cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis & Respiration in Developing Fruits. III. Variations in Photosynthetic Capacities during Color Change in Citrus.

Several studies have been made which show some of the influences of photosynthesis in the green layers of fruits upon the development of that fruit (1, 2, 3, 4, 6). During the major part of growth in oranges, lemons, and avocados, chlorophyll does not limit photosynthesis at constant light intensities (5), as might be expected. However, during the period of color change in fruits it would be possible that chlorophyll, or chlorophyll containing cells might become a limiting factor and this phase of growth has not been studied previously. Citrus fruits are admirably suited for a study of photosynthetic changes during de-greening since the transition in these fruits does not necessarily coincide with the other abrupt changes frequently associated with ripening and color change in other fruits. Changes of composition during this period may be very slight. In addition, the peel structure of the citrus fruit makes it possible to obtain relatively small samples of external tissue with a minimum of damage for use in tracer studies.
Left renal vein "nut-cracker" phenomenon.

Abstract A case of left renal vein obstruction is presented. It resulted from abnormal extrinsic pressure by the superior mesenteric artery against the aorta. Diagnostic methods and treatment are discussed.
Genitourinary tract patent update

The treatment of urinary incontinence is a booming business with over $26 billion being spent annually. Pharmacological research is rapidly increasing as scientists attempt to modulate complex micturition pathways to result in meaningful clinical improvement of conditions such as urge and stress incontinence. Antimuscarinic agents remain the mainstay in the treatment of urge incontinence with newer agents having functional selectivity for the bladder to prevent unwanted anticholinergic side effects. Other exciting pharmacological targets to treat urinary incontinence include β3 adrenoceptor agonists and agents that affect afferent pathways (i.e. neurokinin antagonists). Non-pharmacologic treatment of urinary incontinence includes various injectable agents, and electrical or magnetic stimulation. Finally, recent patents have addressed tissue engineering techniques to treat urinary incontinence via cultured chondrocytes, bladder smooth muscle, or muscle derived stem cells.
USE OF RHYTHM IN ACQUISITION OF A COMPUTER-GENERATED TRACKING TASK

This research assessed whether rhythm aids acquisition of motor skills by providing cues for the timing of those skills. Rhythms were presented to participants visually or visually with auditory cues. It was hypothesized that the auditory cues would facilitate recognition and learning of the rhythms. The three timing principles of rhythms were also explored. It was hypothesized that rhythms that satisfied all three timing principles would be more beneficial in learning a skill than rhythms that did not satisfy the principles. Three groups learned three different rhythms by practicing a tracking task. After training, participants attempted to reproduce the tracks from memory. Results suggest that rhythms do help in learning motor skills but different sets of timing principles explain perception of rhythm in different modalities.
“Mao Might Cheat”: The Interactional Construction of the Imaginary Situation in a Fifth Dimension After-School Setting

This article explores Vygtosky's (1978) notion of the imaginary situation through analysis of interaction and activity in a Fifth Dimension after-school setting, one of a network of programs designed with an aim to realize developmental concepts proposed by Vygotsky and others in the cultural-historical tradition (see, e.g., Cole & the Distributed Literacy Consortium, 2006). The discussion centers on intergenerational interaction between a child and undergraduate as they engage in activities that represent two varieties of the imaginary situation proposed by Vygotsky: Playing a game and orienting to the “mythical figurehead,” a fantasy figure common to all Fifth Dimension sites. Analysis focuses on the interplay of spoken interaction with literacy-based artifacts that mediate the participants' activity and serve as points of departure for imagination-related talk. As the interaction unfolds, child and undergraduate are seen to engage creatively with both game and site rules as they create a collaborative ...
Isolating the flavor-symmetry-breaking component of the nucleon sea from Drell-Yan asymmetries.

Recent New Muon Collaboration measurements of p-n asymmetries in F 2 structure functions through deep-inelastic muon scattering suggest possible SU(2)-flavor breaking in the nucleon sea. Ellis and Stirling showed that asymmetries in Drell-Yan processes for protons scattered from proton and deuteron targets could shed light on the sea and valence structure functions. We show that the relevant quantity d(x) - ū(x) could be extracted directly from such measurements at appropriate kinematic values
The metabolism of xenobiotics by isolated pulmonary and skin cells

Abstract Organs like the lung and skin contain cells of many different functions and types. In an attempt to give a better understanding of the contribution of different cells to the overall organ metabolism of chemicals, we have prepared fractions enriched in one of several different cell types from both the lung and the skin. Some findings of and cautions about these studies are discussed in this article.
Phrenic motoneuron discharge patterns during hypoxia-induced short-term potentiation in rats.

Hypoxia-induced short-term potentiation (STP) of respiratory motor output is manifested by a progressive increase in activity after the acute hypoxic response and a gradual decrease in activity on ...
Guided Notes and Interactive Methods for Teaching with Videotapes.

Fifty-seven college students watched a videotape and then took a comprehension test. Participants in the control group watched without taking notes, those in t k notes group took notes while watching, those in the guided notes group took notes a questions given in advance, and those in the interactive group orally replied to questions while watching. There was a significant effect of viewing method (p <. 05). Comprehension was high in the guided notes and interactive groups, and a significant interaction (p < 05) showed that this advantage occurred for implicit but not explicit questions. Videotape viewing methods that focus students on relevant concepts and encourage active participation appear to be most effective.
Lesion width as a discriminator of plaque characteristics

Abstract This study evaluated the relative ability of two techniques to quantify carotid atheroma. Diameter stenosis and lesion width were used to predict clinical significance and morphologic characteristics of 54 carotid endarterectomy specimens. Diameter stenosis was a better predictor of symptoms than lesion width (P = 0.03 versus P = 0.085). Both parameters were predictive of complex atheroma (diameter stenosis P = 0.000; lesion width P = 0.03). However, use of lesion width allowed finer definition of categories permitting more precise subclassification of plaque. This resulted in a better correlation of symptoms to complexity when lesion width was used as the discriminating variable (lesion width P = 0.04; diameter stenosis P = 0.121). Lesion width is a valuable parameter for the classification of carotid atheroma, correlating with symptoms and plaque complexity. Lesion width should be evaluated in future studies of carotid atheroma. The discriminative ability of lesion width as detected by high-resolution ultrasonography needs to be evaluated.
FRET-Based Mapping of Three Structural Domains within the Full-Length Ryanodine Receptor Type 1

The type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) mediates excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle by releasing intracellular calcium in response to cell depolarization. Understanding the structure and conformational dynamics of RyR1 is challenging due to its size (homotetrameric subunit Mr∼560 kDa) and its association with numerous regulatory proteins. However, recent X-ray crystallographic studies indicate that a fragment comprised of the first 200 amino acids of RyR1 folds into a compact β-trefoil domain. Based on structural homology with the inositol trisphosphate receptor, the next 400 amino acids of RyR1 are predicted to fold into a second β-trefoil and an alpha helical domain. In this report, the relative orientation of these three domains (termed here as β1, β2 and α1) within the full-length RyR1 protein has been investigated using a novel FRET-based technique. This method monitors the relative proximity of a GFP fluorescent donor fused into RyR1 and a fluorescent acceptor, Cy3NTA, targeted to poly-histidine (His) tags inserted into the primary sequence of RyR1. In this study, GFP was fused to single positions within β1, β2 and α1 and FRET was then measured to Cy3NTA targeted to 6 His tags singly introduced into these three domains. The results of these measurements provide a detailed picture of the relative orientation of these three sub-domains within full-length RyR1 expressed in a cellular context. Further structural studies using this technique can now be undertaken to determine how these domains move during channel gating. (Supported by NIH grant R21ARO56406).
Territorial-Defense Interactions with Neighbors and Strangers in Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rats

The long-term, fixed occupancy of a territory by the banner-tailed kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys spectabilis ) suggests that neighbor tolerance would be beneficial to maintaining territorial claims. I examined interactions of same-sex neighbor and non-neighbor pairs in contests related to territorial defense. As predicted, banner-tailed kangaroo rats tolerated neighbors and tended to avoid them. Neighbor pairs of either sex engaged in neutral activities compared to more time in agonistic interactions with strangers. When rats attacked, they directed fewer attacks toward neighbors, waited longer to attack them, and ceased to attack sooner. Fighting occurred in only 22% of the encounters and did not escalate when a territorial owner was paired with either a neighbor or a stranger. D. spectabilis apparently avoids fights and defends its territory in other ways. Familiarity could account for tolerance between neighbors, with olfactory information obtained at sandbathing sites at least one means of communicating neighbor identity.
The role of temperature in the control of aggregation of dissociated embryonic cells

Abstract In vitro experiments have confirmed the previous observation [8, 9] that the aggregation of chick embryonic cells is discouraged by low temperature. They indicate, however, that the temperature-sensitive process operated only to facilitate the initiation of adhesions. This process is not involved in the maintenance of already-established adhesions; nor does it, contrary to a previous suggestion [8, 9], appear to entail the production of extracellular cementing materials. The presence of such materials has not been detected in these experiments, but cannot be excluded, and their requirement in the adhesion process is debated. The results are discussed in terms of activities of the cell surfaces themselves, and it is tentatively suggested that surface motility may be the temperature-dependent process in the adhesion of cells to glass or to one another.
Accuracy of brief and full forms of the child mania rating scale

This study assesses the sensitivity of full and brief forms of a parent-rated mania scale to variations in diagnoses. Parents of a sample of 150 subjects either diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or healthy controls (HC), completed the full Child Mania Rating Scale and other measures. We used single-parameter item-response theory models to produce a brief parent mania rating scale from the full version. The 10-item, brief Child Mania Rating Scale—Parent (CMRS-P) version correlated .93 with 11 items from the full CMRS-P that were not used in constructing the brief version, and showed accuracy comparable to the full scale in differentiating BD from ADHD, and in discriminating among bipolar subtypes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 64:1–14, 2008.
Role of computed tomography in nonobstructive coarctation

Two cases of nonobstructive or pseudocoarctation of aorta evaluated by computed tomography are presented. Clinical features along with chest radiography and computed tomography findings provided specific information, making further workup by catheterization and angiography unnecessary. As most cases of nonobstructive coarctation are asymptomatic and require no treatment, its recognition is of great practical importance.
Aging sensitizes rapidly isolated hippocampal microglia to LPS ex vivo.

The present study tested whether aging sensitizes hippocampal microglia to a pro-inflammatory challenge ex vivo. Hippocampal microglia from 3 and 24 mo old male F344 × BN F1 rats were exposed to LPS (0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) ex vivo. 2 h post-LPS challenge, gene expression of microglial activation markers and cytokines were assessed. 24 mo old animals exhibited a potentiated pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) response to LPS and increased levels of CD11b, Iba-1 and MHCII irrespective of LPS treatment. The present results demonstrate that aging sensitizes hippocampal microglia to pro-inflammatory challenges.
Transgenic‐free territories in Costa Rica: Networks, place, and the politics of life

Several municipalities across Costa Rica have adopted “transgenic-free territory” ordinances, joining similar communities worldwide in declaring themselves free from genetically engineered organisms such as transgenic seeds. Through ethnography of antitransgenic activism, I describe the rise of transgenic-free territories to examine the relationship between transnational activist networks and place-based struggles. I suggest that activist networks and the transgenic-free territory designation respond to processes of globalization that have reorganized the material and discursive relations between capital and nature, and I show why such territories have gained significance as a defense of sovereignty, place, and even life itself. [transnational activist networks, nature, life, place, environmentalism, Costa Rica]
Microenvironment at tissue injury, a key focus for efficient stem cell therapy: A discussion of mesenchymal stem cells

Stem cell therapy is not a new field, as indicated by the success of hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution for various hematological malignancies and immune-mediated disorders. In the case of tissue repair, the major issue is whether stem cells should be implanted, regardless of the type and degree of injury. Mesenchymal stem cells have thus far shown evidence of safety, based on numerous clinical trials, particularly for immune-mediated disorders. The premise behind these trials is to regulate the stimulatory immune responses negatively. To apply stem cells for other disorders, such as acute injuries caused by insults from surgical trauma and myocardial infarction, would require other scientific considerations. This does not imply that such injuries are not accompanied by immune responses. Indeed, acute injuries could accompany infiltration of immune cells to the sites of injuries. The implantation of stem cells within a milieu of inflammation will establish an immediate crosstalk among the stem cells, microenvironmental molecules, and resident and infiltrating immune cells. The responses at the microenvironment of tissue injury could affect distant and nearby organs. This editorial argues that the microenvironment of any tissue injury is a key consideration for effective stem cell therapy.
INTERACTION OF CALCIUM AND POTASSIUM WITH NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS

SUMMARY Dose-response curves for blockade of the indirectly elicited twitch of isolated guineapig nervelumbrical muscle preparations were determined for tubocurarine and pancuronium in the presence of potassium 2,4 and 6 mmol litre−1 and calcium 1,2 and 3 mmol litre−1. Increases in concentration of either ion decreased the sensitivity of the preparation to both drugs. Over the physiological range of concentrations of potassium and calcium, 36% and 27% variation in dosage can be expected.
Improved kinetic renormalisation group approach to diffusion-limited aggregation

An improved kinetic renormalisation group approach to diffusion-limited aggregation is presented. This approach is based on the growth process itself and accounts for the dispersity in the growth probabilities. It yields the multifractal spectrum D(q) with better values at smaller q. On the 2D square lattice the authors find Df=1.694 for the fractal dimensions of the cluster and that of its interface, and D(1)=1.01 for the information dimension. The former agrees with the simulation results (Df approximately=1.70) and the latter compares very well with the exact value D(1)=1.
Transparency of nitrocellulose membranes with Triton X-114.

Transparency of nitrocellulose membranes can be realized by simply impregnating the filters with concentrated Triton X-114. Within a few seconds, protein blots become transparent and can be photographed by transillumination or scanned on a densitometer. Removal of the detergent is possible and the recovered filters can further be used for immunodetection purposes. This procedure is particularly well-suited where extensive investigation of a single separated protein sample is required.
Metabolism: Let them eat fat

A specialist neuron uses an intriguing process to help control the body's response to hunger. A lipid pathway involving the breakdown of cellular components regulates the expression of a neuropeptide that affects feeding and body weight.
Indeterminacy in the estimation of flow rate and transport functions from tracer experiments in closed circulations

Abstract The interpretation of tracer experiments in closed circulating systems is studied from the viewpoint of applied probability theory. It is shown that basic quantities and characteristics of the system, such as mean round time and its variability as well as the average volumetric flow rate cannot be extracted from the tracer response even if two concentration histories — one at the injection site and one at an arbitrary location on the same flow path—are simultaneously recorded. The observed tracer responses are compatible with many feasible underlying round-time distributions (transport functions) and a many-one correspondence rather than a one-one correspondence between circulation time probability density and concentration history is shown to exist. This indeterminacy is inherent and stems from the recirculation within the system. A value that can be determined is the maximum flow consistent with the measurements; any value below this maximum leads to feasible round-time distribution functions. The theory presented in this study leads to estimation procedures—pertaining to maximum feasible flow—which are completely free of prior distribution assumptions.
Efficient algorithms for tree reconstruction

In this note, we show thatO(n logn) operations are sufficient to reconstruct an ordered binary tree given its inorder traversal and either its preorder or postorder traversal. An alternative linear representation allows reconstruction usingO(n) operations.
Growth and Substrate Utilization in Preterm Infants Fed Formula with 100 kcal.kg-1.d-1 or 120 kcal.kg-1.d-1

Growth and Substrate Utilization in Preterm Infants Fed Formula with 100 kcal.kg -1 .d -1 or 120 kcal.kg -1 .d -1
Ion-Beam and Electron-Beam Induced Amorphization of Berlinite (AIPO4)

Berlinite (AlPO{sub 4}) is isostructural with {alpha}-quartz. Like {alpha}-quartz, berlinite undergoes a pressure-induced amorphization at 15 {+-}3 Pa; however, upon release of the pressure, unlike {alpha}-quartz which remains amorphous, berlinite returns to the original crystalline structure of the single crystal. Berlinite was irradiated with 1.5 MeV Kr{sup +} at temperatures ranging from 20 to 600 K. The onset of amorphization was examined by monitoring the electron diffraction pattern by in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at the HVEM (High Voltage Electron Microscopy)-Tandem Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The berlinite was easily amorphized at 20K at a relatively low dose of 4 {times} 10{sup 13} ions/cm{sup 2} or 0.05 dpa (displacements per atom). The critical amorphization dose increases with the sample temperature. The experiments also showed that the focused electron beam can locally amorphize the berlinite. After these irradiations, berlinite remained amorphous. At 500 C, berlinite began to recrystallize; small areas of crystalline material appear in the aperiodic matrix. These results suggest that pressure-induced amorphization and ion-beam induced amorphization, in the case of berlinite, are different processes that result in two different aperiodic structural states.
On the causes of the annual variation in the plasmaspheric electron density

This paper examines the relative importance of ionospheric and thermospheric densities and temperatures in producing the annual variation in the plasmaspheric electron density (Neq). In the Eastern American sector, whistler observations show a factor of 2–3 variation in Neq at low solar activity with a minimum in June and a maximum in December. The field line interhemispheric plasma (FLIP) model also shows an annual Neq variation in the American sector at solar minimum, but the model densities are about 30% higher. By using the ability of the FLIP model to be constrained by the measured hmF2, NmF2, and Te, we are able to show that, contrary to previous studies, it is the plasmaspheric thermal structure, and not ionospheric density that plays the key role in producing the annual variation in the model Neq at solar minimum. We find that the model annual Neq variations in the American and Australian sectors are out of phase by six months as would be expected from the opposite tilt of the Earth's magnetic field. This study also shows that the plasmaspheric electron density is anticorrelated with magnetic and solar activity due to changes in neutral hydrogen density. Thermospheric neutral winds appear to play only a small role in the annual Neq variations because longitudinal variations in the measured hmF2 are small. However, magnetic storm induced variability in ionospheric density through changes in thermospheric winds and neutral densities do contribute to the day-to-day variability of Neq. At solar maximum in November 1989 the model densities are generally in good agreement with both whistler and satellite observation in both the American and New Zealand sectors. However, the standard model is unable to reproduce the relatively small annual variation in equatorial electron density that was observed from Dunedin, New Zealand at solar maximum in 1990. We show that the low measured densities at solar maximum may be explained by magnetic storm induced depletion of the plasmasphere by convection electric fields.
Peach: A Simple Perl-Based System for Distributed Computation and Its Application to Cryo-EM Data Processing

A simple distributed processing system named “Peach” was developed to meet the rising computational demands of modern structural biology (and other) laboratories without additional expense by using existing hardware resources more efficiently. A central server distributes jobs to idle workstations in such a way that each computer is used maximally, but without disturbing intermittent interactive users. As compared to other distributed systems, Peach is simple, easy to install, easy to administer, easy to use, scalable, and robust. While it was designed to queue and distribute large numbers of small tasks to participating computers, it can also be used to send single jobs automatically to the fastest currently available computer and/or survey the activity of an entire laboratory’s computers. Tests of robustness and scalability are reported, as are three specific electron cryomicroscopy applications where Peach enabled projects that would not otherwise have been feasible without an expensive, dedicated cluster.
Endothelin and its suspected role in the pathogenesis and possible treatment of glaucoma.

Purpose: To review the role of endothelin in intraocular pressure control, its effect on the trabecular meshwork (TM) and the outflow facility, effect on ocular blood flow and vascular regulation and the potential role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) antagonism in the therapeutic paradigm of glaucoma.Methods: A thorough review of the medical literature and a meta-analysis on the level of ET-1 in OAG patients in an attempt to demonstrate the evolving importance of endothelin in glaucoma.Results: ET-1 has been identified in the plasma in concentrations that are markedly increased in a number of systemic as well as ocular pathologies such as glaucoma where underlying vascular dysfunction and pathology play a role. It has been shown that ET-1 induces human TM cell contraction in culture and that it can affect the outflow facility. Evidence indicates that systemic ET-1 regulatory mechanisms and vascular responses to it are also altered in glaucoma. Recently, several endothelin antagonists have been shown to have a pote...
Image Quality Prediction Of Normal-Incidence X-Ray/EUV Muitilayers In The Presence Of Substrate And Interface Fabrication Errors

It is well known that the presence of optical fabrication errors on the optical surfaces of an imaging system will degrade image quality. Theoretical treatments of these effects covering any wavelength domain can be found in the literature, and include the conventional grazing incidence X-ray/EUV optical systems. However, very little work has been done toward extending image quality analysis into the new and promising field of normal-incidence X-ray/EUV multilayer optical imaging systems. In this paper, a detailed physical optics (interference and diffraction) treatment of surface scatter phenomena due to optical fabrication errors in X-ray/EUV multilayers over the entire relevant range of spatial frequencies will be described. The effects on the scattered radiation field of a variety of assumptions concerning the statistical correlation of interface roughness will be explored. It is well known that, at soft X-ray wavelengths, substrate figure errors blur the image. In this paper, it will be shown that uncorrelated interface microroughness reduces the reflectance of multilayers in addition to causing wide angle scatter, and that small-angle scatter from mid spatial frequency optical fabrication errors limits the achievable image quality (fractional encircled energy.)
A well-head instrument package for multi-parameter measurement during well water sampling

Abstract A portable well-head instrument package was designed to provide more reliable measurements of pH and redox potential and to continuously monitor these parameters along with conductivity and temperature to insure proper well water sampling in the field. The values of these parameters are conveniently displayed on four digital displays and water sampling is begun after they stabilize.
Mini-Mental State and Cognistat performance in an older African American sample.

Ninety-three normal, healthy, community-dwelling African American men and women aged 60 and older completed the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cognistat (formerly known as Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination). Results indicated significant age and education effects on MMSE and Cognistat performance. The strength of the effects was less than had been noted in earlier work. Cognistat scores were lower than those reported in the original manual for the test as well as in comparison to an older sample in another study. Explanations were offered in terms of differences in cultural and educational exposure to testing as well as inappropriateness of the norms in the original manual. Age- and education-stratified normative data are presented that should be helpful to clinicians who work with and perform cognitive assessment in this population.
Effect of dietary fat saturation, cholesterol and cholestyramine on acyl-CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rabbit intestinal microsomes

Abstract The regulation of intestinal acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase was investigated by dietary manipulation. Rabbits were fed the following diets: normal rabbit chow, 10% safflower oil, safflower oil plus 1% cholesterol, coconut oil plus 1% cholesterol, or cholestyramine. Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity was increased in intestinal microsomes from animals fed safflower oil but not from animals fed coconut oil. Both diets containing cholesterol increased acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity; however, the safflower oil plus cholesterol diet was a more potent stimulator than coconut oil plus cholesterol. Cholestyramine decreased microsomal acyl-CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The different diets significantly modified microsomal lipid content in these groups. The two cholesterol diets resulted in equal increments in microsomal cholesterol. Microsomal cholesterol was unchanged in animals on the safflower oil diet; however, coconut oil and cholestyramine decreased the cholesterol content. Linoleic acid content increased in microsomes from animals on both the safflower oil-containing diets. Myristic acid accumulated and linoleic acid was decreased in microsomes from animals on both diets containing coconut oil. Subcellular fractionation of the intestine yielded a 4-fold enhancement of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The lipid modifications and the subsequent changes in acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum from animals on normal, safflower oil, and safflower oil plus cholesterol diets paralleled that observed in the crude microsomal preparations. The changes in acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity observed with the different diets were not due to changes in microsomal fatty acyl-CoA pool size. It is concluded that dietary manipulation can alter microsomal lipid content. Microsomal fat saturation, independent of microsomal cholesterol content, regulates intestinal acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase and modifies the stimulatory effect of exogenous cholesterol on this enzyme.
Neutron spin-pendellösung resonance

Abstract A novel resonant enhancement of the spin-orbit scattering of thermal neutrons in a perfect crystal is predicted. The effect occurs when the Larmor precession distance for the neutron in an externally applied magnetic field coincides with the pendellosung distance in the crystal. The potential is described, the wave functions are derived, and an experiment is proposed.
Blepharoclonus, Pseudoasterixis, and Restless Feet

ABSTRACT Objective To report a syndrome in 30 patients characterized by headache, myoclonic tremors of the eyelids (blepharoclonus), action tremors of the hands on flexion-extension movements at the wrists simulating asterixis (pseudoasterixis) and habitual diurnal movements of the feet. Ten patients are described in detail. Methods Clinical history, neurologic examination, computed tomography of the head, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and nerve conduction velocities. Headaches were diagnosed according to the International Headache Society classification. A retrospective uncontrolled review of the cases collected by the author was completed. Results Seven patients had migraine with aura and 8 without aura; 3 had both migraine and tension headache, 11 had tension headache, 2 had cluster headache, and 1 had idiopathic stabbing headache. None of the patients had tumoral lesions or vascular malformations of the brain. Eight of the subjects had history of somnambulism and 9 had family history of somnambulism. Restless legs syndrome was present in 8 patients in addition to restless feet. Some evidence of axonal peripheral neuropathy was present in 13 patients. Conclusion This report supports the notion that in certain cases, an association exists between headache, involuntary movement disorders, and peripheral neuropathy. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of this syndrome.
X-ray lithography processing at CXrL from beamline to quarter-micron NMOS devices

In this paper we present the activities at the Center for X-ray Lithography (CXrL) that are dedicated to applying x-ray lithography to 0.25 micrometers processing. We first present the results of optimizing the parameters of the x-ray resist, AZ-PF 514, to achieve 0.25 micron features with variations of less than 10%; second, we discuss the properties of an exposure station (ES3) that feeds the in-house built aligner; third, we present the novel in-house built Two State Aligner (TSA) and its ability to achieve < 32 nm registration error; fourth, we present a developed fabrication process that produces masks with the required membrane stress, optical transparency, and mask flatness; and finally, we present the integration of all the above subprocesses by showing preliminary results from the in-progress 0.25 micrometers NMOS device run. The requirements and results of each sub-process are discussed and judged according to the 0.25 micrometers error budget goals that were initially set for 1997.
Influence of patient literacy on the effectiveness of a primary care-based diabetes disease management program.

ContextLow literacy is an important barrier for patients with diabetes, but interventions to address low literacy have not been well examined.ObjectiveTo examine the role of literacy on the effectiveness of a comprehensive disease management program for patients with diabetes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAnalysis of the influence of literacy on glycemic control and systolic blood pressure using data from a randomized controlled trial (conducted from February 2001 through April 2003) of a comprehensive diabetes management program. Participants were 217 patients aged 18 years or older with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] levels ≥8.0%) and presenting to a US academic general internal medicine practice.InterventionsAll communication to patients was individualized and delivered to enhance comprehension among patients with low literacy. Intervention patients received intensive disease management from a multidisciplinary team. Control patients received an initial management session and continued with usual care.Main Outcome MeasuresAchievement of goal HbA1c levels and systolic blood pressure at 12-month follow-up for control and intervention patients stratified by literacy status.ResultsComplete 12-month data were available for 193 patients (89%). Among patients with low literacy, intervention patients were more likely than control patients to achieve goal HbA1c levels (≤7.0%) (42% vs 15%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 17.2; P = .02). Patients with higher literacy had similar odds of achieving goal HbA1c levels regardless of intervention status (24% vs 23%; adjusted OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.4 to 2.5; P = .98). Improvements in systolic blood pressure were similar by literacy status.ConclusionsLiteracy may be an important factor for predicting who will benefit from an intervention for diabetes management. A diabetes disease management program that addresses literacy may be particularly beneficial for patients with low literacy, and increasing access to such a program could help reduce health disparities.
Minimum variance estimators for misclassification probabilities in discriminant analysis

Let α(n1, n2) be the probability of classifying an observation from population Π1 into population Π2 using Fisher's linear discriminant function based on samples of size n1 and n2. A standard estimator of α, denoted by T1, is the proportion of observations in the first sample misclassified by the discriminant function. A modification of T1, denoted by T2, is obtained by eliminating the observation being classified from the calculation of the discriminant function. The UMVU estimators, T1∗ and T2∗, of ET1 = τ1(n1, n2) and ET2 = τ2(n1, n2) = α(n1 − 1, n2) are derived for the case when the populations have multivariate normal distributions with common dispersion matrix. It is shown that T1∗ and T2∗ are nonincreasing functions of D2, the Mahalanobis sample distance. This result is used to derive the sampling distributions and moments of T1∗ and T2∗. It is also shown that α is a decreasing function of Δ2 = (μ1 − μ2)′Σ−1(μ1 − μ2). Hence, by truncating T1∗ and T2∗ (or any estimator) at the value of α for Σ = 0, new estimators are obtained which, for all samples, are as close or closer to α.
On the generation of high-energy photons detected by the Fermi Satellite from gamma-ray bursts

Observations of gamma-ray bursts by the Fermi satellite, capable of detecting photons in a very broad energy band: 8 keV to >300 GeV, have opened a new window for the study of these enigmatic explosions. It is widely assumed that photons of energy larger than 100 MeV are produced by the same source that generated lower energy photons – at least whenever the shape of the spectrum is a Band function. We report here a surprising result – the Fermi data for a bright burst, GRB 080916C, unambiguously shows that the high-energy photons (≳102 MeV) were generated in the external shock via the synchrotron process, and the lower energy photons had a distinctly different source. The magnetic field in the region where high-energy photons were produced (and also the late-time afterglow emission region) is found to be consistent with shock compressed magnetic field of the circum-stellar medium. This result sheds light on the important question of the origin of magnetic fields required for gamma-ray burst afterglows. The external shock model for high-energy radiation makes a firm prediction that can be tested with existing and future observations.
Estrogens in the wrong place at the wrong time: Fetal BPA exposure and mammary cancer

Iatrogenic gestational exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) induced alterations of the genital tract and predisposed individuals to develop clear cell carcinoma of the vagina as well as breast cancer later in life. Gestational exposure of rodents to a related compound, the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) increases the propensity to develop mammary cancer during adulthood, long after cessation of exposure. Exposure to BPA during gestation induces morphological alterations in both the stroma and the epithelium of the fetal mammary gland at 18 days of age. We postulate that the primary target of BPA is the fetal stroma, the only mammary tissue expressing estrogen receptors during fetal life. BPA would then alter the reciprocal stroma-epithelial interactions that mediate mammogenesis. In addition to this direct effect on the mammary gland, BPA is postulated to affect the hypothalamus and thus in turn affect the regulation of mammotropic hormones at puberty and beyond.
A study of the wear mechanism of diamond-like carbon films

Abstract In the present work, the tribological mechanism of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films was investigated. DLC films were coated on metallic substrates (M50 steel, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and AISI 440C steel) by methane ion-beam deposition. Pin-on-disc experiments showed that the DLC films possess excellent wear resistance and exhibit low values of friction coefficient (ƒ
Probabilistic Thermal Analysis During Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Aerobraking

A method for performing a probabilistic thermal analysis during aerobraking has been developed. The analysis is performed on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter solar array during aerobraking. The methodology makes use of a response surface model derived from a more complex finite element thermal model of the solar array. The response surface is a quadratic equation which calculates the peak temperature for a given orbit drag pass at a specific location on the solar panel. Five different response surface equations are used, one of which predicts the overall maximum solar panel temperature, and the remaining four predict the temperatures of the solar panel thermal sensors. The variables used to define the response surface can be characterized as either environmental, material property, or modeling variables. Response surface variables are statistically varied in a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation produces mean temperatures and 3 sigma bounds as well as the probability of exceeding the designated flight allowable temperature for a given orbit. Response surface temperature predictions are compared with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter flight temperature data.
Calmodulin Modulates Initiation but Not Termination of Spontaneous Ca2+ Sparks in Frog Skeletal Muscle

Calmodulin is a ubiquitous Ca(2+) sensing protein that binds to and modulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release channel, ryanodine receptor (RYR). Here we assessed the effects of calmodulin on the local Ca(2+) release properties of RYR in permeabilized frog skeletal muscle fibers. Fluorescently labeled recombinant calmodulin in the internal solution localized at the Z-line/triad region. Calmodulin (0.05-5.0 micro M) in the internal solution (free [Ca(2+)](i) approximately 50-100 nM) initiated a highly cooperative dose-dependent increase in Ca(2+) spark frequency, with a half-maximal activation (K) of 1.1 micro M, a Hill coefficient (n) of 4.2 and a fractional maximal increase in frequency (R) of 17-fold. A non-Ca(2+) binding mutant of calmodulin elicited a similar highly cooperative dose-dependent increase in spark frequency (K = 1.0 micro M; n = 3.7; R = 12-fold). Spatiotemporal properties of Ca(2+) sparks were essentially unaffected by either wild-type or mutant calmodulin. An N-terminal extension of calmodulin, (N+3)calmodulin, that binds to but does not activate RYR at nM [Ca(2+)] in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, prevented the calmodulin-induced increase in spark frequency. These data suggest that exogenous Ca(2+)-free calmodulin cooperatively sensitizes the Ca(2+) release channel to open, but that Ca(2+) binding to the added calmodulin does not play a significant role in the termination of Ca(2+) sparks.
Production of the transforming growth factor-β binding protein endoglin is regulated during chick heart development

The early embryonic heart consists of two cell types. The cells form an inner epithelial tube of endocardium within an outer tube of myocardium separated by a cell-free extracellular matrix. A crucial process in heart development is the production of cushion mesenchyme in the atrioventricular (AV) canal and outflow tract (OT). Cushion mesenchyme differentiates from the endocardium in response to signaling molecules produced by the adjacent myocardium. In chicken hearts, both transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and TGF-β2 are present and have been identified as being important in the production of cushion mesenchyme. We were interested in how the signals from these two similar molecules may be differentiated during early heart development. To this end, we examined the expression of endoglin, a TGF-β receptor molecule, in the developing chick heart. Endoglin is typically located on endothelial cell layers and binds tightly to TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 but not well to TGF-β2. We show that during the formation of the primitive heart tube, endoglin is found at relatively high levels in both presumptive myocardium and endocardium. However, as myocardium differentiates and development proceeds, endoglin expression is progressively reduced. At stage 20 in the heart, endoglin expression is most readily seen in the AV canal and the OT. This pattern of expression is similar to the reported TGF-β3 expression patterns in the heart. Dev. Dyn. 1998;213:237–247. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pole-to-pole: lidar observations of middle and upper atmosphere temperature and polar mesospheric clouds over the North and South Poles

Global climate change resulting from greenhouse gas increase has extended into the middle and upper atmosphere. Modelling studies show that the effects are more significant at high latitudes. Thus, the observations at the poles may provide some of the first conclusive evidence of global changes in the middle and upper atmosphere, and also provide a convenient mean of calibrating general circulation models. However, the middle and upper atmosphere region is difficult to study. To help address the measurement needs, we developed a new robust lidar system using an Fe Boltzmann technique. The new lidar utilizes mesospheric iron as a fluorescence tracer and relies on the temperature dependence of the population difference of two closely spaced Fe transitions. We deployed this new lidar to the North and South Poles from 1999 through 2001 to measure the temperatures and polar mesospheric clouds in the middle and upper atmosphere for both day and nighttime. Important scientific results and issues have emerged from our observations at the poles, especially on the polar mesospheric clouds (PMC) and temperatures. Significant hemispheric differences in PMC altitudes were found during our pole-to-pole measurements. Interpretation of these results has led to a new insight into the solar radiative forcing on the Earth atmosphere and a baseline for calibrating the atmospheric general circulation models. We review the pole-to-pole observations and results in this paper.
Changing body wall and rib defects after local application of nitrogen mustard to different mediolateral portions of rib-forming levels of two-day chick embryos.

Methylbis(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride was applied for 1 minute to the slit vitelline membrane over different mediolateral portions of ribforming levels of 22- to 27-somite chick embryos by uniformly prepared agar discs of uniform dimensions. Gross effects on rib patterns and external features (body wall, feather tracts, wings) were recorded after 10 to 11 days of incubation. Rib patterns were essentially normal in most specimens with agar discs placed over the right lateral plate only; modifications of external features other than right wings were minimal under these circumstances. Placement of agar discs close to or over any portions of the somites and also over the lateral plate resulted in modifications both of rib patterns and external features. Related modifications occurred in vertebral and sternal components of ribs 3–7. Vertebral components were reduced in size, otherwise modified, or absent. Sternal components were either modified correspondingly, usually to greater degrees, or absent. Sternal components never formed in the absence of corresponding vertebral components. Similar modifications of vertebral and sternal components sometimes occurred on the left side when agar discs were applied to the right side. Modified external features (transverse grooves or depressions, body foreshortening, dorsal displacement and other modifications of breast and ventral feather tracts) appeared to be due to reduction of body musculature. These results are compatible with the classical hypothesis that vertebral and sternal rib components and ventrolateral muscles originate exclusively from somites.