cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerothermal Analysis of Turbine Blades Using an Unstructured Flow Solver - U 2 NCLE

This paper describes an attempt to evaluate an unstructured Navier–Stokes flow solver in predicting the aerodynamic pressure loading and heat transfer on two NASA turbine vanes, CW–22 and Mark–II. A three–dimensional Reynolds–averaged Navier–Stokes unstructured flow solver, referred to as U 2 NCLE, has been modified to solve the governing equations in the fluid field and a thermal diffusion equation inside the metal region in a fully– coupled manner. Four widely used turbulence closure models, the Spalart–Allmaras one– equation turbulence model, and k–, k–, q– two–equation turbulence models, are used to assess the accuracy and suitability of the solver for aerothermal analysis on both nonfilm– cooled and internally–cooled turbine vanes. Numerical predictions show favorable agreement with the experimental data in a fully developed turbulent flow, and suggest an improvement on certain turbulence models for accurate prediction of heat transfer behavior involving laminar–to–turbulent transition.
Determination of Nitrofuran Residues in Bushmeat

[Objective]To investigate the direct method for determination of nitrofuran residues in bushmeat.[Methods]ELISA was applied to determine nitrofurazone metabolite SEM in bushmeat,which reflected the drug residues.[Results]The recoveries of the method ranged from 81.0%～90.0%,the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 13.2%.This method compared with HPLC,the results showed no significant difference(P0.05).[Conclusion]Direct determination of nitrofuran metabolites SEM in bushmeat by ELISA has the advantage of accurate,simple and rapid.
A personal research odyssey.

The Journal of Family Practice is pleased to publish the acceptance speech of Dr Jack Medalie, the 1998 recipient of the Maurice Wood Award for Lifetime Contribution to Primary Care Research. This address was delivered on November 6, 1998, at the 26th Annual Meeting of the North American Primary Care Research Group (NAPCRG) in Montreal. This prestigious annual award honors the person who has, throughout his or her career, made the greatest contribution to primary care research and related fields. Researchers from all nations, working in all professional and scientific disciplines are eligible to receive the award. The award is named in honor of Dr Maurice Wood, an early pioneer and leader in primary care research in North America and founder of NAPCRG. The Wood Award is supported by donations from friends of primary care research across North America and around the world. For more information, contact NAPCRG at: PO Box 8729, Kansas City, Missouri 64114; 1-800-274-2237; E-mail: napcrg@stfm.org.
Acupuncture for low back pain in huang di nei jing su wen. (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine Book of Common Questions).

In Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen, among the materials which heretofore have no English translation, there are three Chapters on pain. One of them was devoted entirely to the low back pain. This is certainly an indication of its importance even more than 2,300 years ago. Since it still plagues us nowadays, we have translated that Chapter of this medical classic to see what we can learn from the ancients. We attempted to second guess the ancients in the diagnosis of the various sets of symptoms, in the light of western medicine. We discussed the difficulties in interpreting the archaic text. We pointed out that there were associations of the Mais (i.e., the Meridians) with various sets of symptoms but the loci of puncture were rather vaguely described and had no names. We inserted our selections of currently used acupoints to match the described loci. We would like to solicit our readers' comments.
Vigabatrin Monotherapy for Infantile Spasms

The successful management of 21 children with infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmia using vigabatrin monotherapy is reported from the Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
Randomized Trial of Adding Parenteral Acetaminophen to Prochlorperazine and Diphenhydramine to Treat Headache in the Emergency Department.

Abstract Introduction: Headaches represent over 3 million Emergency Department visits per year comprising 2.4 percent of all ED visits. Headaches are thought to be one of the three most common complaints of patient presentations to EDs across the country. There are many proposed methods and clinical guidelines of treating acute headache presentations however data on intravenous acetaminophen usage in these settings are lacking. Objectives: The study attempts to determine the efficacy of IV Acetaminophen as an adjunct to a standard therapy for the treatment of patients who present to the emergency department with a chief complaint of “headache” or variants thereof. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Institutional IRB approval was obtained prior to implementation. Setting: Academic Community Hospital. Patients: Key elements of eligibility included adults ages 18-65 who had no mental or physical hindrances to pain assessment or to receiving acetaminophen. Exclusion criteria included those who had received total cumulative dose of acetaminophen >2600mg within past 24 hours, documented or suspected pregnancy, dementia, psychosis, liver cirrhosis, hemodynamic instability or other medical conditions prohibiting acetaminophen use. Ability to understand informed consent was necessary. Interventions: All patients received prochlorperazine, diphenhydramine, 1000ml 0.9% normal saline IV, and were randomized to receive either parenteral acetaminophen (1000mg/100ml) or 100ml of 0.9% NS as control in the placebo group. Main outcome measures: Subjective pain scores rated on a 1-10 Visual Assessment Scale were assessed repeatedly at 30 minute intervals. Length of stay and time to disposition were also noted. The incidence of rescue medications required outside of the initial regimen was also noted, with particular attention to narcotic utilization. Results: Of the (n=45) patients who received IV acetaminophen, 36 reported a statistically significant decrease by pain score of 2 or greater from presentation at the 90 minute mark. Of the (n=45) patients who received placebo, 25 reported a statistically significant decrease by pain score reporting from presentation at the 90 minute mark. (p 0.01, >95% CI). For the acetaminophen group the initial mean VAS pain score was 8.7, for the placebo group 8.6. At 90 minutes 2.2 for Acetaminophen, 4.0 for placebo group. (p 99% CI). Length of stay was decreased a mean 36.6 minutes in the Acetaminophen group. 17 patients in the IV acetaminophen and 24 patients in the placebo group received rescue medications, with 18% less in the acetaminophen group requiring narcotics (p 0.01, CI >95). Conclusion: In Emergency Department patients with acute headache, IV Acetaminophen when used as an adjunct to prochlorperazine and diphenhydramine resulted in increased pain reduction, decreased length of stay and less rescue medications utilized including narcotics when compared to treatment with prochlorperazine and diphenhydramine alone.
Are You Qualified to Be a Member of This “Elite Group”? A School Leadership Preparation Program Examines the Extent “Diverse” Candidates Are Admitted to Graduate School:

This case outlines a dilemma encountered by faculty in a K-12 educational administration graduate program on the east coast. The case offers a detailed illustration of tensions arising when faculty discuss their graduate admissions process, their role as gatekeepers, understandings of merit, and the need for student diversity. Disrupting institutional systems of domination and faculty reliance on admissions criteria undermine programmatic diversity goals, including the meanings faculty associate with common admissions criteria. Implications include an authentic, holistic, and intentional examination of graduate admissions criteria.
Abstract TP321: Strokes Occurring in the Hospital; Quality of Care and Outcome in a Tertiary Academic Medical Center

Introduction: Studies have shown that 4-17% of acute ischemic strokes (AIS) occur in the patients hospitalized for another reason.We present one of the largest single center data in the US on quality of care and outcome of in-hospital strokes from our large volume comprehensive stroke center at Buffalo general Hospital, Buffalo, NY. Methods: In a retrospective study, all patients who suffered an AIS after being admitted for another reason to our center from January 2006 till June 2015 were included in the study. Variables studied included demographics, comorbid illness, NIHSS on admission, clinical presentation and NIHSS at the time of stroke, location of infarction on brain imaging, location of the patient while stroke occurred, treatment undertaken, quality of care measures and outcome on discharge using modified Rankin Scale( mRS). Results: We found 53 patients who suffered AIS proven on brain imaging after being hospitalized for another reason in the study period. Twenty seven were females (51 %). Mean age was 69.4 (±13.1). Mean NIHSS on admission was 0. Mean NIHSS at the time of stroke was 10.1 (±9.72). Mean Time of symptom recognition to neuroimaging was 7 hours (±14.4 hours). Only in 4 patients (7.5%) head CT scans were done within 25 minutes from symptom recognition. Forty two (79%) underwent brain imaging within 6 hours of symptom recognition, out of them 11(26%) received intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) within the first 4.5 hours and 7 (17%) underwent intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT). The patients admitted in the emergency room(ER) for other reasons or intensive care units(ICU) had more chance of being eligible for IVT or/and IAT from timing stand point compared to the patients admitted to the regular floors ( 44 % vs 25% ) . In 15 patients (28%), there was a delay in symptom recognition or treatment due to diagnosis uncertainty . The mean MRS on discharge 2.37 (± 2.16) with a mortality rate of 13%. Conclusion: Due to logistical problems, only a small number of patients with in-hospital strokes received brain imaging within the time window recommended by ASA/AHA guideline. We need to improve awareness of stroke symptoms among medical staff including nurses and non-neurology physicians which might leads to a more timely initiation of treatment and better outcome.
Transport and fate of chloride from road salt within a mixed urban and agricultural watershed in Illinois (USA): assessing the influence of chloride application rates.

In a typical winter season, approximately 471,000 tons of road salt are deposited along roadways in Illinois, USA. An estimated 45% of the deposited road salt will infiltrate through the soils and into shallow aquifers. Transported through shallow aquifers, chloride associated with the road salts has the potential to reside within groundwater for years based on the pathway, the geologic material, and the recharge rate of the aquifer system. Utilizing MODFLOW and MT3D, simulations employing various road-salt application rates were conducted to assess the net accumulation of chloride and the residence times of chloride in an agriculture-dominated watershed that originates in an urban area. A positive-linear relationship was observed between the application rate of chloride and both the maximum chloride concentration and total mass accumulated within the watershed. Simulated annual recharge rates along impacted surfaces ranged from 1,000 to 10,000 mg/L. After 60 years of application, simulated chloride concentrations in groundwater ranged from 197 to 1,900 mg/L. For all application rates, chloride concentrations within the groundwater rose at an annual rate of >3 mg/L. While concentrations increase throughout the system, the majority of chloride accumulation occurs near the roads and the urban areas. Model simulations reveal a positive relationship between application rate and residence time of chloride (1,123–1,288 days based on application rate). The models indicate that continued accumulation of chloride in shallow aquifers can be expected, and methods that apply less chloride effectively need to be examined.
Data-Adaptive Estimation in Cluster Randomized Trials

In randomized trials, adjustment for measured covariates during the analysis can reduce variance and increase power. To avoid misleading inference, the analysis plan must be pre-specified. However, it is often unclear a priori which baseline covariates (if any) should be included in the analysis. This results in an important challenge: the need to learn from the data to realize precision gains, but to do so in pre-specified and rigorous way to maintain valid statistical inference. This challenge is especially prominent in cluster randomized trials (CRTs), which often have limited numbers of independent units (e.g., communities, clinics or schools) and many potential adjustment variables.
Communication patterns between foster parents and case managers

Abstract More than 435,000 children reside in foster care in the United States, and despite the high number of children whom need homes, only a fraction of the entire pool of foster parents care for the majority of foster children. Furthermore, about half of foster parents quit within one year of receiving placements. Research has demonstrated that a lack of appropriate foster homes is linked to placement instability and adverse effects on children's overall health and well-being. It is imperative to improve foster parent retention to enhance the well-being of children living in foster care. The current study examined how to best facilitate a healthier professional relationship between case managers and foster families with the goal of identifying concrete ways to improve the relationship and drive foster parent retention. Data were collected via in-depth, qualitative interviews to identify characteristics of the relationship with case workers that are most valuable to foster mothers. Six themes emerged in our study that reflects the importance of quality, timely communication on foster mother/case manager relationship satisfaction.
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF VITELLOGENIN SYNTHESIS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes vitellogenesis as a phase of accelerated egg growth leading to the production of fully grown eggs. It involves a massive accumulation of protein and lipid yolk, often within a short period of time. This sequestration of reserves for use in the ensuing embryogenesis is frequently triggered by specific events such as periodic food intake, mating, or changes in photoperiod. Juvenile hormone (JH) is then produced and liberated according to demands. In Rhodnius, it is the periodic food intake that triggers an activation of the single corpus allatum to produce JH, and vitellogenesis follows. Hemoglobin is identified in the Rhodnius eggs, a component of the yolk that has been derived from the blood meal. Viewed in retrospect, this observation leads the way to the formulation of present concepts regarding the mode of accumulation of reserves in the oocytes by pinocytosis of extraovarian proteins.
Inference for Health Econometrics: Inference, Model Tests, Diagnostics, Multiple Tests, and Bootstrap

This article presents inference for many commonly used estimators - least squares, generalized linear models, generalized method of moments, and generalized estimating equations, that are asymptotically normally distributed. The Section Inference focuses on Wald confidence intervals and hypothesis tests based on estimator variance matrix estimates that are heteroskedastic-robust and, if relevant, cluster-robust. The Section Model Tests and Diagnostics summarizes tests of model adequacy and model diagnostics. The Section Multiple Tests presents familywise error rates and false discovery rates that control for multiple testing such as subgroup analysis. The Section Bootstrap and Other Resampling Methods presents methods that are most often used to estimate the variance of an estimator. Bootstraps with asymptotic refinement are also presented.
Tunable Leaky Wave Antenna Based on Bidirectional Amplifier Enhanced Composite Right/Left Handed Transmission Line

Tunable leaky wave antenna (LWA) based on bidirectional amplifier enhanced composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) is proposed in this paper. Phase offset and current amplitude distribution of the LWA can be individually controlled by manipulating the CRLH TL and the biasing voltage of the bidirectional amplifier, respectively. While the CRLH TL controlled phase offset dictates the beam scanning angle, the bidirectional amplifier allows radiation pattern tunability. The directivity, radiated power, and main beam width tunability are experimentally verified by comparing the radiation performance of the proposed LWA in OFF (0V) and ON (0.9V) states.
Are Cyst-Associated Macrophages in Polycystic Kidney Disease the Equivalent to TAMs in Cancer?

Kidney injury leads to rapid infiltration of immune cells, presumably as a preemptive measure to protect the organism from the danger of invading microbes that may exploit the compromised epithelial barrier of injured tubules. Prominent among these infiltrating immune cells are the macrophages that
Augmented Reality Improves Procedural Work on an International Space Station Science Instrument.

Objective:The purpose of the current study was to determine whether an augmented reality instruction method would result in faster task completion times, lower mental workload, and fewer errors for...
Who Should I Image and When? CT Negative: Now What?

Most immunocompromised patients presenting to the emergency department with abdominal pain will require advanced imaging. In this patient population, the history and physical exam can be misleading and not accurately represent ongoing serious intra-abdominal pathology. Computed tomography with intravenous contrast will reveal most life-threatening etiologies of abdominal pain in these patients; however patients with nondiagnostic imaging who appear ill should be observed or admitted for consideration of further testing such as magnetic resonance imaging.
Measuring the Quality of Palliative Care for Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease

We examined the quality of palliative care received by patients with decompensated cirrhosis using an explicit set of palliative care quality indicators (QIs) for patients with end-stage liver disease (PC-ESLD). We identified patients newly diagnosed with decompensated cirrhosis at a single veterans health center and followed up them for 2 years or until death. We piloted measurement of PC-ESLD QIs in all patients confirmed to have ESLD using a chart abstraction tool. Out of 167 patients identified using at least one sampling strategy, 62 were confirmed to meet ESLD criteria with chart abstraction. Ninety-eight percent of veterans in the cohort were male, mean age at diagnosis was 61 years, and 74% were White. The overall QI pass rate was 68% (64% for information care planning QIs and 76% for supportive care QIs). Patients receiving specialty palliative care consultation were more likely to receive information care planning QIs (67% vs. 37%, p = 0.02). The best performing sampling strategy had a sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 60%. Measuring the quality of palliative care for patients with ESLD is feasible in the veteran population. Our single-center data suggest that the quality of palliative care is inadequate in the veteran population with ESLD, though patients offered specialty palliative care consultation and those affected by homelessness, drug, and alcohol abuse may receive better care. Our combination of ICD-9 codes can be used to identify a cohort of patients with ESLD, though better sensitivity and specificity may be needed.
Fix the Course, Not the Student: Positive Approaches to Cultivating Academic Integrity

The best-studied techniques for reducing academic dishonesty rates rely on increasing the likelihood of consequences. These techniques offer instructors effective tools for identifying dishonest behavior as a means to "encourage" honesty. We wonder if we can promote integrity through proactive measures, such as designing courses' structures and assignments to reduce temptations for cheating, or by sculpting culture and forming relationships to foster a robust "community of trust." Our discussion will consider students' perspectives on academic integrity, how those might differ from instructors' perspectives, and how to build firm yet compassionate systems for promoting honesty in coursework. Through conversations with students and faculty, the discussion leaders have identified several compelling explanations for student cheating that largely derive from student culture and faculty messaging. We hope to share these lessons and inspire tactics for instructors to address student temptations to cheat that do not rely on the threat of penalty. This can help foster mentoring, rather than antagonistic, relationships between students and instructors, making computing courses increasingly welcoming for a greater diversity of students.
Overview of light nuclei production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We briefly overview motivations, some recent results and challenges in studying light nuclei production in relativistic heavy ion collisions.
Getting the Story Straight: How Conflicting Narratives about Communication Impact Women in Engineering

More research is needed about how women in engineering develop and are recognized for communication skills within classrooms and workplaces. Using semi-structured interviews with female engineering...
Semiconductor-to-conductor transition in 2D copper (II) oxide nanosheets through surface sulfur-functionalization

Functionalization is a widely-used strategy to modulate and optimize the properties of materials towards various applications, including sensing, catalysis, and energy generation. While the influence of sulfur-functionalization of carbon materials and oxides like ZnO and TiO2 has been studied, far less research has been devoted to analyzing sulfur-functionalization of CuO and other transition metal oxide nanomaterials. Here, we report sulfur-functionalization of copper(ii) oxide nanosheets synthesized by using a soft-templating procedure, with sulfur-addition based on hydrogen sulfide gas as a source. The resulting sulfur-functionalization does not change the overall crystal structure and morphology of the CuO nanosheets, but leads to a decrease in surface hydroxyl groups. Sulfur induces a semiconductor-to-conductor state transition of the CuO nanosheets, which is supported by computational modeling. The metallic transition results from shifting of the Fermi level into the valence band due to formation of Cu-S bonds on the surface of the CuO nanosheets.
Defining Features of Hand Anomalies in Severe Thumb Hypoplasia: A Classification Modification

Purpose To investigate morphologic hand anomalies in children with severe but unclassifiable forms of thumb hypoplasia and radial-sided hand deficiency. Methods We identified 15 extremities in 13 patients with severe thumb hypoplasia and associated absent radial-sided digits through the Congenital Upper Limb Differences registry. All patients had forearm involvement. Medical records, clinical photographs, and radiographs were evaluated. Radial longitudinal deficiency (RLD) and thumb hypoplasia were classified according to the Bayne and Klug classification and modified Blauth classification, respectively. Unusual or defining associated hand characteristics were identified and categorized. Results The most common type of forearm abnormality was absence of the radius (Bayne and Klug type IV), which was present in 10 extremities in the cohort. All 15 extremities had absent thumbs with loss of additional digits. In 6 patients, RLD was part of a syndrome (46%). Conclusions Severe forms of thumb hypoplasia in RLD are uncommon. We propose a further modification of the Blauth classification of thumb hypoplasia, type VI, for improved communication regarding this severe type of radial deficiency involving the hand. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic IV.
Why so only 5.5% of Black Men Marry White Women?*

Only 5.5% of black males married white females in 1990, and the family-income premium for intermarried black males was 7%. This article estimates the impact of the mating taboo, courting opportunities, and individual endowments on the black male marriage market. Results indicate that eliminating the mating taboo would raise the intermarriage rate from 5.5 to 64%, and do away with the intermarriage premium. Improving black males' endowments or allowing black males to meet white females as frequently as they do black females would not increase intermarriage.
Diurnal cycle of precipitation and near-surface atmospheric conditions over the maritime continent: land–sea contrast and impacts of ambient winds in cloud-permitting simulations

A set of cloud-permitting-scale numerical simulations during January–February 2018 is used to examine the diurnal cycle (DC) of precipitation and near-surface variables (e.g., 2 m temperature, 10 m wind and convergence) over the Indo-Pacific Maritime Continent under the impacts of shore-orthogonal ambient winds (SOAWs). It is found that the DC of these variables and their variabilities of daily maxima, minima, and diurnal amplitudes vary over land, sea, and coastal regions. Among all variables, the DC of precipitation has the highest linear correlation with near-surface convergence (near-surface temperature) over coastal (noncoastal) regions. The correlations among the DCs of precipitation, wind, and heating are greater over the ocean than over land. Sine curves can model accurately the DCs of most variables over the ocean, but not over land. SOAWs act to influence the DC mainly by affecting the diurnal amplitude of the considered variables, with DC being stronger under more strengthened offshore SOAWs, though variable dependence and regional variability exist. Composite analysis over Sumatra reveals that under weak SOAWs, shallow clouds are dominant and cause a pre-moistening effect, supporting shallow-to-deep convection transition. A sea breeze circulation (SBC) with return flow aloft can develop rapidly. Cold pools are better able to trigger new updrafts and contribute to the upscale growth and inland migration of deep convection. In addition, warm gravity waves can propagate upward throughout the troposphere, thereby supporting a strong DC. In contrast, under strong SOAWs, both shallow and middle-high clouds prevail and persist throughout the day. The evolution of moistening and SBC is reduced, leading to weak variation in vertical motion and rainwater confined to the boundary layer. Large-scale winds, moisture, and convection are discussed to interpret how strong SOAWs affect the DC of Sumatra.
Who to Refer to a Behavioral Insomnia Clinic? — Recommendations Based on Treatment Rationale and Response Prediction

Response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is variable across individuals, and specialty insomnia clinics that provide CBT-I are few. To personalize insomnia treatments and maximize the cost-effectiveness of CBT-I, this paper reviews the conceptual model and content of CBT-I and the predictors of adherence/response to CBT-I as the basis for understanding who is most likely to benefit from CBT-I. Specific patient-related attributes that predict benefit from CBT-I include (1) presence of maladaptive behaviors that serve as perpetuating factors of insomnia; (2) greater motivation to pursue therapy and higher treatment expectancies regarding CBT-I; (3) reduced use of hypnotics; (4) longer sleep duration; and (5) adequately treated psychiatric comorbidities. People presenting with chronic insomnia and these attributes may warrant prioritization in referral to behavioral insomnia clinics. Conversely, those who do not have such favorable characteristics may require interventions that address modifiable factors associated with poor adherence/response to CBT-I.
The Recovery Framework in Rehabilitation and Mental Health

We have raised and responded to four basic questions about recovery. Because we are still uncovering this important process we need to acknowledge with sincere humility that there is still a long way to go and much to learn. But what we have learned is that people grow emotionally, physically, and intellectually as part of this process we call recovery. They grow emotionally through enhanced self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-respect, meaningful connections to others, meaningful work, a sense of hope, and personal empowerment. They grow physically through increased fitness, improved nutrition, and better health care. They grow intellectually through a better understanding of their disability, effective coping mechanisms, and the development and implementation of personal goals. It is through our connections with people who are experiencing mental illnesses that we will continue to learn and to grow in our knowledge about recovery.
Hydride transfer by dihydrofolate reductase. Causes and consequences of the wide range of rates exhibited by bacterial and vertebrate enzymes.

Transient and steady-state kinetics have been examined for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from a number of sources. Rates of hydride transfer at pH 7.65 cover a wide range, from 7 s−1 for DHFR from a strain of Lactobacillus casei (LCDHFR1) to 3000 s−1 for recombinant human DHFR (rHDHFR). In all cases as the pH is increased from 7 to 10, Vmax for the steady-state reaction decreases, and DVmax, the primary isotope effect, increases. This indicates a decrease in the rate of hydride transfer with increasing pH. The cross-over points, at which rates of product release and hydride transfer become equal, were calculated to occur at DVmax = 2.34. The higher the rate of hydride transfer at pH 7.65, the higher the pH of the cross-over point. For LCDHFR1 the low rate of hydride transfer results in this process being partially rate-limiting for the steady-state reaction even at pH 5, with a cross-over point at about pH 7. At pH 7.65 the burst phase associated with the initial conversion of enzyme-bound substrates to enzyme-bound products has an isotope effect of 3 or higher for LCDHFR and for DHFR from Escherichia coli (ECDHFR). In contrast, the vertebrate DHFRs (bovine, BDHFR; chicken, CDHFR; and rHDHFR) exhibit a burst of product formation which is only partially limited by hydride transfer at this pH (Dkb: 2.3, 2.2, and 2.1, respectively). An obligatory isomerization of the ternary substrate complex or of the ternary product complex is postulated to be partially rate-limiting for the vertebrate enzymes. At pH 5 LCDHFR1 and ECDHFR also exhibit evidence of such a rate-limiting obligatory conformational transition of the substrate or product ternary complex.
A MODIFIED CAPACITANCE PROBE TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING PASTURE YIELD

An instrument for estimating pasture yield electronically was constructed. It was a modification of that described by Campbell et al (1). A transistorized crystal oscillator was incorporated to provide a highly stable frequency standard for use in the field. This provided a zero reference point for both the measuring head oscillator and the reading oscillator before and during use. The instrument is fully described and details are given of its field adjustment and operation.
Classification and Clustering for Homeland Security Applications

This article introduces the basic concepts in classification and clustering and discusses their applications in homeland security. Both topics have been extensively studied in the fields of machine learning and data mining. As a result, many algorithms and heuristics have been developed to derive high-level knowledge from raw data. However, these algorithms are not magic black boxes that can automatically make decisions about complex problems and replace human beings. They require careful formulation of the real-world problem and tuning of parameters in order to be effective. While they might never replace a human being for making complex decisions, they are quite effective at modeling at well-formed problems. This article explores what are well-formed problems, what classification and clustering algorithms are capable of, and how can one use them effectively in the context of homeland security. Keywords: classification; clustering; supervised learning; unsupervised learning; machine learning
Enediyne antibiotic neocarzinostatin as a radical-based probe of bulged structures in nucleic acids

Publisher Summary This chapter presents enediyne antibiotic neocarzinostatin (NCS) as a radical-based probe of bulged structures in nucleic acids. Enediyne antitumor antibiotics represent a novel family of chemical compounds with extraordinary biological and chemical properties. It has been and remains an active area of research since the discovery of a new antibiotic protein neocarzinostatin from Streptomyces carzinostaticus var. Efforts to understand the biochemical behavior of this agent led to the finding that its actual DNA-damaging activity comes from a previously unidentified non-protein chromophore through a free-radical mechanism involving hydrogen atom abstraction from the sugar residues of DNA. The observed biological and pharmacological properties place the enediyne antibiotics among the most potent antitumor agents ever found. NCS has been subjected to extensive mechanistic study. It is generally accepted that the non-protein chromophore (NCS-chrom) of neocarzinostatin is responsible for its DNA cleavage activity and that apo-neocarzinostatin protects NCS-chrom from degradation and delivers the chromophore to the targeted DNA in vivo. Bulge structures in nucleic acids involving one or more unpaired bases are of general biological significance. Bulges are very common in RNA, where they play important roles in protein binding recognition. The chapter reviews the usefulness of this enediyne antibiotic as a structural probe of a broad portfolio of nucleic acid structures and provides future models for the study of the interaction of these nucleic acid structures with small molecules.
An Application of Income Strategy to Cost Allocation and Segment Reporting

Is a company's decision to allocate common costs to its industry segments related to its overall income strategy? The results of this study indicate that companies that allocate common costs tend to be larger, to have lower debt-equity ratios, to have higher rates of return on common stock, and to use the LIFO method of inventory valuation more than companies that do not so allocate or that report they do not have common costs. This evidence implies that companies that allocate common costs may be influenced by the same economic factors as companies following an overall income-reducing financial reporting strategy.
RKH space methods for factoring the covariance operator

Given discrete versions of the noise and response covariance functions for a linear hereditary system, an algorithm is presented to obtain an approximation to the system input/output operator. In order that the algorithm apply to a given covariance function, certain mild assumptions have to be made on the input/output operator and the noise process. >
The Consequences of Interpersonal Rewards

Many interpersonal processes impact social inequality, with social status and rewards playing a key role in its creation and form. In everyday interaction, people are defined not only by their categorical and/or achieved statuses, such as their gender and educational backgrounds, but also by their awards and possessions. These distinctions work together to create an understanding of who people are, what kinds of behaviors can be expected of them, how valuable their contributions should be, and the like. These expectations undergird individuals' shared and accepted social reality, with many using status and reward distinctions as shorthand for assessments of competence and worth. Questions therefore arise as to how individuals are affected by the configuration of valuable resources in their environment, namely how rewards are normatively distributed between and within social groups. Can rewards create new status groups? Can the perpetuation of inequalities based on status distinctions be impeded through the use of reward-based interventions? I discuss the extant literature related to these topics and call for future research to more fully explore how rewards are implicated in processes of social inequality.
Evolution of crystal size distributions in a CMSMPR—the effect of temperature, flow rate, and mixing speed with time

Abstract A continuous mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal (CMSMPR) crystallizer with automatic computer control and data acquisition was constructed. Operating this CMSMPR at rpm’s greater than 100 rpm assures well-mixed conditions. The crystallization of NaCl, an impurity in a concentrated CaCl2 solution, was performed by cooling under well-mixed conditions. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) have been used to measure solution concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), light microscopy and particle size analyzer with advanced laser light scattering have been used to characterize the crystals produced by the CMSMPR crystallizer. Octahedral NaCl crystals are observed. Steady state crystal size distribution (CSD) is observed at nine to ten times the mean residence time for the crystallizer. The CSD has been analyzed to look at the details of nucleation, growth, and aggregation rate as a function of crystallization temperature, rpm, and feed flow rate with the application of a Hounslow’s constant aggregation rate equation.
Developments in the application of impact assessment methodologies for pollution prevention.

Pollution prevention requires the assessment of various multimedia environmental impacts to ensure that the alternative selected most closely represents the environmental goals and priorities of the facility. While some facility's environmental policies are easy to assess (e.g., reduce TRI emissions), others require a more sophisticated assessment methodology (e.g., select the most environmentally-friendly manufacturing process). Chemical environmental impact assessment for pollution prevention can be very effective, but can only provide a scientifically defensible decision point if the methodologies, analytical tools, and data quality are consistent with the environmental goals and priorities expressed. In many assessments completed in the past, the assessment methodologies have been overly simplistic when compared to the environmental goals projected. More sophisticated chemical impact assessment methodologies have not been used in the past for a variety of reasons, including: poor study design, poor data quality, inadequate funding, inadequate computer systems and databases, and practitioner's lack of understanding. This paper will describe a broad range of assessment methodologies, the steps involved in various evaluations, various resources available to conduct pollution prevention impact assessments, and on-going methodology development.
Esterification of oleic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide catalyzed by functionalized mesoporous silica and an immobilized lipase

Organosulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silicas were tested for catalytic performance in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide. The energy of activation of the sulfonic acid catalysts was found to be about 42 kJ/mol and was shown to be independent of pore size. The catalytic activity of the functionalized silicas was compared to a standard acidic resin, Amberlyst 15, and to an immobilized lipase, Novozym 435. The most active catalyst was Novozym 435.
The infrared photometric function of Mars and its bolometric albedo

The photometric properties of local areas on Mars are studied using Minnaert's rule of surface scattering to analyze Mariner 6 and 7 Infrared Spectrometer data. Several bright deserts, Hellas, and the south polar cap are found to obey Minnaert's function well. Observed bright regions all have similar values of limb-darkening coefficient k, except for Hellas and the south polar cap. The lower k of Hellas is apparently caused by microscopic effects rather than by large-scale roughness due to cratering. The higher k of the cap is similar to terrestrial snows in the visual at the same phase angle.
Some aspects of regional-national scientific relationships in East Africa: a summary☆

Abstract This study of some aspects of regional-national scientific relationships in East Africa focuses on the interplay between the East African Agricultural and Forestry Research Organization (EAAFRO) of the East African Community (EAC) and the national agricultural and forestry research systems of the Partner States which make up the Community - Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Recently, regional (in the multi-national sense) cooperation or integration has increasingly been proposed as one way in which small developing countries can utilize their scarce resources in a more effective and efficient manner and thus develop faster. Despite the seeming logic and rationality behind these arguments, however, most attempts to date have either failed or have not lived up to expectations. The first major section of this study covered two exercises. In one, a methodology for ‘objectively’ measuring the direct benefits from EAAFRO and determining how they were distributed among the Partner States was developed and utilized. In the second exercise, a transaction analysis was attempted which covered the professional visits of EAAFRO officers to locations in the Partner States and of visits of national-level representatives to EAAFRO headquarters. The results were then related to distance and national borders in an attempt to see what factors might be influencing these transaction patterns. The second major section of this study focused on the individual national researcher in all Partner States. The primary dependent variable investigated was his general opinion toward EAAFRO, and a set of hypothesized relationships was tested to try and explain that opinion. Independent variables tested included benefits from EAAFRO, opinions toward the EAC, the opinions of relevant national groups toward EAAFRO, proximity to EAAFRO, knowledge about EAAFRO, the race of the national researcher, the extent of personal contact transactions, and the extent to which EAAFRO's work complemented that of the national researcher.
13C Isotope Labeling of Hydrophobic Peptides. Origin of the Anomalous Intensity Distribution in the Infrared Amide I Spectral Region of β-Sheet Structures

A series of isotopically substituted derivatives of the hydrophobic peptide K2(LA)6 including K2LA*(LA)5, K2L*A*(LA)5, and K2 LA*LA*(LA)4 (where the asterisk represents a residue with 13C substitution in the peptide bond CO) has been synthesized. The peptides adopt antiparallel β-sheet conformations as revealed by solution CD and IR measurements. The amide I region of the IR spectrum is substantially altered by the isotopic labeling. Peaks of anomalously large intensity are observed on the low frequency (∼1610 cm-1) side of the major conformation marker at 1625−1630 cm-1 present in the unlabeled isotopomer. The spectral changes cannot be described by the appearance of a pure mode based on the substitution of an oscillator of increased mass within the sequence. A semiempirical model incorporating transition dipole coupling and through-bond interactions within the context of the Wilson GF matrix method produces excellent agreement between calculated and observed amide I spectra with a single set of four par...
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC PARTIAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (CPUO) ON RENAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT DURING MATURATION

These studies were designed to determine whether the effect of CPUO on the renal tubule is dependent upon the pattern of transport prevailing at various stages of development. Guinea pigs (n=78) underwent CPUO at birth, 1,2,3 or 4 wks of life and were studied 4 wks later (E). Sham operated littermates served as controls (C). The degree of CPUO, measured by the resistance to a constant flow of fluid, was similar in all groups. TRP averaged 87% in C, was slightly lower in the contralateral kidney (CK) of E (82%) and did not vary with age, whereas it increased with age (p 0.9) in AK at all ages. UV (μl/min/100 ml GFR) of the AK was 22.4 ± 3.7 when surgery was performed at birth, 26.7 ± 4.0, when surgery was done at 1 wk, and then decreased rapidly to reach 5.8 ± 1.2 when CPUO was produced at 4 wks (p<.001); no significant differences in UV were observed between C and the CK of E at any age. The results demonstrate an inverse relationship between age at time of CPUO and severity of tubular damage, and suggest the possibility of a major role for the distal nephron in P transport during early life.
The role of mental health services in a health maintenance organization

Mental health clinicians must take the lead in developing objectives consistent with their organization and shaping the management structure required to monitor and control their activities. The mental health service that is integrated within the medical care system is especially responsive to the treatment of problems at the medical-mental health interface.
A functional comparison of mature human dendritic cells prepared in fluorinated ethylene-propylene bags or polystyrene flasks.

BACKGROUND: Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) bags have been used instead of polystyrene (PS) flasks for ex vivo clinical-scale production of human dendritic cells (DCs) to facilitate closed-system recovery of these highly adherent cells. To assess the impact of DC culture on this nonadherent surface, the function of DCs generated in FEP and PS was compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Cell yield, phenotype, cytokine production, migration, and antigen-presenting activity were measured in DCs prepared from peripheral blood monocytes in FEP bags or PS flasks with medium supplemented with serum, interleukin (IL)-4, and granulocyte-macrophage–colony-stimulating factor for 5 days to induce DC differentiation and CD40L or poly(I:C) plus interferon-γ to promote maturation. RESULTS: DCs cultured in FEP or PS had comparable cell yield, viability, and CD83 and CCR7 expression. DCs generated in FEP, however, produced significantly less IL-12 and IL-10 during maturation, and differences persisted on rechallenge after harvest. FEP-cultured DCs migrated spontaneously or in response to CCR7 ligand more actively than PS-cultured DCs, but this difference was not significant. Mature DCs prepared in FEP and PS were equipotent in stimulating peptide-specific CD8 T-cell expansion in vitro. CONCLUSION: FEP- and PS-cultured DCs are similar in phenotype and in some functional measures, but FEP markedly reduces DC production of IL-12 and IL-10. This phenomenon presumably reflects intracellular changes linked to the absence of a surface for firm cell adherence. Given the importance of these cytokines in the immune response, these changes could have a significant impact on DC function in vivo.
Treating major depression with anger attacks: Attacking the depression first

This article describes a proposed plan of treatment for Mary, a patient presenting with depression and problems with anger. My treatment plan first treats the depression. During this treatment, attention would be paid to helping her develop ways to control her temper. Once the current episode of depression has remitted, the depth of interpersonal problems and the need for more ongoing treatment could be assessed.
Femtosecond x-ray detectors via optical gating

Progress in ultrafast xray science demands a new generation of high time-resolution x-ray detectors. We discuss an xray and laser cross-correlation technique which could serve as a basis for a femtosecond xray detector. The cross- correlation technique is based on visible-laser-induced modifications to x-ray photoelectron spectra.