cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mary Parker Follett: prophet of chaos and complexity

The writings of Mary Parker Follett can inform the current debate regarding whether or not concepts from the field of nonlinear dynamics should be incorporated into the social sciences. The paper argues that Follett’s writings serve as an ideological bridge between these two camps, and also reflect a rich understanding of nonlinear dynamics in social phenomena. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications that Follett’s writings hold for social scientists today in the area of research methodology.
The Spectrum of Courses offered by the Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology (CBST)

The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology CBST) provides a number of short to full-length courses on the subject of biophotonics. A middle school summer camp and various versions of multi-year high school courses are currently in progress. Two courses define a Biophotonics Option within the Photonics Technology Degree Program at the Central New Mexico Community College. CBST also collaborates with the Integrated Studies Honors Program (ISHP) at UC Davis to provide an introductory course to some of the top students in the freshman class. Advanced undergraduate and graduate courses are provided at UC Davis and sister institutions within CBST.
Metabolic Fate of Cell Surface Glycoproteins during Immunoglobulin-Induced Internalization

Abstract Goat antibodies directed against a subset of the externally oriented plasma membrane glycoproteins of hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells were used to follow the metabolic fate of the membrane antigens and the specifically bound immunoglobulin molecules in this cell type in cultures. Analyses of the immunoprecipitates from cells labeled in situ with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase, followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride, indicate that about 40% of the galactoselabeled plasma membrane glycoproteins are recognized by the antiserum. Fluorescent microscopic analyses of cells treated with fluorescein-conjugated immunoglobulins and analyses of trypsin accessibility indicate that probably all of the antibodies bound to the cell surface are patched and internalized within about 4 hr when the cells are subsequently cultured at 37°C in the presence of rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulins. At the same time, the antigens are also interiorized. Analyses of the cellular localization of the interiorized antigens and antibodies by cell fractionation on Percoll gradients show that the immunoglobulins to the cell surface antigens and the antigens themselves migrate to the same region of the Percoll gradient as lysosomal hydrolases. Although the antibodies bind to the cell surface glycoproteins and bring about patching and interiorization, there is no effect on the degradation of the plasma membrane antigens labeled via the galactose oxidase/borohydride reduction method. Furthermore, the iodinated antibodies directed against these membrane glycoproteins behave in their turnover properties like membrane antigens; the cell-bound specific immunoglobulins have the same half-life as the membrane glycoproteins. When the cells that had been reacted with the goat antibodies to membrane glycoprotein were cultured in the presence of rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulins, degradation of the former antibodies was effectively decreased. Similar results were obtained with concanavalin A and antibodies directed against this plant lectin.
Definitive GLC method of identifying cocaine.

The identification of underivatized cocaine by GLC can be misinterpreted and erroneously reported as pentazocine, levorphanol, or methaqualone when using programmed or isothermal temperatures on 7% OV-171. TLC can also pose problems and lead to the report of a false positive for methadone instead of cocaine (1). Many laboratories are combining mass spectrometry with GLC to provide a more definitive instrumental method for identifying drugs such as cocaine (2); however, many laboratories cannot afford a mass spectrometer and, therefore, more definitive GLC methods of analysis are desirable.
Multiphasic mobile cancer screening: a positive approach to early cancer detection and control.

More than 1,100 patients have been evaluated in an unique multiphasic mobile cancer screening unit. Screening of target organs includes rectum, colon (proctosigmoidoscopy), prostate, pelvic area, skin, lymphatics, oral cavity, and breast, including mammography and instructions on self-palpation. In addition, cancer education is disseminated emphasizing such problems as protection against the sun's rays and admonishment against cigarette smoking. Histologically confirmed cancers detected include those of colon, breast, prostate, and lung. Many cancers of the skin have been diagnosed at an early stage. A vigorous effort at follow-up is in progress but it is incomplete due, in part, to an element of physician delay. Screening of multiple sites seems preferable to focusing upon single sites. Mobile cancer screening is worth trying. This approach could undoubtedly succeed in improving cancer control if supported by the medical community.
Validity of Darwin's naturalization hypothesis relates to the stages of invasion.

Naturalization is the introduction and establishment of a nonnative species with sustainable populations in a novel environment. The success of nonnative species may be influenced by their relatedness to the native flora. Darwin proposed that if a nonnative plant species is introduced into an environment without native congeners, the nonnative species will have a greater chance of becoming naturalized. To test Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis, we compiled a Kentucky plant database consisting of 821 vascular plant species and subsequently selected species traits and distribution information to determine the effect of congeneric species and traits on the probability of successful naturalization and invasion. The predictors used include reproductive traits, growth form, abundance, habitat type, native congeners, and biogeographical origin. We fit three sets of generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with a binomial family and a logit link. Backward selection based on minimizing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used in the analyses. Our results from these three sets of models clearly indicate that the validity of Darwin’s hypothesis is invasion stage dependent. More specific, the naturalized and invasive models (predicting the probability of being naturalized and invasive respectively) did not support Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis. The number of native congeners had no effect on the likelihood that a particular species would naturalize and become invasive. Our results suggest that Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis is more relevant during the early stage of establishment as demonstrated by the native model (predicting the probability of being native) and it becomes irrelevant during the late stages of invasion as indicated by the naturalized and invasive models. Thus, it can be generalized that biotic interactions, especially competition, is a critical determinant of initial success for nonnative species in the recipient communities. Once established, the fate of non-native species during the late stages of invasion may be more related to other factors such as biogeographic origin and habitat conditions. Furthermore, we found reproductive traits such as flowering phenology and flower type are associated with invasion success. We also recognized contrasting traits between native and nonnative species, indicating niche differentiation between these two groups of species. Niche overlapping was found as well among species regardless of the status of being native or otherwise. Our study provides a novel approach to advance the understanding of phylogenetic relatedness between nonnative species and native flora by integrating traits and niche concepts at the regional scale.
Can an electron plasma lens produce sub-micrometer size focal spots of MeV ions?

Abstract The University of Oregon electron plasma lens has focused beams of light and heavy ions with energies up to 5 MeV to spots 5 μ in diameter within distances of 70 cm. The answer to the question of how much it can be improved is contained in the plasma physics of the device. This paper describes the lens and the diagnostic techniques used to study some of the many stable plasmas it will support. Measurements indicate that the spherical aberration limit of some plasmas is below 1 μ for a 1 mm lens aperture. A vacuum of 10 −8 Torr will be required to reduce a central aberration caused by positive ions.
Microwave thermal imaging of scanned focused ultrasound heating: Phantom results

We are developing a microwave tomographic imaging system capable of monitoring thermal distributions based on the temperature dependence of the recovered dielectric properties. The system has been coupled to a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy device which can be mechanically steered under computer control to generate arbitrarily shaped heating zones. Their integration takes advantage of the focusing capability of ultrasound for the therapy delivery and the isolation of the microwave imaging signal from the power deposition source to allow simultaneous treatment monitoring. We present several sets of phantom experiments involving different types of heating patterns that demonstrate the quality of both the spatial and temporal thermal imaging performance. This combined approach is adaptable to multiple anatomical sites and may have the potential to be developed into a viable alternative to current clinical temperature monitoring devices for HIFU, such magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
Examination of the relationship between irrational beliefs and state anxiety

Abstract This study examined the relationship between irrational beliefs and state anxiety, a variable previously found to impair various types of performances. Under low stress conditions 66 Ss completed measures of irrational beliefs, state and trait anxiety, and social desirability responding, Thirty-seven of the Ss completed the irrational belief and anxiety measures again under more stressful conditions. Scores on the irrational belief measure were found to be associated with state anxiety scores and were found to predict the amount of increase in state anxiety experienced in the more stressful situation. The findings are consistent with Ellis' (1971, Reason and Emotion Psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.) theory of negative state emotions. The findings also suggest that irrational belief scores may help to identify individuals who will tend to become very anxious under pressure.
Quantitation of meperidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high‐performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of meperidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms was developed. The method is reproducible and precise with relative standard deviations (based on six readings) of 1.2% with hydroxyzine and 0.93% with hydroxyprogesterone caproate as the internal standards. A variety of other active and inactive ingredients which were mixed with meperidine hydrochloride did not interfere with the assay procedure. Among the ingredients tested were acetaminophen, atropine sulfate, disodium edetate, metacresol, phenol, promethazine, and sodium metabisulfite. This method appears to be stability-indicating since a hydrolyzed sample of meperidine showed zero potency and a new peak with a different retention time.
Exploring the relationships among performance-based functional ability, self-rated disability, perceived instrumental support, and depression: a structural equation model analysis.

Data from the Women’s Health and Aging Study were used to test a model of factors explaining depressive symptomology. The primary purpose of the study was to explore the association between performance-based measures of functional ability and depression and to examine the role of self-rated physical difficulties and perceived instrumental support in mediating the relationship between performance-based functioning and depression. The inclusion of performance-based measures allows for the testing of functional ability as a clinical precursor to disability and depression: a critical, but rarely examined, association in the disablement process. Structural equation modeling supported the overall fit of the model and found an indirect relationship between performance-based functioning and depression, with perceived physical difficulties serving as a significant mediator. Our results highlight the complementary nature of performance-based and self-rated measures and the importance of including perception of self...
Health and loyalty promotion visits for new enrollees: results of a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Managed care needs effective and efficient ways to orient new members, enhance trust and loyalty, and offer prevention and self-care education and services. Recent adult enrollees of Kaiser Permanente (Northern California) were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions ( n =286) (individual visit with a physician, physician visit plus a visit with a health educator, a group visit of eight new members led by a physician and health educator) or a random control group ( n =278). Outcomes were gauged via pre- and post-visit questionnaires and a 20-min telephone survey at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. Compared to controls, attendees of the three interventions had higher satisfaction, self-rated prevention knowledge, acceptance of health plan guidelines, and were more likely to plan to remain in the health plan. Group visit attendees stood out as experiencing the greatest benefits and were especially likely to report saving a telephone call or visit to their doctor by using a self-care handbook.
Peel and shear strength and tear resistance of ultrasonically sealed coextruded polyolefin films for packaging applications

The aim of this study was to identify the set of welding parameters that yields the highest weld strengths in six different triple-layer, coextruded polyolefin films. The parameters investigated include weld forces, energy delivery, and amplitude. Welds were made using an ultrasonic plunge welding system. Weld performance was determined by peel and shear strength and tearing force. It was observed that energy and weld force had a significant effect on peel strength for the majority of the materials and the highest peel strength was found at high weld forces and high energies for all materials. Low weld energy and low weld force were observed to produce high-shear strength welds for all materials. However, the results for tearing force were inconsistent among all six materials. The highest tear resistance was found with welds created with the highest force and amplitude and at mid-range energy levels.
Mean first-passage time in the presence of telegraph noise and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.

We consider the problem of the escape time (mean first-passage time) from a given interval in the case when the noise is a sum of many independent random telegraph signals. We reduce the problem to the solution of a linear system of algebraic equations valid for arbitrary intensities and correlation times of the noise. The solution allows an easy investigation of the limiting case of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. We find exact scaling laws obeyed by the mean first-passage times in the case of random telegraph signals and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.
Metabolic hormone secretion and FSH-induced superovulatory responses of beef heifers fed dietary fat supplements containing predominantly saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids

Abstract Ovulatory responses following FSH treatment were examined in beef heifers fed dietary fat supplements expected to produce differential effects on serum insulin concentrations and follicular recruitment patterns. Twenty-one heifers (n = 7/group) exhibiting regular estrous cycles were assigned randomly to either a control diet or to 1 of 2 fat-supplemented diets consisting of soybean oil (polyunsaturated fatty acids) or animal tallow (saturated fatty acids). The diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, and were fed until ovariectomy between experimental Days 35 and 45. Experimental Day 1 was defined for each heifer as the first day all of the treatment diet was consumed. After 20 d of diet consumption, estrous cycles were synchronized with prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ), and ovarian follicle populations were monitored via transrectal ultrasound for 4 d. Four days after estrus, the dominant follicle was aspirated and heifers were treated with FSH-P ® to induce superovulation. Ovulation rate was determined at ovariectomy 5 d after the superovulatory estrus (experimental Days 35 to 45). Both soybean oil and animal tallow diets increased (P
A DNA Twist Diffuses and Hops

Perhaps the reader can remember the good old days of wired phones, their cords so prone to the absent-minded twisting that eventually produced a multitude of small coiled coils. Wired phones are a thing of the past, but their cords still serve as inspiration to those interested in the coiling process of DNA. The striking beauty of DNA coiling (aptly named supercoiling) was first illustrated when Vinograd et al. ( 1 ) discovered multiple intertwined loops in their electron microscope images of a circular DNA from the polyoma virus. These loops, also called plectonemes, can play an important role in gene regulation by bringing together distant DNA elements, such as enhancers and promoters ( 2 ). On page 94 of this issue, van Loenhout et al. ( 3 ) use single-molecule techniques to uncover the rich dynamics of plectoneme formation and movement.
The potential use of fractals in epidemiology

Abstract For diseases that are transmitted through parasitic vectors (e.g. tick-borne diseases), the potential distribution and impact of such diseases can be anticipated by studying the distribution of their vectors. Vector distribution is a matter of suitable habitat, which is the sum of a wide range of environmental factors. From remotely sensed data, it is possible to distinguish areas that will provide the most beneficial habitat(s) for a given tick species. The key point is that such data come in the form of patches. The stability of these patches, and therefore that of the tick vectors and the diseases that they transmit, can be mathematically measured using fractal dimensions ( D ). These fractal dimensions can then be directly related to a non-Markovian (i.e. history dependent) rate of asymptotic decay ( H ) by using the equation ( D =2− H ). It is this rate of decay ( H ) that measures the stability of a given patch(es) of tick habitat(s). If a time series of remotely sensed data is available, changes in the stability ( H ) can be checked over time. Ultimately, fluctuations of these patches of suitable habitats suggest changes in the tick, and therefore disease, populations. Such fluctuations could destabilize enzootically stable disease populations, or introduce the vectors and diseases into previously naive herds. As an example of this fractal based measurement of habitat stability, this paper presents empirical evidence of the stability of grass patches in a communal land in Zimbabwe, using data from an aerial photograph. Beyond the practical aspects of measuring the patches, and obtaining their H values, the test data demonstrate that there are at least two distinctive, size based, dynamical systems within the whole set of patches. Generally, patches of a larger size are mathematical less stable than those of a smaller size. The next research objective for the use of such a mathematical tool is to take the concept and apply it on an even larger scale, with the first step undoubtedly being to define what environmental factors constitute suitable habitats for the important tick vector species.
Decision performance and diversity structure: Comparing faultlines in convergent, crosscut, and racially homogeneous groups

Abstract Group diversity structure (the composition of racial and job-function diversity) and pre-discussion decision effects on group decision accuracy were tested in three-person groups. Evidence supported the social categorization model and the notion of multiple faultlines (i.e., subgroup boundaries). Crosscut diversity structure, where racial and job-function subgroup boundaries are crossed, weakened faultlines, enhanced information sharing and improved decision-making. Our data also supported the common knowledge effect. Groups in which members made pre-discussion choices arrived at incorrect decisions consistent with majority members’ pre-discussion preferences, based on a biased subset of information. Crosscut groups in which members did not make pre-discussion choices performed the best. Analyses of video taped interactions and attitudes toward the group help to explain these differences. We discuss the implications for managing demographically diverse groups and for future research on the impact of various attributes of diversity in groups.
Advancing means–end chains by incorporating Heider's balance theory and Fournier's consumer–brand relationship typology

Means–end chain theory proposes that knowledge held in consumer's memory is organized in a hierarchy with concrete thoughts linked to more abstract thoughts in a sequence progressing from means (i.e., product features), to psychological and social consequences, and finally to ends (i.e., fulfillment of personal values). This article proposes several advances in the theory. First, specific buying and consumption situations serve as frames of reference when consumers are thinking about products and alternative features of products and brands. Second, states of psychological imbalance may occur in consumers' minds among linkages retrieved automatically for features–consequences and consequences–values; thus, Heider's balance theory informs means–end chain theory and research. The theoretical and practical usefulness of means–end research increases from asking consumers to name an acceptable alternative to the product and brand used in a recent consumption situation, as well as an unacceptable option, and to describe the features–consequences–values of these options; consequently, Fournier's alternative relationships of consumer–brands (e.g., casual friendships, marriages, enmities) become relevant for means–end chain theory. To examine the propositions empirically, the article describes psychological schemas for four means–end chains that link two consumers' recent lived consumption situations to personal values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tiny footprint programmable electrical defocus monitors

A tiny footprint electrically probable single layer defocus monitor/test structure has been designed and tested to show sub-10nm resolution in electrical or electronic defocus monitoring. Electronic testing is a low-cost must have for on-chip production process monitoring which will become necessary for effective Design for Manufacturing. This programmable defocus monitor can be designed to pinch open at various levels of defocus by modifying four different layout parameters, CD, probe size, offset, and the number of rings. An array of these structures can be read as a series of opens and shorts, or 1s and 0s, to electronically extract defocus. One important feature of this defocus test structure is that it has an asymmetric response through focus, which translates to a high sensitivity to defocus at low defocus values or close to nominal conditions. Simulation and experimental results have shown good sensitivity for both on axis, tophat, and offaxis, quasar, illumination. This paper will present both simulation and experimental results that demonstrate the programmability and sensitivity of this test structure to defocus.
One-pot synthesis of the decaniobate salt [N(CH3)4]6[Nb10O28] · 6H2O from hydrous niobium oxide

A robust and easily reproducible one-pot synthetic method for the preparation of [N(CH3)(4)](6)[Nb10O28] center dot 6H(2)O is introduced.
The role of ingestional delay in taste-mediated environmental potentiation

We investigated sources of interference with taste-mediated environmental potentiation in Holtzman rats. Confinement in a novel environmental context for 15 min prior to saccharin ingestion prevented the development of enhanced lithium chloride-reinforced aversions to the environment. These results implicate the contribution of stimulus delay in the disruption of potentiation. They are discussed in terms of both special- and general-process conceptions of conditioning.
Noble-gas-induced collisional line broadening of atomic lithium Rydberg superposition states 2S-nS and 2S-nD (n=4 to 30) measured by trilevel echoes

Collisional relaxation of 2S–nS and 2S–nD superposition states in atomic Li vapor is measured with the trilevel photon-echo technique. Principal quantum numbers range from n = 4 to well into the Rydberg regime with n = 30. For the rare-gas perturbers (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) the variation of collisional cross section with n is considerably weaker than that previously found with Na vapor.
Focusing, implicational scaling, and the dialect status of New York Latino English1

This study examines the status of New York Latino English (NYLE) as a focused systematic dialect versus an unsystematic menu of features, what Benor(2008,2009,2010)callsan‘ethnolinguisticrepertoire.’Systematicity isassessedthroughimplicationalscaling,underwhichhighdegreesofscaling are assumed to represent high levels of systematicity. Data from 20 young Latino New Yorkers are examined with respect to five variables presenting variants of presumed substrate origin. Results are initially contradictory. Depending on the form of scaling used, NYLE can be seen as only marginally systematic or highly so. The paradox can be resolved in two findings. First, non-substrate factors obscure substrate effects at low frequencies, particularly in variables that tend to relatively low substrate-variant-usage rates. Second, individuals show different degrees of systematicity in variable usage. These findings are neutral about the eventual outcome of NYLE as fitting best a dialect or repertoire model. However, the results further imply that if systematicity is developing in NYLE, then it may follow a pattern of leaders and followers in its organization.
Work in progress - Lessons-Constructor-Analyzer paradigm (LCA) and the Animated Database Courseware (ADbC)

The teaching learning process can be fairly complex, especially when students encounter abstract concepts. Research shows that student learning is facilitated when students are provided with multiple channels of instruction, opportunity for practice and accompanying feedback loops. One supplemental instructional vehicle is the use of educational software. We propose a paradigm by which instructional software can be designed, modeled, implemented and evaluated. The paradigm, referred to as Lessons-Constructor-Analyzer (LCA), divides classroom activities into three groupings, Lessons, where material is presented to the students and a set of basic questions asked, Constructor, where the student has a microworld or a simulator in which to practice and develop skill, and Analyzer, in which assessment and evaluation of learning takes place. In this paper, we describe how the LCA paradigm can be applied against the evaluation of instructional software through the example of our development of a set of software animations designed to support the teaching and learning of database concepts known as the Animated Database Course (ADbC). Faculty and student evaluations indicate that the application of the LCA paradigm to the development and incorporation of the ADbC software has been effective. ADbC is supported by NSF Grant # 0717707
Reseller Adoption of Manufacturers' E-Business Tools: The Impact of Social Enforcement, Technology-Relationship Fit and the Mediating Role of Reseller Benefits

Manufacturer–reseller relationships are increasingly becoming technology-infused as distribution managers are employing e-business tools to streamline existing channels. This research examines the role of social enforcement, relationship–technology fit and the perceived reseller benefits in reseller adoption of manufacturers' e-business tools. The results of the empirical test involving a sample of 224 resellers suggest that social enforcement and technology–relationship factors impact reseller e-business adoption, while reseller benefits play a mediating role. Implications of these findings for researchers and managers are discussed.
Self-injurious behaviors in a college population.

OBJECTIVE.The goal was to assess the prevalence, forms, demographic and mental health correlates of self-injurious behaviors in a representative college sample. METHODS.A random sample of undergraduate and graduate students at 2 northeastern US universities were invited to participate in an Internet-based survey in the spring of 2005. Thirty-seven percent of the 8300 invited participants responded. RESULTS.The lifetime prevalence rate of having 1 self-injurious behavior incident was 17.0%. Seventy-five percent of those students engaged in self-injurious behaviors more than once. Thirty-six percent reported that no one knew about their self-injurious behaviors and only 3.29% indicated that a physician knew. Compared with non-self-injurers, those with repeat self-injurious behavior incidents were more likely to be female, bisexual or questioning their sexual orientation. They were less likely to be Asian/Asian American and 24 years of age. When controlling for demographic characteristics, those with repeat self-injurious behavior incidents were more likely to report a history of emotional abuse or sexual abuse, ever having considered or attempted suicide, elevated levels of psychological distress, and 1 characteristic of an eating disorder. A dose-response gradient was evident in each of these areas when single-incident self-injurious behaviors were compared with repeat-incident self-injurious behaviors. CONCLUSIONS.A substantial number of college students reported self-injurious behaviors in their lifetimes. Many of the behaviors occurred among individuals who had never been in therapy for any reason and who only rarely disclosed their selfinjurious behaviors to anyone. Single self-injurious behavior incidents were correlated with a history of abuse and comorbid adverse health conditions but less strongly than were repeat self-injurious behavior incidents. The reticence of these clients to seek help or advice renders it critical that medical and mental health providers find effective strategies for detecting and addressing self-injurious behaviors.
Simultaneous cell growth and ethanol production from cellulose by an engineered yeast consortium displaying a functional mini-cellulosome

Background: The recalcitrant nature of cellulosic materials and the high cost of enzymes required for efficient hydrolysis are the major impeding steps to their practical usage for ethanol production. Ideally, a recombinant microorganism, possessing the capability to utilize cellulose for simultaneous growth and ethanol production, is of great interest. We have reported recently the use of a yeast consortium for the functional presentation of a minicellulosome structure onto the yeast surface by exploiting the specific interaction of different cohesin-dockerin pairs. In this study, we engineered a yeast consortium capable of displaying a functional mini-cellulosome for the simultaneous growth and ethanol production on phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC). Results: A yeast consortium composed of four different populations was engineered to display a functional minicellulosome containing an endoglucanase, an exoglucanase and a b-glucosidase. The resulting consortium was demonstrated to utilize PASC for growth and ethanol production. The final ethanol production of 1.25 g/L corresponded to 87% of the theoretical value and was 3-fold higher than a similar yeast consortium secreting only the three cellulases. Quantitative PCR was used to enumerate the dynamics of each individual yeast population for the two consortia. Results indicated that the slight difference in cell growth cannot explain the 3-fold increase in PASC hydrolysis and ethanol production. Instead, the substantial increase in ethanol production is consistent with the reported synergistic effect on cellulose hydrolysis using the displayed mini-cellulosome. Conclusions: This report represents a significant step towards the goal of cellulosic ethanol production. This engineered yeast consortium displaying a functional mini-cellulosome demonstrated not only the ability to grow on the released sugars from PASC but also a 3-fold higher ethanol production than a similar yeast consortium secreting only the three cellulases. The use of more complex cellulosomal structures may further improve the overall efficiency for ethanol production.
The Effect of Sympathetic Innervation on Canine Muscle and Skin Blood Flow

• Two microsphere techniques were used to measure skin and muscle capillary blood flow, plus blood flow through arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs), before and after unilateral lumbar sympathectomy in 12 anesthetized dogs. Sympathectomy did not alter capillary flow to tibial muscle, thigh, or lower leg skin, whereas paw skin capillary flow decreased, from 28 to 13 mL/min/100 g. However, total extremity blood flow increased after sympathectomy, because of the rate of AVA flow, which increased from 7 to 30 mL/min. Transient nerve stimulation of the cut distal end of the lumbar sympathetic chain immediately and reversibly decreased the AVA flow rate, from 30 to 10 mL/min. The rate of total hind-limb capillary flow also decreased during nerve stimulation, from 86 to 46 mL/min. The only significant effect of sympathectomy in anesthetized dogs was to redistribute distal hind-limb capillary blood flow to AVAs, which are anatomically located in this region. In contrast to capillaries, AVAs have little intrinsic myogenic tone and are highly dependent on adrenergic innervation. ( Arch Surg 1983;118:420-424)
Dural arteriovenous fistulae in pediatric patients: associated conditions and treatment outcomes

Objective Dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVF) are rare vascular lesions of the CNS with potentially significant morbidity and mortality. Our experience in the treatment of children with dAVF is reported. Design Our neurosurgical and neurointerventional pediatric database was retrospectively reviewed for patients with dAVF. Brain arteriovenous malformations, pial fistulae, vein of Galen malformations and extracranial fistulae were excluded. Angiography was used to assess radiographic outcome in all cases. Clinical outcome was assessed by the pediatric Functional Status Scale (6=normal, maximal incapacity=30). Results Between July 2003 and June 2011, seven patients with dAVF were treated, with a mean age at presentation of 4.8 years. Presenting symptoms included facial venous prominence, headache, macrocephaly and symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure; one patient (14%) had asymptomatic dAVF discovered on imaging follow-up after craniotomy for cavernous malformation. Two cases (28%) were associated with vascular anomaly syndromes, PHACE association and PTEN associated syndrome. Venous sinus thrombosis was identified in four patients (57%) and was associated with a systemic hypercoagulable state or trauma. Complete obliteration was achieved in six of seven patients. Treatment was exclusively endovascular in six patients and by combined surgical/endovascular means in the remaining patient. No treatment complications were experienced. Functional Status Scale scores at an average of 2 years of follow-up were 6 in all patients. Conclusion Treatment is effective in the obliteration of dAVF in children and is well tolerated, with patients having excellent prognoses. Genetic screening and hypercoagulable workup are indicated, particularly when other anomalies or sinus thrombosis coexist.
Assisting Rape Victims as They Recover From Rape The Impact on Friends

Many rape survivors turn to their friends for support during recovery, but friends may have emotional reactions that seriously affect their ability to support rape survivors. This study examined the impact of sexual assault disclosure by surveying 60 friends of rape victims about their experiences helping survivors. Overall, these friends reacted positively; they did not blame the rape survivor, were not distressed, felt that their helping efforts were effective, and believed their friendship grew closer. But, this generally positive picture did not hold true for all participants. Results of canonical correlation analyses revealed three distinct patterns of helping experiences: (a) relatively positive experiences and positive changes in the relationship; (b) neutral experiences and no changes; and (c) negative accompanied by negative changes in the relationship. Based on these results, suggestions for expanding theoretical models of significant others' reactions and practical applications for assisting fr...
The link between major histocompatibility complex antibodies and cell proliferation

Experimental evidence indicates that donor-specific antibodies targeting major histocompatibility complex classes I and II molecules can elicit the key features of transplant vasculopathy by acting on the graft vasculature in 3 ways: directly activating proliferative, prosurvival, and migratory signaling in the target endothelial and smooth muscle cells; increasing expression of mitogenic factors in vascular endothelial cells, creating a potential proliferative autocrine loop; and promoting recruitment of inflammatory cells that produce mitogenic factors and elicit chronic inflammation, proliferation, and fibrosis. Here, we review the experimental literature showing the complement and Fc-independent effects of major histocompatibility complex classes I and II antibodies on graft vascular cells that may directly contribute to the proliferative aspect of transplant vasculopathy.
Relationship of antiretroviral treatment to postmortem brain tissue viral load in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 invades the central nervous system (CNS) soon after infection and is partially protected there from host immunity and antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). Sanctuary from highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the CNS could result in ongoing viral replication, promoting the development of drug resistance and neurological disease. Despite the importance of these risks, no previous study has directly assessed HAART’s effects on brain tissue viral load (VL). The authors evaluated 61 HIV-infected individuals for whom both histories of HAART treatment and postmortem brain tissue VL measurements were available. Two groups were defined based on HAART use in the 3 months prior to death: HAART(+) subjects had received HAART, and HAART(−) subjects had not received HAART. HIV RNA was quantified in postmortem brain tissue (log10 copies/10 μg total tissue RNA) and antemortem plasma (log10 copies/ml) by reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Brain tissue VLs were significantly lower among HAART(+) subjects compared to HAART(−) subjects (median 2.6 versus 4.1; P = .0007). These findings suggest that despite the limited CNS penetration of many antiretroviral medications, HAART is at least partially effective in suppressing CNS viral replication. Because some HAART regimens may be better than others in this regard, regimen selection strategies could be used to impede CNS viral activity, limit neuronal dysfunction, and prevent or treat clinical neurocognitive disorders in HIV-infected patients. Furthermore, such strategies might help to prevent the development of ARV resistance.
Context-based Web Application Design

웹 기능의 향상과 웹 관련 기술의 발전, 레거시 시스템과의 통합 필요성 증대, 자주 변하는 웹 콘텐츠와 구조 등으로 인하여 웹 애플리케이션을 개발하고 관리하는 일이 과거보다 훨씬 더 복잡하게 되었다. 그러나 이러한 다양한 요인들을 고려하는 포괄적인 웹 애플리케이션 설계 방법론은 아직 존재하지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 요인들을 고려한 컨텍스트 기반의 웹 애플리케이션 설계 방법론을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 방법론에서는 웹 정보를 전달하는 메커니즘에 따라 구분되는 9 종류의 웹 페이지 형태와 웹 페이지 간의 다양한 의미 관계를 정의하는 7 종류의 링크 형태 및 설계 과정 중에 사용되는 여러 종류의 컴포넌트 역할을 구별하는 소프트웨어 컴포넌트 형태 등 다양한 종류의 모델링 기법들을 소개하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 이 방법론은 ‘콤펜디엄(compendium)’이라 불리는 일단의 관련된 정보 클러스터들로 이루어진 독창적인 웹 애플리케이션 모델을 사용하고 있다. 하나의 콤펜디엄은 주제(theme), 컨텍스트 페이지, 링크 및 컴포넌트로 구성된다. 이러한 접근방법은 모듈 방식의 설계에 유용할 뿐만 아니라 항상 변하는 웹 애플리케이션의 콘텐츠와 구조를 관리하는데도 도움이 된다. 본 연구에서 제시한 방법론은 의미적으로 응집력이 있고 구문적으로 느슨히 결합된 유연한 웹 디자인 산출물을 생성하는데 도움이 될 것이다.
Diagnosis of a continuous dynamic system from distributed measurements

A diagnosis application has been built for a three-tank fluid system. The tank system is equiped with a distributed measurement and control system based on smart transducer nodes with embedded computing and networking capabilities that use the IEEE 1451.1 object model to provide high level sensing and actuation abstractions. The diagnosis system operates on-line on a workstation that-appears on the network as another transducer node. The diagnosis methodology has several aspects that allow distribution of the monitoring and diagnosis functionality on a network of embedded processors. The current application represents the initial phase in building a truly distributed monitoring and diagnosis application.
The Hume Literature, 1995

This bibliography covers the Hume literature for 1995. I have also appended supplements containing additions and corrections to "The Hume Literature, 1986-1993," which was published in the November 1994 issue of Hume Studies, and to "The Hume Literature, 1994, which was published in our November 1995 issue. I am most grateful to all who contributed additions or corrections to these bibliographies, and I again encourage readers of Hume Studies to supply additions, corrections, or bibliographical information missing from any of our bibliographies. The 1995 bibliography includes a new feature: a listing of relevant doctoral dissertations from 1986-95. Subsequent bibliographies will contain yearly supplements to this listing. For the Hume literature prior to 1986, the reader should consult Roland Hall's authoritative Fifty Years of Hume Scholarship: A Bibliographic Guide (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1978), which covers the period 1925 to 1976, and also lists the main earlier work on Hume. Hall's Hume Studies bibliographies supplement that work. They appeared from 1978 to 1988 and cover the years 1977 to 1985. My bibliographies depart from Hall's practice in that they do not list items published in Hume Studies. Articles and reviews from 1975 through 1993 (Volumes I-XIX) were comprehensively indexed in the November 1993 issue. Subsequent November issues include an index for that year's volume. Editions of Hume's works and anthologies of his writings are listed in this bibliography
Expansions on a computerized operant laboratory: Considerations for combining teaching and research

The present laboratory configuration addresses concerns beyond the functional workings of a computerized research system to include human factors. The logistical aspects of error-free multi-operator operations are discussed along with the economics of developing, assembling, and maintaining the stations. The actual configurations (hardware and software) of the present laboratory are explained and discussed, as are the philosophies and experiences that led to a highly successful combined research and teaching operant laboratory.
NeuroPG: open source software for optical pattern generation and data acquisition

Patterned illumination using a digital micromirror device (DMD) is a powerful tool for optogenetics. Compared to a scanning laser, DMDs are inexpensive and can easily create complex illumination patterns. Combining these complex spatiotemporal illumination patterns with optogenetics allows DMD-equipped microscopes to probe neural circuits by selectively manipulating the activity of many individual cells or many subcellular regions at the same time. To use DMDs to study neural activity, scientists must develop specialized software to coordinate optical stimulation patterns with the acquisition of electrophysiological and fluorescence data. To meet this growing need we have developed an open source optical pattern generation software for neuroscience-NeuroPG-that combines, DMD control, sample visualization, and data acquisition in one application. Built on a MATLAB platform, NeuroPG can also process, analyze, and visualize data. The software is designed specifically for the Mightex Polygon400; however, as an open source package, NeuroPG can be modified to incorporate any data acquisition, imaging, or illumination equipment that is compatible with MATLAB's Data Acquisition and Image Acquisition toolboxes.
On computation of the canonical pencil of a linear system

An algorithm for computing the canonical form of a singular pencil is presented. This algorithm, which is based on well known linear algebra techniques, offers efficiency and error analysis advantages over previous algorithms presented by Thorp and Gantmacher. These results are useful in exposing the structure of linear multivariable systems.