cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological changes in the “prolactin” cell of the freshwater teleost, Xiphophorus hellerii, in salt water

The swordtail, Xiphophorus hellerii, requires prolactin for survival in its natural freshwater habitat. Progressive cytological and ultrastructural changes of prolactin cells were observed in sibling females after a transfer from fresh water to one-third sea water for periods ranging from 18 hours to 30 days. At the light microscope level, cells became progressively smaller, displayed a decrease in acidophilia, and lost their nucleolar prominence. Electron microscopy confirmed these observations. There was a reduction of perinuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum and a progressive decrease in the size distribution of secretory granules from an average of 2800 A diameter in freshwater fish to 1700 A for animals in dilute sea water for 30 days. Furthermore, a class of granules over 3000 A, representing approximately 45% of the granules in prolactin cells of freshwater animals, were not present after 18 hours in dilute sea water. These observations presumably reflect a diminished requirement for prolactin in a saline environment. Possible alternative explanations for the mechanisms of these changes are discussed.
Emerging treatments for irritable bowel syndrome.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder that is associated with abdominal discomfort and altered bowel habits. It accounts for up to 28% of patients presenting to a gastroenterology practice and poses a significant personal, societal and economic burden internationally. The Manning, Rome I and Rome II criteria were developed to identify appropriate IBS patients for entry into IBS studies in a consistent manner. Refinements in the understanding of the physiology of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls motility, secretion and sensation, provided the basis for our comprehension of the pathophysiology of IBS. Visceral hypersensitivity and neurotransmitter imbalance currently receive the most attention as possible mechanisms of IBS. This article outlines conventional treatments and reviews the data on emerging and experimental therapies for IBS. Emerging therapies for IBS using 5-HT mediation include 5-HT3 antagonists, such as ondasetron, granisetron and alosetron, as well as 5-H...
A computer-based simulator for diagnostic peritoneal lavage.

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) is an emergency diagnostic procedure performed when intra-abdominal bleeding secondary to trauma is suspected. This procedure is part of the surgical skills section of the Advanced Trauma Life Support course. DPL is traditionally taught using anesthetized animals or cadavers. For reasons described below, these alternatives are not ideal. We have developed a computer-based diagnostic peritoneal lavage simulator. Our system addresses the shortcomings of the traditional method. We have used our system to teach ATLS ® . Preliminary results suggests that our system is effective.
Improving Patient Safety With Error Identification in Chemotherapy Orders by Verification Nurses

Background The prevalence of medication errors associated with chemotherapy administration is not precisely known. Little evidence exists concerning the extent or nature of errors; however, some evidence demonstrates that errors are related to prescribing. This article demonstrates how the review of chemotherapy orders by a designated nurse known as a verification nurse (VN) at a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center helps to identify prescribing errors that may prevent chemotherapy administration mistakes and improve patient safety in outpatient infusion units. Objectives This article will describe the role of the VN and details of the verification process. Methods To identify benefits of the VN role, a retrospective review and analysis of chemotherapy near-miss events from 2009-2014 was performed. Findings A total of 4,282 events related to chemotherapy were entered into the Reporting to Improve Safety and Quality system. A majority of the events were categorized as near-miss events, or those that, because of chance, did not result in patient injury, and were identified at the point of prescribing.
Clinical and electromyographic study of seven spastic children with internal rotation gait.

The high incidence of internal-rotation problems in children with cerebral palsy justifies consideration of the abnormal muscle function and consequent structural changes in bone and joint which contribute to internal-rotation gait. The structural changes can be determined by clinical examination in combination with roentgenography. The abnormal gait movements and the abnormal timing of muscle contraction can be studied accurately only with special equipment. Seven children were selected for special electromyographic study as well as the more routine clinical evaluation. Simultaneous electromyograms and motion-picture recording of gait made it possible to record the timing of contraction of the muscles. The electromyographic finding of greatest significance appeared to be abnormal activity of the hamstrings; their contraction occurred simultaneously with the abnormal internal-rotation movements at the hip. Electromyograms of the adductors showed varied and inconclusive correlation with the abnormal internal-rotation movements. In many instances the calf muscles were overactive, with swing-phase contraction. The iliopsoas contracted consistently in early swing phase and did not appear to be associated with abnormal internal rotation. On the basis of clinical factors as well as the electromyographic information, surgical procedures were decided on and carried out. Postoperative follow-up included electromyograms of the transferred muscles. When internal rotation was accompanied by crouch, operative treatment consisted in transfer of the insertion of the medial hamstrings to the lateral aspect of the femur; in some instances the gracilis tendon was included. The patients treated by derotation osteotomy are not included in this report. The result of surgical treatment was rated as excellent, good, fair, and poor. The only poor result was obtained in the bilateral transfer of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gracilis to the lateral distal aspect of the femur in a twelve-year-old patient with spastic quadriplegia and considerable ataxia (Case 5).
More on Calculating Significance

To the Editor: The July 1994 published exchange of comments by Harry G Knecht and Stacy C Warren (pp 685–686) on the statistical significance of the differences between mean scores demonstrated by two types of entry-level students on certain measures of perceived readiness to work in various practice areas and practice settings1 can be used to call attention to pitfalls for the unwary in using very large numbers of subjects when doing t tests, in doing parametric statistical tests (such as the t test) on nonparametric data (ordinal data as in the Warren and Pierson report,1 despite the authors' contention that the data obtained in using “Likert-type” five-point scales “produced, at least approximately, interval data”), and in drawing one-tailed or directional conclusions from two-tailed or nondirectional tests of hypotheses. [ ARTICLE][1] [ ARTICLE][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/74/685?iss=7 [2]: /lookup/volpage/74/333?iss=4
Algebra for the Undergraduate

(1939). Algebra for the Undergraduate. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 635-642.
Review of ballast water management policy and associated implications for Alaska

Abstract Transport of invasive species in the ballast water of ships threatens marine ecosystems globally. Policy in the United States to control unwanted introductions began over 25 years ago with the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, later the National Invasive Species Act of 1996, and has now expanded to include oversight from multiple federal agencies and state governments. Simultaneously, the International Maritime Organization has directed attempts to regulate ballast water on the global scale. Management priorities have shifted from mid-ocean ballast water exchange toward quantitative standards of allowable organism density upon discharge. However, critical management exemptions are resulting in unnecessary risk, particularly in ports that receive primarily coastal vessel traffic. For example, in the United States, exemptions for crude oil tankers engaged in coastwise trade have existed since 1996. When management and recordkeeping requirements went into place for these vessels in 2008 the result was an apparent 440% increase in ballast water discharge to Alaska in the following year. Our review of ballast water management policy suggests that a precautionary approach to exemptions coupled with scenario-specific risk assessments may reduce risk of invasion in ecosystems, like those of coastal Alaska, that are susceptible to further, or new, invasions.
Puzzling the pieces

Alfred Wegener famously argued that the seemingly puzzle piece–like fit of the Atlantic coastlines was not a mere coincidence, but rather one line of evidence proving that the continents were once arranged as a single, coherent supercontinent ([Wegener, 1912][1],[1920][2]). This puzzle piece
Changes of MMPs and IL-1β in serum and cerebrospinal-fluid in children with central nervous system infection

Objective To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinases 9(MMP-9) and interleukin 1 in the central nervous system infection and investigate the significance.Methods The levels of MMP-9 and IL-1β in serum and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) of 20 purulent meningitis children(PM),30 viral encephalitis children(VE),30 acute non-central system infection children(control) were measured by ELISA.The level of serum albumin(SAlb) was arrayed by automatic biochemical analyzer,and CSF albumin(CAlb) was detected by immunonephelometry to count AQ.Results The levels of MMP-9 in the serum of PM,VE and control were(489.98 ± 159.09),(267.85 ± 91.89) and(133.03 ± 31.64) μg / L.The levels of IL-1β in serum of PM,VE and control were(21.35 ± 4.91),(19.57 ± 5.70) and(14.07 ± 3.94) ng / L.The levels of MMP-9 in CSF of PM,VE and control were(116.8 ± 41.78),(37.19 ± 17.87) and(10.25 ± 5.33) μg /L.The levels of IL-1β in CSF of PM,VE and control were(106.28 ± 12.83),(66.95 ± 10.63) and(49.97 ± 12.57)ng / L.The levels of MMP-9,IL-1β in serum and CSF were significantly higher in PM and VE compared with the control(P 0.05).The levels of MMP-9,IL-1β also showed significantly different between PM and VE(all P 0.05) except for IL-1β in serum.SAlbin PM,VE and control were(38.75 ± 2.73),(39.57 ± 3.95) and(39.37 ± 4.14) g / L.There was no significant difference among the three groups(all P 0.05).CAlb in PM,VE and control were(1.04 ± 0.28),(0.54± 0.14) and(0.18 ± 0.08) g / L.AQ were 26.97 ± 7.29,13.76 ± 3.45 and 4.61 ± 2.05.CAlband AQ were significantly different among the three groups(P 0.05).There was a positive correlation between MMP-9 and IL-1β in serum(r =0.304,P 0.01) and CSF(r = 0.834,P 0.01) in PM and VE.Conclusions The levels of MMP-9 and IL-1β in serum and CSF,CAlband AQ increase in children with central nervous system infection.MMP-9 and IL-1β may participate in the pathophysiologic course of blood-brain barrier impairment in the central nervous system infection.
Surgical techniques useful in the treatment of complex periarticular fractures of the lower extremity.

SUMMARY Treatment of complex periarticular fractures of the lower extremity is guided by the principle of soft-tissue preservation. A skin incision through the subcutaneous tissue to incise the periosteum, followed by judicious application of implants will incur the least amount of iatrogenic damage. The concept of „sufficient stability“ can replace the need for „rigid fixation“ in many instances. Operative treatment should be considered a complementary extension to the well-founded principles of nonoperative treatment rather than the antithesis. In the final analysis, the approach of a biologist or gardener will yield better results than a strictly mechanical or saw bone laboratory approach.
Effect of boning and final internal temperature on quality of fresh hams.

The meat industry reports many requests—from both institutional and small quantity food service personnel—for information on cooking fresh pork cuts (in addition to pork loin) to internal temperatures below 185 °F. In this study of fresh hams, a final internal temperature of 170 °F. reduced cooking time and provided meat of optimal quality.
Video over Cooperative CR Networks

Cognitive radios (CR) provide an effective solution to meeting this critical demand, by exploiting co-deployed networks and sharing underutilized spectrum [12, 38].
Worship Spaces: 501–750 Seats

The First United Methodist Church is located in an historic building in the middle of downtown Sarasota, Florida. The sanctuary was renovated to accommodate a growing congregation and to improve the natural acoustical qualities of the space, particularly for natural acoustic propagation of liturgical music. A custom designed coffered ceiling and choir enclosure with details to match the historic character of the room were designed to reflect and diffuse natural acoustic sound from the platform to the congregation as well as to direct sound reflections across the room so choir members could hear each other.
Effect of interval between actuations of albuterol HFA inhalers on their aerosol characteristics

Background: Manufacturers of albuterol HFA recommend a 60s interval between actuations. A shorter interval will allow an increase in productivity in the hospital setting where large doses are used. The aim of the study was to compare the aerosol characteristics of albuterol HFA connected to a small volume non electrostatic valved holding chamber (VHC) when different intervals between actuations were used. Methods: Four units of 3 different albuterol HFA brands (Ventolin™, Proventil™, & Proair™) were tested connected to a VHC (AeroChamber plus Flow-Vu™). Ten actuations were fired into a VHC connected to a Next Generation Cascade Impactor operated at 30 L/min. The tested interval times between actuations were 60, 30, & 15s. All canisters were shaken 5s right before actuation. Albuterol was extracted from the impactor and tested with spectrophotometer (276 nm). Particle size characteristics were calculated with CITDAS V3.1 software. Results: Expressed as mean (SD) of 4 experiments Conclusions: Decreasing the interval between actuations of albuterol HFA attached to a VHC from 60s to either 30s or 15s did not change their aerosol characteristics.
Should minimal residual disease negativity be the end point of myeloma therapy

Publisher9s Note: This article has a companion Counterpoint by Sonneveld. Publisher9s Note: Join in the discussion of these articles at Blood Advances Community Conversations.
Supraorbital Versus Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches for Olfactory Groove Meningiomas: A Cost-Minimization Study.

Objective To perform a cost-minimization study comparing the supraorbital and endoscopic endonasal (EEA) approach with or without craniotomy for the resection of olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs). Methods We built a decision tree using probabilities of gross total resection (GTR) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak rates with the supraorbital approach versus EEA with and without additional craniotomy. The cost (not charge or reimbursement) at each “stem” of this decision tree for both surgical options was obtained from our hospital's finance department. After a base case calculation, we applied plausible ranges to all parameters and carried out multiple 1-way sensitivity analyses. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed our results. Results The probabilities of GTR (0.8) and CSF leak (0.2) for the supraorbital craniotomy were obtained from our series of 5 patients who underwent a supraorbital approach for the resection of an OGM. The mean tumor volume was 54.6 cm 3 (range, 17–94.2 cm 3 ). Literature-reported rates of GTR (0.6) and CSF leak (0.3) with EEA were applied to our economic analysis. Supraorbital craniotomy was the preferred strategy, with an expected value of $29,423, compared with an EEA cost of $83,838. On multiple 1-way sensitivity analyses, supraorbital craniotomy remained the preferred strategy, with a minimum cost savings of $46,000 and a maximum savings of $64,000. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis found the lowest cost difference between the 2 surgical options to be $37,431. Conclusion Compared with EEA, supraorbital craniotomy provides substantial cost savings in the treatment of OGMs. Given the potential differences in effectiveness between approaches, a cost-effectiveness analysis should be undertaken.
California vernal pool endemic responses to hydroperiod, plant thatch, and nutrients

Many endemic large branchiopods inhabit ephemeral freshwater ecosystems, including California vernal pools. Hydroperiod, inundation length, has been well studied in these systems that cycle between aquatic and terrestrial phases, but species’ responses to other ecological processes are still poorly known. For example, temporal (plant thatch from the previous terrestrial phase) and spatial (nutrient runoff) factors may have strong effects on emergence and population densities during the aquatic phase. We examined the effects of hydroperiod stability, thatch, and nutrients on the emergence and density of 4 vernal pool endemic species: Branchinecta lynchi (Anostraca), Linderiella occidentalis (Anostraca), Lepidurus packardi (Notostraca), and Cyzicus californicus (Spinicaudata). A full factorial mesocosm experiment was conducted which measured species densities, along with water quality variables. Hydroperiod and thatch differentially affected 3 of the 4 species based on emergence timing and life cycle. Treatments had effects on many water quality variables, and these variables were correlated with densities. These results highlight how hydroperiod stability along with other processes can affect large branchiopod species in temporary freshwater ecosystems. California vernal pools are a greatly reduced habitat rich in endemic and endangered species (including Branchinecta lynchi and Lepidurus packardi), and therefore, these results have implications for conservation and management.
Coupling and sharing when life is hard.

Biological systems interact in a multitude of complex ways. For example, constituent cells in a multicellular organism communicate with each other, often using diffusible chemical signals. Another example is competition among organisms for resources, a phenomenon observed even in the simplest ecologies. Such interactions typically are not characterized by oscillations—that is, there is no regular, cyclic variation in the value of a relevant parameter. Tellingly, the most striking exception to this generalization is found in some predator-prey dynamics in which the size of the prey population oscillates out of phase with the size of the predator population ( 1 ). On page 638 of this issue, Liu et al. ( 2 ) report that the oscillatory growth rates of two discrete bacterial colonies become coupled, a behavior that is linked to their competition for a common and limited resource.
Ephemeral Fever Virus

This chapter provides an overview of the classification and description of the ephemeral fever virus, its hosts, the key developments regarding the virus, and the diagnostic techniques and reagents. The ephemeral fever virus causes mild to severe transient fever and lameness in cattle, and a case mortality of between 0.1 and 1%. The hosts that are infected by the ephemeral fever virus include cattle, buffalo, hartebeest, waterbuck, wildebeest, and deer. The ephemeral fever virus was first isolated in South Africa. Epizootics have occurred in South Africa, Australia, and Japan. Ceratopogonid gnats and mosquitoes are suspected as vectors. Commercial diagnostic reagents are not available.
Compression-driven jamming of athermal frictionless spherocylinders in two dimensions

We simulate numerically the compression-driven jamming of athermal, frictionless, soft-core spherocylinders in two dimensions, for a range of particle aspect ratios α. We find the critical packing fraction ϕ_{J}(α) for the jamming transition and the average number of contacts per particle z_{J}(α) at jamming. We find that both are nonmonotonic, with a peak at α≈1. We find that configurations at the compression-driven jamming point are always hypostatic for all α, with z_{J}<z_{iso}=2d_{f}=6 the isostatic value. We show that, for moderately elongated spherocylinders, there is no orientational ordering upon athermal compression through jamming. We analyze in detail the eigenmodes of the dynamical matrix close to the jamming point for a few different values of the aspect ratio, from nearly circular to moderately elongated. We find that there are low frequency bands containing N(z_{iso}-z_{J})/2 modes, such that the frequencies of these modes vanish as ϕ→ϕ_{J}. We consider the extended versus localized nature of these low frequency modes, and the extent to which they involve translational or rotational motion, and find many low frequency sliding modes where particles can move with little rotation. We highlight the importance of treating side-to-side contacts, along flat sides of the spherocylinder, properly for the correct determination of z_{J}. We note the singular nature of taking the α→0 limit. We discuss the similarities and differences with previous work on jammed ellipses and ellipsoids, to illustrate the effects that different particle shapes have on configurations at jamming.
Markedness and Allophonic Rules

In 1977 Eckman argued that Lado’s Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) could he “maintained as a viable principle of second language acquisition” it if was revised to incorporate certain principles from universal grammar. Lado (1957) had stated that: “...in the comparison between native and foreign language lies the key to ease or difficulty in foreign language learning... We assume that the student who comes in contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that are similar to his native language will he easy for him and those elements that are different will be difficult.“ (p. 2)
The Regional Foreign Policy of Trinidad and Tobago: Historical and Contemporary Aspects

It is logical to assume that small states focus more attention on the regional, subsystemic or “contiguous” environment (Reid, 1974: 31) than on the broader international system. Given their financial limitations, small states are circumscribed in their ability to influence the international environment but can be effective in the regional context. Even if some small states, by virtue of comparative wealth or ideological commitment, have the capability and inclination to exploit the international environment rather than confine their focus to the region around them, they still find their attention directed, to a large extent, to the immediacy of regional problems and to regional activities that are grounded in social, cultural, political, and economic linkages to the countries nearby. More often than not, economic ties have been formalized in regional integration movements patterned along the lines of the European Community (EC).
Automated Isolation and Processing of Adipose-Derived Stem and Regenerative Cells

The popularity of nonhematopoietic, adult tissue-derived stem and progenitor cells for use as a cellular research tool, and ultimately as a clinical therapeutic, has increased exponentially over the past decade. Almost all adult-derived stem/progenitor cells (autologous and allogeneic), with one exception, require at least some ex vivo expansion or further manipulation prior to use to satisfy efficacy and safety requirements for preclinical or clinical use. The principal reason is the relatively low frequency of these therapeutically valuable cells within any given adult tissue, except for adipose tissue, which has been shown to have at least two log greater concentrations of these progenitor cells. Therefore, use of autologous adipose-derived cells as both a research tool and cell therapeutic is feasible and has been shown to be both safe and efficacious in preclinical and clinical models of injury and disease. The development and utilization of automated processes and instrumentation such as Cytori Therapeutics' Celution® System to reduce variability and increase quality of the recovered cells is requisite for clinical use and preferred by basic researchers. Here, use of an automated, closed processing platform for isolation and concentration of adipose-derived stem and regenerative cells is described, including a profile of the isolated cells immediately prior to use, and commonly used methods to quantify and qualitatively assess the recovered cells.
A Clinical Feedback EEG System

Feedback EEG is a controlled, quantitative method for functional testing the response of the posterior EEG to complex visual stimuli. The system described here is designed for use in a typical EEG ...
C-Reactive Protein as a Tool for Risk Assessment in Primary Prevention

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a marker of inflammation that predicts incident myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and sudden cardiac death among healthy persons without a history of cardiovascular disease, as well as recurrent events and death in patients with acute or stable coronary syndromes. hsCRP adds prognostic value at all levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Framingham coronary risk score, severity of the metabolic syndrome, and blood pressure, and in those with and without subclinical atherosclerosis. Among apparently healthy men and women, hsCRP levels of less than 1, 1 to 3, and greater than 3 mg/L distinguish those at low, moderate, and high risk for future cardiovascular disease, respectively. In clinical settings, hsCRP should be used in conjunction with lipid evaluation as part of global risk assessment. Improved knowledge of cardiovascular risk should lead to better compliance with lifestyle and pharmacological interventions designed to prevent future cardiovascular events.
Particle Dynamics in a Dielectrophoretic Microdevice

A dielectrophoretic device has been designed to trap, separate, and concentrate biological components carried in solution. The operating principle of the device is the dielectrophoretic interaction between the spheres and the fluid. The device was designed and manufactured by at Purdue University [6]. The device consists of a microchannel with a depth of 11.6 μm, width of 350 μm, and length of 3.3 mm. The channel was anisotropically etched in silicon to produce a trapezoidal cross-section. The channel was covered by a piece of anodically bonded glass. A schematic view and digital photo of the device are shown in Figure 13.1. Bright regions represent platinum electrodes and the dark regions represent the electrode gaps. The electrodes are covered by a 0.3 μm thick layer of PECVD silicon dioxide, which insulates the electrodes from the liquid medium, suppressing electrolysis. The electrodes are arranged in interdigitated pairs so that the first and third electrodes from Figure 13.1 are always at the same potential. The second and fourth electrodes are also at the same potential, but can be at a different potential than the first and third electrodes. An alternating electric potential is applied to the interdigitated electrodes to create an electromagnetic field with steep spatial gradients. Particle motion through the resulting electric field gradients causes polarization of the suspended components, resulting in a body force that repels particle motion into increasing field gradients.
General Proof Systems: Syntax and Semantics

Proof systems are built to prove, construct formal proofs of statements formulated in a given language formulated in a given language. First component of any proof system is hence its formal language \(\mathcal{L}\).
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international workshop on Audio and multimedia methods for large-scale video analysis

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2012 ACM International Workshop on Audio and Multimedia Methods for Large-Scale Video Analysis. Media sharing sites on the Internet and the one-click upload capability of smartphones have led to a deluge of online multimedia content. Everyday, thousands of videos are uploaded into the web creating an ever-growing demand for methods to make them easier to retrieve, search, and index. While visual information is a very important part of a video, acoustic information often complements it. This is especially true for the analysis of consumer-produced, "unconstrained" videos from social media networks, such as YouTube uploads or Flickr content. The goal of this workshop is to bring together researchers and practitioners in this newly emerging field, and to foster discussion on future directions of the topic by providing a forum for focused exchanges on new ideas, developments, and results. The aim is to build a strong community and a venue that at some point can become its own conference. The workshop is being offered at the first time and as such we glad to be able to present a highquality program. This first edition of the workshop has already attracted very high quality submissions from research labs around the world describing solutions to address the real-life problems in the field. In addition, the program includes an industry panel organized by Ajay Divakaran and a keynote speech by Koichi Shinoda on the role of speech technology in video semantic indexing. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and developers in the area.
Temporal variation of fatty acid composition and pesticides in honeybees Apis mellifera and beebread

Disclaimer: The authors have withdrawn this manuscript due to a dispute with a former collaborator. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding authors.
Developmental Expression of the Cytosolic Sulfotransferases in Human Liver

The liver is the predominant organ of metabolism for many endogenous and foreign chemicals. Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfonation of drugs and other xenobiotics, as well as hormones, neurotransmitters, and sterols, with consequences that include enhanced drug elimination, hormone inactivation, and procarcinogen bioactivation. SULTs are classified into six gene families, but only SULT1 and SULT2 enzymes are expressed in human liver. We characterized the developmental expression patterns of SULT1 and SULT2 mRNAs and proteins in human liver samples using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), RNA sequencing, and targeted quantitative proteomics. Using a set of prenatal, infant, and adult liver specimens, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that SULT1A1 (transcript variant 1) expression did not vary appreciably during development; SULT1C2, 1C4, and 1E1 mRNA levels were highest in prenatal and/or infant liver, and 1A2, 1B1, and 2A1 mRNA levels were highest in infant and/or adult. Hepatic SULT1A1 (transcript variant 5), 1C3, and 2B1 mRNA levels were low regardless of developmental stage. Results obtained with RNA sequencing of a different set of liver specimens (prenatal and pediatric) were generally comparable results to those of the RT-qPCR analysis, with the additional finding that SULT1A3 expression was highest during gestation. Analysis of SULT protein content in a library of human liver cytosols demonstrated that protein levels generally corresponded to the mRNAs, with the major exception that SULT1C4 protein levels were much lower than expected based on mRNA levels. These findings further support the concept that hepatic SULTs play important metabolic roles throughout the human life course, including early development.
The Origins of UN Peacebuilding (I): The Academic Roots

The chapter explores the different meanings of the concepts of liberal democracy and peace in (Western) international relations and political science academe. It contends that, separately, both concepts assume several meanings that are not necessarily related, but when considered against the backdrop of theories that seek to explain the absence of wars among liberal/democratic states, the concepts of liberal democracy and peace endow specific meanings to each other. The chapter demonstrates that such theories and concepts, which were rather prominent within academic circles by the early 1990s, started to migrate, in a simplified manner, to public spheres. This migration was enabled and facilitated by the convergence of (material and ideational) aspects and by the usage of those concepts by then Secretary-General in his public statements.
The Role of Dialect Experience in Topic-Based Shifts in Speech Production

An individual's language can change in the moment due to the topic of conversation and over time because of regional mobility. This paper investigates the relationship between these two types of shifts by asking whether speakers with substantial second dialect exposure change their pronunciation more when the topic changes in a regionally meaningful way compared to speakers with less exposure. Specifically, topic-based shifts on three phonological variables that differ between British and US English are investigated in native speakers of both dialects as a function of the migrant status of the speaker. Experience matters in that speakers only shift between variants in their repertoire, and expatriates have acquired some second dialect features that nonmigrants do not have. However, it does not appear that more exposure to, or increased rates of usage of a variant leads to more topic-based shifting toward that variant. These findings, interpreted within the existing literature, suggest that topic-based shifts are driven primarily by stereotypical sociolinguistic representations.
Small towns and urban centers: The relationship of distance and population size to community satisfaction

In past research, the relationship between population size and community satisfaction have reported mixed results. Additionally, few community studies utilized distance from urban centers as a comp...
Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Prison Inmates in Kathmandu Nepal.

BACKGROUND Prison inmates are at high risk of intestinal parasitic infections. Thus, we studied intestinal parasitic infections among inmates of the Central Jail, Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS Morning stool samples from 400 inmates (M=282 and F=118), were collected in a clean, dry and wide-mouthed plastic container. The samples were transported to the research laboratory of Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, and were fixed using 10% formal saline. Then, samples were processed by formal ether sedimentation concentration technique and were observed microscopically by direct-smear technique. RESULTS Six percent (24/400) samples were positive for intestinal parasites, with a gender ratio (M:F) 1.7:1. But, co-parasitism was not observed. Intestinal parasitic infections were higher among 21-40 years age-group, 3.5% (14/262). Similarly, intestinal parasitic infections were higher among 'Dalits' ethnic group, 21.1% (4/19). As compared to helminths, more protozoans, 62.5% (15/24), were observed. Giardia lamblia, 41.67% (10/24), was the most common protozoans while Trichuris trichiura, 25.0% (6/24), was the most common helminths. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal parasitic infections were lower among the inmates of Central jail, but such conditions cannot be presumed in other peripheral settings. Pure and safe drinking water supply and the effective deworming campaign can further reduce this figure at this setting and peripheral jails across the country.
An Applied Improvisational Pharmacy Communication Workshop Implemented During Orientation for First-Year Pharmacy Students.

Objective. To deliver a brief, applied workshop in improvisational communication skills during the new student orientation for first-year Doctor of Pharmacy students and to assess students’ perceptions about the experience. Methods. Communication instructors developed a two-hour communication “boot camp” based on established principles of clear, responsive, flexible communication. They taught core skills through interactive applied improvisational exercises and facilitated debriefings. A questionnaire was administered following the workshop that asked students to rate the quality of the session and comment on its strengths and weaknesses. Results. Of the 124 students who participated in the workshop, 95 (77%) completed evaluations at the end. Their feedback was generally favorable: 90% of participants indicated that the boot camp improved their communication skills and 92% agreed that the activities were realistic and relevant to real-life scenarios. The students reported that they valued the chance to connect with classmates, learn how to adapt to different audiences, and explore how communication skills would be useful in professional settings. Conclusion. This interactive program delivered valuable content in a short period of time. Student feedback suggested that they valued the expertise of communication instructors and the playful, active method of learning. The creation of the workshop was labor-intensive because of the formative research that guided it.
Premature senescence in human melanocytes after exposure to solar UVR: An exosome and UV-miRNA connection.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can play two roles: induce cellular senescence and convert skin melanocytes into melanoma. To assess whether this conversion might rely on melanocytes having to first acquire a senescent phenotype, we studied the effects of physiological doses of UVR (UVA + UVB) on quiescent melanocytes in vitro. Repeated doses of UVR induced these melanocytes into a senescent-like state. Additionally, these cells secrete exosomes with specific miRNAs that differ in quantity from those of the un-irradiated melanocytes. Many of the exosomal miRNAs that were differentially enriched regulated genes comprising a "senescence core signature" and encoding factors of the senescence-messaging secretome (SASP), while a subset of the differentially reduced miRNAs targeted DNA repair genes that have been experimentally shown to be repressed in senescent melanocytes. Thus, the selection of specific miRNAs by exosomes and their release from melanocytes after exposure to UVR have activities in inducing these cells into premature senescence.
The Insurgency of Mourning: Sewol across the Transpacific

This article examines the rhetoric and embodied performance of mourning by “Sewol Parents” and develops the idea of insurgent melancholia to explain their role in moving a nation and the Korean dia...
New strategies to optimize renal haemodynamics.

Purpose of review This review discusses the macrocirculatory and microcirculatory aspects of renal perfusion, as well as novel methods by which to measure renal blood flow. Finally, therapeutic options are briefly discussed, including renal-specific microcirculatory effects. Recent findings The optimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) needed for preservation of renal function has been debated but is most likely a MAP of 60-80 mmHg. In addition, attention should be paid to renal outflow pressure, typically central venous pressure. Heterogeneity in microcirculation can exist and may be mitigated through appropriate use of vasopressors with unique microcirculatory effects. Excessive catecholamines have been shown to be harmful and should be avoided. Both angiotensin II and vasopressin may improve glomerular flow through a number of mechanisms. Macrocirculatory and microcirculatory blood flow can be measured through a number of bedside ultrasound modalities, sublingual microscopy and urinary oxygen measurement, SUMMARY: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common manifestation of organ failure in shock, and avoidance of hemodynamic instability can mitigate this risk. Measurement of renal haemodynamics is not routinely performed but may help to guide therapeutic goals. A thorough understanding of pathophysiology, measurement techniques and therapeutic options may allow for a personalized approach to blood pressure management in patients with septic shock and may ultimately mitigate AKI.
IntraOmmaya compartmental radioimmunotherapy using 131I-omburtamab—pharmacokinetic modeling to optimize therapeutic index

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) delivered through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been shown to be a safe and promising treatment for leptomeningeal metastases. Pharmacokinetic models for intraOmmaya antiGD2 monoclonal antibody 131I-3F8 have been proposed to improve therapeutic effect while minimizing radiation toxicity. In this study, we now apply pharmacokinetic modeling to intraOmmaya 131I-omburtamab (8H9), an antiB7-H3 antibody which has shown promise in RIT of leptomeningeal metastases. Serial CSF samples were collected and radioassayed from 61 patients undergoing a total of 177 intraOmmaya administrations of 131I-omburtamab for leptomeningeal malignancy. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with 12 differential equations was constructed and fitted to the radioactivity measurements of CSF samples collected from patients. The model was used to improve anti-tumor dose while reducing off-target toxicity. Mathematical endpoints were (a) the area under the concentration curve (AUC) of the tumor-bound antibody, AUC [CIAR(t)], (b) the AUC of the unbound “harmful” antibody, AUC [CIA(t)], and (c) the therapeutic index, AUC [CIAR(t)] ÷ AUC [CIA(t)]. The model fit CSF radioactivity data well (mean R = 96.4%). The median immunoreactivity of 131I-omburtamab matched literature values at 69.1%. Off-target toxicity (AUC [CIA(t)]) was predicted to increase more quickly than AUC [CIAR(t)] as a function of 131I-omburtamab dose, but the balance of therapeutic index and AUC [CIAR(t)] remained favorable over a broad range of administered doses (0.48–1.40 mg or 881–2592 MBq). While antitumor dose and therapeutic index increased with antigen density, the optimal administered dose did not. Dose fractionization into two separate injections increased therapeutic index by 38%, and splitting into 5 injections by 82%. Increasing antibody immunoreactivity to 100% only increased therapeutic index by 17.5%. The 2-compartmental pharmacokinetic model when applied to intraOmmaya 131I-omburtamab yielded both intuitive and nonintuitive therapeutic predictions. The potential advantage of further dose fractionization warrants clinical validation. ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00089245.
Risk Factors for Conversion of Hip Arthroscopy to Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Large Closed-Cohort Study.

Purpose To evaluate risk factors for conversion of hip arthroscopy to total hip arthroplasty (THA) within 2 years in a closed patient cohort. Methods This study was a case series of consecutive hip arthroscopy procedures from September 2008 to November 2018 in the electronic medical record of Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Patients were included with minimum 2-year follow-up or if they had conversion to THA within 2 years (the primary outcome) regardless of follow-up time. Patient characteristics at the time of the index arthroscopy were extracted; characteristics of patients who experienced the outcome event versus those who did not were compared by use of multivariable logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results The mean follow-up time was 4.9 years (median 4.6, range 0.6 to 11.6). The mean age was 37.2 years (range 10 to 88), and 57% were female. During the follow-up period, 82 patients underwent a THA within 2 years of their arthroscopies (5.3%, 95% confidence interval 4.3% to 6.5%) after a median time of 9 months (interquartile range 5.9 to 14.4) after the initial arthroscopy. Increasing age was highly predictive of early THA conversion (area under the ROC curve = 0.78, P < .001). Although other predictors showed significant bivariable associations with early failure, body mass index (BMI), race, sex, and prior arthroscopy did not add meaningful independent predictive information. Conclusions The risk of conversion to THA within 2 years after hip arthroscopy increased substantially with patient age at the time of the procedure. BMI, race, sex, and prior arthroscopy were not important independent predictors of conversion beyond the information contained in patient age. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
LARGE-SCALE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE He II Lyα FOREST AND He II REIONIZATION

We examine large-scale fluctuations in the He?II Ly? forest transmission during and after He?II reionization. We use a simple Monte Carlo model to distribute quasars throughout a large volume and compute the resulting radiation field along one-dimensional skewers. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the rarity of these sources induces order unity fluctuations in the mean optical depth after reionization, even when averaged over large segments (~10-100Mpc across). We compare our models to existing data along five He?II Ly? forest lines of sight spanning z ~ 2-3.2. The large cosmic variance contained in our model plausibly explains many of the observed fluctuations at z 2.5. But our models cannot accommodate the large fluctuations toward high optical depths on ~30Mpc scales observed at z ~ 2.7-2.9, and the measured optical depths (?eff 4) at z>2.9 are difficult to explain with a smoothly evolving mean radiation field. In order to better understand these data, we construct a toy model of He?II reionization, in which we assume that regions with the smallest radiation fields in a post-reionization universe (or farthest from strong ionizing sources) are completely dark during reionization. The observed fluctuations fit much more comfortably into this model, and we therefore argue that, according to present data, He?II reionization does not complete until z 2.9.
Gender moderates the relationship between media use and sleep quality.

With high screen time and poor sleep commonly reported in adolescents, it is important to more fully understand how screen time impacts sleep. Despite similar overall screen times, male and female media preferences and usages differ, making it critical to determine if different domains of screen time differentially affect sleep quality. The present study examined whether differing amounts and domains of screen-based media vary in impact on sleep quality of 16-year-old male and female adolescents over a 3-month period. A total of 98 adolescents (mean [SD] age 16.27 [0.29] years; 51% female) completed two online surveys spaced 3 months apart and comprised of well-validated self-reported measures of sleep quality, media usage, and depressive symptoms. The various domains of media were categorised into screen-based media with little-to-no peer-to-peer interaction involved (video-only) and screen-based media with interaction a predominant component to the usage (peer-to-peer interaction-involved). Self-reported sleep quality decreased across the 3-month study period. Gender moderated the effect of interactive screen time on sleep quality 3 months later, with interactive screen time associated with better sleep quality in males, but remaining poorer in females. Screen time competes with sleep time and may do so differentially depending on the media domain. Compared to females, interactive components of screen time may lessen worsening sleep quality over time in males. Understanding the relationships among screen time, its content, age, and gender may inform guidelines for educators, parents, and adolescents to help improve sleep quality of adolescents.