cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison between the enhanced mass transfer in boundary and pressure driven oscillatory flow

Abstract Mass transport in pulsating flow devices using either moving boundaries or oscillating imposed pressure drops are compared with each other by means of a calculation using a simple model. We conclude that there is no difference between the two configurations as long as one is interested only in the power required to move the fluid for the convective mass transport achieved. However, the boundary driven configuration is more efficient if the power is divided by the total mass transport where both the diffusive and convective parts are taken into account, the boundary driven configuration is more efficient. The amplitude of the piston stroke in the pressure driven configuration and the amplitude in the boundary driven case are assumed to be the same, and the inertia of the moving devices themselves are ignored in this calculation.
Efficacy of selected natural products as therapeutic agents against cancer.

With emerging sophistication in the exploration of ocean environment, a number of marine bioactive products have been identified with promising anticancer activity. Many of these are in active phase I or phase II clinical trials or have been terminated because of adverse side effects, mainly hematological in nature. Nonetheless, the information derived has aided enormously in providing leads for laboratory synthesis with modifications in the parent structure affecting compound solubility, absorption, and toxicity, resulting in less severe toxicity while achieving maximum efficacy in smaller doses. We describe herein, a few of the compounds obtained from marine and terrestrial sources [bryostatin 1 (1), dolastatin 10 (2), auristatin PE (3), and combretastatin A4 (4)] that have been extensively investigated in our laboratory and continue to be investigated for their sensitization effects with other cytotoxic agents in several different site-specific tumors employing murine models or human subjects.
SU‐FF‐J‐96: Estimating Dose Uncertainty in Minimally Deformable Sites Treated Without Daily Imaging

Purpose: To investigate a method to estimate the uncertainty in delivered dose distributions and tumorcontrol for minimally deformable treatment sites undergoing radiotherapy without daily imaging.Method and Materials: Total dose distributions were simulated for three prostate cancer patients by translating and adding dose grids based on probabilistic sampling of shifts based on actual patient shift data. Dose‐volume histograms (DVHs) were created for each simulated total dose distribution for a 28 fraction course. Tumorcontrol probability (TCP) was also calculated for each simulated dose distribution and compared relative to the TCP expected from the planning dose distribution. Results: Broadening of DVH lines shows the dose‐volume uncertainties introduced by treating without the anatomically‐based shifts determined through the use of daily imaging. Uncertainty is relatively uniform at all doses and volumes for the femoral heads, rectum, and bladder. The prostate volume receiving at least 63 Gy had a mean of 96% and varied from 94% to 96.5%. Dose to 96% of the prostate volume had a mean of 63 Gy and varied from 61.5 Gy to 64.5 Gy. For one patient, TCP did not change significantly as a result of the random shifts. The other two patients exhibited larger reductions in TCP, with maximum TCP losses of 1.6% and 3% and average losses of 0.5% and 1.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The relatively small estimated losses in TCP indicate that the planning PTV margins (2mm posterior, 5mm elsewhere) and fractionation schedules present in these plans are well suited to be used where daily imaging might not be readily available. Any loss in TCP must be balanced against other factors to decide whether or not daily imaging is required, and greater care in patient setup may decrease this loss in TCP further. Conflict of Interest: TRM has a financial interest in Tomotherapy, Inc.
Orientation-dependent x-ray-absorption near-edge studies of high-T c superconductors

Orientation-dependent x-ray-absorption near-edge measurements have been made on the Cu and Y $K$ edges in oriented ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ superconductors. The orientation dependence of the Cu edges is quite similar to that for other ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ planar compounds, and allows a clear identification of a number of near-edge features. The results also demonstrate the strong similarity of the Cu-O planes in the two materials, and clearly establish that ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{1+}$ is being formed on the linear-chain sites for $x=0.77$.
Multi-agent methodology for distributed and cooperative supervisory estimation subject to unreliable information

In this work, a novel multi-agent framework for cooperative supervisory estimation of linear time-invariant systems is proposed. This framework is developed based on the notion of subobservers and a discrete-event system (DES) supervisory control and is applicable to large-scale systems. We introduce a group of subobservers where each subobserver is estimating certain states that are conditioned on a given input, output and state information. The cooperation among the subobservers is managed by a DES supervisor. The supervisor makes decisions regarding the selection and configuration of a set of subobservers to successfully estimate all the system states, while the feasibility of the overall integrated cooperative subobservers is verified. When certain anomalies (faults) are present in the system, or the sensors and subobservers become unreliable, the supervisor reconfigures the set of selected subobservers so that the impacts of anomalies on the estimation performance are minimised to the extent that is possible. The application and capabilities of our proposed methodology in a practical industrial process is demonstrated through numerical simulations.
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic investigation of human parvovirus B19.

Abstract Crystals that diffract X rays to at least 8 A resolution have been grown from human 1319 parvovirus empty capsids. These particles consist of VP-2 derived from a baculovirus expression system. This is possibly the first time that a self-assembled empty viral capsid, grown in other than normal host cells, has been crystallized. Partial X-ray diffraction data have been collected using synchrotron radiation. The space group isP2, 3witha = 362A˚A. The particle position in the crystal cell is given, at least roughly, from packing considerations.
Determination of accumulated O2 deficit in exhaustive short-duration exercise

Usually, an initial step in determining accumulated O2 deficit is the estimation of the O2 demand of high intensity exercise by extrapolation from measured during steady-state submaximal exercise. It was hypothesized that O2 deficit could be determined without the need to estimate O2 demand by extrapolation. Ten women performed all-out cycle ergometer exercise tests at each of four power outputs selected so that exhaustion would occur after 90 to 600 s. Power output (W), accumulated VO2 (ml), and time to exhaustion (s) were measured in each test and then fit to the following equation: O2 deficit (ml) = O2 demand (ml∙min−1∙W−1)∙time (min)∙power (W) - accumulated VO2 (ml). This procedure generated values for two parameters (O2 demand and O2 deficit) for each subject. The O2 deficit was also calculated for each individual using conventional methods. The values for O2 deficit obtained using the two methods were correlated (r =.96, p <.01), and the value obtained using the experimental method tended to be larg...
A framework for comparison of update semantics

Scattered across the scientific literature of three or more disciplines appears a profusion of proposals for semantics of updates to logical theories. Because no previous work has compared these proposals with one another, the merits and demerits of the various approaches are not well known. Since the semantics differ from one another in systematic ways, it is possible to generalize from existing proposals and speak of the properties of classes of update semantics. In this paper we suggest a two-dimensional taxonomy for characterizing semantics, and describe the properties inherent to the classes implicit therein. Our discussion includes measurement of the computational complexity of the different classes.
On the TRAIL of an arthritis cure

Neither as deadly as cancer nor as apocalyptic as AIDS, autoimmune diseases still visit abundant misery upon large numbers of people. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one such disease. Despite recent improvements in therapy, this crippling and common condition remains incurable, costly and a target for gene therapists.1,2 A recent publication in the Journal of Clinical Investigation3 from John Mountz's laboratory at the University of Alabama describes an important strategic advance in the therapeutic use of genes for treating RA and other autoimmune diseases.
Shock wave driven by a phased implosion

In this paper the theory of an axially phased radial implosion of a channel is developed. When the phase velocity of the implosion exceeds the sound velocity inside the channel, a planar shock wave traveling along the channel axis can develop. For the energy of the implosion system in the appropriate range, the theory predicts a stable steady‐state flow configuration. The effect of the phased implosion is for the channel wall to form a nozzle that travels along the channel axis. The flow behind the axial shock is well described by the equations for nozzle flow with an additional dynamical degree of freedom for the shape of the wall. Experiments presented here verify the theoretical predictions. The numerical simulations show the formation of the axial shock during start‐up and the approach to steady state to be in good agreement with experiment and theory. A potential application of the axially phased implosion is the design of a super shock tube.
Relationships between Interannual Variability in the Arabian Sea and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

The interannual variability of the monthly mean upper layer thickness for the central Arabian Sea (5°N-15° N and 60° E-70° E) from a numerical model of the Indian Ocean during the period 1954–1976 is investigated in relation to Indian monsoon rainfall variability. The variability in the surface structure of the Somali Current in the western Arabian Sea is also briefly discussed. It is found that these fields show a great deal of interannual variability that is correlated with variability in Indian monsoon rainfall. Model upper layer thickness (H) is taken as a surrogate variable for thermocline depth, which is assumed to be correlated with sea surface temperature. In general, during the period 1967 to 1974, which is a period of lower than normal monsoon rainfall, the upper ocean warm water sphere is thicker (deeper thermocline which implies warmer surface water); in contrast, during the period 1954–1966, which is a period of higher than normal monsoon rainfall, the upper warm water sphere is thinner (shallower thermocline which implies cooler surface water). The filtered time series of uppper layer thickness indieates the presence of a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) during the wet monsoon period, but this QBO signal is conspicuously absent during the dry monsoon period.
Keratoacanthomas Arising within a Linear Epidermal Nevus

An example of keratoacanthomas arising within a congenital linear epidermal nevus is documented. Previously reported cases indicate that squamous-cell carcinoma, basal-cell epithelioma, and keratoacanthoma may develop in linear epidermal nevi. Any recently appearing nodule in a linear epidermal nevus should raise the clinician's index of suspicion for one of these secondary tumors.
Consumer/voter behavior in the passage of the Michigan container law

The landslide victory of Michigan's “bottle bill” by popular vote contradicts previous findings regarding the small size of the ecologically concerned consumer segment. A survey of voter preference...
Response to symbols by squirrel monkeys

Four squirrel monkeys, “saimiri sciureus” were trained to 90% criterion in the oddity problem, matching to sample, and two kinds of symbolic problems. In response to a series of different striations, the monkeys were able to select a different geometrical shape, even though the stimulus was changed every third trial. Finally, the monkeys (two of them) were trained to make multiple responses (pushing aside three blocks) in response to one symbolic stimulus.
Aryl azide photolabels in biochemistry

Abstract When photolabels are appropriately irradiated they 3roduce highly reactive species that can bind covalently to biomolecules. Recent studies of the modes of reaction of the aryl azides, an important class of photolabel precursors, suggest new experimental approaches to their use.
Political Participation and the Gender Gap in European Union Member States

The European Union (EU) has repeatedly tried to answer complaints about a possible democratic deficit. With the empowerment of the European Parliament scholars have assumed that European citizens were participating more in political matters. This research focuses on the levels and styles of political participation in general in the EU, testing whether EU member states have reached similar levels of political participation, conventional and non-conventional, and whether there might be a possible base for a political gender gap assessment. Datasets from the World Values Surveys for European countries in 1990 are used to compare three dimensions of political involvement: conventional, protest-oriented and the intensity of political integration. The results highlight the presence not only of a group of countries whose citizens are strong political participants across the participation dimensions used, but also of a serious, constant presence of gender differences in the levels of political participation declared.
Lazaroid improves intestinal blood flow in the rat during hyperdynamic bacteraemia

Background Intestinal mucosal hypoperfusion and loss of barrier function during sepsis may contribute to maintaining the septic state. Free radicals are produced during sepsis and antioxidants improve survival from experimental sepsis. It is unclear whether endothelial cell injury from free radicals results in altered microvascular reactivity. Lazaroids are antioxidants which scavenge radicals and block lipid radical chain reactions. The authors sought to determine whether lazaroids altered the intestinal microvascular responses to sepsis. MethodsIn vivo video microscopy was used to study the ileal microcirculation of the rat. A1 (inflow) arteriolar diameter and flow, A3 (premucosal) arteriolar diameters, and cardiac output were measured. Lazaroid or vehicle was infused before a bolus injection of live Escherichia coli or saline. Results Lazaroid alone had no effect on the intestinal vessels or haemodynamics. E. coli caused vasoconstriction (A1, −21 per cent, A3, −19 per cent of baseline) and hypoperfusion ( −36 per cent) despite increased cardiac output ( + 31 per cent). Lazaroid significantly attenuated both constriction (A1, −11 per cent; A3, 10 to −1 per cent) and hypoperfusion (−15 per cent), but did not increase cardiac output (30 per cent). ConclusionE. coli bacteraemia led to intestinal vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion. Lazaroid reduced this effect without altering central haemodynamic responses, suggesting that free radicals have a deleterious effect on the intestinal microcirculation during bacteraemia.
Characterization of (Na + ,K + )-ATPase isolated from embryonic chick hearts and cultured chick heart cells.

Abstract The (Na + , K + )-ATPase obtained from 14–16-day-old embryonic chick hearts (ventricles) was compared with that from trypsin-dissociated and denervated cultured chick embryonic heart cells. Two methods of enzyme preparation were studied: (1) isolation in mannitol, and (2) NaI extraction. Electron microscopy showed that the NaI preparation (100 000 × g fraction) consisted of membranes organized as vesicles. Ouabain produced 92% inhibition of the total ATPase activity in the NaI preparation compared with a 34% inhibition of the mannitol preparation. For the intact heart preparation, half-maximal inhibition occurred at 2.7·10 −6 M ouabain; K m was about 4.6·10 −4 M ATP, and ν max was 91 μmoles P i per h per mg protein. The (Na + , K + )-ATPase isolated from the cultured heart cells had about a 10-fold lower specific activity, but otherwise it had virtually identical characteristics. The optimal MgCl 2 concentration was 3 mM in the presence of 3 mM ATP, and the optimal K + concentration was 8 mM. Specific activity increased with Na + concentration and reached maximum at 50 mM. Li + did not substitute for Na + . The optimal pH was 7.0–8.0, with marked depression of activity at acid pH. Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Ni 2+ (2 mM) partially depressed the transport ATPase, and Ba 2+ and Zn 2+ almost completely depressed it. Tetracaine (2 mM) depressed the (Na + , K + )-ATPase. Tempterature studies showed breaks in the Arrhenius plots at 25° and 15°; the Q 10 values averaged 2.2 (25–35°) and 3.9 (15–25°) (activation energies of 14.5 and 23.1 kcal/mole, respectively). Many of these characteristics of the (Na + , K + )-ATPase are reflected in the electrical properties of the myocardial cell.
PDF modeling of chemical nonequilibrium effects in turbulent nonpremixed hydrocarbon flames

An approach for modeling nonequilibrium chemistry in turbulent hydrocarbon nonpremixed flames with a four-scalar constrained equilibrium chemistry submodel is developed. The evolution of these scalars is simulated by the Monte Carlo technique with turbulence scales obtained from a second-order moment closure scheme for the velocity field. The calculated results for a turbulent propane-air jet flame compare favorably with available experimental data. The results indicate a significant departure from chemical equilibrium, but local flame extinction is not observed even at locations near the nozzle exit.
Selective migration— Still a viable hypothesis

Abstract Kamin (1980) has contended that arguments presented in Wolff (1979) are too weak to justify “resuscitating the selective migration debate.” Although Kamin's (1980) critique points up the need for closer scrutiny of the cumulative-deficit phenomenon, it fails to refute Wolff's (1979) conclusion that selective migration is partly responsible for the North-South black IQ differential.
Close But No Cigar (Yet): A Commentary on “Has Consultation Achieved Its Primary Prevention Potential?,” an article by Joseph E. Zins

More than a decade ago, Joseph Zins (1995) hypothesized that consultation had the power to prevent children from developing academic, social, emotional, and related problems. To date, empirical research has yet to fully validate its value. This commentary discusses the potential benefit of consultation as a preventive measure, identifies ways to overcome barriers to implementation, and recognizes that more research is needed to fully validate its use as a primary prevention strategy.
High-Precision Numerical Simulations on a CUDA GPU: Kerr Black Hole Tails

Computational science has advanced significantly over the past decade and has impacted almost every area of science and engineering. Most numerical scientific computation today is performed with double-precision floating-point accuracy (64-bit or $$\sim $$ 15 decimal digits); however, there are a number of applications that benefit from a higher level of numerical precision. In this paper, we describe such an application in the research area of black hole physics: studying the late-time behavior of decaying fields in Kerr black hole space-time. More specifically, this application involves a hyperbolic partial-differential-equation solver that uses high-order finite-differencing and quadruple (128-bit or $$\sim $$ 30 decimal digits) or octal (256-bit or $$\sim $$ 60 decimal digits) floating-point precision. Given the computational demands of this high-order and high-precision solver, in addition to the rather long evolutions required for these studies, we accelerate the solver using a many-core Nvidia graphics-processing-unit and obtain an order-of-magnitude speed-up over a high-end multi-core processor. We thus demonstrate a practical solution for demanding problems that utilize high-precision numerics today.
The Mechanism of the Photoelectrochemical Etching of p‐InP in Nitric Acid Solutions

The mechanism of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching of p-InP in nitric acid was investigated. The success of the procedure is shown to be due to the chemical oxidation of the photoproduced metallic indium by nitric acid. The study gives insight into how the photoreduction of p-InP and protons occur simultaneously. Plots of the etch rate vs. nitric acid concentration for two p-InP electrodes with different carrier concentrations and etch pit densities (EPD) indicated that defects play a role in the photoreduction process. The effect of EPD on the photoreductions has been interpreted in terms of surface states which originate from EPD; the EPD are correlated with the magnitude of the surface states. The total number of coulombs passed in the PEC etching region was found to be relatively constant for each p-InP electrode. Comparison of the charge transferred with the PEC etch rates indicated that the majority of protons are photoreduced via surface states. A positive shift of the onset potential for photocurrent with increasing nitric acid concentrations implied a decrease in the density of surface states. This observation was correlated with the participation of the conduction band in the photoreduction of p-InP. At higher nitric acid concentrations, experiments indicate that the photoreduction of protons is possible at both the surface states and conduction band. Energy diagrams lend support to these suppositions.
Identification of SOX9 Interaction Sites in the Genome of Chondrocytes

Background Our previous work has provided strong evidence that the transcription factor SOX9 is completely needed for chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage formation acting as a “master switch” in this differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in SOX9 cause campomelic dysplasia, a severe skeletal dysmorphology syndrome in humans characterized by a generalized hypoplasia of endochondral bones. To obtain insights into the logic used by SOX9 to control a network of target genes in chondrocytes, we performed a ChIP-on-chip experiment using SOX9 antibodies.
Electronic properties of defects in YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract We have computed the electronic properties of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.5 and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and find that introduction of vacancies in the one-dimensional chains has a dramatic effect on the electronic properties. The broad antibonding band associated with the one-dimensional chains is replaced by a very narrow band just above the Fermi energy. This narrow band seems to have the desired properties for formation of excitonic states. This provides the the first evidence that the high temperature superconducting mechanism may be excitonic. The narrow band also raises the possibility of real-space pairing instead of reciprocal-space pairing as in the phonon and exciton mechanisms. Finally, it is clear that introduction of vacancies into the CuO planes would introduce further band-narrowing and enhance the possibility of localization of electrons and formation of anti-ferromagnetism (as is observed experimentally).
Same technology, different outcome? Reinterpreting Barley's Technology as an Occasion for Structuring

In the last few decades, several studies have found the same technology implemented in highly similar organizational settings to be associated with very different consequences for structure and process. The seminal study in this stream of research is Barley's (1986) Technology as an Occasion for Structuring, which reported that two similarly composed radiology departments implemented the same technology (computerized tomography scanners), yet experienced very different structural outcomes. In this paper I re-analyze the original study's data under three different statistical assumptions. First, I performed an arcsine transformation on the dependent variable where the original study used the raw probabilities. Second, I specified a power regression model in which the original study employed a linear regression. Finally, I user fewer dummy variables in the ‘combined’ regression models to determine the distinct phases through which the two hospitals evolved. Taken together, these assumptions produce very different results from the original study. Specifically they indicate that the radiology departments did not decentralize at different rates and did not do so over a different number of distinct phases. From my analysis come three specific recommendations for research investigating the consequences of information technology in similarly constituted organizations: (1) exchange the default assumption of homogeneity of outcomes with one of heterogeneity; (2) explicitly account for both the observable properties of technology and the context of its use; and (3) state clearly and a priori the standard used to classify structural and organizational outcomes as ‘different’.
The receptor function of galactosyltransferase during cellular interactions.

The molecular mechanisms that underly cellular interactions during development are still poorly understood. There is reason to believe that complex glycoconjugates participate in cellular interactions by binding to specific cell surface receptors. One class of carbohydrate binding proteins that could serve as receptors during cellular interactions are the glycosyltransferases. Glycosyltransferases have been detected on a variety of cell surfaces, and evidence suggests that they may participate during cellular interactions by binding their specific carbohydrate substrates on adjacent cells or in extracellular matrix (see Refs. 1–4 for review).
Embedding sharp interfaces within the lattice Boltzmann method for fluids with arbitrary density ratios

Current lattice Boltzmann methods for simulating two fluids create a diffuse interface between the fluids. In this work, we develop a novel technique for embedding sharp interfaces between fluids with unbounded density ratios for the LB method. Distribution functions streamed across an interface are transformed so that the receiving node is passed information corresponding to its fluid phase. Two different methods are employed to determine the transformation. The first uses analytical distribution functions from steady Poiseuille flow to determine the jump in moments of the distribution functions across the interface. The second uses approximate expansions of distribution functions to determine jumps in distribution functions. The accuracy and stability of the methods are examined in simulations of Poiseuille-Couette flows with an interface parallel to the walls. Both methods show linear convergence to the analytical solution.
A paradigm for semantic picture recognition

Abstract This paper presents the results of research into the development of a semantic-based picture recognition technique. The need for such a technique is reflected in the limitations of syntactic picture recognition techniques, which are discussed in detail. The motivation for developing a semantic-based technique arises from a few intuitive notions described in the paper. A paradigm for semantic picture recognition is realized in the development of a general procedure which makes explicit use of contextual information and bases recognition on intensional class descriptions.
Extending SPARQL with graph functions

Much of the early domain-specific success with graph analytics has been with algorithms whose results are based on global graph structure. An example of such an algorithm is betweenness centrality, whose value for any vertex potentially depends on the number of shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in the entire graph. YarcData's UrikaTM customers use SPARQL's graph-oriented pattern-matching capabilities, but many of them also require a capability to call graph functions such as betweenness centrality. This customer feedback led us to combine SPARQL 1.1's query capabilities with classical and emerging graph-analytic algorithms (e.g., community detection, shortest path, betweenness, BadRank). With this capability, a SPARQL query can select a specific subgraph of interest, pass that subgraph to a graph algorithms for deep analysis, and then pass those results back to an enclosing SPARQL query that post-processes those results as needed. With the Summer 2014 Urika release, we have extended the SPARQL implementation with a graph-function capability and a small set of built-in graph functions. We describe our design approach and our experiences with this first release, including anecdotal evidence of dramatically higher performance. Built-in graph functions represent an important step in the maturation of graph analysis and SPARQL. As common motifs emerge from use cases, those motifs may be mapped to specific graph functions that can be highly tuned for much higher performance than will be possible for SPARQL. Identifying those motifs and developing the underlying graph functions to accelerate their execution is a topic of intense effort industry-wide. Graph functions merged with SPARQL provide a new mechanism by which third-party graph-algorithm developers may expose their algorithms to widespread use.
Toward a Theory of Worker Participation

This paper proposes that the emergence of shop-floor worker participation projects in many of the largest corporations in the United States has major theoretical interest because it points to a shift in the structure of American management from Taylorist forms of organization toward “post-Taylorist” systems based on “relative worker autonomy” and limited democratic organization on the shop floor. The postulated shift toward “relative worker autonomy” is explored, first, in terms of the contradictions and failures of Taylorism-specifically its failure to integrate workers or bind them effectively, either psychologically or ideologically, to their jobs and firms. While the costs of worker dis-integration have led management to initiate post-Taylorist labor control systems, an analysis of participative experiments suggests that these new systems produce new contradictions engendering worker expectations and entitlements for democracy in the workplace. The analysis suggests the need for a reformulation of current theories of the capitalist labor process that can explain both the emergence of “integrative” labor systems based on participation and democratic legitimations and also the new forms of contestation they produce.
Heat conduction with solidification and a convective boundary condition at the freezing front

THE PHENOMENON of heat transfer from a surface at a temperature below the fusion temperature of the surrounding medium has received much attention in the literature. However almost all analyses of such problems, involving the formation of a solid on a cold surface. have ignored the effects of convection. Recently Libby and Chen Cl] have presented an approximate solution which does take into consideration the effects of convective heating. Their analysis, based on Goodman’s integral method [2-j, leads to a nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equation relating H, the dimensionless thickness of the deposited solid layer, to dimensionless time r. This equation is then solved numerically for a particular set of the parameters that characterize the problem. An alternate approximate technique which is applicable to this problem has been developed by Biot [3, 41. Using Biot’s technique a much simpler differential equation is obtained relating H and t. This equation can be solved explicitly and for the particular case presented by Libby and Chen the two solutions are indistinguishable. Since the solution obtained following Biot’s procedure gives a simple formula which is valid for all values of the parameters involved and since it eliminates the need for a computer, it is given here.
Traveling wave solutions to the two-dimensional Korteweg-deVries equation

Abstract Periodic wave solutions for the two-dimensional Korteweg-deVries and modified Korteweg-deVries equations are obtained. They are shown to be representable as infinite sums of solitons.
Effects of pre- and postpubertal castration and testosterone on pup-killing behavior in the male rat.

Abstract A male rat will usually kill newborn rat pups that are placed with him whereas a female usually will not. In past experiments with male rats neonatal castration almost completely blocked killing behavior whereas castration in adulthood had no effect. The present experiment was designed to further evaluate the role of testosterone in the development of pup-killing behavior by manipulating the age at castration and the schedule of replacement therapy. Within the prepubertal (Day 30) castrates, those which received replacement therapy with testosterone killed more than the placebo-treated animals. Also, the sham-castrated controls killed more than the Day 30 placebo-treated castrates but did not differ from the testosterone treated castrates. A similar pattern of results was obtained for the postpubertal (Day 60) castrates except that the castrates which received replacement therapy did not kill more than the placebo-treated animals. It was concluded that castration either before or after puberty will reduce the incidence of pup-killing in adulthood, and replacement therapy with testosterone is sufficient to maintain the behavior.
In vivo cotton stem and petiole nitrate reductase activity.

(...) Results indicated that cotton plants stems were high in NRA relative to leaf blades, except at the seedling stage. Samples taken from 35 cultivars and breeding lines in the same year under the same environmental conditions showed that the petiole NRA was high at the early flower bud stage. The petiole's average contribution of 52% of the total NRA of the top mature leaf indicates that petiole NRA may be useful as an indicator of N metabolism at the early flower bud stage of development
Diploptene in Antarctic sediments

Abstract The presence of diploptene [17β(H),21β(H)-hop-22(29)-ene]in sediment cores from Bransfield Strait and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, is reported. The organic geochemical data for these sediments provide evidence for the authigenic marine origin of this hopene.
The legal concept of wrongful life.

THE LAST several decades have brought dramatic improvements in medicine's ability to predict and diagnose genetic and congenital disease. The first prenatal diagnosis of a chromosome defect occurred as recently as 1967, followed the next year by the successful detection of an inborn error of metabolism. Currently, some 200 metabolic and chromosomal disorders can be diagnosed prenatally, and with the rapid development of powerful DNA probes, it may soon be possible to detect all of the 3000 known single-gene defects in humans. This knowledge affords significant benefits to children, parents, and society, but also confers additional responsibilities on the medical profession. With responsibility comes potential liability, so these medical developments have brought a variety of new legally recognized causes for malpractice action. "Wrongful birth" and "wrongful life" are two new legal concepts that have been developed in the last two decades as a result of prenatal diagnostic capabilities and the
Autonomie model validation with test data for 2010 Toyota Prius

The Prius — a power-split hybrid electric vehicle from Toyota — has become synonymous with the word “Hybrid.” As of October 2010, two million of these vehicles had been sold worldwide, including one million vehicles purchased in the United States. In 2004, the second generation of the vehicle, the Prius MY04, enhanced the performance of the components with advanced technologies, such as a new magnetic array in the rotors. However, the third generation of the vehicle, the Prius MY10, features a remarkable change of the configuration ― an additional reduction gear has been added between the motor and the output of the transmission [1]. In addition, a change in the energy management strategy has been found by analyzing the results of a number of tests performed at Argonne National Laboratory’s Advanced Powertrain Research Facility (ARRF). Whereas changes in the configuration, such as the reduction gear, are possibly noticeable, it is not easy to determine the effect of the energy management strategy because the supervisory control algorithm is, generally, not published. Further, it is almost impossible to analyze the algorithm without testing results obtained from a well-designed testing process. On the basis of extensive experience in designing the controllers of power-split hybrid electric vehicles in Autonomie, we could identify the supervisory control algorithm by analyzing the testing results obtained from the APRF. A vehicle model and a control model for the Prius MY10 have been developed to reproduce the real-world behaviors, and the simulation results are compared with the testing results. In the simulation, the developed vehicle model achieves fuel consumption that is close to the testing value, within 5%, and the operation of the engine model was similar to that of the real-world engine.
Comparative assessment of DNA analysis in effusions by image analysis and flow cytometry.

Cytologic evaluation of body cavity fluids is useful to detect malignancy within the pleural and peritoneal spaces. A definitive diagnosis cannot always be made on cytologic evaluation alone. As malignant processes may show abnormal DNA content, DNA analysis of effusions may be useful. Therefore, we determined the DNA content of 37 effusions by flow cytometry (FC) and image analysis (IA) using the CAS 200. Of the 37 fluids evaluated, 18 were cytologically malignant, 15 benign, and four atypical. Overall, 22 fluids (60%) showed concordance between FC and IA. None of the benign fluids were aneuploid. All showed diploid histograms or diploidy with increased proliferating cells. Three of four atypical fluids had increased proliferating cells by either FC or IA, whereas one was diploid by both methods. Aneuploidy was detected in 13 malignant fluids: five were aneuploid by both methods and eight by only one method. IA identified aneuploidy in five of those eight cases, while three were identified by FC. Three of the cytologically malignant fluids were diploid by both methods, and two showed increased proliferating cells by IA and diploidy by FC. The specificity of both methods was 100%. However, the sensitivity of identifying a malignant fluid by aneuploidy is low, 44% for FC and 55% for IA. IA appears to identify small aneuploid populations more frequently than FC. The detection of aneuploidy in effusions is highly suggestive of malignancy, and the combination of both techniques gives the highest detection rate (72%). However, neither are as sensitive as traditional cytologic evaluation with the occasional use of additional histochemical stains. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Working memory capacity correlates with implicit serial reaction time task performance

We recently reported that visuospatial working memory capacity predicts the rate of explicit motor sequence learning (Bo and Seidler in J Neurophysiol 101:3116-3125, 2009). In the current study, we evaluated relationships between visuospatial and verbal working memory and implicit performance change in the serial reaction time (SRT) task. Participants performed two computerized working memory tasks adapted from change detection working memory assessments, an implicit SRT task, and several neuropsychological tests. We observed significant correlations between visuospatial working memory (VSWM) and verbal working memory (VWM) performance. VSWM, VWM, and card rotation task were each significantly correlated with the rate of reaction time improvement in the SRT task. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that VSWM explained a significant portion of the variance in rate of SRT performance change (exponential fit to the performance curve) across individual participants, and the addition of VWM did not significantly improve the model. These findings suggest that VSWM plays a role in the implicit performance improvement of second-order conditional sequences.
“You Just Have to Look at It as a Gift”: Low-Income Single Mothers’ Experiences of the Child Support System

The current child support system emphasizes making parents pay first before the state provides economic assistance. Despite research suggesting that child support can financially benefit low-income households, many custodial mothers do not pursue child support orders. In this study, the author uses in-depth interviews with 25 low-income single mothers to better understand (1) why some women do not file for child support and (2) for those who do enter into this system, what are their experiences in navigating the child support process, including interacting with the fathers of their children as well as with the state.
Current–voltage curves for molecular junctions: pyrene vs diphenylacetylene

Abstract The I–V curves are computed for 2,7-dithiolpyrene and 4,4′-dithiol-diphenylacetylene between two Au(1 1 1) surfaces. For a given bias, up to about 2.5 eV, the current for 2,7-dithiolpyrene is about half that for 4,4′-dithiol-diphenylacetylene. However, the fused benzene rings in 2,7-dithiolpyrene eliminate the loss of current associated with rotation about the central C2 that can occur for 4,4′-dithiol-diphenylacetylene.
Physical Properties of Sea Ice Discharged from Fram Strait

It is estimated that 84 percent of the ice exiting the Arctic Basin through Fram Strait during June and July 1984 was multiyear ice and that a large percentage of this ice is ridged or otherwise deformed. While freeboard and thickness data, together with salinity measurements on cores, usually sufficed to distinguish between first and multiyear floes, preliminary identification could usually be made on the basis of snow cover measurements with snow cover being much thicker on multiyear ice. Cores from the top half meter of multiyear floes were generally very much harder and more transparent than cores from first-year floes. Age estimates of multiyear floes, based on petrographic and salinity characteristics of cores, did not exceed 4 to 5 years for any of the floes that were observed exiting Fram Strait.
Possible Characteristics of Supernova Induced Enrichment of Globular Clusters

Within globular clusters, stars of similar temperatures and gravities commonly exhibit differences in the strength of the λ3883 CN band, the distribution of which is often bimodal. An archetype example of this phenomenon is NGC 6752 (Norris et al. 1981). As documented by Da Costa and Cottrell (1980), and Norris et al. (1981), the CN-rich giants in this cluster possess enhancements in nitrogen abundance by factors of 7–8 relative to the CN-poor giants. This may indicate that chemical enrichment of proto-cluster gas clouds took place as a result of the activity of massive stars, which manufactured nitrogen within their interiors and ejected it into the cluster gas while low mass stars were forming. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the properties of NGC 6752 mentioned above might be consistent with supernova enrichment. Both the free and adiabatic expansion phases of supernova shells (Spitzer 1968) will be discussed in this context.
Dynamic and steady-state light adaptation of mouse rod photoreceptors in vivo.

1 Electroretinographic (ERG) methods were used to investigate the effects of background illumination on the responses of mouse rod photoreceptors in vivo. A paired-flash procedure, involving the recording and analysis of the ERG a-wave response to a bright probe flash presented after a brief test flash, was used to derive the rod response to the test flash in steady background light. A related, step-plus-probe procedure was used to derive the step response of the rods to backgrounds of defined strength. 2 Steady background light produced a maintained derived response that was graded with background strength. Determinations of the full time course of the derived weak-flash response in steady background light, and of the effect of background strength on the flash response at fixed post-test-flash times, showed that moderate backgrounds reduce the peak amplitude and duration of the flash response. 3 The response to stepped onset of an approximately half-saturating background (1.2 sc cd m−2) exhibited a gradual rise over the first 200-300 ms, and an apparent subsequent relaxation to plateau amplitude within 1 s after background onset. Determinations of normalized amplitudes of the derived response to a test flash presented at 50 or 700 ms after background onset indicated substantial development of background-induced shortening of the test flash response within this 1 s period. These findings indicate a time scale of ≈1 s or less for the near-completion of light adaptation at this background strength. 4 Properties of the derived response to a stepped background and to test flashes presented in steady background light are in general agreement with photocurrent data obtained from mammalian rods in vitro and suggest that the present results describe, to good approximation, the in vivo desensitization of mouse rods by background light.
Cocaine and kidney injury: a kaleidoscope of pathology

Cocaine is abused worldwide as a recreational drug. It is a potent activator of the sympathetic nervous system leading to intense vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, platelet activation and decrease in prostaglandins E2 and prostacyclin. Cocaine can lead to widespread systemic adverse effects such as stroke, myocardial infarction, arterial dissection, vascular thrombosis and rhabdomyolysis. In human and rat kidneys, cocaine has been associated with glomerular, tubular, vascular and interstitial injury. It is not uncommon to diagnose cocaine-related acute kidney injury (AKI), malignant hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Cocaine abuse can lead to AKI by rhabdomyolysis, vasculitis, infarction, thrombotic microangiopathy and malignant hypertension. It is reported that 50-60% of people who use both cocaine and heroin are at increased risk of HIV, hepatitis and additional risk factors that can cause kidney diseases. While acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a known cause of AKI, an association of AIN with cocaine is unusual and seldom reported. We describe a patient with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic hepatitis C, who presented with AKI. Urine toxicology was positive for cocaine and a kidney biopsy was consistent with AIN. Illicit drugs such as cocaine or contaminants may have caused AIN in this case and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of causes of AKI in a patient with substance abuse. We review the many ways that cocaine adversely impacts on kidney function.
Implementation of a hybrid fast restoration scheme for broadband wireless networks

A hybrid fast restoration scheme for high-speed laser networks is introduced. Distributed restoration is achieved by a special restoration strategy, "local recovery for local failure". Implementation over the OSPF protocol is presented, which consists of preplanned and real-time scenarios. Recovery time is also given. Simulation results over a typical network structure show that we could achieve a full recovery of a single-link failure, 99.16% recovery of single-node failure, as well as 96.64% recovery of double-link failure.