cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein secondary structure: entropy, correlations and prediction

Motivation: Is protein secondary structure primarily determined by local interactions between residues closely spaced along the amino acid backbone or by non-local tertiary interactions? To answer this question, we measure the entropy densities of primary and secondary structure sequences, and the local inter-sequence mutual information density. Results: We find that the important inter-sequence interactions are short ranged, that correlations between neighboring amino acids are essentially uninformative and that only one-fourth of the total information needed to determine the secondary structure is available from local inter-sequence correlations. These observations support the view that the majority of most proteins fold via a cooperative process where secondary and tertiary structure form concurrently. Moreover, existing single-sequence secondary structure prediction algorithms are almost optimal, and we should not expect a dramatic improvement in prediction accuracy. Availability: Both the data sets and analysis code are freely available from our Web site at http://compbio.berkeley.edu/
Microarray analysis of regional cellular responses to local mechanical stress in acute lung injury

Human acute lung injury is characterized by heterogeneous tissue involvement, leading to the potential for extremes of mechanical stress and tissue injury when mechanical ventilation, required to s...
Landsat Thematic Mapper: Detection of Shifts in Community Composition of Coral Reefs

We assembled a time series of 20 Landsat thematic mapper images from 1982 to 1996 for Key Largo, Florida, to ascertain whether satellite imagery can detect temporal changes in coral reef communities. Selected reef and control areas were examined for changes in brightness, spectral reflectance, band ratios, spatial texture, and temporal texture ( pixel-to-pixel change over time). We compared the data to known changes in the reef ecosystem of Carysfort Reef and terrestrial sample sites. Changes in image brightness and spectral-band ratios were suggestive of shifts from coral- to algal-dominated community structure, but the trends were not statistically significant. The spatial heterogeneity of the reef community decreased in the early 1980s at scales consistent with known ecological changes to the coral community on Carysfort Reef. An analysis of pixel-scale variation through time, termed temporal texture, revealed that the shallow reef areas are the most variable in regions of the reef that have experienced significant ecological decline. Thus, the pro- cess of reef degradation, which alters both the spatial patterning and variability of pixel brightness, can be identified in unclassified thematic mapper images.
A brief note on the Karhunen-Loève expansion

We provide a detailed derivation of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion of a stochastic process. We also discuss briefly Gaussian processes, and provide a simple numerical study for the purpose of illustration.
New Insights into Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Kidney Fibrosis

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process by which differentiated epithelial cells undergo a phenotypic conversion that gives rise to the matrix-producing fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, is increasingly recognized as an integral part of tissue fibrogenesis after injury. However, the degree to which this process contributes to kidney fibrosis remains a matter of intense debate and is likely to be context-dependent. EMT is often preceded by and closely associated with chronic interstitial inflammation and could be an adaptive response of epithelial cells to a hostile or changing microenvironment. In addition to tubular epithelial cells, recent studies indicate that endothelial cells and glomerular podocytes may also undergo transition after injury. Phenotypic alteration of podocytes sets them in motion to functional impairment, resulting in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Several intracellular signal transduction pathways such as TGFβ/Smad, integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are essential in controlling the process of EMT and presently are potential targets of antifibrotic therapy. This review highlights the current understanding of EMT and its underlying mechanisms to stimulate further discussion on its role, not only in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis but also in the onset of podocyte dysfunction, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis.
Future of plasma treatment of wastes

Summary form only given. In the last three or four decades, then has been a growing awareness of the potentially devastating effects of toxic wastes (both chemically hazardous and radioactive) on the environment. This is particularly true in the highly industrialized countries. These toxic wastes may be derived from industrial process streams, sewage and trash (generally chemically hazardous waste), or from nuclear power production or production of nuclear materials for defence purposes (radioactive waste). Two types of plasma systems have been extensively examined for waste treatment: plasma arc and plasma torch systems. Use of a plasma torch to achieve temperatures hot enough to treat waste materials is a relatively new concept. Although extensively studied in the US by the Department of Energy, plasma torch systems have not seen significant use for radioactive wastes. However, plasma torch systems are being used for treatment of waste streams in other countries, particularly in Japan.
Sequential translocation of an Escherchia coli two-partner secretion pathway exoprotein across the inner and outer membranes

In Gram-negative bacteria, a variety of high molecular weight 'exoproteins' are translocated across the outer membrane (OM) via the two-partner secretion (TPS) pathway by interacting with a dedicated transporter. It is unclear, however, whether the translocation of exoproteins across the OM is coupled to their translocation across the inner membrane (IM). To address this question, we separated the production of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 exoprotein (OtpA) and its transporter (OtpB) temporally by placing otpA and otpB under the control of distinct regulatable promoters. We found that when both full-length and truncated forms of OtpA were expressed prior to OtpB, a significant fraction of the exoprotein was secreted. The results indicate that OtpA can be translocated into the periplasm and briefly remain secretion-competent. Furthermore, by engineering cysteine residues into OtpA and using disulphide bond formation as a reporter of periplasmic localization, we obtained additional evidence that the C-terminus of OtpA enters the periplasm before the N-terminus is translocated across the OM even when OtpA and OtpB are expressed simultaneously. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the translocation of a TPS exoprotein across the OM can occur independently from its translocation across the IM.
A simple, anatomically based correction to the conventional ankle joint center.

Abstract Background Conventional motion analysis studies define the ankle joint center as the midpoint between the most medial and lateral aspects of the malleoli, yet research points toward a more distal joint center location. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an anatomically based correction that would move the conventional ankle joint center to a more accurate location. Methods Lower extremity radiographs from 30 pediatric patients were analyzed retrospectively. An offset between the conventional and more accurate ankle joint centers was measured and correlated to other common anatomical measures based on conventional skin mounted marker positions. The best correlated measure was used to define a simple correction factor, which was subsequently evaluated by its effect on six degree-of-freedom ankle joint translations during normal gait ( n = 8). Findings Shank length was found to have the highest bivariate linear correlation ( r = 0.89) with the offset. Adjusting the ankle joint center using a percentage of shank length (2.7%) was also as accurate as the regression equation in predicting offset (mean error 0.6 mm, or 6% offset). Adjusting the ankle joint center using this simple percentage resulted in a 25% reduction in mean ankle joint translations during normal gait. Interpretation The accuracy of the ankle joint center can be increased through a simple, anatomically based correction. This correction may prove beneficial in some kinematic and kinetic applications requiring increased anatomical fidelity.
Overcoming Fiscal Gridlock: Institutions and Budget Bargaining

We argue that the costs of bargaining failure are important determinants of legislative delay and gridlock. When these costs are high, elected officials have a greater incentive to reach legislative bargains, even if doing so means compromising on their policy objectives. We develop and evaluate this claim in the context of state budgeting, treating late budgets as examples of fiscal gridlock. Specifically, we argue that budgetary gridlock imposes political and private costs on lawmakers, the magnitudes of which are shaped by institutions and features of the political environment. Our expectations are tested and confirmed using an original dataset of the timing of budget adoption for all states over a forty-six year period. Though our investigation is set in the context of the states, we show that differences in the costs of bargaining failure can also account for variation in the patterns of budgetary delay across levels of government and (to a lesser extent) variation in fiscal gridlock within the federal government.
Quasi-decadal Salinity Fluctuations in the Labrador Sea*

Abstract The quasi-decadal salinity fluctuations in the upper 300 m of the Labrador Sea are investigated by partitioning all available salinity station data since 1948 by region and bottom depth. There are major freshwater anomalies in the early 1970s (the Great Salinity Anomaly), mid-1980s, and early 1990s. These vary in amplitude throughout the region, being least on the shelf and greatest over the slope region near the Labrador Current. The Labrador Sea cannot be considered a simple conduit for freshwater anomalies originating in the East Greenland Current. There is evidence that local processes modulate the anomaly. The freshwater anomalies in the Labrador Current are approximately twice as large as those in the East Greenland Current. The Baffin Island Current flowing southward through the western Davis Strait is the only local source of freshwater with sufficient volume to account for this increase. The propagation speed, 2–3 cm s−1, of the anomaly along the Labrador Sea margin is much less than the...
Preparation and 13C NMR Identification of Solid Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compounds

In this contribution it is shown that solid state 13C NMR is a powerful technique for the identification and study of cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. From the unique splitting pattern of the host lattice spectrum, Cd compounds can be identified, and under favourable conditions information about the stoichiometry and the asymmetric unit of the crystal can be obtained. It is also shown that spherical agglomeration techniques can be used to produce Cd inclusion compounds in a particularly convenient form.
The Story of Tarble's Case: State Habeas and Federal Detention

This essay addresses the background to and significance of Tarble’s Case (1872), in which the Supreme Court concluded that state courts lack the power to issue habeas corpus to challenge the lawfulness of detention by federal officials.
The Genitalia of Male Syrphidæ: Their Morphology, with Especial Reference to Its Taxonomic Significance

The Syrphidae are a group of very handsome flies, variously known as hover flies, flower flies and sweat bees; and, indeed, most often passed by the layman as stinging wasps or bees. There are perhaps 500 known species from North America and the individuals are very numerous so that it has been an attractive field for the systematist and there are many students of the group. A very excellent monograph of the family by Dr. S. W. Williston10, written in 1886, has also been influential in attracting attention to this family.
Pump-Probe Charge Integrating Investigation of Trap Emission Kinetics in Ultrathin MOS Capacitors

As design rules shrink to conform with ULSI device dimensions, gate dielectrics for MOSFET structures are required to be scaled to even thinner proportions. Upon scaling the gate oxides below ~60A the interfacial region becomes a significant proportion of the total film. Thus interface properties are weighted more heavily in determining device performance and reliability. We have developed a Pump-Probe charge integrating measurement technique for studying the emission kinetics of traps in the M/SiO2/Si system. Essentially, a MOS capacitor is pumped by exposure to a charging pulse. The emission of the charge at short time scales (<10ms), can be measured using a delayed application of a probe pulse which determines the remainder of the filled traps as a function of delay time. For a lightly doped p-Si(111) substrate, we observe an uncommon behavior of the emission kinetics in the initial time regime (< 100ms). A possible explanation for this phenomenon is the perturbation of the emission cross-section of the probed traps due to the presence of another state in communication with the trap site.
Clonal origin and spread of metastatic prostate cancer

Metastatic disease is responsible for the majority of prostate cancer deaths. The standard treatment for metastatic disease is surgical or chemical castration in the form of androgen deprivation therapy. Despite initial success and disease regression, resistance to therapy ultimately develops and the disease transitions to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is uniformly fatal. Thus, developing an understanding of genetic evolution in metastasis and in response to therapy has been a focus of recent studies. Large-scale sequencing studies have provided an expansive catalog of the mutation events that occur in the prostate cancer genome at various stages of disease progression. Small-scale studies have interrogated the genomic composition of multiple metastatic sites within individual patients or have tracked clonal evolution longitudinally in tissues, circulating tumor cells, or circulating tumor DNA. Collectively, these efforts have provided a new conceptual framework for understanding the origin of prostate cancer, as well as the origin and evolution of metastatic disease. In this review, we highlight these recent insights into the spatiotemporal landscape of genetic evolution of prostate cancer.
Technetium-99m-Sestamibi Parathyroid Scintigraphy: Effect of P-Glycoprotein, Histology and Tumor Size on Detectability

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) levels, predominant histology and tumor size on the detectability of parathyroid adenomas with 99m Tc-sestamibi scans. Although previous studies have shown that positivity correlates with tumor size, false-negative studies have been reported with large tumors and true-positives reported with very small tumors. Recent investigations have reported rapid washout of sestamibi in malignant tumors because of high levels of P-gp, similar to that seen with multidrug chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, we postulated that this mechanism might account for false-negative studies in parathyroid tumors. Preliminary reports have suggested that the predominant histological subtype influences positivity on 99m Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scans. Methods: We studied 25 patients with surgically confirmed parathyroid adenomas with 99m Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scans. The results of the imaging study were correlated with tissue P-gp levels, predominant histological subtype and size of the surgically removed glands. Results: There were 21 true-positive and 4 false-negative results. The size of the adenomas ranged from 0.12 to 8.64 ml. We found no correlation between the results of the dual-phase 99m Tc-sestamibi study and either the predominant cell type or the level of P-gp. Positivity did correlate with the size of the adenoma (ρ = 0.73, p < 0.0001). We cannot exclude the possibility that P-gp and cell type may still play a role in individual cases, but we suspect that other yet to be determined factors may influence 99m Tc-sestamibi detectability in addition to tumor size.
Multiresistant tuberculosis in New York

New Yorkers have to deal with a tuberculosis situation which is of greater extent and a health-care system which is less prepared than in the sixties. Poverty and the HIV epidemic have had a negative impact on the control of tuberculosis. The emergence of nosocomial multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has created an explosive situation. In 1991, rifampin resistance was 33% in patients who had received antituberculosis therapy and 10% among the patients who had never been treated.
Phurti: Application and Network-Aware Flow Scheduling for Multi-tenant MapReduce Clusters

Traffic for a typical MapReduce job in a data center consists of multiple network flows. Traditionally, network resources have been allocated to optimize network-level metrics such as flow completion time or throughput. Some recent schemes propose using application-aware scheduling which can shorten the average job completion time. However, most of them treat the core network as a black box with sufficient capacity. Even if only one network link in the core network becomes a bottleneck, it can hurt application performance. We design and implement a centralized flow-scheduling framework called Phurti with the goal of improving the completion time for jobs in a cluster shared among multiple Hadoop jobs (multi-tenant). Phurti communicates both with the Hadoop framework to retrieve job-level network traffic information and the OpenFlow-based switches to learn about the network topology. Phurti implements a novel heuristic called Smallest Maximum Sequential-traffic First (SMSF) that uses collected application and network information to perform traffic scheduling for MapReduce jobs. Our evaluation with real Hadoop workloads shows that compared to application and network-agnostic scheduling strategies, Phurti improves job completion time for 95% of the jobs, decreases average job completion time by 20%, tail job completion time by 13% and scales well with the cluster size and number of jobs.
Temperament and Theory: Freud, Adler and Jung

In a manner of speaking, it is not an exaggeration to consider Freud, Adler and Jung as mythologists of the soul—in its broad connotation as psyche—because they perform the same function for the psyche that mythology carries for the world: explain its origins, purpose and final goals. Furthermore, they work with dreams, visions and stories—the stuff of mythology. Freud and Jung were aware of the connection between their psychological theories and mythological motifs, while Adler was less so.1 It is precisely because Freud and Jung made a conscious effort to link their ideas with mythology that their theories continue to engage the imagination of countless individuals, while those of Adler do not. Pure mental constructs or clinical terminology, for example, “compensation” or “inferiority complex”, leave little for the imagination to work upon. On the other hand, Freud’s “Oedipus complex”, “narcissism”, “castration anxiety”, the “primal horde” and “eros”, and Jung’s concepts of “self”, “shadow”, “anima”, “animus”, “wise old man” and “wise old woman” all have mythological antecedents and, as such, enduring imaginative resonance.
Evolution of Web Advertising

The number of Internet users is increasing dramatically. With the sharp increase in online users, the market for web advertising is also growing. In the last decade, the web advertising revenues in the United States, as well as worldwide, have increased significantly. With the growth of web advertising, several web sites have now begun to depend heavily on the revenue generated by the advertisements displayed on the site. For such sites, revenue generated from advertisements is critical for survival. This chapter discusses how the web advertising evolved over time.
Inside Congress's Mind

In recent years, most would associate “intent skepticism” with the rise of modern textualism. In fact, however, many diverse approaches — legal realism, modern pragmatism, Dworkinian constructivism, and even Legal Process purposivism — all build on the common theme that a complex, multimember body such as Congress lacks any subjective intention about the kind of difficult issues that typically find their way into court. From that starting point, competing approaches have tended to focus on which interpretive method will promote appropriate conceptions of legislative supremacy and the role of the courts in our constitutional system. The debates, in recent years, between textualists and modern defenders of Legal Process purposivism (such as Professor Peter Strauss) nicely illustrate that emphasis.A new generation of empirical scholarship, however, has raised questions about the intent skepticism that has long framed the interpretation debate. Most prominently, Professors Abbe Gluck and Lisa Bressman conducted an extensive survey of the understandings and practices of 137 members of the congressional staff who are engaged in legislative drafting. According to the authors, the resultant findings show, inter alia, that some interpretive approaches cannot be squared with legislative intentions while others nicely reflect such intentions. Ultimately, however, this Essay concludes that the study’s findings, although illuminating, do not alter the baseline of intent skepticism against which the statutory debate has proceeded. Indeed, the very idea of legislative intent remains unintelligible without a normative framework that structures what should count as Congress’s decision.
Teaching Resistance to Narrative: Brecht's Theater Praxis as a Response to Florian Henckel Von Donnersmarck's "Das Leben der Anderen".

This article explores the potential of Brecht's theater praxis for teaching millennial students to question dramatic narratives and rethink their own spectatorial positions, especially in regards to mainstream cinema that emphasizes character identification and plot. The article reflects on a five-day teaching unit on Brecht's theater in a senior level German course that began and ended with Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's 2006 Das Leben der Anderen, a film that appropriates Brecht within an aesthetics Einfuhlung. The first section makes the unusual case for organizing a unit on Brecht's theater praxis around Das Leben der Anderen describes how the aesthetic program presented in the film offers an ideal foil for Brecht's theater. The second segment describes how the class applied Brecht's theories and theater strategies to the film by reducing the plot to a six-scene fable, constructing tableaux that summarized each scene, and inserting V-Effekte with critical commentaries on the film. In closing, I discuss the results of students’ writing assignments and in-class theater work as well as their feedback on the unit, and I make an argument for teaching theater as a hypermedium that can encourage students to explore different modes of thinking and interrogate the ways in which their own media consumption has trained them to perceive.
Linking Theory With Practice: Examining the Case of Servant Leadership and Community Policing

Scholars and practicioners of public administration have been skeptical of new theories that seem long on rhetoric but short on practical application. This essay examines coupling the theory of servant leadership with the contemporary practice of community policing. Its purpose is to reveal points of linkage, highlight places of conflict and dissension, and illuminate the praxis dilemma that often accompanies the convergence of ideas with the professional practice of public administration.
Distributed Ledgers & Linked Data

Distributed are increasing being thought of as a platform for decentralised applications -- DApps -- and the the focus for many is shifting from Bitcoin to Smart Contracts. It's thought that encoding contracts and putting them "on the blockchain" will result in a new generation of organisations that are leaner and more efficient than their forebears ("CApps"?"), disrupting these forebears in the process. However, the most interesting aspect of Bitcoin and blockchain is that it involved no new technology, no new math. Their emergence was due to changes in the environment: the price-performance and penetration of broadband networks reached a point that it was economically viable for a decentralised solution, such as Bitcoin to compete with traditional payment (international remittance) networks. This is combining with another trend -- the shift from monolithic firms to multi-sided markets such as AirBnb et al and the rise of "platform businesses" -- to enable a new class of solution to emerge. These new solutions enable firms to interact directly, without the need for a facilitator such as a market, exchange, or even a blockchain. In the past these facilitators were firms. More recently they have been "platform businesses". In the future they may not exist at all.
Mobile Robot Umbilical Positioning System

Abstract The goal of this project is to design and implement a smart umbilical with connect and re-connect capability with remote interface verification. A wheeled mobile robot will be used to make the umbilical connection. The mate-in umbilical plate is mounted on a Cartesian manipulator, which is installed on the mobile robot base. The mobile robot is controlled in a teleoperated mode. Operator will use visual feedback and an inertial system to guide the mobile base to get close to the mate-to plate. When in local positioning zone, the control is switched to autonomous mode. In this mode, ultrasonic sensors are used for autonomous umbilical positioning. The information received from ultrasonic sensors is used to identify the position of mate-to plate and mate the umbilical plates. A successful experimentation verifies the approach. The same approach could also be implemented using the laser instead of ultrasonic sensors.
Certified Nursing Assistants’ Perceptions And Generational Differences

Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) are the heart and soul of long-care facilities. This study surveyed their perceptions of nursing home administrators, supervisors, and coworkers, and then compared generational differences. Regardless of generation, CNAs reported a high sense of intrinsic satisfaction, commitment to their nursing home, and supervisor support. However, all generations of CNAs perceived their administrators as rather insensitive by not showing concern for their health, not calling in additional help when needed, nor making allowances for family emergencies. Two significant generational differences were found: 1) older CNAs, or baby boomers, felt their supervisor didn’t understand their work problems and needs and 2) younger CNAs (Millennials) reported more internal gossiping and negative peer interactions than did older CNAs. These findings are useful as administrators and supervisors strive to create a supportive work environment.
Survey of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in US meat and poultry, 2012–13: toxic equivalency levels, patterns, temporal trends and implications

The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducts a statistically based survey of the domestic meat supply (beef, pork, chicken and turkey) to determine current levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (no-PCBs) every 5 years. Fat samples for each slaughter class were collected from US federally licensed slaughter facilities. The samples were processed and analysed for 17 PCDD/Fs and three no-PCBs. The sum of PCDD, PCDF and no-PCB toxic equivalencies (sum-TEQ) calculated using 2005 toxic-equivalency factors for all slaughter classes ranged from non-detect (n.d.) to 6.47 pg TEQ g-1 lipid. The median sum-TEQs, when n.d. = 0.5 LOD, for beef, pork, chicken and turkey were 0.66, 0.12, 0.13 and 0.34 pg TEQ g-1 lipid respectively. A comparison of the current survey with the previous three surveys shows a declining trend, with decreasing differences between medians; differences between the median sum-TEQs from 2007-08 and 2012-13 were -10%, -29%, -33% and -25% for beef, pork, chicken and turkey respectively. Several beef samples underwent further characterisation and congener patterns from these beef samples suggested pentachlorophenol treated wood as the likely exposure source. US consumer exposure to these compounds is relatively low and no slaughter class contributed more than 26% to the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) chronic oral reference dose of 0.7 pg TEQ kg-1 bw day-1.
Using data to build a better EM: EM* for big data

Existing data mining techniques, more particularly iterative learning algorithms, become overwhelmed with big data. While parallelism is an obvious and, usually, necessary strategy, we observe that both (1) continually revisiting data and (2) visiting all data are two of the most prominent problems especially for iterative, unsupervised algorithms like expectation maximization algorithm for clustering (EM-T). Our strategy is to embed EM-T into a nonlinear hierarchical data structure (heap) that allows us to (1) separate data that needs to be revisited from data that does not and (2) narrow the iteration toward the data that is more difficult to cluster. We call this extended EM-T, EM*. We show our EM* algorithm outperform EM-T algorithm over large real-world and synthetic data sets. We lastly conclude with some theoretical underpinnings that explain why EM* is successful.
Facilitating the Calculation of the Efficient Score Using Symbolic Computing.

The score statistic continues to be a fundamental tool for statistical inference. In the analysis of data from high-throughput genomic assays, inference on the basis of the score usually enjoys gre...
Phenotype Classification Using Moment Features of Single-Cell Data.

Features for standard expression microarray and RNA-Seq classification are expression averages over collections of cells. Single cell provides expression measurements for individual cells in a coll...
Integrals for Exponentially Correlated Four-Body Systems of General Angular Symmetry

This contribution considers the spatial integrals arising for Coulomb four-body systems when the basis wavefunctions include exponentials in all six interparticle coordinates and are also eigenfunctions of the orbital angular momentum. Integration over the Euler angles describing the overall rotation of the system leads to polynomials in the interparticle distances which are explicitly presented for a range of angular quantum numbers. Completion of the integrals can then be carried out using the known closed analytical formulas for fully correlated exponential wavefunctions. The present approach leads to a complete separation of the angular part of the integrals and avoids the introduction of the series expansions normally used in Hylleraas-type methods for these systems.
The Impact of Transfer Restrictions on Stock Prices

This paper investigates the factors responsible for the discount when unregistered shares of common stock are privately placed based on a sample of 101 private placements of letter stock. The discount depends in part on the stock's volatility, the length of the restriction period, the riskless rate, and the stock's dividend yield, which are consistent with the traditional view that Rule 144 transfer restrictions are responsible for the discount. But it also reflects the information and equity ownership concentration effects that accompany private stock placements, which are cited as the main reasons for the discount in more recent studies. Thus, both sets of factors are important. I also show that the appropriate discount is smaller for relatively low-volatility stocks than the range of marketability discounts investment bankers and stock appraisers usually assume.
N-acetyl-L-aspartate in multiple sclerosis.

It is well established that axonal pathology is the basis of permanent disability in MS from its earliest stage. The promise of NAA measurement is that, it provides a specific and readily quantifiable index of neuronal and axonal dysfunction or loss. Therefore, monitoring NAA dynamics provides an index of change associated with irreversible stages in the evolution of diffuse MS lesions central to determining disability. Use in the proper context and together with other modern MR techniques, understanding NAA concentration dynamics may enable early forecast of disease course, reflect disease load and so influence treatment decision; improve clinical trial efficiency, and enhance further understanding of this complex disease.
Neural Processing of Verbal Event Structure: Temporal and Functional Dissociation Between Telic and Atelic Verbs

The chapter uses electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence to explore neural bases of telicity/atelicity computation. We focus on understanding how general language processing resources (e.g., working memory), as well as language-specific ones contribute to online computation of event structure from its distinctive features in spoken (English) and sign languages (e.g., American Sign Language, Croatian Sign Language).
Predicting Adolescents' Global Functioning from Personality Typologies

This study examined the utility of three personality typologies in predicting global functioning in a non-clinic sample of adolescents. Participants were 140 students from middle class suburban public high schools (74 girls; mean age = 16.0 +/- 1.2; 70.7% Caucasian, 11.4% African American, 7.1% Asian, 7.1% Hispanic, and 3.6% other) who completed psychometrically sound standardized measures of personality. They were combined into three four quadrant personality typologies. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) ratings were based on clinical interviews utilizing DSM criteria and were obtained by raters blind to self-report results. All three systems overlapped modestly but significantly. Each model detected significant GAF differences among quadrants. There was no gender difference in representation among the quadrants of the three systems. Results suggest that compared with unitary dimensions of personality, typologies concurrently utilizing two dimensions of personality functioning better capture individual differences on a complex psychological construct such as global functioning. Further research is warranted to examine the utility of these typological systems in predicting global functioning across a variety of clinical and nonclinical adolescent populations, and to determine how other aspects of global functioning may influence or interact with personality typologies.
Automated chemical identification and library building using dispersion plots for differential mobility spectrometry

Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) based detectors require rapid data analysis capabilities, embedded into the devices to achieve the optimum detection capabiites as portable trace chemical detectors. Automated algorithm-based DMS dispersion plot data analysis method was applied for the first time to pre-process and separate 3-dimentional (3-D) DMS dispersion data. We previously demonstrated our AnalyzeIMS (AIMS) software was capable of analyzing complex gas chromatography differential mobility spectrometry (GC-DMS) data sets. In our present work, the AIMS software was able to easliy separate DMS dispersion data sets of five chemicals that are important in detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs): 2-butanone, 2-propanone, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol. Identification of chemicals from mixtures, separation of chemicals from a mixture and prediction capability of the software were all tested. These automated algorithms may have potential applications in separation of chemicals (or ion peaks) from other 3-D data obtained by hybrid analytical devices such as mass spectrometry (MS). New algorithm developments are included as future considerations to improve the current numerical approaches to fingerprint chemicals (ions) from a significantly complicated dispersion plot. Comprehensive peak identifcation by DMS-MS, variations of the DMS data due to chemical concentration, gas phase ion chemistry, temperature and pressure of the drift gas are considered in future algorithm improvements.
A Conversational User Interface for Stock Analysis

The graphical user interface has been the predominate user interface in web and software applications with the interaction primarily being click-driven. Advances in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) are leading the transition to user interfaces that are conversation-driven using natural language. Utilizing a state-of-the-art open source framework with NLU capabilities, we demonstrate and illustrate a conversational user interface for Stock Analysis based on real-time computation for processing textual and numerical data. The key features of the proposed system incorporates real-time stock price retrieval, latest financial news, historical graphs of stock prices, stock sentiment based on tweets, and forecasting stock price for companies. We further explore a generalized on-demand model rendering for stock prediction using a type of Recurrent Neural Network called Long Short-Term Memory, with experimentation on model hyperparameters.
Attitudes and behaviors of Iowa farmers toward wildlife

This paper examines the attitudes and behaviors of two groups of Iowa farmers toward wildlife. Based on a 1991 statewide mailed survey of 822 farmers, it divides Iowa farmers into "wildlife-oriented" and "non-wildlife-oriented" groups for sampling and analysis. It identifies demographic and personal factors that are correlated with a wildlife orientation. Wildlife-oriented farmers in Iowa tend to be farmers with smaller acreages overall, with smaller gross farm incomes, with fewer acres devoted to row-crops, and with more diverse landscapes that more often include trees, streams. Conservation Reserve Program acres or other non-agricultural land than farmers who are not wildlifeoriented. Wildlife-oriented farmers also engage in more wildlife-related activities, seek wildlife information from locally-available sources, and are significantly more likely to seek assistance of conservation professionals than are their non-wildlife-oriented counterparts. Wildlife-oriented farmers also hold opinions and have attitudes that accord more value to wildlife for aesthetic and recreational purposes. Regression analysis reveals the association of these variables with management practices the farmers use on their land. The implications for wildlife management are discussed.
Electronic structures and magnetism of Zr-, Th-, and U-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by density functional theory

Abstract Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently gained wide interest as candidate materials for nuclear waste immobilization. While the fundamental thermodynamic properties, such as the substitution energies, determine the favorability of radionuclide sequestration in a MOF matrix, studies of MOF electronic structure reveal the role of d-, and/or f-electrons on changes in physical properties of actinide-containing materials. We use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the electronic structures of Zr-, Th-, and U-MOFs, including their electronic band structures and, where appropriate, their magnetic properties. We employ various DFT methods including DFT + U, collinear spin-polarization, spin–orbit coupling, and various flavors of exchange–correlation functionals to assess the robustness to the specific exchange–correlation functional. Unlike the Zr-, and Th-MOFs, the U-MOF is found to be sensitive to electron localization and spin; hence we explore the magnetic structure of the U-MOF in further detail.
Stable vacua for tachyonic strings

In addition to the familiar string theories with spacetime supersymmetry, there exist a number of nonsupersymmetric ten-dimensional superstrings. Nearly all of these theories have closed string tachyons, indicating a misidentification of the vacuum around which they are to be quantized. In this work, we identify (meta)stable vacua for all known tachyonic superstrings. These vacua are all lower dimensional, with most of them being familiar two-dimensional string theories. However, there are also intriguing examples of solutions in dimensions 6, 8, and 9, with respective gauge groups ${E}_{7}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{E}_{7}$, $SU(16)$, and ${E}_{8}$. These special vacua have positive vacuum energy and no moduli.
Impact of Breast Cancer Systemic Therapies on Fertility

Many young women diagnosed with breast cancer will be confronted with premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility as a consequence of systemic therapies used to treat their cancer. This is a concern for nearly half of young women diagnosed with breast cancer. We will review the impact of breast cancer chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and immunotherapy on fertility and surrogate markers of fertility. Modern breast cancer treatments continue to have an impact on a woman’s fertility potential. This risk is reduced as more patients are able to safely eliminate chemotherapy as part of their treatment plan without compromising cancer-related outcomes. Research is being done to assess whether patient outcomes are affected from pausing endocrine therapy to allow for pregnancy. With varying extent, most breast cancer treatments have some impact on fertility although more data is necessary. Individualized fertility counseling is an important aspect of comprehensive cancer care. This review highlights the special population of premenopausal breast cancer patients and the challenge in their care should they desire children.
On Integer Balancing of Digraphs.

A weighted digraph is balanced if the sums of the weights of the incoming and of the outgoing edges are equal at each vertex. We show that if these sums are integers, then the edge weights can be integers as well.
Retained Foreign Body Presenting as Pouch Stone After Continent Urinary Diversion

Background: Continent urinary diversion is a procedure commonly performed in patients after cystectomy who wish to not have a urostomy. Well-documented complications after continent urinary diversi...
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Senior-Level Construction Managers: A U.S. Industry-Based Delphi Study

To address the many issues in ever-evolving construction industry, senior-level managers need to gain specific knowledge, skills, and abilities required to be successful. Much of the current litera...
Early Origins of Body Mass in Later Life: Examining Childhood Risks and Adult Pathways.

Prior research reveals that negative early-life experiences play a major role in the development of obesity in later life, but few studies identify mechanisms that alter the lifetime risk of obesit...
Digital Pathology Operations at an NYC Tertiary Cancer Center During the First 4 Months of COVID-19 Pandemic Response

Implementation of an infrastructure to support digital pathology began in 2006 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The public health emergency and COVID-19 pandemic regulations in New York C...
Sampling of Volatiles in Closed Systems: A Controlled Comparison of Three Solventless Volatile Collection Methods

Complex inter-organismal communication among plants, insects, and microbes in natural and agricultural ecological systems is typically governed by emitted and perceived semiochemicals. To understand and ultimately utilize the role of volatile semiochemicals in these interactions, headspace volatiles are routinely collected and analyzed. Numerous collection systems are available (e.g., static or dynamic; adsorption or absorption) where the choice of technique should be dependent upon the plant, insect, or microbial ecological system studied, the information sought, and the limitations of each method. Within these constraints, it remains necessary that each method detects and provides the accurate in situ, or in vitro, volatile profile of the studied system. Herein, we analyzed and compared the pros and cons of three solventless, thermal desorption systems (SPME, Tenax/cold trap, SPDE) using a synthetic standard blend of compounds mimicking a simple natural blend (benzaldehyde, b-caryophyllene, (Z)-3-hexenol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and limonene). Direct splitless injection and Super Q collections of the standard blend were used as controls. The results indicated that related qualitative, as well as quantitative differences, could be correlated with adsorbent sampling capacity and structural bias. The results for Tenax/cold trap and SPDE also were affected by sampled headspace volumes. All solventless techniques exhibited high analytical reproducibility, with SPME and SPDE providing ease of use, low cost, and minimal instrument modifications. The more complex Tenax/cold trap technique provided higher collection efficiency. Using these results, we provide guidance for technique selection for chemical communication applications
IBCL-077: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Indolent B-Cell Lymphoid Malignancies in Carcinogen-Exposed vs Unexposed US Veterans: A Matched Case–Control Study

Context Military personnel and civilians living in theaters of conflict were exposed to environmental carcinogens, such as Agent Orange and Burn Pits, which are associated with increased risk of lymphoid malignancies. There is a need to understand how exposures have impacted disease presentation and outcomes. Objective To determine whether clinical presentations and outcomes of indolent B-cell lymphoid malignancies differ in persons exposed to carcinogens compared to matched unexposed persons. Design Matched case–control study (January 1, 1994 – August 15, 2020). Data abstraction through January 31, 2021. Setting Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Results We studied 217 veterans. Median age at diagnosis was 66 years (range, 32–91), 208 (96%) were male, median duration of time in military service was 3 years (range, 0–23), and median time from enlistment until diagnosis of lymphoid malignancy was 47 years (range, 10–69). First-line management consisted of chemotherapy (n=109), targeted therapy (n=27), other treatments (n=15), untreated (n=60), or unknown (n=6). Fifty-six patients reported carcinogen exposures, and 161 patients did not have documented exposures; both groups were mostly male, 54 (96%) and 152 (95%), respectively. Median age at diagnosis was lower (63 years; range, 33–76) in exposed vs 67 years (range, 32–91) in unexposed patients (p=0.005), and median time from enlistment until diagnosis of lymphoid malignancy was shorter (42 years; range, 13–55) in exposed vs 47 years (range, 10–71) in unexposed patients (p=0.004). Median duration of time in service (3 years; range, 0–28; p=0.11) and median number of therapies (1; range, 0–8) were similar for both groups. Median overall survival in exposed patients was significantly shorter in exposed vs unexposed patients (12 years vs not reached, Log-Rank Test, p Conclusions Veterans who developed indolent B-cell lymphoid malignancies after prior exposure to chemical carcinogens had a younger age at diagnosis, shorter time from enlistment in military service to diagnosis, and shorter survival. Our findings provide the rationale for larger clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic investigations. Acknowledgments HM is supported by the SOHO Young Investigator Program Award.