cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis on health examination results of staff in traffic management departments in Jiangmen city in 2010

[Objective]To know the health status of outdoor staff in traffic management departments,provide the baseline data for health care of this population,as so to improve the health level and ensure the work quality.[Methods]In October 2010,1197 people in traffic management departments in Jiangmen received the health examination,and the results were analyzed.The health records of this population were established,and the health care guidance was performed.[Results]The main diseases with high detection rate and abnormal indexes were hyperlipidemia(33.8%),fatty liver(31.1%),Helicobacter pylori infection(24.1%),hyperuricacidemia(16.9%),hyperglycaemia(12.9%),renal calculi(10.9%),hypertension(7.7%),gallbladder polyps(7.4%),gallstones and choledocholithiasis(5.6%).[Conclusion]The health situation of staff in traffic management departments is not good,and the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases is high.It is necessary to improve the health care in this population to promote the health situation.
Slothrop Unbound: Shelley's Prometheus and Gravity's Rainbow

Alfred North Whitehead remarked that Shelley could have become a Newton in chemistry. And Pynchon, we want to say, could have become a, well, Pynchon–in physics. Shelley and Pynchon both use science extensively, and indeed Gravity's Rainbow would be an apt subtitle for Prometheus Unbound, and vice-versa. But Prometheus's fire-theft and Slothrop's rocketry also have much more than combustion in common. The poetic drama and the novel mythologize the loss of unitary reality in the rise of consciousness, and herald the recovery of that reality in the birth of imagination. Shelley's remarks in his essay "On Life" can serve as a reference point for both.
Resectoscope loop for urethral biopsy following cystectomy in the male patient.

AbstractA small resectoscope loop, sans scope, has been used to obtain tissue from the male urethral mucosa for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
FRAND in India

Investigations and litigation involving standard-essential patents (SEPs) have been brought around the world. In the last several years, India has drawn attention to itself by raising several novel and controversial concerns regarding SEPs. For example, in 2013 and 2014, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) issued investigation orders against Ericsson, alleging that the company violated its commitments to license on fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) terms by imposing discriminatory and “excessive” royalty rates and using Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs). In its investigation order, the CCI stated that “forcing” a party to execute [an] NDA” and “imposing excessive and unfair royalty rates” constitutes “prima facie” abuse of dominance and violation of section 4 of the Indian Competition Act, as does “[i]mposing a jurisdiction clause debarring [licensees] from getting disputes adjudicated in the country where both parties were in business.” Most recently, India’s Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion issued a Discussion Paper on SEPs, which among other things, emphasizes concerns about holdup by patent holders, while omitting any concerns about holdup and holdout by implementers. This chapter analyzes that Discussion Paper, providing guidance based on the approach taken by the United States and Europe, and offers several policy recommendations, including on the availability of injunctive relief; the issuance of a one-size-fits all template for standard-development organizations (SDOs); the imposition of royalty caps or competition sanctions for “excessive pricing,” the use of NDAs and the “ND” prong of FRAND; balancing desires for transparency with needs for confidentiality in licensing; and the use of international arbitration on a portfolio basis as likely the most efficient and realistic means of resolving FRAND disputes.
A combined channel and hardware noise resilient Viterbi decoder

Recent power reduction techniques aggressively modulate the supply voltage of embedded buffering memories allowing acceptable hardware errors to flow through the processing chain. In this paper, we present a model that captures the statistics of both channel noise and hardware failures. We further introduce a modified Viterbi decoder that maximizes the likelihood of the received data based on the distribution of the combined noise. Simulation results show a consistent improvement in BER performance across all SNRs with an area overhead ranging from 0.65% to 3.26% compared to the conventional Viterbi decoder when synthesized using a 65 nm standard library.
Societal Response to Three Mile Island and the Kemeny Commission Report

The accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant on 28 March 1979 was by common consensus the worst to occur in the history of commercial nuclear power generation in the United States. It is not surprising, therefore, that the accident provoked a series of assessments of its meaning as to the safety of nuclear power. Prominent among these was the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, popularly known as the Kemeny Commission.
TGR5 contributes to hepatic cystogenesis in rodents with polycystic liver diseases through cyclic adenosine monophosphate/Gαs signaling.

Hepatic cystogenesis in Polycystic Liver Disease (PLD) is associated with increased levels of cAMP in cholangiocytes lining liver cysts. TGR5, a G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, is linked to cAMP and expressed in cholangiocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that TGR5 might contribute to disease progression. We examined expression of TGR5 and Gα proteins in cultured cholangiocytes and in livers of animal models and humans with PLD. In vitro, we assessed cholangiocyte proliferation, cAMP levels, and cyst growth in response to: (i) TGR5 agonists [taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), oleanolic acid (OA) and two synthetic compounds]; (ii) a novel TGR5 antagonist (SBI-115); and (iii) a combination of SBI-115 and pasireotide, a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) analog. In vivo, we examined hepatic cystogenesis in OA-treated PCK rats and after genetic elimination of TGR5 in double mutant TGR5-/-;Pkhd1del2/del2 mice. Compared to control, expression of TGR5 and Gαs (but not Gαi and Gαq) proteins was increased 2-3-fold in cystic cholangiocytes in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, TGR5 stimulation enhanced cAMP production, cell proliferation and cyst growth by ∼40%; these effects were abolished after TGR5 reduction by shRNA. OA increased cystogenesis in PCK rats by 35%; in contrast, hepatic cystic areas were decreased by 45% in TGR5-deficient TGR5-/-;Pkhd1del2/del2 mice. TGR5 expression and its co-localization with Gαs were increased ∼2-fold upon OA treatment. Levels of cAMP, cell proliferation and cyst growth in vitro were decreased by ∼30% in cystic cholangiocytes after treatment with SBI-115 alone and by ∼50% when SBI-115 was combined with pasireotide. Conclusion: TGR5 contributes to hepatic cystogenesis by increasing cAMP and enhancing cholangiocyte proliferation. Our data suggest that a TGR5 antagonist alone or concurrently with SSTR agonists represents novel therapeutic approaches in PLD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Qualitative Study With Women Living With HIV on Perceived Gender Norms and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence in Northern Vietnam

Although the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Southeast Asia is one of the highest in the world, IPV remains understudied in the region, especially among women living with HIV (WLWH). This study aims to understand how gender and violence norms influence how WLWH interpret and prioritize violence as a health issue. We also explore whether HIV disclosure was seen as a trigger for IPV. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 WLWH (median age = 35.5 years; range = 28-54 years) in northern Vietnam. Participants were recruited from an outpatient antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinic. Semi-structured interviews were transcribed, translated, and analyzed to identify themes using a gender-focused theoretical framework. Twelve participants reported experiencing IPV by their current or former husbands, most of which occurred before their HIV diagnoses. Only one participant felt her HIV status was a factor for the IPV she experienced; the remaining participants did not explicitly link IPV and HIV. None expressed fear or experience of IPV after disclosing to their husbands. When asked about a woman's role in society, the majority spoke about the responsibility to build family harmony by doing housework, raising children, making a steady income, and being faithful to her husband. Participants viewed marital conflict as the woman's problem to avoid by acting docile or to resolve peacefully by bearing violence quietly. Almost all reported contracting HIV from their husbands. Regardless of whether their children were infected (n = 8) or not (n = 10), participants spoke about being compelled to initiate and adhere to ART to care for their children emotionally and financially. In the context of Vietnamese gender norms, participants expressed low urgency for help-seeking after experiencing IPV and high urgency for help-seeking after being diagnosed with HIV. Multilevel interventions are needed to shift social norms around acceptability of IPV.
Exercise, Blood Flow, and the Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation in Diabetes Mellitus

Aerobic exercise capacity is impaired in both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and this impairment is predictive of future morbidity and mortality. Although the precise etiology of impaired exercise capacity in diabetes remains unclear, several distinct lines of evidence indicate that reduced delivery of oxygen by the cardiovascular system plays a causal role. Cardiac output is often but not always reduced in diabetes. This change is sufficient but not necessary for reduced exercise capacity. Skeletal muscle blood flow is also often but not always reduced in diabetes. This change is also sufficient but not necessary for reduced exercise capacity. In addition, a growing number of animal and simulation studies show that heterogeneous distribution of blood flow within the microcirculation contributes to oxygen delivery limitations in diabetes. Once again, this change is sufficient but not necessary for reduced exercise capacity. In this chapter, we discuss each of these changes in cardiovascular function and their likely causes, beginning with the heart and gradually progressing to capillary level. We then conclude our overview by interpreting the causality or lack thereof of each diabetes-related pathological change as it relates to reduced oxygen delivery to the skeletal muscle.
The Impact of Caring for Persons with Stroke on the Leisure Occupations of Female Caregivers

Aim: The purpose of this phenomenological study is to contribute to the literature surrounding caregivers of persons with stroke and to understand the caregivers' perspective on leisure participati...
Neutrons and radioisotopes produced by collective effect acceleration

A diode system for pinching and accelerating ions is described. Operational parameters of the device are discussed along with some experimental results. (MOW)
New insights into arterial stiffening: does sex matter?

This review discusses sexual dimorphism in arterial stiffening, disease pathology interactions, and the influence of sex on mechanisms and pathways. Arterial stiffness predicts cardiovascular morta...
Initial Misidentification of Thumb Poroma by Shave Biopsy.

Poromas are benign adnexal neoplasms originating from the intraepidermal portion of sweat gland ducts. With the possibility of malignant transformation, accurate clinical diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Numerous reports of hand poroma lesions have been reported. We present an unusual case of a distal thumb poroma originally identified as a squamous cell lesion in a shave biopsy and eventually accurately identified after excisional biopsy. This report highlights the limitations of shave biopsy associated with soft tissue hand lesions and the need to consider poroma when evaluating a soft tissue lesion of the hand.
A Single-Center Retrospective Study of Acute Kidney Injury Incidence in Patients With Advanced Malignancies Treated With Antimitochondrial Targeted Drug.

Introduction Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathophysiology of kidney disease. Inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism are being developed for the treatment of solid organ and hematologic malignancies. We describe the incidence and clinical features of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients treated with the antimitochondrial drug CPI-613. Methods We identified 33 patients with relapsed or refractory malignancy, previously enrolled in 3 open-label phase II studies, who received single-agent CPI-613 chemotherapy. AKI was defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes serum creatinine criteria. Participants were followed for a median (25th–75th percentile) of 120.0 (74.0–301.0) days. Risk factors for AKI were assessed by proportional hazards regression using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Participants had baseline mean (SD) age of 63.8 (11.6) years and serum creatinine 0.9 (0.3) mg/dl. AKI developed in 9 (27%) patients; chart review failed to identify a potential cause of AKI other than CPI-613 administration in 5 (15%) patients, of whom 1 had AKI stage 1, 1 had AKI stage 2, and 3 experienced AKI stage 3. Time from initiation of CPI-613 treatment to AKI was 51.0 (16.0–58.0) days. Age, per 5-year increase, was associated with higher risk of AKI (adjusted hazard ratio 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.06–3.79, P = 0.03). Follow-up serum creatinine was available in 4 participants 174.8 (139.6) days after the episode of AKI; 3 patients had complete recovery in kidney function and 1 had partial recovery. Conclusion AKI is a possible complication during treatment with mitochondria-targeted chemotherapy.
The association between the ultrasonography TIRADS classification system and surgical pathology among indeterminate thyroid nodules

Abstract Background A high proportion of cytologically indeterminate, Afirma-suspicious thyroid nodules are benign. The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System was proposed by the American College of Radiology in 2015 to determine appropriate management of thyroid nodules in a standardized fashion. Our aim was to determine the diagnostic value of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System in cytologically indeterminate and Afirma-suspicious nodules. Methods We retrospectively queried cytopathology archives for retrospectively for thyroid fine-needle aspiration specimens obtained between February 2012 and September 2016 that were associated with the following: (1) indeterminate diagnosis, (2) ultrasonographic imaging at our institution, (3) an Afirma Gene Expression Classifier–suspicious result, and (4) surgery at our institution. We then calculated the diagnostic value of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System in predicting surgical pathology. Results Our cohort consisted of 133 nodules among 131 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for cytologically indeterminate, Afirma-suspicious nodules. A total of 9 nodules (6.8%) were assigned TR2 “not suspicious,” 25 (18.8%) TR3 “mildly suspicious,” 81 (60.9%) TR4 “moderately suspicious,” and 18 (13.5%) TR5 “highly suspicious.” Among our cohort, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System was 71.4%, 38.1%, 40.2%, 69.6%, and 50.4%, respectively. Conclusion Among cytologically indeterminate and Afirma-suspicious nodules, the Thyroid Imaging and Reporting and Data System was a poor predictor of final surgical pathology. Additional prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.
Noise-Tolerant 3D Imaging

We demonstrate noise-tolerant 3D imaging with 8 dB noise rejection beyond the theoretical limit of linear-optical matched filters. We perform the imaging from only 0.0006 detected signal photons per pulse despite being swamped by 50-folds stronger background noise. © 2019 The Author(s)
Renal denervation improves sodium excretion in rats with chronic heart failure: effects on expression of renal ENaC and AQP2.

This is the first study to show in a comprehensive way that renal denervation initiated after a period of chronic heart failure reduces the expression of epithelial sodium channels and aquaporin 2 ...
Racial Differences in the Association of Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Surface Depth and Glaucoma Severity in the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES).

Author(s): Girkin, Christopher A; Fazio, Massimo A; Bowd, Christopher; Medeiros, Felipe A; Weinreb, Robert N; Liebmann, Jeffrey M; Proudfoot, James; Zangwill, Linda M; Belghith, Akram | Abstract: PurposeTo determine if variation in anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) differs between glaucoma patients of African (AD) and European descent (ED).MethodsA total of 178 eyes from 123 glaucoma patients in the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES) and Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) were included. ALCSD and choroidal thickness were measured using the San Diego Automated Layer Segmentation Algorithm (SALSA). ALCSD was defined by both Bruch's membrane opening (BMO)-based (ALCSD-BMO) and scleral-based (ALCSD-Scl) reference planes. Racial differences in ALCSD were evaluated using cross-sectional univariate and multivariable models.ResultsA deeper ALCSD-Scl was found in males (52.4 μm, P = 0.0401), AD individuals (78.6 μm, P = 0.0004), younger individuals (-3.1 μm/year, P l 0.0213), and eyes with larger discs (81.0 μm/mm2, P = 0.024), increased visual field loss (mean defect, MD: -6.4 μm/dB [decibel], P = 0.0106), and higher intraocular pressure (IOP: 14.1 μm/mm Hg, P = 0.0256). Significant deepening of ALSCD was observed with increasing IOP and visual field severity only in the AD group. Race modified the relationship between ALCSD-Scl and age (P = 0.0145) with ALCSD-Scl in AD individuals becoming more shallow with increasing age (-3.1 μm/year, P = 0.0213), while there was no significant association in the ED group (2.1 μm/mm Hg, P l 0.2026).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that a deeper ALCSD, regardless of the ALCSD reference plane used, is associated with more severe glaucoma and higher IOP in the ADAGES cohort, particularly in individuals of AD. These results suggest that characterizing ALCSD morphology and its relationships to IOP, aging, and glaucoma progression may help explain racial differences in disease susceptibility.
The Computer Motivates Improvement in Computational Skills

jLe ike most of us, children are aware of the proliferating use of computers. Television has portrayed the computer as an "electronic brain" capable of solving any problem; the space program stressed two computer-monitored Apollo missions; and a Disney movie featured a computer as a costar. The very word computer carries with it an aura of magic and mystifying omnipotence because of its far-reaching applications.
Diagnosis and management of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood

Objective To improve the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic effect of paratesticu-lar rhabdomyosarcoma (PARA RMS). Methods Fourteen patients diagnosed with PARA RMS from 1977 to June 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients aged from 1 to 15 years, with the mean age of 6 years. Of all the cases, 6 were younger than 5 years. Nine sinistral and 5 dextral PARA RMSs were diagnosed. All patients manifested as scrotum swollen and diagnosed with PARA RMS at stage Ⅰ by roentgenographic findings. Of all the patients, 10 underwent radical inguinal orchiectomy, and 4 patients who had undergone orchiectomy ( 1 case) or tumor enucleation (3 cases) through a trans-scrotal incision in other hospitals underwent inguinal exploration with removal of the testis or the remaining sperrnatic cord. Excision of the scar of scrotal incision were also performed on the 4 above-mentioned patients. Thirteen cases were diagnosed as the spindle cell type of embryonic RMS and one the as the gland alveolar type. Chemotherapy (VAC, vincristine + actinomycin + cyclophosphamide) was performed on all patients. Results Thirteen of 14 patients were followed up for 1 to 24 years (mean, 6 years). Eleven patients were followed up for at least 2 years, including 10 (91%) survivors without tumor recurrence. For the other one patient with the age of 8 years, who underwent only 6 periods of chemotherapy and whose parents gave up the following chemotherapy, had the recurrence of a retroperitoneal metastatic tumor with the diameter more than 8 cm at 2 years postoperatively. A 9 year old patient who was admitted in 1981 had no sperm in his semen at follow-up. Conclusions PARA RMS often shows as a unilateral scrotal swelling or mass, thus it could be diagnosed earlier than other genitourinary tumors. Most cases of early diagnosed with PARA RMS are at stage Ⅰ, with the pathologic diagnosis of spindle cell type which indicated a good prognosis. The curative rate for pa-tients in stage 1 can be up to 90% after radical inguinal orchiectomy combined with VAC chemothera-py. In recent years, only VCR+ ACTD is suggested for type 1 PARA RMS for 1 year, to avoid infer-tility. Key words: Rhabdomyosarcoma; Paratesticular; Diagnosis and management
Beyond the human standard in the cognitive domain a reply to “Cognition beyond the human domain” (Angel Rodriguez’s review of Pieces of Mind OUP 2018)

Rodriguez provides an excellent general summary of Pieces of Mind as well as a graphical depiction of the decision tree behind the options I canvas for how to interpret psychological predicates acr...
Common Peroneal Nerve Injury and Recovery after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background Common peroneal nerve palsy (CPNP) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may impact extremity pain and function. Incidence and rates of recovery of CPNP after TKA vary in the current literature. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the incidence of incomplete and complete CPNP after TKA and rates of incomplete and complete recovery of nerve function in the absence of further surgical treatment. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central were searched for studies published in the years 1970-2019. Studies evaluating incidence and recovery rates of CPNP in the absence of further surgical treatment were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Outcomes of interest included incidence of complete and incomplete CPNP and rates of incomplete and complete nerve recovery. Results Eleven studies were included for qualitative analysis. In total, there were 47,585 TKAs performed, with 203 postoperative CPNPs, for a cumulative incidence of 0.4%. One hundred twenty-nine CPNPs were classified as complete or incomplete palsies. At a mean follow-up of 3.6 years (range, 0-11 years), 24 (39%) complete CPNPs had complete recovery, 34 (56%) had incomplete recovery, and 3 were lost to follow-up. In contrast, 45 (66%) with incomplete CPNPs had complete recovery, 18 (27%) had incomplete recovery, and 5 patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusions Incidence of CPNP after TKA was 0.4%. Recovery of nerve function after CPNP in the setting of TKA varies by the degree of initial nerve palsy. These data may be used to inform decisions on further interventions and for the purposes of perioperative patient counseling after TKA.
Robust and Adaptive Sampled-Data Control of Twisted and Coiled Artificial Muscles

Twisted and Coiled Artificial Muscles (TCAMs) are lightweight actuators providing high power/weight ratio, and can substitute heavy electromagnetic motors and pneumatic artificial muscles in applications that require low weight and high contractile work. In this letter we present a robust and adaptive output feedback control strategy for electro-thermally actuated TCAMs. The controller adjusts the voltage applied to the TCAM in order to match desired muscles contraction/expansion. The proposed controller compensates for disturbances and uncertainties in the TCAM’s dynamic model. The robustness and stability analysis of the controller takes into account a digital implementation of the control algorithms. Performance are derived in terms of the sampling time of the CPU and the sensors available. The efficacy of the controller is validated through experimental tests.
A Multi-Informant Evaluation of the Psycho-Social Well-Being of Adolescents with Craniofacial Conditions

Purpose: Many studies have investigated the psychosocial aspects of being an adolescent with a cleft, but our understanding of other craniofacial conditions remains scarce. This study aims to compare psychosocial adjustments among three groups of adolescents: Craniofacial conditions other than cleft lip and/or palate (CFA), Isolated cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P), and Controls (CON). Our second objective is to identify the influence of social factors on the psychosocial well-being. Material & Methods: A total of 146 adolescents, age 11-17, were recruited for this cross-sectional, multi-informant, controlled study [CFA (n=49), CL/P (n=42), and CON (n=55)]. We excluded subjects …
Systematic Review of Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Injuries and Treatment Outcomes in Women's National Basketball Association and National Basketball Association Players:

Background:Athletes in the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) and National Basketball Association (NBA) are subject to high injury rates given the physical demands of the sport. Compreh...
Spatial–Temporal Growth, Distribution, and Diffusion of Marine Microplastic Research and National Plastic Policies

Plastics account for 80% of material waste in the ocean. The field of marine microplastic (MP) research is relatively new and growing rapidly, in terms of published papers as well as institutions and countries conducting research. To combat plastic pollution, there is sufficient evidence that policies can lead to reduced plastic production and consumption both locally and globally. We aim to understand how marine MP research and national plastic policies have individually grown and spread. Specifically, we used scientometric and spatial diffusion methods to best explain how ideas (science and policy) clustered and spread geographically through time. We performed systematic literature searches to determine the spatial and temporal growth of marine MP publications and national plastic policies from 1900–2019. We found that more countries adopted national plastic policies than those that have conducted marine MP research. At each level of analysis (publication, institution, and country levels) within each field (research and policy), the temporal growth rate had a break point where doubling time changed significantly. Marine MP research grew exponentially, where doubling times ranged 1.1–3.7 years and the topics of inquiry increased steadily. National plastic policies also grew exponentially, where doubling times ranged 3.3–4.1 years. Different diffusion methods explain spatial growth, where marine MP research spread was best explained by a hybrid of expansion and relocation diffusion while national plastic policy spread was best explained by expansion diffusion. Both marine MP research and national plastic policies continue to spread, increasing global knowledge and mitigation efforts of plastic pollution.
The treatment of abruptio placentae

Abstract The treatment of abruptio placentae offers a ripe field for improvement in its maternal mortality rate. The possible relationship between late gestational toxemia and abruptio placentae is discussed. The pathology of abruptio placentae and the changes in the physiologic functions of the uterus in this condition, are considered. A plea is made for earlier resort to cesarean section in cases of abruptio placentae.
Urban stress and mental health among African-American youth: assessing the link between exposure to violence, problem behavior, and coping strategies.

This project examines gender differences in exposure to violence, coping strategies and problem behavior among 306 African-American middle and high school students in the state of Virginia. Gender differences in problem behaviors among youth exposed to violence as either victims or witnesses are examined in addition to variations in coping strategies. Relying on recent research examining violent behavior and victimization events, the study focuses on the internalizing and externalizing behavioral characteristics (i.e., academic achievement, anxiety, depression, negative self-esteem, and delinquency) of urban students exposed to violence and the extent to which coping strategies differ. Results show specific gender differences with regard to problem behavior and coping strategy among African-American youth exposed to violence. For adolescent males, exposure to violence and victimization is strongly associated with externalizing problem behaviors such as delinquency, while adolescent females exposed to violence and victimization are more likely to exhibit internalizing symptoms indicative of post-traumatic stress disorder. Among students exposed to violence and victimization, females are more likely to use problem-focused coping (i.e., social support) as an adaptive strategy in comparison to males. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding DNA methyltransferase of mouse cells: The carboxyl-terminal domain of the mammalian enzymes is related to bacterial restriction methyltransferases☆

A cDNA encoding DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DNA MeTase) of mouse cells has been cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence contains an open reading frame sufficient to encode a polypeptide of 1573 amino acid residues, which is close to the apparent size of the largest species of DNA MeTase found in mouse cells. The carboxylterminal 570 amino acid residues of the inferred protein sequence shows striking similarities to bacterial type II DNA cytosine methyltransferases and appears to represent a catalytic methyltransferase domain. The amino-terminal portion of the molecule may be involved in regulating the activity of the carboxyl-terminal methyltransferase domain, since antibodies directed against a peptide sequence located within this region inhibits transmethylase activity in vitro. A 5200 base DNA MeTase-specific mRNA was found to be expressed in all mouse cell types tested, and cell lines known to have different genomic methylation patterns were found to contain DNA MeTase proteins of similar or identical sizes and de novo sequence specificities. The implications of these findings for an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of methylation patterns are discussed.
Transparent conducting Zn1−xMgxO:(Al,In) thin films

Zn1−xMgxO:Al thin films have been grown epitaxially on c-plane sapphire substrates by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering. Structural evaluation indicated that the ZnMgO films had similar crystalline perfection as ZnO films grown under similar conditions. Postdeposition annealing with in situ In doping was done at 415 °C for 4 h in H2/Ar mixtures, resulting in improved electrical properties. Increasing the Mg content from 0 to 20 at. % increased the band gap but decreased the conductivity, mobility, and electron density in annealed films. The decrease in mobility was explained by a combination of increasing electron effective mass and alloy disorder scattering. Increasing the Al dopant content in ZnMgO had similar effects as in pure ZnO, increasing the carrier density and optical band gap but decreasing the mobility. Band gaps of 3.76 eV were achieved in the Zn0.8Mg0.2O:(Al,In) films with a corresponding resistivity of 2×10−2 Ω cm, a carrier concentration of 4×1019 cm−3, and a mobility of 7 cm2/V s.
The intracellular distribution of pentose cycle activity in rabbit kidney and liver.

SUMMARY The pentose cycle enzymes (non-oxidative) of rabbit kidney and liver tissue have been shown to be soluble after centrifugation at 105,000 X g for 2 hours, but they sedimented after centrifugation at 144,000 X g for 16 hours. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase behaved in a similar manner. The authors wish to express their appreciation to Dr. James Oldfield for the rabbits used in these experiments. Miss Evelyn Neuman has rendered valuable technical assistance in the experiments. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Horecker, B. L., Brewers Digest, 28, 214 (1953). 2. Hauge, J. G., King, T. E., and Cheldelin, V. H., Nature, 174,1104 (1954). 3. Axelrod, B., Bandurski, R. S., Greiner, C. M., and Jang, R., J. Biol. Chem., 202, 619 (1953). 4. Hauge, J. G., King, T. E., and Cheldelin, V. H., J. Biol. Chem., 214, 11 (1955). 5. Newburgh, R. W., and Cheldelin, V. H., J. Biol. Chem., 214,37 (1955). 6. Newburgh, R. W., Claridge, C. A., and Cheldelin, V. H., J. Biol. Chem., 214, 27 (1955). 7. Schneider, W. C., J. Histochem. and Cytochem., 1, 212 (1953). 8. Lehninger, A. L., in Edsall, J. T., Enzymes and enzyme systems, Cambridge (1951). 9. LePage, G. A., and Schneider, W. C., J. Biol. Chem., 1’76, 1021 (1948). 10. Cohen, S. S., in McElroy, W. D., and Glass, B., Phosphorus metabolism, Balti- more, 1, 148 (1951). 11. Bloom, B., Stetten, M. R., and Stetten, D., Jr., J. BioZ. Chem., 204, 681 (1953). 12. Beevers, H., and Gibbs, M., Nature, 173, 640 (1954). 13. Bloom, B., and Stetten, D., Jr., J. Am. Chem. Sot., 76,5446 (1953). 14. Agranoff, B. W., Brady, R. O., and Colodzin, M., J. BioZ. Chem., 211,773 (1954). 15. Scott, D. B. M., and Cohen, S. S., J. Cell. and Camp. Physiol., 38, suppl. 1, 173 (1951). 16. Green, D. E., Loomis, W. F., and Auerbach, V. H., J. BioZ. Chem., 172,389 (1948). 17. Hogeboom, G. H., Schneider, W. C., and Palade, G. E., J. BioZ. Chem., 172,619 (1948).
Isolation and characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with a disrupted gene for the IP subunit of succinate dehydrogenase.

Abstract A partial cDNA clone corresponding to the iron-sulfur protein of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) has been isolated by an application of the polymerase chain reaction (Gould, S. J., Subramani, S., and Scheffler, I. E. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 1934-1938). We used this clone for targeted gene disruption to isolate clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were totally defective in this enzyme. The disruption of the gene was verified by Southern analysis. A Northern analysis revealed the existence of a new transcript which includes the 5' end of the mRNA for the IP subunit, but extends into the vector sequence disrupting the gene. A Western analysis suggests that the large flavoprotein subunit (FP) is still made in the mutant and imported into the mitochondria, but at significantly lower levels.
On the advances of two and three-dimensional electrical impedance equation

We review the state of the art of solutions for the electrical impedance equation div(? grad ?) = 0, (1) where the function ? = ? + i?? is the admitivity, ? denotes the conductivity, w is the frequency, ? is the permittivity, i is the imaginary unit, and ? denotes the electric potential. Considering the three-dimensional case, we show that this equation is equivalent to a Schrodinger equation, and applying the algebra of quaternions, we study one method for factorizing (1) into two first-order differential operators. We also discuss a method for rewriting equation (1) directly into a quaternionic first-order linear differential equation and we cite some cases when it is possible to solve it analytically. For the two-dimensional case, we show that (1) is equivalent to a Vekua equation, and applying recently discovered properties of pseudoanalytic functions, we explore how to obtain solutions of (1) starting with solutions of a two-dimensional Schrodinger equation. Once we have discussed some elements of Pseudoanalytic Function Theory, we expose how to express the general solution of the Electrical Impedance Equation through Taylor series in formal powers, remarking the impact of this tools in such important questions as the Calderon problem in the plane.
MR imaging of hemorrhagic brain lesions: a comparison of dual-echo gradient- and spin-echo and fast spin-echo techniques.

Our objective was to assess the usefulness of the dual-echo gradient- and spin-echo (GRASE) technique in revealing acute hemorrhagic brain lesions and compare GRASE and fast spin-echo techniques for revealing acute hemorrhagic lesions and image artifacts.Thirty-two consecutive patients with acute intracranial hemorrhage underwent dual-echo GRASE (TEeff1/TEeff2, 35/85) and fast spin-echo (25/110) imaging. The techniques were matched for TR (3032 msec), spatial resolution, and acquisition time. Two neuroradiologists reviewed the images independently, documenting the number, size ( 1, or 1 cm in diameter), location, and signal characteristics (hypointense versus hyperintense compared with brain) of detectable lesions. These observers also compared matched T2- and proton density-weighted GRASE and fast spin-echo images for paramagnetic lesion conspicuity, diamagnetic susceptibility artifacts, chemical shift artifacts along the phase- and frequency-encoding directions, and artifactual CSF hyperintensity in...
Classical computationalism and the many problems of cognitive relevance

Abstract In this paper I defend the classical computational account of reasoning against a range of highly influential objections, sometimes called relevance problems. Such problems are closely associated with the frame problem in artificial intelligence and, to a first approximation, concern the issue of how humans are able to determine which of a range of representations are relevant to the performance of a given cognitive task. Though many critics maintain that the nature and existence of such problems provide grounds for rejecting classical computationalism, I show that this is not so. Some of these putative problems are a cause for concern only on highly implausible assumptions about the extent of our cognitive capacities, whilst others are a cause for concern only on similarly implausible views about the commitments of classical computationalism. Finally, some versions of the relevance problem are not really objections but hard research issues that any satisfactory account of cognition needs to address. I conclude by considering the diagnostic issue of why accounts of cognition in general—and classical computational accounts, in particular—have faired so poorly in addressing such research issues.
Measurements of ice nucleating aerosols during SUCCESS

Instruments on NASA's DC-8 Airborne Laboratory were used to obtain measurements of heterogeneous ice nucleating aerosols (IN) and CN (condensation nuclei, particles >0.012 µm diameter) in background and aircraft-affected air during the April–May 1996 SUCCESS project (Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study). IN were measured with a continuous flow diffusion chamber over a range of processing conditions from about −15 to −40°C and from ice saturation to ∼15% water supersaturation. IN concentrations ranged from <0.1 to ∼500 l−1, being generally greater at colder temperatures and higher supersaturations. Within limited sample periods, IN concentration related strongly to sampling temperature and supersaturation, but overall, there was wide variability. IN and CN concentrations did not generally correlate. During penetrations of aircraft exhaust plumes, CN exhibited a very strong response, but there was no strong evidence that exhaust is a significant IN source for the temperature and supersaturation conditions of our measurements.
Surface analysis of study models generated from OrthoCAD and cone-beam computed tomography imaging.

Introduction The purpose of this research was to determine the accuracy of digital models generated by cone-beam computed tomography and compare it with that of OrthoCAD models (Cadent, Carlstadt, NJ) for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning by using surface area analysis. Materials Two sets of maxillary and mandibular digital models of 30 subjects were obtained. The models were made from impressions scanned with OrthoCAD and by conversion of related cone-beam computed tomography files. Each patient's matched pairs of maxillary and mandibular models were superimposed by using a software program and a best-fit algorithm; surface-to-surface analysis was then performed. The average linear differences between the 2 files at all points on the surfaces were measured, and tolerance levels of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 mm were set to determine the surface correlation amounts between the 2 files. Additionally, 6 linear measurements from predetermined landmarks were also measured and analyzed. Results The average maxillary model linear difference was 0.28 to 0.60 mm, whereas the average mandibular model linear difference ranged between 0.34 and 0.61 mm. Greater than a 90% surface correlation was obtained on average at 1.00 mm in the maxillary models and at 1.25 mm in the mandibular models. The mean differences obtained from the linear measurements of the maxillary and mandibular models were 0.071 and 0.018 mm, respectively. Conclusions Surface-to-surface analysis of OrthoCAD and digital models generated by cone-beam computed tomography pointed to a fair overlap between the protocols. The accuracy of digital models generated by cone-beam computed tomography is adequate for initial diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics.
Electrophysiological studies of peripheral nerve regeneration with special reference to the small diameter (gamma) fibers.

Abstract Electrophysiological data on the course of functional regeneration of severed afferent and efferent nerve fiber components subserving discriminate mechanisms in muscle reflexes and muscular receptivity are presented. In cats the posterior tibial nerve was subjected to a 1-cm segment resection. The nerve stumps of thirty were tubulated with a monomolecular filter membrane (Millipore); in the remaining twelve animals no filter tube was used. Neuromuscular functions of the large, alpha-type fibers—motor efferents and afferents from muscle and tendon receptors—were re-established within 6 weeks after surgery in the Millipore shielded series, and somewhat later (8 weeks) in the nontubulated nerves. The function of the small efferent (gamma) fibers was restituted considerably later in both series (fifteenth and twenty-sixth week, respectively). The delay observed in the nontubulated nerves indicates that the Millipore favorably affected outgrowth of the small nerve fibers. Full use of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was not restored immediately following the re-establishment of the neuromuscular connections of the large axons. The present findings strongly indicate the importance of the restoration of efferent gamma fibers in regaining normal coordination of muscle movements.
Food-drug interactions.

Although herb–drug interactions have been described for a long time [1–11], food–drug interactions are less well known. A recent article in a geriatric journal [12] attempted to address this issue. Unfortunately the list was incomplete. Because of the importance of food–drug interactions to not only geriatric patients but also cardiac patients, young or old, throughout the world, I would like to make the following comments:
Sling left pulmonary artery with patent type IIA tracheobronchial anomaly and imperforate anus

We present a 3-month-old boy with a type IIA sling left pulmonary artery associated with imperforate anus and rectourethral fistula. Tracheobronchial abnormalities are demonstrated using multidetector CT with 3-D volume rendering of the airways. This case represents a novel variant of an already rare entity with an unusually high right upper lobe bronchus and no evidence of associated tracheobronchial stenosis.
The dynamics of two interacting populations

in the xixs plane, and assume throughout that fi , fi E Co in Q and fi , fi E Cl in QO. Notice that every trajectory of (1) starting in Q at t = 0 lies entirely either in Q” or on one of the positive semiaxes. Indeed, if x(t) = (xl(t), x2(t)) is a solution of (1) originating in Q” and if t, > 0 were the time of its first intersection with one of the axes, then f,(x(t)) and f,(x(t)) would be bounded for 0 0, m2 > 0); thus 3ii 3 -m,x, and 2s > -msxa , and therefore xl(t) > xi(O) e-“lt and x2(t) 3 x,(O) emzt for all 0 < t < to . A similar argument holds for to < 0, and hence a trajectory of (1) starting in QO cannot reach the x1 or xs axis in finite time. For the same reason, a trajectory originating on one of the positive semiaxes cannot enter Q”. Finally, we assume below conditions on fi and fi that eliminate the possibility of finite escape times.
Structure and alloy chemistry of metastable GeSb

Abstract In the simple eutectic GeSb system, a metastable phase GeSb with a tetragonally distorted NaClBl type structure (a0 = 5.874 A; c0 = 6.204 A; c 0 a 0 = 1.05 6 ) has been prepared by rapid quenching from the melt (splat cooling). The solid solubility of Ge in Sb was enhanced from ∼8 at. % Ge in equilibrium to > 17 at. % Ge. GeSb represents a new structure type; its atomic configuration can be considered as intermediate between those of Sb and Ge. The tetragonal distortion is related to the presence of 7 bonding electrons per formula unit. A metastable GeSb phase diagram including GeSb is proposed.
Structure of the boron-hydrogen complex in crystalline silicon.

The lattice site occupied by the boron and hydrogen atoms in hydrogenated crystalline silicon is investigated by use of ion channeling and nuclear-reaction analysis. After hydrogenation, boron atoms are found to be displaced from substitutional sites. Analysis of the data indicates that the shift is 0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 \AA{}. The hydrogen atoms are found to preferentially occupy the bond-center site. These findings are consistent with a structure for the boron-hydrogen complex in which the hydrogen atom occupies a site between a silicon and a boron atom, while the boron atom relaxes back towards a threefold-coordinated position. The data are compared with recent predictions of the structure of the B-H complex in silicon.
MODWht3 : A development-driven wheat growth simulation

Crop growth simulations are needed to help organize our knowledge of plant response to the environment for the purpose of assisting growers in management decisions, predicting impacts of land use decisions, and predicting the consequences of probable climatic variation. This paper describes the derivation, combination, and (where necessary) calibration of the models required to produce a simulation of the seasonal development and growth of winter wheat. The simulation provides appearance time and size estimates for each aboveground plant part (leaves, stems, spikes, and kernels), length and mass of roots with depth, time of occurrence of phenological events (germination, emergence, tillering, single ridge, double ridge, jointing, boot, heading, anthesis, soft dough, mature, and harvest ripe), rate and amount of water evaporated and transpired, uptake of N from the soil profile, and estimates of daily net photosynthesis. Strengths of the simulation include that it predicts dates for all crop phenological stages, it estimates sizes for all plant parts on a daily basis for comparisons with almost any observed field data, it is organized according to the natural structure of the system being simulated, and it is designed to be changed. Weaknesses include current lack of ranges for parameter values for different cultivars, a simplistic soil water budget, and limitations in specifying nutrient distribution among plant organs. No weed, pathogen, or insect models are incorporated; however, the program that implements the simulation is specifically designed to be easily modified, so pest models could be added.