cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Giannella Lecture: What Is 'Morality' Anyway?

Many law professors (Posner, Dworkin, Finnis, Nussbaum, etc.) spend a lot of time these days talking about "morality." The penetration of legal discourse by moral discourse is not surprising. Moral controversy, after all, is often at the center of legal controversy. Nonetheless, it is often obscure what we citizens of the legal academy, and others, are talking about -- and often clear that we are not all talking about the same thing -- when we talk (argue) about "morality." Using Richard Posner's conception of "morality" in his book, The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory (1999), as a point of departure, Professor Perry addresses the question that is the title of his essay "What is 'Morality' Anyway?" He sketches the three fundamental questions -- or sets of questions -- that constitute the heart of "moral" inquiry and argument.
Nonprofit opportunities for computing students: volunteer, internship, and employment

Nonprofit organizations play an important role in mitigating the plights of many, through the transfer of resources from those with more to those with less. To better accomplish their goals, most nonprofits, not surprisingly, need ongoing capital infusions. In the past, organizations had to sponsor fundraising events or rely on mailings. In today's world, however, much of the fund-raising and communication has shifted over to the Internet and related technologies. As such, nonprofits now rely heavily on technically-skilled employees. Technology students should be encouraged to consider interning, or volunteering, with nonprofits as a way to learn the terminology of the philanthropic field that would aid graduates later seeking employment in this niche.
Child welfare and the transition to adulthood: investigating placement status and subsequent arrests

Studies of the transition to adulthood in child welfare focus almost exclusively on youth in foster care. Yet, research indicates that maltreated children who remain in the home may display similar risks as compared with their peers in formal foster care settings. Utilizing administrative data from child welfare, juvenile justice and adult corrections, the current study fills a gap in the literature by analyzing justice outcomes for older adolescents involved with the child welfare system regardless of their placement status. We focus on both intact family cases and formal foster care placements. The diverse sample (11% Hispanic, 8% African American, 6% Native American, 9% multi-racial, 56% female) included open child welfare cases involving 17 year olds (n = 9874). Twenty-nine percent of adolescents were associated with a long term out of home placement and 62% were associated with an intact family case. Event history models were developed to estimate the risk of subsequent offending. Adolescents associated with long term foster care placement were significantly less likely to experience a subsequent arrest as compared with adolescents associated with a long term intact family case. Males, African Americans and adolescents associated with neglect were also more likely to experience a subsequent arrest. Limited focus on the intact family population in child welfare represents a lost opportunity to support critical developmental gains and facilitate a smooth transition to adulthood.
Texas treasury notes and market manipulation, 1837–1842

Abstract This paper examines the course of the value of the paper money issued by the Republic of Texas in New Orleans, from 1837 to 1842, using a newly-constructed weekly time series of quotations, and focusing on the possibility of market manipulation. Specifically, during 1841, misleading information concerning a possible foreign loan reached New Orleans three different times. The first time, the information substantially raised the value of Texas Treasury Notes. The second time, the information raised the value, but to a lesser extent. The third time, the information had no impact.
The effects of exercise on finger extension of CVA patients

The choice of activity to improve finger extension of post-CVA patients is based on untested assumptions and hypotheses. In this study, using electromyography of the extrinsic finger muscles and electrogoniometry of wrist and finger joints, the effects of five types of exercise on the finger extension of post-CVA patients were documented. Results indicated that resisted and rapid exercises recruited high percentages of output of all three muscles. Slow, unresisted extension exercises preferentially recruited the extensor digitorum. No exercise caused significant immediate changes in range of motion (ROM), flexor/extensor balance, time required to open the hand, or level of activity of the extensor digitorum during opening of the hand. Resisted grasp did not limit the patients' ability to extend the fingers. Variability in percent of motor output among the subjects of this study indicates the need to monitor each patient during therapy.
Beliefs and practices of emergency medicine faculty and residents regarding professional interactions with the biomedical industry

Study objectives: To examine emergency medicine resident training and understanding of general bioethics and resident and faculty attitudes and behavior regarding professional interactions with the biomedical industry. Design: Two companion questionnaire surveys. Setting: Annual resident in-service examination and written director survey with telephone follow-up. Participants: Emergency medicine residents and program directors. Interventions χ 2 analysis was used for questions involving relationships among variables with dichotomous or categorical response. An analysis of variance or Pearson Product Moment Correlation was calculated for questions with continuous variables. Measurements and main results: The surveys were completed by 1,385 of 1,836 (75%) residents and 80 of 81 (99%) residency directors. On average, residents receive eight hours of bioethical instruction per year but believe that they need 12 hours per year. Seventy-five percent of residents believe that company representatives sometimes cross ethical boundaries. The amount of resident understanding of bioethical concepts correlated with the number of hours of bioethics training they received. A sensitivity to bioethical conflicts index was correlated with the residents' behavior. Conclusion: There is wide variation in beliefs and practices regarding the interaction between emergency medicine residents and directors and the biomedical industry. Our results suggest that residents need training regarding conflicts of interest, accepted standards of practice, and dealing with potential conflicts with the biomedical industry.
Geometric frustration in compositionally modulated ferroelectrics

Geometric frustration is a broad phenomenon that results from an intrinsic incompatibility between some fundamental interactions and the underlying lattice geometry. Geometric frustration gives rise to new fundamental phenomena and is known to yield intriguing effects such as the formation of exotic states like spin ice, spin liquids and spin glasses. It has also led to interesting findings of fractional charge quantization and magnetic monopoles. Mechanisms related to geometric frustration have been proposed to understand the origins of relaxor and multiferroic behaviour, colossal magnetocapacitive coupling, and unusual and novel mechanisms of high-transition-temperature superconductivity. Although geometric frustration has been particularly well studied in magnetic systems in the past 20 years or so, its manifestation in the important class formed by ferroelectric materials (which are compounds with electric rather than magnetic dipoles) is basically unknown. Here we show, using a technique based on first principles, that compositionally graded ferroelectrics possess the characteristic 'fingerprints' associated with geometric frustration. These systems have a highly degenerate energy surface and display critical phenomena. They further reveal exotic orderings with novel stripe phases involving complex spatial organization. These stripes display spiral states, topological defects and curvature. Compositionally graded ferroelectrics can thus be considered the 'missing link' that brings ferroelectrics into the broad category of materials able to exhibit geometric frustration. Our ab initio calculations allow deep microscopic insight into this novel geometrically frustrated system.
Factors Modifying the Excretion of Fecal Androgens in the Cow

Summary Studies were made on the fecal androgen excretion by dairy cows in various physiological and pathological states. The accuracy of the assay method was determined with duplicate tests on 18 samples. Sixteen of the 18 tests showed no statistical difference between the mean comb weights of duplicate assays on the same sample. In four trials, diet was shown to have a marked effect on the androgenic activity of cow feces; the 24-hour excretion of androgens on a roughage diet (alfalfa hay and straw, or alfalfa hay alone) was three to four times greater than on a diet of concentrates alone. The androgenic activity per gram of feces and the total feces excreted in 24 hours both were greater on roughage than on concentrates. The feces of normal cows, incorporated as 10 per cent of a chick diet, produced an average comb weight per 100 g. body weight of 295.2 as compared to an average comb weight of 80.1 mg. for control chicks receiving no feces. In the small number of animals studied, there was no indication that the fecal androgen level was influenced significantly by lactation or stage of gestation. The feces of cows with cystic ovaries contained less androgenic activity than the feces of normal animals in four of six cases. In fact, in two cases no evidence of androgen could be detected by the method employed. Thus, it appears that in certain reproductive abnormalities, the fecal androgen level is decreased. Bilateral ovariectomy of a cow caused an apparent increased androgen excretion. Feces collected 4, 10 and 39 days following ovariectomy produced average comb weights per 100 g. body weight of 157.2, 270.6 and 239.4 mg., respectively, as compared to the average comb weight of 183.2 mg. produced by feces collected before the operation. Ovarian stimulation with equine gonadotrophin produced increased excretion of androgen in two experiments and decreased excretion in one experiment. Unilateral adrenalectomy of an ovariectomized cow was followed by an increase in androgen excretion. Feces collected 3, 7, 11 and 14 days post-operative produced average comb weights per 100 g. body weight of 419.9, 357.5, 318.9 and 468.3 mg., respectively, as compared to 248.0 mg. for feces collected pre-operatively. As the gonads were absent, a plausible explanation of the results obtained is that the remaining adrenal was stimulated to increased secretory activity.
Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife

Water ice has been discovered on the moon by radar backscatter at the North Pole and by spectrometry at the South Pole in the Cabeus crater with an extrapolated volume for both poles of conservatively 109 metric tons. Various exogenic and endogenic sources of this water have been proposed. This paper focuses on endogenic water sources by fumaroles and hot springs in shadowed polar craters. A survey of theoretical and morphological details supports a volcanic model. Release of water and other constituents by defluidization over geological time was intensified in the Hadean Eon (c.a. 4600 to 4000 My). Intensification factors include higher heat flow by now-extinct radionuclides, tidal flexing and higher core temperatures. Lesser gravity would promote deeper bubble nucleation in lunar magmas, slower rise rates of gases and enhanced subsidence of lunar caldera floors. Hadean volcanism would likely have been more intense and regional in nature as opposed to suture-controlled location of calderas in Phanerozoic Benioff-style subduction environments. Seventy-seven morphological, remote sensing and return sample features were categorized into five categories ranging from a volcano-tectonic origin only to impact origin only. Scores for the most logical scenario were 69 to eight in favor of lunar volcanism. Ingredients in the Cabeus plume analysis showed many volcanic fluids and their derivatives plus a large amount of mercury. Mercury-rich fumaroles are well documented on Earth and are virtually absent in cometary gases and solids. There are no mercury anomalies in terrestrial impact craters. Volcanic fluids and their derivatives in lunar shadow can theoretically evolve into protolife. Energy for this evolution can be provided by vent flow charging intensified in the lunar Hadean and by charge separation on freezing fumarolic fluids in shadow. Fischer-Tropsch reactions on hydrothermal clays can yield lipids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and amino acids. Soluble polyphosphates are available in volcanic fluids as well as vital catalysts such as tungsten. We conclude that the high volume of polar water resources supports the likelihood of lunar volcanism and that lunar volcanism supports the likelihood of protolife.
Rainbow Holograms Using Large-Aperture Condensing Lenses

A condensing lens, in combination with a holographic corrector plate, is used to increase the viewer's aperture for a rainbow hologram.
THE CROSSREACTION OF ANTI-N WITH TYPE M ERYTHROCYTES.

Summary The crossreaction of anti-N with type M erythrocytes that are U-positive, and the failure of anti-N to crossreact with type M cells that are U-negative, have been confirmed. Several possible explanations to account for this crossreaction have been discussed, one of which considered N determinants as all or part of a base or precursor material subject to alteration by M genes, perhaps, in the form of M dependent terminal structural groupings. The possible existence of a serologically apparent MN gene has also been suggested. Resume La reaction croisee de l'anti-N avec des erythrocytes de type M qui sont U-positifs et l'impossibilite de l'anti-N de reagir avec des erythrocytes de type M, qui sont U-negatifs a ete confirmee. Plusieurs explications possibles pour expliquer cette reaction croisee ont ete discutees; une de celles-ci considerent les determinants N comme tout ou partie d'un materiel de base ou d'un materiel precurseur sujet a une alteration par les genes M peut-etre sous forme d'un groupement structural terminal dependant de M. L'existence possible de gene MN serologiquement apparent a aussi ete suggeree. Zusammenfassung Die bekannte Tatsache, das Anti-N-Seren mit U-positiven M-Erythrozyten kreuz-reagieren, wahrend dies mit U-negativen M-Zellen nicht der Fall ist, konnte bestatigt werden. Die verschiedenen Erklarungsmoglichkeiten dieser Befunde werden diskutiert, wobei die Moglichkeit in den Vordergrund gestellt wird, das die N-Determinanten, ganz oder wenigstens zum Teil, einen Bestandteil jener Strukturen darstellen, die durch die Wirkung der M-Gene eine M-Spezifitat erhalten, wobei die M-Spezifitat moglicherweise an die Endgruppen gebunden ist. Die Existenz eines serologisch fasbaren MN-Genprodukts wird ebenfalls zur Diskussion gestellt.
Characterization of the natriuretic action of clopamide (DT-327)☆

Abstract Administration of clopamide to anesthetized dogs produced a marked increase in the excretion of water and electrolytes over a wide pH range without altering glomerular filtration rate. The effect of the drug on bicarbonate excretion was slightly enhanced during metabolic alkalosis. Infusion of clopamide into the left renal artery produced an ipsilateral increase in sodium excretion and urine flow which could be reduced with probenecid. Intravenous injection of clopamide had no effect on renal blood flow or mean blood pressure. Clopamide caused a significant increase in the distal sodium minimum as determined by a stop-flow technique. Ex-4877, which specifically blocks It is concluded that the site and predominant mechanism of action of clopamide cannot be distinguished from that benzothiadiazine natriuresis, significantly decreased the natriuretic effect of clopamide but not that of furosemide. of the thiazides.
A gravity model analysis of the demand for mass communications

Abstract The gravity model specification is shown to be applicable to a study of the demand for a mass communication medium. The data are taken from newspaper circulations in the San Francisco metropolitan area. The demand equations have properties different from those for either private communication or travel demands.
DNA polymerase activities in Tradescantia paludosa pollen grain nuclei

Abstract The DNA polymerase activities of nuclei isolated from Tradescantia paludosa pollen grains have been investigated as a step toward understanding the basis for the inability of one of the two types (vegetative nuclei) to synthesize DNA in vivo. In enzyme preparations from mixtures of the two nuclear types, assayed by incorporation of 32P from labeled deoxynucleotide into acid-insoluble product, two different activities are described: one requiring only a single deoxynucleotide and one requiring all four deoxynucleotides. These activities are characterized by (1) different rates of release of 32P from the product, upon digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase; (2) different sensitivities to inhibition by actinomycin D. Endogenous Tradescantia paludosa DNA is used very inefficiently as an acceptor for polymerization in the DNA polymerase assay. Both activities require the presence of exogenous, native DNA.
Strongly Interacting Neutrinos and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays

Cosmic rays of energies larger than the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff may be neutrinos if they acquire strong interactions due to a ``precocious unification'' of forces. A scenario for this to happen is outlined. There is no contradiction with precision measurements carried out at LEP and SLAC. Observable consequences at LHC and future neutrino detectors are discussed.
An alternative framework to evaluate proof productions: A reply to Alcock and Inglis

In a recent paper, Alcock and Inglis (2009) noted a distinction between the way that Weber (2009) and they defined syntactic and semantic proof productions. Weber argued that “a syntactic proof production occurs when one works predominantly within the representation system of proof [. . .] Alternatively, a semantic proof production occurs when much of the prover’s work takes place [outside] the representation system of proof.” Alternatively, Alcock and Inglis cited their definition that “during a syntactic proof production, the prover works entirely . . .within the representation system of proof” whereas “during a semantic proof production, the proverworks, at least in part, in a different representation system” (Alcock & Inglis, 2008). The authors then illustrated how using different definitions can lead to different classifications of some proof productions and argue that their characterization is preferable. Alcock and Inglis (2009) contended that by focusing on students’ ability to translate between representation systems, their terminology captures the fundamental aspect of this distinction, while at the same time remaining “sufficiently wellspecified for classifying all existing published case-studies on undergraduate proof production” and “useful for analyzing large-scale datasets” (a test that they believed should be pivotal in determiningwhich framework to adopt). Alcock and Inglis further argued that, in contrast, Weber’s (in press) set of definitions relied upon “an as yet unspecified metric for gauging the amount of work conducted in each representation system” (making it hard to employ in the analysis of large datasets) and failed to recognize an important asymmetry between the status of representation systems involved in undergraduate proof productions.
Developing International Partnerships With Long-Term Impact

The subspecialty of pediatric emergency medicine has many characteristics that make it a natural starting point for building long-term international relationships. There are several different models of relationship building that may be used depending on the needs of the partner, the existing resources, and the ability to work with a local physician counterpart who will champion the effort. This chapter explores 4 such models and identifies some underlying principles in helping to promote partnerships that will help to build emergency medical services for children.
From farther, faster, higher to leaner, meaner, greener: Further directions in aeronautics

Previous examinations of the historical context and suite of issues surrounding the putative decline in aeronautics are continued. The purpose is twofold and elaborates on several earlier themes. The first purpose is to examine in further detail the coevolution of airplane design practice and aerospace engineering education as an aid to discerning future trends and requirements. The second, and more important, purpose is to discuss some of the steps that can and should be taken within the technical community to reinvigorate aeronautics and airplane design in particular. Whereas aeronautics may indeed be a maturing industry (at least in some major traditional product areas), it still has a future that will be no less significant and potentially dramatic in its second century than it was in its first. There is much to be done by the aeronautics community (government, industry, and academe) to create this strong and vivid vision of this future and to ensure the proper development of a future generation of skilled and motivated practitioners in aeronautics’s always evolving and ever-dynamic enterprise.
High rates of nucleotide substitution in nuclear small-subunit (18S) rDNA from holoparasitic flowering plants

Relative rate tests, using Gnetum as a reference taxon, were conducted on nuclear 18S rRNA sequences from 10 angiosperms including autotrophic nonparasites (Arabidopsis, Asarum, Glycine, Malpighia, and Zea), a chlorophyllous hemiparasite (Arceuthobium—Viscaceae), and achlorophyllous holoparasites (Balanophora—Balanophoraceae, Prosopanche—Hydnoraceae, and Rafflesia and Rhizanthes—Rafflesiaceae). Compared with Glycine, the mean number of substitutions per site (K) for five autotrophic angiosperms is 0.036 whereas for the holoparasites K = 0.126, i.e., 3.5 times higher. Comparisons of autotrophic species with short and long generation times showed no differences in K; hence, divergent rRNA sequences in the holoparasites are likely attributable to other mechanisms. These might include genetic bottlenecks, effective population size, and/or molecular drive. High substitution rates appear to be associated only with those parasitic angiosperms that have developed a highly modified haustorial system and extreme nutritional dependence upon the host. At present, high substitution rates in these parasites confound attempts to determine their phylogenetic position relative to other angiosperms.
Turbulence Spectra and Length Scales Measured in Film Coolant Flows Emerging From Discrete Holes

To date, very little attention has been devoted to the scales and turbulence energy spectra of coolant exiting from film cooling holes. Length-scale documentation and spectral measurements have primarily been concerned with the free-stream flow with which the coolant interacts. Documentation of scales and energy decomposition of the coolant flow leads to more complete understanding of this important flow and the mechanisms by which it disperses and mixes with the free stream. CFD modeling of the emerging flow can use these data as verification that flow computations are accurate. To address this need, spectral measurements were taken with single-sensor, hot-wire anemometry at the exit plane of film cooling holes. Energy spectral distributions and length scales calculated from these distributions are presented for film cooling holes of different lengths and for coolant supply plenums of different geometries. Measurements are presented on the hole streamwise centerline at the center of the hole, one-half diameter upstream of center, and one-half diameter downstream of center. The data highlight some fundamental differences in energy content, dominant frequencies, and scales with changes in the hole and plenum geometries. Coolant flowing through long holes exhibits smoothly distributed spectra as might be anticipated in fully developed tube flows. Spectra from short-hole flows, however, show dominant frequencies.
Factors Affecting Nonenzymatic Browning of Process Cheese

Abstract Variations in manufacturing procedures and the composition of stirred-curd Cheddar cheese were investigated for effects on nonenzymatic browning in process cheese. Using a nongalactose-fermenting Streptococcus thermophilus culture as an adjunct to mesophiic lactic starter culture resulted in increased galactose concentration in cheese and intensified browning of process cheese. The correlation between galactose content in stirred-curd cheese and brown color intensity in process cheese was very high (r=.929). Higher salt-in-moisture ratios of stirred curd cheese were related to more intense brown color in process cheese. The high salt-in-moisture ratio probably reduced the catabolic activity of the lactic starter and resulted in more residual lactose and galactose in the cheese. Increasing available amino groups in stirred curd cheese by adding casein hydrolysate proved inconclusive. Faster cooling of process cheese from 80 to 37.7°C reduced intensity of brown color. Process cheese cooled very rapidly did not develop any brown color, regardless of sugar and salt contents. Browning may be controlled by regulating salt and by using strains of Streptococcus thermophilus that ferment galactose.
Interactions of neuropeptide Y, hypocretin-I (orexin A) and melanin-concentrating hormone on feeding in rats ☆

Amongst various neuropeptidergic systems, neuropeptide Y (NPY), hypocretin-1 and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) producing neurons have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. All of these neuropeptides are orexigenic signals and recent evidence suggests the existence of morphological connections between these neuronal systems in the hypothalamus. However, the functional interactions between these neuronal systems are not clearly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether there is a cooperative action on food intake between these neuropeptides after third intracerebroventricular (icv) injection in the rat. The icv administration of NPY (0.118, 0.588, 1.176 nmol), hypocretin-1 (1, 3 nmol) and MCH (0.42, 1.048, 2.096 nmol) stimulated food intake in a dose dependent manner. Coinjection with 0.118 nmol of NPY and hypocretin-1 (1, 3 nmol) or MCH (0.42, 1.048, 2.096 nmol) had no additive effect on food intake as compared to that of NPY alone. However, coinjection with lower dose of NPY (0.023 nmol) and hypocretin-1 (0.25 nmol), that did not have any effect alone, significantly induced food intake. In contrast, combination of a lower dose of NPY (0.023 nmol) or hypocretin-1 (0.25 nmol) with lower stimulatory dose (0.21, 0.42 nmol) of MCH did not result in further increase in food intake as compared to that of MCH alone. Also, combination of 0.25 nmol hypocretin-1 and a non-stimulatory dose of MCH (0.105 nmol) was ineffective in stimulating food intake. Finally, coinjection with of 0.023 nmol NPY and 0.105 nmol MCH significantly induced food intake as compared to saline control group but not as compared to NPY or MCH treated groups. In total, these results show (1) a synergistic action between NPY and hypocretin-1, (2) no interaction between hypocretin-1 and MCH and (3) very little interaction, if any, between NPY and MCH in inducing food intake. In conclusion, these results provide a physiological concomitant to the previous demonstration of morphological contacts between NPY and hypocretin producing neurons by suggesting an interaction between these two orexigenic signals in control of food intake, and further suggest that MCH's action on feeding may be independent of NPY and hypocretin-1 action.
Police training and the effects of organization on drunk driving enforcement

The effects of training on workers' productivity may depend on the workers' organizational environment. This study explores the effects of training on drunk-driving arrest productivity for 443 officers in six Pennsylvania police agencies. A multiple regression analysis shows that when various other factors expected to influence arrest productivity are controlled, training has a significant positive effect on DUI arrests in agencies that provide a supportive environment, but fails to have an effect in agencies that are otherwise indifferent or hostile to DUI enforcement. A technical/rational model of police organizations can explain these results. The utility of an institutional organizational model, however, is thought to account for the use of training in two of the six agencies studied. In these agencies it appears that although training did not contribute to technical (arrest) productivity, it supported the institutional objective of securing legitimacy for the organization, and that this was accomplis...
Bipolar Transistor Fabrication Using Gas Immersion Laser Doping

Gas. Immersion Laser Doping (GILD) is presented as a powerful process to fabricate emitter and base regions in narrow-base bipolar transistors. Characterization of maximum melt depth versus silicon surface melt time is performed. Results of this characterization demonstrate that surface melt time provides an accurate in-situ measurement of junction depth. The GILD process is then used to fabricate the emitter and active-base regions in simple bipolar transistors. Base widths ranging from 700A to 1200A are achieved. The transistors exhibit good electrical behavior with maximum forward current gains greater than 50.
Photochromic-Induced Photorefractive Changes in Barium Titanate

Photochromism in barium titanate was found to affect its deep and shallow trap properties. Argon ion laser illumination at 514.5 nm photo-induced semi-permanent (thermally reversible) changes in the visible absorption spectrum of barium titanate that were stable at room temperature. Increases in absorption at 514.5 nm, also the operating wavelength used to determine photorefractive properties, caused a decrease in the photorefractive response time but also a decrease in the sensitivity. When the photochromism was inactive the crystal shows light-induced absorption. With the photochromism saturated the crystal showed light-induced transparency. A model with two photoactive levels is used to characterize the photorefractive properties of this photochromic crystal.
Why are Children with Married Parents Healthier? The Case of Pediatric Asthma

Among a recent birth cohort in U.S. cities, young children were far more likely to be diagnosed with asthma and to experience an asthma-related emergency if their parents were unmarried. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, I find that the child health benefits of marriage seem to stem from the benefits of parental coresidence and the demographic and socioeconomic correlates of marriage. Children whose parents live apart appear to be at heightened risk of asthma even after taking into account demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The child health benefits of marriage are only weakly related to mothers’ health behaviors and are not related to father involvement. An analysis of relationship transitions suggests that marital disruption may be more harmful for children than the disruption of cohabiting unions. The results provide some cautions and considerations for the U.S. government’s Healthy Marriage Initiative.
Biomass and renewable fuels.

Abstract Biomass is an important contributor to the world economy. Agriculture and forest products industries provide food, feed, fiber, and a wide range of necessary products like shelter, packaging, clothing, and communications. However, biomass is also a source of a large variety of chemicals and materials, and of electricity and fuels. About 60% of the needed process energy in pulp, paper, and forest products is provided by biomass combustion. These processes could be improved to the point of energy self-sufficiency of these industries. Today's corn refinery industry produces a wide range of products including starch-based ethanol fuels for transportation. The biomass industry can produce additional ethanol by fermenting some by-product sugar streams. Lignocellulosic biomass is a potential source for ethanol that is not directly linked to food production. Also, through gasification biomass can lead to methanol, mixed alcohols, and Fischer–Tropsch liquids. The life science revolution we are witnessing has the potential to radically change the green plants and products we obtain from them. Green plants developed to produce desired products and energy could be possible in the future. Biological systems can already be tailored to produce fuels such as hydrogen. Policy drivers for increased use of biomass for energy and biobased products are reviewed for their potential contributions for a carbon constrained world.
Study of the angular distribution of photon-induced Au-target L X-rays

Abstract We report the results of experiments involving the Lα and Lβ X-ray lines produced by 0–15 keV bremsstrahlung incident on Au targets of various thicknesses at forward-scattered angles ranging from 25° to 155°. The relative intensities are compared to the predictions of the Monte Carlo code, PENELOPE. While the overall shapes of the angular distributions are similar to the distributions predicted by PENELOPE, several notable differences between our experimental results and the data generated by the program are observed.
Rule utilization in free recall

Subjects were exposed to 20 trisyllabic nonsense words, at either 70% or 0% redundancy, in a multitrial free-recall experiment. Superior recall was found for the highly redundant words. In addition, sequences of syllables which recurred in the redundant stimuli were introduced into the nonredundant words, but recall of non-redundant words containing these sequences was not superior to recall of the remaining nonredundant words. It was concluded that when prior associations are not present, differential recall may be explained by the encoding mechanism used by the Ss as a result of organizational properties inherent in the stimuli.
Prevalence and duration of postnatally acquired human cytomegalovirus infection

Abstract Four of seven children with postnatal CMV infection were found to excrete CMV for prolonged periods of time ranging from 7 to 38 months. The incidence of CMV infection among 66 children over a time interval of 47.8 months was 19 per cent. Prevalence of CMV excretion determined at 39 months of age in this group was 8 per cent. Prolonged excretion of CMV among those children infected appeared to account for the high prevalence. The excretion characteristics of this agent undoubtedly play an important role in its ubiquitous occurrence.
Potential Nonpneumococcal Confounding of PCR-Based Determination of Serotype in Carriage

Monitoring pneumococcal carriage serotype distributions is increasingly used to study pneumococcal biology, disease epidemiology, and vaccine impact. Potentially complicating DNA-based carriage assessment is the well-documented history of genetic recombination between pneumococci and related species
Sex: An Imperfect Marker of Gender

As the study of sex differences in schizophrenia gains popularity, inconsistent use of terms such as "sex," "gender," "sex-related," and "sex-linked" can lead to conceptual ambiguity. I review briefly why precise terminology is important and draw the reader's attention to a well-developed literature, a knowledge of which should benefit our studies. Adoption of the term "sex" in reference to comparisons based on the demographic categories of female and male and the term "gender" in reference to comparisons of femaleness and maleness, as suggested by Kay Deaux (1993), is urged in the study of schizophrenia.
Improved process of reflection holography replication and heat processing

A method is presented for rapid processing of high volumes of reflection holograms recorded in rolls of DuPont OmniDexTM photopolymer films. This process includes high-volume continuous holographic replication, color tuning lamination and scroll over heating. Performance data for commercial OmniDex films processed with this method is presented. Performance and yield data from trial production runs demonstrate process capacity of at least 2500 square feet per day.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isocyanate–epoxy reactions in bulk and solution

The reaction between diisocyanates and diepoxides can produce polyoxazolidones. However, the reaction may be accompanied by concurrent cyclization of isocyanate to produce trimeric isocyanurate. Studies were performed with pure phenyl isocyanate or diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA). Reactions were followed by FT-IR and differential scanning calorimetry in order to determine relative rates of conversion to polyoxazolidone and isocyanurate. Various catalysts were utilized, with the most effective being 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI). Bulk reactions between MDI and DGEBA at 150°C resulted in considerable amounts of trimerization, thus giving crosslinked polymers. Solution reactions at 180–185°C in dry N-methylpyrrolidone using 0.1% EMI gave soluble and moldable polyoxazolidones.
Interedge magnetic coupling in transition-metal terminated graphene nanoribbons

The magnetic structures and interedge magnetic couplings of Fe, Co, and Ni transition-metal terminated graphene nanoribbons with zigzag (ZGNR) and armchair (AGNR) edges are studied by first-principles calculations. Fe-ZGNR is found to show antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling between two edges, while the interedge coupling of Co-ZGNR is ferromagnetic (FM). For Fe-AGNRs and Co-AGNRs, increasing the interedge distance we follow oscillatory transitions from FM to AF coupling with a period of about 3.7 \AA{}. The damped oscillatory behavior indicates a Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida type interedge magnetic coupling and the oscillation period is determined by the critical spanning vector which connects two inequivalent Dirac points in the graphene Brillouin zone. The two edges in Ni-ZGNR are decoupled independently of the ribbon width and Ni-AGNRs are found to be nonmagnetic.
Where Is the Action? Three Lenses to Analyze Social Justice Art Education.

Over the past two decades, there has been a marked increase in educational programs aimed to create art for social justice. From murals and plays to photographs and spoken word poetry, young people across the country are creating works of art that question, challenge, and aim to impact conditions of inequality and injustice. While these practices offer innovative outlets for young people to creatively engage in their communities, there is still confusion about the defining characteristics of the practice of social justice art. Drawing on findings from a recent qualitative study exploring the educational significance of making activist-oriented art, this article unpacks the fundamental question of art for social justice education: Where does the “social justice” lie in social justice art education? Through a discussion of three lenses—intention, process, and social location—this essay offers a set of analytic tools to better understand the nature of making a work of art to transform society.
A re-extrapolation technique in Newton-SOR computer simulation of semiconductor devices

Abstract A novel extrapolation technique which learns from the failure of previous linear extrapolation result and subsequently changes the extrapolation scale accordingly is found to be very useful in dealing with the divergence problem in Newton-Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) computer simulation of semiconductor devices. The algorithm and an example are described in this paper.
Characterization of distinct forms of methionine adenosyltransferase in nucleated, and mature human erythrocytes and erythroleukemic cells

Two peaks of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) activity from human erythrocytes were partially purified on a DEAE-cellulose column. Using anti-MAT antibodies, a 60 kDa form of MAT, referred to as rho was identified in peak I. Although rho represented the major MAT protein in crude erythrocyte extracts, the enzyme was very labile and accounted for only 6% of the total MAT activity. Peak II enzyme was stable, and consisted of the previously described catalytic alpha (53 kDa) subunit and the beta subunit (38 kDa), both of which are found in activated human lymphocytes and leukemic cells of lymphoid origin. Mature normal and polycythemic erythrocytes contained predominantly rho as the major MAT protein, while nucleated erythrocytes and reticulocytes contained predominantly the lambda (68 kDa), the major form found in resting human lymphocytes. Human erythroleukemic cells (HEL 92.1.7) contained the alpha, alpha' and beta subunits of MAT, and in this regard was indistinguishable from MAT found in activated lymphocytes and leukemic cells of lymphoid origin (Jurkat). Since rho was generated during the incubation of extracts from resting lymphocytes, which contain predominantly lambda, in the absence of protease inhibitors; the rho form of MAT appears to be derived from the lambda form by proteolytic cleavage. The data indicate that distinct forms of MAT are present at different stages of erythrocyte maturation and reveal the presence of a new form of MAT with reduced activity compared to previously described forms.
Symmetry and symmetry breaking in generalized parastatistics

Abstract An analysis is made of the characteristics of internal symmetry and symmetry breaking in a quantum field theory with generalized parastatistics, defined by either double commutation relations or single commutation relations. The connection between the two statistics is clarified. We develop a formalism in which statistics is viewed as a dynamical or phase variable of quantum systems. It is shown that the types of Higgs phases possible depend upon statistics. Relationships between physical amplitudes implied by internal symmetry with normal statistics are violated in the case of generalized parastatistics.
Binding of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to the rat 4S cytosolic binding protein: structure-activity relationships.

Abstract The relative competitive binding affinites of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, picene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 1,2,3,4-dibenz[a]anthracene, 1,2,5,6-dibenz[a]anthracene, perylene, 4H-cyclopenta[d,e,f]-phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, triphenylethylene and triptycene for the rat hepatic cytosolic 4S binding protein were determined using [3H] benzo[a]pyrene as the radioligand. With the exception of triphenlethylene, triptycene and 4H-cycolopenta[d,e,f]phenanthrene, the EC50 values for the remainder of these compounds were between 1.25 × 10−7 and 2.5 × 10−8 M with 1,2,5,6-dibenz[a]anthracene being the most active ligand. A comparison of the relative cytosolic Ah (9S) receptor binding affinities and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) induction potencies of these hydrocarbons with their 4S protein binding affinities demonstrated the following: (a) five compounds, namely 1,2,5,6-dibenz[a]anthracene, 1,2,3,4-dibenz[a]anthracene, picene, benzo[a]pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene exhibited high to moderate binding affinities for the 4S and 9S cytosolic proteins (EC50 values
Ontogeny of β-adrenoceptor/adenylyl cyclase desensitization mechanisms: the role of neonatal innervation

Abstract The ability of adrenergic stimulation to elicit desensitization of the β-receptor/adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade is not an inherent property of cells but rather is acquired during the period in which sympathetic innervation develops. This study examines whether innervation provides the signal that enables target cardiac and hepatic cells to learn to desensitize their responses. Neonatal rats were sympathectomized with 6-OHDA on postnatal day 1 and were treated at various ages with a regimen of isoproterenol known to elicit desensitization in adults. In control rats, desensitization first appeared between days 6 and 15. Desensitization was heterologous, involving changes in the efficiency of G-protein coupling, as there were parallel decreases in isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, basal activity and fluoride-stimulated activity (maximal G-protein activation) without changes in forskolin-Mn2+-stimulated activity (total cyclase catalytic activity). The lesioned animals showed a delay in the onset of desensitization as isoproterenol did not evoke decreased responsiveness until day 25 in the heart; the liver did not display agonist-induced desensitization even at day 25. The effects of lesioning on development of desensitization were entirely separable from those on regulation of β-receptors themselves: agonist-induced decreases in receptor binding appeared by day 15 in both control and lesioned animals. Uniquely in the youngest animals (6 days old), isoproterenol treatment produced heterologous sensitization of adenylyl cyclase responses rather than desensitization, with a parallel increase in basal, isoproterenol-, fluoride- and forskolin-Mn2+-stimulated activity; the latter indicates induction of total catalytic activity as the primary mechanism of sensitization. The lesioned neonates did not show sensitization, despite the fact that during this period, sympathetic pathways are not functionally competent. Our results indicate that innervation provides a timing signal for the onset of desensitization capabilities of sympathetic target cells, but is not absolutely required for the cells to learn how to desensitize. Prior to the onset of desensitization, agonists induce sensitization that may be important in preserving physiological responsiveness during ontogenetic surges of adrenergic activity. The absence of sensitization in lesioned animals implies that, before physiological function is completely established, early pioneer synapses provide a trophic signal that enables cells to increase their sensitivity to stimulation during the perinatal transition period.
Laser-frequency division and stabilization

The current method for measuring an optical frequency relative to the primary time standard, the cesium beam standard at ~9.2 GHz, utilizes a complex frequency synthesis chain involving harmonics of laser and klystron sources. The method has been extended recently to the visible region,1 to the 633 nm He-Ne laser locked to a molecular iodine line, with an impressive accuracy of 1.6 parts in 1010. With the new definition of the meter, the distance traversed by light in vacuum during the fraction 1/299 792 458 of a second, the speed of light is now fixed and both time and length measurements can be realized with the same accuracy as an optical frequency measurement. In view of the complexity of optical frequency synthesis, these developments set the stage for originating complementary techniques for stabilizing and measuring laser frequencies which are more convenient.
Debate: A Neglected Teaching Tool

(1973). Debate: A neglected teaching tool. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 150-154.