cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared and Raman spectra and normal co-ordinate analysis of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfoxide-d6

Abstract The infrared spectra from 250–4000 cm−1 and the Raman spectra of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 have been determined. From these data a complete assignment-excepting only the torsional modes-has been made and substantiated by a normal co-ordinate analysis carried out using a digital computer. Valence force constants for the C2SO skeleton were calculated and compared with those of the thionyl halides. Potential energy distributions of symmetry co-ordinates among the normal co-ordinates have also been calculated.
Neurons, networks, and motor behavior

The field of motor pattern generation and motor control has progressed markedly in the last decade. There has been a revolutionary shift in thinking from hard-wired circuits to multifunctional networks. Yet, it is clear that we still have a long way to go before we understand how very large ensembles of neurons produce behaviors. The systems where we have made the most headway are those that have an orderly topography, such as the superior colliculus (Sparks) or motor cortex (Georgopoulos). However, even in these systems, although we understand how to interpret the combined activity of the neuronal population, it is not clear how this population activity is translated into a motor command. Similarly, the directional behavior produced in cockroach (Ritzmann) and fish escape (Eaton) systems can be predicted based on the activity of neurons, but the cellular mechanisms producing the turning responses in cockroaches and teleost fish are not completely understood. Undoubtedly, computational approaches, including new mathematical formalisms and computer simulations, will play a role in elucidating how very large ensembles of neurons produce their coordinated output. For now, the systems where motor pattern generation is best understood at the cellular level are those with small numbers of neurons (such as invertebrate circuits) or small numbers of cell types, such as lamprey and tadpole spinal circuits. These systems are thus valuable for pointing to potential mechanisms used in larger systems. (Note that I avoid using the term "simple" systems to describe invertebrates because it is quite clear that these systems are anything but simple.) However, "interphyletic awareness," as it was referred to at this conference, is not important just for what it can tell us about how mammals work. It is also important to learn of alternative ways in which organisms solve similar problems. This may prove to be particularly important for the future of robotics. Already, robots have been designed based on insights gained from studying insect visual (Strausfeld) and motor (Ritzmann) systems. Robotics engineers have also independently converged on some of the same mechanisms used by biological systems (MacPherson). There is clearly a need for better understanding of higher control of pattern-generating circuits. This is not limited to how motor patterns are initiated, but also includes how they are altered on a moment to moment basis to suit the needs of the animal. The next revolution in the field is likely to come from a paradigm shift regarding such control of motor circuits, similar to the shift that has already occurred in our understanding of the pattern-generating circuits themselves. Such flexibility of control is the basis for decision making in the nervous system and the very essence of what animals must do throughout their daily lives. I look forward to the next conference in 2005 to see how far we've progressed in these pursuits.
A positron-lifetime study of irradiation effects in copper irradiated with energetic protons

Copper samples have been irradiated with protons in the energy range 4.5 to 25 MeV. The resulting damage effects in the copper have been studied with the positron-lifetime measurement. Evidence that the surviving defects are vacancylike is presented. The dependence of the defect production rate on proton energy and on irradiation temperature suggest that the defect production depends on more than one mechanism, one of which occurs only when the copper recoil energy is above a threshold of about 55 keV.
Gravitational trapping of carbon dioxide in deep sea sediments: Permeability, buoyancy, and geomechanical analysis

[1] Liquid carbon dioxide injected in deep-sea sediments at km depths and near freezing temperatures is denser than surrounding pore water and will be trapped by gravitational forces. Storage capacity for CO2 in such formations below the ocean floor is shown to vary with seafloor depth, geothermal gradient, porosity, and pore water salinity. The formation permeability, or the successful engineering of such permeability through hydraulic fracturing, will determine the capacity for gravitational trapping in deep-sea geological formations. We conclude that most ocean sediments at appropriate depth will lack the required permeability and that conventional hydraulic fracturing would only be possible in carefully selected sites.
Endogenously produced 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine may mediate the neurotoxic effects of para-chloroamphetamine.

Abstract Para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) has been used to deplete brain serotonin (5-HT) in numerous studies of serotonergic involvement in various behaviors and physiological functions. PCA is believed to cause long-lasting depletions of 5-HT by causing the selective degeneration of serotonergic nerve terminals, but the mechanism by which it exerts this neurotoxic effect is not understood. In this experiment, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT), a serotonergic neurotoxin, was detected by high performance liquid chromatography in the rat hippocampus 0.5–4 h after a single 15 mg/kg i.p. injection of PCA. 5,6-DHT was also detected in the somatosensory cortex following PCA administration, but much less frequently than in the hippocampus. Degenerating nerve terminals were observed in the striatum and somatosensory cortex in silver-stained brain sections from rats injected with PCA 1 or 2 days prior to sacrifice. Laminae III and IV of the somatosensory cortex also contained degenerating neuronal perikarya. The neurochemical and histological effects of PCA are very similar to those produced by a large dose of methylamphetamine (MA) in that both drugs are toxic to serotonergic nerve terminals and neuronal perikarya in the somatosensory cortex. We hypothesize that the formation of 5,6-DHT, perhaps from endogenous 5-HT, may mediate the toxic effects of PCA, MA and other amphetamine-related drugs on serotonergic neurons and on subpopulation of cortical neurons.
Differential cross-tolerance between analgesia produced by α2-adrenoceptor agonists and receptor subtype selective opioid treatments

Abstract Analgesic cross-tolerance between α2-adrenoceptor and opioid receptor agonists was studied using the mouse tail-flick assay. Mice tolerant to clonidine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) or xylazine (7 mg/kg s.c.) were cross-tolerant to morphine (5 mg/kg s.c.), nalorphine (70 mg/kg s.c.) and supraspinal [ d -Ala2,MePhe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAMGO; 4 ng i.c.v.), but not trans-(±)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate (U50,488; 5 mg/kg s.c.), spinal DAMGO (10 ng i.t.), supraspinal [ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE; 9 μg i.c.v.) or spinal DPDPE (700 ng i.t.). In the complimentary studies, mice tolerant to morphine and nalorphine were cross-tolerant to both of the α2-adrenoceptor agonists, but U50,488 tolerant mice were not. The results suggest differential interactions between α2-adrenoceptor and μ1−, μ2−, δ−, κ1− and κ3-opioid analgesic circuitry.
The calculation of single-vibronic level rate constants for displaced-distorted potential surfaces

The calculation of the single-vibronic level rate constants of electronic processes for displaced-distorted potential surfaces are reported. This type of rate constants is important not only in isolated molecules but also in femtosecond time-resolved experiments
Estimates of CO2 traffic emissions from mobile concentration measurements

We present data from a new mobile system intended to aid in the design of upcoming urban CO2-monitoring networks. Our collected data include GPS probe data, video-derived traffic density, and accurate CO2 concentration measurements. The method described here is economical, scalable, and self-contained, allowing for potential future deployment in locations without existing traffic infrastructure or vehicle fleet information. Using a test data set collected on California Highway 24 over a 2 week period, we observe that on-road CO2 concentrations are elevated by a factor of 2 in congestion compared to free-flow conditions. This result is found to be consistent with a model including vehicle-induced turbulence and standard engine physics. In contrast to surface concentrations, surface emissions are found to be relatively insensitive to congestion. We next use our model for CO2 concentration together with our data to independently derive vehicle emission rate parameters. Parameters scaling the leading four emission rate terms are found to be within 25% of those expected for a typical passenger car fleet, enabling us to derive instantaneous emission rates directly from our data that compare generally favorably to predictive models presented in the literature. The present results highlight the importance of high spatial and temporal resolution traffic data for interpreting on- and near-road concentration measurements. Future work will focus on transport and the integration of mobile platforms into existing stationary network designs.
Recent records of rare birds in Turkey

Abstract Records of 35 bird species which have only rarely been recorded in Turkey are given, thus updating recent overviews by Kasparek (1990, 1992).
Mechanisms of insulin inhibition of ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion by cultured bovine adrenocortical cells

Abstract Results of previous studies indicated that insulin at levels comparable to those in humans during hyperinsulinemia decreased ACTH-stimulated cortisol and androstenedione secretion by bovine adrenal fasciculata-reticularis cells in primary culture. In the present studies this inhibitory action was examined further by comparing the effects of insulin on ACTH-stimulated corticosteroid secretion with its effects on 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (cpt-cAMP), forskolin- and [ 5 val]angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated corticosteroid secretion. Effects on corticosteroid secretion were correlated with effects on cAMP accumulation and rates of cAMP production. Monolayers were incubated for 24 h in the absence or presence of each agonist alone or in combination with insulin. Insulin (1.7 × 10 −9 or 17.5 × 10 −9 M) caused about a 50% decrease in cortisol and androstenedione secretion in response to ACTH (10 −11 or 10 −8 M). Insulin also decreased ACTH-stimulated aldosterone secretion by cultured glomerulosa cells. Cpt-cAMP (10 −4 or 10 −3 M)-stimulated increases in cortisol and androstenedione secretion were inhibited by insulin, but to a lesser extent than those in response to ACTH. The inhibition of cpt-cAMP-stimulated steroid secretion was not related to increased degradation of the cyclic nucleotide. Increases in cortisol and androstenedione secretion caused by a submaximal concentration (10 −6 M) of forskolin were decreased 50–70% by insulin. In contrast, insulin failed to significantly affect cortisol or androstenedione secretion caused by a maximal concentration (10 −5 M) of forskolin. The secretory responses to Ang II (10 −8 M) were also unaffected by insulin. The effect of insulin to inhibit ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion was accompanied by a reduction in cAMP accumulation as well as an apparent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activation. These data indicate that the effect of insulin to attenuate ACTH-stimulated corticosteroid secretion results from both an inhibition of ACTH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity and an antagonism of the intracellular actions of cAMP.
The complexity of factoring univariatepolynomials over the rationals: tutorial abstract

This tutorial will explain the algorithm behind the currently fastest implementations for univariate factorization over the rationals. The complexity will be analyzed; it turns out that modifications were needed in order to prove a polynomial time complexity while preserving the best practical performance.The complexity analysis leads to two results: (1) it shows that the practical performance on common inputs can be improved without harming the worst case performance, and (2) it leads to an improved complexity, not only for factoring, but for LLL reduction as well.
Better Nutrients and Therapeutics Delivery in Food Through Nanotechnology

The efficacy of nutraceuticals or therapeutics is primarily a function of their conserved biological activity and availability. As changing the size of fabricated materials into nanoscale, the stability and the solubility of valuable nutrients can tremendously be improved; and their effective and controlled delivery via nano-vehicles can be provided. In this review, we addressed the latest approaches for nano-encapsulation and entrapment of hydrophobic bioactive molecules and other nano-vehicles that proved their success in drug delivery applications and summarized their applications in the food industry.
Cyclic lactam analogues of ovine pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP): Discovery of potent type II receptor antagonists

Abstract Binding of [125I]PACAP-38 to rat liver membranes was investigated. It was rapid at 37°C, reversible, and saturable, and it was time, concentration, and temperature dependent. Scatchard plots showed that [125I]PACAP-38 bound to single noninteracting site(s), and [125I]VIP bound to high- and low-affinity binding site(s). The order of potency of displacing [125I]PACAP-38 from rat liver membranes was: PACAP-38 > PACAP-27 > VIP ( IC 50 = 5 , 180, and 350 nM, respectively). Surprisingly, the order of potency of displacing [125I]VIP was also the same ( IC 50 = 1 , 8, and 52 nM, respectively). The order of potency of stimulating adenylate cyclase to release cyclic AMP was: PACAP-27 > VIP>PACAP-38 ( EC 50 = 0.06 , 1, and 6 nM, respectively). Modification of PACAP-27 or PACAP-38 structures either through deletions, substitutions, or cyclization involving amino acid residues, Asp3, Asp8, Lys15, Lys20, or Lys21 indicated that the N- termial region of the molecule is important for both binding and transduction. Of the various lactam analogues synthesized, cyclo[Asp3,Lys15]PACAP-38 and cyclo[Asp8,Lys15]PACAP-38 appear to be competitive receptor antagonists of the release of cAMP by PACAP-38. The results presented suggest that liver membranes possess distinct PACAP and VIP recceptors, and that the PACAP receptor(s) is probably similar, but not identical, to type I receptor(s) characteristic of the brain.
Diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an adult patient with ehrlichiosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and often fatal disease, characterized by uninhibited monocyte activation and tissue destruction from an immense inflammatory response. Most cases have been described in the pediatric population, though a rising number of cases have been identified in adults. Adult cases are typically secondary to a triggering process, of which infectious diseases such as Ehrlichia have been implicated. Our patient was an adult male who presented with multi-system organ failure secondary to HLH in the setting of documented Ehrlichia infection, with probable Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) reactivation. His critical illness resolved after starting appropriate HLH therapy and specific treatment directed at Ehrlichia. This case demonstrates the importance of early recognition and treatment of HLH and its associated triggers in adult patients.
Potential for ground water pollution from the land disposal of solid wastes

(1973). Potential for ground water pollution from the land disposal of solid wastes. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 3, No. 1-4, pp. 225-260.
Synthetic Mimics of the Extracellular Matrix: How Simple is Complex Enough?

Cells reside in a complex and dynamic extracellular matrix where they interact with a myriad of biophysical and biochemical cues that direct their function and regulate tissue homeostasis, wound repair, and even pathophysiological events. There is a desire in the biomaterials community to develop synthetic hydrogels to recapitulate facets of the ECM for in vitro culture platforms and tissue engineering applications. Advances in synthetic hydrogel design and chemistries, including user-tunable platforms, have broadened the field’s understanding of the role of matrix cues in directing cellular processes and enabled the design of improved tissue engineering scaffolds. This review focuses on recent advances in the development and fabrication of hydrogels and discusses what aspects of ECM signals can be incorporated to direct cell function in different contexts.
Invariant imbedding and the Townsend avalanche

A discussion of the concept of invariant imbedding to formulate a simplified one-dimensional version of the process leading to dielectric breakdown in a gas. This process can readily be extended to the cases of nonuniform, static electric fields and of more realistic and complex ionization problems.
A Comparison of Methods for Determining Resting Energy Requirements in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To define optimal methods for assessing resting energy needs in children with cystic fibrosis. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the accuracy of the WHO equation for predicting resting energy needs in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients and, 2) to compare resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition in CF patients with age-matched healthy children. RMR was measured in a fasting state by indirect calorimetry and predicted by the WHO equation. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX -L). Sixteen CF patients (7.2±1.3yrs.; 22.6±5.6kg.) were compared to 25 age-matched controls (7.7±1.2yrs.; 30.0±8.4kg.). In the CF group, there was no significant difference between measured (1000±194 kcal/day) and predicted RMR (1008±127 kcal/day; p>0.05). Measured RMR was strongly correlated with predicted RMR (r 2 =0.81), but the regression line was significantly different from the line of identity (slope = 1.38±0.17, p=0.04; intercept=-393±176 kcal/day, p=0.04), indicating that the WHO equation overestimated at low RMR and underestimated at high RMR. CF children had a lower FFM (16.6±3.9kg vs. 19.8±3.7, p 0.05). There were no significant differences in RMR between CF and control children after adjusting for FFM, FM and gender (adjusted mean RMR was 1100 vs. 1126 kcal/day, p>0.05). We conclude that the WHO prediction provides accurate group estimates of RMR in CF children but individual estimates may be inaccurate because RMR is primarily a function of FFM whereas the WHO equation is based only on weight. In addition, there is no significant difference in RMR of CF and healthy control children after accounting for differences in body composition.
Unilateral hypoplasia of the hemithorax causing “pseudoscoliosis” after lung irradiation in a child with Wilms' tumor

A child receiving unilateral pulmonary radiation therapy for metastatic Wilms' tumor in early childhood was noted to develop gradually an asymmetrical thorax. This was clinically diagnosed as scoliosis but radiographs indicated pulmonary hypoplasia as the true cause.
Hollywood's Muslim Arabs

Le present article presente les resultats d'une enquete, etalee sur deux decennies, et d'une analyse de portraits choisis dans les medias aux Etats-Unis, en donnant une attention speciale aux programmes de television et aux images video, ainsi que l'impact que les images ont sur les identites arabe et musulmane. La these de l'A. est que les stereotypes peuvent faire baisser l'estime de soi, blesser les innocents, influencer les comportements politiques et encourager les divisions en accentuant les differences aux depens des qualites humaines qui unissent les citoyens.
Security and privacy issues in mobile learning

The emergence of innovative uses of mobile and wireless devices in mobile learning (m-learning) go beyond the convenience of combining electronic learning applications with the mobility of portable devices. Technologies, protocols and policies that provide security and privacy in networked applications have to be augmented and adjusted to take into account the new uses and requirements of m-learning. This article reviews recent developments in m-learning with a focus on privacy and security issues. Developers of m-learning applications and organisations that deploy them have to understand the vulnerabilities and plan to address them early on in order to avoid potential exploitation efforts.
Position of Synaptotagmin I at the Membrane Interface: Cooperative Interactions of Tandem C2 Domains†

Synaptotagmin I is a synaptic vesicle associated membrane protein that appears to regulate Ca(2+)-mediated exocytosis. Here, the Ca(2+)-dependent membrane interactions of a water soluble fragment of synaptotagmin I (C2AB) that contains its two C2 domains (C2A and C2B) were determined using site-directed spin labeling. Membrane depth parameters were obtained for 19 spin-labeled mutants of C2AB when bound to phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine membranes, and these distance constraints were used in combination with the high-resolution structures of C2A and C2B to generate a model for the membrane orientation and position of synaptotagmin at the bilayer interface. Both C2A and C2B bind to the membrane interface with their first and third Ca(2+) binding loops penetrating the membrane interface. The polybasic face of C2B does not interact with the membrane lipid but is available for electrostatic interaction with other components of the fusion machinery. When compared to positions determined previously for the isolated domains, both C2A and C2B have similar orientations; however, the two domains are positioned deeper into the bilayer interior when present in the tandem construct. These data indicate that C2A and C2B do not act independently but influence their mutual membrane penetration. This may explain the occurrence of multiple C2 domains in proteins that function in membrane trafficking and repair.
Optimized reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of cinnamic acids and related compounds.

Abstract The effect of mobile-phase pH on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographicseparation is studied for a nine-component sample containing cinnamic, ferulic, hydrocinnamic, p -coumaric, caffeic, phenylacetic, vanillic, and β -phenylpyruvic acids and phenylethylamine. A systematic optimization strategy is utilized: Retention times of each component are measured for mobile phases buffered with citric acid at pH's of 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0; a mathematical model is fit to the chromatographic data; the model parameters are used to construct a window diagram which provides an estimate of the mobile-phase pH required for optimum separation.
High angle of attack inviscid flow calculations over a Shuttle-like vehicle with comparisons to flight data

Recent advances in computational techniques and computer hardware have made it possible to attack the problem of computing steady-state inviscid flowfields over complex three-dimensional bodies such as the Space Shuttle Orbiter. Certain problems have arisen in connection with cases involving high angles of attack. Weilmuenster et al. (1981, 1982) have, therefore, presented a time asymptotic computational method, HALIS, designed to handle the high angle-of-attack problem for the inviscid flow over the Space Shuttle vehicle. The code was modified to include all of the Shuttle vehicle forward of the wing root. Body surface pressures generated by the HALIS code were shown to be in excellent agreement with flight pressures measured on the Shuttle vehicle. In the present investigation, results from the HALIS code, which has been extended to cover the first 1212 inches of the Shuttle vehicle, are compared with flight surface pressures. Shock shapes at several angles of attack are also presented.
Molecular dynamics simulation studies of atomic-level structures in rapidly quenched Ag-Cu nonequilibrium alloys

Ag-Cu has been a classical example demonstrating the formation of a single-phase supersaturated solid solution by rapid quenching in a system immiscible in equilibrium at room temperature. This study examines, using molecular dynamics simulations, the local structures and homogeneity of these crystalline and amorphous Ag-Cu alloys produced by quenching from the liquid at different cooling rates $(5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}--2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{s}).$ It is observed that the retention of amorphous structures requires extremely high quench rates. The amorphous alloys formed are chemically uniform in both long and short ranges. Meanwhile, topologically significant local icosahedral order was able to develop during quenching even at these extreme cooling rates. The Ag-Cu amorphous structures are discussed in comparison with those of Ag-Ni, a system immiscible even in the liquid state. At moderately reduced quench rates, homogeneous crystalline solutions form instead. With further decreasing quench rates, the chemical short-range-order parameter becomes increasingly more positive, suggesting spinodal decomposition. Our simulations point to the need for a careful experimental study of the ultrafine-scale composition modulations in the face-centered-cubic solid solution that is hitherto believed to be homogeneously supersaturated for a wide range of rapid-quench conditions.
Proline isomerization and the slow folding reactions of the α subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli

Abstract Previous studies on the refolding of the α subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli assigned two slow refolding phases to rate-limiting isomerization of two ‘essential’ proline residues, one in each of the two domains of the protein (Matthews, C.R. Crisanti, M.M., Manz, J.T. and Gepner, G.L. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 1445–1452) The double jump experriment (Brandts, J.F., halvorson, H.R. and Brennan, M. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 4953–4963) was used to further investigate this phenomenon. The reaction assigned to the carboxyl domain is consistent with the proline isomerization hypothesis. The amino domain process is more rapid than expected for proline isomerization and may reflect another type of slow folding reaction. The results permit a further refinement of the folding model for the α subunit and demonstrate the existence of a third unfolded species whose folding is not limited by either of these two reactions.
Rapid titration of retroviral vectors using a β-lactamase protein fragment complementation assay

The availability of rapid and quantitative titration assays for retroviral vectors is important, especially in the context of clinical applications. In this report, we describe a novel assay to titrate lentiviral and gamma retroviral vectors. This rapid assay is based on protein fragment complementation involving the N-terminal (Bla1) and the C-terminal (Bla2) fragments of TEM-1 β-lactamase (BLAK). The Bla1 protein fragment is incorporated in the vector's envelope during vector production. Bla1-bearing vectors are titrated on Bla2-expressing cells. Upon transduction, Bla1 and Bla2 heterodimerize and restore BLAK's enzymatic function. The enzymatic activity of BLAK is quantified by flow cytometry using the green fluorescent CCF2/AM substrate, which is converted into a blue fluorescent product. The enzymatic conversion of the CCF2/AM substrate was found to be directly related to vector entry, as a neutralizing antibody completely blocked the conversion. The titers obtained using this rapid assay correlated well with the titers measured by functional transduction assays. The whole assay can be finished within 8 h. Thus, it is considerably less time consuming compared with other transduction-based titration assays for lentiviral and gamma retroviral vectors.
Epidemiology of marital problems in a psychiatric population

Psychiatric and social history associated with complaints of marital problems among adult psychiatric outpatients was examined. It was found that patients for whom marital difficulties are a focal problem can be distinguished from other out-patients in terms of basic demographic variables, family history, concomitant social and behavioral problems, as well as in terms of psychiatric symptomatology. Marital problems tend to be reported most frequently by agitated, hostile, neurotic depressive patients. Alcohol abuse appears as a relevant concomitant problem, and patients with marital problems more often report family discord in their childhood homes. Young females constitute the target population most likely to seek or to accept professional help for marital problems.
Hepatocellular transplantation for metabolic deficiencies: decrease of plasms bilirubin in Gunn rats

A sustained decrease of plasma bilirubin concentrations occurred in homozygous recessive Gunn rats lacking the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase following infusion into the portal vein of hepatocytes from heterozygous nonjaundiced Gunn rats possessing the enzyme. Transplantation of cells capable of continuous enzyme production could be an effective mode of therapy for congenital enzyme deficiency diseases.
Testing of Insecticides Against the Tropical Horse Tick in the Laboratory

The effects of dipping engorged females of Anocentor nitens (Neumann) in 28 insecticides on estimated reproduction (ER) [ER = wt eggs (g)/wt female (g) × % hatch × 20,000] were determined. The percent inhibition of ER was analyzed by the log probit method. The results are presented as the percent concentration of insecticides (IC) that inhibited 50% and 90% of the ER of the ticks. The IC50, values ranged from 0.00021% for isobenzan to 1.007% for malathion.
Obstacles and opportunities with using visual and domain-specific languages in scientific programming

Scientific discovery is the lifeblood of technological progress, and end-user programming in turn is increasingly essential to modern science. In order to uncover opportunities to facilitate scientific programming, we interviewed scientists about their choice of tools and languages, as well as the obstacles resulting from those choices. We focused on domain-specific languages (DSLs), particularly visual DSLs, because prior empirical studies had not explored scientists' DSL use in detail. We found that DSLs were indeed used by most of these scientists, and in fact it was typical for scientific projects to use an increasing number of DSLs over time. Our study extended some findings from related work, and it identified obstacles not previously uncovered. In particular, we found that scientists often struggled with managing data complexity, as well as with using version control systems. Our study revealed several opportunities to improve DSLs and related tools, such as for helping scientists to cope with data complexity and for helping them to foresee problems when choosing a language.
Alternative international models for social change

Abstract As the Cold War comes to an end, the East-West paradigm is being replaced by a renewed focus on sustainable development in the Third World. This paper discusses the decline of ideology and describes the potential of fresh approaches to international development which emphasise the informal market sector and sustainability.
Chronic expanding hematoma of the lateral thigh and massive bony destruction after a failed total hip arthroplasty

Pseudotumors have been described around both stable and failed total hip arthroplasties. The causes are varied and include polyethylene debris and masses associated with metal-on-metal bearings. We present a patient with a massive tumor of the thigh that grossly and pathologically was associated with recurrent bleeding and extensive bony destruction. The characteristics of this tumor most resemble those of a chronic expanding hematoma. To our knowledge, this has not previously been reported in association with a total hip arthroplasty.
Interactive visualization for the active learning classroom

Engaging students in the learning process has been shown to be an effective means for education. Several methods have been proposed to achieve this engagement for computer science and other disciplines. Active learning is one such technique that incorporates interactive classroom activities to reinforce concepts and involve the students. Visualizations of computer science concepts such as algorithm animations can be used for these activities. To be most effective in this environment, they need to be designed and used with active learning in mind. This paper describes the design characteristics of such visualizations, ways of using them in the classroom, and our experience with developing and using visualization tools across different courses in the computer science curriculum.
Ammonia formation in brain slices.

Brain slices are capable of a sustained formation of ammonia in vitro at a rate of 8–12 smoles/g wet wt/h during the first hour of incubation at 37°C. The reaction is aerobic and proceeds only in the absence of glucose or other easily assimilated carbohydrates.
Tin clusters adopt prolate geometries

We have characterized the structures of ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{n}$ cations up to $n=68$ using ion mobility measurements. Up to $n\ensuremath{\sim}35,$ tin clusters track the prolate growth pattern previously found for ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ and ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{n}.$ However, the detailed size-dependent variations start deviating from those observed for ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ above $n=14$ and ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{n}$ above $n=21.$ Over the $n\ensuremath{\sim}35--65$ size range, tin clusters gradually rearrange towards near-spherical geometries, passing through several intermediate structural families. Two or three isomers are resolved for some sizes in the $n=18--49$ range. The observed geometries are independent of the He buffer gas temperature between 78 and 378 K and are not affected by collisional annealing.
Environmental assessment of shredder residue management

Metal recycling from automobiles, appliances and scrap steel occurs at dedicated metal shredding operations. Shredder residue (SR) consists of glass, rubber, plastics, fibers, dirt, and fines that remain after ferrous and nonferrous metals have been removed. The over 3 million tonnes of SR generated in the U.S. each year are managed by landfilling. Material recovery or energy recovery alternatives to landfilling can be beneficial because of conservation of non-renewable resources and reduction of waste disposal. In this study, the human health and environmental impacts of landfilling and three recovery options (supplemental fuel and mineral feed for cement manufacturing, hydrolysis to light fuel oil, and material recovery for recycling) were quantified and characterized using a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Comparisons were carried out after characterization of emissions relative to potential impact categories of global warming, freshwater aquatic toxicity, acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity, photochemical oxidant creation, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. SR recovery in cement manufacturing could result in 1 million tonnes of coal conservation each year for the U.S. Compared to landfilling, recovery of the fuel and mineral value of SR in cement manufacturing provides net benefits for all environmental impact characteristics considered primarily due to avoided coal mining and landfilling impacts. As much as 750,000 tonnes of recyclable materials could be recovered from SR. Material recovery system impact results were very sensitive to process energy requirements as well as the assumptions of percent recovery and the specific material types recovered. Hydrolysis of SR could produce 250 million gallons of light fuel oil equivalent per year. The hydrolysis process requires a significant amount of electricity, the impacts of which are somewhat offset by the avoided impacts of producing fuels from crude oil resources. Primarily due to high electricity consumption, both the hydrolysis and material recovery scenarios yielded trade-offs (some net benefits and some net higher impacts) compared to landfilling. The results of this end-of-life impact assessment showed that the supplement for cement manufacturing option was environmentally beneficial to the current practice of landfilling and appears better in comparison to the other management methods studied.
The applications and limitations of ontogenetic comparisons for phylogeny reconstruction: the case of the strepsirhine internal carotid artery

Abstract Ontogeny and phylogeny together determine organismal form and consequently, the two should be reciprocally illuminating. Ontogeny contributes valuable information for phylogenetic studies, not because it is a window into phylogeny, but because ontogenetic comparisons provide data that is easily incorporated into the framework of systematic investigation. Ontogenetic data allow independent tests of character homology and polarity, increase knowledge of character complexity, and can also provide new characters for phylogenetic analysis. Cheriogaleid and lorisiform primates share a unique condition of the internal carotid artery. A large medial branch of the internal carotid, the ascending pharyngeal artery, bypasses the bulla to enter the cranial cavity through the foramen lacerum. This character has been defined by primate systematists as the primary synapomorphy of a cheirogaleid-lorisiform clade. To test the hypotheses of homology and polarity, the development of the internal carotid artery in a cheirogaleid, Microcebus murinus , was compared with that of a lorisiform, Galago senegalensis senegalensis . The comparison revealed that the ontogeny of this character is nearly identical in these two strepsirhine primates, thus supporting the hypothesis of homology. Also, a new character was identified that, if interpreted as derived, adds further support to the hypothesis that cheirogaleids and lorisiforms constitute a monophyletic clade. The same developmental sequences do not contribute to the determination of polarity for the ascending pharyngeal artery. Consequently, this study cannot distinguish between hypotheses of synapomorphy or symplesiomorphy. Outgroup comparisons, however, strongly support the hypothesis that the ascending pharyngeal artery is a derived character and therefore indicative of cheirogaleid-lorisiform monophyly.
Minimizing makespan on parallel machines with release time and machine eligibility restrictions

Scheduling in the presence of machine eligibility restrictions when not all machines can process all the jobs is a practical problem into which there has been little research. Pinedo demonstrated that the least flexible job (LFJ) rule was optimal for minimizing makespan in a parallel machine environment (with equal processing times) when there are machine eligibility restrictions, the machine eligibility sets are nested, and no release time constraint exists. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that for the more realistic case when the machine eligibility sets are not nested (with unequal processing times known when a job is released), the longest processing time (LPT) rule performs better than the LFJ rule in the presence or absence of release time stipulations. The experimental results show that the order (job selection first or machine selection first) does not matter, which is consistent with Pinedo’s observation. The new heuristics that are evaluated in this paper provide important result...
Fluorine-18-labeled tropane analogs for PET imaging studies of the dopamine transporter.

A series of PET imaging studies were conducted with two fluorine-18-labeled tropane analoges, [18F](+)-FTT and [18F](+)-FCT. Both compounds possessed a high affinity and selectivity for the dopamine transporter and had a higher accumulation in the basal ganglia, a brain region having a high density of the dopamine transporter (DAT) than the cerebellum, a reference region devoid of dopaminergic terminals. [18F](+)-FCT had a higher brain uptake and more suitable basal ganglia:cerebellum (BG:Cb) ratio than [18F](+)-FTT. [18F](+)-FCT also displayed reversible binding kinetics in vivo, indicating that the measurement of DAT density in vivo with PET will be relatively insensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow that can occur as a consequence of disease or prolonged cocaine abuse. The uptake of [18F](+)-FCT was also displaced by an intravenous injection of cocaine (1.0 mg/kg), which is consistent with the labeling of the DAT in vivo by this radiotracer. These data suggest that [18F](+)-FCT may be a suitable radiotracer for studying DAT function in vivo with PET. Synapse 37:109–117, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic incorporation of stearic acid into a blend of palm olein and palm kernel oil: Optimization by response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to model the incorporation of stearic acid into a blend of palm olein and palm kernel oil in hexane using the sn-1,3-regiospecific lipase Lipozyme RM IM. The factors investigated were incubation time, temperature, and substrate molar ratio. A second-order model with interaction was used to fit the experimental data. The coefficients of determination, R 2 and Q 2, were 0.96 and 0.90, respectively. The adjusted R 2 was 0.95. The regression probability was less than 0.001, and the model showed no lack of fit. Also, a linear relationship was observed between the predicted and observed values. All parameters studied had positive effects on incorporation of stearic acid, with substrate molar ratio having the greatest effect. The interaction terms of substrate molar ratio with temperature and time also had positive effects on incorporation, whereas the effect of the squared term of substrate molar ratio was negative. The quadratic terms of temperature and time, as well as their interaction term, had no significant effect on incorporation at α0.05. Model verification was done by performing a chi-square test, which showed that there was no significant difference between predicted values and a new set of observed responses.
Low-loss twists in oversized rectangular waveguide

The unwanted mode conversion from twists in overmoded waveguides is calculated from numerical integration of the coupled-mode equations, considering simultaneous coupling of the five lowest-order modes coupled in a twist. Twists with tapered or linearly varying rates of twist are shown to be superior in medium- or broad-band applications to those with uniform twist rate. Measurements consistent with these theoretical calculations are discussed for uniform twists in WR90 waveguide at 60 GHz and for an electroformed twist having a linearly tapered rate of twist in WR187 waveguide from 15.7 to 17.7 GHz. The coupling coefficients needed in the calculations are derived and are compared with the results of other work, including a modal expansion of the dominant mode in twisted waveguide. The work also considers the transmission through an oversized waveguide with a mode converter generating a trapped unwanted mode, and the result for the dependence of the resonance depth on the mode conversion and the attenuation of the trapped mode is found. >
The relationship between performance-based visual acuity screening, self-reported visual acuity, and neuropsychological performance.

Despite frequent cautions in the literature concerning the importance of visual acuity in neuropsychological testing, there are few published empirical investigations of what constitutes “sufficient” visual acuity, nor are there published guidelines for performance-based visual screening techniques. The current study attempted to validate the utility of a visual acuity screening technique by examining individuals with varying visual ability on neuropsychological measures. Results revealed declines on neuropsychological measures associated with reduced visual acuity, as well as discrepancies between self-reported and measured visual acuity, with neuropsychological performance being more closely related to a performance-based measure of visual acuity than to self-reported visual acuity. Clinical implications are discussed.
Are flowers physiological sinks or faucets? Costs and correlates of water use by flowers of Polemonium viscosum

Water loss through inflorescences may place extreme demands on plant water status in arid environments. Here we examine how corolla size, a trait known to influence pollination success, affects the water cost of flowering in the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum. In a potometry experiment, water uptake rates of inflorescences were monitored during bud expansion and anthesis. Corolla volume of fully expanded flowers predicted water uptake during bud expansion (R 2=0.61, P=0.0375) and corolla surface area predicted water uptake during anthesis (R 2=0.59, P=0.044). To probe mechanisms underlying the relationship between corolla size and water uptake, cell dimensions and densities were measured in several regions of fully expanded corollas. Corolla length was positively correlated with cell length in the middle of the corolla tube and cell diameter in the corolla lobe (Pearson's r from 0.26–0.33, n=86, P ≤ 0.05). Cell density was negatively correlated with cell dimensions in the upper corolla tube and lobe (Pearson's r from –0.39 to –0.42, P ≤ 0.0015). These findings suggest that more water may be required to maintain turgor in large corollas in part because their tissues have lower cell wall densities. The carbon cost of water use by flowers was assessed in krummholz and tundra habitats for P. viscosum flowering, respectively, during dry and wet portions of the growing season. For plants in full flower, average leaf water potentials were significantly more negative (P=0.0079) at mid-day in the krummholz (June) than in the tundra (July), but were similar before dawn (P=0.631). Photosynthetic rate at the time of flowering declined significantly with increasing corolla size in the krummholz (P=0.0376), but was unrelated to corolla size on the tundra (P>0.72). Plants losing water through large corollas may close leaf stomata to maintain turgor. If photosynthesis limits growth in this perennial species, then the water cost of producing large flowers should exacerbate the cost of reproduction under dry conditions. Such factors could select for flowers with smaller corollas in the krummholz, countering pollinator-mediated selection and helping maintain genetic variation in corolla size components of P. viscosum.