cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liprin Phosphorylation Regulates Binding to LAR: Evidence for Liprin Autophosphorylation†

The LAR transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase associates with liprin-α proteins and colocalizes with liprin-α1 at focal adhesions. LAR has been implicated in axon guidance, and liprins are involved in synapse formation and synapse protein trafficking. Several liprin mutants have weaker binding to LAR as assessed by yeast interaction trap assays, and the extents of in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation of these mutants were reduced relative to that of wild-type liprin-α1. Treatment of liprin-α1 with calf intestinal phosphatase weakened its interaction with the recombinant GST−LAR protein. A liprin LH region mutant that inhibited liprin phosphorylation did not bind to LAR as assessed by coprecipitation studies. Endogenous LAR was shown to bind phosphorylated liprin-α1 from MDA-486 cells labeled in vivo with [32P]orthophosphate. In further characterizing the phosphorylation of liprin, we found immunoprecipitates of liprin-α1 expressed in COS-7 cells to incorporate phosphate after washes of up to 4 M NaCl. Additi...
Soil bacterial and archaeal community composition reflects high spatial heterogeneity of pH, bioavailable Zn, and Cu in a metalliferous peat soil

Abstract Because Zn, Cd, and Cu are chalcophilic (sulfur-loving) heavy-metals, understanding the spatial variability in soil chemical variables and relationships with soil microbial community composition will lead to a better understanding of their cycling and availability. In this study, we evaluate field-scale spatial variability in soil chemical parameters and relationships with the soil microbial community composition in the Elba muck soils of Western NY which are drained annually. In May, 2005, soil samples were collected along a series of transects in order to capture spatial heterogeneity across the site (approximate field dimensions: 36 × 90 m). Soils were collected at two depths, 0–15 and 15–30 cm, and analyzed for % H 2 0, pH, total, as well as 0.01 M CaCl 2 -extractable S, Zn, Cd, and Cu. Soil Bacteria and Archaea community composition were characterized by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Field hedgerow willow ( Salix purpurea L.) tissues were also analyzed for total S, Zn, Cd, and Cu. Spatial variability across the field was vast within all measured parameters. Soil pH, total soil S, extractable soil Cu and Zn exerted the greatest influence on the composition of the soil microbial communities, and willow tissue concentrations reflected bioavailable fractions of soil heavy metals. Our results demonstrate the intricate link between soil chemistry and soil microbial community composition over a field scale in organic soils with high soil S and heavy metals content.
Intercultural communication competence: Coping with stressful work situations

Abstract A person sx situation research strategy was used in developing video-tapes depicting three different situations within the employment setting (e.g., Job Interview, Promotion Seeking, and Termination). Judgments of Japanese-American and Caucasian-American stimulus-persons'communicative competence were obtained from both Japanese-American and Caucasian-American judges. Significant results were found for most categories of competence criteria for situation, situation sx other within situation, and situation sx other within situation sx culture by stimulus person. Results are discussed in terms of previous research on intercultural communicative competence and suggestions for future studies of communication competence.
Regulation of Glycoprotein Synthesis During Embryonic Development of the Sea Urchin

We are interested in the regulation of glycoprotein synthesis in the sea urchin embryo and the role that these glycoproteins play in gastrulation. Earlier reports from this laboratory on the effect of tunicamycin on embryonic development in sea urchins have provided strong evidence that a marked increase in the synthesis of N-linked glycoproteins occurs at gastrula? tion. If N-linked glycoprotein synthesis is blocked, gastrulation does not occur (Schneider et al, 1978; Heifetz and Lennarz, 1979). It has been established that in a number
Single-crystal silicon transistors in laser-crystallized thin films on bulk glass

High-performance thin-film transistors (TFT) have been fabricated in single-crystal silicon thin films on bulk fused silica. Deposited films of polycrystalline silicon were patterned to control nucleation and growth of single-crystal material in pre-selected areas and encapsulated with a dielectric layer (e.g., SiO 2 ) in preparation for laser crystallization. Patterning also minimized microcracking during crystallization. The patterned silicon layer was crystallized with a scanning CO 2 laser, which produced islands with preferred crystal orientation. The single crystallinity of the islands was established with transmission electron microscopy after transistor evaluation. The silicon islands were processed with conventional microelectronic techniques to form metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect transistors operating in the n-channel enhancement mode. The devices display exceptional electrical characteristics with "low-field" channel mobilities > 1000 cm2/V sec and leakage currents 2 - laser processing of silicon films a viable and versatile basis for a silicon-on-insulator technology.
First trimester diagnosis and screening for fetal aneuploidy

Maternal serum screening for neural tube defects and fetal aneuploidy in the second trimester has been incorporated into obstetrical practice over the past two decades. Now, as a result of several multicenter trials, first trimester screening between 11 and 14 weeks has been shown to be an effective and reliable screening test for Down syndrome and trisomy 18. Benefits of first trimester screening include earlier identification of the pregnancy at risk for fetal aneuploidy and anatomic defects, in particular, cardiac anomalies, and the option of earlier diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling, if available. This policy updates the American College of Medical Genetics policy statement entitled Second Trimester Maternal Serum Screening for Fetal Open Neural Tube Defects and Aneuploidy (2004) and complements the sections of American College of Medical Genetic's Standards and Guidelines for Clinical Genetics Laboratories entitled "Prenatal screening for Down syndrome that includes first trimester biochemistry and/or ultrasound measurements."
Ripe for Reassessment: Asia-Pacific Stability

International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific. Edited by G. John Ikenberry, Michael Mastanduno. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. 578 pp., $64.50 cloth (ISBN: 0-231-12590-9). $24.50 paper (ISBN: 0-231-12591-7). In 1993, Aaron Friedberg of Princeton University published an important article in the journal International Security . Using insights from international relations (IR) theory and European history, Friedberg assessed the prospects for peace in the Asia-Pacific region. He noted that “what is unfolding in Asia is a race between the accelerating dynamics of multipolarity, which could increase the chances of conflict, and the growth of mitigating factors that should tend to dampen them and to improve the prospects for a continuing peace” (Friedberg 1993/94:27–28). Friedberg concluded that the region was “ripe for rivalry” because he believed that structural factors associated with the neorealist perspective were likely to be more influential in determining Asia's future than domestic and institutional factors associated with neoliberalism. He placed particular emphasis on the potentially destabilizing effects of Chinese economic growth “and the shared feelings of power and entitlement that tend to go with it” (Friedberg 1993/94:16). At the same time that Friedberg was constructing his pessimistic argument, the Clinton administration was developing the concepts of engagement and enlargement as the defining elements for US foreign policy. This strategy was anchored in classic liberal assumptions about the beneficent effects of democratization, economic interdependence, and multilateral institutions. The mitigation of conflict in the Asia-Pacific region was viewed by many policymakers and commentators as the acid test for the Clinton strategy. During the past decade, the differing perspectives reflected in the Friedberg article and in the logic of the enlargement and engagement strategy laid the groundwork for intense disagreements between the …
An assessment of the effects of increased regulatory enforcement and legislative reform on occupational hearing loss workers' compensation claims: Oregon 1984-1998.

Background Hearing loss from occupational exposures is a serious and widespread problem. This study measured the outcomes that increased enforcement of regulations and legislative interventions had on hearing loss workers' compensation claims. Methods Workers' compensation claim data from Oregon was analyzed for the period of 1984–1998 to examine trends and severity of hearing loss claims. In 1987 and 1990, Oregon enacted legislative reforms to improve enforcement and promulgation of safety standards in the state. This study examined hearing loss claims between the periods of pre- and post-legislative reforms. Results It was found that hearing loss claims decreased significantly following the legislative reforms, although the average cost per claim increased. Age and tenure effects, and evidence of moral hazard were also discovered. Conclusions Increased enforcement of regulations and legislative interventions by Oregon improved working conditions leading to occupational hearing loss. Nevertheless, hearing loss remains problematic, and continued efforts are required to improve worker safety. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:417–427, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Myths as Instructions from Ancestors: The Example of Oedipus

The growing interest in dual-inheritance models of human evolution as focused attention on culture as a means by which ancestors transmitted acquired phenotypic characteristics to their descendants. The ability of cultural behaviors to be repeatedly transmitted from ancestors to descendants enables individuals to influence their descendant-leaving success over many more generations than are usually considered in most analyses of inclusive fitness. This essay proposes that traditional stories, or myths, can be seen as a way in which ancestors influence their descendant-leaving success by influencing the behavior of many generations of their descendants. The myth of Oedipus is used as an example of a traditional story aimed at promoting proper behavior and cooperation among kin. This interpretation of the Oedipus myth is contrasted with Freudian and structuralist interpretations.
A perspective on computational algorithms for aerodynamic analysis and design

Abstract This paper examines the use of computational fluid dynamics as a tool for aircraft design. It addresses the requirements for effective industrial use, and trade-offs between modeling accuracy and computational costs. Essential elements of algorithm design are discussed in detail, together with a unified approach to the design of shock capturing schemes. Finally, the paper discusses the use of techniques drawn from control theory to determine optimal aerodynamic shapes. In the future multidisciplinary analysis and optimization should be combined to take account of the trade-offs in the overall performance of the complete system.
Triacylglycerol profiling of marine microalgae by mass spectrometry.

We present a method for the determination of triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of oleaginous saltwater microalgae relevant for the production of biofuels, bioactive lipids, and high-value lipid-based chemical precursors. We describe a technique to remove chlorophyll using quick, simple solid phase extraction (SPE) and directly compare the intact TAG composition of four microalgae species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nannochloropsis salina, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Tetraselmis suecica) using MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), ESI linear ion trap-orbitrap (LTQ Orbitrap) MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Direct MS analysis is particularly effective to compare the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition for triacylglycerols because oxidation can often degrade samples upon derivatization. Using these methods, we observed that T. suecica contains significant PUFA levels with respect to other microalgae. This method is applicable for high-throughput MS screening of microalgae TAG profiles and may aid in the commercial development of biofuels.
Root stimulation improves the detection of acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies

Thirty-one patients with a presentation compatible with an acquired demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy were prospectively evaluated for proximal conduction block using root stimulation (RS) of cervical and/or lumbar roots. These same techniques were applied to 78 controls (40 pathological). Proximal conduction block was noted in 20/31 cases and none of the controls. Only 7 of 31 cases met published demyelinating criteria. Intravenous immune globulin therapy was completed by 21/31 patients and 20/21 responded. RS is superior to published electrophysiologic criteria for identifying demyelinating polyneuropathies and predicting who will respond to treatment. RS should be performed in all patients suspected of having an acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy when traditional nerve conduction studies criteria are nondiagnostic. RS reliably predicts those likely to respond to immunosuppressive therapy.
Pediatric Obesity: An Inflammatory Condition?

Childhood obesity has grown at an alarming rate, and concomitant with this rise there is an increasing prevalence of metabolic risk factors in young children and adolescents. These metabolic risk factors include elevated circulating triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein, but also an increase in inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Each of these factors has been associated with the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent research has indicated that dietary modifications such as increased intakes of antioxidants or ω-3 fatty acids or increased physical activity and physical fitness may independently modify the inflammation associated with excess adiposity. Additional research on the impact of diet and exercise on inflammation in children is warranted, especially studies that are prospective in nature. Finally, current biomarkers of inflammation may not be sensitive enough to detect metabolic risk in youth,...
Do infinite nilpotent groups always have equipotent Abelian subgroups

$ 1. INTRODUCTION In 14; Theorem 31, it was shown that every infinite ZPC-group G (this class of groups includes both FC-groups and nilpotent groups) has an abelian subgroup A such that exp IAl > ]Gl. This paper investigates the possibilities of strengthening this result when G is either PC or nilpotent; in fact, in Theorem 3 we show that if one assumes G.C.H., this result can not be strengthened. We accomplish this by exhibiting an infinite group 0, which is both nilpotent and FC, in which every maximal abelian subgroup A has the property that exp lA[ = ICI. 5 2. NOTATION Let G be a group. Z&(G) will denote the c~th member of the ascending central series. The hypercenter of G is the union of all the terms of the ascending central series. G is ZA or hypercentral if it is its own hypercenter. The class of a ZA group is the first 01 such that Za(G) =G. G is nilpotent if it is a ZA group with finite class. G is PC if each element has only finitely many conjugates. Gi is the derived subgroup of G; E is the identity subgroup. If x, y E G, [x, y] = x-iy-ixy. If 8 is a subset of a group (vector space), (8) is the subgroup (subspace) generated by S. Z, 4 and F, will denote the integers, the rationals and the field with p elemenm, respectively. If R is a commutative ring and M and N are R modules, y : M x M --f N is an R bilinear function if for ri, q E R, vi, vj E M and 1, n E Zf. y is a,lternating (symmetric) (trivial) on M if y(v, w) = - y(w, v) and y(v, w) =
Biphasic action of dextrorphan on penicillin induced bursting in rat hippocampal slice

Effects of dextrorphan (DX), a metabolite of the over-the-counter antitussive, dextromethorphan, were investigated in rat hippocampal slices exposed to the epileptogenic agent penicillin. At 50 microM and 100 microM concentrations dextrorphan suppressed late components of the epileptiform CA1 field potential elicited by afferent electrical stimulation, and partially suppressed the intracellularly recorded paroxysmal depolarization shift. These effects were not due to non-specific changes in cell excitability, since resting cell membrane potential, input resistance, and the ability of cells to fire action potentials in response to direct depolarizing current were unaffected. The depressant effect of 100 microM dextrorphan was probably due to actions at the NMDA receptor, since pretreatment with the competitive NMDA antagonist D-APV prevented any further depressant effects of dextrorphan in this model. In contrast, at a 10 microM concentration DX enhanced the amplitude of evoked epileptiform field potentials and intracellularly recorded EPSPs. These findings support a role for dextrorphan and similar agents as anticonvulsants at high concentrations, but raise a caution regarding possible excitatory actions of dextrorphan at low concentrations.
How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings From a Leading Neuroscientist. By Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldman

New York: Ballantine Books, 2009. xii + 348 pp. $27.00 hardcover, $16.00 paperback. Tigons, and ligers, and God—Oh my! As with the crossbreeding of big cats, efforts to combine neuroscience and the...
Easy-Sim: using Ada 9X in a graphics system software architecture

Software architectures increase productivity when used as the basis for developing applications in a particular domain. This paper describes the creation of Easy_Sim, an Ada 9X graphics software architecture and framework for distributed visual simulation systems. To prove this concept, the research builds upon ObjectSim, an existing object-oriented C++ application framework. The investigation involves honing ObjectSim's design and constructing Easy_Sim with a combination of C++ and Ada 9X. Graphics applications using the new framework are developed purely in Ada 9X. The primary objective of the study is to produce a visual simulation system from Easy_Sim in Ada 9X that performs at a level comparable to the same graphics application built from ObjectSim in C++.
Hepatitis C Virus Internal Ribosome Entry Site-Dependent Translation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Independent of Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein, Poly(rC)-Binding Protein 2, and La Protein

Translation initiation of some viral and cellular mRNAs occurs by ribosome binding to an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Internal initiation mediated by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown by translation of the second open reading frame in a bicistronic mRNA. Introduction of a single base change in the HCV IRES, known to abrogate internal initiation in mammalian cells, abolished translation of the second open reading frame. Internal initiation mediated by the HCV IRES was independent of the nonsense-mediated decay pathway and the cap binding protein eIF4E, indicating that translation is not a result of mRNA degradation or 5′-end-dependent initiation. Human La protein binds the HCV IRES and is required for efficient internal initiation. Disruption of the S. cerevisiae genes that encode La protein orthologs and synthesis of wild-type human La protein in yeast had no effect on HCV IRES-dependent translation. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (Ptb) and poly-(rC)-binding protein 2 (Pcbp2), which may be required for HCV IRES-dependent initiation in mammalian cells, are not encoded within the S. cerevisiae genome. HCV IRES-dependent translation in S. cerevisiae was independent of human Pcbp2 protein and stimulated by the presence of human Ptb protein. These findings demonstrate that the genome of S. cerevisiae encodes all proteins necessary for internal initiation of translation mediated by the HCV IRES.
THE POTENTIATION OF RADIATION RESPONSE IN HUMAN COLON CARCINOMA CELLS IN VITRO AND MURINE LYMPHOMA IN VIVO BY AG337 (THYMITAQ™), A NOVEL THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR

Purpose: To determine whether the administration of ThymitaqTM (AG337), a selective inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS), enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and increases tumor control rate in vivo. Methods and Materials: In vitro studies were carried out with HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. In vivo studies were carried out using L5178Y(TK−) murine lymphoma implanted in DBA/2 mice. Results: Pretreatment of HT-29 cells to nontoxic concentration of AG337 (<10 μM) for a short period of time (< 24 h) significantly enhanced the radiation induced cell lethality. The radiosensitizing enhancement ratio was 1.7. In contrast, there was no increased cell killing when the drug was exposed immediately after irradiation. In studies using L5178Y(TK−) tumors, the drug alone (50 mg/kg, i.p. × 5) had a minimal tumor growth delay, while a single dose of radiation (17 Gy) resulted in < 10% tumor control at day 30. When radiation and drug (17 Gy + AG337, 50 mg/kg, i.p. × 5) were combined, the tumor control rate reached 90% at Day 30. Using the local tumor control assay (TCD50), the radiation dose modification factor after a single dose of radiation was 2.6. Conclusion: The concentration of drug shown to be of radiosensitizing value in the in vivo studies is achievable in humans. The results of the present study further supports the potential utility of AG337 in the treatment of human tumors by radiotherapy.
Acylcarnitines: Role in brain

l-carnitine is present in mammalian cells as free carnitine and acylcarnitines. The acylcarnitine profile has been shown to be useful in identifying inborn errors of metabolism and to be altered under different metabolic conditions. While carnitine's most widely known function is its involvement in beta-oxidation of fatty acids, it may also have other roles in metabolism. The importance of acylcarnitines in tissues with high rates of beta-oxidation such as heart and muscle is intuitive. However, acylcarnitine and carnitine supplementation have resulted in beneficial effects in the treatment of various neurological diseases, even though fat is not the major fuel for brain. Recent data indicate new, multifactorial roles for acylcarnitines in neuroprotection. Brain acylcarnitines can function in synthesizing lipids, altering and stabilizing membrane composition, modulating genes and proteins, improving mitochondrial function, increasing antioxidant activity, and enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Currently a relatively small subset of acylcarnitines is usually investigated. More research is needed on the use of acylcarnitines in the treatment of neurological diseases using a list of acylcarnitines encompassing a wide range of these molecules. In summary, carnitine is not merely a cofactor in beta-oxidation, but rather it has many known and yet to be discovered functions in physiology.
Religion's evolutionary landscape needs pruning with Ockham's razor

Atran & Norenzayan (A&N) have not adequately supported the epistemic component of their proposal, namely, that God does not exist. A weaker, more probable hypothesis, not requiring that component – that the benefits of religious belief outweigh those of disbelief, even though we do not know whether or not God exists – is available. I counsel them to use Ockham's razor, eliminate their negative epistemic thesis, and accept the weaker hypothesis.
Lottery-based Pricing Scheme for Peer to Peer Networks

Users in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks tend to exploit the maximum resources they are able to obtain, offering minimum resources in response. This behavior undermines the goal of P2P in spreading files through the network and imposes the concept of free-riding. In this paper we propose a Lottery-based pricing mechanism to enhance the sharing level in P2P network and help increasing the number of objects disseminated. The scheme is an extension of the traditional micropayment mechanism. Our scheme provides higher payoff for peers who contribute to the P2P network and higher cost for peers who act selfishly and choose not to share resources. Finally, we present our simulation results to demonstrate the performance of our proposed mechanism.
GT-POCC: visualization and animation of a complex dynamic system

This research focuses on the graphical support for the operator of the Georgia Tech Payload Operations Control Center (GT-POCC) system simulation. This support is in the form of inspectable objects that constitute the GT-POCC environment and real-time animation of data flow between objects. Furthermore, the operator can view the system at a variety of levels of abstraction. Such visualization enhances both tutoring and aiding; the novice operator is better able to understand system events and behavior, and the experienced operator has tools available to conceptualize a problem and explore potential solutions. >
Experimental-theoretical response of ZnS(Ag) scintillating disc for gross /spl alpha/-measurements of aqueous radioactivity

A ZnS(Ag) scintillating disc coupled to a photomultiplier window tube was used to quantify the experimental detection efficiency of thick alpha sources and compare it with the theoretical detection efficiency. The experimental detection efficiencies were determined to be /spl sim/17%-18% for /sup 233/U and /sup 237/Np positioned 5.4 mm below the ZnS(Ag). The theoretical detection efficiency was calculated using an analytical model for an infinitely thick alpha source and was within 7% of the experimental values. In addition to these static measurements, online flow experiments were conducted. In these flow experiments, /sup 233/U wastewaters at three concentrations (14.19-53.65 Bq/mL) were quantified using the experimental detection efficiency and determined to be within 17%-18% of the expected concentrations. Pulse height analyses were performed for /sup 233/U spiked wastewater and for a 3700-Bq /sup 90/Sr solid point source. For a very low discriminator setting, the /sup 90/Sr//sup 90/Y detection efficiency was about 3.5%, which was reduced to essentially zero by raising the discriminator level by a minimal amount that did not effect the alpha detection efficiency. Additional experiments, which included /sup 233/U (34.66 Bq/mL) on MnO/sub 2/-coated glass fiber filter resulted in a detection efficiency of 22%-23%.
The Chemokine Receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 Couple to Distinct G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases To Mediate and Regulate Leukocyte Functions

The chemokine receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, couple to Gαi to induce leukocyte recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation. Upon activation by CXCL8, these receptors become phosphorylated, desensitized, and internalized. In this study, we investigated the role of different G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in CXCR1- and CXCR2-mediated cellular functions. To that end, short hairpin RNA was used to inhibit GRK2, 3, 5, and 6 in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing CXCR1 or CXCR2, and CXCL8-mediated receptor activation and regulation were assessed. Inhibition of GRK2 and GRK6 increased CXCR1 and CXCR2 resistance to phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization, respectively, and enhanced CXCL8-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and exocytosis in vitro. GRK2 depletion diminished CXCR1-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation but had no effect on CXCR2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. GRK6 depletion had no significant effect on CXCR1 function. However, peritoneal neutrophils from mice deficient in GRK6 (GRK6 −/− ) displayed an increase in CXCR2-mediated G protein activation but in vitro exhibited a decrease in chemotaxis, receptor desensitization, and internalization relative to wild-type (GRK6 +/+ ) cells. In contrast, neutrophil recruitment in vivo in GRK6 −/− mice was increased in response to delivery of CXCL1 through the air pouch model. In a wound-closure assay, GRK6 −/− mice showed enhanced myeloperoxidase activity, suggesting enhanced neutrophil recruitment, and faster wound closure compared with GRK6 +/+ animals. Taken together, the results indicate that CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to distinct GRK isoforms to mediate and regulate inflammatory responses. CXCR1 predominantly couples to GRK2, whereas CXCR2 interacts with GRK6 to negatively regulate receptor sensitization and trafficking, thus affecting cell signaling and angiogenesis.
The MPS1 Family of Protein Kinases

MPS1 protein kinases are found widely, but not ubiquitously, in eukaryotes. This family of potentially dual-specific protein kinases is among several that regulate a number of steps of mitosis. The most widely conserved MPS1 kinase functions involve activities at the kinetochore in both the chromosome attachment and the spindle checkpoint. MPS1 kinases also function at centrosomes. Beyond mitosis, MPS1 kinases have been implicated in development, cytokinesis, and several different signaling pathways. Family members are identified by virtue of a conserved C-terminal kinase domain, though the N-terminal domain is quite divergent. The kinase domain of the human enzyme has been crystallized, revealing an unusual ATP-binding pocket. The activity, level, and subcellular localization of Mps1 family members are tightly regulated during cell-cycle progression. The mitotic functions of Mps1 kinases and their overexpression in some tumors have prompted the identification of Mps1 inhibitors and their active development as anticancer drugs.
The Autopsy: A Professional Responsibility in Assuring Quality of Care:

Forty years ago, the value of autopsies was widely recognized as new diseases were discovered or clarified and scientific technology advanced greatly. Despite the autopsy's strong foundation, its value is not currently being properly conveyed to physicians or patients. Although autopsy-related policy exists, these policies have had little effect on increasing or even maintaining adequate autopsy rates. More recently, the autopsy has fallen on hard times, with US hospital rates now below 5%. The reasons for the decline in rates are multifaceted and include a lack of direct reimbursement for the procedure, lack of defined minimum rate standards, overconfidence in diagnostic technology, and the fear of litigation. Regardless of the reasons for the declining rates, the ethical and professional reasons for increasing the number of autopsies are far more important.
Molecular data from 27 proteins do not support a Precambrian origin of land plants

Heckman et al. (Science 293: 1129-1133) used sequences obtained from GenBank to infer divergence times in fungi and green plants. They estimated that the crown group of land plants originated in the Precambrian, at 703 ′ 45 mya, a date much older than dates implied by the fossils, which are no older than about 450 mya. This paper presents an analysis of an entirely different set of sequence data from 27 plastid protein-coding genes in 10 land plants and a green algal outgroup. It uses a calibration point closer to the origin of land plants and inference methods that do not assume a molecular clock. This leads to estimates ranging from 425 to 490 mya, which brackets the age suggested by the fossil record. Possible explanations for the differing conclusions in the two studies include differences in calibration points and use of single-copy plastid genes rather than nuclear gene families.
What Happened to Non-LPR Cancellation? Rationalizing Immigration Enforcement by Restoring Durable Relief from Removal

This article, part of a symposium on the future of immigration enforcement honoring Professor David Martin, considers relief from removal awarded to some long-term residents based on compelling equities in their particular cases as an essential component of rational immigration enforcement. Under the current statute, adjudication of this form of relief — known as non-LPR cancellation of removal — has ground to a halt. The article explains the unintended and perverse consequences of a statutory cap on grants of non-LPR cancellation, which when combined with the crushing backlog of cases in immigration court operates to undermine non-LPR cancellation as a form of lasting relief. Ironically, a robust system of prosecutorial discretion, which focuses enforcement resources on high priority cases, can also cut off access to non-LPR cancellation for the most deserving applicants, since an individual must be in removal proceedings to apply. A close examination of how non-LPR cancellation currently operates reveals the serious dysfunction of our nation’s immigration court system. I argue that the statutory cap on non-LPR cancellation should be repealed. Alternatively, the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) should change the way it administers the statutory cap. In addition, with the advent of the Deferred Action of Parents of Americans and Lawful Residents (DAPA) initiative (which was placed under preliminary injunction as this article went to press), an opportunity arises to create an affirmative application process, so that individuals can apply for non-LPR cancellation outside of removal proceedings. In an era of congressional gridlock, where expanded prosecutorial discretion via deferred action has become the de facto alternative to a legalization program, close attention must be paid to preserving access to this more durable form of relief from removal. Any serious conversation about immigration reform must consider how at present non-LPR cancellation contributes significantly to EOIR’s dysfunction, but if reformed could play a role in rationalizing immigration enforcement.
In situ micro-force sensing and quantitative elasticity evaluation of living Drosophila embryos at different stages

The objective of this paper is to investigate the force behavior and elasticity (plasticity) of living Drosophila embryos at different stages using an in situ PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric micro-force sensor with sub-muN resolution. The Drosophila embryo is one of the most studied organisms in biological research, medical research, genetics and developmental biology, and has implications in the cure of human diseases. It is also used to study the wiring of human brain and the nervous system. For a highly efficient and accurate micro-injection of genetic material into a Drosophila embryo, it is absolutely necessary to allow close monitoring of the magnitude and direction of micro-injection and other biomanipulation forces acting on the embryo during the injection process. By quantitatively evaluating the elasticity of Drosophila embryos at different stages, critical information useful to biologists and geneticist for bio-injection and gene modification is obtained, thus enhancing greatly micro-injection of Drosophila embryos.
Three-dimensional interconnection scheme for color error diffusion

This is a generalization, to color images, of earlier results on two-dimensional monochromatic halftoning with error diffusion neural networks (EDNs). Previously, we have shown that EDNs find local minima of frequency-weighted error between a binary halftone output and corresponding smoothly varying input, which is an ideal framework for solving halftone problems. We cast color halftoning as four related subproblems: the first three are to compute good binary halftones for each primary color and the fourth is to simultaneously minimize frequency-weighted error in the luminosity of the composite result. We show that an EDN with a three-dimensional (3D) interconnection scheme can solve all four problems in parallel. The 3D EDN algorithm not only shapes the error to frequencies to which the human visual system (HVS) is least sensitive but also shapes the error in colors to which the HVS is least sensitive— namely it satisfies the minimum brightness variation criterion. The correlation among the color planes by luminosity reduces the formation of high contrast pixels, such as black and white pixels that often constitute color noise, resulting in a smoother and more homogeneous appearance in a halftone image and a closer resemblance to the continuous tone image.
HOW TO BE A FIG WASP

In the two decades since Janzen described how to be a fig, more than 200 papers have appeared on fig wasps (Agaonidae) and their host plants (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Fig pollination is now widely regarded as a model system for the study of coevolved mutualism, and earlier reviews have focused on the evolution of resource conflicts between pollinating fig wasps, their hosts, and their parasites. Fig wasps have also been a focus of research on sex ratio evolution, the evolution of virulence, coevolution, population genetics, host-parasitoid interactions, community ecology, historical biogeography, and conservation biology. This new synthesis of fig wasp research attempts to integrate recent contributions with the older literature and to promote research on diverse topics ranging from behavioral ecology to molecular evolution.
Epidermal growth-factor actions on arachidonic-acid metabolism in human amnion cells

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) from human and murine sources increased prostaglandin E2 production by human amnion cells. An anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibody abolished this stimulatory action of EGF and reduced the basal rate of amnion prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. The rates of formation of arachidonate lipoxygenase products were also enhanced by EGF.
Rubidium atomic funnel

A low-velocity beam of rubidium atoms is produced from a two-dimensional magneto-optic trap or atomic funnel. Atoms from a thermal beam are slowed by chirped laser cooling and then loaded into the funnel. The cold atoms are ejected by moving molasses formed with frequency-shifted laser beams. The resultant atomic beam has a controllable velocity in the range of 3 to 10 m/s, a temperature of 500 µK, and a flux of 1010 atoms/s.
Synaptic vesicle dynamics in mouse rod bipolar cells.

To better understand synaptic signaling at the mammalian rod bipolar cell terminal and pave the way for applying genetic approaches to the study of visual information processing in the mammalian retina, synaptic vesicle dynamics and intraterminal calcium were monitored in terminals of acutely isolated mouse rod bipolar cells and the number of ribbon-style active zones quantified. We identified a releasable pool, corresponding to a maximum of ≈ 35 vesicles/ribbon-style active zone. Following depletion, this pool was refilled with a time constant of ≈ 7 s. The presence of a smaller, rapidly-releasing pool and a small, fast component of refilling were also suggested. Following calcium channel closure, membrane surface area was restored to baseline with a time constant that ranged from 2 to 21 seconds, depending upon the magnitude of the preceding Ca2+ transient. In addition, a brief, calcium-dependent delay often preceded the start of onset of membrane recovery. Thus, several aspects of synaptic vesicle dynamics appear to be conserved between rod-dominant bipolar cells of fish and mammalian rod bipolar cells. A major difference is that the number of vesicles available for release is significantly smaller in the mouse rod bipolar cell, both as a function of the total number per neuron and on a per active zone basis.
Developing a measure of patient perceptions of short-term outcomes of third molar surgery

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop an instrument to measure patients' perceptions of their experiences after the removal of third molar teeth. Methods: Nineteen patients (ages 18 to 25 years) who underwent surgical removal of four third molars after local treatment for mild symptoms of pericoronitis completed a newly developed 14-item instrument each evening for the 14-day period after surgery. A focus group was used to further examine the experiences of a subset of subjects. Results: On the first day postsurgery, patients reported a median level of 81 on the 0 to 100 scale of “limitation of daily activity because of pain” (100 = total interference). This dropped to 21 by day 5, and all but two patients returned completely to normal activities by day 8. During the first 3 days, the median level of “average pain” ranged from 51 to 33 (100 = pain as bad as could be), and all but two patients were pain-free by day 10. Bad taste/breath persisted for between 2 to 4 days; food impaction was experienced by nearly all patients from days 3 through 14. Swelling was encountered by 10 of the patients for the first 2 days and was reported by only one patient after day 5. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that patients' perceptions of their experiences could be collected using a self-administered instrument, and it confirmed the changes in postsurgical morbidity that occur in healthy, young adults. This instrument and these data will be valuable to those striving to make informed decisions regarding third molar surgery.
Current status of immune mechanisms of killing of intracellular microorganims

The interaction between intracellular pathogens and the mammalian host follows different pathways that reflect evolved survival mechanisms of both the pathogen and the host to assure each one's own survival. From the host's perspective, different immune mechanisms predominate at different stages of infection. Both phagocytic and non-phagocytic target cells participate in microbial uptake and, in some cases, intracellular destruction. In addition, the development of specific immunity ensures sustained activation of intracellular microbicidal mechanisms in the target cells, and induction of apoptotic or lytic target cell death by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. From the pathogen's perspective, different evasion strategies are employed to counteract host defenses. Understanding microbial survival strategies and the immune mechanisms that result in killing of intracellular pathogens will deepen our insight into the pathogenesis of infection that could be applied towards the development of effective vaccination and immunotherapy.
Effect of Buffering Capability in Data Vortex Networks Based on 4-ary Routing Scheme

Buffering capability is added within each routing node of the modified Data Vortex network with the 4-ary routing scheme. In two different cases, either with single packet or with two packets routing within the node, the effect of buffering capability is studied in such networks. The results have confirmed that with additional hardware cost in buffering, the performance can be enhanced as that in the original binary routing Data Vortex networks. While buffering based on single packet routing allows for modest performance improvement, buffering based on two packets routing allows for much better latency and throughput performance compared with buffer-less networks, and such improvement is also more significant than the performance enhancement in binary decoding Data Vortex networks with the same buffering capabilities.
Recognition of quaternary ammonium compounds using mass spectrometry

Liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) experiments were performed on a series of model quaternary ammonium chlorides [MCl−] in order to develop a strategy, via an understanding of cluster-ion formation, for recognition of quarternary ammonium structures. Model structures contained a single quaternary site and various other structural features (for example, conjugated quaternary systems and carboxylic acid groups), using amine hydrochlorides as controls. Cluster ions were examined with both positive- and negative-ion LSIMS, using a range of matrix modifiers. Precursor scans, or ‘molecular weight confirmation scans’, of M (the charged molecular ion of quaternary ammonium compounds) and [M+H]+ ions were used to assist in the observation of cluster ions and to unambiguously demonstrate precursor/product relationships. Positive-ion experiments typically showed dimeric clusters of [2MQ+ A]+ (A=anion) and [2MQ−H]+ ions, while negative ion experiments produced [MQ + 2A]− ions. Observation of these cluster ions coupled with the lack of an [M−H]− ion are a distinguishing feature of quaternary amines. Additional cluster ions were targeted for distinguishing between protonated amines and quaternary amonium compounds containing a carboxylic acid group. A strategy for recognizing and distinguishing quaternary ammonium structures using LSIMS is proposed, and some initial experiments with thermospray and electrospray are discussed.
Abstract 3: Impact of Financial Incentives on Variation in Use of Cardiac Imaging Tests

Background: Rapid growth and geographic variation in the provision of cardiac imaging tests have led to concerns about overuse due to fee-for-service (FFS) incentives. The degree to which FFS incentives may influence rates of cardiac imaging over and above patient characteristics and local practice styles is unknown. Objectives: To examine overall rates, degree of geographic variation, and correlation in use of echocardiography (ECHO) among veterans who primarily use services provided by the Veterans Health Administration (VA - a fixed budget health system without significant FFS incentives), versus veterans who use FFS Medicare. Design: We analyzed administrative claims from VA and Medicare of veterans with heart failure over the age of 65 from 2007-2010. Veterans were assigned to the VA or Medicare cohort according to the volume of services (procedures, hospitalizations, and visits) received within each system. The analysis was restricted to 34 major metropolitan service areas (MSAs). Rates of ECHO in the overall cohort and in a propensity-matched cohort were compared using multilevel mixed effects regression models adjusted for patient-level characteristics. Mean adjusted rates for each MSA according to cohort were tested for correlation and difference in variance. Results: The Medicare cohort included 364,413 veterans (mean age 77 years) and the VA cohort included 15,330 veterans (mean age 76 years). The Medicare cohort had a significantly higher adjusted rate of ECHO use compared to the VA cohort (1.09 versus 0.28 ECHOs per person-year, incidence rate ratio 4.23 [95% CI 4.12 to 4.34], p<.001). The higher rate persisted in the propensity-matched cohort of 14,889 pairs (Medicare incidence rate ratio 1.98 [95% CI 1.92 to 2.04], p<.001). Variance of the mean adjusted use of imaging across MSAs was greater in the Medicare cohort than the VA cohort (0.14 versus 0.02, p<.001). There was modest correlation in geographic variation between cohorts (r = 0.56, p<.001, Figure 1). Conclusions: ECHO rates and degree of variation were significantly higher in the Medicare cohort than the VA cohort in both overall and propensity-matched analyses, with modest regional correlation. ECHO utilization rates may be strongly influenced by payment system despite differences in patient characteristics and local practice styles. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, New Concepts and My Point of View

Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) occur much less commonly than injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). As such, our knowledge of posterior cruciate ligament injuries lags far behind that of other ligamentous injuries of the knee. Recently, an increased awareness of these injuries has led to a better understanding of PCL injuries. This chapter describes the anatomy, biomechanics, and clinical examination findings related to PCL injuries. A comprehensive overview of the radiographic evaluation of PCL injuries is also presented. We review our indications and method of nonoperative management of these injuries. Current surgical techniques, including the tibial inlay versus the endoscopic technique, and double-bundle versus single-bundle reconstructions, are discussed in detail. The pros and cons of these different reconstructions is discussed in the context of the current clinical literature. Clinical outcomes with respect to both operative and nonoperative treatment options are discussed. We also present important tips, pearls, and pitfalls to aid the reader with successful management of these very significant injuries.