cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Today's Young Accountants Different? An Intergenerational Comparison of Three Psychological Attributes

SYNOPSIS: Much has been written about the so-called “millennial generation.” Many commentators believe that Millennials possess values and preferences that render them qualitatively different from the cohorts that preceded them. These writers have suggested, often without benefit of empirical evidence, that such differences will consequentially affect social institutions such as the accounting profession. This paper compares the generation of millennial individuals who are currently entering accounting with previous generational groups, represented by Baby Boomers, who entered the profession in the 1980s, and older students and younger professionals (Generation X). The results suggest that few personality differences exist to support the premise that the millennial generation now entering the accounting profession is truly unique. For the most part, differences are limited to growth need strength, and do not appear in locus of control or need to achieve. Implications for practice management are drawn.
Index complications predict secondary complications after infrainguinal lower extremity bypass for critical limb ischemia.

Abstract Objective Patients undergoing lower extremity bypass (LEB) are at high risk of perioperative complications that can lead to a cascade of secondary complications. Our goal was to understand the association of index complications with secondary complications after LEB. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database from 2005 to 2012 was used to analyze secondary complications after five index complications after LEB: deep/organ space surgical site infection, urinary tract infection (UTI), myocardial infarction (MI), pneumonia, and acute renal failure (ARF). Index cohorts were developed with 5:1 propensity matching for comparison. This score was based on preoperative variables and event-free days. Results We evaluated 20,230 LEB patients. Postoperative index surgical site infection increased the risk of secondary ARF (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-15.0), pneumonia (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.0-7.4), UTI (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.5), cardiac arrest (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.6-12.2), wound disruption (OR, 10.5; 95% CI, 6.7-16.6), unplanned intubation (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.0-12.8), prolonged ventilation (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 2.0-17.6), sepsis (OR, 16.2; 95% CI, 10.2-25.6), and mortality (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.7-7.1). Postoperative index UTI was associated with pneumonia (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.7-11.6), sepsis (OR, 7.8; 95% CI, 5.1-11.8), and mortality (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.3). Postoperative index MI was associated with secondary ARF (OR, 8.7; 95% CI, 3.8-20.1), pneumonia (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.7-8.8), cardiac arrest (OR; 7.4; 95% CI; 4.0-13.5), deep venous thrombosis (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.7-9.1), unplanned intubation (OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 7.3-20.3), prolonged intubation (OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 6.4-23.2), sepsis (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8), and mortality (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 3.6-8.5). Postoperative index pneumonia was associated with secondary ARF (OR, 25.5; 95% CI, 3.0-219.3), MI (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 3.2-18.0), UTI (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 2.0-9.0), cardiac arrest (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.0-13.2), deep venous thrombosis (OR, 7.7; 95% CI, 2.1-27.4), unplanned intubation (OR, 14.7; 95% CI, 8.3-26.1), prolonged ventilation (OR, 26.0; 95% CI, 11.8-56.9), sepsis (OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 4.0-12.8), and mortality (OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 3.7-10.0). Last, postoperative index ARF was associated with increased risk of secondary pneumonia (OR, 7.16; 95% CI, 2.6-20.0), cardiac arrest (OR, 15.5; 95% CI, 1.6-150.9), unplanned intubation (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 2.3-16.8), prolonged ventilation (OR, 8.8; 95% CI, 3.4-22.4), and mortality (OR, 8.8; 95% CI, 3.4-22.4). Conclusions A postoperative index complication after LEB is significantly more likely to lead to serious secondary complications. Prevention and early identification of index complications and subsequent secondary complications could decrease morbidity and mortality.
Deep Learning and Continuous Representations for Natural Language Processing (Tutorial at IJCAI 2016)

This tutorial provides an extensive overview on recently developed techniques in deep learning and continuous-space representations for natural language problems. Approaches to important real-world natural language applications, including machine translation, semantic representation modeling, question answering and semantic parsing will be the main focus.
Policy entrepreneurship in climate governance: Toward a comparative approach:

This paper draws out lessons from the special issue, laying out elements of research agenda on climate policy entrepreneurship. First, I offer an expanded definition of entrepreneurship, which distinguishes between the entrepreneurs themselves and the strategies they employ. Further refinements of the concept of entrepreneurship should specify other relevant dimensions of variation, such as the desired outcome, and the expected time frame in which it is to be achieved. I then present a simple causal model of entrepreneurship to facilitate future comparative research. Based on the papers in the special issue, I derive several testable hypotheses for future research. Finally, I argue that we must also consider the “expansive effects” of policy entrepreneurs: the extent to which their actions lead to changes beyond those intended. I offer some approaches to begin to study these broader effects.
Abstract 19306: Phosphorylation of Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C Abolishes Myosin Binding and Preserves Actin Binding to Accelerate Relaxation Kinetics in Engineered Cardiac Tissue

Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) is a sarcomeric protein that regulates contractility in response to increased circulatory demand. Phosphorylation of cMyBP-C during adrenergic stimulation...
Interventional Cerebral and Spinal Angiography

Interventional cerebral and spinal angiography play a key role in diagnosing and treating a wide variety of cerebral and spinal vascular diseases, including management of acute stroke, cerebral aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, vascular trauma, tumors, and many other cerebral and spinal vascular disorders. Deep understanding of cerebral and spinal vascular anatomy and pathology, mastering the surgical technique, careful preoperative preparation, meticulous postoperative care, and managing potential complications are all crucial to achieve good outcomes. This chapter focuses on the basic steps involved in performing a safe, efficient, and successful cerebral and spinal angiography examination.
The Effect of MAOA and Stress Sensitivity on Crime and Delinquency: A Replication Study

Across several meta-analyses, MAOA-uVNTR genotype has been associated with an increased risk for antisocial behavior among males who experienced early life adversity. Subsequently, early life stress and genetic susceptibility may have long-term effects on stress sensitivity later in life. In support of this assumption, a recent study found evidence, in two independent samples, for a three-way interaction effect (cG × E × E) such that proximate stress was found to moderate the interactive effect of MAOA-uVNTR and distal stress on crime and delinquency among males. In light of recent developments in cG × E research, we attempted to replicate these findings in an independent sample of university students. Our results failed to support any cG × E or cG × E × E effects reported in the original study. Implications of a failed replication and general concerns for future cG × E research are discussed.
A Concluding Essay: Towards Maximum Context

This volume is based on the conviction that language is language only in context. That such context is two-fold has long been recognized. In any utterance but those of very simple structure, the linguistic constructions which occur are found in linguistic context. It is plain to see that a sentence taken from its matrix in a discourse can ultimately be understood only by reference to the linguistic context from which it comes. But language is in turn part of broader patterns of human behavior; one must, therefore, also refer to the situational or behavioral context of any utterance with which we have to do. So we are driven from the study of linguistic context to broader patterns of non-linguistic or only partially linguistic context.
Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) and the related conditions of "bowel bypass" syndrome and bullous pyoderma gangrenosum.

In 1964 Sweet described eight patients with a clinical-pathologic syndrome that he termed “an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis.” Subsequently patients have been recognized with acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (or Sweet’s syndrome) and malignancy, bullous pyoderma gangrenosum (a related condition) and malignancy, and the dermatosis related to bowel bypass or other bowel disease. Thus, it seems that when considering Sweet’s syndrome, clinicians must expand their concept to include all of the aforementioned entities.
Vibrational Frequency Shifts for Monitoring Noncovalent Interactions between Molecular Imprinted Polymers and Analgesics

The inherent sensitivity of molecular vibrational frequencies to their local chemical environment allows for the investigation of how small molecules interact within engineered cavities in molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs). These interactions arise via weak yet collective intermolecular interaction between the polymer and small molecule. Herein, intermolecular interactions between methacrylic acid-based MIPs and acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine are evaluated using shifts in the vibrational frequencies and changes in bandwidths of Raman-active modes. Recognition between these materials is measured experimentally and compared to modeled binding energies. Upon evaluation of Raman signals for the analgesics, intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding and other weak interactions between the molecules and polymer backbone are quantified. Finally, dissociation constants and imprinting efficiencies are estimated for selectivity evaluation. This exploitation of the sensitivity of Raman-active vibra...
The Synthesis of (±)-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-Octahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizine from Tryptophan and Dihydropyran

Indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine 1 (Scheme 1) has an interesting history. First synthesized by Keufer1 in 1950, this tetracyclic amine was subsequently prepared by several others,2–7 only later to be dis...
Mitigation of Pilot Spoofing Attack in Frequency Selective Channels

In a time-division duplex (TDD) multiple antenna system, the channel state information (CSI) can be estimated using reverse training. A pilot contamination (spoofing) attack occurs when during the training phase, an adversary also sends identical training (pilot) signal as that of the legitimate receiver. This contaminates channel estimation and alters the legitimate beamforming design, facilitating eavesdropping. Most of past approaches to pilot spoofing detection are limited to flat fading channels. A recent approach proposed superimposing a random sequence on the training sequence at the legitimate receiver for detection of pilot spoofing attack over frequency selective channels, with unknown channels and channel lengths, except that an upper bound on the number of channel taps is assumed to be known. In this paper we augment this approach with joint estimation of both legitimate receiver and eavesdropper channels, and secure time-reversal precoding, to mitigate the effects of pilot spoofing. The proposed mitigation approach is illustrated via simulations.
Global transcriptomic profiling of pulmonary gene expression in an experimental murine model of Rickettsia conorii infection

Mediterranean spotted fever develops from an infection with Rickettsia conorii, an obligate intracellular, Gram-negative, endotheliotropic, and tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen, and is an acute, febrile illness that can progress to life-threatening complications if not diagnosed and treated early with effective antibiotics. Despite significant morbidity and mortality, little is known about changes in gene expression that determine the host responses during in vivo infection. We have investigated the transcriptional landscape of host lungs as a prominently affected organ system in an established murine model of infection by RNA-sequencing. Ingenuity pathway analysis resulted in the identification of 1332 differentially expressed genes and 292 upstream regulators. Notably, genes encoding for ubiquitin D, aconitate decarboxylase, antimicrobial peptides, calgranulins, cytokines and chemokines, and guanylate binding proteins were highly up-regulated, whereas those involved in hemoglobin biosynthesis and heme homeostasis were significantly down-regulated. Amongst response regulators, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 and killer cell lectin-like receptors were differentially expressed, and gene clustering revealed eukaryotic initiation factor-2, oxidative phosphorylation, and ubiquitination as the predominantly activated biological pathways. Collectively, this first global transcriptomic profiling has identified R. conorii-induced regulation of novel genes and pathways in the host lungs, further in-depth investigation of which will strengthen our understanding of the pathogenesis of human rickettsioses.
Machine Learning Projection Methods for Macro-Finance Models

This paper develops a global simulation-based solution method to solve large states space macro-finance models using machine learning. We use an artificial neural network (ANN) to approximate the expectations in the optimality conditions in the spirit of the parameterized expectations algorithm (PEA). Because our method can process the entire information set at once, it is easily scalable to handle models with large state spaces that are highly collinear. We demonstrate these computational gains in two applications. First, we extend the optimal government debt problem studied by Faraglia et. al. (forthcoming) to ten maturities and we find that, when borrowing and lending constraints are tight, the optimal policy prescribes an active role for the medium-term maturities. Second, we reassess the solution of Kehoe and Perri (2002) for the international business cycle puzzles documented in Backus et al. (BKK1992). We show that extending their two-country framework to three countries (US, Europe, China ) can change the risk-sharing properties of the economy significantly.
Information Processing With Pure Spin Currents in Silicon: Spin Injection, Extraction, Manipulation, and Detection

We demonstrate that information can be transmitted and processed with pure spin currents in silicon. Fe/Al2O3 tunnel barrier contacts are used to produce significant electron spin polarization in the silicon, generating a spin current which flows outside of the charge current path. The spin orientation of this pure spin current is controlled in one of three ways: 1) by switching the magnetization of the Fe contact; 2) by changing the polarity of the bias on the Fe/Al2O3 "injector" contact, which enables the generation of either majority or minority spin populations in the Si, providing a way to electrically manipulate the injected spin orientation without changing the magnetization of the contact itself; and 3) by inducing spin precession through the application of a small perpendicular magnetic field. Spin polarization by electrical extraction is as effective as that achieved by the more common electrical spin injection. The output characteristics of a planar silicon three-terminal device are very similar to those of nonvolatile giant magnetoresistance metal spin-valve structures.
Candidate vaccines for human Rift Valley fever.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks can cause devastating economic loss and public health concerns. RVF virus (RVFV: genus Phlebovirus family Phenuiviridae) is transmitted by mo...
Thermoelectric response and entropy of fractional quantum Hall systems

We study the thermoelectric transport properties of fractional quantum Hall systems based on an exact diagonalization calculation. Based on the relation between the thermoelectric response and thermal entropy, we demonstrate that thermoelectric Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$ has power-law scaling ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{\eta}}$ for gapless composite Fermi-liquid states at filling numbers $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ and $1/4$ at low temperatures ($T$), with an exponent $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$ distinctly different from Fermi liquids. The power-law scaling remains unchanged for different forms of interaction including Coulomb and short-range ones, demonstrating the robustness of non-Fermi-liquid behavior of these interacting systems at low $T$. In contrast, for the $1/3$ fractional quantum Hall state, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$ vanishes at low $T$ with an activation gap associated with neutral collective modes rather than charged quasiparticles. Our results establish another manifestation of the non-Fermi-liquid nature of quantum Hall fluids at a finite temperature.
Predicting large vessel occlusion with a clinical scale: Building a better mousetrap

A series of landmark studies in 2015 showed that endovascular therapy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) offers substantial benefit to patients with AIS with large vessel occlusion (LVO).1 More recent studies have demonstrated the benefit of EVT treatment up to 24 hours after the onset of stroke symptoms.2,3 On the basis of these studies, patients with AIS suspected of having LVO are triaged to higher-level stroke centers—thrombectomy-capable stroke centers or comprehensive stroke centers—for potential EVT treatment. Clinical suspicion (e.g., high NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score, findings on neurologic examination) for LVO guides patient triage, but this approach typically lacks specificity and may result in unnecessary transfers.
Employing a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) to evaluate the impact of brief risk and protective factor prevention interventions for American Indian Youth Suicide.

This study is built on a long-standing research partnership between the Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health and the White Mountain Apache Tribe to identify effective interventions to prevent suicide and promote resilience among American Indian (AI) youth. The work is founded on a tribally-mandated, community-based suicide surveillance system with case management by local community mental health specialists (CMHSs) who strive to connect at-risk youth to treatment and brief, adjunctive interventions piloted in past research. Our primary aim is to evaluate which brief interventions, alone or in combination, have the greater effect on suicide ideation (primary outcome) and resilience (secondary outcome) among AI youth ages 10–24 ascertained for suicide-related behaviors by the tribal surveillance system. We are using a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial with stratified assignment based on age and suicidal-behavior type, and randomizing N = 304 youth. Brief interventions are delivered by AI CMHSs, or by Elders with CMHS support, and include: 1) New Hope, an evidence-based intervention to reduce immediate suicide risk through safety planning, emotion regulation skills, and facilitated care connections; and 2) Elders’ Resilience, a culturally-grounded intervention to promote resilience through connectedness, self-esteem and cultural identity/values. The control condition is Optimized Case Management, which all study participants receive. We hypothesize that youth who receive: a) New Hope vs. Optimized Case Management will have significant reductions in suicide ideation; b) Elders’ Resilience vs. Optimized Case Management will have significant gains in resilience; c) New Hope followed by Elders’ Resilience will have the largest improvements on suicide ideation and resilience; and d) Optimized Case Management will have the weakest effects of all groups. Our secondary aim will examine mediators and moderators of treatment effectiveness and sequencing. Due to heterogeneity of suicide risk/protective factors among AI youth, not all youth require the same types of interventions. Generating evidence for what works, when it works, and for whom is paramount to AI youth suicide prevention efforts, where rates are currently high and resources are limited. Employing Native paraprofessionals is a means of task-shifting psychoeducation, culturally competent patient support and continuity of care. Clinical Trials NCT03543865, June 1, 2018.
Maintenance of Skill Proficiency for Emergency Skills With and Without Adjuncts Despite the Use of Level C Personal Protective Equipment

Objective To determine the impact of Level C personal protective equipment (PPE) on the time to perform intravenous (IV) cannulation and endotracheal intubation, both with and without the use of adjuncts. Methods This prospective, case-control study of emergency medicine resident physicians was designed to assess the time taken by each subject to perform endotracheal intubation using both direct laryngoscopy (DL) and video laryngoscopy (VL), as well as peripheral IV cannulation both with and without ultrasound guidance and with and without PPE. Results While median times were higher using VL as compared to DL, there was no significant difference between intubation with either DL or VL in subjects with and without Level C PPE. Similarly, no significant difference in time was found for intravenous cannulation in the PPE and no-PPE groups, both with and without ultrasound guidance. Conclusions Existing skill proficiency was maintained despite wearing PPE and there was no advantage with the addition of adjuncts such as video-assisted laryngoscopy and ultrasound-guided intravenous cannulation. A safe and cost-effective strategy might be to conduct basic, just-in-time PPE training to enhance familiarity with donning, doffing, and mobility, and couple this with the use of personnel who have maximal proficiency in the relevant emergency skill, instead of more expensive, continuous, skills-focused PPE training.
Contemporary Incremental Healthcare Costs for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in the United States.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Determine contemporary incremental increases in healthcare expenditures and utilization associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of national health care survey data. METHODS Patients reporting a diagnosis of CRS were extracted from the 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey medical conditions file and linked to the consolidated expenditures file. CRS patients were then compared to non-CRS patients determining differences in healthcare utilization for office visits, emergency facility visits, and prescriptions filled as well as differences in total healthcare costs, office-based costs, prescription medication costs, and self-expenditures using demographically and comorbidity adjusted multivariate models. Results were compared to 2007, adjusted for inflation. RESULTS An estimated 7.28 ± 0.36 million adult patients reported CRS in 2018 (3.0 ± 0.1% of the adult U.S. population). The additional incremental healthcare utilizations associated with CRS relative to non-CRS patients for office visits, emergency facility visits, and number of prescriptions filled were 4.2 ± 0.6, 0.10 ± 0.03, and 6.0 ± 0.9, respectively (all P ≤ .003). Similarly, additional incremental healthcare expenditures associated with CRS for total health care expenses, office-based visit expenditures, prescription expenditures, and self-expenditures were $1,983 ± 569, $772 ± 139, $678 ± 213, and $68 ± 17, respectively (all P ≤ .002). Increases in total (+$1,062) and office based expenditures (+$360) compared to 2007 were significant. CONCLUSION CRS continues to be associated with a substantial incremental increase in healthcare utilization and expenditures. These expenditures have significantly outpaced inflation expected increases. The national healthcare costs of CRS have increased to an estimated $14.4 billion per year. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:2169-2172, 2021.
Is Gold a Safe Haven? International Evidence Revisited

The literature has not settled down on safe haven property of gold in emerging and developing countries. Therefore, in this study, we revisit the international evidence on hedging and safe haven role of gold for 34 emerging and developing countries with a span of daily data covering January 2000 – November 2018. We employ GARCH-copula approach to estimate lower-tail extreme dependencies of the joint distribution of gold and equity returns. We also introduce a new definition for strong safe haven property of an asset. Our findings indicate that while gold serves as a hedge instrument for all countries in our sample, we got evidence of weak safe haven property for gold, for domestic investors, only in 18 countries, and a strong safe haven asset only in six countries.
Application of machine learning to large in-vitro databases to identify cancer cell characteristics: telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression

Advances in biotechnology and machine learning have created an enhanced environment for unearthing and exploiting previously unrecognized relationships between genomic and epigenetic data with potential therapeutic implications. We applied advanced algorithms to data from the Cancer Dependency Map to uncover increasingly complex relationships. Specifically, we investigate characteristics of tumor cell lines with varying levels of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression in liver cancer. The findings indicate that the effect of CRISPR knockout of Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and numerous individual respiratory complex I genes is strongly related to the level of TERT expression, with knockout being particularly efficacious at killing or inhibiting growth of tumor cells with low levels of TERT expression for HDAC1 and high levels for Complex I genes. These findings suggest key biomarkers for therapeutic efficacy and yield novel potential pathways for drug development and provide further proof of principle for the potential of artificial intelligence in oncology.
The association between long-term ambient pesticide exposure and the gut microbiota in California adults

Background: The gut-brain axis theory hypothesizes that gut microbiota play a role in the development and progression of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the direction and magnitude of the crosstal...
Richard Lewontin (1929–2021): Evolutionary Biology’s Great Disrupter

Richard Lewontin would have laughed out loud if someone had referred to him as a postmodernist. But his role in late twentieth-early twenty-first century evolutionary biology was precisely that: di...
Microresonator Brillouin Laser Gyroscope with Earth-Rotation-Rate Sensitivity

Optical gyroscopes are widely used for precision navigation and there has been growing interest in the possibility of integrated optical gyroscopes. In this talk, we report a chip-based Brillouin laser gyroscope with Earth-rotation-rate sensitivity.
WE‐F‐BRB‐02: Setting the Stage for Incorporation of Toxicity Measures in Treatment Plan Assessments

Advancements in informatics in radiotherapy are opening up opportunities to improve our ability to assess treatment plans. Models on individualizing patient dose constraints from prior patient data and shape relationships have been extensively researched and are now making their way into commercial products. New developments in knowledge based treatment planning involve understanding the impact of the radiation dosimetry on the patient. Akin to radiobiology models that have driven intensity modulated radiotherapy optimization, toxicity and outcome predictions based on treatment plans and prior patient experiences may be the next step in knowledge based planning. In order to realize these predictions, it is necessary to understand how the clinical information can be captured, structured and organized with ontologies and databases designed for recall. Large databases containing radiation dosimetry and outcomes present the opportunity to evaluate treatment plans against predictions of toxicity and disease response. Such evaluations can be based on dose volume histogram or even the full 3-dimensional dose distribution and its relation to the critical anatomy. This session will provide an understanding of ontologies and standard terminologies used to capture clinical knowledge into structured databases; How data can be organized and accessed to utilize the knowledge in planning; and examples of research and clinical efforts to incorporate that clinical knowledge into planning for improved care for our patients. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the role of standard terminologies, ontologies and data organization in oncology 2. Understand methods to capture clinical toxicity and outcomes in a clinical setting 3. Understand opportunities to learn from clinical data and its application to treatment planning Todd McNutt receives funding from Philips, Elekta and Toshiba for some of the work presented
The formation of a ternary complex between diphtheria toxin, aminoacyltransferase II, and diphosphopyridine nucleotide.

Abstract The formation of a ternary complex between diphtheria toxin, transferase II (the peptidyl transfer RNA translocation factor), and diphosphopyridine nucleotide has been demonstrated by ultracentrifugation analyses. The complex has a s20,w value of 6.8 S and a molecular weight of 114,000. The reaction is specific for DPN+, and the complex is stoichiometric with respect to all three components. Experiments with labeled DPN+ indicate the participation of the complete coenzyme molecule in the formation of the complex. Transferase II is inhibited by diphtheria toxin only in the presence of DPN+. The complex-associated transferase II does not interact with or bind to ribosomes; however, preliminary evidence suggests that ribosome-bound transferase II is protected against the inactivation by diphtheria toxin and DPN+.
Unraveling the means to the end in ATP-dependent proteases.

In the ATP-dependent proteases, separate internal chambers function in substrate unfolding and degradation. These chambers are linked by narrow channels, requiring a protein to unfold completely in order to pass between them. New work suggests that substrates are unraveled from one end first and are translocated vectorially into the proteolytic core.
Nano Diamond Enhanced Silicon Carbide Matrix Composites

The effect of additions of dispersed diamond particles to polycrystalline SiC matrix on the mechanical properties of the SiC-diamond composites was investigated in composite samples manufactured by mixing submicron SiC powder with different vol pcts and different particle sizes of explosively formed diamond polytype(s) in aqueous suspensions, followed by evaporation and pressing at high temperature. Results of the characterization of pressed specimens showed that an addition of dispersed nano-diamond particles resulted in the fracture toughness, K(IC), that was higher by more than 100 percent, up to 7.17 MPa-sq rt m, than that of SiC. The increase depended on the volume percent and the particle size of the diamond particles. The addition of diamond particles also increased the thermal conductivity of the SiC. 11 refs.
Implementation of nonlinear inferential sensors

In industrial applications of inferential sensing, the most popular technology deployed is neural network technology. However, the industry needs more than one modeling option for building inferential sensors. Statistical tools such as partial least squares (PLS) must be provided to the user as options. Use of fuzzy functions and a hybrid of PLS and neural network are also becoming popular because of the robustness in predictions. First principle models are also used where data is not reliable. Successful implementation of an inferential sensor project requires a range of choices in modeling tools and good project engineering. This paper focuses on empirical model based inferential sensor and the implementation steps to accomplish a successful inferential sensing project.
Elastoplastic and Viscoplastic Deformations in Solids and Structures

This chapter presents a summary of some recent developments in the formulation and the numerical integration of elastoplastic and viscoplastic models of solids and structures. A brief description of the constitutive relations in these models in both the infinitesimal and finite deformation ranges is presented first. A key aspect of the elastoplastic models is the yield condition constraining the stress state to the so-called elastic domain, with the viscoplastic models resulting in a regularization of this unilateral constraint. This constrained character of the problem leads naturally to the traditional return-mapping algorithms used in the numerical integration of the local plastic evolution equations. The resulting discrete equations correspond to the so-called closest-point projection equations by which an elastic trial state is projected onto the elastic domain. The mathematical structure of these equations is studied to obtain efficient numerical techniques for their solution. In particular, the rich variational structure of the associated problem is investigated in detail. Primal and dual variational formulations are derived for the elastoplastic and viscoplastic models. Both lead to unilaterally constrained elastoplastic problems reflecting the underlying constrained physical system. Augmented Lagrangian extensions of these formulations resulting in unconstrained forms of the discrete equations, both in their primal and dual versions, are also explored. The different numerical algorithms associated with each of these formulations, referred generically as closest-point projection (CPPM) algorithms, are presented in detail for a general plastic model, not necessarily associated. Keywords: elastoplasticity; viscoplasticity; return-mapping algorithm; closest-point projection algorithms
Competition Between Local Dealerships and Internet Markets: The Role of Local Relationships, Risk Tolerance, and Trust in Used Farm Machinery Markets

We analyze recent and intended transactions of used farm equipment and find the quality of buyers' relationships with local equipment dealers influences whether their most recent purchase came from an Internet source and whether they will consider future purchases from Internet sources. We find local dealers who provide excellent parts and repair service face a double-edged sword: customers are less likely to have purchased from Internet sources during their last transaction but express stronger absolute interest in future Internet purchases. Also, customers who view their dealer as having treated them fairly during past price negotiations are less likely to express interest in transacting on the Internet in the future. Finally, buyers sort across channels based on several personal characteristics, including risk tolerance, trust attitudes, and negotiation style, but seller sorting is primarily based on risk tolerance. Specifically, buyers and sellers with greater risk tolerance sort to online markets. [JEL Descriptors: L81, Q12].
In Vivo DNA Deletion Assay to Detect Environmental and Genetic Predisposition to Cancer

Large-scale genomic rearrangements such as DNA deletions play a role in the etiology of cancer. The frequency of DNA deletions can be elevated by exposure to carcinogens or by mutations in genes involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity. The in vivo DNA deletion assay allows a visual detection of deletion events within the pink-eyed unstable (pun) locus in developing mouse embryos. A deletion of one copy of a duplicated 70-kb DNA fragment within the pun locus restores the pink-eyed dilute (p) gene, which encodes a protein responsible for the assembly of a black color melanin complex. Deletion events occurring in premelanocytes cause visible black patches (fur-spots) on the light gray fur of offspring and black pigmented cells (eye-spots) on the unpigmented retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the fur-spot assay, 10-d-old pups are observed for black spots on the fur. In the eye-spot assay, mice are sacrificed at d 20, eyes are removed, and the wholemount RPE slides are prepared for eye-spot analysis. The frequency, size, and position relative to the optic nerve of the eye-spots are determined. This assay can be used to study the effect of environmental chemicals and physical agents as well as the genetic control of DNA deletions in vivo.
BioDEAL: community generation of biological annotations.

Publication databases in biomedicine (e.g., PubMed, MEDLINE) are growing rapidly in size every year, as are public databases of experimental biological data and annotations derived from the data. Publications often contain evidence that confirm or disprove annotations, such as putative protein functions, however, it is increasingly difficult for biologists to identify and process published evidence due to the volume of papers and the lack of a systematic approach to associate published evidence with experimental data and annotations. Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools can help address the growing divide by providing automatic high-throughput detection of simple terms in publication text. However, NLP tools are not mature enough to identify complex terms, relationships, or events. In this paper we present and extend BioDEAL, a community evidence annotation system that introduces a feedback loop into the database-publication cycle to allow scientists to connect data-driven biological concepts to publications. BioDEAL may change the way biologists relate published evidence with experimental data. Instead of biologists or research groups searching and managing evidence independently, the community can collectively build and share this knowledge.
High-dose estrogen and clinical selective estrogen receptor modulators induce growth arrest, p21, and p53 in primate ovarian surface epithelial cells.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer affecting women. Hormone-based therapies are variably successful in treating ovarian cancer, but the reasoning behind these therapies is paradoxical. Clinical reagents such as tamoxifen are considered to inhibit or reverse tumor growth by competitive inhibition of the estrogen receptor (ER); however, high-dose estrogen is as clinically effective as tamoxifen, and it is unlikely that estrogen is acting by blocking ER activity; however, it may be activating a unique function of the ER that is nonmitogenic. For poorly defined reasons, 90% of ovarian cancers derive from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). In vivo the ER-positive OSE is exposed to high estrogen levels, reaching micromolar concentrations in dominant ovarian follicles. Using cultured rhesus OSE cells in vitro, we show that these levels of estradiol (1 μg/ml; ∼3 μm) block the actions of serum growth factors, activate the G1 phase retinoblastoma checkpoint, and induce p21, an inhibitor of ki...
Apoptosis in neonatal murine lung exposed to hyperoxia.

Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen in the neonatal period may impair lung growth and is a major contributing factor to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Cell death from hyperoxic injury may occur through either an apoptotic or nonapoptotic pathway, and we were interested in determining the type of cell death that occurs in the lung of neonatal mice exposed to hyperoxia. We found increased levels of Bax messenger RNA, a gene associated with apoptosis, in the lungs of neonatal mice born and raised in 92% hyperoxia. We next determined the extent of apoptosis taking place in the lungs of neonatal mice exposed to hyperoxia using terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate–biotin nick-end labeling in 3.5-, 4.5-, and 5.5-d-old neonatal lung. The number of apoptotic cells in peripheral lung was significantly higher in the 3.5-, 4.5-, and 5.5-d-old mice treated with oxygen compared with that in the room-air control mice. Further, the number of apoptotic cells in...
Process Modeling in the Pharmaceutical Industry using the Discrete Element Method

The discrete element method (DEM) is widely used to model a range of processes across many industries. This paper reviews current DEM models for several common pharmaceutical processes including material transport and storage, blending, granulation, milling, compression, and film coating. The studies described in this review yielded interesting results that provided insight into the effects of various material properties and operating conditions on pharmaceutical processes. Additionally, some basic elements common to most DEM models are overviewed. A discussion of some common model extensions such as nonspherical particle shapes, noncontact forces, and interstitial fluids is also presented. While these more complex systems have been the focus of many recent studies, considerable work must still be completed to gain a better understanding of how they can affect the processing behavior of bulk solids.
Safety and efficacy of a continuous once-a-week 17beta-estradiol/levonorgestrel transdermal system and its effects on vasomotor symptoms and endometrial safety in postmenopausal women: the results of two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trials.

AbstractObjectiveTwo prospective multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trials were conducted to examine the safety and efficacy of three once-a-week continuous combined 17β-estradiol/levonorgestrel (E2/LNG) transdermal systems (E2 0.045 mg/day with 0.015, 0.030, and 0.040 mg/day LNG) for
Plant proteins that inactivate foreign ribosomes.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins are a group of closely related proteins that are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and which share the unusual property of being able to inactivate mammalian ribosomes by an enzymic (non-stoichiometric) mechanism (1). Two major classes of these proteins are found in plants. The first contains the plant toxins (ricin, abrin, modeccin) in which an enzymically active Achain is linked through a disulfide bond to a cell-binding B-chain (2). These toxins bind to and penetrate mammalian cells. This is followed by release of the A-chains into the cytosol where they inactivate ribosomes and kill the cells. The second class of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) consists of proteins that are single polypeptide chains and which resemble the A-chains of plant toxins in their physical-chemical and enzymic properties (1, 3), as well as in their amino-terminal amino acid sequences (4). These proteins are relatively non-toxic, for they lack a B-chain and bind poorly to mammalian cells. However, they do show significant toxicity to phagocytic cells (1) and to virus=infected cells (1, 3) where the virus apparently helps the protein penetrate the cell. This review will consider only this second class of "non-toxic" RIPs. In contrast to the relatively rare occurrence of plant toxins, "non-toxic" RIPs are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. In their excellent review, Barbieri and Stirpe (1) catalogue RIPs from 51 plant species representing 14 different families. Screening surveys have identified other plant species without apparent RIP activity (5 7), but it is possible that if more appropriate assay conditions were selected most, even all, plant species would be found to contain RIPs (8). The 51 RIPs were obtained from seeds, roots, leaves, and/or sap of plants (1, 9, 10), and were frequently present at very high concentrations, e.g., 2-300mg protein/100g of plant tissue (1). Before the
The Impact of Monopoly Pricing on the Lerner Symmetry Theorem

I. Introduction, 591. — II. The Lerner and McKinnon symmetry theorems, 591. — III. Imperfect competition and the Lerner Symmetry Theorem, 595.
LOCAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE VARIATIONS AND ITS EFFECTS ON DAILY IONOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATION BEAM OUTPUTS FROM LINEAR ACCELERATORS

As part of the quality assurance protocol for linear accelerators at West Virginia University Hospitals, the local temperature and pressure are recorded on a daily basis by the radiation therapists. These temperature and pressure values are not used for temperature and pressure correction unless the ionometric measurements of radiation beam outputs from linear accelerators are outside the established tolerance levels. This paper presents a study on the variation of temperature and pressure over the past two years. Analysis of the data showed that the variation of pressure is within +/- 1.5% of the average value. Likewise, the variation of temperature is within +/- 1.5% of the average value. the worst possible effects of temperature and pressure on ionometric measurements would be within +/- 3%, which is at the tolerance levels recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group No. 13. By maintaining machine output fluctuation to within +/- 2%, the maximum deviation of uncorrected ionometric measurements would be within +/- 5%. This study collaborates with the tolerance levels suggested by the AAPM Task Group No. 40.
The Effects of Health, Wealth, and Wages on Labour Supply and Retirement Behaviour

This paper estimates a life cycle model of labour supply, retirement, and savings behaviour in which future health status and wages are uncertain. Individuals face a fixed cost of work and cannot borrow against future labour, pension, or Social Security income. The method of simulated moments is used to match the life cycle profiles of labour force participation, hours worked, and assets that are estimated from the data to those that are generated by the model. The model establishes that the tax structure of the Social Security system and pensions are key determinants of the high observed job exit rates at ages 62 and 65. Removing the tax wedge embedded in the Social Security earnings test for individuals aged 65 and older would delay job exit by almost one year. By contrast, Social Security benefit levels, health, and borrowing constraints are less important determinants of job exit at older ages. For example, reducing Social Security benefits by 20% would cause workers to delay exit from the labour force by only three months.
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS OF CRYSTAL POTENTIALS

A method is developed for the calculation of the Fourier coefficients of the electrostatic potential of a given distribution of valence electrons in a solid. The valence electron wave functions are expressed as combinations of orthogonalized plane waves. The treatment takes full account of the nonspherical character of the atomic polyhedron. Application is made to lithium.
Physical, chemical and biochemical properties of casein hydrolyzed by three proteases: partial characterizations.

Abstract Sodium caseinate (NaCas) was hydrolyzed by papain, pancreatin and trypsin from 10 min to 24 h, and the hydrolysates were partially characterized for several important properties. At the studied conditions, papain and trypsin were more effective in hydrolyzing NaCas than pancreatin. Pancreatin treatments showed an initial increase in surface hydrophobicity, contrasting with the consistent decrease for the other two treatments. The solubility of NaCas at acidic pH was improved, becoming pH-independent after 24 h hydrolysis. The emulsifying properties generally showed improvements after hydrolysis. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation were significantly enhanced after appropriate hydrolysis, while metal ion chelating effects were slightly attenuated. The angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitory activity was significantly improved by up to 9 times than that of NaCas. These findings indicate that physical, chemical and biochemical properties of casein hydrolysates can be improved by selecting proteolytic conditions to produce functional ingredients.