cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport of juvenile gem clams (Gemma gemma) in headland wake

Accumulation of bivalve recruits in the bottom convergence at the center of coastal eddies has been suggested as a possible mechanism resulting in locally abundant adult populations. We investigated transport of juvenile gem clams (Gemma gemma) in a headland wake to determine whether they accumulated, and where. Velocity measurements during three flood tides showed that a wake consistently formed, but that flow speeds were too slow to transport juvenile clams to the eddy center. Instead, the clams were deposited just inside the wake perimeter, where shear velocities decreased to levels below critical erosion velocities of the clams. This result demonstrated that accumulation in a coastal flow separation can occur even in the absence of a well-defined eddy or a strong bottom convergence. Juvenile gem clams were carried, probably as bedload, to regions in the wake dominated by sediments with similar grain sizes, rather than similar fall velocities, suggesting that bedload transport was particularly dependent on particle diameter in this flow regime. Adult gem clam populations tended to be locally abundant in regions receiving transported juveniles, but clam transport on any specific flood tide was not sufficient to fully predict the adult distributions.
Disconnectedness and Diameters of Degree Graphs Associated with Normal Subgroups

Let G be a group and let N be a normal subgroup of G. We set cd(G|N) to be the degrees of the irreducible characters of G whose kernels do not contain N. We associate a graph with this set. The vertices of this graph are the primes dividing degrees in cd(G|N), and there is an edge between p and q if pq divides some degree in cd(G|N). In this paper, we study this graph when it is disconnected, and we study its diameter when it is connected.
MISUNDERSTANDING THE RASCH MODEL

Whitely and Dawis (1974) recently discussed, in this journal, the nature of objectivity with the Rasch model. They made several good points. However, their paper contained some unfortunate misunderstandings and errors. One important misunderstanding concerns the estimation procedure necessary to calibrate items according to the Rasch model. The authors recommend a two-stage estimation procedure which is actually unnecessary and impractical. As a result they conclude that only huge sample sizes make it possible to apply the Rasch model to real data. Since the Rasch model can be and has been applied productively to sets of data as small as 100 persons, and under those circumstances lead to useful results, it is important to correct that misunderstanding and the incorrect conclusion drawn from it. Whitely and Dawis recommend beginning parameter estimation with a least squares method based on item by score-group frequencies. This crude method was first used by Rasch in the 1950's and presented in his 1960 book. It is neither the most convenient nor the most efficient method of estimation and it is unnecessary as a beginning. Far preferable is to begin directly with the unconditional maximum likelihood procedure described by Wright and Panchapakesan (1969) and Wright and Douglas (1975b). Most researchers applying the Rasch model today are using some version of the computer program for unconditional maximum likelihood estimation written by Wright and Panchapakesan in 1965. The danger to them of being misled by the recommendation of Whitely and Dawis is slight.* However, newcomers to the topic who take the Whitely-Dawis recommendation seriously will be led astray. Perhaps because they focused their attention on the least squares method of estimation, Whitely and Dawis conclude that huge sample sizes are necessary for useful item calibration using the Rasch model. This conclusion is based on their incorrect statement that each and every possible score group has to be inhabited by a substantial number of persons for the estimation procedure to proceed. This is untrue. In fact, a set of items may be calibrated even when all the persons in the calibration sample have earned one and the same score. Even the least squares method allows estimation of the relative difficulties of a set of items from merely the log-odds success that any single score group obtains on each item. No additional score groups are necessary for a set of unbiased least squares estimates. The same, of course, is true for the unconditional maximum likelihood procedure. It is only when the researcher wishes, and wisely so, to test the fit of his data to the Rasch model, that more than one score group is needed. In order to evaluate fit, at least two score groups must be available so that the separate estimates of each item difficulty within each score group can be compared with one another to see if they are
A coalescer for soybean oil emulsions

A simple device was designed, consisting of alternate layers of absorbant cotton supported on fiberglass that accelerated the coalescence of oil droplets from an emulsion of soybean oil in aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Separation was generally complete in 90 min or less.
Japanese Female Students' Perceptions of 2-Year Colleges as a Choice for Postsecondary Education.

Two-year colleges have played an important role in providing postsecondary education for women in postwar Japan. More recently, a dwindling college-bound population in Japan has resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of and enrollment in 2-year colleges. This study explored the motivations and aspirations of 12 Japanese female students to understand the factors influencing their choice of a 2-year college. Findings suggest that 2-year college administrators and faculty members need to hear the voices of female students in today’s society. This will enhance the colleges’ role in community-based higher education and help them better serve the interests of prospective students and the needs of regional businesses and industries. Findings are discussed in the context of contemporary Japanese society.
Acute reproductive losses due to porcine parvovirus infection in a swine herd: Herd observations and economic analysis of the losses

Abstract An acute outbreak of reproductive failure associated with porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection occurred in a swine herd with a group-farrowing system. In Group A, of 35 bred females, 17 (49%) farrowed. Mummification was the predominant sign, increasing from an endemic level of 0.22 per litter in previous farrowing groups to 4.10. Diagnosis of PPV was made from abnormal fetuses in Group A. In the next group (Group B), only 8 of 35 (23%) females bred and farrowed, and they averaged 0.25 mummified fetuses per litter. Remaining sows did not farrow as scheduled and indicated a high incidence of early embryonic resorption. In Group C, 19 females farrowed out of 35 bred (54%), and averaged 0.32 mummified fetuses per litter. Clinical patterns and size of mummified fetuses suggested that PPV infection occurred in Group A during the second third of pregnancy, in Group B during the first third and in Group C prior to mating. An estimation of the net opportunity cost experienced due to this outbreak ($7260.000) is made to emphasize the importance of instituting and maintaining an effective preventive medicine program.
Mapping Race: The Discourse of Blackness in Rudolph Fisher’s Walls of Jericho

An important though under-examined novel of the Harlem Renaissance, Rudolph Fisher’s The Walls of Jericho (1928) is conversant with its contemporary intellectual and social developments. These include the assault on the racist biology-culture correspondence that was commonplace in anthropology and other sciences, and the political and symbolic gestures toward Africa, like those of the Back to Africa movement. But the novel’s poignancy stems from the fact that it portends critical developments in race theory by underscoring the manifold—even fragmented—nature of black social and historical experience. Despite its rejection of biological determinism and its ambivalence about Africa as a referent and a source of identity, Fisher’s novel does not relinquish its commitment to black struggle and black political consciousness.
Do cities influence co-offending?

The nexus between urbanity and crime is interpreted as being congruent with either social breakdown or subculture theory. Each of these perspectives offers differing conceptualizations of the causal mechanisms responsible for this linkage, but adjudicating between them has proven exceedingly difficult because their respective predictions are similar. Each theory posits that an urban environment amplifies criminal activity. Using data derived from the FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), this study contributes to the literature by investigating whether urbanization influences co-offending behavior. The determination of whether urbanity affects co-offending has theoretical relevance because social breakdown theory argues that urbanity produces interpersonal estrangement that impedes the development of friendship networks needed to facilitate group-based criminal offending. Conversely, subculture theory postulates that an urban environment propagates deviant subcultures that act to engender group-based rather than individualist criminality. Multivariate regression results furnish evidence supporting social breakdown theory by demonstrating that urbanity decreases co-offending behavior.
Deformation in the core of a fold: Unraveling the kinematic evolution of tight, multilayer folds developed in the upper crust

Abstract Multilayer folding models provide a framework for evaluating fold kinematics, but have limited applicability for tight folds. A careful analysis of the tight Canyon Range (CR) syncline, a natural, multilayer fold (of alternating competent quartzite and incompetent argillite layers) formed in the elastico-frictional regime, yielded the following results. (1) Fracturing and cataclastic flow occurred at multiple scales. Variations in deformation style across scales are a function of matrix-controlled versus block-controlled cataclastic flow. (2) Competent and incompetent layers switched roles in controlling fold geometry between ∼40° and ∼60° limb dips; models predict this switch at 60°. (3) Parasitic folds formed during later stages of fold-tightening, while most models assume that they form during early stages of folding. (4) During fold-tightening, layer-parallel shortening structures were reoriented to accommodate vertical extension. We use multilayer folding models for initial first-order analysis of the CR syncline's kinematic history. Some of our data stray from model predictions. We use the location and timing of these variations to explain how/why the fold differs from anticipated results; this suggests critical details that may be overlooked and/or oversimplified in established folding models. Thus, kinematic details unraveled from the CR syncline improve our understanding of general multilayer fold models.
The Faradaic—reactive impedance for a sinusoidal electrode

Abstract The faradaic—reactive impedance for a sinusoidal-shaped electrode is determined from a perturbation solution to the Laplace equation in which the ratio of the amplitude to period length (A) is the perturbation parameter. Terms in the expansion up to and including fourth order in A are included, but A must be less than 1/2π for convergence. A formula for the impedance minus its infinite frequency limit is presented for the reference electrode far removed from the electrode surface. The Nyquist diagram of the imaginary versus the real component of the impedance for the sinusoidally rough surface is shown to be always perpendicular to real axis at both low and high frequency and is nearly semicircular with a diameter which, at a given amplitude, decreases asymptotically for low exchange current density but increases asymptotically for high exchange current density. At a given exchange current density, the diameter may decrease or increase with amplitude depending upon whether the exchange current density is low or high, respectively. If the Nyquist diagram for the faradaic—reactive impedance of the sinusoidal-shaped electrode is (incorrectly) interpreted as that from a planar electrode, the resulting apparent exchange current density and double-layer capacitance both differ from the actual values, and a means to correct the measurements to obtained the intrinsic values is given. The results show that for an irreversible reaction the apparent transfer coefficient determined from the slope of a plot of the inverse of the low frequency limit of the impedance versus the dc bias voltage may be nonconstant and vary with A. The impedance for an ideally blocking sinusoidal-shaped electrode is also presented. At low and high frequencies the phase lag is −π/2 and the modulus is inversely proportional to frequency, with a proportionality constant which is smaller at low frequency and is A dependent for all frequency; however, over a frequency range which is also A dependent, a deviation from the pseudo-planar behavior is found with the phase lag less than −π/2.
Depression Proneness and Reactions to a Depressive Stimulus

In the context of a project examining depression vulnerability and cigarette smoking, the authors tested whether depression-vulnerable people differed from less vulnerable people in their reactions to a depressive stimulus. Regular smokers with a history of depression but not currently depressed (n = 63) and never-depressed smokers (n = 64) listened to audiotapes of confederates reading depressive and nondepressive scripts and reported their reactions. Neither a history of depression nor self-reported depression proneness predicted reactions to depression. However, depression proneness was positively correlated with beliefs about depression contagion. Likewise, stronger depression-related contagion beliefs and lower levels of empathic responding predicted behavioral rejection of the depressive stimulus.
Caregiving Network Compositions and Use of Supportive Services by Community-Dwelling Dependent Elders

Abstract This study examines the effect of characteristics of the caregiving network on the likelihood of using supportive services by dependent older persons. Logistic regression analysis was conducted with a probability sample of community-dwelling elders cared for by their wives or daughters (n = 209). Results indicate that the specific composition of the caregiving networks, including the identity of the primary caregiver (wives vs. daughters), the availability and identity (kin or friends) of secondary helpers determines the likelihood of service use. The findings suggest that elders cared for by their wives alone may be quite isolated and should be the priority for community outreach services.
The vestibular ocular reflex in Alzheimer's disease"

A 40-year-old woman developed profound bilateral loss of vision from chronic atrophic papilledema. There were striking optociliary shunt vessels on the right optic disc. Within 1 month after removal of a massive intracranial meningioma, the shunt vessels had regressed markedly. This regression was evident on fluorescein angiograms. We attribute their resolution to the normalization of intracranial pressure.
An alternative method for manipulator kinetic analysis-the D'Alembert method

The method presented can be applied to both closed-chain and open-chain manipulators. It is proved to be more computationally efficient that the conventional Newton-Euler method in inverse manipulator kinetics analysis. The improvement in computational efficiency is due to two factors: First, the method takes advantage of the special geometry of the positioning mechanism of most manipulators. That is, the majority of joint axes are parallel to one another and those few which are not, are perpendicular to the majority of axes. Second, the method uses longitudinal and transverse force components at certain joints. Two examples, one closed-chain and one open-chain, are used as illustrations. >
Reading Moby-Dick in a participatory culture: Organizing assessment for engagement in a new media era

Traditional literacy instruction is perhaps still necessary but is certainly no longer sufficient to prepare learners for participation in the range of literacy practices that characterize an increasingly participatory culture. This article identifies discrepancies between traditional instructional practices that emphasize individual mastery of abstract concepts and skills and new media literacy practices that rely upon collaborative, social, and context-specific activity. In particular, mainstream assessment practices become problematic for teachers who are interested in integrating these so-called “participatory practices” into their classrooms. Through a description of a year-long collaboration around a secondary language arts curriculum, we present an assessment framework designed to support a social model of learning and to help prepare learners for engagement with and participation in a range of knowledge-building and problem-solving activities and communities, while supporting gains in more traditi...
A generic resource distribution and test scheduling scheme for embedded core-based SoCs

We present a novel test scheduling algorithm for embedded core-based system-on-chips based on a graph-theoretic formulation. Given a system integrated with a set of cores and a set of test resources, we select a test for each core from a set of alternative test sets, and schedule it in a way to evenly balance the resource usage and to ultimately reduce the test application time. Improvements to the basic algorithm are sought by grouping the cores and assigning higher priorities to those with smaller number of alternate test sets. The algorithm is also extended for solving the general test scheduling problem where multiple test sets are selected for each core from a set of alternatives to facilitate the testing for various fault models. A simulation study is performed to quantify the performance of the proposed scheduling approach.
Forward vs. spot buying of information goods on Web: analyzing the consumer decision process

Several information goods, such as movie distribution rights or newspapers, are sold either at spot prices, or through forward subscription buying. The paper considers a firm that offers an information goods product through spot buying, or through forward buying at a reduced price, or a combination of the two. We propose a consumer decision-making model that captures the market reaction to such an offering and provide interesting insights into the key elements of the consumer behavior. We show how firms selling information goods can increase their revenues by using a mixed offering strategy using both spot and forward offerings. This strategy may provide an effective price discrimination setting when there are potentially heterogeneous groups of customers in terms of their reservation prices. We also formulate the firm's problem when it is either a price taker or a price setter.
Pentobarbital-induced changes in vagal tone and reflex vagal activity in rabbits.

Abstract The effects of pentobarbital on heart rate, reflexly mediated vagal activity and the automaticity (intrinsic rate) of the sinoatrial (SA) node were investigated in rabbits. When administered in three cumulative doses (10 mg/kg i.v. each) at 15 min intervals, each dose produced transient hypotension which was not modified by prior muscarinic receptor blockade (MRB), β-receptor blockade (BRB), or combined MRB and BRB. Subanesthetic doses (10 mg/kg) of pentobarbital produced tachycardia in normal rabbits, as well as in rabbits with prior BRB. After pentobarbital, MRB failed to increase the heart rate, indicating total loss of resting vagal tone. Failure to induce tachycardia in rabbits with prior MRB indicated the absence of sympathetic stimulation in pentobarbital-induced tachycardia. In rabbits with prior BRB, pentobarbital enhanced the hypotensive effects of acetylcholine and nitroglycerin and abolished nitroglycerin-induced tachycardia without significant effects on the magnitude of reflex bradycardia produced by norepinephrine. Pentobarbital had minimal, transient depressant effects on the intrinsic rate of the SA node. These results indicate that pentobarbital produces total loss of resting vagal tone without major impairment of reflex vagal activation.
3-d micromagnetic simulation of write field rise time in perpendicular recording

A three-dimensional micromagnetic perpendicular recording model has been developed to study the dynamics of perpendicular recording. The write field rise time, shape, and magnitude are investigated. At a data rate of 1 Gb/s, our simulation shows that after 1 ns, the dynamic write field, both the shape and the magnitude, are about the same as compared to the static write field. The magnetostatic field of the medium causes a maximum of 10% write field magnitude decrease in a hard transition. For a flux rise time of 0.2 ns, the head fields follow the reversal flux closely. For a flux rise time of 0.1 ns, both the head field rise time and the average magnetization at the air bearing surface (ABS) increase with decreasing damping constant. The results suggest that increasing the damping constant of both the write head and the medium and decreasing the throat height of the head is important for ultra-high-density recording.
Parallel Author Verification of E-mail (Abstract Only)

Cyber-crime is becoming alarmingly common through the use of anonymous e-mails. Author attribution helps digital forensics investigators filter through a large set of possible authors and focus traditional investigative techniques on the most probable culprits. A recent promising technique is to construct a write-print for each known author, and compare it to the write-print extracted from the anonymous message(s). A write-print is a unique digital fingerprint created by mining frequent patterns from a particular author's writing style. However, the process for generating a write-print is very slow, making it a poor choice for author attribution situations of a time-sensitive nature such as anonymous threats of attack, exposure, or ongoing harassment.We develop the Parallel Author Verification of E-mail (PAVE) algorithm for determining author write-prints. Our goal is to create a parallel approach that enables the analysis of large collections of e-mail. PAVE employs the Phoenix++ MapReduce framework hybridized with MPI, allowing us to exploit multiple nodes and cores. Our approach is significant because it drastically reduces the run-time complexity required to produce write-prints, and may expedite the process of author identification in time-sensitive situations. Our preliminary results suggest that our algorithm will enable the fast analysis of larger e-mail datasets and may be a potential asset to future investigations.
Value of eight-amino-acid matches in predicting the allergenicity status of proteins: an empirical bioinformatic investigation

The use of biotechnological techniques to introduce novel proteins into food crops (transgenic or GM crops) has motivated investigation into the properties of proteins that favor their potential to elicit allergic reactions. As part of the allergenicity assessment, bioinformatic approaches are used to compare the amino-acid sequence of candidate proteins with sequences in a database of known allergens to predict potential cross reactivity between novel food proteins and proteins to which people have become sensitized. Two criteria commonly used for these queries are searches over 80-amino-acid stretches for >35% identity, and searches for 8-amino-acid contiguous matches. We investigated the added value provided by the 8-amino-acid criterion over that provided by the >35%-identity-over-80-amino-acid criterion, by identifying allergens pairs that only met the former criterion, but not the latter criterion. We found that the allergen-sequence pairs only sharing 8-amino-acid identity, but not >35% identity over 80 amino acids, were unlikely to be cross reactive allergens. Thus, the common search for 8-amino-acid identity between novel proteins and known allergens appears to be of little additional value in assessing the potential allergenicity of novel proteins.
The epidemiology and treatment of depression when it coexists with somatoform disorders, somatization, or pain.

Abstract This article reviews the relationship between depressive disorders and somatoform disorders, somatization, and pain. These disorders and symptoms are clinically interrelated, yet the nature of the interrelation is not well understood. This review of the literature from 1975 through mid-year 1990 addresses the epidemiology and treatment of these conditions and/or symptoms when they occur together. When robust criteria are used to determine which publications are included, only 14 are available that address depressive disorders, somatoform disorders, and somatization. Similarly, there are only 13 that address depressive disorders and pain. Taken together, these studies indicate that 1) in somatization disorder patients, there is a high prevalence of depression; 2) in patients with major depression, there are substantial levels of hypothondriacal and somatizing symptoms; 3) that depression in the face of coexisting somatization disorder can be successfully treated; 4) in chronic pain patients, there is a high prevalence of depressive disorders; 5) in patients with major depression, pain is a frequent complaint; 6) and finally, that pain improves with the treatment of depression. What is most striking from this review, however, is the very limited number of studies that address these important problems. This lack of research-based data calls for new aggressive research efforts in this area.
Solubility of Uranium and Plutonium in Alkaline Savannah River Site High Level Waste Solutions

Five actual Savannah River Site tank waste samples and three chemically-modified samples were tested to determine solubility limits for uranium and plutonium over a one year time period. Observed final uranium concentrations ranged from 7 mg U/L to 4.5 g U/L. Final plutonium concentrations ranged from 4 µg Pu/L to 12 mg Pu/L. Actinide carbonate complexation is believed to result in the dramatic solubility increases observed for one sample over long time periods. Clarkeite, NaUO2(O)OH · H2O, was found to be the dominant uranium solid phase in equilibrium with the waste supernate in most cases.
Soldiers of Memory: World War II and its Aftermath in Estonian Post-Soviet Life Stories

In the twenty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, numerous books have appeared in, and also about, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics, works that detail the complex experience...
Echocardiographic determination of right ventricular function

With advances in surgical technique, more children with complex congenital heart disease are surviving.1 Increasingly, attention is focusing on late morbidities, such as right ventricular dysfunction.2 For many common forms of congenital cardiac malformations, the assessment of right ventricular size and function is now essential so as to make optimal decisions concerning management.3 Commonly encountered examples include the timing for operative replacement of the incompetent pulmonary valve following surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, and the assessment of suspected ventricular dysfunction in children with functionally single or systemic right ventricles.4 Echocardiography remains the most practical method for serially determining right ventricular function, despite its limitations.5 The easy accessibility of echocardiography has encouraged its continued development as a tool for determining right ventricular function in neonates, infants, and children. A comparison of values established for the right ventricle is shown in Table 1, along with the references from which they were culled. We will describe these values in sequence.
Does elevated body mass modify the influence of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on atherosclerosis progression: results from the estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the estrogen-related reduction in atherosclerosis progression demonstrated in the estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial (EPAT) is modified by body mass index (BMI). Study Design: Subgroup analyses were performed using data from EPAT, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to determine whether unopposed 17β-estradiol administered for a 2-year treatment period reduces the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women. The primary trial endpoint was the rate of change of common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT). In this subgroup analysis, the sample was divided into 122 women with BMI 2 and 77 women with BMI⩾30 kg/m 2 . Statistical analysis was performed using mixed general linear models to evaluate whether the treatment effects on IMT progression rates differed in the two BMI groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the estradiol treatment effect on IMT progression rates between postmenopausal women with BMI 2 ( P =0.52). In the 77 subjects who did not use lipid-lowering therapy, there was significant improvement in IMT with estradiol treatment that was evident in both BMI groups ( P =0.48 for differences between BMI groups). Conclusions: In contrast to the epidemiological observation that obese postmenopausal women do not derive benefit from estrogen replacement therapy, results of this study indicate that estradiol treatment is beneficial in preventing progression of atherosclerosis regardless of initial BMI. Condensation: Estradiol treatment is beneficial in preventing progression of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women not receiving lipid-lowering therapy, regardless of their initial body mass index.
Comparison of deep-submicrometer conventional and retrograde n-MOSFETs

An extensive comparison of the deep-submicrometer conventional and retrograde n-MOSFETs designed for either a low-power or a high-performance technology is made. We compare simulated curves of off-current versus channel length (I/sub OFF/-L) and on-current vs. channel length (I/sub ON/-L). We include parametric dependence upon the channel length L, and aspects of the doping profile, namely surface doping N/sub S/, bulk doping N/sub B/, and depth of the lightly doped surface layer d. At a given L, the comparison of structures with the same I/sub ON/ shows that all retrograde profiles exhibit much worse I/sub OFF/. On the other hand, comparison of structures with the same I/sub OFF/ shows that all retrograde profiles have lower I/sub ON/. Moreover, judging the short-channel advantages of a proposed device structure based upon the V/sub T/-L roll-off curve without examination of the related I/sub OFF/-L and I/sub ON/-L curves could lead to a mistaken technology assessment.
Combined intracoronary streptokinase infusion and coronary angioplasty during acute myocardial infarction

PTCA was performed in 28 patients with acute MI immediately after intracoronary streptokinase administration. Indications were failure to obtain reflow in 16 patients and high-grade residual stenosis in 12. PTCA was successful in 11 of 16 cases of streptokinase failure, increasing the overall reflow rate from 66% to 77%. PTCA reduced residual coronary stenosis by more than 20% in 9 of 12 cases in which streptokinase infusion was successful, with 1 acute reocclusion. The frequency of recurrent ischemic events in hospital was 76% in patients with a stenosis of 90% or greater after streptokinase infusion (no PTCA), 14% when residual stenosis was less than 90%, and 6% after successful PTCA. Late restenosis or reocclusion was documented in 5 of 11 PTCA cases (45%). Immediate PTCA after streptokinase administration produces increased clinical stability in hospital, but late restenosis is frequent.
Sex Differences in Outcomes and Harasser Characteristics Associated With Frightening Sexual Harassment Appraisals

This study examined data from U.S. military personnel (1,764 men; 4,540 women) to determine whether appraisals of sexual harassment as frightening mediate the relationship between perpetrator characteristics (perpetrator sex and rank) and three psychological/job outcomes (psychological distress, role limitations, and work satisfaction), and whether these relationships were stronger for women than men. Results indicated that frightening appraisals mediated the relationship between perpetrator rank and all outcomes for both sexes. However, frightening appraisals mediated the relationship between perpetrator sex and outcomes only for women. As predicted, having a male perpetrator or a higher status perpetrator was more strongly related to frightening appraisals for women than men. However, unexpectedly, the relationship between frightening appraisals and more psychological distress, more role limitations, and less work satisfaction was stronger for men than women. We discuss the results in terms of expectancy norm violations and sexual harassment as a form of dominance.
Stem Cells and Society: An Undergraduate Course Exploring the Intersections among Science, Religion, and Law

The intersection of science and our society has led to legal and ethical issues in which we all play a part. To support development of scientific literacy, college science courses need to engage students in difficult dialogues around ethical issues. We describe a new course, Stem Cells and Society, in which students explore the basic biology of stem cell research and the controversy surrounding it. As part of the course, we highlight the nature of science, looking at the methods and norms within the scientific community. To gain a perspective on the current stem cell controversy, we examine the public debates in the 1970s surrounding in vitro fertilization, the stem cell initiative in Missouri, and the personal and religious viewpoints that have emerged relative to the stem cell debate. In the Stem Cells and Society course, students are challenged to develop and clarify their own personal positions concerning embryonic stem cell research. These positions are grounded in science, religion or personal philosophy, and law.
Cyanonemertes elegans, new genus, new species, a marine hoplonemertean from Washington state, U.S.A

ABSTRACT Cyanonemertes elegans, new genus and species, is described as a member of the order Hoplonemertea, suborder Monostilifera. In general morphology, it appears to be most closely related to the genus Amphiporus (family Amphiporidae). The most important features justifying the new taxon are: 1) cephalic muscle layer with anteriorly divided longitudinal musculature, 2) diagonal muscles of non-fasciated, lattice type, 3) retractor muscles derived from the outer portion of the longitudinal musculature, 4) cephalic blood system with extra-cerebral vessels, 5) rhynchocoel extending almost to posterior end of body, 6) rhynchocoel wall bilayered, 7) neurochord cells absent, 8) rhynchodeum with an outer layer of longitudinal muscle, 9) central stylet-basis complex present, and 10) proboscis sheath with thick muscular plate.
A low noise full customized 32-channel CMOS biopotential sensor chip for extracellular neural signal recording

In this paper we present the design and testing of a 32-channel full-customized CMOS biopotential sensor integrated circuit for sensing the propagation of action potentials in single nerve cell. The chip provides a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio for neural signals with amplitudes in the range of 50-500 /spl mu/V and frequency spectrum in the range of 20-2000 Hz. The prototype IC was fabricated by MOSIS using AMI's 1.5 /spl mu/m, double poly, double level metal CMOS technology.
Revisiting the Art of Undergraduate Teaching in Higher Education: One Person's Journey towards Enlightenment.

The purpose of this article is to offer reflections regarding teaching undergraduate students spanning a forty-five year career in highe r education. The author discusses his teaching philosophy coupled with his per spective focusing on the “best” pedagogical practices that he has used to en hance student learning. The selected methods are grounded in over ninety semester s of classroom teaching experience much of which is empirically supported by scholarly literature. Hopefully the author’s sharing of his life-long journey and commitment to undergraduate education will help sustain dialogue about the importance of pedagogical excellence .
Characterizing Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Soybean

Resistance in soybean to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the cause of soybean rust, is characterized by either reddish-brown (RB) lesions or an immune response. The RB type of resistance can be incomplete, as evidenced by the presence of sporulating uredinia within lesions. Susceptibility, on the other hand, is exemplified by tan-colored (TAN) lesions, and can be expressed in gradations of susceptibility or partial resistance that are less well defined. This study evaluated traits associated with incomplete or partial resistance to P. pachyrhizi in soybean by comparing 34 soybean accessions inoculated with four P. pachyrhizi isolates. Six accessions produced RB lesions to all four isolates, while 19 accessions produced TAN lesions, including plant introduction (PI) 200492 (Rpp1) and the susceptible check ‘Williams’. Williams had among the largest area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values and area under the sporulating uredinia progress curve (AUSUPC) values, while eight accessions had lower AUSUPC value...
Improved numerical dissipation for time integration algorithms in structural dynamics

A new family of unconditionally stable one-step methods for the direct integration of the equations of structural dynamics is introduced and is shown to possess improved algorithmic damping properties which can be continuously controlled. The new methods are compared with members of the Newmark family, and the Houbolt and Wilson methods.
Hypertension and Muscular Subaortic Stenosis

A case of concomitant muscular subaortic stenosis and systemic hypertension is reported and the possible relationship between these two conditions analyzed. The suggestion is made that in similar cases the muscular subaortic stenosis should be treated initially. If instead the blood pressure is lowered first, the resulting increase of the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction may worsen the cardiac status of the patient.
Trapping and Rotation of Nanowires Assisted by Surface Plasmons

We report long-range trapping of vanadium dioxide (VO2) and vanadium oxyhydroxide (H2V3O8) nanowires at a distance as large as 50 mum outside the laser spot using plasmonic tweezers and controlled rotation of the nanowires by combining trapping with microfluidic drag force. The plasmonic tweezers are built upon a self-assembled gold nanoparticle array platform. In addition to the long-range trapping and rotation capability, the required optical intensity for the plasmonic tweezers to initiate trapping is much lower (8 muW/mum2) than that required by conventional optical tweezers for similar nanowires. We also investigate possible mechanisms for the unique long-range trapping of nanowires through performing control experiments.
TRAIT MAPPING AND SALIENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF EUSOCIAL VESPID WASPS

The multiple independent origins of eusociality in the insect order Hymenoptera are clustered in only four of more than 80 families, and those four families are two pairs of closely related taxa in a single part of the order. Therefore, although ordinal-level characteristics can contribute to hymenopteran eusocial evolution, more important roles have been played by traits of infraordinal taxa that contain the eusocial forms. Many factors have been proposed and discussed, but assessments of traits' salience to eusocial evolution have heretofore not been joined to phylogenetics. In the present analysis, cladograms of superfamilies and families of Hymenoptera and of the family Vespidae are used to ordinate the appearance of traits that play roles in vespid eusociality. Proximity of traits' first appearance to the origin of eusocial Vespidae is taken as one measure of traits' salience to vespid eusocial evolution. Traits that subtend only eusocial taxa and that are uniquely associated with eusociality have foundations in more general traits that subtend more inclusive taxa. No single trait is uniquely causative of vespid eusocial evolution. High-salience traits that closely subtend vespid eusociality include nesting, oviposition into an empty nest cell, progressive provisioning of larvae, adult nourishment during larval provision malaxation, and inequitable food distribution among nestmates. The threshold characteristic of Polistes-grade eusociality is life-long alloparental brood care by first female offspring who remain, uninseminated, at their natal nest. Traits directly associated with occurrence of such workers are larva-adult trophallaxis, which can foster relatively low larval nourishment early in a colony cycle, and protogyny and direct larval development, which combine to yield restricted mating opportunities for female offspring that are the first to emerge in the colony cycle. Trait mapping suggests no role for asymmetry of relatedness due to haplodiploidy, but it suggests high salience for haplodiploidy as a mechanism enabling the production of all-female clutches of first offspring.
Divergent sexual responses to different categories of foreign courtship songs in female brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater)

Abstract Female songbirds generally have an innate ability to distinguish between con-specific and heterospecific song, and may learn to discriminate among variants of conspecific song. By observing female copulation-solicitation displays elicited by playback of perched songs and flight whistles from distant (>2,000 km) widespread populations, we assessed the extent to which responses of female Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) to the two categories of male courtship song depend on experience. We hypothesized that female responsiveness to flight whistles is more dependent on experience than their responsiveness to perched song, because, though both perched songs and flight whistles vary spatially, perched songs always conform to strict species-specific structural and syntactic rules. Flight whistles, in contrast, are so variable that some types may not be recognizable as conspecific vocalizations to birds that have never experienced them. The species-wide structural similarities of perched songs make...
Future Therapies in PAH: Update on the New Landscape and Drugs in the Pipeline

Research in pulmonary hypertension (PH) in general and in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in particular has been extremely active in the past few years. The current therapeutic landscape incl...
Just a Joke: Defamatory Humor and Incongruity's Promise

Humor often arises as a defense in defamation actions, with defendants claiming that their challenged communication was "just a joke." Given the long established tie between defamation and First Amendment doctrines, United States courts evaluate the defense in light of free speech protections as well as reputational interests incorporated in the elements of the defamation tort. In grappling with humor, courts usually invoke First Amendment doctrine’s familiar distinction between fact and opinion. If a putative joke is sorted down the "opinion" chute, then the humorist faces no civil liability. If, on the other hand, the putative joke suggests false facts unfavorable to the plaintiff, the defendant may face liability. Useful as an analytical starting point, this fact/opinion dichotomy does not adequately integrate all the values and concerns that come into play where humor and defamation law collide.Humor is complex, capable of both great good and enormous mischief. The challenge whether to provide legal protection for humorous communications implicates the same value clashes between freedom of expression and protection of reputational interests that appear in other defamation contexts. Yet humor’s potential for individual and collective benefit (as well as its capacity to cut deep wounds) suggests that courts should tailor analysis specifically to humor’s unique qualities. Happily, assistance comes from centuries of interdisciplinary scholarship dedicated to understanding humor. In particular, humor scholarship’s core concept - incongruity (the juxtaposition of two or more unlikely ideas) - helps to calibrate an optimal balance of First Amendment concerns and the values of human dignity, property, and honor in defamatory humor cases.Assistance for United States courts also comes from an unlikely source - Australia. Australian cultural emphasis on humor and plain speaking as well as its lack of a formal First Amendment enables Australian case law to provide meaningful guidance both affirmatively and negatively, as a foil for identifying what analysis is not well suited to United States common law and constitutional traditions.
Review: American Glamour and the Evolution of Modern Architecture by Alice T. Friedman

Alice T. Friedman . American Glamour and the Evolution of Modern Architecture . New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010, ix +262 pp., 40 color and 125 b/w illus. $65.00, ISBN 9780300116540 You might imagine, from a quick glance at the dust jacket, that this volume would fall into the category of "coffee-table book." Certainly the glossy image of poolside entertaining at Richard Neutra's Kaufmann Desert House in Palm Springs would suggest a title like Hot Resorts of Southern California or The New American Desert Style . The first part of the title, American Glamour , rendered in large letters that pick up the tint of the swimming pool, does nothing to dispel this impression. Title and image appear calculated to suggest that this is not a stuffy work of scholarship. Left at that, the reader might well assume it was another breezy romp through the lifestyles of the rich and famous. Only with the second line of the title is there an indication of how much higher the author has set her sights. In fact, this book is one of the most intriguing and compelling studies to date on modern architecture, at least on a key group of American midcentury examples of it. American architecture after World War II has inspired a great wave of recent work ranging from the ponderously erudite to the breathlessly enthusiastic. With this book Alice Friedman, a professor of art history at Wellesley College, weighs in …
When Do Subjective Nonfinancial Performance Measures Reduce Long-Term Investments?

One commonly discussed advantage of nonfinancial performance measures is that they can mitigate distortions in financial performance measures and, thus, improve firms’ future financial performance. However, prior empirical findings on the relation between nonfinancial measures and future financial performance have been mixed. Ittner and Larcker (1998b) call on research to identify circumstances under which nonfinancial measures improve firms’ future performance. This paper sheds some light on this research question by identifying tradeoffs that play a role in determining when subjective nonfinancial performance measures (SNPMs) increase or decrease long-term investments. In our principal-agent model, if it is easy (difficult) to achieve a high SNPM with investment and/or the net investment return is small (large), the SNPM will reduce (increase) the expected long-term investment, making the principal worse off (better off). These results are consistent with prior empirical findings and provide a framework for thinking about the use of SNPMs.