cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: reconstructing liberalism

However bruised by the continuous attacks of its radical critics, "liberal legalism" has so far survived the critical onslaught. But like all battles between powerful opponents the fight has produced casualties on both sides. Liberal theorists have responded to radical attacks by re-examining certain facile assumptions about the priority of individual autonomy, the nature of rationality, and the possibility of state neutrality, and replacing them with a rich and provocative literature that affirmatively defends liberal values and celebrates liberal legal institutions as the best--perhaps the only--way of respecting and encouraging human "difference" while also maximizing freedom and equality On the other side, the work of radical critics of liberalism has begun to reflect the idea that liberal values--appropriately modified--are worth examining in a reconstructive light. Without losing sight of the injustices that have been inflicted on vulnerable groups under the liberal American Constitution, at least some radical theorists seem willing to concede that something precious, perhaps even irreplaceable, would be lost were liberal rights and institutions, with their vision of respect for individual dignity and their desire to maximize individual freedom, to be rejected wholesale along with the scourges of racism and sexism that have always shadowed them. It is tempting to oversimplify. One should take seriously the declared motivations and concerns of one's opponents, and be careful not to discover casually that they have been on one's side all along, although somehow without realizing it. Let me therefore emphasize that I think there are important and irreconcilable differences, at many levels, between liberal visions of the person, of politics, and of the law, and the visions articulated by liberalism's communitarian, critical race, feminist, and postmodern critics. What I find most fascinating in recent legal theory, though, is the increasingly apparent intuition that amid such basic differences there is also a growing area of common ground. Ironically, it may be that the reconstruction of liberal legalism, in some recognizable form, will become the single most dramatic result of radical legal theory. Of course the whole project of reconstructing liberalism raises as many questions as it does answers. Suppose, for example, that under a redeemed liberalism, individual autonomy--albeit in reconstructed form--becomes the shared human faculty that both unites our strivings for the good and makes them possible. …
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Implications for Early Childhood Educators

One of the most commonly diagnosed disorders in children is Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (DuPaul, 1991; Lerner & Lerner, 1991; Reid, Maag, Vasa, & Wright, 1994). This disorder has caused considerable debate among physicians, psychologists, teachers, and parents for several decades. Often it is a child's teachers who notice many of the behaviors associated with ADHD (Epstein, Shaywitz, Shaywitz, & Woolston, 1991; Lerner & Lerner, 1991; Meents, 1989). Teachers can provide anecdotal information from numerous observations within the school's environment (Atkins & Pelham, 1991; Meents, 1989). The initial referral for diagnosis usually occurs in the first few years of education. Therefore, all teachers, including early childhood professionals, should be aware of the behaviors associated with ADHD. Lerner and Lerner (1991) reported that the most widely accepted definition of ADHD is given in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) American Psychiatric Association (1994). This manual provides a list with the minimum number of behaviors required for a diagnosis of ADHD and subtyping of ADHD or ADD without hyperactivity. DSM-IV is the latest revision of the APA manual and the criteria listed are more highly related to functional impairments than previous editions (Barabasz & Barabasz, 1996). Some characteristics of ADHD include: fidgeting or squirming; excessive talking; difficulty in sustaining attention; being easily distracted; excessive running and climbing; failing to play quietly. Other criteria necessary for this diagnosis include the presence of some symptoms before 7 years of age, the presence of symptoms in two or more settings, such
Modeling of two underwater vehicles with manipulators on-board

The modeling of two cooperating underwater vehicles with on-board manipulators carrying a common rigid load is studied. The velocity relations and the kinematic coupling are discussed. The kinematic constraints are due to fact that the velocities of the manipulator end-effectors are related via the rigid load. For the entire system, a dynamical model that takes into account the hydrodynamic effects is established for the design of a controller. The dynamical model is based on the Lagrange formulation and is developed in the world coordinate frame. The dynamical coupling arises as a result of the forces and moments transmitted through the common load. Several properties of the system under consideration are also discussed.
Development and Evaluation of a Friction Model for Spark-Ignition Engines

In this paper the details of a model which predicts friction mean effective pressure (fmep) for spark-ignition engines are described. The model, which is based on a combination of fundamental scaling laws and empirical results, includes predictions of rubbing losses from the crankshaft, reciprocating, and valvetrain components, auxiliary losses from engine accessories, and pumping losses from the intake and exhaust systems. The sum of these predictions gave reliable estimates of spark-ignition engine fmep and serves as a useful tool for understanding how the major engine design and operating variables affect individual component friction.
REGULATION OF SUGAR UPTAKE VIA THE PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE-DEPENDENT PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE SYSTEMS IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS IS MEDIATED BY ATP-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF SERYL RESIDUE 46 IN HPR

By using both metabolizable and nonmetabolizable sugar substrates of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), we show that PTS sugar uptake into intact cells and membrane vesicles of Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus subtilis is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of any of several metabolizable PTS sugars. Inhibition requires phosphorylation of seryl residue 46 in the phosphocarrier protein of the PTS, HPr, by the metabolite-activated, ATP-dependent protein kinase. Inhibition does not occur when wild-type HPr is replaced by the S46A mutant form of this protein either in vesicles of L. lactis or B. subtilis or in intact cells of B. subtilis. Nonmetabolizable PTS sugar analogs such as 2-deoxyglucose inhibit PTS sugar uptake by a distinct mechanism that is independent of HPr(ser-P) and probably involves cellular phosphoenolpyruvate depletion.
Experience with Proctectomy to Manage Combat Casualties Sustaining Catastrophic Perineal Blast Injury Complicated by Invasive Mucor Soft-Tissue Infections

ABSTRACT Catastrophic pelviperineal injuries have become more commonplace on the modern battlefield as a result of dismounted blast mechanism and the survival benefits afforded by far-forward resuscitation and surgery. Inherent in the survival of casualties with such devastating injuries is both the risk for invasive infections and the need for complex reconstruction. We report a series of two combat casualties sustaining the constellation of catastrophic pelviperineal blast injury, anal sphincter complex destruction, complicated by invasive fungal infection managed with completion proctectomy. Our experience, although lacking numbers to qualify as high-level evidence to guide care, will assist future surgeons' care for similar patients.
Is There a Relationship Between Patient Satisfaction and Favorable Surgical Outcomes

Satisfaction of patients with their health care is gaining importance as a measure of hospital quality due to public reporting of these values and an increasing connection between hospital reimbursement and scores on the current tool to measure satisfaction, the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey. We found that high hospital and surgical volume and low rates of risk-adjusted mortality are associated with high patient satisfaction. However, other favorable patient outcomes are not consistently associated with positive satisfaction scores on HCAHPS. Contributors to patients' perceptions of their care are likely multifactorial and not related just to outcomes traditionally assessed by surgeons or hospitals. Moving in a direction of patient centered care, with a focus on increased understanding and involvement of patients in the care process, will likely strengthen the relationship between surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction.
Five-year follow-up of routine outpatient test turnaround time: a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study.

Abstract Context.—Timely reporting of outpatient tests can increase efficiency of care and improve customer satisfaction. Objectives.—We conducted a survey in 2002 to determine how quickly hospital-based laboratories turned around routine requests for 3 common assays and compared the results with a similar survey conducted in 1997. Design.—One hundred eighteen laboratories prospectively recorded the collection-to-verification turnaround time for 9252 complete blood cell counts (CBCs), 8832 thyroid tests, and 9193 basic metabolic panels. Results.—The median facility reported all test results by 7:00 am of the weekday immediately after the date of specimen collection. The bottom 10% of institutions reported 99% of CBCs and basic metabolic panels within 1 day and 60% of thyroid tests within 1 day. The 65 institutions that participated in both the 1997 and 2002 surveys showed significant overall improvement in turnaround time for all 3 types of tests (P < .001). In 2002, federal institutions had significantly...
Computer processing of cell lineage data from time lapse cinematography studies

Time lapse cinematography (TLC) affords a direct approach to the in vitro study of the growth of cell populations. A computer program is described that facilitates TLC studies by simplifying the transfer of data from the film review record to computer files, detecting recording and keypunching errors, calculation and printing statistical summaries, and graphical displays of the clone genealogy.
Stress aging of Al-xCu alloys : Experiments

Abstract Exposure of age-hardenable aluminum alloys to an elastic loading, either for “age-forming” and other manufacturing processes or during utilization at relatively high temperature, may lead to microstructural changes such as a stress-orienting effect of plate-like coherent or semi-coherent precipitates in the alloys. Preferentially oriented θ″/θ′-precipitate structures were quantitatively examined in single-crystal Al–2.5Cu, Al–4Cu and cube-textured Al–5Cu alloys aged to peak strength under compressive stresses. The dependence of the stress orienting of the θ″/θ′-precipitates on the applied stress, aging temperature and the copper content were determined. The effect is discussed and explained within the frame of classical nucleation and growth theories that incorporate the interaction energy between the external stress and the strain fields due to the lattice misfits between the θ″/θ′-precipitates and the Al matrix.
The Guilty Pleasure of Erotic Countertransference: Searching for Radial True

Although the use of the analyst's countertransference remains a point of controversy, it is a rare analyst who would not consider countertransference feelings useful fodder at least for the analyst's private reverie. But when the affective valence leans erotic, countertransference becomes once again taboo. This article explores the erotic meanderings of an analyst in relation to several patients with the aim of illustrating how erotic countertransference can be used to further the clinical process in each example. Cases include patients of both genders. Material is considered from within contemporary relational formulations, including the assumptions of multiplicity, the dialectic between relationality and autonomy, and judicious clinical technique that respects the complexity of clinical process.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Increases Susceptibility to Infarction After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Tg2576 Mice

Background and Purpose—We and others have shown that soluble amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) cause significant cerebrovascular dysfunction in mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice, and that these deficits are greater in aged APP mice having CAA compared with young APP mice lacking CAA. Amyloid β-peptide in young APP mice also increases infarction after focal cerebral ischemia, but the impact of CAA on ischemic brain injury is unknown. Methods—To determine this, we assessed cerebrovascular reactivity, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and extent of infarction and neurological deficits after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in aged APP mice having extensive CAA versus young APP mice lacking CAA (and aged-matched littermate controls). Results—We found that aged APP mice have more severe cerebrovascular dysfunction that is CAA dependent, have greater CBF compromise during and immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and develop larger infarctions after middle c...
Transcription of adenovirus cores in vitro

Abstract Transcription in whole HeLa cell extracts of the nucleoprotein core complexes released from adenovirus type 2 or type 5 virions has been examined. The average length of transcripts from deproteinized DNA templates increased steadily during a 90-min reaction in vitro , exhibiting an elongation rate of approximately 70 nucleotides per minute. On the other hand, transcripts made from viral core templates were restricted to a length of less than 2000 nucleotides. Accordingly, efficient transcription of cores (50 nucleotides elongated/min) ceased after 10–20 min of incubation in whole-cell extracts. Deproteinized viral DNA and viral nucleoprotein complexes appeared to support the initiation of a similar number of transcripts per template molecule, but the rate of initiation was faster when cores were provided as templates. Deproteinized viral DNA supported the synthesis of VA-RNA and of transcripts that hybridized to the region of the viral genome containing the 5′ portion of the major late transcriptional. Viral cores also directed the synthesis of RNA products which hybridized to fragments of the viral genome containing ElA, ElB, and E4 regions. The results of nuclease protection experiments indicated that the presence of core proteins did not preclude accurate initiation of transcription from the E4 region.
How many Enrons? Mark-ups in the stated capital cost of independent power producers' (IPPs') power projects in developing countries

Abstract I analyze the determinants of the stated capital cost of IPPs' power projects which significantly influences their price of power. I show that IPPs face a strong incentive to overstate their capital cost and argue that effective competition or regulatory scrutiny will limit the extent of the same. I analyze the stated capital costs of combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) IPP projects in eight developing countries which became operational during 1990–2006 and find that the stated capital cost of projects selected without competitive bidding is 44–56% higher than those selected with competitive bidding, even after controlling for the effect of cost differences among projects. The extent to which the stated capital costs of projects selected without competitive bidding are higher compared those selected with competitive bidding, is a lower bound on the extent to which they are overstated. My results indicate the drawbacks associated with a policy of promoting private sector participation without an adequate focus on improving competition or regulation.
Rational Design of Rhodium Complexes Featuring κ4-N,N,N,N- and κ5-N,N,N,P,P-Bis(imino)pyridine Ligands

The addition of aminoalkyl-substituted 2,6-bis(imino)pyridine (or pyridine diimine, PDI) ligands to [(COD)RhCl]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) resulted in the formation of rhodium monochloride complexes with the general formula (NPDI)RhCl (NPDI = iPr2NEtPDI or Me2NPrPDI). The investigation of (iPr2NEtPDI)RhCl and (Me2NPrPDI)RhCl by single-crystal X-ray diffraction verified the absence of amine arm coordination and a pseudo square-planar geometry about rhodium. Replacement of the chloride ligand with an outer-sphere anion was achieved by adding AgBF4 directly to (iPr2NEtPDI)RhCl to form [(iPr2NEtPDI)Rh][BF4]. Alternatively, this complex was prepared by chelate addition following the salt metathesis reaction between AgBF4 and [(COD)RhCl]2. Using the latter method, both [(NPDI)Rh][BF4] complexes were isolated and found to exhibit κ4-N,N,N,N-PDI coordination regardless of arm length or steric bulk. In contrast, the metallation of PPDI chelates featuring alkylphosphane imine substituents (PPDI = Ph2PEtPDI or Ph2PPrPDI) resulted in the formation of cationic complexes featuring κ5-N,N,N,P,P-PDI coordination in all instances, [(PPDI)Rh][X] (X = Cl, BF4). Adjusting the metallation stoichiometry allowed the preparation of [(Ph2PPrPDI)Rh][(COD)RhCl2], as validated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Suicide from the Golden Gate Bridge: do they cluster over time?

Epidemics of suicidal behavior have been reported in hospitals (Crawford, 1966) and military bases (Hankoff, 1961). The present analysis concerned data collected by the second author during a visit to the Medical Examiner's office in San Francisco for 47 jumpers from the Golden Gate Bridge for a two-year period ( 1976-1977) and investigated whether they conformed to a random process. The null hypothesis was that the Golden Gate Bridge suicides formed a Poisson process with a mean arrival rate for the two-year period given by the mean of 46/729 per day. A statistical test was designed with two parameters No and L as follows. Take a sample of size N of waiting times and let Z = the number of values No. A program was written to generate significance tables for various values of No and L. In the data, there were four waiting periods of 4 1 (a = 0.31). There were six waiting periods 4 2 (a = 0.47). There were nine waiting periods 4 3 (U = 0.40). There were 12 waiting periods 4 4 (a = 0.32). There were 13 waiting periods 6 5 (a = 0.61). Thus, we could not reject the null hypothesis. It seems, therefore, that jumpers from the Golden Gate Bridge are randomly distributed over time and that no discernible clustering effect was apparent.
Thermal and catalytic degradation of commingled plastics

Abstract Thermogravimetry, in situ electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) are employed to investigate the thermal and catalytic degradation of a sample of commingled plastics (CP), XRD studies show CP to contain about 90% polyethylene (PE) and 10% polypropylene (PPE) and a smaller amount of TiO 2 . Analysis of the weight loss data in argon to 550°C yields an activation energy E ≈ 38 kcal mol −1 for the thermal decomposition of CP. In XRD studies, a melting point of 135°C is inferred whereas the onset of irreversible degradation begins only around 360°C. The in situ ESR experiments of CP and CP loaded with 10% Al 2 O 3 (nanoscale) and 10% sulfur, both under 500 psig of H 2 , show that for CP alone an ESR signal indicative of degradation is first seen near 380°C, whereas for the loaded CP this degradation temperature is reduced to 280°C. This enhanced catalytic degradation detected by ESR is believed to be due to elemental sulfur.
Pathology and embryology of common atrioventricular canal

Abstract This paper focuses on the terminology, classification, pathologic anatomy, embryology, and etiology of common atrioventricular (AV) canal. The designation common AV canal is preferred because it includes both the characteristic septal and leaflet defects; i.e. common AV canal is much more than an AV septal defect, as the cleft in the anterior mitral leaflet indicates. This cleft is indeed a cleft (not a commissure), and the left-sided AV valve is a malformed mitral valve (not a trileaflet non-mitral valve). Common AV canal is classified as complete, partial, transitional, intermediate, balanced, left ventricular type, and right ventricular type. The complete form is subclassified as Rastelli types A, B, and C. The normal embryology of AV canal division is presented in man and in the rat. In humans, the superior and inferior endocardial cushions of the AV canal normally fuse during Streeter’s horizon XVII, i.e. 34–36 days of age. An understanding of the spatial geometry of the endocardial cushions of the AV canal relative to the ventricular and atrial septa helps to explain normal and abnormal development and the classification of common AV canal. Normal morphogenesis is a three-step process. An increase in fibroblast cell-surface adhesiveness may well be important in the morphogenesis of common AV canal in Down syndrome. Etiologically, a single gene stochastic model is now thought more likely than the polygenic multifactorial hypothesis. The Down syndrome congenital heart disease gene (or genes) is (are) now thought to be located on chromosome 21 from q22.1 to q22.3. Common AV canal may be non-syndromic or syndromic, the latter including Down syndrome and the heterotaxy syndromes with asplenia and polysplenia. There are statistically highly significant differences between Down and non-Down canals, and between asplenic and polysplenic canals.
Acute predictors of return to employment after traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal follow-up

Abstract Keyser-Marcus LA, Bricout JC, Wehman P, Campbell LR, Cifu DX, Englander J, High W, Zafonte RD. Acute predictors of return to employment after traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:635-41. Objective: To investigate the relation between selected acute injury and patient characteristics and subsequent return to work 1 to 5 years postinjury. Design: Longitudinal design with prospectively collected data. Data were collected on patients at the time of injury and each year postinjury for up to 5 years. Setting: Four medical centers in the federally sponsored Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems project that provide emergency medical services, intensive and acute medical care, inpatient rehabilitation, and a spectrum of community rehabilitation services. Participants: Patients were selected from a national database of 538 rehabilitation inpatients admitted to acute care within 8 hours of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and seen at 1 to 5 years follow-up. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Employment status (employed vs not employed) at 1 to 5 years postinjury. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the extent to which selected variables predicted employment status at years 1 to 5 postinjury. Results: At year 1 postinjury, preinjury productivity, age, education, and rehabilitation length of stay were all significantly associated with postinjury employment. Preinjury employment and productivity and age significantly predicted employment at postinjury year 2. At year 3 postinjury, preinjury productivity, age, and FIM™ instrument discharge score significantly predicted employment status. Age was significantly associated with employment status at year 4 postinjury. Preinjury employment and productivity and Disability Rating Scale discharge score were found to be significant predictors of postinjury employment at year 5 follow-up. Conclusions: The relationship between certain acute injury and patient variables (eg, age, preinjury productivity, education, discharge FIM) and subsequent return to work may provide rehabilitation professionals with useful information regarding the intensity and types of services needed for individuals in the vocational rehabilitation planning process. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
The effects of propulsion system-airframe interactions on the performance of hypersonic aircraft.

Parametric analysis on hydrogen-fueled hypersonic aircraft for long range passenger transport missions and launch vehicle missions, noting propulsion system-airframe interactions
Hypertension in peritoneal dialysis patients: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment

Hypertension is prevalent in an estimated 29% to 80% of patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Cardiovascular disease represents the most common cause of mortality in this population, and hypertension (HTN) plays an important role. Volume overload is prevalent in PD patients because of liberal intake of fluids and loss of residual renal function (RRF). Noncompliance with salt restriction causes weight gain and makes HTN more difficult to manage. Physiology of the peritoneal membrane and its transport characteristics governs the ultrafiltration rate and consequently both volume and HTN. Therapeutic options for blood pressure control are ultrafiltration through the osmotic or colloid osmotic effects of dialysis solutions, salt restriction, and the use of antihypertensive medications such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Loop diuretics are used to maintain urine output in nonoliguric patients. Doses may exceed 250 mg of furosemide; ototoxicity is not problematic if blood levels are monitored carefully. Preservation of RRF is important for maintaining volume control and, thereby, control of HTN.
Molten core model for Hawaiian rift zones

Abstract Kilauea volcano's East Rift Zone (ERZ) is extraordinary in that abundant lateral dike intrusions and rift zone widening associated with seaward slip of the south flank over a basal fault may have allowed an extensive molten core to develop. The rift zones of Mauna Loa and the Southwest Rift Zone (SWRZ) of Kilauea do not appear to have such extensive molten cores, perhaps because of a diminished role of flank slip. A molten core may efficiently convey pressure and transport magma to distant sites along the rift zone. This concept helps to explain the long, low profile of Kilauea as viewed along the axis of the ERZ. The combined influence of a molten core and flank slip helps to explain the varied repertoire of magmatic events at Kilauea. I propose that the 1975 M 7.2 earthquake marked a fundamental change of activity at Kilauea, from shallow dike injection above the molten core and largely effusive edifice growth, to chiefly endogenous growth by deep dike intrusion below the molten core. Dike intrusion slowed during the 1983–1991 Pu'u O'o eruption sequence, because inflation of the magmatic system—the engine of intrusion and flank slip processes—was retarded by continuous magma loss via the molten ERZ core to a low-elevation vent site.
CUE: counterfeit-resistant usable eye movement-based authentication via oculomotor plant characteristics and complex eye movement patterns

The widespread use of computers throughout modern society introduces the necessity for usable and counterfeit-resistant authentication methods to ensure secure access to personal resources such as bank accounts, e-mail, and social media. Current authentication methods require tedious memorization of lengthy pass phrases, are often prone to shouldersurfing, and may be easily replicated (either by counterfeiting parts of the human body or by guessing an authentication token based on readily available information). This paper describes preliminary work toward a counterfeit-resistant usable eye movement-based (CUE) authentication method. CUE does not require any passwords (improving the memorability aspect of the authentication system), and aims to provide high resistance to spoofing and shoulder-surfing by employing the combined biometric capabilities of two behavioral biometric traits: 1) oculomotor plant characteristics (OPC) which represent the internal, non-visible, anatomical structure of the eye; 2) complex eye movement patterns (CEM) which represent the strategies employed by the brain to guide visual attention. Both OPC and CEM are extracted from the eye movement signal provided by an eye tracking system. Preliminary results indicate that the fusion of OPC and CEM traits is capable of providing a 30% reduction in authentication error when compared to the authentication accuracy of individual traits.
Welfare states and unemployment

This paper studies equilibrium unemployment in a search model where the government both provides liberal unemployment insurance and taxes labor at high progressive tax rates. It is shown how progressive income taxation can counteract a high unemployment rate under generous unemployment insurance. In particular, high marginal taxes reduce workers' incentives to switch jobs in response to changing economic opportunities. This lower labor mobility reduces unemployment but at the cost of a less efficient labor allocation.
A Nuclear RNA Is Cut out for Translation

In this issue of Cell, Prasanth et al. (2005) provide evidence that an inosine-containing RNA that is normally retained in the nucleus is cleaved within its 3′ untranslated region following cellular stress. It is then transported to the cytoplasm and translated into protein. These findings suggest that the nucleus may store RNAs destined for translation that then can be released, as needed, in response to specific cellular signals.
Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) protein expression in human placenta across gestation.

Abstract Conflicting information regarding expression of GLUT3 protein in the human placenta has been reported and the localization and pattern of expression of GLUT3 protein across gestation has not been clearly defined. The objective of this study was characterization of syncytial GLUT3 protein expression across gestation. We hypothesized that GLUT3 protein is present in the syncytial microvillous membrane and that its expression decreases over gestation. GLUT3 protein was measured in samples from a range of gestational ages (first to third trimester), with human brain and human bowel used as a positive and negative control respectively. As an additional measure of specificity, we transfected BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, a trophoblast cell line expressing GLUT3, with siRNA directed against GLUT3 and analyzed expression by Western blotting. GLUT3 was detected in the syncytiotrophoblast at all gestational ages by immunohistochemistry. Using Western blotting GLUT3 was detected as an integral membrane protein at a molecular weight of ∼50 kDa in microvillous membranes from all trimesters but not in syncytial basal membranes. The identity of the primary antibody target was confirmed by demonstrating that expression of the immunoblotting signal in GLUT3 siRNA-treated BeWo was decreased to 18 ± 6% (mean ± SEM) of that seen in cells transfected with a non-targeting siRNA. GLUT3 expression in microvillous membranes detected by Western blot decreased through the trimesters such that expression in the second trimester (wks 14–26) was 48 ± 7% of that in the first trimester and by the third trimester (wks 31–40) only 34 ± 10% of first trimester expression. In addition, glucose uptake into BeWo cells treated with GLUT3 siRNA was reduced to 60% of that measured in cells treated with the non-targeting siRNA. This suggests that GLUT3-mediated uptake comprises approximately 50% of glucose uptake into BeWo cells. These results confirm the hypothesis that GLUT3 is present in the syncytial microvillous membrane early in gestation and decreases thereafter, supporting the idea that GLUT3 is of greater importance for glucose uptake early in gestation.
A short, unobtrusive hypnotic-assessment procedure for assessing hypnotizability level: I. Development and research.

Abstract In the present study we assessed a short-form hypnotic-induction procedure for determining hypnotic susceptibility. Eighty-four subjects completed a short hypnotic-induction procedure and afterwards completed two self-report phenomenological state instruments (the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory, PCI, Pekala, 1982, 1991c and the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Short Form, PCI:SF, Pekala, 1988) in reference to a sitting-quietly period embedded within the hypnotic-induction procedure. A week later the same subjects completed the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (Shor & Orne, 1962) and the PCI in reference to a short, sitting-quietly interval embedded in the Harvard. Using a regression equation obtained from prior research (Pekala & Kumar, 1987), a Pearson r correlation of .51 was obtained between a predicted Harvard Group Scale (pHGS) score from subjects' subjective experiences of the first hypnotic-induction procedure and subjects' actual performances on the Harvar...
Theoretical Analysis of Current Distribution in Porous Electrodes

General equations describing the behavior of porous electrodes are developed. These equations are used to determine the initial and the steady‐state conditions in one‐dimensional porous electrodes of uniform geometry and polarization parameters. In particular, it is shown that the current and reaction distributions in the depth of the electrode are strongly influenced by the type of activation polarization and by mass transport of the reacting ionic species, in addition to the effective conductivities of the two phases. It is found that a linear approximation to a Tafel curve leads to an inadequate description of actual behavior when the reaction is distributed nonuniformly in the depth of the electrode.
Dragonmail: an exercise in distributed computing

Description de l'implementation d'un systeme de transmission de messages dans un environnement reparti, appele Dragonmail, qui ameliore un precedent prototype deja operationnel
Reductions in the Activation of ERK and JNK Are Associated with Decreased IL-2 Production in T Cells from Elderly Humans Stimulated by the TCR/CD3 Complex and Costimulatory Signals

T cells from elderly humans often display impaired IL-2 production, but the mechanisms are unknown. Because the activities of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK) are important for IL-2 production, the current study evaluated if aberrancies in the expression and activation of ERK2 or JNK might underlie decreased IL-2 production by human T cells during aging. The present results show that diminished ERK2 and JNK catalytic activities were commonly detected in T cells from elderly humans stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb OKT3 plus PMA. These reductions did not represent temporal shifts in activation or altered expression of ERK2 or JNK. In addition, the reductions of ERK2 activation in stimulated T cells from elderly individuals were accompanied by decreased Raf-1 kinase activation and could be observed without coexisting impairments in JNK activation. Stimulation of ERK2 activation in elderly T cells correlated with IL-2 production and decreased ERK2 activation was consistently associated with reduced IL-2 production. Although the age-related decreases in JNK activation were accompanied by reduced IL-2 production, substantial impairments of JNK activation were observed with diminished ERK2 activation. Moreover, anti-CD3/PMA-stimulated T cells from elderly individuals that displayed normal JNK activation and impaired ERK2 activation continued to demonstrate reduced IL-2 production. These findings show that impairments in the activation of ERK2 and JNK can accompany decreased IL-2 production by T cells from elderly humans and further suggest that aberrancies in TCR/CD3-dependent activation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK2 cascade may be rate-limiting for the full induction of IL-2.
Application of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, on injured nerve attenuates neuropathy-induced thermal hyperalgesia in rats

This study tested the ability of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), to attenuate behavioral hyperalgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain [Bennett, G.J. and Xie, Y.-K., Pain, 33 (1988) 87-107]. A mononeuropathy was produced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed by a reduction of paw withdrawal latency to a noxious heat source. Following CCI, there was significant hyperalgesia in groups of rats treated with D-NAME (n = 7), an inactive isomer of L-NAME, saline (n = 7) or systemic L-NAME (n = 10). In contrast, when L-NAME was applied directly and continuously to the site of CCI (5.0 micrograms/microliter per h for up to 2 weeks) via an osmotic pump implanted at the time of the injury, no significant thermal hyperalgesia was observed (n = 8). The results suggest the involvement of nitric oxide in the development and maintenance of thermal hyperalgesia in a rat model of neuropathy. The blockade of nitric oxide production at the site of injury may provide a new approach for treatment of neuropathic pain.
Keywords for a universal speech interface

In this paper, we describe an internet survey conducted to help choose keywords for a universal speech interface. We present the background of and motivation for this study, and discuss its results and implications for our project.
Blood Donation and Its Metaphors

In her article, Charlene Galarneau points out a passage from the Blood Products Advisory Committee (BPAC) report that suggests sexual contact between men is “potentially … a basis of lifestyle choi...
Simultaneous determination of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in brain tissue by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Abstract High-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (l.c.e.c.) is utilized in a procedure for the simultaneous determination of three of the most important neurotransmitters in nervous tissue samples. The high degree of selectivity and sensitivity (subpicomole limits for each component) makes this technique directly applicable to extremely small samples. After optimal conditions had been established, the procedure was employed in the determination of all three components in whole mouse brains, seven separate mouse brain parts, and diurnal variations of whole mouse brains. The technique outlined does not require sample splitting, tissue pooling, component derivatization, or coupled enzymatic reactions to achieve the desired results. Twenty individual samples may be accommodated per day.
FUTURE RADIATION DOSAGE FROM WEAPON TESTS

A prediction is made of the efiects of future nuclear weapons tests on the environment of man. For the sake of exrapolating into the future, three possible courses are considered. These include: testing will continue at its present rates testing wiil close and oniy the residual radioaotive burden in the stratosphere need be considereds and the rate of testing will continue to increase at the average rate at which it has increased since 1951. Expressions for the accumulated activities corresponding to these three assumptions are derived, and equations are presented as a basis for the calculated radiation dosages. (C.H.)
Compliance with social and safety recommendations in an outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment program.

BACKGROUND: A unique contribution of a comprehensive outpatient geriatric assessment is its focus on social and safety issues in the frail elderly. The impact of such programs depends on the caregiver and/or patient complying with safety and social recommendations offered by the assessment team. Compliance in this setting has not been previously described. METHODS: A telephone survey was conducted of self-reported compliance in 124 frail geriatric patients with a high prevalence of dementia 3-21 months after completing a comprehensive geriatric assessment program at the University of California, San Diego, Medical Center. RESULTS: The social and safety recommendations constituted 52.8% of all the recommendations offered. The overall compliance rate (total number of safety and social recommendations followed/total number offered x 100) was 50.2% (95% CI: 43.7-56.6). Highest compliance was achieved with recommendations to complete a prior directive for health care (80.6%) and to wear a medic-alert bracelet (57.5%). Patients complied poorly with recommendations to change a living situation (36.2%). Analysis of variance showed compliance to increase with time between the assessment and survey. Stratifying for time, we found higher compliance in patients with greater impairment in functional or cognitive status. Most noncompliance was due to disagreement with the recommendations offered or failure to implement acceptable recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with social and safety recommendations offered in a comprehensive geriatric assessment program approximates compliance observed in other clinical settings. In this setting compliance increases over time. When controlled for time, impairment in functional or cognitive status is associated with greater compliance. Language: en
The influence of target and non-target brain regions on the development of mid-brain dopaminergic neurons in organotypic slice culture

The development and regeneration of rat dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon was studied in organotypic slice cultures. Single ventral mesencephalon cultures and co-cultures of ventral mesencephalon with striatum (a target region) or cerebellum (a non-target region) were prepared from postnatal day 1 Wistar rats. Cultures were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity, at two day intervals, for an overall incubation period of 20 days. Analysis of these cultures revealed that the striatal target tissue, exerted neither a trophic nor a tropic influence on the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons. In both single and co-cultures, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurites projected radially from the ventral mesencephalon slice. However, in striatal co-cultures, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurites were seen penetrating the striatal slice, whereas in cerebellar co-cultures no tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurites entered the cerebellar tissue. Glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells actively migrated from the tissue sections, however tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurite outgrowth was not guided by these glial cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurites terminated once they had penetrated the striatal slice. This retardation of neurite growth by a target region could be important in establishing and reinforcing synaptic connections in the developing nigro-striatal pathway.
The relationship of conformational changes in the sendai virus nucleocapsid to proteolytic cleavage of the NP polypeptide

Abstract Previous studies showed that the conformation of the paramyxovirus nucleocapsid varies extensively with regard to the flexibility and coiling of the helix, and changes of this type could be important for virus assembly and transcription of the viral RNA. The helix is tightly coiled and relatively inflexible at high salt concentration (e.g., 1.0 M NaCl) and loosely coiled or extended in low-salt buffer (0.01 M). It has now been found that a salt-induced conformational change can alter the accessibility of the Sendai virus nucleocapsid protein (NP, Mr ∼ 60,000) to cleavage by trypsin. When the nucleocapsid is tightly tightly coiled, NP is cleaved to yield a single major cleavage product (t48, Mr ∼ 48,000) that contains the original N-terminus of the molecule. When the nucleocapsid is in the uncoiled state, t48 is further cleaved to a major N-terminal product, t34, and a second product t15; t15 may be further cleaved to yield t12. Unlike the ∼12,000 daltons of NP that is degraded to small peptides and lost from the nucleocapsid when NP is cleaved to t48, both t34 and t15 (or t12) remain associated with the nucleocapsid structure although thoy are not disulfide bonded to each other. Sendai virus nucleocapsids containing t34 and t15 (or t12) have the same morphological appearance and respond reversibly to changes in salt concentration as do nucleocapsids composed of the native NP or t48. The results indicate that the properties of the NP subunit that are important in determining the helical conformation of the nucleocapsid reside in the N-terminal 48,000 daltons of the molecule and are unaffected by the further cleavages. In contrast to the conformation-dependent exposure of tryptic cleavage sites on NP, the viral RNA in the nucleocapsid is inaccessible to digestion by ribonuclease regardless of salt-dependent changes in conformation, or of the state of tryptic cleavage of NP. Thus neither the tightness of stacking of the helix nor proleolytic cleavages in the NP protein affect the binding of the RNA to NP or its protection from ribonuclease.
Characterization of mRNAs that accumulate during illumination of excised leaves of big bluegrass (Poa secunda)

Summary Photosynthate accumulation during illumination of excised leaves provides a useful system to study some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize mRNAs that show regulated abundance during illumination of excised leaves of big bluegrass (Poa secunda). Differential display PCR identified mRNAs of interest. RNA samples from excised leaves were tested with 45 primer combinations after 0, 0.5, 2, 8, and 24 h of light exposure. Of approximately 2500 cDNA amplification products examined, only six different sequences showed repeatable patterns of regulation during the time course of these experiments. Three full-length cDNAs were isolated and none appear to be directly related to carbohydrate metabolism. The deduced amino acid sequences of the three cDNA products show homology to the thiamin biosynthesis proteins, metallothionene-like proteins and ribosomal proteins of other species. The abundance of metallothinene-like protein mRNA, in particular, showed strong up-regulation during illumination of detached leaves. The abundance of these three mRNAs in attached leaves was further evaluated under low-temperature and dehydration treatments-conditions also known to influence photosynthate/carbohydrate accumulation. The abundance of the metallothinene-like protein was strongly affected by dehydration, whereas the thiamin biosynthesis and ribosomal protein mRNAs were only somewhat affected by low temperatures.
An architecture for high-speed execution of upper layer (4-7) network protocols

The trend in network processing is towards layer 4-7 processing in the routers and switches. The tasks in these layers are usually more complicated than the traditional router tasks such as IP forwarding. Implementing higher layer processing at high speeds, e.g., 40 Gbps, requires innovative technology. Legacy solutions based on general purpose processing cannot meet the challenge. We address this challenge in this work.
Scattering and transfer reactions for 6, 7Li + 90, 91Zr

Abstract Elastic scattering data have been measured for the 7Li + 90Zr, 6Li + 90Zr, and 6Li + 91Zr systems at E(Li) = 34 MeV. Inelastic scattering data for the 7Li + 90Zr and 6Li + 90Zr systems were also measured for the 2+(2.18 MeV) and 3−(2.75 MeV) states in 90Zr and the 1 2 − (0.48 MeV ) state in 7Li. Optical model analyses of the elastic scattering data and DWBA analyses for the states in 90Zr were performed. The deduced deformation lengths for the 2+ state agreed with those extracted in other studies but the deformation length for the 3− state was smaller. The 90Zr(7Li, 6Li)91Zr angular distributions were measured for the 1.21 and 2.03 MeV states and the 2.19 MeV doublet in 91Zr. Also, 90Zr(7Li, 6He)91Nb angular distributions were measured for the ground states, 0.10, 3.41 and 4.82 MeV states in 91Nb. The transitions well matched in angular momentum were described by finite-range DWBA calculations, while other transitions displayed the same phase problems seen with heavier ions. The extracted spectroscopic information was consistent with the results of other reaction studies. At the present energy, it was not possible to determine whether the l = 1 phase problem that occurs for heavy-ion single-nucleon transfer reactions on 2s-1d shell nuclei occurs in 91Zr also.