cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Compositional Semantics

The distinction between the literal meaning of expressions and the speaker meaning of utterances (see Chapter 11) is the communication-theoretic precondition for a surface-compositional syntax and semantics.1 Adoption of the surface compositional approach to the syntax and semantics of natural language has two kinds of empirical consequences: (i) the semantic analysis of natural language is limited to structurally based literal meanings of the signs (based on fixed word meanings and systematic syntactic composition), and (ii) all other interpretation phenomena are explained in terms of language use, defined as the interaction between the fixed literal meaning of the sign and the internal utterance context.
Impact of High Deductible Health Plans on Cardiovascular Medication Adherence and Health Disparities.

Background: High deductible health plans (HDHP) are associated with high levels of patient cost-sharing and are becoming increasingly used in the United Status as a means of reducing healthcare uti...
Is the God of Anselm unloving? A response to Eleonore Stump

In her recent book Atonement, Eleonore Stump objects to the Anselmian theory of atonement, claiming it is not consistent with God's love. I argue that her objection mischaracterizes Anselmian theories. First, Stump equivocates on the concept of forgiveness, conflating personal forgiveness with divine pardon, and second, Stump misrepresents the God of Anselm as unwilling to reconcile with sinners prior to receiving satisfaction. I suggest that Stump's real objection should be to the Anselmian view of divine justice as retributive, not to his conception of divine love. I suggest a model of an all-loving God acting as a retributive judge.
The impact of Hospital Elder Life Program interventions, on 30-day readmission Rates of older hospitalized patients.

Abstract Objective This study investigated the impact of the Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP), a geriatric intervention program targeted at reducing delirium, on readmission rates. Secondary goals were to review HELP’s impact on average length of stay (ALOS), discharge to the home, and falls. Design This retrospective 3-year study reviewed inpatients age 70 and older, with one or more of six impairments: functional, renal, cognitive, sleep, visual and hearing. Patients were from a 784 bed teaching hospital in California with admissions between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016. This was compared to a matched cohort of patients who did not receive any interventions from HELP volunteers or a HELP geriatric nurse practitioner. Data was also reviewed for impact on goals in age groups 70–85 and 85 + . Results 2146 HELP patients with an average age of 82.1 showed improvement in 30-day readmission rates, with a readmission rate of 11.3% in the HELP group and 13.5% in the control group (n = 2704, mean 82.5). Detailed age data noted statistical significance only in the 70–85 population for readmission. ALOS was 5.6 and 6.2 days respectively in the HELP and non-HELP population. ALOS was also statistically significant across 70–85 and 85 + . Neither rates of discharge to home nor falls showed any significant improvement. Both control and intervention groups had a disproportionate number of whites and females. Conclusion This study shows hospitals can improve patient outcomes and financial burden from 30-day readmissions and length of stay, particularly in the 70–85 age group, by implementing the Hospital Elder Life Program.
Spin coherence and optical properties of alkali-metal atoms in solid parahydrogen

Spin coherence properties of alkali-metal atoms trapped in a solid parahydrogen matrix are investigated in a joint experimental and theoretical study. Dramatic differences in optical pumping properties and ensemble transverse spin relaxation time between alkali-atom species are observed and explained by a first-principles theoretical model.
Fluid Territories: Cultivating Common Practices Through the Design of Water Redistribution

In the Paso del Norte at the US-Mexico border, water—as an agent of geopolitics, commodification, and social reproduction—produces charged physical spaces and asymmetrical material realities in the...
Certified Peer Specialists' Perspective of the Barriers and Facilitators to Mobile Health Engagement.

This study examined certified peer specialists’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to mobile health (mHealth) engagement. A total of 267 certified peer specialists from 38 states completed an online survey. Of this sample, 74 certified peer specialists completed open-ended questions. Data were analyzed from the 74 respondents who responded to open-ended questions. Certified peer specialists identified previously unidentified facilitators including the augmented use of certified peer specialists in combination with mHealth to improve engagement. One emerging theme identified was the belief that mHealth interventions may promote social isolation if not designed appropriately. Certified peer specialists appear to prefer using tablets instead of smartphones. Integrating certified peer specialists’ perspectives of barriers and facilitators to mHealth engagement may promote initial and sustained mHealth engagement among consumers with serious mental illness. Future research using implementation science frameworks should examine these previously identified barriers and facilitators to mHealth engagement as correlates and/or predictors of engagement among service users.
Selective α7 nicotinic receptor agonists and positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia - a review

Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) partial agonists, agonists, and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been in development for over a decade. The initial candidates were in ...
Kinship and Incestuous Crime in Colonial Guatemala

Kinship and Incestuous Crime in Colonial Guatemala examines social relations in colonial Guatemala through the lens of incest. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses of incest trials from the Spanish secular courts, this study shows that incest codes were not homogenous nor were its various forms equally condemned. Further, incest codes and the criminal process impacted the articulation of kinship and contributed to the racialization of kin behavior. Colonial actors of all sorts were proficient at using these types of distinctions as they negotiated various crises in their lives. The models of relatedness created within incestuous crime ultimately foreshadowed changes in marriage proscriptions and continued racial polarization following independence from Spain. Overall, this study demonstrates how the lens of incest can add further nuance to our understanding of social relations in a given area. Incest codes force latent divisions between kin to the surface and can provide individuals with multiple avenues to creatively manage interpersonal relationships. They also afford a fruitful arena in which to explore social inequalities in society and mechanisms of culture change. This book will appeal to anyone interested in Latin America or engaged in the fields of kinship, gender, or sexuality studies.
Re-Defining the Role of Literature in General English

Within the departments of English in India, there has been a war of wits between those who advocate the teaching of literature in English language classes and those oppose it. Such scholastic reflections and disputations turn unpleasant and unprofessional at times sans any theoretical backing and consequently they become a futile academic discussion without any pedagogical practice. With the loss of focus, the scholars/teachers do not see the wood for the trees! Though both the groups entertain two different schools of thought on the use of literature in the language classroom, they fail to recognize the overall objective of the English language education in the fast changing Indian educational and employment scenario. There is a distinction in objectives of learning between English literature and the English language. The traditional humanist agenda of literary studies — inculcation of values — does not hold good any longer for the simple reason that the hollowness of such a subjective character- formative assumption about literature was questioned straight and set aside irrevocably first by the Russian Formalists and later subsequently by both Structuralists and Poststructuralists. Instead, the reader forgoes the need to assign literary texts a function when they are read as literature. Moreover, such an explicit morals/values-laden objective of literary studies not only creates ‘trap’ in which both teachers and students are innocuously caught, but also distracts from the basic learning objectives of a language programme — communicative act. In Indian educational set-up at any level, there are two streams of students, broadly: English- using and English-knowing sections with a proportion of 25:75 respectively. In fact, this poses a pedagogic challenge to English language educators in fulfilling their differing requirements. It calls for the inclusion and NOT exclusion of English literature (read it as literatures in English) with focus on functions of the English language.
Additional perspective on cariprazine and negative symptoms.

Dear Editor, I appreciate the enthusiasm that Dr Nemeth et al. express for the compound cariprazine in Nemeth et al. [1]. In particular, the authors should be enthusiastic about their trial demonst...
The Chinese Menu: How to Discover the Key Ingredients of Market Systems Through a Study Abroad Program

China’s politicians describe often their economy as ‘capitalism with Chinese characteristics’—yet there is debate about the underlying drivers of this state capitalism model. Is it government’s guiding hand or the invisible hand of the free market that allows it to flourish? This paper argues that a travel course to China allows students to discover first-hand both the strengths and weaknesses of this system, through exposure to Chinese academics, migrant worker camps, factories, museums, villages and cities. By the end of the course, students also gain a greater appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of democratic based market systems.
Prior Exposure to Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Reduces the Rate of Organ Failure and In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Pancreatitis. A Retrospective Cohort Study.

ABSTRACT Background Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have been recently linked to a lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans with acute pancreatitis. Since it is unclear if this effect results in clinical benefits, the aim of this study was to determine if prior NSAID exposure improves immediate clinical outcomes. Methods Retrospective medical record review of adult patients admitted with acute pancreatitis. Cases were extracted from a national veterans administration database using ICD 9 codes. Prior NSAID use was determined through pharmacy data claims. The rates of acute kidney injury, respiratory failure, cardiovascular failure and in-hospital mortality were compared between those with prior NSAID use (AP+NSAID) and those without it (AP-NSAID) using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 31,340 patients were identified: 28,364 (AP+NSAID) and 2,976 (AP-NSAID). The median age was 60 years, 68% were white and the median hospital stay was 4 days. Approximately 2% of patients died during the hospitalization. After adjusting for demographics and other covariates, patients in the AP+NSAID arm had lower rates of acure kidney injury P=0.0002), cardiovascular failure (P=0.025), any organ failure (P= Conclusion Prior use of NSAIDs is associated with a lower incidence of organ failure and in-hospital mortality in adult patients with acute pancreatitis. The role of NSAIDs as therapeutic agents in this condition should be evaluated in interventional trials.
Medical Therapy for Chronic Refractory Angina

Medical therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with chronic refractory angina, as it is across the entire spectrum of vascular disease. As part of a comprehensive risk modification program, including exercise, diet, and appropriate revascularization, optimal medical therapy offers significant benefit in reducing symptoms of ischemic heart disease and improving long-term prognosis. Indeed, current medical regimens, far superior to those offered only a decade ago, afford patients with refractory angina a marked survival benefit. Newer agents have demonstrated a marked symptomatic benefit, as well. This chapter will explore the importance of optimal medical therapy in improving prognosis, as well as details potential for imparting a much needed boost to quality of life and symptom amelioration.
Temporal relationships between depressive symptoms and white matter hyperintensities in older men and women

Objective Associations between vascular disease and depression in late life, including increased white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), have been reported. Whether depression is an etiology or a consequence of vascular disease is still unknown. We investigated the temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and WMHs in older men and women.
Formal Power Series

We consider the formal power series f (z) = a 0 + a{in1z + a 2 z 2+…, which we usually normalize by a 0 = 0.
On the Magnitude of Stockholder-Bondholder Conflicts

This paper numerically estimates the magnitude of the stockholder/bondholder conflict. Given a standard valuation model with parameters picked from the data, we compute the expected change in firm value and decompose this change into stockholder and bondholder components. We then characterize the set of positive net present value projects that stockholders would prefer to ignore (the "underinvestment problem") and the set of negative net present value projects that stockholders would like to accept (the "overinvestment problem"). The results quantify the distortions from both underinvestment and overinvestment and verify that both increase with the quantity of debt in the capital structure. For example, if the risk-free rate is 7.16%, stockholders of an all-equity firm will accept only risk-free projects with a return higher than this rate. When the firm has a 20% debt to total capital ratio, the minimum acceptable return is 7.53%, and when the debt to total capital ratio is 40%, the hurdle rate increases to 8.01%. However, this effect is far too small to offset the value of the tax shields associated with debt, and thus is unable to explain the vast majority of variation in capital structure.
Cold pressor test in women: Effect on vaginal blood flow☆

Abstract Vaginal blood flow changes in women were evaluated qualitatively by heat-flow discs mounted on a cooled vaginal probe. Statistically significant increases in vaginal blood flow, systolic blood pressure, and pulse rate were found in seven normal subjects during a 4 minute immersion of one hand in ice water.
Antigen-specific T-cell hybrids. I. Ovalbumin binding T-cell hybrid.

Abstract Somatic cell hybrids were prepared between BW 5147 AKR T lymphoma cells and thymus-derived suppressor lymphocytes obtained from ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized, urea-denatured-ovalbumin (UD-OVA)-treated, suppressed BDF1 female mice. These T-cell hybrids express parental constitutive enzymes and differentiation antigens. Of the four hybrid lines developed, Hybrid 49A (Hyb 49A) has exhibited antigen-specific binding of OVA-coated syngeneic erythrocytes which is inhibited by preincubation in soluble OVA. This hybrid also interacts with self epitopes expressed on syngeneic erythrocytes. Antigen-specific rosette formation by Hyb 49A is not inhibited by preincubation in soluble keyhole limpet hemocyanin or normal mouse serum. This line and its agar-derived subclones have maintained their antigen-specific activity for 9 months and will provide extensive homogeneous quantities of T-cell products for molecular analysis.
APPLICATION OF AN EXTENDED COLLECTIVE LICENSING REGIME IN CANADA: PRINCIPLES AND ISSUES RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION

Extended collective licensing. also known as extended repertoire, originated in the Nordic countries. It may be useful to accelerate the acquisition of licensing authority by Collective Management Organizations. This paper considers the pitfalls to avoid and the international legal context.
Accelerated Life Tests: Bayesian Design

In this article, the Bayesian decision theoretic setup for design of accelerated life tests (ALT) is presented. Some of the key contributions to the Bayesian design of ALT are reviewed. While doing so, approximate Bayesian designs based on linear Bayesian methods and Monte Carlo–based methods are discussed. Computational issues in the evaluation of expectation and optimization steps in the solution of the decision problem are considered and some recent Monte Carlo approaches that can reduce the computational effort in the design problem are discussed. Keywords: loss function; linear Bayes; preposterior analysis; sequential design; Markov chain Monte Carlo
Enhancing the T-shaped learning profile when teaching hydrology using data, modeling, and visualization activities

Abstract. Previous research has suggested that the use of more authentic learning activities can produce more robust and durable knowledge gains. This is consistent with calls within civil engineering education, specifically hydrology, that suggest that curricula should more often include professional perspective and data analysis skills to better develop the "T-shaped" knowledge profile of a professional hydrologist (i.e., professional breadth combined with technical depth). It was expected that the inclusion of a data-driven simulation lab exercise that was contextualized within a real-world situation and more consistent with the job duties of a professional in the field, would provide enhanced learning and appreciation of job duties beyond more conventional paper-and-pencil exercises in a lower-division undergraduate course. Results indicate that while students learned in both conditions, learning was enhanced for the data-driven simulation group in nearly every content area. This pattern of results suggests that the use of data-driven modeling and visualization activities can have a significant positive impact on instruction. This increase in learning likely facilitates the development of student perspective and conceptual mastery, enabling students to make better choices about their studies, while also better preparing them for work as a professional in the field.
A role for endosomal proteins in alphavirus dissemination in mosquitoes

Little is known about endosomal pathway proteins involved in arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) assembly and cell-to-cell spread in vector mosquitoes. UNC93A and synaptic vesicle-2 (SV2) proteins are involved in intracellular transport in mammals. They show amino acid sequence conservation from mosquitoes to humans, and their transcripts are highly enriched in Aedes aegypti during arbovirus infection. Transient gene silencing of SV2 or UNC93A in mosquitoes infected with the recombinant alphavirus Sindbis MRE16-enhanced green fluorescent protein (SINV; family Togaviridae) resulted in the accumulation of viral positive- and negative-strand RNA, congregation of virus envelope antigen in intracellular networks, and reduced virus dissemination outside of the midgut. Further, UNC93A silencing, but not SV2 silencing, resulted in a 10-fold reduction in viral titres at 4 days post-infection. Together, these data support a role for UNC93A and SV2 in virus assembly or budding. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) were identified at the 5′-ends of genes from the original data set in which SV2 and UNC93A were identified. Common CREs at the 5′-end genomic regions of a subset of enriched transcripts support the hypothesis that UNC93A transcription may be co-regulated with that of other ion transport and endosomal trafficking proteins.
Feature Matching under Region-Based Constraints for Robust Epipolar Geometry Estimation

Outlier-free inter-frame feature matches are important to accurate epipolar geometry estimation for many vision and robotics applications. We discover a set of high-level geometric and appearance constraints on low-level feature matches by exploiting reliable region matching results. A new outlier filtering scheme based on these constraints is proposed that can be combined with traditional robust statistical methods to identify outlier feature matches more reliably and efficiently. The proposed filtering scheme is tested in an real application of outdoor mobile robot navigation based on far-field scenes and of scenes that contain repeated structures.
Ultraprecise determination of the 2p radiative lifetime of lithium

Summary form only given. An indirect method for experimentally determining atomic lifetimes can be realized through the analysis of long-range vibrational levels of singly excited diatomic molecules. For the case of an alkali-metal homonuclear diatomic molecule, this long-range interaction potential is dominated by a resonant dipole-dipole interaction that has the functional form, V(R)=-C/sub 3//R/sup 3/, where R is the internuclear separation of the two atoms. The C/sub 3/ coefficient can be related directly to the dipole matrix element connecting the ground s and excited p atomic states, and is therefore inversely related to the p-state radiative lifetime. Photoassociative spectroscopy of ultracold /sup 6/Li and /sup 7/Li has enabled us to accurately determine the high-lying vibrational levels of the singly excited A/sup 1//spl Sigma//sub u//sup +/ state of /sup 6/Li/sub 2/ and /sup 7/Li/sub 2/, which can be used to extract C/sub 3/ and determine the lithium 2p atomic lifetime.
Assessing environmentally-beneficial corporate actions

In an increasing number of instances, corporations are undertaking actions that improve the environment rather then degrading it. Examples of such actions are presented, and general approaches to determining environmentally beneficial actions (EBAs) are described. The benefits to the corporation performing EBA include financial incentives, regulatory relief, avoidance of future liabilities, and improved relationships with employees, non-governmental agencies, and the local community.
The Fate of T Cells in the Brain : Veni, Vidi, Vici and Veni, Mori

Since the dawn of modern immunology, immune responses within the central nervous system (CNS) have puzzled immunologists. On one hand, the immune-privileged status of the CNS has been known for a long time; along with the eye, the gonads, and the placenta, the CNS is among the few organs that accept grafted foreign cells more readily than the rest of the body. 1 On the other hand, the CNS has been known to be particularly susceptible to autoimmune disease. The first and best characterized autoimmune model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), which resembles multiple sclerosis (MS), is the result of an autoimmune attack by T lymphocytes on the CNS. 2 A report on EAE in this issue 3 by Bauer et al provides data of exceptional clarity that should help in understanding this apparent contradiction. Neuroantigen-specific T cells, which can mount an autoimmune attack against the CNS, are detectable in healthy individuals. This is particularly well established for T cells that are specific for myelin basic protein (MBP), the best-characterized target antigen in the CNS. Studies using MBP-specific T cell receptor-transgenic mice suggested that these T cells normally ignore the autoantigen. 4-6 Like lymphocytes that have not encountered their antigen before, they retain a naive/resting phenotype. Such T cells dramatically change their behavior as soon as they become activated in the course of an immune response; they start to infiltrate the CNS and cause inflammatory damage there. In experimental models EAE is initiated either by immunization with a CNS antigen (for active EAE) or by in vitro injection of activated CNS antigen-specific T cells (for passive EAE, the model used by Bauer et al). In MS, infections with crossreactive microorganisms are thought to initiate the autoimmune attack. It remains unclear why activated myelin-reactive T cells “see” and attack the autoantigen that resting T cells with the same specificity had ignored. The information needed to promote resolution of this question pertains to the rules that govern the entry of lymphocytes into CNS tissue. This issue was addressed by Bauer et al. They injected into rats congenic T cells specific for either various CNS “self” antigens (Bauer et al, Table 1) or for the irrelevant “foreign” antigen ovalbumin (OVA). To distinguish clearly between injected T cells with a defined specificity and activation state and recruited host-derived T cells of unknown specificity and activation state, the authors took advantage of a TK-tsa-transgenic model. The detection of the TK-tsA transgene by in situ hybridization facilitated reliable discrimination of the injected T cells from those of the host.
Dynamic stability of transversely isotropic viscoelastic plates

Abstract This paper deals with a dynamic stability analysis of transversely isotropic viscoelastic plates subjected to in-plane biaxial edge load systems. In deriving the associated governing equations a Boltzmann hereditary constitutive law was used and, in addition, transverse shear deformation, transverse normal stress and rotatory inertia effects were incorporated. The integro-differential equations governing the stability of simply supported plates are solved by using the integral transform technique. The solution concerns the determination of the critical in-plane edge loads associated with the asymptotic instability of plates. While studying this problem the general dynamic stability solutions are compared with those based on the first-order transverse shear deformation theory and with their quasi-static counterparts. Numerical applications are presented and pertinent conclusions are formulated.
When should a surgical resident call an attending surgeon

Background Many interactions exist between surgical residents and attending surgeons, where residents debate whether they should “bother” to call an attending. Several instances have occurred when a senior resident or an attending has not been notified about a patient's status by a junior resident. Because of poor communication, care might be delayed, and surgeons and patients' relatives might not be informed of a change in status. Sometimes the resident's initial management was different than an attending's management. Communication issues were raised at our weekly Morbidity & Mortality conference. We decided to investigate the range of judgment as to when a resident should notify an attending surgeon. Study Design The objective was to investigate the range of judgment as to when a surgical resident should notify an attending surgeon. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical circumstances when surgical residents should contact an attending surgeon directly or leave a message with the service. To investigate communication questions, we developed a survey of 34 clinical circumstances in which a surgical resident could call an attending. Sixteen residents and 16 attendings completed the survey entitled “Conditions where a surgical resident should consider contacting the surgical attending.” From the information obtained from this study, a “must leave message” and “must speak to directly” list were created to guide residents as to when to call an attending. Results A significant difference existed in the answers provided by residents and attendings. Residents and attendings agreed universally that an attending should be spoken to directly for 2 reasons: cardiopulmonary arrest and death. We created a “must speak to directly” list based on the attendings' answers. This list includes 10 clinical circumstances in which a surgical resident should speak directly with an attending regarding patient issues. Likewise, a “must leave message” list was created of an additional 8 reasons when a surgical resident must at least call the service of an attending and leave a message. Conclusion The purpose of our study was to help standardize communication between surgical residents and attendings regarding patient status. With these 2 standardized “must” lists, residents will have less uncertainty or hesitation to awaken an attending at night. This finding should improve the communication skills of surgical residents and ultimately improve the quality of patient care.
In vivo aflatoxin B1 metabolism and hepatic DNA adduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is assuming prominence in developmental genetics research. By comparison, little is known of tumorigenesis and nothing is known of carcinogen metabolism in this species. This study evaluated the ability of zebrafish to metabolize a well-characterized human carcinogen, aflatoxin B1(AFB1), to phase I and phase II metabolites and assessed hepatic AFB1–DNA adductionin vivo.Fish ip injected with 50–400 μg [3H]AFB1/kg body wt displayed a linear dose response for hepatic DNA binding at 24 hr. AFB1–DNA adduct levels among treatments showed no statistical difference over the period from 1 to 21 days after injection, suggesting poor adduct repair in this species. DNA binding in female fish was 1.7-fold higher than that in males (p< 0.01). Anin vitroAFB1metabolism assay verified that zebrafish liver extracts oxidize AFB1to the 8,9-epoxide proximate electrophile (Km= 79.0 ± 16.4 μm,Vmax= 11.7 ± 1.4 pmol/min/mg protein at 28°C). The excretion of AFB1and its metabolites was also examined by HPLC. As is typical of other fish studied, major metabolites excreted were aflatoxicol (AFL) and aflatoxicol–glucuronide (AFL-g), followed by unreacted AFB1. AFL appeared as early as 5 min after injection, whereas AFL-g was a significant metabolite after 18 hr. This study shows thatin vivoadministration of AFB1to zebrafish results in moderate adduction of the carcinogen to liver DNA and that zebrafish have the capacity for both phase I and phase II metabolism of AFB1. The approximate fourfold difference between rainbow trout and zebrafish AFB1–DNA covalent binding index appears insufficient to explain the relative resistance of zebrafish to dietary AFB1hepatocarcinogenicity.
Review paper: LPS in microbial pathogenesis: promise and fulfilment:

Since LPS was discovered, all inquiry in the field was motivated by two articles of faith. First, it was held that LPS was an important factor in microbial pathogenesis. Second, it was held that the responses elicited by numerous molecules of microbial origin might be formally similar to the responses elicited by LPS. The identification of TLR4 as the core transducer of LPS responses, and the added discovery that other TLR paralogs sense other microbial products, has strongly validated these cherished beliefs. M oreover, it has amalgamated many separate lines of inquiry, and focused attention on the how the innate immune system perceives infection.
Design of Simulated Server Racks for Data Center Research

Conducting experiments on real high-density computer servers can be an expensive and risky task due to the risks associated with unintended inlet temperatures that exceed the server’s red-line temperature limit. Presented herein is the development of the simulated chassis that mimic real computer servers. Briefly, twelve high-power simulated chassis were designed and built to accurately simulate the actual operating conditions of a real computer chassis in a data center. Each simulated chassis is designed to have approximately 300 Pa pressure drop at a flow rate of 600 cfm to represent a real IBM server chassis. Additionally, the simulated chassis are designed to match the thermal mass of a real server. Eight of the simulated chassis were designed to have constant speed fans and variable heating power while the remaining four chassis were designed to have variable speed fans and variable heating power. Further discussions about the design phase of the simulated chassis are the substantial part of this paper. Underlining the challenges and safety issues with high-power chassis, guidelines for designing and constructing a chassis that simulates the real environment of a typical data center are presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Porphyrin chromophore inLuminodesmus photoprotein

Abstract 1. The bioluminescence of the mountain millipede Luminodesmus sequoia takes place when a photoprotein is oxidized in the presence of ATP and Mg 2+ . 2. The purified photoprotein contained a porphyrin chromophore. This is the first example of a porphyrin that is directly involved in bioluminescence reaction, making an interesting contrast to the bile pigments that are present in certain bioluminescent marine organisms. 3. Based on various circumstantial evidence including the comparison of emission bandwidth with other bioluminescent reactions, it is suggested that the light-emitting chromophore of Luminodesmus luminescence is composed of a partial structure of the porphyrin existing in the photoprotein.
Examining the Decomposition of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers Using TG/GC/IR

With a combination of information from TG/IR and GC/IR measurements of the trapped gases, characterization of complex polymer decompositions can be made. In this paper, the thermally induced breakdown of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers was studied. Results show that EVA undergoes a two-step decomposition: an acetate pyrolysis of the copolymer leaving a polyunsaturated linear hydrocarbon, followed by the breakdown of the hydrocarbon backbone to produce a large number of straight-chain hydrocarbon products.
Probing myosin head structure with monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies that react with defined regions of the heavy and light chains of chicken skeletal muscle myosin have been used to provide a correlation between the primary and the tertiary structures of the head. Electron microscopy of rotary shadowed antibody-myosin complexes shows that the sites for three epitopes in the 25,000 M r tryptic fragment (25k) of subfragment-1, including one within 4000 M r of the amino terminus of the myosin heavy chain, are clustered 145(±20) A from the head-rod junction. An epitope in the 50,000 M r fragment maps even further out on the head. These antibodies bind to the head in several orientations, suggesting that each of the heads can rotate 180° about the head-rod junction. The epitopes are accessible on subfragment-1 bound to actin when they were probed with F ab fragments; therefore, none of these heavy chain sites is on the contact surface between the head and actin. Two of the anti-25k antibodies affect the K + -EDTA- and Ca 2+ -ATPase activities of myosin in a manner that mimics the effect on activity of the modification of the reactive thiol, SH-1. These two antibodies also inhibit the actin-activated ATPase non-competitively with respect to actin. None of the other eight antibodies tested had any marked effect on activity. A monoclonal antibody that reacts with an epitope in the amino-terminal third of myosin light chain 2 maps close to the head-rod junction. A polyclonal antibody specific for the amino terminus of light chain 3 binds further up in the “neck region” of the head, indicating that these portions of the two classes of light chains are located at different sites.
Dynamic Programming of the Dairy Cow Replacement Problem

The replacement model compares the present values of expected net returns to the keep and replace decisions for cows differentiated as to length of previous calving interval, lactation number, and production in prior lactations. Taking obsolescence explicitly into account, all cows are ranked in order of their future profitability.
Scalable parallel implicit solvers for 3D magnetohydrodynamics

The efficient integration of the extended magnetohydrodynamics (XMHD) model is critical for present and future modeling needs of fusion plasmas and is at the core of several interacting SciDAC centers. However, XMHD is a remarkably challenging system of PDEs, featuring a stiff multiscale character both in time and space. Such stiff character has hindered progress toward a truly scalable, efficient, and accurate nonlinear XMHD algorithm. In this paper, we discuss recent algorithmic developments that demonstrate that such an XMHD algorithm is within reach. The approach is based on fully implicit time integration and employs parallel Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov technology, preconditioned with multigrid methods for algorithmic scalability. The algorithm has been tested on a variety of 2D and 3D configurations that demonstrate its excellent algorithmic scalability properties, both serially and in parallel up to 4096 processors and 134 million unknowns.
A GIS analysis of suitability for construction aggregate recycling sites using regional transportation network and population density features

Abstract Aggregate is used in road and building construction to provide bulk, strength, support, and wear resistance. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and reclaimed Portland cement concrete (RPCC) are abundant and available sources of recycled aggregate. In this paper, current aggregate production operations in Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia are used to develop spatial association models for the recycled aggregate industry with regional transportation network and population density features. The cost of construction aggregate to the end user is strongly influenced by the cost of transporting processed aggregate from the production site to the construction site. More than 60% of operations recycling aggregate in the mid-Atlantic study area are located within 4.8 km (3 miles) of an interstate highway. Transportation corridors provide both sites of likely road construction where aggregate is used and an efficient means to move both materials and on-site processing equipment back and forth from various work sites to the recycling operations. Urban and developing areas provide a high market demand for aggregate and a ready source of construction debris that may be processed into recycled aggregate. Most aggregate recycling operators in the study area are sited in counties with population densities exceeding 77 people/km 2 (200 people/mile 2 ). No aggregate recycling operations are sited in counties with less than 19 people/km 2 (50 people/mile 2 ), reflecting the lack of sufficient long-term sources of construction debris to be used as an aggregate source, as well as the lack of a sufficient market demand for aggregate in most rural areas to locate a recycling operation there or justify the required investment in the equipment to process and produce recycled aggregate. Weights of evidence analyses (WofE), measuring correlation on an area-normalized basis, and weighted logistic regression (WLR), are used to model the distribution of RAP and RPCC operations relative to transportation network and population distribution data. The models can be used on a regional scale to quickly map the relative site suitability for a RAP or RPCC aggregate recycling operation in a particular area based on transportation network and population parameters. The results can be used to identify general areas to be further evaluated on a site-specific basis using more detailed marketplace information. As transportation or population features change due to planning or actual development, the models can be easily revised to reflect these changes.
The effects of cyclosporin A on transplanted rat allografts

Since 1983, Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been the most successful primary drug in preventing rejection of organ transplants. This study was designed to determine the efficacy and dose response of CsA in preventing rejection of LBNF-1 rat allografts to Lewis recipients. Four groups of animals were studied. Group I served as the control, and groups II, III, and IV were given daily intramuscular doses of CsA for 1 month. The groups were given doses of 5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Sixty-eight animals were transplanted to get eight viable transplanted animals at 1 month in each CsA group. Laryngeal viability was assessed with both clinical and histological parameters
Study of leuco-methylene blue film growth and its reoxidation on sulphur-modified Au-EQCN electrode

Abstract The growth of leuco-methylene blue (LMB) films and their electrodissolution have been studied by voltammetry and piezogravimetry using bare gold (Au) and sulphur modified gold (Au-S) electrodes in methylene blue (MB+) solutions. The growth rate anisotropy has been found for thin LMB films formed on Au-S modified electrodes and on bare Au electrodes. Excellent agreement has been found between the experimental equivalent molmass of thin LMB films deposited from fluoride solutions on Au, with general formula L1−xCxAx·yH2O (M/n=186.9 g/val, x=0.48, n=1.52, y=0) and the theoretical molmass for unhydrated charge-transfer complex salt (M/n=189.0 g/val, x=0.5, n=1.5, y=0) postulated by Svetlicic et al. [V. Svetlicic, V. Zutic, J. Clavilier, J. Chevalet, J. Electroanal. Chem., 195 (1985) 307], where L is the fully reduced LMB0, C is the cation radical LMB*+, A− is the anion, and n is the number of electrons transferred. Thin LMB films contained no water, however, thicker LMB films have been found to contain large number of hydration water molecules. Two different polymorphic LMB phases were found in anodic dissolution of films deposited from fluoride solutions on bare Au-EQCN electrodes: an unhydrated phase with composition L0.5C0.5F0.5 corresponding to the CT-complex salt with all-solid-state electric conductance and a phase with higher hydration number and ionic conductivity. A phase transition facilitated by the release of hydration water is also postulated. A strong effect of anions F−, Cl−, and NO3− on the mass growth rate for LMB films formed under potentiostatic conditions has also been found.
Long tube decompression is successful in 90% of patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction.

Abstract Background For patients with small bowel obstruction (SBO), who do not have strangulation obstruction or other contraindications, long tube decompression has been successful in 75% in two studies. In a 1995 prospective randomized study, comparing nasogastric suction (short tube) with long tube decompression, the short tube was successful in 51% and the long tube was successful in 75%. Using upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, a long tube can be advanced into the jejunum in 20 minutes, so the delay in function has been eliminated. Methods There were 35 patients with 37 episodes of SBO. From 1983 to 1988, three tubes then available were advanced endoscopically into the jejunum in 17 patients. From 1989 to 2002, an improved tube designed for endoscopic placement was used in 20 patients. Results From 1983 to 1988 using three tubes, long tube decompression was successful in 12 of 17 (70%); from 1989 to 2002 with the improved tube, decompression was successful in 18 of 20 (90%). Conclusions For patients with SBO due to adhesions, a trial with long tube decompression for 48 to 72 hours is recommended. For those who fail a trial with the long tube, laparotomy with enterolysis or bowel resection is indicated. If the operative findings indicate a high risk for recurrent obstruction, then long tube splinting of the small bowel should be considered.
Anabolic recovery relative to degree of prematurity after acute injury in neonates.

Abstract Purpose: In contrast to full-term infants, premature neonates generate accelerated growth rates after birth in an attempt to "catch up" to normal weight-for-age levels. Because this catch-up ability is related to gestational age, the authors postulated that there would be significant differences in anabolic recovery based on the degree of prematurity. To evaluate this hypothesis in surgical and septic neonates, we used serial postoperative prealbumin (PA) serum concentrations as an index of the return to anabolic metabolism after surgical stress. Methods: Serum PA concentrations were measured on the day of surgery (DOS) and daily for a 10-postoperative day (POD) period in 73 acutely ill neonates after surgery. These infants were divided into two groups: mature infants with gestational ages ≥35 weeks (average, 38.2 ± 1.84; n=55), and premature infants with gestational ages t tests assuming unequal variances. Results: There was no significant difference in the daily nitrogen and caloric intake between the groups. Although recovery of hepatic prealbumin synthesis after the resolution of injury insult increased progressively in both gestational age groups, premature infants increased prealbumin production significantly earlier and to a greater degree than their nearer-term counterparts. Conclusions: These results suggest an earlier return of anabolic protein metabolism after acute injury in premature neonates versus infants that are born nearer term in both the surgery and the sepsis subgroups. These findings may be useful in modifying strategies for protein and nutritional repletion in acutely stressed preterm infants.
Choline status is not a reliable indicator of moderate changes in dietary choline consumption in premenopausal women

For the prevention of liver dysfunction in women, a choline adequate intake of 425 mg/day was established. To date, the relationship between dietary choline intake and plasma concentrations of choline moieties remains relatively unexplored. As an extension of our previous work, this 14-week controlled feeding study investigated the relationship between moderate changes in dietary choline intake and blood indicators of status. The influences of folate intake and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype were also considered. Healthy premenopausal women (n=45, 18–46 years) with the MTHFR 677CC (n=28) or TT (n=17) genotype consumed a folate-restricted diet for 2 weeks followed by randomization to one of four dietary treatments (n=6–9/group) differing in total choline (344–486 mg/day), betaine (122–349 mg/day) and/or folate (400–800 μg dietary folate equivalents/day) content for 12 weeks. Responses to treatment were assessed as changes in the plasma levels of choline moieties (i.e., betaine, choline, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin) and/or leukocyte global DNA methylation between pretreatment (Week 2) and posttreatment (Week 14) values. No significant changes were detected in the measured variables in response to dietary increases in choline (i.e., 41% increase) or betaine (i.e., 286% increase) intake. However, the MTHFR C677T genotype, alone or together with a diet, influenced betaine (P=.03) and phosphatidylcholine (P=.03). These data suggest that choline status is not a reliable indicator of moderate changes in dietary choline intake possibly due to the engagement of compensatory mechanisms. In addition, the MTHFR C677T genotype appears to influence the direction and use of choline moieties in this group of women.
High-Resolution Modeling of Typhoon Morakot (2009): Vortex Rossby Waves and Their Role in Extreme Precipitation over Taiwan

AbstractA high-resolution nonhydrostatic numerical model, the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS), was used to simulate Typhoon Morakot (2009) as it made landfall over Taiwan, producing record rainfall totals. In particular, the mesoscale structure of the typhoon was investigated, emphasizing its associated deep convection, the development of inner rainbands near the center, and the resultant intense rainfall over western Taiwan.Simulations at 15- and 3-km grid spacing revealed that, following the decay of the initial inner eyewall, a new, much larger eyewall developed as the typhoon made landfall over Taiwan. Relatively large-amplitude wave structures developed in the outer eyewall and are identified as vortex Rossby waves (VRWs), based on the wave characteristics and their similarity to VRWs identified in previous studies.Moderate to strong vertical shear over the typhoon system produced a persistent wavenumber-1 (WN1) asymmetric structure during the landfall period, with upward motion and deep c...