cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Sensor and Actuator Scheduling in Sampled-Data Control of Spatially Distributed Processes

Abstract This work presents an optimization-based methodology for the placement and scheduling of measurement sensors and control actuators in spatially-distributed processes with low-order dynamics and discretely-sampled output measurements. Initially, a sampled-data observer-based controller, with an inter-sample model predictor, is designed based on an approximate finite-dimensional system that captures the infinite-dimensional system’s dominant dynamics. An explicit characterization of the interdependence between the stabilizing locations of the sensors and actuators and the maximum allowable sampling period is obtained. Based on this characterization, a constrained finite-horizon optimization problem is formulated to obtain the sensor and actuator locations, together the corresponding sampling period, that optimally balance the tradeoff between the control performance requirements on the one hand, and the demand for reduced sampling, on the other. The objective function penalizes both the control performance cost, expressed in terms of the response speed and the control effort, and the sampling cost, expressed in terms of the sampling frequency. The optimization problem is solved in a receding horizon fashion, leading to a dynamic policy that varies the sensor and actuator spatial placement, together with the sampling period, over time. The developed methodology is illustrated through an application to a simulated diffusion-reaction process example.
Compassion and Community in Perinatal Palliative Care: Understanding the Necessity of the Patient Perspective Through Narrative Illustration.

Advancing technology in reproductive medicine has led to more frequent perinatal diagnoses of fatal or life-limiting anomaly. For those parents who choose to continue pregnancies while facing such ...
Using Theater and Drama Interventions to Reduce Bullying in School-Aged Children

Bullying is a pervasive problem for school-aged children that can carry serious implications for overall health and well-being (Beale, 2001). Bullying is characterized by a variety of behaviors that may lead to low self- esteem, increased anxiety, depression, lower academic achievement and social isolation in those who are victims (Attwood, 2004). Children who are victims of bullying are also at risk for chronic absenteeism, reduced academic performance, apprehension, loneliness, abandonment from peers, and even suicide (Beale, 2001).
Relation of depression symptoms to sustained reward and loss sensitivity

Depression is characterized by altered sensitivity to rewards, with recent evidence suggesting that the ability to sustain responses to rewards across long experimental tasks is diminished. Most work on sustained reward responsiveness has taken a categorical approach and focused on major depressive disorder. However, impairments in reward sensitivity are also found at lower levels of symptom severity and may be relevant for understanding basic mechanisms linking reward processing abnormalities to depression. The current study took a dimensional approach to examine the relation between depression symptoms and sustained reward responsiveness by examining how early neural responses to rewards and losses change over a short time course (i.e., during the experiment). In a sample of 45 unselected undergraduates, changes in the amplitude of the reward positivity (RewP) and feedback negativity (FN) were examined over the course of a simple gambling task using multilevel modeling. Amplitude of the RewP was sustained and amplitude of the FN increased during the task. Unlike prior work focused on clinical populations, depression symptoms in this unselected sample were associated with enhanced RewP and FN responding over the course of the task. Results echo prior work that underscores the importance of examining changes in response to reward across trials and further suggests that sustained responses to both rewards and losses vary in relation to symptom level.
Facing the Sonderkommando: Son of Saul and the dynamics of witnessing

The essay analyzes the movie Son of Saul, a Hungarian film that immerses its viewers in the life of a member of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is not an easy film to watch as it prese...
Classroom Engagement Activities with the Raspberry Pi

This study was conducted to ascertain whether students found use of the Raspberry Pi in lab activities to be more engaging than the present virtual machine-based labs. Findings focused on positive student perception and the need for broader integration across program curriculum.
Market Economy Lives, Socialist Death: Contemporary Commemorations in Urban China:

Based on ethnographic fieldwork in funeral parlors in Shanghai in 2010 and 2011, this article finds that regardless of how they lived, urban Chinese in Shanghai today are mainly commemorated in “me...
What is global surgery? Identifying misconceptions among health professionals.

Abstract Background Global surgery has emerged as a new field within academic surgery. Despite attempts to provide a common definition, it is unclear whether health professionals understand what is meant by the term “global surgery.” This study aims to characterize current understanding of global surgery among healthcare workers. Methods One hundred medical students, residents, physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals were interviewed on their perceptions of global surgery using a six-question qualitative survey. Responses were coded and analyzed for common themes. Results Sixty-one percent of participants did not know the meaning of global surgery. Those under age 40 were more likely to relay an accurate definition. Of participants with knowledge of global surgery, 44% had previous exposure to global health and 85% expressed interest in global health or surgery. Conclusions Although often used in academic surgical settings, the term “global surgery” is not well-understood among health professionals. There is no clear consensus on what it means to be a global surgeon or what constitutes a successful career in global surgery.
Terrorist Transformations: The Link between Terrorist Roles and Terrorist Disengagement

Research pays little attention to the diverse roles individuals hold within terrorism. This limits our understanding of the varied experiences of the terrorist and their implications. This study ex...
The Sorting Hat of Medicine: Why Hufflepuffs Wear Stethoscopes and Slytherins Carry Scalpels

Introduction Choosing a medical specialty is a complex decision comprised of a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can include economic status, personal interest, input from mentors, and personality traits. The fictional world of Harry Potter, a generational literary phenomenon, describes 4 distinct houses in the wizarding Hogwarts school; each valuing particular traits of mortality that correspond with personality types. As such, we hypothesized that with each medical specialty often attracting particular personalities, the percentage of residents who self-sorted into the different Hogwarts’ houses would vary depending on their chosen specialty. Methods A web survey was sent out nationwide to surgical coordinators and residents, collecting demographic information and responses regarding specialty type and Hogwarts’ house self-sorting. Results The survey was completed by 251 residents (49.4% from surgical specialties) with a 12.6% response rate of surgical coordinator dissemination and a 43.1% resident response rate at Carolinas Medical Center. Surgical specialties were found to have significantly fewer self-sorted Hufflepuffs (p = 0.002) and more Slytherins (p = 0.0061) than nonsurgical specialties. General surgery had significantly more Gryffindors (p = 0.04) and fewer Hufflepuffs (p = 0.0017) whereas orthopedic surgery had significantly more Slytherins (p = 0.0282). Pediatrics had significantly fewer Gryffindors (p = 0.0096) and more Hufflepuffs (p = 0.0006). Obstetrics and gynecology had significantly fewer Gryffindors (p = 0.0082) and the highest percentage of Ravenclaws when compared to all other specialties (35.3% vs 19.9%; p = 0.1344). Family medicine had no self-proclaimed Slytherins. Conclusions The discrepancies between specialties in the ratios of residents per Hogwarts house highlights that certain attributes may be more essential, advantageous, or complementary to a specific specialty. This information may guide medical students in choosing a satisfying and successful career path.
Fault patterns associated with extensional fault-propagation folding

Abstract Extensional fault-propagation (drape) folds are a common type of structure in rift basins, and a number of oil and gas fields produce from these structures. The detailed geometry and trap volumes are dependent on the relationship between the basement faults and the overlying folds and associated secondary faults in the sedimentary cover. Experimental models were used to study the 3-D geometry and secondary fault patterns of drape folds associated with single faults and two or more intersecting faults. Two-layer clay models, consisting of stiff and soft clay were used to model the deformation zones in the basement and sedimentary cover, respectively. Extension on single basement faults normal to the direction of extension results in the development of a deformation zone with expanding width, in which the fault density initially increases and then remains approximately constant. Extension on terminating faults results in conical drape folds with faults oblique to the fold axis along the propagating tip. Basement faults oblique to the direction of extension are characterized by oblique secondary faults along the boundaries of the deformation zone, which curve into a direction normal to the extension direction in the center. Trapdoor fault geometries associated with two or more intersecting faults result in a triangular uplift with maximum relief at the apex. The difference in relief between the flanks and the apex is greatest in the case of propagating basement faults. En echelon secondary faults initiate on the flanks and extend into the apex area, curving into orientations that are closer to normal to the regional direction of extension. The width of the fault zone and the total fault length increase with increasing extension. The fault density initially increases and then remains approximately constant with increasing extension.
Measuring Airport Similarity to Create a Towering Decision Aid

The focus of this project was on formulating a model and decision support tool to aid in the decision to build and maintain an Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT). An important aspect of air travel are ATCTs, towers that help facilitate communication between the airport system and airplanes ascending and descending. ATCTs bring economic, safety, and efficiency benefits to airports and nearby communities. Currently, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses a document outlining a benefit-cost ratio for building a new tower, with tower funding provided if the ratio is greater than 1. However, the current policy lacks a comprehensive and systematic assessment of factors that influence both costs and benefits to operators and the region.To address these issues, we started by speaking with air traffic stakeholders and then began to collect data from a variety of aviation datasets. Based on the collected data, we identified economy, safety, and efficiency as our three areas of focus. With this data, we were able to compute the similarity, using hierarchical clustering, of a given airport to currently towered airports based on data from the economy, safety, and efficiency sources. We then built an interactive interface to display these similarities and provide information for airports to contact the similar airports.
Quasiparticles and Band Structures in Organized Nanostructures of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers.

The performance of organic semiconductor devices is linked to highly ordered nanostructures of self-assembled molecules and polymers. Many-body perturbation theory is employed to study the excited ...
Vascularized Pericranial Flap for Endonasal Anterior Skull Base Reconstruction

Importance As the limits of advanced skull base malignancies that can be managed through an endoscopic endonasal approach continue to be expanded, the resultant anterior skull base defects are of increasing size and complexity. In the absence of nasoseptal or turbinate flaps, the vascularized pericranial flap has been employed at our institution with excellent results. Objective The study aimed to review the outcomes of patients who underwent endonasal anterior craniofacial resection with anterior skull base reconstruction using a vascularized pericranial flap. Design Retrospective chart review of patients treated by the University of California – San Francisco minimally invasive skull base service from the years 2011 to 2017. Average duration of follow-up was 16.4 months. Setting This study was conducted at Academic tertiary referral center. Participants A total of nine patients with advanced anterior cranial base malignancies were identified who were treated with a minimally invasive, endoscopic anterior craniofacial resection from the years 2011 to 2017. Due to the nature of the resection in these patients, nasoseptal flaps and inferior/middle turbinate flaps were unavailable or insufficient for anterior skull base defect repair. Each patient underwent reconstruction of the anterior cranial base defect using an anteriorly based pericranial flap harvested by bicoronal incision, and tunneled anteriorly to the nasal cavity through a frontoethmoidal incision.
Longitudinal Study Comparing Orthogonal Signal Correction Algorithms Coupled with Partial Least-Squares for Quantitative Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Several orthogonal signal correction (OSC) methods coupled with partial least-squares (PLS) were applied to near-infrared spectra in a longitudinal study for the prediction of glucose, urea, and tr...
THE PREVALENCE OF A SECOND ROOT CANAL IN MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR TEETH VARIES BY GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

Summary Subjects or Study Selection: The electronic database search was completed using Pubmed, Science Direct, Lilacs, and Cochrane from May 2018 to September 2019. Five peer reviewed journals (International Endodontic Journal, Journal of Endodontics, Australian Endodontic Journal, Evidence Based Dentistry and Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice) were searched as well. Additionally, there was a manual hand search of the bibliographic references within the previously identified studies. Unpublished data was requested from the author by email. All study titles and abstracts were reviewed for initial eligibility, and full text articles were reviewed for final inclusion and exclusion. Inclusion criteria were set to review in-vivo studies published between January 1990 to September 2019 that utilized CBCT scans with voxel sizes ≤200um and reported location of data collection. Critical appraisal as per Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was completed by 2 evaluators to include only studies with a JBI critical appraisal of ≥50%. Review studies, case reports, and endodontically treated teeth were excluded.
Multigrid algorithms on massively parallel computers

This thesis examines the potential performance of multigrid algorithms, a set of techniques to accelerate the convergence of the iterative methods, on massively parallel computers by critically analyzing a set of parallel multigrid algorithms on three classes of parallel models of computation. The set of algorithms includes standard multigrid algorithms and several more sophisticated algorithms designed specifically for massively parallel execution. The three sets of models include the abstract random access models and two practical models of parallel computation, based on the architectural characteristics of the existing and the proposed generation of massively parallel computers. The analysis produces several algorithmic and architectural conclusions and, in addition, offers insights on efficient implementation. It suggests that standard multigrid methods outperform algorithms designed specifically for massively parallel execution, regardless of architectural characteristics. The analysis suggests that the high fixed cost of a network communication in the current generation substantially degrades performance and that in order for these machines to be efficient platforms for practical multigrid applications the average cost per byte of a communication must be lowered. The analysis suggests that optimized implementation strategies differ for each architectural class: fine grain machines with high variable communications costs motivate optimized domain-to-processor mappings, while medium grain machines with high fixed communications costs motivate optimized domain partitions. These results strongly motivate this type of analysis. Using practical models which strike a novel balance between abstraction and machine specificity provides more accurate information than the use of abstract models and broader information than implementation. The analysis shows that parallel models of computation which are based on the common characteristics of an architectural class can deliver substantive information which can be used in the design of both efficient algorithms and effective computers. Finally, this thesis considers the massively parallel solution of unstructured multigrid problems. Unstructured meshes facilitate the solution of problems around the complex geometries of many practical multigrid applications. The final chapter focuses the issues involved in trying to adapt multigrid techniques to triangular and tetrahedral meshes for computation on massively parallel computers.
Conrad's Heart of Darkness as Pretext for Barth's "Night-Sea Journey": The Colonist's Passage Upstream

More than one critic has observed the similarities between John Barth's story "Lost in the Funhouse" and James Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. * Indeed, Barth himself confides that "At heart I'm an arranger... whose chiefest literary pleasure is to take a received melody—an old narrative poem, a classical myth, a shopworn literary convention . . . and, improvising like a jazzman within its constraints, reorchestrate it to present purpose." Thus we claim that John Barth modeled his "Night-Sea Journey," the story of a contemplative sperm cell en route to a female ovum, on Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, the story of Charlie Marlow, a similarly philosophical European colonist making his own passage upstream into the heart of the African Congo. Because Barth uses Conrad's story as a remote but sustained model or pretext, a reading of "Night-Sea Journey" with Heart of Darkness in mind illuminates and expands the meaning of the short story, while at the same time throwing light on the imagery of the short novel, which has been the subject of critical debate for nearly a century.
Termination 1 timing in radiocarbon‐dated regional benthic δ18O stacks

Benthic δ18O changes are often assumed to be globally synchronous, but studies comparing 2–9 radiocarbon-dated records over the most recent deglaciation (Termination 1) have proposed differences in the timing of benthic δ18O change between the Atlantic and Pacific, intermediate and deep, and North and South Atlantic. Because of the relatively small number of records used in these previous studies, it has remained unclear whether these differences are local or regional in scale. Here we present seven regional benthic δ18O stacks for 0–40 kyr B.P. that include 252 records with independent regional age models constrained by 852 planktonic foraminiferal 14C dates from 61 of these cores. We find a 4000 year difference between the earliest termination onset in the intermediate South Atlantic at 18.5 (95% confidence interval: 17.9–19.0) kyr B.P. and the latest in the deep Indian at 14.5 (14.1–15.0) kyr B.P. The termination onset occurs at 17.5 kyr B.P. in the intermediate and deep North Atlantic, deep South Atlantic, and deep Pacific. However, throughout the termination deep North Atlantic benthic δ18O leads the deep Pacific by an average of 1000 year and a maximum of 1700 year. Additionally, the intermediate Pacific termination onset at 16.5 (16.1–16.9) kyr B.P. demonstrates that intermediate-depth benthic δ18O change was not globally synchronous. These regional stacks provide better age models than a global stack across Termination 1 and potentially important constraints on deglacial ocean circulation changes.
The Impact of State Taxation of U.S. Government Obligations on the Structure of Banks' Investment and Financing Portfolios

This paper reports on an examination of the effects of dfferential state taxation of U.S. Government obligations (hereinafter, USOs) on how banks structure their investment and financing portfolios. Twenty-seven states tax banks on their USOs holdings or the income from them and twenty-three states and the District of Columbia do not. We find that banks in states which do not tax these investments hold significantly greater amounts of these assets and, as these assets are the least risky assets banks hold, we also find that banks in non-taxed states hold a less risky mix of assets than banks in taxed states. Consistent with compensating for their riskier asset mix, we also find that banks in states that tax USOs hold a higher ratio of capital to assets. This result is consistent with effective bank regulation in that banks in all states are found to evidence similar overall risk, as measured by the ratio of their capital to risk-weighted assets. Finally, the effects shown in this paper are economically significant. We find that banks operating in untaxed states hold, on average, 125% of the amount of USOs held by banks in taxed states and pay state income taxes, on average, at only 16% of the rate of banks in taxed states.
Assessment of Aquaflor(®) , copper sulphate and potassium permanganate for control of Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium columnare infection in sunshine bass, Morone chrysops female × Morone saxatilis male.

Two experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of different therapeutants against a mixed infection of Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium columnare in sunshine bass. Experiment 1 evaluated copper sulphate, florfenicol-medicated feed and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) against a natural mixed infection. Experiment 2 further evaluated copper sulphate as a treatment to control an experimental mixed infection. In experiment 1, naturally infected untreated fish had the lowest final survival per cent, at 71%, while florfenicol-medicated feed at 15 mg kg−1 body weight for 10 days or copper sulphate at 2.1 mg L−1 (1% of the total alkalinity) for 24 h produced the highest final survivals, at 90% and 88%, respectively. The final survival of the naturally infected fish administered florfenicol-medicated feed was significantly different (P < 0.1) from the untreated fish. The survival curves for the florfenicol and the copper sulphate at 2.1 mg L−1 were significantly improved from the untreated fish. In experiment 2, fish were challenged by waterborne exposure to A. hydrophila and F. columnare and either not treated or treated with copper sulphate at 2.1 mg L−1. At the end of experiment 2, the per cent survival of the challenged fish treated with copper sulphate (99%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the non-treated (61%). The results illustrate clear benefit of florfenicol and copper sulphate against a mixed infection of A. hydrophila and F. columnare.
Founders and Financially Affiliated Directors on Charter School Boards and Their Impact on Financial Performance and Academic Achievement

This study uses a hand-collected dataset for charter school boards in Massachusetts between 2001 and 2009 to examine the relationship between financial performance and the presence of founders and financially affiliated directors. School-level financial performance suggests that founder presence on a board has a negative effect on both financial and academic performance of a charter school. On the other hand, the presence of financially affiliated directors on the charter school governing board is positively related to financial performance, but unrelated to academic achievement. The results are consistent with the literature on corporate and nonprofit boards that have attributed financially affiliated directors with greater incentives to monitor financial targets, while founders are less likely to achieve performance expectations.
Hilbert curve fractal antennas with reconfigurable characteristics

Fractal Hilbert curve is one of the most recent geometries to be studied for antennas. This geometry results in an antenna with low resonant frequency compared to other configurations. The antenna consists of line segments arranged in a predictable fractal order, thus enabling easy generation and reproducible results compared to an arbitrary shrinkage of antenna size. This can be modeled using wire segments. An addition of few more interconnecting segments to the geometry is found to result in significant changes in its radiation pattern. With RF switches within these few selected additional segments and the necessary control units, radiation pattern of the antenna can be made adaptively reconfigurable. Similarly, switches connected in series along the length of the antenna result in frequency tuning characteristics.
Two opposing effects of absorbing aerosols on global-mean precipitation

[1] Absorbing aerosols affect global-mean precipitation primarily in two ways. They give rise to stronger shortwave atmospheric heating, which acts to suppress precipitation. Depending on the top-of-the-atmosphere radiative flux change, they can also warm up the surface with a tendency to increase precipitation. Here, we present a theoretical framework that takes into account both effects, and apply it to analyze the hydrological responses to increased black carbon burden simulated with a general circulation model. It is found that the damping effect of atmospheric heating can outweigh the enhancing effect of surface warming, resulting in a net decrease in precipitation. The implications for moist convection and general circulation are discussed.
Growth of Nosocomial Pathogens in Multiple-Dose Parenteral Medication Vials

The extent to which microbial contamination of medications dispensed in multiple-dose vials might serve as a source of infection to patients has not been fully investigated. To characterize the effects of microbial contamination, we studied the growth-supporting properties of eight medications dispensed in multiple-dose vials. Two medications, procainamide and methohexital, demonstrated no survival of any microbes 24 h after inoculation. Succinylcholine chloride, regular insulin, potassium chloride, heparin, and thiopental slowly killed or allowed limited survival of several of the microorganisms used as contaminants. Lidocaine allowed survival or proliferation of several microbial strains suspended in 0.25% peptone water in saline, but slowly killed all strains except Pseudomonas cepacia suspended in 0.9% saline. Endotoxin, measured by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, was found in the two medications tested, lidocaine contaminated with Pseudomonas cepacia and insulin contaminated with enterococci. Inadvertent microbial contamination of at least some parenteral medications in multiple-dose vials may result in the exposure of patients to viable organisms. The potential, however, for medications such as lidocaine to support growth of organisms under selected circumstances should be noted by those responsible for preparing and administering these drugs. The potential hazard to patients from endotoxin in contaminated medications under these circumstances has not been assessed. Additional studies of this type should be pursued to provide more complete information about the risk of microbial contamination of products for parenteral use.
Algebraic structures of conditioning reasoning

The authors provide mathematical foundations for the combination of reasoning with conditioning information. The space of conditioning information is shown to be a Stone algebra. Its associated logic is a three-valued logic. Aspects of nonmonotonic deduction on conditionals are discussed. >
Characterization of Ge and C Implanted Si l-x Ge x and Si l-y-z Ge y C z Layers

In an attempt to substantiate our previous findings of boron deactivation and/or donor complex formation due to high-dose Ge and C implantation, SiGe and SiGeC layers were fabricated and characterized. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy indicated that the SiGe layer with peak Ge concentration of 5 at% was strained; whereas, for higher concentrations, stacking faults were observed from the surface to the projected range of Ge as a result of strain relaxation. Results of spreading resistance profiling were found to be consistent with the model of dopant deactivation due to Ge implantation and subsequent solid phase epitaxial growth of the amorphous layer. Furthermore, for unstrained SiGe layers (Ge peak concentration ≥ 7 at%), formation of donor complexes is indicated. Preliminary photoluminescence results correlate with the spreading resistance profiling results and indicate shallow donor complex formation.
Analysis of pathological complete response rates with paclitaxel-based regimens in trimodality therapy for esophageal cancer.

Summary The study aimed to examine whether omission of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-containing chemotherapy alters pathological complete response rates in patients receiving trimodality therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer. A total of 159 patients were identified. One hundred twenty-nine patients received platinum/5-FU concurrently with radiotherapy, and 30 received taxane/platinum-containing chemoradiotherapy prior to esophagectomy. Patients were staged using the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. Patients were matched between chemotherapeutic groups, with no significant demographic or clinical differences other than T stage (14% T2 in the 5-FU group; no T2 in the platinum/taxane group) and radiotherapy technique (8.5% received intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the 5-FU group; 60% in the platinum/taxane group). Pathological complete response rates for 5-FU and platinum/taxane-based groups were not significantly different (45% and 30%, respectively; P = 0.1548). Five-year overall survival and progression-free survival were not statistically different between the two groups. Significant predictors of pathological complete response included N stage (56% N0 and 33% N1; P = 0.0083), histology (37% adenocarcinoma and 59% squamous cell; P = 0.0123), tumor location (39% distal and 59% proximal/mid; P = 0.048), gastroesophageal junction involvement (33% involved and 55% uninvolved; P = 0.005), and radiotherapy end-to-surgery interval (50% < 55 days and 34% ≥ 55 days; P = 0.04). Grades 3–4 hematological toxicity was higher in the 5-FU group (36%) than in the paclitaxel-containing therapy group (17%; P = 0.0484). Use of paclitaxel-containing chemoradiotherapy did not result in inferior pathological complete response, overall survival, or progression-free survival rates, and resulted in less hematological toxicity than 5-FU treatment.
Older Adults’ Attitudes Toward Cohabitation: Two Decades of Change

Objectives. Our study trac ks cohort change in the attitudes of adults aged 50 and older toward cohabitation from 1994 to 2012. Method. W e used data from the 1994, 2002, and 2012 waves of the General Social Survey to examine the roles of cohort replacement and intracohort change in the trend toward favorable cohabitation attitudes and to examine sociodemographic variation in patterns of support for cohabitation. Results. Suppor t for cohabitation accelerated over time with nearly half (46%) of older adults reporting favorable attitudes toward cohabitation in 2012 versus just 20% in 1994. This shift in older adults’ attitudes largely reflected cohort replacement rather than intracohort change. Some of the factors associated with later life cohabitation experience were linked to supportive attitudes. Discussion. Cohor t succession is fueling the growing acceptance of cohabitation among older adults and coincides with the rapid growth in later life cohabitation that has occurred in recent decades.
Electronic doping and scattering by transition metals on graphene

We investigate the effects of transition metals (TM) on the electronic doping and scattering in graphene using molecular-beam epitaxy combined with in situ transport measurements. The room-temperature deposition of TM onto graphene produces clusters that dope $n$ type for all TM investigated (Ti, Fe, and Pt). We also find that the scattering by TM clusters exhibits different behavior compared to $1/r$ Coulomb scattering. At high coverage, Pt films are able to produce doping that is either $n$ type or weakly $p$ type, which provides experimental evidence for a strong interfacial dipole favoring $n$-type doping as predicted theoretically.
A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals

Abstract In simulation studies of the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle, predicting the depth-distribution for remineralization of particulate organic carbon (POC) is of particular importance. Following Sarmiento et al. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7 (1993) 417), most simulation models have the power-law curve of Martin et al. (Deep-Sea Research 34 (1987) 267) for this purpose. The Martin et al. curve is an empirical fit to data, most of which is from shallow floating sediment traps. Using such a fit implies that all the information necessary for prediction is contained in the carbon flux itself, so that the organic-carbon flux F OC ( z ) at any depth z can be predicted from the flux of organic carbon F OC ( z 0 ) at some near-surface depth z 0 . Here, we challenge this basic premise, arguing that fluxes of ballast minerals (silicate and carbonate biominerals, and dust) determine deep-water POC fluxes, so that a mechanism-based model of POC flux must simultaneously predict fluxes of both POC and ballast minerals. This assertion is based on the empirical observation that POC fluxes are tightly linked quantitatively to fluxes of ballast minerals in the deep ocean. Here, we develop a model structure that incorporates this observation, and fit this model to US JGOFS EqPac data. This model structure, plus the preliminary parameter estimates we have obtained, can be used to explore the implications of our model in studies of the ocean carbon cycle.
Thermonuclear Al 25 ( p , γ ) Si 26 reaction rate in classical novae and Galactic Al 26

The nuclear physics uncertainty associated with the production of the Galactic $\ensuremath{\beta}$-delayed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emitter $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ in classical novae is currently dominated by the uncertainty in the thermonuclear $^{25}\mathrm{Al}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction rate. By combining the results of recent experiments with past work, the center-of-mass energy of the key ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={3}^{+}$, $^{25}\mathrm{Al}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ resonance is determined to be $412(2)$ keV, and a lower limit of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{p}/{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}g5.6$ is set for this resonance. The resulting large reduction in the $^{25}\mathrm{Al}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ rate uncertainty is expected to constrain uncertainties in the nova contribution to Galactic $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$.
State estimation for systems with sojourn-time-dependent Markov model switching

A switching process in which the switching probabilities depend on a random sojourn time is a class of semi-Markov processes and is encountered in target tracking, systems subject to failures, And also in the socioeconomic environment. In such a system, knowledge of the sojourn time is needed for the computation of the conditional transition probabilities. It is shown how one can infer the transition probabilities through the evaluation of the conditional distribution of the sojourn time. Subsequently, a recursive state estimation for such systems is obtained using the conditional sojourn time distribution for dynamic systems with imperfect observations and changing structures (models). >
A case for obtaining informed consent from young children

Researchers of young children have historically relied on proxy consent from parents as a substitute for obtaining informed consent from children. However, proxy consent does not fully meet the requirements of informed consent. Because children are capable of giving a degree of informed consent, subject to developmental restrictions, researchers concerned with ethical treatment of young children can take steps to ensure that the rights of children are honored. Strategies researchers can use to help young children understand the research process and be better able to give informed consent are discussed.
Subclinical atherosclerosis in Latino youth: progression of carotid intima-media thickness and its relationship to cardiometabolic risk factors.

Objective To assess carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) change over 2 years in overweight Latino adolescents and examine its relationship to cardiometabolic risk. Study design Seventy-two healthy overweight male and female Latino adolescents (mean age, 14.5 1.7 years; mean body mass index, 31.5 6.9 kg/m 2 ) were evaluated at baseline and 2 years later for CIMT by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, the metabolic syndrome and its features, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, glucose/insulin measures by fasting blood, and oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Results BaselineCIMTdidnotdiffer from2-year follow-up;however,38participantsincreasedCIMT(0.0170.003 mm; +2.8%) and 34 decreased or remained the same (0.019 0.002 mm; 3.1%). ANCOVA analyses showed that participantswithCIMTprogressionhadhigherbaselinelow-densitylipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterolandtotalcholesterol (91.3 3.4 and 150.33.9 mg/dL) compared with those with CIMT non-progression (78.1 3.6 and 135.6 4.2 mg/ dL, P < .05), independent of sex, baseline CIMT, age, and height. In multivariate regression, LDL-cholesterol was the sole predictor of CIMT progression, but the effect was small (odds of CIMT progression increased by 3% for each 1 mg/dL higher baseline LDL-cholesterol; 95% confidence interval, 1.004 to 1.006, P = .03). Conclusions TheseresultsindicateahighvariabilityinthemagnitudeofCIMTchangeingrowingoverweightLatino youth and support the use of LDL-cholesterol to assess subclinical atherosclerosis risk in this population. (J Pediatr 2011;-:---).
The empirical virtues of beliefs

Abstract Meeting the eliminativist challenge to folk psychology requires showing that beliefs have explanatory virtues unlikely to be duplicated by non‐cognitive accounts of behavior. The explanatory power of beliefs is rooted in their intentionality. That beliefs have a distinctive kind of intentionality is shown by the distinctive intensionality of the sentences which report them. Contrary to Fodor, the fundamental explanatory virtues of beliefs are not to be found in their capacity to make causally inactive properties relevant to the explanation of behavior. Rather, the distinctive intentionality of beliefs provides the best explanation of the fact that fully intelligent behavior displays a selectivity of response to properties of the perceptual environment.
Use of experienced retrieval ease in self and social judgments

Abstract People base judgments from memory on both the content of the information they retrieve and the ease they experience in retrieving it (Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 , 195–202). Four studies demonstrate that people rely relatively more on the experienced ease of recall when making judgments about the self compared to judgments about others. This pattern was found for judgments of an “average” (Study 1a) or specific (Study 1b) other. Subjective retrieval ease was less informative when people were relatively less familiar with the specific other person. Providing an alternative explanation for the experienced difficulty of recall affected self, but not social, assessments (Study 2). In addition, the effect generalized to risk judgments about a state of the world; namely, the safety of one’s town (Study 3). A deeper appreciation of when and why people rely on different sources of accessible information when making judgments may help in understanding and reducing social conflict.
The Fisher-Pitman permutation test: A non-robust alternative to the normal theory F test when variances are heterogeneous

The Fisher–Pitman permutation test is an increasingly popular alternative to the ANOVA F test. As a test of equality of distributions, the permutation test is very attractive because it retains its stated test size without any distributional requirements. As a test of equality of location parameters, however, the permutation test retains its stated test size only under equality of all nuisance parameters. This homogeneity requirement is well known, but often overlooked. As a result, the permutation test is sometimes recommended when, in fact, the distributional requirements are not satisfied. This article examines the robustness of the permutation test to violation of the homogeneity requirement. In particular, the size of the Fisher–Pitman permutation test of equality of means is compared to the size of the normal theory F test in small samples when variances are unequal. Normally distributed populations having equal means are assumed. The size of the permutation test is found to be smaller than the size of the F test when the ratio of the harmonic to the arithmetic mean of the sample sizes is small and vice versa when the ratio is large (i.e. near 1). In either case, the difference between the sizes of the two tests is relatively small, except for extreme heterogeneity. The result is based on a comparison of the moments of the permutation and normal theory sampling distributions and is supported by the results of simulation studies.
A comparison by HPLC of ferritin subunit types in human tissues

Ferritin was isolated from human liver and spleen. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography of the ferritin subunits from each tissue yielded the same three chromatographic fractions. Physical and chemical characterization of the three fractions indicated that they represented at least two, perhaps three, chemically distinct subunits.
Impact of pulmonary hypertension on survival in patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation: An analysis of the UNOS registry

Abstract Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a comorbidity reported in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with research limited to single-center studies. Methods To assess the impact of PH in patients with CF who received a lung transplant (LTx), the United Network for Organ Sharing was queried from 1987 to 2012, restricting analysis to transplant patients 6–55years old between 1/1/2005 and 7/6/2011. Results Of 23,951 lung transplants, 1177 met inclusion criteria with 831 having mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) data available. For the entire cohort, mean age was 30.3 (SD=9.2, range 12–55), and mean mPAP was 26.5 (SD=7.8, range 5–66) mmHg. A total of 470 (57%) had PH defined as mPAP≥25mmHg. Comparing PH to non-PH groups, mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) was 24.4 (SD=13.8) vs. 26 (SD=13.9) % of predicted, mean supplemental oxygen requirement at rest was 4.5 (SD=4.1) vs. 3.7 (SD=3.0) liters per minute, and mean lung allocation score was 49 (SD=16) vs. 43 (SD=12), respectively. For the PH group, median survival was 84.4months compared to 67.1months for the non-PH group (log-rank p-value=0.326). The adjusted hazard ratio for PH vs. non-PH was 0.862 (95% CI: 0.653–1.138; p=0.293), thus indicating no statistically significant effect of PH on survival. Conclusions A high prevalence of PH was found in CF patients prior to LTx. Based on our models despite PH being prevalent, there is no strong evidence suggesting that it significantly alters the risk of death in CF patients after LTx.
INSTANTONS AND THE FLUCTUATING PATH DESCRIPTION OF REACTIONS IN COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS

The classical kinetic laws break down for fast barrier crossing events in slowly relaxing environments such as glasses, viscous fluids, and biomolecules. One approach to rate processes in a general fluctuating environment uses a path integral formalism. The population dynamics can be approximated using the steepest descent method which leads to a description with a distributed, time-varying rate coefficient. In certain situations, this method fails to describe the long time dynamics due to large amplitude fluctuations away from the dominant survival path. Paths transiently entering the high-rate regions can give significant contributions to the survival probability. These fluctuations are the analogue of instantons in the usual quantum tunneling problem. A frequency-dependent rate coefficient naturally emerges when instanton interactions are taken into account. When instanton interactions are ignored, the instanton contribution can restore the single-exponential decay law.
Renal-specific actions of angiotensin II receptor antagonism in the anesthetized dog

The role of angiotensin II (AII) in the regulation of systemic hemodynamic and renal function and sodium excretion, although important in states characterized by the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, remains unclear under basal conditions. The current studies were designed to define the role of AII in the basal regulation of cardiovascular and renal function using a specific AII receptor antagonist, DuP 753, in the normal anesthetized dog. No changes in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, or systemic vascular resistance were observed during the infusion of DuP 753. In contrast, a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate (19.7 +/- 0.9 to 26.1 +/- 2.0 mL/min) and renal blood flow (151 +/- 20 to 188 +/- 26 mL/min), with a decrease in renal vascular resistance (0.85 +/- 0.10 to 0.66 +/- 0.06 mm Hg/mL/min) was observed. Associated with the renal hemodynamic changes, a diuretic (0.16 +/- 0.05 to 0.57 +/- 0.21 mL/min) and natriuretic (31.2 +/- 7.0 to 100.5 +/- 22.2 microEq/min) response was also demonstrated. Renal hemodynamic changes were also associated with a decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption characterized by an increase in the fractional excretion of sodium (1.10 +/- 0.3 to 2.61 +/- 0.62%), with an associated decrease in whole-kidney proximal tubular reabsorption indicated by an increase in fractional excretion of lithium (31.2 +/- 2.2 to 40.8 +/- 3.9%). In addition, a kaliuretic (17.9 +/- 2.1 to 27.1 +/- 2.4 microEq/min) response was observed despite a concurrent decrease in plasma aldosterone (10.8 +/- 1.5 to 8.1 +/- 1.0 ng/dL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Remote sensing of possible plasma density bubbles in the inner Jovian dayside magnetosphere

[1] During the 2001 Cassini encounter with Jupiter, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument detected fine spectral and temporal structure with broadband kilometric radiation. Applying known electron cyclotron harmonic radiation models, this microstructure is interpreted as originating from a plasma density depletion or bubble at the edge of the Io torus. The microstructure became very complicated at the event beginning and end (formation of broadband bursty structures), and this is interpreted as originating from high-frequency (3–4 s period) density waves or fingers found at the edge of the larger density bubble. Such high-frequency structure at the edges of plasma bubbles is reminiscent of small-scale structure associated with terrestrial spread-F density irregularities. We suggest that the narrow extended fingers, observed on a convex portion of the Io torus surface, result from the interchange instability that is shredding the outer edges of the plasma bubble. A similar set of circumstances occurring on a larger scale may explain the emission of Jovian radio bull's-eye emission observed previously by Ulysses.