cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions in Anaesthetic Practice

Patients receive on average 10 different drugs while in hospital; when fewer than 6 are administered the probability of an adverse drug interaction is about 5%, but when more than 15 are given the probability increases to over 40%. Patients presenting for anaesthesia and surgery are likely to receive multiple preoperative drug therapy and also many perioperative medications as part of their anaesthetic regimen. Thus, there is a considerable potential for interactions to occur in anaesthetic practice. Pharmacokinetic interactions occur when the administration of 1 drug alters the disposition of another, and hence alters the concentration of drug at the receptor site, leading to altered drug response. These changes in drug concentration at the receptor site may be produced by alteration of (a) drug absorption and uptake into the body, (b) drug distribution, (c) drug metabolism and (d) drug elimination or excretion by nonmetabolic routes. Interactions affecting the absorption of orally administered medications are often due to the indirect effect of 1 drug on gastric motility and emptying, which leads to reduced, delayed or variable systemic drug availability. Gastric emptying time before elective surgery is normal, but premedication with morphine, pethidine (meperidine) and anticholinergics all delay gastric emptying and hence drug absorption. Inhalational anaesthesia of short duration does not appear to affect drug absorption, although halothane anaesthetic used for longer periods produces a slight delay in gastric emptying. Volatile anaesthetics have been shown to delay the intramuscular absorption of ketamine. Anaesthetic agents may affect drug distribution, and peak concentrations of propranolol, for example, are 4 times higher during halothane anaesthesia in dogs, accompanied by a marked decrease in volume of distribution. This effect has been noted for other drugs, including thiopental and verapamil. Volatile anaesthetics also affect plasma protein binding, leading to displacement interactions in some cases. Volatile anaesthetics affect the metabolism of concomitantly administered drug (a) by altering the rate of delivery to the organ of clearance (e.g. decreasing hepatic blood flow) and (b) by altering the activity of drug metabolising enzymes. It is now well recognised that all the volatile anaesthetics currently in use inhibit the metabolism of a large variety of drugs, e.g. propranolol, lidocaine (lignocaine), fentanyl and pethidine. Other examples of interactions of clinical importance to anaesthesiologists include those between cimetidine and the local anaesthetics and benzodiazepines; inhibition of plasma cholinesterase by drugs such as ecothiopate; interactions between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sympathomimetics or pethidine and between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sympathomimetics or pethidine and between isoniazid and enflurane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Two-year comparison of radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)

The radiometric intercomparison of instruments is a key element in developing climate-quality data records. In this study we compare data from the first two years of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) with the matching data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). We compare observed spectra in cloud-free areas of the tropical oceans at night to spectra calculated using data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). We use five frequencies-three window channels, one mid-tropospheric sounding channel, and one lower stratospheric sounding channel. The use of ECMWF data as a transfer standard permits comparisons of many more points distributed more widely over the globe than is possible with the traditional simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) technique. The analysis shows that AIRS and IASI daily mean brightness temperatures track each other within 100 mK, in spite of the fact that the instruments are in different orbits. AIRS was launched into polar orbit on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002. It is a grating spectrometer with 2378 channels in the range 3.7 to 15.4 microns. IASI was launched into polar orbit in October 2006 on the METOP-A spacecraft. IASI is a Fourier transform spectrometer covering 3.7 to 15.5 microns in three bands with a total of 8461 channels.
Human geo-ecological interactions in Kuh Daman, a South Asian mountain valley

Abstract A meso-scale methodology for obtaining and analysing primary data from an isolated mountain environment is described. By combining village cropping data with irrigation water supply and tribal affiliation, the systemic relationships between these features are delineated for 410 villages in a Hindukush mountain valley. The emergent highly variable cropping systems indicate congruity with tribal affiliation and also with agronomy. This inclusion of cultural factors in regional mountain research appears to be a necessary precondition for microscale geo-ecological research.
Research on Simulating Structural Parameters' Impact on the Flow of Two Phases in Separator

Adopting the RSM (Reynolds stress model) to conduct numerical simulation on gas phase flow field in bypass cyclone separators with two kinds of inlet structure, meanwhile, interphase coupling discrete model DPM is used to simulate the trace of particles in bypass cyclone separator. At last, the results demonstrate that the separating efficiency of separator B with a large length-width ratio inlet increased 1%~2% and the pressure drop is smaller when compared with separator A. A low average entering position and a short distance to the wall are helpful to improve the separating efficiency.
On Bars, Bulges, and the Fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei

Both the fueling of a central black hole and the buildup of bulges are—at least theoretically—facilitated by nonaxisymmetric potentials. It is argued here that the recently established surface brightness division between bulge-dominated galaxies that dominate the local type 2 active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity function and disk-dominated galaxies that host (at best) weak AGNs can be understood in terms of a simple bar-instability criterion.
COMPARISONS AMONG THREE HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES USING SIMULATED COENOPLANES

Three classification techniques, MINFO, MDISP and CLUSTER were applied to simulated coenoplane data which varied in noise, beta diversity, and sampling design. The addition of noise (30%) caused substantial alterations in the classification of uniformly sampled symmetrical coenoplanes with low beta diversity. Beta diversity had a profound effect on all classifications as plot groupings occured along the axis of greatest variation. Sampling design affected the results according to the degree of aggregation among groups of plots. Those with discrete plot clusters were more effectively classified by all methods than those which were more uniform or continuous. Both MINFO and MDISP performed well for most of the simulated conditions; the former displaying some slight advantage at high beta diversities. CLUSTER is generally a weaker performer overall and there are few situations where it could be recommended over MDISP or MINFO.
Parallel vision algorithms using sparse array representations

Abstract Sparse arrays are arrays in which the number of non-zero elements is a small fraction of the total number of array elements. Parallel algorithms are presented using sparse representations for arrays. It is shown that adopting such a representation not only reduces the processor/space requirement, but also provides efficient load balancing at no increase in time complexity. New parallel primitives needed to work with such a representation are defined. Sample algorithms from the areas of image processing and computer vision are presented. Alternative schemes for dealing with arrays containing large contiguous blocks of elements with identical array values are considered. The parallel architecture considered is a strict SIMD hypercube, and the applicability of the results presented to other architectures is described.
Isoetharine versus albuterol for acute asthma : Greater immediate effect, but more side effects

Purpose To compare the magnitudes of the immediate effects of the nebulized β-agonists isoetharine and albuterol in the treatment of acute severe asthma. Patients and methods Fifty-one adults presenting with severe asthma exacerbations (forced expiratory volumes in the first second of exhalation [FEV 1 ] 1 was measured immediately before and after each nebulized treatment. Any side effects were recorded. Results Immediately after the first nebulized treatment, the isoetharine group improved its mean FEV 1 (±SEM) by a significantly greater amount than did the albuterol group: 60% ± 11% versus 39% ± 5%, respectively ( P 1 were equivalent. This pattern repeated itself after the second hourly treatment. The two groups did not differ in any outcome parameters (FEV 1 at discharge, number of nebulized treatments required, the number of inpatient admissions, number of clinical relapses after discharge). More patients treated with isoetharine had side effects (36% versus 4% for albuterol, P Conclusions Both medications were equally effective in alleviating bronchospasm. The immediate effect of isoetharine was significantly greater, but equalized that of albuterol within an hour after treatment. There were more side effects with isoetharine.
A class above the rest: the hidden curriculum of work in higher education

Abstract This study examines curriculum and pedagogy in three academic programs – regular, all-college honors, and core honors – at a private liberal arts college. The purpose of this research is to evaluate evidence of distinct academic ‘tracks’ within an institution of higher education. Qualitative methodology grounded in social class analysis reveal differences in curricula, classroom tasks, and interaction among the three programs. The authors suggest that there is a ‘hidden curriculum’ in college work that has implications for the theory and practice of everyday activity in higher education.
Protective immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens in the absence of virus-specific antibodies.

Abstract The role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in pathogenesis of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was investigated. One-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were treated with 3 mg of cyclophosphamide (Cy) per chicken for 4 consecutive days and, 3 weeks later, infected with the IBDV-IM strain. Chickens were examined for: (a) mitogenic response of splenocytes to ConA, as an indicator of T-cell functions in vitro, (b) antibody against IBDV by ELISA, (c) IBDV genome in various tissues by RT-PCR and (d) immunological memory. At the time of IBDV infection, Cy-treated chickens had depleted bursal tissue (an avian primary B-cell lymphoid organ), severely compromised antibody-producing ability, but normal T-cell response to ConA. In primary infection, no detectable antibody against IBDV antigen in Cy-treated, IBDV-infected chickens was observed up to 28 days post-infection (PI), while IBDV genome was detected by RT-PCR in spleen, thymus, liver and blood until 10 days PI. Like intact control chickens infected with IBDV, Cy-treated, IBDV-infected chickens suppressed splenocytes responses to ConA from 5 to 10 days PI, suggesting that intact control as well as Cy-treated chickens responded similarly to IBDV infection in the early phase. Following re-infection with IBDV, no detectable secondary antibody response to IBDV as well as IBDV genome in tissues were observed in Cy-treated chickens, while intact control chickens developed vigorous secondary antibody response. Similar to intact control chickens infected with IBDV, Cy-treated chickens after second infection with IBDV did not suppress splenocyte response to ConA. These results suggested that in the absence of detectable anti-IBDV antibodies, protection of Cy-treated chickens from IBDV infection may occur via immunological memory mediated by CMI. We concluded that under normal conditions, IBDV induces a protective antibody response, however, in the absence of antibody, CMI alone is adequate in protecting birds against virulent IBDV.
Endothelial Damage Thresholds for Retrocorneal Q-switched Neodymium:YAG Laser Pulses in Monkeys

Abstract Laser pulses were focused within 1 mm of the rhesus monkey corneal endothelium using the Coherent Model 9900® laser at energies of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mJ. Sixteen slightly off-axis pulses were applied with no contact lens on the eye. Corneal damage was studied clinically and by scanning electron microscopy. Q-switched pulses of 12 mJ or less are not likely to damage the cornea if focused more than 0.75 mm from the endothelium. The retrocorneal focal distance for a 50% incidence of endothelial damage for 6, 9, and 12 mJ pulses was found to be less than 0.5 mm. For 3 mJ pulses, it was less than 0.25 mm. The severe early effect of suprathreshold pulses is edema of endothelial cells in a 0.2- to 0.6-mm diameter circular zone surrounding a small central pit through Descemet's membrane. At two months, irregular enlargement of endothelial cells surrounding and partially covering the persistent pit exists at sites of severe damage. The extent of the longer-term change is proportional to the severity of the original insult, but in no case was there clinically significant, persistent damage in the healed corneas.
Comparison and analysis on over-voltage and insulation coordination of UHV AC transmission system between China and Japan

The technology comparison and analysis on the over-voltage and insulation coordination of UHV AC transmission system between China and Japan have been carried out in this study, which may include the level of the power frequency temporary over-voltage, switching overvoltage and secondary arc current and the measures to restrict them, the lightning protection methods for transmission line and substation, the insulation level selection of substation apparatuses and the external insulation air clearance selection of the transmission line and substation. The corresponding UHV technologies of China and Japan have been selected based on their own characteristics of the UHV power grid. The research achievements may be helpful for the development of the international UHV transmission technology.
Doppler cooling with coherent trains of laser pulses and a tunable velocity comb

We explore the possibility of decelerating and Doppler cooling an ensemble of two-level atoms by a coherent train of short, nonoverlapping laser pulses. We derive analytical expressions for mechanical force exerted by the train. In frequency space the force pattern reflects the underlying frequency comb structure. The pattern depends strongly on the ratio of the atomic lifetime to the repetition time between the pulses and pulse area. For example, in the limit of short lifetimes, the frequency-space peaks of the optical force wash out. We propose to tune the carrier-envelope offset frequency to follow the Doppler-shifted detuning as atoms decelerate; this leads to compression of atomic velocity distribution about comb teeth and results in a ``velocity comb''---a series of narrow equidistant peaks in the velocity space.
Urinary cadmium and beta2‐microglobulin: Normal values and concentration adjustment

Approximately 1000 urine samples were collected from the general adult U.S. population and were analyzed for cadmium, beta2‐microglobulin, specific gravity, and creatinine. The distributions of urinary cadmium and beta2‐microglobulin levels were quantified for use as benchmarks against which the effects of environmental cadmium exposure may be measured. Urinary cadmium is significantly higher in females than males, and increases significantly with age. Urinary beta2‐microglobulin is significantly higher in males than females, is probably related to age, and does not significantly increase with increased urinary cadmium (at the levels found). Since urinary creatinine is lower in females than males and is a function of age, specific gravity is concluded to be the most straightforward and practical parameter to use in data adjustment for urine concentration.
Resistance to mucosal lysozyme compensates for the fitness deficit of peptidoglycan modifications by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The abundance of lysozyme on mucosal surfaces suggests that successful colonizers must be able to evade its antimicrobial effects. Lysozyme has a muramidase activity that hydrolyzes bacterial peptidoglycan and a non-muramidase activity attributable to its function as a cationic antimicrobial peptide. Two enzymes (PgdA, a N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase, and Adr, an O-acetyl transferase) that modify different sites on the peptidoglycan of Streptococcus pneumoniae have been implicated in its resistance to lysozyme in vitro. Here we show that the antimicrobial effect of human lysozyme is due to its muramidase activity and that both peptidoglycan modifications are required for full resistance by pneumococci. To examine the contribution of lysozyme and peptidoglycan modifications during colonization of the upper respiratory tract, competition experiments were performed with wild-type and pgdAadr mutant pneumococci in lysozyme M-sufficient (LysM+/+) and -deficient (LysM−/−) mice. The wild-type strain out-competed the double mutant in LysM+/+, but not LysM−/− mice, indicating the importance of resistance to the muramidase activity of lysozyme during mucosal colonization. In contrast, strains containing single mutations in either pgdA or adr prevailed over the wild-type strain in both LysM+/+ and LysM−/− mice. Our findings demonstrate that individual peptidoglycan modifications diminish fitness during colonization. The competitive advantage of wild-type pneumococci in LysM+/+ but not LysM−/− mice suggests that the combination of peptidoglycan modifications reduces overall fitness, but that this is outweighed by the benefits of resistance to the peptidoglycan degrading activity of lysozyme.
986 THE CELL SURFACE MOLECULE p24 IS HIGHLY CONSERVED ON VARIOUS TISSUES IN SEVERAL MAMMALIAN SPECIES

986 THE CELL SURFACE MOLECULE p24 IS HIGHLY CONSERVED ON VARIOUS TISSUES IN SEVERAL MAMMALIAN SPECIES
The yeast tRNATyr gene intron is essential for correct modification of its tRNA product

Precise deletion of the intervening sequence of a yeast tRNATyr ochre suppressor gene (SUP6) significantly reduced its suppressor activity relative to that of the unaltered gene. This is probably the result of the absence of the pseudouridine modification, normally present at the middle anticodon position of mature suppressor tRNA, in tRNA synthesized in vivo from the deleted gene.
Promoting mental health in further education

The mainstreaming of students with mental health and/or learning support needs means further education college tutors are carrying an increasingly heavy burden of social and emotional care, often in crisis situations. Colette Eaton says colleges should do more to support tutors in their pastoral roles.
Radioactive decay of 234U via Ne and Mg emission.

We have identified three modes of radioactive decay of $^{234}\mathrm{U}$ by barrier penetration (in addition to alpha decay): emission of a Ne ion, emission of a Mg ion, and spontaneous fission. Lifetimes are (3.7${\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}_{0.9}^{1.2}$) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{17}$, (1.1${\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}_{0.6}^{1.3}$) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{18}$, and (1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{16}$ yr, respectively. This is the first example of a nuclide with four hadronic decay modes.
Proliferative kinetics of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia

The proliferative kinetics of the leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in three adults with CNS leukemia. Two (G.H. and A.K.) had lymphoblastic leukemia and developed CNS leukemia after 18 and 8 months while receiving an intensive treatment regimen. One (J.L.) had acute myeloblastic leukemia and developed CNS disease after 5 years' treatment with arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine. All were in marrow remission at the time of study. G.H. had had no therapy for CNS disease, A.K. had had intrathecal methotrexate 2 months previously, and J.L. had recently completed radiotherapy (1900 R) to the head. An Ommaya reservoir was placed in a lateral ventricle and 3H-thymidine was injected into the reservoir every 12 hours for 10 days; samples of cells were obtained by lumbar puncture periodically for autoradiography. In all patients the flash 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI) of the leukemic cells was < 2% (determined in vitro) and the mitotic index < 0.1%. After 10 days of 3H-thymidine injections in vivo, the LIs of the leukemic cells were 55%, 36%, and 21% in G.H., A.K., and J.L., respectively. These findings indicate that leukemic cells may proliferate very slowly in the CNS, and stress the difficulty of eradicating CNS leukemia with chemotherapeutic agents which are only active against proliferating cells.
A Combinatorial Analysis of the Overlapping Generations Model

The efficient production and Pareto-optimal distribution of goods over an infinite time horizon pose well-known theoretical difficulties for the competitive price mechanism. Malinvaud (1953) originally analysed this problem for a pure production model and he was followed by many others. In particular, the functional analysis approach by Radner (1967) and the differentiability approach by Peleg and Yaari (1970) are noteworthy. On the other hand, Samuelson (1958) and Starrett (1972) studied a pure distribution model yielding an analogue of Malinvaud's interest-rate theorems. In addition, Clark (1979) has provided a more general analysis of the pure distribution economy in the spirit of Malinvaud. There is also some work on models involving both production and distribution by Bose (1974) and by McFadden, Mitra, and Majumdar (1976, 1980). Malinvaud discovered that the efficiency of a competitive production program depends upon the accumulation of capital. Let Vt represent the present value of the capital stock available at time t. Then the existence of strictly positive competitive prices which satisfy Malinvaud's transversality condition, lim inf V, = 0, implies that the production program is efficient. The capital value V, also plays a critical role in Malinvaud's proof of the existence of competitive prices for efficient programs. A price system satisfies the terminal cost minimization condition (at time t) if it minimizes V, among all production programs at least as good as the given program beyond time t. Malinvaud proved that an efficient program is supported by a competitive price system satisfying the terminal cost minimization for any finite time horizon, and he used this added condition to push the horizon to infinity. Starrett later discovered an analogue of the terminal cost minimization condition for the pure distribution model, using a different definition for V,. Now let V, represent the present value of the past consumption stream of the population alive at time t + 1. Starrett used this concept only to prove his interest-rate theorems, but the analogue does not stop here. Competitive distribution programs are not always Pareto-optimal (see Starrett for an example). If the preferences are convex and have no satiation points, however, then a competitive distribution program such that lim inf Vt = 0 must be Pareto-optimal. Indeed this assertion can be proved in the manner of Malinvaud's transversality theorem. Perhaps the definition of V, shocks an economist's intuition. Yet the present value of capital stock is universally recognized as a measure of the sacrifice in current consumption for the sake of future production. The present value of the past consumption of the population alive at time t+ 1 has an analogous interpretation for the pure distribution economy. It signifies the sacrifice in consumption of those consumers who die before time t + 1 for the sake of those consumers who live after time period t. Thus current generations
Bronchoscopic-directed diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions suspicious for cancer.

Peripheral lung lesions are often difficult to sample by conventional bronchoscopy alone. New advances in endobronchial ultrasound and electromagnetic navigation have allowed bronchoscopists to reach lesions not reliably attainable before the introduction of these technologies. Many peripheral intrapulmonary lesions that may have previously been referred for surgical biopsy procedures or a CT-guided diagnostic intervention can now be approached minimally invasively.
Walter Williams, Country Editor and Global Journalist: Pastoral Exceptionalism and Global Journalism Ethics at the Turn of the 20th Century

This article identifies principles for global journalism ethics in speeches and essays by the early 20th century journalist and founder of the first American journalism school, Walter Williams. Williams is not known as a media ethicist, nor is he a prominent figure in ongoing scholarly work on global journalism ethics. However, his nascent ethical principles offer an important foreshadowing of current discussions on how journalism ethics might work in a global context. The global perspective he brought to journalism was formulated at a critical period in the development of American journalism and codes of ethics. Tracing the evolution of global journalism ethics is important because the search for universal ethical principles in journalism has intensified today. That is because “media technologies are increasingly and dramatically global. Our work in media ethics should be commensurate with them” (Christians, 2005, p. 3). A century ahead of current attempts to develop principles for global journalism ethi...
Astrocytes: biology and pathology

Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that outnumber neurons by over fivefold. They contiguously tile the entire central nervous system (CNS) and exert many essential complex functions in the healthy CNS. Astrocytes respond to all forms of CNS insults through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis, which has become a pathological hallmark of CNS structural lesions. Substantial progress has been made recently in determining functions and mechanisms of reactive astrogliosis and in identifying roles of astrocytes in CNS disorders and pathologies. A vast molecular arsenal at the disposal of reactive astrocytes is being defined. Transgenic mouse models are dissecting specific aspects of reactive astrocytosis and glial scar formation in vivo. Astrocyte involvement in specific clinicopathological entities is being defined. It is now clear that reactive astrogliosis is not a simple all-or-none phenomenon but is a finely gradated continuum of changes that occur in context-dependent manners regulated by specific signaling events. These changes range from reversible alterations in gene expression and cell hypertrophy with preservation of cellular domains and tissue structure, to long-lasting scar formation with rearrangement of tissue structure. Increasing evidence points towards the potential of reactive astrogliosis to play either primary or contributing roles in CNS disorders via loss of normal astrocyte functions or gain of abnormal effects. This article reviews (1) astrocyte functions in healthy CNS, (2) mechanisms and functions of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, and (3) ways in which reactive astrocytes may cause or contribute to specific CNS disorders and lesions.
Current Status Of, And Future Directions In, Silicon Photodiode Self-Calibration

The current status of silicon self-calibration and its applications are reviewed, including the results of a number of intercomparisons that establish the suitability of self-calibration for high accuracy applications. Some current research directions known to the author are described, and possible future directions are considered.
Demonstrating Neutrality: The Rockefeller Philanthropies and the Evolution of Public Administration, 1927-36

This paper explains why the politics-administration dichotomy became entrenched in the field of public administration in its first decade. The expansion of the public administration community depended on funding from three Rockefeller philanthropies who were sensitive to public criticism of their involvement in political work, and who had resisted supporting governmental research on the grounds that it would be perceived by the public as meddling in politics. The politics-administration dichotomy - an already well-known idea that suggested there was a certain sphere of governmental work that could be considered non-political - was a rhetorical device that allowed the philanthropies to defend their support of governmental research. Scholars and practitioners in public administration re-asserted their faith in the dichotomy, and tailored their work routines to bolster such assertions, in order to allay the philanthropies' concern about public criticism of the financial support which they provided to the new field. In other words, the dichotomy was an important part of a rhetorical strategy that was integral to the institutional development of the public administration community in its early years. It may be that the dichotomy continues to serve this function today.
A comparison of carbon and nitrogen stocks among land uses/covers in coastal Florida

Coastal areas are rapidly developing due to population growth and the appeal of coastlines. In order to gain insight into how land use/cover affects carbon (C) storage in a coastal context, we examined soil and vegetation C and soil nitrogen (N) across land uses near Apalachicola, FL. Forested wetlands had the greatest soil C and N storage, while natural pine forests and pine plantations had the least. In paired plots, urban lawns had significantly greater mineral soil N content compared to urban forest remnants. Total ecosystem C (soil + vegetation) was higher in forested wetlands than all other land uses/covers combined due to the high organic content of those wetland soils. Urban forest remnants and lawns had greater total ecosystem C than natural pine forests and pine plantations, which likely reflects the differential influence of prescribed fire and less frequent anthropogenic disturbances between the rural and urban areas, respectively. Projections of land use change in Franklin County, FL combined with these data suggest that increases in C storage are possible with continued urbanization along the Gulf Coast, if forest remnants are left and lawns are incorporated in built-up areas. However, this study does not account for C emissions during land conversion, or any emissions associated with maintaining urban built-up and residential areas. A better understanding of land use/cover influences on C pools has applications for planning and development, as well as ecological and environmental protection in the region.
Cytogenetics in mentally defective children with anomalies: a controlled study.

Chromosomal analysis was performed on 50 mentally defective children with threeor more congenital anomalies, and chromosomal preparations were randomly coded for analysis. Four children had abnormal karyotypes: one was mosaic for an extra small ring chromosome, one had a 2–3 translocation, one was a clinically undiagnosed 18-trisomy and one had a partial deletion of the long arm of 18. No abnormalities were found in preparations from control subjects.
Quantitative Measure of Hydrophobicity: Experiment and Theory

The strength of the forces between bubbles of various hydrophobic gases is determined by monitoring the coalescence rate of bubbles. A theory is formulated to elucidate the role of hydrophobicity in the rupture of the film between two hydrophobic surfaces and to develop thereby a first-principles parameter for the strength of hydrophobic forces. The theory is shown to be in quantitative agreement with the experimental data. On the basis of these results, it is demonstrated that the vacuum is the most hydrophobic “solute” possible.
Medication use and mortality.

Abstract A logistic regression analysis of the association among specific causes of mortality and indices of psychotropic medication use was carried out among 722 psychiatric inpatient deaths and age, sex, diagnosis, and length of stay matched controls. Overall findings revealed remarkably few significant associations between death and drug use. Of the significant findings, an increased proportion of dead patients in three categories were using piperidine phenothiazines at death while young male patients dying of heart disease tended to be receiving significantly higher average daily doses of medications with strong anticholinergic effects than controls, often in combination. On the positive side, elderly living patients tended to be receiving tricyclic antidepressants for longer durations than controls for several death categories, suggesting a possible beneficial effect of medication use.
Simultaneous measurement of oxygen and dopamine: coupling of oxygen consumption and neurotransmission.

Abstract Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to simultaneously measure increases in dopamine concentration and decreases in O 2 concentration evoked by brief electrical stimulation (two pulses at 10 Hz) in slices of rat caudate nucleus. Dopamine concentration began increasing immediately after the first pulse and reached a maximum within 200 ms of stimulation. The O 2 concentration began to decrease 300–700 ms after onset of stimulus. Responses for both dopamine and O 2 were dependent on external Ca 2+ and were Cd 2+ and tetrodotoxin sensitive. Only the O 2 response was sensitive to CN − (0.15 mM). At short times after exposure to 50 μM ouabain, electrically stimulated dopamine overflow was increased by 150% and electrically stimulated changes in O 2 concentration were unaffected. Maximum dopamine concentration was increased 28% by sulpiride (2 μM), 78% by l -DOPA (60 μM), 105% by nomifensine (10 μM) and unaffected by nialamide (10 μM). Maximum decrease in O 2 concentration was increased by 25% by sulpiride and unaffected by nialamide, l -DOPA, or nomifensine. The decreases in O 2 concentration are indicative of increased O 2 consumption and are a measure of oxidative energy production evoked by electrical stimulation. The increase in dopamine is due to the release of dopamine balanced by uptake and serves as an indication of neurotransmitter activity. The results indicate that increases in oxidative energy production following electrical stimulation are dependent on external Ca 2+ entry through Cd 2+ -sensitive channels. Possible mechanisms for this coupling are discussed.
RNA polymerase heterogeneity in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).

Summary Recent genetic and biochemical experiments have revealed the existence of at least seven different Sigma factors in Streptomyces coelicolor and demonstrated a role for alternative sigma factors in the control of differentiation and also in the transcription of primary metabolic genes. S. coelicolor has four genes predicted to encode sigma factors that are very closely related to the σ70 polypeptide of Escherichia coli.
Using a Pyramid Model to Teach Behavior Management Procedures to Childcare Providers

In this study we describe and evaluate a pyramid model of staff training to teach behavior management strategies to the staff of an integrated childcare center. Using instructions, modeling, role p...
Spatially varying microhardness in a platinum-modified nickel aluminide bond coat in a thermal barrier coating system

Abstract The hardness of a Pt-modified Ni aluminide bond coat and its ZrO2 top coat in an electron beam-physical vapor deposition ZrO2-based thermal barrier coating system has been studied as a function of temperature in as-deposited and aged (1200 °C/1 h) coupon samples, and in a used blade taken out of service after a (modest) fraction of life. A marked brittle to ductile transition at 580 ± 30 °C was observed in the as-deposited material, in agreement with previous uniaxial tensile data in this system. Significant spatial variation in the hardness of the bond coats were observed at room temperature and could be correlated with spatially varying microstructures.
Does Induction Chemotherapy Have a Role in the Management of Locoregionally Advanced Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer

The use of systemic chemotherapy before definitive locoregional management, or induction chemotherapy, has been a theoretically attractive and well-studied approach in the management of squamous cell head and neck cancer. Although a decrease in distant metastases has frequently been observed, an improvement in survival from induction has been difficult to demonstrate. When chemotherapy and radiation are used concomitantly, however, an improvement in both survival and locoregional control can be identified, and this has led to the adoption of concurrent chemoradiotherapy as a standard of care for these patients. With this improvement in locoregional control, distant metastases have become a more frequently recognized cause of treatment failure, suggesting that an intervention, such as induction chemotherapy, directed at improving distant control might now be of some importance in improving overall treatment success. The recent development of taxane-containing, three-drug induction regimens that are capable of producing significantly better response rates than the older cisplatin and fluorouracil combination has also raised the possibility of a new and more important role for induction. The results of phase II investigations using this kind of a sequential schedule of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy have been encouraging, and phase III trials are now underway. This treatment approach remains investigational however, and these phase III studies are critical. The current randomized trials are reviewed and discussed.
Nonhomothetic Tastes and Missing Trade of Factor Services

The production mix and a country’s consumption bundle might plausibly depend on the development level of the country. For example, in Markusen (1986) a developing country specializes in producing labor-intensive goods and allocates most of its income to the consumption of these goods. The recent literature on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model has concentrated on the production side; and, the modified HOV model better conforms to the global data when the unrealistic assumptions of identical techniques and factor price equalization are relaxed. However, less is known about the demand side. In this paper, we study the assumption of identical and homothetic preferences as a cause of the empirical failures in the HOV prediction. While the relaxation in identical production techniques is still crucial to predict the direction of factor trade, nonhomothetic tastes are shown to play an important role in explaining why factor trade is “missing” in the sense of Trefler (1995) relative to the HOV prediction.
Deep submicron effects on data converter building blocks

Physical effects in deep submicron processes can affect reliability, performance, and even functionality in common circuit building blocks used in data converters. NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instability), STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) stress, and NWELL proximity effects will be reviewed and examples are given of circuit topologies and layout practices which can minimize the detrimental aspects these effects on commonly used blocks such as comparators, op-amps, and high speed flip-flops.
Molecular thermodynamic properties of protein solutions from partial specific volumes

Partial specific volumes at 25°C are reported for α-chymotrypsinogen in aqueous solutions containing NaCl, citrate, and/or polyethylene gycol (PEG) over a range of protein concentrations. The concentration dependence of the partial specific volume can be either positive or negative, depending on the solvent. For example, the partial specific volume increases with increasing protein concentration in NaCl/citrate solutions at high salt concentrations, and decreases with increasing protein concentration in solutions containing PEG. Kirkwood-Buff solution theory has been applied to interpret these results, and it was found that the concentration dependence is determined by two factors: (1) the effective or solvent-averaged interactions between protein molecules in solution, and (2) three-body protein – protein – solvent and protein – solvent - solvent interactions. An approach is proposed for the experimental determination of both contributions that involves measuring osmotic pressures and volumetric properties of dilute to concentrated protein solutions.
Submillimeter (Lambda < 1 mm) Continuum Imaging at CSO: A Retrospective

This contribution is submitted on behalf of all students, postdocs, and staff inspired and supported by Tom Phillips to build an instrument and then wait for low precipitable water vapor. Over the 20 plus years of its existence, the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) has seen a succession of ever more powerful detectors to measure continuum emission in the shortest submillimeter bands available from Mauna Kea. These instruments have been trained on the nearest solar systems, the most distant galaxies, and objects in between. I show several images collected over the 5 plus year history of the SHARC II camera and anecdotal comparison with past work.
Patient-Reported Outcomes and the Evolution of Adverse Event Reporting in Oncology

Adverse event (AE) reporting in oncology has evolved from informal descriptions to a highly systematized process. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) is the predominant system for describing the severity of AEs commonly encountered in oncology clinical trials. CTCAE clinical descriptors have been developed empirically during more than 30 years of use. The method of data collection is clinician based. Limitations of the CTC system include potential for incomplete reporting and limited guidance on data analysis and presentation methods. The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) is a comprehensive medical terminology system used for regulatory reporting and drug labeling. MedDRA does not provide for severity ranking of AEs. CTC-based data presentations are the primary method of AE data reporting used in scientific journals and oncology meetings. Patient-reported outcome instruments (PROs) cover the subjective domain of AEs. Exploratory work suggests PROs can be used wit...
Tests for homogeneity of odds ratio when the data are sparse

SUMMARY Three tests for homogeneity of odds ratio for a series of 2 x 2 tables when the data are sparse are studied by means of Monte Carlo experiments. A score test, based on the assumption that the log odds ratios are generated from some unknown distribution, is shown to be more powerful than the other two. The original test of Zelen (1971), later corrected by Halperin, Ware, Byar et al. (1977), is also examined. It tends to be too liberal under the sparse data situation; however, it has approximately the nominal size when there are as many as ten tables with as few as ten observations per table.
Assisted hatching is associated with a higher ectopic pregnancy rate

In a retrospective analysis of 623 clinical pregnancies conceived after IVF, a 5.4% ectopic pregnancy rate (14/258 clinical pregnancies) was found in cases where assisted hatching (AH) was performed compared to 2.2% (8/365) in the group without assisted hatching. In view of the widespread use of AH, it may be relevant to assess the effect of AH on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in a large multicenter effort.
Intestinal Microbial Contribution to Metabolic Leucine Input in Adult Men

New estimates of the indispensable amino acid requirements of adult humans are much higher than previously thought and questions the adequacy of cereal-based diets of low protein quality. However, dietary amino acid requirements may be supplemented by contributions from the intestinal microbiota. This study measured the contribution of intestinal microbes to leucine input in healthy adult men. Fourteen adult men were studied during each of 2 11-d periods (before and after intestinal antimicrobial treatment), in which leucine was supplied at 1.25 times the estimated average requirement (EAR) (d 1-7) and at 2.5 times the EAR (d 8-11) providing an l-amino acid diet. We estimated fasting- and fed-state leucine oxidation on d 7 and d 11 using a (13)C-leucine tracer infusion. The microbial contribution to body leucine input was calculated from the relationship of leucine oxidation to leucine intake and the reduction in leucine oxidation after antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrobial treatment did not affect the slope of the relationship of leucine oxidation to leucine intake. Mean and fed-state leucine oxidation declined by approximately 13 and 20%, respectively (both P < 0.05) after antimicrobial treatment with the 1.25 EAR diet, but not with the 2.5 EAR diet. The contribution of the intestinal microbiota to body leucine input was estimated to be between 19 and 22% at the 1.25 EAR diet. The contribution of the intestinal microbiota to body amino acid homeostasis may be significant at maintenance intakes, but its long-term nutritional importance remains to be determined.
"Long before short" preference in the production of a head-final language.

A tendency for speakers to produce short phrases before long phrases has been attributed to the accessibility of short phrases, and thought to reflect universal mechanisms of production. However, recent corpus analyses in Japanese suggest that long phrases tend to be shifted ahead of short ones (Hawkins, J. (1994). A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Yamashita, in press). Two on-line experiments confirmed that speakers shifted long arguments to earlier positions more than short arguments, exhibiting a “long before short” preference. We reconcile these contradictory data from English and Japanese by a competition between different factors in an incremental production system. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
High speed data transmission at the Superconducting Super Collider

High-speed data transmission using fiber optics in the data acquisition system of the superconducting Super Collider is investigated. Emphasis is placed on the high-speed data transmission system overview, on the local data network, and on subassemblies, such as optical transmitters and receivers. The performance of candidate subassemblies having a low power dissipation for the data acquisition system is discussed. >
Demonstration of Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba mitochondrial DNA in sectioned archival brain and other tissues by the polymerase chain reaction

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a usually fatal disease caused by the free-living amoebae Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba spp. The intent of this study was to determine if the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could be used retrospectively to detect amoeba mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene DNA in confirmed archival tissue sections from GAE cases stored in our laboratories for 1 to 34 years. The DNA was extracted from deparaffinized sections, and appropriate primer sets for each of the two amoebae were used for amoeba DNA detection. Indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining of tissue sections was used as the standard for identification of amoebae against which the PCR results were compared. Sixty slides from a total of 56 cases were processed by PCR for amoeba 16S DNA. In 28 slides (47%), there was agreement between the IIF and PCR results. In 41 of the slides (52%), no amoeba DNA was detected after PCR. In one slide (1%), the PCR and IIF results did not agree. While PCR supported IIF findings in about half of the slides, there are significant limitations in amoeba DNA identifications in formalin-fixed brain tissues. Degradation of amoeba DNA caused by formalin fixation was probably a factor in limiting valid results.