cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Medic (Medicago lupulina) Emergence and Emergence Predictors within Florida Strawberry Fields

Black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) infestations are a concern for Florida strawberry [Fragaria × ananassa (Weston) Duchense ex Rozier (pro sp.) [chiloensis × virginiana] producers. Current control techniques rely on hand weeding or clopyralid application. Coordinating POST control measures with emergence timing can reduce crop competition duration and increase control. The objective of this study was to evaluate M. lupulina emergence in response to burial depth and temperature and to model M. lupulina cumulative field emergence under subtropical Florida conditions using growing degree days (GDDs) as a predictor. Two studies were in controlled environments and looked at factors affecting emergence, burial depth, and temperature. A third experiment was a 2-yr emergence study conducted on four commercial strawberry fields in Hillsborough County, FL. Emergence was modeled as a function of accumulated standard and restricted daily GDD accounting, based on M. lupulina dormancy and germination. In Experiment 1, M. lupulina only emerged when seed was deposited on the surface. In Experiment 2, there was three-way interaction among temperature, burial depth, and measurement timing (P < 0.0001). Medicago lupulina emerged from as deep as 2 cm at a temperature range between 15 and 25 C. Medicago lupulina field emergence was not consistent between years, although emergence was consistent across four sites in year 1, with 0 emergence in year 2. Dormancy and germination restrictions increased calibration and validation model fit and reduced GDD inflation, making models usable between years. Medicago lupulina primarily emerged during crop establishment, between mid-November and late-December, which corresponds to an ideal timing for control measures before the harvest period.
Phosphor-Silicone Coating Thickness Dependence of the White LED Junction Temperature

The junction temperature of a phosphor based white LED (WLED)is investigated as a function of the thickness of phosphor-silicone mixture coated on the chip. It is demonstrated that, to the contrary of a common believe, for a given correlated color temperature (CCT) with a fixed amount of phosphor in the mixture, the WLED junction temperature increases with decreasing thickness of the silicone phosphor mixture coating thickness. This observation can be explained in terms of the different coating thickness dependence of thermal resistance and the amount of backward scattering of photons into the chip respectively. Although, as expected, the thermal resistance of the coating layer will decrease as the thickness decrease, which will contribute to an enhanced thermal dissipation from the chip and thus a reduced junction temperature, but a much larger increase is expected by the amount of backward scattering of photons into the chip, which results in an overall increase in the junction temperature as the coating thickness is reduced.
Pseudogout Mimicking Aortic Dissection: A Case Report

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease or pseudogout is an idiopathic articular disease that predominantly affects elderly patients. It is caused by a systemic deposition of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals in the articular and hyaline joint cartilage. The majority of cases present as chronic arthritis, but a subset of CPPD can present as rapid onset of sharp pain and joint swelling, posing a diagnostic challenge. We present a case of a 64-year-old man with a history of hypertension, urologic cancer, and gout presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a sudden-onset, severe stabbing right shoulder pain radiating to the neck and upper back. On ED arrival, he was mildly hypotensive, afebrile, diaphoretic, and uncomfortable, causing concern for aortic dissection. His exam was significant for limited shoulder range of motion; his sensation, strength, and distal pulses were intact and equal in bilateral upper extremities. His plain films showed multilevel cervical degenerative disc disease and facet arthrosis and right glenohumeral osteoarthritis without fracture or malalignment. A computed tomography (CT) angiogram was negative for vascular anomalies. Throughout his ED stay, his pain was refractory to medication, and he developed a new fever, prompting a targeted shoulder ultrasound; this revealed large glenohumeral effusion, and synovial analysis revealed CPP crystals without organism growth. This case illustrates an unusual acute CPPD attack that mimicked an aortic dissection. Emergency physicians should recognize both common and uncommon presentations for chronic disease processes in maintaining a broad differential diagnosis and delivering quick, targeted treatment.
Rising inequality is not balanced by intergenerational mobility.

The United States currently exhibits more economic inequality than any peer nation, and surveys of US adults support the idea that inequality is acceptable if it is balanced by mobility. Many are untroubled if doctors make 10 or 20 times what janitors make, as long as janitors’ sons have opportunities to become doctors. In an era of rising income and wealth inequality in the United States since the 1970s, that balance of inequality and mobility grows in salience. Enter Song et al.’s paper, “Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States since the 1850s” (1), which uses linked household and population records on the occupations of generations of US-born white men, along with data from several representative surveys, to describe how social mobility in the United States has changed since before the Civil War and before industrialization transformed economic production. Comparing the occupations of sons to the occupations of their fathers, Song et al. (1) paint a troubling picture of rising intergenerational persistence in occupational status. One’s social class of origin—the class one is born into—has become “stickier” since 1850. That is, sons’ occupations are increasingly predictable from fathers’ occupations. The headline finding is that sons born after 1940—the Baby Boomers, Gen Xers, and Millennials of today—are significantly less likely to surpass their fathers in occupational attainment. Fewer janitors’ sons are becoming doctors today. Economists, including Raj Chetty, have drawn increased attention to social mobility, a classical sociological concern. Max Weber, a founder of European sociology, conceptualized “life chances” as the set of opportunities faced by people depending upon their current position in society, a position constituted by one’s relationship to the labor market, one’s “status” or social rank, and one’s political power. In the postwar period, sociologists used census data, new nationally representative surveys, and new quantitative methods … [↵][1]1Email: jbeckfie{at}wjh.harvard.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Sensitivity analysis for network observations with applications to inferences of social influence effects

The validity of network observations is sometimes of concern in empirical studies, since observed networks are prone to error and may not represent the population of interest. This lack of validity is not just a result of random measurement error, but often due to systematic bias that can lead to the misinterpretation of actors’ preferences of network selections. These issues in network observations could bias the estimation of common network models (such as those pertaining to influence and selection) and lead to erroneous statistical inferences. In this study, we proposed a simulation-based sensitivity analysis method that can evaluate the robustness of inferences made in social network analysis to six forms of selection mechanisms that can cause biases in network observations—random, homophily, anti-homophily, transitivity, reciprocity, and preferential attachment. We then applied this sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of inferences for social influence effects, and we derived two sets of analytical solutions that can account for biases in network observations due to random, homophily, and anti-homophily selection.
Fusion genes as biomarkers in pediatric cancers: A review of the current state and applicability in diagnostics and personalized therapy.

Abstract The incidence of pediatric cancers is rising steadily across the world, along with the challenges in understanding the molecular mechanisms and devising effective therapeutic strategies. Pediatric cancers are presented with diverse molecular characteristics and more distinct subtypes when compared to adult cancers. Recent studies on the genomic landscape of pediatric cancers using next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches have redefined this field by providing better subtype characterization and novel actionable targets. Since early identification and personalized treatment strategies influence therapeutic outcomes, survival, and quality of life in pediatric cancer patients, the quest for actionable biomarkers is of great value in this field. Fusion genes that are prevalent and recurrent in several pediatric cancers are ideally suited in this context due to their disease-specific occurrence. In this review, we explore the current status of fusion genes in pediatric cancer subtypes and their use as biomarkers for diagnosis and personalized therapy. We discuss the technological advancements made in recent years in NGS sequencing and their impact on fusion detection algorithms that have revolutionized this field. Finally, we also discuss the advantages of pairing liquid biopsy protocols for fusion detection and their eventual use in diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Validation of the Prevention Impacts Simulation Model (PRISM).

INTRODUCTION Demonstrating the validity of a public health simulation model helps to establish confidence in the accuracy and usefulness of a model's results. In this study we evaluated the validity of the Prevention Impacts Simulation Model (PRISM), a system dynamics model that simulates health, mortality, and economic outcomes for the US population. PRISM primarily simulates outcomes related to cardiovascular disease but also includes outcomes related to other chronic diseases that share risk factors. PRISM is openly available through a web application. METHODS We applied the model validation framework developed independently by the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research and the Society for Medical Decision Making modeling task force to validate PRISM. This framework included model review by external experts and quantitative data comparison by the study team. RESULTS External expert review determined that PRISM is based on up-to-date science. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that no parameter affected results by more than 5%. Comparison with other published models, such as ModelHealth, showed that PRISM produces lower estimates of effects and cost savings. Comparison with surveillance data showed that projected model trends in risk factors and outcomes align closely with secular trends. Four measures did not align with surveillance data, and those were recalibrated. CONCLUSION PRISM is a useful tool to simulate the potential effects and costs of public health interventions. Results of this validation should help assure health policy leaders that PRISM can help support community health program planning and evaluation efforts.
The Woods Hole Assessment Model (WHAM): A general state-space assessment framework that incorporates time- and age-varying processes via random effects and links to environmental covariates

Abstract The rapid changes observed in many marine ecosystems that support fisheries pose a challenge to stock assessment and management predicated on time-invariant productivity and considering species in isolation. In single-species assessments, two main approaches have been used to account for productivity changes: allowing biological parameters to vary stochastically over time (empirical), or explicitly linking population processes such as recruitment (R) or natural mortality (M) to environmental covariates (mechanistic). Here, we describe the Woods Hole Assessment Model (WHAM) framework and software package, which combines these two approaches. WHAM can estimate time- and age-varying random effects on annual transitions in numbers at age (NAA), M, and selectivity, as well as fit environmental time-series with process and observation errors, missing data, and nonlinear links to R and M. WHAM can also be configured as a traditional statistical catch-at-age (SCAA) model in order to easily bridge from status quo models and test them against models with state-space and environmental effects, all within a single framework. We fit models with and without (independent or autocorrelated) random effects on NAA, M, and selectivity to data from five stocks with a broad range of life history, fishing pressure, number of ages, and time-series length. Models that included random effects performed well across stocks and processes, especially random effects models with a two dimensional (2D) first-order autoregressive, AR(1), covariance structure over age and year. We conducted simulation tests and found negligible or no bias in estimation of important assessment outputs (SSB, F, stock status, and catch) when the operating and estimation models matched. However, bias in SSB and F was often non-trivial when the estimation model was less complex than the operating model, especially when models without random effects were fit to data simulated from models with random effects. Bias of the variance and correlation parameters controlling random effects was also negligible or slightly negative as expected. Our results suggest that WHAM can be a useful tool for stock assessment when environmental effects on R or M, or stochastic variation in NAA transitions, M, or selectivity are of interest. In the U.S. Northeast, where the productivity of several groundfish stocks has declined, conducting assessments in WHAM with time-varying processes via random effects or environment-productivity links may account for these trends and potentially reduce retrospective bias.
Related Banks and Investment Efficiency within Business Groups

This paper examines the role of a related bank in the investment efficiency of business-group firms. We show that a bank is associated with less investment sensitivity to investment opportunities for family group firms, especially in financially dependent industries. There is evidence of inefficient related lending in that the weakened investment sensitivity for family firms is linked to related-bank net-charge-offs. Alternatively, a bank is associated with greater investment sensitivity for family group firms in well-developed banking systems, and for non-family group firms in financially dependent industries. Ownership type and financial development seem pivotal for the role of a related bank.
The Right to Pain Relief: Its Origins in End-of-life Care and Extension to Chronic Pain Care.

OBJECTIVES The claim of a right to pain relief was made in recent decades by pain professionals, courts, and patient advocacy groups and likely contributed to increased opioid prescribing, overdose deaths, and addictions, but the origins and nature of this right have not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant clinical, ethical, and legal literature concerning patient rights to pain care was reviewed. RESULTS The record describes the effort to improve end-of-life and cancer pain care in the 1980s and 1990s, which simultaneously legitimated pain relief as an independent goal of medical care and opioids as a safe and effective means to achieve this relief. In 1997, the US Supreme Court denied the right to assisted suicide but affirmed a right to palliative care to prevent dying in overwhelming pain. Other guidelines and regulations extended this right to pain relief from end-of-life care to chronic pain care, along with the titrate-to-effect principle, which specified that the correct opioid dose was the dose that relieved pain. DISCUSSION The most important consequence of combining the right to pain relief with the titrate-to-effect principle was the idea that a high pain score must not be ignored. This extension of the right to pain relief neglected important differences between end-of-life care and chronic pain care including: time frame, clinical setting and context, target of titration, and nature of iatrogenic harms. To help end our current opioid epidemic and prevent a future epidemic, we need to demedicalize pain and reintegrate it with the rest of human suffering as an experience connected to other personal behaviors and meanings.
Zen and Tymieniecka’s

Professor Tymieniecka’s Logos and Life, Book Two: The Three Movements of the Soul, which is part of a larger critique of Reason via an analysis of human creativity, has received much recognition as a groundbreaking work in the Phenomenology of Religion.2 She herein offers an overarching theory of spiritual development via a phenomenological analysis of spiritual/creative acts, which she claims are uniquely human phenomena. These “pre-empirical stirrings” are not directly accessible to consciousness, hence much of the early part of her work is focused on uncovering the essential characteristics of these acts. Due to time considerations, I will here solely focus on the fruits of her analysis, the three movements of the soul. I will offer the briefest explication of each of these movements and then provide a comparative analysis of them via the stages of mystical development suggested in the Ox herding pictures of Zen Buddhism. I close with two suggestions for further development.
Application of bacteriophages to control pathogens in food animal production.

In research studies, phage therapy has shown some promise as an effective preharvest intervention by controlling food-borne pathogens in animals before they enter processing plants. Phage therapy is also an effective postharvest intervention, reducing pathogen contamination of foods. Studies have demonstrated that phage therapy is effective against a broad range of food-borne pathogens belonging to the genera Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, and Escherichia. With the current concern over the misuse of antibiotics, and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, phages may play a leading role as a new class of antimicrobials in the agricultural and food industries. Phages have been successful at reducing E. coli O157:H7 during in vitro studies. In vitro studies were used to determine the effects of simulated gastric fluid and bile salts on the viability of free and encapsulated phage. Researchers used a receptor-modeling procedure to produce a phage cocktail to reduce E. coli O157:H7 in cattle. This approach allowed the researchers to produce a phage cocktail that contained phages that used multiple different receptors on the cell surface. Unencapsulated Felix-O1 was found to be extremely sensitive to acidic environments and was not detectable after a 5-min exposure to pH values below 3.7. Bacteriophages were isolated at 10 days postinfection from the intestine and from pools of organs of bacteriophage-treated chickens. Approximately 170 bacteriophages with morphologies similar to T4 have been identified. Regardless of the remaining work to be accomplished, phages' general acceptance and use as antimicrobials appear to be closer to reality than ever before.
Read-write reductions

The discovery, more than a decade ago, of the relation between Distributed-Computing (DC) and Algebraic-Topology (AT) raised the specter of requiring checking task solvability to be intimately connected to expertise in AT. Yet, in the area of Centralized Algorithms proving a problem to be NP or PSPACE complete requires more algorithmic expertise than complexity one. In analogy, we show that in DC the equivalent of polynomial-time reductions, is read-write reductions. We define the notion of read-write reduction between distributed tasks, and show that all interesting known read-write impossible tasks can be proven impossible via read-write reduction to a task called Symmetry-Breaking (SB). Discovering a read-write reduction requires solely algorithmic expertise.
Supporting Attorneys' Personal Skills

Therapeutic Jurisprudence has long recognized how important it is for lawyers to gain sufficient intra- and interpersonal skills, to develop psychological-mindedness and emotional competence in order to maximize healing outcomes for their clients. In the traditional helping professions - e.g. psychiatry, psychology & social work-supervision is a formal part of the training of professionals. Among their other functions, supervisors explore the interpersonal dynamics that arise in the clinical relationship between the supervisee and the client. They also help the supervisee understand how his own emotional and psychological make-up may affect those dynamics. Although the supervisee may often be aware of interpersonal obstacles and opportunities, just as often, he may not. Through exploration with a supportive, empathic, and insightful mentor, ideally, greater insight and thus, hopefully, enhanced clinical skill results. Clinical social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, of course, receive extensive training in psychology and interpersonal dynamics. Thus they are able to draw from this knowledge base in developing greater self-understanding and in service of their therapeutic relationship with their clients. Law students and lawyers traditionally receive no such training, and no corresponding supervision or support. Yet to maximize their effectiveness as lawyers, they, too, are in need of such support. This article explores the challenges and opportunities presented for lawyers and legal educators and proposes feasible models for providing personal skills support-PSS - on issues involving self-awareness and interpersonal dynamics that arise in the lawyer/client relationship.
Effect of the vitamin D3 analog ILX 23-7553 on apoptosis and sensitivity to fractionated radiation in breast tumor cells and normal human fibroblasts

Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that the vitamin D3 analogs EB 1089 and ILX 23-7553 enhance the response of breast tumor cells to ionizing radiation and promote radiation-induced apoptotic cell death. The current studies were designed to more closely simulate clinical radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer by examining the utility of ILX 23-7553 as an adjunct to fractionated ionizing radiation. The potential toxicity to normal tissue of the combination of ILX 23-7553 and fractionated radiation was assessed in a model of BJ human fibroblasts in culture. MCF-7 cells and human fibroblasts were treated with fractionated radiation alone (5×2 Gy over 3 days), ILX 23-7553 alone (50 nM) or ILX 23-7553 followed by 5×2 Gy. Viable cell numbers were determined by trypan blue exclusion and apoptosis by the TUNEL assay. A statistical model of additivity was utilized to assess the nature of the interaction between ILX 23-7553 and fractionated radiation. Radiation and ILX 23-7553 each alone reduced viable cell numbers by 72±3.1% and 62±4.8%, respectively. Pretreatment with ILX 23-7553 followed by 5×2 Gy reduced viable cell numbers by 93.2±0.7%. The interaction between ILX 23-7553 and fractionated radiation appeared to be additive despite the fact that the combination of ILX 23-7553 and fractionated radiation also promoted a twofold increase in apoptotic cell death. ILX 23-7553 failed to enhance the response to radiation or to promote apoptosis in BJ human foreskin fibroblasts. ILX 23-7553 enhanced the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of fractionated ionizing radiation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These effects appeared to be selective in that similar responses were not observed in a model of normal human fibroblasts. Vitamin D3 analogs such as ILX 23-7553 may prove to have utility in combination with conventional radiotherapy of breast cancer as well as other malignancies which are sensitive to vitamin D3.
Secure images captured by digital camera

This paper proposes a secure scheme for images captured by digital camera. In this scheme, both semi-fragile and robust watermarks are employed during image capture. The image's frequency contents and the owner's biometric data are used to generate watermarks that are more secure than that of previous techniques. The proposed scheme can achieve image authentication and copyright protection.
Procedure for Automating Aircraft Wing Structural Design

Aircraft wings automated preliminary structural design and weight determination procedures based on external shape, aerodynamic loads and fuel mass interaction
Objective Diagnostics and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Part II: Application to Moist Static Energy and Moisture Budgets

AbstractProcesses controlling moisture variations associated with the MJO are investigated using budgets of moist static energy (MSE) and moisture. To first order, precipitation anomalies are maintained by anomalous large-scale vertical moisture advection, which can be understood through application of a weak temperature gradient balance framework to the MSE budget. Intraseasonal variations in longwave radiative cooling play a crucial role in destabilizing the MJO by enhancing intraseasonal variations in large-scale vertical moisture advection. This enhancement allows the effect of intraseasonal variations in large-scale vertical moisture advection to meet or exceed the effect of intraseasonal variations in net condensation, resulting in a positive feedback between the net effect of these processes and moisture anomalies. Intraseasonal variations in surface latent heat flux (SLHF) enhance this positive feedback, but appear to be insufficient to destabilize the MJO in the absence of radiative feedbacks.The...
1 – INTRODUCTION TO GRAZING

Grazing management is the manipulation of animal grazing to achieve desired results based on animal, plant, land, or economic responses. The continuing immediate goal is to supply the quantity and quality of forage needed by the grazing animal for grazing to achieve the production function intended. It is important because this is where theory is put into practice. An effective grazing planner or manager must inventory all sources of available grazing capacity and integrate them into the best animal production system. The principles of grazing management remain the same regardless of the kind of grazing land: optimal stocking rate (number of animals), optimal season(s) of use (timing of grazing), optimal kind or mix of large herbivore species, and optimal grazing distribution. An array of kinds of grazing lands results from a continuum of soil/site factors, vegetation/forage stands, and management projections and applications. The benefits of grazing, particularly on range, from the standpoint of national, regional, and even firm levels, have been highlighted by the USDA. It includes low fossil fuel expenditure per pound of livestock weight gain, reduction or elimination of the need for commercial fertilizers, and the production of red meat and fiber for export with improved balance of trade.
Characterization of a calcium current in a vertebrate cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal

Calcium currents were recorded from a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal in the chick ciliary ganglion using the whole-cell voltage- clamp technique. The presynaptic element of this synapse is in the form of a calyx that envelops the postsynaptic ciliary neuron. A method was developed to isolate the ciliary neuron, expose the calyx, and apply patch-clamp electrodes under visual control. The presynaptic Ca current activated at +30 mV with a fast time constant of about 1.5 msec and deactivated at -80 mV with a time constant of about 0.5 msec, values that are consistent with a role in action-potential-dependent transmitter release. The calyx Ca current was blocked by 0.1 mM Cd or 2 microM omega-conotoxin and was resistant to voltage-dependent inactivation. The presynaptic Ca channel exhibits similarities to the N- type group but differs from these by the minimal voltage-dependent inactivation. This type of channel, designated CaN-PT (N-like, presynaptic terminal), may play a key role in transmitter release at many vertebrate fast-transmitting synapses.
Renal failure and retinitis pigmentosa in an obese woman

We report the case of a patient with Bardet–Biedl syndrome with an unusual presentation: she had normal intelligence, normal secondary sexual characteristics, multiple fractures and skeletal deformities, and end-stage renal disease.
ValuJet flight 592: Crisis communication theory blended and extended

This article investigates the integration of three crisis communication approaches as it analyzes the crash of ValuJet Flight 592. The article is divided into four parts. Part One of the article defines crisis communication and examines the scope of the concept. Part Two discusses theory‐building and explains the three leading theoretical approaches to understanding a crisis communication event. Part Three applies elements from Fink's stage theory and Benoit's image restoration strategies to the crisis involving the crash of Valujet Flight 592. Part Four evaluates the “crisis communication situation” in the Valujet crash and demonstrates haw a “focusing events” approach adds a useful perspective to the case. The conclusion contends that a blended methodological orientation, integrating the recent work done in studying “focusing events” along with the stage and strategies models, provides a superior methodology for analyzing a complex crisis event rather than relying upon any one theory in isolation from t...
Biblical Fidelity of Christian School Textbooks.

A reasonable expectation of textbooks used in Christian schools is that they should regularly incorporate biblical content. It is also reasonable to expect the biblical content to be integrated—not segregated—to influence matters such as worldview, biblical relevance, character, and integrative skills. This expectation was tested via a representative sampling of 15 texts across a span of elementary, middle, and high school grades and representative content areas from eight Christian schools in the eastern Virginia region. Important findings include: close to half the texts used in the schools were from non-Christian publishers; textbooks from Christian publishers were predominantly from only two companies; the adequacy of textbook worldview scores is not in alignment with research showing major student deficiency in Christian worldviews; and approximately half of the scores for Christian textbooks were below the minimally acceptable level.
NH and CH laser-induced fluorescence in low-pressure flames: Quantum yields from time-resolved measurements

Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the total removal rate constants for the v ′=0 vibrational level of electronically excited states of the NH and CH radicals are obtained in a variety of low-pressure (5 to 25 Torr) flames. The NH(A 3 Π i ) removal rate constants are examined for flames containing N 2 O as an oxidizer and source of nitrogen. The NH fluorescence quantum yields decrease in the early portion of the flame where the temperature is lower, and become constant farther away from the burner. For CH, the B 2 Σ − removal rate constant is about 70% faster than that of the A 2 Δ in several hydrocarbon/oxygen stoichiometric flames; both rates do not vary significantly from flame to flame. The CH removal rate constants for both electronic states are constant or show a slight increase from the burner surface into the burnt gases for all the flames. Temperature profiles are obtained using excitation scans over several rotational levels for CH and NH. Upper limits and estimates for collider specific quenching cross sections for H 2 O, N 2 , CO 2 , and several fuel species are extracted. Collisional energy transfer is observed from the B 2 Σ − to the A 2 Δ state of CH. Quantitative measurements show this process has useful diagnostic applications.
Modeling nonisothermal impregnation of fibrous media with reactive polymer resin

The manufacture of polymer composites through resin transfer molding (RTM) or structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) involves the impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in a mold cavity with a reactive polymer resin. The design of RTM and SRIM operations requires an understanding of the various parameters, such as materials properties, mold geometry, and mold filling conditions, that affect the resin impregnation process. Modeling provides a potential tool for analyzing the relationships among the important parameters. The present work provides the physical model and finite element formulations for simulating the mold filling stage. Resin flow through the fibers is modeled using two-dimensional Darcian flow. Simultaneous resin reaction and heat transfer among resin, mold walls, and fibers are considered in the model. The proposed technique emphasizes the use of the least squares finite element method to solve the convection dominated mass and energy equations for the resin. Excellent numerical stability of the proposed technique provides a powerful numerical method for the modeling of polymer processing systems characterized by convection dominated transport equations. Results from example numerical studies for SRIM of polyurethane/glass fiber composites were presented to illustrate the application of the proposed model and numerical scheme.
Severe metabolic acidosis secondary to exertional hyperlactemia

A case is presented of severe metabolic acidosis in a previously healthy man. The cause was attributed to lactic acidosis secondary to exertion. Although lactic acid is commonly produced with increased physical activity, it is usually cleared and buffered rapidly. The pathophysiology of lactic acidosis is discussed.
Nonlinear optical effects in PTCDA crystalline organic thin films

Nonlinear optical properties of 3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride thin films grown by ultra-high vacuum process of organic molecular beam deposition are characterized by self-diffraction method. We observe a large diffraction efficiency (approximately 10-4) from a micron thick film and attribute the nonlinearity to a thermal shift in the excitonic absorption feature or free carrier effects.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photolithotrophy, photoheterotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy: Patterns of resource utilization on an annual and a diurnal basis within a pelagic microbial community.

An annual investigation of rates of photolithotrophy, photoheterotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy utilizing glucose and bicarbonate was made within the pelagic zone of a small, hardwater, southwestern Michigan lake. Sampling proceeded on a monthly, diurnal, and depth-wise basis. Annual mean photoheterotrophic uptake was estimated at 2.6μg C m−3h−1. Two periods of relatively high activity were observed: one during spring overturn and the second during the late summer period. In general, greatest contributions to overall carbon cycling occurred during morning to midday incubation periods and at intermediate depths within the water column. Rates of chemoheterotrophy averaged 6.9μg C m−3h−1 and were relatively uniform throughout the annual period. Greatest overall chemoheterotrophic activity was associated with periods of overturn. In general, this activity increased throughout the day and with increasing depth within the water column. The annual mean for photolithotrophic fixation was 1.33 mg C m−3h−1. Greatest contributions to rates of photosynthesis were associated with epilimnetic waters during early morning and midday incubations. Relatively minor contributions to inorganic fixation were made by waters below the 6-meter contour. Spring overturn and late summer represented periods of particularly great photolithotrophic activity. Quantitative comparisons among carbon pathways indicate that rates of pelagic heterotrophy, both photo- and chemoheterotrophy combined, contribute small quantities of carbon to overall carbon metabolism in this oligotrophic system. Qualitative comparisons among pathways indicate strong spatial and temporal separation. The late summer period showed greatest seasonal separation of the three pathways. Spring values represented a period of relatively high activity for all three pathways. On a depth-wise basis, photolithotrophic activity was greatest near the surface and chemolithotrophic activity greatest near the bottom. Photoheterotrophy took an intermediate position between the two. Diurnally, photoheterotrophy and photolithotrophy showed greatest activity during midday and early morning periods, whereas chemoheterotrophy increased throughout the daylight period and reached maximal values in sunset incubations.
Insulin resistance in a case of coexisting insulinoma and type 2 diabetes.

Hyperinsulinaemia due to pancreatic β-cell tumours has been reported to lead to insulin resistance. A possible contribution of dysregulated insulin receptors to the impaired insulin action of insulinoma has not been explored. Therefore, we studied insulin receptor function in a patient with insulin-producing adenoma. This patient was rather unusual in that she was found to have a very large tumour and strikingly high circulating levels of insulin. In addition, her previous history included type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We confirmed decreased glucose utilization and metabolic clearance rate for glucose in presence of marked endogenous hyperinsulinaemia (∼ 2000 pM).125I-labelled insulin binding capacity and receptor affinity for insulin were normal in her intact blood monocytes and erythrocytes. Insulin receptors were purified from the patient's tumour as well as from the pancreas, omental fat, liver and erythrocytes. All parameters of insulin binding to these receptors were normal. Thus, no evidence of receptor downregulation due to the marked hyperinsulinaemia was found. As expected, addition of insulin in vitro stimulated receptor autophosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity of the receptors isolated from the liver, fat and erythrocytes. However, the basal tyrosine kinase activities of the tumour and pancreatic receptors were very high when isolated and further addition of insulin in vitro increased the protein kinase activity only slightly.These results demonstrate that: (1) insulin receptor downregulation does not necessarily occur in the face of chronic endogenous hyperinsulinaemia; and (2) insulin resistance of insulinoma is not due to any structural or functional defect of the insulin receptors and is thus probably related to defect(s) at a level distal to the receptor function.
Dysprosium, the balance problem, and wind power technology

Abstract Wind power technology is one of the cleanest electricity generation technologies that are expected to have a substantial share in the future electricity mix. Nonetheless, the expected increase in the market share of wind technology has led to an increasing concern of the availability, production capacity and geographical concentration of the metals required for the technology, especially the rear earth elements (REE) neodymium (Nd) and the far less abundant dysprosium (Dy), and the impacts associated with their production. Moreover, Nd and Dy are coproduced with other rare earth metals mainly from iron, titanium, zirconium, and thorium deposits. Consequently, an increase in the demand for Nd and Dy in wind power technology and in their traditional applications may lead to an increase in the production of the host metals and other companion REE, with possible implications on their supply and demand. In this regard, we have used a dynamic material flow and stock model to study the impacts of the increasing demand for Nd and Dy on the supply and demand of the host metals and other companion REE. In one scenario, when the supply of Dy is covered by all current and expected producing deposits, the increase in the demand for Dy leads to an oversupply of 255 Gg of total REE and an oversupply of the coproduced REE Nd, La, Ce and Y. In the second and third scenarios, however, when the supply of Dy is covered by critical REE rich deposits or Dy rich deposits, the increase in Dy demand results in an oversupply of Ce and Y only, while the demand for Nd and La exceeds their supply. In the case of an oversupply of REEs, the environmental impacts associated with the REEs production should be allocated to Dy and consequently to the technologies that utilize the metal. The results also show that very large quantities of thorium will be co-produced as a result of the demand for Dy. The thorium would need to be carefully disposed of, or significant thorium applications would need to be found.
The electrical resistance and thermal conductivity of Ti 15V–3Cr–3Sn–3Al at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract Ti 15V–3Cr–3Sn–3Al, sometimes referred to as Ti 15-3-3-3 or “Magic Titanium”, is a candidate material for components requiring high mechanical strength and low thermal conductivity at cryogenic temperatures. The electrical resistance of Ti 15-3-3-3 was measured between 230 mK and room temperature, and the thermal conductivity between 230 mK and 7.7 K. A superconducting transition was observed at TC = 3.89 ± 0.01 K. Below the superconducting transition temperature, the thermal conductivity was fitted to a function of the form λ ( T T C ) = α · T · e - β · T C / T , where α = 0.043 ± 0.002 W/(m K2) and β = 0.27 ± 0.01. Above TC, the thermal conductivity of Ti 15-3-3-3 was fitted to a function of the form λ(T > TC) = γ · Tδ, where γ = α · T C 1 - δ · e - β and δ = 0.4 ± 0.05. The thermal conductivity of Ti 15-3-3-3 is compared with other materials commonly used for the construction of thermally isolating support structures. Ti 15-3-3-3 is shown to exhibit one of the lowest ratios of thermal conductivity to mechanical strength and is thus particularly well suited for such applications.
Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation in Tobacco Cells: EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR NUTRITION ON SULFATE PERMEASE AND O-ACETYLSERINE SULFHYDRYLASE.

The effect of nitrogen and sulfur nutrition on sulfate permease and O -acetylserine sulfhydrylase was studied in tobacco cells. Sulfate transport rates increased 10-fold in cells transferred to sulfur-deficient B-5 medium. The addition of either sulfate or l-cysteine reduced transport 95 and 80%, respectively. The pools of sulfate, cysteine, glutathione, and methionine declined in sulfur-starved cells. The addition of either sulfate or l-cysteine increased the pools of sulfur-containing compounds, but major quantitative differences were measured. Nitrogen-starved cells had low transport rates which were not increased by addition of nitrate/ammonia. The pools of sulfate, cysteine, and methionine were high in nitrogen-starved cells and remained high upon addition of a nitrogen source. The results show that sulfate transport is regulated by the intracellular sulfate pool. O -Acetylserine sulfhydrylase was not affected by sulfur nutrition. The extractable activity was high in B-5-grown cells, sulfur-deficient cells, and cells to which either sulfate or l-cysteine had been added. In contrast, the enzyme declined in cells transferred to nitrogen-deficient medium and the amount of enzyme/g fresh weight increased 10-fold when nitrate/ammonia was added. The addition of nitrate/ammonia had no effect on the cysteine or methionine pools but increased the total amino acid pool. The amount of O -acetylserine was positively correlated with extractable enzyme activity. This enzyme is positively regulated by an effector (possibly O -acetylserine) which is high under conditions of net nitrate assimilation.
Preprocessors for Remote Supervisory Control Stations

A building-block approach to implementing remote supervisory control stations is described. By structuring the interface between functional blocks to be compatible with a mini-computer I/O bus, small hardwired remotes can be easily upgraded into programmable remotes. Several hardware/software tradeoffs are involved in the system design. By utilizing inexpensive MOS serial memories and limited processing in the individual functional blocks, a more powerful hardwired remote can be realized without reducing the flexibility of the larger programmable remote. This preprocessing also permits a small mini-computer to handle a remote with a large number of data points.
Effect of crosslinking on mitochondrial structure and function

Rat liver mitochondria were treated with ethylacetimidate and methylbutyrimidate, monofunctional imidates, and with dimethylsuberimidate, a bifunctional imidate, and the effects on structure and function studied. Mitochondria treated with 5 mM dimethylsuberimidate or greater did not respond osmotically when placed in deionized water. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that at concentrations >5 mM dimethylsuberimidate nearly all mitochondrial polypeptides failed to enter 6% gels, indicating crosslinking of both membrane and soluble proteins. Extensive amidination by ethylacetimidate and methylbutyrimidate had little effect on ascorbate-tetramethylphenylenediamine oxidase while extensive inhibition resulted from dimethylsuberimidate treatment. The possible involvement of molecular motion in electron transport is discussed.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition: differences between devices and comparison with reference methods.

Body composition measurements provide essential information for assessing and monitoring nutrition state.1 Some researchers use underwater weighing or potassium counting as reference methods for total body composition. However, these methods assume a constant density and potassium content of lean body mass (LBM), which may not be true, and measure only two compartments, fat (FM) and LBM.2 A multicompartment approach combining different technologies that measure bone, mineral, muscle and water is preferable and currently considered the gold standard.3 Nevertheless, its high costs, long duration, and the potential intolerance of patients limit its use in clinical routine. Thus, other methods, especially dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), have been investigated. Although the original purpose of DXA was to determine bone mineral density, recent devices measure total and regional body composition of three compartments, fat and lean soft tissues and bone mineral.4 This editorial focuses on the advantages and limitations of DXA and the differences in total and regional body compositions. In this article, the combination of lean soft tissue and bone mineral is referred to as LBM.
Differential synaptic distribution of the AMPA-GluR2 subunit on GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons in the basolateral amygdala

The cellular and ultrastructural distribution patterns of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunit, GluR2, were determined in the rat basolateral amygdala. GluR2 immunoreactivity was widely and uniformly distributed in the basolateral nucleus, with both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons labelled. In fact, double label immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that over 90% of the GABAergic interneurons were labelled for GluR2. Electron microscopic analyses further confirmed the presence of GluR2 in the soma and dendrites of GABAergic interneurons as well as in the soma, spines and dendritic shafts of pyramidal cells. As in our parallel study in the rat hippocampus, immunogold analyses revealed that GluR2 immunoreactivity was frequently preferentially located at asymmetric synapses on both pyramidal cell spines and shafts, as well as the dendritic processes and soma of GABAergic interneurons. However, the number of immunogold particles per labelled synapse on GABAergic neurons was significantly lower than at similar labelled asymmetric synapses on spines of presumed pyramidal cells. Given that the presence of GluR2 within the AMPA receptor complex decreases calcium flux, these data indicate that GABAergic local circuit neurons might possess AMPA receptors with higher calcium permeability on average than pyramidal cells, as has been suggested for hippocampus. Such cell class-specific differences in the subunit representation and resultant channel properties of AMPA receptors have implications for response properties as well as selective vulnerability of neurons within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.