cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Spatial Impact of Peers in the Workforce: A Spatial Econometric Approach with an Application to Major League Baseball

Past studies have used the world of Major League Baseball as a lens to investigate the concept of shirking. In particular, there has been an emphasis on looking at the incentive for baseball players to shirk once they have obtained job security through long-term contracts. However, the literature has neglected to consider the impact of the spatial effects across a team’s players. Players may have incentive to shirk or not based on the performance of teammates directly around them. This study utilizes a spatial econometric model to account for the level of work ethic derived from surrounding peers. Similar analysis of spatial peer effects may be fruitfully applied to labor forces outside the world of sports.
Anyone Can Improvise

The concept of improvisation and the “Jazz Model” for Entrepreneurship as a gathering of creative minds with the goal of creating a new outcome is frequently used in the entrepreneurship literature. Especially the unique setting of a jazz jam session exemplifies a successful model of group creativity. Herzig and Baker (2014) identified seven factors that guide jam sessions and Belitski and Herzig (2018) transferred and exemplified these factors to various business entrepreneurship models. This case study traces the entrepreneurial efforts of Jamey Aebersold, David Baker, and Jerry Coker, the ABC’s of jazz education who developed the foundation for teaching materials and curricula worldwide. Furthermore, this case study demonstrates the entrepreneurial mindset of these three innovators as a result of their training in the jazz idiom and suggests strategies for entrepreneurship education.
Haptoglobin Genotype Affects Inflammation after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND Haptoglobin (Hp) binds to and facilitates clearance of heme. Compared with HP 1-1 and 1-2 genotypes, HP 2-2 has a weaker binding affinity and has been linked with increased inflammation and vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess levels of inflammatory cytokines in the context of different HP genotypes. METHODS Patients were enrolled among those presenting with spontaneous aneurysmal SAH. Blood was drawn at four time points; <24 hours (T1), 24-48 hours (T2), 3-5 days (T3), and 6-8 days (T4). Blood was analyzed for levels of 41 cytokines at each time point, as well as for HP genotypes. These data were analyzed using mixed-effect models to assess the association between HP genotypes and cytokine levels. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was obtained at discharge, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients were enrolled. Compared with HP 1-1 and 1-2, subjects encoding HP 2-2 had elevated levels of the following cytokines at all time points: FLT3L, IFNγ, IL-17A, TGFα, and VEGF-A. Elevations were also seen at some time points for IL-8, CSF2, FGF2, IL-7, IL-12p70, and TNFα. This study was not powered to detect differences in the functional outcome; however, there were no significant differences in dichotomized mRS scores between patients with HP 1-1/1-2 or HP 2-2. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that HP 2-2 genotype leads to increased proinflammatory cytokine levels compared with HP 1-1/1-2 genotypes. These data may provide guidance for further studies seeking to identify testable markers for functional prognosis or targets for treatment.
Bioselective Cell-Cell Fusion for Antibody Production

For the past 10 years, monoclonal antibodies have been produced in many laboratories around the world by hybridoma cells formed during the random fusion, in the presence of polyethylene glycol, of hyperim-munized mouse spleen cells and selected myeloma cells (Kohler and Milstein, 1975; Galfre et al., 1977; Galfre and Milstein, 1981). This technology has provided major advancements in the biomedical sciences. The methodology, however, has two inherent disadvantages. The first is related to the random nature of fusion of cells and the high probability of destroying, losing or simply failing to fuse the relatively rare B cell producing the desired antibody. The second disadvantage is the fact that chemically induced fusions result in very large numbers of growing colonies that need to be screened for antibody production. In cases in which the antigen in question is very rare or is in a crude form, or both, this screening process poses insurmountable problems at times. In addition, chronic hyperimmunization of the animals prior to fusion has been the standard practice, in order to stimulate and expand the appropriate subpopulations of B cells and therefore increase the chance of including these cells of interest in the group ultimately fused. This practice necessitates the use of large amounts of antigen.
Diffraction Studies of Epitaxy: Elastic, Inelastic and Dynamic Contributions to RHEED

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is widely used for studies of epitaxy. It is an exceedingly surface sensitive technique because at low glancing angles, high energy electrons are able to interact strongly with the last few atomic layers of a solid. Yet for the same reason it is complicated to interpret, and dynamic (multiple) scattering theory must be used to analyze the measured diffracted intensities. Unfortunately these methods require large machine calculations, insist upon perfect surface periodicity, include only elastic scattering, and, in any event, are still in their infancy. Based on experience with low-energy electron diffraction, we expected that the shape of the diffracted beams would be amenable to kinematic analysis. Further RHEED has the important advantage that the scattering geometry can be chosen to allow only a few beams to contribute to the diffraction. Diffraction data were measured during epitaxial growth on vicinal and singular GaAs surfaces. Kinematic analysis is then used to understand the shape of the diffracted beams. We emphasize that no attempt is made to interpret the absolute intensities of the pattern. The role of inelastic and dynamic processes is described. The results indicate that kinematic theory describes the main features of the RHEED intensity oscillations that are observed during epitaxial growth as well as the angular profile of the integral order diffracted beams when growth is stopped. The method is to choose scattering geometries so that the kinematic angular dependence is obtained.
Long run effects and intergenerational transmission of natural disasters: A case study on the 1970 Ancash Earthquake

Abstract This study estimates the effects of the 1970 Ancash earthquake on human capital accumulation on the affected and subsequent generation, 37 years after the shock, using Peruvian census of 1993 and 2007. The main finding is that males affected by the earthquake in utero completed on average 0.5 years less schooling while females affected by the earthquake completed 0.8 years less schooling. Moreover those affected by the earthquake also fare far worse in the marriage market and become parents at a much younger age. In addition children of mothers affected at birth by the earthquake have 0.4 less years of education, while those whose fathers were affected at birth show no effects. Other outcomes also suggest that welfare of the affected individuals has been negatively impacted in the long run. This research supports previous literature on shocks in early childhood, providing evidence of the existence of intergenerational transmission of shocks.
Using cluster analysis to organize and explore regional GPS velocities

[1] Cluster analysis offers a simple visual exploratory tool for the initial investigation of regional Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity observations, which are providing increasingly precise mappings of actively deforming continental lithosphere. The deformation fields from dense regional GPS networks can often be concisely described in terms of relatively coherent blocks bounded by active faults, although the choice of blocks, their number and size, can be subjective and is often guided by the distribution of known faults. To illustrate our method, we apply cluster analysis to GPS velocities from the San Francisco Bay Region, California, to search for spatially coherent patterns of deformation, including evidence of block-like behavior. The clustering process identifies four robust groupings of velocities that we identify with four crustal blocks. Although the analysis uses no prior geologic information other than the GPS velocities, the cluster/block boundaries track three major faults, both locked and creeping.
Projection and Lifting in Combinatorial Optimization

This is an overview of the significance and main uses of projection and lifting in integer programming and combinatorial optimization. Its first four sections deal with those basic properties of projection that make it such an effective and useful bridge between problem formulations in different spaces, i.e. different sets of variables. They discuss topics like the integrality-preserving property of projection, the dimension of projected polyhedra, when do facets of a polyhedron project into facets of its projection, and so on. They also describe the use of projection for comparing the strength of different formulations of the same problem, and for proving the integrality of polyhedra by using extended formulations. The next section of the survey deals with disjunctive programming, or optimization over unions of polyhedra, whose most important incarnation are mixed 0-1 programs and their partial relaxations. It discusses the compact representation of the convex hull of a union of polyhedra through extended formulation, the connection between the projection of the latter and the polar of the convex hull, as well as the sequential convexification of facial disjunctive programs, among them mixed 0-1 programs, with the related concept of disjunctive rank. Finally, the last two sections review the recent developments in disjunctive programming, namely lift-and-project cuts, the construction of cut generating linear programs, techniques for lifting and for strengthening disjunctive cuts, and the embedding of these cuts into a branch-and-cut framework, along with a brief outline of computational results.
Secure embedded data schemes for user Adaptive Multimedia Presentation

In this Digital/Internet Age, digital multimedia holds an unlimited potential, and virtually all forms of media content, including books, video games, music and software are now available for digital distribution. Digital multimedia libraries, comprising a large amount of such digital media (the so-called Digital Intellectual Property), in the form of images, video, audio and graphics are rapidly growing. Also, due to the unprecedented growth of the World Wide Web, vast amounts of multimedia data is readily available leading to an explosion of multimedia and hypermedia database creation and sharing. Digital information embedding techniques for various types of media, for a variety of applications including digital libraries, museum cataloging, medical and healthcare industries, digital preservation systems, educational systems and personalization systems, are of significant interest in two areas. Firstly, these are useful for the realization of efficient database indexing schemes and customization, which in turn lead to efficient tools for the organization, retrieval, adaptive presentation, and distribution of digital media content. Secondly, these are useful in developing tools to protect, detect and verify ownership and/or usage rights for the Digital Intellectual Property and also the tracking of these in the distribution medium. In either of these applications, information embedding schemes which allow for a detailed level of source description, and which are robust to some of the distortions encountered in the distribution medium (e.g., JPEG compression for images), are particularly attractive. This paper presents an overview of multimedia presentation adaptation through the use of robust information descriptors and a novel information embedding technique for digital images that allows for significantly higher information throughput and increased robustness compared to many of the existing techniques.
Ownership of Language in Yucatec Maya Revitalization Pedagogy

This classroom-based study examined a Yucatec Maya language course for teachers and the pedagogical implementation of national language policy in Mexico. Analysis of this teacher education program focused on various dimensions of teachers' Maya-language expertise, the teaching of the emergent standard Maya, and hegemonic constructions of Maya-speakers in language planning discourse. Ownership of language, defined as a speaker's authenticity and authority vis-a-vis the language, emerged as an important concern.
Non-Abelian discrete flavor symmetries

This is an incomplete survey of some non-Abelian discrete symmetries which have been used recently in attempts to understand the flavor structure of leptons and quarks. To support such symmetries, new scalar particles are required. In some models, they are very massive, in which case there may not be much of a trace of their existence at the TeV scale. In other models, they are themselves at the TeV scale, in which case there is a reasonable chance for them to be revealed at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN.
A Role for the Tropical Pacific

What are the origins of past, present, and future climate change? In his Perspective, Stocker discusses ways in which the climate system can act like a seesaw, as the high northern latitudes push and pull against the Southern Hemisphere to create abrupt shifts. Stocker briefly discusses a report in the same issue by Steig et al., showing that Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate shifts act in synchrony. The Perspective by Cane looks at the role of the tropics in paleoclimate. Recent observations and model calculations indicate that effects of climate change in the tropical latitudes merit a closer look.
On-Line Estimation of Heat Capacity of Process Fluids using Dynamic Excitation of Temperature

In process control involving energy balances the heat capacity of the process fluid is needed. Although many methods for accurate heat capacity measurements are available for the laboratory, an instrument for online heat capacity measurement has yet to be developed. This paper presents such a method of online heat capacity measurement. The method is optimized with respect to the design, and a preliminary statistical analysis shows measurement accuracy is within several precent.
Population distribution and effects on drug metabolism of a genetic variant in the 5′ promotor region of CYP3A4

Background There are large interindividual differences in CYP3A4 expression and in the metabolism of drug substrates for this enzyme. We and others have identified a polymorphism in the 5′ promotor region of the CYP3A4 gene; however, its functional significance is not currently known. This study was conducted to determine whether this polymorphism plays a clinically important role in determining CYP3A4 phenotype. Methods An adenine (A) to guanine (G) transition was identified in the 5′ promotor region of the CYP3A4 gene at position −292 (from the start codon), in a sequence motif known as the nifedipine-specific element. The frequency of this polymorphism was assessed in 802 healthy volunteers from five broadly defined racial groups. The population distribution of the G allele in these groups was as follows: white Americans (3.6%; n = 273), black Americans (54.6%, n = 186), Hispanic Americans (9.3%; n = 188), Japanese Americans (0.0%; n = 77), and Chinese Americans (0.0%; n = 78). In a subsequent study, 90 additional black Americans were genotyped, and a subset of the homozygous subjects (AA, n = 8; GG, n = 23) were given the CYP3A4 probe substrates erythromycin and nifedipine to allow genotype-phenotype comparisons to be made. Results There was no difference in the rate of CYP3A4-dependent demethylation of erythromycin (erythromycin breath test) or the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine or its CYP3A4-dependent metabolite dehydronifedipine between the two genotype groups (AA or GG). Conclusions This promotor region polymorphism does not appear to play a major role in determining constitutive CYP3A4 expression. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 66, 288–294; doi:
USE OF CONTENT ANALYSIS IN EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION: DOING PROSE ANALYSIS∗

∗ A paper delivered at the Joint Conference of the Evaluation Research Society and Evaluation Network in Baltimore, October 1982. Research for this paper was supported by the Brazilian Research Council – Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas. 1 am grateful to Bob Stake and Deborah Trumbull for their comments on the draft of the paper.
Distribution sort with randomized cycle

Parallel independent disks can enhance the performance of external memory (EM) algorithms, but the programming task is often difficult. In this paper we develop randomized variants of distribution sort for use with parallel independent disks. We propose a simple variant called randomized cycling distribution sort (RCD) and prove that it has optimal expected I/O complexity. The analysis uses a novel reduction to a model with significantly fewer probabilistic interdependencies. Experimental evidence is provided to support its practicality. Other simple variants are also examined experimentally and appear to offer similar advantages to RCD. Based upon ideas in RCD we propose general techniques that transparently simulate algorithms developed for the unrealistic multihead disk model so that they can be run on the realistic parallel disk model. The simulation is optimal for two important classes of algorithms; the class of multipass algorithms, which make a complete pass through their data before accessing any element a second time, and the algorithms based upon the well-known distribution paradigm of EM computation.
John M. Edmond (1943-2001)

On April 6, 2001, John Marmion Edmond died suddenly in his apartment in Boston, Massachusetts, apparently of a stroke. He had been a member of AGU since 1977 (Ocean Sciences). Following a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Glasgow in 1965, John obtained his Ph.D. in geochemistry at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1970 and joined the faculty of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at MIT, where he pioneered developments in low temperature geochemistry of the oceans and rivers until his death.
Parasites communities in the clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus from central Chile.

This study investigated the factors (i.e., season, locality, sampling year, total length and maturity stage of the hosts) that might influence the structure of parasite populations and communities in the clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus. The parasite community was described and analyzed using numerical descriptors, such as prevalence, intensity and species richness, between factors previously mentioned. A total of 260 clingfish were collected from 2 localities of central Chile, four seasons and during 3 year cycles (from July 2006 to July 2009). In the whole clingfish sample, 668 parasites were found, which belonged to 14 parasite taxa; 9 of them were new records in G. marmoratus. Parasite infracommunity richness ranged 0–3 species, although 1 trematode species, Helicometrina nimia, represented 80% of all parasites collected and was the most abundant and prevalent parasite species. The average of parasite abundance and intensity (± SD) was 2.5 ± 8.2 and 7.5 ± 12.7, respectively. Generalized linear model showed that parasite communities were influenced by season, locality, sampling year, and maturity stage when considering the abundance and intensity of parasites. For the parasite richness, only the locality and maturity of fish was determinant for explaining the differences. The populations and communities of the parasite variations were variable due to differences in fish body length because prevalence, abundance and intensity of parasites significantly correlated with the fish body length. Concordantly, maturity fish were longer than immature fish. Thus, clingfish from El Tabo were longest and mature, which harbored higher parasite richness than those fish from Las Cruces.
First observation of (s+d)-wave mixing in low-energy elastic neutron scattering

Abstract A large (s+d)-wave mixing is observed in the 256 KeV ( J π = 1 − ) resonance in 207 Pb + n. A possible interpretation in terms of neutron particle-hole states is discussed.
Variable-temperature cryogenic trap for the separation of gas mixtures

The paper describes a continuous variable-temperature U-shaped cold trap which can both purify vacuum-line combustion products for subsequent stable isotopic analysis and isolate the methane and ethane constituents of natural gases. The canister containing the trap is submerged in liquid nitrogen, and, as the gas cools, the gas mixture components condense sequentially according to their relative vapor pressures. After the about 12 min required for the bottom of the trap to reach the liquid-nitrogen temperature, passage of electric current through the resistance wire wrapped around the tubing covering the U-trap permits distillation of successive gas components at optimal temperatures. Data on the separation achieved for two mixtures, the first being typical vacuum-line combustion products of geochemical samples such as rocks and the second being natural gas, are presented, and the thermal behavior and power consumption are reported.
Weight halo effects: Individual differences in personality evaluations and perceived life success of men as a function of weight?

Abstract The question of whether or not personality and life success halo effects occur for weight for men was examined in 2 experiments. Experiment 1 used a 2 (weight of man) × 2 (sex of participant) design and personality social desirability measures. Experiment 2 used a 2 (weight of man) × 2 (sex of participant) design and the Big-5 dimensions of personality. Weight did not affect personality ratings on the dimensions of the Big-5. Personality halo effects only occur for social desirability aspects of personality. Thinner men received higher social desirability ratings than overweight men did. Additionally, thinner/normal weight men received higher ratings for attractiveness, enthusiasm, and perceived occupational success, while heavier/overweight men received higher ratings for intelligence, friendliness, trustworthiness, parenting skill, and mate potential. These results are discussed in terms of prior research on beauty and weight.
Observation of absorptive bistability with two-level atoms in a ring cavity

Observations of steady-state hysteresis in absorptive bistability are reported for well-collimated atomic beams of sodium within a traveling-wave interferometer. The atomic medium approximates a system of homogeneously broadened "two-level" atoms, and effects due to standing waves are eliminated. The experiment thus represents the first demonstration of optical bistability under conditions that have been widely employed in theoretical models. Absolute measurements of switching intensities versus atomic cooperativity C are reported, and a preliminary comparison with Gaussian-beam theory is made.
Representation elections in higher education: Occurrence and outcomes

This study examines factors related to the occurrence of union representation elections in four-year universities and colleges and the outcomes of those elections (i.e., whether or not faculty opt for collective bargaining). In general, the results indicate that the probability of union victory in an election depends on economic conditions, the structural characteristics of the institution, and union density in higher education. For the most part, however, such indicators of institutional vulnerability are not found to be significant determinants of election occurrences. A major implication of this study is that there is a need to investigate more thoroughly the intraorganizational processes of faculty unions with regard to the allocation of organizing resources in order to understand the spread of faculty unionism. It is also suggested that the findings of this study may cast light on the growth of unionism in other white-collar and professional sectors.
Effects of cardiac output on 18O2 lung diffusion in normal resting man

Abstract Single-breath resting diffusing capacities for CO (D l CO ) and 18 O 2 (D l O 2 ) were measured simultaneously with pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) in nine normal males at hypoxic alveolar O 2 tensions (P O 2 42 torr). D l CO (54 ± 5 ml stpd . min −1 . torr −1 ) was significantly higher than D l O 2 (33 ± 11 ml stpd ± min −1 . torr −1 ). Extrapolation of the linear regressions between D l CO and D l O 2 and cardiac output (range 4860 to 12,270 ml . min −1 ) suggest that D l O 2 approximates D l CO at cardiac outputs of 18 L . min −1 in our subjects. No significant differences between the previously measured diffusing capacity for 18 O 16 O (Hyde et al. , 1966) and the present value for 18 O 18 O was found. The discrepancy between the measured D l O 2 and the predicted D l O 2 calculated indirectly from the D l CO is confirmed. Inhomogeneity of pulmonary capillary diffusing surface area to capillary blood flow (D l /Qc) probably accounts for this discrepancy. DL/Qc inhomogeneity, along with right-to-left shunts and V a /Qc inhomogeneities, must be taken into account when arterial-alveolar O 2 gradients are evaluated.
An evaluation of the metachromasy of anionic dyes. I. Visual observations on tissue sections.

Thirteen dyes of the azo (benzopurpurin, Congo red, trypan blue, chromotrope 2R, orange G), indigoid (indigocarmine), triphenylmethane (acid fuchsin, aniline blue, light green, methyl blue), and xanthene (eosin B, eosin Y, erythrosin B) groups were applied under standard conditions to a variety of human, rabbit, rat, mouse and frog tissues in paraffin sections. Sections were examined for color changes which might indicate metachromatic reactions analogous to the metachromasy of cationic dyes. Disazo and xanthene dyes showed shifts in hue, with some qualification on the shifts of xanthenes. Metachromatic shifts of anionic dyes were generally of low order compared to those of cationic dyes. Nuclei, erythrocytes, inner elastic laminae of arteries, keratinous structures, and certain areas in the ground substance of connective tissue most often elicited metachromasy. It is suggested that basic proteins are responsible for the metachromatic reactions. Equally interesting areas were those staining poorly (cartil...
Elective nodal failures are uncommon in medically inoperable patients with Stage I non-small-cell lung carcinoma treated with limited radiotherapy fields.

Abstract Purpose To review the outcome for 56 Stage I non–small-cell lung cancer treated definitively with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and to investigate the value of elective nodal irradiation in this patient population. Methods and materials Between 1992 and 2001, 56 patients were treated with 3D-CRT for inoperable Stage I histologically confirmed non–small-cell lung cancer; 31 with T1N0 and 25 with T2N0 disease. All patients were treated with 3D-CRT to a median isocenter dose of 70 Gy (range 59.94–83.85) given in daily doses of 1.8 or 2 Gy. Prognostic factors were analyzed with respect to their impact on overall survival. Twenty-two patients received radiotherapy (RT) directed to elective regional lymphatics to doses of 45–50 Gy. The remaining 33 patients were treated to limited fields confined to the primary lung cancer with a margin. The patterns of failure were reviewed. Results The median follow-up was 20 months (range 6 months to 6 years). The actuarial local control rate was 88%, 69%, and 63%, at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The actuarial cause-specific survival rate was 82%, 67%, and 51% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The actuarial overall survival rate was 73%, 51%, and 34% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The actuarial metastasis-free survival rate was 90%, 85%, and 81% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The RT dose was the only factor predictive of overall survival in our analysis. No statistically significant difference was noted in cause-specific or overall survival according to whether patients received elective nodal irradiation. Two of 33 patients treated with limited fields had regional nodal failure. Conclusion Many patients with medically inoperable Stage I lung cancer die of intercurrent causes. The omission of the elective nodal regions from the RT portals did not compromise either the cause-specific or overall survival rate. Elective nodal failures were uncommon in the group treated with limited RT fields. A radiation dose ≥70 Gy was predictive of better survival in our population. We await the results of prospective trials evaluating high-dose RT in patients treated with RT alone for Stage I lung cancer.
Specifying functional units and reference flows for comparable alternatives

Goal, Scope, and Background Despite documentation of product lifetime, performance, and system dependency issues, requirements for specifying functional units and reference flows in LCA have not been developed. The ISO standards simply note that selection between functions is dependent on the goals and scope of the study, that the functional unit must be clearly defined and measurable, and that the reference flows are the amount of product necessary per functional unit. The goal of this work is to suggest and demonstrate the use a set of requirements for specifying the functional unit and reference flows for comparative LCAs.
Gabapentin in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of gabapentin in patients with fibromyalgia. Methods A 12-week, randomized, double-blind study was designed to compare gabapentin (1,200–2,400 mg/day) (n = 75 patients) with placebo (n = 75 patients) for efficacy and safety in treating pain associated with fibromyalgia. The primary outcome measure was the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) average pain severity score (range 0–10, where 0 = no pain and 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine). Response to treatment was defined as a reduction of ≥30% in this score. The primary analysis of efficacy for continuous variables was a longitudinal analysis of the intent-to-treat sample, with treatment-by-time interaction as the measure of effect. Results Gabapentin-treated patients displayed a significantly greater improvement in the BPI average pain severity score (P = 0.015; estimated difference between groups at week 12 = −0.92 [95% confidence interval −1.75, −0.71]). A significantly greater proportion of gabapentin-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients achieved response at end point (51% versus 31%; P = 0.014). Gabapentin compared with placebo also significantly improved the BPI average pain interference score, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire total score, the Clinical Global Impression of Severity, the Patient Global Impression of Improvement, the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Problems Index, and the MOS Short Form 36 vitality score, but not the mean tender point pain threshold or the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Gabapentin was generally well tolerated. Conclusion Gabapentin (1,200–2,400 mg/day) is safe and efficacious for the treatment of pain and other symptoms associated with fibromyalgia.
Comparative carcinogenicity of two structurally similar phenylenediamine dyes (HC blue no. 1 and HC blue no. 2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice.

Abstract Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 2 structurally-related p -phenylenediamines, HC Blue No. 1, and HC Blue No. 2 were conducted by administering each chemical in feed for 103 weeks to both sexes of Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F 1 (C57BL/6N × C3H/HEN) mice. Diets containing 0, 1500, or 3000 ppm HC Blue 1 were fed to male and female rats and male mice; female mice received diets wth 0, 3000, or 6000 ppm. Diets containing 0, 5000, or 10 000 ppm HC Blue 2 were fed to male rats and mice and the females received diets containing 0, 10 000 or 20 000 ppm. These concentrations were compatible with long-term growth and survival. The results demonstrated substantial differences in the neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions caused by these structural analogs. HC Blue 2 caused histocytosis in lungs and hyperostosis of the skull in rats, and splenic hematopoiesis, fibrous osteodystrophy, and hyperostosis of the skull in mice. These non-neoplastic lesions were not observed in rats or mice treated with HC Blue 1. Contrasting, in male and female mice, HC Blue 1 produced dose-related increases in the incidences of both adenomas and carcinomas of the liver. HC Blue 1 produced a marginally positive trend in hepatocellular nodules and carcinomas in male rats and dose-related increases in hyperplasias and neoplasms of the lungs in female rats. In contrast, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity for HC Blue 2 in either sex of rats or mice, despite the fact that it was administered 3–5 times the dose of the HC Blue 1. Since these 2 nitroaromatic compounds differ only in the methyl vs. 2-hydroxy-ethyl substituent on the secondary amine of ring carbon 4, the great discordance in their carcinogenicity is most probably due to side group-directed alteration in their metabolic profiles.
Goals for the care of frail older adults: do caregivers and clinicians agree?

Abstract PURPOSE: Establishing shared treatment goals for patients may improve the quality of care by facilitating achievement of appropriate and desired outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe types of family caregiver and physician treatment goals for frail elderly patients who had a high prevalence of cognitive impairment, and to ascertain the level of agreement between family caregivers and physicians on principal treatment goals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We surveyed family caregivers and physicians for 200 consecutive older adults who were initially evaluated at the outpatient geriatric assessment center of a major teaching hospital. Treatment goals for patients were measured after a comprehensive geriatric assessment. RESULTS: Goals commonly chosen as most important by family caregivers and physicians pertained to day-to-day functioning (61 [31%] family caregivers, 81 [41%] physicians), behavior and emotional health (56 [28%] family caregivers, 50 [25%] physicians), and safety (40 [20%] family caregivers, 29 [15%] physicians). Although a substantial proportion of family caregiver and physician pairs shared at least one goal (157 [79%] of 200), agreement on presence or absence of individual categories of goals was poor (kappas from −0.19 to 0.28), and agreement on the most important goal was also poor (kappa 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Agreement on treatment goals between family caregivers and physicians for patients at the study site was low. These results suggest that encounters between family caregiver and physician may need improvement. Further research is needed to assess whether lack of agreement is found in other settings, persists over time, and affects achievement of goals and optimal health outcomes.
Two-Dimensional Rayleigh Thermometry in a Turbulent Nonpremixed Methane-Hydrogen Flame

Abstract A time-resolved two-dimensional Rayleigh seatiering technique for mapping the temperature Held or a nonpremixed methane-hydrogen flame is presented. The laser Rayteigh scattered tight from an illuminated plane intersecting the flow field was digitized in an 8,000 data point array. The two-dimensional jnd quantitative character or the data makes it possible to apply calculations to the data, e.g., ensemble averaging and pattern recognition, to obtain more information on the flame structure. The results of these calculations are presented along with instantaneous measurements of the temperature field of the flame.
Interpretation of the mass distribution of ejected (CsI)nCs+ ion clusters by the non-cascade sputtering model

Abstract Large (CsI)nCs+ cluster ions ejected by keV ion bombardment of CsI surfaces have been observed by various researchers, notably those from the Naval Research Laboratory and the University of Manitoba. We use the non-cascade sputtering model to describe the mass distribution of these cluster ions. Reasonable agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental observations is obtained. The energy deposited by the bombarding ion giving rise to the ejection process is shown to vary with the stopping powers of the bombarding ion species. the model is also shown to be applicable to cluster ions ejected from other alkali halides.
EFFECT OF ESTRADIOL IMPLANTS IN THE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL REGION OF THE RAT ON THE SECRETION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

Bilateral implants of estradiol or estradiol diluted with cholesterol were placed in various parts of the brain or pituitary of ovariectomized rats. Implants of estradiol in either the median eminence region or the anterior lobe of the pituitary prevented the post-castration rise of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH). The minimal effective dose of implanted estradiol to lower plasma LH was approximately the same whether the implant was located in the median eminence or pituitary gland. Median eminence implants lowered hypophysial LH content, whereas hypophysial implants did not. Implanted estradiol in both these loci also enlarged the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. Implants of cholesterol or corticosterone into the median eminence were without effect, as were control implants of estradiol which were located outside the median eminence region or the pituitary. Implants which were located in the globus pallidus or suprachiasmatic areas were also without effect. The negative feedback of estrogen on LH secreti...
Modulation of salt appetite by lateral ventricular infusions of angiotensin II and carbachol during sodium depletion

Infusions of angiotensin II (AII) or carbachol (CBC) into the lateral ventricles of rats which had been depleted of sodium 4 h previously with either furosemide or polyethylene glycol produced significant changes in salt appetite and sodium and water balances relative to rats infused with saline vehicle. Infusions of AII enhanced the salt appetite and led to rapid retention of both sodium and water. Infusions of CBC abolished the salt appetite and consequently did not produce any increase in sodium balance. Water intake was greater in both AII- and CBC-infused than in vehicle-infused rats and water balances increased during CBC infusion, causing severe dilution of plasma osmolality, sodium and potassium concentrations. Carbachol thus suppressed salt appetite, despite a considerable worsening of the condition of body sodium in these hypovolemic animals. Angiotensin II facilitated the appetite and this enhancement was not secondary to any natriuresis produced by AII infusions.
Transformational Homologies in Amino Acid Sequences Suggest Memberships in Protein Families

The 20 amino acid monomers composing polymeric proteins are encoded using their individual properties relatable to thermodynamic potentials such as aqueous partial specific volumes, aqueous molar volumes, and free energies of transfer from hydrocarbon to water solvents. These principally hydrophobic solvation, “hydrophobicity”-derived free energies are minimized in protein folding as well as protein–protein and peptide–receptor interactions. Sequential patterns in the one-dimensional distribution of these energies, reflected in dominant wavelengths of amino acid hydrophobicity, and the locations of singular hierarchical, secondary and supersecondary structures are elucidated by orthogonal decomposition and eigenfunction construction followed by continuous wavelet and all poles, maximum entropy power spectral transformations. The resulting graphs discriminate among examples of structural families of proteins.
Laser physical vapor deposition of nanocrystalline dots using nanopore filters

Nanocrystalline dots of n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 thermoelectric compound and of silicon were deposited by laser physical vapor deposition using polycarbonate or alumina nanopore filters as templates. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Using a pore size of 0.2 μm in the nanopore filters, a uniform distribution of crystallites with size 3 to 4 nm and separated from each other was observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The dots were all single crystals, as seen by the resolved crystal lattice planes. The compositions of the crystallites, of both the thermoelectric compound and silicon, were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The composition of the thermoelectric compound nanocrystals differed significantly from that of the bulk target, likely due to vapor pressure differences of the constituent elements. The results are promising for synthesis of nanocrystalline dots with controlled size but compositional control is a different task that is not carried out. The observations illustrate that nonstoichiometry is a result of difference in the vapor pressure of different elements in the compound. The method of synthesis is found to be suitable for deposition of quantum dots below certain size determined by the size of the pores in the porous filter.
The α and β Subunits of the GA-binding Protein Form a Stable Heterodimer in Solution REVISED MODEL OF HETEROTETRAMERIC COMPLEX ASSEMBLY

Abstract We have studied the assembly of GA-binding protein (GABP) in solution and established the role of DNA in the assembly of the transcriptionally active GABPα2β2 heterotetrameric complex. GABP binds DNA containing a single PEA3/Ets-binding site (PEA3/EBS) exclusively as the αβ heterodimer complex, but readily binds as the GABPα2β2 heterotetramer complex on DNA containing two PEA3/EBSs. Positioning of the PEA3/EBSs on the same face of the DNA helix stabilizes heterotetramer complex binding. These observations suggest that GABPαβ heterodimers are the predominant molecular species in solution and that DNA containing two PEA3/EBSs promotes formation of the GABPα2β2heterotetrameric complex. We analyzed the assembly of GABPα2β2 heteromeric complexes in solution by analytical ultracentrifugation. GABPα exists as a monomer in solution while GABPβ exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium (K d = 1.8 ± 0.27 μm). In equimolar mixtures of the two subunits, GABPα and GABPβ formed a stable heterodimer, with no heterotetramer complex detected. Thus, GABP exists in solution as the heterodimer previously shown to be a weak transcriptional activator. Assembly of the transcriptionally active GABPα2β2 heterotetramer complex requires the presence of specific DNA containing at least two PEA3/EBSs.
When Hispanic Students Attempt to Succeed in College, but Do Not.

Retention of higher education students has been decreasing over the last decades of the last century (Swail, 2004). Retention decreases, however, are not equally impacting all students or all higher education institutions. Community college retention rates are lower than rates in four-year institutions (Wild & Ebbers, 2002), and minority student retention rates are lower than rates for White students (Fry, 2004; Swail, 2004). Since community colleges are often the first entry into higher education for low-income students, and since often these students are minority students, community colleges are experiencing low retention rates, especially among first-year students (Hernandez & Lopez, 2005). Although volumes of research have been conducted regarding minority retention, few studies have focused on the problem-specific level of community colleges. This article reports barriers that first-semester Hispanic students at one community college reported they have experienced, identifies the institutional initia...
The Part and the Whole: Reflections on the Study of a Region*

ADECADE ago, concern was expressed by members of this Association on the future unity of anthropology, as it had traditionally been pursued in America. The several subfields had exhibited increasing specialization, to the degree that some raised doubts as to how long the discipline could hold together, or whether it was even desirable to make further attempts to preserve it as an integrated whole. Others expressed contrary views. Today this debate has tended to subside. The subfields have continued along their individual paths of interest and development. Yet anthropology as a field of teaching and research continues, and its name is to be found in an increasing number of college and university catalogues. Granted that the academic departments of our institutions and the departmental names in catalogues may not be a logical representation of the divisions of knowledge, it seems fair to say that anthropology has preserved its integration through our awareness that there are important relations among its subfields and that these relations are worth cultivating. As Wolf (1964:88) states, "Anthropology is . . . less subject matter than a bond between subject matters." We recognize the distinctiveness of the parts, but do our best to relate these parts to the whole.
Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes

Background— The true incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in US athletes is unknown. Current estimates are based largely on case identification through public media reports and estimated participation rates. The purpose of this study was to more precisely estimate the incidence of SCD in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes and assess the accuracy of traditional methods for collecting data on SCD. Methods and Results— From January 2004 through December 2008, all cases of sudden death in NCAA student-athletes were identified by use of an NCAA database, weekly systematic search of public media reports, and catastrophic insurance claims. During the 5-year period, there were 273 deaths and a total of 1 969 663 athlete participant-years. Of these 273 deaths, 187 (68%) were due to nonmedical or traumatic causes, 80 (29%) to medical causes, and 6 (2%) to unknown causes. Cardiovascular-related sudden death was the leading cause of death in 45 (56%) of 80 medical cases, and represented 75% of sudden deaths during exertion. The incidence of SCD was 1:43 770 participants per year. Among NCAA Division I male basketball players, the rate of SCD was 1:3100 per year. Thirty-nine (87%) of the 45 cardiac cases were identified in the NCAA database, only 25 (56%) by use of public media reports, and 9 (20%) from catastrophic claims data. Conclusions— SCD is the leading medical cause of death and death during exercise in NCAA student-athletes. Current methods of data collection underestimate the risk of SCD. Accurate assessment of SCD incidence is necessary to shape appropriate health policy decisions and develop effective strategies for prevention.