cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twisting Tradition: Consumers' Behavior Toward Alternative Closures

Consumer evaluations of products are not entirely based on the absolute attributes or value of the product, but rather on the discrepancy between the product's attributes and the expectations consumers have for that product. Following the Dowling and Staelin model on perceived risk, an evaluation was made of how alternative product closures interplay with consumers' situational use, subjective knowledge, level of self-confidence, and gender to influence the purchase decision. The results provide support for the importance of such factors as situational use, the consumer's gender, level of self-confidence, and subjective knowledge, and how the style of closure affects the purchase decision. Managerial implications of the findings are mentioned.
SOFT X-RAY ABSORPTION BY Fe0' TO Fe15' IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

A full set of calculations is presented for inner-shell n = 2-3 photoexcitation of the 16 iron charge states: Fe0+ (Fe I) through Fe15+ (Fe XVI). The blend of the numerous absorption lines arising from these excitations (mainly 2p-3d) forms an unresolved transition array (UTA), which has been recently identified as a prominent feature between 16 and 17 A in the soft X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Despite the blending within charge states, the ample separation between the individual-ion features enables precise diagnostics of the ionization range in the absorbing medium. Column density and turbulent velocity diagnostics are also possible, albeit to a lesser accuracy. An abbreviated set of atomic parameters useful for modeling the Fe 2p-3d UTA is given. It is shown that the effects of accompanying photoexcitation to higher levels (n ≥ 4), as well as the associated photoionization edges, may also be relevant to AGN spectra.
AIDS prevention: Is cost-benefit analysis appropriate?

The paper by Ohi and his colleagues (Health Policy, Vol. 8, No. 1) comes at a time when the worldwide spread of HIV infection is increasingly recognized and it raises the question of. how best to approach the prevention of HIV infection, particularly in those countries with only a small number of cases reported to date. The authors suggest that cost-benefit analyses may be a useful tool in determining what policies to adopt in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Cost-benefit analysis of disease and injury prevention policies was initiated 20 years ago in the United States by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. It was clear then, as it is today, that cost-benefit analysis is only one of the factors to be considered in determining whether a specific policy should or should not be adopted. Even when the evidence of cost-benefit is overwhelming, as in the provision of subsidized contraceptive and abortion services, policy-makers may refuse to fund programs on ideological grounds. In other cases, programs may be enacted even when cost-benefit studies do not support the development of such activities, as in public payment for end-stage renal disease treatment by dialysis and renal transplant. It is 0; interest to note that the cost-benefit arguments presented by Ohi and associates for only a limited program of testing blood and plasma for HIV antibodies and discarding units testing positive did not prevail. In late 1986, Japan followed the policy adopted by the United States in April 1985 and began testing all potential blood donors. Earlier, Japan, like the United States and many other countries, had required heat inactivation of blood products, like factor VIII, to inactivate HIV and eliminate the risk of HIV infection from the use of those products.
CTE in Space Astrometry

An imperfect CTE in CCD detectors is one of the most important instrumental issues affecting both photometry and astrometry, especially in space-based observations. We discuss the CTE effect in the images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope's, Advanced Camera for Surveys in Wide Field Channal (ACS/WFC). ACS is the only imaging instrument capable of delivery sub-mas astrometry from a single observation, and it is important to take into account any instrumental systematic in positions such as the CTE effect.
Clinical Science Model

The clinical science (CS) model was created to guide all aspects of clinical psychology as it pursues its mission of promoting psychological science in the interest of advancing knowledge, improving health care, and serving the public. The basic premise of the CS model is that a scientific epistemology should be the centerpiece of clinical psychology and is the best way forward in the advancement of psychological knowledge in the research, service, and education domains. The CS model is a strong version of the older Boulder model and a reaction to the more recent scholar–practitioner model. Adherents of the CS model have developed a robust supporting infrastructure that includes the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology, the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science, and the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System. Not surprisingly, the model also has stirred criticisms among some clinical psychologists; the most common of these are discussed briefly. Keywords: mental health; education; evidence; research; training
Selling ideas, attitudes, and behaviors.

ABSTRACT Advertisers are adept at changing our attitudes and purchasing behaviors, but we rarely notice the effects. This plenary talk at the eighth annual Midwest Rural Agricultural Safety and Health Forum, November 2009, focused on the psychology of advertising and how advertising is designed to work outside of our conscious awareness. Several psychological “tricks” are used to influence us, with the goal being to get us to change our behaviors but to think that it was our idea all along. These tricks include using emotional appeals and persuasion techniques that rely on biases in human problem solving. This power can be used for social marketing, the use of these techniques to promote social well-being, rather than simply for commercial purposes. Understanding how advertising works therefore allows us to use this power to effect positive changes in society.
Predicting parent vessel patency and treatment durability: a proposed grading scheme for the immediate angiographic results following Onyx HD-500 embolization of intracranial aneurysms

Introduction Onyx HD-500 embolization of intracranial aneurysms leads to high rates of complete and durable occlusion. However, little information exists as to what constitutes an optimal immediate angiographic result. We devised a simple grading scheme based on the pattern of parent artery and aneurysm neck reconstruction, and correlated it with long term outcome. Methods All cases of Onyx embolization for unruptured aneurysms performed between September 2008 and April 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Immediate angiographic results were categorized according to the pattern of extra-aneurysmal Onyx leakage: grade A, none; grade B, ‘hat brim’ lamination; and grade C, ‘ectopic’ Onyx (C1, non-flow limiting; C2, flow limiting). Results of follow-up vascular imaging were reviewed and correlated with the angiographic grade. Results 24 embolization procedures were performed in 21 patients with 23 aneurysms. Aneurysm size ranged from 2.5 to 24 mm and neck width from 2 to 8 mm. Complete occlusion was achieved in 20 cases (83.3%) and subtotal occlusion in three (12.5%). Immediate angiographic results were: grade A in ten (41.7%), grade B in eight (33.3%), and grade C in six (25%). Stable angiographic results were seen in 85%, 94%, 94%, and 100% at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Angiographic recurrence was observed in four cases (16.7%), all grade A (p=0.006). Delayed parent vessel occlusion occurred in two cases (8.3%), both grade C2 (p=0.014). Conclusions This simple grading system may help predict long term angiographic results. Hat brim Onyx lamination seems to provide an optimal balance between treatment durability and parent vessel patency. Prospective validation is warranted.
Personality correlates of attributional style.

ABSTRACT Previous research, much of it based on the learned helplessness model of depression, suggested that a wide variety of personality variables might be related to attributional style. The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Peterson et al., 1982) and Comrey Personality Scales (CPS; Comrey, 1970) were administered to 329 subjects, and their scores were subjected to correlational and multiple regression analysis. The CPS scales were also factor analyzed, and the resulting scores were correlated with ASQ scores. Results indicated that a variety of personality variables have statistically significant relationships with attributional style, that these variables show significant positive relationships with internal, stable, and global attributions for positive events and significant negative relationships with these same attributions for negative events, and that an Activity—Extraversion—Stability factor demonstrates the strongest relationships with attributional style. Findings are interpreted within...
Finding the Volume of an Ellipsoid Using Cross-Sectional Slices

While I was consulting at a major medical complex, a medical researcher asked how he could find the volume of an object from cross-sectional slices through the object. (What actually happened was that foreign objects were imbedded in the lungs of a rat and, after some appropriate time period, a section of lung tissue was removed. Cross-sections were taken of the extracted section and some of the cross-sections contained slices through the mass formed by the body of the rat as it encased the implanted object. The researcher wanted to know the volume of the mass formed by the body when the section of tissue extracted contained only a portion of the mass.) However, the cross-sections of the mass appeared to be elliptical, and the researcher indicated that an ellipsoidal shape for the entire mass was expected. Thus I was led to consider (separate from this particular problem) whether the volume of an ellipsoid can be found exactly from some minimum number of parallel cross-sections. The purpose of this paper is to show how the volume can be calculated from three equally spaced slices. Assume an ellipsoid is positioned in three-dimensional space with the orientation of the ellipsoid unknown. Axes may be chosen so that the ellipsoid is centered at the origin, slices through the ellipsoid are made parallel to the xy-plane, and the x and y axes lie along the principal axes of the equatorial ellipse cut by z = 0. Thus, without loss of generality, we may suppose that the ellipsoid has equation
18-Fluorodeoxyglucose imaging in oncology.

Abstract This article describes the use of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) scans for the diagnostic evaluation of cancer patients. Since FDG is a positron emitting radio-pharmaceutical, a dedicated Positron Emission Tomography unit (PET) or a hybrid PET/SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) unit is required for oncologic studies. As PET and PET/SPECT scanners become available to perform these images, it is important that knowledge regarding the usefulness of these images, and their limitations, be disseminated to health care providers. There are evolving uses of FDG scans; current use includes staging patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, colorectal carcinoma, and head and neck carcinoma.
Implementation of Lawful Interception Within IMS

Lawful interception is a system which monitors a user or a communication in the support of criminal investigation. It is a necessary function of the telecommunication operator. The telecommunication standards bodies such as ETSI, 3GPP are producing technical specifications on lawful interception system, and have developed standards on handover areas and interception areas which can guide the implement. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a new core-network architecture introduced after the version of 3GPP Release 5, which is layer-designed, IP-based, and using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) as application protocol. There are two typical implementations of lawful interception within IMS, distributed type and centralized type.
Investigation of health status of workers exposed to low concentration cadmium in a zinc powder factory

Objective To explore the health status of workers exposed to Cd at low concentration.Methods One hundred eighteen workers of zinc powder finishing and 34 staffs were served as the exposure group and control group,respectively.The physical examination,blood cadmium,urinary cadmium,blood lead,urinary β2-microglobin,urine creatine,chest film,pulmonary function,pure tone teat and were detected for all subjects.Results Twelve air samples from 6 monitoring points in workshop were detected,the air Cd concentrations were 0.002～0.015 mg/m3,which were under the national limit of occupational exposure.In exposure group,the rates of exceeding standards of blood Cd and urinary Cd were 65.25％ and 38.16％,respectively,the rate of exceeding standards of urinary Cd for two times was 27.12％,the rate of exceeding standard of urine Cd for two times plus the positive urinary β2-microglobin was 2.54 ％.In control group,the rates of exceeding national standard of blood Cd was 26.47 ％,but the values of urinary Cd were normal.In exposure group,the rate of exceeding standards of urinary Cd increased with the service length.Smoking could enhance the rates of exceeding standards of blood Cd and urinary Cd.Conclusion In zinc powder finishing,the low-concentration cadmium exposure could cause the occupational cadmium poisoning,the comprehensive protection measures can reduce the occupational cadmium poisoning.It is suggested that the limits of occupational exposure to cadmium should be declined. Key words: Zinc ; Cadmium; Occupational health
An Introduction to Brain Warping

This chapter discusses the transformations of the geometry, namely warping, that affect the shape and form of brain image data. The geometric transformations that are considered warps include global scaling, affine transformations, linear, nonlinear, and local deformations. Each of these transformations produces registered image sets that can be statistically and visually compared. One of the driving forces responsible for the importance of warping is the need to perform brain-to-brain comparisons. Warping strategies can be divided into intensity-driven or model-driven approaches, depending on the types of features that drive the mapping of one brain onto the other. The variety of warping approaches is equaled by their range of applications. There are classes of algorithms each suited to handling particular kinds of information, intensity patterns, or anatomical features. The product of warping algorithms not only provides the ability to make comparisons but also permits the generation of atlases and maps. The statistical product is often best accompanied by visualization. Incorporating interim displays and animating the spatial transformation have remarkable power for elucidating complex and significant morphological changes.
Movement, Behavior, and Motor Response

From the time of the discovery of cilia by Leeuwenhoek three centuries ago, many investigators have been fascinated with cilia and how they move. As a result, an enormous amount of research has been done in an effort to explain ciliary movement and locomotion in Paramecium. (For detailed information on the structure, organization, and distribution of cilia on the body of Paramecium, refer to Chapter 2.)
Influence of water flow through pipe networks for damage detection using guided waves

Researchers have been trying to develop techniques for early forecasting of the degradation process in pipe networks. Different Non Destructive Testing Techniques are used for detecting damages in a variety of materials and structures. Guided wave technique is a suitable non-destructive technique which can be used for pipe inspection by generating cylindrical guided waves. In this research, steel pipes are inspected using cylindrical guided waves. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of flowing water through the pipe on the guided wave propagation in the pipe wall. Investigations are also carried out when the pipes are in open air which gives the traction-free boundary condition. It is also investigated whether the direction of the flow influences the propagation of the guided waves. Experimental V(f) curves are extracted from the received signals for defect free and defective pipe specimens and compared to study the effect of water flow on the strength and other characteristics of various guided wave modes.
Research Design and Methodology

The main study featured a mixed-method design, with complementary quantitative and qualitative data being gathered and analyzed. Since random allocation of students to two groups occurred, it was legitimate for null and research hypotheses to be formulated for the quantitative analyses, and those hypotheses are carefully defined in this chapter. One of the important challenges was to identify the population to which inferences would be made. Details relating to the development of appropriate pencil-and-paper tests and an interview protocol are also given, as are details relating to the calculation of Cohen’s d effect sizes.
The renaissance of belief-based utility in economics

Why isn’t there a strong relation between income and happiness? Why do people avoid or seek self-confirmatory or even false information? Why do they play the lottery and buy insurance? Taking account of belief-based utility can enable economics to make sense of these and a multitude of other puzzling phenomena.
Back to the Basics: a Broad Conceptual Model for the Integration of Psychology and Theology:

The purpose of this article is to explore Bube's “levels of description” approach to the integration of science and Christian faith with respect to its implications for the integration of psycholog...
Technical Note: Deep learning based MRAC using rapid ultrashort echo time imaging.

PURPOSE In this study, we explore the feasibility of a novel framework for MR-based attenuation correction for PET/MR imaging based on deep learning via convolutional neural networks, which enables fully automated and robust estimation of a pseudo CT image based on ultrashort echo time (UTE), fat, and water images obtained by a rapid MR acquisition. METHODS MR images for MRAC are acquired using dual echo ramped hybrid encoding (dRHE), where both UTE and out-of-phase echo images are obtained within a short single acquisition (35 s). Tissue labeling of air, soft tissue, and bone in the UTE image is accomplished via a deep learning network that was pre-trained with T1-weighted MR images. UTE images are used as input to the network, which was trained using labels derived from co-registered CT images. The tissue labels estimated by deep learning are refined by a conditional random field based correction. The soft tissue labels are further separated into fat and water components using the two-point Dixon method. The estimated bone, air, fat, and water images are then assigned appropriate Hounsfield units, resulting in a pseudo CT image for PET attenuation correction. To evaluate the proposed MRAC method, PET/MR imaging of the head was performed on eight human subjects, where Dice similarity coefficients of the estimated tissue labels and relative PET errors were evaluated through comparison to a registered CT image. RESULT Dice coefficients for air (within the head), soft tissue, and bone labels were 0.76 ± 0.03, 0.96 ± 0.006, and 0.88 ± 0.01. In PET quantitation, the proposed MRAC method produced relative PET errors less than 1% within most brain regions. CONCLUSION The proposed MRAC method utilizing deep learning with transfer learning and an efficient dRHE acquisition enables reliable PET quantitation with accurate and rapid pseudo CT generation.
Venture Capital–University Interface: Best Practices to Make Maximum Impact

As hotbeds for techno­logical innovation, university research labs create groundbreaking innovations that have been at the heart of many successful entrepreneurial ventures. But powerful ideas do not neces­sarily beget successful companies; great ideas must be identified, acquired, and developed into successful businesses using a unique blend of skills. Venture capital funds exist in part to perform this valuable - and lucrative - role in the economy. But finding the next big idea is not as straightforward as discover­ing an inventor at a lab bench. A range of practical, personal, and legal hurdles must be cleared before an idea can begin to transform into a start-up company. With these common hurdles in mind, we conducted ninety-four in-depth interviews with geographically and commercially diverse venture capitalists to better understand the relationship between the academic and venture capital communities: what motivates the various stakeholders, which are the most pressing problems facing university - venture relations, and what can be done to improve the process for everyone involved. Although many factors play into start-up success, five main focus areas emerged for universities looking to improve the university-investor interface: under­standing investor motivations, supporting entrepreneurs, streamlining bureaucracy, improving access and visibility, and foster­ing a culture of innovation on campus.
A NOTE ON A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ACCELERATION OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE GROUP- DIFFUSION CALCULATIONS

A simple calculational device was introduced into the EQUIPOISE-3 program for reducing the number of iterations for convergence from ontrol migra- 5000 to 70. The device forces a neutron balance between groups at each iteration. (D.L.C.)
Does Resection of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Affect the Stability of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty

ABSTRACT Background The need for posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) resection during cervical total disc arthroplasty (TDA) has been debated. The purpose of this laboratory study was to investigate the effect of PLL resection on cervical kinematics after TDA. Methods Eight cadaveric cervical spine specimens were tested in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR) to moments of ±1.5 Nm. After testing the intact condition, anterior C5-C6 cervical discectomy was performed followed by PLL resection and implantation of a compressible, 6-degrees-of-freedom disc prosthesis (M6-C, Spinal Kinetics Inc, Sunnyvale, California). Next, a second prosthesis was implanted at C6-C7 with PLL intact. Finally, the C6-C7 PLL was resected while the disc prosthesis remained in place. Segmental range of motion (ROM) and stiffness in the high flexibility zone around the neutral posture were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results At C5-C6, following TDA and PLL resection, FE, LB, and AR ROMs decreased significantly. Anterior and posterior disc height, segmental lordosis, and flexion stiffness increased significantly. At C6-C7, TDA with the PLL intact resulted in a significant increase in anterior disc height and segmental lordosis with no change in posterior disc height. FE, LB, and AR ROMs all decreased significantly, while flexion stiffness increased significantly compared to intact. PLL resection at C6-C7 did not result in a notable change compared to TDA with PLL intact. At the same level, flexion stiffness decreased following PLL resection compared to TDA with a value closer to intact. Two-level TDA (C5-C7) with PLL resection did not result in a loss of segmental stability. Conclusion PLL resection did not significantly affect motion segment kinematics following cervical TDA using a prosthesis with inherent stiffness. Motion segment stiffness loss after PLL resection can be compensated for by a TDA design that can provide resistance to angular motion.
HIV Viral Suppression Trends Over Time Among HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Care in the United States, 1997 to 2015: A Cohort Study.

Background Because HIV viral suppression is essential for optimal outcomes and prevention efforts, understanding trends and predictors is imperative to inform public health policy. Objective To evaluate viral suppression trends in people living with HIV (PLWH), including the relationship of associated factors, such as demographic characteristics and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (ISTI) use. Design Longitudinal observational cohort study. Setting 8 HIV clinics across the United States. Participants PLWH receiving clinical care. Measurements To understand trends in viral suppression (≤400 copies/mL), annual viral suppression rates from 1997 to 2015 were determined. Analyses were repeated with tests limited to 1 random test per person per year and using inverse probability of censoring weights to address loss to follow-up. Joint longitudinal and survival models and linear mixed models of PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were used to examine associations between viral suppression or continuous viral load (VL) levels and demographic factors, substance use, adherence, and ISTI use. Results Viral suppression increased from 32% in 1997 to 86% in 2015 on the basis of all tests among 31 930 PLWH. In adjusted analyses, being older (odds ratio [OR], 0.76 per decade [95% CI, 0.74 to 0.78]) and using an ISTI-based regimen (OR, 0.54 [CI, 0.51 to 0.57]) were associated with lower odds of having a detectable VL, and black race was associated with higher odds (OR, 1.68 [CI, 1.57 to 1.80]) (P < 0.001 for each). Similar patterns were seen with continuous VL levels; when analyses were limited to 2010 to 2015; and with adjustment for adherence, substance use, or depression. Limitation Results are limited to PLWH receiving clinical care. Conclusion HIV viral suppression rates have improved dramatically across the United States, which is likely partially attributable to improved ART, including ISTI-based regimens. However, disparities among younger and black PLWH merit attention. Primary Funding Source National Institutes of Health.
Recovery of anthracite from coal preparation-plant tailings

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the potential for recovering anthracite from coal preparation-plant tailings. The study included washability analyses, cyclone simulations and froth-flotation testing Samples were collected from either the tailings streams or the slurry ponds of five anthracite-cleaning plants. From each sample, a washability analysis was conducted on the 28×100- and 100×200-mesh fractions. Using the above data, along with published partition data, simulations were performed with various cyclone-staging arrangements for both water-only and dense-medium cyclones treating the 28×200-mesh fractions. Separate froth-flotation tests were conducted on the 28×100- and 100×200-mesh fractions from three of the plant samples. The washability, simulation and flotation results are presented as grade-yield curves.
Vector Autoregressions I: Basics

If we take the notion of general equilibrium seriously, then everything in the economy is related to everything else. For this reason, it is impossible to say which variable is exogenous. It is possible that all variables are endogenous: they can all be caused by, and simultaneously be the cause of, some other variable.
Effect of Timolol on Aqueous Humor Outflow Facility in Healthy Human Eyes

Purpose Hyposecretion of aqueous humor has been postulated to adversely affect the health of the trabecular meshwork and outflow resistance. However, the effect of medications that reduce aqueous humor production on outflow facility in living human eyes is unclear. This study evaluated the effect of timolol, an aqueous humor flow suppressant, on outflow facility in healthy eyes. Design Prospective, before-and-after study. Methods In a multicenter study, 113 healthy participants over 40 years of age were included. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with the participant in the sitting position by using a pneumatonometer. The outflow facility was measured with the participant in the supine position by 2-minute pneumatonography. After participants self-administered drops of timolol 0.5% for 1 week, twice daily in each eye, both measurements were repeated. Results Mean IOP decreased from 15.1 ± 3.0 mm Hg at baseline to 12.4 ± 2.4 mm Hg (P Conclusions Timolol reduces outflow facility in healthy human eyes, and this effect is greater in eyes with higher baseline outflow facility. This phenomenon may be related to reduced aqueous humor flow, but the precise mechanism remains to be determined.
Ovarian Stimulation Increases the Risk of Fetal Cardiac Defects of Pups Exposed to Severe Maternal Hyperglycemia.

Objectives To study the incidence of congenital heart defects (CHD) in offspring born to hyperglycemic mothers with and without ovarian stimulation. Design Reproductive biology. Setting Mouse model. Patients N/A. Intervention Hyperglycemia was induced in CD-1 wild type female mice using a single intraperitoneal dose of 150 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Stimulated dams (SD); (n=3) were injected with pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropin 48 hours apart. Non-stimulated dams (NSD); (n=4) were not injected. Both groups were mated with normal male CD-1 mice for timed pregnancies. Fetal hearts were extracted on embryonic day 16.5 and histological analyses was performed. Student's t-tests were employed to compare the incidence of cardiac defects in the SD and NSD groups. P ≤ 0.05 was significant. Main Uutcome Measure The incidence of CHD in progeny of diabetic dams with and without ovarian hyperstimulation. Results & Conclusions The average litter size was higher in SD compared to NSD. The average blood glucose for the SD and NSD was similar. Overall, the incidence of cardiac malformations did not differ between the two groups. However, in severe maternal hyperglycemia (>400 mg/dL), there was a higher incidence of fetal cardiac malformations in the pups born to SD vs NSD.
Competition between formation of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 in oxidation of Al0.3CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy: A first-principles study

Abstract We studied the oxidation behavior of face-centered cubic Al0.3CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy through first-principles calculations. Three surface orientations were chosen for oxidation, and all the possible combinations of atomic positions at these surfaces were considered. The adsorption energy of oxygen adhesion to the studied surfaces was the lowest for the sites with more neighboring Cr atoms, and the second most favorite site for oxygen adsorption had more neighboring Al atoms. On the other hand, the calculated cohesive energies of oxides indicated that Al formed the most stable oxide among other alloying elements, and Cr formed the second most stable oxide.
The Climate Crisis Needs Attention from Cognitive Scientists

To prevent the devastating consequences of anthropogenic global heating, immediate collective action is needed to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Cognitive scientists are in a special position to facilitate collective action by researching the factors underlying belief and action, and by teaching students how to think about the biggest problem of their lives.
The Coral Is Not All Dead Yet

Reportage and essays are the first and most immediate way that citizens learn about climate change science, its causes and consequences, and the impacts that industry and consumerism have on ecosys...
A Streamlined Study on Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanomicelle Properties to Mitigate a Drug-Resistant Biofilm Protection Mechanism

The nosocomial multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR), are rapidly circulating from water surfaces to humans away from the clinical setting, forming a cyclical breeding ground of resistance, causing worldwide infections, and thus requiring urgent responses. The combination of chitosan and zinc oxide (CZNPs), with proven bactericidal effects on some MDRs, was further studied to set the stage for a broad-spectrum in vivo utilization of CZNPs. Towards ensuring CZNPs’ uniformity and potency, when it faces not only biofilms but also their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) defense mechanism, the size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined through dynamic light scattering (DLS). Furthermore, the efficacy of CZNPs was tested on the inhibition of MDR Gram-negative Escherichia coli BAA-2471 and Gram-positive Enterococcus faecium 1449 models, co-cultured in an Alvatex 3D fiber platform as a biofilm-like structure. The Biotek Synergy Neo2 fluorescent microplate reader was used to detect biofilm shrinkage. The biofilm protection mechanism was elucidated through detection of EPS using 3D confocal and transmission electronic microscopy. Results indicated that 200 µl/mL of CZNPs, made with 50 nm ZnO and 10,000 Da chitosan (N=369.1 nm; PDI = 0.371; zeta potential = 22.8 mV), was the most promising nanocomposite for MDR biofilm reduction, when compared to CZNPs enclosing ZnO, 18nm or 100 nm. This study depicts that CZNPs possess enough potency and versatility to face biofilms’ defense mechanism in vivo.
Sonographic spectrum and postnatal outcomes of early-onset versus late-onset fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly.

To review the prenatal characteristics and postnatal outcomes of Early-onset and Late-onset cerebral ventriculomegaly (VM). Single-center retrospective study 2013–2017; VM cases grouped into Early-...
Teaching Imitation to Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Discrete Trial Training and Contingent Imitation.

Imitation is a pivotal skill for children with and without disabilities, serving both learning and social interaction functions for young children. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently experience delays in acquiring this skillset, demonstrating challenges in the ability and/or propensity to imitate the actions of others. Current intervention programs frequently use discrete trial teaching (DTT) or contingent imitation to support imitation development in young children with ASD. This study combined contingent imitation with DTT to teach imitation to individuals who had previously struggled with acquiring this skill. A multiple probe design across three preschool children with ASD was conducted within participants’ early learning classrooms. Response to intervention varied across participants, with participants with more advanced imitation skills at study onset demonstrating greater outcomes. Combining contingent imitation with DTT may facilitate the propensity to imitate for individuals who exhibit some appropriate object engagement and are inconsistently imitating others’ actions with objects. However, further research using stronger research design is needed to improve the teaching of imitation to young children with ASD who exhibit challenges with this skillset.
Physician Utilization by Insurance Type Among Youth with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between insurance type (Medicaid vs private insurance) and access to physician care for youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus by quantifying whether these youth saw a physician during the year before their first diabetes documentation. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Youth with Medicaid or private insurance aged 5 to 19 years with type 2 diabetes were identified by an electronic medical record review. The first indication of type 2 diabetes defined the index date. Youth with type 1 diabetes and female patients with polycystic ovaries were excluded. Descriptive statistics evaluated differences in office visits before the index date between patients with the 2 insurance types. Multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluated the likelihood of having an office visit during the year before the index date among youth with Medicaid versus private insurance, controlling for youth characteristics. Results: Of 2496 included youth, 400 (16.0%) had Medicaid coverage. More than 60% were female, the mean age was 14.5 years, and 68.8% were obese. On average, youth had 1.9 office visits during the year before the index date. Medicaid covered youth were not significantly less likely to have had an office visit (odds ratio, 0.77; P = .09) or fewer total office visits (incident rate ratio, 1.13; P = .16) during the year before the index date. Conclusions: The likelihood of youth with type 2 diabetes and a source of physician care having a physician office visit during the year before the index date did not differ between patients with Medicaid versus private insurance. This suggests that the amount of physician care before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes does not differ for Medicaid-covered youth if they can establish a source of care. Additional research is investigating whether physician access before diagnosis is associated with access to diabetes-related care after diagnosis.
Metabolic and Ventilatory Effects of Caffeine During Light Intensity Exercise in Trained and Sedentary Low Habitual Caffeine Users

This study examined selected physiological effects of caffeine during constant load, light intensity exercise in aerobically trained (TM) and sedentary (SM) low habitual caffeine users (<150 mg·day-1). Twelve healthy nonsmoking males (6 TM, 6 SM), following a 12-hr caffeine and food abstinence, participated in two separate 45-min trials consisting of constant load treadmill exercise at 30% of VO2max after caffeine (5 mg·kg-1) or placebo administered 60 min prior to experimental data acquisition. It was observed that pre-trial caffeine intake lowered respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and increased oxygen uptake (1·min- 1) and metabolic rate (kJ·min-1) during light intensity exercise (p<0.05). Minute ventilation (1 ·min- 1) and tidal volume (ml·min-1) was elevated in caffeine when compared to placebo trials (p<0.05). On the other hand, caffeine had no effect on frequency of breathing breath·min- 1) and carbon dioxide output via the lungs (1·min- 1). There was no statistically significant difference in physiological response to caffeine between the SM and TM subject groups for any of the variables studied. It is concluded that caffeine enhances fat oxidation, augments exercise metabolic rate, and alters ventilatory dynamics during light intensity exercise. The present findings indicate that these effects are similar in aerobically trained and sedentary low habitual caffeine consumers.
Spatial and temporal movement dynamics of brook Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta

Native eastern brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and naturalized brown trout Salmo trutta occur sympatrically in many streams across the brook trout’s native range in the eastern United States. Understanding within- among-species variability in movement, including correlates of movement, has implications for management and conservation. We radio tracked 55 brook trout and 45 brown trout in five streams in a north-central Pennsylvania, USA watershed to quantify the movement of brook trout and brown trout during the fall and early winter to (1) evaluate the late-summer, early winter movement patterns of brook trout and brown trout, (2) determine correlates of movement and if movement patterns varied between brook trout and brown trout, and (3) evaluate genetic diversity of brook trout within and among study streams, and relate findings to telemetry-based observations of movement. Average total movement was greater for brown trout (mean ± SD = 2,924 ± 4,187 m) than for brook trout (mean ± SD = 1,769 ± 2,194 m). Although there was a large amount of among-fish variability in the movement of both species, the majority of movement coincided with the onset of the spawning season, and a threshold effect was detected between stream flow and movement: where movement increased abruptly for both species during positive flow events. Microsatellite analysis of brook trout revealed consistent findings to those found using radio-tracking, indicating a moderate to high degree of gene flow among brook trout populations. Seasonal movement patterns and the potential for relatively large movements of brook and brown trout highlight the importance of considering stream connectivity when restoring and protecting fish populations and their habitats.
Group-level component analyses of EEG: validation and evaluation

Multi-subject or group-level component analysis provides a data-driven approach to study properties of brain networks. Algorithms for group-level data decomposition of functional magnetic resonance imaging data have been brought forward more than a decade ago and have significantly matured since. Similar applications for electroencephalographic data are at a comparatively early stage of development though, and their sensitivity to topographic variability of the electroencephalogram or loose time-locking of neuronal responses has not yet been assessed. This study investigates the performance of independent component analysis (ICA) and second order blind source identification (SOBI) for data decomposition, and their combination with either temporal or spatial concatenation of data sets, for multi-subject analyses of electroencephalographic data. Analyses of simulated sources with different spatial, frequency, and time-locking profiles, revealed that temporal concatenation of data sets with either ICA or SOBI served well to reconstruct sources with both strict and loose time-locking, whereas performance decreased in the presence of topographical variability. The opposite pattern was found with a spatial concatenation of subject-specific data sets. This study proofs that procedures for group-level decomposition of electroencephalographic data can be considered valid and promising approaches to infer the latent structure of multi-subject data sets. Yet, specific implementations need further adaptations to optimally address sources of inter-subject and inter-trial variance commonly found in EEG recordings.
Integrating geometry and light: daylight solutions through performance-based algorithms

Designing spaces for daylight is a complex problem for architects, balancing geometry with the location of daylight sources. Conventional design practice approaches this balance one-dimensionally: common procedures, rules of thumb, and building codes lead designers to default to regularity when designing windows and skylights. The problem of daylight can be restated, starting first from the basic performance goal of distributed, uniform light. In traditional vernacular architecture, it is common to observe intentional coincidences among windows and interior surfaces, illustrating that openings and interior geometry can be integrated to distribute light in a way that is also experientially dynamic: integration also understood by great architects of the past and present. Parametric design – a method of working where pieces of a simulated model can be manipulated ad infinitum – provides a new way of studying the relationship between light and geometry in the producing desirable, uniform, lighting conditions. Taking parametric design a step further, it is possible to tie together parametric models and computer-based simulations to produce an algorithm that ‘finds' optimal configurations between openings and interior geometry. Such an algorithm reveals two possibilities. The first is that designers can systematically determine the best relationship among openings and interior space. Secondly, the success of these algorithms offers objective proof that, in comparison to the default of regularized patterns of openings, a more organic (i.e. less artificially ordered) relationship between openings and interior indeed is better for producing uniform daylight. Two parametric algorithms will be discussed in the paper: an optimization algorithm, leading to a given problem to a single solution, and an evolutionary algorithm, using the random generation of individual solutions to reach better fitting results. The workings of the algorithms as well as the interpretation of the results in the context of design for daylight are discussed. **AWARDED BEST PAPER 2011 BY THE BOARD OF THE ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH CENTERS CONSORTIUM**
Marital Conflict in Older Couples: Positivity, Personality, and Health

The authors examine the implications of health and personality characteristics for late-life marital conflict using data from the 2010–2011 wave of the National Social Life Health and Aging Project, a nationally representative study with data on both partners in 955 marital and cohabitational dyads. Using these data, they relate characteristics of husbands to characteristics of their wives and vice versa. Wives with husbands in fair or poor physical health were more likely to report high levels of marital conflict, but the reverse was not true. Similarly, wives reported more conflict when their husbands were high on Neuroticism, high on Extraversion, and low on a new measure the authors call Positivity. The findings suggest noteworthy gender differences between men and women in the associations between individual characteristics and levels of marital conflict. The authors point to differences between husbands' and wives' marital roles as a contributor to these differences.
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying transfusion‐related sepsis using administrative and claims data

Purpose To systematically review algorithms to identify transfusion-related sepsis or septicemia in administrative data, with a focus on studies that have examined the validity of the algorithms. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, the database of the Iowa Drug Information Service (IDIS/Web), and Embase. A Google Scholar search was conducted because of difficulty identifying relevant studies. Reviews were conducted by two investigators to identify studies using data sources from the USA or Canada, because these data sources were most likely to reflect the coding practices of Mini-Sentinel data sources. Results No studies that were identified that used administrative data to identify sepsis or septicemia related to transfusion of blood products. Thus, four studies that studied the validity of algorithms to identify sepsis and two that studied algorithms to identify allogeneic blood transfusion are described in this review. Two studies found acceptable positive predictive values of 80% and 89% for algorithms to identify sepsis in hospitalized patients. One study reported a negative predictive value of 80% in hospitalized patients, and another, a sensitivity of 75%. One study of veterans receiving surgery reported much worse performance characteristics. Two studies reported near-perfect specificity of codes for allogeneic red blood cell transfusion, but sensitivity ranged from 21% to 83%. Conclusions There is no information to assess the validity of algorithms to identify transfusion-related sepsis or septicemia. Codes to identify sepsis performed well in most studies. Algorithms to identify transfusions need further research that includes a broader range of transfusion types. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Mixing and Dynamics Associated with the Dissolution of Hurricane-Induced Cold Wakes

Abstract : The main objective of the research is to provide scientists with a clearer understanding of the relative importance of the physical mechanisms involved in the recovery of the ocean from a cold wake formation, and to provide additional value and insight to the observations already being undertaken by the ITOP program. Our approach is to take two three-dimensional ocean models (our version of CUPOM and HYCOM) that have been adapted for idealized simulations and conduct a series of experiments aimed at understanding the relative roles of the surface forcing, wave-induced mixing and other turbulent processes, and horizontal eddy actions at the mesoscale and submesoscale regimes in affecting the recovery of the ocean from the tropical cyclone. The comparisons of the two models will also provide information on the uncertainty of our results due to varying physical parameterizations of the models, and also provide insight into our further realistic model simulations with the POM model as compared to the work that other researchers are performing with HYCOM. The approach is to use two high-resolution ocean models (a hybrid version of CUPOM, and HYCOM), and use idealized and realistic simulations of cold wakes and observations from the ITOP field campaign to investigate the restratification processes affecting cold wakes.