cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone scintigraphy with F-18 NaF in children

1390 Objectives To review our experience in bone scintigraphy using F-18 NaF PET. Methods We reviewed over 500 studies performed with F-18 NaF PET between the years 2004 and 2010. Results We present several examples of the utility of 18F NaF PET in the assessment of bone pain in children. The majority of cases were referred from the Sports Medicine Clinic with a presumptive diagnosis of stress fractures. Conclusions Our review indicates that 18F NaF PET can be used safely and effectively in the imaging of children and adolescents that are being evaluated for bone pain
The Structure of Modern Free Speech Doctrine: Strict Scrutiny: Intermediate Review, and 'Reasonableness' Balancing

The structure of modern First Amendment free speech doctrine has evolved consistent with the more formalized structure of doctrine under modern Equal Protection and Due Process review. This involves more explicit use of strict scrutiny, intermediate review, “reasonableness” balancing, and minimum rationality review. As discussed in Part II of this article, for regulations of free speech in a public forum or on individual private property, the Court uses strict scrutiny for content-based regulations and intermediate review for content-neutral regulations. As discussed in Part III, for regulations of speech in a government-owned non-public forum, or speech supported by government grants or subsidies, the Court uses strict scrutiny for viewpoint discrimination, and “reasonableness” balancing for subject-matter and content-neutral regulations.In some cases, certain kinds of speech do not trigger free speech protection at all. As discussed in Part IV, this includes cases of pure government speech or regulations of alleged symbolic speech that is viewed by the Court as involving conduct only. Other kinds of speech, like advocacy of illegal conduct, fighting words, or obscenity, get limited free speech protection: strict scrutiny for viewpoint discrimination, but otherwise no further free speech review, as discussed in Part V. When free speech principles do not apply, there is only then other kinds of constitutional review, such as minimum rationality review under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses for social or economic regulations not involving fundamental rights.In addition to these categories of speech, content-based regulations of certain kind of speech in a public forum trigger less than normal strict scrutiny review. As discussed in Part VI, this can involve regulations of commercial speech, speech by government employees on matters of public concern, or alleged tortious speech, such as defamation or invasion of privacy, among others. Special First Amendment free speech doctrines for cases of prior restraints, injunctions, vagueness, substantial overbreadth, and other such matters are discussed in Part VII.This overall structure is reproduced in an Appendix, Table 2 to this article. In Appendix, Table 1, the same standards of review used in First Amendment free speech cases are presented as used in other parts of constitutional interpretation. Together, Tables 1 and 2 provide a general summary of standards of review currently used by the Supreme Court in individual rights adjudication.
Increased Angiogenesis and Non-Surgical Bleeding in Patients with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices Are Mediated by Thrombin-Induced Angiopoietin-2

Increased Angiogenesis and Non-Surgical Bleeding in Patients with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices Are Mediated by Thrombin-Induced Angiopoietin-2 C.E. Tabit ,1 G.H. Kim,1 S.E. Fedson,2 G. Sayer,1 M.J. Coplan,1 V. Jeevanandam,3 N. Uriel,1 J.K. Liao.1 1Cardiology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; 2Baylor Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor University, Houston, TX; 3Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
Serum zinc concentrations and depression in persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection: the positive living with HIV (POLH) study.

Low levels of serum zinc concentrations and depression are common in persons infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Low levels of serum zinc concentrations may increase risk of depression in general population. However, research on the role of zinc in depression among HIV- infected person is limited. We assessed the association between serum zinc concentrations and depression in HIV-infected persons. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 311 HIV-positive people (177 men and 134 women) aged 18-60 years residing in Kathmandu, Nepal. The atomic absorption method was used to measure serum zinc concentrations and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-Ia method was used to measure depression, with cut off score 20 or higher consistent with clinically significant depression. Relationships were assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses. Serum zinc concentrations were significantly inversely associated with depression in all participants and in men but not in women. Participants with the highest tertile of serum zinc concentrations had a significantly decreased risk of depression in men but not in women. Serum zinc concentrations were inversely associated with depressive symptoms scores in HIV-infected men. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the role of zinc in depression among persons infected with HIV.
Abstract 2617: SUMOylation inhibition attenuates the cancer stem cell population in glioblastoma and basal breast cancer

INTRO: TFAP2A and mouse homolog Tcfap2a are transcription factors that play a critical role in development and cancer. We have recently shown that SUMOylation of TFAP2A is a key posttranslational modification that maintains the basal breast cancer phenotype. Treatment with anacardic acid (AA), a SUMOylation inhibitor, led to depletion of the CD44+/hi/CD24-/lo cancer stem cell population. Interestingly, glioblastoma has also been shown to express TFAP2A and demonstrates an expanded cancer stem cell population. METHODS: Mouse 4T1 basal mammary cancer, IOWA-1T human basal breast cancer and UG118 glioblastoma cell lines were analyzed. MTT was used to measure cell viability. Coulter Counter and hemocytometer were used for cell quantification. Matrigel invasion and western blot were used to further characterize the cell lines. RESULTS: Treatment of 4T1 and UG118 cells with AA in vitro resulted in a 67% and 65% decrease in cell viability by MTT assay, respectively (p CONCLUSION: Inhibition of the SUMO pathway attenuates the cancer stem cell population in basal breast cancer and glioblastoma. While further investigation is needed, SUMOylation may be a common biological posttranslational modification that defines cancer stem cells. Furthermore, basal breast cancer, brain cancer, and other cancers that express TFAP2A may be amenable to SUMOylation inhibitors such as AA. Citation Format: Jung M. Park, Tong Wu, Sarah Van Dorin, Ronald Weigel. SUMOylation inhibition attenuates the cancer stem cell population in glioblastoma and basal breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2617. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2617
The integrated business strategy of a Central American denim apparel manufacturer

There is growing recognition that truly sustainable business practices, whether focused on environmental or social concerns, must be integrated within a company in order to be effective. The purpose of this case study research was to understand an apparel manufacturer's environmental and social responsibility practices in the context of a comprehensive and competitive business strategy. The research is innovative for its focus on manufacturing businesses rather than global brands and best practices in strategic CSR. A manufacturer of high-quality fashion denim apparel located in Central America was chosen for this study because of its reputation as both a thriving and socially responsible company. Field research revealed that one of the company's most valuable internal resources for competitiveness was its employees who were recruited, cultivated, and retained to maintain high skill and flexibility in meeting buyers' demands. Additionally, an open- and forward-minded executive team shaped innovative solutions that stem from an ingrained sense of responsibility and a deep understanding that sustainability is not an obligation but an investment.
Population structure and local selection yield high genomic variation in Mimulus guttatus.

Across western North America, Mimulus guttatus exists as many local populations adapted to site-specific environmental challenges. Gene flow between locally adapted populations will affect genetic diversity both within demes and across the larger metapopulation. Here, we analyse 34 whole-genome sequences from the intensively studied Iron Mountain population (IM) in conjunction with sequences from 22 Mimulus individuals sampled from across western North America. Three striking features of these data address hypotheses about migration and selection in a locally adapted population. First, we find very high levels of intrapopulation polymorphism (synonymous π = 0.033). Variation outside of genes is likely even higher but difficult to estimate because excessive divergence reduces the efficiency of read mapping. Second, IM exhibits a significantly positive genomewide average for Tajima's D. This indicates allele frequencies are typically more intermediate than expected from neutrality, opposite the pattern observed in many other species. Third, IM exhibits a distinctive haplotype structure with a genomewide excess of positive associations between rarer alleles at linked loci. This suggests an important effect of gene flow from other Mimulus populations, although a residual effect of population founding might also contribute. The combination of multiple analyses, including a novel tree-based analytic method, illustrates how the balance of local selection, limited dispersal and metapopulation dynamics manifests across the genome. The overall genomic pattern of sequence diversity suggests successful gene flow of divergent immigrant genotypes into IM. However, many loci show patterns indicative of local adaptation, particularly at SNPs associated with chromosomal inversions.
Transseptal Techniques for Emerging Structural Heart Interventions

The development of new transseptal transcatheter interventions for patients with structural heart disease is fueling increasing interest in transseptal puncture techniques. The authors review contemporary transseptal puncture indications and techniques and provide a step-by-step approach to challenging transseptal access and procedural complications.
Summer Activities: Incidents and Accidents

Summer invites activities and sports that are unique to this time of year. Although safety is a priority, there are commonly accidents and incidents that occur while individuals are participating in these activities. The prevalence and incidence of several types of injuries and trauma related to water activities, camping, caving, backpacking, and hiking are discussed. Treatment of nonfatal drowning is discussed, along with the pathophysiologic process that must be corrected for optimal outcomes. Summer is a time for outdoor cooking, campfires, and the traditional Fourth of July firework pastimes, which can result in admissions to critical care areas. Language: en
Temporal trends for adjuvant radiation utilization and their effect on survival for locally advanced (stage III) endometrial cancer in the USA

Adjuvant radiotherapy improves locoregional control of stage III endometrial cancer (EC), but its role was challenged after Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) 122 demonstrated survival benefit with chemotherapy. This study describes the trends in adjuvant radiotherapy utilization for stage III endometrial cancer and assesses its association with survival outcomes. We extracted 6913 patients with stage III endometrioid subtype EC (EEC) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) 18 Registry Research Database treated between 2004 and 2012. We retrospectively reviewed patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and clinical parameters. Temporal trend of radiation use was assessed by linear regression. Univariate Cox regression analysis followed by a multivariate modeling was used to analyze the impact of radiation on survival. Patients not receiving adjuvant radiotherapy and those receiving vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) alone in stage III EEC increased over study period (1.42%/year and 0.73%/year, respectively), but those with external beam radiation (EBRT) and combination radiotherapy decreased (−1.42%/year and −0.73%/year, respectively). Age, stage, grade, degree of lymph node dissection, and radiation utilization were found to impact overall and cancer-specific survival on multivariate analysis. Survival was improved with use of EBRT (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.58–0.73, P < 0.001), VBT (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.49–0.78, P < 0.001), and combination radiotherapy (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.48–0.64, P < 0.001). Based upon this analysis, omission of adjuvant radiation therapy has become more prevalent in stage III EEC patients, and this was associated with worse survival. Appropriate incorporation of radiotherapy in the management of these patients should be further explored in prospective studies.
Improving the Performance of the CamShift Algorithm Using Dynamic Parallelism on GPU

The CamShift algorithm is widely used for tracking dynamically sized and positioned objects that appear in a sequence of video pictures captured by a camera. In spite of a great number of literatures regarding CamShift on the platform of CPU, its research on the massively parallel Graphics Processing Unit(GPU) platform is quite limited, where a GPU device is an emerging technology for high-performance computing. In this work, we improve the existing work by utilizing a new strategy – Dynamic Parallelism (DP), which helps to minimize the communication cost between a GPU device and the CPU. As far as we know, our project is the first proposal to utilize DP on a GPU device to further improve the CamShift algorithm. In experiments, we verify that our design is up to three times faster than the existing work due to applying DP, while we achieve the same tracking accuracy. These improvements allow the CamShift algorithm to be used in a more performance-demanding environment, for example, in real-time video processing with high-speed cameras or in processing videos with high resolution.
Baseline levels of urinary 8-oxodeoxyguanosine and hepatocellular carcinoma risk

921 To determine the association between the urinary excretion of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a case-control study nested within a community based cohort was conducted in Taiwan. Baseline urine samples, collected from a total of 73 HCC cases and 297 matched controls, were used to determine the level of urinary 8-oxo-dG by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the effect of urinary 8-oxo-dG on risk of HCC. The geometric mean of urinary 8-oxo-dG was 75.0 ng/μl in HCC cases and 75.5 ng/μl in controls. When compared to subjects in the lowest tertile, there was a decreased trend (p trend =0.17) in risk of HCC, with increasing tertile of 8-oxodG level (OR=0.78, 95% CI=0.34-1.80; OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.23-1.32, for the 2 nd and 3 rd tertile relative to the lowest tertile, respectively). In addition, the protective effect of urinary 8-oxo-dG level on HCC risk were only observed among subjects positive for HBsAg. The ORs were 0.26 (95%CI=0.03-2.56), 0.02 (95%CI=0.0-0.78, p trend nd , and 3 rd tertile, compared with those in the lowest tertile. Among HBsAg negative subjects, the ORs were 1.59 (95% CI=0.50-5.01), 1.48 (95%CI=0.51-4.27), respectively. Subjects positive for HBsAg and with urinary 8-oxo-dG levels below the mean had a significantly increased HCC risk (OR=27.31, 95%CI=8.07-92.50) compared to subjects negative for HBsAg and with urinary 8-oxo-dG above the mean (p trend
Fears, Hopes, and Dreams: The Talismanic Shirts of Murād iii

There is much evidence that Ottoman Turks were interested in talismans and magic. However, this area has not yet been studied in depth. A few recent studies present information about material artifacts, but without deep analysis of the use of talismans and magic among Ottoman Sufis. The present study examines talismanic shirts prepared for the Ottoman sultans, in particular the shirts of Murād III (r. 982/1574-1003/1595), who was a devout disciple of a Ḫalwatī master, Suǧāʿ Dede. After a brief introduction to talismanic shirts prepared for Ottoman sultans, I analyze the motifs, symbols, and divine words on the talismanic shirts produced for Murād III . I also explore what insights can be gained when his shirts are read together with his dream letters that he sent to his spiritual master. Intertextual reading of significant symbols on Sulṭān Murād’s shirts, when taken in conjunction with his letters, demonstrates that his shirts are infused with a more complex meaning than is evident at first glance.Il existe de nombreuses preuves que les Turcs ottomans s’interessaient aux talismans et a la magie. Cependant, ce terrain n’a pas encore ete etudie en profondeur. Quelques etudes recentes presentent des informations sur les artefacts materiels, mais sans analyse approfondie de l’utilisation des talismans et de la magie chez les soufis ottomans. La presente etude examine les chemises talismaniques preparees pour les sultans ottomans, en particulier les chemises de Murād III (r. 982/1574-1003/1595), disciple devot d’un maitre Ḫalwatī, Suǧāʿ Dede. Apres une breve introduction aux chemises talismaniques preparees pour les sultans ottomans, j’analyserai les motifs, les symboles et les noms divins sur les chemises talismaniques produites pour Murād III . J’explorerai egalement ce que l’on peut comprendre lorsque ses chemises sont mises en regard avec les lettres de ses reves qu’il envoya a son maitre spirituel. La lecture intertextuelle de symboles significatifs sur les chemises du sultan Murād, lorsqu’ils sont mis en relation avec ses lettres, demontre que ses chemises sont composees avec une signification plus complexe que ce qui apparait au premier coup d’œil.This article is in English.
Synthesis of a Cyclophane Bearing Two Benz[a]anthracene Units Connected at the 5 and 7 Positions with Two Naphth-1,4-diyl Groups

A synthetic pathway to a cyclophane bearing two benz[a]anthracene units connected at the 5 and 7 positions through two naphth-1,4-diyl groups was developed, and its structure was confirmed by X-ray structure analysis. Because of structural constraints, the two naphthyl groups are distorted from planarity and the bonds connecting them to the benz[a]anthracene units are bent significantly. The UV–vis and fluorescence spectra of the cyclophane are red-shifted from those of 7-(1-naphthalenyl)benz[a]anthracene, which is the corresponding monomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Die Differentialdiagnose des Morbus Crohn

Die Merkmale des M. Crohn des Dunndarms sind unspezifisch. Sie sind Ausdruck eines stereotypen Reaktionsmusters, mit dem der Dunndarm auf unterschiedliche Krankheitsursachen antwortet. Dies bedeutet jedoch nicht, das die Rontgendiagnose des M. Crohn zweideutig oder ungenau ware — im Gegenteil, die Rontgendiagnose ist fast immer eindeutig. Dies beruht darauf, das der Radiologe alle Aspekte der radiologischen Veranderungen in seine Betrachtung einbezieht, wobei Anamnese, korperliche Untersuchung, Ergebnisse anderer Labortests und vielleicht vor allem der klinische Verlauf mit zum Tragen kommen. In diesem Kapitel werden einige Dunndarmerkrankungen vorgestellt, bei denen der M. Crohn im Rahmen des diagnostischen Gesamtkonzepts differentialdiagnostisch in Erwagung gezogen werden mus. Einige der spezifisch radiologischen und/oder klinischen Befunde, die zur richtigen Diagnose fuhrten, seien miterwahnt.
On Perfective –le in Mandarin Chinese: Theoretical and Pedagogical Issues

Although Mandarin Chinese perfective -‍le has been extensively studied in the literature, views on its linguistic properties nevertheless remain controversial. In this study, I first discuss the temporal function of perfective -‍le and provide an alternative account. In the spirit of Klein’s (1994) approach regarding different temporal intervals, I demonstrate that the core function of this suffix is to indicate that one event occurs after another. I then address the issue of the English translation of perfective -‍le in a Chinese as a foreign or second language class and argue that English present perfect construction may not represent the translation correctly. The proposal not only gives a more straightforward definition of the perfective -‍le, but also provides a simpler way for the instruction of the suffix.
Assessing the type annotation burden

Type annotations provide a link between program variables and domain-specific types. When combined with a type system, these annotations can enable early fault detection. For type annotations to be cost-effective in practice, they need to be both accurate and affordable for developers. We lack, however, an understanding of how burdensome type annotation is for developers. Hence, this work explores three fundamental questions: 1) how accurately do developers make type annotations; 2) how long does a single annotation take; and, 3) if a system could automatically suggest a type annotation, how beneficial to accuracy are correct suggestions and how detrimental are incorrect suggestions? We present results of a study of 71 programmers using 20 random code artifacts that contain variables with physical unit types that must be annotated. Subjects choose a correct type annotation only 51% of the time and take an average of 136 seconds to make a single correct annotation. Our qualitative analysis reveals that variable names and reasoning over mathematical operations are the leading clues for type selection. We find that suggesting the correct type boosts accuracy to 73%, while making a poor suggestion decreases accuracy to 28%. We also explore what state-of-the-art automated type annotation systems can and cannot do to help developers with type annotations, and identify implications for tool developers.
Aminopyrazole Carboxamide Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Irreversible to Reversible Covalent Reactive Group Tuning

Potent covalent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) based on an aminopyrazole carboxamide scaffold have been identified. Compared to acrylamide-based covalent reactive groups leading to irreversible protein adducts, cyanamide-based reversible-covalent inhibitors provided the highest combined BTK potency and EGFR selectivity. The cyanamide covalent mechanism with BTK was confirmed through enzyme kinetic, NMR, MS, and X-ray crystallographic studies. The lead cyanamide-based inhibitors demonstrated excellent kinome selectivity and rat pharmacokinetic properties.
A characterization of the resonance graph of an outerplane bipartite graph

Abstract Let G be a 2-connected outerplane bipartite graph and R ( G ) be its resonance graph. It is known that R ( G ) is a median graph. Assume that s is a reducible face of G and H is the subgraph of G obtained by removing all internal vertices (if exist) and edges on the common periphery of s and G . We show that R ( G ) can be obtained from R ( H ) by a peripheral convex expansion. As an application, we prove that Θ ( R ( G ) ) is a tree and isomorphic to the inner dual of G , where Θ ( R ( G ) ) is the induced graph on the Djokovic–Winkler relation Θ -classes of R ( G ) .
Insights into the Unique Nature of the East Asian Clade of the Emerging Pathogenic Yeast Candida auris

ABSTRACT The emerging yeast Candida auris can be highly drug resistant, causing invasive infections, and large outbreaks. C. auris went from an unknown pathogen a decade ago to being reported in over thirty countries on six continents. C. auris consists of four discrete clades, based on where the first isolates of the clade were reported, South Asian (clade I), East Asian (clade II), African (clade III), and South American (clade IV). These clades have unique genetic and biochemical characteristics that are important to understand and inform the global response to C. auris. Clade II has been underrepresented in the literature despite being the first one discovered. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Y. J. Kwon et al. (J Clin Microbiol 57:e01624-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01624-18) describe the largest collection of clinical isolates from Clade II, which is also the longest-running span of clinical cases, 20 years, from any single region to date. Clade II appears to have a propensity for the ear that is uncharacteristic of the other clades, which typically cause invasive infections and large-scale outbreaks. This study provides new information on an understudied lineage of C. auris and has important implications for future surveillance.
Social responsibility initiative: examining the influence of a collaborative service learning project on student learning

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to examine how a collaborative service learning project (CSL) influenced student learning experience. Specific research objectives were to (a) examine stude...
Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium (REY) in coal mine drainage from the Illinois Basin, USA

Abstract The ever-growing demand in the USA and in the modern economy for rare earth elements, defined here as the lanthanide elements plus yttrium (REY), motivates the development of economically feasible and environmentally friendly approaches for domestic REY resources. Non-conventional sources, including coal mine drainage (CMD) hosting elevated concentrations of REY, have been explored as attractive secondary sources for metals recovery. Consequently, in this study we investigate CMD from abandoned coal mines in the Illinois Basin as a potential REY resource. We collected CMD from 35 abandoned coal mine sites in the Illinois Basin and investigated trends in REY enrichment and their association with CMD geochemical characteristics, including pH, the presence of other chemical elements of economic significance (i.e., Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, V) as well as spatial patterns in relation to Permian magmatic intrusions of the Hicks Dome, a potential source of REY in the Illinois Basin. Additionally, the REY contents in possible source rocks for Illinois CMD were measured including coal from an underground mine and coal preparation plant in Southern Illinois, mafic igneous rocks associated with Hicks Dome, and hydrothermal fluorite from Illinois fluorspar district. The REY concentrations in samples of CMD (filtered fraction) and associated coal and non-coal solids were determined by ICP-MS. The total concentration of REY in CMD, ΣREYCMD varied between 1 and 9879 μg/L with an average of 1059 μg/L and critical-ΣREYCMD (Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, and Y) varied between 0.3 and 7577.5 μg/L with an average of 637 μg/L. Basin-wide, we found no statistical correlation between ΣREYCMD and (1) pH of the CMD, or (2) the proximity to the Permian igneous magmatic intrusion at Hicks Dome in Southern Illinois. The REYCMD values normalized to North American Shale Composite (NASC) REYCMD/REYNASC exhibit enrichments in middle-REY for all CMD, but also enrichments in light-REY in some CMD. Statistically, we observed that ΣREYCMD displays significant direct correlations with Al, Si, SO4, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cu and no-correlation with Fe, PO4, Ba, and V. Synthesis of the geochemical data suggests that coal mining sites with the highest ΣREYCMD and critical-ΣREY contents include non-coal bedrock dominated by silicates (high clay content) and coal mine wastes that were impacted by metal-rich hydrothermal solutions, which are predominantly located along the western and northern margins of the Illinois Basin. Particularly, sites with the highest hydrothermal input as approximated by Mississippi Valley-type mineralization (i.e., Zn contents) are prime candidates for REY, as well as other elements of potential economic value such as Al, Ni, Cr, V, and Co. Thus, CMD in the Illinois basin could become a potential alternative domestic source of extractable REY, especially critical-ΣREY, as well economically valuable metals.
Multi-Sensor Ocean Color Data Fusion and Applications

In this paper, we provide an overview of the progress on producing accurate global ocean color products from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and NOAA-20 satellites. VIIRS global ocean color products include normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nL w (l) at VIIRS five spectral bands, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, water diffuse attenuation coefficients at 490 nm, K d (490), and at the domain of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), K d (PAR). However, VIIRS-derived daily ocean color images on either SNPP or NOAA-20 have some limitations in ocean coverage due to its swath width, high sensor-zenith angle, sun glint, and cloud, etc. Merging VIIRS ocean color products derived from the SNPP and NOAA-20 significantly increases the spatial coverage of daily data images. The two VIIRS sensors on SNPP and NOAA-20 have similar sensor characteristics, and ocean color products are derived using the same Multi-Sensor Level-1 to Level2 (MSL12) ocean color data processing system. Therefore, the merged VIIRS ocean color data from the two sensors have high data quality with consistent statistical property and accuracy globally. We describe an approach to remove data gaps of missing pixels from the SNPP and NOAA-20 merged global ocean color data. Some applications using the new complete global data coverage of daily ocean color product are also presented and discussed.
Social Studies Curricula: Interpreting and Using African Primary Source Documents.

While many US residents like listening to African stories, hearing African stories is difficult because designing effective curricula and teaching about African contexts appear to be a major challenge in US social studies education. Drawing on postcolonial theory, we analyzed the discourses of two contemporaneous historical documents to demonstrate the complexities in meaning making processes inherent in the indigenous Yorubas’ social practices, in the southwestern part of Nigeria. Differential complex perspectives on Yoruba social practices are evident in both colonialist and native authored historical documents from the same time period when colonialist authority had been established but indigenous cultural practices were evident and continuing. The Colonialist authored historical document indicate misunderstanding of the meaning of some Yoruba social practices. The native authored historical document provides underlying meanings for social practices and ties portrayal of social practices to indigenous ways of being. The discussion calls attention to how colonial legacies influence meaning making, meaning made from, and knowledge made available by, historical documents, as well as ways forward in addressing contemporary discourse on Africa in US social studies curriculum.
Erythropoietin-induced DNA synthesis in normoblasts in vitro: effect of Actinomycin-D.

Abstract Erythropoietin stimulates DNA and heme synthesis by erythroblasts in vitro . Actinomycin-D completely suppresses the ESF stimulation of heme synthesis without affecting heme synthesis in control cultures. At the same concentration, AM depresses DNA synthesis in both ESF and control cultures but does not abolish the stimulation of DNA synthesis by ESF. We conclude that the ESF stimulation of DNA synthesis is not dependent on the stimulation of heme synthesis.
Endocrine profiling of reproductive status and evidence of pseudopregnancy in the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)

Endocrine profiling is an increasingly utilized tool for detecting pregnancies in wild populations of mammals. Given the difficulty in calculating reproductive rates of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) the use of endocrine techniques for determining pregnancy rates could be particularly useful for management of the population. The goals of this study were to 1) determine if progesterone and total estrogen concentrations in ovarian tissues of female walruses could be used to determine reproductive state and 2) determine if walruses undergo a functional postpartum estrus, as is seen in other pinnipeds. Ovaries were collected from female walruses (n = 13) hunted in subsistence hunts by Alaska Native communities. Females were categorized as postpartum, full-term pregnant, pregnant diapause or unbred. Total estrogen concentrations were greatest in unbred (n = 2) and pregnant (n = 2) females. Progesterone concentrations were also nominally larger in unbred (n = 2) than pregnant (n = 2) and postpartum (n = 9) animals. Small samples sizes precluded the use of statistical comparisons among groups. Corpora lutea tissue samples in this study did not reflect the presence of a postpartum estrus in the month of May as postpartum females yielded lower total estrogen concentrations than unbred or pregnant animals. Both unbred animals were in a state of pseudopregnancy, which has not been physiologically described for this species before. The progesterone profiles in late (59 ng/g) and early (140 ng/g) pregnancy were lower than expected and fell within the range of the postpartum females (36–210 ng/g), suggesting low production of the hormone by the corpus luteum during these phases of pregnancy. Profiling reproductive hormones in free-ranging walruses demonstrates that an endocrine approach may be a valuable tool for determining reproductive status of females, however increased sample sizes and time of year must be considered to accurately separate pregnant versus pseudopregnant individuals.
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Encodes the Subjective Motivational Value of Cognitive Task Performance

Summary Humans can seamlessly combine value signals from diverse motivational incentives, yet it is not well-understood how these signals are “bundled” in the brain to modulate cognitive control. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is theorized to integrate motivational value dimensions in the service of goal-directed action, though this hypothesis has yet to receive rigorous confirmation. Here, we examine the role of dACC in motivational integration using an experimental paradigm that quantifies combined effects of liquid (e.g., juice, neutral, saltwater) and monetary incentives on cognitive task performance. These incentives modulated dACC activity in both a trial-by-trial and block-wise fashion. Incentive-related dACC modulation predicted fluctuations in cognitive performance and self-report motivation ratings. Statistical mediation analyses indicate that dACC encodes incentives in terms of subjective motivational value, and that this value signal is associated with task performance. These results suggest dACC integrates motivational signals to compute the expected value of goal-directed cognitive control.
Innovations in Providing Quality Gifted Programming in Rural Schools Using Place-Conscious Practices

This chapter examines barriers to providing programming for gifted rural students and offers innovative solutions to addressing common challenges in rural schools drawing from a case study from the United States context. Gifted rural students often experience opportunity gaps compared to their non-rural peers related to limited funding, geographic location, and misunderstandings about gifted learners. These barriers lead to challenges in identifying and providing appropriate instruction and programming for gifted learners in rural schools. Using place as a theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical foundation, we position giftedness and rurality as social constructs and provide possibilities for mitigating challenges to include alternative identification strategies and place-conscious curriculum. The chapter concludes with practical takeaways for the field.
RORγt protein modifications and IL-17-mediated inflammation.

RORγt, the master transcription factor for cytokine interleukin (IL)-17, is expressed explicitly in Th17 cells, γδT cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells in mice and humans. Since dysregulated IL-17 expression is strongly linked to several human inflammatory diseases, the RORγt–IL-17 axis has been the focus of intense research. Recently, several studies have shown that RORγt is modified by multiple post-translational mechanisms, including ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, and phosphorylation. This review discusses how post-translational modifications modulate RORγt function and its turnover to regulate IL-17-driven inflammation. Broad knowledge of these pathways is crucial for a clear understanding of the pathogenic role of RORγt+IL-17+ cells and for the development of putative therapeutic strategies to target IL-17-driven diseases such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Russian-Kazakh Relations in Kazakhstan

The development of relations between Russians and Kazakhs in Kazakhstan during the late 1980s and early 1990s is examined. Particular attention is devoted to conflicting perceptions in the post-Soviet period (among broad segments of the Russian and Kazakh populations, respectively) of Kazakhstan as a multinational vis-a-vis nation state. The impacts on the Russian population of efforts by Kazakh nationalists to restructure the system of national stratification in favor of ethnic Kazakhs are investigated within the context of interactive nationalism—whereby a Kazakh nationalist political action program engenders counter-hegemonic nationalism among the republic's Russian population. 3 tables, 43 references.
Community Context, Land Use and First Birth.

This article examines the influence of community context and land use on the monthly odds of first birth in a society in the midst of dramatic fertility transition. The theoretical framework guiding our work predicts that proximity to nonfamily services should delay first births by creating opportunities for competing nonfamily activities and spreading new ideas that change expectations about family life. On the other hand, living in agricultural settings that provide opportunities for higher returns to child labor should speed first births. We use a longitudinal, multilevel, mixed-method data from the Nepalese Himalayas to test these predictions. The empirical results reveal that nonfamily services during childhood and during early adulthood both have important independent influences on the odds of first birth. Also, as predicted, a high density of agricultural land use affects the odds of first births in the opposite direction, speeding first births. This clear pattern of contrasting effects provides important new evidence of the contextual dynamics that produce watershed changes in postmarital birth timing.
ActionAid International: Globalizing Governance, Localizing Accountability

As a global NGO working in 45 countries, ActionAid International aims to eradicate poverty by addressing its underlying causes such as injustice and inequality. This case follows a series of radical transformations implemented by the organization's CEO, Ramesh Singh -- a power shift from its headquarters in London to an international secretariat in Johannesburg; a new federated governance structure that increases the influence of units in Africa and Asia; and, innovations in accountability and transparency to the poor communities with which it works. But as Singh gets ready to step down after seven years, he is confronted with challenges from newly empowered country units that he feels risk taking the organization in the wrong direction. How will the divisions between the Northern and Southern units play out? Will they tear the organization apart, just when it is becoming a global player?Learning Objective: To examine the relationship between governance and accountability in a global organization; to explore processes of leading and implementing transformational change in global organizations.
Pairs of Galaxies in Low Density Regions of a Combined Redshift Catalog

The distributions of projected separations and radial velocity differences of pairs of galaxies in the CfA and Southern Sky Redshift Survey (SSRS) redshift catalogs are examined. The authors focus on pairs that fall in low density environments rather than in clusters or large groups. The projected separation distribution is nearly flat, while uncorrelated galaxies would have given one linearly rising with r sub p. There is no break in this curve even below 50 kpc, the minimum halo size consistent with measured galaxy rotation curves. The significant number of pairs at small separations is inconsistent with the N-body result that galaxies with overlapping halos will rapidly merge, unless there are significant amounts of matter distributed out to a few hundred kpc of the galaxies. This dark matter may either be in distinct halos or more loosely distributed. Large halos would allow pairs at initially large separations to head toward merger, replenishing the distribution at small separations. In the context of this model, the authors estimate that roughly 10 to 25 percent of these low density galaxies are the product of a merger, compared with the elliptical/SO fraction of 18 percent, observed in low density regions of the sample.
Probleme der physikalischen Statistik

Nun habe ich nur noch von einem Anwendungsbereich der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung ausfuhrlicher zu sprechen, der etwa seit einem halben Jahrhundert erschlossen ist, in unserer Zeit stetig steigende Bedeutung erlangt und gerade in grundsatzlicher Hinsicht das groste Interesse in Anspruch nehmen mus. Ich meine damit die Rolle, die der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff heute in der theoretischen Physik spielt, eine Rolle, die geschaffen wurde durch den genialen Gedanken Boltzmanns, einem der wichtigsten Satze innerhalb des physikalischen Lehrgebaudes, dem sogenannten zweiten Hauptsatz der Warmetheorie, die Form einer Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussage zu geben. Ich brauche, wenn ich Ihnen die Verhaltnisse, um die es sich hier handelt, naherbringen soll, nichts an besonderen physikalischen Kenntnissen vorauszusetzen. Es ist sogar fur den ersten Augenblick besser, gar nicht den stofflichen Inhalt des Satzes, auch wenn man ihn voll versteht, ins Auge zu fassen, sondern mehr die logischen Formen, in denen er ausgesprochen wird, zu beachten.
Designing an optimal stope layout for underground mining based on a heuristic algorithm

Abstract An optimal layout or three-dimensional spatial distribution of stopes guarantees the maximum profitability over life span of an underground mining operation. Thus, stope optimization is one of the key areas in underground mine planning practice. However, the computational complexity in developing an optimal stope layout has been a reason for limited availability of the algorithms offering solution to this problem. This article shares a new and efficient heuristic algorithm that considers a three-dimensional ore body model as an input, maximizes the economic value, and satisfies the physical mining and geotechnical constraints for generating an optimal stope layout. An implementation at a copper deposit demonstrates the applicability and robustness of the algorithm. A parallel processing based modification improving the performance of the original algorithm in terms of enormous computational time saving is also presented.
The Amazing Library Race: Tracking Student Engagement and Learning Comprehension in Library Orientations

Seeking to introduce first-year students to library resources and services in an engaging way, an orientation titled The Amazing Library Race (ALR) was developed and implemented at a university library. Informed by the pedagogy of problem-based learning, the ALR asks students to complete challenges regarding different departments and services. This study assesses this initiative’s success using observational and artifact-based data, addressing the challenging prospect of evaluating the impact of library orientation sessions. Two rubrics were developed to measure student involvement and student learning comprehension. More than 14 hours of in-class observations were used to track engagement, and 64 artifacts of student learning were collected and coded to evaluate learning comprehension. After coding, interrater reliability was established using the intraclass correlation coefficient to establish the validity of the ratings. This paper will outline these methodologies, present the results of the data analysis, and discuss the possibilities and difficulties of measuring student engagement in information literacy instruction centred upon active learning.
Uncertain Medical Expenses and Precautionary Saving Near the End of the Life Cycle

This paper introduces a dynamic, structural model of household consumption decisions in which elderly families consider the effects of uncertain future medical expenses when deciding current levels of consumption. The model with uncertain medical expenses implies a potentially important role for precautionary saving incentives to explain slow rates of dissaving among elderly Americans during retirement. Rather than just simulating the stochastic dynamic model, preference parameters are estimated using panel data on health, wealth and expenditures for retired families. The health uncertainty model predicts consumption levels closer to observed expenditures than a life cycle model with uncertain longevity. However, elderly families typically dissave their financial assets more slowly than even the baseline health uncertainty model predicts is optimal.
Effect of light on the synaptic organization of the inner plexiform layer of the retina in albino rats

Nachweis, dass die Netzhautrezeptoren der weissen Ratte durch Lichtexposition beschadigt werden. 16 h Beleuchtung taglich verursacht nach 6 Monaten eine drastische Rezeptorenabnahme, wodurch die synaptische Organisation der inneren plexiformen Schicht geandert und die Dichte der Synapsen vermindert wird.
Detection of Genetic Association and a Functional Polymorphism of Dynamin 1 Gene with Nicotine Dependence in European and African Americans

Detection of Genetic Association and a Functional Polymorphism of Dynamin 1 Gene with Nicotine Dependence in European and African Americans
Prevalence and Internalizing Problems of Ethnoracially Diverse Victims of Traditional and Cyber Bullying

The present study sought to gain a better understanding of cyber bullying (i.e., the use of information technologies to inflict harm on another person) by examining its prevalence, its relationship with traditional bullying, and the relationship between bullying, anxiety, and depression in a sample of rural and ethnoracially diverse youth (N = 211; ages 10–13). Thirty-three percent of participants reported being victims of traditional bullying and 9 % reported perpetrating traditional bullying behavior. Seven percent of participants were victims of cyber bullying, 4 % reported that they participated in cyber bully behavior, and 2 % were both of victims and perpetrators of cyber bullying. Bullying victims reported significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression compared with non-victims and bullies endorsed significant anxiety and depression. Results suggest that while cyber bullying does occur in rural communities, it often co-occurs with traditional bullying. Additionally, a novel cyber bullying measure was developed and utilized, and information regarding its reliability and validity is included.
Distance perception in the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus : vertical jumping

Acomys cahirinus, a precocial muroid, that has shown precise jumping in the natural habitat, did not jump from 25 cm in a laboratory situation. To investigate this further, A. cahirinus were observ...