cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jahn-Teller Transitions in the Fe(II)Fe(III) Bimetallic Oxalates

Because the orbital angular momentum L z cf on the Fe(II) sites of the Fe(II)Fe(III) bimetallic oxalates is incompletely quenched by the crystal field, the spin-orbit coupling competes with the Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion energy. The value of L z cf depends on the cation between the bimetallic layers. When L z cf is sufficiently small, the open honeycomb lattice of each bimetallic layer is distorted at all temperatures below the JT transition temperature. But in a range of L z cf , the lattice is only distorted between lower and upper JT transition temperatures, T JT (l) and T JT (u). For some cations, L z cf may exceed the threshold required for the cancellation of the moments on the Fe(II) and Fe(III) sublattices at a temperature T comp below the transition temperature T c . Using elastic constants obtained from compounds that exhibit magnetic compensation, we find that T JT (l) always lies between T comp and T c and that T JT (u) always lies above T c .
Scale Independent Approach to Deformation and Fracture

Deformation and fracture of solid-state materials is formulated comprehensively. Based on a fundamental physical principle known as gauge symmetry, this formalism is by nature scale independent and capable of describing all stages of deformation, from the elastic stage to fracture stage, on the same theoretical basis. The basic postulate of this theory is that in the plastic regime deformation is locally linear elastic. Dynamics in plasticity is formulated through consideration of the interaction among local elastic dynamics. It is analytically proved that in the elastic limit the present formalism reduces to the well-known continuum-mechanical formalism. Transitions from the elastic to plastic, and the plastic to fracturing regime are discussed based on the present formalism.
What Time is it?: Subverting and Suppressing, Conflating and Compressing Time in Commodified Space and Architecture

Critic Fredric Jameson proposed that in the late capitalist age temporal references and understandings have been displaced by spatial ones, resulting in hyperreal experiences. The hyperreal induces consumption through spectacle, the mastery of which relies on the subversion or confusion of temporality. At shopping malls, Las Vegas casinos, and the Disney theme parks, time becomes the quintessential commodity: to be romanticized, recontextualized or eradicated altogether at the will of designers, and to the delight of consumers. The representation of time at these places designed specifically — although not exclusively — for consumer activities, infers a kind of finite infinity.
Mapping Ideology: Combining the Schwartz Value Circumplex with Evolutionary Theory to Explain Ideological Differences

Schwartz Value Theory (SVT; Schwartz in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65, 1992) offers a coherent and well-organized framework for describing and explaining ideological differences. Though not developed within SVT, the pattern of tradeoffs among different values suggests adaption to an interacting set of selection pressures. The present project combines SVT with a variety of evolutionary theories to build a richer nomological network for explaining ideological differences. The paper first draws on evolutionary-coalitional theory (ECT; Sinn and Hayes in Political Psychology, 38, 1043–1064, 2017, in Political Psychology, 2018) to explain key strategic tradeoffs captured by SVT. ECT argues that coalitional conflict in the ancestral environment helped produce three distinct ideological orientations: Right Wing Authoritarianism/Binding, Social Dominance Orientation/Exploiting, and Universalizing/Liberating. Each orientation represents a specific strategic gambit for enhancing reproductive fitness with distinct costs and benefits. The paper then suggests how SVT can potentially offer an even more comprehensive framework for explaining ideological differences by drawing upon evolutionary theories related to life-history, signaling, parent-offspring conflict, and ethnic nepotism.
Environmental News Coverage in Ecuador: New Resources, Old Media–State Tensions and Practices

This chapter provides an update of Ecuadorian news coverage of environmental issues. Worsening media–state relations, a harsh legal environment for media criticism of political actors, and a national economy based in large part on neoextractivist activities present serious challenges for in-depth investigative reporting and have reduced journalists’ ability to investigate powerful domestic actors. At the same time, increasing national political attention to the impacts of climate change has opened the door for new opportunities to train and report on environmental issues. We find new openings for climate change reporting in certain contexts and provide discussion of new interfaces of media and state agendas.
Changing Drug Use and Other Health-Related Behavior in Vulnerable Populations

The USA lags far behind other industrial countries on major markers of population health. When population health experts assess this situation, they identify unhealthy behavior patterns (e.g., cigarette smoking, other substance use disorders, physical inactivity and poor food choices, and nonadherence with the recommended medical regimens) as the largest contributor to the status quo. These behavior patterns increase risk for chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, site-specific cancers, and type-2 diabetes) and associated premature death. Hence, identifying strategies to promote and sustain behavior change is critical to resolving this national problem. Because these risk behaviors are overrepresented in socioeconomically disadvantaged and other vulnerable populations, they also drive health disparities. In this report, we review research that focuses on identifying effective behavior-change strategies for reducing drug use and other risk behaviors in vulnerable populations. An extensive body of experimental preclinical and clinical research demonstrates that the reinforcement process plays a fundamental role in the acquisition and maintenance of drug use and other unhealthy behavior patterns. The research discussed here illustrates how that same reinforcement process can be leveraged in the form of incentives and other strategies to promote and sustain behavior change. The overarching focus is on drug use, but we also review research with other types of health problems, illustrating the trans-disease influence of reinforcement and the broad generality of behavior-change strategies that leverage that process.
National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis of unplanned reoperation in patients undergoing low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer.

Abstract Background The rate of unplanned reoperation for rectal cancer can provide information about surgical quality. We sought to determine factors associated with unplanned reoperation after low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection for patients with rectal cancer and outcomes after these reoperations. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to conduct this retrospective study. Patients who underwent elective low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer from 2012–2014 were identified. The primary outcomes were 30-day reoperation rates and postoperative complications. Results A total of 454 low anterior resection patients (5.9%) and 289 abdominoperineal resection patients (8.1%) required reoperation within 30 days of their index operation. The most common reasons for reoperation were infection, bleeding, and bowel obstruction. Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex (odds ratio: 1.5, P = .001), poor functional status (odds ratio: 2.2, P = .04), operative time (odds ratio: 1.001, P = .01), low preoperative albumin (odds ratio: 0.79, P = .04), and lack of ostomy (odds ratio, 0.66, P = .005) were independent risk factors for reoperation after low anterior resection. Smoking (odds ratio: 1.7, P = .001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio: 1.8, P = .03), poor functional status (odds ratio: 2.1, P = .032), operative time (odds ratio: 1.003, P Conclusion Reoperation after low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer is not uncommon. This study highlights the indications for reoperation, potentially modifiable preoperative risk factors for reoperation, and the morbidity associated with such operations.
Visualizing Path Exploration to Assist Problem Diagnosis for Structural Test Generation

Dynamic Symbolic Execution (DSE) is among the most effective techniques for structural test generation, i.e., test generation to achieve high structural coverage. Despite its recent success, DSE still suffers from various problems such as the boundary problem when applied on various programs in practice. To assist problem diagnosis for structural test generation, in this paper, we propose a visualization approach named PexViz. Our approach helps the tool users better understand and diagnose the encountered problems by reducing the large search space for problem root causes by aggregating information gathered through DSE exploration.
Accurate and inexpensive thermal time-of-flight sensor for measuring refrigerant flow in minichannels

Abstract Thermal flow meters are good candidates for measuring flow rates in small diameter channels because they can be integrated into compact geometries and consist of only a few simple components. A new thermal time-of-flight (TOF) flow sensor is developed here for measuring liquid refrigerant velocities in minichannels. The sensor consists of a small heater and two downstream thermocouples. The heater is pulsed to induce a temperature rise in the fluid, and the time for the temperature pulse to reach the downstream thermocouples is measured. Insights from the data and a simplified one-dimensional transient model are used to calibrate the device. The calibration relates the time of flight to both the average refrigerant velocity and local temperature gradients in the fluid. The calibrated TOF device can detect refrigerant velocities between 1 and 20 mm s−1, measuring 98.7% of the data to within ±3% of the full scale (±0.6 mm s−1).
Hearts too small for body size after doxorubicin for childhood ALL: Grinch syndrome.

10021 Background: Cross sectional studies show that cardiac abnormalities are common in survivors of doxorubicin (DOX)-treated childhood cancers. Longitudinal data, however, are rare. Methods: Seri...
Do Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Over-Prescribe Opioids After Extraction of Asymptomatic Third Molars?

Purpose Opioid abuse is a public health concern. Oral opioids are prescribed after removal of third molars, but the amount needed for adequate postoperative analgesia is unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify opioid need after third molar extractions. Materials and Methods This is a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients who had asymptomatic third molars extracted with intravenous sedation at the Boston Children's Hospital (Boston, MA) from June through October 2018 by 3 attending surgeons. To be included, patients had to have had 4 third molars removed. Patients were excluded if they had a concomitant procedure, preoperative infection, postoperative inflammatory complication, chronic pain condition, or did not complete the study. Postoperative prescriptions and instructions included 1) oxycodone 5-mg tablets with 1 tablet taken every 6 hours as needed (dispensed, 6); 2) ibuprofen 600-mg tablets with 1 tablet taken every 6 hours as needed (dispensed, 20); and 3) acetaminophen 325-mg tablets with 2 tablets taken every 6 hours as needed (dispensed, 40). Participants reported medication use by electronic questionnaire each day for 7 postoperative days (PODs). Descriptive statistics were calculated. Results Eighty-one patients (56% female; mean age, 19.4 ± 7.7 yr) were included. The average number of oxycodone tablets used was 0.04 ± 0.24, and the highest daily use of oxycodone was on POD 2 (1.0 ± 0.0 tablet). Oxycodone was taken by 3 patients (4%) on POD 1, 4 (5%) on POD 2, 2 (3%) on PODs 3 and 4, and 0 on PODs 5 to 7. Seventy-five patients (93%) used no postoperative oxycodone; 466 prescribed oxycodone tablets remained unfilled or unused. Ibuprofen 600 mg was used for 4.6 ± 2.2 PODs and acetaminophen 650 mg was used for 3.4 ± 1.9 PODs. Conclusions Oral opioid use after third molar extractions is minimal. Caution is necessary to avoid over-prescribing.
Re-positioning Power and Re-imagining Reflexivity: Examining Positionality and Building Validity Through Reconstructive Horizon Analysis

In this chapter, we explore how researchers might engage in reflexivity. Reflexivity is closely related to the concept of positionality, which refers to the way we as researchers view our position in the world in relation to others, especially those who are involved in or may read our research. Often reflexivity is issued as a call—an important step to take to establish the validity, rigor, or ethical nature of the research being done. Here we engage in reconstructive horizon analysis (RHA), which is an approach for examining taken-for-granted claims made by ourselves and our research participants. We find that by engaging in RHA, we build moments for dialogue and communication into the research process that allow assumptions, structures, and roles to be made explicit.
Counting on the body: Techniques of embodied digitality:

By recovering the history of simple finger counting techniques and their relevance to a wide range of enumerative and calculative technologies, this article argues that human fingers have long shap...
Florida’s 26th and 27th Congressional Districts: Two Cuban American Strongholds Support Non-Cuban Democrats for Congress

If Democrats were to capture control of the House of Representatives in 2018, they needed to turn Florida’s Congressional Districts 26 and 27 from “red to blue.” Voters in these two districts voted for Democrat Hillary Clinton over Republican Donald Trump for president in 2016, while handily reelecting U.S. Representatives Carlos Curbelo and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, both Republicans, on the same ballot. In District 26, Curbelo, a two-term moderate Republican, was challenged by Democrat Debbie Mucarsel-Powell. District 27 became an open seat when Ros-Lehtinen decided to retire. After competitive primaries in both parties, Democrats nominated Donna Shalala, former University of Miami president and U.S. Cabinet Secretary, to face the Republican candidate, former Spanish-language journalist Maria Elvira Salazar, in a star-powered contest. Democrats picked up both seats on their way to a congressional majority.
The overarching framework of core-collapse supernova explosions as revealed by 3D fornax simulations

We have conducted nineteen state-of-the-art 3D core-collapse supernova simulations spanning a broad range of progenitor masses. This is the largest collection of sophisticated 3D supernova simulations ever performed. We have found that while the majority of these models explode, not all do, and that even models in the middle of the available progenitor mass range may be less explodable. This does not mean that those models for which we did not witness explosion would not explode in Nature, but that they are less prone to explosion than others. One consequence is that the "compactness" measure is not a metric for explodability. We find that lower-mass massive star progenitors likely experience lower-energy explosions, while the higher-mass massive stars likely experience higher-energy explosions. Moreover, most 3D explosions have a dominant dipole morphology, have a pinched, wasp-waist structure, and experience simultaneous accretion and explosion. We reproduce the general range of residual neutron-star masses inferred for the galactic neutron-star population. The most massive progenitor models, however, in particular vis a vis explosion energy, need to be continued for longer physical times to asymptote to their final states. We find that while the majority of the inner ejecta have Y$_e = 0.5$, there is a substantial proton-rich tail. This result has important implications for the nucleosynthetic yields as a function of progenitor. Finally, we find that the non-exploding models eventually evolve into compact inner configurations that experience a quasi-periodic spiral SASI mode. We otherwise see little evidence of the SASI in the exploding models.
Coping with a Limited Capacity to Punish

This project replicated a study by Farnworth, Golden and Tester in 1991 to determine if alternate sentencing practices, such as charge reductions and probation, were being used to decrease prison populations and lessen the burden on the criminal justice system as a whole. The previous article sought to support earlier findings that asserted that prison overcrowding caused an increase in the use of charge reductions and felony convictions, but found this to be untrue [1]. They actually found decreased use of charge reductions during the decade under study even as the prison population continued to rise. The current study analyzed data during the period of 1990 to 1999 from Pulaski County, Arkansas in the context of Pontellâ€™s [2] concept of â€œa limited capacity to punish.â€ The Arkansas data analyzed also demonstrated a decrease in charge reductions as the prison population for the state grew thus supporting the previous research on the topic.
Survival of the salient: Emotion rescues otherwise forgettable memories via neural reactivation and post-encoding hippocampal connectivity

The selective effects of emotion on memory go beyond the simple enhancement of threatening or rewarding stimuli. They can also rescue otherwise forgettable memories that share overlapping features. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the brain mechanisms that support this retrograde memory enhancement. In a two-phase incidental encoding paradigm, participants first view images of neutral tools and animals. During Phase 1, these images are intermixed with neutral scenes, which provides a unique context tag for this specific phase of encoding. A few minutes later, during Phase 2, new pictures from one category are paired with a mild shock (fear-conditioned stimulus; CS+), while pictures from the other category are not shocked. fMRI analyses reveal that, across participants, retroactive memory benefits for Phase 1 CS+ items are associated with greater phasic reinstatement of the prior mental context during Phase 2 CS+ items. We also see that greater VTA/SN activation during Phase 2 CS+ items relates to this retroactive memory enhancement, suggesting that emotion promotes both the encoding and ongoing consolidation of overlapping representations. Additionally, we find that emotional experience-dependent changes in post-encoding hippocampal functional coupling with CS+ category-selective cortex relate to the magnitude of the retroactive memory effect. These hippocampal connectivity patterns also mediate the relationship between dopaminergic emotional encoding effects and across-participant variability in the retroactive memory benefit. Collectively, our findings suggest that an interplay between online and offline brain mechanisms may enable emotion to preserve seemingly mundane memories that become significant in the future.
Liquid metal microchannels as digital sensors in mechanical metamaterials

Abstract This report explores a synthesis of principles from liquid metal-based flexible electronics and mechanical metamaterials. In such new platforms, mechanical deformation couples with liquid metal microchannels to govern electrical conduction by constriction and release of liquid metal embedded in the soft material. The mechanisms that influence the ability to induce such discrete switch electrical phenomena are identified through studies focused on mechanical design, liquid metal oxidation, and stress thresholds. Through strategic selection of such factors, repeatable switch ability is retained for many stress cycles on the metamaterial, although aging of the phenomena is evident through switch thresholds that reduce with cycles prior to potential failure. These discoveries provide new foundations for self-sensing mechanical metamaterials that leverage an interface of liquid metal coalescence and local mechanical deformation to lead to digital signaling abilities in continuously stressed metamaterials.
Caregiver-Reported Presentation of Severe Food-Induced Allergic Reactions in Infants and Toddlers

Background Recognizing anaphylaxis in infants and toddlers can be challenging for health care providers and caregivers, and current diagnostic criteria and anaphylaxis action plans do not specifically address this younger population. Objective To describe symptoms and signs observed by primary caregivers of infants and toddlers during severe food-induced allergic reactions. Methods We conducted a national online survey among primary caregivers of children who experienced a severe food-induced allergic reaction when less than 36 months of age. Respondents who were present during the child's most severe reaction were asked to report symptoms and signs observed. The survey asked about infant- and toddler-specific symptoms and signs in lay language for caregivers. Data were compared with patient-reported data from past studies to identify distinct patterns among the younger population. Results The survey was completed for 374 children (193 infants, 181 toddlers). The most common symptoms and signs reported were skin reactions (90%), facial and extremity swelling (59%), gastrointestinal issues (51%), and coughing/wheezing (45%). Infants (aged Conclusions Anaphylaxis presentation demonstrates similarities and differences in infants and toddlers. Modifying the terminology used in the current criteria allowed for reporting of symptoms and signs of anaphylaxis that are more common in infants and toddlers. Diagnostic criteria, clinical guidelines, and anaphylaxis action plans may be enhanced to address this young, often nonverbal, population.
The Radiobiology of Radiopharmaceuticals

Radiopharmaceutical therapy or targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is a well-established class of cancer therapeutics that includes a growing number of FDA-approved drugs and a promising pipeline of experimental therapeutics. Radiobiology is fundamental to a mechanistic understanding of the therapeutic capacity of these agents and their potential toxicities. However, the field of radiobiology has historically focused on external beam radiation. Critical differences exist between TRT and external beam radiotherapy with respect to dosimetry, dose rate, linear energy transfer, duration of treatment delivery, fractionation, range, and target volume. These distinctions simultaneously make it difficult to extrapolate from the radiobiology of external beam radiation to that of TRT and pose considerable challenges for preclinical and clinical studies investigating TRT. Here, we discuss these challenges and explore the current understanding of the radiobiology of radiopharmaceuticals.
’Magazines make me uncomfortable’: discomforting, disruptive, and productive affects with youth in an urban after-school program

The purpose of this paper was to re-visit data from a nine-week scrapbooking project, with Black and Latinx youth, in an urban after-school programme, using an affective lens. To examine the entang...
Service Management in the Edge Cloud for Stream Processing of IoT Data

We consider an event-driven IoT data stream processing (DSP) model in the Edge Cloud. Periodical DSP workflows are issued dynamically to the edge. Instead of traditional deployment approach, we use a service-oriented deployment model in which the same DSP components in different workflows will be deployed as long running services. This can greatly reduce the overhead in transferring and starting DSP components. Accordingly, we develop a new edge resource allocation problem. Resources are allocated to long running services according to the statistical data flow rates to the services. Subsequently, a Robinhood greedy algorithm (RG) is developed to derive the service allocation solution. Experimental studies show that the RG algorithms can achieve allocations with significantly reduced communication cost and more balanced load compared to a baseline algorithm.
Understanding and Targeting Human Cancer Regulatory T Cells to Improve Therapy

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical in maintaining immune homeostasis under various pathophysiological conditions. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that Tregs play an important role in cancer progression and that they do so by suppressing cancer-directed immune responses. Tregs have been targeted for destruction by exploiting antibodies against and small-molecule inhibitors of several molecules that are highly expressed in Tregs-including immune checkpoint molecules, chemokine receptors, and metabolites. To date, these strategies have had only limited antitumor efficacy, yet they have also created significant risk of autoimmunity because most of them do not differentiate Tregs in tumors from those in normal tissues. Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, but the resistance to ICI is common and the elevation of Tregs is one of the most important mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies that can selectively eliminate Tregs in the tumor (i.e. therapies that do not run the risk of causing autoimmunity by affecting normal tissue), are urgently needed for the development of cancer immunotherapies. This chapter discusses specific properties of human Tregs under the context of cancer and the various ways to target Treg for cancer immunotherapy.
Federalism and the Limits of Subnational Political Heterogeneity

With an epidemic of democratic backsliding now afflicting many of the world’s democracies, including the United States, some scholars have suggested that federalism might serve as a useful defense for liberal democracy by impeding the ability of an authoritarian central government to stamp it out at the subnational level. In this paper, I dispute that contention. An examination of both federal theory, on one hand, and the behavior and tactics of central control employed by ancient and early modern empires, on the other, leads to the conclusion that the protective value of federalism against the effects of national authoritarianism is indeterminate, and depends upon a host of contingencies. These include the particular structure of the federal state in question, the specific pathways of influence available to subnational units to protect their autonomy in any given federal structure, and the goals, motivations, and determination of governments and populations at both levels. However, a few considerations suggest that the outcome in any particular case, though contingent on many details, might nonetheless be subject to certain general tendencies, and these tendencies by and large favor an eventual strangling of subnational liberal democracy. First, autocratic tolerance for the exercise of subnational autonomy generally extends only to matters of indifference to the central state, and in today’s world there may well be few matters as to which an authoritarian central government is truly indifferent. Second, the tendency in all autocracies, as they become better established, has been continually to tighten social and political controls, making successful opposition to the regime increasingly unlikely as time passes. Third, the tactics of subnational influence and self-defense that are most likely to be successful in a centrally authoritarian federation tend to be self-defeating because they require behavior that is largely incompatible with the very liberal democracy it would aim to preserve. Thus, the survival of subnational liberal democracy in a centrally authoritarian federation, although not theoretically impossible, would require an extremely fortunate confluence of highly favorable and unlikely contingencies.
Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Houston Ship Channel and Galveston Bay following a large-scale industrial fire using ion-mobility-spectrometry-mass spectrometry

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants of concern because of their ubiquitous presence in surface and ground water; analytical methods that can be used for rapid comprehensive exposure assessment and fingerprinting of PFAS are needed. Following the fires at the Intercontinental Terminals Company (ITC) in Deer Park, TX in 2019, large quantities of PFAS-containing firefighting foams were deployed. The release of these substances into the Houston Ship Channel/Galveston Bay (HSC/GB) prompted concerns over the extent and level of PFAS contamination. A targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based study of temporal and spatial patterns of PFAS associated with this incident revealed presence of 7 species; their levels gradually decreased over a 6-month period. Because the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis was focused on about 30 PFAS molecules, it may have missed other PFAS compounds present in firefighting foams. Therefore, we utilized untargeted LC-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-MS)-based analytical approach for a more comprehensive characterization of PFAS in these water samples. We analyzed 31 samples from 9 sites in the HSC/GB that were collected over 5 months after the incident. Our data showed that additional 19 PFAS were detected in surface water of HSC/GB, most of them decreased gradually after the incident. PFAS features detected by LC-MS/MS correlated well in abundance with LC-IMS-MS data; however, LC-IMS-MS identified a number of additional PFAS, many known to be components of firefighting foams. These findings therefore illustrate that untargeted LC-IMS-MS improved our understanding of PFAS presence in complex environmental samples.
Collaborative explanation and biological mechanisms.

Abstract This paper motivates and outlines a new account of scientific explanation, which I term ‘collaborative explanation.’ My approach is pluralist: I do not claim that all scientific explanations are collaborative, but only that some important scientific explanations are—notably those of complex organic processes like development. Collaborative explanation is closely related to what philosophers of biology term ‘mechanistic explanation’ (e.g., Machamer et al., Craver, 2007). I begin with minimal conditions for mechanisms: complexity, causality, and multilevel structure. Different accounts of mechanistic explanation interpret and prioritize these conditions in different ways. This framework reveals two distinct varieties of mechanistic explanation: causal and constitutive. The two have heretofore been conflated, with philosophical discussion focusing on the former. This paper addresses the imbalance, using a case study of modeling practices in Systems Biology to reveals key features of constitutive mechanistic explanation. I then propose an analysis of this variety of mechanistic explanation, in terms of collaborative concepts, and sketch the outlines of a general theory of collaborative explanation. I conclude with some reflections on the connection between this variety of explanation and social aspects of scientific practice.
Norepinephrine transporter expression and function in noradrenergic cell differentiation.

The classical view of norepinephrine transporter (NET) function is the re-uptake of released norepinephrine (NE) by mature sympathetic neurons and noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus (LC; [1-3]). In this report we review previous data and present new results that show that NET is expressed in the young embryo in a wide range of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues and that NET has additional functions during embryonic development. Sympathetic neurons are derived from neural crest stem cells. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) regulate NET expression in cultured quail neural crest cells by causing an increase in NET mRNA levels. They also promote NET function in both neural crest cells and presumptive noradrenergic cells of the LC. The growth factors are synthesized by the neural crest cells and therefore are likely to have autocrine function. In a subsequent stage of development, NE transport regulates differentiation of noradrenergic neurons in the peripheral nervous system and the LC by promoting expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). Conversely, uptake inhibitors, such as the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine, and the drug of abuse, cocaine, inhibit noradrenergic differentiation in both tissues. Taken together, our data indicate that NET is expressed early in embryonic development, NE transport is involved in regulating expression of the noradrenergic phenotype in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and norepinephrine uptake inhibitors can disturb noradrenergic cell differentiation in the sympathetic ganglion (SG) and LC.
MOS Transistor Modeling Issues for RF Circuit Design

This paper presents the basis of the modeling of the MOS transistor for circuit simulation at radio-frequency (RF). A physical equivalent circuit that can easily be implemented as a Spice subcircuit is first derived. In addition to the intrinsic device and the source and drain series resistance, the model also has a gate resistance, that is fundamental to correctly model the frequency and noise behavior. The subcircuit also includes a substrate network that accounts for the signal coupling occurring at HF from the drain to the source and the bulk. It is shown that the latter mainly affects the output admittance y 22. The bias and geometry dependence of all the subcircuit components, leading to a scalable model, are then discussed with emphasis on the substrate resistances. Analytical expressions of the Y-parameters, the transit frequency and the maximum oscillation frequency are established and compared to measurements made on a 0.25 p m CMOS process. The Y-parameters and transit frequency simulated with this scalable model versus frequency, geometry and bias are in good agreement with measured data The non-quasi-static effects and their practical implementation in the Spice subcircuit are then briefly discussed. Finally, a new thermal noise model is introduced and compared to noise models available in BSIM3v3. The parameters used to characterize the noise at HF are then presented and the scalable model is favorably compared to measurements made on the same devices.
Role of Spectator Sports in the Economy of Allegheny County

The spectator sports industry is an important part of the history and economy of Allegheny County in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout this county and influences tax revenues in the County.
On Mock Funerals, Banners, and Giant Rat Balloons: Why Current Interpretation of Section 8(b)(4)(ii)(B) of the National Labor Relations Act Unconstitutionality Burdens Union Speech

This Comment discusses whether the government may prohibit unions from engaging in types of secondary protest like mock funerals. Since 1959, § 8(b)(4)(ii)(B) of the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA” or “the Act”) has made it illegal for unions to “threaten, coerce, or restrain” secondary employers into severing their business ties with primary employers. Precisely what forms of protest this provision outlaws, however, is unclear. On one end of the spectrum, courts almost always find that picketing secondary employers constitutes illegal coercion, for courts see pickets as having a unique power to induce automatic action. On the other end, the Supreme Court has declared that handing out fliers, a tactic commonly referred to as “handbilling,” is not coercive and is, therefore, legal. There is no easy way to judge the legality of secondary protest activity that falls between these two extremes, because courts and the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) have consistently failed to articulate the key elements of coercion. Instead, they judge the legality of union secondary protests on a casebycase basis, typically by seeing if the protest activity can be analogized to picketing
Performance Analysis and Workload Characterization with IPM

IPM is a profiling and workload characterization tool for MPI applications. IPM achieves its goal of minimizing the monitoring overhead by recording performance data in a fixed-size hashtable resident in memory and by carefully optimizing time-critical operations. At the same time, IPM offers very detailed and user-centric performance metrics. IPM’s performance data is delivered as an XML file that can subsequently be used to generate a detailed profiling report in HTML format, avoiding the need for custom GUI applications. Pairwise communication volume and communication topology between processes, communication time breakdown across ranks, MPI operation timings, and MPI message sizes (buffer lengths) are some of IPM’s most widely used metrics. IPM is free and distributed under the LGPL license.
Radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: is sensory disturbance required for pain relief?

Object Over the past 15 years stereotactic radiosurgery has become an accepted surgical option for patients with medically unresponsive trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The mechanism whereby radiosurgery causes pain relief remains unclear. Methods A review of recent papers on the radiosurgical management of TN reveals a correlation between maximum prescription dose and facial pain outcomes (p = 0.03) and between maximum prescription dose and new-onset trigeminal dysfunction (p < 0.01). In five of six studies in which investigators specifically analyzed whether there is any relationship between postradiosurgical trigeminal dysfunction and facial pain outcomes, there was a statistically significant greater chance of patients being pain free without medications if new trigeminal dysfunction developed after radiosurgery. Likewise, combining the results of two small series on repeated radiosurgery for TN also showed a significant correlation between postradiosurgical trigeminal dysfunction and facial pain outcomes (...
Mössbauer studies of cytochrome c-551. Intrinsic heterogeneity related to g-strain.

Abstract The Mossbauer spectra of oxidized and reduced cytochrome c-551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are analyzed. Excess broadening is observed in the 4.2 K spectra of oxidized c-551 which is consistent with a Gaussian distribution of the crystal field parameters Δ and R as inferred from the g-strain model of EPR line shapes.
Microwave assisted synthesis of an unusual dinitro phytochemical

Abstract A novel dinitro secondary metabolite, 2-nitro-4-(2′-nitroethenyl)phenol from a marine source, has been prepared via highly accelerated, microwave assisted, nitration reactions using mild reagents. ipso-Substitution of a carboxy group by a nitro group is discussed.
Numerical model of a two-dimensional, non-plane transient magnetohydrodynamic flow

The equations describing two-dimensional three-component magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) transient flows are formulated for a system of spherical coordinates. With the numerical code based on Implicit Continuous Fluid Eulerian (ICE) scheme, MHD flows resulting from a sudden energy release in a stratified medium are examined. Because of the inclusion of out-of-plane components of velocity and magnetic fields, MHD transverse waves are observed in addition to fast, slow and entropy waves. Numerical results for compressible MHD shocks are found in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Impact of inflammatory disease on the nerve microenvironment.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a distinctive anatomic organization that may contribute to its unique physiology as well as vulnerability to certain types of disease. The enclosure of bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers by a semi-rigid and semi-permeable connective tissue sheath creates physiological compartments that are served by transperineurial and intrafascicular vessels but are devoid of lymphatic channels. Unlike tissues drained by lymphatics, interstitial fluid in the PNS flows from proximal to distal regions, propelled by positive endoneurial fluid pressure (EFP). There is a proximo-distal gradient from the dorsal root ganglia and roots to the extraganglionic nerves where the pressure is significantly lower [1]. EFP in the ganglia and roots is nearly twice as high as in the extraganglionic nerves. From the higher pressure in spinal fluid to the relatively low pressure in the sciatic fluid, a downward gradient continues until the nerve ending. At that point, the perineurium terminates as an ensheathing sleeve, and the normal slightly negative interstitial fluid pressure of the extraneural interstitium prevails. This gradient continues into the lymphatic channels where negative fluid pressure is greatest. The endoneurial microenvironment is sensitive to
Raman technique for single-cycle pulses

We show that two Raman generators which have different Raman transition frequencies and are used in series result in a multiplicative increase in the total number of generated sidebands. When phase-corrected, these sidebands synthesize to a train of randomly timed single-cycle pulses. For series generators on the rotational transitions of molecular ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ $(J=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{0}2)$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ $(J=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}3),$ each with 40 modes, the average peak power enhancement is 1600 and the average duration between random pulses is 1.74 ps.
Abstract 3760: Associations of risk variants for 20 different malignancies with colorectal cancer in a multiethnic population

Familial clustering has been reported across different cancer sites, suggesting that cancer may be considered a broad phenotype with genetic risk factors that are shared across different malignancies. We, as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study, explored the hypothesis that risk variants established for cancers at any site influence the risk of colorectal cancer. We selected 160 SNPs associated with 20 different cancer sites, including colorectal cancer, from genome-wide association studies published through May, 2009. These SNPs were genotyped in a nested case-control study of 2,077 colorectal cancer cases and 2,685 controls from five racial-ethnic groups (African American, European American, Latino, Japanese American, and Native Hawaiian) within the Multiethnic Cohort. Odds ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals were estimated by unconditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between SNPs and colorectal cancer risk, adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. We found that 22 risk variants were associated with colorectal cancer risk with P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3760. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3760
Ferrous Ions as Catalysts for Photochemical Reduction of CO2 in Homogeneous Solutions

Ferrous ions are found to catalyze the photochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in acetonitrile (ACN) solutions containing triethylamine (TEA) or triethanolamine (TEOA) as reductive quenchers and p-terphenyl (TP) as a photosensitizer. TP is photoreduced to form the radical anion, TP•-, which reduces Fe(II) ions. The rate constant for the reduction of Fe(II) by TP•- was determined by pulse radiolysis in ACN/TEOA solutions and found to be (1.2 ± 0.4) × 108 L mol-1 s-1. The Fe(I) ions produced are expected to react with CO2 to form an adduct that is equivalent to the adduct known to be formed upon reaction of CO2•- with Fe(II) complexes. Subsequent reduction of the Fe−CO2 adduct leads to formation of CO. Fe(I) can also undergo protonation and form H2. After extensive irradiation, photochemical production of CO stops, probably due to competition between CO and CO2 for the Fe(I) binding sites. Addition of CO to the solution enhances the photochemical production of H2.
PP2 prevents isoproterenol stimulation of cardiac pacemaker activity

One of the main strategies for cancer therapy is to use tyrosine kinase inhibitors for inhibiting tumor proliferation. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the potential risks of cardiac arrhythmias (such as prolonged QT interval) of these drugs. We report here that a widely used selective inhibitor of Src tyrosine kinases, 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP2), can inhibit and prevent β-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac pacemaker activity. First, in dissected rat sinus node, PP2 inhibited and prevented the isoproterenol-induced increase of spontaneous beating rate. Second, in isolated rat sinus node myocytes, PP2 suppressed the hyperpolarization-activated "funny" current (traditionally called cardiac pacemaker current, I(f)) by negatively shifting the activation curve and decelerating activation kinetics. Third, in isolated rat sinus node myocytes, PP2 decreased the Src kinase activity, the cell surface expression, and tyrosine phosphorylation of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-modulated channel 4 (HCN4) channel proteins. Finally, in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing recombinant human HCN4 channels, PP2 reversed the enhancement of HCN4 channels by isoproterenol and inhibited 573x, a cyclic adenosine momophosphate-insensitive human HCN4 mutant. These results demonstrated that inhibition of Src kinase activity in heart by PP2 decreased and prevented β-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac pacemaker activity. These effects are mediated, at least partially, by a cAMP-independent attenuation of channel activity and cell surface expression of HCN4, the main channel protein that controls the heart rate.
Validating models of bacterial chemotaxis by simulating the random motility coefficient

In order to characterize the random walk of E. coli, biologists have studied several parameters, such as the motility speed, run duration, and random motility coefficient. Previously, biologists indicated that the probability distributions of these parameters may vary depending on the presence or absence of a chemical gradient in the environment. For instance, in a gradient, the cell of E. coli exhibits a biased-random walk. Although it is suggested that the parameter distributions change from unbiased to biased conditions, there are contradicting reports of the actual distributions since they are usually derived from observations of cell movement. In this paper, we consider the problem conversely. We try hypotheses for the parameter distributions respectively for the unbiased and biased cases to simulate random walks. Then we can validate our chemotaxis model through the simulated random motility coefficient, under unbiased and biased environments.
Phenobarbitone modulation of postsynaptic GABA receptor function on cultured mammalian neurons

The anticonvulsant barbiturate phenobarbitone increases membrane current and conductance responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in cultured mouse spinal neurons. Analyses of GABA current fluctuations under control conditions and in the presence of phenobarbitone show that the principle action is to increase the average time during which GABA-activated channels remain open. The duration of minature synaptic currents with a time constant of decay similar to the mean open-time of GABA-activated channels is prolonged by the drug. The results suggest that (1) the synaptic events are GABA-mediated and (2) the enhancement of these events by barbiturate is due to the postsynaptic action of the drug.
Environment, Experience and Intellectual Development of Young Children in Home Care.

Children, age one to three, were observed at home during four periods: 12–15, 18–21, 24–27, and 30–33 months. Quantity and quality of the child's interaction with others were found to be strongly related to the child's developmental progress.