cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular distribution of radiogold. Localization to large granule membranes.

The distribution of gold in Kupffer cells and in subcellular fractions of rat liver was studied at intervals following intraperitoneal injection of 195Au sodium thiomalate (Myochrysine). Kupffer cells, isolated by digestion of whole liver with Pronase, had radioactive gold counts per milligram of protein that were twice the counts in the digested liver supernatant. After fractionaction of liver cells by differential centrifugation, radiogold was found predominantly in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and lysosomal fractions. When the distribution of isotope was related to the protein content, the highest gold concentration was found in the lysosomal fraction, where it was 28 times that in the soluble fraction. Most radiogold was nondialyzable, probably a result of binding to larger intracellular compounds. Approximately 95% of the nondialyzable gold was in the organelle membrane or attached to membrane-adsorbed material, as determined by treatment of dialyzed mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions with Triton X-100. These data suggest that the intracellular locus of gold action may reside in organelle membranes.
Relating volcano morphometry to the developmental progression of Hawaiian shield volcanoes through slope and hypsometric analyses of SRTM data

[1] We calculated average and median slope values and produced hypsometric curves for the subaerial Hawaiian shield volcanoes using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation models. The SRTM-derived average and median slope values display similar trends to published results based on other topographic data products, showing an increase in slope relative to volcano age. Shadows in the radar data over high relief regions reduce the slope values calculated for older volcanoes that have undergone significant erosion as compared to nonradar topographic data, suggesting that SRTM data are less sensitive to studies of erosion. Both the 1 and 3 arc sec SRTM data provide comparable results showing that the nearly global 3 arc sec data can be used to conduct the same studies for other volcanoes. Hypsometric analyses show that the Hawaiian shields maintain consistent upward and lateral growth until alkalic capping and subsidence alter the relief-surface area ratio. Changes in the morphology of the Hawaiian volcanoes are in part related to decreased magma production rates at older shields. The internal dynamics act to decrease the steadiness and duration of magma delivery to the surface causing a decrease in buffered eruptions and lava tube formation, all of which contribute to an increase in slope and relief-surface area ratios. Terrain analyses combined with mapping can provide insight into the development of remote volcanoes or volcanoes on other planets for which remotely sensed data exist but less is known about their internal and eruptive history.
Thermal inducible expression of xylose isomerase and its performance in a hollow fiber bioreactor

TheEscherichia coli xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) has been expressed under the control of a thermal inverting promotor system (att-nutL-p-att-N block) and its performance in a hollow fiber bioreactor measured. The conversion of xylose to xylulose was inversely proportional to the flow rate and the system operated up to 60°C. The maximum conversion efficiency observed was 19.05% at 55°C.
Electrical properties of the plasma membrane of erythrocytes at low frequencies.

EARLIER investigations of the dielectric properties of biological interfaces dealt with the plasma membrane of erythrocytes and obtained from its capacitance a value of its thickness near 10ɛmA., where ɛm is dielectric constant of membrane1. Other contributions considered the possibility of a frequency dependence of cellular membrane impedance which can be expressed by a power law2. Both frequency dependence of membrane and complexity arising from variability in cell size and shape may affect similarly dielectric properties of cellular suspensions in the RF-range.
The relationship between calculated and experimental electronic transition energies

Abstract Most theoretical calculations of molecular electronic structure are performed with fixed nuclear coordinates, assuming the Born—Oppenheimer approximation. Generally, the equilibrium nuclear coordinates for the ground state are employed. Calculated electronic transition energies, E vert c , are vertical transitions from the classical minimum in the ground-state potential surface to that point on the excited-state surface with the same nuclear positions. A problem arises because experimental absorption spectra do not conveniently yield this quantity. Most often the experimental band maximum has been equated with E vert c . Occasionally one finds comparisons with adiabatic or zero—zero energies and the theoretical values. This paper summarizes the relationship between E vert c and experimental spectra. Within the Crude Born—Oppenheimer framework and to first order in vibronic coupling a rigorous procedure for determining E vert c from an experimental spectrum is presented. The zeroeth and first moments of an absorption band unambiguously fix the energy of the vertical Franck—Condon transition. This may be extended to include the Herzberg—Teller correction. Finally, it is pointed out that, in addition, the vibrational zero-point reorganizational energy must be admitted. The magnitude of the various energy corrections can amount to uncertainties on the order of ± 1000 cm −1 . It is important to recognize this fact when comparing experimental spectroscopic energies with those from accurate crystal field and ab initio calculations.
Working with preschool-aged child abuse victims in group settings

This paper will describe characteristics of child abuse victims and how the adult can best meet the victim's special needs in a group setting. Appropriate techniques to use to facilitate communication, to define appropriate behavior, to stimulate language, and to encourage skill development will be discussed. The appropriate staff training, support, and child-staff ratio will be included.
Cyclization by Intramolecular Carbolithiation of Alkyl- and Vinyllithiums Prepared by Reductive Lithiation: Surprising Stereochemistry in the Lithium Oxyanion Accelerated Cyclization

The versatility of intramolecular carbolithiation of simple alkenes to yield cyclopentylmethyllithiums by unconjugated organolithiums is greatly increased (1) by generating the organolithiums by reductive lithiation of phenyl thioethers with aromatic radical anions and (2) by using allylic or homoallylic alcohol groups on the receiving alkene. This type of reductive lithiation allows virtually any kind of organolithium to be generated, usually in a connective manner. Furthermore, the allylic or homoallylic lithium oxyanionic groups on the alkene greatly accelerate the reactions and lead in most cases to completely stereoselective cyclization at −78°. Most significantly, the trans stereoselectivity is the opposite from that observed when the organometallic is allylic. A four-membered ring has also been generated by this method.
Molecular techniques in transplantation.

Abstract Molecular tools may prove useful for diagnosis, monitoring, and definition of basic mechanisms in transplantation. These techniques must be quantitative, reproducible and rapid, displaying known sensitivity and specificity. Powerful new techniques with “real-time” application, as briefly reviewed herein, are moving closer to clinical utility.
A novel control method for grid side inverters under generalized unbalanced operating conditions

In this paper, a generalized method for grid side inverter control under unbalanced operating conditions is proposed. The control method presented in this paper provides complete harmonic elimination in line currents and DC link voltage with adjustable power factor. The method is general and can be used for all levels of imbalance in grid voltages and line impedances. The control algorithm proposed in this paper has been implemented by using Matlab Simulink and dSpace RT1104 control system. Simulation and experimental results presented in this paper are in excellent agreement.
The hybrid chamber: A proportional chamber with gated spark readout

Abstract The hybrid chamber combines the fast resolving time (⋍75 ns) of the multiwire proportional chamber with the event selectivity, spatial resolution (⋍0.3 mm), and “inexpensive” readout of the spark chamber. Some characteristics are described.
Transient effects of anesthetics on dendritic spines and filopodia in the living mouse cortex.

BACKGROUND Anesthetics are widely used to induce unconsciousness, pain relief, and immobility during surgery. It remains unclear whether the use of anesthetics has significant and long-lasting effects on synapse development and plasticity in the brain. To address this question, the authors examined the formation and elimination of dendritic spines, postsynaptic sites of excitatory synapses, in the developing mouse cortex during and after anesthetics exposure. METHODS Transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescence protein in layer 5 pyramidal neurons were used in this study. Mice at 1 month of age underwent ketamine-xylazine and isoflurane anesthesia over a period of hours. The elimination and formation rates of dendritic spines and filopodia, the precursors of spines, were followed over hours to days in the primary somatosensory cortex using transcranial two-photon microscopy. Four to five animals were examined under each experimental condition. Student t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Administration of either ketamine-xylazine or isoflurane rapidly altered dendritic filopodial dynamics but had no significant effects on spine dynamics. Ketamine-xylazine increased filopodial formation whereas isoflurane decreased filopodial elimination during 4 h of anesthesia. Both effects were transient and disappeared within a day after the animals woke up. CONCLUSION Studies suggest that exposure to anesthetics transiently affects the dynamics of dendritic filopodia but has no significant effect on dendritic spine development and plasticity in the cortex of 1-month-old mice.
Amniotic Fluid Angiopoietin-1, Angiopoietin-2, and Soluble Receptor Tunica Interna Endothelial Cell Kinase-2 Levels and Regulation in Normal Pregnancy and Intraamniotic Inflammation-Induced Preterm Birth

Background: Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Ang-2 act selectively on endothelial cells by engaging the Tunica interna endothelial cell kinase-2 (Tie2) receptor. A soluble form of Tie2 (sTie2) blocks angiopoietin bioactivity. Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize changes and expression patterns of Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTie2 in amniotic fluid (AF) and placenta during human pregnancy and intraamniotic inflammation (IAI)-induced preterm birth. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study at a tertiary university hospital. Patients: AF levels of Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTie2 were evaluated in 176 women during second trimester (n = 40), third trimester (n = 37), and preterm labor (positive IAI, n = 50; negative IAI, n = 49). Placenta and cord blood of select women were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures: Ang-1, Ang-2, sTie2, and IL-6 were evaluated by ELISA. Real-time PCR measured Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 placental mRNA levels. Placenta was immunostained for Ang-1 and Ang-2. Placental explant cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, Pam3Cys, and modulators of protein synthesis/secretion (cycloheximide, monensin, and brefeldin A). Results: In normal pregnancy, the levels and ratios of AF Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTie2 varied with gestational age (GA) (P < 0.001). PCR revealed corresponding changes in placental Ang-1 and Ang-2, but not Tie2, mRNA. IAI raised AF Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTie2 above the expected level for GA without affecting their placental mRNA. Ang-2 immunoreactivity appeared enhanced in areas of villous edema. AF Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio was an important determinant of cord blood IL-6 (P < 0.001). Ex-vivo, sTie2 release was increased by Golgi disrupting but not bacterial mimic agents. Conclusions: Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTie2 are physiological constituents of AF that are GA and IAI regulated. Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio may play a role in modulating the fetal inflammatory response to IAI. Placental sTie2 shedding likely involves a Golgi-mediated mechanism.
Adipyl crosslinked bovine hemoglobins as new models of allosteric systems.

As indicated by peptide analyses and mass spectrometry estimations, intramolecular crosslink with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)adipate of bovine hemoglobin results in the formation of two main components covalently bridged across the beta-cleft. In one component the crosslink joins the beta(1)V1-beta(2)K81 residues (XL-Peak-1), in the other the bridge is between the beta(1)K81-beta(2)K81 residues (XL-Peak-2). Both components are tetrameric with a mass near MW = 67 kDa as estimated by gel filtration, and a hydrodynamic radius near 3. 20 nm, estimated by dynamic light scattering. They have very low oxygen affinity with Pm near 100 mmHg (XL-Peak-1) and near 70 mmHg (XL-Peak-2) respectively at 37 degrees C, at neutral pH. The Bohr effect is almost absent in XL-Peak-1, while in XL-Peak-2 it is very near normal. Both systems show oxygen binding cooperativity with an index near n = 2.0. Flash photolysis kinetics of the recombination with CO could be resolved into a fast and a slow component. The amplitude of the fast rates were not concentration-dependent. The stopped-flow kinetics were autoaccelerating, consistent with their ligand-binding cooperativity. All rates were very similar to those of normal hemoglobin, suggesting that the oxy- rather than the deoxy-forms of the systems were affected by the crosslink. Proteins 2000;39:166-169.
Maxik Channel Beta1 Subunit Interacts and Regulates Thromboxane A2 Receptor Function

MaxiK channel, composed of the pore-forming α (MaxiKα) and regulatory β1 subunits, controls vascular tone via the activation or inhibition of its pore conducting activity. Thromboxane A2 receptor (TPR), a G-protein coupled receptor, induces potent vasoconstriction mediated by its agonist, thromboxane A2. Previously, we demonstrated that U46619, the stable analogue of thromboxane A2 inhibits MaxiK channel in vascular smooth muscle cell contributing to U46619-induced vasoconstriction. In this study, we report that this inhibition is reversed by nanomolar dehydrosoyasaponin I (DHS-I), a pharmacological tool that indicates MaxiKα and β1 association and functional coupling. The reversing effect of DHS-I indicated that the MaxiK channels inhibited by U46619 could be coupled with regulatory β1 subunits. Co-immunoprecipitation and double immunolabeling in co-expressing cells showed that TPR form a complex with β1 on the plasma membrane. To identify the interacting sites in β1 responsible for TPR-β1 complex formation, we prepared serial carboxyl-terminal deletions of β1 and analyzed their interaction properties with TPR in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. β1 lacking amino acids 103-191 reduces the TPR-β1 association by 44 ± 14% (p<0.01), while deletion of residues 73-191 completely reduces the TPR-β1 interaction, suggesting that amino acids 73 to 191 predominantly contribute to the TPR-β1 interaction. To further investigate how β1 regulates TPR-MaxiKα functional coupling, inside-out patch clamp experiments were performed in HEK293T cells expressing TPR + MaxiKα +/- β1 subunit. We found that the β1 subunit reduces U46619-induced MaxiKα inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, β1 interacts with TPR forming a tripartite complex with MaxiKα and opposes to TPR agonist-induced MaxiK channel inhibition serving as a buffer to vasoconstriction. Thus, in pathological situations like hypertension or aging where β1 expression is compromised the TPR-MaxiK complex would induce severe vasoconstriction. Supported by NIH and AHA.
A bovine adrenocortical Kv1.4 K(+) channel whose expression is potently inhibited by ACTH.

Abstract We have cloned a bovine adrenal cortical (bKv1.4) K+ channel cDNA whose expression is rapidly inhibited by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The 4386-nucleotide cDNA is homologous to other voltage-gated, rapidly inactivating Kv1.4 channels, and includes a 1986-nucleotide coding region and large 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions. Bovine Kv1.4-specific mRNA from adrenal zona fasciculata (AZF) cells was rapidly and potently reduced by ACTH, with a t of approximately 1 h and an IC50 of 1.2 pm. The membrane-permeable cAMP analog 8-pcpt-cAMP also reduced bKv1.4 mRNA expression with kinetics similar to that observed with ACTH. Reduction of bKv1.4 mRNA expression by ACTH and 8-pcpt-cAMP was only partially inhibited by the selective protein kinase A antagonist H-89. Consistent with their effect on bKv1.4 mRNA, ACTH and 8-pcpt-cAMP both dramatically reduced the expression of bKv1.4-associated A-type current measured over 72 h. These results demonstrate that bovine AZF cells synthesize a Kv1.4-type channel whose expression is inhibited at the pretranslational level by ACTH and 8-pcpt-cAMP by a mechanism that is partially dependent on the activation of protein kinase A. The rapid, potent reduction of bKv1.4 mRNA produced by ACTH and 8-pcpt-cAMP indicates that the expression of this K+ channel is under tonic inhibitory control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The basic electrical properties of AZF cells might be tightly regulated at the transcriptional level by the normal diurnal pattern of ACTH secretion, and altered during bouts of stress by the enhanced release of this pituitary peptide. Under conditions of prolonged stress or adrenal insufficiency, persistent ACTH-induced changes in the electrical properties of AZF cells could be coupled to parallel changes in cortisol secretion.
CONCEALING THE MISCONDUCT OF ONE'S OWN FATHER: CONFUCIUS AND PLATO ON A QUESTION OF FILIAL PIETY

L'A. compare les pensees de Platon et Confucius sur un probleme d'ethique familiale: un fils doit-il denoncer publiquement son pere lorsque celui-ci a commis une faute? L'A. analyse ce probleme de piete filiale egalement au niveau des regles de clans familiaux, avant d'elargir sa comparaison a d'autres problemes de culture contemporains
A comparison of two delay of reward procedures, pre-reinforcement delay vs post-reinforcement delay

The effects on performance of 50% prereinforcement delay of reward were compared with those of 50% postreinforcement delay of reward. This comparison was made employing two different schedules of reward. Under one of these schedules, predelay and postdelay produced greater resistance to extinction than immediate reward. However, under the second reward schedule, the effects of predelay and postdelay differed greatly. While the postdelay group was about as resistant to extinction as the immediately rewarded control group, the predelay group was less resistant to extinction.
Determination of cysteine and glutathione in citrus juices by filter paper chromatography.

Abstract The presence of cysteine and glutathione in concentrates of the sulfhydryl constituents of orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime has been established by filter paper chromatography. The cysteine and glutathione content of concentrates prepared from fresh and/or heated orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime juices has been determined by direct photometric analysis on filter paper chromatograms. Heating the fresh juices resulted in significant losses of both cysteine and glutathione.
High-performance thin film polarizer for the UV and visible spectral regions

The practical limitations on the performance of a conventional MacNeille prism polarizer can be overcome if a liquid is used as the prism material. In particular it is possible to construct large aperture polarizers suitable for use with high power lasers in the UV, visible and near IR spectral regions. The width of the effective spectral region and the polarizing efficiency of the polarizer can be controlled almost at will. The losses in the transmitted beam can be low. The values of the optical thicknesses of the layers are not very critical and the cost of the device is low compared to that of any other polarizer having the same aperture and performance. Results will be given of numerical calculations and of experimental measurements.
Elemental composition from moment analyses of the low-resolution isotope pattern

The basic principles of an approach to mass spectral elemental analysis based on the moments of the low-resolution isotopic pattern are presented. The moment analyses are faster and more general than conventional methods of isotopic pattern analysis. The procedure is applied to the analysis of compounds which exhibit ‘pure’ molecular ions and the analysis of compounds which produce significant fragment ions at masses overlapping the molecular ion. It appears as though reasonable selectivity can be achieved for low relative molecular mass compounds (relative molecular mass < 400 a) using standard instrumentation and data acquisition softy are. Preliminary studies of instrumental factors affecting the measurement of moments are discussed.
Semilocal cosmic strings.

We show that the presence of global symmetries in a Lagrangian can lead to U(1) flux-tube solutions even when the vacuum manifold is simply connected. We provide a model in which these flux tubes, called semilocal'' strings, occur and explicitly prove the existence of stable string solutions by Bogomol'nyi's method. The formation of semilocal strings in the early Universe and the evolution of the network is discussed. We also show that semilocal magnetic monopoles cannot exist.
Responses of Vestibular and Prepositus Neurons to Head Movements during Voluntary Suppression of the Vestibuloocular Reflex

Neurons in the vestibular nuclei and the prepositus nucleus exhibited several different types of changes in their firing behavior during voluntary cancellation of the horizontal VOR. The head velocity sensitivity of type I position-vestibular-pause neurons was reduced during cancellation, while type II vestibular neurons exhibit an increase in their sensitivity. The firing behavior of burst tonic neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus, the prepositus nucleus, like the cells in the abducens nucleus, was closely related to the eye movements generated when the VOR is cancelled. Other cells in the PH and MVN respond primarily to smooth pursuit eye movements. We suggest that the behavior of abducens neurons during the VOR and during VOR cancellation can be explained if they receive inputs from PVP neurons, burst tonic neurons, and smooth pursuit neurons.
Reaction of selenium with immunoglobulin molecules.

Radioactive selenite reacts with purified human and goat immunoglobulins at acidic and neutral pH. The antigenic properties of the immunoglobulins are retained during the selenium labelling as shown by immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography. Pepsin digests of 75Se-labelled IgG possess 75Se both in the (Fab′)2 fraction and in the low molecular weight peptides derived from the Fc domains. Alpha-l-acid glycoprotein, ribonuclease, and lysozyme are also labelled by this procedure. Enhancement of 75Se incorporation by urea, guanidinium chloride, mercaptoethanol, sodium sulfite and carrier selenite is interpreted as an effect of destabilization of IgG disulfide bonds. Up to 1.4g atoms Se per mol IgG have been incorporated. We assume that selenite is cleaving disulfides by a process akin to sulfitolysis. The lability of the isolated 75Se-labelled IgG to high concentrations of mercaptans and sulfite is consistent with this idea. These 75Se-labelled proteins may be useful in structure studies and radioimmunoassay.
Intimate partner violence and suicidal ideation in pregnant women.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is a major public health issue with significant implications for maternal mental health. Less studied is the association between IPV during pregnancy and suicidal ideation. This study reports the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among low-income pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a university obstetrical clinic from February 2009 to March 2010. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 166 women surveyed between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS). Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with antenatal suicidal ideation. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 22.89 %. In the fully adjusted model, antenatal depressive symptomatology (OR = 17.04; 95 % CI 2.10–38.27) and experiencing IPV (OR = 9.37; 95 % CI 3.41–25.75) were significantly associated with an increased risk of antenatal suicidal ideation. The prevalence of antenatal suicidal ideation in the current study was higher than other population-based samples though this sample was predominantly single, low-income, and 19 % experienced IPV during pregnancy. Given the strong association of antenatal suicidal ideation, depressive symptomatology, and IPV, health care providers are urged to identify those women at risk so that antenatal care can be tailored to best support optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes.
A computer-aided design system for revision of segmentation errors

Automatic image segmentation methods often involve errors, requiring the assistance of the user to correct them. In this paper, a computer-aided design system is introduced for correcting such errors. The proposed system approximates each 3-D region by a parametric surface. Region voxels are first parametrized spherically using a coarseto-fine subdivision method. By using the voxel positions and their parameter coordinates, control points of a rational Gaussian surface are determined through a least-squares method to approximate the region. Finally, this surface is overlaid with the volumetric image and by locally pulling or pushing it with the mouse while viewing image information, the surface is revised as needed. Typically, a few minutes are sufficient to correct errors in a region.
Demonstration of two distinct classes of bovine papilloma virus.

Abstract Bovine papilloma virus and virus DNA isolated from ten cases of bovine fibropapillomatosis were shown to fall into two distinct classes. The virus classes shared up to 52–58% of their polynucleotide sequences as assayed by saturation hybridization and 45% by analysis of DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics, with heteroduplexes being less thermally stable than homoduplexes. The viruses also differed in their ability to hemagglutinate mouse erythrocytes and were antigenically cross-reactive but not identical by complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition. The electrophoretic mobilities of structural polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were similar, with only minor differences being observed.
FILM FORMATION ON PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE ELECTRODES

It has been shown that electrochemical or chemical oxidation with a strong oxidant, such as Ce(IV), results in the formation of a film on the surface of pyrolytic graphite. The film produced anodically differs electrochemically from the film produced chemically, although in both cases reduction of the film is observed at ≈ +.5 V vs. the saturated calomel electrode. The reduction of the film apparently proceeds irreversibly. Attempts to study the film by high voltage electron diffraction were unsuccessful. The nature of the film has not been determined.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatrics

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a frequent cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients. Pneumonia caused by M pneumoniae is recognizable in the school-aged child, adolescent, and young adult as the atypical pneumonia syndrome. Extrapulmonary manifestations of disease associated with M pneumoniae include exanthem/enanthem, hemolysis, arthritis, carditis, central nervous system disease, and hepatitis. Delineation of the spectrum of clinical manifestations has been difficult because available diagnostic methods are clinically impractical. Recent efforts using polymerase chain reaction may allow both timely, accurate diagnosis and better understanding of the pathogenesis of this common infection.
Processing theta-joins using MapReduce

Joins are essential for many data analysis tasks, but are not supported directly by the MapReduce paradigm. While there has been progress on equi-joins, implementation of join algorithms in MapReduce in general is not sufficiently understood. We study the problem of how to map arbitrary join conditions to Map and Reduce functions, i.e., a parallel infrastructure that controls data flow based on key-equality only. Our proposed join model simplifies creation of and reasoning about joins in MapReduce. Using this model, we derive a surprisingly simple randomized algorithm, called 1-Bucket-Theta, for implementing arbitrary joins (theta-joins) in a single MapReduce job. This algorithm only requires minimal statistics (input cardinality) and we provide evidence that for a variety of join problems, it is either close to optimal or the best possible option. For some of the problems where 1-Bucket-Theta is not the best choice, we show how to achieve better performance by exploiting additional input statistics. All algorithms can be made 'memory-aware', and they do not require any modifications to the MapReduce environment. Experiments show the effectiveness of our approach.
Laser scanning of three-dimensional time-varying fluid phenomena

Time-varying three-dimensional CFD simulations have been at the center of many of the modern computational, physical, and movie special-effect challenges. Results are presented on the first full-field, three-dimensional, time-varying scanning of fluid phenomena. The discussion includes a description of the acquisition hardware, the data-acquisition methodology, the geometrical (space and time) and image corrections applied, and the visualization results and analysis. The results of the threedimensional field capability on computational and physical models, new challenges it brings to the visualization field, and new possible applications are also discussed.
Calculated electron and hold spatial ionization profiles in bulk GaAs and superlattice avalanche photodiodes

The author presents ensemble Monte Carlo calculations of the electron and hole spatial and temporal impact ionization profiles in bulk GaAs and GaAs-AlGaAs superlattice structures. The results indicate that transient effects are much more pronounced for electrons than for holes, which greatly influences the dynamics of each type. It is concluded that the heterointerface plays less of a role in the hole ionization process than that for electrons due to the small valence band edge discontinuity and to the weaker nonlinear, transient effects experiences by the holes. >
A Study of a Non-Standard Eigenvalue Problem and its Application to Three-Layer Immiscible Porous Media and Hele-Shaw Flows with Exponential Viscous Profile

We consider a non-standard eigenvalue problem arising in stability studies of 3-layer immiscible porous media and Hele-Shaw flows which contain the viscous profile of the middle layer as a coefficient in the eigenvalue problem. We characterize the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of this eigenvalue problem. We then apply this characterization to an exponential viscous profile and numerically compute the associated eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. We provide an explicit sequence of numbers that give upper and lower bounds on the eigenvalues. We also discuss the limiting cases when either the length of the middle layer approaches zero or the exponential viscous profile approaches a constant viscosity profile.
An examination of electronic video clips in the context of hotel Websites.

Abstract The Internet has become a major channel for selling a myriad of products and services. To make the on-line shopping experience more vivid, retailers and service providers frequently portray product images and video clips on their Websites. Although the dimensions of e-Service Quality have been studied in various on-line contexts, research focusing on video clips in the context of hotel Websites is limited. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine how consumers evaluate video clips portraying experiential services such as hotels. Our results indicate that consumers evaluate video clips based on six distinct dimensions: user interface, aesthetics, customization/personalization, assurance/trust, flexibility and virtual human interaction.
Triumph of Good Will: How Terry Sanford Beat a Champion of Segregation and Reshaped the South

Preface Introduction When Days Were Dark: Jacksonville's African-American Community From the Civil War through 1945 The First African-American Strides Towards Political Power The African-American Community: The Dynamics of Machine Politics in the Modern Age Haydon Burns and the African-American Community: The Dynamics of Machine Politics in the Modern Age Reading, Writing, and Racism: The Fight to Desegregate the Duval County School System The 1960 and 1964 Jacksonville Riots: The Difficult Years Our Time Has Come: The Impact of African-America Voting on the 1967 Local Elections Jacksonville Duval and County Consolidation: A Trick or Treat Race Still Matters: A Look at the Bold New City of the South Bibliography Index
Probing the chemical basis of binding activity in an SH3 domain by protein signature analysis.

Background: Modifying the covalent structure of a protein is an effective empirical route to probing three-dimensional structure and biological function. Here we describe a combinatorial protein chemistry strategy for studying structure-activity relationships in proteins. Our approach (termed 'protein signature analysis') involves functional selection from an array of self-encoded protein analogs prepared by total synthesis, coupled to a simple chemical readout that unambiguously identifies the modified proteins in the resulting active and inactive populations. Results: Protein signature analysis was used to study the interaction of the amino-terminal SH3 domain from the cellular adaptor protein c-Crk with its cognate proline-rich peptide, C3G. Using a functional selection assay, the qualitative effects of scanning a series of synthetic analog units through the amino-acid sequence of the SH3 domain were evaluated. The analog units were designed to alter both amino-acid sidechains and the polypeptide backbone within the protein. These chemical studies revealed that the sidechain of Asp150 in the SH3 domain is essential for ligand binding and that changes in the structure of the polypeptide backbone can also result in loss of binding activity. Conclusions: These chemical studies have provided new insight into how ligand binding is related to the covalent structure of the SH3 domain. Protein signature analysis is a powerful and conceptually novel way of studying the molecular and chemical basis of protein function; it combines the advantages of systematic modification of a protein's chemical structure with the practical convenience of combinatorial synthesis.
DNA detective work

Reflections of Our Past by John H. Relethford Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA 320 pages, US $26 ISBN 0813339588 ![][1] The last 15 years have seen a transformation of physical anthropology from its basis in palaeontology and archaeology, which use relatively few samples from the hominid past, to a new basis in population genetics that entails inference about the past but uses massive quantities of data from the present human populations. This transformation has been mediated by technological advances in molecular biology, which allow the data on human polymorphic variation to be revealed, and in mathematical, statistical and computational tools, which allow these data to be analysed. Although the original impetus for these advances was the deciphering of the human genome and its importance for understanding human … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Comparison of patient data in parallel records: The sign-out sheet and the electronic medical record

Electronic medical record and separate sign-out system data (code status, location, medications and laboratory results) from 60 patients were compared to assess the impact of parallel data systems. In addition, a survey was administered to 74 Internal Medicine residents to characterize what elements they self-report using in their sign-out system. The survey results indicated that residents use the separate sign-out system to support hand-off of care, but also patient care. The data comparison showed that while code status data matched for all patients, 28.3% of patients had a location entered into the sign-out system that did not match the medical record. 46 (76.7%) patients had a medication reported in the sign-out report that did not match the medical record. Of 180 laboratory values compared, 130 (72%) matched the most recent value or a value within the past 24 hours. Using a criterion of “medically relevant matches”, a test of proportion indicated that significantly more laboratory values agree, thus supporting the hypothesis that physicians are less likely to update data when changes are not medically relevant. To reduce workload and the amount of inaccurate information being passed to physicians, sign-out functionality should be integrated into electronic medical record systems.
Mediastinal lymph nodes: relaxation time/pathologic correlation and implications in staging of lung cancer with MR imaging.

The authors measured the T1 and T2 relaxation times of freshly excised human mediastinal lymph nodes to determine whether the times are clinically useful in distinguishing benign from malignant nodes. All measurements were performed at 20 MHz and 40 degrees C, within 45 minutes of lymph node excision. Mean T1 and T2 relaxation times of 99 benign nodes were 566 msec (standard deviation [SD], 117 msec) and 92 msec (SD, 29 msec), respectively. For the 16 malignant nodes, these times were 640 msec (SD, 138 msec) and 105 msec (SD, 26 msec), respectively (P less than .05 for difference in T1 times, P greater than .05 for difference in T2 times). Histograms showed considerable overlap in the relaxation times of benign and malignant nodes such that absolute measurement of these times will likely be of limited clinical value.
Broken symmetry in homing endonucleases.

Homing DNA endonucleases are highly site-specific enzymes that initiate the transfer of mobile DNA elements. In this issue of Structure , Spiegel et al. report the structure of the I-CeuI homing enzyme and describe how a symmetric homodimeric enzyme acquired specificity for an asymmetric substrate.
Acute toxicity and preliminary therapeutic results of pelvic lymphadenectomy combined with transperineal interstitial implantation of 192IR and external beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer

We have developed a combined modality approach for treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer consisting of: surgical staging with lymphadenectomy; transperineal placement of afterloading needles for a course of 192Ir brachytherapy; and a course of moderate-dose external beam irradiation to tight prostatic fields. The flexibility of the treatment permits adaptation of the dose to any tumor configuration. A total of 23 patients have been treated to date; 18 are available for treatment review and 14 for acute toxicity analysis. Significant morbidity has occurred in only 2 patients, 1 with a pelvic hematoma and 1 with hematoma in the wound. Local tumor response has been excellent in all but 1 patient. A good degree of symptomatic improvement was observed at the three-month follow-up. This approach appears to be safe and effective at this time. A brief review of the technique and the rationale for its use are also presented.
Influence of chloro-, methoxy-, and methylthio- substitutions of bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine on selected metabolic processes

Abstract Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of chloro-, methoxy-, and methylthio- substitutions of bis(isopropylamino)- s -triazine on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated leaf cells of Phaseolus vulgaris . Propazine, prometone, and prometryn inhibited photosynthesis, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis but had little effect on respiration. Lipid synthesis was stimulated at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. The relative inhibition of these three compounds at 100 μ M on the four inhibited metabolic processes investigated were: photosynthesis > RNA synthesis ≥ lipid synthesis > protein synthesis. At 10 μ M the relative order of inhibition of these processes was similar except, that propazine and prometone stimulated lipid synthesis. At 1 μ M photosynthesis and RNA synthesis were inhibited and lipid synthesis stimulated by the three herbicides. The methylthio-substituted compound (prometryn) was more inhibitory to all four inhibited processes than the chloro (propazine)- and methoxy (prometone)-substituted compounds. Propazine and prometone were similar in their inhibitory capacity. The fact that the methylthio-substituted compound was more inhibitory to all four processes suggests that the higher toxicity of prometryn is inherent or has a common basis such as absorption, adsorption, or a common single metabolic reaction. Since the differences observed with these compounds were quantitative rather than qualitative, their mechanism of action appears to be similar.
A New Architecture for Personalization Engines: An Open Source Approach

There are many benefits in having personalized engines on a Web site. Several types of architecture have evolved to support this information system. Even though, a recent survey has shown that online shopping behavior is not altered by installing these systems on a Web site, enormous money is being spent on their use. These commercial personalization engines are very expensive to buy and are proprietary in nature. One alternative advocated in this article is to use a new architecture that follows an open source philosophy and uses a situation questions, problem questions, implication questions, need-payoff questions (SPIN) based question-answering strategy to interact with visitors. An implementation (called JESPER, a Jess-enabled personalization system) of such an architecture using JESS (Java-based expert system shell) is also presented. Our experience shows that personalization engines built this way for a Web site can be quite cheap and rigorous.
Issues on simulation and optimization I: controlled sequential bifurcation: a new factor-screening method for discrete-event simulation

Screening experiments are performed to eliminate unimportant factors so that the remaining important factors can be more thoroughly studied in later experiments. Sequential bifurcation (SB) is a screening method that is well suited for simulation experiments; the challenge is to prove the "correctness" of the results. This paper proposes Controlled Sequential Bifurcation (CSB), a procedure that incorporates a two-stage hypothesis-testing approach into SB to control error and power. A detailed algorithm is given, performance is proved and an empirical evaluation is presented.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

Purpose of reviewThe ophthalmologist may be called upon to evaluate visual loss in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Familiarity with presentation and clinical management is imperative, as visual loss is often reversible with prompt treatment directed at causative factors.
Expression of the Totivirus Helminthosporium victoriae 190S Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase from Its Downstream Open Reading Frame in Dicistronic Constructs

The undivided double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome of Helminthosporium victoriae 190S virus (Hv190SV) (genus Totivirus) consists of two large overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). The 5′-proximal ORF encodes a capsid protein (CP), and the downstream, 3′-proximal ORF encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP). Unlike the RDRPs of some other totiviruses, which are expressed as a CP-RDRP (Gag-Pol-like) fusion protein, the Hv190SV RDRP is detected only as a separate, nonfused polypeptide. In this study, we examined the expression of the RDRP ORF fused in frame to the coding sequence of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in bacteria and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells. The GFP fusions were readily detected in bacteria transformed with the monocistronic construct RDRP:GFP; expression of the downstream RDRP:GFP from the dicistronic construct CP-RDRP:GFP could not be detected. However, fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis indicated that RDRP:GFP was expressed at low levels from its downstream ORF in the dicistronic construct in S. pombe cells. No evidence that the RDRP ORF was expressed from a transcript shorter than the full-length dicistronic mRNA was found. A coupled termination-reinitiation mechanism that requires host or eukaryotic cell factors is proposed for the expression of Hv190SV RDRP.
Validity of the Eysenck Extraversion Scale as Determined by Self‐Ratings in Normals1

The E.P.I. was administered to 58 normal Ss who were students in three adult psychology classes. Immediately after responding to the E.P.I., Ss were asked to rate themselves on a seven-point introversion-extraversion scale. The Ss were divided into Introverts and Extraverts on the basis of their self-ratings. The Ss were also dichotomized into Introverts and Extraverts on the basis of E scores. Introvert and Extravert criterion groups were found to be significantly different from each other and from the total group. The results indicate that introverts as defined by self-ratings are somewhat more aware of their position on the Introversion-Extraversion continuum than are extraverts. Results support the validity of the E scale of the E.P.I. when using Introvert and Extravert criterion groups as defined above.
TENUOUS BORDERS: GIRLS TRANSFERRED TO ADULT COURT*

There are tremendous gaps in our theories and knowledge about girls who have committed crimes deemed so serious as to justify adult sentencing. This study is guided by a feminist approach to “give voice” to 22 girls incarcerated in a women's prison in the Midwest. Through in-depth interviews, the girls describe their lives before prison and their perceptions of being tried and convicted as adults. Consistent with other research on female offenders, these girls reported lives fraught with violence and victimization, sexism, racism, and economic marginalization. This study calls for a more careful and complex look at issues of victimization, agency, and responsibility among female offenders, particularly those proclaimed “adults” by the legal system.
Impact of a Golf Course on Nocturnal Katabatic Flow Within Gold Canyon, Arizona: A Case Study

ABSTRACT With an increasing number of golf courses within Gold Canyon, Arizona, located at the foot of the Superstition Mountains, this study determines if characteristics of nocturnal katabatic flow, with respect to temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction, were altered due to a golf course. To answer this question, I devised a four transect plan in which four weather stations measured temperature and dew point at three levels (0.70 m, 1.25 m and 2.5 m), along with wind speed at two levels (1.25 m and 2.5 m), as well as wind direction at 2.5 m. I positioned two stations above the golf course, considered natural stations, and two stations below the golf course, considered to be anthropogenically influenced stations. I then collected data over a six-night period starting at 1700 MST on January 3 and ending at 0945 MST on January 9. A golf course community appears to significantly modify katabatic flow. Using Analysis of Variance, coupled with Tukey's comparison test, at the 95 percentile confidence...