cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle Insulin Resistance and the Inflamed Microvasculature: Fire from Within.

Insulin is a vascular hormone and regulates vascular tone and reactivity. Muscle is a major insulin target that is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated glucose use. Evidence confirms that muscle microvasculature is an important insulin action site and critically regulates insulin delivery to muscle and action on myocytes, thereby affecting insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Insulin via activation of its signaling cascade in the endothelial cells increases muscle microvascular perfusion, which leads to an expansion of the endothelial exchange surface area. Insulin’s microvascular actions closely couple with its metabolic actions in muscle and blockade of insulin-mediated microvascular perfusion reduces insulin-stimulated muscle glucose disposal. Type 2 diabetes is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which engenders both metabolic and microvascular insulin resistance through endocrine, autocrine and paracrine actions of multiple pro-inflammatory factors. Here, we review the crucial role of muscle microvasculature in the regulation of insulin action in muscle and how inflammation in the muscle microvasculature affects insulin’s microvascular actions as well as metabolic actions. We propose that microvascular insulin resistance induced by inflammation is an early event in the development of metabolic insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications, and thus is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Teaching Reading, Teaching Writing: Questions of Theory and Practice.

In spite of many recent defenses of the humanities, we are still lacking anything like an articulation of a ‘logic of the humanities’ comparable to what has been produced for the social sciences in...
A Matter of Time: Does Gestational Age Affect the Duration of the Fetal Anatomic Survey?

OBJECTIVE To assess the average duration of detailed fetal anatomic surveys in pregnancy in relation to gestational age (GA) and the maternal body mass index (BMI) to determine optimal timing of the examination. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of gravidae presenting for detailed fetal anatomic examinations between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2017. After excluding examinations expected to have longer duration (ie, multifetal, major fetal anomalies), there were a total of 6522 examinations performed between GAs of 18 weeks 0 days and 22 weeks 0 days. Women were grouped by BMI, and results were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS Gravidae of normal weight (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ) had a decrease of 47.47 seconds of the examination time with each increasing week of gestation (P = .036). Overweight (BMI, 25-29.9 kg/m2 ) gravidae similarly had a decrease of 66.31 seconds of the examination time with each additional week of gestation (P = .017). Underweight (BMI, 8.5 kg/m2 ) and obese (BMI, ≥30 kg/m2 ) gravidae did not have differences in the examination time with increasing GA. Increases in suboptimal examinations were noted with an increasing BMI (P < .001). There was a decreased frequency of suboptimal examinations in obese gravidae with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or higher with increasing GA (P = .037). CONCLUSIONS The duration of detailed fetal anatomic examinations decreased with increasing GA in normal-weight and overweight gravidae but not in obese gravidae. Performing the anatomy scan earlier in class I and II obese gravidae (BMI, 30-40 kg/m2 ) may enable improved pregnancy management options without increasing the examination duration or likelihood of a suboptimal evaluation.
The greatest Ricci lower bound, conical Einstein metrics and Chern number inequality

We partially confirm a conjecture of Donaldson relating the greatest Ricci lower bound R.X / to the existence of conical Kahler–Einstein metrics on a Fano manifold X . In particular, if D 2 j KX j is a smooth divisor and the Mabuchi K–energy is bounded below, then there exists a unique conical Kahler–Einstein metric satisfying Ric.g/ D ˇg C .1 ˇ/ŒD for any ˇ 2 .0; 1/ . We also construct unique conical toric Kahler–Einstein metrics with ˇ D R.X / and a unique effective Q–divisor
Through the Looking-Glass: Barriers, Motivations, and Desires of Non-Traditional Students Learning Programming in an Online CS1 Course

Student demographics have been changing on college campuses for many years, and to reflect the most efficient methods of teaching the current target population, many institutions are offering online introductory programming courses (CS1). Additionally, due to the increasing number of computing jobs and national demands, we are seeing a surge of nontraditional students (aged over 25), entering the online CS1 courses. We are at a large metropolitan public research university, Florida International University (FIU), where 30% of the students are non-traditional students. However, the online CS1 course usually consists of 70-75% of non-traditional students. We carried out a study in that course for the last 5 semesters where we interviewed non-traditional students to better understand their characteristics and how those are related to their learning goals and performance. This paper is just an attempt to identify the unique characteristics of non-traditional students that can help Computing-ED researchers and admins to design online CS1 courses with appropriate pedagogy, so a better learning experience can be provided to them and retention rates can be increased. Hence, in this paper, we report our preliminary findings on characteristics of non-traditional students who enroll in CS1 course, what their goals and expectations are-how that may differ based on their major (CS majors and non-majors), pre-CS1 programming experience, gender, and race/ethnicity.
Beyond time-averaged measurement of bubble parameters in steam-water flows with conductivity probes

Abstract Two-phase data from flashing experiments are presented beyond the traditional time-averaged approach in this work. Probability density functions of parameters such as bubble duration, velocity, chord length, and number frequency are obtained from four-sensor conductivity probes and presented here. The axial evolution of the distributions is discussed in detail along with high-speed videos for a qualitative description of the flow field. The distributions of bubble parameters are observed to be positive-skewed with a long tail, and the shape of the distributions is analyzed in terms of the skewness and kurtosis. The number frequency of spherical and cap bubbles in the liquid slug is studied, as well as the number ratios of each bubble type in the flow. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of mass flux and system pressure on the distributions of bubble parameters. Bubble diameter distribution functions such as the Nukiyama-Tanasawa, Weibull, and lognormal distributions are validated with the chord length data of spherical bubbles where the Nukiyama-Tanasawa distribution appears to fit the chord length data the best. Sensitivity study is performed to investigate the effects of the adjusting parameters on the accuracy of the fits. The data are potentially useful for the benchmark and validation of high-fidelity simulation tools and the development of modeling approaches for phase-change flows. This work also provides a template for reporting beyond-time averaged measurements in future datasets generated with conductivity probes.
Mitigation of Derivative Kick Using Time-Varying Fractional-Order PID Control

In this paper, a novel approach for the design of a fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller is proposed. This design introduces a new time-varying FOPID controller to mitigate a voltage spike at the controller output whenever a sudden change to the setpoint occurs. The voltage spike exists at the output of the proportional integral derivative (PID) and FOPID controllers when a derivative control element is involved. Such a voltage spike may cause a serious damage to the plant if it is left uncontrolled. The proposed new FOPID controller applies a time function to force the derivative gain to take effect gradually, leading to a time-varying derivative FOPID (TVD-FOPID) controller, which maintains a fast system response and significantly reduces the voltage spike at the controller output. The time-varying FOPID controller is optimally designed using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) or genetic algorithm (GA) to find the optimum constants and time-varying parameters. The improved control performance is validated through controlling the closed-loop DC motor speed via comparisons between the TVD-FOPID controller, traditional FOPID controller, and time-varying FOPID (TV-FOPID) controller which is created for comparison with all three PID gain constants replaced by the optimized time functions. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed TVD-FOPID controller not only can achieve 80% reduction of voltage spike at the controller output but also is also able to keep approximately the same characteristics of the system response in comparison with the regular FOPID controller. The TVD-FOPID controller using a saturation block between the controller output and the plant still performs best according to system overshoot, rise time, and settling time.
Health Care Acquired COVID-19 is Less Symptomatic than Community Acquired Disease Among Healthcare Workers.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized healthcare workers (HCW) with high-risk exposures outside the healthcare system would have less asymptomatic coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease and more symptoms than those without such exposures. DESIGN: A longitudinal point prevalence study during August 17- September 4 2020 and December 2nd - 23rd. SETTING: Community based teaching health system. PARTICIPANTS: All HCS were invited to participate. Among HCW who acquired COVID-19, logistic regression models were used to evaluate the adjusted odds of asymptomatic disease using high-risk exposure outside the healthcare system as the explanatory variable. The number of symptoms between exposure groups was evaluated with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The risk of seropositivity among all HCS by work exposure was evaluated during both periods. INTERVENTIONS: Survey and serological testing. RESULT: Seroprevalence increased from 1.9% (95% CI 1.2% - 2.6%) to 13.7% (95% CI 11.9% - 15.5%) during the study. Only during Period 2 did HCW with the highest work exposure (versus low exposure) have an increased risk of seropositivity (RD 7% [95% CI 1% -13%]). Participants who had a high-risk exposure outside of work (compared to those without) had a decreased probability of asymptomatic disease (OR 0.38 [95% CI 0.16 - 0.86]) and demonstrated more symptoms (median of 3 [IQR 5] vs 1 [IQR 2]; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Health care acquired COVID-19 increases the probability of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 disease compared to community acquired disease. This suggests infection prevention strategies (including masks and eye protection) may be mitigating inoculum and supports the variolation theory in COVID-19.
Understanding Ethnic Journalism in an Extinguishing Print News Media Landscape: Japanese-Language Newspapers in Brazil

On January 1, 2019, Journal Sao Paulo Shimbun printed its last issue. For seven decades, it represented one of the key references for Brazil’s Japanese community; however, at the end of 2010s, it faced two concomitant challenges: (1) the vicissitudes of the print news media industry, such as the effects of the big recession in the decline of advertising investment, and the advent of the digital era and social media, and (2) the sociodemographic transformation of the Japanese-language readership, the aging of the first-generation Japanese immigrants and the growth of the language and technological gaps in bilingual ethnic news media consumption. By reviewing the case of Sao Paulo Shimbun, this chapter seeks to examine the challenges that ethnic journalism faces in the Global South.
A Late Presentation of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis.

With the introduction of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines, the incidence of severe infection has significantly decreased. While the vaccines have been shown to be effective and safe, there have been few case reports of acute myocarditis within 3-5 days following the second dose of the vaccine. We report a case of an elderly man who presented with acute-onset chest pain after three months of receiving the second dose of the mRNA vaccine. He was found to have acute myocarditis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), which was attributed to exposure to the COVID-19 vaccine in the absence of any other risk factors. Our patient demonstrated quick resolution of symptoms and was discharged within 72 hours. We review the literature and summarize published case reports on COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis. The present case report provides new evidence regarding the possible subacute presentation of myocarditis post-COVID-19 vaccine, and further highlights the favorable outcome in this newly described clinical entity.
Role of socioeconomic position in multiple sclerosis etiology

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease with a prominent inflammatory component. There have been strides identifying genetic and environmental MS risk factors, though much of the disease risk remains unknown. Recent large observational studies suggest adverse socioeconomic position increases the risk for MS, however the mediating biological processes are not understood. We hypothesize a prominent role for stress response, both the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which become maladaptive under frequent or chronic stimulation resulting in a proinflammatory phenotype. Thus, adverse SEP and chronic stress may predispose individuals for MS.
Gelcast Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride Composites

Nicalon fiber-reinforced, reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) composites were made by gelcasting green bodies of Si and fibers and nitriding the composites in a 2.45-GHz microwave furnace. The bodies were prepared by casting a 48 vol % slurry of silicon into a mold containing unidirectional fibers cut to the length of the mold. The extent of nitridation and the properties of the reaction-bonded silicon nitride composites were measured. Fracture surfaces of the composites processed at 1250{degree}C for 8 h showed significant fiber pullout; however, those nitrided at 1350{degree}C for 4 h exhibited only limited fiber pullout indicating possibly some degree of fiber degradation and strong matrix-fiber bonding. 17 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
MANY-PARTICLE SYSTEMS

This chapter presents the method in which Newton's laws of motion and the conservation laws for energy and linear momentum are applied to one- and two-particle systems. To extend that treatment on a particle-by-particle basis to a system of many particles, one would require the use of a large electronic computer; however, when the center-of-mass concept is used to describe the dynamic behavior of a many-particle system, the description is no more complex than that of a single particle. In the chapter, the center-of-mass concept is developed and applied to several systems. The chapter introduces the center-of-momentum, which is a generalization of the center-of-mass concept. In many situations, it is legitimate and desirable to ignore the rotation and internal motions of a system. In those situations, the center-of-mass concept greatly simplifies the analysis of the motion because the many-particle system can be treated as a single particle located at the system's center of mass.
Exponential separation between Res( k ) and Res( k + 1) for k ≤ &949; log n

Res(k) is a propositional proof system that extends resolution by working with k-DNFs instead of clauses. We show that there exist constants @b,@c>0 so that if k is a function from positive integers to positive integers so that for all n, k(n)=<@blogn, then for each n, there exists a set of clauses C"n of size n^O^(^1^) that has Res(k(n)+1) refutations of size n^O^(^1^), yet every Res(k(n)) refutation of C"n has size at least 2^n^^^@c.
ON DUALITY THEORY OF CONIC LINEAR PROBLEMS

In this paper we discuss duality theory of optimization problems with a linear objective function and subject to linear constraints with cone inclusions, referred to as conic linear problems. We formulate the Lagrangian dual of a conic linear problem and survey some results based on the conjugate duality approach, where the questions of”no duality gap” and existence of optimal solutions are related to properties of the corresponding optimal value function. We discuss in detail applications of the abstract duality theory to the problem of moments, linear semi-infinite, and continuous linear programming problems.
Waveguiding in silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal and single-mode strip waveguides

We will review the latest results on development of submicron silicon-on-insulator waveguiding structures - photonic crystals and single-mode strip waveguides.
Towards an Embodied Poetics of the Self: Personal Renewal in Dewey and Cavell.

This paper examines the different conceptions of personal renewal offered in the writings of John Dewey and Stanley Cavell. Both conceptions, I suggest, can be seen as attempting to reconcile the quest for self-realization with democratic life through a poetic, essentially Emersonian vision of the self as a continual work-in-progress. Accordingly, the kinds of selves that Dewey and Cavell seek are in the end highly compatible. Yet it seems clear too that Dewey and Cavell also stand in a somewhat different relation to the Emersonian tradition, and thus diverge in important ways as to the most preferable means of personal renewal. While Dewey tends to focus on the extensive workings of embodied habit, Cavell's ``Emersonian Perfectionism'' takes a more distinctively linguistic turn. After showing the strengths and weaknesses of each approach to personal renewal, I prevail upon the need for educational environments that recognize both the discursive and nondiscursive dimensions of reconstructing the self.
A Review of “Best Practices of Online Education: A Guide for Christian Higher Education”

The editors describe the purpose of Best Practices of Online Education: A Guide for Christian Higher Education as being “to assist Christian teachers and administrators to understand how to generat...
Semidefinite Representation of the k-Ellipse

The k-ellipse is the plane algebraic curve consisting of all points whose sum of distances from k given points is a fixed number. The polynomial equation defining the k-ellipse has degree 2 k if k is odd and degree \( 2^k - \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} k \\ {k/2} \\ \end{array} } \right) \) if k is even. We express this polynomial equation as the determinant of a symmetric matrix of linear polynomials. Our representation extends to weighted k-ellipses and k-ellipsoids in arbitrary dimensions, and it leads to new geometric applications of semidefinite programming.
Environmental Effects on Stitched RTM Textile Composites

The effects of temperature and humidity cycling on mechanical properties of AS4/3501-6 quasi-isotropic textile composites were determined. The composites were resin transfer molded from unstitched,...
A successful treatment of buprenorphine withdrawal with the dopamine receptor agonist pramipexole

Background Buprenorphine, used for treating opioid dependence, may have a withdrawal syndrome requiring treatment. Modulation of the dopamine system, which has been implicated in opioid withdrawal, may be a target for withdrawal for opioids such as buprenorphine. Case Report A case is reported of a buprenorphine withdrawal syndrome with predominant symptoms of restlessness that were resistant to clonidine and benzodiazepines. It was successfully treated with the dopamine agonist pramipexole. Scientific Significance Dopamine receptor agonists may have a place in the treatment of restlessness associated with opioid withdrawal and may have value for the broader spectrum of opioid withdrawal symptoms. (Am J Addict 2014;23:475–477)
Second Language Learners' Contiguous and Discontiguous Multi-Word Unit Use Over Time

Research has described the key role of formulaic language use in both written and spoken communication (Schmitt, 2004; Wray, 2002), as well as in relation to L2 learning (Ellis, Simpson-Vlach, & Maynard, 2008). Relatively few studies have examined related fixed and semifixed multi-word units (MWUs), which comprise fixed parts with the potential for flexible slots in L2 learners' language use over time. Building upon the corpus linguistic methodology of concgramming and usage-based linguistic research on a construction-based developmental sequence in language acquisition, this article describes learners' multi-word inventories through the analysis of a learner corpus of out-of-class instant messaging and blog use in a U.S. high school advanced placement Spanish language course. We examined this corpus using concgram analysis of phraseological tendencies to document related MWUs used in fixed and schematic fashion. Patterns in student language use are described in terms of meaningful permutations of constituency variation over time. Related patterns used by different learners are analyzed and discussed in light of methodological considerations in tracking second language use and the pedagogical implications of the concgramming approach to MWUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
High-dose cytarabine and daunorubicin as consolidation therapy for acute myeloid leukemia in first remission: long-term follow-up and results.

In an effort to increase the proportion of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remaining in continued complete remission (CCR), we administered intensive postremission consolidation therapy with high-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) and daunorubicin. Eighty-seven patients, with a median age of 38 years (range, 7 to 71), received consolidation therapy after first complete remission was obtained with standard induction chemotherapy that included conventional doses of Ara-C. Consolidation therapy consisted of from one to three cycles of high-dose Ara-C (3 g/m2 intravenously [IV] over 1 hour every 12 hours for 12 doses) followed by daunorubicin (30 mg/m2/d IV bolus for 3 days). After completion of the high-dose Ara-C and daunorubicin, no further therapy was administered. Myelosuppression encountered with consolidation resulted in a median duration of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia of 3 weeks. Four patients (5%) died during consolidation due to infection and/or hemorrhage; 59% of patients experienced severe bu...
AIR TRAFFIC NETWORK EQUILIBRIUM: TOWARD FREQUENCY, PRICE AND SLOT PRIORITY ANALYSIS

Abstract This paper presents a model which is aimed at developing an efficient air traffic system for given demand and airport capacity levels by the proper pricing of landing slots. A computable Nash equilibrium model is used in the context of a two-stage, game-theoretic representation of a market mechanism for slot allocation. A variational inequality formulation is then used to solve this oligopolistic air transport market model. The choice of travellers among competing airlines is represented by a logit model. Two models are proposed for pricing of landing slots: one with an exogenously determined allocation, and the second with an endogenous allocation. Each model derives the flight patterns, ticket prices, routes, and carrier choice for passengers, and landing fees. A small example is included to illustrate the properties of the models.
Diperoxodiethylenetriamminechromium(IV) 1-hydrate: a New Chromium(IV) Peroxo Compound

DIPEROXOTRIAMMINECHROMIUM(IV), Cr(NH3)3(O2)2, one of the more stable chromium compounds containing peroxo groups1, has been known for many years2, and recently the X-ray crystal structures of this and other chromium peroxo compounds have been reported1,3–8.
On “Humane Love” and “Kinship Love”

I am honored to be asked to comment on the fine essays by LIU Qingping and GUO Qiyong (Liu 2007; Guo 2007). They are obviously both deep thinkers with serious moral commitments. I find myself closer to agreement with Guo, and so I will have more to say about Liu’s work. Regarding Guo’s thoughtful and scholarly position, I will simply note that I personally view the relationship between Kongzi, Mengzi, and ZHU Xi as analogous to the relationship between Plato, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas. Each figure influences or is influenced by the others, and each is worthy of serious study. However, they present positions that are distinct, and we should be cautious that we are not projecting the worldview of one onto another (see Van Norden 2007: 23–29 and 323–325; Ivanhoe 2000.). Turning to Liu, he claims that Confucianism regards “kinship love for one’s relatives” as more foundational than “humane love for other people in general.” Hence, “kinship love” categorically overrides “humane love” when the two conflict. In contrast, Liu advocates a “Post-Confucian” position, in which “humane love” is foundational, and categorically overrides “kinship love” when the two conflict. I will argue, first, that Liu’s own position has extremely counterintuitive consequences, and, second, that Confucians can reject a categorical emphasis of kinship love over humane love. Consider two concrete examples. (1) President John F. Kennedy appointed his brother, Robert Kennedy, attorney general. (2) President Bill Clinton appointed his wife, Hillary Clinton, to chair the Task Force on National Health Care Reform. Several things are striking about each case. First, it seems that some sort of favoritism is involved. Robert Kennedy and Hillary Clinton were both attorneys with professional experience that made them at least minimally qualified for these positions. However, there is no particular reason to believe that either would have stood out as especially strong candidates for their respective posts if some other Democratic candidate had won the White House. Second, Confucianism cannot be “blamed” for what these US Presidents did. Guanxi 關係 is a Chinese term, but it refers to something that is operative in Western politics, business, and Dao (2008) 7:125–129 DOI 10.1007/s11712-008-9057-x
Optimizing saphenous vein site selection using intraoperative venous duplex ultrasound scanning.

Background Saphenous vein is the most common conduit utilized for coronary artery bypass. However, preoperative noninvasive venous studies to evaluate saphenous vein morphology are not commonly performed due to limited logistical support. A prospective, nonrandomized study was developed to assess the utility of intraoperative saphenous vein duplex ultrasound studies in optimizing saphenous vein site selection. Methods Intraoperative saphenous vein duplex scanning was performed in 58 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery utilizing two-dimensional ultrasound monitoring equipment. Following anesthetic intubation, studies were performed by one of the surgeons. Most scans were completed in less than 8 minutes. Results Findings demonstrate at least 1 venous abnormality in 31 of 116 (26.7%) above knee saphenous veins and 59 of 116 (50.9%) below knee veins. In 38 of 58 patients (65.5%), duplex ultrasound scanning proved beneficial in surgical site selection. Most abnormalities are related to major branches and bifurcations except in the lower calf where small lumen caliber is the most common abnormal finding. Additional beneficial findings include identifying abnormal vein course, identifying suitable conduit in reoperative procedures and precise localization of vein segments for endoscopic surgery. Conclusions Intraoperative saphenous vein duplex scanning is rapidly and easily accomplished with available operating room resources. Study information allows optimal surgical site selection, avoiding unnecessary surgical dissection, time delays, vein wastage and potential for wound complications. Optimizing incision site selection eliminates blind exploration for vein conduit, improves conduit planning, and expedites surgical dissection during endoscopic vein harvest.
EMBRYONAL ADENOMA OF THE KIDNEY ASSOCIATED WITH POLYCYTHEMIA AND VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE

AbstractPurpose: We studied the significance, identification and management of acquired von Willebrand disease and polycythemia associated with benign renal tumors in children.Materials and Methods: Two patients who presented with polycythemia and a renal mass were also found to have acquired von Willebrand disease. One patient was treated with radical nephrectomy and 1 was treated with partial nephrectomy. The patients have been followed for 19 and 10 months, respectively.Results: Excision of the renal mass resulted in prompt resolution of polycythemia and von Willebrand disease in each patient. Perioperatively 1-deamino-(8-D-arginine)-vasopressin was given to control bleeding. Each patient had benign embryonal adenoma of the kidney.Conclusions: Polycythemia and von Willebrand disease may be associated with benign kidney neoplasms. Children and adolescents with a renal mass benefit from preoperative screening for coagulopathy.
Federal Legislation and the Advancement of Neonatal Drug Studies

The directive from the United States Congress, through laws and regulations mandating that manufacturers of pharmaceuticals demonstrate proof that new drugs are both safe and efficacious in target groups, has been in place for 50 years [1, 2]. However, children and, in particular, neonates remain disproportionately underrepresented in the majority of drug clinical trials. To date, federal legislation has been slow to respond to the need for improvement in this regard, and it has only been in the last one and a half decades that attempts have been made to rectify this unacceptable situation. Children remain therapeutic orphans, and it has taken the might of the federal government to include them in drug development processes. The common practice of extrapolating data from studies conducted in adults and older children to neonates is problematic, even if the effects of the drugs and course of the disease are similar. Applicability of such data is limited by the unique physiology in neonates, an ever-changing body composition, rapid developmental processes, and a non-linear relationship between body weight and pharmacologic variables. Dire consequences associated with the use of chloramphenicol (gray baby syndrome), sulfisoxazole and penicillin (kernicterus), novobiocin (hyperbilirubinemia), and vitamin E (neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis) are some of the reminders of the danger of adopting therapies without adequate scientific information supporting the safety of the medications in the relevant populations [3–8]. This review assesses efforts by government agencies to extend the benefits of federal legislations pertaining to drugs administered to infants and children, applauds its successes, highlights areas where knowledge gap exists, and offers suggestions on where efforts need to be focused.
Nucleation, coarsening, and coalescence during layer-by-layer growth of complex oxides via pulsed laser deposition: Time-resolved, diffuse X-ray scattering studies

We review our real-time X-ray diffuse scattering studies of the evolving structure of complex oxide thin films during pulsed laser deposition in the layer-by-layer growth mode. These measurements provide detailed structural information on the time- and length-scales relevant for growth kinetics. Specifically, we measure both the in-plane length scale, L, and the characteristic relaxation time, τ, as a function of temperature to obtain the diffusivity, D. For both homo- and hetero-epitaxy, island nucleation under supersaturated conditions followed by coarsening of the island distribution, first via ripening and subsequently by coalescence, are identified as the key fundamental growth processes.
Moral Development of Fraternity Members: What Difference Do Peer Groups Make?Spotlight on Robert E. Mathiasen

Research on the effects of Greek life on college student moral development has concluded that membership in these organizations does little to enhance moral development. However, this qualitative c...
Formation of a Green Pigment from Tuna Myoglobins

SUMMARY: A green pigment was produced when yellowfin (and other) tuna myoglobins, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), and cysteine were heated together in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 5.7. The green product could not be produced with mammalian myoglobins, which contain no cysteine residues. The roles of myoglobin, cysteine, and TMAO in the production of off-color (green) cooked tuna were investigated. Denaturation of myoglobin, apparently exposing a sulfhydryl group, was necessary for the greening reaction to occur. TMAO acted as a mild oxidizing agent to promote the formation of a disulfide bond between cysteine and the sulfhydryl group on the denatured myoglobin. TMAO could be replaced by oxygen (air), but cysteine appeared to be specific for the reaction. The green color could be reversed by sodium sulfite, but not by other reducing agents tested.
Marriage and Divorce among Bereaved Parents in a Self-Help Group

The death of a child is one of the most difficult griefs in contemporary society. This study using the participant observation method examines the relationship between the bereaved father and mother in The Compassionate Friends (TCF), a self-help group of bereaved parents. The study examines the dynamics of couples already divorced, of parents who divorce within a few years after the death of the child, and of parents who remain married. Findings from this study suggest that marital relationships are not separate from the whole set of dynamics which come with the death of a child. Among these parents, two themes seem central. First, there is the paradox of a new tie established between those who have lost a child even as there is a great deal of estrangement in the separate griefs. Second, there is a strong sense of reordered priorities and a sense of the self as a center of strength within the decision to face directly the issues given in the new world of parental bereavement.
Synthesis and single-crystal structure of a lithium aluminogermanate with the zeolite ABW topology

Abstract An aluminogermanate possessing the zeolite ABW framework topology has been synthesized hydrothermally from lithium-containing gel mixtures. This material, of composition LiAlGeO4·H2O, has been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It has an orthorhombic unit cell with a=10.610(2) A, b=8.300(2) A and c=5.097(1) A, and adopts space group Pna21, showing strict alternation of aluminum and germanium in the framework. The structural parameters are compared with those derived for other materials possessing the ABW topology. The germanium substitution in the framework leads to a larger unit-cell volume for AlGe-ABW compared with AlSi- and GaSi-ABW framework structures.
Optical conductivity of the two-dimensional Hubbard model.

The optical conductivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) of the two-dimensional Hubbard model on finite clusters of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 and \ensuremath{\surd}10 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}10 sites is reported. Experimental features found in the high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ cuprate superconductors can be qualitatively reproduced by this model including the presence of mid-infrared spectral weight, a Drude peak whose intensity grows with doping and a total spectral weight that varies slowly as the system is doped away from half filling. We find that to reproduce qualitatively the main experimental features of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega}), we need to work with a coupling constant of the order of the bandwidth, i.e., U/t\ensuremath{\sim}8--10. Results for the negative-U Hubbard model are included for comparison.
The effects of acid—Base lonization of hemerythrin on its ligand coordination equilibria

Abstract Detailed studies of the spectra of aquo- and hydroxo-methemerythrin as a function of pH in solutions with and without perchlorate ion indicate the presence of an ionizing residue, probably Lys, near the Fe(III)-O-Fe(III) site. Similar investigations with azido-methemerythrin at pH values near 5 reveal the presence of a carboxyl group nearby the same site.
Advanced energy conversion to power

This paper reviews some leading novel energy conversion approaches which are aimed at improving power generation efficiency and/or reducing harmful emissions. Some of the concepts used for cycle improvement are higher top temperatures, improved combustion systems, evasion of the Carnot limit by integration with fuel cells and direct nuclear energy conversion to power (the nuclear generator), reduction of exergy destruction by staging and the use of exergy-efficient combustion processes, the use of lower temperature heat sinks and the use of renewable, environmentally-benign energy sources. Some of the systems described in this paper are hybrid multi-temperature source cycles (including the hybrid solar-powered/fuel-assisted Rankine cycle), high-temperature chemical gas turbine cycles, fuel-cell-topped Rankine cycles, high temperature ejector-topping power cycles and hybrid nuclear/fossil fuel power generation systems. The use of space (the extra-terrestrial environment) for energy conversion improvement is also discussed.
Effects of clonidine on breathing during sleep and susceptibility to central apnoea.

Abstract We hypothesized that administration of clonidine would decrease the hypocapnic apnoeic threshold (HAT) and widen the CO2 reserve during non-REM sleep. Methods Ten healthy subjects (4 females) (age 22.3 ± 3.0 years; BMI 25.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2) were randomized to receive placebo or 0.1 mg/45 kg of clonidine on 2 separate nights. Ventilation and upper airway resistance were monitored during wakefulness and sleep. Two separate experiments were performed: Protocol 1 (n = 8), CO2 reserve, HAT and HcVR were determined using non-invasive hyperventilation (NIV) to induce hypocapnia for at least 3 min; Protocol 2 (n = 6), peripheral hypocapnic ventilatory response (HcVR) was determined by NIV using short (3 breaths) hyperventilation. Results Clonidine decreased the systolic blood pressure by 12 ± 10 mmHg but did not affect baseline ventilation or upper airway resistance during wakefulness or sleep. Protocol (1), clonidine was associated with decreased HAT relative to placebo (37.3 ± 3.3 mmHg vs. 39.7 ± 3.4 mmHg, P Conclusion Clonidine is associated with diminished susceptibility to hypocapnic central apnoea without significant effect on ventilation or upper airway mechanics. Reduced susceptibility to hypocapnic central apnoea is not explained by the peripheral chemoreceptor pathway. This suggests a central rather than a peripheral effect of clonidine on the susceptibility to hypocapnic central apnoea.
Building Accountability Middleware to Support Dependable SOA

The Intelligent Accountability Middleware Architecture (Llama) project supports dependable service-oriented architecture (SOA) monitoring, runtime diagnosis, and reconfiguration. At its core, Llama implements an accountability service bus that users can install on existing service-deployment infrastructures. It collects and monitors service execution data from a key subset of services; enables Llama users to incorporate others' advanced diagnosis models and algorithms into the framework; and provides enterprise service bus extensions for collecting service profiling data, thus making process problems transparent to diagnose. Finally, experimental results indicate that using Llama contributes a modest amount of system overhead.
On the solution of the wave equation with moving boundaries

Abstract We consider the one dimensional wave equation where the domain available for the wave process is a function of time. If the boundary moves with a constant velocity, or constant acceleration the explicit solution is obtained; the general case can be solved by an elementary graphical constriction.
Consistency and Unbiasedness of Certain Nonparametric Tests

It is shown that there exist strictly unbiased and consistent tests for the univariate and multivariate two- and fc-sample problem, for the hypothesis of independence, and for the hypothesis of symmetry with respect to a given point. Certain new tests for the univariate two-sample problem are discussed. The large sample power of these tests and of the Mann-Whitney test are obtained by means of a theorem of Hoeffding. There’is a discussion of the problem of tied observations.
An overview of low-loss snubber technology for transistor converters

A study of the state-of-the-art for low-loss snubber technology has been completed, and the results are summarized. The review begins with the purpose and philosophy in the use of snubbers, and ambiguities of their benefits are discussed. Finally, a system of classification for snubbers is proposed as a means of defining snubber operation more exactly.
Site of progesterone production in the reptilian ovarian follicle.

Abstract Ovarian follicle walls (FW) from two species of turle ( Chelydra serpentina and Gopherus agassizi ) were separated into two components, an outer layer consisting of theca externa and an inner layer of theca interna and granulosa. Histochemical study indicated that 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is localized in the innermost, granulosa, layer. Incubation of the two FW components with either ovine FSH (with Gopherus tissue) or Chelydra gonadotropin (with Chelydra tissue) revealed that only the inner portion of the FW (theca interna plus granulosa) responds to gonadotropin stimulation by in vitro production of progesterone.
Outpatient behavioral treatment of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: Using paraprofessional resources

Abstract This report describes the effective outpatient treatment of a severely debilitated elderly woman with a primary diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her seemingly intractible disorder, of 55 years' duration, had remained unremitted after numerous hospitalizations and a wide range of treatments, including antidepressants, neuroleptics, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy. An intensive behavioral treatment program, consisting of exposure and response prevention, was conducted on an outpatient basis using undergraduate college students as paraprofessional aides. The client's obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and her overall life quality showed dramatic and enduring improvement. College students serving as paraprofessionals represent a valuable resource for the implementation of intensive behavioral treatments.
Investigating the thinking processes of eighth grade writers during the composition of a scientific laboratory report

This study examined the thinking processes used by 16 eighth grade science writers during laboratory report writing and explored the possibility that writing can contribute directly to science learning. Using Bereiter and Scardamalia's (1987) knowledge-transformation model of writing as a theoretical lens, the study characterized specific content and rhetorical thinking engaged in by the students using think-aloud protocols and qualitative data analysis methodologies. Thinking aloud was also related to the quality of the students' written products. Five of the 16 students exhibited no mental reflection during writing, recording information straight from memory into the composition. Two students engaged primarily in rhetorical planning, specifying the sequencing and organization of their writing in advance. Nine students demonstrated scientific problem solving including hypothesis and evidence generation, examining patterns in the data, and making general knowledge claims in response to the need to generate content for writing, indicating that the act of report writing can stimulate science learning directly. However, thinking during writing was not necessary to compose a report that contained hypotheses and supporting evidence. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 676–690, 2000
Euplotes leticiensis, n.sp., from the Letician Drainage into the Amazon River.*

SUMMARY. In water taken March 3, 1956, from a tributary of the Amazon River, near Leticia, Colombia, an abundant ciliate fauna included large numbers of a species of Euplotes. Cursory examination showed a pronounced left wing like that of E. novemcarinatus Wang. Careful study, however, revealed a distribution of peristomal membranelles and peristomal morphology more like that of E. euryostomus Wrzesniowski. The positions of ventral cirri resemble those of E. woodruffi Gaw. The two right caudal cirri are furcated, as are those of the first two above-mentioned species; but the five anal cirri are not. The C-shaped macronucleus, like that of E. aediculatus Pierson, has the upper left part of the “C” somewhat depressed. A large organism, it averages 155 μ long by 130 μ broad, length ranging from 87 μ to 203 μ, and width from 67 μ to 194 μ. It is presented as Euplotes leticiensis n. sp.
Intracranial pseudolymphoma presenting with grand mal seizures

Primary central nervous system lymphoproliferative disorders comprise a heterogenous group of intracranial disease, predominantly of the high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma type. We report a 56-year-old woman who developed new-onset grand mal seizures and was found to have two small uniformly enhancing dural-based lesions, which were radiologically concerning for meningiomas. Biopsy demonstrated findings consistent with benign, reactive lymphoid tissue. The patient's seizures resolved post-operatively. To our knowledge, this is the first reported patient with intracranial pseudolymphoma presenting as grand mal seizures. This case highlights this rare differential consideration in a patient with symptomatic dural-based lesion.
Cesium Plasma Measurements

The modes of production of cesium plasma and the advantages of each for the particular application are discussed. (R.E.U.)
Angular distribution of neutrons from deuterated cluster explosions driven by femtosecond laser pulses

We have studied experimentally the angular distributions of fusion neutrons from plasmas of multi-keV ion temperature, created by 40 fs, multi-TW laser pulses in dense plumes of D2 and CD4 clusters. A slight anisotropy in the neutron emission is observed. We attribute this anisotropy to the fact that the differential cross section for DD fusion is anisotropic even at low collision energies, and this, coupled with the geometry of the gas jet target, leads to beam-target neutrons that are slightly directed. The qualitative features of this anisotropy are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.
The deubiquitinating enzyme DUB-2 prolongs cytokine-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription activation and suppresses apoptosis following cytokine withdrawal

Cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), activate intracellular signaling pathways via rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of their receptors, resulting in the activation of many genes involved in cell growth and survival. The deubiquitinating enzyme DUB-2 is induced in response to IL-2 but as yet its function has not been determined. The results of this study show that DUB-2 is expressed in human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I(HTLV-1)–transformed T cells that exhibit constitutive activation of the IL-2 JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) pathway, and when expressed in Ba/F3 cells DUB-2 markedly prolonged IL-2–induced STAT5 phosphorylation. Although DUB-2 did not enhance IL-2–mediated proliferation, when withdrawn from growth factor, cells expressing DUB-2 had sustained STAT5 phosphorylation and enhanced expression of IL-2–induced genes cis and c - myc . Moreover, DUB-2 expression markedly inhibited apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal allowing cells to survive. Taken together these data suggest that DUB-2 can enhance signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, prolong lymphocyte survival, and, when constitutively expressed, may contribute to the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway observed in some transformed cells.