cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ XAFS and NMR study of rhodium-catalyzed dehydrogenation of dimethylamine borane.

In situ X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) and 11B NMR were used to study the rhodium-catalyzed dimerization reaction of dimethylaminoborane, (CH3)2NHBH3 or DMAB. XAFS spectra show that the active form of the rhodium catalyst is most likely composed of a six-atom Rh core surrounded by tightly bound external ligands. NMR results show the presence of monomeric dimethylamine borane (CH3)2NBH2, providing evidence that hydrogen formation from the homogeneous Rh species occurs by an intramolecular pathway. This is in contrast to thermal pathways that involve intermolecular B−N concurrent with hydrogen formation. This work shows that in situ XAFS spectroscopy offers a unique experimental tool to differentiate between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis.
Caregiving in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Thirty percent of persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) require caregiving owing to their disability, and 80% of care to pwMS is provided by informal unpaid caregivers. The average caregiver is male, in a spousal/partner relationship with the pwMS, and provides more than 4 hours per day of care for many years. The physical, emotional, and time-intensive nature of caregiving for pwMS frequently impairs the caregiver's own physical and emotional health. Rehabilitation medicine professionals should be aware of the high risk of caregiver burden. Assessment of caregiver needs and appropriate intervention will help minimize the burden on caregivers.
Pregnancy and Multiple Sclerosis

• Retrospective studies strongly suggest that pregnancy is an example of a naturally occurring human condition that consistently and predictably affects the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Pregnancy seems to be associated with clinical MS stability or improvement, while the postpartum period seems to be one of high risk for clinical flares of the disease symptoms. Similarly, pregnancy protects animals from developing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Immune system changes in pregnancy and MS are reviewed, as they may be involved in the observed clinical effects of pregnancy on MS. Important questions of the patient with MS in the childbearing age group are addressed.
Proteasome protease mediated regulation of cytokine induction and inflammation.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that proteasome serves as a central regulator of inflammation and macrophage function. Until recently, proteasomes have generally been considered to play a relatively passive role in the regulation of cellular activity, i.e., any ubiquitinated protein was considered to be in discriminatively targeted for degradation by the proteasome. We have demonstrated, however, by using specific proteasome protease inhibitors and knockout mice lacking specific components of immunoproteasomes, that proteasomes (containing X, Y, and Z protease subunits) and immunoproteasomes (containing LMP7, LMP2, and LMP10 protease subunits) have well-defined functions in cytokine induction and inflammation based on their individual protease activities. We have also shown that LPS-TLR mediated signaling in the murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line results in the replacement of macrophage immunoproteasomal subunits. Such modifications serve as pivotal regulators of LPS-induced inflammation. Our findings support the relatively novel concept that defects in structure/function of proteasome protease subunits caused by genetic disorders, aging, diet, or drugs may well have the potential to contribute to modulation of proteasome activity. Of particular relevance, we have identified quercetin and resveratrol, significant constituents present in berries and in red wine respectively, as two novel proteasome inhibitors that have been previously implicated as disease-modifying natural products. We posit that natural proteasome inhibitors/activators can potentially be used as therapeutic response modifiers to prevent/treat diseases through pathways involving the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UP-pathway), which likely functions as a master regulator involved in control of overall inflammatory responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Ubiquitin Drug Discovery and Diagnostics.
Constructing representations of Karl Spencer Lashley

I compare, contrast, and analyze two published constructions, a straightforward approach and a social constructivist perspective, of the life and work of psychobiologist Karl S. Lashley (1890-1958). Although it is clear at a general level that scientific endeavors are affected by extrascientific factors, particular concern is directed at the issues involved in demonstrating that the scientific work of an individual, in this case Lashley, is affected by specific extrascientific influences. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that Lashley's work was driven predominantly by racial and genetic determinist positions and that he was something other than the scientist he represented himself as being. I then discuss an unpublished personality theory approach to Lashley that suggests the influence of some personality characteristics on his work and helps to provide balance and perspective in constructing representations of Lashley.
A New Photoelectric Hysteresigraph

GRAPHICAL RECORDING of hysteresis loops or magnetization curves by means of a hysteresigraph is in many instances a much more convenient way of obtaining desired magnetic data than is the usual ballistic method. Unsymmetrical hysteresis loops, for example, may require considerable laborious procedure if obtained in the usual manner, but are easily recorded by some types of hysteresigraphs. The photoelectric hysteresigraph described herein is an instrument which readily records initial magnetization curves or any desired symmetrical or unsymmetrical hysteresis loops.
Reversible Hydrogen Activation by the Pt Complex Pt(SntBu3)2(CNtBu)2

The new platinum complex Pt(SntBu3)2(CNtBu)2(H)2, 1, was obtained in 32% yield from the reaction of Pt(COD)2 with tBu3SnH and CNtBu at room temperature. Compound 1 is a mononuclear 18 electron plat...
ORPHANODENDRON, A NEW GENUS OF CAESALPINIOID LEGUMINOSAE FROM NORTHWESTERN COLOMBIA

A taxonomically isolated new genus is described to accommodateOrphanodendron bernalii Barneby & Grimes, sp. nov., from western Antioquia, Colombia. Discussion and illustration display an anomalous syndrome of morphological characters that equivocally suggests affinity to Caesalpinioideae tribe Sclerolobieae Bentham (=Caesalpinieae sensu Polhill & Vidal).
Formation of defect-free polyimide hollow fiber membranes for gas separations

Abstract Ultra-thin and defect-free polyimide hollow fiber membranes were formed using a dry-jet, wet quench process with spin dopes both with and without volatile solvents. Fibers were spun from the commercially available polyimide, Matrimid® 5218, and were precipitated in an aqueous quench bath. Spin dopes comprised volatile and non-volatile solvents, polymer, and non-solvent. The influences of dope composition, spinning parameters, and dehydration procedures on the membrane morphology and performance were investigated. Without post-treatment (i.e., defect repair), the fibers exhibited skin thicknesses on the order of 1000 A and O2/N2 selectivities ranging from 90 to 100% of those determined for dense, solution-cast films. The 250 μm OD/125 μm ID fibers were spun at take-up rates comparable to those used in commercial processes (i.e., 50 m/min) and had macrovoid-free morphologies.
Interview with Eric R. Kandel: From Memory, Free Will, and the Problem with Freud to Fortunate Decisions

Eric R. Kandel shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard in 2000 for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. Eric Kandel was rewarded for his discoveries of molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. He is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Senior Investigator at Columbia Universities Center for Neurobiology and Behavior. In this interview given at Hertie Foundation's Neuroforum 2008 on April 18, 2008 in Frankfurt, Germany, Nobel Prize Laureate Eric R. Kandel takes us on an enlighting journey ranging from memory, free will, the problem with Freud , to scientific challenges and the rise of European science. Starting with short- and long-term memory basics, underlying molecular mechanisms, and events affecting the formation of long-term memory, Eric Kandel then shares his thoughts on the issue of free will and makes a strong case for its existence. In addition to his outstanding scientific career, Eric Kandel developed an interest in business and today serves as scientific advisor at Memory Pharmaceuticals. Eric Kandel then talks about the use and abuse of drugs in children and the merging of scientific disciplines. In one of the most intriguing parts of the interview, Kandel shares his thoughts on Freud, Freud's mistakes, and the unique situation that the generations following Freud did not develop Freud's work further. The interview then turns to more scientific aspects and Eric Kandel talks about his confidence and courage during the initial phases of his scientific career, studying learning and memory, and employing a strictly reductionistic approach, best characterized by his simple model organism Aplysia. Eric Kandel then describes one of the most challenging phases in his scientific career when adult neurogenesis was discovered in the hippocampus, a structure so integral to Kandel's work. The final parts of the interview cover today's absence of epic battles and controversies and the rise of European science.
On the wanderings of a quantum chemist in the world of fusion power and politics

Ruminations by a quantum chemist are offered on his forays into the treacherous territory of the global fusion power research community. His and a colleague's proposal for a colliding beam fusion reactor is explained. His experiences hold general lessons about the treatment an innocent scientist can expect when he challenges the entrenched modus operandi of a large scientific/engineering establishment.
“I'll Squeeze It In”: Transforming Preservice Classroom Teachers' Perceptions Toward Movement Integration in Schools

A program titled Physical Education Programming Infusion (PEPI) was incorporated into a required science methods course for preservice classroom teachers (PCTs). Using the transformative learning theory and the social ecological model, the authors examined changes in PCTs' personal health behaviors and perceived barriers toward movement integration (MI) in schools. Thirty-two PCTs participated in the 30-minute weekly PEPI for one semester. Interviews were conducted with 10 PCTs at the end of the PEPI. The PCTs became more aware of and made changes to their lifestyles through participation in PEPI. Although PCTs perceived the presence of organizational barriers in implementing MI, they consistently believed in the benefits of MI. Helping PCTs to become aware of and make changes to their lifestyles will strengthen their beliefs as prospective agents of change in the health and well-being of their students.
The Evolution of Organization Development at Cornell University: Strategies for Improving Performance and Building Capacity:

The problem and the solution. Beer and Nohria propose that there is an inherent tension between organizational strategies designed to improve economic performance (Theory E) and organizational strategies designed to build organizational capacity (Theory O). They argue that the most effective approach to change integrates the two theories along six dimensions: goals, leadership, focus, process, rewards, and use of consultants. This article assesses the efficacy of the Beer and Nohria hypothesis in explaining organizational change by examining four senior leadership initiatives at Cornell University during the past decade and the organizational development strategies that emerged to support them. The article concludes with some lessons learned and the observation that an evolutionary approach to organizational development may provide a useful model for other universities.
Personality characteristics of cocaine and alcohol abusers: More alike than different

Although there is extensive literature describing the characteristics of individuals entering treatment for alcoholism, few research reports are available describing the personality characteristics of individuals addicted to cocaine. Forty-four matched patient pairs, one member of each pair who abused cocaine and the other alcohol, were compared on the basis of their Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles. The subjects were matched on the basis of age, sex, and race from a larger population entering an inpatient addiction treatment center. Statistical analysis revealed more similarities than differences between the two groups, with the average profile type for both cocaine and alcohol abusers being 4-2. These results are discussed in the context of previous reports of psychopathology among cocaine abusers and personality theories of drug choice. The number of different code types within each substance abuse group is also reported and the concept of profile heterogeneity supported. Profile subtypes among cocaine patients are described clinically along with their implications for treatment.
Maternal calcium contribution to glochidial shells in freshwater mussels (Eulamellibranchia: Unionidae)

Previous work has demonstrated that calcium concretions, located in the gills of freshwater mussels, disappear during the reproductive season. While calcium is being mobilized, there is no increase in calcium content in the blood. The current study documents the passage of maternal calcium to glochidia, for the production of calcium carbonate shells while the larvae are brooding in the water channels of the lateral gills; 45Ca was injected into Anodonta grandis 2 mo before the onset of reproduction and the label was distributed through the animal but was concentrated largely in the calcium concretions. Following glochidia development, 45Ca was found incorporated in the shell of the embryos. To determine the extent of the maternal passage of calcium to the embryos, Ligumia subrostrata containing embryos undergoing shell formation were exposed to 45Ca, either by injection into the blood or by inclusion of label in the bathing medium. The amount of label found in the developing glochidia is proportional to the 45Ca content in the blood of the maternal animal. Isolated glochidia directly exposed to label will adsorb 45Ca onto their shells, but there is little addition of label to glochidia in intact maternal gills during the bath exposure experiments. The results indicate that the maternal contribution of 45Ca is over 90%, with direct contribution from the bathing medium accounting for less than 8%. These results indicate that the branchial water channel in which the embryos are developing is isolated from bath 45Ca. This study presents morphological evidence that the physiological isolation of glochidial shells from bath 45Ca is due to a rearrangement of water channel morphology, and that the chamber, in which the embryos develop, has no contact with the bathing medium.
Angioscopic Preparation of the Saphenous Vein for in situ Grafting in the Treatment of Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the angioscopic method of preparation of the saphenous vein for in situ grafting as compared with the standard open vein preparation. Nineteen consecutive cases performed after adoption of a semiclosed angioscopic technique were compared with 20 consecutive cases performed with the conventional technique of vein preparation. Wound complications occurred less frequently in the angioscopy group (37% vs 78%, p=0.02). By univariate analysis, wound healing problems were associated with low preoperative ankle-brachial index (p=0.07), tissue loss (p=0.05), and use of a long, continuous leg incision (p=0.01). Logistic regression analysis identified low preoperative ankle-brachial index (p=0.03), diabetes (p=0.05), and a long, continuous leg incision (p=0.06) as independent predictors of wound complications. Patients with wound complications had significantly longer hospital stays (9 ±8 vs 4 ±3 days, p<0.01). This initial experience suggests that angioscopic preparation of the saphenous vein results in fewer wound complications and should result in shorter hospital stays compared to conventional methods of vein preparation. The long-term effect of angioscopically assisted vein preparation remains to be determined.
Stoicheia: Architecture, Sound and Tesla's Apotheosis

Stoicheia, is an immersive installation focusing on the making of a synthetic ecology and informing the process of architecture using sound. After the reception of enigmatic radio signals in 1899, Tesla began work for many years to perfect the receiving and transmitting equipment that was needed to better pick up and translate his aural discoveries. Stoicheia explores similar notions of Telsa's Aether using specific data feeds and scanning techniques to create a dynamic spatial soundscape drawing upon an experience of immediacy, and ephemeral interplay between the agencies that maintain a continuously self-adaptive sonic and physical environment.
Taking the initiative Implementing the American Heart Association Guide for improving cardiovascular health at the community level

In 1990, heart disease and stroke emerged as the US health objectives, as presented in Healthy leading causes of death worldwide and remain the first and third leading causes of death in the United States, respectively [1,2]. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the United States is responsible for 40% of all deaths, more than the next five leading causes of death combined. CVD death rates have declined significantly over the past several decades as a result of decreased incidence of myocardial infarction and increased survival [3,4]. Coronary heart disease is also a leading cause of premature and permanent disability in the US labor force [2]. In addition, the economic consequences are grave. In 2004, total CVD costs in the United States were estimated to be $368.4 billion [2]; these costs are expected to increase 40–50% by the year 2010 [5]. Blacks, the poor, and residents of particular regions in the United States are examples of groups that shoulder a disproportionate burden of CVD [6].
Pharmacotherapy of scleritis: current paradigms and future directions.

Introduction: Scleritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the eye wall that may be associated with a number of systemic inflammatory diseases. Because scleritis can be refractory to standard treatment, knowledge of the body of available and emerging therapies is paramount and is reviewed here. Areas covered: This review focuses on both traditional and emerging therapies for noninfectious scleritis. The authors cover the mechanisms of action and potential adverse effects of each of the treatment modalities. In addition, a summary of the significant MEDLINE indexed literature under the subject heading ‘scleritis', ‘treatment', ‘immunomodulator' will be provided on each therapy, including commentary on appropriate use and relative contraindications. Novel treatments and potential drug candidates that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials with therapeutic potential will also be reviewed. Expert opinion: While oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral corticosteroids are widely used, e...
Transient Mountain Waves and Their Interaction with Large Scales

Abstract The impact of transient mountain waves on a large-scale flow is examined through idealized numerical simulations of the passage of a time-evolving synoptic-scale jet over an isolated 3D mountain. Both the global momentum budget and the spatial flow response are examined to illustrate the impact of transient mountain waves on the large-scale flow. Additionally, aspects of the spatial response are quantified by potential vorticity inversion. Nearly linear cases exhibit a weak loss of domain-averaged absolute momentum despite the absence of wave breaking. This transient effect occurs because, over the time period of the large-scale flow, the momentum flux through the top boundary does not balance the surface pressure drag. Moreover, an adiabatic spatial redistribution of momentum is observed in these cases, which results in an increase (decrease) of zonally averaged zonal momentum south (north) of the mountain. For highly nonlinear cases, the zonally averaged momentum field shows a region of flow de...
China Standard Time: A Study in Strategic Industrial Policy

China's industrial policy for high-technology industries combines key features of the policies pursued elsewhere in East Asia such as opening to foreign investors and supporting domestic firms. Leveraging its large market size, China has gone further than other developing countries by promoting standards for products that compete in China with products controlled by major electronics companies. This paper analyzes the experience to date of this Chinese policy in the consumer optical storage industry in the context of China's evolving national innovation system. China's standard-setting policy is politicized but ultimately pragmatic, which avoids imposing excessive costs on the economy. It may also have dynamic learning benefits for Chinese firms who are starting to compete in global markets.
Pedestrian Protection Systems: Issues, Survey, and Challenges

This paper describes the recent research on the enhancement of pedestrian safety to help develop a better understanding of the nature, issues, approaches, and challenges surrounding the problem. It presents a comprehensive review of research efforts underway dealing with pedestrian safety and collision avoidance. The importance of pedestrian protection is emphasized in a global context, discussing the research programs and efforts in various countries. Pedestrian safety measures, including infrastructure enhancements and passive safety features in vehicles, are described, followed by a systematic description of active safety systems based on pedestrian detection using sensors in vehicle and infrastructure. The pedestrian detection approaches are classified according to various criteria such as the type and configuration of sensors, as well as the video cues and classifiers used in detection algorithms. It is noted that collision avoidance not only requires detection of pedestrians but also requires collision prediction using pedestrian dynamics and behavior analysis. Hence, this paper includes research dealing with probabilistic modeling of pedestrian behavior for predicting collisions between pedestrians and vehicles.
Sex differences in adult chimpanzee positional behavior: the influence of body size on locomotion and posture.

Focal animal instantaneous sampling of adult male and female chimpanzee positional behavior was conducted during a 7-month study in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast, in order to determine whether there are sex differences in the locomotion, posture, substrate use, and height preference of sexually dimorphic adult chimpanzees, and if so, whether these differences support predictions based on body size differences. Results indicate that as predicted, adult male and female chimpanzees differ in their arboreal locomotor behavior, with the larger males using less quadrupedalism and more climbing, scrambling, and aided bipedalism than females during feeding locomotion. There is a sex difference in height preference as well, with female chimpanzees consistently using more arboreal behavior than males, primarily during resting. Although it has been previously demonstrated that separate primate species of differing body size differ in locomotor and postural activities (Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980; Crompton, 1984), this study clearly demonstrates that body size differences within a species can also be correlated with differences in locomotor behavior. These findings may influence how we interpret sex differences in body size of extinct species. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outcomes of Multiple Listing for Adult Heart Transplantation in the United States: Analysis of OPTN Data From 2000 to 2013.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to assess the association of multiple listing with waitlist outcomes and post–heart transplant (HT) survival. Background HT candidates in the United States may register at multiple centers. Not all candidates have the resources and mobility needed for multiple listing; thus this policy may advantage wealthier and less sick patients. Methods We identified 33,928 adult candidates for a first single-organ HT between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013 in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Results We identified 679 multiple-listed (ML) candidates (2.0%) who were younger (median age, 53 years [interquartile range (IQR): 43 to 60 years] vs. 55 years [IQR: 45 to 61 years]; p Conclusions Multiple listing is a rational response to organ shortage but may advantage patients with the means to participate rather than the most medically needy. The multiple-listing policy should be overturned.
Remote Medical Monitoring Through Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Several diseases and medical conditions require constant monitoring of physiological signals and vital signs on daily bases, such as diabetics, hypertension and etc. In order to make these patients capable of living their daily life it is necessary to provide a platform and infrastructure that allows the constant collection of physiological data even when the patient is not inside of the coverage area. The data must be rapidly "transported" to care givers or to the designated medical enterprise. The problem is particularly severe in case of emergencies (e.g. natural disasters or hostile attacks) when the communications infrastructure (e.g. cellular telephony, WiFi public access, etc) has failed or is totally congested. In this paper we present an evaluation of of the vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) as an alternate method of collecting patient pre-recorded physiological data and at the same time reconfiguring patient medical wearable body vests to select the data specifically requested by the physicians. Another important use of vehicular collection of medical data from body vests is prompted by the need to correlate pedestrian reaction to vehicular traffic hazards such as chemical and noise pollution and traffic congestion. The vehicles collect noise, chemical and traffic samples and can directly correlate with the "stress level" of volunteers.
Reply to M.L. Lanthier et al

We appreciate comments by Lanthier et al 1 of the US Food and Drug Administration regarding whether accelerated approval (AA) has expedited approval of new molecular oncology entities. Based on nonpublicly available data, they report median development times of 6.3 years for AA versus 7.2 years for regular approval (RA). However, the US Food and Drug Administration reported to the General Accounting Office 2 that AA resulted in early approval for some cancer drugs “years before the drug would have been available under regular approval procedures” suggesting that the success metric should be years—not months. Ourcontentionisthatdrugsforrarecancershavedifferentchallenges than drugs approved for common cancers. The goals and mechanisms for marketing approval should reflect the particular circumstances. For drugs for common cancers, development times are similar for RA versus AA. The longer biologic licensing agreement development time for AA versus RA (median, 9.2 v 6.7 years) is explainedbyLanthieretalasbeingduetosmallnumbers.However,it is novel biologic agents for rare cancers that are the expected primary beneficiaries of AA. Lanthier et al 1 suggest that sponsors prefer RA versus AA. The reality is that over time, AA appears to be an increasingly difficult hurdle. Before 2003, AA supported 78% of new molecular oncology entities versus 33% since then. Another concern is lack of data transparency at US Food and Drug Administration. Despite extensive searching of public sources, we identified development times for only 75% of new molecular oncology entities. There have been several calls for improved data transparency and completeness including the General Accounting Office’s review of AA and of the US Food and Drug Administration’s nonpublicly available documents, Congressman Ed Markey’s review of the AA program, and a recent policy piece. 2-4 Some of these documents also point out that the US Food and Drug Administration has
The Role of Perception in the Sound Change of Velar Palatalization

Voiceless velar stops may become palatoalveolar affricates before front vowels. This sound change is not only one of the most common types of palatalization, but is a very common sound change in the w
Finite Element Simulation of Ring Rolling Process

Three-dimensional simulation has become an indispensable approach to develop improved understanding of ring rolling technology, with validity as the basic requirement of the ring rolling simulation. Cold ring rolling is simple conceptually, however complex to analyze as the metal forming process is subject to coupled effects with multiple influencing factors such as sizes of rolls and ring blank, form geometry, material, process parameters, and frictional effects. Investigating the coupled thermal and plastic deformation behavior (the plastic deformation state and its development) in the deformation zone during the process is significant for predicting metal flow in order to control the geometric and tensile residual stress quality of deformed rings, and to provide for cycle time optimization of the cold ring rolling process. In this work, we present derivation of a 2-D analytical description governing ring rolling under the plane strain assumption, then perform finite element analysis of the same process from a surrogate flat rolling condition, extended to 3-D ring rolling. The analytic model reduction is shown to be acceptable for rough process parameter setting, and the finite element analysis can be used to tune the manufacturing process for cycle time optimization.
Protein Kinase C as a Stress Sensor

While there are many reviews which examine the group of proteins known as protein kinase C (PKC), the focus of this article is to examine the cellular roles of two PKCs that are important for stress responses in neurological tissues (PKCγ and e) and in cardiac tissues (PKCe). These two kinases, in particular, seem to have overlapping functions and interact with an identical target, connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein which is central to proper control of signals in both tissues. While PKCγ and PKCe both help protect neural tissue from ischemia, PKCe is the primary PKC isoform responsible for responding to decreased oxygen, or ischemia, in the heart. Both do this through Cx43. It is clear that both PKCγ and PKCe are necessary for protection from ischemia. However, the importance of these kinases has been inferred from preconditioning experiments which demonstrate that brief periods of hypoxia protect neurological and cardiac tissues from future insults, and that this depends on the activation, translocation, or ability for PKCγ and/or PKCe to interact with distinct cellular targets, especially Cx43. This review summarizes the recent findings which define the roles of PKCγ and PKCe in cardiac and neurological functions and their relationships to ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, a biochemical comparison of PKC γ and PKC e and a proposed argument for why both forms are present in neurological tissue while only PKC e is present in heart, are discussed. Finally, the biochemistry of PKCs and future directions for the field are discussed, in light of this new information.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Haplodeficiency Desynchronizes Glial Reactivity and Exacerbates Damage and Functional Deficits after a Concussive Brain Injury

Abstract Reactions of both astrocytes and microglia to central nervous system injury can be beneficial or detrimental to recovery. To gain insights into the functional importance of gliosis, we developed a new model of adolescent closed-head injury (CHI) and interrogated the behavioral, physiological, and cellular outcomes after a concussive CHI in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) haplodeficient mice. These mice were chosen because LIF is important for astrocyte and microglial activation. Behaviorally, the LIF haplodeficient animals were equally impaired 4 h after the injury, but in the subsequent 2 weeks, the LIF haplodeficient mice acquired more severe motor and sensory deficits, compared with wild type mice. The prolonged accumulation of neurological impairment was accompanied by desynchronization of the gliotic response, increased cell death, axonal degeneration, diminished callosal compound action potential, and hypomyelination. Our results clearly show that LIF is an essential injury-induced cytokin...
Cross‐Cultural Marriage: Identity and Choice

Cross-Cultural Marriage: Identity and Choice. ROSEMARY BREGER and ROSANNA HILL. eds. Oxford: Berg, 1998. xvi. 241 pp., contributors, notes, index.
Mixed Valency in Multinuclear Manganese Enzymes and Clusters

This article highlights mixed valence oxidation states of clusters comprised of 2, 3 or 4 Mn ions and how these can be distinguished by EPR spectroscopy. The vectorcoupling theory which enables the prediction of the spin dependent properties of these clusters is presented. Examples from the literature which are covered included synthetic inorganic Mn complexes and Mn enzymes. The latter group includes the binuclear Mn catalases and the tetranuclear Mn site responsible for photosynthetic water oxidation. A discussion of possible functional consequences which formation of a mixed valence state has on the mechanism of catalysis by these enzymes is also given.
Characterization of zebrafish neuroglobin and cytoglobins 1 and 2: Zebrafish cytoglobins provide insights into the transition from six-coordinate to five-coordinate globins.

Neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are two six-coordinate heme proteins of unknown physiological function. Although studies on the mammalian proteins have elucidated aspects of Ngb and Cygb biophysics and indicated potential functions, the properties of non-mammalian Ngbs and Cygbs are largely uncharacterized. We have expressed the recombinant zebrafish proteins Ngb, Cygb1, and Cygb2 in Escherichia coli and characterized their nitrite reduction rates, spectral properties, autoxidation rate constants, redox potentials and lipid binding properties. The three zebrafish proteins can catalyze the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide with a broad range of reaction rate constants. (Ngb, 0.68 ± 0.04 M(-1) s(-1); Cygb1, 28.6 ± 3.1 M(-1) s(-1); Cygb2, 0.94 ± 0.18 M(-1) s(-1)). We observe that zebrafish Ngb and Cygb2 have comparable spectral features to those of human Ngb and Cygb, consistent with a six-coordinate heme, whereas unexpectedly Cygb1 has a five-coordinate heme, a slower autoxidation and in general has properties more akin to oxygen transport proteins. In agreement with a possible oxygen carrier and nitrite reductase role, we detect mRNA transcript for Cygb1 but not Cygb2 or Ngb in zebrafish blood. Unlike human Cygb, neither of the zebrafish globins binds oleic acid with high affinity. This finding suggests that lipid binding may be a trait acquired later during evolution and not an ancestral property of cytoglobins. Altogether, our results uncover unexpected properties of zebrafish globins and reveal the pivotal role of cytoglobins in the transition of heme globins from six-coordinate to five-coordinate oxygen carriers and nitrite reductases.
New Powder Metallurgical Approach to Achieve High Fatigue Strength in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Recently, manufacturing of titanium by sintering and dehydrogenation of hydride powders has generated a great deal of interest. An overarching concern regarding powder metallurgy (PM) titanium is that critical mechanical properties, especially the high-cycle fatigue strength, are lower than those of wrought titanium alloys. It is demonstrated here that PM Ti-6Al-4V alloy with mechanical properties comparable (in fatigue strength) and exceeding (in tensile properties) those of wrought Ti-6Al-4V can be produced from titanium hydride powder, through the hydrogen sintering and phase transformation process. Tensile and fatigue behavior, as well as fatigue fracture mechanisms, have been investigated under three processing conditions. It is shown that a reduction in the size of extreme-sized pores by changing the hydride particle size distribution can lead to improved fatigue strength. Further densification by pneumatic isostatic forging leads to a fatigue strength of ~550 MPa, comparable to the best of PM Ti-6Al-4V alloys prepared by other methods and approaching the fatigue strengths of wrought Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The microstructural factors that limit fatigue strength in PM titanium have been investigated, and pathways to achieve greater fatigue strengths in PM Ti-6Al-4V alloys have been identified.
Adaptive Optics to Study the Structure and Function of the Human Visual System

Adaptive optics (AO) corrects the blur caused by the eye’s optical imperfections, enabling optical access to single human retinal cells. An AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope is described for cellular level retinal imaging and vision testing.
Qualitative Analysis of Written Reflections during a Teaching Certificate Program

Objective. To evaluate the success of a teaching certificate program by qualitatively evaluating the content and extent of participants’ reflections.Methods. Two investigators independently identified themes within midpoint and final reflection essays across six program years. Each essay was evaluated to determine the extent of reflection in prompted teaching-related topic areas (strengths, weaknesses, assessment, feedback).Results. Twenty-eight themes were identified within 132 essays. Common themes encompassed content delivery, student assessment, personal successes, and challenges encountered. Deep reflection was exhibited, with 48% of essays achieving the highest level of critical reflection. Extent of reflection trended higher from midpoint to final essays, with significant increases in the strengths and feedback areas.Conclusion. The teaching certificate program fostered critical reflection and self-reported positive behavior change in teaching, thus providing a high-quality professional development...
Abstract 4050: Quantitation of sirtuin activity with a one-step luminescent assay

The Sirtuin family of histone/protein deacetylating enzymes has gained considerable interest both for their recognized importance in processes such as gene silencing and expression and in cellular metabolism. This has led to identification of these enzymes as important actors in diverse pathologies including diabetes, Alzheimer9s disease and oncology. We have developed a convenient and sensitive screening methodology to detect and measure both inhibitors and activators of sirtuin activity. Here we describe a one-step, homogeneous luminescent assay for the detection of activity for multiple sirtuin isotypes. The reagent formulation contains a pro-luminescent sirtuin peptide substrate, NAD+, ATP, thermostable luciferase, and a developer enzyme that cleaves deacetylated lysine residues. The addition of an active sirtuin enzyme source leads to a robust luminescent signal within minutes with “glow-type” characteristics lasting for several hours. Data will be presented showing characterization of the assay using a diverse assortment of established sirtuin inhibitors, followed by suitability for screening in 384-well formats and the incorporation of a control substrate to identify false positives. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4050. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4050
A Basis for Explaining the Conflicting Results in Performance on CRT and Paper Displays

Several studies examining performance differences in reading when text is presented on paper and Cathode Ray Tubes have found performance deficits in reading speed when using a CRT. Some of these studies Indicate that performance deficits may be more pronounced on visually Intensive tasks such as proofreading. This study attempts to extend and explain these results by examining performance differences between display mode (Paper versus CRT) and processing type (Top-down versus Bottom-up) for a spatially oriented problem solving task. The results, when combined with a previous study, Indicate that a significant CRT performance deficit exists for bottom-up processing tasks while no differences were found for top-down processing tasks.
Distributivity, collectivity and cumulativity *

This handbook article provides an overview of the major empirical phenomena discussed in connection with the theoretical concepts of distributivity, collectivity, and cumulativity. Topics include: an operational denition of distributivity; the dierence between lexical and phrasal distributivity; atomic vs. nonatomic distributivity; collectivity and thematic entailments; two classes of collective predicates (exemplied by be numerous vs. gather); how to distinguish between cumulative and collective readings; interactions of distributivity and collectivity; and a list of other relevant review papers and handbook articles. Typological generalizations and examples from a wide range of languages are discussed throughout the article.
On the Philosophical Thinking Pattern

The thinking pattern is the relatively stable pattern,procedure and habit in the thinking activities.Philosophy tries to delineate the essence of the world,describe the internal relations of history and provides rational,dialectical and comprehensive thinking methods.The philosophical thinking pattern possesses metaphysical,limitless,introspective,abstract and contradictory features.The thinking pattern in Marxist philosophy is the cream and crystallization of the human thinking pattern.
Some Characteristics on large convex L-Sub-Semigroup of Lattice group

In this Paper Some Characteristics on large Convex l-Sub-Semigroup of a l-group is discussed.And a Condition of a torsion Class is Complete torsion Class is given.
Isoflurane elimination via a bubble oxygenator during extra circulation

Abstract It has been suggested that inhalational anesthetics should be discontinued at least 15 minutes prior to termination of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) to avoid myocardial depression. However, data regarding elimination of inhalation agents via a bubble oxygenator from hypothermic, hemodiluted patients have not been previously reported. The washout of isoflurane (ISF) from ten cardiac surgical patients using mass spectrometry was studied. The mean baseline oxygenator exhaust concentration of ISF was 0.85% prior to termination of ECC. Oxygenator concentration of ISF decreased to less than 0.05% in 8.8 ± 2.5 minutes. Eight of ten patients had ISF washout curves best characterized by a one-compartment model, with a mean time constant of 1.94 minutes. Therefore, 95% washout of ISF should occur in 5.8 minutes (three time constants) It is suggested that ISF may be used closer to the termination of ECC than previously recommended without fear of significant myocardial depression.
Who Should Plead Pharmacy's Case in Court?

Abstract Liability is like monopoly and manufacturers' policies could set you back a step.
Greasing the Wheels

The relationship between families and their physician is the most powerful vehicle for influencing patients about issues regarding health and illness. Physicians influence their patients and patients influence their physicians. The doctor—patient relationship is an essential subsystem of the biopsychosocial approach to treatment. As such, it deserves special thought and consideration, and careful assessment when this alliance is problematic. The way the physician handles his or her part in the doctor—patient relationship can affect a patient’s sense of well-being and the likelihood that a patient and family will cooperate with any given treatment plan, not to mention the physician’s own sense of job satisfaction. For these important reasons, we will now turn to some pragmatic suggestions for promoting a constructive working alliance with patients and family members. We will focus on the physician’s side of this equation because that is what we can alter. Three fundamental interviewing skills enhance the potential for an effective partnership to develop between physician and family: building rapport, structuring the interview, and converting resistance into cooperation.
Binary optics lights the way to new imaging sensors

Through advances in semiconductor miniaturization technology, micro-relief patterns with characteristic dimensions as small as the wavelength of light can now be mass produced. In a classic example of technology transfer, this capability is allowing optics designers—for the first time ever—to create innovative optical components that promise to solve key problems in optical sensors, communication channels, and optical processors.
Reirradiation with stereotactic body radiation therapy after prior conventional fractionation radiation for locally recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Purpose Locally recurrent pancreatic cancer after prior radiotherapy is a therapeutic challenge with limited treatment options. This study examines the safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for locally recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma after prior conventional fractionation radiotherapy (CRT). Methods and materials Outcomes from all patients treated with SBRT for locally recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma after prior CRT at our institution were reviewed. A total of 23 patients were identified. Prior CRT median dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 30-60 Gy). Twelve patients (52%) had previously undergone surgery and received CRT as neo- or adjuvant treatment. Nine patients (39.1%) were reirradiated with SBRT with a dose of 25 Gy in a single fraction, and 14 patients (60.8%) received a 5-fraction SBRT schedule with a median dose of 25 Gy (range, 20-33 Gy) in 5 fractions (1-5 fractions). Results Median follow-up time was 28 months (range, 9-77 months). The median planning target volume was 46 cm3 (range, 14-89 cm3). Median overall survival from diagnosis and from reirradiation were 27.5 months (range, 10-77 months) and 8.5 months (range, 1 month to not reached) respectively. The cumulative incidence of local failures at the last follow-up was 19%. For the 4 patients who presented with local failure, one was treated with a single fraction of 25 Gy, and the other 3 were treated with 25 Gy in 5 fractions. Three patients presented regional failure, with a cumulative incidence of 14%, all with concurrent distant progression. The cumulative incidence of distant progression was 64% at last follow-up. After reirradiation, 6 patients (26.1%) developed a grade 2 or 3 gastrointestinal toxicity, 4 of them occurring among patients treated with a single-fraction SBRT regimen. Conclusions Our report shows that SBRT for reirradiation of locally recurrent pancreas adenocarcinoma is a feasible option with good local control and acceptable toxicity rates, especially with a multifraction schedule.