cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EVOLUTION OF ‘PORTUGUESE’ IDENTITY: LUSO-AFRICANS ON THE UPPER GUINEA COAST FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY

During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, Portugal established a trading presence along the Upper Guinea Coast from Senegal to Sierra Leone. Emigrants from Portugal known as lancados – some of them Jews seeking to escape religious persecution – settled along the coast, where many of them married women from local communities. By the early sixteenth century, Luso-Africans, or ‘Portuguese’ as they called themselves, were established at trading centers from the Petite Cote in Senegal, south to Sierra Leone. Descendants of Portuguese immigrants, of Cape Verde islanders, and of West Africans, the Luso-Africans developed a culture that was itself a synthesis of African and European elements. Rich historical documentation allows a case study of the changing ways Luso-Africans identified themselves over the course of three centuries. The earliest lancados established themselves along the coast as commercial middlemen between African and European traders and as coastal traders between Sierra Leone and Senegambia. Their position was formally discouraged by the Portuguese Crown until the second decade of the sixteenth century, but they nevertheless played an important role in trade with Portugal and the Cape Verde islands. Lancado communities were permanently settled on the Petite Cote, while in Sierra Leone and Rio Nunez much early commerce was in the hands of lancados who sailed there regularly from S. Domingos, north of present day Bissau. The offspring of these lancados and African women were called filhos de terra and were generally considered to be ‘Portuguese’. Throughout the sixteenth century, the descendants of the lancados maintained close commercial ties with the Cape Verde islands. Cape Verdeans were themselves the offspring of mixed Portuguese and West African marriages. Sharing elements of a common culture and united by marriage and economic ties, mainland Luso-Africans and Cape Verdeans represented a socially complex and geographically dispersed community. Cape Verdeans, like mainland Luso-Africans, resolutely maintained that they were ‘Portuguese’, and both sub-groups employed the same essentially cultural criteria of group identification.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition by 3-anilino-4-phenylmaleimides: insights from 3D-QSAR and docking

Glycogen synthase kinase-3, a serine/threonine kinase, has been implicated in a wide variety of pathological conditions such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, bipolar disorder, malaria and cancer. Herein we report 3D-QSAR analyses using CoMFA and CoMSIA and molecular docking studies on 3-anilino-4-phenylmaleimides as GSK-3α inhibitors, in order to better understand the mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship of these compounds. Comparison of the active site residues of GSK-3α and GSK-3β isoforms shows that all the key amino acids involved in polar interactions with the maleimides for the β isoform are the same in the α isoform, except that Asp133 in the β isoform is replaced by Glu196 in the α isoform. We prepared a homology model for GSK-3α, and showed that the change from Asp to Glu should not affect maleimide binding significantly. Docking studies revealed the binding poses of three subclasses of these ligands, namely anilino, N-methylanilino and indoline derivatives, within the active site of the β isoform, and helped to explain the difference in their inhibitory activity.
Incorporating Social Style into Administrative Team-Building in the Community College.

Administrative team‐building within a community college is greatly enhanced if the interactive style reflected by each person is considered. The blend of social styles affects the collective achievements of the entire administrative team, as well as the accomplishments of each member of the team. In this context, social style is a pervasive and enduring set of interpersonal behaviors focusing on how one acts—on what one says and does. As noted in this article, there are four social styles—amiable, analytical, driver, and expressive—no one of which is necessarily better or worse than any other. Effective administrative leadership teams are made up of and value individuals who reflect each of the four styles. In fact, it can be stated that the most productive leadership team in the community college will usually have a balance of individuals who reflect each social style. The functional dynamics of the team are thereby greatly affected by the styles of its members, and, of course, each of the styles has str...
A SURVEY OF CORONAL CAVITY DENSITY PROFILES

Coronal cavities are common features of the solar corona that appear as darkened regions at the base of coronal helmet streamers in coronagraph images. Their darkened appearance indicates that they are regions of lowered density embedded within the comparatively higher density helmet streamer. Despite interfering projection effects of the surrounding helmet streamer (which we refer to as the cavity rim), Fuller et al. have shown that under certain conditions it is possible to use a Van de Hulst inversion of white-light polarized brightness (pB) data to calculate the electron density of both the cavity and cavity rim plasma. In this article, we apply minor modifications to the methods of Fuller et al. in order to improve the accuracy and versatility of the inversion process, and use the new methods to calculate density profiles for both the cavity and cavity rim in 24 cavity systems. We also examine trends in cavity morphology and how departures from the model geometry affect our density calculations. The density calculations reveal that in all 24 cases the cavity plasma has a flatter density profile than the plasma of the cavity rim, meaning that the cavity has a larger density depletion at low altitudes than it does at high altitudes. We find that the mean cavity density is over four times greater than that of a coronal hole at an altitude of 1.2 R ☉ and that every cavity in the sample is over twice as dense as a coronal hole at this altitude. Furthermore, we find that different cavity systems near solar maximum span a greater range in density at 1.2 R ☉ than do cavity systems near solar minimum, with a slight trend toward higher densities for systems nearer to solar maximum. Finally, we found no significant correlation of cavity density properties with cavity height—indeed, cavities show remarkably similar density depletions—except for the two smallest cavities that show significantly greater depletion.
Dissolved and particulate amino acids and carbohydrates in the sea surface microlayer

Abstract Eleven pairs of sea-surface microlayer (⩽250 μm) and subsurface water (5–15 cm depth) samples were collected near the coast of Baja California. Particulate matter was removed by filtration through polycarbonate membrane filters (8, 1, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05 μm pore sizes) and the filtrates analyzed for hydrolyzable amino acids and total carbohydrates. Dissolved free amino acids were measured in some samples on board ship. Hydrolyzable amino acids, free amino acids, and total carbohydrates were more concentrated in nearly all microlayer samples than in subsurface water samples taken at the same location. For hydrolyzable amino acids and total carbohydrates, the enrichment was observed for both particulate and dissolved material. Averaging both microlayer and subsurface water samples, about 20% of the dissolved organic carbon and about 60% of particulate organic carbon was identified as carbohydrate or amino acid carbon. Particulate hydrolyzable amino acids were mainly in the 1–8 and 0.2–1 μm size ranges, but particulate total carbohydrates did not usually have pronounced maxima in particle-size distributions. Relative to their proportions in subsurface-water dissolved organic matter, hydrolyzable amino acids were increased over total carbohydrates in the microlayer and in particulate material. Nonpolar hydrolyzable amino acids also had higher concentrations relative to other amino acids in microlayer and particulate organic matter. Differences in microlayer and subsurface water compositions are probably related both to differences in the surface activity of polymers containing amino acids and carbohydrates, and to interactions between surface-active molecules and particles.
Evaluation of polarization diversity schemes using dipole antennas

This Letter presents analytical comparisons of properties such as output signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratios (SINR), correlation coefficients (ρe) and mean effective gains (MEG) for a H/V cross-dipole scheme and a ± 45° slant dipole scheme. These polarization schemes, combined with space diversity, provide good results useful for wireless communications applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 277–284, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10296
Experimental investigation of friction-induced noise in disc brake systems

This paper presents experimental and analytical investigations examining the influence of the interfacial forces between a rotating disc and a friction element on the generation of chatter and squeal. Due to inevitable misalignment between the element and disc surface, a kinematic constraint instability known as sprag-slip is created. The experimental measurements include time history records of normal and friction forces, time variation of the friction coefficient, and acceleration of the friction element. The time history records of interfacial forces revealed short periods of high frequency component. It is found that the friction force is non-Gaussian and that its power spectral density covers a wide frequency band. The dependence of the root mean square of the friction coefficient on the relative velocity is found to have a negative slope at lower disc speeds. Depending on the direction of disc rotation, it is found that the friction velocity curve for clockwise disc speed is completely different from counter-clockwise rotation. The associated noise is also different in pitch and frequency content. The analytical modelling emulates the dynamics of the friction element. The transverse motion of the friction element is described by a homogeneous partial differential equation with non-homogeneous boundary conditions. The analysis shows that the normal force appears as a coefficient of the stiffness term, while the friction force appears as a non-homogeneous term. Since the normal force varies randomly as observed experimentally, it acts as a parametric noise to the friction element, and results in parametric instability in the form of squeal or vibration.
Prevention of Vaginal SHIV Transmission in Macaques by a Coitally-Dependent Truvada Regimen

Background Daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with Truvada (a combination of emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate (TDF)) is a novel HIV prevention strategy recently found to prevent HIV transmission in men who have sex with men and heterosexual couples. We previously showed that a coitally-dependent Truvada regimen protected macaques against rectal SHIV transmission. Here we examined FTC and tenofovir TFV exposure in vaginal tissues after oral dosing and assessed if peri-coital Truvada also protects macaques against vaginal SHIV infection.
Enhanced 4D cone-beam CT with inter-phase motion model

Four-dimensional (4D) cone-beam CT (CBCT) is commonly obtained by respiratory phase binning of the projections, followed by independent reconstructions of the rebinned data in each phase bin. Due to the significantly reduced number of projections per reconstruction, the quality of the 4DCBCT images is often degraded by view-aliasing artifacts easily seen in the axial view. Acquisitions using multiple gantry rotations or slow gantry rotation can increase the number of projections and substantially improve the 4D images. However, the extra cost of the scan time may set fundamental limits to their applications in clinics. Improving the trade-off between image quality and scan time is the key to making 4D onboard imaging practical and more useful. In this article, we present a novel technique toward high-quality 4DCBCT imaging without prolonging the acquisition time, referred to as the 'enhanced 4DCBCT'. The method correlates the data in different phase bins and integrates the internal motion into the 4DCBCT image formulation. Several strategies of the motion derivation are discussed, and the resultant images are assessed with numerical simulations as well as a clinical case.
Non-additivity of elastic and inelastic X-ray scattering from water, methanol and a mixture

Abstract Compton profile measurements of thin samples of liquid water, liquid methanol and a 50-50 (vol.) mixture have been made using Mo Ka 1 X-rays. The profile of the mixture deviates from the sum of the profiles of the components. The deviation is consistent with the known heat of mixing. The diffraction patterns of these liquids were measured with Ni Ka X rays. The pattern of the mixture was significantly different from the average of the component patterns.
Characterization of spin-on titanium nitride

The properties of spin-on titanium-nitride (SO-TiN) thin films were optimized for integrated- circuit application. The two steps of the spin-on process were characterized: one, the initial step in which a thin-film titanium oxide is formed, and two, the conversion of the thin film to titanium-nitride (TiN) by rapid thermal processing in ammonia. The spin-on TiN showed a uniform coating on a flat wafer surface for all the precursors. However, on non-planar topography some solutions produced cracked films while others did not. The precursor's effect was investigated, and it is proposed that the optimized precursor should include more carbon in the initial annealing stage so the film does not crack. The chosen precursor, titanium- tertiary-butoxide, was investigated and characterized versus processing temperature, heating rate, and gas flow. The experiment was designed at the 700 degree(s)C - 1000 degree(s)C temperature range, with 0.1 - 200 degree(s)C/sec. heating rate, and hold time of 30 - 300 sec. at the upper temperature before rapid cool down. The optimal processing conditions at NH3 are heating at 100 - 120 degree(s)C/sec. ramp from room temperature up to 900 degree(s)C - 1000 degree(s)C where the wafer is annealed for 30 - 100 seconds before rapid cool down to room temperature.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enzymatic and hemolytic properties of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) toxin and extracts of venom apparatus, cephalothorax and abdomen

Abstract M. A. Rekow , D. J. Civello and C. R. Geren . Enzymatic and hemolytic properties of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) toxin and extracts of venom apparatus, cephalothorax and abdomen. Toxicon21, 443 – 446, 1983. — Loxosceles reclusa venom apparatus extract, toxin, cephalothorax and abdomen extracts were tested for six activities. Protease, lipase, nonspecific hydrolase and direct hemolytic activities were found primarily in abdomen extracts while sphingomyelinase activity appeared predominantly in the toxin. Appreciable complement-mediated hemolysis was not observed.
A reflection on the role of the council of economic advisers

August 9, 1986 will be the fortieth anniversary of the Council of Economic Advisers. This anniversary should be an occasion for reflection, by both economists and politicians, about the historical and current role of this unique institution. 1 A. Any evaluation of the Council should be based on a recognition of its distinctive characteristics and history. 1. The CEA is a unique institution. Only in the United States, among the major western governments, is there a full-time staff of economists assigned to the office of the president or prime minister. Only in the United States do economists, other than those who head a major agency, participate in the cabinet-level policy reviews. Only economics, among the many professions, is directly represented in these reviews. 2. The primary role of the CEA is to contribute to the cabinet-level policy reviews. The Council is sometimes described as economic adviser to the President, but this is somewhat misleading. Presidents have a habit of choosing their own advisers, whatever the formal structure of the government. Only a few of the Council chairmen had a close relation with the President--including Arthur Burns with Eisenhower, Walter Heller with Johnson, and Alan Greenspan with Ford--but the effectiveness of the Council has not proved to be dependent on this relationship. A chairman's contact with the President is usually limited to periodic briefings on the economy and as an informal member of the cabinet. Most of the work of the Council is presented to the several forums responsible for the presidential policy
Informatics-aided bandgap engineering for solar materials

This paper predicts the bandgaps of over 200 new chalcopyrite compounds for previously untested chemistries. An ensemble data mining approach involving Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Sparse Partial Least Squares (SPLS) and Elastic Net/Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) regression methods coupled to Rough Set (RS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods was used to develop robust quantitative structure – activity relationship (QSAR) type models for bandgap prediction. The output of the regression analyses is the predicted bandgap for new compounds based on a model using the descriptors most related to bandgap. Feature ranking algorithms were then employed to: (i) assess the connection between bandgap and the chemical descriptors used in the predictive models; and (ii) understand the cause of outliers in the predictions. This paper provides a descriptor guided selec
Systematic Dilemma Counseling: Theory, Method, Research

Dilemma counseling, with theoretical base in cognitive structure research and with systematic method of dilemma formulation, extrication route, creative inquiry, and solution generation, is intended for ubiquitous and highly troubling avoidance-avoidance conflict cases (psychological dilemmas). In an exploratory experiment, 120 undergraduates with highly troubling psychological dilemmas were randomized among three conditions: dilemma counseling, eclectic counseling, control. Individual counseling occurred in a single intensive 2-hr. session. Dependent measures of quality of solution were taken at termination of counseling and measures of outcome a week later. Dilemma counseling, compared with eclectic counseling, produced significantly greater reduction in problem troublesomeness and each treatment produced significantly more improvement than the control condition. Dilemma counseling achieved significantly better solutions and more solutions than eclectic counseling. There was significant rank concordance...
Discontinuous Galerkin and Petrov Galerkin methods for compressible viscous flows

Abstract In this paper, high-order finite-element discretizations consisting of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and streamline upwind/Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) methods are investigated and developed for solutions of two- and three-dimensional compressible viscous flows. Both approaches treat the discretized system fully implicitly to obtain steady state solutions or to drive unsteady problems at each time step. A modified Spalart and Allmaras (SA) turbulence model is implemented and is discretized to an order of accuracy consistent with the main Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations using the present high-order finite-element methods. To accurately represent the real geometry configurations for viscous flows, high-order curved boundary meshes are generated via a Computational Analysis PRogramming Interface (CAPRI), while the interior meshes are deformed subsequently through a linear elasticity solver. The mesh movement procedure effectively avoids the generation of invalid elements that can occur due to the projection of curved physical boundaries and thus allows high-aspect-ratio curved elements in viscous boundary layers. Several numerical examples, including large-eddy simulations of viscous flow over a three-dimensional circular cylinder and turbulent flows over a NACA 4412 airfoil and a high-lift multi-element airfoil at high angles of attack, are considered to show the capability of the present high-order finite-element schemes in capturing typical viscous effects such as flow separation and to compare the accuracy between the high-order DG and SUPG discretization methods.
Perforant pathway activation of hippocampal CA1 stratum pyramidale neurons: electrophysiological evidence for a direct pathway.

Summary Electrophysiological techniques were used to investigate the effect of stimulating the perforant pathway (PP) on pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampal slice. Stimulation of the PP evoked both field potentials and single unit discharges in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 region. Several lines of experimental evidence suggest that the CA1 response does not involve granule or CA3 neurons: (i) movement of the recording electrode in the CA1 region away from the site of stimulation in the PP and closer to the CA3 region increased the latency of the evoked potential; (ii) the sum of the latencies of the indivdual pathways in a trisynaptic circuit — from the PP to granule cells to CA3 neurons to CA1 neurons — was 2–3 times longer than the latency of the PP evoked response recorded in the CA1 region; (iii) lesioning the mossy fiber pathway or excising the CA3 region did not inhibit the CA1 response to PP stimulation. Other experimental results suggest that the PP activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons involves a direct synaptic pathway: (i) PP stimulation evoked potentials with similar latencies in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 region; (ii) the CA1 response was abolished in a Krebs' solution containing low calcium/high magnesium; (iii) excising a portion of the CA1 region between the stimulating electrode in the PP and the CA1 recording electrode, but sparing the PP, did not abolish the CA1 response; (iv) electrolytic lesions of the PP abolished the CA1 response to PP stimulation, but did not affect the CA1 response to stimulation of the CA3 region. The data suggest that fibers in the PP make direct synaptic connection with pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
Crystal chemical and structural similarities of high T c superconductors and ferroelectrics

Abstract The structural features of important families of oxide ferroelectrics and superconductors are reviewed to establish the crystal chemical similarities. Some of the parameters contributing to the structural stability and influencing the respective transition temperatures are considered. The location of most of the known ferroelectrics and superconductors are depicted in two ternary composition diagrams.
Distribution of Practice and Level of Intelligence

Ss of high, average, and low IQ, matched for age and sex, learned 10 paired associates under two levels of distribution of practice. The results indicated that distribution of practice differential...
Why Territorial Disintegration Has Not Occurred in Russia: Applying State Breakdown Theories to Explain Stability

Much has been written to explain the collapse of the former Soviet Union. Little attention, however, has been paid to understanding why post-1991 Russia has maintained stability despite continued economic and political turmoil throughout the 1990s. This paper attempts to answer this question by applying an integrated model of territorial disintegration to examine the political, economic, demographic, and geopolitical changes in the pre-1991 Soviet Union and post-1991 Russia. The integrated model is constructed by synthesizing Goldstone's demographic-structural model, Skocpol's and Collins’ geopolitical model, and a modified version of Collins’ argument of the destabilizing potential brought about by rapid market development as three alternative routes to territorial disintegration. It is found that improvement in Russia's geopolitical condition after 1991 is largely responsible for the decline in disintegrative potential. Slower population growth also rendered the demographic route less disintegrative during the 1990s. More effective taxation and the availability of foreign loans enabled the Russian state to handle its financial crises, thereby curbing the development of destabilizing forces through the dynamics proposed by Collins.
Tweeting Science and Ethics: Social Media as a Tool for Constructive Public Engagement

Murdoch and Scott (2010) challenge us to think more deeply about the complex and challenging practical realities of stem cell tourism. The authors describe the strong consensus within the scientifi...
Comparison of health-risk behaviors among students attending alternative and traditional high schools in Minnesota

Previous research, over a decade old, suggests students attending alternative high schools (AHS) engage in high levels of health-risk behaviors. Data from the 2007 Minnesota Student Survey for stud...
Quantitative effects of fuel on the synthesis of Ni/NiO particles using a microwave-induced solution combustion synthesis in air atmosphere

Abstract Microwave-induced solution combustion process for the synthesis of Ni and NiO powders were described. The exothermic redox reaction and the heat evolved from the reaction completely convert the precursors into their corresponding products at temperatures below 400 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere. The characteristics of synthesized powders were investigated with types and amounts of fuel. Nickel particles were directly synthesized through solution combustion synthesis with fuel-rich (Φe = 0.65) composition in air atmosphere without further reducing calcinations process. In the fuel-lean composition range (Φe > 1) and stoichiometric composition (Φe = 1), only NiO phase crystallized from the precursor mixture without forming any intermediate phases. Primary crystallite size of the as-synthesized Ni and NiO were about 30 nm.
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through Long- and Short-Term Responses to Neurotrophin Signals

Extrinsic cues activate intrinsic signaling mechanisms to pattern neuronal shape and connectivity. We showed previously that three cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinases, LKB1, SAD-A, and SAD-B, control early axon-dendrite polarization in forebrain neurons. Here, we assess their role in other neuronal types. We found that all three kinases are dispensable for axon formation outside of the cortex but that SAD kinases are required for formation of central axonal arbors by subsets of sensory neurons. The requirement for SAD kinases is most prominent in NT-3 dependent neurons. SAD kinases transduce NT-3 signals in two ways through distinct pathways. First, sustained NT-3/TrkC signaling increases SAD protein levels. Second, short-duration NT-3/TrkC signals transiently activate SADs by inducing dephosphorylation of C-terminal domains, thereby allowing activating phosphorylation of the kinase domain. We propose that SAD kinases integrate long- and short-duration signals from extrinsic cues to sculpt axon arbors within the CNS.
Holoprosencephaly, ear abnormalities, congenital heart defect, and microphallus in a patient with 11q- mosaicism.

We report on a newborn male with deletion of part of 11q, the 27th reported case. Our patient had some of the clinical characteristics of the 11q-syndrome, but his male gender, liveborn status, q21 breakpoint, and mosaicism were unusual. In addition, he demonstrated holoprosencephaly, with cyclopia and arhinencephaly, manifestations previously unreported in the 11q- syndrome. We discuss the above points and review the literature on 11q-.
Resolution of single- and double-stranded RNAs in buoyant cesium trichloroacetate.

Abstract Aqueous cesium trichloroacetate permits the buoyant resolution of various RNAs and also of DNA at room temperature and neutral pH. Precipitate formation does not occur, under either native or denaturing conditions. The compositional buoyant density gradient was determined, and the buoyant densities of a variety of RNAs are presented. The buoyant densities increase in the order protein
Is Major Surgery in Hemophiliac Patients Safe

In the last 20 years, surgery in patients with hemophilia has been carried out with progressively less mortality and morbidity. Even extensive and major surgical operations can be carried out provided that the underlying coagulopathy is corrected and normal hemostasis restored. We report the results of 196 operations performed in 147 hemophiliacs during the period 1961–1985 in the Department of Surgery, Warsaw Institute of Hematology. Our patients experienced, in this 25-year period, 23% of hemorrhagic complications in hemophilia A and 12.5% in hemophilia B. In the last 5 years, however, the incidence of hemorrhagic complications was reduced to 5.2% in hemophilia A and 8.3% in hemophilia B. This correlates with the discovery of cryoprecipitate and with the development of concentrates of factor VIII and IX, respectively. In all patients, deficient factor levels were determined before the operation. The replacement therapy was based on the policy of raising the level of factor VIII or IX above 60% of the normal value and maintaining this level above 30% in the postoperative period until final wound healing. Problems discussed in this article include the principles of replacement therapy, its advantages and disadvantages, and the organization and degree of cooperation among surgeon, hematologist, and blood bank staff.
On the production of neutrons from lithium

It was mentioned in a previous letter to the Physical Review(1) that lithium, when bombarded with protons gave a measurable intensity of neutrons. The effect has since been investigated further, and a curve plotted of the yield of neutrons as a function of voltage from 400,000 to 800,000 volts, with an ion current of 20 microamperes.
Characterization of a mutation that abolishes quinone reduction by electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase

Two mutant alleles of the gene encoding electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase were identified and characterized in fibroblasts from a patient with glutaric acidemia type II. One of these alleles is a C-T transition in the donor site of an intron that causes skipping of a 222 bp exon. Included in the missing 74 amino acids is C561, which is predicted to be one of the four cysteine ligands of the 4Fe4S cluster. This mutant allele does not encode a stable ETF-QO in human fibroblasts but, when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mutant ETF-QO is relatively stable and properly targeted to and processed by mitochondria. The mutant protein lacks ubiquinone reductase activity, but does accept electrons from ETF in the catalyzed disproportionation of ETF semiquinone. These data suggest that in the normal protein the flavin center accepts electrons from ETF and that the 4Fe4S cluster reduces ubiquinone. Deleting the 74 amino acids also alters the association between the protein and membrane such that the mutant ETF-QO cannot be extracted from the membrane using the same conditions used for wild type ETF-QO. A site directed mutant that contains only the single amino acid substitution, C561A, exhibits the same catalytic behavior as the deletion mutant, supporting the hypothesis regarding the specific functions of the two redox centers. It is, however, solubilized by the same conditions as wild type ETF-QO.
Enzyme Regulation in Photosynthesis

The purpose of this article is to summarize results on enzyme regulation in photosynthesis that have been obtained in our laboratory since the 1980 Photosynthesis Congress held in Halkidiki, Greece. The results center on enzyme regulation in chloroplasts (the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system) and in the cytosol (studies related to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate or Fru-2,6-P2) of leaf parenchyma cells. Before turning to those results, I shall briefly review the pertinent literature.
Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. I. A longitudinal investigation of the kinetics, migration and transformation of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine in neonate rats, with special reference to postnatal neurogenesis in some brain regions.

Thymidine-H3 was injected intraperitoneally into 6- and 13-day old rats and they lived afterwards for periods ranging from one hour to 60 days. Autoradiographic data obtained from animals surviving for short periods were used to estimate rates of regional cell proliferation. Animals with longer survival were used to deduce the movements of new cells from germinal sites, through migratory channels, to target areas, and to determine their mode of differentiation. The formation and differentiation of microneurons goes on during infancy, though in most structures at a declining rate. In the wall of the olfactory ventricle cell multiplication continued at a high rate at six days, with a decline at 13 days, and the new cells migrated to the layers of the olfactory bulb. The migration of labeled cells from the lateral ventricle was traced, by way of the fimbria, to the polymorph cell layer of the dentate gyrus, and from there to the granular layer. The “older” granule cells were located in the upper part of the granular layer, the “younger” cells at its base. Cell multiplication continued at a very high rate in the external granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, whence cells migrated to the molecular layer and internal granular layer. Speed of migration was approximately 50 μU/day in the olfactory bulb, and 60–70 μ/day in the cerebellum. The possible significance of these findings was discussed.
Gibberellin-like Activity in Berries of Seeded and Seedless Tokay Grapes

Gibberellin-like activity in berries of both ;Tokay' (seeded) and ;Seedless Tokay' grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) at different stages of development was determined. Activity in both seeded and seedless berries was mainly in the acidic ethyl acetate fraction. In seeded berries there was very high activity beginning at the early fruit-set stage and persisting for about 3 weeks after which the activity fell to low level and vanished by the middle of July. On August 1 there was another activity peak. The activity in ;Seedless Tokay' was similar except the decline was considerably more rapid and a secondary peak was reached in mid-June instead of August. The gibberellin-like substances in the acidic ethyl acetate fraction occurred mainly between R(F) 0.3 and 0.6 when the chromatogram was developed with ammoniacal isopropanol.The gibberellin-like substances from both types of berries were active in dwarf pea, dwarf corn, and lettuce hypocotyl bioassays, but not in the cucumber hypocotyl test. The role of gibberellin-like substances in berry development is discussed.
Health issues of air travel.

▪ Abstract Every day in the United States the airline industry boards over 1.7 million passengers for a total of 600 million passengers per year. As these passengers enter the cabin of their aircraft few are aware of the artificial environment that will protect them from the hazards of flight. Passengers are exposed to reduced atmospheric pressure, reduced available oxygen, noise, vibration, and are subject to below zero temperatures that are only a quarter inch away—the thickness of the aircraft's skin. Over the past decade there have been both technical and lay articles written on the perception of poor cabin air quality. Studies have, in part, supported some of those concerns, but, in general, the air quality exceeds that found in most enclosed spaces on terra firma. Since the events of September 11th, passengers have not only been exposed to the physical stress of flight, but also to social and emotional stress preceding departure. There has been a significant increase in air rage on board aircraft, w...
Argument structure effects in action verb naming in static and dynamic conditions

Argument structure, as in the participant roles entailed within the lexical representation of verbs, affects verb processing. Recent neuroimaging studies show that when verbs are heard or read, the posterior temporoparietal region shows increased activation for verbs with greater versus lesser argument structure complexity, usually bilaterally. In addition, patients with agrammatic aphasia show verb production deficits, graded based on argument structure complexity. In the present study, we used fMRI to examine the neural correlates of verb production in overt action naming conditions. In addition, we tested the differential effects of naming when verbs were presented dynamically in video segments versus statically in line drawings. Results showed increased neuronal activity associated with production of transitive as compared to intransitive verbs not only in posterior regions, but also in left inferior frontal cortex. We also found significantly greater activation for transitive versus intransitive action naming for videos compared to pictures in the right inferior and superior parietal cortices, areas associated with object manipulation. These findings indicate that verbs with greater argument structure density engender graded activation of both anterior and posterior portions of the language network and support verb naming deficit patterns reported in lesion studies. In addition, the similar findings derived under video and static picture naming conditions provide validity for using videos in neuroimaging studies, which are more naturalistic and perhaps ecologically valid than using static pictures to investigate action naming.
Nonlinear Kernel-Based Approaches for Predicting Normal Tissue Toxicities

Since the early demonstration of the curative potential of radiation therapy for tumor sterilization, normal tissue toxicity continues to be dose limiting. Accurate prediction of patient?s complication risk would allow personalization of treatment planning decisions. Nonlinear kernel methods can provide a robust framework for learning complex interactions between observed toxicities and treatment, anatomical, and patient-related variables. However, proper application of these powerful methods would require better understanding of a high-dimensional feature space that is spanned by all these variables. In this work, we investigate methods for visualization of this high-dimensional space and compare different approaches for extracting discriminant features. Our preliminary results demonstrate that principle component analysis is a valuable tool for visualizing high dimensional data and for determining proper kernel type. In addition, variable selection based on resampling methods within the logistic regression framework seemed to yield improved prediction performance compared to the recursive-feature elimination method.
Anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α antibody treatment reduces pulmonary inflammation and methacholine hyper‐responsiveness in a murine asthma model induced by house dust

Summary Background/Aims Recent studies documented that sensitization and exposure to cockroach allergens significantly increase children's asthma morbidity as well as severity, especially among inner city children. TNF-α has been postulated to be a critical mediator directly contributing to the bronchopulmonary inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma. This study investigated whether an anti-TNF-α antibody would inhibit pulmonary inflammation and methacholine (Mch) hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of asthma induced by a house dust extract containing both endotoxin and cockroach allergens. Methods A house dust sample was extracted with phosphate-buffered saline and then used for immunization and two additional pulmonary challenges of BALB/c mice. Mice were treated with an intravenous injection of anti-TNF-α antibody or control antibody 1 h before each pulmonary challenge. Results In a kinetic study, TNF-α levels within the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid increased quickly peaking at 2 h while BAL levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 peaked at later time-points. Mch hyper-responsiveness was measured 24 h after the last challenge, and mice were killed 24 h later. TNF inhibition resulted in an augmentation of these Th2 cytokines. However, the allergic pulmonary inflammation was significantly reduced by anti-TNF-α antibody treatment as demonstrated by a substantial reduction in the number of BAL eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils compared with rat IgG-treated mice. Mch hyper-responsiveness was also significantly reduced in anti-TNF-α antibody-treated mice and the pulmonary histology was also significantly improved. Inhibition of TNF significantly reduced eotaxin levels within the lung, suggesting a potential mechanism for the beneficial effects. These data indicate that anti-TNF-α antibody can reduce the inflammation and pathophysiology of asthma in a murine model of asthma induced by a house dust extract.
Stereotypes of the elderly in magazine advertisements 1956-1996.

The globalization of American culture is increasing as various media target an international market. This article reports the results of a study examining trends in the stereotyping of the elderly in print advertisements appearing from 1956 to 1996 in U.S. magazines. Results show that the percentage of elderly portrayals in print ads has decreased. There has been relatively little overall stereotyping of elderly, with only 4 percent of the sample depicting negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, there has been an increasing percentage of negative stereotypes and a decreasing percentage of positive stereotypes. Results are analyzed in relationship to marketing trends and the social impact on aging.
Sin Nombre Virus Does Not Impair Respiratory Function of Wild Deer Mice

Deer mice are the primary host for Sin Nombre virus, a recently discovered hantavirus, that causes the near abolition of lung function in humans. Sin Nombre virus infects the lungs of deer mice, but its physiological effects on deer mice are poorly known. We tested whether the virus affects respiratory function of deer mice by comparing maximal aerobic capacities of 10 mice with antibodies against the virus to those of 40 mice lacking antibodies against the virus. We conducted the test at high elevation (3,800 m) where the reduced partial pressure of oxygen makes detection of pulmonary impairment more likely than at sea level. The maximal aerobic capacities of the two groups did not differ. This suggests that the virus does not negatively affect the respiratory function of deer mice.
DIRECT EVIDENCE OF GENIC DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN SEX RATIO AND STANDARD GENE ARRANGEMENTS OF X CHROMOSOME IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

Evidence of strong association of alleles at the Esterase-5 and adult Acid phosphatase-6 loci with the Sex Ratio and the Standard X chromosome arrangements in D. pseudoobscura is presented. There is no differentiation at these two loci, either in the Sex Ratio or the Standard arrangement from two widely separated geographic populations. At the Esterase-5 locus, alleles characteristic of one arrangement are found in low frequencies in the other arrangement. It is concluded, from these and other observations that the differentiation between the Sex Ratio and the Standard arrangement, at these two loci, is a result of natural selection favoring different coadapted gene blocks in these arrangements. The average heterozygosity at these two loci in different karyotypes is in the following order: ST/SR > ST/ST >> SR/SR which agrees very well with the fitness estimates of these karyotypes.
Nanomotor-based biocatalytic patterning of helical metal microstructures

A new nanomotor-based surface-patterning technique based on the movement of a magnetically powered enzyme-functionalized flexible nanowire swimmer offers the ability to create complex helical metal microstructures.
Centroid uncertainty bounds for interval type-2 fuzzy sets: forward and inverse problems

Interval type-2 fuzzy sets (T2 FS) play a central role in fuzzy sets as models for words and in engineering applications of T2 FSs. These fuzzy sets are characterized by their footprints of uncertainty (FOU), which in turn are characterized by their boundaries-upper and lower membership functions (MF). The centroid of an interval T2 FS, which is an interval T1 FS, provides a measure of the uncertainty in the interval T2 FS. Intuitively, we anticipate that geometric properties about the FOU, such as its area and the center of gravities (centroids) of its upper and lower MFs, associated with the amount of uncertainty in an interval T2 FS. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that our intuition is correct and to quantify the centroid of an interval T2 FS with respect to these geometric properties of its FOU. It is then possible to formulate and solve inverse problems, i.e., going from data to parametric T2 FS models.
Characterization of Candida albicans mannan-induced, mannan-specific delayed hypersensitivity suppressor cells.

We have shown previously that CBA/J mice immunized with Candida albicans developed delayed hypersensitivity (DH) demonstrable with mannan (MAN) extracted from the same organism and that the intravenous (i.v.) injection of MAN prior to or during the immunization phase resulted in the suppression of the MAN-specific DH response. In this study, we demonstrate that MAN-induced suppression of DH is a T-lymphocyte-mediated phenomenon. Suppressor cells induced in vivo by the i.v. injection of MAN into naive mice 1 to 7 days prior to harvest were passaged through nylon wool, treated with various surface-specific antibodies and complement, and then injected i.v. into immunized syngeneic recipients. Enrichment of splenic T cells by passage over nylon wool and transfer of the nylon-wool-nonadherent populations to immunized recipient mice suppressed DH in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion of Thy+ or Lyt-2+ cells from nylon-wool-nonadherent populations regularly ablated the ability of such suspensions to transfer suppression. Treatment of the same transfer suspensions with anti-Lyt-1 had variable effects, suggesting that the surface density of the Lyt-1 antigen was not as constant from population to population as was the Lyt-2 antigen. In addition, C. albicans MAN-induced suppressor cells were able to suppress DH demonstrable with Candida tropicalis MAN in animals immunized with C. tropicalis. Suppression of DH by MAN in this model, therefore, is mediated by Thy+ Lyt-2+ lymphocytes.
The influence of fibril organization on the mechanical behaviour of articular cartilage

The paper presents a three-dimensional microstructural model that was developed to study both equilibrium and time-dependent mechanical behaviour of articular cartilage. The model is based on consolidation theory and makes use of the structure and the mechanical properties of tissue components. Fibrils provide tensile stiffness in this model, whose geometric orientation is described by distribution functions that can be changed freely, making the model applicable to any particular fibril configuration. The model is capable of quantitatively predicting equilibrium properties of the different tests using a single set of model parameters, and explains the anomaly that small compressive modulus and small Poisson’s ratio are observed in unconfined compression while tension is governed by large tensile modulus and large Poisson’s ratio.
Accruals, Cash Flow and Equity Values

We find, as predicted, that the differential ability of accrual and cash flow components of earnings to help forecast future abnormal earnings and the persistence of the components results in the components having different valuation implications. We base our tests on Ohlson (1999) applied to fourteen industries. We find: (1) Accruals and cash flows aid in forecasting future abnormal earnings incremental to abnormal earnings and equity book value. (2) Accruals and cash flows provide explanatory power for equity market value incremental to equity book value and abnormal earnings. (3) There is evidence that accruals and cash flows valuation coefficients are consistent with the Ohlson model.