cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synaptogenesis and its relation to growth of the postsynaptic cell: A quantitative study of the developing mauthner neuron of the axolotl

We describe the relation between growth and branching of an identified dendrite and the formation of synapses on its surface during a 3 1/2-day period early in development. We studied the lateral dendrite and the adjacent lateral perikaryon of the Mauthner cell (M-cell) during embryonic stages 39-43 in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. Reconstructions from light micrographs of serial sections through the cell revealed that during this interval the dendrite elongates rapidly, and large numbers of ventrally directed branches are formed. Samples of the same material by electron microscopy showed that large numbers of synaptic contacts appear during the same interval. We quantitatively estimated changes in local synapse densities (the number of contacts/100 micrometers2 of M-cell surface) and local surface areas of the M-cell and found that synapses were most densely clustered, and accumulated most rapidly, on regions of the cell that were rapidly expanding. These data are in accord with previous evidence from work in this and in other systems that synaptic contacts induce local growth of dendrites. Furthermore, the data are consistent with a proposal that outgrowth of new dendritic branches is induced or stabilized by synapses in a concentration-dependent fashion.
Tobacco users' perceptions of a brief tobacco cessation intervention in community pharmacies

Abstract Objective To explore factors affecting tobacco users' perceived appropriateness of a brief and proactive tobacco cessation counseling program, ask, advise, and refer (AAR), at community pharmacies. Design Inductive thematic analysis. Setting Southern Wisconsin during fall 2008. Patients 24 tobacco users who had recently received brief and proactive tobacco cessation counseling at a community pharmacy. Intervention Semistructured telephone interviews conducted by primary author. Main outcome measures Perceptions of a brief and proactive tobacco cessation counseling program conducted at community pharmacies. Results In conducting the thematic analysis, eight distinct themes were identified. Display of information and resources at pharmacies for use by tobacco users as needed was identified as the most predominant theme and was found to be most helpful by many respondents. Other themes identified in decreasing order of prevalence were: tobacco users' perceptions of the role of pharmacists in health care, tobacco users' belief that smoking could interact with a current medication or health condition, tobacco users' sensitivity toward their tobacco use behavior or being told what to do, nonconfrontational and friendly approach of pharmacists, tobacco users' readiness to quit at the time of AAR counseling, tobacco user initiation of tobacco use discussion, and tobacco users' belief that tobacco use is bad. Conclusion Overall, this qualitative investigation suggests that several factors might influence tobacco users' perceived appropriateness of AAR counseling at community pharmacies. AAR might be well received by tobacco users and pharmacy patrons as long as it is done in a professional and respectful manner.
Topologically constrained logic synthesis

SPFDs (sets of pairs of functions to be distinguished), a mechanism for expressing flexibility during logic synthesis, were first introduced for FPGA synthesis. They were then extended to general, combinational Boolean networks and later the concept of sequential SPFDs was introduced. In this paper, we explore the idea of using SPFDs for functional decomposition. A new type of functional decomposition called topologically constrained decomposition is introduced. An algorithm is provided for solving this problem using SPFDs. Preliminary experimental results are encouraging and indicate the feasibility of the approach. A scheme is also presented for generating instances of the topologically constrained decomposition problem.
Soiling, Staining, and Yellowing Characteristics of Fabrics Treated With Resin or Formaldehyde:

Cotton and 50/50 polyester/cotton fabrics, untreated and with four formaldehyde crosslinking treatments and two resin finishes, were soiled with oily and nonoily soils and an oily stain. Extent of soiling, ease of soil and stain removal, and the development of yellowness were determined after repeated laundering in a Launder-Ometer. Soiling and soil removal were influenced more by type of soil, fiber content, process of producing crosslinks, and catalyst than by the chemical composition of the crosslinking agent, although chemical composition did produce some effects. Development of yellowness of untreated and crosslinked fabrics during laundering was attributed to swelling of cotton fiber and cotton content of polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Cross-linking of cotton and cotton/ polyester fabrics by a pad-dry-cure process retarded the development of yellowness. Yellowness developed in both oily and nonoily soiled fabrics. Yellowness was not related to amount of soil on the fabrics.
Seston food quality and Daphnia production efficiencies in an oligo-mesotrophic Subalpine Lake

Because of major biochemical imbalances between plants and animals, ecological efficiency at this interface may have a major impact on overall energy flow in ecosystems. In order to study relationships between seston food quality and energy transfer between primary producers and herbivores, we conducted five microcosm experiments in Castle Lake, California, USA during the summer of 1996. We simultaneously performed life table experiments to determine the effects of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on Daphnia rosea growth, reproduction and survival. The results of these experiments suggest strong energy limitation of D. rosea growth in Castle lake during the study. D. rosea production was coupled with primary production in Castle Lake and in the microcosm experiments. D. rosea production efficiencies, i.e., the ratios of D. rosea productivity to primary productivity, decreased towards the end of the summer. A food quality index based on phytoplankton species composition and seston carbon to phosphorus (C:P) ratio were good predictors of D. rosea production efficiencies. The predicted D. rosea production pattern based on phytoplankton composition and primary productivity matched the zooplankton biomass dynamics in Castle Lake during 1991. Life table experiments showed HUFA effects on D. rosea population growth rates, reproduction and survival in support of the HUFA limitation hypothesis.
A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

A summary account is given of the 33 holothurian species known from the South Atlantic Bight, from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Cape Canaveral, Florida, from the shore to a depth of 200 meters. Four of the six known orders of holothurians are represented in the study area. Each species is diagnosed and illustrated; citations of informative literature and brief discussions of distribution and general biology are included. Also included are dichotomous keys to aid in identification to the species level. A new genus is erected to accommodate Pseudocolochirus mysticus Deichmann, 1930. Ocnus pygmaeus (Theel, 1886b) and O. surinamensis (Semper, 1868) are referred to the genus Aslia Rowe, 1970.
Microscopic theory of Brownian motion revisited: The Rayleigh model

We investigate three force autocorrelation functionsF(0) · F(t)� , � F + (0) · F + (t)� ,a ndF0(0) · F0(t)� and the friction coefficient γ for the Rayleigh model (a massive particle in an ideal gas) by analytic methods and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. Here, F and F + are the total force and the Mori fluctuating force, respectively, whereas F0 is the force on the Brownian particle under the frozen dynamics, where the Brownian particle is held fixed and the solvent particles move under the external potential due to the presence of the Brownian particle. By using ensemble averaging and the ray representation approach, we obtain two expressions forF0(0) · F0(t)� in terms of the one-particle trajectory and corresponding expressions for γ by the time integration of these expressions. Performing MD simulations of the near-Brownian-limit (NBL) regime, we investigate the convergence ofF(0) · F(t)� andF + (0) · F + (t)� and compare them withF0(0) · F0(t)� .W e show that for a purely repulsive potential between the Brownian particle and a solvent particle, both expressions for � F0(0) · F0(t)� produceF + (0) · F + (t)� in the NBL regime. On the other hand, for a potential containing an attractive component, the ray representation expression produces only the contribution of the nontrapped solvent particles. However, we show that the net contribution of the trapped particles to γ disappears, and hence we confirm that both the ensemble-averaged expression and the ray representation expression for γ are valid even if the potential contains an attractive component. We also obtain a closed-form expression of γ for the square-well potential. Finally, we discuss theoretical and practical aspects for the evaluation ofF0(0) · F0(t)� and γ.
Social norms and efficacy beliefs drive the Alarmed segment[rsquor]s public-sphere climate actions

Surprisingly few individuals who are highly concerned about climate change take action to influence public policies. To assess social-psychological and cognitive drivers of public-sphere climate actions of Global Warming’s Six Americas ‘Alarmed’ segment, we developed a behaviour model and tested it using structural equation modelling of survey data from Vermont, USA (N = 702). Our model, which integrates social cognitive theory, social norms research, and value belief norm theory, explains 36–64% of the variance in five behaviours. Here we show descriptive social norms, self-efficacy, personal response efficacy, and collective response efficacy as strong driving forces of: voting, donating, volunteering, contacting government officials, and protesting about climate change. The belief that similar others took action increased behaviour and strengthened efficacy beliefs, which also led to greater action. Our results imply that communication efforts targeting Alarmed individuals and their public actions should include strategies that foster beliefs about positive descriptive social norms and efficacy. The people that are most concerned about climate change do not always take action. Behavioural modelling shows that concerned citizens are more likely to act if they believe similar people are taking action, and that their action will make a difference.
Folie à deux and mental retardation: review and case report.

Bien qu'on associe la folie a deux au manque d'intelligence, tres peu de publications font etat de cette maladie chez les personnes atteintes d'une deficience mentale. On decrit un cas de folie a deux chez un homme de 32 ans atteint d'arrieration mentale moderee et on examine les repercussions sur le plan clinique. On met en outre l'accent sur la necessite de prendre mieux conscience de l'existence de maladies mentales chez les handicapes mentaux
TCGF: How Much? Oh, and by the Way, How Many?

![][1] The Pillars of Immunology article ([1][2]) selected for comment by the editors in this issue is a bit unusual. It is second on the list of the 100 most cited publications in The Journal of Immunology ( The JI ) with 4201 citations, and it was published in 1978, 38 years ago. Only 12
Adaptive Signal Processing

Adaptive frequency band (AFB) and ultra-wideband (UWB) systems require either rapidly changing or very high sampling rates. Conventional analog-to-digital devices are nonadaptive and have limited dynamic range. We investigate AFB and UWB sampling via a basis projection method. The method decomposes the signal into a basis over time segments via a continuous-time inner product operation and then samples the basis coefficients in parallel. The signal may then be reconstructed from the basis coefficients to recover the signal in the time domain. The overarching goal of the theory developed in this chapter is to develop a computable atomic decomposition of time-frequency space. The idea is to come up with a way of nonuniformly tiling time and frequency so that if the signal has a burst of high-frequency information, we tile quickly and efficiently in time and broadly in frequency, whereas if the signal has a relatively low-frequency segment, we can tile broadly in time and efficiently in frequency. Computability is key; systems are designed so that they can be constructed using splines and implemented in circuitry.
“Civilisation” as a Sociological Category

The ultimate unit of social life is of fundamental importance to sociological theory as it determines the basic concepts with which sociology operates. If we could answer the question “What is society?” conclusively, we would already have established a theory because it is this very concept at which sociological theory aims. This question has been asked and answered in all systems of social philosophy and in all sociological theory but — and this is remarkable — the answer is generally not given upon an empirical but upon a metaphysical basis. Whether an empirical answer would be possible is in itself a question which deserves to be asked.
Inflectional Morphology: Inferential–realizational morphology

Theories of inflectional morphology In any language exhibiting inflection, each inflected word in a sentence carries a set of morphosyntactic properties; in English, for instance, the verb form am in the sentence I am sure carries the properties ‘first-person singular (Isg) subject agreement’, ‘present tense’, and ‘indicative mood’. In very many cases, an inflected word's morphosyntactic properties are associated with specific aspects of its morphology; for instance, the properties of subject agreement, tense, and mood carried by the verb form likes in the sentence She likes reading are associated with the presence of the suffix - s . In recent years, grammatical theorists have devoted considerable attention to the nature of these associations between an inflected word's morphosyntactic properties and its morphology. Nevertheless, these efforts haven't yet led to anything like a consensus in current theories of inflection. According to LEXICAL theories of inflection, these associations are listed in the lexicon; the affix - s , for example, has a lexical entry which specifies its association with the morphosyntactic properties ‘3sg subject agreement’, ‘present tense’, and ‘indicative mood’. Theories of this sort portray the association between an inflectional marking and the set of morphosyntactic properties which it represents as being very much like the association between a lexeme's root and its grammatical and semantic properties. This conception is rejected by INFERENTIAL theories, in which the systematic formal relations between a lexeme's root and the fully inflected word forms constituting its paradigm are expressed by rules or formulas.
Moire interferometry patterns for rotational alignment of structures

In some manufacturing applications the alignment of fine structures formed on the surface of a part such as micro-scribed patterns on solar panels can be critical to the panel performance. Variations in pattern uniformity may degrade the efficiency of the solar panel if the pattern deviates significantly from designed parameters. This paper will explore the use of moire patterns to interpret the angular alignment of such structures on 3 dimensional non-planar shapes. The moire interferometry pattern creates a beat between the scribed pattern and a reference pattern that is a function of both the shape of the part as well as the shape of the scribed pattern. Both the part shape variations and the patterns of interest are typically much smaller than can be seen visually. Similar challenges exist when inspecting specular models or testing low quality optics. The moire effect allows small displacements to be measured from patterns that are well below the resolution of the camera systems that are used to view the patterns. Issues such as the separation of the shape of the part from the alignment of the fine structure as well as resolution and robustness of the technique will be explored in this paper.
Lower hybrid frequency range waves generated by ion polarization drift due to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: Analysis of an event observed by the Van Allen Probe B

We analyze a wave event that occurred near noon between 07:03 and 07:08 UT on 23 February 2014 detected by the Van Allen Probes B spacecraft, where waves in the lower hybrid frequency range (LHFR) and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are observed to be highly correlated, with Pearson correlation coefficient of approximately 0.86. We assume that the correlation is the result of LHFR wave generation by the ions polarization drift in the electric field of the EMIC waves. To check this assumption the drift velocities of electrons and H+, He+, and O+ ions in the measured EMIC wave electric field were modeled. Then the LHFR wave linear instantaneous growth rates for plasma with these changing drift velocities and different plasma compositions were calculated. The time distribution of these growth rates, their frequency distribution, and the frequency dependence of the ratio of the LHFR wave power spectral density (PSD)parallel and perpendicular to the ambient magnetic eld to the total PSD were found. These characteristics of the growth rates were compared with the corresponding characteristics of the observed LHFR activity. Reasonable agreement between these features and the strong correlation between EMIC and LHFR energy densities support the assumption that the LHFR wave generation can be caused by the ions polarization drift in the electric field of an EMIC wave.
An iterative method for airway segmentation using multiscale leakage detection

There are growing applications of quantitative computed tomography for assessment of pulmonary diseases by characterizing lung parenchyma as well as the bronchial tree. Many large multi-center studies incorporating lung imaging as a study component are interested in phenotypes relating airway branching patterns, wall-thickness, and other morphological measures. To our knowledge, there are no fully automated airway tree segmentation methods, free of the need for user review. Even when there are failures in a small fraction of segmentation results, the airway tree masks must be manually reviewed for all results which is laborious considering that several thousands of image data sets are evaluated in large studies. In this paper, we present a CT-based novel airway tree segmentation algorithm using iterative multi-scale leakage detection, freezing, and active seed detection. The method is fully automated requiring no manual inputs or post-segmentation editing. It uses simple intensity based connectivity and a new leakage detection algorithm to iteratively grow an airway tree starting from an initial seed inside the trachea. It begins with a conservative threshold and then, iteratively shifts toward generous values. The method was applied on chest CT scans of ten non-smoking subjects at total lung capacity and ten at functional residual capacity. Airway segmentation results were compared to an expert’s manually edited segmentations. Branch level accuracy of the new segmentation method was examined along five standardized segmental airway paths (RB1, RB4, RB10, LB1, LB10) and two generations beyond these branches. The method successfully detected all branches up to two generations beyond these segmental bronchi with no visual leakages.
Ray-traced Monte Carlo simulation tool for computer-aided design of tissue fluorescence sensing system

In designing fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging systems for biological applications, a sample's own optical properties can significantly affect system performance. The independent use of Monte Carlo codes or optical design software often does not provide complete and accurate modeling of the fluorescence excitation and emission path through the optical components and turbid sample. We have developed a ray-traced Monte Carlo (RTMC) simulation method to track the complete light path by combining MC codes and ray-tracing software. Computational and experimental verification results demonstrate that RTMC has the potential to become a useful tool for designing tissue fluorescence sensing systems.
Hydrogen isotope fractionation in leaf waxes in the Alaskan Arctic tundra

Abstract Leaf wax hydrogen isotopes (δDwax) are increasingly utilized in terrestrial paleoclimate research. Applications of this proxy must be grounded by studies of the modern controls on δDwax, including the ecophysiological controls on isotope fractionation at both the plant and landscape scales. Several calibration studies suggest a considerably smaller apparent fractionation between source water and waxes (eapp) at high latitudes relative to temperate or tropical locations, with major implications for paleoclimatic interpretations of sedimentary δDwax. Here we investigate apparent fractionation in the Arctic by tracing the isotopic composition of leaf waxes from production in modern plants to deposition in lake sediments using isotopic observations of precipitation, soil and plant waters, living leaf waxes, and waxes in sediment traps in the Brooks Range foothills of northern Alaska. We also analyze a lake surface sediment transect to compare present-day vegetation assemblages to eapp at the watershed scale. Source water and eapp were determined for live specimens of Eriophorum vaginatum (cottongrass) and Betula nana (dwarf birch), two dominant tundra plants in the Brooks Range foothills. The δD of these plants’ xylem water closely tracks that of surface soil water, and reflects a summer-biased precipitation source. Leaf water is enriched by 23 ± 15‰ relative to xylem water for E. vaginatum and by 41 ± 19‰ for B. nana. Evapotranspiration modeling indicates that this leaf water enrichment is consistent with the evaporative enrichment expected under the climate conditions of northern Alaska, and that 24-h photosynthesis does not cause excessive leaf water isotope enrichment. The eapp determined for our study species average −89 ± 14‰ and −106 ± 16‰ for B. nana n-alkanes and n-acids, respectively, and −182 ± 10‰ and −154 ± 26‰ for E. vaginatum n-alkanes and n-acids, which are similar to the eapp of related species in temperate and tropical regions, indicating that apparent fractionation is similar in Arctic relative to other regions, and there is no reduced fractionation in the Arctic. Sediment trap data suggest that waxes are primarily transported into lakes from local (watershed-scale) sources by overland flow during the spring freshet, and so δDwax within lakes depends on watershed-scale differences in water isotope compositions and in plant ecophysiology. As such, the large difference between our study species suggests that the relative abundance of graminoids and shrubs is potentially an important control on δDwax in lake sediments. These inferences are supported by δDwax data from surface sediments of 24 lakes where eapp, relative to δDxylem, averages −128 ± 13‰ and −130 ± 8‰ for n-acids and n-alkanes, respectively, and co-varies with vegetation type across watersheds. These new determinations of plant source water seasonality and eapp for the Arctic will improve the δDwax paleoclimate proxy at high latitudes.
Cultural Artifact Detection in Long Wave Infrared Imagery.

Detection of cultural artifacts from airborne remotely sensed data is an important task in the context of on-site inspections. Airborne artifact detection can reduce the size of the search area the ground based inspection team must visit, thereby improving the efficiency of the inspection process. This report details two algorithms for detection of cultural artifacts in aerial long wave infrared imagery. The first algorithm creates an explicit model for cultural artifacts, and finds data that fits the model. The second algorithm creates a model of the background and finds data that does not fit the model. Both algorithms are applied to orthomosaic imagery generated as part of the MSFE13 data collection campaign under the spectral technology evaluation project.
Two representations of a high-dimensional perceptual space.

Abstract A perceptual space is a mental workspace of points in a sensory domain that supports similarity and difference judgments and enables further processing such as classification and naming. Perceptual spaces are present across sensory modalities; examples include colors, faces, auditory textures, and odors. Color is perhaps the best-studied perceptual space, but it is atypical in two respects. First, the dimensions of color space are directly linked to the three cone absorption spectra, but the dimensions of generic perceptual spaces are not as readily traceable to single-neuron properties. Second, generic perceptual spaces have more than three dimensions. This is important because representing each distinguishable point in a high-dimensional space by a separate neuron or population is unwieldy; combinatorial strategies may be needed to overcome this hurdle. To study the representation of a complex perceptual space, we focused on a well-characterized 10-dimensional domain of visual textures. Within this domain, we determine perceptual distances in a threshold task (segmentation) and a suprathreshold task (border salience comparison). In N = 4 human observers, we find both quantitative and qualitative differences between these sets of measurements. Quantitatively, observers’ segmentation thresholds were inconsistent with their uncertainty determined from border salience comparisons. Qualitatively, segmentation thresholds suggested that distances are determined by a coordinate representation with Euclidean geometry. Border salience comparisons, in contrast, indicated a global curvature of the space, and that distances are determined by activity patterns across broadly tuned elements. Thus, our results indicate two representations of this perceptual space, and suggest that they use differing combinatorial strategies. Significance Statement To move from sensory signals to decisions and actions, the brain carries out a sequence of transformations. An important stage in this process is the construction of a “perceptual space” – an internal workspace of sensory information that captures similarities and differences, and enables further processing, such as classification and naming. Perceptual spaces for color, faces, visual and haptic textures and shapes, sounds, and odors (among others) are known to exist. How such spaces are represented is at present unknown. Here, using visual textures as a model, we investigate this. Psychophysical measurements suggest roles for two combinatorial strategies: one based on projections onto coordinate-like axes, and one based on patterns of activity across broadly tuned elements scattered throughout the space.
Lung cancer incidence and the strength of municipal smoke-free ordinances.

Background Smoke-free laws reduce disease prevalence. The impact of municipal smoke-free laws on lung cancer incidence in Kentucky was examined. The authors hypothesized that lung cancer incidence rates would be associated with the strength of smoke-free laws. Methods This was a secondary analysis of 83,727 Kentucky residents aged ≥ 50 years who were newly diagnosed with lung cancer from 1995 to 2014. In 2014, 33 municipalities had 1 or more smoke-free laws. County-level characteristics included adult smoking rate, sex, race/ethnicity, income, physician supply, observed radon values, and rurality. Results Individuals living in communities with comprehensive smoke-free laws were 7.9% less likely than those living in communities without smoke-free protections to be diagnosed with lung cancer. The difference in lung cancer incidence between counties with moderate/weak laws and those without laws was not significant. Conclusions Comprehensive smoke-free laws were associated with fewer new cases of lung cancer, whereas weak or moderate smoke-free laws did not confer the same benefit. One hundred percent smoke-free laws, covering all workers and the public with few or no exceptions, may be key in reducing new cases of lung cancer. Cancer 2018;124:374-80. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Divide and recombine (D&R) data science projects for deep analysis of big data and high computational complexity

The focus of data science is data analysis. This article begins with a categorization of the data science technical areas that play a direct role in data analysis. Next, big data are addressed, which create computational challenges due to the data size, as does the computational complexity of many analytic methods. Divide and recombine (DR deep analysis of the data, which means analysis of the detailed data at their finest granularity; easy programming of analyses; and high computational performance. To succeed, D&R requires research in all of the technical areas of data science. Network cybersecurity and climate science are two subject-matter areas with big, complex data benefiting from D&R. We illustrate this by discussing two datasets, one from each area. The first is the measurements of 13 variables for each of 10,615,054,608 queries to the Spamhaus IP address blacklisting service. The second has 50,632 3-hourly satellite rainfall estimates at 576,000 locations.
Reconceptualizing uncertainty in illness: commonalities, variations, and the multidimensional nature of uncertainty

ABSTRACTCommunication scholars have been long interested in uncertainty and its connection to communicative actions. Since the special issue of Journal of Communication on uncertainty and communica...
Alpha satellite DNA biology: finding function in the recesses of the genome

Repetitive DNA, formerly referred to by the misnomer “junk DNA,” comprises a majority of the human genome. One class of this DNA, alpha satellite, comprises up to 10% of the genome. Alpha satellite is enriched at all human centromere regions and is competent for de novo centromere assembly. Because of the highly repetitive nature of alpha satellite, it has been difficult to achieve genome assemblies at centromeres using traditional next-generation sequencing approaches, and thus, centromeres represent gaps in the current human genome assembly. Moreover, alpha satellite DNA is transcribed into repetitive noncoding RNA and contributes to a large portion of the transcriptome. Recent efforts to characterize these transcripts and their function have uncovered pivotal roles for satellite RNA in genome stability, including silencing “selfish” DNA elements and recruiting centromere and kinetochore proteins. This review will describe the genomic and epigenetic features of alpha satellite DNA, discuss recent findings of noncoding transcripts produced from distinct alpha satellite arrays, and address current progress in the functional understanding of this oft-neglected repetitive sequence. We will discuss unique challenges of studying human satellite DNAs and RNAs and point toward new technologies that will continue to advance our understanding of this largely untapped portion of the genome.
EXCISION REPAIR AND MUTAGENESIS ARE COMPLEX PROCESSES

ABSTRACT Excision repair in Escherichia coli has been divided into two major pathways: a growth medium-independent, polA+-dependent pathway, and a growth medium, recA+, recB+, lexA+, polC+, uvrD+-dependent pathway. The former pathway handles most of the UV radiation-induced lesions, and produces short patches of repair replication. The latter pathway can be subdivided into two branches: a uurD+-dependent branch, and a uvrD+-independent branch. Long patch repair replication appears to occur via this latter branch; it is recA+, lexA+ and poiB+-dependent, and is inhibited in buffer or by chloramphenicol (CAP). The uvrD+gene product can also function independently of recA+ if UV-irradiated cells are held in buffer for a time before plating. Thus, liquid holding recovery (LHR), an excision repair process that is observed in recA strains, is blocked by a uvrD mutation, but is enhanced by lexA and recB mutations. UV radiation-induced mutations are produced by excision repair as well as postreplication repair. In either case, they appear to occur via two subbranches of these repair systems; one controlled by recB+ and the other by uvrD+.
Structure of the Proteins and Genes for the Nuclear-Encoded Subunits of N. Crassa Cytochrome Oxidase

Cytochrome oxidase is a multisubunit protein of complex structure and function. The smaller subunits are encoded by nuclear DNA, synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported into the mitochondria; whereas the three largest subunits are made in the mitochondria. As a part of our efforts at studying the organization, expression and regulation of the nuclear genes for cytochrome oxidase, we are in the process of isolating and characterizing the genes and proteins for the nuclear-encoded subunits in Neurospora crassa.
The machine that would predict the future.

Photograph by Dan Saelinger In the summer and fall of last year, the Greek financial crisis tore at the seams of the global economy. Having run up a debt that it would never be able to repay, the country faced a number of potential outcomes, all unpleasant. Efforts to slash spending spurred riots in the streets of Athens, while threats of default rattled global financial markets. Many economists argued that Greece should leave the euro zone and devalue its currency, a move that would in theory help the economy grow. “Make no mistake: an orderly euro exit will be hard,” wrote New York University economist Nouriel Roubini in the Financial Times. “But watching the slow disorderly implosion of the Greek economy and society will be much worse.”
Human-induced and natural carbon storage in floodplains of the Central Valley of California.

Active floodplains can putatively store large amounts of organic carbon (SOC) in subsoils originating from catchment erosion processes with subsequent floodplain deposition. Our study focussed on the assessment of SOC pools associated with alluvial floodplain soils that are affected by human-induced changes in floodplain deposition and in situ SOC mineralisation due to land use change and drainage. We evaluated depth-dependent SOC contents based on 23 soil cores down to 3 m and 10 drillings down to 7 m in a floodplain area of the lower Cosumnes River. An estimate of 266 Mg C ha-1 or about 59% of the entire SOC stored within the 7 m profiles was found in the upper 2 m. Most profiles (n = 25) contained discrete buried A horizons at depths of approximately 0.8 m. These profiles had up to 130% higher SOC stocks. The mean δ13C of all deep soil profiles clearly indicated that arable land use has already altered the stable isotopic signature in the first meter of the profile. Radiocarbon dating showed that the 14C age in the buried horizon was younger than in overlaying soils indicating a substantial sedimentation phase for the overlaying soils. An additional analysis of total mercury contents in the soil profiles indicated that this sedimentation was associated with upstream hydraulic gold mining after the 1850s. In summary, deep alluvial soils in floodplains store large amounts of SOC not yet accounted for in global carbon models. Historic data give evidence that large amounts of sediment were transported into the floodplains of most rivers of the Central Valley and deposited over organically rich topsoil, which promoted the stabilization of SOC, and needs to be considered to improve our understanding of the human-induced interference with C cycling.
Investigation of Spaceborne Polarimetric GNSS-R Over Land Using the Smap Radar Receiver

Since July 2015, the radar receiver aboard the SMAP satellite has been operating in a “receive only” mode from which GNSS-R measurements can be produced. SMAP's high-gain antenna with high cross-polarization isolation offers a unique opportunity to study Earth remote sensing with GNSS-R. These data recently been used to produce some of the first spaceborne polarimetric GNSS-R measurements. Previous work has shown the properties of the relative amplitudes of the received H - and V -polarized signal components; however, the fully coherent, multi-channel receive data from SMAP offers an opportunity to examine other polarimetric properties, such as the LR and RR components (of interest to future mission designs), complex cross-correlations between components (ie. HRVR or LRRR), and their relative magnitudes and phases. This paper presents initial results of an investigation of the new information in SMAP's dual-polarized GPS L2C reflection measurements over different land types.
Octahedral metal carbonyls : XLIII. The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of allyl bromide with (σ-phenanthroline)tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0)☆

Abstract The reaction of allyl bromide with (σ-phenanthroline)tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0), (phen)Mo(CO)4, in 1,2-dichloroethane to afford (phen)Mo(CO)2-(η3-C3H5(Br) obeys the rate law, d [(phen)Mo(CO)4]/dt = k1 [(phen)Mo-(CO)4]. The reaction is envisioned to proceed via slow fission of a MoCO bond, probably solvent-assisted, and subsequent reaction with allyl bromide. With THF as solvent, a small second-order term is also observed in the rate law. Possible subsequent reaction steps involving coordination of the olefinic end of allyl bromide and ring-closure to afford product are also discussed.
Safety of the transventricular approach to deep brain stimulation: A retrospective review.

Background Anatomically, deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets such as the ventral intermediate and subthalamic nucleus are positioned such that the long axis of the nucleus is often most accessible through a transventricular trajectory. We hypothesize that using this trajectory does not place patients at increased risk of neurologic complications. Methods A series of 206 patients at a single institution between 2000 and 2017 were reviewed. All patients had a confirmed transventricular trajectory and their clinical course was reviewed to assess neurologic complication rates in the postoperative period. Results The average length of hospital stay was 2.4 days. The most common neurologic complication was altered mental status in 1.2% of cases (four patients). This was followed by seizure in 0.6% of cases (two patients). No patients had ischemic stroke or postoperative hemiparesis. There were two mortalities in this series, one with lobar hemorrhage contralateral from the surgical site and one with a thalamic hemorrhage. There was only one confirmed intraventricular hemorrhage postoperatively; however, this was clinically asymptomatic. Conclusion Although the total incidence of intraventricular or intracerebral hemorrhage cannot be reliably assessed from this data set, the low incidence of neurologic complications challenges the notion that DBS electrode trajectories that transgress the ventricle significantly increase the risk of complications.
“Be a badass with a good ass”: race, freakery, and postfeminism in the #StrongIsTheNewSkinny beauty myth

#StrongIsTheNewSkinny has become a bodily mantra found across social media, and it is a postfeminist beauty myth. But given postfeminist contradictions, this presents a terrain in which only certai...
Value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital intestinal malrotation and midgut vovulus

Objective To evaluate the value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital intestinal malrotation and midgut vovulus.Methods The findings of ultrasound of 161 children with clinically suspected intestinal malrotation were analysed retrospectively,and were compared with the results of the operation and/or the upper gastrointestinal contrast study.Results The positive sign of ultrasound for congenital intestinal malrotation was that the superior mesenteric vein(SMV) being located at the left of the superior mesentery artery(SMA),or being directly anterior to the SMA,and the positive sign for midgut vovulus was clockwise whirlpool sign (clockwise rotation of the small bowel,its mesentery and the SMV around the SMA).The sensitivity of ultrasound for congenital intestinal malrotation was 82％,and the specificity was 94％.Those for midgut vovulus were 94％ and 94％ respectively.Conclusions Special sign as the superior mesenteric vein(SMV) being located at the left of the superior mesentery artery(SMA) strongly indicate congenital intestinal malrotatione,and the clockwise whirlpool sign means great possibility of midgut vovulus. Key words: Ultrasonography; Intestinal vovulus; Congenital intestinal malrotation
Subcallosal Cingulate Structural Connectivity Differs in Responders and Nonresponders to Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Abstract Background Subcallosal cingulate (SCC) activity is associated with treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD). Using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a treatment model in this exploratory study, we addressed whether pretreatment SCC structural connectivity with corticolimbic-striatal circuitry relates to therapeutic outcome and whether these connectivity patterns change with treatment. Methods Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired in 43 patients with MDD (mean [SD] age = 41 [13] years; men/women: 18/25) before and within 1 week of completing an ECT index series and in 31 healthy control subjects scanned twice (mean [SD] age = 38 [11] years; men/women: 17/18). Probabilistic tractography from subject-specific anatomically defined SCC seed regions to the ventral striatum (VS), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was used to estimate structural connectivity in the target network. Results SCC-mPFC connectivity was lower in responders (>50% symptom improvement) than nonresponders both before (p Conclusions While SCC-ACC connectivity may be a hallmark of MDD compared with control subjects, lower pretreatment SCC-mPFC connectivity in ECT responders (compared with nonresponders and control subjects) suggests that connectivity in this pathway may serve as a potential biomarker of therapeutic outcome and be relevant for treatment selection.
Robust and efficient single-pixel image classification with nonlinear optics.

We present a hybrid image classifier by feature-sensitive image upconversion, single pixel photodetection, and deep learning, aiming at fast processing of high-resolution images. It uses partial Fourier transform to extract the images’ signature features in both the original and Fourier domains, thereby significantly increasing the classification accuracy and robustness. Tested on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology handwritten digit images and verified by simulation, it boosts accuracy from 81.25% (by Fourier-domain processing) to 99.23%, and achieves 83% accuracy for highly contaminated images whose signal-to-noise ratio is only −17dB. Our approach could prove useful for fast lidar data processing, high-resolution image recognition, occluded target identification, and atmosphere monitoring.
Alleviating Survivor Loneliness: The Value of Expressive Gift Systems in Peer-to-Peer Online Patient Survivor Networks', Qualitative Consumer Research

Implications emphasize the need among survivors of trauma to connect with others. Digital technologies allow connections on a global scale, so survivors can find others with similar needs. Peer-to-peer networks provide a way for survivors to meet, interact with, and extend their aggregate selves through other survivors, while experiencing a transcendent sense that they are part of something bigger than self alone.
Mechanisms of sulfate formation in acidic hydrothermal sites of Iceland, Lassen, Valles Caldera, and Yellowstone: Implications for possible oxidation pathways in martian volcanic settings

Abstract Sulfate (SO42−) has been found in elevated concentrations on the surface of Mars and linked to oxidation of volcanically derived sulfur (S) in the past, with the best examples of hydrothermal S-rich deposits in Gusev crater. However, the oxidation mechanisms of volcanic S are unclear due to the lack of abundant molecular oxygen (O2) in the Martian atmosphere. To address this uncertainty, we investigated the mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) oxidation to SO42− in O2-depleted acidic hydrothermal systems of Iceland and the United States (Valles Caldera, Lassen, and Yellowstone) as geochemical analogs. Approximately 50 water and sediment samples were collected for chemical and stable isotope analyses (δ34S, δ18O, δ2H). At the time of sampling, the measured dissolved O2 (DO) concentrations were low (0.01 to 1.03 mg/L) because of elevated temperatures (60 to 90 °C) and did not account for high concentrations of SO42− (up to 24,461 mg/L) in the acidic hot springs and mud pots. However, high concentrations of leachable iron (Fe) were present in the hydrothermal water and sediments (average of 158 mg/L and 71,302 mg/kg, respectively), implying that in addition to atmospheric O2, the Fe-driven oxidation of H2S via ferric Fe reduction to ferrous Fe is likely involved. Our laboratory experiments studying H2S oxidation carried out in a wide temperature range (25 °C, 50 °C, 90 °C) and low pH of 2 suggest that under acidic hydrothermal conditions, ferric Fe reduction involves stepwise oxidation of H2S with preferential formation of insoluble elemental S, which is later oxidized to SO42−. In contrast, the Gusev hydrothermal sediments on Mars appear to be enriched in Fe3+-sulfates with minor amounts of Ca-Mg-sulfates and negligible elemental S. This implies that the Gusev sediments must have experienced subsequent oxidation, most likely after the main episode of hydrothermal activity.
The redox-responsive transcriptional regulator Rex represses fermentative metabolism and is required for Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis.

The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of the foodborne disease listeriosis, one of the deadliest bacterial infections known. In order to cause disease, L. monocytogenes must properly coordinate its metabolic and virulence programs in response to rapidly changing environments within the host. However, the mechanisms by which L. monocytogenes senses and adapts to the many stressors encountered as it transits through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and disseminates to peripheral organs are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the redox-responsive transcriptional regulator Rex in L. monocytogenes growth and pathogenesis. Rex is a conserved canonical transcriptional repressor that monitors the intracellular redox state of the cell by sensing the ratio of reduced and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH and NAD+, respectively). Here, we demonstrated that L. monocytogenes Rex represses fermentative metabolism and is therefore required for optimal growth in the presence of oxygen. We also show that in vitro, Rex represses the production of virulence factors required for survival and invasion of the GI tract, as a strain lacking rex was more resistant to acidified bile and invaded host cells better than wt. Consistent with these results, Rex was dispensable for colonizing the GI tract and disseminating to peripheral organs in an oral listeriosis model of infection. However, Rex-dependent regulation was required for colonizing the spleen and liver, and L. monocytogenes lacking the Rex repressor were nearly sterilized from the gallbladder. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Rex functions as a repressor of fermentative metabolism and suggests a role for Rex-dependent regulation in L. monocytogenes pathogenesis. Importantly, the gallbladder is the bacterial reservoir during listeriosis, and our data suggest redox sensing and Rex-dependent regulation are necessary for bacterial survival and replication in this organ.