cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observable consequences of planet formation models in systems with close-in terrestrial planets

To date, two planetary systems have been discovered with close-in, terrestrial-mass planets (� 5‐10 M ⊕ ). Many more such discoveries are anticipated in the coming years with radial velocity and transit searches. Here we investigate the different mechanisms that could form ‘hot Earths’ and their observable predictions. Models include: (1) in situ accretion; (2) formation at larger orbital distance followed by inward ‘type 1’ migration; (3) formation from material being ‘shepherded’ inward by a migrating gas giant planet; (4) formation from material being shepherded by moving secular resonances during dispersal of the protoplanetary disc; (5) tidal circularization of eccentric terrestrial planets with close-in perihelion distances and (6) photoevaporative mass-loss of a close-in giant planet. Models 1‐4 have been validated in previous work. We show that tidal circularization can form hot Earths, but only for relatively massive planets (� 5M ⊕) with very close-in perihelion distances (� 0.025 au), and even then the net inward movement in orbital distance is at most only 0.1‐0.15 au. For planets of less than ∼70 M ⊕ , photoevaporation can remove the planet’s envelope and leave behind the solid core on a Gyr time-scale, but only for planets inside 0.025‐0.05 au. Using two quantities that are observable by current and upcoming missions, we show that these models each produce unique signatures, and can be observationally distinguished. These observables are the planetary system architecture (detectable with radial velocities, transits and transit timing) and the bulk composition of transiting close-in terrestrial planets (measured by transits via the planet’s radius).
Thermal and Bulk Comptonization in Accretion-powered X-Ray Pulsars

We develop a new theoretical model for the spectral formation process in accretion-powered X-ray pulsars based on a detailed treatment of the bulk and thermal Comptonization occurring in the accreting, shocked gas. A rigorous eigenfunction expansion method is employed to obtain the analytical solution for the Green's function describing the scattering of radiation injected into the column from a monochromatic source located at an arbitrary height above the stellar surface. The emergent spectrum is calculated by convolving the Green's function with source terms corresponding to bremsstrahlung, cyclotron, and blackbody emission. The energization of the photons in the shock, combined with cyclotron absorption, naturally produces an X-ray spectrum with a relatively flat continuum shape and a high-energy quasi-exponential cutoff. We demonstrate that the new theory successfully reproduces the phase-averaged spectra of the bright pulsars Her X-1, LMC X-4, and Cen X-3. In these luminous sources, it is shown that the emergent spectra are dominated by Comptonized bremsstrahlung emission.
The beam pen: a novel high-speed, input/output device for cathode-ray-tube display systems

In recent years there has been considerable interest in providing rapid communications between a man and a computer. A most useful communication system in this regard is a cathode ray tube (CRT) computer display and a hand-held "light pen" to report to the computer whenever a lighted spot on the CRT display falls within its small field of view. The pen may be used to identify or select a particular displayed item which the man wishes to call to the attention of the computer. Also, a feedback loop may be programmed to keep a displayed pattern of spots centered in the pen's field of view. With such a loop the displayed pattern follows the moving pen, and the system becomes a very versatile graphical input device. This process is known as "pen tracking."
Gulf of Mexico Rare Wave Return Periods

Estimates of rare wave and crest heights in the "Gulf of Mexico" were derived from the "Ocean data gathering program" hindcasts of twenty-two severe hurricanes affecting the Gulf since 1900. Results vary little between the sectors of the gulf investigated. Rare wave heights are not sharply focused by direction. The results provide a basis for evaluation of platform design wave criteria in the Gulf of Mexico. Order from NSFI as No. 16368.
A short synthesis of the trisaccharide building block of the N-linked glycans

Abstract An efficient preparation of the core trisaccharide of N-linked glycoproteins containing β-azido functionality at the reducing terminus is described. In the synthesis, triflate-mediated direct β-mannosylation was employed for the formation of the β- d -Man-(1→4)-GlcNAc linkage; the anomeric azide installation was achieved through oxazoline ring opening.
Computation of confined coflow jets with three turbulence models

A numerical study of confined jets in a cylindrical duct is carried out to examine the performance of two recently proposed turbulence models: an RNG-based K-ϵ model and a realizable Reynolds stress algebraic equation model. The former is of the same form as the standard K-ϵ model but has different model coefficients. The latter uses an explicit quadratic stress-strain relationship to model the turbulent stresses and is capable of ensuring the positivity of each turbulent normal stress. The flow considered involves recirculation with unfixed separation and reatachment points and severe adverse pressure gradients, thereby providing a valuable test of the predictive capability of the models for complex flows. Calculations are performed with a finite volume procedure. Numerical credibility of the solutions is ensured by using second-order-accurate differencing schemes and sufficiently fine grids. Calculations with the standard K-ϵ model are also made for comparison. Detailed comparisons with experiments show that the realizable Reynolds stress algebraic equation model consistently works better than does the standard K-ϵ model in capturing the essential flow features, while the RNG-based K-ϵ model does not seem to give improvements over the standard K-ϵ model under the flow conditions considered.
Three-dimensional optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.

Three-dimensional optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), an emerging optical-acoustic hybrid technology capable of imaging optical absorption contrasts with subcellular resolution and sensitivity, has been recognized as a valuable complement to existing optical microscopy technologies. In this chapter, we provide detailed discussion on the design and operation of OR-PAM, including the principle, system design, system configuration, system alignment, experimental procedures, laser safety, functional imaging scheme, recent technical advances, and sample biomedical applications. Future directions of OR-PAM development are also discussed at the end of this chapter.
Misdeeds in the US Higher Education: Illegality versus Corruption.

Corruption in higher education has long been neglected as an area of research in the US. The processes of decentralization, commoditization, and privatization in higher education rise questions of accountability, transparency, quality, and access. Every nation solves problems of access, quality, and equity differently. Thus, although prosecuting corruption in higher education is part of the legal process in every country, the ways in which legal actions are undertaken differ. This paper addresses the question: How is corruption in higher education understood and defined in legal cases, what particular cases receive more attention, and how these cases correlate with the major educational reforms, changes, and socio-economic context in the nation? Specifically, it analyses records of selected legal cases devoted to corruption in the US higher education. Decentralized financing of higher education anticipates cost sharing based in part on educational loans. The US higher education sector grows steadily, and so do opportunities for abuse, including in educational loans. The rapid expansion of education sector leaves some grey areas in legislation and raises issues of applicability of certain state and federal laws and provisions to different forms of misconduct, including consumer fraud, deception, bribery, embezzlement, etc. Higher Education Act, False Claims Act, and Consumer Protection Act cover corruption as related to the state and the public sector; corruption as related to client, business owner, and an agent; and corruption as related to consumer-business relations. However, the legal frame is simplistic, while the system of interrelations in the higher education industry is rather complex.
SECOND ORDER CORRECTIONS TO WEAK LENSING BY LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE

We calculate corrections to the power spectrum predictions of weak lensing by large-scale structure due to higher order effects in the gravitational potential. Using a perturbative approach to third order in transverse displacements, we calculate a second-order correction to the angular power spectra of E- and B-mode shear and convergence resulting from dropping the so-called Born approximation, where one integrates along the unperturbed photon path. We also consider a correction to the power spectra from the coupling between lenses at different redshifts. Both effects generate B-mode shear, and the latter also causes a net rotation of the background galaxy images. We show that all of these corrections are at least 2 orders of magnitude below the convergence or E-mode power and hence relevant only to future ultrahigh-precision measurements. These analytical calculations are consistent with previous numerical estimates and validate the use of current large-scale structure weak-lensing predictions for cosmological studies and future use of B-modes as a monitor of systematic effects.
Elastic interactions between colloidal microspheres and elongated convex and concave nanoprisms in nematic liquid crystals

We study mutual alignment and interactions between colloidal particles of dissimilar shapes and dimensions when dispersed in a nematic host fluid. Convex pentagonal and concave starfruit-shaped nanoprisms and microspheres induce dipolar or quadrupolar director structures. The ensuing elastic pair interactions between microspheres and nanoprisms are highly dependent on the nanoparticle shape being omnidirectionally attractive for convex prisms but strongly anisotropic for concave prisms. Elastic deformations due to spherical particles cause well-defined alignment of complex-shaped nanoparticles at distances much larger than the microsphere size. We characterize distance and angular dependencies of elastic pair interaction forces, torques, and binding energies. The studied elasticity-mediated self-assembly of metal and dielectric nanoparticles with dissimilar shapes and sizes opens new possibilities for self-assembly based fabrication of structured mesoscopic composites with predesigned properties.
Status of theoretical modeling of tautomerization in free‐base porphyrin

We provide a review on the status of theoretical modeling of tautomerization in free-base porphyrin. We focus our discussion on several aspects, namely: (1) potential surfaces for both the stepwise and concerted mechanisms calculated at different levels of theory, (2) solvent effects and (3) kinetics. The importance of quantum mechanical tunneling in this double hydrogen atoms transfer process is analyzed.
A tuned and scalable fast multipole method as a preeminent algorithm for exascale systems

Among the algorithms that are likely to play a major role in future exascale computing, the fast multipole method (fmm) appears as a rising star. Our previous recent work showed scaling of an fmm on gpu clusters, with problem sizes of the order of billions of unknowns. That work led to an extremely parallel fmm, scaling to thousands of gpus or tens of thousands of cpus. This paper reports on a campaign of performance tuning and scalability studies using multi-core cpus, on the Kraken supercomputer. All kernels in the fmm were parallelized using OpenMP, and a test using 107 particles randomly distributed in a cube showed 78% efficiency on 8 threads. Tuning of the particle-to-particle kernel using single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions resulted in 4 A speed-up of the overall algorithm on single-core tests with 103-107 particles. Parallel scalability was studied in both strong and weak scaling. The strong scaling test used 108 particles and resulted in 93% parallel efficiency on 2048 processes for the non-SIMD code and 54% for the SIMD-optimized code (which was still 2 A faster). The weak scaling test used 106 particles per process, and resulted in 72% efficiency on 32,768 processes, with the largest calculation taking about 40 seconds to evaluate more than 32 billion unknowns. This work builds up evidence for our view that fmm is poised to play a leading role in exascale computing, and we end the paper with a discussion of the features that make it a particularly favorable algorithm for the emerging heterogeneous and massively parallel architectural landscape. The code is open for unrestricted use under the MIT license.
Temperature dependence of the fast, near-band-edge scintillation from CuI, HgI2, PbI2, ZnO:Ga and CdS:In

Abstract We present temperature-dependent pulsed X-ray data on the decay time spectra, wavelengths, and intensities of fast (ns) radiative recombination in five direct, wide-bandgap semiconductors: CuI, HgI2, PbI2, and n-doped ZnO:Ga and CdS:In. At 12 K the luminosity of powder samples is 0.30, 1.6, 0.40, 2.0, and 0.15, respectively, relative to that of BGO powder at room temperature. Increasing the temperature of CuI to 346 K decreases the luminosity by a factor of 300 while decreasing the fwhm of the decay time spectra from 0.20 to 0.11 ns. Increasing the temperature of HgI2 to 102 K decreases the luminosity by a factor of 53 while decreasing the fwhm from 1.6 to 0.5 ns. Increasing the temperature of PbI2 to 165 K decreases the luminosity by a factor of 27 while decreasing the fwhm from 0.52 to 0.15 ns. Increasing the temperature of ZnO:Ga to 365 K decreases the luminosity by a factor of 33 while decreasing the fwhm from 0.41 to 0.21 ns. Increasing the temperature of CdS:In to 295 K decreases the luminosity by a factor of 30 while decreasing the fwhm from 0.20 to 0.17 ns. All emission wavelengths are near the band edge. The luminosities decrease much faster than the radiative lifetimes, therefore, the reduction in luminosity is not primarily due to thermal quenching of the excited states, but mostly due to thermally activated trapping of charge carriers on nonradiative recombination centers. Since the radiative and nonradiative processes occur on different centers, increasing the ratio of radiative to nonradiative centers could result in a class of inorganic scintillators whose decay time and radiative efficiency would approach fundamental limits (i.e.
Maximum entropy for collaborative filtering

Within the task of collaborative filtering two challenges for computing conditional probabilities exist. First, the amount of training data available is typically sparse with respect to the size of the domain. Thus, support for higher-order interactions is generally not present. Second, the variables that we are conditioning upon vary for each query. That is, users label different variables during each query. For this reason, there is no consistent input to output mapping. To address these problems we purpose a maximum entropy approach using a non-standard measure of entropy. This approach can be simplified to solving a set of linear equations that can be efficiently solved.
Development and Structure of a Rectangular Jet in a Multiple Jet Configuration

Results of hot-wire measurements in an incompressible jet issuing from an array of rectangular lobes, equally spaced with their small dimensions in a line, are presented. The quantities measured include mean velocity and the Reynolds stress in the two central planes of the jet at stations covering up to 115 widths (small dimension of the lobe) downstream of the nozzle exit. Measurements are carried out on a single rectangular free jet and on the same jet in a multiple jet configuration. In the case of a multiple jet, the flowfield for downstream distance X greater than 60D (D = width of the lobe) resembles that of a jet exiting from a two-dimensional nozzle with its short dimension being the long dimension of the lobe. The field of turbulence is found to be nearly isotropic in the plane containing the small dimension of the lobes for X greater than 60D.
Modeling the Audit Opinions Issued to Bankrupt Companies: A Two-stage Empirical Analysis*

Many observers are dissatisfied with the accounting profession's ability to warn the public of upcoming bankruptcy filings. Since regulators and users tend to treat an unmodified audit opinion as a “clean bill of health,” they do not expect the business to fail in the near future. Research has shown that more often than not, auditors end up letting users down when it comes to predicting bankruptcy filings with audit opinions. Although auditors assert they are not responsible for predicting future events, it is very clear that their opinion decision is evaluated, at least in part, based on events that occur after the audit report date. The interesting and logical next step is to find out how companies exit bankruptcy. Do they liquidate or reorganize? Successful reorganization may, in the end, exonerate auditors and preserve their role as an early warning device. The opinion prediction model developed in the paper introduces a new bankruptcy resolution variable that proxies for the auditor's prognosis of the ultimate disposition of the soon-to-be-bankrupt company. Using a sample of bankruptcy filings between 1982 and 1992, we find that auditors do not seem to be able to predict filings or resolution. Our tests of bankruptcy resolution support what auditors have been arguing for years: that they are not clairvoyant with respect to a client's future.
Updating the ERS Farm Typology

The USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) farm typology was originally developed to classify farms into relatively homogeneous groups based on their gross farm sales, the primary occupation of their operators, and whether the farms are family farms. Nearly 15 years have passed since ERS first released its farm typology; in this report, we update it to reflect commodity price inflation and the shift of production to larger farms. We also make a technical change, switching the measure of farm size from gross farm sales to gross cash farm income (GCFI), the total revenue received by a farm business in a given year. After the price adjustment, small farms are defined as those with GCFI less than $350,000, up from the original $250,000 cutoff. To adjust for the upward shift in production, two groups are added to the typology for farms with GCFI of $1 million or more, and a midsize group is added for farms with GCFI between $350,000 and $999,999.
Can incomplete information lead to under-exploitation in the commons?

Abstract This paper analyzes the protection of a common pool resource (CPR) through the management of information. Specifically, we examine an entry deterrence model between an incumbent perfectly informed about the initial stock of a CPR and an uninformed potential entrant. In our model, the appropriation of the CPR by the incumbent reduces both players' future profits from exploiting the resource. In the case of complete information, we show that the incumbent operating in a high-stock common pool overexploits the CPR during the first period since it does not internalize the negative external effect that its first-period exploitation imposes on the entrant's future profits. This inefficiency, however, is absent when the commons totally regenerate across periods. Under incomplete information, we identify an additional form of inefficiency. In particular, the incumbent operating in a low-stock CPR underexploits the resource in order to signal the low available stock to potential entrants, deterring entry.
Public health in India : an overview

Public health services, which reduce a population's exposure to disease through such measures as sanitation and vector control, are an essential part of a country's development infrastructure. In the industrial world and East Asia, systematic public health efforts raised labor productivity and life expectancies well before modern curative technologies became widely available, and helped set the stage for rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. The enormous business and other costs of the breakdown of these services are illustrated by the current global epidemic of avian flu, emanating from poor poultry-keeping practices in a few Chinese villages. For various reasons, mostly of political economy, public funds for health services in India have been focused largely on medical services, and public health services have been neglected. This is reflected in a virtual absence of modern public health regulations and of systematic planning and delivery of public health services. Various organizational issues also militate against the rational deployment of personnel and funds for disease control. There is strong capacity for dealing with outbreaks when they occur, but not to prevent them from occurring. Impressive capacity also exists for conducting intensive campaigns, but not for sustaining these gains on a continuing basis after the campaign. This is illustrated by the near eradication of malaria through highly organized efforts in the 1950s, and its resurgence when attention shifted to other priorities such as family planning. This paper reviews the fundamental obstacles to effective disease control in India and indicates new policy thrusts that can help overcome these obstacles.
Crystal-Associated Nephropathy in Patients With Brushite Nephrolithiasis

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Methodist HospitalInstitute for Kidney Stone Disease, Indianapolis, Indiana; Nephrology Section, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Departmentof Histology, Jinzhou Medical College, Jinzhou, Liaoning, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Pathology, IndianaUniversity School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio;and Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
Quantum dots in Si/SiGe 2DEGs with Schottky top-gated leads

We report on the fabrication and characterization of quantum-dot devices in a Schottky-gated silicon/silicon–germanium modulation-doped two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The dots are confined laterally inside an etch-defined channel, while their potential is modulated by an etch-defined 2DEG gate in the plane of the dot. For the first time in this material, Schottky top gates are used to define and tune the tunnel barriers of the dot. The leakage current from the gates is reduced by minimizing their active area. Further suppression of the leakage is achieved by increasing the etch depth of the channel. The top gates are used to put the dot into the Coulomb-blockade regime, and conductance oscillations are observed as the voltage on the side gate is varied.
A NOTE ON MIGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE

This study empirically investigates the impact of not only economic opportunity but also the quality of life, including environmental dimensions, on net in-migration over the 1960-1968 period. Investment is treated as an investment decision. Using available data for the largest SMSAs in the U.S. provided an opportunity to investigate migration to 39 of those SMSAs. The OLS results indicate that economic opportunity, as measured by the unemployment rate and the change in per capita income, exercised a negative impact and positive impact, respectively, on net in-migration to large SMSAs. Furthermore, it is found that quality-of-life/environmental factors such as warm weather, lower crime rates, and greater availability of medical care services attracted migrants. The presence of higher levels of air pollution were found to exercise only a very modest negative impact on ne in-migration.
An explicit construction of the McKay correspondence for A-Hilb C 3

Abstract For a finite Abelian subgroup A ⊂ SL ( 3 , C ) , let Y = A -Hilb ( C 3 ) denote the scheme parametrising A-clusters in C 3 . Ito and Nakajima proved that the tautological line bundles (indexed by the irreducible representations of A) form a basis of the K-theory of Y. We establish the relations between these bundles in the Picard group of Y and hence, following a recipe introduced by Reid, construct an explicit basis of the integral cohomology of Y in one-to-one correspondence with the irreducible representations of A.
Compact models for silicon carbide power devices

Abstract Compact silicon carbide (SiC) power semiconductor device models for circuit simulation have been developed for power Schottky, merged-PiN-Schottky, PiN diodes, and MOSFETs. In these models, the static and dynamic performance of the power SiC devices requires specific attention to the low-doped, voltage blocking drift region; the channel transconductance in MOS devices; the relatively low-intrinsic carrier concentration; the incomplete ionization of dopants; and the temperature dependent material properties. The modeling techniques required to account for each of these characteristics are described.
Iodonium promoted reactions of disarmed thioglycosides

Abstract N-Iodosuccinimide/trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, which had been shown to promote the solvolysis of disarmed n-pentenyl glycosides, has been found to induce the same reactivity with disarmed thioglycosides as substrates.
Integrated IMU and radiolocation-based navigation using a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter

In this paper, we develop a cooperative IMU/radio-location-based navigation system, where each node tracks the location not only based on its own measurements, but also via collaboration with neighbor nodes. The key problem is to design a nonlinear filter to fuse IMU and radiolocation information. We apply the Rao-Blackwellization method by using a particle filter and parallel Kalman filters for the estimation of orientation and other states (i.e., position, velocity, etc.), respectively. The proposed method significantly outperforms the extended Kalman filter (EKF) in the set of simulations here.
PROPOSED OBSERVATIONS OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM THE EARLY UNIVERSE VIA "MILLIKAN OIL DROPS"

Pairs of Planck-mass drops of superfluid helium coated by electrons (i.e. "Millikan oil drops"), when levitated in a superconducting magnetic trap, can be efficient quantum transducers between electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational (GR) radiation. This leads to the possibility of a Hertz-like experiment, in which EM waves are converted at the source into GR waves, and then back-converted at the receiver from GR waves into EM waves. Detection of the gravitational-wave analog of the cosmic microwave background using these drops can discriminate between various theories of the early Universe.
Weak isometries of the Boolean cube

Consider the metric space C consisting of the n -dimensional Boolean cube equipped with the Hamming distance. A weak isometry of C is a permutation of C preserving a given subset of Hamming distances. In Krasin (2006), Krasin showed that in most cases preserving a single Hamming distance forces a weak isometry to be an isometry. In this article we study those weak isometries that are not automatically an isometry, providing a complete classification of weak isometries of C .
Necessarily Welfare-enhancing Customs Unions with Industrialization Constraints: The Cooper-Massell-Johnson-Bhagwati Conjecture

Abstract This paper demonstrates that welfare-improving Customs Unions can be guaranteed even if we are constrained by specific non-economic government objectives, thus proving the Cooper-Massell-Johnson-Bhagwati conjecture. We consider a ‘production’ objective here, where a member country requires the output of a particular sector (e.g. a target level of industrialization) to be maintained at the pre-union level, and show that welfare-improving Customs Unions can still be achieved. It is straightforward to show that this result can be extended to other non-economic objectives as well.
IPOs with Buy- and Sell-Side Information Production: The Dark Side of Open Sales

The proposed model, by incorporating both (1) banker screening of new issues and (2) costly evaluation by investors, is the first to admit endogenous double-sided information production. It demonstrates a nontrivial link between these two sides: the banker wishes to structure a sale conducive to investor research because selling to an uninformed pool would result in his own shirking. One application of this paradigm indicates that, contrary to the findings of most IPO models, larger investor pools are not always better. This result resolves the "participation restriction puzzle" of why bankers do not open sales to all bidders even when doing so would maximize competition and reduce underpricing. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
When the Cupboards Are Bare: Nudging Food Pantry Clients to Healthier Foods

AbstractMarketing researchers have a great opportunity to help people who live in food insecure households and the food pantries that serve them. Food pantries are private organizations that help fill the food gap for people who live in poverty. Client-choice food pantries permit clients to select foods of varying degrees of healthiness. Clients, who are characterized as vulnerable consumers, may tend toward less healthy foods, in part due to compensatory consumption. Pantry organizers are interested in finding unobtrusive ways to nudge clients to healthier products. However, no research exists that explores the use of nudges from behavioral economics and consumer research in food pantries. In this article, a series of possible nudges are presented to begin analysis in client-choice food pantries and evaluate them via the CAN (convenient, attractive, and normalize) approach. Beyond food pantries, this article suggests more research of the choices of people living in poverty.
The Role of Institutional Investors in Curbing Corporate Short-Termism

Institutional investors are the majority owners of most publicly traded companies but allow activist hedge funds with smaller positions to push through corporate changes. The author offers various reasons why institutional investors may be reluctant to actively participate in proxy fights but then suggests several practical forms of investor engagement that support long-term value creation. So, in future campaigns by hedge funds, institutional investors should actively participate to ensure that the outcome promotes long-term growth instead of temporary price spurts.
Analysis of the response of capture-gated organic scintillators

Recent efforts have been aimed at investigating neutron detectors based on the combined signal from capture-gated organic scintillators. We present a Monte Carlo approach that is based on the simulation of the neutron detector response on an event-by-event basis. Detection efficiency, scintillator pulse height, and time-to-capture are among the quantities that can be estimated by the Monte Carlo technique
Facile Oxidative Cleavage of 4-O-Benzyl Ethers with Dichlorodicyanoquinone in Rhamno- and Mannopyranosides

On exposure to dichlorodicyanoquinone in wet dichloromethane at room temperature, equatorial 4-O-benzyl ethers are removed with moderate selectivity in the presence of other benzyl ethers in glycopyranosides and glycothiopyranosides.
An Efficient Synthesis of Coumestrol and Coumestans by Iodocyclization and Pd-Catalyzed Intramolecular Lactonization

The iodocyclization of acetoxy-containing 2-(1-alkynyl)anisoles and subsequent direct palladium-catalyzed carbonylation/lactonization provide an efficient route to naturally occurring coumestan and coumestrol, and their related analogues.
Practicing Dental Hygienists’ Perceptions About the Bachelor of Science in Dental Hygiene and the Oral Health Practitioner

No research data are available about practicing dental hygienists’ opinions regarding the Bachelor of Science in Dental Hygiene (B.S.D.H.) and the oral health practitioner (OHP), a new professional category in dental hygiene; however, such views would be useful to those implementing these programs in the academic setting as well as those involved in proposing and passing legislation regarding them. The purpose of our study was to gather information from a group of practicing dental hygienists regarding their opinions in three areas: 1) the entry-level B.S.D.H., 2) the OHP, and 3) reasons for being for or against these programs. A survey, sent to 564 dental hygiene graduates, used a five-point Likert scale to evaluate perceptions in various categories. The respondents also ranked perceived benefits and negative impacts. The usable return rate was 33.6 percent. Descriptive statistics were developed, and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. More than 70 percent of the respondents agreed that an associate’s degree sufficiently prepared dental hygienists for their positions and that the OHP would have a positive impact on access to dental care. The majority also said they felt the master’s-educated hygienist would be adequately prepared to perform proposed OHP functions. Selected demographic variables were found to be significantly associated with perceptions, including that the B.S.D.H. was viewed more positively by younger respondents.
Post-1500 Population Flows and The Long-Run Determinants of Economic Growth and Inequality

We construct a matrix showing the share of the year 2000 population in every country that is descended from people in different source countries in the year 1500. Using this matrix, we analyze how post-1500 migration has influenced the level of GDP per capita and within-country income inequality in the world today. Indicators of early development such as early state history and the timing of transition to agriculture have much better predictive power for current GDP when one looks at the ancestors of the people who currently live in a country than when one considers the history on that country’s territory, without adjusting for migration. Measures of the ethnic or linguistic heterogeneity of a country’s current population do not predict income inequality as well as measures of the ethnic or linguistic heterogeneity of the current population’s ancestors. An even better predictor of current inequality in a country is the variance of early development history of the country’s inhabitants, with ethnic groups originating in regions having longer histories of agriculture and organized states tending to be at the upper end of a country’s income distribution. However, high within-country variance of early development also predicts higher income per capita, holding constant the average level of early development.
Modeling autosomal dominant optic atrophy using induced pluripotent stem cells and identifying potential therapeutic targets

Many retinal degenerative diseases are caused by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Autosomal dominant optic atrophy is the most common hereditary optic atrophy disease and is characterized by central vision loss and degeneration of RGCs. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this group of diseases. However, stem cell therapy holds great potential for replacing lost RGCs of patients. Compared with embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be derived from adult somatic cells, and they are associated with fewer ethical concerns and are less prone to immune rejection. In addition, patient-derived iPSCs may provide us with a cellular model for studying the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic agents for optic atrophy. In this study, iPSCs were obtained from patients carrying an OPA1 mutation (OPA1 +/− -iPSC) that were diagnosed with optic atrophy. These iPSCs were differentiated into putative RGCs, which were subsequently characterized by using RGC-specific expression markers BRN3a and ISLET-1. Mutant OPA1 +/− -iPSCs exhibited significantly more apoptosis and were unable to efficiently differentiate into RGCs. However, with the addition of neural induction medium, Noggin, or estrogen, OPA1 +/− -iPSC differentiation into RGCs was promoted. Our results suggest that apoptosis mediated by OPA1 mutations plays an important role in the pathogenesis of optic atrophy, and both noggin and β-estrogen may represent potential therapeutic agents for OPA1-related optic atrophy.
A Robust Sparse Fourier Transform in the Continuous Setting

In recent years, a number of works have studied methods for computing the Fourier transform in sub linear time if the output is sparse. Most of these have focused on the discrete setting, even though in many applications the input signal is continuous and naive discretization significantly worsens the sparsity level. We present an algorithm for robustly computing sparse Fourier transforms in the continuous setting. Let x(t) = x*(t) + g(t), where x* has a k-sparse Fourier transform and g is an arbitrary noise term. Given sample access to x(t) for some duration T, we show how to find a k-Fourier-sparse reconstruction x'(t) with [frac{1}{T}int0T abs{x(t) - x(t)}2 mathrm{d} t lesssim frac{1}{T}int0T abs{g(t)}2 mathrm{d}t. The sample complexity is linear in k and logarithmic in the signal-to-noise ratio and the frequency resolution. Previous results with similar sample complexities could not tolerate an infinitesimal amount of i.i.d. Gaussian noise, and even algorithms with higher sample complexities increased the noise by a polynomial factor. We also give new results for how precisely the individual frequencies of x* can be recovered.
The Politics of Compromise

Abstract An organization must select among competing projects that differ in their payoff consequences for its members. Each agent chooses a project and exerts effort affecting its completion time. When one or more projects are complete, the agents select which one to adopt. The selection rule for multiple projects that maximizes ex post welfare leads to inefficiently high polarization; rules that favor later proposals improve upon ex post optimal selections. The optimal degree of favoritism increases in the cost of effort and discount rate. This trade-off informs the design of process rules in standard-setting organizations and helps explain their performance. (JEL C78, D23, D71, D72, D83, L15)
Whom Do You Trust?: Investor-Advisor Relationships and Mutual Fund Flows

I provide a measure for the value that investors place on trust and relationships in asset management by examining mutual fund flows around announced changes in the ownership of fund management companies. I find a decline in flows of around 7% of fund assets in the year following the announcement date, resulting primarily from fund outflows. Retail investors and investors in funds with higher expense ratios are most responsive to ownership changes, providing evidence that such investors appear to place a significant value on trust and are more likely to respond to a relationship disruption by withdrawing their assets.
On locally semi-simple representations of quivers

Abstract In this paper, we solve a problem raised by Victor Kac in [7] on locally semi-simple quiver representations. Specifically, we show that an acyclic quiver Q is of tame representation type if and only if every representation of Q with a semi-simple ring of endomorphisms is locally semi-simple.
Pseudo-Query Reformulation

Automatic query reformulation refers to rewriting a user’s original query in order to improve the ranking of retrieval results compared to the original query. We present a general framework for automatic query reformulation based on discrete optimization. Our approach, referred to as pseudo-query reformulation, treats automatic query reformulation as a search problem over the graph of unweighted queries linked by minimal transformations (e.g. term additions, deletions). This framework allows us to test existing performance prediction methods as heuristics for the graph search process. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on several publicly available datasets.
Treatment of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders and Co-Occurring Internalizing Disorders: A Critical Review and Proposed Model.

Background The past several decades have seen dramatic growth in empirically supported treatments for adolescent substance use disorders (SUDs), yet even the most well-established approaches struggle to produce large or long-lasting improvements. These difficulties may stem, in part, from the high rates of comorbidity between SUDs and other psychiatric disorders. Method We critically reviewed the treatment outcome literature for adolescents with co-occurring SUDs and internalizing disorders. Results Our review identified components of existing treatments that might be included in an integrated, evidence-based approach to the treatment of SUDs and internalizing disorders. An effective program may involve careful assessment, inclusion of parents or guardians, and tailoring of interventions via a modular strategy. Conclusions The existing literature guides the development of a conceptual evidence-based, modular treatment model targeting adolescents with co-occurring internalizing and SUDs. With empirical study, such a model may better address treatment outcomes for both disorder types in adolescents.
Functionality of soybean CBF/DREB1 transcription factors

Soybean (Glycine max) is considered to be cold intolerant and is not able to significantly acclimate to cold/freezing stress. In most cold tolerant plants, the C-repeat/DRE Binding Factors (CBF/DREBs) are critical contributors to successful cold-responses; rapidly increasing following cold treatment and regulating the induction of many cold responsive genes. In soybean vegetative tissue, we found strong, transient accumulation of CBF transcripts in response to cold stress; however, the soybean transcripts of typical cold responsive genes (homologues to Arabidopsis genes such as dehydrins, ADH1, RAP2.1, and LEA14) were not significantly altered. Soybean CBFs were found to be functional, as when expressed constitutively in Arabidopsis they increased the levels of AtCOR47 and AtRD29a transcripts and increased freezing tolerance as measured by a decrease in leaf freezing damage and ion leakage. Furthermore the constitutive expression of GmDREB1A;2 and GmDREB1B;1 in Arabidopsis led to stronger up-regulation of downstream genes and more freezing tolerance than GmDREB1A;1, the gene whose transcript is the major contributor to total CBF/DREB1 transcripts in soybean. The inability for the soybean CBFs to significantly up regulate the soybean genes that contribute to cold tolerance is consistent with poor acclimation capability and the cold intolerance of soybean.
Action principle for Coulomb collisions in plasmas

An action principle for Coulomb collisions in plasmas is proposed. Although no natural Lagrangian exists for the Landau-Fokker-Planck equation, an Eulerian variational formulation is found considering the system of partial differential equations that couple the distribution function and the Rosenbluth-MacDonald-Judd potentials. Conservation laws are derived after generalizing the energy-momentum stress tensor for second order Lagrangians and, in the case of a test-particle population in a given plasma background, the action principle is shown to correspond to the Langevin equation for individual particles.
Informational herding with model misspecification

Abstract This paper demonstrates that a misspecified model of information processing interferes with long-run learning and allows inefficient choices to persist, despite sufficient information for asymptotic learning. I consider an observational learning environment in which agents observe a private signal about an unknown state and some agents observe the actions of their predecessors. Individuals face an inferential challenge when extracting information from the actions of others, as prior actions aggregate multiple sources of correlated information. A misspecified model allows for the fact that an agent may not be able to distinguish between new and redundant information, and may have an incorrect model of how others process this information. When individuals significantly overestimate the amount of new information, beliefs about the state become entrenched and incorrect learning occurs with positive probability. When individuals sufficiently overestimate the amount of redundant information, beliefs fail to converge and learning is incomplete. Learning is complete when agents have an approximately correct model of inference, establishing that the correctly specified model is robust to perturbation.
The Influence of Antenatal Partner Support on Pregnancy Outcomes.

Abstract Background: While there has been considerable attention given to the multitude of maternal factors that contribute to perinatal conditions and poor birth outcomes, few studies have aimed to understand the impact of fathers or partners. We examined associations of antenatal partner support with psychological variables, smoking behavior, and pregnancy outcomes in two socioeconomically distinct prebirth cohorts. Materials and Methods: Data were from 1764 women recruited from an urban–suburban group practice (Project Viva) and 877 women from urban community health centers (Project ACCESS), both in the Boston area. Antenatal partner support was assessed by the Turner Support Scale. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses determined the impact of low antenatal partner support on the outcomes of interest. Results: In early pregnancy, 6.4% of Viva and 23.0% of ACCESS participants reported low partner support. After adjustment, low partner support was cross-sectionally associated with high p...
Finitary fairness

Fairness is a mathematical abstraction: in a multiprogramming environment, fairness abstracts the details of admissible (“fair”) schedulers; in a distributed environment, fairness abstracts the relative speeds of processors. We argue that the standard definition of fairness often is unnecessarily weak and can be replaced by the stronger, yet still abstract, notion of finitary fairness. While standard weak fairness requires that no enabled transition is postponed forever, finitary weak fairness requires that for every computation of a system there is an unknown bound k such that no enabled transition is postponed more than k consecutive times. In general, the finitary restriction fin(F) of any given fairness requirement Fis the union of all o-regular safety properties contained in F. The adequacy of the proposed abstraction is shown in two ways. Suppose we prove a program property under the assumption of finitary fairness. In a multiprogramming environment, the program then satisfies the property for all fair finite-state schedulers. In a distributed environment, the program then satisfies the property for all choices of lower and upper bounds on the speeds (or timings) of processors. The benefits of finitary fairness are twofold. First, the proof rules for verifying liveness properties of concurrent programs are simplified: well-founded induction over the natural numbers is adequate to prove termination under finitary fairness. Second, the fundamental problem of consensus in a faulty asynchronous distributed environment can be solved assuming finitary fairness.
A Proton-Switchable Bifunctional Ruthenium Complex That Catalyzes Nitrile Hydroboration

A new bifunctional pincer ligand framework bearing pendent proton-responsive hydroxyl groups was prepared and metalated with Ru(II) and subsequently isolated in four discrete protonation states. Stoichiometric reactions with H2 and HBPin showed facile E–H (E = H or BPin) activation across a Ru(II)–O bond, providing access to unusual Ru–H species with strong interactions with neighboring proton and boron atoms. These complexes were found to promote the catalytic hydroboration of ketones and nitriles under mild conditions, and the activity was highly dependent on the ligand’s protonation state. Mechanistic experiments revealed a crucial role of the pendent hydroxyl groups for catalytic activity.