cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homebased services for Southeast Asian refugee children: A process and formative evaluation

Abstract This paper describes a first-of-its-kind, culturally sensitive, homebased child enrichment and family support program for Southeast Asian refugees in San Francisco. The program goals were to reduce developmental and health problems among young children and prepare them for preschool. The implementation model featured homebased interventions. Thirty-five families of Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese descent were matched with paraprofessional workers of like ethnicity for the duration of the intervention. Services were provided to 42 children. Three paraprofessionals were supervised daily and received regular in-service training from expert consultants. Evaluation results reveal that the program goal was achieved, suggesting that similar programs can be effective elsewhere. The program was in its third year at the time of this evaluation.
HEPATITIS C VIRUS PROTEINS INHIBIT C3 COMPLEMENT PRODUCTION

The third component of human complement (C3) plays a central role in innate immune function as its activation is required to trigger classical as well as alternative complement pathways. In this study, we have observed that sera from patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) displayed significantly lower C3 levels than sera from healthy individuals. Liver biopsy specimens from the same patients also exhibited lower C3 mRNA expression than liver tissues from healthy donors. C3 mRNA level was reduced in hepatocytes upon infection with cell culture-grown HCV genotype 1a or 2a in vitro. Further analysis suggested that HCV core protein displayed a weak repression of C3 promoter activity by downregulating the transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). On the other hand, HCV NS5A protein strongly downregulated C3 promoter activity at the basal level or in the presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as an inducer. In addition, the expression of the transcription factor CAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP-β), which binds to the IL-1/IL-6 response element in the C3 promoter, was inhibited in liver biopsy specimens. Furthermore, expression of C/EBP-β was reduced in hepatocytes infected with cell culture-grown HCV, as well as in hepatocytes transfected with the NS5A genomic region of HCV. Together, these results underscore the role of HCV NS5A protein in impairing innate immune function.
The government's multirole and a resulting importance of guanxi in the Chinese software industry

This paper analyses the role of the government in the development of the Chinese software industry. Since bringing the industry into existence, the government's presence in the software industry has remained far-reaching. It acts simultaneously as a buyer, supplier, regulator and promoter in this industry. Furthermore, these roles sometimes conflict with each other, resulting in the software firms' heavy reliance on a guanxi network. Although the government has significantly contributed to the fast growth of the software industry, it should gradually recede from centre stage as the industry matures.
Recent advances in the neuropsychology of human olfaction and anosmia

Patients' olfactory functioning is rarely considered by rehabilitation specialists because this capacity is seen as unnecessary for most vocational and academic purposes. However, several recent studies have shown that intermittent exposure to fragrances can help subjects sustain attention more efficiently. As this effect is especially pronounced when subjects report attention-maintenance difficulties, accessory olfactory stimulation may enhance the sustained attention capacities of head-injured subjects. Another study is cited in which subjects who lost their sense of smell following head injuries were found to experience more difficulty in maintaining employment. This effect is probably related to orbital lobe damage, which usually accompanies post-traumatic anosmia. The implications of these studies for rehabilitation professionals are discussed.
Texture Classification Using Rotation- and Scale-Invariant Gabor Texture Features

This letter introduces a novel approach to rotation and scale invariant texture classification. The proposed approach is based on Gabor filters that have the capability to collapse the filter responses according to the scale and orientation of the textures. These characteristics are exploited to first calculate the homogeneous texture of images followed by the rearrangement of features as a two-dimensional matrix (scale and orientation), where scaling and rotation of images correspond to shifting in this matrix. The shift invariance property of discrete fourier transform is used to propose rotation and scale invariant image features. The performance of the proposed feature set is evaluated on Brodatz texture album. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed descriptor as compared to other methods considered in this letter.
An open architecture for usage analysis in a e-learning context

In the context of distance learning and teaching, a reengineering process needs a feedback on the learners' uses of the learning system. The feedback could be given by interviews, questionnaires, but in many systems, it is also provided by the analysis of log files. Our works on the reengineering driven by models of e-learning systems, propose an architecture for usage analysis and a meta-language for describing the tracks' semantic and for linking them to observation needs defined in the predictive scenario. This architecture wants to be a collaborative cluster of services available for and designed by a community of practices on usage analysis. Concerning our meta-language UTL, we consider that it is important to interpret tracks in order to compare the designer's intentions with the learners' activities during a session.
Design and Development of a Seismic Data Center

The U. S. has embarked on the design and development of a sophisticated data center for the analysis and management of seismic data. There are two broad motivations for this project. First, we need to develop a new generation system for the management and retrieval of digital seismic data, and to provide a modern data resource for the research community. Second, we need a facility that will be able to respond to any U. S. obligations that might be incurred under future agreements on international seismic data exchange and global seismic monitoring, such as those currently under discussion by the Committee on Disarmament. This paper discusses the functions that the data center will be required to perform, and its basic computer architecture.
Active congestion control mechanism for non-cumulative layered multicasting

A new noncumulative layered multicast congestion control algorithm is proposed that can identify the location of congested branch(es) in the multicast tree and intelligently assign a dropping preference for each candidate layer. These preferences are assigned in a way that minimizes the number of affected receivers by dropping the corresponding layer. The algorithm assigns higher dropping preferences to the layers that cause simultaneous congestion in the multicast tree. It also minimizes the effect of receivers intentionally ignoring the congestion control algorithm, which provides tighter control of the receivers, and a bounded TCP-friendly behavior. Complexity analysis proves that the proposed algorithm has a linear computation time complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed congestion control algorithm in conjunction with a suitable layer coordination mechanism can increase the average normalized throughput of the receivers in the multicast session by more than 24%.
A Minor Subset of Super Elongation Complexes Plays a Predominant Role in Reversing HIV-1 Latency

Promoter-proximal pausing by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a key rate-limiting step in HIV-1 transcription and latency reversal. The viral Tat protein recruits human super elongation complexes (SECs) to paused Pol II to overcome this restriction. Despite the recent progress in understanding the functions of different subsets of SECs in controlling cellular and Tat-activated HIV transcription, little is known about the SEC subtypes that help reverse viral latency in CD4(+) T cells. Here, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing tool to knock out the gene encoding the SEC subunit ELL2, AFF1, or AFF4 in Jurkat/2D10 cells, a well-characterized HIV-1 latency model. Depletion of these proteins drastically reduced spontaneous and drug-induced latency reversal by suppressing HIV-1 transcriptional elongation. Surprisingly, a low-abundance subset of SECs containing ELL2 and AFF1 was found to play a predominant role in cooperating with Tat to reverse latency. By increasing the cellular level/activity of these Tat-friendly SECs, we could potently activate latent HIV-1 without using any drugs. These results implicate the ELL2/AFF1-SECs as an important target in the future design of a combinatorial therapeutic approach to purge latent HIV-1.
Effect of Dietary Oxalate on the Gut Microbiota of the Mammalian Herbivore Neotoma albigula

Diet is one of the primary drivers that sculpts the form and function of the mammalian gut microbiota. However, the enormous taxonomic and metabolic diversity held within the gut microbiota makes it difficult to isolate specific diet-microbe interactions. The objective of the current study was to elucidate interactions between the gut microbiota of the mammalian herbivore Neotoma albigula and dietary oxalate, a plant secondary compound (PSC) degraded exclusively by the gut microbiota. We quantified oxalate degradation in N. albigula fed increasing amounts of oxalate over time and tracked the response of the fecal microbiota using high-throughput sequencing. The amount of oxalate degraded in vivo was linearly correlated with the amount of oxalate consumed. The addition of dietary oxalate was found to impact microbial species diversity by increasing the representation of certain taxa, some of which are known to be capable of degrading oxalate (e.g., Oxalobacter spp.). Furthermore, the relative abundances of 117 operational taxonomic units (OTU) exhibited a significant correlation with oxalate consumption. The results of this study indicate that dietary oxalate induces complex interactions within the gut microbiota that include an increase in the relative abundance of a community of bacteria that may contribute either directly or indirectly to oxalate degradation in mammalian herbivores.
Notes on Some Feeding Habits of Two Chalcid Parasites.

Marchal (1905) has recounted some interesting observations which he made on the oviposition habits of Tetrastichus xanthomelaenae (Rand.), an egg parasite of the elm-leaf beetle Galerucella xanthomelaenae Schr. This seems to be the first published record of a female chalcid having been seen feeding at puncture holes made by the ovipositor. In 1909 Marchal recounted observations of a similar character made on Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le B. when associated with the coccid Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Curt. Howard (1908, 1910) discusses the observations of Marchal, and predicts that this interesting habit “will be found to be quite widespread” among chalcidoids. Since the later article by Hmyard appeared, a number of workers have recorded similar observations in connection with various chaleid parasites. Among these workers are Quayle (1910), Doten (1911), Imms (1916), Rockwood (1917), Caffrey (1921), Hartley (1922), Cotton (1923), Lundie (1924), Crossman (1925), and Griswold (1925).
Dietary Protein Intake and Lean Muscle Mass in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Report From the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study.

Background Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for low lean muscle mass and muscle weakness, which may contribute to inactivity and early development of chronic diseases typically seen in older adults. Although increasing protein intake, in combination with resistance training, improves lean muscle mass in other populations, it is not known whether muscular tissue among survivors of ALL, whose impairments are treatment-related, will respond similarly. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate associations among dietary protein intake, resistance training, and lean muscle mass in survivors of ALL and age-, sex-, and race-matched controls. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods Lean muscle mass was determined with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, dietary information with 24-hour recalls, and participation in resistance training with a questionnaire. Participants were 365 survivors of ALL (52% male; 87% white; median age=28.5 years, range=23.6–31.7) and 365 controls with no previous cancer. Results Compared with controls, survivors of ALL had lower lean muscle mass (55.0 versus 57.2 kg, respectively) and lower percentage of lean muscle mass (68.6% versus 71.4%, respectively) than controls. Similar proportions of survivors (71.1%) and controls (69.7%) met recommended dietary protein intake (0.8 g/kg/d). Survivors (45.4%) were less likely to report resistance training than controls (53.8%). In adjusted models, 1-g higher protein intake per kilogram of body mass per day was associated with a 7.9% increase and resistance training ≥1×wk, with a 2.8% increase in lean muscle mass. Limitations The cross-sectional study design limits temporal evaluation of the association between protein intake and lean muscle mass. Conclusions The findings suggest that survivors of childhood ALL with low lean muscle mass may benefit from optimizing dietary protein intake in combination with resistance training. Research is needed to determine whether resistance training with protein supplementation improves lean muscle mass in survivors of childhood ALL.
Modified learning set performance as a function of age

A modified learning task in which each problem contained recurrent and nonrecurrent stimulus forms was administered to age groups 6, 8, 10, and 12 years. For each age group a correct choice based on the nonrecurrent stimuli was more difficult than a correct choice based on the recurrent stimuli.
Vacancies in Homoepitaxially-Grown Ag and Cu films

X-ray scattering experiments on the homoepitaxial growth of Ag(001) Ag(111) and Cu(001) show that high vacancy concentrations can be achieved during low temperature deposition. It is observed that the vacancies, which can attain concentrations on the order of 2%, extend throughout the thickness of the deposited film. Moreover, vacancies are found to have a profound effect on the evolving morphology of certain surfaces, which is discussed in terms of prior studies of kinetic roughening in these systems.
Cranial Irradiation is Essential in the Treatment of Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: Results of Study AML-BFM-87

In children with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) the value of prophylactic cranial irradiation still remains controversial. In the first two German pediatric AML studies BFM-78 and -83 [1,2] cranial irradiation was included, whereas in study AML-BFM-87 patients were initially randomized for irradiation to determine the therapeutic value of irradiation for preventing CNS relapses. Later in study AML-BFM-87 CNS irradiation was abandoned in patients without CNS involvement to reduce CNS toxicity. However, first analyses suggest cranial irradiation should be included in the therapy of all patients with AML, not only to prevent CNS- but also systemic relapses.
Extremely Preterm Infant Skin Care: A Transformation of Practice Aimed to Prevent Harm.

Background:The skin of extremely preterm infants is underdeveloped and has poor barrier function. Skin maintenance interventions initiated in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) have immediate and lifelong implications when the potential for infection, allergen sensitization, and altered aesthet
Sensorless speed measurement of induction motors using an adaptive frequency-tracking algorithm

Sensorless speed estimation is of importance to a variety of industrial applications where speed information is required. Standard shaft-mounted speed transducers are the commonplace solution to speed estimation. However, they add complexity to a motor and wear with time. This paper presents a novel technique of determining speed from eccentricity harmonics within the stator current. The presented technique provides a computationally efficient, real-time sensorless speed measurement method based on a frequency-tracking signal processing algorithm. The proposed technique is shown to be advantageous in that it is capable of providing precise real-time speed estimation through changes in mechanical load and source frequency changes. The developed technique is suitable for all adjustable drives including direct torque control (DTC) drives.
Parenting Under Pressure: Experiences of Parenting While Aging Out of Foster Care

Youth “aging out” of foster care experience higher rates of adolescent parenting than their peers who have not been in care. Due to their history of maltreatment, high adolescent pregnancy rates, and poor psychosocial outcomes, youth aging out who are parents are a vulnerable at-risk group. This study examines the parenting experiences of 33 youth aging out (21 mothers and 12 fathers) using data from a larger ethnography. Field notes of observation and transcribed interviews of youth aging out who are parents were analyzed using open coding strategies. Findings show parents encountered challenges while aging out and parenting, yet they found joy in their children and strived to be good parents despite having limited parenting skills, few resources, and little support. Desiring a better life for their children and fearing their children would enter foster care, parents were motivated to improve their lives for their children. Implications are discussed.
Pharmacist compensation for ambulatory patient care services.

UNLABELLED This activity is designed for pharmacists practicing in ambulatory, community, and managed care environments. GOAL To discuss issues involved in the transition from product-based to patient-care-based reimbursement and compensation systems for pharmacists. OBJECTIVES 1. Differentiate between reimbursement and compensation. 2. Describe the limitations of current third-party reimbursement and compensation systems. 3. Describe ways in which compensation for seemingly identical products and services can vary. 4. Discuss the use of Medicare's Resource-Based Value Scale and the relative value unit. 5. Define and differentiate between ICD-9-CM codes and E/M CPT codes. 6. List the three key components needed to determine an E/M CPT code for a new patient seen in the pharmacy. 7. Describe and provide examples of the SOAP method of documentation. 8. Understand why the referral process is an important step in the compensation process. 9. Discuss the importance of Form HCFA-1500 and other documentation in the compensation process.
A new method to produce macroporous Mg-phosphate bone growth substitutes

This paper is a sequel to our previous effort in developing Mg-phosphate orthopedic cements using amorphous Mg-phosphate (AMP) as the precursor. In this paper, we report a new real-time in situ technique to create macroporous bone growth substitute (BGS). The method uses biodegradable Mg-particles as the porogen. As opposed to the conventional wisdom of providing corrosion protection layers to biodegradable Mg-alloys, the present method uses the fast corrosion kinetics of Mg to create macropores in real time during the setting of the cement. An aqueous solution of PVA was used as the setting solution. Using this technique, a macroporous cement containing up to 91% porosity is obtained, as determined by pycnometry. Due to formation of H2 gas bubbles from corrosion of Mg, the cement becomes macroporous. The pore sizes as big as 760μm were observed. The results of SBF soaking indicated change in crystallinity as confirmed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Our in vitro cytocompatibility evaluation also revealed that the macroporous bone growth substitute composed of bobierrite is cytocompatible and can improve gene expression.
A conceptual market framework for water-bound nitrate pollution

AbstractThe conversion of bottomland hardwood and swamp forests to irrigated agriculture has had problematic consequences for water bodies. Many of these problems can be linked to the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to increase crop production. To date, there is little monitoring of nitrogen use in watersheds, which may be due to large fixed costs. Using market-based techniques which have addressed previous environmental challenges, with remotely sensed data to track a pollutant’s source, may be one alternative, by incentivizing nitrogen users to behave according to abatement costs traced back to the point of origin of a pollutant.
Semigroup Solution of Path-Dependent Second-Order Parabolic Partial Differential Equations

We apply a new series representation of martingales, developed by Malliavin calculus, to characterize the solution of the second-order path-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs) of parabolic type. For instance, we show that the generator of the semigroup characterizing the solution of the path-dependent heat equation is equal to one-half times the second-order Malliavin derivative evaluated along the frozen path.
An ultra-long-period seismograph galvanometer

A brief description is given of a galvanometer of longer than ordinary period. Mention is made of some of the details, precautions, and techniques pertaining to its construction, testing, and operation. The discussions are applicable to galvanometers of extended period in general.
Metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Patterns of care and survival for patients receiving chemotherapy with and without local radiotherapy.

Abstract Background and purpose Radiotherapy (RT) to the primary nasopharyngeal tumor is frequently offered to patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (mNPC). However, only limited data exist to support RT in this setting. We used the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to evaluate outcomes for mNPC patients receiving chemotherapy with and without local RT. Methods The NCDB was queried for patients with mNPC with synchronous metastatic disease at diagnosis who received chemotherapy. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, Cox proportional hazards models, and propensity score-matched analyses. Results From 2004 to 2013, 718 cases were identified (39% chemotherapy-alone, 61% chemotherapy+RT). At a median follow-up of 4.4years, RT was associated with improved survival on univariate analysis (median OS 21.4 vs 15.5months; 5-year OS 28% vs 10%; p 10years was only observed in the RT cohort. Conclusions This analysis supports strategies incorporating local RT with chemotherapy for mNPC. Prospective trials evaluating RT integration for mNPC are warranted.
Multi-ball and one-ball geolocation

We present analysis methods that may be used to geolocate emitters using one or more moving receivers. While some of the methods we present may apply to a broader class of signals, our primary interest is locating and tracking ships from short pulsed transmissions, such as the maritime Automatic Identification System (AIS.) The AIS signal is difficult to process and track since the pulse duration is only 25 milliseconds, and the pulses may only be transmitted every six to ten seconds. In this article, we address several problems including accurate TDOA and FDOA estimation methods that do not require searching a two dimensional surface such as the cross-ambiguity surface. As an example, we apply these methods to identify and process AIS pulses from a single emitter, making it possible to geolocate the AIS signal using a single moving receiver.
Malware detection using machine learning based analysis of virtual memory access patterns

Malicious software, referred to as malware, continues to grow in sophistication. Past proposals for malware detection have primarily focused on software-based detectors which are vulnerable to being compromised. Thus, recent work has proposed hardware-assisted malware detection. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for hardware-assisted malware detection based on monitoring and classifying memory access patterns using machine learning. This provides for increased automation and coverage through reducing user input on specific malware signatures. The key insight underlying our work is that malware must change control flow and/or data structures, which leaves fingerprints on program memory accesses. Building on this, we propose an online framework for detecting malware that uses machine learning to classify malicious behavior based on virtual memory access patterns. Novel aspects of the framework include techniques for collecting and summarizing per-function/system-call memory access patterns, and a two-level classification architecture. Our experimental evaluation focuses on two important classes of malware (i) kernel rootkits and (ii) memory corruption attacks on user programs. The framework has a detection rate of 99.0% with less than 5% false positives and outperforms previous proposals for hardware-assisted malware detection.
The Need for Motor Development Programs for Visually Impaired Preschoolers

Visually impaired children have difficulty acquiring spatial orientation concepts necessary for proficient locomotive movements and independent mobility. The majority of past research on remedying ...
Creating a Case for Digital Health

The central paradigm in medicine is based on the patient–provider relationship. In these times, previously unheard diseases are being described every day while novel therapies for previously uncured diseases are introduced along with novel state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. These developments alter the patient–physician relationship, which has remained largely unchanged for thousands of years. Digital Health represents an evolutionary adaptation of the art and science of medicine to pervasive information and communication technologies (ICTs). Without a doubt, this represents a phenomenal opportunity for us to scale access to care to any area in the world where connectivity may be available. This chapter reviews the ways that healthcare has evolved and its conceivable opportunities, challenges, and socioeconomic consequences.
Management of Flexor Pulley Injuries with Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Contracture

Flexor pulley ruptures with severe proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint contracture present a complex challenge for the hand surgeon. Four patients were treated with a delayed presentation of pulley rupture and fixed PIP flexion contracture with a technique of external extension torque application followed by splinting without pulley reconstruction. Using this technique, the PIP joint contractures improved from an average of 66° to an average of 19°, patient satisfaction was high, and the pulley injuries were managed with splinting alone without open pulley reconstruction.
Prevalence of ototoxic medication use among older adults in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin

Background and purpose Drug-related ototoxicity may exacerbate presbycusis (age-related hearing loss); yet, few data are available on the prevalence of ototoxic medication use by older adults. The purposes of this study were to assess the impact of aging and ototoxicity on hearing loss, the prevalence of ototoxic medication use, and select characteristics associated with ototoxic medication use among older adults. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using select variables extracted from the baseline and 10-year follow-up assessments of the two population-based epidemiological studies to compare two points in time. Results Ninety-one percent of the sample was taking a medication reported to be ototoxic. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most commonly used (75.2%), followed by acetaminophen (39.9%) and diuretics (35.6%). Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and history of smoking were associated with ototoxic medication use. Participants with hearing loss were taking a significantly greater number of ototoxic medications than those without hearing loss. Conclusion Known ototoxic medications are widely used. Any subsequent ototoxicity may interact with age changes and a more severe hearing loss than that associated with only age. Implications for practice Nurse practitioners should inform older adults about the possibility of drug-related ototoxicity and monitor hearing acuity of all older adults taking known ototoxic medications.
Repetitive pulsed power technology for inertial confinement fusion

The pulsed power requirements for inertial confinement fusion reactors are defined for ion beam and laser drivers. Several megajoule beams with 100's of terrawatt peak powers must be delivered to the reactor chamber 1-10 times per second. Ion beam drivers are relatively efficient requiring less energy storage in the pulsed power system but more time compression in the power flow chain than gas lasers. These high peak powers imply very large numbers of components for conventional pulse power systems. A new design that significantly reduces the number of components is presented.
The “one-contact” case: A problem in community psychiatric practice

As a clearing house for a variety of mental and emotional problems a psychiatric outpatient clinic necessarily receives for singleinterview study and consultation many individuals whose needs do not properly come within the scope of its continued services. Undoubtedly this would always be true of a specialized clinic. Yet in its reports to referring agencies and physicians on those cases not acceptable for continued treatment, it has been able to make recommendations regarding institutional care, to confirm diagnoses, or to suggest possible avenues of further study.
Ion Implantation Studies of Hydrogen in Solids

Publisher Summary Ion-beam techniques have provided an important new way to study the behavior of hydrogen in solids. In this approach, ion implantation is used for the controlled introduction of hydrogen isotopes, and then ion microanalysis techniques are used to measure the amount and depth profile of near-surface hydrogen and the crystallographic lattice sites it occupies. Hydrogen implantation and ion-beam analysis techniques give rise to certain advantages and differences from other techniques for the study of hydrogen in solids. The controlled introduction of hydrogen by ion implantation allows the behavior of hydrogen to be investigated continuously from the dilute concentration regime up through the very high concentration regime. Other methods of hydrogen introduction, such as diffusion from the gas phase or introduction by electrochemical means, are frequently not subject to such a high degree of control. In addition, because ion implantation is a nonequilibrium process, concentrations in excess of the equilibrium solid solubility can be introduced. Thus, by simultaneously controlling the sample temperature and hydrogen concentration, metastable phases or hydrogen-containing second phases may be formed. Another unique aspect of the implantation studies is that at normal implantation energies, defects are introduced along with the hydrogen atoms because of the lattice displacements produced by the energetic implanted ions.
The Relationship of Mindfulness to Body Shame, Body Responsiveness, and Health Outcomes

Body shame, a self-conscious emotion resulting from the perception that one’s body fails to meet cultural body ideals, has predicted a number of negative outcomes in women, including poor physical health outcomes. Prior research has suggested that this may occur because body shame promotes diminished body responsiveness, or the valuing of bodily signals as a source of information, which in turn may lead to poor health-related outcomes. Mindfulness has been shown to ameliorate correlates of body shame (e.g., general shame), to improve attention to internal bodily functions, and to predict better health outcomes. Thus, mindfulness may be associated with better health outcomes via the mechanisms of lower levels of body shame and higher levels of body responsiveness. The current study tested this idea cross-sectionally in a sample of college-aged women (N = 115). Mindfulness was associated with low body shame and high body responsiveness as well as low levels of infections and symptoms and better self-rated health. Moreover, body shame and body responsiveness mediated the relationships between mindfulness and infections and mindfulness and self-rated health even when controlling for BMI and psychiatric conditions. These results provide initial support for the notion that mindfulness may attenuate the effects of body-related variables on health outcomes by decreasing body shame and improving body responsiveness. However, given the limitations of the current study’s cross-sectional design to provide evidence of directionality in the proposed model, future studies are recommended.
Expanding enrollment of underrepresented populations on early phase clinical trials: An analysis of participation among adolescent and young adults (AYA) with advanced cancers on phase I clinical trials.

e18714Background: Patients with cancer aged 15-39 years, the Adolescent and Young Adults (AYA), are significantly underrepresented on late phase clinical trials overall particularly in comparison t...
Emergency response in water, sanitation and hygiene to control cholera in post-earthquake Nepal in 2016

After the 2015 earthquake in Nepal that killed approximately 9,000 people, the country faced an increased risk of cholera outbreaks due to extensive destruction of water and sanitation infrastructure and massive displacement. The disaster revealed long-standing weaknesses in water and sanitation systems in the country. Anticipating a cholera outbreak in 2016, UNICEF, Johns Hopkins University, and the Group for Technical Assistance partnered to support the Government of Nepal to ensure a safe water supply and improve sanitation and hygiene. This article discusses challenges, gaps, lessons learned and recommendations that were drawn from the authors' experience in cholera prevention and control in post-earthquake Nepal. Challenges identified include lack of regular water quality testing and monitoring, inconsistent use of point-of-use water treatment products, and lack of a fast-track mechanism for rapid response. The article argues for building a resilient water and sanitation system to secure sustainable and equitable access to safe drinking water.
A multi-step and resilient predictive Q-learning algorithm for IoT: a case study in water supply networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of deriving recommended resilient and predictive actions for an IoT network in the presence of faulty components and malicious agents. The IoT, combining physical and cyber devices, is formulated as a directed graph with a known topology whose objective is to maintain a constant and resilient flow between a source node and a destination node. The optimal route through this network is evaluated via a predictive and resilient Q-learning algorithm which takes into account historical data about irregular operation, including faults and attacks. To showcase the efficacy of our approach, we utilize anonymized data from Arlington County, Virginia to obtain predictive and resilient scheduling policies for a smart water supply system while avoiding neighborhoods with leaks and other faults.
Which of These Things Are Not Like the Others? Comparing the Rational, Emotional, and Moral Aspects of Reputation, Status, Celebrity, and Stigma

In this review of the literature on reputation, status, celebrity, and stigma we develop an overarching theoretical framework based on the rational, emotional, and moral aspects of each construct’s...
Comparative Nutrigenomics Analysis of the Pig, Mouse and Human (P15-004-19)

The seminal work of Miller and Ullrey examined the suitability of the pig as a model for human nutrition concluded “With the possible exception of nonhuman primates, it is apparent that the omnivorous pig is one of the best models for study of nutrition issues in the omnivorous human.” To date, a cross-species, large-scale analysis of genes related to nutrition and metabolism has not been reported. Our goal was to systematically review similarities and differences in nutrition-related physiology, and where different, to explore possible etiologies behind each phenomena using comparative genomics. A broad literature and laboratory-based analysis was conducted comparing 1532 genes associated with porcine, murine, and human macro and micronutrient metabolism, including metalloproteins. Four questions were addressed. Are genes in specific pathways conserved? Are the genes/proteins structurally and functionally similar? Are the genes expressed in similar cell types? Are the genes regulated in a similar manner to stimuli? Pigs have roughly 4-fold fewer unique genes (66) than the mouse (240) and human (209). The great majority of these unique genes were zinc-containing members of the KRAB-A box Transcription Factor Superfamily. Analysis of 142 non-orthologous genes revealed that these genes were 10 times more likely to be present in only pigs and humans (120) than only in mice and humans (17). Genes involved in vitamin A and lipid metabolism were more highly conserved between pigs and humans. Notable, differences were found between humans and pigs in regard to genes encoding digestive enzymes and nutrient sensing genes. In some cases, mechanistic data were obtained to explain for previously described differences in physiology. For example, the lack of porcine salivary lipase and amylase activities is likely related to the absence of these genes in the pig. Analysis of 888 orthologous genes indicated a greater pig-human protein similarity for almost every gene examined. Overall, the genomic and physiological parameters examined were more similar between pigs and humans than mice and humans. This supports the proposition that evaluating nutrition in pigs provides data that is more physiologically relevant to humans. Supported by USDA/ARS Project Plan 1235-51,000-055-00D.
Anti-apoptotic effects of Notch-1 in cervical cancer cells are mediated by NF-κB and AKT

5008 Activation of Notch receptors mediates survival signals in cells from various solid tumors. We have previously shown that pharmacological or genetic silencing of Notch-1 signaling effectively induced apoptosis and significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of various anti-neoplastic agents acting in S, G2 or M phases of the cell cycle. We have also demonstrated that inhibition of Notch-1 expression or activity has dramatic anti-neoplastic effects in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism(s) of Notch-induced survival signals remain unclear. Activation of NF-κB and AKT and inhibition of JNK by constitutively active Notch-1 have been described in some models. We studied the mechanism of survival signals induced by Notch-1 in cervical cancer CaSki cells, which are unable to grow in vitro or form tumors in vivo when transduced with antisense Notch-1. We found that blocking Notch activation with a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) caused dose-dependent cell death in CaSki cells. Expression of intracellular (constitutively active) Notch-1 (ICN) protected cells from this effect. GSI also caused dose-dependent inhibition of NF-κB reporter activity, which was diminished when the cells were transfected with ICN. NF-κB inhibition was also observed after specific silencing of Notch-1 expression by siRNA. AKT has been reported to be downstream of Notch-1 and can induce NF-κB activation by phosphorylating IKK (I-κB kinase). Consistent with this, our data show that NF-κB activity was strongly activated in CaSki cells transfected with constitutively active AKT. Notch-1 upregulated the phosphorylation but not the total level of AKT in CaSki cells. Silencing Notch-1 signaling led to down-regulation of pAKT and inhibition of NF-κB. JNK phosphorylation was increased in CaSki nuclear extracts after GSI treatment. However, JNK inhibitory drugs did not prevent GSI-induced apoptosis, suggesting that JNK does not play a central role in cell death induced by GSI. Taken together, our data support a model in which Notch-1 exerts its anti-apoptotic functions in cervical cancer cells by activating NF-κB transcription factors via the PKB-AKT pathway. Our data support the investigational use of combinations of GSIs or other Notch inhibitors with AKT inhibitors and/or NF-κB inhibitors for the treatment of advanced cervical cancer. (Supported by NIH grant CA84065)
Revisiting the role of isolated polyethylene exchange for aseptic failures in total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Controversy continues to exist regarding the advisability of isolated polyethylene exchange (IPE) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for aseptic indications. We sought to compare the difference in the cumulative incidence of reoperation after IPE specifically for aseptic failure and to evaluate risk factors for failure. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 122 knees revised for aseptic failure. Reasons for IPE in aseptic knees included: instability, polyethylene wear, arthrofibrosis, patella fracture, patellar resurfacing, patellar maltracking, extensor mechanism failure, patellectomy, and a custom polyethylene for correction of valgus deformity. The relatively high rate of mortality warranted a competing risk model to evaluate the cumulative incidence reoperation. Follow-up time was defined by years from IPE to date of reoperation or last follow-up. Generalized estimating equations were used for comparisons. Results Our analysis demonstrated an 87% (95% CI, 78–92%) survivorship free of reoperation at five years. Re-revision was secondary to aseptic failure, infection, and patellar malalignment. IPE for polyethylene wear was found to be protective and less likely to require reoperation (SHR 0.121 95% CI: 0.016–0.896, p = 0.039). Conclusions The current study suggests that when done for carefully selected indications, IPE may be an acceptable procedure and helpful alternative for aseptic TKA revisions, particularly when the pre-operative diagnosis is polyethylene wear. This is in contrast to prior reports and may represent a need to re-visit the role of isolated polyethylene exchange.
Hybrid floating solar photovoltaics-hydropower systems: Benefits and global assessment of technical potential

Abstract Floating solar photovoltaics (FPV) is an emerging, and increasingly viable, application of photovoltaics (PV) in which systems are sited directly on waterbodies. Despite growing market interest, FPV system deployment is nascent, and potential adopters remain concerned about the technology, the benefits it offers, the advantages to pairing it in hybrid systems (such as with hydropower), and how to analyze technical potential. To support decision making, we provide a review of associated benefits of hybrid FPV-hydropower system operation and a novel, geospatial approach to assess the global technical potential of these systems employing publicly available, global datasets. We identify significant potential globally for FPV hybridized with hydropower ranging from 3.0 TW to 7.6 TW (4,251 TWh to 10,616 TWh annual generation), based on the assumptions made. We detail operational benefits that these hybrid systems may provide that could be quantified in future modeling and/or analyses of existing or planned hybrid systems.
Wie Wissenschaftler die wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung ein- und umsetzen

Der Erfolg wissenschaftlicher Arbeitsprozesse darf nicht nur von der Ehrlichkeit derjenigen abhangen, die sie anwenden. Obwohl offener Betrug selten ist, gibt es viele Situationen, in denen auch Wissenschaftler sich der Tauschung, Luge, des Pfuschs oder der Fehler schuldig machen konnen. Denn naturlich unterliegen sie den gleichen kognitiven Verzerrungen (Biases), denen wir alle unterliegen und die – wenn sie nicht aktiv eingedammt werden – die wissenschaftliche Glaubwurdigkeit beeintrachtigen konnen.
If humans design the planet: A call for psychological scientists to engage with climate engineering.

As efforts to control climate change gain momentum, so too does the possibility that some global actor(s) will deploy one or more forms of climate engineering. Climate engineering refers to large-scale and deliberate activities intended to change either the carbon-balance or energy-balance of the planet. Climate engineering approaches are untested, involve deep uncertainty, and have far-reaching consequences. Nevertheless, many scientists expect that, relative to conventional mitigation approaches, some climate-engineering approaches will prove less expensive and will require less coordination. They will also have more potential for unilateral deployment. Decisions to pursue climate engineering involve several psychosocial dimensions related to attitude and preference formation, decision making under uncertainty, interpersonal coordination, and health and well-being. Even the prospect of climate engineering could affect norms, goals, and beliefs. The field of psychological science should prepare to help society responsibly consider climate engineering alongside more conventional climate-change responses. This article lays out some initial questions and issues a call to action. It aims to provide common ground for a conversation between climatologists, policymakers, psychological scientists, and members of the public on the important behavioral touchpoints of climate engineering. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The First High-Resolution X-Ray Spectrum of Cygnus X-1: Soft X-Ray Ionization and Absorption

We observed the black hole candidate Cyg X-1 for 15 ks with the High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer aboard the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The source was observed during a period of intense flaring activity, so it was about a factor of 2.5 brighter than usual, with a 0.5-10 keV (1-24 ?) luminosity of 1.6 ? 1037 ergs s-1 (at a distance of 2.5 kpc). The spectrum of the source shows prominent absorption edges, some of which have a complicated substructure. We use the most recent results from laboratory measurements and calculations to model the observed substructure of the edges. From the model, we derive a total absorption column of (6.21 ? 0.22) ? 1021 cm-2. Furthermore, the results indicate that there are ~ 10%-25% abundance variations relative to solar values for neon, oxygen, and iron. The X-ray continuum is well described by a two-component model that is often adopted for black hole candidates: a soft multicolor disk component (with kT = 203 eV) and a hard power-law component (with a photon index of ~2). Comparing the fit results to those of the hard and soft states, we conclude that the source was in a transitional state. Finally, the spectrum also shows the presence of faint emission lines, which could be attributed to highly ionized species.
Did Swift measure GRB prompt emission radii

The Swift X-Ray Telescope often observes a rapidly decaying X-ray emission stretching to as long as $ t \sim 10^3$ seconds after a conventional prompt phase. This component is most likely due to a prompt emission viewed at large observer angles $\theta > 1/\Gamma$, where $\theta\sim 0.1$ is a typical viewing angle of the jet and$\Gamma\geq 100$ is the Lorentz factor of the flow during the prompt phase. This can be used to estimate the prompt emission radii, $r_{em} \geq 2 t c/\theta^2 \sim 6 \times 10^{15}$ cm. These radii are much larger than is assumed within a framework of a fireball model. Such large emission radii can be reconciled with a fast variability, on time scales as short as milliseconds, if the emission is beamed in the bulk outflow frame, e.g. due to a random relativistic motion of ''fundamental emitters''. This may also offer a possible explanation for X-ray flares observed during early afterglows.