cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison and Evaluation of in-situ Bio-Denitrification Systems for Nitrate Reduction in Groundwater

Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a growing problem in the U.S. and throughout the world. This paper examines the potential application of in-situ bio-denitrification to reduce nitrates in groundwater to an acceptable level as well as pertinent parameters that control the process. Results from laboratory experiments designed to simulate in-situ bio-denitrification using an aquifer model are compared to results of experiments reported in the literature. The results indicate that while denitrification can be effective in reducing nitrates in contaminated groundwater, serious aquifer plugging problems can be expected. Furthermore, the avoidance of the plugging problem requires that careful management schemes be implemented during in-situ treatment The results of field-scale experiments in Europe and other areas generally confirm the efficacy of bio-denitrification. However, aquifer plugging was not reported by some of these studies or appeared to be downgraded by others. In some cases, this problem was reported as having serious ramifications on the success or failure of bio-denitrification. In addition to aquifer plugging, other problems can be expected. These include residual organics and the presence of large bacterial counts in the treated water with subsequent potential effects on the water turbidity, disinfection requirements, and public health acceptability.
Biological complexity and robustness

This talk will describe qualitatively in as much detail as time allows these features of biological systems and their parallels in technology, using hopefully familiar and concrete examples. The aim is to be accessible to biologists, and not to depend critically on the mathematical framework. A crucial insight is that both evolution and natural selection or engineering design must produce high robustness to uncertain environments and components in order for systems to persist. Yet this allows and even facilitates severe fragility to novel perturbations, particularly those that exploit the very mechanisms providing robustness, and this "robust yet fragile" (RYF) feature must be exploited explicitly in any theory that hopes to scale to large systems. Time permitting, the mathematical research implications will be sketched of this view of "organized complexity" in biology, technology, and mathematics. This view contrasts sharply with that of "emergent complexity" popular in other areas of science in a way that can now be made mathematically precise
Total Transthoracic Approach Facilitates Laparoscopic Hepatic Resection in Patients with Significant Prior Abdominal Surgery.

While the oncologic safety of minimally invasive hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases (CLM) has been demonstrated, lesions in the postero-superior segments may be challenging.1 – 3 For these lesions, a transthoracic approach may be particularly helpful, especially in patients with a hostile/reoperative abdomen or morbid obesity.4 , 5 A 43-year-old man with a body mass index of 36.0 who had undergone rectosigmoid resection for primary cancer 5 years ago recurred with a solitary liver metastasis in SVIII. He had previously undergone the following resections for metachronous CLM: (i) partial resections of SV/VIII and SII/III; (ii) ablation for SVII; and (iii) left hepatectomy, common bile duct resection, and choledochojejunostomy. Following four cycles of FOLFIRI/panitumumab with good response, the patient was considered for his fourth abdominal cancer intervention via a thoracoscopic approach. In a modified French position with left-lung ventilation, access to the right thoracic cavity was gained. Following thoracic adhesiolysis, transdiaphragmatic intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) was performed. To ensure optimal margins, IOUS-guided transthoracic hepatic resection with partial resection of the diaphragm was conducted. The diaphragm was reconstructed and a chest tube placed. Operative time was 247 min, with an estimated blood loss of 100 mL. Postoperative recovery was uneventful; pathology demonstrated no viable tumor, with the closest margin 5 mm from the necrotic area. Transthoracic hepatic resection of SVIII can optimize the port–target axis while minimizing morbidity. A systematic approach that includes precise port positioning, non-traumatic intrathoracic adhesiolysis, and meticulous transdiaphragmatic IOUS-guided parenchymal transection can optimize outcomes.
“The Thin End of the Wedge”: How Things Start in Dubliners

In this chapter, Claire Culleton sets out to challenge the many arguments that focus on paralysis in Joyce’s Dublin, and she argues that instead of paralysis, what we find in Dubliners is incredible movement. Having grown tired of the amount of scholarship and the innumerable study guides that focus on paralysis in Joyce’s collection, Culleton invites us to embrace a new Dublin imaginary, one not crippled or stalled by moral and intellectual paralysis, but one rife with possibilities, optimistic, even.
Structurally diverse divalent metal pyromellitate coordination polymers with very long spanning dipyridylamide ligands

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of divalent metal nitrates, pyromellitic acid (pymH 4 ), and either 1,6-hexanediaminebis(nicotinamide) (hbn) or 1,6-hexanediaminebis(isonicotinamide) (hbin) afforded crystalline coordination polymers whose dimensionality depends synergistically on the dipyridylamide nitrogen donor disposition and metal coordination environment. These new phases were structurally characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [Cd(pymH 2 )(hbn)(H 2 O) 2 ] n ( 1 ) and [Co(pymH 2 )(hbn)(H 2 O) 2 ] n ( 2 ) display isostructural (4,4) grid topologies with [M(pymH 2 )(H 2 O) 2 ] n chains pillared by hbn ligands. {[Cu 2 (pym)(hbn)(H 2 O) 2 ]·2H 2 O} n ( 3 ) manifests a 3D 3,4-connected network with a rare (8 3 ) 2 (8 6 ) topology built from the hbn pillaring of [Cu 2 (pym)(H 2 O)] n layer motifs. {[Zn 2 (pym)(hbin) 2 (H 2 O)]·H 2 O} n ( 4 ) shows a 1D ribbon motif based on [Zn 2 (OCCCCO) 2 ] 14-membered circuits. {[Ni 2 (pym)(hbin)(H 2 O) 4 ]·3H 2 O} n ( 5 ) exhibits 3,4-connected layer motifs with rare {4.6 2 } 2 {4 2 6 2 8 2 } topology. Luminescent behavior in 1 and 4 is ascribed to intra-ligand molecular orbital transitions. These phases were also surveyed for the ability to detect nitrobenzene in ethanol suspension. Thermal decomposition behavior of 1 – 5 is also discussed herein.
Abstract IA28: Colorectal cancer screening and diagnostic services for urban and rural safety-net-settings

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality and a relatively common cancer diagnosis in the United States. CRC screening is effective and cost-effective for reducing mortality. Screening rates for CRC, while increasing, are lower than for many other cancer screening tests. There is a clear benefit to early detection. Early stage CRC is often treatable, with five year survival rates over 90%. Later stage CRCs are associated with poorer outcomes. Furthermore, CRC Screening is notable in its ability to prevent cancers through the detection and removal of pre-cancerous polyps. There are several USPSTF-recommended options for screening. Cancer health disparities are evident in CRC. Under- or un-insured and lower income adults generally have lower rates of screening, later stage at diagnosis, and poorer survival outcomes. Many of these adults seek care in the healthcare “safety-net”, including federally qualified health centers. Such settings themselves are often under-resourced. Methods: Our team has studied CRC screening from multiple perspectives in the safety-net setting across several studies. Most recently, we conducted a cluster randomized trial to promote CRC screening across several rural and urban health centers. The trial applied principles of community-based participatory research and intervened at the patient and provider/clinic levels. Implementation outcomes were monitored and recorded. Findings: Implementation of screening and screening programs in safety-net settings face unique challenges and researchers need to be aware of the context in which these patients are seeking and receiving their healthcare. Given the high cost of diagnostic follow-up for positive FOBT/.FIT, and the costs of colonoscopy even for screening, many safety-net patients face barriers to screening and follow-up. This talk will explore the cross-section of health disparities research and implementation and dissemination research, highlighting data from community-engaged research and community-clinical-academic partnership in the Program for the Elimination of Cancer Disparities, an NCI-funded community networks program center. Citation Format: Aimee S. James. Colorectal cancer screening and diagnostic services for urban and rural safety-net-settings. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA28.
Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis and trafficking – impact on human disease conditions

Iron–sulfur clusters (Fe–S) are one of the most ancient, ubiquitous and versatile classes of metal cofactors found in nature. Proteins that contain Fe–S clusters constitute one of the largest families of proteins, with varied functions that include electron transport, regulation of gene expression, substrate binding and activation, radical generation, and, more recently discovered, DNA repair. Research during the past two decades has shown that mitochondria are central to the biogenesis of Fe–S clusters in eukaryotic cells via a conserved cluster assembly machinery (ISC assembly machinery) that also controls the synthesis of Fe–S clusters of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Several key steps for synthesis and trafficking have been determined for mitochondrial Fe–S clusters, as well as the cytosol (CIA – cytosolic iron–sulfur protein assembly), but detailed mechanisms of cluster biosynthesis, transport, and exchange are not well established. Genetic mutations and the instability of certain steps in the biosynthesis and maturation of mitochondrial, cytosolic and nuclear Fe–S cluster proteins affects overall cellular iron homeostasis and can lead to severe metabolic, systemic, neurological and hematological diseases, often resulting in fatality. In this review we briefly summarize the current molecular understanding of both mitochondrial ISC and CIA assembly machineries, and present a comprehensive overview of various associated inborn human disease states.
Alfred Hitchcock’s Three Investigators Series

In an attempt to capitalize on the Hitchcock name and cachet to sell a series of juvenile books, Random House launched the popular Three Investigators series, created by Robert Arthur Jr. in 1964. Although the early volumes bore Hitchcock’s name, he had, in fact, very little to do with the series. At the same time, the Hitchcock brand was indispensable for the success of Arthur’s novels, for it was extremely popular in the USA at that time because of his various films and television efforts. This chapter assesses the role which Hitchcock and the Hitchcock Touch played in the creation and marketing of the Three Investigators.
Parent perspectives on inclusive education in Budapest

The purpose of this study was to better understand parents’ perspectives of education in Budapest, particularly parents of children with disabilities or children who struggle with learning. Nine pa...
Clinical Geropsychology: Implications for Practice in Medical Settings

Older adults are a rapidly growing segment of the population, who have high rates of chronic illness and who utilize health care resources heavily. Psychologists must become better prepared to work with older patients in geriatric settings, including geriatric assessment units, memory disorders clinics, and nursing homes. In addition, all psychologists will increasingly encounter older patients in environments such as primary care clinics, rehabilitation settings, and disease management programs focusing on problems that are prevalent in older patients (e.g., cancer, diabetes). Suggestions are offered for adaptation of usual clinical practice to address the special needs of older patients and their families, and recommendations made for advancing and expanding the practice of clinical geropsychology.
Modified Approach to Stroke Rehabilitation (MAStR)-Feasibility Study (P5.016)

Objective: Training and implementation for a novel stroke rehabilitation method emphasizing procedural memory. Background: Current practice in stroke rehabilitation relies strongly on explicit memory, often compromised by stroke, while failing to capitalize on better-preserved procedural memory skills. Improvement in procedural memory requires consistency and practice. We designed a method (MAStR) to maximize consistency and practice for transfer training (e.g., moving from bed to wheelchair). Design/Methods: MAStR has two innovations: 1) simplification of instructions to only 3 words with all other direction provided nonverbally; 2) having all rehabilitation staff use the same approach every time the patient is moved. Staff training in MAStR included review of written material describing the rationale for MAStR and demonstration of a transfer using MAStR. Each trainee was certified following accurate responses to 4 written questions and correct completion of two transfers using MAStR. Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Therapeutic Recreation, Nursing, and Nursing aide staff were trained prior to treatment group enrollment. Stroke patients assigned to control group (C) received standard rehabilitation therapy. Patients assigned to treatment (T) group completed each transfer with MAStR. Results: The MAStR method was taught to a large, multidisciplinary rehabilitation staff (n=32). Training and certification required 15 minutes per staff member. Ten patients (C n=5, T n=5) were enrolled. No transfers with MAStR resulted in injury, no negative feedback was received from staff or patients. Staff reported satisfaction with the brief MAStR training and reported transfers were easier to complete with the MAStR method. Conclusions: This study demonstrated feasibility of an innovative stroke rehabilitation method that emphasizes procedural memory skills. All rehabilitation disciplines were successfully trained and certified. MAStR was well-tolerated and liked by rehabilitation staff and patients. Use of MAStR by all staff promotes consistent transfer training across the entire rehabilitation stay (24 hours day/7 days per week). Disclosure: Dr. Pavol has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bassile has nothing to disclose. Dr. Callender has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ferreira has nothing to disclose. Dr. Harmon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lehman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shinn has nothing to disclose. Dr. St. James has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stein has nothing to disclose.
mTOR and Cancer Therapy: General Principles

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in coordinating cell cycle progression in response to intracellular and extracellular queues. Pathways upstream of mTORC1, a complex that controls cap-dependent translation, are dysregulated in most human cancers. Dysregulation downstream of mTORC1 also occurs in many human cancers. In model systems activation of mTORC1 increases the incidence and penetrance of cancer, as does overexpression of eIF4E, the RNA cap-binding protein that is regulated by mTORC1 signaling. The mTORC1 complex regulates translation of cell cycle regulators, angiogenic factors, as well as factors that control cell motility. However, the role of the mTORC2 complex is less well defined, but activation of mTORC2, and phosphorylation of at least one substrate AKT(S473), may activate survival pathways. Taken together, there is compelling data to support development of cancer therapies that abrogate mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 signaling either directly or at sites upstream or downstream of this complex.
Description of the Services, Activities, and Interventions Within School-Based Physical Therapist Practices Across the United States.

Background Students with disabilities receive school-based physical therapy services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. Little research exists regarding therapy services in schools. Objective This study explored the school-based services that students received and the activities and interventions that physical therapists implemented, and determined if services differed based on the student's functional gross motor ability and age. Design This was a prospective observational cohort study using a practice-based evidence design. Methods Data were collected by 109 physical therapists for 296 students, aged 5 to 12 years, receiving school-based physical therapy. Physical therapists completed the School-Physical Therapy Interventions for Pediatrics data form for 20 weeks during 1 school year. This evaluation included the type of service delivery, the amount of time spent on each student (consultation/documentation), minutes spent in activities, the specific interventions implemented, and the student's level of participation. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was used to describe the students' functional ability. Results Physical therapists provided an average of 26.7 min/wk (standard deviation [SD] = 15.1) of direct services and 13.1 min/wk (SD = 7.7) of services on behalf of the student. Primary activities were physical education/recreation (7.7 min/wk, SD = 8.2), mobility (6.7 min/wk, SD = 7.9), and sitting/standing/transitions (6.3 min/wk, SD = 8.1). Primary interventions were neuromuscular (32.5 counts per student, SD = 15.9), mobility (15.3 counts per student, SD = 14.65), and musculoskeletal (14.4 counts per student, SD = 10.3). Differences existed based on GMFCS but not student age. Limitations Physical therapists reported School-Physical Therapy Interventions for Pediatrics data weekly, not necessarily after each therapy session. The GMFCS was used as a proxy of students' functional gross motor ability. Conclusions Our description of services is provided to encourage physical therapists to reflect on the services they provide and to foster future examinations of service effectiveness.
A Propensity-matched Survival Analysis: Do Simultaneous Liver-lung Transplant Recipients Need a Liver?

Background.There is debate whether simultaneous lung-liver transplant (LLT) long-term outcomes warrant allocation of 2 organs to a single recipient. We hypothesized that LLT recipients would have improved posttransplant survival compared with matched single-organ lung recipients with an equivalent d
Temperature Dependent Spectroscopic Properties of Cu+ and Dy3+ Co-Doped Phosphate Glass: Band Gap Analysis and Cu Nanocluster-Enhanced Dy3+ Luminescence.

This paper reports on the effects of temperature on light absorption and emission in Cu+ and Dy3+ co-doped phosphate glass, which is of interest for photonic applications. First, the temperature dependence of the absorption edge of the glass in connection with Cu+ ions absorption was assessed. A thermally-induced red shift attributed to Cu+ ion-lattice interactions was observed and analyzed through optical band gap determinations in the context of indirect-allowed transitions. Application of the Varshni model for the dependence of the energy gaps with temperature allowed to estimate the 0 K energy gap at 2.87 (±0.01) eV. Furthermore, Dy3+ photoluminescence (PL) along with Cu nanoparticles (NPs) absorption was monitored in real-time during an isothermal treatment by the in situ concurrent PL and absorption microspectroscopy technique. Periods of enhancement and quenching of Dy3+ emission linked to bidirectional energy transfer processes involving non-plasmonic Cu clusters and plasmonic Cu NPs were revealed. The formation of Cu NPs was promoted by tin(II) used as reductant. It is the first time to the author's knowledge that the 0 K energy gap is estimated for a highly Cu+ -doped glass and that the enhancement of Dy3+ PL by Cu clusters is exposed.
Finding the Question: A Puzzle-Based Approach to the Logic of Discovery

AbstractWhen it comes to research design, the literature largely focuses on prescriptions for strengthening causal inference—identifying confounders, selecting appropriately comparable cases, gener...
Working memory loads differentially influence frame-induced bias and normative choice in risky decision making

Risky decision making can be biased by several types of contextual factors-in particular, framing of outcomes. A popular explanation for outcome framing effects is based on presumed affective reactions that contribute to accepting sure gains and avoiding sure losses. Other theories propose that selective weighting of information about gains and losses contributes to framing bias. Prior research on framing bias has focused on preferences rather than on decisions in which choices can be classified as advantageous (correct) or disadvantageous (incorrect) by a normative criterion. The current study used a novel hypothetical risky decision making task offering choices between a sure option and a gamble option. The gamble was advantageous or disadvantageous on different trials based on the normative criterion of expected value. Results showed risk avoidance with a gain frame and risk seeking with a loss frame, comparable to findings when choices involve preferences. We also examined the impact of working memory loads of either non-affective stimuli, most likely to interfere with acquisition of choice information, or affective stimuli, which might influence affective processes contributing to framing. The results were that non-affective working memory load produced the greatest framing magnitude, while affective load produced changes in framing magnitude across trials that varied by valence. In addition, only the non-affective load decreased advantageous choices and reduced the accuracy of answers to knowledge probe questions about the choices. The findings are consistent with the notion that framing effects may arise from cognitive non-engagement with the task, rather than arising by way of affective processes. Affective loads had a limited influence on framing and no reliable impact on choice accuracy or choice knowledge, suggesting that the affective loads influenced the weighting of choice information.
"It Changed My Life": Traumatic Loss, Behavioral Health, and Turning Points Among Gang-Involved and Justice-Involved Youth.

An especially vulnerable population to traumatic loss, violence exposure, and posttraumatic stress symptoms are those involved in the juvenile justice system. However, justice-involved youth are no...
Defining a FISH chromosomal aneusomy panel for predicting lung cancer in the setting of CT-detected lung nodules.

10580 Background: Early detection of lung cancer by CT is supported by the National Lung Screening Trial; but while sensitivity of CT is high, specificity is low. Biomarkers to predict the malignan...
Vulnerability of the developing airway

Longer term respiratory morbidity is a frequent concern for former preterm infants. Increased airway reactivity and wheezing disorders are extremely common in this population, both in infants who meet diagnostic criteria for bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD], and in the absence of this diagnosis. It is, therefore, imperative to gain a better understanding of normal and abnormal postnatal development of the immature airway. Airway hyperreactivity may be secondary to abnormal bronchoalveolar attachments in the face of parenchymal lung injury, or secondary to an imbalance between constrictor and dilator neural pathways. Finally, the airway itself may undergo functional and/or structural changes, including increased airway smooth muscle mass, and changes in airway extracellular matrix which may, in turn, modulate downstream signaling pathways to hyperoxia or pressure exposed vulnerable airways.
Right Ventricular Strain Predicts Structural Disease Progression in Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy.

Background Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited condition associated with ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction; however, limited data exist on identi...
A community approach to promote household water security: Combining centralized and decentralized access in remote Alaskan communities

Abstract The relationship between human health and water quantity is less understood than that of water quality. Based on earlier studies, the WHO has established a threshold of 13.2 gallons per person per day (gal/c/d) (50 L per person per day or l/c/d) of water as sufficient for health [26]. In remote and low income communities where piped water and sanitation systems do not exist, residents may seek water from multiple sources and use water for different purposes at multiple locations. In this paper, we aim to assess the quantity of water needed for different hygiene and physiologic needs and whether that water is required in the home and could be provided through a decentralized water and sanitation system or if it could be used at an alternate location. Using known appliance water flow rates and established or reasonable duration and frequency of use, we determine that the overall water need for a household of 5.5 persons assuming low-frequency use across categories (e.g. cooking, handwashing, laundry etc.) is 79.0 gallons/household (299 L/household), which equates to a total use of 14.4 gal/c/d (54.5 l/c/d). Assuming a functional centralized shower and laundry facility, 20.2 gallons (76.5 L) are needed in the home per day, equivalent to 3.7 gal/c/d (14 l/c/d). We conclude that, when combined with access to centralized laundry and shower facilities, decentralized in-home water and sanitation systems can facilitate sufficient water use to protect health.
A Birman exact sequence for the Torelli subgroup of Aut(Fn)

We develop an analogue of the Birman exact sequence for the Torelli subgroup of Aut(Fn). This builds on earlier work of the authors, who studied an analogue of the Birman exact sequence for the entire group Aut(Fn). These results play an important role in the authors’ recent work on the second homology group of the Torelli group.
Impact of therapeutic rest in early labor on perinatal outcomes: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Pain and exhaustion in early labor are important to address, yet treatment options are limited. Therapeutic rest has existed for decades, although medication regimens and management strategies vary. In addition, there are little prospective data on perinatal outcomes and patient satisfaction to support and guide its use as an outpatient pain control option. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate whether outpatient therapeutic rest in early labor using intramuscular morphine sulfate and promethazine is associated with differences in perinatal outcomes and to assess patient satisfaction with this therapy. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care academic medical center from September 2017 to April 2020. Participants presenting to the hospital for labor evaluation were offered therapeutic rest if they met the following criteria: reassuring modified biophysical profile, cervical dilation of ≤5 cm without contraindications to vaginal delivery, and plan to discharge home after evaluation. The primary outcome was subsequent hospital admission in active labor, defined as cervical dilation of ≥6 cm. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization duration and perinatal outcomes. The outcomes between participants who accepted therapeutic rest and those who declined it were compared. All P values were calculated using the Fisher exact test, and multivariable regression was used to adjust for potential confounding baseline variables with P RESULTS: Of the 82 individuals offered therapeutic rest and consented for the study, 66 (80%) accepted and 16 (20%) declined. Although the rate of active labor at admission to the labor and delivery unit in the treatment group was markedly higher (26% [17 of 66] vs 13% [2 of 16]), this difference was not statistically significant (P=.3) (adjusted relative risk, 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.44–7.89). Women who received therapeutic rest were less likely to require induction of labor compared with those who declined therapeutic rest (adjusted relative risk, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.041–0.54). There was no difference between the groups in mode of delivery, epidural use, length of hospitalization, maternal complications, or adverse neonatal outcomes. These findings persisted in our prespecified sensitivity analysis, limiting the study to nulliparous participants. A subset (27 of 66 [40%]) of women were surveyed after receiving therapeutic rest, and all women (n=27) who were surveyed reported satisfaction. CONCLUSION: There was no detectable difference in the primary outcome of active labor at admission between patients who accepted outpatient therapeutic rest and those who declined it. However, fewer participants in the treatment group eventually required induction of labor, and this group did not experience an increase in adverse perinatal outcomes. Among the participants surveyed, a high rate of treatment satisfaction was reported. This study suggested that therapeutic rest is a well-tolerated and effective option for outpatient pain control in early labor.
Remdesivir: Preliminary Data and Clinical Use Versus Recommended Use.

* Abbreviations: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 FDA — : Food and Drug Administration Remdesivir inhibits viral replication of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 in vitro and has been shown to reduce time to recovery in adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is currently the only antiviral approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19.1–4 Although remdesivir is being used in children with COVID-19, it is not approved for patients <12 years of age. Fortunately, if treatment with remdesivir of COVID-19 meets key assumptions, the drug may qualify for the extrapolation pathway, whereby efficacy data in adults can be used to support efficacy in children. However, safety data cannot be extrapolated; population-specific safety data are needed to support FDA labeling for pediatric use. Thus, we read with anticipation the safety data on compassionate use of remdesivir in 77 children with severe COVID-19 presented by Goldman et al5 in this issue of Pediatrics . Goldman et al5 describe low rates of adverse events, including elevated liver aminotransferase levels and anemia, similar to the safety profile seen in adults receiving remdesivir. In light of these data, we will consider whether the concept of extrapolation could be used to support efficacy of remdesivir in children … Address correspondence to Danny K. Benjamin, MD, PhD, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham Centre, Suite 800, 300 W Morgan St., Durham, NC 27701. E-mail: danny.benjamin{at}duke.edu
Coherent inverse Compton scattering by bunches in fast radio bursts

The extremely high brightness temperature of fast radio bursts (FRBs) requires that their emission mechanism must be "coherent", either through concerted particle emission by bunches or through an exponential growth of a plasma wave mode or radiation amplitude via certain maser mechanisms. The bunching mechanism has been mostly discussed within the context of curvature radiation or cyclotron/synchrotron radiation. Here we propose a family of model invoking coherent inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of bunched particles that may operate within or just outside of the magnetosphere of a flaring magnetar. Crustal oscillations during the flaring event may excite low-frequency electromagnetic waves near the magnetar surface. The X-mode of these waves could penetrate through the magnetosphere. Bunched relativistic particles in the charge starved region inside the magnetosphere or in the current sheet outside of the magnetosphere would upscatter these low-frequency waves to produce GHz emission to power FRBs. The ICS mechanism has a much larger emission power for individual electrons than curvature radiation. This greatly reduces the required degree of coherence in bunches, alleviating several criticisms to the bunching mechanism raised in the context of curvature radiation. The emission is $\sim 100\%$ linearly polarized (with the possibility of developing circular polarization) with a constant or varying polarization angle across each burst. The mechanism can account for a narrow-band spectrum and a frequency downdrifting pattern, as commonly observed in repeating FRBs.
Near-UV photodissociation of phosphopeptide cation-radicals

Abstract Laser photodissociation at 355 nm (near-UVPD) of phosphopeptide cation-radicals provides information on the position of the radical center and the phosphorylated serine residue. Cation-radicals of the z type are produced by electron transfer dissociation of peptide dications from pSAAAR, ApSAAR, AApSAR, and AAApSR and found to absorb light at 355 nm to undergo photodissociation. Near-UVPD can induce backbone dissociation of the CO NH bond next to the radical center on its N-terminal side concurrent with only minor radical scrambling and loss of the post-translational modification. The pSer residue effectively blocks backbone cleavage when the radical site is in its closest vicinity. Near-UVPD of loss-of-ammonia fragment ions produced by ETD results in backbone dissociations that distinguish isomeric ions differing in the site of ammonia loss. The experimental data are interpreted with the help of ab initio and density functional theory calculations of ion structures, transition states, and excitation energies.
2D median filtering and pseudo median filtering

Two-dimensional median filtering is an important technique in image processing for noise removal. A simple-to-compute function, the pseudo median, which approximates the true median filter, is described. The pseudo median is compared with the true median, and a theorem is presented which shows the closeness of the two. Algorithms for implementing the true median and pseudomedian functions on parallel array processors are described. >
Symbiosis of static analysis and program testing

The fundamental fact about verifying properties of software, by any means, is that almost anything worth knowing is undecidable in principle. The limitations of software testing, on the one hand, and static analysis on the other, are just different manifestations of this one basic fact. Because both approaches to verification are ultimately doomed, neither is likely to supplant the other in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, each can complement the other, and some of the most promising avenues of research are in combinations and hybrid techniques.
Nursing and the resolution of ethical dilemmas

Inherent to Nursing Care, ethical dimension includes having to decide about the dilemmas that arise in practice. Experience shows that generally we do not have a reference and then sufficient training to judge the ethical quality of our decisions and actions, reason why, in this article some methods are introduced that will facilitate this ethical analysis when faced with a conflict or dilemma that warrants it.
Wireless SAW Strain Sensor Using Orthogonal Frequency Coding

Wireless sensors offer a unique solution for many applications where wired designs may not be feasible. This paper presents the design and experimental results of a passive, wireless surface acoustic wave (SAW) strain sensor using orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) for the device identification. The sensor operates at a frequency of 915 MHz with a bandwidth of 68 MHz. A vector network analyzer is used to interrogate the sensor from a range of 60 cm (2 ft), with further range possible by increased transmitter output power or averaging. The sensor is bonded directly to a steel cantilever test structure and could be attached directly to other structures. An external connection site facilitates an antenna, with bond wires joining the connection site to the SAW die. A 3-D printed package protects the sensor while allowing the antenna to be mounted externally from the sensor package. Experimental results show that the wireless SAW strain sensor performs comparably to a wired, commercial strain gage. In addition, the strain sensitivity is extracted for this SAW OFC strain sensor embodiment which describes the frequency shift with the applied strain (−1.80 ppm/ $\mu \varepsilon $ ).
Characterization and control of surfactant-mediated Norovirus interactions

Understanding of the colloidal interactions of Norovirus particles in aqueous medium could provide insights on the origins of the notorious stability and infectivity of these widespread viral agents. We characterized the effects of solution pH and surfactant type and concentration on the aggregation, dispersion, and disassembly of Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) using dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Owing to net negative surface charge of the VLPs at neutral pH, low concentrations of cationic surfactant tend to aggregate the VLPs, whereas low concentrations of anionic surfactant tend to disperse the particles. Increasing the concentration of these surfactants beyond their critical micelle concentration leads to virus capsid disassembly and breakdown of aggregates. Non-ionic surfactants, however, had little effect on virus interactions and likely stabilized them additionally in suspension. The data were interpreted on the basis of simple models for surfactant binding and re-charging of the virus capsid. We used zeta potential data to characterize virus surface charge and interpret the mechanisms behind these demonstrated surfactant-virus interactions. The fundamental understanding and control of these interactions will aid in practical formulations for virus inactivation and removal from contaminated surfaces.
Love Thy Neighbors: Image Annotation by Exploiting Image Metadata

Some images that are difficult to recognize on their own may become more clear in the context of a neighborhood of related images with similar social-network metadata. We build on this intuition to improve multilabel image annotation. Our model uses image metadata nonparametrically to generate neighborhoods of related images using Jaccard similarities, then uses a deep neural network to blend visual information from the image and its neighbors. Prior work typically models image metadata parametrically, in contrast, our nonparametric treatment allows our model to perform well even when the vocabulary of metadata changes between training and testing. We perform comprehensive experiments on the NUS-WIDE dataset, where we show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods for multilabel image annotation even when our model is forced to generalize to new types of metadata.
US Study Abroad from the Periphery to the Center of the Global Curriculum in the Information Age

The Higher Education Act of 1965 for the first time gave discretionary authority to campuses to use federal fnancial aid in support of students studying abroad. Thereafter, US study abroad has thus evolved from the periphery to the center of the global curriculum. In 2005 the Lincoln Commission report proposed an ambitious goal of sending one million students abroad each year to promote educational and cultural exchange for intercultural understanding, peace and global citizenship. Following this recommendation a legislative and federal policy, the Senator Paul Simon Study Abroad Foundation Act, was approved in June 2009 by the US House of Representatives authorizing generous funding for fiscal years 2010 and 2011 to the US Department of State and Peace Corps for innovative new programs that would enhance US capacity to engage with the world. The article traces this historic expansion effort, its link with the current pedagogical discourse on global citizenship and reflects on its relation to the ideology...
CE-MALDI interface based on inkjet technology.

An ink jet printer valve and nozzle were used to deliver matrix and sample from an electrophoresis capillary onto a MALDI plate. The system was evaluated by separation of a set of standard peptides. That separation generated up to 40,000 theoretical plates in less than three minutes. Detection limits were 500 amol using an ABI TOF-TOF instrument and 2 fmol for an ABI Q-TOF instrument. Over 70% coverage was obtained for the tryptic digest of α-lactalbumin in less than 2.5 minutes.
Sphingolipids and their precursors in human brain (normal and MS).

In view of the deficits of sphingolipids and of nervonic acid in presence of normal quantities of cholesterol and total proteins in MS white matter reported earlier, the fatty acids of these lipids and of their possible precursors were analyzed. Small quantities of ceramides were present in all specimens. These, as well as the cerebrosides of 2 MS gray matters showed decreased ratios of long chain monounsaturated fatty acids. Reduction of the ratio of nervonic acid was succinct in the sphingomyelins and ceramides of several MS white matters and of the plaques, and was noted, to a lesser degree, in their cerebrosides and sulfatides. This was associated with an increase of the stearic acid ratio. Free fatty acids of both gray and white matter contained large proportions of C 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 20:4, and only minimal ones of C 24:0 acids. These findings in addition to absence of C 26:1 acid in ceramides suggest that elongation and desaturation are taking place during in vivo biosynthesis of cerebrosides and sphingomyelins. These processes appear to be deficient in MS and are discussed in context with biochemical and immunologic findings by other authors. Psychosine was not found in any of the adult or in one infants brain and its role as an in vivo precursor for sphingolipids is questionable.
Granule-by-granule reconstruction of a sandpile from x-ray microtomography data

Mesoscale disordered materials are ubiquitous in industry and in the environment. Any fundamental understanding of the transport and mechanical properties of such materials must follow from a thorough understanding of their structure. However, in the overwhelming majority of cases, experimental characterization of such materials has been limited to first- and second-order structural correlation functions, i.e., the mean filling fraction and the structural autocorrelation function. We report here the successful combination of synchrotron x-ray microtomography and image processing to determine the full three-dimensional real-space structure of a model disordered material, a granular bed of relatively monodisperse glass spheres. Specifically, we determine the center location and the local connectivity of each granule. This complete knowledge of structure can be used to calculate otherwise inaccessible high-order correlation functions. We analyze nematic order parameters for contact bonds to characterize the geometric anisotropy or fabric induced by the sample boundary conditions. Away from the boundaries we find short-range bond orientational order exhibiting characteristics of the underlying polytetrahedral structure.
Fatigue failure identification by time series model

Abstract In this paper an effective way of modeling stochastic strain data, for a fatigue failure identification based on the output response instead of the input is presented. Three steel specimens were tested to fatigue failure under stochastic loading, and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models of the correlated strain response were determined. The objectives are to be able to identify the dynamics of the failure system, and to describe the current condition of the testpiece by the model parameters, which reflect the physical characteristic of the dynamic process itself for a more realistic assessment of fatigue damage.
Brief Paper: Nonlinear Control of Servo - Systems Actuated by Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors

A motion control problem for electric drives and servo-systems actuated by permanent-magnet synchronous motors is studied. Using a complete nonlinear model in machine variables and applying the offered nonlinear mapping control framework, an innovative synthesis procedure is introduced to design the robust bounded controllers to ensure precise tracking and disturbance rejection. These control algorithms are different compare to existing structures, and the synthesized new class of nonlinear controllers maps the error vector and state variables. Compared with commonly used algorithms, the dynamic performance is improved and robustness is guaranteed due to nonlinear feedback. The admissibility concept is employed because control bounds are imposed. It is shown that the robust tracking is ensured, stability and disturbance attenuation are guaranteed in the specified state-output and state-error sets for admissible disturbances, reference inputs, and parameter variations. Experimental verification of the developed control framework and digital implementation of the synthesized innovative controllers have a significant merit. This paper reports application features. The thorough researched innovative concept in motion control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors together with commercially available advanced hardware are applied, and experiments are performed to validate the results.
FIGfams: yet another set of protein families

We present FIGfams, a new collection of over 100 000 protein families that are the product of manual curation and close strain comparison. Using the Subsystem approach the manual curation is carried out, ensuring a previously unattained degree of throughput and consistency. FIGfams are based on over 950 000 manually annotated proteins and across many hundred Bacteria and Archaea. Associated with each FIGfam is a two-tiered, rapid, accurate decision procedure to determine family membership for new proteins. FIGfams are freely available under an open source license. These can be downloaded at ftp://ftp.theseed.org/FIGfams/. The web site for FIGfams is http://www.theseed.org/wiki/FIGfams/
Charge migration along the DNA duplex: Hole versus electron transport

Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes tethered to 18-mer oligonucleotides through a functionalized dipyridophenazine ligand have been used to study the distance dependence profile of hole and electron transport along DNA. These DNA assemblies allow a direct comparison of hole and electron transport with a single donor coupled into the base stack. Interestingly, both processes, monitored with modified bases as hole or electron kinetic traps incorporated in the strands, appear to have similarly shallow dependences in their reactions with distance. As with hole transport, perturbations to the base stack also attenuate electron transport.
Application of mass spectrometry to the discovery of biomarkers for detection of prostate cancer

There has been an impressive emergence of mass spectrometry based technologies applied toward the study of proteins. Equally notable is the rapid adaptation of these technologies to biomedical approaches in the realm of clinical proteomics. Concerted efforts toward the elucidation of the proteomes of organ sites or specific disease state are proliferating and from these efforts come the promise of better diagnostics/prognostics and therapeutic intervention. Prostate cancer has been a focus of many such studies with the promise of improved care to patients via biomarkers derived from these proteomic approaches. The newer technologies provide higher analytical capabilities, employ automated liquid handling systems, fractionation techniques and bioinformatics tools for greater sensitivity and resolving power, more robust and higher throughput sample processing, and greater confidence in analytical results. In this prospects, we summarize the proteomic technologies applied to date in prostate cancer, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The development of newer proteomic strategies for use in future applications is also discussed.