cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmentally Moderated Expressions of the Neuropathology Underlying Schizophrenia

A gradually accumulating body of literature suggests that behavioral dysfunction precedes the onset of the schizophrenic syndrome by many years. Thus, a comprehensive neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia must encompass these early manifestations of dysfunction as well as the postmorbid period. This article draws on previous research findings as well as recently proposed neurodevelopmental models to offer some further hypotheses about the neurodevelopmental process underlying the changing life-course manifestations of the diathesis for schizophrenia. It is proposed that normal maturational events in the central nervous system moderate the behavioral expression of a congenital neuropathology that affects subcortical regions of the brain that are part of multiple neural circuits. Specifically, it is suggested that the diathesis for schizophrenia involves a functional excess of dopamine activity in the basal ganglia that serves to disrupt these circuits. Findings from empirical research suggest a modal developmental trajectory for schizophrenia in which neuromotor dysfunction is most pronounced in early childhood and late in life, whereas florid psychotic symptomatology is most pronounced in late adolescence and early adulthood. The literature on normal central nervous system development suggests that the feedback circuit linking motor cortex with subcortical structures is maximally metabolically activated, relative to other circuits, early and late in the life course. Thus, subcortical dopamine excess may be predominantly expressed in motoric symptoms during these periods. In contrast, late adolescence and early adulthood are marked by low motor cortex metabolic activity relative to other cortical regions, in particular limbic and frontal regions. In addition, hormonal changes appear to result in a maximal activation of the dopamine system during this developmental period. Thus, it is hypothesized that during this period the neural circuitry abnormality will be primarily behaviorally expressed in psychotic symptoms. Some implications of the model for the study of movement abnormalities and psychotic symptoms are discussed.
Osmoregulatory capabilities of three macrosympatric stolidobranch ascidians, Styela clava Herdman, S. plicata (Lesueur), and S. montereyensis (Dall)

Abstract Three stolidobranch ascidians, Styela clava Herdman, 1881, S.plicata (Lesueur, 1823), and S. montereyensis (Dall, 1872), differentially regulate their volume with respect to hyposaline media, but osmoconform at higher salinities. S.plicata was determined to have hyperosmotic regulation, whereas S. clava and S. montereyensis were shown to have limited hyperosmotic capacity and osmotic conformation, respectively. Osmoregulatory capability and species distribution may be influenced by abiotic factors, e.g. low salinity. All three species were observed in Santa Barbara Harbor, California, an environment of limited freshwater influence. However, only S. clava and S. plicata occurred in Newport Bay, California, an environment with seasonal freshwater inflow. Sodium and potassium ion regulation at the plasma level was found not to occur in these three species. A nitrogenous compound is suggested to have a major role in osmoregulation in styelid ascidians.
Bovine Tuberculosis and the Establishment of an Eradication Program in the United States: Role of Veterinarians

The significance of the identification of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonotic pathogen in 1882 was not initially recognized. After years of research by veterinarians, and other scientists, the importance of M. bovis as a pathogen and the public health ramifications, were appreciated. Veterinarians played pivotal roles in the creation of improved meat and milk inspection, diagnosis of M. bovis infected cattle, and in time, a bovine tuberculosis eradication program that would impact every cattle producer in the country. After overcoming many challenges, the 93-year-long program has decreased disease prevalence from 5% to <0.001%. Today, years of hard work by practitioners, researchers and regulatory officials alike, have yielded a program with a net benefit of almost $160 million per year.
Mass Transport via Cellular Barriers and Endocytosis

Mass transport within body compartments and across biological barriers negatively impacts drug delivery but also presents opportunities to optimally design drug carriers that benefit from novel differentials presented in pathological tissue. As an example, cancer presents unique alterations in vascular permeability, osmotic pressure, cellular zip-codes, and numerous other physical parameters that can be used to achieve preferential accumulation of imaging and therapeutic agents at the cancer lesion. This chapter describes the journey of drug delivery from the site of administration to the appropriate subcellular compartment within the target cell. Design parameters for optimal fabrication of nanoparticle-based carriers, including size, shape, elemental composition, surface staging, and hierarchical ordering of multi-particle complexes are presented. The overall objective of this chapter is to enhance our understanding of mass transport in order to facilitate the development of carriers for therapy and diagnostics of various pathological conditions.
Laptops in the Classroom: Do They Make a Difference?

In 1996 the College of Engineering at the University of Oklahoma started to require all incoming students to have a laptop computer equipped with a wireless Internet card. Because of a pilot study and a voluntary phase-in over the first two years, two groups of students moved through the curriculum—those with and those without laptops. During 1998 and 1999, when these students entered their junior year, we offered two sections of a third-year water resources course: one for students who owned laptops and one “traditional” section for those who did not own laptops. We assessed student performance to evaluate if the laptops helped improve student learning. Although not a perfectly controlled experiment (i.e., the student groups were different), the two sections were uniform in terms of course content and assignments. Because of their inherently large standard deviations, class metrics (grades) are not conclusive, but they do indicate that the laptop students performed slightly better than the non-laptop students, even though their composite grade point average entering the course was lower. Evaluations do clearly show that, when the technology is used properly and when class time is not spent resolving technical problems, the laptop students had a more positive learning experience.
Incidence of “never events” among weekend admissions versus weekday admissions to US hospitals: national analysis

Objective To evaluate the association between weekend admission to hospital and 11 hospital acquired conditions recently considered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid as “never events” for which resulting healthcare costs are not reimbursed. Design National analysis. Setting US Nationwide Inpatient Sample discharge database. Participants 351 million patients discharged from US hospitals, 2002-10. Main outcome measures Univariate rates and multivariable likelihood of hospital acquired conditions among patients admitted on weekdays versus weekends, as well as the impacts of these events on prolonged length of stay and total inpatient charges. Results From 2002 to 2010, 351 170 803 patients were admitted to hospital, with 19% admitted on a weekend. Hospital acquired conditions occurred at an overall frequency of 4.1% (5.7% among weekend admissions versus 3.7% among weekday admissions). Adjusting for patient and hospital cofactors the probability of having one or more hospital acquired conditions was more than 20% higher in weekend admissions compared with weekday admissions (odds ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.24 to 1.26, P<0.01). Hospital acquired conditions have a negative impact on both hospital charges and length of stay. At least one hospital acquired condition was associated with an 83% (1.83, 1.77 to 1.90, P<0.01) likelihood of increased charges and 38% likelihood of prolonged length of stay (1.38, 1.36 to 1.41, P<0.01). Conclusion Weekend admission to hospital is associated with an increased likelihood of hospital acquired condition, cost, and length of stay. Future protocols and staffing regulations must be tailored to the requirements of this high risk subgroup.
Neurovascular trauma in athletes

Injuries to neurovascular structures are not the most common injuries seen in athletes and for this reason may often be overlooked. Additionally, diagnosis and management may be more difficult because of inexperience with these injuries. The majority of acute sports-related neurovascular injuries are associated with contact sports such as rugby, wrestling, ice hockey, and especially football. These injuries most commonly occur about the shoulder girdle and brachial plexus, with "burners" syndrome being the most common. Less common injuries include thoracic outlet syndrome, effort-induced thrombosis, axillary artery occlusion, and peripheral nerve injuries, as well as compression syndromes involving the axillary, suprascapular, and long thoracic nerves.
MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic diseases

Aberrant cholesterol/lipid homeostasis is linked to a number of diseases prevalent in the developed world, including metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We have previously uncovered gene regulatory mechanisms of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) family of transcription factors, which control the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis and uptake. Intriguingly, we recently discovered conserved microRNAs (miR-33a/b) embedded within intronic sequences of the human SREBF genes that act in a concerted manner with their host gene products to regulate cholesterol/lipid homeostasis. Indeed, miR-33a/b control the levels of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCA1, a cholesterol efflux pump critical for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesis and reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues. Importantly, antisense inhibition of miR-33 in mice results in elevated HDL and decreased atherosclerosis. Interestingly, miR-33a/b also act in the fatty acid/lipid homeostasis pathway by controlling the fatty acid β-oxidation genes carnitine O-octanoyltransferase (CROT), hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A-dehydrogenase (HADHB), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), as well as the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα1), the NAD(+)-dependent sirtuin SIRT6, and the insulin signaling intermediate IRS2, key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. These results have revealed a highly integrated microRNA (miRNA)-host gene circuit governing cholesterol/lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in mammals that may have important therapeutic implications for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders.
Linking descriptive and experimental analyses in the treatment of bizarre speech.

Descriptive and experimental methods were used to analyze the environmental determinants of an adult's bizarre speech. A descriptive analysis of behavior under natural conditions indicated that bizarre vocalizations occurred most often in the presence of task-related demands and in the absence of adult attention. Further, bizarre speech occurring during tasks was followed frequently by the cessation of task demands by staff or the subject's voluntary disengagement from task-related activities; bizarre speech observed during noninteractional periods (i.e., in the absence of adult attention) was frequently followed by staff attention. The escape and attention hypotheses were tested under analogue conditions. Results of the experimental analysis supported only the attention hypothesis; that is, bizarre speech appeared to function as an attention-producing behavior. The functional analysis data were used to select two different yet functionally equivalent treatments. The first treatment provided the subject with noncontingent scheduled attention. The second intervention taught the subject social language skills in the form of initiation and expansion statements. Both interventions were effective in suppressing maladapted speech. Advantages of linking descriptive and experimental analyses are discussed.
Dissecting molecular steps in chromatin domain activation during hematopoietic differentiation.

GATA factors orchestrate hematopoiesis via multistep transcriptional mechanisms, but the interrelationships and importance of individual steps are poorly understood. Using complementation analysis with GATA-1-null cells and mice containing a hypomorphic allele of the chromatin remodeler BRG1, we dissected the pathway from GATA-1 binding to cofactor recruitment, chromatin loop formation, and transcriptional activation. Analysis of GATA-1-mediated activation of the β-globin locus, in which GATA-1 assembles dispersed complexes at the promoters and the distal locus control region (LCR), revealed molecular intermediates, including GATA-1-independent and GATA-1-containing LCR subcomplexes, both defective in promoting loop formation. An additional intermediate consisted of an apparently normal LCR complex and a promoter complex with reduced levels of total RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and Pol II phosphorylated at serine 5 of the carboxy-terminal domain. Reduced BRG1 activity solely compromised Pol II and serine 5-phosphorylated Pol II occupancy at the promoter, phenocopying the LCR-deleted mouse. These studies defined a hierarchical order of GATA-1-triggered events at a complex locus and establish a novel mechanism of long-range gene regulation.
Giant Magnetoresistance of Self-Assembled ErAs Islands in GaAs

We have integrated nanometer-sized ErAs islands in GaAs, resulting in a nano-composite of paramagnetic particles in a semiconductor. Negative giant magnetoresistance of up to four orders of magnitude is observed at low temperatures. We can control the density and size of the ErAs islands, making this an ideal system to investigate transport in magnetic nano-structures.
Accessibility of the peptide backbone of protein ligands is a key specificity determinant in Candida albicans SRS adherence

Candida albicans displays a high degree of specificity in selecting and adhering to targets in vivo. The features of target recognition are poorly understood and likely to involve more than the mere chemical composition of the ligand. Using an adherence assay in which protein and peptide ligands are covalently coupled to magnetic beads, the authors have previously described a new adherence mechanism in C. albicans, henceforth referred to as SRS (stable, reversible, specific) adherence. It was previously demonstrated that C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing agglutinin-like sequence 5 protein (Als5p, previously referred to as Ala1p or Ala1/Als5p) adhere to peptides containing patches of threonine, serine and alanine residues when these are located in the free end of immobilized peptides. The interaction with protein ligands in SRS adherence predominantly involves the formation of hydrogen bonds. Accordingly, this interaction may occur (1) to the peptide backbone of the protein ligand or (2) to the amino acid side chain with an appropriate functional group. Evidence is provided that the primary interaction occurs with the peptide backbone and the secondary interaction occurs with the side chain. The primary interaction with the peptide backbone is sufficient for adherence to occur, whereas the secondary interaction with a side chain possessing an appropriate functional group stabilizes the interaction. In agreement with these results, it is also demonstrated that proteins lacking secondary and tertiary structure, wherein the peptide backbone is sterically accessible, interact with C. albicans and S. cerevisiae expressing Als5p. C. albicans Als proteins are resistant to denaturation by harsh conditions that kill the yeast cells. The proposed interactions in SRS adherence have striking similarities with those of the molecular chaperone Hsp70, which specifically binds to non-native proteins and resists denaturation.
The second decade of Soviet hydrology: Selected papers

The publication Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers began over a decade ago. The first issue appeared in 1962. Papers for translation and inclusion are chosen from the hydrologic research publications of various USSR government agencies, institutes, and universities. The main sources for selected papers are the various publications of the Main Administration of the Hydrome-teorological Service of the USSR. The institutions reporting to this administration produce a variety of hydrologic publications. Certain journals are devoted entirely to particular subjects. The journals are published at irregular intervals. The multitude of journals on hydrology and related subjects offer a wide range of papers for translation.
Disability and discourse analysis

The ways in which we talk and think about disability might be, perhaps paradoxically, revealed in how we commonly conceptualize understanding. Arguably one of our most pervasive metaphors is the co...
The Interrelationship Between Cryoablation, the Immune Response and the Tumor Microenvironment: Stimulatory and Suppressive Effects

Cryoablation involves the use of freezing temperatures to kill cells and destroy tissue. Its history as a cancer therapy dates back over 100 years, however recent advances in technology have greatly expanded its clinical potential. Much of the interest in cryoablation centers on early observations that after freezing a primary lesion, distant, un-treated sites of disease began to regress. It was believed that this was secondary to cryoablation stimulating an anti-tumor immune response. This prompted multiple pre-clinical studies examining the impact of cryoablation on the immune response and the mechanisms involved. While most of these studies validated the ability of cryoablation to stimulate tumor recognition by the immune system, some studies demonstrated the opposite; tumor-bearing animals treated by cryoablation had diminished responses and increased tumor growth compared to controls. As our knowledge of the components of the immune system and their interactions in the generation, or suppression, of an immune response has increased, as well as our understanding of the mechanisms by which freezing leads to cell death, the immunomodulation seen with cryoablation is becoming clearer. Many questions still remain, but given the tremendous clinical potential in having a local therapy that could also have systemic benefits, further research in this area is strongly warranted. This chapter will review the history of cryosurgery for the treatment of cancer, including the observations of distant tumor regression; detail the mechanisms by which cryoablation leads to cancer cell death, and how this can be altered by variations in cryosurgical technique; and describe the pre-clinical data examining the relationship between cryoablation-induced cell death and both stimulatory and suppressive immune responses.
Oxytocin and the augmentation of labor : Human and medical perspectives.

At least a third of the women giving birth in the United States receive intravenous oxytocin for the induction and augmentation of labor. The problem of inactive or ineffective labor remains a major challenge for birth attendants, midwives, and physicians who practice obstetrics. Before the discovery of oxytocin, traditional approaches to augmentation ranged from magical and folk interventions to extensive bloodletting. Despite its wide use the effectiveness of oxytocin augmentation has not been well studied, and current research raises new questions about its effect on the brain.
Trajectory Approaches for Launching Hypersonic Flight Tests

This paper presents some approaches towards designing trajectories for hypersonic testing at up to Mach 10 speed using a reusable rocket powered first stage. The motivation behind the paper is the DARPA XS-1 program that is focused on low cost responsive access to space of which the first stage can also be used for hypersonic testing. Trajectories were analyzed using NASA’s POST code to look at different ways of flying to Mach 10 with a reusable first stage rocket. These trajectories are good starting points for how to setup a trajectory simulation to meet hypersonic testing needs.
Development of Liuhe Liqueur

Low alcohol, nutritional and healthy Liuhe Liqueur was finally produced by the addition of six kinds of Chinese medicine (wolfberry fruit, dried tangerine peel, safflower, liquorice, tuchahoe and yam which steeped in alcohol solution) in the production of yellow rice wine with the traditional technologies.(Tran by YUE Yang)
Electron Microscope Cartilage Slicing Image Stitching Algorithm Based on SIFT

During the establishment of simulation platform,the electron microscope cartilage tomographic image stitching is one of the key technologies. The tw o-dimensional electron microscope method w as studied. Firstly,the SIFT algorithm w as used to detect key points in the image,and the kd-tree w as used to create data index to match the key points fast,then the image shift could be determined. Finally,the seamless stitching of partial slicing image w as realized and the problem of small angle for electron microscope image w as solved effectively. C language w as used in VS2010 environment for simulation. The experimental results show ed that the method presented is robust and real-time. It w as proved that this method could provide objective scientific support in the cultivation process of artificial cartilage tissue.
Obesity: from animal models to human genetics to practical applications

Although many animal models are used in genetic studies, the mouse is most common. Analysis of single-gene mutations, linkage analysis in crossbred strains, and gene targeting are the primary techniques used to associate obesity phenotypes with specific genes or alleles. The orthologous human gene can then be tested, either in linkage studies in families or in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), for effect on the phenotype. Frequent lack of concordance between mouse and human obesity genes may be due to the difference in phenotypes measured in humans (body mass index) versus mouse (fat mass or % body fat), lack of intermediate phenotypes, and the fact that identified genes account for only a small percentage of the heritability of common obesity, suggesting that many genes remain unknown. New technology allows analysis of individual genomes at a reasonable cost, making large-scale obesity genome projects in humans feasible. Such projects could identify common allelic variants that contribute to obesity and to variable individual response to obesity therapy. Currently, family history may be more predictive than genetics for risk of obesity, but individual testing could ultimately guide therapy and, in the aggregate, guide public health policy. The primary limitation to development of genotype-based diets is that successful randomized diet trials of widely ranging macronutrient content, adequately powered for finding rare Mendelian mutations, have not been performed.
Autocrine IL-10 activation of the STAT3 pathway is required for pathological macrophage differentiation in polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by slow expansion of fluid-filled cysts derived from tubules within the kidney. Cystic expansion results in injury to surrounding parenchyma and leads to inflammation, scarring and ultimately loss of renal function. Macrophages are a key element in this process, promoting cyst epithelial cell proliferation, cyst expansion and disease progression. Previously, we have shown that the microenvironment established by cystic epithelial cells can 'program' macrophages, inducing M2-like macrophage polarization that is characterized by expression of markers that include Arg1 and Il10 Here, we functionally characterize these macrophages, demonstrating that their differentiation enhances their ability to promote cyst cell proliferation. This observation indicates a model of reciprocal pathological interactions between cysts and the innate immune system: cyst epithelial cells promote macrophage polarization to a phenotype that, in turn, is especially efficient in promoting cyst cell proliferation and cyst growth. To better understand the genesis of this macrophage phenotype, we examined the role of IL-10, a regulatory cytokine shown to be important for macrophage-stimulated tissue repair in other settings. Herein, we show that the acquisition of the pathological macrophage phenotype requires IL-10 secretion by the macrophages. Further, we demonstrate a requirement for IL-10-dependent autocrine activation of the STAT3 pathway. These data suggest that the IL-10 pathway in macrophages plays an essential role in the pathological relationship between cysts and the innate immune system in PKD, and thus could be a potential therapeutic target.
Cognition and Dynamical Cognitive Science

Several philosophers have expressed concerns with some recent uses of the term `cognition'. Underlying a number of these concerns are claims that cognition is only located in the brain and that no compelling case has been made to use `cognition' in any way other than as a cause of behavior that is representational in nature. These concerns center on two primary misapprehensions: First, that some adherents of dynamical cognitive science (DCS) think DCS implies the thesis of extended cognition and the rejection of representation, and second, that cognition is mistakenly equated with behavior. We make three points in response to these claims: First, there is no thoroughly entrenched conception of cognition as distinct from behavior that is being illegitimately disregarded. Second, we present Shapiro's (Minds Mach 23: 353---375, 2013) exposition of dynamical systems theory as revealing a misunderstanding of the way that dynamical models are used in explanations of cognition and related phenomena. Accordingly, a proper conception of DCS's methods facilitates an appreciation of extended cognition as a legitimate phenomenon of scientific investigation. Finally, we demonstrate that practicing cognitive scientists and psychologists are far more pluralistic in the phenomena they apply `cognition' to than is suggested by some. At the heart of our disagreement with these concerned folks is that although we think it likely that some cognitive phenomena are representational, non-extended, and only in-between the ears, we also think there are good conceptual and empirical reasons to believe that many cognitive phenomena are non-representational, extended, and not confined to the brain.
Gas-Phase Chemistry of Alkali Adducts of Simple and Complex Molecules

Gas-phase interactions between alkali metal ions and organic molecules have been of interest since the early 1970’s. Initial studies were conducted to determine metal ion affinities of simple monofunctional compounds.(1–6) Thermionic emitters were used as sources of metal ions, and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometers were used for mass analysis. Consequently, alkali metal ions were exploited as chemical ionization reagents.(2d, 6, 7) The role of the metal ion as a reagent has changed as the methods for forming ions and types of mass spectrometers used for analysis have evolved.
Objections and Clarifications

This chapter replies to several objections to TEM. Among them: that physical theories can’t give us the kind of justification that TEM says they can, that TEM is circular, that TEM doesn’t fit with a standard way of arguing in metaphysics, that TEM is far too cautious about our modal justification, that TEM can’t handle conflicts between theories, and that TEM is far too permissive in terms of our modal justification.
Speed of sound estimation for thermal monitoring using an active ultrasound element during liver ablation therapy (Conference Presentation)

Thermal monitoring for ablation therapy has high demands for preserving healthy tissues while removing malignant ones completely. Various methods have been investigated. However, exposure to radiation, cost-effectiveness, and inconvenience hinder the use of X-ray or MRI methods. Due to the non-invasiveness and real-time capabilities of ultrasound, it is widely used in intraoperative procedures. Ultrasound thermal monitoring methods have been developed for affordable monitoring in real-time. We propose a new method for thermal monitoring using an ultrasound element. By inserting a Lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) element to generate the ultrasound signal in the liver tissues, the single travel time of flight is recorded from the PZT element to the ultrasound transducer. We detect the speed of sound change caused by the increase in temperature during ablation therapy. We performed an ex vivo experiment with liver tissues to verify the feasibility of our speed of sound estimation technique. The time of flight information is used in an optimization method to recover the speed of sound maps during the ablation, which are then converted into temperature maps. The result shows that the trend of temperature changes matches with the temperature measured at a single point. The estimation error can be decreased by using a proper curve linking the speed of sound to the temperature. The average error over time was less than 3 degrees Celsius for a bovine liver. The speed of sound estimation using a single PZT element can be used for thermal monitoring.
Hypogonadism and Infertility

Male factor infertility is found in approximately 50 % of couples presenting for infertility evaluation in the United States. Hypogonadism (HG), or symptomatic low serum testosterone (T), is frequently associated with oligospermia and azoospermia. Patients presenting for infertility evaluation require a thorough evaluation as multiple etiologies with varying treatment paradigms exist.
Collision avoidance safety technology: the least bang for the buck

Mature and emerging commercial technologies for crash detection, and vehicle driver's control aids are evaluated to assess their near term potential for use on military vehicles. The conclusion is that Collision Warning Systems, show potential for reducing the frequency of some of the common types of military vehicle accidents, especially during formation driving or convoys. To determine benefits, an emphasis is placed on the potential for projected cost savings realized from fewer accidents and personnel injuries. This approach best illustrates the advantages of trying to incorporate off -the- shelf commercial products for military use. If such a safety product could reduce overall operating expense , its introduction may be warranted without fortification of the component to meet Military Specifications.
Social and Academic Profiles of Externalizing and Internalizing Groups: Risk Factors for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

Three groups of third-grade students classified as either Externalizers (n = 30), Internalizes (n = 55) or Controls (n = 96) were contrasted on 19 measures in social and academic domains using mult...
Distinguishing Active Vasculitis From Sterile Inflammation and Graft Infection: A Call for a More Specific Imaging Target.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is an indicator of vascular macrophage or leukocyte burden that has been reported in atherosclerosis, infection, large-artery vasculitis, chemotherapy- or radiation-induced vascular inflammation, and foreign-body
An enlarging pacemaker pocket: A case report of a plasmablastic lymphoma arising as a primary tumor around a cardiac pacemaker and systematic literature review of various malignancies arising at the pacemaker pocket.

To date, there have been limited reports of oncogenesis occurring within pacemaker pockets. We report the case of a 100-year-old male who presented to the emergency department complaining of expansion of his pacemaker pocket over the period of 8 days. Dissection of the pacemaker pocket and pathological analysis of tissue samples revealed plasmablastic lymphoma, a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, commonly seen in immunocompromised elderly patients. This is the first known reported case of plasmablastic lymphoma occurring within a pacemaker pocket. .
Monitoring and controlling follicular activity in camelids

Abstract This paper reviews that state of our knowledge concerning follicular wave dynamics, monitoring and manipulation. All camelids have overlapping follicular waves in absence of ovulation which is induced by a seminal plasma factor (βNGF). The interval between follicular waves varies. The size of the ovulatory follicle varies between 11 and 25 mm in camels and between in 6 and 13 mm in South American Camelids. The interval between induction of ovulation and next ovulatory follicle is 15 ± 1 day for all camelids. Follicular activity is best monitored by transrectal ultrasonography. Progesterone therapy for 7–15 days seems to suppress follicular dominance but does not completely inhibit follicular recruitment. Combination of estradiol and progesterone seems to provide better control of follicular activity. Both methods have provided variable results in the synchronization of follicular waves. Combination of induction of ovulation with GnRH and luteolysis at predetermined times shows some promise in synchronization of follicular dominance. These synchronization protocols require further investigation in order to provide practical approaches for fixed-time breeding. Ovarian superstimulation with FSH and eCG alone or in combination is somewhat successful. The best results are obtained when treatment is initiated at the emergence of a new follicular wave after induction of ovulation or following treatment with progesterone for 7–14 days. However, response remains extremely variable particularly in terms of ovulation rate and number of recovered embryos. Sources of this variability need to be studied including the effects of season, nutrition, doses and frequency of administration of gonadotropin.
Towards intuitive rigid-body physics through parameter search

The ability to predict the future location of objects is key for robots operating in unstructured and uncertain scenarios. It is even more important for general purpose humanoid robots that are meant to operate and adapt to multiple scenarios. They need to determine possible outcomes of actions, reason about their effect and plan subsequent movements accordingly to act preemptively. The prediction ability of current robotic systems in is far from that of humans. Neuroscience studies point out that humans have a predictive ability, called intuitive physics, to anticipate the behavior of dynamic environments enabling them to predict and take preemptive actions when necessary, for example to catch a flying ball or grab an object that is about to fall off a table. In this paper, we present a system that learns to predict based on previous observations. First, object's physical parameters are learned through observation using parameter search techniques. Second, the learned dynamic model of objects is used to generate probabilistic predictions through physics simulation. The parameter search update rules proposed, are compared to other approaches from the state-of-the-art in physical parameter learning. Finally, the predictive capability is evaluated through simulated and real experiments.
A workforce survey on developmental-behavioral pediatrics

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Developmental-behavioral conditions are common, affecting ∼15% of US children. The prevalence and complexity of these conditions are increasing despite long wait times and a limited pipeline of new providers. We surveyed a convenience sample of the developmental-behavioral pediatric (DBP) workforce to determine current practices, workforce trends, and future needs. METHODS: An electronic survey was e-mailed to 1568 members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and Council on Children with Disabilities, the Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, and the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners Developmental and Behavioral Mental Health Special Interest Group. RESULTS: The response rate was 48%. There were 411 fellowship-trained physicians, 147 nonfellowship-trained physicians, and 125 nurse practitioners; 61% were women, 79% were white, and 5% were Hispanic. Physicians had a mean of 29 years since medical school graduation, and one-third planned to retire in 3 to 5 years. Nurse practitioners were earlier in their careers. Respondents reported long wait times for new appointments, clinician burnout, increased patient complexity and up to 50% additional time spent per visit in nonreimbursed clinical-care activities. Female subspecialists spent more time per visit in billable and nonbillable components of clinical care. CONCLUSIONS: The DBP workforce struggles to meet current service demands, with long waits for appointments, increased complexity, and high volumes of nonreimbursed care. Sex-based practice differences must be considered in future planning. The viability of the DBP subspecialty requires strategies to maintain and expand the workforce, improve clinical efficiency, and prevent burnout.
Predicting percentage of retail yield from carcass measurements, the yield grading equation, and closely trimmed, boxed beef weights.

Over the past 3 yr, 100 carcasses (64 steers, 24 bulls, and 12 heifers) were fabricated into closely trimmed (6 mm maximum fat cover), boxed beef and further evaluated for percentage of retail yield at the Iowa State University Meat Laboratory. Hot carcass weight ranged from 235 to 399 kg with a least squares mean (LSM) and standard error across all sex classes of 318 +/- 3 kg. Additionally, fat cover ranged from .30 to 1.78 cm with an average of .91 +/- .05 cm. The LSM for longissimus muscle area (LMA) across all sex classes was 81.6 +/- 1.0 cm2. Bulls had significantly less subcutaneous fat (P less than .01) and greater LMA (P less than .01) than did either steers or heifers. Retail yield from the boxed chuck, expressed as a percentage of cold carcass weight, was 19.2 for bulls and 14.8 for steers. This difference was due primarily to a reduction of intermuscular fat. Similarly, bulls had a greater yield (P less than .01) of the boxed round than did steers. When cattle of differing frame sizes were compared, only percentage of retail yield of the boxed round was significant (P less than .01): large-framed cattle yielded 14.3 +/- .2%, compared with 12.8 +/- .2% for the small-framed cattle. When all possible regression analyses were run, sex class differences accounted for 25.7% of the variation in retail yield. The current USDA retail yield equation accounted for only 37.2% of the variation. Percentage of closely trimmed, boneless round had an R2-value of .57.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Curves, Connectedness and Convexity

We want to develop here as expeditiously as possible some routine facts about the topology of the plane centering on connectedness; these are essential in all that follows. A deeper exploration of the topology of the plane occurs in Chapter IV, after the exponential function has been developed (in Chapter III) and the useful concept of the index of a curve is available.
The Future of Esophageal Surgery

Not long ago before a New York audience of general surgeons I was asked the question: what will be the future of esophageal surgery? My answer, based on personal sagacity, conjecture and guesses, was designed not to speculate what is to be, but to stimulate what could be. In short, I said General Surgery will be forced into subspecialization and esophageal will become part of a subspecialty called Foregut Surgery. The reason for my prediction was the existence of strong forces that are pushing general surgery in this direction. The movement towards sub-specialization is a natural phenomenon. Stones drop, water wets, fire burns and knowledge begets sub-specialization. Resistance to this natural process can slow it down, but can never stop the inevitable flow from reaching its natural end. The working schema of this natural process is: new knowledge fosters specialization, specialization fosters new technology, and new technology fosters new knowledge. By this process the present becomes history and the future labeled progress.
Surface wave contours associated with the forebody wake of stepped planing hulls

Results of an extensive series of model tests that define the longitudinal surface wake profiles aft of prismatic hulls having deadrise angles of 10 o, 20 o and 30 o are presented. Empirical equations are developed that quantitatively define these profiles and are in a form that can be easily applied by designers of stepped planing hulls. These equations are applicable for an expected range of variations in trim angle, speed coefficient, and loading coefficient typical for these hulls. A brief introduction to the concept and to the hydrodynamic advantages of stepped planing hulls is presented to orient the reader as to the importance of wake data in their design. Examples are presented that illustrate the application of these wake data for stepped planing hulls with wetted forebody chine to achieve maximum hydrodynamic lift/drag ratios. Finally experimental results are presented that illustrate the potential resistance penalty associated with the operation of chines dry forebodies where the stagnation line crosses the step.
Using the theory of planned behavior to investigate community pharmacists' beliefs regarding engaging patients about prescription drug misuse.

Abstract Introduction Opioid misuse causes over 50,000 deaths in America each year. Prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) databases serve as a useful decision analysis tool in managing patients with known or potential opioid use disorder (OUD). To date, however, little research has sought to determine how pharmacists use PDMPs to engage patients with potential OUD. Objectives To elicit modal salient beliefs of community pharmacists regarding their willingness to engage patients (i.e., provide interventional counseling) with suspected controlled substance misuse as identified from reviewing PDMP data. Methods Focus groups were conducted among Texas community pharmacists using the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework. Open-ended questions were used to capture behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs associated with pharmacists’ engagement. Qualitative analysis using ATLAS.ti software was conducted to identify modal salient beliefs elicited by at least 20% of the study sample. Results A total of 31 community pharmacists participated. Fifteen behavioral beliefs, thirteen normative beliefs and eleven control beliefs were identified as modal salient beliefs. The most prevalent behavioral belief was the disadvantage associated with patient confrontations. Pharmacists also believed that engaging patients may cause loss of customers/business but may help patients receive appropriate counseling. When asked about their normative beliefs, pharmacists identified regulatory agencies (e.g., pharmacy boards, law enforcement) and family/friends of patients as groups of individuals who influence their willingness to refer. Time required for counseling was found to be the most commonly cited control belief. Conclusion The results illustrate some of the challenges faced by community pharmacists when considering engagement of patients with misuse of prescription opioids. Addressing these barriers to patient engagement is critical to increasing pharmacists’ willingness to engage patients with potential OUD.
Interactive Visual Analysis of Traffic Patterns: Ecological Impact within a Nature Preserve (VAST Challenge 2017)

As part of the Visual Analytics Science and Technology Challenge 2017, teams were tasked to hypothesize whether or not the traffic within the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve is affecting the nesting Rose-Crested Blue Pipit. With exploratory data analysis, variable generation, and visual analytic techniques, our team worked to uncover patterns within the preserve. Potentially harmful park activity was uncovered through our analysis.
Device-detected congestion is associated with worse patient-reported outcomes in heart failure.

Abstract Background Congestion is a common cause of symptoms in heart failure (HF). Yet, intrathoracic impedance, an objective marker of cardiopulmonary congestion, has not been examined in relation to HF symptoms. Objective To determine whether device-detected cardiopulmonary congestion is a predictor of physical and psychological symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults with HF over 3 months. Methods Multivariate generalized linear modeling was used to quantify the association of cardiopulmonary congestion (Optivol® Index exceeding 60 Ω threshold) with HRQOL (12-item Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) and both physical symptoms (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Scale; HF Somatic Perception Scale Dyspnea and Early & Subtle Symptoms subscales) and affective symptoms (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; 6-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Anxiety Scale). Results The mean age of the sample (n = 49) was 62years old, 39% were women, and 63% had NYHA class III/IV HF. Participants who experienced threshold crossings in the previous 90days reported on average, 130% higher dyspnea (p = 0.017; confidence interval (CI) 10.2%, 437%), 40% higher early & subtle symptoms (p = 0.029; CI 3.4%, 89.7%), 106% higher depressive symptoms (p = 0.003; CI 19.1%, 257%) and 40% higher anxiety (p = 0.028; CI 3.7%, 89.1%). Threshold crossings in the previous 90days were also significantly associated with a clinically meaningful decrease in HRQOL (β = −16.16 ± 6.32; p = 0.01). Conclusions Intrathoracic impedance measured with the Optivol Index can provide additional information regarding the patient experience of hallmark physical and psychological HF symptoms and HRQOL over 3months.
Self-Suspended Single-Mode Microdisk Lasers

We report subwavelength microdisk resonators suspended in air by connecting bridges. By optimizing the bridge configuration, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate mode selection and single mode microdisk lasers operating at near-infrared wavelength. © 2019 The Author(s)
Robust stability and control of linear and multilinear interval systems

This paper is a survey of recent results obtained by the authors and their coworkers on the robust stability and control of systems containing parametric uncertainty. The starting point is a generalization of Kharitonov's theorem obtained by Chapellat and Bhattacharyya in 1989. This theorem, called the Linear CB theorem, its generalization to the multilinear case, the singling out of extremal stability subsets, and other ramifications now constitute an extensive and coherent theory of robust parametric stability that is summarized in the results contained here.
The Perioperative Management of the Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at higher risk for mortality and adverse outcomes in the perioperative setting. Although surgical procedures in CKD patients are commonly performed, a paucity of research exists on the adequate evaluation and minimization of perioperative risk. Most data are tangential and explore the surgical risk of conditions that are associated with CKD, such as cardiovascular disease or anemia. Some strategies that have been adopted in the management of perioperative CKD patients include avoidance of nephrotoxic medications, analysis, and adjustment of electrolyte and glucose abnormalities, correction of anemia, and careful attention to types and amount of resuscitative fluids. Intraoperatively, the proper use of anesthetics, analgesics, and neuromuscular blocking agents, which exhibit altered pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in CKD patients, can minimize unwanted side effects. Proper attention should be paid to postoperative planning and management, with specific attention paid to reinitiation of home medications, as well as adequate nutrition, mobilization, and discharge strategies.