cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malignant catarrhal fever: polymerase chain reaction survey for ovine herpesvirus 2 and other persistent herpesvirus and retrovirus infections of dairy cattle and bison

Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for sequences of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV2), this virus was shown to be significantly associated with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) in terminal cases of disease in 34 cattle and 53 bison. Ovine herpesvirus 2 was not detected in cattle (38) and bison (10) that succumbed to other diseases. Other persistent herpesviruses, retroviruses, and pestivirus, some of which have been previously isolated from cases of SA-MCF, were not associated with the disease. These included bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4), bovine lymphotrophic herpesvirus (BLHV), bovine syncytial virus (BSV, also known as bovine spumavirus), bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A PCR survey for OHV2 in DNA from individual cow's peripheral blood lymphocytes in 4 dairies showed that the 1 dairy that was in close contact to sheep had a prevalence of OHV2 of 21.3%, whereas the 3 other dairies had no OHV2. Prevalence of the other herpesviruses and retroviruses in the dairy cows was variable, ranging from 2% to 51% for BHV4, 52% to 78.7% for BLHV, and 10% to 34% for BSV. Bovine lymphotrophic herpesvirus and BSV were also found in a few (1-4 of 21 tested) cases of terminal SA-MCF, but BIV and BVDV were not found in either the dairy cows sampled, or in the cases of SA-MCE No significant correlation was found between the presence of any 2 viruses (OHV2, BHV4, BLHV, BSV) in the dairy cows or terminal cases of SA-MCE
The western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata) in the Mojave River, California, USA: highly adapted survivor or tenuous relict?

Aspects of the ecology of populations of the western pond turtle Clemmys marmorata were investigated in the Mojave River of the central Mojave Desert, California, U.S.A. One population occupied man-made ponds and the other occurred in natural ponds in the flood plain of the Mojave River. Both habitats are severely degraded as a result of ground water depletion from human activities along the river and one is infested with the exotic shrub saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima. Mean female carapace length (CL) was significantly greater (14.4 cm) than that of males (13.7 cm). Live juveniles were not detected during the period of study. Shelled eggs were visible in X-radiographs from 26 May to 14 July. Mean clutch size was 4.46 and ranged from 3 to 6 eggs. Clutch size did not vary between 1998 and 1999 but was significantly correlated with CL for both years combined, increasing at the rate of 0.548 eggs/cm CL. Gravid female CL ranged from 13.3‐16.0 cm. Some females nested in both years. Mean X-ray egg width (21.8 mm) was not significantly correlated with CL or clutch size. X-ray egg width differed more among clutches than within, whether including CL as a co-variate or not. Nesting migrations occurred from 6 June to 8 July with minimum round trip distances ranging from 17.5‐585 m with a mean of 195 m. Mean estimated time of departure as measured at the drift fence was 18:13. Most females returned to the ponds in the early morning. Nesting migrations required females to be out of the water for estimated periods of 0.83 to 86 h. The destination of nesting females was typically fluvial sand bars in the channel of the dry riverbed. Overall, the ecology of C. marmorata in the Mojave River is very similar to that reported for populations in less severe habitats along the west coast of the United States. Notable exceptions include long nesting migrations to sandbars in the dry river channel, a possible result of human modifications to the environment, and an apparent lack of terrestrial overwintering behaviour in Mojave River populations. The general similarity of desert and coastal populations is possibly a reflection of their recent geographic separation. Overall, populations in the Mojave River exhibit few obvious adaptations to living in the desert and are considered to be tenuous relicts of the Pleistocene. The small size and tenuous status of these populations suggests that immediate conservation action is needed, including establishment of satellite populations as a hedge against extirpation.
Routing on Overlay Graphs in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Geometric routing using source-destination loca- tions has been widely suggested as a scalable alternative to conventional routing approaches in mobile ad hoc networks. Recently, there has been considerable attention on face routing in planar graphs constructed from overlay graphs in wireless networks. Given a plane tiled into an infinite mesh of polygons, an overlay graph is defined as one in which a graph edge is defined between two adjacent polygons if a radio link exists between any two nodes located in these polygons. We consider the problem of constructing a connected planar graph from the overlay graph, and geometric routing in such graphs. We prove a specific property of such graphs known as the redundancy property and propose a distributed routing algorithm called Grid Traversal Algorithm (GTA) based on the redundancy property of overlay graphs. The algorithm is both localized and energy efficient, but may not guarantee connectivity in pathological cases. Simulations show that such disconnections are rare in practise and that GTA performs very well in terms of percentage of data delivered, data delay and overhead compared to GPSR, a geometric routing protocol that routes on a planar graph extracted from the unit disk graph.
Modeling of Ionized Magnetron Sputtering of Copper

Computer simulations are used to study ionized physical vapor deposition, with ionized magnetron sputtering of copper as the primary system of interest. The effects of sputtering-ion energy and sputtering-ion angular flux distributions on the evolution of sub-micron scale features during IPVD are explored using the EVOLVE simulator. Our goal is to develop semi- quantitative engineering relationships that accurately predict the trends in experimental responses to changes in operating conditions. A sticking- factor model is used to describe deposition by neutrals. The sticking-factor of incident Cu atoms can depend on arrival angle and energy. Copper ions can also become part of the growing film. Energy and angular dependent sputter yields for both copper and argon ions are taken alternately from MD simulation results and a semi-empirical model. Sputtered material is ejected from the surface, tracked through the gas phase, and allowed to redeposit. Redeposition is also modeled via a sticking-factor based approach. The redistribution of film material results in non-intuitive profiles and complex relationships between final profiles and process parameters such as sample bias and neutral-to-ion flux ratios.
Automation usage decisions: controlling intent and appraisal errors in a target detection task.

BACKGROUND: It was proposed that misuse and disuse often occur because operators (a) cannot determine if automation or a nonautomated alternative maximizes the likelihood of task success (appraisal errors) or (b) know the utilities of the options but disregard this information when deciding to use automation (intent errors). OBJECTIVE: This investigation assessed the effectiveness of performance feedback, a procedure developed to attenuate appraisal errors, and scenario training, an intervention designed to decrease intent errors. METHODS: Operators given feedback were told how many errors they and an automated device made on a target detection task. Scenario training took operators through the thought processes of optimal decision makers after the utilities of the automated and nonautomated alternatives had been determined. Following 200 training trials, participants chose between relying on their observations or an automated device. RESULTS: There was little misuse, but disuse rates were high (84%) among operators receiving neither feedback nor scenario training. Operators paired with a more accurate machine and given feedback made approximately twice as many errors as the automated device. Nevertheless, intent errors were commonplace; 55% of the operators who received feedback without scenario training did not rely on automation. Feedback effectiveness was enhanced when used in conjunction with scenario training; the disuse rate decreased to 29%. CONCLUSION: A combination of feedback and scenario training was more effective in mitigating disuse than either intervention used in isolation. APPLICATION: An important application of these findings is that operator training programs should incorporate techniques to control intent and appraisal errors. Language: en
Spectroscopy of Dimers

The method of Stogryn and Hirschfelder, which divides two‐particle phase space into bound, metastable, and free particle parts, is applied to the statistical averages which determine the first three spectroscopic moments of ``collision‐induced'' far‐infrared and Raman spectra. Numerical results are presented for a number of models of noble gas systems. It is shown that for some systems, but not all, dimers make important, although not necessarily well‐separated, contributions to the spectrum.
Energy-efficient model inference in wireless sensing: Asymmetric data processing

The ultimate product of distributed sensing is normally a model that describes the data or a set of processes for which the data is an observation. The sensor network itself affects the collected data, often due to the need to conserve deployment costs, including energy provisioning. These effects include data compression and transmission censoring in addition to the typical noise and distortion of signal transduction. This paper describes a framework for performing data and model inference that incorporates network effects into the sophisticated data/model inference techniques used in environmental and ecological field studies. Both the monitored processes and the effects of network data gathering tend to be strongly non-linear and, with uncertainty arising at different levels, hierarchical. Hence closed-form solutions for estimation are beyond reach. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling can jointly capture models and the effects of compression/censoring, and Markov chain Monte Carol (MCMC) simulation at the data center can form posterior estimates. Integral to the inference are estimates of the uncertainty of data and parameters. As the model evolves at the data center, continuously updated estimates of uncertainty can drive adaptation of source/channel coding and data transmission policies at the sensor nodes. As an example application, this paper considers strongly asymmetric data processing to minimize computational complexity and energy cost at the sensor nodes and exploit abundant data center resources. Using an example of compression via simple requantization of the data, we show that MCMC-based inference can yield good performance even at substantial compression rates.
Solar Thermochemical Processing for the Production of Propellants on Mars and Fuels for the Earth

3, NASA Glenn Research Center Mars and the Earth each have the basic materials for the production of propellants and fuels. Hydrocarbon fuels and oxygen can be produced using concentrated solar energy by making use of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from indigenous resources through the application and integration of compact microchannel process technology with other process equipment. For Mars, this approach will dramatically reduce the mass of what must otherwise be brought from the Earth, by 20 to 45%, making future human and robotic missions, including near-term sample return missions, more affordable. Variations on the technologies that would make propellants on Mars can likewise use solar energy and terrestrial feedstocks to produce alternative transportation fuels for the Earth. For each location, solar energy is converted to chemical energy through thermochemical processes. If biomass or other feedstocks are used that bring chemical energy into the system, the overall productivity and economic viability of the approach is enhanced in proportion to the feedstock’s chemical energy. This is particularly important for the Earth, where there is a significant interest in producing affordable, alternative transportation fuels that provide energy independence along with reductions in net emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Adaptive nulling systems for a narrow-band signal with a look direction constraint

This paper presents an improvement to current single snapshot based adaptive beamforming techniques. The results are compared with the optimal solution to the problem which, unlike the proposed method, involves multidimensional optimisation at a high computational cost.
Structure and dynamics of Earth's inner core

Abstract The seismological exploration of the Earth's inner core has revealed unexpected and puzzling structural complexities. Its elastic anisotropy is now well established, and has been shown to vary spatially. There is a well defined hemispherical dichotomy in anisotropy and attenuation, and significant variations in the radial direction, with weaker anisotropy in the uppermost regions, and possibly different properties in an “innermost inner core” of radius 300–600 km. Perhaps even more puzzling is the observation of a stably stratified layer at the base of the outer core, which has recently been proposed to result from melting of inner core material. If confirmed, the presence of this layer has major implications for our understanding of convection in the outer core. Inner core differential rotation with respect to the mantle remains controversial. We will review here recent progress in understanding the dynamics of the inner core. A number of different models have been proposed for the development of the inner core's structure and formation of the stable layer at the base of the outer core, and particular care will be taken to clarify under which conditions the proposed mechanisms can be active.
Fundamental Thermal Deflection Analysis of Enamel‐Metal Systems

The deflection-temperature relationship of enameled metal strips was automatically recorded on a function plotter from 25° to 600° C. The thermal expansions of enamels and metal were correlated with the observed deflection produced by the composite. Metal and coating thicknesses were related to deflection, and corresponding stress values were calculated.
Evolution of PBL from normal epithelium to DCIS

A large number of studies in the last three decades have identified only a handful of biological features in the evolution of human premalignant breast lesions (PBL). They have shown that PBL have a positive growth balance, which may be driven/regulated by oestrogen receptor, erbB-2, and p53. There is marked genetic diversity in PBL, and use of newer technologies such as SAGE, DNA microarrays, and high-throughput proteomics will significantly improve our understanding of evolution of PBL over the next decade.
Independent test sequence compaction through integer programming

We discuss the compaction of independent test sequences for sequential circuits. Our first contribution is the formulation of this problem as an integer program, which we then solve through a well-known method employing linear programming relaxation and randomized rounding. The key contribution of this approach is that it yields the first polynomial time approximation algorithm for this problem. More specifically, it provides a provably good approximation guarantee while running in time polynomial with respect to the number of vectors in the original test sequences and the number of faults. Another virtue of our approach is that it provides a lower bound for the compacted set of test sequences and, therefore, a quality measure for the test compaction algorithm. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate that the proposed solution efficiently identifies nearly optimal sets of compacted test sequences.
The Vanishing American : Hollywood's Compromise to Indian Reform

Jewish culture is also the one that remains a constant while all other cultural differences fade away. One can see the irony in Joey's comment. The Jews are different because they will not "go kill things" and because they will not do so, they are marked for persecution. This difference will also cause their disappearance. David Mamet, in an interview with Matthew C. Roudan?, stated : " Endings in tragedies are resolved. The protagonist undergoes a reversal of the situation, a recognition of the state, and we have a certain amount of cleansing."12 In the last scene of The Disappearance of the Jews, Bobby is supposed to renew his relationship with an old flame with some encouragement from Joey. Because of the failures of all the previous "new beginnings" this new plot does not seem to stand a chance of development. For the play to move toward a resolution there should be an expulsion of the elements that cause the engine to stall. But there will be no "cleansing," no lynching, no tragedy. Not even the periodic entertainment given to Didi and Gogo in the person of Lucky, will help our men pass the time. Lucky is just another scapegoat and Joey and Bobby would not be amused by his torment.
Search for higgs in left-right symmetric models

We investigate the production of Higgs bosons in some low-energy realizations of LR symmetric models. We find that two-body decays of the neutral and charged heavy gauge bosons produced in pp colliding machines, Z2 → Z1H0 and WR± → Z1H±, can scan neatly a good range of masses where the Higgs is expected. The signals for the decaying Higgs are discussed.
Some Broader Aspects of International Finance

The welfare of the society consists of many elements. Obviously, the accessibility of material goods to the population is very important. But equally important are the norms of freedom, justice, and peace — the norms regulating everyday transactions among the members of the society. Since international capital movements in a particular historical setting involve these broader moral, social, and political considerations, they have to be discussed at least briefly in order to sense the deeper significance of our presumably narrow economic problem.
Recognition of the nucleosome by chromatin factors and enzymes

Dynamic expression of the genome requires coordinated binding of chromatin factors and enzymes that carry out genome-templated processes. Until recently, the molecular mechanisms governing how these factors and enzymes recognize and act on the fundamental unit of chromatin, the nucleosome core particle, have remained a mystery. A small, yet growing set of structures of the nucleosome in complex with chromatin factors and enzymes highlights the importance of multivalency in defining nucleosome binding and specificity. Many such interactions include an arginine anchor motif, which targets a unique acidic patch on the nucleosome surface. These emerging paradigms for chromatin recognition will be discussed, focusing on several recent structural breakthroughs.
Transformation theory of q -quantum mechanics

Although there is no empirical motivation for replacing the commutators of dynamically conjugate operators in quantum mechanics byq-commutators, it appears possible to construct a consistent mathematical formulism based on this idea. To examine such a possibility further, we have studied the relation of this proposal to the Schwinger action principle, since the entire quantum mechanical formulism may be inferred from this principle. In particular, we have discussed the quantum transformation theory within this framework.
Epidemiological Features of Typhoid Paratyphoid in Yibin City From 2004 to 2007

Objective To analyse the epidemiological features of typhoid paratyphoid. Methods Desriptive epidemiological method was used to analyse the data. Results From 2004 to 2007,a total of 245 cases were confirmed,in which 166 cases(67.75%)were in Junlian County with all average annual incidene rate of 1.24/105 (annual incidence rate ranged 0.55/105-2.4/105).The disease revealed no seasonal or sexual differences. About 84.90% cases aged 40 years old. Most cases were students,farmers,cadres or office workers,persons engaged in household daties or awaiting employment and children outside kindergarten(71.84%). Conclusion The epidemiological feature of typhoid in Yibin City from 2004 to 2007 showed that the disease concentrated in Junlian County and distribated in broad occupations.
End Effector for a Kinesthetic Haptic Device Capable of Displaying Variable Size and Stiffness

A novel kinesthetic/tactile end effector capable of changing size and stiffness in a user’s hand is integrated with an existing three-degree-of-freedom kinesthetic haptic device. This system enables the creation of immersive virtual environments that engage both kinesthetic senses through the existing haptic device and cutaneous senses through the end effector’s changes in stiffness and size. Size change is achieved by closed loop control of air pressure within a pneumatic cavity enclosed by a flexible membrane, and stiffness is varied by controlling vacuum level in an outer layer of particle jamming material.
Abstract A089: Multiparametric immunofluorescence analysis of the tumor microenvironment using CODEX

The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer progression and has implications for the efficacy of various cancer immunotherapy treatment options. Immune infiltrates within the tumor microenvironment can correlate with both positive and negative outcomes, depending upon the both the type of cancer as well as infiltrating immune cell(s). These analyses are typically performed using standard immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays where no more than four simultaneous parameters can be visualized on the same tissue. Unfortunately, these tools cannot fully characterize the complexity of the tumor microenvironment due to the inherent limitations of fluorophore spectral overlap. In order to identify each type of immune and tumor cell within a single tissue, at least 40 parameters need to be measured simultaneously. We have developed a multiparametric immunofluorescence technology, entitled CODEX (Co-Detection by IndEXing), which utilizes unique DNA tags as a means of iteratively measuring more than 40 parameters within the same tissue. More than 40 human antibodies have been validated using this approach, including numerous immune markers, checkpoint ligands, tumor markers and cellular activity markers. We are currently analyzing tissue sample from patients with lung cancer. By measuring nearly 50 simultaneous markers within the same tissue, CODEX has the potential to greatly enhance our knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and more accurately define immune infiltrates at the single-cell level. Citation Format: Julia Kennedy-Darling, Garry P. Nolan, Yury Goltsev, Nikolay Samusik. Multiparametric immunofluorescence analysis of the tumor microenvironment using CODEX [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A089.
Local Inhibition of Macrophage and Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation to Suppress Plaque Progression

Atherosclerosis is a complex process responsible for a major burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are abundant within atherosclerotic plaques. This review discusses the role of macrophages and SMCs in plaque progression and provides an overview of nanoparticle-based approaches and other current methods for local targeting of atherosclerotic plaques.
Education: France goes philosophical

"Science without conscience is but ruin of the soul," wrote the French scholar Francois Rabelais in the early 16th century. France has a great tradition of philosophy and now Claude Allegre, the French minister for education and research, believes it is time for science to profit from it. Last month he announced a series of measures that will make the study of philosophy compulsory for all science students. Over the next three years, philosophy and the history of science will be integrated into all science degrees, masters-level courses and engineering diplomas from the Grandes Ecoles.
Linked data view methodology and application to BIM alignment and interoperability

Building Information Modeling needs better strategies for schema interoperability in order to begin solving some of the problems the building industry faces including discrepancies in simulation tool data, missing or incorrect data, and gaps in data sourcing transparency. Addressing these challenges so far has often resulted in further “siloed” translation tools that only work for the few formats for which they were built. An application of Linked Data Views (or Semantic Views) is presented as part of a larger, modular, and extensible framework that provides a method to automatically query, understand, and translate BIM instances into Linked Data. This bypasses the need for individual translators in order to access the multitude of simulations tools, allows multiple data stores to be compared properly for more accurate Decision Support, and can be connected to other Linked Data for verifying, correcting, and extending our knowledge through available resources in multiple locations.
Computational modeling for prediction of the shear stress of three-dimensional isotropic and aligned fiber networks.

Abstract Background and objective Interstitial flow (IF) is a creeping flow through the interstitial space of the extracellular matrix (ECM). IF plays a key role in diverse biological functions, such as tissue homeostasis, cell function and behavior. Currently, most studies that have characterized IF have focused on the permeability of ECM or shear stress distribution on the cells, but less is known about the prediction of shear stress on the individual fibers or fiber networks despite its significance in the alignment of matrix fibers and cells observed in fibrotic or wound tissues. In this study, I developed a computational model to predict shear stress for different structured fibrous networks. Methods To generate isotropic models, a random growth algorithm and a second-order orientation tensor were employed. Then, a three-dimensional (3D) solid model was created using computer-aided design (CAD) software for the aligned models (i.e., parallel, perpendicular and cubic models). Subsequently, a tetrahedral unstructured mesh was generated and flow solutions were calculated by solving equations for mass and momentum conservation for all models. Through the flow solutions, I estimated permeability using Darcy's law. Average shear stress (ASS) on the fibers was calculated by averaging the wall shear stress of the fibers. By using nonlinear surface fitting of permeability, viscosity, velocity, porosity and ASS, I devised new computational models. Results Overall, the developed models showed that higher porosity induced higher permeability, as previous empirical and theoretical models have shown. For comparison of the permeability, the present computational models were matched well with previous models, which justify our computational approach. ASS tended to increase linearly with respect to inlet velocity and dynamic viscosity, whereas permeability was almost the same. Finally, the developed model nicely predicted the ASS values that had been directly estimated from computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Conclusions The present computational models will provide new tools for predicting accurate functional properties and designing fibrous porous materials, thereby significantly advancing tissue engineering.
Deep Geo-Constrained Auto-Encoder for Non-Landmark GPS Estimation

This paper addresses the problem of geotagging images, i.e., assigning GPS coordinates (i.e., latitude, longitude) to images using image contents. Due to the huge appearance variability of visual features across the world, the images’ contents and their GPS coordinates may be inconsistent. This means images captured from geographically close areas may appear visually distinct; and images with visually similar contents may be taken from geographically distant areas. In this paper, we propose a deep Geo-constrained Auto-encoder (DGAE) to solve these inconsistency problems. Using clustered GPS data and visual data, our approach identifies inconsistent data pairs (i.e., image, GPS). We then propose a novel deep learning framework that can learn similar feature representations for geographically close images and distinct feature representations for geographically distant images. We introduce two new constraints: the same-area constraint and the easy-confusing constraint to our feature learning networks. The former one penalizes images from the same area but with very distinct visual features, and the latter one penalizes images from distant areas but with very similar visual features. A deep architecture is developed to further improve learning discriminative features, which can disambiguate different geometric locations. Our approach is extensively evaluated on a newly-compiled large image geotagging dataset from large-scale community-contributed images with 664,720 images and outperforms comparison approaches.
Delivering Person-Centered Care: Important Preferences for Recipients of Long-term Services and Supports.

Abstract Objectives Although assessing individual consumer preferences are an important first step in providing person-centered care, the purpose of this study was to identify the top 10 shared preferences that are important to a majority of consumers receiving long-term services and supports. Design A cross-sectional survey design was used. Setting and participants Preference assessment interviews were conducted with 255 nursing home (NH) residents and 528 older adults receiving home and community-based services (HCBS). Measurements The Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI) was used to collect consumer preference information. Two versions of the PELI were used—the PELI-NH for NH residents and the PELI-HC for clients receiving HCBS and analysis focused on 41 shared items between the 2 versions. All respondents answered PELI questions independently and rated the importance of psychosocial preference items on a scale from not at all to a lot/very important. Results Ten preferences were shared as being important or very important by NH residents and older adults receiving HCBS. Most notably, more than 90% of respondents in each group rated “having regular contact with family” as an important priority. Having privacy, choices about what to eat, when to bathe, and activity options also were important preferences for a majority (77%-93%) in both settings. Conclusion Providers seeking to incorporate preference-based care can utilize study results as a foundation to incorporating important preferences into the care delivery process at the organizational level across care settings. For example, assessing all consumers on this core set of 10 shared preferences can assist with relationship building, transitions in care, and quality improvement. However, preferences with aggregate low-rated levels of importance in this study should not be discredited or eliminated. It is important for providers to understand the unique preference inventory of each older adult, which can then be targeted toward meeting goals for preference fulfillment. This can aid in bringing preferences into practice to improve the quality of care and quality of life to best meet the psychosocial needs of each person.
Crack propagation in monolithic ceramics under mixed mode loading

Finite element calculations are presented for a semi-infinite crack in a brittle solid undergoing microcracking normal to the maximum tensile direction. Microcracks are presumed stable and a saturation stage is postulated wherein the effective elastic moduli attain steady state values. Mode I, mode II and mixed mode loading conditions are investigated. In these two latter cases, the method of analysis employed allows for cracks to grow out of their initial planes. The mixed mode loading case investigated corresponds to taking equal values of the remote mode I and II stress intensity factors. Contrary to what is observed in the mode I case, no appreciable R-curve behavior is found under mode II or mixed mode conditions.
A 6-week warm-up injury prevention programme results in minimal biomechanical changes during jump landings: a randomized controlled trial

To examine the extent to which an ACL injury prevention programme modifies lower extremity biomechanics during single- and double-leg landing tasks in both the sagittal and frontal plane. It was hypothesized that the training programme would elicit improvements in lower extremity biomechanics, but that these improvements would be greater during a double-leg sagittal plane landing task than tasks performed on a single leg or in the frontal plane. Ninety-seven competitive multi-directional sport athletes that competed at the middle- or high-school level were cluster randomized into intervention (n = 48, age = 15.4 ± 1.0 years, height = 1.7 ± 0.07 m, mass = 59.9 ± 11.0 kg) and control (n = 49, age = 15.7 ± 1.6 years, height = 1.7 ± 0.06 m, mass = 60.4 ± 7.7 kg) groups. The intervention group participated in an established 6-week warm-up-based ACL injury prevention programme. Three-dimensional biomechanical analyses of a double- (SAG-DL) and single-leg (SAG-SL) sagittal, and double- (FRONT-DL) and single-leg (FRONT-SL) frontal plane jump landing tasks were tested before and after the intervention. Peak angles, excursions, and external joint moments were analysed for group differences using 2 (group) × 4 (task) repeated measures MANOVA models of delta scores (post–pre-test value) (α 6 weeks) to elicit meaningful biomechanical changes. I.
Setting-Specific Treatment Issues

Aging is now an integral part of society, and in short, we expect to grow old. The average lifespan has increased as a result of declining childhood and elderly mortality rates. Associated with our increased lifespan is the rising prevalence of chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases, neurocognitive disorders, diabetes, cancer, and mobility impairment. Health-care providers must take into consideration the impact of the various factors that have an impact on older adults, how they experience illnesses, and their ability to communicate their experience to us. The setting in which older adults are seen and treated necessarily will have an impact on their experience and expectations. Understanding these dynamics is a critical part in the caregiving process. In this chapter, we provide a background on the different settings that older adults receive treatment and explore their role in presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of various psychiatric disorders.
Clines in traits compared over two decades in a plant hybrid zone.

Author(s): Campbell, Diane R; Faidiga, Alexandra; Trujillo, Gabriel | Abstract: Background and Aims:Clines in traits across hybrid zones reflect a balance between natural selection and gene flow. Changes over time in average values for traits, and especially the shapes of their clines, are rarely investigated in plants, but could result from evolution in an unstable hybrid zone. Differences in clines between floral and vegetative traits could indicate different strengths of divergent selection. Methods:Five floral and two vegetative traits were measured in 12 populations along an elevational gradient spanning a natural hybrid zone between Ipomopsis aggregata and Ipomopsis tenuituba. We compared clines in the floral traits with those measured 25 years ago. Observed changes in mean trait values were compared with predictions based on prior estimates of natural selection. We also compared the steepness and position of clines between the floral and vegetative traits. Key Results:Corolla length has increased over five generations to an extent that matches predictions from measurements of phenotypic selection and heritability. The shape of its cline, and that of other traits, has not changed detectably. Clines varied across traits, but not all floral traits showed steeper clines than did vegetative traits. Both suites of morphological traits had steeper clines than did neutral molecular markers. Conclusions:The increase in corolla length provides a rare example of a match between predicted and observed evolution of a plant trait in natural populations. The clinal properties are consistent with the hypothesis that habitat-mediated divergent selection on vegetative traits and pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits both maintain species differences across the hybrid zone.
CARPENTIER Y EL BUREAU D’ETHNOLOGIE HAÏTIENNE. LOS CANTOS VODÚ DE EL REINO DE ESTE MUNDO

El presente articulo hace un estudio de los contactos de Alejo Carpentier y los surrealistas franceses con Haiti anteriores al viaje del cubano a ese pais en 1943. Carpentier tuvo un contacto sostenido con el Bureau d'Ethnologie Haitienne hasta ahora ignorado. El cubano y los surrealistas tenian un vivo interes en el vodu porque este combinaba la religion con la accion politica. La presencia de varios cantos vodu en "El reino de este mundo", cuya procedencia detallo, demuestra hasta que punto influyo en el concepto de lo maravilloso que inauguro Carpentier en esta novela. El elemento decisivo de estos cantos, que incide en la concepcion de la novela, es el ritmo. Esto me permite sugerir una nueva vision de lo real maravilloso en "El reino de este mundo".
Neurophysiological Monitoring During Astrocytoma Surgery

The technique of direct stimulation mapping of the cortex is used to identify regions of language representation in the dominant cerebral hemosphere and the Rolandic cortex in either hemisphere. The use of electrocorticography to remove epileptogenic zones in patients with difficult-to-control seizures is described. The article presents the authors' experience with brain mapping during glioma surgery to maximize the extent of tumor resection and minimize surgical morbidity.
The effect of estrogen on diabetic wound healing is mediated through increasing the function of various bone marrow-derived progenitor cells

Abstract Objective Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the key cells of postnatal neovascularization, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess pluripotent differentiation capacity and contribute to tissue regeneration and wound healing. Both EPCs and MSCs are critical to the wound repair process, which is hindered in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes has been shown to decrease the function of these progenitor cells, whereas estrogen has beneficial wound healing effects. However, the role of estrogen in modulating EPC and MSC biology in diabetes is unknown. We investigated the effect of estrogen on improving bone marrow (BM)-derived EPC and MSC function using a murine diabetic wound healing model. Methods Female diabetic db+/db+ and nondiabetic control mice were wounded cutaneously and treated with topical estrogen or placebo cream. On day 5 after wounding, BM cells were harvested to quantify EPC number and colony-forming units of EPCs and MSCs. Wound healing rate was concurrently studied. Vessel density and scar density were then quantified using whole body perfusion and laser confocal microscopy. EPC recruitment was documented by immunohistochemistry to identify CD34- and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-positive cells in the vessel wall. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results Topical estrogen significantly increased colony-forming units of both EPCs and MSCs compared with placebo treatment, indicating improved viability and proliferative ability of these cells. Consistently, increased recruitment of EPCs to diabetic wounds and higher vessel density were observed in estrogen-treated compared with placebo-treated mice. Consequently, topical estrogen significantly accelerated wound healing as early as day 6 after wounding. In addition, scar density resulting from collagen deposition was increased in the estrogen-treated group, reflecting increased MSC activity and differentiation. Conclusions Estrogen treatment increases wound healing and wound neovascularization in diabetic mice. Our data implicate that these beneficial effects may be mediated through improving the function of BM-derived EPCs and MSCs.
A morphological comparison of Arceuthobium abietinum and A. Campylopodum (Viscaceae) and nomenclatural changes for A. Abietinum

Fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium abietinum, Viscaceae) parasitizes true firs (Abies spp.) in the Pacific Northwest through California, the Southwest, and into northern Mexico. At present, fir dwarf mistletoe consists of two special forms (formae speciales, f. sp.) and one subspecies that are morphologically similar, but exhibit a high degree of host specificity. However, A. abietinum has been treated as a subspecies of A. campylopodum or conspecific with it in some taxonomic treatments. Therefore, we undertook this study to compare the morphologies of these dwarf mistletoes; collecting morphological data from nearly 100 A. abietinum and 60 A. campylopodum populations collected across most of their geographic ranges and analyzing these data using univariate and multivariate statistical tests. Our results demonstrated that the special forms and subspecies of A. abietinum are morphologically distinct from A. campylopodum, thereby, supporting the continued recognition of A. abietinum as a separate species. Furthermore, our analysis found significant differences for several of the characters we examined between the special forms of A. abietinum. Therefore, we recombined the special forms as subspecies: A. abietinum subsp. abietinum (formerly f. sp. concoloris) and A. abietinum subsp. magnificae (formerly f. sp. magnificae). The previously described A. abietinum subsp. wiensii was morphologically distinct from subsp. abietinum and subsp. magnificae. The distinctiveness of these taxa was supported by their host affinities as well.
Real-Time Monitoring of Human Glioma Cell Migration on Dorsal Root Ganglion Axon-Oligodendrocyte Co-Cultures

Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers due to extensive cellular heterogeneity and the migration properties of hGCs. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma cell migration, an ability to study the interaction between hGCs and axons within the tumor microenvironment is essential. In order to model this cellular interaction, we developed a mixed culture system consisting of hGCs and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) axon-oligodendrocyte co-cultures. DRG cultures were selected because they can be isolated efficiently and can form the long, extensive projections which are ideal for migration studies of this nature. Purified rat oligodendrocytes were then added on purified rat DRG axons and induced to myelinate. After confirming the formation of compact myelin, hGCs were finally added to the co-culture and their interactions with DRG axons and oligodendrocytes was monitored in real-time using time-lapse microscopy. Under these conditions, hGCs form tumor-like aggregate structures that express GFAP and Ki67, migrate along both myelinated and non-myelinated axonal tracks and interact with these axons through the formation of pseudopodia. Our ex vivo co-culture system can be used to identify novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of hGC migration and could potentially be used for in vitro drug efficacy testing.
Comparison of 30-day outcome following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with or without instrumentation for cervical spondylosis: A review of 2352 elective cases.

Background Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a commonly performed procedure to address cervical myeloradiculopathy. However, 30-day outcomes after additional plating/instrumentation are not very clear. Methods The authors reviewed The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to identify all elective ACDF cases with or without instrumentation for patients having cervical spondylosis with or without myelopathy from 2011 to 2013 using current procedural terminology and International Classification of Disease-9 codes. We identified 2352 cases and subdivided these into two cohorts based on instrumentation procedures (588 cases without instrumentation and 1764 cases with instrumentation). Baseline differences in two cohorts were adjusted by propensity score matching analysis, yielding well-matched 583 pairs. Results Following propensity matching, the authors observed no significant difference in 30-day complication rates (prematch, 2.4% vs. 2.4%; and postmatch, 2.4% vs. 1.7%), readmission (prematch, 4.1% vs. 3.2%; and postmatch, 3.9% vs. 3.3%), and reoperation (prematch 0.9% vs. 1.8%; and postmatch 0.9% vs. 1.5%). Conclusion Our results demonstrate similar 30-day outcomes in both cohorts and suggest that instrumentation can be safely implemented in the setting of ACDF.
Animal Size and Heat Transfer

Newton’s law of cooling describes an object whose temperature decreases exponentially with time. Because of its many applications, it is a frequent topic of introductory physics labs. In this article, I describe an experiment designed for the freshman year algebra-based physics course that applies this law to answering the question, “Why don’t small mammals live in the ocean?” The experiment is part of a process under way to include more biology-related examples in this first-year sequence to better serve and provide relevance to our biology majors, who predominantly take the course. The experiment focuses on scaling laws and modeling, and demonstrates the utility of physics in answering questions in biology.