cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Adverse Histological Features Increase the Odds of Under Staging T1 Bladder Cancer

Purpose: The clinical under staging of T1 bladder cancer potentially delays therapy and undermines survival. In this study we evaluated clinicopathological features to aid in the identification of patients with clinical T1 bladder cancer at risk for under staging.Materials and Methods: We identified patients diagnosed with clinical T1 bladder cancer who underwent cystectomy within 4 months. Muscularis propria was present and uninvolved in initial biopsies or patients had a re-staging biopsy with muscle invasion present. Under staging was defined as pT2 or greater, N+ or M+ disease at radical cystectomy. A logistic regression multivariable model was used for the risk of under staging. Overall survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method.Results: Of 95 patients 26 (27%) had under staged disease. Median followup was 24 months. Compared to accurately staged cases under staged cases were more likely to have muscularis mucosae invasion (54% vs 19%, p = 0.001), mixed histology (42% vs 17%, p = 0.02) and u...
Predictors of Responses to Acute Pain

Demographic, global, and situational variables hypothesized to moderate responses to acute pain were examined. Subjects completed measures of social desirability, trait and state anxiety, cognitive rigidity-flexibility, general and situational coping expectations, coping style and situational coping, major and minor stressors, and history of pain. Gender, self-efficacy for tolerating pain, and hassles predicted tolerance times. Age, social desirability, self-efficacy for regulating intensity of pain, and cognitive coping predicted ratings of intensity. Results underscore demographic differences in responsiveness to pain and the situational moderation of acute pain. Implications for the management of acute clinical pain are discussed.
Experimental Path Loss Models for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy conservation is critical in Wireless Sensor Networks. Replacing or recharging batteries is not an option for sensors deployed in hostile environments. Generally communication electronics in the sensor utilizes most energy. This paper studies the effect of changing the transmission power and baud rate on transmission distance. Using Shannon channel capacity formula and Log - Distance Path Loss Model, transmission distance is shown to be related to transmit power and baud rate. Extensive empirical readings are taken to confirm the above relation. The path loss exponent got as a result of data fitting is within the acceptable range for wireless environment. Using the equation derived in this paper, the distance between neighboring motes and traffic density it will be possible for sensors to adjust their transmit power and baud rate so as to use only the required amount of energy to maintain the wireless link to the neighbor and conserve power.
Disappearance and disintegration of comets

The present investigation has the objective to provide a summary of the existing evidence on the disappearance of comets and to draw conclusions regarding the physical processes involved in the disappearance. Information concerning the classification of evidence and the causes of apparent disappearance of comets is presented in a table. Attention is given to the dissipating comets, the headless sungrazing comet 1887 I, and the physical behavior of the dissipating comets and the related phenomena. It is found that all comets confined to the planetary region of the solar system decay on astronomically short time scales. However, only some of them appear to perish catastrophically. Some of the observed phenomena could be successfully interpreted. But little insight has been obtained into the character of the processes which the dissipating comets experience.
Electronic Processes and Fluctuations in Optically Quenched CdS and CdSe Crystals

A detailed analysis is given of the electronic fluctuations in a “five-level” photoconductor, the “levels” being the conduction band, valence band. electron traps, shallow hole traps, and quenching centers. Two recombination paths are open to the electrons, viz. via the deep traps and via the quenching centers. It is assumed that the former process prevails at the surface and the latter mainly in the bulk. As a consequence fluctuations arise from diffusion to the surfaces, in addition to the effects of the electronic transitions. The various effective diffusion constants and lifetimes are complex. The resulting spectra are evaluated with the Green's function method and reveal ω−2-, ω−5/2-, and ω−3/2-contributions. It is shown that the ω−5/2-term disappears if there is no quenching, and that it is highly unlikely for this spectral dependence to appear in a more simple model than analyzed here. Surface recombination enhances the feasibility of the ω−5/2-spectrum. The results, in as far as they can be analytically pursued, are in reasonable agreement with the previously described experimental data [1]. Es wird eine ausfuhrliche Analyse der elektronischen Schwankungserscheinungen in einem „Funf-Niveau”-Photoleiter durchgefuhrt, wobei die „Niveaus” das Leitungsband, das Valenzband, Elektronenhaftstellen, flache Locherhaftstellen und Tilgungszentren sind. Zwei Rekombinationswege stehen den Elektronen offen, namlich uber die tiefen Haftstellen und uber die Tilgungszentren. Es wird angenommen, das der erste Prozes an der Oberflache und der zweite hauptsachlich im Volumen stattfindet. Als Folge davon ruhren Schwankungen von der Diffusion zur Oberflache her zusatzlich zu den Wirkungen der elektronischen Ubergange. Die verschiedenen effektiven Diffusionskonstanten und Lebensdaueren sind komplex. Die resultierenden Spektren werden mit der Methode der Greenschen Funktion berechnet und ergeben ω−2, ω−5/2- und ω−3/2-Beitrage. Es wird gezeigt, das der ω−5/2-Term ohne Tilgung verschwindet, und das es auserst unwahrscheinlich ist, das diese spektrale Abhangigkeit in einem einfacheren als dem hier analysierten Modell auftritt. Oberflachenrekombination erhoht das Auftreten des ω−5/2-Spektrums. Die Ergebnisse sind, insofern sie analytische ausgewertet werden konnen, in vernunftiger Ubereinstimmung mit bereits veroffentlichten experimentellen Ergebnissen [1].
Patterns of disease and surgical treatment among United States veterans more than 50 years of age with ulcerative colitis

Abstract Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a clinical entity that predominantly affects young adults yet large series of middle age or elderly patients with UC are infrequently reported. The aim of this study is to identify patterns of disease, indications for operation, surgical treatment, and outcome of patients more than 50 years of age who required surgery for UC in Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) Medical Centers. Methods A population-based study on all patients in 159 hospitals of the DVA from 1997 to 2001 was carried out. Data were compiled from several national computerized VA data sets. Supplementary information including demographic information, discharge summaries, operative reports and pathology reports were obtained from local medical records. Patient variables were entered into a computerized database and analyzed using the Pearson chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Statistical significance is designated as P Results One hundred fifty-eight patients were evaluable. The mean age was 59 years (range 51–81); 99% were male. The mean duration of UC was 23 years (range 2 to 50). One hundred of the 158 patients had proctocolitis; 58 had either left-sided colitis or proctosigmoiditis. The mean dose of prednisone prior to surgery was 20 mg; the mean duration of steroid use was 8 years. The indications for elective surgery were intractability (59%), mass or stricture (27%), and dysplasia (14%). Twenty of the 158 patients (12%) were operated on emergently for either toxic colitis, perforation, or hemorrhage. One hundred three of the 158 underwent proctocolectomy and permanent ileostomy, 55 underwent a restorative proctocolectomy, and underwent a segmental colectomy. Twenty of the 158 patients were found to have dysplasia in their colectomy specimens; an additional 10 (7%) were found to have invasive cancer. Surgical morbidity was 22%. Overall mortality was 4% (7 of 158); all but 1 death occurred after emergent surgery. Mean hospitalization was 36 days (range 2 to 297). Conclusions Restorative proctocolectomy was performed in 36% of veterans more than 50 years of age requiring surgery for UC. The majority required surgery for intractable symptoms. Dysplasia and invasive cancer was found in 18% of patients. Mortality after surgery for acute surgical emergencies remains high.
A dual-band antenna for WLAN applications by double rectangular patch with 4-bridges

A double rectangular patch antenna with 4-bridges is investigated for use in IEEE 802.11b/g (2.4 GHz) and 802.11a (5.5 GHz) WLANs. A rectangular patch for the 5.5 GHz frequency band is printed on the PCB substrate and is connected by 4-bridges to another rectangular patch for the 2.4 GHz band to obtain dual band operation in one antenna element. The 4-bridges can modify the desired frequency band from its original frequency by changing their width. The proposed antenna has a low profile and is fed by a 50 /spl Omega/ coaxial line. The gain of the 2.4 GHz patch is 5 dBi and of the 5.5 GHz patch is 3.7 dBi at /spl theta/=0/spl deg/.
Adaptive tool replacement policies in machining economics

Optimization of the economics of machining comprises the determination of the optimal cutting speed and tool replacement policy. A necessary input to the above approach is knowledge of the parameters of the tool life equation which links tool life to cutting speed. In reality, these parameters are not known and should be estimated based on actual machining data. This paper addresses the above optimization problem in the framework of an adaptive control policy. Replacement times in one production run are used to estimate the mean-time-to-failure of a tool, which is in turn used in a regression model to update estimators of the tool life parameters. Using the newly updated estimates a new cutting speed and preventive replacement policy are then determined for the next production run. The end result is an easily implementable decision making tool which can aid in the continuous improvement of the machining process.
Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates

High levels of false recognition can be observed after people study lists of semantic associates that all converge on a nonpresented lure word. To test the idea that encoding distinctive perceptual information would help to reduce false recognition, we presented a line drawing representing each associated word during study list presentation and later tested recognition of studied words and lure words. Two experiments revealed marked reductions in false recognition after pictorial encoding, relative after to word encoding. Results suggest that people reject related and unrelated lures because these items lack the distinctive qualities associated with remembered pictures.
Development and evaluation of the Transpersonal Depth-Guided Imagery and Music (TD-GIM) inventory

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the criterion validity of a 33-item, binary-response inventory, the Transpersonal Depth-Guided Imagery and Music (TD-GIM), for assessing the degree to which experiences of the Bonny Method are transpersonal. Participants (N = 60) were experienced Bonny Method practitioners, each of whom completed the TD-GIM online, for 1–2 exemplars of Bonny Method experiences they themselves encountered, as clients. As a criterion measure, participants also rated the transpersonal depth of their experiences on a five-point Likert scale. The combined pool of exemplars from all participants was randomly distributed between two data sets (n = 57 and n = 58). TD-GIM scores and five-point ratings correlated at r = .72 (p < .0001) for data set one, and r = .76 (p < .0001) for data set two. An item analysis yielded a modified, brief version of the TD-GIM consisting of the nine items most strongly correlated with the five-point criterion measure. The brief version produced correla...
The Relationship between Perceptions of Social Support and Adherence to Dietary Recommendations among African-American Elders with Hypertension

Social support is generally thought to facilitate adherence to recommended treatment regimens. Despite a well-documented tradition of social support among African Americans, much of the existing research indicates a very limited level of adherence, especially to dietary modification. To account for this seeming contradiction, forty-one rural-dwelling African Americans with hypertension age 65+ participated in a series of structured and semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that 1) informants perceived themselves to be well-supported by family and friends; 2) most informants have achieved a moderate to high level of dietary adherence; and 3) no statistically significant relationship existed between perceived social support and dietary adherence. The discussion focuses on three reasons for this lack of association, including: 1) modest sample size; 2) informants' identification of helpful others who defied standard evaluations of support; and 3) incremental and gradual dietary changes that required little need for social support.
A study of technologies for Client/Server applications

The growing size and complexity of software systems has exposed many shortcomings of traditional software engineering models. This has increased interest in Client/Server development. The driving force of Client/Server computing is the fundamental belief that personal computers connected to small servers provide the best price-performance. One of the most important decisions a developer needs to make is to choose the optimum development technologies and tools. This has become more feasible with the advent of the powerful specialized Client/Server development technologies and tools. The purpose of this paper is to identify the various Client/Server technologies that are available, and to explain how the technologies are used, and compare and contrast these various technologies in the Client/Server model. In order to give a better overview of these technologies and tools, this paper will utilize a simulated e-commerce online book-order model. The technologies will be used to implement this model.
The "SpiderWeb" surface construction algorithm for building triangle mesh surfaces in noisy volume data

"SpiderWeb" is an algorithm to build continuous triangle mesh surfaces embedded in noisy voxel data. It is rule driven, not case table driven, and simple to implement. Its response to noise is the creation of non-manifold closed bubbles. The main application is surface construction in noisy MRI and Ultrasound data.
Finite element analysis of arches undergoing large rotations—I: theoretical comparison

Abstract In this two part paper, the first part deals with five different nonlinear theories applicable to the analysis of arches in the context of solving the large displacement and the large rotation problem. These theories include, classical theory, first-order shear deformation theory, third-order shear deformation theory, modified classical theory and the Donnell-type theory. All the theories are developed using the Total Lagrangian approach. Simplifications and assumptions used in each of the theory are discussed. Explicit strain displacement gradient relations and element independent equilibrium equations in terms of displacement gradients are given for all the theories. Limitations of each of theory are discussed. In the second part of this paper, application of these theories for the classification of arch geometries is considered.
Developmental Regulation of P-45017α Gene Expression in Fetal Bovine Adrenal

AbstractAmong the multifactorial aspects of regulation of steroid hydroxylase gene expression, it is the developmental process which leads to imprinting of expression of particular steroid hydroxylases in specific cell types. We have begun to investigate the ontogeny of steroidogenesis in fetal bovine tissues. Expression of most steroid hydroxylases and related enzymes is detectable in adrenals of the smallest fetuses studied and continues throughout fetal life. Like the other steroid hydroxylases, P-45017α is detectable in the earliest fetal adrenals studied. However, following an increase in expression, P-45017α disappears from the fetal adrenal by 100 days gestational age and remains absent until about 230 days gestational age. The absence of P-45017α is correlated with the absence of cortisol in the fetal adrenal and the absence of ACTH in fetal plasma. Thus expression of P-45017α in bovine fetal adrenal appears to be strictly dependent on cAMP while expression of other steroid hydroxylases appears to...
GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES: PERSPECTIVES FROM PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

Abstract This paper examines the nature of generally accepted accounting principles from the viewpoint of the philosophy of law (or jurisprudence). It shows that the dominance of a form of utilitarian legal positivism in accounting thought, at least in the United States, has inhibited the development of accounting principles which promote fair financial reporting.
Transitions in highly ionized Sn spectra from a laser-produced plasma*

A laser-produced spectrum of highly stripped Sn atoms in the xuv region of 10–60 A was recorded with a grating spectrograph. Atomic SCF calculations were used to identify as many as six ionization states from observations of resonance transitions to the M shell. Multiplets in the Sn spectrum belonging to the Ni I and Co I isoelectronic sequences were identified by atomic-structure calculations.
Competing for aid

Economists have known for a very long time that most social states have more than one equilibrium. In particular, there is the agreement equilibrium that corresponds to some point on the Pareto optimal frontier, and that represents cooperation among the members of the society. There is a second, well-known equilibrium—the independent adjustment equilibrium—which occurs when, for one reason or another, agreement is not possible. The independent adjustment equilibrium is normally less satisfactory to the parties than the cooperative equilibrium. Ideally, the role of the state is to affect this independent adjustment equilibrium in ways that lead to superior outcomes. Economists, although occasionally dealing with the independent adjustment equilibrium, have normally confined their research to the cooperative equilibrium.
Few Point-of-Care Hemoglobin A1c Assay Methods Meet Clinical Needs

Accurate and timely measurements of hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c)1 are an increasingly important challenge for clinical laboratories. As Hb A1c measurements are being used to answer new clinical questions, each new use of Hb A1c imposes requirements for the analytical performance of the methods used to measure it. Until recently, Hb A1c was used only as a key test for monitoring glycemic control in people with diabetes. More recently, it has been proposed as the preferred test for the diagnosis of diabetes (1)(2), and it is being used in many areas to calculate an estimated average glucose (eAG) concentration (3)(4). The analytical requirements differ in these 3 uses of the test. In monitoring glycemic control, as with any test used for monitoring therapy, the reproducibility of Hb A1c assays is critical. Freedom from bias, however, has also become critical, because fixed cutpoints are being used as targets for glycemic control. When Hb A1c is used for measuring eAG concentrations, errors in the measurement may produce unexpectedly large changes in eAG. In the diagnosis of diabetes, fixed cutpoints are used, again requiring particular attention to the effect of bias on diagnostic accuracy. In addition to analytical requirements, there is pressure for rapid return of results in view of evidence that improved glycemic control can be achieved when Hb A1c results are made available at the point of care (POC) (5)(6). It is against this background that an important new report addresses the analytical performance of POC assays for Hb A1c. In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Lenters-Westra and Slingerland (7) report on the imprecision, bias, and total error of 8 POC Hb A1c analyzers. The study used well-defined protocols from …
Forest floor leaching: contributions from mineral, organic, and carbonic acids in new hampshire subalpine forests.

Analyses of soil water and groundwater samples from a high-elevation coniferous ecosystem in New England indicate that sulfate anions supply 76 percent of the electrical charge balance in the leaching solution. This result implies that atmospheric inputs of sulfuric acid provide the dominant source of both H+ for cation replacement and mobile anions for cation transport in subalpine soils of the northeastern region affected by acid precipitation. In soils of relatively unpolluted regions, carbonic and organic acids dominate the leaching processes.
The adsorption of H2O on clean and oxygen-covered pd(100): Formation and reaction of OH groups

Abstract The adsorption of H2O on clean and oxygen-covered Pd(100) was studied with temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). H2O adsorbs molecularly on the clean surface at 100 K and desorbs in two states at 170 and 180 K. The first state is due to multilayer desorption with a zero order desorption energy of 10.3 kcal mol . The 180 K state is due to the desorption of H2O bound directly to the surface; this state saturates at a coverage of 0.25 monolayer. H2O adsorbed at 100 K reacts with preadsorbed oxygen as the sample is heated above 175 K to form stable hydroxyl groups (OH). LEED showed that OH groups are adsorbed in a p(2 × 1) structure, and EELS evidence indicates that the adsorption site is not a four-fold hollow. The coverage of OH groups is dependent on the oxygen precoverage, and a maximum in OH coverage of 0.22 is obtained at an oxygen precoverage of 0.16 monolayer. Oxygen precoverages less than about 0.16 react quantitatively with H2O adsorbed at 100 K to form OH groups. Larger oxygen precoverages (up to 0.31) gradually decrease the amount of H2O that could initially be adsorbed at 100 K and thus reduce the OH coverage. The OH groups recombined directly (which was verified by H/D exchange measurements) to give atomic oxygen and H2O desorption at 250 K for oxygen precoverages less than 0.16. This OH disproportionation occurs in a different state at 230 K for oxygen precoverages greater than 0.16. The minimum Pd-O bond energy for OH groups is estimated to be 51 kcal mol .
Vascular tone and Ca(2+) signaling in murine cremaster muscle arterioles in vivo.

Objectives We sought to determine some of the molecular requirements for basal state “tone” of skeletal muscle arterioles in vivo, and whether asynchronous Ca2+ waves are involved or not. Methods Cremaster muscles of anesthetized exMLCK and smGCaMP2 biosensor mice were exteriorized, and the fluorescent arterioles were visualized with wide-field, confocal or multiphoton microscopy to observe Ca2+ signaling and arteriolar diameter. Results Basal state tone of the arterioles was ~50%. Local block of Ang-II receptors (AT1) or α1-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) had no effect on diameter, nor did complete block of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Inhibition of phospholipase C caused dilation nearly to the Ca2+-free (passive) diameter, as did exposure to nifedipine or 2-APB. Arterioles were also dilated when treated with SKF96365. High-resolution imaging of exMLCK fluorescence (ratio) or GCaMP2 fluorescence in smooth muscle cells failed to reveal Ca2+ waves (although Ca2+ waves/transients were readily detected by both biosensors in small arteries, ex vivo). Conclusions Arterioles of cremaster muscle have vascular tone of ~ 50%, which is not due to α1-AR, AT1R, or SNA. PLC activity, L-type Ca2+ channels, 2-APB- and SKF96365-sensitive channels are required. Propagating Ca2+ waves are not present. A key role for PLC and InsP3R in vascular tone in vivo, other than producing Ca2+ waves, is suggested.
Challenging Teacher Education as Training: Four Propositions.

ABSTRACT The authors examine two trends of thought central to much of the current discussion on the reform of teacher education: (1) Increasing the time certification students spend in schools and assessing their performance in relation to a predetermined list of desirable teaching skills; and (2) Developing preservice programs that require students to conform to a model of good teaching derived from ‘objective’ empirical research. While these trends differ in significant ways, the authors argue that both are inherently conservative, supporting the long standing training orientation where the technical aspects of teaching are separated from educational aims and purposes. To reform teacher education, the authors argue, requires challenges to the assumptions of training. To begin to do so, they present four propositions that in their view will make teacher education more educative: preservice teacher education must be joined to inservice programs; work contexts need to be carefully studied and criticized; t...
Nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence kinetic studies of the 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) reaction with enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system.

Abstract Enzyme I of the bacterial phosphotransferase system is a protein component which undergoes a temperature-dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium. Reaction of sulfhydryl residues with SH-specific reagents inhibits both activity and dimerization. There are four cysteine residues available in each subunit, one of which (Cys 502) is proximate to one of the two tryptophan residues (Trp 498). Previous studies revealed two major lifetimes and spectra, suggesting distinct environments for tryptophan. In this paper, we examine the dynamic quenching of tryptophanyl fluorescence that occurs when an energy transfer acceptor, thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB), is covalently attached to the sulfhydryl groups. More precisely, we have traced the recovery of nativelike fluorescence lifetime components (and the concomitant loss of “reduced lifetime” amplitudes) that accompanies TNB release. The course of lifetime changes seen when a reducing reagent removes the quencher may be sensitive to a variety of effects, including different SH affinities, different proximities to Trp, changing availability for dimerization, or conformational changes. The prospective value of separating each lifetime component from the mixture is illustrated.
A custom electronics platform for implantable perfusion sensor development

A custom signal processing and data acquisition platform has been developed to facilitate optimization of optics-based sensors and associated electronics for tissue perfusion assessment. This laboratory system allows simultaneous use of four optical probes, two photo-spectrometer probes, and up to eight external analog inputs intended for synchronized digitization of commercial physiological monitoring equipment. Each optical probe is composed of a photo-detector and three LED-based excitation wavelengths, for use in either transmission or reflection mode. The system is operated using a custom, LabVIEW-based program to allow programming of system control and data acquisition parameters. Details of this system including the measurement methodology, electronics specifics, control software, and signal processing will be reviewed. Limited data from porcine studies collected using this system will also be presented. When optimized, the required portions of the system will be miniaturized and integrated with data telemetry to enable use as an implanted, post-transplant perfusion monitor. This miniaturized platform may also be suitable for both acute and routine multi-parameter physiological monitoring in medical, sports, and military applications.
NaCl concentration determines the outcome of competition experiments betweenVibrio pelagius andVibrio cholerae in chemostat cultures

The effect of NaCl concentration gradients on the growth of a marine species,Vibrio pelagius, and two freshwater and estuarine species,Vibrio cholerae andAeromonas hydrophila, was determined in chemostat cultures containing a mineral medium withd-glucose as the sole source of carbon and energy. Complementary cell density profiles were obtained with the marine and the freshwater-estuarine species at the extreme ends of the NaCl concentration gradients. At the lower NaCl concentrations,V. cholerae andA. hydrophila attained maximal cell densities, while no growth or submaximal cell yields were characteristic ofV. pelagius; the reverse was true at the higher NaCl concentrations. At the intermediate concentrations (100–400 mM) all three organisms were able to grow with cell densities ranging from 80%–100% of the maximum. Competition experiments betweenV. cholerae andV. pelagius within this region (100, 150, and 300 mM) indicated that the lower NaCl concentrations favoredV. cholerae while the higher concentrations favoredV. pelagius. The results suggest that the responses ofV. pelagius, V. cholerae, andA. hydrophila to different concentrations of NaCl are important in determining the environmental distribution of these species.
A Model of Social Entrepreneurial Discovery

Social entrepreneurship activity continues to surge tremendously in market and economic systems around the world. Yet, social entrepreneurship theory and understanding lag far behind its practice. For instance, the nature of the entrepreneurial discovery phenomenon, a critical area of inquiry in general entrepreneurship theory, receives no attention in the specific context of social entrepreneurship. To address the gap, we conceptualize social entrepreneurial discovery based on an extension of corporate social responsibility into social entrepreneurship contexts. We develop a model that emphasizes mobilization and timing as underpinnings of social entrepreneurial discovery and offer distinct conceptual aspects and theoretic propositions instrumental to future social entrepreneurship research.
Sex differences in sensitization to cocaine-induced rotation

Sensitization to cocaine- and d-amphetamine-induced rotation was studied in male and female rats. A single injection of cocaine (20 mg/kg) sensitized female rats to a subsequent dose administered 1 or 7 days later; sensitivity returned to normal within 14 days. Sensitization to cocaine did not occur in male rats nor to d-amphetamine in either sex.
Rarity of malignant mesothelioma prior to the widespread commercial introduction of asbestos: the Mount Sinai autopsy experience 1883-1910.

Background Most malignant mesotheliomas are related to asbestos exposure. Whether malignant mesothelioma occurs in the absence of asbestos exposure remains unsettled. To address this question we reviewed a series of 2,025 autopsies performed at the Mount Sinai Hospital between 1883 and 1910, prior to the widespread commercial introduction of asbestos. Methods Retrospective autopsy review. Results No cases of malignant mesothelioma were identified in 2,025 autopsies performed between 1883 and 1910. Conclusions Malignant mesothelioma was rare prior to the widespread commercial introduction of asbestos. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:467–469, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
To support or not to support: The American debate on China’s WTO membership

This study surveys and analyzes divergent views in the United States regarding China’s WTO application. With various arguments, strong supporters, fierce opponents and moderates in the middle stand out as three major camps. Some look at the WTO case from their own, often narrow, perspectives; but all tend to link China trade to other, often broader, issues. People from various camps simply disagree on the means to achieve a common objective: a prosperous and democratic China that will not threaten America’s national interests. The American debate on China’s WTO accession has as much to do with domestic politics as it does international trade. The WTO controversy is part of the greater debate on America’s China policy in the post-Cold War era. The WTO debate suggests that a better understanding of the complex nature of the relationship is necessary for managing U.S.-China relations in the future.
Recent Studies of the Action of Inorganic Inhibitors

Abstract The goal in recent studies of the action of inhibitors has been to apply some of the concepts and experimental techniques that have been fruitful in problems of electrode kinetics, heterog...
Permutations with roots

We prove that the probability p2(n) that a random permutation of length n has a square root is monotonically nonincreasing in n. More generally, we prove that the probability pr(n) that a random permutation of length n has an rth root, r prime, is monotonically nonincreasing in n. We also show for all r≥2 that pr(n)0 as n∞. While doing this, we combinatorially prove that pr(n)=pr(n+1) for r prime and for all n not congruent to −1 mod r, and we construct several bijections for sets of permutations defined by modular class restrictions on the cycle lengths. We also include a simple probabilistic proof that, for r≥2, pr(n)0 as n∞. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 17: 157–167, 2000
An energy formulation of continuum magneto-electro-elasticity with applications

Abstract We present an energy formulation of continuum electro-elasticity and magneto-electro-elasticity. Based on the principle of minimum free energy, we propose a form of total free energy of the system in three dimensions, and then systematically derive the theories for a hierarchy of materials including dielectric elastomers, piezoelectric ceramics, ferroelectrics, flexoelectric materials, magnetic elastomers, magnetoelectric materials, piezo-electric–magnetic materials among others. The effects of mechanical, electrical and magnetic boundary devices, external charges, polarizations and magnetization are taken into account in formulating the free energy. The linear and nonlinear boundary value problems governing these materials are explicitly derived as the Euler–Lagrange equations of the principle of minimum free energy. Finally, we illustrate the applications of the formulations by presenting solutions to a few simple problems and give an outlook of potential applications.
Alternatives to Unemployment‐Based Funding Formulas In the Allocation of Federal Grants

Each year Congress allocates billions of dollars to states on the basis of unemployment. The stated objectives include assisting unskilled, economically disadvantaged, and dislocated workers; yet unemployment is a poor proxy for identifying such individuals. This paper examines the consequences of altering allocation formulas and concludes that switching from unemployment statistics to alternative measures of need, e.g., low wages, low income, or poverty, would have a dramatic impact on the geographic distribution of funds. Even switching from one unemployment statistic to another (e.g., from aggregate unemployment to excess unemployment or long-term unemployment) would substantially alter the distribution of funds.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in the Vessel Wall Counterpoint to the Tyrosine Kinases

Alarge and growing literature supports the involvement of protein tyrosine kinases in the regulation of vascular cell behavior. Many growth factor receptors are tyrosine kinases, and many cytosolic signaling events are regulated by protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Many of these mitogens, receptors, and intracellular kinases have been studied in vivo in various vascular injury and remodeling models. The biochemical counterpoint to these phosphorylation steps, ie, the reverse reaction of dephosphorylation, has received much less attention in vascular injury studies. This deficiency has begun to be addressed by the rigorous report of Wright et al in this issue.1 These authors have examined the expression in the artery wall of a family of enzymes, the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), which dephosphorylate phosphorylated tyrosine residues. It was originally believed that a small number of PTPases acted broadly to maintain a low basal level of tyrosine phosphorylation against which a large number of specific tyrosine kinases would act to regulate the phosphorylation of specific proteins. This initial concept has turned out to be incorrect. The first PTPase was cloned in 1988.2 3 Since then, at least 75 distinct PTPases have been identified,4 5 6 and it has been estimated that up to 2000 PTPases may be encoded in the mammalian genome.7 However, until the current report, little was known of the identity of the PTPases expressed by vascular tissue in vivo, their regulation of expression and activity, or their possible role in vascular remodeling. It is important to note that protein tyrosine kinases and PTPases catalyze opposite biochemical reactions, but they do not always play opposite physiological roles. SHP1 (also known as HCP, hematopoietic cell phosphatase) represents 1 well-characterized example of the multiple ways, both positive and negative, in which a PTPase may act as a regulator of cell function. SHP1 …
Quantization problems of gravity

Einstein’s theory as quantized by Gupta (1) is discussed with respect to its gauge transformations, the commutator of the asymptotic fields, and the spinless part of its interacting field.
Senior theses under siege: adapting to high enrollments at The University of Vermont

The University of Vermont Environmental Program has required a senior thesis capstone for all majors since its founding in 1972. Across this long history, the proposal-writing process and thesis documentation expectations have been revised and clarified, setting well-defined expectations for students. The program has grown substantially in the last few years, pushing already stretched faculty resources beyond capacity to advise senior capstone projects effectively for all majors. High enrollment pressures have generated the need for alternative capstones that could better match student needs as well as faculty availability. In the last two years, we have pilot tested and received approval for two new capstone alternatives in addition to the traditional senior thesis: the senior internship capstone and the advanced course capstone. Here, we describe our strategies to deal with high enrollments—multiple options for the senior capstone, focus and encouragement on peer-learning opportunities, and establishing positive relationships with others on campus and beyond to help advise projects. The addition of the new options has relieved stress and led to different but also strong educational outcomes. Aspects of the new options still need to be clarified and streamlined to account for enrollment numbers that keep climbing while faculty resources do not. Within a few years, we should have more assessment data to see how the three options are working for students and faculty, both in terms of work load and in terms of relevance to current environmental concerns.
Prenatal diagnosis of a non-fluorescent Y chromosome as characterized by FISH-technique

Currently, Y chromosomal DNA is being used to trace back the origin of our common ancestors. Cytogenetically, the structural variation [polymorphisms] of the Y-chromosome has been classified into three groups. Variation of the long arm is being contributed by fluorescence [Yqf] and non-fluorescent segments [Yqnf] by QFQ staining. The rarest form is a pericentric inversion that is a ‘third type’ of variation. Here, we report a ‘fourth type’ where fluorescent heterochromatic DNA is apparently deleted and could no be detected by QFQ-technique. A 28 years old female was referred for genetic amniocentesis because of her high MSAFP. Her first pregnancy ended in fetal loss after 9-10 weeks of gestation. The cytogenetic findings with QFQ-technique revealed a marker chromosome which was found in his biological father. By FISH-technique using WCP probe [Vysis], it was a Y-chromosome. A small amount of heterochromatic DNA was detected in the fetal Y and the father by the Y cocktail probe [DYZ1\DYZ3, Oncor] which is specific for heterochromatin suggesting that it is not a Yqnf. In addition the presence of telomere on Yq was also noted by the all human telomere probe [Oncor]. Utmost caution should be exercised during post-amniocentesis counseling as earlier claims of dire consequences are unfounded. However, Yqnr chromosome may serve as a phylogenetic treat for molecular anthropologists who are in search of human lineage.
The effect of hydrogen dilution near the p/i interface region of a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells

It is known that the a-Si:H solar cell with H-diluted i-layer (p-iH-n) exhibits a better stability under AMI light exposure than the non-diluted solar cell (p-i-n). Recently, Wang et al. found that the a-Si:H solar cell when inserting a thin H-diluted i-layer between the p- and the i-layer (p-iH-i-n) shows the same stability as a p-iH-n solar cell after 600 hours light soaking. It was suggested that the stabilization of a H-diluted a-Si:H solar cell is through controlling its p/i interface. In this work, we report the electroluminescence (EL) measurements of a-Si:H solar cells with p-iH-n, p-iH-i-n and p-i-n structures made in identical conditions except the difference in H-dilution processing. EL spectra in a wide range of temperature indicate that the defect-band emission can be controlled through a thin H-diluted i-layer near the p/i interface region, but the main-band emission depends more on the diluted i-layer thickness. According to the temperature dependence of the EL efficiency, the valence band-tail width of the active layer in the p-iH-i-n cell is estimated to be about 13% broader than that in the p-iH-n cell. From the total EL intensity as a function of the forward current density, the recombination processes at room temperature are suggested to be a monomolecular type for p-iH-wn, p-iH-i-n, and p-i-n structures.
Complete pain relief: potential problems and diagnostic solutions.

The search for the perfect pain reliever continues, with several drugs targeting pain-specific pathways in clinical and preclinical development. Pain is a protective mechanism, however, so complete pain control might also have its downsides. This Viewpoint aims to launch a debate on how the use of a perfect pain blocker can be implemented in a safe and effective fashion.
Diversity of calcium-efflux transporters in wheat aleurone cells

The ability of plant cells to regulate cellular calcium is dependent upon the action of calcium-transport proteins. Although significant progress has been made in identifying calcium-transporter activities (CaTs) in a number of plant tissues, very little is known about the diversity of CaTs in any single differentiated cell type. We have used isolated membrane vesicles from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) aleurone cells to identify and characterize the principal CaTs that are responsible for efflux of Ca2+ from the cytosol of this highly differentiated cell. Based on the sensitivity of transport to protonophores and on their buoyant density in isopycnic sucrose density gradients, our data show that at least three prominent CaTs can be distinguished in membrane vesicles from aleurone cells. Two of these CaTs, which we have named Type I and Type III, were insensitive to protonophores and were inhibited by vanadate or erythrosin B (EB). Type I was associated with a membrane fraction enriched in endoplasmic reticulum whereas Type III was associated with the plasma membrane. The third prominent CaT, Type II, was inhibited by protonophores and by nitrate and was associated with a membrane fraction enriched in tonoplast. The three CaTs differed significantly in their intrinsic properties. Type I had the highest affinity for Ca2+ (K m, 0.15 μM), was stimulated by oxalate, inhibited by vanadate and erythrosin B, and was unaffected by exogenous calmodulin. Type II exhibited complex kinetics with regard to Ca2+ and was best described as a combination of a low-affinity (K m, 21 μM) and a high-affinity component (K m, 0.2 μM). Type II CaT was stimulated by calmodulin (1 μM) and oxalate, and was inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (500 μM). Finally, Type III had an intermediate affinity for Ca2+ (K m, 2.0 μM), was not stimulated by calmodulin or by oxalate, and was inhibited by low concentrations of erythrosin B (0.1 μM). These data provide one of the first comparative investigations of the Ca2+-transport activities in a single highly differentiated cell type. They indicate that at least three CaTs function to regulate cellular Ca2+ and we speculate that cytosolic Ca2+ may be buffered primarily by Type II and Type III CaTs which are associated with an acidic intracellular compartment, probably the vacuole, and with the plasma membrane.
Interaction of C-phycocyanin with lipid monolayers under nitrogen and in the presence of air.

Abstract The surface interaction of C-phycocyanin with lipids was studied using the monolayer technique. The surface activity of the protein was found to be higher at the lipid-water interface than at the nitrogen-water interface, particularly at high surface pressures of the lipid monolayer. The maximum initial surface pressures beyond which phycocyanin could not penetrate the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiglycerol monolayers were 27 and 30 mN m −1 , respectively. Below these values the protein demonstrated preferential interaction with the monogalactosyldiglycerol monolayer. The surface properties of the unfolded protein at pH 2.5 at the lipid-water interface were compared with those of the protein at pH 7.0. Higher affinity of the three-dimensional structure of the protein to lipid monolayers was observed, in particular by high sub-phase protein concentration. When the lipid films were subjected to oxidation stress by exposure to air, the surface properties of C-phycocyanin and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were not greatly affected but the surface activity of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was reduced dramatically by autoxidation. The oxidation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol could not be prevented by the introduction of C-phycocyanin molecules at the lipid-water interface.
Use of Overset Mesh to Allow Dynamic Deflection of Tight-Fitting Control Surfaces in CFD Simulations

The development of vehicle maneuvering simulations based within computational fluid dynamics (CFD) environments demands that vehicle control surfaces be dynamically deflected during such simulations. This paper details the process of developing and testing CFD simulation methods that allow for the deflection of a specific AUV’s control surfaces. This task is made particularly challenging by the geometry of the AUV, as its moving control surfaces fit very closely to stationary fixed strakes and the AUV’s hull (a fairly common trait among this class of vehicles). After ruling out embedded and deformable mesh approaches, an overset mesh method is applied. Steady-state simulations with this overset mesh show general agreement with static mesh simulations. The two approaches do, however, highlight the mesh sensitivity of CFD simulations in their ability to predict the onset of stall.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of electron-electron scattering on the conductance of a quantum wire studied with the Boltzman transport equation

Electron-electron scattering conserves total momentum and does not dissipate momentum directly in a low-density system where the umklapp process is forbidden. However, it can still affect the conductance through the energy relaxation of the electrons. We show here that this effect can be studied with arbitrary accuracy in a multisublevel one-dimensional (1D) single quantum wire system in the presence of roughness and phonon scattering using a formally exact solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. The intrasubband electron-electron scattering is found to yield no net effect on the transport of electrons in 1D with only one sublevel occupied. For a system with a multilevel occupation, however, we find a significant effect of intersublevel electron-electron scattering on the temperature and density dependence of the resistance at low temperatures.