cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Key informants' perceptions of health care for elders at the U.S.-Mexico border.

Objective: This study was part of a systematic assessment to gain an understanding of aging in a rural community along the U.S.-Mexico border in Arizona. Design: It used a participatory action research design. Interviews were conducted among key informants (n=29), including health and social services providers and community leaders. Content analysis focused on identifying common themes and concerns related to elders. Results: Major themes identified were (1) social infrastructure issues, (2) community awareness of health problems, (3) socioeconomic problems, (4) cultural influences on health beliefs, practice, and use of services, (5) image of aging, (6) border issues, and (7) educational needs for service providers. Conclusion: Elders living at the border are a particularly vulnerable population with strong cultural affiliations and health disparities. Although the population of elders has been growing at the border, the traditional focus on the health care needs of youth and children has contributed to the neglect of issues facing elders. This study provided community key informants' perspective of aging to community members, policy makers, service agencies, and health care providers for community development. A conceptual framework was developed for educational programs and research projects for health professionals who care for elders at the border.
Broca on Cerebral Control for Speech in Right-Handers and Left-Handers: A Note on Translation and Some Further Comments

In my analysis (Harris, 1991) of Broca's views (1865) on the relationship of handedness to speech representation, a passage from one of Broca's later articles was mistranslated. This has implications for one part of the analysis, which this note explains. New details and comments are also added to the story.
Note on Reliability of Fixed-Response Formats:

Responses to various fixed test-response formats were examined for “reliability” due to systematic error; Cronbach's as up to .67 were obtained. Of the various formats tested, 4-point Likert were the least affected while various forms of lines and faces were most problematic. Results are discussed in relation to possible modification in a to account for systematic bias.
Class Dismissed: Why We Cannot Teach or Learn Our Way Out of Inequality

In a paper released earlier this year, the International Monetary Fund strayed from its typically austere position to promote public expenditure on redistribution policy—specifically in the realms ...
A framework for harmonizing sensor data to support embedded health assessment

The use of in-home and mobile sensing is likely to be a key component of future care and has recently been studied by many research groups world-wide. Researchers have shown that embedded sensors can be used for health assessment such as early illness detection and the management of chronic health conditions. However, research collaboration and data sharing have been hampered by disparate sets of sensors and data collection methods. To date, there have been no studies to investigate common measures that can be used across multiple sites with different types of sensors, which would facilitate large scale studies and reuse of existing datasets. In this paper, we propose a framework for harmonizing heterogeneous sensor data through an intermediate layer, the Conceptual Sensor, which maps physical measures to clinical space. Examples are included for sleep quality and ambulatory physical function.
Estimating the economic impacts of bycatch in U.S. commercial fisheries

Abstract Bycatch presents a challenge to optimizing yield in commercial fisheries, where bycatch can total more than 1 million mt per year in the United States. Yet the economic impacts of bycatch have rarely been evaluated in the scientific literature. These economic impacts largely occur from the loss of landings through (1) early closure of fisheries when catch limits of bycatch species are reached; and (2) discards of marketable catch due to regulatory requirements in the fishery. This paper illustrates the economic impacts of early closures due to bycatch in U.S. fisheries by describing past case studies, as well as evaluating the economic impacts of discarding fish in U.S. commercial fisheries. Premature closures in the fisheries reviewed resulted in potential losses ranging from $34.4 million to $453.0 million annually. Nationally, bycatch estimates in the form of regulatory discards are annually reducing the potential yield of fisheries by $427.0 million in ex-vessel revenues, and as much as $4.2 billion in seafood-related sales, $1.5 billion in income, and 64,000 jobs. Our review also shows that some of the most promising work to reduce bycatch over the last decade has been the development of gears or gear modifications, termed “conservation engineering.”
G Protein Activation: A Dynamic Process

The Gα subunit of heterotirmeric G Proteins is responsible for regulating intracellular signals through guanine nucleotide binding and release, the catalytic rate limiting step. Recent studies have shown interactions of Gα with Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs), including non-receptor-like GEFs, cause dynamic structural changes which facilitate substrate release. Although receptor-G Protein interactions are well known a lack of understanding of non-receptor-G protein interactions still exists, namely Gα interactions with the non-receptor GEF Ric-8A. A 10-to-100 fold decrease in nucleotide exchange rate for Ric-8A compared to receptors has been shown, which begs the question: What is the cause for the decrease between receptor and non-receptor GEF activity? To answer this, the dynamic and structural interactions of Gα-Ric-8A have been probed by fluorescence anisotropy and single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET). Conformational changes in the ms times-scale of inter and intra-domain states and increase segmental motions of the switch (I-III) regions seem to play a role in substrate release.
Structural environments of carboxyl groups in natural organic molecules from terrestrial systems. Part 1: Infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Carboxyl groups are abundant in natural organic molecules (NOM) and play a major role in their reactivity. The structural environments of carboxyl groups in IHSS soil and river humic samples were investigated using 2D NMR (heteronuclear and homonuclear correlation) spectroscopy. Based on the 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) spectroscopy results, the carboxyl environments in NOM were categorized as Type I (unsubstituted and alkyl-substituted aliphatic/alicyclic), Type II (functionalized carbon substituted), Type IIIa, b (heteroatom and olefin substituted), and Type IVa, b (5-membered heterocyclic aromatic and 6-membered aromatic). The most intense signal in the HMBC spectra comes from the Type I carboxyl groups, including the 2JCH and 3JCH couplings of unsubstituted aliphatic and alicyclic acids, though this spectral region also includes the 3JCH couplings of Type II and III structures. Type II and III carboxyls have small but detectable 2JCH correlations in all NOM samples except for the Suwannee River humic acid. Signals from carboxyls bonded to 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic fragments (Type IVa) are observed in the soil HA and Suwannee River FA, while correlations to 6-membered aromatics (Type IVb) are only observed in Suwannee River HA. In general, aromatic carboxylic acids may be present at concentrations lower than previously imagined in these samples. Vibrational spectroscopy results for these NOM samples, described in an accompanying paper [Hay M. B. and Myneni S. C. B. (2007) Structural environments of carboxyl groups in natural organic molecules from terrestrial systems. Part 1: Infrared spectroscopy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (in press)], suggest that Type II and Type III carboxylic acids with α substituents (e.g., –OH, –OR, or –CO2H) constitute the majority of carboxyl structures in all humic substances examined. Furoic and salicylic acid structures (Type IV) are also feasible fragments, albeit as minor constituents. The vibrational spectroscopy results also suggest that much of the “Type I” signal observed in the HMBC spectrum is due to carboxylic acid esters and possibly α-substituted alicyclic acids.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING PHYTOCHROME IN PLANTS GROWN IN WHITE LIGHT

Abstract— Quantitative spectrophotometric measurement of phytochrome in plants grown for relatively long periods of time in white light is not possible due to the presence of chlorophyll. A method is described that prevents the accumulation of chlorophyll permitting such direct spectrophotometric measurement in light-grown tissue. Oat seedlings grown in the presence of the herbicide San 9789† (Norflurazon) for 6 days in constant light have considerably less chlorophyll than etiolated seedlings exposed to 1 min of light. Phytochrome concentrations measured in vivo and in vitro in these herbicide-treated plants were found to be about 2% of the level in etiolated tissue.
Cancer Support Groups: Client Outcome and the Context of Group Process

Objective: This project had two questions: (a) To what extent did clients improve after participation in the cancer support groups? and (b) What was the relationship between outcome and clients’ pe...
Tactile apparent movement: The effects of interstimulus onset interval and stimulus duration

The effects of variations in stimulus duration and interstimulus onset interval on ratings of tactile apparent movement were determined for seven Ss with stimulators of very small diameter. Judgments of successiveness and simultaneity were also obtained. It was found that apparent movement increased as a power function of increases in stimulus duration. The function relating tactile apparent movement and stimulus duration was shown to be similar to that obtained by Kolers (1964) for visual apparent movement, lnterstimulus onset interval also had a marked effect on apparent movement, and the optimal interval was influenced by stimulus duration in a manner similar to that reported by Sherrick and Rogers (1966).
Nonlinear quasi‐static finite element formulations for viscoelastic Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams

Weak form finite element models for the nonlinear quasi-static bending and extension of initially straight viscoelastic Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams are developed using the principle of virtual work. The mechanical properties of the beams are considered to be linear viscoelastic. However, large transverse displacements, moderate rotations and small strains are allowed by retaining the von Karman strain components of the Green–Lagrange strain tensor in the formulation. The fully discretized finite element equations are developed using the trapezoidal rule in conjunction with a two-point recurrence relation. The resulting finite element equations, therefore, necessitate data storage from the previous time step only, and not the entire deformation history. Membrane locking is eliminated from the Euler–Bernoulli formulation through the use of selective reduced Gauss–Legendre quadrature. Membrane and shear locking are both circumvented in the Timoshenko beam finite element by employing a family of high-order Lagrange polynomials. A Newton–Raphson iterative scheme is used to solve the nonlinear finite element equations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Statistical Account of Asperity Heating in a Rough Surface Contact

When two rough surfaces are in sliding contact an asperity on a surface would experience intermittent temperature flashes as it comes in momentary contact with asperities on a second surface. The frequency of the flash temperatures, their strength and duration depend, in addition to the sliding speed, on the topology of the two surfaces. In this paper a model is developed for the work-heat relation with a consideration of the above-mentioned intermittent nature of contact. The work of friction on one asperity is derived in integral form and closed-form equations. The rate of generation of heat is found due to a single asperity. Using the statistical account of asperity friction heat generation, rate of heat generation between two rough surfaces is obtained both in statistical integral form and in the approximate closed form.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Neural circuits in the 21st century: Synaptic networks of neurons and glia

Throughout the last century, most neurophysiologists believed synaptic transmission in the brain was mediated solely by neurons. Glial cells, the most numerous cells in the brain, were primarily seen as providing support but not as actively participating in rapid neural signaling. Several recent findings indicate that this restrictive view of neural circuitry may be replaced in this century by a more inclusive one in which glia play an active role in synaptic signaling. Two very recent papers, one in Nature by Bergles et al. (1) and one in this issue of PNAS by Parpura and Hayden (2), show that two different types of glial cells are involved directly in rapid glutamate-mediated neural signaling. One glial cell type, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), was shown to receive direct synaptic input from neurons in the hippocampus (1), and another glial cell type, astrocytes, was shown to release glutamate rapidly in response to physiological increases in intracellular calcium concentration (2). These two papers—together with earlier research showing that glia express neurotransmitter receptors, release neurotransmitter, and propagate intracellular calcium waves (see refs. 3 and 4 for recent reviews)—indicate that synaptic information flows through the nervous system via glial/neuronal networks.
Plant Physiology. The Next 5 Years

With this issue of Plant Physiology , I am honored and a bit daunted to take on the editorship responsibilities for the journal. My vision for Plant Physiology is simply stated: To be the premiere comprehensive plant biology journal in the world. The transformation of Plant Physiology over the past
Community structure of snakes in a human-dominated landscape

Abstract We studied occupancy, species richness, abundance, and size distributions of snakes on habitat patches that ranged from 0.2 to 120 ha within a landscape undergoing substantial land-use changes. Additionally, we examined the role of intraguild predation in structuring snake communities by equipping five racers ( Coluber constrictor , the largest snake in our study area) with transmitters, and then compared the abundance of smaller snakes within areas of intensive (75% isopleth home range) and limited activity (outside of 75% isopleth) by racers. As expected, small patches ( Thamnophis sirtalis ). Species richness was greatest on large patches, and snakes also tended to be more abundant on large patches. Counter to our expectations, the proportion of large-bodied individuals on small patches was greater. The distribution of small-bodied snakes on one large patch may have been affected by racers because the proportion of small snakes was less in areas intensively used by racers. Additionally, the abundance of the most generalist species in our study (garter snakes) was less in areas of intensive use by racers. In the northeastern United States, populations from a variety of taxonomic groups (including insects, migratory songbirds, mammals, and snakes) are rapidly declining in response to the loss of early-successional habitats. Our study lends support to current initiatives that recommend restoration and maintenance of parcels of early-successional habitats to sustain regional biological diversity.
Restoration of key grip and release in the C6 tetraplegic patient through functional electrical stimulation.

Electrical stimulation of selected paralyzed forearm and hand muscles in C6 spinal cord injury patients provides control of lateral pinch (key grip) and release. The movement augments tenodesis grip or the grip achieved through tendon transfer procedures. Chronically indwelling percutaneous coiled wire electrodes were implanted with hypodermic needles into thenar (adductor pollicis and/or opponens pollicis), finger flexor (flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus), and thumb extensor (extensor pollicis longus) muscles. The strength of contraction is controlled by changing the stimulus pulse width and frequency, which determine the number of active muscle fibers and their rate of activation, respectively. Finger flexor activation always precedes thumb adduction /opposition to provide a stable platform for lateral pinch; release is provided by stimulation of the thumb extensor. The patient controls the timing and the strength of the contraction from a single control signal. This control signal is a myoelectric signal (MES) from a muscle which retains voluntary function, e.g., sternocleidomastoid. Electrical activity from the muscle is processed (rectified and averaged) and used to activate the stimulator. Each command to control the muscle is proportional in time, i.e., once a lower threshold bound is exceeded with the MES, the command increases (or decreases) linearly until the MES falls below threshold again. A zero level MES maintains the stimulus; exceeding the upper bound reverses the direction of stimulus change or deactivates stimulation if the level is held long enough. Five subjects have been involved in the development of this system for periods of up to 2 years, and three are presently involved in its evaluation. The function the electrical stimulation provides has been beneficial in performing tonic tasks such as eating and writing.
Variation in the dissociation lifetimes of triplet acetophenone and p-trifluoromethylacetophenone as a function of excitation energy

Abstract At low pressures either S0-S2 or S0-S3 excitation of acetophenone (I) and p-trifluoromethylacetophenone (II) leads to a cleavage with nearly unit efficiency. This photodissociation accounts for the short lifetimes of vibrationally excited lead II. RRKM calculations indicate that the critical energy in both cases is ≈20 kcal mol , somewhat greater than the endothermicity.
Relationship between histone phosphorylation and premature chromosome condensation

The relationship between histone phosphorylation and chromosome condensation was investigated by determining changes in phosphorylation levels of histones H1 and H3 following fusion between mitotic and interphase cells and subsequent premature chromosome condensation. We detected significant increases in the levels of phosphorylation of H1 and H3 from interphase chromatin in which a majority of nuclei had undergone premature chromosome condensation. In addition, we noted significant decreases in the phosphate content of the highly phosphorylated mitotic H1 and H3, presumably resulting from phosphatase activity contributed by the interphase component of mitotic/interphase fused cells. These observations further strengthen the correlation between histone phosphorylation and the changes in chromosome condensation associated with the initiation of mitosis. This study also suggests that maintenance of the mitotic chromosomes in a highly condensed state does not require the continued presence of histones in a highly phosphorylated form.
Predatory vs. Dialogic Ethics: Constructing an Illusion or Ethical Practice as the Core of Research Methods

The ethical conduct of research is addressed from two perspectives, as a regulatory enterprise that creates an illusion of ethical practice and as a philosophical concern for equity and the imposit...
Stability of oxides grown on tantalum silicide surfaces

The oxidation of TaSi2 and Ta2Si surfaces prepared under ultrahigh vacuum conditions has been studied by x‐ray photoemission spectroscopy. For both silicides, Si and Ta oxides comprise the native oxide formed at room temperature. Annealing at 550 °C induces a solid state reaction within the native oxide. Ta2O5 is partially decomposed, and the liberated oxygen bonds to Si. This reaction and the influence of the silicide stoichiometry are discussed.
Comment on "Mechanical Resonance Spectra in Huan Cancellous Bone"

The existence of two series of mechanical resonance frequencies in human cancellous bone is apparently supported by other results. This effect may be a microstrain phenomenon since all the experiments involved strains below 10 -4 at the frequencies of interest.
Superradiant laser emission from rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B using a coaxial flashpump.

Superradiant laser emission has been observed from ethanol solutions of rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B using a coaxial flashlamp pump. The dependence of input threshold energy on dye concentration is examined. The possibility of exciting other dyes to superradiance is discussed.
Femtosecond-scale response of semiconductors to laser pulses

We report simulations of the response of InSb, GaAs, and Si to 70-femtosecond laser pulses of various intensities. In agreement with the experiments of Mazur and coworkers, and other groups, there is a nonthermal phase transition for each of these semiconductors above a threshold intensity. Our simulations employ tight-binding electron-ion dynamics (TED), a technique which is briefly described in the text. In the experimental pump-probe observations, the dielectric function (epsilon) ((omega) ) and the second-order susceptibility (chi) (2) can be measured. These same quantities can be calculated during a TED simulation, and there is good agreement in the behavior with respect to both time and frequency. The simulations provide much additional microscopic information which is experimentally inaccessible: for example, the time-dependence of the atomic pair-correlation function, electronic energy bands, occupancies of excited states, kinetic energy of the atoms, and excursions of atoms from their initial positions.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polypharmacy and risk of antiretroviral drug interactions among the aging hiv-infected population

BACKGROUND Among aging HIV-infected adults, polypharmacy and its consequences have not been well-described.
Ka Tzij: The Maya diasporic voices from Contacto Ancestral

This article explores the ways in which the Los Angeles-based Maya radio show Contacto Ancestral challenges the processes of Americanization carried by local and national state entities and reinforced through mainstream Spanish and English-language media. It specifically addresses how the program carves an audible space in the city’s airwaves, and on the World Wide Web, to reaffirm a Maya identity that also vindicates indigenous cultural, political and economic rights. In doing so, Contacto Ancestral creates a space from which Mayas can maintain an audible local and hemispheric memory, which is simultaneously attuned to contemporary Pan-Indigenous, immigrant and human rights movements. Through the constructions of an audible “community archive,” to use cultural studies scholar Ann Cvetkovich’s term, Contacto Ancestral preserves the voices and everyday histories of specifically Maya, but also indigenous and non-indigenous diasporic communities in the United States. Thus, the staff members, and listeners, of Contacto Ancestral provide a model for the affirmation of diverse diasporic and transnational identities.
The Viking biology experiments: epilogue and prologue.

In looking ahead to possibe new attempts to search for extant life on Mars, the history of the Viking biological investigations is reviewed here. Scientific considerations that led to the selection of specific experimental approaches for life detection are discussed, as well as the overall results obtained from that mission. Despite extensive preflight testing of the concepts that were to be used, unanticipated artefacts arose in the actual mission. These almost certainly reflect the fact that, at that time, there were many gaps in our understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the Martian environment. After Viking, many of these issues still remain unresolved, and future attempts to search for extant biology should be restrained until adequate new information about potential habitable microenvironments is obtained.
GaAs/AlGaAs dynamic random access memory cell

A single-transistor dynamic random access memory circuit using a GaAs/AlGaAs structure as the storage cell and modulation-doped field-effect transistors for memory accessing and output sensing has been developed. The functionality of the memory is demonstrated and a storage time of 5.4s is measured at room temperature.
Is antiretroviral therapy adherence substantially worse on weekends than weekdays

To the Editors:Antiretroviral adherence is central to HIV treatment success.1-3 Many patient and system barriers to adherence have been identified and serve as targets for intervention studies.4-9 Disruption of daily routine is thought to be an important barrier to adherence. Although they are commo
MUMPS — An economical and efficient time-sharing system for information management

MUMPS, the Massachusetts General Hospital Utility MultiProgramming System, is a compact time-sharing system for information management. This paper discusses the historical development of MUMPS and describes the basic modules found in its implementation. Detailed descriptions of the time-sharing executive, MUMPS language interpreter, input/output file system, and global data base are given, emphasizing their integration into an easy-to-use yet powerful system for application program design, development and maintenance.
Analysis of preservice cracking in a large bridge structure

Abstract The failure of a structure to perform its intended purpose is normally detected after some period of service, but sometimes cracking or other difficulties are discovered during preservice inspection. This is illustrated in the cracking discovered in the Luling Bridge, a cable-stayed box-girder structure located near New Orleans, Louisiana, prior to its opening. Visual inspection of the box members indicated cracking in a variety of welded connections. An extensive investigation using polished and etched core samples subsequently identified the two main causes for the cracking phenomena: fatigue cracking from cyclic stresses during shipment, and cracking associated with weld discontinuities. Based on this information, hole drilling to remove existing and potential defects was determined to be an adequate remedial action and allowed the bridge to enter its intended service with minimal delay.
Influence of resuscitation status on the performance of APACHE III, APACHE IV and SAPS III

The presence of a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order is an independent predictor of mortality in ICU patients [1]. Of the major ICU prognostic scoring systems, only MPM III includes DNR status as a predictor. The influence of DNR status on APACHE III and IV and SAPS III is unknown. We hypothesized that there would be differences in the performances of APACHE III, APACHE IV, and SAPS III when DNR status was included as a predictor variable.
Effect of cyproterone acetate on primordial germ cell colonization of gonads in the chick embryo.

Abstract This study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of the antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate, on primordial germ cell colonization of the gonads in the chick embryo. Cyproterone acetate in dosages of 0.25 and 0.50 mg were injected into the yolk sac of chick embryos at 33 hr of incubation. The embryos were sacrificed after 5 days of incubation. The areas of the gonads and adjacent dorsal mesentery (gonadal area) were examined for the presence of primordial germ cells. A decrease in the mean number of germ cells within the gonads occurred in both treated groups when compared to the control group receiving only sesame oil. In addition, the gonads of almost all of the cyproterone acetate-treated embryos were much smaller than those of controls. Cyproterone acetate had no effect on the vascular migration of the primordial germ cells. Normal asymmetry in the distribution of the primordial germ cells favoring the left side in the chick was not disturbed in any of the groups; however, the percentage distribution of these cells between right and left gonads of cyproterone acetate-treated embryos at this early stage of development appeared to be affected.
A hybrid finite element-alternating direction implicit method for solving parabolic differential equations on multilayers with irregular geometry

A hybrid finite element-alternating direction implicit (ADI) method has been developed for solving three-dimensional parabolic differential equations with irregular geometry in the xy-directions. It is shown that this scheme is unconditionally stable. A domain decomposition algorithm that employs the hybrid finite element-ADI scheme is then developed to solve three-dimensional parabolic differential equations on multilayers with irregular geometry. In the algorithm, the generalized divide-and-conquer method for solving tridiagonal linear systems is applied in order to overcome the problem with the unknown value at the interface between layers. Finally, we tested the accuracy of the hybrid finite element-ADI method, and applied the domain decomposition algorithm to obtain temperature distributions and to ascertain rises in temperature for an X-ray irradiated photoresist with a gear pattern on the mask.
Three-fluid heat exchangers with three thermal communications. Part B: effectiveness evaluation

Abstract Six different effectiveness parameters or figures of merit are defined based on the five identified engineering goals of three-fluid heat exchangers having three thermal communications. The effect of six non-dimensional design parameters on the defined figures of merit is discussed. It is shown that various effectivenesses of this class of heat exchangers strongly depend on the relative thermal capacities of three fluid streams. Any single definition is shown incapable of incorporating all of the five different objectives. A distinction is made between the thermal and temperature effectivenesses of heat exchangers.
Schrödinger equations on \({\mathbb{R}^3 \times \mathcal{M}}\) with non-separable potential

We consider the problem of defining the Schrodinger equation for a hydrogen atom on \({\mathbb{R}^3 \times \mathcal{M}}\) where \({\mathcal{M}}\) denotes an m dimensional compact manifold. In the present study, we discuss a method of taking non-separable potentials into account, so that both the non-compact standard dimensions and the compact extra dimensions contribute to the potential energy analogously to the radial dependence in the case of only non-compact standard dimensions. While the hydrogen atom in a space of the form \({\mathbb{R}^3 \times \mathcal{M}}\) , where \({\mathcal{M}}\) may be a generalized manifold obeying certain properties, was studied by Van Gorder (J Math Phys 51:122104, 2010), that study was restricted to cases in which the potential taken permitted a clean separation between the variables over \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) and \({\mathcal{M}}\) . Furthermore, though there have been studies on the Coulomb problems over various manifolds, such studies do not consider the case where some of the dimensions are non-compact and others are compact. In the presence of non-separable potential energy, and unlike the case of completely separable potential, a complete knowledge of the former case does not imply a knowledge of the latter.
Long-term behavior of radiosodium in bone: comparison with radiocalcium and effects of various procedures.

Rats were given22Na intraperitoneally and the retention of the isotope was determined in whole body and in bone for periods up to 650 days. In contrast to45Ca, which is rapidly taken up by bone and then very slowly released, most of the22Na taken up by bone leaves, with a halftime of 3–5.5 days. However, about 5% of the skeletal burden exhibits a very slow turnover, with a half-time of about 700 days. Since this rate is comparable to that of45Ca, it is concluded that this small fraction of bone Na is an integral part of the crystal structure. Only two of the several experimental procedures which were tried produced a significant effect on bone Na turnover. These were prolonged feeding of a low calcium diet and a change in parathyroid activity. An increase in dietary Na affected the fast component of bone Na turnover, but there was little if any effect on the slow component. Calculations from our data suggest that, in contrast to Ca, the skeleton does not serve a significant reservoir function for the support of extracellular fluid Na.
Integrative bayesian network analysis of genomic data.

Rapid development of genome-wide profiling technologies has made it possible to conduct integrative analysis on genomic data from multiple platforms. In this study, we develop a novel integrative Bayesian network approach to investigate the relationships between genetic and epigenetic alterations as well as how these mutations affect a patient’s clinical outcome. We take a Bayesian network approach that admits a convenient decomposition of the joint distribution into local distributions. Exploiting the prior biological knowledge about regulatory mechanisms, we model each local distribution as linear regressions. This allows us to analyze multi-platform genome-wide data in a computationally efficient manner. We illustrate the performance of our approach through simulation studies. Our methods are motivated by and applied to a multi-platform glioblastoma dataset, from which we reveal several biologically relevant relationships that have been validated in the literature as well as new genes that could potentially be novel biomarkers for cancer progression.
DEVELOPMENT OF UREA-CYCLE ENZYMES IN THE JUVENILE RAT: EFFECT OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF L-MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE AND AMMONIUM ACETATE.

Liver urea-cycle enzyme specific activities increase with age and body weight of the developing juvenile rat, with the exception of arginine synthetase. The failure of rat liver arginine synthetase to respond in a similar fashion during the observed growth period is unexplained. Liver carbamyl phosphate synthetase specific activity was markedly and significantly increased during the early oral administration of both Lmonosodium glutamate and ammonium acetate. Prolonged administration of these substances resulted in a return toward control values, indicating adaptation of carbamyl phosphate synthetase to the administered substrates. Liver arginase specific activity was decreased afer 5 weeks of ammonium acetate administration. Liver ornithine transcarbamylase, arginine synthetase, and arginase specific activities did not significantly differ from those of controls during 6 weeks of intragastric L-monosodium glutamate administration.
Mild aromatic palladium-catalyzed protodecarboxylation: kinetic assessment of the decarboxylative palladation and the protodepalladation steps.

Mechanism studies of a mild palladium-catalyzed decarboxylation of aromatic carboxylic acids are described. In particular, reaction orders and activation parameters for the two stages of the transformation were determined. These studies guided development of a catalytic system capable of turnover. Further evidence reinforces that the second stage, protonation of the arylpalladium intermediate, is the rate-determining step of the reaction. The first step, decarboxylative palladation, is proposed to occur through an intramolecular electrophilic palladation pathway, which is supported by computational and mechanism studies. In contrast to the reverse reaction (C–H insertion), the data support an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism involving a stepwise intramolecular protonation sequence for the protodepalladation portion of the reaction.
Increased aggression after ethanol self-administration in male resident rats.

In order to study experimental alcohol intake that leads to heightened aggression, we established ethanol self-administration in aggressive rats. The focus was on low doses of self-administered ethanol and to assess their effects on aggressive behavior in resident rats, using a limited access paradigm followed by a 5-min confrontation with an intruder. In the first phase of the experiment, rats were established as “residents”, and their consistent aggressive behavior in confrontations with an intruder was verified. In the second phase, these resident rats were trained to self-administer alcohol, using a sucrose-fading technique. In the third phase, alcohol self-administration was followed by intruder confrontations in order to study the effect of alcohol on aggression. Confrontations after ethanol consumption leading to low (5–20 mg/dl) and moderate (20–50 mg/dl) blood alcohol concentration (BAC) were compared to confrontations without alcohol, each animal serving as its own control. On average, the group showed no change in aggressive behavior after low or moderate ethanol intake. However, six out of 16 individuals significantly increased the number of attack bites and the duration of aggressive behavior by up to 90% after alcohol self-administration. When these rats were assigned post-hoc to an alcohol heightened aggression group, the group was characterized by a 40% increase in number of attack bites and a 90% increase in aggressive posture over control (BAC 0 mg/dl), whereas the alcohol non-heightened aggression group showed no significant changes. These results extend previous observations of increased aggression in a subpopulation of animals after experimenter-administered ethanol in mice, rats and monkeys to self-administered alcohol. Using this animal model, individuals showing enhanced or reduced aggression after oral alcohol self-administration can be characterized behaviorally, physiologically, and neurochemically.
Experimental study on fuzzy logic vibration control of a bridge using fail-safe magnetorheological fluid dampers

This study presents a semi-active vibration control of a scaled two-span bridge structure. Magneto-rheological fluid dampers are utilized as the semi-active energy absorbing devices, and a bridge vibration control system is developed. Closed-loop control system based on fuzzy logic is used to suppress the bridge deck motion under random excitation. It is demonstrated that this fuzzy logic control system can significantly reduce the relative deck displacement using about 60% less power compared to passive on state, while the absolute deck acceleration remains practically unchanged.
Mechanisms of Hybrid Oligomer Formation in the Pathogenesis of Combined Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases

Background Misfolding and pathological aggregation of neuronal proteins has been proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are frequent neurodegenerative diseases of the aging population. While progressive accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) oligomers has been identified as one of the central toxic events in AD, accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) resulting in the formation of oligomers and protofibrils has been linked to PD and Lewy body Disease (LBD). We have recently shown that Aβ promotes α-syn aggregation and toxic conversion in vivo, suggesting that abnormal interactions between misfolded proteins might contribute to disease pathogenesis. However the molecular characteristics and consequences of these interactions are not completely clear.
Malware Detection Using Nonparametric Bayesian Clustering and Classification Techniques

Computer security requires statistical methods to quickly and accurately flag malicious programs. This article proposes a nonparametric Bayesian approach for classifying programs as benign or malicious and simultaneously clustering malicious programs. The analysis is based on the dynamic trace (DT) of instructions under the first-order Markov assumption. Each row of the trace’s transition matrix is modeled using the Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) model. The DPM model clusters programs within each class (malicious or benign), and produces the posterior probability of being a malware which is used for classification. The novelty of the model is using this clustering algorithm to improve the classification accuracy. The simulation study shows that the DPM model outperforms the elastic net logistic (ENL) regression and the support vector machine (SVM) in classification performance under most of the scenarios, and also outperforms the spectral clustering method for grouping similar malware. In an analysis of ...
Formal learning groups in an introductory CS course: a qualitative exploration

In this paper we present an exploratory study on students' learning experiences with formal learning groups in an introductory Computer Science course. To provide insights into ways to make learning groups productive in this setting, we report on the properties of learning groups that students indicated as more or less effective for various reasons. Additionally, we explore the impact of specific learning group characteristics such as the ratio of male to female students, length of time in the group, and inclusion of students with varying levels of knowledge and experience.
Numerical aperture dependence of damage and white light generation from femtosecond laser pulses in bulk fused silica

The femtosecond laser has become an important tool in the micromachining of transparent materials. In particular, focusing at high numerical aperture enables structuring the bulk of materials. At low numerical aperture and comparable energy, focused femtosecond pulses result in white light or continuum generation. It has proven difficult to damage transparent materials in the bulk at low NA. We have measured the threshold energy for continuum generation and for bulk damage in fused silica for numerical apertures between 0.01 and 0.65. The threshold for continuum generation exhibits a minimum near 0.05 NA, and increases quickly near 0.1 NA. Greater than 0.25 NA, no continuum is observed. The extent of the anti-stokes pedestal in the continuum spectrum decreases strongly as the numerical aperture is increased to 0.1, emphasizing that slow focusing is important for the broadest white light spectrum. We use a sensitive light scattering technique to detect the onset of damage. We are able to produce bulk damage at all numerical apertures studied. At high numerical aperture, the damae threshold is well below the critical power for self-focusing, which allows the breakdown intensity to be determined. Below 0.25 NA, the numerical aperture dependence suggests a possible change in damage mechanism.
Crosscurrents: Social Movements and the Anthropology of Science and Technology

Along with growth and acceptance of the anthropology of science and technology has come a narrowing of focus both topically and methodologically. An alternative topic of inquiry (social movements) and an alternative method (a limited return to nomothetic inquiry) offer potential for research that is relevant to both social change actors and social scientists such as sociologists and political scientists. A comparative analysis of existing anthropological research on science, technology, and social movements provides the basis for limited generalizations regarding the types and circumstances of charged cultural repertoires that both social movements and elites invoke.
Nonlinear optical properties of transition metal-phosphine complexes

Abstract Nonlinear optical properties of transition metal-phosphine complexes have been measured at 532 nm by degenerate four-wave mixing. Large nonresonant second-order molecular hyperpolarizabilities, γ, have been found for complexes containing two phosphine ligands. The measured γ values are closely related to the type and coordination geometry of the phosphine ligands. A numerical fitting of γ values versus the number of substituents with π-electrons on the ligand gives a result similar to what is observed for linear conjugated oligomers.
The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today . Edited by Tu Wei-ming. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. xvi, 295 pp. $37.50.

1. Cultural China: the periphery as the center Tu Wei-ming 2. The inner world of 1830 Mark Elvin 3. No solace from Lethe: history, memory, and cultural identity in twentieth-century China Vera Schwarcz 4. Being Chinese: the peripheralization of traditional identity Myron L. Cohen 5. Kuan-hsi and network building: a sociological interpretation Ambrose Yeo-chi King 6. Among non-Chinese Wang Gungwu 7. The construction of Chinese and non-Chinese identities David Yen-ho Wu 8. The 'evil wife' in contemporary Chinese fiction Zhu Hong 9. Roots and the changing identity of the Chinese in the United States L. Ling-chi Wang 10. From Qiao to Qiao Victor Hao Li 11. On the margins of the Chinese discourse: some personal thoughts on the cultural meaning of the periphery Leo Ou-fa n Lee Glossary Notes Index.
The Effect of Wormholing on the Fluid Loss Coefficient in Acid Fracturing

In most acid fracture designs, a leakoff model developed for proppant fracturing is used to calculate the acid volume lost into the formation. Because wormholing in acid fracturing results in a few large channels near the fracture, the leakoff velocity of the fracturing fluid can be higher in acid fracturing than in proppant fracturing. This paper presents a new leakoff model that includes the effect of wormholing on the overall fluid-loss coefficient. The leakoff model is based on a volumetric model describing wormhole growth in acid fracturing. Conveniently, the leakoff velocity based on the volumetric model for wormholing is still inversely proportional to the square root of treatment time. Laboratory coreflood results are presented that support the use of the volumetric model for the linear flow region near the fracture walls.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis involvement in learning and memory and Alzheimer's disease: more than "just" estrogen.

Accumulating studies affirm the effects of age-related endocrine dysfunction on cognitive decline and increasing risk of neurodegenerative diseases. It is well known that estrogen can be protective for cognitive function, and more recently testosterone and luteinizing hormone have also been shown to modulate learning and memory. Understanding the mechanisms underlying hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis associated cognitive dysfunction is crucial for therapeutic advancement. Here, we emphasize that reproductive hormones are influential in maintaining neuronal health and enhancing signaling cascades that lead to cognitive impairment. We summarize and critically evaluate age-related changes in the endocrine system, their implications in the development of Alzheimer’s disease, and the therapeutic potential of endocrine modulation in the prevention of age-related cognitive decline.
LY227942, an inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake: Biochemical pharmacology of a potential antidepressant drug

LY227942, (±)-N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-3-(2-thiophene)propanamine ethanedioate, is a new, competitive inhibitor of monoamine uptake in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain. LY227942 inhibits uptake of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in cortical synaptosomes and uptake of dopamine (DA) in striatal synaptosomes with inhibitor constants (Ki values) of 8.5, 45 and 300 nM, respectively. Upon administration in vivo, LY227942 lowers 5HT and NE uptake in hypothalamus homogenates to half their respective control activities (ED50) at 0.74 and 1.2 mg/kg s.c., 7 and 12 mg/kg i.p., and 12 and 22 mg/kg p.o., but LY227942 at doses up to 30 mg/kg p.o. does not change DA uptake in striatal homogenates. Lowering of 5HT and NE uptake is demonstrated after 15 min and 6 hr, but has dissipated by 16 hr after oral administration. According to radio-ligand binding determinations, LY227942 possesses only weak affinity for muscarinic receptors, histamine-1 receptors, adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors and serotonin receptors. These findings suggest that LY227942 has the pharmacological profile of an antidepressant drug and is useful to study the pharmacological responses of concerted enhancement of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission.