cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of excessive gestational weight gain in urban, low-income women.

Abstract Background Factors influencing excessive weight gain in pregnancy have not been well-studied among urban, low-income women. Methods This prospective cohort study of 94 prenatal care patients at a large university hospital in Philadelphia examined associations of modifiable midpregnancy behaviors and nonmodifiable or early pregnancy factors with excessive gestational weight gain. Data were collected through questionnaires and medical record abstraction from 2009 to 2011. Findings The majority of women were African American (83%) and all (100%) received Medicaid. Nearly two thirds (60%) were overweight or obese in early pregnancy and 41% experienced excessive gain. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, significant predictors of excessive gestational weight gain included high early pregnancy body mass index (odds ratio [OR], 4.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43–12.34 for overweight/obese vs. normal weight), nulliparity (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.17–9.62 for nulliparity vs. multiparity), and clinician advice discordant with Institute of Medicine guidelines (OR, 5.88; 95% CI, 1.04–33.32 for discordant vs. concordant advice). Watching under 2 hours of television daily (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03–1.03), and engaging in regular physical activity during pregnancy (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.11–1.09) were suggestive of a reduced risk of excessive gain. Conclusions In this sample of urban, low-income women, high early pregnancy body mass index, nulliparity, and discordant clinician advice were directly associated with excessive gestational weight gain, with a trend toward decreased risk for viewing fewer hours of television and engaging in regular physical activity. Intervening on these targets may optimize gestational weight gain and promote long-term maternal health.
Fully developed laminar flow in trapezoidal grooves with shear stress at the liquid–vapor interface

Abstract This paper discusses the behavior of liquid flowing in a groove with a trapezoidal cross-section. For fully developed laminar flow, the conservation of mass and momentum equations reduce to the classic Poisson equation in terms of the liquid velocity. A finite difference solution was employed to determine the mean velocity, volumetric flow rate, and Poiseuille number ( Po = fRe ) as functions of the groove aspect ratio, groove-half angle, meniscus contact angle and imposed shear stress at the liquid–vapor interface. Comparisons with existing solutions for fully developed flow in rectangular ducts and rectangular and triangular grooves are provided. The volumetric flow rate in a groove in which the fill amount varies is discussed. A semi-analytical solution and a two-point numerical solution for the mean velocity in a groove are presented and used to determine the capillary limit for a revolving helically grooved heat pipe. The effects of interfacial shear stress and groove fill ratio on heat pipe performance are investigated.
Clinical Trials in the Era of Personalized Oncology

The rapid pace of discoveries in tumor biology, imaging technology, and human genetics hold promise for an era of personalized oncology care. The successful development of a handful of new targeted agents has generated much hope and hype about the delivery of safer and more effective new treatments for cancer. The design and conduct of clinical trials has not yet adjusted to a new era of personalized oncology and so we are more in transition to that era than in it. With the development of treatments for breast cancer as a model, we review the approaches to clinical trials and the development of novel therapeutics in the prior era of population oncology, the current transitional era, and the future era of personalized oncology.
Diffusion Layer Modeling for Condensation With Multicomponent Noncondensable Gases

Many condensation problems involving noncondensable gases have multiple noncondensable species, for example, air (with nitrogen, oxygen, arid other gases); and other problems where light gases like hydrogen may mix with heavier gases like nitrogen. Particularly when the binary mass diffusion coefficients of the noncondensable species are substantially different, the noncondensable species tend to segregate in the condensation boundary layer. This paper presents a fundamental analysis of the mass transport with multiple noncondensable species, identifying a simple method to calculate an effective mass diffusion coefficient that can be used with the simple diffusion layer model. The results are illustrated with quantitative examples to demonstrate the potential importance of multicomponent noncondensable gas effects.
Size-extensive vibrational self-consistent field methods with anharmonic geometry corrections.

In the size-extensive vibrational self-consistent field (XVSCF) method introduced earlier [M. Keceli and S. Hirata, J. Chem. Phys.135, 134108 (2011)]10.1063/1.3644895, only a small subset of even-order force constants that can form connected diagrams were used to compute extensive total energies and intensive transition frequencies. The mean-field potentials of XVSCF formed with these force constants have been shown to be effectively harmonic, making basis functions, quadrature, or matrix diagonalization in the conventional VSCF method unnecessary. We introduce two size-consistent VSCF methods, XVSCF(n) and XVSCF[n], for vibrationally averaged geometries in addition to energies and frequencies including anharmonic effects caused by up to the nth-order force constants. The methods are based on our observations that a small number of odd-order force constants of certain types can form open, connected diagrams isomorphic to the diagram of the mean-field potential gradients and that these nonzero gradients shift the potential minima by intensive amounts, which are interpreted as anharmonic geometry corrections. XVSCF(n) evaluates these mean-field gradients and force constants at the equilibrium geometry and estimates this shift accurately, but approximately, neglecting the coupling between these two quantities. XVSCF[n] solves the coupled equations for geometry corrections and frequencies with an iterative algorithm, giving results that should be identical to those of VSCF when applied to an infinite system. We present the diagrammatic and algebraic definitions, algorithms, and initial implementations as well as numerical results of these two methods. The results show that XVSCF(n) and XVSCF[n] reproduce the vibrationally averaged geometries of VSCF for naphthalene and anthracene in their ground and excited vibrational states accurately at fractions of the computational cost.
Open-angle glaucoma associated with vitreous humor filling the anterior chamber

We studied the diagnostic features of vitreous humor filling the anterior chamber in open-angle glaucoma in one patient who developed this phenomenon several years after an intracapsular cataract extraction. In two other patients, vitreous filled the anterior chamber after ocular trauma. These patients had markedly increased intraocular pressures that responded poorly to medical therapy. Follow-up of at least one year with each of our patients suggests that with vitrectomy they have done well.
Discovery, Synthesis, and Structure Activity Relationship of a Series of N-Aryl- bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxamides: Characterization of ML213 as a Novel KCNQ2 and KCNQ4 Potassium Channel Opener.

Herein we report the discovery, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of N-aryl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxamides as selective KCNQ2 (Kv7.2) and KCNQ4 (Kv7.4) channel openers. The best compound, 1 (ML213), has an EC50 of 230 nM (KCNQ2) and 510 nM (KCNQ4) and is selective for KCNQ2 and KCNQ4 channels versus a large battery of related potassium channels, as well as affording modest brain levels. This represents the first report of unique selectivity profiles for KCNQ2 and KCNQ4 over the other channels (KCNQ1/3/5) and as such should prove to be a valuable tool compound for understanding these channels in regulating neuronal activity.
Political Ideology, Public Policy and Human Development in India: Explaining the Gap Between Gujarat and Tamil Nadu

AbstractFour decades ago the Indian states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu had identical scores on the human development index. Both states have since experienced similar rates of economic growth and Gujarat has received more foreign investment, but Tamil Nadu has witnessed much stronger advances in human development. What explains this divergence? Through comparative historical, statistical and public policy analysis and interviews, we conclude that the implementation of government policies as a manifestation of political ideology and the quality of public administration have played a defining role in explaining Gujarat’s more lopsided and Tamil Nadu’s more balanced human development trajectories. Our findings suggest that a more egalitarian ideology and higher quality of public administration have been crucial to Tamil Nadu’s success in simultaneously improving human and economic development.
Quasi‐analytic models for density bubbles and plasma clouds in the equatorial ionosphere: Closed form solutions for electric fields and potentials

[1] The equatorial ionosphere contains imbedded bubbles that rise vertically through a horizontally stratified plasma. When gravity, neutral winds or external electric fields act on the F region plasma, electric fields form in the density perturbations that comprise the bubbles. The second order differential equation that describes the electric fields is a nonseparable elliptic equation. Exact solutions of this nonlinear differential equation for the electric fields and potentials are derived assuming linear or circular symmetry to the density structures imbedded in the background plasma. A wide variety of analytic solutions for electric potentials are found for both density cavities and density enhancements. These solutions may be used for quasi-analytic transport of the bubbles with equations derived from the continuity equation for the plasma. The analytic solutions may also be used to test numerical solvers of the nonseparable elliptic equations that describe the electric fields in the unstable plasma.
A statewide assessment of mental health governing board training needs.

This paper describes a statewide survey assessment of the training needs of governing board members and presents a demographic profile of governing board presidents. Presidents of the 55 governing boards in a consortium of state-funded, community-based mental health agencies were mailed questionnaires. They were asked to respond in terms of board rather than individual priorities. Forty-four questionnaires were returned representing 80% of the sample and 57% of all governing boards in the state. Seventy-one percent of the respondents were male and 55% were executives or managers. Their mean age was 45. Of the 10 needs assessment items, the two highest rated pertained to the financing of centers and knowledge of mental health legislation. Three areas of need emerged from a factor analysis: a board mandate factor, a board organization factor, and a planning and evaluation factor. The perceived training needs of the Chicago Metropolitan Area and Downstate Illinois were similar. The issue of effective citizen involvement vis-a-vis valid representation and appropriate training was discussed.
Identifying Predictors of Negative Psychological Reactions to Stalking Victimization

Victims of stalking often experience a number of negative psychological problems including such things as fear, symptoms of depression, and anger. However, research on factors that lead to these outcomes is limited. The goal of this study was to first identify distinct subgroups of stalking victims based on measures of psychological problems resulting from being stalked. Once identified, the next step was to examine the influence of demographic and stalking-related variables on the probability of subgroup membership. The results revealed that respondents who were female, had a prior relationship with the stalker, experienced a greater variety of stalking behaviors, were divorced/separated, and reported receiving government assistance were more likely to be classified into subgroups characterized by a high probability of experiencing multiple negative outcomes.
A multimodal behavior analytic model for evaluating the effects of medical problems on nonspecific behavioral symptoms in persons with developmental disabilities

A relationship between various medical illnesses and the frequency and severity of nonspecific behavioral symptoms such as aggression and self-injury has been described by a number of writers. None, however, provides a clinical case formulation model that articulates the specific nature of this relationship or the manner in which potential biomedical influences interact with psychological and socioenvironmental ones to determine the occurrence and strength of behavioral symptoms. A model is described in this paper that suggests possible contributions of medical illnesses or conditions to occurrence of nonspecific behavioral symptoms and provides a diagnostic basis for selecting and evaluation related interventions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Value of Repeat Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Embolism from the Aorta

Abstract Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is now widely used in the evaluation of patients with unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack, in part to exclude the presence of protruding aortic arch atheromas. We report two cases in which repeated TEE revealed an aortic clot not seen on the earlier transesophageal echocardiogram performed immediately after embolization. These cases illustrate the dynamic nature of aortic thrombus and the role of TEE in its diagnosis. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:1124-6.)
Degrees Toward Social Justice Teaching: Examining the Dispositions of Three Urban Early-Career Teachers

Teaching for social justice means understanding students and advocating for them. These dispositions are especially critical for those who teach in urban communities where low-resourced schools and deficit perspectives toward students prevail. While many teacher education programs claim to prepare teachers for social justice (Zeichner in Teacher education and the struggle for social justice. Routledge, New York, 2009), it remains unclear how program graduates actually think and act according to social justice principles. This study focuses on the dispositions of three, early-career teachers in relation to Cochran-Smith’s (The international handbook of educational change. Springer, New York, 2010) theory of social justice in education, and some of the background and contextual factors that shaped their ability to enact social justice teaching practices. Case studies, largely based on teachers’ written narratives, reveal differences in their orientations toward: (1) caregivers, (2) students’ knowledge traditions, and (3) their ability to raise students’ critical consciousness. The two teachers who were most evolved in their demonstrations of social justice teaching grew up in families where service to others was highly valued. The study also demonstrates how two of the teachers managed in school contexts where scripted teaching and high stakes testing were enforced, and how these conditions factored into one teacher’s departure from her position. Findings from this study indicate how teacher education and professional development programs can be strengthened to develop and support teachers’ social justice orientations.
Paleochannel Across Louden Anticline, Fayette County, Illinois: Its Relation to Cypress (Chesterian) Stratigraphic Entrapment of Petroleum: ABSTRACT

Structural mapping of the base of the Beech Creek (Barlow) Limestone across Louden oil field, Fayette County, Illinois, reveals a northwest-southeast trending saddle that is more than 1.5 km wide and 6 km long, and is perpendicular to the major axis of the Louden anticline. This depression coincides with the abrupt appearance of a thick, fine-grained, argillaceous limestone (so-called "false Barlow") subjacent to a regionally normal thickness of coarse-grained, bioclastic Beech Creek Limestone. Sandstone beds in the Cypress Sandstone, which generally underlie the Beech Creek, are thin or absent beneath this area of false Barlow. This feature is believed to be a major tidal channel that breached deposits of shallow marine or eolian sands that had accumulated along the crest of the anticline. The trend of the channel, perpendicular to the anticlinal axis, and the restriction of the channel to the crestal area only, with no apparent extension off-structure, strongly suggest that the Louden anticline was topographically high during Cypress deposition. The channel was filled during latest Cypress deposition by marine shales and fine-grained limestone (false Barlow). During the main phase of sand deposition, the channel profoundly influenced local sandstone depositional patterns; two thick, offshore sand bars or barrier islands accumulated near its southeastern terminus along the flank of the anticline. These flank ng sand bodies pinch out updip against lagoonal shales and are true stratigraphic traps that have since produced several million barrels of petroleum. The recognition of large marine bar sand bodies in the Cypress Sandstone opens new prospects for oil exploration in the Illinois basin. Henceforth, Cypress sandstones should not be viewed as massive blanket sands or overlapping fluvial channel sands, but rather as complex sequences of shallow marine sandstone. Favorable areas to explore for stratigraphic traps in the Cypress include the flanks of major anticlines, areas of thick false Barlow, and near linear gaps in the areal distribution of Cypress production. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1282------------
Social psychological bases for Stakeholder acceptance Capacity

Wildlife managers often encounter stakeholder groups with differing beliefs about ideal population levels of wildlife and appropriate management actions toward wildlife. For example, hunters, farme...
Operability and feasibility of ethanol production by immobilized Zymomonas mobilis in a fluidized-bed bioreactor

Studies have been carried out using immobilized Z.mobilis in fluidized-bed bioreactors and have emphasized operation during high productivity and conversion. The bacteria are immobilized within small uniform beads (~1 to 1.5-mm diam) of K-carrageenan at cell loadings of 15-50 g (dry wt)/L. Conversion and productivity were measured under a variety of conditions, including feedstocks, flow rates, temperature, pH, and column sizes (up to 2.5 m tall). Volumetric productivities of 50-120 g EtOH/h-L reactor volume have been achieved. Productivities of 60 g/h-L are demonstrated from a 15% feed with residual glucose concentrations of less than 0.1% and 7.4% EtOH in the tallest fermentor. Among feeds of 10, 15, and 20% dextrose, the 15% gave the highest productivity and avoided substrate inhibition. A temperature of 30°C and pH 5 were the optimum conditions. The ethanol yield was shown to be nearly constant at 0.49 g EtOH/g glucose, or 97% of the theoretical under a variety of conditions and transients. The biocatalyst beads have been shown to remain active for two months. Nonsterile feed has been used for weeks without detrimental contamination. The advantages of this advanced bioreactor system over conventional batch technology are discussed.
Negotiations of the Complicitous Nature of US Racial/Ethnic Categorization: Exploring Rhetorical Strategies

This analysis explores the multiple ways in which diverse individuals negotiate the complicitous nature of U.S. racial and ethnic categories in terms of self-descriptive labels. Specifically, we draw from narratives of 100 individuals who participated in 13 different focus groups over a 9-month period (September 2006 to May 2007). These discussions provide significant insight into the complex ways in which US citizens—native born, first- and second-generation, including persons of Asian, Hispanic, African, and European descent—negotiate US racial and ethnic classifications. Utilizing complicity theory (McPhail, 1994, 2002; Patton, 2004) as a frame, we found that US citizens of European and African descent enact rhetoric that complies with rigid conceptualizations of race. Additionally, people of color were more likely than White Americans to question US categories for race and ethnicity. However, through their everyday rhetoric, individuals who were born primarily in the Caribbean or Central and South Ame...
Mixed Particle Size Distribution Effects on Heat Transfer in a Fluidized Bed

Lorsque le lit contient principalement des particules de petite taille, le transfert de chaleur observe est similaire a celui observe pour un lit contenant uniquement des petites particules. par ailleurs, les coefficients de transferts experimentaux observes pour des melanges binaires sont plus eleves que les valeurs calculees par les correlations deja existantes
Estimating Parameters of Derived Random Variables: Comparison of the Delta and Parametric Bootstrap Methods

Abstract In quantitative fisheries research, analysts often need to estimate the parameters of derived random variables that cannot be observed directly and are instead computed from other observed random variables. The delta method, which is based on the Taylor series, has been widely used for approximating the mean and variance of derived variables. This paper applies a computer simulation method that involves the parametric bootstrap method for estimating the mean and variance of derived random variables. The results from these two methods are compared with the true values (when they can be computed) or with each other. Several types of commonly used functions in quantitative fisheries studies are examined, namely, the exponential, logarithmic, product, quotient, and asymptotic functions. The parametric bootstrap method leads to fairly accurate estimates for the mean and variance of the derived variables. The delta method provides reasonably good estimates when the variation (expressed as the coefficie...
The electrical properties and stability of the hafnium silicate/Si0.8Ge0.2(100) interface

The effect of post-oxidation N2 annealing and post-metallization forming-gas annealing on the electrical properties of Pt/Hf-silicate (3 nm)/Si0.8Ge0.2(100)/n-type Si(100) metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors is reported. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current density-voltage (J-V) measurements of asgrown, 3-nm-thick, hafnium-silicate films containing ∼12at.%Hf indicate a large number of bulk and interface traps with a current density of ∼10−2 A/cm2 at VFB+1 V. Post-ultraviolet (UV)/O3 oxidation annealing in N2 at 350°C for 30 min leads to a significant improvement in the electrical characteristics of the film. A post-metallization anneal (PMA) at 450°C for 30 min in forming gas (90% N2:10% H2), however, degraded the electrical properties of the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the forming-gas-annealed films indicate that a possible cause for the degradation in electrical properties is the hydrogen-induced reduction of GeO2 in the interfacial SixGe1−xO2 oxide layer to elemental germanium. Implications for the introduction of hafnium silicate as a viable gate dielectric for SiGe-based devices are discussed.
Statistical properties of staircase estimates

The bias and variability of staircase estimators were studied by means of repeated computer simulations of staircase runs. Both forced-choice and yes-no staircases were simulated. The influence of the shape of the psychometric function, the location and spacing of the stimuli, the number of trials in a run, and the method of deriving the estimate from the data are discussed. The forced-choice staircase is compared to the yes-no staircase, and the limitations of the simulation procedure are outlined.
Structure and Exciton Dynamics in J-Aggregates Studied by Polarization-Dependent Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

Thin films of pseudoisocyanine (PIC) J-aggregates have been investigated by near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), revealing the local molecular orientation, the molecular order, and the distance scale for exciton migration in these nanostructured films. Polarization-dependent images of J-aggregates grown in poly(vinyl sulfate) films were recorded by detecting the fluorescence from the excitonic state of the aggregates and are presented for three different excitation wavelengths corresponding to excitation to the lower (570 nm) and upper (514.5 and 488 nm) regions of the excitonic band. The images demonstrate that the fluorescence is highly polarized along the long axis of the aggregates. Aggregate absorption (i.e., fluorescence excitation) in the near field is highly polarized along the long axis of the aggregates at 570 nm, independent of polarization at 514.5 nm, and polarized perpendicular to the long axis at 488 nm. The polarization-dependent results are employed to determine the local excito...
Influence of fair-weather cumulus clouds on isoprene chemistry

[1] Fair-weather cumulus clouds are not resolved in regional- and global-scale atmospheric chemistry models because their horizontal extent is less than the horizontal resolution of the model. A Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) model, with finer grid resolution, can resolve the energy containing turbulent eddies and fair-weather cumulus clouds. Isoprene, which is mainly emitted from deciduous forests and plays a significant role in producing ozone, has a chemical lifetime similar to the boundary layer turbulence turnover time, indicating that turbulent transport, cloud processes, and chemistry are all potentially important for the prediction of ambient isoprene concentrations. The LES model coupled with chemistry developed in this study is an ideal tool to examine the influence of fair-weather cumulus clouds on isoprene chemistry. With a LES model that includes a moderately complex gas-phase chemical mechanism of isoprene oxidation, we find enhancement of isoprene, methacrolein, and methylvinyl ketone in the cloud layer while changes in these chemical species' mixing ratios in the subcloud layer relative to the cloud-free case vary depending on the chemical lifetimes. We demonstrate that nitrogen oxides put into the system can modulate the chemical lifetimes of isoprene and related chemical species, which in turn changes the vertical distribution of the chemical species. For high NOx conditions, ozone in the subcloud layer for the cloudy case is ∼5 ppbv lower than that for the cloud-free case, suggesting potential positive ozone bias in large-scale models that do not include fair-weather cumulus cloud processes.
Applying Physics to an Undergraduate Design for an Unmanned Aerial System

The Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the United States Military Academy requires its graduates to complete an integrative capstone design in their senior year. One of these projects involves the design, construction, testing, and demonstration of a small, highly autonomous, unmanned aerial system (UAS). This particular capstone option was added to the list of available capstone projects in the fall of 2005. In the past, while students have been able to complete the design process relatively well, an area of deficiency for all capstone design teams has been the physical modeling of their design before construction. This paper describes the progression of physical modeling and analysis for the systems' air vehicles over the course of the three years of the project's existence. In the first year, the two teams did little or no modeling. During the second year of the project, with three different teams, some modeling was attempted, but not verified through testing once the designs were constr...
Technological and policy options for sustainable agricultural intensification in eastern Uganda

This article presents a bio-economic household model, which has been developed to assess the potential impacts of agricultural intensification efforts on economic and ecological indicators in eastern Uganda. A study region in the Lake Victoria Crescent was selected with comparative advantages for intensive agricultural production: high agricultural potential, high market access, and high population density. However, current production is characterized by low input-output systems revealing a discrepancy between development opportunities and actual development outcomes. Based on a farmer participatory research approach, production methods were introduced in the study region aimed at fostering sustainable agricultural development. Data from two community surveys, two comprehensive household and plot level surveys, and farm-trial data were used to develop and calibrate bio-economic models for four representative household types. Model scenarios reveal that farm households in eastern Uganda would not pursue sustainable intensification under current socio-economic conditions. The market environment has to be improved substantially, i.e., transaction and transportation costs have to be reduced, innovative credit schemes for smallholders have to be introduced, and alternative forms of labor acquisition have to be promoted, to provide sufficient economic incentives for the adoption of environmentally sound production methods. In addition, agricultural service provision needs to be reformed and more agricultural research is needed for new and better-targeted technologies.
Systemic hemibody irradiation for overt and occult metastases

Hemibody irradiation was initially employed as a palliative technique to treat diffuse metastatic disease in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. It provides a radiation treatment for disseminated cancer and therefore has been termed "systemic" therapy. Since it is possible to treat both halves of the body sequentially, it allows radiation treatment to the whole body in larger doses than could be accomplished with total-body irradiation. Because of the success in terms of dramatic rapid pain relief and the objective response on metastatic disease, it has been explored in the treatment of occult disease and as consolidation therapy in patients with tumors that have responded to chemotherapy. When hemibody irradiation is combined with chemotherapy, responses have been shown in metastases for several primaries, particularly small cell carcinoma, which is perhaps the most encouraging, and supports further research in the treatment of micrometastatic disease for this tumor type. As the technique moves from its current research phase into more general clinical use, radiation oncologists should become more familiar with the treatment, and the hospitalization originally required may be able to be avoided. An intensive premedication program has been developed to facilitate this. Innovative approaches using radiosensitizers, radioprotectors, hyperthermia, and hyperfractionation are ideas that are starting to be tested and will be further explored in the near future.
Living with influenza: Impacts of government imposed and voluntarily selected interventions

Focusing on mitigation strategies for global pandemic influenza, we use elementary mathematical models to evaluate the implementation and timing of non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies such as travel restrictions, social distancing and improved hygiene. A spreadsheet model of infection spread between several linked heterogeneous communities is based on analytical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. Since human behavior will likely change during the course of a pandemic, thereby altering the dynamics of the disease, we incorporate a feedback parameter into our model to reflect altered behavior. Our results indicate that while a flu pandemic could be devastating; there are coping methods that when implemented quickly and correctly can significantly mitigate the severity of a global outbreak.
Discriminability of intracranial stimuli: The role of anatomical connectedness

Abstract We have previously demonstrated a high degree of perceptual similarity between rewarding hypothalamic and septal brain shock. The present experiment attempted to evaluate the contribution of anatomical factors in determining the degree of stimulus equivalence. Eight rats were each implanted with positively reinforcing electrodes in the septum and the hypothalamus. They were then tested for their ability to solve a thirst-motivated water-reinforced successive discrimination task with stimulation of the two structures serving as the discriminative stimuli. Four animals had both electrodes placed on the same side of the brain (Ipsilateral Group), while in another four rats the electrodes were aimed at structures on opposite sides of the brain (Contralateral Group). The contralateral group reached the discrimination criterion significantly faster than the ipsilateral group. (i.e., the distributions were nonoverlapping.) The difficulty of making a discrimination between the stimulus properties of two types of rewarding brain shock seems to be directly related to the intimacy of the connections between the anatomical structures being stimulated.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF ENCAPSULATED AND CAPSULE-FREE STRAINS OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)

1. "S" strains of Friedlander's bacillus produce capsules, soluble specific substance, and are of exalted virulence. "S" strains are type-specific and react with only the type-specific antibodies of the homologous types. 2. Immunization with "S" cells induces the formation of antibodies which agglutinate type specifically, precipitate the corresponding soluble specific substance, and protect white mice against infection caused by organisms of the same type. 3. "R" strains of Friedlander's bacillus produce no capsules, produce no soluble specific substance, and are not pathogenic. "R" strains are serologically undifferentiated from each other and react with only the species antibodies. 4. Immunization with "R" cells induces antibodies which do not agglutinate encapsulated organisms, do not precipitate soluble specific substance, and do not afford protection against infection by Friedlander's bacillus. Anti-R serum contains only the species antibody which reacts with any capsule-free organism regardless of its type origin. 5. Decapsulation of "S" cells by heat and acid chemically converts a type-reacting organism into a species-reacting organism.
Seasonal variation in nitrogen uptake and turnover in two high-elevation soils: mineralization responses are site-dependent

In arctic and alpine ecosystems, soil nitrogen (N) dynamics can differ markedly between winter and summer months, and nitrogen losses can be measurable during the spring and fall transitions. To explore the effect of seasonality on biogeochemical processes in a temperate alpine environment, we used a combination of field incubations (year-round) and 15N tracer additions (late fall, early spring, summer) to characterize soil N dynamics in a wet and dry meadow in the Sierra Nevada, California. The snowmelt to early summer season marked a period of high 15N uptake and turnover in the two soils, coincident with the increase in microbial N pools at the start of snowmelt (wet and dry meadow); an increase in net N mineralization and net nitrification as snowmelt progressed (wet meadow only); and measureable net production of 15N-NH4 + in mid-summer (wet and dry meadow). Whereas fluctuations in microbial biomass were generally synchronous between the wet and dry meadow soils, only wet meadow soils appeared to mineralize N in response to declines in the microbial N pool. Net N mineralization and net nitrification rates in the dry meadow soil were negligible on all but one sampling date, in spite of periodic decreases in biomass of up to 60%. Across both sites, high 15N recoveries in microbial biomass N, rapid 15N-NH4 + turnover, and low or negative net 15N-NH4 + fluxes suggested tight cycling of N, particularly in the late fall and early spring.
Dynamic allocation of same-day requests in multi-physician primary care practices in the presence of prescheduled appointments

Appointments in primary care are of two types: 1) prescheduled appointments, which are booked in advance of a given workday; and 2) same-day appointments, which are booked as calls come during the workday. The challenge for practices is to provide preferred time slots for prescheduled appointments and yet see as many same-day patients as possible during regular work hours. It is also important, to the extent possible, to match same-day patients with their own providers (so as to maximize continuity of care). In this paper, we present a mathematical framework (a stochastic dynamic program) for same-day patient allocation in multi-physician practices in which calls for same-day appointments come in dynamically over a workday. Allocation decisions have to be made in the presence of prescheduled appointments and without complete demand information. The objective is to maximize a weighted measure that includes the number of same-day patients seen during regular work hours as well as the continuity provided to these patients. Our experimental design is motivated by empirical data we collected at a 3-provider family medicine practice in Massachusetts. Our results show that the location of prescheduled appointments – i.e. where in the day these appointments are booked – has a significant impact on the number of same-day patients a practice can see during regular work hours, as well as the continuity the practice is able to provide. We find that a 2-Blocks policy which books prescheduled appointments in two clusters – early morning and early afternoon – works very well. We also provide a simple, easily implementable policy for schedulers to assign incoming same-day requests to appointment slots. Our results show that this policy provides near-optimal same-day assignments in a variety of settings.
C-reactive protein: a poor marker of cardiovascular disease risk in HIV+ populations with a high prevalence of elevated serum transaminases.

Summary:Blood lipids and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) are used to assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We evaluated in a cross-sectional design the relationship of hsCRP to mark...
Multiple-valuedness of the free energy in the neighborhood of a critical point

Abstract It is shown that no single-valued free energy exists for a system which has a phase transition with a critical point and for which a few minimal hypotheses hold.
Time Evolution of Demixing in Oxides under an Oxygen Potential Gradient

Time evolution of concentration profiles leading to steady-state demixing in oxides under oxygen partial pressure gradient is treated based on a microscopic model by applying the path probability method of irreversible statistical mechanics. The redistribution of vacancies and cations toward the steady-state distribution has essentially been reduced to the diffusion of vacancies and the interdiffusion of cations along the specimen. Atomistic features of the problem, such as a vast difference in the relaxation times for the redistribution of vacancies and cations, are emphasized. Time required for the system to reach the steady state is then estimated in terms of fundamental material properties.
Transcendence of the Law of Baryon-Number Conservation in Black-Hole Physics

The following result is stated: A black hole in its final state can be endowed with no exterior scalar, vector, or spin-2 meson fields. We conclude that such a black hole is not subject to the strong interactions which are mediated by meson fields such as the $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}$, and $f$, and that consequently a useful definition of baryon number cannot be given for such an object.
Acceptance of Frozen Desserts Made with Concentrated, Decolorized, Deionized Hydrolyzed Whey Permeate

Abstract Three separate batches of whey permeate from ultrafiltration of sweet cheese whey were deionized, treated with β -galactosidase to hydrolyze lactose, and concentrated. By varying the level of completion of these steps, by decolorizing the latter two batches, and by subjecting the last batch to a 75°C postpasteurization heat treatment, control of stability and flavor was increased. The concentrated, deionized, hydrolyzed whey permeate was divided into two lots, one of which was decolorized. The regular and decolorized permeates were then used in soft-serve ice milk, hardened ice milk, and milk shake mixes. Mixes were pasteurized at 77°C for 30min and stored at 4°C. After freezing, each underwent organoleptic evaluation and comparison with a commercial brand. Products made with regular permeate yielded satisfactory results when used only at low levels. Products made with decolorized permeate yielded better overall results, although the products were criticized for being less sweet than controls. A concentrated, deionized, hydrolyzed whey permeate product developed for sweetener applications should be economical to produce and should be highly competitive with fructose and corn syrup sweeteners.
δ Opioid affinity and selectivity of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyindolomorphinan analogues related to naltrindole

To investigate the effect of the introduction of a 4-phenolic substituent on the δ opioid affinity and selectivity of the indolomorphinans, a range of 4-phenolic analogues of naltrindole were prepared and evaluated in in vitro assays. Although the majority of the ligands displayed poor affinity for all three opioid receptors (μ, κ, δ), 17-cyclopropylmethyl-6,7-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7:2‘,3‘-indolomorphinan (13) was an exception, displaying excellent δ binding selectivity (δ Ki = 7 nM, μ/δ = 1900, μ/κ = 1130). GTP-γ-S functional assays showed 13 to be a selective δ antagonist, albeit with lower potency than naltrindole. Although the reason for the unique profile of 13 could not be determined, these results validate our approach of introducing groups into the indolomorphinans that are known to reduce μ activity, to obtain increased δ selectivity.
Communication generation for aligned and cyclic(k) distributions using integer lattice

Optimizing communication is a key issue in generating efficient SPMD codes in compiling distributed arrays on data parallel languages, such as High Performance Fortran. In HPF, the array distribution may involve alignment and cyclic(k)-distribution such that the enumeration of the local set and the enumeration of the communication set exhibit regular patterns which can be modeled as integer lattices. In the special case of unit-strided alignment, many techniques of the communication set enumeration have been proposed, while in the general case of the non-unit-strided alignment, inspector-like run-time codes are needed to build repeating pattern table or to scan over local elements such that the communication set can be constructed. Unlike other works on this problem of the general alignment and cyclic(k) distribution, our approach derives an algebraic solution for such an integer lattice that models the communication set by using the Smith-Normal-Form analysis, therefore, efficient enumeration of the communication set can be generated. Based on the integer lattice, we also present our algorithm for the SPMD code generation. In our approach, when the parameters are known, the SPMD program can be efficiently constructed without any inspector-like run-time codes.
Can facility managers impact the expected budgetary outcomes of robust asset management programs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual risk assessment technique to aid facility managers with developing robust asset management programs. It proposes to evaluate three discrete risk sensitivity levels relative to the recognition of stochastic costs on expected budgetary outcomes. The paper expands the domain of available risk assessment techniques toward estimating impacts from uncertainty on desired levels of service.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the concept that facility managers can cost‐effectively manage robust asset management programs. This is accomplished by evaluating simple relationships between risk‐sensitive decision‐response alternatives and systems degradation characteristics. The resulting parameters are aggregated to estimate expected budgetary outcomes for robust asset management programs.Findings – The paper reveals that if facility managers assume risk‐avoidance positions, they can positively affect expected budgetary outcomes for robust asse...
Control of recurrent ventricular fibrillation by transvenous pacing in the absence of heart block.

Abstract Temporary intracardiac pacing was successful in suppressing recurrent ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in the absence of complete heart block. The ventricular ectopic activity was permanently abolished after the pacemaker catheter was removed, and the patient made a complete recovery.
A Diet High in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Accelerates Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Progression

Several lines of evidence suggest that dietary fat and cholesterol may play a role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disease progression. We examined the effect that an atherogenic diet (AD) high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol has on disease progression and systemic inflammation in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Macaques fed an AD had significantly more rapid disease progression, resulting in an increased risk of SIV-related death compared with that in control macaques (hazard ratio, 5.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.7-17.0]; P<.001). Peak viral load was higher in the AD group compared with control values, but further statistically significant differences were not detected at viral set point. The baseline plasma interleukin-18 level after 6 months of the AD was predictive of disease progression. Our findings may have important implications for HIV-infected individuals, because they suggest that dietary changes and manipulation of lipid metabolism could offer potential benefits by slowing disease progression.
A Cumulus Parameterization Based on a Cloud Model of Intermittently Rising Thermals

Abstract The author presents a cumulus parameterization that uses a cloud model that describes atmospheric convection as consisting of a sequence of intermittently rising thermals. The total mass of thermals in a convection event is determined by the amount of convective available potential energy in local soundings. In the cloud model, it is assumed that a thermal entrains environmental air only at a thin layer around the top frontier of its rising body. The entrained air mass mixes with the thermal’s air and produces “mixtures” that then detach themselves from the thermal. This limited mixing prevents deep erosion to the thermal’s buoyancy by entrainment and mixing processes. The remainder of the thermal continues rising to higher levels and forming more mixtures on its way to its own level of neutral buoyancy. The mixtures also rise or sink from the levels where they form to their level of neutral buoyancy. Evaluation of this scheme using Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment...