cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
141. Perceived stress and salivary cortisol in educators: Comparison among three stress reduction activities

The teaching profession has been described as a potentially stressful occupation with up to 30% of all novice teachers leaving the profession and annual teacher turnover is higher when compared with turnover of all other occupations. This study investigated the effects of a stress reduction activity (meditation, yoga, or cardiovascular exercise) in University and K-12 educators who were part of one-day seminar on Stress Reduction. Participants ( N = 26) completed a demographic questionnaire, educator stress-self-assessment tool, and visual analogue scales indicating current stress levels. Salivary cortisol levels were measured before, immediately after, and 30 min after completion of the stress reduction activity. A three (time) by three (activity) mixed factorial ANOVA was computed for cortisol. The ANOVA for cortisol revealed a significant interaction ( F (4, 66) = 3.60, p = .01). Tukey’s HSD comparisons showed significant differences with the cardiovascular group having significantly higher cortisol levels at the 30-min post activity level when compared to the meditation ( p d = .74) and yoga groups ( p d = .52). Overall, the activity of meditation and yoga showed lowered salivary cortisol levels at 30 min post activity when compared to cardiovascular activity. Additional research to examine the effects of stress reduction on educators in the work setting is needed.
Bound water content of the lower oceanic crust estimated from modal analyses and seismic velocities of oceanic diabase and gabbro

[1] Hydrous minerals in the oceanic crust are known to carry bound water into subduction zones, but the water content of the lower oceanic crust is poorly constrained. Previous studies suggest that lower crustal diabases and gabbros contain 1–3 and 1–2 wt% H2O. This analysis, based on the modal mineralogy and seismic properties of oceanic diabase and gabbro samples, shows that the H2O content of diabase dike rocks ranges from 1–3%, with an average of 1.5%; in oceanic gabbros, the H2O content decreases with increasing seismic velocity, and gabbros that have velocities typical of the lower oceanic crust (6.7–7.0 km s−1) contain 0.2 to 0.7 wt% H2O, with a mean near 0.5 wt%.
On detection of gamma-ray bursts from Andromeda

If gamma-ray bursts originate in a corona of high velocity neutron star around the Milky Way, it should also be possible to detect them from a similar corona around Andromeda. Adopting a simple model of such a corona, we evaluate the ability of instruments on existing and on some proposed missions to detect an excess of bursts toward Andromeda. We investigate the optimal properties of an instrument designed to detect such an excess. We find that if the bursts radiate isotropically, an experiment with a sampling distance dmax > 600 kpc is required in order to detect the expected excess of bursts in the direction of Andromeda in ≈ 1 year of observation. If the bursts are beamed forward and backward along the direction of the neutron star's kick velocity, an experiment with dmax > 800 kpc is required in order to detect the expected excess in a similar amount of time. Detection of an excess of bursts toward Andromeda would constitute definitive evidence that the bursts are Galactic in origin. Conversely, the observation of no excess toward Andromeda would strongly suggest that the bursts are cosmological in origin, provided that the observation is made by an instrument at least orders of magnitude more sensitive than BATSE, given current constraints on the BATSE sampling distance.
Linux and the appeal to cultural values

The Linux operating system provides a good example demonstrating how the cultural values of both the technology and the culture that the technology is being transferred to could influence a software's popularity. The Linux case study also provides insight into how software localization - tailoring a piece of software to "fit" the market that it is being sold in - could be better performed.
Solution chemistry effects on orthophosphate adsorption by cationized solid wood residues.

Adsorption of orthophosphate anions in aqueous solution by cationized milled solid wood residues was characterized as a function of sorbate-to-sorbent ratio (≈0.001−2.58 mmol of P/g substrate), pH (3−9), ionic strength, I (no I control; 0.001 and 0.01 M NaCl), reaction time (4 min to 24 h), and in the presence of other competing anions (0.08−50 mM SO42-; 0.08−250 mM NO3-). Sorption isotherms revealed the presence of two kinds of adsorption sites corresponding to high and low binding affinities for orthophosphate anions. Consequently, a two-site Langmuir equation was needed to adequately describe the data over a range of solution conditions. In addition to higher sorption capacity, cationized bark possessed a higher binding energy for orthophosphate anions compared to cationized wood. The sorption capacity and binding energy for bark were 0.47 mmol of P g-1 and 295.7 L mmol-1, respectively, and for wood, the corresponding values were 0.27 mmol g-1 and 61.4 L mmol-1. Both the sorption capacity and binding e...
Integrating ensemble empirical mode decomposition and nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filter for speckle noise reduction in underwater sonar images

In this paper, a speckle noise reduction method is presented. The proposed method is based on a combination of nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filter and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) technique. It incorporates the advantages of the two techniques. The experimental results on the images speckled by various levels of noise show that the proposed method is able to significantly improve the performance of nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filter. Furthermore, it outperforms several well-known speckle reduction algorithms in terms of noise removal as well as image features preservation.
Ice Nucleation and the Substrate-ice Interface

Embryo crystals form by enlargement of one of the normal components of the liquid. This is favoured by reduced molecular motions and a tendency towards more open, hydrogen bonded regions near the interface.
Practical Considerations in Applying Laboratory Fracture Test Criteria to the Fracture-Safe Design of Pressure Vessels

Abstract : Trends in pressure vessel applications involving higher pressures, lower service temperatures, thicker walls, new materials, and cyclic loading require the development of new bases in the supporting scientific and technological areas. This report presents a ''broad look'' analysis of the opportunities to apply new scientific approaches to fracture-safe design in pressure vessels and of the new problems that have arisen in connection with the utilization of higher strength steels. These opportunities follow from the development of the fracture analysis diagram which depicts the relationships of flaw size and stress level for fracture in the transition range of steels which have well-defined transition temperature features. The reference criteria for the use of the fracture analysis diagram is the nil-ductility transition temperature of the steel, as determined directly by the drop-weight test or indirectly by correlation with the Charpy V test. Potential difficulties in the correlation use of the Charpy V test are deduced to require engineering interpretation of Charpy V test data rather than to involve basic barriers to the use of the test. The rapid extension of pressure vessel fabrication to quenched and tempered steels is expected to provide new problems of fracture- safe design.
Variations on a theme: Topic modeling of naturalistic driving data

This paper introduces Probabilistic Topic Modeling (PTM) as a promising approach to naturalistic driving data analyses. Naturalistic driving data present an unprecedented opportunity to understand driver behavior. Novel strategies are needed to achieve a more complete picture of these datasets than is provided by the local event-based analytic strategy that currently dominates the field. PTM is a text analysis method for uncovering word-based themes across documents. In this application, documents were represented by drives and words were created from speed and acceleration data using Symbolic Aggregate approximation (SAX). A twenty-topic Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model was developed using words from 10,705 documents (real-world drives) by 26 drivers. The resulting LDA model clustered the drives into meaningful topics. Topic membership probabilities were successfully used as features in subsequent analyses to differentiate between healthy drivers and those suffering from Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Seven cardinal properties of sensor network broadcast authentication

We investigate the design space of sensor network broadcast authentication. We show that prior approaches can be organized based on a taxonomy of seven fundamental proprieties, such that each approach can satisfy at most six of the seven proprieties. An empirical study of the design space reveals possibilities of new approaches, which we present in the following two new authentication protocols: RPT and LEA. Based on this taxonomy, we offer guidance in selecting the most appropriate protocol based on an application's desired proprieties. Finally, we pose the open challenge for the research community to devise a protocol simultaneously providing all seven properties.
Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of PbS quantum dots stabilized by 1,2-benzenedimethanethiol and attachment to single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots stabilized by 1,2-benzenedimethanethiol can be synthesized by mixing Pb(NO 3 ) 2 and Na 2 S solutions in ethanol under ultrasound irradiation. The PbS quantum dots (2.7 and 3.6 nm in diameter) are characterized by their absorption and fluorescence spectra in the near infrared region and by other surface analytical techniques. With addition of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) to the system, this ultrasound-assisted procedure allows attachment of PbS nanoparticles to SWNT surface via π–π stacking, thus providing a simple one-pot method for preparation of SWNT–PbS nanoparticle composite materials. Using the ultrasound-assisted method for synthesizing silica composites containing PbS nanoparticles by a sol–gel process is also described.
Rilonacept (interleukin-1 trap) in the prevention of acute gout flares during initiation of urate-lowering therapy: results of a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective To evaluate the interleukin-1 inhibitor rilonacept (Interleukin-1 Trap) for prevention of gout flares occurring in the first few months following initiation of urate-lowering therapy. Methods In this double-blind study, adult patients with hyperuricemia and gout were randomized to receive rilonacept administered subcutaneously once per week (loading dose 320 mg followed by 160 mg weekly) or placebo, and started on allopurinol (300 mg/day, titrated to serum urate <6 mg/dl). At study visits, physical and laboratory assessments were performed and information on any adverse events was ascertained. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the rilonacept and placebo groups (n = 41 and n = 42, respectively). The mean number of gout flares per patient through week 12 (primary efficacy end point) was markedly lower in the rilonacept group than in the placebo group (0.15 [6 flares] versus 0.79 [33 flares]; P = 0.0011). Fewer flares were observed with rilonacept as early as 4 weeks after initiation of treatment (P = 0.007). The proportion of patients experiencing a flare during the 12 weeks was lower in the rilonacept group than in the placebo group (14.6% versus 45.2%; P = 0.0037). No rebound in the flare rate was observed for 6 weeks after discontinuation of rilonacept or placebo at week 16. Adverse events were similar between groups, and no deaths or serious infectious adverse events were reported; the most common adverse events were infections (14.6% and 26.2% of rilonacept- and placebo-treated patients, respectively) and musculoskeletal disorders (14.6% and 21.4%, respectively). A higher percentage of rilonacept-treated patients (98%) compared with placebo-treated patients (79%) completed the primary 12-week evaluation period (P = 0.015). Conclusion The current findings indicate that rilonacept significantly reduces the frequency of gout flares during the initial period of treatment with urate-lowering therapy, with a favorable safety profile.
Studies of the Mechanism of a Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Reversible Dehydration of a Copper Carboxylate Framework

The open-framework copper carboxylate chloride [Cu7Cl2(THFTC)2(OH)4(H2O)2](H2O)4 (THFTC = tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylate) was synthesized hydrothermally and was characterized structurally and magnetically. The centrosymmetric three-dimensional framework has channels filled with water. Single crystals kept under vacuum at different temperatures (room temperature, 65 °C, and 105 °C) remain single while the structure is dehydrated in steps accompanied by distortions of the framework and repositioning of the water molecules and chlorine atoms. The dehydrated compounds are acentric and have two distinct channels with different inner environments. These single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations are reversible evidenced by the structural studies of the dehydrated single crystals after exposure to humid air. Magnetic measurements showed antiferromagnetic coupling between the Cu2+ ions. Homometallic ferrimagnetism is observed below Tc of 2.4 and 3.4 K for the as-synthesized and the dehydrated samp...
Identification and localization of a 94 kDa membrane protein found in Mycoplasma bovoculi strains

Six isolates of Mycoplasma bovoculi obtained from cattle herds with bovine keratoconjunctivitis were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting techniques. All six strains showed similarity in their protein profiles although no two patterns were identical. Antigenic differences between strains were detected in immunoblots reacted with post-exposure calf serum. A common 94 kDa protein band designated p94 was detected in all six strains reacted with monoclonal antibody MA25.5 developed to one of the strains. The p94 was also recognized in these strains by the calf serum. Trypsin treatment of intact mycoplasma cells resulted in the removal of p94 from immunoblots reacted with MA or hyperimmune rabbit serum. Other trypsin-resistant antigens shared between strains or being strain-specific in nature were identified when trypsin-treated mycoplasma cells were reacted with hyperimmune rabbit serum. The p94 antigen was shown to be of mycoplasmal origin by radio-immunoprecipitation using the MA or hyperimmune rabbit serum. These studies identify the presence of a surface antigen (p94) on M. bovoculi membrane in all strains examined that is trypsin sensitive by the use of monoclonal antibody, calf serum and hyperimmune rabbit serum.
Comparison of dialysis and metal precipitation effects on apple pectins.

Metal precipitation as a purification method for pectins was investigated for effects on chemical composition (anhydrogalacturonic acid, methoxyl and degree of esterification and neutral sugars), and molecular properties (molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity) in comparison with dialysis. The Cu(II) ions were used to separate pectins from non-uronide components, and then the Cu(II) ions complexed with pectins were removed by 1% acid alcohol or EDTA treatment. The contaminants were removed more effectively by metal precipitation than dialysis. Acid alcohol did not affect degree of esterification of pectins, whereas it significantly cleaved the neutral sugar side chains. Pectins treated with acid alcohol had lower molecular weights, but larger intrinsic viscosities indicating their more linear nature compared to pectins treated with EDTA.
Modulation of Ca2+ channels by protein kinase C in rat central and peripheral neurons: Disruption of G protein-mediated inhibition

Abstract Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) reduced G protein-dependent inhibition of Ca 2+ channels by glutamate, GABA B , adenosine, muscarinic, α-adrenergic, and LHRH receptors in a variety of central and peripheral neurons. PKC stimulation also relieved the inhibitory effect of internal GTPγS and reduced tonic G protein-mediated inhibition observed with internal GTP in the absence of transmitter receptor agonist. Basal Ca 2+ channel currents were enhanced by PKC stimulation in most neurons studied. The PKC-induced enhancement of basal current was voltage dependent, and enhanced currents displayed altered kinetics. Inhibition of G proteins with GDPβS attenuated the PKC-induced enhancement of basal Ca 2+ channel current. These results show that PKC regulates the inhibitory effects of G proteins, possibly by disrupting the coupling of G proteins to Ca 2+ channels. The PKC-induced enhancement of Ca 2+ channel current results, at least in part, from the removal of tonic G protein-mediated inhibition.
Rapid melt grown Germanium p-i-n photodiode wrapped around a Silicon waveguide

We report on a compact germanium photodiode design where single crystal germanium wraps around a single mode silicon waveguide. A 32 µm long, 626 aF, p-i-n device has 0.8 A/W responsivity at 1550 nm.
Effects of Light Environment on Recovery from Harvest and Antibacterial Properties of Oshá Ligusticum porteri (Apiaceae)1

Wild-harvested medicinal plants collected from different light environments may show differential recovery from harvest. Also, plants growing in open and shaded habitats may allocate resources differently to defense. Since defensive compounds are biologically active, this difference may lead to variation in medicinal properties. We designed an experiment to test the hypothesis that light environment will affect both the ability of populations to recover from harvest and the medicinal properties of Ligusticum porteri (Apiaceae). L. porteri is a wild-harvested plant found in both high-elevation meadows and forest understories. Surveys in 2010 documented differences in population structure between light environments, with fewer flowering stalks in the understory. In 2012, we harvested plants in plots within five sites across varying light (PAR) levels at three different intensities: 0%, 50%, and 100% of ramets collected. We monitored regrowth in these plots over two years. We also tested the medicinal properties of methanol root extracts of L. porteri from the harvested plots using disc-diffusion assays. We found that L. porteri was able to regrow leaves following even intensive harvest (100%), although these were smaller than in control (0%) plots. Harvest significantly reduced the number of flowering stalks, changing population structure. While light did not impact the ability to regrow following harvest, it did influence antibacterial activity. The ability to inhibit Bacillus cereus decreased in extracts from plants harvested from high light environments, which follows plant defense theory. Altogether, harvest sustainability in L. porteri is equivocal among the light environments examined in this study, although some medicinal properties vary. L. porteri populations can recover from harvest through vegetative regrowth.
African‐American Workers and the Social Benefits of Tight Labor Markets

This article emphasizes the employment and earnings gains made by less educated African-American workers during the later stages of the Clinton expansion, when the national unemployment rate fell below 5 percent. It documents the breakdown of negative stereotypes faced by former welfare recipients, resulting in their employment and wage growth, as well as the substantial shift of African-American men from intermittent to steady full-time employment.
The Adenylate Kinase Transition Requires Many Easy Motions, Not a Few Hard Ones

Conformational transitions are functionally important in many proteins. In adenylate kinase (AK), two small domains (LID and NMP) close over the larger CORE domain; the reverse (opening) motion limits catalytic turnover. Previous experiments and computations have also shown that local motions are important. Here, we hypothesize that the open/closed (O/C) transition rate depends on many low-barrier motions rather than a few high-barrier ones. To test this hypothesis, we simultaneously characterize the contributions of rigid-body (Cartesian), backbone torsional, and contact motions to the transition state (TS). O, C, and TS sub-ensembles are derived from a double-well Go simulation based on the native contacts of the O and C crystal structures. In Cartesian space, LID closes approximately two-thirds toward CORE in the TS, and NMP closes about halfway, substantially reducing rigid-body entropy. In backbone dihedral space, the TS dynamics of LID are more consistent with the higher-entropy O ensemble, while the TS dynamics of NMP, CORE, and most interdomain hinges are more consistent with the lower-entropy C ensemble. In contact space, contacts unique to C (C-contacts) with lower interresidue distances in the O state are more likely to form in the TS than those with higher distances; the CORE-LID/NMP interfaces remain sufficiently open to bind the ligand. Thus, the TS ensemble derives substantial enthalpy from C-contacts but at a relatively low entropic cost. Together with the observation that Cartesian, dihedral, and contact motions important to the transition are weakly correlated, these results strongly support our hypothesis that many degrees of freedom are important to the TS of AK. Finally, this work may complement structural analysis and protein dynamics experiments toward identifying structural features for allosteric design in proteins.
A Community Concerns Report Method for Local Agenda Setting

The strategy of choice regularly employed in addressing both social and economic problems of rural America has been technology transfer. External experts have developed models and provided them to rural residents through a variety of educational media. But with current conditions, this form of intervention does not appear to be working. This study uses key informant and survey methodology to examine the attitudes and readiness for technology transfer among residents of one particularly hard hit community and concludes that the pervading depression and sense of hopelessness counters the conditions required for this strategy to be successful. A return to an earlier community development model with emphasis on local development and high interpersonal interaction appears to be well suited to helping solve current rural problems.
EFFECT OF A SYNTHETIC SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDE (SN‐263)* ON GASTRIC PEPTIC ACTIVITY IN HUMANS

Summary The effect of oral administration of a synthetic sulfated polysaccharide, amylopectin sulfate (SN-263), on gastric peptic activity was studied in 49 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. Five dose levels were studied: 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg, and 800 mg. A significant depression of gastric peptic activity was observed after oral administration of 200 and 300 mg of SN-263. This inhibitory action appeared within 15 min and lasted for 45 min. At higher dose levels of 500 and 800 mg, a longer duration of inhibition lasting for 75 min was observed. Oral administration of 100 mg of SN-263 was ineffective as an anti-peptic agent. SN-263 had no effect on the acidities of the gastric contents. When 200 mg of SN-263 was given at two-hour intervals, the inhibitory effect of the second administration of SN-263 on gastric pepsin concentration was similar to that of the first dose. There was no evidence of a cumulative action. The addition of an anticholinergic drug, propanthelie bromide, which will inhibit acid and pepsin secretions at their source, further enhanced the action of SN-263 as an antipeptic agent. Since SN-263 exerts no antacid or anticholinergic action, its inhibitory effect on peptic activity must be a direct one.
A CONTINUOUS TRANSFORMATION USEFUL FOR DISTRICTING

Suppose that one could stretch a geographical map so that areas containing many people would appear large, and areas containing few people would appear small. On a rubber map, for example, every person might be represented by an inked dot. We now imagine the rubber sheet to be stretched so that all the dots are at an equal distance from each other (see Ruston'). If such a map could be constructed, then all perfect political districts should be the same size, for they should contain equal numbers of people. Alternately, one might wish to construct district boundaries by drawing them as hexagons on such a map. These general notions are made more precise and given mathematical definition in the paragraphs that follow. The political problem of distiicting is related to a classical theoretical problem in the field of geography. The location-theoretic problem of positioning service facilities (schools, hospitals, stores, cities, and so forth) in a geographic area of varying population density has a structure similar to the districting problem (see Bunge2). This theoretical problem in geography provided the main impetus for my research, and it is reflected in the results to be demonstrated. Assume first that the relevant population density is described as a continuous nonnegative function of position, h(x, y). A small rectangle bounded by x, x + Ax, y, y + Ay then contains h(x, y)AxAy people. This number is to be the same as the area of a small rectangle bounded by the lines u, u + Au, v, v + Av on the final diagram. The condition equation thus becomes
Radiative decay of Wannier excitons in thin crystal films

Abstract The radiative decay of the Wannier exciton in thin crystal films is studied by the method of Heitler and Ma in the resonance approximation. It is shown that, while the broken crystal symmetry opens up the possibility of radiative decay, the correlation brought about by the interaction of the lattice atoms with a common radiation field leads to a superradiative enhancement of the decay rate. However, when it is compared with the corresponding case of a Frenkel exciton, the decay rate of the Wannier exciton is reduced due to the averaging of the dipole transition matrix element over the various possible distances between the widely separated electron and hole.
Region-Enclosing Contours from Edge Pixels

In the fields of digital image processing, computer vision and pattern recognition, the application of edge detection algorithms is important for the extraction of multiple touching regions in images. However, the enclosure of the regions with discrete contours is not straightforward in general. A novel region-enclosing contour method is therefore proposed in this paper. Topics such as (dilated) contour enclosure of edge pixels in 2D binary images, geometric thinning (skeletonization) of shapes, gap closure in contour networks, and down-sampling of contour supporting point sets are discussed and new techniques are proposed for the first time. Most of the newly found techniques depend heavily on the application of a Delaunay tessellation. The resulting set of novel shape processing tools is applied here to an image taken from a metal surface in electron backscattered diffraction experiments in order to provide an accurate characterization of grain boundaries.
To see what you eat

With the imagination and creativity of an artist’s commune, the Cambrian explosion is believed to have produced almost all the body plans on earth today within a geologically short period of perhaps 30 million years (540–510 million years ago) or less. All but one of the extant phyla, and the basic body plans they represent, had their beginnings in this period. Furthermore, in a spectacular display of metazoan bloom, evolution forged several other phyla in this same period that are now extinct, although perhaps not as many as some enthusiasts believe. It was the big bang of evolution. Curiously, the first known eyes appeared then, too, and there may be a relation. Predation is a terrible and swift sword for prey species and there is good evidence that predation drives evolution, at least to some extent. Sensory modalities drive predation. After all, the predator must find the prey. Vision is the most far ranging and comprehensive sense and must be a principal facilitator for predation. Auditory sense must be entrained, hence cannot be as efficient or as global as vision, and although it is an excellent sensory modality, we recognise auditory predators as exceptions—for example, bats, dolphins. So, …
The Mesospheric Diabatic Circulation and the Parameterized Thermal Effect of Gravity Wave Breaking on the Circulation

Abstract A calculation of the monthly mean diabatic circulation of the mesosphere is performed by using the thermodynamic and continuity equations with observed climatological data. Non-LTE CO2 cooling, ozone infrared cooling, and solar heating from ozone and molecular oxygen absorption are included in the calculation of the diabatic heating rate. During the solstices, a distinctive summer-to-winter flow is produced throughout most of the mesosphere. During the equinoxes, the flow is from the fall to spring hemisphere in the upper mesospheric region but predominantly poleward in the rest of the mesosphere. An attempt was made to include the thermal effects of gravity wave breaking in the energy budget to investigate their effect on the mean circulation. Various unknown coefficients needed for the wave breaking parameterization made it difficult to assess their exact effect. However, the residual circulation was found to be relatively insensitive to the effective Prandtl number chosen. For large elective P...
The determination of the solubility of organic solvents in mineral acids

Abstract A knowledge of the solubility of organic solvents in aqueous solutions of mineral acids is shown to be important in solvent extraction studies. The method described depends upon the direct measurement of the amount of solvent thrown out of the aqueous phase on neutralization. The results of experiments on the solubility of iso-propyl ether in aqueous hydrochloric acid are given. The accuracy, limitations, and uses of the method are discussed.
A Generalization of the Rogers-Ramanujan Identities for all Moduli

Abstract The Rogers-Ramanujan identities have been extended to odd moduli by B. Gordon and to moduli of the form 4 k + 2 by G. Andrews. We demonstrate and prove an extension to all even moduli, and provide a theorem which holds for all moduli.
Macromolecular Crowding Stabilizes the Molten Globule Form of Apomyoglobin with Respect to Both Cold and Heat Unfolding

At pH 2 apomyoglobin is extensively unfolded. Addition of increasing concentration of salts has been shown to convert the protein into molten globule form(s), which can undergo both heat-induced and cold-induced unfolding. Increasing concentrations of an inert polymer, dextran, lead to increased formation of molten globule and stabilizes the protein with respect to both heat-induced and cold-induced denaturation. The transitions were studied by circular dichroism. Two-state analysis of the data shows that the effects of salt and polymer are additive, and that stabilization by the polymer is independent of temperature, as predicted by excluded volume theory.
Utilizing Dimensions of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale in Investigations of Trust: Validation of Suggested Methods:

Summary.--Several authors have suggested that the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale may be employed in studies examining trust with more success if the factors or dimensions of the instrument are used rather than the general scale. The present investigation concerned the relationship between the dimension "Interpersonal Exploitation" and group cohesiveness, and the dimension "Reliable-role Performance" and group cohesiveness. Group composition according to these dimensions resulted in different levels of group cohesiveness, with groups heterogeneously comprised on the basis of subjects' scores on the dimensions significantly more cohesive than homogeneously comprised groups. A dimensional approach to the examination of interpersonal trust may be viable in other settings where the variables of interest aie theoretically related to the dimensions of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale. Rotter (1967) defines interpersonal trust as, "an expectancy held by an individual or a group that the word, promise, verbal or written statement of another individual or group can be relied upon" (Rotter, 1967, p. 651). He considered trust to be a generalized expectancy within social learning theory and developed the Interpersonal Trust Scale to investigate empirically the role of trust in human relations. The scale is an additive measure, according to Rotter (1971), which samples a broad variety of social situations. Both Rotter (1971) and Pearce (1974) have pointed out that the scale should not be used to predict specific behaviors in specific situations, and attempts to do so are indeed not congruent with the theoretical underpinnings of the Interpersonal Trust Scale. Nonetheless, researchers have attempted to employ the scale in such a fashion. Recently Kaplan (1973) and Chun and Campbell (1974) have examined . the dimensionality of the scale and reached somewhat similar conclusions. In summary, they found that the scale had several implicit factors or dimensions and that research purposes may be better served by employing a dimensional approach. Such an approach involves selecting dime~zsions theoretically relaced to the research area under investigation so that researchers may better understand the relationship between interpersonal trust and the variables of interest. The purpose of this investigation was twofold. The major hypothesis was that the dimensional approach to studying interpersonal trust would, as detailed
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of a Microporous/Mesoporous Material, MMM-1

A microporous+mesoporous material composed of MCM-41 and MFI was produced by a two-step synthetic process. The solid, called 99MMM-1,:: was characterized by X-ray di4raction (XRD), N2 physisorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At early stages of crystallization at 1703C, MCM-41 was formed exclusively, while at heating times longer than 96 h MFI was formed. At intermediate times, MMM-1 was formed with varying amounts of MFI depending on the crystallization time. XRD revealed that the material could be severely oriented by sample preparation, which was consistent with an unusual ribbon-like morphology observed in TEM. This morphology was not seen for either pure MCM-41 or MFI. The N2 physisorption isotherm for MMM-1 showed two distinct regions of capillary condensation, with H2 hysteresis. Synthesis and subsequent use of Al-MMM-1 in the isomerization of m-xylene and comparison to Al-MCM-41 and Al-MFI showed that although the latter material had a higher total conversion, Al-MMM-1 had a higher selectivity for p-xylene. Al-MMM-1 had a much higher selectivity and conversion than Al-MCM-41, which makes it promis
Universal deformation rings and generalized quaternion defect groups

Abstract We determine the universal deformation rings R ( G , V ) of certain mod 2 representations V of a finite group G which belong to a 2-modular block of G whose defect groups are isomorphic to a generalized quaternion group D. We show that for these V, a question raised by the author and Chinburg concerning the relation of R ( G , V ) to D has an affirmative answer. We also show that R ( G , V ) is a complete intersection even though R ( G / N , V ) need not be for certain normal subgroups N of G which act trivially on V.
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Homicide The Importance of Margo Wilson’s Foundational Research

Margo Wilson’s groundbreaking work identifying risk factors for homicide was foundational for development of the Danger Assessment (DA), an instrument for use with victim/survivors of domestic viol...
The 1960's: technology pushes ocean research

Summary form only given. In the 1950s oceanography stabilized and expanded largely absorbing and adapting the facilities and technology developed during WW II. At the end of the decade the community organized its views of the future in workshops reports and related Navy plans. Based on these plans and spurred by the desire to investigate the ocean in new ways, the '60s decade was a golden age for the expansion and fertilization of our science with a wide range of new facilities. The Scripps share of this is indicative of what was going on in other research institutions across the western world. On shore we built new conventional facilities: Sverdrup Hall, IGPP Building, Summer Auditorium and a new wing on Ritter Hall, as well as the more specialized Physiological Research Laboratory, the Hydraulic Laboratory and our Nimitz Marine facility on San Diego Bay. Seagoing work was expanded with the addition of the 8 craft that made up the entire Scripps fleet by 1970. Of the 8, 5 were built from the keel up as oceanographic facilities, including the highly maneuverable Melville, the specially designed mobile laboratory ship, Alpha Helix, and the revolutionary manned spar buoy laboratory, FLIP. The research leaders who conceived these facilities were driven by a wide range of research goals and had the inventiveness to devise new kinds of equipment to enhance these basic seagoing and shoreside capabilities. This paper examines several examples of technological developments and their interaction with scientific enterprise, emphasizing things that were radically new in their time and have remained scientifically fruitful to this day.
An engineer looks at TV programming

To offset the low cultural and intellectual level of television programs in the United States, Dr. Du Mont proposes a Government-sponsored network to inject an antidote of high-level programming into the present banal fare offered the public.
Effects of hyperventilation on prostacyclin formation and on pulmonary vasodilation after group B β-hemolytic streptococci-induced pulmonary hypertension

ABSTRACT: Prostacyclin is released during hyperventilation (HV); however, its role as mediator of HV-induced pulmonary vasodilation remains controversial. We have investigated this by studying the effects of HV on pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in otherwise normal lungs versus lungs vasoconstricted with group B streptococci (GBS), with and without prior prostacyclin synthesis inhibition. Two-to 3-wk-old piglets were given tranylcypromine, a prostacyclin synthetase inhibitor (n = 6), or placebo (n = 6). Animals were mechanically ventilated normally, then hyperventilated (PCO2 1.5 ± 0.2 kPa) and then returned to normal ventilation. After each 30-min segment, plasma 6-keto-prostaglaiidin F1a (6-keto-PGF1a) (prostacyclin hydrolysis product) levels and PAP were measured. Then GBS infusions were administered to both groups to induce pulmonary hypertension. With GBS, the normal ventilation/hyperventilation/normal ventilation protocol was repeated as above. Results are as follows: 1) HV of normal lungs caused release of 6-keto-PGF1a (351 ± 234 to 873 ± 310 pg/mL; p < 0.05), but PAP was unaffected (1.4 ± 0.2 kPa); 2) HV of lungs vasoconstricted with GBS caused a similar release of 6-keto-PGF1a (595 ± 112 to 977 ± 216 pg/mL; p < 0.05), this time accompanied by a significant decrease in PAP (3.1 ± 0.5 to 2.3 ± 0.5 kPa; p < 0.05); 3) HV of normal lungs pretreated with tranylcypromine produced neither an increase in 6-keto-PGF1a (400 ± 24 to 436 ± 33 pg/mL) nor a decrease in PAP (1.3 ± 0.2 to 1.4 ± 0.2 kPa; and 4) HV after tranylcypromine pretreatment and GBS-induced pulmonary hypertension also produced no change (6-keto-PGF1a:527 ± 54 to 556 ± 93 pg/mL and PAP; 39.5 ± 6.2 to 37.6 ± 6.7 kPa). In conclusion, prostacyclin may mediate HV-induced pulmonary vasodilation after GBS-induced pulmonary hypertension.
Inhibition of Ca2+ transport associated with cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum by triorganotins.

Organotin compounds have been shown to interfere with cardiovascular system. We have studied the in vitro and in vivo effects of tributyltin bromide (TBT), triethyltin bromide (TET) and trimethyltin chloride (TMT) on the cardiac SR Ca2+ pump, as well as on protein phosphorylation of SR proteins, in order to understand the relative potency of these tin compounds. All the three tin compounds inhibited cardiac SR45Ca uptake and Ca2+-ATPase in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of potency for Ca2+-ATPase as determined by IC50, is TBT (2 μM) > TET (63 μM) > TMT (280 μM). For45Ca uptake, it followed the same order i.e., TBT (0.35 μM) > TET (10 μM) > TMT (440 μM). In agreement with the in vitro results, both SR Ca2+-ATPase and45Ca uptake were significantly inhibited in rats treated with these tin compounds, indicating that these tin compounds inhibit cardiac SR Ca2+ transport. cAMP significantly elevated (70–80%) the32P-binding to SR proteins in vitro in the absence of any organotin. In the presence of organotins, cAMP-stimulated32P-binding to proteins was significantly reduced, but the decrease was concentration dependent only at lower concentrations. The order of potency is TBT > TET > TMT. In agreement with in vitro studies, cAMP-dependent32P bound to proteins was significantly reduced in rats treated with TBT, TET and TMT. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cardiac SR revealed at least 30 Coomassie blue stainable bands ranging from 9 to 120 kDa. Autoradiographs from samples incubated in the presence of cAMP indicated32P incorporation in seven bands. Of these, the band corresponding to about 24 kDa molecular weight protein decreased in its intensity with the treatment of organotins. These results suggest that triorganotins may be affecting Ca2+ pumping mechanisms through the alteration of phosphorylation of specific proteins in rat cardiac SR.
Learning and rhythms in courting, mutant Drosophila

Abstract Male and female fruit flies learn and remember various aspects of their reproductive experiences. This ability can improve reproductive fitness. Such conclusions stem in part from the effects on courtship of mutations affecting learning and memory. Certain elements of experience-dependent reproductive behavior involve rhythmic components of the male's singing behavior. These song rhythms have entered the general arena of biological clocks via the effects of circadian rhythm mutations on an oscillating component of the courtship song. The behavioral genetic analysis of connections among these various kinds of complex behavior has recently been expanded to include molecular studies, aimed at manipulating and understanding the ‘learning' and the ‘clock' genes.
Understanding peri-urban maize production through an examination of household livelihoods in the Toluca Metropolitan Area, Mexico

Abstract The rates of urban growth globally continue to rise, especially in small and intermediary cities and peri-urban areas of the developing world. Communities in these settings share characteristics with rural areas, in terms of continued connections with agriculture, yet with an increasing reliance of non-agricultural employment which poses challenges for policy and planning shaped by dichotomous configurations of space. This study focuses on maize producers in the Toluca Metropolitan Area, west of Mexico City, which is a traditional maize production region that also has exhibited high rates of industrial and residential growth over the last thirty years. We utilize household surveys from three peri-urban communities to create livelihood cluster groups that tease out the value and role of maize production amongst urban growth. The results show that maize plays various roles for households, including an insurance strategy against volatile job markets and for preference in making homemade tortillas. Rural and urban livelihoods in this region are mutually dependent on each other and not necessarily reflecting a linear rural–urban transition, which could lead to the persistence of maize production in the future. The continuing importance of maize in the Toluca Metropolitan Area provides policy opportunities to recognize and support the crop for household and regional food security despite continued urban growth.
Metabolic Glycoengineering: Sialic Acid and Beyond

This report provides a perspective on metabolic glycoengineering methodology developed over the past two decades that allows natural sialic acids to be replaced with chemical variants in living cells and animals. Examples are given demonstrating how this technology provides the glycoscientist with chemical tools that are beginning to reproduce Mother Nature's control over complex biological systems - such as the human brain - through subtle modifications in sialic acid chemistry. Several metabolic substrates (e.g., ManNAc, Neu5Ac, and CMP-Neu5Ac analogs) can be used to feed flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway resulting in numerous - and sometime quite unexpected - biological repercussions upon nonnatural sialoside display in cellular glycans. Once on the cell surface, ketone-, azide-, thiol-, or alkyne-modified glycans can be transformed with numerous ligands via bioorthogonal chemoselective ligation reactions, greatly increasing the versatility and potential application of this technology. Recently, sialic acid glycoengineering methodology has been extended to other pathways with analog incorporation now possible in surface-displayed GalNAc and fucose residues as well as nucleocytoplasmic O-GlcNAc-modified proteins. Finally, recent efforts to increase the "druggability" of sugar analogs used in metabolic glycoengineering, which have resulted in unanticipated "scaffold-dependent" activities, are summarized.
Boundary Organizations: Enabling Collaboration among Unexpected Allies

Our research examines how parties challenging established social systems collaborate with defenders of those systems to achieve mutual goals. With field interviews and observations from four community projects in the open-source movement, we examine how these projects collaborated with firms defending proprietary approaches to software development. Drawing on social movement and organizational theory, we explain how challenging parties not only mobilize to achieve their goals but how they are able to transform contestation into collaboration. Open-source projects and firms held divergent interests but discovered areas of convergent interest and were able to adapt their organizing practices to collaborate through the creation of a boundary organization. By showing how boundary organizations help challengers and defenders manage four critical domains of organizing practices—governance, membership, ownership, and control over production—we provide analytic levers for determining when boundary organizations w...
Multidimensional orthogonal design for ultra-wideband downlink

In a traditional time-hopping multiple access ultra-wideband communication system, the orthogonal time-hopping sequence can be designed to improve system performance. However, system capacity is restrictive. We propose a new multiple access system model for a UWB downlink and deploy orthogonal design in three dimensions: time-hopping code, multiuser code, and pulse waveform, or equivalently the position, polarity, and shape of a basic pulse. Such a system provides more freedoms than a traditional time-hopping system. Thus, it is more robust to multiple access interference and can support more users. Performance of the system is analyzed and verified by simulations.
The Subjective Group Dynamics of Inter- and Intragroup Criminality in the News: The Role of Prior Television News Viewing as a Moderator

Participants read a crime news story featuring two perpetrators. Building on subjective group dynamics, we predicted that a perpetrator would be evaluated differently depending on the partner’s ethnicity and participants’ prior media use. Results show that heavy news consumers were more likely to (a) give a harsher sentence to a white perpetrator acting with a white (vs. Latino) partner, and (b) develop more negative attitudes toward Latinos when members of that group were portrayed in intergroup criminal partnerships. The implications of intergroup portrayals for perceptions of the ingroup, as well as the outgroup, and the moderating effects of news viewing on such effects, are discussed.