cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Social Capital Perspective of Innovation from Individuals to Nations: Where is Empirical Literature Directing Us?

Social capital is regarded as the bedrock of innovation. However, inadequate efforts have been made to synthesize the way in which different components of social capital dynamically influence innovation. This paper reviews existing empirical studies on the relationship between social capital and innovation of the individual, team, organization, city and nation. Analyses were carried out to identify consensus, discordances and gaps in the social capital–innovation connection. The findings suggested that the structural components of social capital, including ego network size, structural holes, tie strength and centrality have a significant impact on innovation. Their impact, however, tends to be moderated by contextual and intellectual factors, such as the nature and type of innovation, internal vs external ties, costs of maintaining the ties and existing intellectual capital. The relational components of social capital, trust and cognitive norms, demonstrated a consistently positive relationship with innovation across contexts. The cognitive components of social capital have not sufficiently established their contribution to innovation apart from the other two dimensions. Several insights regarding the general literature on social capital and innovation were identified, including the conceptualization of social capital, measurement of innovation, and the causal relationship between social capital and innovation. Suggestions are offered for future research agenda. Implications for managerial practices based on the study findings are also drawn.
Hypertension following chronic, very low dose cadmium feeding (39900).

SummaryExposing female Long-Evans rats to 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 ppm of cadmium in drinking water for 6 to 18 months from the time of weaning induced a statistically significant average increase in systolic pressure of 10 to 24 mm Hg, and there was no evidence of cadmium toxicity. Comparable exposure to 0.01 or 0.03 ppm of cadmium was much less effective in raising pressure and probably had no pressor effect. After 18 months of exposure, the average renal cadmium level for the “0.1 ppm cadmium group” approximated 1 μg/g in contrast to more than 40 μg/g for the standard “5 ppm group” and less than 0.1 μg/g for the control group.
α-Adrenergic Vasoconstrictor Tone Limits Right Coronary Blood Flow in Exercising Dogs

In exercising dogs, increased myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) of the left ventricle is met primarily by hyperemia, whereas increased O2 extraction makes a greater contribution to right ventricular (RV) O2 supply. We hypothesized that α-adrenergic vasoconstrictor tone limits right coronary (RC) blood flow during exercise, forcing increased O2 extraction. This tone might also contribute to lesser RC vascular conductance at rest. Accordingly, RV O2 balance was examined at rest and during graded treadmill exercise before and during α-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (1 mg/kg, iv, n = 6). The transmural distribution of RC flow was measured with radiolabeled microspheres in 4 additional dogs. At rest, α-adrenergic receptor blockade did not significantly increase RC flow or conductance. During exercise, α-adrenergic blockade increased RC flow and conductance responses to increased RV MVO2 by 25% and 60%, respectively. The transmural distribution of RC flow was not altered by exercise or by α-adrenergic blo...
The landscape of viral proteomics and its potential to impact human health

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies are enhancing studies of viral pathogenesis. Identification and quantification of host and viral proteins and modifications in cells and extracellular fluids during infection provides useful information about pathogenesis, and will be critical for directing clinical interventions and diagnostics.Areas covered: Herein we review and discuss a broad range of global proteomic studies conducted during viral infection, including those of cellular responses, protein modifications, virion packaging, and serum proteomics. We focus on viruses that impact human health and focus on experimental designs that reveal disease processes and surrogate markers.Expert commentary: Global proteomics is an important component of systems-level studies that aim to define how the interaction of humans and viruses leads to disease. Viral-community resource centers and strategies from other fields (e.g., cancer) will facilitate data sharing and platform...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

SUMMARY In summary, the term congenital adrenal hyperplasia refers to a group of inherited disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis that frequently causes ambiguous genitalia in utero. 21-hydroxylase and 11-hydroxylase deficiencies, which account for more than 95 per cent of the cases, cause ambiguous genitalia in the female due to virilization of the external genitalia. Rarer forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia cause ambiguous genitalia in the male fetus due to decreased masculinization of the external genitalia. In addition, about 50 to 75 per cent of the patients have salt wasting due to mineralocorticoid deficiency. An early diagnosis of the disorders is essential to prevent an incorrect sex assignment and to avert an adrenal crisis in the patients with salt wasting. Medical management of patients with this disorder consists of adrenal suppression with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid replacement for patients with salt wasting. The choice of surgical management depends on the degree of virilization of the external genitalia. Most patients are potentially fertile and, with proper management, should have an excellent prognosis.
Cardiotonic Inotropic Drugs

Inotropic agents, are medicines that alter the force or energy of muscular contraction. Cardiotonic inotropic drugs, which are pharmacological agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output, represent the most frequent treatment for heart failure. Sometimes they are called positive inotropes; negative inotropes weaken the force of the heartbeat.
A Personal Perspective and Retrospective on Web Search Technology

This talk is a review of some Web research and predictions that I co-authored over the last two decades: both what turned out gratifyingly right and what turned out embarrassingly wrong. Topics will include near-duplicates, the Web graph, query intent, inverted indices efficiency, and others. While this seems a completely idiosyncratic collection there are in fact concealed connections that offer good clues to the big question: what will happen next?
Workload Change Over Time for Nuclear Power Plant Operation Tasks

Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operation requires multiple task types to complete necessary day-to-day activities and operating procedures. The accurate completion of these tasks is necessary for safety...
Experimental demonstration of loop state-preparation-and-measurement tomography

We have demonstrated, using qubits encoded in the polarization of heralded individual photons, that loop state-preparation-and-measurement tomography is capable of detecting correlated errors between the preparation and the measurement of a quantum system.
Modeling of toughness enhancement mechanisms in graphene nanocomposites

The objective of this paper is to develop a mechanism-based theoretical model to explain fracture experiments conducted on nanographene platelet (NGP) reinforced thermoset polymer nanocomposite tes...
Nitrogen Oxides and Their Roles in Cancer Etiology

The term “nitrogen oxides” refers to a group of molecules composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Sources of human exposure are varied ranging from environmental (acid rain), occupational (combustion of fossil fuels), and dietary to endogenously generated. Nitrogen oxides have a long association with human diseases including cancer. The goal of this review is to give a brief overview of the biological sources, relevant biological reactions, and the associations with cancer of several biologically relevant nitrogen oxides categorized based on the oxidation state of the nitrogen. The chemical reactivity of nitrogen oxides as well as their cellular distribution and microenvironmental characteristics determine the downstream biological or pathobiological effects of nitrogen oxides. Some species may react directly at the site of exposure or production, while others can be transported systemically and become metabolized to more reactive species at distant locations. The roles of nitrogen oxides in cancer biology are often contradictory due to the complexity and diversity of their biological effects. Nitrogen oxides can participate in both causative and curative mechanisms of tumor biology. The appreciation of the high complexity and diversity of the biological effects of these reactive species in biological system will prompt our fundamental understanding of their roles in cancer and our search for improved and novel therapeutic strategies.
Optimizing sun-tracking angle for higher irradiance collection of PV panels using a particle-based dust accumulation model with gravity effect

Abstract Dust accumulation on a solar panel surface can significantly hinder optical to electrical energy conversion and leads to photovoltaic energy degradation. In clean conditions, maximum absorption efficiency is achieved when the solar panel is orthogonal to the incident light (i.e., dual-axis solar tracker). However, when natural pollutants accumulate on the surface, panel position needs to be adjusted in order to increase the amount of sunlight energy absorbed by the solar panel. A numerical model is proposed in this study to estimate dust accumulation on the surface of a two-dimensional panel, in which the adsorption/desorption rate of airborne dust under the effect of gravity and other dust-panel interaction (i.e., Van der Waals and electrostatic effects) can be calculated. The model is developed through precise attachment/detachment force and momentum analyses, where the time-varying dust coverage is formulated via a first-order differential equation which includes the gravitational desorption rate. Although there is a diverse composition of natural soiling, only dry dust particles are considered at this stage. The model is first validated with experimental data, and then the steady-state solution of this model is obtained to search for the optimal tilt angle for maximum absorption efficiency when the cell is subject to AM1.5 solar irradiance at different solar zenith angles. The extra required tilt angle is an increasing function of panel length and friction coefficient. The optimized tilt angle panel is able to provide better daily performance depending on panel length and surface friction coefficient. Optimization results show that by applying the proposed optimal tilt angle adjustment protocol, the daily absorption efficiency of a silicon solar panel can be improved by up to 24% depending on the friction coefficient compared to the dual-axis solar tracking system.
An Ocean Modelling System for Supercomputer Architectures of the 1990s

Progress in modelling the global ocean has historically been severely limited by insufficient computer power. However, recent and anticipated advances in computer technology offer considerable promise for changing this situation—if judicious use is made of supercomputers. In order to realize the desired goal of being able to simulate global ocean circulation with resolved eddies within “reasonable” time constraints, a model has been developed to tap the potential of present and future generations of multi processor, vector supercomputers. The first application of this model with 1/2 degree horizontal resolution and 20 levels in the vertical used the four processors of a Cray X-MP/48 computer system at close to the maximal attainable efficiency level. A surprisingly realistic simulation in terms of mean fields and eddy variability was also achieved. Applications with higher resolution using more processors eagerly await future supercomputers.
Discrete Systems and Control Theory

Discrete time invariant linear systems are particularly amenable to the tools of Fourier analysis. Such systems, commonly used in engineering, are modeled by discrete convolution against a fixed sequence or filter. The Fourier series of this filter is the transfer function. Control theory begins with the observation that convolution against a filter cannot be physically realized if it involves knowledge of the future of a system. Filters that involve only past knowledge to implement are called causal. In many circumstances, the ideal filter turns out not to be causal. It is natural to ask for the causal filter that best fits these ideal criteria. In this section, we will treat one mathematical formulation of this type of problem, the solution of which will be an elegant application of the Hp theory developed in chapter 3.
PHOTOOXIDATION OF SULFIDES

Dye-sensitized photooxidation of sulfides proceeds by way of singlet oxygen as an intermediate. The stoichiometry is as follows:
The Developmental Consequences of Childhood Exposure to Lead

Among the recognized environmental pollutants, lead occupies a position unique in the fields of neurotoxicology and public health. It is the oldest and most thoroughly studied neurotoxin and probably the most ubiquitous. Recent studies by the National Center for Health Statistics (Annest, Mahaffey, Cox, & Roberts, 1982) indicate that 4% of American children of all races and social position have excess lead in their body. For those black children who live at the poverty level, the prevalence is startling: 18.6% have elevated blood lead levels. The absolute numbers which correspond to these percentages are formidable: about 678,000 American children under the age of 6 are lead-intoxicated.
Semiconductor Photoemissive Structures for Far Infrared Detection

In the internal photo effect, the excited carriers, either from a metal or a metallic semiconductor, will is be emitted into an adjacent semiconductor or a dielectric, but still remaining inside the material, which can that leads to photoconductivity. This chapter focuses on internal photoemission and its uses in infrared (IR) detection. It illustrates various types of infrared detection techniques using internal photoemission detectors such as Schottky barrier IR detectors and heterojunction internal photoemission (HIP) detectors. Almost all of the internal photoemission detectors have some connection to the Schottky barrier diode ideas. The metal or the silicide electrode in the Schottky barrier diode can be replaced by Ge X Si 1-X epi layers to obtain HIP detectors. HIP structures have higher quantum efficiencies than the silicide detectors due to the smaller Fermi energy values giving a wider angle for the escape cone in photoemission. However, the chapter emphasizes that the absorption coefficient for SiGe will be less than that of the silicide or metal due to the lower free carrier density. The basic structure of homojunction internal photoemission detectors consists of a heavily doped layer, which acts as the IR absorber region, and an intrinsic layer, across which most of the external bias is dropped. According to the doping concentration level in the heavily doped layer, the homojunction internal photoemission detectors can be divided into three types such as homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP) type I having N a (doping concentration) c (Mott transition value), type II having N c a 0 (critical concentration), and type III having N a > N 0 . The chapter describes all three types in detail, focusing on their properties. It closes with a discussion on pixelless far infrared (FIR) imager.
KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES | Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Both VIP and its receptors are expressed in various pulmonary structures, including airway epithelial cells, airway and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, secretory glands, and immune and inflammatory cells. Pulmonary effects include relaxation of airway and vascular smooth muscle, inhibition of the proliferation of both smooth muscle types, modulation of inflammatory and immune responses, and protection of the lung against acute injury and apoptotic cell death. These actions suggest potential therapeutic potential in bronchial asthma, pulmonary hypertension and acute lung injury.
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FOR LIPSCHITZ EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the boundary value problems for a scalar equation x(n) = f(t, x, x′, …, x(n−1)) in which f is continuous on a slab (a,b) × Rn and satisfies a Lipschitz condition. The chapter also discusses some other types of boundary value problems and discusses how the Pontryagin Maximum Principle can be applied. Some questions of constancy of sign that arise in applying the Maximum Principle are also presented in the chapter. The best possible interval lengths for existence and uniqueness of solutions of the boundary value problems and the results as applied to nonlinear equations are also presented in the chapter.
Perceptions of Physical Activity Tracking Devices: A Survey Analysis.

Most adults fail to meet recommended physical activity (PA) guidelines. PA tracking technologies may help increase activity because they facilitate self-monitoring and self-regulation. In response to recent calls for testing the effectiveness of these technologies, this study surveyed opinions of Fitbit users within a university setting. Participants (N = 371, Mage = 31.3, SD = 14.4) responded to an online survey that gauged perceived usefulness and adoption of Fitbit. Analyses revealed that 97.3% of the respondents used Fitbit to track PA, while others did it to track heart rate or to compete against others. The majority of respondents (80.9%) reported increased PA levels as a result of Fitbit use, and 63.5% reported Fitbit had a very positive impact on their health. Most respondents (88.1%) also reported they liked using Fitbit. With regard to continued use, a portion of respondents (67.7%) reported intentions for continued use to increase PA in the future. Respondents’ reported satisfaction with Fitbit use was significantly associated with the perceived usefulness of Fitbit’s mobile application, perceived impact of Fitbit on health, and intentions for future use (p < .001). Qualitative analysis revealed three major themes: (1) criticism related to use, (2) positive comments related to use, and (3) comments related to mobile application. Results suggest that novel advances, such as Fitbit, could hold unique potentials to improve PA behaviors. Subscribe to TPE
Divergent Destinies: Children of Immigrants Growing Up in the United States

More than a quarter century of research has generated fruitful results and new insights into the understanding of the lived experiences of the new second generation, which broadly includes both nat...
Mortgage Foreclosures, Race, and Postrecession Lending

This article examines the effect of high foreclosure rates on postrecession lending. Our hypothesis is that high neighborhood foreclosure rates will have a significant and positive effect on the li...
Simulating hydraulic interdependence between bridges along a river corridor under transient flood conditions.

Structural alterations to bridges may result in unintended consequences up- or downstream, such as changes in discharge, velocity, stream power, and water levels. This work presents a framework and methodology to analyze interconnected bridge-stream interactions under flood conditions. Such analysis may help prioritize limited resources available for bridge and river rehabilitations, facilitate holistic design of bridges and better-informed cost/benefit analyses, and address stakeholder concerns raised in response to planned bridge and infrastructure alterations. A two-dimensional unsteady HEC-RAS hydraulic model of the Otter Creek between Rutland and Middlebury, VT is used to simulate the impact of individual structures on the bridge-stream network, as well as potential sensitivity to those impacts, during extreme flood events. The presence of a bridge and approach roadway may induce measurable changes in peak discharge throughout the entire 46 miles of modeled river. These may be by as much as 10% at adjacent structures, down to 1% at structures as far as six miles upstream and nine miles downstream. Depending on their characteristics, bridges and roadways may either attenuate or amplify peak flood flows up- and downstream, or have little to no effect at all, suggesting that there is no easily predictable impact, and that hydraulic modeling is necessary for such analysis on rivers. Alterations to structures that develop substantial backwaters may result in the most dramatic impacts to the network, which can be both positive and negative. Affected bridges may or may not be sensitive to these changes in discharge; structures that do not experience relief (e.g., roadway overtopping) may be most sensitive to any distant perturbations.
The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics

NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) is an intracellular sensor that detects a broad range of microbial motifs, endogenous danger signals and environmental irritants, resulting in the formation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to caspase 1-dependent release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, as well as to gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. Recent studies have revealed new regulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome, including new interacting or regulatory proteins, metabolic pathways and a regulatory mitochondrial hub. In this Review, we present the molecular, cell biological and biochemical bases of NLRP3 activation and regulation and describe how this mechanistic understanding is leading to potential therapeutics that target the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Phase transitions and magnetic domain coexistence in Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 thin films

Abstract We present a study of the physical properties of perovskite oxide Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 (NSMO) thin films grown on (110)-oriented SrTiO3 substrates. In bulk form, NSMO displays coupled magnetic and electronic transitions from paramagnetic/insulator to ferromagnetic (FM)/metal and then to antiferromagnetic (AFM)/charge-ordered insulator with decreasing temperature. In thin films, the AFM ordering only occurs when the films exist in an anisotropic strain state such as those obtained on (110)-oriented cubic substrates. In this work, resonant X-ray reflectivity, soft X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM), and magnetometry measurements showed that the NSMO film displays both vertical and lateral magnetic phase separation. Specifically, the film consists of three layers with different density and magnetic properties. The FM and AFM properties of the main NSMO layer were probed as a function of temperature using soft X-ray magnetic spectroscopy, and the coexistence of lateral FM and AFM domains was demonstrated at 110 K using X-PEEM.
Joint Optimization of Signal Design and Resource Allocation in Wireless D2D Edge Computing

In this paper, we study the distributed computational capabilities of device-to-device (D2D) networks. A key characteristic of D2D networks is that their topologies are reconfigurable to cope with network demands. For distributed computing, resource management is challenging due to limited network and communication resources, leading to inter-channel interference. To overcome this, recent research has addressed the problems of wireless scheduling, subchannel allocation, power allocation, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal design, but has not considered them jointly. In this paper, unlike previous mobile edge computing (MEC) approaches, we propose a joint optimization of wireless MIMO signal design and network resource allocation to maximize energy efficiency. Given that the resulting problem is a non-convex mixed integer program (MIP) which is prohibitive to solve at scale, we decompose its solution into two parts: (i) a resource allocation subproblem, which optimizes the link selection and subchannel allocations, and (ii) MIMO signal design subproblem, which optimizes the transmit beamformer, transmit power, and receive combiner. Simulation results using wireless edge topologies show that our method yields substantial improvements in energy efficiency compared with cases of no offloading and partially optimized methods and that the efficiency scales well with the size of the network.
Economic Growth, Institutions, and Corruption in Emerging Economies

This chapter is intended to provide background for more focused work on entrepreneurial finance in emerging economies analyzed in depth in other chapters. We do so by covering the critical topic of economic growth and development in the context of institutional development with emphasis on the prevalence of corruption that seems endemic in transition and emerging economies. The chapter contains numerous references to those topics in China and Russia, as well as from other countries like India and Brazil. We focus on the informal institution of corruption and contrast it with the formal institutions of a society, noting that corruption flourishes in the context of institutional voids which in turn result from weak legitimate formal institutions. An important aspect of this chapter is a major section devoted to the current situation reflecting on the seeming development of deglobalization and the roles being played by China and Russia in that fluid context.
Abstract B16: The immune profile of sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma

Background: Immune cell composition and immune-mediated processes occurring in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) of melanoma patients regulate generation of tumor-specific effector T-cell responses and ultimately tumor control. We hypothesized that comprehensive analysis of these immune-associated processes in the SLN biopsy may identify patients at high risk of melanoma recurrence. Methods: We analyzed 38 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients undergoing SLN biopsy from 2009-2012 using the NanoString nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling panel. The panel included 770 immune related genes. Results: Of 38 patients, 19 were SLN negative and 19 were SLN positive. Among SLN-negative patients (n=19), the median Breslow depth was 1.25 mm, and 21% (n=4) had developed recurrence at median follow-up of 6.2 years. Among SLN-positive patients, the median Breslow depth was 3.35 mm and 37% (n=7) had developed recurrence at median follow-up of 6.5 years. There were 31 genes significantly differentially expressed (P Conclusion: In this retrospective series, we found the immunologic gene expression profile of melanoma SLNs was significantly different in SLN negative versus SLN positive. There were also significant differences in the profile between patients who developed melanoma recurrence versus no recurrence regardless of SLN status. We aim to build on these pilot data. The goal is to use this profile to predict patients at high risk of recurrence after SLNB who may benefit from adjuvant therapy. Citation Format: Georgia M. Beasley, Eda K. Holl, Norma E. Farrow, Margaret G. Leddy, April K. Salama, Brent A. Hanks, Smita K. Nair. The immune profile of sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B16.
International scholarships and home country civil service: Comparing perspectives of government employment for social change in Ghana and Nigeria

Abstract Many international scholarships aim for national development outcomes, including reforms in government—an institution central to catalyzing social change on a national level. This paper examines alumni trajectories from one program whose graduates were expected to advance social justice at home. Focusing on Ghana and Nigeria, this research compares (a) alumni perceptions of home country governance and government employment and (b) its influence on alumni pathways. Results emphasize the importance of specific contextual factors identified by alumni, such as perceptions of government efficacy and workplace conditions, that influence their decisions to pursue government employment. Findings inform governments and scholarship funders, especially those aiming for government capacity building or social justice reform.
Artificial neural networks

Artificial neural networks are explained, and the different types are described. Three different tasks for which they are suitable are discussed. They are pattern classification and associative memory, self-organization and feature extraction, and optimization. >
The Established Issues

By happenstance, what would become the American National Election Study arrived at a crucial turning point in American foreign policy. For more than a hundred and fifty years beforehand, international relations for the United States had featured disengagement from what were viewed as “entangling alliances.” In its early years, the country followed this path of conscious nonalignment – isolationism – out of practical necessity. A weak new nation in a world of strong established powers appeared to be best served by staying out of their intermittent but eternal conflicts. Yet, as the new nation grew, its sense of being apart, and its attachment to this strategy of disengagement, only grew as well. Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States was happy to focus on the Western hemisphere and stay out of the balance-of-power politics of the rest of the developed world, in a seemingly distant Europe. This grand strategy received a short, sharp exception with World War I, suggesting the possibility of change: initial resistance to foreign engagement, followed by delayed but forceful entry, followed by an inescapable leadership role. Yet, in the aftermath of war, the United States again largely withdrew from international politics, refusing most dramatically to join the new League of Nations. And all the while, the country prospered. By the time of the Second World War, accordingly, the United States remained that most unusual of nations, an isolationist Great Power.
A permanent seismic station beneath the ocean bottom

The Hawaii Institute of Geophysics began development of the Ocean Subbottom Seisometer (OSS) system in 1978, and OSS systems were installed in four locations between 1979 and 1982. The OSS system is a permanent, deep ocean borehole seismic recording system composed of a borehole sensor package (tool), an electromechanical cable, recorder package, and recovery system. Installed near the bottom of a borehole (drilled by the D/V Glomar Challenger), the tool contains three orthogonal, 4.5-Hz geophones, two orthogonal tilt meters; and a temperature sensor. Signals from these sensors are multiplexed, digitized (with a floating point technique), and telemetered through approximately 10 km of electromechanical cable to a recorder package located near the ocean bottom. Electrical power for the tool is supplied from the recorder package. The digital seismic signals are demultiplexed, converted back to analog form, processed through an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, and recorded along with a time code on magnetic tape cassettes in the recorder package. Data may be recorded continuously for up to two months in the self-contained recorder package. Data may also be recorded in real time (digital formal) during the installation and subsequent recorder package servicing. The recorder package is connected to a submerged recovery buoy by a length of bouyant polypropylene rope. The anchor on the recovery buoy is released by activating either of the acoustical command releases. The polypropylene rope may also be seized with a grappling hook to effect recovery. The recorder package may be repeatedly serviced as long as the tool remains functional
TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF DIURNAL SNOWMELT ACROSS THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS OF THE UNITED STATES

The purpose of the work presented here was to examine the temporal pattern of daily snowmelt across the northern portion of the Great Plains of the United States for the three-month winter season, December, January, and February (DJF), for the 60-year period 1933–1934 through 1992–1993. A three-month spatial climatology of snow cover (duration and depth) was constructed for the region along with a 60-year temporal analysis of areally averaged snow cover. A spatial climatology of diurnal snowmelt, stratified by the magnitude of melt, also was constructed for the region, as was a temporal analysis of the areally averaged melt events by both frequency and fraction of total melt events falling within the different magnitude categories. The research has indicated that the largest changes in the characteristics of snow cover and snowmelt across the northern Great Plains during the 60 years occurred during the first 25 to 30 years. A secondary trend in the characteristics occurred during the mid- to late 1960s. ...
Histone biosynthesis in the mammary gland during development and lactation.

Abstract The biosynthesis of DNA, histones, and other proteins has been studied in vivo in the rat mammary gland for the last 6 days of pregnancy and the first 6 days of lactation. In order to evaluate the incorporation of radioactive precursors, the pool of free amino acids in the gland was examined and was found to change both qualitatively and quantitatively as the gland developed. Furthermore, 15 min after the injection of lysine-14C the specific activity of lysine in the pool was observed to differ at different stages in pregnancy and lactation. The rate of incorporation of thymidine-3H into nuclear DNA showed a general downward trend during the period studied except for a very abrupt burst, consistent with a wave of cell division, on the 1st day of lactation. The rates of incorporation of lysine-14C followed qualitatively similar patterns for soluble and residual nuclear proteins and for histones. Like the synthesis of DNA, the synthesis of nuclear proteins reached a maximum rate on the 1st day postpartum and then declined. The rate of cytoplasmic protein synthesis remained high as lactation proceeded. Histones were separated chromatographically into lysine-rich, slightly lysine-rich, and arginine-rich classes; and the lysine-rich class was resolved further into its subfractions. The rates of synthesis for all of the histones followed similar patterns during late pregnancy and early lactation. However, at all times the lysine-rich and arginine-rich histones had higher rates of synthesis than the slightly lysine-rich histone. One of the subfractions within the lysine-rich class also had a higher rate of synthesis than the other subfractions.
Ultrahigh-dose intraarterial infusion of verapamil through an indwelling microcatheter for medically refractory severe vasospasm: initial experience: Clinical article

Object Vasospasm is one of the leading causes of morbidity and death following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Many patients suffer devastating strokes despite the best medical therapy. Endovascular treatment is the last line of defense for cases of medically refractory vasospasm. The authors present a series of patients who were treated with a prolonged intraarterial infusion of verapamil through an in-dwelling microcatheter. Methods Over a 1-year period 12 patients with medically refractory vasospasm due to aneurysmal SAH were identified. Data were retrospectively collected, including age, sex, Hunt and Hess grade, Fisher grade, aneurysm location, aneurysm treatment, day of the onset of vasospasm, intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressures, intraarterial treatment of vasospasm, dosages and times of verapamil infusion, presence of a new ischemic area on CT scan, modified Rankin scale score at discharge and at the last clinical follow-up, and discharge status. Results Twenty-seven treatments...
Neighborhood Expansion Grammars

Phrase structure grammars, in which non-terminal symbols on the left side of a production can be rewritten by the string on the right side, together with their Chomsky hierarch classification, are familiar to computer scientists. But, these gramamars are most effective only to generate, and parse, strings. In this report, we introduce a new kind of grmmar in which the right side of the production is simply appended to the intermediate structure in such a way that the left side becomes its "neighborhood" in the new structure. This permits the grammatical definition of many different kinds of "n-dimensional" discrete structures. Several examples are given. Moreover, these grammars yield a formal theory grounded in antimatroid closure spaces. For example, we show that restricted neighborhood expansion grammars capture the essence of finite state and context free phrase structure grammars.
Resource allocation for remote desktop sessions in Utility Grids: Research Articles

Emerging large-scale utility computing systems such as Grids promise computing and storage to be provided to end users as a utility. System management services deployed in the middleware are a key to enabling this vision. Utility Grids provide a challenge in terms of scale, dynamism and heterogeneity of resources and workloads. In this paper, we present a model-based architecture for resource allocation services for Utility Grids. The proposed service is built in the context of interactive remote desktop session workloads and takes application performance QoS models into consideration. The key design guidelines are hierarchical request structure, application performance models, remote desktop session performance models, site admission control, multi-variable resource assignment system and runtime session admission control. We have also built a simulation framework that can handle mixed batch and remote desktop session requests, and have implemented our proposed resource allocation service into the framework. We present some results from experiments using the framework. Our proposed architecture for resource allocation services addresses the needs of emerging utility computing systems and captures the key concepts and guidelines for building such services in these environments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Additional Performance and Progress Validity Findings Targeting the Content-Focused Vocabulary Matching

The present article includes 2 studies that were designed to expand the literature on the technical features of vocabulary matching. The purpose of both studies was to extend validity research on the general outcome measure of content knowledge. In Study 1, direct comparisons of predictor-criterion correlations related to selected standardized and curriculum-based instruments were made with a diverse sample of 153 sixth-grade students from 3 middle schools. Among other findings, direct correlation comparisons indicated that the relation between vocabulary matching and the state accountability test was statistically significantly stronger than those between other curriculum-based measures. In Study 2, linear mixed modeling was used to compare growth rates for a sample of 224 sixth-graders from the same 3 schools. Participants were administered 25 weekly probes over the course of a school year. Findings demonstrated growth rates that were significantly different from a zero growth hypothesis and variable ac...
Histamine release induced by human leukocyte lysates: effect of metabolic inhibitors and carbohydrates.

The effects of metabolic inhibitors and carbohydrates on histamine release induced by human leukocyte lysates have been studied to gain an understanding of the mechanism of histamine release in this system. Dinitrophenol produced 80% inhibition of histamine release at a concentration of 10−3 M. Iodoacetic acid inhibited release to a lesser extent, and deoxyglucose had relatively little effect. Colchicine was a potent inhibitor of release and produced 88% inhibition at a 10−3 M concentration. Puromycin and cycloheximide had essentially no effect on histamine release. Various sugars inhibited release with mannitol and glucose, producing greater than 50% inhibition at 10−3 M concentrations. Other sugars inhibited histamine release to a lesser degree with the following order of potency: mannitol > glucose > sucrose > galactose > fructose. These studies suggest that intact, metabolically active cells are required for histamine release induced by human leukocyte lysates and that a secretory process is involved. The results also provide information on the possible nature of the histamine-releasing factor(s) in human leukocyte lysates.
Holocene bison diminution on the Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA

Researchers have established a Holocene pattern of Bison spp. diminution on the Great Plains of North America. This pattern, however, is less clear west of the Rocky Mountains. This lack of clarity stems from a relative paucity of paleontological and archaeological bison assemblages sufficiently large enough to understand local bison diminution. To begin filling this important gap in knowledge, we analyze a large bison assemblage from Baker Cave, a Late-Holocene archaeological site located on Idaho’s Snake River Plain. Measurements of humeri, radii, tibiae, metatarsals, and calcanei demonstrate that these animals were significantly smaller than Early-Holocene bison from both the Great Plains and Snake River Plain. Middle-Holocene bison from the Great Plains are generally larger than those from Baker Cave, but this size difference varies by skeletal element. The Baker Cave bison do fall within the range of Late-Holocene morphological variation present in both Snake River Plain and Great Plains bison popula...
Three dimensional dislocation-based crystalline constitutive formulation for ordered intermetallics

A three dimensional multiple-slip crystal plasticity constitutive formulation that is coupled to the temperature dependent evolution of mobile and immobile dislocation densities has been developed for a more detailed understanding of the deformation modes of ordered intermetallics. The predictive capabilities and accuracy of the constitutive formulation and the finite-element computational scheme have been investigated by simulating experimental results for single crystal nickel aluminide. There is good agreement between the computational and the experimental results. The use of the proposed constitutive formulation also resulted in accurate predictions of the increased strength of nickel aluminide as a function of increases in temperature. This is a strong indication that the dislocation based constitutive formulation and the finite-element algorithm result in accurate predictions of the deformation and strength response of monocrystalline nickel aluminide for the strain range and temperatures used in the experimental study. Based on these results, this dislocation based constitutive formulation will be used in future studies to investigate the effects of dislocation motion, interaction, and transmission on finite strain deformation and failure modes in intermetallic materials separated by high angle CSL and random GBs.
Space cryogenics components based on the thermomechanical (TM) effect

He II vapor-liquid phase separation (VLPS) is discussed, with emphasis on fluid-related transport phenomena. The VLPS system has been studied for both linear and nonlinear regimes, demonstrating that well-defined convection patterns exist in porous plug phase separators. In the second part, other components based on the thermomechanical effect are discussed in the limit of ideal conditions. Examples considered include the heat pipe transfer of zero net mass flow, liquid transfer pumps based on the fountain effect, mechanocaloric devices for cooling purposes, and He II vortex refrigerators.
Effect of brief exposure to mitomycin C on Cultured human nasal mucosa fibroblasts

Purpose: To observe the effect of mitomycin C (MMC) on cultured human nasal mucosa fibroblasts. Methods: Cultured human nasal mucosa fibroblasts were exposed to MMC (0.1-0.4 mg/ml) for 1 to 5 minutes. The viability of the fibroblasts was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay; DNA fragmentation (apoptosis) by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL); apoptotic percentage by flow cytometry; and morphology by light microscopy. Results: A portion of the fibroblasts survived the mitomycin treatment and showed evidence of regrowth within 2 to 3 days. These cells reached confluence in 5 to 7 days. The inhibition rates by MTT assay of 0.4 mg/ml MMC for 5-minute exposures was 31.3%. Dose-response effect was noted with the lower concentrations and shorter exposure times where the inhibition rates were lower (but not significantly so). DNA fragmentation was observed in fibroblasts 24 hours after MMC exposure (0.4 mg/ml) for 5 minutes compared with normal control. The apoptotic rate of fibroblasts treated by 0.4 mg/ml MMC was significantly higher than the control (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Short MMC exposure times have a variable cytotoxic effect and inhibit proliferation of cultured nasal mucosa fibroblasts. MMC also can induce apoptosis with a 5-minute exposure time. Therefore, it is possible that MMC has a complex effect in dacryocystorhinostomy.
Scaphoid shift in the uninjured wrist

To determine the prevalence of a positive scaphoid shift in an uninjured population, 100 patients presenting with symptoms unrelated to trauma or wrist instability underwent physical and radiographic evaluation. On physical examination, the scaphoid shift maneuver was performed bilaterally, and generalized ligamentous laxity was assessed using standard criteria. Standard x-ray films were inspected for carpal abnormalities, and the radiolunate and scapholunate angles were measured. The prevalence of a positive scaphoid shift was 32%; the shift was painless in all patients. Fourteen patients had a unilateral scaphoid shift. Patients with a positive scaphoid shift had increased generalized ligamentous laxity manifested by a decreased average thumb-to-forearm distance and an increased mean flexion-extension arc. A positive shift was not correlated with radiographic carpal malalignment.
In Vitro Synthesis of a Larger Precursor of Tobacco β-1, 3-Glucanase

Translation of total RNA prepared from cultured tobacco cells by the guanidine-HCl method in a cell-free reticulocyte lysate system results in the synthesis of a larger precursor of β-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39). This identification was based on immunoprecipitation with specific anti-β-1,3-glucanase antibody. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after limited proteolysis and two dimensional tryptic fingerprintings of β-1,3-glucanase and its precursor show a high degree of similarity. The precursor is larger than the mature protein by 4,000 daltons. β-1,3-Glucanase mRNA was partially purified by oligo(dT)-cellulose column chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The sedimentation coefficient of the mRNA was estimated to be about 17S.
Detection of abnormal ventricular activation in a coronary care unit.

Abstract A digital computer program is described for the automatic recognition of disturbances in ventricular activation in real time. The ECG waveform is digitized at 500 samples/sec and its first derivative is scanned for a number of consecutive points below a preset, adaptive level. This value is stored together with the minimum of the first derivative. The values obtained are compared with the running means mf these variables for the predominant complexes, and if either differs more than 25% the QRS complex is labeled as abnormal. Even in the presence of significant noise, which is so often present in ECG's recorded in a coronary care unit, the algorithm proved to be able to classify the QRS complexes correctly with an error rate not exceeding 3% in the seven ECG's tested.