cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometrical effects in X-mode scattering

One technique to extend microwave scattering as a probe of long wavelength density fluctuations in magnetically confined plasmas is to consider the launching and scattering of extraordinary (X-mode) waves nearly perpendicular to the field. When the incident frequency is less than the electron cyclotron frequency, this mode can penetrate beyond the ordinary mode cutoff at the plasma frequency and avoid significant distortions from density gradients typical of tokamak plasmas. In the more familiar case, where the incident and scattered waves are ordinary, the scattering is isotropic perpendicular to the field. However, because the X-mode polarization depends on the frequency ratios and the ray angle to the magnetic field, the coupling between the incident and scattered waves is complicated. This geometrical form factor must be unfolded from the observed scattering in order to interpret the scattering due to density fluctuations alone. The geometrical factor is calculated here for the special case of scattering perpendicular to the magnetic field. For frequencies above the ordinary mode cutoff the scattering is relatively isotropic, while below cutoff there are minima in the forward and backward directions which go to zero at approximately half the ordinary mode cutoff density.
Thermal effects of acceleration for a classical dipole oscillator in classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation

In 1976 Unruh showed that a scalar quantum particle in a box accelerating through the vacuum of scalar quantum field theory responded as though it were in a thermal bath at temperature $T=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}a}{2\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{ck}}$. Here we show an analogous result within classical electromagnetic theory. A classical electric dipole oscillator accelerating through classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation responds just as would a dipole oscillator in an inertial frame in classical thermal radiation with Planck's spectrum at temperature $T=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}a}{2\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{ck}}$. In an earlier work it was shown that the electromagnetic field correlation functions for an observer accelerating through classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation correspond to a spectrum different from Planck's. The same spectrum is found in the quantum analysis of a vector field where the departure from Planckian form is assigned to the change in the number of normal modes associated with the event horizon of the accelerating observer. The present work shows that the relativistic radiation reaction for an accelerating classical charge contains a term which exactly compensates the departure of the electromagnetic spectrum from Planckian form so as to bring the oscillator's behavior into precise agreement with the usual Planckian thermal form.
Optical Associative Processors For Visual Perception

We consider various associative processor modifications required to allow these systems to be used for visual perception, scene analysis, and object recognition. For these applications, decisions on the class of the objects present in the input image are required and thus heteroassociative memories are necessary (rather than the autoassociative memories that have been given most attention). We analyze the performance of both associative processors and note that there is considerable difference between heteroassociative and autoassociative memories. We describe associative processors suitable for realizing functions such as: distortion invariance (using linear discriminant function memory synthesis techniques), noise and image processing performance (using autoassociative memories in cascade with with a heteroassociative processor and with a finite number of autoassociative memory iterations employed), shift invariance (achieved through the use of associative processors operating on feature space data), and the analysis of multiple objects in high noise (which is achieved using associative processing of the output from symbolic correlators). We detail and provide initial demonstrations of the use of associative processors operating on iconic, feature space and symbolic data, as well as adaptive associative processors.
An Improved Thermal Lamination Model for Analysis of Heat Transfer in Composite Structures

A new thermal lamination model and its associated finite element model are presented for analysis of heat transfer in laminated composite structures. The form of the present model closely resembles that of recent zig-zag sublaminate structural laminate theories. The through-thickness distribution of temperature is assumed to vary linearly within each ply, and continuity of transverse flux at ply interfaces is enforced analytically. Thus, the number of computational degrees-offreedom (DOFs) is made independent of the number of plies in the sublaminate. In its present form, the model contains only two computational DOFs in each sublaminate–the temperature at the top and bottom surface of the sublaminate. This model lends itself well to development of convenient and efficient finite element models, as demonstrated herein. Both linear and nonlinear numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present approach.
Families by Adoption and Birth: I. Mother-Infant Socioemotional Interactions

ABSTRACT The role of adoptive family dynamics in the etiology of both resilient and adverse developmental outcomes is not well understood. In this study, socioemotional aspects of the mother-infant relationship were examined in families by adoption and by birth. Matched groups of mothers and their 5-month-old first babies were observed in the home setting. Dyads in the two groups were comparable in the frequency and ranking of a full array of age-appropriate behaviors. Group differences emerged for selected infant and maternal behaviors; infants by birth were in an alert state and smiled more often than infants by adoption, and adoptive mothers nourished and caressed their infants more than did mothers by birth. While the structure of the infant's behavior repertoire was similar for both groups, there were twice as many significant correlations among maternal behaviors for the birth group than for the adoptive group. There were also more correlations between maternal and infant behaviors for dyads by birt...
Methods for nesting rank 3 normalized matching rank-unimodal posets

Anderson and Griggs proved independently that a rank-symmetric-unimodal normalized matching (NM) poset possesses a nested chain decomposition (or nesting), and Griggs later conjectured that this result still holds if we remove the condition of rank-symmetry. We give several methods for constructing nestings of rank-unimodal NM posets of rank 3, which together produce substantial progress towards the rank 3 case of the Griggs nesting conjecture. In particular, we show that certain nearly symmetric posets are nested; we show that certain highly asymmetric rank 3 NM posets are nested; and we use results on minimal rank 1 NM posets to show that certain other rank 3 NM posets are nested.
Prediction of bubble concentration profiles in vertical turbulent two-phase flow

Abstract In vertical bubbly flow, the bubbles are not distributed evenly across the flow section. Several investigators have observed a wall-skewed bubble concentration profile in a vertical upward flow. This paper presents an analysis that predicts this type of bubble distribution by incorporating into the equation of motion a lateral force due to the relative velocity of the two phases and the eddy diffusivity of the liquid. Comparison of analysis and experiment shows good agreement.
A comparative evaluation of low-cost IMUs for unmanned autonomous systems

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are widely used for navigation and calibration purposes on unmanned autonomous vehicles. This paper provides a comparative survey and evaluation of the low-cost IMUs focusing on both the possible sensor packages and the available software solutions. Several example IMUs are compared in detail including inertial only IMUs, GPS-coupled IMUs, and hobbyist-level IMUs. The future direction of low-cost IMUs are discussed including optical-flow-based solutions and collaborative IMUs.
From the Lab to the Field

All of Steve Roth's achievements were the result of his fundamental belief in the unique value of people in the decision-making process. Nahum Gershon and Jake Kolojejchick discuss these achievements.
Preparation and metabolism of iodinated peptides.

A method of preparation and of I131-labeling of L-leucyl-L-mono- or diiodo-tyrosine, and glycyl-L-mono- or diiodotyrosine is described. Studies with sheep thyroid and liver have been performed. A peptidase which hydrolyzes the iodinated dipeptides is present in liver and thyroid microsomes and in the cell sap of these preparations. A tissue deiodinase was also demonstrated, but it could not be shown that this was active prior to hydrolysis of the dipeptide.
Biochromoendoscopy: molecular imaging with capsule endoscopy for detection of adenomas of the GI tract

Background Current capsule endoscopy (CE) provides minimally invasive technology for GI imaging but has limited ability to discriminate different types of polyps. Near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probes activated by biomarkers upregulated in adenomas (eg, cathepsin B) are potentially powerful tools to distinguish premalignant or malignant lesions from benign or inflammatory lesions. Objectives To examine whether CE can be integrated with NIRF probes to detect adenomas and whether cathepsin B–activated NIRF probes are activated by benign or inflammatory lesions. Design Mouse models of adenomas, hyperplactic/lymphoid polyps, and acute or chronic intestinal inflammation were injected intravenously with a cathepsin B–activated probe (Prosense 680). Dissected intestine was imaged with CE under white or NIRF light. For NIRF excitation (680 nm), dichroic and emission (700 nm) filters were combined with CE when images were recorded. Prosense 680 samples with or without protease were used as positive and negative controls. CE-based imaging data were verified by using and independent imaging system (Xenogen IVIS system). Main Outcome Measurements Proof of principal that CE integrated with NIRF probes can detect and discriminate adenomas from other lesions. Results CE-based NIRF imaging with Prosense 680 readily visualized adenomas, including in the colitis model. NIRF signals of different intensities were detected. Prosense 680 was not activated by benign or inflammatory lesions. Limitation Optical filters external to the capsule were used. Conclusions We demonstrate proof of the principle that biochromoendoscopy—CE combined with molecular probes––provides a novel approach that differentiates adenomas from benign polyps and inflammatory lesions.
Learning from WebQuests

WebQuests are activities in which students use Web resources to learn about school topics. WebQuests are advocated as constructivist activities and ones generally well regarded by students. Two experiments were conducted in school settings to compare learning using WebQuests versus conventional instruction. Students and teachers both enjoyed WebQuest instruction and spoke highly of it. In one experiment, however, conventional instruction led to significantly greater student learning. In the other, there were no significant differences in the learning outcomes between conventional versus WebQuest-based instruction.
Graphics matter: a case study of mobile phone keypad design for chinese input

Developing more effective and efficient Chinese character input methods has the potential to help Chinese mobile phone users (currently 320 millions) input text messages. iTAP(R) supports input based on the writing structure of Chinese characters. Current keypad graphics include three items: digits (0-9), letters (A-Z), and symbols that represent the minimum writing units of Chinese characters (strokes). Our study revealed the difficulties of mapping these strokes to individual keys using the current symbols. We present a case study illustrating the user-centered redesign of these symbols. The new symbols allow for faster entry speeds and lower error rates as compared to the current commercial solution. Results with our solution were also favorable when compared to Pinyin, a popular cross-cultural solution relying on the Roman alphabet. The new design is in the process of being integrated into commercial mobile phones for users who would prefer native input methods for Chinese.
Men's Heterosexual Initiation: Sexual Agency and Empowerment in Post-World War II American Culture

Scholars suggest that heterosexual initiation is a social process that inhibits women yet entitles men to shape and control the pace and practices within sexual interaction. Radical feminists in particular have successfully detailed the patriarchal organization within the institution of heterosexuality. Yet their critical insights have tended to neglect or minimize the changing contours of the sexual landscape as well as the question of what exactly makes men's sexual agency patriarchal. Studying 60 white, non-Hispanic, middle-class men from Philadelphia, this article highlights the possible conditions for men to assert various patriarchal configurations of sexual agency in post-World War II American culture during initial forays into heterosexuality. The social psychological analysis suggests that younger men perceive women today as the symbolic keepers of masculine sexual standards, enabling them to judge sexual performances through their previous experiences with other men. While men appear more aware ...
Pericardial tissue valves and Gore-Tex conduits as an alternative for right ventricular outflow tract replacement in children.

Abstract Background . There is still no perfect conduit for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in children. Homografts are not always available in the appropriate size, and degenerate in a few years. This study evaluates the pericardial valve with Gore-Tex conduit as an alternative for RVOT construction. Methods . From January 1, 1993, to September 30, 1999, a pericardial tissue valve was inserted in all patients undergoing RVOT reconstruction or pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) who were large enough to accommodate a tissue valve. In patients without a native main pulmonary artery, a new technique was used to construct an RV-PA conduit out of a flat sheet of Gore-Tex, as Dacron frequently leads to stenosis. Data were collected by retrospective review, follow-up echocardiograms, and assessment by a single cardiologist. Results . There were 48 patients, 22 undergoing a PVR alone and 26 a RV-PA valved Gore-Tex conduit. Diagnosis included tetralogy of Fallot (n = 25); truncus arteriosis (n = 9); ventricular septal defect with PA (n = 5); DORV (n = 4); D-TGA with PS (n = 2); and 1 each IAA with sub AS, VSD with PI, and PS s/p Ross procedure. Patient age ranged from 3 to 33 years and 98% were reoperations. The valve sizes ranged from 19 to 33 mm and the median hospital length of stay was 4 days. There were 2 (4.2%) perioperative and 1 (2.1%) late deaths, none related to the valve or Gore-Tex conduit. At a follow-up of 15 to 86 months (mean 43 ± 16 months), all remaining 45 patients are New York Heart Association class I, all valves are functional, and no patient has required valve or conduit replacement or revision; more importantly, echocardiogram revealed no significant valve or conduit stenosis (mean gradient 16 ± 8 mm Hg) and no evidence of regurgitation or structural degeneration. Conclusions . A pericardial tissue valve and Gore-Tex conduit provides a reliable alternative for RVOT reconstruction in pediatric patients. It is readily available, molds in the limited retrosternal space, and has outstanding intermediate results with no evidence of failure or deterioration up to 7 years after insertion.
GENERAL FORM FOR THE MULTIPLICITY DEPENDENCE OF CROSS SECTIONS IN MULTIPERIPHERAL MODELS.

Abstract The most general form of the multiplicity ( n ) dependence of the n -particle-production cross-section and the single-particle distribution (a generalization of Feynman's scaling law) are given for multiperipheral models. Earlier calculations of these quantities are shown to be misleading.
Economic Linkages, Spillovers, and the Financial Crisis—1

T devastating impact of the global financial crisis on the world economy has been well documented by now: the crisis led to the deepest and most synchronized global recession over the past 70 years. This singular and dramatic event generated many questions. One of them has been particularly challenging for researchers and policymakers: What are the mechanisms by which the U.S. financial crisis of 2007 morphed into a global economic downturn in 2008–09? In early 2009, we asked this question to a select group of outstanding researchers. They presented their findings at a conference, titled “Economic Linkages, Spillovers, and the Financial Crisis,” held in Paris on January 28–29, 2010. The conference was organized jointly by the Paris School of Economics, the Banque de France, and the International Monetary Fund. The second and third issues of the IMF Economic Review feature eight excellent papers from the conference. The papers went through a rigorous refereeing process. In addition, they benefited from extensive feedback provided by the discussants, conference participants, and members of the Editorial
Ethical Dilemmas and Emergent Values Encountered by Working College Students: Implications for Marketing Educators

A large body of pedagogical research exists on developing curricula and ethics training tools to prepare college graduates for entering the workforce. However, many college students are already in the workforce while they attend school. Many of these jobs are entry-level or frontline employee positions in retail or service industries, which can be ripe opportunities for ethical misconduct. However, most research on ethics and employees has focused on upper-level managers and CEOs. Although insightful, ethics scholars contend that there are more low-level employees who face ethical dilemmas on a daily basis. Given the increase of working students and the paucity of research on entry-level job ethics, this study investigates, categorizes, and analyzes ethical dilemmas faced by college students who work while attending school. This article considers ethical decision-making models and corporate ethical values as its conceptual base. A qualitative approach for this study was taken due to the scarcity of resear...
Extraction, inequality and indigenous peoples: Insights from Bolivia

Abstract For most of the last two hundred years, the Bolivian Chaco has existed at the physical and political margins of the nation state. Following the discovery of large quantities of natural gas in the mid-1990s the region has become a motor of national economic growth and fertile ground for political disputes. In large measure, these disputes reflect differing approaches to the governance of the Chaco's ecosystem services and the unequal distribution of the benefits and costs that this governance might deliver. This article explores how a shift in the global valuation of one ecosystem service has interacted with valuations of a range of other ecosystem services in the Chaco and with existing “contextual” relationships of inequity to produce new, and reinforce prior, patterns of inequity. The article draws on the experiences of two indigenous populations whose territories are impacted by natural gas extraction and who have suffered long histories of discrimination and exclusion. These lessons from Bolivia have wider relevance for the governance of ecosystems affected by resource extraction. I argue that any effort to reduce inequality of outcomes produced by the governance of ecosystem services should first recognize and address asymmetric relationships and inequities in access to economic and political opportunity prior to undertaking new forms of resource exploitation rather than after the fact.
Capturing the spatio-temporal behavior of real traffic data

Traffic data, such as disk and memory accesses, typically exhibits burstiness, temporal locality, and spatial locality. However, except for qualitative speculations, it is not even known how to measure the spatio-temporal correlation, let alone how to re-produce it realistically. In this paper, we propose the "entropy plots" to quantify the correlation and develop a new statistical model, the "PQRS" model, to capture the burstiness and correlation of the real spatio-temporal traffic. Moreover, the model requires very few parameters and offers linear scalability. Experiments with multiple real data sets show that our model can mimic real traces very well.
Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and vertebral osteomyelitis

Streptococcus bovis recovered from blood cultures may represent bacteremia alone, bacteremia from an extravascular source, or endocarditis. Patients with S. bovis endocarditis frequently have a gastrointestinal focus. S. bovis has been associated with many gastrointestinal diseases and in particular with colon cardinoma. S. bovis endocarditis may be complicated by embolic events or osteomyelitis. Vertebral osteomyelitis is a rare complication of S. bovis endocarditis. We report the third known case of S. bovis endocarditis with vertebral osteomyelitis.
Review of small-bowel obstruction: the diagnosis and when to worry.

When evaluating patients suspected of having small-bowel obstruction (SBO), address the issues that are relevant to surgical management, including the presence of SBO, site, cause, and presence of complications.
Genetic and Physical Map Correlation

Genetic and physical maps illustrate the arrangement of genes and DNA markers on a chromosome. The relative distances between positions on a genetic map are calculated using recombination frequencies, whereas a physical map is based on the actual number of nucleotide pairs between loci. These maps are a key resource for understanding genome organisation. They are the basis for map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection, serving as a bridge between breeding and sequencing research. A comparison of marker position and order may provide interesting insight into the evolutionary history of even distantly related species. Physical and genetic maps can unravel the complexities of large duplicated genomes intractable to sequencing efforts; whereas in species more amenable to genetic studies high-resolution maps provide the scaffold on which whole genome sequences are assembled. A complete genome sequence is a physical map at its highest resolution. Key Concepts: Genetic maps are based on the recombination frequency between molecular markers. These maps are population specific. Physical maps are an alignment of DNA sequences, with distance between markers measured in base pairs. Unique DNA sequences called molecular markers are compared to each other to determine correct marker order (genetic map) and used to identify overlapping segments of larger DNA pieces (physical map). Genetic mapping is based on recombination, the exchange of DNA sequence between sister chromatids during meiosis. High-resolution genetic and physical maps serve as the scaffold for genome sequence assembly. Tightly correlated marker order between species can identify conserved syntenic regions. Keywords: recombination; genome; molecular marker; synteny; genetic map; physical map
Interspecific scaling of the morphology and posture of the limbs during the locomotion of cats (Felidae).

SUMMARY For phylogenetically diverse mammals, ranging from small rodents to large ungulates, the generalization that limb erectness increases with increased size is supported by some size-dependent scaling relationships of appendicular skeletal anatomy as well as a limited number of direct observations of limb posture during locomotion. If size alone is the causal basis for different limb posture, then the erectness of limbs should increase significantly with increased size within a phylogenetically narrow lineage, but such data are sparse. Thus, to better establish the correlation between size and posture of mammalian limbs, we quantified the scaling relationships between mass and limb dimensions and kinematics during walking of nine species within the felid (cat) clade, which has qualitatively similar limb design. We studied the domestic cat, serval, ocelot, lynx, leopard, cheetah, cougar, lion and tiger, which had masses ranging from <4 kg to nearly 200 kg. Apart from variation associated with overall size, the lengths of the appendicular skeletal structures of most of the felid species were morphologically very similar in multivariate space. The kinematics of the limbs were also relatively uniform, and size had little predictive value for limb posture among felid species. Only three out of a total of 24 angular variables at footfall and midstance changed significantly (0.02 P <0.05) with increased mass. Thus, in contrast to previous broadly comparative studies of mammals, larger species of felids did not have more upright limbs than smaller species.
Large V waves in the pulmonary wedge pressure tracing in the absence of mitral regurgitation

Abstract The accurate diagnosis of mitral regurgitation has important therapeutic implications. We have observed that large V waves in the pulmonary wedge pressure (PW) may be misleading In the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation. Of 237 consecutive patients with high quality hemodynamic, angiographic, and echocardiographic data, 27 had large V waves (peak V 10 mm Hg greater than pulmonary wedge mean pressure). Ventriculograms were analyzed in blind fashion by 3 expert angiographers for any angiographic evidence of mitral regurgitation; 17 patients had mitral regurgitation (group I), and 10 did not (group II). The control group (group III) of 22 patients had normal V waves and no mitral regurgitation. Twenty-two hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables were compared among groups. The only significant difference between groups I and II was in the slope of the ascent of the V wave (74.3 versus 141.9 mm/s, p=0.021), also expressed as the mitral regurgitation index (6.01 versus 9.45, p=0.005). A slope of 100 mm/s or slower had a sensitivity of 80% to confirm mitral regurgitation and a specificity of 70% to rule it out. The size of the V wave and the VPW mean ratio were similar in groups I and II (38.5 ± 11 versus 37.5 ± 11 mm Hg, and 1.67 ± 0.3 versus 1.69 ± 0.4, respectively, mp=NS) and were not helpful in predicting the presence or absence of mitral regurgitation. Among patients without mitral regurgitation (groups II and III), those with large V waves had a higher pulmonary wedge mean pressure (23.5 versus 15.6 mm Hg, p = 0.01), a higher A wave (25.3 versus 16.4 mm Hg, p = 0.032), a more elevated mitral regurgitation index (9.45 versus 3.99, p = 0.001), a larger left atrial size (24.5 versus 21.6 cc, p = 0.05), a greater V wave to pulmonary wedge mean pressure ratio (1.69 versus 1.10, p = 0.001), and a faster slope of ascent of the V wave (141.9 versus 53.05 mm/s, p = 0.005). We conclude that large V waves in the pulmonary wedge pressure tracing can be seen in the absence of mitral regurgitation. The size of the V wave is related to factors that determine left atrial compliance. Caution is called for in the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation by pulmonary wedge pressure alone.
The Effects of North Atlantic SST and Sea Ice Anomalies on the Winter Circulation in CCM3. Part II: Direct and Indirect Components of the Response

The wintertime atmospheric circulation responses to observed patterns of North Atlantic sea surface temperature and sea ice cover trends in recent decades are studied by means of experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model. Here the relationship between the forced responses and the dominant pattern of internally generated atmospheric variability is focused on. The total response is partioned into a portion that projects onto the leading mode of internal variability (the indirect response) and a portion that is the residual from that projection (the direct response). This empirical decomposition yields physically meaningful patterns whose distinctive horizontal and vertical structures imply different governing mechanisms. The indirect response, which dominates the total geopotential height response, is hemispheric in scale with resemblance to the North Atlantic Oscillation or Northern Hemisphere annular mode, and equivalent barotropic in the vertical from the surface to the tropopause. In contrast, the direct response is localized to the vicinity of the surface thermal anomaly (SST or sea ice) and exhibits a baroclinic structure in the vertical, with a surface trough and upper-level ridge in the case of a positive heating anomaly, consistent with theoretical models of the linear baroclinic response to extratropical thermal forcing. Both components of the response scale linearly with respect to the amplitude of the forcing but nonlinearly with respect to the polarity of the forcing. The deeper vertical penetration of anomalous heating compared to cooling is suggested to play a role in the nonlinearity of the response to SST forcing.
Study of obstacle avoidance based on fuzzy planner for wheeled mobile robot

In this paper, a fuzzy planner is designed, which is combined with motion controllers to control three-wheel mobile robot with infrared sensors to avoid obstacles in unknown environment. The fuzzy planner processes data from infrared sensors to get the navigation angle in which the robot should be necessarily driven to avoid obstacles. The navigation angle acts as the input value of the speed arithmetic unit, which will generate the given speed values for the motion controls of the left and right driving wheels according to the kinematics model. In the end, motion controllers and drivers control the DC servo motors to accomplish the task of avoiding obstacles for mobile robot. Experiments show that mobile robot with this fuzzy planner can reliably avoid obstacles.
Correlates of Lactation in Mothers of Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Objective. We sought to determine the correlates of intent to breastfeed and of successful lactation and nursing at the breast in mothers of very low birth weight (VLBW; Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study of 119 mothers of singleton VLBW infants (mean birth weight: 1056 g; mean gestational age: 28 weeks), 87 (73%) of whom intended to breastfeed. Mothers completed questionnaires at 3 weeks’ postnatal age and at 35 and 40 weeks’ (term) and 4 months’ corrected ages (CAs). Results. Of the 87 mothers who intended to breastfeed, 30 mothers (34%) continued lactation beyond 40 weeks’ CA (postmenstrual plus postnatal age). Compared with mothers who discontinued lactation before this time, those who continued were older (31 vs 26 years), more were married (80% vs 39%), they had more than a high school education (70% vs 42%), and they were white (63% vs 35%). There were no significant differences in their infants’ birth data or rates of neonatal morbidity. Significant correlates of lactation beyond 40 weeks’ CA included beginning milk expression before 6 hours postdelivery, expressing milk ≥5 times per day, and kangaroo care. These correlates remained significant after controlling for maternal age, race, marital status, and education beyond high school. At 4 months’ CA, 14 mothers (16%) were still lactating, 12 of whom were nursing at the breast. Conclusions. Increased maternal support specifically directed toward behavioral factors, including early and more frequent milk expression and kangaroo care, may improve the rates of successful lactation among mothers of VLBW infants who choose to breastfeed.
Complex Interrelations of Trait Vulnerabilities in Mothers and their Infants

Despite the developmental and clinical relevance of this area of inquiry, no studies have examined the interrelations of trait vulnerabilities in the affective, behavioral, and interpersonal domains between mothers and their infants. Thus, this study examined the interrelations of three trait vulnerabilities (i.e., negative affective intensity, impulsivity, and insecure attachment) between mothers and their 12- to 23-month-old infants, focusing in particular on the unique and interactive influence of these maternal trait vulnerabilities on the expression of and precursors to these traits in their infants. Mother–infant dyads (N = 101) completed several laboratory procedures, and mothers reported on their own and their infants' expressions of the trait vulnerabilities of interest. Findings from this study provide preliminary evidence for intergenerational relations between these traits and suggest that it is the confluence of trait vulnerabilities in mothers that relates to the early expression of some of these traits in infants.
Interleukin-6 stimulates gluconeogenesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1 have been shown to stimulate the synthesis of acute-phase proteins; however, few studies have examined the effect of these cytokines on gluconeogenesis. We investigated the effects of these cytokines on gluconeogenesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Incubation of hepatocytes for 24 hours with TNF-alpha or IL-1 alpha did not affect gluconeogenesis. Hepatocytes incubated with 100 pmol/L and 1 nmol/L IL-6 had a dose-dependent increase (P < .05) in gluconeogenesis (2.6 +/- 0.1 and 3.2 +/- 0.1 pmol/10(6) cells/min, respectively) as compared with controls (2.0 +/- 0.1).
Evaluation of a Multicomponent Online Communication Professional Development Program for Early Interventionists

Collaborative early intervention (EI) service delivery is enhanced by professional development focused on knowledge and skills in the content and process of delivering services. This article descri...
Optimal arrangement of holes in a two-dimensional heat conductor by a special boundary integral method

The position, size and surface temperature of circular holes inside a two-dimensional heat conductor are optimized to produce a minimum variation in surface temperature over a portion of the outer boundary. This problem, whic arises in thermal desing of moulds and dies, resembles those encountered in structural shape optimization because the internal geometry of the heat conductor depends on the design variables. In this paper, some of the traditional difficulties associated with shape optimization are overcome by analysing steady heat conduction with a special boundary integral method developed for two-dimensional regions with circular hole. This approach eliminates the need to regenerate a finite element mesh over the interior of the region each time the geometry is changed during the design process. It also increases the efficiency of the analysis by reducing the number of unknowns in the numerical discretization of the region. Since the objective function depends only on the boundary temperatures, there is no need to determine temperatures in the interior. The analysis method is applied to two problems arising in optimal thermal design of compression moulds. These examples show that the number of holes choson for the design strongly affects their resulting optimal arrangement as well as the ultimate uniformity of the cavity surface temperature.
Postnatal Development of Binocular Disparity Sensitivity in Neurons of the Primate Visual Cortex

In macaque monkeys, the age at which neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) become sensitive to interocular image disparities, a prerequisite for stereopsis, is a matter of conjecture. To resolve this fundamental issue in binocular vision development, we measured the responsiveness of individual V1 neurons in anesthetized and paralyzed infant monkeys as a function of the relative, interocular, spatial phase of dichoptic sine-wave gratings. We found that an adult-like proportion of units were sensitive to interocular image disparity as early as the sixth postnatal day, several weeks before the onset age for stereopsis in monkeys. The ocular dominance distributions of cells in infant monkeys were also indistinguishable from those of adults. Thus, at or only a few days after birth, V1 neurons are capable of combining neural signals from the two eyes as in adults and are sensitive to interocular image disparities. However, the monocular spatial-frequency response properties of these disparity-sensitive units were immature, and their overall responsiveness was far lower than that in adults. During the first 4 postnatal weeks, both the spatial frequency response properties and the peak response amplitude rapidly improved, which resulted in a corresponding increase in the absolute sensitivity of individual units to interocular disparity. The results demonstrate that early binocular vision development in monkeys is not constrained by a paucity of disparity-sensitive V1 neurons but, instead, by the relative immaturity of the spatial response properties and the overall unresponsiveness of existing disparity-sensitive neurons.
Combinatorial pathway engineering for optimized production of the anti‐malarial FR900098

As resistance to current anti-malarial therapeutics spreads, new compounds to treat malaria are increasingly needed. One promising compound is FR900098, a naturally occurring phosphonate. Due to limitations in both chemical synthesis and biosynthetic methods for FR900098 production, this potential therapeutic has yet to see widespread implementation. Here we applied a combinatorial pathway engineering strategy to improve the production of FR900098 in Escherichia coli by modulating each of the pathway's nine genes with four promoters of different strengths. Due to the large size of the library and the low screening throughput, it was necessary to develop a novel screening strategy that significantly reduced the sample size needed to find an optimal strain. This was done by using biased libraries that localize searching around top hits and home in on high-producing strains. By incorporating this strategy, a significantly improved strain was found after screening less than 3% of the entire library. When coupled with culturing optimization, a strain was found to produce 96 mg/L, a 16-fold improvement over the original strain. We believe the enriched library method developed here can be used on other large pathways that may be difficult to engineer by combinatorial methods due to low screening throughput.
Learning Strategies and Writing Processes of Proficient vs. Less‐Proficient1 Learners of Arabic

: Previous research in second language (L2) learning indicates that successful learners seem to use a wider variety of learning strategies than unsuccessful learners. This article reports the author's findings on the learning strategies used by 43 American learners of Arabic as a foreign language (AFL) in their writing tasks. The learning strategies were assessed through a process of introspection. While composing, students wrote down all techniques and procedures used to perform the writing task. The learners' strategies were tallied, classified, and analyzed. Analysis of the data shows that all learners — proficient and less-proficient — were active users of different learning strategies to varying degrees. The findings demonstrate that the less-proficient writers experienced a high level of anxiety and frustration, adopted a negative attitude toward writing, and did not show complete control and mastery of the language structures of AFL. As a result, their writing samples exhibit a low level of writing proficiency. That is, their writing skill was developing at a slow pace. In contrast, the proficient writers appeared to have controlled their anxiety level, were sure of their linguistic ability, and performed to their potential — as shown in their essays. Furthermore, a closer examination of the linguistic system used in the writing task showed that the linguistic system and rhetoric of the first language (L1) prevailed. Translation of L1 structures was evident in the learners' writing samples. However, proficiency in writing seemed to be evolving; the attempt to create with and imitate L2 linguistic structures was obvious in the learners' essays. This study identifies the writing techniques and procedures used by learners of AFL, as indicated by the learners' introspection. Implications for classroom instruction are discussed in the final section of the article.
Trimodal Characteristics of Tropical Convection

It has long been known that trade wind cumulus and deep cumulonimbus represent primary components of the broad spectrum of cumulus clouds in the Tropics, which has led to the concept of a bimodal distribution of tropical clouds. However, recent analyses of shipboard radar data from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) provide evidence of abundant populations of a third cloud type, cumulus congestus. Congestus clouds constitute over half the precipitating convective clouds in COARE and contribute over one-quarter of the total convective rainfall. Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment studies reveal a similar midlevel peak in the distribution of radar-echo tops. These findings lead to the conclusion that shallow cumulus, congestus,and cumulonimbus are all prominent tropical cumulus cloud types. They are associated with trimodal distributions of divergence, cloud detrainment, and fractional cloudiness in the Tropics. The peaks in the distributions of radar-echo tops for these three cloud types are in close proximity to prominent stable layers that exist over the Pacific warm pool and the tropical eastern Atlantic: near 2 km (the trade stable layer), ;5 km (near 08C), and ;15‐16 km (the tropopause). These stable layers are inferred to inhibit cloud growth and promote cloud detrainment. The 08C stable layer can produce detrainment from cumulonimbi (attendant shelf clouds) and help retard the growth of precipitation-laden and strongly entraining congestus clouds. Moreover, restriction of growth of congestus clouds to just above the 08C level limits further enhancement of cloud buoyancy through glaciation. The three cloud types are found to vary significantly during COARE on the timescale of the 30‐60-day intraseasonal oscillation. The specific roles of clouds of the congestus variety in the general circulation are not yet clear, but some (the shallower ones) contribute to moistening and preconditioning the atmosphere for deep convection; others (the deeper ones) contribute an important fraction of the total tropical rainfall, and both likely produce many midlevel clouds, thereby modulating the radiative heating of the tropical atmosphere.
Integrate information security with internetworking

This paper presents a nontraditional approach to incorporate the concept of information security with the course entitled 'Internetworking with TCP/IP'. Traditionally, the internetworking course mainly concentrated on the interconnection of homogeneous and heterogeneous machines. Very little attention was focused on information security issues. After the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, information security suddenly came under the spotlight. To raise the awareness of students on information security, the internetworking course was modified. For example, a Cyber Defense/Attack Lab was established; the pedagogical approach was modified to add a Cyber War as part of the course activities. In this paper, the general concept of an integrated curriculum is introduced first. Then the course content is described in detail followed by the hands-on labs. The layout of the Cyber Lab and some tools used by students to hack computer systems are discussed. Finally, the experiences learned are described.
Automatic specification granularity tuning for design space exploration

Algorithm Design Environments (ADE), such as Simulink, have been shown to be efficient for development, analysis, and evaluation of algorithms. Recent tools propose to facilitate algorithm / architecture co-design by bridging the gap from ADE to System-Level Design Environments (SLDE) through automatic synthesis from algorithm models to SLDL specifications. With the wide range of block characteristic (from simple logic functions to complex kernels) in the algorithm model, however, it is challenging to select a suitable compositional granularity for SLD Language (SLDL) blocks in the synthesized specification. A high volume of SLDL blocks of little computation will increase the number of mapping possibilities, whereas large blocks with heavy computation on the other hand allow inter-block fusion reducing the computational demands in the overall specification yet sacrificing the mapping flexibility. In this paper, we introduce an automatic specification granularity tuning mechanism to determine the granularity in the synthesized specification model hierarchy guided by the computational demands of algorithm blocks. Our granularity selection significantly simplifies the early design space exploration as only a meaningful block decomposition is exposed in the synthesized specification. It leads to an overall system with less computational demands by leveraging the block fusion capabilities in the ADE. At the same time our granularity decision ensures that sufficient flexibility remains in the system for exploring heterogeneous mapping of the algorithm. Our results on real world examples show that specification models can be synthesized with 80% efficiency through block fusion with 70-90% fewer but coarser grained blocks.
Interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with human lung fibroblasts : role of bacterial elastase

Colonization of cell surfaces by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by bacterial adherence, which, in turn, is influenced by both host and microbial factors. Previous studies with this organism suggest that elastase contributes to tissue invasion and necrosis. We studied the effects of Pseudomonas elastase (PE) on the adherence of P. aeruginosa to human lung fibroblast monolayers. Treatment of fibroblasts with PE (1 µg/ml or 0.06 U/ml) increased adherence of 35S-labeled P. aeruginosa to cells, but heat-inactivated PE did not affect bacterial adhesion. Immunocytochemistry of cultured cells showed that PE (0.06 to 0.63 U/ml) decreased fibronectin (Fn) on the cell surface and extracellular matrix of cultured human lung fibroblasts. Data obtained by cytofluorography indicated that elastase also decreased Fn receptors on fibroblasts. Additional evidence for Fn degradation was provided by SDS-PAGE analysis of soluble Fn and proteins from surface iodinated cell monolayers treated with PE. We conclude that the in...
Learning ANOVA concepts using simulation

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is an important topic in introductory statistics. Many students struggle to understand the ANOVA concepts. Statistical concepts are important in engineering education. In this paper, we describe how to use simulation with Excel Data Tables and standard functions to perform one-way ANOVA. We calculate different values of the F-statistic by resampling from the original sample and compute the p-value of the test. Using this approach, students will be able to get a better feel about the p-value concept. Our preliminary assessment shows that student learning is enhanced by incorporating this approach in the classroom.