cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of a plasma bioassay to assess oxidative protection of low-density lipoproteins by high-density lipoproteins

Background Traditionally, the impact of lipoproteins on vascular disease has been evaluated in light of their quantity, that is, cholesterol content, in plasma. However, recent studies of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have focused on functionality with regard to atheroprotection. For example, bioassays have emerged to assess the ability of HDL, in its near native plasma environment, to promote cholesterol removal (efflux) from cells. As a result, attention has focused on developing plasma-based assays for other putative HDL protective functions including protecting low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidative damage. Objective To determine the feasibility of such an assay in a complex sample such as plasma, we evaluated the contribution of HDL vs other plasma factors in preventing LDL oxidation. Methods We separated normolipidemic human plasma by gel filtration chromatography and assessed each fraction for its ability to prevent LDL modification by water soluble radical and copper-initiated oxidation mechanisms. Results Using proteomics and selective precipitation methods, we identified major antioxidative contributions for fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G, albumin, and small soluble molecules like uric acid and ascorbate, with albumin being especially dominant in copper-initiated mechanisms. HDL particles were minor contributors (∼1%–2%) to the antioxidant capacity of plasma, irrespective of oxidation mechanism. Conclusions Given the overwhelming background of antioxidant capacity inherent to highly abundant plasma proteins, specific bioassays of HDL antioxidative function will likely require its complete separation from plasma.
GI Dysfunctions in Diabetic Gastroenteropathy, Their Relationships With Symptoms, and Effects of a GLP-1 Antagonist

CONTEXT Delayed gastric emptying (GE) is common but often asymptomatic in diabetes. The relationship between symptoms, glycemia, and neurohormonal functions, including glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1), are unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess whether GE disturbances, symptoms during a GE study, and symptoms during enteral lipid infusion explain daily symptoms and whether GLP-1 mediates symptoms during enteral lipid infusion. DESIGN In this randomized controlled trial, GE, enteral lipid infusion, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms during these assessments, autonomic functions, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and daily GI symptoms (2-week Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index diary) were evaluated. During enteral lipid infusion, participants received the GLP-1 antagonist exendin 9-39 or placebo. SETTING Single tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS 24 healthy controls and 40 patients with diabetic gastroenteropathy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GE, symptoms during enteral lipid infusion, and the effect of exendin 9-39 on the latter. RESULTS In patients, GE was normal (55%), delayed (33%), or rapid (12%). During lipid infusion, GI symptoms tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) than controls; exendin 9-39 did not affect symptoms. The HbA1c was inversely correlated with the mean symptom score during the GE study (r = -0.46, P = 0.003) and lipid infusion (r = -0.47, P < 0.01). GE and symptoms during GE study accounted for 40% and 32%, respectively, of the variance in daily symptom severity and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS In DM gastroenteropathy, GE and symptoms during a GE study explain daily symptoms. Symptoms during enteral lipid infusion were borderline increased but not reduced by a GLP-1 antagonist.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI):

Objectives:Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is an NIH-funded computerized adaptive test (CAT) developed to effectively assess patient outcomes in multiple domains, ...
Endoscopic balloon dilation for treatment of sleeve gastrectomy stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and Aims Gastric stenosis is a rare but potentially serious adverse event after sleeve gastrectomy. Despite current suboptimal treatments, endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) has emerged as a safe and efficacious approach. The purpose of this study is to assess the overall success of EBD for sleeve gastrectomy stenosis (SGS) as first-line therapy. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Database were searched from inception to July 2018. The primary outcome was defined as overall success rate of clinical resolution of SGS obstructive symptoms with EBD, expressed as pooled event rate and 95% confidence interval (CI). The secondary predefined outcomes include EBD success rates for SGS in the proximal (cardia) location or mid-distal location (antrum/incisura), in early SGS (up to 3 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy), and late SGS (3 months or longer after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy) and success rate of cases requiring stents or salvage surgery. Results Eighteen studies encompassing 426 patients were analyzed. The average age and body mass index were 41.7 years and 40.1 kg/m2, respectively, and the average number of dilations for all cases was 1.8 per person. Overall EBD success rate was 76% (95% CI, .67-.86). EBD success rate in the proximal SGS was 90% (95% CI, 63%-98%), distal SGS was 70% (95% CI, 47%-86%), early SGS within 3 months was 59% (95% CI, 34%-79%), and late SGS after 3 months was 61% (95% CI, 41%-78%). Seventeen percent of patients underwent secondary salvage surgery, with a success rate of 91% (95% CI, 80%-96%). Conclusions Endoscopic balloon dilation appears to be a safe and effective minimally invasive alternative to surgical revision and should be used as first-line therapy for SGS
Correction to: Incorporating Colorectal Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment into Gastroenterology Practice

The original article unfortunately contained a mistake. On page 8, Table 2, the row with “POLE POLD1” has been shifted right so all the columns are not correct.
The Role of the Family for Sexual Minority Latinx Individuals: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Clinical Practice

Families of sexual minority individuals may serve a supportive role, however, they may also serve as another source of discrimination and rejection. Cultural beliefs may influence family members’ r...
Does persistent use of radiation in women > 70 years of age with early-stage breast cancer reflect tailored patient-centered care?

Randomized controlled trials demonstrate that omission of radiation therapy (RT) in older women with early-stage cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery (BCS) is an “acceptable choice.” Despite this, high RT rates have been reported. The objective was to evaluate the impact of patient- and system-level factors on RT rates in a contemporary cohort. Through the National Cancer Data Base, we identified women with clinical stage I estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer who underwent BCS (n = 84,214). Multivariable logistic regression identified patient, tumor, and system-level factors associated with RT. Joinpoint regression analysis calculated trends in RT use over time stratified by age and facility-type, reporting annual percent change (APC). RT rates decreased from 2004 (77.2%) to 2015 (64.3%). The decline occurred earliest and was most pronounced in older women treated at academic facilities. At academic facilities, the APC was − 5.6 (95% CI − 8.6, − 2.4) after 2009 for women aged > 85 years, − 6.4 (95% CI − 9.0, − 3.8) after 2010 for women aged 80 − < 85 years, − 3.7 (95% CI − 5.6, − 1.9) after 2009 for women aged 75 − < 80, and − 2.4 (95% CI, − 3.1, − 1.6) after 2009 for women aged 70 − < 75. In contrast, at community facilities rates of RT declined later (2011, 2012, and 2013 for age groups 70–74, 75–79, and 80–84 years). RT rates for older women with early-stage breast cancer are declining with patient-level variation based on factors related to life expectancy and locoregional recurrence. Facility-level variation suggests opportunities to improve care delivery by focusing on barriers to de-implementation of routine use of RT.
Hereditary motor neuropathies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN) comprise a broad genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of rare, progressively disabling diseases manifesting with length-dependent muscle weakness and atrophy. To date, more than half of the cases cannot be genetically explained. To provide symptomatic and disease-modifying treatments in the future, a better understanding of disease mechanisms is required. RECENT FINDINGS By whole exome and genome sequencing, the discovery of several novel genes (SCO2, TDRKH, SPTAN1, CADM3, and SORD) involved in the pathogenesis of HMN has now relevantly changed the pathophysiological knowledge. This recent success in causative understanding has mainly been driven by the development of functional models including cell culture, animal, and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell platforms. These models have an important impact on therapeutic advances including broader approaches to prevent or reverse axonal degeneration and individualized gene silencing attempts using sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanisms. SUMMARY In rare diseases such as HMN, the recent development of genetic sequencing and data interpretation methods has enabled a broader diagnostic approach, whereas treatment strategies are becoming more individualized. Significant milestones have been reached in the discovery of new genes, the establishment of functional disease models, and the preclinical development of mechanistic-based therapies.
Using Eli review as a strategy for feedback in online courses

Abstract Eli Review is a web-based platform that was built by composition faculty for the primary purpose of scaffolding online peer feedback activities. Eli supports a very particular feedback strategy characterized by students completing frequent small writing assignments, participating in regular peer reviewing activities, and using the feedback received to generate revision plans. Faculty focus on scaffolding the activities, debriefing the entire class based on the peer feedback, and providing feedback to students on their feedback. In this review, I consider how Eli’s interface and supporting materials reflect theories and assumptions about writing pedagogy and discuss how Eli shapes the feedback that students receive on their writing. I also discuss the possibilities and limitations, particularly in the context of online writing instruction (OWI), of Eli’s approach to feedback.
Sodium tracer measurements of an expanded dense aluminum plasma from e-beam isochoric heating

Spatially and temporally resolved visible absorption spectroscopy is performed on sodium D-lines present as surface contaminants on an expanded dense aluminum plasma plume. An 80-ns FWHM, intense, relativistic electron beam deposits 5.4 J into a 100-μm-thick Al foil, which isochorically heats and subsequently hydrodynamically expands the material through the warm dense matter state and into a classical-like plasma state, with a coupling parameter of approximately 0.2 and a degeneracy parameter of approximately 270. The Na contamination, carried along with the expanding plume, shows saturated absorption features in the dense Al continuum for λ > 450 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy confirm Na is a surface contaminant with an atomic concentration of ∼ 0.1 % when interrogating identical foil samples. A spectroscopic-quality radiation transport model is used to post-process 2D hydrodynamic simulations to interpret the plasma conditions based on the measured Na 3p-3s doublet line profiles. A sodium number density of 3 × 10 15 cm−3 best matches the experimental spectra, which originate from a dense surface plasma with n e = 3.0 ± 0.8 × 10 18 cm−3.
Chlamydia muridarum used in the mouse model of C. trachomatis, contains multiple variants that lead to differential immune responses and disease development. (MPF2P.807)

C. muridarum Nigg is commonly used in the mouse model of C. trachomatis genital tract infection. Plaque-purified isolates derived from a C. muridarum Nigg stock were compared in the murine model of genital tract infection. C57BL/6 mice were intravaginally infected with strains CM001, CM002, CM005, CM006, CM012, or the parental AR Nigg and differences in infection course and disease outcome were observed. We identified CM001 as hyper-virulent because infection course in the lower tract was extended, bacterial load was elevated (P=0.02) and we observed increased frequency of hydrosalpinx (P rag1 -/- mice in contrast to both CM012 and AR Nigg, which established chronic infections. Furthermore, CM001 caused enhanced oviduct pathology in tlr2 -/- mice compared with AR Nigg while CM012 infection resulted in even milder pathology than the parent. Importantly, differences between chlamydial strains used for animal modeling of human disease should be considered as a cause for observed differences in disease phenotype.
Dietary glycemic index modulates the behavioral and biochemical abnormalities associated with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology, but very likely resulting from both genetic and environmental factors. There is good evidence for immune system dysregulation in individuals with ASD. However, the contribution of insults such as dietary factors that can also activate the immune system have not been explored in the context of ASD. In this paper, we show that the dietary glycemic index has a significant impact on the ASD phenotype. By using BTBR mice, an inbred strain that displays behavioral traits that reflect the diagnostic symptoms of human ASD, we found that the diet modulates plasma metabolites, neuroinflammation and brain markers of neurogenesis in a manner that is highly reflective of ASD in humans. Overall, the manuscript supports the idea that ASD results from gene-environment interactions and that in the presence of a genetic predisposition to ASD, diet can make a large difference in the expression of the condition.
Evidence for a Second Nitrate Reductase Activity That Is Distinct from the Respiratory Enzyme in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Significant nitrate reductase activity was detected in mutants of Salmonella typhimurium which mapped at or near chlC and which were incapable of growth with nitrate as electron acceptor. The same mutants were sensitive to chlorate and performed sufficient nitrate reduction to permit anaerobic growth with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source in media containing glucose. The mutant nitrate-reducing protein did not migrate with the wild-type nitrate reductase in polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels. Studies of the electrophoretic mobility in gels of different polyacrylamide concentration revealed that the wild-type and mutant nitrate reductases differed significantly in both size and charge. The second enzyme also differed from the wild-type major enzyme in its response to repression by low pH and its lack of response to repression by glucose. The same mutants were found to be derepressed for nitrite reductase and for a cytochrome with a maximal reduced absorbance at 555 nm at 25°C. This cytochrome was not detected in preparations of the wild type grown under the same conditions. Extracts of these mutants contained normal amounts of the b-type cytochromes which, in the wild type, were associated with nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase, respectively, although they could not mediate the oxidation of these cytochromes with nitrate. They were capable of oxidizing the derepressed 555-nm peak cytochrome with nitrate. It is suggested that these mutants synthesize a nitrate-reducing enzyme which is distinct from the chlC gene product and which is repressed in the wild type during anaerobic growth with nitrate.
Experimental Comparison of the Performance and Residual Capacity of CFFT and RC Bridge Columns Subjected to Blasts

AbstractThe blast performance of concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube (CFFT) bridge columns was studied through a two-phase study comprised of blast and residual axial capacity experiments. Two one-fifth-scale CFFT columns and two one-fifth-scale conventional RC columns having comparable flexural capacities were subjected to distinct levels of explosive loading, causing damage but not complete failure. The blast resilience of the damaged columns was quantified by measuring the residual axial capacity of each column. The damaged CFFT columns exhibited superior strength and ductility retention compared with the damaged RC columns. Additionally, the damaged CFFT columns demonstrated a more predictable axial compressive mode of failure because the exterior FRP tube resisted the shear crack initiation observed in the damaged RC columns.
Differential regulation of adrenergic receptor development by sympathetic innervation

Rat sweat glands provide an interesting model system for a developmental study of adrenergic receptor expression because their sympathetic innervation undergoes a switch from a nonadrenergic to cholinergic and peptidergic phenotype. alpha 1B, alpha 2B, and beta 2 receptors are expressed in rat footpads; alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors are localized specifically to sweat glands, and alpha 2 receptors also are expressed in other tissues. alpha 1 and, to a lesser extent, beta 2 receptors decrease during development, whereas alpha 2 levels remain relatively constant. Decreased receptor expression is accompanied by the loss of alpha 1-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation, but no change in beta-stimulated cAMP production. The number of alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors decreases after P21, when the sympathetic innervation no longer produces catecholamines. Neonatal sympathectomy causes a partial failure of alpha 1 downregulation, but has no effect on beta 2 or alpha 2 receptor levels. Therefore, at least two distinct mechanisms regulate development of adrenergic receptors in sweat glands. Innervation-independent processes control developmental expression of alpha 1, beta 2, and alpha 2 receptors, and an additional, innervation-dependent mechanism influences expression of alpha 1 receptors. Denervation at postnatal day 20, when the sympathetic innervation is cholinergic and peptidergic, results in retention of alpha 1 receptors, but cholinergic blockade begun at P20 does not. These results indicate that regulation of receptor expression in sweat glands is complex, and suggest that the innervation-dependent factors that decrease alpha 1 levels during development act through a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic mechanism.
Earl Wood–A research career noted for development of novel instruments driven by the power of the indicator dilution concept

During World War 2, Earl Wood was charged with elucidating the biomedical factors in acceleration-induced loss of consciousness experienced by pilots in high-performance aircraft. For this, he deve...
Corrosion protection of biodegradable magnesium implants using anodization

Abstract Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are emerging as a possible biodegradable implant material. However, Mg implants may degrade too quickly in the body, before the natural healing process is complete. In this work, anodization was investigated to slow down the initial corrosion of Mg in a simulated body corrosive environment. Pure Mg and AZ91D alloy were anodized and their corrosion resistance was compared in terms of anodization behavior and parameters such as applied voltage and current with different anodization time. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, DC polarization, and immersion testing were used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of Mg samples and further optimize anodization parameters. The results showed that anodization increased the corrosion resistance of both pure Mg and AZ91D samples. Further characterization showed the anodized layers on both pure Mg and AZ91D consisted of Mg, O and Si, in the mixture of MgO and Mg2SiO4.
T-cells in alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementing illness and is pathologically characterized by deposition of the 40-42 amino acid peptide, amyloid-beta (Abeta), as senile plaques. It is well documented that brain inflammatory mechanisms mediated by reactive glia are activated in response to Abeta plaques. A number of reports further suggest that T-cells are activated in AD patients, and that these cells exist both in the periphery and as infiltrates in the brain. We explore the potential role of T-cells in the AD process, a controversial area, by reviewing reports that show disturbed activation profiles and/or altered numbers of various subsets of T-cells in the circulation as well as in the AD brain parenchyma and in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We also discuss the recent Abeta immunotherapy approach vis-a-vis the activated, autoaggressive T-cell infiltrates that contributed to aseptic meningoencephalitis in a small percentage of patients, and present possible alternative approaches that may be both efficacious and safe. Finally, we explore the use of mouse models of AD as a system within which to definitively test the possible contribution of T-cells to AD pathogenesis.
Synchronous learning at a distance: experiences with Tango

In the fall of 1997, and again in the spring of 1998, the Northeast Parallel Architectures Center at Syracuse University taught a computational science course at Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi using the TANGO Interactive collaboratory system. What made this course unique is that twice a week instructors "met" with students online, showing lecture slides and programming examples, and discussing concepts in real time over the Internet. The goal of the project was to investigate the use of TANGO in teaching a traditional lecture-based course in a distance-learning format.
Quantitation of 4-(4-Chl0R0Phenyl)-2-Pyrr0Lidin0Ne in Baclofen Powder and Tablets

AbstractA high-pressure liquid chromatography method to quantify 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolidinone which is present as an impurity in baclofen powder and its dosage forms has been developed. The USP-NF method for the determination of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolidinone in powder is based on TLC and is only qualitative. The developed method was successfully used to quantify 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolidinone in powder (USP-NF limit 1%) and in tablets (USP-NF limit 5%). The method is accurate and reproducible with a percent error of 4% for powder and 3% for tablets.
Is the decrease in the hypophysiotropic signal frequency normally observed during the luteal phase important for menstrual cyclicity in the primate

The two phases of the ovulatory menstrual cycle of the primate are characterized by divergent activities of the GnRH pulse generator. During the luteal phase, LH pulse frequency is significantly reduced below that observed during the follicular phase. In this report we investigate whether the decrease in pulse frequency during the luteal phase is of physiological relevance to normal menstrual cyclicity. We have tested the effect of a pulsatile GnRH infusion given iv at hourly intervals for a period of 8–10 days during the luteal phase on the subsequent three to five cycles in eight female rhesus monkeys. Three of the eight animals received two treatment courses. Amounts of GnRH infused were 1.5 μg/pulse (n = 2 trials); 3.0 μg/pulse (n = 7); and 4.0 μg/pulse (n = 2). LH response to GnRH pulses of 1.5 and 3.0 μg resembled spontaneous LH pulses observed during the luteal phase. During the GnRH infusion period, the monkeys were fitted with a primate vest and tethered. Eleven control experiments were performed...
Basic Flap Design

Basic flap design utilization for reconstruction of head and neck defects requires creativity from the surgeon. Ultimately, the surgeon must closely restore the basic functions and properties of the surgical flap and adjacent tissue. All options within the reconstructive ladder should be considered. When possible, like should be replaced with like (similar tissue) within an esthetic zone. When considering a flap design, the surgeon must remember that the donor site must be closed in an esthetic and functional manner. Finally, knowledge of normal anatomy, the extent of the defect, and the patient is vital for successful outcomes.
An MQW-SQW tapered waveguide transition

We demonstrate an adiabatic, tapered transition in a multiquantum-well (MQW) and single-quantum-well (SQW) coupled structure. The refractive index of the MQW is tapered by the disordering of the AlGaAs/GaAs layers using z-variant, Zn diffused, impurity-induced layer disordering (IILD). We analyze the tapered structure using the step transition model and multilayer stack theory. Results are in excellent agreement with the measurements, establishing the adiabatic nature of the transition. >
Stability of Solid Hydrogen Coated Graphite Particles

Thermal stability of graphite core-solid hydrogen mantle grains determined from temperature and evaporation rates calculated for interstellar space
Arithmetic Programming for Students with Disabilities An Alternative

This article discusses arithmetic instruction for students with disabilities that differs substantially from that traditionally used in special education. It provides a framework from cognitive psychology that has possible implications for rethinking current traditional teaching approaches, and demonstrates a basis from which changes in curriculum and instruction can enhance the cognitive processing of students. It challenges the current practice of teaching computation as rote memorization and questions the extent to which there is only one way to teach an algorithm. The article emphasizes an approach that promotes problem solving, reasoning, and communication as advocated by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), and provides an outline of ideas that are in keeping with the philosophy of the Standards for Curriculum and Evaluation as supported by NCTM.
Altering asymmetric limb loading after hip arthroplasty using real-time dynamic feedback when walking.

Abstract White SC, Lifeso RM. Altering asymmetric limb loading after hip arthroplasty using real-time dynamic feedback when walking. Objective To evaluate a walking program incorporating real-time biofeedback to reduce asymmetric limb loading after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Design Within-subject clinical intervention. Setting Biomechanics laboratory. Participants Volunteers were screened for confounding disorders that could affect their gait other than unilateral THA. Participants included 28 subjects who were evaluated a minimum of 2 months after surgery and ambulatory without assistive devices. Interventions THA subjects were assigned to a feedback, no-feedback, or control group. The feedback group walked on a treadmill 15 minutes, 3 times a week for 8 weeks while matching step-to-step reaction forces. Subjects walking without feedback had equal time. The control group did not train. Main Outcome Measures Symmetry indices for peak limb-loading force, rate of rise of loading force, and impulse calculated from vertical foot-ground forces. Symmetry index changes were evaluated using 2-factor, repeated-measures analyses of variance with a Tukey post hoc test. Results Loading rate and impulse equalization improved for the feedback group ( P P =.01). There were no changes for the control group. Conclusions This preliminary study suggests that a treadmill walking program may help persons with a THA achieve a more symmetric gait. Additional investigation of the potential benefits of a rehabilitation program incorporating treadmill walking with and without biofeedback is recommended.
Effects of lithium on ionic composition and electrical properties of the lens

Abstract When the sodium in the external media bathing the amphibian crystalline lens is replaced by Li this ion enters the lens and displaces an equivalent amount of Na plus K. The organic cation choline behaved similarly to Li, in displacing Na and K. Li accumulation by the lens was reduced by ouabain, an effect which is not consistent with it being significantly transported by an outwardly directed lenticular active Na pump. The effect does, however, suggest that a specific exchange of cellular Na and external Li is occurring, such as if external K were being displaced by the Li in the Na pump mechanism. Elevation of cellular Na levels, however, did not alter the rate of Li entry into the lens and it seems unlikely that significant specific exchange of Na Li or K Li is occurring. Li cannot replace Na in maintaining the translenticular SCC, which again indicates that it cannot be actively transported like Na. The electrical resistance of the anterior and posterior sides of the lens (reflecting their permeability to ions) was increased when the Na in the solutions bathing them was replaced by Li. A similar change was seen when choline was used as a substituting cation. Amphotericin B increases the Na permeability of the anterior, epithelial, side of the lens (as reflected by a decrease in translenticular PD, SCC and Na accumulation in the tissue) and Li, but not choline, can also enter through these drug-induced channels. The results suggest that the lenticular requirements for alkali metal cations are highly specific and that Li cannot substitute effectively for Na or K. This property is reflected in a lower permeability to Li and an inability for it to enter the a active Na transport process. The Na-channels created by amphotericin B are, however, accessible to Li and these are thus not comparable to those that are normally present in the tissue.
Inhibition of ultraviolet radiation-induced skin tumors in hairless mice by topical application of the sunscreen 2-ethyl hexyl-p-methoxycinnamate

AbstractThis study used simulated solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of hairless mice to produce skin tumors and 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to increase the likelihood of tumor expression. We evaluated the protection afforded by several concentrations of a sunscreen ingredient (by measuring reduction of “promotable” effects initiated by UVR); the data show that 2-ethyl hexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (2-EHMC) provided protection against photocarcinogenesis (the level of protection increasing with concentration of sunscreen). A second sample of 2-EHMC (drawn from a different production batch) also suppressed photocarcinogenesis but less effectively than the first sample. The study was also useful for evaluating whether the test agents could act as initiators in the two-stage process of tumorigenesis. The data show that repeated applications of TPA did not promote tumor growth in skin pretreated with any sunscreen ingredients alone (i.e., either sample of 2-EHMC in the absence of UVR).
Canalization of development and ecdysteroid timing during the last instar in lubber grasshoppers.

Abstract Development in many phytophagous, holometabolous insects is flexible at the beginning but inflexible at the end of the last larval instar. A prominent feature of the inflexible period is a peak in hemolymph levels of ecdysteroids. We tested whether this pattern holds true for the final molt of a phytophagous, hemimetabolous insect, Romalea microptera (the Eastern lubber grasshopper). We fed one group of grasshoppers a high quantity diet (H) throughout the 5th (final) instar and a second group a low quantity diet (L) throughout the instar. Three other diet treatments involved starting the instar on the high diet and then abruptly switching to the low diet at 3, 8, or 13 days (H3L, H8L, and H13L respectively) and continuing the low diet until adult molt. Diet treatment did not affect the maximum hemolymph level of ecdysteroids (Emax); this peak typically reached ~4000 ng/ml. Ecdysteroid levels were elevated for ~4 days in all groups. In contrast, diet significantly affected age at adult molt and age at Emax such that H = H13L = H8L
Automated visual inspection of bare printed circuit boards

Abstract This paper describes the work currently conducted by the authors for visual inspection of bare printed circuit boards using computer vision. The types of nonconformities which may be detected include trace geometry, improper spacing, measles and surface nonconformities. Both through-hole and surface mount technology circuit boards are inspected. A description of the work for the visual inspection of bare printed boards is presented with examples.
In vivo Paramecium mutants show that calmodulin orchestrates membrane responses to stimuli.

Paramecium generates a Ca2+ action potential and can be considered a one-cell animal. Rises in internal [Ca2+] open membrane channels that specifically pass K+, or Na+. Mutational and patch-clamp studies showed that these channels, like enzymes, are activated by Ca(2+)-calmodulin. Viable CaM mutants of Paramecium have altered transmembrane currents and easily recognizable eccentricities in their swimming behavior, i.e. in their responses to ionic, chemical, heat, or touch stimuli. Their CaMs have amino-acid substitutions in either C- or N-terminal lobes but not the central helix. Surprisingly, these mutations naturally fall into two classes: C-lobe mutants (S101F, I136T, M145V) have little or no Ca(2+)-dependent K+ currents and thus over-react to stimuli. N-lobe mutants (E54K, G40E+D50N, V35I+D50N) have little or no Ca(2+)-dependent Na+ current and thus under-react to certain stimuli. Each mutation also has pleiotropic effects on other ion currents. These results suggest a bipartite separation of CaM functions, a separation consistent with the recent studies of Ca(2+)-ATPase by Kosk-Kosicka et al. [41, 55]. It appears that a major function of Ca(2+)-calmodulin in vivo is to orchestrate enzymes and channels, at or near the plasma membrane. The orchestrated actions of these effectors are not for vegetative growth at steady state but for transient responses to stimuli epitomized by those of electrically excitable cells.
ADHD psychopharmacology across the lifespan

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that first manifests itself in early childhood and can persist, in various forms and degrees of severity, in adolescence and adulthood. Although psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments of ADHD are available, the use of pharmacotherapy has greatly expanded in the past20 years. There is evidence of continuity of treatment response to methylphenidate from the preschool years onward and to amphetamines and atomoxetine across school-age years, adolescence, and adulthood.
Covariant differential operators for densities and the KdV equation as a flow on diffeomorphism groups

Covariant differential operators of arbitrary order, which are analogues of Hill's operator and act on densities of weights \( - k/2(k \in \mathbb{N})\), are constructed and the KdV equation is formulated as a flow on a diffeomorphism group.
Effect of initial sample anisotropy on the solvent sorption kinetics of glassy poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

Abstract When moving solvent fronts meet at the centre of a glassy polymer during sorption of solvent, making the sample entirely rubbery, sudden changes in the area, thickness and sorption rate typically occur. Examination of the sorption of water and methanol by glassy poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) showed that the magnitudes and directions of these changes can be readily modified by creating anisotropic stresses within the glassy polymer by controlled deformation of the sample prior to solvent sorption. However, the transport mechanism and sorption kinetics were not significantly altered by differing levels of initial sample anisotropy.
Nimodipine's interactions with other drugs: II. Diazepam

Adult Binghamton Heterogeneous (HET) stock mice were administered one of three doses of diazepam (0.1, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg) immediately followed by a second injection of either the slow calcium channel blocker, nimodipine (Bay e 9736), or its vehicle. Hypothermic responses and muscular incoordination were measured twenty and sixty minutes later as assessed by changes in rectal temperature and motoric activity on a rotating rod. Nimodipine (5 mg/kg) alone did not significantly affect body temperature or motor coordination. However, when administered in combination with the two highest doses of diazepam, nimodipine significantly potentiated the hypothermic response produced by these doses both twenty minutes and sixty minutes post-injection. Administration of high doses of diazepam (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) resulted in significant motor incoordination at both observation periods, but this effect was not potentiated by nimodipine.
Management of pediatric migraine in a tertiary care versus community based emergency department: an observational pilot study.

Abstract Background Because of a lack of guidelines for the management of pediatric migraine in the emergency department setting, marked variations in treatment protocols exist between institutions. We aimed to characterize differences in management strategies for pediatric migraine treatment between a community-based and a tertiary care emergency department. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed to include pediatric patients presenting with headache fulfilling the International Classification of Headache Disorders-2 migraine criteria in a tertiary care (site 1) and a community based (site 2) emergency department. The two sites were compared with respect to patient demographics and approach to treatment. Results A total of 158 patients at site 1 (mean age 13.6 years, 70% female, 68% African-American) and 63 patients at site 2 (mean age 16.7 years, 71% female, 100% Caucasian) were analyzed. Opiate use (7.6% vs. 33%), imaging (6.3% vs. 20.6%), use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/serotonin agonists at discharge (72.7% vs. 22.2%), and admission rates to hospital (22% vs. 0%) were significantly different. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the main predictors of hospital admission were use of opiates and intravenous combination abortive therapy. Conclusion Low rates of intravenous combination therapy, antidopaminergic agent, and serotonin agonist use were noted across both hospital settings. Community-based physicians used opiates and obtained neuro-imaging more than those in the academic setting. Standardization of care in the emergency setting coupled with reliable acute care plans that are based on evidenced-based guidelines can allow for better control of episodic migraine and reduce emergency department visits.
Extended Prediction of North Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones

AbstractThis analysis examines the predictability of several key forecasting parameters using the ECMWF Variable Ensemble Prediction System (VarEPS) for tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) including tropical cyclone genesis, pregenesis and postgenesis track and intensity projections, and regional outlooks of tropical cyclone activity for the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Based on the evaluation period from 2007 to 2010, the VarEPS TC genesis forecasts demonstrate low false-alarm rates and moderate to high probabilities of detection for lead times of 1–7 days. In addition, VarEPS pregenesis track forecasts on average perform better than VarEPS postgenesis forecasts through 120 h and feature a total track error growth of 41 n mi day−1. VarEPS provides superior postgenesis track forecasts for lead times greater than 12 h compared to other models, including the Met Office global model (UKMET), the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), and the Global Forecasti...
Urinary excretion of dopamine and homovanillic acid in acute myocardial infarction

Abstract The urinary excretion of dopamine and homovanillic acid was investigated in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The mean excretion of dopamine was increased during the first five days of the disease. The mean excretion of the metabolite of dopamine—homovanillic acid was also higher during the first days of myocardial infarction than in the subsequent period, although it did not exceed the upper limit of normal. No significant correlation between urinary dopamine and noradrenaline excretion was found. The results of the study are discussed in the light of the augmented sympathetic activity accompanying acute myocardial infarction.
Quantitation of adenovirus type 5 empty capsids

Adenovirus empty capsids are immature intermediates that lack DNA and viral core proteins. Highly purified preparations of empty and full capsids were generated by subjecting purified adenovirus preparations to repeated cesium chloride gradient separations. PAGE results revealed that empty capsids contain at least five bands that correspond to proteins absent from the mature virus proteome. Peptide mapping by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS revealed that three of these bands correspond to varying forms of L1 52/55kDa, a protein involved in the encapsidation of the viral DNA. One band at around 31kDa was found to include precursors to proteins VI and VIII. These precursors correspond to proteins that have not been cleaved by the adenovirus-encoded protease and are not present in the mature full capsids. The precursor to protein VIII (pVIII), a capsid cement protein, is used in this study as a marker in reverse-phased HPLC (RP-HPLC) analyses of adenovirus for the quantitation of empty capsids. A novel calculation method applied to the integration of RP-HPLC chromatograms allowed for the generation of a percentage empty capsid value in a given adenovirus preparation. The percentage empty capsid values generated to date by this method show a high degree of precision and good agreement with a cesium chloride gradient/SDS-PAGE quantitation method of empty capsids. The advantage of this method lies in the accurate, precise, and rapid generation of the percentage of empty capsids in a given purified virus preparation without relying on tedious and time-consuming cesium chloride gradient separations and extractions.
Use of a CCD array as a medium-speed streak camera

A 14-bit scientific CCD camera has been used as a medium-speed streak camera through software modifications that preserve the high dynamic range and excellent sensitivity characteristic of these cameras. Line shift speeds as short as 8.1 microsecond(s) ec are found to have no detrimental effects on image quality as long as light intensity is kept below saturation levels. Examples of streak images from shock tube studies of reactive systems are presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Seabed heat transfer

The Subseabed Disposal Program (SDP) includes a set of heat-transfer experiments on the ocean floor, planned for 1986. The concept is to provide data on the local heating of seabed sediment released by buried radioactive waste materials. The In Situ Heat Transfer experiment (ISHTE) involves placing a 400-W isotopic heat source and related equipment frame on the seabed at a depth of approximately 6000 m. Data will be recorded at the site, some of which will be transmitted to a surface vessel by acoustic telemetry. The entire apparatus will be recovered within 1 year.
A Retrospective Study of Dietitian Intervention in Outpatients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Malnutrition is an important consequence of infection with HIV/AIDS. Malnutrition may affect disease process and progress, exacerbate immune dysfunction, and contribute to deterioration of a patient's quality of life. Purpose: A retrospective review of patient charts was performed to determine the relationship, if any, and measurable improvement of weight status with an AIDS diagnosis and (1) CD4 cell count, (2) nutrition counseling, and (3) nutrition supplementation. Methods: The groups compared involved an intervention (n=87) and nonintervention group (n=88). The intervention group received individualized nutrition counseling by a clinical dietitian at least once during the six-month study period. The patients in the nonintervention group did not receive nutrition counseling, but may have received nutrition supplements. Results: Subjects receiving dietitian counseling and intervention had significant gains in weight and CD4 count, relative to the nonintervention group. Subjects in the intervention group received a significantly greater amount of nutrition supplements than those in the nonintervention group. There was no strong correlation between dietitian intervention and supplements. Conclusion: The intervention group showed a significant increase in weight and CD 4 cell count, suggesting that dietitian intervention is related to gains in weight and CD 4 cell count. Nutrition care should begin at initial diagnosis. It is beneficial to the health of persons with HIV/AIDS to have access to the services of a registered dietitian.
Accommodation of Ca(II) ions for catalytic activity by a group I ribozyme.

Abstract The wildtype Tetrahymena ribozyme cannot catalyze detectable levels of phosphotransfer activity in vitro on an exogenous RNA substrate oligonucleotide when calcium(II) is supplied as the only available divalent ion. Nevertheless, low-error mutants of this ribozyme have been acquired through directed evolution that do have activity in 10 mM CaCl 2 . The mechanisms for such Ca(II) accommodation are not known. Here, we assayed the entire molecule in an effort to identify the roles of the mutations in allowing catalytic activity in Ca(II). We used four biochemical probing techniques – native-gel electrophoresis, hydroxyl radical footprinting, terbium(III) cleavage footprinting, and phosphorothioate interference mapping – to compare the solution structure of the wildtype ribozyme with that of a Ca(II)-active five-site mutant. We compared the gross folding patterns and specific metal-binding sites in both MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 solutions. We detected no large-scale folding differences between the two RNAs in either metal. However, we did discover a limited number of local folding differences, involving regions of the RNA affected by positions 42, 188, and 270. These data support the notion that Ca(II) is accommodated by the Tetrahymena ribozyme by a slight breathing at the active site, but that alterations at, near to, and distal from the active site can all contribute to Ca(II)-based activity.
Dynamics of the upper 50-kDa domain of myosin V examined with fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

The upper 50-kDa region of myosin may be critical for coupling between the nucleotide- and actin-binding regions. We introduced a tetracysteine motif in the upper 50-kDa domain (residues 292-297) of myosin V containing a single IQ domain (MV 1IQ), allowing us to label this site with the fluorescein biarscenical hairpin-binding dye (FlAsH) (MV 1IQ FlAsH). The enzymatic properties of MV 1IQ FlAsH were similar to those of unlabeled MV 1IQ except for a 3-fold reduced ADP-release rate. MV 1IQ FlAsH was also capable of moving actin filaments in the in vitro motility assay. To examine rotation of the upper 50-kDa region, we determined the difference in the degree of energy transfer from N-methylanthraniloyl (mant)-labeled nucleotides to FlAsH in both steady-state and transient kinetic experiments. The energy transfer efficiency was higher with mant-ATP (0.65 ± 0.02) compared with mant-ADP (0.55 ± 0.02) in the absence of actin. Stopped-flow measurements suggested that the energy transfer efficiency decreased with phosphate release (0.04 s-1) in the absence of actin. In contrast, upon mixing MV 1IQ FlAsH in the ADP·Pi state with actin, a decrease in the energy transfer signal was observed at a rate of 13 s-1, similar to the ADP release rate. Our results demonstrate there was no change in the energy transfer signal upon actin-activated phosphate release and suggest that actin binding alters the dynamics of the upper 50-kDa region, which may be critical for the ability of myosin to bind tightly to both ADP and actin.