cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architectural assessment of rhesus macaque pelvic floor muscles: comparison for use as a human model

Animal models are essential to further our understanding of the independent and combined function of human pelvic floor muscles (PFMs), as direct studies in women are limited. To assure suitability of the rhesus macaque (RM), we compared RM and human PFM architecture, the strongest predictor of muscle function. We hypothesized that relative to other models, RM best resembles human PFM. Major architectural parameters of cadaveric human coccygeus, iliococcygeus, and pubovisceralis (pubococcygeus + puborectalis) and corresponding RM coccygeus, iliocaudalis, and pubovisceralis (pubovaginalis + pubocaudalis) were compared using 1- and 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc testing. Architectural difference index (ADI), a combined measure of functionally relevant structural parameters predictive of length-tension, force-generation, and excursional muscle properties was used to compare PFMs across RM, rabbit, rat, and mouse. RM and human PFMs were similar with respect to architecture. However, the magnitude of similarity varied between individual muscles, with the architecture of the most distinct RM PFM, iliocaudalis, being well suited for quadrupedal locomotion. Except for the pubovaginalis, RM PFMs inserted onto caudal vertebrae, analogous to all tailed animals. Comparison of the PFM complex architecture across species revealed the lowest, thus closest to human, ADI for RM (1.9), followed by rat (2.0), mouse (2.6), and rabbit (4.7). Overall, RM provides the closest architectural representation of human PFM complex among species examined; however, differences between individual PFMs should be taken into consideration. As RM is closely followed by rat with respect to PFM similarity with humans, this less-sentient and substantially cheaper model is a good alternative for PFM studies.
3D-printed mold electroforming for microfabrication of W-band TWT circuits

We demonstrate a method for fabricating upper millimeter-wave TWT circuits and passive components, based on additive manufacturing and copper electroforming. The method allows the creation of a solid copper circuit, suitable for high-power vacuum electronic devices, beginning with a plastic inverse mold built on a commercial 3D printer. We present progress on W-band serpentine waveguide circuits fabricated in copper by this 3D-printed mold electroforming (3D-PriME) process.
Spatial Processing and View-Dependent Representations

View-dependent representations have been shown in studies of navigation, object and scene recognition, and spatial reasoning. In this chapter, we discuss the relationship between different types of view-dependent representations. Based on previous studies and new data presented in this chapter, we proposed a model that contains an egocentric spatial working memory and a LTM representation of similar nature, and discussed theoretical issues that can potentially distinguish between different models of spatial representations.
Dislocation theories of work hardening and yield surfaces of single crystals

The nature of existing dislocation hardening mechanisms are analyzed. This analysis shows that the hardening mechanisms can be classified into two categories: isotropic and kinematic; consequently a general physical hardening law, which incorporates the concept of the degree of isotropy in work hardening, is proposed. The corresponding motions of yield surface in both stress and strain space are examined on the basis of this general hardening law and its two extreme cases: isotropic and kinematic hardening.
Nontarget Effects of Pesticides in the Environment

Pesticides have been in use for thousands of years. However, until near the middle of this century effects of the pesticides were almost entirely in the area where they were used and were restricted for the most part to the pest which was being treated. Only with the advent of technology for widespread application (the airplane, helicopter, and ground operated power sprayers) and the development of relatively low-cost synthetic pesticides did nontarget effects of pesticides become widespread. Earlier there had been some damage, usually local in nature, to aquatic organisms from rinsing sprayers in streams or lakes; there had been losses in pollinating and other beneficial insects in the fields treated with insecticide; and in a few cases soils had been made unproductive for long periods from lead and calcium arsenate used as insecticides.
Antecedents of BPR Success in Manufacturing Firms

Business Process Reengineering has been touted by many as dramatic improvements necessary for organization competitiveness, but in practice there are many unsuccessful cases. Thus, there is need for a more systematic and rigorous assessment of the factors deemed important to project success. That is the main objective of this study. In this case, success has been defined in three different ways: goals and objectives accomplished by the project, benefits derived from the project, and its impact on company performance. Based on the results, recommendations are made for managers to focus attention and resources on factors important to success, and to proceed in a fashion which minimizes the risk of failure. The point of entry into the companies participating in this study were internal auditing directors and comptrollers (IA’s). Questionnaires were mailed to the IA’s of 586 randomly selected manufacturing organizations. The usable sample of 135 questionnaires represent a 22 percent response rate. In general, organizations are not emphasizing some of the most important activities and tasks recommended in the BPR literature, such as changes to customer/market related business processes, the value-added element of every business activity, and applying the right innovative technology. Based on the findings as a whole, it behooves top managers not to engage in BPR before ensuring the presence of the success factors found to be important.
Abstract 5015: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Risk Score and Mortality in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and on Dialysis

Mortality is increased among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who present with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) and undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared to those without CKD. Many risk stratification tools have demonstrated poor accuracy in CKD cohorts. We assessed the prognostic capability of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI in CKD patients who presented with NSTE-ACS and underwent PCI. Mortality data for 6940 consecutive patients who presented with NSTE-ACS and underwent PCI between July 1, 1999 and June 30, 2007 were obtained. Patients were categorized by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): >60 ml/min/1.73m 2 (n=4938), 30 –59 ml/min/1.73m 2 (n=1938), 2 (n
Religious Socialism in Post-Secular Europe

ABSTRACTRecent scholarship on Religion and International Relations critically questions the secularist assumptions on which the discipline was founded. Yet many combinations of the religious and th...
Proteins of the periodontium. Characterization of the insoluble collagens of bovine dental cementum.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides were prepared of the insoluble collagen of bovine dental cementum. Following chromatographic separation, the peptides were identified by their amino-acid composition. Type I collagen ([α1(I)]2α2) accounted for more than 90% of the organic matrix, while Type III collagen ([α1(III)]3) was present at a level of approximately 5%. Amino-acid analyses revealed that the CNBr peptides from α1(I) and α2 chains of cementum closely resembled the corresponding peptides from calf skin. The only systematic difference was a higher level of hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of the cementum peptides.
The Evaluation of a Hybrid, General Chemistry Laboratory Curriculum: Impact on Students’ Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Learning

The laboratory has occupied an important place in the general chemistry curriculum for well over a century, despite the fact that many have voiced concern about its value and utility. In an effort to potentially increase capacity in our general chemistry courses, we developed and implemented a hybrid laboratory curriculum that consisted of alternating face-to-face and virtual laboratory experiments. This study sought to better understand the impact that this hybrid approach had on students’ cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning. The results suggest that students taught using the hybrid approach developed similar cognitive and psychomotor skills in comparison to students taught using a traditional laboratory curriculum; however, their affective outlook toward chemistry was significantly lower.
Role of cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1) in mammary tumorigenesis

1583 COBRA1 was first identified as a BRCA1-binding protein. Subsequent studies demonstrate that COBRA1 is an integral subunit of the negative elongation factor complex (NELF) and also serves as a corepressor of estrogen receptor α (ERα). However, unlike most characterized ERα coregulators that act at the transcription initiation stage, COBRA1 (NELF) represses ERα dependent transcription by stalling RNA polymerase at the promoter proximal region. Consistent with its function in attenuating estrogen-dependent gene expression, siRNA-mediated reduction of COBRA1 in breast cancer cells led to elevated growth in the presence of estrogen. A genome-wide microarray study also indicates a concerted action of COBRA1 and BRCA1 in regulating a common group of target genes in breast cancer cells. In light of these findings from biochemical and tissue culture work, we sought to determine the in vivo function of COBRA1 in mammary tumorigenesis. By examining COBRA1 expression in clinical samples from both tumor and normal tissues, we found that COBRA1 expression was inversely correlated with breast cancer progression, as samples of patients who had distant metastasis and local recurrence expressed very low levels of COBRA1 when compared to those who were disease free for over 10 years (p=0.0065 and 0.0081, respectively). To discriminate a causal or bystander effect of COBRA1 reduction on breast cancer progression, we carried out a xenograft study by comparing tumor growth of control or COBRA1 knockdown ZR-75-1 cells in athymic mice. No effect of COBRA1 knockdown was observed on tumor growth when estrogen was supplemented exogenously. However, in contrast to tumors from the control cells whose growth was strictly estrogen-dependent, tumors from COBRA1-depleted cells achieved sustained growth even in the absence of exogenously added estrogen. COBRA1 knockdown tumors also had a higher proportion of Ki67-positive cells. Luciferase reporter assay showed that transcriptional activity of ERα was significantly augmented in COBRA1 knockdown cells. Therefore, our in vivo study provides a functional link between regulation of transcription elongation, cancer cell proliferation, and mammary tumor growth.
Shear wave attenuation measurement of tissue-mimicking materials using a two-point frequency shift method

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a method used in several clinical applications for assessment of soft tissue viscoelastic properties. SWE uses an acoustic radiation force (ARF) to produce laterally propagating shear waves to obtain the wave velocity. Here, we present a two-point shear wave attenuation coefficient measurement method without using a rheological model. The technique uses information related to the magnitude spectrum frequency shift of shear waves measured at only two lateral locations. We examined how the distance from the start of the ARF push and the distance between the two locations affected the attenuation coefficient estimates. We tested this method on digital phantom data created using local interaction simulation approach in viscoelastic media and on data acquired from phantom and ex vivo liver experiments. We compared the results from the two-point method with other two techniques used for assessing shear wave attenuation: the frequency-shift-based (FS) method and attenuation measuring ultrasound shearwave elastography. In comparison with the FS method, our technique does not assume that the shape parameter of the Gamma function is constant over a lateral distance. Tests conducted showed that the proposed method is feasible to provide robust attenuation estimates based on two measurement points in tissue-mimicking materials and ex vivo liver tissue.Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a method used in several clinical applications for assessment of soft tissue viscoelastic properties. SWE uses an acoustic radiation force (ARF) to produce laterally propagating shear waves to obtain the wave velocity. Here, we present a two-point shear wave attenuation coefficient measurement method without using a rheological model. The technique uses information related to the magnitude spectrum frequency shift of shear waves measured at only two lateral locations. We examined how the distance from the start of the ARF push and the distance between the two locations affected the attenuation coefficient estimates. We tested this method on digital phantom data created using local interaction simulation approach in viscoelastic media and on data acquired from phantom and ex vivo liver experiments. We compared the results from the two-point method with other two techniques used for assessing shear wave attenuation: the frequency-shift-based (FS) method and attenuation measu...
Alcohol consumption patterns in young adults with type 1 diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

Abstract Aims The objective of this study is to describe alcohol consumption behaviors of young adults with T1D and to examine associations between alcohol consumption and diabetes-related clinical markers. Methods Data from 602 SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study participants age ≥ 18 yrs. with T1D were collected from 12/2011 to 6/2015 (50% female, mean age 21.3(SD 2.4), 22% race/ethnic minority). Participants were characterized as alcohol non-drinkers (n = 269), drinkers but non-binge drinkers (n = 167), or binge drinkers (n = 166) based on reported consumption in the past 30 days. Analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVAs, chi-square tests, and logistic regression modeling to examine associations between drinking and clinical markers. Results Fifty-five percent of participants reported alcohol consumption; 27.6% of participants reported binge drinking. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, neither binge drinking nor non-binge drinking were associated with HbA1c or severe hypoglycemic events relative to non-drinkers. Binge drinking was associated with higher HDL (p = 0.008), lower systolic blood pressure (p = 0.011), and a lower waist:height ratio compared to non-drinkers (p = 0.013). Conclusions Young adults with T1D in the SEARCH cohort reported similar alcohol use but higher rates of binge drinking compared to the general United States population and previously reported rates in adults with T1D.
Independent Black Institutions and Rhetorical Literacy Education: A Unique Voice of Color

The bulk of literacy education historical narratives about Black Americans has been gentrified by mainstream Euro-American perspectives. This article considers the contributions of a Black-American-developed form of institutionalized community education to demonstrate the critical race theory voice-of-color thesis in college-level composition-literacies education. Through reviewing the curricular, pedagogical, and instructional practices of pre-college independent Black institutions, the author works to reclaim the unique rhetorical voice of this Afrocentric literacy education form and insert it into American literacy education histories. The article presents two established unique voice of color counter-stories grounded in truthfully representing and advancing Black American cultures to argue that central features of these Afrocentric literacy education programs can afford college composition programs race- and community-conscious writing education.
Bleeding Disorders in Pregnancy

Adolescent pregnancies are a global problem affecting all incomes with variable rates across regions. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 12 million girls aged 15–19 years and at least 777,000 girls under 15 years give birth each year in developing regions. Knowing that complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally. These complications include in addition to preeclampsia, infections, preterm delivery and neonatal conditions, bleeding, and clotting consequences. While management of bleeding in pregnant adolescents is difficult, a multidisciplinary early approach is highly recommended.
Active Humidification and Delivery of Aerosols

Background: Aerosol drug delivery by devices positioned on the “wet” side of the humidifier is significantly affected by humidification, with reported aerosol losses of 50 to 75% for nebulizers and 40% for MDIs. The unpredictable losses in these circuits led some investigators to advocate avoidance of active humidification during aerosol therapy. However, humidification is required for prolonged delivery of controlled doses of drugs (eg, vasodilators). Recently, we tested wet-side nebulization using a prototype breath-enhanced nebulizer and achieved good control of drug delivery. However, short term aerosol studies do not assess the stability of ventilator circuit humidification over time when devices are left in the circuit. To test this stability, we studied the humidified ventilator circuit over 24-48 hours using wet-side nebulizer placement on the humidifier. Methods: A standard F&P humidifier/heated wire circuit was operated continuously during mechanical ventilation of test lungs over several days with a prototype i-AIRE breath-enhanced nebulizer or Aerogen Solo positioned at the humidifier outlet. The humidifier outlet thermistor was located either at the inlet cuff of the inspiratory limb or the humidifier outlet. Room temperature was controlled at 22 C. Periodically, the devices and inspiratory limb tubing were assessed for water accumulation, and the ventilator for alarm conditions. Results: Within 24-48 h, enough condensation formed within all devices and/or the inspiratory limb to trigger an occlusion alarm on the ventilator. By applying insulating materials, condensation was shown to be a function of heat loss caused by interposing devices between the humidifier outlet and the inspiratory limb (where the heated wire begins). This phenomenon could not be avoided by moving the thermistor to different locations. Conclusions: Positioning nebulizing devices on the wet side of the humidifier with a heated wire circuit is not feasible. Nebulizing systems left in the circuit should be located on the dry side of the humidifier.
Re-Examining the Effect of Top-Down Linguistic Information on Speaker-Voice Discrimination

The current study replicated and extended the results from a study conducted by Narayan, Mak, and Bialystok (2017) that found effects of top-down linguistic information on a speaker discrimination task by examining four conditions: rhymes (day-bay), compounds (day-dream), reverse compounds (dream-day), and unrelated words (day-bee). The original study found that participants were more likely to judge two words to be spoken by the same speaker if the words cohered lexically (created lexical compounds such as day-dream) or were phonologically related (rhymes, such as day-bay), but their study contained two limitations: (a) Same- and different-speaker trials were analyzed separately, which obscures effects of response bias, and (b) cross-gender pairs were used in the different-speaker trials, potentially inflating performance. The current study addresses these limitations by including only within-gender trials and by examining sensitivity and bias using signal detection theory. Our results not only provide support of the original study but also provide clear evidence that listeners are biased to judge two words as being produced by the same person when they share either phonological information (rhymes) or lexical-semantic coherence (compounds). Thus, the current study provides an important modified replication of previous research.
African Americans and the First Amendment: The case for liberty and equality: by Timothy C. Shiell, Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 2019, 224 pp., 95.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-1-4384-7581-3; 32.95 (paperback); ISBN: 978-1-4384-7582-0

African Americans and the First Amendment traces the relationship between African American’s progress with civil rights and their engagement with First Amendment values. Shiell suggests that while ...
Some Functions of Alien Tort Statute Litigation

This short symposium response identifies five gaps—remedial, moral leadership, individual accountability, distributive justice, and governance—that may be filled in certain instances by ATS litigation. Performing these five functions may be subordinated in appropriate circumstances to other competing values. However, it is important to consider these five functions in any overall assessment of the current liability regime.
Introduction to special issue of physical geography in recognition of Dr. Tony Orme

Dr Antony Ronald Orme (28 May 1936–30 May 2020), was the founding editor of Physical Geography. With his broad range of research interests from coastal geomorphology to pluvial lakes, Tony was comm...
Use of buccal Pitocin for the elective induction of labor.

Abstract Using buccal Pitocin during a 4 year period 911 elective inductions of labor were performed. From among 8,109 deliveries the total induction frequency was 30 per cent, of which 80 per cent were with buccal Pitocin. The success rate of the 911 inductions was 96.9 per cent. The average Apgar rating was 8.6. There were no instances of fetal death. Morbidity for mother and baby are compared. The results for this population of patients and physicians in this hospital are considered most favorable.
One-Time Tables for Two-Party Computation

In two-party secure computation, a pair of mutually-distrusting and potentially malicious parties attempt to evaluate a function f(x, y) of private inputs x and y, held respectively by each, without revealing anything but f(x, y) and without involving a trusted third party. This goal has been achieved with varying degrees of generality and effciency using a variety of primitives, including combined oblivious transfer (OT) [GMW87], abstract oblivious transfer [K88], and committed oblivious transfer [CTG95]. This work introduces the concept of a two-party one-time table (OTT), a novel primitive that is theoretically equivalent to precomputed OT. The OTT is tailored to support field computations rather than single-bit logical operations, thereby streamlining higher-level computations, particularly where information-theoretic security is demanded. The two-party one-time table is also motivated by the ease with which it can be constructed using simple resources provided by one or more partly-trusted external servers. This commodity-based approach strengthens overall security by ensuring that information flows strictly from servers to Alice and Bob, removing the need to trust third parties with the sensitive data itself.
Reduced Models of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium and the Solar Wind

Recent developments in the derivation of reduced models for weakly compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence are discussed. A four-field system of equations has been derived from the compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations to describe turbulence in the interstellar medium and the solar wind. These equations apply to a plasma permeated by a spatially varying mean magnetic field when the plasma beta is of the order unity or less. In the presence of spatial inhomogeneities, the four-field equations predict pressure fluctuations of the order of the Mach number of the turbulence, as observed by Helios 1 and 2. In the presence of a uniform background field and a spatially homogeneous plasma, the four-field system reduces to the so-called nearly incompressible system. In the weak-turbulence limit, dominated by three-wave interactions, the anisotropic energy spectrum is deduced by a combination of exact analytical results and numerical simulations.
The Jew, the Cathedral and the Medieval City: Synagoga and Ecclesia in the Thirteenth Century

Introduction: the Jew, the cathedral and the city Part I. Imagining Jews and Judaism in Life and Art: 1. The Jew in a Christian world: denunciation and restraint in the age of cathedrals 2. Ecclesia and Synagoga: the life of a motif Part II. Art and Life on the Ecclesiastical Stage - Three Case Studies: Introduction to Part II: nature, antiquity and sculpture in the early thirteenth century 3. Reims: 'our Jews' and the royal sphere 4. Bamberg: the empire, the Jews and earthly order 5. Strasbourg: clerics, burghers and Jews in the medieval city Epilogue: the afterlife of an image.
A Cardiovascular Drug Rescues Mice from Lethal Sepsis by Selectively Attenuating a Late-Acting Proinflammatory Mediator, High Mobility Group Box 1

The pathogenesis of sepsis is mediated in part by bacterial endotoxin, which stimulates macrophages/monocytes to sequentially release early (e.g., TNF, IL-1, and IFN-γ) and late (e.g., high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein) proinflammatory cytokines. The recent discovery of HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis has prompted investigation for development of new experimental therapeutics. We found that many steroidal drugs (such as dexamethasone and cortisone) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and indomethacin) failed to influence endotoxin-induced HMGB1 release even at superpharmacological concentrations (up to 10–25 μM). However, several steroid-like pigments (tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and cryptotanshinone) of a popular Chinese herb, Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), dose dependently attenuated endotoxin-induced HMGB1 release in macrophage/monocyte cultures. A water-soluble tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate derivative (TSNIIA-SS), which has been widely used as a Chinese medicine for patients with cardiovascular disorders, selectively abrogated endotoxin-induced HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation and release in a glucocorticoid receptor-independent manner. Administration of TSNIIA-SS significantly protected mice against lethal endotoxemia and rescued mice from lethal sepsis even when the first dose was given 24 h after the onset of sepsis. The therapeutic effects were partly attributable to attenuation of systemic accumulation of HMGB1 (but not TNF and NO) and improvement of cardiovascular physiologic parameters (e.g., decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance and increase in cardiac stroke volume) in septic animals. Taken together, these data re-enforce the pathogenic role of HMGB1 in lethal sepsis, and support a therapeutic potential for TSNIIA-SS in the treatment of human sepsis.
Modeling and analyzing occupant behaviors in building energy analysis using an information space approach

Buildings account for a majority of energy consumption in the United States. One of the major factors affecting the energy performance of buildings is occupant behaviors. Decoding occupant behaviors is a key to identifying energy waste and to discovering strategies to curtail energy consumption in buildings. We propose an information space approach for automated detection and proactive monitoring of energy waste due to occupant behaviors. In this paper we present a set of filtering algorithms to capture the minimum amount of information necessary to detect wasteful states and trajectories that occupants may have, in order to pro-actively modify occupant behaviors. We also describe and implement a sensor network consisting of inexpensive distance, light, temperature sensors and electricity consumption monitors utilized in order capture data related to occupancy behaviors. By keeping count of the number occupants and energy expenditures in different regions of a building, we accurately estimate how occupancy behavior is affecting energy use, in a non-invasive way. Furthermore, we present a methodology to pro-actively eliminate energy expenditure by calculating a score associated with occupants in different regions. This score will be used to suggest policies to users or facility managers to help reduce energy costs related to occupancy behaviors.
Metabolic and morphologic properties of single muscle fibers in the rat after spaceflight, Cosmos 1887

The adaptation of a slow (soleus, Sol) and a fast (medial gastrocnemius, MG) skeletal muscle to spaceflight was studied in five young male rats. The flight period was 12.5 days and the rats were killed approximately 48 h after returning to 1 g. Five other rats that were housed in cages similar to those used by the flight rats were maintained at 1 g for the same period of time to serve as ground-based controls. Fibers were classified as dark or light staining for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). On the average, the fibers in the Sol of the flight rats atrophied twice as much as those in the MG. Further, the fibers located in the deep (close to the bone and having the highest percentage of light ATPase and high oxidative fibers in the muscle cross section) region of the MG atrophied more than the fibers located in the superficial (away from the bone and having the lowest percentage of light ATPase and high oxidative fibers in the muscle cross-section) region of the muscle. Based on quantitative histochemical assays of single muscle fibers, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity per unit volume was unchanged in fibers of the Sol and MG. However, in the Sol, but not the MG, the total amount of SDH activity in a 10-microns-thick section of a fiber decreased significantly in response to spaceflight. Based on population distributions, it appears that the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activities were elevated in the dark ATPase fibers in the Sol, whereas the light fibers in the Sol and both fiber types in the MG did not appear to change. The ratio of GPD to SDH activities increased in the dark (but not light) fibers of the Sol and was unaffected in the MG. Immunohistochemical analyses indicate that approximately 40% of the fibers in the Sol of flight rats expressed a fast myosin heavy chain compared with 22% in control rats. Further, 31% of the fibers in the Sol of flight rats expressed both fast and slow myosin heavy chains compared with 8% in control rats. Immunohistochemical changes in the MG were minimal. These data suggest that the magnitude and direction of enzymatic activity and cell volume changes are dependent on the muscle, the region of the muscle, and the type of myosin expressed in the fibers. Further, the ability of fibers to maintain normal or even elevated activities per unit volume of some metabolic enzymes is remarkable considering the marked and rapid decrease in fiber volume.
Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Regulated Learning

Current theoretical accounts of learning view students as active seekers and processors of information (Bandura, 1986; Pintrich, Cross, Kozma, & McKeachie, 1986). Learners’ cognitions can influence the instigation, direction, and persistence of achievement-related behaviors (Brophy, 1983; Corno & Snow, 1986; Schunk, 1989; Weiner, 1985; Winne, 1985). Research conducted within various theoretical traditions places particular emphasis on students’ beliefs concerning their capabilities to exercise control over important aspects of their lives (Bandura, 1982; Corno & Man-dinach, 1983; Covington & Omelich, 1979; Rotter, 1966; Weiner, 1979).
Can imaging criteria distinguish enchondroma from grade 1 chondrosarcoma

Abstract Purpose To minimize systematic bias and optimize agreement on imaging criteria in order to better define the accuracy of imaging criteria in the diagnosis of grade 1 chondrosarcoma. Materials and methods Study was IRB-approved and HIPAA compliant; informed consent was waived. Records were reviewed and disclosed 53 cases (38 women, 15 men ages 21–76) which were diagnosed as enchondroma or grade 1 chondrosarcoma and had available radiographs, contrast-enhanced MRI, and definitive diagnosis by histology or 5-year follow-up. 2 MSK radiologists read the studies independently after a session where they agreed on criteria for malignancy. Interobserver variability was determined as raw variability and with the kappa statistic. Accuracy was determined compared to final diagnosis. Reliability of imaging features of chondrosarcoma was determined using regression analysis. Results The correct diagnosis of enchondroma was made on radiographs in 43 (67.2%) of readings, and on MRI in 37/64 (57.8%). The correct diagnosis of chondrosarcoma was made on radiographs in 5/24 (20.8%) of readings, and on MRI in 14/24 (57.8%). A diagnosis of borderline lesion was made in 19/64 (29.7%) of enchondromas on radiographs and 18/64 (28.1%) on MRI. The false positive rate of radiographs for chondrosarcoma was 2/64 (3.1%) and the false positive rate of MRI was 9/64 (14.1%). There was substantial interobserver variability. Cortical thickening and bone expansion were rare but specific signs of chondrosarcoma. Conclusions Both radiographs and MRI have limitations in the evaluation of low-grade cartilage lesions. MRI has an increased rate of both true-positive and false-positive diagnosis compared to radiographs. Differences in the findings of this study compared to previous literature may reflect the influence of systematic biases.
Sloan Foundation Initiatives at Purdue University: longitudinal results [engineering education]

This paper documents longitudinal results of nine Sloan Foundation Initiatives involving 6981 people that were offered at Purdue University from 1991 through 1996 under a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Recruitment initiatives included a videotape effort and personal connection program. Retention efforts involved a peer group project, two undergraduate mentoring programs; one graduate mentoring program and a leadership program. Two additional activities were a graduate seminar series and a classroom climate workshop program. Findings from the graduate school seminar series for 1995 and 1996 showed that knowledge of program topics, on the part of students, expanded after attending sessions. Two years of results in 1995 and 1996 for the classroom climate workshop program indicated that: female engineering and science graduate teaching assistants had a more accurate awareness of gender equity issues than their male counterparts; interactive theatre was an effective medium for gender equity workshops; and treating all students fairly was an important action step that was implemented by participants and had a positive impact on their college classroom climates.
Laparoscopic gastric bypass for the adolescent patient: long-term results.

Obesity is a major public health problem in the developed world. The National Survey of Children’s Health 2003 estimated around 17 million children in the USA to be overweight, making this a significantly alarming disease in the young population. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey demonstrated at least 30 % of overweight adolescents to be suffering from the metabolic syndrome. Combined metabolic and restrictive bariatric operations have been shown to improve or resolve these various comorbidities, and surgical therapy is recommended as a part of a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of morbid obesity in adults. Data in the adolescent population are sparse. This is a retrospective, descriptive study of prospectively collected data over 10 years. Twenty-five adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) using a standard technique by a single surgeon with follow-up of at least 5 years. Twenty of the 25 patients were available for follow-up from 5 to 10 years after their operation. Average BMI preop/postop was 45.7/28.6 kg/m2. Average percentage of excess body weight loss was 77.7 %. Average BMI change was 17.1. Our long-term data demonstrate that laparoscopic RYGBP is a safe and effective operation for morbidly obese adolescents, in the proper setting. We advocate that surgical intervention be recommended for this population using the same NIH guidelines used for adults.
The transfer of planning theories to health planning practice

Improvement is required in the theoretical bases of health planning in order for needed advances to occur in health planning practice. Four major planning strategies are utilized in other public policy sectors: the rational, the incremental, the mixed scanning and the radical strategies. All four strategies are potentially useful in health planning and their impact is suggested in a health planning situation.
Identifying a Window of Vulnerability during Fetal Development in a Maternal Iron Restriction Model

It is well acknowledged from observations in humans that iron deficiency during pregnancy can be associated with a number of developmental problems in the newborn and developing child. Due to the obvious limitations of human studies, the stage during gestation at which maternal iron deficiency causes an apparent impairment in the offspring remains elusive. In order to begin to understand the time window(s) during pregnancy that is/are especially susceptible to suboptimal iron levels, which may result in negative effects on the development of the fetus, we developed a rat model in which we were able to manipulate and monitor the dietary iron intake during specific stages of pregnancy and analyzed the developing fetuses. We established four different dietary-feeding protocols that were designed to render the fetuses iron deficient at different gestational stages. Based on a functional analysis that employed Auditory Brainstem Response measurements, we found that maternal iron restriction initiated prior to conception and during the first trimester were associated with profound changes in the developing fetus compared to iron restriction initiated later in pregnancy. We also showed that the presence of iron deficiency anemia, low body weight, and changes in core body temperature were not defining factors in the establishment of neural impairment in the rodent offspring. Our data may have significant relevance for understanding the impact of suboptimal iron levels during pregnancy not only on the mother but also on the developing fetus and hence might lead to a more informed timing of iron supplementation during pregnancy.
Pore-size distributions of cationic 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels

Abstract Pore-size distributions have been measured for cationic 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels varying in cross-linker/monomer ratio and initial concentration of cationic comonomer MAPTAC, at swelling capacities ranging from 12 to 24 g swollen gel/g dry gel. Swelling capacities were measured at about 6 °C in pure water and in aqueous sodium-azide solutions ranging in concentration from 5 × 10 −4 to 2 × 10 −1 M. The mixed-solute-exclusion method (introduced by Kuga) was used to obtain the experimental solute-exclusion curve, representing the amount of imbibed liquid inside the gel inaccessible to a solute of radius r . The pore-size distributions were obtained by using Casassa's Brownian-motion model and numerically solving the Fredholm integral equation. The pore-size distributions shift to higher mode values (57.8-60.9 A) with decreasing initial cross-linker concentration at the same swelling capacity of about 12. Raising swelling capacities from 11.1 to 23.9 significantly increases the variance from 5.66 × 10 3 to 2.67 × 10 4 A 2 . Changes in the concentration of the cationic comonomer MAPTAC do not significantly influence the pore-size distributions.
An Inhibitory Activity in Human Cells Restricts the Function of an Avian-like Influenza Virus Polymerase

Transmission of avian influenza virus into human populations has the potential to cause pandemic outbreaks. A major determinant of species tropism is the identity of amino acid 627 in the PB2 subunit of the heterotrimeric influenza polymerase; glutamic acid predominates in avian PB2, whereas lysine occupies this position in human isolates. We show that a dominant inhibitory activity in human cells potently and selectively restricts the function of polymerases containing an avian-like PB2 with glutamic acid at residue 627. Restricted polymerases fail to assemble into ribonucleoprotein complexes, resulting in decreased genome transcription, replication, and virus production without any significant effect on relative viral infectivity. Understanding the molecular basis of this species-specific restriction should provide strategies to prevent and treat avian influenza outbreaks in humans.
Cloud-Chamber Study of the Production and Decay of Strange Particles

Out of 1242 decay events observed in a magnetic cloud chamber array triggered on penetrating showers, a total of 54 associated V-particle pairs has been obtained. All the associations observed are consistent with the "strangeness" selection rules. A statistical analysis of the numbers of double and single events has been used to obtain rough estimates of the fractions of neutral K particles and neutral hyperons which decay by "invisible" modes, and of the relative frequencies of occurrence of various production processes. The main uncertainties in the resulting values are discussed in detail.
Light-induced glutamate transport in Halobacterium halobium envelope vesicles. I. Kinetics of the light-dependent and the sodium-gradient-dependent uptake.

During illumination Halobacterium halobium cell envelope vesicles accumulate [3H]glutamate by an apparently unidirectional transport system. The driving force for the active transport originates from the light-dependent translocation of protons by bacteriorhodopsin and is due to a transmembrane electrical potential rather than a pH difference. Transport of glutamate against high concentration gradients is also achieved in the dark, with high outside/inside Na+ gradients. Transport in both cases proceeds with similar kinetics and shows a requirement for Na+ on the outside and for K+ on the inside of the vesicles. The unidirectional nature of glutamate transport seems to be due to the low permeability of the membranes to the anionic glutamate, and to the differential cation requirement of the carrier on the two sides of the membrane for substrate translocation. Thus, glutamate gradients can be collapsed in the dark either by lowering the intravesicle pH (with nigericin, or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone plus valinomycin), or by reversing the cation balance across the membranes, i.e., providing NaCl on the inside and KCl on the outside of the vesicles. In contrast to the case of light-dependent glutamate transport, the initial rates of Na+-gradient-dependent transport are not depressed when an opposing diffusion potential is introduced by adding the membrane-permeant cation, triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide. Therefore, it appears that, although the electrical potential must be the primary source of energy for the light-dependent transport, the translocation step itself is electrically neutral.
TU‐G‐103‐03: Validation of a Novel CT Breast Dosimetry Method in Post Mortem, Unembalmed Female Subjects

Purpose: Validate breast dose from CT in post mortem subjects, as measured by implanted dosimeters, for later comparison to currently accepted calculation methods. Methods: The study population consisted of 22 female decedents, referred to the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator and scheduled for autopsy. Exclusion criteria were: postmortem interval greater than 24hours, significant trauma to the thorax, large pleural or vascular gas collections and significant external or internal decomposition. Under CT guidance, using a Philips large bore 16 slice CT scanner, a microMOSFET detector was implanted in the glandular tissue of the decedent's left breast using plastic flexi‐needles under CT guidance. The implanted dosimeter was placed in the subaereolar breast, at a depth midway between nipple and the posterior margin of glandular tissue. An additional MOSFET and Unfors PSD detector (for cross comparison) were placed on the skin surface, over the nipple of the contralateral breast. Each decedent was scanned using our standard clinical chest and clinical CTA protocol.Breast dose calculations were performed using ImpactCT dose calculator and PCXMCrotation software packages for comparison to measured data. Results: Results demonstrate good agreement between the implanted microMOSFET detector, PSD, and the surface microMOSFET detector. Additionally, there is poor agreement between measured doses and the Impact CT calculations, which are limited by the assumption of a single standard patient size. Calculations using PCXMCrotation, which allows for some patient size specifications, are in progress. Conclusion: The agreement between the implanted surface dosimeters suggests that 1) an accurate surface measurement may be sufficient to determine the breast dose, and 2) as employed, the method of measuring dose using an implanted microMOSFET is accurate. The postmortem microMOSFET model presented here may, in future, produce more meaningful dose estimates and patient specific dose models and be used for measuring dose in other radiosensitive organs.
Polarotaxis and scototaxis in the supratidal amphipod Platorchestia platensis

Talitrid amphipods use many cues for orientation during forays between temporary burrows and feeding areas, and for locating beaches when submerged, with visual cues being particularly important. Little evidence exists for polarized light among these visual cues despite extensive orientation by celestial and underwater polarized light in other crustaceans and in insects. We used electroretinography to assess spectral sensitivity in the eye of the beach flea Platorchestia platensis, and behavioral studies to test whether linearly polarized light serves as an orientation cue. Two spectral classes were present in the P. platensis eye with maxima at 431 and 520 nm. Non-uniform orientation of amphipods in the laboratory arena required either light/dark or polarized cues. Scototactic movements depended on arena conditions (day/night, wet/dry), while orientation under linearly polarized light was wavelength-dependent and parallel to the e-vector. Subsequent tests presented conflicting and additive scototactic and polarotactic cues to differentiate among these responses. In dry conditions, orientation parallel to the polarization e-vector overcame a dominant negative scototaxis, confirming that polarotaxis and scototaxis are separate orientation responses in this species. These behavioral results demonstrate talitrid amphipods can perceive and orient to linearly polarized light, and may use it to orient toward preferred zones on beaches.