cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Virtual Battery Model for Packetized Energy Management

The goal of this paper is to develop a low-order model to represent the coordination of distributed energy resources based on concepts that make the internet work and is known as packetized energy management (PEM). The low-order model includes energy as a state variable together with dynamic opt-out constraints and internal packet request feedback, which in principle turns the model into a PEM virtual battery (PEM-VB) model. The paper focuses on a homogeneous aggregation of electric water heaters (EWHs) under PEM. It is shown that the bottom-up logic of the PEM-VB makes the system observable mainly due to the convenient feeding back of the number of packet requests through the communication channel established between the PEM coordinator and devices enrolled in the scheme. Without such extra information, the system loses the ability to observe the system’s stored energy state. A procedure for computing the maximum and minimum energy bounds for the PEM-VB is developed. Moreover, the PEM-VB is explicitly used as the underlying model for an extended Kalman filter observer formulation with the purpose of estimating the energy stored in a simulated ensemble of agent-based EWHs under PEM. The use of PEM-VB is demonstrated in pre-positioning of flexible resources depending upon load forecasts. Finally, conclusions and future directions are provided.
So long suckers: Bargaining and betrayal in Breaking Bad:

In this teaching note, I introduce the rules of a bargaining game called So Long Sucker to help university instructors convey strategic concepts and impart good negotiation skills to their students...
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)

IIH causes a number of symptoms that may be variable from patient to patient. In this chapter we discuss how doctors diagnose IIH and discuss in detail each of the different symptoms that patients often report. This chapter then discusses the way individual patients may differ in the way they experience IIH symptoms.
Clinical and Pathobiological Features of Burkitt’s Lymphoma and their Relevance to Treatment

A consideration of the association of EBV and Burkitt’s lymphoma suggests that there is a correlation between the incidence of Burkitt’s lymphoma and the proportion of EBV-associated tumors. There appears to be, however, a similar incidence of EBV-negative Burkitt’s lymphomas throughout the world. This suggests that there are at least 2 subtypes of Burkitt’s lymphoma, and that the incidence of the EBV-associated variety is particularly dependent upon environmental factors, one of which is early infection with EBV. There are marked clinical differences between tumors in Equatorial Africa and in North America which probably reflect differences in phenotype, and the presence of EBV may lead to a different response to treatment.
Poetic Inquiry Exercises

The Appendix is stuffed with exercises designed to get you writing about family in verse, perhaps even writing with family members. I outlined the benefits to a poetic treatment of family stories in the preface, so my goal here is to have you think about, generate, and gather material that will help you to write poems that (re)story family.
Using Archetypes to Introduce Social Justice in PETE

Contemporary educators have advocated for improving the quality of teacher education programs by infusing concepts of social justice. This article describes a teaching process introduced in John Wooden's book Wooden on Leadership as a model to aid students' initial thinking about the relevance of social justice in their work.
Merit Pay: Boon or Boondoggle?.

oon after the release of A Nation at Risk, President Reagan called for the adoption of merit pay policies that would compensate public school teachers on the basis of their classroom performance. The concept of merit pay encompasses the work values of the Puritan work ethic and the notion of Jeffersonian democracy that individual accomplishment should be based on ability rather than status. Thus, merit pay immediately became the public's panacea for the ills of American public education.
Adaptive integratable hardware realization of analog neural networks for nonlinear system

This paper presents the adaptive analog hardware implementation of a MLP (multilayer perceptron architecture) ANN (artificial neural networks) for online nonlinear system operation. Neurons are implemented by bipolar differential pairs with tangent hyperbolic activation function. A bipolar current multiplier and a linearized differential amplifier are proposed for storing and adjusting the weights for ANN where its input current can be adjusted or reprogrammed by outside digital controllers. Compared with other hardware-based MLP implementations, it provides a better cost efficient ANN platform that can be fully integrated on chip while keep the network with high performance with high frequency requirements. Such an ANN platform can be adapted for differential applications on control or nonlinear model systems without changing the architecture.
The costs and benefits of utilizing beryllium as an energy multiplier

The potential use of large amounts of beryllium of energy multiplication in a fusion reactor blanket is evaluated. The primary problems associated with the use of beryllium are the resource limitations and radiation induced swelling. The chief benefit of increasing the energy multiplication of the blanket is the additional amount of power which is obtained. It is found that the costs associated with the addition of large amounts of beryllium to the blanket are less than the benefits obtained, resulting in a reduction in the cost of electricity for a reactor system utilizing beryllium by 12% when compared to a more traditional blanket design.
Solid state morphological instability of Ni4Mo precipitates

Abstract The morphology of ordered Ni 4 Mo precipitates in an off-stoichiometric Ni-Ni 4 Mo alloy is documented at relatively high aging temperatures (low supersaturation) and compared to the precipitate morphology at low to intermediate aging temperature (large supersaturation). It is found that the precipitate morphology is a function of the aging temperature. In particular, at low aging temperatures the precipitates develop into ellipsoids with a square cross-section. At high temperatures, the precipitates appear to be subject to morphological instabilities normally associated with liquid-to-solid transformations. Consequently, the observed precipitates tend to form solid-state dendritic protrusions at the high aging temperatures.
Did John B. Watson Really “Found” Behaviorism?

Developments culminating in the nineteenth century, along with the predictable collapse of introspective psychology, meant that the rise of behavioral psychology was inevitable. In 1913, John B. Watson was an established scientist with impeccable credentials who acted as a strong and combative promoter of a natural science approach to psychology when just such an advocate was needed. He never claimed to have founded “behavior psychology” and, despite the acclaim and criticism attending his portrayal as the original behaviorist, he was more an exemplar of a movement than a founder. Many influential writers had already characterized psychology, including so-called mental activity, as behavior, offered many applications, and rejected metaphysical dualism. Among others, William Carpenter, Alexander Bain, and (early) Sigmund Freud held views compatible with twentieth-century behaviorism. Thus, though Watson was the first to argue specifically for psychology as a natural science, behaviorism in both theory and practice had clear roots long before 1913. If behaviorism really needs a “founder,” Edward Thorndike might seem more deserving, because of his great influence and promotion of an objective psychology, but he was not a true behaviorist for several important reasons. Watson deserves the fame he has received, since he first made a strong case for a natural science (behaviorist) approach and, importantly, he made people pay attention to it.
Mammary ductal and alveolar development: lesson learned from genetically manipulated mice.

The mammary gland has been an area of great interest to developmental biologists for many years because its formation involves many fundamental processes that are central to the development of other organs. Although mammary development has been well described structurally, the molecules and signaling mechanisms that are involved are still largely undefined. For the last several years, intensive effort has been made to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in mammary development. With the recent advances in transgenic and knockout technologies, the ability to delete and/or alter the expression of certain genes in the mouse genome has allowed us to begin to elucidate the mechanisms underlying mammary gland development. In this review, we discuss several mouse models that have provided insight into the molecules and signaling mechanisms that govern ductal development and lobuoloalveolar differentiation in the mammary gland. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52:163–170, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaporation rates of monodisperse organic aerosols in the 0.02- to 0.2-μm-diameter range

The tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) technique was used to measure evaporation rates of monodisperse organic aerosol droplets in the 0.02- to 0.2-μm-diameter range. The species investigated include dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diocytl sebacate (DOS), and oleic acid, all of which are frequently used to produce monodisperse aerosol standards for instrument calibration. Transition regime mass transfer expressions were used to determine vapor pressures from measured evaporation rates. The vapor pressure of DOP at 25.7°C was found to be in good agreement with reported values (2.36 × 10−4 dynes/cm2). Vapor pressures at 25° C for oleic acid and DOS were 2.2 × 10−4 dynes/cm2 and 2.6 × 10 −5 dynes/cm2, respectively. The data provide direct evidence for the validity of the Kelvin equation for these species. Also, these results suggest that because of its lower vapor pressure, DOS is more stable than the other species, and is therefore more suitable for use as a material for monodisperse aerosol standards.
Kinetic studies of the molecular aggregation of Limulus oxyhemocyanin and apohemocyanin

Abstract The kinetic dissociation of Limulus oxyhemocyanin and apohemocyanin in alkaline pH have been studied using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method capable of measuring both the subunit and the aggregated proteins. The results show that the oxy- and apohemocyanins exhibit two distinct dissociation kinetics marked by their differences in aggregation patterns. For oxyhemocyanin, the kinetics occur at pH 7.8 and above and show a three-step dissociation of the 24-mer to the subunits. Each reaction step is characterized by the ionization of one set of protons with higher p K a associated with the dissociation of smaller aggregates. Binding of imidazole at or near the copper active site inhibits the dissociation kinetics. Cyanide ion, which removes the active copper from the protein, causes complete dissociation of the protein into subunits. For apohemocyanin, a two-step dissociation of the protein into subunits at pH 7.6 and above was observed. The kinetic results show a subunit ratio of 3:2 for the two aggregates, suggesting that the subunits of the copper-free protein may aggregate into dimers and trimers. In the pH range 6.5–7.5, apohemocyanin does not undergo kinetic dissociation. Since the protein has the highest state of aggregation at pH 6.5, association of the trimers into a larger aggregate such as a hexamer at this pH is also postulated.
Carcinoembryonic antigen in 228 patients with carcinoma of the lung.

Two hundred and twenty-eight patients who were treated for carcinoma of the lung were followed and their plasma CEA levels assessed at intervals during the course of the disease. In addition, plasma samples were taken from 487 healthy blood donors for comparison as a control. CEA assay is not selective or specific enough, at this time, to be used for screening purposes even though 68% of the patients who have lung cancer will have an elevated concentration of CEA regardless of the histological cell type. In patients with plasma levels of CEA above 15 ng/ml the prognosis is uniformly poor. CEA in the authors' view does have value as a prognostic marker capable of suggesting the successful resection of a tumor and to a lesser degree confirming the clinical objective response to the radiotherapy or chemotherapy. It was found that the presence of CEA was not necessarily related to the volume of the tumor or the site of organ metastasis, but reflects the metabolic properties and characteristics of the individual tumor as it occurs in the patient.
The representation of arithmetic facts in memory: results from retraining a brain-damaged patient.

This single case study was designed to gather evidence regarding whether the mental representations mediating multiplication fact retrieval make use of single or multiple codes. MC is a brain-damaged volunteer whose numerical processing impairments were limited to multiplication fact retrieval. He relearned three sets of multiplication facts. Each set was relearned in one of three input formats: Arabic, written verbal, or spoken verbal. Following training all facts were tested in all input formats. MC's posttraining performance was virtually error free and showed no effects of input format. However, reaction-time data showed fact retrieval was fastest when the training format matched the test format. Results are discussed in relation to single- and multiple-code models of multiplication fact retrieval.
Nearest neighbor distances in uniaxial fiber composites

Abstract Nearest neighbor distances (first and higher order) are an important class of spatial descriptors useful in Materials Science and other disciplines. This descriptor plays a very important role in the mechanical response and failure behavior of uniaxial composites. In the present article nearest neighbor distances for random mono-sized fibers in uniaxial fiber composites are studied using computer simulations. A simple expression (given below) is proposed for the mean values of first, second, and third order nearest neighbor distances. 〈H n 〉 〈P n 〉 =1+B n f f 0 m n where, 〈Hn〉 is the mean nth nearest neighbor distance, f is volume fraction, 〈Pn〉 is corresponding mean nearest neighbor distance for a point process and f0 is a constant. The quantities Bn and mn are constants for a given n. The predictions of this equation are in good agreement with the simulated results. This expression is applicable over the complete volume fraction range of 0 to π/ 12 .
Asking Even More from Grand Geographic Strategy

What insights does geography bring to understanding a tumultuous planet? In a time when some charge that the discipline is too fragmented to respond to such a challenge, the National Research Council's Committee on Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences in the Next Decade proves otherwise. Understanding the Changing Planet does a remarkable job of showing that disciplinary insights are compelling and can address big questions. Whether the volume provokes sufficient surprise is open to question, as is the willingness of the authors to acknowledge core political issues. The result is an extremely useful volume but one that pulls its punches.
Marietta Blau: Pioneer of Photographic Nuclear Emulsions and Particle Physics

During the 1920s and 1930s, Viennese physicist Marietta Blau (1894–1970) pioneered the use of photographic methods for imaging high-energy nuclear particles and events. In 1937 she and Hertha Wambacher discovered “disintegration stars” – the tracks of massive nuclear disintegrations – in emulsions exposed to cosmic radiation. This discovery launched the field of particle physics, but Blau’s contributions were underrecognized and she herself was nearly forgotten. I trace Blau’s career at the Institut fur Radiumforschung in Vienna and the causes of this “forgetting,” including her forced emigration from Austria in 1938, the behavior of her colleagues in Vienna during and after the National Socialist period, and the flawed Nobel decision process that excluded her from a Nobel Prize.
ON THE ONSET OF EXTINCTION IN AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING

Psychologists make frequent use of nominal definitions indicating their agreement concerning the use of a particular verbal symbol. In many cases such definitions, while operational, are purely arbitrary. Insofar as such definitions are convenient, contribute to conciseness of expression, or represent some "unknowable," they are justified. They are not, however, to be preferred to symbols capable of analysis in terms of observable events. The original purpose of this paper was only to suggest a defining set of circumstances to characterize the onset of extinction trials in an avoidance conditioning situation. Using the proposed criterion for the onset of extinction trials in a re-analysis of previously obtained data revealed other information regarding the process of avoidance conditioning. These data will also be reported. Studies involving the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response generally proceed somewhat as follows. An animal is placed into a twochamber apparatus having an electrifiable grid floor. After a period of adaptation, a conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a buzzer, is presented for a specified length of time. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS), electric shock, for example, follows the onset of the CS after another specified interval of time (the CSUCS interval). The experimental animal will, on initial trials, learn to escape shock by running or jumping over a barrier to the opposite end of the apparatus. With repeated presentations of the CS followed by the UCS the animal responds within the CS-UCS interval and thereby avoids shock entirely. Upon attaining some criterion of acquisition, such as 100% avoidance responses on a given number of successive days, extinction trials are initiated. This is accomplished by withholding the UCS regardless of the latencies of the animal's responses on all succeeding trials. Animals trained under avoidance conditions are usually highly resistant to extinction, and so-called extinction trials are, initially, at least, characterized by response latencies similar to those of avoidance responses occurring during acquisition trials. On the basis of the foregoing we see that, "In the avoidance situation no objective change occurs between conditioning and extinction. This is in contrast to other types of conditioning in which the presence or absence of the UCS is immediately apparent" (Murphy & Miller, 1956, p. 77). When to begin a series of extinction trials, it has been reasoned, must, then, remain arbitrary, that is, at E's discretion. It is, therefore, defined by the situation when E chooses to withhold the UCS. The above analysis is a fair representation of the implicit or explicit justification for the procedures involved in research studies on avoidance conditioning.
Deterioration of Young and Old Red Cells Stored at 4°C

Abstract. Studies on young and old red cells separated by centrifugation have demonstrated that there is a difference in the degree of preservation of these cells during storage at 4°C. Estimates of metabolic adequacy as measured by methylene blue uptake and ATP levels have indicated that young red cells deteriorate more rapidly than old cells when stored in the same or separate containers. These findings are in accord with the view that in vivo and in vitro (storage) aging are two distinct and independent series of events. They also indicate that storage deterioration is an intracellular phenomenon whose effects are not easily transmitted through the plasma.
Natural convection boundary layer flow of water at 4°C past slender cones

Abstract This paper is concerned with an analysis of the transverse curvature effects on axisymmetric free convection boundary layer flow of water at 4°C past a slender, vertical cone. Numerical solutions are provided for the governing equations for momentum and energy. Missing values of the velocity and thermal functions which are proportional to the surface friction factor and the dimensionless heat transfer rate, have been tabulated for a Prandtl number of 11.4. The results indicate that the heat transfer rate increases with increasing transverse curvature.
On the determination of polarization diagrams of reinforcing steel in concrete

Abstract Polarization (E-log i) diagrams of steel in concrete are often drawn from measurements obtained while using a current interruption or “instant-off” technique, in an attempt to eliminate er...
The variable separated ODE method for a reliable treatment for the Liouville equation and its variants

Abstract The variable separated ODE method is used for handling the Liouville equations and its variants. Sets of travelling wave solutions are formally derived for each equation. The work introduces entirely new solutions and emphasizes the power of the newly developed method that can be used in problems with identical nonlinearities.
Lateral variations in lowermost mantle shear wave anisotropy beneath the north Pacific and Alaska

S waves recorded by long-period World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network and broadband stations in North America for deep northwest Pacific subduction zone earthquakes provide evidence for anisotropy in the lowermost mantle shear velocity structure beneath the north Pacific and Alaska. Systematic delays of up to 4 s are observed between longitudinal components (SV) and transverse components (SH) of motion for core-reflected ScS waves as well as for core-grazing and diffracted S waves. The absence of significant splitting for S waves that have turning points more than a few hundred kilometers above the core-mantle boundary indicates that anisotropy is localized within the D′′ region (the lowermost portion of the mantle). SV-SH differential arrival times for both ScS and Sdiff, along with path length estimates assuming a 250 km thick D′′ region, indicate spatial variations in the strength of shear wave anisotropy. The strongest anisotropy (1–1.5%) is found in the eastern part of the study area, with systematic reduction in magnitude toward the west. A transverse isotropy model can explain the data, with the velocity structure for horizontally polarized waves (VSH) having a 2–3% discontinuous shear velocity increase at the top of D′′ (as proposed in earlier studies of the region) and a similar structure for S wave particle motion in the direction normal to the core-mantle boundary (VSV) but with the velocity jump at the top of D′′ and the velocity within D′′ being reduced from that for VSH by 0.5–1.5 km/s. Large uncertainties exist for velocity gradients above and below the velocity jump, but the requirement of a reduced VSV relative to VSH in D′′ is clear. Synthetic waveforms calculated by using separate isotropic structures for SH and SV match the observations well and constrain the basic anisotropic structure, because the shear waves all traverse the region with near-grazing geometries. The study area exhibits strong lateral variations in lower mantle shear velocity structure and variable thickness of the D′′ layer. Topography of the D′′ layer is not well resolved (because of trade-off with volumetric heterogeneity).
Free trade, food-processing, and migration: An analysis of Mexican immigration in the U.S. Great Plains Region

Abstract This paper empirically identifies the factors driving Mexican immigration into the U.S. Great Plains region, focusing especially on the role of work in the Mexican and U.S. food-processing sectors, which in the context of NAFTA-induced foreign direct investments, opens up paths for migration along occupational lines into the U.S. from Mexico. Using a unique dataset on Mexican migration, the study addresses three related questions in a series of multivariate logistic regression analyses. First, is employment in the U.S. food-processing sector associated with Mexican migration into the Great Plains region? Second, does employment in the Mexican food-processing sector predict employment in the Great Plains food-processing sector? Finally, is the political–economic context linking Mexico and the U.S. related to the formation of occupational channels linking the food-processing sectors in Mexico and the U.S.? The findings demonstrate that the U.S. food-processing sector is a strong predictor of Mexican migration to the Great Plains region; Mexican migration is strongly channeled along occupational lines from Mexico to the U.S.; and the implementation of NAFTA, a period of intensive political–economic integration, strengthens the occupational channel between the food-processing sectors.
Optimization in industry 2: Mathematical programming and modeling techniques in practice

Modelling Techniques for Automated Production Planning in the Semiconductor Industry Crew Pairing Optimization at American Airlines Decision Technology Optimization in Microelectronics Manufacturing Combinatorial Models for Manufacturing: Optimizing Flow Management in Flexible Manufacturing Systems Optimal Planning and Control of Consumer Products Packaging Lines Optimization in Refinery Scheduling: Modelling and Solution Nonlinear Optimization Algorithm for Mixed Integer Programming Problems Mixed Integer Programming in Production Scheduling: A Case Study Large Recursion Models: Practical Aspects of Recursion Techniques The Job Sequencing Ordering Problems on a Card Assembly Line Model Structures and Optimization Strategies.
Extracellular lectin and its glycosaminoglycan inhibitor in chick muscle cultures

Embryonic chick muscle contains two developmentally regulated lectins, which may be involved in cell interactions. These endogenous lectins are assayed as agglutinins of appropriate test erythrocytes. One of these, called lectin-2, interacts with specific glycosaminoglycans, especially heparin and dermatan sulfate. Lectin-2 is present at constant levels in both chick fibroblast and chick muscle cells throughout 14 days of culture but is released into the medium of cultured embryonic muscle after 7-8 days of culture, soon after myoblast fusion. Lectin-2 interacts strongly with a component of substrate-attached material in embryonic muscle cultures which is extractable from the culture dishes with alkali after the cells have been removed with ethylediaminetetraacetic acid. The active component in the substrate-attached material appears to be a glycosaminoglycan that is a more potent inhibitor of lectin-2 agglutination activity than any of the known glycosaminoglycans that we have tested. The active material is degraded by chondroitinase ABC but not by chondrotinase AC, hyaluronidase, or proteolytic enzymes and thus appears to be similar to dermatan sulfate. The results of these studies raise the possibility that lectin-2 functions by interacting with glycosaminoglycans, either associated with the cell surface or with the extracellular matrix.
Applications of synchrotron radiation to the study of the solid-electrolyte interface

Abstract In the past few years several experimental techniques have been developed which may be of use in the study of the solid-electrolyte interface. These techniques all make use of synchrotron radiation. The time structure of the radiation, even visible radiation, makes luminescent lifetime studies relatively easy, although these appear to be limited to semiconductor electrodes, and lasers offer an alternative excitation source. Techniques in the X-ray region have been developed which can give structural information, along the lines of that given by LEED, at interfaces covered by an electrolyte. These include EXAFS and EXANES (the structures above X-ray absorption edges) and two surface-sensitive forms of X-ray diffraction.
Immunohistochemical localization of aminopeptidase M in rat brain and periphery: Relationship of enzyme localization and enkephalin metabolism

An antiserum specific for rat aminopeptidase M has been used for the immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme in rat brain and peripheral tissues. The enzyme in brain is localized exclusively on blood vessels. Within the pituitary the enzyme was associated with the vasculature in the posterior lobe, on the surface of the intermediate lobe and on the surface of some cells in the anterior lobe. In the liver, fine cell staining was observed between parenchymal cells, in the ileum the entire lumenal surface was stained, while in the kidney both proximal tubular and a central tubular staining was detected. In each tissue aminopeptidase M is localized such that it can limit diffusion across specific barriers. Aminopeptidase M activity in brain has been proposed to function in the degradation of synaptically released enkephalins. Its localization on blood vessels requires that enkephalins diffuse prior to degradation, a concept not in concert with current hypotheses. Based on these studies it is proposed that diffusion away from enkephalinergic synapses plays a key role in terminating enkephalin action.
What's an MIS paper worth?: (an exploratory analysis)

The article performs an economic analysis of MIS salary data and survey data from a variety of sources in order to estimate the marginal value of a published MIS refereed journal article to its author, a faculty member. The three main conclusions it reaches are:• A published MIS refereed journal article can be worth approximately $20,000 in incremental pay, over an assumed five-year lifetime, to a faculty member. That value is derived from two sources: (1) the ability such a paper gives the author to move to higher-paying institutions, and (2) the incremental impact of the paper on an individual's compensation across institutions having the same teaching load.• What constitutes a valid "article" is institution-dependent, so the faculty member must ensure that the publication outlets targeted for such an article are consistent with the institution's objectives and quality criteria.• In order to realize the actual marginal value of a publication computed in this paper, a faculty member must be willing to relocate, perhaps on a reasonably regular basis, to ensure that he or she does not fall victim to the salary inversion phenomenon that is currently widespread within the MIS academic community.The paper does not attempt to quantify the impact of a publication on a number of other potential contributors to its author's income, including the long-term possibility of becoming an eminent scholar and the possibility that publications will lead to outside income opportunities. As a consequence, it is quite possible that the actual value of an article may exceed the paper's estimate for some individuals.
Alternative derivations of the statistical mechanical distribution laws.

Abstract A new approach is presented for the derivation of statistical mechanical distribution laws. The derivations are accomplished by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy under constant temperature and volume, instead of maximizing the entropy under constant energy and volume. An alternative method involves stipulating equality of chemical potential, or equality of activity, for particles in different energy levels. This approach leads to a general statement of distribution laws applicable to all systems for which thermodynamic probabilities can be written. The methods also avoid use of the calculus of variations, Lagrangian multipliers, and Stirling's approximation for the factorial. The results are applied specifically to Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics. The special significance of chemical potential and activity is discussed for microscopic systems.
Network Analysis in Ecuador and Nova Scotia: Some Critical Remarks*

L'analyse de reseau est appliquee ici a quelques caracteristiques sociales dominantes de communautes noires de l'Equateur occidental et de l'Est du Canada. Les systemes sociaux des deux regions qui decoulent des reseaux varient en fonction des regles du jeu (game style) des modeles culturels de redistribution, lesquels sont specifiques aux mecanismes d'adaptation des deux regions. Le role du chercheur est d'importance capitale dans la determination de la regle du jeu (game style) et dans la comprehension des fonctions de retroaction (feed-back) culturelle divergente du reseau. Le sens du propos de l'auteur c'est que la principale valeur de l'analyse de reseau ne reside pas dans la delimitation et dans la classification des reseaux eux-memes, mais dans ce qu'elles peuvent nous renseigner sur les processus de changements sociaux et culturels adaptifs. Sous cet angle, l'analyse de reseau est envisagee d'une maniere productive en tant qu'une strategie de recherche sur le terrain. Network analysis is applied to some dominant social characteristics of Negro communities in western Ecuador and eastern Canada. Network-based social systems in both areas vary according to the culturally patterned game style of redistribution specific to the adaptive mechanisms of the two regions. The role of the investigator is crucial in delineating the game style, and in understanding divergent cultural feed-back aspects of network functions. It is argued that the principal value of network analysis lies not in the delineation and classification of networks themselves, but rather in what such delineation and classification can tell us about processes of social and cultural adaptive change. Viewed in this way, network analysis is most productively considered as a field strategy.
Ultrasonic studies of solids

Ultrasonics is being used in many areas in solid-state physics. One is Fermi surface mapping of normal metals by the magnetoacoustic technique. The detailed knowledge gleaned is valuable in theoretical calculations of many of the electrical and optical properties of metals. Another area is that of ``hard'' superconductors. Measurements of ultrasonic attenuation in the study of the metallurgical microstructure of high-field superconducting alloys (such as the Nb-Zr alloys) could have technological significance, especially in the field of power transmission. A new ultrasonic tool has been developed to aid investigations?the depletion layer transducer. It has prominent advantages over a conventional quartz piezoelectric transducer, including a higher fundamental frequency and the ability to change the resonant frequency by varying the dc bias level. Along with the new transducer, a new piezoelectric semiconductor amplifier produces substantial amplification of ultrasonic waves in photoconductive CdS by applying a dc electric field in the direction of wave propagation. This feature could find use in acoustic delay line technology.
Computers, psychology, and work: Does the past predict a troubled future for this union?

The innovations of the industrial revolution often led to dull jobs that were mindless, boring, monotonous, and/or fatiguing. I propose here that the misapplication of computer systems in the current technological revolution is also leading us to dull jobs. This is not appropriate, since there is reason to believe that skilled and empowered workers are more cost-effective. These misapplications of computer systems must be avoided.
Mode Localization in a System of Coupled Flexible Beams with Geometric Nonlinearities

Es werden die begrenzten freien Schwingungen von zwei linear gekoppelten biegsamen Balken untersucht. Geometrische Nichtlinearitaten, die von der nichtlinearen Beziehung zwischen Krummung und transversaler Verschiebung und longitudinaler Tragheit herruhren, werden betrachtet, die nichtlinearen partiellen Bewegungsdifferentialgleichungen werden diskretisiert unter Benutzung der Biegeschwingungen des linearisierten Systems, und eine Berechnung wird durchgefuhrt unter Benutzung der Methode der Vielfachmasstabe. Wenn die Balken in ihrer ersten Primarmode schwingen, werden lokalisierte Losungen gefunden, welche von einer antisymmetrischen Mode abzweigen. Wenn die zweite und dritte Biegungsmode in die Betrachtung einbezogen wird, wirkt stark eine innere Resonanz von niedriger Ordnung auf das Lokalisationsphanomen, und es werden stabile Zweige der lokalisierten Losungen gefunden, welche von einer symmetrischen Mode abzweigen. Wenn die Lage der gekoppelten Steife sich den Knoten der zweiten linearisierten Mode nahert, ergibt sich eine komplizierte Reihe von Bifurkationserscheinungen, wozu eine degenerierte destabilisierende Hamilton-Hopf-Verzweigung gehort. The localized free oscillations of two linearly coupled, flexible beams are studied. Geometric nonlinearities arising due to nonlinear relation between curvature and transverse displacement and longitudinal inertia are considered, the nonlinear partial differential equations of motion are discretized using the flexural modes of the linearized system, and an analysis is performed using the method of multiple-scales. When the beams oscillate in their first primary modes, localized solutions are found which bifurcate from an antisymmetric mode. When the second and third flexural modes are taken into account, a low-order internal resonance greatly affects the localization phenomenon, and stable branches of localized solutions are detected which bifurcate from a symmetric mode. As the position of the coupling stiffness approaches the node of the second linearized mode, a complicated series of bifurcation phenomena unfolds, including a degenerate, destabilizing „Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcation”.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Play a Role for Effective Innate Immune Responses during Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Mice

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are known for their robust antiviral response and their pro-tolerance effects towards allergic diseases and tissue engraftments. However, little is known about the role pDCs may play during a bacterial infection, including pulmonary Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP). In this study, we investigated the role of pDCs during pulmonary CP infection. Our results revealed that depletion of pDCs during acute CP infection in mice results in delayed and reduced lung inflammation, with an early delay in cellular recruitment and significant reduction in early cytokine production in the lungs. This was followed by impaired and delayed bacterial clearance from the lungs which then resulted in a severe and prolonged chronic inflammation and iBALT like structures containing large numbers of B and T cells in these animals. We also observed that increasing the pDC numbers in the lung by FLT3L treatment experimentally results in greater lung inflammation during acute CP infection. In contrast to these results, restimulation of T-cells in the draining lymph nodes of pDC-depleted mice induced greater amounts of proinflammatory cytokines than we observed in control mice. These results suggest that pDCs in the lung may provide critical proinflammatory innate immune responses in response to CP infection, but are suppressive towards adaptive immune responses in the lymph node. Thus pDCs in the lung and the draining lymph node appear to have different roles and phenotypes during acute CP infection and may play a role in host immune responses.
Dynamics of the relationship between product features, quality evaluation, and pricing

Examines the relationship between a product’s features, the consumer’s quality evaluation, and the marketer’s pricing in the context of a dynamic product/market environment. Estimates a simultaneous system model using two‐stage‐least‐squares regression on Consumer Reports data of three high‐technology consumer durables which have shared common product/market characteristics but reached different levels of household ownership in the late 1980s. The results of pairwise correlation and 2SLS regression analyses revealed that the associations between prices and quality evaluations were insignificant, but the associations between product features and prices or between product features and quality evaluations, varied across the three product categories at their different levels of market penetration. As a product’s customer base widens or the consumer’s knowledge and experience with the product accumulates, the significant association of marketer’s prices changes from “with the product’s feature availability” to “with the consumers’ experience‐in‐use advantages,” while the significant association of consumers’ quality evaluations changes from “with the consumers’ experience‐in‐use advantages” to “with the consumers’ experience‐in‐use disadvantages.” The empirical results, however, suggest no relationship between the marketer’s pricing of a product and the Consumer Reports’ overall quality evaluations on the product.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering molecular nanoprobes

Nanoparticles are increasingly finding a wide application in the biological studies due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Colloidal nanoparticles are efficient substrate that exhibit surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) phenomenon by enhancing the scattering cross-sections of conjugated Raman active molecules thus enabling highly sensitive biological probes. However, biological and medical applications would require nanoparticles to be conjugated to biomolecules. A universal approach for conjugation of mercarptoacetic acid-capped silver nanoparticles to biomolecules is described. The surface functionalized silver colloids were labeled with a Raman active dye and used for cellular imaging. We also described the use of silver nanoparticle to develop a new class of SERS nanoprobes for molecular recognition and detection of specific nucleic acid sequences.
Potential mechanism of emphysema: alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor recovered from lungs of cigarette smokers contains oxidized methionine and has decreased elastase inhibitory capacity.

Abstract The elastase inhibitory capacity per mg of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1 PI) was measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from 26 healthy smokers and 24 nonsmokers. Activity was decreased by 40% in smokers' BAL fluid compared to nonsmokers. This effect was demonstrable by using human neutrophil elastase as well as porcine pancreatic elastase as test enzyme (elastase, EC 3.4.21.11) and was reproducible when selected individuals in each group underwent lavage on repeated occasions. In contrast, the functional activity of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was not decreased in smokers' BAL fluid. Crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis confirmed that inactivation of alpha 1 PI was responsible for the decrease in the elastase inhibitory capacity of smokers' BAL fluid. alpha 1 PI purified from smokers' BAL fluids contained methionine sulfoxide (4 mol/mol of inactive alpha 1 PI), whereas alpha 1 PI from nonsmokers' BAL fluid did not. Smokers' alpha 1 PI was indistinguishable from nonsmokers' alpha 1 PI on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, and immunoreactivity. Thus, oxidation of methionine residues in lung alpha 1 PI is associated with cigarette smoking. Because chemical oxidation of alpha 1 PI in vitro causes loss of its elastase inhibitory activity, the present observations suggest that methionine oxidation may also be the cause of decreased functional activity of lung alpha 1 PI in smokers. Oxidative inactivation of alpha 1 PI in the lungs of cigarette smokers may play a role in the development of pulmonary emphysema in this group.
Public Attitudes toward Persons with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs): The Role of Social Contact and Treatment-Seeking Behavior

For more than 60 years sociologists have examined public attitudes toward persons with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but there is little recent data on this topic. Using responses to vignettes administered in a 2003 national computer-assisted telephone survey (N = 1394) of employed Americans, this paper examines three research questions: (1) How willing are Americans to interact with persons with AUDs? (2) How are preferences for social distance shaped by known contact with a problem drinker? (3) How does treatment-seeking behavior of a known problem drinker influence such preferences? Results indicate that respondents are reluctant to interact with persons with AUDs, especially in the context of work and family life. Multivariate analyses reveal that respondents who knew a relative or coworker with a drinking problem were more likely to desire social distance from the alcohol dependent vignette person. Consistent with the social contact thesis, respondents who reported spending more time with a known pro...
A Program for Caregivers in the Workplace

In four demonstration sites, an educational seminar series was offered to employed caregivers, followed by a choice of service options (i.e., care planning, a support group, a buddy system). An increase in absenteeism and knowledge of aging services was associated with attendance at the seminar series. Among the service options, only care planning and support groups were utilized by employees. A decrease in negative affect was associated with each of the options.
Analytical electrical model for a Si liquid crystal light valve

An approximate analytical model has been developed which allows the voltage characteristics of the liquid crystal layer of a silicon liquid crystal light valve to be determined once the photocurrent level and device parameters have been specified. This model significantly decreases the computation time compared to current numerical techniques.
246 CHARACTERISATION OF ILOMASTAT-MEDIATED PROTECTION

We have recently demonstrated that broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition with ilomastat significantly attenuates infarct size when administered upon reperfusion following injurious ischaemia. Unlike pre- or post-conditioning that are thought to be reliant upon inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), ilomastat protection occurs even in the absence of the critical mPTP regulatory protein, cyclophilin-D. MMP-inhibited cardioprotection remains incompletely characterised; we hypothesised that conditioning plus MMP inhibition would lead to summative infarct attenuation. In 5–6 week old C57Bl6, Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts, ilomastat (250 nmol/L) was administered for 15 min after 35 min of global ischaemia prior to assessment of infarct size by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. As found previously, ilomastat administered from the onset of reperfusion significantly attenuated infarct size (from 34±2.2% to 21±3.5% p To study the efficacy of ilomastat protection, we undertook a dose-response curve of increasing durations of injurious ischaemia in 10min intervals from 30 to 60 min. Interestingly, while iPost became ineffective against 50 min of injurious ischaemia, ilomastat remained protective (48±5.6%, 44±3.6% and 32±2.4% respectively, p Curiously, neither pre- nor postconditioning were able to augment the protection seen with ilomastat after 35min ischaemia. Pharmacologically targeting cyclophilin-D at reperfusion with cyclosporine A (CsA, 200 nmol/L) resulted in significant attenuation of infarct size when compared to control (24±5% versus 34±2.2%, p Ilomastat offers robust protection against injurious ischaemia/reperfusion injury when administered during the first minutes of reperfusion and has greater efficacy than iPost against longer ischaemic insults. However, the robust summative protection seen previously with ilomastat in cyclophilin-D knockout mice does not translate to additive protection with either ischaemic pre- or post-conditioning, or with pharmacological inhibition of cyclophilin using CsA. Therefore MMP inhibition still offers a novel approach to infarct size reduction, but there appears no benefit in combining this therapy with other cardioprotective modalities.