cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of flow networks

Abstract Flow networks models require the solution of large sparse systems of multi-point boundary value differential equations. Methods for the efficient solution of such equations are described. The primary focus is on computational efficiency based on model connectivity and accuracy based on the use of quadrature formulas using polynomial interpolations.
Baroreflex Sensitivity after Adenotonsillectomy in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea during Wakefulness and Sleep

STUDY OBJECTIVES Children with obstructive sleep apnea have blunted baroreflex sensitivity and increased blood pressure variability. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that treatment of sleep apnea by adenotonsillectomy results in significant improvement of baroreflex sensitivity, lowering of blood pressure and blood pressure variability and increase vagal heart rate modulation. STUDY DESIGN One hundred ninety-four children aged 9.6 ± 2.3 years were enrolled; 133 had obstructive sleep apnea and 61 were healthy controls. For children with sleep apnea, polysomnography with 3-lead electrocardiography and continuous blood pressure was performed before adenotonsillectomy, then 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. Controls underwent the same assessment at study entry and 6 months later. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity was measured in the time and frequency domains. Data analyses were performed for available and complete cases. RESULTS Children with sleep apnea experienced postoperatively an increase in baroreflex sensitivity and decrease in blood pressure variability during wakefulness and sleep. A decrease in blood pressure during sleep and in heart rate during wakefulness was also measured. The improvement in baroreflex sensitivity was predicted by the change in the apnea-hypopnea and arousal indices. A normal pattern of rising baroreflex sensitivity during the night was restored in children with severe apnea after surgery. However, baroreceptor sensitivity did not completely normalize after treatment. CONCLUSION Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children by adenotonsillectomy is associated with gradual improvement in known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Complete normalization of baroreceptor sensitivity was not achieved 6 months postoperatively.
Changing integration of EMU public property markets

Abstract This paper examines the impact of the European Monetary Union (EMU) on European public property market integration. Results indicate that the property markets are long-run independent and show little evidence of short-run relationships prior to the formation of the EMU. However, the degree of interdependence and the extent of convergence among the largest property markets have intensified substantially after the launch of the Euro as the common currency in January, 1999. Moreover, each of the property markets under consideration is endogenous in that none is found to “dominate” the others toward long-run equilibrium. Short-run results indicate substantial interrelationships among the markets after the adoption of the Euro. Finally, the study shows that stock markets, bond markets, and public property markets follow similar convergence patterns.
Transport of organic anions through the erythrocyte membrane as K+-valinomycin complexes.

K+, Rb+, or Cs+ complexes of valinomycin form ion pair complexes with picric acid and trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS). The formation of a picrate-K+-valinomycin complex is supported by spectral evidence. These complexes have zero net charge and readily permeate the intact erythrocyte membrane. The K+-valinomycin complex has been used to convert the nonpenetrating TNBS into a penetrating covalent probe, making it as useful vectorial probe to measure accessible amino groups of proteins and phospholipids on both sides of the erythrocyte membrane.
An adaptive watermarking scheme in the DCT domain

In digital security and authentication, watermarking has emerged as a solution to unauthorized digital copies, monitoring of broadcasts, information embedding, as well as end-user and transaction authentication. In the field of watermarking, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain, as well as other transform domains, have been shown to be advantageous over most spatial domain techniques by its increased robustness to image processing operations and possible distortions. In this research an adaptive watermarking scheme and its implementation are investigated in images in which the watermarks are embedded in the discrete cosine transform domain. The adaptive scheme has an advantage in that watermark strength can be adjusted according to image characteristics. In addition, the watermarked image degradation is also analyzed. Finally, the system's resistance to attacks is demonstrated.
A Thio-Staudinger Reaction: Thermolysis of a Vinyl Azide in the Presence of t -Butyl Mercaptan

The thermal decomposition of E-3-azido-3-hexene-2,5-dione ( 1 ) in protic media gave rise to several novel reactions of the azide 1 including adducts derived from keteneimine 11 . Reaction with t-butyl mercaptan yielded two products, keteneimine-derived mercaptan addition product 20 and a sulfenimine 6 . Trapping of a vinyl nitrene intermediate or a thio-Staudinger reaction was considered as a possible mechanism for the formation of sulfenimine 6 . The absence of the vinyl nitrene addition products 3 and 5 when the thermal decomposition was conducted in either methanol or t-butylamine suggests a thio-Staudinger reaction is operative.
Modeling Human Transcription Typing with Queuing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP):

Typing is one of the basic and prevalent activities in human machine interaction. John (1988, 1996) proposed a PERT (Project-Evaluation-Research-Technique)-based model called TYPIST, which modeled 21 of the 31 behavioral phenomena in transcription typing (Salthouse, 1986, 1987; Gentner, 1983). However, TYPIST can only analyze the typing phenomena along the time dimension; it can not model error and eye movement of typing. Based on the queuing network theory of human performance (Liu, 1996, 1997) and current discoveries in brain and cognitive sciences, this paper proposes a queuing network model of typing which successfully modeled not only all the 21 phenomena modeled by TYPIST, but also 13 additional phenomena in transcription typing including 5 typing error phenomena, 3 eye movement phenomena and 2 brain imaging phenomena. Further developments of the queuing network model in modeling typing and other tasks, and its value in proactive ergonomic design of typing interfaces are discussed.
Frog Palate Mucociliary Apparatus: Structure, Function, and Response to Formaldehyde Gas

The upper respiratory tract mucociliary apparatus represents one of the first defenses against inhaled noxious materials. The frog palate has been widely used as a model to investigate the mode of action of this apparatus and to study its response to irritant gases. Video analysis was used here for the determination of mucus flow rate and flow patterns, ciliary beat frequency, and the nature of ciliary activity in the in vitro frog palate preparation. The results of studies of time-lapse video recordings were used in conjunction with light microscopic and ultrastructural morphologic investigations to determine functional interactions between cilia, the epiphase, and the periciliary fluid. It was concluded that the cilia enter the epiphase during the effector stroke, that waves may be produced on the under surface of this layer, and that the periciliary fluid is less viscous than, and moves in the same direction as, the epiphase. The response of the frog palate mucociliary apparatus to formaldehyde gas was also studied using an in vitro exposure system. There were distinct concentration-related responses to formaldehyde with initial stimulation, and at higher concentrations, subsequent inhibition of mucociliary function. Stimulation of mucus flow rate was due to increased ciliary activity, while inhibition of flow, which preceded ciliastasis, was attributed to direct effect of formaldehyde on the superficial mucus layer. Ciliastasis on the other hand was considered to provide evidence that the formaldehyde had penetrated the mucus layer and induced direct toxic effects on the underlying epithelial cells.
Southern Strategies: Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question

The biographies of more than 800 women form the basis for Elna Green's study of the suffrage and the antisuffrage movements in the South. Green's comprehensive analysis highlights the effects that factors such as class background, marital status, educational level, and attitudes about race and gender roles had in inspiring the region's women to work in favor of, or in opposition to, their own enfranchisement. Green sketches the ranks of both movements--which included women and men, black and white--and identifies the ways in which issues of class, race, and gender determined the composition of each side. Coming from a wide array of beliefs and backgrounds, Green argues, southern women approached enfranchisement with an equally varied set of strategies and ideologies. Each camp defined and redefined itself in opposition to the other. But neither was entirely homogeneous: issues such as states' rights and the enfranchisement of black women were so divisive as to give rise to competing organizations within each group. By focusing on the grassroots constituency of each side, Green provides insight into the whole of the suffrage debate.
Phthalide as an activating group for the synthesis of poly(aryl ether phthalide)s by nucleophilic aromatic substitution

The phthalide ring was examined as an activating group for nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The proposed mechanism by which activation occurs is through a ring opening of the phthalide ring to form a Meisenheimer-like σ complex. 3,3-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)phthalide was synthesized and examined under different reaction conditions to determine its suitability for polymer formation. Semiempirical calculations at the PM3 level suggested that 3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)phthalide is only moderately activated, whereas 1 H, 13 C, and 19 F NMR spectroscopy suggested that the monomer was not sufficiently activated for nucleophilic aromatic substitution. However, low-molecular-weight polymers (number-average molecular weight < 7000 g/mol) were produced from bisphenol A, hydroquinone, and phenolphthalein. The polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymers displayed relatively high glass-transition temperatures.
Variations in the period of the sunspot cycle

Using a wavelet analysis approach, subtle variations in the solar cycle period were extracted from the yearly means of the sunspot numbers. For the nominal eleven-year solar cycle, the resulting estimates of the cycle's period are in good agreement with those given by Friis-Christensen and Lassen. Longer period structures in the solar-cycle, including the Gleissberg cycle, are also delineated by the wavelet analysis.
Transcriptional and hormonal signaling control of Arabidopsis seed development

In angiosperms, a double-fertilization event leads to the formation of a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. In Arabidopsis and many dicots, seed development undergoes an initial phase of active endosperm proliferation followed by a second phase in which embryo grows to full size and replaces most of the endosperm volume at its maturity. Since the seed coat and endosperm growth in Arabidopsis precedes embryo growth, the major volume of the mature seed is largely attained before the enlargement of the embryo. Therefore, the seed size is coordinately regulated by the growth of the triploid endosperm, the diploid maternal ovule, and the diploid embryo. Recent studies have identified many new pathway components and revealed possible mechanisms that underlie seed development and size regulation in Arabidopsis. In this review, we shall discuss the regulation of endosperm proliferation by a few newly identified pathways involving transcriptional, epigenetic, and imprinting regulators, the regulation of integument or seed coat development by a few transcription factors, and the regulation of embryo proliferation by AP2-like and bHLH proteins and phytohormones.
Children’s Academic Achievement and Foster Care

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Poor school outcomes for children in out-of-home placement (OHP) raise concerns about the adequacy of child welfare and educational policy for this vulnerable population. We analyzed the relation between OHP and academic achievement, focusing on reading and math achievement in grades 3 through 8. METHODS: Linked administrative data were used for our analytic sample comprising 529 597 child-year observations for 222 049 children who experienced OHP or were in a comparison group. Three models were estimated: a pooled ordinary least squares regression that considered placement status and test scores net of the full set of control variables; an identical model that added the previous year’s test scores as an additional control; and a final model that included child-specific fixed effects. RESULTS: Children in OHP settings had achievement test scores at least 0.6 SD below average. However, we found similar deficits across children with past, current, and future exposure to OHP and, in our preferred model, OHP (past, current, or future placement) had no statistically discernible relation with either reading or math achievement. Conclusions: OHP by itself is not significantly related to school achievement; however, evidence reveals consistently low average math and reading achievement among children involved with Child Protective Services.
Individual versus averaged estimates of parameters used in large scale emissions inventories

Abstract Development of emissions inventories for large geographic areas is currently based on the use of ‘mass balance’ equations to estimate the emissions from each source. The general equation used states that the emissions from a particular source for a specific pollutant in a specified time frame are equal to the product of the activity rate of the source in the selected time frame, an emission factor, which estimates the amount of pollutant emitted per unit activity, and additional parameters which vary according to the type of source whose emissions are being estimated. Values of the parameters used to estimate emissions are estimated in two different ways. ‘Individual’ estimates (an estimate for each source considered) are used for certain parameters; for other parameters, such as the emission factor, ‘averaged’ estimates (average values obtained by sampling a subset of the sources in a category) are used. The statistics resulting from the use of these two different methodologies are quite different. Derivation of the equations needed to calculate the mean square error in each case show that when the sources included in a category are homogeneous, then the averaged estimator may be better than individual estimates for estimating emissions from a particular source, but is worse for estimating sums. A numerical simulation was conducted to demonstrate these results. An example showing how to account for the effect of averaged estimators in a simple assessment is also included.
Nutritive Quality of Cool‐Season Grass Monocultures and Binary Grass–Alfalfa Mixtures at Late Harvest

Nutritive quality of hay is compromised when harvest is delayed, but reproduction of upland nesting birds in the northern Great Plains would be improved if haying operations could be deferred until mid-July or later to allow completion of nesting. This study was conducted to determine nutritive quality of hay at a single mid-July cutting from three cool-season grass species that were grown in monoculture and in binary mixtures with alfalfa [Medicago saliva subsp. × varia (Martyn) Arcang.] near Mandan, ND. Grasses were intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & Dewey], smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.]. Annual applications of 0 and 50 kg N ha -1 had no effect on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) or neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels of grass or alfalfa. Grass monocultures and alfalfa averaged 612 and 624 g kg -1 , respectively, for IVDMD and 651 and 567 g kg -1 , respectively, for NDF. At 0 kg N ha -1 , crude protein (CP) ranged from 71 to 78 g kg -1 in grass monocultures and from 92 to 131 g kg -1 in grass-alfalfa mixtures. At 50 kg N ha -1 , CP ranged from 83 to 97 g kg -1 in grass monocultures and from 99 to 133 g kg -1 in mixtures. Feasibility of deferring hay harvest to allow reproduction of upland nesting birds in the northern Great Plains depends on maintaining alfalfa or other legumes with high nutritive quality in grass mixtures to reduce NDF and increase CP levels.
Restenosis and the proportional neointimal response to coronary artery injury: Results in a porcine model☆

Abstract Restenosis is a reparative response to arterial injury occurring with percutaneous coronary revascularization. However, the quantitative characteristics of the relation between vessel injury and the magnitude of restenotic response remain unknown. This study was thus performed to determine the relation between severity of vessel wall injury and the thickness of resulting neointimal proliferation in a porcine model of coronary restenosis. Twenty-six porcine coronary artery segments in 24 pigs were subjected to deep arterial injury with use of over-expanded, percutaneously delivered tantalum wire coils. The vessels were studied microscopically 4 weeks after coil implantation to measure the relation between the extent of injury and the resulting neointimal thickness. For each wire site, a histopathologic score proportional to injury depth and the neointimal thicknesses at that site were determined. Mean injury scores were compared with both mean neointimal thickness and planimetry-derived area percent lumen stenosis. The severity of vessel injury strongly correlated with neointimal thickness and percent diameter stenosis (p If the results in this model apply to human coronary arteries, restenosis may depend on the degree of vessel injury sustained during angioplasty.
On the decomposition of vector spaces

Abstract This paper attempts to put the notion of “network decomposition into multiports” in electrical network theory on a rigorous mathematical footing. This is done by first defining the notion of decomposition for vector spaces. The given vector space V , defined on S , is expressed as (⊕ V A i P i + V P ) × S , where V A i P i are defined on A i ∪ P i with ⋃ · A i = S , and V P is defined on ⋃ · P i . The following questions are examined: When can given V A i P i be coupled to make up a specified V S ? When is the decomposition minimal (i.e., when is | P | minimum, A i being specified), and what are its characteristic properties? How to build a minimal decomposition? Can a minimal decomposition be built preserving certain matroid properties going from the original to the decomposition (such as decomposing a graph into graphs)? Can one recover the matroid of the original vector space, knowing the matroids of the decomposition? It is shown that operations on the original vector space such as contraction, restriction, and dualization can be performed indirectly by using the same operation on the decomposition. Finally, applications (which in fact gave rise to the theory) to network analysis are described.
Real-time moire vibration analysis of diffusive objects.

An optical moire technique for real-time metrological measurements is proposed. Temporal behavior of periodic as well as nonperiodic vibrations can be accurately determined. We demonstrate the method by measuring the mechanical vibration of a driven speaker membrane.
Structural Consequences of Heme Removal: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Rat and Bovine Apocytochrome b5†

Molecular dynamics simulations of rat and bovine apocytochrome b5 were performed to investigate the structural and dynamical consequences of heme removal. A crystal structure is available for the bovine holoprotein, while experimental studies of apocytochrome b5 have focused on the rat protein. The rat and bovine proteins are 93% homologous by sequence, and the sequence differences (six residues) appear to have no effect on the structure of the native holoprotein, as seen by the correlation of a bovine simulation with rat holocytochrome b5 experimental data (Storch & Daggett, 1995). There was a marked effect, however, on the structure and dynamics of the apo form. The bovine apocytochrome b5 simulation displayed subtle inconsistencies when compared to the experimental results on the rat apoprotein. Therefore, the rat protein was constructed from the bovine crystal structure coordinates. The MD simulation of the rat apoprotein displayed greater deviations from the crystal structure, yet it was in much clos...
Dynamics Without Drama: New Options and Old Compromises in Egypt's Foreign Policy

Western policymakers have come to take Egypt's foreign policy orientation for granted in recent decades. After President Anwar Sadat's dramatic split from the Soviet bloc and embrace of peace with Israel in the 1970s, Egypt became a reliable but rarely exciting diplomatic partner. Little appreciated has been the centrality of foreign policy to Egypt's internal interests as well as its external ones, and the extent to which changes in either the domestic or international environment could trigger the Egyptians to reassess their stance. The present article examines the interests that Egyptian foreign policy serves, and it analyses factors that could prompt a future Egyptian government to adopt different policies in order to serve those interests more effectively.
Form recognition: Individual strategies in multivariate cue utilization

Twenty-five Ss were each presented 1,250 trials in a form-recognition task requiring S to find a form among 25 other forms on each trial. Fifty different eight-sided randomly derived polygons were used as stimuli, each presented in 25 different problems. Factors based on physical measures of the stimuli were correlated with observed latencies using multiple regression to assess cue-utilization strategies, while beta-weight profiles and intercorrelations of the Ss’ predicted latencies were used as indices of individual differences. Multiple correlations of physical-factor scores with observed latencies accounted for a significant proportion of the variance for all Ss, while between-S correlations of predicted latencies were never below .90. By all criteria employed, use of stimulus information was highly consistent among Ss. Replication of the experiment for one S revealed good reliability and nearly identical strategies.
Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with dyspeptic symptoms in patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy

Abstract purpose: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and ulcer disease as well as in a control population undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for suspected pancreatic or biliary disease. patients and methods: Forty-six eligible patients undergoing upper endoscopy at Massachusetts General Hospital were studied over a period of 18 months, as well as 24 patients undergoing ERCP for presumed pancreatic or biliary disease. Two biopsy specimens from the fundus and two from the antrum were taken for microbiologic and histopathologic analysis. Sera were examined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. All specimens were processed in a blind fashion. Chi-square test with Yates' correction was used for statistical analysis. results: H. pylori was found in 31 of 46 (67%) study patients and in six of 24 (25%) control patients (by microbiologic or histologic techniques) (p H. pylori was found in all patients with peptic ulcer disease and in 60% of patients without ulcers. No association between H. pylori and any specific gastrointestinal symptom was observed. H. pylori was identified in the fundus as often as in the antrum, although in the antrum the organism was more often associated with histologic gastritis. Compared with histology, serologic assays for IgG and IgA antibodies to H. pylori had sensitivities of 100% and 94%, and specificities of 86% and 76%, respectively. Reexamination of selected specimens without knowledge of their identity revealed that the specificity of serology exceeded 94% while the sensitivity of histologic and microbiologic studies may have been closer to 80%. conclusions: H. pylori was more common in dyspeptic patients than in our control subjects undergoing ERCP. Multiple biopsy sites from fundus and antrum are required to exclude infection. Serologies of IgG and IgA were sensitive and specific for H. pylori , suggesting a possible role for non-endoscopic diagnosis of this infection. The frequent association of H. pylori with active inflammation rather than with quiescent gastritis is consistent with a pathologic role of this organism.
High-pressure recruitment maneuvers may cause volutrauma

Abstract Introduction. The “open lung” strategy of protective mechanical ventilation necessitates that the lung is maximally recruited. Most recruitment maneuver studies have utilized relatively low pressures (35–45 cmH 2 O). However, it is known that pressures as high as 60 cmH 2 O may be required to open severely injured lungs. In this study, we test the hypothesis that a high-pressure recruitment maneuver (HP-RM) will cause volutrauma. Methods. Pigs weighing 21–28 kg underwent saline lung lavage. Animals were randomized to receive RM (PEEP 40 + pressure control of 20 cmH 2 O for 2 min, n = 4) or sham RM (baseline ventilation, n = 3). This RM was repeated at 30-min intervals for 4 h. Interval ventilation was 8 cc/kg and PEEP 5. Animals were then sacrificed and lung sections were fixed and blindly scored for edema on a scale of 0–4. Results. Postlavage PaO 2 on 100% O 2 was comparable in both arms (Sham, 68 ± 8 mmHg versus RM, 61 ± 9). Two of four animals in the RM group died early from tension pneumothorax. All control animals survived the experiment. The RM immediately improved PaO 2 but this improvement was lost within 15 min. Histology showed increased edema in the RM group compared to control (2.1 ± 0.5 versus 0.6 ± 0.3, P Conclusions. These data demonstrate that a HP-RM can cause gross volutrauma. The results raise serious concerns about the safety of HP-RMs. Furthermore, this study indicates that HP-RMs may exacerbate the primary lung injury and reinforces the concept that RMs provide no benefit in oxygenation without sufficient PEEP to prevent derecruitment.
The effect of moderate and hard muscular work on the spatial electrocardiogram.

Abstract 1. 1. In six normal young men the effect of three basic types of exercise (moderate aerobic: walking at 3 m.p.h., 5 per cent grade for 15 minutes; anaerobic: running at 8 m.p.h., horizontal, 3 minutes; severe aerobic: running at 6 m.p.h., horizontal, for 30 minutes) on spatial mean QRS and T vectors was investigated. 2. 2. Characteristic differences were obtained in the three different types of exercise. In anaerobic work changes of the horizontal angle and the magnitude of the spatial QRS vector contrast with the absence of such changes in the other types of work. 3. 3. Severe aerobic work is characterized by a large shift of the horizontal angle of the T vector to the right, increase of the spatial angle between the mean QRS and T vector, increase of the magnitude of the T vector, and depression of the S-T segment. These changes can be explained on the basis of left ventricular ischemia. The over-all changes in this type of work exceed those in the two other types of work. 4. 4. It is suggested that the shift to the left of the mean T vector and its decrease in moderate aerobic work are due to adaptation, and the opposite changes in severe aerobic work are due to fatigue. 5. 5. On the basis of the results obtained several suggestions for applications to exercise tests in clinical electrocardiography are made.
Functional demands of a posterior crown or bridge

Before any restorative treatment is ac­ complished for a patient, it must be based on thorough diagnosis and a treatment plan. Success of a restoration is based on a thorough diagnosis which presupposes detailed examination of the mouth as a whole. Diagnostic data are obtained from the following: first, visual and digital examination of the oral organs and associ­ ated structures; second, dental and medi­ cal history; third, roentgenograms; fourth, study casts, scientifically mounted in an articulator. For example, the treatment plan for a crown or bridge is based on whether or not the supporting structures are in an acceptable state of health to justify restoring the teeth. In the case of the bridge, the prognosis of the treatment is related to the length of the span and the health of the supporting structures of the abutment teeth. This also means that along with the visual-digital and roent­ genographic examinations of all oral structures, the dentist must examine how these organs are related to one another, not only in the same arch but also to the opposing arch. A detailed examination of occlusion is of paramount importance. The length of span involved and the length and contour of the abutment teeth will influence the choice of the type of crown, either as an individual crown or as a retainer for a bridge. Functional de­ mands require that the crown be retained on the abutment teeth for many years. The length of the coronal portion of the tooth to be prepared is of major impor­ tance in the selection of the type of res­ toration to be used. It may be that a three-quarter crown is inadequate be­ cause of short crown length, and this is probably one of the best reasons for the use of the full veneer crown. Treatment planning should result in the use of the most conservative type retainer which will restore the mouth to health, as Tylman1 states, “ for the longest possible period of time.” In preparing the three-quarter crown, the grooves or box forms (of the three-quarter crown) must be of ade­ quate length to give this type of retainer adequate retention. O f course, this re­ quires parallelism in preparation and pre­ ciseness in performance of operation in obtaining the box form, grooves or both. Similarly, in the case of the full crown, when selected because of inadequate crown length or contour for more con­ servative type retainers, supplementary retention often is required and provided for by incorporation of mesial or distal box forms. These box forms prevent the full crown from being rotated off the abutment tooth.
Ratiometric analysis of the ferrocene boronate esters of 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol by tandem electrospray mass spectrometry.

A method has been developed for the semiquantitative analysis of the catechol estrogens, 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol, using tandem electrospray mass spectrometry in a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer. The implication of catechol estrogens in the biogenesis of breast and prostate cancer makes these labile lipophilic compounds important analytical targets. Ferrocene boronic acid is reacted with 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol to form their cyclic boronate esters. Sample ionization is accomplished during the electrospray process by a one-electron oxidation of the ferrocene functionality to form the radical cation. The analysis depends on a non-aqueous solvent system consisting of 90% acetonitrile and 10% dichloromethane with 100 microM lithium triflate as the supporting electrolyte. The sensitivity of the analysis is greatly increased by the use of a novel electrospray interface with a large surface area stainless steel electrode coupled to a pulled fused-silica needle. Collision-induced dissociation of the selected molecular ion within the ion trap produces fragment ion spectra that can be used to distinguish between the two isobaric isomers and ultimately determine the relative amounts in mixtures containing both components. The method is sensitive to analyte concentrations in the low nM range.
Strain accumulation and rotation in western Oregon and southwestern Washington

[1] Velocities of 75 geodetic monuments in western Oregon and southwestern Washington extending from the coast to more than 300 km inland have been determined from GPS surveys over the interval 1992–2000. The average standard deviation in each of the horizontal velocity components is ∼1 mm yr−1. The observed velocity field is approximated by a combination of rigid rotation (Euler vector relative to interior North America: 43.40°N ± 0.14°, 119.33°W ± 0.28°, and 0.822 ± 0.057° Myr−1 clockwise; quoted uncertainties are standard deviations), uniform regional strain rate (eEE = −7.4 ± 1.8, eEN = −3.4 ± 1.0, and eNN = −5.0 ± 0.8 nstrain yr−1, extension reckoned positive), and a dislocation model representing subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America. Subduction south of 44.5°N was represented by a 40-km-wide locked thrust and subduction north of 44.5°N by a 75-km-wide locked thrust.
Characteristics of uninsured Americans with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND In the United States, public health insurance is available for nearly all persons with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Little is known about the extent of health insurance coverage for persons with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Homogenization of ferromagnetic nano-wires based metamaterials and their applications as RF components

A numerical homogenization method for extracting the equivalent electromagnetic parameters, specifically the dispersive and nonreciprocal permeability tensor, of ferromagnetic nanowire (FMNW) based metamaterials is presented herein this paper. The homogenization process takes a two-level approach. First, in the microscopic level, the susceptibility of the nanowires is calculated with the acceleration of two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT). Next, the macroscopic permeability tensor of the whole structure, which usually consists of millions of nanowires, is derived by solving for the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. With the effective material property obtained, the performance of FMNW microwave devices, such as integrated, double-band and self-biased isolators and phase shifters, will be analyzed using a full-wave simulation based on domain decomposition method (DDM), which validates the homogenization method as well as demonstrates the capabilities of the novel multiscale artificial metamaterials with RF component applications.
P‐54: Characteristics of High Efficient In‐bus Structure with High Xe Mixture Gases

In this paper, we proposed the in-bus structure and modified in-bus structures in order to use the higher Xe mixture gases. The potential drops between bus and ITO were minimized in the proposed structures and the intensive electric field could be formed at the center of the cell. 7.5″ test panel in 0.68 mm × 0.72 mm pixel pitch was fabricated. 2.5 lm/W full-white luminance efficacy was achieved with 10kHz and 80% duty sustained pulses. Xe14%-Ne at 500 Torr gas was used for the experiment.
Lorentz-violating gravitoelectromagnetism

The well-known analogy between a special limit of general relativity and electromagnetism is explored in the context of the Lorentz-violating standard-model extension. An analogy is developed for the minimal standard-model extension that connects a limit of the CPT-even component of the electromagnetic sector to the gravitational sector. We show that components of the post-Newtonian metric can be directly obtained from solutions to the electromagnetic sector. The method is illustrated with specific examples including static and rotating sources. Some unconventional effects that arise for Lorentz-violating electrostatics and magnetostatics have an analog in Lorentz-violating post-Newtonian gravity. In particular, we show that even for static sources, gravitomagnetic fields arise in the presence of Lorentz violation.
THE DEEP FOVEA, SIDEWAYS VISION AND SPIRAL FLIGHT PATHS IN RAPTORS

Raptors - falcons, hawks and eagles in this study - have two regions of the retina in each eye that are specialized for acute vision: the deep fovea and the shallow fovea. The line of sight of the deep fovea points forwards and approximately 45 degrees to the right or left of the head axis, while that of the shallow fovea also points forwards but approximately 15 degrees to the right or left of the head axis. The anatomy of the foveae suggests that the deep fovea has the higher acuity. Several species of raptors in this study repeatedly moved their heads among three positions while looking at an object: straight, with the head axis pointing towards the object; or sideways to the right or left, with the head axis pointing approximately 40 degrees to the side of the object. Since raptors do not rotate their eyes noticeably in the sockets, these movements presumably cause the image of the object to fall on the shallow and deep foveae. The movements occurred approximately every 2 s on average in hawks and falcons, and approximately every 5 s in bald eagles. The proportion of time that the raptors spent looking straight or sideways at an object depended on how far away the object was. At a distances closer than 8 m, they spent more time looking at the object straight, but as the distance increased to 21 m, they spent more time looking at it sideways. At distances of 40 m or more, raptors looked sideways at the object 80 % or more of the time. This dependence of head position on distance suggests that raptors use their more acute sideways vision to look at distant objects and sacrifice acuity for stereoscopic binocular vision to look at close objects. Having their most acute vision towards the side causes a conflict in raptors such as falcons, which dive at prey from great distances at high speeds: at a speed of 70 m s(−)(1), turning their head sideways to view the prey straight ahead with high visual acuity may increase aerodynamic drag by a factor of 2 or more and slow the raptor down. Raptors could resolve this conflict by diving along a logarithmic spiral path with their head straight and one eye looking sideways at the prey, rather than following the straight path to the prey with their head turned sideways. Although the spiral path is longer than the straight path, a mathematical model for an ‘ideal falcon’ shows that the falcon could reach the prey more quickly along the spiral path because the speed advantage of a straight head more than compensates for the longer path.
Rapid repair of UVA-induced oxidized purines and persistence of UVB-induced dipyrimidine lesions determine the mutagenicity of sunlight in mouse cells

Despite the predominance of ultraviolet A (UVA) relative to UVB in terrestrial sunlight, solar mutagenesis in humans and rodents is characterized by mutations specific for UVB. We have investigated the kinetics of repair of UVA- and UVB-induced DNA lesions in relation to mutagenicity in transgenic mouse fibroblasts irradiated with equilethal doses of UVA and UVB in comparison to simulated-sunlight UV (SSL). We have also analyzed mutagenesis-derived carcinogenesis in sunlight-associated human skin cancers by compiling the published data on mutation types found in crucial genes in nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Here, we demonstrate a resistance to repair of UVB-induced cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine-dimers (CPDs) together with rapid removal of UVA-induced oxidized purines in the genome overall and in the cII transgene of SSL-irradiated cells. The spectra of mutation induced by both UVB and SSL irradiation in this experimental system are characterized by significant increases in relative frequency of...
Culture and Mind: Their Fruitful Incommensurability

Abstract I reflect here on the historical junctures where anthropology and psychology cross paths, creating foundations for a general cultural psychology in the present.1 I am particularly attuned to those points of intersection that inform understanding of mind in culture and culture in mind. I focus on institutions as means for canonizing the ordinary, on narrative as a mode of positioning the extraordinary vis-a-vis mundane expectations, and on agency, each of which entails intersections of mind and culture. Recent encounters with U.S. legal culture provide a ground for illustrating these intertwining relations of subjects and their cultural milieux. [culture, mind, law, institutions, selectivity]
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Local Policy Implementation

The dominant image of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is of a highly centralized, hierarchical political organization. An examination of the local party's role in economic policy implementation after World War II, however, shows two distinct patterns of informal party behavior. The study found that the party in agricultural activities acted as a line administrator, whereas the urban party assumed the role of a staff coordinator. Personnel characteristics of party and economic leaders, industrial and agricultural production environments, and the degree of difficulty of plan fulfillment gave rise to different patterns of crisis management in agriculture and industry. The nature of crisis management was instrumental in determining the informal role of local party organizations. The party's bifurcated behavior in policy implementation has persisted due to the dominance of the post-war political generation in the party during the Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras. An important consequence of local party beh...
When culture and rhetoric contrast: examining English as the international language of technical communication

We often hear the expression that mathematics is the universal language of science and technology. Yet, while mathematics can cut across certain communicative boundaries, it is not the actual language of the sciences, for that role has already been filled by English. The author considers how English is the international language of technical communication.
Organizational development in the third world: values, closeness of fit and culture-boundedness(1)

This paper seeks to counterbalance some common arguments about the role of organization development (OD) in Third World settings. OD is a value-laden technology and this raises the issues of the closeness of fit of specific OD approaches or designs to different cultures, histories and settings. Most organizational theorists recommend a close fit, based upon an overall characterization of OD and estimates of the features of macro-cultures such as nations or regions. This paper urges a more differentiated perspective, based on evidence that OD works, on balance, in a broad range of contexts. Specifically, OD designs/approaches are not homogeneous, and neither are the nation-states or organizations in which OD is applied. The paper suggests a number of ways in which OD practitioners might become more sensitive to different contexts and thereby improve their judgments about the advisability of making OD interventions. Since its earliest days, OD has been concerned with the issue of degree of fit. OD is a norm...
Interaction between the α-T catenin gene (VR22) and APOE in Alzheimer’s disease

Plasma Ab42 levels have been shown to be increased in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, and these levels have been used as an endophenotype in attempts to map genes contributing to the disease. 10-12 The finding of association between VR22 SNPs and Ab42 levels suggests that this gene may be involved in Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. However, the previous study did not specifically test the polymorphism for association with Alzheimer's disease; therefore, a direct link between VR22 and disease risk has not been established. The VR22 gene (also called CTNNA3) codes for the a- catenin-like protein (a-T catenin), which is believed to be involved in cell adhesion. To examine whether polymorph- isms in the VR22 gene are associated with Alzheimer's disease, we tested for association with several SNPs identified by Ertekin-Taner et al 8 as being the most significantly associated with Ab42 levels and additional surrounding SNPs. We tested a large sample of Alzheimer families and an independent set of unrelated cases and controls for association with Alzheimer's disease.
Early growth response-1 attenuates liver injury and promotes hepatoprotection after carbon tetrachloride exposure in mice

Background & Aims Inflammatory gene expression plays a pathological role in acute and chronic hepatic inflammation, yet, inflammation also promotes liver repair by inducing protective mechanisms to limit collateral tissue damage by priming hepatocytes for proliferation. Early growth response (Egr)-1, a transcription factor that regulates inflammatory gene expression, plays a pathological role in many animal models of acute and chronic inflammatory disease. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Egr-1 is beneficial after toxic liver injury. Methods Acute liver injury was induced in wild-type and egr-1−/− mice by a single injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ). Liver injury, inflammatory, and hepatoprotective gene expression and signaling events were measured 18, 48, and 72h after CCl 4 administration. Results Peak liver injury was greater in egr-1−/− mice compared to wild-type mice. Enhanced injury in egr-1−/− mice was associated with reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α mRNA and protein expression, reduced Akt phosphorylation and nuclear localization of NFκB-p65 in nuclei of cells in the hepatic sinusoid. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, TNFα-regulated genes that have hepatoprotective function, was attenuated in egr-1−/− mice compared to wild-type mice. Although plasma interleukin (IL)-6 protein and hepatic accumulation of IL-6, glycoprotein 130, and IL-6 receptor α mRNA in wild-type and egr-1−/− mice were equivalent, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation was attenuated in egr-1−/− mice and associated with reduced oncostatin M expression. Conclusions In contrast to its role in inflammation-mediated tissue injury in other models, Egr-1 expression promotes protection in the liver after CCl 4 exposure.
Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of transparent conducting films of fluorine doped zinc oxide and their application to amorphous silicon solar cells

Transparent conducting ZnO:F was deposited as thin films on soda lime glass substrates by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) deposition at substrate temperatures of 480–500 °C. The precursors diethylzinc, tetramethylethylenediamine and benzoyl fluoride were dissolved in xylene. The solution was nebulized ultrasonically and then flash vaporized by a carrier gas of nitrogen preheated to 150 °C. Ethanol was vaporized separately, and these vapors were then mixed to form a homogeneous vapor mixture. Good reproducibility was achieved using this new CVD method. Uniform thicknesses were obtained by moving the heated glass substrates through the deposition zone. The best electrical and optical properties were obtained when the precursor solution was aged for more than a week before use. The films were polycrystalline and highly oriented with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate. The electrical resistivity of the films was as low as 5 × 10−4 Ωcm. The mobility was about 45 cm2/Vs. The electron concentration was up to 3 × 1020/cm3. The optical absorption of the films was about 3–4% at a sheet resistance of 7 Ω/square. The diffuse transmittance was about 10% at a thickness of 650 nm. Amorphous silicon solar cells were deposited using the textured ZnO:F films as the front electrode. The short circuit current was increased over similar cells made with fluorine doped tin oxide, but the voltages and fill factors were reduced. The voltage was restored by overcoating the ZnO:F with a thin layer of SnO2:F.
Fractals from simple polynomial composite functions

This paper describes a method of generating fractals by composing two simple polynomial functions. Many common fractals, such as the Mandelbrot set, the tricorn, and the forced logistic map, as well as new fractals can be generated with this technique. In many cases, the symmetry of the resulting fractal can be easily proved.