cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Nutritional Intake Differ Between Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Children with Typical Development

Consumption of macro- and micronutrients and food group servings by children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs; n = 46) and typical development (n = 31) were compared using 3-day diet records. Children with ASDs consumed significantly more vitamin B6 and E and non-dairy protein servings, less calcium, and fewer dairy servings (p < .05). The significantly lower dairy serving intake persisted after controlling for child age and sex and parental dietary restrictions, and excluding children on the gluten-free casein-free (GFCF) diet. Large proportions of children in both groups did not meet national recommendations for daily intake of fiber, calcium, iron, vitamin E, and vitamin D.
The Progress of Political Science

Scientific progress is normally portrayed as a series of stable, rational choices between competing theories, research programs, or research traditions within a discipline. Progress of that sort cannot occur in political science because any comparisons among research traditions can only proceed in the context of a set of empirical problems which are socially determined. Political scientists have a say in this determination--but so does the larger society in which political science is embedded. The rationality of any choice among research traditions is therefore historically contingent. The progress of political science may be reconceptualized as an increasing capacity to cope with contingency in its empirical problems.
Gli1 promotes cell survival and is predictive of a poor outcome in ERα-negative breast cancer

Gli1 is a transcription factor and oncogene with documented roles in the progression of several cancer types, including cancers of the skin and pancreas. The contribution of Gli1 to the progression of breast cancer is less established. In order to investigate the functional impact of Gli1 in breast cancer, expression of Gli1 and its contribution to cell growth was assessed in breast cancer cell lines. These in vitro results were compared to expression of Gli1, determined by immunohistochemistry, in 171 breast cancers. In these cancers, the association of Gli1 with expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR), ErbB2, p53, the rate of proliferation, and clinicopathologic parameters and outcome was assessed. Expression of Gli1 and ERα mRNA was strongly correlated in ERα-positive cell lines (r = 0.999). Treatment with estrogen increased expression of Gli1 in 2 of 3 ERα-positive cell lines; this increase was prevented by treatment with the ERα-specific antagonist MPP. Silencing of Gli1 by shRNA markedly reduced the survival of two ERα-negative cell lines, but caused only a modest reduction in ERα-positive cell lines. In breast cancer tissues, cancers with nuclear localization of Gli1 had a higher ERα (P=0.027) and lower p53 expression (P=0.017) than those without nuclear localization of Gli1. However, nuclear localization of Gli1 was predictive of a poorer cancer-specific survival in ERα-negative, including triple negative, cancers (P = 0.005), but not ERα-positive cancers. In conclusion, we demonstrate a positive association between expression of Gli1 and ERα; however, our data indicate a greater functional effect of Gli1 in ERα-negative cancers.
Pizonyx wheeleri Dalquest and Patrick (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Miocene of Texas referred to the genus Antrozous H. Allen

(1993). Pizonyx wheeleri Dalquest and Patrick (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Miocene of Texas referred to the genus Antrozous H. Allen. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 378-380.
Interhousehold Meat Sharing among Mayangna and Miskito Horticulturalists in Nicaragua

Recent analyses of food sharing in small-scale societies indicate that reciprocal altruism maintains interhousehold food transfers, even among close kin. In this study, matrix-based regression methods are used to test the explanatory power of reciprocal altruism, kin selection, and tolerated scrounging. In a network of 35 households in Nicaragua’s Bosawas Reserve, the significant predictors of food sharing include kinship, interhousehold distance, and reciprocity. In particular, resources tend to flow from households with relatively more meat to closely related households with little, as predicted by kin selection. This generalization is especially true of household dyads with mother-offspring relationships, which suggests that studies of food sharing may benefit from distinctions between lineal and collateral kin. Overall, this analysis suggests that exchanges among kin are primarily associated with differences in need, not reciprocity. Finally, although large game is distributed widely, qualitative observations indicate that hunters typically do not relinquish control of the distribution in ways predicted by costly signaling theory.
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Enhances Hypothermic Preservation of Cardiac Myocytes

Background Previous studies from our project found that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) enhanced the functional recovery of animal hearts after hypothermic preservation, and that rat cardiac myocytes take up FBP at 3°C. In this study we tested the effects of FBP, as well as other compounds related to glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation, on the hypothermic preservation of myocytes. Methods Isolated myocytes were incubated in ischemic suspensions at 3°C, and aliquots examined over 72 hours for retention of rod-shaped morphology. In some experiments adenine nucleotide levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results FBP at 1 to 10 mmol/liter markedly reduced the death rate (65% reduction at 5 mmol/liter). Glucose at 2 to 10 mmol/liter was less beneficial (20% reduction). Insulin increased the death rate by about 25% when present alone, and it did not enhance the beneficial effects of FBP or glucose. Dichloroacetate (DCA), which stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase, had little effect at 0.5 to 10 mmol/liter. Glucose and DCA did not increase the beneficial effects of FBP. After 6 to 24 hours of hypothermia, FBP- and glucose-treated cells had 25% to 50% higher ATP levels and 10% to 20% higher ATP:ADP ratios than untreated cells. Effects of FBP on preservation of morphology were much greater than effects on ATP levels. Conclusions The results suggest that the effects of FBP and glucose were through glycolytic ATP production rather than through sugar oxidation via pyruvate dehydrogenase. The divergence in effects on preservation and effects on ATP suggests a role for a sub-cellular compartment of ATP in preservation.
New programs at DARPA and NSF

We will share with readers some good news on NSF and Defense budget, and report on several interesting new programs at DARPA and NSF.
Hydroa vacciniforme: Induction of lesions with ultraviolet A

Hydroa vacciniforme is a rare photosensitivity disorder with onset in childhood. The distinctive lesion is a vesicle which heals with scarring. We report a case of hydroa vacciniforme in which an abnormal minimal erythema dose to wavelengths of 322 to 370 nm within the ultraviolet A (UVA) range was demonstrated. Vesicles could be induced only with multiple exposures to UVA. Increased tolerance to UVA erythema was induced by multiple UVB exposures, although tanning was poor. Of note were the presence of several halo nevi and a history of the loss of ability to tan. The clinical features and appropriate laboratory evaluation of hydroa vacciniforme are reviewed.
Genetic algorithms and support vector machines for time series classification

We introduce an algorithm for classifying time series data. Since our initial application is for lightning data, we call the algorithm Zeus. Zeus is a hybrid algorithm that employs evolutionary computation for feature extraction, and a support vector machine for the final backend classification. Support vector machines have a reputation for classifying in high-dimensional spaces without overfitting, so the utility of reducing dimensionality with an intermediate feature selection step has been questioned. We address this question by testing Zeus on a lightning classification task using data acquired from the Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite.
Tropical Cyclone Hazards in the USA

Coastal development, population, and hurricane activity are all projected to increase in the near future. Thus, the USA has a tropical cyclone problem that requires interdisciplinary solutions from physical and social scientists. In this article, we review topics that summarize the current state of hurricane hazards in the USA. A review of meteorological hurricane hazard literature is broken into sections discussing wind and water hazards associated with land-falling tropical cyclones. This section is followed by a review of societal impact literature such as mortality and morbidity, hazard perception, communication, evacuation, and risk. Ideas are presented which introduce suggestions on how to possibly change processes and promote cross-dialog that may alleviate both the physical and societal impacts of tropical cyclones in the USA.
Rotational relaxation in a line-selected continuous HF chemical laser.

Rotational relaxation effects in a cw chemical laser amplifier or a line-selected oscillator are examined in terms of a simple analytical model. Three rotational levels in each vibrational level of the lasing transition are taken to have finite rotational relaxation rates. The results indicate the effects are likely to be significant, lowering the available power and leading to an optimum level of the line intensity for maximum power output, apart from consideration of optical losses at mirrors, windows, etc. While the model accounts for Δj = ±1 transitions only, the collisional transition probability was augmented in the computations in an attempt to provide high estimates for the rotational relaxation rates, including factors such as Δj > 1 transitions.
SENSITIVITY OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON TO UV-B RADIATION: IMPACT UPON A MODEL ECOSYSTEM

Human activities may cause a 16% reduction of stratospheric ozone. The concomitant increase in solar UV-B radiation reaching the surface of the earth could detrimentally affect the phytoplankton that form the base of the food web in oceanic and estuarine ecosystems. In the current study acute exposure of seven species of marine phytoplankton to UV–B radiation depressed the radiocarbon estimate of primary production. A model of a marine ecosystem was constructed based on the differential sensitivities of the seven species of phytoplankton. Increasing the UV–B exposure within the model from 100 EffDNAJ/m2/day to 150 EffDNAJ/m2/day significantly altered the community composition of the ecosystem. In nature, alteration of the phytoplanktonic community structure could result in a significant impact upon successional patterns and primary producer–consumer trophodynamics.
Twenty‐First Century Socialism? The Elusive Search for a Post‐Neoliberal Development Model in Bolivia and Ecuador

The recent political, economic and social histories of Bolivia and Ecuador point to a broader, post-neoliberal trend emerging in Latin America. Presidents Evo Morales and Rafael Correa have closely followed the basic model of twenty-first-century socialism as an alternative to free market capitalism. In theory, both leaders have successfully re-founded their countries with new constitutions that encompass the interests of all sectors of society. In practice, however, we argue that a volatile economic climate, poorly implemented reforms, increased opposition, and low political tolerance all indicate limitations to the viability of twenty-first-century socialism as a post-neoliberal development model.
Autonomous driving systems - methodological considerations in human factors research

Driving simulators provide a means to balance experimental control with ecological validity when studying autonomous advanced driver assistance systems. This paper presents methodological considerations in the development of research designed to investigate such systems. Assessment methods including driver performance as a safety measure, related experimental design, driver state monitoring, and constructs indirectly related to driver safety, such as trust and mental workload are discussed.
The meteorite component of Apollo 16 noritic impact melt breccias.

The compositions of noritic melt breccias from Apollo 16 were compared with those of noritic impact melt breccias from other landing sites (A14 14310, A15 LKFM, and A17 stations 2 and 3). It was found that the Apollo 16 breccias contain greater concentrations of siderophile elements than the other noritic melt breccias, due to a large amount of Fe-Ni metal and Ni (1150 micrograms/g in the A16 Type-2 DB). The Fe-Ni metal is the carrier of the chemical signature of the ancient meteorite group 1H of Hertogen et al. (1977), with the bulk composition dissimilar to metal found in ordinary chondrites but similar to that found in some iron meteorites. It is argued that the meteorites that produced the impact melts were irons.
Comparative analysis of the Starr-Edwards ball valve, the Kay-Suzuki disc valve and transplant valves in the surgical correction of aortic valve disease

Abstract There were 210 aortic valvular replacements between January 1964 and January 1968 consisting of 125 Starr-Edwards ball valves, 74 Kay-Suzuki disc valves, and 11 transplant valves. The overall operative mortality was 3.8 percent (8 deaths). The overall late mortality was 9.6 percent (12 deaths) for the ball valves, 1.3 percent (1 death) from syphilis affecting the central nervous system for the disc valves and one death from suicide in the transplant group. The patients with Starr-Edwards ball valves had a higher occurrence of thromboembolism (12 percent) than noted with the Kay-Suzuki disc valve (7 percent). Seven percent of the patients in the ball valve series developed coronary ostial obstruction from detached thrombi, whereas this complication did not occur in the patients with disc valves. Thromboembolism did not occur in the series of patients with transplant valves. The incidence of postoperative regurgitation was the highest with the transplant valves and the least with the Kay-Suzuki disc valve. Postoperative physiologic studies correlating type of valve, valve size, frustum area and cardiac output with pressure gradient and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest and with exercise were performed one to three years after surgery. The transplant valves gave the best hemodynamic response, being slightly better than the Kay-Suzuki disc valves. The results noted with the Starr-Edwards valves were excellent in those sizes with the larger frustum areas when well placed within an enlarged aortic root, but the valves were restrictive to flow with a pressure differential over the prosthesis when they were situated in small aortic roots or where anatomic variations produced angulation of the valve.
Gene Expression in Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation

Recent work on hippocampal LTP has focused on gene expression induced with high-frequency stimulation, as well as the signal transduction cascades responsible for the induction of these genes. Many scenarios for LTP lasting for greater than 5 hours include some or all of the following processes: 1) tagging of potentiated synapses, possibly by phosphorylation; 2) signaling to the nucleus; 3) kinase cascades and transcription factors in the nucleus;, 4) expression of immediate-early genes and/or synaptic proteins; and, finally, 5) targeting of newly synthesized proteins (or RNAs) to the potentiated synapses (and not to the unpotentiated synapses). Unfortunately, most scenarios proposed for the late-phase expression of LTP are still highly speculative at this time. A critical review of the literature relating to the role of gene expression in hippocampal LTP and a discussion of recent work on the subject will be presented.
In the Interest of the State: Production Politics in the Nineteenth Century Prison

During the nineteenth century, the jails, penitentiaries, and reformatories of America were "industrialized" under both public and private production regimes. Society-centered revisionist writing in both sociology and history has failed to explain adequately the appearance, consequence, and ultimate dismantling of these regimes. In this paper I offer an alternative, state-centered analysis which locates the political state within its interdependent relationship with the economic and normative spheres of society. My view underscores the role of state managers and agents as historical subjects whose actions have consequences for the struc- turing of the state apparatus. The history of public policy in the United States concerning the control of the criminal, the deviant, the idle, and otherwise troublesome populations has been a cyclical one of "reforms," "innovations," and "solutions." Until recently, reformist historiography assessed these policy movements as the result of shifts in ideological currents, often stressing the actions of benevolent, forward-thinking progressives in shaping a more humane social world (cf. McKelvy (1936) 1977; Schneider and Deutsch 1941; Zilboorg and Henry 1973). This was a history of progress, a history of unquestionable allegiance to scientific humanism and social intervention. Today, a body of "revisionist" sociology and history challenges this perspective with a "determination to locate the reform enterprise in the social, economic and political context of the period" (Cohen and Scull 1983:2).1 While revisionist writers have taken us beyond the "history of progress" paradigm, they have yet to offer a systematic analysis of the role of the state in the historical transformation of institutional control practices-referring narrowly to those activities, from imprisonment to mental hospitalization, by which certain populations are removed from the everyday life of society.2
Protocol switching: exploiting meta-properties

As we see a growing variety of network and application behaviors, it becomes more important that protocols adapt to their surroundings. Building adaptive protocols is complicated, and therefore we have considered building hybrid protocols that switch between specialized protocols. We show for which communication properties this is a correct solution, and classify these using a new concept called meta-properties. We also show how well these switches perform.
Primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma of the kidney: report of a rare entity and review of the literature

Background Primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma of the kidney is extremely rare, and their clinicopathologic features are not well described. Our objective was to further define the clinical features and pathologic spectra of primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma of the kidney.
On stereochemistry of osmium tetraoxide oxidation of allylic alcohol systems. Empirical rule

Abstract An empirical formulation is presented to predict the stereochemistry of major osmylation products of allylic alcohols and their derivatives.
Proceedings of the Second Chicago Symposium on Advances in CPR Research and Guidelines for Laboratory Research: Foreword

Abstract [Becker LB, Idris AH: Proceedings of the Second Chicago Symposium on Advances in CPR Research and Guidelines for Laboratory Research: Foreword. Ann Emerg Med May 1996;27:539-541.]
Nature, Nurture, and the Development and Prevention of Antisocial Behavior Problems in Children

Drs. Jonson-Reid, Constantino, and colleagues’ article adds to a growing body of literature on the importance of both nature and nurture in the development of antisocial behavior problems across the lifecycle.1 In the introduction they highlight Widom’s classic paper published in 1989 addressing the question “Does Violence Beget Violence?”2 That paper was criticized by DiLalla and Gottesman for focusing on social factors (e.g., maltreatment), and failing to review evidence supporting genetic and physiological bases of violent behavior.3 Two decades later there is at last consensus in the field that both nature and nurture matter, but understandings about how genes and environment interact to promote the development of aggression, sociopathy, and other stress-related psychiatric disorders continues to be elusive and the subject of considerable debate.
Formal Methods in Verification of Medical Devices Towards Hybrid Nano- and Microsystems

In this presentation, we discuss the possible use of formal methods for designing the next generation of medical devices. Both micro- and nanoscale devices are considered.
The Promise of Specialty Pharmaceuticals: Are They Worth the Price?

BACKGROUND: Specialty pharmaceuticals have evolved beyond their status as niche drugs designed to treat rare conditions and are now poised to become the standard of care in a wide variety of common chronic illnesses. Due in part to the cost of these therapies, payers are increasingly demanding evidence of their value. Determining the value of these medications is hampered by a lack of robust pharmacoeconomic data. OBJECTIVE: To outline emerging strategies and case study examples for the medical and pharmacy benefits management of specialty pharmaceuticals. SUMMARY: The promise of specialty pharmaceuticals: increased life expectancy, improved quality of life, enhanced workplace productivity, decreased burden of disease, and reduced health care spending—comes at a significant cost. These agents require special handling, administration, patient education, clinical support, and risk mitigation. Additionally, specialty drugs require distribution systems that ensure appropriate patient selection and data collection. With the specialty pharmaceutical pipeline overflowing with new medicines and an aging population increasingly relying on these novel treatments to treat common diseases, the challenge of managing the costs associated with these agents can be daunting. Aided by sophisticated pharmacoeconomic models to assess value, the cost impacts of these specialty drugs can be appropriately controlled. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that when used in targeted patient populations, specialty pharmaceuticals may represent a good health care value.
Leaf demography, flower production and biomass of diploid and tetraploid populations of Phlox drummondii Hook on a soil moisture gradient

Summary We investigated the effects of chromosome doubling upon leaf demography, flower production, biomass and response breadth on a soil moisture gradient of three varieties of Phlox drummondii, each variety being represented by two cytotypes. Increased chromosome number produced slower growth rates, increased leaf and plant longevity, and a tendency to flower later, less synchronously and produce fewer flowers. The loss of the ability to reproduce in hydric environments was also observed in all tetraploids. Other factors such as degree of response breadth, overlap and increased vigour due to increased chromosome number were found to be genotype dependent. Level of polyploidy had no effect upon the number of pre-reproductive deaths.
Valsartan/Sacubitril for Heart Failure: Reconciling Disparities Between Preclinical and Clinical Investigations.

Valsartan/sacubitril (Entresto, Novartis) is a combination of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor antagonist valsartan. In July 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved valsartan/sacubitril through the fast-track pathway for the treatment of patients with New York Heart Association class II through IV heart failure symptoms and a reduced ejection fraction. The approval was based on the results of a single phase 3 clinical trial (PARADIGM-HF)1 that included 8400 patients. In this trial, valsartan/sacubitril was associated with a 20% (hazard ratio, 0.80) decrease in the primary end point of death from cardiovascular cause or first hospitalization for heart failure (from 26.5% to 21.8%), when compared with the angiotensin-converting inhibitor enalapril, and a 16% (hazard ratio, 0.84) reduction in all-cause mortality (from 19.8% to 17.0%). However, recent translational science studies involving the central nervous system and the eye suggest that other effects of valsartan/sacubitril might influence its use in some patients.
Fits to high energy pp and p̄p total cross sections and ϱ values

Abstract The SppS data for scattering at 900 GeV are included in fits to the pp and pp total cross sections and ϱ values. Fit that are asymptotically constant as well as ones that grow asymptotically as log 2 ( s / s 0 ) are considered. The sensitivity of the fits to the inclusion of lower energy data ( 5 GeV s GeV ) is analyzed. The relation between these fits and ones of the Amaldi-type, with s 0 = 1 GeV 2 is clarified.
Low Temperature Internal Friction of thin Fullerene Films

The lattice vibrations of crystalline solids are generally described by traveling elastic waves. However, the vibrations of fullerene solids are expected to be quite different from typical crystalline solids because of the large molecular mass. In fact, based on measurements of thermal conductivity and specific heat, it appears that the vibrations of compacted fullerene solids are best described as locahzed. Only below a few Kelvin has evidence for elastic waves been found in these solids where they exist along with the locahzed tunneling states that are characteristic of amorphous solids. In order to verify the existence of these tunneling defects, the low temperature internal friction of thin fullerene films deposited on a silicon substrate has been measured. Fullerene films were prepared under a variety of conditions with substrate temperatures ranging from 300 K to 500 K. Film grain sizes were characterized using atomic force microscopy, as well as, scanning tunneling microscopy. Grain sizes were found to range between 100 nm and 400 nm. We find that while locahzed tunneling defects appear to be present in these films, they do not appear to be intrinsic to the fullerene solid. Instead, the tunneling states may be the result of residual disorder that is present in the grain boundaries of the solids.
Fourier analysis of two-level hierarchical basis preconditioners

Abstract We use Fourier analysis techniques to find the condition number of one, two, and three dimensional model problems that are preconditioned with a two-level hierarchical basis matrix. The results show that all these problems have constant condition numbers as the mesh size becomes small provided a block diagonal scaling is applied. Limitations and extensions of the Fourier procedure are discussed.
Measurement of Force Curve due to Electrostatic Charge on a Single Particle Using Atomic Force Microscope

A single particle is brought into contact with a metal target, and the force acting on the particle is measured by using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Focusing on the measurement of force curve rather than the maximum adhesive force, the electrostatic interaction was successfully observed by separating it from other interations such as liquid bridge and intermolecular forces. In order to evaluate the force curve and the method, a force curve was numerically calculated with an approximation of disk-to-disk interaction with image force and a good analytical approximation was developed. The successful agreement between the observed force curve and the theory revealed that the force curve observed can be explained by the electrostatic interaction, and that the amount of charge on the particle and the radius of the charged (contact) area can be estimated from the analysis. The order of magnitude of the measured charge density was 10-2C/m2, which is much greater than that obtained with the impact charging experiment of 10-4C/m2. From this it was concluded that the force curve measurement with AFM can measure the net amount of the charge generated before the charge relaxation due to gas discharge or other charge relaxation took place. In the experiment using 8 kinds of metal (Al, Au, Cr, Ni, Pt, Ti, Zn, and Zr) and polystyrene particles, the net charge generated was shown to be compared fairly well with the conventional simple condenser model based on metal-to-metal contact model with the term of contact potential difference in its order of magnitude. Although clear correlation was not obtained between the measured charge density and the work functions of metal targets because of a large scatter in the data, a strong relationship between the charge density and contact area was found. The underlying mechanisms for the relationship is not known at this moment, however the finding gives a good hint for the next attempt.
Pelmatozoan echinoderms on Silurian bioherms in western New York and Ontario

Holdfasts of pelmatozoan echinoderms occur abundantly, attached to skeletal material or directly to bound micrite on small bioherms in the Silurian (Wenlockian) Gasport Formation of western New York and Ontario. These echinoderms were most abundant during early biohermal stages, but were probably not responsible for initial substrate stabilization. Their abundance de- clined with later bioherm development. Holdfasts occur in small clusters on the bioherms (up to 180 individuals/m2); some intraspecific clumping is evident. Stem and thecal remains did not generally accumulate in the living sites, which are marked only by in-place holdfasts; rather, they were swept from the biohermal surfaces to form nearby flank sediments. Flank and interreef sediments were probably unsuited for colo- nization by most pelmatozoans because of their instability. Variable substrates of the bioherms permitted colonization by echinoderms utilizing a variety of attachment structures; diploporitan thecae and pelmatozoans with encrusting holdfasts attached to hard, skeletal substrates, whereas crinoids with flexible penetrating rootlets occurred in pockets of soft sediment. Holdfasts provide the best indication of original pelmatozoan generic composition, diversity and distribution. Relative frequency of various genera in disarticulated reef debris is biased toward larger and more resistant ossicles. Only a few pelmatozoan genera, such as Calliocrinus and Gomphocystites, appear to be restricted to the Gasport bioherms. Biohermal faunas are dominated by several genera common to level mud-bottom communities in the Rochester Shale (Wenlockian, New York), including Caryocri- nites, Icthyocrinus, Dimerocrinites, Periechocrinus, Eucalyptocrinites and Dendrocrinus. These rel- atively eurytopic pelmatozoans are characterized by moderate to high food-gathering ratios and composite or secondary attachment modes. A second group of bioherm-associated echinoderms is found elsewhere only in the highest diversity biostromal faunas of the Rochester Shale. Such stenotopic (bioherm/biostrome-restricted) forms typically show low food-gathering ratios and en- crusting primary holdfasts. These observations provide the basis for a simple model, which relates distribution patterns of Silurian echinoderms to their autecology.
1 – Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology: The Basics

Chapter 1 provides the fundamentals of pulmonary anatomy and physiology that are critical for understanding both the normal functioning of the lung and the mechanisms for its disruption in the various disease states discussed throughout the book. After a presentation of basic lung anatomy, the relationships between pressure and volume within various compartments of the thorax are explored. An extensive discussion of how ventilation and circulation interact in oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination by the lungs is followed by an explanation of how the relationship between ventilation and perfusion affects gas exchange. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the mechanisms behind abnormal gas exchange resulting in hypoxemia or hypercapnia.
Improvement of lateral shoulder impact response of a multi-body pedestrian model

ABSTRACTThe interaction of the shoulder complex of the pedestrian and the striking vehicle strongly influences the responses and injury risk of the head, neck and torso during vehicle-to-pedestrian impacts. While the current MADYMO facet pedestrian model met the shoulder force corridor provided by ISO9790, the kinematics of its shoulder complex during a lateral blunt impact has not been evaluated. In this study, this model was evaluated relative to more detailed and newly available cadaveric responses under lateral shoulder impact, and exhibited much higher shoulder impact force and displacement. To improve the biofidelity of the shoulder complex, a component level validation was performed on its upper arm model based on component-level upper arm compression test data by maximising ISO rating scores between the cadaveric and the model responses. After the improvement of the arm model, the updated pedestrian model showed improved biofidelity based on ISO rating scores on shoulder impact force, displacement...
Ligand Promoted meta-C–H Chlorination of Anilines and Phenols

Pd-catalyzed meta-C–H chlorination of anilines and phenols is developed using norbornene as the mediator. Heterocycles, including indole, thiophene, and indazole, are tolerated. The identification of a new pyridone-based ligand is crucial for the success of this meta-C–H chlorination reaction. Subsequent diverse transformations of the chlorinated products demonstrate the versatility of meta-C–H chlorination.
Older adults who use or have used marijuana: Help-seeking for marijuana and other substance use problems.

Abstract Objective Increasing numbers of older adults are using marijuana and may experience problems related to marijuana use. This study examined relationships (1) between help-seeking for marijuana use and the presence of other substance use and/or mental disorders and (2) between help-seeking for other substance use disorders and marijuana use among adults aged 50+. Methods The 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions provided data ( N =14.715). Bivariate analyses were used to compare never, past-year, and ex-marijuana users on lifetime substance use and mental disorders and help-seeking for associated problems. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the correlates of help-seeking for marijuana and other substance use problems. Results 21.20% of past-year and 13.72% of ex-marijuana users with lifetime marijuana use disorder sought help for marijuana problems. The odds of help-seeking were higher for those with lifetime marijuana use disorders if they also had other drug (OR=2.84, 95% CI=1.39–5.80) and/or nicotine use disorder (OR=2.96, 95% CI=1.28–6.87). The odds of help-seeking for alcohol problems among those with alcohol use disorder were significantly higher if they were also ex- or past-year marijuana users. The odds of help-seeking for nicotine problems among those with nicotine use disorder were significantly higher only if they were ex-marijuana users. Conclusions Adults aged 50+ with marijuana use disorder often have other substance use and mental disorders. Healthcare providers should screen for marijuana and other substance use along with mental disorders and provide education about harms from polysubstance use and referrals for treatment.
Acquisitions: Core concepts and practices. 2nd Ed., by Jesse Holden

Acquisitions expert Jesse Holden offers a fresh look at the principles and procedures within acquisitions. In this second edition Holden explores how the information age is affecting the once linea...
Multiplexed subcellular lasing in cancer tissues for molecular diagnostics

The first demonstration of multiplexed lasing in human cancerous tissues with subcellular resolution was achieved by using antibodies and nucleic acid probes. Our work represents a critical milestone to implement optofluidic lasers in clinical applications for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
Spectral Characterizations of the Lovász Number and the Delsarte Number of a Graph

This paper gives spectral characterizations of two closely related graph functions: the Lovasz number t and a generalization t1 of Delsarte's linear programming bound. There are many known characterizations of the Lovasz number t, and each one corresponds to a similar characterization of t1 obtained by extremizing over a larger or smaller class of objects. The spectral characterizations of t and t1 given here involve the largest eigenvalue of a type of weighted Laplacian that Fan Chung introduced.
Is Old Gold? How Heritage “Sells” The University to Prospective Students: The Impact of a Measure of Brand Heritage On Attitudes toward the University

ABSTRACT This research develops a measure for university heritage—utilizing a university9s history, symbols, legacies, and traditions to reinforce and invoke its essence in a contemporary context. The authors explore the consequences of this measure through a series of five studies. University heritage consists of three dimensions: stature (respect for a university emanating from its history, sustained success, and traditions); symbols such as logos and colors; and sports legacy. Successfully invoking university heritage in marketing communications affects students9 attitudes and intentions to apply and is most effective when a school9s past is linked to its present, particularly among parents of prospective students.
Generative models for synthetic populations

Simulation software that implements intelligent agents is often dependent on incomplete and rapidly out-dated datasets (e.g., surveys, census records, and behavior tracking). The approach presented here attempts to address that problem by utilizing verified mobile phone datasets as sources for modeling user behavior and geospatial mobility. Computational epidemiology modeling and simulation systems (chosen as a case study) are used to predict the spread of disease; they require synthetic populations in which agents exhibit intelligent behavior and socially mix. In order to facilitate more accurate modeling, a pipeline and toolkit were developed to ingest detailed location information on individual egos, mine the content, build models, and generate synthetic populations based on multiple levels of granularity. At the finest-level, synthetic agents and their behavior are based on daily patterns found in distinct individuals in the raw location datasets.
Assessment of 3D dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound of liver metastases from gastrointestinal tumors to overcome sampling errors: Assessment of feasibility and reproducibility

Dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) is a low-cost tool proposed for identifying early responders to cancer therapy. To date, sampling errors due to 2D imaging has restricted DCE-US in assessing highly heterogeneous tumors. The purpose of this study was to perform a clinical assessment of 3D DCE-US feasibility and reproducibility.
Development of a Major Substance Use Disorder From a Patient’s Birth Through His Early Twenties

This is a pediatric case of a male patient who initially presented with multiple, nonspecific physical complaints. The patient was followed by the same pediatrician into young adulthood. These physical complaints were paired with social and academic dysfunction and a self-perception of being “unhealthy.” This is a pattern of physical expression of psychiatric illness that is referred to as somatization, and is quite common with complex patients, particularly those with very high utilization of medical services associated with minimally beneficial results. The patient's ongoing and escalating pain disorder plus comorbid generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders ultimately led to a protracted and complex substance use disorder. The patient experienced major disruptions in his social and interpersonal functioning as well as profound discontinuity in his academic development as a result of his complex array of symptoms and their consequences.
Self-transcending and the adolescent ego ideal

This paper examines the structure, development, and function of the ego ideal in its evolution from early childhood through mid-adolescence. While the regression that accompanies the changes brought on by entry into the developmental stage of adolescence is clinically significant, so are changes in other areas, notably in the youngster's ethical domain and value system. These processes are described both clinically and theoretically.
Greater Visceral Fat but No Difference in Measures of Total Body Fat in Ambulatory Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy Compared to Typically Developing Children.

Abstract Background: Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) are at increased risk for obesity and obesity-related complications. Studies of total body fat in those with CP are inconsistent and studies of abdominal fat are lacking in children with CP. The objective of this study was to determine if ambulatory children with spastic CP have greater central adiposity compared to typically developing children. Methodology: Eighteen ambulatory children with spastic CP (n = 5 girls; 8.6 ± 2.9 yr) and 18 age-, sex-, and race-matched typically developing children (controls; 8.9 ± 2.1 yr) participated in this cross-sectional study. Children with CP were classified as I or II using the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed body composition, including total body, trunk and abdominal fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Results: There were no group differences in fat mass, fat-free mass, FMI, and FFMI in the total body, fat mass, fat-free mass, and FFMI in the trunk, or fat mass, visceral fat mass, and subcutaneous fat mass in the abdomen ( p > 0.05). Compared to controls, children with CP had higher trunk FMI, abdominal FMI, and visceral FMI ( p p = 0.088), children with CP had higher subcutaneous FMI. Conclusions: Ambulatory children with spastic CP have elevated central adiposity, especially in the visceral region, despite no differences in measures of total body fat. How this relates to cardiometabolic disease progression in those with CP requires further investigation.
Psychometrics of the Violence Nonlinear Dynamics Scale

Objective The trajectory of daily partner violence generally demonstrates nonlinear dynamics, and this nonlinearity is important to patient outcomes, as it is sometimes a stronger predictor of outcomes than violence frequency or severity. However, measurement of such dynamics is difficult, requiring complete time series data of sufficient length to yield stable measures. The purpose of this study was to develop a pencil-and-paper instrument to estimate violence nonlinearity and assess its psychometrics. Methods Adult women (N = 143) who experienced violence in the previous month were enrolled from 6 primary care clinics. Baseline surveys assessed factors known to correlate with nonlinearity (partner's control strategies, violence appraisal, hope, social support, coping style) and violence dynamics using a 30-item instrument based on traditional characteristics of complex adaptive systems. Participants completed daily assessments of the previous day's violence using interactive voice response via telephone for 8 weeks, with data collection occurring between August 2013 and March 2015. Three different measures of nonlinearity were computed: LZ complexity (algorithmic complexity), approximate entropy (lack of regularity), and Lyapunov exponent (sensitivity to initial conditions). Results Using factor analysis and reliability measures, the final 10-item Violence Nonlinearity Dynamics Scale (VNDS) was identified. The VNDS was found to have both internal consistency (0.817) and split-half reliability (0.796). In addition, the instrument demonstrated concurrent (correlating with both the combined nonlinearity factor score [r = 0.267] and Grassberger-Procaccia entropy [r = 0.338]) and construct (correlating with 9 of 13 previously identified nonlinearity correlates) validity. Conclusions The VNDS has both reliability and validity and could facilitate the inclusion of nonlinearity assessment in both intimate partner violence research and clinical work.
Dermatological manifestations of fungal infection in patients with febrile neutropaenia: A review of the literature

Febrile neutropaenia (FNP) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Although most infections are caused by bacterial pathogens, fungal infections are becoming increasingly more common. Due to its rarity, the diagnosis of fungal infections in febrile neutropenic patients is often delayed. To provide current clinical features, epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous involvement of fungal infection in patients with FNP. A retrospective literature review of PubMed was performed, with no language or publishing data restrictions, yielding 116 results. We queried each case for cutaneous lesions associated with fungal pathogens in FNP. We found 54 publications with 215 reported cases of cutaneous manifestations of fungal injury in patients with FNP. This study is limited in that it is a literature review of a disease that is likely underreported. Cutaneous lesions caused by yeasts such as Candida and Trichosporon manifest as diffuse erythematous papules and usually do not develop central necrosis or eschar, while moulds will present as tender nodules that subsequently develop eschar and necrosis. Recognising the cutaneous manifestations of fungal disease can assist in the diagnosis and management of these infections.
Paramedic knowledge, attitudes, and training in end-of-life care.

Introduction:Paramedics often are asked to care for patients at the end of life. To do this, they must communicate effectively with family and caregivers, understand their legal obligations, and know when to withhold unwanted interventions. The objectives of this study were to ascertain paramedics' attitudes toward end-of-life (EOL) situations and the frequency with which they encounter them; and to compare paramedics' preparation during training for a variety of EOL care skills.Methods:A written survey was administered to a convenience sample of paramedics in two cities: Denver, Colorado and Los Angeles, California. Questions addressed: (1) attitudes toward EOL decision-making in prehospital settings; (2) experience (number of EOL situations experienced in the past two years); (3) importance of various EOL tasks in clinical practice (pronouncing and communicating death, ending resuscitation, honoring advance directives (ADs)); and (4) self-assessed preparation for these EOL tasks. For each task, importance and preparation were measured using a four-point Likert scale. Proportions were compared using McNemar chi-square statistics to identify areas of under or over-preparation.Results:Two hundred thirty-six paramedics completed the survey. The mean age was 39 years (range 22–59 years), and 222 (94%) were male. Twenty percent had >20 years of experience. Almost all participants (95%; 95% CI = 91–97%) agreed that prehospital providers should honor field ADs, and more than half (59%; 95% CI = 52–65%) felt that providers should honor verbal wishes to limit resuscitation at the scene. Ninety-eight percent of the participants (95% CI = 96–100%) had questioned whether specific life support interventions were appropriate for patients who appeared to have a terminal disease. Twenty-six percent (95% CI = 20–32%) reported to have used their own judgment during the past two years to withhold or end resuscitation in a patient who appeared to have a terminal disease. Significant discrepancies between the importance in practice and the level of preparation during training for the four EOL situations included: (1) understanding ADs (75% very important vs. 40% well prepared; difference 35%: 95% CI = 26–43%); (2) knowing when to honor written ADs (90% very important vs. 59% well-prepared; difference 31%: 95% CI = 23–38%); and (3) verbal ADs (75% very important vs. 54% well-prepared, difference 21%: 95% CI = 12–29%); and (4) communicating death to family or friends (79% very important vs. 48% well prepared, difference 31%: 95% CI = 23–39%). Paramedics' preparation in EOL skills was significantly lower than that for clinical skills such as endotracheal intubation or defibrillation.Conclusions:There is a need to include more training in EOL care into prehospital training curricula, including how to verify and apply ADs, when to withhold treatments, and how to discuss death with victims' family or friends.