cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtually hired: Why I can’t wait to meet my colleagues after working with them for six months

I interviewed for my dream academic librarian position in July 2020. I was thrilled beyond words to be hired as the nursing librarian for the University of San Diego in August 2020. Yes, August 2020. Yes, during the COVID-19 pandemic. I interviewed, was hired, and began working entirely on Zoom. It has been, and continues to be, a unique and strange experience. I have joined my new colleagues for committee meetings and faculty meetings. I have collaborated with them on our library’s newsletter and on our annual report. I have consulted with some of them on my LibGuides, my instructional videos, and my faculty’s database usage and interlibrary loan statistics. I have done all this sitting at my kitchen table, which, like many of our kitchen tables, has quickly morphed into my work area. I have yet to be in the physical presence of my new co-workers. I engage exclusively with their heads and torsos on my laptop screen. I do not know what kind of shoes any of them wear.
Spatial and uniform deposition of cell-laden constructs on 3D printed composite phosphorylated hydrogels for improved osteoblast responses

Phosphorylated-oligo [poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate] (Pi-OPF) was combined with functionalized clays to facilitate the extrusion 3D printing of Pi-OPF. Acrylated montmorillonite (Ac-MMT) was synthesized for the covalent crosslinking of MMT with the Pi-OPF. The incorporation of Ac-MMT was observed to improve the rheological properties of Pi-OPF, enabling a high-fidelity extrusion printing. A well-dispersed exfoliated MMT phase was observed within the polymer matrix after the crosslinking. This leveraged improved mechanical properties of the Pi-OPF hydrogels evident through the compressive analysis. Additionally, a unique bioink combining chitosan methacrylate (ChiMA) and gelatin was developed with a primary goal of depositing the cells on the 3D printed Pi-OPF scaffolds for uniform cell distribution and for facilitating a spatial interaction between cells and Ac-MMT particles. This bioink was shown to support the encapsulation and proliferation of the printed pre-osteoblasts by the live/dead cell assay results. This excellent cell responses were unaltered when the cell laden was deposited on 3D printed Pi-OPF scaffolds. Furthermore, the spatial interaction between cells and Ac-MMT elicited improved osteoblast responses indicated by the spreading of encapsulated cells and higher intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. Taken together, the results of this study present the combinatorial application of 3D printing and bioprinting to achieve desirable biological responses through the interaction between cells and biomaterials.
Efficacy of laser CO 2 treatment for refractory lymphedema secondary to cancer treatments

Lymphedema is a frequent debilitating condition among cancer patients. Daily supportive treatment may be necessary without long-term improvement. We describe two cases with chronic refractory lymphedema treated with fractional 10,600 nm CO2 laser. A 61-year-old female with locally advanced cervical cancer presented with postsurgical edematous swelling of the vulva and mons pubis and recurring cellulitis due to chronic lymphangiectasia. After six treatments of fractional CO2 laser, she noticed an 80% reduction of lymphorrea, swelling, and frequency of cellulitis. A 32-year old melanoma patient presented with refractory right lower leg lymphedema post right inguinal lymph node dissection and radiation. After fractional CO2 laser, she noted increased softness of her inguinal scar and a decrease of the lower leg edema. Fractional CO2 laser may be useful in addressing chronic refractory lymphedema. Further research should confirm our findings to consider fractional laser as a standard method in the treatment of chronic lymphedema.
Littoral environmental nowcasting system (LENS)

Recent advances in electro-optical sensors, environmental characterization algorithms and nearshore circulation models will soon allow near-real-time, high-resolution characterization of littoral regions using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The fundamental objective of a new program at the Naval Research Laboratory is to develop a UAV-based system that couples remotely acquired imagery with advanced data analysis and state-of-the-art numerical models to provide a nowcast of littoral environmental conditions. The conceptual use of this system includes the estimation of waves, currents, and bathymetry to support expeditionary warfare operations particularly with respect to very shallow water and surf zone regions. The system is envisioned to operate organically in that no external sources of information are required. The framework of this system is described and the issues pertaining to operational deployment are discussed.
Automated system for processing of PLZT powders derived from acetate precursors

An IBM-PC-based system for producing and controlling the production of PLZT (lead lanthanum zirconate titanate) powders from water-soluble acetate precursors is described. Problems with the development of appropriate sensing systems and algorithms are discussed. A proposed prototype system is presented. An automated batching system will be run by an expert system in such a manner in that when the desired composition of the PLZT acetate solution to be made is entered, the process will be changed to yield the correct amounts of each constituent needed. >
A direct method for estimating planar projective transform

Estimating planar projective transform (homography) from a pair of images is a classical problem in computer vision. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for direct registering two point sets in R2 using projective transform without using intensity values. In this very general context, there is no easily established correspondences that can be used to estimate the projective transform, and most of the existing techniques become either inadequate or inappropriate. While the planar projective transforms form an eight-dimensional Lie group, we show that for registering 2D point sets, the search space for the homographies can be effectively reduced to a three-dimensional space. To further improve on the running time without significantly reducing the accuracy of the registration, we propose a matching cost function constructed using local polynomial moments of the point sets and a coarse to fine approach. The resulting registration algorithm has linear time complexity with respect to the number of input points. We have validated the algorithm using points sets collected from real images. Preliminary experimental results are encouraging and they show that the proposed method is both efficient and accurate.
Viologen homopolymer, polymer mixture and polymer bilayer films on electrodes: Electropolymerization, electrolysis, spectroelectrochemistry, trace analysis and photoreduction

Two new viologen polymers are described and formed in films on Pt. Au. C and SnO2 electrodes. One polymer is based upon condensation of the organosilane monomer. N-methyl-N′-4-(2-trimethoxysilyl)-ethyl)-benzyl-4,4′ -bipyridinium (BVSi2+); the other upon the electropolymerization of the monomer 4-vinyl-4′-methyl-N,N′-ethylene-2,2′-bipyridinium (VDQ2+). Electrochemical properties of thin films of these polymers on electrodes are superior to films prepared from the monomer, N,N′-bis-4-(2-(trimethoxysilyl) -ethyl)-benzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium. Spectroelectrochemical studies of films on SnO2 are used to illustrate optical and color changes accompanying electrode reactions, to demonstrate the extent of reactivity and to estimate the rate of charge transport in the film. Polymer mixtures of VDQ2+ with [Ru(vbpy)23+] can be prepared by simultaneous electropolymerization; sequential polymerization provides spatially segregated bilayers of these polymers, with consequent charge-trapping properties. The charge-trapping properties of the bilayers electrodes are applied to the analysis of trace dioxygen and to the accumulation of photoreduced viologen. Films of Poly-VDQ2+ and poly-BVSi2+ can be used to catalyze the reduction of dibromodiphenylethane.
Wavelet Analysis in Geophysics: An Introduction

Abstract Wavelet analysis is a rapidly developing area of mathematical and application-oriented research in many disciplines of science and engineering. The wavelet transform is a localized transform in both space (time) and frequency, and this property can be advantageously used to extract information from a signal that is not possible to unravel with a Fourier or even windowed Fourier transform. Wavelet transforms originated in geophysics in early 1980's for the analysis of seismic signal. After a decade of significant mathematical formalism they are now also being exploited for the analysis of several other geophysical processes such as atmospheric turbulence, space-time rainfall, ocean wind waves, seafloor bathymetry, geologic layered structures, climate change, among others. Due to their unique properties, well suited for the analysis of natural phenomena, it is anticipated that there will be an explosion of wavelet applications in geophysics in the next several years. This chapter provides a basic introduction to wavelet transforms and their most important properties. The theory and applications of wavelets is developing very rapidly and we see this chapter only as a limited basic introduction to wavelets which we hope to be of help to the unfamiliar reader and provide motivation and references for further study.
New Distributed Multipole Metdhods for Accurate Electrostatics in Large-Scale Biomolecular Simulations

It has long been known that accurate electrostatics is a key issue for improving current force fields for large-scale biomolecular simulations. Typically, this calls for an improved and more accurate description of the molecular electrostatic potential, which eliminates the artifacts associated with current point charge-based descriptions. In turn, this involves the partitioning of the extended molecular charge distribution, so that charges and multipole moments can be assigned to different atoms. As an alternate to current approaches, we have investigated a charge partitioning scheme that is based on the maximally-localized Wannier functions. This has the advantage of partitioning the charge, and placing it around the molecule in a chemically meaningful manner. Moreover, higher order multipoles may all be calculated without any undue numerical difficulties. In order to deal with the extra computational costs, we have developed an efficient Cartesian formalism for the treatment of higher order multipoles. The Ewald ‘direct sum’ is evaluated through a McMurchie-Davidson formalism. The ‘reciprocal sum’ has been implemented in three different ways: using an Ewald scheme, a Particle Mesh Ewald (PME) method and a multigrid-based approach. Even though the use of the McMurchie-Davidson formalism considerably reduces the cost of the calculation with respect to the standard matrix implementation of multipole interactions, the calculation in direct space remains expensive. When most of the calculation is moved to reciprocal space via the PME method, the cost of a calculation where all multipolar interactions (up to hexadecapolehexadecapole) are included is only about 8.5 times more expensive than a regular AMBER 7 implementation with only charge-charge interactions. The multigrid implementation is slower but shows very promising results for parallelization.
Cross-functional teams and new product development

Summary form only given as follows. One of the most effective methods for managing complex technology-based new product development efforts is by cross-functional teamwork. Managing a cross-functional team requires considerable skills as effective teamwork is seldom an automatic process. This paper explores the nature of cross-functional teamwork, the issues encountered when a group of talented people attempt cross-disciplinary work, the role of the team leader, characteristics of a team's charter, the team development process for cross-functional teams, and how senior management can support and facilitate the process. Several implications for team leaders are also given.
Adult wilms' tumor metastatic to the lung: endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy.

Adult Wilms' tumor (WT) is a rare entity with less than 300 cases reported to date in the medical literature. Histologic and cytologic features of adult WT of the kidney are similar to findings in pediatric WT. While the lungs are noted to be the most frequent site of metastatic disease in the pediatric population, the incidence of lung metastases remains unknown for adult WT. A search revealed 38 cases of adult WT with lung metastases published to date in the English literature. Amongst these cases only two have utilized cytology of the lung lesions as a means to arrive at a final diagnosis. We report a case of adult WT metastatic to the lung that was initially diagnosed using endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. The aim is to compare the current cytologic and immunohistochemical findings with those cases previously published, to outline the cytologic features of adult WT metastatic to the lung, and to emphasize the significance of cytologic diagnosis in the work-up of adult WT. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:950–955. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Cultural Models to Unravel How Bilingual Teachers Enact Language Policies

There have been calls to examine how language policy is mediated at the local level. Although there have been studies that have foregrounded the local, there have yet to be those that look at how language policies become adopted by individual teachers through a process of their personal and professional socialisation. Through the framework of cultural models and using ethnographic methods, I examine how four novice bilingual Latino/a teachers in three different schools in the United States come to share a cultural model of dual language education. At the same time, I highlight how the differences in their adoption of a particular policy are constituted by both their personal and professional experiences as well as the organisational structures in which they find themselves in. This study contributes to the understanding of how language policies are adopted by bilingual classroom teachers as well as to the discussion of the future of bilingual education in the United States.
Screening mammography rate and predictors following treatment for colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer survivors remain at risk for breast cancer. Thus, it is important to determine if screening mammography rates are reduced by the diagnosis and treatment of incident colorectal cancer. Mammography rates among 7,666 67–79 year-old stage 0-III colorectal cancer survivors were compared with rates among 36,433 age-, race/ethnicity-, SEER area-matched women controlling for pre-diagnosis mammography, stage, chemotherapy, income, co-morbidities, treatment in teaching hospital, number of physician visits, and gynecologist visits. In the first 2 years after diagnosis, the survivors’ rate (49.7/100) was 4.2% higher than the controls’ (47.6/100), p < 0.001. It was 7.5% higher in the next 2 years, 54.5/100 versus 49.7/100, p < 0.001. The higher rates resulted from significantly greater rates among survivors without prior mammography, 30.9/100, compared with their controls (25.3/100) in the first 2 years, for example (O.R. = 1.23, 95% C.I. = 1.15–1.32). The strongest predictors of post-diagnosis mammography were pre-diagnosis mammography (O.R. = 5.76, 95% C.I. = 5.19–6.38), visiting a gynecologist (O.R. = 1.83, 95% C.I. = 1.55–2.16), chemotherapy (O.R. = 1.61, 95% C.I. = 1.40–1.86), and more than nine physician visits. Increasing Charlson scores and cancer stage were associated with lower mammography rates. Overall, the competing demands of cancer diagnosis and treatment did not reduce mammography rates, and these events were associated with increased rates among previous non-users. The low mammography rate among survivors with no history of a prior mammogram means that the physicians treating these women must emphasize the need for such care.
The Transition from Fatty Liver to NASH Associates with SAMe Depletion in db/db Mice Fed a Methionine Choline-Deficient Diet

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in the Western population. By mechanisms that are not completely understood, this disease may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). db/db mice spontaneously develop hepatic steatosis, which progresses to NASH when these mice are fed a methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet. The goal of our studies was to identify lipid and methionine metabolism pathways affected by MCD feeding to determine potential causal events leading to the development of NASH from benign steatosis. db/db mice fed the MCD diet for 2 weeks exhibited signs of incipient NASH development such as upregulated cytokines and chemokines. At this time point, MCD diet feeding caused S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) depletion in db/db mice, while wild-type mice on the same diet retained hepatic SAMe levels. SAMe depletion exerts pleiotropic effects upon liver homeostasis and is commonly associated with a variety of liver insults such as thioacetamide, CCL4, and alcohol treatment; thus, SAMe depletion may serve as the second hit in NASH development. It is possible that differences in hepatic lipid and/or methionine metabolism between wild-type and db/db mice underlay the differential maintenance of SAMe levels during methionine and choline restriction. Indeed, db/db mice exhibited inhibited lipid oxidation pathways, which may be a priming factor for NASH development, and db/db mice fed the MCD diet had differential methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) expression. The occurrence of SAMe depletion at this early, benign stage of NASH development in db/db mice with fatty liver suggests that SAMe supplementation may be (A) targeted to individuals susceptible to NASH (i.e., NAFLD patients) and (B) preventative of NASH before substantial liver injury has occurred.
Gene expression changes in the human diaphragm after cardiothoracic surgery.

Objective We examined the effects of cardiothoracic surgery, including cardiopulmonary bypass and controlled mechanical ventilation, on messenger RNA gene expression in human diaphragm. We hypothesized that genes responsible for stress response, redox regulation, protein turnover, energy metabolism, and contractile function would be altered by cardiothoracic surgery. Methods Paired diaphragm biopsy samples were obtained from 5 male patients (67 ± 11 years) during cardiothoracic surgery, the first as soon as the diaphragm was exposed and the second as late in surgery as possible (4.9 ± 1.8 hours between samples). We profiled messenger RNA from 5 specimen pairs with microarray analysis (Hu U133 plus 2.0; Affymetrix UK Ltd, High Wycombe, UK). Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed with a select set of genes exhibiting differential expression for validation. Results Microarray analysis identified 779 differentially expressed (early vs late samples) unique gene products ( P r = 0.95, P Conclusions Cardiothoracic surgery results in rapid changes in human diaphragm gene expression in the operating room, including genes related to stress response, inflammation, redox regulation, and proteolysis. These results may provide insight into diaphragm muscle biology after prolonged cardiothoracic procedures.
The crystal and molecular structure of dimethylphenylgermanium isocyanide(pentacarbonyl)-molybdenum(0)

Abstract The compound Mo(CO) 5 CNGePhMe 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Pc with two molecules per unit cell of dimensions a 7.071(3), b 6.238(4), c 19.530(6) A and β 91.426(2)°. X-ray diffraction data were collected by automated diffractometer methods. The molecular structure was determined by the heavy atom method phased on Mo and Ge and refined by full matrix isotropic/anisotropic least squares analysis from 1121 observed reflections to give discrepancy indices R 1 = 2.0 and R 2 = 2.7%. The structure contains discrete molecular units with six ligand groups disposed at nearly octahedral positions around the molybdenum atom. Consideration of the thermal parameters for the isocyanide carbon and nitrogen confirms that the ligand is indeed an isocyanide and not a cyanide. Bond lengths in this complex are not unusual: ave. d (MoC) 2.05 A for MoCO bonds; d (MoC) 2.150(8) A for MoCNR bond; ave. d (CO) 1.13 A, d (CN) 1.159(8) A, d (GeN) 1.897(6) A.
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE INTEROFFICE MEMO AS A COMMUNICATION DEVICE.

(1965). Attitudes toward the Inter-Office Memo as a Communication Device. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 15-21.
Fungal spores: hazardous to health?

Fungi have long been known to affect human well being in various ways, including disease of essential crop plants, decay of stored foods with possible concomitant production of mycotoxins, superfic...
Study and validation of singularities for a Fanuc LR Mate 200iC robot

Path planning and re-planning for serial 6 degree of freedom (DOF) robotic systems is challenging due to the complex kinematic structure which reflects in the direct and inverse kinematic solutions. Industrial robots can move either in joint space, which use direct kinematic solver or Cartesian space which use the inverse kinematic solver. The complexity in robotics comes from the inverse kinematics, when the robot is moving in the Cartesian space. In that case singularity conditions can occur. The singularity regions for the Fanuc LR Mate 200iC robot have been calculated by finding the determinant of the robot's Jacobian matrix. The recursive Newton-Euler method and the Vector multiplication method are used for the Jacobian matrix generation and validation. The visual representations of the singularity regions are done using the MTALAB tools, which will help process designers to develop valid robot trajectories and optimal layout designs. The validation of the results is done by using the Fanuc LR Mate 200iC robot available in our lab. For each singularity position the Teach Pendant showed the error and the Robot couldn't move. By visualizing the singularity regions location in advance, the manufacturing layout design will be faster and more accurate.
Fracture Tests of Polysilicon Film

A new test approach is presented to measure the fracture toughness of thin films. The polysilicon specimen is a center-cracked panel that is 3.5 μm thick and 3 mm wide with a 100 μm long slot in the center. It is subjected to tensile loading, and the crack-opening displacement is measured by interferometry. The average toughness is 1.4 ± 0.65 MPa-m1/2.
Economic upgrading in a state-coordinated, liberal market economy

Well-established research into different models of capitalism has not been applied well to developing countries. Changing global conditions, institutional differences, and path-dependent histories have forced late developing countries to create models of their own. By and large, however, these models have been less than successful in fostering economic development through technological upgrading. A comparison of skills upgrading in several fast-growing economies in Southeast Asia suggests that perhaps there is a new “State Coordinated, Liberal Market Economy” developmental model that can successfully lead to upgrading-driven economic development. This model combines elements from the Developmental State, Coordinated Market, and Liberal Market Economy models while differing significantly from each.
The seperation of catecholamine storage vesicles from rat heart

Abstract The concept that acetylcholine is released from certain presynaptic nerve terminals in packets or quanta of uniform size led to the speculation that the transmitter might be stored in synaptic vesicles (1,2). The isolation of acetylcholine-containing pinched-off nerve endings (synaptosomes) from brain (3) and more recently the synaptic vesicles themselves (4,5) have stimulated investigations of the subcellular localization of biogenic amines in peripheral and central nervous tissue. In guinea pig brain the storage particles that contain norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine have been found to differ from those containing acetylcholine in that the first two have sedimentation characteristics more dense than the acetylcholine containing vesicles (6). Recent studies have shown that catecholamines in heart (7,8), brain (6,9) and splenic nerve (10) are stored in subcellular vesicles. Potter and Axelrod (7,11) reported that 30 minutes after the intravenous administration of DL-norepinephrine-7-H 3 to rats a sizable fraction of the labeled compound in several peripheral tissues appeared in a fraction associated with microsomes. These authors suggested that the radioactive NE is taken up from the circulation and fixed at the anatomical sites which bind endogenous NE. The morphological characterization of these sites was not possible with the Potter and Axelrod preparation. A modification of the density gradient centrifugation procedure of Potter and Axelrod (11) has made it possible to isolate NE containing particles of considerably greater homogeneity. Both endogenous NE and administered H 3 NE are localized in a particulate fraction which equilibrates in that part of the gradient which corresponds in density ot 0.45–0.5 M sucrose. Electronmicroscopic examination of this fraction has revealed numerous small vesicles approximately 500 A in diameter, some microsomal fragments but essentially no other subcellular organelles.
Management of asthma exacerbations

A double dose is not enough The management of asthma consists of the regular use of anti-inflammatory medications and an action plan for worsening of symptoms or an asthma exacerbation. Guidelines for the treatment of asthma have recommended doubling the dose of maintenance inhaled corticosteroids for deteriorations in asthma control that are not responding to β agonist rescue treatment in the usual manner.1,2 Although this approach has been advocated, evidence to support its effectiveness has been largely wanting. In this issue of Thorax FitzGerald and colleagues3 and members of the Canadian Asthma Exacerbation Study Group evaluated this approach. They identified 290 patients with well characterised asthma, all of whom had a history of at least one previous asthma exacerbation—defined as an increase in symptoms and the need for a change in medication not more than 12 months and not less than 1 month before the start of the run in period. During the run in period all subjects were maintained on their usual dose of inhaled corticosteroids. Subjects were then either assigned to maintenance treatment and received their usual dose of budesonide (100, 200, or 400 μg twice daily) plus a placebo inhaler to be used twice a day with an exacerbation, or were on the same doses of inhaled corticosteroid plus an inhaler containing active inhaled corticosteroid which therefore doubled their maintenance dose of inhaled corticosteroids during the exacerbation. An …
Sodium versus potassium effects on the glutamic acid side-chains interaction on a heptapeptide

Equilibrium peptide conformations in solution, especially in the presence of salts, has been of interest for several decades. The fundamental interactions that determine the dominant peptide conformations in solution have been experimentally and computationally probed; however, a unified understanding has not yet emerged. In a previous study, we performed metadynamics simulations on the heptapeptide AEAAAEA in Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Potassium Chloride (KCl) solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.5–2.0 M. Using a three-dimensional collective variable coordinate system, we computed the free energy landscapes in each saline environment as well as in pure water. We found that the presence of Na+ and K+ ions induces some changes in the stability of the conformers that define the state space, but does not alter the overall energetics between conformers and does not favor helical conformations. We investigate here, how the presence of salts (NaCl and KCl) affects the glutamic–glutamic interaction and its consequences on the stability of each equilibrium conformation. We perform this study through fixed backbone simulations for the most populated conformations identified in our previous work: the α-helix, 310-helix, π-helix, the extended polyproline II (PPII) and 2.51-helix conformations. It was found that for each conformation, there exists stable substates determined by the glutamic acid side-chains distance and orientation, and that Na+ and K+ cations (de)stabilize preferentially each conformation. It was also found that intramolecular single water mediated hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in the observed (de) stabilization of each equilibrium conformation.
Intra-Alveolar Intestinal Epithelium: A Reappraisal of the So-Called Mucinous Goblet-Cell Rich Carcinoma Apropos of Two Cases With Prolonged Follow-up and Literature Review

Primary pulmonary mucin-rich lesions with abundant goblet cells growing within alveolar spaces are either classified as mucinous adenocarcinoma (previously called mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma) or colloid carcinoma. Some of these lesions display a morphologic pattern characterized by paucicellular discontinuous patches of nonatypical colonic type epithelium attached to alveolar walls without evidence of invasion. Immunohistochemically, these epithelial patches express an intestinal immunophenotype (CD20+, CDX-2+, CK7-, TTF-1-). None of the lesions so far reported with these histological and immunohistochemical characteristics have recurred or metastasized. Herein we describe 2 patients with this type of intra-alveolar mucinous lesions who have been meticulously followed-up for 9 and 14 years, respectively, without evidence of disease progression. Based on their histologic appearance, immunoreactivity, and on the presence of occasional CDX-2 expressing cells in terminal airways adjacent to the lesions, we propose alternative interpretations of the mucin-producing epithelium. More important, a separate provisional category for these lesions is suggested that eliminates their force inclusion as adenocarcinomas.
Improving Outcomes of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Access

Abstract Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a particularly effective procedure, commonly used to treat patients with complex renal calculi. Critical to the success of the procedure is proper patient selection. A thorough preoperative evaluation will serve to optimize treatment outcome. Careful attention to intraoperative details facilitates a safe and efficient access to the collecting system and subsequent stone removal. Postoperative decisions regarding drainage tubes must be well thought out. Performing the procedure as a single stage event optimizes many of these essential points.
A Note on the Photographic Measurement of the Transmission of Fluorite in the Extreme Ultraviolet

The measurement of the transmission of a piece of colorless fluorite was made by photographic methods and the results are compared with those obtained with a photoelectric cell for the same crystalline plate. The wave-length range covered was between 1240 and 1600A.
Dance of the SNAREs: Assembly and rearrangements detected with FRET at neuronal synapses

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) mediate vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane on activation by calcium binding to synaptotagmin. In the present study, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy between fluorescently labeled SNARE proteins expressed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons to detect resting SNARE complexes, their conformational rearrangement on exocytosis, their disassembly before endocytosis of vesicular proteins, and SNARE assembly at newly docked vesicles. Assembled SNAREs are not only present in docked vesicles; unexpected residual “orphan SNARE complexes” also reside in para-active zone regions. Real-time changes in FRET between N-terminally labeled SNAP-25 and VAMP reported a reorientation of the SNARE motif upon exocytosis, SNARE disassembly in the active zone periphery, and SNARE reassembly in newly docked vesicles. With VAMP labeled C-terminally, decreased fluorescence in C-terminally labeled syntaxin (extracellular) reported trans-cis-conformational changes in SNAREs on vesicle fusion. After fusion SNAP-25 and syntaxin disperse along with VAMP, as well as the FRET signal itself, indicating diffusion of intact SNAREs after vesicle fusion but before their peripheral disassembly. Our measurements of spatiotemporal dynamics of SNARE conformational changes and movements refine models of SNARE function. Technical advances required to detect tiny changes in fluorescence in small fractions of labeled proteins in presynaptic boutons on a time scale of seconds permit the detection of rapid intermolecular interactions between small proportions of protein partners in cellular subcompartments.
A direct test of direct democracy: New England town meetings

Representative democracies govern most locales in the US, making it difficult to compare performance relative to direct democracy. New England states, however, provide an opportunity to test both direct and representative democracy at the local level. This article uses revealed preference axioms to compare spending patterns in New England towns and cities against median voter hypothesis benchmarks. Contrary to previous evidence, we find no differences between direct and representative democracy. The results suggest that horizontal competition arising from local fragmentation minimize differences between direct and representative local government, providing support for wider applicability of median voter-based empirical models of local government behaviour in the US.
Temperature-related differences in mean expired pump and arterial carbon dioxide in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and mean expired pump CO2 during cardiopulmonary bypass (PeCPBCO2) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB during steady state, cooling, and rewarming phases of CPB. Design: Consenting patients, prospective study. Setting: University-affiliated hospital. Participants: Twenty-nine patients. Interventions: Patients aged 22 to 81 years were enrolled. An α-stat acid-base regimen was performed during CPB. The PeCPBCO2 was measured by an infrared multigas analyzer with the sampling line connected to the scavenging port of the oxygenator. Values for PaCPBCO2 from the arterial outflow to the patient and PeCPBCO2 during CPB at various oxygenator arterial temperatures were collected and compared. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with 1-way repeated measures and post hoc pair-wise Tukey testing when appropriate. The differences between PaCPBCO2 and PeCPBCO2 were linearly regressed against temperature. A p value Measurements and Main Results: Three to 5 data sets during CPB were collected from each patient. The mean gradient between PaCPBCO2 and PeCPBCO2 was positive 12.4 ± 10.0 mmHg during the cooling phase and negative 9.3 ± 9.9 mmHg during the rewarming phase, respectively. On regression of the data, the difference between PaCPBCO2 and PeCPBCO2 shows a good correlation with the change in temperature (r2 = 0.79). The arterial CO2 ± x mmHg can be predicted by the formula PaCPBCO2 = (−2.17x + 69.2) + PeCPBCO2, where x is temperature in °C. Conclusions: Monitoring the mean expired CO2 value from the CPB oxygenator exhaust scavenging port with a capnography monitor provides a continuous and noninvasive data source to aid in sweep flow CPB circuit management during CPB.
A SIMPLE PROOF OF HWANG'S THEOREM FOR RECTILINEAR STEINER MINIMAL TREES

We present a simple, direct proof of Hwang's characterization of rectilinear Steiner minimal trees [3]: LetS be a set of at least five terminals in the plane. If no rectilinear Steiner minimal tree forS has a terminal of degree two or more, there is a tree in which at most one of the Steiner points does not lie on a straight linel, and the tree edges incident to the Steiner points onl appear on alternate sides. This theorem has been found useful in proving other results for rectilinear Steiner minimal trees.
Depersonalization syndrome: an overview.

Depersonalization syndrome is an intriguing condition which entails the inclusion of both philosophical and psychiatric considerations. The author presents a clinical review of the syndrome with the inclusion of four essential components classically included in the literature. These components include a possible preformed response of the brain, an obsessional quality, a depressive element and a tendency towards a peculiar perseveration.
Nondiffusive Transport in Plasma Turbulence: A Fractional Diffusion Approach

Numerical evidence of nondiffusive transport in three-dimensional, resistive pressure-gradient-driven plasma turbulence is presented. It is shown that the probability density function (pdf) of tracer particles' radial displacements is strongly non-Gaussian and exhibits algebraic decaying tails. To model these results we propose a macroscopic transport model for the pdf based on the use of fractional derivatives in space and time that incorporate in a unified way space-time nonlocality (non-Fickian transport), non-Gaussianity, and nondiffusive scaling. The fractional diffusion model reproduces the shape and space-time scaling of the non-Gaussian pdf of turbulent transport calculations. The model also reproduces the observed superdiffusive scaling.
Consistent diagonal mass matrices and finite element equations for one‐dimensional problems

The conventional dynamic variational approach and finite element base functions lead to non-diagonal consistent mass matrics which are inappropriate for use with an explicit time integration scheme. In this work, it is shown that if orthogonal base function are used with a mixed variational formulation, then consistant diagonal mass matrices and corresponding sets of spatially discretized field equations are obtained. Although the approach is quite general, the theory is purposely illustrated by a detailed development for one set of base functions. Central difference time integration is incorporated for applications to one-dimensional wave propagation and to Euler-Bernoulli beams. Numerical examples are provided for elastic and elastic-plastic materials.
Social loafing vs. social enhancement: Public goods provisioning in real-time with irrevocable commitments

Abstract Whereas most experimental studies of public goods provisioning require that all players make their decisions simultaneously, in most organizational settings contribution decisions are made in real time. To account for this aspect of the decision process, we introduce a real-time protocol of play in which, at any point in time, players can either withhold or contribute their entire endowment to a step-level public good. Once contributed, the individual endowments—that in the present experiment differ from one group member to another—cannot be withdrawn. Our results show that contribution levels under the real-time protocol with irrevocable commitments significantly exceed those observed in previous studies under the more common simultaneous protocol of play, thereby considerably reducing social loafing (free riding). Consistent with our equilibrium analysis, over multiple iterations of the game play converges to an equilibrium set of players who maximize the sum of their individual benefit-to-contribution ratios.
Acute toxicity of copper to sea catfish

Abstract Sea catfish (Arius felis) were exposed to aqueous solutions of reagent grade cupric chloride in artificial seawater ( 30.0±2.0‰ , 21–23°C) in four static bioassays. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 were calculated and found to be 5.43, 4.17, 3.57 and 2.40 mg l.−1 copper, respectively. Experimental concentrations of copper producing subtle behavioral changes in this species correspond to less than 0.3% of the 72 h LC50. Based on this comparison with literature values, a new, maximum ‘safe’ concentration for copper in marine waters of 0.01 mg l.−1 is proposed.
Does Food Web Complexity Eliminate Trophic‐Level Dynamics?

Abstract Investigators are always divided into those who are looking for rules and those who are looking for exceptions. (Hackett 1937, p. 106)
An Analytical and Experimental Study of Supersonic Combustion of Hydrogen in Vitiated Air Stream

Detailed probe measurements of total temperature, pressure, and composition were taken in a two-dimensional test section 35.6 cm downstream of hydrogen injection. A high pressure gas generator supplied Mach 2.44 vitiated air or inert gas at elevated temperatures and at a static pressure equal to that of the hydrogen. Special water-cooled probes and sampling techniques were developed for the short test times required by heat-sink hardware. Independent methods of measuring stream total temperatures are compared. For the pure mixing case, the computed composition profile agreed well with the experimental profile. The analysis takes into account the wall boundary layer and the initial boundary layer in the main stream. Ignition of hydrogen, as determined from photographic exposures of the radiating gases, varied from 30 to 10 cm downstream from injection for a 45 K increase in local free-stream static temperature.
Healthy people 2010 Emergency medicine module: A multicenter survey and educational intervention

To educate emergency medicine (EM) residents about Healthy People 2010 (HP2010), the nation's public health agenda. Participating EM residency programs were given a 40-min slide presentation and a 4-item post-test that we developed. In two residency programs, we conducted a "before-after" study to assess the reliability of the test instrument. Fifteen residencies participated, with 289 individuals (70% EM residents) attending the lectures. Only 19% reported any knowledge of HP2010 before exposure to the Module. Nevertheless, after exposure, 182 (90%) scored 75% or better on the four questions specifically testing the informational content of the Module. In the reliability study, residents showed significant improvement from the pre-test on both the immediate and 2-week post-tests (both p<0.001). In conclusion, we found that EM residents' baseline knowledge of HP2010 was poor, and that the EM Module improved knowledge about this important public health document.
Epididymal Sperm cAMP-Dependent and cAMP-Independent Protein Kinase Activity and Phosphorylation in the Rat

Rat caput and cauda epididymal sperm cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent protein kinase activity was determined in three buffers with and without calcium. In all buffers, higher enzymatic activity for both enzymes was found in cauda than in caput sperm. Maximum protein kinase activities were found in a sucrose-magnesium phosphate buffer. A Krebs Ringer phosphate buffer distinguished cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent activity in cauda but not caput sperm. Sucrose-TRIS buffer was shown to be of little value for measuring enzyme activity in either cell type. When protein phosphorylation was examined with 0.5 mM calcium and 2.5 mM cAMP, inhibition of both caput and cauda sperm phosphorylation occurred. When cAMP concentration was lowered to microM, or nM, or pM levels, cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation was restored.
Measuring the Plasmid Copy Number of Single E. Coli by Digital PCR: Are Plasmids Partitioned in Clusters during Cell Division?

The presence of plasmids is important for the behavior of bacteria, as they often carry antibiotic resistance genes and genes involved in virulence of pathogenic strains. Furthermore plasmids are often responsible for horizontal gene transfer. In order to remain in the bacteria the plasmids have to provide complex regulation mechanisms and often inhere active partitioning during cell division. Fingerprints of the resulting plasmid stability can be found in the plasmid copy number distribution. However, these distributions have been rarely reported, since they have been experimentally difficult to obtain.We performed single cell measurements that allow to piece together the plasmid copy number distribution in a bacterial population. We use fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate single bacteria and subsequently utilize the single molecule resolution of digital PCR to determine the plasmid copy number of single cells.Interestingly, the measurement of the plasmid pZE which has a ColE1 like origin of replication showed a rather broad distribution. An unexpectedly high percentage of the cells had very low plasmid copy numbers, despite the high mean copy number of 120. This characteristic however disappeared for a mutant which additionally contains the active partitioning system parABC. The instability of the pZE copy number is unlikely to be the result of random plasmid partitioning; we explain the findings by clustered partitioning, i.e. clusters of plasmids are partitioned to the daughter cells rather than the individual plasmids. Results are high statistical fluctuations of the plasmid copy number. Other groups showed evidence for clustering of plasmids in E. Coli and also showed, that these clusters get dissolved if the plasmids contain parABC genes. Furthermore, theoretical models which employ clustered partitioning fits our data quantitatively.
Fiber Surface Properties in Relation to Linear Assemblies During Processing Part III: Effects of Processing on Surface and Geometric Properties of Fibers

Samples of smooth and rough staple polyester fibers, serving as models, taken from linear assemblies at various stages of processing on the three important yarn systems were evaluated for surface and geometric properties. It was found that asperity count decreases substantially with successive stages of processing, indicating that processing tends to reduce surface roughness at the microscopic level. Results showed that process ing does not affect the frictional characteristics of either the smooth or rough model-fiber samples. While average staple lengths are appreciably reduced by processing on the three systems, no significant differences in this effect, as between smooth and rough fibers, were observed. In general, while it was found that both samples lost crimp during processing, there was greater crimp retention in the smooth than in the rough fibers.
Effect of 3He impurities on the nonclassical response to oscillation of solid 4He.

We have investigated the influence of impurities on the possible supersolid transition in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ by systematically enriching isotopically pure samples with $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. The addition of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ broadens the onset of nonclassical rotational inertia and shifts it to higher temperature, suggesting that the phenomenon is correlated with the condensation of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms onto the dislocation network in solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$.
Commercial Odor-Reducing Agents for Minimizing the Odor Potential of Asphalt Binders

Odors arising from hot mix asphalt (HMA) production and application are a serious problem due to the proximity of HMA production to human habitation. One possible solution to this problem is the use of odor-reducing agents, which are intended to suppress the production of malodorous compounds. In this study, the ability of seven odor-reducing agents to reduce the odor compounds produced by 22 different HMA binders was quantified. Some odor-reducing agents produced only modest reductions in odors and were inconsistent in performance. Results indicate that terpine and essential oil based odor reducing agents did not appear to be effective in reducing odors. The aldehyde based agents attained the highest degree of odor reduction and appeared to be the most consistent performer over the spectrum of asphalt binders tested. Aldehydes produced reductions in odor potential that consistently exceeded 50% in odor-related volatile organic compounds. The odor reduction seen with the aldehydes is similar to those obtained with a nitrogen purge, leading to the hypothesis that these type of agents act as an oxygen scavenger.