cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open questions: Reflections on plant development and genetics

Genomics has given us a new appreciation for the many ways genes and genomes evolve At the turn of the millennium, the most we could hope for was a few small genomes completed and hordes of ESTs and genomic snippets from most species. What a difference a decade makes. Now that whole genome sequencing is routine and there are sufficient numbers of plant genomes with near complete assemblies with strong support, it will be routine to ‘paste on’ the genomes of related genera and even families. Furthermore, using the multiple (hundreds or thousands) of distinct genomes of inbred lines or ecotypes, allelic diversity and micro-heterogeneity in chromosome organization can be analyzed directly. These assemblages can be used to test ideas about genome rearrangement, the timing and extent of transposon amplification, gene duplications and losses, and both promoter region and transcription unit conservation and change. But has genomics explained development or physiology?
Three-dimensional verification for dynamic multileaf collimated IMRT

The authors have developed software for constructing the leaf sequences necessary for IMRT delivery using an MLC and the authors have built a phantom for three-dimensional dose verification. The application requires the user to specify the RMS difference between the desired and translated profiles as well as the tolerance of leaf positioning. Transmission, interleaf and intraleaf leakage issues are also addressed. Individual leaves are synchronized to reduce tongue and groove effect by varying their relative starting and ending times. The application supports fixed gentry step-and-shoot, fixed gantry dynamic, and fixed gantry optimized modes. Fixed gantry optimized mode is a hybrid technique overcoming the limitation of finite leaf speed for dynamic mode. Output factor correction for small fields is found to be the most challenging phenomena for dosimetry. A cylindrical phantom is constructed for three-dimensional dosimetric verification. The phantom has 15 cylindrical inserts containing diode detectors. Each detector is connected to an electronic system and then fed to computer with specialized software. The readings of each detector are recorded at 2-second intervals. Intensity profiles calculated by an inverse planning algorithm are applied to the phantom by doing forward calculation with 3D-calculation engine. The same profiles are translated using the leaf-sequencing algorithm and delivered to the phantom. The measured dose at the position of each diode is compared to the forward calculation.
Hepatic biochemical changes as a result of acute cocaine administration in the mouse

The biochemical mechanism of cocaine hepatotoxicity is thought to involve enzymatic formation of reactive metabolites. The exact hepatocellular effects of these metabolites have yet to be established. This study was designed to monitor, in a time course after an acute cocaine dose, biochemical parameters that are important in cellular defense and homeostasis in vivo. The hepatic parameters measured were ATP as an indicator of cellular energetic status, reduced and oxidized glutathione, NADH and NADPH as measures of redox changes, and thiobarbituric acid–reactive products and microsomal conjugated dienes to determine the extent of lipid peroxidation. In addition, serum ALT levels were determined at each time point to assess the extent of toxicity. Inbred mouse strains selected for their relative sensitivity (male DBA/2Ibg) and resistance (male C57BL/6Ibg) to cocaine-mediated hepatotoxicity were used in this study. Animals were given an acute 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of cocaine, and at various times after administration the hepatic and serum determinations were made. The results of this study confirm the strain difference in cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity and also indicate that there are changes in the biochemistry of the liver that are brought about by acute cocaine administration. In particular, depletions of hepatic GSH, NADH, NADPH and ATP coupled with significant increases in oxidized glutathione were observed in the DBA mouse. C57BL mice showed similar decreases in reduced glutathione, NADH and NADPH but exhibited no significant depletion of hepatic ATP. A similar extent of lipid peroxidation was seen in both mouse strains after cocaine administration. Differences in oxidized glutathione levels after cocaine administration were observed, indicating that an oxidative stress may occur in the DBA mouse to a significantly greater extent than the C57BL mouse. In addition, differences in the extent of ATP depletion suggest that cocaine-mediated disruption of cellular bioenergetics may be an important determinant of hepatotoxicity. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:1209–1216.)
Effect of pH and Chloride Ion Concentration on Inhibitor Storage in Amorphous Al-Co-Ce Alloys

Abstract The inhibitor storage in Al-Co-Ce alloys was investigated using surface analytical techniques including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a...
Humidification and secretion volume in mechanically ventilated patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine potential effects of humidification on the volume of airway secretions in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: Water vapor delivery from devices providing non-heated-wire humidification, heated-wire humidification, and heat and moisture exchanger (HME) were quantified on the bench. Then, patients requiring 24-hour mechanical ventilation were exposed sequentially to each of these humidification devices, and secretions were removed and measured by suctioning every hour during the last 4 hours of the 24-hour study period. RESULTS: In vitro water vapor delivery was greater using non-heated-wire humidification, compared to heated-wire humidification and HME. In vivo, a total of 9 patients were studied. Secretion volume following humidification by non-heated-wire humidification was significantly greater than for heated-wire humidification and HME (P .004). CONCLUSIONS: The volume of secretions appeared to be linked to humidification, as greater water vapor delivery measured in vitro was associated
Right and Left Ventricular Hemodynamic Performance During Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia

Abstract Several factors may influence hemodynamic tolerance of a ventricular tachycardia (VT) episode but, to date, only VT rate has been used as a major detection criterion in selecting implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy algorithms. We examined hemodynamic changes during VT in humans and a possible correlation between left and right ventricular hemodynamic indexes. Right ventricular hemodynamic indexes could reflect systemic hemodynamics but previous studies have been inconclusive. Patients with coronary artery disease and a history of recurrent, sustained VT were studied. Aortic pressure and right and left ventricular pressures were simultaneously recorded with 2 dual micromanometer-tipped high-fidelity pressure catheters during sinus rhythm and during induced sustained monomorphic VT. Beat-to-beat analysis was performed using custom-made software. Nine patients (7 men, mean age 60 ± 8 years, mean ejection fraction 24 ± 8%) with 11 VT episodes (mean cycle length 283 ± 48 ms) were studied. During VT, left and right ventricular systolic pressures showed a mean decrease of 57% and 26%, respectively, with weak correlation (r = 0.67, p = 0.06) between both values. There was also an increase in mean left and right ventricular end-diastolic pressures of 26% and 74%, respectively, and no correlation was seen (r = −0.2, p = 0.6). A significant correlation was found between changes in left and right ventricular maximal positive dP/dt (55% and 28% decrease, respectively (r = 0.69, p = 0.03) and between changes in left and right ventricular maximal negative dP/dt (64% vs 39% decrease, r = 0.71, p = 0.02). Most ventricular time parameters in both ventricles differed significantly during VT compared with sinus rhythm; however, only the decrease in right ventricular time to end-diastolic pressure correlated with the decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure, at the 10th VT beat (r = 0.8, p = 0.01). We conclude that left and right ventricles are hemodynamically unequally affected during rapid VT. Although right ventricular pressures cannot be reliably used to assess changes in the hemodynamic status of the left ventricle, additional parameters, such as dP/dt or changes in ventricular time intervals, should be further evaluated for inclusion in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator algorithms.
Structural study of methyl methacrylate–α‐trifluoromethacrylic acid copolymer by 1H‐NMR

The structure of methyl methacrylate-α-trifluoromethacrylic acid copolymers obtained by free radical copolymerization in solution is investigated using the methyl resonance of the 1 H NMR spectra where both the monomer sequence and the stereochemical configuration are considered
Markerless tracking using Polar Correlation of camera optical flow

We present a novel, real-time, markerless vision-based tracking system, employing a rigid orthogonal configuration of two pairs of opposing cameras. Our system uses optical flow over sparse features to overcome the limitation of vision-based systems that require markers or a pre-loaded model of the physical environment. We show how opposing cameras enable cancellation of common components of optical flow leading to an efficient tracking algorithm. Experiments comparing our device with an electromagnetic tracker show that its average tracking accuracy is 80% over 185 frames, and it is able to track large range motions even in outdoor settings.
The OZI rule and glueballs

The OZI rule works rather well but is peculiar in that an OZI-forbidden process can proceed via two successive OZI-allowed processes. This implies circumventing the OZI-forbidden diagram and also implies violation of crossing symmetry and unitarity. These peculiarities of the OZI rule are attributed to the facts of life of color confinement. The patent failure of the OZI rule in π−p→ϕϕn is demonstrated in detail. It is pointed out that, within the context of QCD, a logical explanation for this failure is the intervention of glueballs (multigluon resonances). A discussion of how to make and recognize glueballs and their importance to QCD is included.
Memory Storage Factors Leading to Infantile Amnesia

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an alternative to the physiological psychological dichotomy suggested by Campbell and Spear as a framework for studying infantile amnesia. The value of such a model ultimately is limited because a dichotomy between physiological and psychological factors cannot be genuine. Recent advances in the field have suggested new approaches that may be more fruitful. The study of infantile amnesia focuses on the consequences of immaturity during original memory storage and the effects of growth, broadly defined, interceding between this storage and the retention test. The chapter emphasizes on memory storage during infancy, looking for factors that might lead to special competency in processing memories for some episodes but not others. It is hypothesized that immature animals might represent a given learning episode in terms of either fewer memory attributes or different attributes than adults. While storage of fewer attributes has little bearing on initial learning and performance after a short retention interval, memory retrieval at a later date depends on redundancy in original storage.
Radioimmunoassay of Oxytocin

The development of immunoassays for the various peptide hormones has greatly enhanced our understanding of endocrine physiology. The present paper reports progress in the development of an immunoassay for the relatively small peptide hormone, oxytocin.
God’s Translator: Qu’ran Translation and the Struggle over a Written National Language in 1930s China

Translation was crucial to the formation of Chinese modernity. While scholarship has centered on the translation of Western texts, I present here a case of translation from a non-Western context: the translation of the Qur’an into Chinese. Translating the Qur’an—fourteen times in the twentieth century—was a strategic intervention into the relations between Muslims and China’s non-Muslim majority as well as between Muslims and the Chinese state. I analyze why the first Chinese Qur’an translations in the twentieth century were accomplished by non-Muslims and how the decision to translate among Muslims followed from an internal critique of Muslim collective life in China. In a close reading of an essay from 1931 on Qur’an translation in China by a friend and collaborator of a Chinese Qur’an translator, I seek to identify the strategic risks and the strategic promises inherent in translating the Qur’an in Republican China by situating the translation in between the international and the national, alterity and...
Thermophysical Measurements on Iron Above 1500 K Using a Transient (Subsecond) Technique.

Simultaneous measurements of heat capacity, electrical resistivity and hemispherical total emittance of iron (99.9% pure) in the temperature range 1500 to 1800 K, and the melting point of iron by a subsecond duration, transient technique are described. The measurements indicate increases in heat capacity and electrical resistivity as the result of the solid-solid phase transformation (γ → δ) in iron. The measured value of the hemispherical total emittance at 1720 K is 0.33. The average of the results of two experiments yield a value of 1808 K for the melting point of iron. Estimated inaccuracies of measured properties are: 3 percent for heat capacity and emittance, 1 percent for electrical resistivity, and 5 K for the melting point.
Cytinaceae are sister to Muntingiaceae (Malvales)

The holoparasitic family Cytinaceae (Cytinus and Bdallophyton) was previously shown to be allied with Malvales, however its closest photosynthetic ancestor was not determined. A molecular phylogenetic study was conducted using nuclear small-subunit rDNA and three chloroplast genes (the latter missing from the holoparasites but included to stabilize the overall tree topology) using Cytinaceae and exemplars from all recognized families from an expanded Malvales. Using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods, Cytinaceae were resolved with strong support as sister to the newly described Muntingiaceae. Potential morphological synapomorphies include trichome types, mature pollen released as tetrads, inferior ovaries, intrusive parietal placentation with many ovules, and fruit type. Given that all Muntingiaceae are neotropical, it is likely that the ancestor of Cytinaceae arose in the New World and migrated to continental Africa prior to the separation of Africa from South America.
Agencies Utilized in Disseminating Information on Insect Control: Human Characteristics We Must Observe in Entomological Extension Work

In our extension work subject matter means comparatively little until we can hitch it to some human want, interest, attitude or emotion. To do this the teaching tools which we use must appeal to some characteristics of the individual. If his situation is such that he is annoyed and if what we present contributes still more to his annoyance, the subject matter has fallen flat but if, through our consideration of his annoyances, what we give of subject matter removes them and sets up a satisfaction in his mind and causes a change in his act for his betterment, then we have taught him something, for teaching must be measured in terms of acts and attitudes.
Abstract 203: Preventing Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Review of Published Interventions to Aid Patient Decision Making

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common irregular heart rhythm that increases patients’ risk of stroke; blood thinners can reduce this risk. The objective of this review is to examine published interventions to aid patient decision making around stroke prevention therapy in AF. Data sources: Six online databases were searched from inception to August 2015 with a biomedical librarian: Medline (1946-2015), CINAHL (1981-2015), PsycINFO (1806-2015), Web of Science (1900-2015), Cochrane CENTRAL (Issue 8 of 12, August 2015), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 8 of 12, August 2015). Search terms included: atrial fibrillation, decision aid, decision tool, decision support, and shared decision making. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles in English of any study type examining the effects of interventions to aid patient decision making around stroke prevention in AF were included. Studies were excluded independently by two authors using a priori criteria. For each included study, two authors assessed for measurement of decisional conflict, patient knowledge, patient choice, and decision making preference. Quality of studies was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Results: The initial search resulted in 609 articles for title and abstract review. Most were excluded for examining clinical questions other than stroke prevention in AF. Thirteen articles underwent full-text review, and seven studies were eventually included. Six interventions displayed different combinations of aspirin, warfarin, or no therapy to reduce stroke risk in AF; one study included a non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC). Most of the interventions were delivered by research staff or were self-administered at home by the patients themselves. The intervention was physician-administered in one study. Overall, interventions were associated with lower decisional conflict, increased patient knowledge, or increased likelihood of making a treatment choice. In the three studies that assessed decision making preference, preferred roles varied. No studies formally assessed the presence of shared decision making using established observational methods. None of the included interventions are available for clinical use, free of charge or commercially. Conclusion: Interventions designed to aid patient decision making around stroke prevention in AF improved a selection of patient-centered outcomes. Given the availability of multiple NOACs and an implantable device for stroke prevention in AF, there is a need to develop and evaluate new patient decision support tools.
Chinese High School Teachers' Knowledge of Algebra for Teaching

"Teaching algebra for all" has been advocated by mathematics education reformers for decades.However,it is still a pressing challenge to equip teachers with appropriate knowledge needed for teaching algebra.We examined the status and features of Chinese secondary mathematics teachers' knowledge of algebra for teaching in the context of curriculum reform in China.Fifty-five high school experienced mathematics teachers completed the questionnaire on teachers' knowledge of algebra for teaching(KAT).These sampled teachers demonstrated the following features in their KAT: the sampled Chinese mathematics teachers have strong algebraic computation knowledge and skills but have weakness in understanding of students' learning,and understanding of the concept of function from a modern mathematics perspective.The implications of these findings for mathematics teacher education in China are discussed.
Time required for initial improvement during clozapine treatment of refractory schizophrenia.

Objective To characterize better the length of time required for the onset of improvement during clozapine treatment for refractory schizophrenia, the author reanalyzed data from a naturalistic outcome study. Method Medical records of 100 adults sequentially treated with clozapine in a state hospital were reviewed through 18 months. A priori criteria were used to categorize change in a measure of global social functioning. Results Of 73 patients who met the criteria for at least some improvement during clozapine treatment, 55 demonstrated initial improvement within 6 months, and the remainder demonstrated improvement by month 11. Response at 3 months was significantly correlated with outcome at 18 months. Conclusions Gross social improvement as measured in this study is likely to lag behind more sensitive indicators of clinical response. This study supports the notion that initial response to clozapine occurs within the first few months of treatment.
Irradiation of Single Cells with Individual High-Let Particles

The dose-limiting normal tissue of concern when irradiating head and neck lesions is often the vascular endothelium within the treatment field. Consequently, the response of capillary endothelial cells exposed to moderate doses of high LET particles is essential for establishing exposure limits for neutron-capture therapy. In an effort to characterize the high-LET radiation biology of cultured endothelial cells, we are attempting to measure cellular response to single particles. The single-particle irradiation apparatus, described below, allows us to expose individual cells to known numbers of high-LET particles and follow these cells for extended periods, in order to assess the impact of individual particles on cell growth kinetics. Preliminary cell irradiation experiments have revealed complications related to the smooth and efficient operation of the equipment; these are being resolved. Therefore, the following paragraphs deal primarily with the manner by which high LET particles deposit energy, the requirements for single-cell irradiation, construction and assembly of such apparatus, and testing of experimental procedures, rather than with the radiation biology of endothelial cells.
Gravitational Fields and Waves

WE HAVE thus far made extensive use of the typically relativistic technique of the coordinatization of physical laws in terms of the 1 + 3 coordinates of event-space, without any explicit examination of the intrinsic nature of time and space coordinates, or of the specific means to be used in their measurement. In so far as we restrict our consideration to inertial frames, no difficulties arise, and we can take over the concepts of distance and time and their measurement from classical non-relativistic physics without change. An inertial observer can establish a uniform time scale throughout his coordinate domain by transmitting flashing light signals, which travel at a constant known velocity, and for which transit-time corrections can be readily made at any point. Distance measurements may be made from the origin of coordinates to any point by means of a standard meter bar. No concern is felt for the reliability or meaning of length measurements made at any point in the inertial frame, since there are no stresses in the meter bar produced by gravitational or inertial forces. The inertial-frame observer knows, moreover, how to account for measurements made on objects or clocks in uniform motion with respect to himself by use of the Lorentz transformation, and the meaning of the time and space coordinates and their measurement is well defined. In non-inertial coordinate frames, this simple situation does not prevail, however, and some conventions concerning the meaning of the time and space coordinates (t, x, y, z) or (t, r, ρ, Φ) must be established.
Description of a new microphthalmous species of Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from southwestern Oregon and key to species of the subgenus Leptoferonia Casey, 1918

Abstract. Pterostichus (Leptoferonia) hackerae sp. nov. is described based on a single male specimen with its type locality No Name Cave, Josephine Co., Oregon. This is the seventh species of microphthalmous Leptoferonia Casey, 1918 to be described, and based on the analysis of DNA data, it is found to be most closely related to another microphthalmous species, P. rothi (Hatch, 1951). A second specimen and location for P. (Leptoferonia) enyo Will, 2007, also a microphthalmous species, is reported. Analysis of DNA sequence data (28S rDNA and COI mtDNA) places P. enyo as sister to the more southern microphthalmous species P. (Leptoferonia) caligans Horn, 1891. A modified version of the key by Hacker (1968) is presented, allowing for identification of all known species of Leptoferonia.
Analysis of the current construction performance of the Great Wall of China in Jinshanling

This research study focuses on the Jinshanling segment of the Great Wall of China. Site investigations, data collection and non-destructive examinations of various parts of the structure have resul...
The Marine Mollusks of the Galápagos

Charles Darwin, on his visit to the Galapagos Islands, celebrated the “eminently curious” creatures of the land, but paid scant attention to marine organisms. Two comments, however, indicate that Darwin recognized that the marine mollusks were also unique: 1) “... of the ninety shells no less than forty-seven are unknown elsewhere—a wonderful fact, considering how widely distributed sea-shells generally are” (Darwin, 1906, p. 376); and 2) “We have... in this quarter of the world, three great conchological sea-provinces, quite distinct...” (Darwin, 1906, p. 376).
Sequential monitoring of covariate adaptive randomized clinical trials with sample size re-estimation.

Abstract Once scientific questions are determined, other design features of clinical trials including increasing the power while controlling the type I error rate, planning interim analysis, and achieving treatment balance among subgroups will be either required or preferred. We propose to sequentially monitor the covariate adaptive randomization (CAR) procedures with sample size re-estimation (SSR) to satisfy a variety of design objectives of clinical trials. However, each of the three adaptive designs (sequential monitoring, CAR, and SSR) poses a challenge to the control of the type I error rate. In this paper, we investigated how to utilize the advantages of the three adaptive methods and control the type I error rate. We proved that the asymptotic joint distribution of the sequential statistics follows the asymptotic canonical joint distribution defined in Jennison and Turnbull [14]. Besides, numerical studies demonstrated that our methods could control the type I error rate, increase the power, and lead to much-improved treatment balance across subgroups.
Generation of the 1,3-Phosphasilolene Skeleton from Ortho-Silylated Biarylphosphonates

Treatment of diethyl 2-(3-trimethylsilyl)biphenylphosphonate 15 with excess methyllithium affords a mixture of the 2H-benzo[d]-1,3-phosphasilolen-1-one 16 together with the silyl transfer product 17. Deuterium incorporation studies show that the mechanism involves the conversion from 15 to 19 and 20, followed by formation of a siliconate intermediate 21. Cleavage of an exocyclic Si−C bond affords 16 while endocyclic C−Si cleavage leads to 17. The phosphasilolene structure 16 is confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
HIV-related stigma, depression, and social support are associated with health-related quality of life among patients newly entering HIV care.

Entering HIV care is a vulnerable time for newly diagnosed individuals often exacerbating psychosocial difficulties, which may contribute to poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) ultimately i...
A Three-Coil Coupled High-Efficiency Power Link for Wireless Power Transfer Application

Recently wireless power transmission (WPT) has gained a tremendous level of interests in scientific, domestic, and civil applications. Out of several WPT schemes, the nearfield magnetic link shows potentials for short distance wireless power and data transmission. However, the power-transmission efficiency of magnetic link is limited by the low coupling factor and the quality factors of the transmitter and the receiver coils. To overcome this challenge, a high-efficiency three-coil inductive power link with resonant capacitor is proposed to improve the working bandwidth. Prototype coils are designed and fabricated on FR4 substrate and HP 4396B Network Analyzer is used to measure the performance of the 3-coil link system. Simulation and measurement results indicate that the proposed system has a transfer gain 42 dB higher than that of the two-coil coupled inductive link under resonant condition.
Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Scarlet Fever in Zhejiang Province, China, 2004-2018.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the trends and epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province in 2004–2018, intending to provide a basis for targeted prevention and control of this disease. Method: We collated the epidemiological data for cases of scarlet fever from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) in Zhejiang province between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2018. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever, whereas the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to determine the hotspot incidence of scarlet fever. Results: In 2004–2018, a total of 22,194 cases of scarlet fever were reported in Zhejiang Province, with no death reports. The annual average of scarlet fever incidence was 2.82/100,000 (range,1.12 to 6.34/100,000). The male incidence was higher than that among female (χ2 = 999.834, p < 0.05), and a majority of the cases (86.42%) occurred in children aged 3–9 years. Each year, the incidence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province appeared two seasonal peaks: the first peak occurred from March to June (the constituent ratio was 49.06%), the second peak was lower than the first one during November and the following January (the constituent ratio was 28.67%). The two peaks were almost in accordance with the school spring semester and autumn–winter semester, respectively. The incidence in the northern regions of the province was generally higher than that in the southern regions. High-value clusters were detected in the central and northern regions, while low-value clusters occurred in the southern regions via the Getis-Ord Gi* statistical analysis. Conclusions: The prevalence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province showed a marked seasonality variation and mainly clustered in the central and northern regions in 2004–2018. Children under 15 years of age were most susceptible to scarlet fever. Kindergartens and primary schools should be the focus of prevention and control, and targeted strategies and measures should be taken to reduce the incidence.
Casein Kinase 1δ Stabilizes Mature Axons by Inhibiting Transcription Termination of Ankyrin

Summary After axon outgrowth and synapse formation, the nervous system transitions to a stable architecture. In C. elegans, this transition is marked by the appearance of casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ) in the nucleus. In CK1δ mutants, neurons continue to sprout growth cones into adulthood, leading to a highly ramified nervous system. Nervous system architecture in these mutants is completely restored by suppressor mutations in ten genes involved in transcription termination. CK1δ prevents termination by phosphorylating and inhibiting SSUP-72. SSUP-72 would normally remodel the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase in anticipation of termination. The antitermination activity of CK1δ establishes the mature state of a neuron by promoting the expression of the long isoform of a single gene, the cytoskeleton protein Ankyrin.
Metaheuristic-based inverse design of materials – A survey

Abstract There is a growing interest in the inverse approach to material deign, in which the desired target properties are used as input to identify the atomic identity, composition and structure (ACS) that exhibit such properties. As an overview, this paper surveys and summarizes previous works in metaheuristic-based inverse design of various materials. The basics of metaheuristic-based inverse design of materials are presented, including feature identification (fingerprinting), machine learning of ACS→property models (forward design), metaheuristic algorithms for property→ACS predictions (inverse design), and experimental validations, with focus on inverse design. The past studies are organized into a two-level hierarchy with how properties are predicted at the higher level, either by first principles, simulation, or machine learning model, and the number of target properties considered at the lower level, either one or more than one. The uniqueness and limitation of previous research are discussed and several possible topics for future research are identified. This review intends to serve as the steppingstone/springboard for those interested in advancing this area of research.
A Computational Model for Estimating the Progression of COVID-19 Cases in the US West and East Coasts

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is of global concern and has recently emerged in the US. In this paper, we construct a stochastic variant of the SEIR model to make a quasi-worst-case scenario prediction of the COVID-19 outbreak in the US West and East Coasts. The model is then fitted to current data and implemented using Runge-Kutta methods. Our computation results predict that the number of new cases would peak around mid-April and begin to abate by July, and that the number of cases of COVID-19 might be significantly mitigated by having greater numbers of functional testing kits available for screening. The model also showed how small changes in variables can make large differences in outcomes and highlights the importance of healthcare preparedness during pandemics.
Minimizing the numbers of cliques and cycles of fixed size in an F-saturated graph

Abstract This paper considers two important questions in the well-studied theory of graphs that are F -saturated. A graph G is called F -saturated if G does not contain a subgraph isomorphic to F , but the addition of any edge creates a copy of F . We first resolve a fundamental question of minimizing the number of cliques of size r in a K s -saturated graph for all sufficiently large numbers of vertices, confirming a conjecture of Kritschgau, Methuku, Tait, and Timmons. We also go further and prove a corresponding stability result. Next we minimize the number of cycles of length r in a K s -saturated graph for all sufficiently large numbers of vertices, and classify the extremal graphs for most values of r , answering another question of Kritschgau, Methuku, Tait, and Timmons for most r . We then move on to a central and longstanding conjecture in graph saturation made by Tuza, which states that for every graph F , the limit lim n → ∞ sat ( n , F ) n exists, where sat ( n , F ) denotes the minimum number of edges in an n -vertex F -saturated graph. Pikhurko made progress in the negative direction by considering families of graphs instead of a single graph, and proved that there exists a graph family F of size 4 for which lim n → ∞ sat ( n , F ) n does not exist (for a family of graphs F , a graph G is called F -saturated if G does not contain a copy of any graph in F , but the addition of any edge creates a copy of a graph in F , and sat ( n , F ) is defined similarly). We make the first improvement in 15 years by showing that there exist infinitely many graph families of size 3 where this limit does not exist. Our construction also extends to the generalized saturation problem when we minimize the number of fixed-size cliques. We also show an example of a graph F r for which there is irregular behavior in the minimum number of C r ’s in an n -vertex F r -saturated graph.
Impact of Student-Run Free Clinics in Urgent Care

As Emergency Departments (EDs) become increasingly crowded, the non-urgent use of EDs exacerbates this problem. Uninsured patients have the highest percentage of non-urgent ED visits and free healthcare clinics provide access to care for the uninsured. This study analyzed the patient population of the 12th Street Health and Wellness Center (HWC), a student-run free clinic (SRFC), to understand the impact of SRFCs in urgent care. 2024 return and new patient intake forms from the HWC were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to see which factors from the patient intake forms increase the probability that a patient came will into the clinic for urgent care. About 10% of the HWC patient population uses the clinic for emergencies, of which, 94% of them were not referred to the ED. If the HWC was not available, most of these uninsured individuals would have gone to an ED and incurred an estimated total cost of $39,515.80 in 2019. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that patients that came via walk-in are significantly more likely to seek urgent care at the clinic. Further, patients without insurance and patients who need a Spanish interpreter have a higher tendency to seek urgent care at this clinic. SRFCs save their surrounding EDs thousands of dollars in non-urgent ED visits. SRFCs should be attentive to patients who come in without an appointment, without insurance, and who need a Spanish interpreter because they are more likely to come in for an emergency.
Development of a Platform at the Matter in Extreme Conditions End Station for Characterization of Matter Heated by Intense Laser-Accelerated Protons

High-intensity short-pulse lasers have made possible the generation of energetic proton beams, unlocking numerous applications in high energy density science. One such application is uniform and isochoric heating of materials to the warm dense matter (WDM) state. We have developed a new experimental platform to simultaneously create and probe WDM at the matter in extreme conditions (MEC) end station at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The short pulse optical laser (delivering up to 1 J in 45 fs) and the ultrabright LCLS X-ray laser with tunable frequency, respectively, deliver high power required to heat materials to WDM and precision-timed high-resolution X-rays to probe them. The laser-accelerated proton beam driven from a flat 1.5- $\mu \text{m}$ Cu foil was first measured then directed to a secondary sample of Al or polypropylene (PP), typically 300– $400~\mu \text{m}$ away. The time evolution of the sample electron temperature was measured using streaked optical pyrometry, where we observed a peak temperature of 0.9 ± 0.15 eV on the rear surface of an Al sample heated by the proton beam. Simulations using the hybrid-PIC code LSP and the rad-hydro code HELIOS show that a measured proton beam can heat Al to approximately 4 eV and PP to 1 eV if instead focused by a hemispherical Cu target. Through additional LSP simulations, we anticipate creating hotter WDM states (~20 eV) by increasing the laser energy to 10 J and keeping the other laser parameters fixed.
Resident Training in Transitioning Youth With Epilepsy Into Adult Care.

Objective:To appraise the current training of Neurology (N), Pediatric (P), and Med-Peds (MP) residents at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital (MGUH) in providing care to patients with epilepsy ...
Toward Defining Nature of Engineering in the Next Generation Science Standards Era

In this chapter, we created a list including epistemic aspects of engineering based on the literature and the Framework. Each item on the list is named as a nature of engineering aspect. These nature of engineering aspects include the views that engineering involves systematically engaging in the practice of design to achieve solutions to human problems; engineering design process includes three major components (defining a problem, designing solutions, and optimizing design solutions); engineers make decisions based on predetermined criteria and constraints during the engineering design process; creativity and imagination is used throughout the engineering design process; engineering design solutions are open to revision; engineering design solutions are optimized based on evidence from the test data; there is no single best design solution to a given engineering design problem; engineering is not a solitary pursuit; engineering is failure-laden; and engineering is socially and culturally embedded. The chapter ends with a summary of research about the fledgling nature of engineering literature and the pedagogical recommendations to teach nature of engineering.
Adversarial Machine Learning in Text Analysis and Generation.

The research field of adversarial machine learning witnessed a significant interest in the last few years. A machine learner or model is secure if it can deliver main objectives with acceptable accuracy, efficiency, etc. while at the same time, it can resist different types and/or attempts of adversarial attacks. This paper focuses on studying aspects and research trends in adversarial machine learning specifically in text analysis and generation. The paper summarizes main research trends in the field such as GAN algorithms, models, types of attacks, and defense against those attacks.
Numerically exact generalized Green's function cluster expansions for electron-phonon problems

We generalize the family of approximate momentum average methods to formulate a numerically exact, convergent hierarchy of equations whose solution provides an efficient algorithm to compute the Green's function of a particle dressed by bosons suitable in the entire parameter regime. We use this approach to extract ground-state properties and spectral functions. Our approximation-free framework, dubbed the generalized Green's function cluster expansion (GGCE), allows access to exact numerical results in the extreme adiabatic limit, where many standard methods struggle or completely fail. We showcase the performance of the method, specializing three important models of charge-boson coupling in solids and molecular complexes: the molecular Holstein model, which describes coupling between charge density and local distortions, the Peierls model, which describes modulation of charge hopping due to intersite distortions, and a more complex Holstein$+$Peierls system with couplings to two different phonon modes, paradigmatic of charge-lattice interactions in organic crystals. The GGCE serves as an efficient approach that can be systematically extended to different physical scenarios, thus providing a tool to model the frequency dependence of dressed particles in realistic settings.
No Girl Left Behind: Girls Courts as a Restorative Justice Approach to Healing

This article examines the need for a gendered restorative justice approach to healing girls from the trauma, abuse, abandonment, addiction, violence and misdirection that many of them have encountered, as a result of the juvenile justice system’s abandonment of its restorative justice roots and its failure to adequately account for gender distinctions between boys and girls. This article focuses on the vulnerabilities of girls of color who are at particular risk for spiraling from the juvenile courts into the adult criminal justice system which remains ill-equipped to meet the needs of incarcerated females. This article will also examine the burgeoning movement of restorative court interventions for delinquent girls reflected in the creation of specialized Girls Courts. This article will culminate in a proposed reformed template for Girls Court to expand girls’ opportunities, particularly Black girls and other girls of color, to heal from trauma, addiction and broken family structures, and restore girls’ ability to thrive in a meaningful life.
A Decade of Terrorism in the United States and the Emergence of Counter-Terrorism Medicine.

Background: The United States (US) is ranked 22nd on the Global Terrorism Index (2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While the global number of deaths from terrorism over the past five years is down, the number of countries affected by terrorism is growing and the health care repercussions remain significant. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) is rapidly emerging as a necessary sub-specialty, and this study aims to provide the epidemiological context over the past decade supporting this need by detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter and setting the stage for the development of training programs utilizing these data. Methods: The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in the US from 2008-2018. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the three terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD. Ambiguous events were excluded when there was uncertainty as to whether the incident met all of the criteria for inclusion in the GTD. The grey literature was reviewed, and each event was cross-matched with reputable international and national newspaper sources online to confirm or add details regarding weapon type used and, whenever available, details of victim and perpetrator fatalities and injuries. Results: In total, 304 events were recorded during the period of study. Of the 304 events, 117 (38.5%) used incendiary-only weapons, 80 (26.3%) used firearms as their sole weapon, 55 (18.1%) used explosives, bombs, or dynamite (E/B/D), 23 (7.6%) were melee-only, six (2.0%) used vehicles-only, four (1.3%) were chemicals-only, two (0.7%) used sabotage equipment, two (0.7%) were listed as “others,” and one (0.3%) used biological weapon. There was no recorded nuclear or radiological weapon use. In addition, 14 (4.6%) events used a mix of weapons. Conclusions: In the decade from 2008 through 2018, terrorist attacks on US soil used weapons with well-understood injury-causing modalities. A total of 217 fatal injuries (FI) and 660 non-fatal injuries (NFI) were sustained as a result of these events during that period. Incendiary weapons were the most commonly chosen methodology, followed by firearms and E/B/D attacks. Firearm events contributed to a disproportionality high fatality count while E/B/D events contributed to a disproportionally high NFI count.
Revisiting the sedimentary record of the rise of diatoms

Diatoms are a major primary producer in the modern oceans and play a critical role in the marine silica cycle. Their rise to dominance is recognized as one of the largest shifts in Cenozoic marine ecosystems, but the timing of this transition is debated. Here, we use a diagenetic model to examine the effect of sedimentation rate and temperature on the burial efficiency of biogenic silica over the past 66 million years (i.e., the Cenozoic). We find that the changing preservation potential of siliceous microfossils during that time would have overprinted the primary signal of diatom and radiolarian abundance. We generate a taphonomic null hypothesis of the diatom fossil record by assuming a constant flux of diatoms to the sea floor and having diagenetic conditions driven by observed shifts in temperature and sedimentation rate. This null hypothesis produces a late Cenozoic (∼5 Ma to 20 Ma) increase in the relative abundance of fossilized diatoms that is comparable to current empirical records. This suggests that the observed increase in diatom abundance in the sedimentary record may be driven by changing preservation potential. A late Cenozoic rise in diatoms has been causally tied to the rise of grasslands and baleen whales and to declining atmospheric CO2 levels. Here we suggest that the similarity among these records primarily arises from a common driver-the cooling climate system-that drove enhanced diatom preservation as well as the rise of grasslands and whales, rather than a causal link among them.