cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical studies on the large polypeptide of electrophorus electroplax (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.

Abstract Antibodies against Lubrol-solubilized Electrophorus electroplax (Na + + K + )ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and its 96 000-dalton polypeptide (P96) were raised in rabbits. The P96 antibody does not cross react with the (Na + + K + )-ATPase from mammalian species and tissues, but it cross reacts with the (Na + + K + )-ATPase from both Electrophorus electroplax and brain. The combination of enzyme with anti-P96 is found to inhibit phosphoryl enzyme formation to the same extent that it inhibits enzyme activity. The rate of K + -sensitive dephosphorylation of phosphoryl enzyme appears to be unchanged. These are also found to be true with the antibody against the whole enzyme. Upon tryptic digestion of the enzyme · anti-P96 complex only the large polypeptide of the enzyme is protected. In the case of enzyme · anti-Lubrol-solubilized enzyme complex, both the large and small polypeptides are protected, whereas preimmune sera are without any protecting effect. The data indicate that the phosphoryl acceptor polypeptide and the Lubrol-solubilized electroplax (Na + + K + )-ATPase from which the polypeptide is derived are phylogenetically distinct from those of the mammalian (Na + + K + )-ATPases. The selective tryptic resistance of the enzyme-anti-P96 complex indicates that the two polypeptides are spatially well separated, possibly on opposite sides of the membrane.
Metabolites of All-trans-Retinol in Day 10 Conceptuses of Vitamin A-Deficient Rats☆

Abstract It has been previously demonstrated that vitamin A-deficient rats supplemented with retinoic acid cannot complete gestation. Resorption of fetuses invariably occurs in these animals beginning Day 15 of gestation. Retinol must be administered on or before Day 10 of gestation in order to prevent this phenomenon. The administration of as little as 2 μg on Day 10 is sufficient to allow continuation of gestation through parturition. This study examines the metabolites of all- trans -retinol in the conceptuses of vitamin A-deficient, retinoic acid-supported pregnant animals at Day 10 of gestation. The retinoids recovered in this study could be identified as all- trans -retinol, retinyl palmitate, and other retinyl esters. Virtually no radiolabeled retinoic acid was found in the conceptuses of these animals over the 12-h period examined. This may suggest that retinoic acid that may be required by the fetus can arise directly from maternal sources. Additionally, the isolation of an early appearing, very polar metabolite of retinol is reported. This aqueous-soluble compound accounts for more than 20% of the radioactivity recovered at 1 h post-dose. The amount of this compound increases through 6 h post-dose. This metabolite is not found in urine from the same animals and is not likely to be an excretion product.
Comparison of geodetic and geologic data from the Wasatch region, Utah, and implications for the spectral character of Earth deformation at periods of 10 to 10 million years

The Wasatch fault and adjacent fault zones provide an opportunity to compare present-day deformation rate estimates obtained from space geodesy with geologic displacement rates over at least four temporal windows, ranging from the last millennium up to 10 Myr. The three easternmost GPS sites of the Basin and Range Geodetic Network (BARGEN) at this latitude define a ∼130-km-wide region spanning three major normal faults extending east-west at a total rate of 2.7 ± 0.4 mm/yr, with an average regional strain rate estimated to be 21 ± 4 nstrain/yr, about twice the Basin and Range average. On the Wasatch fault, the vertical component of the geologic displacement rate is 1.7 ± 0.5 mm/yr since 6 ka, <0.6 mm/yr since 130 ka, and 0.5–0.7 mm/yr since 10 Ma. However, it appears likely that at the longest timescale, rates slowed over time, from 1.0 to 1.4 mm/yr between 10 and 6 Ma to 0.2 to 0.3 mm/yr since 6 Ma. The cumulative vertical displacement record across all three faults also shows time-variable strain release ranging from 2 to 4 mm/yr since 10 ka to <1 mm/yr averaged over the past 130 kyr. Conventional earthquake recurrence models (“Reid-type” behavior) would require an accordingly large variation in strain accumulation or loading rate on a 10-kyr timescale, for which there appears to be no obvious geophysical explanation. Alternatively, seismic strain release, given a wide range of plausible constitutive behaviors for frictional sliding, may be clustered on the 10-kyr timescale, resulting in the high Holocene rates, with comparatively low, uniform strain accumulation rates on the 100-kyr timescale (“Wallace-type” behavior). The latter alternative, combined with observations at the million-year timescale and the likelihood of a significant contribution of postseismic transients, implies maxima of spectral amplitude in the velocity field at periods of ∼10 Myr (variations in tectonic loading), ∼10 kyr (clustered strain release), and of 100 years (postseismic transients). If so, measurements of strain accumulation and strain release may be strongly timescale-dependent for any given fault system.
Identification of an electron-beam-induced reaction product in the praseodymium oxide system

Under the influence of the electron beam of a 400-keV electron microscope, Pr7O12 decomposes and exhibits a projected unit cell in the (211)F zone which contains four cations. By calculating images of postulated structures which contained either four cations or multiples thereof, and comparing them to the observed images, an attempt was made to develop a model of the structure. The most reasonable model is one in which vacancies are aligned parallel to the electron beam.
Electron-excited optical emission from H2O adsorbed on potassium halides at low temperatures

Abstract Electron-excited optical emissions from H 2 O adsorbed on KCl and KBr crystals at 78 K have been investigated. A vibronic structure with constant energy intervals of about 0.12 eV was observed in the wavelength region of 440–740 nm. Exposure of the cooled surfaces to water vapor increased the emission intensity, while exposure to oxygen gases suppressed it. The temperature dependence of the vibronic emission intensity showed an anti-correlation with that of the OH emission intensity. These results indicate that the vibronic emission may be ascribed to O 2 − ions which are produced through dissociation of adsorbed H 2 O by electron excitation.
The Silane Interphase of Composites: Effects of Process Conditions on Gamma-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane

FT-IR spectroscopy was used to collect spectra of γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (γ-APS) coupling agent deposited on KBr plates, modeling the silane interphase of composites, to study the effects of heating the γ-APS film under various environmental conditions. This coupling agent is used in fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. An aminebicarbonate salt forms when the sample is dried in a moist carbon dioxide environment giving rise to a series of bands from 2800 to 2000 centimeter−1 (cm−1) and bands at 1637 cm−1, 1330 cm−1, 696 cm−1, and 663 cm−1. The primary amine group is split into two bands at 1572 cm−1 and 1486 cm−1 in the NH3+ form. Heating removes the aminebicarbonate salt at temperatures above 95°C and condenses the γ-APS polymer to a polysilsesquioxane film. The aminebicarbonate salt partially reforms if the γ-APS film is stored in a moist CO2 environment. At temperatures above 120°C the primary amine of γ-APS is oxidized in air to imine groups. In the process of evolving the CO2 the polymer is further condensed and the amine groups can be converted to imines if the temperatures exceeds 120°C. Both processes reduce the reactivity of the coupling agent with the epoxy resin. The structure of the silane interphase must be controlled during the processing of the composite to yield materials with maximum properties.
Ridge Height and Furrow Blocking Effects on Water Use and Grain Yield

Because water supplies are limited for crops in the Great Plains, use of water-conserving practices is important. This study determined the influence of ridge height and furrow blocking on water conservation and use, and yields of irrigated winter wheat (L.) and dryland grain sorghum [ (L.) Moench] grown in rotation. The rotation results in two crops in 3 yr with a 330-d fallow between each crop. The study was conducted from 1981 to 1990 at Bushland, TX, on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll). Ridge heights were 12 to 15 or 5 to 8 cm and furrows were blocked or open. The ridge-height and furrow-blocking treatments were imposed every 3 yr before planting wheat. No-tillage was used during fallow after wheat and reduced tillage was used to reform the ridges during fallow after sorghum. Water infiltration was little affected by treatments. Differences in soil water content at planting and harvest were significant in some cases, but trends were inconsistent. Total water use was not affected by ridge height, but was greater with open than with blocked furrows for wheat. Although significant in some years, mean wheat and sorghum yield differences were small. On gentle (<0.5%) slopes, furrow blocking in combination with notillage and reduced tillage did not increase soil water storage or crop yields over those obtained with no-tillage alone. There was no indication that long-term no-tillage and reduced-tillage practices adversely affect wheat and grain sorghum production.
Thorium segregation to grain boundaries in Ir + 0. 3% W alloys containing 5-1000 ppM thorium

Thorium additions to Ir + 0.3% W alloys are known to greatly increase their ductility during high temperature impact (HTI). Segregation of thorium to grain boundaries in alloys containing between 5 and 1000 ppm thorium was studied using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). High spatial resolution AES was used to analyze thorium rich precipitates on intergranular fracture surfaces of an alloy containing 1000 ppm thorium. Alloys containing as little as 5 ppm thorium were found to have grain boundary Th/Ir atomic ratios of approx.0.1 after a 1 h, 1500/sup 0/C vacuum anneal. The thorium enriched region was only a few atom layers thick, however. No additional increase in grain boundary thorium level was observed as the overall thorium level was increased from 5 to 1000 ppm. This result indicates a solubility limit of thorium in Ir + 0.3% W of less than or equal to5 ppm. It also indicates that significant improvements in the HTI ductility of Ir + 0.3% W should be possible with thorium additions as low as 5 ppm. Preliminary HTI results are presented that support this position.
Electrostatic force microscopy studies of surface defects on GaAs/Ge films

We apply electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to study defects in GaAs films grown on Ge. On a GaAs film with surface antiphase boundaries (APBs), we reproducibly measure the surface contact potential (SCP) at the APBs to be (30±5) mV higher than that of the domains, due to the surface Fermi level at APBs being pinned closer to the valence band maximum. On a thick film which contains buried APBs and wedge-shaped depressions on the surface, we find that the SCP of the wedge-shaped depressions is (25±5) mV lower than that of the GaAs surface. Hence, these wedge-shaped depressions have defect electronic states different from those of APBs. The capacitance gradient (∂C/∂z) contrasts on the two samples are also shown to arise from different origins. Factors that can affect the measured SCP and ∂C/∂z values are discussed. We demonstrate a new application of EFM to distinguish different types of defects by measuring variations in relative SCP (thus the work function or position of Fermi level) and/or ∂C/∂z on sample surfaces. The spatial resolutions of SCP and ∂C/∂z are 30 nm, limited by the tip size.
Effect of Mutation of the Tetratricopeptide Repeat and Asparatate-Proline 2 Domains of Sti1 on Hsp90 Signaling and Interaction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Through simultaneous interactions with Hsp70 and Hsp90 via separate tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains, the cochaperone protein Hop/Sti1 has been proposed to play a critical role in the transfer of client proteins from Hsp70 to Hsp90. However, no prior mutational analysis demonstrating a critical in vivo role for the TPR domains of Sti1 has been reported. We used site-directed mutagenesis of the TPR domains combined with a genetic screen to isolate mutations that disrupt Sti1 function. A single amino acid alteration in TPR2A disrupted Hsp90 interaction in vivo but did not significantly affect function. However, deletion of a conserved residue in TPR2A or mutations in the carboxy-terminal DP2 domain completely disrupted Sti1 function. Surprisingly, mutations in TPR1, previously shown to interact with Hsp70, were not sufficient to disrupt in vivo functions unless combined with mutations in TPR2B, suggesting that TPR1 and TPR2B have redundant or overlapping in vivo functions. We further examined the genetic and physical interaction of Sti1 with a mutant form of Hsp90, providing insight into the importance of the TPR2A domain of Sti1 in regulating Hsp90 function.
Reversal of ethionine-induced growth inhibition of Escherichia coli by adenosine triphosphate.

Abstract Ethionine-induced inhibition of growth of E. coli has been measured. In the presence of 10 m M l -ethionine this inhibition amounts to about 55% and is readily reversed by methionine. ATP (7.5–10 m M ) also reverses the ethionine-induced inhibition of growth. It has been shown previously that ATP counteracts ethionine-induced inhibition of growth in animals and plants. ATP as well as l -methionine has now been found to reverse the ethionine-induced growth inhibition of E. coli .
Building Social Capital Through Rhetoric and Public Relations

When the focus is on meaning making, language, rhetorical argument, and persuasion, there is enormous potential to see how public relations theory and practice in external organizational rhetoric can serve community interests—or not. Rhetoric (as the discourse) and public relations (as the enactment of that discourse) are essential to building and sustaining a society as a good place to live because they create various types of social capital. This article describes the various relationships among international and indigenous NGOs, business organizations, and community activists in facilitating (and, at times, frustrating) dialogue in Jordan. It offers an example of how social capital may be created when rhetors using public relations advocate in ways that enhance the capacity of local governance and make their community a better place to live.
CYLD deubiquitinates RIP1 in the TNFα-induced necrosome to facilitate kinase activation and programmed necrosis.

Background: Necroptosis/programmed necrosis is initiated by a macro-molecular protein complex termed the necrosome. Receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1/RIP1) and RIP3 are key components of the necrosome. TNFα is a prototypic inducer of necrosome activation, and it is widely believed that deubiquitination of RIP1 at the TNFR-1 signaling complex precedes transition of RIP1 into the cytosol where it forms the RIP1-RIP3 necrosome. Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is believed to promote programmed necrosis by facilitating RIP1 deubiquitination at this membrane receptor complex. Methodology/Principal Findings: We demonstrate that RIP1 is indeed the primary target of CYLD in TNFα-induced programmed necrosis. We observed that CYLD does not regulate RIP1 ubiquitination at the TNF receptor. TNF and zVAD-induced programmed necrosis was highly attenuated in CYLD -/cells. However, in the presence of -/-/
Observation Systems in Program Evaluation: Three Examples

This article presents an overview of the function of observation systems within the context of program evaluation and illustrates these functions by summarizing observation systems used in three pr...
Diffusion and two-particle correlations

Fluctuation signals of the QCD phase transition in nuclear collisions can be dissipated due to diffusion. Diffusive modes in the standard formulation of relativistic hydrodynamics propagate with infinite speed, violating causality. We develop a causal diffusion equation study the dissipation of net-charge fluctuations. We find that causality restricts the extent to which diffusion can dissipate these fluctuations.
A Multiresolution Method for Numerical Reduction and Homogenization of Nonlinear ODEs

Abstract The multiresolution analysis (MRA) strategy for the reduction of a nonlinear differential equation is a procedure for constructing an equation directly for the coarse scale component of the solution. The MRA homogenization process is a method for building a simpler equation whose solution has the same coarse behavior as the solution to a more complex equation. We present two multiresolution reduction methods for nonlinear differential equations: a numerical procedure and an analytic method. We also discuss one possible appproach to the homogenization method.
Vomitoxin-induced dysregulation of serum IgA, IgM and IgG reactive with gut bacterial and self antigens

The effect of dietary vomitoxin exposure on immunoglobulins that react with naturally occurring gut bacterial and self antigens was assessed in the B6C3F1 mouse. Ingestion of 25 ppm vomitoxin for 4 and 8 wk resulted in significantly elevated total IgA but depressed total IgG and IgM in serum when compared with control mice fed semi-purified diet only. IgA specific for phosphorylcholine (PC) and inulin (haptens associated with intestinal bacteria) increased significantly in mice fed vomitoxin whereas IgM with the identical specificity decreased. When sera were assessed for autoantibodies recognizing DNA and bromelated mouse red blood cells (MRBC), vomitoxin-exposed mice exhibited elevated specific IgA as compared with controls. This occurred together with decreases in DNA-specific IgG and IgM, and decreases in MRBC-specific IgM. Additionally, vomitoxin exposure did not enhance the specific serum IgA response to orally administered trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC), but significantly depressed TNP-specific serum IgG. The results suggest that hyperelevation of total and specific serum IgA for oral and self antigens occurs during vomitoxin feeding and that may be coupled with down-regulation of total and specific IgM or IgG. These effects could be contributory to the capacity of vomitoxin to induce IgA immune complex glomerulonephritis.
A new approach towards acid sensitive copolymer micelles for drug delivery

A new micellar system capable of selective release of its contents under mildly acidic conditions is described.
The Valuation-relevance of Earnings and Cash Flows: an International Perspective

We investigate which variable, earnings or cash flows, provides greater information for equity valuation within the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and Japan. We regress returns on earnings and cash flow metrics. We generally find earnings developed in three Anglo-Saxon countries—where capital is traditionally raised in public markets and reporting rules are unencumbered by taxation requirements—to have greater explanatory power for stock returns than cash flow metrics. Conversely, in two non-Anglo-Saxon countries—where capital is traditionally raised from private sources—earnings are generally not superior to cash flows for equity valuation, except in Japan, non-consolidated sample. While sensitivity analyses generally support the conclusions of our primary tests, in some of the additional analyses, earnings were superior to cash flows for samples from all countries. As expected, in all countries earnings have incremental information content over cash flows in explaining returns. Collectively, our findings provide two contributions. First, we generalize the findings of prior US research by showing that earnings are more important than cash flows for equity valuation in other Anglo-Saxon countries. Second and more importantly, our findings demonstrate that the superiority of earnings over cash flows is not universal. Rather, it depends on the national reporting regime and attendant institutional factors.
Canada's constructivist foreign policy: Building norms for peace

(2000). Canada's constructivist foreign policy: Building norms for peace. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 11-38.
HI Observations of the Spiral Arm Pattern Speed in the Late-Type Barred Galaxy NGC 925

HI observations with the VLA of the late-type barred galaxy NGC 925 show clear streaming motions along four spiral arms close to the minor axis. A transition from inward streaming to outward streaming is found, presumably marking the corotation resonance. The realm of inward streaming extends to very large radii, corresponding to 1.3R25 and 1.7 bar radii deprojected. This implies that most of the visible disk is inside corotation, although the HI disk extends beyond, at least to 2R25. As a result, either the bar and the spirals are rotating separately or the bar rotates very slowly compared to early-type bars. There is apparently no inner Lindblad resonance because of the slowly rising inner rotation curve, and there may be no outer Lindblad resonance if the disk ends first.
The optimal design of beams and frames with compliance constraints

Abstract The optimal design of simple structures composed of a material which satisfies a viscous power law relation is considered. The structure must be designed for minimum weight subject to a specified rate of work of the external loads. It is shown that the optimal design problem can be treated as a structural design problem with the constitutive relation modified by requirements which are necessary and sufficient to establish optimality. Linear elastic and rigid-plastic problems can be recovered from this treatment.
Living Lives of Integrity and Truth A Featured Lecture for the 2006 Institute on College Student Values

Education, in its most fundamental sense, is about the cultivation of individuals for participation in a community through nurturance in the narratives, practices, traditions, and institutions of that community. President Chopp's featured talk includes a discussion of the difficulties we face in supporting students as they undertake an educational quest for wholeness, meaning, and purpose
Medical Home for Children With Hearing Loss: Physician Perspectives and Practices

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate Rhode Island pediatricians9 view of themselves as the medical home for infants and young children with permanent hearing loss. METHODS. An observational study was conducted between September 2001 and March 2002. A survey of knowledge, beliefs, and practices relative to newborn hearing screening was sent to Rhode Island pediatricians practicing primary care for children aged birth to 5 years. The data set consisted of 107 (52%) of the eligible physicians. RESULTS. Seventy-two percent of the pediatricians reported caring for 1 to >5 patients with permanent hearing loss within the past 5 years. Sixty-three percent of the pediatricians reported that the professional who has primary responsibility for follow-up planning for these children is the primary care physician, and 59% agreed that they were the medical home for their patients with hearing loss. However, only 43% agreed that their practice was well informed of services for their patients, and only 45% felt well informed about paths of follow-up. Sixty-three percent of the pediatricians agreed that they should coordinate care, but only 41% reported that they do coordinate care most of the time or always. The pediatricians9 preferred methods for receiving educational information were resource guide (85%), grand rounds (75%), or journal articles (73%). CONCLUSIONS. By contrasting pediatricians9 medical home beliefs with actual reported care-coordination practices, we show that there is a disconnect between beliefs and practice. The survey demonstrated that physician belief ratings were consistently higher than the practice ratings, which suggests that the motivation exists but that additional educational efforts and strategies for enhanced care coordination are needed to develop an effective, seamless medical home for children with permanent hearing loss.
SOME UNIQUENESS RESULTS FOR STATIONARY SOLUTIONS TO THE MAXWELL-BORN-INFELD FIELD EQUATIONS AND THEIR PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES

Uniqueness is established for time-independent finite-energy electromagnetic fields which solve the nonlinear Maxwell–Born–Infeld equations in boundary-free space under the condition that either the charge or current density vanishes. In addition, it is also shown that the simpler Maxwell–Born equations admit at most one stationary finiteenergy electromagnetic field solution, without the above condition. In these theories of electromagnetism the following physical consequences emerge: source-free field solitons moving at speeds less than the vacuum speed of light c do not exist; any electrostatic (resp. magnetostatic) field is the unique stationary electromagnetic field for the same current-density-free (resp. charge-density-free) sources. These results put to rest some interesting speculations in the physics literature. c (2011) The author. Reproduction of this preprint, in its entirety, is permitted for non-commercial purposes only.
Microwave irradiation effects on reversible hydrogen desorption in sodium aluminum hydrides (NaAlH4)

Abstract The effect of microwave irradiation on the reversible desorption reaction in sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH 4 ) is explored. NaAlH 4 is doped with 2 mol% TiCl 2 and pre-activated by high energy ball milling and aging to show the presence of metallic aluminum phase. As a catalyst, Ti 2+ has been used to improve desorption kinetics in sodium alanate. X-ray diffraction was performed on the samples exposed to microwave irradiation for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min. Results show that when the powders show the presence of aluminum, a steady increase in the formation of the hexahydride (Na 3 AlH 6 ) phase and Al occurs during microwave irradiation; and is accompanied by a steady reduction in the NaAlH 4 phase XRD peak ( h k l ) intensities. This data suggests that microwave irradiation drives the reversible H 2 desorption reaction in NaAlH 4 . NaAlH 4 doped with 2 mol% TiCl 2 which does not show the presence of Al phase, undergoes a reduction in NaAlH 4 peak intensities with increasing microwave exposure (and no reversible product phases are detected in this case). Dielectric studies on NaAlH 4 indicate that microwave penetration is low. Therefore, it is proposed that microwave irradiation heating of the Al particulate phase is responsible for the hydrogen desorption reaction pathway which is similar to that of conventional heating.
Imaging through turbulence using compressive coherence sensing

Previous studies have shown that the isoplanatic distortion due to turbulence and the image of a remote object may be jointly estimated from the 4D mutual intensity across an aperture. This Letter shows that decompressive inference on a 2D slice of the 4D mutual intensity, as measured by a rotational shear interferometer, is sufficient for estimation of sparse objects imaged through turbulence. The 2D slice is processed using an iterative algorithm that alternates between estimating the sparse objects and estimating the turbulence-induced phase screen. This approach may enable new systems that infer object properties through turbulence without exhaustive sampling of coherence functions.
The Impact of Product Classification for Online Auctions

Consumers usually prefer to touch and feel, smell, and try on products before purchasing. Consequently products with high sensory requirements are likely to be perceived as more risky to buy online. Products with variable functionality, such as electronics, are also difficult to evaluate prior to purchase and fragile items run the risk of being damaged during delivery. Furthermore, while commodities are usually easy to specify, specialized products with high product description complexity are more of a challenge to specify accurately for the consumer online. Negative feedback posted on eBay is analyzed to calculate the rate of complaints for different product categories. We hypothesize that high sensory, complex products with variable functionality and high fragility generate more complaints than low sensory, simple products with little variable functionality and low fragility. This study has important implications for research as well as for online auctions, buyers and sellers.
Adult Human Neurogenesis: From Microscopy to Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Neural stem cells reside in well-defined areas of the adult human brain and are capable of generating new neurons throughout the life span. In rodents, it is well established that the new born neurons are involved in olfaction as well as in certain forms of memory and learning. In humans, the functional relevance of adult human neurogenesis is being investigated, in particular its implication in the etiopathology of a variety of brain disorders. Adult neurogenesis in the human brain was discovered by utilizing methodologies directly imported from the rodent research, such as immunohistological detection of proliferation and cell-type specific biomarkers in postmortem or biopsy tissue. However, in the vast majority of cases, these methods do not support longitudinal studies; thus, the capacity of the putative stem cells to form new neurons under different disease conditions cannot be tested. More recently, new technologies have been specifically developed for the detection and quantification of neural stem cells in the living human brain. These technologies rely on the use of magnetic resonance imaging, available in hospitals worldwide. Although they require further validation in rodents and primates, these new methods hold the potential to test the contribution of adult human neurogenesis to brain function in both health and disease. This review reports on the current knowledge on adult human neurogenesis. We first review the different methods available to assess human neurogenesis, both ex vivo and in vivo and then appraise the changes of adult neurogenesis in human diseases.
Learning sound location from a single microphone

We consider the problem of estimating the incident angle of a sound, using only a single microphone. The ability to perform monaural (single-ear) localization is important to many animals; indeed, monaural cues are also the primary method by which humans decide if a sound comes from the front or back, as well as estimate its elevation. Such monaural localization is made possible by the structure of the pinna (outer ear), which modifies sound in a way that is dependent on its incident angle. In this paper, we propose a machine learning approach to monaural localization, using only a single microphone and an “artificial pinna” (that distorts sound in a direction-dependent way). Our approach models the typical distribution of natural and artificial sounds, as well as the direction-dependent changes to sounds induced by the pinna. Our experimental results also show that the algorithm is able to fairly accurately localize a wide range of sounds, such as human speech, dog barking, waterfall, thunder, and so on. In contrast to microphone arrays, this approach also offers the potential of significantly more compact, as well as lower cost and power, devices for sounds localization.
Monomeric APOBEC3G Is Catalytically Active and Has Antiviral Activity

APOBEC3G (APO3G) is a cytidine deaminase that restricts replication of vif-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Like other members of the cellular deaminase family, APO3G has the propensity to form homo-multimers. In the current study, we investigated the functional determinants for multimerization of human APO3G and studied the role of APO3G multimerization for catalytic activity, virus encapsidation, and antiviral activity. We found that human APO3G is capable of forming multimeric complexes in transfected HeLa cells. Interestingly, multimerization of APO3G was exquisitely sensitive to RNase treatment, suggesting that interaction of APO3G subunits is facilitated or stabilized by an RNA bridge. Mutation of a conserved cysteine residue (C97) that is part of an N-terminal zinc-finger motif in APO3G abolished multimerization of APO3G; however, the C97 mutation inhibited neither in vitro deaminase activity nor antiviral function of APO3G. These results suggest that monomeric APO3G is both catalytically active and has antiviral activity. Interference studies employing either catalytically inactive or packaging-incompetent APO3G variants suggest that wild-type APO3G is packaged into HIV-1 particles in monomeric form. These results provide novel insights into the catalytic function and antiviral property of APO3G and demonstrate an important role for C97 in the RNA-dependent multimerization of this protein.
How does activation loop phosphorylation modulate catalytic activity in the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase: A theoretical study

Phosphorylation mediates the function of many proteins and enzymes. In the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphorylation of Thr 197 in the activation loop strongly influences its catalytic activity. In order to provide theoretical understanding about this important regulatory process, classical molecular dynamics simulations and ab initio QM/MM calculations have been carried out on the wild-type PKA–Mg2 ATP–substrate complex and its dephosphorylated mutant, T197A. It was found that pThr 197 not only facilitates the phosphoryl transfer reaction by stabilizing the transition state through electrostatic interactions but also strongly affects its essential protein dynamics as well as the active site conformation.
Cough Peak Flows and Extubation Outcomes

Background: Semiobjective methods of quantifying cough strength and endotracheal secretions have been demonstrated to predict extubation outcomes of patients who have passed a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). Hypothesis: Cough strength, measured by voluntary cough peak expiratory flow (PEF), and endotracheal secretions, measured volumetrically, predict extubation outcomes of patients who have passed an SBT. Patient population: Critically ill patients admitted to the medical ICU of a 300-bed community teaching hospital. Methods: All patients who passed an SBT and were about to be extubated were studied. The best of three cough attempts, measured with an in-line spirometer, and the average hourly rate of suctioned secretions prior to extubation were recorded with other weaning parameters and demographic data. Results: Ninety-five patients were studied before and after 115 extubations. There were 13 unsuccessful extubations. There were no differences in age, gender, duration of intubation, or APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II scores between successful and unsuccessful extubations. The magnitude of endotracheal secretions was not associated with outcomes. The PEF of patients with unsuccessful extubations was significantly lower than that of those with successful extubations (64.2 6.8 L/min vs 81.9 2.7 L/min, p 0.03). Patients with unsuccessful extubations stayed longer in the ICU than those with successful extubations (11.7 2.1 days vs 5.3 0.4 days, p 0.009). Those with PEF < 60 L/min were five times as likely to have unsuccessful extubations and were 19 times as likely to die on that hospital stay. PEF and the rapid shallow breathing index were independently associated with extubation outcomes, while only the PEF (< 60 L/min) was independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: These data suggest that cough strength, measured objectively, is a predictor of extubation outcome, morbidity, and mortality. (CHEST 2003; 124:262–268)
Induced-polarization measurements on unconsolidated sediments from a site of active hydrocarbon biodegradation

To investigate the potential role that indigenous microorganisms and microbial processes may play in altering lowfrequency electrical properties, induced-polarization (IP) measurements in the frequency range of 0.1 to 1000 Hz were acquired from sediment samples retrieved from a site contaminated by hydrocarbon undergoing intrinsic biodegradation. Increased imaginary conductivity and phase were observed for samples from the smear zone (contaminated with residual-phase hydrocarbon), exceeding values obtained for samples contaminated with dissolved-phase hydrocarbons, and in turn, exceeding values obtained for uncontaminated samples. Real conductivity, although generally elevated for samples from the smear zone, did not show a strong correlation with contamination. Controlled experiments on uncontaminated samples from the field site indicate that variations in surface area, electrolytic conductivity, and water content across the site cannot account for the high imaginary conductivity observed within the smear zone. We suggest that microbial processes may be responsible for the enhanced IP response observed at contaminated locations. Scanning electron microscopy and IP measurements during acid leaching indicate that etched pits on mineral surfaces — caused by the production of organic acids or formed during microbial colonization of these surfaces — are not the cause of the IP enhancement. Rather, we postulate that the accumulation of microbial cells (biofilms) with high surface area at the mineralelectrolyte interface generates the IP response. These findings illustrate the potential use of electrical measurements to noninvasively monitor microbial activity at sites undergoing natural hydrocarbon degradation.
Infected Cell Types in Ovine Lung Following Exposure to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Sixteen adult sheep (ten females, six males obtained from a closed flock at National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA) were experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain 375 (BRSV), and lung tissues were stained for viral antigen. Two infected sheep were euthanatized at each of the following post-inoculation times: 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 144, and 192 hours. Lung, nasal turbinates, trachea, right cranial bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, and spleen were collected for histologic evaluation. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was performed on routine paraffin-embedded sections of lung tissue, trachea, turbinates, and bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes to determine the location of the BRSV antigen. For lung tissue from each sheep 400 light microscopic fields at 160x magnification were examined for staining for BRSV antigen. Lung tissue was also collected for virus and bacterial isolation. Daily serum samples were taken for determination of anti-BRSV titers. Severe respiratory disease was not produced in any sheep. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from lung tissue collected from all sheep up through 144 hours post-inoculation. At 12 hours post-inoculation (case No. 2) respiratory syncytial virus antigen was detected in bronchiolar epithelium and a mononuclear cell within an alveolar space. Lung tissue from the sheep necropsied between 24 and 144 hours post-inoculation (case Nos. 3-14) contained BRSV antigen in bronchiolar epithelium, type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, and mononuclear cells within alveolar spaces. Macrophages staining for viral antigen were rare. Bronchiolar and type I epithelial cells comprised the majority of infected cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Diachronic View of Old French Genitive Constructions

In Old French, genitive structures both mirrored and differed from those found in Modern French. Prepositional genitives were found (i.e., la niece au duc, la niece du duc both ‘the duke’s niece’), but there were also structures without prepositions, the juxtaposition genitive, JG (cf. Arteaga D. On Old French genitive constructions. In: Amastae J, Goodall G, Montalbetti M, Phinney M (eds) Contemporary research in Romance linguistics. J. Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp 79–90, 1995; Arteaga D, Herschensohn J. A phase-based analysis of old French genitive constructions. In Colina S, Olarrea A, Carvalho AM (eds) Romance Linguistics 2009: selected papers from the 39th annual conference of the Linguistic symposium on the romance languages. J. Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, pp 285–300, 2010; Delfitto and Paradisi 2009) type la niece duc or la/le duc niece.). In an analysis focusing on the evolution of the genitive, we propose that the JG in Old French has directly inherited the same structure in Latin, although Latin had no definite article. In later OF, when case endings ceased to be pronounced, case had to be checked by a preposition. At that point, children no longer had the morphological cues (Lightfoot D. The development of language: acquisition, change, and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 1999) to assign a genitive meaning to the possessor, the JG was lost. The reason for the narrowing of the a genitives can be explained by the fact that dative a has always been limited to persons (Herslund M. Problemes de syntaxe de l’ancien francais. Complements datifs et genitifs. Akademisk Forlag, Uppsala, 1980).
Exceptions to the male advantage on a spatial task: Family handedness and college major as factors identifying women who excel.

Two factors, family handedness and college major, were investigated in order to identify the characteristics of women likely to excel on a mental rotation task. It was found that those likely to have the necessary combination of genetic potential and spatial experiences were right-handed women with nonright-handed relatives, majoring in math-science fields. Across three samples, this subgroup significantly outperformed all other groups of undergraduate women and did as well as undergraduate men on the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test. This study provides new information on possible genetic and environmental factors influencing mental rotation ability in women.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF THE REPORT OF MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE

The search for stable personality correlates of mystical experience has been hampered by the use of pathologically oriented personality inventories or those confounded by heavy loadings on mystical experiences. The present research with college students (n = 118) utilizing the Jackson Personality Inventory, a normatively oriented, psychometrically sound inventory, indicated stable personality correlates for scores on Hood's Mysticism Scale. These were conceptually consistent with previous research on mysticism.
Women, Men, & Spiritual Power: Female Saints & Their Male Collaborators – By John W. Coakley

In this book, the author studies narratives by men of the lives of nine late‐medieval female prophets and mystics. John W. Coakley understands that though gender and power play an important role in...
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of lacosamide in canine serum using ultraviolet detection: application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetics in dogs.

A method for analysis of lacosamide [(R)-2-acetamido-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropionamide] is needed for both human and veterinary pharmacokinetic investigations. While lacosamide is currently used to manage partial-onset seizures in humans suffering from epilepsy, it is also presently being investigated for use in the treatment of canine epilepsy in veterinary medicine. Currently, no dosing regimen for the drug exists in dogs. A novel and simple high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for determination of lacosamide in dog serum. Serum proteins (0.1 mL) were precipitated with −20.0°C acetonitrile after addition of the internal standard, daidzein. Separation was achieved with a Phenomenex® Luna® C18 (2) (5 µm, 250 × 4.60 mm) column with ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. The calibration curves were linear ranging from 0.5 to 25 µg/mL. Precision of the assay was <13% (RSD) and was within 12% for all points in the calibration curve. The limit of quantitation for this method was 0.5 µg/mL. The assay was applied successfully to a pre-clinical study of lacosamide pharmacokinetics in dogs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postmastectomy radiation therapy in T3 node-negative breast cancer.

Abstract Background In the absence of lymph node involvement, tumor size is arguably the most important prognostic factor for women with breast cancer. Radiation therapy use in the T3 node-negative population is controversial. We investigated the use of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) in women with T3 node-negative breast cancer. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted by identifying women with T3 node-negative breast cancer from the 1988–2009 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Our primary outcome was breast cancer-specific survival. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and propensity score analysis were used to evaluate the impact on survival. Results We identified 2874 patients with T3 node-negative breast cancer and 961 (33%) received PMRT and 1913 (67%) did not. Statistically significant differences were seen in adjuvant radiation therapy use based on patient age, marital status, tumor grade, tumor size, and receptor status ( P Conclusions Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database suggests that receipt of PMRT is not clinically beneficial in T3 node-negative breast cancer.
Power to the people—health PR people that is!

Inspired by the seminal typology of power first suggested by French and Raven, this study identified five types of power (Expert, Information Reward, Information Coercive, Advertising Coercive, and Influence Powers) that health public relations practitioners believed they have in media relations. This study also examined the effect of four variables, such as personal closeness with reporters, openness towards the media, perceived media job performance, and perceived expertise in the health field, on these five types of perceived power. The results suggested that public relations practitioners who highly evaluate themselves as an expert in health and as a competent media communicator, and who are personally close with reporters have greater Expert Power in media relations. Also, when practitioners are personally close to reporters, they are more likely to use Information Reward Power.
The Market For Audit Services In Germany

Many studies have been conducted on the market for audit services in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and other countries, but many countries, including Germany, have not been studied. Since the German accounting environment differs significantly from most of the countries previously studied, this paper studies the audit services market in Germany to ascertain whether the determinants of audit fees differ in Germany. The findings indicate broad similarities with some differences in the market for audit services in Germany and countries previously studied. In particular, as in a majority of countries previously studied, there is a fee premium paid to large auditors.
Flipping the advanced cardiac life support classroom with team-based learning: comparison of cognitive testing performance for medical students at the University of California, Irvine, United States

Purpose: It aimed to find if written test results improved for advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) taught in flipped classroom/team-based Learning (FC/TBL) vs. lecture-based (LB) control in University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, USA.