradiol occurs at level of messenger ribonucleic acid accumulation.

17β-Estradiol increases the growth rate of GH4C1 cells with a half-maximally effective concentration (EC50) that is about 10-fold less than the EC50 for the stimulation of PRL production. We have examined the effects of five other estrogens: estriol, estrone, 17α-estradiol, and the metabolismresistant analogs ethynyl estradiol and moxestrol. All were full agonists for both effects, and all were more potent for the stimulation of cell growth than for stimulation of PRL production. The order of analog potency for both biological effects was the same as the order of potency for inhibiting saturable [3H] estradiol binding to intact cells. Therefore, both biological effects appear to be mediated through the same receptor, and metabolism of 17β-estradiol is unlikely to account for the difference in the concentrations required to elicit the two effects. We selected two estrogen-responsive clones from a cDNA library made from GH4C1 cells. The clones were chosen because they were induced at the estrogen concentrat...
Familial Alzheimer Disease-linked Presenilin 1 Variants Enhance Production of Both Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 Peptides That Are Only Partially Sensitive to a Potent Aspartyl Protease Transition State Inhibitor of “γ-Secretase”

Abstract Presenilin 1 (PS1) plays an essential role in intramembranous “γ-secretase” processing of several type I membrane proteins, including the β-amyloid precursor proteins (APP) and Notch1. In this report, we examine the activity of two familial Alzheimer's disease-linked PS1 variants on the production of secreted Aβ peptides and the effects of L-685,458, a potent γ-secretase inhibitor, on inhibition of Aβ peptides from cells expressing these PS1 variants. We now report that PS1 variants enhance the production and secretion of both Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–40 peptides. More surprisingly, whereas the IC50 for inhibition of Aβ1–40 peptide production from cells expressing wild-type PS1 is ∼1.5 μm, cells expressing the PS1ΔE9 mutant PS1 exhibit an IC50 of ∼4 μm. Immunoprecipitation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry reveal that the levels of Aβ1–43 peptides are elevated in medium of PS1ΔE9 cells treated with higher concentrations of inhibitor. The differential effects of wild-type and mutant PS1 on γ-secretase production of Aβ peptides and the disparity in sensitivity of these peptides to a potent γ-secretase suggest that PS may be necessary, but not sufficient, to catalyze hydrolysis at the scissile bonds that generate the termini of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1-42 peptides.
Quantification of surgical residents’ stress on-call

Abstract Introduction. Surgical resident stress includes psychological and physiological components which relate linearly to heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), and neutrophil demargination. The purposes of this series of experiments were (1) To relate HR to VO 2 in surgical residents during exercise; (2) to monitor HR as a measure of stress on call; (3) to relate maximum HR on call by surgical resident training level; and (4) to monitor white blood cell (WBC) count as a measure of stress during call. Methods. HR and VO 2 were monitored in surgeons ( n = 5) during bicycle ergometry. HR was continuously monitored (Holter) for 24 h on call for interns ( n = 6), and junior ( n = 5) and chief residents ( n = 5). WBC counts were obtained from residents off and on call ( n = 6). Results. HR (72 ± 5 to 124 ± 4 BPM) correlates with VO 2 (273 ± 24 to 1535 ± 103 mlO 2 /min) R 2 = 0.843. Control maximal HR was 110 ± 3. Compared to controls, on call maximal HR was elevated for interns and junior residents to 149 ± 6 ( P = 0.0003) and 136 ± 6 ( P = 0.009), respectively, but was unchanged in chief residents at 116 ± 3 ( P = 0.5). There were no 1-h time periods during which the HR was above 120 bpm in controls. This number of 1-h time periods increased to 7 ± 1 in the interns ( P = 0.01) and 6 ± 3 in the junior residents ( P = 0.03), but was unchanged in senior residents, 0.4 ± 0.2 ( P = 0.8). WBC increased from 5.7 ± 0.4 to on call values of 7.2 ± 0.6 (p = 0.04). Neutrophils decreased from 58 to 49% ( P = 0.005). This was offset by an increase in lymphocytes from 33 to 40% ( P = 0.009). Conclusion. We conclude that HR correlates with VO 2 as an objective measure of stress. Surgical residents achieve stress levels of tachycardia during on-call periods that inversely reflect the training level of the residents. Phenotypic change was documented as an increase in leukocyte count. The stress of being “on call” is substantial enough to provoke measurable physiologic and phenotypic changes in surgery residents.
FTIR study of thionocarbamate adsorption on sulfide minerals

Abstract The adsorption of O -isopropyl- N -ethylthionocarbamate (IPETC) and O -isobutyl- N -ethoxy-carbonylthionocarbamate (IBECTC) on chalcocite, chalcopyrite and pyrite has been studied insitu by FTIR spectroscopy using the ATR technique. Thionocarbamates adsorb most strongly on chalcocite at pH 4–10, while on chalcopyrite and pyrite, adsorption continues to increase with decreasing pH. Except at very low pH values, adsorption on chalcocite is 3–20 times higher than on chalcopyrite and pyrite. IPETC chemisorbs on chalcocite through sulfur below pH 6 and through both sulfur and oxygen above pH 6. IBECTC also chemisorbs through sulfur, but its bonding is weaker because of the adjacent C () group. Unlike IPETC, IBECTC forms physisorbed multilayers at higher concentrations. Pyrite produces large amounts of sulfate-like oxidation products which, contrary to the case when using xanthates, are not displaced by the adsorption of thionocarbamates.
Müller Cell Involvement in Methanol-Induced Retinal Toxicity

Methanol is an ocular toxicant which causes visual dysfunction often leading to blindness after acute exposure. The physiological and biochemical changes responsible for this toxicity are poorly understood. Previously, we reported that the folate-reduced (FR) rat is an animal model which mimics the characteristic human methanol toxicities. The present study examines the hypothesis that depletion of ATP after methanol administration is the initiating event in methanol-induced retinal toxicity. ATP is reduced in retinae of methanol-treated FR rats to the same extent as is seen in retinae of FR and folate-sufficient (FS) rats treated with the Muller cell (retinal glial cell) toxin alpha-aminoadipic acid. Changes in the electroretinogram and the response of Muller cells to a potassium stimulus are also similarly eliminated in methanol-treated FR rats and alpha-aminoadipic acid-treated FR and FS rats. These results suggest that the Muller cell may be the initial target in methanol-induced visual system toxicity.
High Efficiency and High Rate Deposited Amorphous Silicon-Based Solar Cells: Final Technical Report, 1 September 2001--6 March 2005

The objectives for the University of Toledo are to: (1) establish a transferable knowledge and technology base for fabricating high-efficiency triple-junction a-Si-based solar cells, and (2) develop high-rate deposition techniques for the growing a-Si-based and related alloys, including poly-Si, c-Si, a-SiGe, and a-Si films and photovoltaic devices with these materials.
A SNIFTIRS study of the adsorption of ethylene carbonate at a Au(110) electrode from aqueous solutions

Abstract An in situ infrared spectroelectrochemical technique based upon the thin layer ATR optical configuration was used to examine the potential induced reorientation of ethylene carbonate (EC) at a Au(110) electrode. The behavior of EC was studied in aqueous solutions containing HClO 4 , NaClO 4 and tetramethylammonium perchlorate electrolytes. Intense absorption bands due to the carbonyl and ring vibrational modes of EC were observed in the 1900–925 cm −1 region. The carbonyl and ring vibrational modes are clearly influenced by the Au electrode and subsequently were frequency shifted; however, they did not show any potential dependent frequency behavior. Other bands did exhibit potential dependency. In addition, the magnitudes of some EC bands shift depending on the nature of the electrolyte cation. The spectral bands associated with the electrolyte provided evidence of ion migration in the diffuse double layer under the applied electric field.
Experimental branching ratios for ϑ decay

Abstract Analysis of 100 000 K − p interactions in the 72-in. bubble chamber has yielded branching ratios for ϑ decay, particularly for rarer modes (ϱπ,ηγ) for which little data have been available. Partial decay rates are compared with predictions of the Sakurai-Glashow “ϑω” mixing theory and used to determine the ϑ spin.
The Interplay of the Personal and the Pragmatic: Language, Culture, and Interpretation in the Spanish Literature Classroom

Within the current debate over the methods and content of foreign language curricula, discussion of the relevance and role of literature remains largely at the level of conjecture. In order to learn about the value that students ascribe to the study of Spanish literature, we undertook a semester-long qualitative study of students' goals for, experiences in, and perceptions of a Spanish literature survey course at a regional state university. Methods of data collection were ongoing throughout the semester and included audiotaped classroom observation, interviews with four students, and a reflective teaching journal kept by the instructor. Analysis of the interviews reveals that for these students, the process of studying literature is a mixture of deciphering language, making sense of texts within their social and historical contexts, and sharing textual interpretations. Rather than the limitations frequently cited regarding foreign language literature study, they describe an interplay among language learning, cultural and historical understanding, and textual interpretation in the literature classroom. Their reflections suggest that the study of literature offers a flexible resource with the potential to combine the personal and the pragmatic and thus make their experiences meaningful.
The Effect of a Direct Inquiry on Rorschach Scores

Summary 33 Ss were administered the Rorschach and had a traditional, nonleading inquiry. An equal number of Ss took the Rorschach and had a direct inquiry in which they were asked specifically whether or not a certain determinant had been relevant. The results indicated no significant difference in the numbers of determinants produced by the two groups. It was suggested that a standardized, direct inquiry would be of considerable value in administering and understanding the Rorschach.
Functional referents and acoustic similarity: field playback experiments with rhesus monkeys.

Rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico produce one or more of five acoustically distinctive calls when they find food. Three of these calls ('warbles', 'harmonic arches' and 'chirps') are produced by individuals finding high-quality, rare food items, whereas the other two calls ('coos' and 'grunts') are produced upon encountering lower-quality, common food items, and in non-food contexts as well. To determine how rhesus classify such acoustic variation, I conducted habituation experiments using a subset of the five call types. I designed experiments to reveal whether classification is based primarily on acoustic features or on the basis of a call's functional referent; caller identity was held constant within sessions. Habituation to 'warbles' transferred to 'harmonic arches', and vice versa. Thus, although these two calls are acoustically distinctive, they appeared to be perceptually clustered into one category based on referential similarities. In contrast, habituation to 'grunts' was followed by dishabituation to 'warbles' or 'harmonic arches', and habituation to 'warbles' or 'harmonic arches' was followed by dishabituation to 'grunts'. Dishabituation could be due to acoustic or referential diVerences. Significantly, the magnitude of the dishabituating response was asymmetric and depended upon the call type used in the habituation series. Thus, when subjects were habituated to 'grunts', they responded significantly more to tests of 'warbles' or 'harmonic arches' than when the sequence was reversed. These results suggest that for rhesus monkey food-associated calls, referential diVerences carry more weight during perceptual classification than do acoustical diVerences. ? 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase is the primary scavenger of endogenous hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli.

Hydrogen peroxide is generated during aerobic metabolism and is capable of damaging critical biomolecules. However, mutants of Escherichia coli that are devoid of catalase typically exhibit no adverse phenotypes during growth in aerobic media. We discovered that catalase mutants retain the ability to rapidly scavenge H2O2 whether it is formed internally or provided exogenously. Analysis of candidate genes revealed that the residual activity is due to alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (Ahp). Mutants that lack both Ahp and catalase could not scavenge H2O2. These mutants excreted substantial amounts of H2O2, and they grew poorly in air. Ahp is kinetically a more efficient scavenger of trace H2O2 than is catalase and therefore is likely to be the primary scavenger of endogenous H2O2. Accordingly, mutants that lack Ahp accumulated sufficient hydrogen peroxide to induce the OxyR regulon, whereas the OxyR regulon remained off in catalase mutants. Catalase still has an important role in wild-type cells, because the activity of Ahp is saturated at a low (10−5 M) concentration of H2O2. In contrast, catalase has a high Km, and it therefore becomes the predominant scavenger when H2O2 concentrations are high. This arrangement is reasonable because the cell cannot provide enough NADH for Ahp to rapidly degrade large amounts of H2O2. In sum, E. coli does indeed generate substantial H2O2, but damage is averted by the scavenging activity of Ahp.
Using Mechanical Turk to Assess the Effects of Age and Spatial Proximity on Inattentional Blindness

Few studies have used online data collection to study cognitive aging. We used a large ( N = 515) online sample to replicate the findings that inattentional blindness increases with age and with the distance of the unexpected object from the focus of attention. Critically, we assessed whether distance moderates the relationship between age and noticing. We replicated both age and distance effects, but found no age by distance interaction. These findings disconfirm a plausible explanation for age differences in noticing (restricted field of view), while for the first time highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using Mechanical Turk for the study of cognitive aging.
Priority-based dynamic access policies to WAN from LAN/MAN

The authors consider the integration problem of LAN/MAN traffic to WAN by ATM/SONET multiplexing. They propose separate buffers for voice and data to efficiently control the throughput of each traffic type. Transmission bandwidth is dynamically and adaptively shared between voice and data to guarantee grade of service (GOS) requirements for each traffic type. The authors propose two algorithms for access policies; the (N/sub 1/,N/sub 2/) scheme and its adaptive variation. Their algorithms do not require the knowledge of arrival statistics. In the fact scheme, they can play with the tradeoff between delay and cell loss probability of each traffic type. In the second scheme, for most of the time and under normal network conditions, voice traffic has higher priority. Data traffic has higher priority when the number of data cells queued reaches a certain threshold. They show how the network performance is affected by several system parameters. >
Phase-sensitive inversion recovery for detecting myocardial infarction using gadolinium-delayed hyperenhancement.

After administration of gadolinium, infarcted myocardium exhibits delayed hyperenhancement and can be imaged using an inversion recovery (IR) sequence. The performance of such a method when using magnitude-reconstructed images is highly sensitive to the inversion recovery time (TI) selected. Using phase-sensitive reconstruction, it is possible to use a nominal value of TI, eliminate several breath-holds otherwise needed to find the precise null time for normal myocardium, and achieve a consistent contrast. Phase-sensitive detection is used to remove the background phase while preserving the sign of the desired magnetization during IR. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the benefits of both phase-sensitive IR image reconstruction and surface coil intensity normalization for detecting myocardial infarction (MI). The phase-sensitive reconstruction method reduces the variation in apparent infarct size that is observed in the magnitude images as TI is changed. Phase-sensitive detection also has the advantage of decreasing the sensitivity to changes in tissue T1 with increasing delay from contrast agent injection. Magn Reson Med 47: 372‐383, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
Intraspecific patterns of ectoparasite abundances on Paraguayan bats: effects of host sex and body size

Although levels of parasitism can vary greatly among individual bats of the same species, little is known about the characteristics of hosts that affect such variation. Bats were captured via mist nets from June 1995 to July 1997 from 28 localities throughout Paraguay. Over 17 500 ectoparasites were collected from 2909 bats; however, analyses of ectoparasite abundance were restricted to more abundant taxa of host and ectoparasite. We quantified the abundances of 29 taxa of ectoparasite on 19 species of bat host, as well as total abundance of ectoparasites regardless of taxonomic affiliation for 22 species of bat from Paraguay. The effects of host sex and host body size on these estimates of ectoparasite abundance were evaluated separately for each species of host. Ectoparasites did not respond consistently to host body size: ectoparasite abundance increased with host body size in 12 instances and decreased with host body size in 11 instances. Regardless of the existence or direction of effects of host body size on ectoparasite abundance, female hosts generally harboured more ectoparasites than did male hosts. Differences in host quality associated with the sex of bats, especially those related to behaviour, may be a more important determinant of ectoparasite abundance than are differences in size. Opportunities for host transfer are critical for species persistence of ectoparasites; consequently, ectoparasite populations on host individuals that form social groups or colonies should be larger, less prone to stochastic extinction, and have greater opportunity for speciation.
Sequence and analysis of the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for Lymantria dispar

The genome of the Lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) was sequenced and analyzed. It is composed of 161,046 bases with a G + C content of 57.5% and contains 163 putative open reading frames (ORFs) of >/=150 nucleotides. Homologs were found to 95 of the 155 genes predicted for the Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) genome. More than 9% of the LdMNPV genome was occupied by 16 repeated genes related to AcMNPV ORF2. Readily identifiable homologs of several genes that have been reported to play important roles in the AcMNPV life cycle are not present; these include ie-2, a transcriptional transactivator, and gp64, a major envelope glycoprotein of the nonoccluded form of the virus. A number of genes lacking in AcMNPV but present in other baculoviruses were identified; these include two viral enhancing factor homologs, a second copy of a conotoxin-like gene, and a dutpase homolog. Although a single gene predicted to encode a large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase was found, two different copies of the small subunit gene were present. In addition, homologs of genes not previously reported for baculoviruses were identified, including a predicted protein with homology to DNA ligases and another that has motifs most closely related to a yeast mitochondrial helicase. Thirteen homologous regions (hrs) containing 54 repeated sequences that include 30-bp imperfect palindromes were identified. The imperfect palindromes are related to those from other baculoviruses.
Diverging Destinies: Maternal Education and the Developmental Gradient in Time With Children

Using data from the 2003–2007 American Time Use Surveys (ATUS), we compare mothers’ (N = 6,640) time spent in four parenting activities across maternal education and child age subgroups. We test the hypothesis that highly educated mothers not only spend more time in active child care than less-educated mothers but also alter the composition of that time to suit children’s developmental needs more than less-educated mothers. Results support this hypothesis: not only do highly educated mothers invest more time in basic care and play when youngest children are infants or toddlers than when children are older, but differences across education groups in basic care and play time are largest among mothers with infants or toddlers; by contrast, highly educated mothers invest more time in management activities when children are 6 to 13 years old than when children are younger, and differences across education groups in management are largest among mothers with school-aged children. These patterns indicate that the education gradient in mothers’ time with children is characterized by a “developmental gradient.”
Distinct roles for TGN/endosome epsin-like adaptors Ent3p and Ent5p

Clathrin adaptors are key factors in clathrin-coated vesicle formation, coupling clathrin to cargo and/or the lipid bilayer. A physically interacting network of three classes of adaptors participat...
Solving decentralized multi-agent control problems with genetic algorithms

In decentralized control of multi-agent systems each agent is making a decision regarding its action autonomously, based on its own observations. In the light of the formal models of decentralized environments presented in the last decade, finding an optimal solution to a decentralized control problem is computationally prohibitive, even for moderately complicated environments. The problem, however, is of great significance since many of the real world systems can be treated as multi-agent systems with decentralized control. In this article, the authors propose an approximate algorithm for the problem based on a genetic algorithm. First, the problem is formalized using decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes. Then a way of representing a solution (joint policy) in a chromosome is introduced and a genetic algorithm is proposed as a search mechanism. Finally, a multi-agent tiger problem is used as an experimental framework to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Pulmonary dead space fraction and pulmonary artery systolic pressure as early predictors of clinical outcome in acute lung injury.

Study objective The primary objective of this study was to test whether an elevated systolic pulmonary artery (PA) pressure or an elevated pulmonary dead space fraction (V d /V t ) in early acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with poor clinical outcomes in the era of lung-protective ventilation. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting ICUs of a university hospital. Patients Forty-two patients with ALI receiving mechanical ventilation. Measurements PA pressure was measured noninvasively using transthoracic echocardiography. V d /V t was measured by volumetric capnography (NICO Cardiopulmonary Management System; Novametrix; Wallingford, CT). Main results There was no difference in the mean systolic PA pressure in patients who died compared to those who survived (43 ± 9 mm Hg vs 41 ± 9 mm Hg, p = 0.54) [mean ± SD]. In contrast to the PA systolic pressure, V d /V t was significantly higher in patients who died compared to those who survived (0.61 ± 0.09 vs 0.53 ± 0.10, p = 0.02). Similarly, V d /V t was higher in patients with 7 ventilator-free days (0.61 ± 0.08 vs 0.52 ± 0.11, p = 0.008). Conclusion In the era of lung-protective ventilation, systolic PA pressure early in the course of ALI is elevated but not predictive of outcome. However, elevated V d /V t in early ALI is associated with increased mortality and with fewer ventilator-free days.
Three Models of Conflict Resolution: Effects on Intergroup Expectancies and Attitudes

Gordon Allport (1960) once noted that there are many different approaches to conflict resolution, but that few empirical studies have been conducted to examine their effectiveness. This experiment was designed to evaluate the distributive bargaining, integrative bargaining, and interactive problem solving models of conflict resolution, using intergroup expectancies and attitudes as dependent measures. Jewish and Arab students were paired into mixed-ethnicity dyads to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian dispute about Jerusalem according to one of the three models. It was hypothesized that dyad members using the interactive problem solving model would become the least pessimistic about the conflict, and would show the greatest positive change in their attitudes toward members of the other ethnic group. The results support these predictions, and help to make up for the paucity of research on the assessment of conflict resolution strategies.
Novel human testis‐specific cDNA: Molecular cloning, expression and immunobiological effects of the recombinant protein

A differential display-polymerase chain reaction was employed to obtain a testis-specific cDNA fragment. On screening the human testis-λgt10-cDNA library with testis-specific cDNA fragment, a novel cDNA encoding for a sperm antigen, designated TSA-1, was obtained. It has a novel open reading frame (ORF) of 471 base pairs encoding for 156 amino acids. The computer generated translated protein has a calculated molecular mass of 17.4 kDa and contains a potential N-glycosylation site at amino acids 122–124. The hydrophilicity analysis of the amino acid sequence suggested that this protein is a membrane-anchored peptide. Extensive analysis for tissue-specificity by Northern blots and RT-PCR-Southern blot procedures using various human tissues indicated that TSA-1 was specifically expressed only in the human testis. Based on the results of in vitro transcription and translation experiments, the TSA-1 (ORF) was subcloned into pGEX-6P-3 vector and expressed using the glutathione S-transferase gene fusion system. Antibodies (Ab) against the purified recombinant protein specifically recognized the ∼17 kDa recombinant TSA-1, and a ∼24 kDa band in human sperm extract in the Western blot procedure. The recombinant TSA-1 Ab recognized the acrosomal, equatorial, mid-piece, and tail regions of human sperm cell in indirect immunofluorescence, bound to live human sperm in the immunobeads binding technique (IBT) and caused a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of human sperm acrosome reaction. These findings indicate that the novel sperm-specific recombinant TSA-1 has a role in sperm function and may have applications in the development of a contraceptive vaccine, and in the specific diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 1–12, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clock tree optimization for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) generated by electronic systems is increasing with operating frequency and shrinking process technologies. The clock distribution network is one of the major causes of on-chip EMI. In this paper, we discuss the EMI problem in clock tree design. Spectrum analysis shows that slew rate of clock signal is the main parameter determining the high-frequency spectral content distribution. This is the first work to consider maximum and minimum buffer slew rates in clock tree synthesis to reduce EMI. In this paper, we propose a dynamic programming algorithm to optimize the clock tree considering both traditional metrics and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Our experimental results show that slew can be controlled in a feasible range and high-frequency spectrum contents can be reduced without sacrificing the traditional metrics such as power and skew. With the efficient optimization and pruning method, the biggest benchmark is able to complete in four minutes.
An Intra-Arterial Induction Gauge

A flexible collapsible catheter gauge that can be introduced into an artery through a French 7 catheter is described. It expands when entering a wide blood vessel or tubular organ and the degree of expansion is measured by electromagnetic induction. The sensor consists of two collapsible congruent wire loops, one of which acts as the primary and the other one as the secondary of a transformer. The output of the secondary varies as the logarithm of the artery diameter over a wide range. Variations as small as 0.01 mm in a 10-mm-diameter lumen can be recorded. The paper describes construction of the probe and presents examples of nonradiographic measurement of arterial diameters as well as of recording of pulsatile changes in artery diameter in dogs.