cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the dorsal surface of hominoid brain endocasts by stereoplotter and discriminant analysis

One of the more vexing problems with hominoid endocasts has been to secure reliable information that goes beyond their volumes. One method is explored here, where a large number (N = 171) of radial distances from a homologous internal central point to the dorsal endocast surface are measured in a polar coordinate system. From two pilot studies, one with a hominoid sample of N = 64, and the other with an enlarged sample of N = 92, the following results can be mentioned tentatively: (1) there are residual data that differ taxonomically in different cortical regions once overall endocast size is corrected in allometric fashion; (2) the major cortical regions where these differences appear most strongly are in the lower parietal lobule, anterior occipital zone, and the dorsoanterior region of the frontal lobe; (3) the method shows excellent promise in objectively and quantitatively depicting taxa-specific shape differences in functionally understood cortical regions through multivariate statistical analyses.
Surgical management of atrial tachyarrhythmias associated with congenital cardiac anomalies: Mayo Clinic experience.

Abstract Patients with congenital cardiac anomalies that cause right or left atrial dilatation may have associated atrial tachyarrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Congenital cardiac anomalies may also be associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia. In addition, atrial arrhythmias may develop late after definitive operation for congenital cardiac anomalies, especially after the Fontan procedure. Ebstein's anomaly is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly associated with atrial arrhythmias. Atrial arrhythmias cause significant morbidity and mortality, as well as sudden death. Advances in electrophysiologic catheterization and surgical techniques have allowed the diagnosis, localization, and successful treatment of these arrhythmias. Copyright 2003 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Textual tinkerability: encouraging storytelling behaviors to foster emergent literacy

This paper presents textual tinkerability, a new concept for fostering early literacy skills during parent-child reading. Textual tinkerability maps storytelling gestures to changes in animation and text to assist reading exploration and demonstration of the link between text, spoken word, and concept. TinkRBooks are flexible tablet-based storybooks that allow readers to actively explore concepts in text using textual tinkerability. When reading TinkRBooks, both parents and children can alter text (character attributes and parts of speech) by manipulating story elements (props and characters) as they read. We demonstrate how textual tinkerability encourages more dialog, print referencing and dialogic questioning between parent-child dyads in shared reading as compared to paper books. In addition, our study reports observations of storytelling performance behaviors that foster playful and socially intimate shared reading behaviors that are closely mapped to the teaching and learning of emergent literacy skills.
Crystallographic Recognition Controls Peptide Binding for Bio-Based Nanomaterials

The ability to control the size, shape, composition, and activity of nanomaterials presents a formidable challenge. Peptide approaches represent new avenues to achieve such control at the synthetic level; however, the critical interactions at the bio/nano interface that direct such precision remain poorly understood. Here we present evidence to suggest that materials-directing peptides bind at specific time points during Pd nanoparticle (NP) growth, dictated by material crystallinity. As such surfaces are presented, rapid peptide binding occurs, resulting in the stabilization and size control of single-crystal NPs. Such specificity suggests that peptides could be engineered to direct the structure of nanomaterials at the atomic level, thus enhancing their activity.
Effects of growth conditions on the oxygen equivalence of microbial cells

A natural microbial population of sewage origin was grown at four temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40°C) and five mean residence times (3, 6, 12, 18, 24 hr) in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Samples of cells were removed during steady-state operation and analyzed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ash content, protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids. The oxygen equivalence (OE) of the cells was measured directly as g COD/g ash-free cells and was determined indirectly by calculating the calorific content from the macromolecular composition. The results indicate that OE is a function of growth conditions. Furthermore the COD test is a poor measureof OE because of a high level of variation associated with the test. Additional studies should be performed using bomb calorimetry to establish a quantitative relationship between growth conditions and OE.
The multiway rendezvous

The multiway rendezvous is a natural generalization of the rendezvous in which more than two processes may participate. The utility of the multiway rendezvous is illustrated by solutions to a variety of problems. To make their simplicity apparent, these solutions are written using a construct tailor-made to support the multiway rendezvous. The degree of support for multiway rendezvous applications by several well-known languages that support the two-way rendezvous is examined. Since such support for the multiway rendezvous is found to be inadequate, well-integrated extensions to these languages are considered that would help provide such support.
Incorporating ‘Exercise is Medicine’ into the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville and Greenville Health System

Educating medical students and other health professionals in training on the importance of healthy lifestyles for prevention and treatment of disease is essential to transforming healthcare. At the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville (USC SOM Greenville), we are incorporating the ‘Exercise is Medicine’ Knowledge, Skills and Abilities into all 4 years of the undergraduate medical curriculum to inform future physicians on the medical benefits of exercise and physical activity. As a partner with the Greenville Health System (GHS), USC SOM Greenville is striving to transform healthcare for the benefit of the people and communities it serves by healing compassionately, teaching innovatively and improving constantly. In addition, USC SOM Greenville and GHS are fostering relationships with the local YMCAs to improve healthcare delivery in upstate South Carolina using the ‘Exercise is Medicine’ solution. The overarching goal is to demonstrate how physician-counselling and referrals for physical activity and exercise play a well-documented role in primary and secondary prevention for reducing morbidity and mortality from non-communicable chronic diseases. In partnership with the Institute of Lifestyle Medicine (ILM) at Harvard Medical School, USC SOM Greenville also strives to spearhead a ripple effect in exercise curriculum by modelling for other medical school leaders throughout the country on how to adopt similar changes in curriculum and training for medical school students. Physician education regarding the benefits of exercise is vital for transforming healthcare. Exercise counselling as part of healthcare delivery would have numerous evidence-based benefits for prevention and treatment of multiple non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and various forms of cancer.1–4 In addition, physician-based exercise counselling likely would have a major impact on reducing associated healthcare costs.5 Unfortunately, the majority of physicians, traditionally trained to manage disease and injury, have not been educated in the medical, …
Fast DNA separations using poly(ethylene oxide) in non-denaturing medium with temperature programming

Abstract We demonstrated fast DNA separations in low viscosity entangled solutions with a temperature gradient in a non-denaturing separation medium. The separations were carried out in a solution of commercially available poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) [1×Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane borate buffer, without urea] with a temperature gradient of 2°C/min. The performance was compared with that of a solution of PEO with urea at ambient temperature. We found that the former condition gives sufficient resolution for accurate base calling and that in general, it gave better separation for fragments larger than 450 base pairs (bp). Most importantly, the separation speed approaches 30 bp/min. In addition, we describe a simple yet reliable gel preparation protocol for such separations.
P-Glycoprotein mediated resistance to 5′-nor-anhydro-vinblastine (Navelbine®)

Navelbine® (NVB, vinorelbine tartrate) is a semisyntheticVinca alkaloid in which the catharanthine moiety contains an eight-membered ring in place of the nine-membered ring that is present in all naturally occurring members of the vinblastine group. This modification selectively reduces interaction with anoxalvs mititotic microtubules and may account for the lower neurotoxicity with improved antitumor activity that has been observed in clinical trials with breast, lung and ovarian cancer. We were interested in whether the structural modification in NVB would also alter the drug resistance profile. Specifically, our aim was to determine whether NVB, like vinblastine (VBL), participates in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). NVB-resistant, murine P388 cells (P388/NVB), were derivedin vivo and used in conjunction with a battery of drug-resistant P388 cell linesin vivo and murine and human tumor cell linesin vitro to develop a resistance profile for NVB. P388/NVB bells were cross-resistant to drugs involved in MDR (doxorubicin, etoposide, amsacrine, vinblastine, vincristine and actinomycin D), but not to the alkylating agents, cyclophosphamide, carmustine, and cisplatin, or to the antimetabolites, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate. P388/NVB cellular resistance to NVB was stable without drug pressure during continuous passagein vivo for more than ten weeks andin vitro for at least five weeks. These cells exhibited increased expression of P-gp, and a 30-fold level of resistance of NVBin vitro, which was completely reversable with verapamil. The MDR phenotype was confirmed in other tumor models. P388 tumors resistant to vinblastine, vincristine, doxorubicin, and etoposide were cross-resistant to NVBin vivo. Likewise, human KB carcinoma cells resistant to colchicine, MDA-A1R breast carcinoma cells resistant to doxorubicin, and murine B16/F10 melanoma cells transfected with the humanmdr1 gene were cross-resistant to NVBin vitro. Finally, P388 cells resistantin vivo to melphalan, a drug that does not participate in MDR, were cross-resistant to NVB. Therefore, cellular resistance to NVB, like otherVinca alkaloids, may arise by a P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR mechanism, but may also involve non-MDR mechanisms in cells that do not overexpress P-gp.
MDCT diagnosis of gastroduodenal ulcers: key imaging features with endoscopic correlation

Although the overall prevalence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and related hospitalizations are decreasing, the initial presentation of complicated PUD on CT remains common. It, therefore, remains critical for radiologists to recognize the findings of PUD at CT for initial diagnosis. While the CT findings of complicated PUD have been previously described in the literature, the CT findings of uncomplicated PUD have not been well documented. Furthermore, although CT is certainly not the diagnostic evaluation of choice for patients with suspected uncomplicated PUD, many patients with PUD will nonetheless present to the emergency department with unexplained abdominal pain and undergo MDCT evaluation as the initial diagnostic test. Therefore, recognizing the MDCT findings of uncomplicated PUD can help appropriately direct patient management, and help prevent the development of complications. To facilitate improved recognition of PUD on abdominal CT, we present an overview of the CT findings of both uncomplicated and complicated PUD, as well as several diagnostic pitfalls which can result in misdiagnosis from peptic ulcer mimics.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in a Porous Glass Desalination Membrane as a Function of External Salt Concentration

PULSE nuclear magnetic relaxation techniques have been used to study the structure of interfacial water associated with various biological tissues1–3, isolated macromolecular systems4,5, inorganic matrices6–8 and synthetic (cellulose acetate) desalination membranes9.
Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska

In southeastern Alaska, granodioritetonalite plutons of the AdmiraltyRevillagigedo belt intruded the JurassicCretaceous Gravina belt along the eastern side of the Alexander terrane around 90 Ma. These plutons postdate some deformation related to a major contractional event between the previously amalgamated Wrangellia and Alexander terranes and the previously accreted terranes of the North American margin. We studied the aureole mineral assemblages of these plutons near Petersburg, Alaska, determined pressure and temperature of equilibration, and examined structures that developed within and adjacent to these plutons. Parallelism of magmatic and submagmatic fabrics with fabrics in the country rock indicates synchroneity of pluton emplacement with regional deformation and suggests that magma transport to higher crustal levels was assisted by regional deformation. Replacement of andalusite by kyanite or sillimanite indicates crustal thickening soon after pluton emplacement. Regional structural analysis i...
Soil mercury study of thermal areas, Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica

Abstract Numerous thermal areas are found on the southwest flank of the active volcano Rincon de la Vieja, Costa Rica. These are part of a larger band of thermal areas that parallels the volcanic front for about 25 km. A total of 318 soil Hg samples were collected on the southwest flank of the volcano, predominantly at the Las Pailas hot springs. Soil Hg concentrations range from 6 to 180,000 ppb and can be divided into three populations with threshold values of 47 and 190 ppb. Aureole Hg values are widely distributed; anomalous soil Hg concentrations were found at four locations. Two-dimensional Fourier analysis of smoothed Hg values from the Las Pailas thermal area reveals a N70W trending lineament of high Hg concentration. This lineament is thought to indicate the presence of a fault along which upwelling of geothermal fluids is enhanced. The orientationof this fault coincides with the orientation of volcano alignments and structural features identified elsewhere in the region.
Geographic comparisons of the incidence of dental erosion: a two centre study

Summary This study revealed that the premolars in both arches are most commonly afflicted with erosion. The same results were obtained in an earlier study conducted by Sognnaes, Wolcott & Xhonga (1972) and Xhonga, Wolcott & Sognnaes (1972) evaluating the erosion pattern on extracted teeth. These findings should be helpful in further investigation into the aetiology and treatment. Educational, epidemiological and preventive concerns derive from a study establishing the dental erosion frequency on a large population sample (approximately 600 individuals and 1500 teeth). The comparative results for both locations used will provide a more significant basis for future studies of a similar nature.
The enhanced folic and folinic acid contents of erythrocytes infected with malaria parasites.

Abstract Folic and folinic acids were determined, by microbiological assay, in the washed erythrocytes of normal 2-month-old ducks and of similar ducks infected with Plasmodium lophurae , as well as in suspensions of the parasites free from their host cells. Whereas normal red cells contained about 1 mμg per ml of each of the growth factors, the infected red cells contained 20 to 60 mμg per ml of folic acid and 10 to 20 mμg per ml of folinic acid (expressed as leucovorin). It was calculated that an infected erythrocyte contained about 12 × 10 −9 mμg folic acid and 2 to 4 × 10 −9 mμg leucovorin, of which only 2 to 4 × 10 −9 mμg of folic acid and 0.5 to 1.5 × 10 −9 mμg of leucovorin were contained in the malarial parasite itself. Presumably the remainder of the increased folic and folinic acids was in the infected erythrocyte, so that it seems likely that the metabolism of the host cell with respect to these two growth factors was altered by the presence of the parasite.
Polymorphism in Carbamazepine Cocrystals.

Cocrystals of carbamazepine with nicotinamide and saccharin are shown to be polymorphic. Two polymorphs of carbamazepine-nicotinamide (CBZ-NCT) cocrystals and two polymorphs of carbamazepine-saccharin (CBZ-SAC) cocrystals were grown from solution in the presence of polymer heteronuclei. The two CBZ-NCT polymorphs, CBZ-NCT I and a polymer nucleated (PN) form of CBZ-NCT, were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. CBZ-SAC II, a new polymorph, was found to be in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 35.72 A, b = 6.84 A, c = 16.11 A, and β = 98.03°. The unique feature of CBZ-SAC II is the formation of a heterosynthon between the carbamazepine and saccharin. These results are notable because CBZ-NCT and CBZ-SAC are among the most widely studied pharmaceutical cocrystals.
Lasers and CCDs For Flash Measurement Of Small Diameters

A pulsed diode laser casting a diffraction pattern shadow on a CCD is investigated as a non-contact micrometer. Data collected with a prototype instrument are compared with calculated diffraction patterns. Computational needs and possible techniques for diameter extraction are discussed.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Myomectomy Is an Improvement Over Laparotomy in Women with a Limited Number of Myomas

Abstract Study Objective To compare surgical and immediate postoperative results of robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy vs myomectomy via laparotomy in patients with 3 myomas or fewer. Design Case-control (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting University hospital. Patients Seventy-five women who had undergone robotic-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy were compared with patients who had undergone myomectomy via laparotomy. Interventions Medical records were reviewed for surgical and postoperative variables. Both groups had 3 myomas or fewer confirmed at preoperative magnetic resonance imaging or final pathology report. Measurements and Main Results No significant differences were observed between patients insofar as preoperative demographic data. There was a significant increase in mean duration of surgery for robotic-assisted myomectomy. There was a significant decrease in blood loss, change in hematocrit concentration on postoperative day 1, length of stay, number of days to regular diet, and febrile morbidity in robotic-assisted myomectomies. There were no significant differences in operative or postoperative complications. Conclusion Although robotic-assisted myomectomy took substantially longer, most of the other variables improved in comparison with similar procedures performed via laparotomy.
Genetic variability of transpiration response to vapor pressure deficit among soybean cultivars

Simulation studies have demonstrated that the existence of a limitation on maximum transpiration rate (TR) at high air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in water-limited conditions could result in significant yield increases. A genotype of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (PI 416937) has been identified both with a slow-wilting phenotype in the field and limited TR above a VPD breakpoint (BP) of 2 kPa. Until now, there has been no full documentation of any other soybean genotype that has a restriction on TR at high VPD. The objective of this study was to extend the observations on TR response to VPD to a wider genetic base. Seven soybean genotypes were studied: three cultivars of broad genetic background and four new lines of diverse backgrounds with PI 416937 in their pedigrees. Data collected across a VPD range of ∼1 to ∼3.5 kPa for each genotype showed a two-segment TR response to VPD for two cultivars, neither of which was derived from PI 416937. Since three progeny of PI 416937 expressed slow-wilting in the field, these results indicate that the slow-wilting phenotype may also result from a mechanism other than the TR response to VPD. Identification of two new genetic selections with limitation of TR at high VPD indicates there is more than one genetic source for this potentially beneficial trait for water-limited environments.
Syntheses of New 1 → (2 + 1) C-Branched Monomers for the Construction of Multifunctional Dendrimers

For the purpose of providing a route to multifunctionalized dendrimers, new types of 1 → (2 + 1) C-branched monomers, possessing either ester and protected hydroxy groups or mixed esters, were designed and synthesized. Thus, di-tert-butyl 4-(3-[X]oxypropyl)-4-aminoheptanedioate (X = MeCO, 4; X = CH2CH2CN, 6; X = CH2C6H5, 7) was prepared in high yields via the protection of the nitro precursor 2 (X = H), which was readily accessible from the Michael addition of 4-nitrobutanol with tert-butyl acrylate, followed by catalytic reduction. These monomers were readily attached to an appropriate four-directional core to produce the first-generation dendrimers (e.g., 9−11). The related second-generation dendrimer (15), possessing two different functional groups on both the surface and interior, was convergently synthesized from monomer 3. Alternatively, the mixed ester 17 was prepared starting with benzyl 4-nitrobutanoate (16); selective deprotection offered access to the representative 1 → (2 + 1) C-branched monom...
Venous thromboembolism: Detection by duplex scanning

Purpose: The usefulness of transcranial Doppler monitoring in identifying emboli in the arterial circulation has been established. We attempted to extend this technique to identify embolism in the venous circulation and to note any changes in embolism rate with anticoagulation. Methods: From March to July 1993, 218 patients were evaluated by duplex scan for deep venous thrombosis. Results: Sixty patients had positive study results; 26 scans (43%) demonstrated embolism. In five patients (19%) the emboli were also seen on a B-mode image, enabling us to estimate embolus size, which ranged from 200 to 5000 μm. Embolus counts varied from 5 to 800 per minute. Deep venous thrombosis was located in the iliofemoral vein in 2 patients, superficial femoral/profunda vein in 8, saphenofemoral junction in 1, popliteal vein in 1, and the calf in 10. Concomitantly, studies of 158 patients were negative for deep venous thrombosis; embolism was detected in 4 patients (3%) in this group. In patients taking heparin, the embolus count decreased 50% or more within 24 hours, and all embolism was abolished within 72 hours. Two patients died of pulmonary embolus. Conclusion: Patients with duplex scans that are positive for deep venous thrombosis have a high incidence of ongoing embolism. Heparin appears effective in eliminating the microemboli detected. The relationship among microembolism, deep venous thrombosis, and clinically significant pulmonary embolism remains to be elucidated.
Chomsky versus mead

G. H. Mead's model of language and mind, while perhaps understandable at the time it was written, now seems inadequate. First, the research evidence strongly suggests that mental operations exist prior to language onset, conversation of gestures, or social interaction. Second, language is not just significant symbols; it requires syntax. Third, syntax seems to be part of our bioinheritance, that is, part of our presocial mind/brain—what Noam Chomsky has called our language faculty. Fourth, this means syntax probably is not learned nor a social construction that is internalized as a cultural template. Fifth, this suggests a basic reversal of the prevailing model of symbolic interaction, mind, language, and perhaps the self as well, although there has not been the time or space to engage that topic here. Therefore, symbolic interaction may turn out to be a more Chomskyan than Meadian process. Given the bioinheritance of our mind/brain we are able to engage in symbolic interaction; it does not appear that sy...
Value of Urinary Polyamines as Noninvasive Markers of Cardiac Allograft Rejection in the Dog

Abstract A noninvasive marker of cardiac allograft rejection would be useful clinically. Lymphocyte proliferation and organ rejection may cause changes in urinary polyamine excretion. To test this hypothesis, cervical heterotopic heart transplantations were performed in a group of 6 nonimmunosuppressed dogs and in a group of 9 dogs treated with cyclosporine (N = 3) or cyclosporine and steroids (N = 6). A group (N = 3) having a sham operation was also studied. Serial biopsies of the transplanted hearts were performed. Urinary polyamine levels were measured daily by high-pressure liquid chromatography of urine specimens. Between 2 and 4 days after transplantation, the transplanted hearts of all animals without immunosuppression demonstrated histological rejection. An early increase in putrescine levels and in total urinary polyamine levels was observed in this group. In the treated groups, histological rejection appeared from the second to the eighth day after transplantation. Each episode of rejection occurred from 1 day to 4 days after a significant increase in urinary polyamine levels compared with the preoperative baseline level ( p
The impact of mode of presentation on gender differences in social perception

This research investigated the conditions under which males might perceive sexuality in females in heterosexual interactions (the Abbey effect). Caucasian male and female couples participated in a brief interaction in which they were rated by observers. Interactants also rated themselves as well as their partners. These live interactions were videotaped, audiotaped, and photographed, and subsequently rated by other observers (subjects). Subjects made ratings on a variety of dimensions, including adjectives relating to the “sexuality” of the interactants as well as the interactants' desire for future interaction with their partners. Results indicated that males attributed more sexuality and a higher desire for future interactions to females they observed or with whom they interacted than females did. Further, the tendency to attribute sexuality was affected by way in which stimuli were presented to the raters. Photos, which had the least amount of information relative to the other methods, produced the highest sexuality and future interaction ratings, suggesting that stereotyping might play a role. Implications of the results and future research are discussed.
HCV infection selectively impairs type I but not type III IFN signaling.

A stable and persistent Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication cell culture model was developed to examine clearance of viral replication during long-term treatment using interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-λ, and ribavirin (RBV). Persistently HCV-infected cell culture exhibited an impaired antiviral response to IFN-α+RBV combination treatment, whereas IFN-λ treatment produced a strong and sustained antiviral response that cleared HCV replication. HCV replication in persistently infected cells induced chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and an autophagy response that selectively down-regulated the functional IFN-α receptor-1 chain of type I, but not type II (IFN-γ) or type III (IFN-λ) IFN receptors. Down-regulation of IFN-α receptor-1 resulted in defective JAK–STAT signaling, impaired STAT phosphorylation, and impaired nuclear translocation of STAT. Furthermore, HCV replication impaired RBV uptake, because of reduced expression of the nucleoside transporters ENT1 and CNT1. Silencing ER stress and the autophagy response using chemical inhibitors or siRNA additively inhibited HCV replication and induced viral clearance by the IFN-α+RBV combination treatment. These results indicate that HCV induces ER stress and that the autophagy response selectively impairs type I (but not type III) IFN signaling, which explains why IFN-λ (but not IFN-α) produced a sustained antiviral response against HCV. The results also indicate that inhibition of ER stress and of the autophagy response overcomes IFN-α+RBV resistance mechanisms associated with HCV infection.
Functional correlates of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex: objects, path integration and local–global reference frames

The hippocampus receives its major cortical input from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). It is commonly believed that the MEC provides spatial input to the hippocampus, whereas the LEC provides non-spatial input. We review new data which suggest that this simple dichotomy between ‘where’ versus ‘what’ needs revision. We propose a refinement of this model, which is more complex than the simple spatial–non-spatial dichotomy. MEC is proposed to be involved in path integration computations based on a global frame of reference, primarily using internally generated, self-motion cues and external input about environmental boundaries and scenes; it provides the hippocampus with a coordinate system that underlies the spatial context of an experience. LEC is proposed to process information about individual items and locations based on a local frame of reference, primarily using external sensory input; it provides the hippocampus with information about the content of an experience.
Prey size structure diminishes cascading effects by increasing interference competition and predation among prey

The size of an organism can change by orders of magnitude during its lifespan. Size can determine whether an individual consumes, is consumed, competes, or avoids individuals of the same or different species. Two complementary mesocosm experiments with a tri-trophic food chain (top predator, toadfish, Opsanus tau; intermediate prey, mud crab, family Xanthidae; basal resource, oyster, Crassostrea virginica) were conducted to measure how the size of both the top predator and the intermediate prey affects consumptive and behavioral interactions in trophic cascades. In the first experiment, I systematically varied the sizes of predators and prey, respectively. The amount of crab biomass consumed was dependent on crab size and not toadfish size, but the effect of crab size did not cascade to alter oyster survival. Increased oyster survival from crab interference competition in the absence of toadfish was similar to oyster survival,from predator-avoidance behavior in the presence of a toadfish. When all crab size classes were present, crab mortality was similar in the presence and absence of toadfish, highlighting the importance of intraguild predation in food-web dynamics. The second experiment separated crab mortality by other crabs from crab mortality by predatory toadfish and found that crab mortality generally switched from intra- to interguild predation when a toadfish was present. In addition, field surveys indicated mud crab abundance and size was primarily influenced by mud crab recruitment, but not by toadfish abundance, which supports our experimental results that interactions among mud crabs have similar effects to predator-prey interactions. These findings indicate that changes in size or abundance of intermediate prey may be comparable to changes in top predator abundance in terms of trophic interactions and their transmission to lower levels, which suggests that certain types of relatively simple food chains can be resilient to the loss of higher trophic levels.
Fluid bilayer structure determination by the combined use of x-ray and neutron diffraction. I. Fluid bilayer models and the limits of resolution

This is the first in a series of papers concerned with methods for the determination of the structures of fluid phospholipid bilayers in the liquid-crystalline (L alpha) phase. The basic approach is the joint refinement of quasimolecular models (King and White, 1986. Biophys. J. 49:1047–1054) using x-ray and neutron diffraction data. We present here (a) the rationale for quasimolecular models, (b) the nature of the resolution problem for thermally disordered bilayers, and (c) an analysis of the resolution of experiments in which Gaussian functions are used to describe the distribution of submolecular components. We show that multilamellar liquid-crystalline bilayers are best described by the convolution of a perfect lattice function with a thermally disordered bilayer unit cell. Lamellar diffraction measurements on such a system generally yield only 5–10 orders of diffraction data from which transbilayer profiles of the unit cell can be constructed. The canonical resolution of these transbilayer profiles, defined as the Bragg spacing divided by the index of the highest recorded diffraction order, is typically 5–10 A. Using simple model calculations, we show that the canonical resolution is a measure of the widths of the distributions of constituents of the unit cell rather than a measure of the spatial separation of the distributions. The widths provide a measure of the thermal motion of the bilayer constituents which can be described by Gaussian functions. The equilibrium positions of the centers of the distributions can be determined with a precision of 0.1–0.5 A based upon typical experimental errors.
A study of laminar-flow heat transfer in tubes

The general problem of heat transfer to fluids in laminar flow in tubes is discussed, a new procedure for the measurement of local laminar-flow heat transfer coefficients is described, and an empirical equation is presented for the correlation of data for local heat transfer rates to liquids flowing upward in laminar flow in vertical tubes under conditions of constant heat flux at the tube wall.
Murine pulmonary responses after sub-chronic exposure to aluminum oxide-based nanowhiskers

Background: Aluminum oxide-based nanowhiskers (AO nanowhiskers) have been used in manufacturing processes as catalyst supports, flame retardants, adsorbents, or in ceramic, metal and plastic composite materials. They are classified as high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Our aim was to assess in vivo toxicity of inhaled AO nanowhisker aerosols. Methods: Primary dimensions of AO nanowhiskers specified by manufacturer were 2–4 nm x 2800 nm. The aluminum content found in this nanomaterial was 30% [mixed phase material containing Al(OH)3 and AlOOH]. Male mice (C57Bl/6 J) were exposed to AO nanowhiskers for 4 hrs/day, 5 days/wk for 2 or 4 wks in a dynamic whole body exposure chamber. The whiskers were aerosolized with an acoustical dry aerosol generator that included a grounded metal elutriator and a venturi aspirator to enhance deagglomeration. Average concentration of aerosol in the chamber was 3.3±0.6 mg/m 3 and the mobility diameter was 150±1.6 nm. Both groups of mice (2 or 4 wks exposure) were necropsied immediately after the last exposure. Aluminum content in the lung, heart, liver, and spleen was determined. Pulmonary toxicity assessment was performed by evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (enumeration of total and differential cells, total protein, activity of lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] and cytokines), blood (total and differential cell counts), lung histopathology and pulmonary mechanics. Results: Following exposure, mean Al content of lungs was 0.25, 8.10 and 15.37 μg/g lung (dry wt) respectively for sham, 2 wk and 4 wk exposure groups. The number of total cells and macrophages in BAL fluid was 2-times higher in animals exposed for 2 wks and 6-times higher in mice exposed for 4 wks, compared to shams (p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively). However no neutrophilic inflammation in BAL fluid was found and neutrophils were below 1% in all groups. No significant differences were found in total protein, activity of LDH, or cytokines levels (IL-6, IFNγ, MIP-1α, TNF-α, and MIP-2) between shams and exposed mice. Conclusions: Sub-chronic inhalation exposures to aluminum-oxide based nanowhiskers induced increased lung macrophages, but no inflammatory or toxic responses were observed.
Nicholas of Cusa and the End of the Conciliar Movement: A Humanist Crisis of Identity

The ignominious end of the conciliar movement in the mid-fifteenth century strikes many contemporary historians and theologians as one of the tragedies in the history of western civilization. Having shown great promise as an instrument of ecclesiastical reform and credited with ending the scandalous Great Western Schism in 1417, the movement for all practical purposes reached an inglorious end with the signing of the Concordat of Vienna in 1448. Though the tragic dimensions of the movement's demise are somewhat diminished by the truth of Tierney's conjecture that "the merely constitutional reforms emphasized in the conciliar programme could not have produced the much-needed regeneration in the whole life of the Church",1 one is nevertheless inclined to view with sadness the neutralization of the nascent democratic aspirations which conciliarism represented.
Email Shape Analysis for Spam Botnet Detection

Botnets have become the major sources of spamming, which generates massive unwanted traffic on networks. An effective detection mechanism can greatly mitigate the problem. In this paper, we present a novel botnet detection mechanism based on the email "shape" analysis that relies on neither content nor reputation analysis. Shape is our new way of characterizing an email by mimicking human visual inspection. A set of email shapes are derived and then used to generate a botnet signature. Our preliminary results show greater than 80% classification accuracy (without considering email content or reputation analysis). This work investigates the discriminatory power of email shape, for which we believe will be a significant complement to other existing techniques such as a network behavior analysis.
Observations on Solution Crystallization of Poly(vinyl alcohol) in the Presence of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes.

PVA/SWNT dispersions yield aloe plant-like crystals, where the leaves are single crystals templated by PVA coated SWNT. Longer growth times (≈18 months) lead to hexagonal rod-like crystals. HR-TEM images show evidence that PVA molecules are aligned parallel to the SWNT axis. WAXD, electron diffraction, and HR-TEM observations of these aloe plant and hexagonal crystals suggests evidence for possible PVA-SWNT epitaxy. Wide-angle and electron diffraction data of these crystals also show that the structure seems to mimic the 2D hexagonal crystal packing of SWNT. PVA lattice images and moire fringes were also observed in the leaf-like crystals.
Synthesis of radiolabeled O6‐benzylguanine derivatives as new potential PET tumor imaging agents for the DNA repair protein O6‐alkylguanine‐DNA alkyltransferase

Novel radiolabeled O6-benzylguanine derivatives, 2-amino-6-O-[11C]-[(methoxymethyl)benzyloxy]-9-benzyl purines ([11C]p-O6-AMBP, 1a; [11C]m-O6-AMBP, 1b; [11C]o-O6-AMBP, 1c), have been synthesized for evaluation as new potential positron emission tomography (PET) tumor imaging agents for the DNA repair protein, O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). The appropriate precursors for radiolabeling were obtained in three steps from starting material 2-amino-6-chloropurine with moderate to excellent chemical yields. Tracers were prepared by O-[11C]methylation of hydroxymethyl precursors using [11C]methyl triflate. Pure target compounds were isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification procedure in 45–60% radiochemical yields (decay corrected to the end of bombardment), and a synthesis time of 20–25min. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A catalogue of Anopheles gambiae transcripts significantly more or less expressed following a blood meal

The recent assembly of the Anopheles gambiae genome included the sequencing of ~80,000 EST from blood fed (BF) and non-blood fed (NBF) adult female mosquitoes to help find the exons and introns in the mosquito genome. These two EST libraries provided an insight into the differential gene expression resulting from the metabolically intense task of converting the massive blood meal into eggs. Previously, 168 genes have been identified to be either significantly more or significantly less transcribed after the blood meal [Science 298 (2002) 129]. Presently, 435 transcripts are described; these are grouped in supplemental tables by probable function to facilitate public access to these data and to help in designing postgenome experiments in the biology of Anopheles gambiae. The electronic tables and supplemental material are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/Mosquito/Ag-ESTs.
Decrease in Therapeutic Errors Involving Prescription Cough and Cold Medications in Young Children

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether an increase in therapeutic errors involving prescription cough and cold medications (CCM) reported to poison centers was observed following the October 2007 voluntary withdrawal of over-the-counter CCM. METHODS Analysis of therapeutic errors involving prescription CCM in children under 2 years of age for the 33 months before and the 27 months after the October 2007 withdrawal. RESULTS Total counts of therapeutic errors involving prescription CCM in children under 2 years of age decreased from 452 to 337 per year. Rates of therapeutic errors decreased from 0.43 cases/100,000 person-month prewithdrawal to 0.32 postwithdrawal, a 25.6% decrease (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS An increase in harm as measured by the number of poison center calls for therapeutic errors involving prescription CCM was not observed in the 27-month time period after the withdrawal. A significant decrease in therapeutic errors involving these products is reported.
Bounds and extremal microstructures for two-component composites : a unified treatment based on the translation method

The overall energy or stiffness of an elastic composite depends on the microgeometry. Recently, there has been a lot of work on `extremal microstructures' for elastic composites, for example microstructures which minimize the elastic energy at a given macroscopic strain. However, most attention has been focused on composites made of the elastically isotropic component materials. Breaking with this tradition, we consider composites made of two fully anisotropic phases. Our approach, based on the well-known translation method, provides not only the energy bound but also necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality in terms of the local strain field. These optimality conditions enable us to look for optimal microstructures in a more systematic way than before. They also provide clarification of the relations between different problems, for example bounding effective conductivity of a conducting composite versus minimizing strain energy of an elastic composite. Our analysis shows that anisotropy of the constituent materials is very important in determining optimal microgeometries. Some constructions of extremal matrix-inclusion composites made from isotropic components cease to be available when the matrix material is anisotropic, even when the degree of anisotropy is small. Most of our analysis is restricted to two space dimensions.
Engineered selective plant male sterility through pollen-specific expression of the EcoRI restriction endonuclease.

Unintended gene flow from transgenic plants via pollen, seed and vegetative propagation is a regulatory concern because of potential admixture in food and crop systems, as well as hybridization and introgression to wild and weedy relatives. Bioconfinement of transgenic pollen would help address some of these concerns and enable transgenic plant production for several crops where gene flow is an issue. Here, we demonstrate the expression of the restriction endonuclease EcoRI under the control of the tomato pollen-specific LAT52 promoter is an effective method for generating selective male sterility in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). Of nine transgenic events recovered, four events had very high bioconfinement with tightly controlled EcoRI expression in pollen and negligible-to-no expression other plant tissues. Transgenic plants had normal morphology wherein vegetative growth and reproductivity were similar to nontransgenic controls. In glasshouse experiments, transgenic lines were hand-crossed to both male-sterile and emasculated nontransgenic tobacco varieties. Progeny analysis of 16 000-40 000 seeds per transgenic line demonstrated five lines approached (>99.7%) or attained 100% bioconfinement for one or more generations. Bioconfinement was again demonstrated at or near 100% under field conditions where four transgenic lines were grown in close proximity to male-sterile tobacco, and 900-2100 seeds per male-sterile line were analysed for transgenes. Based upon these results, we conclude EcoRI-driven selective male sterility holds practical potential as a safe and reliable transgene bioconfinement strategy. Given the mechanism of male sterility, this method could be applicable to any plant species.
TESTING AND REFINING A CREATIVITY-BASED MODEL OF OPPORTUNITY RECOGNITION

We conducted a longitudinal study of a creativity-based process model of opportunity recognition. Our findings suggest three elaborations: First, there are multiple layers/levels concurrent creative processes taking place in any given opportunity recognition process; each creative process results in a creative product; and creative products feed back into the overall process. Additionally, a critical transition was found in which the process “turned into something completely different” upon selection of a concept. Finally, two modes of opportunity development were observed, one in which the final concept was conceived early and survived by withstanding criticism and one in which the concept evolved over time through an iterative process.
Multiple valued logic: current-mode CMOS circuits

Several of the current-mode CMOS multiple-valued-logic (MVL) circuits that the author has studied over the past decade are reviewed. These circuits include a simple current threshold comparator, MVL encoders and decoders, quaternary threshold logic full adders (QFAs), MVL latches, latched QFA circuits, and analog-to-quaternary converter circuits. >
Measuring Pushing and Braking Forces Generated by Ensembles of Kinesin-5 Crosslinking Two Microtubules

The proper organization of the microtubule-based mitotic spindle is proposed to depend on nanometer-sized motor proteins generating forces that scale with a micron-sized geometric feature, such as microtubule overlap length. However, it is unclear whether such regulation can be achieved by any mitotic motor protein. Here, we employ an optical-trap- and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)-based assay to show that ensembles of kinesin-5, a conserved mitotic motor protein, can push apart overlapping antiparallel microtubules to generate a force whose magnitude scales with filament overlap length. We also find that kinesin-5 can produce overlap-length-dependent "brake-like" resistance against relative microtubule sliding in both parallel and antiparallel geometries, an activity that has been suggested by cell biological studies but had not been directly measured. Together, these findings, along with numerical simulations, reveal how a motor protein can function as an analog converter, "reading" simple geometric and dynamic features in cytoskeletal networks to produce regulated force outputs.