cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pedagogical Benchmark Experiment for the Application of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization in Early Stage Building Design

This research is built upon a previously established early stage multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) framework, entitled Evolutionary Energy Performance Feedback for Design (EEPFD), and proceeds with observing the impact of EEPFD on the early stages of design by conducting a pedagogical benchmark experiment. This experiment has two main observational interests. The first objective is to observe discrepancies between the human versus automated decision making processes and the resulting performance of the solution space from each process. The second objective is to understand students’ ability to translate their design intent into a parametric model, as this is a crucial component in the implementation of EEPFD. By comparing EEPFD and the benchmark pedagogical process, this paper provides an initial assessment of the potential of EEPFD to reduce latency in decision making and to find superior performing design solutions compared to the benchmark process. At the completion of this experiment it was observed that EEPFD was able to deliver superior performing design solution spaces, but that students encountered difficulties in the translation of their design intent into a functioning parametric model. INTRODUCTION + RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Buildings consume nearly half (49%) of all energy used by the United States. Building Operations alone account for 43.5% of U.S. energy consumed today while construction and building materials account for an additional 5.5% (Architecture 203
Paper 22: Soft-Metal Bearings

The rapid increase in the use of aluminium-alloy bearings is the most important development in soft-metal bearings over the last ten years. The context of this development is outlined, and reference made to other developments of high potential, notably oxide dispersion hardened tin, and metal-plastic composites.
Reactive Deposition of Dielectrics by Ion Beam Assisted E-beam Evaporation

Fabrication of high index contrast waveguide stacks for biosensing and other applications require nanometer scale thickness control. Nanoscale dielectric films from electron-beam evaporation can be difficult to obtain due to the resulting porosity and poor stoichiometry of the films. An alternative approach is the reactive deposition of the film from a metal source in the presence of oxygen ions. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we have shown that greater control over thickness and index of refraction of silicon dioxide depositions can be obtained through reactive depositions as compared to depositions from SiO2 dielectric source material itself. Through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), the Si-O in-phase stretching peak at 1078 cm-1 can be traced, allowing us to determine the stoichiometry of the film. The effects of performing depositions of aluminum oxide dielectric source material in the presence of oxygen ions has also been investigated. Through the use of the oxygen ion source, greater control over index of refraction and optical losses has been observed. By controlling ion source parameters, the aluminum oxide films’ index of refraction can be engineered within a range of 1.58 to 1.64, and waveguide losses can be reduced to as low as 2.0 dB/cm.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer with Doxorubicin Hydrochloride and Cyclophosphamide: Preliminary Report

We describe 25 patients with bladder cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin hydrochloride and cyclophosphamide after radical cystectomy. Two patients had stage A disease, 3 had stage B, 3 had stage C and 17 had stage D. The 2 patients with stage A tumors have been free of disease for 12 and 15 months, respectively, and the 3 patients with stage B tumors have been free of disease for an average of 25 months. Of the 3 patients with stage C tumors 2 have been free of disease for an average of 34.5 months. Of the 17 patients with stage D tumors 10 have been free of disease for an average of 1 year (59 per cent). These preliminary results seem to indicate the value of adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin hydrochloride and cyclophosphamide in cases of bladder cancer.
Bacillus cereus : Aerobic Growth Kinetics.

Three strains of Bacillus cereus were cultured in brain heart infusion medium aerobically under conditions of variable temperature (5 to 42°C), sodium chloride concentrations (0.5-5%), pH (4.5 - 7.5), and sodium nitrite concentration (0 mg/L - 200 mg/L) to simulate conditions of normal and adverse food storage. Cultures were sampled at selected times, and plate counts were used to calculate growth curves under each condition. None of the three strains grew at 5°C, but growth did occur slowly at 8°C, and was most rapid at a temperature of 37°C. Growth occurred in media without additives in all pH's examined between 8 and 42°C. Decreasing the pH and increasing levels of sodium chloride and sodium nitrite increased the lag phase and generation times of the organism.
The Cost of Counterterrorism: The Perilous Dichotomy

“In times of danger, the weight of concerns for public safety increases relative to that of liberty concerns, and civil liberties are narrowed. In safer times, the balance shifts the other way and civil liberties are broadened.” Judge Richard Posner, US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 2006 “Civil liberties are a vital part of our country, and of our world. But the most basic liberty of all is the right of the ordinary citizen to go about their business free from fear or terror.” Prime Minister Tony Blair, 2001 “I think that the [1974] Terrorism Act helped to both steady opinion and to provide some additional protection. I do not regret having introduced it. But I would have been horrified to have been told at the time that it would still be law nearly two decades later … It should teach one to be careful about justifying something on the ground that it is only for a short time.” Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, former UK Home Secretary, 1991 Six days after the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Representative James Sensenbrenner, Chair of the House Judiciary Committee, stepped out of the shower in his home in Wisconsin and overheard a familiar voice on television: Attorney General John Ashcroft was calling on Congress to pass the administration's antiterrorism legislation within a week. Sensenbrenner, for whom this bill came as something of a surprise, immediately got on the telephone to demand a copy of it.
Lessons of Growth Experience

The economic growth experience of other countries provides two important tests for the development process. One is the historical test showing why some countries succeeded in growing. The other is the empirical test of the most prevalent theory of economic growth. The historical test is more comprehensive, since it includes economic policies and also institutional and political decision making that affect the growth process. The empirical test is more econometric in that it seeks to test specific hypotheses, for example how does export substitution accentuate the growth process? How does “knowledge capital” improve the externality effect, where the latter measures the impact of information technology (IT) and the related knowledge from the base sector to other sectors of the economy?
The Distribution of Advanced Practice Nurses and Population Health in U.S. Frontier Counties

Residents of frontier counties have disparate access to healthcare due to geographic and economic factors that impact the availability of health care providers and services. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNS) in U.S. frontier counties and to evaluate the relationship between the presence of APRNs and population health outcomes those counties. The sample included data from 308 frontier counties in 14 states and 858 licensed APRNs residing in those counties. This cross-sectional ecological comparative study utilized the concept of nurse d ose to evaluate the relationship between the presence of APRNs and population health outcomes in frontier counties. Findings include significantly lower premature death and teen birth rates in frontier counties where APRNs or physicians are present. Keywords: Frontier, Advanced practice nurses, Rural/Remote
The Two Hundred and Fifty Year Transition: How the American Empire Became Capitalist

This paper aims to rethink United States history from the colonial era through the Civil War and Reconstruction by examining how capitalism and empire joined together as the logic of expansion increasingly became driven by the logic of capital over approximately two hundred and fifty years. Specifically, it argues that (what became) the United States originated as a ‘society with capitalism’ and became a ‘capitalist society’. This transition was a highly complex and uneven process as a variety of social forms developed and interacted, and in which there was not one road to capitalism, but a variety, depending on the historical circumstance. To accomplish this, first, the article reviews the Marx-Weber debate to develop a theoretical and methodological approach to the historical sociology of capitalism. The remainder of the paper focuses on narrating an empirical interpretation of the transition to capitalism including the diversity of labor forms capital historically utilized.
S. Griswold Morely y Richard W. Tyler, Los nombres de personajes en las comedias de Lope de Vega. Estudio de onomatología. University of California, Berkeley-Los Angeles [impreso en Valencia], 1961; 2 tomos: 722 pp. (UCPMPh, 55).

Se reseno el libro: Los nombres de personajes en las comedias de Lope de Vega. Estudio de onomatologia.
Method to design apochromat and superachromat objectives

We present a simple method to design apochromat and superachromat objectives. The chromatic focal shift is used to determine glass combinations that yield three and four crossings in the chromatic focal shift curve. The method can be extended to design superachromats with more than four crossings.
Reconciling contradictory findings: Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) functions as an oligomer of allosteric, alternating access transporters

Recent structural studies suggest that GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1)-mediated sugar transport is mediated by an alternating access transporter that successively presents exofacial (e2) and endofacial (e1) substrate-binding sites. Transport studies, however, indicate multiple, interacting (allosteric), and co-existent, exo- and endofacial GLUT1 ligand-binding sites. The present study asks whether these contradictory conclusions result from systematic analytical error or reveal a more fundamental relationship between transporter structure and function. Here, homology modeling supported the alternating access transporter model for sugar transport by confirming at least four GLUT1 conformations, the so-called outward, outward-occluded, inward-occluded, and inward GLUT1 conformations. Results from docking analysis suggested that outward and outward-occluded conformations present multiple β-d-glucose and maltose interaction sites, whereas inward-occluded and inward conformations present only a single β-d-glucose interaction site. Gln-282 contributed to sugar binding in all GLUT1 conformations via hydrogen bonding. Mutating Gln-282 to alanine (Q282A) doubled the Km(app) for 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake and eliminated cis-allostery (stimulation of sugar uptake by subsaturating extracellular maltose) but not trans-allostery (uptake stimulation by subsaturating cytochalasin B). cis-Allostery persisted, but trans-allostery was lost in an oligomerization-deficient GLUT1 variant in which we substituted membrane helix 9 with the equivalent GLUT3 sequence. Moreover, Q282A eliminated cis-allostery in the oligomerization variant. These findings reconcile contradictory conclusions from structural and transport studies by suggesting that GLUT1 is an oligomer of allosteric, alternating access transporters in which 1) cis-allostery is mediated by intrasubunit interactions and 2) trans-allostery requires intersubunit interactions.
Tuning up T-cell receptors.

T-cell receptors with higher affinity for tumor antigens are discovered by harnessing T-cell development.
Glucose Metabolism in Cancer: The Saga of Pyruvate Kinase Continues

Altered glucose metabolism is common in cancer. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Morita et al. report new mouse models that express specific isoforms of pyruvate kinase to study glycolysis in tumors. They report several unanticipated findings that challenge current ideas in cancer metabolism.
Calcium and Phosphate Control in Patients With Renal Disease

Calcium intake is important in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for several reasons: in control of serum phosphorus concentration, in modulation of parathyroid gland hyperplasia, as a factor in extraosseous (particularly vascular) mineralization, and in protecting the skeleton from osteoporosis. Moreover, disturbances of calcium and phosphate balance have long been recognized as sentinel and persistent markers of kidney disease.
Photosynthetic glow peaks and their relationship with the free energy changes

This paper is concerned with relating thermoluminescence to the total free-energy change, EG, involved in detrapping a particular electron-hole pair as a photosynthetic sample is warmed from an initial low temperature. It extends a mathematical discussion of four possible mechanisms introduced in an earlier paper [DeVault, Govindjee and Arnold, Proc Nat'l Acad Sci USA 80:983-987 (1983)]; here, particular attention is paid to the dependence of the absolute temperature of the maximum of a glow-peak, Tin, on the total free-energy change, EG. The conclusion from the cases studied is that Tm = EG/(kB W) where ZG is evaluated at Tm, W is a complicated function of temperature and of thermodynamic parameters in the steps of the mechanism, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. If the rate limiting step in the mechanism of detrapping is not preceded by any step in which AG is appreciably negative, Wis likely to have a value of about 33 and Tm is approximately proportional to EG. Otherwise W can become much smaller and more strongly dependent on temperature and Tm is no longer proportional to YG. These conclusions are of significance in lending theoretical support to the practice of inferring redox midpoint potential changes from shifts in Tin.
Two new species of flattie spiders (Araneae: Selenopidae) and descriptions of undescribed males from the Caribbean.

Two new species of Selenops, S. anacaona sp. nov. (♀) and S. caonabo sp. nov. (♀), are described from the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. These two new species increase the number of endemic Selenops on Hispaniola to 13, surpassing Cuba, which currently has 11 endemic species. Additionally, the male of S. pensilis Muma, 1953 from Hispaniola is described, as well as the male of S. petrunkevitchi Alayon, 2003 from Jamaica. Full distribution records are given for the new species and the newly described males, and new records are provided for the following species: S. aequalis Franganillo, 1935, S. bocacandensis Crews, 2011, S. candidus Muma, 1953, S. micropalpus Muma, 1953, S. morro Crews, 2011, S. simius Muma, 1953, S. souliga Crews, 2011, and S. submaculosus Bryant, 1940.
Service employee dress: Effects on employee-customer interactions and customer-brand relationship at full-service restaurants

Abstract Using social comparison theory, the purpose of this study is to examine how service employees' dress shapes employee-customer interactions and customer-brand relationship in full-service restaurants. An analysis of 437 useable customer responses collected via an online survey indicated that appropriateness of employee dress improves employee-brand congruence, which then enhances both employee aesthetic trait and enjoyable interaction. Both employee aesthetic trait and enjoyable interaction also improve the customer-employee connection. Furthermore, gratification motivation and social motivation each mediates the effects of customer-employee connection on customers’ affective commitment toward the full-service restaurant brand.
Impact of Circadian Disruption on Cardiovascular Function and Disease

The circadian system, that is ubiquitous across species, generates ∼24 h rhythms in virtually all biological processes, and allows them to anticipate and adapt to the 24 h day/night cycle, thus ensuring optimal physiological function. Epidemiological studies show time-of-day variations in adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, and controlled laboratory studies demonstrate a circadian influence on key markers of CV function and risk. Furthermore, circadian misalignment, that is typically experienced by shift workers as well as by individuals who experience late eating, (social) jet lag, or circadian rhythm sleep–wake disturbances, increases CV risk factors. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which the circadian system regulates CV function, and which of these are affected by circadian disruption, may help to develop intervention strategies to mitigate CV risk.
Old Objects Die Hard: Generational Ruptures

This paper looks at the trans-generational transmission of traumatic and problematic attachment issues across four generations of mothers and daughters. The author specifically looks at these histo...
Skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity with lifelong aerobic exercise

This is the first study to examine skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity in women and men in their eighth decade of life that have engaged in lifelong aerobic exercise. The findings reveal ...
Healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy of residents living in Xicheng District of Beijing in 2008 vs. 2012

Objective To learn healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy of residents living in Xicheng District of Beijing between 2008 and 2012 and to explore the influencing factors of healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy. Methods A total of 1 347 or 2 900 adults aged 18-60 years old were recurited from Xicheng District by using multistage stratified cluster sampling method in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Chi-square test and non-conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the effectiveness of 2-year intervention on healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy. Results The rate of healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy was 14.8% vs. 30.8% in 2008 or 2012, respectively (χ2=123.574, P 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, female (odds ratio (OR)=1.350), education level (college/bachelor degree: OR=2.035, master degree or above: OR=2.554), monthly family income (>5 000 RMB: OR=1.399) and investigation time (2012: OR=2.278) were influencing factors of healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy. Conclusion Remarkable improvement in healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy during 2012 as compared to 2008 could be attributed to the comprehensive interventions. In the future, those of low-literacy or low-income should be the mian target of modification of healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy. Key words: Healthy literacy; Interventions studies
Chaos and Confusion: Impacts of the Trump Administration Executive Orders on the US Refugee Resettlement System

Since 2017 the Trump Administration has passed a series of Executive Actions targeting the United States Refugee Admissions Program, seeking to ban groups of refugees the Administration deems to be...
Infrastructuring as an Occasion for Resistance: Organized Resistance to Policy-Driven Information Infrastructure Development in the U.S. Healthcare Industry

Various industries are developing information infrastructures to improve the efficiency and quality of work. Little research attention has been paid to how workers might resist the development of a new infrastructure beyond the point of technology use. In industries in which government agencies have taken a top-down, policy-driven approach to developing infrastructures, though, coordinated, distributed resistance—or organized resistance—is likely to play a role in implementation outcomes because policies limit the flexibility of organizations and workers in adopting and using infrastructure technologies. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of the United States government’s multi-billion dollar electronic medical record (EMR) infrastructure program aimed to support data collection and sharing within and between healthcare organizations. It describes how healthcare professionals manifested their resistance through professional organizations at the political level via organized resistance.
Cyclic Operation of Flash and Column Flash Distillation

Cyclic distillation can increase the column efficiency that is evident from either more separation with the same number of stages or fewer stages for the same separation. Cyclic flash distillation,...
Suicide attempts among people with eating disorders and adverse childhood experiences: Results from a nationally representative sample of adults

Objective People with eating disorders (EDs) have elevated rates of suicide attempts. A need exists to identify factors that help predict which people with EDs might be at greater risk for suicidal behavior. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with both EDs and with suicide attempts. Thus, the current study examined whether having histories of ACEs and EDs augments lifetime risk for suicide attempts. Method This study included 36,146 adult participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III who completed structured diagnostic interviews and answered questions regarding ACEs and suicide attempts. Weighted means, frequencies, and cross-tabulations were computed for prevalence of ACEs and suicide attempts by ED diagnosis. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare risk of lifetime suicide attempts by ED diagnosis and ACE history. Results Prevalence of ACEs among people with EDs was 54.1-67.8%. ACE history and ED diagnosis were associated with elevated odds of experiencing a lifetime suicide attempt (AORs = 4.64-6.45 and 3.20-4.06, respectively). There was no ACE history-by-ED interaction on risk of suicide attempt, regardless of forms of EDs. Discussion ACEs are common among people with EDs and associated significantly with suicide attempts, but ACEs and EDs do not appear to interact to augment risk for suicide attempts. Considering ACE exposure in theoretical models of suicidal behavior in people with and without EDs and in suicide risk assessment and management with people with EDs may prove useful.
Lobbying and policy extremism in repeated elections

Abstract We study a model of repeated elections that features privately informed politicians and ideologically extreme lobby groups. We establish existence of a class of perfect Bayesian equilibria. If office incentives are high, then all equilibria feature strong parties: liberal politicians all choose the same policy, as do all conservative politicians. When the effectiveness of money approaches zero, these equilibrium policies converge to the median, providing a dynamic version of the median voter theorem. When the effectiveness of money becomes large, however, the most polarized strongly partisan equilibria become arbitrarily extremist, and thus highly effective lobbying creates the possibility of arbitrarily extreme policy outcomes. In case the effectiveness of money is not large, lobbying incentives can push politicians to choose more moderate policies than they otherwise would, and an increase in the effectiveness of money can increase the welfare of the median voter.
A View From Both Ends: Shifts in Herbivore Assemblages Impact Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes on Coral Reefs

A fundamental goal in ecology is to understand the role of consumers in top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) processes that affect the functioning of ecosystems. Consumers ingest organic matter and excrete inorganic nutrients, and individual roles are influenced by body size and functional identity. Our study quantifies how alterations to herbivore assemblages affect both TD and BU processes on coral reefs in the South Pacific. We collected empirical data on consumption and nutrient excretion rates from 300 individual herbivorous fishes belonging to five functional groups. Individual-level traits were then scaled to a 13-year time series of fish populations from reefs that have either shifted to algal dominance or remained in the coral state. Large excavating parrotfishes and other herbivores on reefs in the coral state contributed 43% more herbivory and excreted nutrients at a higher ratio of N:P than herbivores on algal-dominated reefs; both processes may benefit coral health. Algal-dominated reefs experienced 56% higher rates of detritivory by large detritivorous fishes that remove detritus from algal surfaces, a process that may facilitate algal dominance. By scaling individual-level traits to population time series, our study provides a framework to quantify how changes to consumer assemblages impact both TD and BU processes across ecosystems undergoing change. Identifying the unique roles of consumers in processes that maintain and reinforce ecosystem states is the key to predicting the importance of shifts in diverse consumer assemblages.
Excipient Knowledgebase: Development Of A Comprehensive Tool For Understanding The Disposition And Interaction Potential Of Common Excipients.

While the use of excipients is widespread, a thorough understanding of the drug interaction potential of these compounds remains a frequent topic of current research. Not only can excipients alter the disposition of co-formulated drugs, but it is likely that these effects on co-administered drugs can reach to clinical significance leading to potential adverse effects or loss of efficacy. These risks can be evaluated through use of in silico methods of mechanistic modeling, including approaches such as population pharmacokinetic and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, which require a comprehensive understanding of the compounds to ensure accurate predictions. We established a knowledgebase of the available compound (or substance) and interaction-specific parameters with the goal of providing a single source of physiochemical, in vitro, and clinical pharmacokinetic and interaction data of commonly used excipients. To illustrate the utility of this knowledgebase, a model for cremophor EL was developed and used to hypothesize the potential for CYP3A- and P-gp-based interactions as a proof of concept.
20th century cooling of the deep ocean contributed to delayed acceleration of Earth’s energy imbalance

The historical evolution of Earth’s energy imbalance can be quantified by changes in the global ocean heat content. However, historical reconstructions of ocean heat content often neglect a large volume of the deep ocean, due to sparse observations of ocean temperatures below 2000 m. Here, we provide a global reconstruction of historical changes in full-depth ocean heat content based on interpolated subsurface temperature data using an autoregressive artificial neural network, providing estimates of total ocean warming for the period 1946-2019. We find that cooling of the deep ocean and a small heat gain in the upper ocean led to no robust trend in global ocean heat content from 1960-1990, implying a roughly balanced Earth energy budget within −0.16 to 0.06 W m−2 over most of the latter half of the 20th century. However, the past three decades have seen a rapid acceleration in ocean warming, with the entire ocean warming from top to bottom at a rate of 0.63 ± 0.13 W m−2. These results suggest a delayed onset of a positive Earth energy imbalance relative to previous estimates, although large uncertainties remain. Cooling of the global ocean below 2000 m counteracted some of the warming of the shallow ocean over much of the late 20th century. Here the authors show that this trend has shifted to warming, leading the deep ocean to absorb a meaningful fraction of total ocean heat during the 21st century.
Low-Temperature Gasification of High-Moisture Biomass

Pacific Northwest Laboratory is developing a catalytic reactor system for the thermochemical gasification of high-moisture biomass feedstocks. The high-moisture feedstocks which have been tested include many underutilized materials such as energy crops, agricultural residues, aquatic biomass and food processing wastes. The reactor system was operated at low temperature, 350°C to 450°C, and high pressure, 2000–5000 psig. The catalyst was a reduced nickel metal on a silica-alumina support which was sometimes used in combination with sodium carbonate. This paper describes the results of batch reactor tests 1n which > 95% carbon conversion was achieved in producing a product gas consisting essentially of methane and carbon dioxide.
Satisfaction, sacrifice, surprise:: three small steps create one giant leap into the experience economy

The authors describe and explain the progression of economic value, showing that customizing a good turns it into a service, customizing a service turns it into an experience, and customizing an experience turns it into a transformation. Businesses that wish to prosper in the emerging experience economy should begin by mass customizing their goods and services. To determine which products to customize, many companies gather customer satisfaction or “voice of the customer” surveys that use market research techniques to get data. However, these techniques do not go far enough to determine what and where a company should mass customize, because customer satisfaction measures market, not individual customer, satisfaction. The authors conclude by presenting their 3‐S Model that shows the importance of driving up customer satisfaction and driving down customer sacrifice as a foundation for effectively instigating customer surprise.
Site-directed mutagenesis studies of the NADPH-binding domain of rat steroid 5α-reductase (isozyme-1) I: Analysis of aromatic and hydroxylated amino acid residues

Previous studies have shown that the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)- binding domain of rat liver microsomal steroid 5alpha-reductase isozyme-1 (r5alphaR-1) is in a highly conserved region of the polypeptide sequence (residues 160-190). In this study, we investigated, by site-directed mutagenesis, the role of hydroxylated and aromatic amino acids within the NADPH-binding domain. The r5alphaR-1 cDNA was cloned into a pCMV vector, and the double strand site-directed mutagenesis method was used to create mutants Y179F, Y179S, Y189F, Y189S, S164A, S164T, and Y187F, which were subsequently expressed in COS-1 cells. Kinetic studies of the expressed enzymes showed that the mutation Y179F resulted in an approximately 40-fold increase in the Km for NADPH versus wild-type, with only a 2-fold increase in the Km for testosterone. The mutants Y189F and S164A showed smaller increases (4 and 6-fold) in Kms for NADPH and no significant change in the Km for testosterone, whereas Y189S had kinetic properties similar to the wild-type r5alphaR-1. Mutants Y179S and S164T both resulted in inactive enzymes, whereas F187Y showed an approximately 5-fold decrease in Km for NADPH and a significant increase (approximately 18-fold) in the Km for testosterone. The results suggest that the -OH functionality of Y179 is involved in cofactor binding, but is not essential for the activity of the enzyme, whereas the -OH functionalities of Y189 and S164 play lesser roles in cofactor binding to r5alphaR-1 and may not be required for enzyme activity. On the other hand, the residue F187 may be important for the binding of both NADPH and testosterone.
Phosphoprotein phosphatases from rat cerebral cortex. Subcellular distribution and characterization.

Abstract The subcellular distribution of phosphoprotein phosphatases which release orthophosphate from phosphoprotein was studied in rat cerebral cortex. In contrast to several other tissues examined, more than 50% of the total protein phosphatase activity in rat cerebral cortex was found in the particulate fractions; the activity was especially high in the crude mitochondrial fraction. Further subfractionation of the crude mitochondrial fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that, among the membrane fractions, the specific activity of protein phosphatase was highest in the fractions rich in synaptic membranes and lowest in the mitochondria. A considerable amount of the enzyme activity in synaptic and microsomal membranes existed in a latent form which could be partially unmasked by treatment with Triton X-100. The specific activity of the protein phosphatase of the cell sap and of the synaptoplasm was considerably higher than that of the membrane fractions. Column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose resolved the protein phosphatase activity of the cell sap into three distinct protein phosphatases, which were clearly distinguished from membrane enzyme by differences in substrate specificity and metal ion requirements. The soluble protein phosphatases, but not the enzyme released from the synaptic plasma membrane fraction by Triton X-100 treatment, were specifically activated by manganese chloride. Endogenous membrane protein was found to be the best among several phosphorylated proteins examined as substrates for membrane-bound protein phosphatase. Both membrane-bound and soluble protein phosphatase exhibited pH optima in the neutral range. Protein phosphatase catalyzed the stoichiometric release of orthophosphate from a phosphoserine residue of protamine. This was the only amino acid residue in protamine and histones which appeared to be phosphorylated by an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase purified from bovine brain.
Nursing Against the Odds

Nursing Against the Odds. Suzanne Gordon. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2005. ix + 489 pp.
Residual plasma in red blood cells and transfusion-related acute lung injury.

Background Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the most common cause of death from blood transfusion and red blood cells (RBCs) now account for approximately 50% of these fatalities. RBCs from female donors have been implicated in large series and HLA Class II antibodies to cognate recipient antigens identified in small series and case reports. The absolute volume of residual plasma in these RBCs is unknown. Study Design and Methods Two confirmed cases of RBC-associated TRALI in which the implicated donors had Class II antibodies were investigated, and the antibody strength against recipient cognate antigens was assessed using a fluorescent bead assay. RBCs in additive solution (AS) were studied on Day 42 of liquid storage to calculate residual anticoagulated plasma. Results Both RBC units were stored in AS-1 and were from female donors who had anti-HLA Class II antibodies of high strength against cognate antigens in the recipients. Anti-DR4 was identified in both cases. Nineteen AS-1 RBC units manufactured from whole blood donations using a hard spin had a mean (±1SD) residual plasma content of 38 ± 8 mL, and 26 AS-3 RBC units manufactured using a soft spin had 66 ± 13 mL (p < 0.01). Conclusion RBCs continue to be manufactured from female donors of unknown or even known anti-HLA status. The residual plasma content of these RBCs may approach 100 mL. A combination of a high-strength antibody and large residual plasma volume could explain severe or even fatal RBC-associated TRALI.
Interobserver Reliability and Accuracy of Cranial Ultrasound Scanning Interpretation in Premature Infants

Objective To assess interobserver reliability between 2 central readers of cranial ultrasound scanning (CUS) and accuracy of local, compared with central, interpretations. Study design The study was a retrospective analysis of CUS data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) trial of inhaled nitric oxide for premature infants. Interobserver reliability of 2 central readers was assessed with kappa or weighted kappa. Accuracy of local, compared with central, interpretations was assessed by using sensitivity and specificity. Results CUS from 326 infants had both central reader and local interpretations. Central reader agreement for grade 3/4 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), grade 3/4 IVH or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), grade of IVH, and degree of ventriculomegaly was very good (kappa = 0.84, 0.81, 0.79, and 0.75, respectively). Agreement was poor for lower grade IVH and for PVL alone. Local interpretations were highly accurate for grade 3/4 IVH or PVL (sensitivity, 87%-90%; specificity, 92%-93%), but sensitivity was poor-to-fair for grade 1/2 IVH (48%-68%) and PVL (20%-44%). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate reliability and accuracy of highly unfavorable CUS findings, but suggest caution when interpreting mild to moderate IVH or white matter injury.
Lectotype designation and redescription of the Gymnophthalmid lizard Riama columbiana (Andersson, 1914) with notes on the type Locality

The poorly known Riama columbiana, Andean gymnophthalmid lizard from Colombia, is redescribed on the basis of syntypes and additional material. A lectotype is designated, its likely provenience is discussed, and its distribution and natural history are given.
Does viewing of Surgical specimen improve patient satisfaction? A cohort study

The purpose of this study was to assess a cohort of patients who underwent elective gynecologic surgery to determine whether viewing of intraoperative photographic images by patients played a role in patient satisfaction. Three hundred and eighteen patients participated in this study, out of which 159 patients were assigned to view the operative photographic pictures and 159 were not. According to the results obtained in this study, a greater number of women who viewed their operative photographic pictures, expressed satisfaction in comparison to those who did not. In addition, this difference was significantly greater in those who encountered intra- and/or postoperative complications.
Earthworm invasion, white‐tailed deer and seedling establishment in deciduous forests of north‐eastern North America

Summary1. Earthworm invasions and high deer populations are among many stressors threatening long-termpopulation viability of forest understorey plants in north-eastern North America. Stressor effects aretypically tested one at a time; however, stressors often co-occur and plants respond to effects ofmultiple stressors simultaneously.2. We used a factorial design to test independent and combined effects of non-native earthwormsand native white-tailed deer on survival of seedling transplants of 15 native understorey plants inﬁve forests in New York State.3. Earthworm biomass was negatively correlated with survival of 12 of 15 species. We found nointeractive effect of deer and earthworms, but did ﬁnd a positive, non-consumptive effect of deer onGeranium maculatum and Polygonum virginianum survival.4. Deer and earthworm presence/absence indirectly inﬂuenced other trophic levels: earthworm pres-ence increased the likelihood of insect attack, and deer exclusion increased the likelihood of rodentdisturbance of transplants.5. Synthesis. Invasive earthworms negatively affected seedling survival of many understorey plants,including species previously thought to beneﬁt from earthworm associations. This effect was a func-tion of earthworm biomass, a surrogate for earthworm activity. We expect deer herbivory to increasein importance, including indirect effects, as seedlings grow into browse height over the next years.Investigations of co-occurring stressors can result in ‘ecological surprises’ including previously over-looked non-consumptive effects or effects on other trophic levels.Key-words: conservation, deciduous forests, indirect effects, invasion ecology, invasive species,multiple stressors, plant–soil below-ground interactions, seedling establishmentIntroduction
Diseases of the Hair and Nails

The hair and nails are rapidly growing structures and as such their cell division can be interrupted by disease states and iatrogenic treatments. Other internal diseases can alter the structure and color of the hair and nails. These alterations in the hair and nails supply important information to the physician regarding the underlying diagnosis.
Growth and Impurity Effects on Fluorescence and Reduction of CaF2:Sm3+, Y3+

Observations are made of the effects of annealing and Y, O, or Na impurities on the growth and reduction of various types of Sm centers in CaF2. Increase of Sm3+ fluorescence with increase of annealing time is believed to be indicative of axial center formation. Radiation‐induced reduction of Sm3+ centers in cubic, tetragonal, or trigonal crystalline fields is studied. The absorption spectra after irradiation are shown to be dependent on the original symmetry of the field surrounding the trivalent ions.
Tensorial Analysis of Integrated Transmission Systems; Part IV. The Interconnection of Transmission Systems [includes discussion]

A radically new method is developed for solving integrated transmission systems (as well as other types of extensive physical systems) without calculating the inverse of large matrices, or without using a large a-c analyzer. The physical system is torn up into several parts, each part is solved separately (either on an a-c analyzer or by a digital computer), and afterward the component solutions are interconnected into the solution of the original system by a series of transformations. The method is illustrated by establishing the individual and total loss equations of a power pool, whose component companies form several closed loops. A numerical example is worked out in a companion paper.1
Structural Limits on Verb Mapping: The Role of Analogy in Children's Interpretations of Sentences.

Abstract The structure of sentences in which a verb is used can provide hints about its meaning (Landau & Gleitman, 1985). One possible view of how this works appeals to innate rules linking grammatical categories with semantic ones (e.g., if subject then agent). However, this view requires considerable syntactic knowledge on the part of the child to use structural cues; The child must already be able to identify the grammatical parts of a sentence—in a particular language—in order to gain access to such rules. In this paper I propose an alternative route from structure to verb meaning and present evidence for its use. A task was devised to deny preschoolers access to linking rules like “if subject then agent,” by not identifying the subject. In three experiments, children learned novel verbs in different sentence contexts. The identity of the subject and object of each sentence was hidden by using ambiguous pronouns (e.g., she and her ). Thus only the number of arguments (transitive vs intransitive sentences) and their marking by preposition ( to vs from ) could provide cues to verb meaning. Meanings were assessed by asking children to point to the one performing the labeled action. Children's choices revealed sensitivity to both number and marking of arguments. These results suggest that very little explicit syntactic knowledge is needed to give children some structural cues to verb meaning. I suggest that a sentence structure has an abstract, relational meaning of its own, independent of the identity of its arguments, that can be applied by analogy to the child's conceptual representation of an event.
Aerosols formed by oxidation of sulfur dioxide. Review of their toxicology.

Literature relating to the toxicology of sulfuric acid and particulate sulfates is reviewed. These materials, which have a greater irritant potency than sulfur dioxide, may be formed in the atmosphere by oxidation of sulfur dioxide. Thus, air quality standards for sulfur dioxide must take into account the toxicology of these oxidation products. The particle size of the particulate oxidation products of sulfur dioxide is of extreme importance. Data on concentration alone are insufficient to predict irritant potency. The most important size range is at the submicron level. Data on animal experiments, including the criteria of mortality, pathological findings in the lung, and studies utilizing altered pulmonary function are discussed. Additional data are needed on exposure of human subjects. Experiments must be performed so that both physiological methodology and aerosol technology are properly controlled.
Commentary: Analogical Thinking in Geoscience Education

Geoscience instructors and textbooks rely on analogy for teaching students a wide range of content, from the most basic concepts to highly complicated systems. The goal of this paper is to connect ...
Influence of Fire and Topography on Habitat Selection by Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis in Ungrazed Tallgrass Prairie

Twelve species of small mammals were captured in 10 treatment areas manipulated by fire on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas. The four fire classes studied were annual fire, first year after fire with previous fire ≥4 years earlier (year 1), 2–4 years since fire (years 2–4), and ≥5 years since fire (year 5+). Of the two common rodents, Peromyscus maniculatus selected year 1 sites in all seasons, whereas Reithrodontomys megalotis selected annual fire sites in spring and years 2–4 sites in summer with no differences in autumn. Based on 12 fire-topography categories (fire categories the same as above; topography categories: upland, breaks [area of the limestone outcrop at the edge of the hills], and lowland), habitat selection by P. maniculatus and R. megalotis differed significantly between autumn and summer, but could not be tested for spring. Analysis of structural features demonstrated that habitat use by P. maniculatus was related negatively to amount of litter and positively to amount of exposed soil and grass. These three features were related to time since fire; however, the lack of litter likely was the most important feature in the positive response by P. maniculatus to conditions following a fire. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between habitat features and use by R. megalotis .
Symptomatic brachial artery aneurysm in a child

The authors present the case of a 3-year-old boy who had transient ischemic symptoms secondary to thromboembolism from a left brachial artery aneurysm not associated with trauma or an autoimmune or connective tissue disorder. He underwent emergency resection of a brachial artery aneurysm and interposition grafting. Two months later he was found to have a right brachial artery aneurysm and underwent elective aneurysm resection and interposition grafting. He was well at the 3-year follow-up and had no other arterial aneurysms. The risk of limb threat or loss can be avoided by prompt diagnosis and early surgery. The authors advocate brachial artery aneurysm resection when it becomes technically feasible and/or when thrombus is present. Patients with upper extremity aneurysms should have continuous follow-up with serial examinations to detect concomitant or subsequent aneurysm formation.
Characterization of lidocaine metabolism by rat nasal microsomes: implications for nasal drug delivery.

Lidocaine has been recently approved for use as an intranasal spray in the treatment of migraine. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of lidocaine to its primary metabolite monoethylglycine xylidide (MEGX), by rat nasal olfactory and respiratory microsomes. The metabolic parameters were compared with metabolism employing rat and human hepatic microsomes. The olfactory and respiratory microsomes both exhibited considerable activity for conversion of lidocaine to MEGX in comparison with the activity in the hepatic tissues. The rat olfactory microsomes had a markedly higher affinity than the rat hepatic or respiratory microsomes. However, the turnover rate was only about one-half that of rat liver. Employing Western immunoblotting we investigated the presence of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) 1A2, 3A2, 2B1 and 2C11 in rat nasal tissues; these isozymes are known to participate in the metabolism of lidocaine in rat liver. These isozymes were found to be present in significant amounts in both the nasal olfactory and respiratory tissue; this is the first known report of the presence of CYP2C11 in nasal mucosae. Our studies underscore the importance of CYP-mediated drug metabolism in nasal tissues. The effect of this ‘nasal first-pass’ should be weighed carefully while considering the fate and the bioavailability of drugs delivered via the intranasal route.