cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How important is on‐site adequacy assessment for thyroid FNA? An evaluation of 883 cases

Immediate adequacy assessment (IADA) during fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is not universal and the optimal number of passes has not been well determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nondiagnostic rates (NDR) with and without the IADA forthyroid aspirates. Subsequent cytological and surgical follow-up were reviewed for non-diagnostic cases. In addition, we evaluated the number of passes performed in each FNA to determine the optimal number. Retrospective analysis of NDR was performed on 883 thyroid FNA specimens retrieved through a Computer SNOMED Search from our files between January 2001 to December 2003. For FNAs with IADA, one Diff-Quick and one fixed smear for each pass were prepared, and the needle was rinsed in CytoLyt solution for a ThinPrep and/or a cell-block. FNAs without IADAwere received in CytoLyt solution, from which a ThinPrep and a cell-block were prepared for each case. Of the total 883 cases, 443 were performed with IADA, of which 417 cases were diagnostic. The remaining 440 cases were performed without IADA, of which 300 cases were diagnostic.NDR for IADA was 5.9% (26 cases-group-I)compared to 31.8% (140 cases-group-II)without IADA. In group-I, 5 cases were followed-up by repeat FNA, 10 cases by surgical resection, and 11 cases received no tissue follow-up. In group-II, 23 cases were followed-up by repeat FNA, 36 by surgical resection, and 82 cases received no tissue follow-up. Interestingly, follow-up in group-I did not reveal any missed malignancy, while that in group-II resulted in a malignant diagnosis in 13.8% (8 cases). We also found that the optimal number of passes with least NDR was 4-6 passes.NDR was 25% for < 3 passes, 11% for 4 passes, 5.2% for 5 passes, 1.4% for 6 passes, and 2.5% for 7 passesor more. IADA significantly reduces the NDR and increases the sample adequacy for diagnosis. Optimal number of passes is 4-6 passes, and additional passes did not improve the diagnostic rate. Our study also emphasizes the significance of repeat FNA or histological follow-up for nondiagnostic cases, especially for those without IADA.
Total dose effects on power-MOSFET switching converters

Abstract Power MOSFETs have important applications in space systems, particularly in dc/dc power conversion. Transistors used in the space environment are subject to the effects of exposure to the natural radiation environment in space. Among the effects of ionizing radiation are shifts in threshold voltage and reduction of carrier mobility. In this work, the total-ionizing-dose-induced degradation of two switching power converters is examined. The MOSFETs for two switching converters were irradiated with a 60 Co source and their performance was evaluated in buck and boost converters. The experimental results agree well with values obtained from SPICE simulations.
Effect of the Reaction Temperature and Fuel Treatment on the Deposit Formation of Jet Fuels

In the present paper, the thermal stability behavior and amount of carbon deposit from thermally stressed jet fuel candidates were examined as functions of fuel treatment and reaction temperatures....
‘PRECIOUS’ PLACE: THE LOCAL GROWTH MACHINE IN AN ERA OF GLOBAL RESTRUCTURING

(1990). ‘PRECIOUS’ PLACE: THE LOCAL GROWTH MACHINE IN AN ERA OF GLOBAL RESTRUCTURING. Urban Geography: Vol. 11, Review Symposium on Logan and Molotch's Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place, pp. 185-193.
Contribution of birth defects to infant mortality in the United States

Background While overall infant mortality rates (IMR) have declined over the past several decades, birth defects have remained the leading cause of infant death in the United States. To illustrate how this leading cause of infant mortality impacts subgroups within the US population a descriptive analysis of the contribution of birth defects to infant mortality at the national and state level was conducted. Methods Descriptive analyses of birth defects-specific IMRs and proportionate infant mortality due to birth defects were conducted for the US using 1999 mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. In 1999, the change to ICD-10 impacted how cause-specific mortality rates were coded. Aggregated 1995-1998 state- birth defects infant death statistics were used for state comparisons. Results In 1999, birth defects accounted for nearly 1 in 5 infant deaths in the US. Variation in birth defects-specific IMRs were observed by maternal race with black infants having the highest rates when compared with other race groups. However, among black infants prematurity/low birthweight was the leading cause of death, followed by birth defects. There is substantial variation in state-specific birth defects IMRs and the state-specific proportion of infant deaths due to birth defects. Conclusions Birth defects remain the leading cause of infant death in the United States, despite the changes that resulted in 1999 from an update in the coding of cause of death from ICD-9 to ICD-10. While birth defects-specific IMRs provide an overall picture of fatal birth defects and a gauge of the impact of life-threatening anomalies, they represent only a fraction of the impact of birth defects, missing those who survive past infancy and those birth defects related losses in the antepartum period. Expansion and support of effective birth defects monitoring systems in each state that include the full spectrum of perinatal outcomes must be a priority. However, paralleling these efforts, analyses of this leading cause of infant mortality provide critical insight into perinatal health and should continue, with appropriate adjustments for the 1999 classification changes. Teratology 66:S3–S6, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conditional Chromatic Numbers with Forbidden Cycles

The conditional chromatic number X(G,P) of a graph G with respect to a graphical property P is the minimum number of colors needed to color the nodes of G such that each color class induces a subgraph of G with property P. The conditional chromatic number with respect to various properties has been studies by numerous authors. We investigate X(G,P) where P is the property of having no cycle of length j for fixed j<=3. We find the conditional chromatic number with forbidden cycles for graphs of large size and for all graphs with order at most six.
Li 1s near-edge spectra in six lithium halides

Abstract Theoretical results are presented for Li 1s near-edge absorption spectra in LiH, LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, and LiAt. These results are obtained using a realistic band structure and wave functions, and include effects of the electron–core hole attraction in detail. The spectra are compared and trends through the family of lithium halides are discussed. Appropriate improvements to be implemented in future theoretical work are also discussed.
Sex differences in the assessment of pain versus sexual pleasure facial expressions.

Although very distinct emotions, facial expressions of those who are experiencing pain/agony appear surprisingly similar to those who are experiencing heightened sexual pleasure. We investigated whether sex differences exist between distinguishing facial photos of males and females expressing either pain or sexual pleasure. Photographs obtained from the internet of individuals expressing either emotion were individually shown to ninety-one participants in a slideshow, and participants were asked to identify the emotion. Overall, participants were more able to correctly identify an expression of pain as opposed to sexual pleasure. Participants also showed the highest degree of accuracy when it came to identifying females showing expressions of pain, but were the least accurate at identifying females with expressions of sexual pleasure, and this effect was more pronounced for female raters. Furthermore, participants took longer to respond to male pictures than to female pictures. These findings are discussed in terms of how sex differences in the perception of these facial expressions may be adaptive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)
Male infertility: evaluation and sperm retrieval.

For all men with infertility, a complete history and physical examination is recommended to identify potentially correctable causes of male factor infertility. The ASRM Practice Committee recommended that initial evaluation of men and women in an infertile couple proceed in parallel and be initiated
Weight, ascorbic acid and cholesterol changes in adrenals of pyridoxine-deficient adult male rat.

SummaryTwo days after hypophysectomy, the pyridoxine-deficient rat treated with ACTH had the same amount of adrenal ascorbic acid depletion and adrenal weight increase as did the pair weighed and ad libitum controls but like these controls no decrease in adrenal cholesterol. When intact animals were subjected to hypoxia, however, the pyridoxine-deficient group, although able to maintain adrenal weights and adrenal ascorbic acid content as did the pair weighed and ad libitum groups, clearly failed to show the adrenal cholesterol depletion characteristic of the latter groups. The depletion of adrenal cholesterol is apparently not controlled by the same mechanism involved in adrenal hypertrophy and adrenal ascorbic acid depletion.
Low-Frequency Current Variability Observed at the Shelfbreak in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: November 2004-May 2005

Fourteen acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) were deployed on the shelf and slope for 1 year just west of the DeSoto Canyon in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) as part of its Slope to Shelf Energetics and Exchange Dynamics (SEED) project. The winter and spring observations are discussed here in regards to the low-frequency current variability and its relation to wind and eddy forcing. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses showed that two modes described most of the current variability. Wind-forced variability of the along-shelf flow was the main contributor in Mode 1 while eddies contributed much of the variability in Mode 2. Wind-stress controlled currents on the shelf and slope at time scales of about a week. On longer time scales, variations in the currents on both the outer shelf and slope appear to be related to seasonal variations in the time-cumulated wind stress curl. Winds were dominant in driving the along-shelf transports, particularly along the slope. However, the effective wind stress component was found to be aligned with the west Florida shelf direction rather than the local shelf direction. Eddy intrusions, which were more numerous in winter and spring than in summer and fall, and winds were found to contribute significantly to cross-shelf exchange processes.
Relations and attributes: A symbiotic basis for editing environments

The ability to generate language-based editors depends on the existence of a powerful, language-independent model of editing. A model is proposed in which programs are represented as attributed abstract-syntax trees with an associated relational database. Relations can depend on the state of the attributed tree, and attributes can depend on the values in relations, provided there are no circular dependencies. The power and the limitations of relational operations are demonstrated with respect to the support of static-semantic checking, anomaly detection, an interrogation facility, and the ability to define alternate views of a program. The advantages of the hybrid system over both the purely relational and purely attribute-based systems are presented, and a prototype implementation of an editor generator is discussed. New algorithms are given for query evaluation and incremental view updating motivated by the efficiency requirements of interactive editing under the defined model.
The Conscientious Sovereign: Public and Private Rule in Thomas Hobbes's Early Discourses

In midcareer political treatises, Hobbes trades humanism for scientific method and minimizes distinctions between conquest and mutual covenant as grounds of sovereignty. From this, many conclude that arbitrary government is the goal, or the likeliest outcome of Hobbes's science of justice. Three early discourses, however, suggest that the perils of transition from the private rule of a conqueror to the public rule of a law-bound sovereign are of primary concern. Whether the change is taken as proof of the independent activity of natural law, or as solely attributable to the skills of exemplary sovereigns, it destabilizes any law-bound ruler who fails to reorient the passions motivating subjects to obey. Lasting stability and comfort can be achieved only when public rule is redefined as the preservation of a cognitive balance, setting fear of the destructive effects of unregulated self-assertion against hope of the possibility of continuous peace through obedience to law.
Ocular Reticulum Cell Sarcoma

In four of eight cases of reticulum cell sarcoma with ocular involvement diagnosis was made by craniotomy when the signs of a brain tumor developed. A fifth case had an isolated intraocular tumor. Of the other three, two were diagnosed by vitreous aspiration and one by cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Ocular reticulum cell sarcoma frequently accompanies or precedes brain involvement. In this form of the disease the ocular lesion is usually a tumor cell infiltrate of the retina. The associated retinochoroiditis leads to marked vitreous clouding and eventual retinal detachment and glaucoma may occur. On the other hand, when intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma occurs in association with the systemic lymph node visceral form of the disease, choroidal involvement is the rule. Vitreous aspiration may confirm the diagnosis at an early stage when clinical and laboratory evaluation reveal no disease outside the globe. The retinal tumor foci are radiosensitive and local radiation, although not curative, may restore visual acuity. Immunosuppressive therapy given in low doses for anti-inflammatory effect may exacerbate the disease.
General connection formulae for Liouville-Green approximations in the complex plane

This paper is concerned with differential equations of the form d 2 w/dz 2 = {u 2 f(u,z) +g(u,z)}w in which u is a positive parameter and z is a complex variable ranging over a simply connected open domain D that is not necessarily one-sheeted, and may be bounded or unbounded. In the first part we assume that for each value of u the function (z-c) 2-m f(u,z) is holomorphic and non-vanishing throughout D , where c is an interior point of D and m is a positive constant. It is also assumed that g(u, z) is holomorphic in D , punctured at c , and g(u,z) = 0{(z -c) γ-1 } as z→c, where γ is another positive constant. Thus c is a fractional transition point of the differential equation of multiplicity (or order) m -2, and there are no other transition points in D . Uniform asymptotic approximations for the solutions, when u is large, are constructed in terms of Bessel functions of order 1/ m , complete with error bounds. In the second part the Bessel function approximants are replaced by their uniform asymptotic approximations for large argument, yielding the connection formulae for the Liouville-Green (or J.W.K.B.) approximations to the solutions, again complete with error bounds. These results are then applied to solve the general problem of connecting the Liouville-Green approximations when D contains any (finite) number of transition points of arbitrary multiplicities, integral or fractional. The third, and concluding, part illustrates the theory by means of three examples. An appendix describes a numerical method for the automatic computation and plotting of the boundary curves of the Liouville-Green approximations, defined by Rc********** where c again denotes a transition point.
PERSISTENCE OF MESSENGER RNA ACTIVITY IN BACILLUS MEGATERIUM TREATED WITH ACTINOMYCIN.

When Bacillus megaterium is exposed to actinomycin, a large fraction of the rapidly labeled RNA which would normally become 23 s ribosomal RNA is either lost and/or not synthesized. In two strains of this organism, actinomycin affects the rate of protein synthesis in approximately the same way. However, the degradation of pulse-labeled RNA in the presence of this inhibitor is quite different in the two strains. The RNA from treated B. megaterium has as much as or more template activity than does RNA from normal bacteria, even though in the treated cells in vivo polypeptide formation appears to be greatly depressed. However, the amount of template RNA associated with the ribosomes of inhibited cells does decrease with time of treatment, and this decrease approximately parallels the decline in protein synthesis in the intact bacteria. It is concluded that, in the presence of agents which block DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, certain fractions of newly synthesized RNA, which would normally remain stable, are probably degraded. Other alternatives are considered. Furthermore, the functional instability of messenger RNA with respect to in vivo protein synthesis cannot necessarily be inferred from a measurement of template activity of the RNA from treated bacteria; a possible exception might be the measurement of template activity which persists with the ribosomes.
Peroxidase Substrate Nanosensors for MR Imaging

Magnetic nanoparticle conjugates that self-assemble in the presence of peroxidases were prepared as having large inducible magnetic resonance signals. When a serotonin−nanoparticle conjugate was incubated with myeloperoxidase, an enzyme implicated with inflammation and coronary diseases, there were significant changes in the T2 relaxation times of the solution, as measured by MRI. These nanoparticle conjugates can potentially serve as an in vivo diagnostic tool to identify peroxidase-induced diseases by MRI.
From Molecular Insights and Chemical Technologies to Communications and Expert Systems: a Few Short Thermodynamic Stories

This Hugh M. Huffman Memorial Award Lecture illustrates the power of phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics and the unique role of thermochemical data by a variety of studies in very diverse scientific and industrial fields ranging from conformational analysis to optimization of high-tech space and mass-scale chemical technologies and from data communications to data expert systems for chemical process design.
Interdisciplinary data management in support of the International Polar Year

The International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2008 will be the largest and most interdisciplinary polar science project ever. David Carlson, director of the IPY International Programme Office (IPO), reports that some 50,000 investigators from more than 60 countries organized in more than 200 international clusters of projects will endeavor to study nearly every aspect of the poles. The projects cover a broad range of physical, life, and social sciences. The data from these projects will be unprecedented in their breadth and diversity and will be the primary legacy of IPY.
The Process of Syllable Acquisition in Adult Indigo Buntings (Passerina Cyanea)

Vocal learning in adult indigo buntings was studied by monitoring socially paired males housed together in sound isolation boxes. Two of three yearlings socially paired with older birds in early spring acquired new syllables and reorganized their stereotyped and plastic songs, while eleven yearlings socially paired later in the year largely failed to acquire new material, as did the older adults socially paired at various times of year. Yearlings changed their stereotyped songs to more closely match their tutors' by replacing syllables or by inserting new syllables. This song matching involved two processes in which adult plastic song played a role: (1) new syllables were developed in plastic song, and (2) newly mastered or pre-existing syllables were transferred from plastic song into stereotyped song. Morphological similarity between yearlings' and tutors' syllables strongly influenced which syllables yearlings retained. After social pairing, matching syllables tended to be delivered more frequently by yearlings and become incorporated into their stereotyped songs, while non-matching syllables tended to decline in use or be discarded altogether. New syllables were formed from existing syllables most morphologically similar to the "target" syllable, through transformation and combination of existing syllables. As new forms became more common, old forms declined and eventually were discarded. Our data suggest that adult indigo buntings maintain the ability to sing stereotyped songs while new material is mastered, and held in reserve, in plastic song. Acquisition of new syllables in yearling indigo buntings requires trial-and-error learning, but proceeds without overproduction and subsequent attrition of distinct syllable types, and does not substantially rely on improvisation and invention. Rather, syllable acquisition and changes to stereotyped songs are strongly influenced by the pre-existing syllable repertoire.
Epithelium in Tuberculous Pulmonary Lesions

Epithelium found in the lining of tuberculous cavities has been generally interpreted as the result of epithelialization. Our evidence supports the concept that such epithelium is instead a remnant of bronchial wall. Open-healed cavities are devoid of epithelium and remain so because the infection produces dense fibrous tissue which is permanently incapable of supporting epithelial growth. Similar situations prevail in nontuberculous cavities (post-abscess and suppurative bronchiectasis). It is concluded that epithelium found on what appears to be cavity wall is not newly formed but identifies bronchial wall.
Personality, Drinking Patterns, and Problem Drinking among Young Adult Offenders

Three matched groups (n = 27) of young adult alcohol offenders, non-alcohol offenders and controls were compared on mental health, use of alcohol, and problem drinking. Ss of the non-alcohol and control groups were matched with alcohol offenders on race, sex, age, education, social status, and religion. All Ss received the MMPI, the Barron Ego Strength Scale (Es), an alcohol frequency/quantity questionnaire and the Park Problem Drinking Scale. Alcohol offenders showed less mental health, lower Es, excessive drinking, and greater problem drinking behavior than controls. Alcohol and non-alcohol offenders were similar in mental health and Es, but the former group drank significantly more alcohol and showed more problem drinking behavior. Implications suggest that excessive drinking may be learned and maintained by psychological, physiological, and/or sociological reinforcement(s).
Testing the CORMIX model using thermal plume data from four Maryland power plants

Abstract Historical thermal plume studies from four Maryland power plants (Calvert Cliffs, Chalk Point, Dickerson, and Wagner) were used to test the realism of the CORnell MIXing Zone Expert System ( cormix ). Test data were from a wide range of challenging discharge environments, including a large freshwater river (Potomac), a narrow tidal estuary (Patuxent), a wide tidal estuary (Chesapeake Bay), and a wind-driven tidal estuary (Baltimore Harbor). Historical case studies were simulated, and results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively with historical measurements. Qualitative results show that the model performed optimally for simple discharges into large basins such as Chesapeake Bay. For complex discharges and complex ambient environments, the model often mixed plumes too rapidly, resulting in smaller modeled plumes that were cooler than the measured plumes. The mixing model also could not account for the re-entrainment of effluent from previous tidal cycles. Sensitivity results show that sensitivity is often dependent on model run time and discontinuities in the cormix flow classification scheme. Users of the cormix model need to be aware of these limitations in applying the model to complex situations. cormix results should be used with caution in evaluating the effects of a discharge and only in conjunction with information from the field.
Future nursing home design: an important component in enhancing quality of life.

The first nursing homes were built in Constantinople during the time of the Byzantium empire to provide a home for infirm elderly persons.1 Since these early nursing homes, there have been dramatic changes in the design of nursing homes. In the United States, the original nursing homes were modeled after hospitals, as is still the case for most skilled nursing facilities. These designs focus on nursing efficiency. In the 1970s, M. Powell Lawton, in Philadelphia, moved toward focusing on designs that are more resident friendly and designed the Weiss Pavilion. His concepts stressed the need for privacy and environmental approaches to the care of older persons with dementia.2,3 He stressed the importance of recognizing the importance of the interaction between psychological and environmental influences. Private rooms are associated with better resident, family, and staff satisfaction. With the modern approach to culture change, there has been pressure to develop smaller nursing homes with private rooms for everybody.4e6 In larger nursing homes, there has been a movement to create smaller unitsdspecial care unitsdfor persons with dementia and behavioral problems.7e10 Modern units may incorporate a high-stimulus “Snoezelen” room or “Namaste” room.11e15 Exercise has proven to be highly efficacious, not only for improving cognition but also for decreasing difficult behaviors.16e23 For this reason, having areas such as wander gardens and adequate indoor space represent an important design feature for Special Care Units. There is also need for a quiet conference room where small groups can undergo cognitive stimulus therapy.24e27 Other important areas for dementia care are adequate signage, including personalized pictures or “memory boxes” outside the rooms and using different decorations on each door to make wayfinding easier.28Windows to theoutsideat adequateheight forwheelchairusers also allow persons to better establish different routes to their room or eating space. Floor plan design, aswell as furnishing, also plays a helpful role in wayfinding. Straight pathways from the bedrooms to the living/ diningroomsarean important feature.29Adequate lightingappears tobe important for persons with dementia. High-lux light (2000 lux), especially in themorning, canhelp to readjust alterations in circadian rhythm that occur in persons with Alzheimer disease.30e33 Studies have shown that most natural light in nursing homes is inadequate.34
Facet inequalities from simple disjunctions in cutting plane theory

The duality between facets of the convex hull of disjunctive sets and the extreme points of reverse polars of these sets is utilized to establish simple rules for the derivation of all facet cuts for simple disjunctions, namely, elementary disjunctions in nonnegative variables. These rules generalize the cut generation procedure underlying polyhedral convexity cuts with negative edge extensions. The latter are also shown to possess some interesting properties with respect to a biextremal problem that maximizes the distance, from the origin, of the nearest point feasible to the cut. A computationally inexpensive procedure is given to generate facet cuts for simple disjunctions which are dominant with respect to any specified preemptive ordering of variables.
Amino-terminal region of the β-amyloid precursor protein activates mitogen-activated protein kinase

The secreted form of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) has previously been shown to stimulate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. The amino-terminal half of secreted beta-APP contains a region rich in cysteine residues reminiscent of cysteine-rich binding regions in other families of extracellular proteins. We found that reductive alkylation of disulfide linkages eliminated the ability of secreted beta-APP to activate MAP kinase. To confirm the role of the cysteine-rich amino-terminal region, fragments representing the amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves of secreted beta-APP were expressed in bacteria as fusion proteins and purified. Ten-minute treatment with the amino-terminal segment of beta-APP activated MAP kinase approximately 15-fold, while the carboxyl segment had no effect. The amino-terminal fragment, like intact secreted beta-APP, was substantially inactivated by reduction of sulfhydryl groups. These results suggest that the amino-terminal region of beta-APP is responsible for activation of MAP kinase and that it requires structural loops created by disulfide linkages for activity.
Feasibility Test of an Airborne Pulse-Doppler Meteorological Radar.

Abstract A vertically scanning, airborne, pulse-Doppler radar is described. Data processing methods to yield pseudo-dual-Doppler horizontal winds are presented. Results of an intercomparison with a ground-based dual-Doppler network are presented and discussed. These results indicate that the accuracy of the Doppler estimates are not seriously degraded by the aircraft's motion in a nonturbulent environment. Reasonable wind velocities were obtained in a stratiform precipitation (pre-warm-frontal) regime despite relatively long time periods for data gathering (∼20 min). Potential error sources are discussed, with the principal conclusion being that the uncertainty in the airborne Doppler mean velocity estimates are slightly larger than would be expected for a ground-based Doppler. However, the time period over which data are gathered is much longer than for a ground-based dual-Doppler network. Potential modifications to the antenna and data system to improve data quality are also discussed.
Incentive based approach to find selfish nodes in Mobile P2P networks

In a Mobile P2P (M-P2P) network, selfish nodes can drop packets to affect the efficiency of the whole network. Therefore, we propose a simple and efficient mechanism using virtual currency to identify selfish nodes in the network. Each node issues a receipt to its broker to prove that it has provided a forwarding service. Based on receipts received each broker provides well-behaved nodes some virtual currency whereas selfish nodes are punished on dropping packets to make the network more efficient. When compared to other known approaches, our scheme provides real-time detection of selfish nodes and does not require/assume the presence of any tamper proof hardware at each node and can work with any routing algorithm. Simulation results show that our scheme is efficient in terms of (i) time to detect selfish nodes, (ii) the number of false positives and (iii) the number of packets exchanged when compared with others.
Feasibility of simultaneous respiratory function monitoring and determination of respiratory-related intrahepatic vessel excursion using the LifeShirt™ system

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using the LifeShirt™ ambulatory functional monitoring system to determine correlations between respiratory functional parameters and liver motion for minimally invasive hepatic interventions.
Some ethological perspectives on the fitness consequences and social emotional symptoms of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia may not have reduced reproductive success in ancestral times as much as it does today, so explaining how genes for it evolved is more understandable given this prehistoric perspective. Ethological analysis of schizophrenia – understanding how basic emotional behaviors, such as dominance striving, are affected by the condition – might prove useful for comprehending and treating its social emotional symptoms.
Scleral fixated (sutured) posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in children

Abstract Background: Optical rehabilitation of unilateral aphakia in eyes with no capsular support is problematic in pediatric patients who cannot tolerate contact lenses. Possible options include a unilateral aphakic spectacle, an anterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL), or a scleral fixated posterior chamber IOL. Of these choices the posterior chamber IOL is the most physiologic. Experience in adults shows increased complications with this technique. Objective: The objective of this study was to report the short-term results and complications of unilateral scleral fixated posterior chamber IOLs in the pediatric population. Methods: All patients with scleral fixated lenses younger than 16 years were retrospectively reviewed. Nine patients aged 12 months to 15 years underwent unilateral scleral fixated posterior chamber lens implantation using buried polypropylene fixation sutures. Follow-up averaged 24 months. Results: Postoperative visual acuity improved in all patients. Refractive goals were achieved in all but 1 patient. Complications included elevated intraocular pressure controlled with medications (1 patient), anterior uveitis (1 patient), and mild IOL decentration (1 patient). Conclusions: Although short-term visual results appear encouraging, this procedure is technically more difficult and has an increased incidence of postoperative complications when compared with secondary sulcus-fixated IOLs supported by capsular remnants. Caution should be exercised when recommending this procedure for pediatric patients because long-term risks are unknown. (J AAPOS 1999;3:289-94)
Lack of multidisciplinary collaboration is a barrier to outcomes research

Abstract Objectives To identify and describe methods of collaboration used by dietitians to conduct outcomes research and to identify perceived barriers to participation in outcomes research. Design A questionnaire was mailed to dietitians to obtain descriptive information about outcomes research involvement. Details of collaborative research experiences were collected in follow-up telephone interviews. Subjects Subjects were a regional sample of 300 dietitians from the Clinical Nutrition Managers practice group of The American Dietetic Association. One hundred fifty-three subjects (51%) responded to the questionnaire and 25 of 42 eligible respondents were interviewed. Analysis Frequency counts on questionnaire and closed-ended interview data were analyzed. χ 2 tests were used to identify significant associations between participation in outcomes research and demographic variables. Content analysis of open-ended interview data was used to detect emergence of recurrent themes. Results Forty-two (27%) respondents had conducted outcomes research. Although all respondents collaborated on at least 1 project, half collaborated only with other dietitians, and 27 of 42 (64%) did not report research findings outside their facility. Interview data suggest that collaboration, especially between disciplines, enhances the entire research process and generates benefits beyond the specific project. The most frequently cited barriers among respondents who had not conducted outcomes research (n=111) were lack of research skills (65%) and lack of time or staff (41%). Applications These findings support the assertion that lack of multidisciplinary involvement is a barrier to generating evidence of nutrition therapy effectiveness. Educators, health care professionals, and dietitians must model and encourage multidisciplinary, collaborative outcomes research in diverse practice settings. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:65-71.
A review of thermomechanical fatigue damage mechanisms in two titanium and titanium aluminide matrix composites

Abstract Combined load and temperature cycling could limit the durability of continuous fibre reinforced titanium matrix composites. The fatigue life and damage induced by combining load and temperature cycling in several different ways were examined in two representative O° unidirectional titanium and titanium aluminide matrix composites. Load and temperature were sequentially cycled and simultaneously cycled in thermomechanical fatigue tests. Sequential and simultaneous thermomechanical fatigue tests in which maximum tensile loads occurred at minimum temperature had comparable lives and damage, associated with environment-assisted surface cracking. Sequential and simultaneous thermomechanical fatigue tests in which maximum loads occured at maximum temperature each had different lives and damage, primarily because of differences in the extent of matrix-relaxation-induced load shedding from the matrix to the fibres. These general results aaplied to both titanium matrix composite systems.
Butyrophilin and xanthine oxidase occur in constant molar proportions in milk lipid globule membrane but vary in amount with breed and stage of lactation

Butyrophilin and xanthine oxidase, major proteins of milk lipid globule membrane, both accounted for significantly higher percentages of total protein in membrane samples from Holstein than from Jersey animals. Both were high in membranes from animals in early lactation, both decreased in amount as lactation progressed to the midpoint, and then both rose in amount toward the end of lactation. In samples from both Holstein and Jersey animals, butyrophilin and xanthine oxidase were present in constant molar proportions of about 4∶1. These proteins co-enriched together with low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins in a high salt and nonionic detergent insoluble fraction of milk lipid globule membrane. Butyrophilin and xanthine oxidase content of membranes was not related to milk lipid globule diameter, suggesting that these proteins alone may not be involved solely in anchoring the membrane to the lipid globule surface. However, the possibility that a complex composed in part of butyrophilin and xanthine oxidase serves an anchoring function remains a possibility.
Quantum Cosmology With a Positive Definite Action

We argue that the indefiniteness of the Euclidean Einstein action is more serious in the cosmological context than in the asymptotically Euclidean context. To correct this, we consider a positive-definite action containing quadratic curvature terms. The physical states \ensuremath{\Psi} are now functions of both a three-metric ${q}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ and extrinsic curvature ${K}_{\mathrm{ab}}$, and satisfy a differential equation analogous to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. This equation has the form of a Schr\"odinger equation with ${q}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ playing the role of ``time.'' By adopting Hartle and Hawking's boundary condition on the Euclidean function integral, we obtain a ``preferred'' solution to this equation. It is shown that in a simple minisuperspace model this wave function describes an inflationary universe.
The influence of the fetal genome on trypan blue-induced cardiovascular defects

The mean litter incidence of genetically determined, congenital patencies of the interventricular cardiac septum was found to differ significantly and consistently in control neonates produced by matings within and between two Long-Evans lines of rats (O/O>C/O>O/C>C/C). When dams carrying siblings of control neonates were injected with a standardized dose of trypan blue on day 8 of pregnancy, there occurred significant increases in the incidence of cardiovascular malformations in litters of all genotypes. Although neither the magnitude of the increases nor the severity of the induced malformations was directly correlated with line or sibship differentials with respect to the incidence of spontaneous septal, patencies some unidentified aspect of the fetal genome significantly influenced the nature of the induced defects. Both O/O and hybrid litters were characterized by a high incidence of severe transposition syndromes, consistently associated with highly specific, unilateral cephalic malformations or extensive spina bifida. The incidence of comparable associated head and heart malformations was significantly lower in C/C litters, in many of which the dye exposure merely increased the incidence of isolated interventricular septal patencies over that found in control siblings or induced noncardiovascular malformations at the caudal end of the body axis. In general, the collective data afford little support for the concept that a familial or subline predisposition towards spontaneously occurring cardiac malformation renders the fetal cardiovascular system particularly susceptible to the teratogenic activity of trypan blue.
Central and Peripheral Retina Arise through Distinct Developmental Paths

In the mature eye, three distinct tissue fates, retina, ciliary body, and iris, arrange with a strict linear organization along the central (back) to peripheral (front) axis. The establishment of this topographical relationship within the optic vesicle is not well understood. We use a targeted vital labeling strategy to test the derivation of mature eye tissues from the optic vesicle of the chick embryo. Fate mapping uncovers two distinct origins of the neural retina. Contrary to expectations, the central neural retina has a discrete origin within the posterior optic vesicle. The peripheral retina derives from the distal optic vesicle, sharing a common origin with more peripheral tissue fates. This study identifies for the first time two distinct retinal sub-domains, central and peripheral, which arise during embryogenesis. Identification of these discrete retinal compartments provides a framework for understanding functional and disease processes throughout retinal tissue.
Quantum dots as multimodal photoacoustic and photothermal contrast agents

Quantum dots (QDs) have primarily been developed as fluorescent probes with unique optical properties. We herein demonstrate an extension of these QD utilities to photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) microscopy, using a nanosecond pulse laser excitation (420-900 nm, 8 ns, 10(-3)-10 J/cm(2)). The laser-induced PA, PT and accompanying bubble formation phenomena were studied with an advanced multifunctional microscope, which integrates fluorescence, PA, PT imaging, and PT thermolens modules. It was demonstrated that QDs, in addition to being excellent fluorescent probes, can be used as PA and PT contrast agents and sensitizers, thereby providing an opportunity for multimodal high resolution (300 nm) PA-PT-fluorescent imaging as well as PT therapy. Further improvements for this technology are suggested by increasing the conversion of laser energy in PT, PA, and bubble phenomena in hybrid multilayer QDs that have optimized absorption, thermal, and acoustic properties.
Aortic Origin of the Right Pulmonary Artery

A seven-week-old infant with aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery and patent ductus arteriosus is reported. During preoperative studies, a balloon catheter was used to occlude the ductus arteriosus in order to define the status of the pulmonary vascular bed. Corrective operation was performed by anastomosis of the anomalous right pulmonary artery to the main pulmonary trunk and ligation of the ductus arteriosus. Preoperative assessment of the presence of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease is discussed.
E.B. Tylor, religion and anthropology

Edward Burnett Tylor (1832–1917) is often considered the father of the discipline of anthropology. Despite such eminence, his biography has never been written and the connections between his life and his work have been largely obscured or ignored. This article presents Tylor's main theories in the field of anthropology, especially as presented in his four published books, the most famous of which is Primitive Culture, and in the manuscript sources for his last, unpublished, one on ‘The natural history of religion’. One of Tylor's major areas of interest was the use of anthropological evidence to discover how religion arose. This preoccupation resulted in his influential account of ‘animism’. Drawing upon biographical information not known by previous scholars, Tylor's Quaker formation, later religious scepticism and personal life are connected to his intellectual work. Assumptions such as his evolutionary view of human culture and intellectualist approach to ‘savage’ customs, his use of the comparative method, and distinctive notions of his such as ‘survivals’ are first explained, and then the discussion is taken a step further in order to demonstrate how they were deployed to influence contemporary religious beliefs and practices. Tylor argued that the discipline of anthropology was a ‘reformer's science’. Working within the warfare model of the relationship between faith and science, I reveal the extent to which this meant for him using the tools of this new field of inquiry to bring about changes in the religious convictions of his contemporaries.
Induction of a pseudo-luteal phase in adult rats by a single injection of HCG during the estrous cycle.

A series of experiments was performed in an attempt to demonstrate a relationship between the luteotropic action of HCG and endogenous pituitary hormone secretion. A single, subcutaneous injection of 50 IU HCG into adult rats during proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus-1 or diestrus-2 revealed the following: Within 72 hr post injection, a period of vaginal cornification occurred, altering the length of the next estrous cycle in all but metestrous rats. Following the aberrant cycle, a “pseudopregnancy-like” state was evidenced in 86 % of rats injected in proestrus, 24 % of rats in estrus, 7 % of rats in metestrus, and 66-86% of rats injected in diestrus. Attempts to induce deciduomata were minimally successful, when uterine traumatization was performed 8-9 days after injection of HCG in proestrus. After HCG injection during proestrus, a decrease in ovarian weight was measured, which was similar to that observed during normal pseudopregnancy. However, measures of uterine weight during the HCG-induced dies...
Behavioral strategies in immediate memory

Ordered recall for 9-digit strings was better when series length was predictable during presentation than when it was not. This difference occurred entirely in the early serial positions. Taken together with data on individual differences in primacy effects, these observations were interpreted as favoring a crucial role for rehearsal strategies in digit-span performance.
Fostering a culture shift : Assessment of competence in the education and careers of professional psychologists

What is professional competence and how should it be assessed? Professionalism in psychology requires the habitual and judicious use of knowledge and skills as well as ongoing assessment. The authors synthesize discussions of the Assessment of Competence Workgroup that met during the Competencies Conference: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology. The work-group discussed how to establish a culture of competence and elaborated principles and considerations necessary for the development of methods to assess competence. Principles identified include maintaining a developmental perspective, practicing multicultural sensitivity, and conducting formative and summative, career-long assessment. Recommendations are offered that support a "culture shift" from the current levels of competence assessment to an embracing of continual assessment of professional knowledge and skills over the life span.
Mortality Associated With Nephropathy After Radiographic Contrast Exposure

OBJECTIVE To define outcomes from contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after both intra-arterial and intravenous administration of contrast medium. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective case-matched cohort study at Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, from April 1, 2004, to March 31, 2006. All contrast procedures were evaluated for inclusion. Contrast-induced nephropathy was defined as creatinine elevation of 25% or more after contrast exposure or of more than 0.5 mg/dL within 7 days of contrast exposure. Cases of CIN were matched 1:3 with controls by age, sex, preprocedure creatinine elevation, diabetes mellitus, and type of imaging procedure. RESULTS A total of 809 patients who developed CIN were matched to 2427 patients who did not develop CIN after contrast exposure. In multivariate analyses, CIN was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 3.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-4.41; P CONCLUSION Contrast-induced nephropathy after administration of contrast medium is associated with increased mortality. This risk is higher in patients in whom contrast medium is administered intravenously than in those in whom it is administered intra-arterially.