cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Confusing Keynes's Normative Decision Theory in the a Treatise on Probability and General Theory with Kahneman and Tversky's 'Heuristics and Biases (Errors)', Descriptive Theory Leads to Complete Confusion

Economists, working in the Heterodox schools of economics, have severely confused Keynes’s interval valued probability–weight of the evidence approach to decision making from the A Treatise on Probability, that Keynes integrated into the General Theory by way of his definition of uncertainty on p.148 in chapter 12 of the General Theory, with the “Heuristics and Biases (errors)” approach of Kahneman and Tversky. Uncertainty was defined in the General Theory as an inverse function of the weight of the evidence concept from the A Treatise on Probability. Liquidity Preference was then defined as a positive function of uncertainty and confidence was defined as an inverse function of uncertainty. The probabilities used in the General Theory are automatically intervals except in the very extreme cases of no uncertainty (Modern Bayesian, Subjectivist economists) or total and complete uncertainty (ignorance) used by the Heterodox schools under the name of 'fundamental uncertainty' or 'irreducible uncertainty' by way of GLS Shackle. The Kahneman –Tversky “Heuristics and Biases(errors)” approach is purely descriptive. The normative theory recommended and supported by Kahneman and Tversky is the Subjectivist, Bayesian approach of Ramsey, de Finetti and Savage. The Tversky and Kahneman claim, rejected by L Jonathan Cohen, a logical probability theorist like Keynes, is that decision makers are horribly ignorant of the laws of the probability calculus when making decisions and thus make all kinds of errors and mistakes that could be corrected if the decision makers would restudy basic probability and statistical theory. Keynes and Cohen argue, in direct conflict with Tversky and Kahneman, that the laws of the probability calculus can’t be applied in general because there is a substantial amount of relevant evidence that is missing or unavailable to the decision maker at the time that he must make a decision. Keynes argues that the decision maker usually relies on interval valued probability, combined with assessments of weight as they relate to liquidity that are tied in to the confidence the decision maker has in his own estimates of probability. Attempts to reinterpret Keynes’s approach in terms of Kahneman and Tversky must fail because there is no weight of the evidence variable incorporated into the normative approach of Tversky and Kahneman.
Assessing the True Amount of the Deviation: Measuring Patients to Neutralization or to Reversal

Measurement of a deviation with the alternate cover test is a routine part of the orthoptic examination. This study was conducted to determine if there was a significant (>4Δ) difference between me...
Economic nationalism in the history of international economics

This paper examines the sources of economic nationalism by a closer examination of the theory and policy of international trade, originating in the 19th century. We compare and contrast the views of British classical writers, the main proponents of trade liberalism, with the writings of Friedrich List, the main proponent of economic nationalism. The focus is on the distributional implications of trade, and the treatment of the benefits that a poor country may derive from trading with a rich country in 19th century economic thought. We also review the current literature on economic nationalism, and find that alternative perspectives emerge from differing views on the benefits and drawbacks of globalisation. We argue that List's approach remains relevant to understanding contemporary economic nationalism because it highlights a historical context in which the adverse distributional implications of foreign trade are likely to provoke nationalist sentiment.
The Medieval Tradition of Dimension of the Circle, Prop. 1

Just as among the ancient commentators the Dimension of the Circle was the most familiar and frequently cited of Archimedes’ works, so also did this writing attract a wide range of translations, commentaries and adaptations in the Middle Ages. The source of the Arabic tradition was a translation made in the 9th century, presumably by Thâbit ibn Qurra.1 Adaptations were presented by the Banu Musâ (9th century), Abu ’l-Rashid cabd al-Hâdi (12th century?), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (13th century), and others.2 A Hebrew version, perhaps due to Qalonymos b. Qalonymos (early 14th century), was based on the same Arabic.3 In the same textual line were two Latin versions from the 12th century, one attributed to Plato of Tivoli, the other to Gerard of Cremona.4 Gerard’s version spawned a host of expanded versions and commentaries among the Latin scholastics.5 Another Latin version, falling directly in the line of the Greek tradition of the text, was included by Willem of Moerbeke in 1269 among his series of Archimedes translations; his Greek source has been shown to be the same manuscript (Heiberg’s A) underlying the Renaissance copies on which the extant text of the corpus is based.6
Reactivation Coefficient of Muon-Catalyzed Deuterium-Tritium Fusion and Its Enhancement

AbstractThe reactivation process of a muon that is stuck to an alpha-particle produced in muon-catalyzed deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion is studied for the different isotope targets p, d, and t by using the Born approximation calculation of charge-transfer cross sections. The isotope dependence is small compared with the large isotope effects observed by Jones et al. Our calculated density dependence is very similar to that of Bracci and Fiorentini, and it is not as large as that observed by Jones et al. The enhancement of muon reactivation by application of a high-intensity electric field to the target is studied. Even when the very high electrical field of 40 MV/cm is applied to a liquid-hydrogen target, the enhancement is small because of the isotropic emission of an alpha particle in unpolarized D-T fusion. Even in polarized D-T fusion, the enhancement is small.
Beyond Hilbert’s Reach?

Work in the foundations of mathematics should provide systematic frameworks for important parts of the practice of mathematics, and the frameworks should be grounded in conceptual analyses that reflect central aspects of mathematical experience. The Hilbert School of the 1920s used suitable frameworks to formalize (parts of) mathematics and provided conceptual analyses. However, its analyses were mostly restricted to finitist mathematics, the programmatic basis for proving the consistency of frameworks and, thus, their instrumental usefulness. Is the broader foundational quest beyond Hilbert’s reach? The answer to this question seems simple: “Yes & No”. It is “Yes”, if we focus exclusively on Hilbert’s finitism; it is “No”, if we take into account the more sweeping scope of Hilbert and Bernays’s foundational thinking. The evident limitations of Hilbert’s “formalism” have been pointed out all too frequently; in contrast, I will trace connections of Hilbert’s work, beginning in the late 19th century, to contemporary work in mathematical logic. Bernays’s reflective philosophical investigations play a significant role in reinforcing these connections. My paper pursues two complementary goals, namely, to describe a global, integrating perspective for foundational work and to formulate some more local, focused problems for mathematical work.
Lambda Equals 2.4 - 5 Micron Spectroscopy with the JWST NIRCam Instrument

The James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared camera (JWST NIRCam) has two 2'2 x 2'2 fields of view that can be observed with either imaging or spectroscopic modes. Either of two R ~1500 grisms with orthogonal dispersion directions can be used for slitless spectroscopy over lambda = 2.4 - 5.0 microns in each module, and shorter wavelength observations of the same fields can be obtained simultaneously. We describe the design drivers and parameters of the grisms and present the latest predicted spectroscopic sensitivities, saturation limits, resolving powers, and wavelength coverage values. Simultaneous short wavelength (0.6 -- 2.3 microns) imaging observations of the 2.4 -- 5.0 microns spectroscopic field can be performed in one of several different filter bands, either in-focus or defocused via weak lenses internal to NIRCam. The grisms are available for single-object time series spectroscopy and wide-field multi-object slitless spectroscopy modes in the first cycle of JWST observations. We present and discuss operational considerations including subarray sizes and data volume limits. Potential scientific uses of the grisms are illustrated with simulated observations of deep extragalactic fields, dark clouds, and transiting exoplanets. Information needed to plan observations using these spectroscopic modes are also provided.
Reconsidering the “Classic” Clinical History Associated with Subluxations of the Radial Head

Author(s): Pirruccio, Kevin; Weltsch, Daniel; Baldwin, Keith D. | Abstract: Introduction: The national burden of radial head subluxations in the United States (U.S.) population is poorly defined, and non-classical injury mechanisms have been increasingly reported in recent years. The purpose of this study is to report historical national estimates and demographic characteristics of patients presenting to U.S. emergency departments (ED) with subluxations of the radial head. Methods: This cross-sectional, retrospective study analyzes the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database (2001-2017) to identify patients ≤ 7 years of age presenting to U.S. EDs with subluxations of the radial head. Results: Linear regression (R2 = 0.65; P l 0.01) demonstrated that the annual number of patients presenting to U.S. EDs with subluxations of the radial head increased significantly (P l 0.001) between 2001 (N=13,247; confidence interval [CI], 9,492-17,001) and 2010 (N=21,723; CI, 18,762-24,685), but did not change significantly between 2010 and 2017 (R2 l 0.01; P = 0.85). It also demonstrated that 51.0% (CI, 45.3%-56.6%) of injuries were either self-induced or spontaneous, whereas 36.8% (CI, 31.6%-42.0%) and 9.4% (CI, 8.0%-10.7%) were associated with parents/guardians or siblings, respectively. The majority of injuries occurred in patients who were the age of one (33.5%; CI, 32.1%-35.0%) and two (35.1%; CI, 33.7%-36.6%); females (57.8%; CI, 56.8%-58.9%) were more commonly injured than males. Conclusion: Although the national burden of radial head subluxations may be less than previously reported, it still results in over 20,000 ED visits annually in the U.S. Given that over half of such injuries are actually self-induced or spontaneous, caretakers should be taught to recognize the clinical presentation of radial head subluxation, since the classically described history of a patient being lifted or pulled by the arm may simply have never occurred.
PREVALENCE AND PREDICTORS OF HEMOLYSIS IN PATIENTS REQUIRING CIRCULATORY SUPPORT WITH IMPELLA CP PERCUTANEOUS LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE

Impella is a left ventricular assist device to support critically ill patients (pts) with cardiogenic shock (CS). Hemolysis is a known phenomenon with axial flow devices but the prevalence and predictors are poorly understood. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and predictors of
Identification of coordinately regulated microRNA-gene networks that differ in baboons discordant for LDL-cholesterol.

Rationale Plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (plasma LDL-C), vascular endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), particularly monocytes, play key roles in initiating atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the mechanisms underlying development of atherosclerosis are not well understood, LDL-C is known to influence expression of endothelial microRNAs (miRNAs) and gene-targets of miRNAs to promote cell senescence. However, the impact of LDL-C on expression of PBMC miRNAs and miRNA targeted genes in response to an atherogenic diet is not known. In this study, we used unbiased methods to identify coordinately responsive PBMC miRNA- gene networks that differ between low and high LDL-C baboons when fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat (HCHF) diet. Methods and results Using RNA Seq, we quantified PBMC mRNAs and miRNAs from half-sib baboons discordant for LDL-C plasma concentrations (low LDL-C, n = 3; high LDL-C, n = 3) before and after a 7-week HCHF diet challenge. For low LDL-C baboons, 626 genes exhibited significant change in expression (255 down-regulated, 371 up-regulated) in response to the HCHF diet, and for high LDL-C baboons 379 genes exhibited significant change in expression (162 down-regulated, 217 up-regulated) in response to the HCHF diet. We identified 494 miRNAs identical to human miRNAs and 47 novel miRNAs. Fifty miRNAs were differentially expressed in low LDL-C baboons (21 up- and 29 down-regulated) and 20 in high LDL-C baboons (11 up- and 9 down-regulated) in response to the HCHF diet. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs were miR-221/222 and miR-34a-3p, which were down-regulated, and miR-148a/b-5p, which was up-regulated. In addition, gene-targets of these miRNAs, VEGFA, MAML3, SPARC, and DMGDH, were inversely expressed and are central hub genes in networks and signaling pathways that differ between low and high LDL-C baboon HCHF diet response. Conclusions We have identified coordinately regulated HCHF diet-responsive PBMC miRNA-gene networks that differ between baboons discordant for LDL-C concentrations. Our findings provide potential insights into molecular mechanisms underlying initiation of atherosclerosis where LDL-C concentrations influence expression of specific miRNAs, which in turn regulate expression of genes that play roles in initiation of lesions.
Benders Decomposition Approach for Project Scheduling with Multi-Purpose Resources

Staffing projects often requires both assignment and scheduling decisions to be made, which leads to a computationally demanding large-scale optimization problem. In this chapter, we show that a general class of assignment-type resource-constrained project scheduling problems (RCPSPs) can be handled by a hybrid Benders decomposition (HBD) approach. Our HBD framework extends the classical Benders decomposition method (Benders, Numer Math 4:238–252, 1962) by integrating solution techniques in math programming and constraint programming (CP). Effective cut generation schemes are devised to improve the algorithm performance. Performance of our HBD is demonstrated on a project scheduling problem with multi-skilled workforce. Extensions to the basic HBD framework are discussed.
Superior Hypogastric Nerve Block to Reduce Pain After Uterine Artery Embolization: Advanced Technique and Comparison to Epidural Anesthesia.

To evaluate a modified superior hypogastric nerve block (SHNB) to reduce pain after uterine artery embolization (UAE) compared to epidural anesthesia. In this retrospective study, the amount of opiate drugs needed after UAE was compared between SHNB and epidural anesthesia. Eighty one consecutive women (mean age: 43.67 years) were in the SHNB group and 27 consecutive women (mean age: 43.48 years) treated earlier at the same institution in the epidural anesthesia group. UAE was performed from a unilateral femoral artery approach using a 4F catheter. 500–700 or 700–900 μm trisacryl gelatine microspheres were used as embolic agents. The SHNB was performed by advancing a 21G from the abdominal wall below the umbilicus to the anterior portion of the 5th vertebral body. For optimal guidance a cranio-caudal tilt of 5°–15° was used. On a lateral view the correct contrast distribution in front of the vertebral body is confirmed. Then 20 ml local anesthesia (ropivacain 0.75 %) is injected. In case of an asymmetric right–left distribution the needle was repositioned. All SHNB were successful without severe complications. The mean time for the SHNB was 4 min 38 s (2 min 38 s–9 min 27 s). The needle was repositioned in average 0.87 times. The opiate dose for the SHNB group was 19.33 ± 22.17 mg which was significantly lower. The average time to receive an opiate drug after SHNB was 4 h 41 min. The SHNB is a safe and minimally time-consuming way to reduce pain after UAE especially within the first 4 h.
Partners for Patients: Hospital, Medical & Public Librarians—Health Care Allies

Health information is everywhere—confusing TV drug ads, TV shows like “Dr. Oz.” with vague claims and no evidence, and WebMD’s voluminous and troubling drug ads. Is MedlinePlus the only reliable si...
A New Problem for Quantum Mechanics

AbstractIn this article I raise a new problem for quantum mechanics, which I call the control problem. Like the measurement problem, the control problem places a fundamental constraint on quantum t...
Reduction of Lewy Body Pathology by Oral Cinnamon

α-Synucleinopathies in a broader sense comprise of several neurodegenerative disorders that primarily include Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). These disorders are well characterized by the accumulation of aggregated insoluble α-synuclein (α-syn) protein known as Lewy bodies. Till date no effective cure is available to reduce the burden of Lewy body. The present investigation underlines the importance of a naturally used spice and flavoring agent viz. cinnamon in reducing α-syn deposits in transgenic mice expressing mutant A53T human α-syn. Upon oral administration, cinnamon markedly reduced the level of insoluble α-syn in nigra, hippocampus and brain stem of A53T mice. We also demonstrated that sodium benzoate (NaB), a metabolite of cinnamon, a widely used food additive and a FDA-approved drug for glycine encephalopathy, was also capable of reducing α-syn deposits in A53T mice. In addition, both cinnamon and NaB treatments showed improvement in their motor and cognitive functions. Glial activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders including PD, DLB and MSA, and we found suppression of microglial and astroglial activation in the nigra of A53T mice upon cinnamon treatment. Moreover, neuroprotective proteins like DJ-1 and Parkin are known to reduce the formation of Lewy bodies in the CNS. Accordingly, we observed upregulation and/or normalization of DJ-1 and Parkin in the nigra of A53T mice by treatment with cinnamon and NaB. Together, these results highlight a new therapeutic property of cinnamon and suggest that cinnamon and NaB may be used to halt the progression of α-synucleinopathies.Graphical Abstract.
Universal HbA1c screening and gestational diabetes: a comparison with clinical risk factors.

Screening strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), particularly early GDM, have traditionally relied upon the use of clinical risk factors (CRFs). Although commonly used in nonpregnant p...
Incidence, Determinants and Mortality of Heart Failure Associated With Medical-Surgical Procedures in Patients ≥ 65 Years of Age (from the Cardiovascular Health Study).

Heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction are serious complications of major noncardiac surgery in older adults. Many factors can contribute to the development of HF during the postoperative period. The incidence of, and risk factors for, procedure-associated heart failure (PHF) occurring at the time of, or shortly after, medical procedures in a population-based sample ≥ 65 years of age have not been fully characterized, particularly in comparison with HF not proximate to medical procedures. This analysis comprises 5,121 men and women free of HF at baseline from the Cardiovascular Health Study who were followed up for 12.0 years (median). HF events were documented by self-report at semi-annual contacts and confirmed by a formal adjudication committee using a review of the participants’ medical records and standardized criteria for HF. Incident HF events were additionally adjudicated as either being related or unrelated to a medical procedure (PHF and non-PHF, respectively). We estimated cause-specific hazards ratios for the association of covariates with PHF and non-PHF. There were 1,728 incident HF events in the primary analysis: 168 (10%) classified as PHF, 1,526 (88%) as non-PHF, and 34 unclassified (2%). For those 1,045 participants in whom LV ejection fraction was known at the time of the HF event, it was ≥45% in 89 of 118 participants (75%) with PHF, compared to 517 of 927 participants (55%) with non-PHF (p
Superfluid phase stability of 3He in axially anisotropic aerogel

Measurements of superfluid 3He in 98% aerogel demonstrate the existence of a metastable A-like phase and a stable B-like phase. It has been suggested that the relative stability of these two phases is controlled by anisotropic quasiparticle scattering in the aerogel. Anisotropic scattering produced by axial compression of the aerogel has been predicted to stabilize the axial state of superfluid 3He. To explore this possiblity, we used transverse acoustic impedance to map out the phase diagram of superfluid 3He in a ~ 98% porous silica aerogel subjected to 17% axial compression. We have previously shown that axial anisotropy in aerogel leads to optical birefringence and that optical cross-polarization studies can be used to characterize such anisotropy. Consequently, we have performed optical cross-polarization experiments to verify the presence and uniformity of the axial anisotropy in our aerogel sample. We find that uniform axial anisotropy introduced by 17% compression does not stabilize the A-like phase. We also find an increase in the supercooling of the A-like phase at lower pressure, indicating a modification to B-like phase nucleation in globally anisotropic aerogels.
Biregularity in Sidorenko's Conjecture

Sidorenko's Conjecture says that the minimum density of a bigraph $G$ in a bigraphon $W$ of a given edge density is attained when $W$ is a constant function. A consequence of a result by B. Szegedy is that it is enough to show Sidorenko's Conjecture under the further assumption that $W$ is biregular. In this paper, we retrieve this result with a more elementary proof. With this biregularity result and some ideas of its proof, we also obtain simple proofs of several other results related to Sidorenko's Conjecture. Furthermore, we also show that bigraphs that have a special type of tree decomposition, called reflective tree decomposition, satisfy Sidorenko's conjecture. This both unifies and generalizes the notions of strong tree decompositions and $N$-decompositions from the literature.
Association of Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality With Sustained Long-Acting Insulin Only vs Long-Acting Plus Short-Acting Insulin Treatment.

Importance Cardiovascular events and mortality are the principal causes of excess mortality and health care costs for people with type 2 diabetes. No large studies have specifically compared long-acting insulin alone with long-acting plus short-acting insulin with regard to cardiovascular outcomes. Objective To compare cardiovascular events and mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes receiving long-acting insulin who do or do not add short-acting insulin. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study emulated a randomized experiment in which adults with type 2 diabetes who experienced a qualifying glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) level of 6.8% to 8.5% with long-acting insulin were randomized to continuing treatment with long-acting insulin (LA group) or adding short-acting insulin within 1 year of the qualifying HbA1clevel (LA plus SA group). Retrospective data in 4 integrated health care delivery systems from the Health Care Systems Research Network from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2013, were used. Analysis used inverse probability weighting estimation with Super Learner for propensity score estimation. Analyses took place from April 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019. Exposures Long-acting insulin alone or with added short-acting insulin within 1 year from the qualifying HbA1clevel. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality, cardiovascular mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure. Results Among 57 278 individuals (39 279 with data on cardiovascular mortality) with a mean (SD) age of 60.6 (11.5) years, 53.6% men, 43.5% non-Hispanic White individuals, and 4 years of follow-up (median follow-up of 11 [interquartile range, 5-20] calendar quarters), the LA plus SA group was associated with increased all-cause mortality compared with the LA group (hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49) and a decreased risk of acute myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.97). Treatment with long-acting plus short-acting insulin was not associated with increased risks of congestive heart failure, stroke, or cardiovascular mortality. Conclusions and Relevance Findings of this retrospective cohort study suggested an increased risk of all-cause mortality and a decreased risk of acute myocardial infarction for the LA plus SA group compared with the LA group. Given the lack of an increase in major cardiovascular events or cardiovascular mortality, the increased all-cause mortality with long-acting plus short-acting insulin may be explained by noncardiovascular events or unmeasured confounding.
Dietary Supplements Among People Living with HIV and Vulnerability to Medical Internet Misinformation

Often dismissed as crockery, folk medicine, including dietary supplements, has received only a small fraction of the attention and funding given to biomedical treatment research. Although often dismissed by many researchers, among those actually living with HIV, the use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) is quite common. This chapter describes research that has looked at the prevalence of CAM use among people with HIV and under what circumstances they are more likely to use it. We also discuss the available evidence (or lack thereof) regarding the potential efficacy of several supplements in juxtaposition to the availability of this information online and the difficulties that arise when patients try to decipher myth from fact. We end with recommendations for patients, providers, and researchers.
The Creationist Tales: Understanding a Postmodern Museum Pilgrimage

The first portion examines and reviews various definitions of a pilgrimage with an emphasis on traditional understandings. These definitions are examined within the context of globalization, attempting to understand how the traditional criteria apply in a world of compressed space and time and changing understandings of religious sites. The concept of a postmodern pilgrimage is explored in the context of the broadest definition of a pilgrimage: “a journey to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion.” I argue that the length and duration of a journey holds less importance because of increased transportation opportunities. Also manufactured religious sites are examined and considered postmodern pilgrimage destinations. A postmodern pilgrimage can be understood as a journey of an individual leaving the local with personal religious or spiritual reasons for visiting a site offering a connection to God. With the conceptual framework I use the Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky as a case study to understand how the conceptual understandings of a postmodern pilgrimage that exists in reality. A history of the museum precedes a detailed “tour” of the museum which shows that it satisfies all of the aforementioned criteria to be a postmodern pilgrimage site. Interviews with visitors reveal that while many did not consider themselves visitors, most left their local area and came for very specific, religiously motivated reasons. There was almost universal consensus that they considered the site a religious one, even if not a holy one. I argue that the distance traveled is of less importance in defining postmodern pilgrimages; the average visitor traveled 273 miles (439 km). While the journeys may no longer be difficult in traditional understandings, they still require forethought and some planning, a hallmark of pilgrimages. This case study calls for an understanding of pilgrimages to better match religious understandings in a globalized world.
Introducing the Literature Grid: Helping Undergraduates Consistently Produce Quality Literature Reviews

The literature review or critical review essay is an increasingly common component of the undergraduate political science research paper. Unfortunately very little has been written discussing how such a literature review should be crafted (Knopf 2006). As new and more powerful search engines become available to our students, the difficulty of conducting a search of the relevant literature has been displaced by the complexity of organizing and effectively summarizing the large amount of literature found. This article introduces the Literature Grid, a heuristic device I have developed and provide my students in my undergraduate research design classes that simplifies the crafting of a quality literature review. No longer am I burdened by reading student literature reviews that are either mild modifications of annotated bibliographies or a jumble of references that have no direction or synthesis. By using the Literature Grid my students are able to analyze the relevant literature on their chosen topic based on important causal inferences and variable impacts. My students’ literature reviews have become a meaningful segment of their research and have enlivened their independent research to further the field. This article will outline how a Literature Grid is created, what it can and cannot do for your students and provide a practical, easy-to-follow heuristic device that will inspire your students’ critical review essays to summarize and engage the current literature.
A 48,000 pixel, 590,000 transistor silicon retina in current-mode subthreshold CMOS

A second generation, contrast sensitive silicon retina is reported in this paper. The architecture and organization is inspired by the outer plexiform processing in the vertebrate retina. Current-mode subthreshold MOS design techniques are employed to obtain high performance and energetic efficiency. The system has been fabricated with 230/spl times/210 pixels on a 1/spl times/1 cm die in a 1.2 /spl mu/m n-well double metal, double poly, digital oriented CMOS technology. The chip incorporates 590,000 transistors, 48,000 pixels, operating in subthreshold/transition region with power dissipation of 50 mW when powered from a 5 V power supply. The pixel has a frequency response of 100 kHz.
What do we know about the evolution of Mg to Ca ratios in seawater

[1] Although most reconstructions of the evolution of the Mg to Ca ratio in seawater conclude that it has increased during the course of the Cenozoic, they disagree widely regarding the magnitude of this change. On the basis of fluid inclusion and CaCO3 mineralogy observations, the increase was at least threefold. On the basis of Mg content of foraminifera shells it was only a factor of 1.7. A recently published reconstruction based on the Mg content of calcite fillings of voids in ridge flank basalts lends support to the conclusion that the change was severalfold. But as it is very difficult to come up with a plausible geologic scenario which could account for such a large change, we lean toward the smaller estimate based on the magnesium content of foraminifera shells.
Estimating the Height of a Suspended Wire

Estimating the height of a wire above the ground is a task that may be required to avoid contacting electrical distribution lines with ladders, antennae, long poles, or other reach extending devices. It has been suggested that this task is difficult because wire is often presented against the homogeneous field of the sky. The accuracy of estimations under this condition may be poor when made on an absolute basis, that is using an internal frame of reference. However, accuracy should improve when the estimation is made on a relative basis, using some external frame of reference. In order to assess the accuracy of such estimations, forty subjects were each asked to give a verbal estimate of the height of a suspended wire, as well as to match the wire height using a horizontal reference pole and a vertical reference pole. As expected, the verbal, or absolute, estimates had a higher average percent error (17.1%) than the relative horizontal estimates (7.7%). Relative vertical estimates produced the most accur...
Intra-Organizational Logistics Management Through Multi-Agent Systems

Compared to inter-organizational logistics management, the goal of intra-organizational logistics management is to maximize the profits of the whole company sometimes at the cost of its individual units' profits. While many agent-based models have been proposed for logistics management, most of these models use an auction approach. Thus, they are not suitable for intra-organizational logistics management. In this paper, we first formulate logistics management as a distributed resource allocation problem. Then, we present our ongoing work on developing a multi-agent model for intra-organizational logistics management and using Lagrangian relaxation to decompose the problem into a set of subproblems. Our initial experimental results are very promising. We provide a detailed analysis of our results.
Baseline left bundle branch block with right bundle branch escape complexes in a patient with coronary artery disease, presents like an alternating bundle branch block: a case report

Alternating bundle branch block (ABBB) is a less commonly encountered phenomenon with the advent of re-perfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. ECGs simulating the appearance of an ABBB need to be carefully analysed. We present an ECG showing a baseline Left Bundle Branch Block(LBBB) progressing to a high grade AV block with escape complexes having a Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) morphology. Such an ECG can be mistaken for an ABBB if not analysed carefully.
Regulation of Diabetes Development by Regulatory T Cells in Pancreatic Islet Antigen-Specific TCR Transgenic Nonobese Diabetic Mice

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice carrying a transgenic TCR from an islet Ag-specific CD4 T cell clone, BDC2.5, do not develop diabetes. In contrast, the same transgenic NOD mice on the SCID background develop diabetes within 4 wk after birth. Using a newly developed mAb specific for the BDC2.5 TCR, we examined the interaction between diabetogenic T cells and regulatory T cells in NOD.BDC transgenic mice. CD4 T cells from NOD.BDC mice, expressing high levels of the clonotype, transfer diabetes to NOD.SCID recipients. In contrast, CD4 T cells expressing low levels due to the expression of both transgenic and endogenous TCR α-chains inhibit diabetes transfer. The clonotype-low CD4 T cells appear late in the ontogeny in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs, coinciding with resistance to cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes. These results demonstrate that diabetic processes in NOD.BDC mice are regulated by a balance between diabetogenic T cells and regulatory T cells. In the absence of specific manipulation, regulatory T cell function seems to be dominant and mice remain diabetes free. Understanding of mechanisms by which regulatory T cells inhibit diabetogenic processes would provide means to prevent diabetes development in high-risk human populations.
Virus-specific Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in KB Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus

The production of virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) was investigated in KB cells infected with herpes simplex virus. A fraction of RNA annealable to virus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was found in these cells as early as 3 hr after virus inoculation. Production of this species of RNA increased up to 6 or 7 hr after infection, at which time elaboration of virus messenger RNA (mRNA) declined. At 24 hr after infection, the rate of incorporation of uridine into this RNA was approximately one-half of the rate present at 6 hr after inoculation. Nucleotide analysis of the RNA annealable to virus DNA was compatible with that expected for virus mRNA. Centrifugation showed considerable spread in the size of the virus-induced nucleic acid, the bulk of this RNA sedimenting between 12 and 32S. Incorporation of uridine into cell mRNA, ribosomal precursor RNA, and soluble RNA was suppressed rapidly after infection. As is the case with most other cytocidal viruses investigated to date, virus-induced suppression of cell RNA synthesis appears to be a primary mechanism of cell injury.
Search for new high-κ dielectrics by combinatorial chemical vapor deposition

To develop a high-κ gate dielectric for replacing SiO2 in MOSFETs, multi-component metal oxides could have advantages over single metal oxides because they may offer higher dielectric constants (κ’s) as well as other favorable properties. To find the film composition for obtaining a good dielectric from the given component oxides is a time-consuming and costly process for multi-component systems. Recently, we reported a combinatorial chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique to deposit compositional spreads of ternary metal-oxides for high-κ dielectrics. In this work, compositional spreads of ZrO2, TiO2, SnO2 and HfO2 were deposited using anhydrous metal nitrates. By measuring chemical composition, film thickness, and electrical properties, we are able to map κ and establish its dependence on film composition. This high-throughput deposition technique allows us to generate a compositional library quickly for screening material properties. In addition, a crystalline phase which does not exist in any of the four pure oxides, α-PbO2, was detected.
Norm of the multiplication operators from H∞ to the Bloch space of a bounded symmetric domain

Let D be a bounded symmetric domain in C N and let be a complex-valued holomorphic function on D. In this work, we determine the operator norm of the bounded multiplication operator with symbol from the space of bounded holomorphic functions on D to the Bloch space of D when fixes the origin. If no restriction is imposed on the symbol , we have a formula for the operator norm when D is the unit ball or has the unit disk as a factor. The proof of this result for the latter case makes use of a minimum principle for multiply superharmonic functions, which we prove in this work. We also show that there are no isometries among the multiplication operators when the domain does not have exceptional factors or the symbol fixes the origin.
Theory of magnetic cooling of a class of model paramagnets

We have recently conjectured within the framework of the approximate mean-field formalism a cooling process on adiabatic demagnetization of antiferromagnetic systems from accessible initial paramagnetic states of entropySi, applied external uniform constant magnetic field strengthHi, and temperatureTi, to paramagnetic final states of coordinatesSf≡Si,Hf≳Hc, andTf<Tc (0) orT≪Tc (0). HereTc (0) is the spontaneous critical ordering temperature of the system in the absence of magnetic field, andHc is its critical internal magnetic field strength arising from the relevant fundamental interactions between its constituent particles or spins, which prevents it at all temperatures from undergoing its ordering transformation. In the present work, the above conjecture acquires solid foundation through the exact formalism at very low temperatures of the paramagnetic phase of magnetized, anisotropic, spin−12 systems subject to antiferromagnetic Ising interactions.
Temporal impulse responses from flicker sensitivities: causality, linearity, and amplitude data do not determine phase.

A recent paper [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 1130 ( 1987)] advances a method for the determination of an impulse response from amplitudes of a measured amplitude spectrum. The crucial step in this derivation is the assumption that if a transfer function is analytic and causal, then so is its logarithm. This assumption is tantamount to that of minimum phase and is not justified, both in principle and in practice. In the absence of additional information or assumptions, every amplitude spectrum is consistent with a multiplicity of phase spectra.
Woogle4MediaWiki: from searchers to contributors

This demo presents Woogle4MediaWiki, an extension for MediaWiki, which improves its core search functionality and introduces Wiki-style collaboration about information needs (each search query may have its own Wiki page) and result lists. Furthermore, aggregate statistics from the search logs are shown in pop-up windows attached to "red links" to guide users contributing new information.
The future of surgery: today's residents speak.

Introduction New Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resident duty hour requirements were implemented in July 2003. A recent study suggests that these requirements have resulted in substantial work-hour reductions and improvements in quality of life for general surgery residents. The impact of these changes on the culture of surgery and attitudes about future practice patterns among current surgical residents is unknown. Objective To characterize future practice patterns desired by the current generation of general surgery residents. Methods A confidential survey was administered to all residents enrolled in 21 general surgery residency programs in New England (n = 668). Results Completed responses were received from 238 residents. Three quarters of the respondents wish to limit their practice to a subspecialty, and two thirds wish to work 60 hours or less per week as attending surgeons. About one quarter find a job-sharing arrangement desirable. Seventy-one percent report that being on-call for their patients at all times with no night or weekend cross-coverage would be undesirable. Over 90% desire sharing on-call responsibilities with members of a group. Over one quarter would feel comfortable allowing cross-covering colleagues to manage their operative complications routinely, including reoperation. Over one quarter would pass off a scheduled operation that was delayed into the night or weekend. Conclusions The current surgical residents desire practice patterns that substantially differ from those of today’s surgeons. To the extent that these attitudes spring from changes in resident working conditions wrought by the ACGME duty hour requirements, these requirements have the potential to change the nature of surgical practice in this country.
α2 and α3 helices of dystrophin R16 and R17 frame a microdomain in the α1 helix of dystrophin R17 for neuronal NOS binding

Homologous spectrin-like repeats can mediate specific protein interaction. The underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Dystrophin contains 24 spectrin-like repeats. However, only repeats 16 and 17 (R16/17) are required for anchoring neuronal NOS (nNOS) to the sarcolemma. Through an adeno-associated virus-based in vivo binding assay, we found that membrane expression of correctly phased R16/17 was sufficient to recruit nNOS to the sarcolemma in mouse muscle. Utrophin R15/16 is homologous to dystrophin R16/17. Substitution of dystrophin R16/17 microdomains with the corresponding regions of utrophin R15/16 suggests that the nNOS binding site is located in a 10-residue fragment in dystrophin R17 α1 helix. Interestingly, swapping this microdomain back into utrophin did not convey the nNOS binding activity. To identify other structural features that are required for nNOS interaction, we replaced an individual α-helix of dystrophin R16/17 with an equivalent α-helix from another dystrophin repeat. In vitro study with yeast two-hybrid suggests that most α-helices of R16/17, except for the R17 α1 helix, were dispensable for nNOS interaction. Surprisingly, in vivo binding assay showed that α2 and α3 helices of both R16 and R17 were essential for nNOS binding in muscle. We concluded that a microdomain in the α1 helix of dystrophin R17 binds to nNOS in a way uniquely defined by two pairs of the flanking helices. Our results provide an explanation for how structurally similar spectrin-like repeats in dystrophin display selective interaction with nNOS. The results also open new therapeutic avenues to restore defective nNOS homeostasis in dystrophin-null Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Sleeve muscle actuator and its application in transtibial prostheses

This paper describes the concept of a new sleeve muscle actuator, and a transtibial prosthesis design powered by this novel actuator. Inspired by the functioning mechanism of the traditional pneumatic muscle actuator, the sleeve muscle actuator incorporates a cylindrical insert to the center of the pneumatic muscle, which eliminates the central portion of the internal volume. As a result of this change, the sleeve muscle provides multiple advantages over the traditional pneumatic muscle, including the increased force capacity over the entire range of motion, reduced energy consumption, and faster dynamic response. Furthermore, utilizing the load-bearing tube as the insert, the sleeve muscle enables an innovative “actuation-load bearing” structure, which has a potential of generating a highly compact actuation system suitable for prosthetic use. Utilizing this new actuator, the preliminary design of a transtibial prosthesis is presented, which is able to provide sufficient torque output and range of motion for a 75 Kg amputee user in level walking.
The Quantitative Determination of Renin in the Plasma of Patients with Arterial Hypertension

A method was described for the quantitative determination of renin in small amounts of dialyzed human plasma, utilizing the first order reaction constant. A wide variation was found in the renin-substrate (angiotensinogen) content of plasma of patients with arterial hypertension. Many of these patients had high concentrations of this factor.
Some new methods in asymptotic evaluation of integrals: Application to Airy functions

In various applications involving electromagnetic scattering by smooth convex surfaces, with or without an impedance boundary condition, the appropriate scalar Green's functions can be represented in terms of a integral that involves Fock-type Airy functions. Airy functions by themselves can lead to two different types of asymptotic expansions in the complex plane depending on the ph(z), where z is the complex argument. Crossing the rays in these regions results in huge numerical errors because the dominant and subdominant terms in the asymptotic expansion |z|→ ∞ interchange their respective roles across these rays which are also known as Stokes lines. Addressing the fundamentals of this phenomenon involves a comprehensive review of the basics of the asymptotic expansion of integrals, and is the main subject of this presentation.
A program design for an adaptive, nonlinear finite element solver

Abstract The paper describes an experimental software system for the adaptive solution of a class of non-linear boundary value problems. The system is a further development of an earlier adaptive solver of linear elliptic problems. It retains the functionality of the earlier program but incorporates new a posteriori error estimates and a continuation procedure for handling nonlinear problems.