cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Plasmalogen-type" cyclic acetals: formation and conformation of the 1,3-dioxanes and 1,3-dioxolanes from 1-0-cis-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycerols.

Acid-catalyzed cyclization of 1-O-cis-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycerol produced four structurally and geometrically isomeric long-chain cyclic acetals of glycerol. The isomers were isolated by adsorption and gas-liquid chromatography and were identified as cis-2-alkyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane (Ia), trans-2-alkyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane (IIa), cis-2-alkyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (IIIa), and trans-2-alkyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (IVa). The structure of each isomer was established by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Cyclization with p-toluenesulfonic acid in boiling benzene led to a thermodynamically equilibrated mixture of isomers Ia-IVa in which the cis isomers predominated. Cyclization in acetic acid was found to be kinetically controlled, and formation of the trans isomers was relatively favored. Rearrangement of the cyclic acetal isomers did not occur in acetic acid; hence, optically active five-membered ring acetals were prepared.
77-year-old female with syncope.

Clinical introduction A 77-year-old female was referred for evaluation of an episode of syncope while eating breakfast. There was no history of fall, syncope, prodrome, dyspnoea, chest discomfort or palpitations. Medical history was notable for hyperlipidaemia and treated hypertension. Blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg, pulse 85 beats per minute (BPM). No murmurs were present on cardiac examination. ECG revealed normal sinus rhythm with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (see online supplementary figure S1). Holter monitor demonstrated rare premature ventricular complexes ( Question Which of the following is the explanation for the flow indicated by the yellow arrow? Aortic stenosis Coronary artery flow, indicative of coronary fistula Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical pouch Hypertensive heart disease Mitral stenosis
Learning, Literacy and Sustainable Development: Inclusion, Vulnerability and the SDGs

Pope Francis has called on the world community to address sustainable development, stating that “no renewal of our relationship with nature [can be achieved] without a renewal of humanity itself.” This chapter reviews the ways in which literacy and education address the challenges of the new 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A number of key issues are discussed. First, international and national development commitments to literacy and basic education are reviewed and progress is noted. Second, we consider the impact of globalization that is already putting demographic, migration, technological and other pressures on our planet. Third, we look at how climate and environmental changes intersect with and carry their own impending consequences for sustainable development. Fourth, we review how literacy and schooling can foster both awareness and complex thinking skills concerning the complexities of sustainability challenges, and how to prepare the next generation of children and youth. Fifth, the vulnerability of poor and marginalized populations is delineated, along with new ways for multi-sectoral partnerships in agriculture and health. Sixth, implications are drawn with respect to the breadth of the SDGs, and their interaction with literacy education. Overall, we argue that greater investments in content awareness and critical thinking skills are needed to help people learn about and manage sustainability, and that special consideration must be given to the impact of sustainability on poor and marginalized groups.
Abstract 2311: Targeting EMT and MET breast cancer stem cell states through simultaneous inhibition of glycolytic and antioxidant pathways

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor growth as well as mediating metastasis and treatment resistance. In breast cancer (BC), CSCs exist in alternative mesenchymal (EMT) and epithelial (MET)-like states characterized by the expression of CD44+CD24- and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) respectively. BCSCs display phenotypic plasticity allowing them to transition between EMT and MET states in a process regulated by the tumor microenvironment. The plasticity of BCSCs suggests that it may be necessary to simultaneously target alternative BCSC states to achieve maximal eradication of these cell populations. In order to develop strategies to target these BCSC states, we measured the cellular bioenergetics of EMT and MET BCSCs compared to non-stem bulk tumor cells as well as the sensitivity of distinct BCSC states to inhibitors of glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism. Using a Seahorse XCF instrument, we found that both MET and EMT BCSCs display higher glycolytic potential than bulk tumor cells. Increased glycolysis correlated with elevated expression of hexokinase 2, a rate limiting glycolytic enzyme in cancer. Interestingly, the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), specifically inhibited EMT BCSCs in a dose dependent fashion; however, MET BCSCs were completely refractory to this treatment. Proteomic and RNA-seq analyses revealed that two important arms of hydroperoxide metabolism, the thioredoxin- and glutathione-mediated antioxidant pathways, were robustly up-regulated in MET BCSCs, suggesting that these cells are rendered resistant to glycolysis inhibition via an enhanced anti-oxidant defense. Pharmacologic inhibition of this antioxidant defense by Auranofin (an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase) is sufficient to deplete MET BCSCs in SUM149 BC cells which were rescued by NAC, a ROS scavenger, or catalase, a specific enzyme capable of degrading intracellular H2O2. Finally, administration of 2DG together with Auranofin and BSO (an inhibitor of glutathione metabolism) synergistically suppressed tumor growth in a patient derived xenograft (PDX) model by suppressing both EMT and MET BCSCs. This study suggests that utilizing metabolic inhibition to simultaneously target EMT and MET BCSCs is a viable therapeutic strategy with important clinical implications. Citation Format: Ming Luo, April Davis, Sean McDermott, Evelyn Jiagge, Michael Brooks, Elizabeth Gheordunescu, Tahra Luther, Shawn G. Clouthier, Sarah Conley, Douglas R. Spitz, Max S. Wicha. Targeting EMT and MET breast cancer stem cell states through simultaneous inhibition of glycolytic and antioxidant pathways. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2311. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2311
The Impact of Damping on Flicker Frequency Noise of AlN Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators

This paper presents a detailed study on the effect of damping on flicker frequency (1/f) noise of 1.1-GHz aluminum nitride (AlN) contour mode resonators (CMRs). A total of 52 different AlN CMRs with different sizes, electrode designs, and anchor types are systemically designed and fabricated to give a wide range of quality factors ( $Q)$ from 300 to 3500, allowing the study of how two major damping mechanisms in AlN CMRs: 1) anchor losses; and 2) thermoelastic damping affect the resonator 1/f noise. In total, we have measured 1/f noise of 104 CMRs using the modified homodyne noise measurement setup and the results confirm that 1/f noise shows a clear power law dependency ranging from 1/ $Q^{2.7}$ to 1/ $Q^{3.5}$ , depending on the main nature of the damping mechanism. Additionally, we have measured 1/f noise of 25 CMRs at 10 K and the results follow the trend observed at ambient temperature. Understanding and accounting for the effect of damping on 1/f noise are crucial for building ultra-low noise microelectromechanical systems resonators for sensing, timing, and frequency applications. [2016-0204]
A Chlorhexidine Solution Reduces Aerobic Organism Growth in Operative Splash Basins in a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background Despite recommendations against the use of splash basins, due to the potential of bacterial contamination, our observation has been that they continue to be used in operating theaters. In hopes of decontaminating the splash basin, we sought to determine if the addition of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) would eliminate aerobic bacterial growth within the splash basin. Methods After Institutional Review Board approval, we began enrollment in a randomized controlled trial comparing 2 splash basin solutions. Splash basins (n = 111) were randomized to either the standard of care (control) solution of sterile water or the experimental solution containing 0.05% CHG. One 20 mL aliquot was taken from the basin at the end of the surgical case and delivered to an independent laboratory. Samples were plated on tryptic soy agar (medium) and incubated at 30°C-35°C to encourage growth. After 48-72 hours, the agar plates were examined for growth and a standard plate count of aerobic cultures was performed. Results The sterile water group was found to have bacterial growth in 9% of samples compared to no growth in the CHG group (P = .045). The organisms included Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus hominis, Gram-variable coccobacilli, and unidentifiable Gram-positive rods. Conclusion Given the safety and efficacy of a concentration of 0.05% CHG in reducing the bacterial contamination in the operative splash basin, it would seem that if the practice of using a splash basin in the operating theater is to be continued, the addition of an antiseptic solution such as that studied here should be considered.
Transcriptomic and bioinformatics analysis of the early time-course of the response to prostaglandin F2 alpha in the bovine corpus luteum

RNA expression analysis was performed on the corpus luteum tissue at five time points after prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment of midcycle cows using an Affymetrix Bovine Gene v1 Array. The normalized linear microarray data was uploaded to the NCBI GEO repository (GSE94069). Subsequent statistical analysis determined differentially expressed transcripts ± 1.5-fold change from saline control with P ≤ 0.05. Gene ontology of differentially expressed transcripts was annotated by DAVID and Panther. Physiological characteristics of the study animals are presented in a figure. Bioinformatic analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was curated, compiled, and presented in tables. A dataset comparison with similar microarray analyses was performed and bioinformatics analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, DAVID, Panther, and String of differentially expressed genes from each dataset as well as the differentially expressed genes common to all three datasets were curated, compiled, and presented in tables. Finally, a table comparing four bioinformatics tools' predictions of functions associated with genes common to all three datasets is presented. These data have been further analyzed and interpreted in the companion article "Early transcriptome responses of the bovine mid-cycle corpus luteum to prostaglandin F2 alpha includes cytokine signaling" [1].
Some Ethical Issues in Computation and Disclosure of Interest Rate and Cost of Credit

Although the mathematics of interest is very precise, the practice of charging computing and disclosing interest or cost of credit is full of variations and therefore often questionable on ethical grounds. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the prevalent practices which are incorrect, illogical, unfair or deceptive. Both utilitarian and formalist schools of ethical theory would find these practices to be inappropriate. The paper will specifically look at unfair practices in the areas of estimation of intrayear rates, use of 360 days in a year, the "rule of 78th", interest rate ('APR') advertising, and computation of unpaid balance by credit card issuers to figure interest costs.
Spotlight On: Malicious Insiders and Organized Crime Activity

This report is based on the fifth article in the Spotlight On quarterly series published by the CERT® Insider Threat Center. Each report focuses on a specific area of concern and presents analysis based on hundreds of actual insider threat cases cataloged in the CERT insider threat database. The focus of this report is on current or former employees, contractors, or business partners who were affiliated with, or are considered to be part of, organized crime. The case material came from a mixture of court documents, Department of Justice press releases, interviews, and media reports. This report defines malicious insiders and organized crime and provides a snapshot of who malicious insiders are, what and how they strike, and why. This report concludes with a summary of the relevant details of the highlighted cases and offers recommendations that could potentially mitigate the risk of similar occurrences.
The Emerging Global Regime for Investment

Although the 3000 international investment treaties concluded since the end of World War II are separate and distinct international legal instruments, they constitute, as a group, an emerging global regime for investment. Drawing on regime theory from the field of international relations, this Article examines the elements of the international investment regime, the reasons for its development, the goals that it pursues, and the challenges that it faces. While having all the characteristics of other international regimes, the investment regime also has three unique features: it has been bilaterally, rather than multilaterally, constructed; it decentralizes and privatizes decisionmaking processes; and it is not based on a multilateral international organization. All of these features have significant consequences for the functionality and sustainability of the regime. The regime also faces four major challenges: (1) disappointing regime results; (2) perceived defective decisionmaking processes and unjustified constraints on national sovereignty; (3) divergence of participant expectations; and (4) the impact of national and global economic crises. On the other hand, certain other factors tend to give the regime a sticky quality that makes the departure of members difficult. Nonetheless, the international investment regime will require wise management and flexible leadership in the future if it is to withstand these challenges and achieve its potential.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid affects γH2AX expression in osteosarcoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor and normal tissue cell lines after irradiation

Osteosarcoma and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors are tumor entities with varying response to common standard therapy protocols. Histone acetylation affects chromatin structure and gene expression which are considered to influence radiation sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination therapy with the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and irradiation on atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors and osteosarcoma compared to normal tissue cell lines. Clonogenic assay was used to determine cell survival. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) were examined by pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) as well as by γH2AX immunostaining involving flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and immunoblot analysis. SAHA lead to an increased radiosensitivity in tumor but not in normal tissue cell lines. γH2AX expression as an indicator for DSB was significantly increased when SAHA was applied 24 h before irradiation to the sarcoma cell cultures. In contrast, γH2AX expression in the normal tissue cell lines was significantly reduced when irradiation was combined with SAHA. Analysis of initial DNA fragmentation and fragment rejoining by PFGE, however, did not reveal differences in response to the SAHA pretreatment for either cell type. SAHA increases radiosensitivity in tumor but not normal tissue cell lines. The increased H2AX phosphorylation status of the SAHA-treated tumor cells post irradiation likely reflects its delayed dephosphorylation within the DNA damage signal decay rather than chromatin acetylation-dependent differences in the overall efficacy of DSB induction and rejoining. The results support the hypothesis that combining SAHA with irradiation may provide a promising strategy in the treatment of solid tumors.
Risk factors for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.

6559Background: Several risk factors for febrile neutropenia (FN) have been identified in previous studies (eg, chemotherapy [chemo] dose intensity, advanced age, and comorbidities). The possible b...
Ontology reconsidered

This paper is a reconsideration of the approach to ontology used in some projects over the last several years. The view expressed here is that ontology has been a sometimes useful, but often-troublesome component in applied AI systems. This is especially true as the domain of the system is beyond a tight single domain. The conclusion is that a different approach can be used to extend the usefulness of ontologies in broad domain systems.
Chronic Ethanol Exposure Disrupts Lactate and Glucose Homeostasis and Induces Dysfunction of the Astrocyte‐Neuron Lactate Shuttle in the Brain

Background Impairment of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-dependent astrocyte-neuron lactate transfer disrupts long-term memory and erases drug-associated memories in mice. However, few studies have examined how drugs of abuse alter astrocyte-neuron lactate transfer in neurocircuits related to addiction. This is particularly pertinent for ethanol (EtOH), which has been demonstrated to impair central nervious system (CNS) glucose uptake and significantly alter peripheral levels of glucose, lactate, acetate, and ketones. Methods We subjected C57BL/6J mice to a chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure paradigm to investigate how chronic EtOH exposure alters the concentration of glucose and lactate within the serum and CNS during withdrawal. Next, we determine how chronic injections of lactate (1 g/kg, twice daily for 2 weeks) influence central and peripheral glucose and lactate concentrations. Finally, we determine how CIE and chronic lactate injection affect astrocyte-neuron lactate transfer by analyzing the expression of MCTs. Results Our results show that CIE induces lasting changes in CNS glucose and lactate concentrations, accompanied by increased expression of MCTs. Interestingly, although chronic lactate injection mimics the effect of EtOH on CNS metabolites, chronic lactate injection is not associated with increased expression of MCTs. Conclusion CIE increases CNS concentrations of glucose and lactate and augments the expression of MCTs. Although we found that chronic lactate injection mimics EtOH-induced increases in CNS lactate and glucose, lactate failed to alter the expression of MCTs. This suggests that although lactate may influence the homeostasis of bioenergetic molecules in the CNS, EtOH-associated increases in lactate are not responsible for increased MCT expression.
Inotropic and chronotropic effects of sotalol in healthy dogs.

Abstract Introduction Sotalol is an anti-arrhythmic drug commonly used for the treatment of pathologic tachyarrhythmias in dogs. The β-adrenergic blockade associated with sotalol administration may result in reduced myocardial contractility, which is clinically relevant for treating dogs with arrhythmias and concurrent myocardial dysfunction. The inotropic properties of sotalol are not well characterized in dogs. Animals, Materials, and Methods Ten healthy, adult, large breed dogs were prospectively enrolled. All dogs underwent physical examination, blood pressure measurement, electrocardiography, 24-h Holter monitoring, and echocardiography including three-dimensional left ventricular volume measurements. Dogs were subsequently administered sotalol (1–2 mg/kg) orally twice daily for 12–16 days, and the same diagnostic tests were performed. Paired statistical analysis was used to compare parameters at baseline and after treatment with sotalol. Results Standard echocardiographic parameters of systolic function were reduced on sotalol compared to baseline, including ejection fraction via Simpson's method of disks which was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.77–8.83%, p = 0.002) lower post-treatment. Maximum heart rate on Holter monitor was 17 bpm (95% CI: 9–37 bpm, p = 0.002) lower post-treatment than at baseline. Conclusions Sotalol has a mild negative inotropic effect in healthy dogs based on standard echocardiographic measurements. There is also a negative chronotropic effect at higher heart rates based on 24-h Holter monitoring.
Presentation of a Large and Debilitating Fungating Anogenital Lesion.

Abstract Case Report A 65-year-old Caucasian man presented with a debilitating anogenital lesion. Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis of anogenital lesions includes infectious (syphilis, herpes simplex virus), noninfectious (hidradenitis suppuritiva, lymphedema), benign (condyloma acuminata), and malignant pathologies (squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma). Diagnostic Assessment, Management, and Outcome Biopsy of an anogenital lesion will determine any oncologic potential. Further imaging can better characterize the disease. Once in the operating room, oncologic principles should be adhered to and quality of life concerns prioritized. Reconstruction of large defects may require a multidisciplinary team. Genitourinary and gastrointestinal diversions should be considered to improve wound healing, decrease infection risk, and optimize graft take. Discussion A multidisciplinary approach to medical and surgical reconstruction of anogenital lesions should be considered for extensive malformations.
Pengembangan Varietas Unggul Padi untuk Lahan Terdampak Salinitas

Kadar garam yang tinggi pada tanah menjadi salah satu masalah utama pada pertanaman padi di lahan rawa pasang surut dan lahan sawah sepanjang pesisir pantai. Konsentrasi garam yang tinggi pada tanah dapat menyebabkan penurunan hasil bahkan dapat mengakibatkan gagal panen atau puso. Penanaman varietas yang toleran terhadap salinitas menjadi cara yang paling efisien untuk mengurangi dampak negatif kegaraman tanah terhadap keberlanjutan poduksi padi. Berbagai usaha telah ditempuh untuk memperbaiki toleransi tanaman padi baik melalui pemuliaan konvensional, maupun dengan bantuan teknologi seperti marka molekuler dan rekayasa genetik. Pengetahuan dalam mekanisme toleransi tanaman padi terhadap cekaman salinitas telah berkembang dengan pesat mendukung program perakitan varietas toleran. Sejumlah varietas unggul padi toleran salinitas telah dilepas di Indonesia dan potensial untuk diadopsi petani di lahan terdampak salinitas. Makalah ini akan membahas kemajuan yang telah diperoleh dalam studi terkait toleransi tanaman terhadap salinitas dan strategi pengembangan varietas padi toleran salinitas yang dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas padi di lahan-lahan pertanian yang terdampak salinitas di Indonesia.
Synthesis, growth mechanism and photocatalytic properties of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoflower: a hydrothermal process

The present report explores the synthesis strategy of flower like Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanostructures from nanosheets as their building blocks in the presence of citric acid as surfactant. An easy an...
A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at 30 pc

We report the discovery of three small transiting planets orbiting GJ 9827, a bright (K = 7.2) nearby late K-type dwarf star. GJ 9827 hosts a 1.62 ± 0.11 R⊕ super Earth on a 1.2 day period, a 1.269^(+0.087)_(-0.089) R⊕ super Earth on a 3.6 day period, and a 2.07 ± 0.14 R⊕ super Earth on a 6.2 day period. The radii of the planets transiting GJ 9827 span the transition between predominantly rocky and gaseous planets, and GJ 9827 b and c fall in or close to the known gap in the radius distribution of small planets between these populations. At a distance of 30 pc, GJ 9827 is the closest exoplanet host discovered by K2 to date, making these planets well-suited for atmospheric studies with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope. The GJ 9827 system provides a valuable opportunity to characterize interior structure and atmospheric properties of coeval planets spanning the rocky to gaseous transition.
Agile Library Instruction: Piloting Collaboratively-Created Information Literacy Modules

This article describes the creation and piloting of a series of online information literacy instructional modules intentionally incorporating Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles. Using UDL frameworks to guide different elements of the online modules, the authors have been able to accommodate the challenging learning differences, environments, and circumstances that arose from or were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The modules were created collaboratively by a team of librarians who had little to no previous experience with distance and online learning initiatives. © 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Transcriptomic analysis of changes in Citrus × microcarpa gene expression post Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri infection

Citrus canker (CC) is an economically important bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). There is variability in resistance to CC among Citrus species. Previous transcriptomic studies have shown that Xcc downregulates biosynthesis of secondary metabolites at early stages of infection in susceptible citrus. However, in partially resistant calamondin (Citrus × microcarpa), increased secondary metabolite production has been reported post Xcc inoculation. We analyzed the calamondin transcriptome and discovered 3318 and 7740 differentially expressed (DE) genes between Xcc-inoculated and control samples at 2- and 5-days post inoculation (dpi), respectively. Among the DE genes, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (PPB) pathway, a major secondary metabolite synthesis pathway, was upregulated at early stages (2 dpi) of Xcc infection. Furthermore, in contrast to previous studies of susceptible Citrus species, pathways related to a resistance response (such as plant-pathogen interaction and MAPK signaling pathway) were upregulated whereas the pathways related to a susceptible response (such as auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis and cell wall degradation) were not significantly upregulated in calamondin. The transcriptomic regulation of plant hormone biosynthesis in calamondin was also different from the susceptible citrus. Thus, PPB may represent the principal biochemical pathway underlying CC resistance.
Acquired Antibiotic Resistances in Enterococci

This chapter provides an overview of the most clinically relevant acquired antibiotic resistance mechanisms in enterococci. Enterococci possess a natural, intrinsic resistance to β-lactam antibiotics that is due to the low affinity of their penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) for the β-lactam agents. Enterococci possess at least five and at times more than nine different PBPs. Enterococci intrinsically possess a low level of resistance to aminoglycosides by limiting transport of the drugs across the cell membrane. The glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin are used to treat serious infections due to resistant gram-positive organisms. The most common acquired resistance mechanism among enterococci to the macrolide antibiotics is the production of an enzyme that methylates an adenine residue in the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant enterococci in many hospitals has led to an interest in using chloramphenicol as an alternative therapeutic agent. There are two major mechanisms of tetracycline resistance in enterococci: (i) active efflux of the drug across the cell membrane, and (ii) ribosomal protection. The oxazolidinones are a new class of antimicrobial agents developed for use against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Evemimicin is an oligosaccharide antimicrobial agent that has shown excellent in vitro activity against enterococci. Ciprofloxacin's activity against enterococci is moderate at best, and quinolone resistance is common among clinical enterococcal isolates.
Abstract 1103: Human tumorigenesis induced by endogenous DNA transposase

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Recent cancer genome surveys have revealed extremely low rates of coding gene mutations in distinct tumor subtypes, suggesting that alternative mechanisms must contribute to their pathogenesis. Transposons are mobile genetic elements that are found in all living organisms, including humans where they occupy nearly half of the genome. Their mobilization can cause structural rearrangements in normal and cancer cells. However, it remains unknown whether transposition is a cause of cellular transformation or merely a bystander effect of dysregulated gene expression. Here, we report that PGBD5, a recently characterized human gene related to the piggyBac transposase from the cabbage looper moth, is aberrantly expressed in rhabdoid tumors, medulloblastoma, acute leukemias, and some sarcomas and carcinomas. Ectopic expression of PGBD5 in non-transformed primary human cells is sufficient to induce anchorage independence in vitro and penetrant tumor formation in immunodeficient mice in vivo. PGBD5 expression is sufficient to induce genomic mobilization of engineered DNA transposons in human cells, and purified recombinant PGBD5 exhibits transposase domain-dependent endonuclease activity in vitro. Flanking-sequence exponential anchored PCR and massively parallel sequencing of DNA transposon integrations revealed distinct activity on piggyBac-like inverted terminal repeats, and preference for specific euchromatic human genomic loci. This enables mapping of structural rearrangements of endogenous human transposable elements in primary human tumor genomes, some of which target genes involved in cellular transformation. We find that PGBD5 transposase-induced cell transformation is associated with morphologic de-differentiation, induction of distinct Polycomb gene expression programs and structural chromatin remodeling, consistent with its epigenetic control. These findings reveal an unanticipated mechanism of human tumorigenesis, genomic plasticity and structural alterations of non-coding regulatory genomic loci in human cancer. Citation Format: Anton Henssen, Amy Eisenberg, Eileen Jiang, Elizabeth Henaff, Richard Koche, Melissa Burns, Julianne R. Carson, Gouri Nanjangud, Eric Still, Jorge Gandara, Paolo Cifani, Avantika Dhabaria, Xiaodong Huang, Elisa de Stanchina, Elizabeth Mullen, Hanno Steen, Elizabeth Perlman, Jeffrey Dome, Cristina Antonescu, Cedric Feschotte, Christopher E. Mason, Alex Kentsis. Human tumorigenesis induced by endogenous DNA transposase. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1103. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1103
Krüppel-Like Factor 2, a Novel Immediate-Early Transcriptional Factor, Regulates IL-2 Expression in T Lymphocyte Activation

Ag presentation to T lymphocytes and subsequent activation are characterized by a cascade of signaling events, some of which result in the transcriptional activation of a diverse set of genes. An important example is the induction of the IL-2 gene, which is a critical event in the escalation of T cell activation. Previous studies have found that expression of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a zinc finger transcription factor, is extinguished after T cell activation. However, the biological role of KLF2 during T cell activation is still unknown. In this study we found that KLF2 protein degradation is delayed, and KLF2 expression is up-regulated during the early stage of T cell activation in primary T cells. Within a few hours, this process is reversed, and KLF2 expression is turned off. Next, we found that the expression of KLF2 significantly increases IL-2 production 4-fold in activated T cells, resulting from activation of the IL-2 promoter. By narrowing down the 2.0-kb IL-2 promoter region, we found that the KLF2 responsive element in the IL-2 promoter is a CACCC element, the KLF consensus binding motif. Moreover, KLF2 binds to this promoter in vivo under different conditions. Our studies show that KLF2 regulates IL-2 promoter activity in the earliest stages of T cell activation, indicating that KLF2 may act as a novel immediate-early transcriptional factor to maximally prime T cell activation.
Organization through experience.

Erickson and colleagues suggest that nearby neurons in the perirhinal cortex share similar object preferences, and that these groups may develop based on visual experience.
Generalized Connectionist Associative Memory

This paper presents a generalized associative memory model, which stores a collection of tuples whose components are sets rather than scalars. It is shown that all library patterns are stored stably. On the other hand spurious memories may develop. Applications of this model to storage and retrieval of naturally-arising generalized sequences in bioinformatics are presented. The model is shown to work well for detection of novel generalized sequences against a large database of stored sequences, and for removal of noisy black pixels in a probe image against a very large set of stored images.
Effectiveness of laserotherapy for the treatment of the patients with primary hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease

The efficiency of application of the low-intensive laser therapy for the patients with the primary hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease (IHD) is studied.
Factors Affecting the Intracellular Parasitic Growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Developing Within Escherichia coli

A procedure for one-step growth experiments on Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus growing parasitically in Escherichia coli B was developed. The resulting one-step growth curves showed that, under defined conditions at 30 C, each singly infected E. coli host cell, on the average, gave rise to 5.7 Bdellovibrio cells. This value was confirmed by single-burst experiments and by microscopic observations. In the temperature range of 25 to 38 C, the average burst size and the duration of the latent period were inversely proportional to the temperature. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the one-step growth kinetics in this system indicated a broad pH optimum, ranging from neutrality to slightly alkaline pH values. After Bdellovibrio cells and host cells were mixed, there was always a delay (the so-called "lag phase") before the parasite titer increased in terms of plaque-forming units. Phase-contrast microscopic observations indicated that this delay stems in part from the polyphasic nature of the Bdellovibrio life cycle. We propose the following five terms to make explicit the sequence of events in this life cycle: "attachment," "penetration," "elongation," "fragmentation," and "burst." Nutritional experiments revealed that Bdellovibrio obtains a major fraction of its cellular components from host-cell material. Infection of E. coli by Bdellovibrio without added Mg(++) or Ca(++) (0.003 m Mg(++), 0.002 m Ca(++)) resulted in partial or total lysis of the host cell soon after infection. Protoplast integrity was necessary for the normal completion of the intracellular growth phase of Bdellovibrio in E. coli; normal development of the parasite took place only in the presence of Mg(++) or Ca(++).
Modem protocols for the analog cellular data collection systems

The explosion of wireless technology, especially cellular telephony, has greatly enhanced communication and data transfer over wide geographic areas. Initially, analog technology for the transfer of information (voice/data) had been the driving force. But now, digital technology appears to be the driving force in wireless communication. Although digital technology is growing by leaps and bounds and looks to be the better technology in many ways, analog technology is still used to transfer or gather information remotely. The reason for this is that analog technology is more widespread (covers a larger geographic area) than digital technology. Also, digital telephony is often optimized for voice communication and lacks the ability to be easily used in remote data collection. Therefore, analog technology will likely be relied on for years to come and utilized for remote data collection and other applications. With that in mind, the paper discusses analog cellular modem (modulator-demodulator) protocols that are required to efficiently gather or transfer information over analog cellular connections.
Multimodal Shopping Lists

In this paper we present a prototype for creating shopping lists using multiple input devices such as desktop, smart phones, landline or cell phones and in multimodal formats such as structured text, audio, still images, video, unstructured text and annotated media. The prototype was used by 10 participants in a two week longitudinal study. The goal was to analyze the process that users go through in order to create and manage shopping related projects. Based on these findings, we recommend desirable features for personal information management systems specifically designed for managing collaborative shopping lists.
On Grid Partitioning for a High-Performance Groundwater Simulation Software

The partitioning of a discretized computational domain is fundamental for solving many application problems on parallel high-performance computer systems. This is also the key to workload balancing and minimizing communication overhead. This contribution focuses on the partitioning of real application problems for the parallel TOUGH2 software. TOUGH2 is a widely used reservoir simulator for solving subsurface flow-related problems. It solves a set of coupled mass and energy balance equations using a finite-volume method. The application problems considered are from the Yucca Mountain study for a potential repository of civilian nuclear waste. The quality of the partitions produced by three algorithms in the METIS package are analyzed. Performance results are presented for up to 512 processors on a Cray T3E-900.
Economic Conditions And How It Effects Trade Between The U.S. And India

This paper examines the economic conditions that effect trade between the U.S. and India. Examining the existing economic conditions of both countries is important to determine the current and future trade issues that both countries may face. Since India’s formation in 1947 and up until 1991, India was a closed economy with strict controls and regulations regarding trade. After a severe economic crisis in 1991 India started opening its borders to foreign trade, embraced globalization and drastically liberalized its trade policy. However, the exploding population in India is having strong economic and environmental implications for India and how it relates to the rest of the world.
Molecular analysis of genetic markers for non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Molecular analysis complements the clinical and histopathologic tools used to diagnose and subclassify hematologic malignancies. The presence of clonal antigen-receptor gene rearrangements can help to confirm the diagnosis of a B or T cell lymphoma and can serve as a fingerprint of that neoplasm to be used in identifying concurrent disease at disparate sites or recurrence at future time points. Certain lymphoid malignancies harbor a characteristic chromosomal translocation, a finding that may have significant implications for an individual's prognosis or response to therapy. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is typically used to detect antigen-receptor gene rearrangements as well as specific translocations that can be supplemented by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and karyotype analysis.
UVCS Observations and Modeling of Streamers

We present results derived from the analysis of an equatorial streamer structure as observed by the UVCS instrument aboard SOHO. From observations of the H I Lyα and Lyβ lines we infer the density and temperature of the plasma. We develop a preliminary axisymmetric, magnetostatic model of the corona which includes the effects of gas pressure gradients on the magnetic structure. We infer a coronal plasma β > 1 in the closed field regions and near the cusp of the streamer. We add to the model a parallel velocity field assuming mass flux conservation along magnetic flux tubes. We then compute the Lyα emissivity and the line-of-sight integrals to obtain images of Lyα intensity, taking into account projection effects and Doppler dimming. The images we obtain from this preliminary model are in good general agreement with the UVCS observations, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Passive compliance synthesis

In this article we survey some recent work on the problem of realizing a spatial stiffness matrix with a parallel connection of springs. The techniques described here can be used to realize an arbitrarily specified stiffness dominated spatial impedance through the use of a mechanism constructed of passive springs. The article includes a discussion on how to rind an optimal realization of a positive definite spatial stiffness matrix using a parallel connection of springs.
Failing American Indian Languages

T his article examines the interdiscursive constitutiveness and permeations of a logic of “expectations” in relation to American Indian language practices and American Indian languages. Beginning with a reflection on my own grandfather’s experiences, this article explores popular, everyday, and institutional reflexes of a logic of expectations that mediates and is mediated by concepts of American Indianness and evaluations of linguistic practice. That is, such reflexes emerge through the “bundling” of such normative, conventionalized concepts in the process of evaluation; they become the rationale or justification for the evaluation and, ultimately, reproduce the logic of expectations that mediates everyday judgments of practice.1 Through the lens of my grandfather’s life, the following reflection illustrates the mutual conceptualization of success and failure as a logic of “expectations.” My grandfather, an amazingly gifted yet very stubborn man, spent his life challenging expectations and never wavered in this quest. From driving one hundred miles to attend an Elks Lodge meeting because the one in Madras didn’t allow Indians, to driving several hundreds of miles back to Oklahoma every summer for social gatherings, he engaged in a range of expected and unexpected Indian practices. A product of Haskell, my grandpa also had acquired a range of skills, from baking bread and boxing to playing wood and horn instruments and golf. Playing clarinet every Friday night with the Macy “boys” at Warm Springs, my grandfather was still an “unexpected” Indian, a Comanche surrounded by Wascos, Paiutes, and Warm Springs Indians. This
Genomes of model organisms: know thy tools

The list of recently completed microbial genome sequencing projects (Table 1) includes genomes of two unicellular eukaryotes, three archaea and a variety of bacteria, including an unusually diverse selection of the Firmicutes. The highlights of these sequencing efforts include complete genome sequences of several important model organisms, including the standard laboratory strain Escherichia coli DH10B, the model halophile Halobacterium salinarum strain R1, the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Alpha half-life of 244Cm

Abstract The alpha half-life of 244 Cm was measured by direct observation of the change in alpha counting rate of four samples over a period of seven years, and was found to be 18·099±0·015 yr.
Stereotactic resection and its limitations in glial neoplasms.

With imaging-based volumetric stereotactic techniques, it is possible to selectively and accurately remove any CT- or MRI-defined part or all of any intra-axial neoplasm. However, glial neoplasms are composed of two elements: tumor tissue and isolated tumor cells which infiltrate brain parenchyma. In high-grade gliomas and pilo-cytic astrocytomas, the tumor tissue component is most accurately defined by the vol-ume of contrast enhancement. Tumor tissue in low-grade nonpilocytic gliomas is indis-tinguishable on imaging from infiltrated parenechyma. Stereotactic biopsy is presently the only method by which CT hypodense tumor tissue can be differentiated from infiltrated parenechyma, which is also hypodense. In eloquent brain areas, stereotactic resection is appropriate for the tumor tissue component only in patierks harboring glial tumors.
Choosing Selves: The Salience of Parental Identity in the School Choice Process.

With the proliferation of choice policies in education, parents are increasingly positioned as ‘consumers’ tasked with choosing the ‘best’ school for their children. Yet a large body of research has shown that the process of selecting a school is far more complicated than policy-makers and researchers often predict. This article uses ethnographic data on middle-class parents in a large city who are considering sending their children to a diverse neighborhood public school to further develop our understanding of school choice. Drawing from sociological research on consumption as a social and cultural process, we examine the intersections between parents’ choice of a particular school (i.e. consumption) and their own identity construction. Our data show that the act of choosing a school can become, for parents, a means of expressing and enacting a particular identity. In this case, the intersections between identity and choice pushed many parents – invested in seeing themselves as liberal urbanites – toward...
Comparison of three computer-administered cognitive tasks as putative endophenotypes of schizophrenia.

Abstract It has been repeatedly demonstrated that individuals with schizotypal personality features (SPF) exhibit similar endophenotypic traits as persons with schizophrenia. Less research has compared the relative sensitivity of different endophenotypes in the same sample of individuals with SPF. Fourteen university students with SPF (mean age 20.5 ± 1.6; 43% male) and 26 controls (mean age 20.3 ± 1.1; 31% male) were defined by the Abbreviated Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-B). All participants reported no known biological relative with schizophrenia. Participants completed three computer-administered cognitive tasks: a 6-min degraded-stimuli A–X Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST), and a Span of Apprehension (SOA) task (6- and 12-letter arrays). On the CPT, only omission errors resulted in a statistically significant group difference, U = 115.5, p = .05, Cohen's d = 0.54 (medium effect size), with the SPF group (mean errors: 3.43 ± 3.28) making more omission errors than controls (mean errors: 1.88 ± 2.66). Notably, 46% of the controls had no omission errors, compared to 14% of the SPF group. The only SPQ-B factor score to show a statistically significant linear relationship with CPT omission errors was the Cognitive–Perceptual factor ( r s = .33, p = .04). Group differences on performance indices from the SOA and WCST did not approach statistical significance. Based on performance from the community-identified schizotypes, results suggest that performance on the CPT may represent a more robust endophenotype of schizophrenia, compared to the SOA and WCST.
In0.30Al0.70As/In0.30Ga0.70As quasi-insulating gate strained-layer field effect transistors grown by molecular beam epitaxy☆

Abstract Strained semiconducting epitaxial layers on lattice-mismatched substrates provide some important options in the search for optimum material parameters intended for use in heterojunction field effect transistors and modulation-doped structures. We report the fabrication and properties of quasi-insulating strained-layer field effect transistors employing the ternary alloys In 0.30 Al 0.70 As and In 0.30 Ga 0.70 As grown by means of molecular beam epitaxy on (100)-oriented semi-insulating GaAs substrates. Lattice-mismatched In 0.15 Al 0.85 As step layers and In 0.30 Ga 0.70 As/In 0.30 Al 0.70 As or In 0.25 Ga 0.75 As/In 0.35 Al 0.65 As superlattice structures are used as buffers to confine dislocations generated by the plastic deformation of these buffer layers to the region of the substrate-buffer interface. The quasi-insulator In 0.30 Al 0.70 As is chosen to provide a large conduction band edge discontinuity, a low gate current, a small gate capacitance and a low interface state density.