cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastodynamic scattering by a surface-breaking void

The boundary integral formulation is presented for the two‐dimensional problem of elastodynamic scattering by a void that breaks the traction‐free surface of an elastic half‐space. Procedures for numerical evaluation of the resulting integral equation for the displacement of the void surface are described. Numerical results for scattering by a symmetric triangular groove contained in the surface of an elastic half‐space are presented that demonstrate the effect of ‘‘opening up’’ a surface‐breaking crack. All possible combinations of mode conversion (e.g., bulk‐to‐surface, surface‐to‐bulk, etc.) are examined for groove depth/groove width ratios of 1 and 10, and groove depth/Rayleigh wavelength ratios ranging from 0.0 to 1.5.
Regulators of the actin cytoskeleton mediate lethality in a Caenorhabditis elegans dhc-1 mutant.

Functional analysis of cytoplasmic dynein in Caenorhabditis elegans has revealed a wide range of cellular functions for this minus-end–directed motor protein. Dynein transports a variety of cargos to diverse cellular locations, and thus cargo selection and destination are likely regulated by accessory proteins. The microtubule-associated proteins LIS-1 and dynein interact, but the nature of this interaction remains poorly understood. Here we show that both LIS-1 and the dynein heavy-chain DHC-1 are required for integrity of the actin cytoskeleton in C. elegans. Although both dhc-1(or195ts) and lis-1 loss-of-function disrupt the actin cytoskeleton and produce embryonic lethality, a double mutant suppresses these defects. A targeted RNA interference screen revealed that knockdown of other actin regulators, including actin-capping protein genes and prefoldin subunit genes, suppresses dhc-1(or195ts)–induced lethality. We propose that release or relocation of the mutant dynein complex mediates this suppression of dhc-1(or195ts)--induced phenotypes. These results reveal an unexpected direct or indirect interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and dynein activity.
Improvement of thermally induced bending of cantilevers used for atomic force microscopy

The microfabricated silicon nitride cantilevers that are used for atomic force microscopy (AFM) are, unfortunately, sensitive thermometers. They bend with ambient temperature changes and those due to laser heating. The bend can result in displacements for the silicon nitride cantilevers of an order several hundred nanometers at the tip of the cantilever. If, however, the silicon nitride cantilevers are treated by removing the metallization and annealing at 500°C for 30 min, these displacements can be reduced by one or two orders of magnitude. Silicon cantilevers have approximately a one order of magnitude smaller drift than silicon nitride cantilevers as received from vendors and are improved less by treatment.
Telephone vs Face-to-Face Interviews for Quantitative Food Frequency Assessment

Abstract Objective To develop and test a quantitative food frequency method for administration by telephone. Design A comparison study of telephone and face-to-face interviews was conducted among a representative sample of the five major ethnic groups in Oahu, Hawaii. Two interviews were administered 4 to 6 months apart by trained interviewers using identical questionnaires and color photographs of food items showing three different portion sizes. The order of the interviewing methods was randomly assigned. The questionnaire included 115 food items selected to estimate 80% or more of usual dietary intakes. Frequencies and quantities of each item consumed during the past year were obtained. Subjects/setting Subjects were recruited from the Health Surveillance Program of the Hawaii State Department of Health and consisted of 167 men and 158 women, aged 45 to 74 years, who provided a telephone number. Eighty percent of the face-to-face interviews were conducted in the subjects' homes and 20% were conducted at the workplace or the University of Hawaii Cancer Research Center, if requested. Statistical analyses The paired t test was used to compare the mean daily intakes obtained by the telephone and face-to-face methods. Agreement was measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson correlation coefficient, and weighted κ statistic. Results The means of energy and each nutrient were slightly higher in the first interview than the second, regardless of the interviewing method. Because of close correspondence among all 3 statistical measures of agreement, only the ICCs are reported. The ICCs ranged from .61 for protein and vitamin A to .69 for dietary cholesterol among men, and from .61 for vitamin C to .74 for saturated fat among women. Agreement was not significantly affected by age, gender, ethnicity, order of interview, or educational level. Applications Telephone interviews to obtain quantitative food frequencies are cost-efficient methods for estimating usual dietary intakes among persons in widely scattered geographic areas. Photographs of the foods in 3 portion sizes mailed in advance help the respondents estimate amounts eaten. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:44-48 .
Pelvic actinomycosis: A review and preliminary look at prevalence

A review of the literature on pelvic actinomycosis reveals that actinomycetes normally reside in the female genital tract. Therefore the identification of actinomycetes in the vagina or cervix by any laboratory technique, including Papanicolaou smears with specific immunofluorescence or culture, is not diagnostic of any disease and is not predictive of any disease. The evidence strongly suggests that removal of the intrauterine contraceptive device of a patient with a positive culture is not necessary and that, in the absence of evidence for pelvic infection, antibiotics are not required. Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare disease whose pathogenesis is poorly understood.
Experimental demonstration of a parasite-induced immune response in wild birds: Darwin's finches and introduced nest flies

Ecological immunology aims to explain variation among hosts in the strength and efficacy of immunological defenses. However, a shortcoming has been the failure to link host immune responses to actual parasites under natural conditions. Here, we present one of the first experimental demonstrations of a parasite-induced immune response in a wild bird population. The recently introduced ectoparasitic nest fly Philornis downsi severely impacts the fitness of Darwin's finches and other land birds in the Galapagos Islands. An earlier study showed that female medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) had P. downsi-binding antibodies correlating with presumed variation in fly exposure over time. In the current study, we experimentally manipulated fly abundance to test whether the fly does, in fact, cause changes in antibody levels. We manipulated P. downsi abundance in nests and quantified P. downsi-binding antibody levels of medium ground finch mothers, fathers, and nestlings. We also quantified host behaviors, such as preening, which can integrate with antibody-mediated defenses against ectoparasites. Philornis downsi-binding antibody levels were significantly higher among mothers at parasitized nests, compared to mothers at (fumigated) nonparasitized nests. Mothers with higher antibody levels tended to have fewer parasites in their nests, suggesting that antibodies play a role in defense against parasites. Mothers showed no behavioral changes that would enhance the effectiveness of the immune response. Neither adult males, nor nestlings, had P. downsi-induced immunological or behavioral responses that would enhance defense against flies. None of the parasitized nests fledged any offspring, despite the immune response by mothers. Thus, this study shows that, while the immune response of mothers appeared to be defensive, it was not sufficient to rescue current reproductive fitness. This study further shows the importance of testing the fitness consequences of immune defenses, rather than assuming that such responses increase host fitness. Host immune responses can protect against the negative fitness consequences of parasitism; however, the strength and effectiveness of these responses vary among hosts. Strong host immune responses are often assumed to correlate with greater host fitness. This study investigates the relationship between host immune response, parasite load, and host fitness using Darwin's finches and an invasive nest parasite. We found that while the immune response of mothers appeared defensive, it did not rescue current reproductive fitness.
Intramedullary nail fixation for metacarpal fractures

Metacarpal fractures are common, especially in men, and account for about 10% of all fractures in patients. The fracture pattern and location, and the degree of angulation are important in determining the optimal treatment approach. Although metacarpal fractures can be treated nonsurgically, certain indications such as irreducible fractures, malrotations, and open fractures may necessitate surgery. Intramedullary nail fixation has been successful in treating metacarpal fractures. Complications can be minimized by taking appropriate precautions and care in performing the surgery.
Supporting innovation and venture development in established companies

Abstract Accumulated research findings call into question the ability of established corporations to develop and manage new ventures successfully. This article argues that the problem comes in large part from failing to differentiate between the requirements of administrative management—geared to managing existing activities and holding things in place to ensure continuation of already-developed activities—and the requirements of entrepreneurial management—designed to create change by developing something new. The two kinds of management are in tension and may interfere with each other, but every established organization needs both in order to get both innovation and efficiency. Innovations and new ventures have four particular characteristics that account for their special management requirements: uncertainty, knowledge-intensivity, competition with alternative courses of action, and boundary-crossing. Thus entrepreneurial management to support creation of the new puts a stress on such features as visionary leadership, “patient money,” planning flexibility, team continuity/stability, and interfunctional cooperation. But the usual requirements of administrative management in established corporations contradict these principles. Thus some companies try to set their new ventures apart from the old to avoid conflicts in management requirements. However, this this only partially solves the problem. All companies need both to manage ongoing activities and to create new ones—with the proportions of each depending on the nature of the business. They need to strike a balance between administrative and entrepreneurial management. The problem of venture development in established corporations occurs when administrative management comes to dominate and innovation is not valued sufficiently. The command system of administrative management needs to be replaced by a mutual adjustment system. High innovation companies build mutual adjustment into their design. They allow flexibility to move into an entrepreneurial mode. They are characterized by broader jobs: structures built around small business units or functionally complete project teams; cultures stressing the ability of people to contribute more over time; and easy access to the key “power tools” of information, support, and resources. A more entrepreneurial corporation minimizes hard-and-fast rules and procedures governed by a rigidly defined command structure and emphasizes instead flexibility and broadly-skilled sets of employees in flexible units that can be grouped or regrouped as changing circumstances require. Large corporations must institute deliberate programs to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, including removing the roadblocks of unnecessary administrative requirements; encouraging integration across departments and functions: changing budgeting and accounting procedures and providing internal venture capital and special project funds; discretionary time; and new business performance measures.
Molecular structure of interfaces formed with plasma-polymerized silica-like primer films: Part III. Mechanical strength and environmental durability of the primer/aluminum and primer/titanium interfaces

In order to characterize the properties of film/metal interfaces formed between plasma-polymerized amorphous silica-like (a-SiO 2 ) films and metal substrates, lap joints and wedge test specimens were made from aluminum and titanium adherends that were pretreated with plasma-polymerized a-SiO 2 primer films. High breaking strengths of all the lap joints due to cohesive failures within the adhesive indicated that the adhesive/a-SiO 2 and a-SiO 2 /metal interfaces were very strong. In addition, since failure was cohesive within the adhesive, the different interfacial structures at the a-SiO 2 /aluminum and a-SiO 2 /titanium interfaces were cohesively strong. In order to maximize the environmental stress placed upon the a-SiO 2 /metal interfaces, the a-SiO 2 primer films on the metal adherends were pretreated with silane primers before adhesive bonding. This ensured that differences in environmental durability at the a-SiO 2 /metal interface, if any, would be observed. However, no interfacial failures of pre...
Recursive training methods for robust classification: a sequential analytic centering approach to the support vector machine

The support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised learning algorithm used in a variety of applications, including robust target classification. The SVM training problem can be formulated as dense quadratic programming problem (QP). In practice, this QP is solved in batch mode, using general-purpose interior-point solvers. Although quite efficient, these implementations are not well suited in situations where the training vectors are made available sequentially. In this paper we discuss a recursive algorithm for SVM training. The algorithm is based on efficient updates of approximate solutions on the dual central path of the QP and can be analyzed using the convergence theory recently developed for interior-point methods. The idea is related to cutting-plane methods for large-scale optimization and sequential analytic centering techniques used successfully in set-membership estimation methods in signal processing.
Quantitative biological studies enabled by robust cell tracking

A growing number of screening applications require the automated monitoring of cell populations enabled by cell segmentation and tracking algorithms in a high-throughput, high-content environment. Building upon the tracks generated by such algorithms, we derive biologically relevant features and demonstrate a range of biological studies made possible by such quantitative measures. In the first, we introduce a combination of quantitative features that characterize cell apoptosis and arrest. In the second, we automatically measure the effect of motility-promoting serums. In the third, we show that proper dosage levels can be automatically determined for studying protein translocations. These results provide large-scale quantitative validation of biological experiments and demonstrate that our framework provides a valuable tool for high-throughout biological studies.
Preserved Function of Late-Outgrowth Endothelial Cells in Medically Treated Hypertensive Patients Under Well-Controlled Conditions

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in renal repair, but their number and function may be impaired by exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. The number of circulating EPCs is decreased in essential and renovascular hypertensive patients, but the effects of hypertension on EPC function are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that EPC function was preserved under well-controlled conditions in treated hypertensive patients. Patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS; n=22) or essential hypertension (n=24) were studied during controlled sodium intake and antihypertensive regimen. Late-outgrowth EPCs were isolated from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and renal vein blood of ARAS and essential hypertension patients and a peripheral vein of matched normotensive controls (n=18). The angiogenic function of EPCs was assessed in vitro, and multidetector computed tomography was used to measure single-kidney hemodynamics and function in ARAS and essential hypertension patients. Inflammatory biomarkers and EPC homing signal levels and renal release were calculated. Inferior vena cava and renal vein-obtained EPC function were similar in ARAS and essential hypertension patients and comparable to that in normal controls (tube length, 171.86±16.846, 191.09±14.222, 174.925±19.774 μm, respectively). Function of renal vein-obtained EPCs directly correlated with stenotic kidney glomerular filtration rate, EPC homing factors, and anti-inflammatory mediator levels in ARAS patients. Therefore, EPC function was relatively preserved in ARAS patients, although it directly correlated with renal function. Adequate EPC function supports the feasibility of using autologous EPCs as a therapeutic option in essential and renovascular hypertensive patients. Homing signals and inflammatory mediators may potentially regulate EPC angiogenic function.
Immunologic epitope, gene, and immunity involved in pneumococcal glycoconjugate

Pneumococcal infection persists as a major cause of pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis in infants. Children less than 2 years of age show the highest incidence of pneumococcal diseases. Production of monoclonal antibody (MAb) to polysaccharide (PS) and binding characteristics to PS epitopes were studied. Removal of the O-acetyl group from 9V PS by alkali hydrolysis resulted in a decreased binding with rabbit 9V antiserum (AS). However, the binding reaction with 9V MAb was less affected by the loss of O-acetyl content. Type 9V IgG MAb provided passive protection and enhanced the opsonophagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes to kill type 9V pneumococci. The pathogenecity of pneumococci is attributed to various virulence factors distributed on the cell surface, including capsular polysaccharide and protein antigens, for example, pneumolysin, autolysin, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), pneumococcal surface adhesion (PsaA), and hemin binding protein. Some of these protein antigens may be used as a component to combine with pneumococcal PS vaccine or as a carrier of conjugate vaccine. Clinical trials of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines showed that covalent linkage of capsular PS to protein carriers improved the immunogenicity of the PS. Development of glycoconjugate vaccine for selected pneumococcal types will help solve the problem of poor immunogenecity of PS vaccine in young children used for prevention of pneumococcal infection.
Scaffolding the RETE network

Scaffolding is a novel method for improving conjunctive match efficiency that incorporates a TMS (truth maintenance system) into an RETE matcher, thereby exploiting match redundancy between separate runs. The resulting inactivations are reactivations of the data dependencies replace expensive RETE testing with simpler, less costly NETL-like propagations. Experimental results obtained by profiling with a non-toy expert system substantiate scaffolding's between-trial transfer capability. The experiments demonstrate that there can be significant transfer of match knowledge between runs on different, homologous problems. The construction and retrieval of these matches are efficiently built into the algorithm. Scaffolding's utility and relation to other artificial-intelligence methods are discussed. >
Element directivity compensation for beamforming a curved array

Conventional delay-and-sum beamforming employs element shading weights that are derived from linear aperture approximations. For many conformal arrays, the aperture of interest is not well approximated by the linear assumption. In this letter, an analytical method for approximating desired linear array beampattern characteristics on a conformal array is presented. The advantage of the method is that array designers can apply rules of thumb learned from linear arrays to conformal arrays without significant degradation in performance. Many of the limitations of using conventional beamforming on conformal array surfaces can be removed by applying the method.
Some Experiments on Estimating the 3-D Motion Parameters of a Rigid Body from Two Consecutive Image Frames

This paper describes the results of some experiments on estimating the 3-D motion parameters of a rigid body from two consecutive TV images, and discusses several factors which affect the accuracy of the results. These factors include the sizes of the motion parameters themselves, the accuracy of the raw data, and the number of point correspondences. In addition, we address two related topics: determining corner positions to subpixel accuracy and matching point patterns with different scales.
Cell size changes in the lateral geniculate nuclei of normal and monocularly deprived cats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine and/or norepinephrine

Given the proposed role of catecholamines in controlling cortical plasticity in the cat (Kasamatsu, T., J. D. Pettigrew, and M. Ary (1979) J. Comp. Neurol. 185: 163-182), we were interested in whether evidence of such control also could be found in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. We undertook geniculate cell size measurements in 26 normal or monocularly deprived cats, 23 of which had been used in cortical recording studies concerned with catecholamine-induced plasticity. For animals grouped according to experimental treatments, the results can be summarized as follows: (1) in visually normal animals, neither intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) nor local perfusions of norepinephrine (NE) cause changes in geniculate cell size. (2) In otherwise untreated kittens, 1 week of monocular deprivation begun in the 6th week of life results in quite obvious changes in geniculate cell size. (3) Intraventricular injections of 6-OHDA do not appear to prevent deprivation-induced changes in geniculate cell size. (4) Older NE-treated kittens and adult cats that are monocularly deprived for a brief period either late in the critical period or after the critical period has ended do not show deprivation-induced changes in geniculate cell size in either hemisphere. (5) In younger kittens which had been first injected with 6-OHDA intraventricularly and then monocularly deprived for a brief period early in the critical period, there is no evidence to suggest that a local perfusion of NE enhances deprivation-induced changes in geniculate cell size.
Learning What Children Know about Space from Looking at Their Hands: The Added Value of Gesture in Spatial Communication.

This article examines two issues: the role of gesture in the communication of spatial information and the relation between communication and mental representation. Children (8–10 years) and adults walked through a space to learn the locations of six hidden toy animals and then explained the space to another person. In Study 1, older children and adults typically gestured when describing the space and rarely provided spatial information in speech without also providing the information in gesture. However, few 8-year-olds communicated spatial information in speech or gesture. Studies 2 and 3 showed that 8-year-olds did understand the spatial arrangement of the animals and could communicate spatial information if prompted to use their hands. Taken together, these results indicate that gesture is important for conveying spatial relations at all ages and, as such, provides us with a more complete picture of what children do and do not know about communicating spatial relations.
New binary fix-free codes with Kraft sum 3/4

Two sufficient conditions are given for the existence of binary fix-free codes. The results move closer to the Ahlswede-Balkenhol-Khachatrian conjecture that Kraft sums of at most 3/4 suffice for the existence of fix-free codes.
Ascospore Heat Resistance and Control Measures for Talaromyces flaws Isolated From Fruit Juice Concentrate

Talarotnyces flavus were isolated from fruit juice concentrates in two unrelated spoilage incidences of packaged reconstituted fruit juice. The population of survivors in heated fruit concentrate was 0.6 colony forming units (CFU) per gram. The ellipsoidal ascospores diameters were 4.5 ± 6 μm. Potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate prevented outgrowth of T. flavus, the concentration required was lower when the pH of the growth medium was 3.5 instead of 5.4. Conidia were sensitive to 70% ethanol, but ascospores were resistant. Ascospores required heat activation before maximum outgrowth occurred, the time for activation was less with higher activation temperature. Thermal death rate curves were nonlogarithmic but approached logarithmic death rate at higher temperatures. A calculated thermal destruction rate, using the exponential formula, for 1 log10 was 2–7 min at 90°C depending upon the strain; and the approximate z-value was 10.3°C.
Understanding the nature and extent of IS project escalation: results from a survey of IS audit and control professionals

Runaway IS projects continue to be reported regularly in the trade press, but surprisingly little is known about: (1) how widespread the problem actually is, and (2) the factors that cause it to occur. Many runaway IS projects appear to represent what can be described as escalating commitment to a failing course of action. A survey of Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) members was undertaken in order to understand more about the prevalence of IS project escalation and the factors that cause it. The results are startling: escalation occurs in 30-40% of IS projects, and projects that escalate are rarely completed and implemented successfully. What is more, escalation appears to be caused by a combination of project management as well as psychological, social and organizational factors.
Room-temperature operation of patterned quantum-dot lasers fabricated by electron beam lithography and selective area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

We have developed a quantum-dot fabrication process which allows for explicit definition of the location and lateral dimension of quantum dots using electron beam lithography and selective area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. We have demonstrated the first reported room-temperature operation of a patterned quantum-dot edge-emitting laser based on this fabrication technique.
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling via TRIF Contributes to a Protective Innate Immune Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors that recognize molecular patterns from viruses, bacteria, and fungi to initiate innate immune responses to invading pathogens. The emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a concern for global public health, as there is a lack of efficacious vaccine platforms and antiviral therapeutic strategies. Previously, it was shown that MyD88, an adaptor protein necessary for signaling by multiple TLRs, is a required component of the innate immune response to mouse-adapted SARS-CoV infection in vivo . Here, we demonstrate that TLR3 −/− , TLR4 −/− , and TRAM −/− mice are more susceptible to SARS-CoV than wild-type mice but experience only transient weight loss with no mortality in response to infection. In contrast, mice deficient in the TLR3/TLR4 adaptor TRIF are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV infection, showing increased weight loss, mortality, reduced lung function, increased lung pathology, and higher viral titers. Distinct alterations in inflammation were present in TRIF −/− mice infected with SARS-CoV, including excess infiltration of neutrophils and inflammatory cell types that correlate with increased pathology of other known causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including influenza virus infections. Aberrant proinflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signaling programs were also noted following infection of TRIF −/− mice that were similar to those seen in human patients with poor disease outcome following SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV infection. These findings highlight the importance of TLR adaptor signaling in generating a balanced protective innate immune response to highly pathogenic coronavirus infections. IMPORTANCE Toll-like receptors are a family of sensor proteins that enable the immune system to differentiate between “self” and “non-self.” Agonists and antagonists of TLRs have been proposed to have utility as vaccine adjuvants or antiviral compounds. In the last 15 years, the emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has caused significant disease accompanied by high mortality rates in human populations, but no approved therapeutic treatments or vaccines currently exist. Here, we demonstrate that TLR signaling through the TRIF adaptor protein protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV disease. Our findings indicate that a balanced immune response operating through both TRIF-driven and MyD88-driven pathways likely provides the most effective host cell intrinsic antiviral defense responses to severe SARS-CoV disease, while removal of either branch of TLR signaling causes lethal SARS-CoV disease in our mouse model. These data should inform the design and use of TLR agonists and antagonists in coronavirus-specific vaccine and antiviral strategies.
Dissociating source memory decisions in the prefrontal cortex: Fmri of diagnostic and disqualifying monitoring

We used event-related fMRI to study two types of retrieval monitoring that regulate episodic memory accuracy: diagnostic and disqualifying monitoring. Diagnostic monitoring relies on expectations, whereby the failure to retrieve expected recollections prevents source memory misattributions (sometimes called the distinctiveness heuristic). Disqualifying monitoring relies on corroborative evidence, whereby the successful recollection of accurate source information prevents misattribution to an alternative source (sometimes called recall to reject). Using criterial recollection tests, we found that orienting retrieval toward distinctive recollections (colored pictures) reduced source memory misattributions compared with a control test in which retrieval was oriented toward less distinctive recollections (colored font). However, the corresponding neural activity depended on the type of monitoring engaged on these tests. Rejecting items based on the absence of picture recollections (i.e., the distinctiveness heuristic) decreased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to the control test, whereas rejecting items based on successful picture recollections (i.e., a recall-to-reject strategy) increased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. There also was some evidence that these effects were differentially lateralized. This study provides the first neuroimaging comparison of these two recollection-based monitoring processes and advances theories of prefrontal involvement in memory retrieval.
The Effect of Gender on Stress Factors: An Exploratory Study among University Students

This study examined the relationship between gender and reactions to stress among university students. University students were surveyed on how they typically responded when under perceived stress. There were significant differences between males and females concerning their reactions to stress. Overall, more females experienced higher levels of depression, frustration, and anxiety than their male counterparts when reacting to stress. Males also tended to have other psychological reactions different from those listed on the survey. In addition, while the stress reaction of anger was barely statistically insignificant, more females expressed anger than males as a reaction to stress.
Kautilya's Arthashastra: A Recognizable Source of the Wealth of Nations

It is almost a unanimously accepted view that The Wealth of Nations does not contain a single original idea establishing the fact that Adam Smith borrowed all key ideas from various sources. He believed that he could claim originality for all the important ideas if he concealed their sources. Ferguson exposed Adam Smith for making a false claim related to the pin-factory example. It is intended to continue the process initiated by Ferguson by identifying paragraphs on sources of economic growth, canons of taxation and undesirability of monopolies, the core of The Wealth of Nations, which are textually quite similar to those in The Arthashastra. It is claimed that Adam Smith lifted those ideas from The Arthashastra. It is indicated in the Appendix that more than two hundred years before Adam Smith, Machiavelli also seems to have access to The Arthashastra. Hopefully this process continues until all of Adam Smith’s sources are identified and duly acknowledged.
Sovereign Debt and Exclusions from Insolvency Proceedings

Underlying this short paper are two propositions. The first is that three forms of exclusion from bankruptcy laws or bankruptcy-like procedures represent a serious threat to the global financial system that has developed since the Second World War. The exclusions are sovereign default, SIFI default, and default on derivative contracts. The second proposition is that the danger to the financial system represented by these exclusions is greatly increased by the fact that the three excluded phenomena are strongly interactive and reinforcing. These two propositions were the subject of a symposium held at The University of Texas School of Law in February of 2013.The excellent conference organized by Professor Christopher Paulus addresses sovereign default directly and implicates the SIFI and derivative defaults indirectly. In this paper I will write in a preliminary way about sovereign debt, including the United States experience with debt at the level of individual states of the United States; and about the derivative exemption from bankruptcy as it relates to sovereign debt.
Effect of a concomitant urologic procedure on outcomes following cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Background and Objectives To evaluate whether urologic procedures during cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC) are associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. Methods We identified patients who underwent CRS-HIPEC at our institution from 2001 to 2012 and compared outcomes between operations that did and did not include a urologic procedure. Results A total of 938 CRS-HIPEC procedures were performed, 71 of which included a urologic intervention. Urologic interventions were associated with longer operative times (547 vs. 459 min, P < 0.001) and greater length of stay (15 vs. 12 days, P = 0.003). Major complications (Clavien III and IV) were more common in the urologic group (31% vs. 20%, P = 0.028). On multivariable analysis, urologic procedures were associated with a low anterior resection (OR: 2.25, 95%CI 1.07–4.74, P = 0.033) and a greater number of enteric anastomoses (OR: 1.83, 95%CI 1.31–2.56, P < 0.001). At a median follow up of 17 months (IQR 5.6–35 months), addition of a urologic procedure did not significantly impact overall survival for appendiceal or colorectal cancers. Conclusion Urologic surgery at the time of CRS-HIPEC is associated with longer operative times, length of stay and increased risk of major complications, but not with decreased overall survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:218–222. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spruce Budworm Technology Transfer Program for the Lake States Region: a Case Study

The Spruce Budworm Technology Transfer Program for the Lake States Region was part of the Canada-United States Spruce Budworms Program. The goal of our technology transfer project was to provide land managers in the Lake States with pest management information on the spruce budworm. We summarize our technology transfer program, give examples of the development of four information packages, and discuss important factors that help technology transfer efforts in forest pest management.
Chloroplast fluorescence of C4 plants

The precise spectral responses of infrared color film permit a rapid qualitative detection of the in situ fluorescence properties of chloroplasts in C4 plants. Fluorescing mesophyll and granal bundle-sheath chloroplasts appear yellow, indicating a predominance of far-red over infrared fluorescence. In contrast, fluorescing agranal bundle-sheath chloroplasts appear red, indicating a predominance of infrared over far-red fluorescence. There is a strong positive correlation between lamellar appression and the ratio of far-red to infrared fluorescence as recorded by infrared color film. The red versus yellow color of bundle-sheath chloroplast infrared photographs is used to separate the 18 species of C4 plants and 2 species of C3 plants examined into two basic groups. This separation is compatible with a separation based on lamellar ultrastructure of bundle-sheath chloroplasts.
Analysis of pathogenic characteristics of influenza and population antibody levels in Zhenjiang city of Zhejiang in 2010

Objective: To monitor and analyze the regular epidemic pattern and etiology features of influenza in Zhenjiang in 2010,so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza.Methods: The throat swab of outpatient visits for influenza like illness(ILI) in the monitoring sentinel hospitals were collected and detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.Serum samples of influenza-like illness were tested by hemagglutination inhibition assay on H1,H3 and new H1 subtype antibody which were seasonal.Results: In 2010,9433 ILI were monitored and accounted for(ILI%) 1.69% of the total number of outpatient and emergency cases. 411 cases of throat swabs were positive,in which 111(27.01%) were H3 subtype,23(5.60%) were new H1N1,277(67.39%) were influenza B virus. Among the 3035 influenza-like illness cases,923 cases of H1 subtype antibody samples were detected with positive rate of 30.4%,810 cases of H3 subtype antibody samples were detected with positive rate of 26.7%,868 cases of new H1 subtype antibody samples were detected with positive rate of 28.6%. Conclusion: The crowd of this city has obtained a certain degree of immunity to the influenza virus,but the virus is still relatively active.The comprehensive preventive measures of influenza vaccination should be taken before the peak of the epidemic.
Feasibility demonstration of dynamic FDG PET to assess ACL graft viability after reconstructive surgery

547 Objectives Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is common, with cases of a complete tear frequently requiring reconstruction with a graft. Graft healing through ligamentization is not well delineated by standard of care MRI. In this study we evaluate the feasibility of performing ultra-low dose dynamic FDG PET imaging to assess the viability of ACL grafts following reconstructive surgery. Methods 8 patients post-ACL graft reconstruction enrolled in the prospective feasibility study using PET/MRI to characterize FDG uptake over time and correlate to morphologic findings. Dynamic PET was acquired on a Gemini TF 64 (Philips, Cleveland, OH) using an ultra-low dose (≤3mCi) FDG protocol with continuous acquisition for 75 min. An in-house fabricated device to position both knees identical to the MRI knee coil was used to limit motion during the PET acquisition. PET images were co-registered to the high resolution MRI for region of interest (ROI) placement over the graft, in the bone tunnels, and in two points of reference. Matched ROIs were drawn in the contralateral knee. Results Evaluable image quality was obtained for both PET and MRI in all examinations. The most common negative impact to image quality was patient movement, occurring in 4 of 16 knees. This motion however could be compensated for by motion correction. Repaired grafts and bone tunnels could be well visualized on the MR series and ROIs placed in all desired locations on co-registered dynamic PET images. A varying degree of metabolic uptake was noted in the ACL grafts and bone tunnels. Conclusions Dynamic PET imaging of ACL grafts and surrounding tissues can be performed at ultra-low dose on current TOF PET/CT systems and readily co-registered with MRI. This enables quantification of graft metabolic activity and appears to be a promising molecular imaging methodology to assess graft healing. Research Support This research was supported by the Ohio Third Frontier OSDA TECH 11-044 and TECH 13-060 grants.
Concurrent nonparametric estimation of organ geometry and tissue stiffness using continuous adaptive palpation

Surgeons often manually palpate tissue or organs in order to find tumors or other anatomical structures. Information about organ geometry and tissue stiffness gained from palpation can also be extremely useful in robotic surgery for diagnosis, surgical guidance, and registration to other preoperative information. However, it is not always easy to obtain, even if the robot is equipped with force sensors. This paper reports our approach for concurrent estimation of stiffness and surface geometry, using a continuous motion similar to a sweeping palpation motion used by surgeons. Our method relies on force data captured by a tactile sensor rigidly attached to an end-effector probe. We use Gaussian processes to simultaneously estimate geometry and stiffness. The method is not tied to any specific robotic platform and is consistent with a variety of palpation strategies. For simplicity, we discuss the results based on two different palpation primitives. This is our first step towards developing an adaptive high fidelity model reconstruction and path optimization technique.
Non-Markovian Dynamics of Qubit Systems: Quantum-State Diffusion Equations Versus Master Equations

In this review we discuss recent progress in the theory of open quantum systems based on non-Markovian quantum state diffusion and master equations. In particular, we show that an exact master equation for an open quantum system consisting of a few qubits can be explicitly constructed by using the corresponding non-Markovian quantum state diffusion equation. The exact master equation arises naturally from the quantum decoherence dynamics of qubit systems collectively interacting with a colored noise. We illustrate our general theoretical formalism by the explicit construction of a three-qubit system coupled to a non-Markovian bosonic environment. This exact qubit master equation accurately characterizes the time evolution of the qubit system in various parameter domains, and paves the way for investigation of the memory effect of an open quantum system in a non-Markovian regime without any approximation.
Genes necessary for C. elegans cell and growth cone migrations

The migrations of cells and growth cones contribute to form and pattern during metazoan development. To study the mechanisms that regulate cell motility, we have screened for C. elegans mutants defective in the posteriorly directed migrations of the canal-associated neurons (CANs). Here we describe 14 genes necessary for CAN cell migration. Our characterization of the mutants has led to three conclusions. First, the mutations define three gene classes: genes necessary for cell fate specification, genes necessary for multiple cell migrations and a single gene necessary for final positioning of migrating cells. Second, cell interactions between the CAN and HSN, a neuron that migrates anteriorly to a position adjacent to the CAN, control the final destination of the HSN cell body. Third, C. elegans larval development requires the CANs. In the absence of CAN function, larvae arrest development, with excess fluid accumulating in their pseudocoeloms. This phenotype may reflect a role of the CANs in osmoregulation.
FACIAL REPRESENTATION OF MULTIVARIATE DATA

Computer-generated cartoon faces, first proposed by Herman Chernoff in 19 71, appear to combine a number of desirable properties for representing multivariate data graphically, including the integrality of the display dimensions and the general familiarity of faces. A series of experiments revealed that, for some useful tasks, the faces do indeed constitute a superior representation for multidimensional Euclidean data. A further series examined how the face displays could be applied to a particular multivariate application. There, it was found that the stereotype meaning already present in faces could be measured and exploited to construct an inherently meaningful display.
Feasibility of Connecting, a Substance-Abuse Prevention Program for Foster Teens and their Caregivers.

AbstractObjective: This study aims to test the feasibility, usability, and proximal outcomes of Connecting, an adaptation of Staying Connected with Your Teen—a low-cost, self-directed, family-based substance-use prevention program—with foster families in a randomized, waitlist control pilot study. Method: Families (n = 60) fostering teens between 11 and 15 years of age were recruited into the study and randomly assigned into the self-administered program with telephone support from a family consultant (n = 32) or a waitlist control condition (n = 28). Results: Overall satisfaction with the program was high, with 100% of foster parents reporting that they would recommend the program to other caregivers and that they were “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the program. Program completion was good, with 62% of families completing all 91 specified tasks. Analyses of proximal outcomes revealed increased communication about sex and substance use (posttest OR = 1.97, and 2.03, respectively) in the intervention...
Un)Fixing Education

In this article we consider the material dimensions of schooling as constitutive of the possibilities inherent in “fixing” education. We begin by mapping out the problem of “fixing education,” pointing to the necrophilic tendencies of contemporary education—a desire to kill what otherwise might be life-giving. In this sense, to “fix” education is to make otherwise fluid processes-of-living static. We next point to the material realities of this move to fix. After establishing the material consequences of perpetually fixing schools, we provide a brief overview of two critical perspectives that might be shown as attempts to “unfix” education: critical pedagogy and unschooling. Though both offer critiques of normative education, these approaches are also bound by their failure to fully engage with the material dimensions of schooling. As such, both critical pedagogy and unschooling inadvertently cut off key possibilities for human flourishing within educational environments. In their rush to “unfix”—to counter the necrophilic tendencies of contemporary education—these approaches exclude or otherwise foreclose upon resistive challenges to the normative order that extend from the margins. In response, we turn to the possibilities for unschooling within the materially public spaces of schools. These are the spaces where fixity fails—possibility extends from unschooling in schools, from unfixing the process of fixing education. We end by considering the possibilities inherent in Community Service Learning as a valuable means to engage in a radically public, and unfixed, educational system.