cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A gateway node with duty-cycled radio and processing subsystems for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor nodes are increasingly being tasked with computation and communication intensive functions while still subject to constraints related to energy availability. On these embedded platforms, once all low power design techniques have been explored, duty-cycling the various subsystems remains the primary option to meet the energy and power constraints. This requires the ability to provide spurts of high MIPS and high bandwidth connections. However, due to the large overheads associated with duty-cycling the computation and communication subsystems, existing high performance sensor platforms are not efficient in supporting such an option. In this article, we present the design and optimizations taken in a wireless gateway node (WGN) that bridges data from wireless sensor networks to Wi-Fi networks in an on-demand basis. We discuss our strategies to reduce duty-cycling related costs by partitioning the system and by reducing the amount of time required to activate or deactivate the high-powered components. We compare the design choices and performance parameters with those made in the Intel Stargate platform to show the effectiveness of duty-cycling on our platform. We have built a working prototype, and the experimental results with two different power management schemes show significant reductions in latency and average power consumption compared to the Stargate. The WGN running our power-gating scheme performs about six times better in terms of average system power consumption than the Stargate running the suspend-system scheme for large working-periods where the active power dominates. For short working-periods where the transition (enable/disable) power becomes dominant, we perform up to seven times better. The comparative performance of our system is even greater when the sleep power dominates.
Using the ALA's Evaluating Library Instruction (1996)

Abstract Using a combination of techniques to evaluate the Information Literacy Skills Program, University of Botswana, this study found that valuable information about the impact of instruction can be discovered through more open- ended questions. As well, Evaluating Library Instruction should be supplemented by additional methods of evaluation.
Long‐term exposure to enhanced UV‐B radiation is not detrimental to growth and photosynthesis in Douglas‐fir

Summary • The effects are reported here of enhanced UV-B radiation on photosynthesis, growth, and leaf pigments in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) over 3 yrs in both glasshouse and field experiments. • Douglas-fir seedlings were grown at ambient, twice ambient (2X), or three times ambient (3X) biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-BBE) from square-wave (glasshouse) or modulated (field) lamp systems. • Growth was slightly reduced by enhanced UV-BBE during the first year, but recovered in the second and third years to levels equal to, or exceeding, trees under ambient UV-BBE. Enhanced UV-BBE stimulated lateral branch production. Photosynthetic rates were reduced only by the 3X treatment in the glasshouse during the first year. There was no interaction between treatments and leaf age on gas exchange variables. Photosynthetic–light-response curves changed under enhanced UV-BBE with higher light compensation points associated with higher UV-BBE. There were no significant effects on apparent quantum yield. Chlorophyll and UV-absorbing compounds were not affected by enhanced UV-BBE. • Long-term exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation is unlikely to have detrimental effects on growth and gas exchange in interior Douglas fir.
A Distant Perspective on the School of the Dialogue of Cultures Pedagogical Movement in Ukraine and Russia

This article responds to articles that offer the School of the Dialogue of Cultures pedagogical movement in Ukraine and Russia as an approach that will revolutionize schooling. In this response I question the degree to which the exclusive intellectual quality of the private school curriculum could be adapted to schools characterized by poverty and other factors that would mitigate against students' embrace of a classical education.
In Search of the Uncovered Set

This paper pursues a number of theoretical explorations and conjectures pertaining to the uncovered set in spatial voting games. It was stimulated by the article ‘‘The Uncovered Set and the Limits of Legislative Action’’ by W. T. Bianco, I. Jeliazkov, and I. Sened (2004, Political Analysis 12:256–78) that employed a grid-search computational algorithm for estimating the size, shape, and location of the uncovered set, and it has been greatly facilitated by access to the CyberSenate spatial voting software being developed by Joseph Godfrey. I bring to light theoretical considerations that account for important features of the Bianco, Jeliazkov, and Sened results (e.g., the straight-line boundaries of uncovered sets displayed in some of their figures, the ‘‘unexpectedly large’’ uncovered sets displayed in other figures, and the apparent sensitivity of the location of uncovered sets to small shifts in the relative sizes of party caucuses) and present theoretical insights of more general relevance to spatial voting theory.
Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning: Political Cultures in the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism

Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning: Political Cultures in the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (2008), xii + 377 (Duke University Press, Durham, $84.95, paper...
Iron and the risk of infection.

ABSTRACT Background: During bacterial infection, pathogen and host compete for iron (Fe). The inflammatory response associated with infection shifts Fe from the circulation into storage, resulting ...
Activation of the β-galactoside transport system in escherichia coli ML-308 by n-alkanols. Modification of lipid-protein interaction by a change in bilayer fluidity

Abstract The net rate of transport of o- nitrophenyl -β- d - galactopyranoside by Escherichia coli ML-308 is increased at temperatures below the apparent phase transition of the lipid bilayer in the presence of n-alkanols. The degree of activation produced is determined both by the concentration and chain length of the n-alkanol used. At low concentrations n-alkanols “activate” transport, but do not cause either cell lysis or denaturation of β-galactosidase. Arrhenius plots of the kinetic constants for transport indicate the Km shows discontinuity with increasing temperature, while the slope for V changes only gradually. The presence of 10.5 mM n-hexanol increases the value of both Km and V at low temperature. A comparison of these data to those obtained at a single substrate concentration (1.85 mM o-nitrophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside) suggests the biphasic behavior of Arrhenius plots at that concentration may be attributed to changes in the Km for the transport process.
VALUE OF MATERNAL SONCGRAPHY IN THE DETECTION OF CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE URINARY TRACT

During the 1 year period from 1982-1983, 9 cases of congenital urinary malformation referred to our hospital had been detected by maternal ultrasonography. All sonograms were done in the last trimester of pregnancy to evaluate fetal maturity and without suspicion of a possible malformation. All babies had further radiological investigations in the inmediate post natal period including renal sonogram, VCUG and radionuclide renal scan, which correlated well with the prenatal sonogram findings.
Hydrosilylation Synthesis of New Ferrocenylene Copolymers Containing Carbosilylene, Carbosiloxy and Cyclopentadienyliron Dicarbonyl Bridges

Bifunctional organometallic silicon precursor monomers and substrates FC(SiMe2H)2 (1) [FC = (η5-C5H4)Fe(η5-C5H4)]; FC(SiMe2(CH2)xCH=CH2)2 [x = 0 (2), 1 (3)], [η5-C5H4-SiMe2(CH2)xCH=CH2)]Fe(CO)2SiMe2(CH2)xCH=CH2 x = 0 (4), 1 (5) and (η5-C5H4-SiMe2H)Fe(CO)2SiMe2H (6) have been used to make a series of new iron containing polymers via hydrosilylation reactions. In addition to the vinyl- and allyl-containing substrates 2, 3, 4 and 5 the organosilicon compounds [CH2=CHSiMe2]2O, 1,4-(H2C=CH-SiMe2)2C6H4 and (HC≡CH–SiMe2)2O were also used as substrates for the hydrosilylation reaction. The reactions between the various SiH and CH=CH2 and C≡C functionalities were performed in the presence of Pt(0) catalyst and resulted in regioselective (β-isomer and β-(E) isomer) products as determined by NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weights of all the polymers were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography, which revealed oligomeric materials with narrow polydispersity. Cyclic voltammetric studies of exhibited single reversible redox processes due to the Fe(II)/Fe(III) couple when present, and irreversible oxidation for the presence of any Fp Fe atom.
The role of Xenopus membrane progesterone receptor β in mediating the effect of progesterone on oocyte maturation

Rapid, nongenomic membranal effects of progesterone were demonstrated in amphibian oocytes more than 30 y ago. Recently, a distinct family of membrane progestin receptors (mPRs) has been cloned in fish and other vertebrate species. In this study we explore the role of mPR in promoting oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis. RT-PCR analysis indicates that Xenopus oocytes contain transcripts for the mPRβ ortholog, similar to what has been reported in zebrafish oocytes, and Western blotting shows that the protein is expressed on the oocyte plasma membrane. Microinjection of mPRβ-specific antibodies into oocytes resulted in a dramatic inhibition of progesterone-dependent oocyte maturation, whereas microinjection of mRNA encoding Myc-Xenopus mPR (XmPR)β resulted in an accelerated rate of progesterone-induced oocyte maturation, concomitant with membranal localization of the protein. Binding studies in mammalian cells expressing XmPRβ confirmed specific binding of progesterone by the expressed protein. These result...
Neuronal colonic dysplasia: An unusual association of Hirschsprung's disease

A case of neuronal colonic dysplasia in association with Hirschsprung's disease is described. It is suggested that this condition be borne in mind when investigating operated Hirschsprung's cases having residual symptoms.
Nightly variation of periodic leg movements in sleep in middle aged and elderly individuals.

Abstract This study investigated night-to-night variation in periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS). PLMS are common in the elderly, but their mechanism and significance are not understood. Forty-five aged individuals ( X = 69.7 years ) were studied polysomnographically for 2 or 3 nights with surface electrodes placed above the anterior tibialis. Results indicated that PLMS varied considerably from night to night within individuals, though there was not a significant difference between nights for the entire group. Some evidence indicated that individuals with less severe sleep complaints showed greater nightly variation. The nightly variation in PLMS was over four times as large as the nightly variation in breathing disturbance in sleep, another condition common in the sleep of the aged. These data suggest that studies relating PLMS to other key variables (e.g., symptoms of disturbed sleep) should rely on multiple nights of data or, if single night data are used, be particularly careful to replicate findings across samples.
Reaction of 2‐Methylnorborn‐2‐ene with N‐Bromosuccinimide [1]

The reaction of 2-methylnorborn-2-ene with N-bromosuccinimide produced exo-3-bromo-2-methylenenorbornane and 2-methyl-3-bromonortricyclene in a 3:1 ratio. No 2-bromomethyl-norborn-2-ene was found. Most of the unreacted olefin was found to be isomerized to 2-methylenenorbornane. The hydrolysis of 2-methyl-3-bromo-nortricyclene with silver acetate in a 50% mixture of acetone and water afforded the corresponding alcohol and acetate. Exo-3-bromo-2-methylenenorbornane on similar treatment gave the exo-3-hydroxy-2-methylene-norbornane and 2-hydroxymethyl-norbornane and 2-hydroxymethyl-norborn-2-ene and their corresponding acetates in a 3:2 ratio. An ionic rather than a radical mechanism is proposed for the bromination reaction. In the solvolysis reactions of the resulting bromides the nature of the ionic intermediates is discussed.
Criteria and tests for readability of the inductance matrix

Energy considerations and experience have both indicated that measurements of the R, L, and C coefficients of an existing electrical network will lead to the positive semidefinite quadratic forms1?3 $g^{T}(t)Rg(t) \ge0 \eqno {\hbox{(1)}}$ $Q^{T}(t)DQ(t) \ge0 \eqno {\hbox{(2)}}$ $g^{T}(t)Lg(t) \ge0 \eqno {\hbox{(3)}}$.
Effects of Valve Replacement on Ventricular Mechanics in Mitral Regurgitation and Aortic Stenosis

Background This study in humans assessed changes in left ventricular function early and late after correction of mitral regurgitation (MR) (n = 9) or aortic stenosis (AS) (n = 10). Methods Ventricular function was measured with radionuclide and micromanometer-derived pressure-volume loops during preload manipulation, thermodilution cardiac outputs, and echocardiograms. Late radionuclide and echocardiographic data were acquired at 24 hours and 20 months. Results Perioperative left ventricular performance (stroke work- end-diastolic volume relationship) did not change for patients with MR or AS. Significant changes in afterload occurred: ejection fraction (MR, 0.49 to 0.37; AS, 0.54 to 0.60; both, p = 0.013), mean left ventricular ejection pressure (MR, 73 to 91mm Hg; AS, 138 to 93mm Hg; both, p 0.01), and end-systolic wall stress (MR, 26 to 42 × 10 3 dynes/cm 2 ; AS, 37 to 22 × 10 3 dynes/cm 2 ; both, p 0.01). Ejection efficiency improved for MR patients (0.69±0.26 to 1.0±0.15; p 0.05). The 20-month data showed improved New York Heart Association functional class, normal resting ejection fraction, and normal exercise response for both groups. Conclusions Early after operation, a significant change in left ventricular load was seen with correction of MR and AS. Data obtained late after operation showed improvement consistent with ventricular remodeling.
Quantum-like Cognition from Multiplicity of Time Scales in the Brain

The majority of quantum models of cognition are based on quantum physical reductionism. Since the brain is composed of quantum systems, one might try to use QM (as a physical theory) to describe such quantum-like features of mind as complementarity (which was well established in psychology long before creation of QM), "interference of minds" and recently even "mental nonlocality" (under the influence of the EPR-Bohr debate and recent results on Bell's inequality). Opposite to the traditional quantum reductionism, we present a quantum-like model of the brain functioning which is not related to the evident fact that the brain is composed of quantum systems. In our model the quantum-like brain is described by the mathematical formalism of QM. However, quantum-like features are generated on the macrolevel - from processing of information on two time scales: precognitive (the quick one) and cognitive (the slow one). Our basic postulate is that the brain operates with averages (encoding mental quantities - images, emotions, minds) of stochastic processes evolving on the precognitive scale and that these averages are computed approximately by using the mathematical formalism of QM.
Incidental microgenetic development in second‐language teacher–learner talk‐in‐interaction

Adopting a strong socio‐interactionist approach to understanding second‐language acquisition, this article explores incidental microgenetic development during an oral proficiency interview between an intermediate‐level US university learner of French and his teacher. The analytic focus is on the collaborative construction of an object of learning and how the learner and teacher dialogically negotiate an opportunity for development. The data are analysed within a conversation analytic framework in order to elucidate the microinteractional features of the Vygotskian notion of microgenesis. Drawing on three excerpts of the interaction, the analysis centres around the identification of a locus of trouble, mediation as a socio‐interactional achievement, and the learner's appropriation of the object of learning into his own interactional repertoire over time. The discussion then focuses on how learning and development are situated in social action and how conversation analytic research can inform our thinking a...
Numerical behavior of a zooplankton, phytoplankton and phosphorus system

Abstract Several numerical features of a three-dimensional dynamical system which models the three species system made up of phytoplankton, zooplankton and organic phosphorus nutrient in a lake environment are presented. Certain properties of this system, such as the existence of limit cycles, are demonstrated numerically. It is shown that in certain time domains the system may be stiff, thus requiring the use of suitable algorithms.
Multicomponent Space-Charge Transport Model for Ion-Exchange Membranes with Variable Pore Properties

A multicomponent space-charge transport model for an ion-exchange membrane composed of cylindrical pores with a variable radius and/or a variable wall charge density has been developed and tested for the Donnan dialysis separation of aqueous Cs+/Pb2+ and Na+/Pb2+ mixtures with a Nafion 117 cation-exchange membrane. Model equations for ion and water transport take into account ion/fixed-charge site electrostatic interactions, electric-field-induced water dipole orientation, ion-hydration free-energy changes during ion partitioning, concentration-dependent transport parameters, and ion-pair formation between absorbed Pb2+ and the membrane fixed charges. An excellent match of theory with experimental concentration vs time and water flow vs time data was achieved using pores with a constant radius and a repeating high/low square-wave surface charge distribution (where the low surface charge was a consequence of ion pairing). The model could not reproduce Donnan dialysis transport data when (1) the pore radius...
Effect of Furfural and Ethanol on the Growth and Energetics of Yeast under Microaerobic Conditions

Developpement d'un modele pour la croissance et la production d'ethanol par des levures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) dans un chemostat micro-aerobie en regime permanent
INTEGRATING AMAZONIAN VEGETATION, LAND-USE, AND SATELLITE DATA

Attention to differential patterns and rates of secondary succession on deforested land in the Amazon Basin can help formulate future policies. Amazon deforestation is driven by policies that favor cattle over people as occupants of the frontier, not primarily population growth as in Asia. Deforestation has transformed Brazil into the world's fourth major contributor of carbon to the atmosphere. This article discusses the following topics: How and why deforestation occured; use of Landsat satellite data to study deforestation and vegetation patterns; analytical procedures for satellite data analysis; Transamazon highway vegetational change. 62 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
Ultraviolet differences between the Sulphur Butterflies, Colias eurytheme and C. philodice, and a possible isolating mechanism.

Two common North American “sulphur” butterflies, Colias eurytheme and C. philodice, hybridize widely over much of the United States. The planting of dense agricultural stands of larval foodplants, together with habitat destruction starting about 1850, are believed to have affected the species' geographical ranges and abundances, causing extensive sympatry over much of the eastern United States1, setting the stage for introgression. Taxonomists have tried to separate the species on the basis of visible wing coloration, but this varies continuously from orange (pure eurytheme) through yellow–orange (eurytheme and many hybrids) to yellow (philodice and rarely eurytheme). Female polymorphism and numerous described infraspecific taxa compound the taxonomic confusion. Although some of this variation has been attributed to genetic (refs. 2 (and references therein) and 3) and environmental factors4, species determinations are often guesswork. We wish to point out two correlated qualitative characters that can be used to separate these species. One character, ultraviolet reflexion, may be more than a taxonomic tool—it may be the butterflies' own carte de visite.
Determining motion parameters using intensity guided range sensing

Abstract This paper describes a method for the direct computation of rotation and translation parameters of an object using multisensory data gathered from intensity and range sensors. Intensity images which can be gathered rapidly are used as the basis for guiding the extraction of a small set of correspondent points whose three-dimensional coordinates can be determined by a range sensing device. Library-model centered motion transformations are computed using a least squares approach. Object centered motion parameters are derived by computing the transformation between successive positions of the object. Results are presented for range and intensity images of synthetic and laboratory scenes
Information Spread in a Region of Human–Mountain Lion Coexistence

The media has a significant role in spreading information about human–wildlife conflict, yet it is not the only information source available. The extent to which the public receives information about conflict from various sources, especially in areas where it is occurring, has not been well established. A questionnaire survey and media content analysis are used to uncover how the public receives information about mountain lion (Puma concolor) issues in Santa Cruz County, California. In the region, individuals had substantial experience with mountain lions. Residents also discussed mountain lion issues with friends and neighbors nearly as often as they read about them. In newspaper articles, citizens were cited more than any other group, including government agencies, scientists, and nongovernmental organizations. Understanding the high levels of public experience and information sharing can lend managers insight into attitudes, risk perception, and knowledge, while revealing opportunities for outreach bey...
Expression of the δ-crystallin genes in the embryonic chicken lens

Abstract The amounts of lens mRNA derived from the δ1- and δ2-crystallin genes of the chicken were determined by primer extension experiments using gene-specific synthetic oligonucleotides. The primer extended products were sequenced to establish the identity of the resulting cDNAs. The results indicated that most of the δ-crystallin mRNA in the 14-day-old embryonic lens contained transcripts derived from the δ1 gene. Importantly, however, about 1–2% of the extended products were derived from δ2 mRNA. Although not quantitative, the primer extension experiments suggested that the δ1 δ2 mRNA ratio may differ in the lens fiber cells during development between 6 days of embryogenesis and 3 weeks after hatching. These data provide the first demonstration for the presence of δ2-crystallin mRNA in the chicken lens and raise the possibility that the two linked, extremely similar δ-crystallin genes are differentially regulated during development.
Calculation of electric fields induced near metal implants by magnetic resonance imaging switched-gradient magnetic fields

Electric (E) fields induced near metal implants by MRI switched-gradient magnetic fields are calculated by a new equivalent-circuit numerical technique. Induced E-field results are found for a metallic spinal-fusion implant consisting of two thin wires connected to the metallic case of a current generator as well as for its subsections: a bare U-shaped wire, an insulated U-shaped wire, a cut insulated wire, and a generator. The presence of the metallic implants perturbs the E field significantly. Near the ends of the bare U-shaped wire, the E field is 89.7 times larger than in the absence of the wire. The greatest E field concentration occurs near the ends of the cut insulated wire, where the E field is 196.7 times greater than in the absence of the wire. In all cases, the perturbation of the induced E field by the implanted wire is highly localized within a few diameters of the wire.
Autoantibodies and cardiac arrhythmias

Autoimmune diseases are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, afflicting about 5% of the US population. They encompass a wide range of disorders that affect all organs of the human body and have a predilection for women. In the past, autoimmune pathogenesis was not thought to be a major mechanism for cardiovascular disorders, and potential relationships remain understudied. However, accumulating evidence suggests that a number of vascular and cardiac conditions are autoimmune mediated. Recent studies indicate that autoantibodies play an important role in the development of cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, modulation of autonomic influences on heart rate and rhythm, conduction system abnormalities, and ventricular arrhythmias. This article will review the current evidence for the role of autoantibodies in the development of cardiac arrhythmias.
Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenases containing altered MoFe proteins with substitutions in the FeMo-cofactor environment: effects on the catalyzed reduction of acetylene and ethylene.

Altered MoFe proteins of Azotobacter vinelandii Mo-nitrogenase, with amino acid substitutions in the FeMo-cofactor environment, were used to probe interactions among C2H2, C2H4, CO, and H2. The altered MoFe proteins used were the α-195Asn or α-195Gln MoFe proteins, which have either asparagine or glutamine substituting for α-histidine-195, and the α-191Lys MoFe protein, which has lysine substituting for α-glutamine-191. On the basis of Km determinations, C2H2 was a particularly poor substrate for the nitrogenase containing the α-191Lys MoFe protein. Using C2D2, a correlation was shown between the stereospecificity of proton addition to give the products, cis- and trans-C2D2H2, and the propensity of nitrogenase to produce ethane. The most extensive loss of stereospecificity occurred with nitrogenases containing either the α-195Asn or the α-191Lys MoFe proteins, which also exhibited the highest rate of ethane production from C2H2. These data are consistent with the presence of a common ethylenic intermediate on the enzyme, which is responsible for both ethane production and loss of proton-addition stereochemistry. C2H4 was not a substrate of the nitrogenase with the α-191Lys MoFe protein and was a poor substrate of the nitrogenases incorporating either the wild-type or the α-195Gln MoFe protein, both of which had a low Vmax and high Km (120 kPa). Ethylene was a somewhat better substrate for the nitrogenase with the α-195Asn MoFe protein, which exhibited a Km of 48 kPa and a specific activity for C2H6 formation from C2H4 10-fold higher than the others. Neither the wild-type nitrogenase nor the nitrogenase containing the α-195Asn MoFe protein produced cis-C2D2H2 when turned over under trans-C2D2H2. These results suggest that the C2H4-reduction site is affected by substitution at residue α-195, although whether the effect is related to the substrate-reduction site directly or is mediated through disturbance of the delivery of electrons/protons is unclear. Ethylene inhibited total electron flux, without uncoupling MgATP hydrolysis from electron transfer, to a similar extent for all four A. vinelandii nitrogenases. This observation indicates that this C2H4 flux-inhibition site is remote from the C2H4-reduction site. Added CO eliminated C2H4 reduction but did not fully relieve its electron-flux inhibition with all four A. vinelandii nitrogenases, supporting the suggestion that electron-flux inhibition by C2H4 is not directly connected to C2H4 reduction. Thus, C2H4 has two binding sites, and the presence of CO affects only the site at which it binds as a substrate. When C2H2 was added, it also eliminated C2H6 production from C2H4 and also did not relieve electron-flux inhibition fully. Thus, C2H2 and C2H4 are likely reduced at the same site on the MoFe protein. Two schemes are presented to integrate the results of the interactions of C2H2 and C2H4 with the MoFe proteins.
A simple method for estimating unconditional heterogeneity distributions in correlated random effects models

Abstract I propose a general, simple approach to recovering an unconditional heterogeneity distribution when a conditional distribution has been estimated. The approach can be applied to cross section models and panel data models–both static and dynamic–with unobserved heterogeneity.
Evidence of Selective Packaging and Different α-Granule Subtypes in Canine Platelets

Platelets are circulating megakaryocytic cytoplasmic fragments that are required to maintain vascular integrity and prevent haemorrhage. During activation, platelets release hundreds of bioactive proteins, mainly by secretion of α-granule content. These proteins include von Willebrand factor (vWF) and fibrinogen, major adhesive proteins involved in haemostasis. Human and mouse platelet α-granules are packaged selectively to contain different molecules and platelets can differentially release these proteins on specific receptor activation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to analyse vWF and fibrinogen localization within canine platelet α-granules. In resting canine platelets, the majority of platelet vWF and fibrinogen is located in separate α-granule populations. These findings provide evidence that canine platelets contain different α-granule subtypes, suggesting that selective protein packaging occurs during canine platelet ontology.
The effect of folate and folate analogs upon dihydrofolate reductase and DNA synthesis in kidneys of normal mice.

Abstract A single subcutaneous injection of folate, homofolate or MTX resulted in the inhibition of the activity of dihydrofolate reductase in homogenates prepared from the kidneys of normal mice. Stimulation of 3H-thymidine uptake occurred in the kidneys of treated animals approximately 30 hr after administration of either folate or homofolate, and reached a peak 72 hr after administration. The effects of folate and MTX on dihydrofolate reductase activity in vivo were also determined. One hr after administration of 15 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX) or 300 mg/kg folate, enzyme activity in vivo was inhibited by 90%. 3H-deoxyuridine uptake was neither stimulated nor depressed after treatment with MTX. After administration of folate, uptake of 3H-deoxyuridine was stimulated at approximately 30 hr after drug-treatment and reached a peak at 72 hr after folate administration. Treatment with xanthopterin had no effect on the activity of dihydrofolate reductase in vitro . Xanthopterin stimulated uptake of both deoxyuridine and thymidine in an identical manner. The increased DNA synthesis that occurs in animals after treatment with agents that cause renal damage is distinct from the effect these agents have upon dihydrofolate reductase. Nucleoside incorporation after treatment with folate, homofolate, MTX or xanthopterin cannot be predicted on the basis of enzyme inhibition. Treatment with MTX, folate or homofolate results in enzyme inhibition which is not correlated with the uptake of deoxyuridine into DNA.
Leishmania tropica: Chemostatic cultivation

Abstract A semidefined, cell-free liquid medium was developed which supported batch cultivation of L. tropica, L. donovani , and L. brasiliensis , after preadaptation over N.I.H. blood agar. Average batch growth peaks of 2.4 × 10 8 cells/ml for L. tropica , 4.1 × 10 7 cells/ml for L. donovani , and 9.9 × 10 7 cells/ml for L. brasiliensis were reached on the sixth day of incubation using an initial culture cell number of approximately 1.0 × 10 6 cells/ml. In the new medium, batch growth of L. tropica resulted in a mean generation time of 9.1 hours and a mean specific growth rate of 0.07655/hour. A calculated chemostat flow rate of 7.2 ml/hour for L. tropica based on the mean specific growth rate resulted in relatively stable population densities of 7.64 × 10 7 cells/ml during the first 15-day experiment and 2.1 × 10 8 cells/ml during the second 25-day experiment. A “steady-state” pH of 7.1 during both chemostat experiments was obtained. An initial period of 3 days, after starting the peristaltic pump, seemed to be required before population density and suspension pH stabilized.
A new watermarking approach for relational data

The importance of digital watermarking for digital assets such as relational databases to preserve their copyrights is becoming more and more important as time goes by. In the past few years, a large number of techniques have been proposed for hiding copyright marks specifically on relational databases. In this paper, we present an effective watermarking technique for relational data that is robust against various attacks. While previous techniques have been mainly concerned with introducing errors into the actual data, our approach inserts new tuples that are not real and we call them "fake" tuples, to the relation as watermarks. We will show that our approach leads to an effective technique that is robust against different forms of malicious attacks as well as benign updates to the data.
Agglutination of pseudomonad cells by plant products

Abstract Cells of plant pathogenic and saprophytic species of pseudomonads were differentially agglutinated by preparations from Dark Red kidney bean leaves. Water homogenates of bean leaves caused agglutination of the saprophytic pseudomonads Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida but no agglutination of the plant pathogens P. phaseolicola or P. syringae . Agglutination with P. tabaci was variable. The agglutinin was detected in both pellet and supernatant after centrifugation of the water homogenate at 6000 g for 10 min. This agglutinin was protease and trypsin stable, was insensitive to salt except above 0·15 M and required a divalent metal ion for activity. An agglutinin with apparently different properties was released by 0·3 m NaCl treatment of a crude preparation. of isolated bean leaf cell walls. This wall-released agglutinin caused a more variable agglutination of both saprophytic and pathogenic pseudomonads. The wall agglutinin was protease and trypsin labile and was inhibited by salt or metal ions above 0·02 m . Agglutination of pseudomonad cells by characterized plant components was also demonstrated. Pectin and galacturonic acid but not other plant cell wall polysaccharides produced agglutination. The plant lectins concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and phytohemagglutinin but not ricin caused agglutination of the bacterial cells.
Moderately Long-Range Interatomic Forces

The moderately long-range interaction energies of degenerate atoms for nonresonant cases have been studied throughout the moderately long-range region. Extensive tabulation of necessary parameters and atomic properties for the calculation of the first-order quadrupole-quadrupole interaction energies has been made. Higher multipole interactions also have been considered and it has been shown that the $\frac{1}{R}$ series of the first-order Coulombic interaction energies converges very fast throughout the long-range region for atoms in the ground configuration. The effects of atomic spin-orbit splitting have been considered explicitly. It has been shown that ($\ensuremath{\Delta}, S$) coupling and intermediate coupling may be important for the interactions between B, C, O, Al, Si, and Sc atoms in the relatively short internuclear separation range. For other atoms, the (${J}_{a}, {J}_{b}$) coupling scheme will give satisfactory results throughout the long-range region. The experimental determination of the moderately long-range interatomic forces from predissociation data also has been discussed.The estimated van der Waals dispersion energies for the first-row atoms are shown to be of almost the same size as the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction energies at the separation of twice the sum of the atomic radii. It has been also shown that the leading term [$\ensuremath{\theta}(\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}}{{R}^{3}})$] of the magnetic interaction energy of two degenerate atoms is 10\ensuremath{\sim}20% of the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction energy at $R=30{a}_{0}$ through the third-row atoms.
On the (African) origins of Palenquero subject pronouns

SummaryA principal aim of this paper is to show that (1) the Palenquero (Colombia) pronominal system in toto needs to berevised in the direction of greater Africanicity, and (2) speakers of Kikongo must have played a dominant role in the formationof Palenquero. This study offers evidence for the multiple (European, African, and Euro-African) origins of the Palenqueroperson/number markers. I argue that the traditional etymological analyses of these markers are fundamentally flawed in tworespects: First, i- (1sg.), o- (2sg.), and e- (3sg.) — allegedly Spanish-derived pronouns— are actually of African rather than European descent; and second, the genesis of y- ‘I’ involvedconvergence instead of direct linear descent from a single language (i.e., Spanish yo). This investigation revindicatesearlier studies that have sought to emphasize the importance of the African substrate to the evolution of Atlantic contactvernaculars in general.ResumeLe but principal de cet article est de montrer (1) que le systeme pronominal du palenquero (Colombie) est globalementplus africain qu’on ne l’admet generalement, et (2) que le kikongo a du jouer un roleimportant dans la formation de cette langue. Cette etude offre des arguments en faveur d’origines multiples(europeennes, africaines et euro-africaines) pour le systeme pronominal palenquero, et montre que les analysesetymologiques traditionnelles des pronoms palenqueros souffrent de plusieurs defauts (par exemple, je montre quei- (1sg.), o- (2sg.) et e- (3sg.) ne sont pas d’origine europeenne, mais africaine). Cet articletend donc a confirmer les etudes anterieures qui ont cherche a souligner l’importance du substratafricain dans l’evolution des langues de contact atlantiques en general.ZusammenfassungEin Hauptziel dieser Studie ist zu zeigen, dass (1) das Pronominalsystem im Palenquero (Kolumbien) in totostarker von afrikanischen Sprachen als bisher angenommen beinflusst wurde, und (2) Kikongo eine wichtige Rolle in derGenese des Palenquero gespielt hat. Dieser Beitrag liefert Beweise fur den unterschiedlichen (afrikanischen,europaischen, und euroafrikanischen) Ursprung verschiedener Palenquero-Pronomen. Die Studie zeigt auch, dass dietraditionellen etymologischen Analysen dieser Pronomen revidiert werden mussen (die Pronominalformen i-(1sg.), o- (2sg.), und e- (3sg.) zum Beispiel haben keinen europaischen sondern einen afrikanischenUrsprung). Meine Schlussfolgerungen unterstutzen diejenigen Studien, die versucht haben, die Wichtigkeit desafrikanischen Substrats in der Genese der atlantischen Kontaktsprachen ganz allgemein hervorzuheben.
The neuro-biomolecular basis of alertness in sleep disorders

Sleep is present in all species in which it has been studied, but its functions remain unknown. Identification of the molecular correlates of sleep and wakefulness is essential if we are to understand the restorative processes that occur during sleep, the cellular mechanisms that underlie sleep regulation, and the functional consequences of sleep loss and poor quality sleep. To address the questions of how we know whether sleep has performed its functions and whether treatment has improved sleep quality, we have proposed a synaptic homeostasis hypothesis about the significance of slow wave activity (SWA) during sleep and its homeostatic regulation. Briefly, the hypothesis states that (1) wakefulness is associated with potentiation in several cortical circuits; (2) synaptic potentiation is then tied to the homeostatic regulation of SWA; (3) SWA is associated with synaptic downscaling; and (4) synaptic downscaling is tied to the beneficial effects of sleep on performance. According to this hypothesis, the potentiation of neural circuits that results from synaptic plasticity during alert wakefulness is responsible for SWA homeostasis. Increasing noradrenergic activity increases the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP)-related genes, and interference with these changes block the induction of markers of synaptic potentiation during alert wakefulness. Inducing local LTP-like changes during alert wakefulness also results in increased local slow wave homeostasis. Thus, as SWA homeostasis can be induced on a local level or can be triggered by a learning task, and is strongly correlated with postsleep performance enhancement, plasticity during alert wakefulness depends on good sleep, which, in turn, depends on efficient synaptic downscaling.
Arithmetic in generalized Artin-Schreier extensions of k(x)

Abstract If k is a perfect field of characteristic p ≠ 0 and k ( x ) is the rational function field over k , it is possible to construct cyclic extensions K n over k ( x ) such that [ K : k ( x )] = p n using the concept of Witt vectors. This is accomplished in the following way; if [ β 1 , β 2 ,…, β n ] is a Witt vector over k ( x ) = K 0 , then the Witt equation y p • y = β generates a tower of extensions through K i = K i−1 ( y i ) where y = [ y 1 , y 2 ,…, y n ] . In this paper, it is shown that there exists an alternate method of generating this tower which lends itself better for further constructions in K n . This alternate generation has the form K i = K i −1 ( y i ); y i p − y i = B i , where, as a divisor in K i −1 , B i has the form (B i ) = q Πp j λ j . In this form q is prime to Πp j λ j and each λ j is positive and prime to p . As an application of this, the alternate generation is used to construct a lower-triangular form of the Hasse-Witt matrix of such a field K n over an algebraically closed field of constants.
Relation between pulse oximetry and clinical score in children with acute wheezing less than 24 months of age.

The aim of this study was to determine the relation between transcutaneous hemoglobin oxygen saturation, measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2), and clinical score values in 138 infants (mean+/-SD, 6.6+/-5.5 months of age) with acute wheezing episodes presenting in a primary care outpatient setting. A single investigator evaluated the severity of the acute wheezing episodes by assigning a clinical score and was unaware of the SpO2 values. Another investigator measured SpO2 values on all subjects. The mean (+/-SD) SpO2 value was 98.2+/-1.1% for children with clinical scores of 2-5 (n = 32); 95.4+/-1.5% for those with scores of 6-7 (n = 82), and 92.9+/-2% for children with scores of 8-10 (n = 24), (P 8.
Long-term oral anticoagulant therapy for coronary artery disease.

The findings of recent clinical trials have led to renewed interest in the role of oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. However, there are currently two major limitations to the routine use of oral anticoagulant therapy. The first is the need for laboratory monitoring and dose adjustment. This limitation may be overcome if fixed low doses of warfarin (e.g. 1 mg/day), which have antithrombotic effects, are shown by clinical trials to be effective and safe. A second limitation to oral anticoagulant therapy is uncertainty about its effectiveness and safety compared to aspirin, or in combination with aspirin. The current pathophysiologic knowledge and recent clinical trial data provide support for further clinical trials evaluating combined warfarin and aspirin treatment in the long-term care of patients with coronary artery disease, and in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction.
The three scales of submarine groundwater flow and discharge across passive continental margins

Abstract Increased study of submarine groundwater systems in recent years has provided a wealth of new data and techniques, but some ambiguity has been introduced by insufficient distinguishing of the relevant spatial scales of the phenomena studied. Submarine groundwater flow and discharge on passive continental margins can be most productively studied and discussed by distinct consideration of the following three spatial scales: (1) the nearshore scale, spanning approximately 0–10 m offshore and including the unconfined surficial aquifer; (2) the embayment scale, spanning approximately 10 m to as much as 10 km offshore and including the first confined submarine aquifer and its terminus; and (3) the shelf scale, spanning the width and thickness of the aquifers of the entire continental shelf, from the base of the first confined aquifer downward to the basement, and including influences of geothermal convection and glacio-eustatic change in sea level.
Angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonism normalizes retinal blood flow and acetylcholine-induced vasodiliation in normotensive diabetic rats

The renin angiotensin system is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy. This study examines the effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition by captopril and angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonism using candesartan-cilexetil on retinal blood flow and acetylcholine-stimulated vasodilatation in normotensive diabetic rats. Non-diabetic or streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated for 2 weeks with captopril (100 mg/kg/day) or candesartan cilexetil (2 mg/kg/day). Retinal haemodynamics were measured using video fluorescein angiography. Effects of exogenous acetylcholine on retinal haemodynamics were examined following intravitreal injection. Total retinal diacylglycerol was labelled using diacylglycerol kinase, separated by thin-layer chromatography, and quantified using autoradiography. Diabetic rats had prolonged retinal mean circulation time and decreased retinal blood flow compared with non-diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with either captopril or candesartan blocked the development of these blood flow abnormalities. Intraviteral injection of acetylcholine (10−5 mol/l) in non-diabetic rats increased retinal blood flow by 53.9±22.0% relative to baseline whereas this response to acetylcholine was blunted in diabetic rats (4.4±19.6%, p<0.001). Candesartan treatment of diabetic rats restored the acetylcholine-stimulated retinal blood flow response to 60.0±18.7% compared with a 56.2+20.1% response in candesartan-treated non-diabetic rats. Total retinal diacylglycerol levels were increased in diabetic rats (3.75±0.98 nmol/mg, p<0.05) compared with non-diabetic rats (2.13±0.25 nmol/mg) and candesartan-treatment of diabetic rats normalized diacylglycerol levels (2.10±0.25 nmol/mg, p<0.05). This report provides evidence that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and AT1 receptor antagonism ameliorates retinal haemodynamic dysfunctions in normotensive diabetic rats.
Design Teams as Change Agents: Diplomatic Design in the Open Data Movement

Designers and developers who want to participate in the open data movement should be more than technical experts; they should also be change agents. Realizing open data's promise of innovation and entrepreneurialism requires the support of diverse stakeholders. Government agencies must release accessible and useful data; developers must use the data to build tools; and citizens must adopt the technology. The interests of one group may come at the expense of another. For this reason, we examine the usefulness of a diplomatic design approach, which focuses on the art and practice of conducting negotiations using specialized techniques. We conducted an exploratory case study on a national nonprofit fellowship program as it worked to design not only technology but also organizational and social change in the context of a digital government engagement.
The organization of electronic resources in the library and information science curriculum

This paper describes the introduction and integration of the organization of electronic resources into the library and information science curriculum. The description is based upon the experience of the School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill although it is representative of practices at other schools. It identifies courses throughout the curriculum which have the organization of electronic resources as a major focus, those with some coverage, and courses with a peripheral relationship to the topic. It also identifies other means by which the topic can be included in a student’s program.