cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Word Associations as a Formative Assessment for Understanding Phylogenetics

Abstract It is commonly said that perception is everything. Political candidates are judged by how the public understands their platforms; consumers make purchases based on how they view the products; and business executives make corporate decisions based on potential outcomes of business deals. Likewise, a person's preconception of a topic can change how they learn about and associate that knowledge. Topics with a shared vocabulary between science and common language, such as the terms used when teaching evolution and phylogenetic trees, are especially subject to misconceptions stemming from a lack of understanding how the terminology is used in science. One way to assess the preconceptions students have about specific topics is through using free association techniques. Free association word recall (word association) activities ask students to recall words and phrases associated with stimulus term. Educators can use student responses to learn how students understand and organize prior knowledge, and thu...
Feeling Bad About Feel-Good Ads: The Emotional and Body-Image Ramifications of Body-Positive Media

In recent years beauty companies have produced advertising campaigns purporting to make women feel better about their bodies and reverse the damage of thin-ideal media (e.g., The Dove Campaign for ...
A move-and-hold pneumatic actuator enabled by self-softening variable stiffness materials

Materials exhibiting variable stiffness properties have great potential for use in the growing field of soft robotics. Soft structural materials allow a robot to fit into enclosed spaces, resist shock and vibration, or even reconfigure its geometry and adapt to various environments. Rigid structural materials on the other hand allow environmental interactions through application of force and load-bearing capabilities. Materials that can be selectively switched between these two extremes could greatly expand the functionality of a robot that requires the properties of both. In this paper, we introduce a conductive epoxy composite that is self-softening through Joule heating via direct application of electrical current. The polymer can then become load-bearing and rigid again after being formed into a new shape. We demonstrate the capabilities of this material by attaching a pneumatic actuator and showing that the resulting variable stiffness device can be softened from its initial rigid state, reshape itself using the pneumatic actuator, then become rigid again and hold this new position without additional power being supplied to the actuator.
Neurotransmitters in the carotid body

One of the most fundamental physiological stimuli is oxygen, or more appropriately the lack of oxygen, i.e., hypoxia. The discovery that the carotid bodies are the principal sensory organs for monitoring the arterial oxygen opened new perspectives in respiratory physiology. The chemoreceptor organ morphologically resembles a miniaturized brain. It is comprised of type I (also called glomus) cells that are of neural crest origin and contain neurotransmitters. Glomus cells are in functional contact with afferent nerve endings; whereas the type II (or sustentacular) cells resemble glia. Currently, it is believed that the type I cells are the initial transducers of the hypoxic stimuli. Transduction mechanism(s) may involve biochemical or biophysical processes (Acker, 1989; Biscoe & Duchen, 1990; Fidone & Gonzalez, 1986). Neurochemical(s), on the other hand, are essential for sensory transmission in the carotid body (Fidone & Gonzalez, 1986; Prabhakar, 1992). The general consensus is that in response to low O2 glomus cells release neurochemical(s), which act on the nearby afferent nerve ending to increase the sensory discharge (Biscoe & Duchen, 1990; Fidone & Gonzalez, 1986; Prabhakar, 1992). Glomus cells are endowed with several types of chemicals that function as transmitters or modulators else where in the nervous system. These include biogenic amines, neuropeptides and nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Some of these neurochemicals co-exist within the same glomus cell (Wang et al., 1992b), and perhaps co-released during hypoxia. In view of this, the notion that hypoxia releases a “single” neurochemical, perhaps is no longer tenable.
One size fits all? Disentangling the effects of tobacco taxes, laws, and control spending on adult subgroups in the United States

Background: To determine the relative impact of each of the 3 state-level tobacco control policies (cigarette taxation, tobacco control spending, and smoke-free air [SFA] laws) on adult smoking rate overall and separately for adult subgroups in the United States. Methods: A difference-in-differences analysis was conducted with generalized propensity scores. State-level policies were merged with the individual-level Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 1995-2009. Results: State cigarette taxation was the only policy that significantly impacted smoking among the general adult population, with a 1-standard deviation increase in taxes (i.e., $0.68 in constant 2014 dollars) lowering the adult smoking rate by about a quarter of a percentage point. The taxation impact was consistent, regardless of the presence of, or interactions with, other policies. Taxation was also the only policy that significantly reduced smoking for some adult subgroups, including females, non-Hispanic whites, adults aged 51 or older, and adults with more than a high school education. However, other adult subgroups responded to the other 2 types of policies, either by mediating the taxation effect or by reducing smoking independently. Specifically, tobacco control spending reduced smoking among young adults (ages 18-25 years) and Hispanics. SFA laws affected smoking among men, young adults, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanics. Conclusions: State cigarette taxation is the single most important policy for reducing smoking among the general adult population. However, adult subgroups' reactions to taxes are diverse and mediated by tobacco control spending and SFA laws.
Evaluating Changes in Handgrip Strength in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Pilot Study.

Background Body mass index (BMI) is used to determine nutrition status in children with cystic fibrosis (CF); however, lean body mass (LBM) is more strongly associated with pulmonary function. Handgrip strength (HGS) measures muscle function and is reflective of LBM. The aims of this study were to assess relationships among HGS, nutrition status, and pulmonary function; changes in HGS posthospitalization; and any relationship between HGS and nutrient intake. Methods Twenty-three children with CF aged 6-18 years participated. BMI z scores, nutrition risk scores, and pulmonary function were assessed about 5 months before, days 5-7 of hospitalization, and about 6 weeks posthospitalization. HGS z scores and arm anthropometrics were measured during and after hospitalization. Nutrient intakes were assessed during hospitalization. Results Mean HGS z score at hospitalization was -1.95 ± 0.92 and posthospitalization was -1.59 ± 1.06 (P = .007). Mean BMI z score prehospitalization was -0.17 ± 0.63, at hospitalization was -0.09 ± 0.64, and posthospitalization was 0.06 ± 0.54 (P = .065). Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 ) prehospitalization was 93.52 ± 17.35, at hospitalization was 85.65 ± 21.57, and posthospitalization was 95.63 ± 18.18 (P = .001). No significant relationship was found between HGS z scores and BMI z scores (P = .892) or HGS z scores and FEV1 (P = .340). Conclusions HGS z scores and FEV1 significantly increased at follow-up. HGS z scores were lower than the standard even though mean BMI z scores classified participants as normal nutrition status.
Applied Zooarchaeology: Five Case Studies

Applied Zooarchaeology examines five case studies that illustrate the importance of zooarchaeological research, not just for understanding the ancient past from archaeological sites, but for provid...
Pain in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors: Prevalence, Predictors, and Quality-of-Life Impact.

ObjectivesPain is common among patients with cancer, stemming from both malignancy and side effects of treatment. The extent to which pain persists after treatment has received little attention. We...
Editor's Comment and Q&A

Introduction There is little valid information about factors that influence a patient's choice of an orthodontic practice. The aim of this study was to determine what orthodontists consider the most important factors for prospective adult patients or parents of prospective adolescent patients when choosing an orthodontic practice. Methods We randomly selected 450 orthodontists from the American Association of Orthodontists' membership list, stratified to represent various regions. They were sent 2 questionnaires: 1 for prospective adult patients (44 questions) and 1 for parents of prospective adolescent patients (51 questions). The orthodontists were asked to answer as they thought their potential patients would. Responses were given on a visual analog scale. Results One hundred twenty-three orthodontists returned the questionnaires. The 3 highest scores were (for adult patients): “a doctor who makes you feel comfortable,” a doctor with a “caring attitude,” and “the doctor's overall reputation.” For the parents of adolescents, orthodontists thought that “a doctor with a caring attitude,” “who makes you feel comfortable,” and “a staff with a caring attitude” were most important. Conclusions Orthodontists thought that the personal characteristics of the doctor and the staff were the most important factors affecting a potential patient's decision in choosing a practice.
The School Reform Movement

The 1983 publication of “A Nation at Risk,” commissioned by then Secretary of Education.Terrel Bell, was the watershed event for efforts to improve the performance of the nation’s public schools. A first wave of reforms aimed at strengthening and augmenting flagging educational standards was soon overtaken by a second wave of efforts to completely restructure the entire system of education. Elements of both standards-raising and restructuring have persisted, although the former enjoys greater political support and conviction (Weinstein, 1996)
Higher Education Leaders as Designers

American higher education faces unprecedented financial, institutional, and political challenges. Meanwhile, many state governments and educational governing boards are plagued by inertia. At the core of this discussion is how leaders will help transform their institutions to respond to this evolving educational landscape. In an effort to address the need for higher education leaders to rapidly codify problems and embrace innovative solutions, this paper will discuss the concept of higher education leaders as designers.
Introduction to Damage Mechanics

The concise assessment of the principles, structure, accomplishments, trends and needs of the damage mechanics is intended to the readers who are not very familiar with this relatively new field of solid mechanics. This Chapter also serves to define some of the major concepts of this field and introduce the other five Chapters of this book.
APPROXIMATION OF A NONSYMMETRIC, SINGULARLY PERTURBED PROBLEM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a simple example of a type of problem encountered in a variety of applications, which include convective heat transport, vorticity transport, and oil reservoir simulation. One of the parameters in this example is constant and positive, and measures the relative strength of dispersive to convective effects. Moreover, the chapter presents a derivation of a five-point difference scheme, which combines the properties of upwinding and central differencing, using the HODIE method. This is combined with a decomposition of the solution into inner and outer components to make the downstream boundary layer more manageable. The HODIE method is a systematic approach to deriving high-order difference approximations by using compact discretizations with several evaluations of the source term.
Preface to Part 2

The nineteen chapters in Part 2 follow a standard outline formulated by the Editors. The outline was given to the co-authors with the invitation to compose their chapters. The choice and ordering of topics was not the responsibility of the authors.
Overview of Molecular Diagnostics in Clinical Pathology

Molecular diagnostics has expanded medical genomics in a major way. Molecular assays complement results obtained from serology, microbiology, and hematology tests. They provide supplemental information to anatomical pathologists for the diagnosis and classification of cancers. Oncologists use mutation analysis obtained from molecular assays to select first-line therapy for cancers and rely on specialized tests to provide prognostic information for assessment of residual tumor cells that may still be present in very small amounts after therapy – minimal residual disease. Infectious disease specialists use molecular assays for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic management of patients. Clinical geneticists depend on molecular data for screening and diagnosis of inherited and rare diseases. Technologically advanced tests interrogate an array of genetic variants and microorganisms to provide a panel-like interpretation of the host genome and diseases that steer clinicians toward a personalized approach to patient management. This technology-driven discipline utilizes the principle of complementarity to amplify, hybridize, and sequence DNA. Development, verification, and validation as well as training personnel for testing and interpretation are critical for establishing the performance characteristics of molecular diagnostics.
DreamNLP: Novel NLP System for Clinical Report Metadata Extraction using Count Sketch Data Streaming Algorithm: Preliminary Results.

Extracting information from electronic health records (EHR) is a challenging task since it requires prior knowledge of the reports and some natural language processing algorithm (NLP). With the growing number of EHR implementations, such knowledge is increasingly challenging to obtain in an efficient manner. We address this challenge by proposing a novel methodology to analyze large sets of EHRs using a modified Count Sketch data streaming algorithm termed DreamNLP. By using DreamNLP, we generate a dictionary of frequently occurring terms or heavy hitters in the EHRs using low computational memory compared to conventional counting approach other NLP programs use. We demonstrate the extraction of the most important breast diagnosis features from the EHRs in a set of patients that underwent breast imaging. Based on the analysis, extraction of these terms would be useful for defining important features for downstream tasks such as machine learning for precision medicine.
Digital Amplification of Fringe Voices: Alternative Media and Street Politics in Hong Kong

This study examined the development of alternative media in Hong Kong from 2012 to 2016. This time period saw a proliferation of media outlets that represented alternative voices. Adopting the theoretical framework of media ecology, I analyzed the political economy of the alternative media niche. The emergence of the alternative media niche was facilitated by digital technologies, but technological development was not the sole driving force. The centralization of media ownership collided the ability of mainstream media outlets to represent a wide spectrum of opinions. Meanwhile, the legitimacy of institutional politics was challenged by street politics, and hence the loosening of institutional control over ideology opened up a new space for political discussion and civic engagement. Alternative media used digital technologies to respond to this decreased supply and increased demand for media production that amplified fringe voices within the Hong Kong civil society.
Incumbent resistance and the solar transition: Changing opportunity structures and framing strategies

Abstract Sustainability transitions often involve policy conflicts, especially when incumbents perceive threats to their business models, and conflicts involve framing of competing positions in the public sphere. Using the case of the growth of distributed solar energy in the U.S. electricity sector, this study shows how the concepts of industry and political opportunity structures can help to explain variation in discursive strategy. First, when incumbents perceive the growth of the challenger as a threat, the industry opportunity structure closes, the volume of framing activity in the public sphere increases as contention grows, and the differentiation in framing (the ratio of pro- to anti-transition frames) between incumbents and challengers increases. Second, with respect to the political opportunity structure, the selection of frame types (environmental versus economic-consumer) varies in relationship to control of the government by conservative or progressive parties. Theoretical implications for transitions studies are discussed.
Spiral Model of Phronesis Development: Social-emotional and character development in low-resourced urban schools

ABSTRACTThe highest form of virtuous behavior in the Aristotelian virtue ethics approach to character education involves practical wisdom, or phronesis, which allows an individual to act in the rig...
Total Laparoscopic Cerclage Sacrohysteropexy

Video Objective There has been a growing interest among both patients and surgeons in preserving the uterus during the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. In this video we are demonstrating a novel surgical approach towards the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. This surgical procedure simplifies the laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy procedure by significantly reducing endoscopic suturing and knot tying, without the need for a combined laparoscopic and vaginal surgical approach. Setting A 69 -year-old G2P2 Caucasian female suffering from stage II pelvic organ prolapse. Her POP-Q was notable for anterior and apical prolapse to the level of the hymen. The laparoscopic cerclage sacrohysteropexy was initiated following a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and completed entirely from the laparoscopic approach. Interventions Laparoscopic cerclage sacrohysteropexy. Conclusion This case demonstrates that a laparoscopic cerclage sacrohysteropexy is an efficient, simple, and time saving surgical option for women with pelvic organ prolapse.
Engineering Reliable Deep Learning Systems

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) using deep learning techniques has triggered its wide-scale use across a broad range of applications. These systems can already perform tasks such as natural language processing of voice and text, visual recognition, question-answering, recommendations and decision support. However, at the current level of maturity, the use of an AI component in mission-critical or safety-critical applications can have unexpected consequences. Consequently, serious concerns about reliability, repeatability, trust, and maintainability of AI applications remain. As AI becomes pervasive despite its shortcomings, more systematic ways of approaching AI software development and certification are needed. These fundamental aspects establish the need for a discipline on "AI Engineering". This paper presents the current perspective of relevant AI engineering concepts and some key challenges that need to be overcome to make significant progress in this important area.
When you hear hoofbeats, think horses and zebras: The importance of a wide differential when it comes to frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

Abstract Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (Frontotemporal dementia in DSM 4/FTD) is a progressive brain disease which frequently presents with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Prevalence of FTD is low, however the prognosis is poor. Early identification of FTD may improve quality of life, minimize behavioral disturbances and help with end of life planning. Diagnosis of FTD is often a diagnostic challenge as it has wide differentials. Authors discuss three clinical cases with their initial clinical presentation, diagnostic complexity and subsequent management.
Testing the adaptive decoupling hypothesis in a hypermetaphorphic and sexually dimorphic insect, Neodiprion lecontei

Though seemingly bizarre, the dramatic post-embryonic transformation that occurs during metamorphosis is one of the most widespread and successful developmental strategies on the planet. The adaptive decoupling hypothesis (ADH) proposes that metamorphosis is an adaptation for optimizing expression of traits across life stages that experience opposing selection pressures. Similarly, sex-biased expression of traits is thought to evolve in response to sexually antagonistic selection. Both hypotheses predict that traits will be genetically decoupled among developmental stages and sexes, but direct comparisons between stage-specific and sex-specific decoupling are rare. Additionally, tests of the ADH have been hampered by a lack of suitable traits for among-stage comparisons and by uncertainties regarding how much decoupling is to be expected. To fill these voids, we characterize transcriptome-wide patterns of gene-expression decoupling in the hypermetamorphic and sexually dimorphic insect, Neodiprion lecontei. This species has three ecologically and morphologically distinct larval stages separated by molts, as well as a complete metamorphic transition that produces dimorphic adult males and females. Consistent with the ADH, we observe that: (1) the decoupling of gene expression becomes more pronounced as the ecological demands of developmental stages become more dissimilar and (2) gene-expression traits that mediate changing ecological interactions show stronger and more variable decoupling than expression traits that are likely to experience more uniform selection. We also find that gene-expression decoupling is more pronounced among major life stages than between the sexes. Overall, our results demonstrate that patterns of gene-expression decoupling can be predicted based on gene function and organismal ecology.
Open circuit voltage improvement in InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cells using reduced InAs coverage

Ten-layer InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) solar cells exhibiting enhanced short circuit current (J sc ) and open circuit voltage (V oc ) comparable to a control GaAs p-i-n solar cell are reported. One-sun J sc is enhanced by 3.5% compared to that of the GaAs control, while the open circuit voltage is maintained at 994 mV. Results were achieved using optimized InAs QD coverage and a modified strain balancing technique, resulting in a high QD density (3.6×1010 cm−2), uniform QD size (4 × 16 nm) and low residual strain (103 ppm). The suppression of larger, coalesced InAs islands is shown to reduce non-radiative recombination in the depletion region, reducing dark current densities. The resulting enhanced open circuit voltage is a promising result for the future of InAs QD-enhanced GaAs solar cells. The extrapolation of short circuit current density enhancement with increasing quantum dot layers is evaluated here and potential efficiencies exceed baseline GaAs values. In the final work, a twenty-period QD will be grown. The QD growth improvement used here will be applied in this case assuming a linear enhancement in J sc and a continued suppression of voltage degradation typical of these devices. The efficiency value of this device may show the potential to exceed that of a comparable baseline GaAs cell. In order to further evaluate carrier dynamics, temperature dependent PL will be used to extract activation energies with particular focus on barrier layer material. In addition, the choice of depth placement in the i-region has been shown to give varied device results in QW solar cells. This will also be in focus for QD solar cells, as these devices continue to be studied and optimized for photovoltaic energy conversion.
One Health Disparities and COVID-19

The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected some communities and populations more than others. We propose that an interdisciplinary framework of 'One Health Disparities' advances understanding of the social and systemic issues that drive COVID-19 in vulnerable populations. One Health Disparities integrates the social environment with One Health perspectives on the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. To apply this framework, we consider One Health Disparities that emerge in three key components of disease transmission: exposure, susceptibility, and disease expression. Exposure disparities arise through variation in contact with COVID-19's causative agent, SARS-CoV-2. Disparities in susceptibility and disease expression also exist; these are driven by biological and social factors, such as diabetes and obesity, and through variation in access to healthcare. We close by considering how One Health Disparities informs understanding of spillback into new animal reservoirs, and what this might mean for further human health disparities. Lay summary One Health focuses on interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health. We propose that social environments are also important to One Health and help illuminate disparities in the coronavirus pandemic, including its origins, transmission and susceptibility among humans, and spillback to other species. We call this framework One Health Disparities.
Vigilance Patterns of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in Urban and Rural Areas

We analyzed the relationship between landscape context and the vigilance and foraging patterns of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) in urban and rural areas. We observed five colonies, two in urban areas and three in rural areas from 23 March–20 April 2016, 31 August–19 September 2016, 26 March–12 April 2017, and 7 September–17 October 2017. We measured vigilance by observing individual prairie dogs for 5 min and recording the amount of time the individual spent vigilant or foraging. In addition, the total number of individuals in the colony that were actively vigilant or foraging were counted every 10 min for 1 h. Prairie dogs in rural colonies were more vigilant than those in urban colonies and displayed a lower proportion of individuals that were non-vigilant in both the spring and summer. Because prairie dogs in urban colonies might be habituated to disturbance and have a relatively low risk of predation, individuals spent much less time vigilant. Our findings could be used to better understand behavioral changes in black-tailed prairie dogs caused by encroaching urban development.
The effect of racial discrimination on mental and physical health: A propensity score weighting approach.

Abstract Rationale The preponderance of research documents the negative consequences of racial discrimination for the mental and physical well-being across several racial/ethnic groups including Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans. Despite this large body of research, few studies have attempted to evaluate racial discrimination as a casual factor of worse health among racial minority groups. The current study utilized nationally representative data to estimate the causal effect of racial discrimination on cardiovascular disease (CVD), self-rated physical health (SRH), body mass index (BMI), depression disorder, and substance use disorder. In addition, we examined whether the effect of racial discrimination on health was moderated by socio-demographic characteristics (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, marital status, geographic location, and health insurance coverage). Methods Data were from the combined National Survey of American Life and the National Latino and Asian American Study. We applied a propensity score weighting approach to estimate the differences between individuals who reported ever (N = 4358) or never (N = 1836) experiencing racial discrimination on a list of health outcomes (e.g., CVD, SRH, BMI, depression disorder, and substance use disorder). Results Participants who reported ever experiencing racial discrimination were about 5 % higher CVD risk, had 0.12 points lower SRH, a 3 % higher probability of a depression disorder, and a 2 % higher probability of a substance use disorder. Moderation effects by race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, geographic region, and health insurance coverage were found. Conclusion Our study represents one of the first attempts to apply a propensity score weighting approach to causally link racial discrimination to worse health for racial minority individuals. This study adds to a larger body of research documenting the negative association between racial discrimination and health.
Neanderthal-derived genetic variation in living humans relates to schizophrenia diagnosis, to psychotic symptom severity, and to dopamine synthesis

Schizophrenia has been hypothesized to be a human-specific condition, but experimental approaches to testing this idea have been limited. Because Neanderthals, our closest evolutionary relatives, interbred with modern humans prior to their disappearance from the fossil record, leaving a residual echo that survives in our DNA today, we leveraged new discoveries about ancient hominid DNA to explore this hypothesis in living people in three converging ways. First, in four independent case-control datasets totaling 9,362 individuals, individuals with schizophrenia had less Neanderthal-derived genetic variation than controls (p = .044). Second, in 49 unmedicated inpatients with schizophrenia, having more Neanderthal admixture predicted less severe positive symptoms (p = .046). Finally, using 18 F-fluorodopa PET scanning in 172 healthy individuals, having greater Neanderthal introgression was significantly associated with lower dopamine synthesis capacity in the striatum and pons (p's < 2 × 10-5 ), which is fundamentally important in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychosis. These results may help to elucidate the evolutionary history of a devastating neuropsychiatric disease by supporting the notion of schizophrenia as a human-specific condition. Additionally, the relationship between Neanderthal admixture and dopamine function suggests a potential mechanism whereby Neanderthal admixture may have affected our gene pool to alter schizophrenia risk and/or course.
The Effects of Perceived Time Pressure on Relative Shopping Time and Expenditures

This manuscript reports the results of an exploratory study of the effects of time pressure on consumer supermarket shopping behavior. Unique to the study is the use of both actual and relative measures of shopping time and expenditures. Because previously used research methodologies may be inappropriate for natural research settings and/or for all shopping situations the use of measures of relative shopping time and expenditures may provide additional insight into the effects of time pressure on shopping behavior.
DSM-IV Axis I Psychopathology in Males with Non-Paraphilic Hypersexual Disorder

Non-paraphilic hypersexual disorder, also described as sexual addiction/compulsivity, is associated with significant, adverse, social, and public health consequences. Despite differences in their appellative designation, this condition is commonly associated with psychiatric Axis I (and Axis II) comorbidities. The extant and recent clinical and research describing concurrent Axis I diagnoses is reviewed. Despite methodological differences in assessment, hypersexual disorder shares a high degree of Axis I comorbidity with both unipolar and bipolar mood disorders, anxiety disorders, especially generalized and social anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder—inattentive subtype, and psychoactive substance-abuse disorders. The aforementioned Axis I disorders, like hypersexual disorder, also share early age of onset and association with other sensation-seeking and risk-taking behaviors.
Atomic Intensities: A Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental f-Values for Zn I, Cd I and Hg I

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of three atoms— namely, Zn (Iodide) I, Cd I, and Hg I. All three of these involve f -values for transitions from an ns 2 to an nsnp configuration. The oscillator strengths reported were measured by the method of total absorption, in which a metallic sample is sealed in an evacuated cell and then heated to produce a usable vapor pressure. From a measurement of the temperature of the cell, the atomic density can be calculated using vapor pressure data for the element. A continuum of radiation irradiates the cell, and the resulting absorption spectrum is photographed in a high-dispersion spectrograph. Standard techniques of photographic photometry are then employed to reduce the data from the plates to obtain the equivalent width. In order to calculate the f -values, accurate atomic wave functions are a necessary prerequisite. Atomic wave functions used in the present-day calculations are usually obtained by the Hartree-Fock self-consistent field method (HFSCF) with exchange. For the heavier atoms such as those used in this investigation, the methods of (1) Froese and (2) Mayers and Hirsh are the best; either method gives good results. In these methods, the second-order differential equation for the radial wave functions of the electrons under certain boundary conditions is solved. The program for solving the Hartree-Fock equations was written in Fortran II for the IBM 7090 computer.
A general model of rent seeking for public goods

This paper generalizes the model of collective rent-seeking over a public good. Expanding the rent seeker's consumption bundle to include preferences over the public good and a private good, our results suggest collective rent-seeking is positively related to group size. Although free riding exists within a group, there is not a one-for-one tradeoff. In addition, rent seeking increases with wealth. Finally, total effort expended by both groups increases if either group increases in membership size, except in the case of an extremely lopsided contest. The key condition underlying these results is that the marginal utility of the public good is not inversely related to the private good.
Comparison between oscillometric and invasive blood pressure measurements in critically ill premature infants

Aim: Blood pressure (BP) measurement techniques in neonates generally involve noninvasive measurements with a cuff (oscillometric) or invasive measurements through an arterial catheter. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the noninvasive oscillometric method in critically ill preterm infants when results were compared with the invasive technique. Method: Twenty-seven premature infants with a mean birth weight of 1138 ± 552 g were enrolled in the prospective study. Invasive and noninvasive mean arterial pressure (MAP) levels were recorded simultaneously at each measurement in all patients. Low or lower range mean invasive MAP values (MAP ≤30) were evaluated separately as we aimed to assess the value of noninvasive measurements in hypotensive sick premature infants. Results: Totally, 431 paired BP measurements were taken during the first week of life. There was no statistically significant difference between invasive and noninvasive readings. However, noninvasive measurements were found significantly higher compared with invasive measurements in the presence of hypotension (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed good agreement between oscillometric and invasive readings in critically ill premature infants, and further, comparable mean MAP values were found with the two methods. However, the accuracy of the oscillometric BP measurement technique fails in preterm infants with BP within the lower limits.
AbleProfessionals: a recruiting and accommodation service for Atlanta employers

In the 1990s and beyond, businesses face increasing demands for a competitive edge in the global marketplace. Nations also face similar global economic pressures. It is clear that effective, efficient use of human and technological resources are key factors for national economic survival as we enter the next millennium. One measure of human resource efficiency in a society is the percentage of its members who contribute to the economy. The society's technological resources, in the form of accessible computer tools integrated into the workplace, can enable the contribution of a larger percentage of its members. This paper presents a business being started in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, that assists corporations in hiring people with disabilities by offering to locate and recruit quality candidates and provide complete, cost effective accommodation service including design, and installation of office technology to enable them to be effectively employed.
Upscaling in subsurface transport using cluster statistics of percolation

Transport/flow problems in soils have been treated in random resistor network representations (RRN’s). Two lines of argument can be used to justify such a representation. Solute transport at the pore-space level may probably be treated using a system of linear, first-order differential equations describing inter-pore probability fluxes. This equation is equivalent to a random impedance network representation. Alternatively, Darcy’s law with spatially variable hydraulic conductivity is equivalent to an RRN. Darcy’s law for the hydraulic conductivity is applicable at sufficiently low pressure ‘head’ in saturated soils, but only for steady-state flow in unsaturated soils. The result given here will have two contributions, one of which is universal to any linear conductance problem, i.e., requires only the applicability of Darcy’s (or Ohm’s) law. The second contribution depends on the actual distribution of linear conductances appropriate. Although nonlinear effects in RRN’s (including changes in resistance values resulting from current, analogous to changes in matric potential resulting from flow) have been treated within the framework of percolation theory, the theoretical development lags the corresponding development of the linear theory, which is, in principle, on a solid foundation. In practice, calculations of the nonlinear conductivity in relatively (compared with soils) well characterized solid-state systems such as amorphous or impure semiconductors, do not agree with each other or with experiment. In semiconductors, however, experiments do at least appear consistent with each other.
The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War Against the Jews: National Socialism and Banks

The National Socialist Party and government were suspicious of banks and their power and took over many elements of older critiques of German banking. They distinguished between productive and speculative, grasping capitalism ( “schaffendes” as opposed to “raffendes Kapital” ). In the discussions about bank reform and restructuring that took place in the aftermath of the depression and the banking crisis, they favored public-sector banks, as a less “capitalistic” way of managing money and investment. There were already state-owned banks, such as the Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft, and the Nazi state added more for particular investments in connection with the new military and economic priorities: notably the Bank der deutschen Luftfahrt, which was to finance air rearmament. In retail banking, the Nazis unambiguously favored the savings banks [ Sparkassen ], the banks of the little or average people. The Nazi attitude toward privately owned joint-stock banks was heavily permeated by anti-Semitism. Banking and speculative financial capitalism were castigated as “Jewish,” and in a number of instances commercial banks were subject to party-organized anti – Semitic boycotts in 1933. Later, in 1938, there was a brief time when Deutsche Bank was, under official and legal terminology, a “nonaryan” bank. Explaining the character and origins of Nazi anti – Semitism is clearly an enterprise that goes well beyond the scope of this study. The movement had many facets or strands.
Finding the aspect-ratio of an imaging system

Aspect-ratio is a fundamental parameter of an imaging system. It determines the extent of nonuniformity in sampling. Video signals guarantee a one-to-one match between the camera lines and the lines in the image buffer. The horizontal arrangement of pixels, however. undergoes a resampling due to the digitization process. The vertical spacing between lines is given by the vertical distance of the photo elements on the sensor array. The relationship between the vertical and horizontal spacing is determined by the aspect-ratio. The author proposes a technique that uses power spectrum of the image of two sets of parallel lines to determine the aspect-ratio of the system. >
QCD dynamics of tetraquark production

the Z + c (4430) tetraquark. The resulting counting rules predict distinctive fall-offs of the cross sections in center-of-mass energy, thus distinguishing whether the tetraquarks are segregated into di-meson molecules, diquark-antidiquark pairs, or more democratically arranged four-quark states. In addition, we propose straightforward methods of experimentally producing additional exotic multiquark states.
Leisure, science, and religion in 17th‐century England

The transvaluation whereby work replaced leisure as the center of living emerged principally from the Protestant Reformation. Besides religion, the experimental science of Francis Bacon also played...
Extension of the Second Spectrum of Zirconium into the Infrared

A recent investigation of the spectrum emitted by condensed spark discharges between metallic zirconium electrodes has revealed about 75 new lines of Zr ii in the region between 10 000A and 4800A. Most of these lines are accounted for as combinations between previously known terms. The remaining lines have led to the discovery of a new term, here designated as 4d3 2D. This new term lies highest among those from the low, even electron configurations 4d2 5s, 4d3, and 4d 5s2 and conforms to theoretical requirements for a 2D term of its energy and character. It replaces the “doubtful and relatively inconspicuous” term d2D of the older analysis, which is now rejected as spurious.
Analysis of the fly ash from the processing of wood chips in a pilot-scale downdraft gasifier: Comparison of inorganic constituents determined by PIXE and ICP-AES

Abstract Gasification of biomass ultimately generates at least one solid byproduct in which the inorganic constituents of the biomass are concentrated. Given the potential for utilization, or issues with disposal, facile methods are needed for determining the compositions of the fly ashes from recently-available gasifier-based bioenergy systems. Proton induced x-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) were used to characterize the fly ash recovered from a pilot-scale (25 kW) modular bioenergy system operated with wood chips as the feedstock. The composition of the fly ash from the downdraft gasifier showed some similarities to compositions reported for boiler wood ashes, apart from one half of the material being unburned carbon. Although ICP-AES showed greater sensitivity for the analysis of the fly ash, especially for small amounts of heavy metal contaminants, PIXE proved to be a powerful analytical tool for screening of elements from sodium to uranium. Such broad spectrum screenings could prevent the inadvertent land application of unsuspected pollutant elements. Fly ashes from biomass gasification appear to be suitable for use as ash-based fertilizers for forest lands; however, combustion to remove unburned carbon may be advisable.
Network Mechanisms Underlying the Initiation and Generation of Sharp-Wave-Associated Ripple Oscillations

Network oscillations of different amplitudes, frequencies, and durations occur during different states and behaviors and are hypothesized to coordinate information processing across brain areas. Hippocampal sharp-wave-associated ripple (SWR) oscillations (∼140–200 Hz) are the largest recorded
Enhanced transition temperature in a quantum confined high-Tc superconductor

Abstract A slight enhancement of the onset transition temperature Tc has been observed in quantum dots of the high-Tc superconductor yttrium–barium–copper oxide (Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ). The dots were formed when YBCO particles (diameter ≤600 nm) were exposed to an RF plasma to produce a Coulomb crystal. The plasma damages the particles and causes 20–25 nm sized isolated islands of the correct 1-2-3 stoichiometry to segregate within each particle. We believe that quantum confinement of carriers within these islands leads to discretization of the quasi-particle density-of-states which can account for the slight increase in the transition temperature.
Filtering out methods you wish you hadn't navigated

The navigation of structural dependencies (e.g., method invocations) when a developer performs a change task is an effective strategy in program investigation. Several existing approaches have addressed the problem of finding program elements relevant to a task by using structural dependencies. These approaches provide different levels of benefits: limiting the amount of information returned, providing calling context, and providing global information. Aiming to incorporate these three benefits simultaneously, we propose an approach--called call graph filtering--to help developers narrow down the methods relevant to a change task. Our call graph filtering approach uses heuristics to highlight methods that are likely relevant to a change task on a call graph. The size of the set of relevant methods is reduced by our filtering heuristics, while global information and the calling context are provided by the call graph. We have performed two preliminary studies: a user study on identifying methods relevant to the understanding of JUnit tests on a small system, and an empirical study on how our results can help a developer perform a program navigation task with the Eclipse framework. The studies show that our approach can provide useful results: quantitatively in terms of size of the results, precision, and recall; and qualitatively in terms of finding non-trivial control-flow and being able to direct developer to the code of interest.
Impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT on the Management of Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Referring Physician's Perspective

Somatostatin receptor imaging with 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT (DOTATATE) is increasingly used for managing patients with neuroendocrine tumors. The objective of this study was to determine referring physicians9 perspectives on the impact of DOTATATE on the management of neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: A set of 2 questionnaires (pre-PET and post-PET) was sent to the referring physicians of 100 consecutive patients with known or suspected neuroendocrine tumors, who were evaluated with DOTATATE. Questionnaires on 88 patients were returned (response rate, 88%). Referring physicians categorized the DOTATATE findings on the basis of the written PET reports as negative, positive, or equivocal for disease. The likelihood for metastatic disease was scored as low, moderate, or high. The intended management before and changes as a consequence of the PET study were indicated. Results: The indications for PET/CT were initial and subsequent treatment strategy assessments in 14% and 86% of patients, respectively. Referring physicians reported that DOTATATE led to a change in suspicion for metastatic disease in 21 patients (24%; increased and decreased suspicion in 9 [10%] and 12 [14%] patients, respectively). Intended management changes were reported in 53 of 88 (60%) patients. Twenty patients (23%) scheduled to undergo chemotherapy were switched to treatments without chemotherapy, and 6 (7%) were switched from watch-and-wait to other treatment strategies. Conversely, 5 patients (6%) were switched from their initial treatment strategy to watch-and-wait. Conclusion: This survey of referring physicians demonstrates a substantial impact of DOTATATE on the intended management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors.