cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papillary neoplasms of the thyroid. Pathologic and prognostic features.

Papillary lesions of the thyroid gland include papillary hyperplasia (diffuse or focal and sometimes associated with hyperfunction) and papillary carcinoma and its variants. What are papillae? Kini compared neoplastic papillae in thyroid tumors to ears of corn: the neoplastic papilla contains a central core of fibrovascular (sometimes just fibrous) tissue (the "cob") lined by one or sometimes several layers of cells (the "kernels") with crowded oval nuclei. On the other hand, the hyperplastic papilla arises when hyperplasia of thyroid follicles exaggerates into papillary change: there is infolding of the lining epithelium composed of tall columnar cells with basal round and uniform nuclei. There is either no central core or there may be a core of edematous or myxomatous paucicellular stroma, often including small follicles (subfollicle formation).
Chemical compound design using nuclear charge distributions

Finding optimal solutions to design problems in chemistry is hampered by the combinatorially large search space. We develop a general theoretical framework for finding chemical compounds with prescribed properties using nuclear charge distributions. The key is the reformulation of the design problem into an optimization problem on probability density functions in chemical space. In order to achieve tractability, a constrained search formalism on the nuclear charge distributions, which are non-negative, is used to reduce the dimensionality of the problem. Furthermore, we introduce approximations to the exact functional, as derived, for common design properties and constraints.
Pre-plant soil fumigation with reduced rates under low permeability films for nursery production, orchard and vineyard replanting

Abstract Pre-plant soil fumigation in California is a common agricultural practice in orchard and vineyard replanting as well as in nursery production of fruit and nut trees. Identification of pest control strategies with low chemical inputs to reduce environmental impact are of interest. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of reduced Telone C35 (61% 1,3-dichloropropene and 35% chloropicrin) rates under high density polyethylene (HDPE) or a totally impermeable film (TIF) against plant-parasitic nematodes, soilborne pathogens and weeds. Fumigation at full (605 kg/ha), half, or one quarter of the full rate, was highly effective for controlling plant parasitic nematodes and weeds under both HDPE and TIF. The reduced rates performed well against the soilborne pathogens Pythium ultimum and Verticillium dahliae but did not control Fusarium spp., and Phytophthora cactorum. Soil gas evaluations demonstrated that TIF retained more fumigant in soil compared to HDPE and bare soil when applied at equivalent rates. This investigation demonstrated the potential of reduced rates for the control of a variety of common pests, pathogens and weeds in replanting situations.
The Decision Was Always My Own: Ulysses S. Grant and the Vicksburg Campaign. By Timothy B. Smith. (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2018. Pp. xv, 249. $34.50.)

Ulysses S. Grant has been the central subject of more books than this reviewer cares to count, and operations to secure Vicksburg, MS, for the Union have certainly been covered previously and in am...
Italian Ecocinema: Beyond the Human

Italian Ecocinema: Beyond the Human is an innovative and engaging book that marks a post-human turn in Italian screen studies. Employing a material ecocritical theoretical framework, Past reads fiv...
Associations between state intimate partner violence-related firearm policies and injuries among women and men who experience intimate partner violence.

Comprehensive state firearm policies related to intimate partner violence (IPV) may have a significant public health impact on non-lethal IPV-related injuries. Research indicates that more restrictive firearm policies may reduce risk for intimate partner homicide, however it is unclear whether firearm policies prevent or reduce the risk of non-lethal IPV-related injuries. This study sought to examine associations between state-level policies and injuries among U.S. IPV survivors. Individual-level data were drawn from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally-representative study of noninstitutionalized adults. State-level data were drawn from a firearm policy compendium. Multivariable regressions were used to test associations of individual policies with non-fatal IPV-related injuries (N = 5493). Regression models were also conducted to explore differences in the policy-injury associations among women and men survivors. Three categories of policies were associated with IPV-related injuries. The odds of injuries was lower for IPV survivors living in states that prohibited firearm possession and require firearm relinquishment among persons convicted of IPV-related misdemeanors (aOR [95% CI] = .76 [.59, .97]); prohibited firearm possession and require firearm relinquishment among persons subject to IPV-related restraining orders (aOR [95% CI] = .81 [.66, .98]); and prohibited firearm possession among convicted of stalking (aOR [95% CI] = .82 [.68, .98]) than IPV survivors living in states without these policies. There was a significant difference between women and men survivors in the association between IPV-related misdemeanors policy and injuries (B [SE] = .60 [.29]), such that the association was stronger for men survivors (aOR [95% CI] = .10 [.06, .17]) than women survivors (aOR [95% CI] = .60 [.48, .76]). Restrictive state firearm policies regarding IPV may provide unique opportunities to protect IPV survivors from injuries.
Addressing the “Unseens”: Digital Wellbeing in the Remote Workplace

The ubiquity of sophisticated devices, along with uninterrupted access to the Internet and organizational computerized systems, allows for the “anyplace” workplace to be established. Technology has the potential to deliberately or inadvertently impact psychological wellbeing. Specific psychological demands are inadvertently imposed on remote employees whose permanent online presence is required. Hence, it is important to understand factors affecting digital wellbeing and steps that can be taken to maximize the wellbeing of remote employees. This paper provides suggestions for future research on studying the digital wellbeing of (fully or partially) remote employees. A research framework is proposed to demonstrate the different levels of analysis at which digital wellbeing could be explored and studied.
Caught In-Between: Diversifying Tamil Women’s Voices From the Sri Lankan Civil War

This is an autoethnographic invitation to make space for different standpoints of women caught in war. This multi-genre project reflects on the standpoint of the author’s family as a female-led, fe...
Local anesthesia as an alternative option in repair of recurrent groin hernias: An outcome study from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP® database.

Introduction There is a dearth of data about the benefits of local anesthesia (LA) and spinal anesthesia (SA) compared to general anesthesia (GA) in patients undergoing repair of recurrent groin (inguinal/femoral) hernias. We hypothesized that patients with recurrent hernias who undergo repair under LA and SA will have a better outcome. Methods and procedures Using the 2017 American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP)® database, patients who underwent open repair of recurrent groin hernias were identified and divided into three groups: GA, SA, and LA. Outcomes evaluated included 30-day mortality and morbidity, operative time, total hospital length of stay (LOS), and reoperation and readmission rates. Results A total of 2169 patients were identified of which 1847 (85.2%) were in GA, 53 (2.4%) in SA, and 269 (12.4%) in LA groups. Overall, no statistically significant differences in demographics and comorbidities between the three groups were identified. However, patients in GA were younger and healthier with lower ASA Class (I-II) as compared to SA and LA groups. Patients in SA had a higher rate of COPD, and their overall operative time was shorter. However, LA patients had shorter LOS, and most LA patients were discharged home on the same day compared to GA, SA (92.2% vs. 77.9%, and 73.6%, p < 0.001). No differences in 30-day mortality and morbidity or reoperation and readmission rates between the three groups were noted. Conclusion There is an underutilization of LA in patients undergoing open repair of recurrent inguinal hernia despite favorable outcomes, even in high-risk patients, when compared to GA and SA. Further prospective studies are needed to explore the potential barriers and cost-effectiveness of implementing LA as a primary anesthetic technique in inguinal hernia repair.
Exploring Interpretive Trails

Interpretive trails provide a point of intersection where archaeology, public anthropology, critical heritage studies, cultural preservation, and management all intersect and inform each other in i...
Computer Simulation of Large-Displacement Impact Dynamics

A two-dimensional Lagrangian explicit finite difference (EFD) computer program was used to simulate three large-deformation dynamic tests: the Charpy V-notch impact toughness test, oblique impact of a cylindrical rod on armor plate, and driving of copper liners by a shaped high-explosive charge. The relationship of the EFD formulation to the more recently developed explicit finite element (EFE) formulation is discussed.
Modern Human Origins: The ‘Out of Africa’ Debate

Anthropologists continue to debate on the evolutionary origin of modern humans. Although most researchers agree that anatomically modern humans originated in Africa between 150 000 and 200 000 years ago, there is still debate over whether this was a speciation event that replaced other human populations outside of Africa, or whether there was genetic mixture. Keywords: human evolution; Homo sapiens; Africa
IV Adaptive Multilayer Optical Networks

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the adaptive multilayer optical networks. The chapter describes an experimental two-layer optical neural network recently built at California Institute of Technology. The system is trained for handwritten character recognition, and the experimental results are provided in the chapter. The implementation of fully adaptive learning algorithms in such a network is discussed. The chapter describes a local learning algorithm for fully adaptive two-layer networks. The problem of hologram decay is discussed and a solution using periodic copying is described. The chapter presents a system that provides phase-locked sustainment of photorefractive holograms. The hologram copying method is a promising solution for the device dynamic range problems. As for the training of multilayer networks, large networks require very large training sets. Understanding such algorithmic issues about the training of large optical networks is the major challenge before these systems can have a practical impact.
One Size Fits Some: Single Asset Real Estate Bankruptcy Cases

For several years a debate has raged whether single asset real estate cases should be singled out for special treatment under the Bankruptcy Code. Under a $4 million debt cap of current law, single asset cases involve apartment houses, and small office buildings. But both Houses of Congress have passed legislation that will repeal the $4 million cap. If enacted, the legislation will subject large office buildings, shopping centers, and perhaps hotels to expedited discriminatory treatment in chapter 11 reorganization cases. Debate over the legislation has evoked passionate views, but to date views on both sides have been informed by anecdotal rather than empirical evidence. This article changes that by presenting empirical data gathered from a national questionnaire and cross checks the data against the case files of a bankruptcy judge in the most active judicial district in the country. The results are striking. Asset values rather than amounts owing standout as a reliable predictor of plan confirmation. Surprisingly, value to loan ratios are less reliable than asset values standing alone. The data show that valuable properties have a much greater probability of confirming a plan than less valuable properties. The article suggests that if Congress desires to discriminate against single asset real estate debtors, it should draw the line to discriminate against only those cases where the property is worth less than somewhere between $7 and $8.2 million in asset value rather than changing current law to discriminate against all single asset real estate debtors.
Interruption of the aortic arch with complete transposition of the great vessels. Hemodynamic and angiocardiograhic data of a case diagnosed during life.

Abstract This report concerns a Negro infant with interruption of the aortic arch and complete transposition of the great vessels. The presenting features were congestive heart failure and differential cyanosis. The marked cyanosis of the hands was in sharp contrast to the relatively normal color of the feet. The diagnosis was established during life by detailed hemodynamic and angiocardiographic studies. These are correlated with the salient clinical features of this case and with similar cases reported in the literature.
Nightsticks to knighthood: A case for articulation of community policing’s divergent themes

Community policing provides an opportunity to embrace a form of justice very different, and potentially more effective in controlling deviance, than our traditional concepts relating to crime control. Limiting community policing’s full potential is a lack of academic and practitioner articulation of the two divergent themes embedded in the concept, defined here as the compliance model and the internalization models of justice. Examples from the tenures of Anthony Bouza, August Vollmer and Lee P. Brown, and a case study of Oakland, California illustrate the lack of articulation. Appropriate responses capable of making internalization synonymous with community policing policy and practice receive discussion.
Cellular Localization of Ephrin-A2, Ephrin-A5, and Other Functional Guidance Cues Underlies Retinotopic Development across Species

Avian retinotectal and rodent retinocollicular systems are general model systems used to examine developmental processes that underpin topographically organized neuronal circuits. The two systems rely on guidance components to establish their precise retinotopic maps, but many cellular events differ during their development. For example, compared with the chick, a generally less restricted outgrowth pattern is observed when retinae innervate their targets in rodents. Cellular or molecular distributions of guidance components may account for such differences in retinotopic development across species. Candidate repellent molecules, such as ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5, have been cloned in both chick and rodents; however, it has not yet been shown in rodents that living cells express sufficient amounts of any repellent components to deter outgrowth. We used a coculture assay that gives cellular resolution of retinotarget interactions and demonstrate that living, caudal superior colliculus cells selectively prevent extension of axons from temporal regions of the retinae. Time-lapse video microscopy revealed the cellular localization of permissive and repulsive guidance components in rodents, which differed from that in chick. To analyze the potential molecular basis for these differences, we investigated the function and localization of ephrin-A2 and -A5. Cells transfected with ephrin-A2 and -A5 selectively repelled retinal axons. Ephrin-A2 and -A5 RNA expression patterns differed across cell populations and between species, suggesting molecular mechanisms and key cellular interactions that may underlie fundamental differences in the development of retinotectal and retinocollicular maps.
Quantitative phase imaging of arthropods

Classification of arthropods is performed by characterization of fine features such as setae and cuticles. An unstained whole arthropod specimen mounted on a slide can be preserved for many decades, but is difficult to study since current methods require sample manipulation or tedious image processing. Spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) is a quantitative phase imaging (QPI) technique that is an add-on module to a commercial phase contrast microscope. We use SLIM to image a whole organism springtail Ceratophysella denticulata mounted on a slide. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that an entire organism has been imaged using QPI. We also demonstrate the ability of SLIM to image fine structures in addition to providing quantitative data that cannot be obtained by traditional bright field microscopy.
Scientific Databases: A Challenge in Interdisciplinary Education

The goal of this panel is to address the issues associated with establishing Scientific and Statistical Databases as an integral part of the educational curriculum within Academe. The purpose of this panel is to initiate a dialog among the SSDBM research community, government agencies and academe to discuss the challenges associated with specifying and implementing a Scientific Database Education (SDBE) Curriculum. The panelists bring experience in facilitating and teaching such courses through traditional and distance education models.
From mental health to the host microbiome: Looking at the forest not just the trees in wound healing (337.1)

The pathophysiology of acute and chronic wounds continues to be an area of active investigation. However, little is known about the interplay between transcript and epigenomic alterations and augme...
Extensional troughs in the Caloris Basin of Mercury: Evidence of lateral crustal flow

Thirty years ago Mariner 10 revealed extensional troughs that form giant polygons in the floor material of the Caloris impact basin, Mercury. The polygonal troughs occur in the interior of the basin and overprint wrinkle ridges formed in an earlier stage of compression. In contrast, lunar and martian basins exhibit extensional troughs that are circumferential and confined to basin margins. Loading by basin-filling material can explain the extensional and compressional features seen in deformed lunar and martian basins, but not the existence of the Caloris polygonal troughs. Here we suggest that the Caloris troughs formed from late-stage basin uplift and extension due to lateral flow of a relatively thick crust toward the basin center. If such lateral flow occurs, the resulting timing, location, and magnitude of the extensional stresses predicted by our model are consistent with those inferred from the polygonal troughs. These results are not strongly dependent on the degree of lateral flow or the assumed crustal rigidity. For a dry plagioclase rheology and likely radiogenic heat fluxes, the crustal thickness around Caloris is 90–140 km. Similar late-stage uplift and extension probably do not occur in basins on the Moon and Mars because their crusts are too thin to allow analogous lateral flow.
Use of Curtailed Sampling Plans in the Economic Design of np-Control Charts

An expected-cost model is developed for the np-control chart when curtailed sampling procedures are followed. The total expected cost consists of the cost of sampling, the cost of investigating and possibly correcting the process when an out-of-control signal is received, and the cost of producing defectives. A Hook–Jeeves search procedure is used to identify the minimum-cost sampling policy as a function of three design variables: rejection number, maximum sample size, and intersample interval. Numerical examples are presented, and comparisons are made to corresponding complete sampling policies. These results indicate that curtailed sampling plans provide cost improvements over traditional complete sampling plans and are, therefore, to be recommended whenever it is appropriate to use them.
Improving the Numerical Modeling of the O I Resonance Triplet in the Solar Spectrum

We present a slight modification to an existing multilevel radiative transfer code that allows us to include the effects of frequency cross redistribution (XRD) between lines sharing the same upper level. With this improved code, we calculate theoretical profiles of the O I resonance triplet lines at 130 nm through a hydrostatic model of the average quiet Sun. The width of the calculated XRD profiles show good agreement with an observed, spatially averaged disk-center spectrum obtained with the high-resolution telescope spectrometer (HRTS) spectrograph. This is in stark contrast to profiles calculated with complete frequency redistribution (CRD) and ordinary partial frequency redistribution (PRD), which have Lorentzian wings that are too broad. We find deep central reversals, contrary to most observed profiles, but we note that this discrepancy is to a large degree the result of limited instrumental spectral resolution.
Posttraumatic Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has many essential functions. None of its components are exempt from injury. Facial asymmetry, malocclusion, disturbances in growth, osteoarthritis, and ankylosis can manifest as complications from trauma to the TMJ. The goals of initial treatment include achievement of pretraumatic function, restoration of facial symmetry, and resolution of pain. These same objectives hold true for late repairs and reconstruction of the TMJ apparatus. Treatment is demanding, and with opposing approaches. The following article explores various treatment options for problems presenting as a result of a history of trauma to the TMJ.
Void nucleation and associated plasticity in dynamic fracture of polycrystalline copper: an atomistic simulation

We investigate the microscopic mechanisms of void growth in polycrystalline copper undergoing triaxial expansion at a large, constant strain rate: a process central to the initial phase of dynamic fracture. Void nucleation, growth, interaction and coalescence are studied using atomistic simulations. The influence of pre-existing microstructure on the void growth is characterized both for nucleation and for growth. These processes are found to be in agreement with the general features of void distributions observed in experiment. We also examine some of the microscopic mechanisms of plasticity associated with void growth.
Effect of flavonoid (vitamin P-like) substances on histamine toxicity, anaphylactic shock, histamine-enhanced capillary permeability to dye, and bleeding time; with data on the toxicity of flavonoids.

Abstract 1.1. The L.D. 50 of intravenously administered histamine diphosphate (expressed as free base) in 98 guinea pigs, was 0.21 mg./kg. The L.D. 50 of histamine given 30 minutes after the intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg./kg. of various types of solubilized rutin was 0.31 mg./kg. in 89 guinea pigs, or 1.5 times greater than in the untreated animals. Smaller doses of rutin had no effect. Thirty minutes after 7.5 mg./kg. of quercetin-6′-sodium sulfonate (expressed as free quercetin), the L.D. 50 was 0.43 mg./kg. in 58 guinea pigs, or 2.0 times that of the controls and greater than that caused by 10 times as much rutin.Other flavonoid substances tested were inactive in doses of from 10 to 100 mg./kg. intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes before various doses of histamine down to 0.20 mg./kg. The inactive drugs were: quercetin methylglucamine, quercitrin, gossypin, d-catechin, epimerized d-catechin, hesperidin-3′-ethylcarbonate (Hesperin), Citrin, 2′,3,4-trihydroxychalcone-methylglucamine, the sodium salt of esculetin-4-carboxylic acid and the disodium salt of 3,4′-dihydroxy-4-methoxychalcone-4′-phosphate. 2.2. Doses of rutin of 100 mg./kg. or greater, intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes prior to shocking, had a doubtful or negligible effect on anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. Doses of from 10 to 200 mg./kg. of the other flavonoids studied had no effect. These included: the sodium salt of rutin acid succinate, xanthorhamnetin, "methylated hesperidin chalcone," Citrin, the sodium salt of quercetin-6′-sulfonic acid, and the sodium salt of esculetin-4-carboxylic acid. 3.3. Pyribenzamine increased by a thousand-fold the amount of intracutaneous histamine necessary to cause extravasation of intravenously administered Evan's blue in rats, whereas 100 mg./kg. of intraperitoneally administered rutin, or 25 mg./kg. of intravenously administered quercetin-6′-sodium sulfonate, had no effect. 4.4. Flavonoid substances had no effect on bleeding time in guinea pigs under the experimental conditions employed. 5.5. Some data are given on the toxicity of oral and parenteral, acute and chronic administration of several flavonoid substances.
Probabilistic Robustness Assessment of Pre-Northridge Steel Moment Resisting Frames

This paper investigates the robustness of moment-resisting steel frames that are typical of building construction in seismic regions before the 1994 Northridge earthquake against progressive (disproportionate) collapse. Uncertainties in the collapse demands and the resisting capacities of the connections in the frames are modeled probabilistically. The dominant connection failure mode, which involves fracture of the weld connecting the beam and column flanges under scenarios involving sudden column loss, is developed using a J-integral formulation of fracture demand and is characterized probabilistically. The connection behavior model is validated using connection test data from the SAC Project on steel frames conducted following the Northridge earthquake. The robustness of two three-story steel frames designed in the SAC Project is assessed by utilizing (a) the requirements in the new Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC), and (b) a system reliability analysis. This analysis reveals that steel moment frames ...
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene in Finished Compost Materials

Growing interest in the use of biofiltration technology to remove toxic organic compounds from gaseous waste streams has led to the investigation of various solid packing materials to support microbial populations capable of contaminant biodegradation. Finished compost material has been used as a biofiltration packing matrix for the treatment of noxious odors and the removal of several gaseous organic contaminants. Trichloroethylene (TCE), a widespread groundwater contaminant, has been shown to undergo aerobic biodegradation under a variety of environmental conditions. The current investigation focused on the capacities of five different finished compost materials to remove TCE from head space vapors in small reaction flasks. Due to the cometabolic nature of aerobic TCE biodegradation, enrichment of compost materials with propane or methane as primary substrates was tested as a means to stimulate biological TCE removal. Results indicate that all of the materials tested removed at least 85 percent of the a...
Suspect cubic diamond "impact" proxy and a suspect lonsdaleite identification.

The presence of nanometer-sized diamonds in purported Younger Dryas (YD) boundary-dated sediments, carbon spherules, and Greenland ice was cited as evidence of a YD impact event (1). Although cubic and hexagonal (lonsdaleite) diamond have been found in shocked metamorphosed meteorites and are associated with terrestrial impact structures, cubic diamonds are well known to occur in terrestrial deposits that have no associations with impact processes. For example, submicron and smaller cubic diamond crystals have been found recently in carbonaceous spherules isolated in upper soils from various German and Belgian sites (2). Lacking links to impact structures, these diamonds are evidently not products of impact …
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTING STYLES TO COMMITMENT TO THE CHURCH AMONG YOUNG ADULTS

Abstract A survey of 653 Seventh‐day Adventist young adults, randomly distributed throughout the United States and Canada, compared their perceptions of the way their parents treated them as children with their present commitment to the church. Warm, caring behaviors from parents predicted strong religious commitment when the children entered adulthood. In the case of the mother it also predicted regularity in worship attendance. Of the four styles of parenting, “affectionate constraint,” a mixture of care and control, produced the largest percentage of enthusiastic members and the fewest drop‐outs.
Reliable real-time calculation of heart-rate complexity in critically ill patients using multiple noisy waveform sources.

Heart-rate complexity (HRC) has been proposed as a new vital sign for critical care medicine. The purpose of this research was to develop a reliable method for determining HRC continuously in real time in critically ill patients using multiple waveform channels that also compensates for noisy and unreliable data. Using simultaneously acquired electrocardiogram (Leads I, II, V) and arterial blood pressure waveforms sampled at 360 Hz from 250 patients (over 375 h of patient data), we evaluated a new data fusion framework for computing HRC in real time. The framework employs two algorithms as well as signal quality indices. HRC was calculated (via the method of sample entropy), and equivalence tests were then performed. Bland–Altman plots and box plots of differences between mean HRC values were also obtained. Finally, HRC differences were analyzed by paired t tests. The gold standard for obtaining true means was manual verification of R waves and subsequent entropy calculations. Equivalence tests between mean HRC values derived from manually verified sequences and those derived from automatically detected peaks showed that the “Fusion” values were the least statistically different from the gold standard. Furthermore, the fusion of waveform sources produced better error density distributions than those derived from individual waveforms. The data fusion framework was shown to provide in real-time a reliable continuously streamed HRC value, derived from multiple waveforms in the presence of noise and artifacts. This approach will be validated and tested for assessment of HRC in critically ill patients.
Use of sticking coefficients for on-line chemical analysis of be beams of short lived nuclides

Abstract Construction and testing of a device capable of selectively detecting beam molecules labeled with short lived radioactive nuclides is described. The molecules to be detected adsorb in an exposed position on the specially prepared surface of a rotating drum and are then transported to a shielded position for counting. Species-dependent sticking coefficients are used to effect the chemical analysis. Detector surfaces of palladium, silver, antimony and tellurium chosen for analysis of mixtures of At and HAt gave overall detector efficiencies as large as 0.16 for 217At atoms, and a discrimination factor of ≳ 103 for detection of 800–1200°C At in the presence of 25–300°C HAt. Time-stability and reproducibility are acceptable. The detector is small enough in comparison with its aperture to allow the use of arrays of ten or more, and it operates satisfactorily at pressures of 10− to −6 torr. The redundancy afforded by the availability of several suitable surfaces should serve as a valuable check on the reliability of measurements. New data on the sticking coefficients of hydrogen astatide molecules and astatine atoms on various metallic surfaces is reported.
The effects of self-instruction training on a deaf child's semantic and pragmatic production

Abstract Effects of self-instruction training on the communication skills of a profoundly hearing- impaired child were studied. Self-instruction training included modeling a series of problem-solving steps in order to direct communication production. Communication production was operationalized as signed semantic and pragmatic functions. A multiple baseline was used to assess treatment and generalization (treatment variations of person and setting) effects. There was evidence to suggest that self-instruction was immediately effective on pragmatic behaviors but such behaviors were reduced when another person administered treatment. In contrast, self-instruction training had a gradual influence on semantic behaviors and those effects were maintained when treatment included a different person and setting. Implications of the clinical study were discussed.
Nanoscale optical critical dimension measurement of a contact hole using deep ultraviolet spectroscopic ellipsometry

Highly sensitive optical metrology techniques based on spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) are required for three dimensional monitoring of line-profiles and critical-dimension (CD) of advanced design-rule devices. In this paper, theoretical and SE-based experimental techniques are used to study elliptical contact holes (CH) in a SiO2 layer. These structures were chosen because measuring their shapes is made difficult by the low optical contrast between air inside the holes and SiO2, as well as the strong coupling between critical shape parameters. Results showed that moving from conventional ultraviolet SE to deep ultraviolet SE (DUVSE) was a key to breaking the correlation between top and bottom CD and obtaining an accurate and physically realistic CH profile. The DUVSE-based CD results were validated using a scanning electron microscope.
Airway management for victims of penetrating trauma: analysis of 50,000 cases

Abstract Background Current recommendations for victims of penetrating trauma include prompt transportation to a trauma center. It remains unclear whether field intubation allows for improvements in mortality rate. Methods A retrospective review of the National Trauma Data Bank of adult victims of penetrating trauma was performed. Standard demographic data, method, and location of airway management were examined. Mortality rate was used as the primary outcome measure. Results There were 56,094 victims of penetrating trauma identified. A total of 1,925 patients required a prehospital airway. The mortality rate for patients who underwent airway management at the scene was 69.2%, compared with a rate of 35.9% for patients in whom airway management was deferred. The mortality rate for patients undergoing surgical airway management at the scene was only 23.9%. Conclusions Victims of penetrating trauma who require any airway management have a high mortality rate. The cause of this difference awaits further prospective investigation.
TU-C-I-609-05: Image Contrast and Lesion Detection in Chest Radiography

Purpose: To assess the affects of varying image display contrast on lesion detection in chest radiography.Method and Materials: We investigated the detection of simulated mass lesions in three anatomical regions of chest radiographs (apex, hilum, and sub‐diaphragm). Three sizes of simulated lesion were investigated (2.5, 5.5 and 10 mm), which were randomly added to each selected anatomical region of adult radiographs with no known pathology. Detection performance was the lesion intensity (I92%) that produced a detection accuracy of 92% in 4 Alternate Forced Choice (4‐AFC) experiments. We investigated how detection performance (I92%) varied as the display window width was varied by a factor of two (500 to 1000). Results: In the apex and hilum, reducing display contrast by a factor of two reduced detection performance by approximately 20%, and this was true for all lesion sizes investigated. In the sub‐diaphragm region, the results obtained depended on the lesion being detected. For the large 10 mm lesion, reducing the display contrast by a factor of two also resulted in a drop in detection performance of ∼20%, whereas for the smallest (2.5 mm) lesion, display contrast had no significant effect on detection performance (<5%). Conclusion: Changing the display contrast in chest radiography only has a modest effect on lesion detection. In the hilum and apex, the effect of image display on detection performance was the same for all lesion sizes. In the sub‐diaphragm region, however, detection of small lesions was independent of image display contrast.
Instantons on a non-commutative T4 from twisted (2,0) and little string theories

Abstract We show that the moduli space of the (2,0) and little-string theories compactified on T3 with R-symmetry twists is equal to the moduli space of U(1) instantons on a non-commutative T4. The moduli space of U(q) instantons on a non-commutative T4 is obtained from little-string theories of NS5-branes at Aq−1 singularities with twists. A large class of gauge theories with N =4 SUSY in 2+1D and N =2 SUSY in 3+1D are limiting cases of these theories. Hence, the moduli spaces of these gauge theories can be read off from the moduli spaces of instantons on non-commutative tori. We study the phase transitions in these theories and the action of T-duality. On the purely mathematical side, we give a prediction for the moduli space of two U(1) instantons on a non-commutative T4.
On the Complete Covering Problem for LR(k)Grammars

A direct, one-step transformation is presented for transforming an arbitrary LR(k) context-free grammar, G, to an LR(1) grammar, G′, which completely covers G. Under additional hypotheses, G′ may be made LR(0).
Advance Directive Completion by Elderly Americans: A Decade of Change

Objectives: To describe trends in advance directive (AD) completion from 2000 to 2010 and to explore the relationship between AD and hospitalization and hospital death at the end of life. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Participants: HRS participants who died between 2000 and 2010 and were aged 60 and older at death (N = 6,122). Measurements: Trends over time in rates of AD completion, hospitalization before death, and death in hospital are described. The association between trends in AD completion and hospital death was then assessed by comparing nested, multivariable logistic regression models predicting the odds of hospital death over time with and without adjusting for AD status and sociodemographic characteristics. The complex sampling design was accounted for in all analyses. Results: The proportion of decedents with an AD increased from 47% in 2000 to 72% in 2010. At the same time, the proportion of decedents with at least one hospitalization in the last 2 years of life increased from 52% to 71%, and the proportion dying in the hospital decreased from 45% to 35%. After adjusting for confounding by sociodemographic characteristics, the trend in declining hospital death over the decade was negligibly associated with the greater use of ADs. Conclusion: There has been a significant increase in rates of AD completion over the last decade, but this trend has had little effect upon hospitalization and hospital death, suggesting that AD completion is unlikely to stem hospitalization before death.
Corticosterone binding to hippocampus: nuclear and cytosol bindingin vitro

Abstract Uptake and cell nuclear binding of [3H]corticosterone was studied in 300 μm slices of brain regions of adrenalectomized rats. (1) Slice uptake of radioactivity was linear as a function of hormone concentration, while nuclear binding was saturated at2 × 10−8 M [3H]corticosterone. Once bound to nuclei, [3H]corticosterone could not be displaced by1 × 10−5 M corticosterone during a 30 min incubation at 25 °C. (2) Nuclear binding was optimal at 25 °C. Decreased binding at 0 °C was not due to limitations of cellular energy production, as shown in experiments with metabolic inhibitors. (3) Nuclear binding was highest in hippocampus, followed by amygdala, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus-preoptic area, midbrain, and cerebellum. Thesein vitro results agree with the regional distribution of binding obtained in previousin vivo labeling experiments. (4) [3H]Corticosterone binds better to hippocampal nuclei than [3H]hydrocortisone, while [3H]progesterone does not bind to nuclei. Unlabeled corticosterone and, to a lesser extent, both hydrocortisone and progesterone all prevent nuclear binding of [3H]corticosterone. (5) The soluble brain corticosterone-binding protein (Kaat0 °C4.2 × 108 M−1) does bind [3H]progesterone as well as [3H]corticosterone and [3H]hydrocortisone, and unlabeled progesterone prevents binding of [3H]corticosterone to this protein. It is suggested that, in binding to the cytosol protein, progesterone prevents nuclear accumulation of [3H]corticosterone, and the likelihood of cytosol to nuclear transfer of hormone is discussed. (6) The soluble brain corticosterone-binding protein is shown to differ from serum corticosterone-binding protein by binding dexamethasone and having sulfhydryl groups essential for hormone binding.
Amphidinolide B: asymmetric synthesis of a C7-C20 synthon.

An asymmetric synthesis of a C7−C20 synthon of amphidinolide B is described. The synthesis entails the construction of C7−C13 and C14−C20 fragments and makes extensive use of catalytic asymmetric bond constructions to establish the requisite stereochemical relationships. Fragment coupling proceeds by Suzuki cross-coupling and installs the trisubstituted diene unit that is among amphidinolide B's defining structural features.
Elementary and Good Group Gradings of Incidence Algebras over Partially-Ordered Sets with Cross-Cuts

Let G be a group, X a locally-finite partially-ordered set, and F a field. We provide an algorithmic method for finding all good G-gradings of the incidence algebra I(X,F) when X has a cross-cut of length one or two. In these cases, we show that the good gradings are determined by a “freeness” property. It is shown that the number of good gradings of the incidence algebra I(X,F), when X has a cross-cut of length one or two, depends only on the size of G and not on its structure, but this is no longer true when the shortest cross-cut of X has length greater than two. If X has a cross-cut of length one, then every good grading of I(X,F) is an elementary grading, but, when the shortest cross-cut of X has length greater than one, there may exist good gradings of I(X,F) that are not elementary gradings. Finally, we establish bounds on the number of good gradings of I(X,F) for any finite partially-ordered set X.
The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme

The RNA moieties of ribonuclease P purified from both E. coli (M1 RNA) and B. subtilis (P-RNA) can cleave tRNA precursor molecules in buffers containing either 60 mM Mg2+ or 10 mM Mg2+ plus 1 mM spermidine. The RNA acts as a true catalyst under these conditions whereas the protein moieties of the enzymes alone show no catalytic activity. However, in buffers containing 5-10 mM Mg2+ (in the absence of spermidine) both kinds of subunits are required for enzymatic activity, as shown previously. In the presence of low concentrations of Mg2+, in vitro, the RNA and protein subunits from one species can complement subunits from the other species in reconstitution experiments. When the precursor to E. coli 4.5S RNA is used as a substrate, only the enzyme complexes formed with M1 RNA from E. coli and the protein moieties from either bacterial species are active.
Kinetics modeling of austenite decomposition for an end-quenched 1045 steel

Finite element simulations that predict the microstructure and properties of heat-treated steels can be significantly improved by incorporating appropriate models for the kinetics of various austenite transformations. In the present study the austenite decomposition kinetics for a 1045 steel was modeled using a modification of the transformation equation proposed by Li et al. [1]. The kinetics of the continuous cooling transformation were determined directly from an isothermal transformation diagram. To verify the predictions of the model, an end-quench test was used because it produces a wide range of microstructures. The microstructures predicted by the kinetics model for the end-quenched sample were confirmed by quantification of the microstructures observed in the end-quench experiments. Furthermore, the predicted hardness profile was in good agreement with the experimentally measured hardness profile. The kinetics model developed in the present study was compared to the models proposed by Kirkaldy and Venugopalan [2] and the unmodified model by Li. The present model provides a more accurate prediction. A microstructural-based hardness equation from the literature was also evaluated and it predicted hardness values that were above the experimentally measured values. The model we propose predicts the experimental hardness profile more accurately, since it is based on the calculated microstructure and experimental hardness values of martensite, bainite, and ferrite/pearlite.
Solitary fibrous tumor: Histological and immunohistochemical spectrum of benign and malignant variants presenting at different sites

Twenty-nine tumors (from 26 patients, including two with recurrent disease) diagnosed as solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the pleura (n = 23), mediastinum (n = 4), abdominal cavity (n = 1), and parotid gland (n = 1) were studied immunohistochemically. Three histologically malignant tumors showed areas of high cellularity and mitotic activity (more than 4 mitoses/10 high-power fields) with features resembling malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant hemangiopericytoma, or fibrosarcoma, together with areas typical of benign solitary fibrous tumor. Formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and avidin-biotin-complex immunostaining were used. All of the tumors showed vimentin positivity and did not stain for cytokeratin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, or muscle cell markers, except for focal desmin reactivity in seven tumors, mostly seen in frozen sections, and focal keratin reactivity in one histologically malignant tumor. The neoplastic cells were positive for CD34 and negative for CD31; these patterns also were seen in the three histologically malignant cases. In nine of the cases acetone-fixed frozen sections showed variable focal positivity for neurofilament proteins of 68 kd. We conclude that SFT is a neoplasm of fibroblasts/primitive mesenchymal cells with features of multidirectional differentiation. We also report the finding of a novel site for SFT, the parotid gland.
Factor structure of a lethal behaviors scale.

Factor analysis of a lethal behaviors scale that had been completed by 399 adolescents and adults indicates that lethality as a construct is multidimensional. Principal factors include a general or...
Nanoelectronics in retrospect, prospect and principle

The paramount economic development of the past half-century has been the information revolution (IR). It has given us the personnel computer, the multi-media cell phone, the Internet, and countless other electronic marvels that continuously influence our lives.. The most powerful technological driver of the IR has been the silicon microchip, for two compelling reasons [1]: First, since 1960 the productivity of microchip technology has increased by the astounding factor of one billion times! Concurrently, the performance of microchips, for example of a microprocessor chip, has increased by a factor of approximately one million times since the early 1970s. These two concurrent exponential advances sustained over decades are unmatched in technological history. Consequently, the salient objective of this discussion is to provide an incisive overview of the advance of microchips, in retrospect since 1960, in prospect from 2010 through 2024, and in principle for several following decades.