cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fourier Series Method

The idea presented in this chapter is the following: If f is a meromorphic function in the complex plane, and if $$ {{c}_{k}}(r,f) = \frac{1}{{2\pi }}\int_{{ - \pi }}^{\pi } {(\log |f(r{{e}^{{i\theta }}})|)} {{e}^{{ - ik\theta }}}d\theta $$ is the kth Fourier coefficient of log | f (reiθ)|, then the behavior of f(z) is reflected in the behavior of the sequence {ck(r, f), and vice versa.
The Variable Effect of Posterior Urethral Valves as Illustrated in Identical Twins

To our knowledge, we report the second instance of posterior urethral valves in identical twin boys. Initial symptoms, age at presentation and radiographic findings were different in each boy, and reflect the varying nature of this congenital anomaly. Although the brothers are identical twins from the same environment with identical Rh and ABO blood groupings and identical HLA haplotypes, developmental differences have been marked.
A Retrospective Introduction

“It takes little talent to see clearly what lies under one’s nose, a good deal of it to know in which direction to point that organ.” W. H. Auden Listening to the sequence of fine talks that have made up this Joint Discussion, I have been impressed by the veritable flood of new observations that bear on the question of the abundance ratios in the oldest stars. The flood is marked by depth and diversity, as ‘noses’ are being pointed in highly profitable directions. As an example of depth, I would note the extensive investigations reviewed by Andy McWilliam of the chemical compositions of very metal-poor stars where [Fe/H] ≃ -3 marks the upper end of the range defining the class. To characterize diversity, I draw attention to the analyses of quasar absorption line systems so ably discssed by Limin Lu who showed that the abundance ratios for the gas in such high z systems resemble ratios found from Galactic metal-poor stars. Of course, to many at this Joint Discussion the wealth and diversity did not come as a surprise. Indeed, I suspect that many of us pursue the topic of the composition of the first generations of stars because of the wealth and diversity of observational constraints that may now spawn a unified interpretation. Hopefully, the marvellous talks given here will pull in a few new minds - young and old - to ponder nucleosynthesis in very young galaxies and in our Galaxy in particular.
Factors Affecting the Metabolism of Galactocerebroside and Glucocerebroside

Our laboratory has been studying the factors which affect brain cerebroside metabolism through two major approaches: (1) the comparison of enzyme specific activities with various substrates, and (2) the susceptibility of the enzymes to interference by synthetic lipids, analogous in structure to the substrates. The problem is complicated by the existence of the 2-hydroxy group in some of the fatty acids, and the existence of the two clusters of fatty acid chain lengths, around 18 and around 24 carbon atoms.
Host Shutoff in Influenza A Virus: Many Means to an End

Influenza A virus carries few of its own proteins, but uses them effectively to take control of the infected cells and avoid immune responses. Over the years, host shutoff, the widespread down-regulation of host gene expression, has emerged as a key process that contributes to cellular takeover in infected cells. Interestingly, multiple mechanisms of host shutoff have been described in influenza A virus, involving changes in translation, RNA synthesis and stability. Several viral proteins, notably the non-structural protein NS1, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the endoribonuclease PA-X have been implicated in host shutoff. This multitude of host shutoff mechanisms indicates that host shutoff is an important component of the influenza A virus replication cycle. Here we review the various mechanisms of host shutoff in influenza A virus and the evidence that they contribute to immune evasion and/or viral replication. We also discuss what the purpose of having multiple mechanisms may be.
Differences in quality of life among college student electronic cigarette users

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore an association between e-cigarette use and Quality of Life (QOL) among college students. Methods: During February 2016, 1,132 students completed an online survey that included measures of tobacco use and the WHOQOL-BREF instrument. Differences were tested using Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and ANOVA, and regression was used to assess possible relationships. Results: E-cigarettes were used by 6.97% of the participants, either solo or along with traditional cigarettes. Bivariate analyses suggest that male college students are more likely than females to use e-cigarettes, either solo or in combination with traditional cigarettes (χ2 =19.4, P < .01). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual students are more likely than heterosexual students to use traditional cigarettes, either solo or in combination with e-cigarettes (χ2 = 32.9, P < .01). Multivariate models suggest that for every 10-unit increase in overall QOL, psychological well-being, social relations or environmental health the adjusted odds of being a sole cigarette user were significantly lower (all, P < .01), respectively. For every 10-unit increase in psychological well-being the adjusted odds of being a dual user was significantly lower (OR = .83, P = .026). Conclusions: Findings indicate that lower quality of life appears to be connected to tobacco use.
Acoustic enhancement of direct-contact condensation using capillary waves

Abstract Direct-contact condensation of a vapor bubble train rising in a subcooled liquid bath is accelerated using sonic [O(1 kHz)] acoustic actuation of the liquid-vapor interface. The actuation couples with the characteristic wavelength of the capillary (Faraday) surface instability to form waves which disrupt the interfacial thermal boundary layer, thereby enhancing heat transfer from the bubble to the surrounding subcooled liquid and accelerating vapor condensation, significantly reducing vapor volume. It is shown that the acoustically-induced surface waves lead to bi-directional penetration of fingers of subcooled liquid and vapor across the interface and the small-scale interfacial mixing caused by this motion disrupts the nominally conduction-limited heat transfer and leads to a pronounced, rapid reduction in vapor volume. It is also shown that the acoustic actuation is effective at reduced ambient pressures (e.g., in power cycle condensers) and during co-located boiling and condensation in pool boiling over submerged heater surfaces. Such acoustically-enhanced condensation may enable reduction in the volume of the subcooled liquid bath and therefore in the overall scale of direct-contact condensers in various configurations.
Balanced Truncation Model Reduction for Lifted Nonlinear Systems.

We present a balanced truncation model reduction approach for a class of nonlinear systems with time-varying and uncertain inputs. First, our approach brings the nonlinear system into quadratic-bilinear~(QB) form via a process called lifting, which introduces transformations via auxiliary variables to achieve the specified model form. Second, we extend a recently developed QB balanced truncation method to be applicable to such lifted QB systems that share the common feature of having a system matrix with zero eigenvalues. We illustrate this framework and the multi-stage lifting transformation on a tubular reactor model. In the numerical results we show that our proposed approach can obtain reduced-order models that are more accurate than proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order models in situations where the latter are sensitive to the choice of training data.
An Enhanced Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Rotor Position Sensorless Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

An enhanced linear active disturbance rejection controller (ELADRC) based rotor position sensorless field-oriented control scheme for the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drivers is proposed in this article. The ELADRC consists of two linear extended state observers (LESOs) and a proportional current controller. One LESO is designed to estimate the back electromotive force (EMF), which is treated as the external disturbance. Then, the rotor position and speed are obtained from the estimated back EMF without any phase delay or chattering problem. The other LESO is designed to estimate the internal disturbances, such as the parameter and current regulation quality variations. The estimated total disturbance is used as a feedforward compensation term in the current control loop to improve the current regulation quality of the plant, which further improves the rotor position estimation performance. The plant combined with the two LESOs is equivalent to an integrator with a unity gain, which is controlled by a simple proportional current controller to generate the desired voltage vector for the pulsewidth modulation operation. Finally, the stability of the closed-loop PMSM drive system with the ELADRC-based scheme is analyzed. Based on the analysis, the parameters of the ELADRC are designed. The proposed scheme is validated by the experimental results for a 275-W salient-pole PMSM drive in which the PMSM is similar to the traction motor used in Toyota Prius hybrid electric vehicles at a reduced scale.
Insomnia Telemedicine OSCE (TeleOSCE): A Simulated Standardized Patient Video-Visit Case for Clerkship Students

Introduction Telemedicine is a growing practice with minimal training in US medical schools. Telemedicine OSCE (TeleOSCE) simulations allow students to practice this type of patient interaction in ...
Nation v. Municipality: Indigenous Land Recovery, Settler Resentment, and Taxation on the Oneida Reservation

A history of jurisdictional disputes between the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin and the Village of Hobart, a non-Native municipality located entirely within the boundaries of the Oneida Reservation.
Functional Status and Time Since Primary Lung Transplant Predict Survival after Redo Lung Transplant

Purpose Survival is worse after redo lung transplant (LTx) compared to primary LTx. We hypothesize that functional status and time since primary LTx predict survival after redo LTx. Methods From the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) database, 681 adult and pediatric patients underwent primary LTx before redo LTx from 01/01/2005-9/1/2018. Pre-LTx characteristics, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), time between primary and redo LTx, intra-operative variables, LTx complications, and survival were evaluated. Those with en bloc, lobar, multivisceral or heart-lung transplants, or without preoperative KPS were excluded. Paired comparisons were used to compare pre-transplant variables. Survival analysis was used to examine mortality after redo LTx, and risk factors for survival within a Cox PH regression model including recipient center as a random effect, while time between transplants was considered using time-dependent coefficients at follow-up times of 3, 6, and 12 months. All analysis was performed in R (ver. 3.6.0) Results KPS was grouped into 3 categories:10-40%, 50-60%, 70-100%. Compared to their first transplant, KPS prior to redo LTx was significantly worse (37% vs 64% with a KPS of 10-40%). Prior to their redo LTx, patients were more likely to require ventilation support (9% vs 37%) and ICU admission (13% vs 37%). Following redo LTx, survival was worse in the KPS 10-40% group, compared to the 50-60% and 70-100% groups (Figure 1, log-rank p=0.017). This effect was lessened in the multivariate model, but survival for the 70-100% group was still better than for KPS 10-40%. The effect of decreased time between transplants is most prominent in the early postoperative period. Conclusion Higher functional status and increased time between the primary and redo LTx predict improved survival after redo LTx. Increased mortality risk with early redo LTx is most dramatic in the early postoperative period after redo LTx.
Calcitriol enhancement of TPA-induced tumorigenic transformation is mediated through vitamin D receptor-dependent and -independent pathways

We previously showed that 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcitriol, enhanced phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced tumorigenic transformation of mouse epidermal JB6 Cl41.5a cells. To determine if calcitriol regulates this enhancement through a nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent or -independent pathway, we used vitamin D analogs which induce biological responses by either of these mechanisms. In JB6 Cl41.5a cells, 1alpha,24-dihydroxy-22-ene-24-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3 (BT), which like calcitriol binds to VDR and regulates transcription, inhibited cell growth, stimulated expression of nonphosphorylated osteopontin (OPN), and enhanced TPA-induced anchorage-independent growth (AIG, an in vitro assay which highly correlates with tumorigenicity of these cells). 25-Hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 (AT), which stimulates calcium influx but has low affinity for VDR, had moderate effects on cell growth and expression of OPN. However, it enhanced TPA-induced tumorigenic transformation, though to a lesser extent than BT, thus suggesting that a VDR-independent mechanism is involved. Since 1alpha-hydroxylase activity was detected in JB6 cells, AT could be converted into 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 (V), an analog which binds with high affinity to VDR, and could subsequently enhance TPA-induced AIG. To verify whether the VDR-independent pathway is involved in calcitriol enhancement of tumorigenic transformation, two additional VDR-independent analogs, 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-lumisterol3 (JN) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (AS), were tested. The analog JN, which stimulates calcium transport and cannot be further hydroxylated at 1-carbon position, increased TPA-induced AIG, while AS, which inhibits calcium influx, did not. These studies suggest that a VDR-independent pathway, perhaps stimulation of calcium influx, and a VDR-dependent mechanism, which directly affects transcription, are involved in calcitriol's enhancement of TPA-induced tumorigenic transformation in JB6 Cl41.5a cells.
Development and operating experience of a 1.1-m-long superconducting undulator at the Advanced Photon Source

Development of superconducting undulators continues at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Two years after successful installation and commissioning of the first relatively short superconducting undulator ``SCU0'' in Sector 6 of the APS storage ring, the second 1.1-m-long superconducting undulator ``SCU1'' was installed in Sector 1 of the APS. The device has been in user operation since its commissioning in May 2015. This paper describes the magnetic and cryogenic design of the SCU1 together with the results of stand-alone cold tests. The SCU1's magnetic and cryogenic performance as well as its operating experience in the APS storage ring are also presented.
Defects Tracking via NDE Based Transfer Learning

Pipe infrastructure systems in service continue to degrade with passage of time. As the defects grow with time, for safety purposes, they have to be inspected periodically for detection of harmful defects. This paper presents development of a novel method for identifying defect growth using dynamically updated transfer learning technique on data from magnetic flux leakage (MFL) sensors. The operation of pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) within the pipeline to collect accurate, low noise readings for defect detection is expensive and time-consuming. Running probes within the operational pipeline produces noisy data. In this paper we consider a less noisy and time-consuming baseline readings within pipelines taken in the beginning. Using the baseline data, our goal is to first automatically detect the defective areas during inspection and thereafter monitor the growth of those defects. Based on the baseline data, a bivariate function was estimated using a function estimation method based on mixture regression framework to compute posterior probabilities of the defects at each scanning point. Thereafter, it is seen that applying direct function estimation with noisy field data on subsequent inspections is not effective. We use transfer learning perspectives by leveraging the defect probabilities and location from the previous inspections, and then consequently update those probabilities based on current data by applying a dynamically updated transfer learning technique. The defect growth is dynamically tracked and characterized with high accuracy and sensitivity.
Virtual meetings: A critical step to address climate change

Chloe J. Jordan Abraham A. Palmer Pristine lakes and pollution-free skies marked the early months of the coronavirus lockdown—environmental benefits of swift action to safeguard against the spread of coronavirus ( 1 ). For its part, the scientific community canceled or reconfigured national and international meetings as virtual meetings. Study sections, site visits, seminars, and job interviews were held online. The scale of changes made by universities and scientific organizations in the timing and implementation of these measures is inspiring. Many of these actions were at enormous personal and collective sacrifice but based on the scientific evidence showing a dire threat to humanity. As locales reopen, the climate benefits reaped as a result of lockdown appear only temporary. The effects of climate change, however, potentially pose an even more serious threat to humanity than coronavirus ( 2 ). Like coronavirus, climate change requires individual and collective behavioral adjustments for the common good but because the time scale for climate change stretches to years and decades, making these changes may appear less …
Deriving the Turnover Frequency of Aminoxyl-Catalyzed Alcohol Oxidation by Chronoamperometry: An Introduction to Organic Electrocatalysis.

Organic electrosynthesis is an increasingly popular tool for driving and probing redox reactions. Recent advances in this field often employ an electrocatalyst to enhance the selectivity and efficiency of electrochemical reactions. A laboratory experiment was developed to introduce students to relevant mechanistic techniques in electrochemistry for analysis of electrocatalytic reactions using aminoxyl-catalyzed alcohol oxidation as a case study. This lab activity employs cyclic voltammetry for qualitative assessment of catalytic turnover prior to introducing students to chronoamperometry, an underutilized technique that facilitates quantitative determination of the rate of catalysis. Students identify and rationalize the important features of a reversible electron transfer and a catalytic reaction in a cyclic voltammogram, probe the origin of scan rate effects on these traces, and calculate turnover frequency using a series of chronoamperograms. The method employs safe and readily available reagents: basic aqueous buffer solution, alcohol substrate, and an inexpensive organic aminoxyl catalyst. Student data presented herein were obtained from a course attended by undergraduate students, graduate students, and pharmaceutical chemists.
The Path to ‘Dieps by Dinner’ Involves The Entire Operative Team:

More and more breast cancer patients are turning to autologous options for reconstruction. Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction is considered the gold standard flap breast...
Data Mining in Systematic Reviews: A Bibliometric Analysis of Game-Based Learning and Distance Learning

This paper used bibliometric analysis tools to analyze bibliometric data in the field of game-based learning combined with distance learning. This study utilized the analysis tools MAXQDA, Harzing, VosViewer, Mendeley, CiteSpace, and AuthorMapper. The results illustrate an emerging area in game-based learning with distance learning, based on analyses of the keywords, trends, and co-citation data. The data mining methods of this study yielded the background information, central concepts, and theoretical foundations of the field of game-based learning and distance learning. The bibliometric analysis of this study offers a form of preliminary statistical and content analysis from a vast number of publications in academic databases. Based on the findings, we can trace the developing path of the literature and obtain valuable and educational information for the direction of future research.
Muscle Plasticity: Energy Demand and Supply Processes

The sections in this article are: 1 Goals and Fundamental Concepts 1.1 The Concept of Plasticity 1.2 The Concept of Protein Isoforms 1.3 The Concept of Protein Turnover 2 Organization of Muscle Cells into Functional Units Based on Patterns of Protein Expression 2.1 Cellular Processes Involved in Contraction and Relaxation: Role of Cross-Bridge and Calcium Cycling Isoforms 2.2 Cellular Processes Involving Oxidative Metabolism 2.3 Cellular Processes Involving Anaerobic Metabolism and High-Energy Phosphate Buffering 2.4 Interrelationships in Cellular Processes 3 Organelle Plasticity in Response to Interventions 3.1 Contractile Machinery 3.2 Mitochondria and Substrate Provision (Oxidative Processes) 3.3 Glycogenolytic Activity and Glucose Transport for Anaerobic Processes 3.4 Fatty Acid Transfer and Oxidation 3.5 Fiber-Type Plasticity 4 Regulatory Factors 4.1 External to the Muscle 4.2 Internal to Muscle 5 Cunical Significance of Muscle Plasticity 6 Summary
Isolation of Salmonella using pooled pen feces from 37 U.S. swine farms

The purpose of this study was to culture the pooled pen feces of market weight pigs to determine the most common Salmonella serotypes being shed and to see if farms positive by culture were also positive by serology. Isolates were analyzed to determine if they had Oantigens capable of inducing an immune response detectable by the Danish Mix-ELISA. There were a total of 286 isolates of Salmonella recovered, 263 of which shared O-antigens with the Mix-ELISA.
High stability microwave fiber optic systems: demonstrations and applications

Measurements are presented for microwave fiber optic transmission systems that have much lower phase noise than high quality oscillator signals which have been multiplied to microwave frequencies. Progress in the development of wideband microwave fiber optic links for direct transmissions of the S- and X-band low-noise amplifier outputs in JPL/NASA deep space station antennas is discussed. A testbed microwave fiber optic system using a semiconductor-diode-laser pumped neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and a lithium niobate electrooptic modulator is described. This system is used to demonstrate transmission of signals from 2.5 GHz to 12 GHz over 29 km between two deep space stations. Phase noise performance measured at X-band on this system is presented, and factors affecting phase noise performance are discussed. >
Why Has the Social Work Profession Lost Sight of How to End Homelessness

Abstract This paper explores the subject of homeless from the perspective of researchers. The authors show that the prevailing model of social science inquiry tends to overlook the broader systemic causes of homelessness. As an alternative, the authors propose the use of participatory action research. Over time, this approach should bring together victims of homelessness with researchers of homelessness and efforts to address the problem of homelessness should improve.
Dopaminergic regulation of transcription factor expression in organotypic cultures of developing striatum

Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in neural systems innervating the striatum, and dopamine receptors are expressed during early pattern formation in the developing striatum. To test for the functional responsiveness of developing striatal neurons to dopaminergic stimulation, we established an organotypic slice culture of newborn rat striatum. We analyzed the effects of dopamine receptor agonists and of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase activation on striatal neurons by measuring the induction of Fos-like and Fra-like proteins in the cultured striatum. Fos-like and Fra-like proteins were induced in striatal neurons by activation of D1-like dopamine receptors but not by activation of D2-like receptors. The induction of Fos-like protein was mainly in striosomes and a medial compartment next to the ventricular zone, whereas Fra-like protein was induced in the striatal matrix as well. cAMP analogs and forskolin induced widespread expression of both Fos-like and Fra-like proteins. Our findings thus suggest that neurons of developing striosome and matrix compartments not only have different functional coupling of D1-like receptors to adenylate cyclase, but also have distinct maturational programs for dopaminergic regulation of individual transcription factors. Finally, despite evidence that protein kinase was involved in the induction of Fos-like protein, experiments with kinase inhibitors suggested that the induction of Fos- like protein had unusual pharmacological characteristics and raised the possibility that a novel protein kinase A-like molecule may have been involved in the induction. The cultured striatal slice preparation should provide a valuable tool for analyzing the molecular determinants of striatal development and function.
An integrated metasurface filtering cloak for monopole antennas

A filtering scattering reduction coating is proposed for practical monopole antennas. It retains the radiation properties of the antenna at its own operating frequency band, while reducing its scattering signature as well as the received power at the frequency band of a nearby wireless system. Such a coating contains two layers of concentric anisotropic metasurfaces with distinct electromagnetic responses. While the inner layer is mainly responsible for reducing the received power, both the inner and outer layers provide the scattering reduction such that the coated monopole does not block the radiation of the nearby source. Full-wave simulation results are presented, which validate the proposed idea.
Vascular surgeons--leaders in vascular care.

It has to be one of life’s most rewarding honors to serve as president of the society that embodies one’s specialty. I recall my first Society for Vascular Surgery meeting in 1987, 20 years ago. It would have been beyond my most imaginable belief to think that I might some day be president of this organization. Although I won’t burden you with “thank yous,” I want to express my admiration and warmest gratitude to three individuals: Ron Stoney, John Mannick, and Andy Whittemore. These are my mentors. They have served as role models for me throughout my career. I am deeply appreciative of the fact that they helped and cared at each step along the way. I would be remiss if I did not also express my gratitude to my parents. As Wayne mentioned, my father was a rancher with only a high school education, and my mom, a schoolteacher. During my years on the ranch I learned from my parents the value of hard work, the importance of honesty and integrity, the value of family, and the satisfaction that a passion for one’s profession can bring. These lessons have served me well over the years. I would also like to thank my children, Alycia and Eric, for being patient with me this past year and all of the years. My love for my profession is only superseded by my love for you.
Effective Policing Understanding How Polygraph Tests Work and Are Used

Forensic applications of polygraph techniques rely primarily on the control or comparison question test (CQT). The author describes the CQT and its theoretical basis, and how it is used and evaluat...
Site-directed mutagenesis of the enhancer region of the 780 gene promoter of T-DNA.

Potential regulatory sequences within the enhancer-like region of the 780 gene promoter (Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA) were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Transcriptional activity of the mutated promoter was analyzed by S1 nuclease mapping of RNA from crown gall tumors of sunflower incited using a T-DNA-based vector. Variability in expression levels were minimized by the use of an internal reference gene and the pooling of at least 200 tumors per construct tested. This approach identified numerous sequences that influence transcriptional activity in either a positive or negative manner. Eight regions of positive influence and three of negative were identified from analysis of those mutations that exhibited low variability in expression (P<0.005) and affected activity by at least 20%.
Flavin linked azoreductases of the madagascar cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa

Abstract Azo, nitro, and other reductases occur in midgut, fat body, gastric caecae and Malphighian tubules of the Madagascar cockroach. In midgut they are found in soluble fractions and those corresponding to mitochondria and microsomes. The azoreduction is non enzymatic. It results from the action of reduced flavin which is enzymatically produced by pyridine nucleotide dependent enzymes.
90,92,94,96Zr(,d) and (,d′) reactions at E = 16.0 MeV and the behavior of the elastic vector analyzing power at E = 12.0 MeV

Abstract Cross-section and vector-analyzing-power measurements have been carried out for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 16.0 MeV deuterons from 90,92,94,96 Zr. The data have been analyzed using the coupled-channels formalism assuming a vibrational-model form factor. The elastic scattering data are well reproduced by the calculations. For the 2 1 + and 3 1 − one-phonon states, the data are fairly well fitted by the calculation except at back angles. The elastic-scattering data for the four isotopes are very similar in shape, unlike the observations at a bombarding energy of 12.0 MeV. Analyses of the two-phonon states in 92,94 Zr suggest that a considerable amount of the scattering strength of these states arises from their one-phonon component. Inclusion of transfer channels in the coupling scheme was found to have only a marginal effect on the predictions. Utilizing the information obtained from the analysis of the 16 MeV data, a coupled-channels analysis was carried out for the 12 MeV data from the literature. The measurements, including the “one-signed” behavior of the elastic vector analyzing power, are well reproduced by the calculations. The results of the analyses show that the previously unexplained “one-signed” character is a bombarding-energy-dependent effect and can be reproduced if proper reaction mechanisms are incorporated in the calculations.
Endoscopic correction of primary vesicoureteric reflux by subureteric injection of polytetrafluoroethylene

Abstract 91 children (143 ureters) with primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) treated endoscopically by subureteric injection of 'Polytef' (polytetrafluoroethylene) paste were followed up for 2 to 5 1 / 2 years. 94% of the patients were treated as day cases. Reflux ceased in 113 (79%) of the 143 ureters after a single injection of polytef paste. 20% of ureters in this series required more than one endoscopic injection of polytef paste to correct reflux. Nearly 80% of the 113 ureters corrected after a single injection of polytef required less than 0·3 ml of paste per ureter to correct reflux. 88% of ureters continue to show absence of reflux 2 to 5 1 / 2 years after endoscopic correction. More than half of the recurrences were only of grade I or grade II severity and required no treatment. 7 ureters had recurrent grade III or IV reflux and were reinjected without any difficulty. The correction of vesicoureteric reflux by endoscopic injection of polytef paste is an outpatient procedure that requires 15 min of anaesthetic time. It is safe, simple, and effective in correcting all grades of reflux. Best results are obtained when the paste is injected precisely into the floor of the submucosal ureter.
The gas‐phase kinetics of the reaction of 1,1,1‐trifluoroethyl iodine with HI: The CI bond dissocation energy in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl iodide

The kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl iodide with hydrogen iodide has been studied over the temperature range of 525°K to 602°K and a tenfold variation in the ratio of CF3CH2I/HI. The experimental results are in good agreement with the expected free radical-mechanism: An analysis of the kinetic data yield: where θ =2.303RT in kcal/mol. If these results are combined with the assumption that E2 = 0 ± 1 kcal/mol, then one obtains DH (CF3CH2I) = 56.3 kcal/mol. This result may be compared with DH(CH3CH2I) = 52.9 kcal/mol and suggests that substitution of three fluorines for hydrogen in the beta position strengthens the CI bond slightly.
Interaction of Zn2+ with guinea-pig C5 convertase and guinea-pig C5

Abstract A comparison of two methods of C5 activation, the standard method (EAC14 + C2, C3, C5, C6, and C7) and the washed-cell intermediate method (EAC1423 + C5 and washed), demonstrated that formation of hemolytically competent SAC14235 was reduced in the washed-cell method. Addition of Zn 2+ in this method increased the formation of competent SAC14235 to the approximate level of the standard method. The optimum concn range of Zn 2+ was 0.006−0.025 m M . In the standard method Zn 2+ had no significant enhancing effect on the formation of competent SAC14235. Zn 2+ had a greater affinity for EAC1423 than for fluid-phase C5 when reacted with each separately. Maximum enhancement, however, was obtained when Zn 2+ was present during the reaction of C5 with EAC1423. The effect of Zn 2+ on C5 activity was not related to the stabilizing property of C6 on cell-bound C5. In the washed-cell method there was an inverse relationship between the concn of C2 or C3 and the concn of C5 required to generate one competent SAC14235/cell. Over a 10-fold range of C2 or C3 concn there was an approximate four-fold increase in the number of competent SAC14235/cell formed in the presence of Zn 2+ . Zn 2+ enhances formation of competent SAC14235 on cells that have a limited ability to activate C5 even though the C2 and C3 on the convertase are present in excess.
BAUT: A Bayesian Driven Tutoring System

This paper presents the design of BAUT, a tutoring system that explores statistical approach for providing instant project failure analysis. Driven by a Bayesian Network (BN) inference engine, BAUT analyzes the test cases failed by a student project submission and provides instant diagnosis that guides students in identifying and removing software bugs. Using a parameter learning process, BAUT is able to improve the quality of its analysis. The initial case study with the prototype demonstrates the potential of the system.
A pulsed laser photolysis-pulsed laser induced fluorescence study of the kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of OH with NO2

The kinetics of the recombination reaction, OH+NO2+(M)→HNO3 +(M) have been investigated by the pulsed laser photolysis−pulsed laser induced fluorescence (PLP−PLIF) technique in air, nitrogen, oxygen, and helium buffer gases at room temperature and as a function of pressure (30−700 Torr). Additional measurements in nitrogen at 273 K (100−700 Torr) are reported. The third-body efficiency of water vapor has also been investigated. Our values for the absolute rate coefficient in nitrogen at room temperature and at 273 K are in excellent agreement with the JPL 1994 recommendation but lie substantially above the current JPL 2000 recommendation. Our rate coefficients in helium agree with previous literature studies, suggesting that systematic errors are small. Oxygen is found to be about 20% less efficient than nitrogen, and we see no significant enhancement in recombination in the presence of water vapor. Our results suggest that formation of the pernitrous acid isomer cannot explain the discrepancies in the cu...
Vagus nerve stimulation for intractable epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study described here was to characterize the efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation in a population of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and intractable epilepsy. Methods This retrospective study comprised 16 patients with TSC who underwent implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator for treatment of intractable epilepsy. Results The average age at vagus nerve stimulator implantation was 15 years (range: 2–44, SD: 12.5) and the average duration of follow-up on VNS was 4 years (range: 0.5–8.6, SD: 2.3). Outcome was rated class I (>80% seizure frequency reduction) in 3 (19%), class II (50–79% reduction) in 5 (31%), class III ( Conclusion The findings suggest that the vagus nerve stimulation can be an effective and safe therapy for patients with TSC with intractable epilepsy.
Improving the Separation Efficiency of the Knelson Concentrator using Air Injection

ABSTRACT Recent test data have shown that the Knelson concentrator can provide a more efficient separation than froth flotation when cleaning coal in the 150 × 25 µm particle size range. To further improve the performance of this enhanced gravity separator, air bubbles were injected into the feed stream in an attempt to decrease the apparent density of the coal particles due to the formation of bubble-coal particle agglomerates. The test data showed that air injection had a significant impact on operating characteristics and separation performance. Coal recovery was increased by 10 to 20 absolute percentage points, while a 2 percentage point drop in the minimum product ash content was also achieved.
Effect of prolactin and progesterone on gonads of breeding California quail.

SummaryProlactin and progesterone were administered to egg laying female and sperm producing male California quail (Lophortyx californicus) in order to ascertain the effects of these hormones on gonad function. In females, prolactin interrupted but did not halt egg laying and had no effect on ovary and oviduct weight and follicle diameter. Progesterone, on the other hand, halted egg laying and decreased ovary weight and follicle diameter. In males, prolactin had no measurable effect on testis activity, but progesterone stimulated spermatogenesis and decreased interstitial cell nuclear diameter.
Party unity and presidential dominance: parliamentary development in the fourth republic of Ghana

Abstract Political power in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa is often portrayed as being highly informal and heavily personalised. The assumption that personalised politics is how ‘Africa works’ has led to the neglect of the study of Africa's formal institutions, including parliaments. This article assesses the position of the Parliament of Ghana under the Fourth Republic. It displays evidence suggesting that over successive parliamentary terms parliamentary committees became increasingly adept at handling legislation, and inputting into the policy process. It also shows that the parliament was increasingly able to oversee the implementation of legislation. Although the findings of hitherto undocumented progress represent a valuable nuance, the argument that the parliament became increasingly able to input into the legislative process says exactly that; while the parliament became increasingly capable of amending legislation rarely was this witnessed. The article argues that parliamentary development in Gh...
Housing Prices and the Savings of Renters

Abstract This paper studies the effects of housing prices on the net worth of young households. Because prospective homeowners must accumulate down payments, a change in housing prices can change their savings patterns. Theoretically, the effect of increases in house prices on savings is ambiguous, because households can increase their saving to afford the larger down payment, or decrease their saving because they have chosen to delay or forego purchasing a house. Using data from the 1984 Panel Study of Income Dynamics [27], I show that empirically, the effect of increased housing prices on saving is positive, and quite large relative to the savings of young households. Young renter households living in cities with high housing prices have more net worth than those living in cities with lowering housing prices, controlling for both the income of the households, as well as the per capita income of the city in which they live.
Policy and Practice Knowledge and Beliefs of Education Professionals Related to the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in a State Assessment

Questions related to the inclusion of students with disabilities in the Oregon statewide assessment program were sent to 1,201 special education teachers and 625 principals representing Grades K—12. Teachers and principals responded positively to questions probing their knowledge of statewide policy and their understanding of how to acquire information from the state education department related to test policy. A significant difference between teachers and principals existed on numerous policy questions. Differences were also found between principals and special education teachers on questions related to the usefulness of test results in guiding instructional programs and improving school accountability efforts; on these questions, teachers consistently responded less favorably than principals. Both groups felt that very few parents understood individual test reports for their children.
RETICULOENDOTHELIAL CLEARANCE OF CIRCULATING FIBRIN IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION

Intravenous injections of endotoxin or infusions of thrombin in the rabbit initiate intravascular coagulation but do not usually result in massive deposition of fibrin. It has been proposed that the reticuloendothelial system may function efficiently in the removal of circulating fibrin; its blockade permits reproduction of all of the features of the generalized Shwartzman reaction by infusions of thrombin. In the rabbit the reticuloendothelial system may constitute the major protective mechanism against the vasculo-occlusive lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction, which appears to be the direct consequence of intravascular fibrin formation and deposition.
Infrared spectroscopy of entrance channel complexes

The entrance channel to the OH + H 2 yields H 2 O + H hydrogen abstraction reaction has been probed with unprecedented detail through IR overtone spectroscopy of binary OH-H 2 /D 2 complexes. IR-UV double resonance techniques have been used to obtain rotationally resolved vibrational overtone spectra for ortho-H 2 -OH as well as ortho- and para-D 2 OH. Assignment of the spectra has been aided by bound state calculations based on the ab initio potential of Clary, Werner, and coworkers. The pure overtone stretch and combination bands involving intermolecular bending vibrations at energies up to the OH(v equals 2) + H 2 /D 2 dissociation limit have been observed. The intermolecular excitations can drastically alter the relative orientation of the reactants within the complex, producing some that resemble the transition state structure. Direct time-domain measurements show that vibrationally activated OH-H 2 complexes have a lifetime of 115(13) ns for the pure overtone stretch and an upper limit of 5 ns for OH-D 2 . The 20 times faster decay for OH-D 2 arises form near-resonant vibrational energy transfer from OH to D 2 . Finally, IR optical pumping provides sufficient population transfer to enable the rotational distribution of the OH(v equals 1) products from inelastic scattering to be determined.
Electronic speckle techniques in noisy environments

The main sources of noise that lead to speckle phase distortion and decorrelation are identified and methods to overcome these are suggested. An automated continuous reference updating technique is shown to be able to avoid speckle decorrelation induced by object drift or low frequency vibrations. A second improvement using the introduction of phase shift, and the addition of surface information during every image acquisition, is demonstrated to insure fringe pattern stability even in the presence of relatively high frequency noise due to thermal currents or air flow. Furthermore, phase modulation is used to reduce the speckle effect by removing the speckle phase term. The application of these techniques to the task of nondestructive detection of structural defects in aluminum plates is demonstrated in a very noisy environment.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The consensus sequence for self-catalyzed site-specific G-residue depurination in DNA

The sequence variation tolerated within the stem-loop-forming genomic consensus sequence for self-catalyzed site-specific depurination of G residues is explored. The variation in self-depurination kinetics with sequence changes in the loop residues and stem base pairs, as well as with pH, provides insights into the self-catalytic mechanism. The observations suggest that self-catalyzed depurination of the 5' G residue of the loop consensus sequence 5'-G(T/A)GG-3' probably involves formation of some intraloop hydrogen-bonded base pair with the 3'-terminal G residue; although the electronic structure of both these G residues is retained, their 2-amino substituents are not critical for that interaction. The strong dependence of the self-depurination kinetics on stem stability suggests that the lifetime of some strained form of the loop is controlled by the integrity of the stem. In addition to the effects of length and base pair sequence on stem stability, there is a base pair requirement at the base of the loop: self-depurination is suppressed by 5'-C·G-3', 5'-A·T-3', or a mismatch but is most favored by 5'T·A3' and less so by 5'-G·C-3'. The occurrence in T and G of a similarly located carbonyl capable of hydrogen-bonding to the water molecule required for glycosyl bond hydrolysis may explain this sequence requirement. In toto, the more complete definition of the consensus sequence provided by this investigation enables a more accurate estimation of their number in the human genome and their distribution among different genes.
Ellipsoidal bounds and percolation thresholds of transport properties of composites

Classical Hashin-Shtrikman bounds physically correspond to spherical inclusions distributed in a self-similar pattern. For general ellipsoidal inclusions, new bounds named as ellipsoidal bounds are theoretically derived in this study. As there remains a major theoretical question on rigorous determination of percolation thresholds, this study also fills this major gap between lack of theoretical prediction and the gigantic amount of experimental results produced each year on percolation of composites. Formulae of percolation thresholds are for the first time universally presented for electrical, thermal, magnetic, and hydraulic properties of a variety of composites. New bounds of transport properties and percolation thresholds estimated enable the geometry of fillers or cavities, the most direct and obvious microstructure information, to be explicitly taken into account for both engineering composites and natural media (rocks, soils, and sands) containing spheroidal particles/voids, fibers, cracks, nanotubes, etc.
An isentropic compression-heated Ludweig tube transient wind tunnel

Abstract The operating principle of a single-stroke, compression-heated, blowdown wind tunnel is described. The facility is known as a LICH tube (a term coined by the developers of the operating technique, Drs. Oldfield, Jones, and Schultz of Oxford University) because of its original description as a Ludweig tube with Isentropic Compression Heating. The facility, formerly operated as a shock tunnel, had the diaphragm station replaced with a quick-acting ball valve and a piston placed immediately downstream. Near the end of the compression process, a fast-acting gate valve opens, allowing the flow of a high-pressure, high-temperature gas into the test section nozzle. A full analysis of the wave dynamics of the pump tube compression process is presented. Preliminary experimental measurements of the facility performance are presented and compared with the theoretical predictions of pressure, temperature, run time, and flow steadiness. Due to the fundamentally different wave dynamics of a LICH tube, the run times are significantly larger than with shock tubes/tunnels.