cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Alterations of Cerebral Sensory Areas by the Cerebellum

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the functional alterations of cerebral sensory areas by the cerebellum. Recognition of cerebral influences on the cerebellum came early in physiological research. Sherrington, for example, repeatedly referred to the large corticopontocerebellar system in higher mammals and speculated on its function. However, recognition by physiologists of cerebellar influences on the cerebrum has been slow. Detailed studies of cerebello-cerebral relationships were carried out by Snider and associates following the original descriptions of the sensory areas of the cerebellum by Snider and Stowell. Ablation studies have uniformly shown prominent motor deficits with few subtle sensory disturbances. Indeed, it is difficult to evaluate sensory phenomena when there are such obvious signs of motor incoordination. Well documented physiological studies indicate that the cerebellum can influence electrical activity of the sensory areas of the cerebrum. Electroanatomical studies have been supported in part by recent anatomical studies
A New Hydrogen Processing Development System

The design of many of the process systems at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Tritium Facilities were developed at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) in the 1980’s and early 1990’s for Cold...
Biochemistry of Lipoic Acid

Publisher Summary Lipoic acid was discovered independently in several laboratories in the late 1940's as a growth factor and requirement for pyruvate oxidation for certain microorganisms. The trivial names “acetate-replacing factor”, “pyruvate oxidation factor”, “protogen”, and “B. R. factor” were used to designate the biologically active substance prior to its isolation and identification. It is interesting to note that within a period of about six years following the discovery of lipoic acid, this substancc, was isolated and characterized and the basic features of its site and mode of action were established. Lipoic acid has been shown to be widely distributed among microorgsnisms, plants, arid animals. Most nutritional investigations with higher animlas have failed to show a growth response to added lipoic acid. However, there is no doubt that this substance plays a vital role in animal metabolism. Thus far, the only well-defined role of lipoic acid is that of a Prosthetic group in multienzyme complexes that catalyze an oxidative decnrhoxylation of pyruvatc and α-ketoglutarate to produce acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and succinyl CoA, respectively, and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH). The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate and organize these data with a view to presenting an integrated picture in terms of reaction mechanisms of lipoic acid function in a-keto acid oxidation. Brief consideration is given to those aspects of the chemistry of lipoic acid that are deemed pertinent to its biological role.
Analogy-Based Practical Classification Rules for Software Quality Estimation

Software metrics-based quality estimation models can be effective tools for identifying which modules are likely to be fault-prone or not fault-prone. The use of such models prior to system deployment can considerably reduce the likelihood of faults discovered during operations, hence improving system reliability. A software quality classification model is calibrated using metrics from a past release or similar project, and is then applied to modules currently under development. Subsequently, a timely prediction of which modules are likely to have faults can be obtained. However, software quality classification models used in practice may not provide a useful balance between the two misclassification rates, especially when there are very few faulty modules in the system being modeled. This paper presents, in the context of case-based reasoning, two practical classification rules that allow appropriate emphasis on each type of misclassification as per the project requirements. The suggested techniques are especially useful for high-assurance systems where faulty modules are rare. The proposed generalized classification methods emphasize on the costs of misclassifications, and the unbalanced distribution of the faulty program modules. We illustrate the proposed techniques with a case study that consists of software measurements and fault data collected over multiple releases of a large-scale legacy telecommunication system. In addition to investigating the two classification methods, a brief relative comparison of the techniques is also presented. It is indicated that the level of classification accuracy and model-robustness observed for the case study would be beneficial in achieving high software reliability of its subsequent system releases. Similar observations are made from our empirical studies with other case studies.
Infections and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disease and presents with cognitive impairment, cardiac and gastrointestinal abnormalities, in addition to other miscellaneous clinical conditions. DS individuals may have a high frequency of infections, usually of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by increased severity and prolonged course of disease, which are partially attributed to defects of the immune system. The abnormalities of the immune system associated with DS include: mild to moderate T and B cell lymphopenia, with marked decrease of naive lymphocytes, impaired mitogen-induced T cell proliferation, reduced specific antibody responses to immunizations and defects of neutrophil chemotaxis. Limited evidence of genetic abnormalities secondary to trisomy of chromosome 21 and affecting the immune system is available, such as the potential consequences of gene over-expression, most significantly SOD1 and RCAN1. Secondary immunodeficiency due to metabolic or nutritional factors in DS, particularly zinc deficiency, has been postulated. Non-immunological factors, including abnormal anatomical structures (e.g. small ear canal, tracheomalacia) and gastro-oesophageal reflux, may play a role in the increased frequency of respiratory tract infections. The molecular mechanisms leading to the immune defects observed in DS individuals and the contribution of these immunological abnormalities to the increased risk of infections require further investigation. Addressing immunological and non-immunological factors involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases may reduce the susceptibility to infections in DS subjects.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Permeabilized Spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Osmotically shocked spheroplasts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae incorporated deoxynucleoside triphosphates specifically into double-stranded nuclear and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Results with this in vitro system for cells with and without mitochondrial DNA were compared. Strains lacking mitochondrial DNA were used to study nuclear DNA replication. With a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in DNA replication in vivo, DNA synthesis in vitro was temperature sensitive as well. The product of synthesis with all strains after very short labeling times consisted principally of short fragments that sedimented at approximately 4S in alkali; with longer pulse times or a chase with unlabeled nucleotides, they grew to a more heterogenous size, with an average of 6 to 8S and a maximum of 15S. There was little, if any, integration of these DNA fragments into the high-molecular-weight nuclear DNA. Analysis by CsCl density gradient centrifugation after incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate showed that most of the product consisted of chains containing both preexisting and newly synthesized material, but there was also a small fraction (ca. 20%) in which the strands were fully synthesized in vitro. 32P-label transfer (“nearest-neighbor”) experiments demonstrated that at least a part of the material synthesized in vitro contained ribonucleic acid-DNA junctions. DNA pulse-labeled in vivo in a mutant capable of taking up thymidine 5′-monophosphate, sedimented in alkali at 4S, as in the case of the in vitro experiments.
Baseball in Canada

Baseball scholars and historians have long accepted that Abner Doubleday did not invent baseball in Cooperstown, New York in 1839.1 Doubleday's baseball legend survives, however, as part of baseball folklore; Americans would likely deride the suggestion that a foreign country created baseball. Yet, Canadians recorded a "baseball" game played in 1838 in Beachville, Ontario.2 Does the Canadian record debunk the Doubleday baseball legend? The answer, in all likelihood, is no. The modern-day game of baseball most resembles the form of baseball developed in New York in the early nineteenth century.3 Canadian baseball, however, developed on a parallel and often intertwined path with that of its American counterpart, and played an instrumental role in shaping baseball as we know it today. How did this quintessential "American" game flourish in the land of the frozen north? An even more important question for Canadian baseball fans is: Will the professional game survive in Canada? This Article will briefly describe the growth of baseball in Canada and discuss some of the issues facing professional baseball as it struggles to remain a viable industry in Canada in the global era of the game.
A Transient, Axisymmetric Formulation for Modeling of Composite Materials

The electrically small loop is of great practical importance in finding direction and probing magnetic fields. In [1], it was proposed for communication from above ground to observation points within coal mines. In this paper, the interactions of electromagnetic field, produced by a current-excited small loop, with lossy and lossless materials are investigated. The use of a small loop for the NDE of composite materials is also presented. To achieve these goals, solutions of interface problems become necessary. Since the exciting current is not restricted to be time-harmonic, we will solve the problems in the time domain. Also, to obtain economic requirements for computer resources, both storage and running time, a potential approach instead of vector field codes is developed.
Weather, Traffic Accidents, and Climate Change

This report looks at the relationship between weather, travel demand, and traffic accidents. It combines data from the National Household Transportation Survey and police reports and finds that warmer temperatures are associated with an increase in traffic fatalities in part due to an increase in pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists. It is estimated that the changing weather patterns expected with climate change could result in 603 additional fatalities per year with a social cost of $58 billion between 2010-2099.
Advanced amplifier design: physics and systems limitations

We discuss the design requirements of transient gain-controlled erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for next generation photonic networks, possible design implementation and trade-offs.
Which way to die: the regulation of acinar cell death in pancreatitis by mitochondria, calcium, and reactive oxygen species.

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of exocrine pancreas, which carries considerable morbidity and mortality; its pathophysiology remains elusive.1 During the past decade, significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of the inflammatory response in pancreatitis.1 Much less is known about the mechanisms mediating another key pathologic response of pancreatitis, namely acinar cell death. In human disease and experimental pancreatitis, acinar cells die through both apoptosis and necrosis. These 2 main types of cell death differ morphologically and biochemically.2,3 Key molecular steps in the apoptotic pathway are the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspases, a specific class of cysteine proteases. Importantly, apoptosis preserves the plasma membrane integrity, whereas necrotic cell releases its constituents, damaging neighboring cells and promoting inflammation. Therefore, necrotic death is “deadlier” to the organism than apoptotic death.2,3
RhoA downstream of Gq and G12/13 pathways regulates protease-activated receptor-mediated dense granule release in platelets

Platelet secretion is an important physiological event in hemostasis. The protease activated receptors, PAR 1 and PAR 4, and the thromboxane receptor activate the G12/13 pathways, in addition to the Gq pathways. Here, we investigated the contribution of G12/13 pathways to platelet dense granule release. 2MeSADP, which does not activate G12/13 pathways, does not cause dense granule release in aspirin-treated platelets. However, supplementing 2MeSADP with YFLLRNP (60 μM), as selective activator of G12/13 pathways, resulted in dense granule release. Similarly, supplementing PLC activation with G12/13 stimulation also leads to dense granule release. These results demonstrate that supplemental signaling from G12/13 is required for Gq-mediated dense granule release and that ADP fails to cause dense granule release because the platelet P2Y receptors, although activate PLC, do not activate G12/13 pathways. When RhoA, downstream signaling molecule in G12/13 pathways, is blocked, PAR-mediated dense granule release is inhibited. Furthermore, ADP activated Rho A downstream of Gq and upstream of PLC. Finally, Rho A regulated PKCδ T505 phosphorylation, suggesting that Rho A pathways contribute to platelet secretion through PKCδ activation. We conclude that G12/13 pathways, through RhoA, regulate dense granule release and fibrinogen receptor activation in platelets.
Histologic evaluation of gingival response to an electrosurgical blade.

Abstract Lateral heat production during the use of electrosurgical procedures in the oral cavity causes denaturation of the connective tissue adjacent to the incision line. This study evaluated the denatured zone following electrosurgery incision in dog gingiva with a traditional tungston wire electrode and a no. 15 surgical blade adapted for electrosurgery use. The effects of using a passive electrode during surgical procedures and using an “autosensor” circuit to control power adjustment were also evaluated. It was found that a surgical blade adapted for electrosurgery produces a zone of denatured tissue that is not statistically different from that produced with a wire electrode. Moreover, no differences were noted between incisions produced with manual power adjustment and those with power controlled by the “autosensor” circuit. A significantly wider zone of denatured tissue was produced when incisions were made without a passive electrode in place.
Supernormal phase of A-V conduction: Report of two cases

Abstract Two cases are presented which are believed to demonstrate a supernormal phase of recovery in the A-V junctional tissue in the presence of A-V block.
Oxidation of the anthocyanidin-3,5-diglucosides with H2O2: The structure of malvone

Abstract The structure of malvone (II), obtained by oxidation of malvidin-3,5-diglucoside (I) with H 2 O 2 in aqueous solution, has been established and a reaction mechanism is proposed.
Simulating fields of arbitrary spatial and temporal coherence

Optical coherence theory typically deals with the average properties of randomly fluctuating fields. However, in some circumstances the averaging process can mask important physical aspects of the field propagation. We derive a new method of simulating partially coherent fields of nearly arbitrary spatial and temporal coherence. These simulations produce the expected coherence properties when averaged over sufficently long time intervals. Examples of numerous fields are given, and an analytic formula for the intensity fluctuations of the field is given. The method is applied to the propagation of partially coherent fields through random phase screens.
Can we accurately measure the impact of published articles in modern Internet Era

I read with great interest the letter from Lainscak [1] on his comment to Dr. Coats' editorial [2] about divergence on ranking journals relevance and the authenticity of classic impact factors on this approach. Dr. Lainscak and Dr. Coat point out to download hits as a novel and perhaps more realist quantification of the relevance of a published paper in modern times. However, taking into account a more accurate quantification of the relevance of a publication, as discussed so far, one should not only consider classical impact factor and download hits but also the number of online browsing hits, as well. Although it can be argued that both online browsing and downloading of a particular article may be directly correlated, since one shall only download articles that one does consider relevant after browsing it, it may be not necessarily the case. Actually, a researcher may enter the journal web site and just download an article without accessing it online. Conversely, in the Internet Era, promptness, facility and availability of a wider range of choice of articles at a glance leads to the researcher, in many instances, not to download the required manuscript but only to browse it online, instead, and even print it out without downloading the related file. In many occasions, it is not necessary to be an expert in information sciences to found out that it is easier to save an “html” page in ones computer as a file, or even copy
Internal fields in InN/GaN quantum dots: Geometry dependence and competing effects on the electronic structure

Self-assembled InN quantum dots grown on lattice-mismatched GaN substrates are subject to internal structural and electrostatic fields originating mainly from: (1) the fundamental crystal atomicity and the interface discontinuity between two dissimilar materials, (2) atomistic strain, (3) piezoelectricity, and (4) spontaneous polarization (pyroelectricity). In this paper, using the multimillion-atom NEMO 3-D simulator, we study the origin and effects of these four competing internal fields on the electronic structure of self-assembled InN/GaN quantum dots having three different geometries, namely, box, dome, and pyramid. It is shown that internal electrostatic fields in InN/GaN quantum dots are long-ranged (demanding simulations using millions of atoms) and lead to a global shift in the one-particle energy states, significant modifications in the valence bandstructure (pronounced carrier localization), anisotropy and twofold degeneracy in the conduction band P level, formation of mixed excited bound states, and polarized optical transitions near the Brillouin zone center.
Subgrain boundary changes caused by creep deformation

Abstract Substructure misorientation changes were studied during creep. These were found to be small, but variable, being at most 0.5 degrees after 16% extension. Possible reorientation across a boundary was related to the uniformity of strain. Equations were derived relating extensional strain, ϵ, misorientation angle, θ, and the Schmidt tensile-axis, slip system orientation angles χ and λ for the case of equal extensional strain. The essential idea is that two adjacent subgrains, being of different orientation, will rotate their most active slip systems into the tensile axis different amounts for equal extensional strains. This lattice rotation difference is the amount that the subgrain boundary angle changes. We computed θ vs. ϵ for various initial θ's and compared these results to experimental ones. We found for equal strain that the misorientation angle always decreases; for unequal strains the misorientation can increase, decrease, or remain unchanged, depending on the difference of strain across the boundary.
Neurotransmitter enzyme activities in neurons purified by bulk-isolation.

Neurons, purified by bulk-isolation procedures from 10 day-old rat brain, are 80–90% homogeneous. Contaminants are primarily blood vessels and occasional oligodendroglia. All sizes and shapes of neurons are obtained, as they are isolated from all areas of the brain, except the cerebellum. Neurotransmitter enzyme activities involved in the metabolism of catecholamines, acetylcholine, and GABA are found at twice the level in these purified neurons when compared to that found in whole brain tissue. However, acetycholinesterase is found at a similar activity as in whole brain tissue, suggesting its localization in other cell types as well. Thus purified rat neurons are a good model system for studying neuronal function.
A study of the characteristics of slotted laminar jet diffusion flames in the presence of non-uniform magnetic fields

The behavior of laminar jet diffusion flames in the presence of non-uniform magnetic fields has been investigated and the results of this experimental study are presented. It has long been recognized that magnetic fields can influence the behavior of laminar diffusion flames as a result of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic properties of the constituent gases. Using a magnet assembly consisting of neodymium iron boron magnets and gray steel prisms, a non-uniform upward decreasing magnetic field was applied to a laminar jet diffusion flame produced using a slotted burner port. The experimental results show that under certain conditions the application of the magnetic field decreased the flame height, prevented the flame from attaching to the prisms, increased the intensity of the flame, decreased the flow rate for which visible soot inception occurred, and increased the flow rate below which the flame extinguished. It was also observed that the degree to which these phenomena occur is proportional to the product of the magnetic induction times the gradient of the magnetic induction. A discussion as to the reasons for these observations is provided. In addition to traditionally defined dimensionless parameters, the previously defined magnetic Grashof number, the magnetic Froude number, and the ratio of the gravitationally induced buoyancy forces to the magnetically induced body forces are identified as key parameters for determining when a magnetic field will affect diffusion flame behavior. Using these dimensionless parameters, the experimental data was cast in a form that clearly indicated the universal nature of diffusion flame behavior in a non-uniform upward decreasing magnetic field. A power law curve fit to the dimensionless data is presented and discussed.
Some Implications of a New Source of Cosmic-Ray Muons

We study implications of the recent experiment by the University of Utah cosmic-ray group, which presents evidence for a new source of cosmic-ray muons. The data imply the existence of a new class of hadrons $X$, produced in pairs with a cross section \ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.3 mb in primary cosmic-ray collisions of energy g${10}^{12}$-${10}^{13}$ eV. The $X$, although stable under strong and electromagnetic interactions, decays with large branching ratio into states containing a muon and with lifetime ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. The total mass of the produced $X$ pair is estimated to be less than 55 GeV. We examine the possible quantum numbers of $X$. We study possible new interactions of cosmic-ray muons and neutrinos underground. In particular, the muon electromagnetic field should photoproduce $X$; the cross section for this process is estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}32}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and may lead to observation of pairs of muons under ground with small lateral separation or measurable angular divergence. The hypothesis $X=W=\mathrm{intermediate}$ boson for the weak interactions is considered; the experimental limits on the production of $W$ by neutrinos and muons underground, along the with absence of large $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}p$ elastic scattering at accelerator energies, place strong, and possibly fatal, constraints on this interpretation. The importance of the polarization of the muon beam underground in these considerations is pointed out. Finally, further experimental consequences of the existence of $X$ are discussed.
Angle of the articular eminence in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction and asymptomatic volunteers

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare structural variations of the temporomandibular joint anatomy between symptomatic patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction and asymptomatic controls. Study design. There were 74 symptomatic patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction, 29 asymptomatic volunteers with normal joints, and 6 asymptomatic volunteers with disk displacement with reduction included in this study. All subjects had bilateral high resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans performed in the sagittal (closed and opened) and coronal (closed) positions. All subjects had right and left full profile laminagraphs, one in the centric occlusal position, and one with the incisors edge to edge. Results. Student-Newman-Keuls tests demonstrated no significant angular or linear differences for depth of the articular fossa, angle of the articular eminence, horizontal and vertical overlap of the incisor teeth, and linear condylar translation. Conclusion. This study concludes that there are no significant differences in angular and linear measurements in the articular fossa of asymptomatic volunteers and symptomatic subjects with temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
Potential Use of Milk Urea Nitrogen to Abate Atmospheric Nitrogen Emissions from Wisconsin Dairy Farms

Urinary urea N (UUN) is the principal nitrogen (N) source controlling emissions of ammonia (NH) and nitrous oxide (NO) from dairy manure. The objectives of this study were (i) to study the integrative nature of dietary crude protein (CP) management, secretion of milk urea N (MUN), excretion of UUN, and N emissions from dairy production systems; (ii) to evaluate how associative changes in dietary CP, MUN, and UUN affect atmospheric N emissions from dairy farms; and (iii) to discuss some of the challenges and opportunities to an expanded use of MUN to enhance dietary CP use and decrease UUN excretion and N emissions from dairy farms. Milk urea N records of 37,889 cows in 197 herds in Wisconsin revealed that approximately one half of tested cows were likely consuming dietary CP in excess of requirement. Farm simulations were used to quantify the effect of dietary CP on whole-farm N emissions. At a statewide average MUN of 12.5 mg dL, 48 to 87% of UUN was emitted as NH, with the lowest loss from pasture-based farms and the greatest loss from tie-stall farms. Each 1 mg dL decrease of MUN (range, 16-10 mg dL) provided an associated daily decrease in UUN of 16.6 g per cow, which decreased NH and NO emissions from manure by 7 to 12%. Although more site-specific information is required on herd MUN-UUN relationships and more a reliable interpretation of MUN assay results is needed, monitoring of MUN may be used to enhance dietary CP use and to reduce UUN excretion and N emissions from Wisconsin dairy farms.
Dipole Active Control of Wake-Blade Row Interaction Noise

In high-bypass turbofan engines, discrete-frequency tones are generated at blade-pass frequency and its harmonics by the unsteady interaction between the rotor blades and stationary strut and vane rows. Specific circumferential acoustic modes are generated, determined by the number of rotor blades and stator vanes. However, only certain modes propagate to the far field and result in the discrete-frequency noise received by an observer. This paper is directed at active control of this discrete-frequency noise through cancellation of the propagating acoustic waves. A series of experiments is performed in the Purdue Annular Cascade Research Facility configured with a 16-bladed rotor and either one or three airfoil stator vane rows. The active discrete noise control is accomplished utilizing a speaker-dipole arrangement around each stator to generate additional control, propagating acoustic waves that interact and cancel those generated by the rotor-stator interaction, with the control parameter being the phase angle between the rotor wake and the speaker-dipole. In both one- and three-airfoil stator vane row configurations, the active noise control system simultaneously attenuated all upstream- and downstreampropagating modes. The system was also demonstrated in a monopole configuration that also provided significant noise reductions in the three-airfoil stator vane row.
METABOLIC BONE DISEASE IN GUT DISEASES

A wide spectrum of gastrointestinal illnesses impairs bone health and can result in bone pain, demineralization, and fracture. This article summarizes current knowledge of the skeletal pathology exhibited in patients with diseases of the liver, biliary tree, pancreas, and bowel. Mechanisms responsible for these syndromes and treatment options are discussed. This article enhances the practicing gastroenterologist's knowledge of the implications of gastrointestinal illness for bone.
Energy dependence of radiation less transitions

Abstract Starting from the correlation function expression for the rate constant and applying a saddle point method for its evaluation closed from results are obtained. The dependence of the the constant upon the relevant paramenters of the molecular system and the dependence upon the excess energy of the incident light are discussed.
A Novel Method for Interpretation of T-Cell Receptor γ Gene Rearrangement Assay by Capillary Gel Electrophoresis Based on Normal Distribution

T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) gene rearrangement status is useful for the differential diagnosis of T-cell lesions. The BIOMED-2 protocol that uses two sets of Jγ and four sets of Vγ primers in a multiplex, two-tube reaction followed by capillary gel electrophoresis is emerging as a standard assay for this application. Here, we report a computer-aided method to evaluate the significance of a peak in this TRG clonality assay. A best-fit normal distribution (ND) curve and the χ2 error for each peak are used to determine whether a peak is significantly taller than the background (cutoff for Vγ1–8 is 1). Eighty clinical samples that have been previously analyzed by a GC-clamped primer polymerase chain reaction/denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay were reanalyzed with the BIOMED-2 assay and scored by the ND method and four previously published methods: relative peak height (RPH), relative peak ratio (RPR), height ratio (HR), and peak height ratio (Rn). A greater than 90% concordance rate was observed between RPH and ND analysis, whereas RPR, Rn, and HR had a lower threshold to call a peak positive. The advantage of the ND method is that it is more objective, reproducible, and can be automated.
Ethical issues in multicultural student–faculty mentoring relationships in higher education

In this article, we explore the ethical issues pertaining to student–faculty mentoring relationships in graduate training programs, with a specific focus on understanding these concerns within a multicultural context. Multiculturalism, although broadly defined, is limited herein to race and ethnicity, gender and sexuality, age, religion, and ability status. Specific ethical codes are cited in which quandaries may arise vis‐a‐vis cultural factors in student–faculty mentorships, and examples are provided related to the aforementioned aspects of multiculturalism. We close with some recommendations regarding the intersection of culture and mentoring relationships. We encourage those involved in student–faculty mentorships to explore both these and other ethical dilemmas that arise in cross‐cultural mentorships.
Sub-Bottom Acoustic Profiling in Torch Lake, Michigan Using a Hammer Source

SUMMARY Acoustic sub-bottom profiling was carried out in a lake in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The resulting cross sections show layers of man-made and natural sediments and the surface of the bedrock. The field equipment used here consists of an engineering seismograph, a hand hammer-operated source, hydrophones, and a sportsman’s GPS, carried in a recreational fishing boat. Data were processed with Seismic Unix. With this system we were able to image sub-bottom sediments to a depth of about 40 meters in a water depth of 40 meters.
Growth Policies and Community Status: A Test and Modification of Logan's Theory

Logan argues that mobilization against growth and the establishment of growth controls are predicted by several social and economic characteristics of cities. A test of this model, examining the specific internal conditions that indirectly affect growth controls through local mobilization is offered, and a modification by arguing that past growth rates directly affect growth controls. Hypotheses are examined with city planning information and census data from Northern California municipalities. Mobilization against growth is associated with two measures of internal social characteristics: percentage white-collar residents and percentage owner-occupied housing units. Growth controls are predicted by mobilization against growth and, most strongly, by past growth rates. A partial revision of Logan's model is thus supported.
Development of a pterin-based fluorescent probe for screening dihydropteroate synthase.

Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is the classical target of the sulfonamide class of antimicrobial agents, whose use has been limited by widespread resistance and pharmacological side effects. We have initiated a structure-based drug design approach for the development of novel DHPS inhibitors that bind to the highly conserved and structured pterin subsite rather than to the adjacent p-aminobenzoic acid binding pocket that is targeted by the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. To facilitate these studies, a robust pterin site-specific fluorescence polarization (FP) assay has been developed and is discussed herein. These studies include the design, synthesis, and characterization of two fluorescent probes, and the development and validation of a rapid DHPS FP assay. This assay has excellent DMSO tolerance and is highly reproducible as evidenced by a high Z′ factor. This assay offers significant advantages over traditional radiometric or phosphate release assays against this target, and is suitable for site-sp...
Absorptions‐Spektralphotometrie von Proben geringer Transparenz

Durch Abschwachung des Vergleichsstrahles konnen Zweistrahl-Spektrophotometer fur die Untersuchung wenig durchlassiger Proben adaptiert werden. Die Anwendungsmoglichkeiten dieser Methode werden an Papier, Gewebe und Polystyrol-Folien dargelegt.
Federal Systems in the Global Economy: Research Issues

The emerging global economy has altered makeup of federal systems and set the stage for new international institutions. This article identifies key research issues that bear upon the connection between federalism and globalism. Five specific research questions are considered. The first concerns the impact of global economic change on the sovereignty of national and subnational governments. Second, the effect of the global economy on intergovernmental relations is considered. Next, the question of placement of economic policy responsibilities in afederal system is posed. Finally, the article asks whetherfederalism eases adaptation to the global economy and protects democratic values. Since the early 1970s, increased integration of product and financial markets has fostered a new "global economy." The impact of this integration on international relations and domestic economies has been profound. The consequences of globalization transcend the economic realm, however, and have led to widespread social and political changes in the advanced industrial democracies. One of the most obvious developments is that shifting from military to economic competition has led to a less dangerous world in some respects. Less positive consequences, however, include political and social disintegration, and the disruption of established communities.' The global economy has altered relations between sovereign nations, between national and subnational governments, and between regions in different countries. Thus, existing federal arrangements have changed and new ones have emerged in various places. Understanding these changes is important because they occur as constitutional frameworks and institutional models are more subject to cross-national emulation than ever before. The primary purpose of this article is to outline pertinent research questions relating to the impact of globalization on federal systems. The specific concerns include sovereignty, intergovernmental relations, assignment of policy responsibilities, the adjustment to globalism in federal and unitary systems, and the consequences for democracy.
A phase I dose escalation study of a pharmacobiologically based scheduling of capecitabine and mitomycin C in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies

Mitomycin C (MMC) produces significant upregulation of thymidine phosphorylase, a principal determinant of the therapeutic index of capecitabine-based treatment, starting 4–6 days after treatment. On the basis of the time-dependency of this upregulation, we performed a phase I dose escalation study of capecitabine and MMC in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. A total of 29 patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancies received MMC at 6 mg/m2 on day 1 and capecitabine escalated in four successive patient cohorts of doses 500–1,000 mg/m2/day twice daily on days 8–21, every 28 days. MMC was capped at 36 mg/m2. A total of 29 patients were enrolled and 90% had at least one prior treatment in the metastatic setting. There was one DLT, grade 3 hand and foot syndrome, at dose level four. The most common toxicity was fatigue (61%). No patients experienced grade 4 toxicities. Nine patients experienced prolonged stability of disease. Capecitabine in combination with MMC in the proposed schedule is well-tolerated with evidence of preliminary activity. The recommended dose for phase II studies are MMC at 6 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 28-day cycle with the dose capped at 36 mg/m2, in combination with capecitabine at 1,000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 8–21.
In the Absence of Evidentiary Harm, Existing Societal Norms Regarding Parental Authority Should Prevail

The target article, “Addressing the Ethical Challenges in Genetic Testing and Sequencing of Children” by Clayton and colleagues (2014), correctly identifies several points of potential inconsistenc...
Diffusion in Social Networks as SIS Epidemics: Beyond Full Mixing and Complete Graphs

Peer influence and interactions between agents in a population give rise to complex, nonlinear behaviors. This paper adopts the SIS (susceptible-infected-susceptible) framework from epidemiology to analytically study how network topology affects the diffusion of ideas/opinions/beliefs/innovations in social networks. We introduce the scaled SIS process, which models peer influence as neighbor-to-neighbor infections. We model the scaled SIS process as a continuous-time Markov process and derive for this process its closed form equilibrium distribution. The adjacency matrix that describes the underlying social network is explicitly reflected in this distribution. The paper shows that interesting population asymptotic behaviors occur for scenarios where the individual tendencies of each agent oppose peer influences. Specifically, we determine how the most probable configuration of agent states (i.e., the population configuration with maximum equilibrium distribution) depends on both model parameters and network topology. We show that, for certain regions of the parameter space, this and related issues reduce to standard graph questions like the maximum independent set problem.
Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members

Humans are an unusually prosocial species-we vote, give blood, recycle, give tithes and punish violators of social norms. Experimental evidence indicates that people willingly incur costs to help strangers in anonymous one-shot interactions, and that altruistic behaviour is motivated, at least in part, by empathy and concern for the welfare of others (hereafter referred to as other-regarding preferences). In contrast, cooperative behaviour in non-human primates is mainly limited to kin and reciprocating partners, and is virtually never extended to unfamiliar individuals. Here we present experimental tests of the existence of other-regarding preferences in non-human primates, and show that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not take advantage of opportunities to deliver benefits to familiar individuals at no material cost to themselves, suggesting that chimpanzee behaviour is not motivated by other-regarding preferences. Chimpanzees are among the primates most likely to demonstrate prosocial behaviours. They participate in a variety of collective activities, including territorial patrols, coalitionary aggression, cooperative hunting, food sharing and joint mate guarding. Consolation of victims of aggression and anecdotal accounts of solicitous treatment of injured individuals suggest that chimpanzees may feel empathy. Chimpanzees sometimes reject exchanges in which they receive less valuable rewards than others, which may be one element of a 'sense of fairness', but there is no evidence that they are averse to interactions in which they benefit more than others.
Family-based association study of early growth response gene 3 with child bipolar I disorder.

Abstract Background The risk for relapse of child bipolar I disorder (BP-I) is highly correlated with environmental factors. Immediate early genes of the early growth response (EGR) gene family are activated at high levels in the brain in response to environmental events, including stress, and mediate numerous neurobiological processes that have been associated with mental illness risk. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EGR genes are associated with the risk to develop child bipolar I disorder. Methods To investigate whether EGR genes may influence susceptibility to child bipolar I disorder (BP-I), we used Family Based Association Tests to examine whether SNPs in each of the EGR genes were associated with illness in 49 families. Results Two SNPs in EGR3 displayed nominally significant associations with child BP-I (p = 0.027 and p = 0.028); though neither was statistically significant following correction for multiple comparisons. Haplotype association analysis indicated that these SNPs are in linkage disequilibrium (LD). None of the SNPs tested in EGR1, EGR2, or EGR4 was associated with child BP-I. Limitations This study was limited by small sample size, which resulted in it being underpowered to detect a significant association after correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Our study revealed a preliminary finding suggesting that EGR3, a gene that translates environmental stimuli into long-term changes in the brain, warrants further investigation for association with risk for child BP-I disorder in a larger sample. Such studies may help reveal mechanisms by which environment can interact with genetic predisposition to influence this severe mental illness.
Analysis of infection risk following covered stent exclusion of pseudoaneurysms in prosthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis access grafts.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether exclusion of pseudoaneurysms with the use of a covered stent in prosthetic arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis access grafts impacts the incidence of eventual AV graft infection. Materials and Methods Review of an interventional radiology database for prosthetic AV graft interventions involving stent deployment anywhere within the AV graft circuit revealed 235 interventions in 174 patients between November 2004 and December 2008. Incidence of AV graft infection was analyzed based on stent type (bare metal vs covered), location, and indication for stent deployment on a per-stent, per-procedure, and per-graft basis. Results A total of 16.3% of the stent-implanted AV grafts were eventually surgically excised as a result of graft infection. Covered stents used to treat an intragraft pseudoaneurysm were more commonly associated with subsequent graft infection compared with bare or covered stents deployed within the graft for other reasons: 42.1% versus 18.2% ( P = .011). Stents deployed in an intragraft location were also associated with a higher incidence of graft infection compared with those deployed at the venous anastomosis or outflow vein: 26.9% versus 6.9% ( P Conclusions Covered stent exclusion of intragraft pseudoaneurysms demonstrated a significant correlation with eventual prosthetic AV graft infection.
Factors governing pectate lyase synthesis in soft rot and non-soft rot bacteria

Abstract Regulation of pectate lyase synthesis was examined in Erwinia and Pseudomonas species. Soft rot bacteria produced 100- to 1000-fold more enzyme per cell under optimal conditions than did other bacterial pathogens or saprophytes. Among pseudomonads, only Pseudomonas marginalis and a few other fluorescent strains isolated from plant tissue synthesized pectate lyase. Constitutive synthesis was common in this group. In contrast, lyase synthesis in most Erwinia species examined was inducible. Polypectate and pectin were effective carbon sources for lyase induction in some Erwinia strains while other strains showed much higher inducible synthesis on pectin than on polypectate. Vegetable extracts had profound effects on lyase synthesis. Potato extract, which was previously reported as exerting a synergistic effect on induction of pectate lyase in Erwinia carotovora ATCC 8061 grown on pectin, repressed lyase synthesis in other Erwinia strains. At high concentrations, extracts of carrot, lettuce and onion severely repressed constitutive and inducible synthesis. At low concentrations, lettuce and onion extracts stimulated constitutive lyase synthesis in Pseudomonas marginalis . The wide variety of regulatory controls governing lyase synthesis and the repressive as well as synergistic effects of vegetable extracts on synthesis suggest that the etiology of bacterial soft rot diseases can be influenced by such regulatory mechanisms.
Design Of An Automatic Vehicle Surveillance System

An automatic vehicle surveillance system is conceived for capturing license plates consisting of three major functional components: image capture, image processing, and communications. Image capture is provided by a high-speed, high-resolution TV camera, an illuminator, and an image storage medium. Image processing is performed by an analog to digital conversion of the rear view image of a vehicle, a method of automatically finding the license plate in the image, and a method of identifying the alphanumerics and the state of issue of the license plate. The license plate characters are sent to a law enforcement computer data base through a communication link where a check is made of the registrant. This paper discusses the design requirements of a system with these three functional components. The results are presented of a study for establishing the image quality required for a license plate finder and character recognizer to perform reliably.