cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The expression of low self-control as problematic drinking in adolescents: An integrated control perspective

In the past two decades, Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self-control theory was widely tested, with ample empirical support that individual levels of self-control predict delinquency. The current study focused on social factors that condition the expression of self-control as delinquency—with specific attention given to the role of an adolescent's level of social attachments to adults. Concerning the type of delinquency, this study focused on applying established criminological theories to the issue of problematic drinking among adolescents. Using the Add Health survey of American adolescents, empirical tests supported the hypothesized conditioning effect of social attachments regarding the influence of self-control on problematic drinking. These findings suggest that theoretically and empirically addressing how social factors influence the expression of individual propensities could offer insight into the relationship between self-control and delinquency.
NMR study of the nanocrystalline palladium–hydrogen system

Abstract Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of nanocrystalline n-PdH 0.7 at room temperature reveal two distinct, motionally-narrowed peaks, attributed to crystallite interstitial and interfacial hydrogen populations. In addition, proton spin-lattice relaxation measurements show enhanced relaxation rates. Both results are qualitatively consistent with a previously-observed hydrogen concentration enhancement in grain boundaries of α-phase n-PdH x . Magnetization recovery data for n-PdH 0.7 also reveal that the separate populations of hydrogen do not exchange on time scales of up to order 0.1 s, a surprising result considering the correlation time associated with spin-lattice relaxation, of order 10 −8 s.
SU‐GG‐J‐87: Evaluation of Organ Motion for Prostate IMRT Treatment Using 4D CT

Purpose: To investigate organ motion during IMRT prostate cancertreatment using 4D CT and evaluate its dosimetric impact. Method and Materials: Twenty‐five prostate patients (9 prone and 16 supine) were evaluated. All patients underwent 4D CT simulation using Philips Brilliance AcQSim. The Bellows System was utilized to track respiratory organ motion. Patients' organ movements were measured using the “cine” mode developed by Philips Medical. MIP images were composed from 4D scan for each patient. Volumes of prostate, bladder and rectum were contoured using the conventional CT (CCT) and 4D CT, and their volumetric differences were compared. IMRT plans generated for each patient based on CCT were applied to the organ volumes contoured on the MIP images. Dosimetric impact of respiratory motion on the IMRTtreatment of prostate cancer was evaluated. Results: All nine prone patients demonstrated significant organ movements in comparison with patients in supine position. Due to the motions of prostate, bladder and rectum the MIP based volumes were larger compared with those from CCT. From MIP images, volumes of prostate, rectum and bladder on average were 19%, 11% and 9%, respectively, larger than corresponding volumes from CCT. Applying IMRT plan to the enlarged volumes defined with MIP images, we found that the dose coverage for prostate (D95) were reduced by a median value of 3.3% (1.6% – 4.2%), and doses of rectum and bladder changed by median values of 4.3% (0.2% – 7.6%) and 0.4% (−13.2% – +12.9%), respectively, when compared with those obtained for the standard IMRT plans using CCT. Conclusion: Prostate patients treated prone experienced larger organ movements than those in a supine position. Overall dosimetric variations are significant. 4D CT is useful in defining the range of organ motion and its dosimetric impact on IMRT prostate treatment.
Editor’s Introduction: The Symposium on American Sociology

The late Irving Louis Horowitz, whose Transaction Publishers produced The American Sociologist from 1987 through 2007, suggested that we bring out symposia in the journal. For this reason, among others, I am very happy to present to readers the set of papers that follows. I’m sure that Irving would feel likewise, given his passion for sociology and his concern about its prospects (best articulated in his book, The Decomposition of Sociology, which is cited by some of the authors here). Special thanks to Steve Turner, who first suggested this project, and to our quartet of commentators: Katelin Albert, Peter Baehr, Neil Gross and Eleanor Townsley. Having heard earlier versions of their papers at last summer’s American Sociological Association conference, I know how deeply they care about the issues raised in Steve’s book. Steve, of course, as the author and instigator, deserves the opportunity to “bat last” and offer a rejoinder. I would also like to join the conversation. Rather than enter the give-and-take of the five papers that follow, however, I will offer some independent reflections arising from my own reading of American Sociology: From Pre-Scientific to Post-Normal as well as from my own experience of studying and practicing sociology for several decades. I was deeply affected by some of the events that Steve Turner describes, such as the extremely tough market conditions that resulted in me teaching on a part-time and temporary basis, without health benefits or pension savings, for the better part of a decade, mostly in the Boston area. In some respects, this was an unusually rich experience, since I taught at diverse institutions, ranging from two community colleges to several relatively small state colleges and to large public and private universities. But it was an experience of professional marginality (e.g., I was generally not allowed to attend department meetings) and insecurity that has helped me understand the struggles of many non-tenure-track colleagues in the field today. It was also an era in which sociology became highly politicized, not only in terms of its intellectual perspectives but also in terms of interpersonal relations. Happily, the situation has improved, and the process by which that came about is perhaps another historical narrative waiting to be written. Am Soc (2015) 46:1–10 DOI 10.1007/s12108-015-9262-0
A decision making model for the urban transportation system

Abstract The rapid growth of private automobiles in recent years has created a great impact on the mobility of the urban population in the United States. The increased dependency upon automobiles has increased traffic congestion and decreased mobility. As a result, feasibility studies focusing on the installion of mass transit systems has increased. These studies should consider both capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. However, due to the vast array of variables that can influence these costs, decision makers are confronted by a time-consuming and costly process when evaluating several alternatives. Capital costs are usually a one-time occurrence, while O&M costs are a yearly occurrence. For these reasons more effort and attention is required to understand O&M costs, the variables that influence O&M and the relationship between these variables. The objective of this paper is to propose a quantitative model which establishes a relationship between the operation and maintenance costs for a transit system and its parameters. A computer model has been developed to evaluate alternative courses of action and allow the decision maker to evaluate the operation and maintenance costs of different system configurations. The model also has a graphic feature built in that would provide a fast and easy way for the decision maker to screen site configurations.
Gauge fixing and massless, integral-spin fields in de sitter space

The classical field theories of massless fields of arbitrary, fixed, integral spins reach their simplest Gupta-Bleuler triplet structure when the gauge-fixing parameter c is put equal to zero (‘the Feynman Gauge’). This value of c is peculiar to the flat space theory. In a De Sitter massless field theory with spin s, the ‘best value’ of c is shown to be equal to 2/2s+1.
Enthalpies of solution of barium benzenedisulfonate A test of limiting-law behavior

Integral enthalpies of solution of barium benzenedisulfonate in water have been measured at 25 °C for molalities between 0.004 and 0.020 mol kg−1. The results are linear in the square root of the molality with a slope close to that predicted by the Debye-Huckel limiting law for 2-2 electrolytes.
Physiological effects of light on the human circadian pacemaker

The physiology of the human circadian pacemaker and its influence and on the daily organization of sleep, endocrine and behavioral processes is an emerging interest in science and medicine. Understanding the development, organization and fundamental properties underlying the circadian timing system may provide insight for the application of circadian principles to the practice of clinical medicine, both diagnostically (interpretation of certain clinical tests are dependent on time of day) and therapeutically (certain pharmacological responses vary with the time of day). The light-dark cycle is the most powerful external influence acting upon the human circadian pacemaker. It has been shown that timed exposure to light can both synchronize and reset the phase of the circadian pacemaker in a predictable manner. The emergence of detectable circadian rhythmicity in the neonatal period is under investigation (as described elsewhere in this issue). Therefore, the pattern of light exposure provided in the neonatal intensive care setting has implications. One recent study identified differences in both amount of sleep time and weight gain in infants maintained in a neonatal intensive care environment that controlled the light-dark cycle. Unfortunately, neither circadian phase nor the time of day has been considered in most clinical investigations. Further studies with knowledge of principles characterizing the human circadian timing system, which governs a wide array of physiological processes, are required to integrate these findings with the practice of clinical medicine.
Penetrating femoropopliteal injury during modern warfare: experience of the Balad Vascular Registry.

Objective Wounding patterns, methods of repair, and outcomes from femoropopliteal injury have been documented in recent civilian literature. In Operation Iraqi Freedom, as in past conflicts, these injuries continue to be a therapeutic challenge. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to document the pattern of femoropopliteal injuries, methods of repair, and early outcomes during the current military campaign in Iraq. Methods From September 1, 2004, to April 30, 2007, all vascular injuries arriving at the Air Force Theater Hospital (the central echelon III medical facility in Iraq; equivalent to a civilian level I trauma center), Balad Air Base, Iraq were prospectively entered into a registry. From this, injuries involving the lower extremities were reviewed. Results During the 32-month study period, 9289 battle-related casualties were assessed. Of these, 488 (5.3%) were diagnosed with 513 vascular injuries, and 142 casualties sustained 145 injuries in the femoropopliteal domain. Femoral level injury was present in 100, and popliteal level injury occurred in 45. Injuries consisted of 59 isolated arterial, 11 isolated venous, and 75 combined. Fifty-eight casualties were evacuated from forward locations. Temporary arterial shunts were placed in 43, of which 40 (93%) were patent on arrival at our facility. Our group used shunts for early reperfusion before orthopedic fixation, during mass casualty care, or autogenous vein harvest in 11 cases. Arterial repair was accomplished with autogenous vein in 118 (88%), primary means in nine (7%), or ligation in seven (5%). Venous injury was repaired in 62 (72%). Associated fracture was present in 55 (38%), and nerve injury was noted in 19 (13%). Early limb loss due to femoropopliteal penetrating injury occurred in 10 (6.9%). Early mortality was 3.5% (n = 5). Conclusions Femoropopliteal vascular injury remains a significant reality in modern warfare. Femoral injuries appear more prevalent than those in the popliteal region. Early results of in-theater repair are comparable with contemporary civilian reports and are improved from the Vietnam era. Rapid evacuation and damage control maneuvers such as temporary shunting and early fasciotomy assist timely definitive repair and appear effective.
The Late Devonian (Frasnian/Famenian) mass extinction: a proposed test of the glaciation hypothesis

It is argued in this paper that late Frasnian global cooling was the first step in the onset of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, and that the late Frasnian extinctions are analogous to the early Oligocene (Oi-1) extinctions that took place in the first step in the onset of the Cenozoic Ice Age. It is argued that the physical evidence for the existence of late Frasnian glaciation, like the Oi-1 glaciation, is largely geochemical: the sharp increases in δ 18 O values and positive δ 13 C anomalies that occurred in the late Frasnian and earliest Famennian. In addition to the geochemical evidence, also like the Oi-1 glaciation, stratigraphic calculations indicate a major sea-level fall occurred during the late Frasnian and early Famennian, a sea-level fall that is argued to have been glacially produced. It is here proposed that the best possible independent physical evidence for the existence of late Frasnian glaciation, other than the geochemical and sea-level evidence, would be the discovery of ice-rafted debris in marine sediments of late Frasnian age similar to the ice-rafted debris found in Oi-1 marine sediments (Zachos et al., 1992; Ehrmann and Mackensen, 1992).
Recent applications of the SCF‐Xα scattered‐wave method to systems of catalytic and biocatalytic importance

A review of recent applications of the SCF-Xα scattered-wave (SW) method to prototype clusters and complexes of importance in homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biological catalysis is presented.
Dynamical Order in Systems of Coupled Noisy Oscillators

We investigate a dynamical order induced by coupling and/or noise in systems of coupled oscillators. The dynamical order is referred to a one-dimensional topological structure of the global attractor of the system in the context of random skew-product flows. We show that if the coupling is sufficiently strong, then the system exhibits one dimensional dynamics regardless of the strength of noise. If the coupling is weak, then it is shown numerically that the system also exhibits one dimensional dynamics provided the noise is sufficiently strong. We also show that for any coupling and any noise, the system has a unique rotation number and hence all the oscillators tend to oscillate with the same frequency eventually (frequency locking).
Dissecting the coupling between the voltage sensor and pore domains.

The gating mechanism of K v channels is not known. In this issue of Neuron , Soler-Llavina et al. present fascinating results that support the concept of relatively independent voltage-sensing modules. However, they also find that its interactions with the pore domain are rather complex, with specific S4–S5 intersubunit contacts underlying the concerted transition leading to the channel opening.
Exercise economy in African American and European American women

We have previously shown that Achilles tendon length is related to walking economy on the flat, presumably because of increased stretch–shortening cycle elastic energy savings. In addition, greater walking economy in African American (AA) women compared to European American (EA) women is explained by longer Achilles tendons in AA women. The purposes of this study were to determine whether economy while walking up a grade and during isometric plantar flexion, two tasks expected to produce proportionately less energy savings from elastic savings are different between AA and EA women. We evaluated walking economy at 4.8 km/h at 0 and 2.5% grade in 48 AA and 48 EA premenopausal women. Plantar flexor muscle metabolic economy (force/ATP) was also evaluated using 31 phosphate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). AA women walked on the flat more economically (net VO2, AA 8.3 and EA 8.9 ml kg−1 min−1, P = 0.04). No significant ethnic differences were observed while walking up a 2.5% grade or in 31P-MRS determined plantar flexor muscle metabolic economy. These data support our previous study’s suggestion that AA women are more economical while walking on the flat. On the other hand, in activities in which stretch–shortening cycle elastic energy savings would be expected to be reduced (grade walking and isometric force production), no differences in economy during grade walking or isometric force production were observed suggesting that biomechanical, i.e. stretch–shortening cycle elastic energy savings differences rather biochemical differences contribute to the better flat walking economy observed in AA women.
A brief note on linguistic integration

This brief report attempts to clarify some issues raised by Singer and Rosenberg (1973) regarding linguistic integration. It is shown that both per cent yes ratings and recognition confidence ratings are directly related to the number of propositions in a test sentence. Singer and Rosenberg indicated that this latter relationship did not hold in their data and that only per cent yes ratings were related to sentence complexity. The present report points out that the lack of relation between confidence readings and sentence complexity in Singer and Rosenberg was due to their examining absolute confidence ratings combined across both yes and no responses, and that examining the confidence ratings for yes ratings separately does, in fact, show a direct relation to sentence complexity. Finally, an alternative account of the ordering of sentence ratings in terms of the Singer and Rosenberg syntactic analysis is examined.
Economic Evaluation and Comparative-Effectiveness Thresholds: Signals to Firms and Implications for R&D Investment and Innovation

In this article we describe how reimbursement cost-effectiveness thresholds, per unit of health benefit, whether set explicitly or observed implicitly via historical reimbursement decisions, serve as a signal to firms about the commercial viability of their R&D projects (including candidate products for in-licensing). Traditional finance methods for R&D project valuations, such as net present value analyses (NPV), incorporate information from these payer reimbursement signals to help determine which R&D projects should be continued and which projects should be terminated (in the case of the latter because they yield an NPV
BoS: a large and diverse family of short interspersed elements (SINEs) in Brassica oleracea.

Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are nonautonomous non-LTR retrotransposons that populate eukaryotic genomes. Numerous SINE families have been identified in animals, whereas only a few have been described in plants. Here we describe a new family of SINEs, named BoS, that is widespread in Brassicaceae and present at ∼2000 copies in Brassica oleracea. In addition to sharing a modular structure and target site preference with previously described SINEs, BoS elements have several unusual features. First, the head regions of BoS RNAs can adopt a distinct hairpin-like secondary structure. Second, with 15 distinct subfamilies, BoS represents one of the most diverse SINE families described to date. Third, several of the subfamilies have a mosaic structure that has arisen through the exchange of sequences between existing subfamilies, possibly during retrotransposition. Analysis of BoS subfamilies indicate that they were active during various time periods through the evolution of Brassicaceae and that active elements may still reside in some Brassica species. As such, BoS elements may be a valuable tool as phylogenetic makers for resolving outstanding issues in the evolution of species in the Brassicaceae family.
Evidence for involvement of phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C and protein kinase C in transforming growth factor-beta signaling.

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional peptide that elicits a wide variety of responses in cells. TGF-β binds to cell surface receptors that contain cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase domains. Here we provide evidence that both phospholipase C and protein kinase C (PKC) are involved in the TGF-β activation of transcription and luciferase expression from the p3TP-Lux plasmid. Down-regulation of PKC prevents TGF-β1 induction of luciferase expression. Staurosporin and Calphostin C, inhibitors of PKC, block the ability of TGF-β1 to initiate transcription of the luciferase gene. Further, D609, an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C (PC-PLC), and secondarily PKC also blocks TGF-β1-induced transcription of the transgene in A549 cells while the phosphatidylinositol-PLC pathway inhibitor U73122 is without effect. TGF-β elevates steady-state mRNA levels for the endogenous PAI-1 and fibronectin genes. Treatment of cells with calphostin C or D609 prevents the TGF-β-induced increase in these mRNAs. Together, these results suggest that PC-PLC and PKC are in a TGF-β signaling pathway that results in elevated gene expression.
Integrated risk management of safety and development on transportation corridors

Abstract Prioritization of investments to protect safety and performance of multi-regional transportation networks from adjacent land development is a key concern for infrastructure agencies, land developers, and other stakeholders. Despite ample literature describing relationships between transportation and land use, no evidence-based methods exist for monitoring corridor needs on a large scale. Risk analysis is essential to the preservation of system safety and capacity, including avoidance of costly retrofits, regret, and belated action. This paper introduces the Corridor Trace Analysis (CTA) for prioritizing corridor segments that are vulnerable to adjacent land development. The method integrates several components: (i) estimation of likelihood of adjacent land development, using influence diagram and rule-based modeling, (ii) characterization of access point density using geospatial methods, and (iii) plural-model evaluation of corridors, monitoring indices of land development likelihood, access point densities, and traffic volumes. The results inform deployment of options that include closing access points, restricting development, and negotiation of agencies and developers. The CTA method is demonstrated on a region encompassing 6000 centerline miles (about 10,000 km) of transportation corridors. The method will be of interest to managers investing in safety and performance of infrastructure systems, balancing safety, financial, and other criteria of concern for diverse stakeholders.
Glyphosate-resistant horseweed made sensitive to glyphosate: low-temperature suppression of glyphosate vacuolar sequestration revealed by 31P NMR.

BACKGROUND: Horseweed has been the most invasive glyphosate-resistant (GR) weed, spreading to 16 states in the United States and found on five continents. The authors have previously reported that GR horseweed employs rapid vacuolar sequestration of glyphosate, presumably via a tonoplast transporter, substantively to reduce cytosolic glyphosate concentrations.1 It was hypothesized that glyphosate sequestration was the herbicide resistance mechanism. If resistance is indeed endowed by glyphosate sequestration, suppression of sequestration offers the potential for controlling GR horseweed at normal herbicide field-use rates. RESULTS: Low-temperature 31P NMR experiments performed in vivo with GR cold-acclimated horseweed showed markedly suppressed vacuolar accumulation of glyphosate even 3 days after glyphosate treatment. [In stark contrast, 85% of the visible glyphosate was sequestered 24 h after spraying warm-acclimated GR horseweed.] Cold-acclimated GR horseweed treated at normal use rates and maintained at low temperature succumbed to the lethal effects of glyphosate over a 40 day period. Treatment of GR horseweed in the field when temperatures were cooler showed the predicted positive herbicidal response. CONCLUSIONS: Low temperature markedly diminishes vacuolar sequestration of glyphosate in the GR horseweed biotype, yielding a herbicide response equivalent to that of the sensitive biotype. This supports the recent hypothesis1 that glyphosate sequestration is the resistance mechanism employed by GR horseweed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Intracellular avian type X collagen in situ and determination of its thermal stability using a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody

Abstract The thermal stability of the helical domain of intracellular and matrix-associated type X collagen was examined in situ within the hypertrophic region of embryonic chick vertebral cartilages. For this we employed indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry of unfixed tissue sections reacted at progressively higher temperatures ( Linsenmayer et al., J cell biol 99 (1984) 1405) [18] with a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody ( X - AC 9 ) ( Schmid & Linsenmayer, J cell biol 100 (1985) 598) [19]. The hypertrophic chondrocytes which had most recently initiated synthesis of type X did not immediately secrete it, but instead retained it intracellularly within cytoplasmic organelles. This allowed for clear visualization of the intracellular type X. Within the pool of intracellular type X collagen, the epitope recognized by the antibody was stable up to 55 °C, but was destroyed at 60 °C. This is 5–10 °C higher than the thermal stability of the epitope when the molecule is in neutral solution (as determined by competition ELISA). The matrix-associated type X collagen is stable at least to 65–67.5 °C. We conclude that in situ the stability of the collagen helix in its normal intracellular environment is considerably greater than might be predicted from measurements made on molecules in solution.
Urate oxidation by cupric ion (Cu

Uric acid or urate, a compound of extremely limited solubility produced in vivo by degradation of purines from nucleic acids or other endogenous and exogenous sources has long been considered a metabolic “enfant terrible” of man. Possessing a vestigial uricotelic apparatus but lacking the copper-containing enzyme uricase which oxidizes urate to water-soluble compounds, man teters on the brink of urico-disaster. Although elaborate control mechanisms exist to prevent flooding by urate, when these systems fail for genetic or other reasons body urate pools increase and there is danger of precipitation in soft tissues, cartilage (tophi) and urine (stones). While the major portion (60-70%) of the urate disappearing from the urate pool is excreted as such in urine, the remainder may be converted to CO,, allantoin, allantoic acid, urea, and NH, by bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract [ 1 J . In addition oxygen uptake studies have revealed that urate may be oxidized by Cu++ above pH 10 and by the cytochrome oxidase system (Cu++?) at pH 7.9 [2]. Hemoproteins in the presence of peroxide causes breakdown of urate to allantoin, CO, and alloxanic acid [3]. We are reporting in vitro urate oxidation mediated solely by Cu++ at pH 6.0-8.2. In fig. 1 the fall in absorption of a urate solution incubated with Cu++ (urate/Cu++ ratio 1:4) is shown. Cu++ also alters the shape of the urate absorption spectrum drastically, obliterating the second maximum at 237 rnp. H,S
The Relationship Between Parents’ Poor Emotional Health Status and Childhood Mood and Anxiety Disorder in Florida Children, National Survey of Children’s Health, 2011–2012

The purpose of this study was to examine how parents’ emotional health relates to childhood mood and anxiety disorder among Florida children in the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health. Analyses were restricted to 1,241 Florida children 6–17 years of age. Childhood mood and anxiety disorder was defined as a parent-reported diagnosis of current depression or anxiety. Parents’ emotional health status was a composite measure of the lowest reported emotional health of any parent in the household. To assess the association between parents’ emotional health and childhood mood and anxiety disorder, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Nearly 5 % of Florida children had a mood or anxiety disorder in 2011–2012. Children living with a parent in poor emotional health were significantly more likely to have a mood or anxiety disorder compared to children living with a parent in good emotional health (OR 5.01; 95 % CI 1.89, 13.29). After adjusting for covariates, this association remained substantial and significant (aOR 4.33; 95 % CI 1.49, 12.57). Findings presented here are consistent with national findings and emphasize the strong link between parents’ emotional health status and childhood mood and anxiety disorders. To address the mental health of children in the state of Florida, Florida public health initiatives should consider family processes and child level characteristics.
Liquefaction Reactivity of Methylated Illinois No. 6 Coal

The reactivity of O-methylated and reductively methylated coals were tested for noncatalytic liquefaction reactions in tetralin solvent at 693 and 723 K to evaluate the effect of methylation on the conversion of Illinois No. 6 coal. For the liquefaction test at 693 K, the oil yield from reductively methylated coal drastically increased from 37 to 60 wt % compared with the raw coal. On the other hand, the oil yield of O-methylated coal was approximately 50 wt %. The improvement of oil yield for methylated coals was related to the number of methyl groups introduced by methylation. The increased oil yield for methylated coals was due to the acceleration of the decomposition reaction for preasphaltene. The difference in oil yield between raw and methylated coals decreased with increasing reaction temperature to 723 K, but an improvement of oil yield was observed. These results indicated that the methylation of coal molecules was effective for the production of the oil fraction, especially under lower severity...
Numerical modeling of water flow below dry salt lakes: effect of capillarity and viscosity

Abstract We investigate numerically the effects of capillarity and viscosity on density-dependent flows below dry salt lakes. The numerical model, MARUN (Boufadel, M.C., Suidan, M.T., Venosa, A.D., 1999a. A numerical model for density-and-viscosity-dependent flows in two-dimensional variably-saturated media. J. Contam. Hydrol., 37, 1–20) is used to assess the combined and separate effects of capillarity and concentration-engendered viscosity on the groundwater dynamics of a two-dimensional system simulating a dry lake. We found that accounting for concentration-engendered viscosity effects under saturated water flow conditions gives totally different groundwater dynamics from the case where these effects are neglected. However, concentration-dependent viscosity effects were minor when unsaturated water flow conditions were present. Under variably-saturated flow conditions, capillarity effects gave totally different hydraulics in the porous domain from the saturated flow case; upwelling regions observed under saturated flow conditions were downwelling when capillarity effects were present. A mesh orientation study revealed that density-dependent flows were susceptible to the orientation of the diagonals of the triangular elements. A discussion on the accuracy and the efficiency of the MARUN model in the context of density- and viscosity-dependent flows in two-dimensional variably-saturated media is also provided.
Serious ophthalmic pathology compromising vision in HCV/HIV co-infected patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin.

Objective To characterize the ocular changes associated with peginterferon alpha 2b (peg-IFN alpha-2b) and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection in HIV co-infected individuals. Methods A prospective, open-label trial treating HIV/hepatitis C (HCV) co-infected individuals with peg-IFN alpha-2b and ribavirin at the Warren Grant Magnusson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Twenty-three patients with a high mean CD4+ T-cell count were treated with peg-IFN alpha-2b and ribavirin and followed for 40 to 88 weeks. Ophthalmologic evaluations including visual acuity, visual field testing, color vision examination and indirect ophthalmoscopy were performed at baseline and every 3 months. Results Eight of the 23 patients (35%) developed ophthalmologic pathology, including cotton wool spots, cataracts, and two patients developed decreased color vision. These two patients regained their color vision, one after cessation of anti-HCV therapy. Conclusions Although retinal pathologies have been reported in patients treated with interferon-alpha, they have not been reported during peg-IFN alpha-2b therapy nor in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. The incidence of serious ocular pathology associated with anti-HCV therapy may be very high and is probably associated with peg-IFN alpha-2b. Increased monitoring of patients treated with peg-IFN alpha-2b for retinal and visual changes is warranted.
The business‐government‐society relationship: a comparison between China and the US

Purpose – This paper aims to unveil the business‐government‐society relationship in China, as compared with that in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – Three cases – the Chinese milk scandal, the beef recall, and the peanut butter scandal in the USA – are presented and contrasted.Findings – The business‐society‐government relationship in China sets itself apart from that in the USA, largely due to its one‐party political system and the Confucian tradition. The relative lack of independent watchdogs and advocacy groups and the relative lack of independence of the media make it more difficult for irresponsible behavior by powerful corporations to be exposed in China. Further, paternal local governments can sometimes play an enabling role to companies engaged in irresponsible behavior under their protective wings.Research limitations/implications – With little extant research in the area of corporate social responsibility in the Chinese context, future research can build on this research and further test t...
Effect of malnutrition on extraintestinal spread of rotavirus and development of hepatitis in mice

Abstract The effects of malnutrition on the extramucosal spread and severity of the clinical disease were examined in suckling BALB/c mice infected with heterologous rhesus rotavirus (RRV). Control animals were inoculated with homologous murine rotavirus (MRV). Following oral infection with RRV, 100% of malnourished and 90% of normally nourished mice exhibited watery diarrhea within 48 hours. The clinical symptoms appeared more severe and of longer duration in the malnourished group. At 7 to 14 days post-inoculation, 30 of 79 (38%) malnourished and 19 of 92 (21%) well nourished mice developed icterus, clay-colored feces and dark yellow urine. The mortality rates were 9% and 0%, respectively. Light microscopy revealed an acute hepatitis with foci of necrosis. Rotavirus was detected in liver tissue by cell culture infectivity, immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy. Homologous MRV infection resulted in diarrhea in all animals and with increased severity in the malnourished group. Significantly, however, none of the control animals developed hepatitis and no virus could be detected in the liver. These results suggest that malnutrition may exert significant influence on the severity of rotavirus infection and on the extent of extramucosal spread of RRV. Since several heterologous rotavirus strains are currently being tested in human vaccine trials, the implications of our observations suggest that special attention should be paid to malnourished infants and that screening of hepatic function should be included in vaccine protocols.
Semiotic modeling systems, primary and secondary

Abstract Proceeding from E. Cassirer's notion of ‘symbolic forms’, among them linguistic expression as being more than mere representational “copies” of reality, the paper briefly reexamines the concept of ‘semiotic modeling systems’, primary and secondary, as conceived by members of the Moscow-Tartu School of semiotics of culture (notably, J.M. Lotman, V.V. Ivanov and B.A. Uspenskij). The Soviet semioticians' singling out of ordinary language as being the only primary ‘modeling system’ is compared with L. Wittgenstein's picture-theoretical view of language (set forth in his Tractatus ) and with L. Hjelmslev's universalist ‘translatability criterion’ (formulated in his Language ). The metaphoric use of the term ‘language’ in the broad sense equivalent to ‘modeling system’ is discussed and qualified. It is suggested that natural language is only one — albeit perhaps the most sophisticated — among several ‘primary modeling systems’ underlying a variety of manifestations of human civilization, both ontogenetically and phylogenetically T.A. Sebeok's idea of positing a further, basic (viz., non-verbal) semiotic ‘modeling system’ is discussed and reinterpreted in terms of ‘primary modeling systems’ other than verbal (linguistic).
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) studies of living primary human cells for applications in tissue regeneration

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was employed to noninvasively characterize metabolic function in primary human oral keratinocytes used to develop functional engineered tissues. Living cells were compared under control culture conditions and systematic variations to investigate cellular function and viability. Nonlinear optical microscopy via two-photon excitation was employed to image cellular metabolic biomarkers NAD(P)H and FAD with thin optical sectioning and minimal out-of-focus fluorophore photobleaching. Novel post-processing FLIM algorithms were developed and tested. Results suggest that FLIM may provide useful information about live cell function and viability.
An Instability Analysis of Ventilated Channels

A mathematical model has been developed for the linear stability analyses of a system of ventilated parallel boiling channels. The model accomodates phasic slip, nonuniform power distribution, local losses, heater wall dynamics, channel-to-channel (radial) power skews, discrete or continuous ventilation between the channels, turbulent mixing between the channels, various donor-cell options for the lateral transport of energy and momentum, and a transverse momentum equation. A special matrix reduction algorithm was developed to efficiently solve the system of linearized, Laplace-transformed, nodal equations. A parametric study revealed that phasic slip, axial power distribution, heater wall dynamics, local losses, lateral ventilation, and radial power skew can have a significant effect on the stability characteristics of the system [5] . Comparisons were made with the available experimental data, and good agreement was achieved.
Vulvar and Vaginal HPV Disease

Human papilloma virus is associated with a multitude of lower genital tract diseases in women in addition to cervical cancer, including genital warts, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, and some vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancers that are associated with oncogenic subtypes. The degree to which HPV manifests pathology depends on viral type, host immune response, and local environmental factors. This article reviews the evaluation and management of the following vulvar and vaginal human papilloma virus diseases: condyloma, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Included is a brief discussion of the association with vulvar and vaginal cancer.
Cardiac Arrest Associated with Coronary Artery Spasm

Abstract Serious ventricular arrhythmias accompany spontaneous coronary spasm in up to 50% of episodes in susceptible patients, 1–4 and sudden death in patients with documented variant angina pectoris is not rare. 3,5 There are, however, few reports of patients presenting with ventricular fibrillation in whom the cause of the arrhythmia has been shown to be coronary spasm. Over a 5-year period in Seattle, 6 patients were resuscitated from out of hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation and were later shown to have coronary artery spasm. The evidence in these patients supports the contention that coronary spasm initiated ventricular fibrillation and suggests that this mechanism may be an important cause of the sudden cardiac death syndrome.
Teaching Students to Review Research as an Aid for Problem Solving.

Although cognitive style showed no differential effect of training, students who learned to review research profited significantly.
Between Kant and Machiavelli: EU foreign policy priorities in the 2010s

The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty invites and enables Europe to develop elements of a common foreign policy. Europe should resist the tendency of listing all issues calling for attention, and be aware that it will have to address three agendas, not just one. The first agenda is the Kantian one of universal causes. While it remains essential to European identity, it presents Europe with limited opportunities for success in the 2010s as could be seen at the 2009 Climate Summit in Copenhagen. The ‘Alliance’ agenda remains essential on the security front and would benefit from a transatlantic effort at rejuvenation on the economic one. Last but not least, the ‘Machiavellian’ agenda reflects what most countries would define as their ‘normal’ foreign policy. It calls for Europe to influence key aspects of the world order in the absence of universal causes or common values. While Europe's ‘Machiavellian’ experience is limited to trade policy, developing a capacity to address this third agenda in a manner that places its common interests first and reinforces its identity will be Europe's central foreign policy challenge in the 2010s. A key part of the Machiavellian agenda presently revolves around relations with Ukraine, Turkey and the Russian Federation, three countries essential to Europe's energy security that are unlikely to change their foreign policy stance faced with EU soft power. Stressing that foreign policy is about ‘us’ and ‘them’, the article looks at what could be a genuine European foreign policy vis-a-vis each of these interdependent countries, beginning with energy and a more self-interested approach to enlargement. The European public space is political in nature, as majority voting and mutual recognition imply that citizens accept ‘foreigners’ as legitimate legislators. At a time when the European integration process has become more hesitant and the political dimension of European integration tends to be derided or assumed away, admitting Turkey or Ukraine as members would change Europe more than it would change these countries. Foreign policy cannot be reduced to making Europe itself the prize of the relationship. What objectives Europe sets for itself in its dealing with Ukraine, Turkey and Russia will test whether it is ready for a fully-fledged foreign policy or whether the invocation of ‘Europe’ is merely a convenient instrument for entities other than ‘Europe’.
IR polarimetry and far-IR imaging

The exploitation of infrared polarimetry has been shown to yield good results when applied to target discrimination in military applications and to civilian remote sensing problems. Similarly, numerous workers have shown that imaging sensors operating in the far infrared spectral bands may be useful in such counter-terror applications as concealed weapon and biological and chemical agent detection. Unfortunately, these detection and discrimination techniques have not been exploited because of the lack of suitable sensors capable of making the necessary measurements with acceptable sensitivity. In this paper we present and discuss several methods for measuring the polarization signature of a target scene using sensors with no moving parts. We also present and analyze a far infrared imaging system based on an uncooled bolometer focal plane array. The methods of measuring polarization signature with no moving parts include a coherent in-phase and quadrature approach suitable for both broad- and narrow-band sensors, a broadband sensor using channeled spectropolarimetry, a variant of this latter method that involves correlation of the spectral signatures with those of known targets, and another variant that uses an electro-optic or an acousto-optic modulator. A focal plane array of uncooled bolometers has been proposed before as a far infrared imaging system. One problem with such devices is that they are not sensitive enough to detect the low-intensity emission from a room-temperature blackbody in the far infrared bands. A potential solution to this problem is to use a high- or low-temperature blackbody to illuminate the scene to be imaged. In this paper, methods of measuring the infrared polarimetric signature and the far-infrared spatial signature of a scene will be presented and discussed.
Why) Should Current Account Balances Be Reduced

This note discusses two complex issues. First, why might a country want to reduce its current account deficit or surplus? And second, why might the international community ask for more? In general, there are both domestic and multilateral reasons for countries to reduce current account deficits and surpluses. We identify three instances in which the case for reducing imbalances rests on multilateral considerations: the cross-border effects of sudden stops, "unfair competitive advantage," and worries about global demand if part of the world economy is in a liquidity trap. We briefly discuss the implications of our analysis for the setting of "rules of the game" in a multilateral context.
A Rose By Any Other Name: the Influence of Jargon On Teacher Perceptions of Psychological Reports

The purpose of the present study was to investigate teacher perceptions of psychological reports as a function of the level of jargon utilized. A psychological report was varied such that the same content was conveyed using three levels of jargon: low, medium, and high. The influence of the jargon variable was assessed using the Psychological Report Evaluation Profile (PREP) which contains four dimensions: Usefulness, Understanding and Comprehension, Educational Relevance, and Student Behavioral Characteristics. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for overall satisfaction indicated a significant effect for the independent variable. Separate univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) for each of the separate dimensions of the PREP suggested only the Understanding and Comprehension factor was significant. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for improving the quality and usefulness of psychological reports.
Politics and the New Insecurity: Ideological Changes of Professionals in a Recession

Like many college-educated Americans, large numbers of scientists and engineers experienced economic insecurity in the form of unemployment, underemployment, or the fear of either for the first time in the early 1970s. Among 719 scientists and engineers in the San Francisco Bay Area, the economically insecure tended to support unionization of professionals and blame forces outside themselves for individual misfortune more often than the secure. These changes constitute important departures from the traditional individualism of technical professionals, and may signal increased politicization and egalitarianism among the college-educated under the influence of