cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generality of faking effects in the dimensional measurement of personality

Research on “fake bad” sets in the EPI measurement of personality was extended to 40 college students, following up work of Salas with soldiers. No significant effect of a “fake bad” set on extraversion and lie scales was found, contrary to Salas? results, but neuroticism was significantly susceptible to faking, which confirmed the findings of Salas. Further analyses suggested that the lie scale tended to expose a malingerer's intention rather than assist in concealing it. Differences in results from the present study and that of Salas, and restrictions on the generality of faking effects, were discussed.
Patterns and distribution of HIV among adult men and women in India.

Background While the estimated prevalence of HIV in India experienced a downward revision in 2007, the patterning and distribution of HIV in the population remains unclear. We examined the individual and state-level socioeconomic patterning of individual HIV status among adult men and women in India as well as the patterning of other individual demographic and behavioral determinants of HIV status. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted logistic regression models accounting for the survey design using nationally representative, cross-sectional data on 100,030 women and men from the 2005–2006 India National Family Health survey which, for the first time, provided objective assessments of HIV seroprevalence. Although there was a weak relationship between household wealth and risk of being HIV-positive, there was a clear negative relationship between individual education attainment and risk of being HIV-positive among both men and women. A 1000 Rupee change in the per capita net state domestic product was associated with a 4% and 5% increase in the risk for positive HIV status among men and women, respectively. State-level income inequality was associated with increased risk of HIV for men. Marital status and selected sexual behavior indicators were significant predictors of HIV status among women whereas the age effect was the most dominant predictor of HIV infection among men. Conclusions/Significance Although the prevalence of HIV in India is low, the lack of strong wealth patterning in the risk of HIV suggests a more generalized distribution of HIV risk than some of India's high-risk group HIV prevention policies have assumed. The positive association between state economic development and individual risk for HIV is intriguing and requires further scrutiny.
Modernity, Tradition and Nuances of Class in Lesotho

Anthropological studies of identity commonly focus on culture, religion and ethnicity as bases for self identification and affiliation. This focus has come at the expense of broader foci such as class. Based on fieldwork in culturally homogeneous Lesotho, in this article I demonstrate how, in the wake of economic and political modernization, class consciousness has become a salient criteria for identity formation among Basotho in ways that are linguistically marked and culturally reconciled. Analyzing class consciousness provides a framework for understanding ways that urban, state, regional and global ideologies inform rural culture. Social scientists, especially anthropologists, should compliment post-modern analysis of incommensurable social identities with class analysis, as a basis for analyzing the cross cultural effects of modernization in national as well as localized settings.
Vapor Pressure of Water and Carbon Dioxide Over Whole Egg Solids Containing Added Carbohydrates

SUMMARY Water and carbon dioxide vapor pressures were determined at 25 °C for freeze-dried whole egg powders containing various levels of sucrose and of corn syrup solids added before drying. The manometric method used permitted determinations of vapor pressures over a range of moisture levels with a single sample. At moisture levels commonly encountered in commercial whole egg solids (2–6%), addition of both types of carbohydrate consistently increased equilibrium water vapor pressures over the dried products. Equilibrium values for carbon dioxide partial pressures were not obtained but the amounts found made it necessary to apply appropriate corrections in the determinations of water vapor pressure. The results are discussed in relation to Mail-lard-type browning reactions and oxidative flavor deterioration in dried whole egg.
Sensemaking in Collaborative Web Search

Sensemaking is an important aspect of information-seeking tasks but has mostly been studied at the individual level. We conducted a study of sensemaking in collaborative Web search using SearchTogether and found that collaborators face several challenges in making sense of information during collaborative search tasks. We built and evaluated a new tool, CoSense, which enhanced sensemaking in SearchTogether. The evaluation of CoSense provided insights into how collaborative sensemaking differed from individual sensemaking in terms of the different kinds of information that collaborators needed to make sense of. In this article we discuss findings about how sensemaking occurs in synchronous and asynchronous collaboration and the challenges participants face in handling handoffs. We found that participants had two different strategies of handling handoffs—search-lead and sensemaking-lead—and that participants with these two strategies exhibited different procedural knowledge of sensemaking. We also discuss h...
Aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis in nonagenarians.

We reviewed certain clinical and morphologic findings in 9 patients who had aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis (AS) when ≥90 years of age. All had AVR from February 2000 to April 2006. The aortic valve areas ranged from 0.41 to 1.00 cm 2 , and the transvalvular peak systolic gradients ranged from 20 to 110 mm Hg. The left ventricular ejection fractions were ≥50% in 6 of the 9 patients. The aortic valve was congenitally bicuspid in 3 patients, and the operatively excised valves in them weighed 4.20, 5.73, and 9.75 g, respectively (mean 6.56). The other 6 patients had 3-cuspid valves without commissural fusion, and the operatively excised valves in them weighed 0.43, 0.94, 1.08, 1.51, 1.98, and 4.43 g, respectively (median 1.30, mean 1.73). Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed at the time of AVR in 8 of the patients. One patient died a day postoperatively and 2 others died 874 and 1,011 days, respectively, after operation. Two were in skilled nursing units postoperatively for several weeks. In conclusion, AS can be severe in nonagenarians and may be superimposed on a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve.
Structures of XH32+ (X=C, Si and Ge) and isoelectronic XH3+ (X=B, Al and Ga)

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the MP2/6–31G** and QCISD(T)/6–311G** levels were carried out to calculate the structures of XH 3 2+ (X=C, Si and Ge) and XH 3 + (X=B, Al and Ga). Energy comparison shows that the global minimum structures of XH 3 2+ (X=Si and Ge) and XH 3 + (X=Al and Ga) are not of C 2v symmetry ( 2–3a and 5–6a ) but of C s symmetry ( 2–3b and 5–6b ) with 3c–2e bonds. As we move to higher analogs of a given series, the 3c–2e bonded structures are increasingly more favorable than the corresponding C 2v structures.
Group size, contest competition, and social structure in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques

In non-human primate systems, the Ecological Model of Female Social Relationships (EMFSR) views variation in female social structure as adaptations to variation in recent past and/or current ecological conditions. Group size may be a major additional demographic factor affecting social structure through its effects on resource competition. In particular, in Resident Nepotistic Despotic (RND) societies, when resources are uniformly clumped, larger groups are expected to face higher levels of within-group contest competition (WGC) than smaller groups and to respond by showing more highly despotic social relationships than smaller groups. On the other hand, smaller groups are expected to face higher levels of between-group contest competition (BGC) and hence, show greater levels of intragroup tolerance (or lower despotism). While formal models do not explicitly predict this kind of variation within species, many researchers have investigated such intraspecific variation. Thus, we tested these predictions across three groups of free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of varying sizes on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, where we were able to control for variation in resource-patch contestability and predation risk. Subjects were adult females. For each group, we collected data on (1) exposure and (2) behavioural reactions to WGC and BGC at two independent sets of clumped resources (feeding corrals and drinking stations) and (3) agonistic and affiliative social behaviour, using focal animal, all occurrences, and ad-libitum sampling methods. As predicted, our largest group showed the greatest levels of exposure and behavioural responses to WGC contexts. Likewise, our smallest group showed greatest levels of exposure and responses to BGC contexts. However, aspects of social structure did not vary across groups in directions predicted by the EMFSR. These findings are broadly consistent with several previous comparative tests of the model on other primate taxa that found strong links between group size, ecological factors and contest competitive regimes, but little or no evidence of links with social structure. Our study adds strength to these conclusions given our unique ability to
Bromocriptine and Its Use in Parkinsonism

ABSTRACT: Bromocriptine is a potent dopamine agonist which directly stimulates dopamine receptors. In the corpus striatum, this action results in alleviation of many of the signs and symptoms of parkinsonism. The effectiveness of bromocriptine may persist for at least one to two years; results of more prolonged treatment are not available. Adverse reactions are common and often severe, but safety in dosages up to 100 mg daily for one to two years has been adequately established. Bromocriptine is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to levodopa in both beneficial and adverse effects. However, because of variations in individual response, bromocriptine sometimes ameliorates the problems of prolonged levodopa therapy, i.e., declining efficacy, fluctuations in therapeutic response, and the development of disabling abnormal involuntary movements. Thus bromocriptine is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of parkinsonism.
Dissolution and corrosion inhibition of copper, zinc, and their alloys

Abstract The corrosion behavior of copper, zinc, and their alloys in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions with oxygen and ferric ions (Fe3+) was studied using a potentiostat. Oxygen and Fe3+ ions were s...
The Accessibility of Yeast Ribosomal Protein L1 as Probed by Proteolysis and Site-directed Mutagenesis Is Different in Intact 60 and 80 S Ribosome

Accessible regions of protein L1 in intact 60 and 80 S ribosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were first detected by controlled proteolysis. The N-terminal region of L1 in either 60 S or 80 S particles, was inaccessible to proteases, but the central and C-terminal regions were accessible. The accessibility of the central region differed depending on the ribosome state. These regions were further examined by determination of the chemical reactivity of specific cysteine residues introduced into these regions by site-directed mutagenesis. All cysteine mutant proteins were capable of binding yeast 5 S rRNA in vitro and the ribosomes containing the mutant proteins were functional in vivo. Residues Cys-257 and Cys-275 were modified in both the 60 and 80 S ribosomes but the modification rates were different in the two ribosome states. Both residues Cys-62 and Cys-286 were inaccessible in 80 S or 60 S ribosomes. Taken together, the present study identified several accessible regions of L1 in intact ribosomes and further showed that the accessibility of some of the regions was altered upon ribosomal subunit association. The most likely interpretation of these results is that the conformation of the ribosomal protein L1 was altered upon ribosomal subunit association.
Feldspar dissolution rates in the Topopah Spring Tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract Two different field-based methods are used here to calculate feldspar dissolution rates in the Topopah Spring Tuff, the host rock for the proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The center of the tuff is a high silica rhyolite, consisting largely of alkali feldspar (∼60 wt%) and quartz polymorphs (∼35 wt%) that formed by devitrification of rhyolitic glass as the tuff cooled. First, the abundance of secondary aluminosilicates is used to estimate the cumulative amount of feldspar dissolution over the history of the tuff, and an ambient dissolution rate is calculated by using the estimated thermal history. Second, the feldspar dissolution rate is calculated by using measured Sr isotope compositions for the pore water and rock. Pore waters display systematic changes in Sr isotopic composition with depth that are caused by feldspar dissolution. The range in dissolution rates determined from secondary mineral abundances varies from 10 −16 to 10 −17 mol s −1 kg tuff −1 with the largest uncertainty being the effect of the early thermal history of the tuff. Dissolution rates based on pore water Sr isotopic data were calculated by treating percolation flux parametrically, and vary from 10 −15 to 10 −16 mol s −1 kg tuff −1 for percolation fluxes of 15 mm a −1 and 1 mm a −1 , respectively. Reconciling the rates from the two methods requires that percolation fluxes at the sampled locations be a few mm a −1 or less. The calculated feldspar dissolution rates are low relative to other measured field-based feldspar dissolution rates, possibly due to the age (12.8 Ma) of the unsaturated system at Yucca Mountain; because oxidizing and organic-poor conditions limit biological activity; and/or because elevated silica concentrations in the pore waters (∼50 mg L −1 ) may inhibit feldspar dissolution.
Increased Incidence of Lymphoma after Injections of Mice with Cells Differing at Weak Histocompatibility Loci

Newborns of two congenic strains of mice, in which the incidence of leukemia is low, differing only at the weak H-1 locus, were. injected at birth with adult spleen cells of the parent and of the congenic strain. A marked increase in the incidence of lymphoma ensued in those mice of both strains injected with cells from the other strain. The experiment lends some support to the idea that transplantation immunologic mechanisms may play a role in the genesis of lymphomas.
Asset Ownership and Future Orientation of Youth and Their Parents: Evidence From Ghana

Although future orientation influences a variety of desirable behaviors, few studies have examined the relationship between economic resources and future orientation. In this study, we investigated whether and how asset ownership influences future orientation. We analyzed survey data collected from 3,007 Ghanaian youth and their parents. We used factor analysis to determine the psychometric qualities of our instruments, and propensity score analysis to examine the relationship between asset ownership and future orientation. Results suggest that asset ownership influences future orientation of youth and their parents. However, the direction of the relationship depends on the type of asset. Ownership of household possessions, including televisions contributes to higher levels of future orientation, but livestock ownership has a negative effect on future orientation. We discuss implications for future research, as well as programs for youth and their families.
A new strain of the potato leaf roll virus

Comparative studies of strain 1 (mild) of the leaf roll virus and an isolate from diseased plants of potato seedling X927-3 were made. These studies show the X927-3 isolate of the virus to differ from strain 1 in its rate of becoming systemicDatura stramonium in the degree of symptom development, and in the erratic incubation period in potato varieties Katahdin, Chippewa, Red Warba, Russet Burbank, and potato seedling X927-3 and 41956. Cross-protection tests indicate that the X927-3 isolate of the virus will prevent reinfection of infected potato plants with strain 1. It is proposed that the X927-3 isolate of the virus be known as strain 5 of the leaf roll virus.
Differences in resting metabolic rates of inactive obese African-American and Caucasian women.

Differences in resting metabolic rates of inactive obese African-American and Caucasian women
Discrete wave mechanics: The hydrogen atom

Abstract The quantum mechanical problem of the hydrogen atom is treated by use of a finite difference equation in place of Schrodinger's differential equation. The exact solution leads to a wave vector energy expression that is readily converted to the Bohr-Rydberg formula. (The calculations here reported are limited to spherically symmetric states.) The wave vectors reduce to the familiar solutions of Schrodinger's equation as c → ∞. The internal consistency and limiting behavior provide support for the view that the equations employed could well constitute an approach to a relativistic formulation of wave mechanics.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND SLOW‐MOTION DISASTERS: The Case of Detroit

In this article, I focus on problem substance use as one outcome of an underlying, “slow-motion disaster” caused by the long-term collision between corrosive structural processes, counterproductive social policies, and vulnerable populations. Using the city of Detroit as an illustration, I offer an original conceptual model for linking the causes and cascading consequences of slow-motion disasters. This model highlights the embedded connections between structural factors, such as racial segregation and systemic unemployment, and multiple destructive outcomes, including health and crime disparities, as well as problem substance use. Finally, I conclude that sociological researchers must engage with broader publics and diverse coalitions if they are to contribute to an alternative social policy—a holistic, regional “disaster response”—that takes multiple layers of causality into account, and addresses the core of vulnerabilities that make such disasters possible.
An Integrative Approach Using Third-Generation Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Avoidant Personality Disorder

Evidence-based practice emphasizes the integration of empirically supported treatments with clinical expertise and unique client characteristics. The present study describes an integrative approach...
Diversity in Sport? Utilizing the Business Literature to Devise a Comprehensive Framework of Diversity Initiatives

Diversity in sport, especially in relation to those who hold positions of power in interscholastic, intercollegiate, and professional sport, seems to be some what of an oxymoron. There is ample evidence that those who are not similar to the status quo that has long dominated such sport settings (i.e., white, heterosexual, male) are far less represented within positions of power in sport than they are in the population at large (Acosta & Carpenter, 1996; Washington. 1998). Furthermore, some suggest that the maintenance of the status quo goes beyond demographics and that homologous reproduction exists in attitudes. values, and leadership priorities among those in leadership positions in sport (Boutlier & San Giovanni, 1994). Because diversity and valuing diversity have received a greal deal of attention in the corporate world, this paper utilizes the business literature in an attempt to obtain a fresh perspective regarding the lack of diversity in one of the most criticized areas of sport, Division IA inter...
System Design of a Novel Combined Cooling, Heat, Power, and Water Microturbine Combined Cycle

The Power, Water Extraction, and Refrigeration (PoWER) engine has been investigated for several years as a distributed energy system, among other applications, for civilian or military use. Previous literature describing its modeling and experimental demonstration have indicated several benefits, especially when the underlying semi-closed cycle gas turbine is combined with a vapor absorption refrigeration system, the PoWER system described herein. The benefits include increased efficiency, high part-power efficiency, small lapse rate, compactness, less emissions, less air and exhaust flows (which decrease filtration and duct size) and condensation of fresh water. The current paper describes the preliminary design and modeling of a modified version of this system as applied to distributed energy, especially useful in regions which are prone to major grid interruptions due to hurricanes, under-capacity, or terrorism. In such cases, the distributed energy system should support most or all services within an isolated service island, including ice production, so that the influence of the power outage is limited in scope. The current paper describes the rather straightforward system modifications necessary for ice production. The primary focus of the paper is the use of this ice-making capacity to achieve significant load-leveling during the summer utility peak, hence reducing the electrical capacity requirements for the grid as well as load-leveling strategies.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Structure−Activity Relationships of Novel 2-Substituted Quinazoline Antibacterial Agents

High-throughput screening of in-house compound libraries led to the discovery of a novel antibacterial agent, compound 1 (MIC: 12-25 microM against S. pyogenes). In an effort to improve the activity of this active compound, a series of 2-substituted quinazolines was synthesized and evaluated in several antibacterial assays. One such compound (22) displayed improved broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against a variety of bacterial strains. This molecule also inhibited transcription/translation of bacterial RNA, suggesting a mechanism for its antibiotic effects. Structure-activity relationship studies of 22 led to the synthesis of another 24 compounds. Although some of these molecules were found to be active in bacterial growth assays, none were as potent as 22. Compound 22 was tested for its ability to cure a systemic K. pneumonia infection in the mouse and displayed moderate effects compared with a control antibiotic, gentamycin.
The georgic mode and ‘poor labours’ of George Herbert

Despite the seeming pastoralism of his tone and imagery, George Herbert applies a strictly georgic lens to his representation of his theology and subjectivity. The constructs of labour – which define the economic, agricultural, and literary landscapes of seventeenth-century England – become the standard by which Herbert measures his own worth to the nation, to the church, and to God. He structures his identity as both priest and poet according to the georgic emphasis on labour, production, and fruitfulness; seeks to justify his work according to its use-value; and maps these same values onto his theology by consistently describing God as a labourer. In doing so, he frequently turns to the natural world as an example of what he would like to become, since the environment embodies the georgic principles of labour and production that he hopes will mark his own life.
Simplified Guidance for Engineers Associated with Design, Construction, and Certification of Hyperbaric Research Facilities

Because of potential hazards associated with diving in deep ocean simulation facilities, a procedure has been developed by which these facilities can be certified for safe operation. One of the major steps involved in this procedure is the review of documentation associated with the design, fabrication and construction of these facilities. The review process affords the certifying authority the opportunity to evaluate the adequacy of design rationale, the adequacy of fabrication techniques and the conformance of these items with existing codes and standards. This paper concerns itself with the philosophy of the certification process and the rationale employed during the documentation review and evaluation.
Cross-National Differences in Aviation Safety Records

Data about the mortality risk of scheduled passenger air travel over 2000--2007 around the world is examined in this paper. Worldwide, the average passenger death risk per scheduled flight over 2000--2007 was about one in 3.0 million. However, much as the center of mass of a doughnut is the center of the hole---where there is no mass---the worldwide average represents the actual risk level in few if any countries. The data support a three-population risk model across nations, in which the differences in death risk are not statistically significant within groups but are highly significant across groups. The safest nations are the traditional first-world countries (e.g., Canada, Japan), with a death risk per flight of about 1 in 14 million. Next safest are those developing-world nations that have either have recently attained first-world status (e.g., Singapore, South Korea) or are classified by experts as newly industrialized (e.g., Brazil, China) Their aggregrate death risk per flight was about 1 in 2 million. The least safe nations statistically are remaining developing-world countries, with a death risk per flight of about 1 in 800,000. In terms of relative risk, divergences within the developing world are modest compared to the overall difference between the first and developing worlds. The observed risk pattern might reflect a confluence of economic and cultural factors.
Feed-conversion ratio of finisher pigs in the USA

Although the feed-conversion ratio is recognized as a prominent indicator of profitability for pork producers, only 212 (50.7%) of 418 producers who were asked the feed-conversion ratio for finisher pigs provided a response during the USA National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study. Of these, 126 (59.4%) producers furnished a feed-conversion ratio which they characterized as having been calculated from records, while 86 (40.6%) gave a response that they characterized as estimated or guessed. Feed-conversion ratios ranged from 2.18 to 5.91 kg of feed fed for each kg of live-body weight gained during the grower/finisher phase, with a mean of 3.28 and a standard deviation of 0.52. Stepwise regression revealed the following management factors to be associated with improved feed-conversion ratios: > or = 3 different rations fed during the grower/finisher phase (P or = 3000 pigs entered the grower/finisher-production phase during the six-month period prior to interview had a better mean feed-conversion ratio than operations where < 3000 pigs entered the grower/finisher phase (P < 0.01).
Time Scales in Video Surveillance

Events in surveillance video occur over many time scales, but common approaches to background subtraction and video representation are implicitly based on a single temporal scale. In this work, we derive a set of causal filters which define a temporal scale-space representation for the activity at each pixel. This scale-space can be maintained and continuously updated in real time and, for static cameras viewing dynamic scenes, has several interesting properties. In particular, it directly characterizes interesting temporal features and supports approximate reconstruction of the video history under challenging noise conditions. The temporal scale-space grounds novel approaches to several applications, including a natural visualization tool to summarize recent video behavior in a single image, and a tool to directly report how long the object has been present in a scene without reexamining any video data.
Assessing Human Capital Transferability into the U.S. Labor Market among Latino Immigrants to the United States

Scholars have questioned whether international migrants from Latin America are able to transfer their levels of education into the U.S. labor market. In this article, the author examines the data from the Latin American Migration Project for Guatemala, Mexico, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua to observe the ability of each of the immigrant groups to convert prior education into occupational attainments within the U.S. labor market. Results show intercountry differences in the ability of the immigrants to translate educational attainments into occupational outcomes. Nicaraguans are by far the most educated and are much better able to translate home country schooling into highly skilled U.S. occupations. However, findings reveal that Nicaraguans have received more of an occupational benefit from having legal documents. The author argues that in addition to divergent patterns of educational selectivity, the contrasting treatment of Nicaraguans and Mexicans by U.S. immigration law seems to be responsible, at least i...
Geometry of protein shape and its evolutionary pattern for function prediction and characterization

Proteins contain thousands or more atoms and have complex shapes. We discuss here the computation of protein packing defects, in the form of voids and pockets, from experimentally resolved protein structures, and the nature of their distribution and scaling behavior, as well as their origin. We further discuss how evolutionary selection pressure due to biological function unaltered by selection pressure due to constraints from folding and stability can be isolated and estimated, and how such information can be used to predict protein function and characterize binding properties of enzymes.
Perspectives on Ecological Risk Assessment of Chiral Compounds

Enantiomers of chiral contaminants can significantly differ in environmental fate as well as in effects. Despite this fact, such differences are often ignored in regulation and in practice, injecting uncertainty into the estimation of risk of chiral compounds. We review the unique challenges posed by stereochemistry to the ecological risk assessment of chiral contaminants and existing regulatory guidance for chiral pharmaceuticals and pesticides in the United States. We identify the advantages of obtaining data on fate and effects of each individual enantiomer of chiral contaminants that are either distributed as or may end up as enantiomer mixtures in the environment due to enantiomerization. Because enantiomers of the same compound are highly likely to coexist in the environment with each other and can result in nonadditive effects, we recommend treatment of enantiomers as components of a mixture using widely accepted mixture models from achiral risk assessment. We further propose the enantiomer hazard ratio for retrospectively characterizing relative enantiomer risk and examine uncertainty factor magnitudes for effects analysis.
Opportunities for Learning Math in Elementary School: Implications for SES Disparities in Procedural and Conceptual Math Skills

The present study examined whether multiple opportunities to learn math were associated with smaller socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in fifth-grade math achievement using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD; N = 1,364). High amounts of procedural math instruction were associated with higher calculation and conceptual math skills. Children’s conceptual math skills were also positively associated with high amounts of science instruction. Income × instruction interactions were nonsignificant, but maternal education × math instruction interactions revealed narrower disparities in calculation skills when children were exposed to greater amounts of time in procedural and conceptual math instruction. Overall, the findings indicate that instructional influences on early math learning operate similarly for low and high SES children.
Allopurinol Improves Myocardial Efficiency in Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by an imbalance between left ventricular performance and myocardial energy consumption. Experimental models suggest that oxidative stress resulting from increased xanthine oxidase (XO) activity contributes to this imbalance. Accordingly, we hypothesized that XO inhibition with intracoronary allopurinol improves left ventricular efficiency in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results Patients (n=9; ejection fraction, 29±3%) were instrumented to assess myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2), peak rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax), stroke work (SW), and efficiency (dP/dtmax/MV o2 and SW/MVo2) at baseline and after sequential infusions of intracoronary allopurinol (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/min, each for 15 minutes). Allopurinol caused a significant decrease in MVo2 (peak effect, −16±5%; P<0.01; n=9) with no parallel decrease in dP/dtmax or SW and no change in ventricular load. The net result was a substantial improv...
Modeling of convective plasma flow in high pressure microwave PACVD diamond reactors

Summary form only given. Microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) reactors have been used extensively for the growth of synthetic diamond. Simulations of such reactors have been developed in order to aid in the testing of new designs and parameters. Since this type of diamond growth has historically been carried out at relatively low pressures (less than 100 Torr), the plasma transport properties have been approximated as purely diffusive. However, recent experiments citing numerous advantages of growing at higher pressures (100-300 Torr) have suggested this approximation to be insufficient. Thus, a more advanced transport model accurately predicting complex convective plasma flows is required. This paper details a self-consistent multi-physics model that simulates microwave PCAVD diamond reactors at higher pressures of 100-300 Torr. As with previous simulations, a finite-difference electromagnetic simulation is coupled to a plasma fluid model, converging on a self-consistent solution. However, this new simulation includes a time-dependent fluid flow plasma model which includes diffusion, conduction, and convection processes. Moreover, a reactor geometry temperature profile model is also inserted into the solution scheme. The absorbed power within the plasma is passed to the plasma model, while the neutral species temperature, and electron temperature and density are converted to conductivity and passed to the electromagnetic simulation. This process is iterated until a stable solution is achieved. Numerical results of electromagnetic power distribution, species concentration, temperature profiles, and temporal solution convergence will be presented. These results will also be compared to selected experimental data.
Two algorithms for fast reclustering of dynamic meshed surfaces

Numerous mesh algorithms such as parametrization, radiosity, and collision detection require the decomposition of meshes into a series of clusters. In this paper we present two novel approaches for maintaining mesh clusterings on dynamically deforming meshes. The first approach maintains a complete face cluster tree hierarchy using a randomized data structure. The second algorithm maintains a mesh decomposition for a fixed set of clusters. With both algorithms we are able to maintain clusterings on dynamically deforming surfaces of over 100K faces in fractions of a second.
A Satellite Approach to Estimate Land–Atmosphere $\hbox{CO}_{2}$ Exchange for Boreal and Arctic Biomes Using MODIS and AMSR-E

Northern ecosystems are a major sink for atmospheric CO2 and contain much of the world's soil organic carbon (SOC) that is potentially reactive to near-term climate change. We introduce a simple terrestrial carbon flux (TCF) model driven by satellite remote sensing inputs from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) to estimate surface (<10-cm depth) SOC stocks, daily respiration, and net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE). Soil temperature and moisture information from AMSR-E provide environmental constraints to soil heterotrophic respiration (R h), while gross primary production (GPP) information from MODIS provides estimates of the total photosynthesis and autotrophic respiration. The model results were evaluated across a North American network of boreal forest, grassland, and tundra monitoring sites using alternative carbon measures derived from tower CO2 flux measurements and BIOME-BGC model simulations. Root-mean-square-error (rmse) differences between TCF model estimates and tower observations were 1.2, 0.7, and 1.2 g middot C middot m-2 middot day-1 for GPP, ecosystem respiration (Rtot) and NEE, while mean residual differences were 43% of the rmse. Similar accuracies were observed for both TCF and BIOME-BGC model simulations relative to tower results. TCF-model-derived SOC was in general agreement with soil inventory data and indicates that the dominant SOC source for Rh has a mean residence time of less than five years, while R h is approximately 43% and 55% of R tot for respective summer and annual fluxes. An error sensitivity analysis determined that meaningful flux estimates could be derived under prevailing climatic conditions at the study locations, given documented error levels in the remote sensing inputs.
The development and characterization of clinical intracavity ultrasonic applicators for hyperthermia

Cylindrical transducer elements, with sizes and operating frequencies favorable for applications in hyperthermia, are characterized. The effects of cutting these elements from whole cylinders down to halves and quarters (cuts parallel to axis), as well as the resonant frequency of operation (0.5, 1.0, and 1.6 MHz), were investigated. These results were used to develop clinical applicators consisting of multiple elements, one device for each frequency. These clinical applicators were operated with the controlled cooling of the tissue/applicator interface. The efficacy of these applicators were tested in vivo in the canine prostrate, rectal wall, and vaginal wall. The ability of these clinical applicators to provide controlled heating for different tumor geometries is discussed. >
Biology and proteomics of extracellular vesicles: harnessing their clinical potential

Extracellular membrane vesicles have recently emerged as versatile mediators of intercellular communication, pathogenesis, drug and gene delivery and as potentially rich reservoirs of clinical biomarkers. Channeling their properties toward patient care is dependent on technological progress in approaches used for their analysis and molecular profiling.
Counterbalancing Perspectives on the Current Administrative Telos of American Bureaucracies

Although routinely criticized for its many flaws, bureaucracy, as a form of organizing, remains perceived as being more efficient than any other currently known forms of administration. In fact, ef...
The cost of predator-induced morphological defense in rotifers: experimental studies and synthesis

In many small planktonic rotifers, predator kairomones induce the development of longer spines, which can provide effective post-contact defense against the predators. This review briefly discusses potential trade-offs associated with pronounced spine development, focuses on an evaluation and synthesis of experimental work comparing the reproductive potential of basic (non-induced) and Asplanchnainduced morphs and suggests areas for future research. To date, the only convincing evidence for an association between induced spine development and reduced reproduction is for Keratella testudo. This rotifer has a dense lorica (skeleton), so that elongated spines increase its sinking rate and thus presumably an offsetting swimming effort. In contrast, several studies with Brachionus calyciflorus and Keratella tropica, which have a thin lorica, showed that morphs with pronounced spine development reproduced at the same rate as basic morphs. In other studies with several different species, and also with B. calyciflorus, the presence of Asplanchna did inhibit reproduction. However, this inhibition generally was not clearly related to Asplanchna density or the degree of spine development, and could not be attributed to a defense cost. While predator-induced morphs of some species do not have a
Analyzing Sierra Leone's water reform efforts: law, environment, and sociocultural justice issues

Sierra Leone is in the process of reforming its water sector as part of its economic growth and development agenda, thereby providing an opportunity to formulate a coherent vision for water governance. Similar to other African countries with a British colonial legacy, Sierra Leone has a dual governance system in which Western statutes co-exist with and supersede so-called customary laws. Cultural differences exist in the two approaches to natural resource governance with implications for environmental and sociocultural justice. This legal dualism is further complicated in the postcolonial period by World Bank-led neoliberal water policy reforms. I analyze the extent to which Sierra Leone water law reform incorporates environmental, sociocultural, and human rights provisions embodied in selected African regional legal instruments and the global neoliberal agenda of water as an economic good. The findings for Sierra Leone have value for other postcolonial African countries with similar historical, political...
An Exploratory Examination of College Students’ Likelihood of Reporting Sexual Assault to Police and University Officials Results of a Self-Report Survey

Despite the growing salience of sexual assault victimizations on college campuses, reporting of such events remains low. A better understanding of what affects students’ reporting behavior and to whom they are likely to report victimizations can aid in developing policies and programs that promote reporting. Using a sample of 336 college students, this study uses hypothetical scenarios to examine the factors that affect individuals’ likelihood to report sexual assaults to the police and to university officials. Results show that students are significantly more likely to report sexual assaults to the police than to university officials. In addition, wanting justice, trust in police and university officials, and a desire for services are among the most consistent factors that affect students’ likelihood to report to both the police and university officials.
Self-turning for pressure injury prevention

Abstract The study objective was to determine if hospitalized patients who are designated as self-turn would reposition themselves appropriately in the acute care setting. This was a prospective case series in a general practice unit of an 800-bed urban tertiary care hospital. Patients were instructed on the importance of mobility for pressure ulcer prevention and subsequently monitored on a continuous bedside pressure mapping device. Primary outcomes included intervals of inactivity and pressure ulcer incidence. During the 3-month study interval, only 2 patients had a documented 4-h interval without measurable repositioning. None of the 101 consecutive patients enrolled in the study developed pressure ulcers. General practice unit patients that are given proper instruction and designated as self-turn can reliably be considered low-risk for hospital acquired pressure ulcers. Based on our prospective study, patients designated as self-turn do reposition themselves.
Various Instability Modes of the Fixed Base Column

Equations are presented for critical buckling load of column, fixed at its base and loaded at its upper end, under variety of conditions; case of column loaded at its upper end through frictionless roller; column loaded at its upper end through pinned link; latter case is developed and expanded for comparison with similar case of loading through roller; equations are derived for columns of lift-slab operation, loaded by hanging links.
Synthesis and structural characterization of a 4-coordinate molybdenum(VI) dioxo diaryloxide, MoO2(O-2,6-t-Bu2C6H3)2.HO-2,6-t-Bu2C6H3.

The facile solution synthesis and spectroscopic and structural characterization of 4-coordinate MoO2(OAr)2·ArOH (1) where Ar = 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl are described. MoO2(O-2,6-t-Bu2C6H3)2·HO-2,6-t-Bu2C6H3 (1) was synthesized by addition of LiOAr to MoO2Cl2 in CH3CN. Yields are reduced by concurrent oxidation of the phenolic anion to form 3,3‘,5,5‘-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4‘-diphenoquinone (4). Relatively strong MoO double bonds and p-electron donation from the aryloxide oxygens appear to compensate for the unsaturation of the pseudotetrahedral metal center.
NOD2 expression is regulated by microRNAs in colonic epithelial HCT116 cells.

Background Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with defective sensing of pathogens in genetically susceptible individuals. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) mutations in coding regions are strongly linked to CD pathogenesis. Our laboratory has reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially expressed in CD. However, miRNA regulation of NOD2 remains unknown. This study was designed to determine whether miRNAs regulate NOD2 expression as well as downstream nuclear factor kappaB activation and inflammatory responses in colonic epithelial HCT116 cells. Methods NOD2 and miRNA expression in stimulated HCT116 cells were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Regulation of NOD2 expression by miRNAs was determined by luciferase reporter construct assays and transfection of specific miRNA mimics. Regulation of NOD2 signaling and immune response by miRNAs was assessed by transfection of mimics followed by muramyl dipeptide stimulation. Results Muramyl dipeptide-induced increases in NOD2, interleukin-8, and CXCL3 expression were inversely associated with miRNA expression. Overexpression of miR-192, miR-495, miR-512, and miR-671 suppressed NOD2 expression, muramyl dipeptide-mediated NF-κB activation, and messenger RNA expressions of interleukin-8 and CXCL3 in HCT116 cells. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs3135500) located in the NOD2 3'-untranslated region significantly reduced miR-192 effects on NOD2 gene expression. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that miRNAs regulate NOD2 and its signaling pathway. Four miRNAs downregulate NOD2 expression, suppress NF-κB activity, and inhibit interleukin-8 and CXCL3 messenger RNA expression. Treatment of CD with miRNAs may represent a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy in CD patients with and without NOD2 gene mutations.
Circadian Rhythmicity of Sex Pheromone Release by Dioryctria abietella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae (Phycitinae)) and the Effect of a Diel Light Cycle on Its Precopulatory Behavior

The extent to which male moths of Dioryctria abietella (Denis and Schiffermuller) passed through successive stages of precopulatory behavior was dependent on the concentration of sex pheronione. Pheronione responsiveness of males and female production of the sex pheromone were influenced by diel cycles of 12 hours of light: 12 hours of darkness (12L: 12D). The quantity of pheronione present on abdominal tips of females decreased during photophase and was maximum 9 hours after onset of scotophase during periods of peak calling activity. The duration of male responsiveness to the pheromone was about twice as long as the period of female release during the 12L:12D photoperiods. Female production and release of the sex pheromone, as well as male responsiveness to the pheromone, were inhibited by light. Periods of locomotor activity and calling behavior of female moths followed a circadian rhythm that appeared to be endogenously timed but strongly entrained to imposed photoperiods.
Polymorphism analysis of microsatellite marker RM206 in breeding populations of rice gene Xa23 resistant to bacterial blight

RM206 is a closely-linked microsatellite marker to the bacterial blight(BB) resistant gene Xa23,and its polymorphism was analyzed in the parents: 386 or CBB23(Xa23 carrier),elite breeding stocks (384,384,387),and their relevant breeding populations——F1,F2,and BC1,BC2.The results showed that RM206 had a good polymorphism among the 4 parents,this kind of polymorphism still existed in the breeding populations——F1,F2 and BC1,BC2.In breeding populations ——F1,F2,and BC1,BC2,the ratio of the RM206 PCR products accorded with the Mendel's law of segregation.RM206 didn't show segregation distortion in each breeding population.