cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comorbidity-independent risk for suicidality increases with bulimia nervosa but not with anorexia nervosa

Abstract Background Eating disorders are serious psychiatric illnesses with high levels of suicidality and high comorbidity. However, no study has established the extent to which suicidality is uniquely associated with eating disorders rather than attributable to comorbid mood, anxiety, or substance use disorders. The current study examined whether unique associations between eating disorders and suicidality exist and whether potential associations differ by eating disorder diagnosis. Methods Participants were women ( n = 364) from the second stage of a large epidemiological study examining eating and health related attitudes and behaviors. The Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I diagnoses (SCID-I) was used to determine lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and lifetime suicidality. Results A multiple regression model including eating and comorbid disorders indicated that bulimia nervosa (BN) was significantly associated with suicidality above and beyond risk predicted by comorbid disorders. No unique association was found for anorexia nervosa (AN) or eating disorder not otherwise specified while controlling for comorbidity. Conclusions BN is independently associated with suicidality, and findings emphasize the need to incorporate suicide risk assessment in standardized assessments of eating disorders.
The effect of phenobarbital on autonomic function and epileptogenic activity induced by the hippocampal injection of penicillin in cats

This study addressed whether penicillin-induced epileptiform discharges in the right hippocampus produced associated autonomic dysfunction. The study also examined the effect of phenobarbital on the heart rate and blood pressure changes that were induced by the epileptiform discharges. The delay in onset of epileptiform activity at the site of injection ranged from 1 second to 16 minutes, and consisted of interictal discharges or ictal discharges. With the onset of epileptiform activity, blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly from control (P < .05). Electrocardiogram alterations included: P-R interval changes; increased P-wave amplitude; QRS complex changes; T-wave inversion; and ST elevation. Phenobarbital 20 mg/kg intravenously suppressed the epileptogenic activity and depressed the blood pressure and heart rate below control (P < .05). In an additional series of experiments, penicillin G injected into the right hippocampus in five cats produced epileptiform activity and increased the blood pressure and the heart rate significantly from the control (P < .05). Phenobarbital (20 mg/kg, intravenously, and 40 mg/kg, intravenously) also prevented the penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. Phenobarbital (40 mg/kg, intravenously) reversed the effect of penicillin on the blood pressure and heart rate, to levels significantly below that of control (P < .05). Phenobarbital diminished both epileptiform activity and autonomic dysfunction. The autonomic dysfunction related to epileptiform activity induced by focal hippocampal administration of penicillin was similar to that induced by the intravenous administration of pentylenetetrazol.
Wealth-Based Trust and the Development of Collective Action.

Interpersonal trust is one possible mechanism by which wealth inequality affects the success of efforts in cooperation. Specifically, the presence of perceived economic differences between members of small agricultural cooperatives in northwest Ecuador’s agricultural frontier encourages trust in the wealthy, thus facilitating co-op development during the initial stage of cooperative formation. But, such inequality and exclusive trust may later negatively affect co-op success. These generalizations are only possible through refinement of frameworks currently used in the study of heterogeneity and common pool resource management. This refinement is made possible by paying closer attention to the operationalization of variables and by synthesizing already existing hypotheses.
Optimal Portfolio Selection: A Pedagogical Note

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how to use the Elton, Gruber, and Padberg [1978] model to construct optimal portfolios and to facilitate the use of this paradigm by providing an example of how the technique is used. The EGP model uses the risk‐adjusted, excess return for an asset to determine the optimal portfolio for a given risk‐free rate of return. This paper shows exactly how to calculate the optimal portfolio and provides a True Basic@ program to do so. The data used are constructed from Capital International Indexes taken from various issues of Barrons from March 1978 to December 1986.
Adjustable speed AC drives&#8212;A technology status review

The technology of solid-state adjustable speed ac drives was launched in the 1960's. Since then many innovations in devices, circuits, control theory, and signal electronics have made a considerable contribution to this technology. With the heritage of past experience, and the projection of present trends, an almost certain prediction can be made that adjustable speed ac drives will find widespread applications in industry before the end of this decade. The paper reviews the present status of ac drives technology in which the salient technical features of ac machines, converters, controls, and performances of the integrated drive systems have been discussed, and wherever possible, the appropriate trend of the technology has been indicated.
Modified ribonucleosides as biological markers for patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung

A variety of individual modified ribonucleosides may be elevated in the urine of cancer patients. They can be readily measured quantitatively in a single reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic run. A total of 41 patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung were studied. For 5-ribonucleosides determined in the pretreatment urine of 28 patients, the respective frequency of elevation was directly related to stage of disease. One or more nucleosides were evaluated in the pretreatment urine of 27 out of 28 patients (96%). Included were 11 patients with limited disease and 10 (91%) had 2 or less than 2 nucleosides elevated, whereas 16 out of 17 (94%) with extensive disease had 3 or more elevated. Based on this same discriminant, median survival was significantly extended for patients with 2 or less nucleosides elevated (24 months) in contrast to 3 or more (10 months). Using a single number to represent the summation of equally weighted individual nucleoside values as a composite score, a direct relationship was found between increasing extent of disease or tumor burden. This was in contrast to more variable results for carcinoembryonic antigen analyzed in plasma samples obtained at the same time. When determined serially the composite score paralleled in general the clinical response categories for individual patients.
Compact Configuration of Aircraft Flows at Intersections

This paper proposes a compact configuration of aircraft flows at intersections. The goal is to achieve a higher capacity of the airspace, allowing more aircraft to safely fly through a fixed region. Intersections of aircraft flows can be considered as basic building blocks for air traffic networks, and traffic networks can be designed through finding optimal arrangements of intersections whose conflict zones do not overlap. A conflict zone is defined as a minimal circular area centered at the intersection of two flows, which allows aircraft approaching the intersections to resolve conflict completely within the conflict zone. This paper derives the relationship between the size of a conflict zone and the intersection angle of the two flows. Such a relationship guides the choice of the most compact configuration for intersecting aircraft flows. An example involving multiple converging flows of aircraft demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed configuration of intersections. The result of conflict resolution shows a greatly reduced traffic complexity. Therefore, our study provides a potential solution to increase airspace capacity.
Improving the yield of direct chorionic villus slide preparations

Abstract Low cytogenetic yields in the processing of small chorionic villus sampling have in some instances, limited its applicability. We have modified “standard” techniques to increase the number of interpretable metaphases by (1) using a gravity method for cell suspension spreading and (2) using a special high-quality slide glass. Both modifications reduce cell damage and increase interpretable mitotic figures and may allow a cytogenetic diagnosis in some instances in which a diagnosis might not otherwise be possible with standard methods.
Sphingosine kinase‑1 mediates endotoxemia‑induced hyperinflammation in aged animals

Sepsis is a serious issue in the geriatric population due to its association with high mortality rates in the elderly. The increase in mortality in the elderly correlates with inflammation. We have previously demonstrated that the inflammatory response is exacerbated in a rodent endotoxemia model of sepsis in aged rats compared with young rats. However, the molecular mediators associated with this hyperinflammatory response in aged rats have not been completely determined. Sphingosine kinase-1 (Sphk-1), an enzyme present in neutrophils and macrophages, regulates proinflammatory responses associated with endotoxemia and sepsis. To determine whether Sphk-1 is a molecular mediator associated with the observed hyperinflammatory response in aging, Sphk-1 mRNA expression was examined in hepatic tissues of young and aged rats subjected to endotoxemia. A significant increase in Sphk-1 mRNA was observed in endotoxemic aged rats compared with young rats. This increase was correlated with a significant increase in TNF-α mRNA levels in the liver. CD14 is a receptor component for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and therefore, CD14 mRNA expression in hepatic tissues of endotoxemic young and aged rats was examined. Of note, CD14 mRNA was significantly upregulated in endotoxemic aged rats. Sphk-1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in LPS-treated Kupffer cells and this increase correlated with an increase in CD14 mRNA expression. Results of the present study indicated that increased Sphk-1 expression in the liver in response to endotoxemia mediates the hyperinflammatory state observed in aged animals.
Nitrogen losses from manure storages

Abstract A simple computer model to predict nitrogen (N) losses from anaerobic manure storages was developed and validated with both laboratory and literature data. Using the model, we investigated the effects of temperature, pH, and loading rate on N losses from bottom-loaded and top-loaded manure storages. Bottom-loaded storages provided good N conservation (less than 15% loss) under all conditions studied, whereas the top-loaded storages had a wide variation in N losses (3–60% ammonia loss). At low temperature, low pH, and/or high loading rate, the top-loaded storages conserved N almost as well as the bottom-loaded storages. In anaerobic storages, diffusion limits ammonia movement in the storage and possibly explains why bottom-loaded storages provide excellent N conservation.
Zinc neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture.

Abstract Large amounts of zinc are endogenously present in synaptic vesicles of mammalian central excitatory boutons, and are likely released during synaptic activity; transient elevations in extracellular zinc concentration exceeding several hundred micromolar may accompany intense neuronal excitation. Exposure of mature cortical cell cultures, in mice, to similar concentrations of zinc for several minutes resulted in widespread neuronal injury; the extent of injury was dependent on both the concentration of zinc, and the length of exposure. Quantitative neuronal cell counts suggested an approximate neurotoxic ED50 of 600 μ M for a 15 min zinc exposure, and 225 μ M for an 18–24 h exposure. High zinc concentrations or long exposure times resulted in the addition of glial injury to the neuronal injury; this glial injury could also be demonstrated in neuron-free glial cell cultures, and hence likely represented a direct effect of zinc rather than a consequence of neuronal injury. Neurons in immature cultures were relatively resistant to zinc-induced injury, suggesting that neuronal vulnerability to zinc increases with maturation in vitro. An early event associated with toxic exposure to zinc was gross neuronal swelling. This swelling was dependent on the presence of extracellular sodium, and, interestingly, could be delayed by the continued presence of zinc itself. Zinc-induced neuronal cell loss, however, occurred even when both sodium and calcium were absent during the exposure to zinc. The present results provide direct evidence that zinc might be a relatively potent, rapidly acting neurotoxin, and somewhat less potent gliotoxin, in the mammalian central nervous system. We suggest that zinc should be included on the growing list of endogenous toxins which may be involved in the acute pathogenesis of central neuronal, and possibly glial, cell loss in some disease states.
Greater Pre-Stimulus Effective Connectivity from the Left Inferior Frontal Area to other Areas is Associated with Better Phonological Decoding in Dyslexic Readers

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS046565); Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology, National Science Foundation (SBE-0354378)
DecisionFlow: Visual Analytics for High-Dimensional Temporal Event Sequence Data

Temporal event sequence data is increasingly commonplace, with applications ranging from electronic medical records to financial transactions to social media activity. Previously developed techniques have focused on low-dimensional datasets (e.g., with less than 20 distinct event types). Real-world datasets are often far more complex. This paper describes DecisionFlow, a visual analysis technique designed to support the analysis of high-dimensional temporal event sequence data (e.g., thousands of event types). DecisionFlow combines a scalable and dynamic temporal event data structure with interactive multi-view visualizations and ad hoc statistical analytics. We provide a detailed review of our methods, and present the results from a 12-person user study. The study results demonstrate that DecisionFlow enables the quick and accurate completion of a range of sequence analysis tasks for datasets containing thousands of event types and millions of individual events.
Synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolines from indoleamines via enzymatic formation of formaldehyde from 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid☆

Abstract The products obtained on incubation of rat and rabbit lung with indoleamines and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) were found not to be the methylated compounds, as previously reported by others. Thin-layer chromatography of the basic extracts, as well as their acetylated derivatives, in solvent systems which adequately resolved very similar compounds, was employed to tentatively identify the products as tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives. It is concluded that these products are formed by the condensation of the various indoleamines with formaldehyde generated enzymatically from MTHF, and that MTHF does not appear to be a significant methyl donor for biogenic amines.
Synthesis of α-L-idopyranosyl, (α-L-idopyranosyluronic acid), α-D-mannopyranosyl, and (α-D-mannopyranosyluronic acid) phosphates☆

Abstract Penta- O -acetyl-α- L -idopyranose, obtained from 2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-1,6-anhydro-β- L -idopyranose, was directly phosphorylated with anhydrous phosphoric acid, and then deacetylated, to give an anomeric mixture of L -idopyranosyl phosphates from which the α- L anomer was crystallized as the di(cyclohexylammonium) salt. The same method, applied to penta- O -acetyl-α- D -mannopyranose, produced only α- D -mannopyranosyl phosphate. The conformation of the starting material and of the reaction intermediates, as well as the presence of both anomers of L -idopyranosyl phosphate, were established by n.m.r. spectroscopy. A reaction mechanism for the phosphorylation is presented. This mechanism is based primarily on the relative orientation of substituents at C-1 and C-2. Oxidation of the amorphous L -idopyranosyl phosphate and of α- D -mannopyranosyl phosphate, when platinum-on-carbon or platinum black was used as the catalyst, gave (in low yield) an anomeric mixture of ( L -idopyranosyluronic acid) phosphates (from which the α- L -anomer was isolated as its crystalline cyclohexyl-ammonium salt) and (α- D -mannopyranosyluronic acid) phosphate, respectively. Ketose formation was observed in both cases, and must be due to the oxidation of axially attached, secondary hydroxyl groups. Attempts to prepare L -idopyranosyl phosphate from 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- L -idopyranosyl bromide were unsuccessful. Reaction of the bromide with silver acetate gave penta- O -acetyl-α- L -idopyranose, whereas treatment with methanol in the presence of silver carbonate gave methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- L -idopyranoside.
Optimal least-squares finite element method for elliptic problems

An optimal least squares finite element method is proposed for two dimensional and three dimensional elliptic problems and its advantages are discussed over the mixed Galerkin method and the usual least squares finite element method. In the usual least squares finite element method, the second order equation (-Delta x (Delta u) + u = f) is recast as a first order system (-Delta x p + u = f, Delta u - p = 0). The error analysis and numerical experiment show that, in this usual least squares finite element method, the rate of convergence for flux p is one order lower than optimal. In order to get an optimal least squares method, the irrotationality Delta x p = 0 should be included in the first order system.
Optic Nerve Compression by a Dolichoectatic Internal Carotid Artery: Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE : Compression of the optic nerve by a dolichoectatic internal carotid artery is a rare and correctable cause of visual loss. CLINICAL PRESENTATION : A young woman presented with right eye visual loss without obvious cause and was found to have compression of the right optic nerve by the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. INTERVENTION : Pterional craniotomy and decompression of the optic nerve by unroofing the optic canal resulted in improvement of vision in the affected eye. CONCLUSION : Compression of the optic nerve by a dolichoectatic internal carotid artery may produce visual loss. The disorder is well demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging, and timely intervention can improve vision.
Viral Vaccines for the Prevention of Childhood Pneumonia in Developing Nations: Priorities and Prospects

In concert with bacteria, respiratory viruses play a major role in the high rates of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) experienced in developing nations. Respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, and the adenoviruses are the predominant viral causes of ALRI in both developed and developing regions. In this review, the epidemiologic data from developing nations for these viral infections are summarized and the current status of viral vaccines for prevention of ALRI are described
The call for equity: simulation optimization models to minimize the range of waiting times

Providing equal access to public service resources is a fundamental goal of democratic societies. Growing research interest in public services (e.g., health care, humanitarian relief, elections) has increased the importance of considering objective functions related to equity. This article studies discrete resource allocation problems where the decision maker is concerned with maintaining equity between some defined subgroups of a customer population and where non-closed-form functions of equity are allowed. Simulation optimization techniques are used to develop rigorous algorithms to allocate resources equitably among these subgroups. The presented solutions are associated with probabilistic bounds on solution quality. A full-factorial experimental design demonstrates that the proposed algorithm outperforms competing heuristics and is robust over various inequity metrics. Additionally, the algorithm is applied to a case study of allocating voting machines to election precincts in Franklin County, Ohio. [...
THE REACTION OF 2-ACETOACETAMIDOPYRIDINES WITH PHOSGENE. A ROUTE TO NOVEL 3-ACETYL-2-CHLORO-4H-PYRIDO(1,2-A)PYRIMIDIN-4-ONES

2-(Acetoacetamido)pyridine, 1, and its 5-methyl derivative, 2, with phosgene, gave 3-acetyl-2-chloro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one, 5, and 3-acetyl-2-chloro-7-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]-pyrimidin-4-one, 6, respectively. The structures of these compounds followed from their elemental analyses, and interpretations of their uv, ir, pmr, and X-ray spectra. An alternative route to 5 and 6, which sought first to react 1 and 2 with methyl - and benzyl chloroformates, was unsuccessful, and led, instead, to elimination of the acetoacetyl group with concomitant formation of the carbamate derivatives, 10 and 11.
Angular dependence of mammographic dosimeters in digital breast tomosynthesis

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) is an emerging imaging modality that combines tomography with conventional digital mammography. In developing DBT dosimetry, a direct application of mammographic dosimetry has appeal. However, DBT introduces rotation of the x-ray tube relative to the dosimeter, thus raising questions about the angular dependence of mammographic dosimeters. To measure this dependence, two ionization chambers, two solid-stated detectors, and one photodiode were rotated relative to an incident Mo/Mo x-ray beam. In this isocentric DBT simulation, the signal of each dosimeter was studied over an angular range of 180° for tube voltages of 26 to 34 kV. One ionization chamber was then modeled numerically to study the response to various monoenergetic beams. The results show that all dosimeters underestimate dose to varying degrees; solid-state detectors show the greatest angular dependence while ionization chambers show the least. Correction factors were computed from the data for isocentric DBT images using projection angles up to ±25°; these factors ranged from 1.0014 to 1.1380. The magnitude of the angular dependence generally decreased with increasing energy, as shown with both the measured and modeled data. As a result, the error arising in measuring DBT dose with a mammographic dosimeter varies significantly; it cannot always be disregarded. The use of correction factors may be possible but is largely impractical, as they are specific to the dosimeter, x-ray beam, and DBT geometry. Instead, an angle-independent dosimeter may be more suitable for DBT.
VEGF expression is downregulated in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated in pulmonary alveolarization. However, developmental expression of pulmonary VEGF and its possible role in the pathogenesis of CDH are not well described. Methods Timed-pregnant VEGF-LacZ mice, possessing a β-galactosidase reporter introduced into the 3′ region of the VEGF gene, were used to examine fetal lung gene expression in a model of nitrofen-induced CDH. Results VEGF gene expression increased from embryonic day 13 until its peak at embryonic day 16 and then decreased until term in all groups. This pattern was most apparent in the periphery with smaller differences noted in central lung locations. Expression of VEGF/β-gal in the lungs of nitrofen-treated mice was less than controls at all time-points ( P Conclusions Nitrofen downregulates the production of VEGF during gestation and attenuates the peak seen at the onset of the canalicular stage, despite preservation of type-II pneumocytes. This effect was most pronounced in peripheral lung tissue. The authors speculate that altered VEGF expression may have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of nitrofen-induced CDH.
Characterization of some dicarbonyls from autoxidized methyl linoleate

The 2, 4-dinitrophenylosazones of dicarbonyl compounds isolated from oxidized methyl linoleate were resolved by means of adsorption and partition chromatography. Individual components were characterized by means of ultraviolet absorption, thin layer chromatographic techniques for class determination and for separation of homologous series, column co-chromatography of authentics and the unknowns, IR spectroscopy and melting point analysis. Evidence was obtained for the presence of glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, but-2-en-1, 4-dial, α-keto hexanal, α-keto heptanal, α-keto octanal, and α-keto nonanal.
Deferred discrimination algorithm (nibbling) for target filter management

A new method of classifying objects is presented. Rather than trying to form the classifier in one step or in one training algorithm, it is done in a series of small steps, or nibbles. This leads to an efficient and versatile system that is trained in series with single one-shot examples but applied in parallel, is implemented with single layer perceptrons, yet maintains its fully sequential hierarchical structure. Based on the nibbling algorithm, a basic new method of target reference filter management is described.
Acaricide, fungicide and drug interactions in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Background Chemical analysis shows that honey bees (Apis mellifera) and hive products contain many pesticides derived from various sources. The most abundant pesticides are acaricides applied by beekeepers to control Varroa destructor. Beekeepers also apply antimicrobial drugs to control bacterial and microsporidial diseases. Fungicides may enter the hive when applied to nearby flowering crops. Acaricides, antimicrobial drugs and fungicides are not highly toxic to bees alone, but in combination there is potential for heightened toxicity due to interactive effects.
The Effect of Time and Force Magnitude on Orthodontic Tooth Movement

The holographic technique, recently developed for precise and accurate measurement of tooth displacements, was used to study the three-dimensional motion of human teeth. Maxillary central incisors were loaded with forces of 300 grams and 500 grams. Translations and rotations in three-dimensions were measured over 45 seconds. The experimental results, presented as a function of time, indicate that the instantaneous centers of rotation can be represented by space centrodes that are characteristic for each patient and the applied force system.
Leaf variation in iridoid glycoside content ofPlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and oviposition of the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae)

Chemical analysis of each individual leaf of fivePlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) plants showed that iridoid glycoside content increased from undetectable in the oldest photosynthetic leaves to over 9% dry weight in the youngest leaves. The relative proportion of the two iridoid glycosides inP. lanceolata also changed with leaf age: older leaves had significantly more aucubin, whereas the youngest leaves had primarily or solely catalpol. Oviposition tests with femaleJunonia coenia (Nymphalidae) butterflies, showed that they laid most of their eggs on new leaves.
Asymptotic singular value decay of time-frequency localization operators

The Weyl correspondence is a convenient way to define a broad class of time-frequency localization operators. Given a region (Omega) in the time-frequency plane R2 and given an appropriate (mu) , the Weyl correspondence can be used to construct an operator L((Omega) ,(mu) ) which essentially localizes the time-frequency content of a signal on (Omega) . Different choices of (mu) provide different interpretations of localization. Empirically, each such localization operator has the following singular value structure: there are several singular values close to 1, followed by a sharp plunge in values, with a final asymptotic decay to zero. The exact quantification of these qualitative observations is known only for a few specific choices of (Omega) and (mu) . In this paper we announce a general result which bounds the asymptotic decay rate of the singular values of any L((Omega) ,(mu) ) in terms of integrals of (chi) (Omega ) * -(mu) 2 and ((chi) (Omega ) * -(mu) )^2 outside squares of increasing radius, where -(mu) (a,b) equals (mu) (-a, -b). More generally, this result applies to all operators L((sigma) ,(mu) ) allowing window function (sigma) in place of the characteristic functions (chi) (Omega ). We discuss the motivation and implications of this result. We also sketch the philosophy of proof, which involves the construction of an approximating operator through the technology of Gabor frames--overcomplete systems which allow basis-like expansions and Plancherel-like formulas, but which are not bases and are not orthogonal systems.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Augmenting a retail environment using steerable interactive displays

This paper describes a prototype retail environment in which information interactions occur in situ, within the actual space of the merchandise. By combining a steerable projected display and recognition of user gestures and actions, and user position tracking through peripheral cameras, we have developed several innovative interaction techniques designed to augment the reality of a retail store.
Detection of copiapite in the northern Mawrth Vallis region of Mars: Evidence of acid sulfate alteration

Abstract The Mawrth Vallis region on Mars is associated with extensive layered deposits containing a stratigraphic sequence of Fe/Mg smectites overlain by Al phyllosilicates. Earlier studies have reported restricted exposures of the ferric sulfate mineral jarosite on top of the sequence. In this paper we have used CRISM data covering the northern portion of the Mawrth Vallis region to find a new jarosite exposure and multiple occurrences of the mixed valence Fe-sulfate mineral copiapite (Fe 2+ Fe 3+ 4 (SO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ·20(H 2 O)). HiRISE imagery indicate that the copiapite exposures lie on top of the Al phyllosilicates and thus post-date that unit either as a coating or as extensive veins. The presumed copiapite exposures are associated with high values of a “SINDX” parameter derived from CRISM data. Application of several spectral matching metrics over a spectral subsection indicated several candidates for the high SINDX phase including copiapite, ferricopiapite and metavoltine (another mixed valence Fe-sulfate mineral). Visible and near infrared CRISM spectra of the high SINDX areas are most consistent with the phase being copiapite. On Earth copiapite generally occurs as efflorescent coatings in acid mine drainage environments or in association with acid sulfate soils. The presence of jarosite and copiapite indicates the presence of acidic waters. Such acid waters could have contributed to the formation of the underlying Al phyllosilicate minerals. A possible mode of origin for these minerals in this region would involve a fluctuating ground water table and the weathering of Fe sulfide minerals.
Regional Characteristics of the Total Dissolved Minerals in Stream Waters of Illinois

Using water analyses from 67 gaging stations, discharge-frequency-weighted mean concentrations (QFC) and average annual yield (AAY) per unit area were determined for the total dissolved mineral content of Illinois streams. The resultant data indicates that total dissolved mineral contents are controlled by regional rather than local factors. In most cases plausible explanation for the magnitudes can be found in regional patterns of natural and demographic conditions. Although the data suggest that total dissolved minerals are increasing, the relative contributions of natural versus anthropogenic phenomena are difficult to delimit at this level of investigation.
In situ IR study of adsorbed species and photogenerated electrons during photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol on TiO2

Abstract The reaction pathways for the photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol on the TiO 2 surface at 30 °C were studied by in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The coverage of ethanol and water was found to play a key role in how the reaction is initiated. The low ethanol coverage on the H 2 O ad -containing TiO 2 surface produced adsorbed formate (HCOO − ad ) as a primary intermediate; the high ethanol coverage on the H 2 O ad -deficient TiO 2 surface produced adsorbed acetate (CH 3 COO − ad ) as a major intermediate during the initial period (i.e., 2 min) of the photocatalytic oxidation. The adsorbed species and reaction products observed during in situ IR studies suggest the low-coverage ethanol reaction is initiated by •OH, whereas the high-coverage ethanol reaction is initiated by hole. The hole-initiating ethanol oxidation on the H 2 O ad -deficient TiO 2 surface produced adsorbed acetic acid (CH 3 COOH ad )/CH 3 COO − ad , and built up photogenerated electrons, giving a parallel increase in the IR intensity of CH 3 COO − ad and the IR background at 2000 cm −1 (i.e., a measure of photogenerated electrons). As the high-coverage ethanol reaction proceeded toward producing CO 2 /H 2 O, adsorbed H 2 O accumulated and the coverage of CH 3 CH 2 OH ad /CH 3 CH 2 O ad decreased on the TiO 2 surface, shifting the reaction from hole-initiating to •OH-initiating.
Assessment of membrane potentials of mitochondrial populations in living cells.

Mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMP) reflect the functional status of mitochondria within cells. Fluorescent probes to estimate these potentials within cells have been available for some time, but measurements of populations of mitochondria are not possible by existing methods. Therefore, comparisons between different cell types (e.g., fibroblasts and neuroblastoma), fibroblast cell lines from different patients, or even the same cell following various experimental paradigms are not feasible. The current approach estimates populations of MMP within living cells at 37 degrees C using the combination of conventional fluorescence microscopy and three-dimensional deconvolution by exhaustive photon reassignment. With this method, raw images are acquired rapidly with low-intensity (nonlaser) light with minimal concentrations of fluorescent dye. The method uses the fluorescent dye tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, which equilibrates in cells according to the Nernst equation and provides a numerical, replicable estimate of MMP for populations of cellular mitochondria. This method can detect either increases or decreases in MMP as small as 5%. Furthermore, MMP in different cell types appear distinct. Values in fibroblasts (-105 +/- 0.9 mV) and N2a cells (-81 +/- 0.7 mV) were very different by this method. This approach bridges investigations of individual mitochondria to those that assess MMP by examining global fluorescence from cells.
Directly forced oscillations of an inverted pendulum

Abstract Directly forced, symmetric oscillations of an inverted, lightly damped pendulum are predicted analytically on the hypothesis of sinusoidal motion in a frequency interval terminated by turning-point and symmetry-breaking bifurcations. The predictions are confirmed by numerical simulation.
The temperature minimum at tidal fronts

This paper presents a mechanism to explain the observed formation of a surface temperature minimum at tidal fronts in shelf seas. Tidal fronts mark the boundary between water which is kept vertically mixed by fast tidal currents and water which stratifies in summer. The fronts are associated with strong horizontal surface gradients of several water properties, including temperature. In the early studies of tidal fronts, a minimum in surface temperature was occasionally observed between the cool surface waters on the mixed side of the front and the warm surface waters on the stratified side. It was suggested that this was caused by upwelling of deep water at the front. In this paper we describe an alternative and simpler explanation based on the local balance of heating and stirring. The net heat flux into the sea in spring and early summer is greater on the mixed side of the front than on the stratified side. This happens because the heat loss mechanism is dependent on sea surface temperature and stratified waters, having a higher surface temperature, lose more heat. The stratified water near the front therefore has lower heat content (and lower depth-mean temperature) than the mixed water. If some of the stratified water becomes mixed, for example with increased tidal stirring at spring tides, a zone of minimum surface temperature will be formed at the front. A numerical model for the study of this mechanism shows that the temperature minimum at tidal fronts can be explained by the process described above. The minimum appears most clearly at spring tides, but can still be present in a weaker form at neap tides. A further prediction of the model is an increase of the horizontal temperature gradient at spring tides, which is in agreement with observations. An unexpected outcome of the modelling is the prediction of the formation of a marked sea surface temperature minimum, not yet observed, occurring in the autumn and located at the summer position of the tidal front.
Time series models discovery with similarity-based neuro-fuzzy networks and evolutionary algorithms

The discovery of patterns of dependency in heterogeneous multivariate dynamic systems is approached with similarity-based neuro-fuzzy networks and evolutionary algorithms. The search space contains general autoregressive non-linear models representing the dependency structure of the process. Examples show that the proposed approach gives better results than the classical statistical one.
Free decay of shape oscillations of bubbles acoustically trapped in water and sea water

Asymptotic results for the free decay of shape oscillations of viscous liquid spheres have been extended to include higher-order terms in the ratios of the inner and outer viscous penetration lengths to the radius. The new expressions are shown to be important for studies in which the two fluids have dissimilar densities and viscosities such as air/liquid systems. The analysis also includes an expansion for the frequency of maximum response of driven oscillations. The calculations are supported by measurements of the small-amplitude quadrupole mode free decay of nearly spherical bubbles acoustically levitated in clean water. The bubble radii ranged from 400 μm to 1400 μm. The results are interpreted in light of the initial-value problem. The lack of excess damping suggests that the interface behaves ideally for times up to two hours after bubble injection. Measurements were also carried out on bubbles in 0.5 m NaCl solution and in sea water. Larger bubbles (radius > 800 μm) in clean water exhibit damping two to four times larger than predicted by theory. The transition from this anomalous damping to theoretical damping is a very abrupt function of radius. All observations were carried out with similar acoustic fields for counteracting buoyancy. The excess damping appears to be associated with some nonlinear response of the bubble.
Tracer kinetic model of regional pulmonary function using positron emission tomography.

To determine the spatial distributions of pulmonary perfusion, shunt, and ventilation, we developed a compartmental model of regional 13N-labeled molecular nitrogen (13NN) kinetics measured from po...
Severe neural tube defect syndrome from the Early Archaic of Florida.

The Early Archaic Windover site is on the east coast of mid-peninsular Florida. A subadult skeleton (about 15 years old at time of death) was recovered with multiple pathologies related to spina bifida aperta of the neural arch at the L3-S2 level of the spine. Other evidence indicates s. b. cystica, although the degree of severity of the dysraphic neural tube syndrome cannot be directly determined. In addition to spina bifida, the lumbar region is scoliotic from malformation of zygapophyses. The defect is accompanied by severe infection of the right tibia and fibula, and disuse atrophy of long bones. It is hypothesized the NTD (neural tube defect) led to progressive sensory deprivation, which in turn led to increased loss of mobility, ulceration, and risk of serious infections. Other “minor” anomalies such as cone-shaped epiphyses, enlarged nutrient foramina, and vental vertebral cavitation are also discussed. The chronic nature of these defects provide insight on the high level of long-term care and attention provided a severely handicapped individual 7,500 years ago.
Wave propagation in gaseous small-scale channel flows

The propagation and attenuation of an initial shock wave through a mm-scale channel of circular cross-section over lengths up to 2,000 diameters is examined as a model problem for the scaling of viscous effects in compressible flows. Experimental wave velocity measurements and pressure profiles are compared with existing data and theoretical predictions for shock attenuation at large scales and low pressures. Significantly more attenuation is observed than predicted based on streamtube divergence. Simulations of the experiment show that viscous effects need to be included, and the boundary layer behavior is important. A numerical model including boundary layer and channel entrance effects reproduces the wave front velocity measurements, provided a boundary layer transition model is included. A significant late-time pressure rise is observed in experiments and in the simulations.
Cellular actions of etretinate in psoriasis: enhanced epidermal differentiation and reduced cell‐mediated inflammation are unexpected outcomes

Retinoids are potent cell growth and differentiation modulators, but cellular effects of therapeutic retinoids in psoriasis are unknown. We studied the effects of etretinate on pathological activation of keratinocytes and lymphocytes in patients treated systemically with this agent for 8 weeks. Ten patients with extensive psoriasis vulgaris were treated with etretinate at 0.75 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Skin biopsies obtained before and at 8 weeks of treatment were studied using immunohistochemical markers for keratinocyte proliferation or differentiation and for the presence of T-lymphocyte subsets or associated inflammatory proteins. During 8 weeks of treatment, the clinical severity decreased by a mean of 64% (p < 0.001). Compared to a similar group of patients treated with bath PUVA, psoriatic plaque erythema resolved more slowly and less completely (p < 0.05), but improvements in plaque thickness and scale were not significantly different between etretinate and PUVA treatments. Etretinate produced a 44% decrease in epidermal thickness (p < 0.001) and a 62% reduction in keratinocyte proliferation (p < 0.001) after 8 weeks of treatment. Unexpectedly, keratinocyte differentiation was enhanced following etretinate treatment as indicated by increased filaggrin production, increased number and size of keratohyaline granules, greater abundance of keratin filaments, and increased secretion of intercellular lipids from Odland bodies. The stratum corneum in resolving psoriatic lesions was unusually thin, probably caused by retinoid-induced shedding of corneocytes. "Regenerative" epidermal growth was maintained during etretinate treatment, as marked by continued expression of keratin 16 and alpha 3-integrin by suprabasal keratinocytes. Surprisingly the inflammation-associated proteins HLA-DR and ICAM-1 were no longer produced by epidermal keratinocytes following etretinate treatment, and CD3+, CD8+, and CD25+ T-lymphocyte subsets were reduced by 50-65% in lesional tissue (p < 0.01). Etretinate shows unexpected anti-inflammatory and pro-differentiation actions in psoriasis. Etretinate appears to function as a disease suppressive agent which improves hyperplasia, keratinocyte differentiation and tissue inflammation mediated by cellular immune elements.
Risk Factors for Vagal Palsy following Cerebellopontine Angle Surgery

ObjectiveDescribe the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of postoperative vagal palsy in patients undergoing surgical excision of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors.Study DesignCase series with...
Plant hormones and nodulation: what's the connection?

Ever since Thimann [20] proposed that auxin plays a role in nodule development, considerable effort has been expended to show whether phyto- hormones are involved. Because the hormones are involved in other types of organogenesis, it seems likely that they have a role in nodule de- velopment. However, important questions remain unanswered:
A metallic glass surface acoustic wave device

An acoustic wave device that utilizes an isotropic metallic glass substrate called Vitreloy 1 has been designed, fabricated and experimentally tested. Bulk and surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have been excited using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) and an aluminum nitride (AlN) film deposited on the glass. Using EMAT excitation, the elastic constants and bulk shear wave velocity were determined. In order to excite SAWs in the metallic glass, piezoelectric AlN films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The transmission response exhibited the characteristics of a SAW resonator although the insertion loss was high at about 40 dB. The resulting SAW velocity was about 2400 m/s.
Integrating S 6 code search and Code Bubbles

We wanted to provide a tool for doing code search over open source repositories as part of the Code Bubbles integrated development environment. Integrating code search as a plug-in to Code Bubbles required substantial changes to the S6 code search engine and the development of appropriate user interfaces in Code Bubbles. After briefly reviewing Code Bubbles and the S6 search engine, this paper describes the integration strategy, the front end for code search, the modifications to the code search engine to handle context-based search, and the user interface for handling the results of the search.
Interpersonal chemistry through negativity: Bonding by sharing negative attitudes about others

We propose that sharing a negative—as compared to a positive—attitude about a third party is particularly effective in promoting closeness between people. Findings from two survey studies and an experiment support this idea. In Studies 1 and 2, participants’ open-ended responses revealed a tendency to recall sharing with their closest friends more negative than positive attitudes about other people. Study 3 established that discovering a shared negative attitude about a target person predicted liking for a stranger more strongly than discovering a shared positive attitude (but only when attitudes were weak). Presumably, sharing negative attitudes is alluring because it establishes in-group/out-group boundaries, boosts self-esteem, and conveys highly diagnostic information about attitude holders. Despite the apparent ubiquity of this effect, participants seemed unaware of it. Instead, they asserted that sharing positive attitudes about others would be particularly effective in promoting closeness.