cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metastatic melanoma to lymph nodes in patients with unknown primary sites

BACKGROUND The natural history of metastatic melanoma in lymph nodes in the absence of a known primary site (MUP) has been defined poorly; thus, treatment guidelines for patients with MUP are not clear-cut. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with melanoma (from 1990 to 2001) who underwent surgical resection for melanoma metastatic to regional lymph nodes. Among those patients, 71 patients with MUP and 466 control patients who had regional lymph node metastases of similar stage with a known primary site were identified. Associations between clinicopathologic factors and survival were estimated by using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS After they underwent lymph node dissection, patients with MUP were classified with N1b disease (47%), N2b disease (14%), or N3 disease (39%). With a median follow-up of 7.7 years, the 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 55% and 44%, respectively, for patients with MUP, compared with 42% and 32%, respectively, for the control group (P = .04). In multivariate analyses, age 50 years or older, male gender, and N2b or N3 disease status were identified as adverse prognostic factors, and MUP was identified as a favorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.86; P = .006) for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The relatively favorable long-term survival of patients with MUP in the current study suggested that patients with MUP have a natural history that is similar to (if not better than) the survival of many patients with Stage III disease. Therefore, patients with MUP should be treated with an aggressive surgical approach with curative intent and should be considered for Stage III adjuvant therapy protocols. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The case for crypto protocol awareness inside the OS kernel

Separation of control and data plane is a principle increasingly used to improve the performance of network protocols and applications, such as the Web. Use of security mechanisms, such as the SSL/TLS protocol, can negate these performance gains, since such mechanisms need to be located on the data path. We argue that the same principle of separation can be applied to security mechanisms, by removing the web server from the secure data path.We present a minimal operating system extension that can improve the performance of web servers using SSL/TLS by up to 27%. Our intuition is that protocol framing and cryptographic transforms can be applied to incoming and outgoing data frames by the operating system under a policy specified by the web server. In this way, we can reduce the number of system calls and context switches to a small constant number, and the amount of data copying that involves the web server by 100%. We describe our prototype implementation for the OpenBSD operating system and quantify its performance implications.
A Qualitative Analysis of Teachers' and Counselors' Perceptions of the Overrepresentation of African Americans in Special Education: A Preliminary Study

In this study, the authors investigate the perceptions of general educators, special educators, and school counselors on the topic of overrepresentation of minorities (specifically, African American) in special education programs. The study took place in a rural school district in south central Alabama, where overrepresentation of African American students in the category of mental retardation had been identified as a chronic problem by the Alabama State Department of Education. Participants took part in focus groups that were held separately for each identified group (e.g., general educators: n = 5; special educators: n = 4; and school counselors: n = 4). Qualitative data collected from the focus groups were examined using content analysis, resulting in the identification of multiple overlapping themes related to overrepresentation. These themes included a lack of family involvement, misinterpretation of assessment results, a lack of understanding of overrepresentation, and unclear ideas about disability...
TIME-DEPENDENT MANY-ELECTRON APPROACH TO SLOW ION-ATOM COLLISIONS : THE COUPLING OF ELECTRONIC AND NUCLEAR MOTIONS

We describe the coupling of electronic and nuclear motions in slow atomic collisions using a combination of the eikonal and time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) approximations. Starting with an eikonal representation of the total wave function, a wave function is constructed from classical trajectories in a way suitable for describing atomic collisions with velocities down to a fraction of an atomic unit. The TDHF formulation is developed in terms of its density operator. The differential equations coupling the density operator to the nuclear motions have been solved with a procedure developed to account for the coupling of fast (electronic) and slow (nuclear) degrees of freedom. This is based on a local-interaction picture and on a temporal linearization of the equations, allowing for the integration of the electronic density over large time intervals. Density-matrix equations are derived in a basis of traveling atomic orbitals, and numerical results are presented for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+H and ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$+H. Good agreement is found with experimental results for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+H, comparing integral electron transfer cross sections from 2 to 2000 eV. In addition, an analysis of the time dependence of atomic orbital populations provides insight on electronic rearrangement during collisions and shows that even very small contributions from the driving forces of the nuclei on the electrons have a cumulative effect on the density operator that can substantially change final populations.
Cloning and Characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana Topoisomerase I Gene

cDNA and genomic clones encoding DNA topoisomerase I were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana λgt11 and λFix libraries by low stringency hybridization with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae TOP1 probe. The cDNA clones include a 2748-base pair open reading frame predicting an amino acid sequence that is highly homologous to sequences encoded by TOP1 from yeast and human sources. The sequence of the upstream genomic region reveals two putative TATA-like elements and a purine-rich region, but no other obvious controlling elements. Southern blot analysis shows that the gene is present as a single copy in the Arabidopsis genome. When expressed in a S. cerevisiae top1 mutant under the control of the GAL1 promoter, the gene complements the phenotype caused by loss of topoisomerase activity and directs the expression of a protein that cross-reacts with a human anti-topoisomerase I antibody.
Simultaneous measurements on three satellites and the observation of the geomagnetic tail at 1000 R sub E.

Comparison of simultaneous magnetic field measurements by Pioneer 7, Explorer 28, and Explorer 33 satellites
Thermochromic Materials Research for Optical Switching

ABSTRACT Reactive-ion-beam-sputtering (RIBS) is used to deposit doped vanadium dioxide ( vl-xMx°2) ' where M is a dopant that lowers the transition temperature (T^) from that of stoichiometric V02 . The objective is to synthesize a material that will passively switch between a heat-transmitting-and a heat-ref lecting-state at specific design temperatures in the human comfort range. The films are deposited at elevated temperature (>700K) onto glass and sapphire substrates for spectrophotometric evaluation above and below T^ . Then by analyzing the deposited films via EDAX, correlations between film composition and passive solar switching performance are made. Also concepts for synthesizing suitable crystallites of such materials are described. These crystallites could act as switchable pigments for throchromic solar paint.The overall long range goals of this research are to develop these materials for: (1) thin film application to building glazings and (2) pigments for opaque wall coatings. The glazings will transmit and the walls will absorb solar energy when the Vj-xMx02 temperature (T) is low (T Tt, both glazings and walls will reflect the solar infrared.Over the past several years there has been a great deal of interest in the application of chromogenic materials for energy control in buildingsl""^. Tne greatest interest in thermochromic materials has been in the transition metal oxides. Some of these materials exhibit discontinuous changes in electrical conductivity of up to eight orders of magnitude, with attendant changes in their infrared transmittances. Honeywell conducted a study of electrochromic and thermochromic materials for solar energy applications, with emphasis on niobium and vanadium oxides^. Of the materials that exhibit significant switching, vanadium dioxide (V02) has the transition temperature (Tt~68°C) that is closest to the range that is useful for solar energy control in buildings, as shown in Figure 1^. The dark vertical band in Figure 1 is at the temperature range of interest (~15°C).Several investigators have doped bulk crystalline V02 as a means of gaining an understanding of the transition mechanisms. Some dopants increase T^ while others decrease Tj- , as reported by J.G. Goodenough?. Examples of materials with large temperature effects are shown in Table 1. Tungsten (W) doping decreases T^ the most on a "per atomic percent" basis, followed by molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta) and niobium (Nb) . Horlin, Niklewski and Nygren^ measured the electrical switching characteristics of Vi_xWx02 for x = 0.000, 0.006, 0.0.38 and 0.052 (see Figure 2). Note that the dynamic range (switching ratio) changes quickly for a low doping level, while Tj- moves only slightly. With additional doping, the dynamic range changes more slowly. For x = 0.006, Tj- occurs at 50°C and for x = 0.038, occurs at -30°C. Thus it appears that with W doping at a level of a little less than two atomic percent (x~0.02) the transition temperature will, be in the best range for passive solar building applications. However, the relationship between x and T^ is not the only
Optimisation of dose distribution for linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery

The work presented in the paper addresses a method for obtaining the optimal dose distribution for LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery. As many targets have nonspherical or irregular shapes and three-dimensional dose calculations included in dose optimisation, long computation times are required to determine the optimum isocentre separation and collimator sizes to shape the irregular target using the multiple-isocentre approach, by trial-and-error types of method. The simple approach, using a computer-aided design optimisation technique and a fast approximate dose model, has been developed to find the optimum isocentre positions and collimator sizes quickly and automatically. A spherical dose model has been developed to represent the dose for a standard arc system with a single isocentre. The implementation of computer-aided design algorithms with the spherical dose model and their application to several cases are discussed. It is shown that the spherical dose model gives dose distribution similar to that of the exact dose model, which makes this simple dose model more efficient, with computer-aided design optimisation, in finding optimum isocentre positions and collimator sizes used in stereotactic radiosurgery.
An introduction to multimodal communication

Though it has long been known that animal communication is complex, recent years have seen growing interest in understanding the extent to which animals give multicomponent signals in multiple modalities, and how the different types of information extracted by receivers are interpreted and integrated in animal decision-making. This interest has culminated in the production of the present special issue on multimodal communication, which features both theoretical and empirical studies from leading researchers in the field. Reviews, comparative analyses, and species-specific empirical studies include manuscripts on taxa as diverse as spiders, primates, birds, lizards, frogs, and humans. The present manuscript serves as both an introduction to this special issue, as well as an introduction to multimodal communication more generally. We discuss the history of the study of complexity in animal communication, issues relating to defining and classifying multimodal signals, and particular issues to consider with multimodal (as opposed to multicomponent unimodal) communication. We go on to discuss the current state of the field, and outline the contributions contained within the issue. We finish by discussing future avenues for research, in particular emphasizing that ‘multimodal’ is more than just ‘bimodal’, and that more integrative frameworks are needed that incorporate more elements of efficacy, such as receiver sensory ecology and the environment.
AN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBANT ASSAY FOR ANTIHERPES HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) AND ANTI-VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) ANTIBODY (AB)

AN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBANT ASSAY FOR ANTIHERPES HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) AND ANTI-VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) ANTIBODY (AB)
Interferon induced thyroiditis.

Interferon-alpha (IFNα) is used for the treatment of various disorders, most notable chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. One of the commonest side effects of IFNα therapy is thyroiditis, with up to 40% of HCV patients on IFNα developing clinical or subclinical disease. In some cases interferon induced thyroiditis (IIT) may result in severe symptomatology necessitating discontinuation of therapy. IIT can manifest as clinical autoimmune thyroiditis, presenting with symptoms of classical Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease, or as non-autoimmune thyroiditis. Non-autoimmune thyroiditis can manifest as destructive thyroiditis, with early thyrotoxicosis and later hypothyroidism, or as non-autoimmune hypothyroidism. While the epidemiology and clinical presentation of IIT have been well characterized the mechanisms causing IIT are still poorly understood. It is likely that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) itself plays a role in the disease, as the association between HCV infection and thyroiditis is well established. It is believed that IFNα induces thyroiditis by both immune stimulatory effects and by direct effects on the thyroid. Early detection and therapy of this condition are important in order to avoid complications of thyroid disease such as cardiac arrhythmias.
Biochemical and biophysical properties of vesicular exanthema of swine virus

Abstract Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) was purified and some of its biochemical and biophysical properties measured. VESV grew in the presence of 2 μg/ml actinomycin D, was ether resistant, and was not stabilized by cations. Its sedimentation rate was approximately 207 S, and its composition was approximately 20% RNA and 80% protein. The RNA, which was not readily obtained in intact form, appeared to be single stranded with a molecular weight of about 2 × 10 6 . Heterogeneous distributions of VESV were observed upon centrifugation in CsCl density gradients. Crude virus, or virus concentrated by differential centrifugation or by ethanol precipitation, showed a major band at 1.36 g/ml, a secondary band at 1.38 g/ml, and some infectious virus of intermediate density. Sequential treatment with ethanol and chloroform produced a sharp peak at 1.38 g/ml. Chloroform treatment in conjunction with centrifugal concentration produced a sharp band of infectious virus at an intermediate density, 1.37 g/ml, and a band of low infectivity at 1.38 g/ml. The properties of VESV were different from those of the recognized groups of viruses, but most closely resembled properties of the picornaviruses, of which poliovirus and swine enteroviruses were employed for some direct comparisons in these studies.
Comparison of chicken genotypes: myofiber number in pectoralis muscle and myostatin ontogeny

This study was performed to evaluate breast muscle development in chicken genotypes divergently selected for muscularity. In the first experiment, 2 commercial broiler lines (a high breast yield, HBY, and a normal breast yield broiler strain-cross, NBY) and a Leghorn line were grown up to 35 d to evaluate BW, breast weight, and breast yield. At 7 and 21 d of age, pectoralis muscle was used to estimate myofiber density (MFD, number of myofibers per mm2) and total apparent myofiber number (MFN). In the second experiment, the ontogeny of myostatin was determined from broiler- and Leghorn-type chick embryos, at embryonic days 1 to 20 (E1 to E20), using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. As expected, the Leghorn line had lower BW, breast weight, and breast yield than broiler lines. The HBY line showed higher breast yield at all ages evaluated, but lower BW at 21 and 35 d than the NBY line. The Leghorn line had 45% higher MFD than broilers, which indicates an increased cross-sectional area of the myofibers in broiler lines. No MFD difference was observed between the broiler strains (P > 0.05). The myofiber number of broilers was more than twice that of Leghorns and HBY had 10% higher MFN than the NBY line. Myofiber number was correlated to BW (r = 0.58), breast weight (r = 0.58), and breast yield (r = 0.69). Conversely, MFD showed negative correlation with BW, breast weight, and breast yield (r = -0.85, -0.83, and -0.88, respectively). No effect of genotype or interaction between genotype and embryonic age was observed for myostatin expression. This study showed that broilers have higher MFN in the breast muscles than Leghorn-type chickens, and that high breast yield of broiler strains may be due to increased MFN. Higher muscularity of broilers, as compared with Leghorns, was not attributed to lower expression of myostatin during embryonic development.
Truncated chlorophyll antenna size of the photosystems—a practical method to improve microalgal productivity and hydrogen production in mass culture

Abstract Unicellular microalgae hold the promise of commercial exploitation in mass culture for hydrogen and biomass production. In any microalgal production system, the achievable photosynthetic productivity and light utilization efficiency of the algae are the single most important factors in the determination of cost. Microalgal mass cultures growing under full sunlight have a low per chlorophyll (Chl) productivity since, at high photon flux densities, the rate of photon absorption by the Chl antenna far exceeds the rate at which photons can be utilized for photosynthesis. Excess photons are dissipated as fluorescence or heat. Up to 80% of absorbed photons could thus be wasted, reducing light conversion efficiencies and cellular productivity to fairly low levels. This shortcoming could possibly be alleviated by the development of microalgal strains with a limited number of Chl molecules in the light-harvesting antenna of their photosystems, i.e., strains that have a truncated Chl antenna size . It is expected that individually, such microalgae will not be able to saturate rates of photosynthesis and, thus, will not be subject to wasteful dissipation of excitation energy. In turn, the productivity of the mass culture will be improved. The method of choice to reach the objective of a “ t runcated l ight-harvesting Chl a ntenna” size ( tla ) employed DNA insertional and chemical mutagenesis of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Dunaliella salina , followed by a rigorous screening protocol to identify mutants with a smaller light-harvesting Chl antenna size. Molecular and genetic analyses of isolated tla strains were performed. Biochemical and physiological analyses in terms of photosynthetic productivity and light conversion efficiencies are presented. The results show that a truncated Chl antenna size of PSII is more important than that of PSI in terms of the photosynthetic productivity of a mass culture. A list of genes that confer a “ t runcated l ight-harvesting Chl a ntenna” size to green algae is being compiled for future application in algal hydrogen and biomass production.
Building a strong services brand: Lessons from Mayo Clinic

Abstract A strong services brand is built and sustained primarily by customers’ interactions with the provider. A services branding model depicts the dynamics of brand creation. From the interrelationships among the presented brand, external communications, and customers’ experiences emerge brand awareness, meaning, and, ultimately, equity. The Mayo Clinic case study illustrates the services branding model by showing how one organization has created, extended, and protected a powerful brand through an unwavering commitment to the well-being of its customers. Managers outside of healthcare can benefit from three branding lessons embedded in the Mayo Clinic story: (1) attend to organizational values; (2) play defense, not just offense; and (3) turn customers into marketers.
REO1 and ROX1 are alleles of the same gene which encodes a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Both the REO1 and ROX1 genes are thought to encode heme-dependent, transcriptional repressors of hypoxic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, genetic complementation studies have yielded conflicting results about whether these are the same or different genes. Because of the central importance of these repressors, which control the expression of nearly all known hypoxic genes in yeast, we have sought to resolve this confusion by comparing the phenotypes of reo1 and rox1 mutants using Northern-blot analyses, performing additional complementation studies, and sequencing the ROX1 gene in reo1 strains. Northern-blot analyses of a reo1 strain show wild-type expression of the aerobic genes examined, but de-repression of the Rox1-regulated, hypoxic genes. Aerobic transcript levels of these hypoxic genes were also de-repressed in a diploid strain created by mating a rox1 disrupted strain with a reo1 strain, indicating that genetic complementation did not occur between these two strains. Sequence analyses of ROX1 in reo1 strains reveal a frame-shift mutation in the 5′-end of its coding region, resulting in a nonsense codon in the sixth position. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence that reo1 is an allele of ROX1.
Enhanced arsenic diffusion and activation in HgCdTe

Temperature and time dependent Hg-annealing studies for arsenic activation have been carried out on As-doped molecular beam epitaxy HgCdTe eitherin situ or by ion implantation to determine the extent of arsenic activation in the single layer. Enhanced As diffusion and activation in double layer heterostructures have also been investigated to further our understanding of the effects on zero bias resistance-area product (RoA) and quantum efficiency. The results show that the arsenic activation anneal is limited by Hg self-diffusion into the HgCdTe epilayer. Using this arsenic activation process for eitherin situ doped arsenic or implanted arsenic, high performance p-on-n double layer heterostructure photodiodes have been demonstrated on both mesa and planar device structures.
Update on Medication-overuse Headache

Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a syndrome that can develop in migraineurs after overuse of antimigraine drugs, including opiates and triptans especially. MOH manifests as increased frequency and intensity of migraine attacks and enhanced sensitivity to stimuli that elicit migraine episodes. Although the mechanisms underlying MOH remain unknown, it is hypothesized that repeated use of antimigraine drugs could elicit increased headache attacks as a consequence of neuronal plasticity that may increase responsiveness to migraine triggers. Preclinical studies show that exposure to either opiates or triptans can induce pronociceptive neuroadaptive changes in the orofacial division of the trigeminal ganglia that persist even after discontinuation of the drug treatment. Additionally, medications can elicit increased descending facilitatory influences that may amplify evoked inputs from trigeminal afferents leading to behavioral hypersensitivity reminiscent of cutaneous allodynia observed clinically. Importantly, enhanced descending facilitation may manifest as an inhibition of diffuse noxious inhibitory control. Persistent, pronociceptive adaptations in nociceptors as well as within descending modulatory pathways thus may jointly contribute to the development of MOH.
Antiserum to scrapie-associated fibril protein cross-reacts with Spiroplasma mirum fibril proteins.

Abstract Protease-resistant fibril proteins purified from Spiroplasma mirum and from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-infected brain tissues reacted with antisera to scrapie-associated fibrils on Western immunoblot analysis. These data suggest that there are conformational similarities among spiroplasma proteins and infection-specific proteins of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Analysis of Shear Bands in Simple Shearing Deformations of Nonpolar and Dipolar Viscoplastic Materials

During the past few years we have studied numerically the initiation and growth of shear bands in nonpolar and dipolar viscoplastic materials being deformed in simple shear, and in nonpolar materials undergoing plane strain deformations. We summarize here our work for the former problem. 28 refs., 11 figs.
Strategies for cardiopulmonary exercise testing of pectus excavatum patients

The purpose of this paper is to provide strategies for cardiopulmonary exercise testing of pectus excavatum patients. Currently, there are no standardized methods for assessing cardiovascular and pulmonary responses in this population; therefore, making comparisons across studies is difficult if not impossible. These strategies are intended for physicians, pulmonary technicians, exercise physiologists, and other healthcare professionals who conduct cardiopulmonary exercise testing on pectus excavatum patients. By using the strategies outlined in this report, comparisons across studies can be made, and the effects of pectus excavatum on cardiopulmonary function can be assessed with greater detail.
Testing for the existence of clusters

Detecting and determining clusters present in a certain sample has been an important concern, among researchers from different fields, for a long time. In particular, assessing whether the clusters are statistically significant, is a question that has been asked by a number of experimenters. Recently, this question arose again in a study in maize genetics, where determining the significance of clusters is crucial as a primary step in the identification of a genome-wide collection of mutants that may affect the kernel composition. Although several efforts have been made in this direction, not much has been done with the aim of developing an actual hypothesis test in order to assess the significance of clusters. In this paper, we propose a new methodology that allows the examination of the hypothesis test H0 : �=1 vs.
A novel method for detecting similar documents

We describe a system for rapidly determining document similarity among a set of documents obtained from an information retrieval (IR) system. We obtain a ranked list of the most important terms in each document using a rapid phrase recognizer system. We store these in a database and compute document similarity using a simple database query. If the number of terms found to not be contained in both documents is less than some predetermined threshold compared to the total number of terms in the document, these documents are determined to be very similar.
Interaction between luciferases from various species of bioluminescent bacteria and the yellow fluorescent protein of Vibrio fischeri strain Y-1.

Abstract The interaction of the Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) from Vibrio fischeri strain Y-1 with luciferases from other bioluminescent bacterial strains has been studied. Addition of purified YFP to a Y-1 luciferase assay results in enhancement of the intensity of blue (484 nm) bioluminescence and a new peak in the emission spectrum at about 540 nm. The bimodal spectrum also resulted when the luciferase used in the reaction was isolated from the species V. fischeri ATCC 7744, V. fischeri Y-1, Photobacterium phosphoreum, and P. leiognathi, but not when the luciferase was from V. harveyi. Analysis of the degree of enhancement versus the amount of YFP added yielded a binding constant for YFP to luciferase (V. fischeri Y-1 and V. harveyi) of about 2.4–4.0 μM.
Programmable fiber optic signal processor

Signal storage in a single-mode optical fiber with programmable time delay is described. The reflectivity monitored delay line contains three Fabry-Perot interferometers arranged in serial fashion. By thermally tuning two of the interferometers for near-zero reflectance and the third for relatively high ( Omega 14%) reflectance, any of three possible time delays can be selected. Generation of programmable binary sequences is also demonstrated. >
Women's Experiences of Violence and Seeking Help:

Every day, women survive physical or sexual violence. Some survive as a result of services they receive in the aftermath of the abuse. The study presented here explored women's experiences of victimization and their use of and perceptions about the services they received. It is learned that what providers usually prioritize and what the women in this study used-namely emotional, psychological, and legal support-are not what these women identified as the most helpful. Instead, tangible supports, such as food, housing, and financial assistance, were viewed as the most helpful, along with religious or spiritual counseling.
SPONTANEOUS PERSISTENT ESTRUS IN A STRAIN OF ALBINO RATS

IN 1921 EVANS AND LONG (I) reported that 7 rats in a group of about 800 exhibited unusually prolonged vaginal cornification, ranging from 1 to 2,1 days. In each case, this was correlated with the persistence of an entire set of large ovarian follicles, none having ruptured and luteinized. Persistent estrus, which appears to be identical to this, has occurred spontaneously at an early age in such a large number of rats in my colony that an intensive study of the condition has been undertaken. The strain of rats in question is descended from two pairs of albinos from Dr. J. S. Nicholas2 colony in the Osborn Zoological Laboratory in Yale University. The stock was originally Wistar albino, but it had been outcrossed on 4 occasions with Wild Gray and once with the Smith Engle Berkeley hooded strain before it was brought to this laboratory in 1932.
Diminishing marginal value of income without apology

exhibit diminishing marginal rates of substitution (MRS) between the resource endowments which define the constraints. For the household, this implies that an ordinally defined marginal value of income falls as income rises. I also derive conditions under which the value function is homothetic in the endowments, so that the MRS between two resources is a monotone function of the ratio of the endowments of those resources and under which the MRS between two resources declines when one resource is increased with the other held constant, i.e., under which the marginal rate of substitution declines when the households moves from one indirect indifference curve to another. I apply these results to a model with two linear constraints and to a model of asset choice under uncertainty.
An Ophthalmologist's Definition of OphthaImology

Ophthalmology has long been on the vanguard of medicine and innovation. Ophthalmologists have enjoyed high levels of satisfaction from restoring sight to patients. But the world as we know it has shifted, and now we are burdened by the pressures of modern medicine and a competitive marketplace. Ophthalmology should take the lead in medicine in learning how to weather these crises and how to emerge a revitalized specialty. It seems that the right choice for the specialty of ophthalmology is to reclaim our role as comprehensive providers of total eye care. Ophthalmologists can lead teams formed to provide comprehensive eye care. A dialogue on a consensus definition of the scope of ophthalmology should take place, involving all segments of the profession. Another dialogue that is critical to the future of the specialty is a deliberate examination of the issue of formal accreditation and/or certification of ophthalmologic subspecialties. Ophthalmology needs to define itself for the future.
Growth in early species of the conodont Ancyrodella and implications for correlation of the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary

The first occurrence of the conodont Ancyrodella rotundiloba has been used extensively for correlating the Middle-Upper Devonian (Givetian-Frasnian) boundary in sections worldwide despite many arguments as to its precise taxonomic definition. These arguments are summarised herein and three ontogenetic series illustrated from three samples across the Givetian-Frasnian boundary within the Vorota Formation of the Kozhym River section, Sub-Polar Urals, Russia. General trends within the three ontogenetic series suggest that the ratio of basal pit width to platform width in Ancyrodella pristina, and Ancyrodella recta increases through ontogeny but the morphology of lateral secondary keel extensions to the basal pit remains constant and is a useful taxonomic feature. Folds and collars on the basal surface occur only in the later stages of development. The outline of the platform within species is variable and controlled by the formation of incipient nodes in juveniles; gerontic specimens can also have very variable platform outlines. Measurements of platform width to basal pit width ratios and platform shape outlines may not therefore be a good way to compare between species. The three ontogenetic series provide typical late Givetian and early Frasnian examples and increase the potential for correlation of the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary particularly using juvenile Ancyrodella specimens.
EFFECTS OF THE OPPONENT'S INITIAL OFFER, CONCESSION MAGNITUDE, AND CONCESSION FREQUENCY ON BARGAINING BEHAVIOR

Two laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how a bargainer's aspiration level, offers, and perception of the opponent are affected by a programmed opponent's initial offer, concession magnitude, and concession frequency. Several discrepancies in the research literature relevant to the aspiration level hypothesis of bargaining were also investigated. The results indicated that subjects had lower aspirations and made a more favorable initial and final offer when the opponent made a hard initial offer than when the opponent made a soft initial offer. The subjects made a more favorable final offer, had lower aspirations, and perceived the opponent to be tougher when the opponent made small concessions than when the opponent made large concessions. The superiority of a small-concession strategy occurred only when opponent concessions were frequent and they allowed subjects to obtain positive payoffs from a settlement.
ANG II and vasopressin stimulate calcium entry in dispersed smooth muscle cells of preglomerular arterioles

Calcium signaling mechanisms were examined in vessel segments and dispersed single smooth muscle cells (SMC) of interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles (< 50 microns diameter) from the rat kidney. These resistance vessels were isolated from rat kidneys, using an iron oxide-sieving technique with subsequent collagenase digestion. Individual cells were identified by their characteristic oval appearance and positive staining for smooth muscle-specific alpha-actin and heavy chain myosin SM-1 and SM-2. Cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured using fura 2 ratiometric fluorescence at 340 and 380 nm wavelength with a microscope-based photometer. Angiotensin II (ANG II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), at concentrations of 10(-10)-10(-6) M, produced dose-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i; maximum increases were 221 +/- 49 nM for ANG II and 237 +/- 49 nM for AVP. The temporal response patterns for both agonists were characterized by a square-shaped, immediate step increase in [Ca2+]i to a near maximum level that was maintained through the recording period of 150-200 s. Responses of individual dispersed SMC and short vessel segments were similar. Losartan antagonized the action of ANG II, indicating mediation by AT1 receptors on preglomerular arteriolar SMC. The V1-selective antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)2Tyr(NH2)9]AVP completely inhibited AVP-induced [Ca2+]i changes. The importance of calcium entry in hormone-induced changes in [Ca2+]i was demonstrated by the finding that neither ANG II nor AVP elicited a [Ca2+]i response in media rendered nominally calcium free by addition of ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. Calcium entry occurred primarily through L-type, voltage-gated calcium channels as the dihydropyridine, nifedipine, completely prevented or reversed [Ca2+]i changes normally elicited by either hormone. Our results provide new information about the similarity of calcium signaling in single SMC and short segments freshly isolated from renal interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles. The observations indicate that AT1 and V1 receptors are coupled to signal transduction pathways leading to rapid changes in [Ca2+]i. Calcium mobilization appears to play a minor to nonexistent role under the experimental conditions. The predominant mechanism involves calcium entry through dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-gated calcium channels in single SMC from these resistance vessels.
Revenue Diversification in Housing Nonprofits Impact of State Funding Environments

Scholars often draw on resource dependence theory and institutional theory to explain nonprofit behavior in light of resource constraints, but few studies include empirical indicators of environmen...
Does Limited Liability Matter: An Analysis of California Firms, 1920-1940

In 1931, California became the last U.S. state to adopt limited liability for stockholders. Prior to that, from its inception as a state in 1849, stockholders of California corporations faced pro rata unlimited liability. California’s unique liability rule during 1849-1931 provides a natural experiment for testing whether stockholders’ liability rules “matter.” Using a small sample of publicly traded California firms and a corresponding sample of benchmark companies, we find that California firms realized annual excess returns that were approximately nine percentage points higher than other companies during the 1920s, which is consistent with the view that unlimited liability increases the expected returns on equity. We also find that excess returns for California firms were approximately -12% in October 1929, which suggests that the 1929 stock market crash put the personal assets of stockholders of California firms at risk We find that share turnover was significantly lower for California firms than other firms during the period California had unlimited liability, but not so after California adopted limited liability. Finally, we find weaker evidence that California firms had more leverage, lower asset risk, and less growth as compared with other firms during the period it had unlimited liability. Overall, the results suggest that rules regarding stockholders’ liability matter for the pricing of securities, share turnover, and various corporate policies.
History of quaternary offset and paleoseismicity along the La Jencia fault, central Rio Grande rift, New Mexico

Abstract The La Jencia fault in the central part of the Rio Grande rift has a remarkable history of segmented movement during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. After a long period of relative quiescence in the Pleistocene, movement on the reactivated fault created new scarps along five of its six segments. Movement occurred at varying intervals of several ka to more than 10 ka, and at what appears to be decreasing recurrence intervals from the late Pleistocene into the Holocene. Surface rupturing has been in such a manner to fill in intervening, unbroken segments of the fault and to produce continuous scarps along 30 km of the fault9s 35 km length. Many of the segments have scarps that show characteristic and statistically significant relations between their height and their maximum slope angle. The Holocene and upper Pleistocene fault scarps were formed by prehistoric earthquakes having Richter magnitudes of 6.8 to 7.1 (estimated from two relations of earthquake magnitude to displacement and length of ground rupture) and moment magnitudes of 6.6 to 6.7 (estimated from one relation of magnitude to area of source rupture). The geologic and pedologic evidence derived from trenching demands a minimum of five separate instances of faulting during the past 33 ka, although as many as six such events are required if movement along different segments of the fault was not synchronous. The average recurrence interval is about 7.5 ka in the former case and about 6 ka in the latter case. Although earthquakes of Richter magnitude 6 or greater have not been felt in the Rio Grande rift in historic times, the abundance of Quaternary faults suggests that large earthquakes have been prevalent during the Quaternary. If these faults have histories of offset and paleoseismicity such as has been documented for the La Jencia, then the region may have a more significant potential for earthquake hazards than previously considered.
Abstract IA14: Targeting the PTEN/PI3K pathway: From mouse model to human cancer

Disease relapse represents a significant problem in treating T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), particularly in the context of PTEN alterations. It is hypothesized that leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) are responsible for both T-ALL development and treatment relapse. Here, we use the Pten null T-ALL model with functionally defined blast and LIC-enriched populations to test whether T-ALL LICs are responsible for therapeutic resistance. In this model, disease is initiated by the conditional deletion of Pten in the fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells and animals develop T-ALL with 100% penetrance in the absence of activating Notch1 mutations. Besides Pten deletion, at least two subsequent key events associated with human leukemogenesis have been identified, namely β-catenin activation and a T cell receptor α-c-Myc (Tcrα/δ-c-Myc) translocation, which lead to the transformation of T progenitor cells to self-renewable LICs enriched in the CD3+c-kitmidLin- subpopulation. In contrast to LICs in acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia, in vivo labeling revealed that T-ALL LICs are actively cycling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that T-ALL LICs are biologically distinct and respond differently to Rapamycin in comparison to their differentiated blast cell progeny. Importantly, we found that co-targeting deregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Myc pathways, two common alterations found in human T-ALL that are associated with LIC formation in vivo, provides a potent therapeutic approach to eliminate T-ALL LICs. Our study suggests that LICs are addicted to molecular events critical for their formation and can be effectively eliminated by targeting these alterations, and that T-ALL may be stratified and treated according to such molecular defects. Citation Format: Hong Wu. Targeting the PTEN/PI3K pathway: From mouse model to human cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr IA14.
Sensitivity analysis of aggregate morphology on mass-mobility relationship and improved parameterizations

AbstractPast studies have shown that the diffusion-limited cluster aggregation mechanism yields aggregates with a mass fractal dimension (Df) of around 1.8 and power-law prefactor (kf) ranging between 1.2 and 2.5. For a fixed Df, an increasing kf physically manifests as decreasing shape anisotropy or the degree of “stringiness” of an aggregate. In this work, we investigate the effects of changing kf, monomer size (d), and number of monomers (N) of computer-simulated aggregates on their mass-mobility scaling exponent (Dfm) and prefactor (kfm). Our simulation results for a statistically significant number of Df = 1.78 ± 0.10 aggregates yielded Dfm values of 2.20 ± 0.05. These values are in excellent agreement with previous experimental observations. While variations in Dfm were predominantly influenced by Df, kfm showed sensitivity to fluctuations in kf. The validity and accuracy of the empirical power-law exponent 1.08 used for estimating N in three dimensions from two dimensional projection images was als...
“Dirty, Authentic…Delicious”: Yelp, Mexican Restaurants, and the Appetites of Philadelphia’s New Middle Class

This article examines how Philadelphia’s emergent middle class—young, urbane, educated, and overwhelmingly white—digests the gentrifying multiethnic city. Drawing on Yelp reviews of South Philadelphia’s Mexican restaurants, it deconstructs their conflicting ideas about “authenticity.” Naming the authentic has an important social function for these consumers: by exhibiting their cross-cultural literacy and cosmopolitan tastes, Yelpers signal their belonging to and mastery of the diverse city. By categorizing what is “really Mexican,” this article suggests, they solidify their status as self-styled urban adventurers.
The research of detection technology with intelligentized electric AFCI

As one of the most important factors, it generates the continued arcing induced by the low voltage fault arc.Thus, the most efficient method to decrease the hazard of the fault arc with low voltage electric device is to minimize the duration time of the fault arc before shutting down the power by the protecting equipment of fault arc. Based on an investigation into the basic working principle and the application with low voltage AFCI, this paper proposes the detection of the fault arc as the core influence on the performance of low voltage AFCI, the control accuracy and efficiency as well.Furthermore, it introduces the technology of detection method with fault arc, the research development of the intelligenized detection and control on the key point. Finally, it offers the further intelligenized advance with the intelligenized low voltage AFCI.
The role of cardiac enzymes in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

The diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac enzyme determinations are analyzed. False diagnosis of myocardial infarction can stem from elevated enzyme levels that also accompany other disorders. Caution is also indicated when using cardiac enzyme determinations to assess the prognosis of a patient, as the presence or absence of cardiac enzyme elevation is not always an accurate predictor of the patient’s course.
Parent perceptions of their child’s communication and academic experiences with cochlear implants

AbstractObjective: To explore parent perceptions of communication and academic experiences of cochlear implant (CI) recipients under the age of 18. Design: Cross-sectional survey design. Two surveys (K-12, birth-5) queried parent perceptions of the impact of CI on communication, listening in various environments and academic achievement. Surveys contained 16–23 multiple choice and/or Likert ratings, plus four open-ended questions to assess reasons for obtaining a CI, satisfaction with CI and suggestions for professionals. Study sample: Surveys were sent to 156 parents of CI recipients; 81 surveys returned; response rate 52%. Results: According to parent report, 95% of K-12 children and 100% of preschool children used spoken language as their primary mode of communication; majority of K-12 children performed same as or better than peers across academic subjects; 99% of respondents were pleased with their decision to obtain a CI. The most important reasons reported for choosing CIs were for their child to u...