cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decreased activation of the anterior cingulate in bipolar patients: an fMRI study

Abstract Background : Previous neuroimaging investigations of patients with bipolar disorder have reported abnormalities of the frontal subcortical network. The role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in bipolar disorder are not clear, although both regions have been shown to be components of a neural network which plays a critical role in the completion of tasks requiring self-monitoring and inhibition, functions often noted to be altered in bipolar patients. fMRI studies have helped clarify the role of specific subdivisions of the ACC and the DLPFC during the performance of cognitive challenges, including the Stroop color word test. To date, studies that have examined ACC function in bipolar patients have not differentiated subregions within this area, nor have they examined changes in these subregions in relation with DLPFC activation. Methods : To help clarify the specific roles of these regions in bipolar patients, we examined stable patients and control subjects during performance of the Stroop test using BOLD fMRI techniques. We hypothesized that bipolar patients would demonstrate reduced activation of two subdivisions of the ACC (AAA and VOA), as well as altered activation of the DLPFC, during the interference condition. Results : Results indicate that relative to controls, bipolar patients demonstrated significantly reduced signal intensity within the right AAA subdivision ( p =0.011), which accompanied an increase in the DLPFC ( p =0.049) during the task. Limitations : The study sample was somewhat small (11 patients, 10 controls) which limits the generalizability of the study findings, however, the patient sample consisted of well-diagnosed, stable, chronic individuals with bipolar disorder and the sample size provided enough power to detect between-group differences. Conclusions : These findings suggest differential processing strategies of bipolar patients and support the theory of altered frontal systems in these patients during the performance of cognitive tasks.
Nanoscale Lubrication of Ionic Surfaces Controlled via a Strong Electric Field

Frictional forces arise whenever objects around us are set in motion. Controlling them in a rational manner means gaining leverage over mechanical energy losses and wear. This paper presents a way of manipulating nanoscale friction by means of in situ lubrication and interfacial electrochemistry. Water lubricant is directionally condensed from the vapor phase at a moving metal-ionic crystal interface by a strong confined electric field, thereby allowing friction to be tuned up or down via an applied bias. The electric potential polarity and ionic solid solubility are shown to strongly influence friction between the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and salt surface. An increase in friction is associated with the AFM tip digging into the surface, whereas reducing friction does not influence its topography. No current flows during friction variation, which excludes Joule heating and associated electrical energy losses. The demonstrated novel effect can be of significant technological importance for controlling friction in nano- and micro-electromechanical systems.
A corner-reflector mixer mount for far infrared wavelengths.

A new type of corner-reflector mixer mount, which has the advantages of ease of fabrication and assembly as well as frequency versatility, has been designed and constructed. The predicted response patterns have been experimentally verified for various antenna lengths and operating frequencies between 800 and 2000 GHz. An important design feature is the incorporation of a microstrip matching network which eliminates IF impedance mismatch and provides mechanical isolation for the whisker antenna.
A spatial autoregressive model with a nonlinear transformation of the dependent variable

Abstract This paper develops a nonlinear spatial autoregressive model. Of particular interest is a structural interaction model for share data. We consider possible instrumental variable (IV) and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for this model, and analyze asymptotic properties of the IV and MLE based on the notion of spatial near-epoch dependence. We also design a statistical test to compare the nonlinear transformation against alternatives. Monte Carlo experiments are designed to investigate finite sample performance of the proposed estimates and the sizes and powers of the test.
Malaria control in the Tennessee Valley Authority: health, ecology, and metanarratives of development

Abstract Starting in the 1930s, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) created a globally influential model of regional development through centralized planning of massive public works to re-engineer social and natural systems in impoverished areas. TVA invested heavily in malaria control, since its own reservoirs created perfect breeding grounds for malaria-carrying anopheles mosquitoes. Eventually, both the TVA and malaria control would become key elements in an influential metanarrative in which an American ideology of ‘technological modernism’ dominated international development in the post-World War II era, until modern environmentalism and other social movements undermined the assumptions and goals of this ideology. This paper argues that a more subtle understanding of the history of ecological thought in regional development and malaria control challenges the dominant metanarrative. TVA malaria control actually reflected a tension between two important and competing ideological threads of TVA's master ethos of integrated regional development: socio-ecological holism and techno-scientific reductionism. Socio-ecological holism provided the grand vision for a transformation of nature and society, conceived as a unitary whole. But it was techno-scientific reductionism, which accommodated intimate, ecologically grounded knowledge of the habitats and behaviors of anopheles mosquitoes, that made malaria control possible. In this way, the TVA experience reflected theory and practice in malaria control internationally, before the advent of DDT.
Novel heat removal waveguide structure for high performance quantum cascade lasers

We study the heat removal capability of different core structures in quantum cascade lasers. We find that due to non-isotropic conductivity, core structures with higher depth dissipate heat faster than the conventional higher-width structures.
Local Whittle Analysis of Stationary Fractional Cointegration and the Implied–Realized Volatility Relation

I consider local Whittle analysis of a stationary fractionally cointegrated model. The local Whittle quasi maximum likelihood estimator is proposed to jointly estimate the integration orders of the regressors, the integration order of the errors, and the cointegration vector. The proposed estimator is semiparametric in the sense that it employs local assumptions on the joint spectral density matrix of the regressors and the errors near the zero frequency. I show that the estimator is consistent under weak regularity conditions, and, under an additional local orthogonality condition between the regressors and the cointegration errors, I show asymptotic normality. Indeed, the estimator is asymptotically normal for the entire stationary region of the integration orders, and, thus, for a wider range of integration orders than the narrow-band frequency domain least squares estimator of the cointegration vector, and it is superior to the latter estimator with respect to asymptotic variance. Monte Carlo evidence...
Structure and role of the herpes simplex virus DNA termini in inversion, circularization and generation of virion DNA

The herpes simplex virus genome consists of two components, L and S, which invert relative to each other during viral replication. The a sequence is present at the genomic termini in direct orientation and at the L-S junction in inverted orientation. Previously, we showed that insertion of a fragment spanning the L-S junction into the viral genome causes additional inversions. In this study, we determine the nucleotide sequence of the genomic termini and show that insertion of either the free S terminus or the L terminus causes inversions in the viral genome. We conclude that the a sequence is the inversion-specific sequence, that linear unit-length molecules packaged in virions are generated by cleavage between adjacent copies of the a sequence, that cleavage produces 3' single-base extensions on the genomic termini and that the signal for cleavage is contained within the a sequence.
Enhancement of Attraction of Alpha-Ionol to Male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Addition of a Synergist, Cade Oil

Abstract Male lures are known for many tephritid fruit fly species and are often preferred over food bait based traps for detection trapping because of their high specificity and ability to attract flies over a wide area. Alpha-ionol has been identified as a male lure for the tephritid fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). The attraction of this compound to male B. latifrons individuals, however, is not as strong as is the attraction of other tephritid fruit fly species to their respective male lures. Cade oil, an essential oil produced by destructive distillation of juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) twigs, synergizes the attraction of α-ionol to male B. latifrons. Catches of male B. latifrons at traps baited with a mixture of α-ionol and cade oil were more than three times greater than at traps baited with α-ionol alone. Substitution of α-ionol + cade oil for α-ionol alone in detection programs could considerably improve the chance of detecting invading or incipient populations of B. latifrons. However...
Antiemetics: neurotransmitter receptor binding predicts therapeutic actions.

Abstract Neurotransmitter receptor binding studies indicate that effective antiemetic drugs potently block histamine H 1 , muscarinic cholinergic, or dopamine D 2 receptors. Drug combinations affecting more than one of these receptors appear more clinically efficacious. Designing individual drugs or combinations that influence these three receptors may provide improved emesis control.
A computational neuroanatomy for motor control

The study of patients to infer normal brain function has a long tradition in neurology and psychology. More recently, the motor system has been subject to quantitative and computational characterization. The pur- pose of this review is to argue that the lesion approach and theoretical motor control can mutually inform each other. Specifically, one may identify distinct motor control pro- cesses from computational models and map them onto specific deficits in patients. Here we review some of the impairments in motor control, motor learning and higher- order motor control in patients with lesions of the corti- cospinal tract, the cerebellum, parietal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the medial temporal lobe. We attempt to explain some of these impairments in terms of computa- tional ideas such as state estimation, optimization, prediction, cost, and reward. We suggest that a function of the cerebellum is system identification: to build internal models that predict sensory outcome of motor commands and correct motor commands through internal feedback. A function of the parietal cortex is state estimation: to inte- grate the predicted proprioceptive and visual outcomes with sensory feedback to form a belief about how the commands affected the states of the body and the envi- ronment. A function of basal ganglia is related to optimal control: learning costs and rewards associated with sensory states and estimating the ''cost-to-go'' during execution of a motor task. Finally, functions of the primary and the premotor cortices are related to implementing the optimal control policy by transforming beliefs about proprioceptive and visual states, respectively, into motor commands.
The Tip Leakage Vortex Shed from an Unsteady Tip Clearance Flow

*† ‡ , The interaction between the rotor blade tip leakage flow and inflow disturbances, such as encountered in shrouded marine propulsors, was simulated in the Virginia Tech Linear Cascade Wind Tunnel equipped with a moving endwall system. The idealized periodic inflow unsteadiness was generated using vortex generator pairs upstream of the blade row. Streamwise mean velocity and turbulence quantities, as well as three-component mean velocity and turbulence distributions (for qualitative analysis of the flow structure) were measured in flow of the center blade passage. The detailed measurements were made at three axial locations downstream from the blade leading edge: 55.5%, 75.5% and 98% of an axial chord length. Besides time-averaged data, the measurements were processed for phaselocked analysis, with respect to pitchwise locations of the vortex generators. It was found that the passage flow structure consists of shear layers of high turbulence intensity, shed from the suction side tip gap, and a high velocity deficit region covered with a band of high turbulence intensity extending from the suction side to pressure side tip gap. Those features are believed to be a tip leakage jet and tip leakage vortex. The phase-averaged results show that the variation with phase of maximum turbulence intensity in the tip leakage jet is uncorrelated with that in the tip leakage vortex. Comparison to unsteady blade tip loading and tip gap flow measurements suggests that the streamwise mean velocity perturbations in the tip leakage vortex are induced by the local perturbations near the blade tip.
The neural site of binocular rivalry relative to the analysis of motion in the human visual system

Neural processing is disrupted during suppression phases of binocular rivalry, as evidenced by the temporary invisibility of an otherwise complex, high-contrast visual stimulus. This paper investigates the locus of this disruption relative to the processing of information about image motion. In one experiment, observers tracked binocular rivalry between a stationary textured field and a plaid composed of 2 drifting cosine gratings, with the angle between components varied to produce different pattern speeds. (Plaid speed is given by the ratio of the component speed to the cosine of the angle between the 2 directions of motion.) Predominance of the moving plaid increased with pattern speed, even though the speed of the individual components remained constant. Control measures verified that this influence of plaid speed was not attributable to specific component orientations. Information about coherent motion influences the rivalry process, implying that the site of coherent motion analysis, presumably the middle temporal area (MT), received input during dominance phases of rivalry. A second experiment investigated the effect of suppression on the processing of complex, nonlinear motion. Observers tracked rivalry phases for a rotating spiral, then indicated the duration of the subsequently perceived spiral aftereffect (SAE) for both rivalry and nonrivalry conditions. The SAE was reduced when adaptation occurred under the rivalry condition, with aftereffect duration proportional to the total duration of spiral visibility during adaptation. Earlier work places rivalry after the site of the linear motion aftereffect, and the present results show that rivalry suppression occurs prior to the site of spiral motion processing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Polynomial-time self-reducibility: theoretical motivations and practical results ∗

Although polynomial-time complexity theory has been formulated in terms of decision problems, polynomial-time decision algorithms generally operate by attempting to construct a solution to an optimization version of the problem at hand. Thus it is that self-reducibility, the process by which a decision algorithm may be used to devise a constructive algorithm, has until now been widely considered a topic of only theoretical interest. Recent fundamental advances in graph theory, however, have made available powerful new nonconstructive tools that can be applied to guarantee membership in P. These tools are nonconstructive at two distinct levels: they neither produce the decision algorithm, establishing only the finiteness of an obstruction set, nor do they reveal whether such a decision algorithm can be of any aid in the construction of a solution. We briefly review and illustrate the use of these tools, and discuss the seemingly formidable task of finding the promised polynomial-time decision algorithms wh...
Fluorocyclopropanes. IV. Copolymers of perfluorocyclopropene

Perfluorocyclopropene undergoes free-radical copolymerization with ethylene, isobutylene, cis- and trans-2-butene, vinyl acetate, methyl vinyl ether, vinyl chloride, styrene, acrylonitrile, tetrafluoroethylene, vinyl fluoride, and vinylidene fluoride. The copolymerization proceeds most readily with electron-rich olefins such as methyl vinyl ether (to yield a 1:1 copolymer), but conditions were found to give copolymers with electron-deficient olefins such as tetrafluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. Copolymers with methyl vinyl ether, tetrafluoroethylene, vinyl fluoride, and vinylidene fluoride were examined in detail. Evidence is presented that the perfluorocycloproply ring is incorporated intact into the copolymer and can be subsequently isomerized to a perfluoropropenyl unit by heating at 200–300°C.
Emergent Ghosts of the Emotion Machine

Competing perspectives on the nature of emotion are illustrated with latent and emergent variable models. Latent variable models draw from classical test theory, assuming that the measured indicators of emotion covary by virtue of some common executive, organizing neural circuit or network in the brain. By contrast, emergent variable models draw from a theory-driven, operational definition tradition, positing that emotions do not cause, but rather are caused by, the measured indicators of emotion, assuming no executive neural circuit or network, and requiring no covariation among indicators. I suggest that the emergent variable model may be more compatible with the extant literature on the nature of emotion, especially in the age of affective neuroscience.
The Reliability of Red Flags in Spinal Cord Compression

Background: Acute low back pain is a common cause for presentation to the emergency department (ED). Since benign etiologies account for 95% of cases, red flags are used to identify sinister causes that require prompt management. Objectives: We assessed the effectiveness of red flag signs used in the ED to identify spinal cord and cauda equine compression. Patients and Methods: It was a retrospective cohort study of 206 patients with acute back pain admitted from the ED. The presence or absence of the red flag symptoms was assessed against evidence of spinal cord or cauda equina compression on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Overall, 32 (15.5%) patients had compression on MRI. Profound lower limb neurologic examination did not demonstrate a statistically significant association with this finding. The likelihood ratio (LR) for bowel and bladder dysfunction (sensitivity of 0.65 and specificity of 0.73) was 2.45. Saddle sensory disturbance (sensitivity of 0.27 and specificity of 0.87) had a LR of 2.11. When both symptoms were taken together (sensitivity of 0.27 and specificity of 0.92), they gave a LR of 3.46. Conclusions: The predictive value of the two statistically significant red flags only marginally raises the clinical suspicion of spinal cord or cauda equina compression. Effective risk stratification of patients presenting to the ED with acute back pain is crucial; however, this study did not support the use of these red flags in their current form.
Improved uncertainty budget for optical frequency measurements with microkelvin neutral atoms: Results for a high-stability 40Ca optical frequency standard

Using a Ca optical frequency standard at 657 nm, we demonstrate a method that reduces uncertainties in absolute frequency measurements of optical transitions using freely expanding neutral atoms. Working with atoms that have been laser cooled to 10 μK, we have developed and employed a new technique that combines launching of cold atom clouds with atom interferometry to measure and optimise spectroscopy beam parameters. When applied to a frequency standard with laser beams of high spatial quality, this approach can potentially reduce residual Doppler effect uncertainties to well below one part in 1016. With Doppler uncertainties greatly suppressed, we investigate other potential shifts at the 1-Hz level with a multiplexed measurement system that takes advantage of the low instability of the calcium frequency standard (4×10-15 at 1 s). The resultant fractional frequency uncertainty for the standard is 6.6×10-15, the lowest uncertainty reported to date for a neutral atom optical standard.
Brain-Computer Interface Signal Processing Algorithms: A Computational Cost vs. Accuracy Analysis for Wearable Computers

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is gaining popularity due to recent advances in developing small and compact electronic technology and electrodes. Miniaturization and form factor reduction in particular are the key objectives for Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) and wearable systems that implement BCIs. More complex signal processing techniques have been developed in the past few years for BCI which create further challenges for form factor reduction. In this paper, we perform a computational profiling on signal processing tasks for a typical BCI system. We employ several common feature extraction techniques. We define a cost function based on the computational complexity for each feature dimension and present a sequential feature selection to explore the complexity versus the accuracy. We discuss the trade-offs between the computational cost and the accuracy of the system. This will be useful for emerging mobile, wearable and power-aware BCI systems where the computational complexity, the form factor, the size of the battery and the power consumption are of significant importance. We investigate adaptive algorithms that will adjust the computational complexity of the signal processing based on the amount of energy available, while guaranteeing that the accuracy is minimally compromised. We perform an analysis on a standard inhibition (Go/NoGo) task. We demonstrate while classification accuracy is reduced by 2%, compared to the best classification accuracy obtained, the computational complexity of the system can be reduced by more than 60%. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of our technique on real-time EEG signals provided by an eMotiv® device for a Push/No Push task.
Fine-grain CAM-tag cache resizing using miss tags

A new dynamic cache resizing scheme for low-power CAM (content addressable memory)-tag caches is introduced. A control algorithm that is only activated on cache misses uses a duplicate set of tags, the miss tags, to minimize active cache size while sustaining close to the same hit rate as a full size cache. The cache partitioning mechanism saves both switching and leakage energy in unused partitions with little impact on cycle time. Simulation results show that the scheme saves 28-56% of data cache energy and 34-49% of instruction cache energy with minimal performance impact.
Reservoir Storage/Yield Analysis Using the Annual Failure Method

The ‘annual failure method’is presented as a new method for estimating the relationship between reservoir storage, yield, and frequency of failure. It is based on ‘semi-infinite storage analysis’to determine critical storage volumes from the flow record for the given yield. ‘Behaviour analysis’performed on these storages allows estimation of the frequency of annual failure by counting the number of years in which a storage volume is exceeded. The method has been developed using data from flow records in northern and western Europe.
Political Implications of Group Stereotypes: Campaign Experiences of Openly Gay Political Candidates1

The survey of openly gay officials and candidates was undertaken to investigate openly gay candidates’ perceptions about the role of stereotypical beliefs associated with their group in their political experiences. In addition to examining the general presence of stereotypical rhetoric in the campaign experiences of openly gay candidates, I investigated how its pervasiveness varied with the “liberalness” of the district in which the candidates competed, the timing of the candidates’ sexual-orientation disclosure, and the success or failure of their electoral efforts. While stereotypical beliefs about gay men seem not to play a prominent role in all openly gay candidates’ electoral experiences, generally speaking, their perceived influence is magnified under certain conditions.
SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES OF THE GUINEA PIG : IV. DEMONSTRATION IN RANDOM-BRED GUINEA PIGS THAT RESPONSIVENESS TO A COPOLYMER OF L-GLUTAMIC ACID AND L-TYROSINE IS PREDICATED UPON THE POSSESSION OF A DISTINCT STRAIN 13 HISTOCOMPATIBILITY SPECIFICITY

The lymph node cells from all L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT) responder random-bred guinea pigs were susceptible to lysis by strain 2 anti-strain 13 isoantisera in the presence of complement. These same antisera were cytolytic for lymph node cells of only some of the GT nonresponder animals. However, after absorption with cells, from a nonresponder guinea pig, susceptible to lysis, the anti-strain 13 antisera were no longer able to lyse cells from any GT nonresponder guinea pigs while retaining a large measure of their cytolytic activity for cells of all GT responder guinea pigs. Thus, at least two major strain 13 histocompatibility specificities are expressed on the cells of random-bred guinea pigs. The genetic locus controlling the expression of only one of those strain 13 histocompatibility specificities is linked to the GT immune response gene.
Patterns in Wetland Microbial Community Composition and Functional Gene Repertoire Associated with Methane Emissions

ABSTRACT Wetland restoration on peat islands previously drained for agriculture has potential to reverse land subsidence and sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide as peat accretes. However, the emission of methane could potentially offset the greenhouse gas benefits of captured carbon. As microbial communities play a key role in governing wetland greenhouse gas fluxes, we are interested in how microbial community composition and functions are associated with wetland hydrology, biogeochemistry, and methane emission, which is critical to modeling the microbial component in wetland methane fluxes and to managing restoration projects for maximal carbon sequestration. Here, we couple sequence-based methods with biogeochemical and greenhouse gas measurements to interrogate microbial communities from a pilot-scale restored wetland in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, revealing considerable spatial heterogeneity even within this relatively small site. A number of microbial populations and functions showed strong correlations with electron acceptor availability and methane production; some also showed a preference for association with plant roots. Marker gene phylogenies revealed a diversity of major methane-producing and -consuming populations and suggested novel diversity within methanotrophs. Methanogenic archaea were observed in all samples, as were nitrate-, sulfate-, and metal-reducing bacteria, indicating that no single terminal electron acceptor was preferred despite differences in energetic favorability and suggesting spatial microheterogeneity and microniches. Notably, methanogens were negatively correlated with nitrate-, sulfate-, and metal-reducing bacteria and were most abundant at sampling sites with high peat accretion and low electron acceptor availability, where methane production was highest. IMPORTANCE Wetlands are the largest nonanthropogenic source of atmospheric methane but also a key global carbon reservoir. Characterizing belowground microbial communities that mediate carbon cycling in wetlands is critical to accurately predicting their responses to changes in land management and climate. Here, we studied a restored wetland and revealed substantial spatial heterogeneity in biogeochemistry, methane production, and microbial communities, largely associated with the wetland hydraulic design. We observed patterns in microbial community composition and functions correlated with biogeochemistry and methane production, including diverse microorganisms involved in methane production and consumption. We found that methanogenesis gene abundance is inversely correlated with genes from pathways exploiting other electron acceptors, yet the ubiquitous presence of genes from all these pathways suggests that diverse electron acceptors contribute to the energetic balance of the ecosystem. These investigations represent an important step toward effective management of wetlands to reduce methane flux to the atmosphere and enhance belowground carbon storage.
Automated Determination of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

A new and sensitive procedure is described for the automated determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase using the Robot Chemist. Enzymically generated oxaloacetic acid is directly coupled with the diazonium salt, fast ponceau L, to form a colored solution whose absorbance is measured at 455 mµ. Correlations are presented between this method and the AutoAnalyzer procedure using the same reagent.
Laboratory selection of greenhouse whitefly for resistance to malathion.

A strain of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)) with a history of insecticide exposure was selected with malathion sufficient to cause 80–90% mortality. After 13 generations, malathion resistance had increased 55-fold, and a slight (1.7 ×) increase in resmethrin resistance was noted. There was no cross-resistance to dichlorvos, methomyl or permethrin. DEF (S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) synergized malathion (18.6 ×) and resmethrin (3.4 ×). This suggested involvement of esterases in resistance of whiteflies to insecticides. Throughout selection, the resistant strain showed a high proportion of females. Virgin females of both resistant and parent strains produced males only. RESUME Selection au laboratoire d'aleurodes des serres resistants au malathion La lutte chimique contre Trialeurodes vaporarium Westwood est possible mais difficile (Kraemer, 1966; Watve et al., 1976) par suite de l'augmentation de la resistance (Wardlow et al., 1972, 1975, 1976). Une population ayant subi des traitements a different insecticides pendant les precedentes annees a ete choisie. 13 generations successives ont ete exposees aux doses de malathion necessaires pour provoquer une mortalite de 80 a 90%. La sensibilite de chaque generation a ete testee sur des adultes de 3–4 jours, places sur feuilles de Phaseolus vulgaris. La DL50 a ete calculee par la methode de Finney (1971). En 13 generations, la selection a accru la LC50 au malathion de 55 fois. La resistance a la resmethrine a augmente de 1,7 fois; mais il n'y a pas eu apparition de resistance au dichlorvos, au methomyl ou a la permethrine. DEF (S,S,S,-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) augmente la toxicite du malathion de 18,6 fois et celle de la resmethrine de 3,4 fois. Ceci impliquerait les esterases dans la resistance des aleurodes au malathion. Pendant la selection, le taux sexuel de la lignee resistante est favorable aux femelles. La parthenogenese, la rapidite du cycle, la polyphagie et la mobilite accelerent le processus de resistance aux insecticides chez les aleurodes.
Anthropological Midrange Theories in Mental Health Research: Selected Theory, Methods, and Systematic Approaches to At‐Risk Populations

The application of midrange theory to ethnographically based mental health research has proven to be highly productive. This is especially the case in international and domestic cross-cultural contexts. Examples are given of the application of a variety of midrange theories in risk reduction and disease prevention programs.
Visualization in Logic and Mathematics

In the last two decades there has been renewed interest in visualization in logic and mathematics. Visualization is usually understood in different ways but for the purposes of this article I will take a rather broad conception of visualization to include both visualization by means of mental images as well as visualizations by means of computer generated images or images drawn on paper, e.g. diagrams etc. These different types of visualization can differ substantially but I am interested in offering a characterization of visualizationthat is as broad as possible. The article describes and explains (1) the way in which visual thinking fell into desrepute, (2) the renaissance of visual thinking in mathematics over recent decades, (3) the ways in which visual thinking has been rehabilitated in epistemology of mathematics and logic.
Black silicon: A new light absorber for photovoltaic applications

Intensive research efforts have been conducted to increase the conversion efficiency of solar cells and optical detection devices by reducing reflection and enhancing optical absorption.
The Determination of Factors Influencing Brand Choice

EVERY purchase made by a consumer represents an ultimate decision influenced by a vast number of factors. In a very real sense even so commonplace an action as the buying of a pound of coffee reflects not only the immediate past of the purchaser, but also her entire life, the attitudes of other members of her family, the history of her nation, and indeed, the complete story of civilization.' But of the countless number of influences which have combined to produce a particular purchase at a given moment, only a relatively few are of interest to us as marketing theorists or practitioners. We accept, as part of our "frame of reference," much of the background which has culminated in the present state of our society, and we are concerned, not with all causes of action, but rather only with those direct causes which have led to significant marketing behavior. Judgements respecting significance in
Solar powered wrist worn acquisition system for continuous photoplethysmogram monitoring

We present a solar-powered, wireless, wrist-worn platform for continuous monitoring of physiological and environmental parameters during the activities of daily life. In this study, we demonstrate the capability to produce photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals using this platform. To adhere to a low power budget for solar-powering, a 574 nm green light source is used where the PPG from the radial artery would be obtained with minimal signal conditioning. The system incorporates two monocrystalline solar cells to charge the onboard 20 mAh lithium polymer battery. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is used to tether the device to a smartphone that makes the phone an access point to a dedicated server for long term continuous storage of data. Two power management schemes have been proposed depending on the availability of solar energy. In low light situations, if the battery is low, the device obtains a 5-second PPG waveform every minute to consume an average power of 0.57 mW. In scenarios where the battery is at a sustainable voltage, the device is set to enter its normal 30 Hz acquisition mode, consuming around 13.7 mW. We also present our efforts towards improving the charge storage capacity of our on-board super-capacitor.
Adrancement in pharmacogentics and hypenteasion medicine

Pharmacogenetics is essential for explanation on individual variation of drug responses,and application of personalized medicine.Recently new technological developments draw attentions for their clinical applications in hypertension therapy.This article aims to review the advancements in gene polymorphisms related with hypertension therapy from pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics points,as well as their impacts on hypertension therapy,according to our experiences in such fields.We conclude that pharmacogenomics advancements such as gene-array would greatly improve personalized medicine of hypertension and other diseases in the future.
ZAPP shot summary

This was the second Z Astrophysical Plasma Properties (ZAPP) fundamental science shot series of 2015. ZAPP experiments measure fundamental properties of atoms in plasmas to solve the following important astrophysical puzzles: Why can’t we accurately model the opacity of Fe at the convection zone boundary in the Sun? How accurate are the photoionization models used to interpret data from xray satellite observations? and Why doesn’t spectral fitting provide the correct properties for White Dwarfs?
Recovery of cerebral blood flow and energy state in piglets after hypothermic circulatory arrest versus recovery after low-flow bypass.

A miniature piglet model that replicates clinical hypothermic (14° C nasopharyngeal) circulatory arrest and low-flow (50 ml/kg per minute) bypass was used to study carotid blood flow with electromagnetic flow probe, cerebral blood flow by microsphere injection, cerebral metabolic rate by arteriovenous oxygen and glucose extractions, lactate production by cerebral arteriovenous difference, and cerebral edema. Data from five animals that underwent circulatory arrest and five animals that underwent low-flow bypass (aged 28.8 ± 0.4 [mean ± standard error of the mean] days) were analyzed. The duration of circulatory arrest and low-flow bypass was 1 hour. In a parallel study with the same animal model, phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess cerebral phosphocreatine, nucleoside triphosphate (adenosine triphosphate), and intracellular pH. Five animals (aged 31.8 ± 1.1 days) underwent circulatory arrest, and five underwent low-flow bypass. A brief phase of hyperemic carotid blood flow was seen immediately after the onset of reperfusion in the circulatory arrest group but not in the low-flow group. In the circulatory arrest and low-flow bypass groups, cerebral blood flow (percentage of baseline 71.2 % ± 8.3% and 69.1 % ± 5.8%, respectively), cerebral oxygen consumption (45.6% ± 10.0%, 44.5% ± 7.6%), and cerebral glucose consumption (31.5% ± 30.7%, 83.5% ± 24.2%) remained depressed after 45 minutes of reperfusion and rewarming to normothermia. However, after 3 more hours of pulsatile normothermic reperfusion, cerebral oxygen consumption and cerebral glucose consumption had returned to baseline. Phosphocreatine, adenosine triphosphate, and pH were maintained at or above baseline levels throughout low-flow bypass and throughout 3 hours of normothermic reperfusion. In contrast, both phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate became undetectable 32 ± 3.7 minutes after onset of circulatory arrest. During and early after circulatory arrest, pH decreased to a minimum of 6.506 ± 0.129 at 40 minutes after reperfusion. After 3 hours of normothermic reperfusion, phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate recovered to 98.6% ± 9.0% and 90.1% ± 13.5% of baseline, respectively, and pH was 7.087 ± 0.051, similar to baseline (7.1755 ± 0.041). In the low-flow bypass group, the disparity between the depressed level of cerebral oxygen consumption and normal high-energy phosphate levels may reflect incomplete cerebral rewarming or decreased energy consumption. In the circulatory arrest group, the parallel recovery of oxygen consumption and high-energy phosphates eventually achieving baseline levels suggests that the degree of hypothermia used provides adequate protection for acute cerebral recovery after 1 hour of circulatory arrest. Clinically observed cognitive deficits observed after 1 hour of hypothermic circulatory arrest may therefore be related to delayed mechanisms of injury, such as excitotoxicity, and may be amenable to postarrest therapeutic interventions. ( J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;106:671-85)
The Genetic Mechanism: II The Cell’s Employment of DNA

Throughout the foregoing discussion, it became increasingly evident that the DNA molecule is completely dependent upon proteins for its every action. Replication was seen to proceed only in the presence of a series of enzymes, as did the synthesis of the nucleotides and their modification after incorporation. Even the structuring of the molecule into chromosomes or nucleoids required action from certain proteins. Hence DNA by itself is obviously inert, an attribute that cannot fail to preclude its being the first molecule of life—proteins certainly, and RNAs possibly, had to precede it in living systems. Although its absence of chemical activity bars DNA from further consideration in the search for the properties of the earliest protobiont, its presence should be expected in the genetic apparatus of the most advanced forms. Were the DNA molecule to participate actively in metabolism, it would of necessity undergo molecular changes. But through its inertness it remains stable, and through its stability it is capable of providing the same precise information to generation after generation of cells.
Abstract P60: Inclusion of Pregnancy History in Cardiovascular Risk Screening of Women

Background: Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that women with a history of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease later in life. Despite this, pregnancy history is not usually collected. Our purpose is to evaluate the association of a history of hypertension during pregnancy with hypertension later in life within a cohort of community women undergoing cardiovascular screening, Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of women who responded to an on-line cardiovascular risk factor assessment and then participated in on-site screening. Information about traditional risk factors, pregnancy history, and medication use, as well as physical examination and biologic testing were obtained at the on-site screening. Chi-square test of independence and multivariable logistic regression were used to test the association of pregnancy history with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes at the time of screening. Results: We identified 449 women age 35 years and older; 74% white and 21% black. The mean age was 56.6 years (SD=10.6), mean BMI 30.9 kg/m2 (SD=7.3), and 32 (7.1%) reported a history of hypertension during pregnancy. At the time of the risk screening, 193(43%) were treated for hypertension, 156 (34.7%) for hyperlipidemia, and 12 (2.7%) for diabetes. Self-reported history of hypertension during pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased odds of current hypertension (aOR=2.4, 1.03, 5.5 95%CI) after adjusting for age, BMI, family history and race, but no increase in treatment for hyperlipidemia or diabetes. The odds of current cardiovascular disease associated with hypertension during pregnancy were increased, after adjusting for current hypertension, but this was not statistically significant due to a low frequency of cardiovascular events. Conclusions: History of hypertension during pregnancy was associated with hypertension later in life. Larger studies are needed to assess the utility of pregnancy history at improving risk factor assessment in women. Until then including pregnancy history in cardiovascular risk screening requires consideration.
Replication of a Continuing Education Workshop in the Evidence-Based Practice Process.

Objective:To replicate the results of Parrish and Rubin’s continuing education workshop in the evidence-based practice (EBP) process utilizing different workshop facilitators with participants in a...
Improving a priori estimates of hydraulic parameters in a distributed routing model via variational assimilation of long-term streamflow data

Due to very large dimensionality of the problem, exhaustive estimation of grid cell-specific parameters in distributed models is highly impractical (if not infeasible). As such, much attention has been given in recent years to accurate a priori estimation of distributed parameters from all available data sources, to the degree possible. Though they may capture the spatial variability of the parameters reasonably well, such a priori estimates of distributed parameters are subject to various sources of systematic and scale-dependent errors that can potentially be of rather large magnitude. The purpose of this work is to explore improving, or refining, a priori estimates of distributed hydraulic parameters of a kinematic wave routing model via variational assimilation of long-term streamflow observations.
Three Grand Challenges of Human Biology

Human biology in the 21st century faces three major research frontiers: ontogenetic decoding, the brain-mind puzzle, and the ape-to-human transformation. Humans are a very distinct and unique kind of animal. The evolution from ancestral primates to humans implied important anatomical changes, such as bipedal gait and a large brain. The ape-to-human transformation at the cultural level amounted to a fundamental revolution. Humans have symbolic language, art, ethics , religion, technology, and complex social organization. In recent decades neurobiology has developed as a very exciting discipline. Much has been learned about how light, sound, temperature, and other impressions received by our sense organs are transmitted through the nerves to the brain and how neurons and groups of neurons interact in the brain. But how these physical phenomena become mental experiences remains a mystery.
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC)

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a phase interferometry approach widely used to introduce contrast in transparent living biological samples. We begin with a historical introduction of the development of DIC microscopy and draw connections with other types of interference microscopy. We describe the basic principles of the transmitted light DIC, differences between the Wollaston and the Nomarski prisms, and a simple experimental technique for measuring angular shear of DIC prism. Three methods for bias control are discussed: movement of the DIC prism, the Senarmont compensator, and liquid crystal cell. We describe methodology and specific applications for video-enhanced DIC, video-enhanced DIC with polarization modulation, Zeiss PlasDIC, and C-DIC. Orientation-independent DIC microscopy with fast switching sheer direction and combination of OI-DIC with fluorescent microscopy is described.
Earthquake Resistance of Rock-Fill Dams

Tests on effects of earthquakes on rock fill dams with earthen cores were performed on 1/150 scale models of two types of dams, one having inclined core near upstream face, and other having central core; models were subjected simultaneously to water loadings and to simulated earthquakes; test results show that rock fill dams inherently are very resistant to earthquakes because of their flexible structure.
Developmental Systems of Students& Personal Theories About Education

Children hold many personal theories about education: theories about themselves, knowledge, and the learning process. Personal theories help children predict what their actions will cause, and therefore relate to motivation, self-regulation, and achievement. Researchers typically examine how specific types of personal theories develop independently, but the similarities among personal theories suggest more systematic developmental processes. Accordingly, this article outlines a developmental systems model to organize existing personal theories research. We first identify and define personal theories related to education and then consider the nature of their development as a coherent, hierarchical structure that is shaped through educational experiences. This model provides parsimony while advancing a number of fields by providing clarity of concepts, insight across fields, and a better understanding of development and educational outcomes. We conclude by proposing new directions to understand how holistic...