cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrode-adjacent boundary layer flow in magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters

The integral method developed in a companion paper [Phys. Fluids 31, xxx (1988)] is extended and applied in this work, to include electromagnetic body forces. A nonequilibrium ionizing argon boundary layer in an electric rocket thruster known as a magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster is studied. The steady boundary layer flow of a two‐temperature plasma adjacent to the electrode in a self‐field MPD thruster is analyzed for both frozen (zero ionization rate) flow and nonequilibrium (finite ionization rate) flow. The free‐stream boundary conditions for this analysis are obtained from the results of an earlier quasi‐one‐dimensional nonequilibrium theory. The ionizing, two‐temperature, compressible boundary layer equations with electromagnetic effects are solved using momentum and energy integral methods. This integral method without any electromagnetic effects has been described in the companion paper [Phys. Fluids 31, xxx (1988)]. This enables an approximate calculation of the wall shear and the heat transfer to the electrode. The most significant result of the two‐temperature boundary layer theory presented herein is to show the strong dependence of the viscosity on the ionization slip (i.e., ionization fraction at the wall). This affects such relevant quantities as boundary layer thickness, wall shear, and wall heat flux, which in turn influence viscous drag and electrode erosion.The integral method developed in a companion paper [Phys. Fluids 31, xxx (1988)] is extended and applied in this work, to include electromagnetic body forces. A nonequilibrium ionizing argon boundary layer in an electric rocket thruster known as a magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster is studied. The steady boundary layer flow of a two‐temperature plasma adjacent to the electrode in a self‐field MPD thruster is analyzed for both frozen (zero ionization rate) flow and nonequilibrium (finite ionization rate) flow. The free‐stream boundary conditions for this analysis are obtained from the results of an earlier quasi‐one‐dimensional nonequilibrium theory. The ionizing, two‐temperature, compressible boundary layer equations with electromagnetic effects are solved using momentum and energy integral methods. This integral method without any electromagnetic effects has been described in the companion paper [Phys. Fluids 31, xxx (1988)]. This enables an approximate calculation of the wall shear and the heat transfe...
THE CULTIVATION OF MALARIAL PLASMODIA (PLASMODIUM VIVAX AND PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM) IN VITRO

The asexual cycle of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum has been cultivated in vitro in human blood. The parasites have been grown also in red blood cells in the presence of Locke's solution, free of calcium chlorid and in the presence of ascitic fluid. The parasites grow within red blood cells and there is no evidence that they can be grown outside of these cells. The parasites are destroyed in a very few minutes in vitro by normal human serum or by all modifications of serum that we have tested. This fact, together with numerous observations of parasites in all stages of growth apparently within red cells, renders untenable the idea of extracorpuscular development. Leucocytes phagocytize and destroy malarial plasmodia growing in vitro only when the parasites escape from their red blood cell capsule or when the latter is perforated or becomes permeable. Successive generations of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum have been cultivated in vitro by removing the leucocytes from the culture and by transplanting to fresh red blood cells and serum at proper intervals. The asexual cycle of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cultivated in vitro does not differ from the same cycle growing in vivo. The sexual cycle has not been cultivated, though we have obtained some evidence of the possibility of its accomplishment. There can no longer be any doubt that Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are separate and distinct species. When grown in an identical culture medium and under exactly the same conditions they remain distinct. In twenty-nine cultures of aestivo-autumnal parasites many forms and sizes have been observed, so that evidence is supplied of the occurrence of different varieties of aetivo-autumnal malarial plasmodia. The so called tertian aetivo-autumnal variety may be seen at the proper stage in all cultures grown from merozoites. The form and appearance of the same culture of plasmodia may vary greatly under different conditions which are not necessarily destructive to the parasites. Their generation period may vary from thirty hours (aetivo-autumnal) to four days (tertian), as a result of variation in the temperature at which they were cultivated. Sexual parasites grow in the cultures and are more resistant to unfavorable conditions than schizonts, often living several days after the latter die out. Forms suggesting parthenogenesis have been observed.
Lead shielding for electrons

Using a 13 MeV electron beam as an example, transmission curves for various thicknesses of lead were measured. The data indicated that the choice of shielding thickness depends greatly on the depth at which the measurements are made. The importance of this reference depth and criteria for shield design when shields of minimum thickness are required is discussed.
Contrasts in seismic wave speeds and density across the 660‐km discontinuity beneath the Philippine and the Japan Seas

[1] Using triplicate waveforms, we construct 34 seismic profiles east of Taiwan to investigate lateral variations of P and S wave speeds (VP and VS) near the mantle transition zone. Data from broadband and densely spaced, short-period arrays are combined to achieve high resolution. We find correspondingly high VS in the back arc of Izu-Bonin where the Northern Philippine Sea Anomaly (NPSA) was previously delineated in the lower portion of the transition zone by an average VP that is 1.5 ± 0.5% higher than the surrounding regions. High VS of the NPSA reduces the contrast in VS across the 660-km discontinuity (ΔVS) to about 3.9%, consistent with the notion that NPSA reflects a subhorizontal remnant of cold Pacific slab, resting immediately above the lower mantle. The aseismic NPSA contrasts the Fiji-Tonga region where many outboard earthquakes, low VP and VS and seismic anisotropy mark a large-scale, petrologic anomaly. The contrasting pattern implies that the NPSA is no longer cold enough to preserve materials such as metastable olivine or volatiles that can trigger earthquakes, reduce VP and VS, and cause anisotropy. In regions surrounding the NPSA, ΔVS is well constrained to be 5.9 ± 0.5%. This precise result and known impedance contrast (∼7%) under the Japan Sea lead to a density contrast (Δρ) of about 8%, circumventing the trade-off between Δρ and ΔVS. The magnitude of Δρ is higher than recent estimates (∼5%) without independent control on ΔVS, but close to longstanding global models, implying considerable resistance to slab penetration into the lower mantle north of the NPSA.
An Analysis of Three-Dimensional Mountain Lee Waves in a Stratified Shear Flow

Abstract The analysis by Blumen and Dietze (1981) of three-dimensional lee-waves in a stratified air stream with cross-wind variability of the basic flow is extended to include vertical variability of the basic flow and static stability. A stretched vertical coordinate that takes account of the vertical structure of the basic state is introduced. The wave equation is then reduced to an equation with constant coefficients under the condition that the characteristic vertical scale of the wave motion is small compared to the vertical scale that characterizes the basic state. Solutions corresponding to three different basic states are derived and their characteristic features compared. The flow of energy associated with three-dimensional lee-waves is also analyzed by using the model solutions to determine the magnitude and direction of the zonally averaged vertical and cross-stream fluxes of wave energy. It is shown that the energy flux divided by the basic flow ū(y, z), the Eliassen-Palm flux (EP flux), is e...
Conditions for crack propagation by frost wedging

Susceptibility to frost wedging is influenced by rock properties and environmental parameters governing stress intensity at crack tips. The ice pressure causing frost wedging arises from expansion of water upon freezing, or from the adsorptive force that draws water into the interface between ice and rock. Ice pressure is an order of magnitude higher when ice and water pressures remain equal during freezing (confined water) than when free water remains at atmospheric pressure (unconfined water) and adsorptive force conditions prevail. Capillarity generally does not produce stresses of sufficient magnitude to propagate cracks. Two distinct crack geometries are analyzed. In coarse-grained porous sedimentary rock, the diameter of pores dictates effective crack aperture and a crack with effectively constant aperture (rectangular crack) results. In other rocks, the aperture of cracks diminishes gradually toward the crack tip (tapered crack). Rectangular cracks more than ∼1 mm long will propagate for short-term confined-water conditions, or with stress corrosion, for long-term unconfined-water conditions. The tapered cracks of crystalline rock must be 14 cm long to propagate under short-term confined-water freezing and 1.4 cm long for long-term loading with unconfined-water conditions. Tapered cracks an order of magnitude shorter will propagate with unconfined water if they are connected to a reservoir of unfrozen water, allowing adsorptive force suction. Cracks with aspect ratio (maximum aperture/crack length) greater than 0.01 and terminating in sharp crack tips are most susceptible to frost wedging, because ice expansion in these wide cracks causes sufficient dilation to produce critical stress intensity at the crack tip. Some relaxation of ice pressure by plastic flow is expected in wide cracks, but its effect is small.
Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Agonists Prevent In Vivo Remodeling of Human Artery Induced by Alloreactive T Cells

Background—Ligands activating the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) have antiinflammatory effects. Vascular rejection induced by allogeneic T cells can be responsible for acute and chronic graft loss. Studies in rodents suggest that PPARγ agonists may inhibit graft vascular rejection, but human T-cell responses to allogeneic vascular cells differ from those in rodents, and the effects of PPARγ in human transplantation are unknown. Methods and Results—We tested the effects of PPARγ agonists on human vascular graft rejection using a model in which human artery is interposed into the abdominal aorta of immunodeficient mice, followed by adoptive transfer of allogeneic (to the artery donor) human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interferon-γ–dependent rejection ensues within 4 weeks, characterized by intimal thickening, T-cell infiltrates, and vascular cell activation, a response resembling clinical intimal arteritis. The PPARγ agonists 15-deoxy-prostaglandin-J2, cigl...
Building Portals for Higher Education

Personalized profiles and information for each customer or group of customers have been already put in practice by many businesses. The key premise underlying this concept is that customers want on-demand access to information that is tailored to their needs and preferences. The chapter discusses the concept of portals and its application in higher education for building personalized, Web-deployed Intranet and decision support systems.
Agmatine Crosses the Blood‐Brain Barrier

: The question of whether agmatine crosses the blood-brain barrier has not been directly addressed, even though peripheral injection of this compound has produced behavioral responses in drug withdrawal, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety paradigms. Two models were used in this investigation. In the first, mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with agmatine (10, 50, or 300 mg/kg body weight) or arginine (600 mg/kg). After 1 or 3 hours, the animals were killed under gas anesthesia by perfusing their brains with ice-cold saline, and whole-brain agmatine was measured by HPLC. In parallel studies, a rhesus monkey was injected under gas anesthesia either intravenously (i.v.) with agmatine (30 mg/kg) or arginine (150 mg/kg), or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with agmatine (0.3 mg/kg i.c.v.). At varying times thereafter, cisterna magna cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma were collected and analyzed for agmatine levels. A rise in mouse brain agmatine was apparent after doses of 50 and 300 mg/kg i.p. Monkey CSF agmatine peaked in parallel with plasma agmatine 15 minutes following intravenous (i.v.) agmatine injection and at one sixth the level of the plasma peak. Monkey CSF agmatine peaked 43 minutes after i.v. arginine injection. The ventricular injection of agmatine resulted in a threefold sustained rise in blood plasma agmatine for at least 24 hours after injection. Therefore, agmatine and its precursor, arginine, cross the blood-brain barrier. CSF agmatine may be newly synthesized from peripherally injected arginine.
Long-term benefits after treatment of traumatic brain injury with simvastatin in rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the long-term effects of simvastatin treatment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. METHODS: Adult female Wistar rats (n = 24) were injured with controlled cortical impact and divided into 3 groups. The first 2 groups were treated with simvastatin (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) administered orally for 14 days starting 1 day after TBI. The third group (control) received phosphate-buffered saline orally for 14 days. Neurological functional outcome was measured with modified neurological severity scores performed 1 day before TBI; on days 1, 4, 7, 14 after TBI; and biweekly thereafter. All animals were sacrificed 3 months after TBI. Brain tissues of half of the animals were processed for preparation of paraffin-embedded sections for immunohistological studies. The remaining half were frozen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies for quantification of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cortex. RESULTS: The results showed that both doses of simvastatin significantly improved functional outcome compared with the control, with no difference between the 2 doses. Simvastatin treatment of 1.0 mg/kg increased the number of morphologically intact neurons in the hippocampus, but treatment of 0.5 mg/kg had no significant effect. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies showed that 0.5 mg/kg simvastatin significantly increased BDNF levels within the hippocampus, but 1.0 mg/kg had no significant effect. Neither dose had any effect on BDNF levels within the cortex. CONCLUSION: Simvastatin treatment provides long-lasting functional improvement after TBI in rats. It also enhances neuronal survival in the hippocampus and increases BDNF levels in the hippocampus secondary to simvastatin treatment.
Organization of callosal linkages in visual area V2 of macaque monkey.

In visual area V2 of the macaque monkey callosal cells accumulate in finger-like bands that extend 7‐8 mm from the V1/V2 border, or approximately half the width of area V2. The present study investigated whether or not callosal connections in area V2 link loci that are located at the same distance from the V1/V2 border in both hemispheres. We analyzed the patterns of retrograde labeling in V2 resulting from restricted injections of fluorescent tracers placed at different distances from the V1/V2 border in contralateral area V2. The results show that varying the distance of V2 tracer injections from the V1/V2 border led to a corresponding variation in the location of labeled callosal cells in contralateral V2. Injections into V2 placed on or close to the V1 border produced labeled cells that accumulated on or close to the V1 border in contralateral V2, whereas injections into V2 placed away from the V1 border produced labeled cells that accumulated mainly away from the V1 border. These results provide evidence that callosal fibers in V2 preferentially link loci that are located at similar distances from the V1/V2 border in both hemispheres. Relating this connectivity pattern to the topographic map of V2 suggests that callosal fibers link topographically mirror-symmetrical regions of V2, i.e., callosal fibers near the V1/V2 border interconnect areas representing visual fields on, or close to, the vertical meridian, whereas callosal connections from regions away from the V1/V2 border interconnect visuotopically mismatched visual fields that extend onto opposite hemifields. J. Comp. Neurol. 428: 278‐293, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: interhemispheric commissure; corpus callosum; extrastriate cortex; visual topography
Experimental Observation of Pair-Quasiparticle Potential Difference in Nonequilibrium Superconductors

It is shown experimentally that when a quasiparticle current is converted into a pair current in a superconductor, the quasiparticle potential in the nonequilibrium region differs from the pair chemical potential.
Ion microbeam tomography

Abstract Proton beams with energies of 5 and 7 MeV are focused to 5 μm and used to produce tomograms of capillary tubes and low-density foams. In this energy range, proton energy loss is primarily due to interactions with electrons. Therefore, by measuring the residual energy of protons transmitted through samples in a manner similar to that used for Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM), and reconstructing a cross-sectional image from multiple projections, we can map out spatial variations in electron density due to sample geometry and composition. In our experimental arrangement, the sample is translated and rotated in a stationary proton beam. Transmitted proton energies are measured using a silicon surface barrier detector. Tomographie reconstructions are produced from the calculated line-average densities using a procedure based on a filtered backprojection algorithm developed for X-ray computed tomography (CT) systems. The technique is especially useful in characterizing samples where large variations in Z or low total density limit the applicability of X-ray CT analysis.
High-temperature infiltration of non-metallic articles produced via selective laser sintering

There are several commercial processes for producing metallic parts by selective laser sintering (SLS) followed by infiltration of a molten metal at 700-900C. These parts are used in rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling applications. The present work centers around research to produce non-metallic parts infiltrated with materials at temperatures exceeding 1300C. Specific systems include siliconized silicon carbide. Of primary concern are: process control during the high-temperature infiltration; the binder system which must bind powder together during SLS, provide structural strength continuously from room temperature to the infiltration temperature, and react favorably with the infiltrant. This research was funded by State of Texas Technology Development and Transfer Grant Number 003658.
The Use of Echocardiography in the Intensive Care Unit

Echocardiography is a powerful diagnostic tool that has become an indispensable part of intensive care medi cine. There is a broad clinical application for the noninva sive real-time structural and functional assessment of the critically ill patient. The echocardiograph provides on-line visual information and software for data manipu lation at the intensive care bedside without significant discomfort or risk. Assessment of ventricular function, hemodynamics, pericardial pathology, valvular status, and the outcomes of cardiac surgical interventions are naturally suited to this modality. Transesophageal echo cardiography is an important adjunct to the standard transthoracic examination, particularly in those pa tients with inadequate precordial images. Anatomic, physiologic, and hemodynamic findings can be corre lated in a variety of clinical conditions to make and confirm diagnoses and to direct management in a manner complementary to routine intensive care. Indi cations for echocardiography in the intensi...
Transient three-dimensional mixed-level circuit and device simulation: algorithms and applications

The authors describe algorithms for transient mixed-level circuit and device simulation using a two-carrier three-dimensional device simulator SIERRA and the circuit simulator SPICE3. It is pointed out that algorithms well suited to 2D mixed-level circuit and device simulation cannot be successfully used. The memory and CPU time requirements in 3D device simulation necessitate it the use of iterative solution techniques at the device level, which impose an additional constraint in developing efficient algorithms. Two node tearing schemes are shown to be the most promising schemes for coupling the circuit and device simulators. An application of 3D mixed-level simulation to the study of single-event upset of SRAM cells is presented. >
The Dark Ghetto revisited: Kenneth B Clark’s classic analysis as cutting edge criminology:

In this article we revisit one of the classic works of the 1960s on crime and delinquency in poor communities: Kenneth B Clark's Dark Ghetto. Our exploration reveals its insights to be extremely relevant today both in understanding the roots of the self-destructive violence that tears at those communities and in thinking about how to combat the structural conditions and individual mentalities that generate it. Beyond the specific theoretical and methodological lessons that can be gleaned from Dark Ghetto, Clark's work serves as a much-needed illustration of how theoretical insights derived from intensive qualitative research that is attuned to political, historical, and economic realities--and their human consequences--can enhance criminological theory, and align with progressive movements for social change. Language: en
Hardness and Depth-Dependent Microstructure of Ion-Irradiated Magnesium Aluminate Spinel

Stoichiometric polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel has been irradiated at 25° and 650°C with 2.4-MeV Mg+ ions to a fluence of 1.4 × 1021 ions/m2 (∼35 dpa (displacement per atom) peak damage level). Microindentation hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the irradiation effects. The room-temperature hardness of spinel increased by about 5% after irradiation at both temperatures. There was no evidence for amorphization at either irradiation temperatures. Interstitial-type dislocation loops lying on {110} and {111} planes with Burgers vectors along 〈110〉 were observed at intermediate depths (∼1 μm) along the ion range. The 〈110〉{111} loops are presumably formed from 〈111〉{111} loops as a result of a shear on the anion sublattice. Only about 0.05% of the calculated displacements were visible in the form of loops, which indicates that spinel has a high resistance to aggregate damage accumulation. The peak damage region contained a high density of dislocation tangles. There was no evidence for the formation of voids or vacancy loops. The specimen irradiated at 650°C was denuded of dislocation loops within ∼1 μm of the surface.
Effect of Inhomogeneous Sub-Bottom Layering on Broadband Acoustic Propagation

In this paper, the effects of range inhomogeneities in the seabed layering on low-frequency broadband sound propagation in a shallow-water ocean environment are examined. Acoustic measurements generated by an impulsive sound source were made on the New Jersey continental shelf over propagation paths where previous geophysical analyses provide information on the seabed layering structure. Additional information on the physical properties of the sediment layers, such as sound speed and attenuation, was obtained from previous analyses of continuous wave tow experiments. The seismic and the geophysical information, the inferred geoacoustic information for the sediment layers, and sparse water-column sound-speed measurements provide inputs for a finite element parabolic equation propagation model. For the three propagation paths considered in this study the seabed layering structure for two of the paths is range dependent and the other is approximately horizontally stratified. With this information modeled, time series are produced and are compared in the 35-265-Hz band to the measured received times series from impulsive sources deployed at ranges between about 70 and 350 water depths. Further, simulations of the received time series are performed for each of the three paths using modified sub-bottom layering structures for the purpose of quantifying the acoustic field effects associated with deviations of the seabed structure from horizontal stratification.
Social Media and Copyright: A Proposal

There is a crisis afoot. Sites of Pinterest are being accused of copyright infringement by Flickr. You Tube is sending their users to "Copyright School" and Non-Profits are making videos to revise You Tube's "Copyright School" to make it more balanced (and to include more on fair use). Groups like Center for Social Media are gathering groups of users together to form a united front on what counts as fair use. Courts are requiring copyright holders to engage in a fair use analysis before sending a take-down notice (Lenz v. Universal). And every social media site is confronting copyright in their terms of use, and trying to satisfy the requirements of Section 512.How are we to understand copyright law, custom, and the expectations of the system in its current state? This paper suggests a way out of this mess -- a way to understand copyright law outside of the individual social media websites, and suggests a method of evaluating the copyright status of a work, whether one is the copyright holder (think take down notices) or a user of someone else's copyrighted work.
Alpha-ionol as attractant for trapping Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Many essential oils, synthetic aroma formulations, and compounds with structural Similarity to the commonly used lures for males of several tephritid fruit fly pests were bioassayed in olfactometers for their attractancy to males and females of Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). A group of ionone- and ionol-related compounds was found to be highly attractive to laboratory-reared males; among these compounds, α-ionol and β-ionol were the most attractive, with a-ionol being chemically more stable than its β-isomer. Consistent with the results obtained using laboratory-reared adults, wild B. latifrons males were more attracted to a-ionol than females. In addition, males showed more attraction to a-ionol than hydrolyzed protein bait. Under natural field conditions, however, the density of feral B. latifrons females in hydrolyzed protein bait traps was higher than the density of males in α-ionol traps.
Neural population code for fine perceptual decisions in area MT

In the middle temporal (MT) area of primates, many motion-sensitive neurons with a wide range of preferred directions respond to a stimulus moving in a single direction. These neurons are involved in direction perception, but it is not clear how perceptual decisions are related to the population response. We recorded the activities of MT neurons in rhesus monkeys while they discriminated closely related directions, and examined the relationship between the activities of neurons tuned to different directions and the monkeys' choices. Perceptual decisions were significantly correlated with the activities of the highest-precision neurons but not with those of the lowest-precision neurons. The combined performance of the high-precision neurons matched the monkeys' behavior, whereas the ability to predict behavior based on the entire active population was poor. These results suggest that fine discrimination decisions are crucially dependent on the activities of the most informative neurons.
The Race Problem and Presbyterian Union

After nearly a century of division the Presbyterian Church in the United States (the southern church) and the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (the northern church) attempted to unite in 1954. The southern Presbyterians voted against the merger and kept America's two largest Presbyterian bodies divided. Although little was said concerning race relations during the debates on unification, there is reason to believe that the race issue was extremely important in the defeat of the plan in the South. Two sociologists, perhaps exaggerating, have concluded that it was the key factor in the failure of union. In 1955 the moderator of the southern church told the General Assembly of the North that he felt the Negro question, in particular the Supreme Court's decision on school desegregation, affected the vote; and the organ of the North, Presbyterian Life , echoed this opinion.
Associations between discontinuous cranial traits.

The associations of discontinuous variants (accessory ossicles, parietal foramina, and fronto-temporal articulation) at seven circumparietal sites were tested by deriving chi-squares and contingency coefficients for each pair of sites in 366 crania (N=732 sides) of the Morton collection, divided into six geographic racial subsamples. Seventy-four of 85 race specific coefficients were positive and 25 of these were significant at the 0.05 level, while 11 of the 15 total sample coefficients were significant at the 0.01 level. Considerable racial variation was exhibited in the number and pattern of associations. Associations between adjacent sites were higher than those between non-adjacent sites. This neighborhood pattern of associations is discussed with reference to a model in which many of the factors which produce these discontinuous variants operate on a regional scope, encompassing several neighboring sites, with overlapping of the regions affected by different factors.
Temporal Artery Temperature Measurements in Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents

A noninvasive temporal artery thermometer that uses arterial heat balance technology has been compared to rectal and ear thermometry and is available in the marketplace. This study was undertaken to establish mean temperatures and temperatures 2 standard deviations above the mean for healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Temperatures were measured in healthy patients 0 to 18 years of age using a noninvasive temporal artery thermometer. Temperatures were measured in 2,346 patients. Mean temperatures and temperatures 2 standard deviations above the mean were: 37.1 degrees C (38.1 degrees C) for 383 infants 0 to 2 months; 36.9 degrees C (37.9 degrees C) for 860 children 3 to 47 months; 36.8 degrees C (37.8 degrees C) for 680 children 4 to 9 years; and 36.7 degrees C (37.8 degrees C) for 423 adolescents 10 to 18 years. There were no significant differences in temperatures in white compared to African-American children, children with or without perspiration on their forehead, or between measurements taken on the left compared to the right side of the forehead. This study provides information about temporal artery temperatures in healthy infants and children that can serve as a basis for interpreting temperature measurements in ill children when the same instrument is used.
A partition experimental design for a sequential process with a large number of variables

Statistically designed experiments provide a systematic approach to study and analyze the effects of multiple factors on process performance. In order to improve the performance across an organization, one must investigate multiple processes from supplier to customer. Partition experimental designs provide a design to model several sequential processes simultaneously. The partition design provides the investigator with an efficient design where potential cost and time constraints exist. That is, partition designs are applicable when runs are costly and a large number of variables exist in the serial process. In this paper, we present the application of partition designs using 10 factors in a simulated case study. The design and analysis procedures are discussed, as well as the benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special design's centuries of success

The fitness maximization standard incorrectly assumes that most adaptations have high heritablility, and it imposes the difficult requirement that correlated phenotypic and environmental contributors to reproduction be controlled for. Despite infrequently recognized problems, the special design standard is the foundation of the spectacular successes of modern medicine. It also suggests that the ancestral environment provides a window into the functioning of the brain.
Prevention and intervention strategies with children of alcoholics

Objective. This article was designed to give pediatricians a basic knowledge of the needs of children who live in families with alcoholism. It briefly presents issues involved in the identification and screening of such individuals and provides primary attention to a variety of preventive and treatment strategies that have been used with school children of alcoholics (COAs), along with evidence of their effectiveness. Methodology. A literature search including both published and unpublished descriptions and evaluations of interventions with COAs. Results. The scope and nature of the problems of growing up in an alcoholic home are presented. The risk and protective factors associated with this population have been used as a foundation for preventive and treatment interventions. The most common modality of prevention and intervention programs is the short-term small group format. Programs for COAs should include the basic components of information, problem- and emotion-focused coping skills, and social and emotional support. Physicians are in a unique position to identify and provide basic services and referrals for COAs. School settings are the most common intervention sites, but family and broad-based community programs also have shown promise in alcohol and other drug prevention. Conclusions. Several COA interventions have demonstrated positive results with respect to a variety of measures including knowledge of program content, social support, coping skills, and emotional functioning. Rigorous studies are needed to understand better the complex ways children deal with parental alcoholism. A need remains for empirically sound evaluations and for the delineation of research findings.
Vector oriented control of voltage source PWM inverter as a dynamic VAR compensator for wind energy conversion system connected to utility grid

This paper presents analysis, design, and simulation for vector oriented control of three-phase voltage source pulse-width modulation (PWM) inverter which aims to optimize the utilization of wind power injected into the grid. To realize this goal, a digitally controlled converter-inverter system is proposed which provides economic utilization of the wind generator by insuring unity power factor operation under different possible conditions, and full control of active and reactive power injected into the grid using a digitally controlled voltage source inverter. The wind energy conversion system (WECS) is represented by three -phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a variable-speed prime mover (VSPM) such as a wind turbine for the clean alternative renewable energy in rural areas. Mathematical models for both the converter and inverter are presented and simulated. A vector oriented control scheme is presented in order to control the energy to be injected into the grid. Closed-loop control of the converter/inverter utilizes a conventional proportional integral (PI) controller. In order to examine the dynamic performance of the system, its model is simulated and results are analyzed. Simulation results for different disturbance conditions show good performance of this proposed control algorithm. The simulation results are given using MATLAB7/SIMULINK program. Experimental results using DSpace-1104 confirm that the good performance of the proposed control system and agree with the simulation results to a great extend.
Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study.

Abstract Objectives Interest in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in clinical practice has been growing, however, the knowledge about its efficacy and mechanisms of action remains limited. This paper presents a realistic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived finite element model of currents applied to the human brain during tDCS. Experimental design Current density distributions were analyzed in a healthy human head model with varied electrode montages. For each configuration, we calculated the cortical current density distributions. Analogous studies were completed for three pathological models of cortical infarcts. Principal observations The current density magnitude maxima injected in the cortex by 1 mA tDCS ranged from 0.77 to 2.00 mA/cm2. The pathological models revealed that cortical strokes, relative to the non-pathological solutions, can elevate current density maxima and alter their location. Conclusions These results may guide optimized tDCS for application in normal subjects and patients with focal brain lesions.
Toll-like receptor 4-interacting SPA4 peptide suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to LPS and ATP stimuli

Inflammation is induced because of interplay among multiple signaling pathways and molecules during infectious and noninfectious tissue injuries. Crosstalk between Toll-like receptor-4 signaling and the neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein, major histocompatibility class 2 transcription activator, incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserina, and telomerase-associated protein (NACHT), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome against pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns can cause exaggerated inflammation. We previously established that the Toll-like receptor-4-interacting SPA4 peptide suppresses gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (Toll-like receptor-4 ligand)-induced nuclear factor-κB and inflammatory response. In the present study, we hypothesized that the SPA4 peptide exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the crosstalk between Toll-like receptor-4 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome. We evaluated binding of the lipopolysaccharide-ligand to cell-surface Toll-like receptor-4 in the presence or absence of adenosine triphosphate (an NLRP3 inflammasome inducer) by flow cytometry. The expression and activity of NLRP3 inflammasome-related parameters were studied in cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate using molecular and immunologic methods. The cells were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and treated with SPA4 peptide before (pre-adenosine triphosphate) or after (post-adenosine triphosphate) secondary challenge with adenosine triphosphate. Our data demonstrate that the Toll-like receptor-4-interacting SPA4 peptide does not affect the binding of lipopolysaccharide to Toll-like receptor-4 in the presence or absence of adenosine triphosphate. We also found that the SPA4 peptide inhibits mRNA and cellular protein levels of pro-interleukin-1β and NLRP3, formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase activity, and release of interleukin-1β. Furthermore, the SPA4 peptide treatment reduced the secreted levels of interleukin-1β from cells overexpressing Toll-like receptor-4 compared with cells expressing the dominant-negative form of Toll-like receptor-4. Together our results suggest that the SPA4 peptide exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing Toll-like receptor-4-priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
How Civilian Perceptions Affect Patterns of Violence and Competition in Multi-Party Insurgencies

This article offers a nuanced argument for how and when public opinion constrains insurgent violence in multi-party contexts by further unpacking the causal mechanisms of outbidding theory. First, I argue that insurgent groups will only be responsive to civilian perceptions of violence when multiple groups are viewed as substitutable with one another. Second, whereas most studies fail to distinguish whose opinion matters most to insurgent groups, this paper explicitly argues that groups competing for public support are most concerned with the opinions of political independents – i.e. non-exclusive supporters – and not the opinions of their own or other groups’ exclusive supporters. Third, this paper employs a more theoretically anchored operationalization of public support for violence, based on whether civilians view armed confrontation as strategically effective. In sum, I predict that the intensity of competitive violence in multi-party conflicts is a function of: 1) Whether insurgent groups are perceived by the non-combatant public as substitutable, and 2) Whether the public perceives violence to be a positive indicator of a group’s propensity for success. Using polling data on Palestinian public opinion, I provide an empirical test of this argument through a case study of Palestinian insurgent violence and public opinion during the Second Intifada (2000-2004).
Sprinkler irrigation droplet dynamics. II: Numerical solution and model evaluation

AbstractA system of equations, with strong physical basis, was derived for sprinkler irrigation droplet dynamics in the companion paper. Numerical solution of these equations and model evaluation is discussed in this paper. With the aim of enhancing computational efficiency and robustness, the droplet dynamics equations were scaled using four characteristic variables: characteristic time, length, velocity, and density. The characteristic time, length, and velocity are derived based on consideration of the motion of a droplet falling freely, starting from rest, through a quiescent ambient air, to an eventual steady-state condition. The characteristic density was set to the density of water at standard conditions. The dimensionless system of equations was then solved numerically with a fourth-fifth order pair Runge-Kutta method capable of local error estimation and time-step size control. The numerical model was first evaluated through successful comparisons with simplified solutions derived based on more l...
PCB Assembly in a Multi-Machine Flowshop with Dynamic Board Release Times

This paper investigates solving a group-scheduling problem in the assembly of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The type of setup operation to assemble a group of boards exactly matches with the real application. The kitting operation in the assembly of PCBs which have always been ignored in previous research is paid attention to by introducing the term “integration of external (kitting) and internal (machine) setups,” which eventually results in the development of a dynamic PCB assembly system incorporating the concepts of just-in-time manufacturing. The problem investigated is NP-hard implying the requirement of heuristic approaches for solving industry-size problems. A meta-heuristic algorithm called Tabu Search, which is known to be efficient in solving combinatorial optimization problems, is employed. However, apart from finding the best sequence of jobs, evaluation of the objective function associated with each sequence is still an issue and it cannot be guaranteed to be optimal without the help of a mathematical model. Thus, a decision tree-based approach enabling the search to evaluate each of the sequences is developed including several properties and a lower bound, all of which are demonstrated in this paper.
Structure and Content: Interorganizational Referral Valence and Limited Partner Investment Decisions

Network theory has long assumed interorganizational relationships act as pipes transmitting information across the market, but have rarely considered the effect of the content of such information o...
Comment on “The Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship” by Josh Lerner

It is a pleasure to comment on this paper, which is essentially chapter 1 of the 2009 book by Josh called The Boulevard of Broken Dreams. I liked the book very much when I read it, and I have recommended it to many people. And I recommend it to all of you today if you haven’t already read it.
The Disjunctive Bondage Number and the Disjunctive Total Bondage Number of Graphs

Let G be a graph with vertex set VG and edge set EG. A set $$S \subseteq VG$$S⊆VG is a disjunctive dominating set of G if every vertex in $$VG-S$$VG-S is adjacent to a vertex of S or has at least two vertices in S at distance two from it. For G with no isolated vertex, a set $$S \subseteq VG$$S⊆VG is a disjunctive total dominating set of G if every vertex in G is adjacent to a vertex of S or has at least two vertices of S at distance two from it. The disjunctive domination number$$\gamma ^dG$$γdG of G is the minimum cardinality over all disjunctive dominating sets of G, and the disjunctive total domination number$$\gamma _t^dG$$γtdG of G is the minimum cardinality over all disjunctive total dominating sets of G. We define disjunctive bondage number of G to be the minimum cardinality among all subsets of edges $$B \subseteq EG$$B⊆EG for which $$\gamma ^dG-B>\gamma ^dG$$γdG-B>γdG. For G with no isolated vertex, we define disjunctive total bondage number, $$b_t^dG$$btdG, of G to be the minimum cardinality among all subsets of edges $$B' \subseteq EG$$B'⊆EG satisfying $$\gamma _t^dG-B'>\gamma _t^dG$$γtdG-B'>γtdG and that $$G-B'$$G-B' contains no isolated vertex; if no such subset $$B'$$B' exists, we define $$b_t^dG=\infty $$btdG=∞. In this paper, we initiate the study of the disjunctive total bondage number of graphs. We determine the disjunctive total bondage number of the Petersen graph, cycles, paths, and some complete multipartite graphs. We also obtain upper bounds of the disjunctive bondage number for trees and some Cartesian product graphs, and we show the existence of a tree T satisfying $$b_t^dT=k$$btdT=k for each positive integer k.
Status postpneumonectomy for pulmonary artery sarcoma.

Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma is a rare disease that has a poor survival prognosis due to misdiagnosis with pulmonary thromboembolism or metastatic embolisation, detailed image findings and complicated surgical procedures. Surgical procedures established for treatment include pneumonectomy and pulmonary endarterectomy. Survival after surgery still remains at 1 year survival of 50%. The following case report demonstrates a patient9s status postpneumonectomy for pulmonary artery sarcoma that presented with no complications after 1.5-year follow-up.
At the crossroads of autophagy and infection: Noncanonical roles for ATG proteins in viral replication

Autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have increasingly demonstrated functions other than cellular self-eating. In this issue, Mauthe et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201602046) conduct an unbiased RNA interference screen of the ATG proteome to reveal numerous noncanonical roles for ATG proteins during viral infection.
Pharmacologic Considerations in Obesity

Pharmaceutical drug administration can be a very complex science in the obese population. Recommended medication doses are based on normal-weight patients, which can make dosing difficult when considering the physiologic changes related to both obesity and weight loss surgery. Studies have suggested that increased fat deposition can potentially affect the drug elimination and distribution. There are multiple different ways to describe a patient’s weight. These include total body weight (TBW), ideal body weight (IBW), adjusted body weight (ABW), and lean body mass (LBM) [1].
Economic Disparities and Syphilis Incidence in Massachusetts, 2001-2013:

Objectives:We used area-level indicators of poverty to describe economic disparities in the incidence rate of infectious syphilis in Massachusetts to (1) determine whether methods developed in earl...