cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of age, herd, and herd status on classification scores of Jersey cattle.

Abstract Classification was arranged for herds belonging to the official Jersey program concurrently with classification for Jersey research herds. Herds were categorized as official, registered research and grade research. Cattle were also grouped as 2 year olds, 3 to 4 year olds and 5 year olds. Differences for herd status were significant (P Differences for age were significant for all traits except feet and legs, mammary and rear udder. Five year-olds scored highest in final score, general appearance, stature, breed character, back and rump, and chest and barrel. The traits relating to mammary system were scored higher on younger cows. For final score, herds accounted for 9.6 and sires 10.1% of the variance. Heritabilities ranged from .19 for feet and legs to .68 for stature. Indexes comparing sires' daughters to contemporaries had correlations below .90 with other indexes. Adjusting for number of daughters did not greatly alter correlations.
Structural studies of zeolitic materials with the NIST BT-1 neutron powder diffractometer

Abstract Zeolites and related microporous materials have common and diverse applications. They are used as catalysts to produce gasoline and pharmaceuticals. For medical and industrial purposes, they are employed to separate N2,O2 and other gases. Formulated in household detergents, they remove the calcium ions that make water “hard.” Zeolites also sequester radioactive ions for environmental remediation. Many new applications, in areas such as batteries and fuel cells, are being investigated. Knowledge of structures has been quite important for developing new materials, as well as for tailoring properties of existing materials. Neutron powder diffraction is very valuable for this work, since single crystals are rarely available and because understanding the siting of light atoms is paramount. This review explores the advantages of the BT-1 neutron powder diffractometer for this work and presents recent work done using BT-1, primarily using examples in which neutron and X-ray work have been combined to pr...
Global weak solutions to the incompressible Navier–Stokes–Vlasov equations

Abstract In this paper, we study the differential system governing the flow of an incompressible fluid containing small particles. The system is a combination of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and Vlasov equation. We prove the global existence of weak solutions in two and three spatial dimensions, and the uniqueness in two spatial dimensions.
Microbial metabolism of tetra- and hexahydroindanpro-pionic acid derivatives

Abstract Both microorganims, Nocardia restrictus and Nocardia opaca metabolized 7aβ-methyl-1,5-dioxo-δ6(7)-tetrahydro-4-indanpropionic acid and 7aβ-methyl-1β3- acetoxy-5-oxo-3aα-hexahydro-4-indanpropionic acid to form 7aβ-methyl-1,5-dioxo-7α-hydroxy-3aa-hexahydro-4-indanpropionic acid and 7αβ-methyl-1,5-dioxo-3aα-hexahydro-4-indanpropionyl-7αβ-methyl-5-oxo-1β-hydroxy-3aa-hexahydro-4-indan-propionic acid respectively. The structures of these metabolites were established by converting them to common intermediates, derived from unambiguous chemical synthesis. The following compounds were not metabolized: 1β-Acetoxy-2-methyl-2-(propionic acid)-3-(α-hydroxy-β-carboxyethyl)cyclopentane-e-lactone; 2-methyl-cyclopentane-1,3-dione; 2-methyl-2-(β-carboxyethyl)cyclopentane-1 ,3-dione; (±)-7, 7a-dihydro-7aβ-methyl-1,5(6H)-indandione; (±)-3,4,8,8a-tetrahydro-8aβ-methyl-1,6-(2H,7H)-naphthalenedione and 7aβ-methyl-1,5-dioxo-3aα-hexahydro-4-indanacetic acid.
Steenrod Squares in Spectral Sequences

Conventions The spectral sequence of a bisimplicial coalgebra Bialgebra actions on the cohomology of algebras Extensions of Hopf algebras Steenrod operations in the change-of-rings spectral sequence The Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence Steenrod operations in the Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence Bibliography Index.
Semiclassical IVR approach to rotational excitation of non-polar diatomic molecules by non-resonant laser pulses

We apply the ‘classic’ semiclassical initial value representation (SC-IVR) approach to describe rotational excitation of non-polar diatomic molecules by intense short non-resonant laser pulses. We also investigate the applicability of the quantum mechanical sudden approximation. It is found that the SC-IVR approach gives accurate rotational excitation probabilities in regimes where the sudden approximation fails. Primitive semiclassical wavefunction propagation is used to illustrate the phenomenon of angular focussing of rotation states by strong pulses.
The small-scale Structure of the Magellanic Stream as a Foundation for Galaxy Evolution

The Magellanic Stream (MS) is the nearest example of a gaseous trail formed by interacting galaxies. While the substantial gas masses in these kinds of circumgalactic structures are postulated to represent important sources of fuel for future star formation, the mechanisms whereby this material might be accreted back into galaxies remain unclear. Recent neutral hydrogen (HI) observations have demonstrated that the northern portion of the MS, which probably has been interacting with the Milky Way's hot gaseous halo for close to 1000 Myr, has a larger spatial extent than previously recognized, while also containing significant amounts of small-scale structure. After a brief consideration of the large-scale kinematics of the MS as traced by the recently-discovered extension of the MS, we explore the aging process of the MS gas through the operation of various hydrodynamic instabilities and interstellar turbulence. This in turn leads to consideration of processes whereby MS material survives as cool gas, and yet also evidently fails to form stars. Parallels between the MS and extragalactic tidal features are brie'y discussed with an emphasis on steps toward establishing what the MS reveals about the critical role of local processes in determining the evolution of these kinds of systems.
Strong Structure Band Gap Relation in Semiconductors: Implications for Computational Band Gap Prediction

Structure prediction for novel materials requires computationally inexpensive lattice relaxation methods. Prediction of the band gap and excited state properties depends on the accuracy of the relaxations and the sensitivity of the band edges to structural parameters. We examine the relaxation performance of common relaxation methods for several members of the type IB3-V-VI4 copper chalcogenide semiconductors, which have become of recent interest for potential photovoltaic and thermoelectric applications. These materials are members of a larger family of materials, composed of type IB and type VI elements and additional elements acting as cations, which contains structures as complex as Cu12Sb4S13 (tetrahedrite) and may benefit from materials prediction studies. Examining Cu3PS4, Cu3PSe4, Cu3AsS4, and Cu3AsSe4, we find that relaxation induced structural errors cause subsequently calculated band gap values Eg to deviate by as much as 0.6 eV from values obtained using experimentally determined structures. Using the HSE06 hybrid functional we find that the complex V/VI* anti-bonding character of the conduction band minimum creates a band gap sensitivity of order 10 eV/A to the mean V-VI distance (V-VI). A weaker correlation between Eg and exists due to the Cu-d/Ch-p* character of the valence band maximum (Ch = S, Se). Type IB-III-VI2 materials are known to have similar properties and we include CuInSe2, CuAlS2, and CuAlSe2. Regarding structural relaxation accuracy, we find that GGA+U and meta-GGA functional MS2 typically perform better than GGA (PBE) or PBEsol, but not as well as the much more expensive HSE functional.
Molecular orbitals and x-ray photoelectron angular distributions. A new intensity model in ESCA

Abstract A theoretical model is developed which relates the asymmetry parameter βMO for X-ray photoelectrons ejected from a specific molecular orbital to a weighted average over its component atomic populations, relative atomic subshell cross-sections and atomic asymmetry parameters. Simple rules for correlating X-ray photoelectron angular dependence with molecular orbital structure are discussed.
Pond seepage in two and three dimensions

Abstract A numerical solution to the Richards equation for three-dimensional (3-D), combined unsaturated and saturated flow was used to analyze pond seepage for geometries characteristic of the North Carolina Barrier Islands. Two- and three-dimensional seepage rates were obtained for 10 × 10 × 1m deep ponds, located 16–195m from the sinks, and spaced 10–190m apart for two profile depths: 3 and 9m. The numerical solutions were used to develop and test an approximate analytic solution for 3-D steady pond seepage. The approximate solution was obtained by dividing the flow regime into radial and linear flow domains. The predicted rates of the analytic solution agreed with those obtained from the numerical solution.
Experimental progress on a microsecond pulse-length relativistic klystron amplifier

The goal of this research effort is to develop a long-pulse relativistic klystron amplifier (RKA) by extending the pulse length of this gigawatt-class device by an order of magnitude beyond the current state-of-the-art (100 ns) to one microsecond. A research approach is described for obtaining kilojoule microwave pulses at 1.3 GHz. Achieving kilojoule microwave pulses requires extending the electron beam pulse duration beyond one microsecond without diode closure, and maximizing the microwave extraction efficiency at the fundamental frequency. Our earliest experiments have produced a modulated electron beam for one microsecond with a peak rf current of 0.9 kA and a voltage of 350 - 400 kV. In some cases we have observed beam modulation in excess of 2 microseconds. The component of beam power at the microwave drive frequency (1.3 GHz) was approximately 350 MW. Although only a small effort has been put forth to address the output coupling issues, approximately 50 - 70 MW was coupled into dominant mode rectangular waveguide. Recently, an electron beam diode has been tested that delivers peak currents in excess of 5 kA for a monotonically increasing current pulse exceeding durations of 1 microsecond(s) at beam kinetic energies above 500 keV. to achieve this result close attention was given to minimizing the current losses from the diode and maximizing the beam current transmission through the RKA.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
What did Morganucodon hear

The structure of the middle and inner ear of Morganucodon, one of the oldest known mammals, is reviewed and compared to the structure of the ears of extant mammals, reptiles and birds with known auditory capabilities. Specifically, allometric relationships between ear dimensions (basilar-membrane length, tympanic-membrane area and stapes-footplate area) and specific features of the audiogram are defined in extant ears. These relationships are then used to make several predictions of auditory function in Morganucodon. The results point out that the ear structures of Morganucodon–Art similar in dimensions to ear structures in both extant small mammals–with predominantly high-frequency (10 kHz) auditory capabilities, and reptiles and birds- with better low and middle-frequency hearing (< 5 kHz). Although the allometric analysis cannot by itself determine whether Morganucodon heard more like present-day small mammals, or birds and reptiles, the apparent stiffness of the Morganucodon middle ear is both more consistent with the high-frequency mammalian middle ear and would act to decrease the sensitivity of a bird-reptile middle ear to low-frequency sound. Several likely hearing scenarios for Morganucodon are defined, including a scenario in which these animals had ears like those of modern small mammals that are selectively sensitive to high-frequency sounds, and a second scenario in which the Morganucodon ear was moderately sensitive to sounds of a narrow middle-frequency range (5–7 kHz) and relatively insensitive to sounds of higher or lower frequency. The evidence needed to substantiate either scenario includes some objective measure of the stiffness of the Morganucodon ossicular system, while a key datum needed to distinguish between the two hypotheses includes confirmation of the presence or absence of a cochlear lamina in the Morganucodon inner ear.
Components of the REST/CoREST/histone deacetylase repressor complex are disrupted, modified, and translocated in HSV-1-infected cells

The infected cell protein (ICP)0 enables gene expression and the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 in cells infected at low multiplicities and enhances the expression of genes introduced into cells by transfection or infection. We report that a short sequence of ICP0 is similar to a sequence in the amino terminus of CoREST, a corepressor that exists in complexes with the repressor REST and histone deacetylases (HDACs) 1 or 2 to repress cellular gene expression. In wild-type-virus-infected cells, HDAC1 dissociates from the CoREST/REST complex, CoREST and HDAC1 are phosphorylated by a process mediated by viral protein kinases, and CoREST and HDAC1 are partially translocated to the cytoplasm. In cells infected with a virus mutant (ΔICP4), in which ICP0 accumulates, but post-α gene expression is blocked, HDAC1 is dissociated from the CoREST/REST complex, but translocation to the cytoplasm does not occur. After infection with a mutant virus from which ICP0 is deleted, the complex remains intact, but, under conditions of productive infection, the complex is partially translocated to the cytoplasm. These results suggest that, at low multiplicities of infection, ICP0 blocks CoREST-mediated silencing of viral genes by dissociation of HDAC1, whereas subsequent modifications and translocation of the components of the complex are the functions of other viral gene products made later in infection.
Management of craniopharyngiomas in children

Craniopharyngiomas are histologically benign neoplasms occurring in the intra- and suprasellar region. Their location and close relation with visual pathways, hypothalamus and major basal vessels may cause difficulty in resecting these tumors without surgical complications. Radiotherapy after limited resection of craniopharyngiomas has been advocated by some investigators while others contend radical resections by means of advanced surgical techniques afford better outcome of patients. Although optimal treatment is yet to be defined, the review of our institutional experience and the critical analysis of the literature show that radiation therapy may be effective but not curative. It is recommended that surgeons should make every effort to effect total excision at the initial operation.
Multi-agent based modeling of liver detoxification

Using game theory and reinforcement learning, we created and analyzed generalized agent-based models of hepatic toxin elimination processes to explore plausible causes of hepatic functional zonation. We considered a general situation in which a group of protective agents (analogous to liver cells) cooperate and self-organize their efforts to minimize optimally the negative effects of toxin intrusions. The model suggests that in order to do so, the agents should adjust their resource consumption based on two factors: 1) their ranked proximity to the common wealth and 2) the potential damage caused by toxins. We verified that liver cells do the same.
NEURAL NETWORK MODELLING OF OSCILLATORY LOADS AND FATIGUE DAMAGE ESTIMATION OF HELICOPTER COMPONENTS

A neural network for the prediction of oscillatory loads used for on-line health monitoring of flight critical components in an AH-64A helicopter is described. The neural network is used to demonstrate the potential for estimating loads in the rotor system from fixed-system information. Estimates of the range of the pitch link load are determined by the neural network from roll, pitch, and yaw rates, airspeed, and other fixed-system information measured by the flight control computer on the helicopter. The predicted load range is then used to estimate fatigue damage to the pitch link. Actual flight loads data from an AH-64A helicopter are used to demonstrate the process. The predicted load ranges agree well with measured values for both training and test data. A linear model is also used to predict the load ranges, and its accuracy is noticeably worse than that of the neural network, especially at higher load values that cause fatigue damage. This demonstrates the necessity of the non-linear modelling capabilities of the neural network for this problem.
Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage - Edited by Kathryn Edin & Maria Kefalas

Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage. Kathryn Edin & Maria Kefalas. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2005. 293 pp. ISBN 0-520-24113-4. $24.95 (hardback), $12.95 (ebook). Politicians and laypersons alike can be overheard bemoaning the statistics concerning single parenthood among poor teenage mothers. These women are often berated for not waiting to have children until after they are in a stable marriage. Their morality may be questioned, and efforts to bolster their apparent flagging commitment to marriage are discussed. Current literature tends to focus on the larger issue of unmarried mothers and the effect single parenthood has on children. Promises I Can Keep focuses the discussion on the perspectives of single poor women and their choices. This represents the book's most important contribution to the literature and our understanding of the choices made by poor women in having children prior to marriage. Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas provide intriguing insights into the lives and decisions of poor single mothers in eight poor neighborhoods, five in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and three in Camden, New Jersey. Through a combination of observations concerning the social environment of the neighborhoods and interviews with the mothers, Edin and Kefalas provide a description of the women's experiences involving their relationships with their children's fathers and their children. With this information as a backdrop, Edin and Kefalas allow the women to explain their choices regarding childbirth and marriage. The book is organized into eight chapters. The introduction provides a brief explanation of the research methods used and a description of the field setting. A more complete description of both as well as the interview guide are found in the appendices. Individual chapters provide a series of discussions of various stages of the mothers' relationships with their children's fathers, the mothers' decision to not marry (or to divorce), an explanation of the meaning of marriage for the women, the women's definition of a good mother, and the impact of motherhood on the women's lives. The conclusion positions these discussions within extant literature and the broader social discussion of unwed motherhood. Ever present in the interview data is the influence of poverty on the lives of these women, their dreams for marriage and obtaining the "white picket fence," and their love for their children. The women express a strong belief in the institution of marriage and a desire to marry. Although this is a dream they cling to, most mothers comment they do not wish to marry until they are able to support themselves and until their partner has a job that allows them to obtain some level of financial and physical comfort. …
Wear of Involute Spur Gears With Asymmetric Teeth Under Dynamic Loading

Spur gears with asymmetric teeth have a significant potential for some applications requiring extreme performance like in the aerospace industry. In this study, the influence of tooth wear on the dynamic behavior of involute spur gears with asymmetric teeth is analyzed. The Archard's wear model was adopted in formulating and accounting for wear. Effects of gear parameters such as gear contact ratio, tooth height, mesh stiffness, and pressure angles on tooth wear are considered. These parameters are used to describe the relationship between dynamic tooth load and tooth wear. A comparison of symmetric and asymmetric teeth is also presented with respect to tooth wear. Sample simulation results, which were obtained by using an in-house developed computer program, are illustrated with numerical examples. The numerical results match well with the practical and analytical results which are available in literature. For asymmetric teeth, it was shown that the wear depth decreased with increasing pressure angle on drive side.© 2006 ASME
Collating collagenous colitis cases by FA Offner, RV Jao, KJ Lewin, et al., Collagenous Colitis: A Study of the Distribution of Morphological Abnormalities and Their Histologic Detection, Hum Pathol 1999;30:451–7

Abstract Between 1980 and 1993, collagenous colitis was diagnosed in 56 patients at UCLA. These authors evaluated the histology of almost 300 biopsies from these patients to further clarify the relationship between diagnostic histology and site of biopsy. As expected, their patients were predominately women (71%), with a mean age at diagnosis of 59 yr. Chronicity of diarrheal symptoms ranged from 3 months to 15 yr. Diagnostic subepithelial collagen thickness was variable throughout the colon. The highest yield was in transverse colon (83%), right colon (70%), and lowest in rectosigmoid (66%). Diagnostic collagen thickness was >15 μm in most biopsies, but was detected most readily when >30 μm—a threshold the authors suggest increases the diagnostic comfort level. They recommend flexible sigmoidoscopy as adequate for diagnosis of most patients with collagenous colitis, noting colonoscopy is often used to clarify diagnosis, i.e ., when only mild or focal colitis is seen distally.
Fluorescence studies of macrophage recognition and endocytosis of native and acetylated low-density lipoprotein

Abstract Macrophage recognition and endocytosis of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (diI)-labeled low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and acetyl LDL (Ac-LDL) was studied using fluorescence flow cytometry and fluorescence video intensification microscopy. RAW264 macrophages and U937 monocytes were grown in the tissue culture media in the presence and absence of LDL and Ac-LDL. Several lines of evidence indicate that receptor-mediated endocytosis of diI-labeled LDL or Ac-LDL was taking place. Binding can be distinguished from binding plus endocytosis by incubation at 4 and 37°C, respectively. Binding was saturable at 4°C and uptake at 37°C was time- and ligand dose-dependent. Also, unlabeled LDL and Ac-LDL compete for their receptors. Macrophages grown in the presence or absence of LDL demonstrated distinct labeling patterns. LDL receptors were significantly increased by culture in defined medium without serum lipoproteins, while Ac-LDL receptors remained unaffected. Flow cytometry can provide an important tool to examine receptor levels, modulation of these levels and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Video intensification microscopy of similarly labeled cells has been performed. Receptors appear as punctate fluorescence, usually distributed randomly across the cell surface.
Splattering During Turbulent Liquid Jet Impingement on Solid Targets

In turbulent liquid jet impingement, a spray of droplets often breaks off of the liquid layer formed on the target. This splattering of liquid alters the efficiencies of jet impingement heat transfer processes and chemical containment safety devices, and leads to problems of aerosol formation in jet impingement cleaning processes. In this paper, the authors present a more complete study of splattering and improved correlations that extend and supersede the previous reports on this topic. The authors report experimental results on the amount of splattering for jets of water, isopropanol-water solutions, and soap-water mixtures. Jets were produced by straight tube nozzles of diameter 0.8--5.8 mm, with fully developed turbulent pipe-flow upstream of the nozzle exist. These experiments cover Weber numbers between 130--31,000, Reynolds numbers between 2,700--98,000, and nozzle-to-target separations of 0.2 [<=]l/d[<=]125. Splattering of up to 75 percent of the incoming jet liquid is observed. The results show that only the Weber number and l/d affect the fraction of jet liquid splattered. The presence of surfactants does not alter the splattering. A new correlation for the onset condition for splattering is given. In addition, the authors establish the range of applicability of the model of Lienhard et al. and themore » authors provide a more accurate set of coefficients for their correlation.« less
Sustainable competitive participation: A role for the federal government and the national laboratories

A clear and appropriate role is presented for the federal government and the national laboratories with respect to technology development, technology utilization and competitiveness. The selective use of federal policy tools and resources for enhancing economic competitiveness and for providing {open_quotes}sustainable{close_quotes} economic development is proposed. A novel approach to a coherent national R&D strategy is advocated with three major components: tax credits, technology facilitation, and federal investment directed towards sustainable competitive participation. Sustainable competitive participation is based on the blending of the concepts of economic competitiveness and sustainable development. Four sectors of technology development and competitiveness are considered for this comprehensive national science and technology strategy. Several examples illustrate the appropriate federal government and national laboratory role in sustainable competitive participation. 32 refs., 1 fig.
The frequency, impact, and management of mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure

Management of severe chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) in severe heart failure is challenging. There are controversies over the efficacy of surgical correction of MR in the presence of severely depressed left ventricular (LV) function. The etiology of MR plays an important role in clinical decision making. In organic MR, surgical correction should be performed even if patients have an LV ejection fraction of less than or equal to 30%. In functional MR, treatment of myocardial damage should be considered as the priority. The long-term mortality benefit of surgical correction of functional MR associated with severe LV dysfunction caused by cardiomyopathy (ischemic or dilated) likely depends on whether myocardial dysfunction can be reversed or improved by treatments (eg, coronary artery revascularization, pharmacologic treatment). Preoperative examination of viable myocardium (ischemic and hibernating myocardium) helps to identify a surgical candidate with ischemic MR associated with ischemic cardiomyopathy. The role of device treatment of MR in heart failure needs further investigation with outcome data.
Computational experiments with a system optimal dynamic traffic assignment model

Abstract Although several optimization models have been proposed for the dynamic traffic assignment problem, little computational experience is available. In this paper, we take a first step towards filling this gap by formulating and solving a class of discrete time, nonlinear models that are extensions of those in Carey (1987). An exit function is proposed, and its effects on traffic flow are analyzed using small traffic networks. The performance of three widely available optimizers in solving these models is described. Solution features of both nonlinear and piecewise linear versions of the model are presented and compared with simulation results generated using the Dynasmart simulator.
Establishing a high-technology knowledge transfer network: The practical and symbolic roles of identification

Abstract Knowledge transfer networks (KTNs) are composed of interconnected firms, government entities, and research organizations that play a critical role in the funding, development, and dissemination of knowledge in high-technology industries. Despite the common use of KTNs in situations that require technology inputs spanning multiple firms, little research has examined the start-up of KTNs and the marketing literature has essentially ignored them. Using social network, social identity, and relevant attribution and motivation theories, the authors build a conceptual model that explains key outcomes of start-up KTNs. A preliminary empirical investigation of a UK-wide KTN start-up finds evidence that social identification with the network is a key moderating mechanism. Identification plays a practical role in creating positive knowledge-transfer benefits for firms that are central in the KTN's social network. Identification also plays a symbolic role by affecting participants' perceptions of overall KTN performance in light of knowledge-transfer benefits that they received, and as an antecedent to affective commitment to the KTN.
De novo proximal duplication of 1(q12q22) in a female infant with multiple congenital anomalies

Reports of small proximal 1q duplications are rare. We report a 1 month-old female who was referred to clinic because she was believed to have features suggestive of Turner syndrome. The patient's dysmorphic features included a prominent nose, low-set and crumpled ears, slightly high palate, short neck, high-pitched cry, mild micrognathia, hypoplastic labia majora, and somewhat deep palmar creases. Traditional G-band chromosome studies of the patient were interpreted as 46,XX,dup(1)(q12q21). To further evaluate the extent of the chromosome 1 duplication, Spectral Karyotyping and a series of six fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes were utilized. The FISH probes refined the extent of the duplication to involve the region 1(q12q22) indicating the duplicated segment was larger than interpreted by the G-banding studies. This first case of non-mosaic proximal duplication of 1q to be characterized by multiple locus specific FISH probes should allow a more refined delineation of the phenotypic findings and clinical significance associated with this rare chromosomal duplication.
URBAN NOISE PREDICTS SONG FREQUENCY IN NORTHERN CARDINALS AND AMERICAN ROBINS

ABSTRACT We examined the extent to which acoustic noise in urban environments influences song characteristics and singing behaviour of Northern Cardinals Cardinalis cardinalis and American Robins Turdus migratorius. We predicted that, in response to loud noise, birds would improve signal transmission by (1) increasing singing rate and (2) adjusting song characteristics such as pitch and length. From May—July 2006, 42 cardinals and 53 robins were recorded in forests located within four acoustic environments in central Ohio: rural, residential, commercial, and highway. Following each recording, we measured ambient noise level and recorded information describing location, weather, habitat, and conspecific presence within 75 m. As predicted, frequency range was positively correlated with noise level for both species, but neither song length nor rate was related to noise level for either species. These data support the idea that anthropogenic noise influences avian singing behaviour and acts as a selective for...
A tumor suppressor role for PP2A-B56α through negative regulation of c-Myc and other key oncoproteins

Loss or inhibition of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has revealed a critical tumor suppressor function for PP2A. However, PP2A has also been shown to have important roles in cell cycle progression and survival. Therefore, PP2A is not a typical tumor suppressor. This is most likely due to the fact that PP2A represents a large number of different holoenzymes. Further understanding of PP2A function(s), and especially its tumor suppressor activity, will depend largely on our ability to determine specific targets for these different PP2A holoenzymes and to gain an understanding of how these targets confer tumor suppressor activity or contribute to cell cycle progression and cell survival. Recent work has identified c-Myc as a target of the PP2A holoenzyme, PP2A-B56α. This holoenzyme also negatively regulates β-catenin expression and modulates the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl2, thus characterizing PP2A-B56α as a tumor suppressor PP2A holoenzyme. This review will focus on the role of PP2A-B56α in regulating c-Myc and will place this tumor suppressor activity of PP2A within the context of its other tumor suppressor functions. Finally, the mechanism(s) through which PP2A-B56α tumor suppressor activity may be lost in cancer will be discussed.
Soliton pulse compression in the theory of optical parametric amplification

Using inverse scattering transform theory, we obtain new analytical expressions describing the process of parametric amplification by ultrashort pulses. We show that the result of parametric amplification of a small signal pulse by an intense pump wave does not depend on the shape of the pump. The output is determined solely by the intensity of any TWI-solitons contained in the pump.
An entrance slit mask for use with a step filter of sector

Rotating step sectors or eight-step filters are used on emission spectrographs to expand the range over which concentration levels may be determined. When all eight steps of the device are used, the number of exposures which can be placed on one photo plate is limited. Many times it is desirable to increase this limited number–in particular if the analysis does not require the full range of sectoring.
Inhibition and labeling of sodium, potassium ATPase by the dialdehyde derivative of ATP

Abstract Canine renal Na, K-ATPase was treated with ATP dialdehyde, “oxATP” (20 μ m ), as described by G. Ponzio B. Rossi, and M. Lazdunski (1983, J. Biol. Chem. 258 , 8201–8205). In this system, a by-product, formaldehyde, was the inactivator. We modified the system to minimize such inhibition and to speed up the reaction. oxATP itself inactivated the enzyme at a rate that was slow at first and later speeded up. We fitted a precursorproduct model to the data. Labeling with [ 3 H]oxATP indicated about three sites per α β protomer at complete inactivation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the labeled enzyme showed radioactivity in many components, in the α and β subunits and in small molecules at the tracker dye region. ATP (20 m m ) prevented all labeling and inactivation. Ponzio et al. concluded that oxATP labels covalently an ATP binding site. Our experiments did not support this conclusion. Ouabain did not affect labeling. Sodium stimulated both inhibition and labeling more than potassium did, indicating a high-affinity ATP binding site, if any. But nucleotide specificity for preventing or producing inhibition did not correspond to nucleotide specificity for binding of ATP to the native enzyme. Blocking the ATP binding center with fluorescein isothiocyanate or fluorosulfonyl benzoyl adenosine had no effect on [ 3 H]oxATP labeling. ATP also prevented [ 3 H]oxATP labeling of bovine serum albumin or of integral-membrane proteins.
The Pressure Synthesis Of P-Nitroaniline Condensation Products

Theoretical calculations by R. Bardo predict that under high pressure, p-Nitroaniline (PNA) forms semiconducting condensation products which possibly may be retained at ambient conditions. A combination phase-reaction P,T diagram has been determined in order to evaluate the correctness of the prediction and to indicate possible synthesis routes. The data were obtained by a combination of optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with a diamond anvil high pressure cell. The results show, (1) a reversible crystallographic transition occurs at about 4.0 GPa; (2) a reversible transition at about 1.0 GPa and 140°C which effects the optical properties of the material also occurs; (3) the melting point increases to 245°C at 1.0 GPa; and (4) irreversible chemical reactions begin to be significant above 280°C and 1.0 GPa. The reaction products were investigated by mass spectrometry. A series of dimers with N or N-N linkages are formed under pressure at moderate temperatures. If temperatures at pressure are excessive, i. e., above 360°C, then the PNA reacts to form an amorphous material stable when heated to over 350°C.
Strong Enhancement of Weak Amplitudes and Helicty Dependence of Proton Total Cross Sections

A Comment on the Letter by N. Lockyer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1821 (1980). Helicity enhancement of the ..delta..I = 1/2 part of weak decay amplitudes is discussed.
Validation study of the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey at a Hispanic-serving institution

The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) has been widely acknowledged as a useful measure of student cognitive attitudes about science and learning. The initial University of Colorado validation study included only 20% non-Caucasian student populations. In this Brief Report we extend their validation to include a predominately under-represented minority population. We validated the CLASS instrument at Florida International University, a Hispanic-serving institution, by interviewing students in introductory physics classes using a semistructured protocol, examining students' responses on the CLASS item statements, and comparing them to the items' intended meaning. We find that in our predominately Hispanic population, 94% of the students' interview responses indicate that the students interpret the CLASS items correctly, and thus the CLASS is a valid instrument. We also identify one potentially problematic item in the instrument which one third of the students interviewed consistently misinterpreted.
The energy used in "sprint" running

The large amount of energy used in muscular exercise of extreme severity has been demonstrated by recent work on the oxygen requirement of such exercise. Sargent (1, p. 16), for example, has found an oxygen requirement of nearly 30 litres per minute in a subject running 120 yards at an average speed of 9.23 yards per second, which is about eight times his maximum oxygen intake. Our previous paper will have explained how this great expenditure of energy occurs; it is not used mainly in overcoming any resistance external to the body, but rather the “viscosity” of the muscles of the subject himself. The mechanical work done can be calculated by the methods outlined in that paper, and it is of interest to compare it with the oxygen used in recovering from the effort made, which is a measure of the total energy expended. The Mechanical Efficiency of the Body in Running .—For the purpose of these experiments the subject is first caused to rest for 45 minutes, and a measure­ ment is made of his resting oxygen consumption. Then, without any other exercise, he is required to run 60, 100, or 150 yards at top speed, to pull up as rapidly as possible, and to collect his expired air for 30, 40 or 50 minutes, depending on the time needed for complete recovery.
RENAL FAILURE COMPLICATING THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME OF CHILDHOOD (I 131 -HIPPURATE SCANNING AS A DIAGNOSTIC ADJUNCT)

Three children presented in renal failure (RF) during a relapse of the nephrotic syndrome (NS). The etiology of NS in each case was felt to be minimal change glomerular disease. The episodes of RF were anteceded by infectious diseases which presented with fever and anorexia in all cases; recurrent emesis in 2. Clinical signs of circulatory hypovolemia were present in 2 cases and renal function did not improve coincident with expansion of vascular volume. The duration of renal failure as defined by BUN <100mg%. was 18, 9 and 3 days. The etiology of ATN is presumed to be ischemic renal damage consequent to hypovolemia early in the course of the relapse. Renal uptake of I131 - Hippurate during this period of RF was prompt while excretion was delayed - findings that were consistant with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and excluded cortical necrosis or end stage kidney disease. One child required a 48 hour peritoneal dialysis. Serum albumin concentration on presentation were 2.7, 2.8 and 1.9 gms%. Renal function returned to normal in 23, 12 and 5 days. In each case there was further reduction in serum albumin concentration as recovery from RF preceded and urinary volume and protein excretion increased. The NS remitted in each case with the use of oral prednisone. Present serum creatinine and BUN levels are normal.
Spider-fearful individuals hesitantly approach threat, whereas depressed individuals do not persistently approach reward.

Abstract Background and objectives Much research documents that anxiety is related to the avoidance of threatening information. Research is also beginning to suggest that depression is related to a lack of approach toward positive information. However, many questions remain regarding the specificity and robustness of these effects. The goal of the present study was to examine specific motivational patterns differentiating between anxiety and depression. Methods The current study used the approach-avoidance task (AAT) to further investigate these phenomena. Spider-fearful, depressed, and non-fearful/non-depressed (control) participants pulled or pushed a joystick lever in response to positive, neutral, and negative (spider and spider-unrelated) pictures. Unlike in previous AAT studies, duration times (DTs) of joystick movements were examined in addition to reaction times (RTs). Results As hypothesized, in contrast to depressed and control groups, spider-fearful participants exhibited avoidance tendencies by evidencing slower RTs when pulling the joystick in response to spider versus neutral pictures. As further hypothesized, depressed participants exhibited diminished approach motivation as evidenced by their pulling positive pictures for a shorter duration than neutral pictures, in comparison to the control group. Limitations Participants in our study were from a non-clinical student sample and further research is required for generalization to spider phobia and major depressive disorder. Conclusion These findings inform theoretical understanding of the specific motivational tendencies of anxiety and depression, and introduce a modification of the AAT that, if incorporated in clinical settings, would increase the specificity and success of cognitive bias modifications.
Analyzing focus group data: content and interaction

Erin Rothwell Column Editor: Lauren Clark Scientific Inquiry provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, presents informed practice based on available data, and innovates new practices through research and experimental learning.
Effect of a nicotine vaccine on nicotine binding to β2*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vivo in human tobacco smokers.

Immunization with a nicotine conjugate vaccine (3′-AmNic-rEPA) significantly reduced nicotine’s ability to enter the brain and bind to β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2*-nAChRs) by sequestering nicotine in the blood. Healthy tobacco smokers experienced a 12.5% decrease in β2*-nAChR occupancy by nicotine after vaccination, which was associated with a 23.6% decrease in the amount of nicotine available to enter the brain, and significant reductions in cigarette use and craving.
Spectral hole burning in the inhomogeneous ν3 absorption profile in CH3F isolated in mixed Ar:Kr matrices

Abstract Using two diode lasers, homogeneous spectral holes are burned and recorded in the inhomogeneous ν 3 absorption profile of CH 3 F isolated in mixed Ar:Kr matrices. The Lorentzian hole width, fwhm, is (9.1±0.5) × 10 −3 cm −1 at 5 K and narrows to (5.6±1) × 10 −3 cm −1 at 9.35 K. The hole refilling time at 5 K is ≈ 10 s. The hole width is ascribed to dephasing by localized librational modes, the refilling to thermal reorientation of the molecule in the trap site.
Influence of antidiuretic hormone on intrarenal blood flow distribution in diabetes insipidus dogs and rats.

SummaryThe distribution of labeled mi-crospheres within the renal cortex was used to evaluate the influence of physiological amounts of antidiuretic hormone on intra-renal blood flow distribution in hypophysec-tomized dogs and in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. In both species, intravenous infusions of ADH caused a significant decrease in the ratio of inner to outer cortical blood flow. The change in blood flow distribution observed in the hypophysecto-mized dog with ADH was primarily a consequence of a decrease in inner cortical blood flow. No consistent changes in outer cortical blood flow were found. Also in the dog, glomerular filtration rates and electrolyte excretion rates (Na and K) increased following ADH. In contrast, ADH infusion into Brattleboro rats caused no change in glomerular filtration rate or excretion of Na and K.I would like to thank Dr. Carl Hansen of NIH for kindly supplying our Brattleboro breeders. The excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Christine Eldon is gratefully ac...
Strategic alliances, venture capital, and exit decisions in early stage high-tech firms

Abstract We study the trade-offs that biotech start-ups face in the private equity market when they choose between raising firm-level capital from venture capitalists or project-level capital from strategic alliance partners. Increased alliance activity makes future alliances more likely, but future VC activity less likely. In contrast, venture capital (VC) activity makes both future alliance and future VC activity more likely. Both types of private capital raise the hazard of going public. Acquisition as an alternative to initial public offering is made more likely by increased VC activity, but the link between acquisition probabilities and alliance activity is less clear-cut. These results highlight both the importance of alliance partners in resolving asymmetric information problems in the capital acquisition process and the potential conflict of interest between different sources of private equity.
A unique probability and statistics course for undergraduate engineering students

The Ohio Northern University College of Engineering is teaching a course in probability and statistics which has been an integral part of the undergraduate engineering program for nearly 20 years. The basic concepts of probability and statistics which are essential to engineers are taught in a three-credit-hour one-quarter course. The course emphasizes applications of principles of data analysis and decision making and is taught with minimal discussion of theoretical concepts, except when students ask why. In recent years the course has been modified to include practice-oriented problems and computer use. The statistical package Minitab is used for manipulation and analysis of data collected during experimentation or observation. The authors discuss course objectives, assignments, increased computer usage, and student response to the course. >
Architecturally Driven Properties Based on the Dendritic State

This new architectural class of macromolecules has received substantial attention during the past decade. Three dendritic subclasses, which include: (a) random hyperbranched (i.e. one-pot ABx polymerizations), (b) dendritic grafted (i.e. Combburst® polymers) and (c) regular dendrons/dendrimers (e.g., Starburst® dendrimers) have been synthesized and characterized at a well-defined level in our laboratory. It is clear that their precisely controlled, nanoscale dimensions and architecture play critical roles in influencing physical properties and performance characteristics. Furthermore, these parameters have also distinguished dendrimers as fundamental modules for many nanotechnology applications, as well as for the construction of a new class of larger nanoscale entities which we have termed core–shell tecto(dendrimers). This paper will overview these activities and focus on certain unique de Gennes dense packing (or congestion phenomena) and nanoscale container properties that have emerged from this novel...