cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Melt in Consumer Food Environments in Low-income Urban Neighborhoods.

OBJECTIVES We systematically evaluated changes in availability, price, and quality of perishable food items from the beginning to the end of the month in lowincome, urban neighborhoods. METHODS The sample included grocery stores or supermarkets in Cleveland, Ohio, within neighborhoods with >30% of population receiving food assistance. We collected data for 2 sequential months during the first and fourth weeks of each month. Two coders evaluated stores, collecting measures of availability, price, and quality for 50 items. We examined difference in number and proportion of items available at the beginning of the month (BOM) to items remaining available at the end of the month (EOM), as well as quality and price of those items. RESULTS Across 48 stores, availability at EOM was lower than BOM; as store size increased, reduction in availability (ie, food melt) was significantly (p < .01) less pronounced. Overall, items became less expensive at the EOM whereas quality remained consistent; we noted no statistically significant differences by store type for price or quality. CONCLUSIONS Food melt differentially affects individuals in neighborhoods without grocery stores. Findings reveal composition of food environments is dynamic rather than static, influencing food-purchasing choices among lowincome consumers.
The effect of social support, gratitude, resilience and satisfaction with life on depressive symptoms among police officers following Hurricane Katrina.

Background:Police officers in the New Orleans geographic area faced a number of challenges following Hurricane Katrina.Aim:This cross-sectional study examined the effect of social support, gratitud...
The Market as “Artist”: The French Origins of the Obsession with Provenance in Historical African Art

Provenance has become crucially important in the Western market for historical African sculpture, and as a consequence individual African artists have been erased in favor of an emphasis on the dea...
Review of extensive workups of 34 patients overexposed to radiofrequency radiation.

Background: The medical records of 34 patients seen at the Aerospace Medicine Directorate, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory for confirmed exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exceeding the permitted exposure limits were reviewed to see if RFR overexposure created any detectable clinical or laboratory alterations that could be correlated with power density or the product of power density and time exposed. The goal of this study was to determine which physiological and laboratory parameters required closest attention on work up of future patients with RFR exposure. Methods: All 34 patients received an extensive history and physical examination, and a large battery of laboratory studies. Clinical findings were also compared with laboratory results. Results: A sensation of warmth was positively associated with power density. A negative correlation was observed between an abnormal tissue destruction screen and power density. Sophisticated neurological tests in 23 patients and extensive psychometric and psychological exams in 30 patients revealed no neurological or ophthalmologic findings attributable to RFR. A few patients reported burning pain that resolved over several weeks; neurological findings were minimal or absent. Conclusions: Patients with suspected RFR overexposures need to be seen promptly at the nearest medical facility. Based on this study, an extensive evaluation of persons overexposed to non-ionizing radiation should not be routinely performed. However, a careful history and physical examination with laboratory studies as indicated should be performed and the patient's concerns about RFR effects addressed fully.
Modified Desirability Functions for Multiple Response Optimization

Desirability functions have been used extensively to simultaneously optimize several responses. Since the original formulation of these functions contains non-differentiable points, only search methods can be used to optimize the overall desirability response. Furthermore, all responses are treated as equally important. We present modified desirability functions that are everywhere differentiable so that more efficient gradient-based optimization methods can be used instead. The proposed functions have the extra flexibility of allowing the analyst to assign different priorities among the responses. The methodology is applied to a wire bonding process that occurs in semiconductor manufacturing, an industrial process where multiple responses are common.
The Production of Transgenic Mice

Recombinant DNA technology allows the isolation of structural genes or various portions of their associated controlling elements. These cloned sequences can then be employed in gene-transfer experiments to study the regulation of gene expression. Such gene-transfer experiments using mammalian somatic cells in culture as recipients have produced a significant body of data relating to the control of gene function (Scangos and Ruddle, 1981). This experimental approach has the limitation, however, that cultured cells are unable to undergo many of the regulatory changes required for normal embryonic development. Thus, the genetic events responsible for processes such as organ determination and tissue differentiation are difficult if not impossible to examine. Our laboratory has sought to overcome this problem by developing a gene-transfer system for the intact organism. We have chosen the mouse as a model system.
Gliomyosarcoma of the Cerebrum: Report of a Unique Case

A case of an intracerebral fibrosarcoma arising from vascular hyperplasia within a glioma is presented. A unique feature was the presence of further specialized differentiation of the sarcomatous elements in the form of rhabdomyosarcoma. Previous examples of other myosarcomatous neoplasms of the central nervous system are enumerated. Most of these have been of apparent teratoid origin but a few pure rhabdomyosarcomas have been recorded. The acceptance of a mesodermal origin of the leptomeninges and their intracerebral perivascular extensions furnishes a histogenetic basis for the development of meningeal and intracerebral fibrosarcomas. The presence of more specialized nonteratoid mesodermal derivatives within such neoplasms is a logical corollary, but is a rare occurrence.
Commitment and satisfaction in the classroom and on the field: evidence from a Division I liberal arts college

Within higher education, there has been a persistent concern that student-athlete commitments to their athletic activities are detrimental to their academic studies. We collect data on student-athl...
Unlike Native Hip Fractures, Delay to Periprosthetic Hip Fracture Stabilization Does Not Significantly Affect Most Short-Term Perioperative Outcomes.

Abstract Background The incidence of periprosthetic hip fractures is increasing due to higher numbers of total hip arthroplasties being performed. Unlike native hip fractures, the effect of time to surgery of periprosthetic hip fractures is not well established. This study evaluates the effect of time to surgery on perioperative complications for patients with periprosthetic hip fractures. Methods Patients who underwent surgery for periprosthetic hip fracture were identified in the 2005-2016 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database and stratified into 2 groups: Results In total, 409 ( Conclusion Unlike for native hip fractures, time to surgery for periprosthetic hip fractures does not appear to affect most 30-day perioperative complications. However, it is worth noting that this study was unable to control for all potential confounders and therefore the results may not be generalizable to all types of periprosthetic hip fractures.
Update in Rheumatology: Evidence Published in 2016.

This update presents and discusses 8 important studies in rheumatology that were published in 2016 and are potentially relevant to general internists.
Knowledge Commons (2016)

This chapter describes methods for systematically studying knowledge commons as an institutional mode of governance of knowledge and information resources, including references to adjacent but distinct approaches to research that looks primarily to the role(s) of intellectual property systems in institutional contexts concerning innovation and creativity. Knowledge commons refers to an institutional approach (commons) to governing the production, use, management, and/or preservation of a particular type of resource (knowledge or information, including resources linked to innovative and creative practice). Commons refers to a form of community management or governance. It applies to a resource, and it involves a group or community of people who share access to and/or use of the resource. Commons does not denote the resource, the community, a place, or a thing. Commons is the institutional arrangement of these elements and their coordination via combinations of law and other formal rules; social norms, customs, and informal discipline; and technological and other material constraints. Community or collective self-governance of the resource, by individuals who collaborate or coordinate among themselves effectively, is a key feature of commons as an institution, but self-governance may be and often is linked to other formal and informal governance mechanisms. For purposes of this chapter, knowledge refers to a broad set of intellectual and cultural resources. There are important differences between various resources captured by such a broad definition. For example, knowledge, information, and data may be different from each other in meaningful ways. But an inclusive term is necessary in order to permit knowledge commons researchers to capture and study a broad and inclusive range of commons institutions and to highlight the importance of examining knowledge commons governance as part of dynamic, ecological contexts.
Measure and Integration in Quantum Set Theory

If a quantum logic16, 18, 21 admits hidden variables in a certain sense, then the resulting structure is called a “generalized measurable space”. Such a structure is more general than a traditional measurable space and is distinct from the conventional Hilbert space quantum mechanics. A generalized measurable space consists of a set Ω together with a collection of subsets C which form a α-orthocomplete orthomodular poset2 under set theoretic inclusion and complementation. We may think of (Ω, C) as giving a quantum set theory. Besides being of interest in quantum mechanics, there are possible applications of this theory to investigations in “elementary lengths”, pattern recognition, and computer science.1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 22, 23, 24
Respiratory deposition of ultrafine welding fume particles

AbstractThe inhalation and the deposition of welding-generated ultrafine particles in welders’ respiratory tracts have been linked to severe pulmonary impairments. In the present study, a mobile ae...
Platelet Glycoprotein VI receptor haplotype and the progression of sepsis

Introduction: The challenges in the treatment of sepsis are due to the major dysregulation of multiple physiologic processes. In particular, a dynamic interplay exists between inflammation and thrombosis. Emerging data highlight critical cross-talk between thrombotic and inflammatory pathways mediated by specific platelet receptors. Here, we focus on a platelet membrane collagen receptor, glycoprotein (GP) VI, that is central in the release of platelet microparticles (pMPs) following platelet activation. These pMPs are membrane-bound vesicles and are associated with both pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory responses. There are, two GPVI haplotypes, GP6a and GP6b, …
Applications of plasma-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The use of plasma enhancement for growth of III-V compound semiconductor materials by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is examined, to improve control of microstructure, develop understanding of the underlying growth mechanisms, and expand the range of materials combinations for photovoltaic and solid-state lighting applications. Whereas plasma is commonly used with group-IV materials, such as silicon, few studies have examined the impact of plasma-enhanced MOCVD (PE-MOCVD) for III-V materials growth. PE-MOCVD provides improved decomposition of metalorganic precursors, which is driven by hydrogen plasma to augment hydride reactions and thermal pyrolysis, but plasma generation requires low reactor pressure. We have demonstrated elemental Al films grown by PE-MOCVD, which show distinct crystallographic texturing, and assume epitaxial microstructure upon post-growth annealing. We also demonstrate PE-MOCVD of GaAs at temperatures as low as 300 °C. With increasing radio-frequency power, the GaAs growth rate shows a transition from power limited to mass-transport limited. PE-MOCVD grown Ga0.5In0.5P shows no detectable spontaneous atomic ordering, which offers a mechanism to form order/disorder unicompositional heterostructures, without temperature change or impurity incorporation. In its current implementation, PE-MOCVD grown films have shown microstructural degradation, that we attribute to direct plasma exposure during growth. Improvements in the system design and growth sequences are at the focus of on-going efforts.
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) as Potential Reservoirs of Leptospira spp. in California.

Leptospirosis is a globally important, fatal disease of humans, and over 160 species of animals are associated with more than 250 bacterial serovars in 64 species, but its ecology varies regionally...
Potassium-Depleted Muscovite. Part I. Preparation Using Filtration Process for Treatment with Molten Lithium Nitrate1

The reaction between molten lithium nitrate and muscovite does not go to completion in a single treatment because of the equilibrium restriction imposed by the presence of potassium in the melt. An apparatus consisting of a stainless steel vessel with a porous stainless steel filter, valve and vacuum connections was designed to eliminate this restriction and to provide for more complete removal of the equilibrium melt in each successive treatment. Macroscopic swelling of the muscovite in the molten lithium nitrate was observed after prolonged treatment. x-Ray diffraction examination of samples of solidified melt revealed intracrystalline swelling in the muscovite.
Unsupervised anomaly detection in peripheral venous pressure signals with hidden Markov models

Abstract This paper proposes an automatic anomaly detection and removal algorithm for peripheral venous pressure (PVP) signals, which can be used to predict intravascular volume loss in humans. PVP signal collection is a minimally invasive procedure that can be performed by using a standard peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheter and a commercial pressure-monitoring transducer. PVP signals are highly susceptible to motion and noise artifacts such as patient movements or unintended manipulation of PIV lines. Anomalies in PVP signals can corrupt useful information and seriously affect the integrity of PVP signal analysis. We propose to detect and remove such anomalies by exploiting the properties of PVP signals. Specifically, a dynamic linear model (DLM) with a Kalman filter is used to track and predict the time-domain evolution of PVP signals. The prediction residuals of the Kalman filter are then modeled with a hidden Markov model (HMM), with the normal and anomalous status of the signal modeled by using binary states of a hidden Markov chain. The HMM parameters along with the hidden states are iteratively estimated by using an unsupervised learning algorithm with a modified Baum–Welch method. The anomaly detection algorithm is applied to clinical data from a cohort of 24 pediatric patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed unsupervised anomaly detection algorithm can efficiently remove anomalies in PVP signals without the need of a training phase. The algorithm can also be applied to other time series signals, such as Electrocardiography (ECG) and Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals.
Safety and efficacy of transaxillary transcatheter aortic valve replacement using a current-generation balloon-expandable valve

Transaxillary access (TAx) has shown promise as an excellent alternative TAVR option, but data on the Edwards SAPIEN 3 in TAx-TAVR is limited. We sought to study the safety and efficacy of TAx-TAVR using this current-generation balloon-expandable valve. A retrospective study of our first 24 TAx and 20 transthoracic (TT) TAVR patients treated with the SAPIEN 3 valve was performed, and the patients’ preoperative characteristics, procedural outcomes, and clinical outcomes were compared to our first 100 transfemoral (TF) patients using the SAPIEN 3 device. There were no statistical differences observed for outcomes between the TAx and TF groups, despite the TAx patients having more comorbidities (STS-PROM 11.3 ± 7.6 versus 7.3 ± 5.2, p = 0.042). In addition, no significant difference was found in the fluoroscopy time and contrast amount between the two groups. The patients’ baseline characteristics were similar between the TAx and TT groups. Their procedural and clinical outcomes were comparable, but there was a trend towards lower incidence of acute kidney injury (13.0% versus 23.5%), new-onset atrial fibrillation (5.6% versus 33.3%), shorter median length of stay postoperatively (4 versus 6 days), fewer discharges to rehabilitation (16.7% versus 35.0%), and a lower rate of readmission within 30-days (8.3% versus 35.0%), all favoring TAx access. TAx-TAVR with the SAPIEN 3 valve is a safe alternative to TF access. It offers advantages of improved recovery over TT access, and appears to be a superior alternative-access option for TAVR. TAx access could be preferred when TF access is not feasible.
We exist. We are your peers.

We must all ask ourselves critical questions about our role in the persistence of racism in academia, its effects on our colleagues and intentional actions to improve equity for all.
Language Models as Emotional Classifiers for Textual Conversation

Emotions play a critical role in our everyday lives by altering how we perceive, process and respond to our environment. Affective computing aims to instill in computers the ability to detect and act on the emotions of users. A core aspect of any affective computing system is the classification of a user's emotion. In this study we present a novel methodology for classifying emotion in a conversation. At the backbone of our proposed methodology is a pre-trained Language Model (LM), which is supplemented by a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) that propagates information over the predicate-argument structure identified in an utterance. We apply our proposed methodology on the IEMOCAP and Friends data sets, achieving state-of-the-art performance on the former and a higher accuracy on certain emotional labels on the latter. Furthermore, we examine the role context plays in our methodology by altering how much of the preceding conversation the model has access to when making a classification.
Analysis and Authentication of Avocado Oil Using High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy

Avocado oil is a food product of high commercial and nutritional value. As a result, it can be a subject of adulteration similar to other high-value edible oils, such as olive oil. For olive oil and many other foods products, NMR spectroscopy has been successfully used for authentication and quality assessment. In this study, we apply NMR analysis to avocado oil to differentiate it from other oils including olive, canola, high-oleic (HO) safflower, HO sunflower and soybean oil using commercial and lab-made samples of avocado oils. NMR allowed the rapid analysis of the fatty acid profile and detection of minor compounds, such as sterols, oxidation products, and hydrolysis products, which can be used to assess oil quality and authenticity. The NMR assignment was conducted using traditional 2D NMR and the novel NOAH super-sequences. Combining chemometrics with NMR enabled us to differentiate between avocado oil and other oils. Avocado oil has compositional similarities with other vegetable oils, such as HO sunflower and HO safflower oil, which can be used as potential adulterants. Despite these similarities, NMR-based metabolomics captured differences in the levels of certain compounds including fatty acids, terpenes, sterols, and oxidation products to detect adulteration and for quality control purposes.
Fatigue in Aeromedicine: An Exploration of Team Cohesion as a Countermeasure against Adverse Events

Objective: Current evidence-based guidelines to mitigate fatigue and protect against adverse events in the emergency medical service industry are minimally effective. Since flight medicine is a tea...
Structure, Bonding, and Properties

A crystalline material is usually represented by a unit cell, a three-dimensional translation of which can fill up the entire space. The symmetry of the unit cell is the symmetry of the crystal. The atom distribution in the unit cell is called the crystal structure. In a description of crystallographic structure, the crystal lattice structure is usually introduced. In the three-dimensional space filled by the unit cell, when we connect the periodically repeated atoms of one kind in space to form a three-dimensional network, the crystal lattice is obtained. Thus, the crystal lattice represents a three-dimensional order of points; all points of the lattice are completely equivalent and have identical surroundings. In general, a lattice point is a three-dimensional symmetry point, which may or may not be an atom site. This means that a lattice point can be an atom, an atom cluster (molecule), or a complex group of polyhedra containing a group of atoms, but every lattice point should be equivalent and have identical surroundings. We use a simple example to describe the lattice structure. By periodically repeating a mosaic, such as a butterfly, in three dimensions, if the eyes of the butterflies are chosen as the points, a three-dimensional network is obtained. This is the lattice structure. The repetition unit is the unit cell of the structure.
Studying Secondary Science Student Teaching Experiences Within a Cohort Community of Practice: A Multi-planar, Multi-analysis Sociocultural Methodology

In this chapter I articulate a multi-planar, multi-analytic methodological approach for studying student teaching experiences. The goal is not to present a detailed empirical study, but rather to highlight ways that this approach can be used to study sociocultural learning experiences within community, and to discuss implications for future research in science teacher education. Specifically, this methodology incorporates multiple qualitative research traditions to study experiences learning to teach science across multiple sociocultural planes of development. The multiple analyses illuminate the learning experience and coalesce through the use of crystallization imagery.
Kashmir Pending: Narrative and Ideology in a Graphic Novel

Kashmir Pending (2007) is the graphic novel of a man who joined the militant insurgency against Indian rule in Kashmir, but who eventually became disillusioned with the revolutionaries. It is valuable in portraying some aspects of the situation in Kashmir that are largely absent from mainstream treatments of the conflict. Nonetheless, it is problematic in a number of ways, ranging from its somewhat unrepresentative apportioning of the violence in Kashmir to its use of a childhood model of militants in its emplotment of the insurgency. In consequence, the novel arguably reinforces a liberal colonialist ideology regarding Indian control of Kashmir.
Traded and non-traded goods: An empirical test with Nigerian data

Abstract An income expenditure model is used to describe the relationship between the balance of payments and price inflation of non-traded goods. Real and monetary approaches to the balance of payments suggest different relationships among these variables, and compatible elements of the monetary approach are incorporated into the income-expenditure model. The model is then tested with Nigerian data for the period 1960–1979. The pattern of economic growth and conduct of monetary policy make the Nigerian economy a convenient test of the empirical significance of these macroeconomic relationships.
An evolutionary sequence of low frequency radio astronomy missions

A progression from simple, near-term experiments to Explorer-class dedicated missions to a large lunar faxside array is a natural way to develop the observational capabilities needed for radio astronomy at low frequencies. This continuous increase in mission capabilities and scientific return is similar to the progression of infrared and X-ray missions.
The Dimensions of Reputation in Electronic Markets

In this paper, we analyze how different dimensions of a seller's reputation affect pricing power in electronic markets. Given the interplay between buyers' trust and sellers' pricing power, we use text mining techniques to identify and structure dimensions of importance from feedback posted on reputation systems. By aggregating and scoring these dimensions based on the sentiment they contain, we use them to estimate a series of econometric models associating reputation with price premiums. We find that different dimensions do indeed affect pricing power differentially, and that a negative reputation hurts more than a positive one helps on some dimensions but not on others. We provide evidence that sellers of identical products in electronic markets differentiate themselves based on a distinguishing dimension of strength, and that buyers vary in the relative importance they place on different fulfillment characteristics. We highlight the importance of textual reputation feedback further by demonstrating that it substantially improves the performance of a classifier we have trained to predict future sales. Our results also suggest that online sellers distinguish themselves on specific and varying fulfillment characteristics that resemble the unique selling points highlighted by successful brands. We conclude by providing explicit examples of IT artifacts (buyer and seller tools) that use our interdisciplinary approach to enhance buyer trust and seller efficiency in online environments. This paper is the first study that integrates econometric, text mining and predictive modeling techniques toward a more complete analysis of the information captured by reputation systems, and it presents new evidence of the importance of their effective and judicious design in online markets.
Cleaning and Disinfection of Fiberoptic Endoscopes: Evaluation of Glutaraldehyde Exposure Time and Forced-Air Drying

Several alternative schedules of cleaning and disinfection of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes were evaluated during actual use in paired endoscopy suites. Thorough mechanical cleaning with detergent and alcohol was compared with the same cleaning with the addition of 5-, 10-, or 20-min immersion of the endoscope insertion tube in 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde solution. Endoscopes were cultured quantitatively and qualitatively for aerobic bacteria at three different times relative to procedures: after use, immediately after cleaning alone or cleaning plus disinfection, and after storage unused in a cabinet for 20-72 h. Cleaning plus glutaraldehyde immersion for 5 min significantly reduced bacterial contamination both immediately and after storage when compared with cleaning alone. Results of cleaning plus 10- and 20-min glutaraldehyde immersion were not statistically different from cleaning plus 5-min glutaraldehyde immersion. The addition of forced-air drying following disinfection significantly reduced bacterial contamination following storage when compared with storage without previous drying. Cleaning plus brief (5-20 min) glutaraldehyde immersion significantly reduced bacterial contamination of endoscopes when compared with cleaning alone (p less than 0.001) and, when combined with forced-air drying before storage, resulted in 59/63 (94%) negative endoscope cultures by the methods used in this study. These measures do not ensure sterility, but are superior to mechanical cleaning alone and sufficiently practical to be used routinely without undue interruption of busy endoscopy schedules.
Blending of TiO2 nanoparticles with cellulose acetate polymer: to study the effect on morphology and gas permeation of blended membranes

Cellulose acetate–titania (CA–TiO2) nanoparticles blended membranes were fabricated using diffusion-induced phase separation process to observe the effect of inorganic nanofillers on the surface topography and gas permeation properties of CA membrane. Self-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles using sol gel reflux condensation were employed as nanofillers, which is the anatase phase of TiO2 with crystallite size of 5–10 nm. The synthesized membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques to study the nanoscale distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles, surface roughness, and pores generation in blended membranes, with increasing nanoparticles' concentration in polymer matrix. The permeability of CO2 was found to be increased for CA–TiO2 blended membranes. The CO2/CH4 selectivity up to 23.3 was documented. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of optical polarization splitters in a single-section deeply etched MMI waveguide

The design of a single-section polarization splitter in a deeply etched semiconductor MMI waveguide is presented. Numerically simulated results indicate that the semiconductor MMI exhibits considerable polarization dependence and, utilizing this effect, a compact 1.6-mm-long polarization splitter may be fabricated to yield more than 8-dB polarization separation and only 0.11-dB optical loss, using a very simple design-approach.
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDA II) diagnosed in an adult patient

The congenital dyserythropoietic anemias (CDAs) are a group of rare hereditary disorders characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and distinct morphologic abnormalities of the erythroblasts in the bone marrow. CDA type II (CDA II) is the most common subtype, with more than 300 cases reported in the literature. Patients often present with anemia, jaundice, and variable splenomegaly. Most cases of CDA II are diagnosed at a young age; some patients, however, may remain unrecognized until late adulthood. Unless CDA is considered in the differential diagnosis for anemia, adult patients are often subjected to extensive clinical work-up for many years prior to accurate diagnosis. Early recognition of CDA II is important to prevent end-organ damage secondary to iron overload, the most important complication of the disease. We report a case of CDA II diagnosed in a 48-year-old woman with a longstanding history of anemia of unknown etiology.
A New Micellar Phase-Behavior Model for Simulating Systems With Up to Three Amphiphilic Species

A thermodynamic model has been developed for the phase behavior of micellar systems containing up to three amphiphilic species. This model has been tested against experimental data using chemicals typical of those used in surfactant flooding. A fairly good match of static phase behavior experiments has been obtained. The model has been implemented in a compositional simulator and found to be both simple enough and accurate enough for practical reservoir engineering calculations. One important design is to study the separation of the chemicals as they transport through the reservoir. This ty
Light scattering and nonlinear optical response near a critical point

The connection between light scattering and nonlinear optical response is examined quantitatively for Kerr media and is generalized to include isotropic materials with nonlocal interactions near a critical point. A number of important quantities, including the nonlinear refractive index (${\mathit{n}}_{2}$) and the four-wave-mixing coefficient, are shown to acquire increasing grating wave-vector (q) dependence as the critical point is approached. This dependence is identical to the q dependence obtained for light scattering in the Ornstein-Zernike theory. Illustrative calculations are presented for near-critical xenon using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state and parameters obtained from independent measurements. These results indicate ${\mathit{n}}_{2}$ values of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}15}$--${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}14}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$/W and response times in the 1--10-\ensuremath{\mu}sec range. Calculations are presented for the phase-conjugate reflectivity in degenerate four-wave mixing that include both nonsaturable background loss and light-scattering noise. Reflectivities in excess of unity are predicted for 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu}m wavelength and cw pump intensities in the 10-kW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ range.
Structural models of the KtrB, TrkH, and Trk1,2 symporters based on the structure of the KcsA K(+) channel.

Three-dimensional computer modeling is used to further investigate the hypothesis forwarded in the accompanying paper of an evolutionary relationship between four related families of K(+) sympoter proteins and the superfamily of K(+) channel proteins. Atomic-scale models are developed for the transmembrane regions of one member from each of the three more distinct symporter families, i.e., a TrkH protein from Escherichia coli, a KtrB protein from Aquifex aeolicus, and a Trk1,2 protein from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The portions of the four consecutive M1-P-M2 motifs in the symporters that can be aligned with K(+) channel sequences are modeled directly from the recently determined crystal structure of the KcsA K(+) channel from Streptomyces lividans. The remaining portions are developed using our previously accumulated theoretical modeling criteria and principles. Concurrently, the use of these criteria and principles is further supported by the now verified predictions of our previous K(+) channel modeling efforts and the degree to which they are satisfied by the known structure of the KcsA protein. Thus the observed ability of the portions of the symporter models derived from the KcsA crystal structure to also satisfy the theoretical modeling criteria provides additional support for an evolutionary link with K(+) channel proteins. Efforts to further satisfy the criteria and principles suggest that the symporter proteins from fungi and plants (i.e., Trk1,2 and HKT1) form dimeric and/or tetrameric complexes in the membrane. Furthermore, analysis of the atomic-scale models in relation to the sequence conservation within and between the protein families suggests structural details for previously proposed mechanisms for the linked symport of K(+) with Na(+) and H(+). Suggestions are also given for experiments to test these structures and hypotheses.
The Creativity Passdown Effect: Sharing Design Thinking Processes with Design Theory

Design theory lies at the heart of information systems design science research. One concern in this area is the potential to limit the designer's creativity by over-specifying the meta-design or the design process. This paper explains how design research encapsulates a two-person design team consisting of the design theorist and the artifact instance designer. Design theory embodies a creativity pass down effect in which the creative design thinking is partly executed by the design theorist and the completion of this thinking is deferred to the artifact instance designer. In fact, rather than limiting the instance designer's creativity, the design theorist may create an opportunity for the instance designer to be creative by passing down a design theory. Further, the artifact instance designer operates within the problem domain defined by design theorist, and engages in design thinking to achieve an innovative design by merging theoretical knowledge with experiential knowledge of a design artifact that is being built. The creativity pass down effect was examined through a case that involved developing a tool for multi-outsourcing decision making. The case provides empirical support for the creativity pass down effect.
Thymosin β4 synergizes with human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in maintaining bone marrow proliferation

Abstract Recent evidence supports a role for thymosin β 4 (T β 4 ) in the inhibition of murine hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. This supposition results from studies in which the N-terminal tetrapeptide derived from native T β 4 was administered to mice and appeared to prevent CFU-S recruitment into DNA synthesis. The importance of this observation was the concomitant ability of the tetrapeptide to prevent cytosine arabinosine (ara-C) toxicity in mice given LD 50 doses of this drug. In the present study, we have extended these observations by demonstrating that whole synthetic T β 4 is more effective than the N-terminal tetrapeptide in protecting mice from the toxicity of ara-C. This observation supports the hypothesis that T β 4 is the biologically important parent molecule for this activity. To determine if inhibition of cell cycle progression also occurs in committed human bone marrow progenitors treated with T β 4 , we have investigated the effects of synthetic T β 4 on proliferating and unstimulated enriched human bone marrow. In short-term liquid cultures studied sequentially over 1–7 days, T β 4 failed to inhibit cell proliferation, but maintained the proliferative effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on days following maximum stimulation (days 5–7). No effect was noted before the fifth day in culture, nor did T β 4 exert any demonstrable effect in the absence of added GM-CSF. Any observable effect of T β 4 required that it be present in the cultures on or before day 3 of GM-CSF stimulation. These results suggest that an additional effect of T β 4 is the stimulation of a subpopulation of committed human bone marrow precursor cells to become more sensitive to the growth-promoting activity of GM-CSF, thereby enhancing myelopoiesis. It is of interest that the N-terminal peptide of T β 4 is a shared sequence with tumor necrosis factor alpha, which is also known to have a similar stimulatory capacity. We, therefore, postulate that the growth enhancement noted in short-term cultures is mediated by the region containing these shared sequences.
Age-related determinants of outcome after acute myocardial infarction: a dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiographic study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cause of worse survival in older patients after myocardial infarction (MI). DESIGN: Prospective 18-month and longer follow-up study of a cohort of 167 patients (mean age ± standard deviation 58 ± 12, including 71 aged ≥65) with acute MI for cardiac events, defined as cardiac death, recurrent MI, or resuscitated ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF). SETTING: Milwaukee County Medical Complex and the Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-seven patients who underwent dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) in the first week (2–7 days) after acute MI and were medically managed. MEASUREMENTS: Comparison of event rates in older (≥65 years) and younger (<65 years) patients and of clinical, resting echocardiographic, DASE, and angiographic findings in patients with and without events. Coronary angiography was performed in 141. RESULTS: Older and younger patients tolerated DASE well. During follow-up, there were 29 cardiac events (cardiac death in 17, nonfatal MI in 10, and VT/VF in 2). Events were more common in older patients (26% vs 12%, P < .05), especially death (19% vs 5%, P < .05). Scar size in the infarct zone by DASE was larger (4.0 ± 2.8 vs 3.0 ± 2.7 segments, P < .05) and remote wall motion abnormalities more common (47 vs 29%, P < .05) in older patients. Univariate determinants of outcome (P < .05) in older patients were diabetes mellitus; remote wall motion abnormalities; angiographic multivessel disease; scar size; ejection fraction; and resting, low-, and peak-dose wall motion score. Univariate determinants in younger patients were similar, but diabetes mellitus was not. Multivariate analysis revealed that remote wall motion abnormalities and scar size by DASE were independently predictive of outcome in older and younger patients and diabetes mellitus only in older patients. Low- and peak-dose DASE data enhanced (P < .01) the prediction of outcome in all patients with acute MI relative to clinical data and resting echocardiography. CONCLUSION: DASE was more predictive of outcome than clinical data and resting echocardiography in both age groups. Scar size and remote wall motion abnormalities were the primary determinants of outcome irrespective of age. The worse prognosis of older patients correlated with diabetes mellitus, greater scar size, and higher incidence of remote inducible ischemia.
The Impact of Revenue‐Maximizing Priority Pricing on Customer Delay Costs

Speed is an increasingly important determinant of which suppliers will be given customers' business and is defined as the time between when an order is placed by the customer and when the product is delivered, or as the amount of time customers must wait before they receive their desired service. In either case, the speed a customer experiences can be enhanced by giving priority to that particular customer. Such a prioritization scheme will necessarily reduce the speed experienced by lower-priority customers, but this can lead to a better outcome when different customers place different values on speed. We model a single resource (e.g., a manufacturer) that processes jobs from customers who have heterogeneous waiting costs. We analyze the price that maximizes priority revenue for the resource owner (i.e., supplier, manufacturer) under different assumptions regarding customer behavior. We discover that a revenue-maximizing supplier facing self-interested customers (i.e., those that independently minimize their own expected costs) charges a price that also minimizes the expected total delay costs across all customers and that this outcome does not result when customers coordinate to submit priority orders at a level that seeks to minimize their aggregate costs of priority fees and delays. Thus, the customers are better off collectively (as is the supplier) when the supplier and customers act independently in their own best interests. Finally, as the number of priority classes increases, both the priority revenues and the overall customer delay costs improve, but at a decreasing rate.
Privacy and autonomy in the physician‐patient relationship: Independent contracting under Medicare and implications for expansion into managed care

(1995). Privacy and autonomy in the physician‐patient relationship. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 509-543.
Gallbladder pathology in morbid obesity.

Background: Obese patients are at increased risk for biliary disease. The prevalence and type of gallbladder pathology in morbidly obese patients was evaluated, and compared with a non-obese control group. Methods: A consecutive series of obese patients (n=478) who had undergone bariatric surgery with concurrent routine cholecystectomy and a consecutive group of organ donors (n=481) were compared. Gallbladder pathology was defined as: cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholesterolosis, or normal pathology. Results: Mean age of obese patients and of donors was 42 ± 9 and 43 ± 17 years respectively and mean BMI was 52 ± 10 and 27 ± 7 kg/m2 respectively, P<0.05. There were more females in the obesity group (88% vs 47%, P<0.0001). 31% of obese patients and 7% of controls had a previous cholecystectomy (P<0.0001). 21% of the obese and 72% of the controls had normal gallbladder pathology (P<0.0001). Overall, obese patients had a higher incidence of cholelithiasis (25% vs 5%, P<0.0001), cholecystitis (50% vs 17%, P<0.0001), and cholesterolosis (38% vs 6%, P<0.0001) compared with controls. Obese patients with BMI <50 were more likely than those with BMI ≥50 to have normal gallbladder pathology (27% vs 14%, P<0.001). Female patients were more likely to have undergone previous cholecystectomy than males in both the obese group (34% vs 11%, P<0.001) and the control group (12% vs 2%, P<0.0001). Normal pathology was more common in male patients (80% vs 63%, P<0.0001) and patients <50 years (76% vs 66%, P<0.05) in the control group. Conclusions: Obese patients have an increased incidence of benign gallbladder disease than a group of controls, and the relative risk appears to be positively correlated with the level of increase in the BMI. Obesity appears to change the effect of age and gender on gallbladder pathology.
Continuous-infusion cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and bolus methotrexate in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Background Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil have noted synergy in preclinical systems. The authors combined methotrexate with infusional cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in an attempt to produce a regimen with improved activity in advanced NSCLC: Methods Twenty-six ambulatory patients with previously untreated non-small cell lung cancer were treated with continuous-infusion cisplatin (25 mg/m2/day for 5 days), 5-fluorouracil (800 mg/m2/day for 5 days), and intermediate-dose methotrexate (200 mg/m2 on days 15, 22), followed by leucovorin rescue (PFM regimen). Results Patients received a median of four cycles of therapy. Two patients had a complete response, and 10 had a partial response (overall response rate, 46.2% or 12 of 26). The median time to treatment failure was 22.5 weeks; the median survival was 55 weeks from the start of chemotherapy. There were no toxic deaths attributed to chemotherapy. Thrombocytopenia was the only Grade 4 toxicity (27%). Grade 1/4 and 2/4 peripheral neuropathy occurred in 17 of 26 patients (66%) and was associated with a cumulative cisplatin dose of more than 300 mg/m2. Conclusions PFM (using continuous-infusion cisplatin) produced a high response rate but resulted in an high incidence of low-grade peripheral neuropathy.
TEST PERFORMANCE UNDER THE CONDITION OF KNOWN ITEM DIFFICULTY

A response-set (or response-style) has been defined as "a habit or a momentary set causing the subject to earn a different score from the one he would earn if the same items were presented in a different form" (Cronbach, 1970, p. 148). Several different types of response sets (e.g., acquiescence, willingness-to-guess, evasiveness, etc.) have been postulated and supported by empirical research. In personality instruments, the operation of response sets is often desirable to permit the identification of individuals possessing certain traits. In ability and achievement tests, however, response sets are to be avoided since they "dilute a test with factors not intended to form part of the test content, and so reduce its logical validity" (Cronbach, 1950, p. 3). In administering objective classroom examinations, this author has observed that some students miss test items, not because they lack the information or skills necessary to answer correctly, but rather because they read the question with insufficient care. They think they know what the question says and respond accordingly, when the question poses a different problem. For example, a true-false test item might be presented as follows: