cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical circuitry underlying the mixed receptive fields of certain pyramidal tract neurons.

Abstract In a sample of 320 extracellularly recorded pyramidal tract (PT) neurons isolated in the pericruciate cerebral cortex of the domestic cat, 49 showed an unusual antidromic (AD) response. In addition to the usual AD spike, these neurons gave a second (and sometimes a third) “AD” spike clearly distinguishable from the orthodromic burst of spikes produced by stimulus current spread through the medullary pyramid and into the adjacent medial lemniscus pathway. This second spike resulted from excitatory collateral action of some PT neurons onto those PT neurons with the shortest antidromic latencies. These double antidromic response neurons displayed unusual response properties and possessed mixed excitatory receptive fields. A previously deduced circuit showing some of the connections among certain subsets of cerebral neurons suggested the possible origin of the double antidromic response and the mixed receptive fields. The circuit was elaborated to include new findings of this study.
Effects of Uniaxial Stress on the Free and Bound Exciton in GaSb at 1.7 °K

The effect of a static compressive uniaxial stress on the free and bound excitons in GaSb at 1.7 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K has been measured using wavelength-modulated reflectivity and stresses of up to 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{9}$ dyn ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ applied along [111], [001], and [110] directions with light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the stress axis. From the observed splittings and shifts of the free-exciton line ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$), we have determined the hydrostatic- and shear-deformation potentials of the direct edge. These results are compared with those of other workers. The bound-exciton line ($\ensuremath{\gamma}$) exhibits no splitting but only an isotropic shift to higher energies with stress. The lack of splitting of this line implies that previous suggestions as to the nature of the complex giving rise to this line should be reexamined.
Immobilization of As(III) in soil and groundwater using a new class of polysaccharide stabilized Fe–Mn oxide nanoparticles

A new class of stabilized Fe-Mn binary oxide nanoparticles was prepared with a water-soluble starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer. The nanoparticles were characterized and tested with respect to sorption of As(III) and As(V) from water and for immobilization of As(III) in soil. While arsenic sorption capacities were comparable for bare, or stabilized Fe-Mn nanoparticles, particle stabilization enabled the nanoparticles to be delivered into soil for in situ immobilization of arsenite. High As(III) sorption capacity was observed over a broad pH range of 5-9. Column breakthrough tests demonstrated soil mobility of CMC-stabilized nanoparticles. Once delivered, the nanoparticles remain virtually immobile in soil under typical groundwater conditions, serving as a fixed sink for arsenic. When an As(III)-laden soil was treated with CMC-stabilized Fe-Mn at an Fe-to-As molar ratio of 6.5-39, the water leachable arsenic was reduced by 91-96%, and the TCLP leachability was reduced by 94-98%. Column elution tests of an As(III)-laden soil indicated that application of CMC-stabilized Fe-Mn transferred nearly all water-soluble As(III) to the nanoparticle phase. Consequently, As(III) is immobilized as the nanoparticles are immobilized in the soil. The nanoparticle amendment was able to reduce the TCLP leachability of As(III) remaining in the soil bed by 78%.
New approaches to free radical thermochemistry

A variety of unusual techniques have been used to measure thermodynamic propeties of free radicals and heats of the reactions in which they participate. These include a radical buffer EPR technique, the appearance energy method, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and electrochemical detection of free radicals. The methods can be applied to systems involving organometallic and high molecular weight materials which are normally inaccessible to conventional, gas phase techniques.
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Two C-11-Labeled PET Tracers for Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter

Purpose The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) is a specific biomarker for imaging presynaptic cholinergic neurons. Herein, two potent and selective 11C-labeled VAChT inhibitors were evaluated in rodents and nonhuman primates for imaging VAChT in vivo.
High-Spin Polycations of a Trlaminobenzene

Abstract Organic poly radical ions are molecular spin units which could be used in the construction of magnetic materials. They possess the feature of redox activation / deactivation, a potential means of reversibly controlling the molecular spin state of the unit, thus imparting a magnetic switch function. Here, we describe the prospect of preparing tris arylamines suitably structured to yield long-lived cation, dication, and trication states of successively higher spin mutiplicity. The preparation and oxidation of N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexa-p-anisyl-1,3,5-triaminobenzene (HATAB) are discussed, along with the ESR spectra of the HATAB higher oxidation states. The HATAB2+ and HATAB3+ ESR signals are assigned to triplet and quartet states respectively which, on the basis of cursory Curie-Weiss data, are tentatively assigned as the ground states of these poly cations, consistent with calculational results (AMI/UHF)on the unsubstituted system, 1,3,5-triaminobenzene dication and trication.
Multiparameter direct variational solutions for linear dissipative oscillators

The validity of Lagrangian functional for linear dissipative oscillator is checked by using it as a tool for approximate solutions via direct methods of variational calculus. The results of a single-parameter approximation, presented in an earlier work, are considerably improved by increasing the number of parameters in test functions. The same method is applied to the more convential Lagrangian functions, formulated by the multiplier method and the image (adjoint) method. These results allow a comparative estimate of the accuracy obtained by three different methods.
More on budget deficits and interest rates in the United States

This brief study demonstrates that, within the context of a properly specified reduced-form equation estimated by OLS, the federal budget deficit does act to elevate interest rates. These results differ sharply from Gupta's, where the total deficit is not broken down properly into its endogenous and exogenous components.
Primary radical formation in the vapor-phase nitration of alkanes with nitrogen dioxide

It is shown with the aid of thermodynamic calculations that it is very unlikely that free radicals will be formed by reaction of nitrogen dioxide with alkanes in accordance with the equation RH +NO2 → R + HNO2.
Low hydrogen SMAW electrode moisture content determination using electrical capacitance

A rapid, nondestructive method of determining the moisture content of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) electrodes was developed using the electrical capacitance of the welding consumable. Capacitance moisture contents for type ER7018, ER8018, and ER10018 electrodes were measured and correlated with the actual moisture content. Regression analysis work was carried out resulting in representation of the results by either linear correlation equations or by sigmoidal functions. The method was found to produce good results not only in moisture determination, but also in detecting possible electrode mix-up because of the different flux coating chemical composition. The technique may also be suitable for on site measurements.
Resource Location and Relocation Models with Rolling Horizon Forecasting for Wildland Fire Planning

Abstract A location and relocation model are proposed for air tanker initial attack basing in California for regional wildland fires that require multiple air tankers that may be co-located at the same air base. The Burning Index from the National Fire Danger Rating System is modeled as a discrete mean-reverting process and estimated from 2001–2006 data for select weather stations at each of 12 California Department of Forestry's units being studied. The standard p-median formulation is changed into a k-server p-median problem to assign multiple servers to a node. Furthermore, this static problem is extended into the time dimension to obtain a chance-constrained dynamic relocation problem. Both problems are solved using branch and bound in the numerical example. The relocation model is shown to perform better than the static location model by as much as 20–30% when using fire weather data to forecast short term future demand for severe fires, whereas relocating without rolling horizon forecasting can be l...
Ligament length during circumduction of the trapeziometacarpal joint after ligament sectioning

Thumb motion and stability were examined after sequential division of support ligaments of the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) to simulate the pathologic condition of ligament laxity. The motion obtained with passive circumduction was measured with a magnetic tracking system. The lengths of the TMC joint ligaments were approximated by measuring the distance between origin and insertion of each ligament. The change in this apparent interorigin distance of the ligaments was measured before and after ligament sectioning. The anterior oblique ligament (AOL) and the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) had the greatest effect on TMC joint stability during circumduction of the thumb. Division of the first intermetacarpal ligament (IML) did not produce a change in apparent length of other ligaments. We conclude that small changes in ligament length affect thumb stability and alter the path of circumduction. Neither the IML or posterior oblique ligaments were major stabilizers of the TMC joint during circumduction, prehensile grasp, or tip pinch. Reconstruction of the AOL and UCL ligaments should be considered for treatment of the initial stages of TMC instability.
Numerical integration of semidiscrete evolution systems

Abstract Methods and algorithms for integrating initial value systems are examined. Of particular interest is efficient and accurate numerical integration of systems of ordinary differential equations that arise on semidiscrete spatial differencing or finite element projection for evolution problems characterized by partial differential equations. Integration schemes for general systems are described. Stiff and oscillatory systems are considered and these motivate selection of specific types of algorithms for certain problem classes. For example, we show that Runge-Kutta methods with extended regions of stability are particularly efficient for moderately stiff dissipative systems derived from parabolic transport equations. The theoretical developments of an earlier paper [1] determine bounds on stiffness and stability and may be used to examine the stiff dissipative or oscillatory nature of the system qualitatively. Order control and stepsize adjustment in variable-order, variable-step algorithms are compared for several integrators applied to stiff and nonstiff initial-value systems arising from representative parabolic evolution problems.
Optimisim and Pessimism in Criminology

The contrast between the articles by Beirne, Tifft and Portes, and the remainder in the April 1979 issue of Social Problems is striking. The former three represent a humanist departure from the positivist convention in criminology. Here some implications of the difference in approach are explored and put into historical context.
Field GPR monitoring of biostimulation in saturated porous media

Abstract Time-lapse borehole radar was used to monitor a sandy aquifer with dielectric property changes hypothesized to result from biomass growth and biodegradation of hydrocarbons. A blend of gasoline and ethanol was released below the water table at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden, Canada, and a source of oxygen was used for cyclic stimulation of microbial activity over a period of two years. A dense grid of fourteen borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) pairs monitoring the bioactive region showed 200 MHz radar wave velocity changes of ± 4 % and signal attenuation changes of ± 25 % during three cycles of variable biostimulation. GPR signal changes correlated spatially and temporally to independent measurements of groundwater velocity flow changes and geochemical variations that occurred in response to microbial activity. Greater relative changes in radar wave velocity of propagation were observed in the region of enhanced bacterial stimulation, adjacent to the oxygen release wells, and along the path of the hydrocarbon plume where biomass growth was the greatest. In the zone of maximum biological activity, radar wave velocity decreased during two cycles of enhanced biostimulation, whereas it increased during the intervening period of low-level biostimulation. Monitored regions at the fringe of the plume and farther down-gradient of the oxygen source, where biostimulation was less or absent, exhibited GPR signal changes of lesser magnitude and consistency. Spatial and temporal variabilities of GPR observations indicate a high degree of transient heterogeneity within the relatively homogeneous Borden aquifer as a result of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Mechanisms postulated to cause the dielectric property changes observed in the radar data are biogenic gas formation, mineral dissolution/precipitation, and direct biomass growth. Geochemical data, in-situ groundwater velocity measurements and biomass quantification suggest biomass formation in the pore space as a plausible mechanism for the changes observed in the aquifer. Therefore, at 200 MHz frequency, biomass formation is observed to cause a decrease of EM wave velocity of propagation suggesting an increase of the bulk dielectric constant of the water saturated medium. This finding is in agreement with published laboratory-scale GPR monitoring of microbial growth in porous media. This study shows that time-lapse GPR along with supporting biogeochemical observations can be used for monitoring of biological activity at the field scale.
On the formulation of boundary equations for orthotropic cylindrical shells

The use of the boundary integral technique is extended to cylindrical shells through the thickness shear using the Somigliana's approach. Orthotropic material is also considered. The Green functional approach with its major disadvantage, is shown.
Method of lesioning brainstem determines seizure probability.

Abstract We examined 3 different methods of brainstem lesioning to assess their propensities to evoke seizures in the early postoperative period. Lesioning by electrolysis or microinjection of the neurotoxin, N-methyl - d,l - aspartate , caused seizures, but lesioning by thermocoagulation (radiofrequency current) did not. In paradigms in which postoperative lesion-induced seizures could confound interpretation of experimental results, the thermocoagulative method offers an important advantage.
Reliability and Validity of a Treatment Fidelity Assessment for Motivational Interviewing Targeting Sexual Risk Behaviors in People Living with HIV/AIDS

This study psychometrically evaluates the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code (MITI) to assess fidelity to motivational interviewing to reduce sexual risk behaviors in people living with HIV/AIDS. 74 sessions from a pilot randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing to reduce sexual risk behaviors in people living with HIV were coded with the MITI. Participants reported sexual behavior at baseline, 3-month, and 6-months. Regarding reliability, excellent inter-rater reliability was achieved for measures of behavior frequency across the 12 sessions coded by both coders; global scales demonstrated poor intraclass correlations, but adequate percent agreement. Regarding validity, principle components analyses indicated that a two-factor model accounted for an adequate amount of variance in the data. These factors were associated with decreases in sexual risk behaviors after treatment. The MITI is a reliable and valid measurement of treatment fidelity for motivational interviewing targeting sexual risk behaviors in people living with HIV/AIDS.
Ionization potential of Fe XVII in the neon isoelectric sequence, revised value

Abstract The ionization potentials in the neon isoelectronic sequence are re-examined in the light of some new calculations on the relativistic contribution. The results indicate that 1262 eV is probably a better value for Fe XVII than the previously reported 1266 eV. The calculations are extended through Kr. Revised extrapolations are presented for the sequence from Mn XVI through Kr XXVII. These revisions supersede the values in Atomic Data 3, 177 (1971)
Wear mechanism of a dental glass-ceramic

Abstract Wear tests were conducted on a mica-containing glass-ceramic designed for use in dental restoration of occlusal surfaces. In these tests, an alumina ball was slid against a glass-ceramic disk in laboratory air atmosphere. The friction coefficient was monitored during the tests and the wear rates were determined from profile traces obtained on the wear tracks after the tests were completed. The wear surfaces were examined in a scanning electron microscope to determine the wear mechanism. It was concluded that wear primarily occurs by a microfracture process along the mica-glass interface. Since the size and volume fraction of the mica plates is expected to control the microfracture process, wear could be controlled by altering the microstructure of this material.
Intracellular Signaling by Reactive Oxygen Species during Hypoxia in Cardiomyocytes

Abstract Cardiomyocytes suppress contraction and O2 consumption during hypoxia. Cytochrome oxidase undergoes a decrease in V max during hypoxia, which could alter mitochondrial redox and increase generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We therefore tested whether ROS generated by mitochondria act as second messengers in the signaling pathway linking the detection of O2 with the functional response. Contracting cardiomyocytes were superfused under controlled O2 conditions while fluorescence imaging of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) was used to assess ROS generation. Compared with normoxia (PO2 ∼ 107 torr, 15% O2), graded increases in DCF fluorescence were seen during hypoxia, with responses at PO2 = 7 torr > 20 torr > 35 torr. The antioxidants 2-mercaptopropionyl glycine and 1,10-phenanthroline attenuated these increases and abolished the inhibition of contraction. Superfusion of normoxic cells with H2O2 (25 μm) for >60 min mimicked the effects of hypoxia by eliciting decreases in contraction that were reversible after washout of H2O2. To test the role of cytochrome oxidase, sodium azide (0.75–2 μm) was added during normoxia to reduce theV max of the enzyme. Azide produced graded increases in ROS signaling, accompanied by graded decreases in contraction that were reversible. These results demonstrate that mitochondria respond to graded hypoxia by increasing the generation of ROS and suggest that cytochrome oxidase may contribute to this O2 sensing.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide facilitates atrioventricular nodal conduction and shortens atrial and ventricular refractory periods in conscious and anesthetized dogs.

Our study was designed to determine the cardiac electrophysiological influence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in conscious dogs. Dogs (n = 8) were chronically instrumented with arterial and venous catheters, cervical vagal cooling coils, and right atrial and right ventricular bipolar epicardial pacing and recording electrodes. After autonomic blockade (10 mg/kg i.v. hexamethonium, 0.11 mg/kg i.v. atropine, and vagal cold blockade), VIP (50 and 100 pmol/kg/min i.v.) or isoproterenol (ISO) (250 and 500 pmol/kg/min i.v.) increased heart rate (maximum increases: VIP, 81.1 +/- 4.2 beats/min; ISO, 61.3 +/- 8.5 beats/min), decreased the atrial-ventricular interval (during constant atrial pacing) (VIP, -41.9 +/- 6.3 msec; ISO, -34.6 +/- 7.4 msec), shortened the atrial effective refractory period (VIP, -24.4 +/- 2.1 msec; ISO, -30.6 +/- 4.4 msec) and ventricular effective refractory period (VIP, -4.2 +/- 0.7 msec; ISO, -10.0 +/- 2.4 msec), and decreased mean arterial pressure (VIP, -51.9 +/- 4.0 mm Hg; ISO, -26.1 +/- 2.4 mm Hg). beta-Adrenergic blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg i.v.) eliminated the positive chronotropic and atrioventricular nodal dromotropic responses to bolus doses of ISO (30, 100, 300, and 1,000 pmol/kg i.v.) but did not affect the responses to VIP (10, 30, 100, and 300 pmol/kg i.v.). Comparable blood pressure decreases produced by sodium nitroprusside caused only minimal changes in heart rate, atrial-ventricular conduction times, and atrial and ventricular refractory periods. In three additional anesthetized dogs, after vagotomy and beta-adrenergic blockade (1 mg/kg i.v. propranolol), VIP (100 pmol/kg/min i.v.) shortened the atrial-His interval but did not alter intra-atrial, intraventricular, or His-Purkinje conduction. Our findings combined with the demonstration by others of VIP-immunoreactive nerves innervating canine sinus nodal cells, atrioventricular nodal cells, and atrial and ventricular myocardial cells suggest that endogenous VIP may directly alter the electrical properties of the heart.
CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF TERMINAL REGIONS OF TRICHOMES OF OSCILLATORIA PRINCEPS (CYANOPHYCEAE)1

SUMMARY The terminal regions of Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher display cells which differ from intercalary cells of the same trichome. These end cells have an extensively thickened calyptra replacing normal crosswalls. The thylakoids are extensively disrupted in terminal cells and the cytoplasm displays general disorganization characteristic of necrotic cells. The development of terminal regions occurs within a 5 day period following breakage of the trichome and appears characteristic of O. princeps. The ecological implications of terminal region differentiation are also considered including reaction to variations in current, temperature and light intensities.
A prospective, randomized, double‐blind trial evaluating the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in prevention of liver transplant rejection

Acute cellular rejection (ACR) after orthotopic liver transplantation occurs in 50% to 80% of patients despite the recent advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Adjuvant use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is theoretically attractive, but studies have shown conflicting results. In this randomized, controlled study, we evaluated the efficacy of UDCA in reduction of the incidence of ACR. Thirty patients were randomized to receive either UDCA (15 mg/kg) or placebo in addition to the standard triple-drug regimen; 14 patients received UDCA, and the rest received placebo, for 3 to 6 months. The diagnosis of ACR was based on histologic criteria. Three patients withdrew from the study within 1 month of therapy, all because of capsule size. There was no difference in the total incidence of ACR between the placebo and UDCA groups, with 12 and 11 episodes within 6 months, respectively; the overall incidence of rejection was 77%. There were also no differences in the incidence of recurrent rejection, in the number of rejection episodes occurring after 5 days of therapy, or in the use of OKT3. There was no difference in 1-year survival between groups. This study shows that adjuvant therapy with UDCA in addition to standard triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy does not reduce the incidence of ACR.
Highly Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes of 1 Hydroxy-2-pyridinones

The synthesis, X-ray structure, stability, and photophysical properties of several trivalent lanthanide complexes formed from two differing bis-bidentate ligands incorporating either alkyl or alkyl ether linkages and featuring the 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinone (1,2-HOPO) chelate group in complex with Eu(III), Sm(III), and Gd(III) are reported. The Eu(III) complexes are among some of the best examples, pairing highly efficient emission (ΦtotEu ∼ 21.5%) with high stability (pEu ∼ 18.6) in aqueous solution, and are excellent candidates for use in biological assays. A comparison of the observed behavior of the complexes with differing backbone linkages shows remarkable similarities, both in stability and photophysical properties. Low temperature photophysical measurements for a Gd(III) complex were also used to gain insight into the electronic structure and were found to agree with corresponding time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations for a model complex. A comparison of the high resolution Eu...
A comparison of open and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbid and super obesity: a decision-analysis model.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LGBP) with open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (OGBP) to determine which approach resulted in better clinical outcomes and cost effectiveness in patients with morbid obesity. Methods A decision-analysis model was constructed to evaluate outcomes of LGBP versus OGBP in patients with body mass index (BMI) ranges of 35 to 49, 50 to 60, and greater than 60. Baseline assumptions for the model were derived from published reports. Sensitivity and cost-effectiveness analyses were performed to determine the optimal strategy. Success was defined as no major procedure-related complications and no long-term complications over a 1-year period after surgery. Failure of therapy was defined as either recurrent symptoms or death attributed to a surgical complication. Results In patients with a BMI of 35 to 49, LGBP failed in 14% and OGBP failed in 18% of patients, favoring LGBP alone as the dominant strategy. Mortality in the OGBP group was 1.3 times that of the LGBP group. For a BMI of 50 to 60, LGBP was dominant with an overall success rate of 82% as compared with OGBP (77%). Mortality in the OGBP group was 1.3 times that of the LGBP group. For a BMI of greater than 60, LGBP was the dominant strategy with an overall success rate of 67% compared with OGBP (63%). Sensitivity and cost-effective analysis showed that LGBP was the dominant strategy in terms of greater success and less overall morbidity and mortality for all 3 groups. Conclusions This analysis suggests that for all BMI ranges evaluated, LGBP is preferable to OGBP. These conclusions are limited by potential selection and publication bias in the trials assessed for this analysis. These limitations can be resolved only by randomized control trials.
The onsager reciprocal relations in transformed coordinates: Restriction of the rate of entropy production to positive definite forms

Abstract The coordinate transformations from one set of thermodynamic forces to mother cannot be chosen arbitrarily if it is required that the force-dependent quadratic forms representing the rate of entropy production in the two coordinate systems be positive definite. This requirement implies that the forces and fluxes in both coordinate systems possess equal numbers of independent components.
Azygous continuation of inferior vena cava.

![Figure][1] A 70-year-old man presented for typical atrial flutter ablation. Right femoral venous access was obtained but there was difficulty in catheter advancement into the right atrium and the procedure was abandoned. The patient was sent for a cardiac computed tomographic angiography.
Optimal control of global entropy for environmental systems

It has been accepted worldwide that environmental decay, like pollution, the greenhouse effect, or even traffic congestion, has been a result of the work produced to improve the quality of life, thus producing waste measured by entropy in the thermodynamic sense. The author proposes the use of optimal control theory to optimize the effects of human intervention in societal, ecological, economic, environmental and other current problems of our modern society by minimizing the maximum global entropy that represents their decay. An analytic method is presented to demonstrate the reduction of the human participation.
Comparison of lidar water vapor measurements using Raman scatter at 266 nm and 532 nm

The performance of the Lidar Atmospheric Profile Sensor (LAPS) instrument for measurements of water vapor in the lower troposphere has been investigated. LAPS is an automated lidar system that measures water vapor from the vibrational Raman backscatter in the visible and in the ultraviolet wavelength range. We present a comparison of water vapor profiles measured with the lidar and balloon sondes as well as measured with the two lidar channels. With the UV channels it is possible to infer ozone profiles in the boundary layer. Data are presented that reveal the high variability of the water vapor in the boundary layer.
Accounting for neoliberalism: “Social drivers” in environmental management

Abstract Prevailing models of the human–environment relationship in environmental science, policy, and management (ESPM), largely based on the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Responses (DPSIR) framework, are restricted in their ability to incorporate insights from the environmental social sciences and humanities (ESSH). A review of related literature suggests that ESSH scholars are more likely to critique these models for reinforcing problematic social trends than employ them as analytical tools. Nevertheless, the language of ESPM frameworks can be repurposed to account for a broader range of social considerations. As a first step, this paper develops the concept of “drivers” to focus on social drivers – i.e., the major social, political, economic, and cultural forces that shape social–ecological systems. For example, neoliberalism may be viewed as a major social driver that has significantly affected small-scale fisheries. While the ecological and economic goals for neoliberal strategies (such as catch shares) are optimistic, commonly observed social effects of these policies are less favorable. This paper illustrates how, if needed, indicators can be developed to assess the social effects of neoliberal policies so that they may be analyzed alongside their economic and ecological effects in an integrated assessment. Such an approach may help draw ESPM attention to the critical roles of social drivers and social conditions in interrelated social and environmental problems. Focusing on social drivers offers a potential avenue for bridging ESPM and ESSH, and collaborating toward mutual goals of environmental sustainability and human wellbeing.
Preoperative Embolization of Central Nervous System Tumors

Surgical excision of hypervascular central nervous system (CNS) tumors can be daunting and is associated with the potential for staggering blood loss. The need to mitigate intraoperative tumoral hemorrhage has fostered the refinement of neuroendovascular techniques for preoperative embolization of tumors. Since these techniques were first described in the early 1970s, the field has matured rapidly, with advances in microcatheter technology and ongoing improvements in the design of embolisates. Nonetheless, the tenets fundamental to embolization of tumors are not novel. They include an understanding of neurovascular anatomy and of the natural history and behavior of tumors.
Doppler correction for high-velocity targets using a relativistic approach

Standard radar systems commonly use a first-order phase compensation to account for the Doppler effect. As target speed increases, higher-order phase terms are needed to compensate a large time-bandwidth product signal. For extremely high speeds, a relativistic scheme based on the Lorentz Transformation of the wave 4-vector is more desirable since it provides correct results. Since the echo location problem involves transmission of the signal from a stationary frame and signal reflection from a moving frame, the wave 4-vector must be transformed twice to simulate a round trip. We show that for relative motion in one direction, the round-trip Lorentz transformation is equivalent to compressing the instantaneous frequency of the signal. The frequency compression factor is a nonlinear function of speed v . The nonlinearity is apparent only for relativistic speeds. In this paper, we analyze the ambiguity surface of the linear FM (chirp) signal to compare first-order and relativistic (full) compensation, and demonstrate that at relativistic speeds the ambiguity surface of the fully compensated linear FM compensated shows a linear delay-Doppler coupling.
Model predictive control strategies for buildings with mixed-mode cooling

Abstract The paper presents model predictive control (MPC) strategies for buildings with mixed-mode cooling (window opening position, fan assist, and night cooling schedule) and demonstrates their potential performance bounds in terms of energy savings within thermal comfort constraints, in comparison with standard heuristic rules used in current practice. The study also identifies optimal control sequences coordinated with shading, for the control of solar gains. A transient, multi-zone building energy prediction model, with a coupled thermal and airflow network, is developed in MATLAB, and it is used within an offline MPC framework with Particle Swarm Optimization (embedded in GenOpt) as an optimizer. Simulations are performed for a period of six consecutive summer days with mixed-mode cooling strategies decided by the predictive controller, based on weather forecast and cooling load anticipation over a 24 h planning horizon. The results show that MPC can significantly reduce the cooling requirements compared to baseline night setback control while maintaining the operative temperature during the occupied period within acceptable limits. On the contrary, rule-based control strategies for the window opening position, based on simple heuristics for the outdoor conditions, create an increased risk of overcooling with lower thermal comfort acceptability.
Spatial Nyquist fidelity method for structural models of opto-mechanical systems

Simulation models of new opto-mechanical systems are often based on engineering experience with older, potentially dissimilar systems. This can result in inaccuracies in the model prediction. A method is needed to gauge the fidelity of new system models in the initial design phases, often in the absence of hardware data. The Nyquist criterion is used to develop a quantitative measure of model fidelity, called the Nyquist fidelity metric. The spatial Nyquist fidelity method is presented which uses the Nyquist fidelity metric to both assess the fidelity of existing complex models and to synthesize new multi-component models starting from architectural considerations such as geometric and material properties of the system. This method also estimates the error bound on the output figures of merit based on the fidelity levels and sensitivity analysis. The Nyquist fidelity method is applied to the Modular Optical Space Telescope (MOST), the Thirty Meter Telescope, and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. It is shown in the MOST case study that the Nyquist fidelity method provides a 40% improvement in computational time while assuring less than 5% modal frequency error, and less than 2.2% error in the output figure of merit.
Taking the old gods with us: Gadamer and the role of Verstehen in the human sciences

Abstract The human sciences have often suffered from their attempt to emulate the supposedly more objective natural sciences. The attempt to form an objective science of the human spirit or history formed the crux of the thought of Wilhelm Dilthey. The tension developed in Dilthey between the desire for an objective basis for the human sciences and insight into the nature of historical existence. This tension is developed and undergoes a significant transition in the thought of Hans-Georg Gadamer. Gadamer shows how Dilthey's attempt to make history objective ultimately led to a separation of the scientist and the community within which the scientist worked. In Gadamer's Dilthey critique there emerges a new understanding of the political responsibilities and culpabilities of scientific investigation.
A human fibrosarcoma inhibits systemic angiogenesis and the growth of experimental metastases via thrombospondin-1

Concomitant tumor resistance refers to the ability of some large primary tumors to hold smaller tumors in check, preventing their progressive growth. Here, we demonstrate this phenomenon with a human tumor growing in a nude mouse and show that it is caused by secretion by the tumor of the inhibitor of angiogenesis, thrombospondin-1. When growing subcutaneously, the human fibrosarcoma line HT1080 induced concomitant tumor resistance, preventing the growth of experimental B16/F10 melanoma metastases in the lung. Resistance was due to the production by the tumor cells themselves of high levels of thrombospondin-1, which was present at inhibitory levels in the plasma of tumor-bearing animals who become unable to mount an angiogenic response in their corneas. Animals carrying tumors formed by antisense-derived subclones of HT1080 that secreted low or no thrombospondin had weak or no ability to control the growth of lung metastases. Although purified human platelet thrombospondin-1 had no effect on the growth of melanoma cells in vitro, when injected into mice it was able to halt the growth of their experimental metastases, providing clear evidence of the efficacy of thrombospondin-1 as an anti-tumor agent.
Mechanism of formation of the thioether conjugate of the bladder carcinogen 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-thiazole (ANFT)

The formation of thioether conjugates is an important pathway for inactivation of certain carcinogens. This study assessed the mechanism by which the bladder carcinogen 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-thiazole (ANFT) forms a glutathione conjugate (ANFT-SG). Peroxidatic metabolism of ANFT, in the presence of glutathione, results in ANFT-SG formation. Both prostaglandin H synthase and horseradish peroxidase can catalyze this reaction. Metabolism of the reducing co-substrates ANFT, phenol, and aminopyrine elicit increases in oxidized glutathione (GSSG). ANFT-SG formation is potentiated by phenol and aminopyrine. tert-Nitrosobutane (tNB), a thiyl radical trap, prevented increases in both GSSG and ANFT-SG. Increasing concentrations of ANFT elicited corresponding increases in both GSSG and ANFT-SG. Peroxidatic metabolism of ANFT in the presence of glutathione, but not in the absence of glutathione, resulted in oxygen uptake. The formation of GSSG and oxygen uptake are consistent with the presence of thiyl radicals during ANFT metabolism. 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, a thiyl radical trap, was not as effective as tNB in inhibiting the formation of ANFT-SG and GSSG. Ascorbic acid, a reducing cosubstrate and antioxidant, was very effective in preventing ANFT-SG and GSSG formation, while the strong nucleophile methionine was ineffective. To clarify effects of different test agents, their effects on aminopyrine cation radical formation were assessed. Results are consistent with ANFT reacting with thiyl radicals to form ANFT-SG. ANFT appears to be a thiyl radical trap. Peroxidatic metabolism of ANFT probably results in the formation of a cation radical rather than a carbon-centered radical.
19C in halo EFT: Effective-range parameters from Coulomb dissociation experiments

Abstract We study the Coulomb dissociation of the 19C nucleus in an effective field theory that uses the 18C core and the neutron as effective degrees of freedom and exploits the separation of scales in this halo system. We extract the effective-range parameters and the separation energy of the halo neutron from the experimental data reported in Refs. [31] , [35] , taken at RIKEN by Nakamura et al. (1999, 2003). We obtain a value of ( 575 ± 55 ( stat . ) ± 20 ( EFT ) ) keV for the one-neutron separation energy of 19C, and ( 7.75 ± 0.35 ( stat . ) ± 0.3 ( EFT ) ) fm for the 18C–neutron scattering length. The width of the longitudinal momentum distribution predicted by EFT using this separation energy agrees well with the experimental data taken at NSCL by Bazin et al. (1998) [9] , reaffirming the dominance of the s-wave configuration of the valence neutron.
Micronucleus formation in cultured fetal liver blood cells using mitomycin C.

Abstract Mouse fetal-liver blood cells were cultured and used to investigate micronucleus formation after exposure to mitomycin C (MMC). The isolated fetal cells were incubated in a medium supplemented with erythropoietin (EPO), and the frequency of micronuclei formation was detected in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE). The effects of four variables were investigated: (1) MMC exposure dose, (2) MMC exposure time, (3) incubation time, and (4) EPO concentration. PCE were formed by proliferation and differentiation of the erythroid cells in culture. Micronucleated PCE (MNPCE) were observed in a dose-dependent manner after exposing the cultured cells with up to 1.0 μg/ml MMC. The optimum time of MMC exposure and postexposure incubation was 3 h and 48 h, respectively, and the optimum EPO concentration was 0.25 U/ml. Mouse fetal-liver PCE are sensitive primordial cell targets that can be obtained in relatively large numbers from a single pregnant animal. The procedure is relatively simple and potentially useful in detecting mutagens and carcinogens capable of causing chromosomal damage.
Parent Attitudes about School Requirements for Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in High-Risk Communities of Los Angeles, California

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization requirements for school entry could increase HPV vaccine uptake but are controversial. This study assessed parents' attitudes about HPV immunization requirements. Methods: During October 2007 to June 2008, we conducted telephone surveys with 484 parents of girls attending middle/high schools serving communities in Los Angeles County with elevated cervical cancer rates. Results: Parents were mostly Hispanic (81%) or African American (15%); 71% responded in Spanish. Many parents did not know if HPV vaccine works well (42%) or is unsafe (41%). Overall, 59% of parents agreed that laws requiring HPV vaccination for school attendance “are a good idea.” In multivariable analysis, African Americans and Hispanics responding in English were less likely than Hispanics responding in Spanish to agree (aOR 0.1, 95% CI: 0.1–0.3; aOR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8, respectively). Parents were less likely to agree with these laws if they did not believe the vaccine works well (aOR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.5) but more likely to agree if they believed the vaccine is not “too new for laws like these” (aOR 4.5, 95% CI: 2.6–8.0). Agreement with laws increased to 92% when including agreement that “these laws are okay only if parents can opt out.” Conclusions: In this at-risk community, more than half of the parents agreed with HPV immunization requirements generally, and the vast majority agreed when including opt-out provisions. Impact: Support for HPV vaccine requirements may depend on race/ethnicity and inclusion of opt-out provisions. Information about vaccine efficacy and safety may increase support and reduce uncertainty about HPV vaccine in high-risk populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1421–9. ©2011 AACR .
Understanding Mentoring In Leadership Development Perspectives of District Administrators and Aspiring Leaders

According to Daresh, collaboration between veteran and new or aspiring leaders can promote an environment that is conducive to high levels of student achievement. This study sought to understand the mentoring relationship between veteran school leaders and aspiring leaders within a district that is in Year 2 of a School Leadership Program grant. Results focused on two main themes: (a) accountability time pressures and (b) development and sustainability of the mentor/mentee relationship. Implications for school district leadership and university leadership preparation programs are discussed.
Improving the voltage holdoff performance of alumina insulators in vacuum by quasimetallizing or doping

Abstract Treatment of the surface of an alumina insulator with coatings incorporating varying amounts of Cr, Mn, and Ti can significantly increase the vacuum voltage holdoff capability of the insulator (up to 25%). During processing (quasimetallizing) the coating penetrates into the alumina, so it is insensitive to mechanical damage. This quasimetallizing treatment is also compatible with subsequent metallizing and brazing of the alumina insulator. Quasimetallizing with appropriate formulations decreases both the surface resistivity of the alumina and the secondary electron emission yield of the alumina. Each change improves the voltage holdoff characteristics of the alumina. Similar improvements in voltage holdoff capability can be obtained by doping the plain alumina to the 5% (by weight) level with additives of 4 parts Mn/1 part Ti or 2 Mn/1 Ti/1 Cr. Such doped ceramics have the advantage of requiring fewer processing steps than do the quasimetallized ceramics. Both doped and quasimetallized ceramics are suitable for use in ultrahigh vacuum apparatus.
Impact of intraoperative heparin on laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: At many centers systemic heparinization is performed during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy because of concerns regarding graft thrombosis. However, no consensus exists in this regard. We evaluated the impact of intraoperative heparin on donor and recipient outcomes.Materials and Methods:: Between September 2000 and February 2003, 79 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic live donor left nephrectomy at our institution. They were sequentially divided into 2 groups, that is group 1—the initial 40 patients who intraoperatively received 5,000 IU heparin intravenously and group 2—subsequent patients who did not receive heparin. The 2 groups were well matched demographically. Data were compared using the paired 2-tailed t test.Results:: The 2 donor groups were comparable in regard to mean blood loss (139 vs 179 cc, p = 0.59), intraoperative urine output (1.6 vs 1.6 l, p = 0.74), warm ischemia time (4 vs 4.2 minutes, p = 0.52), operative time (3.5 vs 3.5 hours, p = 0.97), and cold ischemia ...
Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren: Circumstances and Interventions

The past decade has seen a marked increase in the number of grandparents who are rearing their grandchildren. School psychologists and counsellors are increasingly called upon to assist this growing population. This article addresses some of the key issues facing these grandparents: the emotional needs of grandchildren and grandparents, financial support, legal concerns and transitions. Suggestions for intervention strategies for school psychologists and counsellors are offered.
Selective versus nonselective preparation pulses in two-dimensional MP-RAGE imaging of the liver.

The use of a section-selective preparation pulse in two-dimensional (2D) T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) imaging of the liver was investigated. The images were compared with those obtained with a nonselective pulse. The performances of the sequences were evaluated in 11 patients with 12 focal liver lesions, and lesion-liver and lesion-vessel signal difference-to-noise ratios (SD/Ns) were calculated. With the section-selective preparation pulse, small lesions were better differentiated from vessels, and multiple, consecutive images could be obtained at shorter intervals. The mean lesion-liver SD/N was slightly but not significantly greater for images obtained with a selective pulse, while the lesion-vessel SD/N was significantly greater (P less than .01). It is concluded that a section-selective preparation pulse can improve the clinical utility of the 2D MP-RAGE sequence in the evaluation of focal liver disease.