cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Securing the Psychologically Impalpable: The Vicissitudes of the Perception of Expressiveness*

Historically, when psychology broke away from a philosophical mode of scholarship it strove to become a natural science. This meant that it largely imitated the concepts and practices of the natural sciences which included the use of abstract terms to designate many of its phenomena with the consequence that psychology is often more abstract and generic than it ought to be. Husserl has emphasized the role of the life-world as the ultimate basis of all knowledge and a serious consideration of its role implies that psychology’s manner of labeling its phenomena should be less abstract and closer to the way the phenomena are experienced in the lifeworld. If so, this means that psychology’s primary data should be physiognomies or the expressive characteristics intrinsic to objects and situations. However, the complexities involved in the perception of physiognomies create difficulties for the practice of science. It is suggested that certain Husserlian phenomenological contributions concerning categorial modes of experiencing could be helpful in meeting scientific criteria.
Helical structure of the COOH terminus of S3 and its contribution to the gating modifier toxin receptor in voltage-gated ion channels.

The voltage-sensing domains in voltage-gated K+ channels each contain four transmembrane (TM) segments, termed S1 to S4. Previous scanning mutagenesis studies suggest that S1 and S2 are amphipathic membrane spanning α-helices that interface directly with the lipid membrane. In contrast, the secondary structure of and/or the environments surrounding S3 and S4 are more complex. For S3, although the NH2-terminal part displays significant helical character in both tryptophan- and alanine-scanning mutagenesis studies, the structure of the COOH-terminal portion of this TM is less clear. The COOH terminus of S3 is particularly interesting because this is where gating modifier toxins like Hanatoxin interact with different voltage-gated ion channels. To further examine the secondary structure of the COOH terminus of S3, we lysine-scanned this region in the drk1 K+ channel and examined the mutation-induced changes in channel gating and Hanatoxin binding affinity, looking for periodicity characteristic of an α-helix. Both the mutation-induced perturbation in the toxin–channel interaction and in gating support the presence of an α-helix of at least 10 residues in length in the COOH terminus of S3. Together with previous scanning mutagenesis studies, these results suggest that, in voltage-gated K+ channels, the entire S3 segment is helical, but that it can be divided into two parts. The NH2-terminal part of S3 interfaces with both lipid and protein, whereas the COOH-terminal part interfaces with water (where Hanatoxin binds) and possibly protein. A conserved proline residue is located near the boundary between the two parts of S3, arguing for the presence of a kink in this region. Several lines of evidence suggest that these structural features of S3 probably exist in all voltage-gated ion channels.
Comparative Evaluation of the Auditory Responsiveness of Normal Infants and Profoundly Multihandicapped Children

Responses to sound were observed in two groups of children. One was developmentally normal; the other was older but profoundly multihandicapped. The groups had developmental ages from 2 to 4 months, as assessed by the Kent Infant Developmental Scale (Katoff, Reuter, & Dunn, 1978). Stimuli were speech and random noise, both unfiltered and band-pass filtered at 2000 Hz, presented at 40, 60, and 80 dB HL. Responsiveness was determined from the confidence levels of observers' judgments of videotapes. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the subject groups. In both groups, however, responsiveness was dependent on hearing level and bandwidth but not on meaningfulness. The results support the practice of evaluating auditory responsiveness of multihandicapped children in relation to developmental age.
Transactional Analysis Case Report: Street-Level Prostituted Women as Mental Health Care Clients

Despite recognition that mental health treatment is paramount in successfully intervening on the behalf of prostituted women, minimal information exists delineating effective counseling techniques for working with this unique population. Importantly also, understanding the culture of street-level prostitution is essential for effective treatment. Women prostituted on the streets have typically experienced life-long patterns of victimization, often resulting in substance addiction and continued self-destructive behavior. The culture of street-level sex work is built on numerous psychological and sociological factors which permeate the thinking patterns, social interaction, and daily activities of prostituted women. Professional counselors are ill equipped, academically and experientially, in addressing the diverse needs of the female street-level prostitute. A theoretical integration of transactional analysis and psycho-social concepts for a prostituted woman is provided in a case report to promote a more ...
Composing photographs for technical journals

A discussion is presented of the general principles of artistic composition, aspects of background planning and research that must precede any actual shooting, and techniques and methods of using the actual photographic equipment to achieve the desired results.
Corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit cardiac muscle

The structure of corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum as part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in perfusion-fixed rabbit cardiac muscle was studied by thin sections and freeze fracture. In thin sections, processes on the surface of corbular SR have all the anatomical features of junctional processes of junctional SR. By freeze fracture, the E face of corbular SR was particle poor and showed deep pits; the P face was particle rich. The demonstrated structural homology of corbular SR to all forms of junctional SR justifies its inclusion in that group.
Abyssal currents generated by diffusion and geothermal heating over rises

Abstract A continuously stratified (in both salinity and temperature) diffusive time-dependent one-dimensional f-plane model over a sloping bottom is constructed. The model is used to investigate the role of mixing of density near the bottom on large-scale abyssal flow near mid-ocean rises. For realistic abyssal values, both geothermal heating from the bottom and diffusion can be important to the dynamics of flow over mid-ocean rises. When diffusion dominates, buoyancy is transported toward the bottom and the θ-S (potential temperature-salinity) relation remains nearly linear. When geothermal heating dominates, the θ-S relation hooks near the bottom and a convectively driven mixed layer forms. Both effects reduce the density and stratification near the bottom. In contrast, bottom-intensified diffusion has the same effect near the bottom but results in an increase of density and stratification some distance above the bottom. If the bottom slopes, a horizontal density gradient results, setting up a geostrophic, bottom-intensified, along-slope flow that can effect mass transport. Evidence of the importance of these processes is found in the abyssal Pacific. Just over the western flank of the East Pacific Rise, a 700–900 m thick layer of low N2 (buoyancy frequency) is warmer, saltier, and lighter than interior water at the same depth. This layer is described with CTD data from recent hydrographic sections at nominal latitudes 15°S and 10°N. If the interior is motionless, this low N2 layer transports 4 and 8 × 106 m3 s−1 equatorward above the western flank of the rise at 15°S and 10°N, respectively. This equatorward current, a direct result of diffusion and heating over a sloping sea-floor, has a volume transport comparable to those of the deep western boundary current at these latitudes.
Determination of total, ester and free cholesterol in serum and serum lipoproteins.

Abstract A precise method for the independent determinations of the total, ester and free cholesterol of serum and serum lipoproteins employing chromatography and the Zsplatkis color reagent is described. To avoid erroneous values of total and ester cholesterol, it is absolutely necessary to saponify the extracts containing these sterols, prior to the addition of the color reagent. Free cholesterol comprises 26–38% (mean 32%) of the total cholesterol in serum. This range is even greater in each serum lipoprotein fraction. It varies from 26–55% (mean 43%), in lipoproteins of density 1.063. A corollary finding is that, with some individual exceptions, the mean proportion of cholesterol which is esterified increases with increasing density of the lipoprotein fractions.
Emission limits for variable sources by use of multipoint rollback

Abstract An improved technique for establishing source emissions limitations to satisfy ambient air quality standards is presented. The technique, known as multipoint rollback (MPR), is particularly useful for highly variable emissions sources. Application of MPR requires: (1) continuous measurement of ambient concentrations of the pollutant to be controlled, and (2) simultaneous continuous measurement of emissions rates of that pollutant. The ambient concentration measurements define the extent and frequency that ambient standards are exceeded. The emissions measurements provide a baseline frequency distribution, which is “rolled back” to define the allowable emissions rate for that pollutant. An example of the application of this method is presented for control of emissions of SO2 from a copper smelting complex in southern Arizona.
Market power, firm performance and real wage growth in Zimbabwean manufacturing

Abstract This paper uses a two year panel of data on 600 Zimbabwean manufacturing workers and the employers to examine several aspects of the labor market response to the reforms introduced in the 1991 structural adjustment program. The analysis then uses this evidence to explore a number of hypotheses about the functioning of formal urban labor markets in Zimbabwe, with particular attention to the issue of rent sharing. First, as one would expect, liberalization of trade did indeed act to shift employment from import competing sectors to export sectors, although total manufacturing employment was basically unchanged. Second, real wages in manufacturing fell for most workers. Third, the pattern of wage changes across sectors and firms is consistent with a view of labor markets as noncompetitive. The evidence provides support for the idea that a rent-sharing process of wage determination, rather than one based on efficiency wages or government intervention, is an appropriate characterization of this labor market.
An Optical Analogy To DPCM Digital Image Data Compression

The causal predictor methods of DPCM image data compression can be replaced by non-causal or interpolative DPCM compression. A method for realizing interpolative DPCM is discussed, and can be implemented solely with incoherent optics and analog electronics. A digital simulation of this method is presented, with results showing performance comparable to conventional DPCM.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hyperfunction solutions of the zero-rest-mass field equations

In this paper it is shown how the Penrose transform maps tangential hyperfunction Dolbeault groups with coefficients in a power of the hyperplane section bundle on the hyperquadric of null twistors in projective twistor space isomorphically to all hyperfunction solutions of the massless field equations of nonnegative helicity on compactified Minkowski space. This is an extension of the Penrose transform which generated real-analytic solutions of the same field equations on the same space (cf. Eastwood, M., Penrose, R., Wells, R.O., [10]). In additions, one obtains the result that each hyperfunction solution of the massless field equations of nonnegative helicity is the sum of massless fields of positive and negative frequency, a generalization of the usual Fourier decomposition for solutions with appropriate growth conditions.
Integrin Signaling in Mammary Epithelial Cells and Breast Cancer

Cells sense and respond to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by way of integrin receptors, which facilitate cell adhesion and intracellular signaling. Advances in understanding the mammary epithelial cell hierarchy are converging with new developments that reveal how integrins regulate the normal mammary gland. But in breast cancer, integrin signaling contributes to the development and progression of tumors. This paper highlights recent studies which examine the role of integrin signaling in mammary epithelial cells and their malignant counterparts.
Poly[nickel(II)-di-μ-4,4′-bipyridyl-κ4N:N′-μ-dichromato-κ2O:O′] and poly[copper(II)-di-μ-4,4'-bipyridyl-κ4N:N′-μ-dichromato-κ2O:O′]

The novel title hybrid isomorphous organic–inorganic mixed-metal dichromates, [Ni(Cr2O7)(C10H8N2)2] and [Cu(Cr2O7)(C10H8N2)2], have been synthesized. A non-centrosymmetric three-dimensional (4,6)-net is formed from a linear chain of vertex-linked [Cr2O{}_{7}]2− and [MN4O{}_{2}]2+ (M = Ni and Cu) units, which in turn are linked by the planar bidentate 4,4′-­bipyridine ligand through the four remaining vertices of the [MN4O{}_{2}]2+ octahedra. There are two such three-dimensional nets that interpenetrate with inversion symmetry.
Hormonal Modification of the Distribution of 1-Amino-cyclopentanecarboxylic Acid-l-C14 in the Rat

Four hormones have been examined for their ability to alter the distribution in the rat of the new model amino acid, l-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid-l-C14. Although the total tissue concentrations of this amino acid were considerably less than those found previously for α-aminoisobutyric acid, the changes produced by the hormones were much the same for both amino acids. Hydrocortisone elevated the liver level of 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid within 2 hr. Bovine growth hormone accelerated entry of the amino acid into both skeletal muscle and liver of hypophysectomized rats within 1 hr. Testosterone propionate elevated its distribution ratio in the kidney but not in skeletal muscle, whereas β-estradiol significantly increased uptake of the model amino acid only by the immature uterus. Only growth hormone produced a significant change in the serum level of l-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid under the conditions used.
Effectiveness of trace sampling for performance debugging tools

Recently there has been a surge of interest in developing performance debugging tools to help programmers tune their applications for better memory performance [2, 4, 10]. These tools vary both in the detail of feedback provided to the user, and in the run-time overbead of using them. MemSpy [10] is a simulation-based tool which gives programmers detailed statistics on the memory system behavior of applications. It provides information on the frequency and causes of cache misses, and presents it in terms of source-level data and code objects with which the programmer is familiar. However, using MemSpy increases a program's execution time by roughly 10 to 40 fold. This overhead is generally acceptable for applications with execution times of several minutes or less, but it can be inconvenient when tuning applications with very long execution times.This paper examines the use of trace sampling techniques to reduce the execution time overhead of tools like MemSpy. When simulating one tenth of the references, we find that MemSpy's execution time overhead is improved by a factor of 4 to 6. That is, the execution time when using MemSpy is generally within a factor of 3 to 8 times the normal exwution time. With this improved performance, we observe only small errors in the performance statistics reported by MemSpy. On moderate sized caches of 16KB to 128KB, simulating as few as one tenth of the references (in samples of 0.5M references each) allows us to estimate the program's actual cache miss rate with an absolute error no greater than 0.3% on our five benchmarks. These errors are quite tolerable within the context of performance bugging. With larger caches we can also obtain good accuracy by using longer sample lengths. We conclude that, used with care, trace sampling is a powerful technique that makes possible performance debugging tools which provide both detailed memory statistics and low execution time overheads.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising in the glans penis.

Abstract Mixed carcinoma (squamous and glandular) of the penis is a rare neoplasm with an unknown origin and a poorly defined prognosis. The mucoepidermoid carcinoma described herein has not been previously reported to our knowledge. The present carcinoma arose from and extensively ulcerated the squamous epithelium of the glans penis, including that surrounding the urethral meatus. The neoplasm was composed of well-differentiated nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma associated with large areas of carcinoma formed by cell nests that contained poorly differentiated squamous elements and large eosinophilic to pale granular cells. Mucin stains revealed approximately one quarter of the pale cells contained mucous substances. These findings are virtually identical to the mucoepidermoid type of carcinoma seen in the cervix. The 3 previously reported cases of adenosquamous carcinoma of the penis demonstrated a relatively indolent course, with only one being associated with a single inguinal lymph node metastas...
Direct-Coupled Cavity Filters for Wide and Narrow Bandwidths

Direct-coupled resonator filters in transmission line are discussed. The resonators consist of sections of transmission line coupled either by series capacitances or shunt inductances. Over narrow frequency bands, such filters show characteristics similar to those of lumped-constant filters and their design is straightforward. The design of direct-coupled resonator filters over wide (as well as narrow) frequency bands is presented here using the quarter-wave transformer as a prototype circuit. Several numerical examples (with fractional bandwidths between 10 per cent and 85 per cent) are worked out to illustrate the method. It is shown that the response can be improved by optimizing the line impedances.
Central-upwind schemes for the system of shallow water equations with horizontal temperature gradients

We introduce a central-upwind scheme for one- and two-dimensional systems of shallow-water equations with horizontal temperature gradients (the Ripa system). The scheme is well-balanced, positivity preserving and does not develop spurious pressure oscillations in the neighborhood of temperature jumps, that is, near the contact waves. Such oscillations would typically appear when a conventional Godunov-type finite volume method is applied to the Ripa system, and the nature of the oscillation is similar to the ones appearing at material interfaces in compressible multifluid computations. The idea behind the proposed approach is to utilize the interface tracking method, originally developed in Chertock et al. (M2AN Math Model Numer Anal 42:991---1019, 2008) for compressible multifluids. The resulting scheme is highly accurate, preserves two types of "lake at rest" steady states, and is oscillation free across the temperature jumps, as it is illustrated in a number of numerical experiments.
A Modern Understanding of the Traditional and Nontraditional Biological Functions of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent peptidase responsible for converting angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. However, ACE is a relatively nonspecific peptidase that is capable of cleaving a wide range of substrates. Because of this, ACE and its peptide substrates and products affect many physiologic processes, including blood pressure control, hematopoiesis, reproduction, renal development, renal function, and the immune response. The defining feature of ACE is that it is composed of two homologous and independently catalytic domains, the result of an ancient gene duplication, and ACE-like genes are widely distributed in nature. The two ACE catalytic domains contribute to the wide substrate diversity of ACE and, by extension, the physiologic impact of the enzyme. Several studies suggest that the two catalytic domains have different biologic functions. Recently, the X-ray crystal structure of ACE has elucidated some of the structural differences between the two ACE domains. This is important now that ACE domain-specific inhibitors have been synthesized and characterized. Once widely available, these reagents will undoubtedly be powerful tools for probing the physiologic actions of each ACE domain. In turn, this knowledge should allow clinicians to envision new therapies for diseases not currently treated with ACE inhibitors.
A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Alloy anodes are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high-energy capacity and safety characteristics. However, the commercial use of alloy anodes has been hindered to date by their low cycle life and high initial capacity loss. This review highlights the recent progress in improving and understanding the electrochemical performance of various alloy anodes. The approaches used for performance improvement are summarized, and the causes of first-cycle irreversible capacity loss are discussed. The capacity retentions and irreversible capacity losses of various alloy anodes are compared. Several alloy anodes exhibited excellent cycle life (up to 300 cycles) with high initial coulombic efficiency (80–90%) and large reversible capacity (500–700 mAh g −1 ).
Reliability in underwater inter-vehicle communications

Underwater networks are envisioned to enable several applications for oceanographic data collection, environmental monitoring, navigation, and tactical surveillance. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. Most of these applications make use of underwater vehicles and rely on inter-vehicle communication capabilities for information exchange and coordination purposes. Reliable data delivery, especially in the case of mobile underwater vehicles, is therefore a major concern in many of these applications. In this paper, three versions of a reliable unicast protocol are proposed, which integrate MAC and routing functionalities and leverage different levels of neighbor knowledge for making optimum decisions for reliable data delivery. The different levels of neighbor knowledge used by the protocols are: (i) no neighbor knowledge, (ii) one-hop neighbor knowledge, and (iii) two-hop neighbor knowledge. The three versions of the protocol have been devised by considering the peculiar characteristics of underwater channel, in design as well as in performance simulation. The protocols have been compared in static as well as mobile scenarios in terms of different end-to-end networking metrics.
Statistical and theoretical analysis of the soft-constrained time-optimal control of stable linear plants

The soft-constrained time-optimal control (SCTO) of a general strictly stable linear system whose dominant pole has a distinct real part is considered. A detailed analytical study of the asymptotic saturation properties of the control amplitude and duration is presented. These properties are qualitatively different from those of a marginally stable linear system and can be deduced analytically from the eigenstructure of the plant. The analysis shows that, under some (reasonable) hypotheses, the control amplitude is bounded by an inequality constraint. Since the validity of the hypotheses cannot be rigorously shown, a statistical analysis is used to show that these hypotheses are statistically valid. Numerical and statistical results agree well with theoretical predictions. >
Structure and Functions of Profilin, Insights at Atomic Resolution

Profilins are small, highly abundant cytoplasmic proteins that bind actin, poly-L-pro- line, and polyphosphoinositides, raising the possibility that they are second messengers to carry information between the phosphoinositide signaling pathway and the cytoskeleton. Profilin is required for a normal actin cytoskeleton in both Drosophila (Cooley et al. 1992) and yeast (Haarer et al. 1990). Originally, profilins were considered to be inhibitors of actin polymerization (Carlsson et al. 1977), but now they appear to promote assembly in at least two different ways. In addition to their roles in the cell, the plant profilins are now recognized as major human allergens (Valenta et al. 1991). Many species, including humans (Honore et al. 1993), have more than one profilin isoform (Kaiser et al. 1986) with different properties (Machesky et al. 1990) that are expressed from different genes (Binette et al. 1990; Pollard and Rimm 1991; Haugwitz et al. 1991).
Beyond refactoring: a framework for modular maintenance of crosscutting design idioms

Despite the automated refactoring support provided by today's IDEs many program transformations that are easy to conceptualize--such as improving the implementation of a design pattern--are not supported and are hence hard to perform. We propose an extension to the refactoring paradigm that provides for the modular maintenance of crosscutting design idioms, supporting both substitutability of design idiom implementations and the checking of essential constraints. We evaluate this new approach through the design and use of Arcum, an IDE-based mechanism for declaring, checking, and evolving crosscutting design idioms.
Symbol by symbol Doppler rate estimation for highly mobile underwater OFDM

We propose an OFDM receiver capable of estimating and correcting, on a symbol-by-symbol basis, the subcarrier dependent Doppler shifting due to the movement of source and receiver in an underwater acoustic network. We propose two methods of estimation: one of which is based upon the marginal maximum likelihood principle, and one of which is ad-hoc. We compare the performance of both estimators to the Cramer-Rao lower bound. We show through simulation that the proposed receiver design performs well for a source that is accelerating at 0.29 m/s2.
ISTORE: introspective storage for data-intensive network services

Today's fast-growing data-intensive network services place heavy demands on the back-end servers that support them. This paper introduces ISTORE, a novel server architecture that couples LEGO-like plug-and-play hardware with a generic framework for constructing adaptive software that leverages continuous self-monitoring. ISTORE exploits introspection to provide high availability, performance, and scalability while drastically reducing the cost and complexity of administration. An ISTORE-based server monitors and adapts to changes in the imposed workload and to unexpected system events such as hardware failure. This adaptability is enabled by a combination of intelligent self-monitoring hardware components and an extensible software framework that allows the target application to specify monitoring and adaptation policies to the system.
NK Cells Interfere with the Generation of Resistance against Mycoplasma Respiratory Infection following Nasal-Pulmonary Immunization

The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of NK cells on the development of protective adaptive immunity in response to nasal-pulmonary immunization against mycoplasma. Depletion of NK cells before nasal-pulmonary immunization enhanced resistance to mycoplasma respiratory infection. The effect of NK cells on the generation of protective immunity in lungs was dependent on lymphoid cells, as immunization of either SCID mice or immunocompetent mice depleted of CD4+ T cells did not demonstrate any increased resistance in the presence or absence of NK cells. The presence of NK cells at the time of nasal-pulmonary immunization modulated mycoplasma-specific cytokine responses in lungs and lower respiratory nodes. In particular, NK cells skewed the mycoplasma-specific T cell cytokine responses in the draining lymph nodes to higher IL-4, IL-13, and IL-17 while lowering IFN-γ responses. Adoptive transfer of total lung lymphocytes isolated from immunized mice into naive mice led to a significant reduction in the mycoplasma numbers in lungs, and the resistance was greater if cells were obtained from immunized mice that were depleted of NK cells. Similar results were obtained if purified B cells, T cells, or CD4+ T cells were used. Interestingly, this is the first time that a favorable role of functional CD4+ T cells in mediating protection in mycoplasma respiratory disease was demonstrated. Thus, NK cells can influence the responses of multiple lymphocyte populations capable of mediating resistance to mycoplasma infection.
TEACHERS' JUDGMENTS OF CREATIVITY AND SOCIAL VALIDATION OF DIVERGENT THINKING TESTS

Although judgments given by teachers, supervisors, and other significant others have been used in the past as predictors of creativity, divergent thinking tests have yet to be socially validated. For this reason a socially valid instrument was developed from teachers' conceptions of creativity and later used to rate the creativity of gifted, talented, and nongifted children (N = 240). Correlational analyses indicated that this measure was reliable, significantly correlated with divergent thinking tests, and negatively correlated with IQ. It was concluded that (a) the social validation paradigm is applicable to the assessment of creativity, and (b) divergent thinking tests have social validity in terms of teachers' judgments.
Placement of AASHTO Type 6 Modified Bridge Girders

The Arizona Department of Transportation SR 101 Pima Freeway project included construction of the bridge discussed in this case study. This particular bridge is a mainline span over Tatum Boulevard. The aspects of construction discussed here encompass a description of AASHTO Type 6 Modified prestressed girders, the planning process for setting the 19 girders, and transport and placement of the girders. Thorough planning and control are required every time a crane lifts a load. In the case of a critical lift, planning must be done with great care, and lift control must be extremely tight.
Critical care bed growth in the United States. A comparison of regional and national trends.

Rationale: Although the number of intensive care unit (ICU) beds in the United States is increasing, it is unknown whether this trend is consistent across all regions.Objectives: We sought to better characterize regional variation in ICU bed changes over time and identify regional characteristics associated with these changes.Methods: We used data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the U.S. Census to summarize the numbers of hospitals, hospital beds, ICU beds, and ICU occupancy at the level of Dartmouth Atlas hospital referral region from 2000 to 2009. We categorized regions into quartiles of bed change over the study interval and examined the relationship between change categories, regional characteristics, and population characteristics over time.Measurements and Main Results: From 2000 to 2009 the national number of ICU beds increased 15%, from 67,579 to 77,809, mirroring population. However, there was substantial regional variation in absolute changes (median, +16 ICU beds; interq...
Full-Thickness Thermal Injury Delays Wound Closure in a Murine Model.

Objective: The contemporary treatment of a full-thickness burn consists of early eschar excision followed by immediate closure of the open wound using autologous skin. However, most animal models study burn wound healing with the persistence of the burn eschar. Our goal is to characterize a murine model of burn eschar excision to study wound closure kinetics. Approach: C57BL/6 male mice were divided into three groups: contact burn, scald burn, or unburned control. Mice were burned at 80°C for 5, 10, or 20 s. After 2 days, the eschar was excised and wound closure was documented until postexcision day 13. Biopsies were examined for structural morphology and α-smooth muscle actin. In a subsequent interval-excision experiment (80°C scald for 10 s), the burn eschar was excised after 5 or 10 days postburn to determine the effect of a prolonged inflammatory focus. Results: Histology of both contact and scald burns revealed characteristics of a full-thickness injury marked by collagen coagulation and tissue necro...
Intercellular transmission of viral populations with vesicles.

A common paradigm holds that during cell-to-cell transmission, viruses behave as lone soldiers. Recently, we discovered not only that enteroviruses are transmitted via vesicles as populations of viral particles but also that this type of transmission enhances their infection efficiency (Y. H. Chen et al., Cell 160: 619-630, 2015). This mechanism could be advantageous for the overall fitness of the viral population, promoting genetic interplay by enabling viral quasispecies to collectively infect a susceptible host cell. Here, we discuss these findings in the context of viral pathogenesis and also propose that this novel type of vesicular transmission is widespread among different virus families and includes populations of both viral particles and naked viral genomes.
Shaping the Effects of Television on Adolescents' Body Image Disturbance: The Role of Parental Mediation

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between several forms of parental mediation and adolescents' television processing, emotions while viewing, and body image disturbance. A survey of both parents and adolescents (at two stages) revealed that most traditional measures of parental mediation were not significantly related to any adolescent outcomes. However, measures that captured the extent to which parents discussed characters' appearance and body size were consistent predictors of the same outcomes. The data revealed that parental mediation of this incidental content—even if it criticized the television images—encouraged deep processing of the images and negative emotions, which in turn led to indicators of body image disturbance. The implications of these findings for research on both parental mediation and body image are discussed.
Negative MRI versus real disease

A 76-year-old diabetic woman presented with progressive binocular vertical diplopia and right eye pain. Examination revealed a pupil-involving partial right third cranial nerve palsy, with development of anisocoria over the course of several hours. MRI of the brain showed no mass lesion. MRA, even with retrospective review of the images, failed to clearly identify a 1 cm right posterior communicating artery aneurysm detected by subsequent conventional cerebral angiography. While MRA has been reported to be highly sensitive in cerebral aneurysm detection at some centers, other investigators have indicated less favorable data. Standardized protocols for data acquisition and meticulous attention to proper post-processing and image interpretation are essential if MRA is to supplant invasive arteriography. Currently, conventional (x-ray) angiography remains the gold standard for aneurysm detection, while MRA possesses excellent potential in this regard.
Injuries among older adults: the challenge of optimizing safety and minimizing unintended consequences

Objectives: To describe the problem of falls, motor vehicle related injuries, and suicide among older adults, and issues related to their prevention. Methods: Summary and synthesis of selected literature. Results: About 39 000 adults aged 65 and older die each year in the United States from injuries; worldwide this annual toll is about 946 000 persons. The top three causes of injury related death in this age goup in the United State are falls, those related to motor vehicle crashes, and suicide. Effective strategies exist for preventing fall related injuries and deaths. Preventing injuries and deaths from motor vehicles and suicide may be more difficult because of the nature of these problems. Conclusions: As the number and percentage of older adults continues to rise in the United States and globally, new approaches to preventing injuries will be critical. Interventions will need to operate at multiple levels—directed at the individual, at interpersonal relationships, and at the community level.
A once-per-day, drug-in-food protocol for prolonged administration of antiepileptic drugs in animal models

Summary Purpose: Convenient and effective methods for administering potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) chronically should facilitate many experiments in animal models of chronic epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures. This proof-of-principle study aimed to optimize a once-per-day, drug-in-food protocol by testing the effect of carbamazepine (CBZ) on the frequency of convulsive seizures in rats with kainate-induced epilepsy. Methods: Adult male rats were given repeated low-dose kainate injections until convulsive status epilepticus persisted for >3 h. After the rats developed spontaneous recurrent seizures, food pellets with CBZ (30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day) were provided once per day in three 2-week trials (n = 7–9 rats) involving 5 days of CBZ or control treatment, separated by two recovery days within a trial. The total amount of food provided and consumed per day corresponded to a normal caloric diet (60 g/kg/day). Key Findings: When provided once per day, all animals ate the CBZ-containing food irregularly but continuously throughout the 24-h day. With this daily feeding protocol, CBZ significantly reduced the frequency of spontaneous convulsive seizures in a dose-dependent manner. It is important to note that the effect of CBZ was consistent across the 5 days and throughout each day of the trials. With food administered at 9:00 a.m., and blood assayed at 5:00 p.m., higher food levels of CBZ resulted in higher plasma concentrations of CBZ. Significance: This AED-in-food protocol is simple, efficient, inexpensive, reliable, and noninvasive; it allows easier long-term drug administration and is less stressful and more humane than other methods of AED administration.
New Horizons in Kidney Transplantation

As part of the spectrum of renal replacement therapies, kidney transplantation has been successful in providing the end-stage renal disease patient with a long-term, medically sound, and economically advantageous alternative to chronic dialysis. 1 The applicability of its success, however, has been limited by the ever-widening disparity between the steadily increasing number of eligible candidates and the relatively fixed number of available donors per year. This trend was partially offset in 2001, when the number of living kidney donors surpassed that of cadaveric donors. 2 In an effort to increase the availability of live donors, new techniques focused on facilitating the donation process through the use of laparoscopy. Adjunctive efforts were also directed toward overcoming previous immunologic barriers between donors and recipients, such as transplantation across “ABO incompatible” pairs. Renal insufficiency and an allocation policy change in the livertransplant recipient impact the supply of cadaveric donor kidneys and directly affect the renal healthcare worker; the perioperative management of these patients is discussed.
Privacy-preserving Bayesian network parameter learning

Privacy is an important issue in data mining. Learning a Bayesian network (BN) from privacy sensitive data has been a recent research topic. In this paper, we propose to use a post randomization technique to learn Bayesian network parameters from distributed heterogeneous databases. The only required information from the data set is a set of sufficient statistics for learning Bayesian network parameters. The proposed method estimates the sufficient statistics from the randomized data. We show both theoretically and experimentally that, even with a large level of randomization, our method can learn the parameters accurately.
Responses to a First Time Use of Internet Inservice Training by Agricultural Extension Agents

The Internet is a powerful tool for distance education. When used for extension inservice training, it provides the benefits of lower training costs due to lack of travel requirements and the ability for agents and specialists over a large geographic region to exchange information and ideas. The Internet was used exclusively for a regional county extension agent inservice training titled iCurrent Issues in Cotton Fertility Management.i The first objective was to determine if Internet distance learning could effectively be used to teach a technical agricultural topic for extension agent training over a wide geographic region. The second objective was to determine the acceptance level for learning via the Internet by first-time users of asynchronous instruction. The inservice training material for the 3-wk session was posted on the World Wide Web. Eight university specialists from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama and over 50 extension agents from the same states engaged in Internet discussions focusing on the Web material and personal experiences. Responses to a posttraining questionnaire from agents who had never previously participated in an Internet training revealed that they were strongly receptive to this form of training. The questionnaire also clearly showed that the Internet can be an effective way to implement an inservice training within the U.S. Cooperative Extension Service.
Modeling for Mass Transfer and Thermal Stress of Silicon Carbide PVT Growth

The growth of SiC bulk crystal is studied using a physical model including chemical reactions, mass transfer and growth kinetics. The thermal stress distribution in an irregular shaped growing crystal is predicted using a two-dimensional anisotropic stress model. The growth and stress models are integrated into an existing global heat transport model to investigate variation of thermal field, growth rate and the shape of the as-grown crystal as well as the thermal stress distribution during a real time growth processes. The onset of dislocation is also correlated with thermal elastic stress qualitatively using the CRSS model. The simulated results are compared with experimental measurement. The effects of the growth system geometry are also discussed.© 2002 ASME
Localized fluidization burrowing mechanics of Ensis directus

SUMMARY Muscle measurements of Ensis directus , the Atlantic razor clam, indicate that the organism only has sufficient strength to burrow a few centimeters into the soil, yet razor clams burrow to over 70 cm. In this paper, we show that the animal uses the motions of its valves to locally fluidize the surrounding soil and reduce burrowing drag. Substrate deformations were measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a novel visualization system that enabled us to see through the soil and watch E. directus burrow in situ . PIV data, supported by soil and fluid mechanics theory, show that contraction of the valves of E. directus locally fluidizes the surrounding soil. Particle and fluid mixtures can be modeled as a Newtonian fluid with an effective viscosity based on the local void fraction. Using these models, we demonstrate that E. directus is strong enough to reach full burrow depth in fluidized soil, but not in static soil. Furthermore, we show that the method of localized fluidization reduces the amount of energy required to reach burrow depth by an order of magnitude compared with penetrating static soil, and leads to a burrowing energy that scales linearly with depth rather than with depth squared.
Bombesin stimulates human nasal mucous and serous cell secretion in vivo.

Bombesin, gastrin-related peptide (GRP), and related peptides sharing the common carboxyterminal sequence stimulate lactoferrin (serous cell marker) and glycoconjugate (mucous cell and goblet cell ...
Experimental production of aortic valvular stenosis. Short-term and long-term studies in dogs.

An experimental method is described for the production of acute and chronic aortic valvular stenosis in dogs. The resulting lesion is similar physiologically and pathologically to that seen in human subjects with aortic valvular stenosis. Fusion of two commissures of the aortic valve by stainless steel clips led to gradual (about 3 weeks) development of mild-to-moderate aortic valvular stenosis. This degree of valvular obstruction was maintained for up to 24 weeks postoperatively. Valve leaflets were fibrotic and thickened, and the commissures were fused. Left ventricular hypertrophy was documented by the finding of increased left ventricular weights (average increase 44 per cent) and increased transverse diameters of the muscle cells. Fusion of all three aortic valve commissures by clips produced severe aortic stenosis immediately. In some animals, however, the valvular obstruction diminished progressively over the first 4 postoperative weeks; the leaflets tore, with resultant increase in valve area and development of aortic regurgitation. Possible applications of these models for hemodynamic and morphologic studies are discussed.
A Marshallese nation emerges from the political fragmentation of American Micronesia

Prior to World War II, the sole colonial holding by the United States in Micronesia was Guam, largest of the Mariana Islands, which had been annexed after the Spanish-American War in 1898 and was administered by the US Navy Department as a strategic facility. In 1944, American military forces began their occupation of other parts of Micronesia by invading the Marshall Islands. They gained control of the remaining Japanese-mandated islands in 1945 upon the surrender of Japan. These islands, not including Guam, were designated a strategic trust territory in 1947 by the United Nations Security Council. The United States was appointed administrator and charged with fostering self-government or independence according to the wishes of the Micronesian islanders. In this essay, I have chosen to focus on the Marshall Islands, easternmost in American Micronesia, as but one of the several ethnic and geographic groups in the trust area that have emerged as self-governing states after more than forty years of administrative relations with the United States. To understand the issues that now face the Marshallese people and their government it is necessary, first, to recount the wider historical context in which all of the peoples under trusteeship, including the Marshallese, have responded to the changing administrative policies and political interests of the United States since World War II. My choice of the Marshalls as a case study of change in Micronesia, in the second part of this essay, is based on personal research and observa-
The unique chemistry and biology of the piericidins

The piericidin family of microbial metabolites features a 4-pyridinol core linked with a methylated polyketide side chain. Piericidins are exclusively produced by actinomycetes, especially members of the genus Streptomyces. The close structural similarity with coenzyme Q renders the piericidins important NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) inhibitors in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Because of the significant activities of the piericidins, which include insecticidal, antimicrobial and antitumor effects, total syntheses of the piericidins were developed using various synthetic strategies. The biosynthetic origin of this class has also been the subject of investigation. This review covers the isolation and structure determination of the natural piericidins, their chemical modification, the total syntheses of natural and unnatural analogs, their biosynthesis, and reported biological activities together with structure-activity relationships. Given the fundamental biology of this class of metabolites, the piericidin family will likely continue to attract attention as biological probes of important biosynthetic processes.