cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature Photochemistry In Amorphous Films

Photochemical reactions of free radicals and ions in cryogenic films have been investigated using infrared absorption spectroscopy. The amorphous films are formed by vapor deposition of one or more reagents onto an optical window at 10-77 K. Reactive intermediates are generated by pulsed UV laser photolysis, and photochemical quantum yields for product formation are determined spectroscopically. Comparisons of our results with those in the gas or crystalline phases are useful for discerning reaction dynamics in amorphous solids. In this report, we discuss work in progress to investigate acid-catalyzed photoinitiation, oligomerization and polymerization of amorphous formaldehyde.
Temporal scaling of neural responses to compressed and dilated natural speech

Different brain areas integrate information over different timescales, and this capacity to accumulate information increases from early sensory areas to higher order perceptual and cognitive areas....
Correlation between Energy Spectral States and Fast Time Variability and Further Evidence for the Marginally Stable Orbit in 4U 1820?30

We report the results from a long-term monitoring data set obtained with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) from the bright globular cluster binary source 4U 1820-30. During this monitoring, the source flux varied from 2.9?10 -->?9 to 8.5?10 -->?9 ergs cm-2 s-1 in the 2-10 keV band, which correspond to, respectively, count rates of 1600 and 4500 counts s-1 in the nominal 2-60 keV RXTE proportional counter array band. Its energy spectral state was observed to encompass both the banana branches and the island state. Kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) were observed to exist in the upper banana and lower banana branches, as well as in the island state. In particular, we report that the kHz QPOs were present only when the soft color (defined as the flux ratio of the 3.9-5.0 keV band to the 1.7-3.9 keV band) was below 0.78 without regard to the overall count rate and without regard to whether the source is in any one of the three branches or states. Their centroid frequency was well correlated with the overall count rate below 2500 counts s-1. When the count rate was above 2500 counts s-1, the QPO frequency was consistent with a constant independent of the overall count rate. We take this as further evidence that the inner edge of the accretion had reached the marginally stable orbit, and therefore the constant 1060?20 Hz is the marginally stable orbit frequency.
Adequacy of EMS data collection during pediatric cardiac arrest: are EMTs getting the whole story?

Objective. To compare the initial emergency medical services (EMS) prehospital assessment of medical and traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric patient with that of the Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI) and assess differences and implications for EMS training and prevention.Design. Retrospective review of ambulance run forms with the OMI autopsy confirmations.Setting. An urban EMS system and the state Office of the Medical Investigator.Participants. Patients 15 years of age or less who were treated by prehospital personnel from November 1, 1990, to October 31, 1991, for a medical or traumatic arrest.Intervention. None. Measurements and Main Results. Ambulance runs were reported for 2,586 pediatric patients. Of these, 42 (1.6%) had suffered arrests, with 32 (76%) medical arrests and ten (24%) traumatic arrests. Children 1 year of age or less accounted for 75% of the medical arrests, while children more than 1 year of age accounted for 80% of the traumatic arrests (p = 0.003). Overall mort...
Polymer characterization by thermal evolution techniques

Abstract Thermal evolution techniques continuously monitor materials thermally evolved from a sample on controlled heating. Either stepwise detection of such volatiles as a function of temperature or time, or quantitative measurement and identification of these materials provides very useful information. Transducers include vacuum gauges, electrochemical devices, thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors, etc. These techniques have shown promise in studies of thermal stability and degradation mechanism, analysis of trace impurities and additives, and elucidation of polymer structures. Other applications are in the areas of vapor pressure measurement and toxicity studies of constituents in polymer systems.
The new teacher education in the United States: directions forward

There is now unprecedented emphasis on teacher quality in the USA and in many nations around the world with extremely high expectations for teacher performance. Based on the assumption that education and the economy are inextricably linked, it is now assumed that teachers can – and should – teach all students to world‐class standards, serve as the linchpins in educational reform, and produce a well‐qualified labor force to preserve the nation’s position in the global economy. This article builds on the argument that during the late 1990s and into the early 2000s, a ‘new teacher education’ emerged in the USA, which was constructed as a public policy problem, based on research and evidence, and driven by outcomes. This new teacher education is both for better and for worse. The article suggests that the trends that characterized the emergence of the new teacher education have continued and intensified, especially in light of larger national and global policy and political issues. Cochran‐Smith argues that e...
Far-ultraviolet background observations at high galactic latitude. I - The Coma Cluster

A series of high-galactic-latitude observations made with the Voyager 2 ultraviolet spectrometer are used to place stringent upper limits on the far-ultraviolet emissions from the central regions of the Coma Cluster of galaxies. In particular, consideration of the 912-1150 A region yields lower limits upon the radiative decay lifetimes of any neutrino species with masses in the range 22.1-27.8 eV, assuming massless decay products. Limits on the radiative decay lifetimes of such neutrinos are found to vary from 2.4 x 10 to the 25th to 7.1 x 10 to the 24th s, respectively, as a function of neutrino rest mass. This represents a substantial improvement over previous measurements.
Enrichment of CO2 in fluid inclusions in quartz by removal of H2O during crystal-plastic deformation

Ductile strain-induced leakage of H2O from mixed CO2 + H2O fluid inclusions in quartz is proposed as a mechanism for producing occurrences of pure CO2 fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks. The H2O needed for hydrolytic weakening of quartz under stress may be provided by the H2O in fluid inclusions. With dislocation creep, as dislocations nucleate on the walls of fluid inclusions or intersect them, H2O can be transported with the dislocations from the inclusion to the grain boundaries. The process should continue so long as there is stress on the host quartz and the inclusion contains H2O. The H2O taken to the grain boundaries would, due to its wetting properties, be wicked out along the grain boundaries. If the H2O is totally removed from an inclusion by a flux of dislocations through the quartz during the crystal-plastic flow, then a residual inclusion bearing components other than water should remain. A mixed CO2 + H2O inclusion would, as a consequence of the process, become a pure CO2 fluid inclusion. During dynamic recrystallization, the CO2 would collect at grain boundary triple junctions and, following grain boundary migration, would become incorporated into the recrystallized quartz as fluid inclusions. This mechanism of generating pure CO2 inclusions could result in CO2 fluid inclusions having densities appropriate for the pressure—temperature conditions during deformation. Using estimates of temperature of deformation, the total confining pressure during deformation could be determined from the density of the CO2 fluid in these inclusions.
Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult rats

For general anaesthesia, patients usually receive a combination of drugs, all of which are classified as γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) agonists, with two notable exceptions – ketamine and nitrous oxide (laughing gas, N2O) – which are antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. At clinically relevant doses both ketamine and N2O, like other NMDA antagonists, have the potential to induce psychotomimetic reactions in humans and to cause pathomorphological changes in cerebrocortical neurons in rat brain. Because drug combinations used in clinical anaesthesia sometimes include both ketamine and N2O, we undertook experiments to evaluate whether augmented neurotoxicity results from their combined use. Ketamine and N2O were administered alone or in combination by various dosing regimens to adult female rats for a duration of 3 h and the severity of cerebrocortical neurotoxic changes was quantified histologically. Because GABA agonists are known to protect against the psychotomimetic and neurotoxic effects of NMDA antagonists, we also evaluated whether the combined neurotoxicity of ketamine+N2O can be prevented by certain commonly used GABA agonists. When ketamine and N2O were used in combination the neurotoxic reaction was enhanced to a degree much greater than can be explained by simple additivity. The apparent synergistic interaction was particularly striking when low doses of the agents were combined, the degree of toxic synergism at higher doses being masked by a ceiling effect. GABA agonists protected against ketamine/N2O neurotoxicity. It is recommended that this information be taken into consideration in the selection of drugs to be used in multi-agent protocols for general anaesthesia. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 130, 1692–1698; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703479
A method for multiscale simulation of flowing complex fluids

Abstract The Brownian configuration fields (BCF) method provides an attractive approach to simultaneous solution of flow and microstructure problems in complex fluids. At the continuum level, it is implemented in an Eulerian reference frame (i.e. on a stationary computational mesh), which makes it amenable to standard computational approaches for convection problems, and at the microstructural level it simply involves adding a convective term to the evolution of individual Brownian dynamics trajectories. We present here a variation on BCF that may hold advantages over the original formulation. It uses a hybrid representation of the configurational distribution function (CDF), splitting a time step into two parts: (1) a standard Brownian dynamics step (here the CDF is implicitly represented as a superposition of delta-functions) and (2) a convective step, where the distribution is projected onto an orthogonal polynomial basis and convection problems are solved for the generalized Fourier coefficients, then “lifted” back to the delta-function basis. This approach, which we call operator-splitting coefficient-matching (OSCM) allows the solution of fewer convection problems per time step than BCF and guarantees spatial smoothness of the convected properties—in some sense it is a filtered version of BCF. We present comparisons of accuracy and computational efficiency of BCF and OSCM for a simple model problem involving bead-spring dumbbells and chains. The efficiency of the two methods is comparable, and in situations where the finite extensibility becomes important, BCF can lose accuracy, due to a loss of correlation between trajectories at different point in the flow domain, where OSCM does not.
Transitional cell carcinoma of ileal loop following cystectomy

This is the second case reported in the literature involving transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal loop. The case is described and the literature reviewed.
Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous cefazolin in prevention of early infections after pull-through gastrostomy tube placements

that IR is moderately to very important in patient care. Only 8% of students felt as though IR education was only mildly or not at all important to their education at the MS1 level. Of the aforementioned 8%, 2 of these students felt that IR education would not benefit them on the USMLE Step 1. Conclusion: By incorporating IR education into the MS1 curriculum we are able to positively influence a students’ understanding of the breadth of IR, recognition of IR as a clinical specialty, and interest in choosing IR as a specialty. For the 2013-2014 academic year, this elective has been integrated into the MS1 curriculum.
Computation and Information

We offer the explanation that computation can be seen as a transformation or function of information.
Locally supersymmetric string Jacobian

A representation of the superstring Jacobian is given for a general choice of the gauge slice e-italic-circumflex/sub a//sub ..mu../(x), psi-circumflex/sub ..mu../(x), A-italic-circumflex(x). The expression involves an integral over the expected ghost fields c/sub a/(x) and lambda(x) and traceless antighost fields b/sup a//sup b/(x) and ..beta..(x), and the action is invariant under local supersymmetry and super-Weyl transformations. Conserved currents of the ghost system are calculated directly from this action.
Collaborative Partnerships in a Language in the Classroom Program

This exchange describes the key components for establishing collaborative partnerships in the delivery of services to children with communication disorders: establishing a transdisciplinary approac...
Corporate governance and the market impact of the Financial Services Modernization act of 1999 on bank returns and trading volume

Recent deregulation of financial services by the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, also known as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB), places more reliance on corporate governance to oversee the actions of financial institutions. We examine whether corporate governance variables explain bank shareholder reaction to GLB passage. We find that banks with better board oversight react favorably to the GLB and banks with less effective board monitoring react less favorably to the GLB. Banks with lower leverage, lower insider ownership, less board activity, a smaller board, fewer inside directors, and less visibility respond more positively to the GLB. Results indicate investor approval of the legislative effort to increase the role of corporate governance in the banking industry and affirm the importance of effective corporate oversight among financial institutions.
Variable basis function for least squares for chemical classification in surface enhance Raman spectroscopy (SERS)

Surface enhanced Raman Scattering spectroscopy is a valuable tool for detecting and identifying chemical threats. One difficulty, however, in utilizing its full capabilities is that the spectrum is dependent upon the chemical orientation, and to a lesser extent, concentration. Spectral peaks can shift and even disappear as the concentration of the chemical present varies. A potential solution to this problem is to model the spectrum as a set of random basis functions, with each basis function depending upon a random unobserved parameter. Relating these parameters to the concentration an expected least squares fitting procedure can be implemented. It is shown through computer simulation and some limited testing that the detection and classification performance can be improved over standard approaches that do not take into account this basis variation. The method proposed, however, is completely general. It is a viable alternative to standard least squares procedures whenever the goal is robustness of the procedure.
Identification of potential antibody markers in HIV-associated dementia

Markers for HIV-associated dementia (HAD) are needed for diagnosis and management. Specific antibodies to brain and immune complexes (IC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are potential markers. CSF IC were found in 4 of 4 HAD patients, 2 of 2 AIDS-central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma patients with dementia, 0 of 1 AIDS-CNS lymphoma patient without dementia, 0 of 1 AIDS-CNS toxoplasmosis patient without dementia, and 0 of 10 neurologic disease controls. By blinded immunoblots, antibrain antibodies in serum and CSF were found in 11 of 12 HAD cases and 7 of 19 HIV-1 patients without HAD. All 11 non-HIV-1 controls were negative. These and published data suggest antibrain antibodies and IC may serve as markers of HAD.
Natural Infection of Iris yellow spot virus in Twoscale Saltbush (Atriplex micrantha) Growing in Utah

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus) continues to be an economically important pathogen affecting onion bulb and seed production in several parts of the world and the United States (1). Several weeds were reported naturally infected with IYSV (1,2,4). Leaves of Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. (synonym A. heterosperma Bunge) were collected from naturally occurring plants in a weed trial conducted in commercial onions grown in Box Elder County, UT on 24 September 2008. Leaves displayed a range of symptoms including spotting, chlorosis, and necrosis. Symptomatic leaves were preferentially selected for subsequent diagnostic analyses. Samples were positive for IYSV when tested by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA using a commercially available kit (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). For further confirmation, total nucleic acid extracts from the symptomatic parts of the leaves were prepared and tested for the presence of IYSV by reverse transcription-PCR with primers specific to the nucleocapsid (N) gene coded by the small (S)-RNA of IYSV. The forward and reverse primer pair, 5'-TCAGAAATCGAGAAACTT-3' and 5'-CACCAATGTCTTCAACAATCTT-3', respectively, amplifies a 751-nt fragment of the N gene (3). An amplicon of expected size was obtained, cloned, and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence analysis and comparison with known IYSV S-RNA sequences showed that the sequence of the amplicon from A. micrantha (GenBank Accession No. FJ493541) shared more than 84% nt sequence identity with the corresponding region of IYSV isolates available in GenBank, confirming the IYSV infection of the new host weed. The highest sequence identity (98%) was with an IYSV isolate from Jefferson County, OR (GenBank Accession No. DQ233479). To our knowledge, this is the first report of IYSV infection of A. micrantha under natural conditions. The role of A. micrantha and other weeds in IYSV epidemiology needs further investigation. References: (1) D. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 90:1468, 2006. (2) C. Nischwitz et al. Plant Dis. 91:1518, 2007. (3) H. R. Pappu et al. Arch. Virol. 151:1015, 2006. (4) R. Sampangi et al. Plant Dis. 91:1683, 2007.
Refractory metal boride ohmic contacts to p-type 6H-SiC

Ohmic contacts have been fabricated on p-type 6H-SiC (1.3×1019 cm−3) using CrB2, W2B, and TiB2. The boride layers (∼100–200 nm) were sputter-deposited in a system with a base pressure of 3×10−7 Torr. Specific contact resistances were measured using the linear transmission line method, and the physical properties of the contacts were examined using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. All as-deposited contacts exhibited rectifying characteristics. Ohmic behavior was observed following short anneals (2–10 min) at 1100°C and 5×10−7 Torr. Current-voltage characteristics were linear for CrB2 and W2B and quasi-linear for TiB2. The lowest values of the specific contact resistance (rc in Ω-cm2) measured at room temperature for CrB2 and W2B were 8.2×10−5 and 5.8×10−5, respectively. The specific contact resistance for TiB2 was not determined accurately. Longer anneals (30 min for W2B and 90 min for CrB2) reduced the room temperature values of rc to 6.1×10−5 for W2B and 1.9×10−5 for CrB2. Backscattering spectra revealed substantial concentrations of oxygen in all as-deposited boride films. The short anneal cycle removed the oxygen in the CrB2 films and reduced the concentration substantially in the W2B films; however, annealing had no affect on the oxygen concentration in the TiB2 films. The CrB2/SiC interface remained stable during annealing; i.e., Si and carbon were not observed in the boride layers after annealing. In contrast, W2B and TiB2 reacted with the SiC epilayers, and after annealing, Si and carbon were observed at the surface of each boride layer.
Short-cavity, passively modelocked fibre laser oscillator at 1.5 [micro sign]m with 550 MHz repetition rate and high average power

A short-cavity fibre laser oscillator emitting 12 ps-long pulses at the fundamental cavity frequency of 550 MHz is reported. The simple, stable and ultra-compact laser cavity consists of a short active fibre section which is spliced to a narrowband fibre Bragg grating, and a butt-coupled semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. Only 8 cm of the heavily Er/Yb co-doped phosphate-glass active fibre is sufficient to produce as much as 775 mW of average output power at 1.5 µm directly from the oscillator.
A Noninvasive Cell-Based Assay for Monitoring Proteolytic Activity within a Specific Subcellular Compartment

Abstract A noninvasive cell-based assay has been developed to monitor the proteolytic activity of cathepsin L within a specific subcellular compartment, the lysosome. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) of Aequorea victoria was selected as a substrate. Targeting to lysosomes was achieved by fusing GFP to preprocathepsin L, which also ensures colocalization of the enzyme and the substrate. Stably transfected HeLa–rtTA (reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator) cells were induced with doxycycline and cultured in the presence of various concentrations of cysteine protease inhibitors for 48 h. In the absence of inhibitor, proteolytic degradation of GFP leads to loss of fluorescence, which is due almost exclusively to the action of recombinant cathepsin L. However, a dose-dependent increase of GFP fluorescence is observed for cells treated with the potent cathepsin L inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-LeuLeuTyr-CHN2. Fluorescence is also observed when GFP is fused to an inactive preprocathepsin L (C25A mutant). Targeting of GFP to an acidic cellular compartment can destabilize the protein and render it susceptible to proteolytic degradation. The approach should be generally applicable for proteases localized in acidic environments. Such an assay can be of great value in validating the participation of a specific enzyme in a given process or in testing the ability of putative inhibitors to reach their intracellular target.
Ethnic differences in patterns of care of Stage 1A1 and Stage 1A2 cervical cancer: A SEER database study

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate patterns of care for women with Stage 1A 1 and 1A 2 cervical cancer utilizing the SEER database. Methods. Review of SEER data from 11 registries from 1990 to 1995 was performed. Data from 2358 women were reviewed and stratified by substage, ethnicity, type of therapy, and age. Results. Three remarkable differences among subgroups were identified. (1) Among women ≥35 years of age, whites were more likely to have Stage 1A 1 cancer than blacks or Hispanics; OR (95% CI) = 1.56 (1.05, 2.31) and 1.41 (1.04, 1.91), respectively. (2) Patients ≥35 years of age were more likely to undergo hysterectomy than younger patients both for 1A 1 and 1A 2 stages; OR (95% CI) = 2.31 (1.68, 3.19) and 2.78 (2.21, 3.50), respectively, with Mantel–Haenszel test of independence χ 2 = 102.9943, P value 2 disease were less likely to have a hysterectomy than whites. Only 15% of Hispanic patients and 9% of blacks over the age of 35 and with Stage 1A 2 were treated via hysterectomy, compared to 76% of white women. Differences in hysterectomies for 1 patients approached but did not reach statistical significance: blacks 36% versus Hispanic/whites 59%, P value=0.07. Conclusions. Older white women were more likely to have cervical carcinoma diagnosed at an earlier stage (1A 1 ) than age-matched blacks or Hispanics. Older patients, across all ethnic groups analyzed, were also more likely to be treated for both Stage 1A 1 and 1A 2 disease via hysterectomy than younger patients. Ethnic differences in the management of women with Stage 1A 2 cervical cancer do exist: older minority women are less likely to have a hysterectomy and more likely to be treated via fertility-sparing, less definitive procedures than whites.
Normal hip joint contact pressure distribution in single-leg standing—effect of gender and anatomic parameters

A practical and easy-to-use analysis technique that can study the patient's hip joint contact force/pressure distribution would be useful to assess the effect of abnormal biomechanical conditions and anatomical deformities on joint contact stress for treatment planning purpose. This technique can also help to establish the normative database on hip joint contact pressure distribution in men and women in different age groups. Twelve anatomic parameters and seven biomechanical parameters of the hip joint in a normal population (41 females, 15 males) were calculated. The inter-parameter correlations were investigated. The pressure distribution in the hip joint was calculated using a three-dimensional discrete element analysis (DEA) technique. The 3D contact geometry of the hip joint was estimated from a 2D radiograph by assuming that the femoral head and the acetabular surface were spherical in shape. The head-trochanter ratio (HT), femoral head radius, pelvic height, the joint contact area, the normalized peak contact pressure, abductor force, and the joint contact force were significantly different between men and women. The normalized peak contact pressure was correlated both with acetabular coverage and head-trochanter ratio. Change of abductor force direction within normal variation did not affect the joint peak contact pressure. However, in simulated dysplastic conditions when the CE angle is small or negative, abductor muscle direction becomes very sensitive in joint contact pressure estimation. The models and the results presented can be used as the reference base in computer simulation for preoperative planning in pelvic or femoral osteotomy.
Atmospheric turbulence sensing for a multiconjugate adaptive optics system

Current adaptive optical telescope designs use a single deformable mirror (DM), usually conjugated to the aperture plane, to compensate for the cumulative effects of optical turbulence. The corrected field of view of an adaptive optics system could theoretically be increased through the use of multiple DMs conjugated to a number of corresponding planes which sample the turbulence region in altitude. Control of each DM is via a method for determining the phase distortion contributed by atmospheric layers at the selected altitudes. A theoretical analysis for determining these phase contributions takes advantage of the spatial diversity of wavefront sensor measurements from two or more reference sources. These separate wavefront sensor measurements are processed via minimum mean square error filtering to yield an estimate of the phase perturbation caused by a particular turbulent layer of the atmosphere. Our initial investigation indicates that multiple wavefront corrector adaptive optics systems will require much brighter reference sources than single wavefront corrector systems.
Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization of type 1 astrocytes and 0-2A lineage cells in long-term co-cultures

Abstract We examined cultures of purified type 1 astrocytes and mixed glial co-cultures containing type 1 astrocytes and 0-1A lineage cells in media containing fetal calf serum at 5 days in vitro (DIV), 12 DIV, and 30 DIV, using cell-specific immunocytochemical markers and electron microscopy. At all three time points and in both culture systems, the polygonal-shaped type 1 astrocytes were A2B5−, GFAP+, and GalC− (specific markers for 0-2A lineage cells, and mature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively). From 5 to 30 DIV, the type 1 astrocytes increased markedly in size and the appearance of the cytoskeleton changed dramatically, with the amount of glial filaments increasing and microtubules decreasing. At 5, 12, and 30 DIV, the 0-2A lineage cells were multipolar, A2B5+, HNK-1+, GFAP−, and GalC−. The 0-2A lineage cells could not be distinguished as either astrocytes or oligodendrocytes on the basis of immunocytochemical or ultrastructural characteristics. These cells had dense cytoplasm, very few intermediate filaments, and a large number of vacuoles and dense bodies. The general characteristics of the cultured astrocytes at 12 DIV and 30 DIV were similar to mature and aged astrocytes in vivo, respectively. These findings suggest that the culture environment in this study accelerated aging of type 1 astrocytes. 0-2A lineage cells, on the other hand, appeared unable to differentiate into either type 2 astrocytes or oligodendrocytes when cultured in the presence of both type 1 astrocytes and fetal calf serum.
LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF THREE ALUM TREATED LAKES

ABSTRACT Alum treatment of lakes has been found to be a generally effective method for reducing P concentrations in lakes over a period of 2 to 3 years after treatment. However, the long-term benefits of lake alum treatment in most cases have not been determined. In this study, three Wisconsin lakes treated 9 to 12 years previously were re-examined in 1982 to evaluate the long-term effects of the treatment projects. Results indicated that many years after treatment P levels in all three lakes remained lower than before the lakes were treated. Horseshoe Lake, the first U.S. lake treated with alum in 1970, was more eutrophic in 1982 than immediately after treatment but is still much improved over pretreatment conditions. The reduced levels of phosphorus in 1982 compared with before the alum treatment, indicate the alum layer is preventing the migration of phosphorus from the deep sediments. The 1982 phosphorus concentrations in the hypolimnion of Snake Lake are similar to levels experienced following the 19...
A Mixed Toolpath Strategy for Improved Geometric Accuracy and Higher Throughput in Double-Sided Incremental Forming

Incremental sheet forming has attracted considerable attention in the recent past due to advantages that include high process flexibility and higher formability as compared to conventional forming processes. However, attaining required geometric accuracy of the formed part is one of the major issues plaguing this process. The Double-Sided Incremental Forming process has emerged as a potential process variant which can preserve the process flexibility while maintaining required geometric accuracy. This paper investigates a mixed toolpath for Double-Sided Incremental Forming which is able to simultaneously achieve good geometric accuracy and higher throughput than is currently possible. The geometries of parts formed using the mixed toolpath strategy are compared to the desired geometry. Furthermore, an examination of the forming forces is used to uncover the reasons for experimentally observed trends. Future work in this area is also discussed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
An Illustration of how the Effects of Serial Dependencies are Handled in Analyses of Shine's Pure and Actualized Single-Subject Behavior Functions

Separate analyses of Shine's pure and actualized single-subject behavior functions are presented for two simple artificially generated data examples, the purpose being to illustrate how the effects of serial dependencies in the data are handled. The first example involves a first order moving averages time-series model. The second example involves a first order autoregressive time-series model. Both examples involve level effects only. In the analyses of the pure behavior function, it is demonstrated how the effects of serial dependencies in the data are carried in the sample autocorrelations of the resulting estimated residual function. In the analyses of the actualized behavior function, it is demonstrated how the effects of serial dependencies in the data are carried as direct effects in the resulting estimated actualized behavior function.
Birefringence and nerve fiber orientation in healthy in vivo primate RNFL with enhanced polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (EPS-OCT)

Form-birefringent properties of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) have become increasingly important as investigators strive to provide an improved methodology for glaucoma diagnosis. Techniques such as scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) are two approaches which directly assess RNFL neurotubules, the sub-cellular structures responsible for form-birefringence and axoplasmic transport in retinal ganglion cell axons. We present a novel algorithm for enhancing the sensitivity of PS-OCT. Enhanced polarization-sensitive OCT (EPS-OCT) is capable of detecting small transformations in polarization typically experienced by light propagating through the thin and weakly birefringent primate RNFL. We report birefringence and nerve fiber orientation measurements for the peripapillary region in healthy in vivo primate RNFL and discuss the implications of the enhanced-sensitivity approach on noninvasive quantification of form-birefringence in glaucoma diagnostics.
Drug-Eluting Stents: Patient Understanding of the Risks of Premature Cessation of Antiplatelet Drugs

Objective: Drug-eluting coronary stent use is common. Antiplatelet drug use after stent placement is necessary to prevent stent thrombosis. It has been recommended that at the time of stent placement, patients be given instructions regarding stopping antiplatelet drugs before elective surgery. Unfortunately, patients may be given inappropriate preoperative instructions by health care providers or may stop the drugs on their own. This can lead to perioperative myocardial infarctions and death. Design: Survey. Setting: Preoperative evaluation clinic of 2 teaching hospitals. Participants: One hundred sixteen patients with coronary stents completed a 13-question survey. The questionnaire assessed patient understanding of stent type and the risks of stopping antiplatelet drugs, in addition to communication among the patient, their surgeon, and their treating cardiologist before elective surgery. Intervention: None. Measurements and Main Results: The majority of patients stated either they had received no instructions from their implanting cardiologist regarding future surgery and antiplatelet drugs or they were unsure if any instructions had been given. Most patients (57%) received antiplatelet instructions regarding their planned surgery from their surgeon, whereas only 14% received instructions with (known) cardiology input. The majority of patients were unaware or unsure of any risk in prematurely stopping their antiplatelet drugs. Conclusion: Many patients are unaware of their stent type and the risks of inappropriately stopping antiplatelet drugs. Furthermore, they may have received either inappropriate preoperative instructions or no instructions at all. The opportunity exists to improve preoperative communication with patients in order to minimize perioperative thrombotic risks of coronary stents.
Well‐being and excellence in the Earth sciences

In the symposium on Earth Sciences and Society at the Spring AGU Meeting May 29–June 1, Baltimore, Md.), I was assigned to speak on the maintenance of excellence and national well-being in the Earth sciences. I developed serious writer's block every time I approached the topic until I remembered a paragraph at the beginning of Doug Adams' great text, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe [Adams, 1982]. It tells how [A race of highly intelligent pan-dimensional beings once built themselves a gigantic supercomputer called Deep Thought to calculate once and for all the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, Universe and Everything. For seven and a half million years, Deep Thought computed and calculated, and in the end announced that the answer was in fact Forty-two—and so another, even bigger, computer had to be built to find out what the actual question was. And this computer, which was called the Earth, was so large that it was frequently mistaken for a planet-especially by the strange apelike beings who roamed its surface, totally unaware that they were simply part of a gigantic computer program. And this is very odd, because without that fairly simple and obvious piece of knowledge, nothing that ever happened on the Earth could possibly make the slightest bit of sense.]
Daylight Dividends Case Study: Smith Middle School, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Abstract Daylight Dividends is a three-year research program facilitating the widespread implementation of daylight in buildings. The “dividends” include human comfort and performance and energy savings. Daylight Dividends is run by the Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on behalf of the project sponsors. The Daylight Dividends program was established to build market demand for daylighting as a means of improving indoor environmental quality; to overcome technological barriers to effectively reap the energy savings of daylight; and to inform and assist state and regional market transformation and resource acquisition program implementation efforts. In 2004, Daylight Dividends published a case study on the R. D. & Euzelle P. Smith Middle School, part of the Chapel Hill-Carrboro City School District in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The school embraced an environmentally conscious attitude and continues to exemplify good daylighting practice since it opened its doors in 2001. The cas...
Upregulation of CD44 expression in the retina during the rds degeneration.

In adult mouse retinas the standard form of the cell surface adhesion/receptor molecule CD44 is localized to Muller cell apical microvilli. In the rds (retinal degeneration slow) mouse, however, CD44 immunolabel is increased and distributed throughout the retina by 3 months postnatal. At present, it is unclear if this labeling pattern is due to the increased expression of standard CD44, the expression of variant CD44 isoforms, or an unmasking of CD44 antigenic sites. To further characterize this response, we have studied the expression of CD44 mRNA and protein in rds retinas of different ages. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated one product which represented the message for standard CD44 in adult BALB/c mouse retina and in all ages of rds retinas studied. Upon Southern blotting, this major product was detected along with two minor bands of larger size in all samples. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a major transcript of approximately 4.0 kb and a minor one of 3.0 kb in all BALB/c and rds retinas. By 3 months postnatal in rds retinas, the expression of CD44 message was increased by at least two-fold. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of only the standard form of CD44 protein in all BALB/c and rds retinas. An increased amount of this standard CD44 protein was observed in 2, 3, and 6 month rds retinas. Thus, this study demonstrates that the inherited retinal degeneration exhibited by the rds mouse does not cause an altered expression of retinal CD44 isoforms, but does lead to an upregulation in the expression of mRNA and protein for standard CD44.
Routes of Resistance

Last year, some 50 million pounds of antibiotics were used in the United States, an amount that would correspond to roughly 5 ta blespoons?or 75 doses?of antibiotics per person. In fact, much of this antibi otic?as much as 70 percent by some estimates?is being used not to treat infections, but instead to promote food production, as antibiotics have become a key ingredient in the American food chain. We are, in short, marinating the living world in antibiotics. Against this backdrop, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacte ria can hardly come as a surprise. Anti biotics, after all, are used to suppress and kill bacteria, and bacteria, like every other living thing, have no greater evo lutionary imperative than to stay alive. Our overuse of antibiotics methodi cally rewards any bacterium fortunate enough to carry a mutation that confers even slight resistance to the substance in its environment. The less-fortunate
Reducing delay in the emergency room in administration of thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction associated with ST elevation.

Thrombolytic therapy reduces mortality and improves left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).1–5 Our review of 816 patients treated in community hospitals showed that the primary care or emergency physician can use these drugs effectively, but we also found that the average delay from arrival in the emergency department to institution of thrombolytic therapy was 86 minutes.6 This is similar to other cities, in which an average time from arrival in the emergency department to time of treatment was 84 minutes.7 We began this study to see if the time delay between patient presentation to emergency department and institution of thrombolytic therapy could be reduced.
A note on natural complete sets and Gödel numberings

Creative sets or the complete recursively enumerable sets play an important role in logic and mathematics and they are known to be recursively isomorphic. Therefore, on the one hand, all the complete sets can be viewed as equivalent, on the other hand, we intuitively perceive some complete sets as more `natural and simpler? than others. In this note we try to capture this intuitive concept precisely by defining a complete set to be natural if all other recursively enumerable sets can be reduced to it by computationally simple reductions and show that these natural complete sets are all isomorphic under the same type of computationally simple mappings. The same ideas are applied to define natural Godel numberings and, using natural Godel numberings, to show that natural creative sets coincide with the natural complete sets.
Robust decentralized PI observer for linear interconnected systems

This paper considers the problem of designing a decentralized PI observer with prescribed degree of convergence for a set of interconnected systems. Under the assumption of linear interactions, we provide a direct design procedure for the PI observer which can effectively be used in disturbance estimation and observer-based control design enhancing the robustness properties. In this connection we also extend the results to the case of designing controllers that attenuate the disturbance while preserving the stability. It is shown that the design can be formulated in terms of LMI which efficiently solve the problem. The design process requires a suitable modification of a decentralized PI observer design comprised of a set of local PI observers for the decoupled subsystems. The modification ensures a desired convergence rate for the overall PI observer and generally involves the use of additional inputs, which account for the interconnection effects, into the local PI observers.
Cryptogenic stroke: clinical consideration of a heterogeneous ischemic subtype.

Background Cryptogenic stroke can be subdivided into 3 distinct categories: stroke of no determined cause (CyNC), stroke due to multiple etiologies (Cy >1), and stroke etiology unclear due to incomplete evaluation. Although these subdivisions may be very different from one another with respect to baseline features and outcomes, they are often reported as a composite group in clinical trials. Methods Patients treated at our academic institution between July 2008 and June 2013 for acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively assessed in our prospective registry. CyNC and Cy >1 patients were compared to other Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) stroke subtypes and to each other using univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression. The primary outcome of interest was good functional outcome, defined as a discharge modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2. Results Of the 1311 included patients, 260 (19.8%) experienced a CyNC and 49 (3.7%) experienced a Cy >1. Cy >1 classification was associated with history of atrial fibrillation (odds ratio [OR], 3.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-6.12; P = .001). In comparison to other TOAST classifications, CyNC strokes were more likely to have good functional outcome (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.38-2.82; P Conclusions Even after adjusting for higher IV tPA treatment rates, ischemic stroke patients with no identified cause had better outcomes than other TOAST groups. Conversely, patients coded as cryptogenic with more than 1 likely cause represent a different patient subpopulation. These data argue against the consolidation of cryptogenic stroke subcategories in future investigations.
A Bimodal Tuning Curve for Spatial Frequency Across Left and Right Human Orbital Frontal Cortex During Object Recognition

Orbital frontal cortex (OFC) is known to play a role in object recognition by generating “first-pass” hypotheses about the identity of naturalistic images based on low spatial frequency (SF) information. These hypotheses are evaluated by more detailed (and slower) ventral visual pathway processes. While it has been suggested on theoretical grounds, it remains unknown whether OFC also receives postrecognition feedback about stimulus identity. We used a novel paradigm in the context of functional magnetic resonance imaging that permits the first few hundred milliseconds of object recognition to be spread out over 120 s. OFC shows a robust response to low and relatively high SFs, whereas ventral stream regions display unimodal response distributions shifted toward high SFs. These findings in OFC were modulated by hemisphere, with right OFC differentially responding to low SFs and left OFC differentially responding to high SFs. Psychophysical experiments confirmed that the same ranges of SFs preferred by ventral stream regions are critical for determining the accuracy and speed of object recognition. Our findings indicate that OFC accesses global form (low SF information, right OFC) and object identity (high SF information, left OFC), and suggest that OFC receives feedback about the accuracy of its initial hypothesis regarding stimulus identity.
Weather Variability Affects Abundance of Larval Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Storm Water Catch Basins in Suburban Chicago

Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex restuans Theobald are the primary enzootic and bridge vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States north of 36° latitude. Recent studies of the natural history of these species have implicated catch basins and underground storm drain systems as important larval development sites in urban and suburban locales. Although the presence of larvae in these habitats is well-documented, the influence of abiotic factors on the ecology of Culex larvae developing in them remains poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the effects of multiple abiotic factors and their interactions on abundance of Culex larvae in catch basins in the Chicago, IL, metropolitan area. Low precipitation and high mean daily temperature were associated with high larval abundance, whereas there was no correlation between catch basin depth or water depth and larval abundance. Rainfall was an especially strong predictor of presence or absence of larvae in the summer of 2010, a season with an unusually high precipitation. Regression tree methods were used to build a schematic decision tree model of the interactions among these factors. This practical, visual representation of key predictors of high larval production may be used by local mosquito abatement districts to target limited resources to treat catch basins when they are particularly likely to produce West Nile virus vectors.