cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary vitamin E requirement of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops female × M. saxatilis male)

This study was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin E requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops female x Morone saxatilis male). Semi-purified diets supplemented with 0.2 mg Se kg(-1) from Na(2)SeO(3) and either 0 (basal), 10, 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg vitamin E kg(-1) as DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate were fed to hybrid striped bass initially averaging 1.8 +/- 0.1 g (mean +/- SD) for 12 weeks. Fish fed the basal diet, which contained 5.8 mg alpha-tocopherol kg(-1) dry weight, were darker in colour and had reduced weight gain, as well as generally reduced haematocrit values compared with fish fed diets supplemented with vitamin E. In addition, fish fed diets containing less than 20 mg supplemental vitamin E kg(-1) had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced weight gain and feed efficiency compared with those fed diets supplemented with vitamin E at 20-80 mg kg(-1). Dietary supplementation of vitamin E caused incremental increases in the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in both plasma and liver tissues. However, hybrid striped bass fed graded levels of vitamin E did not exhibit a dose response in terms of ascorbic acid-stimulated lipid peroxidation of hepatic microsomes. Regression analysis of weight gain data using broken-line model indicated a minimum vitamin E requirement (+/- SE) of 28 (+/- 3) mg kg(-1) dry diet. Based on these data, the dietary vitamin E requirement of hybrid striped bass appears to be similar to that determined for other fish species.
Space-Time Structures in Classical Mechanics

The English language contains many words that denote spatial or temporal concepts: ‘now’, ‘later’, ‘soon’, ‘simultaneous’, ‘here’, ‘there’, ‘far’, ‘location’, ‘equidistant’, etc. The grammar is in part organized in accordance with temporal categories: present, past, future. If we tried to remove all words, prefixes, and suffixes with a temporal or spatial meaning from the language we would surely all but destroy it. The system of temporal and spatial concepts of a natural language such as English constitutes a verbal space-time structure. It is not a very precise system, but it serves very well as a framework for the common experiences of human life.
Radio Data and Computer Simulations for Shock Waves Generated by Solar Flares

Solar radio bursts of spectral type II provide a prime diagnostic for the passage of shock waves, generated by solar flares, through the solar corona. In this investigation we have compared radio data on the shocks with computer simulations for the propagation of fast-mode MHD shocks through the solar corona. The radio data were recorded at the Harvard Radio Astronomy Station, Fort Davis, Texas. The computer simulations were carried out at NOAA, Boulder, Colorado.
Trial-and-error urbanism: addressing obduracy, uncertainty and complexity in urban planning and design

This article argues that sustainable and communal neighborhoods could be significantly more common in North America if development practices addressed the barriers posed by sociotechnical obduracy and the inevitable limitations of expertise through expanded opportunities for experimentation. In reconceptualizing the problems faced by alternative urbanisms through the lens of science and technology studies, I explore how the intelligent trial-and-error (ITE) framework for governing emerging technologies could be extended to partially address the barriers of obduracy, uncertainty and complexity when pursuing alternative urban designs. An examination of how Baugruppen (cooperative building groups) were integrated into the planning process of Quartier Vauban, Freiburg, is used to illustrate both the potentials and a concrete application of an ITE-like approach. I then discuss some of the barriers to an ITE model of urban planning in North America and recommend further research at the intersection of urban stu...
The sociobiology of sociopathy: An alternative hypothesis

Mealey argued that sociopathy is an evolutionary stable strategy subject to frequency-dependent selection – high levels of sociopathy being advantageous to the individual if population-wide frequencies of it are low, and vice versa. I argue that at least one alternative hypothesis exists that explains her data equally well. Alternative hypotheses must be formulated and tested before any theory can be validated.
The longitudinal effects of growth on the Wits appraisal

The longitudinal changes occurring between the ages of 4 and 24 years in the Wits appraisal and its component parts were evaluated in 40 persons. Contrary to what may have been believed previously, the Wits appraisal was not found to remain stable throughout the growth period. When the findings of the Wits appraisal were studied in individual subjects, there was a wide range of variation. Real changes in the Wits appraisal were found to be disguised clinically by the differential sagittal growth of pogonion in relation to B point, especially in male subjects. Furthermore, the appraisal was found to be affected profoundly by changes occurring in the angulation of the occlusal plane. It was concluded that if the Wits appraisal is to be used, it should be used in conjunction with other methods of assessment of apical base discrepancies and with due regard for the likely effects of changes in its component parts.
Mitochondrial Protein p26 BCL2 Reduces Growth Factor Requirements of NIH3T3 Fibroblasts

The BCL2 (B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2) proto-oncogene encodes a 26-kDa protein that has been localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane and that has been shown to enhance the survival of some types of hematopoietic cells. Here we show that NIH3T3 fibroblasts stably transfected with a BCL2 expression plasmid exhibit reduced dependence on competence-inducing growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF; epidermal growth factor, EGF) for initiation of DNA synthesis. The importance of BCL2 for growth factor-induced proliferation of these cells was further confirmed by the useage of BCL2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. The mechanisms by which overexpression of p26 BCL2 contributes to fibroblast proliferation are unknown, but do not involve alterations in: (a) the production of inositol triphosphates (IP3), (b) PDGF-induced transient elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ ions, or (c) the activity of protein kinase C enzymes in these transfected cells. The results imply that changes in mitochondrial functions play an important role in the early stages of the cell cycle that render 3T3 cells competent to respond to the serum progression factors that stimulate entry into S-phase.
A baroclinic instability test case for atmospheric model dynamical cores

A deterministic initial-value test case for dry dynamical cores of atmospheric general-circulation models is presented that assesses the evolution of an idealized baroclinic wave in the northern hemisphere. The initial zonal state is quasi-realistic and completely defined by analytic expressions which are a steady-state solution of the adiabatic inviscid primitive equations with pressure-based vertical coordinates. A two-component test strategy first evaluates the ability of the discrete approximations to maintain the steady-state solution. Then an overlaid perturbation is introduced which triggers the growth of a baroclinic disturbance over the course of several days. The test is applied to four very different dynamical cores at varying horizontal and vertical resolutions. In particular, the NASA/NCAR Finite Volume dynamics package, the National Center for Atmospheric Research spectral transform Eulerian and the semi-Lagrangian dynamical cores of the Community Atmosphere Model CAM3 are evaluated. In addition, the icosahedral finite-difference model GME of the German Weather Service is tested. These hydrostatic dynamical cores represent a broad range of numerical approaches and, at very high resolutions, provide independent reference solutions. The paper discusses the convergence-with-resolution characteristics of the schemes and evaluates the uncertainty of the high-resolution reference solutions. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Eosinophil Lipid Bodies: Specific, Inducible Intracellular Sites for Enhanced Eicosanoid Formation

The specific intracellular sites at which enzymes act to generate arachidonate-derived eicosanoid mediators of inflammation are uncertain. We evaluated the formation and function of cytoplasmic lipid bodies. Lipid body formation in eosinophils was a rapidly (<1 h) inducible response which was platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor–mediated, involved signaling through protein kinase C, and required new protein synthesis. In intact and enucleated eosinophils, the PAF-induced increases in lipid body numbers correlated with enhanced production of both lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-derived eicosanoids. All principal eosinophil eicosanoid-forming enzymes, 5-lipoxygenase, leukotriene C4 synthase, and cyclooxygenase, were immunolocalized to native as well as newly induced lipid bodies in intact and enucleated eosinophils. Thus, lipid bodies are structurally distinct, inducible, nonnuclear sites for enhanced synthesis of paracrine eicosanoid mediators of inflammation.
Pharmacological Management of Obesity in Pediatric Patients

Objective: To review current evidence of pharmacological options for managing pediatric obesity and provide potential areas for future research. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966 to October 2014) was conducted using the following keywords: exenatide, liraglutide, lorcaserin, metformin, obesity, orlistat, pediatric, phentermine, pramlintide, topiramate, weight loss, and zonisamide. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Identified articles were evaluated for inclusion, with priority given to randomized controlled trials with orlistat, metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, topiramate, and zonisamide in human subjects and articles written in English. References were also reviewed for additional trials. Data Synthesis: Whereas lifestyle modification is considered first-line therapy for obese pediatric patients, severe obesity may benefit from pharmacotherapy. Orlistat is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication for pediatric obesity and reduced body mass index (BMI) by 0.5 to 4 ...
Excitation spectra of group III impurities in germanium

Abstract The excitation spectra of boron, aluminum, gallium, indium and thallium, in germanium, have been measured. The results show that the p-like states for all the impurities are identical. The data also permit accurate estimates to be made of the relative chemical shifts of the ground states. The functional dependence of the binding energy appears to be governed more by the ionic radius of the impurity than by the atomic number.
Twist1 Regulates Ifng Expression in Th1 Cells by Interfering with Runx3 Function

A transcription factor network that includes STAT4, T-bet, and Runx3 promotes the differentiation of Th1 cells and inflammatory immune responses. How additional transcription factors regulate the function of Th1 cells has not been defined. In this study we show that the negative regulatory factor Twist1 decreases expression of T-bet, Runx3, and IL-12Rβ2 as it inhibits IFN-γ production. Ectopic expression of Runx3, but not T-bet or IL-12Rβ2, compensates for the effects of Twist1 on IFN-γ production, and Twist1 regulation of Ifng depends on complex formation with Runx3. Twist1 decreases Runx3 and T-bet binding at the Ifng locus, and it decreases chromatin looping within the Ifng locus. These data define an IL-12/STAT4-induced negative regulatory loop that impacts multiple components of the Th1 transcriptional network and provide further insight into regulation of Th1 differentiation.
Unicommissural aortic valves: gross, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis of 52 cases (1978-2008).

Abstract Background Unicommissural aortic valves (UAVs) are rare anomalies in which adjacent cusps of two commissures are congenitally fused. Currently, features of UAVs are poorly characterized. Methods Fifty-two surgical and autopsy cases of UAV at Mayo Clinic were evaluated for various clinicopathologic features. Histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used in 30 UAVs to identify biomarkers important to developing aortic stenosis. Results In 52 UAV patients (58% were male, 42% were female), their ages ranged from 18 weeks' gestation to 80 years (mean, 28 years). Functional status was pure stenosis in 20, pure regurgitation in 9, combined in 22, and normal in 1. Common additional cardiovascular disorders included left ventricular hypertrophy (56%) and ascending aortopathies (42%). The position of the true commissure was determined in 30 UAVs and was left posterior in 73%. Gross calcification increased exponentially with age, starting as early as 16 years. Microscopically, the values of the 3 youngest patients showed dysplasia. Other UAVs exhibited fibrous thickening (93%), ventricular pads (89%), aortic pads (81%), and thickened spongy layer (74%). Macrophages were the most common leukocyte by IHC. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 was positive in 27 IHC cases; osteopontin was positive in 15, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 were positive in 1, 6, and 4 cases, respectively. Conclusion The functional status of UAVs typically involves stenosis but can vary in type and degree or rarely be normal. In early stenosis (
CONSEQUENCES OF A SUPPRESSOR GENE EFFECTIVE WITH PYRIMIDINE AND PROLINE MUTANTS OF NEUROSPORA

HIS study was undertaken to find a common factor responsible for the various effects of a suppressor mutation, s, which is able to eliminate the nutritional requirement of certain mutants at the pyrimidine-3 locus and of those at the proline-2 and -3 loci of Neurospora (HOULAHAN and MITCHELL 1947; MITCHELL and MITCHELL 1952). The s gene was not detectable, however, aside from its interaction with other mutations. Because the action of the suppressor with regard to pyr-3a can be reversed by the addition of arginine to cultures of the suppressed mutant, pyr-3a-s (HOULAHAN and MITCHELL 1947), it was felt that strains carrying pyr-3a were abnormally sensitive to arginine, and that the s gene led to a deficiency in the synthesis of arginine (DAVIS 1961). Experiments involving the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) are described here which support this view in part. The enzyme catalyzes the carbamylation of ornithine by carbamyl phosphate (CAP) to form citrulline (an arginine precursor) with the liberation of inorganic phosphate. The results are discussed with particular attention to previously described interactions of s with proline, arginine, and pyrimidine mutants. A preliminary report on this work has been published previously (DAVIS 196 1 ) .
Using Focus Groups and Rasch Item Response Theory to Improve Instrument Development

Item response theory (IRT) is not widely used in counseling psychology research, despite its considerable advantages for instrument development. Focus groups help create a broad and representative item pool that is more likely to tap the full range of the latent dimension, thereby capitalizing on IRT strengths. We provide suggestions for using these tools, with an empirical example, the Everyday Multicultural Competencies/Revised Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (EMC/RSEE). Rasch IRT methods were used to (a) analyze response format performance and collapse poorly performing categories, (b) evaluate differential item functioning sex bias, and (c) select items to maximize subscale sensitivity and bandwidth. Traditional classical test theory (CTT) subscales composed of items with the highest factor loadings were compared with subscales based on IRT criteria. Compared with CTT subscales, IRT subscales used in the EMC/RSEE demonstrated generally higher correlations with other variables of interest, and superior ...
Risk Informed Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures in the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf

The United States (U.S.) has enormous potential offshore wind energy resources in the Atlantic, Pacific, Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. However, progress in developing these resources has lagged behind that in Western Europe and no offshore wind farms have been built to date in the U.S. Continental Shelf. Uncertainties in U.S. siting and design criteria, specific regulations and standards, along with a lack of experience have challenged development by increasing both cost and the time to deployment. The reliability of offshore wind turbine farms is critical to industry success and should be secured efficiently with respect to cost. The ability to employ probabilistic risk management and decision theory in the design process of support structures would afford more transparent system reliabilities and more flexibility in design compared with prescriptive design standards. A general framework for risk informed design of offshore wind turbine structures is demonstrated on a typical monopole support structure. The structural parameters are adjusted to adjust the risk and to achieve the desired wind turbine performance at acceptable cost. In order to implement such a design procedure in practice, regulations must stipulate clear performance requirements in terms of system reliability for project approval.
Contracts, promises and arms control

Reliance on formal treaties has inhibited progress in arms control. But contract by convention could create greater trust and real arms reductions.
Preparation of lead (Pb) X-ray fluorescence reference materials for the EPA Pb monitoring program and the IMPROVE network using an aerosol deposition method

ABSTRACTX-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a commonly used analytical method to quantify lead (Pb), a toxic element, in atmospheric aerosol. The commercially available reference materials used for calibrating XRF do not mimic the concentrations and filter materials of particulate matter (PM) monitoring networks. In this study, we described an aerosol deposition method to generate Pb reference materials (RMs) over a range of concentrations to serve several purposes for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) monitoring networks including laboratory auditing, federal equivalency method evaluation, and calibration and quality control of XRF instruments. The RMs were generated using a laboratory-built aerosol chamber equipped with a federal reference sampler at concentration levels ranging from 0.0125 to 0.70 μg/m3. XRF analysis at UC Davis was demonstrated to be equivalent to a US and EU reference method, inductively coupled plasma—mass spec...
Ceramic coated polypropylene separators for lithium-ion batteries with improved safety: effects of high melting point organic binder

Coating commercial polyolefin separators with inorganic materials for lithium-ion batteries is considered as one of the most effective and economic ways to enhance the thermal stability of separators which further improves the safety of batteries. The coating usually involves an organic binder, preferably of high melting point (MP) polymer. However, little effort has been devoted to understanding the detailed effects of high MP binders on the thermal behavior of the composite separators as well as on the electrochemical performance of the cells using these separators. In this paper, we present a case study of using a high MP poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) binder for ceramic coating (Al2O3) of polyolefin separators. We focus on the effects derived from the use of different contents of PVA. We also compare the effects of PVA and a commonly used low MP poly(vinylidene fluoride) binder. PVA is more effective in improving the thermal stability of the separators than PVDF. Increasing the PVA content increases the pore tortuosity and decreases the wettability of the coating layer, compromising the cell performance. To obtain high-performance composite separators, one will need to use a binder with a high MP, good electrolyte wettability and strong bonding with the coating particles. The binder content should be well controlled. Constructing a coating layer with low tortuosity will be greatly beneficial for cell performance. This study provides insights into designing high-performance composite separators with improved safety.
Research on the Change of Extreme Precipitation in Jiangxi Province Based on RClimDex Model

With global climate change,extreme precipitation events are increasing,which causes a serious influence human production and life.In this paper,precipitation data of 11meteorological stations of prefecture-level cities in Jiangxi Province from 1960-2005, were calculated and their spatio-temporal distribution of extreme precipitation indices were analyzed with RClimDex model.The results show that:Jiangxi Province,nearly 46years' extreme precipitation indices,except consecutive dry days(CDD),showed a different but general upward trend,the number of extreme precipitation days(R25)and extreme precipitation(R95P)was the most significant;a comparison of three typical years' extreme precipitation events for each indice revealed a high value in the East and a low value in the West,except ordinary daily precipitation intensity(SDII)is basically in a stable state,other remaining indices differ significantly;in extremely rainy years and extremely dry years,five-day maximum precipitation and five-day extreme precipitation of either extremely rainy years or extremely dry years were much higher than the average water years;extreme precipitation events in extremely dry years and extreme rainy years may hold much frequency and variation than average water years.
Design and Implementation of the Automated Test System Based on IPC3 Real Time Communication Protocol

The value of the automated testing has been recognized by more and more software developer and tester.The ratio of the automated testing has increased greatly in recently years at Trane.This paper introduces the design and implementation of the automated test system,in which it makes use of Data Bridge to solve the data communication between the controller with real time communication protocol IPC3 and non real time PC when the engineer automates the test system for Trane chiller controller.
An analysis of wisdom: an experience in nursing practice.

Nurses have demonstrated an interest in the nurse-patient relationship as both as a process and as the meaning derived from this relationship. Consequently the elements of the nurse-patient relationship have been explored within a variety of contextual experiences. To date, there has been no articulation of the experience of wisdom within the context of the nurse-patient relationship. This exploratory hermeneutic study examines the lived experience of wisdom in nursing practice. Three self-identified individuals from a northeast metropolitan area, ranging in age from 40 to 50 years, participated in multiple non-structured interviews. All participants spoke and understood English. Transcripts were analyzed using Gadamerian methodology. The findings suggest two constitutive patterns in participants' experience of wisdom: "Transformation as a Moment in Time" and "Transformation as Unfolding/Evolving Moments in Time."
Increased Lung Expression of Anti-Angiogenic Factors in Down Syndrome: Potential Role in Abnormal Lung Vascular Growth and the Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension

Background and Aims Infants with Down syndrome (DS) or Trisomy 21, are at high risk for developing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but mechanisms that increase susceptibility are poorly understood. Laboratory studies have shown that early disruption of angiogenesis during development impairs vascular and alveolar growth and causes PAH. Human chromosome 21 encodes known anti-angiogenic factors, including collagen18a1 (endostatin, ES), s-amyloid peptide (BAP) and Down Syndrome Critical Region 1 (DSCR-1). Therefore, we hypothesized that fetal lungs from subjects with DS are characterized by early over-expression of anti-angiogenic factors and have abnormal lung vascular growth in utero.
Exploring the efficacy of youth sport camps to build customer relationships

AbstractProfessional sport teams strive to cultivate a large, loyal fan base. Relationship marketing is well suited for developing loyal customers. Professional sport teams provide youth sport camps mostly for added revenue streams and marketing extensions. However, research neglects to investigate which relationship factors may help build or reignite long-term fan development. This exploratory study examined the efficacy of these camps on factors theorised for developing long-term customer loyalty. Parents of camp participants were evaluated because they may appeal to teams interested in short- and long-term results. Using repeated measures MANOVA, matched pre- and post-camp data were collected from 70 parents of participants from four different NBA teams’ youth sport camps around the United States. Data analysis revealed the camps were effective in enhancing team identification, attitudes toward the team, and team satisfaction. Results suggest that youth sport camps assist in building customer relations...
18-month outcome of clozapine treatment for 100 patients in a state psychiatric hospital.

OBJECTIVE The atypical antipsychotic medication clozapine is an effective treatment for refractory psychosis; however, the efficacy of clozapine when used in public mental health programs has yet to be fully characterized. This study assessed the outcome of clozapine treatment in a state hospital. METHODS The medical records of the first 100 patients to receive clozapine in a state hospital, from six months before clozapine treatment through 18 months of treatment, were reviewed. RESULTS The patients had chronic psychotic disorders that had responded poorly to treatment with conventional antipsychotic medication. Eighteen months after beginning clozapine, 45 patients were much improved, and 18 were somewhat improved. All except one of the improved patients were continuing clozapine treatment. Forty patients were living in community settings, 59 remained hospitalized, and one had died of an illness unrelated to clozapine. Violent episodes in the hospital decreased during the first six months of clozapine treatment. Thirteen patients had one or two seizures while taking clozapine, 12 of whom successfully continued clozapine treatment. One patient developed agranulocytosis, and one developed leucopenia; each recovered fully after clozapine treatment was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Clozapine was an effective treatment for refractory psychotic disorders when given as a part of routine state hospital treatment.
Sequences Incompressible by SLZ (LZW), Yet Fully Compressible by ULZ

Binary sequences are constructed that are fully compressible by one infinite memory form of Lempel-Ziv, yet cannot be compressed by other infinite memory forms. The constructions make use of de Bruijn sequences.
Association between Leptin and Complement in Hepatitis C Patients with Viral Clearance: Homeostasis of Metabolism and Immunity.

Background The association between leptin and complement in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unknown. Methods A prospective study was conducted including 474 (250 genotype 1, 224 genotype 2) consecutive chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who had completed an anti-HCV therapy course and undergone pre-therapy and 24-week post-therapy assessments of interferon λ3-rs12979860 and HCV RNA/genotypes, anthropometric measurements, metabolic and liver profiles, and complement component 3 (C3), C4, and leptin levels. Results Of the 474 patients, 395 had a sustained virological response (SVR). Pre-therapy leptin levels did not differ between patients with and without an SVR. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that sex (pre- and post-therapy, p<0.001), body mass index (BMI) (pre- and post-therapy, p<0.001), and C3 levels (pre-therapy, p = 0.027; post-therapy, p = 0.02) were independently associated with leptin levels with or without HCV infection. Pre-therapy BMI, total cholesterol (TC), C4 levels, and the rs12979860 genotype were independently associated with pre-therapy C3 levels in all patients. Post-therapy BMI, alanine aminotransferase, TC, C4 levels, white blood cell counts, and hepatic steatosis were independently associated with the post-therapy C3 levels of SVR patients. Compared with pre-therapy levels, SVR patients showed higher 24-week post-therapy C4 (20.32+/-7.30 vs. 21.55+/-7.07 mg/dL, p<0.001) and TC (171.68+/-32.67 vs. 186.97+/-36.09 mg/dL, p<0.001) levels; however, leptin and C3 levels remained unchanged after therapy in patients with and without an SVR. Conclusions Leptin and C3 may maintain immune and metabolic homeostasis through association with C4 and TC. Positive alterations in C4 and TC levels reflect viral clearance after therapy in CHC patients.
Stress and anxiety among nursing students: A review of intervention strategies in literature between 2009 and 2015

Undergraduate nursing students experience significant stress and anxiety, inhibiting learning and increasing attrition. Twenty-six intervention studies were identified and evaluated, updating a previous systematic review which categorized interventions targeting: (1) stressors, (2) coping, or (3) appraisal. The majority of interventions in this review aimed to reduce numbers or intensity of stressors through curriculum development (12) or to improve students' coping skills (8). Two studies reported interventions using only cognitive reappraisal while three interventions combined reappraisal with other approaches. Strength of evidence was limited by choice of study design, sample size, and lack of methodological rigor. Some statistically significant support was found for interventions focused on reducing stressors through curriculum development or improving students' coping skills. No statistically significant studies using reappraisal, either alone or in combination with other approaches, were identified, although qualitative findings suggested the potential benefits of this approach do merit further study. Progress was noted since 2008 in the increased number of studies and greater use of validated outcome measures but the review concluded further methodologically sound, adequately powered studies, especially randomized controlled trials, are needed to determine which interventions are effective to address the issue of excessive stress and anxiety among undergraduate nursing students.
“Race Tests”: Racial Boundary Maintenance in White Evangelical Churches

How and why do nominally open organizations remain racially segregated in the post-civil rights era? What role do interpersonal interactions play in the perpetuation of segregation? Using ethnographic data gathered from seven, majority white, evangelical churches across four states, we find that social actors (i.e., clergy and congregants) play a central role in continuing racial segregation by executing “race tests” on people of color who attempt to gain entry to these spaces. Race tests are performances by white individuals and groups, in the presence of incoming people of color. They utilize racial microaggressions, playing on persistent racist stereotypes and/or histories of racial violence, to preclude or precondition people of color's participation in predominantly white social spaces. White actors in white social spaces initiate utility-based race tests to determine whether people of color are willing to serve the interests of whites in the space, or execute exclusionary race tests to coerce people of color into leaving the space. We provide examples of both types of race tests and discuss the role of such microaggressions and the racialized emotions at play in the reproduction of segregation in historically white social spaces like white evangelical churches.
Long-term economic sensitivity analysis of light duty underground mining vehicles by power source

Abstract LHD’s are expensive vehicles; therefore, it is important to accurately define the financial consequences associated with the investment of purchasing the mining equipment. This study concentrates on long-term incremental and sensitivity analysis to determine whether it is feasible to incorporate current battery technology into these machines. When revenue was taken into account, decreasing the amount of haulage in battery operated equipment by 5% or 200 kg per h amounts to a $4.0 × 10 4 loss of profit per year. On average it was found that using battery operated equipment generated $9.5 × 10 4 more in income annually, reducing the payback period from seven to two years to pay back the additional $1.0 × 10 5 investment of buying battery powered equipment over cheaper diesel equipment. Due to the estimated 5% increase in capital, it was observed that electric vehicles must possess a lifetime that is a minimum of one year longer than that of diesel equipment.
Photoactivation of Enzymes

The molecular basis for the transduction of a light stimulus to a biological response has not been fully explained in any organism. Vision, photomotion, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, and photoregulation of rhythms are examples of responses currently under investigation. Amplification is necessary to increase the light signal adequately to give the observed response. Galston (1974) named four biological components that might form the basis for amplification: membrane, hormone, gene, and enzyme.
Non-time referenced tracking control with application in unmanned vehicle

Abstract A new design method for non-time based tracking controller is presented. The key step is the introduction of a motion reference variable, based on the desired and measurable system output. It enables the construction of control systems with integrated planning capability, in which planning becomes real-time closed-loop process. The control system is capable of coping with unexpected events and uncertainties. The new design method converts a controller designed by traditional time-based approach to a new controller with respect to a non-time based action reference. The design method is exemplified by a unmanned vehicle tracking control problem.
Intraprotein Electron Transfer

Photosynthetic reaction centers have provided the best system in which to study natural intraprotein electron transfer. With an array of colorful redox centers conveniently activated by light, the reaction center provides access to a network of reactions over the variety of distances and free energies that has made it possible to understand the basics of design of natural electron transfer systems [1-3]. Indeed, it first became clear that tunneling is central to biological electron transfer after the observation that the photochemistry of the reaction center operates even at liquid helium temperatures [4].
Going Beyond Growth: The Green Economy as a Sustainable Economic Development Strategy

Planners and policymakers in the urban context often face very difficult decisions around the development process. Namely, what should the future development of a city be and according to what metrics should this outcome be evaluated? Given the economic trajectory forward, planners and policymakers often must consider growth in terms of production, skills, wealth, and how the pursuit of progress improves or impedes the “true” quality of life on the ground. And, they often face trade-offs between policies that favor aggregate growth over equity considerations that evaluate the way in which this aggregate growth is distributed. They must often define the path forward based upon an evaluative metric that incorporates values of both efficiency and equity for any number of potential stakeholder groups in the pursuit of a better quality of life.
β-Endorphin Inhibition of Endogenous Norepinephrine Release From the A2 Noradrenergic Nucleus In Vitro: Role of Mu Opiate Receptors and Na+ Ion Permeability

Abstract An in vitro approach was used to determine the opioid receptor subtype mediating β -endorphin inhibition of endogenous norepinephrine release from the A2 nucleus in the caudal dorsomedial medulla of rats. The voltage-sensitive Na + channel blocker tetrodotoxin was used to investigate the role of Na + -dependent action potentials in β -endorphin inhibition of K + -evoked norepinephrine release. Human β -endorphin 1–31 inhibited K + -evoked norepinephrine release in a concentration-dependent fashion. Activation of δ - and χ -opioid receptors had no effect on endogenous norepinephrine release. The inhibitory effect of β -endorphin was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by the μ -opioid receptor antagonist CTOP (Cys 2 , Tyr 3 , Orn 5 , Pen 7 amide). Tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibited norepinephrine release evoked by 25 mM K + in a concentration-dependent manner and blocked the inhibitory effects of β -endorphin. These results indicate that β -endorphin acts on μ -opioid receptors to inhibit K + -evoked norepinephrine release from A2 neurons and suggest that the receptors involved are not located on noradrenergic nerve terminals.
Analysis of cellular mobile radio

Recent growth in the demand for wireless services has increased interest in queueing-theoretic models for cellular mobile radio systems. such models differ fundamentally from traditional teletraffic models because in cellular systems spatial structure is important. On January 27, 1995 Paul E. Wright from ATT this work will appear in [1]. One of the most important results of that paper is that, in rather generic situations, even if resources are uniformly distributed and the demand for service is the same in each cell, the density of active users may vary, being persistently high in some cells and persistently low in others, resulting in overall uneven quality of service.
Schooling and academic attainment

This chapter provides an overview of the literature documenting the critical role of parents and parent involvement in children’s schooling and academic attainment. The investment model and the family stress model, two theories in developmental psychology, are used to provide the foundation for the review of evidence relating parents and parenting to schooling and academic attainment. These theoretical models highlight the need to interpret studies on the influence of parents and parenting on child schooling and academic attainment in the context of poverty-related stressors, parent social capital, parent cultural beliefs and values, and racism. Next, the evidence for effects of parents and parenting on academic attainment is considered developmentally in two sections: (1) in early childhood and (2) in later childhood and adolescence. Throughout childhood and adolescence, there is strong evidence that parental involvement in learning and education is linked to better academic outcomes. For younger children, parent involvement in learning is broadly defined to include parenting practices that promote social-emotional learning and self-regulation as well as language, literacy and math skills. For older children, academic socialization, the way in which parents convey value for academic attainment, appears to be most critical. As such, it is of utmost importance that teachers and schools engage families through culturally-relevant and racially conscious practices so that parents feel welcomed, valued, and capable of supporting their children’s academic success.
Robot Sociality in Human-Robot Team Interactions

Robots are entering everyday life (e.g., TUG medical robots, Roomba vacuum cleaners) to help improve quality of life. Research shows that humans collaborate more effectively with social robots than with nonsocial robots, but does this mean that humans trust social robots more than nonsocial robots? In this study, we examined how robots’ social appearance and behavior (mechanomorphic vs. anthropomorphic) affected how trustworthy participants felt the robots were. Participants played a game in teams of two humans and two robots against similarly-composed opposing teams. After the game, participants rated how much they trusted their robotic teammates. Overall, people trusted anthropomorphic robots slightly more. In general, people had intermediate levels of trust for robots and felt low levels of uneasy around them. Therefore, future designs of robots should be more anthropomorphic and social to increase trust ratings.
Morning versus afternoon adenoma detection rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is a quality marker of colonoscopy and operator performance. Prior studies evaluating the effect of an extended workday on the ADR reported variable outcomes that remain controversial. Given the variable results of prior studies and the potential legal implications of reduced ADR in the afternoon, we aimed to further evaluate this parameter and its effect on ADR. We performed a systematic review of the PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus electronic databases. Studies were included if they reported ADR in patients undergoing colonoscopy in the morning session and the afternoon session. Afternoon sessions included both sessions following a morning shift and half-day block shifts. Subgroup analyses were performed for ADR comparing morning and afternoon colonoscopies in a continuous workday, advanced ADRs (AADRs) and polyp detection rates (PDRs) were also compared. Thirteen articles with 17 341 (61.2%) performed in the morning session and 10 994 (38.8%) performed in the afternoon session were included in this study. There was no statistical significance in the ADR or AADR between morning and afternoon sessions, respectively [relative risk (RR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.14] and (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.95-1.5). Afternoon procedures had a significantly higher PDR than morning procedures (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98). ADR was not significantly influenced in the afternoon session when operators continued to perform procedures throughout the day or on a half-day block schedule.
Completely Packed Loop Models

We begin with a class of three-dimensional loop models that show transitions between two types of phase—one with infinite loops, and one with only short loops.
“Trias Politica”: Choice III

This chapter (Chapter 3) entitled “‘Trias Politica’: Choice III” focuses on the third choice the Framers, how power should be dispersed at the federal level. The Father of the US Constitution, James Madison, was heavily influenced in this regard by Montesquieu’s greatest and final work, The Spirit of the Laws, in which he coined the phrase “Trias Politica [tp]” or, separation of powers and argued that political authority should be divided into three part (legislative, the executive, and the judicial) each of which must possess different powers and responsibilities. Montesquieu’s work had a profound impact on Madison who, adopted this structure and brought it with him to the constitutional convention. Like Madison, most Framers agreed with Montesquieu that the goal of government should be first and foremost to protect liberty. Moreover, they agreed that this type of structure, coupled with Madison’s additional safeguard of checks and balances, was the best way to do that. The chapter also considers the implications of this structure in the modern era, including the fact that not everyone today agrees that the goal of government should be solely to protect liberty. In addition, the chapter makes the case that as a result of this decision, the Framers helped ensure that the US government is not as responsive, accountable, or efficient as it should be, something that has had profound implications on the governments’ ability to address key challenges in the twenty-first century.
Autoignition and preliminary heat release of gasoline surrogates and their blends with ethanol at engine-relevant conditions: Experiments and comprehensive kinetic modeling

Abstract This work utilizes a rapid compression machine (RCM) to experimentally quantify autoignition and preliminary heat release characteristics for blends of 0 to 30% ethanol by volume into two surrogates (FGF-LLNL and FGF-KAUST) that represent a full boiling range gasoline (FACE-F). Experimental conditions cover pressures from 15 to 100 bar, temperatures from 700 to 1000 K, and diluted/stoichiometric and undiluted/lean fuel loading conditions representative of boosted spark-ignition and advanced compression ignition engines, respectively. Direct comparison is made with previously reported results for FACE-F/E0–E30 blends. A detailed gasoline surrogate chemistry model is also proposed, and chemical kinetic modeling is undertaken using the proposed model to generate chemical insights into the compositional effects and ethanol blending effects. Although experiments show similar qualitative trends between the surrogates, quantitative differences between the surrogates are obvious, where FGF-LLNL displays greater low-temperature reactivity and faster evolution of low-temperature heat release (LTHR) than FGF-KAUST, with such differences being significantly muted by ethanol blending. Flux analyses reveal the compositional effects on surrogate reactivity at the diluted/stoichiometric condition, where n-heptane facilitates first-stage ignition reactivity for FGF-LLNL/E0 by initiating earlier and more rapid ȮH branching than n-butane for FGF-KAUST/E0. Sensitivity analyses highlight the importance of non-fuel-specific interactions between ethanol and surrogate sub-chemistries in controlling the reactivity of ethanol-blended surrogates. Direct experimental comparisons between the surrogates and FACE-F, as well as between the surrogate/EtOH and FACE-F/EtOH blends highlight the need of high-fidelity surrogates that can fully replicate the target gasoline in properties including ignition reactivity and LTHR characteristics at extended conditions, as well as their response to ethanol blending. Overall, the model captures the experiments reasonably well. Nevertheless, the model displays increasing disagreement with experiments for the two surrogates at higher levels of ethanol blending, and this is found to be caused primarily by non-fuel-specific interactions between ethanol and surrogate component sub-chemistries. Futhermore, the inadequacy of the kinetic model to capture surrogate-to-surrogate differences at the diluted/stoichiometric condition suggests more physical testing is needed to facilitate more extensive model validation.
Sustained resiliency building and burnout reduction for healthcare professionals via organizational sponsored mindfulness programming.

Abstract Purpose To measure healthcare professional (HCP) result sustainability following implementation of an organizationally sponsored Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI), Mindfulness in Motion (MIM), in areas of burnout, perceived stress, resilience, and work engagement. Methods A follow-up survey was sent via email to healthcare professionals (n = 220) who previously participated in the 8-week MIM intervention. Survey assessed burnout, perceived stress, resilience, work engagement, and included open-ended questions pertaining to barriers, facilitators, and sustained impact of practicing mindfulness after program end. Results Analysis included 66 healthcare professionals with sustainability time frames ranging from 3 to 28 months from initial program finish. Average time since intervention end was 12.2 months. Based on 12.2 months sustained results post MIM, there were significant differences from pre-MIM to sustainability follow-up in burnout (*p = 0.0047), perceived stress (*p = 0.00001), and resilience (*p = 0.0004). Work engagement benefits were non-significant from pre-test to follow-up (p = 0.4008). There were no significant differences in results when comparing the length of time since participant was enrolled in the initial study. Additionally, analysis of the qualitative data revealed multiple subthemes relating to facilitators of sustained mindfulness, barriers to practicing mindfulness, and lasting impacts of the MIM intervention. Conclusions For Healthcare Professionals, the organizationally sponsored mindfulness intervention outcomes were sustained beyond the 8-weeks of the initial MIM intervention for all but one outcome variable. Post 8–week intervention end, participants were given the option of receiving weekly “Mindful Moment” emails and attending monthly mindfulness booster sessions. Organizational support may be a pivotal factor in sustaining positive results achieved via mindfulness programming.