cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Adoption: A Review and Update.

1. Judith Kim Eckerle, MD*,† 2. Megan Marie Bresnahan, OTR/L† 3. Maria Kroupina, PhD, LP*,† 4. Dana Ernest Johnson, MD, PhD*,† 5. Cynthia Ruth Howard, MD, MPHTM*,† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 2. †MHealth Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN * Abbreviations: Ab : : antibody ACE : : adverse childhood experience CDC : : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CXR : : chest radiography IA : : international adoptee TB : : tuberculosis 1. Key information for accurate assessment of the preadoption referral. 2. Determining immunization status and planning catch-up strategy. 3. Updated screening protocol for and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. 4. Evaluation of developmental delays in the context of international adoption. 5. Screening for risk factors indicating the need for referral to child mental health and developmental specialists. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Review the basic components of an adoption referral file and know when to consult an international adoption medicine expert. 2. Perform the initial medical assessment of a newly arrived international adoptee, including evaluation of the efficacy of previous immunizations and planning of catch-up immunization based on new recommendations. 3. Screen for tuberculosis and treat latent tuberculosis infection based on recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. 4. Understand the multiple areas of a developmental baseline of adopted children and assess for catch-up needs. 5. Identify the child with multiple risk factors and/or parental or family stressors who needs a referral to an adoption-competent mental health specialist. Although interest in intercountry adoption continues to be high, the numbers of international adoptions have changed dramatically since the peak in 2004 when 45,483 international adoptees (IAs) were placed in families worldwide. By 2017, the number dropped 79% to 9,387. In the United …
A systematic review of neuropsychological and psychiatric sequalae of COVID-19: implications for treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: COVID-19 impacts multiple organ systems and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Pathogenesis of viral infection, co-morbidities, medical treatments, and psychosocial factors may contribute to COVID-19 related neuropsychological and psychiatric sequelae. This systematic review aims to synthesize available literature on psychiatric and cognitive characteristics of community-dwelling survivors of COVID-19 infection. RECENT FINDINGS: Thirty-three studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria for review. Emerging findings link COVID-19 to cognitive deficits, particularly attention, executive function, and memory. Psychiatric symptoms occur at high rates in COVID-19 survivors, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disruption, and to a lesser extent posttraumatic stress. Symptoms appear to endure, and severity of acute illness is not directly predictive of severity of cognitive or mental health issues. The course of cognitive and psychiatric sequelae is limited by lack of longitudinal data at this time. Although heterogeneity of study design and sociocultural differences limit definitive conclusions, emerging risk factors for psychiatric symptoms include female sex, perceived stigma related to COVID-19, infection of a family member, social isolation, and prior psychiatry history. SUMMARY: The extant literature elucidates treatment targets for cognitive and psychosocial interventions. Research using longitudinal, prospective study designs is needed to characterize cognitive and psychiatric functioning of COVID-19 survivors over the course of illness and across illness severity. Emphasis on delineating the unique contributions of premorbid functioning, viral infection, co-morbidities, treatments, and psychosocial factors to cognitive and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 is warranted.
Pain and Opioid Use: Evidence for Integrating Acupuncture Into Treatment Planning

The epidemics of pain and opioid use pose unique challenges. Comprehensive approaches are required to address minds, bodies and spirits of individuals who live with pain and/or opioid use. The lack of an effective "quick fix" for either condition necessitates developing effective, innovative and multi-disciplinary avenues for treatment. This analytic article reviews epidemiological and demographic factors associated with pain and with opioid use and additional challenges posed by the Covid-19 epidemic. Several large-scale studies and meta-analyses have examined the role of acupuncture as a nonpharmacological approach to pain management as well as a component of comprehensive strategies to address opioid use disorder. We review and describe these in the context of safety, effectiveness, access and cost-related factors. With one in four U.S. hospitals as well as 88% of Veterans Health Administration facilities incorporating acupuncture, the feasibility of mobilizing and scaling up these treatment resources is being developed and demonstrated. We also identify potential facilitators and barriers to implementing acupuncture treatment. As part of a multi-disciplinary approach to pain management and/or opioid use disorder, we suggest that integrating acupuncture into treatment protocols may represent a viable strategy that is based on and consistent with public health principles.
Structural Design Strategies for Improved Small Overlap Crashworthiness Performance

In 2012, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) began a 64 km/h small overlap frontal crash test consumer information test program. Thirteen automakers already have redesigned models to improve test performance. One or more distinct strategies are evident in these redesigns: reinforcement of the occupant compartment, use of energy-absorbing fender structures, and the addition of engagement structures to induce vehicle lateral translation. Each strategy influences vehicle kinematics, posing additional challenges for the restraint systems. The objective of this two-part study was to examine how vehicles were modified to improve small overlap test performance and then to examine how these modifications affect dummy response and restraint system performance. Among eight models tested before and after design changes, occupant compartment intrusion reductions ranged from 6 cm to 45 cm, with the highest reductions observed in models with the largest number of modifications. All redesigns included additional occupant compartment reinforcement, one-third added structures to engage the barrier, and two modified a shotgun load path. Designs with engagement structures produced greater glance-off from the barrier and exhibited lower delta Vs but experienced more lateral outboard motion of the dummy. Designs with heavy reinforcement of the occupant compartment had higher vehicle accelerations and delta V. In three cases, these apparent trade-offs were not well addressed by concurrent changes in restraint systems and resulted in increased injury risk compared with the original tests. Among the 36 models tested after design changes, the extent of design changes correlated to structural performance. Half of the vehicles with the lowest intrusion levels incorporated aspects of all three design strategies. Vehicle kinematics and dummy and restraint system characteristics were similar to those observed in the before/after pairs. Different combinations of structural improvement strategies for improving small overlap test performance were found to be effective in reducing occupant compartment intrusion and improving dummy kinematics in the IIHS small overlap test with modest weight increase.
The Fish People: Linguistic Exogamy and Tukanoan Identity in Northwest Amazonia

The Bara, or Fish People, of the Northwest Amazon form part of an unusual network of intermarrying local communities scattered along the rivers of this region. Each community belongs to one of sixteen different groups that speak sixteen different languages, and marriages must take place between people not only from different communities but with different primary languages. In a network of this sort, which defies the usual label of 'tribe', social identity assumes a distinct and unusual configuration. In this book, Jean Jackson's incisive discussions of Bara marriage, kinship, spatial organization, and other features of the social and geographic landscape show how Tukanoans (as participants in the network are collectively known) conceptualize and tie together their universe of widely scattered communities, and how an individual's identity emerges in terms of relations with others. As theoretically challenging as it is unique, the Tukanoan system bears on a wide range of issues of current anthropological concern, such as how to analyze open-ended regional systems in small-scale societies, ideal versus actual patterns of behaviour, identity as both structure and action, and indigenous use of multiple, even conflicting, models of social structure. Professor Jackson's thoughtful discussions also extend to broader social scientific issues concerning the relation of language to culture, the presence or absence of individualism in pre-state societies, the nature of ethnic boundaries, the interplay between observation of behaviour and its interpretation (on the part of both native and anthropologist), and the achievement of flexibility and self-interested goals while applying seemingly rigid social structural principles.
Evaluating Policies Toward the Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies

This chapter is to use MCDM technique to assess the degree of impact and effectiveness of different renewable energy policies on wind energy deployment in the power generation sector in the State of Oregon. There are a wide array of federal and state policies that are designed to increase the benefits and demolish barriers and hence encourage investors and customers to adopt new resources. This multidimensional issue can be seen as a multi-criteria decision-making problem. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) provide a flexible tool that is able to handle and connect a wide range of variables and thus offer useful assistance to the decision maker in mapping out the situation.
Chapter 29. Structure-Based Drug Design

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on structure-based drug design, which is a general term for using protein structural information from X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy to assist in the design of novel therapeutic agents. Structure-based drug design is currently most applicable to developing inhibitors that bind to enzymes. Overall, approximately one-third of marketed drugs function primarily through direct inhibition of enzyme activity. Over 200 enzymes have been proposed as therapeutic targets within the pharmaceutical industry. New enzyme inhibitors have great potential to become therapeutically useful in the clinic and successful in the market. Detailed analysis of drug targets indicates that they cover a very broad spectrum of enzyme activities as well as being structurally diverse. This implies that efficient enzyme inhibitor design requires flexibility in the implementation of enzymatic assays as well as an appreciation of the subtleties of protein structure. The chapter reviews recent examples of the design of drugs that inhibit enzymes of therapeutic interest. An overview of structural genomics and structure-based drug design in presented and diverse structures and functions of therapeutically relevant targets are also explained.
The CYGNSS flight segment; mainstream science on a micro-budget

NASA's first Earth Venture mission, the NASA EVM-1 Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), is designed to provide data that will enable the study of the relationship between ocean surface properties, moist atmospheric thermodynamics and convective dynamics. These relationships are postulated to be intrinsic to the genesis and intensification of tropic storms. Key information about the ocean surface under and around a tropical storm is hidden from existing space borne observatories because the intense precipitation degrades the frequency bands in which they operate, obscuring the ocean's surface. GNSS-based bi-static scatterometry performed by a constellation of micro-satellites offers remote sensing of ocean waves and wind with unprecedented temporal resolution and spatial coverage across the full dynamic range of ocean wind speeds in all precipitating conditions. A better understanding of these relationships and their effects will advance our ability to forecast tropical storm intensity and storm surge. Achieving the required temporal and spatial resolution for tropical cyclone remote sensing has not been possible previously due to technology and cost limitations. Modeling techniques developed over the past 20 years combined with recent developments in nano-satellite technology and an increased risk tolerance by NASA have enabled the CYGNSS mission. CYGNSS consists of 8 GPS bi-static radar receivers deployed on 8 separate micro-satellites to be launched in October 2016. The mission is cost capped at $102M exclusive of launch vehicle. It is being developed as a Category 3 mission (per NPR 7120.5D NID) with Class D payloads (per NPR 8705.4). This paper will present an overview of the CYGNSS flight segment implementation and how our Class D approach allows the development to meet cost constraints.
Water, fluorine, and sulfur concentrations in the lunar mantle

The concentrations of volatile elements in the moon have important implications for the formation of the earth–moon system. There is currently a debate regarding the water content of the lunar mantle: Authors studying H_2O in lunar pyroclastic glass beads and in olivine-hosted melt inclusions in such pyroclastic samples and in plagioclase crystals in lunar highland anorthosites infer hundreds of ppm H_2O in the lunar mantle. In contrast, authors studying Zn/Fe ratios infer that the H_2O concentration in the lunar mantle is ≤1 ppm, and they argue that the glassy lunar basalts are a local anomaly. We contribute to a resolution of the debate by a broader examination of the concentrations of H_2O and other volatile components in olivine-hosted melt inclusions in a wider range of lunar mare basalts, including crystalline melt inclusions that are homogenized by melting in the laboratory. We find that F, Cl, and S concentrations in various lunar melt inclusions (including those in glassy lunar basalts) are similar to one another, and previously studied glassy lunar basalts are not a local anomaly in terms of these volatile concentrations. Furthermore, we estimate the pre-degassing H_2O/Ce, F/Nd, and S/Dy ratios of mare basaltic magmas to be at least 64, 4.0 and 100 respectively. These ratios are lower than those of primitive earth mantle by a factor of 3, 5, and 4 respectively. The depletion factors of these volatile elements relative to the earth's primitive mantle do not correlate strongly with volatility or bonding energy, and indeed they are roughly constant and similar to those of other volatile elements such as Li, Cs, Rb and K. This approximate constancy of volatile depletion in the moon relative to the earth can be explained by assuming that both the earth and the moon acquired volatiles from a similar source or by a similar mechanism but the earth was more efficient in acquiring the volatiles. We estimate the H_2O, F and S concentrations in the primitive lunar mantle source to be at least 110, 5.3, and 70 ppm, respectively – similar to or slightly lower than those in terrestrial MORB mantle.
Mouse Models of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation

Arteriovenous (AV) malformation (AVM) is a vascular anomaly capable of both hemorrhagic and ischemic insults, leading to seizures, headaches, stroke, and even death.1 BAVM prevalence is estimated at 0.05%,2 often occurring in young people between 20 and 40 years of age.3 BAVMs account for 50% of hemorrhagic stroke in children4 and 1% to 2% of all strokes in the population.5 Brain AVMs (BAVMs) can cause life-threatening intracerebral hemorrhage (Figure 1).6 Fifty percent of patients are first diagnosed on intracerebral hemorrhage,1 with 1% and 5% annual hemorrhage rate for previously unruptured and ruptured AVMs, respectively.7,8 After BAVM rupture, reported mortality rates range from to 15% to 29%,7 and long-term morbidity rates range from 16% to 56%.1,9 Thus, BAVM is defined by vascular features and accompanying neurological deficits.1 Figure 1. Features of human brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM). A , An AVM is visualized on the lateral temporal surface of a human brain. 5, 6 are landmarks placed by surgeon; 40 shows Broca's area; 48 shows Wernicke's area. B , Left internal carotid artery (ICA) angiography (lateral view) reveals a left lateral temporal AVM with a large feeding artery and draining vein. C , Cartoon of this subtype (lateral view), indicating feeding arteries and draining veins. ATA indicates anterior temporal artery. Reprinted from Lawton6 with permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2014, Thieme Medical Publishers. AVM is characterized by high-flow AV connections that shunt blood directly from arteries to veins, displacing intervening capillaries with a nidus of enlarged and tortuous vessels. BAVM clinical characteristics include (1) AV shunting, the presence of direct connections between arteries and veins, displacing intervening capillaries; (2) abnormally high blood flow through the feeding artery, AV …
Necessary Conditions for the Convergence of Fourier Series

Various conditions have been claimed in a recent paper as necessary for the convergence of a Fourier series at a point, principally the Lebesgue summability of the series. These conditions are, however, shown to be necessary only in a particular class of functions and the error in the argument is explicated. The relevant facts about Lebesgue summability are reviewed.
Cloning of a novel, ubiquitously expressed human phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and identification of its binding site on p85

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) has been implicated as a participant in signaling pathways regulating cell growth by virtue of its activation in response to various mitogenic stimuli. Here we describe the cloning of a novel and ubiquitously expressed human PI 3-kinase. The 4.8-kb cDNA encodes a putative translation product of 1,070 amino acids which is 42% identical to bovine PI 3-kinase and 28% identical to Vps34, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae PI 3-kinase involved in vacuolar protein sorting. Human PI 3-kinase is also similar to Tor2, a yeast protein required for cell cycle progression. Northern (RNA) analysis demonstrated expression of human PI 3-kinase in all tissues and cell lines tested. Protein synthesized from an epitope-tagged cDNA had intrinsic PI 3-kinase activity and associated with the adaptor 85-kDa subunit of PI 3-kinase (p85) in intact cells, as did endogenous human PI 3-kinase. Coprecipitation assays showed that a 187-amino-acid domain between the two src homology 2 domains of p85 mediates interaction with PI 3-kinase in vitro and in intact cells. These results demonstrate the existence of different PI 3-kinase isoforms and define a family of genes encoding distinct PI 3-kinase catalytic subunits that can associate with p85.
Spin-echo-ENDOR studies of the photoexcited triplet state of pentacene in p-terphenyl crystals at room temperature

We wish to report the first observation of room temperature spin-echo-ENDOR of the short-lived photoexcited triplet state of pentacences in p-terphenyl crystals. A homebuilt high dielectric cylindrical ENDOR cavity was employed in the experiment. We shall describe the novelty of our ENDOR cavity design which contribued partly to the success of our experiment
IS THE AGE OF THE EARTH ONE OF OUR “SOREST TROUBLES?” STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT DEEP TIME AFFECT THEIR ACCEPTANCE OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

When Charles Darwin was developing his ideas for On the Origin of Species, the most widely accepted estimates of Earth’s age were those of William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). Kelvin used calculations involving thermodynamics to argue that Earth is only 20–100 million years old—an age far too brief to accommodate evolution by natural selection. Darwin referred to Thomson’s claim as one of his “sorest troubles,” for Darwin understood that the history of life on Earth ultimately relies on geology. Darwin suspected that Earth was much older than Thomson claimed, but Thomson’s enormous stature as a scientist obliged Darwin to reconcile his claims with Kelvin’s data. To accommodate Kelvin’s timeline, Darwin proposed pangenesis as an explanation of inheritance (i.e., every sperm and egg contained “gemmules thrown off from each different unit throughout the body”). Darwin’s explanation sped evolution while avoiding Lamarck’s quasi-spiritual sources of acquired traits. However, Darwin’s explanation of inheritance was wrong (see discussion in Moore et al. 2009a). The age of Earth remains a divisive topic in the modern evolution–creationism controversy. Whereas mainstream science has long acknowledged that Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, a vocal group of citizens and religious activists continue to insist that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. Although most geocentrists and flat-Earth advocates have capitulated to scientific evidence, young-Earth creationists continue to reject scientific evidence in favor of religious dictum to claim that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. These antiscience claims have been surprisingly popular with the public. For example, a Gallup Poll in early 2009 reported that “On Darwin’s [200th] Birthday, Only 4 in 10 Believe in Evolution” (Newport 2009), and Berkman et al. (2008) noted that “16% [of biology teachers] believed that human beings were created by God in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years.” In another study, 12.5% of students were young-Earth creationists (Rutledge and Warden 2000), as are 10%–14% of biology majors (Moore and Cotner 2009). Answers in Genesis’ (AiG) Creation Museum, along with the $27 million in donations required to build it, attest to the appeal of young-Earth creationism. Indeed, AiG’s income for 2005 exceeded $13 million, and that of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR, another religious organization based on young-Earth creationism) exceeded $7 million. For comparison, the 2005 income of National Center for Science Education—the nation’s leading organization that defends the teaching of evolution in public schools—was
The impact of transactional and relational strategies in business markets: An agenda for inquiry

The impetus for the special issue of Industrial Marketing Management is the importance of understanding the implications of transactional and relational strategies in business-to-business contexts. The objective of the special issue is to integrate conceptual and empirical research in this area. We highlight research that extends current thinking in the area to ensure that this special issue serves an impetus for future research on this important topic.
How many web‐wide search engines do we need?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss how many web‐wide search engines are actually needed.Design/methodology/approach – This paper was researched by testing and reviewing different search engines and studying comparative papers about the popularity of web‐wide search engines.Findings – The author tests and reviews the new search engine Cuil, and discusses its ability as a search engine, with varying results. The paper also compares this new search engine to other more favourable search engines.Originality/value – The paper provides insight into the requirements of new search engines and whether there is any need for more search engines within the world wide web.
Control of multi-node mobile communications networks with time-varying channels via stability methods

Consider a communications network consisting of mobiles and random external data processes, each destined to a particular destination. Each mobile can serve as a node in the multi-hop path from source to destination. At each mobile the data is queued according to the source destination pair. The quality of the connecting channels are randomly varying. Time is divided into small scheduling intervals. At the beginning of each interval, the channels are estimated and this information is used for the decisions concerning allocation of transmission power and/or time, bandwidth, and perhaps antennas, in a queue and channel-state dependent way. Under a natural (and "almost" necessary) "average flow" condition, stochastic stability methods are used to develop scheduling policies that assure stability. The policies are readily implementable and allow a range of tradeoffs between current rates and queue lengths, under very weak conditions. Because of the non-Markovian nature of the problem, we use the perturbed Stochastic Liapunov function method. The choice of Liapunov function allows a choice of the effective performance criteria. All essential factors are incorporated into a "mean rate" function, so that the results cover many different systems. Extensions concerning acknowledgments, multicasting, non-unique routes, and others are given to illustrate the versatility of the method, and a useful method for getting the a priori routes is discussed.
The covariates of parent and youth reporting differences on youth secondary exposure to community violence.

Survey data for studying youth’s secondary exposure to community violence (i.e., witnessing or hearing violence in the community) come from both parents and their children. There are benefits of considering multiple informants in psychosocial assessments, but parents and youths often disagree about comparable information. These reporting differences present challenges for both researchers and clinicians. To shed new light on the individual, family, and neighborhood factors that contribute to parent and youth reporting differences regarding youth’s secondary exposure to community violence, this study analyzed hierarchical item response models on a sample of youth respondents from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Participants were aged approximately 9, 12, and 15 years (trimodal distribution; mean age = 12.0 years) at baseline (N = 2,344; 49.6 % female). Descriptive analyses indicated that parents significantly underestimated their children’s exposure to community violence. Logistic hierarchical item response models indicated that absolute discrepancies between parent and youth reports were a function of youth demographic characteristics (male, Hispanic or African American as compared to white, age, 3rd as compared to 1st generation immigrant), individual difference factors (lower levels of self-control, higher levels of violent peer exposure), and family factors (lower household socioeconomic status). Parental under-reporting of youth’s exposure to violence was associated with youth demographic characteristics (male, age, 2nd as compared to 3rd generation immigrant), family factors (lower levels of parental supervision), and neighborhood characteristics (higher levels of violence, less access to youth services). The results suggest that a constellation of individual and contextual factors may contribute to the understanding of parent and youth reporting differences. The findings speak to the utility of examining parent and youth reporting differences from a hierarchical lens.
Electromagnetic interactions in liquid helium

Abstract The Hamiltonian of interaction of liquid helium with the quantized electromagnetic field plays an important role in such phenomena as Raman scattering, excitons, and possible cooperative effects of exchange of virtual photons. This interaction has been derived from first principles by application of an appropriate unitary transformation to the second-quantized Hamiltonian of nuclei and electrons interacting with the quantized radiation field. The transformation is chosen so that the atomic bound states appear explicitly in the relevant scattering and reaction terms of the transformed Hamiltonian.
Efficient eigensolution, dynamic response, and eigensensitivity of serpentine belt drives

An efficient method for calculating the eigensolutions and dynamic response of a serpentine belt drive is presented. The model is a hybrid discrete-continuous one where the motions consist of rotations of the pulleys, rotation of the tensioner arm, and transverse vibrations of the continuum belt spans adjacent to the tensioner. The speed of solution results from discretization of the belt spans where the unusual feature is the use of Lagrange multipliers to enforce the geometric boundary conditions at the belt-tensioner interface. The method reduces the computational effort by several orders of magnitude compared to published methods using the same model. Also, it is not susceptible to numerical problems that hinder the published methods. The sensitivities of the belt drive natural frequencies to system parameters are also studied. The model parameters under consideration include belt longitudinal stiffness, tensioner spring stiffness, span tensions, belt transport speed, belt density, and pulley moments of inertia. Closed-form expressions for the eigensensitivities to these parameters are obtained using perturbation methods. These expressions are reduced to simple formulae related to the modal strain and kinetic energies. The eigensensitivities are readily determined, quantitatively and qualitatively, by inspection of the modal energy distributions.
Initial stages of Mg growth on the Si(001) surface studied by STM

Abstract The growth of low coverages of Mg on Si(001) at room temperatures is studied with STM. Deposited Mg forms rows that are roughly perpendicular to the substrate Si dimer rows. The Mg rows are composed of three types of features, each with a distinct appearance and registration with respect to the substrate. The majority of the features (type I) are single Mg atoms located in bridge sites between two Si dimers. Type II features may be composed of two Mg atoms and could serve the purpose of relieving the strain in the substrate created by type I row formation. A model for the type II feature is proposed. Type III features are seen at kinks in the rows of Mg atoms as well as at the ends of rows. Buckling is observed in the Si substrate near the Mg rows, and it is always adjacent to a type III feature.
Dietary Protein Degradability Effects on Plasma and Milk Urea Nitrogen and Milk Nonprotein Nitrogen In Holstein Cows

Abstract Fifteen multiparous, midlactation Holstein cows were used in a 5 × 5 Greco-Latin square to investigate the effects of various amounts of ruminally degradable and undegradable protein on plasma urea and milk urea N and NPN constituents. Diets were designed to provide the following percentage of degradable and undegradable protein relative to NRC requirements: diet A, 80, 80%; diet B, 100, 100%; diet C, 120, 80%; diet D, 100, 120%; and diet E, 120, 120%. All cows were fed for ad Libitum intake a TMR consisting of 47% corn silage, 18% haycrop silage, and 35% concentrate (DM basis). Concentrate consisted of various amounts of dry corn plus soybean, fish, and blood meals to alter the degradability of protein. In situ measurements were used to determine grain protein degradability. Plasma urea N was increased across diets A to E, respectively: 8.2, 14.8, 16.5, 17.8, and 20.7 mg/dl. The within-cow coefficient of correlation between plasma and milk urea N was .88. The intake of undegradable protein elevated plasma and milk urea N to a similar extent as intake of degradable protein. Multiple regression analysis across all diets revealed a negative relationship of energy intake on plasma urea N. Diet significantly influenced milk true protein yield for diets A to E, respectively: .73, 30, .73, .78, and .81 kg/d. Milk true protein yield was influenced by milk yield, undegradable protein, and energy intake. Milk NPN concentration increased across diets A to E, respectively: 28.7, 33.9, 35.6, 36.8, and 39.8 mg/dl. The increase in milk NPN concentration across diets was attributed largely to an increase in the urea component of milk NPN.
In Pompeii and Volterra the Earth Really Trembles: De-Territorialisation, European Art-Cinema, and the Fate of Neorealism in Roberto Rossellini's Journey to ltaly and Luchino Visconti's Sandra

Este trabalho se utiliza de dois estudos de caso - Viagem to Italy (1953), de Roberto Rossellini e Sandra (1965), de Luchino Visconti para discutir questoes politicas, historiograficas e esteticas [que interferem] no relacionamento entre o neo-realismo como cinema da nacao italiana e o "cinema de arte europeu" como uma instituicao desnacionalizada.
Neodymium(III) complexation by amino-carbohydrates via a ligand-controlled hydrolysis mechanism

Chelation of Nd3+ by D-glucosamine (DGA) and chitosan was investigated in solution at near-physiological pH and ionic strength. This research demonstrates the first example of the lanthanide ion heteroleptic hydroxo-carbohydrate complex in solution. Amino-carbohydrates DGA and chitosan suppressed formation of polynuclear Nd3+ species at elevated pH.
Failure prevention by short-time corrosion tests

Short time corrosion testing of perforated sheets and wire meshes fabricated from Type 304L stainless steel, Alloy 600 and C276 showed that 304L stainless steel perforated sheet should perform well as the material of construction for dissolver baskets. The baskets will be exposed to hot nitric acid solutions and are limited life components. The corrosion rates of the other alloys and of wire meshes were too high for useful extended service. Test results also indicated that corrosion of the dissolver should drop quickly during the dissolutions due to the inhibiting effects of the corrosion products produced by the dissolution processes.
Fractional conductance quantization in metallic nanoconstrictions under electrochemical potential control

We study the electrical conductance of gold nanoconstrictions by controlling the electrochemical potential. At positive potentials, the conductance is quantized near integer multiples of ${G}_{0}({2e}^{2}/h)$ as shown by well-defined peaks in the conductance histogram. Below a certain potential, however, additional peaks near ${0.5G}_{0}$ and ${1.5G}_{0}$ appear in the histogram. The fractional conductance steps are as stable and well defined as the integer steps. The experimental data are discussed in terms of electrochemical-potential-induced defect scattering and Fermi energy shift, but a complete theory of the phenomenon is yet to be developed.
Accommodating practical constraints for intensity modulated radiation therapy by means of compensators

The thesis deals with the practical implementation of intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) generated by means of patient specific metal compensators. An elaborate comparison between several compensator-machining techniques, with respect to their suitability for production within a hospital workshop, is presented. The limitations associated with the selected compensator manufacturing technique are identified and implemented as constraints in an existing inverse treatment-planning algorithm. In order to obtain the profile of a compensator, which produces a desired intensity distribution, inverse modeling of the radiation attenuation within the compensator is required. Two novel and independent approaches, based on deconvolution and system identification, are proposed to accomplish this. To compare the approach with the “rival” state of the art beam modulation technique, a theoretical and experimental examination of the modulated fields generated by manufactured compensators and multileaf collimators is presented. This comparison focused on the achievable resolution of the intensity modulated beams in lateral and longitudinal directions. To take into account the characteristics of a clinical environment the suitability of the most common commercially available treatment couch systems for IMRTtreatments is studied. An original rule based advisory system is developed to alert the operator of any potential collision of the beam with the movable supporting structures of the treatment couch. The system is capable of finding alternative positions for the supporting frames and, if necessary, can suggest alternative beam directions. Finally, a head and neck phantom is designed for geldosimetry to assess IMRTtreatment delivery techniques. The phantom is based on a simplistic but realistic design and contains the main anatomical features.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after liver transplantation in a patient with hepatopulmonary syndrome and an atrial septal defect.

IntroductionHepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare complication of liver cirrhosis that may result in refractory hypoxemia even after liver transplantation. ECMO has been rarely used after liver ...
Role of Myofibril-Inducing RNA in cardiac TnT expression in developing Mexican axolotl

The Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, has been a useful animal model to study heart development and cardiac myofibrillogenesis. A naturally-occurring recessive mutant, gene "c", for cardiac non-function in the Mexican axolotl causes a failure of myofibrillogenesis due to a lack of tropomyosin expression in homozygous mutant (c/c) embryonic hearts. Myofibril-inducing RNA (MIR) rescues mutant hearts in vitro by promoting tropomyosin expression and myofibril formation thereafter. We have studied the effect of MIR on the expression of various isoforms of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a component of the thin filament that binds with tropomyosin. Four alternatively spliced cTnT isoforms have been characterized from developing axolotl heart. The expression of various cTnT isoforms in normal, mutant, and mutant hearts corrected with MIR, is evaluated by real-time RT-PCR using isoform specific primer pairs; MIR affects the total transcription as well as the splicing of the cTnT in axolotl heart.
Visual-spatial thinking: An aspect of science overlooked by educators

Thinking with images plays a central role in scientific creativity and communication but is neglected in science classrooms. This article reviews the fundamental role of imagery in science and technology and our current knowledge of visual-spatial cognition. A novel analogic and thematic organization of images and visualization within science and technology is proposed that can help in the generation and evaluation of classroom activities and materials, and serve as a focus for professional development programs in visual-spatial thinking for science teachers. Visual-spatial thinking includes vision—using the eyes to identify, locate, and think about objects and ourselves in the world, and imagery—the formation, inspection, transformation, and maintenance of images in the “mind's eye” in the absence of a visual stimulus. A spatial image preserves relationships among a complex set of ideas as a single chunk in working memory, increasing the amount of information that can be maintained in consciousness at a given moment. Vision and imagery are fundamental cognitive processes using specialized pathways in the brain and rely on our memory of prior experience. Visual-spatial thinking develops from birth, together with language and other specialized abilities, through interactions between inherited capabilities and experience. Scientific creativity can be considered as an amalgam of three closely allied mental formats: images; metaphors; and unifying ideas (themes). Combinations of images, analogies, and themes pervade science in the form of “master images” and visualization techniques. A critique of current practice in education contrasts the subservient role of visual-spatial learning with the dominance of the alphanumeric encoding skills in classroom and textbooks. The lack of coherence in curriculum, pedagogy, and learning theory requires reform that addresses thinking skills, including imagery. Successful integration of information, skills and attitudes into cohesive mental schemata employed by self-aware human beings is a basic goal of education. The current attempt to impose integration using themes is criticized on the grounds that the required underpinning in cognitive skills and content knowledge by teachers and students may be absent. Teaching strategies that employ visual-spatial thinking are reviewed. Master images are recommended as a novel point of departure for a systematic development of programs on visual-spatial thinking in research, teacher education, curriculum, and classroom practice. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 83:3–54, 1999.
Formulation of a non-linear framework for population balance modeling of batch grinding : Beyond first-order kinetics

Population balance models (PBMs) for batch grinding are based on the concepts of specific breakage rate and breakage distribution. In the traditional PBMs, the breakage rate is assumed first-order, thus neglecting the effects of the temporally evolving material properties and multi-particle interactions. As an attempt to explain some of the above effects, a time-dependent specific breakage rate was introduced in the literature. The time-variant PBMs are inadequate to explain the multi-particle interactions explicitly and thoroughly. In this paper, we formulate a non-linear population balance framework to explain the non-first-order breakage rates that originate from multi-particle interactions. Based on this framework, four size-discrete non-linear models with varying complexity have been derived. A simple non-linear model with non-uniform kinetics assumption, Model B, was used to simulate the slowing-down phenomenon commonly observed in dry grinding processes. Not only does the model explain the effects of the fines accumulation on the specific breakage rate of the coarse, but also it is capable of predicting the significant influence of the initial population density. Identification of the proposed models, i.e., the solution of the inverse problem is also discussed.
A Conjecture of Procesi and a New Basis for the Decomposition of the Graded Left Regular Representation of Sn

Let R=Q[x1,x2 ,...,xn] be the ring of polynomials in the variables x1,x2,...xn and let R* denote the quotient of R by the ideal generated by the elementary symmetric functions. It is well known that R*, under the action of Sn, yields a graded version of the left regular representation. Several years ago Procesi asked for a basis of R* consisting of homogeneous polynomials Γ[S, C] indexed by pairs of tableaux, with S standard and C cocharge, which exhibits the decomposition of R* into its irreducible components. Procesi also suggested a way in which such polynomials Γ[S, C] could be constructed. Using one of the versions of Rota′s straightening algorithm, we show that certain polynomials Π[S, C] closely related to the Γ[S, C]′s yield the desired basis. Our basis appears to have some remarkable properties. Parallel to the ring R* there is a family of Sn-modules Rμ which have been recently studied by Garsia and Procesi. These modules are important since they yield a graded character which is closely related to the q-Kostka-Foulkes polynomials Kλμ(q). The polynomials Π[S, C] can be shown to yield also a basis when restricted to a given Rμ. Through this connection our work leads to an entirely new way of proving the charge interpretation for the polynomials Kλμ(q). Indeed, computer data strongly suggest a conjecture that implies the Lascoux- Schutzenberger result.
PRIMARY CARE DIAGNOSIS AND PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION IN ADULTS

Depression is a common clinical problem seen in primary care. Despite a high prevalence of depression in patients of all ages, it is underdiagnosed and undertreated by primary care and other nonpsychiatric health care providers-the practitioners most likely to see the patient initially, greater than 50% of the time. Differentiating depression and physical illness is difficult and often comorbidity confounds the problem. Diagnostic criteria for depression are presented along with tips for assessment of suicide risk. Laboratory screening should be done as part of the diagnostic process to document certain changes in physiological parameters related to depression. The choice of treatment for depression includes psychotherapy, medication, ECT, or combined treatment with medication and psychotherapy. The result of managed care is that primary providers are more often responsible for medication management of depression than they were in the past. An overview of antidepressant pharmacotherapeutics for primary care is presented.
HF Fluorescence and Ion Production From Infrared Laser Irradiationof SF6-Hydrocarbon Mixtures

CO2 laser irradiation of SF6/hydrocarbon mixtures are shown to produce positive ions and infrared fluorescence due to emission by HF≠. The mechanism for the production of these ions and fluorescence involves the multiple photon dissociation of SF6 and subsequent attack of the free fluorine atom on the hydrocarbon, as well as V → V transfer and thermal ionization reactions. Argon and oxygen are found to increase ion production while quenching the fluorescence. Chemi-ionization of the hydrocarbons by a reaction sequence initiated by the attack of fluorine atoms on trace amounts of an oxygen impurity cannot be disregarded as a channel for ion formation.
III.—The Phospholipids in Buttermilk and their Effect Upon the Accuracy of Various Fat Tests

Summary The phospholipid content of eight sweet cream commercial buttermilks was found to be approximately 0.27 per cent. No appreciable quantities of phospholipids are recovered in the fat when the Babcock, Modified Babcock, or Minnesota-Babcock methods are used, but when the extraction method (Roese-Gottlieb) is used corrections for the presence of these compounds to the extent of from 6 to 17 per cent of the values obtained, depending upon the fat content of the sample, must be made. More fat is recovered from liquid and reconstituted dry buttermilks when the Modified Babcock (butyl alcohol) method is used than is recovered by any of the other methods tried.
Finite element modeling of heat transfer in the prostate

Laser prostatectomy is an alternative to conventional surgical resection. However, clinical studies lack sufficient power to determine optimal exposure parameters. This paper describes axi-symmetric and 3D finite element models of heat transport in laser irradiated tissue. These models have been verified with an analytical solution for a laser with a Gaussian beam profile using both stationary, and scanning laser beams. Percent errors between the analytical solutions and the finite elements solutions were less than 7%. Further development of these models will facilitate optimization of laser prostatectomy methods.
Characterization of Two New preproGnRH mRNAs in the Tree Shrew: First Direct Evidence for Mesencephalic GnRH Gene Expression in a Placental Mammal☆

Reproductive maturation and regulation is centrally orchestrated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH produced in the vertebrate hypothalamus acts on the pituitary to regulate gonadotropins. In nonplacental mammalian species, it has recently been shown that a second GnRH gene is expressed in mesencephalic cells. Here, we report the cDNA sequences and expression patterns for two distinct genes encoding the hypothalamic and mesencephalic GnRH forms in the brain of a placental mammal, the tree shrew (Tupaia glis belangeri). The novel mammalian GnRH form, designated here as [His5Trp7Tyr8]GnRH (often called chicken GnRH II), is expressed in neurons of the mesencephalon and is the first nonhypothalamic form to be isolated from a mammal. Its peptide sequence is identical to the form previously reported in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, revealing that it has remained unchanged for 500 million years. In contrast, the sequences of the hypothalamic GnRH decapeptides vary by as much as 50% across vertebrate species. The remarkable sequence conservation of mesencephalic GnRH suggests that it has been highly constrained throughout evolution, perhaps indicating an important, conserved nongonadotropic role. The discovery and localization of two mRNAs encoding distinct GnRH forms in an advanced mammal suggest that other mammals, including primates, may also have a second GnRH gene with expression localized in the midbrain.