cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Enhancement of Weak Signals Using Optimization Theory

Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon that performance of the nonlinear system can be improved with the addition of optimal amount of noise. Stochastic resonance has been increasingly used for signal processing. The output of the nonlinear bistable dynamic system with white Gaussian noise input can be used to restore the weak input signal, if the similarity between the input signal and the output can be maximized. This paper will first use the optimization theory to show that the normalized power norm describing the similarity will reach a larger maximum when tuning both system parameters and noise intensity, compared with that of only adjusting noise intensity (classical stochastic resonance) or only adjusting system parameters. Then, computer simulations are performed to verify this proposal and demonstrate its application in signal processing.
Digital transverse beam dampers for the Brookhaven AGS

A wide band, digital damper system has been developed and is in use at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). The system consists of vertical and horizontal capacitive pickups, analog and digital processing electronics, four 500 Watt wide band power amplifiers, and two pairs of strip line beam kickers. The system is currently used to damp transverse coherent instabilities and injection errors, in both planes, for protons and all species of heavy ions. This paper discusses the system design and operation, particularly with regard to stabilization of the high intensity proton beam. The analog and digital signal processing techniques used to achieve optimum results are discussed. Operational data showing the effect of the damping is presented.
Robust statistical methods for securing wireless localization in sensor networks

Many sensor applications are being developed that require the location of wireless devices, and localization schemes have been developed to meet this need. However, as location-based services become more prevalent, the localization infrastructure will become the target of malicious attacks. These attacks will not be conventional security threats, but rather threats that adversely affect the ability of localization schemes to provide trustworthy location information. This paper identifies a list of attacks that are unique to localization algorithms. Since these attacks are diverse in nature, and there may be many unforeseen attacks that can bypass traditional security countermeasures, it is desirable to alter the underlying localization algorithms to be robust to intentionally corrupted measurements. In this paper, we develop robust statistical methods to make localization attack-tolerant. We examine two broad classes of localization: triangulation and RF-based fingerprinting methods. For triangulation-based localization, we propose an adaptive least squares and least median squares position estimator that has the computational advantages of least squares in the absence of attacks and is capable of switching to a robust mode when being attacked. We introduce robustness to fingerprinting localization through the use of a median-based distance metric. Finally, we evaluate our robust localization schemes under different threat conditions.
Quantifying instruction criticality

Information about instruction criticality can be used to control the application of micro-architectural resources efficiently. To this end, several groups have proposed methods to predict critical instructions. This paper presents a framework that allows us to directly measure the criticality of individual dynamic instructions. This allows us to (1) measure the accuracy of proposed critical path predictors, (2) quantify the amount of slack present in non-critical instructions, and (3) provide a new metric, called tautness, which ranks critical instructions by their dominance on the critical path. This research investigates methods for improving critical path predictor accuracy and studies the distribution of slack and tautness in programs. It shows that instruction criticality changes dynamically, and that criticality history patterns can be used to significantly improve predictor accuracy.
Neighborhood Disadvantage, Residential Stability, and Perceptions of Instrumental Support Among New Mothers:

Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing survey (N = 4,211), this study examines neighborhood disadvantage and perceptions of instrumental support among mothers with young children. The authors find that (a) living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with less instrumental support, particularly financial assistance, from family and friends; (b) residential stability is associated with stronger personal safety nets irrespective of neighborhood quality; and (c) mothers who move to a more disadvantaged neighborhood experience a small but significant decline in perceived instrumental support compared with those who do not move. In interpreting these results, the authors suggest instrumental support may be either a cause or consequence of living in an advantaged neighborhood, but in either case, neighborhood and social network disadvantages go hand in hand.
Dual Tunable Fabry-Perot Spectrally Agile Filter

Two unconventional Fabry-Perot interferometer cavities are used in series to permit transmission of both wide and narrow spectral bands in the infrared. The use of two cavities, in series, blocks unwanted harmonics and effectively extends the free spectral range of the device. The regime of operation covers the middle- and far-infrared spectra, as well as portions of the near- and extreme-infrared. Very small cavity spacings are used to produce a very wide-band transmission window when the device is operated in the zero-order mode. Tuning the device with a closed-loop capacitive control system produces vari-able cavity spacings in higher-order modes, resulting in variable transmission bandwidths over a large spectral range. The design and fabrication issues for two-cavity Fabry-Perot interferometers are discussed, and theoretical perfor-mance and test results are presented for two infrared devices.
Effects of Salinity on Early Life Stages of the Gulf Coast Toad, Incilius nebulifer (Anura: Bufonidae)

Anuran amphibian populations worldwide are in decline due to a variety of factors including habitat destruction, climate change, disease, introduction of non-native species, and environmental contamination. We conducted a laboratory trial with Incilius nebulifer (synonym: Bufo nebulifer) to determine at what level salinity negatively affects hatching and metamorphosis, and how exposure to salinity during development affects metamorph characteristics that influence adult fitness. Embryos exhibited 95.5–99.5% hatching success at salinities of 0, 2, and 4 parts per thousand (ppt); 74.4% success at 6 ppt; and no hatching at 8 or 10 ppt. Salinity affected hatching success and larval survival, and we found linear trends between higher salinity and lower fractions of hatched embryos and living larvae. The odds of hatching were about the same for 0, 2, and 4 ppt, significantly lower for 6 ppt, and zero for 8 and 10 ppt. The odds of survival to metamorphosis were significantly lower in 6 ppt relative to 0, 2, and ...
Streptococcus salivarius urease expression: involvement of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system

Urease expression in Streptococcus salivarius 57.I is induced by acidic pH, and further enhanced at high growth rate and with excess carbohydrate. Notably, the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) activity is repressed in oral streptococci under the same conditions. To test the hypothesis that the PTS may be involved in urease regulation, spontaneous mutants (PTS-1 and PTS-4) that were resistant to 2-deoxyglucose were isolated. When compared to wild-type, PTS-1 was devoid of enzyme IIAManH (EIIAManH) and synthesized low amounts of EIIAManL, and PTS-4 was devoid of EIIAManL, but produced wild-type levels of EIIAManH. Urease expression was examined in continuous chemostat cultures at steady state. Induction by acidic pH was still observed in both mutants, but at lower levels compared to wild-type, under carbohydrate limiting conditions. Conversely, the lower level of expression in PTS-4 could be overcome in excess carbohydrate. The data indicated evidence of a molecular link between the PTS, sugar metabolism, and regulation of urease expression.
Stability analysis of stochastic systems using polynomial chaos

A novel framework for stability analysis of linear and polynomial stochastic systems is presented. The framework is built on generalized polynomial chaos theory, which enables analysis of dynamical systems with probabilistic uncertainty on system parameters with various distributions. The theory allows for the transformation of stochastic problems into a higher dimensional deterministic problem, that is able to accurately approximate the evolution of uncertainty in the state trajectories due to stochastic system parameters. The developed theory is applied to analyze a linear flight control design for an F-16 aircraft model. The problem of generating stability certificates for stochastic polynomial systems is also considered.
A study evaluating existing executive information systems products

The present work is intended to allow the EIS (executive information systems) researcher, as well as the EIS consumer, to evaluate, based upon a consistently defined and represented set of attributes, current EIS products. Using a simple and straightforward methodology, the authors developed a generic definition of EIS and identified attributes which must be present. Current market products were then evaluated within the scope of these attributes. Tabular representations of product evaluations are provided. It is believed that the information available here could help in further research in many areas such as determination of standards in the EIS industry, identification of future trends in product development and implementation, and EIS design and technological considerations. >
A common polymorphism in the adenylyl cyclase type 9 (AC9) gene does not alter vascular responses to isoproterenol

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is one of the downstream effectors of β2-adrenergic receptor (BAR2) stimulation. A common functionally significant polymorphism in the AC9 gene, an A to G substitution at nucleotide 2312, resulting in an Ile to Met at codon 772, has been shown to decrease basal and BAR2-mediated AC activity and blunt catalytic function in vitro (Small et al., 2003). We hypothesized that the Met772 variant would impair sensitivity to an agonist acting through AC. Venodilation in response to increasing doses of isoproterenol (Iso) (1 - 480 ng/min) infused into a phenylephrine-preconstricted dorsal hand vein was measured using a linear variable differential transformer. A 66-fold individual variation was observed in the ED50 for Iso (2.8 – 199.2 ng/min) in 26 healthy women (6 whites and 20 Hispanics, aged 18–42 years). The log ED50 for Iso was not significantly different between the subjects with Ile/Ile (n=17) and Ile/Met (n=8) or Met/Met (n=1) [1.26 ± 0.52 (SD) versus 1.49 ± 0.56; P = 0.31]. No differences in the Emax for Iso were observed (101.3% ± 11.8 versus 102.6% ± 13.7; P = 0.80). These findings suggest that the Met772 variant of AC9 is not a major determinant of variability in vasodilatory response to a BAR2 agonist. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P70–P70; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.263
Specificity of phenolic glycoside induction in willow seedlings (Salix sericea) in response to herbivory.

Salix sericea (Marsh.) (Salicaceae) seedlings were used to investigate phytochemical induction of phenolic glycosides following beetle herbivory. Seven-week-old full-sibling seedlings were subjected to one of three damage treatments: Plagiodera versicolora adults, P. versicolora larvae, or Calligrapha multipunctata bigsbyana adults. Salicylate concentrations were measured locally (within damaged leaves) and systemically (above and below damaged leaves) 4 d later. Herbivory caused differential salicylate induction; 2′-cinnamoylsalicortin was induced, whereas salicortin was not. The induction of 2′-cinnamoylsalicortin was not specific with regard to the species or developmental stage of beetle tested but did vary with leaf age: induction occurred in the younger undamaged leaves but not in the damaged leaves or in the older undamaged leaves. The amount of leaf area consumed had no detectable effect on induction, indicating an “all-or-none” response triggered by even small amounts of herbivory. Locally, herbivory caused a decrease in salicortin concentrations, probably because of degradation within the damaged leaves. These results suggest a specific but generalized induced response to these leaf-feeding beetles.
Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax expression by immunohistochemistry in inclusion body myositis: a study of 27 cases.

Abstract Context.—Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax are among the variety of proteins that have been described as being involved in the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibit apoptosis, and Bax is proapoptotic. Objective.—To evaluate the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax in inclusion body myositis (IBM). Design.—We examined muscle specimens from 27 patients (17 men, 10 women) with IBM to evaluate Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax expression by immunohistochemistry. Results.—Patient ages ranged from 29 to 80 years (mean 62.2 years). All biopsies were marked by endomysial chronic inflammation, muscle fiber necrosis, and regeneration. Rimmed (autophagic) vacuoles were present in all cases. Ragged red fibers were noted in 4 biopsies (15%), and cytochrome oxidase–deficient fibers were found in 10 biopsies (37%). Ultrastructural evidence of intranuclear or cytoplasmic tubulofilamentous inclusions, confirming the diagnosis of IBM, were noted in all cases. Paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions were seen in 5 b...
Detection of Effects of Mutagens in Human Populations

The central issue in genetic toxicology is whether environmental agents are inducing mutations in people and thereby pose a threat to human health. The concern about health effects of mutagenesis encompasses both the transmission of mutations that are induced in germ cells to future generations and the consequences of genetic damage in somatic cells of exposed individuals. Among possible effects of somatic cell mutagenesis, the most notable is an increase in the incidence of cancer. The conceptual and experimental bases for associating cancer causation with somatic cell mutagenesis have recently been reviewed by Straus.(124)
Posthumous Sperm Procurement: The Critical Condition of Autonomous Consent

Even though during Posthumous Sperm Procurement (PSP) the patient has passed away, the decedent still has an interest in informed consent. With increasing requests for PSP by surviving loved ones, institutions struggle how to honor both the interests of the decedent and requests of the living -- sometimes with inconsistent results. This Article argues that institutions should adopt the policy that informed consent to PSP require that the decedent would have consented to PSP with a particular partner and intended parent specifically, not the vague sentiment that the decedent wanted children in the future. This policy clarifies ethically complex situations such as whether parents of a single male should be allowed to inseminate a surrogate to create a child to raise themselves, whether an unmarried couple should have access to PSP (and the common but flawed assumption that marriage is the same as consent to reproduction), and whether clinicians have the ethical duty to tell the family that PSP is possible in the first place. In addition, because the partner and intended parent(s) will so often be the patient’s close family members, they are inadequate surrogate decision makers in the case of PSP. While close family may be the only consent available for the time-sensitive sperm procurement, an advanced directive or a neutral third party must be produced who can give credence to the autonomous consent of the decedent to PSP. The goal of the proposed PSP protocol is to protect both the reproductive interests of the decedent as well as provide objective consistency for institutional implementation.
The Troublemaker's Friend: Retaliation against Third Parties and the Right of Association in the Workplace

Title VII theoretically provides virtually unlimited protection from retaliation for one kind of workplace troublemaker - the employee who files a formal charge of discrimination. However, the protection from retaliation enjoyed by such individuals is significantly less when the troublemaker resorts to an employer's internal process for resolving discrimination complaints prior to the filing of a formal charge of discrimination. And what of the coworker who assists the troublemaker in pursuing such an internal grievance? Or the coworker who simply has some type of relationship with the troublemaker who files a formal charge of discrimination? What protection from retaliation do such individuals enjoy under federal law? As it turns out, in many cases the answer is little to none. In analyzing the issue of whether to permit retaliation claims based on an individual's association with or assistance to a coworker who has engaged in protected activity, the only policy value courts typically discuss is the goal of maintaining access to the statute's remedial mechanism. That maintaining access to such mechanisms is the primary purpose of anti-retaliation provisions is beyond question. However, this Article argues that there is another value that is implicated in these cases that routinely goes unmentioned; namely, the policy in favor of encouraging (or, at a bare minimum, not discouraging) employees from associating with one another. This Article argues that in addition to the goal of permitting unfettered access to remedial mechanisms, one of the goals of anti-retaliation provisions in employment discrimination statutes should be not just to permit but to actually encourage workers to meet and discuss management-employee relations and to provide aid to one another. In so doing, courts may help foster the sense of solidarity that may prevent the creation of hostile work environments from developing in the first place and that may allow for more effective resolutions of discrimination complaints that have already been filed.
Venlafaxine Extended Release (XR) in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

This article reviews results of reports suggesting that venlafaxine extended release (XR) may play an important role in the treatment of anxiety disorders, particularly generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Statistically significant improvements in GAD for venlafaxine XR compared with placebo on the basis of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety were seen in the acute treatment studies up to 8 weeks and were maintained for 6 months. One comparative study found venlafaxine XR to be as effective as, or on some measures more effective than, buspirone at relieving GAD. Venlafaxine XR was safe and well tolerated in the GAD studies, with discontinuation rates due to adverse effects similar to the rates seen with placebo or buspirone.
Silicon Microrefrigerator

We fabricated a silicon microrefrigerator on a 500-mum-thick substrate with the standard integrated circuit (IC) fabrication process. The cooler achieves a maximum cooling of 1degC below ambient at room temperature. Simulations show that the cooling power density for a 40times40 mum2 device exceeds 500W/cm2. The unique three-dimensional (3-D) geometry, current and heat spreading, different from conventional one-dimensional (1-D) thermoelectric device, contribute to this large cooling power density. A 3-D finite element electrothermal model is used to analyze non-ideal factors inside the device and predict its limits. The simulation results show that in the ideal situation, with low contact resistance, bulk silicon with 3-D geometry could cool ~20degC with a cooling power density of 1000W/cm 2 despite the low thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) of the material. The large cooling power density is due to the geometry dependent heat and current spreading in the device. The non-uniformity of current and Joule heating inside the substrate also contributes to the maximum cooling of silicon microrefrigerator, exceeding 30% limit given in one-dimensional thermoelectric theory DeltaTmax=0.5ZTc 2, where Tc is the cold side temperature. These devices can be used to remove hot spots on a chip
Optimizing Inclusion Shapes and Patterns using Heaviside Projection Topology Optimization

Current topology optimization methodologies assume a monolithic, free form design approach. However, many engineered materials and structures are composed of discrete objects or components with fixed range of length scales. For example, material structures containing fibers or particles that may be used to enhance strength or multifunctionality of the material. Feature shape control is thus essential to ensuring topology optimized solutions are meaningful and physically realizable. Achieving such control on continuum domains is challenging as features form via the union of elements of like phase. The proposed technique is based on the Heaviside Projection Method (HPM), which uses auxiliary independent design variable fields that are projected onto element space to achieve topology. The projection uses multiple regularized Heaviside functions whose interaction is tailored such that the shape of the inclusion is optimized while the length scales of inclusions are controlled. The technique is demonstrated on the design of material microstructures with optimized elastic stiffness.
Steady and unsteady simulations for annular internal condensing flows, part I: Algorithm and its accuracy

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an algorithm for accurately solving the full two-dimensional governing equations, along with the interface conditions that govern laminar/laminar annular/stratified internal condensing flows. The simulation approach - which can be generalized to adiabatic and evaporating flows, a 3-D level-set technique, and so on - uses a sharp-interface model, separate liquid and vapor domain computational solutions with interface conditions embedded as boundary conditions, and a moving grid technique to locate the dynamic wavy interface (in amplitude and phase) by a method of characteristics solution of the interface tracking equation. The moving grid is spatially fixed for a defined number of instants, but changes when the current marker instant advances in time.
Influence of esmolol on myocardial enzymes in children with severe hand-foot-mouth disease

Objective: To explore the influence of esmolol on the myocardial enzymes in children with severe hand-foot-mouth disease( HFMD). Methods: One hundred and twenty cases of severe HFMD were randomly divided into routine therapy group( 65 cases) and esmolol group( 55 cases),and 45 healthy children were selected as normal control. The children in the routine therapy group were given antiviral to reduce the intracranial pressure and creatine phosphate sodium to protect myocardial cells. The children in the esmolol group were administered esmolol in addition to the routine therapy. The lactic dehydrogenase( LDH),creatine kinase( CK),phosphate kinase isozyme( CK-MB) and norepinephrine( NE) were detected at admission and checked again three days after treatment. The changes of the myocardial enzyme and NE were compared before and after the therapy. Results: The myocardial enzyme and NE were significantly higher in children with severe HFMD than that in the normal control( P 0. 01). In the routine therapy group and the esmolol group,the LDH,CK,CK-MB and NE decreased significantly after treatment( P 0. 01); the above indicators in the two groups had no significant differences before treatment( P 0. 05),but decreased significantly in the esmolol group after treatment( P 0. 01). Conclusions: The esmolol therapy can effectively reduce the myocardial injury in children with severe HFMD.
Line-scan spatially offset Raman spectroscopy for inspecting subsurface food safety and quality

ABSTRACT This paper presented a method for subsurface food inspection using a newly developed line-scan spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) technique. A 785 nm laser was used as a Raman excitation source. The line-shape SORS data was collected in a wavenumber range of 02815 cm i 1 using a detection module consisting of an imaging spectrograph and a CCD camera. A layered sample, which was created by placing a plastic sheet cut from the or iginal container on top of cane sugar, was used to test the capability for subsurface food inspec tion. A whole set of SORS data was acquired in an offset range of 036 mm (two sides of the laser) with a sp atial interval of 0.07 mm. Raman spectrum from the cane sugar under the plastic sheet was resolved using self-modeling mixture analysis algorithms, demonstrating the potential of the technique for authenticating foods and ingredients through packaging. The line-scan SORS measurement technique provides a new method for subsurface in spection of food safety and quality. Keywords: Raman spectroscopy, Lasers, Subsu rface detection, Food quality, Food safety, Mixture analysis
Measuring physician readiness to change cancer screening: preliminary results.

Our objective was to describe the development and validation of an instrument for measuring physician readiness to change cancer screening and counseling. We designed a cross-sectional survey of primary care physicians. Participants were 745 enrollees in the Copic Insurance Company, a physician liability insurer of more than 80% of Colorado's physicians. A large percentage of physicians do not perceive a need to change their screening patterns for eligible patients in both mammography and Pap tests. Approximately one third of the physicians are contemplating screening more of their patients within the next six months for sigmoidoscopy, clinical skin, and oral cavity exams and counseling more of their patients on skin protection and dietary fat. Few physicians are planning significant changes in cancer screening and counseling within the next month. Scales of readiness to change screening and counseling, as well as an overall readiness-to-change scale, had high internal consistency: .81, .65, .84, for screening, counseling, and overall, respectively. We conclude that readiness to change may be a useful construct for determining if and when physicians may be willing to make behavior changes. Moreover, the assessment of physician readiness to change may facilitate the tailoring of interventions designed to foster physician behavior change and improve patient care.
Therapeutic Anticoagulation for Isolated Calf Deep Vein Thrombosis

Importance Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) isolated to the calf veins (distal to the popliteal vein) is frequently detected with duplex ultrasonography and may result in proximal thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (PE). Objective To evaluate whether therapeutic anticoagulation is associated with a decreased risk for proximal DVT or PE after diagnosis of an isolated calf DVT. Design, Setting, and Participants All adult patients with ultrasonographic detection of an isolated calf DVT from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2013, at the Vascular Laboratory of the University of California, Davis, Medical Center were included. Patients already receiving therapeutic anticoagulation and those with a chronic calf DVT, a contraindication to anticoagulation, prior venous thromboembolism within 180 days, or diagnosis of a PE suspected at the time of calf DVT diagnosis were excluded. Data were analyzed from August 18, 2015, to February 14, 2016. Exposures Intention to administer therapeutic anticoagulation. Main Outcomes and Measures Proximal DVT or PE within 180 days of the diagnosis of the isolated calf DVT. Results From 14 056 lower-extremity venous duplex studies, we identified 697 patients with an isolated calf DVT and excluded 313 of these. The remaining 384 patients were available for analysis (222 men [57.8%]; 162 women [42.2%]; mean [SD] age, 60 [16] years). The calf DVT involved an axial vein (anterior tibial, posterior tibial, or peroneal) in 243 patients (63.2%) and a muscular branch (soleus or gastrocnemius) in 215 (56.0%). Physicians attempted to administer therapeutic anticoagulation in 243 patients (63.3%), leaving 141 control participants. Proximal DVT occurred in 7 controls (5.0%) and 4 anticoagulation recipients (1.6%); PE, in 6 controls (4.3%) and 4 anticoagulation recipients (1.6%). Therapeutic anticoagulation was associated with a decreased risk for proximal DVT or PE at 180 days (odds ratio [OR], 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.83) but an increased risk for bleeding (OR, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.27-14.9), findings that persisted after adjustment for confounding factors (ORs, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.12-0.87] and 4.87 [95% CI, 1.37-17.3], respectively) and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions and Relevance Rates of proximal DVT or PE are low after isolated calf DVT. Therapeutic anticoagulation is associated with a reduction of these outcomes but an increase in bleeding.
Antiferromagnetic Resonance in Fe F 2 at Far-Infrared Frequencies

Antiferromagnetic resonance in single crystals of Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ was observed between 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 66\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (${T}_{N}=78.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K) in the far-infrared region. The resonance frequency at $T\ensuremath{\approx}0$ was found to be $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}(0)=52.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Using the antiferromagnetic resonance relation derived by Kittel, Nagamiya, Keffer, and others, and using the experimental value for the static susceptibility, the uniaxial anisotropy constant at absolute zero, $K(0)$, was inferred to be 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ (40 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$/atom). Measurements of the splitting of the line caused by an external magnetic field gave ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=2.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. The anisotropy energy in Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, being primarily due to the crystalline field-spin-orbit interaction, may be described by a term $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}D{{S}_{\mathrm{zi}}}^{2}$ in the Hamiltonian. By including this interaction in the molecular-field treatment, we have determined $D=\ensuremath{-}9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and have calculated the temperature dependences of the sublattice magnetization, the anisotropy constant, the resonance frequency, and the line width. The last two were compared with the experimental results and found to be in reasonable agreement. The linewidths were found to follow a ${T}^{4}$ law above 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The search over a frequency region of 13-70 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the absorption lines expected in the paramagnetic region was unsuccessful, possibly indicating a relaxation time of less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ sec.
Compact Integration of Multi-Network Topology for Functional Analysis of Genes

The topological landscape of molecular or functional interaction networks provides a rich source of information for inferring functional patterns of genes or proteins. However, a pressing yet-unsolved challenge is how to combine multiple heterogeneous networks, each having different connectivity patterns, to achieve more accurate inference. Here, we describe the Mashup framework for scalable and robust network integration. In Mashup, the diffusion in each network is first analyzed to characterize the topological context of each node. Next, the high-dimensional topological patterns in individual networks are canonically represented using low-dimensional vectors, one per gene or protein. These vectors can then be plugged into off-the-shelf machine learning methods to derive functional insights about genes or proteins. We present tools based on Mashup that achieve state-of-the-art performance in three diverse functional inference tasks: protein function prediction, gene ontology reconstruction, and genetic interaction prediction. Mashup enables deeper insights into the structure of rapidly accumulating and diverse biological network data and can be broadly applied to other network science domains.
The Moses of Charleston: Denmark Vesey

This paper explores the life and motivations of Denmark Vesey, a former slave from Charleston, South Carolina, who in 1822 attempted to lead an insurrection of blacks. Vesey, who spent the early part of his life in bondage, witnessed the atrocities of slavery committed against his people by the white population. The horrors he saw as a slave left an indelible impression that followed him for the remainder of his life. Through the formation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston in 1816, Vesey used his status as a church-leader to bring together the Negro populations of the city and preach a message of God most had never before heard. Though his uprising did not succeed and Vesey was executed for his crimes, his attempts to lead others to freedom served as an inspiration for other rebellions such as those led by Nat Turner in 1831 and Frederick Douglass in 1862.
Racism as a threshold concept: examining learning in a ‘diversity requirement’ course

This article frames racism as a threshold concept and, using qualitative data from written coursework, examines student learning of that concept in a racially diverse college course. The data suggest scaffolding learning and using real-world applications correlate to student mastery of the threshold concept of racism. Findings also suggest that students of color, those who assessed their understandings of issues of race and racism on the first day of class as mixed (rather than expert or weak), those who took the course primarily due to interest, and upperclassmen moved more quickly toward advanced understandings of racism. Qualitative data illustrate that the ways in which the threshold concept was troublesome and transformative varies for students, particularly by race. This study answers the call for more research on the pedagogy of racism as related to the learning experiences of students of color, especially in diverse classrooms.
The Physician's Role in Modern Warfare: An Ethical Accounting

Introduction to military medical ethics theme issue of Virtual Mentor, the American Medical Association's online ethics journal, October 2007. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
A longitudinal study of the relationship between receptivity to e-cigarette advertisements and e-cigarette use among baseline non-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, United States.

We investigated the relationship between receptivity to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertisements at baseline and e-cigarette use at follow-up among adult baseline non-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. A nationally representative online panel was used to survey non-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes (n = 2191) at baseline and 5-month follow-up. At baseline, respondents were shown an e-cigarette advertisement and asked if they were aware of it (exposure). Among those exposed, receptivity was self-rated for each ad using a validated scale of 1 to 5 for agreement with each of six items: “worth remembering,” “grabbed my attention,” “powerful,” “informative,” “meaningful,” and “convincing.” Logistic regression was used to measure the relationship between receptivity at baseline and e-cigarette use at follow-up. Among baseline non-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, 16.6% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertisements at baseline; overall mean receptivity score was 2.77. Among baseline non-users who reported exposure to e-cigarette advertisements, incidence of e-cigarette use at follow-up was 2.7%; among baseline non-users who reported not being exposed to e-cigarette advertisements, incidence of e-cigarette use at follow-up was 1.3%. The attributable risk percentage for e-cigarette initiation from e-cigarette advertisement exposure was 59.3%; the population attributable risk percentage from e-cigarette advertisement exposure was 22.6%. Receptivity at baseline was associated with e-cigarette use at follow-up (aOR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.04–2.37). Receptivity to e-cigarette advertisements at baseline was associated with greater odds of e-cigarette use at follow-up among baseline non-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Understanding the role of advertising in e-cigarette initiation could help inform public health policy.
Homelessness predicts attrition but not alcohol abstinence in outpatients experiencing co-occurring alcohol dependence and serious mental illness.

ABSTRACTBackground: Adults experiencing homelessness and serious mental illnesses (SMI) are at an increased risk of poor mental health and treatment outcomes compared with stably housed adults with SMI. The additional issue of alcohol misuse further complicates the difficulties of those living with homelessness and SMI. In this secondary data analysis, the authors investigated the impact of homelessness on attrition and alcohol use in a contingency management (CM) intervention that rewarded alcohol abstinence in outpatients with SMI. Methods: The associations between housing status and attrition and alcohol abstinence during treatment, as assessed by ethyl glucuronide (EtG) urine tests, were evaluated in 79 adults diagnosed with alcohol dependence and SMI. Results: Thirty-nine percent (n = 31) of participants reported being homeless at baseline. Individuals who were homeless were more likely to drop out of CM (n = 10, 62.5%) than those who were housed (n = 4, 16.7%), χ2(1) = 8.86, P < .05. Homelessness wa...
Risk salience of a novel virus: US population risk perception, knowledge, and receptivity to public health interventions regarding the Zika virus prior to local transmission.

Background As the incidence of Zika infection accelerated in Central and South American countries from November 2015 through April 2016, U.S. public health officials developed vector control and risk communication strategies to address mosquito-borne and sexual modes of transmission. This study reports upon U.S. perceptions of the Zika virus prior to domestic transmission, and analyzes the association of socio-economic, political, knowledge and risk factors with population receptivity to selected behavioral, environmental, and clinical intervention strategies. Methods A representative sample of 1,233 U.S. residents was drawn from address-based telephone and mobile phone lists, including an oversample of 208 women of child-bearing age living in five U.S. southern states. Data were collected between April and June, 2016, and weighted to represent U.S. population distributions. Results Overall, 78% of the U.S. population was aware of Zika prior to domestic transmission. Those unaware of the novel virus were more likely to be younger, lower income, and of Hispanic ethnicity. Among those aware of Zika, over half would delay pregnancy for a year or more in response to public health warnings; approximately one third agreed with a possible vector-control strategy of targeted indoor spraying by the government; and nearly two-thirds agreed that the government should make pregnancy-termination services available to women who learn their fetus had a Zika-related birth defect. Receptivity to these public health interventions varied by age, risk perception, and knowledge of the virus. Conclusion Risk salience and population receptivity to public health interventions targeting a novel virus can be conditioned on pre-existing characteristics in the event of an emerging infectious disease. Risk communicators should consider targeted strategies to encourage adoption of behavioral, environmental, and clinical interventions.
Pathways to Retention in HIV Care Among U.S. Veterans

Abstract Retaining HIV patients in clinical care is a critical component of the HIV care continuum, impacting not only patients' virologic suppression, but their overall health and wellbeing. Under...
Obtaining a Low and Wide Atomic Layer Deposition Window (150–275 °C) for In2O3 Films Using an InIII Amidinate and H2O

Indium oxide is a major component of many technologically important thin films, most notably the transparent conductor indium tin oxide (ITO). Despite being pyrophoric, homoleptic indium(III) alkyls do not allow atomic layer deposition (ALD) of In2 O3 using water as a co-precursor at substrate temperatures below 200 °C. Several alternative indium sources have been developed, but none allows ALD at lower temperatures except in the presence of oxidants such as O2 or O3 , which are not compatible with some substrates or alloying processes. We have synthesized a new indium precursor, tris(N,N'-diisopropylformamidinato)indium(III), compound 1, which allows ALD of pure, carbon-free In2 O3 films using H2 O as the only co-reactant, on substrates in the temperature range 150-275 °C. In contrast, replacing just the H of the anionic iPrNC(H)NiPr ligand with a methyl group (affording the known tris(N,N'-diisopropylacetamidinato)indium(III), compound 2) results in a considerably higher and narrower ALD window in the analogous reaction with H2 O (225-300 °C). Kinetic studies demonstrate that a higher rate of surface reactions in both parts of the ALD cycle gives rise to this difference in the ALD windows.
INORGANIC TOXICANTS AND POISONOUS PLANTS

I. ABSTRACT Poisonous vegetation and inorganic toxicants have caused death losses in animals throughout history. Livestock and wildlife are exposed to a multitude of both naturally occurring and induced toxic agents. The major sources of these toxic agents for livestock and wildlife are poisonous vegetation, industrial wastes, heavy metals, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, feed additives, fertilizers, and biotoxins. With increasing industrialization there is an increase in the number and complexity of toxicologic problems in livestock and wildlife These problems are seldom induced by one toxic substance alone, but are usually the result of a combination of toxicants from multiple sources. The potential additive or synergistic influence of such combinations is of major concern. Overgrazing by animals is usually conducive to increased adverse effects of poisonous plants, inorganic toxicants, or combinations thereof. These facts are important in both the diagnosis of toxicologic problems and in the management of land, water, and animals in prevention and treatment.
P31: The effects of red blood cell age on nitric oxide and nitrite-dependent signaling: Implications for transfusion related toxicity

Background RBC are critical hubs for regulated NO-homeostasis, affecting both inhibition (NO and nitrite oxidation) and stimulatory (nitrite-reduction to NO) pathways. How RBC affect this balance, and whether this changes in disease remains unclear. Importantly, biophysical and biochemical properties of the RBC are key parameters, and which change as a function of RBC age in vivo and storage time ex vivo. Transfusion with older RBC is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients with dysfunction in NO-bioavailability underlying, in part, increased inflammation (e.g., in the lung leading to acute lung injury) and circulatory dysfunction. We hypothesized that changes in RBC morphology/ biochemical composition that occur during aging/ storage results in a shift in the balance presented above towards a greater inhibition of NO-signaling both by accelerated rates of NO-and nitrite oxidation. Method Comparisons of NO dioxygenation and nitrite oxidation kinetics were made between fresh and stored RBC as well as RBC of different ages. Functional assessment of changes in NO/nitrite reaction kinetics were evaluated by testing effects of RBC on NO-or nitrite-dependent vasodilation of aortic rings ex vivo and in vivo using a murine model of storage lesion in the context of trauma-hemorrhage and acute lung injury. Results NO-scavenging kinetics by intact oxygenated RBC were ∼40-fold higher with RBC stored for 42 days compared to freshly isolated RBC; an effect that translated to a greater inhibition of NO-dependent vasodilation. Similarly, RBC isolated from freshly drawn blood and separated as a function of endogenous age, showed that older RBC scavenged NO ∼2-fold faster compared to younger RBC, which also translated to a greater degree of inhibition of NO-dependent vasodilation. Both stored and older RBC exhibited increased rates of NO 2 - oxidation, which was not however associated with any deficit in NO 2 - -dependent vasodilation. Transfusion of fresh or stored RBC into mice after trauma-hemorrhage led to significant acute lung injury in the latter. Conclusion Collectively, these data suggest that endogenous NO-signaling will be modulated by the relative distribution of young vs. older RBC. Also the storage of RBC under current blood banking conditions results in cells with higher NO-scavenging activities that are predicted to complement increased hemolysis in contributing to pro-inflammatory stresses associated with transfusion. In addition, we posit that increased oxidation of nitrite, which would decrease an endogenous substrate for NO-formation during hypoxia, also contributes to storage lesion pathology and raises the concept of nitrite-based therapy to replete NO-signaling during trauma-hemorrhage. Disclosure Supported by NIH T32 HL007918.
Relative Spurious Regression Bias in Business-Cycle Models of Stock Momentum

We investigate whether persistent macroeconomic variables can be reliably shown to predict momentum profits. We find that when predictor variables are persistent and the predictive relationship is estimated over a period that overlaps the momentum portfolio formation period, predicted returns will be positively correlated with past returns. This occurs even when returns are constructed to be serially uncorrelated and independent of the predictors. This means there will be a positive predicted return to momentum portfolios and the macroeconomic variables will appear to explain momentum profits, even when stock returns are unrelated to the macroeconomic variables. We show that the apparent ability of the business-cycle model in Chordia and Shivakumar (2002) to explain intermediate-term momentum profits comes from this effect, which we term a relative spurious regression bias. We demonstrate that results similar to those of Chordia and Shivakumar obtain when we replace their macroeconomic variables with random variables constructed to be persistent but independent of stock returns. Once the parameter estimation period is chosen to be prior to the portfolio formation period, the predictive power of the macroeconomic variables disappears and momentum is no longer explained by the business cycle model.
Use of expected progeny differences for marbling in beef: I. Production traits.

Six Angus bulls with HIGH (>.4) and six bulls with LOW ( .18). More ( P < .05) carcasses of calves from sires with HIGH EPD for marbling graded USDA Choice than from LOW EPD sires, 74% vs 47%, respectively. Angus sires can be selected to produce progeny that have increased ability to grade Choice without increasing yield grade or decreasing animal growth or feed efficiency.
Undoing Heterosexism and Homophobia: Moving from “Talking the Talk” to “Walking the Talk”

Based on a model that identifies five factors necessary for systemic change, this article examines how organizational transformation can work to dismantle heterosexism. Moving from “talking the talk” to “walking the talk” involves putting the rhetoric of inclusion into action. For schools to be places of possibility and promise for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and heterosexual people in both theory and practice, at least five conditions must be addressed. These conditions are: shared leadership; inclusive policies, practices, and pedagogy; resources; a plan; and ongoing and inclusive communication. Drawing on over 15 years of hands-on experience working with schools and other organizations to build inclusive cultures, the role and responsibilities of human sexuality education (HSE) professionals as catalysts for systemic transformation in these five areas are explored. As agents of cultural change, HSE professionals have the potential to transform schools, classrooms, hallways, counseling center...