cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of atmospheric ammonia emissions from a commercial chicken house on the Delmarva Peninsula.

A three-dimensional sampling grid using passive collectors was used to characterize the downwind gas-phase ammonia plumes originating from a commercial chicken house on the Delmarva Peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Inverse Gaussian plume modeling was used to determine the source strength of the chicken house and the corresponding chicken emission factors. A total of seven field deployments were performed during two different flocks with a sampling duration ranging from 6 to 12.6 h. The deployments occurred during weeks 3, 4, and 5 of the 6-week chicken grow-out period in the months of May−July 2002. The ammonia emission factors ranged from 0.27 to 2.17 g of NH3-N bird-1 day-1 with a mean of 1.18 g of NH3-N bird-1 day-1. Weighted emissions factors that accounted for the nonlinear increase in ammonia emissions over the 6-week grow-out period were also calculated and ranged from 0.14 to 1.65 g of NH3-N bird-1 day-1 with a mean of 0.74 g of NH3-N bird-1 day-1. These weighted emission values would co...
Fire is more important than water for nitrogen fluxes in semi-arid forests

Abstract A review of the literature shows that fire and post-fire nitrogen (N) fixation are more important than atmospheric deposition and leaching for N fluxes in semi-arid forests of the southwestern US. With a few exceptions in areas near local pollution sources, N deposition rates in these forest ecosystems are low (
A comparative outcome and follow-up investigation of panic disorder with agoraphobia : The relative and combined efficacy of cognitive therapy, relaxation training, and therapist-assisted exposure

Abstract The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the relative efficacy of Cognitive Therapy + Graded Exposure (CT + GE) vs. Relaxation Training + Graded Exposure (RT + GE) vs. Graded Exposure alone for subjects with moderatesevere panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). PDA is one of the most prevalent, severe, and clinically debilitating psychiatric disorders and shows high levels of Axis-I and Axis-II comorbidity. PDA is a complex disorder that leads to significant impairment in psychiatric, psychological, medical, social, occupational, interpersonal, and economic spheres. Hence, the impact of PDA mandates development of effective treatments. In the present study, 92 patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDAs) entered and 74 completed a 16-session protocol of the above treatments. Significant within-group improvements were noted across treatments and most domains. CT + GE generated the most rapid, effective, and stable effects both at posttreatment and throughout the one-year follow-up. Analyses revealed: (a) both outcome and follow-up were mediated by changes on critical cognition measures during therapy; and, (b) the presence of residual panic attacks, which was noted in 30%–60% of the PDAs following therapy, was significantly associated with reemergence, relapse, or worsening of PDA over the course of the follow-up. Normative controls were also used to examine the clinical significance of the treatments. Overall, findings indicated that cognitive therapy paired with exposure appears to be a relatively effective treatment for PDA. Yet, a significant proportion of subjects did not achieve remission and/or high endstate functioning and were left with residual panic attacks or nonnormative outcome. These findings indicate that CT will need to be combined with other modalities that specifically target panic, such as the Cognitive Model of Panic or similar panic-control treatments to enhance both outcome and longitudinal adjustment. Our results are reviewed and recommendations offered for future research.
Issues in metal/semiconductor contact design and implementation

Abstract The design of a metal/semiconductor contact must meet requirements of an electronic nature ( I(V) characteristic) and of an atomic nature (metallurgical stability). A conceptual scheme is described that embodies these two requirements in two distinct elements of the contact. Empirically developed contact schemes now used in silicon-based devices conform to this design concept and give it credence. Its implementation in non-silicon semiconductors is discussed. New ways of achieving stability by selecting a particular combination of materials show promise and are demonstrated for the example of aluminium contacts to silicon.
Lectin binding sites on human endocervix: A comparison with secretory and proliferative endometrium

Endocervix and corresponding endometrium of women of reproductive age were studied histochemically with 13 fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lectins to delineate the differences between the epithelial cells in two anatomical sites. Lectin from Maclura pomifera (MPA), Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), Glycine max (SBA), and Vicia villosa (VVA) bound only to endocervical epithelium and were the only four lectins that distinguished endocervical from endometrial epithelium. These differences were independent of menstrual cyclic changes and blood group antigen secretion. These data show that lectins can be used to histochemically distinguish endocervical from endometrial glands.
Control of Adrenal Androgen Secretion

I. Introduction The human adrenal cortex secretes a variety of androgens, as shown in Fig. 1, in addition to cortisol and aldosterone. Some of these steroids function as androgens, or serve as precursors for androgen or estrogen formation in peripheral tissues. The control of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid secretion is largely under the influence of ACTH and the renin-angiotensin system, respectively. However, the mechanism of control of adrenal androgen (AA) secretion is less well defined, and is the main subject of this review. II. ACTH, Dexamethasone and AAs ACTH is the most widely accepted modulator of AA secretion at present. Rosenfield et al. (1) studied endogenous cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) secretion in a normal volunteer and found a correlation between the rhythmicity of secretion of cortisol and DHA, although the magnitude of the DHA rhythm was much less than that of cortisol. Other investigators have administered bovine ACTH or synthetic forms such as the peptide-(l–24) cosy...
The length-force behavior and operating length range of squid muscle vary as a function of position in the mantle wall.

Hollow cylindrical muscular organs are widespread in animals and are effective in providing support for locomotion and movement, yet are subject to significant non-uniformities in circumferential muscle strain. During contraction of the mantle of squid, the circular muscle fibers along the inner (lumen) surface of the mantle experience circumferential strains 1.3 to 1.6 times greater than fibers along the outer surface of the mantle. This transmural gradient of strain may require the circular muscle fibers near the inner and outer surfaces of the mantle to operate in different regions of the length–tension curve during a given mantle contraction cycle. We tested the hypothesis that circular muscle contractile properties vary transmurally in the mantle of the Atlantic longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii . We found that both the length–twitch force and length–tetanic force relationships of the obliquely striated, central mitochondria-poor (CMP) circular muscle fibers varied with radial position in the mantle wall. CMP circular fibers near the inner surface of the mantle produced higher force relative to maximum isometric tetanic force, P , at all points along the ascending limb of the length–tension curve than CMP circular fibers near the outer surface of the mantle. The mean ± s.d. maximum isometric tetanic stresses at L (the preparation length that produced the maximum isometric tetanic force) of 212±105 and 290±166 kN m−2 for the fibers from the outer and inner surfaces of the mantle, respectively, did not differ significantly ( P =0.29). The mean twitch:tetanus ratios for the outer and inner preparations, 0.60±0.085 and 0.58±0.10, respectively, did not differ significantly ( P =0.67). The circular fibers did not exhibit length-dependent changes in contraction kinetics when given a twitch stimulus. As the stimulation frequency increased, L was approximately 1.06 times longer than L TW, the mean preparation length that yielded maximum isometric twitch force. Sonomicrometry experiments revealed that the CMP circular muscle fibers operated in vivo primarily along the ascending limb of the length–tension curve. The CMP fibers functioned routinely over muscle lengths at which force output ranged from only 85% to 40% of P , and during escape jets from 100% to 30% of P . Our work shows that the functional diversity of obliquely striated muscles is much greater than previously recognized.
Impaired vasomodulation is associated with reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats

In exercising skeletal muscle, vasoconstrictor responses to α-adrenoceptor activation are attenuated in part by nitric oxide (NO) produced by the neuronal isoform of NO synthase (nNOS), which is expressed constitutively in skeletal muscle cells. In skeletal muscle of pregnant animals, nNOS mRNA is upregulated, suggesting that muscle nNOS expression is modulated by the steroid hormone oestrogen. Whether oestrogen-induced changes in nNOS expression have measurable effects on vasoregulation in skeletal muscle is unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that oestrogen deficiency would reduce muscle nNOS expression, resulting in impaired modulation of sympathetic vasoconstriction in exercising skeletal muscle. Compared to gonadally intact rats, we found that ovariectomized (OVX) rats were characterized by greater sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting hindlimb and reduced nNOS, but not eNOS, in skeletal muscle. In addition, NOS inhibition resulted in a greater enhancement of sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting hindlimbs of intact compared to OVX rats. These effects of oestrogen deficiency were prevented by chronic treatment of OVX rats with 17β-oestradiol, but not with chronic progesterone or acute oestradiol. Further analysis revealed that skeletal muscle nNOS correlated directly with plasma 17β-oestradiol and inversely with the magnitude of sympathetic vasoconstrictor responses in contracting hindlimbs. These data indicate that NO-dependent attenuation of sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle is impaired in oestrogen-deficient female rats, and suggest that this impairment may be mediated by reduced skeletal muscle nNOS expression.
Hip rotator strength in healthy young adults measured in hip flexion and extension by using a hand-held dynamometer.

Objective To investigate the effect of hip joint position on hip rotator muscle strength of healthy young adults by using a hand-held dynamometer. Design A cross-sectional cohort study. Setting A university medical center. Participants Thirty-four healthy (19 women, 15 men; mean [standard deviation] age, 25 ± 2.3 years) participated in this study. Methods A hand-held dynamometer was used to measure the strength of hip internal rotators and external rotators in 2 positions: hip flexion in sitting and hip extension in supine. The hip was tested in a neutral position with respect to rotation, abduction, and adduction. Isometric force in pounds was measured as the subject pushed against the device. Main Outcome Measurements For each subject, hip rotator muscle strength measurements were taken during a single session. Hypotheses were developed before data collection. Results Hip internal rotators were significantly stronger in hip flexion compared with hip extension ( P Conclusions Hip internal rotators and external rotators behave differently when comparing strength measurements between the positions of hip flexion and hip extension. A hand-held dynamometer provided an objective measurement of strength that was clinically feasible to use. Both muscle length and moment arms influence force production of the hip rotators as the hip position changes. Understanding these relationships may help clinicians interpret strength findings and direct intervention toward strengthening the appropriate muscles by using the most advantageous position.
Public Sector Labor Law in the Kaye Court

This presentation was delivered at the 40th Anniversary of the Taylor Law Conference sponsored by the NYS Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) in Albany in May 2008. The presentation dealt with the New York Court of Appeals' approach to public sector labor law. Professor Vincent M. Bonventre identified patterns and trends in the decisions of the Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, over the fifteen year period during which Judith S. Kaye has served as Chief Judge. A review of those decisions is revealing. Overall patterns for the fifteen years, as well as recent trends, emerge from the court's rulings when reviewed in light of certain considerations: unanimous versus divided decisions, pro-employee versus pro-management ones, pro versus con-collective bargaining rulings, decisions in which public policy was deemed to prohibit versus permit collective bargaining or arbitration or certain terms or conditions of employment. All of the foregoing is illustrated in graphs that underscore these contrasts in the cases collectively, as well as highlight the recent trends suggesting a pro-management change in the court's direction.
Does Acknowledgment as an Assault Victim Impact Postassault Psychological Symptoms and Coping

Psychological symptoms, abuse characteristics, abuse disability, and coping were assessed in college women who either did or did not acknowledge victim status relative to rape or intimate partner violence. Women were asked directly whether they had experienced intimate partner violence or rape. They also completed the Conflicts Tactic Scale (CTS) and the Sexual Experience Survey (SES). Participants were then classified into groups depending upon whether their answer, when directly asked, was consistent with their self-report on the CTS or SES. Overall, women who met the experiential criteria for either assault, but who did not acknowledge victimization, reported greater disability, more psychological symptoms, and impaired coping. This effect was particularly strong for the rape groups, where those who did not acknowledge victimization reported far more psychological distress, disability, and impaired coping than controls and other victim groups. The authors discuss the results in terms of their methodological implications for studies of assault victims and in terms of the clinical implications for victim identification and treatment.
System design and power optimization for mobile computers

The paper presents a system level design approach to power optimization in mobile/wearable computers. The paper identifies the major components of power consumption in a mobile system, and evaluates their respective contributions to power consumption, focusing on the impact of wireless networking. An experimental evaluation of several techniques for improving energy efficiency of a mobile system is presented.
The Golgi and Endoplasmic Reticulum Remain Independent during Mitosis in HeLa Cells

Partitioning of the mammalian Golgi apparatus during cell division involves disassembly at M-phase. Despite the importance of the disassembly/reassembly pathway in Golgi biogenesis, it remains unclear whether mitotic Golgi breakdown in vivo proceeds by direct vesiculation or involves fusion with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To test whether mitotic Golgi is fused with the ER, we compared the distribution of ER and Golgi proteins in interphase and mitotic HeLa cells by immunofluorescence microscopy, velocity gradient fractionation, and density gradient fractionation. While mitotic ER appeared to be a fine reticulum excluded from the region containing the spindle-pole body, mitotic Golgi appeared to be dispersed small vesicles that penetrated the area containing spindle microtubules. After cell disruption, M-phase Golgi was recovered in two size classes. The major breakdown product, accounting for at least 75% of the Golgi, was a population of 60-nm vesicles that were completely separated from the ER using velocity gradient separation. The minor breakdown product was a larger, more heterogenously sized, membrane population. Double-label fluorescence analysis of these membranes indicated that this portion of mitotic Golgi also lacked detectable ER marker proteins. Therefore we conclude that the ER and Golgi remain distinct at M-phase in HeLa cells. To test whether the 60-nm vesicles might form from the ER at M-phase as the result of a two-step vesiculation pathway involving ER-Golgi fusion followed by Golgi vesicle budding, mitotic cells were generated with fused ER and Golgi by brefeldin A treatment. Upon brefeldin A removal, Golgi vesicles did not emerge from the ER. In contrast, the Golgi readily reformed from similarly treated interphase cells. We conclude that Golgi-derived vesicles remain distinct from the ER in mitotic HeLa cells, and that mitotic cells lack the capacity of interphase cells for Golgi reemergence from the ER. These experiments suggest that mitotic Golgi breakdown proceeds by direct vesiculation independent of the ER.
Optimized edge detection using a priori models

Gibbs distributions are widely used as a priori density functions for Bayesian image restoration. When a Gibbs distribution prior is formulated to incorporate a line or edge process, Bayesian image restoration additionally yields the edges in the image. We interpret these a priori and density function as themselves being edge detectors. We formulate a density function that is more effective in this regard. This work explores the use of higher order Markov random fields that hold rich potential for varied applications. >
Clinical Reasoning: Novel GLUT1-DS mutation Refractory seizures and ataxia

Intractable epilepsy is a common diagnosis among child neurology practitioners with medical management remaining unsatisfactory in many cases. GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS) is a disorder that should be considered in such situations. Evaluation by comparing serum to CSF glucose levels is a fast and relatively easy test, with hypoglycorrhachia being highly suggestive of GLUT1-DS. Furthermore, treatment with the ketogenic diet is well-established and can result in significant improvement in quality of life for these patients. The following case report outlines the presentation of one such patient and highlights common features that can be seen with GLUT1-DS. Of interest, she was found to have a spontaneous, novel mutation that has not been reported previously. Her case allows us to expand on the present literature and demonstrate the improvements that can be seen in a child with appropriate treatment.
Knockdown of autophagy-related protein 5, ATG5, decreases oxidative stress and has an opposing effect on camptothecin-induced cytotoxicity in osteosarcoma cells.

Background: Autophagy induction can increase or decrease anticancer drug efficacy. Anticancer drug-induced autophagy induction is poorly characterized in osteosarcoma (OS). In this study, we investigated the impact of autophagy inhibition on camptothecin (CPT)-induced cytotoxicity in OS. Methods: Autophagy-inhibited DLM8 and K7M3 metastatic murine OS cell lines were generated by infection with lentiviral shRNA directed against the essential autophagy protein ATG5. Knockdown of ATG5 protein expression and inhibition of autophagy was confirmed by immunoblot of ATG5 and LC3II proteins, respectively. Metabolic activity was determined by MTT assay and cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion. Acridine orange staining and immunoblotting for LC3II protein expression were used to determine autophagy induction. Oxidative stress was assessed by staining cells with HE and DCFH-DA followed by flow cytometry analysis. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by staining cells with TMRE followed by flow cytometry analysis. Immunoblotting was used to detect caspase activation, Parp cleavage and p53 phosphorylation. Results: Autophagy inhibition caused a greater deficit in metabolic activity and cell growth in K7M3 cells compared to DLM8 cells. K7M3 cells exhibited higher basal autophagy levels than DLM8 cells and non-transformed murine MCT3 osteoblasts. Autophagy inhibition did not affect CPT-induced DNA damage. Autophagy inhibition decreased CPT-induced cell death in DLM8 cells while increasing CPT-induced cell death in K7M3 cells. Autophagy inhibition reduced CPT-induced mitochondrial damage and CPT-induced caspase activation in DLM8 cells. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)-induced cell death was greater in autophagy-competent DLM8 cells and was reversed by antioxidant pretreatment. Camptothecin-induced and BSO-induced autophagy induction was also reversed by antioxidant pretreatment. Significantly, autophagy inhibition not only reduced CPT-induced oxidative stress but also reduced basal oxidative stress. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that autophagy inhibition can have an opposing effect on CPTinduced cytotoxicity within OS. The cytoprotective mechanism of autophagy inhibition observed in DLM8 cells involves reduced CPT-induced oxidative stress and not reduced DNA damage. Our results also reveal the novel finding that knockdown of ATG5 protein reduces both basal oxidative stress and drug-induced oxidative stress.
The Human Cytomegalovirus UL82 Gene Product (pp71) Accelerates Progression through the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle

As viruses are reliant upon their host cell to serve as proper environments for their replication, many have evolved mechanisms to alter intracellular conditions to suit their own needs. For example, human cytomegalovirus induces quiescent cells to enter the cell cycle and then arrests them in late G1, before they enter the S phase, a cell cycle compartment that is presumably favorable for viral replication. Here we show that the protein product of the human cytomegalovirus UL82 gene, pp71, can accelerate the movement of cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This activity would help infected cells reach the late G1 arrest point sooner and thus may stimulate the infectious cycle. pp71 also induces DNA synthesis in quiescent cells, but a pp71 mutant protein that is unable to induce quiescent cells to enter the cell cycle still retains the ability to accelerate the G1 phase. Thus, the mechanism through which pp71 accelerates G1 cell cycle progression appears to be distinct from the one that it employs to induce quiescent cells to exit G0 and subsequently enter the S phase.
An Algebraic Elimination Based Algorithm for Solving the Geometric Design Problem of Spatial 3R Manipulators

In this paper, the geometric design problem of serial-link robot manipulators with three revolute (R) joints when three precision points are specified is solved using an algebraic elimination method for the first time. Three spatial positions and orientations are defined and the dimensions of the geometric parameters of the 3-R manipulator are computed so that the manipulator will be able to place its end-effector at these three pre-specified locations. In this problem, six of the design parameters are set as free choices and their values are selected arbitrarily. For the specific case studied in this paper, a twelve-degree single variable polynomial is calculated that has eight roots that are the design solutions and the other four roots are extraneous solutions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
CENDI—improving the flow of scientific and technical information

In general, unimpeded dissemination of and access to Federal information is encouraged or frequently required and is vital to performance of agency and programmatic missions established by statute as well as the principles of open government and a democratic society.—OTA, Informing the Nation1.
A neural network simulator for the Connection Machine

The design, development, and performance of CM-RCS, a neural network simulator for the Connection Machine (CM), are described. The design of the simulator is based on the Rochester Connectionist Simulator (RCS) for connectionist networks. The CM-RCS can be used as a stand-alone system or as a high-performance parallel back end to RCS. In the latter case, once the network has been built by RCS, the back-end system constructs and executes an equivalent network on the CM processor array. The CM-RCS facilitates the exploitation of the massive parallelism inherent in connectionist networks. It also enables substantial reduction in the training times of connectionist networks. >
Adoption of Pollution Prevention Techniques: The Role of Management Systems and Regulatory Pressures

This paper investigates the extent to which firm level technological change that reduces unregulated emissions is driven by regulatory pressures, and firms’ technological and organizational capabilities. Using a treatment effects model with panel data for a sample of S&P 500 firms over the period 1994–1996, we find that organizational change in the form of Total Quality Environmental Management leads firms to adopt pollution prevention practices, after controlling for the effects of various regulatory pressures and firm-specific characteristics. We find that the threat of anticipated regulations and the presence of ‘complementary assets’ is important for creating the incentives and an internal capacity to undertake incremental adoption of pollution prevention techniques.
Doctor, did stress cause my stroke?

As a stroke neurologist, my patients or their partners regularly ask me whether stress caused their stroke. This is a particularly common question when the stroke occurred in the midst of a difficult life event, or to someone young, working extra hours at school or work. Up to this point, I really have not known how to answer my worried patients, but the report by Huang et al.1 in this issue of Neurology ® sheds new light on their important question.
Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations with Associated Arterial Aneurysms.

Objective The radiosurgical outcomes for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) with AVM-associated arterial aneurysms (AAA) are poorly understood, because many AAAs are embolized before nidal intervention. The aim of this retrospective case-control study is to determine the effect of AAAs on AVM radiosurgery outcomes. Methods We evaluated an institutional AVM radiosurgery database from 1989 to 2013. AAAs were classified as intranidal (type I) or prenidal (type II). The case cohort comprised AVMs with patent type I or II AAAs. The control cohort comprised AVMs without AAAs and matched 2:1 to the case cohort. Results The case cohort comprised 51 AVMs, including 23 with type I and 28 with type II AAAs. The control cohort comprised 102 AVMs without AAAs. The cumulative AVM obliteration, annual postradiosurgery hemorrhage, and radiologically evident radiation-induced changes rates were 67%, 3.3%, and 28%, respectively, for the case cohort, compared with 70%, 2.0%, and 35%, respectively, for the control cohort. The presence of an AAA was not significantly associated with obliteration ( P = 0.293), postradiosurgery hemorrhage ( P = 0.209), or radiation-induced changes ( P = 0.323). The rates of type II AAA occlusion at 3, 5, and 10 years were 46%, 77%, and 95%, respectively. The type II AAA occlusion rate was significantly higher in obliterated AVMs ( P = 0.002). Conclusions Patent intranidal or prenidal AAAs do not significantly affect AVM radiosurgical outcomes. Occlusion of distal prenidal AAAs commonly occurs after radiosurgery. These findings may support a more conservative stance for embolization before radiosurgery for AVMs with AAAs.
High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Allows Rapid Assessment of Iron Absorption in Infants and Children

Stable isotope absorption studies of iron have been limited by the high cost and limited availability of isotope ratio analysis using thermal ionization MS (TIMS). The development of high-resolution double focusing inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP-MS) may permit more cost-efficient sample analysis due to its high throughput, lower cost, easy sample pretreatment, and greater availability. Our objective was to develop an ICP-MS methodology for the measurement of iron isotope ratios using very small blood volumes. We developed a technique using multiple iron-nickel mixing standard solutions to adjust for nickel interference calibration. RBC samples from human subjects previously given 58Fe and 57Fe were analyzed for iron isotope ratios and compared with our current methodology (TIMS). Reproducibility of iron isotope ratios provided external relative SD < 0.5 and 0.7% (1 SD) for 57Fe/54Fe and 58Fe/54Fe, respectively. Iron isotope ratios from ICP-MS analysis did not differ from those from TIMS based on statistical analyses, nor did the calculated iron absorption values. The mean and SD of iron absorption did not differ when measured by TIMS or ICP-MS. A 2-microL RBC sample was sufficient for ICP-MS iron isotope ratio analysis with an internal relative SD < 0.5% and analytical time < 5 min. This technique may assist groups in increasing their use of stable isotope methods to assess iron absorption in infants and children.
Scalp Distribution of Magnetic Fields Generated by Horizontal Eye Movements and Eye Blinks

Eye movements are known to produce artifacts in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and in the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) which can result in substantial distortions of the morphology of sensory-evoked waveforms (Antervo et al., 1985; Katila et al., 1981; Vaughan, 1969). Some studies are more susceptible to these artifacts. For example, certain studies require peripheral presentations of visual stimuli which tend to evoke unwanted, foveating eye movements, from untrained subjects. The application of MEG to neurological diagnosis and basic neuroscience research requires the assessment of possible contamination of surface-recorded electromagnetic fields (ERFs) by time-locked ocular and myogenic activity such as eye movements and eye blinks. Three types of electrical potentials associated with eye movements have been identified; the antecedent slow activity (Kurtzberg and Vaughan 1977), the spike potential (Riemslag et al., 1988) and the lambda wave (Gaarder et a1.,1964). The spike potential (SP) has maximal amplitude near the orbital regions and seems to originate in the oculomotor neurons innervating the ocular muscle units (Riemslag et al., 1988). However, the retino-corneal potential which has been the primary concern of eye movement artifacts in evoked potential studies (Vaughan Jr., 1969) also contributes to the spike potential.
Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment of Peri-Implantitis Alter the Physicochemistry and Cytocompatibility of Titanium Surfaces

Background: Chemotherapeutic agents (ChAs) are considered an integral part of current treatment protocols for the decontamination of titanium implants with peri-implantitis, based on their antimicrobial effect. Despite the proven antimicrobial effect of ChAs on titanium-bound biofilms, previous studies have elucidated an unexpected disassociation between bacterial reduction and biologically acceptable treatment outcomes. In this study, the authors hypothesize that ChAs residues alter titanium physicochemistry and thus compromise cellular response to decontaminated surfaces.Methods: Grit-blasted acid-etched titanium disks were contaminated with multispecies microcosm biofilms grown from in vivo peri-implant plaque samples. To simulate implant decontamination, the contaminated disks were burnished with 0.12% chlorhexidine, 20% citric acid, 24% EDTA/1.5% NaOCl, or sterile saline and assessed surface physicochemical properties. Sterile untreated surfaces were the controls. The biologic effects of decontaminat...
Strategies for an empirical analysis of the prediction of violence in emergency civil commitment

Dix (1976) recently has proposed that a “true experiment” be conducted to assess the validity of predictions of imminent violence. A random sample of persons predicted to be iminently violent would be denied emergency civil commitment in order to test whether they do, in fact, commit a violent act. This article analyzes Dix's proposal and finds that it presents an unacceptable level of risk to the community. Four alternative methodologies by which preliminary data can be gathered on the validity of predictions of violence in emergency civil commitment are described.
Response of Cotton Arthropod Populations in Cotton to Various Dosages of Aldicarb Applied in the Furrow at Planting Time

Arthropod populations found in cotton treated with aldicarb were compared to those found in cotton treated with dimethoate and an untreated check from 1981 through 1983. Populations of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), were low during all 3 years of the test, and the use of aldicarb did not result in increased damage. The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), was the main cotton pest found during all 3 years of the test. All aldicarb treatments suppressed tarnished plant bug populations, although the high dose (1.13 kg [AI]/ha) gave the most consistent control for a 7- or 8-week period after planting. Control, mainly of the tarnished plant bug, resulted in a higher squaring rate and an increase in numbers of bolls in the insecticide treatments. Yield of seed cotton was significantly higher in the plots receiving the dimethoate and high and medium (0.56 kg [AI]/ha) dosages of aldicarb, compared to the untreated check in 2 years of the study. Some suppression of big-eyed bugs, Geocoris spp., populations occurred in 2 years of the test. However, populations of several other beneficial arthropods were not affected.
Nucleic Acid and Proteins Isolated from a Strain of Murine Sarcoma Virus (MSV-0)

SummaryMurine sarcoma virus (MSV-0, Moloney) was grown in tissue cultures of transformed rat cells (MSB-1). The virus was harvested from the medium and purified by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The incorporation of 3H-uridine was shown to be reduced in virus preparation from cells treated with a crude rat interferon preparation, when compared to controls. The viral nucleic acid was extracted and characterized by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. A sedimentation value of 52S or 64S was obtained, depending on the reference values used. Upon heating to 80° the viral RNA dissociated into a major 32S and minor smaller S value species, suggesting that the larger RNA is either an aggregate of smaller 32S units, or that modifications had taken place in the secondary structure of the RNA. Pancreatic ribonuclease treatment disclosed no ribonuclease-resistant RNA in the virus or in the MSB cells. The proteins were extracted from purified MSV (0), solubilized, and separated by polyacrylamide gel el...
Numerical Modeling and Parametric Assessment of Proppant Flow in Fractured Reservoirs

Numerical simulation of proppant flow through a single idealized rectangular fracture in a reservoir has been conducted to understand the effect of various physical and operational parameters on proppant placement within a fracture. A three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics model with a Eulerian-Granular (also referred to as Eulerian-Granular or Two-Fluid) model for solid particle transport simulations has been used to study the movement of proppant particles through this idealized single fracture. In the Eulerian-Granular method, the fluid-particle mixture is represented by two-phase interpenetrating continua with the particulate matter treated as a separate continuous phase. This Eulerian-Granular method depends on constitutive relationships to model additional terms for the solid phase. Parametric assessment has been carried out to analyze the influence of proppant size on the proppant settling behavior. In addition, the effects of fracture width and the effect of fluid viscosity have been studied. The simulations resolved the complex particle-particle as well as fluid-particle interactions. Computed results indicate that the proppant settling and fracture filling patterns depend on injected proppant size, with use of larger proppants, resulting in a relatively lower filling fraction. Results also show that lowering the fracturing fluid viscosity helps to disperse proppant particles more uniformly within the fracture. Narrower fractures have more pronounced wall effects that impede proppant movement, resulting in poorly filled fracture volume.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Effects of Temperature and Hunger on the Functional Response of Geocoris bullatus (Say) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) to Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) Density

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of hunger on the functional response of female Geocoris bullatus (Say) to the combined density of two species of Lygus at three temperatures (15, 25, and 35°C). Models published by Holling and Rogers were fit to these data to predict values of handling times and searching rates. Observed handling times were much shorter than predicted handling times in all cases. Searching rates varied as the predator was starved. A simulation model incorporating handling time, searching rates, and hunger predicted acceptable rates of predation except when prey were very abundant. Under these conditions, observed rates were lower than predicted rates, probably because the predator spent most (71%) of its time in a small (32%) part of the arena.
A New Method for Benchmarking Marketing Organizations with Inter-Connected Departments

Efficiency benchmarking analysis is commonly used to assess and compare the productivity of similar making units (DMUs), e.g., marketing organizations of firms in an industry. In this research, we broaden the applicability of efficiency analysis to situations where each DMU comprises interconnected sub-DMUs (e.g., departments). Extant research espouses that embracing the connectedness between sub-DMUs (e.g., marketing-sales interface, marketing-RD yet newsrooms appear to have been the major focus of cutbacks during the last decade.
The Emergence and Development of Life Course Theory

Today, the life course perspective is perhaps the pre-eminent theoretical orientation in the study of lives, but this has not always been the case. The life histories and future trajectories of individuals and groups were largely neglected by early sociological research. In the pioneering study, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918-1920), W. I. Thomas (with Florian Znaniecki) first made use of such histories and trajectories and argued strongly that they be investigated more fully by sociologists. By the mid-1920s, Thomas was emphasizing the vital need for a “longitudinal approach to life history” using life record data (Volkart, 1951, p. 593). He advocated that studies investigate “many types of individuals with regard to their experiences and various past periods of life in different situations” and follow “groups of individuals into the future, getting a continuous record of experiences as they occur.” Though this advice went unheeded for decades, Thomas’s early recommendations anticipated study of the life course and longitudinal research that has become such a central part of modern sociology and other disciplines.
Analysis of cross-sectional investigation about the clinic administration of infectious disease

Objective To understand the administration of infectious disease department,operating status and propose the improvement suggestions.Method 32 medical institutions gradeⅡand above were investigated,27 of them were general hospi- tals and general specialty hospitals,5 of them were pure specialty hospitals.The investigation include:clinic previewed triage, layout of infectious disease construction,flowsheet of receiving treatment,the daily operating status and the related knowledge of disinfection and isolation.Results Among 27 medical institutions gradeⅡandⅢ,23(85.1%)had triage desk and obvious no- tation;10(37%)had preventive articles perpared in perviewd triage area and had the patients with infectious disease registered. 6(22.2%)had merely qualified construction layout and flowsheet of receiving treatment.Fifteen(55.5%)hospitals had the cor- rect answers to the questions about the basic previewd triage knowledge of related infectious disease,basic knowledge of disinfec- tion and isolation.Two(7.4%)of 27 medical institutions had their clinics of infectious disease operated normally during daytime only.Among 5 investigated medical institutions,2(40%)had infectious disease triage area installed at request,transferred hospi- tal announced and had related articles prepared.Conclusions The construction and administration of infectious disease depart- ment were not in order,there was big difference compared to the standard.The district government should increase financial sup- port.The health bureau should formulate plan which is concrete and feasible to push about and direct the medical institutions working better.Medical institutions also should put more attention to administration of infectious disease department,perfat relat- ed system and flowsheet,intensify the training and test of medical staff about infectious disease knowledge in order to make the in- fectious disease department operated effectively,lay solid foundation for coping with the fulminate epidemic of infectious disease and decrease the incidence of nosocomial infection.
Laboratory detection method for an group O139 vibrio cholera outbreak

Objective To explore the detection method for group O139vibrio cholera,to provide reliable scientific basis for the prevention and control of group O139vibrio cholera.Methods Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect nucleic acid of the group O139vibrio cholera,and colloidal gold method was used to rapidly detect the group O139vibrio cholera.Results Nine samples were positive in the nucleic acid detection of the group O139vibrio cholera,of which 7 samples presented positive in colloidal gold method for the first time enrichment cultivation,2 positive responses were turned out after the second enrichment cultivation.Conclusion As auxiliary testing methods of the group O139vibrio cholera,real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR method and colloidal gold method combining with the traditional separation culture identification method could ensure the timeliness and accuracy of the results.
Developments in interpersonal psychotherapy.

Historique : La psychotherapie interpersonnelle (PIP), psychotherapie limitee dans le temps, a ete concue dans les annees 1970 a titre de traitement de patients externes souffrant de depression majeure. Depuis, elle a evolue quant au nombre de ses applications de recherche et a son accessibilite clinique. Methode : Examen des developpements recents de la PIP en madere de recherche et d'education. Resultats : La PIPs 'est averee efficace dans des etudes randomisees et controlees su r la depression majeure de diverses populations de patients et de patients boulimiques. Elle n 'a pas revele d 'avantages dans le traitement de deux echantillons toxicomanes. De nombreuses autres etudes sont en cours. Un nombre croissant de cliniciens sont formes a la PIP. Conclusions : A une epoque ou s'accroissent tant les developpements de la recherche que les pressions economiques, l'interet pour les psychotherapies limitees dans le temps ou PIP s 'avive dans les domaines de la recherche et clinique.
Astrocyte Differentiation from Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are found not only in the developing central nervous system (CNS) but also exist abundantly and uniformly throughout the mature CNS. They are identified in vivo by the expression of NG2 (Cspg4 gene product) or the alpha receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFRα) and are antigenically and functionally distinct from neurons, mature oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neural stem cells. The majority of OPCs initially arise from committed neuroepithelial cells in the ventral germinal zone and subsequently migrate out and proliferate in the parenchyma. A different subset of later-born OPCs originates from dorsal germinal zones. While initial culture studies suggested that OPCs behave as bipotential glial progenitor cells endowed with the ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes or astrocytes, more recent genetic fate-mapping studies have revealed that OPCs in the postnatal CNS and the majority of OPCs in the prenatal CNS are committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage, with the exception of a small subpopulation of OPCs in the embryonic ventral forebrain that generates protoplasmic astrocytes. These observations provide the basis for future molecular analyses on the mechanisms that restrict the fate of OPCs.
Ishmael and Isaac: An Essay on the Moral Economies of the Qur'an and the Torah

This essay briefly visits the episode of Abraham’s near-sacrifice of his son – in the Qur’ān and the Torah – and from this comparison deduces two Qur'anic principles of seminal significance: the autonomy of the individual and the intrinsic worth of all human communities.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Caregiving Frequency: Does Immigrant Status Matter?

Objectives With growing diversity in the older adult and caregiver populations, the purpose of the current study is to describe the extent to which elder care frequency varies by race/ethnicity and immigrant/native status using national data from the United States. Method Using pooled data from the 2011-2014 American Time Use Surveys (ATUS; N = 7,855), we present multinomial logistic regressions of caregiving frequency by race/ethnicity and immigrant/native status and explore whether factors within the caregiving domain (duration of care, number of care recipients, and coresidence) attenuate any observed differences. Results Compared to non-Latino Whites, non-Latino Black, Mexican-origin, and other Latino caregivers engage in more frequent elder care activities, which is partially attributable to high levels of coresidence among these subpopulations. Although immigrant caregivers, in general, tend to engage in more time-intensive caregiving, for Mexican-origin and other Latino caregivers, U.S.-born caregivers report more frequent elder care provision. Discussion More time-intensive and demanding caregiving careers reported by racial/ethnic minority and immigrant caregivers further emphasize the need for culturally competent home- and community-based care options.
Combination Chemotherapy With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Can Overcome Bcr-Abl Mutations In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Or Blast Crisis CML

Background Point mutations in the kinase domain of bcr-abl confer resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-BC) and Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). In particular the presence of T315I mutation is highly resistant to most current available TKIs.
Commentary Evidential Validity Versus Predictive Validity—The Need for Both

The articles presented in this Special Issue provide evidence for many statistically significant relationships among error scores obtained from the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Third Ed...
Methodology for the Construction of the Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane Core

The bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane scaffold, commonly known as a hydrindane, is a common structural motif found in many terpenoid structures and one that remains a challenge for synthetic chemists to elaborate with appropriate regio- and stereo-selectivity. Over the course of the study of terpene natural products, the elaboration of the hydrindane structure has seen progress on the utilization of both old and newer methods to achieve the desired outcomes. This review seeks to serve as a general overview of these methods, and detail specific examples.
Lessons Learned: Design Parameters for a Critiquing System

The previous chapters have outlined our exploration of the critiquing approach in four domains of quite different character. They also discussed how different domains have helped to highlight different facets of critiquing, and how certain common features have been captured in the domain-independent ESSENTIAL-ATTENDING system. This chapter steps back and tries to abstract some of the more general lessons learned.