cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agonist-induced calcium transients in cultured smooth muscle cells: Measurements with fura-2 loaded monolayers

Abstract Elevation of cytosolic Ca +2 in response to depolarization and various receptor agonists was measured in several types of cultured smooth muscle cells (DDT 1 , A10, rabbit aorta) loaded with the either quin-2 or fura-2, and assayed either in suspension or in monolayer cultures attached to plastic cover slips. Agonists (norepinephrine, vasopressin) induced both the release of intracellular Ca +2 and the influx of extracellular Ca +2 . Agonist-induced Ca +2 influx was not blocked by dihydropyridines, and depolarization did not induce Ca +2 influx. However, in fura-2 loaded monolayers of PC12 cells, depolarization did induce dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca +2 influx. Thus cultured smooth muscle cells appear to express receptor-operated Ca +2 channels, but not functional voltage-operated Ca +2 channels.
Distribution of ammonia-related aflatoxin reaction products in cottonseed meal

The fate of aflatoxin during ammoniation of contaminated cottonseed meal was studied under conditions approximating those approved for commercial ammoniation of nonaflatoxin-contaminated meal. Uniformly ring-labeled14C-aflatoxin B1 was added to 27.7 kg meal (14% moisture) that contained ca. 4000 µg naturally incurred aflatoxin B1/kg. Distribution of the radiolabeled compound was used to trace the modification of aflatoxin B1 after treatment with 4% ammonia at 40 psi, 100 C for 30 min. This treatment reduced the chemically detected aflatoxin B1 to less than 4 µg/kg. In control nonammoniated meals, 90% of the radiolabeled material was accounted for in the methylene chloride extract. Duplicate 2-kg samples of the ammoniated meal were fractionated and the distribution of radioactivity was determined. Ca. 86% of the radioactivity was detected in the meal after initial air-drying. Ca. 25% of the added radioactivity was extracted from the air-dried meal with methylene chloride and another ca. 5% was extracted from this residue with methanol. Weak acid released 3% of the added radioactivity from the residue after methanol extraction, bicarbonate released 1% and Pronase digestion, including methylene chloride extraction of the residue, accounted for nearly 19% of the total added radioactivity. Only 37% of the added radioactivity remained in the meal matrix following solvent extractions and chemical and enzymic treatments.
Association Between ABO Blood Groups, HL-A Antigens and Periodontal Diseases in Young Adults: A Follow-Up Study

Two hundred and thirty-eight Caucasians were studied for ABO blood typing and for HL-A antigens. The subjects were divided into normal, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, chronic gingivitis, periodontosis and periodontitis groups. Results showed the chronic gingivitis group was significantly different in ABO grouping than the control group with the gingivitis subjects having a larger percentage of AB types and a smaller percentage of O types. The periodontosis group showed a trend toward more A and B blood groups and a smaller percentage of O groups than the controls. Compared to the normal group there was a significant reduction in HL-A2 antigen frequency in the periodontitis groups and a trend in reduced frequency in the periodontosis group.
Crime in the world of 1990

Abstract If the political and the inconsequential are to be distinguished from social dangers, if laws and regulations are to be functional for society and not just for the law makers—then there is a need to define crime in terms of an up-dated value system. Once this is recognised, then there is a little less danger that the confusion will persist in peoples' minds over the fact that just because what we are doing about crime has increased by leaps and bounds, so it follows that the total amount of crime is increasing by a similar amount.
Anchor Structure of Cell Wall Surface Proteins in Listeria monocytogenes

Many surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria are anchored to the cell wall by a mechanism requiring a COOH-terminal sorting signal with a conserved LPXTG motif. In Staphylococcus aureus, surface proteins are cleaved between the threonine and the glycine of the LPXTG motif. The carboxyl of threonine is subsequently amide linked to the amino group of the pentaglycine cell wall crossbridge. Here we investigated the anchor structure of surface proteins in Listeria monocytogenes. A methionine and six histidines (MH6) were inserted upstream of the LPXTG motif of internalin A (InlA), a cell-wall-anchored surface protein of L. monocytogenes. The engineered protein InlA-MH6-Cws was found anchored in the bacterial cell wall. After peptidoglycan digestion with phage endolysin, InlA-MH6-Cws was purified by affinity chromatography. COOH-terminal peptides of InlA-MH6-Cws were obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage followed by purification on a nickel−nitriloacetic acid column. Analysis of COOH-terminal peptides with ...
Evaluation of a 254-mm Minimum Length Limit on Crappies in Delaware Reservoir, Ohio

Abstract A 254-mm minimum length limit on black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus and white crappies P. annularus was evaluated during a 6-year trial (1991–1996) at Delaware Reservoir, Ohio. The primary objective of the length limit was to increase the size of crappies harvested without substantially reducing yield. Mean length at harvest increased up to 66 mm following implementation of the length limit. However, a 78% average decrease in total annual harvest was too great to compensate for the larger size at harvest and to compensate for annual yield (kg) reductions of 38–76% while the regulation was in effect. Annual catch-and-release rates of crappies at Delaware Reservoir increased from 35–43% to 84–97% and became the greatest in Ohio. Likewise, Delaware Reservoir had greater angler catch per effort and mean size at harvest compared with unregulated crappie fisheries in Ohio. Both crappie species maintained preregulation growth rates despite modest density increases of sublegal fish, whereas relative w...
Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in rat myotubes.

Abstract The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is a substrate for at least three different protein kinases, and phosphorylation of the receptor has been shown to increase its rate of desensitization. However, the first messengers that regulate AChR phosphorylation have not yet been identified. This study demonstrates that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide present in the axon terminals of the neuromuscular junction, regulates phosphorylation of the AChR in primary rat myotube cultures. CGRP, in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20-1724, increased phosphorylation of the α and δ subunits of the AChR. CGRP-induced phosphorylation of the AChR had the same subunit specificity and temporal sequence as previously observed using forskolin or CAMP analogs. Phosphorylation of the AChR in the presence of CGRP appears to be mediated by CGRP-stimulated increases in cAMP levels leading to activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The present results, taken together with the recent demonstration that CGRP increases the rate of AChR desensitization in mouse myotubes, suggest that CGRP may play a physiological role as a regulator of AChR desensitization by modulating AChR phosphorylation at the neuromuscular junction.
Photoemission, inverse photoemission, and ab initio SCF investigations of the electronic structure of polyimide

Abstract Inverse photoemission was combined with direct photoemission for a unique investigation of clean films of poly(N,N′-bis(phenoxyphenyl)pyromellitimide). Experimental results for the valence and conduction states extending from 22 eV below the Fermi level to 10 eV above the Fermi level are presented. The occupied and empty states of PMDA-ODA have also been investigated with ab initio self-consistent field molecular orbital calculations, and comparison with experimental results to identify the origin of spectral features shows excellent agreement.
Serum soluble leptin receptor levels and free leptin index in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship to insulin resistance and androgens.

Objective To evaluate levels of soluble receptor (sOB-R) and free leptin in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and note any relationships with insulin resistance, adiposity, and androgens. Leptin is an adipokine that circulates in a free form and bound to an sOB-R. Only free leptin is biologically active. Design Prospective, case-control study. Setting University-based reproductive endocrinology practice. Patient(s) Forty women with PCOS and severe insulin resistance and 15 body mass index (BMI)-matched ovulatory controls. Intervention(s) Measurements of serum insulin, leptin, sOB-R at fasting and during a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and measurements before and after treatment with rosiglitazone. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fasting glucose, insulin, leptin, sOB-R, T, and DHEAS levels in women with PCOS and controls were measured to investigate the relationship of sOB-R and the free leptin index (FLI) to insulin, adipocity, and androgens and to investigate the effect of acute hyperinsulinemia during OGTT and the effect of improvement of insulin resistance with rosiglitazone on the leptin system. FLI was calculated by dividing leptin levels by sOB-R. Result(s) Total leptin and FLI correlated significantly with BMI in both patients with PCOS and in controls. There was a significant negative correlation between DHEAS and sOB-R in PCOS. Leptin, sOB-R, and FLI were not significantly different in the two groups, and neither sOB-R nor FLI correlated with insulin or glucose levels. The sOB-R levels increased significantly 3 hours after oral glucose ingestion, resulting in a significant decline in FLI. Conclusion(s) [1] Adiposity rather than insulin resistance appears to be the main determinant of leptin levels and FLI. [2] Acute increase in insulin levels during OGTT is associated with an increase in levels of sOB-R. [3] DHEAS may play a role in leptin bioavailability by modulating sOB-R levels.
Demonstrating the benefits of template-based design-technology co-optimization

The concept of template-based design-technology co-optimization as a means of curbing escalating design complexity and increasing technology qualification risk is described. Data is presented highlighting the design efficacy of this proposal in terms of power, performance, and area benefits, quantifying the specific contributions of complex logic gates in this design optimization. Experimental results from 32nm technology node bulk CMOS wafers are presented to quantify the variability and design-margin reductions as well as yield and manufacturability improvements achievable with the proposed template-based design-technology co-optimization technique. The paper closes with data showing the predictable composability of individual templates, demonstrating a fundamental requirement of this proposal.
Growth in Standardized Ability and Achievement Test Scores From 3rd to 10th Grade.

Growth in Test of Cognitive Skills (TCS) scores and Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills (CTBS) reading, math, and total achievement scores from 3rd to 10th grade was studied in 328 public school students in a middle-class suburban community. Surprisingly, groups differing in ability and achievement in 3rd grade made parallel progress over time, and some “fan-close” effects were found. With growth curve analysis of individual students using hierarchical linear models, initial status on cognitive ability predicted initial achievement scores but did not affect the rate of growth. Similarly, initial status in achievement predicted the intercept but not the slope in cognitive ability scores over time. Although replication is needed, this study illustrates how districts could use standardized test data to document growth of academic skills over time in high-, middle-, and low-achieving children; in racial or socioeconomic status subgroups; or in different classrooms, schools, or districts. On January 8, 2002, President Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which dictates that any state obtaining federal funds must show that it has adopted a program of high-quality, annual student assessments that can be used to determine the annual performance of every school and local educational agency (No Child Left Behind Act, 2002). Although the rhetoric surrounding passage of this bill suggested that regular standardized testing is a novel idea, in fact most school districts have well-established testing programs using both commercial tests and state-based assessments. Surprisingly, however, there is little research on such test data. In the present study, we analyzed standardized test data from one school district for three cohorts of children, each tested in 3rd, 5th, 8th, and 10th grades. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) were used to analyze performance over time as a function of initial status on ability and achievement measures. Particularly because the results of our study were surprising, replication in other school districts should be a high priority for future research.
The Recovery of Flavor Quality by Channel Catfish

Abstract Intensive production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus requires copious feeding. Nutrients from uneaten feeds and fish excreta contribute to the growth of microorganisms. Certain microbes that occur frequently in aquaculture systems produce the “muddy and earthy” off-flavor metabolites 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin. Fish containing MIB or geosmin can exhibit an off-flavor that makes them unacceptable for harvest as food fish. Following the cessation of exposure to MIB or geosmin, fish depurate off-flavors. The minimum period required for fish to regain flavor quality is a critical concern for aquaculturists; scant information concerning this period prompted our investigation. Channel catfish were harvested from three commercial ponds, and fish from each pond were sorted into four size-classes (0.4–0.8 kg, 0.8–1.3 kg, 1.3–1.6 kg, and 1.6–2.3 kg) on 30 August (summer) and on 18 October (autumn) 1993. Each group of fish was transferred into individual 2,000-L fiberglass tanks, and each t...
Perforating a high-pressure gas well overbalanced in mud; Is it really that bad

This paper presents a case study of four high-pressure gas wells that were perforated overbalanced in heavyweight mud and then evaluated with pressure-transient tests. The result of these tests was the minimal amount of competition damage. The average skin damage calculated from the test data was 2.6, which is much lower than the 12.6 predicted from data available in the literature. The information from this case study gives the completion engineer additional data on which to base decisions when designing perforation operations in high-pressure gas wells. This case study also raises the possibility that completion damage from overbalanced perforating practices decreases as reservoir pressure increases.
Factors affecting survival rates for acute vertebrobasilar artery occlusions treated with intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy: a meta-analytical approach.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether recanalization, coma at presentation, or clot location in the basilar artery influences the relative mortality risk after intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy for acute vertebrobasilar artery occlusions. METHODS: Studies were identified using the MEDLINE database for January 1987 to November 1997. Series were included if they involved 10 or more patients with basilar or vertebrobasilar artery occlusions, used urokinase and/or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, and were written in English. A fixed-effect meta-analysis approach was used to estimate the risk of death with the aforementioned risk factors. Each study was weighted according to sample size. Relative risks were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: As calculated from peer-reviewed published data, the relative mortality risk for patients for whom recanalization was attempted but not achieved was 2.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.48-3.71; n = 126). Coma at presentation was associated with a relative mortality risk of 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 1.26-2.99; n = 145). Clot locations in the distal one-third of the basilar artery were shown to favor survival, compared with clots located in the proximal and/or middle portions of the basilar artery (relative risk, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.86; n = 126). CONCLUSION: The combined data suggest that coma at presentation has an independent and adverse effect on survival rates. Complete recanalization, distal clot location, and responsiveness at the time of presentation are statistically significant factors for increased patient survival rates.
Comment on "Enhanced stability of electrohydrodynamic jets through gas ionization".

A Comment on the Letter by Sibel Korkut, Dudley A. Saville, and Ilhan A. Aksay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 034503 (2008). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Reaction distribution over a nodule in a thin-film battery

Very high power and energy densities can be obtained from lithium polymer batteries constructed with a thin-film geometry. On charge, however, electronic shorting across the polymer electrolyte can result due to the growth of lithium nodules. In this communication, we show how to calculate the rate of electrodeposition over a lithium nodule in a thin-film battery. The polymer-electrolyte's conductivity and thickness, the nodule's size, and the electron-transfer resistance at the cell electrodes are all shown to influence the reaction distribution and the overall deposition rate on the nodule. The coordinate-mapping technique employed in the numerical solution should prove useful in extending this work to simulate nodule growth as a moving-boundary problem.
Signal transduction by integrin receptors for extracellular matrix: Cooperative processing of extracellular information

Adhesion receptors allow cells to interact with a dynamic and information-rich environment of extracellular matrix molecules. The integrin family of adhesion receptors transduces signals from the extracellular matrix that regulate growth, gene expression and differentiation, as well as cell shape, motility and cytoskeletal architecture. Recent data support the hypothesis that integrins transduce signals cooperatively with other classes of adhesion receptors or with growth factor receptors. Furthermore, the ability of integrins to interact with the cytoskeleton appears to be fundamental to their mechanism for signal transduction.
Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450: characterization of an oxygenated form of the hemoprotein.

Abstract When ferrous cytochrome P-450, purified from Pseudomonas putida, was mixed with oxygen in the presence of its organic substrate, d -camphor, a new spectrally distinct species was observed whose absorption spectrum had maxima at 355, 418 and 555 nm. The absorption spectrum of this new species was essentially unchanged by cooling the reaction mixture to the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The new spectral species is rather stable in the absence of the iron-sulfur protein, putidaredoxin, a physiological electron donor for cytochrome P-450 and can be reversibly transformed into carbon monoxy-cytochrome P-450 by varying the relative partial pressures of oxygen and carbon monoxide. No electron paramagnetic resonance signal attributable to the new species could be detected between 500 and 4000 gauss at either 10.5 or 77 ° K. Oxygen, camphor and the ferrous cytochrome are required for the formation of the new spectral species. The reaction is first order with respect to both oxygen and cytochrome P-450 concentrations and the second order reaction rate constant is 7.7 × 105 m −1 sec−1 at 4 °. The formation of the new species proceeded without detectable intermediates. The dissociation of oxygen from the oxygenated form is first order with a rate constant of 1.1 sec−1 at 4 °. The new spectral species undergoes slow decomposition to the ferric form of the hemoprotein and is most stable in the pH range 7–8 and at temperatures below 10 °. The decomposition of the ferrous oxygen complex to the ferric form is first order with respect to the oxygenated species (rate constant = 10−4 sec−1 at pH 7.4 and 4 °) and also proceeds without detectable intermediates. The rate of transformation to the ferric form is increased by increasing the hydrogen ion concentration, raising the temperature, or increasing the ionic strength of the reaction medium. Based on these findings, the new spectral species is interpreted to be an oxygenated form of cytochrome P-450, presumably a ternary complex of oxygen, camphor, and ferrous cytochrome P-450.
Filters with infinitely many components

With the use of a suitable assumption about the structure of the class of experimental filters, it is shown that the sequence of alternating replicas of two filters is their greatest lower bound, as Jauch suggests. A generalization of his suggestion yields the greatest lower bound of a denumerable set of filters. The criteria of admissibility of filters are briefly discussed.
Incubation of Steelhead Trout and Spring Chinook Salmon Eggs in a Moist Environment

Abstract Fertilized green eggs of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were incubated in moist cotton cloth to determine their ability to withstand periods of dewatering. Results indicated that salmonid eggs can develop normally without being submerged in water, if they remain moist. Dewatered hatching survivals in one test equalled those from control (Heath stack) incubation (X = 90.7%). At the time of sampling, alevins resulting from the dewatered incubations were significantly (P \[lessthanorequalto\] 0.05) longer and heavier than control alevins. There was no significant difference in fry lengths or weights after a 71-day rearing period. The apparent ability of salmonid eggs to develop normally without submergence in flowing water may be useful for hatchery design in areas where water supplies are limited.
Self-emulsifiable soybean oil phosphate ester polyols for low-VOC corrosion resistant coatings

A series of soybean oil phosphate ester polyols (SOPEP) was prepared by reaction of fully epoxidized soybean oil with phosphoric acid and simultanoeous hydrolysis in the presence of a polar solvent. The polyols were characterized by determination of acid value, oxirane number, hydroxyl value, molecular weight (GPC), and FTIR spectra. These polyols with varying amounts of acid phosphate groups could be self-emulsified to form aqueous dispersions after neutralization with organic base. These aqueous dispersion showed varying degrees of stability and their appearance ranged from opaque dispersions to translucent to clear solutions. Waterborne coating compositions were prepared using these aqueous dispersions as principal components and their thermally cured film properties were studied. it was found that by careful selection and formulation, SOPEPs can be successfully used for low-VOC waterborne coating formulations. SOPEPs with 3.5% phosphate ester content showed visibly superior corrosion resistance properties.
Journal Reviewer Ratings: Issues of Particularistic Bias, Agreement, and Predictive Validity within the Manuscript Review Process.

Reviewer evaluations and recommendations for 853 manuscript submissions, over a span of 4 years, are analyzed for evidence of particularistic bias, reviewer agreement, and predictive validity for forecasting a published manuscript's citation impact. Attributes of the submitters, their affiliated institutions, and the reviewers have little consistent association with reviewers' recommendations or editorial decision outcomes. Furthermore, reviewers' recommendations demonstrate a reasonable degree of agreement. However, neither reviewers' evaluative ratings across five dimensions nor publication recommendations can predict the number of citations that a published article subsequently receives. Strengths and limitations of various features of the manuscript review process, as well as the importance of monitoring the process for particularistic biases and evidence of predictive validity, are discussed.
Polyhedral Instability of Glucose Isomerase Crystals as Revealed by Confocal Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy

The polyhedral stability of a crystal during its growth plays a crucial role in determining its final quality. The polyhedral instability of glucose isomerase crystals in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was observed using confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy, which enabled in situ visualization and real-time determination of the variation of protein concentration around the growing crystal. The presence of a zone depleted in protein around the crystal shows that the observed polyhedral instability occurred under diffusion-limited conditions and so was governed mainly by the supersaturation, the crystal size, and the solution viscosity. The polyhedral instability of protein crystals therefore shares some common features with the instability of crystals of inorganic or small organic molecules.
Measuring the growth of oxide films on low carbon steel at 500°C by impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Oxide films, grown on low carbon steel in air at 500°C, were evaluated by concurrent room-temperature measurements of weight gain and impedance spectroscopy (IS). Weight-gain measurements displayed the expected parabolic kinetics due to growth of a relatively thick inner layer of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The Nyquist impedance spectra exhibited depressed semicircles, which were curve-fitted to obtain values of low-frequency film resistance, R , and capacitance, C . R was linear with oxidation time due to growth of a thin, porous, high-resistivity outer layer of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) over the underlying low-resistivity magnetite. IS shows promise for in situ non-destructive measurement of oxide scales on large low carbon steel surfaces during service by periodic measurements of oxide impedance. Further experimental measures are discussed to adapt impedance measurements to in situ determinations of oxide thickness.
Specific Recognition of DNA by Integration Host Factor GLUTAMIC ACID 44 OF THE β-SUBUNIT SPECIFIES THE DISCRIMINATION OF A T:A FROM AN A:T BASE PAIR WITHOUT DIRECTLY CONTACTING THE DNA

Integration host factor (IHF) is a protein that binds to the H′ site of bacteriophage λ with sequence specificity. Genetic experiments implicated amino acid residue Glu44 of the β-subunit of IHF in discrimination against substitution of A for T at position 44 of the TTR submotif of the binding site (Lee, E. C., Hales, L. M., Gumport, R. I., Gardner, J. F. (1992) EMBO J., 11, 305–313). We have extended this observation by generating all possible single-base substitutions at positions 43, 44, and 45 of the H′ site. IHF failed to bind these H′ site substitution mutants in vivo. The K d(app) value for each H′ site substitution, except for H′45A mutant, was reduced >2000-fold relative to the wild-type site. Substitution of amino acid β-Glu44with alanine prevented IHF from discriminating against the H′44A variant but not the other H′ site substitution mutants. Further analysis with other substitutions at position β44 demonstrated that both oxygens of the wild-type glutamic acid are necessary for discrimination of AT at position 44. Because the β-Glu44residue does not contact the DNA, this residue probably enforces binding specificity indirectly through interaction with amino acids that themselves contact the DNA.
Analysis for Science Librarians of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Work of Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three scientists, Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel, in recognition of their work in developing sophisticated computer models that can predict and explain complex chemical processes. Newtonian physics can be applied to understanding the properties of macromolecules, but it cannot be used to model the extremely rapid changes that occur during chemical reactions. Quantum physics can be used to describe the instantaneous changes that happen at reaction sites; however, quantum calculations are extremely demanding of computing resources. The novel idea behind the 2013 award is the combination of both classical Newtonian physics and quantum mechanics to model chemical reactions within large molecules, or what the Royal Swedish Academy has described as “multiscale models for complex chemical systems.”
Evaluation of the U.S. cucumber germplasm collection for early flowering

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate 866 cultigens (718 accessions, 38 breeding lines, and 110 new and obsolete cultivars) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for early staminate flower production. Complete data were obtained for 866 cultigens. The study was conducted on plants that were part of a root-knot nematode experiment. Plants were grown from seeds in greenhouses in each of 3 seasons with 2 replications per season. There were significant differences for mean time of flowering over all cultigens among the 3 seasons. Days from planting to first staminate flower ranged from 26 to 45, with a mean of 35 for all cultigens. Root-knot nematode infestation may be related to flowering, since early-flowering cultigens had more root galling. The earliest flowering cultigen was PI 249561 (26 days to flowering); the latest was PI 470254 (45 days to flowering).
Dioxolane configuration in diastereoisomeric 1,2-O- and 1,2:4,6-di-O-alkylidene-α-d-glucopyranose derivatives by n.m.r. spectroscopy

Abstract Three related pairs of diastereoisomers, the previously unknown 3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-1,2- O -ethylidene- and 3- O -acetyl-1,2:4,6-di- O -ethylidene-α- d -glucopyranoses, and the known 3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-1,2- O -benzylidene-α- d -glucopyranose, were prepared by reduction of intermediate dioxolenium chloride ions with sodium borohydride. Each pair of isomers was separated into its components by preparative t.l.c. Four correlations of n.m.r. parameters with dioxolane configuration were used to assign the structure of each isomer of a diastereoisomeric pair: ( 1 ) Deshielding of the 2′-substituent when endo : ( 2 ) deshielding of H-2 or H-5 by bulky exo or endo 2′-substituents; ( 3 ) larger values of J 2,3 and J 3,4 when a bulky 2′-substituent has an exo orientation; and ( 4 ) the presence of long-range ( 4 J ) coupling of H-2 and H-4 of the pyranose ring only in molecules with a bulky 2′-substituent in an endo orientation. The degree to which the pyranose ring is distorted by the cis -fusion of a dioxolane ring in such derivatives, as well as by endo phenyl, methyl, and proton substituents, is evaluated.
In-Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies of Host−Guest Properties in Nanoporous Zinc-Triazolate-Based Framework Materials

Two nanoporous metal−organic framework materials incorporating the exotridentate bridging ligand 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolate (AmTAZ) have been synthesized through variation of secondary bridging anions: [Zn3(AmTAZ)3S](NO3)·(H2O) (1·(H2O)) and Zn7(AmTAZ)8(CO3)2(OH)2·2(EtOH) (2·2(EtOH); EtOH = ethanol). 1·(H2O) crystallizes in the cubic space group I23 and is constructed from triangular Zn3S units that are bridged through AmTAZ ligands into a cationic three-dimensional (3D) network with nitrate and water molecules residing in the cavities. 2·2(EtOH) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c and shows a complex 3D network constructed from seven crystallographically unique zinc centers bridged by AmTAZ, carbonate, and hydroxide anions. The porous nature of both materials has been explored by thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen sorption, and in situ synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction.
Dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid as a liquid cation-exchanger for complex studies☆

Abstract The extraction of Co(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Fe(III) and In(III) into heptane containing dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid, HD from aqueous perchloric acid solutions, has been investigated, using the radioactive tracer technique. The distribution coefficients for M(II) and M(III) are inversely second power and third power, respectively, dependent upon the hydrogen ion concentration in the aqueous phase, and directly first power dependent upon the HD concentration in the heptane phase. The formation constants of In(III) complexes of glycolate, bioxalate and Co(II) complexes of bioxalate have been determined by use of HD in heptane as a liquid cation-exchanger. For Co(II)-bioxalate, it has been demonstrated that the formation constants agree with values obtained by using resinous cation-exchanger. Since the use of liquid ion-exchanger enables one to analyse both the aqueous and non-aqueous phases, whereas in resinous cation-exchange experiments it is not convenient to analyse the non-aqueous phase, it is of decided advantage to demonstrate that the liquid ion-exchanger can be used for complex studies.
Till death do us part: Men's and women's interpretations of wartime internment

Abstract How do men and women interpret their experiences of wartime internment in the same civilian prisoner of war camp? What factors influence the nature of their interpretations, and the similarities and differences among them? This paper reports the results of a unique study of a unique community, the five hundred Americans (and some allies) interned and by the Japanese in Camp Holmes in the vicinity of Baguio, the Philippines, throughout World War II until they were herded into Manila's notorious Old Bilibid Prison in 1945 during the Japanese last stand. The information is derived from ten internees' diaries and retrospective narratives based on diaries (six by women, four by men), interviews with five former internees, and from a twelve-item questionnaire answered by thirty-two people, a random sample of thirty percent of the camp population that could be located in 1985.
Development of the projections from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus to the lateral suprasylvian visual area of cortex in the cat.

In the study reported in the preceding paper, we used retrograde labeling methods to show that the enhanced projection from the thalamus to the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) visual area of cortex that is present in adult cats following neonatal visual cortex damage arises at least partly from surviving neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In the C layers of the LGN, many more cells than normal are retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into PMLS cortex ipsilateral to a visual cortex lesion. In addition, retrogradely labeled cells are found in the A layers, which normally have no projection to PMLS cortex in adult cats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of this enhanced projection by examining the normal development of projections from the thalamus, especially the LGN, to PMLS cortex. Injections of HRP were made into PMLS cortex on the day of birth or at 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks of age. Retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the lateral posterior nucleus, posterior nucleus of Rioch, pulvinar, and medial interlaminar nucleus, as well as in the LGN, at all ages studied. Within the LGN of the youngest kittens, a small number of retrogradely labeled cells was present in the interlaminar zones and among the cells in the A layers that border these zones. Such labeled cells were virtually absent by 8 weeks of age, and they are not found in normal adult cats. Sparse retrograde labeling of C-layer neurons also was present in newborn kittens. The density of labeled C-layer neurons increased 5- to 10-fold between 1 day and 1 week of age and then increased further to adult values by 4 weeks of age. These results indicate that there is not an exuberant projection from the C layers of the LGN to the PMLS cortex in young kittens. This suggests, therefore, that the enhanced projection from the C layers to PMLS cortex after an early visual cortex lesion, described in the preceding paper, is due to new axonal growth. In contrast, at least part of the enhanced projection from the A layers after an early visual cortex lesion may result from the retention of an initially transient projection from the interlaminar zones and immediately adjacent cells in the A layers.
Guiding of a Balloon-Borne Coronagraph

Discussion of the guidance system of a balloon-borne coronagraph designed for IR solar corona observations at an altitude of 36 km. The coronagraph has two telescopes, measures 6 m in length, weighs 73 kg, is stabilized by a three-axis system, and has a pointing precision of plus or minus 10 sec of arc. Three torque motors are used to activate the tracking servo system of the coronagraph. An integral control system is used to prevent a permanent instrumental error. The coronagraph has been tested in two balloon missions.
McRoberts maneuver for shoulder dystocia: a survey

A survey of 108 major teaching institutions in the United States regarding the utilization of the McRoberts maneuver for shoulder dystocia was conducted. Only 40% taught the procedure but 64% reported being familiar with its use. Among users, only 32% used it as the initial step. Surprisingly, only 40% thought it reduced fetal trauma.
The Inca Legend in Colonial Peru

Titu Cusi: A 16th-century Account of the Conquest Titu Cusi Yupanqui. Translated by Nicole Delia Legnani Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2005 236 pp. (ISBN 0674019733) An Inca Account of th...
Ethnic Identity, Legitimizing Ideologies, and Social Status: A Matter of Ideological Asymmetry

This paper examines the ideological asymmetry hypothesis with respect tothe interface between legitimizing ideologies and psychological attachment to one's ethnic group. The ideological asymmetry hypothesis suggests that hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing ideologies should be positively associated with ingroup attachment among high-status groups, but that among low-status groups these associations should be either less positive in magnitude (isotropic asymmetry) relative to high-status groups or negative in direction (anisotropic asymmetry). The opposite pattern should be found with respect to the interface between hierarchy-attenuating legitimizing ideologies and ingroup attachment: Among high-status groups these associations should be negative, but among low-status groups these associations should be either less negative in magnitude (isotropic asymmetry) relative to high-status groups or positive in direction (anisotropic asymmetry). The presence of isotropic versus anisotropic asymmetry is hypothesized to depend on the degree of disparity in status between the groups being compared: Wider status gaps should tend toward anisotropic asymmetries. The relationships between legitimizing ideologies and ingroup attachment were compared for (1) relatively high-status ethnic groups (European and Asian Americans) versus relatively low-status ethnic groups (Latinos and African Americans) in the United States, (2) the higher-status Jewish ethnic group (Ashkenazim) versus the lower-status Jewish ethnic group (Mizrachim) in Israel, and (3) the high-status Israeli Jews versus the low-status Israeli Arabs. The data were largely consistent with the ideological asymmetry hypothesis. The implications of these findings are discussed within the theoretical frameworks of social dominance theory and other approaches to intergroup relations.
Characterization of geometry and normal drag coefficients of copper nets

Application of copper alloy netting in marine aquaculture has potential benefits associated with reduced biofouling, improved cage volume stability, structural strength and protection from predators. In this paper, experimental studies of drag forces on copper alloy net panels are reported. Based on these studies, empirical values for normal drag coefficients are proposed for various types of copper netting. These findings are compared to the previously published data on standard nylon nets. It is shown that copper nets exhibit significantly lower resistance to currents, which corresponds to lower values of drag coefficient.
Determinism and the Hiddenness of God in Calvin's Theology

Julian N. Hartt once observed that Calvin so accentuates divine causation that he denies all secondary agency. A strong statement of God's omnipotence commits Calvin to the position that divine causation is the only connection that has any foundation in reality. And this claim, Hartt noted, places Calvin dangerously close to Spinozism. I have no stake (nor does Hartt) in any analysis that attempts to indicate affinities between Calvin and the Dutch rationalist whom he predates by several generations. But, as Hartt suggested and as I will demonstrate, a persuasive case can be made for Calvin's commitment to a thoroughgoing causal determinism that has God at the helm directing every event. Now one should note at the outset that Calvin has solid theological reasons for stressing the role of God's all-determining will in the course of events. As a Reformation theologian, he is a persistent defender of the utter gratuitousness of grace, thereby denying that the moral, spiritual, and epistemological chasm separating the human and the divine can in any way be reconciled by human being. Yet, for Calvin, grace possesses an omnicompetence – even faith is the gift of grace – which, when examined within the total context of his thought, reveals the radical dependence of the entire created order upon the will of God.
The Challenges of Democracy: James Harvey Robinson, the New History, and Adult Education for Citizenship

Mention James Harvey Robinson and most students of American history will think two words: “New History.” Robinson tried to articulate what better-known historians of the period – Charles Beard, Frederick Jackson Turner, and Vernon Parrington – were doing in their research and writing. As Richard Hofstadter explained, the leading historians of the Progressive Era tried “to make American history relevant to the political and intellectual issues of the moment.…They attempted to find a usable past related to the broadest needs of a nation fully launched upon its own industrialization, and to make history an active instrument of self-recognition and self-improvement.” Situated firmly in the “revolt against formalism” that marked Progressive Era intellectual work, historians made their research instrumental, teasing out what William James called the “cash value” of ideas. Historical writing could no longer, in Robinson's own words, “catalogue mere names of person and places which have not the least importance for the reader.” Rather, it had to “help us understand ourselves and our fellows and the problems and prospects of mankind.” In those words and his pioneering (though largely forgotten) work in European and intellectual history, Robinson codified the purpose of what has come to be known as Progressive history.
Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible, degradable, light‐curable, polyurethane‐based elastic hydrogels

A series of degradable polyurethane-based light-curable elastic hydrogels were synthesized from polycaprolactone diol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), lysine diisocyanate (LDI), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) through UV light initiated polymerization reaction. LDI was used as hard segment and polycaprolactone (PCL) and/or PEG were used as soft segments. By changing the PCL to PEG ratio during the prepolymer synthesis, polyurethanes with different soft segmental structures, hydrophilicity, and cytophilicity were obtained after light-initiated polymerization. The chemical structures of the synthesized polymers were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Physical properties such as swelling, mechanical properties, and in vitro degradation were evaluated. Materials containing a higher ratio of PEG exhibit higher water absorbance, higher degradation rate in vitro, and lower mechanical strength in the hydrated state. Mouse embryonal carcinoma-derived clonal chondrocytes were used as a model cell type to study the cytocompatibility of the synthesized polymers. Chondrocyte attachment, proliferation rates, and morphologies varied with changes in the PCL/PEG ratio. With a higher PEG ratio, lower cell attachment and proliferation were observed. To improve the cell attachment and proliferation on high PEG content hydrogels, bioactive molecules, such as peptides and proteins, were conjugated or immobilized in the gel matrix during the light-curing process. In this study, a short peptide, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, was used as a model biomolecule and incorporated into the gels during the light-curing process and improved cell growth was observed. In summary, the use of PCL/PEG at different ratios, as well as the introduction of HEMA into polyurethane, allows the synthesis of a series of biocompatible elastic hydrogels with tunable physical and cytophilic properties through light-initiated polymerization. This series of materials also allows for controlling cell attachment and growth by incorporating bioactive molecules during the light-curing process.
Integral Action For Chattering Reduction And Error Convergence in Sliding Mode Control

Sliding mode control is a standard approach to tackle the parametric and modeling uncertainities of a non-linear system. However, the robust control obtained by using sliding mode has a price, which is the high frequency chattering encountered during the digital implementation of the control. The idea of introducing a boundary layer around the switching surface and approximating a continuous control inside it has been extended for different kinds of systems. The systems should be analyzed to ascertain which continuous law is appropriate within the boundary layer. In this paper the effect of various continuous control approximations within the boundary layer to chattering and error convergence in different systems is studied.
Commentary on Grolnick and Pomerantz, “Issues and Challenges in Studying Parental Control: Toward a New Conceptualization”

Grolnick and Pomerantz (this issue) take on the difficult challenge of rethinking how investigators might use the concept of parental control in the study of child and adolescent development. They note that previous conceptual and empirical work has employed a wide variety of definitions of parental control and argue that this broad range of approaches has created problems for the field. For example, they cite Rollins and Thomas (1979), who identified more than 15 different labels for the construct. This multiplicity of definitions, the authors suggest, has led to ambiguity in the interpretation of research findings. In particular, Grolnick and Pomerantz propose that the multiple-forms approach to defining parental control is so fraught with problems that scholars should replace it with another strategy for describing and measuring control and related constructs. They then suggest a new approach that they believe will solve the problem and also increase the theoretical value of research on these types of parenting behaviors. In this commentary, I first discuss their critique of the multiple-forms approach and then analyze their proposed solution to the conceptual difficulties they describe.
Pathogenesis of Coarctation of the Aorta

This report concerns the pathogenesis of aortic coarctation. Normal aortic arch development and perinatal circulation are described, and current interpretations of coarctation are examined. Finally, an explana tion of the cause of coarctation is proposed. Coarctation is not a primary disease, but rather the result of some pathologic state which reduces the amount of blood crossing the prenatal aortic valve.