cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC): histological features, BRAF V600E mutation, and lymph node status

Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is currently treated like conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma (cPTC). Recent reports indicate that encapsulated FVPTC behaves like follicular adenomas, while infiltrative FVPTC behaves like cPTC. This raises the possibility that histology and/or mutation status might help personalize management of FVPTC regarding extent of surgery, intensity of follow-up, and targeted therapy. This study correlates histological features, immunoreactivity for CK19, HBME, and Gal, and BRAF V600E mutation with lymph node (LN) metastasis and follow-up in FVPTC. Forty-eight FVPTC (21 with regional lymph node metastasis [LN+] and 27 with negative lymph nodes [LN−]) were reviewed. Demographics, tumor focality, size, circumscription, follicular architecture, lymphovascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and margin status were charted. Macrodissected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from 47 (21 LN+ and 26 LN−) cases were analyzed for BRAF V600E (1799T>A) mutation using real-time PCR. Correlations between the variables and LN status were calculated. Sixty-two percent of cases with ETE demonstrated LN metastasis, while 59 % of cases with circumscribed tumors were LN−. In multivariable analysis, ETE and tumor size ≥1 cm were the best predictors of LN+ status, whereas in cases without ETE, the infiltrative pattern and tumor size provided the “best fit.” Immunostains and BRAF mutation status were not helpful. All four tumors that recurred were LN+, with infiltrative borders, and lacked the BRAF mutation. Tumor circumscription, extrathyroidal extension, and tumor size ≥ 1.0 cm are predictors of lymph node status in FVPTC.
The premature demise of DVI pacing.

The normal synchrony of atria1 followed by ventricular contraction has long been recognized. Harvey recorded his observations of this relationship in the dog heart in his classic treatise “De Motu Cordis” published in 1628.. . “the motion of the auricles preceding, that of the heart itself following; the motion appearing to begin from the auricles and to extend to the ventricles” [l]. That the atria1 presystolic contraction might be of hemodynamic importance has long been considered [2]. The atria1 contraction can be regarded as a “booster pump” and it also contributes to atrioventricular valve closure. In complete heart block this hemodynamic advantage is lost. Soon after the introduction of permanent pacemakers. efforts were made to provide atrioventricular synchrony by linking atria1 activity with ventricular stimulation. Indeed a P-wave synchronous system was first implanted in the patient as early as 1962 [3]. The first systems for atrioventricular sequential dual chamber pacing were developed for use around 1970 [4]. However. there were significant limitations due to inadequate atria1 leads, inflexibility of early non-programmable generators, increased bulkiness, and “cross-talk” inhibition. Eventually, these problems were solved and by the early 1980’s a selection of atrioventricular sequential pacing systems were available which provided low threshold stable atria1 lead function, multi-programmable generator function, small size, and eliminated “cross-talk” [5]. These units were labeled DVI using the Intersociety Commission for Heart Disease three-letter code [6] indicating dual pacing (D), ventricular sensing (V). and a response of inhibition (I) to a sensed event. This development coincided with a greater awareness of the “pacemaker syndrome” [7]. This problem, inherent in ventricular pacing, is the symptomatic expression of pacemaker-induced systemic arterial hypotension. It is almost entirely
Rehabilitation in joint and connective tissue diseases. 2. Inflammatory and degenerative spine diseases

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights new advances in this topic area. It is part of the chapter on rehabilitation in joint and connective tissue diseases in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article discusses ankylosing spondylitis and spinal stenosis, including differential features, diagnostic strategy, rehabilitation management, spinal complications of ankylosing spondylitis, and pathophysiology of spinal stenosis.
Prevertebral soft tissue swelling following trauma: usefulness following tube placement.

Objective. Prevertebral soft tissue swelling (PVSTS) is an important marker of spinal trauma. In patients with missed or occult cervical fractures, it may be the only indication of serious injury. It has been anecdotally suggested that PVSTS is not useful following placement of a nasogastric (NGT) or endotracheal (ETT) tube because of possible iatrogenic trauma and/or soft tissue compression. Consequently, we investigated trauma patients for evidence of PVSTS, comparing radiographs performed before and after placement of NGTs and/or ETTs.
Model neural systems and strategies for the neurobiology of learning.

This article considers initial problems that investigators developing model learning programs might encounter. Model neural systems in invertebrates are of increasing interest as a source of information for the neurobiology of learning, because of advantages, such as the existence of individually identifiable large cells, relatively long neuroelectric temporal parameters, and apparently simple circuitry. These and other properties suggest that the study of the relationships between structure, function, biochemistry, and behavior may be manageable. Development of research programs taking advantage of these properties involves several considerations: behavioral examples should approximate those in the natural repertoire, meet operational criteria for learning, and provide the greatest generality of the neural principles involved. New preparations should stress behavioral screening for learning (along with estimates of current neural information available) and technical feasibility to optimize their appropriateness. The more precise the neural variables studied, the greater may be the gamble on obtaining a positive result relevant to learning, but the more satisfying may be the resulting information. Evolutionary, behavioral, and neural complexity make it unlikely that any single preparation would reveal a great proportion of model neural theory. The most severe limitation may be that the best model systems are not those with a few large cells related to nicely discrete behaviors, but the more challenging and complex systems with more and smaller cells related to more continuous and multimodal behaviors. Design innovations using interactive computers and multivariate pattern recognition techniques may be required to make progress with such systems. General principles of organization and specificity should be emphasized and placed in context with other important goals (e.g., long-range, multidisciplinary ones) complementary to the need for exploration of new leads.
Monitoring enzyme catalysis in the multimeric state: direct observation of Arthrobacter 4-hydroxybenzoyl-coenzyme A thioesterase catalytic complexes using time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract The ability to examine real-time reaction kinetics for multimeric enzymes in their native state may offer unique insights into understanding the catalytic mechanism and its interplay with three-dimensional structure. In this study, we have used a time-resolved electrospray mass spectrometry approach to probe the kinetic mechanism of 4-hydroxybenzoyl–coenzyme A (4-HBA–CoA) thioesterase from Arthrobacter sp. strain SU in the millisecond time domain. Intact tetrameric complexes of 4-HBA–CoA thioesterase with up to four natural substrate (4-HBA–CoA) molecules bound were detected at times as early as 6 ms using an online rapid-mixing device directly coupled to an electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Species corresponding to the formation of a folded tetramer of the thioesterase at charge states 16+, 17+, 18+, and 19+ around m / z 3800 were observed and assigned as individual tetramers of thioesterase and noncovalent complexes of the tetramers with up to four substrate and/or product molecules. Real-time evaluation of the reaction kinetics was accomplished by monitoring change in peak intensity corresponding to the substrate and product complexes of the tetrameric protein. The mass spectral data suggest that product 4-HBA is released from the active site of the enzyme prior to the release of product CoA following catalytic turnover. This study demonstrates the utility of this technique to provide additional molecular details for an understanding of the individual enzyme states during the thioesterase catalysis and ability to observe real-time interactions between enzyme and substrates and/or products in the millisecond time range.
Life: Energy-information relationship within material systems—I. General outline of the concept

Abstract Neither the statistical theory of information nor the thermodynamics of dissipative structures are able to explain the nature of the living system. The biological system, being a material system, may be characterized and experimentally verified by such general notions as mass, energy and information. A consideration of the relationship between energy and information within the living system is attempted. The energy and information are treated as coupled values in describing such a system. The notion of biofunction is understood as intrinsic flow and transformation of the info-energy (information-energy) coupled values. Understanding of the content of this flow and its transformations is a basis for a coherent meaning of energy, thermodynamic entropy, information and control within the living system. The mass, energy and information categories are not only descriptive means of the system, but also additive operative values on the microlevel of the physical phenomena proceeding within the living system. Proceeding reactions within it are based on certain values of the involved energy and informational components directing the process, determined by the specificity of the structure of the system as well as by the synchronization of events (in time) of the considered process. Consideration of the examples of the function of a biological membrane and its models, calculations of experimental equivalents of information negentropy and lowering the energy cost of biological reactions during onto- and phylogenesis lead us to the conclusion that lowering the energy cost of biological reactions decisive in the emergence of the living system and its biological evolution. The specificity of the structural and functional organization of the living system is in a mutual energy-information relationship. This relationship has an opposite and extreme character.
THE EFFECTS OF LITHIUM CARBONATE ON SERUM GASTRIN IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS

Indications that gastrin is produced in the pancreatic A1 cells and that there is a lithium-related increase in A1 cell nuclei in guinea pigs are background factors leading up to this study. The effect of lithium treatment on the gastrin level in serum was tested on four patients with different psychiatric diagnoses. All the patients showed normal serum values during the first 3 weeks of the treatment period. Possible reasons for the relatively unelevated levels of serum gastrin (non-detectable to 300 pg gastrin/ml serum) are discussed. The effects of catecholamines on gastrin release is also mentioned as a lead in the study of the relationships between lithium, amines, gastrin and carbohydrate metabolism.
Distributions of charged hadrons associated with high pT particles

Recent results from STAR on angular correlations of charged hadrons associated with high transverse momentum particles are presented. Emphasis is put on the correlations of soft associated hadrons, which provide rich information on the properties of the bulk medium created in RHIC collisions. The results are discussed in the context of three pertinent questions regarding QGP formation: sufficient energy density, parton thermalization, and deconfinement.
Preliminary Report on the Relation of Students' on-Task Behavior with Completion of School Work

On-task behavior is frequently measured by school psychologists during classroom observations. Unfortunately, the obtained on-task percentage is difficult to interpret because (1) the relationship ...
Systemic Toxicity following Intracavitary Administration of Bleomycin

Bleomycin administered intrapleurally has been demonstrated to be an effective sclerosing agent. The lack of morbidity associated with its use has made it an attractive alternative to other available agents. Pharmacologic data indicate that (1) intracavitary bleomycin is systemically absorbed, and (2) the plasma half-life of bleomycin increases exponentially with renal failure. We report the findings in a patient with renal failure who experienced alopecia and significant mucositis following sclerotherapy. We suspect this systemic toxicity resulted from intrapleural bleomycin and suggest that this treatment be used with caution in patients with renal dysfunction.
Role of Calcium Influx in Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Lytic Granule Exocytosis during Target Cell Killing

Abstract One mechanism cytotoxic T lymphocytes use to kill targets is exocytosis of cytotoxic agents from lytic granules, a process that requires Ca 2+ influx. We investigated the role of Ca 2+ influx in granule exocytosis using TALL-104 human leukemic cytotoxic T cells triggered via a bispecific antibody containing an anti-CD3 F(ab′) to kill Raji B lymphoma cells. Using a novel fluorescence method, we detected target-directed release of ∼15% of lytic granules during killing. Consistent with previous work, we observed sustained CTL Ca 2+ gradients during killing, but gradients reflect the behavior of Fura-2 in granules. Rapid imaging experiments suggest that Ca 2+ channels are not polarized during killing, indicating that Ca 2+ influx does not direct granule reorientation. Furthermore, we find that Ca 2+ acts via a high-affinity interaction to promote granule exocytosis.
Interaction of a free jet with a perpendicular control jet

The effects of the upstream location of a single continuous control jet (i.e., within the main jet nozzle) on an axisymmetric free jet, at Reynolds numbers of 6600 and 26 500, were investigated experimentally using PIV. The control jet was oriented perpendicular to the main jet flow and its momentum coefficient was varied for each Reynolds number. The resultant mean flow field and the turbulent stresses were examined in two planes, along and across the control jet's line of action. When the control jet is located near the main jet exit plane, the main jet is vectored away from the control jet due to the direct impact of the control jet. Conversely, with the control jet located farther upstream (i.e., into the nozzle), the main jet is drawn back toward the control jet, which may be as a result of a virtual modification of the nozzle shape. Furthermore, the direction of the main jet can also be controlled by varying the momentum coefficient of the control jet at a fixed upstream location. Finally, the effec...
Promoting Critical Islam: Controversy, Civil Society, Revolution

Critical Islam is an intellectual orientation that prizes timeliness and broad-mindedness and a political sensibility that tends to honor majority rule, minority rights, and the good of pluralism. This essay considers how an important European Muslim scholar, Tariq Ramadan, promotes critical Islam in his call for a moratorium on stoning, his argument for the reformation of fatwa committees, and his analysis of the Arab Awakening. The essay argues that the art of controversy and the building of civil society—more so than political revolution—can cultivate a critical sensibility among Muslim scholars and publics.
Effect of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect on the cardiopulmonary response to exercise

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THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IONS IN THE ACTIVITY OF AN ENDO-PECTIC ACID LYASE ON OLIGOGALACTURONIDES

A pectic acid lyase was purified from the culture filtrates of Cephalosporium sp. Tetragalacturonic acid was the shortest chain of oligogalacturonides attacked and calcium ions were required for activity. The enzyme was most active at pH 9.9. The kinetic data showed that while Vmax was relatively constant, the Km decreased with increasing chain length of the substrate. The Km was independent of chain length for the substrates containing seven or more galacturonic acid units. Both kinetic data and paper chromatographic analyses of degradation products from the different oligomers indicated that the enzyme was an endo-pectic acid lyase. In the presence of 0.002 N Cacl2, substrate (tetramer through octamer) concentrations above 0.001 N caused inhibition of activity. The role of calcium was studied by measuring enzymic activity at different concentrations of calcium and tetramer. The data indicated that the true substrate for the lyase activity was the calcium salt of tetramer. The observed substrate inhibition was due to competition between the free oligomer and its calcium salt. The dissociation constant (Ki) for the tetramer as an inhibitor was 1.25 mM and the Km for the calcium salt was 0.14 mM. The data also suggested the possible additional role of calcium as an activator for the lyase.
Maintenance of terrestrial nutrient loss signatures during in‐stream transport

Small streams account for the majority of channel length in river basins worldwide and are the primary conveyors of terrestrial nutrients to rivers and ultimately the oceans. The controls of stream nutrient fluxes, however, are debated. Classical models emphasize that nutrient transport in streams integrates nutrient cycling in the terrestrial watershed while others argue that in-stream processes control nutrient flux. Recent studies have shown that in-stream cycling can be important in determining downstream nutrient fluxes, but results have not been reconciled with mass-balance calculations at the small-watershed scale. Here we use a simple analytical framework to assess nutrient cycling in streams and show that, under most conditions, longitudinally static nutrient concentrations reflect in-stream biotic balance between uptake and regeneration and groundwater inputs. Using measures of nutrient concentrations in small streams across four biomes, we provide evidence for generality of biogeochemical steady state (inputs = outputs) in stream ecosystems: overall, longitudinal profiles were flat for nitrogen and phosphorus and were similar in concentration to soil and ground waters. Deviation from flat longitudinal profiles was associated with seasonal or successional biomass growth and small groundwater inputs relative to in-stream sink strength. We conclude that streams tend strongly toward nutrient balance, allowing use of their chemistry as an integrated measure of terrestrial nutrient losses.
Degenerate four-wave mixing as a spectrochemical analysis technique

The nonlinear spectroscopic technique of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is studied theoretically and experimentally for use as a spectrochemical analysis tool. Specifically, DFWM was evaluated for use in flame elemental analysis. The theoretical evaluation indicates that detection is fundamentally limited by Rayleigh scattering from flame gases. For the case of sodium this detection limit is estimated to be 0.01 pptr (part per trillion) or 10 fg/mL. A pulsed Nd:YAG pumped dye laser was used for the experimental study where aqueous solutions of sodium were aspirated into an air-C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ flame. A combination of spatial filtering, polarization selection, and time resolution is used to discriminate against background signals. A measured detection limit of 4 ppb sodium is obtained. Improved detection limits are expected for a continuous wave laser system.
Inflow stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts: A multicenter, prospective study

Inflow stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts: A multicenter, prospective study. Background Traditionally, arteriovenous hemodialysis access inflow stenosis has been reported to occur infrequently (0% to 4%). In contrast, recent reports have suggested a significantly higher incidence (14% to 42%). Interpretation of these studies has been complicated by the presence of one or more confounding factors such as retrospective study design, small sample size, arteriovenous fistulas grouped with grafts to determine the incidence of inflow stenosis, inclusion of fistulas that had failed primarily, failure to provide adequate definition of inflow stenosis, and the technique of retrograde angiography. This is a report of a prospective, multicenter study to examine the incidence of inflow stenosis separately in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts. Methods Patients were referred to interventional nephrology either for percutaneous balloon angioplasty or thrombectomy procedures. Angiography to evaluate access inflow (arterial anastomosis and adjacent vascular structures) was performed in all cases. This was accomplished by retrograde angiography using either manual occlusion of the venous side and/or advancing a diagnostic catheter across the arterial anastomosis. Multiple images using digital subtraction angiography were recorded in multiple planes. An inflow stenosis was defined as stenosis within the arterial system, artery-graft anastomosis (graft cases), artery-vein anastomosis (fistula cases) and juxta-anastomotic region (the first 2 cm downstream from the arterial anastomosis). Vascular stenosis was defined as ≥50% reduction in luminal diameter judged by comparison with either the adjacent vessel or graft. A standardized definition for anastomotic stenosis was applied. Results Two hundred and twenty three consecutive procedures (grafts, 122; fistulas, 101) were performed in 158 patients. Inflow stenosis occurred in 36/122 (29%) in graft cases. All had a coexisting stenosis on the venous side. In fistula cases, 41/101 (40%) had inflow stenosis. Of these, 22 (54%) had a coexisting lesion on the venous side. Overall, inflow stenosis occurred in 77/223 procedures (35%). Conclusion This prospective, multicenter study demonstrates that access inflow stenosis occurs in one third of the cases referred to interventional facilities with clinical evidence of venous stenosis or thrombosis. This is much higher than has been traditionally reported.
Classification, simplification, and dynamic visualization of scene transition graphs for video browsing

ABSTRACT The Scene Transition Graph (STG) [1] is a directed graph structure that compactly captures both image content and temporalflow ofvideo. An STG offers a condensed view ofthe story content, serves as the summary ofthe clip represented, and allowsnonlinear access to its story element. It can serve as a valuable tool for both the analysis of video structure and presentationof high level visual summary for video browsing applications. In this paper, we study new techniques for classification andsimplification of the STG, and present better means of visualizing the graph through dynamic visual display and simplifiedstructures. In other words, our techniques improve significantly the existing graph structure to enable more succinct presentationof the graphs which leads to more efficient utilization of the screen spaces. In addition, a technique that captures and presentsvisually the temporal dynamics ofthe video sequence is described. We have tested the graph visualization techniques on variousprogramming types and the new tools are found to effectively handle video from a wider variety than the existing STG structure.Keywords: Scene Transition Graph, graph simplification, video visualization, content analysis, digitallibrary, video databases,video browsing, dynamic temporal display of video sequences.
Turnover of Myelin Proteins of Rat Brain, Determined in Fractions Separated by Sedimentation in a Continuous Sucrose Gradient

: Rats that Received intracranial injections of [3H]leucine at 14 days of age were killed on days 17, 24, 38, 55, and 89 post-injection. Brains were homogenized and the myelin membranes separated in a sucrose density gradient. At day 17 sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gels of water-shocked, delipidated membrane fractions showed a difference in the specific activity of myelin proteins across the gradient. A decrease in specific activity was found in all of the proteins in the denser fractions, compared with the lighter fractions. As time after injection progressed, the difference became more pronounced; a two- to threefold decrease in specific activity was seen across the gradient in the various myelin proteins. The proteins of the lightest membrane fractions retained their high specific activity throughout the experiment in spite of extensive new myelin synthesis. Taking this new myelin into account, the decrease in specific activity in the denser myelin fractions could be explained by isotope dilution. Therefore, proteins present in at least some of the myelin are essentially stable.
Prediction of time-to-attainment of recovery for borderline patients followed prospectively for 16 years.

Two recent large-scale, long-term studies of the prospective course of borderline personality disorder (BPD) have documented high rates of symptomatic remission (1–3). However, one of these studies also assessed the more complex outcome of recovery—which was defined as symptomatic remission that was concurrent with good social and good full-time vocational functioning (3). In this study—the McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD)—99% of borderline patients had attained a two-year remission of their BPD and 60% had attained a two-year recovery after 16 years of prospective follow-up. However, the only information on predictors of the overall outcome of borderline personality disorder comes from four large-scale, long-term, follow-back studies that were conducted in the 1980s (4–7). Each of these studies (5,7–10) tried to determine the best predictors of general outcome a mean of 14–16 years after index admission. Five factors were found to be associated with a good long-term outcome: high IQ (7,8), being unusually talented or physically attractive (if female) (7), the absence of parental divorce and narcissistic entitlement (10), and the presence of physically self-destructive acts during the index admission (8). Nine factors were found to be associated with a poor long-term outcome: affective instability (8), chronic dysphoria (5), younger age at first treatment (5), length of prior hospitalization (8), antisocial behavior (7), substance abuse (7), parental brutality (7), a family history of psychiatric illness (5), and a problematic relationship with one's mother (but not one's father) (9). While all of these studies of the course of BPD provided useful information and were considered state of the art at the time that they were conducted, all of them also suffered from one or more methodological problems that limited what could be generalized from their results. Chief among these limitations were the following: use of chart reviews to diagnose BPD, no comparison group or the use of less than optimal comparison subjects, many important predictor variables were either not assessed at all or were only assessed in the most rudimentary manner, typically only one post-baseline reassessment, non-blind post-baseline assessments, and variable number of years of follow-up in the same study. In addition, only one of these studies used a socioeconomically representative sample (5) and the results of this study may be misleading as it had a very low trace rate (32%). In addition, none of these studies assessed change from baseline. And none operationally defined the elements that comprise a good long-term outcome.
Societal Reactions to Deviance

A common complaint about the sociology of deviance, particularly the perspective known as labeling theory or the societal reaction perspective, is that the field is dead. However, considerable evidence suggests that the core themes of societal reaction work live on in several areas of contemporary scholarship. After identifying and describing three key strands of the early societal reaction perspective, I consider how those strands are reflected in more recent work, much of which does not explicitly reference the earlier tradition. I identify the ways that recent scholarship builds upon and yet extends the earlier societal reaction tradition. I close by describing three trajectories emerging in recent work that should focus future inquiry: the contingent effects of labeling, the causes of gaps between social control discourse and practice, and the diffusion of social control practices from deviants to nondeviants.
Variational assimilation of satellite observations in a coastal ocean model off Oregon

[1] Satellite along-track sea surface height (SSH) and multisatellite sea surface temperature (SST) maps are assimilated in a coastal ocean circulation model off Oregon. The study period is June–October 2005, featuring intensive separation of the coastal upwelling jets in the eddy-dominated coastal transition zone (CTZ). The data assimilation (DA) system combines the nonlinear Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and the Advanced Variational Regional Ocean Representer Analyzer (AVRORA) tangent linear and adjoint codes developed by our group. The variational representer DA method is implemented in a series of 6 day time windows, with initial conditions corrected at the beginning of each window. To avoid the problem of matching the model and observed SSH mean levels, the observed SSH slope has been assimilated. Location, timing, and intensity of jets and eddies in the CTZ are constrained, to improve accuracy of nonlinear model analyses and forecasts. In the case assimilating SSH alone, the geometry of the SST front is improved. SSH assimilation results in the cross-shore transport more uniformly distributed along the coast than in the free run model. An outer front is identified in the DA analyses at a distance of 200 km from the coast. A strong subsurface horizontal temperature gradient across this front influences the depth of the thermocline in an area between the front and the continental slope. The DA correction term is comparable in magnitude to dominant terms in the volume-integrated heat equation. The time-averaged DA correction term in the volume-integrated heat balance is closer to 0 in the combined SSH-SST assimilation case, than in the case assimilating SSH alone.
Physical Sciences: Solar Modulation and the Chemical Composition of the Cosmic Radiation

THE intensity variations of the cosmic radiation during the solar cycle can be well simulated by assuming a heliocentric decelerating potential that is applied to the particles arriving from interstellar space1,2. During the past few years experimental and theoretical understanding of the process of solar modulation has improved greatly. It now seems that a full treatment of the diffusive-convective motions of the particles in the radially expanding solar wind results in an energy loss by the individual particles which can, on average, be treated as analogous to the effects of a potential, except for particles of quite low energies ≤ 100 MeV, where the analogy fails.
Night blindness of pregnancy in rural Nepal—nutritional and health risks

Evidence from South East Asia suggests that night blindness may be widespread in pregnant women as well as children. The epidemiology of night blindness among pregnant women in Nepals Sarlahi District was investigated in a population-based case-control study. The 117 night blind cases were identified through a weekly community surveillance system while 117 controls were selected from pregnant women without night blindness and matched to cases by gestational age. The mean serum retinol level was approximately 0.30 mcmol/l lower among cases than controls (p < 0.001). The mean hemoglobin level was 0.7 g/dl lower among cases and the risk of severe anemia was 3 times greater among cases than controls. The poor nutritional status of cases relative to controls was reflected in their lower mean weight (-2.6 kg difference) body mass index (-0.8) arm circumference (-0.9 cm) and triceps skinfold (-0.8 mm). Night blindness was associated with less frequent consumption of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A foods especially during summer. Finally cases were 2-3 times more likely than controls to report symptoms of urinary/reproductive tract infection diarrhea/dysentery preeclampsia and eclampsia and nausea and vomiting during pregnancy than controls. A history of night blindness can be used to identify pregnant women who may require special nutritional support (including vitamin A supplementation) antenatal care and counseling.
Heritable and Nonheritable Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disabilities where language development is absent or delayed, rote or repetitive behaviors typically emerge, and nonverbal communication, imagination, and social interactions are profoundly hindered (1). The severity of impairment in each of these dimensions can be quite variable, as can individual cognitive functioning (2). However, even higher-functioning persons with ASD are confronted with significant lifelong challenges. The first clinical descriptions of ASD were offered almost simultaneously by psychiatrist Leo Kanner and pediatrician Hans Asperger in the early 1940s. In his original paper, Kanner remarked on “the children’s aloneness from the beginning of life” (3, p. 250), implying that the constellation of behaviors that he observed was the result of pathology he believed to be present at birth. Despite this, because few autistic offspring had autistic parents, no obvious chromosomal anomalies were consistently found among autistic children, and the sibling recurrence rate was erroneously thought to be low (first estimated at only around 2 percent), geneticists initially doubted a role for heredity in ASD etiology (4). It was the publication of the first twin study on autistic disorder (5) that stimulated a stark change in the conventional wisdom. Findings of substantive differences in monozygotic-dizygotic twin concordance in the original and subsequent twin studies, coupled with higher estimates of sibling recurrence from studies conducted in the 1980s, indicated strongly that liability to ASD was heritable. Unfortunately, the subsequent two decades of genetic studies have failed to reveal a satisfactorily complete picture of ASD etiology.
Alternative Benchmarks for Evaluating REIT Mutual Fund Performance

While Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) have experienced very high growth rates over the past 15 years, the growth in mutual funds that invest in REITs has been even more dramatic. REIT mutual fund returns are typically presented relative to the return on a simple value-weighted REIT index. We ask whether including additional factors when benchmarking funds' returns can improve the explanatory power of the models and offer more precise estimates of alpha. We investigate three sets of REIT-based benchmarks, plus an index of returns derived from non-REIT real estate firms, namely homebuilders, and real estate operating companies. The REIT-based factors are a set of characteristic factors, a set of property-type factors, and a set of statistical factors. Using traditional single index benchmarks, we find that about six percent of the REIT funds exhibit significant positive performance using traditional significance levels, which is more than twice what random chance would predict. However, with the multiple index benchmarks that we prefer, this falls considerably, to only 0.7 percent. In addition, we find that these sets of factors and the non-REIT indices better explain the month-to-month returns of the REIT mutual funds. This suggests that investors or researchers evaluating REIT mutual fund performance may benefit from a multiple benchmark approach.
Sleep disruptions and emotional insecurity are pathways of risk for children

Background: Sleep problems are prevalent in American children. A critical need is to identify sources and processes related to sleep disruptions and their sequelae. We examined a model linking parental marital conflict and children's emotional insecurity, sleep disruptions, and their adjustment and academic problems. Method: One hundred and sixty-six elementary school children reported on marital conflict and their emotional insecurity, the quantity and quality of children's sleep were examined through actigraphy, and parents and teachers reported on child functioning. Results: In the context of exposure to normative levels of marital conflict, children's emotional insecurity regarding their parents’ marital relationship is an intervening variable in the marital conflict–sleep disruptions link. In turn, disruptions in the quality and duration of children's sleep have a negative effect on children's behavioral, emotional, and academic performance. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of marital conflict and children's emotional insecurity as variables that can affect a fundamental aspect of biological regulation, sleep, which consequently influences children's adjustment and academic performance.
Content-based 3D mosaics for dynamic urban scenes

We propose a content-based 3D mosaic (CB3M) representation for long video sequences of 3D and dynamic scenes captured by a camera on a mobile platform. The motion of the camera has a dominant direction of motion (as on an airplane or ground vehicle), but 6 DOF motion is allowed. In the first step, a set of parallel-perspective (pushbroom) mosaics with varying viewing directions is generated to capture both the 3D and dynamic aspects of the scene under the camera coverage. In the second step, a segmentation-based stereo matching algorithm is applied to extract parametric representations of the color, structure and motion of the dynamic and/or 3D objects in urban scenes where a lot of planar surfaces exist. Multiple pairs of stereo mosaics are used for facilitating reliable stereo matching, occlusion handling, accurate 3D reconstruction and robust moving target detection. We use the fact that all the static objects obey the epipolar geometry of pushbroom stereo, whereas an independent moving object either violates the epipolar geometry if the motion is not in the direction of sensor motion or exhibits unusual 3D structures. The CB3M is a highly compressed visual representation for a very long video sequence of a dynamic 3D scene. More importantly, the CB3M representation has object contents of both 3D and motion. Experimental results are given for the CB3M construction for both simulated and real video sequences to show the accuracy and effectiveness of the representation.
Cutting Edge: CD40–CD40 Ligand Pathway Plays a Critical CD8-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Role during Rescue of Exhausted CD8 T Cells

CD8 exhaustion mediated by an inhibitory programmed death-1-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway occurs in several chronic infections, including toxoplasmosis. Although blockade of the programmed death-1-PD-L1 pathway revives this response, the role of costimulatory receptors involved in this rescue has not been ascertained in any model of CD8 exhaustion. This report demonstrates that one such costimulatory pathway, CD40-CD40L, plays a critical role during rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells. Blockade of this pathway abrogates the ameliorative effects of anti-PD-L1 treatment on CD8 T cells. Additionally, we demonstrate in an infectious disease model that CD8-intrinsic CD40 signaling is important for optimal CD8 polyfunctionality, proliferation, T-bet upregulation, and IL-21 signaling, albeit in the context of CD8 rescue. The critical role of CD40 during the rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells may provide a rational basis for designing novel therapeutic vaccination approaches.
SAW oscillators with low vibration sensitivity

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) oscillators with vibration sensitivities well below 1*10/sup -9/ fractional change in frequency per g have been demonstrated. Data are presented which indicate the need for a rigid support structure under an inherently low vibration sensitivity all quartz package (AQP) SAW device to achieve low vibration sensitivity at the oscillator level. An alumina stiffener supporting a hybrid circuit SAW oscillator provides this essential rigidity. Vibration sensitivity data for 26 oscillators in a 1.22-inch-square hybrid circuit package mounted on a 0.30-inch-thick alumina stiffener yielded an average value for the magnitude of the vibration sensitivity vector of 3.3*10/sup -10//g at a vibration frequency of 500 Hz. It also appears that some degree of vibration isolation at the AQP SAW device level may be achieved with the proper choice of material used to mount the AQP SAW device into the hybrid circuit package. >
The Book in the Coffin: On the Ambivalence of "Informants"

She was for years an obstacle: a tiny woman with great authority, old even when I first knew her in the mid-1970s, who did not want me to know certain things, who wanted certain knowledge to die with her. She puzzled me then, although I think I understand her better now. Nevertheless, I had to circumvent her, and to a large extent I managed to do that, using every dodge I could find. Now I hear that she is very frail and cannot last much longer, and also something more surprising: I hear that she has given instructions that a copy of my book, carefully wrapped in plastic, be put with her in her coffin. How am I to read this gesture? Is she finally embracing my project of documentation? Or is she burying it? Is she taking her secret world with her after all, despite my best efforts? Ethnographic Intermediaries Anthropologists nowadays talk more frequently and self-consciously than they did a generation ago about their "informants." The term itself is problematic; when journalists covering police stories use it interchangeably with "informer," the confusion makes ethnographers wince. We are reminded that any information, however innocently given or received, can conceivably be used to someone's disadvantage. This lesson was driven home in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War, by a series of scandals about the funding of supposedly scholarly projects by the Central Intelligence Agency or the Department of Defense in regions of "strategic significance." Alarmed by well-publicized examples like Project Camelot in South America and the Himalayan Border Countries Project in India, ethnographers came to realize that even the most elementary social or cultural data might be turned to military use, with results that could not be foreseen but were unlikely to be pleasant (Berreman 1969; Langer 1967). Now that the Cold War is over, this unwelcome insight is in danger of being forgotten, even though it heralded the current soul-searching in anthropology.' Ethnographers pride themselves on the personal relationships that they forge in fieldwork, as contrasted to the superficiality of surveys and questionnaires. There is nothing counterfeit in this; these relationships often provide
Dynamic Jamming Mitigation for Wireless Broadcast Networks

Wireless communications are inherently symmetric; that is, it takes an attacker the same amount of power to modulate a signal as it does for a legitimate node to modulate the same signal. As a result, wireless communications are often susceptible to the jamming attack in which the attacker injects a high level of noise into the system. Spread spectrum has long been used to resist jamming attacks in unicast environments, or when the jammer has less information than the other receivers. Recently, we proposed a scheme for broadcast jamming mitigation based on spread spectrum and a binary key tree and showed some improvements over a multiple-unicast system. In this paper, we extend our previous work in five ways. First, we provide a theoretical result that under our scheme, jammers can cause only a limited number of losses. Second, we develop a dynamic tree-remerging scheme that achieves higher power efficiency than previously proposed schemes, and scales to an arbitrary number of receivers without increasing the number of codes in use; in particular, we send each transmission on at most 2j + 1 codes, where j is the number of jammers. Third, we show that our scheme is close to optimal, demonstrating that under certain realistic restrictions, the system cannot escape jamming without using at least j +1 codes. Fourth, we provide a detailed analysis of false alarm rates, showing both experimental and theoretical results. Finally, we perform a more extensive analysis of our system using both a chip-accurate MATLAB simulation and a bit-accurate event-driven simulation in the ns-2 network simulator; these simulations demonstrate that our scheme approaches the best possible performance.
Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain

A 51-year-old woman presents with a generalized tonic–clonic seizure. After a brief postictal period, she recovers and reports no headache or other neurologic symptoms. She takes no medications and her medical history is unremarkable. Computed tomography of the head suggests a right occipital arteriovenous malformation, without evidence of hemorrhage. Imaging studies show a right occipital arteriovenous malformation as well as a feeding-artery aneurysm.