cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainability of Transportation and Other Infrastructure Systems

This is the second of two special issues we have organized on the broadly defined concept of sustainability of infrastructure. Our view of infrastructure ~and the resulting call for papers! is instinctively broad, including buildings, transportation, energy, information and communication technologies, and various utilities. The first issue ~September 2004! focused on sustainable energy systems. The current issue is centered on the sustainability of building and transportation infrastructure, discussing highways, bridges, stormwater facilities, as well as buildings in terms of environmental implications and energy use. Jonsson’s forum article leads the issue with a discussion on sociotechnical infrasystem services. Infrasystems are large technical systems with a public character. His discussion considers social innovations and a framework for managing infrasystems based on needs and conveniences. Zapata and Gambatese perform an abbreviated life-cycle energy assessment of asphalt and concrete pavements. They note some sources of life-cycle energy use, as well as differences in the leading life-cycle stages. Jeon and Amekudzi summarize sustainability initiatives for transportation systems. They note the shortcomings in existing measures and propose frameworks consistent with sustainability as potentially useful for transportation agencies to adopt. Keoleian et al. compare bridge deck systems using conventional and alternative ~engineered cementitious composites! materials. They find that the new material yields significant environmental and energy benefits over the life cycle. Matthews and Williams broadly consider the energy implications of telecommuting in the United States and Japan. Beyond the usual focus on transportation system impacts, they include net energy use of residential and commercial buildings. They conclude that when these categories are considered, total energy benefits are small.
Dark-field electron microscopy of unstained and unshadowed DNA.

Summary The vastly increased contrast made possible by tilted-beam dark-field electron microscopy enables strands of DNA prepared by the Kleinschmidt technique to be clearly imaged without the heavy-metal staining or shadowing usually required. This technique is applicable over a wide range of magnifications and is easily accomplished with several commercial instruments.
RADIOCARBON AGE OF A NEVADA MUMMY

Skin tissue, bone collagen, and vegetal clothing from a well-preserved Indian mummy from a dry cave in Nevada have been analyzed radiochemically. The age is about 2500 years; the ages obtained for the various samples were in close agreement.
Microstructure-derived macroscopic residual resistance of brominated graphite fibers.

The microscopic bromine distribution in pitch-based brominated graphite fibers has been measured with a scanning transmission electron microscope by monitoring the Br K alpha1 X-ray intensity. An imhomogeneous distribution of Br along the fiber is found with two distinct cross-sectional distributions, namely, a uniform distribution in Br-rich regions and a Gaussian-like distribution in Br-poor regions. A model based on these Br distribution measurements is proposed to understand the relation between the Br microstructure and the macroscopic residual resistance of the fiber. This model yields semiquantitative agreement with experimental results.
Runtime adaptation for autonomic heterogeneous computing

Heterogeneity is increasing at all levels of computing, certainly with the rise in general purpose computing with GPUs in everything from phones to supercomputers. More quietly it is increasing with the rise of NUMA systems, hierarchical caching, OS noise, and a myriad of other factors. As heterogeneity becomes a fact of life at every level of computing, efficiently managing heterogeneous compute resources is becoming a critical task. The focus of my dissertation is developing methods and systems to allow software to adapt to the heterogeneous hardware it finds at runtime. The goal is to make the complex functions of heterogeneous computing autonomic, handling load balancing, memory coherence and other performance critical factors in the runtime. The investigation began by studying heterogeneity caused by system topology and resource contention in MPI applications. Since then the focus has shifted to work-sharing across CPU and GPU resources for accelerated OpenMP, and automatically managing the hardware capability imbalances between these resources. Moving forward, I propose to produce a system extending upon both previous approaches to offer work-sharing, topology aware affinity management, as well as novel automated memory transformations to reduce communication and increase memory access efficiency.
Particle size sensitivity of two aerosol mass concentration monitors

Particle size sensitivity was determined for two fast response aerosol mass monitors, the GCA RDM-101 and -301. Readings from the mass monitors were compared to gravimetric measurements of concentrations of known size monodisperse and polydisperse aerosols. An effective measurement aerodynamic diameter (EMAD), defined as the particle aerodynamic diameter at which the monitor indicated 50% of the gravimetrically measured concentration, was determined for each monitor. The EMAD was 1.3±0.1 µ for both monitors. The effect of particle size sensitivity on the estimation of respirable dust concentration is discussed.
The treatment of inconsistencies in Atlantic deep water salinity data

Abstract Salinity biases between hydrographic cruises are known to have occurred, and it has been recommended that the uniform characteristics of the basins east of the Mid-Atlantic ridge be used to discern measurement differences between cruises to the region. That approach was used with two high quality north-south eastern Atlantic expeditions (Oceanus Cruise 202[“McTT”] and South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment [“SAVE”] Leg III), to construct a reference to assess the salinity differences between IGY cruises from the 1950s and some more recent expeditions compared to that reference. Tables of salinity differences were prepared so that one may make adjustments to data sets when mapping any characteristic that is sensitive to relative salinity errors, such as computed geostrophic currents, or when mapping any characteristic on density surfaces.
An analysis of a four state model for pursuit-evasion games

An analysis is given for a four state model useful in medium range air-combat analysis. The problem is formulated as a differential game of degree, with capture time as the performance index. The model is representative of a three-dimensional pursuit-evasion game between two aircraft at medium to large ranges. A complete and exact characterization of the optimal paths and controls is given for arbitrary aerodynamic and propulsion models.
When “justice” is criminal: Lynchings in contemporary Latin America

cross Latin America, the 1990s saw an increase in popular lynchings of suspected criminals at the hands of large crowds. Although it is often assumed that these incidents involve random, regrettable, and relatively spontaneous acts of violence or throwbacks to the past, I argue in this article that these represent purposeful, powerful, and deeply political acts. Most literature on the region tends to regard contemporary violence as a predominantly “top-down” phenomenon—by state against citizen, landowner against peasant, mestizo against Indian—yet these incidents reveal a new sort of violence that originates at the bottom. I argue that the lynchings suggest an attempt by embattled communities to reassert their autonomy after decades of repeated assault by state armies, local elites, the globalized economy, and other adversaries. By enacting these highly ritualized, unequivocally public displays of “justice,” marginalized communities seek not only to punish and to deter criminal activity, but perhaps more importantly, to reassert themselves collectively as agents rather than victims. In this way, lynchings may reveal a dark side of what passes for “democracy” in the region.
Pharmacotherapy for Altitude-Related Illness:

Altitude-related illness is a frequent cause of morbidity and occasional mortality among recreational sports travelers in the United States and throughout the world. High-altitude illness describes the cerebral and pulmonary syndromes (acute mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral edema, and high-altitude pulmonary edema) that can occur in unacclimatized persons ascending too rapidly to high altitude. The pathogenesis of these syndromes is primarily hypobaric hypoxia that causes compensatory changes in the brain and lungs, resulting in hyperperfusion of microvascular beds, increased capillary pressure, and a microvascular leak with resulting edema and a characteristic constellation of symptoms. Prevention and treatment involve education about rate of ascent; diet; alcohol intake; physical activity; oxygen; hyperbaric chambers; and pharmacotherapy, including acetazolamide, dexamethasone, nifedipine, and salmeterol in selected circumstances.
Multiple solar panels maximum power point tracking using the output current

This paper focuses on developing an MPPT controller suitable for multiple PV panel maximum power points tracking. In the presented PV system MPPT controller, instead of sensing both the voltage and current from the PV panel, only the output current of the power converter following the solar array is sensed and used as the control variable in the P&O algorithm. This results in reduced cost and size. The controlled operation is tested and verified experimentally by using a proof-of-concept laboratory prototype.
Establishing a Murine Pancreatic Cancer CaSm Model: Up-regulation of CaSm Is Required for the Transformed Phenotype of Murine Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

We have recently shown that the cancer-associated Sm-like protein (CaSm) is overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC). However, the role of CaSm in the process of neoplastic transformation remains unclear. To define further the role of CaSm in PC transformation, we have established a murine model based on the murine pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc02 and Panc03. CaSm is overexpressed in the aggressive Panc02 cells and expressed at much lower levels in the more indolent Panc03 cells. Up-regulation of CaSm in Panc03 cells increased in vitro proliferation and anchorage-independent growth and promoted subcutaneous tumor establishment and growth in syngeneic mice. Conversely, adenoviral down-regulation of CaSm in Panc02 led to significant inhibition of cellular proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in vitro and complete abolition of tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Up-regulation of CaSm in NIH3T3 resulted in loss of contact inhibition and increased soft agar colony formation in vitro. The requirement for CaSm overexpression for neoplastic transformation confirms the concept that CaSm is a critical oncogene and potential target for molecular intervention. Furthermore, establishment of the murine clinically relevant model of pancreatic metastases provides a framework for the generation of preclinical data to support the development of novel molecular therapies targeting CaSm.
Hudson Valley Muddy Waters: Using AR to Reveal Microscopic Life in the Macroscopic Forest

Hudson Valley Muddy Waters makes visible the microscopic life that is key to the health of our forests and streams. The work demonstrates how Augmented Reality and creative imaging can expand the role of the artist in facilitating deeper public connections with the material of science and the macro/microscopic environment. The artist reverses the usual AR relationship of "real" to "aesthetically mediated" by presenting a painterly digital image as point of departure onto which "reality" is layered, rather than the other way around. Using the app Aurasma, the viewer is prompted to experience the thrill of discovering microscopic life in water via short videos of an actual stream and video micro-captures from the same site.
TOF plotter—a program to perform routine analysis time-of-flight mass spectral data

Abstract The main article discusses the operation and application of the program to mass spectral data files. This laboratory has recently reported the construction and characterization of a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ToF-MS) utilizing a radio frequency glow discharge ionization source. Data acquisition and analysis was performed using a digital oscilloscope and Microsoft Excel, respectively. Presently, no software package is available that is specifically designed for time-of-flight mass spectral analysis that is not instrument dependent. While spreadsheet applications such as Excel offer tremendous utility, they can be cumbersome when repeatedly performing tasks which are too complex or too user intensive for macros to be viable. To address this situation and make data analysis a faster, simpler task, our laboratory has developed a Microsoft Windows-based software program coded in Microsoft Visual Basic. This program enables the user to rapidly perform routine data analysis tasks such as mass calibration, plotting and smoothing on x – y data sets. In addition to a suite of tools for data analysis, a number of calculators are built into the software to simplify routine calculations pertaining to linear ToF-MS. These include mass resolution, ion kinetic energy and single peak identification calculators. A detailed description of the software and its associated functions is presented followed by a characterization of its performance in the analysis of several representative ToF-MS spectra obtained from different GD-ToF-MS systems.
33.3: Color Vision Testing on Uncontrolled Displays

We describe a method to evaluate color vision deficits in school children via an Internet connection. These deficits, when genetic, occur in about 8% of males, and 1% of females. Environmental factors have also been shown to produce such deficits, although the details are not yet clear. Our corporate evaluation technology requires that validity be preserved independent of calibration errors at the viewers station.
Optimized RNA ISH, RNA FISH and protein-RNA double labeling (IF/FISH) in Drosophila ovaries

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a powerful technique for detecting nucleic acids in cells and tissues. Here we describe three ISH procedures that are optimized for Drosophila ovaries: whole-mount, digoxigenin-labeled RNA ISH; RNA fluorescent ISH (FISH); and protein immunofluorescence (IF)–RNA FISH double labeling (IF/FISH). Each procedure balances conflicting requirements for permeabilization, fixation and preservation of antigenicity to detect RNA and protein expression with high resolution and sensitivity. The ISH protocol uses alkaline phosphatase–conjugated digoxigenin antibodies followed by a color reaction, whereas FISH detection involves tyramide signal amplification (TSA). To simultaneously preserve antigens for protein detection and enable RNA probe penetration for IF/FISH, we perform IF before FISH and use xylenes and detergents to permeabilize the tissue rather than proteinase K, which can damage the antigens. ISH and FISH take 3 d to perform, whereas IF/FISH takes 5 d. Probe generation takes 1 or 2 d to perform.
Comparing Apples to Oranges: Productivity Convergence and Measurement across Industries and Countries: Reply

This paper examines the role of sectors in aggregate convergence for fourteen OECD countries during 1970-87. The major finding is that manufacturing shows little evidence of either labor productivity or multifactor productivity convergence, while other sectors, especially services, are driving the aggregate convergence result. To determine the robustness of the convergence results, the paper introduces a new measure of multifactor productivity which avoids many problems inherent to traditional measures of total factor productivity when comparing productivity levels. The lack of convergence in manufacturing is robust to the method of calculating multifactor productivity. Copyright 1996 by American Economic Association.
Vasoactive Drugs in Circulatory Shock

Shock occurs when failure of the cardiovascular system compromises tissue perfusion. When fluid administration fails to restore adequate arterial pressure and organ perfusion in patients with shock, therapy with vasoactive agents should be initiated. The key to selecting among vasoactive agents is to make the choice in the context of the goals of therapy. The ultimate goals of hemodynamic therapy in shock are to restore effective tissue perfusion and to normalize cellular metabolism. The clinician needs to consider ways of achieving those goals and the mechanisms of action of potential therapies. Armed with this knowledge, it becomes easier to match the mechanism of action of a particular agent to the goals of therapy. When this is done, differences among various agents are seen primarily as differences in mechanisms of action, and discussions about which agent is "best" are transformed into consideration of which agent is best suited to implement the therapeutic strategy that has been selected in a given clinical context. Despite the complex pathophysiology of shock, use of vasoactive agents for hemodynamic support of patients with shock can be guided by an underlying approach in which clinicians define specific goals and end points, titrate therapies to those end points, and evaluate the results of their interventions on an ongoing basis.
The conditional logit estimator for unequal panels

Abstract The paper generalizes the conditional logit estimator available for equal panels to the case where panels may be unequal. It is then applied to estimate the parameters of the capital idling decision rule at a micro level.
Graded Lie Algebras of Kac-Moody Type

The first author is supported in pat by NSF under Grant DMS 88-00691. The 3rd author is supported in part by NSA/MSP Grant MDA 90-H-4039.
Comparison of Milo and Barley for Lactating Cows

Abstract Two switchback feeding trials were conducted to compare palatability and feeding value of milo and barley when fed to lactating dairy cows. Varying levels of milo, barley, and cottonseed meal were fed in the concentrate, with good-quality alfalfa making up the remainder (60%) of the diet. The rations were fed individually to each animal so that total feed consumption equaled 110% of Morrison's feeding standards for maintenance and production. Production of milk, gross composition of milk, component fatty acids of the milk fat, digestibility of the ration, and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. The following conclusions were drawn: a) Milo was equal to, if not slightly superior to, barley in supporting milk production, b) Milo and barley were equally palatable when fed under the conditions of this experiment, c) Milo was superior to barley in supporting milk fat percentage. d) Addition of cottonseed meal to a barleymilo concentrate increased the percentage of milk fat produced in the milk, e) Milo caused a depression of propionate in the rumen, f) Milo caused an increase in the short-chain acids of milk fat with a concomitant decrease in some of the C 18 acids, g) There was little difference in the digestibilities of milo and barley, h) There were no differences in conversion of feed gross energy to milk.
Grain-Size Dependence of Spontaneous Cracking in Ceramics

Models based on energy and stress considerations are applied to the phenomenon of spontaneous fracture of materials due to phase transformations and thermal expansion anisotropy. Results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with observations of the grain-size dependence of such cracking and the effects of internal stresses on strength. The occurrence and effects of sequential cracking in highly anisotropic materials are considered. Effects of the degree of anisotropy, twinning, porosity, and second phases on such cracking are noted.
Self-assembly of a binary mixture of particles and diblock copolymers

Using theoretical models, we undertake the first investigation into the synergy and rich phase behavior that emerges when binary particle mixtures are blended with microphase-separating copolymers. We isolate an example of spontaneous hierarchical self-assembly in such hybrid materials, where the system exhibits both nanoscopic ordering of the particles and macroscopic phase transformation in the copolymer matrix. Furthermore, the self-assembly is driven by entropic effects involving all the different components. The results reveal that entropy can be exploited to create highly ordered nanocomposites with potentially unique electronic and photonic properties.
Specific features of the reaction of l-cysteine with pyridoxal and N-pyridoxylidene-β-alanine

The mechanisms of condensation of l-cysteine, l-methionine, and l-serine with pyridoxal and of transaldimination of N-pyridoxylidene-β-alanine with l-cysteine were studied by the kinetic method. Unlike methionine and serine, the condensation of cysteine with pyridoxal and transaldimination with Npyridoxylidene-β-alanine involves intermediate formation of stable product having a thiazolidine ring. Its structure was determined by elemental analysis, UV, and IR spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations. The thiazolidine fragment in the pyridoxal condensation product with l-cysteine is turned through an angle of ∼90° with respect to the pyridine ring plane due to mutual repulsion of the negatively charged oxygen atom in the ortho position of the pyridine ring and sulfur and nitrogen atoms in the thiazolidine ring.
MarkoLAB: A Graphical Interface To Study Stochastic Channel Behavior

The most studied feature of an ionic channel is the current flowing through it. This happens when the channel moves into the open state, but most of the time, as revealed by the low open probability values, the channel transitions between closed or inactive states. By focusing only when the channel enters or leaves the open state the most of its activity is being missed. To have a better representation of the total behavior of the channel we constructed a computer program (MarkoLAB) that creates a 3-D plot with all channel's states. In this graphical interface each state is represented with a column. The height of the column is proportional to the occupancy level. During voltage clamp simulation the transition between states are visualized as changes in the columns' height. This dynamic plot provides more complete information about the channel behavior and illustrates the stochastic nature of the transitions. Furthermore the macroscopic current is simultaneously shown allowing the user to link the single channel activity with the overall result of the ensemble currents. The program was developed in LabVIEW language and the stochastic transitions were implemented with a Monte Carlo simulation. This first version of the software covers three typical channels under voltage clamp conditions: The rapid sodium channel (INa), the slow activated potassium channel (IKs) and the L-type calcium channel. (ICaL). MarkoLAB is an original tool to gain insight of the channel kinetics and illustrates more clearly concepts as recovery from inactivation or distinguish between voltage-dependent versus calcium-dependent inactivation. This novel representation of channel activity constitutes a powerful aid to demonstrate effect of gene mutations or drugs on the channel function.
Implications of Inbound Lead Time Variability for Just‐in‐Time Manufacturing

This article provides a discussion of key components for the decisionmaker concerned with the logistical issues of implementing a Just‐in‐Time (JIT) manufacturing philosophy. A JIT philosophy promotes reduced cycle times that provide benefits not normally considered in traditional inventory models and presents new concerns for the purchasing and logistics functions. The ramifications are investigated of a JIT implementation using an inventory‐theoretic modelling procedure modified and expanded to incorporate these considerations. The resulting cost comparisons indicate that the lead time variability associated with uncertain transit times in JIT is critical in the determination of order cycle time, order point, safety stock and the holding cost of the safety stock.
Sustainability of Natural Populations: Lessons from Indigenous Knowledge

Management schemes for wildlife are often unsuccessful in maintaining healthy, sustainable populations, especially approaches based on Maximum Sustainable Yield, which fail to account for variation in reproductive output. North American Indigenous hunters had considerable knowledge about the dynamics of local populations and were aware that they were subject to major fluctuations. These peoples developed the concept of “Keepers of the Game,” which suggested that if fish or game animals were not treated with proper respect, these “keepers” could remove their population, making it unavailable for human exploitation. The “keepers” concept may have represented recognition of exceptional individuals that had unusual influence on local population dynamics. Existence of such individuals has been established empirically through long-term studies that show that less than 10% of a cohort may contribute 75–90% of recruits to succeeding generations. Incorporation of this concept into management schemes might lead to ...
Parameter estimation for the EOQ lot‐size model: Minimax and expected value choices

This article provides formulas for estimating the parameters to be used in the basic EOQ lot-size model. The analysis assumes that the true values of these parameters are unknown over known ranges and perhaps nonstationary over time. Two measures of estimator “goodness” are derived from EOQ sensitivity analysis. Formulas are given for computing the minimax choice and the minimum expected value choice for the parameter estimates using both measures of estimator “goodness”. A numerical example is included.
Sparking life in a circuits classroom

The author describes how he implemented open-ended design in a sophmore electrical engineering course at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. The results were found to be successful. The author shows how the problem was presented and how real engineering design and evaluation was achieved. >
Esfenvalerate-induced case-abandonment in the larvae of the caddisfly (Brachycentrus americanus)

Field-collected Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) larvae were used to investigate the relationship between esfenvalerate exposure and case-abandonment response, determine larval ability to construct a new case, and measure the change in predation risk to insects in rebuilt cases. We evaluated case-abandonment following four environmentally relevant esfenvalerate exposures, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/L; 48-h exposures to 0.2 and 0.4 g/L (nominal) esfenvalerate both resulted in over 60% of larvae abandoning cases and were statistically indistinguishable. Propensity to engage in building behaviors was significantly diminished in 0.2 and 0.4 g/L esfenvalerate-exposed insects that had abandoned cases, with less than 20% of exposed insects producing cases. Cases built by intoxicated larvae were characterized by a disorganized composition, and required half the pressure to crush versus cases built by nonexposed larvae. Pre-exposing case-building material to 1 g/L esfenvalerate also reduced the physical strength of rebuilt cases. Larvae inhabiting weaker rebuilt cases and larvae without cases were significantly more susceptible to predation by second year Hesperoperla pacifica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae) stonefly nymphs than those in original cases. Overall, we concluded that small behavioral responses can have profound consequences for survival of species and reveal susceptible stages in life-cycles that can be overlooked by conventional approaches to ecological risk assessment. Keywords—Sublethal effects Synthetic pyrethroid Trichoptera Case-abandonment recovery
Directional Cyclostationary Feature Detectors using 2-D IIR RF Spiral-Antenna Beam Digital Filters

Cognitive radio relies on accurate spectrum sensing for increasing the spectral efficiency of wireless networks. A novel array processing scheme is proposed based on a uniform linear array (ULA) of circularly-polarized spiral antennas having frequency range 2-6 GHz, which is used in conjunction with digital beam filters having 2-D IIR transfer functions for accurately and efficiently placing radio sources in wireless environment. Algorithms such as cyclostationary feature extraction is employed at beamformer to measure energy and realize feature/modulation detection, which in turn allows classification of a wireless environment. Simulation examples are provided for demonstrating the low-complexity directional feature detector with applications towards enhancing access to radio spectrum. Examples showing classification of sources by direction, frequency channels and modulation type in the 2-4 GHz band at SNR=6 dB are given.
Getting real with drug-eluting stents: 5-year follow up of a real-world cohort.

16 The advent of coronary stenting ushered in a whole new era in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Concerns over stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis limited the use of intracoronary stents. Some centers reported that up to 10% of patients receiving uncoated or “bare metal” stents (BMS) had acute thrombotic occlusion of their stents, requiring intervention. Evolving procedural and antiplatelet strategies significantly reduced the rates of stent thrombosis. Nevertheless, restenosis remained a significant problem—ranging from 15% to as high as 40%. To a large extent, drug-eluting stents (DES) succeeded in providing a solution to restenosis. Many trials have proven that DES significantly reduce in-stent restenosis and the need for repeat procedures. Initial excitement was reflected by the rapid uptake of DES into clinical practice. In many instances, DES were used before publication of the pivotal trials; approximately half were used for off-label indications. Although DES significantly reduced the need for repeat procedures, longer-term follow-up raised concerns as the issue of late stent thrombosis resurfaced, related to incomplete stent apposition, localized hypersensitivity, and/or delayed arterial healing. Large multicenter registries have reported a cumulative incidence of stent thrombosis after DES implantation of around 3% at 4 years. Of greatest interest was that as many as 20% of the documented stent thromboses occurred “very late” or N1 year after stent implantation. In large randomized trials of sirolimus(SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stents, the incidence for re-adjudicated stent thrombosis was no different than for bare metal stents. However, when including randomized studies which also enrolled patients with small vessels, diabetes, or acute myocardial infarction (MI), it appeared that DES conferred a small, but significantly increased, risk for late stent thrombosis. Moreover, despite the limited incidence, acute thrombotic episodes were often associated with poor outcomes. Large-scale “real-world” data on patients post percutaneous coronary intervention even called into question the overall safety
Lactate concentration gradient from right atrium to pulmonary artery

Introduction We compared simultaneous measurements of blood lactate concentration ([Lac]) in the right atrium (RA) and in the pulmonary artery (PA). Our aim was to determine if the mixing of right atrial with coronary venous blood, having substantially lower [Lac], results in detectable decreases in [Lac] from the RA to the PA.
Bayesian generic priors for causal learning.

The article presents a Bayesian model of causal learning that incorporates generic priors—systematic assumptions about abstract properties of a system of cause–effect relations. The proposed generic priors for causal learning favor sparse and strong (SS) causes—causes that are few in number and high in their individual powers to produce or prevent effects. The SS power model couples these generic priors with a causal generating function based on the assumption that unobservable causal influences on an effect operate independently (P. W. Cheng, 1997). The authors tested this and other Bayesian models, as well as leading nonnormative models, by fitting multiple data sets in which several parameters were varied parametrically across multiple types of judgments. The SS power model accounted for data concerning judgments of both causal strength and causal structure (whether a causal link exists). The model explains why human judgments of causal structure (relative to a Bayesian model lacking these generic priors) are influenced more by causal power and the base rate of the effect and less by sample size. Broader implications of the Bayesian framework for human learning are discussed.
A blueprint for a fixed-wing autopilot on an Android smartphone

The growing set of potential applications for UAVs is driving research and development of more intelligent systems to prove feasibility of future integration into national airspace. An autonomous UAV architecture built upon a COTS Android smartphone is proposed as a platform for widespread development. A brief analysis is conducted on the feasibility of an open-source, inexpensive, user-friendly autonomous system, built upon the capabilities of a contemporary smartphone. An examination of flight control, position estimation, attitude determination, and long-range data connection through a Samsung Galaxy Nexus determines that this type of system may be developed by building on the concepts used in the existing Paparazzi autopilot software.
Pairwise Comparisons among Proportions

The SAS System was used to program an algorithm designed to construct pairwise multiple comparisons among proportions. The statistical method is attributable to Levy and is based on a procedure described by Spjotvoll and Stoline, which is an extension of Tukey's T-method. This SAS program can accommodate applications involving unequal sample sizes for a set of k independent sample proportions.
Gaming and Gamification

Whether inadvertently or not, many academic libraries often find themselves following the trends in higher education. Perhaps this is due in part to the integral relationship of an academic library...
Pressure‐Tunable Dual‐Column Ensembles for High‐Speed GC and GC/MS

A series-coupled ensemble of two capillary GC columns of different selectivity with an adjustable pressure at the column junction point is used to obtain tunable selectivity for high-speed GC and GC/ TOFMS. An electronic pressure controller with a 0.1-psi step size is used to obtain numerous computer-selected unique selectivities. System configurations for conventional, atmospheric-pressure outlet operation with flame ionization detection and for vacuum-outlet operation with photoionization detection are described for GC-only experiments. Polydimethylsiloxane is used as the non-polar column and polyethylene glycol (atmospheric outlet) or triflouropropylpolysiloxane (vacuum outlet) is used as the polar column. For GC/ TOFMS experiments, 5% phenyl polydimethylsiloxane was used as the non-polar column, and polyethylene glycol was used as the polar column. The time-of-flight mass spectrometer can acquire up to 500 complete mass spectra per second. Since spectral continuity is achieved across the entire chromatographic peak profile, severely overlapping peaks can be spectrally deconvoluted for high-speed characterization of completely unknown mixtures. For mixture components with significantly different fragmentation patterns, spectral deconvolution can be achieved for chromatographic peak separations of as little as 6.0 ms. This can result is very large peak capacity for time compressed (not completely resolved) chromatograms. The use of columns with tunable selectivity allows for precise peak-position control, which can result in more efficient utilization of available peak capacity and thus further time compression of chromatograms. The limits of tunability and deconvolution are tested for near co-elutions of different classes of hydrocarbon compounds as well as for more multi-functional mixtures.
Model-based inverse halftoning with wavelet-vaguelette deconvolution

In this paper, we demonstrate based on the linear model of Kite et al. (1997, 2000) that inverse halftoning is equivalent to the well-studied problem of deconvolution in the presence of colored noise. We propose the use of the simple and elegant wavelet-vaguelette deconvolution (WVD) algorithm to perform the inverse halftoning. Unlike previous wavelet-based algorithms, our method is model-based; hence it is adapted to different error diffusion halftoning techniques. Our inverse halftoning algorithm consists of inverting the convolution operator followed by denoising in the wavelet domain. For signals in a Besov space, our algorithm possesses asymptotically (as the number of samples/spl rarr//spl infin/) near-optimal rates of error decay. Hence for images in a Besov space, it is impossible to improve significantly on the inverse halftoning performance of the WVD algorithm at high resolutions. Using simulations, we verify that our algorithm outperforms or matches the performances of the best published inverse halftoning techniques in the mean square error (MSE) sense and also provides excellent visual performance.
Home-based computerized cognitive assessment tool for dementia screening

With a rapidly aging population worldwide, developing alternatives to enhance current cognitive screening practices is becoming increasingly important. The Clock Drawing Test, a paper-and-pencil test, has been used as one of the most popular cognitive screening tools for dementia. In this paper, we present our approach to developing a home-based computerized dementia screening tool, the ClockMe System, which we developed based on our observational study of the current practice of dementia screening at a clinic. The ClockMe System has two main parts: The ClockReader Application and the ClockAnalyzer Application. By using the ClockReader Application, older adults can self-administer dementia screening at home. The ClockAnalyzer Application enables medical practitioners to review and monitor the screening results of their patients. We conclude our paper with preliminary user evaluation results and suggestions for future implementation. The study shows the potential of computing technologies that can advance the current practice of dementia screening.
A Role for Activated Macrophages in Resistance to Infection with Toxoplasma

Activated macrophages from mice which were chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii or Besnoitia jellisoni, or which had received Freund complete adjuvant, had an enhanced capacity to to kill intracellular Toxoplasma. Enhanced killing by activated macrophages was demonstrated by decreased incorporation of isotopically labeled uridine by intracellular Toxoplasma and by inhibition of plaque formation. The latter resulted from lack of proliferation of the intracellular Toxoplasma which is normally followed by destruction of the host cell (macrophage) and secondary invasion and destruction of fibroblast monolayers.
Nonlinear domain-wall velocity enhancement by spin-polarized electric current.

The interaction between a dc spin-polarized electric current and a magnetic domain wall in a Permalloy nanowire was studied by high-bandwidth scanning Kerr polarimetry. The full functional dependence of wall velocity on electric current and magnetic field is presented. With the pinning potential nulled by a field, current-induced velocity enhancements exceeded $35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ at a current density of $\ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. This large enhancement, more than 10 times that found in pinning-dominated experiments, results in part from an interaction that is nonlinear in current and independent of current direction.
Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings

The history of psychology has been traced through the behavior of early civilizations covering a span of 4,000 years (Kimble & Schlesinger, 1985a,Kimble & Schlesinger, 1985b). The history of modern scientific psychology is relatively brief, encompassing a little more than a century. Nevertheless, Pion (in press) noted that, since 1977, the demand for doctoral psychologists, as reflected by employment figures, has actually increased more rapidly than the employment of all other doctoral scientists. Further, Pion cited National Science Foundation statistics indicating that, in 1986, 94% of doctoral psychologists were actually working in psychology. This figure represents a higher percentage than in any other scientific field.
Young mothers lack plans to receive preventive health care.

Background: Despite their health vulnerability, multiple barriers to health care exist for adolescent mothers. This pilot study aimed to gain information regarding preventive health care intentions...
Ein- und zweidimensionale Formen

In diesem Kapitel finden Sie die Strukturdaten fur 76 Molekule und Ionen im Masstab 300.000.000: 1 (demselben Masstab wie fur die Molekule in Kapitel 1). In allen Fallen ist die Anordnung der Atome um das Zentralatom herum entweder ein- oder zweidimensional. Aber nicht jedes Molekul ist flach. Beispielsweise befinden sich die Wasserstoffatome im Allen in zwei zueinander senkrechten Ebenen, und die CH3Gruppen des Dimethylethers sind tetraedrisch. Dieser dreidimensionale Charakter wurde nicht dargestellt.
A Review of: City of Rhetoric: Revitalizing the Public Sphere in Metropolitan America, by David Fleming

David Fleming's City of Rhetoric: Revitalizing the Public Sphere in Metropolitan America is a timely monograph in at least three respects. In the wake of the election of Barack Obama, City of Rheto...
Cellular self-organization by autocatalytic alignment feedback

Myoblasts aggregate, differentiate and fuse to form skeletal muscle during both embryogenesis and tissue regeneration. For proper muscle function, long-range self-organization of myoblasts is required to create organized muscle architecture globally aligned to neighboring tissue. However, how the cells process geometric information over distances considerably longer than individual cells to self-organize into well-ordered, aligned and multinucleated myofibers remains a central question in developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Using plasma lithography micropatterning to create spatial cues for cell guidance, we show a physical mechanism by which orientation information can propagate for a long distance from a geometric boundary to guide development of muscle tissue. This long-range alignment occurs only in differentiating myoblasts, but not in non-fusing myoblasts perturbed by microfluidic disturbances or other non-fusing cell types. Computational cellular automata analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of the self-organization process reveals that myogenic fusion in conjunction with rotational inertia functions in a self-reinforcing manner to enhance long-range propagation of alignment information. With this autocatalytic alignment feedback, well-ordered alignment of muscle could reinforce existing orientations and help promote proper arrangement with neighboring tissue and overall organization. Such physical self-enhancement might represent a fundamental mechanism for long-range pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis.
Observations and Numerical Simulations of Winds within a Broad Forested Valley

Abstract The Tennessee River Valley in the eastern part of Tennessee is a broad valley with a moist climate and extensive forest cover. A series of 50–100-m-high parallel ridges forms corrugations along the floor of the valley. Tower measurements and numerical simulations are used in this paper to study the channeling of the winds in this valley over the diurnal cycle. At night, pressure-driven channeling caused by geostrophic imbalances is often present, but this channeling tends to be concentrated on the leeward side of the valley (relative to the winds aloft). The channeling is significantly weaker during the afternoon, so the winds on top of the corrugations are more closely aligned with those aloft. In the bottomlands between the corrugations, however, the daytime winds are more effectively channeled parallel to the valley axis. Although thermally driven winds are not dominant in the Tennessee Valley, a discernible pattern of upvalley daytime winds and downvalley nighttime winds is observed in the to...
ActiSen: Activity-aware sensor network in smart environments

A sensor network, unlike a traditional communication network, provides high degree of visibility into environmental physical processes. Therefore its operation is driven by the activities in the environment. In long-term operations, these activities usually show certain patterns which can be learned and utilized to optimize network design. However, this has been almost unexplored in the literature. In this paper we present the design and validation of ActiSen system, an activity-aware sensor network in smart environments. ActiSen consists of three components: activity-aware sensing, activity-aware radio duty-cycling, and activity-aware and energy balanced routing. Experimental results from real testbed experiments and sensor network simulator TOSSIM validate that the activity-aware design of ActiSen outperforms existing methods in terms of resource utilization (energy efficiency, lifetime etc.) and system performance (data delivery throughput, delivery latency etc.).
Ultrastructure of Pseudocilia in Tetraspora Lubrica (Roth) AG

The flagella-like, but immobile, pseudocilia of the unicellular green alga, Tetraspora lubrica , have been characterized ultrastructurally and compared with the true flagella of the motile green alga, Chlamydomonas . The basal body and transitional regions of the 2 organelle systems are basically similar. Most of the marked differences occur in the pseudocilium proper, and a few important dissimilarities are found in the cytoplasmic portions of the apparatus. The major differences are: (1) 4 instead of 2 proximal striated fibres in the pseudociliary apparatus (2) a proximal-to-distal progressive decrease in subfibre number from 9 doublet fibres to a solitary fibre in the pseudocilium proper; (3) loss of interconnexions among the subfibres in the pseudocilium proper and a concomitant disorientation of those subfibres; (4) absence of major arms (dynein) on the A subfibre of peripheral doublets; (5) absence of the central pair of fibres. These and other differences are discussed with regard to their possible roles in loss of motility.. Additional ultrastructural details - interconnexions between cytoplasmic microtubules and basal body subfibres of pseudocilia and flagella - are described and discussed in terms of their possible roles in the regulation of flagellar movement in motile organisms.
A NEW EARLY CRETACEOUS CORAL (ANTHOZOA; SCLERACTINIA; DENDROPHYLLIINA) AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE

A new coral, Blastozopsammia guerreroterion , from the mid-Cretaceous (upper Albian-lower Cenomanian) Mal Paso Formation of southwestern Mexico is the earliest known and the first Mesozoic colonial member of the Dendrophylliidae, an extant worldwide group. Blastozopsammia is characterized by a ramose corallum produced by extratentacular budding, dimorphic corallites, and branches with a continuous axial corallite sheathed in an orderly arrangement of radially arrayed secondary corallites and a robust layer of reticulate coenosteum. This growth form is similar to that of many modern reef-building species of Acropora Oken, 1815 and species of the nonreefal Petrophyllia Conrad, 1855 (5Archohelia Vaughan, 1919). Based on corallite configuration, growth form and analogy with Acropora, Blastozopsammia had a relatively high degree of colony integration and may have been zooxanthellate. The combination of an axial corallite with radially arrayed secondary corallites has been regarded as one of the morphological and ecological pinnacles of coral evolution, yet it is rare among the Scleractinia. This growth form has not been recognized in any Cenozoic dendro- phylliids. Blastozopsammiais an evolutionary enigma because no ancestral lineage or closely related taxon has been identified. However, the most likely origin of colonial Dendrophylliidae is Jurassic or Early Cretaceous Actinacididae.