cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The thermal relations of the freshwater triclad flatworm, Dugesia dorotocephala (Turbellaria: Tricladida)

Abstract Although Dugesia dorotocephala is among the most widely distributed and eurythermal triclads within North America, its thermal relations are poorly known. We compared the upper thermal tolerances and the temperatures selected in a circular gradient of planarians acclimated to 15°C or 22°C. We also compared speeds of planarians tested at 22°C after up to 10 days of starvation or after acclimation to 15°C, 22°C, or 30°C. We compared speeds of 22°C acclimated animals at temperatures ranging from 10°C to 30°C, and we examined the interaction between temperature and water viscosity. The triclads could survive temperatures close to 33°C for up to 12 h, but had incipient lethal temperatures around 30.5°C. Warm acclimated animals survived somewhat better at the higher, but not at the lower, temperatures within this range. The triclads selected temperatures between 12°C and 28°C, with the 15°C acclimated animals selecting higher mean temperatures (23.1°C) than the 22°C acclimated animals (20.9°C). The latter group showed a normally distributed selection pattern, whereas that of the former group was skewed to the right. Speeds increased during the first two days of fasting but showed no further changes between days 3 and 10. Speeds increased with body size with a scaling exponent of about 0.25. There was a significant effect of temperature, with a Q 10 of 2.31 between 10°C and 30°C. Thermal acclimation did have a significant effect on locomotion, with 30°C acclimated animals being markedly slower than 15°C or 22°C acclimated individuals. Although there was a slight indication of a viscosity effect, the resulting differences were not statistically significant.
Generalized least squares inference in panel and multilevel models with serial correlation and fixed effects

In this paper, I consider generalized least squares (GLS) estimation in fixed effects panel and multilevel models with autocorrelation. The presence of fixed effects complicates implementation of GLS as estimating the fixed effects will typically render standard estimators of the covariance parameters necessary for obtaining feasible GLS estimates inconsistent. I focus on the case where the disturbances follow an AR(p) process and offer a simple to implement bias-correction for the AR coefficients. The usefulness of GLS and the derived bias-correction for the parameters of the autoregressive process is illustrated through a simulation study which uses data from the Current Population Survey.
Technology and the Adult Degree Program: The Human Element

While technology has for many years been a critical component in programs for adults and calls to mind sophisticated gadgetry with expensive price tags, it is often the nexus where technology and humans intersect that proves most critical to the success and quality of adult degree programs.
An epidemiologic study of febrile seizures and epilepsy in children

Abstract Prevalence and annual incidence rates of febrile seizures and types of epilepsy were investigated in all children of the Altenburg district (German Democratic Republic) being 0–14 years old. The mean total population for the period 1982 through 1985 was 108,905. The proportion of children aged 0–14 years was 20,132. The average annual incidence of febrile seizures in children being 0–5 years old was 240,8/100,000. For children between 0 and 14 years the rate of epilepsy was 52.1/100,000. Based on 87 epileptic patients, the exact point prevalence rate per 1000 on December 31, 1985, was 4.4.
Highlights in Environmental Research.

Edited by Sir John Mason. Imperial College Press, 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE, UK. 2000. Hardback, 189 pp. $51.00. ISBN 1-86094-103-6. Highlights in Environmental Research is a collection of professional inaugural lectures presented at Imperial College and is Volume 3 of the
The Koguryo controversy, national identity, and Sino-Korean relations today

In July 2004, a Chinese claim that the ancient Kingdom of Koguryo (37 BC-AD 668) was China's vassal state ignited a firestorm of protest in South Korea. The decade-long South Korean love affair with China appears to have ended, as increasing numbers of South Koreans have begun to view their colossal neighbor with new suspicion. What were the causes and consequences of this controversy? Rather than forwarding the usual political, economic and security explanations, this paper interrogates the deeper identity politics at stake, arguing that the Koguryo controversy implicates the very meaning of being Korean or Chinese in the 21st century.
Dual model of pions with no tachyon

Abstract We introduce a fifth dimension into the model of Neveu and Schwarz. The resulting model has no tachyons and preserves the full gauge group. After the presentation of the model, we invite the reader to tilt at a certain no-go theorem for additive models.
The Stokes resistsance of a slightly deformed sphere—II Intrinsic resistance operators for an arbitrary initial flow

Abstract General expressions are derived for the intrinsic symbolic Stokes force and torque operators for a slightly deformed sphere. These operators permit one to compute the force and torque experienced by a rigid, slightly deformed sphere immersed in an arbitrary initial Stokes flow.
The Unmet Educational Agenda in Integrated Care

One of the reasons integrated care has not become a dominant service delivery model is the unmet training agenda. This article argues that the typical mental health professional is not trained to adequately address the challenges of integrated care. To insure competency both a macro and clinical training agenda are needed. At the macro-level, mental health professionals need to understand healthcare economics and basic business principles as any integrated care service delivery system is embedded and driven by economic forces. Integrated care practitioners also need some basic business skills to understand these forces and to create and manage a financially viable system, given the future flux of the system. Traditional mental health professionals also do not have the clinical skills to implement integrated care. Integrated care is not simply placing a traditionally trained mental health professional and letting them practice specialty mental health in a medical setting. Thus, the special skills needed in integrated care are enumerated and discussed. Finally, a new degree program is described as it is time given the huge need and advantages of integrated care to develop specialty training in integrated care.
Therapy of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colon cancer with oncolytic adenoviruses.

Background The major emphasis on the safety of viral vectors for gene delivery has led to the generally accepted approach of disabling their ability to replicate and thus their potential capacity to spread throughout a tumor by consecutive rounds of infection and lysing neighboring cells. Methods In this study we evaluated three herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) carrying replication-competent adenoviral vectors with and without the Ad5 E1B 55-kDa gene, wild-type adenovirus type 5 (Ad5wt), and a prototypical replication-deficient adenovirus expressing HSV-tk (Ad.TK) for their cytoreductive effects in a peritoneal carcinomatosis model from human HT-29 colon cancer cells in nude mice. Results The survival of nude mice treated with the replication-defective adenoviral vector Ad.TK was enhanced when followed by GCV. In contrast, administration of GCV diminished the anti-tumor efficacy of the replication-competent HSV-tk expressing vectors. However, the intrinsic oncolytic effect of all replication-competent viruses was superior to that of Ad.TK+GCV. Furthermore, the oncolysis of the E1B 55-kDa-positive viruses was significantly greater than that of the E1B 55-kDa-deleted vector. Conclusions The more efficient diffusion of viral particles in the peritoneal cavity, when compared to the microenvironment of solid tumors and the virostatic effects of GCV, most likely antagonized the anticipated enhanced cytotoxicity of the replication-competent vectors from the use of its gene directed enzyme prodrug system. Nevertheless, in a clinical setting, the HSV-tk/GCV system allows efficient termination of viral replication in the case of a runaway infection. The results of this study warrant further evaluation of controllable viral replication as a treatment modality for cancer, especially in combination with conventional therapies (e.g. chemotherapy).
Theoretical study of the piezoreflective spectra of germanium

Abstract The pseudopotential method was used to calculate the piezoreflective spectra of germanium in the visible and near ultraviolet range. Agreement with available experimental data is excellent.
Seismic Reciprocity Rules

The reciprocity principle implies that a synthetic seismic trace is invariant when the roles (positions, orientations, magnitude/sensitivity) of a point source and point receiver are interchanged. Many reciprocity studies assume that the seismic wavefields involved are generated by body forces (Knopoff and Gangi, 1959; White, 1960; Gangi, 2000). Although some restricted treatments involving body moment sources do exist (de Hoop and Stam, 1988; Nyitrai et al., 1996; Nowack and Chen, 1999; Arntsen and Carcione, 2000) these can be extended and unified in four important ways: i) wave propagation in a general anelastic medium is considered, ii) unrestricted body moment sources are introduced, iii) combinations of different source types (forces, moments, tractions) are allowed , and iv) particular source attributes (magnitudes, waveforms, orientations) are explicitly included in the analysis. The reciprocity rules developed from such a general treatment have numerous applications in seismic data acquisition, analysis, modeling, and inversion, as well as strong theoretical utility.
Tension-relieving techniques.

Excess pressure by sutures in wound closure can lead to “cutting out” of sutures or to ischemia of tissue adjacent to the sutures. Excess pressure can be avoided by use of specific suture patterns or surgical procedures. The surgeon should select the simplest procedure and should consider, in order of preference, the use of subdermal sutures, tension-relieving sutures, and then surgical procedures, including undermining, relaxing incisions, and plasty procedures.
Adolescents' access and consent to the human papillomavirus vaccine: a critical aspect for immunization success.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has the potential to significantly decrease the incidence of diseases caused by HPV, specifically cervical cancer. Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration since late June 2006, this vaccine is currently being marketed for clinical use in girls and women aged 9 to 26 years.1 Effective policies and guidelines about immunization should include consideration of the unique health care needs of adolescents, who represent the majority of this target population. Issues that pertain to adolescents' ability to consent for reproductive health care in an independent fashion and confidential manner already provoke challenging ethical and legal dilemmas. The HPV vaccine is likely to raise similar questions about informed consent and confidentiality, particularly when adolescents request it in addition to other sexually transmitted infection (STI) services that they can access without the consent or knowledge of their parents. The fact that the adolescent who is under 18 years of age can consent for treatment of STIs but not for prevention via this vaccine at the current time remains a subtlety that is lost on many teens, parents, and even health care providers. The answers to questions of adolescents' access to the vaccine will play a significant role in the clinical application of the HPV vaccine and a successful immunization strategy. Health care providers and policy makers must now address important issues about the integration of the HPV vaccine into clinical practice in a way that maximizes its efficacy through timely patient access and administration. Because HPV is an STI, the goal of a primary immunization strategy is to administer the vaccine before viral exposure at the onset of sexual activity. For this reason, childhood and early adolescence is a prime time to target this type of intervention. Moreover, the best antibody response to this vaccine … Address correspondence to Ellen S. Rome, MD, MPH, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine at Case, 9500 Euclid Ave, A120, Cleveland, OH 44195. E-mail: romee{at}ccf.org
Static pressure measurements in a hypervelocity shock tunnel

Hypervelocity shock tunnel experimental technique for measuring static stream pressure, using hollow cylindrical probe
Cognitive limitations associated with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors in employed breast cancer survivors

Objectives: Previous research has suggested that endocrine therapy is associated with cognitive limitations in breast cancer survivors (BCS); this study examined the relationship in employed BCS, an average of three years post-primary treatment. Methods: 77 BCS with past or current exposure to tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors and 56 BCS with no history of endocrine therapy completed self-report measures of cognitive function, anxiety, depression, and fatigue as well as an online neurocognitive battery. Results: Exposure to endocrine therapy was not related to scores on the objective measures, but moderately related to perceived attentional problems at work (b 50.20; CI0.95 52.75, 0.25) and perceived cognitive functioning in overall life (b 5 0.17; CI0.95 5 0.33, 11.47) in excess of what could be explained by symptom burden measures. No differences were reported between groups on symptom burden measures. Symptoms of physical fatigue, depression, and anxiety were positively associated with self-report of general cognitive limitations (R 2 change range: 0.28–0.37), and symptoms of depression and anxiety were positively associated with perceived cognitive limitations at work (R 2 change range: 0.21–0.28). Discussion: Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue should be screened for and treated in BCS, as an approach to mitigating perceived cognitive limitations. However, healthcare providers should be aware that cognitive limitations exist in excess of what can be associated with symptom burden, and may be related to endocrine therapy and other cancer treatments. Copyright r 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spodoptera exigua: Capture of feral males in traps baited with blends of pheromone components.

Field tests were conducted with various blends of acetates and alcohols previously identified as components of the sex pheromone for the beet armyworm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). The compounds were formulated on rubber septa and placed in sticky traps positioned in fields populated withAmaranthus sp., a favored host of this species. Moth captures were highest in traps baited with septa containing a blend of 0.1 mg (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (Z9,E12–14∶Ac) and 0.01 mg(Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14∶OH). Additionally, we confirmed that all combinations of acetates tested alone captured significantly fewer males than blends containing a 10∶1 ratio ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH. A 10∶1 formulation ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH in hollow fibers was also attractive to feral BAW males.
Asynchronous recovery without using vector timestamps

A checkpoint of a process involved in a distributed computation is said to be useful if it is part of a consistent global checkpoint. In this paper, we present a quasi-synchronous checkpointing algorithm that makes every checkpoint useful. We also present an efficient asynchronous recovery algorithm based on the checkpointing algorithm. The checkpointing algorithm allows the processes to take checkpoints asynchronously and also forces the processes to take additional checkpoints in order to make every checkpoint useful. The recovery algorithm can handle concurrent failure of multiple processes. The recovery algorithm has no domino effect and a failed process needs only to roll back to its latest checkpoint and request the other processes to roll back to a consistent checkpoint. Messages are only selectively logged to cope with various types of message abnormalities that arise due to rollback and hence results in low message logging overhead. Unlike some existing algorithms, our algorithm does not use vector timestamps for tracking dependency between checkpoints and hence results in low message overhead during failure-free operation. Moreover, a process can asynchronously decide garbage checkpoints and delete them from the stable storage--garbage checkpoints are the checkpoints that are no longer required for the purpose of recovery.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian core temperature rhythm in the rat

Abstract Core temperature was telemetered from 26 singly-housed adult male inbred Fischer rats standardized in an ambient temperature of 24 ± 1°C, in light from 0600–1800 alternating with darkness (L:D 12:12), with food and water freely available. The rats were operated upon first for bilateral electrolytic lesioning of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or by a sham-operation, which consisted of an inserted electrode which neither penetrated into the SCN area nor was activated to produce a lesion. Next, a temperature sensor was implanted intraperitoneally. The telemetered data obtained at 10-min intervals from each rat were analyzed by the least-squares fit of certain trial periods (cosinor methods). A circadian population rhythm persisted in the SCN-lesioned rats which sustained destruction of both SCN (P
Antibody-mediated rejection following renal transplantation

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) accounts for 20 – 30% of all acute rejection episodes following renal transplantation. AMR is generally less responsive to conventional anti-rejection therapy, resulting in poor allograft survival. Introduction of C4d immunostaining of renal allograft biopsies and the demonstration of donor-specific antibodies in the recipients have increased our ability to diagnose AMR. Therapeutic options are evolving and include plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, immunoadsorption and rituximab, together with intensification of immunosuppression with a tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil combination. Future studies might further define optimal therapeutic approach in renal transplant recipients presenting with AMR.
X-Ray diffraction, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity, and optical microscopy studies of coal-based graphites

Abstract In this work, the properties of three graphites (WVU-1, WVU-2, WVU-3) produced from solvent-extracted coal feedstocks are reported. The techniques of x-ray diffraction, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity, and optical microscopy were used for these measurements. Parameters determined include crystallite sizes Lc and L⊥, crystalline parameter d(002), Bacon anisotropy parameter, lattice strain, degree of graphitization, longitudinal and transverse coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), electrical conductivity and density. The long-range goal of this project is to produce a coalbased isotropic graphite comparable in properties to H-451, a commercially available graphite produced from petrocoke feedstocks. Therefore, the properties of the WVU graphites are compared to those of H-451, and a high-purity graphite powder is included in this study for reference. These comparisons show that the x-ray and the CTE anisotropy ratios of the WVU-1 and WVU-3 graphites are comparable to those of H-451. However, WVU-2 is more anisotropic because of the hydrogenation process used for the coal feedstock. The electrical conductivities of the three WVU graphites are about half that of H-451. The lower conductivities and lower densities of the WVU graphites are due to lack of impregnation, a step which needs to be included in future sample preparations.
Theory of Optical Magneto-Absorption Effects in Semiconductors

The theory of the effect of a magnetic field on the optical absorption in semiconductors is developed on the basis of the effective-mass approximation. For simple parabolic conduction and valence bands and a direct transition which is allowed at k=0, absorption peaks occur at energies above the zero-field gap. Since the selection rule for the transition is $\ensuremath{\Delta}n=0$ where $n$ is the magnetic quantum number, the spacing between the peaks is the sum of the cyclotron frequencies for the two bands. For degenerate band edges, the spectrum is more complicated. A detailed treatment of the direct transition in germanium is given in which account is taken of the change in curvature of the bands away from k=0 and the results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements of Zwerdling, Lax, Roth, and Button. The k=0 conduction band mass is found to agree with predictions based on cyclotron resonance in the valence band. In addition, a gyromagnetic ratio for conduction electrons of -2.6 resulted from the calculations. The deviation from $g=2.0$ is due to spin-orbit interaction. In InSb the effect is much greater, the result being $g=\ensuremath{-}50$. These are consistent with experimental results. For bands in which the transition probability vanishes at k=0, absorption peaks will also occur corresponding to $\ensuremath{\Delta}n=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ but absorption edges occur for $\ensuremath{\Delta}n=0$. In the case of indirect transitions, the absorption does not exhibit oscillations but consists of a series of "steps" as has been observed in Ge by Zwerdling, Lax, Roth, and Button.
Encircling an Aorta-to-Pulmonary Artery Shunt for Simple Closure at Total Correction

Abstract In a series of 8 dogs, three types of aorta-to-pulmonary artery shunt were encircled by a nonreactive suture, the ends of which were encased in silicone tubing and placed in the pericardium. At sacrifice up to fifteen months later a sternum-splitting incision was used to reopen the chest and the knot was tied, thereby obliterating the shunt.
Surface Properties of Cationic Gemini Surfactants and Their Interaction with Alkylglucoside or -maltoside Surfactants

The interaction of a series of cationic gemini surfactants (surfactants containing two hydrophilic groups and hydrophobic groups in the molecule) with decyl-β-maltoside, decyl-β-glucoside, and dode...
Priming of experimental anxiety by repeated subthreshold GABA blockade in the rat amygdala

Blockade of GABAA receptor function in the area of the anterior basolateral amygdala of rats elicits physiological (increases in heart rate and blood pressure) and behavioral changes similar to symptoms of human anxiety states. Repeated subthreshold blockade of GABAA receptors in this region appears to result in a long-term 'priming' of these anxiety-like responses. The present study was conducted to characterize the 'priming' of the heart rate and blood pressure responses and to test if these 'primed' animals would show increases in anxiety responses. Male Wistar rats with arterial catheters placed for physiological measurements were implanted with chronic microinjection cannulae in the anterior basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BLA) under pentobarbital anesthesia. Repeated daily injections of a subthreshold dose of bicuculline methiodide (GABAA receptor antagonist; BMI) into the BLA elicited 'priming' of physiological responses after 3-5 injections and this response was maintained for at least 6 weeks. The primed animals also showed increased anxiogenic responses to GABAA blockade in the BLA. The 'priming' of anxiety responses were clearly elicited before kindling of seizures as measured by EEG. These results suggest that this 'priming' phenomenon may be similar to kindling and long-term potentiation. This could be one potential mechanism for developing pathological emotional responses, such as chronic, high levels of anxiety.
Improved technique for harvesting the accessory nerve for transfer in brachial plexus injuries.

OBJECTIVE: The accessory nerve is frequently used as a donor for nerve transfer in brachial plexus injuries. In currently available techniques, nerve identification and dissection is difficult because fat tissue, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels surround the nerve. We propose a technique for location and dissection of the accessory nerve between the deep cervical fascia and the trapezius muscle. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with brachial plexus palsy had the accessory nerve surgically transplanted to the suprascapular nerve. To harvest the accessory nerve, the anterior border of the trapezius muscle was located 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle. The fascia over the trapezius muscle was incised and detached from the anterior surface of the muscle, initially, close to the clavicle, then proximally. The trapezius muscle was detached from the clavicle for 3 to 4 cm. The accessory nerve and its branches entering the trapezius muscle were identified. The accessory nerve was sectioned as distally as possible. To allow for accessory nerve mobilization, one or two proximal branches to the trapezius muscle were cut. The most proximal branch was always identified and preserved. A tunnel was created in the detached fascia, and the accessory nerve was passed through this tunnel to the brachial plexus. RESULTS: In all of the cases, the accessory nerve was easily identified under direct vision, without the use of electric stimulation. Direct coaptation of the accessory nerve with the suprascapular nerve was possible in all patients. CONCLUSION: The technique proposed here for harvesting the accessory nerve for transfer made its identification and dissection easier.
Kinetics of gossypol inhibition of bovine lactate dehydrogenase X

Abstract Gossypol, a polyphenolic binaphthalene dialdehyde isolated from cotton meal is a potent inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase-X purified from bovine testis. For the conversion of pyruvate to lactate the IC 50 for gossypol is 200 μM for the reverse reaction the IC 50 is 12 μM. Gossypol is a competitive inhibitor of NADH, Ki = 30 μM (Km = 17 μM), and NAD + , Ki = 6 μM (Km = 130 μM), and noncompetitive for pyruvate, Ki = 220 μM (Km = 224 μM), and lactate, Ki = 52 μM (Km = 5.6 mM).
Solitary Rossby waves over variable relief and their stability. Part I: The analytical theory

Abstract Nonlinear permanent form solutions have been found for the barotropic, quasi-geostrophic divergenceless vorticity equation describing large scale, rotating flows over zonal relief. In the linear limit these solutions are topographic Rossby waves. The analytical procedure is an expansion in two small dimensionless parameters, an amplitude parameter (the Rossby number) and the aspect ratio between North-South (cross-relief) and East-West length scales. Permanent form solutions exist when these two parameters, and the related effects of dispersion and nonlinearity, mutually balance. By the same expansion procedure, an analytical linearized stability theory has been formulated which proves the neutral stability of these solutions to infinitesimal, two-dimensional perturbations.
Chronic Cardiovascular and Renal Actions of Leptin: Role of Adrenergic Activity

This study was designed to determine the role of changes in adrenergic activity in mediating the chronic cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic actions of leptin. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with catheters for mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) measurements and IV infusions of either vehicle (n= 7) or alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, terazosin and propranolol (10 mg/kg/d; n= 8) throughout the study. After control measurements, murine leptin was infused IV (1.0 microg/kg/min) for 7 days along with vehicle or adrenergic antagonists, followed by a 7-day recovery period. Leptin infusion significantly reduced food intake in control rats from 22.6 +/- 0.8 to 10.6 +/- 0.4 g/d and, in adrenergic blockade rats, from 22.6 +/- 0.8 to 13.2 +/- 0.8 g/d. Fasting plasma insulin decreased from 48 +/- 10 to 5 +/- 2 microU/mL in control rats and from 51+/- 9 to 9 +/- 2 microU/mL in adrenergic blockade rats during leptin infusion. Leptin infusion did not significantly alter glomerular filtration rate in either group. MAP and HR increased by 6 +/- 1 mm Hg and 23 +/- 7 bpm after 7 days of leptin infusion in control rats. However, in adrenergic blockade rats, leptin infusion did not significantly alter MAP (-1 +/- 1 mm Hg) and decreased, rather than increased, HR (-23 +/- 8 bpm). These results indicate that leptin-induced increases in blood pressure and tachycardia are mediated by increased adrenergic activity and support the concept that leptin may be an important link between obesity, increased sympathetic activity, and hypertension. However, the chronic effects of leptin on insulin and glucose regulation do not appear to be altered by alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade.
Children's Preference for Sequenced Accompaniments: The Influence of Style and Perceived Tempo:

Second graders through sixth graders (N = 343) listened to 10 musical selections in music classes and marked their preference and perception of each selection's tempo on rating scales. Listeners responded to children's songs played with nine electronic keyboard sequenced accompaniments, including popular to more traditional folk styles. The tenth accompaniment style featured simple chords with piano timbre, included to represent a typical acoustic piano accompaniment. All selections were performed at the same tempo. Three versions of the survey, recorded with various song-style combinations, were prepared. Responses indicated lower preference for older students, but also revealed that students across grades judged styles more similarly than the songs. The most preferred styles were those labeled Hip-Hop, Heavy Rock Shuffle, Samba, and Funk2; the least preferred were Polka, March, Bluegrass, and Piano Chords. Song and style combinations affected children's musical preference. There was a significant correl...
A Theory of Fatigue Crack Initiation

A theory of fatigue crack initiation based on the Gibbs free energy consideration is proposed. The theory is extended to the cases when the free surface effect and interface effect are considered.
Some experimental factors in the gradient chromatography of serum proteins.

Abstract A procedure is described for the chromatographic scanning of protein mixtures such as that in serum, using a single, compound gradient of increasing molarity and decreasing pH, adjustable in shape to suit the requirements of a given experiment. The effects of changes in the gradient shape and volume on the appearance of chromatographic components in human serum are demonstrated. Flow rates were varied over a wide range without much effect; the upper limit was determined largely by the mechanical properties of the adsorbent rather than by the adsorption process itself. With one exception, the serum proteins emerged at their original positions when rechromatographed. Anomalous behavior of albumin in this regard was found to be caused by contact with a contaminant in the dialysis tubing, and a similar effect was obtained when serum was treated with oleic acid. Several buffer systems are compared with respect to eluting power and the resolution attainable.
Imaging in Glaucoma

Structural assessment using the imaging technologies discussed herein provides reproducible quantitative measurements of posterior segment ocular structures. These measurements have been found to provide useful data for glaucoma detection in various regions of the posterior segment. Further studies are needed to evaluate the utility of these technologies for pre-perimetric glaucoma detection and for monitoring glaucoma progression over an extended period.
Work in progress — Student task interpretation, design planning, and cognitive strategies in engineering design project: An exploratory study for Grades 9–12

This work in progress evaluates Grades 9–12 students' self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies during an engineering design project. The specific focus of this study is on student task interpretation and its relation to planning and cognitive strategies in engineering design activity. The two research questions guiding this study are: (1) to what degree does students' interpretation of the design task is reflected on their working plans and selected cognitive strategies? and (2) how those strategies relate to students' design performance? The subjects for this study are selected from students enrolled in the Architectural and Robotic design classes at a high school in Colorado this spring 2011 semester. Thirty students are expected to participate in the study. Survey questionnaire and Web-based engineering design journal writing will be used to capture students' metacognition. Students' perception about task interpretation, planning, cognitive, and self-regulating strategies, and performance criteria will be collected through the questionnaire. Except for the performance criteria, data for these metacognitive variables will also be collected through students' engineering design journal. A rubric will be used for the teacher to grade the students' design performance. Descriptive statistics and graphical views will be used to analyze the survey. Scoring rubric will be used to analyze journal entries.
The “Global” Formulation of Thermodynamics and the First Law: 50 Years On

Nearly 50 years ago, Henry Bent published his groundbreaking article in this Journal introducing the “global” formulation of thermodynamics. In the following years, the global formulation was elabo...
Hierarchical Interactions of Homeodomain and Forkhead Transcription Factors in Regulating Odontogenic Gene Expression

FoxJ1 is a forkhead transcription factor expressed in multiple tissues during development and a major regulator of cilia development. FoxJ1−/− mice present with defects in odontogenesis, and we correlate these defects to hierarchical interactions between homeodomain factors Pitx2 and Dlx2 with FoxJ1 in regulating their expression through direct physical interactions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal endogenous Pitx2 and Dlx2 binding to the Dlx2 promoter and Dlx2 binding to the FoxJ1 promoter as well as Dlx2 and FoxJ1 binding to the amelogenin promoter. PITX2 activation of the Dlx2 promoter is attenuated by a direct Dlx2 physical interaction with PITX2. Dlx2 autoregulates its promoter, and Dlx2 transcriptionally activates the downstream gene FoxJ1. Dlx2 and FoxJ1 physically interact and synergistically regulate both Dlx2 and FoxJ1 promoters. Dlx2 and FoxJ1 also activate the amelogenin promoter, and amelogenin is required for enamel formation and late stage tooth development. FoxJ1−/− mice maxillary and mandibular incisors are reduced in length and width and have reduced amelogenin expression. FoxJ1−/− mice show a reduced and defective ameloblast layer, revealing a biological effect of these transcription factor hierarchies during tooth morphogenesis. These transcriptional mechanisms may contribute to other developmental processes such as neuronal, pituitary, and heart development.
A Comparison of Large and Small Tropical Cyclones

Abstract In this paper the climatology and structure of, and possible reasons for, tropical cyclones of different sizes are examined. The climatology of tropical cyclone sizes confirms that tropical cyclones of the western North Pacific are characteristically twice as large as their Atlantic counterparts, and also reveals that the typical size of tropical cyclones varies seasonally and regionally and is only weakly correlated with cyclone intensity (maximum surface wind or minimum surface pressure). Rawinsonde composities of large and small tropical cyclones show that large cyclones have much more relative angular momentum (RAM) than small cyclones, while the differences in RAM between intense and weaker cyclones of equivalent size are less. Some of the implications of this observance are discussed, and a hypothesis that cyclones grow as a result of an increased convergence of angular momentum forced by their environment is presented.
Satisfactions and frustrations of a volunteer tele-reader for the World Federation of Pediatric Imaging.

I first got involved with the World Federation of Pediatric Imaging (WFPI) in August 2012 through its outreach program. Just a few weeks after the first e-mail contact I was reading pediatric radiographs from Khayelitsha Hospital in South Africa. Images were sent as JPEG files through e-mail by a local radiographer (WFPI now uses a DICOM server). I got to report about 15 radiographs a month. The pathology varied, including pneumonias, congenital heart disease and trauma (Fig. 1). Because the hospital has no radiologist, my emailed reports were forwarded to the referring clinicians. About 50 pediatric radiologists from all continents have enlisted in theWFPI outreach program. The program provides a unique channel through which those radiologists volunteer their imaging expertise, truly impacting the diagnosis and management of sick children from low-resource areas. The can-do attitude of WFPI leaders and staff was contagious, and 2 months later I was embracing another project, the creation of a tele-reading site in South Asia, where we would be providing opinions on pediatric cases referred by the local radiologist. We faced several challenges in setting up this site, many related to the geographical distances among the many players. Meetings were difficult to schedule because of time zone differences, thus communications happened primarily through e-mail. Multiple people replying to the same e-mails meant ideas were getting lost in the threads as simultaneous conversations took diverging courses. A tele-reading computer platform was created, but it took a while to get the referring site and WFPI volunteers to install the software. When we were finally ready to start, the referrals didn’t come! When WFPI sent inquiring e-mails, the replies from the site were reticent and apathetic. Was this caused by politics on the ground? Were local radiologists threatened? We weren’t sure. The experience was quite frustrating, but we learned from it. We have learned from that setup failure that the WFPI outreach efforts need to be matched by local partners who are as keen on the idea. The local radiologist, if there is one, needs to be particularly engaged, perceiving WFPI not as a competitor but as a powerful source of subspecialist expertise that adds value to the local radiology department. Currently, WFPI outreach teams provide support to sites in India and South Africa, and in partnership with Medecins Sans Frontieres to sites in Cambodia, Central African Republic, Malawi and Tajikistan.
The action of beta adrenergic site stimulating catecholamines on isolated frog skin.

Abstract Living frogs injected with the beta adrenergic site stimulating catecholamine ethylnopinephrine secrete a mucous containing equal amounts of Na + and Cl − . Isolated short circuited frog skin treated with beta adrenergic site stimulating catecholamine, including protokylol (Caytine) and isopropylarterenol, produce an outflux of Na + equal to a concomitant outflux of Cl − as measured with radioisotopes of Na + and Cl + , Na + influx and short circuit current is also stimulated equally. We conclude that two independent mechanisms are stimulated by these catecholamines: when used at 0.1 μM concentrations, Na + transport is stimulated; when used to 10 μM concentrations, as secretion of mucous containing Na + and Cl − is additionally stimulated. This conclusion is not in agreement with the results of a previously published investigation. In that study isopropylarterenol was reported to stimulate the production of a non-Na + short circuit current, presumably of Cl − . The conflict results, perhaps from not using radiosotopic Cl + in the investigation and therefore missing correspondence between Na + and Cl + outflux, and between Na + influx and short circuit current.
Enrichment and molecular characterization of chloropicrin- and metam-sodium-degrading microbial communities.

Chloropicrin (CP) and metam sodium are commonly used as fumigants in agricultural soils in order to provide effective control of nematodes, soil-borne pathogens, and weeds in preparation for planting of high-value cash crops. Repeated application of these compounds to agricultural soils for many years may result in the enrichment of microorganisms capable of degrading them. In this study, a microcosm-enrichment approach was used to investigate bacterial populations that may be components of metam-sodium- and CP-degrading microorganisms in compost-amended soils. After 6 months incubation, with repeated application of metam sodium and CP, degradation was ≥70% faster in compost-manure-amended (CM) soil compared to ≤50% in the unamended soils. The accelerated fumigant degradation may have been due to the addition of compost or to the development of new microbial populations with enhanced degradation capacity. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of PCR-amplified regions of 16S rRNA genes were used to identify dominant bacterial populations responsible for the accelerated fumigant degradation. The DGGE results indicated that specific bacterial types had been enriched and these were similar to strains isolated from basal minimal media. Fragments from DGGE bands and colonies were cloned, sequenced, and compared with published 16S rRNA sequences. Cloned sequences were dominated by Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium and uncultured bacterial species. The addition of organic amendment to soil during fumigation practices has the potential to increase the diversity of different microbial species, thereby accelerating fumigant degradation and reducing atmospheric emissions.
Doubling up when times are tough: A study of obligations to share a home in response to economic hardship

This study uses a factorial vignette design embedded in an Internet survey to investigate attitudes toward an adult child and parent living together in response to economic hardship. Over half of Americans said the desirability of intergenerational co-residence depends on particularistic aspects of the family, notably the quality of family relationships. Support for co-residence is greatest when the adult child is single rather than partnered. Support is weaker if the adult child is cohabiting rather than married to the partner, although groups with greater exposure to cohabitation make less of a distinction between cohabitation and marriage. Presence of a grandchild does not affect views about co-residence. There is more support for sharing a home when a mother needs a place to live than when the adult child does. Responses to open-ended questions show that individuals invoke both universalistic family obligations and particularistic qualities of family relationships to explain their attitudes.
Conservation of the marbled murrelet under the Northwest Forest Plan.

The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) was listed as threatened in 1992, primari& because of loss of its old-forest nesting habitat. Monitoring conducted over the first 10 years following im- plementation of the Northwest Forest Plan shows at-sea murrelet populations appear to be stationary, but recruitment is very low and demographic modelsproject a 4-6% annual rate of decline. Monitoring of nesting habitat indicated there were about 1.6 million ha of higher-suitability nesting habitat on all hnds at the start of the plan, about half of which occurred on federal lands. Most (88%) of higher-suitability habitat on federal lands was protected within reserves. Over the past 10 years, losses of habitat due primarily to fire have totaled about 2% on federal lands. Losses have been much greater (12%) on nonfederal lands, due primarily to timber harvest. Habitat is expected to accrue within reserzjes as younger forest matures and attains sugicient diameter to support nesting sites. At-sea estimates ofpopulation size are strongly andpositively correhted with amounts of adjacent nesting habitat at a broad scale, supporting the idea that amounts of nesting habitat are a primaty driver in wide-scale muweletpopulation distribution. Conditions at sea, however; such as temperature regimes, prey availability, andpollutants, continue to affect murreletpopulations. The system of large reserves seems to have achieved the short-term objective of conserving much of the remaining nesting habitat on federal lands. These reserves are also like& to contribute to the long-term objective of creating large, contiguous blocks of nesting habitat. The plan has a primary role in conserving and restoring nesting habitat on federal land but will succeed in this role only if land allocations calling for such protection are in place for many decades.
Teaching Ethical Analysis in Occupational Therapy

Ethical decision making is a cognitive skill requir­ ing education in ethical princzples and an under­ standing ofspecific ethical issues. It is also a psycho­ dynamic process involving personalities, values, opinions, and perceptions. This article proposes the use ofcase studies and role-playing techniques in teaching ethics in occupational therapy to supple· ment conventional methods ofpresenting ethical theories and principles. These two approaches invite students to discuss and analyze crucial issues in oc­ cupational therapy from a variety ofviewpoints. Methodology ofdeveloping case studies and role­ playing exercises are discussed. The techniques are evaluated and their application to the teaching of ethics is examined.
Arthur Holmes and Continental Drift

Although there are numerous and significant differences between the theories of scientific growth and change proposed by Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan, they all hold that specific scientific theories should be viewed as constitutive of more comprehensive theories. Kuhn calls those more general theories ‘paradigms’, Lakatos labels them ‘research programmes’ and Laudan refers to them as ‘research traditions’. They all argue that scientists are much more willing to give up the specific theory within a given research programme rather than the programme itself, and that individual theories should be viewed as attempts to increase the overall explanatory power of the more general theories, since the ultimate concern of the scientist is with the success of the general rather than the specific theory. When a basic theory or research programme is confronted with severe criticism, proponents attempt to protect the hard core or central elements of their programme through the invention of auxiliary hypotheses. Good auxiliary hypotheses adequately answer the objections for which they are designed, and suggest new avenues of research. In 1928, Arthur Holmes provided proponents of continental drift theory with an auxiliary hypothesis which afforded them a badly needed account of the forces responsible for continental drift. Although Holmes' proposal was not ultimately correct, it was the first plausible alternative offered by an exponent of the continental drift research programme.
Multi-path TCP: a joint congestion control and routing scheme to exploit path diversity in the internet

We consider the problem of congestion-aware multi-path routing in the Internet. Currently, Internet routing protocols select only a single path between a source and a destination. However, due to many policy routing decisions, single-path routing may limit the achievable throughput. In this paper, we envision a scenario where multi-path routing is enabled in the Internet to take advantage of path diversity. Using minimal congestion feedback signals from the routers, we present a class of algorithms that can be implemented at the sources to stably and optimally split the flow between each source-destination pair. We then show that the connection-level throughput region of such multi-path routing/congestion control algorithms can be larger than that of a single-path congestion control scheme.
Coping With the Oncology Workforce Shortage: Transitioning Oncology Follow-Up Care to Primary Care Providers

An effective response to the impending shortage of oncology services will require different actions from governmental bodies, academic cancer center leaders, medical societies, and community oncology providers.