cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of chelating agents in Hanford tank waste simulant by capillary zone electrophoresis

A capillary electrophoretic method has been developed which achieves rapid quantitative separation and determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, ethylenediaminediacetic acid, and nitrilotriacetic acid in Hanford tank waste simulant (TWS). Direct UV detection of Cu2+/chelator complexes is used to achieve enhanced sensitivity. The qualitative and quantitative reliability of the method and the quality of separations, as given by efficiency and resolution, is presented. In addition, the limits of detection and linearity of detector response with concentration are given for each chelator. The selection of Cu as the UV-absorbing species over other transition metals present in the waste is discussed.
Affinity chromatography of coagulation factors II, VIII, IX and X on matrix-bound phospholipid vesicles

Abstract Phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine were coupled to cyanogenbromide-activated agarose gels. The gels obtained showed phospholipid-related procoagulant activity in the Russell's Viper Venom clotting test. Upon column chromatography of prothrombin complex concentrate in Ca 2+ containing buffer, prothrombin, Factor IX and Factor X were bound to the gel and could be eluted by desorption with buffer containing citrate. When purified Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor dissolved in buffer without Ca 2+ was applied to the column the main part of Factor VIII activity was bound. Desorption with 1 M NaCl did not elute any Factor VIII but 1 M KSCN did, suggesting that the Factor VIII-phospholipid binding mainly is dependent on hydrophobic interactions.
Measuring Integrated Market and Credit Risks in Bank Portfolios: An Application to a Set of Hypothetical Banks Operating in South Africa

The banking crises of the 1990s emphasize the need to model the connections between volatility and the potential losses faced by financial institutions due to correlated market and credit risks. We present a simulation model that explicitly links changes in the financial environment and the distribution of future bank capital ratios. This forward-looking quantitative risk assessment methodology allows banks and regulators to identify risks before they materialize and make appropriate adjustments to banks` portfolios. This model was applied to the study of the risk profile of the largest South African banks in the context of the Financial System Stability Assessment (FSSA) (1999).
The family of stable models

Abstract The family of all stable models for a logic program has a surprisingly simple overall structure, once two naturally occuring orderings are made explicit. In a so-called knowledge ordering based on degree of definedless, every logic program P has a smallest stable model sk P —it is the well-founded model. There is also a dual largest stable model Sk P , which has not been considered before. There is another ordering based on degree of truth. Taking the meet and the join, in the truth ordering, of the two extreme stable models sk P and Sk P just mentioned yields the alternating fixed points of Van Gelder, denoted st P and St P here. From st P and St P in turn, sk P and Sk P can be produced again, using the meet and joint of the knowledge ordering. All stable models are bounded by these four valuations. Further, the methods of proof apply not just to logic programs considered classically, but to logic programs over any bilattice meeting certain conditions, and thus apply in a vast range of settings. The methods of proof are largely algebraic.
Clinical stroke challenges: A practical approach.

Cerebrovascular disease is the most common neurologic cause of death and disability worldwide and most practicing neurologists—regardless of subspecialty—evaluate and treat patients with stroke. When selecting topics for an issue of Neurology® Clinical Practice largely dedicated to stroke and vascular neurology, I sought papers that reviewed practical information on clinical challenges commonly faced by general neurologists in the wards and in the office. In addition, because neurologists play an increasingly important role in organizing stroke services at the local and regional level, I thought it necessary to include an article that discussed organizational innovations to stroke delivery services.
Alteration of the selectivity of DNA cleavage by a deglycobleomycin analogue containing a trithiazole moiety.

The bleomycin (BLM) group of antitumor antibiotics effects DNA cleavage in a sequence-selective manner. Previous studies have indicated that the metal-binding and bithiazole moieties of BLM are both involved in the binding of BLM to DNA. The metal-binding domain is normally the predominant structural element in determining the sequence selectivity of DNA binding, but it has been shown that replacement of the bithiazole moiety with a strong DNA binder can alter the sequence selectivity of DNA binding and cleavage. To further explore the mechanism by which BLM and DNA interact, a trithiazole-containing deglycoBLM analogue was synthesized and tested for its ability to relax supercoiled DNA and cleave linear duplex DNA in a sequence-selective fashion. Also studied was cleavage of a novel RNA substrate. Solid-phase synthesis of the trithiazole deglycoBLM A5 analogue was achieved using a TentaGel resin containing a Dde linker and elaborated from five key intermediates. The ability of the resulting BLM analogue ...
Three-fluid model of the heating and acceleration of the fast solar wind

[1] A new three-fluid, two-dimensional, wave-driven model that includes, for the first time, heat conduction, viscous, and resistive dissipation for protons and electrons in two-dimensional coronal hole is presented. The fast solar wind model includes electron, proton, and He++ or O5+ ion fluids. The heating of the solar wind plasma due to MHD waves is modeled as follows: A broadband spectrum of low-frequency Alfven waves is launched from the base of the corona. The waves deposit momentum and heat into the plasma to produce the fast solar wind. The values of the resistivity and shear viscosity coefficients required to produce the hot and fast solar wind consistent with observations are orders of magnitude larger than classical values. An empirical heating term that represents the contribution of additional heating processes, such as resonant heating by ion cyclotron waves, is included for the heavy ions and for protons in three out of four cases in the present study.
Association of psychiatric illness and obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking among a national sample of veterans.

Background Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been reported across a number of chronic psychiatric illnesses. Interventions to decrease cardiovascular risk have focused on single health behaviors. Objective To evaluate the co-occurrence of multiple poor health behaviors that increase cardiovascular risk among veterans with psychiatric diagnoses. Methods Using data from the 1999 Large Health Survey of Veterans (n = 501,161), multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between current smoking, no regular exercise, and obesity with each of six Axis I diagnoses. Results There were statistically increased odds of co-occurrence of obesity, current tobacco use, and no regular exercise among veterans with each of the psychiatric diagnoses, with the exception of drug use disorders (which was not significantly different from 1). The highest odds were among veterans with schizophrenia, PTSD, and bipolar disorder [OR (95% CI) of 1.37 (1.29, 1.45); 1.26 (1.20, 1.32); and 1.19 (1.11, 1.25), respectively]. The OR for depression was not significant after adjustment for medical comorbidity. Conclusions Veterans with psychiatric illnesses, and particularly those with schizophrenia, PTSD, and bipolar disorder, are much more likely to have multiple poor health behaviors that increase their cardiovascular risk. Interventions to decrease cardiovascular risk among veterans with serious mental illness need to target multiple health behaviors.
Link-alike: using wireless to share network resources in a neighborhood

Asymmetric broadband connections in the home provide a limited upstream pipe to the Internet. This limitation makes various applications, such as remote backup and sharing high definition video, impractical. However, homes in a neighborhood often have high bandwidth wireless networks, whose bandwidth exceeds that of a single wired uplink. Moreover, most (wired and wireless) connections are idle most of the time.In this paper, we examine the fundamental requirements of a system that aggregates upstream broadband connections in a neighborhood using wireless communication between homes. A scheme addressing this problem must operate efficiently in an environment that is: i) highly lossy; ii) broadcast in nature; and iii) half-duplex. We propose a novel scheme, Link-alike, that addresses those three challenges using opportunistic wireless reception, a novel wireless broadcast rate control scheme, and preferential use of the wired downlink. Through analytical and experimental evaluation, we demonstrate that our approach provides significantly better throughput than previous solutions based on TCP or UDP unicast.
Health-related quality of life as measured by the child health questionnaire in adolescents with bipolar disorder treated with olanzapine

Abstract Aim To examine health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents with bipolar disorder before and after double-blind treatment with olanzapine or placebo. Methods Parents or legal guardians of 160 adolescents with a manic or mixed episode associated with bipolar I disorder were asked to rate their child's health using the Child Health Questionnaire-Parental Form 50 at baseline, before receiving medication, and then again at the end of participation in a 3-week double-blind placebo-controlled study of olanzapine. Results Adolescents in both treatment groups began and ended the study with significantly lower scores than normalized values of healthy peers on several HRQoL subscales (lower ratings indicate more impaired functioning), especially those assessing psychosocial factors. However, participants receiving olanzapine exhibited greater improvement than those in the placebo group across multiple HRQoL subscales, including the Behavior, Family activities, and Mental health subscales. Reduction in manic symptoms was associated with improvement in HRQoL values. Conclusions As expected, manic adolescents with bipolar disorder exhibit abnormalities in psychosocial, rather than physical factors associated with HRQoL. Treatment with olanzapine had a greater effect on multiple domains of psychosocial functioning compared with placebo, suggesting that in addition to improving manic symptoms, pharmacologic interventions may lessen some of psychosocial deficits experienced by adolescents with bipolar disorder. However, following 3 weeks of treatment, adolescents with bipolar disorder continued to exhibit deficits in several aspects of psychosocial functioning, indicating that additional pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions may be necessary to further improve functional outcome.
A remark on tally languages and complexity classes

A condition on a class of languages is developed. This condition is such that every tally language in that class is accepted in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine if and only if every language accepted in exponential time by a nondeterministic machine is also accepted in exponential time by a deterministic machine.
PEDRAP: a new training alternative for pediatric radiologists.

During the last decade, the supply of pediatric radiologists has decreased worldwide. Data from the Society of Pediatric Radiology as well as anecdotal stories from major teaching hospitals confirm that the diminishing supply of pediatric radiologists is creating a growing pool of unfilled jobs. One source of pediatric radiology trainees could be pediatric house staff. At the Children’s Hospital Boston, pediatric residents have expressed to the authors an interest in becoming pediatric radiologists, but have had concerns about the length of time necessary to train as a radiologist beyond the years spent in clinical pediatrics. They wonder why it is necessary to spend time learning skills like mammography, for example, that they would never utilize as a pediatric radiologist.
Photochemical Grafting of Alkenes onto Carbon Surfaces: Identifying the Roles of Electrons and Holes

We report a mechanistic investigation of the charge transfer processes that occur during photochemical grafting of liquid alkenes to H-terminated surfaces of diamond and amorphous carbon. Spectrally resolved photoelectron yield experiments were performed to directly characterize the photoemission of electrons from the hydrogen-terminated surfaces into liquid alkenes, using trifluoroacetamide-protected 1-aminodec-1-ene (TFAAD) and 10-N-Boc-aminodec-1-ene (tBoc) as model alkenes having different terminal acceptor groups; 1-dodecene was also used as a control. Corresponding X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements (XPS, UPS) establish a clear correlation between the photoelectron yield, the grafting efficiency at different wavelengths, and the valence electronic structure of the substrate and of the reactant molecule. Direct imaging of the molecular layers via scanning electron microscopy shows that there are substantial differences in the sharpness of molecular patterns that can be prod...
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SPINAL SURGERY

Abstract Minimally invasive surgery offers quicker recovery and less morbidity for our patients through smaller surgical wounds and less tissue trauma. Although minimally invasive surgery has progressed in other fields of surgery for many years, spine surgeons have not previously embraced this philosophy for the various reasons discussed. However, minimally invasive spinal surgery has gained much interest in recent years. With the advent of new instrumentation, technology, and techniques, the promise of minimally invasive surgery in the spinal arena has become a reality. With the use of the microscope, navigational tools, newly developed canula for retraction, and image-guided percutenous pedicle screw systems, we can accomplish the same surgical procedures as currently used through smaller wounds and with greater precision. Nevertheless, all new technology does offer us an initial challenge of steep learning curves. Minimally invasive should not equate to minimal and inadequate treatment for our patients. Furthermore, careful analysis of this new technique is underway to assess its true advantages as compared with our current and proven techniques.
Characterization of phosphorus segregation in neutron-irradiated Russian pressure vessel steel weld

An atom probe field ion microscopy characterization of three Russian pressure vessel steels has been performed. Field ion micrographs of several lath boundaries have indicated that they are decorated with a semicontinuous film of discrete brightly-imaging precipitates that were identified as molybdenum carbonitrides. In addition, extremely high phosphorus levels were measured at the lath boundaries. The phosphorus was found to be confined to an extremely narrow region indicative of monolayer type segregation. The phosphorus coverage determined from the atom probe results of the unirradiated materials agree with predictions based on McLean's equilibrium model of grain boundary segregation. The boundary phosphorus coverage of a neutron-irradiated weld material was significantly higher than in the unirradiated material. Ultrafine darkly-imaging copper- and phosphorus-enriched precipitates were also observed in the matrix of the neutron-irradiated material.
Additive blending of local approximations into a globally-valid approximation with application to the dilogarithm☆

Abstract We show how local approximations, each accurate on a subinterval, can be blended together to form a global approximation which is accurate over the entire interval. The blending functions are smoothed approximations to a step function, constructed using the error function. The local approximations may be power series, asymptotic expansion, or other more exotic species. As an example, for the dilogarithm function, we construct a one-line analytic approximation which is accurate to one part in 700. This can be generalized to higher order merely by adding more terms in the local approximations. We also show the failure of the alternative strategy of subtracting singularities.
A probabilistic and algebraic treatment of regular inbreeding systems

A probabilistic and algebraic treatment of regular inbreeding systems is presented. Regular inbreeding systems can be thought of as graphs which have certain natural homogeneity properties. Random walks Xn and Yn are introduced on the nodes of the graphs; the event {Xn = Yn} is a renewal event by the homogeneity property. We show that in such regular inbreeding systems the population becomes genetically uniform if and only if the event {Xn = Yn} is recurrent, which happens if ∑ 1/ An diverges, where An is the number of ancestors n generations into the past. We give two counterexamples to show the converse is false in general, but we verify the converse in the case of the graphs of certain finitely presented semigroups.
Action of Gibberellic Acid on Lettuce Seed Germination

Several workers have shown that gibberellic acid (GA3) promotes the germination of seeds which ordinarily require light (6, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 28, 30). This phenomenon raises several fundamental questions as to the mechanism of light-controlled germination: A: Does light simply act by releasing a gibberellin in the seed, B: Does the GA3 substitute for light by bringing about chemically a reaction which is normally photochemical, or C: Does the GA3 bring about some quite other type of growth process which independently leads to germination? The following experiments are an attempt to provide answers to these questions.
The Role of MicroRNA in Chemical Carcinogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression. Alteration of miRNA expression caused by exposure of different carcinogens has been well reported. This review aims to present the miRNAs dysregulated by exposure of different types of carcinogens in different biological systems and to discuss their potential roles in different stages of chemical carcinogenesis, following an introduction of miRNA biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and target identification. Available information shows that expression of a large number of miRNAs is readily changed by exposure of carcinogens in tissue- and chemical-specific manners. Carcinogenic agents generally induce many more changes in miRNA expression than non-carcinogenic chemicals. There are many more changes in cancer-target tissues than in the non-target tissues after acute or chronic exposure to carcinogens. Many of the miRNAs deregulated by carcinogens are involved in regulation of genes that are important for every stage of chemical carcinogenesis, including xenobiotic metabolism, carcinogen-induced hypomethylation, DNA repair, apoptosis, cell proliferation, tumor suppression, cell transformation, oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, tumor progress, mangliant transformation, and other functions. Many miRNAs function as putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The carcinogenic functions of carcinogens may be dependent on the balance between tumor-suppressor miRNAs and oncogenic miRNAs. Thus, the miRNA profiles and miRNAs specific to carcinogen exposure have the potential to be used as biomarkers for identifying genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals and indicating exposure of carcinogens.
Function After Injection of Benign Bone Lesions with a Bioceramic

A novel calcium sulfate–calcium phosphate composite injectable bone graft substitute has been approved by the FDA for filling bone defects in a nonweightbearing application based on preclinical studies. Its utility has not been documented in the literature. We therefore determined postoperative function and complications in patients with benign bone lesions treated with this bioceramic. We retrospectively reviewed all 56 patients with benign bone lesions treated with the bioceramic from 2006 to 2008. There were 29 male and 27 female patients with an average age of 17.6 years (range, 4–63 years). They were treated for the following diagnoses: unicameral bone cyst (13), aneurysmal bone cyst (10), nonossifying fibroma (eight), fibrous dysplasia (five), enchondroma (four), chondroblastoma (four), and other (12). We obtained a Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional evaluation on all patients. The minimum followup was 26 months (average, 42 months; range, 26–57 months). The average MSTS score was 29 (range, 20–30). Most patients returned to normal function. There were three local recurrences, all of which were treated with repeat injection or curettage. Two patients had postoperative fractures treated in a closed manner. Two patients had wound complications, neither of which required removal of the graft material. Patients treated with this material reported high MSTS functional scores more than 24 months after operative intervention and experienced low complication rates. We believe the novel bioceramic to be a reasonable treatment option for benign bone lesions. Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Molecular architecture of Drosophila chromatin.

The intact interphase genome of Drosophila melanogaster has been isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation after gentle lysis of tissue culture cells in 0.9 M NaCl-0.4% Nonidet P40. The non-viscous, folded DNA sediments as a single broad 5000 S peak in a complex with RNA (a fraction of the nuclear nascent RNA) and protein (all of the four intranucleosome histones: H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). The folded DNA is supercoiled and can be relaxed to more slowly sedimenting forms either by intercalating ethidium, or by nicking with DNase I. Incomplete DNase treatment gives partially relaxed complexes, indicating that each nick relaxes only a stretch of DNA (defined as a supercoiled DNA loop) without affecting the superhelical content of the rest of the genome. The concentration of superhelices in the Drosophila folded DNA is the same as in Escherichia coli and SV40 closed circular DNAs, namely about one negative turn every 200 base pairs in 0.15 M NaCl at 26 °C. The estimated average size of the supercoiled DNA loops, about 85000 base pairs, equals the size of the larger Drosophila chromomeres. The results are interpreted in terms of a model for the folded Drosophila genome which has the DNA constrained (by both protein-DNA and RNA-DNA interactions) into independent supercoiled loops containing on the average 400 nucleosomes per loop. Each nucleosome is composed of a histone core with the DNA wound around it in a 360° left handed toroidal supercoil; each nucleosome toroidal supercoil plus its relaxed internucleosome DNA contains, on the average, 200 base pairs.
Scaling of voltage-current characteristics of thin-film Y-Ba-Cu-O at low magnetic fields

This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The American Physical Society and can be found at: http://prb.aps.org/.
Thromboxane A2 receptor blockade improves renal function and histopathology in the post-obstructive kidney.

Thromboxane A 2 receptor blockade improves renal function and histopathology in the post-obstructive kidney. To elucidate the role of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) in post-obstructive nephropathy, we examined the effect of the TXA 2 receptor antagonist GR32191(GR) on renal function and histopathology in the post-obstructed kidney (POK) in rats. Rats pre-treated with 3 or 6 mg/kg i.p. of GR prior to ureteral obstruction and maintained on b.i.d. doses of GR were compared to vehicle-treated and sham-operated controls. Renal hemodynamic, clearance and excretory function were assessed in each kidney following relief of 24 hours of unilateral ureteral obstruction. The histology of each kidney was evaluated. Mean clearances of inulin for the POK were significantly greater in the treated rats (0.42 ± 0.06 ml/min at 6 mg/kg) than in controls (0.13 ± 0.04 ml/min) and a dose-response effect was observed (P 150% and renal vascular resistance was reduced by 50% in GR treated animals compared with controls (P 2 in the pathogenesis of post-obstructive nephropathy.
Additional pressure drop experienced by a fluid during its passage through a cylinder incurred by the presence of a spherical droplet

Abstract A general expression is presented for the additional pressure drop, in excess of that due to the original parabolic field, experienced by the continuous fluid during its passage through a circular cylinder as a result of the presence of an eccentrically positioned, nonneutrally or neutrally buoyant, spherical liquid droplet or gas bubble.
An Institutional Review Board dilemma: responsible for safety monitoring but not in control.

Clinical trials have become a major research tool to evaluate new medical interventions. Most trials require some level of data monitoring for quality control and many trials require special monitoring for participant safety. For national multicenter trials, independent data monitoring committees have become the standard for monitoring for evidence of participant benefit or harm in trials with irreversible outcomes such as death or serious morbidity. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is held responsible for monitoring local trials. Often local institutions do not have an infrastructure in place to meet this responsibility, and therefore local IRBs cannot fulfill this obligation. In addition, IRBs are currently inundated with individual safety reports from local and multi-institutional trials which may appear to provide some level of safety monitoring, but in fact gives a false sense of security. We propose the establishment of institutional data monitoring committees and appropriate informatics infrast...
Maxwell-Chern-Simons scalar electrodynamics at two loops

Abstract The Maxwell-Chern-Simons gauge theory with charged scalar fields is analyzed at two-loop level. The effective potential for the scalar fields is derived in the closed form, and studied both analytically and numerically. It is shown that the U (1) symmetry is spontaneously broken in the massless scalar theory. Dimensional transmutation takes place in the Coleman-Weinberg limit in which the Maxwell term vanishes. We point out the subtlety in defining the pure Chern-Simons scalar electrodynamics and show that the Coleman-Weinberg limit must be taken after renormalization. Renormalization group analysis of the effective potential is also given at two loops.
Multi-analyte analysis of biological fluids with a recycling immunoaffinity column array.

Abstract A system for isolating and measuring up to 30 analytes in a single biological sample is described. The system is based on recycling a pre-labeled sample through an array of capillary immunoaffinity columns, each packed with glass beads, coated with a different antibody, thus enabling each column to isolate and extract a single analyte. Detection of the bound analytes is achieved by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), using a laboratory-built scanning detector coupled to a fiber-optic spectrometer. The array can be regenerated up to 200 times, provided a suitable temperature is maintained. The individual immunoaffinity columns are able to bind between 2.9 and 3.6 ng of analyte, depending upon the individual column, with lower limits of detection (LOD) in the order of 1.6–2.8 pg/ml. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) for all 30 columns in the array were less than 6.03±0.33 at analyte concentrations of 100 pg/ml. Comparison to standard enzyme-immunoassays demonstrated r 2 values in the range of 0.9151–0.9855 when analyzed by least-squares linear regression.
Comprehensive Simulations of the Microcirculation in Rat Spinotrapezius Muscle Fascia

The microcirculation in rat spinotrapezius muscle fascia is studied using a comprehensive computational approach. The simulations use a realistic network structure obtained from microscope images and consider both blood rheology and vessel elasticity. An apparent viscosity model for blood considers vessel diameter, blood hematocrit, and the local shear rate. The vessel elasticity model includes passive dilatation of vessels as well as active constriction in arterials. Many diseases first manifest themselves in the microcirculation and an improved understanding may help with early detection and treatment [6].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The new philology: An old discipline or a new science?

Are the computers in our research computing centers today new tools with which we can economically pursue some of our traditional goals in the humanities? Or are we, as Dr. Mesthene has suggested, simply seduced by the other man's fine tools? I would like to argue that we must begin envisioning new goals and new ways of reaching old goals, that we must work in cooperation with the new technology to develop the tools and systems which promote our particular fields of inquiry. The challenge thrown to us in our computing centers today is "Are we willing and able to create a new marriage between goals of human understanding which we conceive and a technology which we and others develop?" In 1964 Ephim Fogel, opening a conference on Literary Data Processing, discussed a Vision-Actuality-Interval (VAI),which he described as variable, because "it depends on the research staff and facilities available, on the investigator's ingenuity and staying power, and on serendipity."' He assumed that in the next five years facilities would improve, investigators would have staying power, and there would be serendipity. Today, if the VAI seems less, it is because our vision has become blurred and discouraged. They are for most of us years of frustration or of projects which have brought little acclaim, and I am not speaking of lessons learned or disciplines evolved in these five years. Yet Dr. Mesthene has assured us that the role of the humanist is to explore possibilities, to establish values, and to elaborate an ideal vision. We also had quoted to us Mort Sahl's rejoinder to the VAI, that "the Future Lies Ahead." It is appropriate not to lament the VAI but to envision the FLA factor. Can we envision goals in the study of literature which may be approached by techniques and tools developed for us? In 1969 any report on the progress of computational analysis in literary studies must be far from positive. There is a growing disillusion with the computer both as a vehicle of new approaches to literary texts and as a superior card-indexing system for traditional literary scholarship. No doubt we are partly the victims of oversell by our IBM salesmen and computer directors, who promised us the computer would do things it is quite unsuited for. But our reaction against the computer can also be traced to more serious causes. Undoubtedly the biggest single handicap is our slow and inaccurate
Analysis of multiple query reformulations on the web: The interactive information retrieval context

This study examines the facets and patterns of multiple Web query reformulations with a focus on reformulation sequences. Based on IR interaction models, it was presumed that query reformulation is the product of the interaction between the user and the IR system. Query reformulation also reflects the interplay between the surface and deeper levels of user interaction. Query logs were collected from a Web search engine through the selection of search sessions in which users submitted six or more unique queries per session. The final data set was composed of 313 search sessions. Three facets of query reformulation (content, format, and resource) as well as nine sub-facets were derived from the data. In addition, analysis of modification sequences identified eight distinct patterns: specified, generalized, parallel, building-block, dynamic, multitasking, recurrent, and format reformulation. Adapting Saracevic's stratified model, the authors develop a model of Web query reformulation based on the results of the study. The implications for Web search engine design are finally discussed and the functions of an interactive reformulation tool are suggested.
Routine determination of calcium and magnesium in soil extracts by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Experiments using a commercial atomic absorption spectrophotometer show that accurate routine determinations of calcium and magnesium in extracts of soil in N/2 acetic acid or neutral N ammonium acetate can be made, employing 1600 ppm Sr (as SrCl2.6H2O) as an additive to suppress interferences due to phosphate and other ions. The technique may be applied also to determinations of cation exchange capacity which require measurement of magnesium in solution.
Environmental Measurements Derived from Tactical Mine-Hunting Sonar Data

Confidence in naval operations that search for mine-like objects (mine-hunting) is dependent on knowledge of the operational environment. Historic information in some areas may misrepresent the environmental picture due to sparse measurement or data perishability. As a result, operations in some areas may require real-time environmental measurements to refresh the data sources. This information can be derived from sensors that are dedicated to mine-hunting even though these platforms often do not accommodate traditional environmental sensors. In response to this need, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory developed "Through-The-Sensor" techniques to extract this information with no impact to tactical functionality. This paper reports on calibration and uncertainty quantification efforts associated with using an AN/AQS-20A mine hunting sonar system to extract multibeam bathymetry and sediment type. For bathymetry, the sensor needs a correction factor for depth offset, determined by comparing the derived data with high-resolution data obtained from a dedicated multibeam system. After calibration, the extracted bathymetry data has a mean error on the order of 0.3 m. For sediment type, calibration of the software uses an iterative approach for tuning the calibration coefficient so that the calculated impedance matches data from grab samples. Once calibrated, the uncertainty for the acoustic impedance agrees well with the estimates for sandy areas.
Absence of androgen receptors in LHRH immunoreactive neurons

Androgen has a negative feedback effect upon reproductive functions. Studies have suggested that this effect is mediated partially at the hypothalamic level. However, it is not clear whether the action is direct or indirect on LHRH neurons. In the present study, double immunocytochemistry was used to localize LHRH and androgen receptors. Out of 5892 LHRH immunoreactive neurons, no double-labelled neurons were observed. We conclude that the feedback effect of androgen on the central nervous system is mediated by indirect pathway(s).
Diversity in biological control

Abstract There is suppressiveness to plant disease in almost all crop systems, largely attributable to the indigenous micro-organisms. Such populations are diverse and if they are eradicated by treatment, the soil is much more likely to be reinfested by a pathogen. Enhancement of this general suppressiveness may be induced by one or more specific antagonistic components of the soil biota, alone or in combination. The activity of these biological control agents can be increased in diverse microhabitats by manipulation of the nutritional, physical and biological environment of the soil. Diversity of agents with new attributes can also be brought about by mutation and/or genetic engineering.
To evaluate the effect of addition of an anionic surfactant on solid dispersion using model drug indomethacin

Formation of solid dispersion also known as high energy solids is one of the most successful concepts to improve dissolution profile of poorly water-soluble drugs. Use of surfactants in formulation is one of the methods to increase solubility profile. In this research, we have used model drug, a weak acid (indomethacin) together with polymer (PVP) and anionic surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)) in different concentrations to study the effect of incorporation of SLS in solid dispersion. Three ratios and control were prepared. Physical characterization was performed using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurements were conducted to see the effect of SLS on dissolution media. Dissolution studies were performed in hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.2 buffer), purified water and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), respectively. Interestingly, depending upon addition of SLS into the system, release profiles were changed. SLS incorporated internally in a solid dispersion gave the highest release.
Vector-Meson Dominance and Current Algebra in the Parity-Violating Nonleptonic Decays of K Mesons and Hyperons

As far as the parity-violating nonleptonic decays of $K$ mesons and hyperons are concerned, many of the results obtained from the algebra of currents can be understood in a completely trivial manner using vector-meson dominance without recourse to the current commutation relations. In particular, we show that the current-algebraic approach applied to an octet Hamiltonian supplemented by the hypothesis of the universal spurion coupling leads to exactly the same physical consequences as the ${K}^{*}$-dominance model of Lee and Swift. We also indicate how a vector-meson-dominance model of nonleptonic decays may emerge out of a current-current interaction involving neutral as well as charged currents.
Aged mice have increased inflammatory monocyte concentration and altered expression of cell-surface functional receptors.

The expression of monocyte cell-surface receptors represents one index of immune dysfunction, which is common with aging. Although mouse models of aging are prevalent, monocyte subset assessment is rare. Our purpose was to compare cell receptor expression on classic (CD115+/Gr-1high) and non-classic (CD115+/Gr-1low) monocytes from 80- or 20-week-old CD-1 mice. Three-colour flow cytometry was used to determine the concentration of monocyte subsets and their respective cell-surface expression of TLR2, TLR4, CD80, CD86, MHC II and CD54. These receptors were selected because they have been previously associated with altered monocyte function. Data were analysed with independent t-tests; significance was set at P < 0.05. Old mice had a greater concentration of both classic (258%, P = 0.003) and non-classic (70%, P = 0.026) monocytes. The classic : non-classic monocyte ratio doubled in old as compared with that in young mice (P = 0.006), indicating a pro-inflammatory shift. TLR4 (↓27%, P = 0.001) and CD80 (↓37%, P = 0.004) were decreased on classic monocytes from old as compared with those from young mice. TLR2 (↑24%, P = 0.002) and MHCII (↓21%, P = 0.026) were altered on non-classic monocytes from old as compared with those from young mice. The increased classic : non-classic monocyte ratio combined with changes in the cell-surface receptor expression on both monocyte subsets is indicative of immune dysfunction, which may increase age-associated disease risk.
Habitat use by mammals varies along an exurban development gradient in northern Colorado

Exurban development, defined as residential development outside of cities and towns, occupies nearly five times more land in the United States than urban and suburban development combined. Understanding the effects of exurban development on biodiversity thus has important and wide-ranging implications for the planning, construction and stewardship of sustainable communities and surrounding rural lands. To assess the impact of exurban development on mammalian habitat use, wildlife cameras were placed along a unique gradient of landscape permeability through varying densities and configurations of housing development in a rapidly growing rural region of Colorado. Multiple-season species occupancy and relative activity levels were measured in summer and winter seasons. The impacts of exurban housing on mammals were species specific and varied along the development gradient. Bobcats (Lynx rufus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and coyotes (Canis latrans), showed decreased activity and occupancy levels in more developed areas, whereas red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) occurred more frequently in these areas. Other species did not show significant responses to exurban development. In addition, black bears (Ursus americanus) used embedded greenbelts more frequently in high-density exurban subdivisions. Using our development gradient provides ecologically relevant insight into how mammals respond to residential development, and our results demonstrate that some species respond positively to residential development, but that others decline or disappear as the development gradient intensifies. Incorporating well-designed and naturally vegetated open spaces into development projects and minimizing human disturbance could mitigate impacts to mid-large sized mammals in regions undergoing exurban expansion.
Tillage Effects on Grain Sorghum and Wheat Yields in the Texas Rolling Plains

Soils of the Texas Rolling Plains have poor structure, low soil organic matter contents, and low water holding capacity. Alternative farming practices must be explored to conserve and improve this natural resource. An 11-yr (1979-1989) field experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Research Station at Munday to determine the effects of tillage (reduced vs. conventional) and residue management (with vs. without residue) on grain yields of continuous grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under dryland and irrigated conditions. A grain sorghum-wheat rotation (double-crop) under reduced tillage was included in the irrigated study. Yields of reduced-tillage grain sorghum in dryland and irrigated studies were as high or higher than yields of conventional-tillage grain sorghum. Removal of surface residues in irrigated grain sorghum caused a significant decrease in yields. In contrast, reduced-tillage systems and surface residues caused reductions in yields for dryland and irrigated wheat, which may be the result of decreased plant populations caused by poor seed-to-soil contact when planting througb surface residues and N deficiency caused by immobilization. The average yield of irrigated wheat or grain sorghum using reduced-tillage double-cropping (2 and 3 Mg ha -1 , respectively) was lower relative to wheat (3,5 Mg ha -1 ) and grain sorghum (4,6 Mg ha -1 ) grown continuously under conventional tillage.
Fine-needle aspiration findings in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) is an inflammatory and fibrosing process that can be complicated by periureteral encasement, ureteral obstruction, and subsequent renal failure if left untreated. Unfortunately, treatment is often delayed due to the nonspecific nature of the presenting signs and symptoms. Clinical, radiologic, and microscopic findings in IRF, if examined independently, are all nonspecific for its diagnosis. Rendering a diagnosis of IRF by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) requires supportive clinical and radiologic data and systematic evaluation of entities in the differential diagnosis. Herein we report 2 cases of IRF diagnosed by FNA with subsequent histologic confirmation. Smears prepared from the aspirates revealed a combination of inflammatory cells and fibrous tissue. The inflammatory component was comprised of a mixture of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and rare eosinophils and mast cells. These 2 cases represent, to our knowledge, only the second report of IRF diagnosed by FNA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;21:22–26. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Morphological Plasticity Induced in the Phrenic Nucleus Following Cervical Cold Block of Descending Respiratory Drive

Morphological plasticity occurs in the phrenic nucleus within hours following an ipsilateral C2 spinal cord hemisection. The plasticity has been associated with the unmasking of a latent respiratory pathway (the crossed phrenic pathway) which allows recovery of the hemidiaphragm paralyzed by the hemisection during a reflex known as the crossed phrenic phenomenon. This study tests if the plasticity is induced by the generalized effects of spinal cord trauma or the more specific effect of interrupting the main descending respiratory drive to phrenic motoneurons. Electron microscopic quantitative morphometric analysis of the phrenic nucleus neuropil was carried out on four Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) sacrificed 4 h following unilateral reversible cold block of the descending bulbospinal respiratory drive at the second cervical segment of the spinal cord (C2). The data from four sham-operated control animals were compared with those of the experimental group. The following morphological alterations were documented in cold block animals compared to controls: (1) a significant increase in the number of multiple synapses (i.e., terminals with synaptic active zones contacting two or more postsynaptic profiles in the same plane of section), (2) a significant increase in the number of dendrodendritic appositions, and (3) a significant increase in the length of symmetric and asymmetric synaptic active zones. The above changes are similar to the changes induced in the phrenic nucleus following C2 hemisection. We conclude therefore, that injury to the spinal cord is not a requirement for this type of morphological plasticity in the phrenic nucleus, but rather the induced changes are activity-dependent and are likely caused by the interruption of the descending bulbospinal respiratory drive to the phrenic nucleus.
An analytical method for prohexadione in Chinese cabbage and apple

A residual determination method as a regulatory residue method was developed using HPLC-UVD for prohexadione residues in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) and apple (Malus domestica). The developed method consisted of solid–liquid extraction with acidic acetonitrile and ion-suppression liquid–liquid partitioning, followed by anion exchange cartridge cleanup. The limits of detection and quantitation for the method were 0.005 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The method gave good linearity in the range of 0.02–2.5 mg/kg. Accuracy and precision ranged from 84.1 to 94.1% and from 2.4 to 6.9%, respectively. Additionally, the confirmative conditions of LC-MS/MS for prohexadione were set in negative electrospray ionization mode with transitions of m/z 211.4 167.5 and m/z 211.4 123.5 in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing real samples collected from local markets in Seoul, Republic of Korea. This developed method fully deserves consideration in accordance with its sensitivity, accuracy and precision required for residue analysis of prohexadione in Chinese cabbages and apples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying a GALS FPGA architecture using a parameterized automatic design flow

Routing delays dominate other delays in current FPGA designs. We have proposed a novel Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) FPGA architecture called the GAPLA to deal with this problem. In the GAPLA architecture, The FPGA area is divided into 1ocally synchronons blocks and the communications between there are through asynchronous I/O interfaces. automatic design flow is developed for the GAPLA architectiire. Starting from behavioral description. a design is partitioned into smaller modules arid fit to GAPLA synchronous blocks. Tlic asyrichronous communications between modules are then sythesized. The CAD flow is parameterized in modeling the GAPLA architecture. By manipulatirig the parameters, we could study different factors of the designed GAPLA architecture. Our experimental results show an average of 20% performance improvement could be achieved by the GAPLA architecture.