cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A self-calibrating rhodium-iron resistive SQUID thermometer for the range below 0.5 K

We report on experiments with a prototype resistive SQUID device which show that it can serve both as a primary noise thermometer and as a secondary resistance thermometer in the range 0.01--0.52 K. The resistor in the circuit was made from an alloy of Rh with 0.5% Fe whose resistivity has an appreciable temperature dependence in this range. The high sensitivity of the SQUID allowed the resistance to be measured very accurately with negligible dissipation of heat. Since values of absolute temperature could be obtained by noise thermometry, the device was in effect a self-califrating resistance thermometer. This combination of features is a rarity in thermometry in general, and may be unique in this temperature range. A version of this new thermometer has been fabricated and tested in the range 0.01--0.52 K. The results of experiments with this prototype are described, its limitations are examined, and ways of improving it are outlined.
Mentoring by Design: Integrating Medical Professional Competencies into Bioengineering and Medical Physics Graduate Training

Many students in bioengineering and medical physics doctoral programs plan careers in translational research. However, while such students generally have strong quantitative abilities, they often lack experience with the culture, communication norms, and practice of bedside medicine. This may limit students' ability to function as members of multidisciplinary translational research teams. To improve students' preparation for careers in cancer translational research, we developed and implemented a mentoring program that is integrated with students' doctoral studies and aims to promote competencies in communication, biomedical ethics, teamwork, altruism, multiculturalism, and accountability. Throughout the program, patient-centered approaches and professional competencies are presented as foundational to optimal clinical care and integral to translational research. Mentoring is conducted by senior biomedical faculty and administrators and includes didactic teaching, online learning, laboratory mini-courses, clinical practicums, and multidisciplinary patient planning conferences (year 1); student development and facilitation of problem-based patient cases (year 2); and individualized mentoring based on research problems and progress toward degree completion (years 3-5). Each phase includes formative and summative evaluations. Nineteen students entered the program from 2009 through 2011. On periodic anonymous surveys, the most recent in September 2013, students indicated that the program substantially improved their knowledge of cancer biology, cancer medicine, and academic medicine; that the mentors were knowledgeable, good teachers, and dedicated to students; and that the program motivated them to become well-rounded scientists and scholars. We believe this program can be modified and disseminated to other graduate research and professional health care programs.
1131 EVALUATION OF THERAPY IN DIABETES MELLITUS: USE OF FREE INSULIN

Diabetic therapy is traditionally evaluated using measurements of blood glucose regulation. The ability to measure free (unbound) insulin enables a more direct study of the relationship between insulin dose and the concentration of free insulin and metabolic parameters in blood. Eight insulin-dependent, C-peptide negative diabetics, 7 to 22 years, were given their usual dose of NPH and regular insulin, and blood samples were serially obtained for levels of free and total insulin, glucose, FFA and ketone bodies. Twenty-four hours later, a standard four hour low dose constant infusion of crystalline insulin was given. Data were analyzed using individual and integrated concentrations of hormones and substrates. In all patients, NPH insulin led to minimal increases in blood insulin (< 15 μU/ml). Low insulin concentrations were associated with elevated parameters of metabolic control. Insulin infusion led to insulin levels between 35 and 50 μU/ml at steady state, and with normalization of glucose, FFA and ketone bodies. A significant reduction in serum [K+] occurred during insulin infusion. These data suggest that: 1) long-acting insulin produces minimal increases in serum insulin; 2) measurement of free insulin can be used to distinguish inadequate insulin dose or aberrant absorption from insulin resistance; 3) conventional NPH therapy cannot lead to adequate metabolic control; 4) hypokalemia may be a marker for states of excess insulin administration.
Interplay between exonic splicing enhancers, mRNA processing, and mRNA surveillance in the dystrophic Mdx mouse.

Background Pre-mRNA splicing, the removal of introns from RNA, takes place within the spliceosome, a macromolecular complex composed of five small nuclear RNAs and a large number of associated proteins. Spliceosome assembly is modulated by the 5′ and 3′ splice site consensus sequences situated at the ends of each intron, as well as by exonic and intronic splicing enhancers/silencers recognized by SR and hnRNP proteins. Nonsense mutations introducing a premature termination codon (PTC) often result in the activation of cellular quality control systems that reduce mRNA levels or alter the mRNA splicing pattern. The mdx mouse, a commonly used genetic model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), lacks dystrophin by virtue of a premature termination codon (PTC) in exon 23 that also severely reduces the level of dystrophin mRNA. However, the effect of the mutation on dystrophin RNA processing has not yet been described. Methodology/Principal Finding Using combinations of different biochemical and cellular assays, we found that the mdx mutation partially disrupts a multisite exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) that is recognized by a 40 kDa SR protein. In spite of the presence of an inefficient intron 22 3′ splice site containing the rare GAG triplet, the mdx mutation does not activate nonsense-associated altered splicing (NAS), but induces exclusively nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Functional binding sites for SR proteins were also identified in exon 22 and 24, and in vitro experiments show that SR proteins can mediate direct association between exon 22, 23, and 24. Conclusions/Significance Our findings highlight the complex crosstalk between trans-acting factors, cis-elements and the RNA surveillance machinery occurring during dystrophin mRNA processing. Moreover, they suggest that dystrophin exon–exon interactions could play an important role in preventing mdx exon 23 skipping, as well as in facilitating the pairing of committed splice sites.
Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel aldehyde dehydrogenase gene from Flammeovirga pacifica

A novel putative aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene aldh1413 from Flammeovirga pacifica isolated from deep sea sediment was cloned, expressed, and characterized. The molecular weight of the ALDH1413 (479 amino acids) was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 53 kDa. The optimum temperature and pH for ALDH1413 were 35°C and 9.0, respectively. In the presence of either NAD+ or NADP+, the enzyme could oxidize a number of aliphatic aldehydes, particularly C3-and C5-aliphatic aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, which indicates that the enzyme belongs to broad-specific (ALDH) superfamily. Steady-state kinetic study revealed that ALDH1413 had a K M value of 0.545 mM and a k cat value of 7.48 s−1 when propionaldehyde was used as the substrate. The Na+ could enhance ALDH1413 activity, which indicated it might be adapt to its habitat, marine environment.
Characterization of Genipin-Modified Dentin Collagen

Application of biomodification techniques to dentin can improve its biochemical and biomechanical properties. Several collagen cross-linking agents have been reported to strengthen the mechanical properties of dentin. However, the characteristics of collagen that has undergone agent-induced biomodification are not well understood. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a natural cross-linking agent, genipin (GE), on dentin discoloration, collagen stability, and changes in amino acid composition and lysyl oxidase mediated natural collagen cross-links. Dentin collagen obtained from extracted bovine teeth was treated with three different concentrations of GE (0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.5%) for several treatment times (0–24 h). Changes in biochemical properties of NaB3H4-reduced collagen were characterized by amino acid and cross-link analyses. The treatment of dentin collagen with GE resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent pigmentation and stability against bacterial collagenase. The lysyl oxidase-mediated trivalent mature cross-link, pyridinoline, showed no difference among all groups while the major divalent immature cross-link, dehydro-dihydroxylysinonorleucine/its ketoamine in collagen treated with 0.5% GE for 24 h, significantly decreased compared to control (). The newly formed GE-induced cross-links most likely involve lysine and hydroxylysine residues of collagen in a concentration-dependent manner. Some of these cross-links appear to be reducible and stabilized with NaB3H4.
ON THE TENSOR PRODUCT OF AN ORIENTED QUANTUM ALGEBRA WITH ITSELF

Let A be a finite-dimensional oriented quantum algebra over a field k There an oriented quantum algebra structure on A⊗A which is motivated by an algebra isomorphism of the quantum double D(A) with A⊗A when A has a factorizable Hopf algebra structure. We describe and study the oriented quantum algebra structure on A⊗A and work it out in detail when A = M2(k) is the algebra of 2×2 matrices over k and has the oriented quantum algebra structure which gives rise to the Jones polynomial. The resulting 16×16 braiding matrix gives rise to a non-trivial ambient isotopy invariant of oriented links. Suppose that A is a finite-dimensional factorizable Hopf algebra over k and that the double D(A) has a ribbon element. Then the Hennings invariant of 3-manifolds is defined for D(A) and can be computed in a very natural way terms of an oriented quantum algebra structure on A⊗A. We supply details for future calculations which are developed in [2].
Congestion game model for efficient utilization of spectrum

Dynamic spectrum access is a way of gaining access to individual frequencies on a temporary basis. This makes use of the frequency assigned to a specific user (primary user) by using specific devices and/or spectrum management techniques. The spectrum management techniques can be done by allocating the spectrum (a) through auctions (market based), (b) using management techniques (c) spectrum sharing (detects and utilizes the unutilized part of the spectrum) (d) command and control, and (e) through opportunistic spectrum access. In opportunistic spectrum access, the secondary or unlicensed user transfers the data with high speed and at short distances with tolerable interference (without disturbing) to the primary signal. Efficient spectrum allocation techniques were discussed using stochastic models, economic models, genetic algorithms, and optimization techniques. The existing models need to be tuned for better performance with optimum utilization of the power. In this paper, we proposed a model that provides access with tolerable interference from secondary users to the primary users while maximizing the spectrum utilization. Furthermore, we designed a congestion game model for efficient utilization of the spectrum by secondary users with minimum interference to primary users. The simulation results show that the congestion game model helps to utilize the spectrum efficiently.
Modelling the Jovian planets by a simple analytical algorithm

This paper models the structures of the Jovian atmospheres and cores by a simple analytical algorithm, which does not require the use of a computer. The method known as the MDV (Motz-Doorish Variable) method was first reported in the Irish Astronomical Journal (1989). It is a method to solve the Stellar Interior Equations (SIE) which dictate the structure of a star and/or the Jovian planets (Bodenheimer, 1986). The results are compared mainly, to the work of Stevenson (1982b) and found to be very agreeable. We include tabulated results of both the atmospheres and cores of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Who exceeds ATP-III risk thresholds? Systematic examination of the effect of varying age and risk factor levels in the ATP-III risk assessment tool.

Abstract Objective We sought to determine the levels of risk factors required to exceed threshold values of intermediate (≥ 10%) or high (> 20%) predicted 10-year risk for coronary heart disease using the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) Risk Assessment Tool. Methods Continuous risk factor values were entered into the risk assessment tool to examine levels of predicted 10-year risk. Both individual risk factors and the joint effects of varying multiple risk factors were systematically examined. Results Women only exceed 10% risk at ages ≥ 70 with single risk factors of HDL-cholesterol levels 170 mm Hg. Women ≤ 65 only exceed 10% risk if they are smokers with low HDL-cholesterol levels. In contrast, single risk factors can cause men over 45 to exceed 10% or 20% predicted 10-year risk. Combinations of only modestly elevated risk factors cause many men to exceed 10% risk at ages ≥ 45, and to exceed 20% risk at ages ≥ 55. Conclusions Because such high-risk factor levels are required for men
Thermal deaquation of some 2-methyl-8-quinolinol chelate hydrates

Abstract Chelate hydrates of Mg(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol were studied by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and high temperature reflectance spectroscopy to determine the heats of deaquation and energy of activation of the reaction, and the changes in spectra upon deaqution. Heats of deaqution were found to be lower and energies of activation to be higher than for the corresponding 8-quinolinol chelate hydrates. The reflectance spectra of the anhydrous chelate of 8-quinolinol and 2-methyl-8-quinolinol were found to be very similar, but significant differences in the spectra of the corresponding chelate hydrates were noted. Differences in the thermal properties of the chelates were attributed to differences in bond strength, steric hindrance, and crystal structure.
Differential Expression of Ped Gene Candidates in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

The Ped (preimplantation embryonic development) gene influences the rate of mouse preimplantation embryonic development and subsequent survival. Four similar tandem genes in the Q region of the major histocompatibility complex-Q6, Q7, Q8, and Q9-were identified as Ped gene candidates. In this study, expression of these genes during preimplantation development was examined and quantitated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and single nucleotide primer extension assays in order to investigate their contribution to the Ped gene phenotype. The Q7/Q9 gene pair was found to be transcribed in preimplantation mouse embryos, whereas transcription of the Q6/Q8 gene pair was undetectable. Both Q7 and Q9 are expressed in embryos from one Ped fast strain, C57BL/6, while only the Q9 gene is expressed in another Ped fast strain, B6.K2. These results suggest that both the Q7 and Q9 genes can function as the Ped gene in the mouse. Interestingly, the expression pattern of the Q7 and Q9 genes in preimplantation embryos is the same as in splenic lymphocytes. However, the Q6 and Q8 genes are expressed in splenic lymphocytes but not in preimplantation embryos. Treatment of mouse preimplantation embryos with interferon gamma (gamma-IFN) did not induce expression of the Q6/Q8 genes but enhanced expression of the Q7/Q9 genes. The mechanism of this differential transcription pattern is currently under investigation.
Evaluation of derivatization techniques for the analysis of organotin compounds in biological tissue

Abstract The two commonly used derivatization techniques for the speciation of organotin compounds in biological tissue, namely, (1) direct in situ derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate, and (2) tropolone extraction followed by derivatization with ethyl Grignard reagent, were evaluated and validated using a spiked tissue and reference fish tissue (NIES No. 11). Their applications in the analysis of real mussels are given.
Factors Affecting Feeling-of-knowing in a Medical Intelligent Tutoring System – the role of Immediate Feedback as a Metacognitive Scaffold

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown the benefits of immediate feedback on cognitive performance for pathology residents using an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) in pathology. In this study, we examined the effect of immediate feedback on metacognitive performance, and investigated whether other metacognitive scaffolds will support metacognitive gains when immediate feedback is faded. Twenty-three participants were randomized into intervention and control groups. For both groups, periods working with the ITS under varying conditions were alternated with independent computer-based assessments. On day 1, a within-subjects design was used to evaluate the effect of immediate feedback on cognitive and metacognitive performance. On day 2, a between-subjects design was used to compare the use of other metacognitive scaffolds (intervention group) against no metacognitive scaffolds (control group) on cognitive and metacognitive performance, as immediate feedback was faded. Measurements included learning gains (a measure of cognitive performance), as well as several measures of metacognitive performance, including Goodman-Kruskal gamma correlation (G), bias, and discrimination. For the intervention group, we also computed metacognitive measures during tutoring sessions. Results showed that immediate feedback in an intelligent tutoring system had a statistically significant positive effect on learning gains, G and discrimination. Removal of immediate feedback was associated with decreasing metacognitive performance, and this decline was not prevented when students used a version of the tutoring system that provided other metacognitive scaffolds. Results obtained directly from the ITS suggest that other metacognitive scaffolds do have a positive effect on G and discrimination, as immediate feedback is faded. We conclude that immediate feedback had a positive effect on both metacognitive and cognitive gains in a medical tutoring system. Other metacognitive scaffolds were not sufficient to replace immediate feedback in this study. However, results obtained directly from the tutoring system are not consistent with results obtained from assessments. In order to facilitate transfer to real-world tasks, further research will be needed to determine the optimum methods for supporting metacognition as immediate feedback is faded.
IMINE-BRIDGED PLANAR POLY(PHENYLENETHIOPHENE)S AND POLYTHIOPHENES

Synthetic routes to soluble planar poly(phenylenethiophene)s and polythiophenes are described. The main polymer backbones are synthesized via Pd(0)-catalyzed couplings of the electron-rich N,N‘-(bis-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-diamino-2,5-bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)thiophene with electron-deficient aryldibromodiones. The prebridged polymers have bathochromically shifted absorptions due to donor/acceptor interactions between the consecutive repeat units. Upon exposure of the polymers to trifluoroacetic acid or titanium tetrachloride, imine bridges are formed that force the consecutive units into planarity. The bridging units are sp2-hybridized, thus allowing for greater electron delocalization between the consecutive aryl units. The syntheses of model trimeric systems were conducted to provide further data for assessing the optical properties of the polymers. Protonation of the imine moieties causes bathochromic shifts of >100 nm in several cases. The effect is explained by an intramolecular charge transfer. Thus...
The pathology of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. A description of six grades of structural changes in the pulmonary arteries with special reference to congenital cardiac septal defects

Progressive histologic changes occur in the pulmonary arteries and arterioles, as a complication of chronically elevated pulmonary arterial blood pressure, in patients with congenital septal defects of the heart. This progression is so stereotyped as to allow a division of the structural effects into 6 grades. The histologic features of each grade are described in detail in this communication. These results afford a basis for comparing the magnitude of these changes to the clinical findings.
Wide host range cloning vectors: A cosmid clone bank of an Agrobacterium Ti plasmid

Abstract The plasmids pVK100, pVK101, and pVK102 are described. Their properties include RK2 replication properties, P1 incompatibility, non-self-transmissibility, mobilization by the helper plasmid pRK2013, and single restriction sites wherein cloned inserts can inactivate either kanamycin or tetracycline resistance markers. The vectors pVK100 and pVK102 are cosmids. Single Eco R1 sites are present in pVK100 and pVK101; pVK101 also contains a Bgl II site suitable for cloning. The cosmid pVK102 was used to generate a clone bank of Agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmid pTiA6. By identification of restriction fragments shared by clones with inserts of pTiA6 DNA that overlapped, restriction fragment maps of pTiA6 were established for the enzymes Sal 1, Eco R1, Xho 1, and Sst 1. Various members of the clone bank representing all regions of pTiA6 were mated from E. coli strain HB101 into A. tumefaciens strains A136 and A856. The region of pTiA6 associated with octopine catabolism was localized by identifying which clones conferred octopine utilization upon strain A136. The inability of certain strain A856 transconjugants to utilize octopine identified the clones which eliminated the octopine-type Ti plasmid of strain A856 by incompatibility. The use of such inc clones to cure plasmids and distinguish incompatibility groups of plasmids is discussed.
The Ethics of Cyberwarfare

Abstract The paper addresses several issues in the morality of cyberwar and cyberwarfare, defined as one nation's attacks on the governmental or civilian information systems of another nation. It sketches the diverse technical ways in which an attack may occur, including denial-of-service attacks and the insertion of various forms of malware. It argues that existing international law and widely discussed principles of Just War Theory do not straightforwardly apply to cyberwarfare, and many forms of cyberwarfare differ from previous forms of warfare in neither injuring nor killing human beings, nor causing lasting physical damage – but can nevertheless cause serious harm to a nation's vital interests. Another dissimilarity with traditional warfare is in the degree of knowledge of the identity of an attacker (the ‘attribution problem’). The paper argues that cyberwarfare is not amenable to regulation by international pacts and that we can expect long periods of low-level, multilateral cyberwarfare, a Cyber ...
Expert intuition and ill-structured problem solving

The expert decision maker, when confronted by ill-structured problems, is shown to rely largely on nonverbalizeable intuitive thought processes based on concrete experience. Examples of ill-structured problems used include innovation, executive decision making, and diagnostic evaluations by project managers. Here, neither the goal nor the procedure for accomplishing the goal is well understood at the outset. Problems requiring computation are not treated. The organizational, educational, and analytical approaches for increasing this individual's productivity are then explored.
Combustion of magnesium powders in products of an air/acetylene flame

Abstract This paper is aimed at characterizing combustion dynamics of fine magnesium powders. Two spherical, micron-sized Mg powders with different particle size distributions were introduced into an air–acetylene flame. Particles were observed to burn in laminar flames as well as in flames with turbulence induced by an auxiliary swirling air flow. Particle emission was detected above the flame emission background and emission pulses for individual particles were recorded using an array of three filtered photomultiplier tubes. Particle size distributions were correlated with their emission times, interpreted as burn times, for different turbulence levels. Ratios of the recorded filtered emission signals were used to obtain temperatures of the burning particles. Partially burned particles were collected and examined. Particle burn times were approximately proportional to d0.8, where d is the particle diameter. The particle spherical shapes were not preserved. For the coarser powder, halos of condensed ultrafine MgO crystals were observed around quenched particles. Presence of slightly greater amounts of MgO on the surface of as received particles of the finer powder resulted in their longer burn times and elevated temperatures. These observations are interpreted assuming that the initial small MgO particles adhered to the metal surface result in the formation of solid MgO islands and inclusions on surface of the burning Mg droplets. Such islands block evaporation of magnesium and thus reduce the burn rates. In addition, they serve as condensation centers for the combustion products and grow rapidly during combustion. As a result, a relatively small number of the initial fine MgO particles can cause substantial disruption in the burning particle shape, surface morphology, and burn rate. Larger MgO inclusions can be heated above the Mg boiling point resulting in an increased measured temperature.
SU‐E‐T‐86: Evaluation of the OSLD System for Remote Dosimetry Audits Implemented by the RPC

Purpose: Analysis of the performance of the optically stimulated luminescencedosimetry (OSLD) system implemented by the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) for external audits compare to the termoluminescent dosimetry(TLD) system.Methods: The RPC translated the TLD system for external audits to the OSLD system on June 2010. This last system is based on nanoDo dosimeters. The logistic of the system was designed and is managed by the RPC's data base (RADS). The calculation of dose, the storage of data and evaluation of results is also done by the same data base. The verification of output is based on irradiation of dosimeters in acrylic phantoms. The geometry for irradiation is the reference geometry for output calibration. The dose level change from 300cGy for TLD to 100cGy for OSLD. Both system are designed for X‐ray beam from 4 to 23 MV and electrons beams from 6 to 23 MeV. Results: The average ratio between RPC dose and institution dose at the point of dose verification is 1.000 ± 1.9% for TLD system for the last 5 years. While this average is 0.999 ± 1.7% for OSLD system since it was implemented. This average was analyzed based on the whole population of results, The average was also analyzed per type of beam and per energy without showing differences. The OSLD system allows the RPC to evaluate more beams during reading sessions. Evaluation of accumulated dose and history of dosimeter are valuable Conclusions: The average ratio between RPC dose and institution dose at the point of dose verification did not change from TLD system to OSLD system. The identification of dosimeters is important to keep track of irradiations especially when reuse of the dosimeter is one of the advantages of this system. This work was supported by PHS CA010953 awarded by NCI, DHHS
Multiple solutions of a boundary layer problem

The laminar boundary layer flow on a continuous moving porous flat plate with suction or injection is governed by the nonlinear differential equation f‴(η)+f(η)f″(η)=0, with boundary conditions f(0)=-C,f′(0)=ξ,f′(+∞)=1, where η is the similarity variable, f(η) is related to the stream function, and C and ξ are constants. This paper presents a rigorous proof of the existence of multiple solutions to the boundary value problem by a shooting method on [0, ∞).
Determinants of Post-Conflict Economic Assistance:

Given the importance of violent conflicts and their consequences in global politics, the increasing attention paid to rebuilding conflict-stricken nations by the major powers, and the growing inter...
RBS, AES, EDX and ESCA investigation of heat treatment effects on stainless steel alloy 440C

Abstract We have investigated the oxidation of stainless steel alloy 440C at various temperatures using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA). The chemical state of the various oxides formed at each temperature was measured by ESCA. The relative surface concentrations of Cr and Fe were measured using all four techniques. EDX data provided us with a standard for bulk concentrations of Cr and Fe. The results of RBS and AES were used to develop an empirical relationship between the Cr Fe ratio and the heat treatment temperature. This empirical relationship can be used to determine the temperature at which a given component made of stainless steel alloy 440C, has been operating by measuring the Cr Fe ratio at the surface.
Temperature-programmed desorption from porous catalysts: Shape index analysis

Abstract The shape index S of an individual temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) peak is defined as the ratio of slope magnitudes at the two inflection points, an experimental quantity easily determined for any single, reasonably isolated peak. Here we present analyses which indicate that for initial site coverages near unity, a measurement of S can discriminate between four important cases: (1) First-order desorption with no readsorption. (2) First-order desorption with equilibrium readsorption. (3) Second-order desorption with no readsorption. (4) Second-order desorption with equilibrium readsorption. Guidelines for reaction order determination with intermediate degrees of readsorption arise naturally. Comparison of theory and experimental data is encouraging. A criterion to assure that TPD results are free of internal diffusional disguise is suggested; time delay and dispersion-induced sample errors are discussed and shown to be negligible.
Pronunciation and apparent frequency

Four experiments were conducted to test the assumption of frequency theory that pronouncing a word increases its apparent frequency of presentation. The first two experiments required comparative judgments (selecting the more frequent member of a test pair); the remaining experiments required absolute judgments (estimating the number of times each test word was presented). The results indicated that pronouncing a word does increase its apparent frequency. However, the pronunciation effect was much smaller than the effect of an increment in actual frequency, and was observed only when a within- S manipulation of pronunciation was employed. It was suggested that pronunciation responses do not produce the same type of memorial change as increments in frequency of presentation.
Mediation of nerve growth factor-driven cell cycle arrest in PC12 cells by p53. Simultaneous differentiation and proliferation subsequent to p53 functional inactivation.

Upon stimulation with nerve growth factor (NGF), PC12 cells extend neurites and cease to proliferate by influencing cell cycle proteins. Previous studies have shown that neuritogenesis and a block at the G1/S checkpoint correlate with the nuclear translocation of and an increase in the p53 tumor suppressor protein. This study was designed to determine if p53 plays a direct role in mediating NGF-driven G1 arrest. A retroviral vector that overexpresses a temperature-sensitive p53 mutant protein (p53ts) was used to extinguish the function of endogenous p53 in PC12 cells in a dominant-negative manner at the nonpermissive temperature. NGF treatment led to transactivation of a p53 response element in a luciferase reporter construct in PC12 cells, whereas this response to NGF was absent in PC12(p53ts) cells at the nonpermissive temperature. With p53 functionally inactivated, NGF failed to activate growth arrest, as measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and also failed to induce p21/WAF1 expression, as measured by Western blotting. Since neurite outgrowth proceeded unharmed, 50% of the cells simultaneously demonstrated neurite morphology and were in S phase. Both PC12 cells expressing SV40 T antigen and PC12 cells treated with p53 antisense oligonucleotides continued through the cell cycle, confirming the dependence of the NGF growth arrest signal on a p53 pathway. Activation of Ras in a dexamethasone-inducible PC12 cell line (GSRas1) also caused p53 nuclear translocation and growth arrest. Therefore, wild-type p53 is indispensable in mediating the NGF antiproliferative signal through the Ras/MAPK pathway that regulates the cell cycle of PC12 cells.
Isolation and characterization of wheat bran starch and endosperm starch of selected soft wheats grown in Michigan and comparison of their physicochemical properties

Three soft wheat varieties with relatively high crop yields and different levels of milling softness equivalence were studied to characterize bran starch properties compared with those of endosperm starch from the same wheat sample. Bran starch had more short chains than had endosperm starch, and was found to have a higher percentage of B-type granules, higher amylose content, higher crystallinity, broader gelatinization temperature range, higher enthalpy of gelatinization, lower retrogradation degree, and lower pasting peak and setback viscosities than had the counterpart endosperm starch. Bran starch of variety Aubrey had the highest crystallinity (21.75%) and gelatinization temperature (62.9°C), while bran starch of variety D8006 had the highest percentage of B-type granules and lowest retrogradation degree (21.7%). Results of this study provide a foundation for better utilization of bran starch during whole grain food processing.
Menahem Mendel Schneersohn’s Response to the Holocaust

��� Menahem Mendel Schneersohn’s (the Rebbe) response to the Holocaust may be divided into two periods. The first was during his leadership of the eschatological community ‘‘Mahaneh Yisrael’’ during the war. The second was during the period of his presidency (Nesiyut) of the Lubavitcher movement beginning in 1951.
IMPROVEMENT OF A HIGH-FREQUENCY BROADBAND ENERGY-INTENSITY BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD TO INCLUDE HIGH RESOLUTION SPECULAR REFLECTION

The prediction of the spatial mean-square pressure distribution within enclosed high-frequency broadband sound fields is computationally intensive if determined on a frequency-by-frequency basis. Recently an energy-intensity boundary element method (EIBEM) has been formally developed. This method employs uncorrelated broadband directional energy sources to expeditiously predict such pressure distributions. The source directivity accounts for local correlation effects and specular reflection. The method is applicable to high modal density fields, but not restricted to the usual low-absorption, diffuse, and quasi-uniform assumptions. The approach can accommodate fully specular reflection, or any combination of diffuse and specular reflection. This boundary element method differs from the classical version in that element size is large compared to an acoustic wavelength and equations are not solved on a frequency-by-frequency basis. In the earlier EIBEM, the source strength and directivity associated with the energy sources, distributed over enclosure boundaries, were determined in an iterative manner and the directivity was limited to three terms of a Fourier expansion. Here, the original method is improved by eliminating the iteration and allowing for an unlimited number of terms in the Fourier expansion of the directivity function. For verification, the improved EIBEM is compared to experimental measurements and exact analytical solutions; excellent agreement is obtained.
Intracavity absorption with a continuous wave dye laser: quantification for a narrowband absorber.

An experimental investigation of the dependence of intracavity absorption on factors including transition strength, concentration, absorber path length, and pump power is presented for a CW dye laser with a narrow-band absorber (NO2). A Beer-Lambert type relationship is found over a small but useful range of these parameters. Quantitative measurement of intracavity absorption from the dye laser spectral profiles showed enhancements up to 12,000 (for pump powers near lasing threshold) when compared to extracavity measurements. The definition of an intracavity absorption coefficient allowed the determination of accurate transition strength ratios, demonstrating the reliability of the method.
Planning Data Management Education Initiatives: Process, Feedback, and Future Directions

Educating researchers in sound data management skills is a hot topic in today’s data intensive research world. Librarians across the country and the world are taking the lead in offering this training to their campus research communities. In Fall, 2013, the Data Curation Librarian at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, held a one-day “Data Management Basics” Workshop geared towards graduate students in engineering and science disciplines based on the New England Collaborative Data Management Curriculum. Students were asked to complete a pre-workshop survey and a series of seven post-module surveys throughout the day. This article discusses the results of the survey feedback, the planning process, and elaborates on important variables in planning data management training initiatives, such as disciplinary adjustments and time constraints. The article concludes with a discussion of the author’s future plans for providing training initiatives based on the feedback he received.
Reduction of selenium oxyanions by Enterobacter cloacae strain SLD1a‐1: Reduction of selenate to selenite

Reduction of selenate (SeO 4 2- ) to selenite (SeO 4 2- ) by Enterobacter cloacae strain SLD la- I (ATCC 700258), a facultative anaerobe isolated from agricultural drainage water, was studied in microcosm experiments using washed cell suspensions. The washed cell suspension removed 92% of added SeO 4 2- (at 127 μM) from solution over 10.5 h using glucose as the electron donor. A method was developed that allowed for the assessment of factors affecting only reduction of SeO 4 2- to SeO 3 2 , the first step in the reduction of SeO 4 2- to Se 0 and/or Se 2- . The method consisted of treating the cell suspensions with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), after which SeO 4 2- reduction proceeds relatively unimpeded but SeO 3 2- . reduction is inhibited and SeO 3 2- . accumulates in solution and is quantified. Optimum pH was found to be 6.5-7.0, and an electrical conductivity of 10 dS m -1 and greater inhibited the reaction. Reduction of SeO 4 2- at 127 μM by SLD1a-1 was unaffected by NO 3 - , NO 2 - , SO 4 2 , AsO 4 3- , and Fe 3+ at equimolar concentrations but was inhibited by NO 3 - and SO 4 2- at levels 5 and 236 times greater, respectively, than the SeO 4 2- concentration and by CrO 4 2- and SO 3 2- at concentrations equimolar with that of SeO 4 2- . It was found that the more easily an electron donor enters the glycolytic pathway, the greater its propensity to promote SeO 4 2- reduction. In addition, initially growing the organism in the presence of lactose and maltose enhanced the organism's subsequent use of these electron donors in reduction of SeO 4 2- . Optimum temperature for the reaction was 30°C, and lowering the oxygen level enhanced SeO 4 2 reduction and removal of Se from solution. Our results provide useful information for optimization of a bioreactor using E. cloacae SLD1a-1 to treat Se-contaminated water.
Increased conditioned gustatory aversion following VMH lesions in rats.

Abstract Rats with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions and sham operated animals were allowed 20 min of access to a solution of sweetened condensed milk. After drinking the substance, the animals received intraperitoneal injections of either saline or methylatropine (1.0 mg/kg). The rats injected with methylatropine demonstrated reduced intake of the test solution when it was next presented. This conditioned gustatory aversion was more pronounced and more resistant to extinction in the rats with VMH lesions. The results support the hypothesis that VMH lesions increase responsivity to interoceptive cues associated with illness as well as to exteroceptive cues associated with consummatory responding.
Reorganizing the National Institutes of Health.

A committee of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine recently released a report on reorganizing the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This report responds to a request by Congress in connection with the fiscal year 2001 budget for the NIH. The report contains some pragmatic proposals, avoids postulating an ideal NIH but does propose a radical new “special programs office” that would function as does the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and advocates that clinical research be strengthened.
IMPACT OF RISING FUEL COST ON PERISHABLE PRODUCT PROCUREMENT

This paper models the dynamic interactions between product prices at different regional markets and input costs and derives cost-price thresholds that can be used to evaluate alternative product sourcing and procurement strategies. The model is tested empirically by estimating a vector autoregressive model using data from the U.S. leafy green industry.
Ionic conduction in nanocrystalline materials

The potential impact of high densities of interfaces in nanocrystalline solids on ionic conduction and defect formation are examined. The literature on three oxides; cubic zirconia, ceria and titania, is reviewed. While it remains too early to make firm conclusions, the following observations are made. Additives which contribute to ion blocking at grain boundaries are diluted in nanocrystalline oxides giving rise to substantial reductions in specific grain boundary resistivities. The case for enhanced ionic conduction in nanocrystalline oxides remains unresolved due to conflicting reports and inadequate efforts to isolate the ionic from the total conductivity. There is strong support for the notion that the energetics for defect formation may be substantially reduced in nanocrystalline oxides leading to markedly increased levels of nonstoichiometry and electronic carrier generation.
Storage of Light Energy and Photosynthesis

FROHLICH1 has introduced a mechanism of energy storage which is relevant to three of the most important aspects of modern research on photosynthesis. First, he suggests that “[units as small as the photosynthetic unit] absorb not only in the frequency range of the bulk material, but also at usually higher frequencies … [in] the range of longitudinal modes …”; second, that excitations may be stored in a mode which has “a very small chance … for re-emitting photons”, and finally, that the stored energy “… can be transferred not only in steps of one, but also two or more quanta”. The first two propositions are directly accessible in terms of observed fluorescence lifetimes and spectral characteristics, and the third (perhaps the most intriguing) is presumably available as a replacement for or supplement to the series formulation (Z scheme)2 of the photon-driven stages of electron transport. The third is, however, the most qualitative and should be assessed only after the general mechanism is established.
Copurification of bovine milk xanthine oxidase and immunoglobulin.

Abstract Xanthine oxidase, isolated from bovine milk, exhibited an A280:A450nm ratio of 5.0. This ratio is reported to be indicative of highly purified enzyme preparations. Serum from a rabbit hyperimmunized against this enzyme fraction exhibited two precipitation lines when incubated with the protein in agarose double diffusion plates. Serum albumin, β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, casein, chymosin, and immunoglobulin were tested for reactivity. The second antigen was identified as bovine immunoglobulin. Commercial preparations of xanthine oxidase also contained immunoglobulin as a contaminant. IgG and IgA were present in Sigma (Grade III) fractions and IgM was identified in Boehringer Mannheim preparations. Immunofluorescent studies indicated that xanthine oxidase antiserum reacted with the capillary endothelium of bovine heart. Absorption of this antiserum with bovine IgG abrogated this reaction. These findings may explain apparent discrepancies between reported immunohistological association of xanthine oxidase in heart capillary endothelial cells and the absence of detectable enzymatic activity.
Integrating across Pascal's triangle

Abstract Sums across the rows of Pascal's triangle yield 2 n while certain diagonal sums yield the Fibonacci numbers which are asymptotic to ϕ n where ϕ is the golden ratio. Sums across other diagonals yield quantities asymptotic to c n where c depends on the directions of the diagonals. We generalize this to the continuous case. Using the gamma function, we generalize the binomial coefficients to real variables and thus form a generalization of Pascal's triangle. Integration over various families of lines and curves yields quantities asymptotic to c x where c is determined by the family and x is a parameter. Finally, we revisit the discrete case to get results on sums along curves.
Pilot Study of the Utility of the Synthetic PET Amino-Acid Radiotracer Anti -1-Amino-3-[ 18 F]Fluorocyclobutane-1-Carboxylic Acid for the Noninvasive Imaging of Pulmonary Lesions

Anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-3-[18F]FACBC) is a synthetic amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer with utility in detection of prostate carcinoma and brain tumors and has also been shown to have uptake in lung tumor cell lines. The purpose of this study is to determine the uptake characteristics of anti-3-[18F]FACBC in lung carcinoma and if this radiotracer may help characterize pulmonary lesions. Ten patients with pulmonary lesions scheduled for surgical resection or biopsy underwent 45-min dynamic PET-CT imaging of the thorax after IV injection of 214.6–384.8MBq of anti-3-[18F]FACBC. Anti-3-[18F]FACBC uptake was compared with that of routine 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) PET-CT scans of the same patient and validated with a combination of pathology, imaging and clinical follow-up. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 was performed on tissue samples. There were nine malignant (seven lung nodules and two mediastinal nodes), two inflammatory, and one carcinoid lesion ranging from 1 to 3.75 cm. Mean(±SD) SUVmax of malignant lesions was 6.2(±2.6), 5.9(±2.7), 5.9(±3.4), and 5.7(±3.3), at 8, 16, 28, and 40 min, respectively; while for inflammatory lesions at the same time points, 4.1(±0.6), 3.3(±0.9), 2.2(±0.03), and 2.3(±0.03), respectively. The carcinoid tumor had SUVmax of 2.8, 2.6, 1.5, and 0.9 at similar time points. Mean SUVmax of all malignant lesions was higher than that of inflammatory lesions for anti-3-[18F]FACBC, and was statistically significant at greater than 28 min post-radiotracer infusion (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation of anti-3-[18F]FACBC activity with Ki67, though there was a positive trend. There was a strong correlation between anti-3-[18F]FACBC and [18F]FDG uptake. Anti-3-[18F]FACBC uptake in malignant lesions is greater than in inflammatory lesions with a higher degree of separation of uptake on delayed imaging. More comprehensive study is required to determine the diagnostic performance of anti-3-[18F]FACBC in the characterization of pulmonary lesions.