cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase I Study to Determine the Maximal Tolerated Dose and Dose‐Limiting Toxicities of Orally Administered Idarubicin in Dogs with Lymphoma

Background Idarubicin, a PO bioavailable anthracycline antibiotic-class chemotherapeutic, could have substantial convenience advantages over currently available similar class agents in use that require IV delivery. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and basic pharmacokinetic parameters of oral idarubicin exposure in dogs with lymphoma after a single oral dose. A secondary objective was to document preliminary antitumor efficacy in an expanded treatment cohort using the established MTD. Animals Client-owned dogs with measurable lymphoma. Methods Dogs (n = 31) were enrolled in a prospective open label phase I study of oral idarubicin. By means of a 3 + 3 cohort design, dose escalations were made with 3 dogs per dose level, and the MTD was established based on the number of patients experiencing a DLT. Plasma concentrations of idarubicin and idarubicinol were determined by postdose sampling. Assessment of antitumor efficacy focused on evaluation of accessible, measurable lymph nodes and skin lesions by modified RECIST guidelines. Results The MTD in dogs > 15 kg body weight was 22 mg/m2. Adverse hematologic events (neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) were the predominant DLT and generally correlated with higher plasma concentrations of idarubicin and idarubicinol. Conclusions and Clinical Importance PO administered idarubicin was generally well-tolerated and had preliminary antitumor activity in dogs with lymphoma. Furthermore, the potential clinical advantage of a safe and efficacious oral anthracycline alternative supports further investigations of this agent in repeated-dose, randomized clinical trials.
Simple algorithms for 1D oxygen concentration profile in an occluded region

Crevice corrosion, pitting or stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of steel, stainless steels, nickel base alloys, or other metallic materials such as titanium can occur in aerated solution due to a differential oxygen (O2) concentration cell (OCC). An O2 concentration gradient exists in solution between the bulk and the occluded region and within the occluded region itself. Since O2 concentration in the occluded region can vary significantly in a non-linear manner in the direction perpendicular to the metal wall(s), it is a challenge to model the corrosion system in one-dimension (1D) by considering O2 reduction at the metal wall(s). There is a need for a method that can quantitatively describe this O2 concentration in 1D. This work serves to derive simple algorithms to fulfill the above purpose. Discussion of the validity boundaries of the simple algorithms is provided.
Regeneration responses to gap size and coarse woody debris within natural disturbance-based silvicultural systems in northeastern Minnesota, USA

Abstract The use of silvicultural systems based on the natural disturbance patterns for a given region has been suggested as an approach for promoting late-successional forest characteristics and maintaining native biodiversity in managed forests. To this end, we examined the effectiveness of natural disturbance-based harvest gaps in maintaining and restoring native tree species diversity within second-growth northern hardwood systems in northeastern Minnesota, USA. In particular, tree regeneration and downed coarse woody debris (CWD) were measured 6- and 7-years post-treatment in 46 gaps that emulated the historic range of natural canopy opening sizes for northern hardwood forests in the upper Great Lakes region. Measurements were compared across gap size-classes (>0–0.02, >0.02–0.04, >0.04 ha) and with closed canopy portions of these systems. In addition, the factors affecting the recruitment of Betula alleghaniensis across gaps and within closed canopy were investigated due to the historical importance of this species in these forests. Seedling and sapling densities increased in harvest gaps; however, results indicated that these gaps did little to increase tree diversity, including the recruitment of shade mid-tolerant species, such as B. alleghaniensis. Gaps were dominated primarily by Acer saccharum and age distributions of dominant saplings within gaps indicated that most individuals established 10–40 years prior to gap formation. Establishment of B. alleghaniensis was strongly related to highly decayed, large coniferous pieces of CWD with little recruitment occurring on the undisturbed forest floor. Age distributions of B. alleghaniensis established on CWD suggest this species can persist on this substrate for at least a decade. Levels of CWD increased with increasing gap size; however, all gaps had lower levels of CWD compared to the surrounding intact forest. Our results suggest that management regimes based on natural canopy gap sizes within northern hardwood systems will do little to restore native tree diversity if provisions for creating the suitable seedling microsites historically generated by natural disturbance (e.g., exposed mineral soil, highly decayed wood) are not included within management prescriptions.
Moving from embedded systems to embedded computing

In the middle of the last decade, there was a large gulf between embedded systems and general-purpose computing. Most researchers and advanced developers in general-purpose computing thought naively that real-time considerations added a little twist, but after that it was mostly a matter of size. Their impression was that embedded systems were just like general-purpose systems, but smaller. At the same time, those working in embedded systems were usually insufficiently aware of progress in computing that could be applied to what they were doing, and felt that theirs was a discipline apart.
Identifying cellular mechanisms of zinc-induced relaxation in isolated cardiomyocytes.

We tested several molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte contraction-relaxation function that could account for the reduced systolic and enhanced diastolic function observed with exposu...
Assessing regression-based importance weights for quality perceptions and satisfaction judgements in the presence of higher order and/orinteraction effects

Abstract The quest for a better understanding of how consumers ' quality perceptions and satisfaction judgements contribute to ultimate purchase intentions continues to represent one of the key challenges facing service marketers. Using regression models the traditional approach is to employ direct measures of these constructs to identify the additive contributions of quality perceptions and satisfaction judgments as independent variables to consumers' stated future purchase intentions as a dependent variable. This study demonstrates that unobserved potential higher-order factors (and their interactions) in such efforts can lead to problems associated with interpreting regression coefficients as importance weights. A framework is proposed and empirically validated in a multiindustry study, to assist service marketers in identifying potential higher-order factors and their interactions in their own models of consumer decision-making in service settings. The managerial and research implications of the study are presented and discussed.
A Method to Compare Costs of Drugs and Supplies among Anesthesia Providers A Simple Statistical Method to Reduce Variations in Cost Due to Variations in Casemix

BACKGROUND Comparison of costs among anesthesia providers using "cost per case" does not adjust for variations in casemix (such as the type of procedure and patient condition). The authors propose an alternative method for comparing costs using the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Relative Value Scale (ASARVS) system, which incorporates basic units (for the procedure), modifier units (for the patient's physical condition), "other" units (such as for the placement of invasive monitors), and time units (proportional to the case duration). METHODS Data were obtained from a series of 3,340 anesthetics performed at a tertiary hospital. Administered and discarded drug, supply, and fluid costs were used. RESULTS Costs expressed as dollars per ASARVS unit had 54% less variability than costs expressed as dollars per case (P < 0.0001). Pearson correlations between demographic variables and cost per ASARVS unit ranged from -0.10 to 0.13. Total (e.g., quarterly) costs for simulated sets of cases were predicted within 0.0 +/- 2.3% by multiplying (1) their sum of units and (2) a like set of case's sum of costs divided by sum of units. CONCLUSIONS Costs of anesthetic supplies and drugs of a case were more accurately reported as "cost per unit" than as "cost per case." This method of calculating the cost of anesthetic drugs and supplies has several applications, including (1) comparison of costs among anesthesia providers and (2) benchmarking costs among hospitals and anesthesia groups. By design, anesthesia providers' time is quantified by their ASARVS units. Together anesthesia costs (personnel, supplies, and drugs) are better reported as "cost per unit" than as "cost per case."
The Social Geographies of White Masculinities

Using a set of semi-structured intensive interviews, I analyze the narrative accounts of racial identity transformation among twenty-six white men as they move between mostly white and black social geographies. As the respondents moved into mostly black social geographies, they consistently noted that they felt “racial” or “white.” Feeling racialized in mostly black areas was a marked contrast to how the respondents' normally interpreted their identity. Apart from this context, the overwhelming majority of respondents often felt “nonracial,” or what I call the identity of sovereign individuality. To interpret this dynamic, context-specific process of identity transformation, I employ social cartography, postcolonialism, poststructuralism, and psychoanalysis to provide a “map” of how racial identity is linked to broader productions of power and knowledge. The result of this interpretive framework demonstrates how such seemingly mundane acts of moving across physical space highlight the context-specific way...
B -splines, hypergeometric functions, and Dirichlet averages

Abstract Properties of Dirichlet averages are used to derive some well-known and some new properties of univariate and multivariate simplex splines. A univariate B-spline is the jump discontinuity of a hypergeometric R-function, and the Fourier transform of a B-spline is a confluent hypergeometric S-function. A univariate or multivariate B-spline is a Dirichlet average of a Dirac delta function. Its dependence on the knots is governed by a system of Euler-Poisson partial differential equations.
Low-threshold high-power high-brightness GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum well lasers emitting at 2.05 μm

Abstract Strained single-quantum-well GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb diode lasers have exhibited room-temperature threshold current densities as low as 50 A/cm2, one of the lowest values reported for diode lasers atroom temperature. These lasers, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, have emission wavelengths of 2.05 jim, characteristic temperature of 65 K, internal quantum efficiency of 95%, and internal losscoefficient of 7 cm' . Single-ended cw power of 1 W is obtained for a 100-tm-wide broad-stripe laser.Tapered lasers with a 140-pm aperture have exhibited diffraction-limited cw power up to 600 mW.Key Words: Diode Laser, Semiconductor Laser, Tapered Laser, Quantum Well, Mid-infrared, Molecular BeamEpitaxy, GaInAsSb, AIGaAsSb, GaSb, Gain Calculation, Auger Recombination I. Introduction High-power, high-brightness sources in the mid-infrared wavelength region of 25 um are very desirable formilitary applications such as infrared countermeasures. Currently, antimonide-based lasers are being developed for
Device for the accurate orientation and fabrication of crystals

A device has been constructed which, by means of X-ray diffraction, allows a crystal slab to have a specific set of crystallographic planes oriented with respect to a reference plane. Using the same device, it is then possible to transfer precisely the mounted crystal to a surface grinder where a flat can be ground. By this means a flat can be oriented to within 0.01° (2theta), which is the accuracy of the X-ray diffractometer used to hold the device for the X-ray orientation. This device can also be used to determine the angular amount that a polished face deviates from a specified crystallographic direction.
Spatial Mapping System For Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

As part of the Multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (MAUV) project at the National Bureau of Standards, a spatial mapping system has been developed to provide a model of the underwater environment suitable for autonomous navigation. The system is composed of multi-resolution depth maps designed to integrate sensor data with an a priori model, an object/attribute database for storing information about detected objects, and a set of flags to monitor abnormal or emergency conditions in the environment. This paper describes the struc-ture of the mapping system and the algorithms used to map terrain and obstacles detected by acoustic sonar.
遠州灘南方の冷水塊について 1941年から1949年の間のある時期における約3℃の平均表面水温の上昇

Although February mean sea surface temperatures at Hachijojima indicate no long-term trends from 1926 to 1970, historical data from 1901 to 1967 (over 100,000 observations) from ships-of-opportunity in the area south of Enshunada indicate an abrupt increase of approximately 3°C in both February and annual mean sea surface temperatures sometime between 1941 and 1949, possibly in 1942. This change is considered to be too large to be the result of differences that might have occurred in observational methods, and heat budget calculations indicate that surface cooling should have occurred. Cause for the increase is unexplained at this time.
Saving the Amazon? Sustainable Soy and the New Extractivism:

Most ‘progressive’ Latin American governments, which have come to power over the past decade or so, continue to rely on agriculture and resource extraction as the primary generators of wealth. Scho...
Examining applications of motivational theories to the IT field

Humans increasingly interact with information technology (IT) in order to attain both individual and organizational goals. As a result, studies applying motivational theories to the IT field gain importance in the research literature. Emerging from several different scholarly disciplines, motivational theories seek to explain why individuals do what they do (Reeve, 2005). This paper surveys applications of motivational theories to the IT field using citation analysis of each theory's seminal work. First, the authors identify three approaches that have been used by researchers applying motivational theories to the IT field. Second, the authors examine these applications using an IT lifecycle framework. Last, the authors propose possible directions for future research in this area.
Knowledge Modeling for High Content Screening of Multimedia Biological Data

High-content and high-throughput screening (HCS/HTS) technologies provide powerful imaging tools for analyses of biological processes. These technologies combine sophisticated optics with automation techniques for imaging large populations of cells under different experimental perturbations and produce enormous amount of imaging data, including 2D images, 3D confocal data sets, time-lapse video sequences, and multispectral images. Manual analysis of such data is extremely time consuming, and intelligent image interpretation tools have only recently started to emerge. There is a direct need for powerful automated image understanding and spatio-temporal knowledge extraction techniques for gaining useful semantic information in biological domain consisting of multimodality multimedia data. In this tutorial we highlight key multimedia processing challenges in this domain and present a knowledge extraction and representation framework that is currently underway at Purdue University's Cytometery Laboratories and Distributed Multimedia System Laboratory. The proposed framework is being implemented using XML in order to allow extensibility and standardization.
Ultramafic and mafic inclusions and megacrysts in Pliocene basalt, Black Range, New Mexico

Inclusions in Pliocene alkalic basalt of the Black Range, southwestern New Mexico (and on the western margin of the Rio Grande rift), are spinel Iherzolite, a differentiated suite of clinopyroxenite and gabbroic (metagabbroic) rock types (olivine-spinel gabbro; spinel gabbro; gabbro), and olivine and andesine megacrysts. All gabbros have reaction zones of mainly olivine and alkali feldspar surrounding orthopyroxene. Pyroxene and oxide geothermometry indicates equilibrium temperatures for Iherzolite and gabbroic inclusions of ∼1000 to 1050 °C. Mineral compositions indicate that Iherzolite nodules are of the Cr-diopside group, representing mantle material that equilibrated at ∼33- to 45-km depth, whereas the remaining inclusions and megacrysts belong to the Al-augite group and had a high-pressure cumulate origin. The pyroxene compositions in the Al-augite group and the modal mineralogy (no garnet) indicate an origin in the 10- to 20-kb range. The absence of an olivine + plagioclase reaction in one gabbro, however, restricts its origin to a maximum pressure of about 11 to 14 kb. Differentiation among the Al-augite inclusions is displayed by progressive Fe enrichment in pyroxenes attended by decreasing Al in oxides. The reaction zones in gabbro developed from the contact between orthopyroxene and host-basalt magma. A bulk composition of one reaction zone shows that a contribution was probably made by the basalt, to account, in particular, for the formation of alkali feldspar in the reaction zones.
Total infection and environmental surveillance system (TIES)

In June 1975 Computer Sciences Corporation was engaged by Andersen 2000, Inc., an Atlanta, Georgia air sampler manufacturer, to produce a computerized system which would enable hospitals across the U.S. to monitor operating room air quality and track hospital patients' hospital and community-acquired infections. The system - TIES - is now complete and has already produced 4 cycles of monthly and quarterly reports for participating hospitals.
The Design of Broad-Band Transformers for Linear Electronic Circuits

WHEN DESIGNING LINEAR amplifier circuits, the designers often find it highly desirable to take advantage of the impedance-matching and phase-inverting properties of transformers. However, these designers sometimes fail to realize that even a well-designed transformer may not be able to pass the required band of frequencies when connected between the available power source and specified load. At other times they may ask for impedance or phase characteristics which are unrealistic or which call for unnecessarily close tolerances.
Thermodynamics of austenitic FeCuN solid solutions

Abstract Isobars at an N2-pressure of 1.04 × 105 Pa have been measured in the temperature range 1370–1530 K for the Fe Cu N system at three different Cu-concentrations in the range 0–2.4 at.% Cu. The partial thermodynamic functions of the N-atoms deduced from the isobars, have been analyzed by using a statistical mechanical model for the solid solution. The comparison between model and experiment enables estimates to be made of the repulsive interactions between Cu- and N-atoms.
COMPETITION IN INVESTMENT BANKING

THE ESSENCE OF COMPETITION in the investment banking field lies in freedom to enter the industry and freedom to compete for the business on equal terms with others. Laws, however, cannot force equality of opportunity. They can only make it illegal for persons actively to oppose that equality. There are institutional and psychological barriers to freedom of access which can never be easily overcome such as a reputation for integrity and ability, a wide circle of long-established business associations, adequate capital, etc. The function of the capital market is to raise funds as economically as possible and to channel them into the most productive uses. Monopolistic impediments which increase the costs of flotation of securities or waste these useful resources must be reduced to a bare minimum. Free and unfettered competitive enterprise has been a major factor in attaining the American standard of living. The U.S. Department of Justice (DJ) is now engaged in a Herculean effort to prove that active monopolistic restraints on the freedom to enter and to compete in the investment banking business currently exist.
Ultra-violet degradation behavior of polymeric backsheets for photovoltaic modules

Abstract This study is designed to understand the process of ultra-violet (UV) degradation of polymeric backsheets that are widely used in PV modules. Commercial photovoltaic backsheets from four suppliers were UV-aged for up to 3000 h. The aged samples were tested using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), color measurements, UV–Vis–NIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dielectrical tests to study their microstructural, color, chemical and electrical properties. The color changes of the samples, as quantified by Yellowness Index (YI) and Delta E, were found to be in strong correlation with chemical changes observed by FTIR. A linear model was established between YI and the UV irradiation dosage, providing useful information for service life prediction of PV backsheets. Cracks started to form on the surfaces of three of the four samples after different periods of UV irradiation. The density and orientation of the cracks were found to be affected by degree of UV degradation and polymer chain alignment of the backsheets. Electrical properties were not significantly affected by UV irradiation because only the surfaces of the samples underwent degradation. The results from this study suggest insufficient UV aging time and intensity designated in current PV module test standards. A longer aging time and higher intensity are recommended for quality assurance.
Estimation of coefficient of friction for a mechanical system with combined rolling–sliding contact using vibration measurements

Abstract A new dynamic experiment is proposed to estimate the coefficient of friction for a mechanical system with a combined rolling–sliding contact under a mixed lubrication regime. The experiment is designed and instrumented based on an analogous contact mechanics model, taking into consideration the constraints to ensure no impact and no sliding velocity reversal. The system consists of a cam (rotating with a constant speed) having a point contact with a follower that oscillates about a frictionless pivot, while maintaining contact with the cam with the help of a well-designed translational spring. The viscous damping elements for contact are identified for two different lubricants from an impulse test using the half-power bandwidth method. Dynamic responses (with the cam providing an input to the system) are measured in terms of the follower acceleration and the reaction forces at the follower pivot. A frequency domain based signal processing technique is proposed to estimate the coefficient of friction using the complex-valued Fourier amplitudes of the measured forces and acceleration. The coefficient of friction is estimated for the mechanical system with different surface roughnesses using two lubricants; these are also compared with similar values for both dry and lubricated cases as reported in the literature. An empirical relationship for the coefficient of friction is suggested based on a prior model under a mixed lubrication regime. Possible sources of errors in the estimation procedure are identified and quantified.
Thinking How to Live and the Restriction Problem1

"The expressivist," Allan Gibbard tells us in this important book, "starts with states of mind, and uses these to elucidate normative beliefs or seeming beliefs." (180) In his earlier book,2 Gibbard's expressivism started with states of "norm-acceptance". His present book starts with decisions: "[t]hinking what I ought to do amounts to deciding what to do." (17) Reflecting on this change Gibbard tells us that his "present book treats not the psychology of oughts but their logic and epistemology. My conclusions here aren't meant to hinge on the exact truth of any one psychology of planning and action." (154) One of the questions I mean to raise is whether an expressivism along Gibbard's lines does need rather to appeal to some more substantive psychological distinctions. The decisions with which Gibbard's expressivism starts are understood in terms of states of planning for a multitude of contingencies, including ones in which one is in the shoes of another. A crucial claim is that there can be
Chemical sputtering of room temperature ATJ graphite and HOPG by slow atomic and molecular D ions

Abstract We present experimental results for methane production from ATJ graphite and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) produced by atomic and molecular D ions in the energy range 5–150 eV/D. For the ATJ graphite target, a systematic trend of the methane yields for the different molecular species compared at the same impact energy/D is observed. While all three species lead to methane yields that coincide within the experimental uncertainty at the high energy end of the investigated range, at lower energies the yields diverge progressively; the incident triatomic molecular ion leads to the largest yields per atom, and the atomic ion to the smallest. The difference at the lowest investigated energy (10 eV/D) is about a factor of two. The measured yields were found to be in good agreement with recent in house molecular dynamics simulations. Results are presented for two different HOPG basal plane orientations relative to the surface plane, one parallel, the other perpendicular. Differences in the methane yields for the two orientations are observed at the higher investigated energies that suggest reduced diffusion from the sample bulk when the basal planes are oriented parallel to the surface plane. A similar reduction is not observed in case of acetylene production, suggesting that the acetylene is produced mainly at the target surface.
The Effect of Caponizing and Estrogen Treatments on the Performance of New Hampshire Cockerels

Abstract TREATMENT of turkeys and chickens with estrogens has been found to improve market quality (Lorenz, 1943, 1945; Andrews and Bohren, 1947; Smith, 1949; Lauffer, 1950). However, no comparison between estrogen treated and surgically caponized males has been reported. This paper presents the results of research with normal, estrogen treated, and surgically caponized New Hampshire males. EXPERIMENTAL The birds used were males of a meat type New Hampshire strain. Two hundred were wing banded and brooded in lots of 100 each in two colony houses to four weeks of age. They were then divided at random into eight groups of 20–21 birds each, weighed as groups, and placed in separate but adjacent brooder houses with attached wire-floored sunporches. Two of the groups were caponized. At eight weeks of age two of the remaining six groups were treated by implanting one 15 mg. pellet of diethylstilbestrol at the rear of the …
Actions of 4-amino-3-(5-methoxybenzo(b)furan-2-yl) butanoic acid and 4-amino-3-benzo(b)furan-2-yl butanoic acid in the rat spinal cord.

Abstract This study examined whether two putative GABAB receptor antagonists, 4-amino-3-(5-methoxybenzo (b)furan-2-yl) butanoic acid (MBFG) and 4-amino-3-benzo(b)furan-2-yl butanoic acid (BFG), antagonized the antinociception produced by intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen in the rat. In rats pretreated with 30 μg i.t. MBFG, the dose-effect relationship of D,L-baclofen was shifted approximately 2-fold and 4-fold tothe right in the tail flick and hot plate tests, respectively. No further shift was obtained in the presence of 60 μg. i.t. MBFG. I.t. injection of MBFG by itself did not alter either tail flick or hot plate latency. These data suggest that MBFG is a GABAB receptor antagonist in the spinal cord in vivo, although of marginal utility. Contrary to expectations, i.t. administration of 30–60 μg BFG alone increased tail flick and hot plate latencies; this increase was partially attenuated by coadministration of the GABAB receptor antagonist phaclofen. Pretreatment with 10 μg i.t. BFG, which was itself without effect on nociceptive threshold, antagonized the antinociceptive effects of 0.3 μg i.t. L-baclofen, but interacted with higher and lower doses of baclofen in a complex manner. These results suggest that BFG acts as weak, partial agonist at GABAB receptors and that it may have additional, non-specific effects in the spinal cord of the rat. The pharmacological properties of BFG, therefore, resemble those of the GABAB receptor partial agonist/antagonist β-phenyl-GABA, to which it bears a strong structural resemblance. Thus, although MBFG and BFG bind to the GABAB receptor with greater affinity than several previously synthesized GABAB receptor antagonists, neither represents a significant advance over the prototypic, competitive GABAB receptor antagonists, phaclofen or 2-hydroxy-saclofen.
The effect of germanium on the desorption of hydrogen from Si(100)

Abstract The desorption of deuterium from Ge covered Si(100) surfaces has been studied using temperature programmed desorption. The presence of germanium on the surface generates a new low temperature state through which deuterium may desorb. The desorption maxima for all surface deuteride species are observed to shift to lower temperatures with increasing germanium coverage until the low temperature state becomes dominant at high surface hydride coverages and moderate to high germanium coverages. The general prominence of the low temperature feature is explained in terms of combined contributions from germanium monodeuteride and silicon dideuteride desorption. A single high temperature desorption feature is observed at low D atom exposures for θGe ⩽ 0.20 within this range, the β1 desorption state shifts uniformly to lower temperatures with increasing Ge coverage. The shift in the β1 desorption maxima from 805 K for Si(100) to 740 K for a 10.0% Ge Si (100) surface translates into a lowering of the desorption energy from 57.9 to 53.7 kcal mol . The lowered desorption energies for both silicon mono- and dihydrides are explained in terms of a lowered activation barrier for recombinative desorption; the presence of germanium lowers this barrier through electronic interactions with Si atoms.
Fluency misattribution and visual hindsight bias

We tested a fluency-misattribution theory of visual hindsight bias, and examined how perceptual and conceptual fluency contribute to the bias. In Experiment 1a observers identified celebrity faces that began blurred and then clarified (Forward baseline), or indicated when faces that began clear and then blurred were no longer recognisable (Backward baseline). In surprise memory tests that followed, observers adjusted the degree of blur of each face to match what the faces looked like when identified in the corresponding baseline condition. Hindsight bias was observed in the Forward condition: During the memory test observers adjusted the faces to be more blurry than when originally identified during baseline. These same observers did not show hindsight bias in the Backward condition: Here, they adjusted faces to the exact blur level at which they identified the faces during baseline. Experiment 1b tested a combined condition in which faces were viewed in a Forward progression at baseline but in a Backward...
Phase Separation of a Metastable Three-Component n-Paraffin Solid Solution

An equimolar combination of n-C28H58/n-C32H66/n-C36H74, crystallized from the melt, initially forms a solid solution. Electron diffraction data from the epitaxially oriented [100] projection can be used to determine its crystal structure, a pseudo n-C33H68 layer in space group A21am (a = 7.42, b = 4.96, c = 87.40 A). After 6 days at room temperature, a superlattice is formed (c = 351.1 A). Its crystal structure, suggested from the direct Fourier transform of 00&#x1d4c1; reflections, is a sequence of solid solution lamellar layers. After 16 months, another superlattice is observed with a spacing double the one found earlier. Its crystal structure appears to be a sequence of nearly pure n-alkane chain layers. While the behavior resembles the case of n-C30H62/ n-C36H74 solids, where n-C28H58/n-C32H66 1:1 is a pseudocomponent, the sequence of phase separation within the miscibility gap is more complicated than that of the binary combination.
Low-power, phase-preserving 2R amplitude regenerator

Abstract We propose a modification of a NALM-based 2R regenerator of phase-encoded signals which operates at considerably lower input powers than was studied earlier. Our modification consists of replacing the core-matched and lossless fiber coupler in the NALM by a coupler with a propagation constant mismatch and loss asymmetrically distributed between the two cores. The performance of the modified regenerator and the one studied earlier is approximately the same.
Serum dicarboxylic acids in patients with Reye syndrome.

Reye syndrome resembles disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Analysis of serum free fatty acids from 18 patients with Reye syndrome revealed that dicarboxylic acids comprise as much as 55% (range 4% to 55%) of the patients' total free fatty acids; both medium- (6 to 12 carbon lengths) and long-chain (14 to 18 carbon lengths) dicarboxylic acids were identified. Long-chain dicarboxylic acids were not found in any control samples, whereas 86%±4% of the serum dicarboxylic acids were long chain in 10 patients with Reye syndrome in state 3 to 4 coma and 31%±8% in eight patients with a milder illness. The serum concentration of dicarboxylic acids correlated with the clinical state (P 2 =0.8767). No long-chain dicarboxylic acids were found in the urine. The dicarboxylic acidemia in Reye syndrome may be secondary to the general mitochondrial dysfunction or could indicate that an insult to fatty acid metabolism or the stimulation of omega-oxidation is important in the pathogenesis of the illness. Measurement of serum dicarboxylic acids, especially long chain, may be important in assessing Reye syndrome and may prove useful in distinguishing this from other diseases.
Actuator fault isolation and reconfiguration in transport‐reaction processes

A methodology is presented for the design of integrated, model-based fault diagnosis and reconfigurable control systems for transport-reaction processes modeled by nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with control constraints and actuator faults. The methodology brings together nonlinear feedback control, fault detection and isolation (FDI), and performance-based supervisory switching between multiple actuator configurations. Using an approximate, finite-dimensional model that captures the PDE's dominant dynamic modes, a stabilizing nonlinear feedback controller is initially designed for each actuator configuration, and its stability region is explicitly characterized in terms of the control constraints and actuator locations. To facilitate the fault diagnosis task, the locations of the control actuators are chosen in a way that ensures that the evolution of each dominant mode, in appropriately chosen coordinates, is excited by only one actuator. Then, a set of dedicated FDI filters, each replicating the fault-free behavior of a given state of the approximate system, are constructed. The choice of actuator locations ensures that the residual of each filter is sensitive to faults in only one actuator and decoupled from the rest, thus, allowing complete fault isolation. Finally, a set of switching rules are derived to orchestrate switching from the faulty actuators to healthy fallbacks in a way that preserves closed-loop stability and minimizes the closed-loop performance deterioration resulting from actuator faults. Precise FDI thresholds and control reconfiguration criteria that account for model reduction errors are derived to prevent false alarms when the reduced order model-based fault-tolerant control structure is implemented on the process. A singular perturbation formulation is used to link these thresholds with the degree of separation between the slow and fast eigenvalues of the spatial differential operator. The developed methodology is successfully applied to the problem of constrained, actuator fault-tolerant stabilization of an unstable steady-state of a representative diffusion-reaction process. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
A Morphological Study of Urea-Formaldehyde Resins

Abstract The solid state of a variety of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins has been characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy and wide angle x-ray diffraction studies. A first group of resins of various formaldehyde to urea mole ratios (F/U=1.0, 1.25, 1.5) and solids contents (25%, 45%, 65%) were prepared from oligomeric UF species and cured with NH4SO4 catalysts at room temperature for 120 days, and 90°C for 24 hours. Cured samples were dried by vacuum and elevated temperature (160°C). A second group of resins was also prepared by a more standard procedure to obtain F/U=1.2 and 1.6 and a solids content of 65%. These samples were cured at 160°C for 4 and 5 minutes with NH4C1 catalyst. The first group of samples showed colloidal character and definite crystallinity especially as F/U decreased to 1.0. The crystals appeared to have high melting points (Tm>230°C) and the formulation of the resin did not appear to vary the crystal structure but only the percent crystallinity. The water content of t...
Atomic Layer Deposition of SiO2 and TiO2 in Alumina Tubular Membranes: Pore Reduction and Effect of Surface Species on Gas Transport

The pore diameters in alumina tubular membranes were progressively reduced via SiO2 and TiO2 atomic layer deposition (ALD) using sequential surface reactions. The SiO2 ALD was accomplished using alternating exposures of SiCl4 and H2O. The TiO2 ALD was achieved using alternating exposures of TiCl4 and H2O. The reduction of the pore diameter was observed using in situ N2 conductance measurements. The total conductance, Ct = Q/ΔPt, was measured using a mass flow controller to define a constant gas throughput, Q, and two capacitance manometers to monitor the total pressure drop, ΔPt. These N2 conductance measurements revealed that the SiO2 and TiO2 ALD progressively reduced the pore diameter from an initial diameter of 50 A to molecular diameters. Using an aperture model for the conductance, the pore diameter was found to decrease at a rate of 1.3 ± 0.1 A per SiCl4/H2O AB cycle during SiO2 deposition and 3.1 ± 0.9 A per TiCl4/H2O AB cycle during TiO2 deposition. The N2 conductance measurements were also very ...
Concordance rates for benign prostatic disease among twins suggest hereditary influence

Abstract Objectives. The etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is unknown. Evidence for a hereditary trait would provide new avenues for investigation. Methods. We compared the concordance for benign prostate disease in monozygotic(MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins who served in the United States military in World War II and have been followed by the Medical Follow-up Agency, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. Questionnaires completed in 1985 by 10,000 twins were reviewed for evidence of prostatic disease. Key words indicating benign prostatic disease (prostate, prostatectomy, BPH, TURP, and prostatism) were identified in 533 (5.3%) of the questionnaires. Results. The average age was 64±3 years (range 56 to 68 in 1985). After eliminatingmen with known prostate cancer, there were 256 twin pairs that were informative for benign prostatic disease: both twins were concordant in 25 instances and discordant in 231, with only one twin mentioning benign prostatic disease. The pairwise concordance for MZ twins was 14.7% (19 of 129) and for DZ pairs it was 4.5% (5 of 112). The relative risk for benign prostatic disease for MZ twins was thus 3.3 (p = 0.008). The probandwise concordance rates, which express the probability of BPH in a cotwin of anaffected twin, were 25.7% for MZ twins and only 8.5% for DZ twins. A covariance analysis estimated that 49% of the observed variance between twins could be attributed to genetic effects. Conclusions. These data provide preliminary evidence for the heritability of benignprostatic disease.
Astrophysics: Exception tests the rules.

Detailed observations of an intermittent ultraluminous X-ray source indicate that its emission is unlikely to be powered by mass accretion onto an intermediate-mass black hole as previously thought. See Letter p.500 Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), more luminous than known stellar processes but less so than active galactic nuclei, are generally thought to be powered by either intermediate-mass black holes or smaller, stellar-mass black holes radiating at higher rates. Analysis of the optical spectra of M 101 ULX-1, a variable source in the nearby spiral galaxy M 101, suggests that matters may be more complicated. The luminosity of the source at the time of discovery was within the range expected for a ULX harbouring an intermediate-mass black hole. But the optical spectra reported here are consistent with the presence of a stellar-mass black hole, probably with a mass of 20–30 solar masses. The authors suggest that M 101 ULX-1 is driven by a black hole accreting gas from the wind of a companion star, a mechanism that had previously been rejected on the grounds that it was thought too slow for the purpose.
Laser-Doppler measurements of turbulent-flow parameters in a stirred mixer

It is recognized that a detailed knowledge of turbulence parameters, as well as velocities, can aid in understanding and modelling mixing rate dominated phenomena in stirred vessels. Turbulent-flow parameters were measured in a baffled, Rushton turbine agitated vessel with a laser-Doppler velocimeter. The necessary corrections for the periodic, nondissipative velocity fluctuations in the near impeller region were made by an autocorrelation method. Two components of periodic fluctuation, one corresponding to impeller blade frequency, the other corresponding to twice that frequency, were found to be significant. With the periodicity removed, meaningful turbulence intensities, autocorrelation functions, turbulence scales, energy spectra, and turbulence energy dissipation reates were obtained. Integral scales and turbulence energy dissipation rates were a particular objective in this work because of their usefulness in modelling local mixing rates in turbulence flows. From an energy balance around the impeller and impeller stream, it was found that 60% of the energy transmitted into the tank via impeller was dissipated in that region, and 40% was dissipated in the bulk of the tank. An equation for calculating local energy dissipation rates from resultant fluctuation velocities and resultant turbulence macroscales, , appeared adequate. Constant A was found to be 0.85.
Intermediate Clinical Events, Surrogate Markers and Survival

This paper investigates one- and two-sample problems comparing survival times when an individual may experience an intermediate event prior to death or reaching some well defined endpoint. The intermediate event may be polychotomous. Patients experiencing the intermediate event may have an altered survival distribution after the intermediate event. Score tests are derived for testing if the occurrence of the intermediate event actually alters survival. These models have implications for evaluating therapies without randomization as well as strengthening the log rank test for comparing two survival distributions. The exact distribution of the score tests can be found by conditioning on both the waiting time and occurrence of the intermediate event.
New advanced two-color (MW/LW) infrared detector and focal plane array design using InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well infrared photodetectors on InP substrates

This paper provides the design details for a new two-color quantum-well infrared photodetector for use in advanced thermal imaging. The single pixel experimental data used in the evolution of this design is discussed in significant detail. Using the knowledge gained from extensive measurements comparing miniband transport with bound-to-quasi-bound QWIPs and also double and triple coupled-well QWIPs with the more conventional single-well QWIPs, a two-color design is presented. The detector design provides for a lattice-matched growth and superior response in the MWIR spectral region, while keeping the dark currents from the LWIR portion of the detector to a minimum. The architecture will allow for the MWIR and LWIR stacks to be biased separately and also for the signals to be read independently.
Behavioral changes following central injection of cysteamine in rats.

Abstract When tested 3 days following 4 daily intracerebroventricular injections of 250 μg cysteamine, which depletes somatostatin, rats demonstrated a significant increase in locomotor activity that was not observed in animals treated similarly with 350 μg cysteamine. A significant deficit in passive avoidance was observed in animals treated with the 350-μg dose, but not in animals treated with 250 μg cysteamine. These data suggest that altered activity of the somatostatinergic system disrupts specific processes underlying neural integration of complex behaviors.
Does body size account for gender differences in femur bone density and geometry

The extent to which greater bone strength in men is caused by proportionately greater bone mass versus bigger bone size is not clear, primarily because the larger overall body size of men has made direct comparisons of skeletal measures difficult. We examined gender differences in femur neck (FN) areal bone mineral density (BMD) values collected from 5,623 non-Hispanic whites aged 20+ years in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) before and after correction for measured height and weight. We supplemented the conventional areal BMD data (Hologic QDR 1000) with measurements of areal BMD and geometric properties (subperiosteal width, section modulus, and cortical thickness) made at narrow "cross-sectional" regions traversing the FN and the proximal shaft using a structural analysis program. Before body size adjustment, men had significantly higher values than women for all variables at the three measurement sites (p < 0.0001). Adjustment for body size reduced the differences between the sexes for all variables but had a greater effect on BMD (1-8% higher in men) than on geometry (5-17% higher in men). When examined by age, the sex discrepancy was significantly greater in the older group for all variables except subperiosteal widths. We conclude that although body size difference may account for most of the areal BMD difference between men and women, male bones are still bigger in ways that suggest greater bone strength. These differences may contribute importantly to lower fracture risk in men.
Mapping Ligand–receptor Interfaces: Approaching the Resolution Limit of Benzophenone‐based Photoaffinity Scanning

Photoaffinity crosslinking has yielded important insights in the study of G protein-coupled receptors and the mode of ligand binding. The most widely used photolabile moiety is p-benzoylphenylalanine largely because of its reportedly high site specificity, reduced reactivity to water and light, photokinetics, and ease of incorporation into peptide ligands during synthesis. However, in the course of our studies directed at characterizing the binding of parathyroid hormone to its cognate G protein-coupled receptor, we find that inherent properties of p-benzoylphenylalanine, such as its size and conformational flexibility, limit the resulting resolution of the ligand–receptor structure. Here, we examine and define these limits.
Knowledge and Strategies for Processing Lexical Metaphor after Right or Left Hemisphere Brain Damage.

This study was designed to assess how unilateral right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) affects the knowledge and processing of metaphoric aspects of word meaning. Ambiguous adjectives that could conv...