cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community Members’ Perceptions of the CSI Effect

The CSI Effect is the notion that crime show viewing influences jurors to have unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence, which then affects their trial decisions. Analyses of popular media shows that the media portrays the effect as a real problem, and research surveying the legal community indicates that they believe the CSI Effect exists and may change their investigation and trial strategies accordingly. The present study expanded on this research by surveying community members regarding their perceptions of the CSI Effect. Community members reported their general television and crime show viewing behaviors, and we examined this in relation to their knowledge construction of the CSI Effect. Findings indicate that overall, the majority of community members did not have knowledge of the CSI effect, but those who did perceive it as an unrealistic expectation of evidence. When provided with a definition of the CSI Effect, people generally believed it exists. Additionally, crime show viewing and participant’s race influenced people’s perceptions of the CSI effect. Limitations of this study and directions for future research are also discussed.
Functional balance in elderly with diabetic neuropathy

Distal Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. Patients with DPN are at a high risk for falling and its life-threatening consequences. The objective of present study was the evaluation of functional balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy and normal older adults. Thus, present case-control study was designed to test the ability of two fourteen DPN patients and healthy people to control functional balance using Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Furthermore, the correlation between DNE and BBS scores were calculated using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. Comparison of two groups showed a significant decline in the overall score of BBS in DPN patients versus to the healthy control group (P<0.001). The most challenging tasks for DNP patients were single leg stance, tandem standing and forward reaching (P<0.001), followed by standing unsupported with feet together, sit to stand, stand to sit, transfers, standing unsupported with closed eyes, and placing the alternative foot on step or stool while standing unsupported tasks (P<0.05). There was a significant (P<0.001) strong negative (r=-0.77) correlation between DNE and BBS scores. In conclusion, DPN results in a remarkable functional imbalance that may expose these patients to danger of falling during daily activities and becomes more severe as the severity of neuropathy aggravates.
A new paradigm for post-cardiac event resistance exercise guidelines

Existing guidelines for resistance exercise in cardiac rehabilitation are vague and/or overly restrictive, limiting the ability of cardiac rehabilitation programs to help patients achieve their desired levels of daily activity in a timely manner after cardiac events. This study examines the illogical nature of the existing guidelines in relation to the activities of daily living patients are expected or required to carry out during the period of cardiac rehabilitation and the existing recommendations for dynamic exercise in cardiac rehabilitation. An improved method is proposed for prescribing resistance exercise in cardiac rehabilitation. A tool is presented that stratifies the risk associated with each of 13 common resistance exercises for 3 cardiac rehabilitation diagnosis groups (myocardial infarction [MI], pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery) that, if used in conjunction with blood pressure and heart rate measurements, will safely facilitate more efficacious resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation patients. In conclusion, changing the approach to resistance exercise in cardiac rehabilitation will accelerate patients' return to their desired levels of daily activity, improving patient satisfaction and decreasing cardiac rehabilitation program attrition.
Efficient evaluation of relevance feedback for multidimensional all-pairs retrieval

New retrieval applications support flexible comparison for all-pairs best match operations based on a notion of similarity or distance. The distance between items is determined by some arbitrary distance function. Users that pose queries may change their definition of the distance metric as they progress. The distance metric change may be explicit or implicit in an application (e.g., using relevance feedback). Recomputing from scratch the results with the new distance metric is wasteful. In this paper, we present an efficient approach to recomputing the all-pairs best match (join) operation using the new distance metric by re-using the work already carried out for the old distance metric. Our approach reduces significantly the work required to compute the new result, as compared to a naive re-evaluation.
Crustal-scale rheological transitions during late-orogenic collapse

Abstract Orogeny involves crustal thickening followed by thermal relaxation and radiogenic heat production in the thickened crust, culminating in crustal melting and magma intrusion which decrease the crustal viscosity by several orders of magnitude and cause late-orogenic collapse. Collapse of the Canadian Cordillera is expressed in the Early Tertiary Shuswap metamorphic core complex, British Columbia, which displays a three-layer crustal section separated by two fundamental rheological discontinuities: (1) the brittle–ductile transition, across which high-angle normal faults in the upper crust control basin formation merge into a low-angle detachment zone where leucogranite laccoliths ponded and deformed progressively under submagmatic to low-temperature conditions; and (2) the metatexite–diatexite transition across which the rocks lose their solid framework and behave like a viscous magma. This transition has the potential to mechanically decouple the upper crust from the rest of the lithosphere during a late-orogenic gravitational collapse.
Mass transfer across wind-sheared interfaces

Abstract A predictive analogy of turbulent mass transfer across wavy, sheared air-water interface, in deep water bodies is proposed. The theory is based on the formulation of a theoretical eddy diffusivity profile in the surface region, and it applies to the non-breaking wave regime. The predictions for a water-side friction velocity range of 0.5–6 cm/s are in excellent agreement with laboratory data from wind-wave facilities with an average error of 15.4%.
Pattern of recurrence in children with midline posterior fossa malignant neoplasms.

Background. Surveillance imaging of the brain and spinal neuraxis in patients with posterior fossa malignant tumors is commonly performed, with the assumption that early detection of tumor recurrence will improve outcome. However, the benefit of this imaging has not been proven.¶Purpose. To evaluate the usefulness of spinal surveillance imaging in children with nonmetastatic (at diagnosis, M0) posterior fossa ependymoma and medulloblastoma.¶Materials and methods. This retrospective study included 65 children (3 months to 16 years, mean 5.7 years) treated between 1985 and 1997 for ependymoma (22) and medulloblastoma (43). Medical records were reviewed for pathology and treatment data. Serial imaging of the head and spine was reviewed for evidence of tumor recurrence.¶Results. Twenty-four patients (37 %) had tumor recurrence, including 13 with ependymoma and 11 with medulloblastoma. Of the 17/24 recurrent patients initially diagnosed as M0 (6 medulloblastoma and 11 ependymoma), 13 (76 %) had a cranial recurrence only, and 4 (24 %) presented with concomitant cranial and spinal recurrence. No M0 patient presented solely with spinal metastases at recurrence.¶Conclusion. This study suggests that spinal surveillance imaging in patients with posterior fossa ependymoma or medulloblastoma initially staged as M0 may not be useful, as these patients initially recur intracranially. Thus, until an intracranial recurrence is detected, these patients may be spared the time, expense and sedation risk necessary for spinal imaging.
Quantifying the Statistical Impact of GRAPPA in fcMRI Data With a Real-Valued Isomorphism

The interpolation of missing spatial frequencies through the generalized auto-calibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) parallel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) model implies a correlation is induced between the acquired and reconstructed frequency measurements. As the parallel image reconstruction algorithms in many medical MRI scanners are based on the GRAPPA model, this study aims to quantify the statistical implications that the GRAPPA model has in functional connectivity studies. The linear mathematical framework derived in the work of Rowe , 2007, is adapted to represent the complex-valued GRAPPA image reconstruction operation in terms of a real-valued isomorphism, and a statistical analysis is performed on the effects that the GRAPPA operation has on reconstructed voxel means and correlations. The interpolation of missing spatial frequencies with the GRAPPA model is shown to result in an artificial correlation induced between voxels in the reconstructed images, and these artificial correlations are shown to reside in the low temporal frequency spectrum commonly associated with functional connectivity. Through a real-valued isomorphism, such as the one outlined in this manuscript, the exact artificial correlations induced by the GRAPPA model are not simply estimated, as they would be with simulations, but are precisely quantified. If these correlations are unaccounted for, they can incur an increase in false positives in functional connectivity studies.
Fuel science in the year 2000: an introduction

Abstract The current volume contains 15 papers that review the most active research and technology topics in fossil fuel science. This introductory paper contains a brief overview of the material presented in those papers.
A two-step technique for the cryopreservation of normal mouse mammary tissue

Dimethylsulfoxide is used as a cryoprotectant for the preservation of mammary tissue to be used in primary cell culture. The method involves a two-step process that reduces the sample temperature to −20° C for a short-time, which is followed by storage at −90° C or immersion into liquid nitrogen. Comparison between fresh and frozen-thawed tissue was made by the cells' ability to grow inside collagen gel in response to various hormones and growth factors. Growth of frozen-thawed and collagenase-digested tissue achieved 70 to 90% the DNA values of their nonfrozen counterparts.
Creative and technical design skills: are college apparel curriculums meeting industry needs?

Rapidly advancing technology is impacting the skills required of recent college graduates who are seeking employment in the apparel industry. Therefore, strategic planning of apparel-related curric...
The regional portfolio of disruptions, protection, and disasters

This paper explains and implements a portfolio-based framework for analyzing the progression and consequences of disruptions to small-region economies. The first section discusses the underlying relationship between hazards, events, protection, disruptions, and disasters in regional economic systems. Such systems typically are adaptive in that they constantly adjust their levels and patterns of protection and compensation to changes in the frequency and magnitude of disruptions. The section explains how portfolio theory may be re-conceptualized to address policy choices related to the above issues. The second section explains conceptual issues in defining variables and specifying the production function balancing performance and protection. This function in turn defines the optimal expenditure for each actor against which their risk-tolerance is measured. Potential “tipping points” from singularly large or cascaded shocks, including disruptions from “lumpy” investment, suggest disaster-mitigating strategies that maximize societal utility or reduce tendencies to major disaster. In the third section, this theory is implemented empirically as a computer simulation model for a stylized open economy driven by tourism and oil refining. The simulations show how the potential for major disruptions varies with policy, increasing rapidly with the risk-propensity of policy makers. They also suggest how appropriate regional economic policy, notably rebalancing and export portfolio and rescheduling major investments, might reduce the likelihood of such events.
Identification of calcium-calmodulin multifunctional protein kinase II in rabbit kidney

Identification of calcium-calmodulin multifunctional protein kinase II in rabbit kidney. Recent studies have demonstrated that calcium/ calmodulin-dependent multifunctional protein kinase II (CaM-KII) inhibits the reconstituted Na + -H + exchanger from the brush border membrane of proximal convoluted tubule of the rabbit kidney. The present studies were undertaken to evaluate the physiological relevance of this finding by establishing the presence of CaM-KII in rabbit kidney and proximal convoluted tubule cells by Northern RNA hybridization analysis to demonstrate the messenger RNA (mRNA) for CaM-KII and by a selective enzymatic assay of CaM-KII using a synthetic peptide substrate. A single 4.9Kb mRNA was observed on hybridization of total RNA from rabbit kidney cortex and medulla and from an enriched suspension of rabbit kidney proximal convoluted tubules with a cDNA for rat brain CaM-KII. An enzyme assay using a synthetic peptide substrate representing the site phosphorylated by CaM-KII on glycogen synthase demonstrated calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase activity in both rabbit kidney cortex (specific activity of 662 ± 127nmol · min -1 · mg protein -1 ) and proximal tubule cells (546 ± 77nmol · min -1 · mg protein -1 ). These data establish the presence of CaM-KII in the rabbit kidney, and suggest a role for this enzyme in the control of renal electrolyte transport.
Feature reasoning for sheet metal components

The objective of this paper is to develop a set of principles for extracting, recognizing and reasoning about features from sheet metal parts which are created in the CAD system. Recognition of such features will enable the automatic evaluation of designs and the development of process plans by among other things, mapping form features to tools needed to produce the form. The principles are developed by studying the face-oriented representations of features and deriving concepts which relate the features geometrically and topologically. Subsequently, the processes that relate to the geometrical forms are used to further uniquely identify the features.
The economic feasibility of adoption of a new in-pond mechanical grader for food-sized channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract An economic analysis of an in-pond horizontal floating bar grader for food-sized channel catfish was performed. Data from previously reported field trials were used to determine whether farmer adoption of this grader is economically feasible. Scenarios for four farm sizes (65, 130, 259, and 478 ha) were evaluated. Partial budget, payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, and Taguchi quality loss function analyses were used to quantify and compare economic losses due to deviation from the target fish size. Partial budget results indicated positive net revenue for all farm sizes. Net revenue increased with farm size, market price, and increased dockage penalties. Payback periods ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 years depending on the scenario. Net present values were positive and increased with increasing farm size. Estimated internal rates of return were higher than the current opportunity cost of capital and increased with increasing farm size. The value of the gain in quality from reducing size variation from use of the UAPB grader was estimated to range from $770 to $5575/year, depending on farm size. Producer adoption of the UAPB grader is economically feasible for the scenarios analyzed.
On the nature of deformation of a crystalline solid: II. the absolute strain rate in elastic deformation

Elastic deformation process in a crystalline solid is consideredab initio in terms of an idealized model. It is shown that the apparent time invariance of strain in a semi-infinite solid deformed at a surface velocityv is the result of neglecting to take into account the discrete nature of the deformation process. An absolute strain rate, έ0 =v/d, whered is the interplanar spacing in the direction of deformation, can be rigorously derived. It is also shown that the same absolute deformation rate governs the deformation behavior in an infinite plate specimen, thus permitting unified treatment of infinite and finite length specimen deformation.
Computation Of Minimum Eigenvalue Of Toeplitz Matrix By Levinson Algorithm

This paper considers the computation of the minimum eigenvalue of a symmetric Toeplitz matrix via the Levinson algorithm. By exploiting the relationship between the minimum eigen-value and the residues obtained in the Levinson algorithm, a fast iterative procedure is established to successively estimate the minimum eigenvalue. Although the computational complexity analysis is yet inconclusive, we have found that the approximation of the minimum eigenvalue has an important application in high resolution spectrum estimation problems. Based on simulation results for such an application, some improvements are observed in both the computing speed as well as accuracy of estimates.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Infrared studies of the polymorphic states of the fenamates

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy has been used to characterize the polymorphic purity as well as to study the thermal conversion of three of the more common fenamates between their different crystalline forms via measuring changes in the NH stretch region that occur between 3300 and 3350 wavenumbers. Shifts in band frequency for mefenamic acid result from differences in internal hydrogen bonding between the NH group and either the carbonyl or hydroxyl groups of the acid moiety. Due to out-of-plane rotations about the central N Cring2 bond additional polymorphic states have been suggested for flufenamic and tolfenamic acids. Rates of conversion are given for flufenamic, mefenamic, and tolfenamic acids at temperatures between 85 and 160 °C depending on the polymorphic transition for a particular analyte. Subsequently, these rates are used to calculate the activation energy for the observed polymorphic transition. Values of 71.6, 49.0, and 50.8 kcal/mol are obtained respectively for (1) the polymorph I to II transition of mefenamic acid, (2) the polymorph I to II transition of tolfenamic acid, and (3) the polymorph III to I transition of flufenamic acid.
Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in early outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: feasibility and results.

Abstract Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and efficacy of implementing a screening program for OSA in early outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and to estimate the risk for OSA in this population. Methods From 535 consecutive patients enrolled in early outpatient CR we screened 383 (72%) patients and classified them as low- vs. high-risk for OSA using the Berlin questionnaire. Those considered at high-risk for OSA were referred for further evaluation. We assessed the yield and feasibility of the screening program, patient compliance with referral, and the percentage of patients diagnosed with OSA after polysomnography. Results Mean age was 63 ± 12 years, 70% were men, 20% had diabetes, 65% had hypertension, and 58% had experienced a recent myocardial infarction. Two hundred and one patients (52%) had a high risk for OSA based on the questionnaire. Of the 169 who completed the CR program, only 111 (78%) were referred for further evaluation ( Fig. 1 ). Of the 74 patients who completed their OSA work-up, 39 were found to have OSA with an apnea–hypopnea index of ⩾5 events/h. Conclusions Implementation of a simple screening program for OSA in early outpatient CR is feasible with minimal incremental resources. A significant percentage of patients at high-risk decline further evaluation, suggesting that their perceived risk for OSA and its consequences may be low.
Lunar and seasonal variation in cardiac response to acetylcholine and noradrenaline

Abstract 1. Acetylcholine and noradrenaline (10 −5 g/ml were applied daily to the semi-isolated heart of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) 2. The response of the heart to acetylcholine varied in a semi-lunar fashion. 3. The response of the heart to noradrenaline varied in a lunar fashion. 4. The response to both acetylcholine and noradrenaline appeared to change “sign” near to the times of the vernal equinox, the summer solstice and the autumnal equinox. 5. The response to the putative neurotransmitters glutamic, aspartic and gamma aminobutyric acids also varied in a cyclic way.
The Use of Projection to Extract Range Map

The use of image projection to solve the coincidence problem for stereopsis is presented. A range map is obtained from image features obtained through a new image projection algorithm applied to a pair of stereo images. The use of image projection can significantly reduce the amount of computation and enable one to incorporate methods to solve the occlusion and noise problem present in image data. Preliminary simulation results are presented.
Polarized luminescent emission from KCl : Tl at low temperatures

Abstract At temperatures near that of liquid helium, polarized emission is observed from isolated thallium centers in KCl with a polarization P = 0.2. The center responsible for this effect has its maximum emission along the cubic axis. The polarization does not appear at liquid nitrogen temperatures and it is not dependent on the concentration of thallium. Arguments are given which make it seem unlikely that this effect is due to crystal strain or the proximity of the luminescent center to other imperfections. It is possible that there is a splitting of the levels of the excited state of thallium due to the Jahn-Teller effect. Comparison is made of the experimental results with the theory of the Jahn-Teller effect developed by van Vleck and by OPik and Pryce. Difficulties with this interpretation are discussed. In contrast to the thallium center, polarization is not found for luminescent emission from F -centers in KCl at temperatures near liquid helium.
Energy Transfer Processes

Abstract A discussion of the major mechanisms for electronic energy transfer for organic molecules is presented. Application of the techniques and ideas of electronic energy transfer to study the properties of polymers is given.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER III. THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED IMMUNITY.

Mice artificially immunized against a transplantable carcinoma, inoculated, and proved immune, may be again rendered susceptible to the same tumor by exposure to the x-rays. The immune animals which have not been treated with the x-rays preserve, to a large degree, their resistance to a second inoculation of the tumor in question.
The Asset and Income Profiles of Residents in Seniors Housing and Care Communities What Can Be Learned From Existing Data Sets

The authors use existing, nationally representative surveys to assess the economic characteristics of individuals in three categories of seniors housing and care facilities: independent living communities (ILCs), assisted living residences (ALRs), and continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs). The findings highlight the strengths and weaknesses of using the Health and Retirement Study, National Long-Term Care Survey, and Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey to describe this segment of the population. The results suggest that residents in ILCs and ALRs have lower average incomes than the average costs of these care communities. Conversely, CCRC residents have higher incomes and more assets than those living in private homes, suggesting that CCRCs attract the wealthiest seniors. However, longitudinal analysis is prohibited by the small sample sizes.
Humidity Measurement and Modeling in a Residential Attic

Dry and wet bulb temperatures of the outdoor air and the air at three locations within an occupied residence in Pennington, N.J. have been measured. The water vapor pressures of the attic air are very variable and cannot be correlated with either outside or living space water vapor pressures. Extremely good correlation, however, is obtained between the dew point temperature of the attic air and the temperature of the underside of the roof. Evidence of condensation and mold growth was found on the exposed roof sheathing. A computer program is used to assess the potential for condensation on the roof sheathing under specified ambient conditions. The implications for the standards writer also are discussed.
Development and application of pFM011 as a possible food-grade cloning vector

Abstract An origin of replication and a nisin resistance determinant on a 7.6-kb Eco RI fragment, capable of existing as an independent replicon when circularized, was used to construct a vector for cloning homologous DNA in Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis . A medium, designated M17-GTN, was developed to identify L. lactis ssp. lactis cells containing pFM011 from a mixed population of nisin-sensitive resistant transformants produced by electroporation or by protoplast transformation. To demonstrate the usefulness of nisin resistance as a selectable marker, a 6.3-kb Eco RI fragment encoding reduced bacteriophage sensitivity was cloned into the Eco RI site of pFM011. Separately, the erythromycin resistance marker from pGB301 was cloned into the Hind III site of pFM011. Both plasmids were introduced into L. lactis . ssp. lactis . The origin of replication of pFM011 was localized to a 2.2-kb Hind III- Hae III fragment. Seven additional unique restriction sites added by inserting a multiple cloning site. Results indicated that pFM011 and its recombinant derivatives were relatively stable in the L. lactis ssp. lactis background. As pFM011 was derived entirely from lactococcal DNA, this study demonstrates its use as a food-grade cloning vector for lactococci.
The occurrence of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in a sequence stratigraphic context: the Jurassic Sundance Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Previous studies of the sequence stratigraphic distribution of fossils have focused on the record of relatively abundant marine invertebrates. Only a handful of studies have examined how sequence stratigraphic architecture influences the occurrence of vertebrates, particularly large and rare tetrapods. The Jurassic Sundance Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA, contains a rich suite of invertebrate and vertebrate fossils, including large and rare marine reptiles, and this allows the sequence stratigraphic controls on the distribution of these groups to be compared. The Sundance Formation consists of four depositional sequences, with the lower two being carbonate dominated and the upper two siliciclastic dominated. Two incised valley fills are also present. The presence of multiple depositional sequences and strongly erosional sequence boundaries is the likely cause of the complicated lithostratigraphic nomenclature of the Sundance. Invertebrates (mollusks and echinoderms) in the Sundance conform to well-established patterns of occurrences, including strong facies control and fossil concentrations at maximum flooding surfaces, in the upper portion of parasequences, and within lags overlying sequence boundaries. As expected from their rarity, marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and pliosaurs) show a weaker connection to sequence stratigraphic architecture. Nonetheless, they do display facies control and are found primarily in offshore mudstone, rather than shoreface and estuarine sandstone. They are also more common at hiatal surfaces, including a zone of concretions at the maximum flooding surface and in lag deposits overlying sequence boundaries. These associations suggest that sequence stratigraphic architecture may be a useful approach for discovery of marine vertebrates and that sequence stratigraphic context should be considered when making paleobiological interpretations of marine vertebrates as well as invertebrates.
Carbon Dioxide Enhancement Effects in Container- versus Ground-Grown Soybean at Equal Planting Densities

Prior work showed that CO 2 enhancement ratios (ER) were similar for plants grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) whether grown in the ground or in insulated containers aboveground. Per plant comparisons were suspect since the groundgrown plants were cultivated in rows at normal densities making it diffi cult to separate the effects of plant competition from the variables of interest. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Essex] was grown in the ground and in aboveground containers in OTCs in ambient and elevated CO 2 at equal planting densities. The hypothesis was that at equal densities, container- and groundgrown plants would exhibit both equivalent ERs and equivalent per plant yields. Although the only differences in net photosynthetic rate (A n : μmol m –2 s –1 ) and conductance to water vapor (g s :mol m –2 s –1 ) were due to CO 2 and containerand ground-grown plants had similar ERs (mean = 20%), per plant yields were still less in the container-grown plants at both levels of CO 2 (mean = −17%). Reproductive measures, except mass per seed, as well as total stem biomass were signifi cantly reduced in the containers. High CO 2 increased seed oil concentration and the level of fatty acid saturation. The only observed environmental difference was higher daytime root zone temperatures in containers (2–6°C). The robust ERs suggest that neither above- nor belowground resource limitations was the cause of the yield discrepancies.
Defective maintenance of T cell tolerance to a superantigen in MRL-lpr/lpr mice.

In normal mice neonatal injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induces tolerance in T cells that express reactive T cell receptor (TCR) V beta regions. To determine if a T cell neonatal defect was present in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, 20 micrograms of SEB was injected intraperitoneally every other day into V beta 8.2 TCR transgenic and nontransgenic MRL(-)+/+ and MRL-lpr/lpr mice from birth to 2 wk of age. At 2 wk of age, V beta 8+ T cells were depleted, and SEB reactivity was lost, in spleen, lymph node, and thymus. These effects were equivalent in +/+ and lpr/lpr SEB-tolerized mice. However, MRL-lpr/lpr mice failed to maintain neonatal tolerance. By 4 wk of age, there was a dramatic increase in T cells expressing V beta 8.2 in the peripheral lymph nodes of MRL-lpr/lpr mice but not MRL(-)+/+ mice. In vitro stimulation with SEB or TCR crosslinking revealed a total loss of neonatal tolerance 2 wk after cessation of SEB treatment in lpr/lpr mice, but not +/+ mice. The time-course of recovery of V beta 8+ T cells and reactivity to SEB and TCR crosslinking in the thymus of MRL-lpr/lpr mice was similar to that in the lymph node. Thymectomy at 2 wk of age eliminated tolerance loss in lymph nodes of MRL-lpr/lpr mice at 4 wk of age, indicating that loss of peripheral tolerance was due to the emigration of untolerized T cells from the thymus. Challenge of neonatally tolerized MRL-lpr/lpr mice with SEB (100 micrograms, i.p.) at 8 wk of age resulted in a dramatic onset of T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by 30% weight loss and 60% morality. This indicated that loss of tolerance to SEB also occurred in vivo. In contrast, neonatally tolerized MRL(-)+/+ mice remained totally unresponsive to SEB challenge and did not undergo any detectable weight loss. These results suggest that there is normal induction of neonatal tolerance to SEB in lpr/lpr mice, but that tolerance is not maintained after the tolerizing antigen is removed. This loss of neonatal tolerance can lead to severe weight loss and death on exposure to the tolerizing antigen later in life.
Perceived Risk and Uncertainty of Nuclear Waste: Differences Among Science, Business, and Environmental Group Members1

This paper presents survey results on perceived risk regarding the management of nuclear waste. Using data taken from random mail surveys of members of scientific, business, and environmental groups in Colorado and New Mexico in the summer of 1990, we examine differences between the groups in their expressed perceptions of risk and also their assessments of the certainty of their beliefs. We consider whether (a) greater uncertainty is associated with greater perceived risks and (b) whether there is greater responsiveness to new information for those whose beliefs are least certain. We find that there are connections between perceived risk and uncertainty, and there is a greater tendency to update risk assessments from a position of greater initial uncertainty. There are, however, differences between the groups as well as asymmetries in their responses to new information. The latter suggests that perceived risks will ratchet upward over time even when information is not biased toward more or less risk. 9 refs,. 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Review of Thermal Control Materials for Metallic Junctions

THE use of thermal control materials, or interstitial materials, appears to be one of the most promising methods for the control of heat transfer in the metallic joints of spacecraft structures and electronic equipment. The thermal conductance of a metallic joint, including a thermal control material, provides a measure for rating the effectiveness of the material for thermal control. In order to make a direct comparison between the contact conductance of thermal control materials determined in previous experimental investigations of joint conductance, a dimensionless parameter incorporating the thermal conductance has been formulated. This dimensionless parameter is applied to the results of previous investigations to illustrate the relative effectiveness of a range of thermal control materials.
High slew rate 'channel equalized' DC SQUID flux-locked loop: concept and simulation

The concept of improving conventional DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) flux-locked loop (FLL) performance by applying a channel equalization circuit after the pre-amp, but prior to the demodulation process in order to compensate for bandwidth limitations imposed by conventional DC SQUID impedance matching networks is discussed. The equalization circuit is a bandlimited inverse filter which corrects for the phase and amplitude distortion caused primarily by the DC SQUID impedance matching network. Improvements in the FLL performance were verified with analog circuit simulations in both the time and frequency domains. Using an analog circuit simulator the various subcircuits of the FLL were modeled, and a comparison between a conventional FLL and an equalized one was performed. Computer simulations for the open and closed loop cases were used to quantify the increase in slew rate for the equalized FLL system. >
Social Choice in a Computer-Assisted Simulation

Pursuing a line of inquiry suggested by Crookall, Martin, Saunders, and Coote, the author applied, within the framework of design science, an optimal-design approach to incorporate into a computer-assisted simulation two innovative social choice processes: the multiple period double auction and continuous voting. Expectations that the multiple-period-double-auction market would be bustling, that the continuous voting process would be adaptive, and that the simulation would be a suitable candidate for the assessment of learning were met in an administration of the simulation involving about 87 participants. The author suggests that the technology is ready for computer-assisted simulations to be much more widely used than they are today, but that progress may nevertheless be slow because a great deal of personal investment of time and energy is needed to do good work.
A High-Speed Recording Yarn Tensiometer

A yarn tensiometer is described which is capable of detecting and recording variations in tension occurring at a rate of the order of 100 cycles per sec. Tension variations of a con siderable magni...
Poly(A)-binding-protein-mediated regulation of hDcp2 decapping in vitro.

Regulation of mRNA decapping is a critical determinant for gene expression. We demonstrate that the poly(A) tail-mediated regulation of mRNA decapping observed in humans can be recapitulated in vitro by the cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein PABP through a direct and specific binding to the 5′ end of capped mRNA. The specific association of PABP with the cap occurred only within the context of the RNA whereby a cap attached to an RNA moiety served as the high-affinity substrate but not the cap structure or RNA alone. Binding of PABP to the RNA 5′ end required the presence of the cap and was accentuated by the N7 methyl moiety of the cap. Interestingly, conditions that enhanced hDcp2 decapping activity reduced the affinity of PABP for cap association and consequently its ability to inhibit decapping, suggestive of a regulated association of PABP with the cap. These observations reveal a novel direct involvement of human PABP in the stabilization of mRNA by protecting the 5′ end from decapping.
Late talkers show no shape bias in a novel name extension task

By 2 1 /2 years of age, children typically show a shape bias in object naming ‐ that is, they extend object names mostly to new instances with the same shape. The acquisition of a shape bias is related to a marked increase in the rate of object name learning. This study asks whether, conversely, children who do not readily acquire new object names lack a shape bias. Twelve 2- to 3year-old ‘late talkers’ ‐ children whose total vocabularies rank below the 30th percentile for their age ‐ were compared with age-matched children with larger vocabularies in a novel object name extension task. The controls extended novel names across novel objects with the same shape. The late talkers showed no group perceptual bias, but many individuals extended novel names across objects with the same surface texture. The implications of the results both for the role of attentional biases in object name learning and for the etiology of some late talking are discussed.
The Effect of Hydrogen on the Charge States of Oxygen Vacancies in Thermochemically Reduced Alkaline-Earth Oxides

To a greater or lesser extent, all alkaline-earth oxide crystals contain hydrogen. Thermochemical reduction (TCR) of MgO and CaO crystals at high temperatures (˜2000K) and high pressures (4 to 7 atmospheres) of the metallic cation vapor (Mg and Ca respectively) results in a stoichiometric deficiency of oxygen ions, creating F centers (oxygen vacancies each with two electrons) and H − ions (protons in the anion sublattice, each occupied by two electrons). The positively-charged H − ions serve as traps for electrons excited from the F centers. Steady-state photo-excitation of the F absorption band results in F luminescence which typically extends to several minutes. This photoluminescence is detrimental for certain applications, such as tunable lasers. We have been able to reduce the hydrogen concentration prior to TCR of MgO and during TCR of CaO. The result is that the oxygen vacancies are predominantly in the one-electron F + charge state. In contrast to the F luminescence, the decay of the F+ luminescence does not exhibit long phosphorescence. The prevalence of the F + over the F state is found to be a function not only of the hydrogen concentration but also the severity of the thermochemical reduction.
A Wound Retraction Device for Laparoscopic‐Assisted Intestinal Surgery in Dogs and Cats

Objectives: To report experience with laparoscopic-assisted intestinal resection and anastomosis for treatment of discrete intestinal masses using a novel wound retraction device. Study Design: Case series. Animals: Dogs (n=2) and cats (6). Methods: Dogs and cats with discrete intestinal masses identified by ultrasonography without evidence of intestinal perforation or peritonitis, were included. A 2 portal technique was used; 1 portal was enlarged for insertion of the wound retraction device through which the intestine was examined as thoroughly as possible. The diseased portion of the intestine was exteriorized through the wound retractor and resection and anastomosis of the intestinal mass performed. Results: Of the 8 animals, laparoscopic-assisted intestinal resection and anastomosis through the wound retractor was performed in 2 dogs and 3 cats. In 3 cats, based on either location or extent of the lesion, 2 were converted to laparoscopic-assisted intestinal biopsies and 1 to an open colocolostomy. No other intra- or perioperative complications were encountered and all animals survived to discharge. Conclusions: Laparoscopic-assisted intestinal resection and anastomosis can be performed in select canine and feline patients with modestly sized, discrete intestinal masses.
Miniature dual-band and wideband antennas based on printed circuit emulation of anisotropy

Novel electromagnetic properties of engineered metamaterials provide new directions in RF design. Among these, extraordinary band structures of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) materials and negative index metamaterials (NIM) have already been successfully employed to realize high impedance ground planes, sub-wavelength focusing, smaller RF devices, and miniature antennas [1–3]. Alternatively to NIMs, mode diversity and higher order dispersion (K-ω) curves of periodically layered anisotropic materials have recently been proposed for miniature antenna applications. These anisotropic material arrangements split the conventional K-ω curves into two branches as depicted in Fig. 1(a). Mode coupling between the branches (via misaligned anisotropy) creates novel slow group velocity modes associated with higher order band edge behaviors. When such dispersion relations are realized on traditional microwave substrates (via printed coupled line emulations in Fig. 1(b)), they offer additional design flexibilities to enable antenna miniaturization, bandwidth, and gain enhancement [4–5].
An Evaluator's Balancing Act: Making Decisions about Methodological Rigor.

Methodological rigor consists of a series of elements that, in combination, determine the confidence with which conclusions can be drawn from the evaluation results. These elements include evaluation design, conceptualization of constructs, measurement strategies, time frames, program integrity, and others. The authors examine the factors that influence rigor-related evaluation planning decisions and the relationship of rigor to evaluation use by the sponsoring organization. Rather than following generalized predetermined standards, decisions about rigor should be based on the specific organizational context, information needs for the evaluation, and anticipated benefits and costs of available methodological alternatives. Extension offers a rich organizational context for discussion because of the diversity and complexity of its funding, stakeholders, programs, and evaluations. Several roles are proposed through which evaluators can promote organizational learning with regard to the contribution of methodological rigor to sound evaluation practice. Two Extension evaluations are presented as examples; though they reflect differing levels of rigor, both were thoughtfully planned and resulted in strong use of findings. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cup of coffee with a dash of love: An investigation of commercial social support and third-place attachment

This study introduces theory about how deficits in social support motivate consumers to replace lost social resources by forming relationships with customers and employees in commercial “third places.” The authors demonstrate support for a multiple-indicator, multiple-cause model that illustrates how six common events that destroy or erode a person's social support can cause the person to obtain emotional support and companionship in a third place. The model supports the linkage between commercial social support and a consumer's sense of attachment to a third place that harbors his or her social support network. The authors also propose and test hypotheses that reveal that consumers obtain social support in a third place to the extent to which they lost it outside the place. In essence, third-place patrons match their lost support to their commercial support, thus remedying negative symptoms associated with isolation. The article concludes with a discussion of managerial implications and limitations.
Seeded physical vapor transport of cadmium-zinc telluride crystals:growth and characterization

Crystals of Cd(1-x)Zn(x)Te with x = 0.2 and 40 g in weight were grown on monocrystalline cadmium-zinc telluride seeds by closed-ampoule physical vapor transport with or without excess (Cd + Zn) in the vapor phase. Two post-growth cool-down rates were used. The crystals were characterized using low temperature photoluminescence, atomic force microscopy, chemical etching, X-ray diffraction and electrical measurements. No formation of a second, ZnTe-rich phase was observed.
Weak convergence for stochastic approximation algorithms with bounded but discontinuous driving forces

Stochastic approximation algorithms of the form xn+1 = xn + an G(xn, ?n) are treated where G(x, ?) is bounded but might be discontinuous. The method of averaging and Liapunov's direct method are combined to get tightness of {xn, n ? 0} and weak convergence result of xn, as n goes to +?.
Synthesis, degradation, and subcellular localization of proteins encoded by the primary response genes TIS7/PC4 and TIS21/PC3.

Murine TIS7 and TIS21 cDNAs were cloned from phorbol ester-induced Swiss 3T3 cells. The cognate rat cDNAs. PC4 and PC3, were cloned from nerve growth factor (NGF)-treated PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. The TIS7/PC4 and TIS21/PC3 primary response genes are rapidly and transiently induced in response to serum, phorbol esters, and polypeptide growth factors in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells and by NGF and other ligands in PC12 cells. In both 3T3 and PC12 cells the appearance of the TIS21/PC3 message precedes that of TIS7/PC4 message following ligand stimulation, suggesting that the TIS21/PC3 protein is likely to be synthesized more rapidly than the TIS7/PC4 protein. Using antisera prepared against recombinant TIS21 and TIS7 proteins, we find that the TIS21/PC3 protein is, indeed, synthesized more rapidly than the TIS7/PC4 protein following stimulation in both 3T3 and PC12 cells. In addition, “pulse-chase” experiments demonstrate that the TIS21/PC3 protein is degraded much more rapidly than the TIS7/PC4 protein. The sequences of the predicted PC3 and PC4 proteins have lead to the speculation that these two proteins may both be secreted from cells following stimulation. The PC4 protein is reported to have some sequence similarity to interferons. The TIS21/PC3 protein contains a presumptive leader sequence. Using our antisera to the recombinant proteins, however, we cannot detect secretion of radiolabelled TIS7/PC4 or TIS21/PC3 protein. Immunohistochemical and subcellular fractionation experiments suggest that the TIS7 protein is a membrane associated, non-nuclear intracellular protein. The TIS21 protein, in contrast, is' a non-nuclear, soluble intracellular protein. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A necessary and sufficient condition for exponentially bounded existence and uniqueness

A condition which was previously found to be sufficient for global existence and uniqueness of solutions of an ordinary differential equation is shown herein to be necessary, if it is also required that solutions are exponentially bounded.