cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skeletal Muscle Na,K-ATPase α and β Subunit Protein Levels Respond to Hypokalemic Challenge with Isoform and Muscle Type Specificity

During potassium deprivation, skeletal muscle loses K+ to buffer the fall in extracellular K+. Decreased active K+ uptake via the sodium pump, Na,K-ATPase, contributes to the adjustment. Skeletal muscle expresses α1, α2, β1, and β2 isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase αβ heterodimer. This study was directed at testing the hypothesis that K+ loss from muscle during K+ deprivation is a function of decreased expression of specific isoforms expressed in a muscle type-specific pattern. Isoform abundance was measured in soleus, red and white gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus, and diaphragm by immunoblot. α2 expression was uniform across control muscles, whereas α1 and β1 were twice as high in oxidative (soleus and diaphragm) as in fast glycolytic (white gastrocnemius) muscles, and β2 expression was reciprocal: highest in white gastrocnemius and barely detectable in soleus and diaphragm. Following 10 days of potassium deprivation plasma K+ fell from 4.0 to 2.3 mM, and there were distinct responses in glycolytic versus oxidative muscles. In glycolytic white gastrocnemius α2 and β2 fell 94 and 70%, respectively; in mixed red gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus both fell 60%, and β1 fell 25%. In oxidative soleus and diaphragm α2 fell 55 and 30%, respectively, with only minor changes in β1. Although decreases in α2 and β2 expression are much greater in glycolytic than oxidative muscles during K+ deprivation, both types of muscle lose tissue K+ to the same extent, a 20% decrease, suggesting that multiple mechanisms are in place to regulate the release of skeletal muscle cell K+.
Oxidation of ductile particle reinforced Ti-48Al composite

The oxidation behavior of a ductile TiNb particle reinforced Ti-48A1 (at. pct) system was studied at different temperatures. The objective of this work was to establish the role played by the TiNb reinforcement on the oxidation process. The activation energy for oxidation of Ti-48A1 was 324 kJ/mol and that of Ti-48Al-20 vol pct TiNb was 315 kJ/mol. The kinetics of oxidation of both the material systems are similar. At 982 °C, the outermost oxide layer in contact with air was always near stoichiometric TiO2. In all the alloys, a layer of porosity was created just below the outer TiO2 layer by the Kirkendall mechanism as a result of the rapid outward dif-fusion of Ti atoms. TiNb particles are more oxidation resistant than Ti-48A1. The boundary of the TiNb particles was oxidized to form TiO2. However, most of the TiNb particles were un-touched and existed as islands embedded within the Ti and Al oxides formed by oxidation of Ti-48A1. Oxidation in pure oxygen lowers the oxidation kinetics, as compared to oxidation in pure air for identical gas flow rates at 982 °C.
The Rheumatoid Arthritis HLA-DRB1 Shared Epitope

Purpose of review To update progress made between December 2008 and November 2009 on the role of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shared epitope (SE) in the etiology and pathogenesis of RA.
Increased amygdala and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal BOLD responses in unipolar depression: related and independent features.

Background Major depressive disorder is characterized by increased and sustained emotional reactivity, which has been linked to sustained amygdala activity. It is also characterized by disruptions in executive control, linked to abnormal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function. These mechanisms have been hypothesized to interact in depression. This study explored relationships between amygdala and DLPFC activity during emotional and cognitive information processing in unipolar depression. Method Twenty-seven unmedicated patients with DSM-IV unipolar major depressive disorder and 25 never-depressed healthy control subjects completed tasks requiring executive control (digit sorting) and emotional information processing (personal relevance rating of words) during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessment. Results Relative to control subjects, depressed subjects displayed sustained amygdala reactivity on the emotional tasks and decreased DLPFC activity on the digit-sorting task. Decreased relationships between the time-series of amygdala and DLPFC activity were observed within tasks in depression, but different depressed individuals showed each type of bias. Conclusions Depression is associated with increased limbic activity in response to emotional information processing and decreased DLPFC activity in response to cognitive tasks though these may reflect separate mechanisms. Depressed individuals also display decreased relationships between amygdala and DLPFC activity, potentially signifying decreased functional relationships among these structures.
Brain morphometry in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.

Abstract Background To examine neuroanatomical morphometry in adult female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Methods Seventeen nonvictimized comparison subjects and 22 victims of intimate partner violence, 11 with and 11 without posttraumatic stress disorder, were studied. Using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, three mesial temporal lobe areas were measured: hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus. Additionally, whole brain morphometry provided fluid, gray, and white matter volumes of the cortex and cerebellum for exploratory analyses. Relationships of morphometric measures to symptoms, abuse history, and neuropsychological function were examined. Results Intimate partner violence subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder did not demonstrate significantly smaller hippocampal or other mesial temporal lobe volumes. Overall, intimate partner violence subjects had smaller supratentorial cranial vaults and smaller frontal and occipital gray matter volumes relative to nonvictimized comparison subjects. Supratentorial cranial vault volume was negatively correlated with severity of childhood physical abuse, but not with intimate partner violence or posttraumatic stress disorder severity. Trails B performance was negatively correlated with frontal gray matter volume. Conclusions These findings are inconsistent with prior reports of smaller hippocampal volumes in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Rather, the findings point to cerebral abnormalities that may reflect the influence of early trauma on neurodevelopmental processes or denote brain morphometric characteristics of persons at increased risk for serious psychosocial adversity.
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Very Low-birthweight Infants

The incidence of periventricular, intraventricular, and intraparenchymal intracranial hemorrhages in extremely low- and very low-birthweight infants is decreasing. With the increasing survival rate of these infants, however, the likelihood of their surviving …
A high-order finite volume remapping scheme for nonuniform grids

A hierarchy of one-dimensional high-order remapping schemes is presented and their performance with respect to accuracy and convergence rate investigated. The schemes are also compared based on remapping experiments in closed domains. The piecewise quartic method (PQM) is presented, based on fifth-order accurate piecewise polynomials, and is motivated by the need to significantly improve hybrid coordinate systems of ocean climate models, which require the remapping to be conservative, monotonic and highly accurate. A limiter for this scheme is fully described that never decreases the polynomial degree, except at the location of extrema. We assess the use of high-order explicit and implicit (i.e., compact) estimates for the edge values and slopes needed to build the piecewise polynomials in both piecewise parabolic method (PPM) and PQM. It is shown that all limited PQM schemes perform significantly better than limited PPM schemes and that PQM schemes are much more cost-effective.
Novel design to increase the angular tolerance of grating resonance devices at oblique incidence

Guided-mode resonant (GMR) structure using hexagonal-lattice grating is proposed to enhance angular tolerance of resonances at oblique incidence. Exciting radial-propagation modes, resonances with high angular tolerance (~1deg) and narrow spectral bandwidth (~0.3 nm) are achieved.
A Conditional Likelihood Ratio Test for Structural Models

This paper develops a general method for constructing exactly similar tests based on the conditional distribution of nonpivotal statistics in a simultaneous equations model with normal errors and known reduced-form covariance matrix. These tests are shown to be similar under weak-instrument asymptotics when the reduced-form covariance matrix is estimated and the errors are non-normal. The conditional test based on the likelihood ratio statistic is particularly simple and has good power properties. Like the score test, it is optimal under the usual local-to-null asymptotics, but it has better power when identification is weak.
Peridynamic theory for impact damage prediction and propagation in electronic packages due to drop

In this study, peridynamic theory is used to investigate dynamic response of electronic packages subjected to impact loading arising from drop-shock. First, the theory is briefly described, followed by validation against a fundamental dynamic fracture problem. Finally, peridynamic theory was demonstrated by considering a drop test experiment.
Masculine sexual behavior in male and female rats following perinatal manipulation of androgen: Effects of genital anesthetization and sexual experience

Abstract Androgenized females, Day 1 male castrates, normal males, and normal females were tested for mounting behavior as adults following TP administration (1 mg/day). Genital anesthetization was used to eliminate all intromission and ejaculation behavior. Results showed that sexually-naive normal males and androgenized females mounted significantly more then Day 1 male castrates, while the Day 1 male castrates mounted significantly more than normal females. Sexually-experienced normal males and androgenized females displayed a significant facilitation of mounting behavior as compared to the sexually-naive animals. Tests of masculine copulatory behavior without genital anesthetization also were conducted with androgenized females and normal males. In these tests, androgenized females were indistinguishable from normal males in all aspects of the complete masculine pattern. The present results provide evidence that during perinatal development androgen acts directly on neural systems which will later regulate adult masculine sexual behavior.
College Student Persistence in Scientific Disciplines: Cultural and Social Capital as Contributing Factors

Underrepresentation of women of color in science majors and careers continues to be a concern for many science educators. Despite being the fastest growing population of college students, women of color have made insufficient gains in college science degree attainment. Sixteen women of color who were undergraduates majoring in a science field participated in three-part, in-depth interviews. Prominent factors associated with persistence as a science major included academic preparation for college science, faculty support, important school science experiences, family support, science support programs, altruistic beliefs, and the importance of religion. This study examined the data using current persistence theories as well as exploring the role of cultural and social capital as sources for support and motivation.
DNA Microarray-Mediated Transcriptional Profiling of the Escherichia coli Response to Hydrogen Peroxide

The genome-wide transcription profile of Escherichia coli cells treated with hydrogen peroxide was examined with a DNA microarray composed of 4,169 E. coli open reading frames. By measuring gene expression in isogenic wild-type and oxyR deletion strains, we confirmed that the peroxide response regulator OxyR activates most of the highly hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes. The DNA microarray measurements allowed the identification of several new OxyR-activated genes, including the hemH heme biosynthetic gene; the six-gene suf operon, which may participate in Fe-S cluster assembly or repair; and four genes of unknown function. We also identified several genes, including uxuA, encoding mannonate hydrolase, whose expression might be repressed by OxyR, since their expression was elevated in the ΔoxyR mutant strain. In addition, the induction of some genes was found to be OxyR independent, indicating the existence of other peroxide sensors and regulators in E. coli. For example, the isc operon, which specifies Fe-S cluster formation and repair activities, was induced by hydrogen peroxide in strains lacking either OxyR or the superoxide response regulators SoxRS. These results expand our understanding of the oxidative stress response and raise interesting questions regarding the nature of other regulators that modulate gene expression in response to hydrogen peroxide.
Beam Breakup (BBU) Instability Experiments on the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA) and Predictions for the Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA)

In linear accelerators the maximum achievable beam current is often limited by the Beam Breakup (BBU) instability. This instability arises from the interaction of a transversely displaced beam with the dipole modes of the acceleration cavities. The modes of interest have non-zero transverse magnetic fields at the center of the cavity. This oscillating field imparts a time varying transverse impulse to the beam as it passes through the accelerating gap. Of the various modes possible only the TM/sub 130/ mode has been observed on the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA) and it is expected to surface on the Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA). The amplitude of the instability depends sensitively on two cavity parameters; Q and Z/sub perpendicular//Q. Q is the well-known qualtiy factor which characterizes the damping rate of an oscillator. Z/sub perpendicular//Q is a measure of how well the beam couples to the cavity fields of the mode and in turn, how the fields act back on the beam. Lowering the values of both these parameters reduces BBU growth.
A New Haemocystidium (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae) Species of the Dhub Lizard, Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis, In Abu Dhabi, Distinguished By the Absence of Pigment

Abstract: The spiny-tailed lizard, Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis, in Abu Dhabi is parasitized by Haemocystidium apigmentada n. sp., and 2 species of Hepatozoon. The elongate gametocytes of H. apigmentada are 13–19 × 6–9 µm, with length × width (LW) 90–133 µm2, and L/W ratio 1.56-3.17. Gametocyte dimensions do not differ by sex. Gametocytes are unpigmented. Hepatozoon species 1 has gamonts with a consistently terminal nucleus, with dimensions of 13–16 × 4.5–7 µm, LW of 58–104 µm2, and L/W ratio of 2.00-3.22. Hepatozoon species 2 gamonts have a broad nucleus at the midbody, and dimensions of 13–15.5 × 5–7 µm, LW of 71–109 µm2, and L/W ratio of 1.93-3.00.
The Rhetorical Management of Dangerous Knowledge in Kpelle Brokerage

This paper argues that Kpelle brokers draw upon the key cultural idea of danger inherent in privileged knowledge to contrive a broker role and to construe its indispensability and threatening power in local politics. Both traditional religious brokers, who mediate between the village and the mystical world, as well as modern brokers, who mediate between the local community and the wider national institutions, use this idiom to persuade the local community that their knowledge of unfamiliar domains is exclusive, critically important, and dangerously powerful. The Kpelle case supports the notion that the broker role is not simply the result of a structural need to link patrons and clients of two different sociocultural domains. It shows that the role emerges as well from individuals' purposive use of cultural meanings to shape and manage those needs and their political significance. [West Africa, political management of meaning, brokerage, knowledge/secrecy, center-periphery relations]
Histologic Evaluation of Mucocutaneous Graft Versus Host Disease in Nonmyeloablative Hematologic Stem Cell Transplants

Nonmyeloablative hematologic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a recent alternative to myeloablative HSCT in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains as a complication of both types of HSCT. Recently the clinical phenomenon of late-onset (>100 days) acute GVHD has been described following nonablative HSCT. However, there has been no relevant description of the histologic features of GVHD in this setting. We reviewed clinical and pathologic features of 28 cases of acute and chronic GVHD following nonablative HSCT at out institution between 2000 and 2003. Our results support the observation of late onset acute GVHD in nonablative HSCT. The mean onset of acute GVHD was 109.8 days (range 8–410 days). Furthermore, we identified a subset of patients (8/23) in the acute GVHD group with composite histologic features of both acute and chronic GVHD. This subset was more likely to develop chronic GVHD as compared to patients with only classic acute GVHD, 87.5% versus 25%, respectively (p < 0.01). Composite histologic features could serve a a predictor of an increased risk for the development of chronic GVHD. These patients may potentially benefit from more aggressive treatment than patients with histologic features of solely acute GVHD.
Imprinting of the Y Chromosome Influences Dosage Compensation in roX1 roX2 Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster males have a well-characterized regulatory system that increases X-linked gene expression. This essential process restores the balance between X-linked and autosomal gene products in males. A complex composed of the male-specific lethal (MSL) proteins and RNA is recruited to the body of transcribed X-linked genes where it modifies chromatin to increase expression. The RNA components of this complex, roX1 and roX2 (RNA on the X1, RNA on the X2), are functionally redundant. Males mutated for both roX genes have dramatically reduced survival. We show that reversal of sex chromosome inheritance suppresses lethality in roX1 roX2 males. Genetic tests indicate that the effect on male survival depends upon the presence and source of the Y chromosome, revealing a germ line imprint that influences dosage compensation. Conventional paternal transmission of the Y chromosome enhances roX1 roX2 lethality, while maternal transmission of the Y chromosome suppresses lethality. roX1 roX2 males with both maternal and paternal Y chromosomes have very low survival, indicating dominance of the paternal imprint. In an otherwise wild-type male, the Y chromosome does not appreciably affect dosage compensation. The influence of the Y chromosome, clearly apparent in roX1 roX2 mutants, thus requires a sensitized genetic background. We believe that the Y chromosome is likely to act through modulation of a process that is defective in roX1 roX2 mutants: X chromosome recognition or chromatin modification by the MSL complex.
Taxonomies of attacks and vulnerabilities in computer systems

Security assessment of a system is a difficult problem. Most of the current efforts in security assessment involve searching for known vulnerabilities. Finding unknown vulnerabilities still largely remains a subjective process. The process can be improved by understanding the characteristics and nature of known vulnerabilities. The knowledge thus gained can be organized into a suitable taxonomy, which can then be used as a framework for systematically examining new systems for similar but as yet unknown vulnerabilities. There have been many attempts at producing such taxonomies. This article provides a comprehensive survey of the important work done on developing taxonomies of attacks and vulnerabilities in computer systems. This survey covers work done in security related taxonomies from 1974 until 2006. Apart from providing a state-of-the-art survey of taxonomies, we also analyze their effectiveness for use in a security assessment process. Finally, we summarize the important properties of various taxonomies to provide a framework for organizing information about known attacks and vulnerabilities into a taxonomy that would benefit the security assessment process.
TRAPPING LEVELS IN HYDROTHERMAL AND SOLUTION GROWN BISMUTH TITANIUM OXIDE

Deep trapping levels in Bi12TiO20 obtained by top seeded solution growth and by the hydrothermal technique have been compared. This was undertaken as such levels directly influence the photorefractive behavior of the material. It is found that the most predominant of the peaks revealed by thermally stimulated conductivity measurements represents two rather than a single defect level and that the deeper of the two becomes more significant in hydrothermally grown material. One defect found in the solution pulled material is notably absent from that produced hydrothermally. The consequence of adding phosphorus doping and the manner in which it affects the deep levels has also been examined.
An analytical model of multilayer ultrasonic transducers with an inversion layer

Inversion layer ultrasonic transducers have been investigated recently as an interesting approach in wideband transducer design. In this paper we present an analytical model of multilayer ultrasonic transducers with an inversion layer. Our analysis of the wave propagation problem of an inversion layer transducer includes a functional decomposition of the electrical input impedance. It becomes clear from this decomposition that an inversion layer transducer can be modeled as three elements in series connection, i.e., a clamped capacitance, a classical motional impedance, and a coupled motional impedance. The first two elements make up the classical model of a single element transducer. The coupled motional impedance describes the coupled interaction between the regular and the inverted piezoelectric sublayers, and thus reflects the effect of an inversion layer. We present examples which show that inversion layer transducers are advantageous in achieving such useful features as dual-frequency operation mode as used in harmonic imaging or broadband performance desired in most ultrasonic applications.
Titanium-based nanoswords: Synthesis and characterization

In this work, we report the discovery of a novel, titanium-based nanostructure, a "nanosword," that may be quickly and easily synthesized in bulk using an induction heating system. The nanoswords are high-quality, single-crystalline structures that are synthesized without catalysts. The self- sourcing, vapor-solid synthesis technique presented is quick, with synthesis occurring in as low as five minutes, and simple, necessitating only a thin-film of evaporated titanium. Using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the observed thicknesses of the nanoswords were 200-700 nm, widths were 20-60nm, and lengths were up to 5 mum. The ends of the nanoswords taper at an angle of 78-82deg to a sharp tip with radius of curvature as low as 2nm at an angle of 110- 114deg. Strong peaks of titanium and oxygen were observed in the energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The reaction temperature was observed to influence the nanosword structure, with the best synthesis occurring at approximately 890degC. Three-point bend tests were performed using an atomic force microscope, and the average modulus of elasticity was measured to be 177 GPa. The nanosword structures, with their unique shape, repeatable crystallinity, and simple synthesis technique may be used as field emitters, nanobioprobes, nanoswitches, or for plasmonic applications, such as apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy tips or localized surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Post-breast cancer radiotherapy bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia

Post-radiotherapy bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia may occur in as many as 2.3% of women receiving radiation therapy for breast cancer. Cough and fever are common symptoms, and a quarter of these women have no symptoms. Latency period is usually within 6 months after completion of therapy but may be as long as 1 year. Pulmonary function is normal or will show slight decreases in vital capacity and diffusing capacity. Chest computed tomography studies show ground-glass opacities with air bronchograms within and outside the radiation field, and there are often peripheral triangular-shaped infiltrates. Management consists of close monitoring of women who have no symptoms or minimal symptoms, and a short-course of corticosteroid therapy for women who have symptoms and extensive bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. The prognosis is excellent; there have been no deaths reported.
ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY PER MILLIGRAM OF COLORIMETRICALLY MEASURED KETOSTEROIDS IN URINE: AN INDEX OF THE RESPECTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM TESTICULAR AND EXTRA-TESTICULAR SOURCES*

THE theses of this communication are that the number of international units (i.u.) of androgens per milligram of colorimetrically measured urinary ketosteroids a) reflects the relative proportions of urinary ketosteroids1 derived from testicular and extra-testicular sources and b) can be used as an index of the respective degrees of function oftesticular versus extra-testicular sources. Urinary androgenic activity in the normal human adult depends chiefly upon androsterone (Fig. 3), the bulk of which is dervied from testicular secretions in normal men (2, 3,4). Androsterone is present in large quantities in human urine (Fig. 2) and has a much higherandrogenic activity than that of any compound originating primarily from adrenocortical or other extra-testicular sources (3). In contrast to androgenic values, colorimetric assays of urinary ketosteroids are a “blanket” measurement of the total quantity of ketosteroids, without regard to their androgenic activity. Thus an index afforded by the androgenic activ...
Radio and Microwave Dosimetry and Measurement

Progress in understanding electromagnetic interaction with biological systems is closely linked to the advances in measurement capability. Measurement provides the means to describe physical phenomena in quantitative terms. As our ability to describe these phenomena with precision and reliability increases, the opportunity of advancing our understanding of the laws of nature increases and the capability of making use of this understanding also increases. Furthermore, the growing significance of international cooperation to arrive at a meaningful safety standard has made valid measurement a necessary means for the international exchange of scientific and engineering results.
Gangrene of an Extremity in a Newborn Child

Summary A case is reported of gangrene of the upper left extremity in a newborn infant, born 50 hours after rupture of the membranes and two hours after the onset of labor; at delivery the affected extremity was found prolapsed between the cranium and the bony pelvis. Conservative therapy was ineffective and amputation was necessary on the eleventh day of life. To date, 42 similar cases have been reported in the literature, of which 11 were instances of gangrene of the upper extremity. The etiology is briefly discussed, and trauma is shown to be the most reasonable and most generally applicable cause of the condition.
Ancient missense mutations in a new member of the RoRet gene family are likely to cause familial Mediterranean fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a recessively inherited disorder characterized by dramatic episodes of fever and serosal inflammation. This report describes the cloning of the gene likely to cause FMF from a 115-kb candidate interval on chromosome 16p. Three different missense mutations were identified in affected individuals, but not in normals. Haplotype and mutational analyses disclosed ancestral relationships among carrier chromosomes in populations that have been separated for centuries. The novel gene encodes a 3.7-kb transcript that is almost exclusively expressed in granulocytes. The predicted protein, pyrin, is a member of a family of nuclear factors homologous to the Ro52 autoantigen. The cloning of the FMF gene promises to shed light on the regulation of acute inflammatory responses.
Does visual angle of a line of characters affect reading speed

Eighteen participants each proofread 12 three-page articles. Each article was printed at six sizes (or scales) and in two different character sets. Reading distance was constant (52 cm). The lines of characters on the pages subtended 6.7, 10.6, 16.0, 24.3, 36.4, and 53.4 deg at a participant's eye. Proofreading speed and accuracy were reduced at the extreme visual angles. Within a range of at least 16 to 36 deg, proofreading speed and accuracy were unaffected. The significance of these findings is that people's reading efficiency is invariant over a large range of normal viewing. Most printed text and text shown on computer terminal screens form visual angles within this range. Therefore, differences in visual angle probably do not account for the slower reading speed found when people read from CRT displays than from paper (Gould and Grischkowsky, 1984).
On the evolution of the neutrino state inside the sun

We reexamine the conventional physical description of the neutrino evolution inside the Sun. We point out that the traditional notion of resonance is a useful physical concept only in the limit of small values of the neutrino mixing angle, $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ll}1.$ For large values of $\ensuremath{\theta},$ the resonance condition specifies neither the point of the maximal violation of adiabaticity in the nonadiabatic case, nor the point where the flavor conversion occurs at the maximal rate in the adiabatic case. The corresponding correct conditions, valid for all values of $\ensuremath{\theta}$ including $\ensuremath{\theta}g\ensuremath{\pi}/4,$ are presented. The adiabaticity condition valid for all values of $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is also described. The results of accurate numerical computations of the level jumping probability in the Sun are presented. These calculations cover a wide range of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2},$ from the vacuum oscillation region to the region where the standard exponential approximation is good. A convenient empirical parametrization of these results in terms of elementary functions is given. The matter effects in the so-called ``quasivacuum oscillation regime'' are discussed. Finally, it is shown how the known analytical results for the exponential, $1/x,$ and linear matter distributions can be simply obtained from the formula for the hyperbolic tangent profile. A new expression for the jumping probability for the distribution ${N}_{e}\ensuremath{\propto}[\mathrm{coth}(x/l)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1]$ is obtained.
Physical Activity Stories: Assessing the “Meaning Standard” in Physical Education

The presence of the “meaning standard” in both national and state content standards suggests that professionals consider it an important outcome of a quality physical education program. However, only 10 percent of states require an assessment to examine whether students achieve this standard. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of a physical activity story as a way to examine student achievement of the meaning standard. A physical activity story is a firsthand account of a person's relationship with physical activity. Examples of student physical activity stories are offered to illustrate why such stories deserve a place in physical education curricula. While it may be challenging for students to describe the meanings they develop in physical activity, this is not an excuse for teachers to withhold efforts to help students uncover these meanings. Teachers can use the physical activity story model to assess student achievement of the meaning standard.
Evolution of Bioinks and Additive Manufacturing Technologies for 3D Bioprinting

3D printing is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique that has quickly disrupted traditional design and manufacturing strategies. New structures can be manufactured that could not be fabricated using other methods. These new capabilities are considered by many to hallmark a historic shift representative of a new industrial revolution. Exciting utilities of this evolving technology are the fields of biomedical engineering and translational medicine, particularly in applying three-dimensional (3D) printing toward enabling on-demand fabrication of customized tissue scaffolds and medical device geometries. AM techniques are promising a future where on-demand production of patient-specific living tissues is a reality. In this review, we cover the rapid evolution and widespread concepts of a bio-“ink” and bioprinted devices and tissues from the past two decades as well as review the various additive manufacturing methods that have been used toward 3D bioprinting of cells and scaffolds with a special look at t...
Key textbooks in the development of modern american plastic surgery: the first half of the twentieth century.

Background A number of historical texts published during the first half of the twentieth century played a pivotal role in shaping and defining modern plastic surgery in the United States. Methods Blair's Surgery and Diseases of the Mouth and Jaws (1912), John Staige Davis's Plastic Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (1919), Gillies's Plastic Surgery of the Face (1920), Fomon's Surgery of Injury and Plastic Repair (1939), Ivy's Manual of Standard Practice of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Military Surgery Manuals (1943), Padgett and Stephenson's Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (1948), and Kazanjian and Converse's The Surgical Treatment of Facial Injuries (1949) were reviewed. Results These texts were published at a time when plastic surgery was developing as a distinct specialty. Each work represents a different point in this evolution. All were not inclusive of all of plastic surgery, but all had a lasting impact. Four texts were based on clinical experience from World War I; one included experience from World War II; and two included experience from both. Conclusions One text became a military surgical handbook in World Wars I and II, playing an important role in care for the wounded. History has demonstrated that times of war spark medical/surgical advancements, and these wars had a dramatic impact on the development of reconstructive plastic surgery. Each of these texts documented surgical advancements and provided an intellectual platform that helped shape and create the independent discipline of plastic surgery during peacetime. For many future leaders of plastic surgery, these books served as their introduction to this new field.
Phospholipid Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVS) Melt Like Large (LUVS), Not Mulitilamellar (MLVS), Vesicles

The disparity between the excess heat capacity curves for the melting of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) has given rise to two hypotheses. The first is that the size of the vesicles results in a difference for how the two types of vesicles undergo their phase transitions. The second is that there is communication between the bilayers in an MLV when it transitions from its ordered gel phase to its liquid disordered phase, resulting in increased cooperativity. To test these hypotheses, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed on giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of pure DPPC.The GUVs were prepared using electroformation, and visualized with confocal fluorescence microscopy. The average size of the GUVs determined from the images was about 7 micrometers. For comparison, the size of LUVs is about 100 nm. DSC was then performed of the GUVs, and their excess heat capacity curve was recorded. The excess heat capacity curves for the GUVs closely resemble the curves for LUVs. Both GUV and LUV curves are much broader (halfwidth ∼ 1oC) than those of MLV curves (halfwidth ∼ 0.1oC). The similarity of the GUV and LUV excess heat capacity curves indicate that the size of the vesicles does not impact how they undergo their phase transitions. In addition, the results provide evidence that there is cooperativity between the bilayers of an MLV when it undergoes its melting phase transition.
Sterility and Reproductive Inhibition of Japanese Quail Induced by Mestranol Ingestion

Abstract THE sex of mammals has been altered by treating neonatal animals with several steroid sex hormones. There is one report that sexes of birds were altered during a similar stage of development after hatching (Wentworth, 1968). Mazer and Mazer (1939), Bradbury (1947), and Huffman (1941) observed that injection of prepubertal female rats with androgen results in subsequent infertility. Five-day-old rats receiving a single injection of testosterone propionate were permanently sterilized, but injection of testosterone to 20-day-old mice had no effect on fecundity (Barraclough and Leathem, 1954). In general, investigators studying female mice, rats and hamsters have noted persistent cornification of the vaginal epithelium, abnormal sexual behavior and absence of corpora lutea after treating neonatals with testosterone (Barraclough, 1961; Gorski and Barraclough, 1963; Swanson and van der Werf ten Bosch, 1965; and Swanson, 1966). In recent work with mammals, sexual maturation of either sex has been effected after treating neonatals with…
P085 Heat map of HLA antibody profiles in 5281 kidney wait list candidates revealed locus/CREG/bead-specific patterns associated with mode of sensitization

Aim To assess the nature of HLA antibody (Ab) profile in kidney transplant (tx) candidates. Method Kidney waitlist candidates (n = 5281) were tested for 123 distinct HLA Ab using One Lambda single antigen beads on DTT-treated sera. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of all detected Ab were used to generate heat map and Ab patterns were compared with several conditions. Results Figure shows the heat map of HLA Ab in sensitized patients with CPRA >20%. As expected, the Ab producers are more common in re-tx group and produce high MFI (>10 K) Ab to DQ (47% vs. 4%), DP (21% vs. 3%) and A (37% vs. 8%) antigens compared to 1st-tx group. In the re-tx group, females are frequent producers of Ab to HLA-B, C, DR and A1 and A2 CREGs, while males are frequent producers of Ab to DQ, DP and A10 CREG. High MFI (>10 K) DQ Ab producers are more common in re-tx males, which is consistent with the fact that the de novo donor-specific antibodies produced post-tx are frequently DQ-specific. In the 1st-tx candidates, females are frequent Ab producers and common Abs are directed to HLA-B, DR and A1 & A2 CREGs. The composite MFI of 1st-tx females and males have a median of 16 K and 6 K, respectively. The most frequent Abs that occur in >4% of 1st-tx males are weakly reactive (MFI DQ7 > B44 > B82 > DP1 > B45 > B57 > A66 > DP11 > A80 > Cw15. These weak Abs are also seen frequently in 1st-tx females. No association was observed between these weak reactions and candidates’ transfusion history, age, race, primary disease, blood group & HLA types, suggesting cryptic epitope reactivity of these beads. The most frequent Ab in all sensitized patients is B76 (1.5%). The most frequent Ab in sensitized patients per locus is A25 (6.4%), B76 (2.8%), Cw15 (11.5%), DR9 (9%), DQ7 (19.4%) and DP6 (7.7%). Conclusions Weak Ab detected frequently in 1st-tx males are likely directed to cryptic epitopes and require additional scrutiny including screening by another reagent. High frequency of MFI > 10 K DQ Ab in re-tx males suggest the need for DQ matched tx. Download : Download high-res image (891KB) Download : Download full-size image
Adaptive cancellation of the pacing stimulus artifact in the gastric myoelectrical recordings

To evaluate the effects of gastric pacing, several electrodes are usually placed on the serosal surface of the stomach along the greater curvature so that one can be used for delivering electrical currents and others for recording gastric myoelectrical activity. One of problems with these recordings is the pacing stimulus artifact superimposed on the natural gastric myoelectrical signals which make it difficult to analyze accurately. This paper presents an effective transform-domain adaptive filtering method for the cancellation of the pacing stimulus artifact in the gastric myoelectrical signals obtained through serosal electrodes during gastric pacing. Results from both simulations and real signals demonstrated that the pacing stimulus artifact could be effectively canceled while the natural gastric myoelectrical signal was not affected by adaptive filtering.
Kinetics and Photochemistry of Ruthenium Bisbipyridine Diacetonitrile Complexes: An Interdisciplinary Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory Exercise.

The study of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can be widely applied across disciplines in the undergraduate curriculum. Ruthenium photochemistry has advanced many fields including dye-sensitized solar cells, photoredox catalysis, light-driven water oxidation, and biological electron transfer. Equally promising are ruthenium polypyridyl complexes that provide a sterically bulky, photolabile moiety for transiently “caging” biologically active molecules. Photouncaging involves the use of visible (1-photon) or near-IR (2-photon) light to break one or more bonds between ruthenium and coordinated ligand(s), which can occur on short time scales and in high quantum yields. In this work we demonstrate the use of a model “caged” acetonitrile complex, Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)2(acetonitrile)2, or RuMeCN in an advanced synthesis and physical chemistry laboratory. Students made RuMeCN in an advanced synthesis laboratory course and performed UV–vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry. The following semester students investigate...
Characterization of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in notothenioid fishes

Hearts of Antarctic icefishes (suborder Notothenioidei, family Channichthyidae) have higher densities of mitochondria, and mitochondria have higher densities of phospholipids, compared to red-blooded notothenioids. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycerolipid biosynthesis. There are four isoforms of GPAT in vertebrates; GPAT1 and GPAT2 are localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane, whereas GPAT3 and GPAT4 are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. We hypothesized that transcript levels of GPAT1 and/or GPAT2 would mirror densities of mitochondrial phospholipids and be higher in the icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus compared to the red-blooded species Notothenia coriiceps. Transcript levels of GPAT1 were quantified in heart ventricles and liver using qRT-PCR. Additionally, GPAT1 cDNA was sequenced in the Antarctic notothenioids, C. aceratus and N. coriiceps, and in the sub-Antarctic notothenioid, Eleginops maclovinus, to identify amino acid substitutions that may maintain GPAT1 function at cold temperature. Transcript levels of GPAT1 were higher in liver compared to heart ventricles but were not significantly different between the two species. In contrast, transcripts of GPAT2 were only detected in ventricle where they were 6.6-fold higher in C. aceratus compared to N. coriiceps. These data suggest GPAT1 may be more important for synthesizing triacylglycerol, whereas GPAT2 may regulate synthesis of phospholipids. GPAT1 amino acid sequences are highly conserved among the three notothenioids with 97.9-98.7% identity. Four amino acid substitutions within the cytosolic region of Antarctic notothenioid GPAT1 may maintain conformational changes necessary for binding and catalysis at cold temperature.
Efficacy of Abbreviated Stanford V Chemotherapy and Involved Field Radiotherapy in Early Stage Hodgkin's Disease: Mature Results of the G4 Trial.

Abstract 1670 Poster Board I-696 The standard management for early stage Hodgkin9s disease (HD) is combined modality therapy. In the G4 protocol, patients (pts) with non-bulky, supra-diaphragmatic stage I-IIA disease recei v ed 8 weeks of Stanford V chemotherapy + 30 Gy in v ol v ed field radiotherapy (IFRT). 87 pts were enrolled and treated between 4/1996 and 4/2001. Median age was 30 years (16-59) and stages were IA (n=23), IIA (n=64). Unfavorable risk factors were present in 47 patients (54%) according to German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) criteria (> 2 AA sites, ESR > 50 or EN involvement) and 38 (44%) according to EORTC criteria (> 3 AA sites, ESR > 50). Therapy was well tolerated with grade 3-4 non-hematologic toxic events in 7 % of pts. These included constipation (n=3), peripheral neuropathy (n=1), generalized weakness (n=2), chest pain (n=1), mylagias (n=1), abdominal pain (n=1) and an allergic reaction to etoposide (n=1). 42 patients received cytokine support for grade 3-4 neutropenia however only 2 pts developed fever with neutropenia. No cases of clinical bleomycin toxicity or radiation pneumonitis were obser v ed. At a median follow-up of 9 (2-12) years, freedom from progression (FFP) and survival (OS) are 94% and 96% respectively. FFP was 100% for favorable and 89% for unfavorable patients by GHSG criteria (p=0.04) with no differences in OS (96.9% versus 95.7%). All relapses (n=5) occurred in the RT field: limited in 2 patients and combined with distant disease in 3 pts. All relapses were in “unfavorable” risk patients: 5 per GHSG and 4 per EORTC criteria. Secondary therapy included chemotherapy followed by high dose therapy and stem cell support (n=3) and ABVD (n=2). Three pts died, 2 due to disease progression after second-line therapy and one due to metastatic colon cancer. 5 patients developed a second cancer (2 breast, 2 melanomas at unirradiated sites and 1 colon cancer). The cases of breast cancer were considered unrelated to RT as both occurred within 5-years of therapy in women who were > 30 yrs at time of treatment. No secondary AML and no late cardiac or pulmonary toxicities have been observed. In conclusion, for pts with non-bulky stage I/II A HD, abbreviated Stanford V with 8 weeks of chemotherapy and 30 Gy IFRT is a safe and highly effective regimen. It is still too early to assess potential RT-related complications. Our outcomes in “unfavorable” stage I-IIA patients without bulky or symptomatic disease compare favorably with more intensive or prolonged regimens employed by the GHSG and EORTC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.