cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tray Service Generates More Food Waste in Dining Areas of a Continuing-Care Retirement Community

Abstract Objective To determine if the type of service system affects the amount of service food waste (SFW) generated in dining areas of a continuing-care retirement community. Research design A waste stream analysis was conducted for 7 days to determine quantity of SFW generated in three service systems: health care tray service, health care dining room with wait-staff service, and ambulatory dining room with family style service. Weight and volume were determined. Setting Health care tray service and wait-staff service were provided to 70 residents in a health care unit. Family-style service was provided as an optional service for 130 residents in independent-living units. An average of 229 meals were served per day. Statistical analysis performed Analysis of variance and a multiple comparison method were used to compare mean weight and volume of SFW on a per meal, per day, and per week basis. Results During the 7-day period, 482.8 lb, or 83 gal, of SFW was disposed of. Health care tray service generated more SFW by weight for all three meals than either family-style service or wait-staff service, and it generated the greatest total volume of service waste. Residents eating in the dining room with family-style service disposed of significantly less SFW by weight at lunch and dinner than those receiving the other two service styles. Applications Changing the style of service can affect not only quantity of solid waste generated and associated disposal costs but also food and supply costs, meal acceptability, and quantity of natural resources required. The systems approach should be used to assess the feasibility of changing service system so that all costs are considered. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:879-882 .
Improving Cancer Screening Among Women With Mobility Impairments: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Participatory Workshop Intervention

Abstract Purpose. To assess the efficacy of an intervention to promote mammography and Papanicolaou (Pap) testing among women with mobility impairments overdue for screenings Design. Randomized controlled trial. Setting. Urban and suburban Oregon. Participants. Women aged 35 to 64 with mobility impairments who reported not receiving a Pap test in the past 3 years and/or mammogram (if age >40 years) in the last 2 years were eligible. A total of 211 women were randomized, and 156 completed the study (26% attrition). The majority were not employed and reported annual income <$10,000. Intervention. The Promoting Access to Health Services (PATHS) program is a 90-minute, small-group, participatory workshop with 6 months of structured telephone support, based on the health belief model and social cognitive theory. Measures. Perceived susceptibility to breast and cervical cancer, perceived benefits of and self-efficacy for screening, intention to be screened, and self-reported receipt of mammography and Pap testi...
Military Ethics: An Introduction with Case Studies/The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction

Military Ethics: An Introduction with Case Studies STEPHEN COLEMAN Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 320 pages. ISBN: 0199846294. The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction HELEN FROWE New Y...
Permanent prostate seed implant brachytherapy : report of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group No. 64

There is now considerable evidence to suggest that technical innovations, 3D image-based planning, template guidance, computerized dosimetry analysis and improved quality assurance practice have converged in synergy in modern prostate brachytherapy, which promise to lead to increased tumor control and decreased toxicity. A substantial part of the medical physicist's contribution to this multi-disciplinary modality has a direct impact on the factors that may singly or jointly determine the treatment outcome. It is therefore of paramount importance for the medical physics community to establish a uniform standard of practice for prostate brachytherapy physics, so that the therapeutic potential of the modality can be maximally and consistently realized in the wider healthcare community. A recent survey in the U.S. for prostate brachytherapy revealed alarming variance in the pattern of practice in physics and dosimetry, particularly in regard to dose calculation, seed assay and time/method of postimplant imaging. Because of the large number of start-up programs at this time, it is essential that the roles and responsibilities of the medical physicist be clearly defined, consistent with the pivotal nature of the clinical physics component in assuring the ultimate success of prostate brachytherapy. It was against this background that the Radiation Therapy Committee of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine formed Task Group No. 64, which was charged (1) to review the current techniques in prostate seed implant brachytherapy, (2) to summarize the present knowledge in treatment planning, dose specification and reporting, (3) to recommend practical guidelines for the clinical medical physicist, and (4) to identify issues for future investigation.
Nanoscale coatings for control of interfacial bonds and nanotube growth

This paper describes the usefulness of nanoscale coatings in improving some engineering materials having porous and uneven surfaces (microcellular foam, nanofibers, nanotubes, etc.). It is shown that 3‐5 nm coatings deposited in microwave plasma can influence crucial properties for a widevariety of applications. Two coatings resulting in opposite chemistries have been studied, an oxide layer that increases surface reactivity, and a similarfluorocarbon layer that makes it inert. In-depth atomic level microscopic and spectroscopic investigationsof nucleation and growth of these layers on various substrates have been reported earlier. The effectiveness of such coatings in modifying bond strength, wettability and catalytic activity of various porous and uneven carbon surfaces have been shown here. The following influences of nanoscale functional coatings have been elaborated upon: (a) modification of carbon‐polymer interfaces (b) controlled metallization of carbon (c) influence of nano-coatings on catalytic activity, for formation of carbon nanotubes on larger structures. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Production of the K̄∗|O (890) Δ− (1236) final state in K−d interactions at 5.5 GeV/c☆

A cross section of 286 ± 45 μb was measured for the reaction K−n → → K∗O(890)Δ−(1236) at a beam momentum of 5.5 GeV/c. The data show a forward diffraction peak with a slope of 5.7 ± 0.7 (GeV/c)−2 and the decay correlations indicate that although pion exchange contributes to the production mechanism, it is apparently less dominant than in the related reaction K+p → K∗O(890)Δ++(1236). Significant differences are observed between these two reactions in both the cross section and the decay correlations. These differences cannot be explained in terms of a one-pion exchange model with absorption.
Impact of wireless communication on multimedia application performance

Multimedia applications and specifically voice and video conferencing tools are widely used in business communications, and are quickly being discovered by the consumer market as well. At the same time, wireless communication services such as PCS voice and cellular data are becoming very popular, leading to the desire to deploy multimedia applications in the wireless environment. Wireless links, however, exhibit several characteristics which are different from traditional wired networks. These include: dynamically changing bandwidth due to mobile host movement in and out of cells where bandwidth is shared, high rates of packet corruption and subsequent loss, and frequent and lengthy disconnections due to obstacles, fading, and movement between cells. In addition, these effects are short-lived and difficult to reproduce, leading to a lack of adequate testing and analysis for applications used in wireless environments. In this paper, we discuss the construction of an emulated wireless link, subsequent testing of multimedia application performance, and a study of mobile user preferences. Modifications were made to the network layer implementation of the Linux kernel to enforce a configurable bit rate, error rate, and distribution of temporary disconnections. Unlike a physical wireless link, where these parameters cannot be controlled or configured, an emulated wireless link allowed multiple application runs under similar conditions. The traffic pattem of a typical real-time voice application was generated and subjected to various bit error rates and disconnection distributions and then analyzed. The same loss patterns were applied to an audio stream and recorded. Finally, we conducted listening tests to determine what negative aspect of wireless performance was most detrimental to user perception of quality.
Can a MR Imaging Scanner Accurately Measure Hematocrit to Determine ECV Fraction

Focal fibrosis, most due to myocardial infarction, is readily identified by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) using widely validated late gadolinium enhancement methods. However, many common conditions of the heart, ranging from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or
Gastric phycomycosis. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Gastric phycomycosis was identified in a patient dying in acidosis with diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. Histological examination of the margins of a large gastric ulcer showed numerous branching non-septate hyphae. Organisms were also found in the blood vessels of the liver. Phycomycosis with gastric involvement has rarely been described and appears to be a different entity from the classic rhinocerebral form of mucormycosis, since none of the reported gastric cases also had rhinocerebral or ocular involvement. All reported gastric cases have been associated with debilitating diseases. Acidosis and malnutrition appear to be the most important predisposing factors. Only 2 cases have been diagnosed antemortem. Treatment of the underlying disorder along with specific antifungal therapy is suggested. An increasing incidence of opportunistic infections appears to be a consequence of modem therapeutic techniques.
Abstract 1975: Discovery of a potent and selective Jak2 inhibitor that suppresses GM-CSF-induced STAT5 phosphorylation and Erythropoietin-induced reticulocytosisin vivo

Essential thrombocythemia (ET), polythemia vera (PV) and myelofibrosis (MF) are myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) characterized by a chronic excessive production of cells from one or more myeloid lineages and/or bone marrow fibrosis, and have the potential to progress to AML. Recently, gain-of-function mutations in intracellular tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) were identified to be associated with MPDs. Jak2 is a member of the Jak family of kinases including Jak1, Jak3, and Tyk2 and is the most proximal signaling component for a number of cytokine receptors. The most common Jak2 mutation identified in MPDs is a substitution of valine to phenylalanine at codon 617 (V617F) located in the pseudokinase domain, which results in the loss of its repressive function, and subsequently leads to the constitutive activation of Jak2 and downstream signaling pathways (STAT, MAP kinase, and PI3 kinase) which affect the survival, differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors. Highly selective Jak2 inhibitors may provide a better therapeutic window in chronic dosing settings (ET and PV patients) than non-selective Jak inhibitors. Here we report the discovery of a potent and highly selective Jak2 inhibitor, AMG-Jak2-01. In enzyme assays, AMG-Jak2-01 was potent (3 nM) and selective over other Jak family kinases (> 2000-fold over Jak1, 10-fold over Jak3 and > 400-fold over Tyk2). In isogenic BaF3 cell lines expressing constitutively active Jak kinases (Tel-Jak fusion), AMG-Jak2-01 showed over 40-fold Jak2 selectivity against Jak1 or Tyk2 and 10-fold selectivity against Jak3 based on the inhibition of STAT5 phosphorylation (pSTAT5 – detected with AlphaScreen®). In cytokine-stimulated primary PBMC or whole blood assays, AMG-Jak2-01 demonstrated more than 25-fold Jak2 selectivity over Jak1and Jak3 based on inhibition of pSTAT5 (detected by flow cytometry). In vivo, oral administration of AMG-Jak2-01 at 100 mg/kg for 1 hr inhibited GM-CSF-induced pSTAT5 by approximately 70% (p In summary, we have discovered a potent Jak2 inhibitor, AMG-Jak2-01, which is selective over other Jak family members in both enzyme and cell-based assays and demonstrates inhibitory activity in GM-CSF-induced STAT5 phosphorylation and erythropoietin-induced reticulocytosis in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1975. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1975
Curing Hepatitis C in Liver Transplant Recipients Is Associated with Changes in Immunosuppressant Use.

Background and Aims: All-oral interferon-free antivirals are highly effective in treating recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) infection in liver transplant (LT) recipients. The aim of the study was to assess immunosuppression needs after achieving a sustained viral response (SVR). Methods: We compared immunosuppression needs before and after achieving a SVR in adult LT recipients treated for recurrent HCV infection with all-oral direct acting agents. Results: We identified 52 liver LT treated recipients who achieved a SVR. The median (25th and 75th percentile interquartile range [IQR]) age was 62 years (57.75, 65). Most recipients received tacrolimus (TAC) for their immunosuppressant regimen. After achieving SVR, there was no statistically significant difference in daily dose of TAC unadjusted per weight (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant decrease in daily dose of TAC adjusted per weight, serum levels of TAC, and the product of glomerular filtration rate and TAC. No statistically significant differences in cyclosporine unadjusted/adjusted per weight daily dose or serum levels were noted. Conclusions: Immunosuppression needs were increased for those patients treated with TAC but not cyclosporine. LT recipients prescribed TAC require close monitoring after treatment completion to avoid potential risk of acute rejection.
Admission Leukocytosis Is Not Associated with Early Response to Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (P02.198)

Objective: We examined the relationships between admission leukocytosis and clinical response to intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and early clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) receiving rt-PA. Background In patients with acute coronary events treated with IV rt-PA, the presence of leukocytosis is associated with impaired microvascular perfusion and increased re-occlusion rates. Within 24hr of an ischemic event, neutrophils and other acute-phase mediators invade the ischemic tissue releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines promoting endothelial damage. The degree of acute-phase response is related to infarct size and functional outcome. Design/Methods: We undertook a single-center retrospective analysis of patients treated with IV rt-PA for AIS between July 2008 and June 2010. Patients were excluded for in-hospital strokes, infections within 72hr of admission, and for corticosteroids taken in the month before admission or during hospitalization. Leukocyte counts were considered elevated if it exceeded our laboratory reference range for normal ( Results: Eighty-five patients met inclusion criteria; 20% had leukocytosis. Age, race, glucose, and NIHSS were similar, but patients with leukocytosis were more likely to be female (p=0.049). No difference in ΔNIHSS from admission to 24hr post-tPA was detected in patients with leukocytosis (or elevated neutrophils or lymphocytes) compared to those with normal WBC counts. Patients with leukocytosis had similar frequencies of sICH, neurological deterioration, and length of stay and similar median mRS scores. The ΔNIHSS from admission to discharge was significantly greater (p=0.0044) in patients with leukocytosis, but other outcomes were similar (sICH, neurological deterioration, length of stay, and mRS). Conclusions: At our center, patients with AIS and leukocytosis at the time of IV rt-PA had similar improvement in NIHSS when compared to those with normal WBC counts, arguing against a deleterious interaction. The improvement in NIHSS score by discharge and higher frequency of favorable discharge disposition requires validation and further exploration. Disclosure: Dr. Gillette has received research support from the Infectious Disease Society of America. Dr. Siegler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kumar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boehme has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martin-Schild has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albright has nothing to disclose.
Measurements of Absolute Values in Biochemical Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an important tool of the biochemist studying the structure and interactions of proteins and nucleic acids. The four basic quantities to measure accurately are: 1. spectra (corrected excitation and emission), 2. quantum yields (Q), 3. fluorescence decay characteristics, and 4. polarization. Commercially available instruments, with little modification, can be used to obtain these measurements, but the biochemist in this field is very dependent on the accuracy of measurements of substances he uses as standards. Confusion arises from disagreement between reported values for standards which may be used to calibrate a detector system to obtain quantum yields, or to set up lifetime and polarization photometers. For instance, the protein chemist is fond of using tryptophan and quinine as quantum yield standards, but Q for tryptophan has been variously reported as 0.13 and 0.20, and Q values for quinine bisulfate range from 0.4 to 0.7. The biochemist should also be aware of the problems inherent in the use of commerically available instruments in absolute measurements, as well as the special complications arising in complex biochemical systems where the fluorescence is heterogeneous.
Democracy and the Concept of Personal Integrity Rights

The right to personal integrity is the most frequently studied right in empirical research on human rights violations. One of the strongest findings in this body of research is that democracy, measured using a large number of quantitative indicators, reduces violations of personal integrity. I argue that this finding requires qualification and should be treated with caution. This is because the concepts of democracy and respect for personal integrity rights overlap to some extent. Specifically, violence meant to suppress opposition groups, which is considered a violation of personal integrity, overlaps with free political competition, which is usually considered a necessary component of democracy. This means that measures of the two concepts will necessarily be correlated. After demonstrating that the definitions of these concepts overlap, I present evidence that indicators of these concepts are correlated by construction. I conclude with suggestions for how this problem can be avoided in future research.
Joint Modeling of Pedestrian and Bicycle Crashes: Copula-Based Approach:

This study contributes to the safety literature on active mode transportation safety by using a copula-based model for crash frequency analysis at a macro level. Most studies in the transportation safety area identify a single count variable (such as vehicular, pedestrian, or bicycle crash counts) for a spatial unit at a specific period and study the impact of exogenous variables. Although the traditional count models perform adequately in the presence of a single count variable, these approaches must be modified to examine multiple dependent variables for each study unit. The presented research developed a multivariate model by adopting a copula-based bivariate negative binomial model for pedestrian and bicycle crash frequency analysis. The proposed approach accommodates potential heterogeneity (across zones) in the dependency structure. The formulated models were estimated with pedestrian and bicycle crash count data at the statewide traffic analysis zone level for the state of Florida for 2010 through 2012. The statewide traffic analysis zone level variables considered in the analysis included exposure measures, socioeconomic characteristics, road network characteristics, and land use attributes. A policy analysis was conducted—along with a representation of hot spot identification—to illustrate the applicability of the proposed model for planning purposes. The development of such spatial profiles allows planners to identify high-risk zones for screening and subsequent treatment identification.
Implications of Tobacco Industry Research on Packaging Colors for Designing Health Warning Labels

INTRODUCTION Health warning labels (HWLs) are an important way to educate the public about the dangers of tobacco products. Tobacco companies conducted research to understand how pack colors affect consumers' perceptions of the products and make packages and their labeling more visually prominent. METHODS We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents concerning the tobacco industry's internal research on how cigarette package colors and design influence the visual prominence of packages and consumers' perceptions of the harmfulness of the products. RESULTS The companies found that black is visually prominent, placing dark pack elements on a contrasting light background makes them stand out more, and black text on a white background is more prominent than white text on a black background. Yellow most quickly and effectively seizes and holds consumers' attention and signals warning or danger, while white connotes health and safety. Using black text on a bright contrasting background color, particularly yellow, attracts consumers' attention to the message. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco industry research on pack color choices that make pack elements more prominent, attract and keep consumers' attention, and convey danger instead of health should guide governments in specifying requirements for HWLs. These factors suggest that HWLs printed on a yellow background with black lettering and borders would most effectively seize and keep consumers' attention and signal the danger of cigarettes and other tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco companies' internal research on improving the prominence of pack elements suggests that HWLs using black lettering on a contrasting yellow background would most effectively seize and hold consumers' attention and signal the danger of cigarettes and other tobacco products.
Platelet-activating factor induces progesterone secretion and changes in morphological appearance in luteinizing granulosa cells in vitro.

Objective Recent evidence indicates the involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in ovarian periovulatory processes. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of PAF on ovarian follicular cellular function. Design and Interventions We examined the effects of PAF on progesterone (P) secretion by cultured human luteinizing granulosa cells obtained from women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Follicular cells were cultured in serum-free conditions for 12 to 36 hours with and without PAF (at dosages of 10 -8 to 10 -14 M). Results Progesterone secretion was significantly increased at 12 and 36 hours after treatment with 10 -8 M PAF (170% ±40% and 210% ± 40%, respectively) and with 10 -10 M PAF (170% ±30% and 180% ± 10%, respectively). Smaller increases were seen with 10 -12 and 10 -14 M PAF. Maximal increases in P secretion in 10 -10 M PAF-treated wells occurred at 3 to 12 hours. At 36 hours, distinct morphological differences between cells in control wells and those containing PAF were noted. Conclusions These results indicate that PAF may influence follicular cell function during ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
Effect of Dietary Potassium Supplementation to Sows During Lactation on Electrolyte Status of the Sows and Piglets1

This study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of potassium (K) to sows during lactation. On d 106 of gestation 24 sows were each assigned to one of three dietary treatments (two groups; 12/group; four/treatment/group). Treatment 1 was a semipurified basal diet containing .42% K; and supplemental K, as KHC03, was added to the basal diet to provide .76 or 1.08% total K in treatments 2 and 3, respectively. Sows were fed 2.25 kg/d during gestation and ad libitum during the 21-d lactation period. Supplemental K did not affect either sow feed intake or weight loss. Treatment did not alter the number of piglets born alive or dead, or piglet growth and survival to weaning. On d 7 and 21 of lactation, milk production was similar for all treatments. Supplemental K moderately increased (P<.10) milk K concentration but did not alter milk OM, CP, or Na. Sows were catheterized to collect 24 h urine output on d 5 and 15 of lactation. Added dietary K elevated (P<.05) urinary K excretion and urinary CI output declined (P<.05). Supplemental K did not affect urine Na excretion. Added dietary K did not alter sow serum K on d 0, 7, 14 or 21 of lactation, but serum Na tended (P<.10) to be higher and CI was lower (P<.05) in sows fed the diet containing 1.08% K. Feeding supplemental K to sows increased (P<.05) piglet serum K and Na on d 0, but not at the other times sampled. Added K lowered (P<.05) piglet serum CI. These data indicated .42% total dietary K was adequate to support both sow and piglet performance, and that feeding supplemental KHC03 to provide 1.08% dietary K was neither beneficial nor detrimental.
Symptomatology and predictors of antidepressant efficacy in extended responders to a single ketamine infusion.

Abstract Background Antidepressant response to a single subanesthetic dose infusion of the glutamatergic modulator ketamine is transient in most depressed patients; however, a minority continue to experience an extended response. This study examined depressive symptoms and potential clinical predictors of extended response to ketamine in subjects with mood disorders. Methods Subjects were diagnosed with either major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar depression. All subjects were treatment-resistant and experiencing a major depressive episode of at least moderate severity. MDD subjects were unmedicated and those with bipolar depression were receiving therapeutic-dose lithium or valproate. All subjects received a single 0.5 mg/kg ketamine infusion. Data were collected pre-infusion (baseline) and at days one, 14, and 28 post-infusion. Results Twelve of 93 (12.9%) participants continued to meet response criteria (50% reduction in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score) at two weeks. All depressive symptoms assessed by the MADRS were improved at two weeks in ketamine responders except for sleep duration/depth. A positive family history of alcohol use disorder in a first-degree relative (FHP) and greater dissociation during the infusion were associated with better antidepressant response at two weeks. Improved measures of apparent sadness, reported sadness, inability to feel, and difficulty concentrating at day 1 correlated most strongly with antidepressant effects at two weeks. Limitations Post-hoc design, small sample size, diagnostic heterogeneity. Conclusions Static (FHP) and dynamic (improved depressive symptoms) factors may be clinically useful in predicting whether a patient will have an extended response to ketamine.
Lowering metabolic rate mitigates muscle atrophy in western fence lizards

Extended periods of skeletal muscle disuse can cause a significant loss of contractile proteins, which compromises the ability to generate force, mechanical work or power, thus compromising locomotor performance. Several hibernating organisms can resist muscle atrophy despite months of inactivity. This resistance has been attributed to a reduction in body temperature and metabolic rate and activation of physiological pathways that counteract pathways of protein degradation. However, in these systems, such strategies are not mutually exclusive and the effects of these mechanisms can be difficult to separate. In this study, we used the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, as an ectothermic model to determine whether a reduction in metabolic rate is sufficient to resist muscle atrophy. We induced atrophy through sciatic denervation of the gastrocnemius muscle and housed lizards at either 15 or 30°C for 6-7 weeks. Following treatment, we used muscle ergometry to measure maximum isometric force, the force-velocity relationship and contractile dynamics in the gastrocnemius. This approach allowed us to relate changes in the size and morphology to functional metrics of contractile performance. A subset of samples was used to histologically determine muscle fiber types. At 30°C, denervated muscles had a larger reduction in muscle mass, physiological cross-sectional area and maximum isometric force than at 15°C. Maximum shortening velocity of the muscle decreased slightly in animals housed at 30°C but did not change in those housed at 15°C. Our results suggest that metabolic rate alone can influence the rate of muscle atrophy and that ectothermic vertebrates may have an intrinsic mechanism to resist muscle atrophy during seasonal periods of inactivity.
Applications of Glycan Microarrays to Functional Glycomics

Abstract The human glycome, comprised of glycans within glycoproteins, glycolipids, and other macromolecules, as well as free glycans, contains enormous amounts of chemical and biological information. Characterization of the glycome has become a frontier field in the postgenomic era. However, the unique properties of glycans make decoding the glycome extremely challenging and require the development of new techniques and improvement of current methods. In the past decade, glycan microarray technology has become one of the most powerful tools for studying the interaction between glycans and proteins, including glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) or lectins, antibodies, and GBPs in pathogens. In this chapter, we discuss how glycan microarrays are produced, including glycan sources and immobilization strategies, and then provide a summary of information collected from analyses of GBPs and pathogens on different glycan arrays.
Libel by the numbers: The use of public opinion polls in defamation lawsuits

After a rocky start, polls became ubiquitous in the twentieth century in a variety of fields. However, the courts generally resisted accepting polls and other social science evidence until the earl...
GitHub in the classroom: not just for group projects

Version control is something that students are not usually introduced to until they get to industry. One popular distributed version control system known as "Git", has become even more popular in recent years as the basis for a popular website called "GitHub". It is a web-based hosting service for software development projects that utilize the Git revision control system. Github is hugely popular in industry and many companies use programmers' GitHub portfolios as a basis for hiring. The only downside to using a site like GitHub is it emphasizes "social coding", meaning individuals can not only see, but can "clone" your code to either start working on a project with you, or take it in a different direction. This obviously will not work for standard programming assignments, where students need to keep projects private. GitHub has realized this problem, and offers university students free private repositories to work on projects in school. One simple example that motivated me to start using Git in the classroom was the ability to "branch" and "merge". We have all seen a students flash drive contents with: Prog1v1, Prog1v2, Prog1v3... Prog1vN, or at least something similar. What these students have essentially done is "branch" their own code, with no real convenient method of getting all their changes and additions, back into Prog1v1. I teach incremental programming, and urge the student to get something working, before adding the next component. If a student uses Git, when they reach a point where the code is stable, they can simply create a new "branch", switch to that branch, work on that branch, then when it's working, "merge" it back into the original Prog1v1. Or, if it's totally off course, abandon that branch and move in another direction, without destroying the original Prog1v1. In addition, some of the questions I asked myself before using GitHub in the classroom, were: 1) Is version control necessary or worth the extra confusion it may add to the already heavy workload in a programming class? 2) What level of student should version control be introduced to? 3) Is distributed version control only good for group projects, or will individual students benefit? All these questions, plus more, will be answered in a hands on approach to learning Git and GitHub.
Exploring the Brain

Neuroscience constitutes a fusion of various disciplines embodying the molecular biology, electrophysiology, neurophysiology, anatomy, embryology and developmental biology, cellular biology, behavioral biology, neurology, cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive sciences. This relatively new field of research has in recent years significantly contributed to a better understanding of human behavior. In that sense, it provides insights into the consumer conduct as well.
Breast cancer reconstruction in the elderly.

Mastectomy is a surgical choice for breast cancer, yet breast reconstruction is underused in women older than age 60 years. Because of a paucity of information examining breast cancer reconstruction in the elderly, we sought to review our experience. By retrospective chart review, we evaluated 89 women older than 60 years having mastectomy and reconstruction from January 1998 to June 2008. Mean patient age was 65 years (range, 60 to 74 years). The majority (41%) had Stage 1 disease or Stage 2 (30%). Ductal carcinoma in situ comprised 25 per cent and Stage 3 totaled 2 per cent. Mastectomy for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence after radiation therapy and lumpectomy comprised 11 per cent. Most underwent immediate breast reconstruction (89%). Reconstructive techniques included two-stage implant (58%), transverse rectus abdominus musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap (10%), latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap with implant (2%), or deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (1%). Complications included a 12 per cent infection rate, removal of two expanders resulting from exposure, one TRAM failure, and one TRAM required debriding. Four patients undergoing mastectomy with tissue expander had radiation resulting in one expander being removed. One local skin recurrence was treated with removal of implant and skin resection. Two patients have died from metastatic disease. Age should not be a contraindication for breast reconstruction in elderly women.
Erik Palmen’s Contributions To The Development Of Cyclone Concepts

Erik Palmen’s scientific career encompassed the era during which theory and observations were brought together in a coherent conception of the global atmosphere. Earlier general circulation schemes mostly hypothesized meridional cells symmetrical about the earth, although some investigators, notably Dove and FitzRoy, emphasized air-mass exchanges by synoptic disturbances (Lorenz 1967, pp. 59–78). Contemporary studies of cyclones during the 19th and early 20th centuries, based on then-emerging thermodynamical-physical principles and fragmentary observations, established many of their significant features (Kutzbach 1979). Elements of the earlier investigations, together with new insights from observations and theory, were assimilated into the grand concept of the polar front theory of cyclones and the general circulation.
The Middle Ages: 500–1500

Moore presents the necessary foundation for the new universities: a Latin Christian church that continues to need literate ministers; the practice of educating those ministers in the traditional liberal arts; and the love of learning that motivated outstanding scholars. Using capsule biographies of representative individuals, he follows the evolution from earlier monastic and cathedral schools to full-fledged universities in the thirteenth century. That is followed by the development of those universities as new groups and new materials appear in the university, especially Dominican and Franciscan Friars and recently discovered Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Jewish texts. Finally, the author writes that despite the hard times of the Late Middle Ages, new developments continued to enrich the universities, especially in science and the beginning of “literary humanism.”
Cabozantinib for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis.

Abstract Background Cabozantinib prolongs overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that progressed on first-line vascular endothelial growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI). The role of cabozantinib has not been established in non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC). Methods This is a retrospective study of 30 patients with nccRCC who received cabozantinib from January 2013 to January 2017. Information collected included baseline characteristics, toxicity, dose reductions, PFS and OS. A fellowship trained abdominal radiologist, blinded to patient history and clinical data, assessed radiographic response using RECIST, v1.1. Results With a median follow-up of 20.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.4–28.8), median PFS was 8.6 months (95% CI: 6.1–14.7), and median OS was 25.4 months (95% CI: 15.5–35.4). Of the 28 patients with measurable disease, 4 had partial responses (2 papillary, 1 chromophobe and 1 unclassified RCC), 18 had stable disease (64.2%) and 6 had progressive disease (21.4%), resulting in a 14.3% objective response rate and a 78.6% disease control rate. Two patients with papillary RCC who had experienced disease progression on savolitinib achieved durable partial response and stable disease, respectively, following treatment with cabozantinib. Of the 21 patients who started cabozantinib at 60 mg/d, 12 (57.1%) required dose reduction due to toxicity. Conclusion In this retrospective study, cabozantinib produced a clinically meaningful benefit in patients with metastatic nccRCC, the majority of whom had disease progression on prior VEGFR-TKIs. Prospective trials of cabozantinib in nccRCC are warranted.
Etiology and Surgical Management of Cervical Spinal Epidural Abscess (SEA):: A Systematic Review.

Study Design:Systematic analysis and review.Objective:Evaluation of the presentation, etiology, management strategies (including both surgical and nonsurgical options), and neurological functional ...
Perspectives on variabilities in biomethane potential test parameters and outcomes: A review of studies published between 2007 and 2018.

Abstract Biomethane Potential (BMP) test continues to be a useful and inexpensive assay to estimate the digestibility and maximum methane production of various organic substrates in anaerobic digestion or co-digestion processes. Despite its usefulness and several published efforts toward standardizing it, the BMP test still do not follow a universally accepted standard protocol. This makes the comparison of results among studies quite challenging. In this context, this paper analyzes 78 peer-reviewed BMP studies published between 2007 and 2018 that used the BMP test primarily to assess methane potential of commonly digested substrates, such as food waste, wastewater sludge and manure. We focused on the similarities and differences in the methodologies used and, where possible, the results obtained from these studies were compared and discussed. It was observed that many studies do not provide adequate information on salient aspects of the BMP methodology, and results are sometimes reported in different units of measurements. The inoculum to substrate ratio (ISR), substrate concentration and/or load should be clearly indicated in future studies, and positive controls should be included to validate BMP results. It is recommended that more studies assess the impact of nutrient addition, potential effects of continuous and intermittent mixing and mixing intensities and the influence of reactor size and headspace volume on BMP results.
eIoT as a Solution to Energy-Management Change Drivers

The electric power grid was developed on the architectural assumption of centralized generation being delivered to passive distributed loads irrespective of the cost implication (Schavemaker and Van der Sluis, Electrical power system essentials, Wiley, Chichester, Hoboken, 2008). However, several new energy-management change drivers have emerged to uproot this status quo.
Identifying Different Ways People Change: A Latent Basis Growth Mixture Model Example Identifying Nonlinear Trajectories of Binge Drinking.

Our field of couple and family therapy focuses on change, different ways people change, and how therapists can facilitate change. Change can be modeled as an average trajectory-growth curve model-or as multiple classes of trajectories-growth mixture model. The field of MFT has not yet fully embraced implementing more advanced longitudinal modeling procedures to study what we care about most, change across time. To support our field moving in this direction, we provide a step-by-step description and example in Mplus software. Our example analysis used N = 5,958 participants from the Add Health dataset, to identify unique classifications of trajectories of binge drinking. We discuss how these analytical methods provide increased options to advance family science and clinical research.
The Effects of Capitate Height Alteration on Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability.

Question/Purpose Carpal kinematics may be influenced by the manipulation of carpal dimensions. This may provide a surgical alternative to unpredictable soft tissue reconstruction for scapholunate dissociation. The purpose of this study was to determine if altering capitate height can correct dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI). Materials and Methods Five cadaveric wrists had baseline radiolunate (RL) angles and scapholunate (SL) intervals measured fluoroscopically, confirming no baseline DISI. We simulated open- and clenched-fist testing via a constant load of the wrist extensors and sequential loading of the digital flexors. We confirmed no baseline static/dynamic DISI. The SL ligament and secondary stabilizers (scapho-trapezio-trapezoid [STT] and dorsal intercarpal ligaments) were transected. Repeat loading and fluoroscopic measurements confirmed creation of static DISI. Capitate height was altered in three interventions: 2 mm shortening osteotomy of capitate waist, 7 mm shortening osteotomy of capitate waist, and 2 mm lengthening of original capitate height by insertion of a spacer at capitate waist. The osteotomized capitate was stabilized with a Kirschner wire; RL angles and SL intervals were measured via fluoroscopy during open- and clenched-fist testing. Primary and secondary outcomes were change in RL angle and SL interval, from the DISI stage to each capitate shortening and lengthening stage. Results SL ligament and secondary stabilizers sectioning created a DISI pattern, with abnormal RL angles (>15°) and widened SL intervals. Neither capitate shortening nor overexpansion corrected RL angles or SL intervals in any DISI-induced wrists. Conclusions Under the conditions studied, isolated capitate shortening or lengthening did not correct radiographic DISI posturing of the lunate following sectioning of the SL and STT interosseous ligaments. Further study of carpal kinematics with more substantial bone changes and loading of adjacent joints may be beneficial. Clinical relevance Surgeons performing capitate shortening osteotomy in isolation should not expect to improve DISI.
(In)visible Choices: Articulation Work and the Rise in US Maternal Mortality

The US maternal mortality is double that of the UK and Canada and still rising. This is a public health crisis, and draws our attention to systemic issues with US health care, as maternal mortality is a core statistic used to indicate health care quality. Responding to the increasing number of women dying during one of the most common experiences with the medical system will require organizing a diverse group of stakeholders over a long period of time. Due to the unevenly distributed nature of the crisis, with Black women 243% more likely to die in childbirth or from childbirth-related causes will also require us to incorporate underrepresented voices into the current system. To examine these issues, we conducted interviews with public health experts working to address maternal mortality. We found that articulation work practices in public health limit the ability of experts to initiate contact with the very stakeholders they need to build relationships with to address the rise in maternal mortality.
Efficient “Middle” Thermostat Scheme for the Quantum/Classical Canonical Ensemble via Molecular Dynamics

We have recently developed a unified “middle” thermostat scheme for rationally designing molecular dynamics (MD)/path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) algorithms for efficiently sampling the configuration space for the classical/quantum canonical ensemble with or without constraints. It significantly improves the time interval by a factor of 4–10 to achieve the same accuracy for structural and configuration-dependent thermodynamic properties for MD (as well as for any thermodynamic properties for PIMD). It has been implemented in AMBER (2018/2019 version), which is available for MD/PIMD simulations with force fields, QM/MM, or ab initio methods.
Couples coping with cancer together: Successful implementation of a caregiver program as standard of care

Objective The couples coping with cancer together program (CCCT) is used to illustrate practical strategies to implement, evaluate, and grow a successful couples-based program in an NCI-designated CCC. CCCT is multimodal program utilizing psychoeducational, strategic, strengths-based, and problem-solving theoretical frameworks. CCCT integrates multiple intervention modalities, as the standard of care: patients/partners biopsychosocial screening, a standardized psychoeducational session, group intervention, and short-term couples counseling. Methods Implementation strategies included: (a) identifying Values-Benefits-Outcomes for key stakeholders, (b) recruiting an interdisciplinary team, (c) utilizing a concurrent development model (implementing program components in small iterations), (d) integrating program into existing institutional processes, and (e) collecting data and credibility. Results CCCT prospectively screened 1995 patients/partners simultaneously for biopsychosocial distress and 913 patient/partner completed program evaluations. Program satisfaction was extremely high: "I recommend this program, for other patients/partners (Patients 95.4% Partners 96.4%)." Ten of the 11 participating physicians anonymously surveyed responded and indicated 100% likely/very likely "to recommend the program to other physicians." Conclusions Couples-based programs are underutilized and have been shown to be important for adjustment and increased longevity. Despite barriers in the healthcare environment, implementing couples-based programs into standard of care are feasible. These strategies may be applicable to develop supportive care programs in various health-care settings.