cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interfaith Dating: Religion, Social Class and Premarital Sexual Attitudes

Numerous studies have revealed the pattern of greater interfaith dating by Catholics in comparison to Protestants. This study of a sample of college students focuses upon the effect of several social variables on the interfaith dating of Catholics, and in particular, Catholic females. Interfaith dating of Catholics was found to be related to the percentage of Catholics in the population, a lower social status, and premarital sexually permissive attitudes of both Catholic males and females, not just to Catholic females as was hypothesized.
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy

Abstract: The terahertz (tera = 1012) or THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum is between radio/microwaves and far-infrared. While this spectral region has been historically difficult because of low power sources and inefficient detectors, technological advances in recent decades have allowed new applications. This chapter will provide an overview of THz sources, detectors, and spectroscopic methods. We will also discuss some applications.
Integrated decision making model for pricing and locating the customer order decoupling point of a newsvendor supply chain

A multi-product two echelon supply chain within a newsvendor framework is studied, in which semi-finished products are produced by a supplier and customized according to specific customer orders. The focus of this paper is to investigate a situation where the manufacturer wishes to determine the fraction of production performed by the supplier, its optimal semi-finished product order size, and price for each product type. In order to make the problem more practical, capacity and budget constraints are considered. The computability of the presented model is explored by a numerical example with Poisson arrival demands.
Elucidating a chemical defense mechanism of Antarctic sponges: A computational study.

Abstract In 2000, a novel secondary metabolite (erebusinone, Ereb) was isolated from the Antarctic sea sponge, Isodictya erinacea. The bioactivity of Ereb was investigated, and it was found to inhibit molting when fed to the arthropod species Orchomene plebs. Xanthurenic acid (XA) is a known endogenous molt regulator present in arthropods. Experimental studies have confirmed that XA inhibits molting by binding to either (or both) of two P450 enzymes (CYP315a1 or CYP314a1) that are responsible for the final two hydroxylations in the production of the molt-inducing hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The lack of crystal structures and biochemical assays for CYP315a1 or CYP314a1, has prevented further experimental exploration of XA and Ereb's molt inhibition mechanisms. Herein, a wide array of computational techniques – homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, binding site bioinformatics, flexible receptor–flexible ligand docking, and molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area calculations – have been employed to elucidate the structure–function relationships between the aforementioned P450s and the two described small molecule inhibitors (Ereb and XA). Results indicate that Ereb likely targets CYP315a1 by interacting with a network of aromatic residues in the binding site, while XA may inhibit both CYP315a1 and CYP314a1 because of its aromatic, as well as charged nature.
Attrition during a randomized controlled trial of reduced nicotine content cigarettes as a proxy for understanding acceptability of nicotine product standards

Aims To determine (1) if nicotine content affects study attrition – a potential behavioral measure of acceptability – in a trial that required compliance with three levels of reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes, and (2) if attrition is associated with subjective and behavioral responses to RNC cigarettes. Design Secondary analysis of a 35-day, parallel design, open-label, randomized controlled trial. After a 5-day baseline period, participants were randomized to smoke for three, 10-day periods: their preferred brand (control group), or RNC cigarettes with three nicotine levels in a within-subject, stepdown (1 group: high-moderate-low) or non-stepdown (5 groups: high-low-moderate, low-moderate-high, low-high-moderate, moderate-low-high, moderate-high-low) fashion. Setting A single site in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Participants 246 non-treatment-seeking daily smokers (M age = 39.52, CPD = 20.95, 68.3% White) were recruited from October 2007 to June 2013. Measurements The primary outcome was attrition. Key predictors were nicotine content transition and study period. Exploratory predictors were taste and strength subjective ratings, total puff volume, and carbon monoxide (CO) boost. Covariates included: age, gender, race, education, and nicotine dependence. Findings Overall attrition was 31.3% (n = 77): 24.1% of the control and 25.0% of the stepdown RNC cigarette groups dropped out vs. 44.6% of non-stepdown groups (p = 0.006). Compared with controls, attrition odds were 4.5 and 4.7 times greater among smokers transitioning from preferred and the highest RNC cigarettes to the lowest RNC cigarettes, respectively (p’s = .001 and .003). Providing more favorable initial taste ratings of study cigarettes decreased attrition odds by 2% (p = .012). Conclusions The majority of participants completed a 35-day trial of varying levels of reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Participant drop-out was greater for cigarettes with lower nicotine content and less in smokers reporting more favorable subjective ratings of the cigarettes.
The Common Law of Pauley Pavilion: Property in Public Places

Many writers have analyzed property interests in public spaces such as parking spots or lines of people waiting for an event. This paper considers the right to play on public basketball courts in a specific (but probably not unique) place: the basketball courts at U.C.L.A. In this instance the right to the place also includes a property interest in the game itself. This may interest those who study other cooperative endeavors.
Ex vivo T-cell depletion in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: past, present and future

The most common cause of post-transplant mortality in patients with hematological malignancy is relapse, followed by GvHD, infections, organ toxicity and second malignancy. Immune-mediated complications such as GvHD continue to be challenging, yet amenable to control through manipulation of the T-cell compartment of the donor graft with subsequent immunomodulation after transplant. However, risk of both relapse and infection increase concomitantly with T-cell depletion (TCD) strategies that impair immune recovery. In this review, we discuss the clinical outcome of current and emerging strategies of TCD in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant that have developed during the modern transplantation era, focusing specifically on ex vivo strategies that target selected T-cell subsets.
Introgression of Broad Spectrum Blast Resistance Gene Pi2 Into Mega Variety Swarna Through MABB

Swarna is one of the most popular high yielding rice varieties in India.It had good grain quality and requires 25% less nitrogen as widely claimed by the farmers released in Andhrapradesh in 1982. It spread across the subcontinent and into Bangladesh, where it was never officially released. Despite, its superior grain and yield qualities swarna is highly susceptible to blast disease. Therefore, in the present study a blast resistant gene Pi2 from donor C101A51 were introgressed into Swarna through marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) strategy. Twenty five pants were selected possessing Pi-2 gene in homozygous condition through foreground selection by gene specific marker AP5659-5 coupled with stringent phenotypic selection with virulent M.oryzae isolate (SPI-28). Four plants were selected through background selection analysis using polymorphic SSR markers with recurrent parent genome recovery (95%). The indentified plants were morphological similar to recurrent parent in relation to plant height and grain quality. However this introgressed lines yielded more than the recurrent parent.
Free Trade Zone of Manaus: An Impact Evaluation using the Synthetic Control Method

I apply the synthetic control method for Brazilian city-level data during the 20th Century in order to evaluate the economic impact of the Free Trade Zone of Manaus (FTZM). I find that this enterprise zone had positive significant effects on real GDP per capita and Services Total Production per capita, but it also had negative significant effects on Agriculture Total Production per capita. My results suggest that this subsidy policy achieved its goal of promoting regional economic growth at the cost of provoking mis-allocation of resources among economic sectors. They also reject the view that an industrialization policy will benefit all economic sectors due to positive spill-overs of the manufacture sector that are strong enough to compensate for the negative effect of the mis-allocation of resources.
Material-based figure of merit for caloric materials

The efficient use of reversible thermal effects in magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, and elastocaloric materials is a promising avenue that can lead to a substantially increased efficiency of refrigeration and heat pumping devices, most importantly, those used in household and commercial cooling applications near ambient temperature. A proliferation in caloric material research has resulted in a wide array of materials where only the isothermal change in entropy in response to a handful of different field strengths over a limited range of temperatures has been evaluated and reported. Given the abundance of such data, there is a clear need for a simple and reliable figure of merit enabling fast screening and down-selection to justify further detailed characterization of those material systems that hold the greatest promise. Based on the analysis of several well-known materials that exhibit vastly different magnetocaloric effects, the Temperature averaged Entropy Change is introduced as a suitable early indicator of the material's utility for magnetocaloric cooling applications, and its adoption by the caloric community is recommended.
Subcellular calcium shifts in ischemia and reperfusion

Subcellular calcium shifts and pathological calcification are observed under conditions of myocardial ischemia and/or reperfusion cell injury and represent the more severe manifestations of abnormal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. The use of specialized techniques for measurement of intracellular electrolytes such as electron probe x-ray microanalysis and the use of the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, fura 2, are providing new insights into regulation of intracellular Ca2+ and the role of altered Ca2+ homeostasis in the pathogenesis of myocardial cell injury. During the progression of myocardial cell injury, investigations indicate that increased intracellular Ca2+ develops in association with other manifestations of membrane injury, including other electrolyte alterations, altered cell volume regulation, and altered membrane phospholipids.
Preparation of Meta-Carborane Derivatives by Thermal Rearrangement in a Small Scale Laboratory Apparatus.

Carboranes, principally C2-ortho-carboranes, 1, have been of interest for modification of compounds being developed for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer (1-7). The other two possible regioisomers, meta-carborane, 2, and para-carborane, 3, which can be produced through thermal rearrangement reactions (8-10) of 1 have not been utilized in the studies, in part due to the perceived difficulties in their preparation. However, it should be noted that some significant differences in the chemical properties of the meta and para isomers exist, which make them attractive alternatives in synthesis of compounds for BNCT. Importantly, ortho-carboranes are reactive with amines, except under controlled conditions, resulting in the removal of one boron atom from the cage forming nido-carboranes. Contrary to this, the meta-and para-isomers do not react readily with amines under normal reaction conditions. Another difference in the regioisomeric cage structures are their lipophilicities, which increase (i.e. para > meta > ortho) as the dipolar nature of the ring decreases.
A New Software Architecture Style for Hadoop Systems

Big data provides a challenging environment to store, process and analyze large scale data. Various requirements that impact the architectural solution of big data include the source of data and its involved features such as volume, velocity, variety and the type of data. While processing big data, other challenges raised related to scalability, availability, integrity, concurrency, parallelism and performance. Because of all these features and requirements, building a suitable big data solution needs to consider the architectural solutions to satisfy those different elements of the system. Different software architectural styles exist. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the important commonly used architecture styles for building big data systems, compare their benefits, performance and main components. And mostly cover how each style can help in resolving the challenges required by developing big data software systems. The goal is to identify and discuss software architectural issues imposed by Hadoop that impact its performance. A new hybrid architecture system to achieve the requirement for Hadoop is proposed and all possible challenges the Hybrid system could face are investigated.
Panobinostat and carfilzomib cytotoxicity in IDH-mutant human chondrosarcoma.

11027Background: Chondrosarcomas are malignant bone tumors that produce cartilaginous matrix and are chemo and radiotherapy resistant. 70% of conventional and 54% of dedifferentiated subtypes harbo...
Computational study of silicene nanoribbon tunnel field-effect transistor

Stable room temperature operation of field-effect transistor (FET) based on two-dimensional silicon (silicene) has recently been reported. Like graphene, silicene is a Dirac cone material. Silicene-based devices provide high off-state leakage current due to lack of a significant bandgap. However, quantum confined silicene nanoribbon (SiNR) shows observable bandgap which can be used for making switching transistors for digital integrated circuit design. Contrary to metal oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET), tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) overcomes the physical limit of scaling of supply voltage. In this work, we present structure and characteristics of SiNR TFET using atomistic simulation based on self-consistent solution of 3D Poisson and Schrodinger equations within the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism. Performances are also compared with the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors projected high performance requirements of 2026 nMOSFETs.
Characterizing clinical ethics consultations: the need for a standardized typology of cases.

Critical reflection on clinical ethics consultation is essential to the field. Johnson and colleagues (2015) have helpfully summarized the consultation experience of a children's specialty hospital...
Delay-Aware Coding in Multi-Hop Line Networks

We propose an adaptive coding technique for delay constrained simple wireless multi-hop line networks. We study the joint optimization of coding and scheduling with one sender and one receiver, with delay sensitive flows consisting of packets. We analyze the trade-off between delay and throughput for single path multi-hop wireless erasure links for different encoding and feedback acknowledgment schemes. To do so, we devise an ` p- norm delay cost metric where p models the sensitivity of the receiver. We show that with adaptively adjusting the coding bucket size based on p and the feedback delay, recoded multi-hop transmissions can increase the throughput of the end-to-end coded transmissions by 30%.
Victim, Police, and Prosecutorial Responses to Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Approach:

Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) and the criminal justice response to such incidents is extensive, but the majority of this research has focused on IPV perpetrated by men against women i...
Pay Every Subject or Pay Only Some

One technique employed by budget-conscious researchers is to pay only some of the subjects for their choices in an experiment. We test the effect of paying some subjects versus paying all subjects in the context of risk preferences, controlling for the difference in stakes induced by paying only some subjects. Over two experiments, we demonstrate that paying only some subjects yields lower levels of risk aversion than does paying all subjects, though it yields more risk aversion than paying all subjects lower stakes with expected values equivalent to the pay some condition. We also demonstrate that paying only some subjects not only changes the level of risk aversion but also impacts the ordering of subjects by elicited risk aversion. Neither probability weighting nor standard experimental demographics were correlated with subjects differences between these conditions. We exploit our multiple measurements of risk aversion to estimate a simple structural model of latent risk aversion, and use these results to derive a correction factor in order to approximate the results as if all subjects were paid high stakes. Our findings imply that probabilistically paying some subjects high stakes meaningfully impacts the elicited level of risk aversion, although it better approximates the experimental ideal of paying all subjects high stakes compared to paying all subjects lower stakes.
NLP Workflows for Computational Social Science: Understanding Triggers of State-Led Mass Killings

We leverage statistical and natural language processing (NLP) tools for a systematic analysis of triggers of state-led mass killings. The work advances the application of statistics and NLP in the social sciences and also contributes to scholarly efforts by empirically identifying the prominent triggering events of civilian mass killings. More specifically we seek to understand the timing and dynamics of political violence escalation, by examining systematically how certain types of political events may generate a government’s policy of mass killing of civilians. The project provides pathways for the general application of promising NLP and statistical methods to the analysis of social event triggers as gleaned from big data repositories. Key objectives include: 1) To develop open source natural language processing (NLP) dictionaries and inference engines for event identification from texts, which are especially valuable for the analysis of political conflict and 2) Construct and validate a computational workflow to machine code millions of news articles (via NLP) for event identification, from a volume of data orders of magnitude larger than could be manually coded by a team of human readers. Having made considerable progress over multiple semesters, we share the methods and tools that have enabled us to overcome significant computational data analytics challenges.
Toward Intentional Diversity, Equity, and Respect in Chemistry Research and Practice

Uncovering systemic racism and ensuring the equitable inclusion and respect of all individuals are at the core of the current public outcries. This editorial is a call to action for the chemistry community to adopt practices and research scholarship that respond to the needs of diversity, equity, inclusion, and respect.
Surface Gel Layers Reduce Shear Stress and Damage of Corneal Epithelial Cells

Soft contact lenses are medical devices made from aqueous polymeric gels that are worn on the eye to correct refractive errors. These devices interrupt the natural contact pairing between the cornea and the eyelid and create two interfaces comprised of a synthetic material and the epithelia—contact lens surfaces versus (1) the cornea and (2) the eyelid conjunctiva. The cellular responses to friction and shear stress are thought to contribute to contact lens discomfort. This study performs direct contact shear experiments using in vitro biotribological experiments using a microtribometer equipped with a hydrogel membrane probe. Sections from commercial contact lenses are held in place on a spherically capped membrane probe during reciprocating sliding experiments against confluent monolayers of living human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial cells (hTCEpi). The contact lenses were loaded against the cell monolayers to physiological contact pressures between 400 and 1300 Pa under an applied load of 200 µN. The reciprocating distance was 3 mm, at a sliding speed of 1 mm/s, and the maximum duration of sliding was 1000 cycles. Five commercially available lenses (somofilcon A, stenfilcon A, etafilcon A, verofilcon A, and delefilcon A) were used to evaluate the cell layer responses to aqueous gels of differing composition, surface modulus, and lubricity. Cell damage was measured via propidium iodide staining and in situ fluorescence microscopy. The shear stresses varied from 16 ± 2 Pa (delefilcon A and verofilcon A) to 86 ± 12 Pa (stenfilcon A), and cell damage increased with increasing shear stress and increasing sliding duration. The two lens materials that have high water content surface gel layers (delefilcon A and verofilcon A) showed distinctly lower measures of cell damage as compared to the other lenses. Surface gel layers with a large polymer mesh size and high water content are shown to be an effective approach to lower the contact pressure, lower the friction coefficient, and thereby lower the shear stress and cell damage.
Extracellular serine and glycine are required for mouse and human skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cell function.

Abstract Objective Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on muscle-specific adult stem cells (MuSCs), MuSC progeny, muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), and a coordinated myogenic program that is influenced by the extracellular environment. Following injury, MPCs undergo a transient and rapid period of population expansion, which is necessary to repair damaged myofibers and restore muscle homeostasis. Certain pathologies (e.g., metabolic diseases and muscle dystrophies) and advanced age are associated with dysregulated muscle regeneration. The availability of serine and glycine, two nutritionally non-essential amino acids, is altered in humans with these pathologies, and these amino acids have been shown to influence the proliferative state of non-muscle cells. Our objective was to determine the role of serine/glycine in MuSC/MPC function. Methods Primary human MPCs (hMPCs) were used for in vitro experiments, and young (4–6 mo) and old (>20 mo) mice were used for in vivo experiments. Serine/glycine availability was manipulated using specially formulated media in vitro or dietary restriction in vivo followed by downstream metabolic and cell proliferation analyses. Results We identified that serine/glycine are essential for hMPC proliferation. Dietary restriction of serine/glycine in a mouse model of skeletal muscle regeneration lowered the abundance of MuSCs 3 days post-injury. Stable isotope-tracing studies showed that hMPCs rely on extracellular serine/glycine for population expansion because they exhibit a limited capacity for de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis. Restriction of serine/glycine to hMPCs resulted in cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Extracellular serine/glycine was necessary to support glutathione and global protein synthesis in hMPCs. Using an aged mouse model, we found that reduced serine/glycine availability augmented intermyocellular adipocytes 28 days post-injury. Conclusions These studies demonstrated that despite an absolute serine/glycine requirement for MuSC/MPC proliferation, de novo synthesis was inadequate to support these demands, making extracellular serine and glycine conditionally essential for efficient skeletal muscle regeneration.
'Why is Gender a Form of Diversity?': Rising Advantages for Women in Global Indian LawFirms

Preliminary fieldwork suggests that despite many obstacles still present in the larger profession, women in India’s big, elite law firms are not discriminated against or disadvantaged as compared to their male peers. This “gender does not matter” narrative is not uncommon among successful women in high status work. However, what is unique is that this narrative is substantiated by their personal experience: they receive similar organizational rewards (pay, promotion, client attention) and interactional status among clients, peers and superiors alike. This is an intriguing finding in that it does not correspond to mostly gender-disadvantageous accounts of women in high status professions universally, nor in the legal profession specifically. Furthermore, contemporary comparative research suggests that the Indian legal profession is more resistant to feminization than its global counterparts, and that even exaggerated Bar Council of India Admission figures suggest than only about 10 percent of India’s legal population (estimated at about 1.3 million) are women. This research attempts to preliminarily navigate this new territory of innovation and formal equality within the Indian legal profession by exploring the contours of this advantage across different levels of analysis.
Why Your Bar Has Crime but Not Mine: Resolving the Land Use and Crime – Risky Facility Conflict

Interpretations of two bodies of crime-place research conflict. Land use and crime studies claim particular facilities increase crime. Risky facilities studies show most places of a single type hav...
So Long to Singlestop? (A)

This case pairing was designed for use in the Darden School's Global MBA for Executives program in the core Leadership and Organizations course and is also suitable for MBA, EMBA, and Executive Education courses in a module covering transformational leadership or human resources strategy. The field-based case uses the experiences of three managers at a big-box retail distribution center to set the stage for an analysis of transformational leadership in a large company. Kevin Henson has worked at big-box retailer SingleStop's distribution center for only four months when he was offered a job at another firm. He had joined the firm in the spring of 2012 while it was undergoing a difficult transformation. His disastrous hiring process and difficult first months are described from Henson's viewpoint and two other management members of the firm. Henson must decide whether to give SingleStop another chance. Excerpt UVA-OB-1049 Rev. Oct. 13, 2015 So Long to SingleStop? (A) Kevin Henson hung up the phone. For someone only four months into his current position with the big-box retailer SingleStop, the offer to move to another firm was unsettling. He had joined one of SingleStop's distribution centers in the spring of 2012 while it was undergoing a difficult transformation. Although it had been rough, his shift was now the number one in the entire company network. In addition, the prospect of changing jobs again was unappealing. The new job offered higher pay and more benefits. All he had to do was say “yes,” and it would be his. Henson needed advice. Had he really given SingleStop a chance or had he never overcome his disastrous hiring process? Should he take the new offer or continue at SingleStop? Kevin Henson Henson had spent several years serving in the U.S. Navy and then took a career “detour” in 2010 to help his family transform a newly purchased restaurant. The restaurant was struggling because the previous owner had taken the best employees with him, leaving Henson's parents with mediocre workers. Henson described his approach to managing those employees: . . .
Comparing Physician Assistant and Nurse Practitioner Practice in U.S. Emergency Departments, 2010-2017.

Author(s): Wu, Fred; Darracq, Michael A. | Abstract: Introduction: We sought to compare physician assistant (PA) and nurse practitioner (NP) practice in United States emergency departments (ED) based on ED visits as reported by the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS).n Methods: We performed a retrospective, secondary analysis of the 2010 to 2017 NHAMCS with analysis of ED visits, patient demographics, and hospital characteristics.n Results: Between 2010 to 2017, 21.0% (95% confidence interval, [CI] +/-3.1%) of ED visits were seen by either a PA/NP (with and without physician involvement) and 8.6% (+/-2.9%) were seen by PA/NP alone. We identified an increase for NP visits between 2014–2016 and found that PA/NP visits share many of the same characteristics.n Conclusion: While emergency medicine has predominately been a specialty for PAs, the number of ED visits with NPs has been increasing over the past several years. While there are some differences, PAs/NPs share many similar practice characteristics in the ED.
From subversion to obscenity: The FBI's investigations of the early homophile movement in the United States, 1953-1958

For over twenty years historians who have examined the history of the homophile movement of the 1950s and 1960s have focused primarily on the origins, development, and evolution of the Mattachine Society and, to a lesser extent, the group known as ONE, Inc. (hereafter ONE, always written in capital letters), to explain the nature of the broader movement. More specifically, there have appeared two conflicting interpretations about the Mattachine. The first, originating with John D'Emilio in his pioneering and influential book Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (1983), posited that after Mattachine gained negative publicity at the height of McCarthyism and the introduction to public scrutiny, conservative members of the group seized control in 1953 and forced it to abandon its radical origins and "retreat to respectability." Meanwhile, ONE "strove to keep alive the militant spirit of the society's early years."1 Because D'Emilio's book was the first of its kind, this interpretation largely became the accepted view among most historians. The second interpretation, developed by historian Martin Meeker, has moved away from the radical versus conservative labels to regard Mattachine's change in 1953 not as a retreat but as a "deliberate and ultimately successful strategy to deflect the antagonisms of its many detractors." This strategy thereby permitted the organization to move forward with its homophile efforts.2
Microbe inhibition by Tribolium flour beetles varies with beetle species, strain, sex, and microbe group

Tribolium flour beetles produce defensive compounds, including quinones, putatively aimed at deterring predators and inhibiting microbes. Here we examine how effective the defensive secretions of Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum are at inhibiting growth of various microbes and how this varies with species, geographic strain, and sex of the beetles. We explore differences at both the kingdom and species level of common flour microbes in their susceptibility to defensive compounds. Beetle species and strains vary in their ability to inhibit microbial growth. In addition, microbes vary in their sensitivity to the beetles' defense compounds. The capability to suppress microbial growth is likely under stabilizing selection with optimum quinone production varying among populations and may be dependent on several environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and predators.
Planetary Nebulae with Binary Nuclei

High resolution images of planetary nebulae have revealed a variety of non-spherical morphologies. In addition, some planetary nebulae were found to produce highly collimated jets. It is argued that binary central stars may play a crucial role in the production of all of these morphologies. In particular, a specific mechanism is identified for the generation of “point-symmetric” nebulae. It is shown that the study of binary nuclei of planetary nebulae can provide essential information for the understanding of the common envelope phase in the evolution of binary systems.
Applications of self organizing topology networks in geosciences and remote sensing

Discusses and demonstrates the use of neural network (NN) techniques for geoscience and remote sensing applications. NN models have some important intrinsic properties which are advantageous in this context. Some of these properties are the distribution free property, the learning capability, and the ease of parallel processing implementations. The authors first present a novel class of learning algorithms which takes full advantage of the NN modeling power; this class is referred to as self-organizing topology networks. Second, they present a novel algorithm which belongs to this class of networks called the self-organizing neural network, and for comparison they provide several experimental results using this and more traditional algorithms. This novel technique proves superior in performance, learning time and modeling power, and requires fewer prior assumptions. >
Myelination Is Altered in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Null Mutant Mice

Increasing evidence indicates that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has an important role in oligodendrocyte development. In this study, we examined myelination during postnatal development in IGF-I knock-out (KO) mice by assessing myelin staining, the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP), two major myelin-specific proteins, and the number of oligodendrocytes and their precursors. For comparison, we also measured the expression of median subunit of the neuron-specific intermediate filament, M-neurofilament (M-NF), to obtain an index of the effects of IGF-I deficiency on neurons. We found that myelin staining, MBP and PLP expression, and the percentage of oligodendrocytes and their precursors are significantly reduced in all brain regions of developing IGF-I KO mice but are similar to controls in adult IGF-I KO mice. In contrast, the abundance of M-NF was decreased in both the developing and adult brain of IGF-I KO mice. We also found that IGF-II protein abundance is increased in the brains of IGF-I KO mice. Our data indicate, therefore, that myelination during early development is altered in the absence of IGF-I by mechanisms that involve a reduction in oligodendrocyte proliferation and development. Although neuronal actions cannot be excluded in the myelin normalization, the reduced axonal growth suggested by the reduced M-NF expression makes a role for neuronal factors less compelling. These data suggest that IGF-I plays a significant role in myelination during normal early development and that IGF-II can compensate in part for IGF-I actions on myelination.
What can boys and girls do? Preschoolers’ perspectives regarding gender roles across domains of behavior

Previous research has examined at what age and in what contexts males and females develop gender-congruent stereotypes. Research indicates that social experience may provide a great influence on the presence of such stereotypes, but this is likely influenced by the development of gender schemas. The current study interviewed 99 children (3–6.5 years) in a sub-rural Midwestern university community. Females (N = 51, M age = 4.6, SD = 0.73) and males (N = 48, M age = 4.6, SD = 0.82) were individually asked who—boys, girls, or both—can do particular (1) occupations, (2) activities, (3) aggressive behaviors, and (4) prosocial behaviors. Generally, males tended to express holding no stereotypic beliefs, indicating gender-congruent expectations for only 2 items in one of the domains; however, females expressed multiple stereotypic beliefs for each of the four contexts. Social and cognitive explanations for these phenomena are discussed. The current study is an important addition to the existing literature in that preschool teachers and parents alike might be able to assist children to better develop activities and behavioral habits such that gender-related stereotypes fail to develop.
Rebuilding or Intruding? Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Latino Immigration in Post-Katrina Louisiana

Objectives. Few studies fully integrate the interactive effects of political, geographic, and media contexts into studies of public opinion on immigration. We rectify this by utilizingthepost-KatrinaLatinoimmigrantmigrationtoLouisianaasanopportunity for study of these relationships. Methods. We utilize survey data and content analysis of news coverage to examine the influence of news exposure on attitudes toward immigrants and immigration. Results. Exposure to immigration news influences the relative importance of immigration to other issues, self-reported personal contact with Spanish-speaking populations, and perceptions of the legal status of immigrant populations. Conclusions. Local news coverage of immigration increases awareness and concern about immigration and heightened news exposure increases perceptions about personal interactions with Spanish-speaking populations. Additionally, local news coverage of immigration influences the importance of key characteristics of immigrant populations, particularly whether immigrants are here illegally. Tone of coverage, as opposed to amount, exerts the more consistent effect on immigrationrelated attitudes. Recent research suggests that media coverage and geography are important moderators of public opinion on immigration (Brader, Valentino, and Suhay, 2008; Branton and Dunaway, 2008, 2009a, 2009b; Dunaway, Branton, and Abrajano,2010;Hopkins,2010,2011).Aswithmanyissues,eliterhetoricand public discourse interact with a host of contextual and individual-level factors to influence immigration policy opinion and attitudes toward immigrants (Hopkins, 2010, 2011). Perhaps somewhat uniquely, national media coverage of immigration has ebbed and flowed historically (Brader, Valentino, and Suhay, 2008), a fact usually explained by historical concentrations of Latino immigrants in particular places throughout the United States—in “traditional
Pryce's type I pulmonary intralobar sequestration presenting with massive hemoptysis

Pryce's type I intralobar sequestration, in which a region of lung exhibits tracheobronchial continuity and aberrant systemic arterial supply, is most frequently asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. While hemoptysis may be a common presenting symptom, massive hemoptysis is rarely seen. We document a case of a 58-year-old man, previously asymptomatic, whose initial presentation was that of massive hemoptysis. The radiographic, intraoperative and pathologic findings in our patient confirm that his sequestration was of Pryce's type I. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:91-95, 2001.
PLATELET DISINTEGRATION DURING CLOTTING

Sequential alterations in the ultrastructure of blood platelets observed during the clotting of human platelet-rich plasma are described, with emphasis on disintegration of the platelet. As the clotting reaction proceeds, aliquots of citrated and recalcified citrated plasma are fixed by adding buffered OsO4. After recalcification a lag period of about 10 minutes is followed by an interval of rapidly occurring changes which include reorientation of cytoplasmic contents, progressive central degeneration, and disruption of the platelet limiting membrane. Shortly thereafter vesicular platelet remains are seen at the peripheries of loosely arranged and widely spaced masses of granular material. As clot retraction proceeds, these masses gradually come closer together, become more and more compact, and finally disappear. At the same time the vesicles undergo progressive disintegration until at the end of the experiment, 2 hours after recalcification, only a few are found randomly distributed in a dense clot. The significance of progressive disintegration and the origin of the vesicles observed in the later stages of the experiment are discussed in relation to clot formation and clot retraction.
On the three-dimensional instability of strained vortices

The three‐dimensional (3‐D) instability of a two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow with elliptical streamlines has been proposed as a generic mechanism for the breakdown of many 2‐D flows. A physical interpretation for the mechanism is presented together with an analytical treatment of the problem. It is shown that the stability of an elliptical flow is governed by an Ince equation. An analytical representation for a localized solution is given and establishes a direct link with previous computations and experiments.
Nonintrusive fiber optic diagnostic for monitoring spacecraft contamination

Contamination of spacecraft surfaces by deposition and ablation can potentially limit the performance and lifetime of solar panels, optical systems and microsatellite structural elements. However, instrumentation for on-orbit contamination assessment is limited by payload requirements and the experiments which can be conducted are limited by spacecraft geometry and mission lifetime. We present the design of a fiber optics evanescent wave sensor capable of real time detection of the contamination of spacecraft surfaces during flight. While other evanescent wave detection schemes rely on special coatings to selectively and reversibly absorb a target analyte, in the present context, such coatings would themselves be considered undesirable forms of contamination, and are therefore prohibited. The sensor described here is capable of detecting contamination by direct exposure of the evanescent wave to the environment through the use of a reduced-cladding fiber. The sensor can measure contamination from foreign substances, and ablation from the impact of space debris or ion thruster exhaust. In this paper, we briefly discuss the major forms of contamination. We describe the operating principles of the fiber optic evanescent wave sensor we have constructed for monitoring these forms of contamination, and provide preliminary results indicating sensor performance characteristics. We demonstrate the feasibility of the sensor for detecting the deposition of a variety of substances, and for observing the effects of ablation from thruster exhaust. In all cases, we make a qualitative comparison between sensor performance and theory.
H2O and Cation Structure and Dynamics in Expandable Clays: 2H and 39K NMR Investigations of Hectorite

Variable temperature 39K and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (VT NMR) spectroscopy of K+-saturated hectorite, a prototypical smectite clay, provides new insight into the relationships between the str...
An application of axiomatic design

For the field of design to become a discipline, it must have the prerequisites of a discipline: principles and a process of solving problems using these principles. This paper presents a case study for axiomatic design, illustrating the process of using the design axioms (i.e., the Independence Axiom and the Information Axiom) in designing an artificial skin. The axioms are used to guide the analysis of a process design for an artificial skin graft. The analysis indicates that the current design does not meet the requirements specified by the axioms and should be redesigned to overcome the difficulties it has experienced in the field. Alternative solutions are generated following a systematic analysis of the design problem, and the best alternative is identified.
Influence of Feed Ion Content on Buffering Capacity of Ruminant Feedstuffs In Vitro

Abstract In vitro buffering capacity of 52 feeds was measured to determine the buffering capacity range within and among feed types. Feeds were analyzed for dry matter, total ash, minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, N, P, Si, S), pH, titratable acidity and alkalinity, acid-buffering capacity, and base-buffering capacity (milliequivalents of acid or base required to bring .5g dry matter suspended in 50ml distilled deionized water to pH 4 or 9, respectively, divided by total pH change). Buffering capacity was lowest for energy feeds, intermediate for low protein feeds (15 to 35% crude protein) and grass forages, and highest for high protein feeds (>35% crude protein) and legume forages. The concept of diet formulation for a predetermined buffering capacity was tested. Two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets substantially different from each other in buffering capacity were formulated using ingredients from the pool of 52 feeds. The measured acid-buffering capacity of these diets was similar to their predicted values. Acid buffering capacity was correlated with total cations and total ash. However, simple linear regression was not sufficient to predict accurately acid-buffering capacity from total ash values. Further studies are needed to provide a better estimate of feed-buffering capacity.
Stuxnet and the Limits of Cyber Warfare

Stuxnet, the computer worm which disrupted Iranian nuclear enrichment in 2010, is the first instance of a computer network attack known to cause physical damage across international boundaries. Some have described Stuxnet as the harbinger of a new form of warfare that threatens even the strongest military powers. The influential but largely untested Cyber Revolution thesis holds that the internet gives militarily weaker actors asymmetric advantages, that offense is becoming easier while defense is growing harder, and that the attacker's anonymity undermines deterrence. However, the empirical facts of Stuxnet support an opposite interpretation; cyber capabilities can marginally enhance the power of stronger over weaker actors, the complexity of weaponization makes cyber offense less easy and defense more feasible than generally appreciated, and cyber options are most attractive when deterrence is intact. Stuxnet suggests that considerable social and technical uncertainties associated with cyber operations ...
Influence of free volume fraction, inter/intramolecular energy ratio, and chain segment density on the Gibbs-DiMarzio theory of the glass transition

Abstract Based upon computer analysis, the Gibbs-DiMarzio (G-DM) theory is evaluated for the case of (a) constant V0 and (b) constant r where V0 is the fractional free volume at Tg and r is the ratio of the hole (E0) to the flex (e) energy. For each respective case, results are presented in a reduced variables format that indicate the extent to which r and V0 vary at the transition temperature as a function of the reciprocal degree of polymerization (P−1). To further account for chemical differences that exist among polymers, an index (n) is introduced that ultimately incorporates the effective number average of chain atom segments (x) per P. Using these reduced variables plots, the effects of V0, r, and n are compared with the Tg data for four well-documented polymers. Although the theory adequately describes the PMMA, PS, and PVC data, for PαMS the fit is doubtful. The analysis demonstrates that, in order to maintain V0 within the range of 0.015–0.045, r must remain within approximately 1.0–1.1. Moreover, under conditions of either constant V0 or r, other more flexible polymers require that n⪞10 .
Evaluation of number average length analysis in quantifying double strand breaks in genomic DNAs.

Double strand breaks in DNA can be quantified down to very low frequencies (a few per Gigabase pair) in nanogram quantities of nonradioactive, genomic DNA by dispersing the DNAs on electrophoretic gels, digitizing them by quantitative electronic imaging, and calculating the DNA lengths by number average length analysis. No specific distribution of damages is required for number average length analysis. To test the validity of this approach, we used DNA populations of known absolute lengths and break frequencies as experimental DNAs and calculated the number average lengths and double strand break levels. Experimental DNAs and length standards were dispersed using pulsed field electrophoretic modes (unidirectional pulsed field, contour clamped homogeneous field, or transverse alternating field) appropriate for their size range, stained with ethidium, destained, and a quantitative electronic image obtained. A dispersion curve was constructed from the migration−mobility relationships of the length standard D...