cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bottoms Up! The Influence of Elongation on Pouring and Consumption Volume

Although the effects of shapes on area perceptions have been widely investigated, we replicate, extend, and generalize one of the few studies to relate the effects of shapes to consumption volumes (Raghubir and Krishna [1999][1]). While Raghubir and Krishna demonstrate the effect of the elongation of prepoured drinks on consumption volume, we have people pour their own drinks in a series of controlled field experiments. Two experiments in cafeterias show that both children and adults pour and consume more juice when given a short, wide glass compared to those given a tall, slender glass, but they perceive the opposite to be true. We conclude that the elongation of glasses negatively influences consumption volume in a single-serving context. A third potentially policy-relevant field experiment conducted with Philadelphia bartenders and liquor shows that the effect of elongation is moderated—but not eliminated—with pouring experience. [1]: #ref-19
Modeled tephra ages from lake sediments, base of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska

Abstract A 5.6-m-long lake sediment core from Bear Lake, Alaska, located 22 km southeast of Redoubt Volcano, contains 67 tephra layers deposited over the last 8750 cal yr, comprising 15% of the total thickness of recovered sediment. Using 12 AMS 14 C ages, along with the 137 Cs and 210 Pb activities of recent sediment, we evaluated different models to determine the age–depth relation of the core, and to determine the age of each tephra deposit. The selected age model is based on a mixed-effect regression that was passed through the adjusted tephra-free depth of each dated layer. The estimated age uncertainty of the 67 tephras averages ±105 yr (95% confidence intervals). Tephra-fall frequency at Bear Lake was among the highest during the past 500 yr, with eight tephras deposited compared to an average of 3.7/500 yr over the last 8500 yr. Other periods of increased tephra fall occurred 2500–3500, 4500–5000, and 7000–7500 cal yr. Our record suggests that Bear Lake experienced extended periods (1000–2000 yr) of increased tephra fall separated by shorter periods (500–1000 yr) of apparent quiescence. The Bear Lake sediment core affords the most comprehensive tephrochronology from the base of the Redoubt Volcano to date, with an average tephra-fall frequency of one every 130 yr.
Financial Development, Bank Ownership, and Growth. Or, Does Quantity Imply Quality?

Abstract In 1980, India nationalized its large private banks. This induced different bank ownership patterns across different towns, allowing credible identification of the effects of bank ownership on financial development, lending rates, and the quality of intermediation, as well as employment and investment. Credit markets with nationalized banks experienced faster credit growth during a period of financial repression. Nationalization led to lower interest rates and lower-quality intermediation, and may have slowed employment gains in trade and services. Development lending goals were met, but these had no impact on the real economy.
Testing for a Unit Root in a Time Series With a Changing Mean

This study considers testing for a unit root in a time series characterized by a structural change in its mean level. My approach follows the “intervention analysis” of Box and Tiao (1975) in the sense that I consider the change as being exogenous and as occurring at a known date. Standard unit-root tests are shown to be biased toward nonrejection of the hypothesis of a unit root when the full sample is used. Since tests using split sample regressions usually have low power, I design test statistics that allow the presence of a change in the mean of the series under both the null and alternative hypotheses. The limiting distribution of the statistics is derived and tabulated under the null hypothesis of a unit root. My analysis is illustrated by considering the behavior of various univariate time series for which the unit-root hypothesis has been advanced in the literature. This study complements that of Perron (1989), which considered time series with trends.
Sensor allocation in diverse environments

Sensor coverage varies with location due to factors such as weather, terrain, and obstacles. If a field can be partitioned into zones of homogeneous sensing areas, then the area covered by a random deployment of sensors can be optimized by controlling the number of sensors deployed in each zone. This paper provides formulas to directly calculate the optimal sensor partition in runtime asymptotically equal to the number of zones; to determine the minimum sensor count required to achieve a specific coverage threshold; and to bound the maximum increase in coverage over a strategy oblivious to differences in sensing areas. Results show that this bound is no greater than 13% for a field with two zones. While the analytical solutions assume that each zone is covered independently, sensors are allowed to affect neighboring zones in simulations. Nevertheless, the simulation results support the optimality of the solutions.
The role of prostacyclin synthase and thromboxane synthase signaling in the development and progression of cancer.

Prostacyclin synthase and thromboxane synthase signaling via arachidonic acid metabolism affects a number of tumor cell survival pathways such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, the effects of these respective synthases differ considerably with respect to the pathways described. While prostacyclin synthase is generally believed to be anti-tumor, a pro-carcinogenic role for thromboxane synthase has been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. The balance of oppositely-acting COX-derived prostanoids influences many processes throughout the body, such as blood pressure regulation, clotting, and inflammation. The PGI2/TXA2 ratio is of particular interest in-vivo, with the corresponding synthases shown to be differentially regulated in a variety of disease states. Pharmacological inhibition of thromboxane synthase has been shown to significantly inhibit tumor cell growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis in a range of experimental models. In direct contrast, prostacyclin synthase overexpression has been shown to be chemopreventive in a murine model of the disease, suggesting that the expression and activity of this enzyme may protect against tumor development. In this review, we discuss the aberrant expression and known functions of both prostacyclin synthase and thromboxane synthase in cancer. We discuss the effects of these enzymes on a range of tumor cell survival pathways, such as tumor cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, and tumor cell angiogenesis. As downstream signaling pathways of these enzymes have also been implicated in cancer states, we examine the role of downstream effectors of PGIS and TXS activity in tumor growth and progression. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting these enzymes for the prevention/treatment of cancer. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A tophat ring current sensor

Abstract Observational knowledge of ring current particle pitch angle distributions and the theoretical understanding of such distributions in terms of particle transport and loss mechanisms are still incomplete. The recovery phase of major storms is associated with the loss of ring current ions through charge exchange with exospheric neutrals, wave particle scattering such as the ion cyclotron waves or Pc5 waves, or through E × B convection to the front side magnetosphere. Modelers often need to postulate additional pitch angle diffusion in order to fit the observed anisotropies. We describe here a ring current sensor based on existing technologies and concepts. The proposed instrument is a tophat analyzer with a time-of-flight section. The instrument is designed to detect with high pitch angle resolution ions that form the Earth's ring current within the energy range of 10 to 300 keV. High pitch angle resolution allows distinguishing between different ring current decay mechanisms.
Work and breastfeeding decisions are jointly determined for higher socioeconomic status US mothers

We study postpartum decisions about paid work and breastfeeding using a simultaneous equations model. For our sample of higher socioeconomic status mothers, we find a joint decision process for three sets of decisions modeled: work leave duration and duration of any, as well as of exclusive, breastfeeding, and daily work hours and daily breastfeedings at infant age 3 months. We find that returning to paid work 1 week earlier reduces any breastfeeding duration by about two-thirds of a week while extending breastfeeding by a week delays work participation by about one-third of a week. We find larger elasticities for decisions involving daily work hours and number of breastfeedings at 3 months than for work leave duration and any breastfeeding duration and the smallest elasticities for duration of exclusive breastfeeding and work leave. This marks the first study to find a joint decision-making process for postpartum work and breastfeeding decisions and suggests that, in addition to increased leave impacting breastfeeding behaviors, successful breastfeeding promotion policies can have nontrivial impacts on the US labor market.
Determination of Oltipraz in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with optical absorbance and mass spectrometric detection.

Three methods have been developed for the analysis of Oltipraz in serum. A method suitable for routine use employs spiking with a homologous internal standard, off-line solid-phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatographic separation, and optical absorbance detection at 450 nm. Method detection limit is about 1 ng/ml. A second method, less susceptible to bias from co-eluting interferences, uses a stable isotope-labeled internal standard, similar extraction and separation, and detection by thermospray mass spectrometry. Method detection limit is about 0.2 ng/ml. A third method was developed which can be used without specially synthesized internal standards. It uses on-line solid-phase extraction, with quantification by comparison with external standards. Method detection limit is about 3 ng/ml. Good agreement was observed between these methods and with similar and different methods run in other laboratories. Calibration curves were linear over the entire range which was investigated, i.e., up to 500 ng/ml. Coefficients of variation were similar for all three methods, being about 5%.
Reclaiming Their Lives and Breaking Free: An Afrocentric Approach to Recovery From Prostitution

Little research has examined the specific healing needs of prostituted African American women. In this qualitative research study, eight African American women who were receiving culturally specific services at an Afrocentric agency participated in a focus group and in-depth semistructured interviews.. The analysis revealed seven categories of experience: (1) a legacy of violence and underreporting, (2) family and self-preservation, (3) kinship support and spirituality, (4) hitting rock bottom, (5) barriers to recovery, (6) helpful and harmful services, and (7) a prism of oppression. Implications for social workers, policy makers, advocates, and further research are discussed.
Long Term Use of Megestrol Acetate by Cancer Survivors for the Treatment of Hot Flashes

BACKGROUND Hot flashes are often a troublesome symptom in breast carcinoma survivors and men with prostate carcinoma who have undergone androgen deprivation therapy. A previous clinical study demonstrated that, on a short term basis, low dose megestrol acetate markedly reduced hot flashes and was well tolerated. Little information has been available regarding the long term use of low dose megestrol acetate for hot flashes. METHODS Patients previously enrolled on a randomized placebo-controlled trial that evaluated the short term use of megestrol acetate for hot flashes were contacted and interviewed by telephone. RESULTS A total of 132 persons were contacted. Nine percent of the patients discontinued megestrol acetate after resolution of their hot flashes. Forty-five percent of the patients contacted were continuing to utilize megestrol acetate approximately 3 years beyond the conclusion of the 1992 study. Three-quarters of these patients were utilizing ≤20 mg of megestrol acetate per day. Potential toxicities attributed to megestrol acetate included episodes of chills, appetite stimulation/weight gain, vaginal bleeding, and carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of patients continue to use megestrol acetate for periods of up to 3 years or longer with continued control of hot flashes. This treatment appears to be relatively well tolerated. Cancer 1998;82:1784-8. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Altitude Engine Test of a Turbofan Exhaust Gas Mixer to Conserve Fuel

A comparison of the specific fuel consumption was made with and without an internal mixer installed in a low bypass ratio, confluent flow turbofan engine. Tests were conducted at several Mach numbers and altitudes for core to fan stream total temperature ratios of 2.0 and 2.5 and mixing lengths of L/D = 0.95 and 1.74. For these test conditions, the specific fuel consumption improvement varied from 2.5 to 4.0 percent.
Models for predicting the performance of Brayton-cycle engines

Gas turbine performance is the result of choices of type of cycle, cycle temperature ratio, pressure ratio, cooling flows, and component losses. The output is usually given as efficiency (thermal, propulsive, specific thrust, overall efficiency) versus specific power. This paper presents a set of computer programs for the performance prediction of shaft-power and jet-propulsion cycles: simple, regenerative, intercooled-regenerative, turbojet, and turbofan. Each cycle is constructed using individual component modules. Realistic assumptions are specified for component efficiencies as functions of pressure ratio, cooling mass-flow rate as a function of cooling technology levels, and various other cycle losses. The programs can be used to predict design point and off-design point operation using appropriate component efficiencies. The effects of various cycle choices on overall performance are discussed.
Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Nitroalkenes for Construction of Vicinal Quaternary Stereocenters

Nitroalkene (E)-1 has been synthesized to test the feasibility of an intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition in a planned synthesis of daphnilactone B. This nitro olefin contains two unique structural features, a nitromethylene lactone and a pendant diene, that combine under the action of SnCl4 in a highly selective fashion to afford nitronates 2a and 2b. These products represent the correct relationship for the vicinal quaternary stereogenic centers in the core of daphnilactone B.
Oxazolidine Synthesis by Complementary Stereospecific and Stereoconvergent Methods

Complementary stereospecific and stereoconvergent reactions for enantioselective synthesis of 1,3-oxazolidines are reported. In the presence of a rhodium catalyst, reaction of enantioenriched butadiene monoxide with aryl imines is stereospecific (99% ee). Alternatively, the reaction of racemic butadiene monoxide, in the presence of a chiral palladium or nickel catalyst, provides an enantioselective synthesis of 1,3-oxazolidines (up to 94% ee). Synthesis of either the cis- or trans-1,3-oxazolidines is also accomplished under catalyst control.
Triphenylsilanol as a water surrogate for regioselective Pd catalyzed allylations

Pd catalyzed reactions of vinyl epoxides and triphenylsilanol provide regioselective introduction of an oxygen nucleophile to create a 2-en-1,4-diol either as a monosilyl ether or a free diol.
Cyclopropylcarbinyl radical-mediated ring expansion to seven-membered carbocycles

Abstract Radical-mediated ring expansion methodology is presented wherein 7-membered carbocycles can be prepared from the corresponding xanthate derivatives of bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-methanol. In certain systems, an intermediate cycloheptyl radical appears to be kinetically favored over the cyclohexyl radical, but the direction of cyclopropylcarbinyl radical fragmentation is subject to substitution about the bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-methyl ring.
THE PROTOSTELLAR MASS FUNCTION

The protostellar mass function (PMF) is the present-day mass function of the protostars in a region of star formation. It is determined by the initial mass function weighted by the accretion time. The PMF thus depends on the accretion history of protostars and in principle provides a powerful tool for observationally distinguishing different protostellar accretion models. We consider three basic models here: the isothermal sphere model, the turbulent core model, and an approximate representation of the competitive accretion model. We also consider modified versions of these accretion models, in which the accretion rate tapers off linearly in time. Finally, we allow for an overall acceleration in the rate of star formation. At present, it is not possible to directly determine the PMF since protostellar masses are not currently measurable. We carry out an approximate comparison of predicted PMFs with observation by using the theory to infer the conditions in the ambient medium in several star-forming regions. Tapered and accelerating models generally agree better with observed star formation times than models without tapering or acceleration, but uncertainties in the accretion models and in the observations do not allow one to rule out any of the proposed models at present. The PMF is essential for the calculation of the protostellar luminosity function, however, and this enables stronger conclusions to be drawn.
Diffeomorphism type of 6-dimensional cohomogeneity one manifolds

In this article, we give a full diffeomorphism characterization of compact simply connected cohomogeneity one manifolds in dimension 6.
The reaction of 1,2,2-trimethylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane with excited state 1-cyanonaphthalene

Abstract 1,2,2-Trimethylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane reacted with excited state 1-cyanonaphthalene at a diffusion-controlled rate in methanol to produce cis - and trans -1-methoxy-2,2,3-trimethylcyclobutane and 1-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclobutane as simple methanol adducts of the starting bicy-clo[l.1.0]butane. In addition, 1:1:1 adducts of the starting bicyclo[1.1.0]butane, 1 -cyanonaphthalene, and methanol were isolated and characterized. Products were explained on the basis of a single electron transfer process from 1,2,2-trimethylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane to excited state 1-cyanonaphthalene to initially produce the cation radical of the bicyclo[1.1.0]butane and the anion radical of 1-cyanonaphthalene.
Combinatorial Heegaard Floer homology and nice Heegaard diagrams

Abstract We consider a stabilized version of HF of a 3-manifold Y (i.e. the U = 0 variant of Heegaard Floer homology for closed 3-manifolds). We give a combinatorial algorithm for constructing this invariant, starting from a Heegaard decomposition for Y , and give a topological proof of its invariance properties.
A high power density, high efficiency hydrogen–chlorine regenerative fuel cell with a low precious metal content catalyst

We report the performance of a hydrogen–chlorine electrochemical cell with a chlorine electrode employing a low precious metal content alloy oxide electrocatalyst for the chlorine electrode: (Ru0.09Co0.91)3O4. The cell employs a commercial hydrogen fuel cell electrode and transports protons through a Nafion membrane in both galvanic and electrolytic mode. The peak galvanic power density exceeds 1 W cm−2, which is twice previous literature values. The precious metal loading of the chlorine electrode is below 0.15 mg Ru cm−2. Virtually no activation losses are observed, allowing the cell to run at nearly 0.4 W cm−2 at 90% voltage efficiency. We report the effects of fluid pressure, electrolyte acid concentration, and hydrogen-side humidification on overall cell performance and efficiency. A comparison of our results to the model of Rugolo et al. [Rugolo et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2012, 159, B133] points out directions for further performance enhancement. The performance reported here gives these devices promise for applications in carbon sequestration and grid-scale electrical energy storage.
Mechanical response of red blood cells entering a constriction

Most work on the dynamic response of red blood cells (RBCs) to hydrodynamic stress has focused on linear velocity profiles. Relatively little experimental work has examined how individual RBCs respond to pressure driven flow in more complex geometries, such as the flow at the entrance of a capillary. Here, we establish the mechanical behaviors of healthy RBCs undergoing a sudden increase in shear stress at the entrance of a narrow constriction. We pumped RBCs through a constriction in a microfluidic device and used high speed video to visualize and track the flow behavior of more than 4400 RBCs. We show that approximately 85% of RBCs undergo one of four distinct modes of motion: stretching, twisting, tumbling, or rolling. Intriguingly, a plurality of cells (∼30%) exhibited twisting (rotation around the major axis parallel to the flow direction), a mechanical behavior that is not typically observed in linear velocity profiles. We present detailed statistical analyses on the dynamics of each motion and demonstrate that the behavior is highly sensitive to the location of the RBC within the channel. We further demonstrate that the observed tumbling, twisting, and rolling rotations can be rationalized qualitatively in terms of rigid body mechanics. The detailed experimental statistics presented here should serve as a useful resource for modeling of RBC behavior under physiologically important flow conditions.
Shapes of the proton

A model proton wave function, constructed using Poincar\'e invariance and constrained by recent electromagnetic form factor data, is used to study the shape of the proton. Spin-dependent quark densities are defined as matrix elements of density operators in proton states of definite polarization, and shown to have an infinite variety of nonspherical shapes. For high momentum quarks with spin parallel to that of the proton, the shape resembles that of a peanut, but for quarks with antiparallel spin the shape is that of a bagel.
Discovery of OH in Circumstellar Disks around Young Intermediate-Mass Stars

We detect emission from multiple low-excitation rovibrational transitions of OH from the two Herbig Ae stars AB Aurigae and MWC 758 in the 3.0-3.7 μm wavelength range (L band), using the NIRSPEC instrument on Keck II. The inner radius for the emitting region in both stars is close to 1 AU. We compare an optically thin LTE model and a thin-wedge fluorescence model, finding rotational temperatures of 650-800 K and OH abundances of 10^42-10^45 molecules for the two stars. Comparisons with current chemical models support the fluorescence excitation model for AB Aurigae and possibly MWC 758, but further observations and detailed modeling are necessary to improve constraints on OH emission in different disk environments.
Satellite cells, connective tissue fibroblasts and their interactions are crucial for muscle regeneration

Muscle regeneration requires the coordinated interaction of multiple cell types. Satellite cells have been implicated as the primary stem cell responsible for regenerating muscle, yet the necessity of these cells for regeneration has not been tested. Connective tissue fibroblasts also are likely to play a role in regeneration, as connective tissue fibrosis is a hallmark of regenerating muscle. However, the lack of molecular markers for these fibroblasts has precluded an investigation of their role. Using Tcf4, a newly identified fibroblast marker, and Pax7, a satellite cell marker, we found that after injury satellite cells and fibroblasts rapidly proliferate in close proximity to one another. To test the role of satellite cells and fibroblasts in muscle regeneration in vivo, we created Pax7CreERT2 and Tcf4CreERT2 mice and crossed these to R26RDTA mice to genetically ablate satellite cells and fibroblasts. Ablation of satellite cells resulted in a complete loss of regenerated muscle, as well as misregulation of fibroblasts and a dramatic increase in connective tissue. Ablation of fibroblasts altered the dynamics of satellite cells, leading to premature satellite cell differentiation, depletion of the early pool of satellite cells, and smaller regenerated myofibers. Thus, we provide direct, genetic evidence that satellite cells are required for muscle regeneration and also identify resident fibroblasts as a novel and vital component of the niche regulating satellite cell expansion during regeneration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reciprocal interactions between fibroblasts and satellite cells contribute significantly to efficient, effective muscle regeneration.
Signatures of the Origin of High-Energy Cosmic Rays in Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts

We derive observational consequences for the hypothesis that cosmic rays (CRs) of energy greater than 1019 eV originate in the same cosmological objects producing gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Intergalactic magnetic fields 10-12 G are required in this model to allow CRs to be observed continuously in time by producing energy-dependent delays in the CR arrival times. This results in individual CR sources having very narrow observed spectra, since at any given time only those CRs having a fixed time delay are observed. Thus, the brightest CR sources should be different at different energies. The average number of sources contributing to the total CR flux decreases with energy much more rapidly than in a model of steady CR sources, dropping to one at Ecrit 2 × 1020 eV with very weak sensitivity to the intergalactic magnetic field strength. Below Ecrit, a very large number of sources is expected, consistent with observations. Above Ecrit, a source may be observed with a flux considerably higher than the time-averaged CR flux from all sources, if a nearby GRB occurred recently. If such a source is present, its narrow spectrum may produce a "gap" in the total spectrum. These signatures should be detectable by the planned "Auger" CR experiment.
Thermomechanical buckling and postbuckling of multilayered composite panels

Abstract A study is made of the thermomechanical buckling and postbuckling responses of flat unstiffened composite panels. The panels are subjected to combined temperature change and applied edge displacement. The analysis is based on a first-order shear deformation, von-Karman type nonlinear plate theory. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the generalized displacements and the stress resultants of the plate. An efficient multiple-parameter reduction method is used in conjunction with mixed finite element models, for determining the stability boundary and postbuckling response. The reduction method is also used for evaluating the sensitivity coefficients which measure the sensitivity of the buckling and postbuckling responses to variations in the different lamination and material parameters of the panel. Numerical results are presented showing the effects of variations in the laminate stacking sequence, fiber orientation, number of layers and aspect ratio of the panels on the thermomechanical buckling and postbuckling responses and their sensitivity.
Organic chemistry: Streamlining drug synthesis

Drug manufacture can benefit from flow synthesis, in which raw materials are fed into a sequence of reactors, producing the drug as a continuous output. A flow strategy that capitalizes on solid catalysts has now been realized. See Letter p.329
Social Work Scholarship and Gatekeeping: Reflection on the Debate

This article responds to Pardeck and Meinert’s claim that editorial board members for the journal Social Work lack adequate records of scholarship. Pardeck and Meinert raise a number of compelling points about the qualifications of the journal’s editorial board members. The author argues, however, that Pardeck and Meinert’s results might be different if they broadened their definition of scholarship to include books and anthology chapters, and examined a more substantial time period. Furthermore, the author argues that many qualified editorial board members can be drawn from the ranks of accomplished scholars who are at a point in their careers where they devote more time to administrative and supervisory responsibilities than to writing for publication.
Toward functional nanocomposites: taking the best of nanoparticles, polymers, and small molecules

Nanocomposites, composed of organic and inorganic building blocks, can combine the properties from the parent constituents and generate new properties to meet current and future demands in functional materials. Recent developments in nanoparticle synthesis provide a plethora of inorganic building blocks, building the foundation for constructing hybrid nanocomposites with unlimited possibilities. The properties of nanocomposite materials depend not only on those of individual building blocks but also on their spatial organization at different length scales. Block copolymers, which microphase separate into various nanostructures, have shown their potential for organizing inorganic nanoparticles in bulk/thin films. Block copolymer-based supramolecules further provide more versatile routes to control spatial arrangement of the nanoparticles over multiple length scales. This review provides an overview of recent efforts to control the hierarchical assemblies in block copolymer-based hybrid nanocomposites.
Impact of bundle type, price framing and familiarity on purchase intention for the bundle

Abstract Bundling of products is very prevalent in the marketplace. For example, travel packages include airfare, lodging, and a rental car. Considerable economic research has focused on the change in profits and consumer surplus that ensues if bundles are offered. There is relatively little research in marketing that deals with bundling, however. In this article we concentrate on some tactical issues of bundling, such as which types of products should be bundled, what price one can charge for the bundle, and how the price of the bundle should be presented to consumers to improve purchase intent. For example, we hypothesize that bundles composed of complements or equally priced goods will result in higher purchase intention. We also hypothesize that price increases will result in larger purchase intention changes than price decreases. Further, we expect that the presentation format for describing the price of the bundle will influence purchase intention in general, and, depending on the price level of the bundle, different presentation formats will result in higher purchase intention. Finally, we hypothesize that purchase intention changes associated with different price levels will be higher for subjects who are familiar with the products than for subjects who are less familiar with the products. We used an interactive computer experiment conducted among 83 Master of Business Administration (MBA) students to test our hypotheses. Our findings suggest that: (1) bundles composed of complements have a higher purchase intent than bundles of similar or unrelated products, (2) consumers are more sensitive to a bundle price increase than to a bundle price decrease of equal amounts, (3) different presentation formats for describing the price of the bundle influence purchase intention, and (4) more familiar subjects respond to different presentations of equivalent bundles in different ways than less familiar subjects. We did not find any support for the hypothesis that bundles composed of similarly priced items have higher purchase intent than bundles composed of unequally priced products.
Theoretical and Experimental Prediction of the Response of Compliant Risers

The general three-dimensional linearised dynamic equations of a compliant riser, idealised as a rotationally non-uniform rod, around a nonlinear static configuration in the presence of general current and monochromatic wave excitation are formulated. Nonlinear forces such as quadratic drag are harmonically linearised by minimising the mean square error between the linear approximation and the nonlinear force. The theory is implemented in a computer program which allows analysis of a variety of compliant riser configurations. Numerical examples and comparisons with time domain solutions for catenary risers are included. Comparisons of our theoretical predictions with experimental results are also presented to evaluate our ability to predict the response of compliant riser systems.
The Structure of an Iodide Complex of the Type Mo2X4(LL)2 Exhibiting Two Different Rotational Geometries in the Solid State

Abstract The compound which we have prepared by reacting Mo 2 (μ-dppm) 2 Cl 4 with NaI in acetone and which has a stoichiometry dose to that for Mo 2 -(dppm) 2 I 4 , forms thin plates when crystals are grown from CH 2 Cl 2 CH 3 OH. It crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 14.931(6), b = 22.960(7), c = 12.794(4) A, α = 100.30(2), β = 114.76(3), γ = 93.90(3)°, V = 3868(6) A 3 , and Z = 3. The structure was refined to R = 0.088 ( R W = 0.125) for 6430 data with F 2 > 3.0σ( F 2 ). There are two independent sets of molecules in the unit cell both of which possess a structure in which the dppm ligands are present in an intramolecular bridging mode with a transoid disposition to one another. One molecule, which resides on a crystallographic inversion center, has an apparent MoMo distance of 2.178(3) A and an eclipsed rotational geometry, while the two symmetry related molecules in general positions have a MoMo distance of 2.152(2) A, and a twist angle ( i.e. average torsional angle, X ) of 17 [2] A. This is one of the first instances where two quite different rotational geometries are present in the solid state for a molecule of this general type, a result which indicates that crystal packing forces can play an important role in determining the exact rotational geometry. There is crystallographic and chemical evidence that these crystals contain small amounts of chloride and that the true composition may actually be Mo 2 (dppm) 2 - I 4− x Cl x , with x∼0.2.
A Model of Temporary Search Market Equilibrium

Abstract In the literature on search markets, agents know the distribution of prices or learn about it through short run Bayesian updating, even though the first assumption is unrealistic and the empirical evidence emphasizes learning in the intermediate and long runs. In this paper, a new search markets theory is developed where agents have beliefs about the distribution of prices based on finitely many of its moments and past market experiences. The main results are the existence of a Hicks–Grandmont temporary equilibrium, that the equilibrium correspondence has a closed graph, and sufficient conditions for price dispersion. A simple example illustrates the main ideas. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D83, L13.
The First Directed Reduction of β-Alkoxy Ketones to anti-1,3-Diol Monoethers: Identification of Spectator and Director Alkoxy Groups

A new reduction procedure for the stereoselective reduction of certain β-alkoxy ketones is described. The method relies upon electron-transfer reduction using samarium diiodide in THF with MeOH as an additive. Reduction is facile for a number of alkoxy groups that can complex samarium effectively but is not observed with TBS or benzyl protecting groups. Experiments with deuterated methanol show that the stereoselectivity arises from protonation of a samarium carbanion intermediate.
A reflection principle for real—Analytic submanifolds of complex spaces

We give an invariant nondegeneracy condition for CR-maps between generic submanifolds in different dimensions and use it to prove a reftection principle for these maps.
Bicriteria Network Design Problems

We study a general class of bicriteria network design problems. A generic problem in this class is as follows: Given an undirected graph and two minimization objectives (under different cost functions), with a budget specified on the first objective, find a subgraph from a given subgraph-class that minimizes the second objective subject to the budget on the first objective. We consider three different criteria?the total edge cost, the diameter, and the maximum degree of the network. Here, we present the first polynomial-time approximation algorithms for a large class of bicriteria network design problems for the previously mentioned criteria. The following general types of results are presented. First, we develop a framework for bicriteria problems and their approximations. Second, when the two criteria are the same we present a “black box” parametric search technique. This black box takes in as input an (approximation) algorithm for the unicriterion situation and generates an approximation algorithm for the bicriteria case with only a constant factor loss in the performance guarantee. Third, when the two criteria are the diameter and the total edge costs we use a cluster-based approach to devise a approximation algorithms?the solutions output violate both the criteria by a logarithmic factor. Finally, for the class of treewidth-bounded graphs, we provide pseudo-polynomial-time algorithms for a number of bicriteria problems using dynamic programming. We show how these pseudo-polynomial-time algorithms can be converted to fully polynomial-time approximation schemes using a scaling technique.
Flame-vortex dynamics in an inverse partially premixed combustor - The Froude number effects

In this paper we report on a computational and experimental investigation of the transient combustion characteristics of an inverse partially premixed flame established by injecting a fuel-rich (CH4-air) annular jet sandwiched between a central air jet on the inside and coflowing air on the outside. A time-dependent, axisymmetric, reacting flow model is used to simulate the flame dynamics. A global 1-step and a relatively detailed 52-step mechanism are used to model the CH4-air chemistry. Results focus on the dynamic flame structure and flame-vortex interactions at different Froude numbers (Fr), the scaling of the flame flicker frequency, and the global comparison of experimental and computational results. At high Froude numbers (nonbuoyant limit), the computed flame exhibits a steady-state structure, which is markedly different from that of a jet diffusion flame. The flame structure reveals two distinct reaction zones consisting of an inner premixed region followed by two nonpremixed flames at the wings. Methane is converted to CO and H 2 in the premixed reaction zone and these intermediate species provide fuel for the outer nonpremixed flames. Main reaction pathways associated with the double-flame structure are identified. For intermediate Fr, the buoyant acceleration becomes significant, causing a periodic rollup of toroidal vortices. While the rollup process is highly periodic, the flame exhibits steady-state behavior, since vortices are relevant only in the plume region. For Fr < 1.0, the rollup occurs closer to the burner port, resulting in flame-vortex interactions and a dynamic flame. A distinguished characteristic of this flame is the rollup of two simultaneous vortices corresponding to inner and outer diffusion flames, which convect downstream at the same velocity, and interact with the twin flame surfaces, causing flame flicker and stretch. Both numerical and laboratory experiments are employed to obtain a correlation between the Strouhal number (S), associated with the vortex rollup or flame flicker frequency, and the Froude number. Simulations yield a correlation S = 0.56 Fr 038, while measurements yield S = 0.43 Fr -°38, indicating an excellent agreement, considering that the flow conditions in the numerical and laboratory experiments are only globally matched in terms of overall stoichiometry, Fr, and Reynolds number, and not with respect to burner size and jet velocity. Finally, the effects of chemical kinetics on the computed flame structure are examined. Both the time-averaged and the dynamic flame structure, including flame height, peak temperature, and flicker frequency, are found to be influenced by chemical kinetics. However, the scaling of the dominant frequency or Strouhal number with Fr is essentially the same for the two mechanics. In addition, the frequency is found to be independent of the chemical kinetic parameters used in the global mechanism. © 1997 by The Combustion Institute
REISSNER–NORDSTROM BLACK HOLES AND STRINGS WITH RESCALED TENSION

We show that extreme and nonextreme Reissner–Nordstrom black holes in five dimensions can be described by closed fundamental strings with two charges in a magnetic five-brane. Due to the five-brane background, the string oscillator number and tension are rescaled whereas the mass remains fixed. The black hole mass is given by the sum of the five-brane and string masses. Its entropy however is given by only that of the string with the tension rescaling taken into account. We also show that the emission of a low energy scalar from the slightly nonextreme string matches the Hawking radiation expected from the black hole.
Intelligent Social Network Modeling

The recent development of Web 2.0 has provided an enormous increase in human interactions across all corners of the earth. One manifestation of this is the growth of computer mediated social networks. Many notable Web 2.0 applications such as Facebook, Myspace and LinkedIn are social networks. Relational networks are becoming an important technology for modeling these types of social networks and the type of collaborative intelligence that arises from these interactions. Our goal here is to enrich the domain of social network modeling by introducing ideas from fuzzy sets and related granular computing technologies to provide a bridge between a human network analyst's linguistic description of social network concepts and the formal model of the network.
How do you define and measure research productivity

Productivity is the quintessential indicator of efficiency in any production system. It seems it has become a norm in bibliometrics to define research productivity as the number of publications per researcher, distinguishing it from impact. In this work we operationalize the economic concept of productivity for the specific context of research activity and show the limits of the commonly accepted definition. We propose then a measurable form of research productivity through the indicator "Fractional Scientific Strength (FSS)", in keeping with the microeconomic theory of production. We present the methodology for measure of FSS at various levels of analysis: individual, field, discipline, department, institution, region and nation. Finally, we compare the ranking lists of Italian universities by the two definitions of research productivity.
On Sliding Observers for Nonlinear Systems

Presentation des observateurs glissants de systemes non lineaires possedant en presence de bruit du aux mesures et d'erreur de modelisation des proprietes interessantes
On the Existence of Finite Type Link Homotopy Invariants

We show that for links with at most 5 components, the only finite type homotopy invariants are products of the linking numbers. In contrast, we show that for links with at least 9 components, there must exist finite type homotopy invariants which are not products of the linking numbers. This corrects the errors of the first author in [11, 12].
Explaining Attitudes: A Practical Approach to the Mind

Explaining Attitudes offers an important challenge to the dominant conception of belief found in the work of such philosophers as Dretske and Fodor. According to this dominant view beliefs, if they exist at all, are constituted by states of the brain. Lynne Rudder Baker rejects this view and replaces it with a quite different approach - practical realism. Seen from the perspective of practical realism, any argument that interprets beliefs as either brain states or states of immaterial souls is a 'non-starter'. Practical realism takes beliefs to be states of the whole persons, rather like states of health. What a person believes is determined by what a person would do, say and think in various circumstances. Thus beliefs and other attitudes are interwoven into an integrated, commonsensical conception of reality.
Macroscopic disorder and the metal-insulator transition in conducting polymers

We describe a simple model for treating the frequency-dependent conductivity and dielectric function of a quasi-one-dimensional conducting polymer. The polymer is modelled as a composite medium consisting of spherical regions of ordered polymer, randomly distributed in a much more disordered polymer host. Within each spherical region, the polymer chains are highly oriented, but the axis of orientation varies randomly from sphere to sphere. The disordered host is assumed to be isotropic, but with a conductivity which depends on the connectivity of the polymer chains in the host. and , as calculated from this model using a suitable effective medium approximation, reproduce all the main experimental features associated with the metal - insulator transition in these polymers.
Sequential Ni-catalyzed borylation and cross-coupling of aryl halides via in situ prepared neopentylglycolborane.

A procedure for NiCl2(dppp)-catalyzed pinacolborylation and neopentylglycolborylation that utilizes in situ prepared inexpensive pinacolborane and neopentylglycolborane is reported. The scope of this reaction was demonstrated with a variety of aryl bromides and iodides. The resulting aryl neopentylglycolboronic esters undergo a NiCl2(dppe)-catalyzed cross-coupling with aryl halides, resulting in an extremely efficient and cost-effective method for the synthesis of functional biaryls, dendritic building blocks, and other complex architectures.
Tearing modes in a plasma with magnetic braiding

This paper describes examination of certain linear and nonlinear properties of macroscopic tearing modes driven by anomalous electron viscosity effects associated with magnetic braiding. It is shown that strong linear growth of $m=1, 2$ tearing modes (respectively proportional to ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\frac{1}{5}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ can occur for rather modest values of $\ensuremath{\mu}$. In the nonlinear phase, the island width grows in time as ${t}^{\frac{1}{3}}$. Some speculations regarding the disruptive instability in tokamaks are also investigated.
Aperture Synthesis Imaging of the Circumstellar Dust Disk Around DO Tauri

We have detected the T Tauri star, DO Tauri, in a 0.6'-resolution VLA map of 43.3 GHz (l = 7 mm) continuum emission. Upper limits to the flux densities at 8.4 and 22.5 GHz limit the contribution of free-free emission due to a compact ionized wind to less than 49%.
Algebraic geometry of Bayesian networks

We study the algebraic varieties defined by the conditional independence statements of Bayesian networks. A complete algebraic classification is given for Bayesian networks on at most five random variables. Hidden variables are related to the geometry of higher secant varieties.
Copper-catalyzed oxidative homo- and cross-coupling of Grignard reagents using diaziridinone.

Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are among the most powerful synthetic transformations. This paper describes an efficient copper-catalyzed homo- and cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as oxidant under mild conditions, giving the coupling products in good to excellent yields. The reaction process has a broad substrate scope and is also effective for the C(sp)–C(sp3) coupling.