cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean vertical and horizontal structure of the subtropical circulation in the South Atlantic from three-dimensional observed velocity fields

Abstract An analysis of the mean three-dimensional horizontal circulation in the subtropical South Atlantic based on velocity fields derived primarily from Argo data and AVISO sea surface heights, collected in the years 2000–2012, provides new insight into the zonal and meridional transports in the subtropical gyre. The velocity fields reveal the reduction of the latitudinal extent of the subtropical gyre with increasing depth that is mainly due to a southward shift of the westward flowing branch of the subtropical gyre, which is most pronounced near the western boundary. An analysis of zonal and meridional transports in the subtropical gyre in five 400 m thick layers from the surface to 2000 m reveals an interior pathway from the South Atlantic Current (SAC) to the Southern South Equatorial Current (SSEC) between 18°W and 1°E. At 35°S the northward transport in this longitude band ranges from 5.5 Sv (1 Sv=1 Sverdrup = 10 6 m 3 s − 1 ) in the shallowest layer to 3.5 Sv in the deepest layer, and adds up to total transport of 14.6 Sv in the upper 800 m. Within the uncertainty of the estimated transports, these northward transports are consistent with the east-to-west strengthening of the SSEC in 18°W and 1°E (e.g. 14.2 Sv in the upper 800 m). For the SAC, the change of the transport has the correct sign, but the west-to-east shrinking of the transport is larger than the northward transport, which suggests a transfer of water from the SAC to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. With respect to the boundary currents that are part of the subtropical gyre, the southward transport of the western boundary current in the upper 2000 m increases from 5.2 Sv at 28°S to 44.2 Sv at 33°S. This is followed by a decrease to 22.2 Sv at 36°S and another increase to 38.7 Sv at 39°S. Further analysis shows that the increase of the transport by 15.2 Sv between 31°S and 33°S is primarily due to the small recirculation cell just east of the Brazil Current that has a northward transport of 13.1 Sv at 35°S in the upper 2000 m. Along the eastern boundary, the transport of the Benguela Current within the upper 1200 m at 35°S is 23.9 Sv, increasing by about 10 Sv between 37°S and 32°S. To the east of this current, the Benguela Poleward Undercurrent can be detected in the velocity and salinity fields derived for the core of the Antarctic Intermediate Water. This current extends as far south as 30°S and potentially even to 33°S.
Controls on fault damage zone width, structure, and symmetry in the Bandelier Tuff, New Mexico

We studied welded and glassy nonwelded ignimbrites of the Bandelier Tuff cut by the Pajarito fault system to examine the influence of primary lithology and structure on fault damage-zone characteristics. Our work supports previous studies that indicate welding and resulting rock strength are first-order controls on the type of fault-zone structure that forms in high porosity ignimbrites. However, inherited mechanical anisotropy is the most significant control on spatial variations in fault-zone width and orientation of structures for a given throw. Cooling joints in welded ignimbrite localize strain, producing a narrower damage zone than that in glassy nonwelded ignimbrite. The joints also control the orientations of discrete fractures formed during faulting, so fractures show the same patterns inside and outside damage zones, which we attribute to local reorientation of stresses adjacent to joints. In contrast, deformation bands formed in relatively isotropic, glassy nonwelded ignimbrite exhibit conjugate sets oblique to the Pajarito fault, consistent with left-lateral extension across a pre-existing structure. Where footwall and hanging wall damage-zone widths can be compared in welded ignimbrite, they reflect greater hanging wall deformation, consistent with near-surface faulting. These observations collectively record 3D strain of a physically heterogeneous system.
Management of pediatric snake bites: Are we doing too much?

Abstract Background The optimal management of children with snake bite injuries is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to review the use of antivenom, diagnostic tests, and antibiotics in children bitten by venomous snakes in a specific geographic region (Southeast Texas). Methods This is a retrospective single-center review of all patients with snake bite injury from 1/2006 to 6/2012. An envenomated bite was defined as causing edema, discoloration of the skin, necrosis, or systemic effects. The severity of injury was scored using a novel 4-point scale based on initial physical examination alone. Results One hundred fifty-one children (mean age 8.4±4.3years) were treated for a snake bite. There were no mortalities. Lower extremity injuries were most common (60%). Most bites were from copperheads (43%). Envenomation was evident in 82% (average wound score: 2.61±0.81). The median hospital stay for admitted patients (79%) was 2days (range 1–7). Four patients required surgery for complications of the snake bite. Fifty-two children (34%) received CroFab, with one allergic reaction. 22/135 (16%) had evidence of coagulopathy. Seventy-two children (48%) received IV antibiotics. Conclusion Despite a high rate of envenomated bites in Southeast Texas, significant morbidity is rare. Children with an envenomation score of 1 or 2 are unlikely to be coagulopathic, suggesting that laboratory investigation should be reserved for patients with higher scores. The indications for the administration of CroFab deserve further prospective study.
Obstacles to world development: An ethical reflection

Abstract Development poses choices, not only of diverse strategies or means, but also of competing goals and images of the good life. Ethics, together with economics and politics, has a role to play in making wise choices. Yet efforts in the last three decades have been disappointing. Why: what major obstacles impede genuine development? Three classes of obstacles are analysed: the bankruptcy of development paradigms, the crisis of institutional imagination in the world at large, and an array of domestic roadblocks impeding development within Third World countries. Notwithstanding failures, there is still a basis for hope: the social experimentation conducted by numerous communities of need throughtout the world. Their innovative praxis around more humane values constitutes the main building-block of an alternative development strategy as well as the nourishing source of sounder development theories.
Balance of Power Politics and the Rise of China: Accommodation and Balancing in East Asia

Realists agree that great powers balance the military power of rising powers, but there is little agreement regarding secondary-state responses to rising powers. First, there are differences regarding whether secondary states balance or accommodate rising powers. Second, there are differences among realists regarding the distinct roles of economic and military factors in secondary-state alignment policies. Third, some scholars argue that state alignments are not necessarily determined by realist variables, but can reflect preferences shaped by intentions, historical experiences, or cultural influences. This paper addresses these issues in balance-of-power theory. Its empirical focus is the impact of the rise of China on secondary-state alignments in East Asia. After examining the complex mix of China's military and economic reach in East Asia, it concludes that secondary-state behavior is sensitive to local variation in the great power capabilities and that secondary states tend to accommodate rather than...
Prolactin modifies the prostaglandin synthesis, prolactin binding and fluidity of mouse liver membranes.

Abstract The objective of these studies was to determine if prolactin, known to induce its own receptors, alters the prostaglandin (PG) synthesis which could, in turn, modify the fluidity of the membrane and thus alter the functionality of prolactin receptors. Adult male C3H mice were injected subcutaneously with 100 μg of oPRL every 4 h for 0, 24 or 48 h and sacrificed 8 h after receiving the last injection. Liver 100,000 × g membrane pellets were used in the measurement of these parameters. The amount of binding of prolactin to these membranes increased with the duration of injections, the values being 179 and 244% of control values after 24 and 48 h of injections, respectively. The amounts of PGF2α and PGE synthesized also increased after these injections, the values being 127 and 270% of control for PGF2α and 634 and 695% of control values for PGE after 24 and 48 h of injections, respectively. Fluorescence polarization, an index of microviscosity, was decreased by 14 and 20% after 24 and 48 h of PRL administration, respectively. Previous studies have demonstrated simultaneous in vitro effects of prostaglandin on both prolactin receptors and membrane fluidity. The current data are in agreement with those observations and suggest that prolactin may modulate its own receptor by increasing the fluidity of the membrane in which it exists by alterations within the PG cascade. Such biochemical changes may then modify existing restraints and allow the hormone receptor to assume a more functional configuration.
The Limited Resources Debate: Changing the Rules of the Game to a Win—Win Scenario

On 21 August 1997, during the THEMHS annual meeting in Sydney, Australia, a lively debate ensued about the differential uses of limited funding for mental health care
The Marital Status Inventory: Development of a Measure of Dissolution Potential.

Abstract The development of a 14-item intensity scale measuring likelihood of marriage dissolution is described. The Marital Status Inventory (MSI) forms a Guttman-like scale. Preliminary discriminant validity data are presented for the self-report scale indicating that couples presenting with marital problems score significantly higher than couples seeking parent-child related therapy. The predictive validity of the scale remains to be demonstrated, but the MSI is reported for use by researchers and clinicians.
Nutrition Education: The Older Adult With Diabetes:

The dietitian, working with other members of the health care team, plays a very important role in developing a care plan for the older person with diabetes. Often individuals in this age group have so many health care needs that nutrition intervention may be low on the priority list. Optimum nutrition is essential to maintain health and well-being as well as to keep blood glucose levels in the target range. The dietitian who works with this population must be very skilled at multifaceted assessment. He or she must be able to correlate all the information gained to creatively design, with the patient and caregivers, a workable dietary intervention, and be able to adapt instruction techniques and tools for a wide variety of educational needs and abilities. Knowledge, skill, experience, confidence in judgment and, most important, sincere caring are all important to the process. Nutrition education should be individually tailored and incorporate patience, kindness, humor, understanding, and above all a respect for the differences that make each older person an individual.
Limit of the speed-resolution properties in adiabatic supercritical fluid chromatography.

Kinetic Poppe plots for small retained compounds were calculated in HPLC (using pure acetonitrile) and SFC (using pure carbon dioxide) for columns having twenty one different lengths (between 3 cm and 30 m), operated under strict adiabatic conditions (no heat exchange was allowed between the column and the external environment), with a constant pressure drop of 200 bar. The outlet pressures were set at 1 and 160 bar in HPLC and SFC, respectively. The eluent inlet temperature was set at 312 K. The hold-up time t0 and the apparent column efficiency were calculated by taking into account the longitudinal variations of the eluent pressure, its temperature, density, viscosity, heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, equilibrium constant, and diffusion coefficient along the column length. Three different classes of stationary phase were considered: fully porous particles and core-shell particles of different diameter and structure, and silica monolithic columns of the second generation. The reduced plate heights of these stationary phases were taken from experimental data obtained with liquid eluents (acetonitrile/water mixtures). The columns were assumed to be radially homogeneous. The Henry's constant of the compound was fixed at Ka=2.0 at the column inlet. The results demonstrate the potential advantage of using sub-3 μm core-shell particles for fast analysis in both LC and SFC, regardless of the intra-particle diffusivity through the stationary phase. In RPLC conditions, the contribution of surface diffusion to intra-particle diffusivity is important and the 4.6 μm core-shell particles can perform as well as sub-2 μm fully porous particles and silica monolithic columns of the second generation. In the absence of surface diffusion or for localized adsorption onto the stationary phase, sub-2 μm particles and silica monolithic column of the second generation outperform the 4.6 μm core-shell particles because the solid-liquid mass transfer resistance controls the column efficiency at high speeds. Eventually, for the same stationary phase and speed of analysis, SFC methods using pure CO2 may provide at least a twice column efficiency than LC methods using pure acetonitrile. For a constant pressure drop and resolution power, SFC methods may generate four times faster analyses than LC methods. Ultimately, a standard commercial 4.6mm × 50mm long column packed with 2.6 μm core-shell particles, operated with an inlet flow rate of 25 mL/min in fast SFC (200 bar back pressure, 40 °C) may provide a hold-up time of about 1s requiring data acquisition at a frequency of 400 Hz, with a variance of 0.35 μL(2). This performance will require the use of new, ultra-low dispersion SFC system.
The Mechanical Properties of Ex Vivo Bovine and Porcine Crystalline Lenses: Age-Related Changes and Location-Dependent Variations

Abstract The mechanical properties of ex vivo animal lenses from three groups were evaluated: old bovine (25–30 mo old, n = 4), young bovine (6 mo old, n = 4) and young porcine (6 mo old, n = 4) eye globes. We measured the dynamics of laser-induced microbubbles created at different locations within the crystalline lenses. An impulsive acoustic radiation force was applied to the microbubble, and the microbubble displacements were measured using a custom-built high pulse repetition frequency ultrasound system. Based on the measured dynamics of the microbubbles, Young's moduli of bovine and porcine lens tissue in the vicinity of the microbubbles were reconstructed. Age-related changes and location-dependent variations in the Young's modulus of the lenses were observed. Near the center, the old bovine lenses had a Young's modulus approximately fivefold higher than that of young bovine and porcine lenses. The gradient of Young's modulus with respect to radial distance was observed in the lenses from three groups.
Differential Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 (FGF8)-Mediated Autoregulation of Its Cognate Receptors, Fgfr1 and Fgfr3, in Neuronal Cell Lines

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) mediate a vast range of CNS developmental processes including neural induction, proliferation, migration, and cell survival. Despite the critical role of FGF signaling for normal CNS development, few reports describe the mechanisms that regulate FGF receptor gene expression in the brain. We tested whether FGF8 could autoregulate two of its cognate receptors, Fgfr1 and Fgfr3, in three murine cell lines with different lineages: fibroblast-derived cells (3T3 cells), neuronal cells derived from hippocampus (HT-22 cells), and neuroendocrine cells derived from hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons (GT1-7 cells). GnRH is produced by neurons in the hypothalamus and is absolutely required for reproductive competence in vertebrate animals. Several lines of evidence strongly suggest that Fgf8 is critical for normal development of the GnRH system, therefore, the GT1-7 cells provided us with an additional endpoint, Gnrh gene expression and promoter activity, to assess potential downstream consequences of FGF8-induced modulation of FGF receptor levels. Results from this study suggest that the autoregulation of its cognate receptor represents a common downstream effect of FGF8. Further, we show that Fgfr1 and Fgfr3 are differentially regulated within the same cell type, implicating these two receptors in different biological roles. Moreover, Fgfr1 and Fgfr3 are differentially regulated among different cell types, suggesting such autoregulation occurs in a cell type-specific fashion. Lastly, we demonstrate that FGF8b decreases Gnrh promoter activity and gene expression, possibly reflecting a downstream consequence of altered FGF receptor populations. Together, our data bring forth the possibility that, in addition to the FGF synexpression group, autoregulation of FGFR expression by FGF8 represents a mechanism by which FGF8 could fine-tune its regulatory actions.
Analysis of the ACP1 gene product: classification as an FMN phosphatase.

Abstract The relationship between the ACP1 gene product, an 18kDa acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) postulated to function as a protein tyrosyl phosphatase, and the cellular flavin mononucleotide (FMN) phosphatase has been examined in vitro and by using cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Kinetic analysis indicated that at pH 6 the acid phosphatase utilized a variety of phosphate monoesters as substrates. While small molecules such as FMN were effectively utilized as substrates (kcat/Km = 7.3 × 103 s−1M−1), the tyrosyl phosphorylated form of the adipocyte lipid binding protein was a relatively poor substrate (kcat/Km = 1.7 × 10−1 s−1M−1) suggesting a role for the phosphatase in flavin metabolism. Fractionation of CHO cell extracts revealed that 90% of the FMN phosphatase activity was soluble and that all of the soluble activity eluted from a Sephadex G-75 column with the acid phosphatase. All of the soluble FMN phosphatase activity was inhibited by immunospecific antibodies directed against the bovine heart ACP1 gene product. These results suggest that the ACP1 gene product functions cellularly not as a protein tyrosyl phosphatase but as a soluble FMN phosphatase.
Structure of zinc polyphosphate glasses

Abstract The technique of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to determine the distributions of phosphate-anion chains and rings in a variety of zinc-phosphate-based glasses. The phosphate-anion distributions in simple binary zinc phosphate glasses are compared to those found in multi-cation alkali-zinc phosphate glasses. Multi-cation zinc phosphate glasses are chemically durable and can be tailored to exhibit transition temperatures sufficiently low for co-processing with a variety of plastics to form novel organic–inorganic composite materials. The intermediate range order in the multi-cation glasses is found to be similar to that measured in the binary zinc-phosphate glasses. Scanning calorimetry measurements indicate, however, that the multi-cation glasses are more resistant to crystallization than the binary glasses. The fraction of phosphorus sites with 2 (Q2), 1 (Q1) and 0 (Q0) bridging oxygen, as well as the ratio of bridging to non-bridging oxygen (BO/NBO), are obtained from the chromatograms. Structural data for the zinc phosphate glasses obtained using HPLC are compared to results reported in the literature that were deduced using more-traditional solid-state techniques such as NMR, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy.
The mammalian 43-kD acetylcholine receptor-associated protein (RAPsyn) is expressed in some nonmuscle cells

Torpedo electric organ and vertebrate neuromuscular junctions contain the receptor-associated protein of the synapse (RAPsyn) (previously referred to as the 43K protein), a nonactin, 43,000-Mr peripheral membrane protein associated with the cytoplasmic face of postsynaptic membranes at areas of high nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) density. Although not directly demonstrated, several lines of evidence suggest that RAPsyn is involved in the synthesis and/or maintenance of such AChR clusters. Microscopic and biochemical studies had previously indicated that RAPsyn expression is restricted to differentiated, AChR-synthesizing cells. Our recent finding that RAPsyn is also produced in undifferentiated myocytes (Frail, D.E., L.S. Musil, a. Bonanno, and J.P. Merlie, 1989. Neuron. 2:1077-1086) led to to examine whether RAPsyn is synthesized in cell types that never express AChR (i.e., cells of other than skeletal muscle origin). Various primary and established rodent cell lines were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine, and extracts were immunoprecipitated with a monospecific anti-RAPsyn serum. Analysis of these immunoprecipitates by SDS-PAGE revealed detectable RAPsyn synthesis in some (notably fibroblast and Leydig tumor cell lines and primary cardiac cells) but not all (hepatocyte- and lymphocyte-derived) cell types. These results were further substantiated by peptide mapping studies of RAPsyn immunoprecipitated from different cells and quantitation of RAPsyn-encoding mRNA levels in mouse tissues. RAPsyn synthesized in both muscle and nonmuscle cells was shown to be tightly associated with membranes. These findings demonstrate that RAPsyn is not specific to skeletal muscle-derived cells and imply that it may function in a capacity either in addition to or instead of AChR clustering.
I Need Food and I Deserve a Raise: People Feel More Entitled When Hungry

Entitlement, or the feeling that one is more deserving of positive outcomes than other people are, has negative consequences in the workplace and in interpersonal relationships. It is therefore important to understand the sources of entitlement. We test the hypothesis that hunger, a self-focused state, leads people to feel more entitled. In Study 1, participants who had not yet eaten lunch reported greater entitlement and were more likely to refuse to help the researcher than participants who had eaten lunch. In Study 2, participants who were made to feel hungry by smelling a desirable food reported greater entitlement than did participants who did not smell the desirable food. Implications of these results are discussed.
A simple and exact solution for the interferometric and stereo SAR geolocation problem

This paper provides a closed-form solution to the geolocation problem arising in the generation of digital elevation models (DEMs) via both stereo and interferometric synthetic aperture radar techniques. The proposed solution is found with no approximations in an arbitrary Cartesian reference system, thus efficiently allowing the generation of DEMs in a chosen cartographic projection. Moreover, it is amenable of an easy and precise sensitivity analysis that exploits the full three-dimensional nature of the problem, thus being particularly useful when high-squinted and/or crossed-track acquisitions are considered.
The expression of nr0b1, the earliest gene in zebrafish tooth development, is a marker for human tooth and ameloblastoma formation

Zebrafish teeth develop on pharyngeal jaws in the 5th branchial arch, but early tooth development is remarkably similar to mammals (Borday-Birraux et al., Evol Dev 8:130, 2006). Recently, eve1 has been shown to be associated with the primary tooth (4V1) and early ameloblast development, the enamel organ precursor (Laurenti et al., Dev Dyn 230:727, 2004). dax1 is initially expressed in the 5th branchial arch in zebrafish at approximately 26 h postfertilization (hpf) and colocalizes with eve1 expression at ~48 hpf. Embryos injected with dax1 morpholino show downregulation of eve1 expression. Based on the zebrafish observations, we demonstrated novel DAX1 expression in normal human dental, benign ameloblastoma, and malignant ameloblastoma tissues. The association of NR0B1 and its protein product DAX1 with primary tooth development and ameloblastoma tumorigenesis is an association not previously described.
Enhancing nutrition education through faculty development: from workshops to Web sites

Faculty resistance to changing medical school curricula is a major barrier to overcome in the effort to expand nutrition education. With clinical clerkships becoming more decentralized and basic science courses utilizing more small group teaching, the problem of reform is compounded by the increasing numbers of a more dispersed teaching faculty. A faculty development program was designed to complement a thematic approach to the inclusion of nutrition in a 4-y curriculum. The program offers workshops to help faculty learn how to teach in new settings while acquiring new knowledge about nutrition. Additionally, a themes Web site offers a window that faculty may use to review current nutrition content, to plan their teaching agendas, and to continually reassess where nutrition fits in the curriculum.
Systematic Lossy Error Protection for Video Transmission over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless ad hoc networks present a challenge for error-resilient video transmission, since node mobility and multipath fading result in time-varying link qualities in terms of packet loss ratio and available bandwidth. In this paper, we propose to use a systematic lossy error protection (SLEP) scheme for video transmission over wireless ad hoc networks. The transmitted video signal has two parts - a systematic portion consisting of a video sequence transmitted without channel coding over an error-prone channel, and error protection information consisting of a bitstream generated by Wyner-Ziv encoding of the video sequence. Using an end-to-end video distortion model in conjunction with online estimates of packet loss ratio and available bandwidth, the optimal Wyner-Ziv description can be selected dynamically according to current channel conditions. The scheme can also be applied to choose one path for transmission from amongst multiple candidate routes with varying available bandwidths and packet loss ratios, so that the expected end-to-end video distortion is maximized. Experimental results of video transmission over a simulated ad hoc wireless network shows that the proposed SLEP scheme outperforms the conventional application layer FEC approach in that it provides graceful degradation of received video quality over a wider range of packet loss ratios and is less susceptible to inaccuracy in the packet loss ratio estimation.
The drive towards Terabit Ethernet

The accelerating adoption of cloud computing as the framework to delivery services, in particular IP video services is driving the need to move beyond 100 Gbps transport. The drivers for moving quickly towards standards' based 1Tbps interface will be presented.
Photodissociation of CO2 between 13.540 eV and 13.678 eV

Photodissociation of CO2 is investigated between 13.540 eV and 13.678 eV using the time-sliced velocity-mapped ion imaging (TSVMI) apparatus that is combined with one-color and two-color pump–probe VUV + VUV and VUV + UV detection schemes by probing oxygen fragments at different levels. Several CO2 dissociation channels are directly observed from the ion images, namely CO(X 1Σ+) + O(1D), CO(X 1Σ+) + O(1S), CO(a 3Π) + O(3P), CO(a 3Π) + O(1D), CO(a′ 3Σ+) + O(3P), CO(d 3Δ) + O(3P) and CO(e 3Σ−) + O(3P), whereas no CO(X 1Σ+) + O(3P) production has been found. The product kinetic energy distributions of these channels are reported for the first time. Possible dissociation mechanisms have been discussed based upon the product vibrational and rotational distributions.
The Identification and Interpretation of Factors

Behind us lies exploration and definition of the varieties of scientific factor models, and the grasp of practical procedures for extracting and uniquely rotating factors in conformity with those models. The trunk of the tree of factor analytic procedures is completed and we stand at a juncture where we may branch out in a variety of directions. Among these directions are included: (1) the identification and interpretation of factors; (2) the calculation of individual factor scores; (3) the calculation of factor battery validities; (4) the application in this area of psychometric concepts that go with scaling; (5) the examination of the outcome of using various covariation indices in the correlation matrix; and (6) further pursuit of the model, from traits, into the domain of states and processes, etc.
Challenges for Latino Educators Crossing Symbolic, Cultural, and Linguistic Boundaries: Coming to Voice in Teacher Preparation with Competing Voices

This article reports on a teacher education program's preparation of bilingual paraeducators during a period of conflicting educational reform of structured English immersion in Massachusetts. Drawing on nexus analysis of discourses (R. Scollon & S. W. Scollon, 2004), we discuss factors faced by Latino educators. These include competing discourses, historical institutional inequities, and boundaries circumscribing the interactions between university and communities. Through the use of a participant's text as a re-semiotized means of representing the new potentials that bilingual paraeducators bring to the field of teacher education, “cultural bumps” emerge and directions for teacher education are presented.
Alcohol drinking and breast cancer

Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease that is triggered by gene-environment interactions. Epidemiological research has identified alcohol consumption as a significant non-hormonal-related and consistent risk factor, and is thus a preventable cause of breast cancer. The reasons why alcohol drinking increase breast cancer risk are unclear, and several hypotheses exist. The perturbation of estrogen metabolism and response appears to one mechanism underlying the association. Alcohol consumption also increases breast density in postmenopausal women and affects sex steroid levels. Other plausible mechanisms include: (1) mutagenesis by acetaldehyde, which is a metabolite of ethanol; (2) by enhancing the susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis by affecting DNA repair, stimulating cell proliferation or altering mammary gland structural development; (3) influencing the disposition and function of essential nutrients or dietary factors considered cancer protective (e.g. affecting folate and one-carbon metabolism pathways); (4) inducing genome instability and DNA damage; and (5) inducing oxidative damage via ethanol or estrogen metabolism. To better under- stand the etiological nature of the effect of alcohol on breast carcinogenesis, further studies at the cellular and molecular levels on the interaction between ethanol and other risk factors, estrogen, carcinogens are needed.
Host song selection by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multispecies assemblage of cricket hosts

Specialization by predators, parasites and parasitoids is often viewed as adaptive because specialization will usually increase search efficiency for suitable hosts (prey). Although many studies have documented interspecific variation in the degree of host specialization, few studies have examined intraspecific variation in specialization among different populations exploiting different numbers of hosts, and even fewer have specifically examined variation in behavioural specialization. Here we examine the acoustic preferences of a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea, which attacks several Gryllus species of field crickets by using the male cricket song to locate hosts. All previous studies with this system have examined fly song preferences in populations of flies that primarily exploit a single host species of cricket. Here we tested a population of flies that naturally parasitizes multiple cricket species. We found significant interspecific host song preferences; however, as predicted, the strength of preference was reduced compared to single-host populations of flies. We also examined fly song selection for intraspecific variants of two of the cricket host species; flies showed significant preference for intraspecific song variants of one of the two cricket species. Our results demonstrate that the degree of behavioural specialization, in a very highly specialized fly, nevertheless shows interpopulation variation consistent with the numbers of host species utilized.
Nonlinear Fabry-Perot filled with CS2 and nitrobenzene.

We have studied the characteristics of a nonlinear Fabry–Perot filled with Kerr liquids CS2 and nitrobenzene and found excellent agreement between theory and experiment. The transient behavior due to cavity-field buildup is discussed.
Open loop stable control strategies for robot juggling

Open-loop stable control strategies for a variety of juggling tasks are explored. The specific tasks studied are paddle juggling, ball-in-a-wedge juggling, five ball juggling, and devil sticking. All dynamic tasks introduced are solved by special purpose systems. The results of these investigations may provide insight into how open loop control can serve as a useful foundation for closed loop control and, particularly, what to focus on in learning control. >
Cache-oblivious scheduling of streaming pipelines

This paper considers the problem of cache-obliviously scheduling streaming pipelines on uniprocessors with the goal of minimizing cache misses. Our recursive algorithm is not parameterized by cache size, yet it achieves the asymptotically minimum number of cache misses with constant factor memory augmentation.
A Theory of Second-Order Trees

This paper describes a theory of second-order trees, that is, finite and infinite trees where nodes of the tree can bind variables that appear further down in the tree. Such trees can be used to provide a natural and intuitive interpretation for type systems with equirecursive types and binding constructs like universal and existential quantifiers. The paper defines the set of binding trees, and a subset of these called regular binding trees. These are similar to the usual notion of regular trees, but generalised to take into account the binding structure. Then the paper shows how to interpret a second-order type system with recursive quantifiers as binding trees, and gives a sound and complete axiomatisation of when two types map to the same tree. Finally the paper gives a finite representation for trees called tree automata, and gives a construction for deciding when two automata map to the same tree. To tie everything together, the paper defines a mapping from types to automata, thus giving a decision procedure for when two types map to the same tree.
Available bandwidth estimation and admission control for QoS routing in wireless mesh networks

This article presents an integrated admission control and routing mechanism for multi-rate wireless mesh networks. Admission control depends on precise estimates of available bandwidth at involved nodes and the bandwidth consumption required by a new flow. Estimating these parameters in wireless networks is challenging due to the shared and open nature of the wireless channel. Existing available bandwidth estimation techniques do not accurately consider interference from neighboring nodes and flow bandwidth requirement estimates or act overly conservative, restricting opportunities for parallel transmission due to spatial reuse. We propose the DCSPT method for available bandwidth estimation, based on dual carrier sensing with parallel transmission awareness. We also introduce a packet probing-based available bandwidth estimation method, suitable for legacy device implementations, and verify it experimentally. These techniques are integrated in an admission control mechanism designed for a hop-by-hop routing protocol (LUNAR), enabling alternate route identification when shortest paths are congested. Our protocol uses temporal accounting to enable bandwidth estimation across links using different bit-rates. Simulation results demonstrate that our admission control mechanism can effectively control the traffic load while considering parallel transmission opportunities, leading to cumulative system throughput improvements up to 80% compared to more conservative approaches. We further show that additional gains in system throughput come without significant cost in terms of packet delivery ratio or end-to-end delay and discuss our implementation experience on the ORBIT wireless research testbed.
Deterministic preemptive scheduling of real-time tasks

Algorithms for the preemptive scheduling of deterministic, real-time tasks can have applications in providing quality-of-service guarantees to packet flows in multichannel optical networks.
Molecular modelling of CYP2A enzymes: application to metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK).

1. Tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a lung carcinogen in a variety of animal models and a putative human lung carcinogen. Its tumorigenic potential is unmasked via cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated hydroxylation of the carbon atoms adjacent to the nitroso moiety (i.e. α-hydroxylation). Therefore, elucidation of enzyme–substrate interactions that facilitate α-hydroxylation is important to gain insight into the tumorigenic mechanism of NNK and to develop potent inhibitors of this detrimental reaction.2. Molecular models of CYP2A enzymes from mice, rats and humans that are catalysts of NNK bioactivation were constructed and used, in conjunction with docking experiments, to identify active-site residues that make important substrate contacts.3. Docking studies revealed that hydrophobic residues at positions 117, 209, 365 and 481, among others, play critical roles in orienting NNK in the active site to effect α-hydroxylation. These molecular models were then use...
Towards architecture-based self-healing systems

Our approach to creating self-healing systems is based on software architecture, where repairs are done at the level of a software system's components and connectors. In our approach, event-based software architectures are targeted because they offer significant benefits for run-time adaptation. Before an automated planning agent can decide how to repair a self-healing system, a significant infrastructure must be in place to support making the planned repair. Specifically, the self-healing system must be built using a framework that allows for run-time adaptation, there must be a language in which to express the repair plan, and there must be a reconfiguration agent that can execute the repair plan once it is created. In this paper, we present tools and methods that implement these infrastructure elements in the context of an overall architecture-based vision for building self-healing systems. The paper concludes with a gap analysis of our current infrastructure vs. the overall vision, and our plans for fulfilling that vision.
Populism and Punishment

This paper surveys Ex Post Facto Clause-based challenges brought against registration and community notification laws and considers whether recent toughening of the laws affords litigants an enhanced basis for success.
Fractures of the acetabulum.

Summary Open reduction and internal fixation should now be considered the treatment of choice for most displaced fractures. The efficacy of this therapeutic approach is a function of improved fracture assessment coupled with advances in surgical exposure and stabilization techniques. A predictably high rate of good functional outcomes can now be expected, even in complex fracture patterns. It should be remembered, however, that this surgery is among the most demanding in orthopedics. Extensive study of general principles and techniques is necessary, and individual case preparation must be exhaustive. Early experience is probably best restricted to elemental fracture patterns. In this manner, both patient and surgeon may rely on a positive outcome.
Aspergillus sepultus, a new species in the Aspergillus ochraceus group

Coloniae in agaro Czapekii 1.8-3 cm diam post dies 10 sub calore 25 C crescentes; capitula co? nidica sulphurea deinde fulva, sed saepe tecta supercrescentibus myceliis; facies reversa sine colore, deinde subalutacea vel olivacea. Capitula conidica radiantia, usque ad 450 n? diam, biseriata; conidiophorae plerumque 350-700 (-3800) x 9-15 Mm, membranis 0.6-3 um cras? sis, enodes, plerumque sine colore; vesiculae glo? bosae, 35-62(-86) um diam, membranis aequaliter 2 um crassis; metulae primo prope 68 x 4-5 Mm, deinde 12-30 x 6-10 um, non septatae; phialides plerumque 3-4 in quaque metula insidentes, 7-10 x 3-4 um; conidia laevia vel subrugosa, globosa, 3.5-4.5 um, plerumque 4 um diam, membranis non crassis. Cultura typica: RMF 7602, anno 1984 collecta et isolata e subtili luto ventis deposito ante XII milibus annorum sub humo circa duos cubitos, prope Ida Grove, Iowa, U.S.A.; in herbario NY deposita.
Increased Mass Transport at Lithographically Defined 3-D Porous Carbon Electrodes

Increased mass transport due to hemispherical diffusion is observed to occur in 3D porous carbon electrodes defined by interferometric lithography. Enhanced catalytic methanol oxidation, after modifying the porous carbon with palladium nanoparticles, and uncharacteristically uniform conducting polymer deposition into the structures are demonstrated. Both examples result in two regions of hierarchical porosity that can be created to maximize surface area, via nanostructuring, within the extended porous network, while taking advantage of hemispherical diffusion through the open pores.
Fascination with 2-5A-dependent RNase: A unique enzyme that functions in interferon action

ABSTRACT Interferon (IFN) treatment of cells results in the induction of 2-5A-synthetases, double-stranded RNA-activated enzymes that produce unusual 5′-phosphorylated 2′,5′-linked oligoadenylates ...
Use of questionable methods and physician education

Abstract It is contended that medical students and physicians are not sufficiently familiar with questionable cancer methods to communicate effectively with patients, families, or the news media. A national survey by the American Cancer Society revealed that 9% of patients with cancer use questionable methods. There were substantial discrepancies between perspectives of patients and physicians. Since the physician's role is key, educational efforts are imperative for all persons involved in the care of patients with cancer. Suggestions are made.
Agricultural Extension in the Field of Adult Education

Abstract BEFORE beginning the discussion of agricultural extension in its relationship to the whole field of adult education, I want to pause long enough to pay a word of tribute to the distinguished record of accomplishment which has been made in poultry extension. During the last two decades farmers have been continually learning from poultry extension workers how to increase egg production through the application of science to selection, feeding, breeding, and management of their laying flocks. They have learned how to shift the seasonal production of eggs, how to use modern brooding equipment, and how to apply principles of sanitation to the handling of large units of birds. Under their direction, hatcherymen have been able to develop successful breeding programs and to control diseases in commercial incubation. Poultry extension workers have also assisted in improving the market quality of poultry products and in the dissemination of economic information on production . . .
An exploratory study of noise exposures in educational and private dental clinics.

ABSTRACTExposures to noise and resulting noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) are not well understood in the dental profession. Previous studies have focused primarily on practicing dental professionals, and have often evaluated hearing loss in the absence of adequate noise exposure assessment. This study was conducted to evaluate exposures among students and staff working in four clinics within a major U.S. university dental school, and to compare these exposures to those among dental professionals in a private general-practice clinic. We measured equivalent continuous average (LEQ) noise exposure levels at 3.75-min intervals across a variety of procedures in the evaluated clinics, and also had participants complete a brief survey with questions on their experience and perceptions of noise exposure.We collected 79 partial- or full-shift Time-Weighted Average (TWA) dosimetry measurements on 46 individuals. The mean 3.75-min interval LEQ level was 63.6 ± 13.3 dBA, while the highest 3.75-min interval LEQ was 1...
Studies on propagation technique of Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis

This paper reports the studies result on propagation of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. var. sinensis (Tobl.) Rehd.. Seeds propagation can obtain 78.50%～93.50% of germination rate, on matrix with humus soil+river sand; in the second ten-day period of April; Cutting propagation can obtain 87.50%～97.50% of survival rate with seed piece of top branches, cutting during July～August with matrix of fertile soil+river sand.
Exploration of China's Urban Transportation Planning History,Problems and Policy Recommendations

This paper is a systematic explo- ration of China’s urban transportation plan- ning history and a summary of challenges faced by China’s urban transportation planning based on the former. It is pointed out that the socioeconomic, administrative, and develop- ment policy factors affecting supply and effi- ciency of urban transportation had not been well cared for from a historical perspective. It is thus recommended that more attention be given to basic research, education, regulations and legislation, international exchanges and case studies in urban transportation planning.
Brachial plexus. Anesthesia and analgesia

Diese Ubersicht stellt die gebrauchlichsten Zugangswege zum Plexus brachialis (zervikal-posterior, interskalenar, supra- und infraklavikular und axillar) dar und erlautert die Vor- und Nachteile (Indikationen, Kontraindikationen, Komplikationen) der einzelnen Methoden. Dabei wird die Anwendung fur die chirurgische Anasthesie ebenso wie fur die postoperative Analgesie oder chronische Schmerztherapie, insbesondere hinsichtlich kontinuierlicher Kathetertechniken, erlautert. Hinweise finden sich zu den am haufigsten verwendeten Lokalanasthetika und zu Zusatzen, die bei der Plexusanasthesie in der Literatur beschrieben werden. Ein wesentlicher Schwerpunkt des Beitrages sind daruber hinaus die organisatorischen Strukturen fur die erfolgreiche Anwendung der Technik und die erforderliche Dokumentation. Insgesamt stellen Single-Shot- und kontinuierliche regionalanasthesiologische Techniken zur Blockade des Plexus brachialis ein effizientes und nebenwirkungsarmes Verfahren zur Anasthesie und Analgesie fur den Schulter-Arm-Bereich dar.