cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoption Status and Parental Investments: A Within-sibling Approach

Recent studies have found that adoptive parents invest in their children equally or more than biological parents do. Most of these studies observed relationships across families, comparing families with adopted children to those without. In this study, alternatively, we focused on within-family comparisons to more fully isolate the relationship between biological ties and parental investments. Using American Time Use Survey (2007–2018; n = 1,152 children) and American Community Survey (2014–2018; n = 34,673 children) data, we employed within-family fixed effects regression models and focused on both parental time and financial investments, using private school enrollment as a proxy for the latter. Our findings show that parents spent less one-on-one, quality, and total time daily with adopted children compared to biological children. In terms of financial investments, 90% of children in the sample received equal investments, meaning that either all or no siblings within the same family were enrolled in private school. However, among families with enrollment differences between siblings, adopted children were significantly less likely than their non-adopted siblings to be enrolled in private school. These findings show that adopted children within mixed-adoption families may receive equal or fewer investments than their non-adopted siblings. The findings highlight the possibility of selection as an interpretation of the adoptive-child advantage, illustrate the importance of within-family studies on this topic, and point to the complexity of parental investments in adopted children.
Team-Based Learning in Political Science Research Methods Courses

This paper describes the use of Team-Based Learning (TBL), a cooperative learning approach, in a course on political science research methods. The author explains how he adapted the pedagogy to his class needs, points to pitfalls and errors to avoid, and evaluates the learning outcomes and attitudinal effects that may be attributable to the TBL approach. He finds that the TBL students did better on a 10-question quiz about research methods than students in a non-TBL comparison class. In addition, he finds some evidence that the TBL students had different attitudes towards group work than students in the comparison class. Due to small numbers of observations, it is not possible to control for potential alternative explanations of the data, though, and hence the conclusions have to be consumed responsibly.
REVIEW OF THEORETICAL MODELING IN THE LOW LATITUDE IONOSPHERE

After a brief overview of the physics of the low-latitude ionospheric E and F regions and a summary of observed F region electron density distributions, the evolution of low-latitude ionospheric modeling is traced from initial, steady-state concepts to the present-day, time-dependent, non-linear calculation of ion and electron densities. Knowledge we have gained through ionospheric modeling concerning the effects of E x B drift, neutral winds and production and loss processes will be emphasized. Included is recent work on i) F1 region molecular ion densities; ii) the active modification of the ionosphere through chemical gas releases; iii) the calculation of electron and ion temperatures as well as densities; and iv) O+ and H+ ion density calculations at low latitudes and a comparison between calculated and observed total electron content between Ootacamund, India and the geostationary satellite ATS-6. Finally, some interesting but hard-to-solve problems are discussed.
PROTOCOL: DEATH PENALTY ADDICTION

“What if the death penalty were a drug?” This question opens the essay and is pursued through two very different kinds of texts. On the one hand, Derrida's 1999–2000 Death Penalty Seminar is brought to bear for its analysis of what is called there the “anesthesial logic” of capital punishment. This logic, Derrida argues, has determined both pro– and anti–death penalty discourses since at least the mid-eighteenth century. On the other hand, the essay gathers evidence of events that led, in 2010, to the unavailability in the United States of sodium thiopental—the anesthetic component of the three-drug protocol of the lethal injection—which forced many death penalty states to halt executions. Current events thus confirm the philosopher's analysis that anesthesia is indeed the lynchpin of the apparatus of state-sanctioned executions. But the analysis of this anesthesial logic also leads one to pose the further question of who is being anesthetized by this protocol and its discursive devices: the sentenced or the sentencers?
Hormesis and Amyloid-β Protein: Physiology or Pathology?

Hormesis is the concept that low doses of a toxin can have beneficial effects while high doses are harmful. This is also known as the inverted-U shaped dose-response curve. Hormesis appears to be a universal law for the function of memory mimetics. Amyloid-β protein is widely recognized to be a toxic agent responsible for plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease. In high doses it also produces amnesia. In lower, physiological doses, it enhances long term potentiation and memory. Blocking amyloid-β protein in animals without overproduction of the protein results in amnesia. At low doses, amyloid-β also increases neurite outgrowth, produces presynaptic enhancement, and may quench oxidative damage. It is postulated that both over- and underproduction of amyloid-β can lead to memory deficits. This is similar to a number of hormonal diseases, e.g., thyroid, where both low and high levels produce disease.
Diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle pain

The differential diagnosis for chronic ankle pain is quite broad. Ankle pain can be caused by intra-articular or extra-articular pathology and may be a result of a traumatic or nontraumatic event. A detailed patient history and physical examination, coupled with judicious selection of the appropriate imaging modalities, are vital in making an accurate diagnosis and providing effective treatment. Chronic ankle pain can affect all age groups, ranging from young athletes to elderly patients with degenerative joint and soft-tissue disorders. It has been estimated that 23,000 ankle sprains occur each day in the United States, representing approximately 1 sprain per 10,000 people per day. Because nearly one in five ankle injuries result in chronic symptoms, orthopaedic surgeons are likely to see patients with chronic ankle pain. Many patients with chronic ankle pain do not recall any history of trauma. Reviewing the management of the various disorders that can cause chronic ankle pain will help orthopaedic surgeons provide the best treatment for their patients.
Monoclonal antibody internalization by tumor cells: an experimental model for potential radioimmunotherapy applications.

Abstract The monoclonal IgM 3G5, which reacts with the surface membranes of rat insulinoma cells RINm5F, was purified by HPLC and labeled with 125 I using Protag-125; bovine IgG (bIgG) was similarly radiolabeled, and used as a control. 125 I-3G5 was incubated with RINm5F cells either at 4 °C or at 37 °C. 125 I-3G5 bound onto RINm5F cells growing in Petri dishes remained approx. constant over 44 h when incubated at 4 °C, whereas at 37 °C radioactivity was released back in the medium starting at 3 h (plateau at approx. 20 h). At the end of incubation at 37 °C, activity in the medium included a high percentage of free 125 I (15.69 vs 2.62% for bIgG, and 1% for 3G5 at 4 °C). In a cell suspension experiment, cell-bound 125 I-3G5 also remained constant over a 24 h incubation at 4 °C, whereas at 37 °C it decreased to 37.5% of its initial value (64.1% at 4 h). Concomitant microautoradiography showed diffuse radioactive deposits within the RINm5F cells following incubation with 125 I-3G5 (but not 125 I-bIgG) at 37 °C. These results indicate that 3G5-IgM reacts with a surface antigen on the RINm5F cells, but is rapidly internalized by the cells: within the cells, this antibody undergoes some metabolic processing which results in the release of free 125 I outside the cells.
Teaching Green Engineering: The Case of Ethanol Lifecycle Analysis

Lifecycle assessment (LCA) is a valuable tool in teaching green engineering and has been used to assess biofuels, including ethanol. An undergraduate engineering course at Duke University has integrated LCA with other interactive teaching techniques to enhance awareness and to inform engineering decision making related to societal issues, such as energy sources and environmental quality. The course also includes a three-part studio beginning with application of thermodynamics, moving to team projects, and ending with a “green” innovation proposal by each student. Students who participated in this interactive series were able to apply LCA to venues beyond biofuels (e.g., computing and brick making). They were also able to consider societal and geopolitical aspects of complex issues, such as comparing benefits to costs and risks associated with increased production of ethanol on decreased food production and environmental impacts.
Simulation of Wear Particle Creation in Asperity Contacts Using the Finite Element Method

In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is applied to simulate the sliding interaction between a hard rigid asperity and an asperity having elastoplastic material behavior and to determine the stress and deformation status in the contact region of the elastoplastic asperity. The contacting asperities on surfaces having different roughness are approximated by two-dimensional wedges of different tip angles. The stress and displacement fields induced by the sliding contact can be computed at any desired instant. Based on the FEM calculation and a mechanics analysis, it is found that the stress and deformation behavior of an elastoplastic asperity depends upon the profile geometry of both asperities in contact. Three typical contact cases distinguished by K, the relative slope between two contacting wedges, are analyzed. The results show that a wear particle may be created in one of the three wedge failure modes: shear failure, fracture failure, and slip tongue failure. The correlation between the wedg...
Electroplating on crystalline polypropylene. II. Injection molding and adhesion

This paper describes the effect of injection molding conditions (melt temperature, mold temperature, and fill time) and etch conditions on metal adhesion in electroplated isotactic polypropylene (PP). It is found that injection molding PP homopolymer produces a lamellar surface morphology which can consistently develop after-plated peel strengths of 30 lb/in or better as measured by the Jacquet peel test. Surface etching of PP homopolymer prior to plating develops crack patterns characteristic of injection molding; a directional crack pattern is always evident in specimen surfaces crystallized under shear. The surface pattern is developed in the oxidative process by swelling of amorphous material, followed by oxidative dissolution and oxidative stress cracking. Additionally, the depth and number of the surface cracks is a function of the solvent swell and acid etch times. Crack depth increases in lamellar surfaces as the sample immersion times are increased; however, as crack depth increases, crack density decreases. Metal-to-polymer adhesion, as measured by the peel test, represents a balance between crack depth and diminished surface strength incurred in the oxidative cracking process. Although peel adhesion usually increases with crack depth, overetching may actually reduce adhesion even though the crack depth has been increased. Any advantage from deeper cracks may, therefore, be offset by a loss in the surface strength of the polymer. Comparison of the surface and cross-sectional crack patterns in TiO2-filled PP indicates that the surface morphology is similar to that of unfilled polymer. Molding conditions that produce the desired morphology is similar to that of unfilled polymer. Molding conditions that produce the desired morphology are important for high peel adhesion values but appear to be less critical than in unfilled PP. A propylene–ethylene copolymer (90/10) developed 12–15 lb/in. peel adhesion—50% lower than for the filled and unfilled homopolymer when molded under similar conditions; peel adhesion in this composite system is, however, relatively insensitive to changes in molding conditions. Aging of 2–3 weeks after plating is required for maximum peel adhesion in all samples studied.
The dynamics of the space shuttle orbiter with a flexible payload

Abstract The Space Shuttle Orbiter will be used as an orbital base for near-term space operations. Its payloads will range from compact satellites to large, flexible antennas. This paper addresses the problem of the dynamics and control of the Orbiter with a flexible payload. Two different cases are presented as examples. The first is a long, slender beam which might be used as an element in a large orbiting structure. The second is a compact satellite mounted on a spin table in the Orbiter payload bay. The closed loop limit cycles are determined for the first payload and the open loop eigenvalues are calculated for the second. Models of both payloads are mechanized in a simulation with the Shuttle on-orbit autopilot. The vehicle is put through a series of representative maneuvers and its behavior analyzed. The degree of interaction for each payload is determined and strategies are discussed for its reduction.
Some observations on the inelastic electron-nucleon scattering data

Abstract A compact phenomenological description of the proton data in inelastic electron-nucleon scattering is suggested here. The practical applications of our data analysis are briefly discussed.
Experimental contrast-associated nephropathy and its clinical implications.

Acute renal failure after contrast media injection has been recognized for at least 35 years but the exact mechanism responsible for the renal injury remains an enigma. The clinical characteristics of contrast-induced nephropathy (CAN) are well-known although more recently the nonoliguric presentation has occurred at an increased frequency--in 70 to 90% of cases. For nonoliguric presentation of CAN, one can expect an asymptomatic increase in serum creatinine, the mean peak occurring at 4.2 days. If oliguric, the fractional excretion of sodium will be less than 1% and resistant to either fluid challenge or loop diuretics. Preexisting renal insufficiency, with or without diabetes mellitus, increases the risk of CAN 6- to 10-fold but recovery is expected, with less than 10% of all patients requiring dialytic support. Despite the growing body of published reports, the lack of a suitable animal model to evaluate various proposed mechanisms of renal injury has compromised our ability to devise a technique for preventing CAN. A popular scheme has been proposed to describe the possible sequence by which ischemia or nephrotoxins, or both, induce acute renal failure. In particular, a vascular mechanism (i.e., ischemia), is an appealing explanation for CAN since acute changes in renal hemodynamics after contrast media injection have been confirmed by several animal experiments. Unlike other vascular beds in which contrast media induce acute vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation, the initial effect on the renal circulation is acute vasodilatation, followed by progressive vasoconstriction, increasing renal vascular resistance and a concomitant decrease in both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pubertal Timing Fluctuations across Middle School: Implications for Girls’ Psychological Health

The relative nature of pubertal timing has received little attention in research linking early pubertal development with psychological adjustment. The current study examines the dynamic association between pubertal timing and internalizing symptoms among an urban, ethnically diverse sample of girls (n = 1,167; 50% Latina, 30% Black/African American, 11% Asian, 9% White). By relying on six waves of data, we detected substantial within-person variability in pubertal timing, which in turn related to fluctuations in depressive symptoms, global self-worth, and social anxiety in multilevel analyses. Within-person changes in the direction of more advanced development compared to peers consistently predicted more depressive symptoms; however, more advanced development was related to lower self-worth only at the beginning of middle school. By the end of middle school, less advanced development predicted social anxiety. Results challenge the notion that pubertal timing is a stable individual characteristic, with implications for studying the psychosocial correlates of pubertal development across multiple years.
Should eligible patients with T-cell lymphoma receive high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant in the upfront setting?

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are rare and aggressive subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Compared to B cell lymphomas, the immunologic phenotype of PTCL portends a poorer prognosis, with the exception of anaplastic large cell lymphoma bearing the anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein. Patients with PTCL tend to present clinically in advanced disease states, show lower response rates to chemotherapy, and suffer from more frequent relapses and shorter remissions. The rarity of these lymphomas has made it difficult to carry out prospective, randomized trials delineating optimal treatments. Conventional and intensified chemotherapy have led to reasonable responses, but in many studies, frequent relapses. Consequently, high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) have been actively studied in both the relapsed and upfront setting. In addition, the impact of disease status at transplantation is being investigated, though the optimal disease state at transplant is still a matter of debate, as is the timing of transplant. This article seeks to review the literature on the role of ASCT in PTCL, as well as to clarify what may be the optimal disease state in which to offer patients with PTCL autologous transplantation, if at all.
Domains of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor required for the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases.

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1 and -2). The two major substrates of the IGF-IR, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and the Shc proteins, are known to contribute to this activation. We investigated the domains of the IGF-IR required for the activation of the ERK proteins. To facilitate this study, we used a cell line (32D cells) that lacks IRS-1. In the absence of IRS-1, ERK activation is inhibited if the IGF-IR is mutated at two domains: tyrosine Y950 and a serine quartet at 1280–1283. Expression of IRS-1 in 32D cells expressing the double mutant IGF-IR restores ERK activation. The importance of the C-terminus of the IGF-IR in ERK activation (in the absence of IRS-1) is confirmed by the failure of the insulin receptor to give a sustained activation of ERK. In this model system, there is a good, but not exact, correlation between ERK activation and cell survival after withdrawal of growth factors.
Dying To Give Birth: Fighting Maternal Mortality In Peru

This article reports on the birthing experience in Peru and discusses simple innovations that can improve the maternal deaths in the country. It provides a background on maternal deaths worldwide and addresses the current problems in Peru - such as ethnic discrimination against indigenous rural women.
Temperature and relative humidity dependence of radiochromic film dosimeter response to gamma and electron radiation

Abstract Nylon-base radiochromic films (FWT-60 TM and FWT-460 TM ) are commercially-available, thin dosimeters that are widely used in radiation processing. These films cover the following ranges of absorbed dose: 2 × 10 3 to 5 × 10 4 Gy for FWT-60 TM and 5 × 10 3 Gy to 10 5 Gy for FWT-460 TM . Based on some earlier studies, their response functions have been reported to be dependent on the temperature and relative humidity during irradiation. The present study investigates differences in response over practical ranges of temperature, relative humidity, dose, and for different recent batches of films of both types. It is observed that for each new batch of film to be used for radiation processing, the effects of such parameters on response to both gamma rays and electrons should be investigated. It is also suggested that the films should be packaged under controlled atmospheric conditions (relative humidity) and should be calibrated under environmental conditions (temperature) at which they will be used routinely.
Calculation of response properties with the normalized elimination of the small component method

The normalized elimination of the small component method is a first principles two-component relativistic approach that leads to the Dirac-exact description of one-electron systems. Therefore, it is an ideal starting point for developing procedures, by which first- and second-order response properties can be routinely calculated. We present algorithms and methods for the calculation of molecular response properties such as geometries, dipole moments, hyperfine structure constants, vibrational frequencies and force constants, electric polarizabilities, infrared intensities and so forth. The described formalisms are applied to molecules containing mercury and other heavy elements, which require a relativistic treatment. Perspectives for the future development and application of Dirac-exact methods are outlined. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of chloroplast photosystems 1 and 2 separated by a non-detergent method

Abstract Class II spinach chloroplasts were fragmented by passage through the French pressure cell (French press), and the fragments were separated by fractional centrifugation. Fragments sedimenting between 1000 × g and 10000 × g (10K) have a lower chlorophylla/chloropyllb ratio and lower P-700 content than whole chloroplasts. Fragments sedimenting between 40000 × g and 160000 × g (160K) have a much higher chlorophylla/chlorophyllb ratio (6.0) and a much higher P-700 content (1 P-700 per 105 chlorophylls) than whole chloroplasts. The chlorophyll and cytochrome contents of the French press fractions are similar to those found in fractions isolated after digitonin disruption. The 160K fraction performs Photosystem 1 but not Photosystem 2 reactions. The 10K fraction contains both photosystems. Electrophoresis of sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized 10K and 160K fractions gives further evidence for this distribution of photosystems. Thin sectioning and freeze fracturing show that the 160K fraction originates from stroma lamellae and the end membranes of grana stacks and contains only 110Aparticles. The 10K fraction originates from the partition regions of grana stacks and contains both 110 and 175Aparticles. This distribution of particles on fracture faces of stroma versus grana lamellae is shown to exist in freeze fractured Class I chloroplasts. These data demonstrate that both digitonin and French press treatments of chloroplasts initially break stroma lamellae and end membranes to yield small vesicles which contain only Photosystem 1.
Relativistic corrections to a generalized sum rule

Relativistic corrections to a previously established generalized sum rule are obtained using the Foldy-Wouthysen transformation. This sum rule derived previously by Wang [Phys. Rev. A 60, 262 (1999)] for a nonrelativistic system contains both the well-known Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn and Bethe sum rules, for which relativistic corrections have been obtained in the literature. Our results for the generalized formula will be applied to recover several results obtained previously in the literature, as well as to another sum rule whose relativistic corrections will be obtained.
Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm as a test of quantum computation

A redundancy in the existing Deutsch-Jozsa quantum algorithm is removed and a refined algorithm, which reduces the size of the register and simplifies the function evaluation, is proposed. The refined version allows a simpler analysis of the use of entanglement between the qubits in the algorithm and provides criteria for deciding when the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm constitutes a meaningful test of quantum computation.
Natural History of Ascending Aortic Aneurysms in the Setting of an Unreplaced Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Background Patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) are at risk for valvular disease and ascending aortic aneurysms and dissections. Although others have investigated the need for concomitant repair, the natural history of aortic disease has not been addressed. Methods A review of our institutional clinical database identified 514 patients (326 male, 188 female) with unrepaired ascending aortic aneurysms followed from 1985 to 2005. Seventy patients (13.4%) diagnosed with BAV form group A; the remaining 445 patients form group B. Growth rates and risk factors for complications were assessed. Results Patients in group A had a lower incidence of hypertension (p = 0.0185), carotid artery disease, and stroke (p = 0.0184), and presented at an earlier age (49.0 versus 64.2 years, p Conclusions Aortic stenosis presents a significant added risk for patients with aneurysmal disease in the face of BAV. Despite faster rates of growth, however, patients with BAV have similar rates of aortic rupture, dissection, and death and improved long-term survival. Contributing to this finding may be the lower incidence of comorbidities, the younger age at presentation, and the more attentive follow-up with earlier operative repair.
Glacial meltwater cooling of the Gulf of Mexico - GCM implications for Holocene and present-day climates

The NCAR Community Climate Model GCM is presently used to investigate the possible effects on regional and hemispheric climates of reduced SSTs in the Gulf of Mexico, in view of delta-O-18 records and terrestrial evidence for at least two major glacial meltwater discharges after the last glacial maximum. Three numerical experiments have been conducted with imposed gulfwide SST coolings of 3, 6, and 12 C; in all cases, significant reductions arise in the North Atlantic storm-track intensity, together with a strong decrease in transient eddy water vapor transport out of the Gulf of Mexico. Other statistically significant changes occur across the Northern Hemisphere.
Analysis of National Toxicology Program rodent bioassay data for anticarcinogenic effects.

We reanalyzed data from 218 two-year rodent carcinogenicity studies carried out by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). These data were originally collected for the purpose of identifying potential human carcinogens. However, the objective of our analysis was to investigate the frequency of possible anticarcinogenic effects in these data, since recurring cases of chemical-associated tumor reductions have been noted in the course of these studies over time. Our analysis reveals that most (> 90%) NTP-tested chemicals show at least one statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in site-specific tumor incidence. Because of the large number of statistical comparisons made in a long-term bioassay, random variability can account for many of these tumor decreases. However, we found that certain tumors (predominantly those with a high spontaneous incidence) show chemically related decreases far more frequently than chance expectation. Many of these decreases, particularly those for pituitary and mammary gland tumors, adrenal pheochromocytoma and uterine polyps in rats and liver and lung tumors in mice, are associated with the reduced body weights frequently observed in the dosed groups. The chemically related decreased incidences of leukemia in rats appear to be related to spleen damage, i.e., chemically related splenic toxicity is evident for most chemicals showing decreased incidences of leukemia. While random variability, associations with body weight and splenic toxicity can account for most of the decreased tumor incidences observed in NTP studies, there are other tumor decreases that could not be totally explained by these factors. Further investigations of possible mechanisms of action are underway. These data are relevant to the concept of chemoprevention as well as to the task of using long-term laboratory animal studies to predict enhanced human environmental-cancer risk for regulatory purposes.
Regulation of the estrogen-responsive pS2 gene in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

To understand how hormones and antihormones regulate transcription of estrogen-responsive genes, in vivo footprinting was used to examine the endogenous pS2 gene in MCF-7 cells. While the consensus pS2 estrogen response element (ERE) half site was protected in the absence of hormone, both the consensus and imperfect ERE half sites were protected in the presence of estrogen. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 182,780 elicited distinct footprinting patterns, which differed from those observed with vehicle- or with estrogen-treated cells suggesting that the partial agonist/antagonist and antagonist properties of 4-hydroxytamoxifen or ICI 182,780, respectively, may be partially explained by modulation of protein-DNA interactions. Footprinting patterns in and around the TATA and CAAT sequences were identical in the presence and in the absence of estrogen suggesting that the basal promoter is accessible and poised for transcription even in the absence of hormone. In vitro DNase I footprinting experiments demonstrated that the estrogen receptor bound to the pS2 ERE and that adjacent nucleotides were protected by MCF-7 nuclear proteins. These findings indicate that transcription of the pS2 gene is modulated by alterations in protein binding to multiple sites upstream of the basal promoter, but not by changes in protein-DNA interactions in the basal promoter.
Reconnaissance and surveillance needs in the Third World

S ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI).. 3 PIONEER SYSTEMS ON ONE AIRFIELD.. 5 PIONEER SYSTEMS WITHIN 20 NM.. MULTIPLE CRASHES NEAR AIRFIELD; SOME CAUSED BYPIONEER EMI, SOME CAUSED BY OTHER HIGH POWER EMITTERSS IMAGERY DISSEMINATION TO MULTIPLE SEPARATED USERS.. PIONEER REMOTE RECEIVING STATION - MARGINAL AT BEST'I GROUND RELAY TO I MEF CP.. PROBLEM IS LARGER THAN UAV'S; EIGHT DIFFERENT IMAGERYFORMAT STANDARDS IN THEATERS OPEN CYCLE COOLING ON PIONEER FLIR.. FLIR ENDURANCE CUT MISSION TIME SIGNIFICANTLY.. HIGH PURITY GASES NEEDED.. CLOSED CYCLE COOLING IS THE ANSWER
SODIUM BENZOATE (SB) INCREASES FREE TRYPTOPHAN (TRP) IN BLOOD AND SEROTONIN (5-HT) FLUX IN CORTEX OF OTC DEFICIENT SPF MICE

We have previously shown that both hyperammonemia and SB used to treat hyperammonemia increase central 5-HT flux in rats and mice (Pediat Res 19:309A, 1985; 20:325A, 1986). In this study we injected ip. 1 or 5 mmol/kg SB or sodium acetate (Ac) in hyperammonemic Spf/y and normoammonemic CD-1/y mice (n=5/eondition) with sacrifice after 1 h. Compared to CD-1 nice, Spf (all conditions) had significantly higher cortical levels of the 5-HT precursor Trp (p<.001), of 5-HT (p<.01), and of its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), (p<.001). SB did not change plasma ammonium levels but further increased cortical Trp (p<.005) and HIAA (p<.01) in CD=1 mice. The effect of increasing SB from 1 to 5 mmol/kg was to increase cortical Trp (p<.001) and HIAA (p<.005) in Spf and Trp (p<.05) in CD-1 mice. Plasma benzoate levels ranged from 1.8 to 4.1 oH 1 h post 5 mmol/kg SB. Serum free Trp levels doubled in both Spf (25±.4.2 vs. 13.7±3.9 uM, p<.001) and CD-1 mice (23.9±.2 vs. 11.0±1.8uM, p<.001) following 5 mmol SB. No change occurred following injection of 1 and 5 mmol/kg Ac or sodium phenylacetate, which is also used to treat hyperammonemia. We suggest that SB competes for albumin binding sites with Trp, resulting in increased free Trp in blood, Trp transport across the blood-brain barrier, and increased serotonin flux. It is possible that the clinical symptoms of SB intoxication are related to this alteration in serotonin metabolism.
Production of nitroxyl (HNO) at biologically relevant temperatures from the retro-Diels–Alder reaction of N-hydroxyurea-derived acyl nitroso-9,10-dimethylanthracene cycloadducts

Retro Diels–Alder reaction of N-hydroxyurea-derived acyl nitroso compound-9,10-dimethylanthracene cycloadducts produce acyl nitroso compounds that react with nucleophiles to form nitrous oxide, which indicates the intermediacy of nitroxyl. These results identify these molecules as a new group of nitroxyl delivery agents.
Using Multiple Microenvironments to Find Similar Ligand-Binding Sites: Application to Kinase Inhibitor Binding

The recognition of cryptic small-molecular binding sites in protein structures is important for understanding off-target side effects and for recognizing potential new indications for existing drugs. Current methods focus on the geometry and detailed chemical interactions within putative binding pockets, but may not recognize distant similarities where dynamics or modified interactions allow one ligand to bind apparently divergent binding pockets. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm that seeks similar microenvironments within two binding sites, and assesses overall binding site similarity by the presence of multiple shared microenvironments. The method has relatively weak geometric requirements (to allow for conformational change or dynamics in both the ligand and the pocket) and uses multiple biophysical and biochemical measures to characterize the microenvironments (to allow for diverse modes of ligand binding). We term the algorithm PocketFEATURE, since it focuses on pockets using the FEATURE system for characterizing microenvironments. We validate PocketFEATURE first by showing that it can better discriminate sites that bind similar ligands from those that do not, and by showing that we can recognize FAD-binding sites on a proteome scale with Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 92%. We then apply PocketFEATURE to evolutionarily distant kinases, for which the method recognizes several proven distant relationships, and predicts unexpected shared ligand binding. Using experimental data from ChEMBL and Ambit, we show that at high significance level, 40 kinase pairs are predicted to share ligands. Some of these pairs offer new opportunities for inhibiting two proteins in a single pathway.
Quantitative analysis of physical and geotechnical factors affecting methane emission in municipal solid waste landfill

The amount of methane that vent from landfills is dependent on the physical, chemical and biological components of the soil cover. Especially moisture content and temperature of the soil are known as the major controlling factors. In situ moisture content measurement is very critical because the moisture content of the soil continuously changes within minutes to hours as a result of change in temperature. The presented study used time domain reflectometry to measure in situ moisture content and analyzed moisture content, temperature and methane data of the landfill soil cover in a quantitative manner. Geotechnical factors including soil grain size and uniformity coefficient of the soil were analyzed and their influence on moisture content and methane emission was examined. The authors used kriging and polynomial regression methods to characterize the spatial distribution of moisture content and methane emission. Methane emission showed good temporal correlation with soil temperature, however, no significant relationship between moisture content and methane emission was observed. Spatial distribution of soil attributes was also analyzed to examine its effect on those variables. The spatial pattern of moisture content was quite similar to that of uniformity coefficient, Cu and that of clay content of the soil but strongly contrasted to that of methane emission.
Hedonic analysis with locally weighted regression: An application to the shadow cost of housing regulation in Southern California

Abstract This paper investigates the role of hedonic model misspecification through inappropriate geographic aggregation in the debate over the effects of housing regulation. We use locally weighted regression (LWR) techniques and geo-referenced data to allow the housing hedonic parameters to vary over space. This modeling strategy better represents micro-market realities and the importance of location as a prime determinant of housing prices. Our results, based on a unique dataset of almost 14,000 single-family home sales between 1993 and 2001 in Southern California, suggest regulation had strong direct impacts on the housing market as suggested by Glaeser and Gyourko (2003) and Cheung et al. (2009a) and not indirectly through increased land scarcity as suggested by Davis and Palumbo (2007).
Displacement structure for Hankel, Vandermonde, and related (derived) matrices

Abstract We introduce some generalized concepts of displacement structure for structured matrices obtained as products and inverses of Toeplitz, Hankel, and Vandermonde matrices. The Toeplitz case has already been studied at some length, and the corresponding matrices have been called near-Toeplitz or Toeplitz-like or Toeplitz-derived. We focus on Hankel- and Vandermonde-like matrices and in particular show how the appropriately defined displacement structure yields fast triangular and orthogonal factorization algorithms for such matrices. The main contribution of this paper is presenting a unified framework rather than obtaining the fastest algorithm for each special matrix.
Responses of Endothelial Cell and Astrocyte Matrix-Integrin Receptors to Ischemia Mimic Those Observed in the Neurovascular Unit

Background and Purpose— Apposition of endothelial cells and astrocyte foot processes to the basal lamina matrix is postulated to underlie the cerebral microvessel permeability barrier. Focal cerebral ischemia induces rapid loss of select matrix-binding integrins from both cell compartments in the nonhuman primate. This study is the first to examine the conditions underlying integrin loss from these cell-types during ischemia in vitro and their relation to the changes in vivo. Methods— The impact of normoxia or standardized oxygen-glucose deprivation on integrin expression by murine primary cerebral endothelial cells and astrocytes grown on matrix substrates (collagen IV, laminin, and perlecan) of the basal lamina were quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry. Results— Endothelial cell expression of the β1 and α5 subunits significantly increased on all matrix ligands, whereas astrocytes displayed modest significant decreases in α5 and α6 subunits. Oxygen-glucose deprivation produced a further significant ...
High-Power True Green Laser Diodes on Semipolar {202¯1} GaN Substrates

SUMMARY InGaN green laser diodes (LDs) on semipolar GaN substrates with output powers of over 100 mW in the spectral region beyond 530 nm are demonstrated. Wall plug efficiencies as high as 7.0–8.9% are realized in the wavelength range of 525–532 nm, exceeding those reported for c-plane LDs. The lifetime at a case temperature of 55 °C was estimated to be over 5000 hours for an optical output power of 50 mW. These results suggest that InGaN green LDs on the plane are better suited as light sources for applications requiring wavelengths above 525 nm.
Primary care experience on a university-based gynecologic oncology service

Abstract We sought to document the incorporation of primary care education in the training of obstetrics and gynecology residents on the gynecologic oncology service at a university hospital in a tertiary care center. We conducted a prospective study of 177 consecutive admissions to the gynecologic oncology service at the University Hospital at Stony Brook during the 3 months from June to August 1996. Admissions were categorized into two groups: medical and surgical. Medical admissions were further categorized by diagnostic groups. For each admission, the medical history of each patient was recorded, as were any new diagnoses identified during that admission. Routine medications and newly initiated therapies were also recorded for each patient. All results were categorically summarized as frequencies and percentages. Of the 177 patients seen by the two residents staffing the gynecologic oncology service during the study period, 100 (56%) were admitted for medical conditions and 77 (44%) for surgical procedures. The patients’ ages ranged from 24 to 87 years, with the mean age being 59.1 years. One hundred thirty-two patients (74%) were admitted with comorbid medical conditions, and more than one quarter of them had a history of psychiatric illness. Moreover, 127 (72%) patients had a positive history of medications used for the chronic management of nongynecologic medical diseases. In addition, 150 (85%) patients were diagnosed with multiple new medical conditions, and the residents initiated new medical therapy for 128 (72%) patients. As flexibility training is introduced in obstetrics/gynecology, residents will gain a wealth of exposure to primary care on services with a high volume of patients who have medical comorbidities.
Advances in clone selection using high-throughput bioreactors

Effective clone selection is a crucial step toward developing a robust mammalian cell culture production platform. Currently, clone selection is done by culturing cells in well plates and picking the highest producers. Ideally, clone selection should be done in a stirred tank bioreactor as this would best replicate the eventual production environment. The actual number of clones selected for future evaluation in bioreactors at bench-scale is limited by the scale-up and operational costs involved. This study describes the application of miniaturized stirred high-throughput bioreactors (35 mL working volume; HTBRs) with noninvasive optical sensors for clone screening and selection. We investigated a method for testing several subclones simultaneously in a stirred environment using our high throughput bioreactors (up to 12 clones per HTBR run) and compared it with a traditional well plate selection approach. Importantly, it was found that selecting clones solely based on results from stationary well plate cultures could result in the chance of missing higher producing clones. Our approach suggests that choosing a clone after analyzing its performance in a stirred bioreactor environment is an improved method for clone selection.
Organometallic chemistry in aqueous solution: Reactions catalyzed by water-soluble molybdocenes

Abstract The aqueous chemistry of molecules containing the Cp2Mo2+ unit (referred to as “molybdocenes” in this paper) is reviewed. Aqueous molybdocenes are generated by hydrolysis of the Mo–X bonds in Cp2MoX2 complexes (X = halide or pseudo-halide) or by dissolving isolable dimers of the form [Cp2Mo(μ-OH)2MoCp22+][OTs−]2 in water. The nature of the molybdocene species in solution is pH dependent: Cp2Mo(H2O)22+ has pKa1 = 5.5 and pKa2 = 8.5; thus, at neutral and physiological pH, Cp2Mo(OH)(OH2)+ is the dominant monomer in aqueous solution. This monomer is in equilibrium with [Cp2Mo(μ-OH)]22+ (Keq = 3.5 × 10−2 M ± 1.3 × 10−3 M at pD 3.5). Cp2Mo(OH)(OH2)+ and Cp2Mo(H)(OH2)+ (and the Cp′ analogs) are catalysts for a variety of reactions in aqueous solution, including H/D exchange reactions that proceed through C–H bond activation pathways, transfer hydrogenation reactions of ketones and aldehydes, nitrile hydration, and the hydrolysis of ethers, carboxylic esters, phosphate esters, and thiophosphinates. In these reactions, the molybdenum center acts as a Lewis acid, activating substrates toward intra- or intermolecular nucleophilic attack by a bound hydroxo ligand or a free water molecule. Mechanistic evidence suggests that the intramolecular hydration and hydrolysis reactions proceed via strained, four-membered ring intermediates.
“I Want to Know More About Who We Are”: New Directions for Research With Older Lesbians

Previous literature has consistently discussed reoccurring issues with conducting research in the gay and lesbian community and, for the purposes of this article, particularly the older lesbian community. Issues with sampling, including gaining access, ethical considerations, and conceptual definitions are ongoing struggles repeated within the literature. This article provides the experience of a research team in conducting such research and presents the viable solutions and ongoing barriers, as well as newer considerations that future research must take into account. In addition, this article provides the viewpoint of 189 older lesbians on the future research needs within their community.
The neurotrophic theory and naturally occurring motoneuron death.

Abstract There is increasing evidence that target-derived molecules play a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal survival during development. These molecules, termed neurotrophic factors, are thought to act in specific ways as defined by the neurotrophic theory. One central tenet of the neurotrophic theory is that some neurons in a population die because trophic molecules are available in only limited amounts during periods of naturally occurring cell death. Delivery of trophic factor to nerve terminals could be regulated by several mechanisms, including, for example, limited production (biosynthesis) by target cells, limited release by targets, or limited uptake by pre-synaptic terminals. An examination of recent studies of motoneuron development indicates that motoneurons compete, via axonal branching and synaptic contacts, for restricted sites on targets that provide access to trophic factors. According to this view, it is terminal branches and contact (‘synaptic') sites that limit the regulation of neuronal survival, rather than trophic factor production.
Live Kidney Donation: A 36-Year-Old Woman Hoping to Donate a Kidney to Her Mother

Ms D, a healthy 36-year old-woman, wishes to donate a kidney to her mother, who has diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Ms D has been evaluated as a donor at another medical center and was told to lose weight and quit smoking. Evidence from cohort studies suggests that live kidney donation is a safe procedure in the short and long terms, although donor follow-up studies have often had incomplete data on limited populations. The benefits of live donation are mostly for the recipient, but kidney donors often have improved quality of life as a result of both their generous act and the improved health of the recipient. Evaluation and eligibility of live kidney donors and their short- and long-term risks are discussed.
On induced double-nucleon emission. II. Three-body partial wave analysis of (π−, NN) in born approximation

Abstract We study the absorption on 12C and 16O of a bound negative pion from an atomic orbital inducing the emission of two nucleons. A nonrelativistic pion-nucleon interaction is used involving hydrogenic pion wave functions which are modified by strong interactions. The final-state scattering of the emitted nucleon pair in the field of the residual nucleus is investigated by means of a nonrelativistic three-body partial wave analysis. Angular correlations and energy distributions are calculated in Born approximation. An optical potential serves to describe multiple-scattering effects which are appreciable and too strong for an adequate treatment in Born approximation. Coulomb effects are neglected. The energy distributions are shown to depend strongly on the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the optical potential.
Generalized conjugate-gradient acceleration of nonsymmetrizable iterative methods

Abstract Conjugate-gradient acceleration provides a powerful tool for speeding up the convergence of a symmetrizable basic iterative method for solving a large system of linear algebraic equations with a sparse matrix. The object of this paper is to describe three generalizations of conjugate-gradient acceleration which are designed to speed up the convergence of basic iterative methods which are not necessarily symmetrizable. The application of the procedures to some commonly used basic iterative methods is described.