cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Pore Structure and Hydraulic Property Alteration in Pressurized Unsaturated Flow Tests

The pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) test is a new experimental method for the evaluation of the long-term corrosion behavior of waste forms and other engineered barrier materials. Essentially, the technique provides a means to flow water through a porous bed of test material or materials at elevated temperature and under hydraulically unsaturated conditions. Bulk volumetric content, effluent pH and electrical conductivity are monitored in real time using a computer control and data acquisition system. In previous papers, we have reported on the changes in bulk water content, effluent chemistry, and glass corrosion rates that result from the formation of alteration products during these tests. These measurements are now supplemented through the use of the ultracentrifugation apparatus (UFA) for hydraulic property measurements and highresolution, x-ray microtomography (XMT) to provide 3-D spatial and temporal imaging of water distribution and pore structure alteration during these tests. Quantitative changes in the water retention characteristic were correlated with the onset of zeolite formation in the tests. Extensive alteration of the glass resulted in cementation of the glass grains near the bottom of the column, which was observed in situ using the XMT.
Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension.

Abstract Objectives To examine the longitudinal associations between exposure to violence with a weapon during the past year among adolescents and hypertension during adulthood, including the extent to which adult cardiovascular risk factors mediated the association. Methods Secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994–2008. The sample included 3555 male and 4416 female participants who were aged 11–17 years at wave 1 (1994–1995). Participants were categorized as hypertensive if they had a mean systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a mean diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher at wave 4 (2008). Witnessed violence with a weapon was defined as having seen a shooting or stabbing during the year before wave 1, whereas victim of violence with a weapon was defined as having been shot, cut, or stabbed or had a gun or knife drawn on them during the year before wave 1. Potential mediators of adult cardiovascular risk (wave 4) included body mass index, daily smoking, alcohol abuse, and depression. Results Males who witnessed violence and females who were victims of violence in the year before wave 1 had an increased odds of hypertension at wave 4 compared with their unexposed peers (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.003–2.10 and adjusted odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.84, respectively). The hypothesized adult cardiovascular risk mediators did not significantly attenuate the associations for either the male or female samples. Conclusions Interventions addressing prior violence exposure are needed to promote adult cardiovascular health.
Leadership Studies and Liberal Education

This article explores leadership studies as a complementary and integrating discipline in undergraduate liberal education curricula. A significant historical purpose of liberal education was to liberate and prepare its graduates to be active and capable participants and leaders in social, economic, religious, and political realms. This historical purpose has become resurgent in recent critical examinations of liberal education. Some now argue that the undergraduate liberal education should return, in part, to preparing citizens for leadership responsibilities necessary to strengthen our communities, nation, and democratic institutions. There appears to be a symbiotic relationship between liberal education and leadership studies. The knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary for effective leadership appear to be closely aligned with the desired learning outcomes of a liberal arts education, regardless of major. This article concludes that leadership studies may be an important and beneficial component of undergraduate liberal education curricula.
Proxy-based Regional Registration for Integrated Mobility and Service Management in Mobile IP Systems

We propose and analyse a proxy-based regional registration scheme for integrated mobility and service management with the goal to minimize the network signaling and packet delivery cost in Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) systems. Under the proposed proxy-based regional registration scheme, a client-side proxy is created on a per-user basis to serve as a gateway between a mobile node (MN) and all services engaged by the MN. From the perspective of these services, the proxy behaves as if it were the MN. From the perspective of the MN, the proxy behaves as if it were the services. Leveraging MIP with route optimization, the proxy runs on a foreign agent node and cooperates with the home agent and foreign agents of the MN in the MIP network to maintain the location information of the MN in order to facilitate data delivery by services engaged by the MN. Further the proxy can optimally determine when to move with the MN so as to minimize the network cost associated with the user’s mobility and service management. We investigate the notion of ‘service areas’ for the proxy to perform ‘service handoffs’ in our scheme. We show that, when given a set of parameters characterizing the operational and workload conditions of an MN, there exists an optimal service area size for the MN such that the network communication cost is minimized for serving mobility and service management operations of the MN. We demonstrate via Petri net modeling and analysis that our proposed scheme outperforms both basic MIP and MIP regional registration that do not consider integrated mobility and service management.
Liquid Junction and Membrane Potentials of the Squid Giant Axon

The potential differences across the squid giant axon membrane, as measured with a series of microcapillary electrodes filled with concentrations of KCl from 0.03 to 3.0 M or sea water, are consistent with a constant membrane potential and the liquid junction potentials calculated by the Henderson equation. The best value for the mobility of an organic univalent ion, such as isethionate, leads to a probably low, but not impossible, axoplasm specific resistance of 1.2 times sea water and to a liquid junction correction of 4 mv. for microelectrodes filled with 3 M KCl. The errors caused by the assumptions of proportional mixing, unity activity coefficients, and a negligible internal fixed charge cannot be estimated but the results suggest that the cumulative effect of them may not be serious.
Genome-wide association study of smoking behaviours among Bangladeshi adults

Background The high prevalence of tobacco use in some developing nations, including Bangladesh, poses several public health challenges for these populations. Smoking behaviour is determined by genetic and environmental factors; however, the genetic determinants of smoking behaviour have not been previously examined in a Bangladeshi or South Asian population. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of tobacco smoking behaviour among a population-based sample of 5354 (2035 ever smokers and 3319 never smokers) men and women in Bangladesh. Methods Genome-wide association analyses were conducted for smoking initiation (ever vs never smokers), smoking quantity (cigarettes per day), age of smoking initiation, and smoking cessation (former vs current smokers). Sex-stratified associations were performed for smoking initiation. Results We observed associations for smoking initiation in the SLC39A11 region at 17q21.31 (rs2567519, p=1.33×10 −7 ) among men and in the SLCO3A1 region at 15q26 (rs12912184, p=9.32×10 −8 ) among women. Conclusions These findings suggest possible underlying mechanisms related to solute carrier transporter genes, which transport neurotransmitters, nutrients, heavy metals and other substrates into cells, for smoking initiation in a South Asian population in a sex-specific pattern. Genetic markers could have potential translational implications for the prevention or treatment of tobacco use and addiction in South Asian populations and warrant further exploration.
Pulmonary nodule detection with low-dose CT of the lung: agreement among radiologists.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to assess relative intra- and interobserver agreement in detecting pulmonary nodules when interpreting low-dose chest CT screening examinations.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two hundred ninety-three selected low-dose CT examinations of the lung were independently interpreted by three radiologists to detect and classify pulmonary nodules. The data set selected was enriched with examinations depicting pulmonary nodules. A subset of 30 examinations was interpreted twice. All pulmonary nodules greater than 1.0 mm were marked. All nodules greater than 3.0 mm were marked, measured, and scored as to their probability of being benign or malignant. Nodule-based and examination-based relative reviewer agreements were evaluated using percentage of agreement and kappa statistics. Similar assessments were performed on the subset of examinations interpreted twice.RESULTS. The three radiologists identified a total of 470, 729, and 876 pulmonary nodules of which 395, 641, and 778 were rat...
Self-Naming Practices on the Internet: Identity, Authenticity, and Community

The author was a member and participant observer of a community that was initially exclusively based in online interactions. Over time, the community developed several regular offline interactions as well as a rich and extensive set of online interactive communication spaces. Herein, the author explores the symbolic meanings of members’ practices on choosing names for their initial and ongoing self-presentations to the community. These practices are discussed with regard to the matching of online to offline (so-called virtual vs. so-called real life ) symbolic identities or statuses such as age, gender, race, geography, and occupation. The idea that meanings emerging from everyday interaction are discovered through close observation and intimate familiarity with participants’ cultural settings are explored in an Internet setting. The author concludes that a rendition of the online persona as inherently less truthful—or at least less dense/rich/full—than offline presentations is problematic at best.
Impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation in melatonin MT2 receptor-deficient mice

Abstract The pineal product melatonin that acts on specific melatonin receptors has been implicated in pathobiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease. We used mice lacking melatonin MT2 receptors (MT2 knockouts) to investigate the role of these receptors in synaptic plasticity and learning-dependent behavior. In field CA1 of hippocampal slices from wild-type mice, theta burst stimulation induced robust and stable long-term potentiation that was smaller and decremental in slices from MT2 knockouts. Tested in an elevated plus-maze on two consecutive days, wild-type mice showed shorter transfer latencies to enter a closed arm on the second day; this experience-dependent behavior did not occur in MT2 knockouts. These results suggest that MT2 receptors participate in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and in memory processes.
Avian defensive behavior and blood-feeding success of the West Nile vector mosquito, Culex pipiens

Avian defensive behavior against host-seeking arthropods influences transmission of vector-borne pathogens by affecting mosquito biting rate, either by preventing vector‐host contact or by increasing the rate of multiple host feeding. We exposed house sparrows (Passer domesticus L.) and chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) to Culex pipiens pipiens L. overnight in a large observation cage and measured avian defensive behavior rates and mosquito blood-feeding success. Both bird species exhibited a range of defensive behaviors, 90% of which were foot stomps, head movements, and wing shakes. Total behavior rates increased proportionately with mosquito density in both species, increased after the first hour of mosquito exposure, and decreased as individual birds were exposed to mosquitoes multiple times. Mosquito blood-feeding success on house sparrows was high overall (82 6 5%) and independent of behavior rates. Blood-feeding success on chicks was lower (58 6 5%) and negatively correlated with defensive behavior rate after the first hour of mosquito exposure. Results revealed a higher percentage of partial blood meals on chicks (18 6 3% of all blood meals on chicks) than on house sparrows (4.9 6 3%). Birds of both species ate an average of 9.4 6 1.2% of mosquitoes, and this percentage was positively correlated with defensive behavior. High mosquito feeding success on house sparrows supports its role as a potential amplifying host of West Nile virus. Key words: chicken, Culex p. pipiens, defensive behavior, house sparrow, mosquito, West Nile virus. [Behav Ecol]
Curvilinearity of LV end-systolic pressure-volume and dP/dtmax-end-diastolic volume relations.

We investigated the effect of contractile state (CS) on the curvilinearity of the left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure-volume (Pes-Ves) and the dP/dtmax-end-diastolic volume (dP/dtmax-Ved) r...
Time course of mechanical efficiency during afterloaded contractions in isolated cardiac muscle

The time course of mechanical efficiency during working contractions in rabbit papillary muscle is presented. Efficiency is found to remain relatively constant during the working portion of the twitch, when the muscle is contracting against a constant load. As afterload was decreased, efficiency increased to 65 +/- 11% (mean +/- SE, n = 3) at 10% developed force at maximum length. This is in contrast to muscle work, which reached a peak of 3.0 +/- 0.3 (n = 6) mJ/g at 50% developed force at maximum length.
Multiple potential regulatory elements in the 5' flanking region of the human alpha 1a-adrenergic receptor.

In spite of their critical importance in myocardial hypertrophy and benign prostatic hyperplasia, nothing is known about mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of αla-adrenergic receptors (αl, ARs). Therefore we cloned 6.2kb of novel sequence upstream of the initiator ATG in the human αlaAR gene. Sequence analysis reveals a TATA-less promoter, the presence of several initiator (Inr) consensus sequences, multiple GC rich regions consistent with Sp-1 binding, and consensus sequences for AP-1 and AP-2 as well as putative cis transcriptional regulatory elements for binding of CREB (cyclic-AMP response element binding protein), glucocorticoids, estrogen, and insulin. Compared to the αlbAR, the αlaAR has several more cis regulatory elements, suggesting more complex regulation. The importance of αlaARs in human disease makes it imperative to determine mechanisms underlying transcription and ultimately expression of this receptor. These studies can now be undertaken with the availability of human αlaAR ...
Detecting and tracking concept class drift and emergence in non-stationary fast data streams

As the proliferation of constant data feeds increases from social media, embedded sensors, and other sources, the capability to provide predictive concept labels to these data streams will become ever more important and lucrative. However, the dynamic, non-stationary nature, and effectively infinite length of data streams pose additional challenges for stream data mining algorithms. The sparse quantity of training data also limits the use of algorithms that are heavily dependent on supervised training. To address all these issues, we propose an incremental semi-supervised method that provides general concept class label predictions, but it also tracks concept clusters within the feature space using an innovative new online clustering algorithm. Each concept cluster contains an embedded stream classifier, creating a diverse ensemble for data instance classification within the generative model used for detecting emerging concepts in the stream. Unlike other recent novel class detection methods, our method goes beyond detecting, and continues to differentiate and track the emerging concepts. We show the effectiveness of our method on several synthetic and real world data sets, and we compare the results against other leading baseline methods.
Accountability Narratives of Rural School Superintendents and Administrators: Moving from Two- to Three-Level Analysis.

This article focuses on the broader political sphere as it affects superintendents and other constituents of rural districts. The current landscape of education reform focuses on accountability—par...
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN MENDELIAN POPULATIONS. I. A THEORY

Transposable elements are DNA sequences, found throughout eukaryotes, that transpose replicatively and cause numerous genetic and developmental effects on their hosts. A model of the evolution of transposable elements in Mendelian populations is proposed. From its analysis, formulas for the mean copy number and frequency spectrum are obtained.
External Threats and Domestic Public Opinion

An enormous literature has suggested that domestic politics shape states’ foreign policy decisions, including their decisions to use military force. However, the relationship could also run in reverse: the same international circumstances that make a state more likely to use military force, such as high levels of external threat, could shape the kind of domestic political institutions that emerge in a state in the first place. In this paper, I approach the question from the micro level: do citizens respond to external threats by changing their political attitudes about the importance of “freedom” vs. other values like “order”? I argue that these effects are more likely to occur in non-democracies, where leaders have greater latitude to inflate threats and citizens are less invested in “freedom” as a value. In democracies, in contrast, political competition and citizens’ investment in existing freedoms hampers leaders’ ability to inflate threats and shape political attitudes. To assess these arguments, I use cross-national survey data and various measures of threat, including a plausibly exogenous indicator–the number of the state’s land borders. I find evidence consistent with the hypothesis that external threats affect in citizens’ attitudes, even when using an exogenous indicator like land borders. Moreover, these effects are strong in nondemocracies but weak in democracies.
The Etiology and Treatment of Delayed Bleeding Following Percutaneous Lithotripsy

AbstractIn 1,032 percutaneous stone manipulations the incidence of significant, documented or presumed vascular injuries was 0.9 per cent. Seven cases of pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula or vascular lacerations were found, all of which were diagnosed angiographically. The patients were treated successfully with transcatheter embolization techniques. Two additional patients experienced delayed bleeding, presumably from vascular injuries, which resolved spontaneously with conservative therapy. Arteriography should be performed in these patients with serious postoperative bleeding. Embolization of the peripheral vessel is preferable to flank exploration.
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus: epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and manifestations.

The epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, and manifestations of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are described, along with the development of diagnostic tests and drugs to combat it. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV infection. The syndrome was first reported in 1981, and as of March 31, 1989, nearly 90,000 cases had been reported in the United States alone. Most U.S. adults with AIDS are homosexual or bisexual men; intravenous drug abusers, heterosexuals, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients account for 17%, 4%, 1%, and 2% of AIDS cases, respectively. HIV is transmitted by sexual, blood, and perinatal routes; infection leads to a profound immunosuppression involving both the cellular and humoral immune systems. The hallmark of AIDS is a quantitative deficiency of T4 lymphocytes bearing CD4+ receptors, to which the virus binds. Monocytes are believed to be the major route of infection into the CNS. There has been rapid progress in the development of sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for HIV infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot test are the most widely used; both are used to detect antibodies to the virus. Two major classes of drugs are under development for use against HIV: antiviral agents and immunomodulatory agents. Thus far only one drug, zidovudine (AZT), has decreased mortality and improved quality of life. Infection with HIV encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, from seroconversion to AIDS-related complex to full-blown AIDS. AIDS is a clinical diagnosis based on the presence of recurring opportunistic infections, previously rare cancers, and neurologic manifestations. Because of the many people infected and the long incubation periods, AIDS will continue to be a major issue in health care. Continued education of health-care personnel and the public is needed.
Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma identified at laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Introduction More than one third of Americans are obese. Obesity is a risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). The only durable treatment for morbid obesity and its comorbid conditions is bariatric surgery. There is no consensus among bariatric surgeons, however, regarding the role of preoperative screening upper endoscopy in bariatric surgery.
Developmental differences in the electrophysiological response of isolated canine purkinje fibers to adrenergic stimulation during simulated ischemia

Developmental differences in adrenergic responsiveness may cause age-related changes in the cellular response to ischemia. Standard microelectrode techniques were used in isolated young and adult canine Purkinje fibers to determine the effect of simulated ischemia ([K+]o = 10 mM, pH 6.7, pO2 < 25 mm Hg) alone or with adrenergic stimulation on the rhythmic activity in spontaneously beating Purkinje fibers and on transmembrane potentials and delayed afterdepolarizations in paced Purkinje fibers (basic cycle length = 800-300 ms). The adrenergic agonists used were phenylephrine (5 x 10(-8) M) and isoproterenol (1 x 10(-6) M). For all automatic fibers studied, the control maximum diastolic potential in adults (-96 +/- 1 mV, n = 37) and in the young (-98 +/- 1 mV, n = 36) went to -62 +/- 1 mV during ischemia in both groups and returned to -96 +/- 2 mV with reperfusion. The incidence of rhythmic activity (expressed as percent) during ischemia alone was similar at both ages: adults, 22%; young, 25%. The incidence of ectopic activity with phenylephrine superfusion during ischemia for adults was 63%, an effect blocked by prazosin (1 x 10(-6) M) but not by propranolol (2 x 10(-7) M); the incidence for the young was 25%. Isoproterenol caused ectopic rhythms in 86% of young fibers and 17% of adult fibers (p < 0.05 young vs. adult). During reperfusion the return to control rhythm was slower in adults after ischemia alone or ischemia + alpha-adrenergic stimulation with phenylephrine. There were no age-related differences in the transmembrane potential response of paced fibers to ischemia or reperfusion, and there were no delayed afterdepolarizations with interruption of pacing at 800, 500, or 300 ms in either group. These data suggest that age-related differences in adrenergic responses alter the cellular response to an ischemic insult. To the extent that an ectopic beat may initiate an abnormal rhythm, these differences in sensitivity to adrenergic agonists may lead to developmental differences in arrhythmogenic potential during ischemia.
Aroma Stability of Lemon-Flavored Hard Iced Tea Assessed by Chirality and Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis

The aroma of fresh and aged lemon-flavored hard tea was investigated by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), quantitative comparison, and two-dimensional chirality analysis. Aroma extract dilution analysis of fresh hard tea samples showed 3-methylbutanal, isoamyl alcohol, β-damascenone, β-ionone, 2-phenylethanol, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, and vanillin could be the most important aroma contributors to the hard tea due to their high FD values. The analysis of the aged hard tea samples did not reveal new compound formation during storage; however, compared with fresh samples, the flavor dilution value changed substantially in the aged samples. Both AEDA and quantitative analysis demonstrated that β-damascenone increased substantially in aged samples, whereas terpene aldehydes decreased substantially after storage. In addition, the FD value of linalool decreased dramatically in aged samples. Two-dimensional GC-MS chirality analysis revealed the FD value decrease of linalool in aged samples was largely due to the transformation of (R)-linalool to (S)-linalool, which has a higher sensory threshold.
Health consciousness, menu information, and consumers’ purchase intentions: An empirical investigation

In response to increasing obesity rates among Americans, foodservice operations are doing their part by helping consumers make wiser choices by providing nutritional information on menus and offering healthy and low-density menu offerings. The current study examines the relational effects of consumer health consciousness and perception of restaurant menu information on behavioral intentions, perception of food quality, and purchase decisions. Results showed that health consciousness was a significant predictor of behavioral intentions and purchase decisions, and perception of menu information had a positive effect on behavioral intentions and perception of food quality. Industry implications and future research opportunities are also discussed.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of para-nitrophenol (pNP)-tagged α2-8-sialosides and high-throughput substrate specificity studies of α2-8-sialidases.

para-Nitrophenol (pNP)-tagged α2–8-linked sialosides containing different sialic acid forms were chemoenzymatically synthesized using an efficient one-pot three-enzyme α2–8-sialylation system. The resulting compounds allowed high-throughput substrate specificity studies of the α2–8-sialidase activity of a recombinant human cytosolic sialidase hNEU2 and various bacterial sialidases. The sialoside substrate profiles obtained can be used to guide the selection of suitable sialidases for sialylglycan analysis and for cell and tissue surface glycan modification. They can also be used to guide sialidase inhibitor design.
Comment on “Recent developments of the Middle East catalog” by Zare et al.

In a study by Zare et al. (2014), a new earthquake catalog of the Middle East region has been developed consisting of historical, early, and modern instrumental events recorded between 1250 B.C. and 2006. This valuable effort was undertaken under the framework of the global earthquake model (GEM) and the earthquake model of the Middle East (EMME) projects. The final goal was to establish a unified catalog of seismicity by incorporating regional and international data to be used for homogeneous estimate of seismic hazards in the region (Erdik et al. 2012). However, observations show that magnitude of completeness (Mc) is not temporally and spatially homogeneous throughout the catalog. My goal in this commentary is to provide more insights on this important characteristic of the catalog and some suggestions on selection of homogeneous parts of the catalog. This can further aid users in using the catalog for different purposes.
Blood cadmium by race/hispanic origin: The role of smoking

Abstract Background There have been increasing concerns over health effects of low level exposure to cadmium, especially those on bones and kidneys. Objective To explore how age-adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium in adults varied by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and smoking status among U.S. adults and the extent to which the difference in blood cadmium by race/Hispanic origin and sex may be explained by intensity of smoking, a known major source of cadmium exposure. Methods Our sample included 7,368 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014. With direct age adjustment, geometric means of blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day were estimated for subgroups defined by race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and sex using interval regression, which allows mean estimation in the presence of left- and right-censoring. Results Among never and former smoking men and women, blood cadmium tended to be higher for non-Hispanic Asian adults than adults of other race/Hispanic origin. Among current smokers, who generally had higher blood cadmium than never and former smokers, non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian adults had similarly elevated blood cadmium compared to Hispanic adults. A separate analysis revealed that non-Hispanic white adults tended to have the highest smoking intensity regardless of sex, than adults of the other race/Hispanic origin groups. Conclusions The observed pattern provided evidence for smoking as a major source of cadmium exposure, yet factors other than smoking also appeared to contribute to higher blood cadmium of non-Hispanic Asian adults.
The manuscript works of S. Fred Prince (1857–1949)

S. Fred Prince, a scientific illustrator and amateur scientist, is a largely unknown artist whose work on the American landscape demonstrates his eligibility to be considered in the lineage of self...
A Comparison of Screening Tools for the Early Detection of Peripheral Neuropathy in Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective. Examine the effectiveness of the 128 Hz tuning fork, two monofilaments, and Norfolk Quality of Life Diabetic Neuropathy (QOL-DN) questionnaire as tools for the early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in overweight, obese, and inactive (OOI) adults or those who have prediabetes (PD) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Research Design and Methods. Thirty-four adults (mean age 58.4 years ± 12.1) were divided by glycemia (10 OOI normoglycemic, 13 PD, and 11 T2D). Sural nerves were tested bilaterally with the NC-stat DPNCheck to determine sural nerve amplitude potential (SNAP) and sural nerve conduction velocity (SNCV). All other testing results were compared to SNAP and SNCV. Results. Total 1 g monofilament scores significantly correlated with SNAP values and yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity combinations of tested measures. Total QOL-DN scores negatively correlated with SNAP values, as did QOL-DN symptoms. QOL-DN activities of daily living correlated with the right SNAP, and the QOL-DN small fiber subscore correlated with SNCV. Conclusions. The 1 g monofilament and total QOL-DN are effective, low-cost tools for the early detection of DPN in OOI, PD, and T2D adults. The 128 Hz tuning fork and 10 g monofilament may assist DPN screening as a tandem, but not primary, early DPN detection screening tools.
The Social Worker and Forensic Social Work

This chapter examines the diverse understandings of forensic social work, the various mechanisms through which social workers engage with the legal system, and, in particular, the growing role of the social worker as an expert witness in legal proceedings. The roles of the social worker in the development of legislation and in advocacy for criminal defendants are also discussed.
Clinical Decision Making in Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

Clinical psychopharmacologic decision making can be complicated, especially with children and adolescents. This article attempts to simplify this decision-making process by using simple, straightforward treatment algorithms. Examples are provided for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and severe behavioral disorders.
Bayesian Analysis of Model Uncertainty in Structural Reliability

A Bayesian approach for assessing model uncertainty and including its effect in structural reliability analysis is presented. Model uncertainties due to formulation inexactness, measurement error and insufficient data are included. Simple formulas are derived that directly show the effect of model uncertainty on the reliability index.
Why Shouldn’t We Have a Eugenic Policy?

It is remarkable to me that the century which has elapsed since Darwin’s pronouncement in The Descent of Man has brought forth no better analogy for the practice of human genetics than the breeding of animals. Another reflection of this curious persistence can be found today in the human application of the selfsame equations for heritability developed by Lerner and Dempster in the 1940’s for poultry breeding (1). No matter that the metric traits used by Lerner and Dempster are not analogous to I.Q. scores, or that the confounding of genetic estimates by interactional components greatly reduces the potency of the equations (2). The assumption remains that somewhere underneath that labyrinth of culturally distorted behaviors and attributes, lurks the animal known as Homo sapiens sapiens.
Responding to Fiction with Emotion and Imagination

ported to be plausible or difficult to abandon. Here is an instance of the paradox: 1. Sally pities Anna (where Anna is the character Anna Karenina in the novel by Tolstoy bearing that name). 2. To pity someone, one must believe that they exist and are suffering (have suffered). 3. Sally does not believe that Anna exists. If we find all of these statements plausible or difficult to abandon, then we will become committed to an inconsistency because they imply that Sally does and does not pity Anna. That is, 2 and 3 imply that Sally does not pity Anna, but 1 asserts that she does. Here is the problem. The paradox was formulated during the heyday of the cognitive theory of the emotions when there was a lot of theoretical commitment to 2 or a variant of it. But now virtually no one accepts 2. For one thing it is way too strong. We can pity people who lived in the past and who no longer exist. We can pity those who will live in a hypothetical future. We can also feel emotions about states of affairs that have not been actualized and may never become actualized such as fear for the next big earthquake in the Midwest. In such cases we don't believe that the object of emotion exists. Finally, we seem to be capable of irrational emotions such as those that are brought on by phobias, where we may know that we are in no danger yet are still afraid. Perhaps Jim's snake phobia is so extreme that he knows that what lies ahead is a very realistic plastic replica of a snake, so he both knows that there is no snake ahead and no snake currently poses a danger to him but he is still afraid. (There is a question whether Jim's phobia creates the irrational belief that he is in danger that co-exists with the knowledge that he is not.) In addition, even proponents of solutions to the paradox that crucially involves the denial of one of the other propositions in the inconsistent triad, still deny 2. Thus Kendall Walton famously argues that Sally does not literally pity Anna, though she does pity her in the imagination. Hence his solution to the paradox crucially involves the denial of 1. But he doesn't think 2 is true either (because of cases of irrational emotion like Jim's) .I Peter Lamarque, who is one of the first to formulate the alternative to Walton's view now known as the thought theory, also seems to deny 1. "Both Walton and I agree that [Charles remark, `I am terrified of the Slime'] is not literally true ."' He would say the same for Sally's purported pity for Anna. This seems to imply that Lamarque too denies 1, yet I suspect he would also claim that 2 is false. To solve the paradox, we just have to find a way to reject one of the inconsistent statements. It appears easy to reject 2. So why do even some of those who do reject 2, not
Ecmo: An Overview for Perfusionists

While virtually all perfusionists have heard about extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and perhaps been tested on it as part of their certification exam, few have been directly involved with it until recently. It also only peripherally relates to cardiac surgery, but use of ECMO after open-heart surgery or as a bridge-to-transplantation represents a small but growing field. While ECMO is conceptually similar to the more familiar cardiopulmonary bypass practiced in the operating room, there are some fundamental differences.
A Distributed Real-Time Event Correlation Architecture for SCADA Security

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems require real-time threat monitoring and early warning systems to identify cyber attacks. Organizations typically employ intrusion detection systems to identify attack events and to provide situational awareness. However, as cyber attacks become more sophisticated, intrusion detection signatures of single events are no longer adequate. Indeed, effective intrusion detection solutions require the correlation of multiple events that are temporally and/or spatially separated. This paper proposes an innovative event correlation mechanism for cyber threat detection, which engages a semantic event hierarchy. Cyber attacks are specified via low-level events detected in the communications and computing infrastructure and correlated to identify attacks of a broader scope. The paper also describes a distributed architecture for real-time event capture, correlation and dissemination. The architecture employs a publish/subscribe mechanism, which decentralizes limited computing resources to distributed field agents in order to enhance real-time attack detection while limiting unnecessary communications overhead.
General Aspects of the Crystallization of Glass

Crystallization is generally viewed as a two-step process. The first step involves the formation of a stable nucleus and the second the growth of the nucleus to form a crystal. Nucleation may be classified as either homogeneous or heterogeneous. If nucleation occurs within a pure phase, where the probability of such an occurrence is the same throughout the phase, the process is described as homogeneous. Heterogeneous nucleation involves the formation of a nucleus at an interface which serves to catalyze the reaction. Such discontinuities as container walls, bubble surfaces, or particles of a second phase may provide an energetically favorable site for a nucleus to form.
Factors Associated With Multiple Psychiatric Readmissions for Youth With Mood Disorders.

Objective Inpatient psychiatric readmission rates are increasingly considered indicators of quality of care. This study builds upon prior research by examining patient-, hospital-, and community-level factors associated with single and multiple readmissions for youth. Method A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Medicaid claims data from four states supplemented with the American Hospital Association survey, the Area Resource File, and the National Survey of Mental Health Treatment Services. Multinomial logistic regression examined patient-, hospital-, and community-level factors that were associated with inpatient psychiatric readmission for 6,797 Medicaid-eligible youth with a primary diagnosis of mood disorder using a three-level nominal dependent variable coded as no readmission, one readmission, and two or more readmissions within 6 months after discharge. Results Six months after initial discharge, 941 youth (13.8%) were readmitted once and 471 (6.9%) were readmitted two or more times. The odds of single or multiple readmissions were significantly higher (p Conclusion Patient- and hospital-level factors are associated with likelihood of both single and multiple youth inpatient psychiatric readmissions, suggesting potential risk markers for psychiatric readmission.
Creating a STEAM Map: A Content Analysis of Visual Art Practices in STEAM Education

Using content analysis as the research method, this study analyzed STEAM perspectives on and approaches to art education, arts integration, and the STEAM community, in general, to map the diverse approaches to STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math) education and the relationships between them. As the interest in STEAM education increases in recent years, discussions of STEAM curriculum practices also surge. However, what constitutes as STEAM curriculum remains vague. This study attempts to provide a visual map to locate different STEAM practices in order to understand how art is used in the STEAM curriculum. I start by discussing what STEAM education is and by reviewing a range of approaches to it to provide a foundation based on which educators can make their own inquiries into and create their own practices about STEAM. Based on my analysis of existing discussions focused on STEAM curricula and projects/lessons, I created the STEAM map presented in the current study to locate projects in relation to their emphasis on specific elements and goals. The goal of creating a STEAM map is to foster educators’ ability to visualize current STEAM practices and to envision as yet unmapped spaces for future directions. Through this work, educators will have a basis to see their STEAM practices/curriculum in perspective and to think beyond the limitations of STEAM.
Purulent bacterial pericarditis from Staphylococcus aureus .

Purulent pericarditis is a rare condition in the modern antibiotic era. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with pericardial effusions and radiographic and laboratory investigations consistent with infection. Pericardial fluid culture is the gold standard. Early source control, in addition to antibiotics, is a cornerstone of treatment.
Towards DoS/DDoS Attack Detection Using Artificial Neural Networks

The extensive and complex network attacks on smart devices and computers trigger a need for robust and adaptive intrusion detection systems (IDSs). Most of the existing intrusion detection systems are implemented on certain rules where new attacks are not detectable and used outdated datasets such as KDD Cup 99. This paper presents an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as a machine learning approach to intrusion detection system for Denial of Service Attacks (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS). The proposed method used the Bayesian Regularization (BR) backpropagation and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) descent backpropagation algorithm. The network was trained and tested with subset of the CICID2017 dataset that meets the real world criteria. The features that best characterize each attack and normal network traffic in the input dataset was selected carefully. The result revealed the proposed method successfully detect DoS/DDoS attacks with an accuracy of 99.6% using Bayesian Regularization and 97.7 % in scaled conjugate gradient descent.
It’s time to unite: A collaborative approach to addressing the needs of graduate students of colour

Higher education administrators often speak of the value of collaboration between student and academic affairs yet there is little empirical evidence of such collaboration. As such, graduate school services and programmes traditionally receive less attention and support than undergraduate programmes. Arguably, deficiencies in those services and programmes expose a need for collaboration, specifically for students of colour. This article explores the experiences of graduate students of colour while examining the barriers in place that tend to hinder their success in graduate school. By addressing these barriers, we present a justification for the need for collaboration between student affairs and academic affairs within graduate education.
On-call simulation for adult gerontology acute care nurse practitioner students: A comparative descriptive study.

Background It is now commonplace for acute care nurse practitioners (ACNPs) to work in positions that include an on-call component or management of emergent concerns through telephone. There are no published reports on the inclusion of an on-call component in ACNP clinical preparation of students; novice ACNPs feel unprepared to competently and confidently manage emergent patient situations and on-call responsibilities. Purpose To examine ACNP student perception of stress, necessary skills, confidence, and benefit of participating in a simulated on-call experience. Methods Using simulated faculty callers as nurses, ACNP students participated in a simulated on-call experience that included receiving two calls, eliciting key information from the nurse, diagnosing and managing the patient, and submitting documentation of the encounter. Students completed preparticipation and postparticipation perception surveys, and they were evaluated by the simulated nurse (faculty) using standardized evaluation tools. Results Acute care nurse practitioner students rated the simulated on-call experience as educationally valuable. High levels of anxiety before participation were notably improved after participation. Students identified critical thinking, clear communication, and knowledge with the specific disease as the most important skills needed to manage nurse calls successfully. Students reported marked improvement in their confidence and were receptive to accepting an nurse practitioner position with call/triage responsibilities after their on-call experience. Implications for practice Inclusion of a simulated on-call experience in the final semester of an ACNP program is both feasible and relevant to ACNP student development. On-call exposure within the clinical practicum is inconsistent and, therefore, should be added through simulation.
Minimizing Health-Compromising Behaviors via School-Based Programs: An Optimization Approach

School health programs are united by their desire to promote health and health-related outcomes among youth. They are also united by the fact that their expected effects are contingent on successful program implementation, which is often impeded by a multitude of real-world barriers. Techniques used in management science may help optimize school-based programs by accounting for implementation barriers. In this exploratory study, we present a detailed example of the first known application of linear programming (LP), which is an optimization technique, to Positive Action (PA). PA is a social emotional and character development program that includes a six-unit, teacher-delivered, classroom curriculum. We specify how we used LP to calculate the optimal levels of program implementation needed to minimize substance use, subject to known levels of implementation barriers (e.g., disruptive behavior, teacher education, teacher attitudes towards character development, school resources, and school safety). We found that LP is a technique that can be applied to data from a school health program. Specifically, we were able to develop a model that calculated the number of lessons that should be taught to minimize a specific health-compromising behavior, given expected levels of predetermined implementation barriers. Our findings from this exploratory study support the utility of applying LP during the program planning and implementation processes of school health programs.