cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raising a New Hybrid: Pheasant X Japanese Quail

Abstract Cytogenetic studies of the chicken, pheasant, quail, and turkey are of particular interest since these species are raised for domestic and experimental purposes. Hybrids have been obtained between the chicken and turkey (Gray, 1958; Olsen, 1960), chicken and quail, chicken and pheasant, and turkey and pheasant (Gray, 19S8); however, crosses between pheasant and quail have not been reported. For three years I tried to produce viable hybrids from crosses of pheasant males X quail females by artificial insemination. Pheasant males were placed into individual cages, and the semen was collected similar to the chicken semen (Burrows and Quinn, 1939). The quail females were inseminated immediately. The percent of infertile eggs has stayed about the same for the three years (Table 1). In 1969, most eggs showed only membranes. About the same number of eggs had membranes with some blood in all three years. Only one adult was raised in 1968;…
P.4.11 Developing therapies for congenital myopathies by high throughput chemical screening in ryanodine receptor 1 mutant zebrafish

Ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) mutations are a common cause of congenital myopathies associated with both dominant and recessive inheritance in humans. RYR1 mutations have been identified in patients with central core, multiminicore, congenital fiber type disproportion, centronuclear, as well as nemaline myopathies. Additionally, RYR1 channels become leaky in certain forms of muscular dystrophy. Some RYR1 mutations also cause malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) trait and King Denborough syndrome. Although RYR1 mutations are the underlying cause of a number of genetic diseases, no specific and effective therapies are available to treat affected patients. To address these issues and develop therapies for patients with RYR1 deficiency, we are performing a high throughput chemical screen to identify lead compounds with therapeutic potential that can rescue the function of skeletal muscle in ryr1b deficient zebrafish. In the primary screen using ryr1b fish, we are screening the Prestwick chemical library using pools of four chemicals (280 pools, 1120 chemicals) for ability to improve spontaneous hatching and postnatal motility. We have identified 34 pools of chemicals (of 148 tested) that significantly improved muscle function and survival of the treated mutant fish in comparison to untreated mutants, as tested with touch evoke escape response assay. A secondary screen using individual chemicals from positive pools is in progress to identify the best combination of chemical/s that improve muscle function and survival of ryr1b mutant fish. As the functional roles of effective compounds become known, our drug screen will lead to identification of new pathways in congenital myopathies and to design of improved therapies to treat patients affected with a variety of congenital myopathies, dystrophies, malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) and King Denborough syndrome.
The Order of Dominance Among Conceptual Capacities: An Experimental Test of Heidbreder'S Hypothesis

(1951). The Order of Dominance Among Conceptual Capacities: An Experimental Test of Heidbreder'S Hypothesis. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 147-160.
Radiation sensitivity studies on related fermenting and respiring yeasts

Abstract Respiration deficient or fermenting yeasts were shown to be more sensitive to X-ray inactivation than genetically related respiring cells. Four fermenting isolates were studied, one of which was intermediate in sensitivity between the remaining fermenting cultures and respiring cells. The difference in radiation sensitivity observed with these yeasts could not be accounted for by such factors as age of the cells, bud frequency, cytochrome content, or respiration deficiency. However, significant differences were noted in catalase content. The correlation between catalase activity, peroxide sensitivity, and radiation sensitivity indicated that a deficiency in catalase was responsible for the increased sensitivities of the fermenting yeasts. A mechanism for catalase protection from radiation is discussed.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from specimens of non-fecal origin.

In recent years 10 serologic groups of Escherichia coli have been recognized as playing an important role in epidemic and sporadic cases of diarrhea and gastroenteritis in infants. The incidence of these "enteropathogenic" strains has been widely studied in feces of infants, children, and adults (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Only in infants does obvious disease accompany the presence of the organism, although distress of varying severity may be induced in adults by feeding the organism (6). A recent survey (7) from the Bacteriology Diagnostic Laboratory at the State University of Iowa showed that Esch. coli occurred in lO'Jo of all specimens containing significant organisms, and was particularly common in specimens from the upper respiratory tract. In view of the current interest in enteropathogenic strains of Esch. coli, it was decided to study strains from specimens of non-fecal origin by serological methods using antiserums for the diarrheal strains; thus it would be possible to determine the incidence of enteropathogens in non-fecal specimens and to notice any predilection for any type of specimen. All isolates of Esch. coli of non-fecal origin were collected over an 8-month period from November 1958 through June 1959 for this investigation.
The Apollo 17 Ultraviolet Spectrometer: Lunar atmosphere measurements revisited

Ultraviolet resonance fluorescence of solar radiation provides the most sensitive means of detecting the expected major constituents of the tenuous daytime lunar atmosphere. Such an experiment was carried out with the Apollo 17 Ultraviolet Spectrometer in December 1972 and produced only upper limits to the number density of H, H2, O, C, N, CO, and two noble gases near the surface of the moon. The complete data set of 47 terminator crossing observations, which were not utilized in the earlier analysis, has been reexamined, and more stringent upper limits to the column emission rates for several species have been derived. These results, together with most recent values for the atomic and molecular fluorescence efficiencies, lead to more definitive limits on the content of the lunar atmosphere. The revised upper limit on atomic oxygen density allows for the possibility of comparable O/Na ratios in the atmosphere of both the moon and Mercury.
Intra-thoracic pancreatic pseudocyst: a rare complication of traumatic pancreatitis

The commonest complication of traumatic pancreatitis is the development of pancreatic pseudocyst. We report a patient with traumatic pancreatitis following blunt abdominal trauma who developed an intrathoracic pancreatic pseudocyst late in the course of non-operative management, and discuss the management of this very rare complication of traumatic pancreatitis.
Paget Cells in Endometrial and Endocervical Curettings in a Patient With Recurrent Vulvar Paget's Disease.

Introduction. Paget’s disease of the vulva is a rare malignancy primarily affecting Caucasian women in their seventh to eighth decades. Most patients experience an indolent disease course and undergo surgical excision for disease control. Although progression to invasive adenocarcinoma is rare, recurrence is common because of the difficulty of achieving negative surgical margins. Case presentation. We report a case of a 73-year-old woman with a long-standing history of recurrent vulvar Paget’s disease who presented with postmenopausal bleeding. Workup revealed extensive endocervical involvement by Paget’s disease, resulting in Paget cells on endocervical curettage, as well as endometrial curettage (because of cervical contamination). Conclusion. Extensive endocervical involvement by vulvar Paget’s disease can occur despite multiple reexcisions and topical therapy. The presence of Paget cells on endometrial and endocervical curettings, particularly in patients without visible vulvar or cervical lesions, sh...
Exploration of structural identification tools and barriers on a laboratory model

In this paper a structural identification (St-Id) case study on a laboratory physical model is presented. The main objective is to understand the reliability of ambient monitoring as the principal global experimentation tool for St-Id and to address the issues related to the projection of the laboratory study to a bridge structure. Linear deterministic FE modeling, controlled static load tests, impact tests and ambient vibration tests are utilized as St-Id tools to supplement each other in the study. The results showed that even under controlled laboratory conditions, uncertainties in the St-Id process cannot be completely avoided and govern the reliability of an St-Id study. Issues regarding the successful application of ambient vibration testing on a real-life bridge structure based on laboratory model results are addressed.
From Romance to Magical Realism: Limits and Possibilities in Gay Adolescent Fiction

Authors of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) adolescent novels have recently moved away from addressing the “problem” of sexual identity and have instead focused on personal and societal “acceptance” of non-normative sexualities. Within the increasing number of “acceptance” titles published depicting gay males, there are two distinct means of representing forms of gayness. In this article, I illustrate that what distinguishes these forms from one another is their handling of homophobia and the extent to which they subvert heteronormativity, the implicit belief that heterosexuality is the only “normal” self-identity. While some authors use homophobia as the foil against which queer characters struggle in order to find happiness as a couple, others work to suspend “reality” by imagining away homophobia—showing queer characters building relationships in an environment relatively free of discrimination. Despite their differences, I argue that both methods ultimately reinscribe heteronormativity through the assumption that monogamous coupling is the goal of LGBTQ youth.
Fractional Korovkin theory

Abstract In this article we study quantitatively with rates the weak convergence of a sequence of finite positive measures to the unit measure. Equivalently we study quantitatively the pointwise convergence of sequence of positive linear operators to the unit operator, all acting on continuous functions. From there we derive with rates the corresponding uniform convergence of the last. Our inequalities for all of the above in their right hand sides contain the moduli of continuity of the right and left Caputo fractional derivatives of the involved function. From our uniform Shisha–Mond type inequality we derive the first fractional Korovkin type theorem regarding the uniform convergence of positive linear operators to the unit. We give applications, especially to Bernstein polynomials for which we establish fractional quantitative results. In the background we establish several fractional calculus results useful to approximation theory and not only.
Midbrain connections of the olivary pretectal nucleus in the marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ): implications for the pupil light reflex pathway

Midbrain projections of the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON) were studied in the marmoset, a New World primate. The fluorescent retrograde tracers Fluoro-Gold (FG) and Fast Blue (FB) were injected into the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus and the lateral terminal nucleus (LTN), respectively. EW nucleus injections resulted in retrograde labeling of significant numbers of FG-positive neurons of the PON as well as a small number of cells in the LTN. LTN injections led to labeling of a population of singly-labeled cells seen dispersed through the larger population of FG-labeled somata within the contralateral PON. The ipsilateral PON was devoid of FB-labeled somata, whereas the adjacent nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) contained FB-labeled cells. These findings show that a large number of PON neurons project directly to the oculomotor complex. Additionally, the study shows the presence of a separate population of PON neurons projecting to the contralateral LTN. This, combined with our earlier observation that LTN neurons project to the EW nucleus in the marmoset (see main text for reference), lends support to the presence of separate direct and indirect pupillary light reflex pathways from the PON to the nucleus of EW.
Ear decomposition with bounds on ear length

Abstract An ear decomposition for a graph G is a sequence of paths ( P 1 , P 2 ,…, P k ) such that if, for each i, G i = G − P 1 −⋯− P i , then P i is a maximal path of degree-two vertices in G i −1 whose endpoint(s) in G i have degree at least two, and G k is a union of disjoint cycles. Ear decomposition has become a standard tool in the design of graph algorithms, especially parallel connectivity algorithms. We show that the existence of two natural variations on ear decomposition can be tested in polynomial time. The first is a weak long-ear decomposition , in which every ear (path) is either disconnecting or is at least as long as a given bound B. The second is a strong short-ear decomposition , in which every ear is non-disconnecting and has length at most B.
On plastic deformation and the dynamics of 3D dislocations

Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) mesoscopic model to simulate the collective dynamic behavior of a large number of curved dislocations of finite lengths has been developed for the purpose of analyzing deformation patterns and instabilities, including the formation of dislocation cell structures. Each curved dislocation is approximated by a piecewise continuous array of straight line segments. The interactions among the segments, including line-tension and self-interactions, are treated explicitly. For longer-range interactions, the space is divided into a regular cellular array and the elastic fields of the dislocations in a remote cell approximated by a multipolar expansion, leading to an order N algorithm for the description of a cell containing N dislocations. For large arrays, the simulation volume is divided into cubical cells. A discrete random starting array is selected for the master cell and its nearest neighbors, which constitute an order 2 cell. Reflection boundary conditions are imposed for near-neighbor order 2 cells and so forth, creating an NaCl-type lattice array. The boundaries between the cells are considered to be relaxed grain boundaries. That is, recovery within the boundaries and rotation across them are considered to occur so that the boundaries have no associated elastic fields. This cell hierarchy, coupled with the multipole expansion, is suitable for the use of massively parallel computation, with individual cells assigned to separate processors.
Lidar-Measured Bernoulli Response to Tidal Flow Over a Sill

An airborne scanning topographic lidar is shown to detect a local sea-level change induced by tidally forced flow over a 60-m-deep estuarine sill. As the flow speeds up over the sill, the sea level can be expected to decrease to conserve total flow energy according to the Bernoulli equation. The measurements resolve this decrease, showing a drop in sea level over the sill crest of about 0.1 m near the start of flood tide, increasing to about 0.25 m an hour later. These values are shown to be consistent with the Bernoulli effect, but only if a fraction (about 60%) of the upstream water column flows over the sill. By inference, the remaining fraction must deflect horizontally around the sill to flow through an adjacent channel, an effect consistent with laboratory studies of stratified flow past a three-dimensional (3-D) barrier with a gap. The lidar measurements, therefore, provide some insight into the 3-D flow response.
A pattern oriented approach for designing scalable analytics applications (invited talk)

The biggest gain in fast processing of big-data will most likely be a result of mapping computation onto clusters of machines while exploiting per-processor parallelism by means of vector instructions and multi-threading. As a result, a new generation of parallel computing infrastructure is needed, driven by the need for application scalability through harnessing growing computing resources in the public cloud, in private data centers and custom clusters, and even on the desktop. This paper uses Our Pattern Language (OPL) to guide the design of a pattern oriented software framework for analytics applications which enables scalability, flexibility, modularity and portability. Using a compute intensive financial application as a motivating example, we demonstrate how following a pattern oriented design approach leads to parallel code in which the domains of concerns for modeling and mapping the computations to the architecture are cleanly delineated, the code is portable across architectures, and accessible to both an application developer and systems developer. In future work, we seek to demonstrate this software framework by architecting and developing a portable and scalable version of quantlib, a popular open-source quantitative finance library.
Voter-ID Issues in Politics and Political Science

The simple act of voting—and its barriers, costs, benefits, and mobilization—continues to be central to politics and political science (Kelley and Mirer 1974). The Supreme Court case Crawford vs. Marion County Election Board (2008) and a well-attended panel on the topic at the 2008 APSA annual meeting in Boston highlight the pertinence of voter-ID issues to the polity and discipline for the 2008 and future elections. As simple as voting is, it is also “of the most fundamental significance under our constitutional structure” (Burdick v. Takushi 1992).
Systemic Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells and Associated Th2 Skewing in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

IntroductionMonocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are antigen-presenting cells capable of directing immune responses toward T-helper 1 (Th1) or T-helper 2 (Th2) phenotypes. The systemic profile of moDCs and their association with Th1/Th2 skewing in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is unclear. The purpose of this study is to characterize circulating moDCs in controls, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and correlate moDCs with Th1/Th2 skewing, mucosal inflammation on computed tomography (CT), and quality of life (QoL).Study DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTertiary care hospital.SubjectsBlood was drawn from control (n = 12), CRSsNP (n = 18), and CRSwNP (n = 15) patients during endoscopic sinus surgery.MethodsPeripheral blood moDCs were analyzed with flow cytometry for expression of HLA-DR, CD209, and CD14. Th1 and Th2 cells were identified by CXCR3 and CCR8 expression, respectively. Lund-Mackay CT scores were assigned by blinded graders. Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-...
Northwest Africa 482: A crystalline impact‐melt breccia from the lunar highlands

Northwest Africa 482 (NWA 482) is a crystalline impact-melt breccia from the Moon with highlands affinities. The recrystallized matrix and the clast population are both highly anorthositic. Clasts are all related to the ferroan anorthosite suite, and include isolated plagioclase crystals and lithic anorthosites, troctolites, and spinel troctolites. Potassium-, rare-earth-element-, and phosphorus-bearing (KREEP) and mare lithologies are both absent, constraining the source area ofthis meteorite to a highland terrain with little to no KREEP component, most likely on the far side of the Moon. Glass is present in shock veins cutting through the sample and in several large melt pockets, indicating a second impact event. There are two separate events recorded in the 40Ar-39Ar system: one at -3750 Ma, which completely reset the K-Ar system, and one at :::;2400 Ma, which caused onlypartial degassing. These events could represent, respectively, crystallization ofthe impact-melt breccia and later formation of the glass, or the formation of the glass and a later thermal event. The terrestrial age of the meteorite is 8.6 ± 1.3 ka. This age corresponds well with the modest amount ofweathering in the rock, in the form ofsecondaryphyllosilicates and carbonates. Based on terrestrial age and location, lithology, and chemistry, NWA 482 is unique among known lunar meteorites.
Spontaneous hemorrhage in a mixed glioma of the cerebellum: Case report

An 8-year-old boy presented in coma and was found to have a massive posterior fossa hemorrhage on computed tomographic scan. Autopsy disclosed a large cerebellar hematoma within a mixed glioma containing both juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. It is postulated that the hemorrhage originated from the oligodendroglial component of the tumor.
A low-cost research-oriented biofeedback thermometer with digital readout

The construction of a research-oriented biofeedback thermometer with digital readout is described. The device uses recently developed low-cost integrated circuits and has a liquid crystal readout with capability of .1° and .01°F display. Internal calibration circuitry enables precision monitoring of overall performance stability. The basic thermometer design has potential application as a general instrument for behavioral and physiological research.
Pharmacokinetics of neoral in stable renal transplant recipients with long-term diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of Neoral has been studied widely and C2 monitoring has been shown to be superior to C0 monitoring in predicting outcomes. However, data are scarce in diabetic renal transplant recipients who may have gastroparesis. We studied 0 to 8 hour pharmacokinetic profiles (AUC 0–8h ) of Neoral on 3 consecutive days in 18 diabetic adults who had stable renal function for at least 6 months after transplantation and no overt symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis. All patients had diabetes mellitus (DM) for at least 5 years. Intrapatient variability of C2 levels was 28% (range, 6%–68%); it was ≤20% in 9 patients (50%) and >60% in 2 patients. Correlation coefficients between AUC 0–8h and AUC 0–4h , between C2 and AUC 0–8h , and between C0 and AUC 0–8h were 0.95, 0.86, and 0.77, respectively. Exposure phase (85% of AUC 0–8h ) was longer than 4 hours in all completed (48/54; 89%) profiles; it was longer than 6 hours in 20 profiles. C4 levels had good correlation with AUC 0–8h (0.86) and low intrapatient variability (16% ± 11%; range, 2%–39%). Thirteen of 18 patients (72%) had intrapatient variability of C4 ≤ 20%. We conclude that the exposure phase of Neoral is prolonged more than 4 hours in adult renal transplant recipients with long-term diabetes, even in the absence of symptoms of gastroparesis. Because of very high intrapatient variability in this group of patients, C2 levels may not be reliable for TDM of Neoral despite high correlation with AUC 0–8h . C4 level may be a valid alternative for these patients.
Competing in Product and Service: A Product Life-Cycle Model

In this paper we develop a product life-cycle model that studies a set of strategic choices facing manufacturers as they design the joint product/service bundle for a product which may require maintenance and repair support after its sale. The choice parameters of interest include the product price, the quality of after-sales service and the price to be charged for the after-sales service. We adopt a competitive, game-theoretic as opposed to single-firm optimization framework, where there is competition for the provision of after-sales service between the manufacturer and an independent service operator. The product price and the service quality/price are characterized by an equilibrium to a sequential game. The resulting outcome is applied to support the valuation of alternative product designs in explicit consideration of the tradeoff between profit from product sale and from the provision of after-sales service. The model can also be used to evaluate the asset value of a firm's customer base.
Principal Component Analysis of Dual-luminophore Pressure/Temperature Sensitive Paints

Multi-luminophore pressure/temperature sensitive paints are investigated using principal component analysis of the spectral emission from the coatings. Two formulations are investigated. The first consists of Ru (4,7-diphenylphenanthroline) dichloride (Ruphen) and Coumarin-7 luminophores. The second coating contains Pt(II) meso-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphine (PtTFPP) and diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DOCI). The principal component analysis revealed that the Ruphen/Coumarin-7 coating requires three fundamental spectra or modes to adequately model the coating emission characteristics. The PtTFPP/DOCI coating was modeled adequately with only two modes. Analysis of the PtTFFP/DOCI coating also revealed that a temperature independent calibration of the pressure sensing function could be developed. The requirement for a wind-off reference image was also eliminated.
Frictional systems under periodic loads — History-dependence, non-uniqueness and energy dissipation

Nominally static contacts such as bolted or shrink-fit joints typically experience regions of microslip when subjected to oscillatory loading. This results in energy dissipation, reflected as apparent hysteretic damping of the system, and also may cause the initiation of fretting fatigue cracks. Early theoretical studies of the Hertzian contact problem by Cattaneo and Mindlin were confirmed experimentally by Johnson, who identified signs of fretting damage in the slip annulus predicted by the theory. For many years, tribologists assumed that Melan's theorem in plasticity could be extended to frictional systems — i.e. that if there exists a state of residual stress associated with frictional slip that is sufficient to prevent periodic slip in the steady state, then the system will shake down, regardless of the initial condition. However, we now know that this is true only if there is no coupling between the normal and tangential loading problems, as will be the case notably when contact occurs on a symmetry plane. For all other cases, periodic loading scenarios can be devised such that shakedown occurs for some initial conditions and not for others. The initial condition here might be determined by the assembly protocol — e.g. the order in which a set of bolts is tightened — or by the exact loading path before the steady cycle is attained. This non-uniqueness of the steady state persists at load amplitudes above the shakedown limit, in which case there is always some dissipation, but the dissipation per cycle (and hence both the effective damping and the susceptibility to fretting damage) depends on the initial conditions. This implies that fretting fatigue experiments need to follow a well-defined assembly protocol if reproducible results are to be obtained. We shall also present results showing that when both normal and tangential forces vary in time, the energy dissipation is very sensitive to the relative phase of the oscillatory components, being greatest when they are out of phase. With sufficient clamping force, 'complete' contacts (i.e. those in which the contact area is independent of the normal load) can theoretically be prevented from slipping, but on the microscale, all contacts are incomplete because of surface roughness and some microslip is inevitable. In this case, the local energy dissipation density can be estimated from relatively coarse-scale roughness models, based on a solution of the corresponding 'full stick' problem.
Infected control and bone marrow transplantation

Abstract Background: Bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of malignancies is on the increase. Unfortunately, there are no well-validated infection control guidelines for this highly susceptible population. Methods : Literature was reviewed concerning infection risks and interventions to decrease risks for bone marrow transplant recipients. Results: Definitive information was generally lacking. However, basic "common sense" infection control recommendations for bone marrow transplantation were made in the following areas: air ventilation systems, design issues, environmental services, patient care issues, barrier precautions, nosocomial surveillance, and discharge planning. Recommendations must be tailored to each facility or setting. Conclusion: We conclude that validation of many of these recommendations is necessary to provide optimum care for bone marrow transplant recipients.
The system water–ethanol–didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. Phase equilibria and vapor pressures

Abstract The phase diagram and the colloidal structures involved in the system water, ethanol (as a hydrotrope) and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (as a surfactant) were determined using visual observation, optical microscopy, light scattering and stopped-flow methods. The results showed as expected that addition of the ethanol to the surfactant–water lamellar liquid crystal caused a disordering of it to an isotropic liquid, a microemulsion. The phase equilibria at ethanol concentrations less than that to form the microemulsion were complex with several two- and three-phase regions involving the microemulsion and the two lamellar liquid crystals.
Development of Dairy Farm Engineering

Progress in dairy farming was well under way at the beginning of the 50-year period, 1906 to 1956. Scientific achievements and discoveries of the two or three decades preceding the date on which the American Dairy Science Association was founded brought into use the but terfa t test for milk, t h e c r e a m separator, improved forages, improved f e e d i n g practices for dairy cattle, herd health protection by the tuberculin test, i m p r o v e d sanitation, d a i r y cattle breeding for the improvement of production, pasteurizat i o n of mi lk , a n d a p r o v e n evaluation of milk and but ter as a superior source of huS. A. Witzel man food. The milking machine .and stainless steel had been invented but their use was to come later.
The Ecosystem Approach from a Practical Point of View

For years the scientific community has bemoaned the failure of policymakers to heed its call for an ecosystem approach to land management. At the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), we have been listening. As director, I have challenged the agency to pioneer the practical implementation of an ecosystem approach. But to transform this approach from the theoretical to the practical, we will have to overcome two real-world constraints: (1) minimal knowledge of ecosystem functions and (2) immediate human demands on the landscape that cannot be ignored. I believe that the USFWS can overcome these limitations, but it will take collaboration with the full community of interests in any and all ecosystems, and with the scientific community that campaigned for the approach. I therefore issue this challenge to scientists interested in effecting conservation: get involved in our endeavor. Scientists need to understand that the dearth of knowledge on ecosystems affects management decisions. How can managers base decisions on ecosystem health when few scientific studies have been conducted at an ecosystem level? After all, we can hazard only a vague guess as to even the number of species that exist on our planet, between 5 and 30 million, according to biologist E. 0. Wilson. How much can we know about the landscape when we cannot even be certain that we have accounted for all the species that interact with it? By advocating an ecosystem approach, the scientist is urging the wildlife manager to take a big risk, to leave behind the time-tested single-species approach. The USFWS's history inspires trust in the single-species approach. A USFWS manager can draw confidence, for instance, from our success in recovering waterfowl populations or bringing back critically endangered species from the brink of extinction. Further, under the singlespecies approach, the desired end is clearly defined and measurable: the stabilization of the target species' popu-
Growth and catabolism in isotopic incorporation: a new formulation and experimental data

Summary 1. We propose a new model that uses an organism’s change in mass to estimate isotope incorporation rates. Our model is a re-parameterization of a widely used one-compartment-first-order kinetic model that estimates the rate of isotopic incorporation as a function of time. If animals are growing exponentially and fractional growth rates are measured, the time model allows partitioning the contribution of growth and catabolic turnover to isotopic incorporation. The model can be extended to include more than one-compartment. 2. Our model makes the same assumptions but uses mass change as an independent variable. It estimates the ratio of the contribution of catabolic turnover to growth. 3. To test the model, we fed juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at three different rations and measured their change in mass and tissue d 13 C isotopic composition for 128 days. 4. Fish grew exponentially and fractional growth rates differed significantly between rations. The contribution of catabolism (tissue replacement) to isotopic incorporation was 2AE6 to 5 times higher than growth (tissue addition) in liver. In muscle tissue, the contribution of catabolism and growth were roughly equivalent for all rations. 5. When we used the parameters of the mass model to re-parameterize the time model we found a relatively good fit (r 2 =0 AE 8±0 AE1, mean ± SD) to the isotopic incorporation data. 6. The mass model estimated a smaller, and more biologically realistic range of d¥ values than did the time model which suggests that it might yield better results when isotopic incorporation experiments are not carried on long enough to yield estimates of the asymptotic isotopic value of an animal’s tissues after a diet shift. 7. Rather than being alternatives, the time and mass models are complementary in that they allow us to see the same phenomenon from different perspectives.
Mediators of Sexual Functioning and Marital Quality in Chronically Depressed Adults with and Without a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Abstract Introduction Sexual dysfunction is common among depressed adults. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and depressive symptomology are among the risk factors for sexual dysfunction, and these factors may interact to predict adult relationship functioning. Several models have been developed postulating interactions between these variables. Aim We tested models of the effects of CSA and elucidate the associations between CSA, sexual dysfunction, depression severity, anxiety, and relationship quality in chronically depressed adults. Methods Baseline data from 808 chronically depressed outpatients enrolled in the Research Evaluating the Value of Augmenting Medication with Psychotherapy study were evaluated using structural equation modeling. Main Outcome Measures The Inventory of Depressive Symptomology, self‐report version (IDS‐SR) assessed depression severity, and the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire Anxious Arousal subscale assessed anxiety. Sexual function was assessed with the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX), and the Quality of Marriage Index (QMI) assessed relationship quality for patients in stable relationships. Results CSA scores predicted depression severity on the IDS‐SR, as well as lower relationship quality and sexual satisfaction. ASEX scores were significantly associated with depression severity but were not correlated with the QMI. Two models were evaluated to elucidate these associations, revealing that (i) depression severity and anxious arousal mediated the relationship between CSA and adult sexual function, (ii) anxious arousal and sexual functioning mediated the association between CSA and depression symptoms, and (iii) when these models were combined, anxious arousal emerged as the most important mediator of CSA on depression which, in turn, mediated associations with adult sexual satisfaction and relationship quality. Conclusions Although CSA predicts lower relationship and sexual satisfaction among depressed adults, the long‐term effects of CSA appear to be mediated by depressive and anxious symptoms. It is important to address depression and anxiety symptoms when treating patients with CSA who present with sexual dysfunction or marital concerns. Dunlop BW, Hill E, Johnson BN, Klein DN, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum BO, Thase ME, and Kocsis JH. Mediators of sexual functioning and marital quality in chronically depressed adults with and without a history of childhood sexual abuse. J Sex Med 2015;12:813–823.
The Effect of Class II Elastic Forces on Craniofacial Growth in Rats

Full-time Class II elastic forces were applied to eight rats in order to evaluate their effects on the growth of the snout and the mandible. Eight animals served as controls. Lateral cephalograms were taken at the start of the experiment and again at the end, 23 days later. The pre- and post-treatment tracings were superimposed on the cranial base to measure alterations in snout growth, and on metallic implants to measure differences in mandibular growth.As judged by t tests, Class II elastic forces caused a significant antero-posterior growth inhibition both in the snout and in the mandible.
Chemical sensors fabricated in CMOS-MEMS technology

This presentation is an overview of standard Integrated Circuits technology that enables the integration of the chemical sensors with the necessary driving and signal conditioning circuitry on the same chip. A variety of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)-based chemical sensors found in the literature and the microprocessing technologic steps necessary for the integration of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors in CMOS technology are explained in this presentation. CMOS technology has become the mainstream semiconductor technology over the last decade due to its high volume production capability and its circuit advantages. Silicon is a readily available material that is relatively inexpensive. In addition, circuits fabricated in CMOS are low cost. An important advantage of CMOS technology is the possibility of integrating electronic circuitry with the MEMS sensor. Although CMOS processes were originally not intended for MEMS devices, the CMOS technology in combination with additional pre or post fabrication micromachining steps allows for integration of MEMS sensors and CMOS circuitry on the same chip. The monolithic integration of CMOS MEMS chemical sensors is a promising approach that has been motivated by the rapid development in integrated-circuit and MEMS technology. The aim in utilizing CMOS technology for realizing chemical sensors is to create more intelligent, more autonomous, more integrated and more reliable chemical sensor systems at low costs in a generic approach. The integration of electronics with chemical sensors in one single chip improves the sensor signals in terms of robustness and signal-to-noise ratio. On-chip integration also improves the microsystem functionality, interconnection and facilitates a more efficient packaging. At high volumes of production, the monolithic solution presents economical advantages, and it is especially attractive for portable and high sensitivity systems. The main disadvantages of the monolithic CMOS–MEMS integration include the restriction to CMOS-compatible materials and the limited choice of micromachining processes. However, the use of CMOS–MEMS offers, on the other hand, unprecedented advantages over hybrid designs, especially with regard to signal quality, device performance, increased functionality and available standard packaging solutions. These advantages clearly outweigh the drawbacks and limitations. A large number of MEMS gas sensors fabricated in CMOS technology were recently researched and developed. Several important CMOS-MEMS gas sensors will be presented.
CLOSED-FORM SWEPT VOLUME OF IMPLICIT SURFACES

Recent developments in formulations for generating swept volumes have made a significant impact on the efficiency of employing such algorithms and on the extent to which formulations can be used in representing complex shapes. In this paper, we outline a method for employing the representation of implicit surfaces using the Jacobian rank deficiency condition presented earlier for the sweep of parametric surfaces. A numerical and broadly applicable analytic formulation is developed that yields the exact swept volume.
Information Goods Upgrades: Theory and Evidence

A substantial portion of information goods is sold through upgrades. I model a monopolist offering successive generations of an information good in a dynamic model. In each period, the monopolist offers up to two prices for each generation: a full price to those who have never purchased and a version upgrade price to consumers who own a previous generation. I employ an overlapping generations model with infinite-lived firms and consumers that reflects the effect of future profits on current decisions better than previous two-period models. The model's predictions accord well with data from the PC software industry. The model explains why: 1) firms issued version upgrades with every new generation, 2) firms provided a discount to those upgrading relative to first-time buyers and 3) late adopters commonly purchased the latest version at full price even though some earlier adopters with higher valuations did not upgrade to the latest version.
Chlamydia, Inflammation, and Atherogenesis

Atherosclerotic lesions are initiated and progress largely as a result of a chronic, fibroproliferative, inflammatory response. This review discusses how Chlamydia pneumoniae could conceivably contribute to this chronic inflammatory response and reports on recent in vivo and in vitro studies. In vivo studies in mice demonstrate that C. pneumoniae infection is disseminated to the artery wall following infection in the lung by alveolar macrophages. Recent in vitro studies show that infected U937 cells can directly transfer infection to endothelial cells and can indirectly increase the susceptibility of endothelial cells to C. pneumoniae infection. Loading of RAW 264.7 cells with modified forms of low-density lipoprotein increases the resistance of the cells to C. pneumoniae infection and also increases the susceptibility to the combined toxic effects of modified lipids and C. pneumoniae infection.
Physician barriers to successful implementation of US Preventive Services Task Force routine HIV testing recommendations.

In 2006, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued recommendations supporting routine HIV testing in health care settings for all persons aged 13 to 64 years. Despite these recommendations, physicians are not offering HIV testing routinely. We apply a model that has previously identified 3 central, inter-related factors (knowledge-, attitude-, and behavior-related barriers) for why physicians do not follow practice guidelines in order to better understand why physicians are not offering HIV testing routinely. This model frames our review of the existing literature on physician barriers to routine HIV testing. Within the model, knowledge barriers include lack of familiarity or awareness of clinical recommendations, attitude barriers include lack of agreement with guidelines, while behavioral barriers include external barriers related to the guidelines themselves, to patients, or to environmental factors. Our review reveals that many physicians face these barriers with regards to implementing routine HIV testing. Several factors underscore the importance of determining how to best address physician barriers to HIV testing, including: provisions of the Affordable Care Act that are likely to require or incentivize major payers to cover HIV testing, evidence which suggests that a physician’s recommendation to test for HIV is a strong predictor of patient testing behavior, and data which reveals that nearly 20% of HIV-positive individuals may be unaware of their status. In April 2013, the US Preventive Services Task Force released a recommendation supporting routine HIV testing; strategies are needed to help address ongoing physician barriers to testing.
The Need for a Search for a Proximal Pathogenic Principle of Human AIDS

Summary Some of the unexplained aspects of HIV/AIDS epidemiology, virology, and pathology (6, 13) may thus be due to a lack of knowledge of the basic virology of the virus complex and its pathological interaction with cells of the host. There may be no need to call upon anomalous immune responses, vicious transactivating activities, or new virological or biological principles if we can first do the basic virology of the disease-inducing viruses. While we do not want to propose that working out the virology will be necessity be easy on all counts, it may lead us all to more equitable immunological, pathological, and cell biological approaches to this formidable problem. A fine beginning has been made Fisher et al. (10), Saag et al. (11), and others. To retrovirologists the problems appear not to be insurmountable.
Safe Kids/FedEx children pedestrian road safety program

The Philippines is a low-middle income country with an estimated population of 102 Million and a 2.18 annual population growth rate. The consequent urbanization has rapidly increased the number of motor vehicles resulting in increased number of road traffic injuries in the country. According to the World Health Organization, next to assault, road traffic crashes are the second leading cause of injury deaths for all ages. Among 0 to 17 years old children, road traffic crashes is also the second leading causes of deaths, next to drowning. In 2004, Safe Kids Worldwide Philippines (SKWP) and FedEx worked hand in hand to address this problem using a pedestrian safety program called "Walk This Way". The aims are to educate the children on pedestrian safety and improve the walking environment of the schools thereby improve the safety of children and other road users while on the roads. SKWP and FedEx started to organize and build coalitions in five cities and used the three E's - Education, Engineering and Enforcement. For education, it tries to transfer the knowledge by giving training to principals, teachers, children and parents on pedestrian safety. The Engineering component looks into improvements in the walking environment of the children and their guardians to and from the schools by working with concerned government and non-government organizations. The Enforcement component on the other hand seeks to improve implementation of pertinent laws through dialogues, advocacies and events. The Walk This Way Program has been implemented in 6 cities in the span of 11 years, 5 in a given year. In 2014 a modified approach, the Young Road Safety Advocate Program (YRSAP) was introduced. This "peer to peer" approach enlists senior outstanding students to teach younger students in their own schools. The last two years saw the training of about 900 outstanding students on pedestrian safety who in turn taught approximately 100,000 younger students. The Safe School Zone Project was developed in 2009 and was able to improve four (4) public elementary schools through road safety environment education and the installation of road signs and permanent barriers. Safe Kids Worldwide Philippines through the partnership with FedEx has been recognized in the country in the field of injury prevention programs. SKWP has been invited by the Department of Health to be a member of the Technical Working Committee on Violence and Injury Prevention. Coalitions with the various cities and elementary schools have helped increase the knowledge of over a Million children on pedestrian safety. The National TV Networks have recognized and utilized SKWP in discussions about Road Safety and has become a main resource on the recently enacted helmet law for children. National and local governments together with the involved non-government organizations have looked to Safe Kids Worldwide Philippines as a key organization in Children's Safety Programs. Keywords: SR2S Language: en