cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling the Elongation Phase of Transcription with P-TEFb

The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is a cyclin-dependent kinase that controls the elongation phase of transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). This process is made possible by the reversal of effects of negative elongation factors that include NELF and DSIF. In complex organisms, elongation control is critical for the regulated expression of most genes. In those organisms, the function of P-TEFb is influenced negatively by HEXIM proteins and 7SK snRNA and positively by a variety of recruiting factors. Phylogenetic analyses of the components of the human elongation control machinery indicate that the number of mechanisms utilized to regulate P-TEFb function increased as organisms developed more complex developmental patterns.
The Nonprofit/Service Organization as a Marketing Research Problem: Issues and Examples

A minority of schools offer one or more courses in nonprofit or service marketing. Several possible reasons for limited nonprofit/service offerings are proposed, including the integration of nonprofit/service marketing concepts into existing courses such as marketing research, which can be taught effectively by using a nonprofit or service organization's research problems as a course project. Benefits of this approach are discussed and three examples of nonprofit/service projects are described.
Designs of dual band microwave components and their applications

This paper presents the designs and the applications of dual band microwave components. For the designs of microwave components, we introduced a dual band coupler, a dual band crossover and a dual band balun. Analytical equations are derived to design the proposed dual band components. To demonstrate the applications of proposed dual band devices, we present a dual band Butler matrix and a dual band RF sensor. Both of them have shown improved performance (e.g. robustness, and measurement stability).
What Cognitive Benefits Does an Activity-Based Reading Strategy Afford Young Native American Readers?.

The authors conducted 2 experiments with children from a reservation community. In Experiment 1, 45 third-grade children were randomly assigned to the following reading strategies: (a) “reread,” in which participants read each sentence of a story and then reread it; (b) “observe,” in which participants read sentences and then observed an experimenter move manipulatives as directed by the story; and (c) “activity,” in which participants read sentences and then moved manipulatives as directed by the story. In Experiment 2, 40 second-grade children were randomly assigned to either the reread or activity strategy. In both experiments, activity participants remembered more story content than did reread participants. In Experiment 1, the authors identified no memory differences between observe and activity strategies. When imagery instructions replaced the original strategies, Experiment 1 third-grade activity (and observe) participants recalled more story content than did reread participants, but Experiment 2 ...
Aggregate-free human growth hormone. I. Isolation by ultrafiltration.

A procedure is described for the preparation of human growth hormone by a process of ultrafiltration. The method is rapid, requiring only 2 days to complete; and a yield of 8 mg/pituitary gland can be obtained consistently. The material has a potency equal to or greater than that of other preparations which are used for clinical studies. No organic solvent, extreme pH, or drying process is used and, therefore, denaturation and/or aggregation reactions are minimized. The gonadotrophins and thyrotropin are obtained in a side fraction. Data are reviewed which suggest that aggregated human growth hormone may be responsible for development of antibodies in patients treated with the hormone. (Endocrinology 84: 325, 1969)
The effects of pressure on the hydrogenation of benzene and naphthalene over reduced and sulfided molybdena-alumina catalysts

In earlier work it is shown that benzene could not be hydrogenated under 1 atm total pressure over the same reduced or sulfided molybdena-alumina catalyst which was hyperactive for olefin hydrogenation after similar pretreatment. Hydrogenation became detectable, however, after reduction at 800 C where the average oxidation number (O.N.) was 1.3 (e/Mo = 4.7) and the reaction became facile after reduction at 900 C where metallic molybdenum was evidently present (O.N. = 0.9); others have also reached this latter conclusion. Catalysts reduced below 600 C, as is the customary procedure, have O.N. {approx}4; they contain mainly Mo{sup 4+} together with small amounts of Mo{sup 5+}, balanced by some lower valence states, but no evidence of Mo{sup 0} or metallic molybdenum has been expected or reported. It was suggested, therefore, that the hydrogenation of benzene carried out with P{sub H{sub 2}} {approximately} 1 atm might be used as a sensitive diagnostic test for the presence of this metal or conceivably some other low-valence state. In the present work these results have been extended to much higher hydrogen pressures. In spite of the fact that benzene could not be hydrogenated on conventionally prepared catalysts (reduced at T < 600 C), exchange betweenmore » D{sub 2} and the benzene hydrogens occurred at 70 C. It was shown, however, that this process took place largely on the alumina portion of the surface although it was synergistically influenced by the dissociation of D{sub 2} on the molybdena sites. The exchange reaction could be effectively quenched by the chemisorption of CO{sub 2} prior to reaction. CO{sub 2} has been shown to chemisorb selectively on the alumina portion of the surface.« less
Older Women and Poverty Transition: Consequences of Income Source Changes From Widowhood

Older single women are disproportionately vulnerable to poverty. Using data from the 2002 and 2004 waves of the Health and Retirement Study of 5,799 women age 65 or older, this study investigated the effect of change in income sources by recent spousal loss on poverty transition. The focus is on (a) the effect of widowhood on income source change and (b) how such change affects poverty transition of recently widowed older women. Findings indicate that widowhood greatly decreases income from every source. Specifically, a $10 increase in social security benefits decreased the probability of poverty transition for recently widowed older women by 67.2%. These findings call for reconsidering social security survivor benefit rules and women's education with regard to financial security in retirement.
Institutional authority and the structure of discourse

(1984). Institutional authority and the structure of discourse. Discourse Processes: Vol. 7, Physicians and Patients in Social Interaction: Medical Encounters as a Discourse Process, pp. 201-224.
Altered intestinal microcirculation is the critical event in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract Purpose The pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) includes prematurity, enteral feeds, hypoxia, and hypothermia. We hypothesized that vasoconstriction of the neonatal intestinal microvasculature is the essential mechanistic event in NEC and that these microvascular changes correlate with alterations in mediators of inflammation. Methods Sprague-Dawley rat pups were separated into groups by litter. Necrotizing enterocolitis was induced in experimental groups, whereas control animals were delivered vaginally and dam fed. Neonatal pups underwent intravital videomicroscopy of the terminal ileum with particular attention to the inflow and premucosal arterioles. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate for messenger RNA of mediators of inflammation. Results Necrotizing enterocolitis animals demonstrated statistically significant smaller inflow and premucosal arterioles than control animals ( P P = .01) and high-mobility group box protein 1 ( P = .001) in the ileum of animals with NEC. Conclusion Intestinal arterioles were significantly smaller at baseline in animals with NEC compared with controls, and expression of inflammatory mediators was increased in animals with NEC. This represents a novel method of defining the pathophysiology of NEC and allows real-time evaluation of novel vasoactive strategies to treat NEC.
Regulation of virulence factor expression in group A streptococcus.

Important aspects of the csrR/csrS system remain incompletely understood. A direct interaction between CsrR and DNA sequences upstream of target genes has been shown only for the has operon. It remains to be determined whether CsrR acts in a similar manner to regulate ska, sagA and speMF, or whether additional intermediates are involved. By analogy to other two-component systems, it is likely that CsrS regulates the DNA-binding activity of CsrR by a phospho-relay mechanism; CsrS contains motifs conserved in sensor histidine kinases, but it remains to be shown whether CsrS phosphorylates (and/or dephosphorylates) CsrR in response to an external signal. Finally, as is the case for most two-component systems, the environmental stimulus that interacts with CsrS is unknown. Identification of this signal is a high priority for further research on this novel system that regulates GAS virulence determinants.
Local structure of CuIn 3 Se 5 : X-ray absorption fine structure study and first-principles calculations

A detailed extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{5}$ on Cu-K, In-K, and Se-K edges was performed. It was found that ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{5}$ have well-defined local structure with the same average Cu-Se and In-Se bond lengths. They can be best described by structures containing weighted local tetrahedral cationic clusters around each Se: $2\mathrm{Cu}+2\mathrm{In}$ $(k=8),$ and equal number of ${V}_{\mathrm{Cu}}+\mathrm{Cu}+2\mathrm{In}$ $(k=7)$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{Cu}}+3\mathrm{In}$ $(k=9),$ where k denotes the nominal number of valence electrons of the cation clusters. ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ consists of 100% $k=8$ clusters and ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{5}$ consists of 20% $k=8$ and 40% $k=7$ and 40% $k=9$ clusters. First-principles band structure calculations of various ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{5}$ and ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{5}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ compounds confirmed that the average Cu-Se and In-Se bond lengths in various ordered vacancy structures are identical to within the calculation uncertainty, in agreement with the present EXAFS measurements. The first-principles calculations also find that the formation energy of several possible crystal structures for ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{5}$ and ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{5}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ are very similar, which explains why the long-range order of ${\mathrm{CuIn}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{5}$ is not uniquely determined.
Characterization of a maximum entropy image reconstruction algorithm

Maximum entropy algorithms (MEM) can be used to restore imagery within a region of corrupted data. The necessary condition being that the point spread function (PSF) must be sufficiently large with respect to the region of corrupted data. In most cases MEM will give a result which may not be the result desired. In general the error assessment is qualitative and the restored image appears cosmetically more pleasing to the yee. This paper presents a characterization of one MEM algorithm which estimates an object consistent with Boltzmann statistics within a corrupted region of the detector array. Chosen as an example will be two prefix Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Faint Object Camera (FOC) images. The characterization consists of an assessment of photometric accuracy, precision, and resolution. The results presented here will be parameterized in terms of signal to noise ratio and size of corrupted data. This study is conducted with a set of simulated data which closely match that of the HST FOC. As a demonstration, we apply these techniques to an actual data set obtained from the HST FOC. These FOC data are corrupted in a region which we restore using a synthetic PSF.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of derivatives of adenosine 3',5'-phosphate on liver slices and intact animals.

Abstract Cyclic AMP and its N6-2′-O-dibutyryl derivative were found to be relatively non-toxic in mice. The chief effect noted when mice were injected with 500 mg/kg of either compound was drowsiness. Cardiovascular responses resulting from intravenous injection of 13 μmoles/kg of cyclic AMP or derivatives in anesthetized dogs were small and variable. Acyl derivatives of cyclic AMP with substitution on the N6 or 2′-O position or both were more active than the parent compound in producing hyperglycemia in intact dogs. These derivatives were also more effective in causing phosphorylase activation in liver slices. An initial rise of blood lactate was observed when cyclic AMP or derivatives were injected into intact dogs. This initial rise was followed by a prolonged decrease in the blood lactate concentration.
Structural Color in Porous, Superhydrophilic, and Self‐Cleaning SiO2/TiO2 Bragg Stacks

Thin-film Bragg stacks exhibiting structural color have been fabricated by a layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition process involving the sequential adsorption of nanoparticles and polymers. High- and low-refractive-index regions of quarter-wave stacks were generated by calcining LbL-assembled multilayers containing TiO(2) and SiO(2) nanoparticles, respectively. The physical attributes of each region were characterized by a recently developed ellipsometric method. The structural color characteristics of the resultant nanoporous Bragg stacks could be precisely tuned in the visible region by varying the number of stacks and the thickness of the high- and low-refractive-index stacks. These Bragg stacks also exhibited potentially useful superhydrophilicity and self-cleaning properties.
Double plating of distal femur fractures : Indications and technique

Summary:Certain types of complex distal femur fractures, open reduction internal fixation, and plating from the lateral side should be supplemented with a medial buttress plate. Indications for double plating are AO type C-3 fracture patterns with medial condyle “Hoffa” fracture fragments, very dist
Spatiotemporal control of ultrashort laser pulses using intense single-cycle terahertz pulses

We demonstrate that the intense electric field of a subpicosecond single-cycle terahertz pulse can control and manipulate the temporal, spectral, and spatial phase of a copropagating ultrashort laser pulse through the Pockels effect in an electro-optic crystal. In the temporal and spectral domains, the single-cycle THz pulse can impart either a positive or a negative quadratic phase modulation to the probe pulse, leading to a spectral shift, broadening, or pulse expansion or compression. While acting in the spatial domain, the THz-induced phase modulation induces a lenslike effect, providing focusing or defocusing of the copropagating probe beam. The experimental results are in good agreement with simulations. Our study gives a comprehensive picture of the nonlinear spatiotemporal dynamics in the high-field regime driven by the intense single-cycle THz pulse.
Main Memory-Based Algorithms for Efficient Parallel Aggregation for Temporal Databases

The ability to model the temporal dimension is essential to many applications. Furthermore, the rate of increase in database size and stringency of response time requirements has out-paced advancements in processor and mass storage technology, leading to the need for parallel temporal database management systems. In this paper, we introduce a variety of parallel temporal aggregation algorithms for the shared-nothing architectures these algorithms are based on the sequential Aggregation Tree algorithm. We are particularly interested in developing parallel algorithms that can maximally exploit available memory to quickly compute large-scale temporal aggregates without intermediate disk writes and reads. Via an empirical study, we found that the number of processing nodes, the partitioning of the data, the placement of results, and the degree of data reduction effected by the aggregation impacted the performance of the algorithms. For distributed result placement, we discovered that Greedy Time Division Merge was the obvious choice. For centralized results and high data reduction, Pairwise Merge was preferred for a large number of processing nodess for low data reduction, it only performed well up to 32 nodes. This led us to a centralized variant of Greedy Time Division Merge which was best for the remaining cases. We present a cost model that closely predicts the running time of Greedy Time Division Merge.
Estimation of Solar Energy Harvested for Autonomous Jellyfish Vehicles (AJVs)

There is significant interest in harvesting ocean energy for powering the autonomous vehicles that can conduct surveillance for long durations. In this paper, we analyze the applicability of solar cells as a power source for medusa-inspired biomimetic vehicles. Since these vehicles will be operating under ocean waters and may need to dive at various depths, a systematic investigation was conducted to determine the variation of output power as a function of depth and salinity levels. We modeled solar energy harvested by flexible amorphous solar cell coated jellyfish vehicles by considering the variables bell diameter, turbidity, depth, and fineness ratio. Low fineness ratio shapes were found to be better for solar energy powered vehicles. Study of three representative species, Aurelia aurita (AA), Mastigias sp., and Cyanea capillata indicates that harvested power was proportional to bell diameter. Optimum power can be harvested by tilting the vehicle axis to face refracted sunrays. Depending on a swimming pattern, power harvested in charging mode and in propulsion mode could vary significantly. The model indicates that, under some circumstances, amorphous silicon solar cell may be a cost-effective way to power autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) operating in shallow-water conditions with large lateral travel distances.
The Effect of Propranolol Intoxication on QTc Interval in a Canine Model

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of propranolol intoxication on the QT and QTc intervals in a canine model. Lead II surface electrocardiograms were retrospectively evaluated from a previous study performed in this laboratory. Thirteen pentobarbital-anesthetized and instrumented animals, after a 30-min baseline period, were given 10 mg/kg dl-propranolol i.v. over 10 min. The electrocardiogram was printed continuously. Average heart rate and QT interval were measured and QTc was calculated at baseline and again 1 min after propranolol infusion was complete. Data for hemodynamic parameters have been previously reported demonstrating significant cardiovascular depression in all animals and one death with the administration of propranol. The QT interval was significantly prolonged by propranolol administration from baseline at 0.257 +/- 0.039 to 0.295 +/- 0.035 s. There was no significant difference in the QTc between baseline (0.371 +/- 0.026 s) and postpropranolol (0.366 +/- 0.021 s) measurements. In this canine model of propranolol intoxication, QT interval prolongation appears to be the result of associated bradycardia. Cardiovascular depression does not appear to include a significant direct effect on ventricular repolarization, as judged by the QTc interval.
Expressive Therapy with Severely Maltreated Children: Neuroscience Contributions.

Recent developments in neuroscience provide important information for therapists working with maltreated children. Severe maltreatment and lack of significant attachment figures in the crucial early years lead to adverse brain development (De Bellis, 2001). It appears evident that traumatic memories are stored in the right hemisphere, making verbal declarative memory of the trauma more difficult (Schiffer, Teicher, & Papanicolaou, 1995). This research lays the groundwork for understanding why nonverbal, expressive therapies can be more effective than verbal therapies in work with severely maltreated children exhibiting attachment difficulties. This article explores current research in neuroscience and provides a rationale for expressive therapy as a treatment intervention for this population.
Statistical Models for Landmine Detection in Ground Penetrating Radar: Applications to Synthetic Data Generation and Pre-Screening

As ground penetrating radar phenomenology continues to improve, more advanced statistical signal processing approaches become applicable to subsurface inference in GPR data. Despite the wide body of literature exploring the applications of various approaches to processing GPR data, statistical modeling of realistic soil responses is a difficult task, and the algorithms developed for real-time fielded GPR processing are rarely directly motivated by statistical models of GPR data. In this work, we present a tractable spatial statistical model for volumetric GPR data which can be used to motivate the application of various signal processing approaches to solving problems of interest in GPR data like pre-screening, feature extraction, and air/ground response tracking.
A general-purpose link interface chipset for gigabit rate data communication

A chipset has been developed for transmitting parallel data over serial links. The chipset, consisting of a transmitter interface chip (TIC) and a receiver interface chip (RIC), can support serial transmission up to 1.4 Gbaud. Data encoding is based on a scheme published earlier, but has been improved to provide more flexibility and better efficiency. The chipset requires no external components for its operation other than a few capacitors, which are built into its custom package. >
Surface analysis of aromatic polyimide films using ESCA

C 1s, N 1s and O 1s core spectra were measured for well-cured polyimide films of poly(N,N′-(p,p′-oxydiphenylene)promellitimide), and of poly(p,p′-oxybis(phenylene)-3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylimide). Resolvable were: multiple C 1s, two N 1s and two O 1s components. A carbonyl deficiency not due to X-ray-induced decarboxylation was detected. Approximately 45% of the surface carbon matrix was found to be comprised of partially oxidized, non-carbonyl-containing moieties of unknown origin. C 1s chemical shift behavior showed that imide bond formation does occur on curing; the imidization reaction in the surface region is incomplete (or altered) based on the changes in the O 1s and N 1s data with increasing temperature of curing. A surface chemical structure inconsistent with the bulk structural formula is observed.
Lack of Deleterious Interaction Between Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and β-Blockers in the Treatment of Patients With Heart Failure

The Valsartan-Heart Failure trial formulated the hypothesis that combination therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β-blockers with an angiotensin-receptor blocker had a deleterious interaction. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved heart failure indication for valsartan included the statement that concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a β-blocker was not recommended. The Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM)-Added and the VALsartan In Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT) provide reassuring evidence to support concomitant use of angiotensin-receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and β-blockers. The FDA-approved heart failure indication for candesartan included the statement of additive benefits with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β-blockers and led to a change in the valsartan label. These considerations have great clinical and public health import...
Physician Respect for Patients with Obesity

INTRODUCTION Obesity stigma is common in our society, and a general stigma towards obesity has also been documented in physicians. We hypothesized that physician respect for patients would be lower in patients with higher body mass index (BMI).
Graev ultrametrics and surjectively universal non-Archimedean Polish groups

Abstract We define Graev-type ultrametrics and use them to show the existence of surjectively universal non-Archimedean Polish groups. We also show the existence of surjectively universal abelian non-Archimedean Polish groups and surjectively universal non-Archimedean Polish groups admitting compatible two-sided invariant metrics.
Homology as a relation of correspondence between parts of individuals

The recognition of correspondences has long been a fundamental activity among systematists. Advocates of Naturphilosophie, such as Lorenz Oken, drew far-fetched analogies between taxonomic groups and all sorts of other things, including the Persons of the Trinity. They treated change through time either as analogous to an ontogeny or as the product of divinely instituted laws of nature. Darwin changed things by making the taxonomic units strictly historical, implying that they are not classes but rather individuals in a broad metaphysical sense. That means that taxa are concrete, particular things, or wholes made up of parts which are themselves individuals, and that there are no laws of nature for them. Homology is a relationship of correspondence between parts of organisms that are also parts of populations and lineages. It is not a relationship of similarity, and unlike similarity it is transitive. Analogy is a relationship of correspondence between parts of organisms that are members of classes, and is not necessarily due to function. Taxa, like other individuals, can change indefinitely, and the only thing that they must share is a common ancestor. They do not share an essence, Platonic Idea or Bauplan, although "conservative characters" may be widespread in them. Iterative homology likewise is a relationship of correspondence, but the nature of that correspondence remains unclear. The difficulties of the homology concept can be overcome by treating phylogenetics and comparative biology in general as historical narrative.
Establishing the baseline level of repetitive element expression in the human cortex

Background: Although nearly half of the human genome is comprised of repetitive sequences, the expression profile of these elements remains largely uncharacterized. Recently developed high throughput sequencing technologies provide us with a powerful new set of tools to study repeat elements. Hence, we performed whole transcriptome sequencing to investigate the expression of repetitive elements in human frontal cortex using postmortem tissue obtained from the Stanley Medical Research Institute. Results: We found a significant amount of reads from the human frontal cortex originate from repeat elements. We also noticed that Alu elements were expressed at levels higher than expected by random or background transcription. In contrast, L1 elements were expressed at lower than expected amounts. Conclusions: Repetitive elements are expressed abundantly in the human brain. This expression pattern appears to be element specific and can not be explained by random or background transcription. These results demonstrate that our knowledge about repetitive elements is far from complete. Further characterization is required to determine the mechanism, the control, and the effects of repeat element expression.
Validation of the Stanford Brief Activity Survey: Examining Psychological Factors and Physical Activity Levels in Older Adults

Background:This study examined the construct validity and reliability of the new 2-item Stanford Brief Activity Survey (SBAS). Methods:Secondary analysis was conducted using data collected from the healthy older controls (n = 1023) enrolled in the Atherosclerotic Disease Vascular Function and Genetic Epidemiology (ADVANCE) study. Construct validity was examined by regression analyses to evaluate significant trends (P ≤ .05) across the SBAS activity categories for the selected psychological health factors measured at baseline and year 2, adjusted for gender, ethnicity and education level. Test-retest reliability was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation. Results:At baseline, subjects were 66 ± 2.8 years old, 38% female, 77% married, 61% retired, 24% college graduate, and 68% Caucasian. At baseline, lower self-reported stress, anxiety, depression, and cynical distrust, and higher self-reported mental and physical well-being were significantly associated with higher levels of physical activity (p trend...
Impulsive waves in shallow water as generated by falling weights

This paper summarizes the results of observations on the characteristics of waves resulting from steel discs falling into shallow water. The variation of wave height and wave length as a function of distance from the center of disturbance is presented as a function of diameter and weight of disc and height of fail. General information is given on the efficiency of a falling weight as a wave generator.
Radiofrequency Ablation: Treatment of Primary Lung Cancer

t Recent 2010 American Cancer Society estimates suggest that of new cancer diagnoses, primary lung cancer remains the second most commonly diagnosed and the leading cause of death in both men and women.1 Primary lung caners are broadly divided into 2 types: nonsmall cell lung ancer (NSCLC), which account for 85%-90% of diagnoses, nd small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which account for the ther 10%-15% of cases. SCLC is generally a more aggressive isease, often diagnosed at advanced stages and with lower ssociated survival rates compared with NSCLC. Systemic herapies remain the mainstay for patients with SCLC, with nly a small subset qualifying for local salvage therapies. omparatively, NSCLC is more often diagnosed at early tages, allowing for therapy with curative intent. Surgical resection with curative intent remains the current tandard of treatment for patients with early stage lung caner. Controversy over the optimal surgical resection strategy lobectomy vs sublobar resection) for early-stage lung cancer as been a hotly debated topic since the feasibility of sublobar esection was suggested.2 In 1995, researchers from a prospective, multiinstitutional randomized trial by the Lung Cancer Study Group compared lobectomy and sublobar resection in T1N0 disease and found a significant survival advantage and lower local recurrence rate with lobectomy versus sublobar resection.3 This study, along with others in the ate 1990s, resulted in a shift towards limiting sublobar reection to patients with inadequate pulmonary reserve to ndergo lobectomy.4 The broader implications of this paradigm would seem to suggest that compared with lobectomy, all local therapies—sublobar resection, radiofrequency (RF) ablation, or radiotherapy—would be inferior and should be reserved for patients unable to undergo lobectomy. Current advances in both surgical techniques as well as diagnostic imaging have spawned a resurgence in interest of sublobar resection and other local therapies instead of lobectomy in patients who are candidates for anatomic lobectomy.
GGA2- and Ubiquitin-dependent Trafficking of Arn1, the Ferrichrome Transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The intracellular trafficking of Arn1, a ferrichrome transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is controlled in part by the binding of ferrichrome to the transporter. In the absence of ferrichrome, Arn1 is sorted directly from the Golgi to endosomes. Ferrichrome binding triggers the redistribution of Arn1 to the plasma membrane, whereas ferrichrome transport is associated with the cycling of Arn1 between the plasma membrane and endosomes. Here, we report that the clathrin adaptor Gga2 and ubiquitination by the Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase are required for trafficking of Arn1. Gga2 was required for Golgi-to-endosomal trafficking of Arn1, which was sorted from endosomes to the vacuole for degradation. Trafficking into the vacuolar lumen was dependent on ubiquitination by Rsp5, but ubiquitination was not required for plasma membrane accumulation of Arn1 in the presence of ferrichrome. Retrograde trafficking via the retromer complex or Snx4 was also not required for plasma membrane accumulation. High concentrations of ferrichrome led to higher levels of ubiquitination of Arn1, but they did not induce degradation. Without this ubiquitination, Arn1 remained on the plasma membrane, where it was active for transport. Arn1 was preferentially modified with polyubiquitin chains on a cluster of lysine residues at the amino terminus of the transporter.
A continuum computational model of mitotic matrix formation

Mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation are dynamic processes that require microtubules (MTs), MT-associated motors, MT-binding proteins, and chromosomes to coordinate with each other. Because of the complexity of the system, a thorough understanding of the principles that govern mitotic spindle formation remains elusive. Computational models in biology present an attractive tool to deal with complexity, allowing testing of different hypotheses. Here we developed a computational spatially heterogeneous model of known biochemical interactions involved in spindle formation. Using this model, we investigate the effect that individual species have on spindle morphology and chromosome segregation. Finally, we show the impact that Lamin B, thought to be a component of the long-sought-after spindle matrix, has on spindle formation during mitosis.
Effects of U74006F on multifocal cerebral blood flow and metabolism after cardiac arrest in dogs.

Lipid peroxidation reactions during reperfusion after cardiac arrest may contribute to postischemic cerebral hypoperfusion, which in turn can contribute to permanent neurological dysfunction. We designed this study to determine whether the aminosteroid U74006F, a putative inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, mitigates cerebral multifocal hypoperfusion after cardiac arrest. We used our established dog model of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest (no blood flow) of 12.5 minutes, reperfusion by cardiopulmonary bypass of less than or equal to 5 minutes, and control of extracerebral variables during 4 hours postarrest. Cerebral blood flow was monitored by the stable xenon computed tomography method. Changes in cerebral oxygen consumption were obtained from mean blood flow values of coronal slices and the cerebral arteriovenous (sagittal sinus) oxygen content difference. A treatment group (n = 5) received U74006F starting with reperfusion (1.5 mg/kg i.a. plus 1.5 mg/kg i.v.) and three additional (graded) doses over 4 hours (total dose 4.5, 7.5, or 14.5 mg/kg). The U74006F-treated group showed the same postarrest transient hyperemia and protracted hypoperfusion in terms of global (computed tomography slice), regional, and local (multifocal) cerebral blood flow values and the same global cerebral oxygen consumption pattern as a concurrent control group (n = 5). At 1-4 hours postarrest, in both groups there was mismatching of global cerebral oxygen consumption, which reached baseline values, in relation to global cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery, which remained at 50% of baseline. We conclude that treatment with U74006F after prolonged cardiac arrest causes no deleterious side effects and does not seem to alter multifocal postarrest cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption.
Crossing Borders, Crossing Boundaries: The Role of Scientists in the U.S. Acid Rain Debate. By Leslie R. Alm. Westport, CT: Praeger. 2000. 160p. $58.00.

Leslie Alm presents what may be the best study yet produced on the acid rain policy debate, at least with regard to its scientific underpinnings. The book describes the evolution of the current U.S.-Canadian acid rain policy agreement and focuses on the role of scientists in the formulation and implementation of acid rain policy. Alm found that most natural scientists believe they have little influence on the policy process. He suggests they are not trained to understand policymakers, and policymakers are not trained to understand science. Both have a narrow focus that causes them to perceive selectively what the other is saying. As does Lynton K. Caldwell ( Between Two Worlds: Science, the Environmental Movement, and Policy Choice , 1990), Alm informs us that scientists and policymakers operate in two totally different worlds using two different languages and two different time scales; this complicates the policy process.
Protective role of HSP72 against Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced intestinal epithelial cell dysfunction

We determined whether the cytoprotective heat shock protein HSP72 protects against the injurious effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA) on intestinal epithelial cells. Colonic epithelial Ca...
Quenching of the solution for a degenerate semilinear parabolic equation

Let Λ ≤ ∞, q and b be nonnegative constants, and a and c be positive constants. The existence and uniqueness of the solution of the following degenerate semilinear parabolic problem are studied: ξquT = uξξ - b/ξ2 U + f(u) in (0, a) × (0,Λ), u (ξ,0) = 0 on [0, a], u(0,T) = 0 = u(a,T) for 0 < T < Λ, where f (u) is a given function such that limu→c- f (u) = ∞. Furthermore, we prove that u quenches in a finite time. Also, we investigate the critical length of u.
Small-Computer Digital Image Analysis

The digital image analysis system (DIAS) is a software-oriented, computer-based approach to automatic image analysis. In this paper, some aspects of DIAS are discussed that can be performed with commercially available image pickup equipment attached to an optical microscope and linked to a sensor-based small computer (such as a System/7 or a Series/1). Through the application of an optical edge detection program, the system is adapted to precision measurement of linewidths and other parameters on semiconductor and garnet wafer patterns.
An Overview of the Historical and Empirical Antecedents in the Development of the Codependency Concept

SUMMARY This paper offers a general overview of the historical and previous empirical studies leading up to the contemporary conceptualization of codependency theory. In addition the author includes a seemingly lone research attempt to examine a major personality trait universally attributed to codependents-their hypothesized diminished capacity for intimacy. The current concept of codependency was used to understand the non-alcoholic spouse's behaviors and psycho-pathology in relation to his or her alcoholic spouse. This so-called diagnostic entity has been broaded to include, in addition, non-alcoholic relationships where the codependent selects a mate incapable of engaging intimate relationship. Therefore a pathological interactional syndrome develops locking the codependent into certain self-defecting behaviours which are psychogenetically connected to, and resonate with, the codependent's dysfunctional family of origin. This paper docuses primarily on women, or codependents, who are married to alcoho...
The Effect of Brand Prestige and Country of Manufacture on Consumers’ Brand Evaluation and Purchase Intention

The objective of this paper is to examine the effects of brand prestige and country-of-manufacture on consumers' evaluation of brands. Drawing from brand image and country-oforigin literatures, it was hypothesized that consumers' evaluation (and purchase intention) of bi-national brands is a direct function of brand prestige and country-of-manufacture (COM) favorableness. It was also hypothesized that the country-of-manufacture (COM) effect is moderated by brand prestige. This is due to the possibility that prestigious brands are per-ceived to have higher level of workmanship, and workmanship is perceived to be difficult to transfer to foreign countries for manufacturing purposes. A mixed-subjects AN OVA experimental design was used in this study. Results showed significant main effects for brand prestige and COM favorableness across the two product categories. However, only directional support was found for the interaction effect between COM favorableness and brand prestige on consumers' brand evaluation and purchase intention.
Chemical composition and biophysical properties of porcine cardiovascular tissues.

Collagen from the cardiovascular system is extremely resistant to proteolytic digestion, in contrast with the proteoglycans of these connective tissues. In particular this is true for the heart valves, which contain the largest proportion of collagen. The tensile strength of aortic tissue incubated at 37°C declines rapidly unless fixed with aldehydes. Stabilized glutaraldehyde gives rise to the most stable form of cross-link and renders the tissue structurally intact after more than 4 years of incubation at 37°C in physiological solution. Formaldehyde, on the other hand, gives rise to transcient crosslinks.These findings are of significance in attempting to understand the behavior of homo- and heterograft tissues implanted for prosthetic purposes, since their functional integrity depends on the maintenance of a structurally adequate connective tissue network.
Assessment of cervical ligamentous injury in trauma patients using MRI

During a 7-year period, a consecutive retrospective series of 89 trauma patients at a Level One trauma center who had negative standard radiographs with suspected occult cervical injury were administered a cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The MRI studies were fully able to assess the ligamentous status of the cervical spine in all patients and were the final step in determining the treatment of the spine. Of the total 89 patients, 82 had no ligamentous injury, and 7 had ligamentous injury. Two patients underwent surgery because of the findings on the MRI study. MRI studies of patients with negative standard radiographs but with suspected occult cervical injury are excellent and safe studies for the evaluation of cervical spinal stability because of their ability to detect ligamentous injuries that are not evident on plain radiographs.
Age Perceptions of Jobs: Agreement between Samples of Students and Managers:

The purpose of the study was to replicate recent findings of Cleveland and Landy and compare perceptions of students and managers regarding the age-type of jobs. Significant correlations suggested that students and managers similarly evaluated the age-type of the jobs. Results are discussed in terms of threats to external validity in laboratory research.
Inducement of Torpidity in the Woodland Jumping Mouse

During a live-trapping study in a woodland in central New York in June, 1955, a number of woodland jumping mice ( Napaeozapus insignis ) were caught. Of 21 captures of these mice over a five-day period, mice were torpid on nine occasions and active on twelve occasions. The minimum daily temperatures recorded for these five days at the weather station on the Cornell University campus ranged from 48° to 57° F. The area trapped was about 500 feet higher in elevation than the Cornell campus and temperatures were probably somewhat lower. In addition, three of the days were rainy, and on these days a greater percentage of mice were found torpid. The torpid mice were usually in the typical position previously noted by past observers. The snout was tucked between the hindlegs and the animal had assumed a ball-like shape. Other observers have noted that the tail was usually coiled like a watchspring in hibernating mice. Coiling of the tail was not always present in torpid mice in these observations. Awakening reactions were similar to those described by other writers. The animal, upon being warmed and handled, began to revive. Violent shaking usually accompanied this revival. The sense of balance seemed …
Histogram Oriented Gradients and Map Seeking Circuits pattern recognition with compressed imagery

Object recognition from compressed imagery has the potential of saving storage and processing time. However, the selection of the compression technique needs to be optimal for the pattern recognition algorithm's feature extraction. We consider here image compression in the presence of Map Seeking Circuits (MSC)-based object detection, a technique which relies on finding the edges within the imagery and correlating the patterns with the object of interest. Our results indicate that for JPEG and JPEG 2000 compression, high compression ratios do not affect object detection and localization results to any significant degree when using MSC. In addition, we also consider the effect of compression on Histogram Oriented Gradients (HOG)-based feature extraction, finding again that the effect is manageable.
Clustering method based on mutation particle swarm optimization

Clustering can be regarded as the process of finding K optimal centers.A group of centers can be seen as a particle,and the inverse of the sum of scatter within class as optimal function,and then mutation probability is used as the condition of particle variation,so as to improve the ability of exploring and overcoming the shortcomings of the particle swarm converging to local optimization value.So the optimal cluster center can be found through mutation particle swarm optimization.The experiment shows that the clustering result of this algorithm is improved and it has good stability.
Introduction: Heat Shock Proteins—From Drosophila Stress Proteins to Mediators of Human Disease

Nowadays heat shock proteins (HSP) seem to be everywhere and can apparently do anything. But it was not always so. For many years HSP genes were academic arcana, curiosities apparently confined to the salivary glands of fruit flies. Their study was initiated by the discovery of a new gene expression pattern, through a happy accident involving the overheating of a Drosophila salivary gland preparation on a microscope stage (Ritossa, 1962). This was first reported as, “A new puffing pattern induced by temperature shock and DNP in Drosophila” in 1962 (Ritossa, 1962). However, it was to take another 10–15 years before the first Drosophila HSP mRNA was isolated (Ashburner, 1982). Around this time (1978) the HSP “went global” and were discovered in mammalian tissue culture cells, in E. coli, in yeast, and in plants (Kelley and Schlesinger, 1978; Lemeaux et al., 1978; Bouche et al., 1979; Miller et al., 1979; Barnett et al., 1980; Hightower and White, 1981). The heat shock field emerged as a major study area in experimental biology at the 1982 meeting Heat Shock: From Bacteria To Man, held at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (Ashburner, 1982). At this time, however, the functions of the HSP remained mysterious and the details of regulation of hsp gene expression were only beginning to emerge. All that was known was that the proteins appeared to possess “homeostatic activity” and were (as they are to this day) associated with resistance to heat shock and other stresses (Chapter 2). However, with the intensive international effort and the wealth of experimental systems available in the early 1980s, the concept began to emerge that the HSP belonged to a new kind of proteins which function to modify the structures of other proteins.
Current Management of Menopausal Symptoms in Cancer Patients

Menopause can be experienced prematurely by women with cancer and, as such, is often accompanied by symptoms that are becoming salient management issues. It is common practice to avoid estrogen replacement therapy in women with estrogen-sensitive tumors.