cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive features of Dentaria laciniata and D. diphylla (Cruciferae), and the implications in the taxonomy of the eastern North American Dentaria complex

Reproductive features including ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, pollen tube growth, embryogeny, and natural seed germination were studied in a single population each of Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex. Willd. and D. diphylla Michx. to test for possible agamospermy. The population of D. Iaciniata studied is sexual. The archesporial cell functions directly as the megasporocyte. It undergoes two meiotic divisions, but the micropylar cell of the dyad fails to undergo meiosis II, and a linear triplet of three cells is formed. The chalazal megaspore divides to form an eight-nucleate, seven-celled megagametophyte of the Polygonum type. Simultaneous cytokinesis follows the second meiotic division of the microsporocyte yielding a tetrahedral tetrad of microspores. A three-celled pollen grain is formed prior to anther dehiscence. Following apparent fertilization, the Capsellavariation of the Onagrad type of embryogeny results in a conduplicate embryo. Endosperm is initially nuclear, but eventually becomes cellular. Seeds readily germinate in nature. Similar events are documented in one population of D. diphylla up to the organization of the embryosac, which disintegrates before cellularization. These reproductive events and other data indicate that the eastern North American species of Dentaria may form a sexual polyploid complex with some sexual populations and some sterile ones.
Moods, madness, and music. I. Major affective disease and musical creativity.

Abstract The 19th century invention of the misunderstood and neglected genius became the mad genius, suggesting not only that the brain (and mind) played a role in the creation of music, but that derangements (depression, mania, drugs, or personality disorder) were important in unusual creativity. Schumann, for instance (who died in an insane asylum), wrote to the Director of the Hamburg Musical Society, “I wrote my symphony in December, 1845, and I sometimes fear my semi-invalid state can be devined from the music. I began to feel more myself when I wrote the last movement, and was certainly much better when I finished the whole work. All the same it reminds me of dark days…. My mournful bassoon in the Adagio”. In this article, the possible roles of affective disease in musical creativity are examined using specific examples from composers' lives.
A review of environmental applications of bioluminescence measurements

This review of the recent literature on environmental applications of bioluminescence systems will focus on in vivo and in vitro bioluminescence methods that have been utilized to elucidate properties of chemicals, toxic and mutagenic effects, and to estimate biomass. The unifying theme was the applications of bioluminescence to environmental monitoring, remedial investigations, toxicity assessments, and field methods. In addition to standard analytical laboratory methods and emerging field methods used for environmental monitoring, there currently exist a need for rapid and cost-effective methods to determine toxicity and bioavailability of pollutants in contaminated environmental samples. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has continuing interest in innovative technologies for environmental monitoring applications such as those provided by bioluminescence methods.
The effects on function of distal-extension removable partial dentures as determined by occlusal rest position

The mesial rest may be an excellent method of reducing unfavorable occlusal forces acting on the abutment tooth. However, when anatomic conditions and therapeutic necessity require alternatives, the distal rest may be used. The use of the distal rest demands that additional procedures be used to reduce the occlusal trauma to the abutment tooth.
Preexposure to situational cues produces a direct relationship between two-way avoidance learning and shock intensity

In Experiment 1, four groups of subjects (n = 16 each) were exposed to the situational stimuli of a shuttlebox apparatus for 4 h. Subsequently, 200 two-way avoidance trials were administered (100/day) with either .3- or 1.6-mA shock and with either small or large reward (presence or absence of visual stimuli following the response). Avoidance performance was directly related to shock intensity on both days and to magnitude of reward on the 2nd day. In Experiment 2, four groups of subjects (n = 24 each) were given 4 h of exposure either to the situational stimuli of the shuttlebox or to a neutral box. Then, 10 two-way avoidance trials were given with 1.6-mA shock. Subsequently, subjects were allowed to escape from one of the shuttlebox compartments to an adjacent safe box. Following preexposure to situational stimuli, avoidance performance was superior whereas escape-from-fear performance was inferior. This latter finding demonstrated that less fear of situational cues was present during avoidance training in the preexposed condition. All of these results support the effective reinforcement theory, an extension of two-factor theory, which emphasizes the importance for avoidance learning of the amount of fear of situational cues present following a response.
Three Human Attributes

This study represents a beginning step in research that may ultimately show that the multitudes of human behavior that educators currently encounter may be reduced to three broad human attributes: arousal, affect, and cognition. The resulting simplicity should lead to improved understanding and better decision making by practitioners. Four measures were selected to represent each of the three attributes and data were collected for four age groups. In each case, when the data were submitted to principal axis factor analysis, three factors emerged in which the 12 variables were clearly aligned with their hypothesized factors. In each analysis more than 70% of the total variance was recovered (M=75.39%). Across four analyses, each variable had only one salient pattern coefficient, and none of its remaining pattern coefficients approached saliency. Following oblique rotation, factor one (arousal) accounted for an average of 50.00% of the explained variance; factor two (cognition) accounted for an average of 2...
Outcomes after inpatient rehabilitation of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Vincent KR, Vincent HK, Lee LW, Weng J, Alfano AP. Outcomes after inpatient rehabilitation of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. Objective To compare the outcomes of patients who have gone to inpatient rehabilitation after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and revision THA. Design Retrospective, comparative study. Setting Fifty-bed freestanding, university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital. Participants Two hundred fifty-five male and female primary THA patients and 147 male and female revision THA patients. Intervention Interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation. Main Outcome Measures Length of stay (LOS), FIM instrument score and FIM motor score components, hospital charges, and discharge disposition location. Results FIM scores improved from admission to discharge by 29.7 and 27.9 points for the primary THA and revision THA groups, respectively ( P P P P Conclusions FIM score improvement was lower and LOS and hospital charges were greater in revision THA than in primary THA after rehabilitation. Infection revision THA patients gained less functional independence and were discharged home less often than mechanical or pain revision THA patients; finally, infection and mechanical revision THA accrued the highest hospital charges.
Insulin- and glucagon-independent effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the conscious dog

Calcitonin gene—related peptide (CGRP) causes vasodilation in many vascular beds, resulting in hypotension and tachycardia. The current studies were conducted in overnight-fasted conscious dogs to determine the effect of different CGRP dosages on carbohydrate metabolism and catecholamine release resulting from hemodynamic changes. During a pancreatic clamp, dogs received intraportal infusions of CGRP at 13, 26, and 52 (n = 3) or 52, 105, and 210 pmol · kg−1 · min−1 (n = 4; 60 minutes at each rate). Blood pressure decreased (P < .05) and the heart rate and hepatic blood flow (HBF) increased a maximum of 100% and 30%, respectively (P < .05). For the five CGRP infusion rates, arterial plasma epinephrine increased approximately 1.3-, 2.4-, 7.4-, 12-fold, and eightfold basal, respectively; norepinephrine increased about 2.3-, 3.3-, 4.1-, 4.6-, and 4.8-fold basal, respectively; and cortisol increased about twofold, 3.4-fold, fivefold, sixfold, and 6.2-fold basal, respectively. At CGRP infusion rates of 52 pmol · kg−1 · min−1 or higher, increases (P < .05) occurred for plasma glucose, endogenous glucose production (EndoRa), and net hepatic uptake of gluconeogenic substrates (maximum change, 24 mg/dL, 1.3 mg · kg−1 · min−1, and 9.9 μmol · kg−1 · min−1, respectively). Arterial blood glycerol concentrations increased only a maximum of 30%. At the two highest CGRP infusion rates, glycerol returned to basal concentrations and arterial plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) decreased. The increased net hepatic uptake of gluconeogenic substrates during CGRP infusion was sufficient to account for 49% to 58% of the increase in EndoRa. CGRP has no apparent direct effects on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism, but the catecholamines, at levels similar to those observed during CGRP infusion, stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis. Therefore, some factor(s) other than CGRP, probably an increase in circulating catecholamine concentrations, would appear to be responsible for at least 42% to 51% of the increase in EndoRa.
Locating Incipient Volcanic Vents Using Multidisciplinary Remote Sensing Data and Source Modeling Information

Knowing the location of an impending volcanic eruption would aid civil authorities in preparing the proper response to a developing crisis. Deterministic predictions of an eruption's location are not possible due to the highly complex nature of volcanic processes. Therefore, probabilistic forecasting techniques are required for estimating the location of an impending eruption. In this letter, we present a process for locating incipient volcanic vents using a spatial probability density function (PDF) constructed from a combination of multidisciplinary remote sensing data and source modeling information. Our process is flexible and designed to adapt to changing data availability and geologic conditions that typically occur during a developing volcanic crisis. The utility of our process is evaluated through the analysis of PDFs that forecast probable vent locations prior to Okmok's 2008 eruption. Results show our multidisciplinary approach produces a robust PDF that is spatially constrained to areas exhibiting various types of volcanic unrest and adapts to evolving conditions at the site.
Relaxation dynamics of polymer liquids in nonlinear step shear

Relaxation dynamics of entangled polymer liquids are investigated in nonlinear step shear flow using mechanical rheometry experiments and theory. Entangled solutions of high molar mass polystyrenes (PS), 3 × 105 ≤ φMw ≤ 1.6 × 106 g/mol, in diethyl phthalate (DEP) are the main focus of this study. Cone-and-plate rheometer fixtures roughened by attachment of a single layer of 10−30 μm silica glass beads are used to eliminate interfacial slip during step shear measurements. A simple theory for stress relaxation dynamics that accounts for coupled relaxation of molecular orientation, chain stretching, and entanglement density is used to analyze the experimental results. In PS/DEP solutions with φMw ≥ 5 × 105 and in which PS forms an average of eight or more entanglements per chain, we find that the nonlinear relaxation modulus can be factorized into separate strain-dependent and time-dependent functions only after a time λk2 ≈ τd0 ∼ (φMw)3 substantially larger than the longest Rouse relaxation time τRouse o...
Linear theory on temporal instability of megahertz faraday waves for monodisperse microdroplet ejection

A linear theory on temporal instability of megahertz Faraday waves for monodisperse microdroplet ejection based on mass conservation and linearized Navier-Stokes equations is presented using the most recently observed micrometer- sized droplet ejection from a millimeter-sized spherical water ball as a specific example. The theory is verified in the experiments utilizing silicon-based multiple-Fourier horn ultrasonic nozzles at megahertz frequency to facilitate temporal instability of the Faraday waves. Specifically, the linear theory not only correctly predicted the Faraday wave frequency and onset threshold of Faraday instability, the effect of viscosity, the dynamics of droplet ejection, but also established the first theoretical formula for the size of the ejected droplets, namely, the droplet diameter equals four-tenths of the Faraday wavelength involved. The high rate of increase in Faraday wave amplitude at megahertz drive frequency subsequent to onset threshold, together with enhanced excitation displacement on the nozzle end face, facilitated by the megahertz multiple Fourier horns in resonance, led to high-rate ejection of micrometer- sized monodisperse droplets (>107 droplets/s) at low electrical drive power (<;1 W) with short initiation time (<;0.05 s). This is in stark contrast to the Rayleigh-Plateau instability of a liquid jet, which ejects one droplet at a time. The measured diameters of the droplets ranging from 2.2 to 4.6 μm at 2 to 1 MHz drive frequency fall within the optimum particle size range for pulmonary drug delivery.
Developing a Blueprint for Cultural Competence Education at Penn

This article describes the structure, process, and outcomes of developing a blueprint for integration of cultural competence education into the curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing. The overarching framework of Kotter (1995) on leading change and organizational transformation was used as a guide for evaluation of faculty efforts. Within the setting of a research-intensive university, the process consisted of implementing a series of action steps which included appointment of a Director of Diversity Affairs, selection of a Master Teachers Taskforce on Cultural Diversity as catalysts for change; conduction of intensive faculty development programs, dissemination of information about cultural competence education, and use of innovative teaching approaches and student participation in curriculum activities. In addition, a Blueprint for Integration of Cultural Competence in the Curriculum (BICCC) was developed and used as the instrument for faculty surveys for 2 consecutive academic years. Faculty survey findings showed a substantial increase in the number of courses integrating cultural competence content in the programs of study. Successful outcomes of the Penn initiative were due to administrative and faculty support, utilization of a Director of Diversity Affairs, innovative work of the Master Teachers Taskforce on Cultural Diversity, faculty development initiatives, and development of the BICCC as a guiding framework for identifying areas of needed curricular change.
Barriers to ICT adoption in SMEs: how to bridge the digital divide?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report findings of a study conducted on micro and small enterprises (SMEs) from selected regions of Spain, Portugal and Poland, and to compare them with the results of a similar survey carried out in California (USA). The European and US research studies focus on issues regarding the use of information and communication technology (ICT) solutions by SMEs and digital divide phenomena which exist between SMEs and large corporations.Design/methodology/approach – The data collected during face‐to‐face interviews with SMEs' owner–managers and employees from Spain, Portugal, Poland and the USA were used for making a comparative analysis based on descriptive statistical methods. Analyzing the barriers that discourage SMEs from using information and communication technology (ICT) and e‐Business solutions in their business processes made it possible to identify the reasons for SMEs being on the “wrong side” of the digital divide.Findings – The paper argues that the main ba...
Optical phase conjugation and waveguide coupling by cascading transverse second-harmonic and difference-frequency generation in a vertical cavity

We propose a novel scheme for implementing optical phase conjugation (OPC) by cascading transverse second-harmonic and difference-frequency generation in a vertical cavity. We propose to achieve phase conjugation in the pump and input-output two-waveguide structure. For a symmetric waveguide structure, the structure can be used as an optical phase conjugate mirror. For a realistic structure based on III–V semiconductor materials, a pump power per unit waveguide of 0.74 W μm-1 is required to reach a conversion efficiency of ∼9.4%. Combined with another phase-conjugate mirror, the reflectivity of the proposed phase-conjugate mirror can be efficiently modulated by control of the pump power. For an asymmetric waveguide structure, a gain is predicted. In addition, by cascading second-harmonic generation (SHG) and parametric oscillation, we propose to use the same structure as a waveguide coupler. There is a threshold to achieve coupling.
Laminin-1 and α6β1 integrin regulate acinar morphogenesis of normal and malignant human prostate epithelial cells

Background Cell–matrix interactions via integrin receptors are critical for acinar morphogenesis. The non-tumorigenic, human prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1 was used in a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model to identify the matrix protein and its integrin receptor required for acinar morphogenesis. Methods 3D cultures, immunostaining, confocal microscopy, and Western blot analysis were used to examine acinar formation on matrix proteins and to determine integrin receptor expression. Results RWPE-1 cells differentiate into acini of polarized cells with a distinct lumen in 3D Matrigel culture. In contrast, the malignant WPE1-NB26 prostate epithelial cells form solid cell masses. In 3D gels of laminin-1, type IV collagen, or fibronectin, RWPE-1 cells form acini only in laminin-1. Anti-laminin-1 antibody reduces acinar formation in a dose-dependent manner. Polarized RWPE-1 cells showed basal expression of α6 and β1 integrin subunits. Blocking antibodies to α6 or β1 reduced acinar formation to 9 and 6? of control, respectively. The β1 integrin colocalized with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase activity significantly reduced acinar formation to 38? of control, suggesting that β1 integrin-mediated signal transduction may be regulated through a FAK pathway. Conclusions While basal expression of α6β1 integrin in RWPE-1 cells correlates with their ability to polarize and form acini, a decrease or loss of α6, and diffused β1 expression in WPE1-NB26 cells correlates with loss of acinar-forming ability. Results show that laminin-1 and a functional α6β1 integrin receptor are required for acinar morphogenesis. This novel 3D cell culture model is useful for elucidating regulation of acinar morphogenesis and its loss during prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 46:142–153, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Update — Identification of Additional Bryophytes on the Mossy Cap Polypore (Oxyporus populinus)

Abstract. Moss and liverwort species growing on 68 mossy cap polypores (Oxyporus populinus) basidiomata (“conks”) were examined. Seventeen species of mosses in 12 families and two species of liverworts in two families were identified. Most bryophytes collected are common species. Most conks supported two or fewer species of bryophytes.
Quantifying Uncertainties in the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Particulate Reinforced Composites

The present paper reports results from a computational simulation of probabilistic particulate reinforced composite behavior. The approach consists use of simplified micromechanics of particulate reinforced composites together with a Fast Probability Integration (FPI) technique. Sample results are presented for a Al/SiC(sub p)(silicon carbide particles in aluminum matrix) composite. The probability density functions for composite moduli, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivities along with their sensitivity factors are computed. The effect of different assumed distributions and the effect of reducing scatter in constituent properties on the thermal expansion coefficient are also evaluated. The variations in the constituent properties that directly effect these composite properties are accounted for by assumed probabilistic distributions. The results show that the present technique provides valuable information about the scatter in composite properties and sensitivity factors, which are useful to test or design engineers.
The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) upon axoplasmic transport in sympathetic neurons of the mouse

To study a possible agent which controls axoplasmic transport, the rates of transport were examined in postganglionic sympathetic neurons in adult mice which had been treated with nerve growth factor (NGF). Rates were measured by observing the movement along the nerve of a front of radioactive material after a prior intraganglionic injection ofL-[4,5-3H]leucine. The faster of two rates observed in female mice increased from a control value of1.22 ± 0.48mm/h (N= 15) to an experimental value of 1.83 ± 0.53mm/h (N= 6; P < 0.005)following the intramuscular injection of a total of 34 μg NGF/g body weight. In contrast, the same treatment caused the slower of the two rates to decrease from a control value of2.32 ± 0.81mm/day (N = 12) to an experimental value of 1.63 ± 0.70mm/day (N= 12; P < 0.05). The rate of slow transport was also examined in male animals. Untreated male mice exhibit a lower rate of slow transport (1.08 ± 0.38mm/day (N= 9) than do untreated females of equal age (P < 0.001). The result that nerve growth factor increases the rate of the faster phase of transport, and decreases the rate of the slower phase, indicates that this protein exerts a selective effect on transport. To obtain an independent measure of the influence of NGF, the extent of incorporation ofL-[4,5-3H]leucine into tissue proteins of excised stellate ganglia was assessed after 1 h in organ culture. Animals treated with NGF showed increased incorporation of tritiated leucine. Incorporation of radioactive leucine was correlated with the rateof transport in both control animals (r = 0.61) animals treaetd with NGF (r = 0.67). Within the framework of normal biological function, NGF may exert a controlling influence on both phases of axoplasmic transport in sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
Site accessibility and the pH dependence of the saturation capacity of a highly cross-linked matrix Immobilized metal affinity chromatography of bovine serum albumin on chelating superose

Abstract Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography has shown promise for isolating desired proteins from a mixture based on their affinity for chelated metal ions. Using frontal analysis, the pH dependence of the saturation capacity of chelating Superose matrix for bovine serum albumin (BSA) is examined over a broad pH ranage. A significant increase in the capacity was observed near the elution pH of BSA (pH 4.5) from a Cu-imminodiacetic acid column. The results of several experiments indicated that this apparently abnormal variation may reflect the low degree of accessibility of a large portion of copper sites inside chelating Superose. In a broader sense, these results suggest that during frontal analysis, the assumption of column saturation based on a plateau in the exit concentration that is almost at the same level as the input concentration could be misleading for highly cross-linked matrices and relatively large sized proteins. That is, the relatively less accessible copper sites may become difficult to be reached due to high level of protein adsorption in the more accessible regions and thus give the appearance of a plateau in the breakthrough curve prior to complete column saturation. This is likely to be the case at high pH where BSA demonstrates very high affinity for immobilized copper or a high input concentrations where the equilibrium coverage is expected to be high. The results demonstrate that the estimated saturation capacity could be significantly smaller than the actual capacity.
The Human Fn14 Receptor Gene Is Up-Regulated in Migrating Glioma Cells in Vitro and Overexpressed in Advanced Glial Tumors

Glioblastoma multiforme comprises the majority of human brain tumors. Patients with glioblastoma multiforme have poor survival rates, with an average life expectancy of <1 year. To assess possible mechanisms and to potentially target invasive glioma cells, we previously measured the gene expression profiles of glioma cells under migration-activated or passive states. One of the genes identified was Fn14, which encodes a cell surface receptor for the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member named TWEAK. In this study, we show that Fn14 gene expression is induced in migration-activated glioma cells in vitro and significantly increases according to tumor grade in vivo (P < 0.01), with highest levels in glioblastoma tissue specimens. The in situ expression pattern of Fn14 mRNA and protein was confined to primary glioma cells and the vascular endothelium, with no detection in adjacent normal brain. Conversely, TWEAK mRNA levels are low in glioblastoma samples relative to normal brain tissue. In addition, activation of the Fn14 receptor by addition of recombinant TWEAK resulted in increased glioma cell migration in vitro. These results suggest a positive role for TWEAK and Fn14 in glioma progression and indicate that Fn14 gene expression may serve as a marker for invasive glioma cells.
Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone transcription by protein kinase C is mediated by evolutionarily conserved promoter-proximal elements.

We previously demonstrated that down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by prolonged 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment leads to the specific repression of GnRH transcription in GT1-7 hypothalamic neurons. Here we have investigated the regulatory sequences and cognate DNA-binding proteins that mediate this transcriptional response. The promoter-proximal section of the GnRH gene contains an evolutionarily conserved sequence that is bound along its entire length by GT1-7 nuclear proteins in DNase I protection assays. Two distinct regions within this sequence are required for PKC regulation of the GnRH gene, as excision of either region results in loss of TPA repression of transcription. Excision of either of these regions also decreases basal transcription, demonstrating their role in GnRH promoter function. One region encompasses three AT-rich protein-binding sites; the other is an extended region of continuous DNase I protection, 50 nucleotides in length, that contains consensus recogn...
Heavy quark physics

The author discusses the physics of the hadrons containing charmed, bottom and top quarks. The emphasis is on the most recent experimental results from the e+e- storage rings in the 3-12 GeV range of centre-of-mass energy: SPEAR at SLAC, DORIS at DESY, and the Cornell Electron Storage Ring CESR.
Phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity and its relationship to growth variation.

The hypothesis that there is a relationship between the tasting polymorphism and growth variation was tested on a sample of 425 Negro elementary school children. Twenty-seven non-tasters were found by testing with impregnated papers; 13 were male, 14 female, indicating no sex differences in this group. Matchedpair comparisons indicated no differences in weight, a tendency for tasters to be taller, and a stronger tendency for tasters of both sexes to be skeletally more mature. It was felt that the tendency for tasters to be taller might reflect their more advanced maturation status. The relationship to skeletal maturation might be indicative of the decreased thryoid activity found in other studies of phenylthiocarbamide tasting.
Hyperleukocytosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

A 26-year-old woman was referred for progressive fatigue, dyspnea, blurred vision, and near-syncope. At presentation, she had marked pallor, pyrexia, diffuse nontender lymphadenopathy, and both preretinal and retinal hemorrhages. The initial laboratory examination revealed a leukocyte count of 249,000 per cubic millimeter, a hemoglobin concentration of 29 g per liter (normal range, 115 to 160), and a platelet count of 48,000 per cubic millimeter. A peripheral-blood smear (Panel A, Wright–Giemsa, ×500), showed numerous blast forms. After the peripheral-blood samples drawn at presentation had settled, they revealed a large buffy coat of green leukemic cells (Panel B, arrow); blood from an . . .
The Role of Theory and Policy in the Educational Treatment of Language Minority Students: Competitive Structures in California

For teachers, theories play a central role in guiding the intellectual work that they have chosen to perform. Teachers are guided by both theories which they use to interpret, analyze and take action in their professional worlds. At any given time, teachers may be faced with multiple and competing theoretical perspectives which attempt to influence their classroom practice. In this article, we examine the theoretical and policy-based positions currently competing to shape the nature of educational practice for language minority students. We highlight the salient theoretical differences between additive and subtractive conceptions for the education of language minority students and their policy- and practice-based implications. Then, we examine select findings from one district’s implementation of Proposition 227, and consider how teachers react when competing theories attempt to shape their classroom practice. Specifically, we consider: How might teachers’ theories be complemented or contrasted by the underlying theoretical position of Proposition 227? How do teachers’ theories about their students mediate the manner in which they react and respond to the policy shift away from native language instruction? We conclude by considering what implications additive and subtractive competitive structures have for the future of policy and practice for language minority students in the United States.
Comment on W. Whitney Hicks' "economic development and fertility change in Mexico, 1950-1970".

W. Whitney Hicks has examined a puzzling problem of modern economicdemographic history: the continuation of high fertility in Mexico in the presence of rapid and persistent economic growth (Hicks, 1974). The theory of the demographic transition (DT) implies that birth rates should be falling in Mexico, and DT optimists suggest that a decline is imminent (Oechsli and Kirk, 1974). While I concur with Hicks' conclusion that a rapid fertility decline is not imminent (p. 419), his results and analysis, particularly his findings on the influence on fertility of various independent variables, are subject to question. An important initial issue is whether Mexican age-specific fertility fell between 1960 and 1970 as Hicks claims (p. 412). Hicks analyzes a number of his results in terms of this decline, and yet there is evidence that age-specific fertility may have risen between 1960 and 1970. Table 1 presents evidence on mean children ever born per woman in specified age groups. These increases among women in the most fertile age groups are not easily reconciled with Hicks' assertion of falling fertility in the period 1960-1970. Hicks' measure of age-specific fertility is derived from vital statistics data which have been adjusted for underreporting and delayed registration. One cannot know what errors remain after this adjustment process. Similarly, census data on children ever born, employed by Hicks in much of his analysis, may be flawed by resnonse error. While a total fertilitv rate cannot be derived directly from census data on children ever born, it is unlikely that period fertility would decline at the same time that the number of children ever born to young women was rising. A more complex question is whether or not various factors hypothesized to influence fertility are statistically significant. Hicks notes that his results should be interpreted with caution (p. 414), but I do not believe this customary caveat is sufficient. Utilizing similar techniques to analyze Mexican fertility data in the 1960 and 1970 censuses, I obtained radically different results from those of Hicks. Child-woman ratios for the states of Mexico were chosen as the dependent variable for cross-sectional fertility analysis. I believe these ratios, when corrected by estimates of underenumeration and infant mortality, are as reliable as Hicks' measures of adjusted period fertility. Although official statistics of infant mortality are not reliable, Roberts (1973) has recently reported on corrected levels of infant mortality by state in Mexico in 1960. These corrected rates can be used to directly inflate the reported childwoman ratios to account for infant mortality. Regional variations in underenumeration, which are substantial, are a more difficult problem. Roberts (1973) has also measured the degree of underreporting of infant mortality in Mexico in 1960, and these estimates are used as proxies for the degree of underenumeration of children 0-4. This adjusted de-
Magnetic reconnection in high-energy-density laser-produced plasmasa)

Recently, novel experiments on magnetic reconnection have been conducted in laser-produced plasmas in a high-energy-density regime. Individual plasma bubbles self-generate toroidal, mega-gauss-scale magnetic fields through the Biermann battery effect. When multiple bubbles are created at small separation, they expand into one another, driving reconnection of this field. Reconnection in the experiments was reported to be much faster than allowed by both Sweet-Parker, and even Hall-MHD theories, when normalized to the nominal magnetic fields self-generated by single bubbles. Through particle-in-cell simulations (both with and without a binary collision operator), we model the bubble interaction at parameters and geometry relevant to the experiments. This paper discusses in detail the reconnection regime of the laser-driven experiments and reports the qualitative features of simulations. We find substantial flux-pileup effects, which boost the relevant magnetic field for reconnection in the current sheet. When this is accounted for, the normalized reconnection rates are much more in line with standard two-fluid theory of reconnection. At the largest system sizes, we additionally find that the current sheet is prone to breakup into plasmoids.
R&D performance-does matrix size and number of projects assigned affect it?

Recent criticisms of matrix organizational structures are examined. The authors articulated what they regarded as two inherent hypotheses inherent in the criticisms: (1) fewer project assignments for RD and (2) as the size of a matrix organization increases, performance will decrease. They carried out a field study to test the hypotheses. Analysis of the results failed to confirm either of them. It is concluded that the critics have misinterpreted their observations. >
Aquaretics in cirrhotics with hyponatremia

Hyponatremia develops spontaneously or following diuretic therapy in about one-third of patients with cirrhosis. The development of hyponatremia leads to fluid restriction which is unpopular with patients and limits the usefulness of diuretics. The principle factor that leads to hyponatremia in the cirrhotic is an increase in the non-osmotic release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and subsequent impaired clearance of free water by the kidney. The development of vasopressin receptor antagonists and Κ-opioid agonists has led to trials examining their efficacy in the treatment of hyponatremia in cirrhosis. The vasopressin receptor antagonists have been shown to improve free water clearance and raise serum sodium in decompensated cirrhotics in short-term studies. The utility of these agents for the long-term management of hyponatremia and in preventing the development of hyponatremia associated with diuretic usage remains to be determined.
Cellulolytic Enzymes Production via Solid-State Fermentation: Effect of Pretreatment Methods on Physicochemical Characteristics of Substrate

We investigated the effect of pretreatment on the physicochemical characteristics—crystallinity, bed porosity, and volumetric specific surface of soybean hulls and production of cellulolytic enzymes in solid-state fermentation of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus oryzae cultures. Mild acid and alkali and steam pretreatments significantly increased crystallinity and bed porosity without significant change inholocellulosic composition of substrate. Crystalline and porous steam-pretreated soybean hulls inoculated with T. reesei culture had 4 filter paper units (FPU)/g-ds, 0.6 IU/g-ds β-glucosidase, and 45 IU/g-ds endocellulase, whereas untreated hulls had 0.75 FPU/g-ds, 0.06 IU/g-ds β-glucosidase, and 7.29 IU/g-ds endocellulase enzyme activities. In A. oryzae steam-pretreated soybean hulls had 47.10 IU/g-ds endocellulase compared to 30.82 IU/g-ds in untreated soybean hulls. Generalized linear statistical model fitted to enzyme activity data showed that effects of physicochemical characteristics on enzymes production were both culture and enzyme specific. The paper shows a correlation between substrate physicochemical properties and enzyme production.
A Perspectuce on Insulation Systems in the Electric Power Industry

The insulation systems of major power system components are reviewed in the context of the environment in which they must function. The viewpoint is that of a power engineer rather than a materials scientist. The compound nature of stress - electrical, mechanical, and thermal, is emphasized. The strengths and shortcomings of traditional insulating materials are considered and the implications of power system trends are analyzed as far as insulation is concerned. Current problems and challenges are described.
Accurate spectroscopic characterization of 12C14N−, 13C14N−, and 12C15N−

It is argued that should molecular anions be ubiquitous in the interstellar medium, that current models of the chemical processing of the biogenic elements would have to be fundamentally changed. The lack of high-resolution spectroscopic constants for molecular anions from laboratory experiments is one possible reason that no molecular anions have ever been positively identified from vibrational or rotational spectroscopic astronomical observations. The current theoretical study provides highly accurate predictions for the spectroscopic constants of CN− in the hopes that they will be useful in the identification of CN− from astronomical observations. The singles and doubles coupled-cluster method that includes a perturbational correction for connected triple excitations, denoted CCSD(T), is used in conjunction with several one-particle basis sets to determine quartic force fields for CN−. Basis set convergence properties of the various rovibrational spectroscopic constants are studied. To assure numerical stability of the quartic force fields and to investigate variational calculations of vibrational energy levels, a sextic force field has also been evaluated. The largest one-particle basis set employed contains up through h functions on carbon and nitrogen. Analogous calculations have been carried out on neutral CN and comparison to experiment allows highly accurate predictions for the spectroscopic constants of 12Cl4N−, 13Cl4N−, and 12Cl5N− to be made. For 12Cl4N−, B0 is predicted to be 1.87158±0.00090 cm−1 and ν is predicted to occur at 2042±3 cm−l.
Sublimating hiphop: Rap music in white America

(2004). Sublimating hiphop: Rap music in white America. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 18, Hip Hop, Race, and Cultural Politics, pp. 135-155.
Expression of m1-m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor proteins in rat hippocampus and regulation by cholinergic innervation

A family of muscarinic ACh receptor genes are expressed in hippocampus, but little is known about the localization of the encoded proteins and their regulation by cholinergic innervation. Subtype-specific antibodies were used to localize m1-m4 proteins in the hippocampal formation by immunocytochemistry and to determine the alterations in the subtypes following deafferentation. Each of the receptors is differentially localized in Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus, with highly complementary distributions. m1 is widely expressed in somata and dendrites of pyramidal neurons and granule cells in dentate gyrus. m2 immunoreactivity is expressed mostly in nonpyramidal neurons, and in several discrete bands of fibers and puncta surrounding pyramidal neurons and other layers. m3 is enriched in pyramidal neurons, the neuropil in stratum lacunosum-moleculare and the outer third of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus. m4 is enriched in nonpyramidal neurons, in fiber pathways (alveus, fimbria, and hippocampal commissure), and in the inner third of the molecular layer. Fimbria- fornix lesions decreased ipsilateral m2- and m4-immunoreactive axons in the fimbria, with no apparent changes in the distribution of any of the receptors in hippocampus. 192-IgG immunotoxin lesions of the cholinergic septohippocampal projections, which spare noncholinergic projections, produced a small decrease in m2-immunoreactive fibers in the fimbria with no other major changes in the distribution of subtypes. Immunoprecipitation studies at 3–28 d following fimbria- fornix lesions revealed a 25% loss of m2 at 3 d in hippocampus, and upregulation of both m1 (20–29% at 7–14 d) and m4 (44% at 28 d). Thus, the vast majority of muscarinic receptor subtypes are intrinsic to the hippocampal formation and/or nonseptal hippocampal afferents. A subset of m2 and m4 are presynaptically localized, with m2 in cholinergic axons and m2 and m4 possibly in noncholinergic axons that comprise the septohippocampal pathway. The unique laminar and regional distributions of m1-m4 in the hippocampus reflect differential cellular and subcellular distributions of the subtypes and/or selective association of receptor subtypes with certain afferent and intrinsic connections. These results indicate that each subtype likely has a different role in cholinergic modulation of excitatory and inhibitory hippocampal circuits.
Intraepithelial Leukocytes of the Intestinal Mucosa in Normal Man and in Whipple's Disease A Light- and Electron-Microscopic Study

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of the intestinal mucosa of normal man and of patients with Whipple's disease were studied by light microscopy of 1-μm-thick sections, and by electron microscopy of thin sections. IEL in normal human intestine tend to be elongated in outline, have few cytoplasmic organelles, have compact nuclei, and are unattached to epithelial cells. IEL in Whipple's disease are more likely to be activated in appearance, ie, to be larger and to contain more cytoplasmic organelles than IEL of normal intestine. The number of IEL/100 intestinal epithelial cells is similar in normal man and in patients with Whipple's disease. Other intraepithelial (IE) cells found in normal intestine include eosinophils and mast cells, and we note for the first time the presence of IE macrophages. There are no “globule leukocytes” in the intestine of normal man or of patients with Whipple's disease. Other IE cells found in the intestine in Whipple's disease include eosinophils, polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, and macrophages in untreated disease and intraepithelial macrophages in treated disease. These IE cells may be involved in the acute and chronic immune responses of the intestine.
Factors to Consider in the Revision of Educational Objectives for Medical Students in Radiology Clerkships

Purpose To maintain accreditation by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education and to form up-to-date educational objectives for medical students rotating through radiology clerkships, the authors investigated the influencing factors from instructors’, students’, and the medical community’s perspectives in the setting of traditional radiology medical student education. Method Radiology instructors’ perspectives were studied via literature, experience, and consensus. The medical community’s perspectives were studied via literature, most specifically the recommendations of the Liason Committee on Medical Education. Medical students’ perspectives were studied via a survey questionnaire eliciting the goals of the students as their clerkships began. Results Radiology instructors’ goals for radiology clerkships centered on anatomy, pathology, technology, and foundation. The medical community’s goals for radiology clerkships centered on history taking, physical examination, procedures, diagnosis, management, prevention, data analysis, communication, professionalism, cultural competence, careers in medicine, and models of health care delivery. Thirteen medical students were surveyed, and 13 responded (100%). Medical students’ goals for their radiology clerkships centered on appropriateness, science, film interpretation, and confidence. Conclusion The objectives for radiology clerkships in medical schools should be reevaluated and rewritten frequently. The formulation of the optimal objectives should be multifactorial, including the input of medical students, radiology instructors, and the medical community. These factors should be incorporated in the setting of traditional educational values with special consideration to current medical students’ needs. The authors have provided the objectives that they recently adopted, which they feel appropriately address the currently important issues.
Bioelectrical higher-order derivative mapping

The authors introduce the concept of a new approach to bioelectrical mapping by measuring and imaging the higher-order spatial derivative of the electrical potential over a surface. Computer simulation studies have been conducted to test the feasibility of this approach. The present computer simulation results suggest that the surface distribution of the higher-order spatial derivative of the potential may provide a preferable means in localizing spatially separated bioelectrical sources. The higher-order derivative mapping appears to provide another important alternative approach to mapping underlying bioelectrical activity in the heart, brain and other organs. >