cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GRK1-Dependent Phosphorylation of S and M Opsins and Their Binding to Cone Arrestin during Cone Phototransduction in the Mouse Retina

The shutoff mechanisms of the rod visual transduction cascade involve G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 1 (GRK1) phosphorylation of light-activated rhodopsin (R*) followed by rod arrestin binding. Deactivation of the cone phototransduction cascade in the mammalian retina is delineated poorly. In this study we sought to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the quenching of the phototransduction cascade in cone photoreceptors by using mouse models lacking rods and/or GRK1. Using the “pure-cone” retinas of the neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl) knock-out (KO, -/-) mice ([Mears et al., 2001][1]), we have demonstrated the light-dependent, multi-site phosphorylation of both S and M cone opsins by in situ phosphorylation and isoelectric focusing. Immunoprecipitation with affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies against either mouse cone arrestin (mCAR) or mouse S and M cone opsins revealed specific binding of mCAR to light-activated, phosphorylated cone opsins. To elucidate the potential role of GRK1 in cone opsin phosphorylation, we created Nrl and Grk1 double knock-out (Nrl-/-Grk1-/-) mice by crossing the Nrl-/- mice with Grk1-/- mice ([Chen et al., 1999][2]). We found that, in the retina of these mice, the light-activated cone opsins were neither phosphorylated nor bound with mCAR. Our results demonstrate, for the first time in a mammalian species, that cone opsins are phosphorylated and that CAR binds to phosphorylated cone opsins after light activation. [1]: #ref-29 [2]: #ref-8
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials: Potential Roles and Possible Pitfalls

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) evaluates the tissue microvasculature and may have a role in assessing and predicting therapeutic response in prostate cancer (PCa). In this review, we review principles of DCE-MRI and present the potential quantitative information that can be obtained. We discuss how it may be used as a biomarker for treatment with antiangiogenic and antivascular agents and potentially identify patients with PCa who may benefit from this form of therapy. Likewise, DCE-MRI may play a role in assessing response to combined androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy and theoretically could be a prognostic biomarker in evaluating second-generation hormone therapies. We also address the challenges of using DCE-MRI in PCa clinical trials and discuss the difficulties with standardization of this methodology to allow for biomarker validation, with particular reference to PCa.
Hyperoxia lowers sympathetic activity at rest but not during exercise in humans

The primary aim of this study was to determine the influence of systemic hyperoxia on sympathetic nervous system behavior at rest and during submaximal exercise in humans. In seven healthy subjects (aged 19-31 yr) we measured postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity to skeletal muscle (MSNA) in the leg, antecubital venous norepinephrine concentrations, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure during normoxic rest (control) followed by 3- to 4-min periods of either hyperoxic (100% O2 breathing) rest, normoxic exercise (rhythmic handgrips at 50% of maximum force), or hyperoxic exercise. During exercise, isocapnia was maintained by adding CO2 to the inspirate as necessary. At rest, hyperoxia lowered MSNA burst frequency (12-42%) and total activity (6-42%) in all subjects; the average reductions were 25 and 23%, respectively (P less than 0.05 vs. control). Heart rate also decreased during hyperoxia (6 +/- 1 beats/min, P less than 0.05), but arterial blood pressure was not affected. During hyperoxic compared with normoxic exercise, there were no differences in the magnitudes of the increases in MSNA burst frequency or total activity, plasma norepinephrine concentrations, or mean arterial blood pressure. In contrast, the increase in heart rate during hyperoxic exercise (13 +/- 2 beats/min) was less than the increase during normoxic exercise (20 +/- 2 beats/min; P less than 0.05). We conclude that, in healthy humans, systemic hyperoxia 1) lowers efferent sympathetic nerve activity to skeletal muscle under resting conditions without altering venous norepinephrine concentrations and 2) has no obvious modulatory effect on the nonactive muscle sympathetic nerve adjustments to rhythmic exercise.
Post-pacemaker T-wave Inversions: Cardiac Memory

In certain circumstances, new T-wave inversions are notpathological. A 72-year-old woman with hypertension,paroxysmal atrialﬁbrillation, atrialﬂutter, and tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome developed frequent symptomaticconversion pauses and underwent uneventful implantationof a dual chamber pacemaker. Her electrocardiogram(ECG) prior to pacemaker implantation is shown inFigure 1. One week after pacemaker implantation, thepatient returned for a routine medical appointment. Arepeat ECG demonstrated new, diffuse T-wave inversions(Figure 2).Thepatienthadnochestdiscomfort,dyspnea, or other speciﬁc symptoms.
A Prospective Trial of Diaspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin Solution in Patients after Elective Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

ABSTRACT We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) solution in patients after repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. We performed a randomized, single-blind controlled study with 10 patients in the surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary care facility. Within 24 hours after repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, each patient received an infusion of DCLHb (50 mg/kg or 35 mL for a 70-kg patient) or an equal volume of hetastarch. Variables were measured before infusion, at 15 and 30 minutes postinfusion, and at hourly intervals up to 72 hours. Compared with controls, the experimental group had significantly greater mean pulmonary artery pressure at 30 minutes (mean ± SD, 26.4 ± 3.18 vs. 22.8 ± 2.86 mm Hg), greater mean arterial pressure through 30 minutes (100.8 ± 8.67 vs. 81.6 ± 13.8 mm Hg), and greater plasma hemoglobin through 2 hours (69.3 ± 6.08 vs. 1.8 ± 0 g/dL). Cardiac output was significantly less in the DCLHb group at 2 hours (5.3...
Chapter 12 Remaining Problems in the Practical Application of Numerical Models to Coastal Waters

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the problems related to the practical application of numerical models to coastal waters. A numerical model is a mathematical formulation of certain physical processes. The solutions of numerical models can be obtained by analytical means or by numerical methods. Depending on the levels of approximation used, a numerical model for coastal waters can be formulated in one, two, or three spatial dimensions. Coastal models can also be categorized into tidal, residual, or steady state models depending on the time scale used. This chapter discusses some problems associated with the applications of two- and three-dimensional tidal models to estuaries and coastal waters. The problems discussed in the chapter are associated with (1) data compatibility and availability, (2) computing limitation, (3) interagency cooperation and exchange, and (4) model validity and availability and personnel training.
Autoregressive Individual Mobility

The autoregressive individual mobility model, also known as autoregressive mobility model, which uses a distributed scheme for tracking mobility of the individual node based on first-order autoregressive without using the global positioning system, is described. The simulation results that show the accuracy of the mobility tracking algorithm of the AMM are also provided.
The flame dilemma: A data analytics study of fireplace influence on winter energy consumption at the residential household level

Abstract This study investigates the effect of the presence of fireplaces at the household level independent of the function of ambiance and indoor air quality. The focus of this study is on the winter heating energy use of homes with and without fireplaces to promote energy conservation. Three years of winter energy usage (2011–2013) of 365,190 single-family homes are analyzed and compared. The data is further segmented by fuel type, all-electric versus dual-fuel homes as well as by size and vintage. On average, homes with fireplaces used 23,650 kBtu, source energy, for heating purposes during the winter months versus 18,055 kBtu ( p ≤ 0.0001 ) during the same time period, January, February, and December. There is a significant 31% increase in energy use in homes with fireplaces. In conclusion, policy prescriptions and retrofits are recommended during new home construction permits, renovations, and utility rebate outreach programs to encourage more efficient and cleaner fireplace technology applications.
"Was that your mother on the phone?": Classifying Interpersonal Relationships between Dialog Participants with Lexical and Acoustic Properties

Understanding interpersonal relationships provides important context in understanding spoken communication. In addition to increasing knowledge of the social indicators in spoken communication, the automatic recognition of interpersonal relationships has an application in providing structure to social networks. This paper presents exploratory work on the challenging problem of distinguishing family from friends in spontaneous dialogs drawn from the CALLHOME English corpus. We find both acoustic/prosodic and lexical features useful in classifying these relationships. In binary classification experiments, we achieve accuracy of 10.71% absolute improvement over chance (50%) assignment. Index Terms: speech understanding, interpersonal relationships, information extraction
Storage and Expenditure of Energy in Obesity and Their Implications for Management

We have seen in the past 20 years intensive investigation of the responses of the obese and the lean to caloric intake and to various environmental stresses. Although there is much discrepancy of results, the following are obvious: Obesity is not a clear-cut syndrome, and individuals differ significantly in their genetic subtypes and in the stages, type, and degree of their metabolic disturbances. A difference in the facultative component of the thermogenic effect of food can explain some of the variation. This in turn is closely related to insulin resistance, which bears a close relationship to subtypes of hypertension and hyperlipidemias. The greatest scope for clinical intervention lies in these fields. Both the obese and the lean subjects are adapted to retain dietary fat independently of the energy needs. The high ratio of fat to carbohydrate in the western diet and, increasingly in that of the east, is cause for concern.
Fibrosarcoma After High Energy Radiation Therapy for Pituitary Adenoma

1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908. 2 Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908. Address reprint requests to W. S. CaiI. This article appears in September/October 1 980 AJNR and November 1 980 AJR. AJR 135:1087-1090, November 1980 0361-803X/80/1355-1087 $00.00 © American Roentgen Ray Society 1087
Brucellosis surveillance results in Siping City from 2004-2011

[Objective]To master the epidemic trend of brucellosis in Siping City,and provide scientific evidence for developing preventive and control measures.[Methods]The incidence of brucella was analyzed by epidemiology,serological methods.[Results] From 2004-2011,864 cases were positive examined by serological surveillance.The positive rate was 12.35%.There were 633 new cases with brucellosis and 231 cases with latent infection.The proportion of subacute and chronic cases declined by years,and most cases were detected passive(79.2%).[Conclusion]The epidemic situation has increased in Siping City recently.There are new cases reported in all areas.The epidemic occurrence is mainly in Shuangliao Country.Related department should strengthen brucellosis prevention and control.
DISCUSS ON CONCENTRATION OF GAS DIFFUSION

Based on analyzing the influencing factor of gas diffusion,this paper considered the concentration was the basic factor for gas to diffuse. Different concentrations are fit in with different geological conditions. Concentration in free phase is fit in with diffusion of gas in no water-filled rocks. Concentration dissolved in water is fit in with diffusion of gas in water-saturated rock. Total contraction dissolved in wa- ter is more fit in with actual situation of gas diffusion in underground rocks than the concentration of gas mterstitially dissolved in water molecules is . Diffusion amounts of gas calculated by the concentration in free phase is larger than the actual value. The diffusion amount of gas calculated by the concentration of gas mterstitially .in water molecules is smaller than the actual value. The diffusion amount of gas calculated by the total concentration of gas dissolved in water is fit in with the actual geological situation. Therefore, the total concentration of gas dissolved in water is the concentration causing gas to diffuse in underground rocks.
Plains Indian Women and Interracial Marriage in the Upper Missouri Trade, 1804–1868

Although Indian women remain invisible in most histories of the American fur trade, innumerable Native women became involved in the Upper Missouri trade through interracial relationships. In their ensuing roles as mediators, economic informants, cultural transmitters, and consumers they gained status in the eyes of both Natives and whites. In so doing, they helped usher in significant social, economic, and environmental changes on the Upper Missouri that helped end traditional Plains Indians ways of life.
In vitro study on the effect of ribavirin reducing the EV71 replication

Objective Observe the effect of Ribavirin on reducing the EV71 replication, inactivating EV71 and protecting the RD-A cells against the EV71 infection in vitro. Methods Using the EV71 isolated from Anhui Fuyang HFMD outbreak, the effect of Ribavirin on RD-A cells during the EV71 infection was observed. Results In the experiment of Ribavirin inhibiting the EV71 replication, comparing with the no-Ribavirin-dealed virus control group, the group of 1:640 dilution of Ribavirin delayed the CPE for 2 days, while the normal cell group was growing very well. In the experiment of protecting cell from EV71 infection, comparing with the no-Ribavirin-dealed virus control group, the group of 1:8 dilution of Ribavirin delayed the CPE for 4 days. In the experiment of Ribavirin effect on the inactivation of EV71, the group of 1:40 dilution of Ribavirin delayed the CPE for 2 days comparing with the virus control group. Conclusion Ribavirin could inhibit the replication of the EV71 and inactivate the EV71 in vitro. Additionally, Ribavirin could protect RD-A cells from EV 71 infection. The observation will contribute to EV71 infection control and quick medicine therapy. Key words: Enterovirus; Ribavirin; in vitro
Allosteric proteins as logarithmic sensors

Many sensory systems, from vision and hearing in animals to signal transduction in cells, respond to fold changes in signal relative to background. Responding to fold change requires that the system senses signal on a logarithmic scale, responding identically to a change in signal level from 1 to 3, or from 10 to 30. It is an ongoing search in the field to understand the ways in which a logarithmic sensor can be implemented at the molecular level. In this work, we present evidence that logarithmic sensing can be implemented with a single protein, by means of allosteric regulation. Specifically, we find that mathematical models show that allosteric proteins can respond to stimuli on a logarithmic scale. Next, we present evidence from measurements in the literature that some allosteric proteins do operate in a parameter regime that permits logarithmic sensing. Finally, we present examples suggesting that allosteric proteins are indeed used in this capacity: allosteric proteins play a prominent role in systems where fold-change detection has been proposed. This finding suggests a role as logarithmic sensors for the many allosteric proteins across diverse biological processes.
Structure of Muscle and Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) of muscle, brain, and ganglia belong to the ligand-gated cation channel family, whose most well-studied member is the AChR of the electric organs of Torpedo californica and related species. The strychnine-binding glycine receptor of the spinal cord and the brain γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor are ligand-gated anion channels which share sequence homologies with AChRs, which suggest that they are part of a ligand-gated receptor superfamily with a common evolutionary origin (Lindstrom et al., 1987b; Barnard et al., 1987). The neuronal α-bungarotoxin- (α-Bgt) binding protein, whose function and exact structure is still elusive, is probably a member of this superfamily, and surely more members will be discovered. Muscarinic AChRs (Peralta et al., 1988), on the other hand, belong to a completely different superfamily of receptors, with rhodopsin (Nathans & Hogness, 1983), adrenergic (Dixon et al., 1986), and serotonin receptors as members, and mediate their action through coupling proteins (G-proteins) (Kerlavage, 1987; Julius et al., 1988).
OSHA Compliance Issues

This investigation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reports on a worker who suffered a serious and life-threatening injury from an acute inhalation exposure to hydrogen f...
Determining Cannabis Use Status From a Photograph: An Assessment of the “Jay-dar” in Neuropsychologists

ABSTRACTBackground: Few studies examining the cognitive effects of chronic cannabis use utilize research designs where examiners are blind to user status. Even in those that do, researchers may be able to guess the user status of participants, leaving these studies vulnerable to the expectancy effect confound. Objectives: The present study examined the ability of neuropsychologists (those who would conduct research on the cognitive effects of cannabis) to differentiate cannabis users and nonusers based on physical appearance from photographs. Method: We recruited 84 participants from an international neuropsychology listserv. The sample was 59.5% female and 95.2% Caucasian, with a mean age of 41.39 years (range 26–65). Each neuropsychologist rated 25 target faces (12 cannabis users, 13 nonusers) on a Marijuana Use Likelihood Index based upon individuals' photographs. Results: Results indicate a main effect of user group, as neuropsychologists ascribed higher ratings to cannabis users on the Marijuana Use ...
InGaP-based quantum well solar cells

Quantum well structures hold tremendous potential in taking next step beyond current photovoltaic structures in achieving solar conversion efficiencies beyond 50%. In this paper we investigate p-i-n InGaP solar cells incorporating InGaAsP/InGaP strain balanced multiple quantum wells (SBMQWs) to tune the absorption threshold beyond the In0.49Ga0.51P cut-off (∼ 1.85 eV). The effects of quantum well number and thickness on the optoelectronic properties of InGaAsP/InGaP SBMQWs are investigated. Specifically, we investigate the bandgap tunability of these SBMQW devices by varying well and barrier thickness. Spectral response measurements reveal that longer excitonic absorption with efficient carrier transport can be realized if proper materials compositions and thicknesses are realized. In addition, InGaP p-i-n solar cells including various numbers of InGaAsP/InGaP SBMQWs with an effective bandgap of 1.65 eV in the intrinsic (i) layer were fabricated and characterized. With up to 30 quantum wells, spectral response and light I-V measurements reveal an improvement in the excitonic absorption and short circuit current in comparison to the standard device. The promising results in this work provide an alternative path for realizing 1.5–1.8 eV subcells in next-generation multi-junction solar cells.
Alpha-Catenin Is Dispensable for Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function.

Abstract 1438 Poster Board I-461 We previously demonstrated the loss of expression of alpha-E-Catenin, the product of the CTNNA1 gene, in primary leukemic stem cells isolated from patients with advanced Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) associated with loss of all or part of the long arm of chromosome 5. To formally assess the impact of loss of Ctnna1 expression on hematopoiesis, we employed a murine model for the hematopoietic specific conditional loss of Ctnna1 expression. We demonstrate that Ctnna1 deficiency is associated with normal hematopoietic maturation and proliferation as assessed by peripheral blood examination and methycellulose colony assays. We assessed stem cell and early progenitor frequencies using both flow cytometry and functional assays. Ctnna1 deficiency was associated with equivalent frequencies of Sca1+C-Kit+CD135-Lineage- HSCs in both experimental animals and controls. Short term HSC and MPP frequencies were likewise unaltered. We assessed HSC function using transplantation studies. In competitive repopulation experiments, HSCs deficient for Ctnna1 maintained stable engraftment of recipient mice for up to 1 year. Limiting dilution analyses detected no significant difference in HSC frequency between wild type and Ctnna1 deficient mice. We examined the potential role of Ctnna1 deficient hematopoietic stem cells in two murine models for myeloid neoplasms 1.) exposure to mutagen ENU and 2.) a model for murine AML driven by the HoxA9-Nup98 fusion product. Following exposure of HSCs to ENU, loss of Ctnna1 was not associated with an increased risk of development of a myeloid neoplasm. Expression of the HoxA9-Nup98 fusion product by retroviral infection of Ctnna1 deficient and wild type Sca1+C-Kit+Lineage- cells resulted in no difference in time to development of the previously characterized myeloproliferative disorder or acute leukemia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that in the absence of specific genetic abnormalities, loss of Ctnna1 expression in primary murine HSCs is not associated with aberrant HSC function or the development of myeloid neoplasms. Further studies are necessary to define a role for of loss of Ctnna1 expression in human myeloid malignancies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form or hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with the presence of several antecedent risk factors, most notably sepsis. The Berlin criteria classify this condition as mild, moderate or severe based on the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in the context of 5 cm H2O PEEP, if applied. While treatment is primarily supportive, usually including mechanical ventilation, the use of lung protective ventilation is imperative in order to avoid worsened lung injury. Adjunctive approaches to management include a high PEEP “open-lung” ventilation approach and prone positioning. The early use of neuromuscular blockade is also potentially useful. Intravenous corticosteroids and diuresis increase ventilator-free days but do not decrease mortality. Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be considered as a rescue strategy.
Nonlinear guiding of picosecond CO2 laser pulses in atmosphere (Conference Presentation)

During the last 20 years much attention has been given to the study of propagation of short intense laser pulses for which the peak power exceeds the critical power of self-focusing, Pcr. For a laser power P < Pcr, a dynamic equilibrium between the Kerr self-focusing, diffraction and defocusing caused by laser-ionized plasma result in the production of a high intensity laser filament in air within which a variety of nonlinear optical phenomena are observed. However, research in the 0.8-1 m range so far has shown a fundamental limitation of guided energy to a few mJ transported within an ~100 m single channel. A long-wavelength, 0~10 m CO2 laser is a promising candidate for nonlinear guiding because expected high Pcr values according to the modeling should allow for the increase of energy (and therefore power) in a self-guided beam from mJ (GW) to few Joules (TW). During the last decade a significant progress has been achieved in amplification of picosecond pulses to terawatt and recently to <10 TW power level at UCLA and ATF BNL. Such powerful 10 m lasers open possibility for nonlinear propagation studies in an atmospheric window with high transmission. As a natural first step in a our program on picosecond CO2 laser filamentation, we have made first measurements of Kerr coefficients of air and air constituents around 10 m. We also undertook direct measurements of n2 of air by analyzing nonlinear self-focusing in air using a ~3 ps, 600 GW pulses of the BNL CO2 laser.
Verrucarin J inhibits ovarian cancer and targets cancer stem cells.

// Kelsey Carter 1 , Pranela Rameshwar 2 , Mariusz Z. Ratajczak 2, 3, 4 and Sham S. Kakar 1, 3 1 Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA 2 Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA 3 James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA 4 Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA Correspondence to: Sham S. Kakar, email: sskaka01@louisville.edu Keywords: Verrucarin J, ovarian cancer, cancer stem cells, securin, tumor recurrence Received: June 14, 2017 Accepted: September 08, 2017 Published: October 06, 2017 ABSTRACT Ovarian Cancer is the fifth leading cause of death among women from cancer. Cancer stem cells are a small population of cells present in cancer and the cause of chemoresistance and recurrence of cancer. We tested a new compound “Verrucarin J (VJ)”, a metabolite of the Myrothecium fungus family, and showed that VJ significantly inhibits cell proliferation of both cisplatin-sensitive (A2780 and OVCAR5) and cisplatin-resistant (A2780/CP70) cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner with IC 50 value of approximately 10 nM after 48 h of treatment. VJ was found to induce apoptosis, DNA damage, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment of A2780 cells with VJ resulted in a significant suppression of expression of CSCs markers including ALDH1, LGR5, NANOG and OCT4 in a dose-dependent manner, elimination of ALDH1 + CSC population and inhibition of expression of Notch1 and Wnt1 signaling pathways. Our study also showed that VJ inhibited the tumorigenic potential (spheroid formation on ultralow attachment plates) of isolated ALDH1 + CSCs in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo . VJ resulted downregulation of expression of securin an “oncogene” involved in tumor growth and progression, indicating that securin may serve as a downstream signaling gene to mediate antitumor effects of VJ.
Acoustic and physical mate guarding have different effects on intruder behaviour in a duetting songbird

When males compete for mates, they often defend paternity through mate guarding. In addition to physical guarding, in vocal species, especially duetting birds, individuals may duet with their mates in order to guard them. The acoustic mate-guarding hypothesis posits that duetting deters rivals. We experimentally tested the effectiveness of physical and acoustic mate guarding in a duetting songbird, the red-backed fairy-wren, Malurus melanocephalus, using a novel variation of a classic removal experiment. We temporarily removed males, such that females received either no guarding (mate removed), or only acoustic guarding (mate removed, his duet response played from speaker). We found that rival intrusion rates were highest when all guarding was prevented, slightly lower when only acoustic guarding occurred and lowest when pairs were unmanipulated, and both physical and acoustic guarding occurred. This suggests that both guarding techniques deter intruders, but acoustic guarding less so. Intruder display rate during removals was higher than in unmanipulated trials, regardless of acoustic guarding. Results suggest that acoustic guarding may function as a long-range signal that reduces the likelihood of rival intrusion, but physical guarding is necessary to prevent rivals from courting mates. We confirm that physical and acoustic mate guarding serve as important components of intruder deterrence, although they act at different levels. Our study broadens our understanding of multimodal paternity assurance strategies.
A review of longitudinal clinical programs in US medical schools.

Background: Longitudinal clinical experiences are a common component of undergraduate medical curricula, yet these programs have not been systematically characterized in US medical schools.Objectiv...
Behavioral Approaches to Language and Communication

In the 1950s, there was a spirited and sometimes acrimonious debate between psycholinguists and behaviorists concerning the proper way of conceptualizing language (Chomsky, 1959; Skinner, 1957). It appears, in retrospect, that much of the controversy stemmed from the fact that proponents of the two viewpoints had legitimate but orthogonal goals. Thus, psycholinguists were most interested in being able to construct a grammar, that is, a system of rules capable of accounting for all possible language outputs, outputs that were of interest only as a reflection of underlying linguistic competence. Since competence is determined by the interaction of a number of cognitive processes, an individual’s performance, that is, his or her verbal behavior, is peripheral to this approach. Behaviorists, in contrast, had little interest in understanding the formal properties of language or its underlying cognitive determinants, but they had a great deal of interest in understanding how language could be used by one individual to influence the behavior of another. Thus, for the behaviorist, systematic manipulation of verbal behavior became of paramount importance and educational intervention quickly assumed a central place in the research literature of the field. Today, much of the Sturm and Drang that characterized the early period of behaviorism has increasingly given way to a sense of curiosity about nonbehavioral approaches to understanding language. There are two reasons for the calm that now follows the storm. First, it has become obvious
Improving reliability and performance of redundant disk arrays by improving rebuild time and response time

Today's computer systems entrust the bulk of their data to disk drives. This data must be reliably stored and be quickly accessible. Dramatic improvements in microprocessor and main memory speeds, however, have far outpaced improvements in disk performance time. Redundant disk arrays have been proposed for addressing this bottleneck. Recently popularized by the RAID project, redundant disk arrays provide good performance by utilizing large numbers of disks while ensuring the data is reliably stored. Their performance, however, is lower than non-redundant disk arrays. In addition, as we move to an on-line society and store more data on disk, the need will exist for even higher data reliability. This dissertation proposes a new piggybacking rebuild algorithm that reduces the rebuild time (the time required to rebuild a failed disk in a disk array) and therefore improves the disk array's reliability. Rebuild time is reduced up to 32% for a mirrored array and up to 28% for a RAID5 array compared to the Redirection of Reads rebuild algorithm. This dissertation also shows that non-volatile storage provides a big win in terms of both rebuild time and performance. Using Track Piggybacking with non-volatile storage, a RAID5 array can rebuild a failed disk under an 83% heavier workload and still reduce the rebuild time by 45% compared to Redirection Reads without non-volatile storage. A mirrored array can rebuild a failed disk under a 54% heavier workload and still reduce the rebuild time by 46%. Using non-volatile storage also improves response times. Write request response times drop from 225 milliseconds to less than two milliseconds while read response times are lowered by 67%.
A Survey of Imaging Informatics Fellowships and Their Curricula: Current State Assessment

In a 2016 survey of imaging informatics (“II”) fellowship graduates, the surveyed fellowship graduates expressed the “opinion that II fellowships needed further formalization and standardization” Liao et al. (J Digit Imaging, 2016). This, coupled with the fact that the original published “standardized” curriculum is about 15 years out of date in our rapidly changing systems, suggests an opportunity for curriculum improvement. Before agreeing on improved structural and content suggestions for fellowships, we completed a current-state assessment of how each fellowship organizes its education and what requirements each have for fellowship completion. In this work, we aimed to collect existing information about imaging informatics fellowship curricula by contacting institutions across the country. A survey was completed by phone with the fellowship directors of existing imaging informatics fellowships across the country. Additionally, we collected existing documentation that outlines the curricula currently in use at institutions. We reviewed both the interview responses and documentation to assess overlapping trends and institutional differences in curriculum structure and content. All fellowships had suggested reading lists, didactic lectures, and a required project for each fellow. There were required practicum activities or teaching experience each in two fellowships, and one fellowship had a mandatory certification requirement for graduation. Curriculum topics in Technical Informatics or Business and Management were covered by a majority of institutions, while Quality and Safety and Research topics had inconsistent coverage across fellowships. Our plan is to reengage II fellowship directors to develop a core curriculum, which is part of the Society of Imaging Informatics in Medicine strategic plan.
Shi Tiesheng and the Nature of the Human

This article approaches the contours of contemporary intellectual faith through the work of Shi Tiesheng (d. 2012). Shi is best known in China as a “disabled writer,” while the theological depths o...
Light induced coarsening of metal nanoparticles

We report a novel metal particle coarsening mechanism that is controlled by exposure of the substrate to light. Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 are observed to undergo enhanced coarsening during light illumination under conditions associated with photocatalytic water splitting. The average Pt particle size changed from 1.7 to 2.1 nm over 12 hours of photoreaction conditions whereas control experiments in the dark showed no change in Pt particle size. The coarsening is thermodynamically driven by the Gibbs–Thompson effect but is kinetically controlled by photon illumination conditions. These effects accelerate electron transport between particles on the substrate of differing sizes and dramatically increase the rate of Ostwald ripening. This enhanced coarsening mechanism will operate in other metal particle systems supported on semiconductors which harvest light and inject electrons into the conduction band. The kinetic rate of ripening is related to the degree to which the substrate conductivity and photovoltage is enhance during light illumination.
On a solution method for the bound energy states of a particle in a one-dimensional symmetric finite square well potential

We present details of a new solution method for the bound energy states of a quantum particle in a one-dimensional symmetric finite square well potential. The solution is obtained in a clear way by introducing a simple method that relies on the use of two auxiliary functions. The approach is straightforward and leads to the well-known even and odd parity wave function solutions of the problem without having to do any a priori assumptions about the nature or symmetry of the quantum states.
Site-Selective Nitrene Transfer to Conjugated Olefins Directed by Oxazoline Peptide Ligands

Site-selective nitrene transfer to di- and polyene substrates has been achieved using designed peptide-embedded bioxazoline ligands capable of binding copper. In model 1,3-diene substrates, the olefinic position proximal to a directing group was selectively functionalized. Additional studies indicate that this selectivity stems from non-covalent substrate-catalyst interactions. The peptide-mediated nitrene transfer was also applied to polyene natural product retinol and selective proximal functionalization allowed access to a cis-pyrroline modified retinoid.
The Very Important Person (VIP) and the Headache Medicine Physician

Headache medicine specialists often treat VIPs but little is known about whether these encounters are different than with other patients. Questions considered include who is a VIP, should you treat a VIP like any other patient, and what are the challenges and advantages? A non-random sampling of comments is presented from headache medicine specialists. Eleven principles are presented to consider in these encounters.
Effect of SiO2@polydopamine core/shell nanoparticles as multifunctional filler for an aeronautical epoxy resin

Abstract Polydopamine (PDA) coated SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2@PDA) were considered as filler for an aeronautical graded epoxy matrix. The nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a modified one-step procedure, based on the nucleation and growth of SiO2 NPs followed by the growth of a thin PDA layer on the silica surface. TEM observations have revealed that Core/Shell Nanoparticles (CSNPs) are characterized by a core with a diameter of 250 nm and a 15 nm thick PDA shell. Nanocomposites with different filler concentrations (0.1, 1 and 5 wt%) were manufactured. Preliminary fracture toughness results show an increase of both KIC and GIC with addition of 1 wt% of CSNPs. Further samples will be tested by thermal and mechanical techniques, with particular attention to the thermal stability and fracture toughness properties.
Portal Venous Thrombosis Associated with Use of Etonogestrel/ethinyl Estradiol Vaginal Ring.

Author(s): Bailey, Katelynn E.; Tranovich, Michael J. | Abstract: Introduction: Portal venous thrombosis is a life-threatening cause of abdominal pain. In younger patients, heritable thrombophilias, pregnancy, tobacco use, and oral contraceptives are associated.Case Report: A 26-year-old woman prescribed contraceptive vaginal ring presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed with an extensive portal venous thrombosis. Management included heparin and later an oral anticoagulant with good short-term outcome.Discussion: Women using hormonal contraception are approximately four times more likely to develop thromboembolism. Risk of thromboembolism is similar between users of intravaginal and oral contraceptives.Conclusion: Portal venous thrombosis must be considered in women presenting with abdominal pain who are prescribed hormonal contraceptives, including intravaginal forms.
Limitations of flamelet formulation for modeling turbulent pool fires

Abstract A well-resolved database of a small-scale heptane pool fire is analyzed to assess the assumptions of flamelet models in fire simulations. The pool fire database features well-resolved turbulence fields, finite-rate chemistry for heptane using a 33-species skeletal mechanism, and a coupled Monte Carlo ray-tracing radiation solver with a line-by-line spectral model. A budget analysis of the flamelet equation is performed by transforming temperature and species to the mixture fraction space and extracting instantaneous flamelet solutions along flame-aligned directions. Five flame-aligned budget terms and one unsteady term are identified through transformation of the temperature equation. Three conditions are examined, including an adiabatic case, a case involving only gas radiation, and a case involving both gas and soot radiation. The budget analysis shows that preferential diffusion is non-negligible near the base of the pool. Radiation is found to be appreciable in the transition region of the fire, resulting in a reduction of flame temperature by as much as 270 K due to radiative heat losses. The curvature of the flame surface is found to have a minor impact on the temperature dynamics near the flame front. The extracted flame structures deviate from those predicted from a steady-state adiabatic laminar flamelet model, particularly in the profiles of CO, CO 2 , and OH. A time scale analysis is performed, indicating that steady state assumptions for chemical species are reasonable for this flame, although radiation is much slower compared to chemistry and requires consideration to correctly capture the temperature evolution. The source terms from radiative absorption and emission show pronounced non-proportionality between the two, where absorption can exceed emission, thereby serving as a heating source for the fuel and oxidizer streams. The controlling factors for radiative absorption are analyzed, based on which a non-local model is proposed to approximate absorption in pool fires. A priori assessment of this model shows good agreement with the pool fire database, demonstrating the feasibility of enhancing the flamelet formulation to account for radiative emission and absorption effects.
Nitrogen removal in constructed marshes at sites protected from and exposed to waves

Nutrient removal is among the most valuable ecosystem services provided by marshes and is often a stated goal of coastal restoration projects. However, the removal capacity of constructed marshes is potentially affected by several site-specific and design factors, such as marsh platform elevation, slope, sediment type, initial planting density and wave climate. Here, the main and interactive effects of these factors on the capacity of constructed marshes to remove nitrate from runoff was explored in field experiments at sites protected from and exposed to waves. At both sites, three experimental blocks were established, each with 24 treatment combinations of factors in experimental flumes: two platform elevations (high and low), two slopes (steep and shallow), two sediment types (coarse and fine grain), and three initial planting densities (0%, 50% and 100% cover). Nutrient rich (KNO3) groundwater solution was fed through the marsh rhizosphere using subsurface diffusers. The relative effects of treatment combinations were then assessed by analyzing porewater NOx concentrations with ANOVA models. None of the treatment combinations had any observable effect on porewater NOx concentrations at the exposed site. However, both sediment type and planting density were significant main effects at the protected site with the lowest NOx concentrations found in flumes with fine sediments and initially planted. These results confirm that design factors can have large implications on nutrient dynamics of constructed marshes in areas protected from waves and that wave energy can substantially reduce the influence of these design factors.
Phylogenetic Inference and the Misplaced Premise of Substitution Rates

Three competing ‘methods’ have been endorsed for inferring phylogenetic hypotheses: parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesianism. The latter two have been claimed superior because they take into account rates of sequence substitution. Can rates of substitution be justified on its own accord in inferences of explanatory hypotheses? Answering this question requires addressing four issues: (1) the aim of scientific inquiry, (2) the nature of why-questions, (3) explanatory hypotheses as answers to why-questions, and (4) acknowledging that neither parsimony, likelihood, nor Bayesianism are inferential actions leading to explanatory hypotheses. The aim of scientific inquiry is to acquire causal understanding of effects. Observation statements of organismal characters lead to implicit or explicit why-questions. Those questions, conveyed in data matrices, assume the truth of observation statements, which is contrary to subsequently invoking substitution rates within inferences to phylogenetic hypotheses. Inferences of explanatory hypotheses are abductive in form, such that some version of an evolutionary theory(ies) is/are included or implied. If rates of sequence evolution are to be considered, it must be done prior to, rather than within abduction, which requires renaming those putatively-shared nucleotides subject to substitution rates. There are, however, no epistemic grounds for renaming characters to accommodate rates, calling into question the legitimacy of causally accounting for sequence data.
A Digital-Twin and Machine-Learning Framework for Ventilation System Optimization for Capturing Infectious Disease Respiratory Emissions

The pandemic of 2019 has led to an enormous interest in all aspects of modeling and simulation of infectious diseases. One central issue is the redesign and deployment of ventilation systems to mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases, produced by respiratory emissions such as coughs. This work seeks to develop a combined Digital-Twin and Machine-Learning framework to optimize ventilation systems by building on rapidly computable respiratory emission models developed in Zohdi (Comput Mech 64:1025-1034, 2020). This framework ascertains the placement and flow rates of multiple ventilation units, in order to optimally sequester particles released from respiratory emissions such as coughs, sneezes, etc. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the framework.
A statistical discussion of P residuals from explosions Part II

abstract Explosions at large distances from the Berkeley seismic array of the University of California have been studied in an attempt to obtain an estimate of a P travel time “adjustment” function for each station in the array relative to a standard P table. The probability distribution of residuals is discussed and some error estimates for station adjustments given. A method is suggested for relocating groups of events occurring in small regions. This problem was suggested by the existence of groups of explosions in small regions which gave rise to widely varying sets of residuals. The probable presence of azimuthally varying source, as well as station, terms makes it advisable to obtain times from world-wide stations for each source area in order to attempt to separate the two terms. In fact, the presence of these terms makes it questionable whether a meaningful adjustment function for a single station can be obtained at all.
Chemotherapeutic Approaches to the Problem of Hyperlipidemia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemotherapeutic approaches to the problem of hyperlipidemia. The area of lipid metabolism has increasingly engaged the attention of the pharmacologist over the past. This chapter presents the background of basic information on lipid metabolism relevant to the control of serum lipid levels in vivo , discusses some of the ways in which chemotherapeutic agents might theoretically interact with physiological control mechanisms, and reviews laboratory and clinical experience with drugs in this area and what is known about their mechanism of action. Arterial lesions resembling those of human atherosclerosis can be produced in a variety of animal species by procedures that have in common that they lead to elevation of the animals' serum lipid levels. The earliest lesion that can be definitely characterized as atherosclerosis is a deposit of lipid. Serum lipoproteins can and do penetrate into the arterial wall, even under physiological conditions. When hyperlipidemia is induced, the rate of deposition may exceed the rate of removal and account for the accumulation of at least some of the lipids in the lesion.