cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NeuRecover-SA™ in the Treatment of Cocaine Withdrawal and Craving

The efficacy of NeuRecover-SA™ (formerly called Tropamine+™, and TropaGen™) in the treatment of cocaine withdrawal and craving was evaluated at a state psychiatric hospital. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in hospitalised patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of cocaine dependence. Eight patients received NeuRecover-SA™ and 4 patients received placebo. No significant difference in patient demographics was found. The mean number of abstinent symptoms (± SEM) declined over the first 4 days of treatment, 10.63 ± 1.32 on day 1 vs 4 ± 1.65 on day 4 in the NeuRecover-SA™ group compared with 7.25 ± 2.93 on day 1 vs 4.25 ± 3.61 on day 4 in the placebo group. Cocaine craving in the NeuRecover-SA™ group on day 1 was 7.88 ± 1.22 vs 2.71 ± 1.22 on day 4 and 5 ± 2.89 on day 1 vs 2 ± 1.68 on day 4 in the placebo group. A Mann-Whitney U test showed no statistically significant differences in abstinent symptomatology between or within treatment groups, or treatment effect in the placebo group. However, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in cocaine craving occurred in the NeuRecover-SA™ group.
Improved Gait recognition based on specialized deep convolutional neural networks

Gait recognition is a biometric technique that is used in order to determine the identity of humans based on the style and the manner of their walk. Yet, Gait recognition performance is often degraded by some covariate factors such as a viewing angle variation, clothing and carrying condition changes, and a low-image resolution. In general, current tactics to object recognition highly depend on the use of machine learning techniques. Therefore, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the most advanced machine learning techniques that has the ability to approximate complex non-linear functions from high-dimensional input data in a hierarchical process. In this paper, we develop a specialized deep CNN architecture, which consists of multilayers of convolutional and subsampling layers. The proposed technique is less sensitive to several cases of the common variations and occlusions that affect and degrade gait recognition performance. We avoided the use of the typical subspace learning methods, along with its shortcomings, that are widely used in gait recognition. When applied the proposed deep CNN model to CASIA-B large gait database, the experimental results show that the deep CNN model developed in this paper outperforms the other state of art gait recognition techniques in several cases.
Keynote speakers: The physics and mathematics of cellular wireless propagation

The objective of this presentation is to illustrate that an electromagnetic macro modeling can properly predict the path loss exponent in a mobile cellular wireless communication. This represents the variation of the path loss with distance from the base station antenna. Specifically, we illustrate that the path loss exponent in a cellular wireless communication is three preceded by a slow fading region and followed by the fringe region where the path loss exponent is four. The size of these regions is determined on the heights of the base station transmitting antennas and the receiving antennas. Theoretically this is illustrated through the analysis of radiation from a vertical electric dipole situated over a horizontal imperfect ground plane as first considered by Sommerfeld in 1909. To start with, the exact analysis of radiation from the dipole is made using the Sommerfeld formulation. The semi-infinite integrals encountered in this formulation are evaluated using a modified saddle point method for field points moderate to far distances away from the source point to predict the appropriate path loss exponents. In addition, Okumura's experimental data and extensive data taken from seven different base stations in urban environments at two different frequencies will validate the theory. Experimental data reveal that a macro modeling of the environment using an appropriate electromagnetic analysis can accurately predict the path loss exponent for the propagation of radio waves in a cellular wireless communication scenario. It is also shown that an electromagnetic macro modeling of the environment can provide simulation results comparable to the data as one would obtain in an actual drive test measurement for a cellular environment. The input parameters for the electromagnetic model can be generated using only the physical parameters of the environment like the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas over the ground, their tilts toward the ground, and the electrical parameters of the ground. Such analysis can provide realistic plots for the received power versus separation distance between the receiving and the transmitting base station antennas. The novelty of the electromagnetic analysis technique proposed in this paper lies in its ability to match the simulation and measurement results without any statistical or empirical curve fitting or an adhoc choice of a reference distance. This illustration is made using real data measured for cellular networks in western India and Srilanka.
Intertextuality and Methodological Bias: Prolegomena to the Evaluation of Source Materials in 1 Peter

The similarities between 1 Peter and certain New Testament epistles (e.g., Romans, Ephesians) have long been recognized. According to the modern consensus, these affinities developed out of shared ...
Business & engineering education: A multiple stakeholder perspective

The goal of this special session is to present business and engineering education from the perspectives of various stakeholders. When we think of interdisciplinary education, by definition, it must be viewed from multiple lenses. In this session we propose comparing the perspective of the institution in terms of placement within the program, comparison of various programs, capstone experiences, student outcomes, and industry perspectives.
Adductor canal compression syndrome in an 18-year-old female patient leading to acute critical limb ischemia: A case report.

Background Adductor canal compression syndrome is a rare non-atherosclerotic cause of arterial occlusion and limb ischemia.
Mechanisms underlying 4-1BB agonist antibody mediated hepatotoxicity

Agonist antibodies against the T cell costimulatory receptor 4-1BB have proven extraordinarily efficacious in the treatment of a multitude of pre-clinical murine tumors both in mono- and combination therapy settings. Although administration of α4-1BB in Phase I and II clinical trials has led to disease stabilization and partial remission in some cases of melanoma; high grade, dose limiting liver inflammation has slowed the progress of these agents toward FDA approval. We sought to uncover the mechanisms by which 4-1BB agonist antibodies trigger hepatotoxicity in hopes of discovering approaches by which the anti-tumor and hepatotoxic effects could be separated. We show that α4-1BB mediated liver damage initiates through stimulation of myeloid cells, followed by subsequent recruitment and activation of CD8 and CD4 T cells in the liver. Moreover, we show that the inflammatory cytokine IL-27 is essential in myeloid conversion of T cells into mediators of liver damage. Conversely, we show that Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are potent suppressors of 4-1BB agonist mediated hepatotoxicity; as depletion of Tregs exacerbates liver pathology. Our results go on to support the use of combination therapies in the treatment of tumor malignancies, in particular CTLA-4 blockade which may expand Tregs in the liver to ameliorate α4-1BB mediated toxicities while also amplifying anti-tumor immune responses.
Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction in Children with Major Behavioral Disorders: Second-Generation Antipsychotics

Second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications are prescribed to children and adolescents for FDA-indicated treatment of irritability in autism, bipolar spectrum disorders, and psychotic symptoms as well as for off-label treatment of severe aggression and mood dysregulation. Unfortunately pediatric patients are particularly vulnerable to metabolic side effects of these medications compared to adults. This chapter reviews pediatric data on SGA-induced weight gain, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia/new-onset diabetes. Possible underlying mechanisms of SGA metabolic side effects are discussed, as well as pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies to manage these health issues. Future research is needed to better identify predictors of pediatric metabolic side effects and novel prevention strategies for SGA-induced obesity.
Cardiac Ion Channelopathies and Stillbirth

See Article by Munroe et al Stillbirth, defined as the intrauterine demise of a fetus during the second half of pregnancy, represents a profoundly traumatic experience for parents and remains a major, global public health burden. Although stillbirth rates have decreased by ≈20% since 2000, there are an estimated 2.6 million stillbirths globally, with low- and middle-income countries disproportionately affected.1 In a recent report from the US-based Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network, the most common causes of stillbirth were obstetric conditions such as cervical insufficiency, followed by placental abnormalities, and fetal structural abnormalities.2 Importantly, ≈25% to 30% of deaths remained unexplained after systematic examination. In this context, attention has turned to the role of additional mechanisms of stillbirth, including genetic abnormalities, that may explain sudden fetal death. Given the established association between cardiac ion channelopathies and sudden death syndromes (eg, long-QT, short-QT, and Brugada syndromes), initial efforts have focused on the relationship between mutations underlying these conditions and the risk of stillbirth.3 The rationale behind this approach includes the suggested continuum between stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome,4 coupled with the clinical observation of fatal ventricular arrhythmias in neonates with a genetic predisposition to sudden death.5 In sudden infant death syndrome, case–control studies have identified mutations associated with long-QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,6 with observed frequency rates of 0.3% to 10%.7,8 Fewer data are available in stillbirth, including a case–control study of 91 stillbirths in which long-QT susceptibility mutations …
Low-carbon investments from the perspective of electric utilities: The burden of the past

Abstract Within the Paris agreement, Europe has adopted ambitious climate targets. Achieving these targets through appropriate low-carbon investments is thus key. This study aims at providing new insight into this issue by considering the DNE21 + model, an optimization model that assesses global energy systems, and the Investment Preference Index model, a simulation model where decision-making is based on technology preferences from a utility's perspective. We evaluate the impact of a climate-policy scenario on the European electricity sector using these models with harmonized assumptions. The resulting investment choices provide insight into the effectiveness of a low-carbon investment policy. We find that various types of incentives are required before companies abandon their historical preferences and low-carbon technologies can flourish. Testing various options has revealed that a negative constraint on coal is more efficient than adding further positive incentives for low-carbon technologies (such as carbon pricing and support schemes). However, we also expect these preferences to shift over time.
SPC for Right-Brain Thinkers: Process Control for Non-Statisticians

(2006). SPC for Right-Brain Thinkers: Process Control for Non-Statisticians. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 379-380.
Improving risk-stratification of localized prostate cancer in a prospective active surveillance cohort.

104Background: Prospective active surveillance (AS) studies in men with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) have demonstrated feasibility, but no consensus supports an optimal monitoring scheme. To expand our findings on AS disease reclassification, we examined predictors of disease reclassification in a prospective single-institution AS study. Methods: Men with localized PCa diagnosed within 6 months (mos) of AS enrollment were stratified into four groups: group 1 (Gr 1) was defined by a Gleason score (GS) ≤6 (3+3), one positive (pos) core ( one pos core, and any PSA level or tumor length; Gr IIc by GS7, > one pos core or any PSA. Monitoring included PSA and digital rectal exam every 6 mo. Biopsy (BX) was repeated at 1 year and then on a predetermined BX scheme. Patients with reclassified disease (upgrading, ...
Anatomic Reconstruction Versus Traditional Rebalancing in Lesser Metatarsophalangeal Joint Reconstruction.

Abstract Traditional rebalancing techniques, such as capsulotomies and capsulorrhaphies, are commonly performed during complex hammertoe and lesser metatarsal osteotomy procedures involving metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) contractures; however, floating toes, digital instability, and malalignment are concerns. We critically analyzed the outcomes after anatomic reconstruction of the plantar plate and collateral ligaments compared with those after traditional rebalancing techniques. A case-control study was conducted of 54 patients who had undergone surgical correction of lesser MTPJ imbalances due to complex hammertoe deformities (power 80%, type I error = 0.05). Cases were defined as consecutive patients treated with anatomic plantar plate and collateral ligament reconstruction. Controls had undergone traditional lesser MTPJ rebalancing and were matched to cases by age, gender, follow-up duration (minimum 12 months), and concomitant procedures of the same lesser ray. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that patients treated with anatomic reconstruction had greater digital stability (negative dorsal drawer and negative paper pull-out test findings) at final follow-up examination compared with the controls. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS) forefoot module scores were greater in the anatomic group in all domains (p ≤ .05). Controls had greater postoperative radiographic MTPJ angles than the cases, with no differences detected between the 2 groups in visual analog scale scores or proximal interphalangeal joint angles. The importance of restoration of the plantar plate and collateral ligament integrity as a digital stabilizer is generally accepted but has not been well studied. We found that anatomic reconstruction yielded greater digital stability, greater ACFAS Forefoot module scores, and better radiographic MTPJ alignment than controls. Additional studies are warranted to assess the long-term viability of anatomic lesser MTPJ reconstruction.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the Non-Cubic Metals

The study of nuclear magnetic resonance in the element metals and intermetallic compounds and alloys has generally been directed toward the increased understanding of the character of the conduction electrons at the Fermi surface. Those phenomen­ological resonance parameters that may be related to the Fermi level average of the conduction electron character include the magnetic shift (Knight shift), the spin—lattice relaxation time, and the inter-nuclear interactions such as the indirect spin—spin and spin-dipolar interactions which are mediated by the conduction electrons in metallic materials. In addition, the nuclear electric quadrupole interaction in metallic materials is determined in part by a contribution from the conduction electrons, averaged over all occupied states in the band. The long-range goal of experiment may be considered to be the determination of the temperature and pressure dependences of these quantities.
Simple Cellular Solutions to Complex Problems

We have developed simple cellular models of complex neurodegenerative diseases by over-expressing disease-associated human proteins in yeast. By combining the unique power of yeast genetics with the highly conserved biology of protein homeostasis in all eukaryotes, we use yeast cells as “living test tubes” to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity associated with problems in protein folding, trafficking, and degradation and complement these basic studies with transcriptional analysis and high-throughput screens for toxicity modifiers.
Application of singular value methods for identification and model based control of distributed parameter systems

Abstract In this paper the basic properties of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for integral equation models of Distributed Parameter Systems (DPS) are presented in the context of process identification and model-based control. In addition, new methods of analysis and computation are described in which SVD-based techniques are used to provide a solution for the DPS identification and model-based control problem. Once developed, these procedures are applied to a class of linear DPS which are conventionally described by parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) models. An alternative integral equation representation for such processes provides a general and readily identifiable pseudo-modal input/output model. It is shown that this SVD-based integral equation model for DPS provides a sound basis for design of both a pseudo-modal feedback controller and a model-predictive dynamic matrix controller. Although theoretically developed for linear systems, these methods are successfully applied to nonlinear DPS by means of local linearization techniques.
Regulation of virally induced autoimmunity and immunopathology: contribution of LCMV transgenic models to understanding autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Viral infections have the capacity to damage host organisms in multiple ways. First, direct lytic effects of the virus can destroy cells or whole organ systems. Second, as discussed in this chapter, the anti-viral immune response can be harmful, in contrast and addition to its beneficial effect of eliminating or decreasing the viral load. For example, cytokines and chemokines secreted by cells and other components of the immune system can have detrimental side effects on particularly sensitive cell types and organs. Via this mechanism, viral infections are excellent candidates for causing chronic self-destructive processes that we think of as autoimmune. A third possibility is that viral infection directly activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or inflammatory mediators, ultimately enhancing uptake and presentation of foreign as well as self-antigens and, in this way, producing “true” autoimmunity. It is evident from these considerations that the fine-tuned regulation of anti-viral immunity is crucial and that viral elimination, although it is, of course, the final and most desirable goal, should not be achieved at any cost or through too strong and too rapid an immune response which can damage the host. However, too weak and protracted an anti-viral response may lead to persistent infection with chronic activation of the immune system, which would be harmful in the long-term. In this chapter, I will discuss experimental scenarios illustrating the foregoing considerations. For these studies, we have used the arenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and a transgenic mouse model of virally (LCMV)-induced autoimmune diabetes.
A multi agent approach to vision based robot scavenging

This paper proposes a design for our entry into the 2006 AAAI Scavenger Hunt Competition and Robot Exhibition. We will be entering a scalable two agent system consisting of off-the-shelf laptop robots, capable of monocular vision. Each robot will demonstrate the ability to localize itself, recognize a set of objects, and communicate with peer robots to share location and coordinate exploration.
Structuring the Program of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop: An Architecture of Decision-Oriented Disciplined Inquiry

Conclusion-oriented disciplined inquiry—the domain of the scientific disciplines—is concerned with generating knowledge about what is and describing it. Decision-oriented disciplined inquiry focuses on the use of knowledge for making decisions about what should be. Systems design is a decision-oriented inquiry. It creates a model of a future system. An architecture for selecting methods of systems design and carrying out design is introduced in the paper. The architecture also provides a framework for the organization of the workshop.
Entre omissão, desconhecimento e reconhecimento: João Batista de La Salle na pesquisa em educação no Brasil

RESUMO Este artigo analisa por que Joao Batista de La Salle, importante precursor da pedagogia moderna, e pouco conhecido na pesquisa em educacao no Brasil. Na primeira parte, apresenta uma revisao das pesquisas academicas brasileiras sobre La Salle, classificando-as em tres categorias: omissao, desconhecimento e reconhecimento. A segunda parte postula tres causas para essa classificacao: as tendencias antirreligiosas hegemonicas; as leituras foucaultianas que desconsideram a tese do proprio Foucault sobre como o tempo penetra o corpo; a simplificacao da proposta de ensino da moral secular, formulada por Durkheim, para substituir a moral religiosa. Finalmente, o artigo propoe um exercicio hermeneutico com base no Guia das Escolas Cristas visando superar a omissao e o desconhecimento sobre La Salle no Brasil. Conclui apontando que certos aspectos-chave da pedagogia de La Salle sao valiosos para fortalecer a luta politica contemporânea pela educacao publica, universal e gratuita.
Is Semi-Discretionary Design Review Wieldy? Evidence from Seattle’s Program

This article explores the question of how design guidelines supporting deliberative design review can be said to be wieldy, a concept explored by considering how frequently, faithfully, and prescri...
Vehicle dynamics control of an electric-all-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle using tyre force optimisation and allocation

ABSTRACTHybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) offer improved fuel efficiency compared to conventional vehicles at the expense of adding complexity and at times, reduced total power. As a result, HEV gener...
Digest: Ecomorphological convergence across the Atlantic.

Did the remarkable helicopter damselflies (family Pseudostigmatidae) evolve their unique feeding and oviposition behaviors independently on two continents? In this issue, Toussaint et al. use molecular phylogenetic approaches to provide convincing evidence that these "forest giants" are in fact an example of ecomorphological convergence across the Atlantic Ocean.
Long-term Recurrence Rates in Uric Acid Stone Formers With or Without Medical Management.

OBJECTIVE To determine if medical therapy affects long-term clinical outcomes in uric acid stone formers (UASF). METHODS We identified 53 UASF who had complete stone clearance following stone procedure by computed tomography (CT) and had ≥1 postoperative 24-hour urine collection and a clinical follow-up ≥6 months with a surveillance CT scan. Patients were divided into "adherent to medical therapy" (compliance with potassium citrate ± allopurinol verified by computerized pharmacy data) or nonadherent groups. Primary outcomes were CT stone recurrence rate and need for surgical stone intervention. RESULTS We found 28 of 53 (53%) adherent and 25 of 53 (47%) nonadherent individuals (14 declined medication, 11 intolerant). With median follow-up of 24 months, no significant differences were noted between groups in regards to stone recurrence (32%; P = .99) or in 24-hour urine pH compared to baseline or follow-up (range 5.46-5.62; P = 0.06). Adherent patients, however, had smaller CT stone recurrence sizes (6.3 ± 3.8 vs 11.8 ± 6.2 mm, P = .02), were 28% less likely to require stone surgery compared to those without therapy (P <.01), and trended toward longer time intervals without recurrence (23.1 ± 18.8 vs 10.5 ± 7.5 months, P = .10) compared to nonadherents. Study confounders included a variety of medication dosages and adherences, limited nonadherent follow-up, and small study number. CONCLUSION UASF adherent to medical therapy had smaller recurrence sizes and fewer surgical interventions vs nonadherent, highlighting the protective role of potassium citrate in UA stone disease. The comparable urine pH and stone recurrence rates between groups, however, underscore areas for improvement in future UA stone prevention strategies.
Necrotizing Ventriculitis in Fledgling Chimney Swifts ( Chaetura Pelagica ) Associated With a Novel Adenovirus, Chimney Swift Adenovirus-1 (CsAdV-1)

Five chimney swift fledglings died following a progressive loss of appetite and condition while being cared for by an experienced wildlife rehabilitator. All animals had severe necrotizing and heterophilic ventriculitis, with myriad epithelial cells characterized by karyomegaly with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Transmission electron microscopy showed distention of epithelial cell nuclei and chromatin peripheralization by nonenveloped, icosahedral, 75- to 85-nm-diameter virions. Degenerate nested PCR for a highly conserved region of the adenovirus DNA polymerase gene was positive. BLAST analysis of the amplicon sequence indicated the presence of a novel adenovirus, with 74% homology to Antarctic penguin adenoviruses and 72% homology to a bat adenovirus, at low query coverages of only 65% and 63%, respectively. BLAST analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence generated the highest scores for squamate adenoviruses at 100% query coverage. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the partial amino acid sequence of the DNA polymerase, the chimney swift virus was a novel adenovirus most closely related to the Atadenovirus genus. Using a probe based on the novel viral sequence, DNA in situ hybridization identified viral nucleic acid in the nucleus. While the tentatively named chimney swift adenovirus-1 (CsAdV-1) is so far classified with the Atadenoviruses, it is relatively divergent from other members of that genus and may represent the first identified member of a new genus of Adenoviruses.
Applications of High-Resolution, Cross-Track, Pushbroom Satellite Images With the SETSM Algorithm

Digital elevation models (DEMs) and surface displacement maps (SDMs) obtained from repeat satellite imagery provide critical measurements of changes in the earth's surface over large, remote areas. While DEMs are typically extracted from stereo pairs obtained along the same orbital pass (i.e., in-track stereo), single acquisitions are more abundant and stereo pairs created from repeat-single scan images offer the potential to increase the temporal and spatial coverage of DEMs. If precisely coregistered, repeat cross-track images may also provide measurements of surface displacement through feature tracking. We present a methodology for obtaining both DEMs and SDMs from sequences of repeat, submeter resolution, pushbroom satellite images that build upon the framework of the Surface Extraction from TIN-based Search-space Minimization algorithm. We first demonstrate a Local Surface Fitting (LSF) for reducing the noise in DEMs caused by narrow convergence angles between cross-track image stereo pairs. We then detail a procedure in which a reference image stereo pair is combined with a third repeat image to simultaneously extract surface elevation and displacement, providing DEMs and SDMs that are precisely coregistered and optimally terrain corrected. We conclude with example applications to a fjord with moving icebergs and a fast-flowing glacier and an assessment of DEM quality assessment and improvement by the LSF.
Sildenafil as a Rescue Agent Following Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury.

Abstract Background Acute mesenteric ischemia carries a significant morbidity. Measures to improve blood flow parameters to the intestine may ameliorate the disease. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate and has been shown to prevent the effects of ischemia when given before injury. However, its effects as a rescue agent have not been established. We therefore hypothesized that sildenafil, when given as a rescue agent for intestinal ischemia, would improve mesenteric perfusion, limit intestinal epithelial injury, and decrease intestinal leukocyte chemoattractants. Methods Eight to 12 wk-old-male C57BL/6J mice underwent laparotomy and temporary occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min. Following ischemia, reperfusion was permitted, and before closing the abdomen, sildenafil was injected intraperitoneally in a variety of concentrations. After 24 h, reperfusion was reassessed. Animals were euthanized and intestines evaluated for histologic injury and leukocyte chemoattractants. Results Postischemic administration of sildenafil did not improve mesenteric perfusion following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. However, sildenafil did improve histologic injury scores in dose ranges of 0.01 to 10 mg/kg. No difference was noted in histological injury with 100 mg/kg dose, and all members of the 1000 mg/kg group died within 24 h of injury. Epithelial protection was not facilitated by the leukocyte chemoattractants Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed, and Secreted, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein, neutrophil activating protein, or granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Conclusions Administration of sildenafil following intestinal ischemia may limit intestinal mucosal injury but does not appear to alter mesenteric perfusion or leukocyte chemoattractant influx. Type Basic science. Level of evidence N/A.
Helpfulness Assessment of Online Reviews: The Role of Semantic Hierarchy of Product Features

Effective use of online consumer reviews is hampered by uncertainty about their helpfulness. Despite a growing body of knowledge on indicators of review helpfulness, previous studies have overlooked rich semantic information embedded in review content. Following design science principles, this study introduces a semantic hierarchy of product features by probing the review text. Using the hierarchical framework as a guide, we develop a research model of review helpfulness assessment. In the model, we propose and conceptualize three new factors—breadth, depth, and redundancy, by building on and/or extending product uncertainty, information quality, signaling, and encoding variability theories. The model-testing results lend strong support to the proposed effects of those factors on review helpfulness. They also reveal interesting differences in the effects of redundancy and readability between different types of products. This study embodies knowledge moments of multiple genres of inquiry in design science research, which have multifold research and practical implications.
Implications of SiC irradiation creep and annealing to UN-SiC fuel rod behavior

Abstract The adoption of Accident Tolerant Fuels in the US will only likely be realized through improving economics of existing commercial reactors. For this reason, the Nuclear Energy Institute refers to such concepts as Advanced Technology Fuel. This work provides an insight into the performance of the fuel rod with high-density uranium-nitride (UN) pellet in silicon-carbide (SiC) composite cladding for a pressurized water reactor. The UN higher uranium density is one way to overcome the higher cost of SiC relative to current Zirconium based claddings. The material properties and irradiation behavior models of UN and SiC have been incorporated into the BISON fuel performance code. The modeling capability of BISON for SiC cladding is extended with irradiation creep and post-irradiation thermal annealing models. The fuel rod performance during normal operation is evaluated across three fuel cycles with each cycle 24-month long. Selected accident scenarios include a large-break loss-of-coolant accident and a station blackout accident where the potential effects of SiC irradiation creep and annealing rate are emphasized. This work motivates further experimental investigation on irradiation properties of dense UN, SiC irradiation creep and nonisothermal annealing.
Preconception care: developing and implementing regional and national programs

Introduction: During the past few decades, health workers have come to agree that there is a very important place for preconception care (PCC) in improving maternal and infant pregnancy outcomes. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization issued recommendations encouraging countries to develop and implement preconception care programs. The reports include an in-depth discussion of the rationale and scientific evidence behind PCC as well as definitions, goals, components and recommended interventions to be included in PCC. These reports also offer very broad guidelines but do not offer details on how to develop and implement preconception care programs. Objective: The CDC and WHO reports identify the need for multisectoral engagement in developing and implementing preconception care programs and propose some activities and strategies to be considered in developing PCC programs. However, the recommendations fall short of specifying real steps that countries and regions should take in implementing PCC programs. In this publication we propose action steps for developing and implementing regional or national preconception care programs. Methods: We reviewed the published and unpublished literature (using PubMed and the Internet) to identify reports that describe processes for developing and implementing PCC programs. We used information from the literature along with experiences we gained through our work and interaction with States and developing countries to prepare a detailed description of the steps involved in developing and implementing a PCC program. Results: We found very little in terms of “tools” for program managers and providers to use when developing and implementing PCC programs. We prepared a guide, including a summary of steps and a proposed timeline, for program directors to use for developing and implementing PCC programs. Conclusion: Developing and implementing a sustainable PCC program should address issues related to educating the public, providers and policy makers about the benefits of PCC. It also includes establishing an infrastructure within the departments of health and ensuring resources to build, guide, monitor and evaluate the PCC program. Finally, implementation of a successful program depends heavily on the proper training of public health and clinical care providers in the delivery of the services included in the program.
Crowding Effects Dominate Demographic Attributes in COVID-19 Cases.

Abstract Objective With an eye toward possible public policy implications, our objective is to identify the socio-economic and demographic factors that drive the large variation in COVID-19 incidence rates observed within relatively compact geographic regions, and to quantify the relative impact of each of these factors. We use international comparisons as a starting point. Methods New York City, consisting of some 175 zip codes, is an ideal arena to pursue the above study given the large variation in case incidence rates across zip codes. We conducted systematic regression studies employing data with zip code granularity. Our model specifications are based on a well-established epidemiologic model that explains the effects of household sizes on R0. Results Average household size emerges as the single most important driver behind the large variation in COVID-19 incidence rates. It independently explains 62% of the variation. The percentage of the population above the age of 65 and the percentage below the poverty line are also strongly positively associated with zip code incidence rates. As to ethnic/racial characteristics, the percentages of African Americans, Hispanics and Asians within the population are significantly associated, but the magnitude of the impact is smaller. (The proportion of Asians within a zip code has a negative association.) Contrary to common belief, population density, by itself, does not have a significantly positive impact (other than when a high population is driven by large household sizes). Conclusion Our findings support implemented and proposed policies to quarantine patients and separate infected individuals from families or dormitories; they also support newly revised nursing home admission policies.
The Nature of Social Reality: Issues in Social Ontology, by Tony Lawson

The Nature of Social Reality: Issues in Social Ontology, by Tony Lawson. London and New York: Routledge. 2019. Paperback: ISBN-13: 978-0367188931, $40.62, 266 pages.Readers of the JEI are familiar ...
Appetite-Regulating Hormones Are Reduced After Oral Sucrose vs Glucose: Influence of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Sex.

CONTEXT Fructose compared to glucose has adverse effects on metabolic function, but endocrine responses to oral sucrose vs glucose is not well understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated how oral sucrose vs glucose affected appetite-regulating hormones, and how biological factors (body mass index [BMI], insulin sensitivity, sex) influence endocrine responses to these 2 types of sugar. DESIGN Sixty-nine adults (29 men; 23.22 ± 3.74 years; BMI 27.03 ± 4.96 kg/m2) completed the study. On 2 occasions, participants consumed 300-mL drinks containing 75 g of glucose or sucrose. Blood was sampled at baseline, 10, 35, and 120 minutes post drink for plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)(7-36), peptide YY (PYY)total, and acyl-ghrelin measures. Hormone levels were compared between conditions using a linear mixed model. Interaction models were performed, and results were stratified to assess how biological factors influence endocrine responses. RESULTS Sucrose vs glucose ingestion provoked a less robust rise in glucose (P < .001), insulin (P < .001), GLP-1 (P < .001), and PYY (P = .02), whereas acyl-ghrelin suppression was similar between the sugars. We found BMI status by sugar interactions for glucose (P = .01) and PYY (P = .03); obese individuals had smaller increases in glucose and PYY levels after consuming sucrose vs glucose. There were interactions between insulin sensitivity and sugar for glucose (P = .003) and insulin (P = .04), and a sex by sugar interaction for GLP-1 (P = .01); men demonstrated smaller increases in GLP-1 in response to oral sucrose vs glucose. CONCLUSION Sucrose is less efficient at signaling postprandial satiation than glucose, and biological factors influence differential hormone responses to sucrose vs glucose consumption.
Association Between Benzodiazepine Use With or Without Opioid Use and All-Cause Mortality in the United States, 1999-2015

Importance Although overall rates of opioid use have been plateauing, coprescriptions of benzodiazepines and opioids have increased greatly in recent years. It is unknown whether this combination is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality as opposed to being more frequently used by persons with a baseline elevated risk of death. Objective To evaluate whether benzodiazepine use, with or without opioid use, is associated with increased all-cause mortality relative to the use of low-risk antidepressants. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used a large, nationally representative US data set (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys [NHANES]) from 1999 to 2015. Eight cycles of NHANES data were used, spanning 37 610 person-years of follow-up time among 5212 individuals. Statistical analysis was performed from August 24, 2019, through May 23, 2020. Exposures The primary exposure variable was benzodiazepine and opioid coprescriptions. Individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) served as an active comparator reference group. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause mortality was obtained via linkage of NHANES to the National Death Index. Propensity scores were calculated from covariates associated with sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and medication use for more than 1000 prescription types. Propensity score–weighted mortality hazards were calculated from Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results Of 5212 participants aged 20 years or older (1993 men [38.2%]; mean [SD] age, 54.8 [16.9] years) followed up for a median of 6.7 years (range, 0.2-16.8 years), 101 deaths (33.0 per 1000 person-years) occurred among those receiving cotreatment, 236 deaths (26.5 per 1000 person-years) occurred among those receiving only benzodiazepines, and 227 deaths (20.2 per 1000 person-years) occurred among SSRI recipients taking neither opioids nor benzodiazepines. After propensity score weighting, a significant increase in all-cause mortality was associated with benzodiazepine and opioid cotreatment (hazard ratio, 2.04 [95% CI, 1.65-2.52]) and benzodiazepines without opioids (hazard ratio, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.33-1.92]). Subgroup analyses revealed an increased risk of mortality for individuals receiving cotreatment who were 65 years or younger but not for those older than 65 years; similar findings were observed for those receiving benzodiazepines without opioids. Conclusions and Relevance This study found a significant increase in all-cause mortality associated with benzodiazepine use with or without opioid use in comparison with SSRI use. Benzodiazepine and opioid cotreatment, in particular, was associated with a 2-fold increase in all-cause mortality even after taking into account medical comorbidities and polypharmacy burden.
Weight Gain Patterns in Adolescent and Young Adult Women With the Etonogestrel Implant: Comparison by Weight Category.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if initiation and use of the etonogestrel implant was associated with differential weight gain in patients who were overweight or obese compared with normal-weight patients. Methods This is a cohort study of 1,024 patients between ages of 13 and 25 years seen in a Title X clinic who received the etonogestrel implant from 2007 to 2019 and had weight measurements at implant insertion and 6–18 months before (preinsertion) and after insertion (postinsertion). Results Patients, regardless of weight category (normal weight, overweight, and obese), increased weight in kilograms (kg) from preinsertion to insertion (1.16 ± 4.16 kg, 2.79 ± 5.35 kg, and 4.54 ± 7.71 kg, respectively) and from insertion to postinsertion (1.38 ± 4.37 kg, 2.94 ± 6.97 kg, and 3.66 ± 6.53, respectively). However, there was no increase in the amount gained comparing preinsertion to insertion with insertion to postinsertion. Patients who removed the implant (n = 84) for weight concerns did have increased weight change and a greater percent who gained ≥5% postinsertion as compared with those who removed the implant for other reasons or did not have the implant removed (65.5% vs. 34.2% vs. 39.2%, respectively, p = .03). Conclusions Overweight and obese adolescents are at risk of weight gain over time, but placement of the implant did not accelerate the rate of gain from preinsertion to postinsertion. However, patients who removed the implant specifically because of weight gain did gain more weight after insertion compared with before. Clinicians should help patients evaluate the benefits and risks of highly effective contraceptive options as well as be aware of a subset of patients who do gain weight with use of the implant.
Belinurus Bronn, 1839 (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) has priority over Bellinurus Pictet, 1846

In the first half of the nineteenth century, a marked shift occurred in our understanding and treatment of the chelicerate fossil record, with the differentiation and recognition of entirely extinct genera for the first time. At the heart of this taxonomic revolution were the Eurypterida (sea scorpions) and Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs), although both groups were in fact considered crustaceans until Lankester's (1881) seminal comparative anatomical study of the extant xiphosuran Limulus Muller, 1785 and modern scorpions. The oldest available eurypterid genus is Eurypterus deKay, 1825; the oldest available fossil arachnid genus name is that of the scorpion Cyclophthalmus Corda, 1835. However, there has been considerable historical confusion over the oldest available fossil xiphosuran genus name, which has been recognized alternately as Belinurus Konig (with a publication date of either 1820 or 1851) or the synonymous Bellinurus Pictet, 1846. Most recent treatments (e.g., Selden and Siveter, 1987; Anderson and Selden, 1997; Anderson et al., 1997; Lamsdell, 2016, 2021; Bicknell and Pates, 2020) have favored Bellinurus Pictet, 1846 as the available name; however, Haug and Haug (2020) recently argued that Belinurus Konig, 1820 is valid and has priority, a position then followed by Lamsdell (2020), prompting a reinvestigation of the taxonomic history of the genus. Upon review, it is clear that neither of the previously recognized authorities for Belinurus are accurate and that the two candidate type species for each genus are, in fact, synonyms. Given the convoluted and at times almost illogical history of the competing names, along with the most recent controversy as to which has priority, we present a complete history of the treatment of the genus to resolve the issue.
The relationship between cytotoxicity and prognostically significant histologic changes in lymph nodes from patients with cancer of the breast.

Abstract Axillary lymph nodes obtained from 37 patients with cancer of the breast were used in a microcytotoxicity assay against a human mammary cancer cell line, ALAB. Cell suspensions made from 60 individual lymph nodes and 51 lymph node pools were tested. Each lymph node was graded for the extent of the histologic changes of sinus histiocytosis (SH), paracortical hyperplasia (PCH), and germinal center hyperplasia (GCH). High levels of cytotoxicity correlated significantly with the presence of SH and PCH. When multiple lymph nodes of individual patients were pooled and tested, a high intensity of GCH correlated with a low degree of cytototoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of pooled lymph nodes from different axillary regions was studied in 20 patients. In 7 of these patients, low axillary lymph node cells were more cytotoxic than high axillary node cells. The reverse was found for 7 patients, and there was no difference in cytotoxicity between axillary regions in 6. Cytotoxic lymph node pools had high SH and low GCH whether they were obtained from the low or high region. Noncytotoxic lymph node pools from the high axillary region had a low intensity of all three histologic reactions. In contrast, noncytotoxic lymph node pools from the low axillary regions had high intensities of SH, PCH, and GCH. These results suggest that germinal center hyperplasia in the lymph nodes nearest an advancing tumor is associated with a local suppression of cytotoxic cell activity.
Clinical Aspects of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

This chapter reviews the clinical aspects of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH). Forty percent of aneurysms that bleed and two-thirds of arteriovenous malformations hemorrhages produce a SICH. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy may now be the third leading cause of SICH as it predominates in the elderly and its incidence is increasing as population ages. It is found that during SICH, bleeding may continue for some time but usually ceases within 6 hours. Small hematomas may dissect along white matter tracts, splitting them apart rather than destroying them. When this happens neurologic function can be restored after the clot resorbs. Large hematomas rupture into the parenchyma with destruction of tissue, elevation of intracranial pressure, and possibly herniation of brain substance under the falx, through the tentorial incisura, or through the foramen magnum. The elderly fare less well when afflicted by SICH. Associated cardiac, pulmonary, renal, or other medical disease also worsens prognosis. If the hemorrhage is related to anticoagulant therapy, outcome is usually poor with mortality in up to two-thirds.