cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Binding of Erythroid Krupple-like Factor to Embryonic/Fetal Globin Gene Promoters during Development

The competition model for β-like globin gene switching during development predicts that differential binding of transcription factors to globin gene promoters and/or proximal enhancers regulate the competitive interactions of globin gene family members with the powerful locus control region (LCR). Direct interactions of individual genes with the LCR are essential for high level expression in erythroid cells. In this paper, we have demonstrated, by chromatin immunoprecipitation, that erythroid-Krupple-like factor (EKLF) binds to embryonic/fetal globin gene promoters in primitive (but not in definitive) erythroid cells. EKLF binds strongly to adult globin gene promoters and to LCR sequences HS4, HS3, HS2, and HS1 in both primitive and definitive erythroid cells. Trimethylation of histone H3K4 and H3K27 at the embryonic/fetal and adult globin gene promoters is equivalent in definitive cells; therefore, the differential binding of EKLF to these promoters does not appear to result from changes in chromatin configuration. Interestingly, the level of EKLF in definitive cells is 3-fold higher than the level in primitive cells. These results suggest that temporal-specific changes in EKLF abundance result in differential binding of this essential erythroid transcription factor to embryonic/fetal globin gene promoters during development and that these changes in EKLF binding specificity mediate the competitive interactions of globin gene family members with the LCR.
Metastatic Crohn's Disease: A Case Report

Metastatic Crohn's disease (MCD) is a rare extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease characterized by the histologic finding of granulomatous dermatitis at a site noncontiguous to the gastrointestinal tract. An adolescent had MCD of the face that was initially mistaken for severe, treatment-resistant acne. Histopathologic and microbiologic evaluation, combined with clinical examination and response to therapy, ultimately led to the correct diagnosis. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is a suspected cause of Crohn's disease. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect genomic DNA specific for the organism in biopsy specimens from the patient's cutaneous lesions. This study failed to demonstrate M. paratuberculosis in the specimens.
Poisson image reconstruction with total variation regularization

This paper describes an optimization framework for reconstructing nonnegative image intensities from linear projections contaminated with Poisson noise. Such Poisson inverse problems arise in a variety of applications, ranging from medical imaging to astronomy. A total variation regularization term is used to counter the ill-posedness of the inverse problem and results in reconstructions that are piecewise smooth. The proposed algorithm sequentially approximates the objective function with a regularized quadratic surrogate which can easily be minimized. Unlike alternative methods, this approach ensures that the natural nonnegativity constraints are satisfied without placing prohibitive restrictions on the nature of the linear projections to ensure computational tractability. The resulting algorithm is computationally efficient and outperforms similar methods using wavelet-sparsity or partition-based regularization.
Electrowetting-controlled bio-inspired artificial iridophores

Many marine organisms have evolved complex optical mechanisms of dynamic skin color control that allow them to drastically change their visual appearance. In particular, cephalopods have developed especially effective dynamic color control mechanism based on the mechanical actuation of the micro-scale optical structures, which produce either variable degrees of area coverage by a given color (chromatophores) or variations in spatial orientation of the reflective and diffractive surfaces (iridophores). In this work we describe the design, fabrication and characterization of electrowetting-controlled bio-inspired artificial iridophores. The developed iridophores geometrically resemble microflowers with flexible reflective petals. The microflowers are fabricated on a silicon substrate using surface micromachining techniques. After fabrication a small droplet of conductive liquid is deposited at the center of each microflower. This causes the flower petals to partially wrap around the droplet forming a structure similar to capillary origami. The dynamic control over the degree of wrapping is achieved by applying a voltage differential between the conductive core of the petals and the droplet. The applied voltage causes dynamic contact angle change between the droplet and each of the petals due to the electrowetting effect. We have characterized mechanical and optical properties of the microstructures and discuss their electrowetting-based actuation. These experimental results are in good agreement with a 3D theoretical model based on electrocapillarity and elasticity theory. This work forms the basis for a broad range of novel optical devices.
Fabry-Perot analysis of resonant tunneling structures

Abstract The concept of a Fabry-Perot etalon has been explicitly applied to the analysis of resonant tunneling structures. We have treated both single- and double-barrier structures with an applied electric field as equivalent Fabry-Perot etalons under the WKB approximation. We obtain resonances in the transmission coefficient for a single quantum barrier. These resonances are explicitly shown to be associated with the round-trip phase of electrons within an equivalent etalon. For the double-barrier structure, the transmission coefficient, the quasi-bound states and the full width at half maximum are calculated. Our result is compared to that using the Airy functions and shows a very good agreement.
Focal adhesion kinase in cancer

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has received much attention as a transducer of integrin-mediated signals. FAK becomes autophosphorylated on tyrosine 397 (Y397) in response to cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and in response to certain growth factors. Src-family kinases bind to FAK Y397 and mediate the phosphorylation of several additional tyrosine residues located within FAK. This leads to an enhancement of FAK activity and the recruitment of Grb2-SOS to the FAK signalling complex with subsequent activation of the Ras/ERK growth pathway in some cell types. Other signalling molecules such as Crk-associated substrate, Crk and paxillin can physically associate with FAK in response to adhesion to the ECM. FAK also seems to mediate cell migration and cell survival. Evidence obtained from several laboratories demonstrates that FAK is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers. FAK is not a classical oncogene and its overexpression appears to be a relatively late change in tumour progression. Because...
Diagnosis and risk stratification in patients with anti-RNP autoimmunity:

IntroductionAnti-RNP autoantibodies occur either in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) (with a frequently favorable prognosis), or in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cases with aggressive ma...
Evaluation of a homogeneous direct LDL-cholesterol assay in diabetic patients: effect of glycemic control.

Increased serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with increased risk for ischemic heart disease, and lowering of LDL-C has been shown to decrease mortality in patients with known coronary heart disease (1)(2)(3). Persons with diabetes have a greatly increased risk for atherosclerosis and its complications. Many of these patients have increased plasma cholesterol (including LDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs). Additionally, glycation and oxidation of circulating LDL particles may further increase the risk for atherosclerotic disease in patients with diabetes (4)(5). Currently used methods for LDL-C include calculations [based on total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and TG concentrations], ultracentrifugation, and most recently, direct LDL-C assays. Calculation methods, such at the Friedewald formula (6), are well known to have a prominent negative bias in patients with TG concentrations >4.5 mmol/L (400 mg/dL) (6)(7). In addition, because TGs are measured, fasting blood samples are preferred. This can present a problem for certain patient populations, including many people with diabetes. Ultracentrifugation methods are time-consuming and expensive and generally are performed only in reference laboratories. Direct LDL-C assays have been developed recently and have been shown to provide accurate and precise measurements of LDL-C (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). They overcome the TG and fasting limitations of calculation methods, are readily adapted to clinical laboratories, are less expensive than ultracentrifugation methods, and provide greatly improved turnaround time. Direct LDL-C assays make use of either an immunoseparation step or specific detergents to separate LDL particles from other lipoproteins, followed by measurement of cholesterol by conventional enzymatic reactions. The N-geneousTM LDL-C assay is a solute-based homogeneous assay that agrees well with ultracentrifugation (11). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of glycemic control (as gauged by hemoglobin A1c) on the …
Construct Validation of the Gregorc Style Delineator: An Application of Lisrel 7:

The major purpose of the study was to assess the construct (dimensional) validity of the Gregorc Style Delineator through confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL 7. The instrument was administered to 263 undergraduate university students in foundations of education classes during a one quarter period. Results indicated that the four scales contained in the instrument were moderately reliable, but exhibited only minimal factor definition. Analysis of selected relationships among scales did not support portions of Gregorc's overall theoretical model, although those findings remain questionable due to inherent psychometric weaknesses of the instrument.
Modeling the Dynamics of Subducting Slabs

Cold, dense subducting lithosphere provides the primary force driving tectonic plates at Earth’s surface. The force available to drive the plates depends on a balance between the buoyancy forces driving subduction and the mechanical and buoyancy forces resisting subduction. Because both the buoyancy and rheology of the slab and mantle depend on temperature, composition, grain size, water content, and melt fraction, unraveling which of these processes exert a first-order control on slab dynamics and under what circumstances other processes become first-order effects can be challenging. Laboratory and numerical models of slab dynamics provide a powerful method for testing the combined effects of buoyancy and strength changes that accompany the slab evolution in the upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle. Recent studies have focused on understanding how rheologic variations (Newtonian versus non-Newtonian viscosity or water content), geometry (2D versus 3D), and plate motions (trench roll-back or advance) influence the evolution of slabs in the upper mantle and how they sink into the lower mantle. These models suggest that spatial and temporal variations in slab strength and the history of subduction determine whether slabs sink directly into the lower mantle or are trapped in the transition zone.
Assessment on Undetectable Burst Errors in Tandem CRCs

This paper addresses the conditional probability for undetectable burst errors when using two CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) codes in tandem, given that nonguaranteed- detectable burst errors have occurred. Three distinctive cases are dsicussed based on the error positions and the conditional probability of undetectable errors under each case is derived. Because this probability depends on the exact CRC polynomials selected, an upper-bound assessment is provided to address general cases.
Loopholes in Regional Laws Allow for Incomplete Remediation Thwarting Environmental Sustainability

At least 103 children in Toms River, Dover Township, New Jersey had been diagnosed with cancer in what is believed to be the nation’s largest child cancer cluster. In 1995, a state study found that incidence of cancer among children in Toms River was higher than any other part of the state. In Dover Township, it was reported that 90 children were found to have various types of cancer between 1979 and 1995. Since the original cases, 28 more children there have been found to have cancer, the families said. Over a period of decades, chemical plants, including ones owned by Ciba-Geigy released industrial pollutants into the Toms River. Industrial pollutants leached into the township’s groundwater supply. The pollutants included chemicals used in the manufacture of epoxies, resins, and dyestuffs. In 1983, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed the site on the Superfund National Priorities List that includes the country’s most polluted sites. Remediation is now underway at the site and is expected to be completed by the end of 2010. The remediation efforts do not include removal of all the drums. The drums should not be left there in order to keep costs down. The problem here is that loopholes in the law regarding how remediation is carried out in New Jersey allow for too much agency discretion. The compromises that are made between state officials and businesses to lower remediation costs should never raise the citizen’s health risk. This compromise means that drums will be left on-site. The drums will leak again and it is just a matter of time. Leaving the drums there is a danger, an unnecessary risk that leaves children at risk for further injuries. In short, this case study is an example of the large barriers preventing sustainability at the regional level.
Electrospun Polyaniline Composites for NO2 Detection

The responsive nature of polyaniline (PANI) to gaseous pollutants is highly dependent on processing conditions, film composition, and morphology. Hybrid systems of leucoemeraldine-based polyaniline (LEB-PANI) have shown to aid in the stability of the material yielding an active matrix for gas sensing. The electrospinning technique was employed for preparation of PANI-Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) hybrid structures for room temperature NO2 detection.
The internet and self‐injury: What psychotherapists should know

The Internet affords information gathering and sharing previously impossible. For individuals who practice self-injury, this capacity allows rapid identification of others with shared history, experience, and practices. For many of those who self-injure, the ability to find others like themselves reduces the isolation and loneliness that so often characterizes the behavior. For others, however, active participation in online communities may effectively substitute for the real work required to develop positive coping and healthy relationships. Our experience suggests that regular assessment of self-injury Internet use is uncommon in therapeutic settings. Proliferation of self-injury message boards, informational Web sites, blogs, and YouTube posts is a clinical challenge. In this article, we review the research on self-injury and Internet use and then make a series of recommendations for clinicians.
Fluoride exposure and dental fluorosis in Newburgh and Kingston, New York: policy implications.

Abstract– Objectives: This analysis was conducted to determine the changes in the effect of exposure to fluoridation and other sources of fluoride on dental fluorosis in children attending Newburgh and Kingston school districts in New York State. Methods: Data for this analysis were obtained from two surveys conducted in the 1986 and 1995 school years. Analyses were limited to 3500, 7–14-year-old lifelong residents of a fluoridated or a nonfluoridated community. Deans's classification and DMFS index were used for recording dental fluorosis and caries, respectively. A questionnaire was used to collect fluoride exposure data. Regression procedures were used to estimate the effect of fluoridation, fluoride supplements, and brushing before the age of 2 years on dental fluorosis. Results: Children examined in 1996 were at higher risk for both questionable and very mild to severe dental fluorosis if they received fluoride from water or daily tablet use, or started brushing before the age of 2 years. The increase in risk from 1986 to 1995 was greater for African-American children. Conclusion: This analysis showed that the risk of developing dental fluorosis did not decline over time in these communities. Continuous exposure to water fluoridation had an observable effect on dental fluorosis. However, implementation of fluoridation in Newburgh Town did not result in an increase in dental fluorosis prevalence.
The orientation of the heme group in crystalline cytochrome b5

The correct orientation of the heme group in cytochrome b5 has been determined by difference Fourier techniques at 2.0 A resolution. The heme orientation is now in agreement with that obtained in a recent high resolution NMR study.
Internal state predictability as an evolutionary precursor of self-awareness and agency

What is the evolutionary value of self-awareness and agency in intelligent agents? One way to make this problem tractable is to think about the necessary conditions that lay the foundation for the emergence of agency, and assess their evolutionary origin.We postulate that one such requirement is the predictability of the internal state trajectory. A distinct property of onepsilas own actions compared to someone elsepsilas is that onepsilas own is highly predictable, and this gives the sense of ldquoauthorshiprdquo. In order to investigate if internal state predictability has any evolutionary value, we evolved sensorimotor control agents driven by a recurrent neural network in a 2D pole-balancing task. The hidden layer activity of the network was viewed as the internal state of an agent, and the predictability of its trajectory was measured. We took agents exhibiting equal levels of performance during evolutionary trials, and grouped them into those with high or low internal state predictability (ISP). The high-ISP group showed better performance than the low-ISP group in novel tasks with substantially harder initial conditions. These results indicate that regularity or predictability of neural activity in internal dynamics of agents can have a positive impact on fitness, and, in turn, can help us better understand the evolutionary role of self-awareness and agency.
The AGS-Booster complex for the g-2 experiment and RHIC injection

The delivery of a beam with characteristics appropriate for the g-2 muon storage ring and the filling of the RHIC heavy ion collider from the AGS main ring requires a new fast extracted beam (NewFEB) system. The NewFEB system must be capable of performing single bunch multiple extraction of a heavy ion beam, as well as a high intensity proton beam at a time interval of 25 ms up to 12 times per AGS cycle. The new system will consist of a fast multipulsing kicker and an ejector septum magnet with local orbit bumps. >
Localization, Accumulation, and Toxic Effects of Mercuric Chloride on the Reproductive Axis of the Female Hamster

Experiments were performed to determine the mechanism for the effect s of mercuric chloride on the reproductive system of the hamster. Tissue levels of mercury were determined in animals which were treated with daily sc doses of saline 1 mg of mercuric chloride or 1 mg of mercuric chloride and 50 mg of N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (NAP) throughout 1 4-day estrous cycle. The relations between concentations of mercury in several organs were found to be kidney>liver>anterior pituitary>ovary> blood>uterus>hypthalamus>cerebral cortex. Animals which were injected with mercuric chloride and NAP had significantly less (p less than .001) mercury than animals treated with mercuric chloride alone in all tisses except the cerebral cortex. Tissues from a nimals that were injected daily with 12 mcCi of mercuric chloride-203 an d 1 mg of mercuric chloride were prepared for radioautography. In the ovary mercury was more concentrated in the corpora lutea than the folli cles of interstitium. Mercury was also found lining the sinusoids of the pituitary and in some of the neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. It has been suggested that the neurons in the region of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence synthesize and store the gonadotropin-releasing hormones of FSH-RH LH-RH and PIF which are released by the neural stimuli originating in the anterior hypothalamus. Mercury may have interfered with the synthesis and release of FSH-RH LH-RH and PIF from these neutrons. The possibility exists that other releasing hormones also may be affected by damage to the arcuate region of the hypothalamus. When hamsters were given a tota l of 3 or 4 mg of mercuric chloride during the 1st cycle 60% of the animals did not ovulate by Day 1 of the 3rd cycle.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
XV—The Limits of Normative Detachment

The Kantian strategy in ethics is to demonstrate that the acceptance of certain norms is inescapable for practical agents. I investigate whether there is an interpretation of this strategy that can answer or at least mollify the worry pressed by error theorists that our normative judgements are systematically false. The first section explores a tempting line of thought that leads to a constructivist interpretation of the Kantian strategy. I will argue, though, that a constructivist interpretation is of dubious coherence. In the second section I describe an argument that attempts to show that, even absent a demonstration that it is a method for arriving at normative truths, the Kantian strategy is invulnerable to any completely general argument that all of our normative judgements are false.
GM1 and NGF synergism on choline acetyltransferase and choline uptake in aged brain.

Abstract In the brain of aged rats high affinity choline uptake (HAChU) of the striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex is lower than in young rats, while choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity is lower in striatum and frontal cortex. Infusion into the lateral cerebral ventricle with nerve growth factor (NGF) enhances the low values of these cholinergic markers in a dose- and region-dependent manner. GM 1 ganglioside infused into the lateral ventricle, at a dose that is ineffective alone, together with NGF synergistically enhances the effect of NGF on ChAT and HAChU activities in the brain of aged animals. The pharmacology of this GM 1/NGF synergism suggests potentiation of response.
Peripheral thermal and mechanical damage to dentin with microsecond and sub-microsecond 9.6 microm, 2.79 microm, and 0.355 microm laser pulses

Background and Objectives: It is desirable to minimize peripheral thermal damage during laser irradiation, since thermal damage to collagen and mineral compromises the bond strength to restorative materials in dentin and inhibits healing and osteointegration in bone. There were two primary objectives of this study. The first objective was to measure the degree of thermal damage peripheral to incisions in dentin produced with lasers resonant to the specific absorption bands of water, collagen, and hydroxyapatite with varying pulse duration using polarized-light microscopy (PLM). The second objective was to use synchrotron radiation infrared spectromicroscopy (SR-FTIR) to identify the specific chemical nature of the optical changes observed under PLM in the respective zones of thermal damage peripheral to the laser incisions. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Precise incisions were produced in 3� 3m m 2 blocks of human dentin using CO2 (9.6 mm), Er:YSGG (2.79 mm), and Nd:YAG (355 nm) lasers with and without a computer controlled water-spray. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to obtain optical cross-sections of each incision to determine the rate of ablation. The peripheral thermal damage zone around each incision was analyzed using PLM and SR-FTIR. Results: Thermally induced chemical changes to both mineral and the collagen matrix were observed with SRFTIR with a 10 mm spatial resolution and those changes were correlated with optical changes observed with PLM. Minimal (<10 mm) thermal damage was observed for pulse durations less than the thermal relaxation time (Tr ) of the deposited laser energy, with and without applied water at 9.6 mm and with only applied water at 2.79 mm. For pulse durations greater than Tr, greater peripheral thermal damage was observed for both IR laser wavelengths with and without the water-spray. There was minimal thermal damage for 355 nm laser pulses less than Tr with and without applied water; however, extensive mechanical damage (cracks) was observed. Conclusions: High resolution SR-FTIR is well suited for characterization of the chemical changes that occur due to thermal damage peripheral to laser incisions in proteinaceous hard tissues. Sub-microsecond pulsed IR lasers resonant with water and mineral absorption bands ablate dentin efficiently with minimal thermal damage. Similar laser parameters are expected to apply to the ablation of alveolar bone. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:214–228, 2004. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multi-robot navigation in formation via sequential convex programming

This paper presents a method for navigating a team of robots in formation in 2D and 3D environments with static and dynamic obstacles. The method is local and computes the optimal parameters for the formation within a neighborhood of the robots, allowing for reconfigurations, when required, by considering a set of target formations. The method consists of first computing the largest collision-free convex polytope in a neighborhood of the robots, followed by a constrained optimization via sequential convex programming where the optimal parameters for the formation are obtained. The robots navigate towards the target collision-free formation with individual local planners that account for their dynamics. The approach is efficient and scalable with the number of robots and performed well in simulations with a large team of quadrators and in experiments with two mobile manipulators carrying a rigid object.
The impact of risk shifting and contracting on mental health service costs in California.

This paper identifies the impact of a 1991 California state policy that enhanced local governments' financial risk and programmatic authority for public mental health services, on treatment costs per user, and on the mix of inpatient and outpatient service costs. The study uses 59 California local mental health authorities (LMHAs) as the unit of analysis over a seven-year period spanning policy implementation. Total treatment and inpatient cost per user decreases and outpatient cost per user increases after program realignment. Higher levels of contracting with private providers tend to enhance this trend, while risk for institutional services reduces user costs uniformly. (Inquiry 37(2): 121?33.)
Hybrid Hairy Nanoparticle Electrolytes Stabilizing Lithium Metal Batteries

Rechargeable batteries comprising an energetic metal (e.g., Li, Na, Al) at the anode provide unparalleled opportunities for increasing the energy stored in electrochemical cells on either a unit mass or volume basis. A major problem that has hindered development of such cells for the last four decades concerns the electrochemical and mechanical instability of the interface between energetic metals and ion conducting organic liquid electrolytes. This study reports that hybrid electrolytes created by blending low volatility liquids with a bidisperse mixture of hairy nanoparticles provide multiple attractive attributes for engineering electrolytes that are stable in the presence of reactive metals and at high charge potentials. Specifically, we report that such hybrid electrolytes exhibit exceptionally high voltage stability (>7 V vs Li/Li+) over extended times; protect Li metal anodes by forming a particle-rich coating on the electrode that allows stable, long-term cycling of the anode at high columbic effi...
The Classification of Tests in Physical Education

(1926). The Classification of Tests in Physical Education. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 1115-1118.
Textbooks and Political Socialization: A Multivariate Analysis

A content analysis of textbooks of New York State districts chosen for representativeness was done in terms of the following variables: attitudes conveyed about political authorities: the relationship of citizens to authorities and regimes; and the nature of politics, the nation, and democracy. Results of the data analysis for 6 districts—3 working class, 3 middle class—are reported. An analysis of variance for social class and grade effects and their interaction was performed. The study revealed some tendency for textbooks in middle-class districts to show a development toward more realistic and critical views of politics and government in the higher grades, while those of working-class districts do not.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Experience with 100 cases.

Endoscopic visualization of the papilla of Vater was achieved in 98 of our first 100 attempts. Cannulation was successful in 87% of cases, achieving pancreatography alone in 29, cholangiography alone in 27, and both in 31. The relevant duct was adequately visualized in 72.5% of patients with biliary tract disease and in 72% of those with pancreatic disease. Complications were acceptably few. The procedure has proven valuable in difficult cases of obstructive jaundice and biliary type pain syndromes without jaundice. Many questions remain, however, as to its value in the diagnosis and evaluation of pancreatic disease.
High Seas and High Risks: Proliferation in a Post-9/11 World

One of the biggest threats that the world faces is the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (“WMD”) and their use by rogue states and terrorist groups. As the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks proved, within the span of a few hours, thousands of people can be killed and the direction of the world can be radically changed through the use of unconventional weapons and tactics. As terrible as the attacks were, however, the carnage and consequences of that day would have seemed like a mere pittance if certain kinds of WMD were used instead. Ever since chemical weapons were used to devastating effect in World War I, nations began employing different tactics to control WMD, including legal, political, diplomatic, and military strategies. One of the
Transcapillary fluid exchange during arteriolar vasomotion.

Rhythmic contraction of small arterioles and the resulting pulsatile flow in the capillaries they supply are phenomena that have frequently been observed in the microcirculation. When an arteriole contracts, the capillary hydrostatic pressure drops below the plasma osmotic pressure and fluid is reabsorbed from the tissue into the blood. Because the capillary flow rate is slowed during this time, the reabsorbed fluid dilutes the plasma protein enough to significantly reduce the driving force for reabsorption. It was concluded in an earlier analysis (Salathe, Venkataraman and Gross, 1982, henceforth referred to as I), that such dilution results in less tissue dehydration when blood flow is decreased through pulsatility than when it is decreased the same amount by steady-state contraction of feeding arterioles. The large and rapid changes in fluid movement across the capillary wall during arteriolar vasomotion alter the interstitial hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, and the analysis in I included the simultaneous interaction of all four Starling forces. In order to retain a tractable problem, it was necessary to make certain simplifying assumptions that restricted the results to a limited range of physiological conditions. It was found, however, that changes in the interstitial fluid pressures were small, and that their variation can be neglected without introducing significant error. We have therefore repeated the analysis without the simplifications introduced in I, but with the interstitial pressures assumed constant, and so the results reported here are applicable to the full range of physiological conditions.
The natural history of duodenal ulcer disease.

Recent developments in medical management which appear of major importance include the development of antagonists of H 2 -receptors of histamine, the prostaglandins, and transendoscopic instrumentation. Until we have more long-term and complete evaluation of ulcer treatment, we will continue to base therapy on anecdotes and incomplete data.
Re-Forming the Post-Political City?

Public schooling arrangements are both a testament to convictions regarding how society should operate and a geographically embedded means for realizing these visions. This puts schooling at the center of wider social, political, and economic struggles for more democratic urban spaces. Scholars often discuss the relationship between schooling and democracy in terms of how schools might prepare studentcitizens for democratic life (Apple, 2013; Guttmann, 1987).
The Relationship Between Ground Stone and Agricultural Intensification in Western New Mexico

ABSTRACTThis paper uses recent experimental, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric work to develop arguments that link grinding surface area of manos, frequency of multi-sided manos, and changes in metate forms, to the intensity of agriculture. I use these measures to monitor changes in agricultural processing at archaeological sites in western New Mexico. The patterns identified suggest that the importance of agriculture fluctuated through time, increasing substantially only in the Late Pueblo period. Comparisons of grinding assemblages among sites show marked differences in the amount of agricultural products processed at a given location within a given time period. These component-specific patterns may reflect different settlement types, or variable levels of agricultural dependence on a short temporal scale.
Interactive modeling of mechanical objects

Objects with various types of mechanical joints are among the most commonly built. Joints implement a vocabulary of simple constrained motions (kinematic pairs) that can be used to build more complex behaviors. Defining physically correct joint geometry is crucial both for realistic appearance of models during motion, as these are typically the only parts of geometry that stay in contact, and for fabrication. Direct design of joint geometry often requires more effort than the design of the rest of the object geometry, as it requires design of components that stay in precise contact, are aligned with other parts, and allow the desired range of motion. We present an interactive system for creating physically realizable joints with user-controlled appearance. Our system minimizes or, in most cases, completely eliminates the need for the user to manipulate low-level geometry of joints. This is achieved by automatically inferring a small number of plausible combinations of joint dimensions, placement and orientation from part geometry, with the user making the final high-level selection based on object semantic. Through user studies, we demonstrate that functional results with a satisfying appearance can be obtained quickly by users with minimal modeling experience, offering a significant improvement in the time required for joint construction, compared to standard modeling approaches.
Tropical Cyclones Downscaled from Simulations with Very High Carbon Dioxide Levels

AbstractA method to simulate thousands of tropical cyclones using output from a global climate model is applied to simulations that span very high surface temperatures forced with high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). The climatology of the storms downscaled from a simulation with modern-day conditions is compared to that of events downscaled from two other simulations featuring 8 and 32 times preindustrial-era levels of CO2. Storms shift poleward with warming: genesis locations and track densities increase in subtropical and higher latitudes, and power dissipation increases poleward of 20°S and 30°N. The average latitude at which storms reach their maximum intensity shifts poleward by more than 1.5° latitude in the 8 × CO2 experiment and by more than 7° latitude in the 32 × CO2 case. Storms live longer and are more numerous in both of the warmer climates. These increases come largely from an expansion of the area featuring favorable conditions into subtropics and midlatitudes, with some regions of the Arc...
Making Ketamine Work in the Long Run

Treatments such as ketamine psychotherapy face substantial financial and regulatory obstacles to dissemination into widespread use. Newly patented medications are able to generate enough capital to pay for studies required for FDA approval, personnel to apply for coverage on insurance plans, and marketing to establish a successful launch. Ketamine is an older drug with considerable evidence of efficacy for treatment resistant depression, and almost 50 years of data concerning safety as an anesthetic agent. However, it can no longer be patented, so there is no incentive for pharmaceutical companies to help get it into widespread use. In this paper we discuss some of the complex issues surrounding use of ketamine in the outpatient setting and share information and practice pearls that have been gathered through communication with other practitioners and through direct experience with over 1000 treatments involving 120 patients in the last eight years. The safety and appropriateness of intramuscular ketamine treatment in the outpatient psychiatric office is discussed. We hope to help proponents of effective mental health interventions navigate the actual and potential challenges involved in safe application of this treatment option outside of hospital-based programs.
Senescence, Apoptosis, and Cancer

Cancer cured in mice! Sounds hilarious to a nonacademic naive public, but for cancer researchers, every bit of information about cancer from worms, flies, and mice to human is immensely valuable. For a cancer biologist, it is not important to know in which living species on earth the cancer was cured, but how it was cured. We have learned a lot about the intricacy of signaling molecules and the underlying mechanisms involved in oncogenesis and cancer treatment. In this chapter, we review two important cellular properties, which are lost during cancer progression. These two properties, namely senescence and apoptosis, act as strong natural barriers to cancer. Vast majority of literature suggest that chemotherapeutics stop cancer progression by inducing apoptosis or cell death. In addition, the current literature also suggests that restoration of senescence in cancer cells by chemotherapeutic agents results in inhibition of cancer progression and in some cases even tumor regression.
Barack Obama, Organizing for Action, and Executive-Centered Partisanship

This article examines the historical significance of Barack Obama's creation of “OFA,” a presidential grassroots organization. It attempts, as Theda Skocpol has put it, to analyze American political development “as it happens.” Born as “Obama for America” during the 2008 campaign, OFA was renamed “Organizing for America” and ensconced in the Democratic National Committee during Obama's first term, where it served as the “grassroots arm” of the party. After 2012, it was spun off as a nonprofit social-welfare entity called “Organizing for Action” dedicated to advocating for Obama's second-term objectives: immigration reform, efforts to fight climate change, gun safety legislation, LGBT rights, and the implementation of health reform in the face of continuing intense opposition. That OFA was kept intact after Obama's successful election and reelection efforts marks it as an especially pioneering effort. Making use of several personal interviews, a wealth of primary documents, and data on spending and mobilization tactics, we explain how Obama's paradigm-shifting organization marked an effort to meet the challenges of forging a new progressive coalition in a fractious polity. More broadly, the article considers how this digital age grassroots effort has been influenced by, and in turn has contributed to the advance of an executive-centered partisanship characterized by high expectations for presidential leadership in a context of widespread dissatisfaction with government, strong and intensifying political polarization, and high-stakes battles over the basic direction of domestic and foreign policy programs.
Incidence of Primary Biliary Cholangitis in a Rural Midwestern Population.

Background Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a rare disease with incidence that varies with time and geography. Only two studies have assessed PBC incidence in the United States, with the most recent appearing over a decade ago. The objective of the present study was to assess PBC incidence in the United States in a more recent era. Methods The incidence of PBC was assessed in a population-based cohort in rural, Midwestern Wisconsin over two decades spanning from June 1992 through June 2011. Cases were initially identified in the electronic medical record and then manually verified for inclusion according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease criteria for PBC. Additional data were abstracted for verified cases. Results A total of 79 cases of PBC were identified over the 20-year period for an overall age- and sex-standardized incidence of 4.9 cases per 100,000 person-years. Incidence was higher in females, but changes over time were not significant. After a mean 7.3 years follow-up, all-cause mortality of those with PBC was 29%, and estimated 10-year survival was 76%. Conclusions The overall incidence of PBC in a Midwestern population of the United States has remained relatively stable over the last two decades. Patients have better prognosis, and the survival of PBC cases has improved.
Beyond Career Collection Development: Academic Libraries Collaborating with Career Center for Student Success.

Column description. Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, s...
Data-directed contextual relevance in the IoT

The relevance of data created in or about the IoT has a strong reliance on the context, especially spatiotemporal context, of the device and application perceiving it. To ensure that applications perceive data items that are relevant to the current context, it is necessary to restrict when each item is available. To control an application's perceptions of data availability, data items are often put in a group with other similar items, and a static rule is applied to determine when that data can be seen by applications. Such rules are fairly rigid, and the burden is on application developers to manage individual data items and their access policies, including making sure data distribution stays up to date relative to the context that influences data availability. We posit that the development of applications that need to access contextually relevant data can be greatly simplified by enabling a data item itself to control how and when it is available to applications. To realize this simplified programming paradigm, we introduce the datalet, an abstraction of a piece of data that understands its contextual relevance and dictates how (i.e., when and where) it is available based on that application's context. The datalet allows the application developer to focus on the application logic that relies on available data, without worrying about how to store, update, and distribute contextually-sensitive data to (distributed) application instances. To show how datalets are used by application developers to construct an application, we create an augmented-reality game that uses datalets to make elements of game play available based on the player's spatiotemporal context. The video of this demonstration is on YouTube at: https://youtu.be/snFhokswWpc.
Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Review

Importance Urinary incontinence, the involuntary loss of urine, is a common health condition that may decrease quality of life. Ten to twenty percent of women and up to 77% of women residing in nursing homes have urinary incontinence, yet only 25% seek or receive treatment. Observations This review summarizes the evaluation and therapeutic options for women affected by urinary incontinence. The initial assessment should focus on understanding the effect of incontinence on quality of life, the patient’s goals and preferences for treatment, the results of previous treatments, and the presence of concomitant conditions, such as advanced pelvic organ prolapse, that may require referral. Infection and hematuria need to be ruled out. In the absence of urinary infection or serious underlying pathology (such as cancer or serious neurologic disease) associated with urinary incontinence, the clinician should initiate unsupervised pelvic muscle exercises and lifestyle modifications appropriate to the patient to reduce her symptoms. These recommendations can include weight loss, adequate hydration, avoidance of excessive fluids, and regular voiding intervals that reduce urgency incontinence episodes. Urgency incontinence medications, with timely reassessment of symptoms, can be started without extensive evaluation. Specialist treatments for urgency incontinence include onabotulinumtoxinA and percutaneous or implanted neuromodulators. Stress incontinence surgery, the midurethral sling, is associated with symptom improvement in 48% to 90% of women and has low rates of mesh complications ( Conclusions and Relevance Urinary incontinence is common in women, although few seek care despite many effective treatment options. Clinicians should prioritize urinary incontinence detection, identify and treat modifiable factors, incorporate patient preference into evaluation and treatment, initiate conservative and medical therapy, and refer to specialists when underlying pathology is identified or conservative measures are ineffective.
Patient Experiences in Selecting a Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plan.

Introduction:Medicare beneficiaries often report that the process of choosing a prescription drug plan is frustrating and confusing and many do not enroll in the plan that covers their drugs at the...
Lipids and phosphates at odds in synaptic depression

Long-term depression (LTD) is a reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses, but the molecular basis of LTD signaling and how these signals lead to phenotypic outcomes, such as the shrinkage of synaptic regions, is not clear. In a new report, Woolfrey et al. use chemically-induced LTD and a multitude of in vitro biochemical assays to provide evidence that synaptic removal of the scaffolding protein AKAP79/150 promotes LTD-induced spine shrinkage. The further identification of CaMKII, a kinase primarily associated with long-term potentiation (LTP), as a requirement for AKAP79/150 removal, uncovers unexpected interplay between different post-translational modifications and points to a new model of LTD.