cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photon migration in turbid media using path integrals.

We describe the application of path integrals to the problem of light propagation in turbid media. The photon propagation process is separated into an absorption dependent part and a part that depends only on scattering. We determine the nonabsorption photon path and nonabsorption probability distribution function, from which other measurable optical parameters can be obtained. As an example, we calculate the diffuse reflectance for a semi-infinite medium and obtain a new result which reduces to a previously derived expression in the approximate limiting case.
Nitrogen fixing activity of rhizobial strain 32H1 in peanut and cowpea nodules

Abstract Rhizobial bacteroids undergo unique modifications in peanut root nodules. To determine the likely effect of such modifications on nitrogen fixation, peanuts and cowpeas were nodulated by the same strain of Rhizobium and nitrogenase activities (C 2 H 2 -reduction) were compared over 4 weeks. Peanuts were found to have one and a half to three times higher C 2 H 2 -reduction activity/unit nodule mass than cowpeas at different nodule ages. Nitrogen accumulated in the plant tops/unit weight of nodules on the roots was three times greater in peanuts. The bacteroid protein content/unit of nodule mass was very similar for the two species.
The Construction of Ideology in the Emergence of the Prehispanic Tarascan State

The creation of a state religion and ethnicity is both the product of fundamental changes occurring in the control of political and economic resources as states emerge, and an instrument by which rulers, still aggregating power, establish cosmic orders demanding obedience to the state. This article considers the means by which the Tarascan royal dynasty appropriated, altered, and redefined various historical traditions in the creation of their new worldview during the emergence of the protohistoric Tarascan state (a.d. 1350–1520).
Bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionato)tetrakis(μ4-1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,2,4,4-tetraolato)copper(II)octatin(II): a prospective precursor for Cu-doped SnO2 films.

The crystal structure of a tin-rich heterometallic supra­molecular product, [CuSn8(C5HF6O2)2(C5H2F6O4)4] or [Sn4(hfpt)2–Cu(hfac)2–Sn4(hfpt)2], (I), is reported (hfpt is the tetra­anion of 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexa­fluoro­pentane-2,2,4,4-tetraol and hfac is the anion of 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexa­fluoro­pentane-2,4-dione). Reaction between tin(II) tetra­olate, [Sn4(hfpt)2], and copper(II) β-diketonate, [Cu(hfac)2], was utilized for the preparation of (I). The asymmetric unit consists of the whole [Sn4(hfpt)2] unit and half of a [Cu(hfac)2] unit, with the Cu atom lying on an inversion center. Inter­molecular Cu⋯O inter­actions from the axial positions of copper in [Cu(hfac)2] and O atoms of the hfpt ligand in [Sn4(hfpt)2] mediate the formation of a sandwich-type structure for (I). Additional inter­molecular Sn⋯O inter­actions between neighbouring [Sn4(hfpt)2] units complete a two-dimensional network.
Characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin internalized by pseudopregnant rat ovary.

Peptide hormones may be internalized by target cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Since the predominant intracellular form of hCG internalized by cells of the pseudopregnant rat ovary was free, not receptor-bound, hormone, studies were undertaken to characterize subcellular hCG by Sephadex G-100 chromatography, Leydig cell bioassay, and binding to Concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B (Con A-Sepharose) 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after the injection of groups of rats with a single 1.0-/xg dose of hCG (CR119). On Sephadex G-100 chromatography, a major immunoreactive hCG peak eluted slightly before the elution point of highly purified hCG. Smaller immunoreactive hCG peaks, consistent with degraded hCG, were observed and were prominent 6, 12, and 24 h after hormone injection. No free hCG subunits were observed. One hour after the iv hCG injection, the biological to immunological ratio of subcellular hCG was greatest; this progressively decreased at 3 and 6 h. However, no significant biological activity was present ...
Sternocleidomastoid flap following parotidectomy

The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle has been used in various ways for reconstruction following cancer resections in the head and neck. Its use has been restricted because of the presumed precarious nature of its blood supply and its proximity to disease. Patients with large or recurrent benign parotid tumors were the first in our series to have a SCM muscle flap (either superiorly or inferiorly based) used to improve cosmesis. After demonstrating the utility of these flaps, we extended the indications for their use to include patients with primary or recurrent malignant disease. The flaps provide soft tissue contour, coverage of facial nerves and nerve grafts, act as a healthy bed for skin grafts, and help close salivary fistulas. There were no complications attributed to the flaps. This paper discusses 31 patients with benign and malignant parotid disease in whom the SCM flap was used.
Use of principal component analysis in the frequency domain for mapping electroencephalographic activities: comparison with phase-encoded Fourier spectral analysis.

Principal component analysis (PCA) can separate multichannel electroencephalographic (EEG) epochs into linearly independent (temporally and spatially noncorrelated) components. Results of PCA include component time‐series waveforms and factors representing the contribution of each component to each electrode; these factors may be displayed as contour maps representing the topographic distribution of each component. However, PCA often does not achieve the most useful separation of components. PCA may be performed in the frequency domain to potentially improve results. After inspecting principal components of the frequency spectra, spectral values in a selected frequency range are multiplied by a chosen factor to emphasize (or de‐emphasize) these frequencies and PCA is redone, promoting the separation of different frequencies into different components. Phase‐encoded Fourier spectral analysis (PEFSA) uses multichannel complex Fourier spectra (amplitude and phase) to obtain positive or negative (phase‐encoded) potentials at each electrode for any selected frequency. These may be displayed as a contour map representing the topographic distribution of the selected frequency. Applying both techniques, we found that EEG activities of differing frequency were readily separated by PEFSA, while standard PCA often mixed activities with different frequencies into a single component. However, frequency‐domain PCA gave a component whose spatial distribution well matched PEFSA results. PCA is superior to PEFSA for separating activities with overlapping frequencies but differing spatial distributions. Preservation of phase information is an advantage of PEFSA and PCA over topographic maps that represent only amplitude (or power) at a given frequency. PCA or PEFSA maps can serve as a starting point for source localization.
Cretaceous Basin-to-Shelf Transition in Northern Alaska: Deposition of the Fortress Mountain Formation: ABSTRACT

The Fortress Mountain Formation (Albian) is a sequence of shale, sandstone, and conglomerate exposed as isolated synclinal outcrops in the southern foothills province of the Brooks Range. The formation overlies a variety of severely deformed older rocks, particularly the Okpikruak Formation of Neocomian age. The unit records a significant change in the depositional architecture of the North Slope Cretaceous and is closely tied to the evolution of the Brooks Range orogenic belt. Detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic studies of the Fortress Mountain Formation within the type region and at easternmost exposures have demonstrated a systematic change in lithology and bedding style. The lower 40% of the Fortress Mountain is transitional with the Torok Formation and is composed of thick (up to 2,000-m) intervals of gray to black shale with thin, rhythmically interbedded, fine-grained sandstone beds. This succession is interrupted periodically by allochthonous blocks of conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone. The sequences record a transition from basin plain to slope sedimentation. The middle 30-40% of the formation is composed of thick conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone lenses that thin toward the north and are arranged in multiple upward-coarsening se uences and megasequences. End_Page 660------------------------------ Regional dispersal patterns indicate these beds accumulated within the midfan environment of a northward-prograding submarine fan complex. The upper 20-30% of the Fortress Mountain rests above a conspicuous angular discordance and is composed of upward-fining channel sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. This phase of deposition records progradation of fan-delta and fluvial environments. The regional depositional architecture of the Fortress Mountain records the buildup and sedimentologic evolution of the Cretaceous shelf, which ultimately allowed progradation of overlying deltaic and interdeltaic complexes of the Nanushuk Group and related strata. End_of_Article - Last_Page 661------------
Cardiac pheochromocytoma: resection after diagnosis by 111-indium octreotide scan

Cardiac pheochromocytoma is an exceedingly rare and unusual clinical entity. Only 37 previous surgically treated adult patients were found in review of the surgical literature. We report the case of a 13-year-old boy who had a cardiac pheochromocytoma that was localized by the 111-indium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid octreotide scintigraphy scan and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging after computed tomographic and B1-iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine scans had failed. At operation, a 6-cm pheochromocytoma of the left atrium was found and successfully resected with reconstruction of the left atrium using autologous pericardium.
Elevation of Hepatic Phenylalanine Pyruvate Aminotransferase in Rats by Tetraiodoglucagon Is Blocked by Actinomycin D and Cycloheximide

Tetraiodoglucagon caused a severalfold increase in hepatic phenylalanine pyruvate aminotransferase in rats. Cycloheximide, given simultaneously with the tetraiodoglucagon or 4 hr later, nearly completely blocked the elevation of the enzyme. Actinomycin D completely blocked the increase in enzyme activity when it was injected along with tetraiodoglucagon, but had no effect when given four hours after the tetraiodoglucagon. These results indicate that the increased enzyme activity is due to an increased synthesis of enzyme. The formation of new enzyme can be blocked by inhibiting protein synthesis or by inhibiting transcription of genetic information, the latter process apparently being complete within 4 hr after tetraiodoglucagon administration. (Endocrinology 93: 740, 1973)
Noninvasive radioisotope cardiographic images with digital prefiltering and boundary detection for measuring left ventricular parameters

Abstract Noninvasive radioisotope cardiographic techniques have become a useful tool in studying left ventricular anatomy and function. The data obtainable by these techniques are often corrupted by various noise sources, and the need for image quality improvement by selective digital filtering has become evident. This investigation describes a new sequential estimating algorithm useful for several different types of radioisotope cardiographic images. In particular, the sizing of acute myocardial infarcts using technetium-99 m stannous pyrophosphate ( 99 m Tc-PYP) scintigrams and the determination of left ventricular ejection fractions using the gated blood pool method are investigated before and after the sequential estimating algorithm was applied to the original images. The results demonstrate significant improvement in myocardial infarct sizing in animals after digital filtering as well as increased accuracy in left ventricular ejection fraction determinations when compared to cineangiocardiographic measurements. The findings suggest that these nontraumatic and relatively noninvasive techniques will have improved diagnostic capability when used in conjuction with digital filtering for serial evaluation and follow-up studies of both acutely ill and nonhospitalized patients.
An operating reserve risk map for quantifiable reliability performances in renewable power systems

This paper focuses on quantification of operating reserve requirement in power systems with high penetration of renewable resources. Built upon the recently introduced concept of dedicated operating reserve for renewable resources (termed as renewables reserve), we decompose the operating reserve into day-ahead portion and intra-day portion. The latter portion is determined and procured with closer-to-real-time forecast of renewable output after the closing of day-ahead market. Recognizing the inherent correlation between system reserve level and its reliability performances, we introduce a Risk Map as an intuitive tool for updating reserve levels with quantifiable reliability performances during the intra-day operation. The proposed procurement method prevents overly conservative deployment of operating reserves and uses less expensive units. It also provides evolving visualization of system reliability performances with updated information of renewable forecast each hour. Numerical simulation based on a modified IEEE Reliability Test System suggests the efficacy of the proposed method in providing cost-effective reserve levels in power systems with high levels of renewable resources.
Geometric models of internal shape change as

This paper systematically presents geometric models for describing internal shape change during plane strain extension of sheet. The models describe the geometry of plastic flow localization during sheet necking and formation of sample-scale shear bands within the neck. The emphasis is toward identifying three-dimensional, solid element models that correctly describe (1) the heterogeneous initiation of simple shearing flow, inside a band that occupies just a small fraction of the sheet thickness, (2) the gradual growth of bands of simple shearing across the sheet cross section, and (3) the development of a variety of patterns of sample-scale shear bands before sheet fracture. Models are identified that agree with experimental evidence. The geometry of these models provides quantitative links between flow localization throughout a deforming sample and changes in microscopic or crystal-scale flow behavior.
The effect of large block transactions on security prices: A cross-sectional analysis

Abstract This paper documents the effects of large (block) transactions on the prices of common stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange. We examine whether mean temporary and permanent price effects associated with large and small transactions differ and whether the price effects vary cross-sectionally according to the size of the block. Alternative definitions of block size are investigated – percentage of the equity traded, block volume in relation to normal trading volume, and dollar value of the block. The results suggest that price effects are predominantly temporary for seller-initiated transactions and permanent for buyer-initiated transactions.
Sustainability assessment of highways: A Malmquist index of U.S. states

The United States has the world's largest and busiest network of roads. There is a dire need to quantify sustainability for the highways of each state in the U.S. to ensure they are performing to this ability. The objective of this study is to develop an analytical tool that can be used to evaluate states holistically in terms of highway sustainability. Performance Indicators of states are used to derive the sustainability ratios and data envelopment analysis, a linear programming based mathematical approach, is used to evaluate the states with respect to highway sustainability. This approach does not require the use of a priori subjective weightings to evaluate the sustainability scores of states. Malmquist indices are calculated to identify the change in highway sustainability of these states over a period of time.
Mechanisms of Low-Temperature Ti/Si-Based Wafer Bonding

Three-dimensional (3D) wafer-level integration is receiving increased attention with various wafer bonding approaches being evaluated. Recently, we explored an alternative lowtemperature Ti/Si-based wafer bonding, in which an oxidized silicon wafer was successfully bonded with a prime silicon wafer at 400°C using 30 nm sputtered Ti as adhesive. The bonded pairs show excellent bonding uniformity and mechanical integrity. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was applied to confirm the interdiffusion occurred in the interlayer. The bonding interface was examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) assisted with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) elemental mapping and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Characterization of the bonding interface indicates the strong adhesion achieved is attributed to an amorphous layer formed by interdiffusion of Si and oxygen into Ti interlayer and the unique ability to reduce native oxide (SiO2) by Ti even at low temperatures.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and childhood motor skill impairment-what can be concluded?

Depression affects an estimated 18.4% of all pregnancies with major depressive disorder occurring in up to 12.7% (Gavin et al. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:1071–83). It is well understood that untreated depression is harmful to both mother and infant. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used as first-line treatment in this population. However, the fetal risks associated with this class of medication in pregnancy are highly debated.
A Comparison of Bulk Lifetime, Efficiency, and Light-Induced Degradation in Boron- and Gallium-Doped Cast mc-Si Solar Cells

High-efficiency boron- and gallium-doped multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) cells were fabricated and compared in this paper. The quality of three different boron-doped mc-Si ingots and one gallium-doped mc-Si ingot was investigated and compared by means of lifetime measurements and solar cell efficiencies. Untextured screen printed 4-cm2 cell efficiencies in excess of 16% were achieved in this paper when the lifetime after gettering and hydrogenation exceeded 100 mus. This was true for most wafers from top, middle, and bottom regions of the boron-doped ingots. Lifetimes in excess of 300 mus were achieved from the middle region of some boron- and gallium-doped mc-Si ingots. High efficiencies in excess of 16.7% were attained from the middle region of most ingots investigated in this paper regardless of gallium or boron dopant. Light-induced degradation in efficiency (2%-3% relative) was observed in some of the boron-doped mc-Si wafers in which oxygen concentration was high (15 ppm). In contrast, gallium-doped solar cells were found to be very stable under illumination irrespective of their location in the ingot. Device characterization and modeling were performed to show that the combined effect of large variation in resistivity and lifetime along the gallium-doped mc-Si ingots results in variation in the cell efficiency from different regions of the gallium-doped ingots. Design rules were established to determine the optimum thickness of the solar cell for extracting maximum efficiency when the bulk lifetime and resistivity vary along the length of the ingot for a better utilization of the whole ingot
Automated Method for Subtraction of Fluorescence from Biological Raman Spectra

One of the challenges of using Raman spectroscopy for biological applications is the inherent fluorescence generated by many biological molecules that underlies the measured spectra. This fluorescence can sometimes be several orders of magnitude more intense than the weak Raman scatter, and its presence must be minimized in order to resolve and analyze the Raman spectrum. Several techniques involving hardware and software have been devised for this purpose; these include the use of wavelength shifting, time gating, frequency-domain filtering, first- and second-order derivatives, and simple curve fitting of the broadband variation with a high-order polynomial. Of these, polynomial fitting has been found to be a simple but effective method. However, this technique typically requires user intervention and thus is time consuming and prone to variability. An automated method for fluorescence subtraction, based on a modification to least-squares polynomial curve fitting, is described. Results indicate that the presented automated method is proficient in fluorescence subtraction, repeatability, and in retention of Raman spectral lineshapes.
Common Murre Egg Recovery

Abstract Common Murre (Uria aalge) breeding success has been monitored in 1996-2004 at Devil’s Slide Rock, California as part of a restoration project related to the Apex Houston oil spill. During the 2001 breeding season, two separate cases of egg recovery by parent murres were observed. During the first event an egg was secured and incubated 60 cm from the original nesting site, while in the second case an egg was retrieved after rolling 85 cm. The first egg was lost within 24 hours, and the second disappeared within a day of its expected hatching date. We describe the circumstances surrounding these events, including the behavior of the parent murres during the egg recovery attempts, the subsequent fate of the recovered eggs, the microhabitat features associated with egg loss and other factors affecting the egg recovery ability of adult murres.
Chronic central nervous system MC3/4R blockade attenuates hypertension induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition but not by angiotensin II infusion.

We examined whether central melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor (MC3/4R) blockade attenuates the blood pressure (BP) responses to chronic L-NAME or angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion in Sprague–Dawley rats implanted with telemetry transmitters, venous catheters, and intracerebroventricular cannula into the lateral ventricle. After 5 days of control measurements, L-NAME (10 μg/kg/min IV, groups 1 and 2) or Ang II (10 ng/kg/min IV, groups 3 and 4) were infused for 24 days, and starting on day 7 of L-NAME or Ang II infusion, the MC3/4R antagonist SHU-9119 (24 nmol/d, n=6/group; groups 1 and 3) or vehicle (saline 0.5 μL/h, n=6/group; groups 2 and 4) was infused intracerebroventricularly for 10 days. A control normotensive group also received SHU-9119 for 10 days (n=5). L-NAME and Ang II increased BP by 40±3 and 56±5 mm Hg, respectively, although heart rate was slightly reduced. MC3/4R blockade doubled food intake and reduced heart rate (≈40 to ≈50 bpm) in all groups. MC3/4R blockade caused only a small reduction in BP in normotensive group (4 mm Hg) and no change in rats receiving Ang II, although markedly reducing BP by 21±4 mm Hg in L-NAME–treated rats. After SHU-9119 infusion was stopped, food intake, heart rate, and BP gradually returned to values observed before SHU-9119 infusion was started. Ganglionic blockade at the end of L-NAME or Ang II infusion caused similar BP reduction in both groups. These results suggest that the brain MC3/4R contributes, at least in part, to the hypertension induced by chronic L-NAME infusion but not by Ang II.
Self-Regulation and Ability Predictors of Academic Success During College: A Predictive Validity Study

Knowledge about self-regulation and motivation processes enables students to maximize their college career paths and allows universities to implement better intervention programs to encourage struggling students to persist and complete their educational studies. College administrators and instructors should focus on developing interventions to instill a healthy sense of self-efficacy in students and teach them how to manage their time effectively. Interventions in the form of learning how to learn courses and/or workshops should be designed specifically for first-year students to provide them with helpful adjustment strategies such as setting strategic goals, planning effectively throughout the first year of undergraduate study, and seeking help when needed. Furthermore, instructors of introductory-level classes should provide first-year students with successful peer role models to enhance their self-efficacy beliefs in completing their course requirements. For example, they can make available samples of ...
Mechanisms of genetic variability in Halobacterium halobium: the purple membrane and gas vesicle mutations.

Several phenotypic variants of Halobacterium halobium arise spontaneously at extremely high frequencies (up to 1%) and are readily identified by inspection of bacterial colonies. Two mutant types, those lacking the buoyant gas vesicles or the photosynthetic purple membrane, have been studied in detail by phenotypic and molecular genetic analysis. In the wild-type NRC-1 strain, the bop gene, encoding the purple membrane protein bacterio-opsin, is found on the bacterial chromosome, while the gas vesicle protein genes, gvpA and gvpC, are present on pNRC100, a multicopy plasmid of ~150 kilobase pairs. The gvpA and gvpC genes are on a single transcription unit, while the major bop mRNA is monocistronic. Essentially all of the purple membrane deficient mutants contain insertion sequence (IS) elements into or upstream of the bop gene. Two elements, ISH 1 and ISH 2, account for most (80–90%) of the purple membrane mutations, but at least three other elements, ISH 23, ISH 26, and ISH S1, have also been implicated....
Medical and surgical consultations to a general hospital psychiatric unit.

Abstract This study reviews 563 medical and surgical consultations to a general hospital psychiatric unit over three years. In addition to an analysis of the consultations by service and month, consulted patients are compared with nonconsulted patients by age, sex, and diagnosis. Parallels are drawn to psychiatric consultations as reported in the consultation-liaison literature to medical and surgical patients. Two important findings from the present study are that depressed patients received significantly ( P
The Relationship Between Coat Color and Aggressive Behaviors in the Domestic Cat

The authors explored a possible relationship between coat color and aggressive behaviors in the domestic cat. This study used an Internet-based survey to collect information on coat color, affiliative behaviors toward cats/humans, agonistic behaviors toward cats/humans, other "problem" behaviors, and cat and guardian demographic data. A total of 1,432 cat guardians completed the online survey; after exclusions based on study protocol, data analysis included 1,274 completed surveys. Guardians reported sex-linked orange female (tortoiseshells, calicos, and "torbies"), black-and-white, and gray-and-white cats to be more frequently aggressive toward humans in 3 settings: during everyday interactions, during handling, and during veterinary visits. Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance was used to compare possible differences between the 2 sexes and among different coat colors. Analyses of aggression due to handling, as well as aggression displayed during veterinarian visits, showed little difference among coat colors in these settings.
Electroclinical and ultrastructural changes associated with subconvulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol.

Abstract A series of rats was subjected to subconvulsant and convulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and the brains were examined electronmicroscopically. After establishing baseline dose effects, rats were chronically implanted bilaterally with cortical bipolar electrodes in frontal and parietal regions. One week postoperatively, they received on either 3 or 4 successive days subconvulsant doses (10 to 20 mg/kg) of PTZ. The following electroclinical evolution was characteristic: Focal spike activity in some of the sampled regions was followed by asymptomatic low-voltage “spike-wave” bursts, which were in turn followed by higher voltage more diffuse “spike-wave” bursts associated with whisker twitching. The animals were killed on the third, fourth, or fifth day when the full clinical picture was present, but before a generalized convulsive seizure had occurred. Electron micrographs showed swollen glial processes around capillaries. No change could be detected in the endothelial basement membrane and the neurons appeared intact. We conclude that ultrastructural changes can be demonstrated prior to overt major seizures and that they are similar to some results in the literature on animals which received convulsant doses. Repeated subconvulsant doses of PTZ also led to a “kindling” effect.
Efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in octogenarians

Abstract OBJECTIVES To determine whether catheter ablation is safe and effective in patients over the age of 80. BACKGROUND There is a tendency to withhold invasive therapy in the elderly until it has been proven safe and effective. METHODS Over a two-year period from February 1, 1996 to February 1, 1998, 695 consecutive patients underwent 744 catheter ablation procedures of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. These patients were divided into three groups based on age: ≥80 years, 60 to 79 years and RESULTS There were 37 patients ≥80 years, 275 patients 60 to 79 years and 383 patients CONCLUSIONS Catheter ablative therapy for the arrhythmias attempted in the very elderly appears to be effective with low risk. Ablation results appear to be comparable with those noted in younger patients.
Eyes as fenestrations to the ears: a novel mechanism for high-frequency and ultrasonic hearing

Intense airborne ultrasound has been associated with hearing loss, tinnitus, and various nonauditory subjective effects, such as headaches, dizziness, and fullness in the ear. Yet, when people detect ultrasonic components in music, ultrasound adds to the pleasantness of the perception and evokes changes in the brain as measured in electroencephalograms, behavior, and imaging. How does the airborne ultrasound get into the ear to create such polar-opposite human effects? Surprisingly, ultrasound passes first through the eyes; thus, the eye becomes but another window into the inner ear.
The State of Pure Shear

In classical continuum mechanics a state of pure shear is defined as one for which there is some orthonormal basis relative to which the normal components of the Cauchy stress tensor vanish. An equivalent characterization is that the trace of the Cauchy stress tensor must vanish. We give an elementary but complete discussion of this fundamental theorem here from both the geometric and algebraic points of view.
Are Bitcoin Users Less Sociable? An Analysis of Users' Language and Social Connections on Twitter

Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer payment system and digital currency, has seen much growth and controversy in the four years since its introduction. Yet, despite Bitcoin’s growing importance, little is known about its users. Our research explores what type of people use this domain and what concepts they tend to emphasize in their language. We analyzed over 50,000 messages from over 6,000 users of the social networking community, Twitter. Our analyses show a consistent pattern that people interested in Bitcoin are far less likely to emphasize social relations than typical users of the site. Specifically, Bitcoin followers (1) are less likely to mention family, friends, religion, sex, and emotion related words in their tweets and (2) have significantly less social connection to other users on the site. These findings offer the first empirical look at what exactly makes Bitcoin users distinct from others and can have implications for the future of the currency.
Neo-Nationalism: Challenges for International Students

With increasing internationalization, national identity is being reintroduced and reconceptualized as forms of global competition. Neo-nationalism has the potential to negatively impact an international student’s experience, particularly in studying in one’s region. This article highlights some challenges for regional students in South Korea and South Africa based on neo-nationalism.
A comparative analysis of the two typical farmland transfer models in Chongqing

This paper attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of the two typical farmland transfer models introduced by Chongqing in its comprehensive coordinated reform experiment for balanced urban and rural development: i) the "pooling of land as shares" in Qilin village, Changshou district; and ii) the "homestead/house swap, contracted land/ social security swap" in Jiulongpo district. It is estimated that the former model offers lower land appreciation benef its than the latter; the former faces greater operational risks, whereas the latter can to a certain extent mitigate risks by boosting regulatory control and reasonable government guidance. The homestead/house swap, contracted land/social security swap model is therefore the preferred choice. It can solve a series of social security problems that arise after peasants are divorced from land and enable peasants to garner higher land appreciation benefits through farmland transfer.
Reviewer Assistance: New Modifications in Editorial Manager

677 cial effect on the overall time to final decision on manuscripts, we urge all reviewers to respond (whether affirmative or negative) before the invitation expires to further expedite the process. Finally, we recently updated the list of “Classification Terms,” which allows us to better match manuscript topics with targeted expert reviewers. We encourage all reviewers to update and expand their personal list of classification terms to align with their interests, because this is a primary means for identifying potential reviewers on the AJR EM site. Ultimately, the manuscript review is the engine that drives any successful peerreviewed journal. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the many AJR reviewers who selflessly devote their valuable time and expertise, making the journal what it is today. The AJR editorial office always welcomes your feedback and ideas to further enhance the review process and ease your burden. Perry J. Pickhardt Gastrointestinal Section Editor ppickhardt2@uwhealth.org
Concept Fallibility in Organizational Science

This paper extends existing social and behavioral science knowledge by placing explicit emphasis on concept-formation issues as they pertain to organizational science. Moreover, the paper (a) introduces in a detailed manner the notions of concept traveling and concept stretching, (b) provides a clear treatment of various conceptual abstraction levels, (c) articulates and offers the negation approach, and (d) shows how to attain the abstraction levels via the use of the negation approach to concept formation.
Revised Lifting Capability Data Base for the Industrial Workforce

Several studies have utilized the psychophysical approach to generate lifting capability data for industrial workers. In all these studies, certain assumptions were made. These assumptions, as reported recently, are not valid and, therefore, lifting capability data based on the psychophysical approach must be subjected to certain adjustments. This paper reports new data on lifting capability of the industrial workforce and compares it with two previous studies. Data from all the three studies were adjusted for time duration and, since the three studies compared favorably, integrated to develop comprehensive lifting capability data bases. The effects of lifting frequency, box size, height of lift, and age of workers are discussed.
Effects of Fiber Orientation and Overlapping on Knudsen, Transition, and Ordinary Regime Diffusion in Fibrous Substrates

We prescnt effective diffusion coefficients of gases in porous media whose structure can be represented as an assemblage of cylindrical fibers, such as the media used as substrates in chemical vapor infiltration. Structures consisting of non-, partially, or freely overlapping fibers of various orientation distributions are considered, and effective diffusion coefficients are computed by means of a Monte Carlo simulation scheme. In order to be able to examine the interrelation of ordinary, transition, and Knudsen diffusivities and tortuosities, computations are carried out over the whole diffusion regime, i.e., from bulk to Knudsen. Our simulation results are compared with variational bounds and experimcntal values of tortuosity of fibrous beds reported by other investigators.
A Comparison of Ultrasonic Suture Welding and Traditional Knot Tying

The slippage of knots and the technical challenge of tying them securely are potential impediments to certain arthroscopic procedures. Ultrasonic energy delivered at 70 kHz can be used to weld No. 2 polypropylene suture. This method was compared with a traditional knot (surgeon's knot with four alternating half hitches) tied with an open technique to determine whether welding of sutures is comparable, in mechanical properties, to hand-tied knots. Both loops were fashioned around a 0.25-inch mandrel and then tested. The load to reach 3-mm elongation (point of likely biologic failure of a repair) was significantly greater for welded sutures than for knots. The elongation at ultimate failure was significantly less for welded sutures than for knots. The number of cycles to failure and the creep after initial displacement were similar for both welded and knotted suture loops. The ultimate load to failure was significantly greater for the knotted than for the welded suture. The welding of suture for the repair of musculoskeletal soft tissue presents an attractive alternative to traditional knot tying, particularly for arthroscopic applications.
Mortality Rates After Emergent Posterior Fossa Decompression for Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke in Older Patients.

Objective Cerebellar stroke causes major morbidity in the aging population. Guidelines from the American Stroke Association recommend emergent decompression in patients who have brainstem compression, hydrocephalus, or clinical deterioration. The objective of this study was to determine 30-day and 1-year mortality rates in patients >60 years old undergoing emergent posterior fossa decompression. Methods Surgical records identified all patients >60 years old who underwent emergent posterior fossa decompression. Mortality rates were calculated at 30 days and 1 year postoperatively, and these rates were compared with patient and procedure characteristics. Results During 2000–2014, 34 emergent posterior fossa decompressions were performed in patients >60 years old. Mortality rates at 30 days were 0%, 33%, and 25% for age deciles 60–69 years, 70–79 years, and ≥80 years. Increasing age (alive at 30 days 75.2 years ± 1.7 vs. deceased 81.1 years ± 1.7, P = 0.01) and smaller craniectomy dimensions were associated with 30-day mortality. Mortality rates at 1 year were 0%, 50%, and 67% for age deciles 60–69 years, 70–79 years, and ≥80 years. Increasing age was significantly associated with mortality at 1 year (alive at 1 year 72.3 years ± 2.0 vs. deceased 81.1 years ± 1.2, P Conclusions Increasing age and smaller craniectomy size were significantly associated with mortality in patients undergoing emergent posterior fossa decompression. Among patients ≥80 years old, one-quarter were dead within 1 month of the operation, and more than two-thirds were dead within 1 year.
A Female Adolescent Bystander's Diary and the Jewish Hungarian Holocaust

In his article "A Female Adolescent Bystander's Diary and the Jewish Hungarian Holocaust" Gergely Kunt analyzes the unpublished diary manuscript of Margit Molnar, a Hungarian Roman Catholic adolescent girl born in 1927 who kept a diary between 1941 and 1949. Kunt's analysis shows how Molnar viewed Jews, the persecution of Jews, and the anti-Jewish terror in Budapest. As the diary documents, Molnar's views of the Jews temporarily changed during the Arrow Cross's reign of terror in October 1944 when she received news of the Arrow Cross murdering Jews en masse in Budapest. However, once the war was over, Molnar's deep-seated anti-Semitic prejudices resurfaced and she felt that despite the previously "justified" measures against Jews, the "oppressive wealthy" Jewish Hungarian elite had once again returned.
Innovation and Experiment

In 1936, Lorca referred to what he called his ‘early’ plays (As Soon As Five Years Go By and The Public) as ‘unperformable’. He added, however, that these plays did exemplify the kind of work he really wanted to do in the theatre (II, 1016). Both of these highly experimental ‘early’ plays, and the one-act fragment, Untitled Play (1935 or 1936), are statements in practice of some of Lorca’s most important insights into theatre as such, and are themselves explorations of the theatre’s capacity to operate on many different levels other than those of logical dramatic discourse and ‘realistic’ representation.
Tunable RF MEMS elements

A review of some of the work in tunable RF MEMS elements is presented. Discussed are a high-tuning range variable capacitor, a tunable microinductor, a switched inductor array and a MEMS capacitor immersed in a dielectric fluid. These devices expand the types of devices available to the RF designer for enhanced RF circuits.
High voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment of refrigerated chicken eggs for control of Salmonella Enteritidis contamination on egg shell

Abstract Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) contamination is a major risk for U.S. consumers from chicken eggs. This study is primarily focused on evaluation of a novel High Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma (HVACP) technology for inactivation of Salmonella and its effect on the egg quality. Spot inoculated chicken eggs were treated with high voltage cold plasma (85 kV) under direct and indirect mode of exposure in dry air and modified atmospheric gas environment. A reduction of 5.53 log cfu/egg was observed for egg surfaces directly treated under modified atmospheric gas for 15 min. SE reductions was found dependent on treatment times, gas type, and mode of exposure of eggs to the plasma. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in direct and indirect mode of exposure was observed on the egg quality after plasma treatment. These results demonstrate the potential of HVACP to be used as a suitable non-thermal treatment for reducing Salmonella from packaged chicken eggs.
Real time digital implementation of the high-yield-pileup-event-recover (HYPER) method

We have proposed a high-yield-pileup-event- recover (HYPER) method that can process scintillation signals in very high count-rate situations where multiple-event pileups are normal, and successfully used this method in our BGO animal PET and human PET systems. In the first generation HYPER electronics, the integration and weight-sum circuits were implemented using analog signal. However, the same idea can be implemented in full digital mode. In the digital HYPER method, the input signal is digitized with a free run ADC, and then processed in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Recent improvement in integrated circuit technology makes it possible to do digitization and real-time processing with clock frequency over 200 MHz. The dead time is reduced because there's no dead-time for discharging the integration value. The analog delay line used to balance the trigger delay is removed, which will reduce the signal distortion, and in turn increase the measurement resolution. The processing in the FPGA includes digital integration, weight-sum, and dynamic pile-up correction. Simulation shows a possible working frequency of 320 MHz with a low-cost FPGA, the Altera CY2C35F484C6. Energy spectrum of LSO with count rate up to 20 MCPS has been studied. The energy resolution of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 MCPS is 10.6%, 11.1%, 12.4%, 14.1%, 16.2%, 18.4% and 23.0%, respectively.
Aperiodic task scheduling for real-time systems

This thesis develops the Sporadic Server (SS) algorithm for scheduling aperiodic tasks in real-time systems. The SS algorithm is an extension of the rate monotonic algorithm which was designed to schedule periodic tasks. This thesis demonstrates that the SS algorithm is able to guarantee deadlines for hard-deadline aperiodic tasks and provide good responsiveness for soft-deadline aperiodic tasks while avoiding the schedulability penalty and implementation complexity of previous aperiodic service algorithms. It is also proven that the aperiodic servers created by the SS algorithm can be treated as equivalently-sized periodic tasks when assessing schedulability. This allows all the scheduling theories developed for the rate monotonic algorithm to be used to schedule aperiodic tasks. For scheduling aperiodic and periodic tasks that share data, this thesis defines the interactions and schedulability impact of using the SS algorithm with the priority inheritance protocols. For scheduling hard-deadline tasks with short deadlines, an extension of the rate monotonic algorithm and analysis is developed. To predict performance of the SS algorithm, this thesis develops models and equations that allow the use of standard queueing theory models to predict the average response time of soft-deadline aperiodic tasks serviced with a high-priority sporadic server. Implementation methods are also developed to support the SS algorithm in Ada and on the Futurebus+.
Microtubule Motors in Establishment of Epithelial Cell Polarity

Epithelial cells play a key role in insuring physiological homeostasis by acting as a barrier between the outside environment and internal organs. They are also responsible for the vectorial transport of ions and fluid essential to the function of many organs. To accomplish these tasks, epithelial cells must generate an asymmetrically organized plasma membrane comprised of structurally and functionally distinct apical and basolateral membranes. Adherent and occluding junctions, respectively, anchor cells within a layer and prevent lateral diffusion of proteins in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and restrict passage of proteins and solutes through intercellular spaces. At a fundamental level, the establishment and maintenance of epithelial polarity requires that signals initiated at cell-substratum and cell-cell adhesions are transmitted appropriately and dynamically to the cytoskeleton, to the membrane-trafficking machinery, and to the regulation of occluding and adherent junctions. Rigorous descriptive and mechanistic studies published over the last 50 years have provided great detail to our understanding of epithelial polarization. Yet still, critical early steps in morphogenesis are not yet fully appreciated. In this review, we discuss how cytoskeletal motor proteins, primarily kinesins, contribute to coordinated modification of microtubule and actin arrays, formation and remodeling of cell adhesions to targeted membrane trafficking, and to initiating the formation and expansion of an apical lumen.
Noncoding RNAs in Cholesterol Metabolism and Atherosclerosis

Proper maintenance of cellular and plasma cholesterol levels is critical for proper metabolic function and as such is regulated through tightly controlled mechanisms at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. Cardiometabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, a prominent cause of human morbidity and mortality in western societies (Glass and Witztum 2001; Lusis 2000), are caused in large part by dysregulation of cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Although many environmental and genetic factors are known to contribute to atherogenesis, elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are the primary risk factors for atherosclerosis and are sufficient to drive the progression of this disease. For this reason, the pathways governing plasma LDL-C levels have been extensively studied, and their modulation has led to effective therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor hastened healing of severe foot infections in patients with diabetes mellitus

Source Citation Gough A, Clapperton M, Rolando N, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in diabetic foot infection. Lancet. 1997 Sep 20;350:855-9.9310604