cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three Decades of Protest in Berlin Land-Use Planning, 1975-2005

Protest mobilization is often assumed to be temporary. This is not the case in Germany, as a look at grassroots mobilization in Berlin reveals. Protest arose there in the 1970s, as in Germany generally, over siting of a large energy project. Activists attacked not only the project itself, but also the legitimacy of the technocratic policymaking that produced it. Subsequent government efforts to streamline land-use planning have kept the legiti mation issue alive. Lacking an institutional home for citizen participation in planning, protesters in Berlin and elsewhere continue to play a vital role in forcing policymakers to take residents' views seriously.
Protein synthesis in frog eggs. I. Amino acid incorporation by a crude system.

Abstract Crude 15 000 × g supernatant fractions from ovarian eggs of Rana pipiens incorporate amino acids into acid-insoluble proteins. This incorporation shows a striking depenence upon magnesium concentration although there appears to be no absolute magnesium requirement. Amino acid incorporation is inhibited by RNAase, glutathione, and p-chloromercuribenzoate but is relatively insensitive to chloramphenicol and heat denaturation. That the observed amino acid incorporation is directly related to protein synthesis is shown by the close association of 14C activity with peptides derived from the proteins of amphibian eggs.
Dam safety effects due to human alteration of extreme precipitation

[1] Very little is known about the vulnerability of dams and reservoirs to man-made alteration of extreme precipitation and floods as we step into the 21st century. This is because conventional dam and reservoir design over the last century has been “one-way” with no acknowledgment of the possible feedback mechanisms affecting the regional water cycle. Although the notion that an impoundment could be built to increase rainfall was suggested more than 60 years ago, dam design protocol in civil engineering continues to assume as “static” the statistical parameters of a low exceedance probability precipitation event during the lifespan of the dam. It is time for us to change our perceptions and embrace a hydrometeorological approach to dam design and operations.
Image reconstruction: An overview for clinicians

Image reconstruction plays a critical role in the clinical use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI raw data is not acquired in image space and the role of the image reconstruction process is to transform the acquired raw data into images that can be interpreted clinically. This process involves multiple signal processing steps that each have an impact on the image quality. This review explains the basic terminology used for describing and quantifying image quality in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and point spread function. In this context, several commonly used image reconstruction components are discussed. The image reconstruction components covered include noise prewhitening for phased array data acquisition, interpolation needed to reconstruct square pixels, raw data filtering for reducing Gibbs ringing artifacts, Fourier transforms connecting the raw data with image space, and phased array coil combination. The treatment of phased array coils includes a general explanation of parallel imaging as a coil combination technique. The review is aimed at readers with no signal processing experience and should enable them to understand what role basic image reconstruction steps play in the formation of clinical images and how the resulting image quality is described.
Spiritual Health: Out of the Closet

Abstract This paper explores the issues involved in defining, understanding, teaching, and promoting spiritual health. The legitimacy of the spiritual dimension in health has long been debated by health educators; and a trend to develop and affirm its existence currently exists in the health education profession. While this concept is not widely accepted, health educators have given greater recognition to the spiritual dimension as an important aspect of wellbeing, recognizing that spiritual considerations can be significant factors in health-related decision-making. Some health educators view spiritual health as important in our world because of the sense of alienation and lack of connectedness characterizing today's society. Research on the topic of spiritual health is sparse, and advocates must continue to explore and educate about this dimension of health.
How Effective Is Advice From Interested Parties? An Experimental Test Using a Pure Coordination Game

Abstract This study investigates whether the effectiveness of non-binding advice in coordination is influenced by knowledge of the adviser's motive. Using pure coordination games in which a non-playing adviser makes a recommendation of which strategy to play, we find that if the advice appears to be “self-interested” (i.e., the adviser has a monetary stake in the advice being followed), it is less effective than if the same advice is given by a neutral independent party with no economic interest in the game. The implications of our results for the effectiveness of advice in real-world economic and organizational situations are discussed.
SURGE: integrating Vygotsky's spontaneous and instructed concepts in a digital game?

In Thought and Language, Vygotsky discusses the potential for leveraging intuitive understandings from everyday experience ("spontaneous concepts") with "instructed" scientific concepts to build robust understandings. The question remains whether or not the intuitive spontaneous concepts players develop in through computer games can be successfully leveraged into robust instructed concepts in a manner that transfers to academic assessments and across domains recognized as central by the scientific disciplines themselves. This poster presents data from early studies with the SURGE video game, where students demonstrated significant learning across multiple items of a posttest based on the Force Concept Inventory, suggesting that the sequence and structure of the models and representations designed in the SURGE game are effective in changing how students think about the formal instructed concepts. However, care must be taken to ensure that the ideas that students take away from the game are the ones intended.
Sexual Violence in the Context of Drug Use Among Young Adult Opioid Users in New York City

Drug and alcohol use have been associated with increased risk for sexual violence, but there is little research on sexual violence within the context of drug use among young adult opioid users. The current mixed-methods study explores young adult opioid users' sexual experiences in the context of their drug use. Forty-six New York City young adults (ages 18-32) who reported lifetime nonmedical use of prescription opioids (POs) completed in-depth, semistructured interviews, and 164 (ages 18-29) who reported heroin and/or nonmedical PO use in the past 30 days completed structured assessments that inquired about their drug use and sexual behavior and included questions specific to sexual violence. Participants reported frequent incidents of sexual violence experienced both personally and by their opioid using peers. Participants described sexual violence, including sexual assault, as occurring within a context characterized by victimization of users who were unconscious as a result of substance use, implicit and explicit exchanges of sex for drugs and/or money that increased risk for sexual violence, negative sexual perceptions ascribed to drug users, and participants' own internalized stigma. Recommendations to reduce sexual violence among young adult opioid users include education for users and service providers on the risk of involvement in sexual violence within drug using contexts and efforts to challenge perceptions of acceptability regarding sexual violence.
Impact of a Dialectic Behavior Therapy - Corrections Modified (DBT-CM) Upon Behaviorally Challenged Incarcerated Male Adolescents

PURPOSE: This article reports the findings of a Dialectical Behavioral Therapy-Corrections Modified (DBT-CM) intervention upon difficult-to-manage, impulsive, and/or aggressive incarcerated male adolescents. METHODS: A secondary analysis of a subsample of 38 male adolescents who participated in the study was conducted. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used; descriptive statistics and t-tests were conducted. RESULTS: Significant changes were found in physical aggression, distancing coping methods, and number of disciplinary tickets for behavior. CONCLUSION: The study supports the value of DBT-CM for the management of incarcerated male adolescents with difficult-to-manage aggressive behaviors. Language: en
Treating the Attachment Disruption Using Interpersonal Neuroscience (Not Just Treating the Memory)

At the time of this writing, 20 years of research have revealed exciting insights linking trauma with the brain and body. Clinicians now know how stressful life experience can create autonomic nervous system arousal that can lead to symptoms associated with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The founders of this movement include Beatrice Beebe and Frank Lachman (2002), Allan Schore (2003), Daniel Stern (2004), Pat Ogden (2009), Joseph Scaer (2005), Daniel Siegel (2012), Bessel Van Der Kolk (2006), and Peter Fonagy (2001), to name only a few. The exciting field of melding neuroscience with attachment theory and trauma is an important component of understanding and treating military sexual trauma. Unfortunately, this rapidly evolving field has yet to be incorporated into the US government’s policy on funding psychotherapies for research on veterans diagnosed with PTSD and other mental health concerns. This has to change.
Monolithic single output dual wavelength LED

A monolithic dual-wavelength LED based on selectively intermixed QW structure is fabricated and investigated experimentally. The device has a single output beam of two independently controlled intensities whose peak emission wavelengths at 800nm and 772nm.
Towards Damage-Based Design Approach for RC Bridge Columns Under Combined Loadings Using Damage Index Models

This article investigates a damage-based design approach for circular reinforced concrete (RC) columns under combined bending, shear, and torsion using decoupled damage index models. The combination of bending moment, shear, axial, and torsional loading affects the structural performance of bridge columns with respect to strength, deformation capacity and progression of damage. The damage index model proposed here permits decoupling these combined actions according to various damage limit states. This work evaluates the interaction between bending and torsional damage indices in terms of progression of damage. It also investigates the effects of the transverse reinforcement ratios and shear span. Based on experimental and analytical results increase of torsion amplified the progression of damage. The increase in transverse reinforcement ratio was found to have delayed the progression of damage and to have changed the torsional dominated behavior to flexural dominated behavior under combined bending and to...
Reconstruction of bed pressure with data of normal well operation

The article suggests an algorithm for reconstructing the bed pressure from measurements of pressure and yields of wells in the course of their normal operation.
The Effect of H2 Dilution on Thin Film SiN Deposited by Hot Wire Cvd Using SiH4 and NH3 Gas Mixtures

The structure of thin film SiN, deposited by the hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) technique using SiH4 and NH3 gas mixtures, has been examined as a function of the amount of H2 dilution of the gas mixture. For NH3/SiH4 gas ratios > 0.5/1, all films are a-SiN:H. While H2 dilution does not change the basic film structure, in that the films are amorphous with all dilutions, H2 dilution does increase the efficiency of NH3 dissociation in the gas phase, and causes a further reduction in the already small amount of N-H bonding in a-SiN:H films deposited by HWCVD. For NH3/SiH4 gas ratios typically <0.5/1 and with high H2 dilution, the first deposition of µc-SiN is demonstrated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements demonstrate that the structure of these films consists of silicon crystallites embedded in an a-SiN:H matrix. An upper limit for N incorporation with the preservation of microcrystallinity was found, beyond which the films again became amorphous. The existence of this limit is explained in terms of structural disorder in the a-SiN:H tissue brought about by N incorporation.
The Human Papillomavirus Type 8 E2 Tethering Protein Targets the Ribosomal DNA Loci of Host Mitotic Chromosomes

For many papillomaviruses, the viral protein E2 tethers the viral genome to the host mitotic chromosomes to ensure persistent, long-term maintenance of the genome during cell division. Our previous studies of E2 proteins from different genera of papillomaviruses have shown that they bind to different regions of the host chromosomes during mitosis. For example, bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E2 binds to all chromosomes as small speckles in complex with the cellular protein Brd4. In contrast, the human papillomavirus type 8 (HPV-8) E2 protein binds as large speckles at the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes. Here we show that these speckles do not contain Brd4, and unlike that of BPV-1, the N-terminal Brd4-interacting domain of HPV-8 E2 is not required for chromosome binding. In contrast to BPV-1 E2, the HPV-8 E2 protein targets the short arms of acrocentric mitotic chromosomes. Furthermore, the E2 protein interacts with the repeated ribosomal DNA genes found in this location and colocalizes with UBF, the RNA polymerase I transcription factor. Therefore, HPV-8 E2 genome tethering occurs by a Brd4-independent mechanism through a novel interaction with specific regions of mitotic chromosomes. Thus, a wide range of viruses have adopted the strategy of linking their genomes to host chromosomes, but individual viruses use different chromosomal targets. Characterization of these targets will enable the development of antiviral therapies to eliminate the viral genomes from infected cells.
Elective induction: an analysis of economic and health consequences.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to assess economic and health consequences of elective induction at term. Study Design: A decision-tree model incorporating a Markov analysis was used to compare the decision either to electively induce labor at term or expectantly manage the pregnancy until 42 weeks' gestation. Main outcome measures, stratified by parity, cervical ripeness, and gestational age at induction, were number of cesarean deliveries and costs to the health care system. Results: By use of baseline estimates, induction at any gestational age, regardless of parity and cervical ripeness, required expenditures from the medical system. Although never cost saving, inductions were less expensive at later gestational ages, for multiparous patients, and for those women with a favorable cervix. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated a robust model. Conclusions: Elective induction of labor at term is not cost saving and results in a large excess of cesarean deliveries. Costs are significantly altered by the timing of the induction, parity, and cervical ripeness. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:858-63.)
The Effect of Terrigenous Inputs on Spatial Patterns of Water Quality Indicators in South Lake, Lake Champlain

Spatial patterns of measures of trophic state, optical properties and particle composition are documented for Lake Champlain, with particular emphasis on the southernmost shallow section (< 10 m deep, ∼ 55 km in length) known as South Lake, to depict the impacts of terrigenous inputs. The analysis is supported by two surveys conducted in 1998 for South Lake (thirteen sites) following typical and unusually high runoff intervals, and for selected deep-water sites (thirteen) for the typical runoff interval. Terrigenous inputs, particularly as clays, cause light penetration to be lower, turbidity (Tn) and phosphorus (P) concentrations to be higher by a wide margin, and particle composition to differ greatly in South Lake relative to deeper portions of the lake. Generally progressive gradients are documented within South Lake for Secchi disc transparency (SD), the light attenuation coefficient, (Tn), particulate organic carbon, total P, and particulate P, that demonstrate diminishing impacts of the terrigenous inputs with the approach to the deeper portions of the lake. Increased loadings associated with high runoff impart greater, and a wider array of, impacts in South Lake, that appear to be relatively shortlived (less than 1 month). The high levels of inanimate particles (tripton) that prevail in South Lake systematically compromise total P concentration and SD as measures of trophic state. Despite lower levels, this terrigenous material also influences these measures in deep-water areas. Management strategies that focus on reductions in P loading will not result in substantive increases in SD in South Lake, as phytoplankton biomass is unimportant in regulating the prevailing clarity conditions. Erosion control may be a more promising alternative to pursue improved clarity in this portion of the lake.
A Linguistic Appraisal of Playwright - Audience Relationship in Wole Soyinska's The Trials of Brother Jero

AbstractThe paper seeks to ascertain through the linguistic approach whether Wole Soyinka's The Trials of Brother Jero is actually, as propagated in some quarters, a focus on the problem of communication.Analysis is carried out on the lexico-semantic and morpho-syntactic features of the text, and in the process other linguistic flourishes typical of Soyinka are highlighted. These include especially features of graphetic and graphological importance.The study shows that Soyinka is a playwright with a penchant for linguistic communication. His dramatic raison d'etre is to reach his Nigerian audience as stylistically as possible.ResumeLe but de cette recherche est l'etude linguistique de la piece The Trials of Brother Jero de Wole Soyinka, et plus specifiquement la verification du constat chez certains critiques litteraires que cette piece est liee en particulier au probleme de la communication.Nous avons procede a une analyse basee sur les aspects lexico-semantiques et morphosyntaxiques du texte, et chemin faisant, nous avons decouvert d'autres aspects stylistiques propres a Soyinka. Il s'agit surtout de caracteristiques d'importance graphique et graphologique.L'etude prouve que c'est a son penchant pour la communication langagiere que Soyinka doit sa celebrite en tant que dramaturge. Son art dramatique n'a d'autre raison d'etre que de creer d'une maniere pragmatique une entente psychologique avec son public nigerien.
Genetics of Cyst Nematode Resistance in Soybean PIs 467312 and 507354

Summary Soybean Cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is the most serious pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the world and genetic resistance in soybean cultivars have been the most effective means of control. Nematode populations, however, are variable and have adapted to reproduce on resistant cultivars over time due mainly to the narrow genetic base of SCN resistance in G. max. The majority of the resistant cultivars trace to two soybean accessions. It is hoped that new sources of resistance might provide durable resistance. Soybean plant introductions PI 467312 and PI 507354, are unique because they provide resistance to several nematode populations, i.e. SCN HG types 0, 2.7, and 1.3.6.7 (corresponding to races 3, 5, and 14) and HG types 2.5.7, 0, and 2.7 (corresponding to races 1, 3, and 5), respectively. The genetic basis of SCN resistance in these PIs is not yet known. We have investigated the inheritance of resistance to SCN HG types 0, 2.7, and 1.3.6.7 (races 3, 5, and14) in PI467312 and the SCN resistance to SCN HG types 2.5.7 and 2.7 (races 1 and 5) in PI 507354. PI 467312 was crossed to ‘Marcus’, a susceptible cultivar to generate F1 hybrids, 196 random F2 individuals, and 196 F2:3 families (designated as Pop 467). PI 507354 and the cultivar Hutcheson, susceptible to all known SCN races, were crossed to generate F1 hybrids, 225 random F2 individuals and 225 F2:3 families (designated as Pop 507). The F2:3 families from each cross were evaluated for responses to the specific SCN HG types in the greenhouse. Chi-square (χ 2 ) analyses showed resistance from PI 467312 to HG types 2.7, and 1.3.6.7 (races 5 and 14) in Pop 467 were conditioned by one dominant and two recessive genes (Rhg rhg rhg) and resistance to HG type 0 (race 3) was controlled by three recessive genes (rhg rhg rhg). The 225 F2:3 progenies in Pop 507 showed a segregation of 2:223 (R:S) for response to both HG types 2.5.7 and 2.7 (corresponding to races 1 and 5). The Chi-square analysis showed SCN resistance from PI 507354 fit a one dominant and 3 recessive gene model (Rhg rhg rhg rhg). This information will be useful to soybean breeders who use these sources to develop SCN resistant cultivars. The complex inheritance patterns determined for the two PIs are similar to the three and four gene models for other SCN resistance sources known to date.
Algorithms to computer order statistic distributions

We present a series of fast and easily implemented algorithms for the computation of single and multivariate distributions of the order statistics for sequences of random variables which may be either independent or Markov. We discuss the computation of moments of L-statistics, principally means and Variances, and present algorithms which do not require that the distributions first be “differenced” to yield densities.
NAME RITUALS AND ACTS OF FEELING AMONG THE KAYAPO (MEBENGOKRE)

This article analyses great name rituals among the G&-speaking Kayap6 (Mebengokre) of central Brazil. Ritual organization compels a temporal and spatial co-ordination of exchanges between diverse categories of relations so that nuclear family ties are differentiated. As the fundamental site of this process of differentiation, the House undergoes various transformations in its organization during the ceremonial period and its centrality in Kayap6 social thought derives from this, rather than from the attribution of an enduring corporate identity. Analysis of Kayap6 ritual allows us to extend Rappaport's ideas about the relation between the invariant and variant messages in ritual, since the production of sentiment is a central task of ritual activity and such sentiments are necessary for the reproduction of formal order in ritual. Ritual form and performance carry meanings about commitment to a certain order, and the temporal qualities of that order are at least partly established through ritual itself. In this article I argue that Rappaport's (1999) ideas about the ritual production of temporal orders, prefigured in part by Wagner's (1977) notion of kinship as analogic flow, help us to understand ceremonial name transmission among the Ge-speaking Kayapo (Mebengokre) peoples of central Brazil. Ceremonially confirmed names, also known as 'great' names, index the simultaneous co-ordination of relationship among different relatives that ritual orchestrates.1 For the Kayapo, sentiments of longing and happiness are a self-evident result of this process, and such sentiments are attributed both to relations within an extended family and to a performing community as a whole. In this article I contend that great names do not represent titles or the non-material patrimony of corporate groups (Lea 1992; Verswijver 1983) but are tokens or indexical symbols that refer to the production and differentiation of relationships through time.2 While names do accord access to positions of social prestige (Bamberger 1974), the interest of the congregation of participants lies in their own experience of ritual. Unlike common names, great names that are the focus of ritual participate in the condition of their own transmission and, in doing so, transcend ties of kinship.
Image segmentation and inpainting using hierarchical level set and texture mapping

Image inpainting is an artistic procedure to recover a damaged painting or picture. We propose a novel approach for image inpainting by using the Mumford-Shah (MS) model and the level set method to estimate image structure of the damaged regions. This approach has been successfully used in image segmentation problem. Compared to some other inpainting methods, the MS model approach detects and preserves edges in the inpainting areas. We propose a fast and efficient algorithm that achieves both inpainting and segmentation. In previous works on the MS model, only one or two level set functions are used to segment an image. While this approach works well on simple cases, detailed edges cannot be detected in complicated image structures. Although multi-level set functions can be used to segment an image into many regions, the traditional approach causes extensive computations and the solutions depend on the location of initial curves. Our proposed approach utilizes faster hierarchical level set method and guarantees convergence independent of initial conditions. Because we detect both the main structure and the detailed edges, our approach preserves edges in the inpainting area. Also, exemplar-based approach for filling textured regions is employed. Experimental results demonstrate the advantage of our method.
Evaluation of diazepam for pre-endoscopy medication

Diazepam was administered as an adjunct to endoscopic premedication in 260 patients undergoing examination in both in- and outpatient settings.
PREPARATION OF QUICK-COOKING RICE PRODUCTS USING A CENTRIFUGAL FLUIDIZED BED

This paper describes a process utilizing a centrifugal fluidized bed in the critical drying step to produce dry forms of quick-cooking rice products using a minimum number of treatment steps. The process is very flexible and applicable to all rice varieties and grain sizes (long, medium, short and wild). High heat transfer rates used in the CFB drier result in a 5-min drying cycle with control of texture and rehydration characteristics.
The Many Faces of Mentoring in an MMORPG

Mentoring refers to the phenomenon where a more skilled or knowledgeable person helps a less skilled or less knowledgeable person gain skill in a particular domain. In this paper we study the phenomenon of mentoring in a massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). We identify four different types of mentoring, which map to several important motivational features. We then measure the social networks of mentors at multiple levels, and propose a network model to describe the emergence and evolution of mentoring.
MO X-Ray Production in Collisions of F+q with Ne

The production of molecular-orbital (MO) x rays has been observed in collisions of 19 MeV 199F+q with Ne as a function of incident projectile charge state,q. The MO production rate was found to depend weakly upon the L-shell occupation number and to increase by an order of magnitude with an initial K-shell vacancy. Two incident projectile K-shell vacancies approximately doubled the single vacancy MO x-ray yield.
Shelter-Based Services in Massachusetts for Homeless Adult Individuals

A statewide survey (response rate = 79.5%), conducted in Massachusetts of the emergency shelters for homeless individuals, found that most of the shelters provided a range of services in addition to a bed. The most common of these were food, clothing, and referral for more permanent housing and information on employment opportunities. The majority of shelters also offered mental health services and medical care. Most mental health services were provided in-house but less than half of the shelters provided medical care in-house. Other shelters referred residents to health care sites in the community. Shelters that relied on staff from other community agencies, the most common arrangement, to provide medical care in-house allocated the least amount of overall time to health services. Shelters with medical personnel on staff averaged the most. Smaller shelters tended to provide little if any in-house medical care. The need to advocate for greater in-house medical services in small shelters and hiring staff, who are trained certified nursing assistants, are discussed.
Middle Pleistocene Climate Change Recorded in Fossil Mammal Teeth from Tarija, Bolivia, and Upper Limit of the Ensenadan Land-Mammal Age

Fossiliferous middle Pleistocene sediments of the Tarija basin of southern Bolivia contain a classic Ensenadan land-mammal fauna. New carbon isotopic data reported here for 50 specimens of the grazing mammals Equus (horse) and Cuvieronius (mastodon), documented from eight stratigraphic levels at Tarija, vary significantly in the δ13C values of their teeth. The pattern of variation appears to reflect the proportion of C3 and C4 grasses eaten during colder (more C3) and warmer (more C4) times. Within age limits set by associated magnetostratigraphy, the cold periods can be correlated with particular even-numbered stages in the marine oxygen-isotope record, and the warm periods can be correlated with odd-numbered stages. The oldest fossil teeth analyzed from the Tarija section can thereby be assigned to stage 29, and the youngest to stages 17 or 15, that is; the teeth range in age from about 1.1 myr to as young as 0.7 myr. Based on correlation of the upper part of the Tarija beds to the isotopic stages, the upper limit of the Ensenadan land-mammal age is between 0.7 and 0.6 myr, which is younger than stated in most previous studies.
Induction of acetylcholinesterase activity in mouse neuroblastoma tissue culture cells.

TISSUE culture cell lines of neuroblastoma cells derived from mouse tumours have many characteristics of sympathetic neurones. Cells grown on a solid surface elaborate long processes which resemble axons1,2, and they contain the enzymes of catecholamine synthesis as well as acetylcholinesterase and choline acetylase1,2.
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) Effects on Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation

Aspirin is a widely used over-the-counter drug in our society which has wide therapeutic value, yet not all of the behavioral side effects have been studied. Different doses of aspirin solutions were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Four Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement. Friedman's nonparametric test showed significant differences among aspirin and saline-control doses. Post hoc sign tests showed that a moderate dose of aspirin increased operant behavior reinforced by MW radiation, yet lower and higher doses decreased and then increased the rate of responding which resulted in an inverted U-shaped trend. Possible multiple effects of aspirin in terms of its thermoregulatory as well as its pain-tolerance properties, and implications for hypothalamic "set point" are discussed.
The structures of transition metal-transition metal alloys

Abstract A structure map using the average electron count and d orbital energy difference as indices is used to sort transition metal alloys of stoichiometry AB . The gross features of the map are mimicked by tight-binding calculations. The inclusion of s orbitals on the metal atoms appear to be important in the determination of alloy structure in some parts of the calculated map. The correct coloring of the elemental lattice as a function of electron count is reproduced by calculation (i.e., AuCd vs WC and CsCl vs CuTi). Two new stability fields for the WC and CuTi structures are predicted. The calculations fail to really distinguish bcc, fcc, and hcp derivative structures in the region of 6–8 d + s valence electrons per atom. In this part of the structure map the calculations appear to be sensitive to small geometrical changes.
Dielectric Constant of Water Discovered to be Simple Function of Density over Extreme Ranges from - 35 to + 600 o C and to 1200 MPa (12000 Atm.), Believed Universal

The experimental static dielectric constants (e) of water formulated by Fernandez, et al., (1997-International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS), –35 to 600 o C; 0.1 to 1200 MPa, are discovered to be closely described throughout by a simple equation of density (ρ), presented here, and agreeing with their reported calculated (extrapolated) values to 923 o C. Eight limiting boundary conditions are observed. Values of e follow isothermal straight-line slopes of log (e – 1) vs log ρ down to densities of 0.25 g cm -3 water, even in dioxane-water solutions. At lower densities, all slopes curve asymptotically in approaching unity, while becoming unity throughout at –35 o C (near metastable freezing point). Slopes above 0.25 g cm -3 asymptotically approach 1 2/3 at high temperatures that numerically proportionates (e – 1) to volume times surface densities, with a proposed explanation given. Values for e of water dissolved in dioxane down to 0.006 g cm -3 water (25-300 o C) and in benzene to 0.014 g cm -3 water (300-400 o C) extend uninterrupted from those for pure water. The Deul-Franck (1984, 1991) values of e for benzene (25-400 o C; to
Symmetric instability of monsoon flows

Using a zonally symmetric multi-level moist linear model, we have examined the possibility of symmetric instability in the monsoon region. Stability analyses with a zonally symmetric model using monthly ECMWF (Jan – Dec) zonal basic flows revealed both unstable as well as neutral modes. In the absence of cumulus heating, the linear stability of the monsoon flow changes dramatically with the emergence of many unstable modes in the month of May and lasting through August; whereas with the inclusion of cumulus heating unstable modes appear early in April with substantially enhanced growth rates. This onset of instability of the May basic state may signal the abrupt transition of the south Asian meridional monsoon circulation. The abrupt nature of the monsoon transitions was also clearly seen in the ECMWF 5-day mean meridional circulation in the South Asian monsoon region. The most unstable modes have doubling time of about 1–2 days. The amplitude structure of these unstable modes were mainly confined to the equatorial regions. The growth rates and the amplitude structure of the most unstable modes agree reasonably with the corresponding growth rate and structure of the meridional monsoon cell during the monsoon transition. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1997.t01-1-00005.x
Interstitial Loops in Neutron-irradiated Molybdenum

NEUTRON irradiation at pile temperatures of the common metals such as copper1, iron2 or molybdenum3 has been found to produce very small prismatic dislocation loops as well as other strain centers on the limits of resolution. Metals subjected to charged particle or fission fragment irradiation, on the other hand, have been found to contain large prismatic loops4,5 with diameters up to 1000 A. In these latter experiments, it has been possible to prove that the loops are formed by the aggregation of interstitial atoms. Up to the present this has not proved possible with neutron-irradiated metals as the loops rarely exceed 1 or 200 A in diameter, which makes application of the diffraction contrast method difficult, if not impossible. It has been inferred from annealing investigations that some of the larger loops (50–200 A) in neutron-irradiated copper are interstitial, but direct confirmation is not yet available6. Experiments have recently been completed in these laboratories which established quite definitely that large dislocation loops, produced by neutron irradiation of molybdenum, are interstitial in nature.
Tempering behavior of iron-carbon sputter deposits with 0 to 5 wt pct C

Iron-carbon sputter deposits with 0.06, 0.18, 0.66, 2, 3, and 5 wt pct C were tempered at temperatures from 100° to 550°C. The 0.06, 0.18, and 0.66 wt pct C sputter deposits were similar to severely cold-worked martensite, both as-deposited and in tempering response. Specifically, these three deposits were much harder than water quenched steels of the same composition, and the deposit hardnesses decreased less than martensite hardnesses on tempering below 400°C. The hardnesses of the 2 and 3 wt pct C deposits increased 40 to 50 Dph units upon tempering at low temperatures (150° to 250°C) and decreased for higher tempering temperatures. The hardness of the 5 wt pct C deposit remained constant (920 Dph) after tempering at 150°C, but increased to 1170 Dph upon tempering at 250°C when monoclinic Hagg carbide (Fe5C2) formed. Cementite (Fe3C) was the only other carbide detected in the tempered deposits, and it formed only at 475°C and above. The columnar grains of the sputter deposits transformed to equiaxed grains upon tempering above 250°C. This change in grain structure was due to recovery and not recrystallization. Some grain growth occurred in the 0.06, 0.18, 0.66, and 2 wt pct C deposits above 300°C, but the grain size of the 3 and 5 wt pct C deposits remained submicron. The hardnesses of the deposits after tempering at 550°C increased with carbon content, the 5 wt pct C deposit having the highest hardness (960 Dph) and the 0.06 wt pct C deposit the lowest (360 Dph).
Serotonin induced actin polymerization and association with cytoskeletal elements in cultured bovine aortic endothelium

Serotonin, (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) binds to cultured endothelial cell stress fibers as identified by fluorescence microscopy and in vitro induces actin polymerization as measured by DNase 1 inhibition and differential centrifugation; the structural change in actin in the presence of 5-HT resembles actin paracrystals as visualized by negative staining under electron microscopy. These observations indicate that 5-HT, which is taken up by endothelium by a non-mediated diffusion, may interact directly with actin to affect cytoskeletal changes.
State of the Art Survey of Reference Sources in Chemistry

The science of chemistry is almost unique among the sciences in being blessed with a single, thoroughly comprehensive key to the literature. That key, of course, is Chemical Abstracts. Hence, when there is a change in Chemical Abstracts format or indexing policy, or when Chemical Abstracts Service introduces a new product, science librarians who serve any part of the chemical community are professionally affected by these changes. This was evident when, in 1972, at the beginning of the ninth collective period for Chemical Abstracts, a number of new features were introduced. Perhaps the most obvious was the break‐up of the subject index into two parts — the general subject index and the chemical substance index. The over‐hauling of Chemical Abstracts nomenclature (particularly for organic compounds) at that same time was a more subtle, but probably also a more disorienting break with the past. The nomenclature changes were needed, however, and have been discussed and defended in an article by Donaldson and others.
Preparation and properties of some novel perovskite-type ferroelectrics

Abstract A number of solid solutions in PbTiO 3 and BaTiO 3 of the types PbNb 2 3-x Ti x 2 Mg 1 3 O 3 and BaFe x W x 2 Ti 1–3 2x O 3 were prepared and characterized as to structural and dielectric parameters. Substitution of smaller ions, which diminished cell constants, invariably resulted in reduction of the Curie temperature. The importance of proper valence compensation in developing high dielectric constant materials was demonstrated.
Laughing, Tickling, and the Evolution of Speech and Self

Laughter is an instinctive, contagious, stereotyped, unconsciously controlled, social play vocalization that is unusual in solitary settings. Laughter punctuates speech and is not typically humor related, speakers often laugh more often than their audience, and male speakers are the best laugh getters. Laughter evolved from the labored breathing of physical play, with the characteristic “pant-pant” laugh of chimpanzees and derivative “ha-ha” of humans signaling (“ritualizing”) its rowdy origin. Laughter reveals that breath control is why humans can speak and chimpanzees cannot. The evolution of bipedality in human ancestors freed the thorax of its support role in quadrupedal locomotion, a critical step in uncoupling breathing from running, providing humans with the flexible breath control necessary for speech and our characteristic laugh. Tickle, an ancient laughter stimulus, is a means of communication between preverbal infants and mothers, and between friends, family, and lovers. Because you cannot tick...
A linear finite element model to predict processing-induced distortion in FRP laminates

Abstract Manufacturing processes for laminated composites often produce parts whose dimensions do not match the mold from which they were made. This distortion is commonly referred to as ‘spring-in’. The amount of spring-in can depend on many factors including the manufacturing process (cure temperature, resin bleed, and applied pressure), the part (geometry, material, thickness, cure shrinkage, thermal expansion and layup sequence), and the tool (surface, thickness and thermal expansion). Much of the current work devoted to spring-in relies on extensive resin characterization. While this approach has been reasonably successful, it does little to assist the designer using material systems that have not been fully characterized (which is not always possible or feasible). This study considers the ability of a linear elastic finite element model to describe and quantify many of the factors contributing to spring-in. The aim of this study is to show that spring-in can be accurately predicted without a complete resin characterization. Numerical predictions based on relatively simple mechanical tests were observed to compare favorably with experimental measurements. Spring-in was dominated by thickness shrinkage, which contributed approximately 3/4 of the measured distortion. The mold stretching contribution diminished with thickness and was negligible for parts thicker than 2.5 mm (0.1 in.). While the material system at hand did not exhibit a fiber volume fraction gradient, its effects were included in the formulation of the model. For materials that have reported a gradient, it was found to account for approximately 10% of the part spring-in.
The Global Distribution of the Annual and Semiannual Cycles in Precipitation

Abstract The annual march of precipitation is documented on a global basis by mapping the amplitudes and phases of the annual and semiannual cycles in a vectorial format. The various climatic regimes proposed by Kendrew (1922) show up quite clearly in the results. In addition, the results give some indication of the seasonal variation of precipitation over the oceanic regions.
U.S. Working Class History and Contemporary Labor Movement Symposium

The mid-1980s confront historians of the U.S. working-class and labor acti vists with new challenges and opportunities. The fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the CIO brings to mind a special era m which activism reached a high point but failed to produce a fundamental societal transformation. The results of the decade 1935-45 established the basic foundation for both the writing of labor history and the practice of labor-management relations for the next three decades. Many labor historians applauded the mass organizing drives and the expanded and broadened union membership which it produced. A professional labor leadership and a growing labor bureaucracy emerged to negotiate and enforce massive collective bargaining agreements which pro duced wage improvements, fringe benefit gains, and protections on the shop floor. In the last decade the global economy has eroded the size and power of the industrial labor force with employment shifts to the service and high-tech sectors and a geographical shift from the frostbelt to the sunbelt and overseas. This economic transformation placed pressure on corporate profits in the manufacturing sector and executives responded by demanding concessions. Si multaneously, some working-class historians responded to the decline of the CIO era by examining missed alternatives of the 1930s and seeking grassroots mobilization as a valuable building block for a renewed labor movement in the late 1980s. Against this background of shifts in worker and union experiences and historical interpretation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania hosted a sympo sium, "U.S. Working Class History and the Contemporary Labor Move ment," October 23-25, 1985. The program featured a group of diverse speak ers, mainly academics plus a few labor activists. The academics represented several disciplines in addition to history, including economics, sociology and literature Videotapes, a play by the N.Y. Street Theatre Caravan, and social events supplemented the more traditional aspects of the program. Melvyn Dubofsky (SUNY, Binghamton), the first keynoter, offered the pri mary framework for the symposium by exploring the themes of fragmentation and solidarity in the history of workers in industrial America. He mentioned the fissures created by race, gender, and ethnicity in undermining working class uni ty. William Harris (Paine College) corroborated this interpretation with
Supersaturation rates and schedules: Nucleation kinetics from isothermal metastable zone widths

The metastability limit can be defined as the average supersaturation at which nucleation first occurs when the supersaturation steadily increases under isothermal conditions. We present a quasi-steady stochastic model for such experiments in terms of the nucleation free energy barrier at some reference supersaturation and in terms of a Damkohler number involving the kinetic prefactor, the observation volume, and the supersaturation schedule as a function of time. Classical nucleation theory provides a model for the dependence of the nucleation free energy barrier on the slowly increasing supersaturation. We derive the average critical supersaturation as a function of two dimensionless parameters and the type of supersaturation schedule. For slow supersaturation rates, the metastable zone width expression for one schedule collapses to earlier expressions from Volmer, Kashchiev, Verdoes, and van Rosmalen, which arose from alternative definitions of the metastability limit. Our findings show that isothermal metastable zone width experiments cannot be performed slowly enough to attain the limit where homogeneous nucleation occurs at the equilibrium boundary of the metastable zone. We also suggest a simple linear regression strategy to extract kinetic parameters for nucleation from isothermal metastability limit experiments.