cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children and adolescents in cognitive-behavioral therapy: Some past efforts and current advances, and the challenges in our future.

The last two decades have been witness to advances in cognitive-behavioral therapy for children and adolescents, and certain treatments have been labeled ‘empirically supported.’ However, not all cases show irrefutable gains and much treatment development and research remains. Following a brief precis of the past and present, we identify and examine several important directions for future research in child and adolescent therapy. Specifically, we consider (a) the nature and magnitude of improvement, including the need to assess the clinical significance of improvement, (b) general issues in assessment, such as parent-child agreement, method variance, and measurement equivalence, (c) the optimal role of parents in child and adolescent treatment, (d) potential moderators and mediators of positive outcomes, (e) the place of medications, and the potential role of parental expectations and/or preferences surrounding treatment selection, (f) therapist factors that may contribute to outcome, and (g) the effects of treatment on the sequelae of the target disorder. Last, the need to consider developmental issues and the transportability of CBT across settings are discussed.
Development of a Commercially Viable Clonazepam Process

A commercial process to clonazepam (1) is described. An advanced chloro intermediate, 2-(2-chloroacetamido)-5-nitro-2‘-chlorobenzophenone (6), is activated to the corresponding iodide 2-(2-iodoacetamido)-5-nitro-2‘-chlorobenzophenone (7) via substitution with potassium iodide. Subsequent alkylation of ammonia with 7 yields the open form of clonazepam (8). The intermediate 8 is isolated as the hydrochloride salt 8b, cyclized to 1, and purified to yield United States Pharmacopoeia specification material. Formation of the known impurity 3-amino-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-nitro-2(1H)-quinolinone (9), as well as of the newly identified dimeric impurity N-[2-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-4-nitrophenyl]-2-{[[[2-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-4-nitrophenyl]carbamoyl]methyl]amino}acetamide (10), is minimized. The robust purification scheme readily removes both organic and inorganic impurities. This synergistic combination of pieces of several patented routes results in a process that is more viable than any previously described process.
Tocilizumab, in search for a role in acute GVHD.

Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) was first described by Barnes et al. in 1962, who reported a ‘secondary disease’ in mice after irradiation and infusion of allogeneic spleen cells. The disea...
A Framework for Internet Case Study Methodology in Writing Studies

Abstract Writing studies uses the case study at its primary method and methodology. This article offers a theoretical grounding about case study research and especially internet case study research. It argues that boundaries and spheres of influences are crucial to constructing an effective case study. It advocates for avoiding overstatement and overload when constructing internet case studies. It then discusses the ethics of case studies, focusing on searchability. It concludes by discussing the value of case studies in general.
Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants.

Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as “ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion”. Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.
How to respond to flu vaccine doubters

The benefits of influenza vaccination are clear to those in the medical community. Yet misinformation and unfounded fears continue to discourage some people from getting a flu shot. During the 2018–2019 influenza season, only 45% of US adults and 63% of children were vaccinated.[1][1] What should
Medication Therapy Management

Dr Lawrence M Brown, Associate Professor and Director at the UT Centre for Medication Therapy Management (MTM), Health Outcomes and Policy Research Division at the University of Tennessee, College of Pharmacy, was the keynote speaker at the Clicks Conference. He addressed the delegates on the latest MTM trends in international pharmacy practice.
The Effect of Helium Ion Radiation on the Material Properties of Bone

Ionizing radiation, from both space and radiation therapy, is known to affect bone health. While there have been studies investigating changes in bone density and microstructure from radiation exposure, the effects of radiation on material properties are unknown. The current study addresses this gap by assessing bone material property changes in rats exposed to helium-4 radiation through spherical micro-indentation. Rats were exposed to a single dose of 0, 5, and 25 cGy whole body helium-4 radiation. Animals were euthanized at 7, 30, 90, or 180-days after exposure. Spherical micro-indentation was performed on axial cross sections of the femur cortical bone to determine instantaneous and relaxed shear moduli. At 90-days after exposure, the 25 cGy exposure caused a significant decline in shear modulus compared to control and 5 cGy groups. The instantaneous modulus decreased 33% and the relaxed modulus decreased 32% as compared to the sham group. This decline was followed by a recovery of both moduli, which was observed by 180-days after exposure; at 180 days, the moduli were no longer statistically different from those at 7 or 30 days. The observed decrease at 90 days, followed by recovery to baseline levels, can be attributed to the biological mechanisms involved in bone formation that were affected by radiation, bone turnover, and systemic changes in hormones due to radiation exposure. Continued assessment of the mechanisms that drive such a response in material properties may enable identification of pathways for therapeutic countermeasures against radiation exposure.
Oxygen-Linked Cyclopentadienyl Rhodium(III) Complexes-Catalyzed Asymmetric C-H Arylation of Benzo[h]quinolines with 1-Diazonaphthoquinones.

Chiral cyclopentadienyl rhodium (CpRh) complex-catalyzed asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions have witnessed a significant progress in organic synthesis. In sharp contrast, the reported chiral Cp ligands are limited to C-linked Cp and are often synthetically challenging. To address these issues, we have developed a novel class of tunable chiral cyclopentadienyl ligands bearing oxygen linkers, which were efficient catalysts for C-H arylation of benzo[h]quinolines with 1-diazonaphthoquinones, affording axially chiral heterobiaryls in excellent yields and enantioselectivity (up to 99 % yield, 98.5:1.5 er). Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction is likely to proceed by electrophilic C-H activation, and followed by coupling of the cyclometalated rhodium(III) complex with 1-diazonaphthoquinones.
Examination of characteristics of ruminative thinking as unique predictors of suicide-related outcomes.

Abstract Rumination, a passive, repetitive perseveration on the causes, meaning, and consequences of one's distress, has been linked to suicidal ideation and behavior. Less is known, however, about which specific characteristics of rumination confer risk for suicide-related outcomes. This study examined associations between four features of rumination—frequency, duration, perceived controllability, and content—and current suicidal ideation, lifetime suicide plans, and lifetime suicide attempts. A sample of 548 adults (53.6% female, Mage = 36.54 years, 80.8% White/European American) recruited via Amazon's MTurk completed a battery of self-report measures online. The perceived controllability of rumination was uniquely associated with suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts, controlling for other characteristics of rumination, generalized worry, and demographic characteristics. Perceived controllability was also related to lifetime suicide plans and attempts above and beyond current suicidal ideation. Interpersonal and health-related content areas were also related to suicide-related outcomes, though these effects were inconsistent across outcome. Overall, perceived controllability over one's thoughts may be a key factor that confers risk along the suicidality continuum. Future research should replicate and extend these findings in diverse populations, using longitudinal designs, and with a variety of methodologies.
The Internet and the Limping Truth

Constitutional doctrine protects false speech and even lies in certain circumstances. The doctrine also endorses non-literal interpretation of speech that can cause statements implying factual assertions to be treated as non-factual, non-actionable opinion. These doctrines limit the degree to which laws may counteract falsity. Historically publishers exercised discretion, through ex ante review, that limited the dissemination of false statements, including those that would have been protected speech had they been published. As the Internet has lowered the cost of disseminating expression, speech has been democratized radically. Many more people say many more things, many of them untrue. 47 U.S.C. Section 230(c)(1) provides that social media outlets are not publishers of user-generated content, thus immunizing such outlets from, for example, tort liability such as for defamation. Outlets' terms of use typically grant them discretion to decline to post or to remove content. These outlets thus exercise ex post the sort of discretion formerly exercised ex ante by traditional media outlets. Political dissatisfaction with the exercise of such discretion has led to calls to treat social media outlets either as state actors or common carriers. Neither option is desirable. Social media outlets do not satisfy the legal criteria for state action, and misguided claims that Section 230 gives them a subsidy provides no logical basis for treating them as state actors. Nor is common carrier treatment warranted. If the relevant market is publicly available expression, as critics seem to assert, then even the largest outlets have no plausible claim to market power. Normatively, to treat social media outlets as either state actors or common carriers would subject them to falsity-protecting constitutional rules and thus lead to a net increase in harmful conduct--lies, among other things. Public discourse would be better served by allowing media outlets to continue to refine their content moderation practices, as private speech outlets historically have done.
Hepatitis B Screening of At-Risk Immigrants Seen at Primary Care Clinics: A Quality Improvement Project

Abstract Objective To test an intervention to increase screening for hepatitis B (HBV) in at-risk immigrants in the primary care setting. Patients and Methods From a Mayo Clinic primary care panel, we identified approximately 19,000 immigrant patients from 9 high-risk countries/ethnic groups with intermediate or high prevalences of chronic HBV. Eligible patients with no record of prior HBV testing scheduled for primary care visits within the study period spanning October 1, 2017, through October 31, 2018, were identified. During the intervention period, the primary health care professional was notified by email 1 week prior to each primary care visit and encouraged to discuss screening for HBV infection and order screening tests at the appointment. We assessed rates of HBV screening during control and intervention periods. Results We identified 597 patients in the control period and 212 patients in the intervention period who had not been screened previously for HBV. During the intervention period, 31.4% (58) of the 185 eligible patients were screened for HBV vs 7.2% (43) of the 597 eligible patients in the control period. Thus, the intervention resulted in a 4.3-fold increase in screening (P Conclusion Notifying primary care physicians of the high-risk status of immigrant patients substantially increased screening for HBV. Identifying patients with HBV is important for monitoring disease prevalence, preventing transmission, and initiating treatment and cancer surveillance, allowing earlier recognition and prevention of chronic hepatitis, disease reactivation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Longitudinal Changes in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: Impact of Discrepancy in Everyday Preferences Between Persons With Cognitive Impairment and Their Care Partners

Objectives Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia are common and may be driven by inability of persons with cognitive impairment (CI) to communicate needs. We addressed the relevance of this unmet-needs model to burden of NPS among persons with milder CI. Methods The sample included 48 dyads of persons with CI and their care partners. NPS were measured at baseline and follow-up (mean 486 days +/-107 SD). Mixed random and fixed effects longitudinal models were used to evaluate impact of discrepancies between persons with CI and their care partners in everyday preferences (baseline) on changes in NPS over time. Results Higher levels of underestimation of "social engagement" preferences of persons with CI by care partners were associated with a higher average burden of NPS across all follow-up. Conclusions This study suggests that unmet-needs may be a useful construct for understanding etiology for NPS across the spectrum of severity of cognitive impairment.
Determining Streamflows from Geomorphic Parameters

To predict streamflow, hydrologists and geomorphologists have sought to relate streamflows to geomorphic parameters, and vice versa. Data continuity problems were addressed by statistical manipulations and extensions of the data. An overview of some hydrologic-geomorphic streamflow analysis studies is presented and a few new methods are explored. With these methods, correlations of precipitation and streamflow records, in combination with geomorphic parameters determined from maps, are used to analyze gaged and ungaged streamflows. Some of the methods have been developed, tested, and proven in the Pacific Northwest over a precipitation range of from 8 to 150 in. (207 to 3,810 mm) per year and in drainage basins ranging in size from 2 to 220 sq. miles (5.2 to 5,700 km²). The methods have been applied successfully to low flows from zero to thousands of cubic feet per second (cfs), and to flood flows from 100 to 10,000 cfs (28 to 28,000 m³/s).
Chapter 4 – Xenobiotics

Xenobiotics are chemicals that people ingest or absorb that provide no nutritional value and may be harmful. This chapter concentrates on the chemical and biological characteristics of caffeine, some carcinogens, nitrate, and nitrite. Most of the involved transporters and enzymes also play analogous roles in the disposition of therapeutic drugs.
Capacity of adult steel (SI/SId) and dominant spotting (W/Wv) mouse skin to support melanogenesis.

Abstract Utilizing skin grafting techniques, melanocytes were incorporated into adult steel ( Sl Sl d ) and dominant spotting ( W W v ) hair follicles, where they survived and pigmented a number of hair generations. Previous investigations have indicated that the steel alleles act on the embryonic skin to prevent the survival of melanocytes. The present study suggests that this gene action mechanism may be temporary and does not continue into adult life. In addition, the study demonstrates that some hair bulb melanocytes can pigment more than one hair generation.
Thermo‐Elastic Formulae for the Analysis of Beams

THE kinetic heating associated with supersonic flight produces temperature gradients within the aircraft structure. These in their turn are responsible for so‐called ‘thermal stresses’ in the components. The calculation of these effects falls into two stages. The first stage consists in the application of the theory of heat transfer to obtain the history of the temperature distribution in the structure. The second stage uses this data to obtain distributions of stress within the structure, resulting from these imposed temperature gradients and proceeds to assess their influence on strength and stiffness. The present paper is concerned entirely with this second stage of the problem and derives basic formulae for the analysis of beam‐like structures and components. The results can be applied to wings, fuselages, etc., on the one hand, and to linear reinforcing members like stringers and longerons on the other, in the same way as the usual theories of bending and torsion are applied in the isothermal case.
The distribution of descents and length in a Coxeter group

We give a method for computing the $q$- Eulerian distribution $$ W(t,q)=\sum_{w \in W} t^{{\rm des}(w)} q^{l(w)} $$ as a rational function in $t$ and $q$, where $(W,S)$ is an arbitrary Coxeter system, $l(w)$ is the length function in $W$, and ${\rm des}(w)$ is the number of simple reflections $s \in S$ for which $l(ws)
Second-Harmonic Generation Imaging of Membrane Potential with Photon Counting

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) can be used for imaging membrane potential in neurons, but poor signal-to-noise (S/N) limits accurate measurements of small voltage transients. We use photon counting to improve the S/N of weak SHG signal detection. Photon counting generates shot-noise limited and integrable signals, eliminates pulse-to-pulse variation, and built-in discriminators reduces the background to practically zero. In single trials, by using photon counting, we obtain a more than a twofold S/N increase over analog voltage detection. Trial-to-trial variability is also reduced by 50%. Finally, we show that, using photon counting, the kinetics of fast events such as action potentials can be recorded more accurately.
Cardiac arrest during pregnancy.

This case involves cardiac arrest of a 29-week pregnant African American woman, occurring 2 days after surgical correction of an incarcerated ventral hernia with small bowel obstruction. The patient could not be resuscitated from the arrest. Details of the case are presented, and diagnostic and unique management considerations for this uncommon occurrence are set forth.
Pain Levels Within 24 Hours After UFE: A Comparison of Morphine and Fentanyl Patient-Controlled Analgesia

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence and severity of pain levels during 24 h after uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) for symptomatic leiomyomata and compare the effectiveness and adverse effects of morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) versus fentanyl PCA. We carried out a prospective, nonrandomized study of 200 consecutive women who received UFE and morphine or fentanyl PCA after UFE. Pain perception levels were obtained on a 0–10 scale for the 24-h period after UFE. Linear regression methods were used to determine pain trends and differences in pain trends between two groups and the association between pain scores and patient covariates. One hundred eighty-five patients (92.5%) reported greater-than-baseline pain after UFE, and 198 patients (99%) required IV opioid PCA. One hundred thirty-six patients (68.0%) developed nausea during the 24-h period. Seventy-two patients (36%) received morphine PCA and 128 (64%) received fentanyl PCA, without demographic differences. The mean dose of morphine used was 33.8 ± 26.7 mg, while the mean dose of fentanyl was 698.7 ± 537.4 μg. Using this regimen, patients who received morphine PCA had significantly lower pain levels than those who received fentanyl PCA (p < 0.0001). We conclude that patients develop pain requiring IV opioid PCA within 24 h after UFE. Morphine PCA is more effective in reducing post–uterine artery embolization pain than fentanyl PCA. Nausea is a significant adverse effect from opioid PCA.
Effects of Exposure to Community Violence on Internalizing Symptoms: Does Desensitization to Violence Occur in African American Youth?

The purpose of the current study was to examine the linear and curvilinear associations of exposure to community violence to internalizing symptoms in 251 African American adolescents (mean age = 12.86, SD = 1.28). Participants reported on exposure to community violence, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses and, consistent with predictions, the results indicated that the association between violence and depression was curvilinear; whereas the association to anxiety was linear and positive. The results highlight the importance of considering more complex models of the impact of exposure to community violence on psychological functioning in African American youth from economically- disadvantaged communities.
Direct atomic-scale imaging of ceramic interfaces

Understanding the atomic structure and chemistry of internal interfaces is often critical to developing interface structure-property relationships. Results are presented from several studies in which Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) have been employed to solve the atomic structures of oxide interfaces. The Z-contrast imaging technique directly reveals the projected cation sublattices constituting the interface, while EELS provides chemical and local electronic structure information. Because Z-contrast imaging and EELS can be performed simultaneously, direct correlations between structure and chemistry can be made at the atomic scale. The utility of Z-contrast imaging and EELS is demonstrated in three examples: A ZrO{sub 2} 24{degree} [100] symmetric tilt grain boundary, a NiO-cubic ZrO{sub 2} eutectic interface and a Ni-cubic ZrO{sub 2} metal-ceramic interface. The power and versatility of Z-contrast and EELS for solving interface structures in oxide systems is clearly demonstrated in these three material systems.
Dynamic pre-strain and inertia effects on the fracture of metals

Abstract A combined experimental and theoretical study is described which examines the influence of strain-rate and dynamic pre-strain on the ductile fracture of thin cylinders. The thin-cylinder configuration is particularly important in this case because it allows inertia terms to be directly incorporated into the theory of plastic instability. A series of quasi-static and dynamic tests is conducted on three materials with differing degrees of strain-rate sensitivity and strain-hardening. The experimental observation that fracture is inhibited at high strain-rates is in accord with the theory when inertia can no longer be considered insignificant. It is also shown that dynamic pre-strain has little or no effect on the flow stress or the strain at fracture in materials which-are essentially strain-rate insensitive, but does reduce the fracture strain in the strain-rate sensitive materials.
A Dithienosilole‐Benzooxadiazole Donor–Acceptor Copolymer for Utility in Organic Solar Cells

A systematic evaluation of a novel conjugated polymer, bearing alkyl side chains on both the donor and acceptor units, is conducted using nanoscale characterization techniques and device fabrication. How to manage the use of solvent additives to achieve power-conversion efficiencies of up to 3.7% is demonstrated.
The Effect of a Standardized Data Collection form on the Examination and Diagnosis of Patients with Abdominal Pain

Abdominal pain (AP) is one of the most common complaints of patients, accounting for about 5% of all cases seen in the Emergency Department. Yet, abdominal pain is frequently evaluated in an irregular and non-standard manner, even within individual institutions. Thus, we developed a form that prompted for AP-specific information and hypothesized that use of such a form would increase the quantity and quality of data collected. All 11 emergency medicine residents at our institution were enrolled as subjects during a single calendar month (January, 2001) and were asked to use the new AP form during the weeks 2 and 3 (weeks 1 and 4 were the control period). Results showed that the use of the AP form significantly increased the recording of information related to: history of present illness, past medical and social history, review of systems, and physical exam. Such a complete data set is useful for follow-on consultations with different physicians, and also allows for long-term retrospective analyses of the ...
Candidate Diagnostic Markers and Tumor Suppressor Genes for Adrenocortical Carcinoma by Expression Profile of Genes on Chromosome 11q13

The most common genetic change observed in adrenocortical carcinoma is loss of heterozygozity on chromosome 11q13. As genes on this chromosome may be important in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical carcinoma, we compared their expression profile between benign and malignant adrenocortical tissue. We used the Affymetrix GeneChip (U133 plus 2.0) array in 54 adrenocortical tumors (11 carcinoma and 43 benign). Differential gene expression was defined as a twofold higher or lower gene expression level (p 0.5). Six genes (SERPING1, MRPL48, TM7SF2, DDB1, NDUSF8, PRDX5) validated by RT-PCR were significantly differentially expressed between benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors (p < 0.05) with an overall accuracy of 89% for SERPING1, 91% for MRPL48, 87% for TM7SF2, 88% for DDB1, 91% for NDUFS8, and 89% for PRDX5. The AUC was 0.89 for the combination of SERPING1, MRPL48, TM7SF2, DDB1, and NDUFS8. We have identified 25 genes located on chromosome 11q13 that are downregulated in adrenocortical carcinoma and may be candidate tumor suppressor genes. Six of these genes were good diagnostic markers for distinguishing adrenocortical carcinoma from adenoma.
America Gives: A Survey of Americans’ Generosity After September 11:

This article describes a telephone survey (called “America Gives”) that asked 1,304 randomly selected adults about their philanthropic behavior (giving of time and treasure) after the events of September 11, 2001. The questions were part of a larger national study (n = 4,200) on giving and volunteering that was being conducted at the time of the September 11 attacks. This article provides a brief description of that study, the methodological considerations resulting from the immediate philanthropic response to the September 11 events, and steps that were taken to adapt the study to the changing national conditions. Next, the authors provide descriptive results from the survey, along with multivariate analyses of the determinants of giving and volunteering in this unique situation. Finally, the authors provide some caveats for researchers who may want to assess household giving and volunteering, and discuss implications for nonprofit managers and policy makers.
Two-dimensional, Spectral Doppler, and Color Flow Imaging in Adults With Acquired and Congenital Cor Triatriatum

Four adult patients ranging in age from 37 to 72 years with cor triatriatum diagnosed by two-dimensional, spectral Doppler, and color flow imaging are presented, including a previously undescribed "acquired" form after orthotopic heart transplantation and the oldest documented patient with cor triatriatum. The echocardiographic features of cor triatriatum with use of surface and transesophageal imaging are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the color flow findings. Color flow imaging has simplified the diagnosis and assessment of cor triatriatum, including the demonstration of other often-associated congenital cardiac anomalies.
Resistant Groups in Enterprise System Implementations: A Q-Methodology Examination:

This paper is an initial investigation into types of user resistance and the management strategy expectations of users in a mandatory adoption setting. Despite its relationship to adoption, relatively little is known about user resistance. User resistance is investigated in the Enterprise System (ES) environment because the complexity and richness of ES leads users to manifest a large range of resistant behaviors and beliefs. Using Concourse Theory and Q-methodology, ES users are interviewed followed by the development of a Q-sort questionnaire, which was distributed to ES users. The results reveal eight user groups and address the management strategies preferred by each group. The results have implications for both research in the field of user resistance and adoption, and practitioners involved in system implementation.
Optic neuritis due to acquired toxoplasmosis

A pediatric patient with well documented acquired toxoplasmic optic neuritis is presented. Use of immunoglobulin M immunofluorescent antibody studies allow easier identification of recently acquired toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmic optic neuritis and retinitis should be considered along with toxoplasmic meningitis or encephalitis as complications of acquired toxoplasmosis. Therapy is available which may decrease the duration of visual symptomatology and reduce residual visual impairment.
Financial Fraud and Guerrilla Violence in Missouri's Civil War, 1861-1865

This highly original work explores a previously unknown financial conspiracy at the start of the American Civil War. The book explains the reasons for the puzzling intensity of Missouri's guerrilla conflict, and for the state's anomalous experience in Reconstruction. In the broader history of the war, the book reveals for the first time the nature of military mobilization in the antebellum United States.
Regulation of Aromatase Activity of Stromal Cells Derived from Human Adipose Tissue

Stromal cells derived from human sc adipose tissue and maintained in monolayer culture aromatize androstenedione to estrogens. Incubation of such stromal cells with dexamethasone (2.5 × 10-7 M) in medium that contained fetal calf serum (15%) resulted in a detectable increase in aromatase activity after 3 h and a 30-fold increase in enzyme activity by 18 h; this level was maintained through 48 h with a slight decline by 72 h. The effect of dexamethasone was diminished greatly when serum was removed from the culture medium. Incubation of stromal cells in medium without fetal calf serum for 24 h with (Bu)2cAMP (1 mM) resulted in a 15-fold increase in aromatase activity; the effect of (Bu>2cAMP was diminished by 70% when fetal calf serum (15%) was present in the culture medium. The time course of induction of aromatase activity of stromal cells maintained in medium without serum in response to (Bu)2cAMP differed strikingly from that of aromatase induction of stromal cells incubated in serum-containing medium ...
Activity and Attachment in 10-Month-Old Infants

Summary This study was predicated upon the hypotheses that home activity measures should be reflected in laboratory measures of infant behavior, that older infants should exhibit similar constellations of activity as observed in early infancy by Escalona. Moreover, clarification of the relationships among attachment, exploratory behavior, and separation behavior were examined. Twenty-eight 10-month-old infants were observed by two independent teams, one measuring activity in the home situation and one measuring attachment behaviors in a videotaped standard laboratory sequence. The data were analyzed for each class of behavior and for interrelationships. Continuities of behavior between home and laboratory were noted for large muscle behavior and for a self-soothing pattern. These were discussed in relation to previous literature.
Photoionization Cross Sections Using the Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock and its Extensions

We discuss the use of the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) to obtain initial state wave functions for photoionization calculations. An extension of the MCHF, a multiconfiguration V(N-1)LS, can be used to obtain final state wave functions such that most intrachannel corrections to these wave functions vanish. Application of these techniques to the rare gases and the Cl are discussed. In the case of Cl, the strong interchannel interactions are included through use of the K-matrix. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for the rare gases.
Thermal Signatures of Heat Transfer Processes in the Earth's Crust

Thermal Signatures of Heat Transfer Processes in the Earth's Crust is a revised version of the author's D.Sc. thesis. It is a relatively short paperback that will mainly be of interest to those specializing in the study of terrestrial heat flow. The book is divided into four sections. The first is a brief introduction that argues for the importance and relevance of thermal methods to geological problems and the difficulties and complications of interpreting thermal data. The second section is titled “Spatial and Temporal Scales for Heat Transport Processes.” After a brief tutorial on diffusion, two case studies are presented that involve the reconstruction of climate histories from inversion of borehole temperature logs. The analyses contain some beautiful color igures. The third section is titled “Identification of Diffusion and Advection: Two Case Studies…” and discusses analysis of temperature logs from the 9-km-deep KTB drill hole in Germany, and the 12-km-deep borehole on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. The fourth section is short, and it analyzes the “influence of an intrusion in the lower crust on the thermal regime in the upper crust.”
Decreased progression of postinjury lung dysfunction to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure

Background Postinjury organ dysfunction is a result of unbridled systemic hyperinflammation. According to the two-event construct, patients are resuscitated into an early vulnerable window of systemic hyperinflammation (primed) in which a second otherwise innocuous event precipitates uncontrolled hyperinflammation, leading to secondary organ damage and dysfunction (activated). Recent efforts to decrease postinjury morbidity have focused on limiting the potential of second events and systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that the collective effects of recently implemented therapeutic strategies have resulted in decreased activation of the systemic inflammatory response relative to priming in recent years. Methods Data were collected prospectively on trauma patients at risk for postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF). Inclusion criteria were age >15 years, trauma intensive care unit admission, Injury Severity Score >15 and survival >48 hours. Isolated head injuries and head injuries with an extracranial abbreviated injury score Results Over a 6.5-year period 897 patients were studied; 271 (31%) developed ARDS, and 226 (25%) developed MOF. Early lung dysfunction, as a measure of systemic priming, did not change over the study period. In contrast, the incidence of ARDS and MOF decreased from 43% to 25% and 33% to 12%, respectively. The incidence of early MOF decreased from 22% to 7% over the study period. Conclusions Priming of the postinjury inflammatory response is an early event and is primarily influenced by the injury itself. Recent advances in postinjury care such as judicious blood transfusion, lung protective ventilation, treatment of adrenal insufficiency, and tight glucose control are known to attenuate systemic inflammation. Step-wise adoption of these therapies is coincident with a decrease in the destructive processes resulting in ARDS and MOF. The global effect is a decrease in activation of the systemic inflammatory response over recent years.
Factors to actors: implications of posthumanism for social justice work

Contexts, tools, and other nonhuman factors are central to the practice and scholarship of technical communication, particularly communication design. But viewed through the lens of posthumanism, these considerations shift from factors to actors: the hierarchy between humans and nonhumans flattens, and the agency of nonhuman actors and assemblages of actors can be explicitly recognized and accounted for. Planning for the agentive capacities of human and nonhuman actors is a strategy with particular promise for work in social justice. This paper demonstrates how posthumanism can contribute to social justice research in technical communication: presenting two strengths of posthumanism for informing this work and two concerns which may threaten the goals of social justice. Illustrating these points, we present data from a study of transit-dependent bus riders' experiences, demonstrating how posthumanism expands considerations for design. We conclude with three implications to guide scholars in viewing social justice issues through lenses of posthumanism.
To what extent can instructors influence student motivation in the classroom

Understanding student motivation is an essential aspect of effective course design. Since motivations are related to learning outcomes ranging from critical thinking to creativity to lifelong learning, helping students develop positive motivations toward learning is critical for the engagement and success of tomorrow's STEM graduates. In this workshop, we explore the specific roles that instructors may play in influencing students' activity-level, or situational, motivation. The workshop offers an opportunity for instructors to directly apply motivation theory and empirical research findings to practical course design, and to identify specific ways in which they may positively influence their students' motivational responses in the classroom.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer operation under anode liquid and cathode vapor feed configurations

Abstract Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis is a potential alternative technology to crack water in specialty applications where a dry gas stream is needed, such as isotope production. One design proposal is to feed the cathode of the electrolyzer with vapor phase water. This feed configuration would allow isotopic water to be isolated on the cathode side of the electrolyzer and the isotope recovery system could be operated in a closed loop. Tests were performed to characterize the difference in the current–voltage behavior between a PEM electrolyzer operated with a cathode water vapor feed and with an anode liquid water feed. The cathode water vapor feed cell had a maximum limiting current density of 400 mA/cm2 at 70 °C compared to a current density of 800 mA/cm2 for the anode liquid feed cell at 70 °C. The limiting current densities for the cathode water vapor feed cell were similar to those predicted by a water mass transfer model. It is estimated that a cathode water vapor feed electrolyzer system will need to be between 5 and 8 times larger in active area or number of cells than an anode liquid feed system.
A characterization of nearest-neighbor rule decision surfaces and a new approach to generate them

Abstract The paper considers generating nearest-neighbor rule decision surfaces as an application of a maxmin problem. The maxmin problem is to locate a point in a given convex polyhedron which maximizes the minimum distance from a given set of points in the polyhedron. A characterization of the decision surfaces in n-dimensions is given, and the difficulty involved in generating the decision surfaces in higher dimensional spaces is brought out through this characterization. However, a novel method is presented to generate the surfaces in three dimensions using the algorithm for the maxmin problem.
The government versus management controversy: Ascribing responsibility for the failure of a public corporation in Nigeria

Efforts to employ public corporations in African countries to promote development have had limited success. A major controversy has developed over who is responsible for such failure. On the one hand are those who accuse management; on the other hand are those who accuse government. This study seeks to assess the merits of the contending arguments through an analysis of Nigeria'S Cross River State Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC). There is a strong prima-facie case against management. It failed to sustain the enterprise; it failed to produce any profits; it failed to give employees satisfaction in their work; it failed to give strong direction to the corporation; it failed significantly to advance the technology of the ADC; and it made little contribution to the community. But, on close examination, it is apparent that management'S failure was a consequence of structural and financial constraints imposed on it by government. Thus, real responsibility for the failure of the ADC belongs with the government. The reasons for government ‘killing’ its own public corporation are partly constraints imposed on it and partly the opposition of its supporters to public enterprise.
Pannexin-1 hemichannel–mediated ATP release together with P2X1 and P2X4 receptors regulate T-cell activation at the immune synapse

Engagement of T cells with antigen-presenting cells requires T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation at the immune synapse. We previously reported that TCR stimulation induces the release of cellular adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) that regulates T-cell activation. Here we tested the roles of pannexin-1 hemichannels, which have been implicated in ATP release, and of various P2X receptors, which serve as ATP-gated Ca2+ channels, in events that control T-cell activation. TCR stimulation results in the translocation of P2X1 and P2X4 receptors and pannexin-1 hemichannels to the immune synapse, while P2X7 receptors remain uniformly distributed on the cell surface. Removal of extracellular ATP or inhibition, mutation, or silencing of P2X1 and P2X4 receptors inhibits Ca2+ entry, nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) activation, and induction of interleukin-2 synthesis. Inhibition of pannexin-1 hemichannels suppresses TCR-induced ATP release, Ca2+ entry, and T-cell activation. We conclude that pannexin-1 hemichannels and P2X1 and P2X4 receptors facilitate ATP release and autocrine feedback mechanisms that control Ca2+ entry and T-cell activa-tion at the immune synapse.
Are international technology gaps growing or shrinking in the age of globalization

This article examines changing international technology gaps over the recent period of globalization, 1972–2001, using a novel measure of technology. It evaluates each economy's technology level based on the goods it exports, considering each product's average productivity and relative quality level. The analysis reveals a growing disparity between the most- and least-sophisticated economies and a lack of intradistributional mobility. Results are consistent with a view of globalization in which emergent specialization patterns in advanced economies allow them to maintain and even extend their lead over technological latecomers, even as some developing economies are climbing up the ladder.
Physician Identification of Barriers to the Delivery of Immunizations in Urban and Rural Areas of Colorado 615

Background: Limited data is available concerning the barriers to the delivery of immunizations in rural areas.
Purification and in vitro growth of human epidermal basal keratinocytes using a monoclonal antibody.

We have made a new monoclonal antibody, EL-2, and used it with an immunorosetting procedure combined with Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation to purify and culture basal keratinocytes. Immunofluorescence of cell suspensions and immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections demonstrate that EL-2 reacts with malignant cell lines, activated lymphocytes and monocytes, and basal keratinocytes. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies EL-2 and 4F2 detect the same membrane protein. However, we have extended previous studies by making the new observation that both EL-2 and 4F2 react with cultured melanocytes. Basal keratinocytes were purified from single-cell epidermal suspensions by incubation with EL-2 followed by rosetting with rabbit antimouse IgG antibodies covalently linked to bovine red blood cells. Rosetting (basal) keratinocytes were separated from EL-2 negative cells by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. We obtained basal keratinocyte populations of >90% purity as assessed by reactivity with EL-2 and another basal keratinocyte-specific monoclonal antibody, HCl. Langerhans cell, fibroblast, and melanocyte contamination was negligible. Cultures of basal keratinocytes were enriched in EL-2-reactive cells throughout the entire 19 days of culture studied. EL-2 is being used to characterize disorders of keratinocyte proliferation; EL-2 reacted with both squamous and basal cell carcinomas. EL-2 stained only the basal layer of lesional skin from patients with psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and Darier's disease. Purification of basal keratinocytes will be important in biochemical and functional studies of normal skin and in establishing long-term keratinocyte lines from normal cells.
The acceptability of voluntary HIV antibody testing in the United States: a decade of lessons learned

Objective : As the benefits of early diagnosis of HIV increase, US adults are more likely to be offered HIV counseling and testing in settings where they may not seek testing. Rates and determinants of counseling and testing acceptance in these settings are poorly understood. Design : We reviewed articles and abstracts published from 1985 to 1995 which addressed rates or determinants of counseling and testing acceptance in facilities that provide perinatal, family planning, gynecology, sexually transmitted disease (STD) and drug treatment services, hospitals, and prisons. Data reflected testing experience of more than 240 000 adults. Results : Acceptance rates varied widely (3-100%), even within settings of the same type. Acceptance was generally higher (> 50%) among persons at high risk for acquiring or transmitting the infection (e.g., STD patients, pregnant women at high risk) than among low-risk persons. Factors associated with high acceptance rates included the client's perception of HIV risk, acknowledging risk behaviors ; confidentiality protections; presenting counseling and testing as 'routine' rather than optional ; and the provider's belief that counseling and testing will benefit the client. Factors associated with low acceptance rates included prior HIV testing, fears about coping with results, and explicit informed consent. Conclusions : To institute and evaluate counseling and testing programs for persons who do not specifically seek testing, multiple determinants of acceptance must be considered. Practices that protect confidentiality, endorse counseling directed to a client's unique circumstances, and highlight the medical and social benefits of testing are likely to promote acceptance. Acceptance of counseling and testing offered non-routinely to the numerous Americans who have been previously tested or are at low risk is likely to be low.