cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative effects of topically applied nitrated arenes and their nonnitrated parent arenes on cutaneous and hepatic drug and carcinogen metabolism in neonatal rats.

Abstract The effect of a single topical application of several nitroarenes (1-nitropyrene, nitropyrenes mixture, nitrobenzo(ghi)perylene mixture, 3-nitrofluoranthene, nitrofluoranthene mixture, and nitroperylene mixture) and their corresponding parent arenes to neonatal rats on hepatic and cutaneous drug and carcinogen metabolism was studied. Topical application of each nitroarene (10 mg/kg) resulted in significant induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (ERD), and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECD) activities in both skin (1.5- to 14.6-fold) and liver (1.3- to 41.9-fold). The induction of these enzymes by each of the nitroarenes was significant when compared to control or to their corresponding parent arenes. Among the nitroarenes studied, 1-nitropyrene was the least effective in inducing enzyme activities. The inducibility in both skin and liver by different nitroarenes tested was in the following order: nitrofluoranthenes mixture > 3-nitrofluoranthene > nitroperylenes mixture > nitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes mixture > nitropyrenes mixture > 1-nitropyrene. The nitrofluoranthenes mixture and the nitroperylenes mixture were almost as effective as 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC). Parent arenes were either ineffective or significantly less effective than nitrated arenes in inducing hepatic and/or cutaneous monooxygenase activities. Hepatic and/or cutaneous benzphetamine N-demethylase (BPD), NADPH cytochrome c reductase, NADH ferricyanide reductase activities, and the levels of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5, remained unchanged following treatment with either topically applied nitroarenes or arenes. However, a shift of approximately 1 nm to the blue region in the absorption maximum of hepatic cytochrome P-450 was observed in animals treated with nitroarenes. This shift was not evident in the case of 1-nitropyrene. Analysis of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed a significant enhancement in the production of metabolites by nitroarene-treated rat skin and liver microsomes. Our studies suggest that nitroarenes are inducers of hepatic and cutaneous monooxygenases in neonatal rats after topical administration and that they resemble the 3-MC type of inducers in this regard.
Sequential unordered logit applied to college selection with imperfect information

The authors examine the implications of logit-based choice models for the input-transducer and output-transducer functions of an organization (in their application, a university). Logit models, defined as causal statistical models in -which the dependent variable is the odds that a particular event occurs, can be used to predict outcomes when deciders must choose among discrete alternatives (as in selecting a college or university). Unlike previous logit studies, the role of information flows between the organization and organisms outside the organization (potential students) is considered. It is shown that: (1) Static conditional logit models may yield inaccurate selection probabilities if, in reality, selection is made by recursive elimination of alternatives with new information added after each elimination; (2) a sequential unordered logit model can be developed which permits adjustment of the choice set during the information collection process; (3) this model can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing policies. The model is applied to college selection and recruitment of college-bound high school seniors in southern Illinois.
New insights into pathogenesis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

Purpose of reviewExercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) refers to acute airflow obstruction that is triggered by a period of physical exertion. Here we review recent findings about the epidemiology of EIB, immunopathology leading to EIB, and the latest understanding of the pathogenesis of EIB.Re
The Vulnerability to Coaching across Measures of Effort

Neuropsychologists are increasingly called upon to conduct evaluations with individuals involved in personal injury litigation. While the inclusion of measures of effort within a test battery may help clinicians determine whether a client has put forth full effort, attorney coaching may allow dishonest clients to circumvent these efforts. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which frequently used measures of effort are susceptible to coaching, as well as to explore and classify strategies undertaken by coached malingering simulators. Overall, coached simulators performed significantly better on 7 of 14 measured variables. Potential improvements in the external validity of the simulation design were also explored.
Distribution of the Energy Gap in k Space for Superconducting Nb

Examination of available tunneling data from junctions oriented on single-crystal niobium shows that the observed superconducting energy gap values are grouped nonrandomly in $k$ space. These groupings are consistent with a relationship between ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{(k)}$ and Fermi-surface topology, but also suggest a significant role for phonon anisotropy.
Determinants of survival following hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer.

p = 0.0001), resected versus nonresected ( p < 0.0001), and tumor-free surgical margins versus positive margins ( p = 0.001). Surprisingly, the disease-free interval and the original stage of the primary tumor did not predict survival ( p = not significant). Other factors that had no influence on survival were type of resection, size and number of liver metastases, ABO blood group, and the number of perioperative blood transfusions. For those patients who underwent resection of unilobar metastases with tumor-free margins, the 5-year survival rate was 29% with a median survival of 35 months and eight survivors > 7 years. In addition, one patient with bilobar disease had survival > 7 years and five patients who had resection of hepatic metastases and extrahepatic cancer simultaneously had survival > 3 years. Our data support the concept that patients with unilobar metastatic disease who undergo surgical resection with tumor-free surgical margins can be afforded a significant opportunity at long-term survival with acceptable morbidity, mortality, and hospital stay. Also, certain patients with bilobar or extrahepatic disease (or both) who undergo complete resection can enjoy a long-term survival. In these subgroups of patients resection should be considered on an individual basis.
INCREASED TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN BLADDER TISSUE FROM PATIENTS WITH CLASSIC AND NONULCER INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

Purpose: Interstitial cystitis is a chronic debilitating condition which mainly affects women. Accumulated evidence indicates that interstitial cystitis is a heterogeneous syndrome. The nonulcer subtype appears different than classic interstitial cystitis in regard to symptoms, and endoscopic and histological findings as well as response to various treatments. We further explore the neurogenic nature of this disease using indirect immunofluorescence to evaluate the presence and density of various autonomic and sensory nerve fibers. Materials and Methods: Specimens from the bladder wall of 6 patients with classic interstitial cystitis, 7 with nonulcer interstitial cystitis and 6 controls were evaluated to determine the presence and density of nerve fibers containing tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and substance P using specific antibodies, and the general presence of nerve fibers using a mixture of antibodies against nerve filament, neuron specific enolase and S-100 protein. Results: Increased density and number of nerve fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase were noted in interstitial cystitis cases compared to controls. Furthermore, there was a difference between classic and nonulcer disease in the overall density of nerves using the antibody mixture. Conclusions: Our findings indicate an altered peripheral sympathetic innervation in interstitial cystitis cases, which may be an indication of primary neurogenic etiology. The difference in nerve density observed after incubation with the antibody mixture between classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis supports the hypothesis that the 2 forms represent separate entities.
Wound healing in the rabbit paranasal sinuses after Coblation: evaluation for use in endoscopic sinus surgery.

Background Bipolar radiofrequency can be used surgically to excise and cauterize tissue simultaneously. It has potential for use in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). This study was performed to determine the extent and pattern of injury in the paranasal sinuses with bipolar radiofrequency and evaluate wound healing. Methods Eight rabbits underwent Coblation of maxillary sinus mucosa with biopsy immediately, on postoperative day (POD) 3, 7, 14, or 29. Maxillary mucosa was exposed through the nasal dorsum, and a Coblator PROciseXP wand used on a power setting of 7 for 2 seconds. Three of the rabbits also had Coblation of ethmoid mucosa over the lamina papyracea, after extending the maxillary ostomy, with biopsy immediately. Results Coblation resulted in immediate loss of surface respiratory epithelium and thermal-type injury to the underlying seromucinous glands. On POD 3, the site showed reepithelialization with squamous metaplastic epithelium. The seromucinous glands underwent coagulative necrosis. At POD 7, there was partial replacement of overlying epithelium by respiratory epithelium. The underlying seromucinous glands were lost and replaced by fibroblastic proliferation, with less fibrosis than the mechanically created ostomy site. The underlying bone had reactive, regenerative changes. On PODs 14 and 29, there was further regeneration of respiratory epithelium. Fibrosis was mild. Coblation resulted in gross violation of the bony wall in one maxillary sinus. There were no histological changes in the orbit. Conclusion Rabbit paranasal sinus mucosa heals appropriately after Coblation injury.
Sulfation pharmacogenetics: Correlation of human platelet and small intestinal phenol sulfotransferase

Phenol sulfotransferase (PST) catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of phenolic drugs. All human tissues studied contain a thermostable (TS) form of PST, which catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of "simple" phenols such as p-nitrophenol, and a thermolabile (TL) form, which catalyzes the sulfation of dopamine and other monoamines. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that genetically controlled levels of TS and TL PST activity in the platelet, as well as inherited variations in the thermal stability of platelet TS PST, might reflect those same characteristics of the enzyme in the less accessible tissue, human small intestinal mucosa. Platelet TS and TL PST activities and TS PST thermal stability were measured in blood samples from 45 randomly selected healthy subjects, and 14 of those subjects were selected to have intestinal biopsies performed. There was a significant correlation between levels of platelet and jejunal mucosal TS PST activity (rs = 0.574, p less than 0.030), but there was not a significant correlation between levels of TL PST activity in the two tissues (rs = 0.265, p = 0.368). There was also a significant correlation between the trait of TS PST thermal stability in the two tissues (rs = 0.828, p less than 0.0001). These observations suggest that inherited variations in TS PST activity and thermal stability in an easily obtained tissue, the platelet, might be used to predict individual differences of those properties of the enzyme in the human small intestine, an organ that plays an important role in drug metabolism.
Dilutional hyponatremia of TURP syndrome: a historical event in the 21st century.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the risk of hyponatremia and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) syndrome after bipolar saline TURP in patients with large-volume, benign prostatic hyperplasia and statistically significant comorbidities. Methods Five patients with large symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia and significant comorbidities underwent saline TURP. Data were collected regarding patient profile, prostate weight, operative time, and perioperative events. In particular, we studied and compared the preoperative and postoperative serum sodium concentrations and hematocrit. Results The mean age was 68 years (range 57 to 76). The mean resection weight of the prostatic chips was 49.6 g (range 37 to 62). Senior urology residents under the supervision of the university faculty performed all procedures. The average operative time was 2 hours, 22 minutes (range 98 to 175 minutes). The mean serum sodium concentration decreased by 1.6 mg/dL (from 138.4 mg/dL preoperatively to 136.8 mg/dL postoperatively). The mean hematocrit decreased by 5.60% (from 40.24% preoperatively to 34.64% postoperatively). Postoperative recovery was uneventful in all 5 patients. Conclusions Bipolar saline TURP is safe and eliminates the risk of TURP syndrome in high-risk patients with large prostates that require lengthy resection. In addition, the system permits the faculty to spend the time needed for teaching and training urology residents without compromising patient safety.
Automated cryoEM data acquisition and analysis of 284742 particles of GroEL.

One of the goals in developing our automated electron microscopy data acquisition system, Leginon, was to improve both the ease of use and the throughput of the process of acquiring low dose images of macromolecular specimens embedded in vitreous ice. In this article, we demonstrate the potential of the Leginon system for high-throughput data acquisition by describing an experiment in which we acquired images of more than 280 000 particles of GroEL in a single 25 h session at the microscope. We also demonstrate the potential for an automated pipeline for molecular microscopy by showing that these particles can be subjected to completely automated procedures to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) density map to a resolution better than 8 A. In generating the 3D maps, we used a variety of metadata associated with the data acquisition and processing steps to sort and select the particles. These metadata provide a number of insights into factors that affect the quality of the acquired images and the resulting reconstructions. In particular, we show that the resolution of the reconstructed 3D density maps improves with decreasing ice thickness. These data provide a basis for assessing the capabilities of high-throughput macromolecular microscopy.
Factors associated with alcohol consumption patterns in a Puerto Rican urban cohort.

OBJECTIVE: There is little research on factors associated with alcohol consumption among Puerto Ricans living in the USA; thus the aim of the present study was to examine alcohol intake patterns, and factors associated with drinking categories, in a cohort of Puerto Rican adults in Massachusetts. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Descriptive and polytomous logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with drinking patterns, stratified by gender. SETTING: Greater Boston area, MA, USA. SUBJECTS: Puerto Rican adults (n 1292), aged 45-75 years. RESULTS: Eight per cent of men and 39 % of women were lifetime abstainers; 40 % of men and 25 % of women were former drinkers; 31 % of men and 27 % of women were moderate drinkers; and 21 % of men and 8 % of women were heavy drinkers. Thirty-five per cent of participants reported drinking alcohol while taking medications with alcohol contraindications. After multivariable adjustment, young men were less likely than older men to be moderate drinkers. Among women, higher BMI, age, lower income and lower psychological acculturation were associated with abstention; age and lower perceived emotional support were associated with increased likelihood of former drinking; and women without v. with diabetes were more likely to be heavy drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of chronic disease, heavy drinking and alcohol use while taking medications with alcohol contraindications suggest an urgent need for better screening and interventions tailored to this rapidly growing Hispanic national subgroup. As heavy drinking appears to increase with acculturation for women, public health initiatives are needed to support appropriate alcohol use. Language: en
Statistical performance evaluation and comparison of a Compton medical imaging system and a collimated Anger camera for higher energy photon imaging.

In radionuclide treatment, tumor cells are primarily destroyed by charged particles emitted by the compound while associated higher energy photons are used to image the tumor in order to determine radiation dose and monitor shrinkage. However, the higher energy photons are difficult to image with conventional collimated Anger cameras, since a tradeoff exists between resolution and sensitivity, and the collimator septal penetration and scattering is increased due to the high energy photons. This research compares imaging performance of the conventional Anger camera to a Compton imaging system that can have improved spatial resolution and sensitivity for high energy photons because this tradeoff is decoupled, and the effect of Doppler broadening at higher gamma energies is decreased. System performance is analyzed by the modified uniform Cramer–Rao bound (M-UCRB) algorithms based on the developed system modeling. The bound shows that the effect of Doppler broadening is the limiting factor for Compton camera performance for imaging 364.4 keV photons emitted from 131I. According to the bound, the Compton camera outperforms the collimated system for an equal number of detected events when the desired spatial resolution for a 26 cm diameter uniform disk object is better than 12 mm FWHM. For a 3D cylindrical phantom, the lower bound on variance for the collimated camera is greater than for the Compton imaginer over the resolution range from 0.5 to 2 cm FWHM. Furthermore, the detection sensitivity of the proposed Compton imaging system is about 15–20 times higher than that of the collimated Anger camera.
Eddy current analysis of precipitation kinetics in aluminum alloys

Electrical conductivity measurements by means of the eddy current technique were performed during precipitation hardening of an aluminum alloy, in order to determine dynamically the kinetics of the process. The data obtained from samples subjected to controlled precipitation hardening conditions, over a wide temperature range, provided an insight into the reaction mechanism. Correlations of the conductivity, data with hardness, measurements demonstrated the capability of this technique to determine nondestructively changes in the mechanical properties during the age hardening process. The eddy current method proved to be unique in being able to provide a quantitative evaluation of the extent of removal of the minor constituents (copper and magnesium) from the aluminum matrix. The adequacy of the eddy current method for real-time, in-process, monitoring, and control is discussed.
ADPribosylation of nuclear proteins labeled with [3H]adenosine: Changes during the HeLa cell cycle

Cell cycle variations in the modification of histones and nonhistones by ADPribosylation were investigated. Proteins of HeLa interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes were radioactively labeled in vivo with [3H]adenosine. Histones of metaphase chromosomes were extensively modified by ADPribosylation, with H2B, H2A and H4 being predominant acceptors of [3H]adenosine label. For histones of interphase nuclei from synchronized cells, the highest level of 3H labeling was observed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to occur in S phase. The minimum level was noted in G1 phase. ADPribosylation of histones is, however, significant during all phases of the cell cycle. These conclusions were confirmed by experiments using [32P]NAD. The results with the specific inhibitor of ADPribosylation, 3-aminobenzamide, and with snake venom phosphodiesterase indicated that the radioactive isotopes were incorporated as ADPribose. Two-dimensional gels of HeLa nonhistones labeled with [3H]adenosine showed strikingly different patterns for interphase and metaphase samples. Over 100 ADPribosylated species were found for interphase nuclei, but poly(ADPribose) polymerase was the only major acceptor for metaphase chromosomes. A simple pattern was also revealed for nuclear scaffolds, with the 'lamins' and poly(ADPribose) polymerase being identifiable as modified species.
Preferential elution of non-membranous proteins incorporated into reaggregates of bacterial membranes.

Abstract Detergent-solvated bacterial membranes reaggregated in the presence of and incorporating non-membrane proteins of the cytosol were eluted with solutions of urea containing sodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate. The resulting progressive removal of proteins permitted examining the reaggregate for differential removal of the two protein classes, distinguishable by prior radioisotope labelling. Preferential but not complete removal of the cytosol proteins occurred. Thus the mode of association of cytosol protein in such reaggregates differs from that of the original membrane component.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children

Abstract We report on a child with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis—an uncommon entity in children. A review of the literature revealed that in only 18 per cent was the diagnosis made correctly preoperatively. In children the disease is of a focal nature rather than a diffuse one, suggesting that possibly radical surgery would be less necessary for adequate treatment.
Near-Infrared Synchrotron Emission from Cassiopeia A

Recent high-energy observations of Cassiopeia A suggest the presence of synchrotron radiation, implying acceleration of cosmic rays by young supernova remnants. We detect synchrotron emission from Cas A in the near-infrared using Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) and Palomar 200 inch (5.1 m) PFIRCAM observations. The remnant is detected in the J, H, and Ks bands using 2MASS: the Ks band is the brightest, H is moderate, and J is faint. In the J and H bands, bright [Fe II] lines (1.24 and 1.64 μm) are detected spectroscopically. The Palomar observations include Ks-continuum, narrowband 1.64 μm (centered on [Fe II]) and 2.12 μm [centered on H2 (1-0)] images. While the narrowband 1.64 μm image shows filamentary and knotty structures, similar to the optical image, the Ks image shows a relatively smooth, diffuse shell, remarkably similar to the radio image. The H2 image is identical to the Ks-continuum image, with surface brightness reduced as expected for the ratio of filter bandwidths, showing no contribution of H2 lines to the Ks-band image. The broadband near-infrared fluxes of Cas A are generally consistent with, but a few tens of percent higher than, an extrapolation of the radio fluxes. The hardening to higher frequencies is possibly due to nonlinear shock acceleration and/or spectral index variation across the remnant. We show evidence of spectral index variation across Cas A using the "spectral tomography" technique. The presence of near-infrared synchrotron radiation requires the rolloff frequency to be higher than 1.5 × 1014 Hz, implying that electrons are accelerated to energies of at least E = 0.3B ergs, or 0.2 TeV. The morphological similarity in diffuse emission between the radio and Ks-band images implies that synchrotron losses are not dominant, or we would expect to see a greater concentration in knots. We also show that dust continuum is not significant in the near-infrared emission of Cas A. Our observations show unambiguous evidence that the near-infrared Ks-band emission of Cas A is from synchrotron emission by accelerated cosmic-ray electrons.
Application of electron-transfer theory to excited-state redox processes

Abstract Quenching rate constants have been obtained for oxidative electron transfer quenching of Ru(bpy) 2++ 3 by a series of nitroaromatic and bipyridinium quenchers and reductive quenching by a series of aromatic amines. The results are consistent with electron-transfer theory when competing processes which occur following the electron-transfer quenching step are taken into account. The competing processes are back-electron-transfer to give the excited state Ru(bpy) 2++ 3 and net quenching by the sum of redox-product-separation and back-electron-transfer to give Ru(bpy) 2++ 3
Who Am I? Reflections on Self-Image Among Patients With Cancer in Clinical Trials

Patients with cancer who participate in research face difficult challenges. Their lives change in many ways, and they often question their self-image. Self-image includes how patients see themselves and who they want to become. The current commentary addresses the issue of self-image in patients with cancer who participate in clinical trials and how their sense of who they were changes as they shift from patients with cancer to research participants. Patients with cancer who participate in research may suffer from multiple identity transitions, ranging from physical alterations in appearance and bodily capabilities to psychological burdens of job loss and the inability to contribute financially to their families. The author aims to provide insight as to how researchers can help patients find meaning in their lives during the process of participation in clinical trials as they undergo identity transitions.
The Patient With Cardiac Trauma

ARDIAC INJURY is a relatively common finding in blunt and penetrating thoracic trauma, and many patients require urgent or emergency surgery. This review deals with the epidemiology and diagnosis of cardiac trauma, differences in the pathophysiology of acute versus chronic cardiac injury, and anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in the patient with cardiac trauma. Discussion is limited to injuries of the heart and pericardium, and issues of more generalized thoracic trauma, including injury to the great vessels, are not addressed. Larger, more complete discussions of anesthesia care and trauma are available. 1,2
Numerical aspects of the inverse function theory

The state-estimation problem can be formulated as an inversion problem. From this point of view, we first review known results about the relationship between the existence of an unbiased estimate and the observability condition of a nonlinear system. The inversion relationship between the Fisher information matrix and the error covariance matrix, evaluated at the true state of an observable nonlinear System, is extended to an unobservable nonlinear system. A singular value decomposition technique solves the sensitivity question of a nonlinear inversion problem. The technique is applied to evaluate a radar calibration procedure.
The Importance of a Correct Differential Diagnosis of the Predisposing Causes in Cases of Interstitial Gingivitis or Pyorrhea Alveolaris

ABSTRACT Periodically, we are told that interstitial gingivitis, or pyorrhea alveolaris, is caused by some special organism which the writer has just discovered. Specific investigation and attempts to corroborate these vaunted discoveries have always proved them to be erroneous. We are just beginning to recover from the shock of how little we know about the Endameba buccalis. The fact that a prominent research worker in medicine proclaimed to the world that the endameba was responsible for every case of pyorrhea, and that this disease was present in 95 per cent. of our population, has been the direct cause of much confusion. Physicians lacking education in mouth physiology and pathology were especially imposed on by this dogmatic assertion.Research work which I have conducted in the mouths of animals has corroborated the work of general observers to the effect that infection is impossible in an individual otherwise physically well. Considering, as we
Routine use of bioprosthetic mesh is not necessary: A retrospective review of 100 consecutive cases of intra-abdominal midweight polypropylene mesh for ventral hernia repair

Background The Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG) recently proposed a grading system to assist surgeons in selecting the appropriate mesh based on an individual patient's risk of developing a postoperative complication. The VHWG grading scale was used to evaluate the incidence of surgical-site complications in 100 consecutive midline ventral hernias repaired with uncoated mid-weight polypropylene mesh. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 100 consecutive cases of midline ventral hernia repair using an intra-abdominal mesh underlay between July 2005 and May 2010. The median duration of follow-up was 23 months. Results Using the VHWG scale, 50 percent of cases were considered Grade 2 (“Co-morbid”) and 28 percent considered Grade 3 (“Potentially Contaminated”). The remaining cases were Grade 1 (“Low-risk”). Overall, there was a 5.6 percent rate of hernia recurrence, with a mean time to recurrence of 17 months. There were no enterocutaneous fistulae or infections requiring mesh removal. Conclusion The use of uncoated mid-weight polypropylene mesh for reinforcement of midline ventral hernia repairs was not associated with increased rates of infection, fistula formation, or clinically significant adhesions. These findings challenge the recommendation by the VHWG to avoid synthetic repair material in patients with comorbidities or in “potentially contaminated” fields.
Coexistence of superconductivity and long-range magnetic order in ErPd 2 Sn

Heat-capacity, magnetic-susceptibility, resistivity, and alloying experiments indicate that long-range magnetic order and superconductivity coexist below \ensuremath{\sim}1 K in a well-ordered, homogeneous sample of ${\mathrm{ErPd}}_{2}$Sn. The sample enters the superconducting state at ${T}_{c}$=1.17 K followed by magnetic order at ${T}_{M}$=1.00 K. The superconducting state is retained to 40 mK, the lowest temperature attained.
Memory B and T Cells

Three remarkable and unique features of the immune system are specificity, diversity, and memory. Immunological memory involves both T and B cells and results in a secondary antibody response that is faster, of higher affinity, and results in the secretion of non-IgM isotypes of Ig. In this review we discuss the properties of memory T and B cells, their specific receptors, and the events which occur both in the nucleus and on the cell surface during generation and activation of these cells. Although memory T and B cells use different mechanisms to elaborate memory, there are a number of interesting analogies: lymphokines vs antibodies and affinity maturation of B cell antigen receptors vs upregulation of adhesion molecules on T cells. Finally, we discuss the importance of these cells in health and disease and suggest what impact additional information about these cells might have on the manipulation of the immune response.
Fate of Radioactive Gibberellin A1 in Maturing and Germinating Seeds of Peas and Japanese Morning Glory

Radioactive gibberellin A(1) ((3)H-GA(1)) was injected into excised fruits of peas and Japanese morning glory. These were then grown in sterile culture to maturity and the label was followed in the seeds during further development and subsequent germination. During development of both pea and morning-glory seeds a large part of the radioactivity became associated with the aqueous fraction, while another part of the (3)H-GA(1) was converted into 2 new, acidic, biologically active compounds, designated X(1) and X(2). A relatively small part of the neutral compounds could be converted back to (3)H-GA(1), X(1), and X(2) by means of mild acid hydrolysis. During germination of pea and morning-glory seeds, part of the bound compounds was released in the form of (3)H-GA(1), X(1) and X(2) while, particularly during rapid seedling growth, a further conversion of (3)H-GA(1), mainly to X(1), took place. In pea seedlings, growth during the first 2 to 3 days after imbibition was not affected by Amo-1618, an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. This, in conjunction with the findings on the interconversions between free and bound (3)H-GA(1) suggests that, at least in peas, early seedling growth may at least partly be regulated by gibberellins released from a bound form which was formed during seed development.
Use of Restraints in the Elderly

Chronologic age older than 65 years is a predictor for restraint use in the acute care setting. The therapeutic effect of restraints has not been established. Geriatric patients in the hospital are more vulnerable to the risks associated with physical and chemical restraints. A framework is presented to guide the clinician in the decision making process on restraint use. Nursing homes have been successful in the implementation of restraint reduction programs, and these models might be reviewed for applicability to the acute care setting.
A SPECIAL ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN FOR TRANSFERRING LONG HYDROXYLATED FATTY ACIDS TO LIPID A IN RHIZOBIUM

Lipid A, the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharides in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, varies in structure among different Rhizobiaceae. The Rhizobium meliloti lipid A backbone, like that of Escherichia coli, is a beta1'-6-linked glucosamine disaccharide that is phosphorylated at positions 1 and 4'. Rhizobium leguminosarum lipid A lacks both phosphates, but contains aminogluconate in place of the proximal glucosamine 1-phosphate, and galacturonic acid instead of the 4'-phosphate. A peculiar feature of the lipid As of all Rhizobiaceae is acylation with 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid, a long hydroxylated fatty acid not found in E. coli. We now describe an in vitro system, consisting of a membrane enzyme and a cytosolic acyl donor from R. leguminosarum, that transfers 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid to (Kdo)2-lipid IVA, a key lipid A precursor common to both E. coli and R. leguminosarum. The 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid moiety was detected in the lipid product by mass spectrometry. The membrane enzyme required the presence of Kdo residues in the acceptor substrate for activity. The cytosolic acyl donor was purified from wild-type R. leguminosarum using the acylation of (Kdo)2-[4'-32P]-lipid IVA as the assay. Amino-terminal sequencing of the purified acyl donor revealed an exact 19-amino acid match with a partially sequenced gene (orf*) of R. leguminosarum. Orf* contains the consensus sequence, DSLD, for attachment of 4'-phosphopantetheine. When the entire orf* gene was sequenced, it was found to encode a protein of 92 amino acids. Orf* is a new kind of acyl carrier protein because it is only approximately 25% identical both to the constitutive acyl carrier protein (AcpP) and to the inducible acyl carrier protein (NodF) of R. leguminosarum. Mass spectrometry of purified active Orf* confirmed the presence of 4'-phosphopantetheine and 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid in the major species. Smaller mass peaks indicative of Orf* acylation with hydroxylated 20, 22, 24, and 26 carbon fatty acids were also observed. Given the specialized function of Orf* in lipid A acylation, we suggest the new designation AcpXL.
Performance of Visually Impaired Users during Simulated Boarding and Alighting on Low-Floor Buses

Low-floor buses with folding ramp access represent a significant improvement in accessible public transit for passengers with mobility disabilities. However, the safety and usability aspects of the interior design of low-floor buses on blind and visually impaired users has not been studied in much detail. A laboratory study was completed using a static full-scale simulation of a low-floor bus to evaluate the impact of seating configuration and crowding on interior movement and accessibility for individuals with (n=18)) and without visual impairments (n=17). The protocol simulated bus journeys including boarding, fare payment, seating, and alighting. Results from video observations and subjective assessments showed differences in boarding and alighting performance and users’ perceptions of task difficulty across different bus layout designs The results suggest the need for more supportive design features (e.g. guide rails, handholds), legroom, and space for guide dogs too improve accommodation for passenge...
The Trail-making Test B and driver screening in the emergency department.

Objectives: Emergency departments (EDs) rarely screen for older driving safety. The Trail-Making Test B (TMT-B) is a neuropsychological test that may predict ability to drive. We sought to examine the driving patterns of older ED patients and the feasibility of screening patients in the ED using the TMT-B. Methods: At a single ED at a tertiary care center, we administered the TMT-B and a survey of health status and driving habits to a convenience sample of adult (age 18 and older) ED patients. We excluded those with altered mentation, critical illness, or language barriers. The TMT-B, scored by the time of first attempt, requires connection of letters and numbers in sequence on paper, and a time ≥ 180 s may suggest elevated driving risk. We compared time to complete the TMT-B among ED patients to published norms. Results: Of 144 patients ages 18 to 95, 95 (72.2%) were current drivers, and 91.4 percent of drivers were able to complete the TMT-B; 47.1 percent of drivers were older (65+), and 88.8 percent of...
L’étrange voyage d’une peinture du Sépik : de Kinakatem à Paris

Une exceptionnelle peinture biwat, photographiee en 1932 par Margaret Mead, a ete achetee en 1935, a Rabaul, a mille kilometres de son lieu d’origine, par les membres de l’expedition de la Korrigane. Les troisquarts de cette peinture tres remarquable ont ete conserves durant plus de soixante ans au musee de l’Homme alors que le quart restant est demeure dans une collection privee. L’exposition « Le voyage de la Korrigane dans les mers du Sud » au musee de l’Homme (2001-2003) a donne l’occasion de reconstituer cet ensemble pictural et d’engager un processus de restauration de ce tres rare temoignage du patrimoine artistique du peuple biwat de Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee. Ce remarquable ensemble represente une oeuvre phare du futur musee du quai Branly.
Agronomic survey of jojoba in California

On the basis of the information available today, the following observations can be made. (1) Jojoba wax has a good marketing potential. (2) Large-scale production could be based on the wild stands for a few years, preferably with a government subsidy. (3) Jojoba plantations should be established in the meantime so that production could eventually be based on these plantations. These three statements are valid now. If no action is taken soon to go ahead with a large-scale production project initially based on the wild populations and eventually on cultivated jojoba, and if time is lost, two things may happen: (a) Industries using sperm whale oil may reformulate their products or redesign their equipment to make the use of sperm whale oil unnecessary or essentially so. (b) Synthetic substitutes for sperm whale oil may be developed which will take the hoped-for market away from jojoba. In summary, jojoba could become a viable crop for semi-arid lands. This potential, however, might be jeopardized if the implementation of a master plan for jojoba production is excessively delayed.
Spontaneous attention to primed and nonprimed inputs

The literature is ambiguous with respect to whether attention is drawn spontaneously to expected or unexpected items in mixed arrays. Several studies from our own laboratory indicate that even though expected words are more localizable than unexpected words in unmixed four-word arrays, showing a baseline advantage for expected words, unexpected words are sometimes more localizable than their expected companions in mixed arrays, suggesting that unexpected words attract attention (see, e.g., Johnston & Schwarting, 1996). By contrast, Dark, Vochatzer, and VanVoorhis (1996) observed that expected words were more reportable than their unexpected companions in mixed, two-word arrays. However, because the Dark et al. research did not include arrays in which both words were expected, it is not clear whether their findings reflect an attentional effect over and above a baseline advantage of expected words. The present study added some additional controls in order to assess this possibility. The superior reportability of expected words was even greater in mixed arrays than in unmixed arrays, suggesting that expected words in mixed arrays attract attention. Following Johnston and Hawley (1994), the conflicting effects of expectancy on spontaneous attention are taken as further evidence that the mind/brain system is biased simultaneously toward both what it most expects and what it least expects to perceive.
Restoration of drastically eroded land using coal fly ash and poultry biosolid.

Abstract A 3-year field study was conducted at a 12 ha soil-borrow area adjacent to the Columbia Metropolitan Airport, South Carolina to investigate the restorative effects of co-application of coal fly ash (FA) and a poultry biosolid (PB). FA was applied at 0, 22, 280, 560 and 1120 Mg (tonne) ha −1 , and PB at 5 and 10 Mg ha −1 . The area was seeded with erosion-control species Atlantic Coastal panic grass ( Panicum amarum var amarum L.), sericea ( Lespedeza cuneata var. appalow [Dumont] G. Don.) and weeping love grass ( Eragrostis curvula Wolf.). Plant biomass and elemental composition were analyzed in sequential harvests. Soil and groundwater quality characteristics including pH, EC and elemental composition were also monitored throughout the study. In addition, the effect of amendments on the water holding capacity and bulk density of the soil was investigated. Amendment addition significantly increased plant biomass production by a maximum of 26% using 1120 Mg ha −1 FA and 10 Mg ha −1 PB. Application of the highest rate of FA significantly increased the plant tissue concentrations of Mn, As, Se and B. Soil pH was initially increased from 4.6 to 6.1 by amendments. Soil salinity was increased in the initial year only. Amended soils had higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, P and K, higher organic matter content and water holding capacity than unamended soil. Concentrations of plant-essential trace elements (B, Cu and Zn) that were marginally deficient in the unamended eroded soil increased to within typical soil concentrations following amendment with FA and PB. Groundwater quality was unaffected throughout the study. The co-application of FA and PB successfully promoted the revegetation of the eroded borrow area with no apparent adverse environmental side effects.
Optical measurements of winds and kinetic temperatures in the upper atmosphere

A development history is presented for the optical probing of the structure of the upper atmosphere, noting the contributions made by both ground and spaceborne optical sensors, and the role of advancements in thermospheric theory. The significance of optical techniques to current understanding of the upper atmosphere is discussed in the context of the new COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere-1986. While much of the work performed to date has involved the analysis of data obtained by individual observatories, the ability to effectively constrain theoretical models with such single-station data has become more limited with increasing model sophistication.
Point prevalence of alcoholism in hospitalized patients: continuing challenges of detection, assessment, and diagnosis.

Objective To measure a 1-day point prevalence of alcohol dependence among hospitalized patients and to assess practices of detection, evaluation, and diagnosis of alcohol problems. Patients and Methods On April 27, 1994, a total of 795 adult inpatients at 2 midwestern teaching hospitals were asked to complete a survey that included the Self-administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST). The records of SAAST-positive patients were reviewed to determine the numbers of patients receiving laboratory screening for alcoholism, addiction consultative services, and a discharge diagnosis of alcoholism. Results The survey response rate was 84% (667/795). Of the 569 patients who provided SAAST information, 42 (7.4%) had a positive SAAST score and thus were identified as alcohol dependent. Thirteen (31%) of the 42 alcoholic patients received addiction or psychiatric consultative services during their hospitalization. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase was measured in 4 (11%) of the 38 actively drinking alcoholic patients. Three (7%) of 42 alcoholic patients received a discharge diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence. Conclusions The alcoholism prevalence rate was lower than those observed in several other US hospitals. Laboratory testing may be underutilized in identifying hospitalized patients who may be addicted to alcohol. Physician use of consultative services and diagnosis of alcohol dependence had not improved from similar observations more than 20 years earlier. These findings may indicate persistent problems in physician detection, assessment, and diagnosis of alcoholism.
An Alternative Mechanism for the Dimerization of Formic Acid

Gas-phase formic acid exists primarily as a cyclic dimer. The mechanism of dimerization has been traditionally considered to be a synchronous process; however, recent experimental findings suggest a possible alternative mechanism by which two formic acid monomers proceed through an acyclic dimer to the cyclic dimer in a stepwise process. To investigate this newly proposed process of dimerization in formic acid, density functional theory and second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) have been used to optimize cis and trans monomers of formic acid, the acyclic and cyclic dimers, and the acyclic and cyclic transition states between minima. Single-point energies of the trans monomer, dimer minima, and transition states at the MP2/TZ2P+diff optimized geometries were computed at the coupled-cluster level of theory including singles and doubles with perturbatively applied triple excitations [CCSD(T)] with an aug‘-cc-pVTZ basis set to obtain an accurate determination of energy barriers and dissociatio...
The Theory of Strain Hardening in Single and Polycrystals

A theory of strain hardening based on approximate regularities of multiplication and motion of dislocations is proposed that allows to obtain yield points and deformation curves in terms of the initial dislocation density, activation energy of dislocation motion, and stress concentration coefficient. For fine-grained polycrystals the grain size should be known instead of the initial dislocation density. The stresses calculated are in a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The relations obtained provide a basis for predicting deforming stresses in different materials. Eiue Theorie der Spannungshartung, die auf annahernden Regelmasigkeiten der Multiplikation und Bewegung von Versetzungen beruht, wird vorgeschlagen und erlaubt die Bestimmung der Streckgrenzen und Deformationskurven aus der ursprunglichen Versetzungsdichte, Aktivierungsenergie der Versetzungsbewegung und dem Koeffizienten der Spannungskonzentration. Fur feingekornte Polykristalle mus die Korngrose anstatt der ursprunglichen Versetzungsdichte bekannt sein. Die bercchneten Spannungen sind in befriedigender Ubereinstimmung mit experimentellen Werten. Die erlialtenen Beziehungen liefern eine Grundlege fur die Vorhersage von Deformationsspannungen in verschiedenen Materialien.
Effect of Technology-Based Programs on First- and Second-Grade Reading Achievement

ABSTRACT Data gathered from 25 rural public school districts in Texas during 2002–2003 were used to assess the impact of educator professional development and technology-intensive classroom learning activities on first- and second-grade students' reading achievement. Students from 18 school districts received the treatment while students from 7 randomly selected districts matching the treatment demographic criteria served as controls. Major findings were that the program was effective in fostering reading accuracy at the first- and second-grade levels and reading comprehension at the second-grade level. Effect sizes (ES) for identified areas of impact among treatment versus comparison sites were in the range of ES = .19 to ES = .65, meaningful values which are reinforced by alternative measures of significant (p < .05) impact. These findings compare favorably with previously published studies of similar, successful educational interventions involving technology and reading.