cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular transport and sorting of the oligodendrocyte transmembrane proteolipid protein

Delineating the properties and functions of the major central nervous system myelin proteins has been the focus of intensive research for decades. For PLP, this task has been confounded by its unusual properties, the complexity of the cellular membrane in which it resides, and the absence of a functional assay for the protein. The development of new experimental paradigms in which to study PLP may shed fresh light on the properties and functions of this intrinsic membrane protein. In the present communication we have used indirect, double label, immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy to examine the distribution of PLP in Cos-7 cells transfected with an expression vector bearing the human PLP cDNA. Our results show that PLP is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of transfected cells and passes through the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. These results are consistent with previous studies showing PLP reaches the cell surface by transport through the secretory pathway. Levels of PLP at the cell surface are modest, most likely because protein deposited in this compartment can be endocytosed and subsequently transported to perinuclear lysosomes. Similar results are reported in the companion communication by Sinoway et al. (J Neurosci Res, 37:551-562, 1994). Using transfected HeLa cells they show that DM20 alone and PLP coexpressed with DM20 assume appropriate conformations for transport to the cell surface. The presence of PLP in subcellular compartments beyond the endoplasmic reticulum in Cos-7 cells indicates that the protein achieves a conformation appropriate for transport in the absence of other oligodendrocyte-specific factors; however, accumulation of large amounts of PLP in the cytoplasmic membrane compartment may require interactions with such glial-specific factors. Thus, the transfection paradigm described herein should prove a useful tool for investigating the folding and sorting of wild type and mutant forms of PLP as well as its membrane topology and posttranslational processing.
Responding to student writing: Teachers’ philosophies and practices

Abstract Reviewers and researchers have been investigating response to student writing for several decades. To what extent have these research findings influenced teachers’ real-world practices? Beyond investigating teachers’ mechanisms for providing feedback, this study aimed to examine what is behind those choices: What principles guide teachers, and how were those philosophies formed? Do their practices appear to be consistent with their views about response? The teachers’ voices have been the missing link in the research base to date. There have been surveys of student opinion about response and text analyses of teachers’ comments, but only rarely have teachers themselves been utilized as primary informants in studies on response. The present study utilized a mixed-methods approach to examine the research questions. A team of researchers surveyed (N = 129) and interviewed (N = 23) community college and university writing instructors from the same geographic region—volunteers who had responded to an online survey—about a wide range of practices and analyzed examples (3–5 texts per interview participant) of these informants’ written responses to students. The results showed variation across instructors and some discontinuity between teachers’ self-reported response principles and their actual practices, as demonstrated in their own written commentary.
1,1' -Bis (3 -hydroxypropyl )ferrocene : Preparation and substitution with polyfluoroalkyl groups

Abstract SiMe3CH2CH2 was demonstrated as a robust and convenient OH protecting group in the preparation of 1,1′-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)ferrocene (1). The OH groups were used to introduce polyfluorinated alkyl chains by acylation of 1 with (C2F5CO)2O and alkylation with CF3(CF2)6CH2OH under Mitsunobu reaction conditions. This demonstrates a new method for introduction of an ω-hydroxyalkyl group to the Cp unit as a synthetic handle for modification of molecular properties.
Clinical use of multifocal visual-evoked potentials in a glaucoma practice: a prospective study.

Purpose To test a framework that describes how the multifocal visual-evoked potential (mfVEP) technique is used in a particular glaucoma practice. Methods In this prospective, descriptive study, glaucoma suspects, ocular hypertensives and glaucoma patients were referred for mfVEP testing by a single glaucoma specialist over a 2-year period. All patients underwent standard automated perimetry (SAP) and mfVEP testing within 3 months. Two hundred and ten patients (420 eyes) were referred for mfVEP testing for the following reasons: (1) normal SAP tests suspected of early functional loss (ocular hypertensives, n = 43; and glaucoma suspects on the basis of suspicious optic disks, n = 52); (2) normal-tension glaucoma patients with suspected central SAP defects (n = 33); and (3) SAP abnormalities needing confirmation (n = 82). Results All the glaucoma suspects with normal SAP and mfVEP results remained untreated. Of those with abnormal mfVEP results, 68 % (15/22) were treated because the abnormal regions on the mfVEP were consistent with the abnormal regions seen during clinical examination of the optic disk. The mfVEP was abnormal in 86 % (69/80) of eyes with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and SAP damage, even though it did not result in an altered treatment regimen. In NTG patients, the mfVEP showed central defects in 44 % (12 of 27) of the eyes with apparently normal central fields and confirmed central scotomata in 92 % (36 of 39), leading to more rigorous surveillance of these patients. Conclusions In a clinical practice, the mfVEP was used when clinical examination and subjective visual fields provided insufficient or conflicting information. This information influenced clinical management.
Keto-Reactin Substances in the Bile of Dogs:

Conclusions(1) Keto-reacting substances are present in dogs' bile and can be quantitatively determined. (2) The output of keto-reacting substances is increased slightly when unoxidized bile acids are fed. (3) When oxidized bile acids or ketocholanic acids are administered orally, the output of keto-reacting substances in the bile is markedly increased. By assuming that the increase over the control output is due to the ketocholanic acid fed, one may calculate the recovery in the bile of the ketocholanic acid administered.
Changes in the surgical management of patients with breast carcinoma based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a developing technique for the evaluation of patients with primary breast carcinoma. The authors assessed the impact of preoperative breast MRI on surgical management. METHODS. The current study was a retrospective review of 267 patients with primary breast tumors who had MRI studies prior to undergoing definitive surgery. RESULTS. Two hundred sixty-seven patients with invasive breast carcinoma who had preoperative breast MRI studies and had complete clinical, radiologic, and pathologic data available were identified and formed the basis of this analysis. The overall sensitivity of MRI for detecting primary, intact breast tumors was 95%. Planned surgical management was altered in 69 of 267 patients (26%); and, in 49 of those patients (71%), there was pathologic verification of malignancy in the surgical specimen that confirmed the need for wider or separate excision or mastectomy. Forty-four of 267 patients (16.5%) had conversion of planned breast conservation to mastectomy. In a univariate analysis, change in management was associated significantly with histology; management was altered in 11 of 24 lobular tumors (46%) compared with 58 of 243 ductal tumors (24%; P 0.02). CONCLUSIONS. Breast MRI was very sensitive for the detection of primary, intact, invasive breast carcinoma and improved local staging in almost 20% of patients. Preoperative breast MRI studies may be particularly useful in surgical planning for and management of patients with lobular carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:468 –73. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
A Simplified Mechanistic Model for an Oil/Water Horizontal Pipe Separator

Summary A new methodology for oil/water horizontal pipe separator (HPS) design and performance prediction is developed. The separator di- ameter is determined on the basis of oil/water flow-pattern predic- tion. A batch separator model is adopted and modified for pipe flow to predict the separator length for achieving a desired separation quality. An experimental program is carried out to validate the pro- posed model. and the coalescence models. The hydrodynamic model considers the momentum transfer between three layers, including the water- continuous, dense-packed, and oil-continuous layers. The coales- cence submodel uses simplified population-balance equations to account for the droplet evolution within the dense-packed zone. This model requires as an input several coalescence parameters of the oil/water mixture, which cannot be obtained from a simple test. A simplified mechanistic model wherein the coalescence pa- rameters can be determined by a simple test is presented in this study. The proposed model can be used for proper design and per- formance evaluation of the HPS. Modeling Determination of two parameters are required for the HPS de- sign, namely pipe diameter (ID) and length (L). The first param- eter is defined as the required diameter to promote stratification of the phases, while the second parameter is the necessary length to achieve a desired separation quality. Because of the low liquid velocities, the momentum of the con- tinuous phase is low and gravity dominates the separation process. Thus, the behavior of the HPS can be approximated by an exten- sion of the batch-separation process. Batch-separator models pre- dict the evolution of the separation profiles as a function of time. These models are extended to the HPS by considering that both phases move at same velocity, namely the mixture velocity uM. This assumption neglects any velocity profile and momentum exchange between layers that affects the droplet coalescence. Separation Profiles. Among the available theories for batch- separator behavior prediction, the asymmetric dimple model pre-
Turbulent behavior of a fine mesh (1/12°) numerical simulation of the North Atlantic

Abstract The geostrophic turbulent behavior of a fine mesh (1/12°) numerical simulation of the North Atlantic is discussed and compared to observations and coarser numerical simulations. The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) was configured for the North and Equatorial Atlantic (28°S–65°N) with a horizontal resolution of 1/12° (average mesh size on the order of 6 km) and 16 layers in the vertical. Such a set-up demands the latest in high performance computing. The unique aspects of this simulation are (a) a correct Gulf Stream separation from the North American coast and (b) high eddy activity. These results support the view that an inertial boundary layer (which results from the fine resolution) is an important factor in the separation process and that resolution of the first Rossby radius of deformation is necessary for a correct representation of baroclinic instabilities. Sea surface height variability spectra are computed from the model results and compared to observations and previous models, within the framework of the geostrophic turbulence theory. Length scales representative of the simulated eddy field compare well with observations based on altimeter data. Despite higher eddy activity, there is no significant geographic variation in spectral slope in the inertial ranges consistent with previous simulations with coarser resolution. Observations, on the other hand, show a flattening in the spectra derived from altimeter data in weakly energetic areas when compared to spectra from highly energetic areas of the Atlantic. The possible impact of mechanisms not represented in the model, such as high frequency and high wave number wind forcing, is then discussed.
Individual-level bet hedging in the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti.

Summary The expression of phenotypic variability can enhance geometric mean fitness and act as a bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments [1]. Metazoan bet hedging usually involves phenotypic diversification among an individual's offspring [2–6], such as differences in seed dormancy. Virtually all known microbial bet-hedging strategies, in contrast, rely on low-probability stochastic switching of a heritable phenotype by individual cells in a clonal group [7–10]. This is less effective at generating within-group diversity when group size is small. Here we describe a novel microbial bet-hedging behavior that resembles individual-level metazoan bet hedging. Sinorhizobium meliloti stores carbon and energy in poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as a contingency against carbon scarcity [11]. We show that, when starved, dividing S. meliloti bet hedge by forming two daughter cells with different phenotypes. These have high and low PHB levels and are suited to long- and short-term starvation, respectively. The low-PHB cells have greater competitiveness for resources, whereas the high-PHB cells can survive for over a year without food, perhaps until a legume host is next available.
An epidemiological investigation of reduced second-litter size in swine

Abstract This study was designed to determine if reduced second-litter size is associated with sow genetics, weaning-to-service interval for primiparous sows, or other covariates thought to influence litter size. A database of 135 herds was analyzed retrospectively using analysis of covariance. Of the 135 herds, 40% had fewer pigs born alive in their second litter thanin the first. A large first-litter size was the major determinant of fewer pigs being born alive in the second litter. Based on least-squares means, 6 out of 13 sow genetic groups had fewer pigs born alive in the second litter than in the first; however, the difference depended on the weaning-to-service interval. A short lactation length and a heavy average weaned pig weight was associated with fewer pigs born alive in the second litter than in the first. In conclusion, delaying the breeding of primiparous Large-White (or Yorkshire) × Landrace sows post-weaning was related to an increased number of pigs born alive in their second litter.
Wind wave spectral observations in Currituck Sound, North Carolina

[1] We examine a set of 1626 high-resolution frequency-direction wind wave spectra and collocated winds collected during a 7-month period at a site in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, in terms of one-dimensional spectral structure and directional distribution functions. The data set includes cases of shore-normal winds in broad-fetch conditions as well as winds oblique to the basin geometry, with all fetches of order 10 km or less. Using equilibrium-range scaling, all one-dimensional spectra have a spectral peak region, an equilibrium range of finite bandwidth following an f−4 slope at slightly higher frequencies, and a high-frequency tail that falls off more rapidly than f−4. For shore-normal winds, spectral peakedness appears to be high and approximately constant for young waves, low and approximately constant for old waves, and steeply graded for intermediate inverse wave ages in the range 1.0 < u10/cp < 1.7. Equilibrium-range bandwidth seems to be narrow for young waves and increases with increasing wave age. Directional distribution functions in shore-normal winds are symmetric about the wind direction, narrow at spectral peaks, and broad at high frequencies with distinct directionally bimodal peaks, consistent with other observations. In oblique-wind cases, directional distribution functions are asymmetric and directionally sheared in spectral peak regions, with peak directions aligned with longer fetch directions. At high frequencies, directional distributions are more nearly symmetric about the wind direction. One-dimensional spectra tend to have reduced spectral peakedness and highly variable equilibrium-range bandwidths in oblique-wind conditions, clearly indicating a more complex balance of source terms in these cases than in the more elementary situation of shore-normal winds. These complications are not without consequence in wave modeling, as any bounded or semibounded lake or estuary will be subject to oblique winds, and current operational models do not deal well with conditions like those we find here.
A block-diagram approach to network analysis

BLOCK diagrams have been used for many years to facilitate planning of assembly lines, chemical processes, and complicated electric and electronic systems. More recently, block diagrams have been used extensively in the study of automatic control systems involving electric, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, optical, and other elements. By means of transfer functions, the blocks are used to represent the dynamic properties of the various elements, as well as their function in the complete system. This paper shows that the same block-diagram techniques developed for control systems can be applied to electric networks, reducing the computational labor needed to solve network problems and contributing fresh insights into network behavior which may be helpful in synthesis problems.
Realization of a conceptual approach for power VLSI using integrated full-bridge cells in modular multilevel converters

Modular multilevel converters (MMC) are emerging to be a viable approach for realizing large-scale power conversions reach up to several hundreds of MW, particularly for applications at the utility scale. Their topological structure offers a versatile approach for using virtually identical building blocks to realize arbitrary functions, voltage, and current levels. It is therefore a suitable platform for realizing power Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) using standardized building blocks. This paper aimed at developing and demonstrating a methodology to realize MMC using integrated switching mode full-bridge cells, the practice was similar to the widely adopted VLSI in the area of computer systems. This paper presents the conceptual approach, and then demonstrates a DC to three-phase AC prototype power converting system based on 6 integrated modules, verified with both circuit model simulations and experiment measurements under laboratory conditions.
Racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of placenta previa

The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of placenta previa among different racial and ethnic groups. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine the prevalence of placenta previa among five major racial and ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic and Native American. We included all deliveries ⩾20 weeks gestation from a large northern Californian Health Maintenance Organization from 1995–2006. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to control for potential confounders. Of the 394 083 deliveries in our cohort, 1580 (0.40%) were complicated by placenta previa. The prevalence of placenta previa was: Asian 0.64%, Native American 0.60%, African American 0.44%, Caucasian 0.36%, Hispanic 0.34% and unknown 0.31% (P<0.001). In our multivariable logistic regression model, only Asians (odds ratio (OR) 1.73, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.53–1.95) and African Americans (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.19–1.72) were at increased risk for having placenta previa, compared with Caucasians. Asian women have the highest prevalence of placenta previa.
The Role of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Primary Reinforcing and Reinforcement-Enhancing Effects of Nicotine

The primary reinforcing effects of nicotine are mediated by the drugs action at central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Although previous studies have demonstrated that nicotine potently enhances responding for non-pharmacological stimuli, the role of nAChRs in this reinforcement-enhancing effect is not known. The two reinforcement-related effects of nicotine can be dissociated in a paradigm that provides concurrent access to drug infusions and a non-pharmacological visual stimulus (VS). The present study characterized the role of nAChRs in the primary reinforcing effect of nicotine and the reinforcement-enhancing effect of nicotine. For rats with access to VS (VS-Only), nicotine (NIC-Only), both reinforcers contingent upon one response (NIC+VS) or both reinforcers contingent upon separate responses (2-Lever), unit dose–response relationships (0, 30, 60, or 90 μg/kg/infusion, free base) were determined over a 22-day acquisition period. Expression of the two reinforcement-related effects of nicotine was manipulated by pharmacological antagonism of nAChRs (1 mg/kg mecamylamine, subcutaneous, 5-min before the session) or by substituting saline for nicotine infusions (ie extinction) over a series of seven test sessions. Unit dose manipulations yielded an inverse dose–response relationship for active lever responding in the NIC+VS group. The dose–response relationships for rats with independent access to each reinforcer (2-Lever group) were relatively flat. For the 2-Lever group, acute mecamylamine challenge blocked the reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine, VS-lever responding decreased to basal levels on the first day of mecamylamine treatment or saline substitution (to the level of the VS-Only group). In contrast, nicotine-lever responding decreased gradually over the 7-day testing period (similar to saline extinction). The two reinforcement-related effects of nicotine are mediated by nAChRs but can be dissociated by acute and chronic profiles.
Relative strengths of promoters from Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

GPD1 (encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a constitutively expressed gene in Cochliobolus heterostrophus that produces a single transcript. The steady state level of GPD1 mRNA is 14-fold greater than that of the constitutively-expressed TRP1 gene (encoding a tryptophan biosynthesis enzyme) indicating that GPD1 has a stronger promoter and/or a more stable mRNA. A set of lacZ translational fusion vectors was constructed to compare the gene expression signals of GPD1, TRP1 and PRO1 (a C. heterostrophus genomic fragment selected for promoter activity) in C. heterostrophus as single copies at the same site in the chromosome. Under conditions that repressed endogenous β-galactosidase expression, β-galactosidase activity in transformants was constitutive and required the GPD1, TRP1 or PRO1 expression signals. In-frame GPD1::lacZ activities were 6-fold greater than in-frame TRP1::lacZ and PRO1::lacZ activities, indicating that GPD1 has more efficient expression signals.
Mining spatial colocation patterns: a different framework

Recently, there has been considerable interest in mining spatial colocation patterns from large spatial datasets. Spatial colocation patterns represent the subsets of spatial events whose instances are often located in close geographic proximity. Most studies of spatial colocation mining require the specification of two parameter constraints to find interesting colocation patterns. One is a minimum prevalent threshold of colocations, and the other is a distance threshold to define spatial neighborhood. However, it is difficult for users to decide appropriate threshold values without prior knowledge of their task-specific spatial data. In this paper, we propose a different framework for spatial colocation pattern mining. To remove the first constraint, we propose the problem of finding N-most prevalent colocated event sets, where N is the desired number of colocated event sets with the highest interest measure values per each pattern size. We developed two alternative algorithms for mining the N-most patterns. They reduce candidate events effectively and use a filter-and-refine strategy for efficiently finding colocation instances from a spatial dataset. We prove the algorithms are correct and complete in finding the N-most prevalent colocation patterns. For the second constraint, a distance threshold for spatial neighborhood determination, we present various methods to estimate appropriate distance bounds from user input data. The result can help an user to set a distance for a conceptualization of spatial neighborhood. Our experimental results with real and synthetic datasets show that our algorithmic design is computationally effective in finding the N-most prevalent colocation patterns. The discovered patterns were different depending on the distance threshold, which shows that it is important to select appropriate neighbor distances.
Genetic associations with neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone levels

Elevations or deficits in thyroid hormone levels are responsible for a wide range of neonatal and adult phenotypes. Several genome-wide, candidate gene, and meta-analysis studies have examined thyroid hormones in adults; however, to our knowledge, no genetic association studies have been performed with neonatal thyroid levels. A population of Iowa neonates, term (n = 827) and preterm (n = 815), were genotyped for 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were obtained from the Iowa Neonatal Metabolic Screening Program. ANOVA was performed to identify genetic associations with TSH concentrations. The strongest association was rs4704397 in the PDE8B gene (P = 1.3 × 10−4), followed by rs965513 (P = 6.4 × 10−4) on chromosome 9 upstream of the FOXE1 gene. Both of these SNPs met statistical significance after correction for multiple testing. Six other SNPs were marginally significant (P < 0.05). We demonstrated for the first time two genetic associations with neonatal TSH levels that replicate findings with adult TSH levels. These SNPs should be considered early predictors of risk for adult diseases and conditions associated with thyroid hormone levels. Furthermore, this study provides a better understanding of the thyroid profile and potential risk for thyroid disorders in newborns.
Self-Disclosure in Intimate Relationships: Associations with Individual and Relationship Characteristics Over Time

Abstract Self-disclosure is an act of intimacy and serves as a maintenance strategy, and yet very little prior research has examined self-disclosure within relationships with data collected multiple times over an extended period of time and from both partners. With longitudinal data collected from both partners in young adult dating couples, we examined how self-disclosure is associated with both individual characteristics (e.g., responsiveness, self-esteem) and relationship characteristics (satisfaction, love, commitment). Overall, men and women indicated a similar high level of self-disclosure. As hypothesized, positive associations were found between self-disclosure and the individual characteristics of self-esteem, relationship esteem (confidence as an intimate partner), and responsiveness (as indicated by data collected at Time 1). Self-disclosure also was positively associated with relationship quality (satisfaction, love, and commitment). Similar positive associations were typically found at the fo...
Special Issue: Prevention and Social Justice

The late George Albee recognized and promoted the importance of primary prevention as a tool for promoting social justice. Amidst ongoing oppressive realities in U.S. society and across the globe, psychologists and other helping professionals are voicing a renewed commitment to social justice activity. Despite growing interest in social justice and prevention, relatively little attention has focused explicitly on social justice prevention. As Albee was also well aware, all prevention activity does not advance social justice. In response to these gaps, The Journal of Primary Prevention is preparing a special issue on Prevention and Social Justice. We are interested in soliciting articles that will serve to further prevention theory, research, and practice for social justice and contribute to the refinement of a model of social justice prevention. Following from Albee’s incidence formula, which conceptualized mental health as derived from environmental and personal factors, we understand social justice prevention as entailing intervention at both the personal and environmental levels. Authors are encouraged to submit papers on any aspect of the social justice and prevention, including—but not limited to—the development, implementation, and evaluation of prevention programs to reduce oppression related to:
Boolean Difference Techniques inn Fault Tree Analysis

For an electrical, mechanical, or hybrid system described diagramatically as a network of interconnected components, fault tree modeling of system reliability as a function of individual component failure probabilities gives rise to logic expressions obtained from the network connections. Application of the method of Boolean differences in the analysis of such Boolean expressions is discussed, and it is shown that the influence of the status of specific components on the reliability of the total system may be investigated by straightforward algebraic operations on the network failure function.
Heterosis in sorghum resulting from the heterozygous condition of a single gene that affects duration of growth.

THE LITERATURE bearing on theories of heterosis has been reviewed by Whaley (1944) with the exception of the early literature that had previously been thoroughly covered by Jones (1918). It is apparent from this review that the term heterosis has been applied variously in different cases and that no one theory has been demonstrated to cover all the facts. Complementary gene action, masking of deleterious recessives, combination of favorable dominants, and an effect peculiar to heterozygosity have all been shown to produce the effect. The theory of dominant interaction is apparently the theory most generally accepted by geneticists. Hull (1945) and Richey (1945) have recently based recommendations for isolating better foundation inbreds for use in corn hybrids on the assumption that hybrid vigor resides in the interaction of allelic genes and that numerous genes are involved. Singleton (1943) has reported cases in Zea Mays L. where two parents differing in a single gene crossed to a third strain produce plants differing in vigor. Jones (1944, 1945) has recently reported cases in corn where plants heterozygous for a single allele are larger and higher yielding plants than the homozygous dominant, and the stimulus appears in these cases to be heterozygosity as originally postulated by East (1909), East and Hayes (1912), and Shull (1914). Randolph (1942). after observing the effects on growth fromn doubling the chromosome number of both iinbred lines and hvbrid strains of corn, came to the conclusion that heterozygosity in itself may be responsible for much of the vigor or heterosis exhibited by hybrids. -Jones (1945) has pointed out that only certain genes in the heterozygous condition produce heterosis and that heterogosity in itself does not produce the effect. In view of the complexity of the problem and of the practical importance of knowing what the causes of heterosis are, any information that has a bearing upon any of the presently held theories would be welcome. The inlieritance of three genes that influence duration of growth in milo, a group of Sorghum vulgare Pers. has been reported by Quinbv and Karper (1945). Lateness is dominarnt to earliness except that recessive ma is epistatic to dominant Ma2 and Ma3, and Ma2 is epistatic to Ma3. This state of affairs results in eight homozygous genotypes but onlv four phenotypes for maturity that have been called Early (ma Ma2 Man, ma ma2 Ma ,, ma Ma2 ma3, ma ma2 ma3), Intermediate
Channeling depth distributions of Be and Si in GaAs as a function of implantation energy and fluence

Be and Si are commonly employed p- and n-type respectively dopants, implanted in GaAs. Channeled implantation produces deeper and sharper profiles than standard random implants. To employ channeling, we need to know how the profile shape, depth, and doping density vary with implantation energy and fluence, and what maximum density can be achieved. This work shows how channeling profiles in the direction of GaAs vary with energy and fluence for room temperature channeling. Data are shown for fluences of 3 × 1012, 3 × 1013, and 3 × 1014cm-2and energies of 40, 75, 150, and 300 keV. The deep channeling profile saturates for 150 keV Be just below a fluence of 3 × 1014cm-2and a density of about 4 × 1017cm-3can be achieved at depths of about 1 to 3 µm for energies from 75 to 300 keV. The maximum density for 150 keV Si for room temperature channeling is about 4 × 1016cm-3and occurs at depths from 1 to 4 µm in the energy range from 40 to 300 keV.
Analysis of Misalignment in the Tension Test

Many experimenters fail to appreciate the significance of test system alignment during a tensile test. Poor alignment can increase data scatter and significantly influence some of the test results. In this paper a comprehensive analytical study of the misalignment problem in the plastic strain range is presented and errors caused by misalignment estimated. The results show that the stress-strain curve is not significantly affected by misalignment. However, the strains at the outermost fibers of the specimen cross-section are strongly affected by misalignment. Therefore, the effect of misalignment is most important when properties sensitive to local strain concentrations are being investigated.
Effects of sleep on the antidepressant responses to sleep deprivation

The effect of a 90-min nap period on mood was studied in 22 sleep-deprived patients with a diagnosis of major depression. All patients remained awake from 7 AM until 12 noon the following day at which time they were permitted to nap while being monitored by sleep encephalography. Fifteen subjects showed a significant response to sleep deprivation as defined by a 35% improvement on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. After the nap a relapse of depressive symptoms occurred which was significantly related to the amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep time.
A Persisting Clique of Chronic Mental Patients

Ohlin and Lawrence recently observed that residential treatment is made… infinitely harder … where an inmate culture and an informally organized system of social relationships competes with the official system for the allegiance of inmates. The nature (and role) of this inmate system … is one of the least explored problems of the correctional institution.
Machine vision detection of the high points on small, curved, shiny things

In this paper we discuss how to design a practical height gauging system based on the structured lighting approaches described. We show how some of the system limitations caused by the illumination and observation geometry affect component specifications. Examples of a machine vision inspection applications designed using these design principles is presented and analyzed. Finally, we discuss methods to extend this method.
Changes of structure and magnetic properties for a mixture of α-Fe and Fe3N powders during mechanical alloying process

Abstract The X-ray diffraction was used to monitor the structural changes of a mixture of α-Fe and Fe3N powders during the ball milling. Changes of saturation magnetization of the powder mixture were also measured. The results showed that Fe3N decomposed quickly and then disappeared with increasing milling time, some N atoms soluted in α-Fe. After milling for about 30 h, a stable supersaturated solid solution with N content of about 0.290–0.346 wt% was obtained. The grain size decreased with increasing milling time and reached a constant of about 8 nm after about 30 h milling. The saturation magnetization of the powder mixture initially decreased, but began to increase when milling time exceeded 5 h, and finally reached a constant value when milling time exceeded 30 h.
Analysis of Switched-capacitor DC-DC Converters in Soft-charging Operation

This paper formulates a formal analysis method for switched-capacitor (SC) dc-dc converters in soft-charging operation. Through soft-charging, the charging/discharging loss of a SC converter can be minimized or even eliminated by allowing the output voltage to vary to a greater extent. Usually a soft-charging SC converter is followed by a magnetic converter for ripple reduction and better regulation. For any given two-phase switched-capacitor topology, the proposed method can be used to determine whether soft-charging is at all possible and if so, the required capacitor sizes to achieve soft-charging. The proposed method also gives the resultant output voltage ripple due to soft-charging operation. A number of different topologies are analyzed, including Dickson, Series-parallel, Ladder, Fibonacci and Doubler configurations. The analysis gives insights regarding the expected improvement in performance when these topologies are cascaded by a magnetic converter. Through comparison to simulated results and existing work, the validity of the proposed method is confirmed.
Effects of Bed Load and Suspended Load on Separation of Sands and Fines in Mixed Sediment

An adjustable shear stress straight flume commonly used to measure cohesive sediment erosion rates has been modified to include downstream bed load traps. The new flume can be used not only to measure erosion rates, but also to analyze and quantify the modes of transport for this complex problem. The new device was used to study transport modes of quartz particles ranging in size from 19 to 1,250 μm . As expected, the traps captured the coarse material (bed load) and the fine material bypassed the traps (suspended load). Transport properties of natural sediments from three locations were also studied. Fine sediments with little or no sand eroded as aggregates which maintained their integrity in the flume channel while moving as bed load into the traps. Natural sediments that included high percentage of sand also eroded as aggregates. However, these aggregates quickly disaggregated. Sand moved as bed load and fell into the traps while fine particles moved predominately in suspension.
A jacketed cell for infrared spectroelectrochemistry at constant above ambient temperatures

This paper reports on the design and performance of an insulated infrared spectro-electrochemical cell that is capable of operation at temperatures other than ambient. The cell is built around a glass chamber that holds electrolyte solution and the working and counter electrodes. The front of the chamber consists of an o-ring seal joint onto which the cell window is mounted. The reference electrode is held in a separate compartment behind a wetted stopcock and connects to the glass chamber through a capillary tube. The glass chamber is insulated and secured inside an aluminum jacket. The aluminum jacket provides support for the glass chamber and brings the cell dimensions to those typical of a conventional (Seki et al., Appl. Spectrosc. 39 (1985) 437) Kel-F infrared spectroelectrochemical cell. Cell operation up to 75°C is demonstrated through studies of the surface electrochemistry of CO.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Integrase: Resistance to Diketo Acid Integrase Inhibitors Impairs HIV-1 Replication and Integration and Confers Cross-Resistance to l-Chicoric Acid

The diketo acids are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase (IN). Mutations in IN, T66I, S153Y, and M154I, as well as T66I-S153Y and T66I-M154I double mutations, confer resistance to diketo acids (D. J. Hazuda et al., Science 287: 646-650, 2000). The effects of these IN mutations on viral replication, enzymatic activity, and susceptibility to other HIV inhibitors are reported herein. By immunofluorescence assay and real-time PCR, all mutant viruses demonstrated a modest delay in viral spread compared to that of reference HIV. These viruses also showed a statistically significant defect in integration without defects in reverse transcription. Recombinant IN containing S153Y, T66I, and M154I-T66I mutations had an approximately twofold decrease in both disintegration and 3′-end-processing-strand transfer activities in vitro. In contrast, IN containing M154I demonstrated a greater than twofold increase in specific activity in both reactions. All mutant HIVs were resistant to l-chicoric acid, a dicaffeoyltartaric acid IN inhibitor, both in tissue culture and in biochemical assays, yet remained susceptible to the reverse transcriptase inhibitors zidovudine and nevirapine. Thus, IN mutations conferring resistance to the diketo acids can yield integration defects, attenuated catalysis in vitro, and cross-resistance to l-chicoric acid.
SYNTHESIS OF LIPOPROTEINS BY RAT INTESTINAL MUCOSA.

IN the transport and absorption of long-chain fatty acids and mono-glycerides by the intestinal mucosa, an obligatory step is the intracellular re-esterification to triglycerides1,2. The triglyceride molecules afterwards appear in the lymph and plasma in the form of chylomicrons, or so-called primary fat particles. In addition to triglyceride these particles contain proteins (lipoproteins), cholesterol esters, and phospholipid3,4. Considerable debate still exists as to the mechanism and site of chylomicron formation as well as the nature and source of the proteins which coat the particles. Rodbell, Fred-rickson and Ono5, in investigating the incorporation of amino-acids into proteins in the dog, concluded that the intestine was a possible source of the proteins of the chylomicron. This communication describes studios in the rat supporting the concept ofthe biosynthesis of chylomicrons by the intestinal mucosa.
Brimonidine purite solution for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

Brimonidine (0.1 and 0.15%) tartrate used with the preservative purite has been shown to be as efficacious as brimonidine 0.2% tartrate in lowering intraocular pressure in clinical trials. The purite preservative has proven to be better tolerated and less toxic in brimonidine solution than the original preservative benzalkonium chloride. In addition, the lower concentrations of active drug appear to offer safer adverse event profiles than the original formulation, while maintaining its efficacy.
Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is one of the most common reasons patients seek the opinion of a gynecologist. This article reviews the causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding and the relevant differential diagnosis. Laboratory and radiologic studies pertinent to the evaluation of dysfunctional uterine bleeding are delineated. Medical therapy is the principal tenet of treatment and is summarized for both acute and chronic bleeding. Surgical options are also discussed, as well as treatments of other causes of abnormal uterine bleeding.
Some conditions ensuring the vanishing of harmonic differential forms with applications to harmonic maps and Yang-Mills theory

In (5) it is shown that if m ≽ 3 then there is no non-constant harmonic map φ: ℝm → Sn with finite energy. The method of proof makes use of the fact that the energy functional is not invariant under conformal transformations. This fact has also allowed Xin(9), to show that any non-constant-harmonic map φ:Sm → (N, h), m ≽ 3, is not stable in the sense of having non-negative second variation.
Observation of the Wannier-Stark fan and the fractional ladder in an accelerating optical lattice

We report an experimental study of the Wannier-Stark fan and the fractional Wannier-Stark ladder using laser-cooled sodium atoms in an accelerating one-dimensional standing wave of light. We prepare the atoms in the lowest motional band of the optical lattice and then impose a constant acceleration. A weak oscillatory component is added to the acceleration in order to resonantly drive interband transitions, and the number of atoms that remain in the lowest band is measured as a function of the probe frequency. The spectrum is characterized by a ladder of resonances spaced by the atomic Bloch oscillation frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}.$ When an additional, strong ac component at frequency $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ is added, a fractional ladder is observed with a spacing related to the electric matching ratio $\ensuremath{\Omega}/{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}.$
Community through the eyes of children: blending child-centered research and qualitative geovisulization

Community is an ambiguous concept, and the meanings of community as a subject of study have received a great deal of attention across various disciplines. This paper discusses how children's diverse meanings of community shape and are shaped by the social, cultural, and physical environments of their everyday lives. To explore these meanings I combine principles of child-centered research and qualitative geovisualization into a research methodology. I demonstrate that this integration displays the transformative nature of qualitative analysis and visualization to support interpretive analysis of various forms of qualitative and spatial data together, and offers us a hybrid methodological framework for gaining insights into the diverse meanings of community held by the children. The main case study is drawn from a multi-year research collaboration called the Children's Urban Geography (ChUG), in which I participated along with children who lived in a relatively poor but emerging multi-cultural Hispanic nei...
Pharmacological, conformational and dynamic properties of cycloleucine‐2 analogues of oxytocin and [1‐penicillamine]oxytocin

The solid phase syntheses of [2-cycloleucine] oxytocin and [1-penicillamine, 2-cycloleucine] oxytocin are reported. [1-Penicillamine, 2-cycloleucine] oxytocin is an oxytocin antagonist exhibiting no in vitro oxytocic activity. In the in vitro oxytocic assay, [1-penicillamine, 2-cycloleucine] oxytocin has a pA2 value of 6.70 +/- 0.08. [2-Cycloleucine]-oxytocin is a full oxytocin agonist exhibiting 4.9 +/- 0.5 U/mg of oxytocic activity. Neither compound possesses any measurable agonist or antagonist activity in the rat pressor assay. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift parameters and spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of the antagonist, [1-penicillamine, 2-cycloleucine] oxytocin, indicate that the antagonist exhibits similar conformational and dynamic properties as other oxytocin inhibitors previously studied. The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance shift parameters and spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of the oxytocin agonist, [2-cycloleucine] oxytocin, indicate that the agonist exhibits similar conformational and dynamic properties as oxytocin. These results are discussed in terms of the different receptor requirements for agonist and antagonist activities. It appears that there are different structural and conformational requirements at the 2-position for oxytocic agonist and antagonist activities.