cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta by transrectal and transabdominal approach in the normal pregnant mare

The objective of this study was to determine normal variations in the utero placental thickness during mid- and late gestation in the mare. Normal, healthy pregnant mares (n = 9) were examined monthly from 4 mo of gestation until parturition by transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography. At each examination, the combined thickness of the uterus and the placenta (CTUP) was measured at the placento-cervical junction (transrectally) and at the uterine body or the uterine horns (transabdominally). In addition, the echogenicity of the amniotic and allantoic fluids was evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography. Following parturition and expulsion of the fetal membranes, the allantochorion was measured and visually examined for abnormalities. At all examinations, both transrectal and transabdominal, the chorioallantois and the uterus were indistinguishable from each other on the ultrasound image. The CTUP, measured by transrectal ultrasonography did not change between 4 and 8 mo of gestation, but increased significantly for each month between 10 and 12 mo of gestation (P < 0.001). A change in the CTUP was detected between months when measured by transabdominal ultrasonography, but no distinct pattern in these changes was observed. No correlation was found between transabdominal and transrectal measurements of the CTUP. The echogenicity of the amniotic and allantoic fluids did not consistently change over time during mid- and late gestation. The amniotic fluid was more echogenic than the allantoic fluid at most examinations from 6 mo of pregnancy and throughout gestation (P < 0.05). It was concluded that transrectal ultrasonographic examination to assess the CTUP and the echogenicity of the fetal fluids is superior to the transabdominal approach. We suggest that transrectal ultrasonographic examination should be added to current diagnostic tools during late gestation and that it be part of the biophysical profile of high risk equine pregnancies.
The Use of the Temperature-Jump Method in the Study of Organic Reaction Mechanisms

Although the temperature-jump method has been around for over 15 years1 and commercial apparatuses have been available for almost 10 years it is still not a popular tool with organic chemists. My own experience in applying this method to mechanistic and reactivity problems of organic reactions has more and more convinced me that the problem is not with the organic reactions or the temperature-jump method but with the organic chemists.
Transitions in Friendship Attachment During Adolescence are Associated With Developmental Trajectories of Depression Through Adulthood

Abstract Purpose Forming secure friendship attachments during adolescence are important for mental health; few, however, have specifically examined the ways in which the transitions in attachment during adolescence may influence future mental health outcomes among African Americans. Methods The present study examines how transitions in attachment in adolescence predicted changes in depression symptoms from late adolescents through adulthood in an African-American sample. We used growth curve modeling to examine the association between transitions in friendship attachment and changes in depression symptoms in adulthood. Results At age 16 years, 346 (64.0%) adolescents reported secure attachment with 195 (36.0%) reporting either avoidant or resistant attachment. At age 17 years, 340 (62.9%) reported secure attachment and 201 (37.2%) reported avoidant or resistant attachment. The largest percentage of participants (46.2%) reported stable-secure attachment across the two time points. Results of the growth model indicated that adolescents who reported a stable-secure attachment style had lower levels of depression symptoms during adulthood than those individuals who transitioned from secure-to-insecure, from insecure-to-secure, or were in the stable-insecure group. Interestingly enough, individuals in both the attachment transition groups had a faster declining rate of depression symptoms over time compared to the two stability groups. Conclusions Data support existing research showing an association between transitions in attachment during adolescence and depression through adulthood. Furthermore, these study findings suggest there may be protective features associated with transitioning between attachment styles during adolescence on later depression, compared to African Americans who remain stable in their attachment style.
Investigation of Fan Wake-OGV Interaction Broadband Noise

Fan wake-Outlet Guide Vane (OGV) interaction broadband noise in turbofan jet engines is studied. A 2D prediction model is first developed. Unsmoothness of sound power spectrum density (PSD) typical in a 2D method is analyzed. LINSUB for 2D gust/cascade response is combined with the Amiet’s single-airfoil approximation to overcome the limitation of LINSUB at high frequencies. Fan wake turbulence models are also examined. A 3D prediction model is developed to obtain sound power in the exhaust duct by coupling unsteady lift with annular duct modes. Unsteady lift from oblique gust/cascade interaction is calculated using a 2D equivalence method. Spanwise turbulence integral length scales and their impact on PSD prediction are investigated. Spanwise integration limits suitable for the complete frequency range are proposed. The 3D model is validated using the NASA Source Diagnostic Test (SDT) data. Sound power scaling with vane count is examined. It is found that at low frequency sound power level is almost independent of vane count, while at high frequency, it scales linearly. PSD trend with fan tip Mach number T M is also identified. It scales with 5 T M if the fan wake is 'ideal', i.e., turbulence
Modulation of meal pattern in the rat by the anorexic lipid mediator oleoylethanolamide.

Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a structural analog of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide, which does not activate cannabinoid receptors. The biosynthesis of OEA in rat small intestine is increased by feeding and reduced by fasting. Moreover, OEA decreases food intake in food-deprived rats via a mechanism that requires intact sensory fibers (Rodriguez de Fonseca, 2001). These results suggest that OEA may contribute to the peripheral regulation of feeding. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of systemic OEA administration (1-20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) on meal pattern in free-feeding and food-deprived rats. In free-feeding animals, OEA delayed feeding onset in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on meal size or postmeal interval. In food-deprived animals, OEA both delayed feeding onset and reduced meal size. The selective effects of OEA in free-feeding rats are strikingly different from those of the serotonergic anorexiant d-fenfluramine (which delayed feeding and reduced meal size) and the intestinal peptide cholecystokinin (which reduced meal size). These results suggest that OEA may participate in the regulation of satiety and may provide a chemical scaffold for the design of novel appetite-suppressing medications.
Loop Invariants: Learning to Help Teach (Abstract Only)

Loop invariants are a key component in developing code for verification, but many students struggle to grasp how to arrive at one that will remain true at the beginning and end of each iteration as well as be sufficiently strong to prove subsequent assertions reliant on the outcome of the loop. The focus of this research is to provide professors with a clearer idea of the difficulties students face in developing suitable loop invariants by using automated verification tools and collecting data in the background as students develop invariants in a series of isolated studies. This information will help professors to better allocate teaching time in order to best teach students the fundamentals of identifying correct loop invariants and developing verifiable code using tools.
Rate and Thresholds of Boll Weevil Locomotory Activity in Response to Temperature

Boll weevils collected from pheromone traps and newly eclosed adults were tested for locomotory activity at various temperature and light-dark conditions. Greater flight activity was observed during the light than dark cycle for pheromone trapped and boll reared weevils. Light-dark conditions did not appear to affect walking activity. Temperature thresholds for flight and walking averaged 14.0° and 2.6°C, respectively.
Decadal Distribution and Abundance Trends for the Late Stage Copepodites of Pseudocalanus spp. (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the US Northeast Continental Shelf Ecosystem.

The average annual cycle of abundance and the bimonthly distributions of the copepod Pseudocalanus spp. are described for U.S. Northeast continental shelf waters from samples collected on broad-scale plankton surveys 1977–2012. Population levels begin to increase during January–February, surge in March–April, and peak throughout the region during May–June. The copepod’s population density declines sharply after June and becomes minimal from September–December. Spatially, seasonal high levels persist throughout the year in coastal waters surrounding and adjacent to the Cape Cod peninsula. During late spring, dense concentrations are found in Gulf of Maine coastal waters and in a high abundance band that extends southwestward from Georges Bank into the northern half of Middle Atlantic Bight waters. Pseudocalanus spp. interannual abundance variability was substantial; displaying several extended low and high periods through the time series. In general, numbers were high from the late 1970s through the early 1980s, low in the mid-1980s, elevated in the 1990s, and low again in the 2000s. This pattern was correlated negatively with temperature and positively with phytoplankton abundance trends. It is proposed that the copepods low abundance in the 2000s may have been caused by warmer temperatures that indirectly depressed the abundance of phytoplankton that this copepod uses for food. Survey data also indicate that predation pressure from salps and perhaps some additional species may contribute to the precipitous summer decline of Pseudocalanus spp. The copepod’s abundance was found to be independent from the climatic variation associated with either the North Atlantic or Arctic Oscillation.
Investigating protein folding and unfolding in electrospray nanodrops upon rapid mixing using theta-glass emitters.

Theta-glass emitters are used to rapidly mix two solutions to induce either protein folding or unfolding during nanoelectrospray (nanoESI). Mixing acid-denatured myoglobin with an aqueous ammonium acetate solution to increase solution pH results in protein folding during nanoESI. A reaction time and upper limit to the droplet lifetime of 9 ± 2 μs is obtained from the relative abundance of the folded conformer in these rapid mixing experiments compared to that obtained from solutions at equilibrium and a folding time constant of 7 μs. Heme reincorporation does not occur, consistent with the short droplet lifetime and the much longer time constant for this process. Similar mixing experiments with acid-denatured cytochrome c and the resulting folding during nanoESI indicate a reaction time of between 7 and 25 μs depending on the solution composition. The extent of unfolding of holo-myoglobin upon rapid mixing with theta-glass emitters is less than that reported previously (Fisher et al. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86,...
Effect of atrial natriuretic peptides on renal medullary solute gradients.

Studies were performed to examine the effect of the atrial natriuretic peptides on the solute gradient of the renal medulla. Experiments were performed in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats give...
Jeffrey T. Schnapp and Matthew Battles. The Library Beyond the Book. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2014. 176 p. ISBN 978-0674725034. $17.97

Schnapp and Battles’ The Library Beyond the Book is a visually and intellectually playful look at what libraries can become and what they can do as humanity traverses the threshold of the information age. The authors wink at how the online information bomb of modernity intersects with the physical space of a library. Schnapp and Battles are clearly critical of the post-book visioning and “excessive exuberance of techno-utopians” (56), and those who dwell in the “constraints of bibliophilia and bookish nostalgia” (18). Rather than blowing book stacks to bits as one might envisage from the title, the authors instead focus . . .
Can We Identify Nephrogenic Adenoma in Urine Cytology Specimens?A Study Evaluating Previously Described Cytomorphologic Features in Correlation With PAX8 Immunohistochemical Staining Results

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine if the diagnosis of nephrogenic adenoma (NA) can be made on cytologic criteria alone and if pair box gene transcription factor 8 (PAX8) is useful in the diagnosis of NA in daily cytology practice. Methods: Cytologic features of NA previously described in a literature were used to identify NA cells in urinary specimens. Subsequently, all cytology and corresponding biopsy specimens were stained with the PAX8 immunohistochemistry stain. The stains were examined; the results were tabulated. Results: A total of 44 specimens were reviewed (35 with corresponding biopsy specimens diagnosed as NA and nine negative for NA diagnosis on corresponding biopsy specimens). Of them, 14 demonstrated features previously described as NA. None of atypical cells that were morphologically suspicious for NA showed positive staining, whereas all of the corresponding biopsy sections demonstrated nuclear PAX8 positivity. Only rare lymphocytes present in cytology specimens showed nuclear staining with PAX8. Conclusions: Assuming that the results of the PAX8 stain performed are accurate at least in most cases, as suggested by the presence of internal positive controls, our study shows that the previously described cytologic features of NA cannot be used as diagnostic criteria, since they are not characteristic for this entity.
Application of Probability Causal Network Junction Tree Algorithm in Fault Diagnosis

To improve fault diagnosis efficiency of the aircraft avionics system by making full use of probability information in the fault model and reducing calculation amount in fault diagnosis,this paper uses the junction tree algorithm in the probabilistic causal network to build the fault model in such a way that the information at fault nodes may meet the global consistency at the fault node. Arc reversal( AR)is used to obtain the information transitive graph and determine the information transfer mode at the nodes. Lazy propagation and arc reversal variable elimination algorithm( LAZY-ARVE) is used to calculate the probability to obtain final diagnosis result. At the end,a wrong FMGC signal access to ACARS control component in the case of faulty aircraft communication system is taken as an example for verification purpose.
Studies of controlled reperfusion after ischemia. XIX. Reperfusate composition: benefits of blood cardioplegia over fluosol DA cardioplegia during regional reperfusion--importance of including blood components in the initial reperfusate.

Hypothesis: Initial reoxygenation with blood cardioplegic solution produces better regional recovery than with Fluosol DA cardioplegic solution (Green Cross Corporation, Osaka, Japan) because blood cardioplegia ensures delivery of important blood components (i.e., plasma and red blood cells) that limit reperfusion damage. Methods: Twenty-five dogs underwent 2 hours of ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by controlled reperfusion at 50 mm Hg through an internal mammary graft on total vented bypass. Five dogs received normal blood reperfusion, 10 dogs received a 20-minute reperfusion with Fluosol DA 20% cardioplegic solution, and 10 others received a blood cardioplegic reperfusate of identical composition (i.e., pH, calcium, potassium, glucose, osmolarity). Regional oxygen consumption was measured during reperfusion, and segmental shortening (ultrasonic crystals), tissue water content, and histochemical damage (triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain) were assessed 2 hours later. Results: Reperfusion with normal blood failed to restore contractile function (3% systolic shortening), caused severe edema (81% water content), and caused marked histochemical damage (48% triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining). Hearts reperfused with Fluosol DA cardioplegic solution did not take up as much oxygen as hearts receiving blood cardioplegic reperfusion (37 versus 54 ml/100 gm, p
Characterization of alpha-adrenergic receptors in guinea-pig vas deferens by [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding.

[ 3 H]Dihydroergocryptine binds to membrane sites on guinea-pig vas deferens, which have the characteristics expected of α-adrenoreceptors. Specific binding is rapid, reversible and saturable, with a maximal occupancy of 190 fmol [ 3 H]dihydroergocryptine bound/mg protein. Saturable binding occurs to a single population of high affinity sites ( K D = 1.55 nM) with no evidence for cooperative interactions. [ 3 H]Dihydroergocryptine binding is markedly pH and temperature sensitive. While Na + and K + do not affect binding, maximal [ 3 H]dihydroergocryptine binding observed in the presence of Mg 2+ is antagonized by increasing concentrations of Ca 2+ . α-Adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists of several classes inhibit binding to vas deferens membranes. Catecholamines show marked stereo-specificity in relation to inhibition of binding of [ 3 H]dihydroergocryptine. The potency for displacement of [ 3 H]dihydroergocryptine by phenylethylamine agonists is identical to their agonistic potency in eliciting contractile responses of the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens. Some discrepancies between binding and physiological affinities of imidazoline α-adrenoreceptor ligands were observed and discussed. There is close agreement between dissociation constants of azapetine and dihydroergocryptine, as estimated from radioligand binding and antagonism of physiological responses. As no other biogenic amine receptors binds [ 3 H]dihydroergocryptine, there is no interference in using this radioligand to study α-adrenoreceptor mechanisms in guinea-pig vas deferens.
Effect of a magnetic field on massive-star winds – I. Mass-loss and velocity for a dipole field

We generalize the Rigid-Field Hydrodynamic equations to accommodate arbitrary magnetic field topologies, resulting in a new Arbitrary Rigid-Field hydrodynamic (ARFHD) formalism. We undertake a critical point calculation of the steady-state ARFHD equations with a CAK-type radiative acceleration and determine the effects of a dipole magnetic field on the usual CAK mass-loss rate and velocity structure. Enforcing the proper optically-thin limit for the radiative line-acceleration is found to decrease both the mass-loss and wind acceleration, while rotation boosts both properties. We define optically-thin-correction and rotation parameters to quantify these effects on the global mass-loss rate and develop scaling laws for the surface mass-flux as a function of surface colatitude. These scaling laws are found to agree with previous laws derived from magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetospheres. The dipole magnetosphere velocity structure is found to differ from a global beta-velocity law, which contradicts a central assumption of the previously-developed XADM model of X-ray emission from magnetospheres.
Merger of Job Classifications

The reorganization of work is taking place on the shopfloor and, where there are unions, in collective bargaining. Many of these changes, particularly in non-union environments, occur under the heading of ‘job redesign’. Where a union exists, these job redesign programmes are in the form of contract concessions.
Laboratory assessment of low-cost PM monitors

Abstract Recently, a number of optical particulate matter (PM) monitors employing low-cost PM sensors have become available on the consumer market. These portable low-cost monitors can be used to characterize PM concentrations with high spatial and temporal resolution. This study evaluates the performance of four low-cost PM monitors (Speck, Dylos, TSI AirAssure, and UB AirSense) against well-characterized reference instruments, and studies their suitability for PM field exposure studies. The low-cost monitors were characterized in a room-sized laboratory chamber with standard relative humidity and temperature conditions, with two PM sources: cigarette smoke and Arizona Test Dust. This study found that any of the monitors tested perform with adequate precision for monitoring air quality in an indoor microenvironment, although the field calibration of the monitor with a standard instrument for specific types of particles would be required. Other factors such as flexibility in data download methods, connectivity, compatibility with environmental conditions, and quality of technical support should also be considered when selecting low-cost PM monitors for human inhalation exposure assessment studies.
Childhood maltreatment is associated with alteration in global network fiber-tract architecture independent of history of depression and anxiety

Childhood maltreatment is a major risk factor for psychopathology. It is also associated with alterations in the network architecture of the brain, which we hypothesized may play a significant role in the development of psychopathology. In this study, we analyzed the global network architecture of physically healthy unmedicated 18-25 year old subjects (n=262) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) MRI and tractography. Anatomical networks were constructed from fiber streams interconnecting 90 cortical or subcortical regions for subjects with no-to-low (n=122) versus moderate-to-high (n=140) exposure to maltreatment. Graph theory analysis revealed lower degree, strength, global efficiency, and maximum Laplacian spectra, higher pathlength, small-worldness and Laplacian skewness, and less deviation from artificial networks in subjects with moderate-to-high exposure to maltreatment. On balance, local clustering was similar in both groups, but the different clusters were more strongly interconnected in the no-to-low exposure group. History of major depression, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder did not have a significant impact on global network measures over and above the effect of maltreatment. Maltreatment is an important factor that needs to be taken into account in studies examining the relationship between network differences and psychopathology.
Teaching for Learning: 101 Intentionally Designed Educational Activities to Put Students on the Path to Success

Despite a growing body of research on teaching methods, instructors lack a comprehensive resource that highlights and synthesizes proven approaches. Teaching for Learning fills that gap. Each of the one hundred and one entries: describes an approach and lists its essential features and elements demonstrates how that approach has been used in education, including specific examples from different disciplines reviews findings from the research literature describes techniques to improve effectiveness. Teaching for Learning provides instructors with a resource grounded in the academic knowledge base, written in an easily accessible, engaging, and practical style.
Disorders of Pigmentation

Human variability is most strikingly defined by variations in skin and hair color. Skin pigmentation is primarily a result of melanocyte functioning. However, surrounding keratinocytes, extracellular matrix proteins and dermal fibroblasts also play a role in cutaneous homeostasis and the phenotypic demonstration of color.
Peromyscus gossypinus (Cotton mouse)

Identification of the X chromosome is equivocal, but identification of the Y chromosome is relatively easy. Secondary constriction can often be detected on some small submetacentrics.
Multiplexed fluctuation-dissipation-theorem calibration of optical tweezers inside living cells

In order to apply optical tweezers-based force measurements within an uncharacterized viscoelastic medium such as the cytoplasm of a living cell, a quantitative calibration method that may be applied in this complex environment is needed. We describe an improved version of the fluctuation-dissipation-theorem calibration method, which has been developed to perform in situ calibration in viscoelastic media without prior knowledge of the trapped object. Using this calibration procedure, it is possible to extract values of the medium’s viscoelastic moduli as well as the force constant describing the optical trap. To demonstrate our method, we calibrate an optical trap in water, in polyethylene oxide solutions of different concentrations, and inside living fission yeast (S. pombe).
In search of the vulnerable plaque: is there any light at the end of the catheter?

Plaque destabilization with consequent rupture (or erosion) and superimposed thrombosis is the proximate cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Although ACS treatment has advanced considerably in the past decade, the ability to detect, predict, and prevent plaque vulnerability remains elusive.
Analytical performance of the ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier for cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules.

Background Molecular tests have clinical utility for thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, although their performance requires further improvement. This study evaluated the analytical performance of the newly created ThyroSeq v3 test. Methods ThyroSeq v3 is a DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing assay that analyzes 112 genes for a variety of genetic alterations, including point mutations, insertions/deletions, gene fusions, copy number alterations, and abnormal gene expression, and it uses a genomic classifier (GC) to separate malignant lesions from benign lesions. It was validated in 238 tissue samples and 175 FNA samples with known surgical follow-up. Analytical performance studies were conducted. Results In the training tissue set of samples, ThyroSeq GC detected more than 100 genetic alterations, including BRAF, RAS, TERT, and DICER1 mutations, NTRK1/3, BRAF, and RET fusions, 22q loss, and gene expression alterations. GC cutoffs were established to distinguish cancer from benign nodules with 93.9% sensitivity, 89.4% specificity, and 92.1% accuracy. This correctly classified most papillary, follicular, and Hurthle cell lesions, medullary thyroid carcinomas, and parathyroid lesions. In the FNA validation set, the GC sensitivity was 98.0%, the specificity was 81.8%, and the accuracy was 90.9%. Analytical accuracy studies demonstrated a minimal required nucleic acid input of 2.5 ng, a 12% minimal acceptable tumor content, and reproducible test results under variable stress conditions. Conclusions The ThyroSeq v3 GC analyzes 5 different classes of molecular alterations and provides high accuracy for detecting all common types of thyroid cancer and parathyroid lesions. The analytical sensitivity, specificity, and robustness of the test have been successfully validated and indicate its suitability for clinical use. Cancer 2018;124:1682-90. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Automated Detection and Mitigation of Application-level Asymmetric DoS Attacks

This paper presents a novel integrated platform for the automatic detection and mitigation of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks in networked systems. Recently, these attacks have evolved from simple flooding at the network layer to targeted, application-specific asymmetric attacks. Because of this trend, existing techniques---which rely primarily on network classification at the edge or core routing devices---are becoming ineffective. Our platform integrates machine learning with fine-grained application-level performance metrics and monitoring statistics at the software's components to achieve precise traffic classification for detecting application-specific attacks in real time. When an attack is detected, the platform will then automatically isolate suspicious traffic by routing it to separate component instances with a fixed resource reservation, thus preventing it from interfering with the rest of the system. Our evaluation using a range of asymmetric attacks shows that our detection technique is highly effective and that the close-loop integration of real-time detection and traffic isolation can deliver substantially better quality-of-service for good users in the presence of attacks than the default mitigation using dynamic scaling of resource alone.
Practice: An Anthropological Approach

Abstract Practice is a methodological and theoretical frame for investigating the relations between social individuals and the social and cultural milieux in which they live and work. ‘Practice’ is activity performed to produce an effect that is known or envisioned in advance by the performer. Practice is not the rote reproduction of social and cultural life. Praxis, rather than practice, offers a new dimension by examining how individuals are socialized into the roles and practices of their environment but also adapt the practices they have learned to the situations they confront. Such a perspective recognizes social and cultural change. Practice theory enables a dynamic and complex analysis of multiple social and cultural situations.
Current Correction Factors Inadequately Predict the Relationship between Transcutaneous (tc) and Arterial PCO2 in Sick Neonates

Despite widespread tcPCO2 monitoring the relationship between tcPCO2 and PaCO2 remains unclear. It has been assumed that after standard temperature correction, a constant metabolic factor can explain the elevation of tcPCO2 over PaCO2. Our data demonstrate a progressive increase in the difference between temperature corrected tcPCO2 and PaCO2 as PaCO2 increases. Thus a constant metabolic factor cannot account for the elevation of temperature corrected tcPCO2 over PaCO2. We speculate that as PaCO2 rises, CO2 production exceeds removal resulting in a progressive gradient between temperature corrected tcPCO2 and PaCO2.
Integrated Bacterial Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Polymicrobial Infections Using Digital PCR and Digital High-Resolution Melt in a Microfluidic Array Platform

In diagnosing bacterial infection, rapid bacterial identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are critical to clinicians in order to provide an effective treatment in a timely manner. The gold standard, culture-based approach provides both ID and antimicrobial susceptibility but requires several days of turnaround time. Especially in polymicrobial infections, where there are more than one organisms interacting collectively that can complicate the treatment. Here, we demonstrate a rapid bacterial diagnostic approach that is capable of bacterial ID/AST in heterogeneous samples within less than 4 hours by using digital PCR (dPCR) and digital high-resolution melt via microfluidic devices. By utilizing dPCR, we are able to quantify amount of nucleic acid, which correlates to phenotypic responses of {\bf individual pathogens in a mixed sample and also shorten the required time of antibiotic exposure. In addition, we employ a machine learning algorithm to automatically identify bacterial species based on melt profiles of 16S rRNA gene.
Coping and Observed Emotions in Children of Parents with a History of Depression

The ability to experience, express, and maintain positive emotions and reduce negative emotions during stress has been cited as a marker of resilience, yet much needs to be learned regarding what mechanisms underlie this ability in youth. The current study assesses relations between coping strategies and observed emotion expression and maintenance in offspring of depressed mothers as possible mechanisms to promote resilience. Mothers with a history of depression (N = 160) and their children (M age = 11.38) participated in two video-recorded interactions about a recent pleasant activity and a recent stressful experience in the family. Observed positive mood, anxiety, hostility, and sadness in youth were measured via a macro-level coding system and adolescents completed a self-report measure regarding how they cope with family stress. Secondary control coping (e.g., cognitive restructuring, acceptance) was significantly related to higher positive mood and lower hostility during the stressful task when controlling for mothers’ depressive symptoms, emotions during the pleasant activity task, primary control and disengagement coping, and child gender. Secondary control coping was not related to observed anxiety or sadness. Results highlight a link between coping and emotion expression and maintenance in the context of family stress and suggest that coping strategies differ in their effectiveness of managing distinct emotions. Secondary control coping in particular may foster resilience by promoting higher levels of positive mood and lower levels of hostility in children exposed to parental depression. Implications, study limitations, and future directions are discussed.
The Logic of The Market versus The Logic of Social Work: Whither the Welfare State?

Privatization, a well-known Neoliberal strategy, is transforming the human services in both Europe and the US. Scholars have studied its impact on clients, the hollowed out welfare state, and the economic slowdown. Few have examined how privatization within agencies – better known as Managerialism/New Public Management--affects service provision, the organization of work, and the well being of the workforce. Filling this gap this research: 1) describes three overlapping historical phases of privatization in US human services: Marketization, Managerialism and Financialization; 2) analyzes how 3000 front line workers view the impact of Managerialism in their agencies, and 3) applies the lens of race to the findings. An anonymous electronic survey was distributed 3000 NYC human service workers in collaboration with five major human service organizations, one union, and the NY Non Profit Press. Findings suggest that human service workers--mostly women and persons-of-color-- are deeply troubled by the pressure to increase productivity, accountability and efficiency; the focus on quantifiable outcomes, and the associated dwindling of advocacy and social justice. The implications for service quality, staff retention, professional autonomy, burnout, and structural racism are explored. The finding should strengthen the voice of human service workers in the highly contested privatization debate and help to mobilize them for policy change in the welfare “service” state.
Middle and high school teachers' praise and reprimand delivery.

This exploratory study expands the literature on teachers' natural use of praise and reprimand, in terms of how teachers deliver praise and reprimand. Sixty-six middle and high school teachers' delivery of praise and reprimand to individual, small groups, and large groups during a 20-min observation were examined. Teachers delivered significantly more general praise (GP) to individual students, rather than small groups or large groups. However, there was no significant difference in teachers' delivery of behavior-specific praise (BSP) to individual, small groups, or large groups of students. Teachers delivered significantly more mild reprimand to individual students compared to small groups; however, no significant differences were found between mild reprimand delivery to individual and large groups of students. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Pass-through of the policy-induced E85 subsidy: Insights from Hotelling's model

Abstract We build a structural model of imperfect competition for a retail market that supplies both low-ethanol (E10) and high-ethanol (E85) gasoline blends. The model permits us to study some impacts of the E85 subsidy induced by the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard, specifically how the pass-through of this subsidy to retail prices is affected by market power. The model is rooted in Hotelling's horizontal differentiation framework, which is extended to also represent the imperfect substitutability between E10 and E85 (a vertical product differentiation attribute). The model naturally captures two sources of imperfect competition in the fuel market—refueling stations' market power arising from their spatial location, and limited availability of E85 stations. We derive both analytical and numerical solutions for Nash equilibrium outcomes under various scenarios. In our baseline parameterization, when the penetration of E85 stations is incomplete, we find that the pass-through rate is about 0.7. Complete penetration of E85 stations leads to near complete pass-through, notwithstanding the market power enjoyed by stations because of their spatial location. With monopolistic market power (e.g., collusion), however, with full penetration of E85 stations the pass-through rate is lower. Moreover, when market power only arises from location differentiation (duopoly model with full penetration of E85), the pass-through rate converges to one as the subsidy gets large, whereas it converges to zero if a station has exclusivity in selling E85 (partial penetration of E85) or there is collusion/monopoly power from collusion.
Treatment-induced lesions in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy and heat-shock protein vaccine therapy

Treatment-induced lesions represent a great challenge in neuro-oncology. The aims of this study were (i) to characterize treatment induced lesions in glioblastoma patients treated with chemoradiotherapy and heat-shock protein (HSP) vaccine and (ii) to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion weighted imaging for differentiation between treatment-induced lesions and tumor progression. Twenty-seven patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with HSP vaccine and chemoradiotherapy were included. Serial magnetic resonance imaging evaluation was performed to detect treatment-induced lesions and assess their growth. Quantitative analysis of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was performed to discriminate treatment-induced lesions from tumor progression. Mann–Whitney U-test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for analysis. Thirty-three percent of patients developed treatment-induced lesions. Five treatment-related lesions appeared between end of radiotherapy and the first vaccine administration; 4 lesions within the first 4 months from vaccine initiation and 1 at 3.5 years. Three patients with pathology proven treatment-induced lesions showed a biphasic growth pattern progressed shortly after. ADC ratio between the peripheral enhancing rim and central necrosis showed an accuracy of 0.84 (95% CI 0.63–1) for differentiation between progression and treatment-induced lesions. Our findings do not support the iRANO recommendation of a 6-month time window in which progressive disease should not be declared after immunotherapy initiation. A biphasic growth pattern of pathologically proven treatment-induced lesions was associated with a dismal prognosis. The presence of lower ADC values in the central necrotic portion of the lesions compared to the enhancing rim shows high specificity for detection of treatment-induced lesions.
Enhancement of Neurocognitive Assessments Using Smartphone Capabilities: Systematic Review.

Background: Comprehensive exams such as the Dean-Woodcock Neuropsychological Assessment System, the Global Deterioration Scale, and the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination are the gold standard for doctors and clinicians in the preliminary assessment and monitoring of neurocognitive function in conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and acquired brain injuries (ABIs). In recent years, there has been an increased focus on implementing these exams on mobile devices to benefit from their configurable built-in sensors, in addition to scoring, interpretation, and storage capabilities. As smartphones become more accepted in health care among both users and clinicians, the ability to use device information (eg, device position, screen interactions, and app usage) for subject monitoring also increases. Sensor-based assessments (eg, functional gait using a mobile device’s accelerometer and/or gyroscope or collection of speech samples using recordings from the device’s microphone) include the potential for enhanced information for diagnoses of neurological conditions; mapping the development of these conditions over time; and monitoring efficient, evidence-based rehabilitation programs. Objective: This paper provides an overview of neurocognitive conditions and relevant functions of interest, analysis of recent results using smartphone and/or tablet built-in sensor information for the assessment of these different neurocognitive conditions, and how human-device interactions and the assessment and monitoring of these neurocognitive functions can be enhanced for both the patient and health care provider. Methods: This survey presents a review of current mobile technological capabilities to enhance the assessment of various neurocognitive conditions, including both neurodegenerative diseases and ABIs. It explores how device features can be configured for assessments as well as the enhanced capability and data monitoring that will arise due to the addition of these features. It also recognizes the challenges that will be apparent with the transfer of these current assessments to mobile devices. Results: Built-in sensor information on mobile devices is found to provide information that can enhance neurocognitive assessment and monitoring across all functional categories. Configurations of positional sensors (eg, accelerometer, gyroscope, and GPS), media sensors (eg, microphone and camera), inherent sensors (eg, device timer), and participatory user-device interactions (eg, screen interactions, metadata input, app usage, and device lock and unlock) are all helpful for assessing these functions for the purposes of training, monitoring, diagnosis, or rehabilitation. Conclusions: This survey discusses some of the many opportunities and challenges of implementing configured built-in sensors on mobile devices to enhance assessments and monitoring of neurocognitive functions as well as disease progression across neurodegenerative and acquired neurological conditions.
Point:Counterpoint: Hypoxia is/is not the optimal means of reducing pulmonary blood flow in the preoperative single ventricle heart

Patients with single ventricle are often quite ill and present complex management dilemmas. The distribution of blood flow to the systemic and pulmonary circulations, which in this patient population are in parallel rather than series, depends primarily on the relative resistances of the respective
Executive functioning rating scales: Ecologically valid or construct invalid?

Objective Executive functions are commonly measured using rating scales and performance tests. However, replicated evidence indicates weak/nonsignificant cross-method associations that suggest divergent rather than convergent validity. The current study is the first to investigate the relative concurrent and predictive validities of executive function tests and ratings using (a) multiple gold-standard performance tests, (b) multiple standardized rating scales completed by multiple informants, and (c) both performance-based and ratings-based assessment of academic achievement-a key functional outcome with strong theoretical links to executive function. Method A well-characterized sample of 136 children oversampled for ADHD and other forms of child psychopathology associated with executive dysfunction (ages 8-13; 68% Caucasian/non-Hispanic) completed a counterbalanced series of executive function and academic tests. Parents/teachers completed executive function ratings; teachers also rated children's academic performance. Results The executive function tests/ratings association was modest (r = .30) and significantly lower than the academic tests/ratings association (r = .63). Relative to ratings, executive function tests showed significantly higher cross-method predictive validity and significantly better within-method prediction; executive function ratings failed to demonstrate improved within-method prediction. Both methods uniquely predicted academic tests and ratings. Conclusion These findings replicate prior evidence that executive function tests and ratings cannot be used interchangeably as executive function measures in research and clinical applications, while suggesting that executive function tests may have superior validity for predicting academic behavior/achievement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Monte Carlo simulation and production analysis for ultimate recovery estimation of shale wells

Abstract The current scheme for developing shale reservoirs necessitates special considerations while estimating the reserve. While reservoir characteristics lead to an extended infinite acting flow regime, completion schemes could result in a series of linear flows. Therefore, the initial linear flow does not have to be followed by a boundary-dominated flow. Overlooking this observation leads to unphysical Arps' exponents and overestimations of the Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR). We are proposing a workflow to overcome these challenges and honor the inherited uncertainty while using the classic Arps (1956) hyperbolic forecast. Our workflow starts with identifying the current flow regime of the well where two intermediate flow regimes are considered, namely Linear-post-Linear (LPL) and Linear Post Linear Post Linear (LPLPL) flow regimes. We deterministically forecasted the boundary-dominated wells and probabilistically forecasted the rest. We used the distribution of the current flow regime in the field to forecast the transient wells. The well features of the infinite/semi-infinite wells are stochastically sampled from the field database combining well features of the boundary-dominated wells. After that, Monte Carlo simulation is employed to probabilistically estimate the EUR. We constrained the well life by an economical limit or a maximum of 40 years. We selected Bone Springs formation as a field study of this workflow. We found that the LPL is the common current flow regime. A reduction in Arps’ exponent is observed when well experience an intermediate linear flow before boundary-dominated flow. Significant number of interference wells are identified through their Water/Oil Ratio (WOR) signature. We also studied the evolution of EUR which suggests that more than 75% of the production history is needed for the deterministic methods to provide reliable estimates of the EUR. We generated heat maps of the area of interest to summarize the EUR and remaining reserve results.