cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Front tracking thermomechanical model for hypoelastic-viscoplastic behavior in a solidifying body

Abstract In assessing the quality of castings, a major consideration is the formation of cracks due to the induced thermal stress field. A means for understanding the casting process is the development and numerical implementation of mathematical models which account for all the heat transfer and deformation phenomena occurring in a solidifying body. In this paper a front tracking finite element method is used for the calculation of temperature and stress field development in a solidifying pure metal. The solid/liquid interface position and its velocity are considered as primary variables of the heat transfer analysis. A rate form of the virtual work principle and a rate dependent viscoplastic-hypoelastic constitutive model are employed to solve the equilibrium equations and to account for the hydrostatic stress state on the freezing interface and the fact that the material is in a state of residual stress immediately after solidification. Examples of the applicability of the technique are given with the analysis of the solidification of pure aluminium under realistic cooling rates and material representation. The effects of melt pressure, cooling conditions and geometry of a continuously cast metal strand on the residual stress pattern are examined and reported.
The role of lipid management in diabetes.

Diabetes as a coronary heart disease risk-equivalent Based on the observations from several epidemiologic studies, diabetes is designated a coronary heart disease (CHD)-risk equivalent by the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) [1]. The 10-year risk of major CHD events in patients who have diabetes is greater than 20%; this is comparable to the rates that are observed in nondiabetic patients who have established CHD. This inference has been borne out, particularly by data from a population study in Finland [2] and a multi-national study, the Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes [3], of patients who had type 2 diabetes who frequently had multiple, coexisting risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased risk for CHD may precede the clinical diagnosis of diabetes by many years. This was documented best in the long-term study of more than 117,000 women in the Nurses’ Health Study; nearly 6000 women developed diabetes during 20 years of follow-up. There was an approximately twofold to threefold increased risk for myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke during the ‘‘prediabetes’’ period, compared with women who remained nondiabetic [4]. In another study, Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, in a large number of men (348,000, of which 5163 had diabetes), the presence of diabetes was associated with a threefold to fourfold increased risk for age-adjusted cardiovascular mortality at comparable levels of cholesterol, blood pressure, and cigarette smoking [5]. This suggests an enhanced susceptibility of diabetic vasculature to the well-established risk factors for CHD.
Collaboration between Theory and Evidence-Based Practice--Two Cultures: Librarians and Professors.

L'article est axe sur la volonte des bibliothecaires a etre academiquement reconnus. Il s'appuie sur l'etude des cas de l'association des bibliotheques, laquelle aspire au rang academique et aux theories d'association. Il souligne que c'est l'impact d'un contexte social qui constitue une source predominante des reponses individuelles, et non le merite de l'association ni la veracite des arguments et croyances.
Settling Rate of Turkey Sperm on a Haemocytometer

Abstract THERE are numerous methods for estimating concentrations of spermatozoa. Rothschild (1950) lists six of them: haemocytometer counts, estimations of total nitrogen, weights of dried semen, visual comparisons with standard opacity tubes, electrical resistances of sperm suspensions, and absorptiometric measurements of opacity. Any method for estimating the number of spermatozoa in a sample of semen must be standardized by actual count. This is usually done on the haemocytometer in a way similar to that used for the enumeration of red blood corpuscles (Todd and Sanford, 1939). After filling a haemocytometer with diluted semen, the first observation reveals that all spermatozoa are not in the same plane of focus under the microscope. If the lines of the haemocytometer are in focus, the number of sperm observed changes with time, that is, the spermatozoa settle. Counting the spermatozoa can begin while they are settling, but it is necessary to change focus to see . . .
Relating thalamic neuronal activity and EMG for validating predictive control of deep-brain stimulation in Essential Tremor patients

Neuronal activity at the VIM nucleus of the thalamus was recorded in Essential Tremor (ET) patients during implantation of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes and compared with surface-EMG (sEMG) taken both during implantation and at later outpatient sessions at University of Illinois Hospital, Chicago. The goal of these studies was to investigate if it is possible to use sEMG signals for predicting onset of tremor and consequently whether predictive EMG-control of DBS in ET patients does or does not contradict predictive features of neuronal activity in the brain. For this purpose, we examined spike-rate and local field potentials (LFP) at and in the vicinity of VIM. Specifically, we compared spike-rate, LFP and sEMG recorded before versus after applying short DBS pulse-trains during implantation surgery, as well as sEMG recorded from limbs or neck of the patients. Out of 4 ET patients involved in the tests, we have implant-session data for 3 patients. Three patients had follow-up EMG testing.
Using Human Information Processing Principles to Design Advanced Traveler Information Systems

The concepts of human information processing provide design recommendations for advanced traveler information systems (ATISs). A driver's information processing model for the ATIS environment is proposed. This qualitative model explicitly depicts how drivers process ATIS information, from the moment it is received until a decision is made in response to the information. The model is supported by data collected with a driving simulator. The results of the driving simulator study indicate that, because of the limitations of human memory, drivers prefer to have short, simple ATIS information conveyed to them whenever the circumstance allows. Furthermore, drivers do not always need or want visually displayed information (e.g., an electronic map) to assist them in route navigation. In unfamiliar traffic networks, a motorist's propensity to change routes is strongly correlated to the quality of ATIS information being processed. With the right amount of traffic information presented using an effective conveyance...
Thermal-wave imaging for NDE of composites and coatings

We describe the application of IR thermal wave imaging for the nondestructive evaluation of composites and coatings. The technique uses pulsed surface heating and fast, synchronous IR imaging of the surface temperature to form images of subsurface defects in materials. In the case of composites and coatings, we present examples of the detection of defects such as delaminations, disbonds, subsurface impact damage, fluid infiltration, etc. The technique can be used to measure the depths of defects, and also the thicknesses of various coatings.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strategic dynamic sourcing from competing suppliers with transferable capacity investment

We study the supplier relationship choice for a buyer that invests in transferable capacity operated by a supplier. With a long-term relationship, the buyer commits to source from a supplier over a long period of time. With a short-term relationship, the buyer leaves open the option of switching to a new supplier in the future. The buyer has incomplete information about a supplies efficiency, and thus uses auctions to select suppliers and determine the contracts. In addition, the buyer faces uncertain demand for the product. A long-term relationship may be beneficial for the buyer because it motivates more aggressive bidding at the beginning, resulting a lower initial price. A short-term relationship may be advantageous because it allows switching, with capacity transfer at some cost, to a more efficient supplier in the future. We find that there exists a critical level of the switching cost above which a long-term relationship is better for the buyer than a short-term relationship. In addition, this critical switching cost decreases with demand uncertainty, implying a long-term relationship is more favorable for a buyer facing volatile demand. Finally, we find that in a long-term relationship, capacity can be either higher or lower than in a short-term relationship. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009
Specialized Instruction: Report of a Three Year Follow-Up Study of Program Graduates

A 3-year follow-up of graduates of the Specialized Instruction (SI) program was conducted. The purpose of the study was to determine graduates' and principals' perceptions of the effectiveness of t...
A NONCYTOTOXIC MAST CELL TUMOR LINE EXHIBITS POTENT IGE-DEPENDENT CYTOTOXICITY AFTER TRANSFECTION WITH THE CYTOLYSIN/PERFORIN GENE

To test the granule exocytosis model for lymphocyte cytotoxicity, we have expressed the gene for the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule protein cytolysin (perforin) in the noncytotoxic rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell line, which undergoes granule exocytosis when its high affinity IgE receptor is cross-linked. Homogenates of RBL-cytolysin (RBL-cy) transfectants showed a calcium-dependent hemolytic activity in dense granule fractions, demonstrating that the expressed cytolysin protein was correctly targeted to secretory granules. RBL-cy transfectants showed a potent and calcium-dependent cytolytic activity against IgE-coated RBCs, while the parental RBL line was not cytotoxic under these conditions. RBL-cy cells did not lyse non-IgE-coated RBCs copelleted with targets: this sparing of "innocent bystanders" parallels cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis and suggests a polarized secretion of cytolysin. In contrast to RBC targets, IgE-coated tumor cells were much less sensitive to lysis by RBL-cy transfectants.
External morphology of pouch young opossum brains: A profile of opossum neurogenesis

An outline of opossum brain development was prepared by studying the external morphology of 27 pouch young opossum brains which were from one to 81 postnatal days old. Opossum brain development goes through three morphologically defined periods. (1) An embryonic period extends from conception to the third postnatal day. The brain is not much more than a neural tube at birth, but by the third day it has undergone a longitudinal compression which gives it the shape of an adult brain. (2) A period of regional differentiation extends from the fourth day to about the sixtieth day. All of the grossly visible adult brain structures sequentially appear within each brain region during this period. For example, the rhinal and orbital fissures appear on the dorsolateral cerebral hemispheres at about day 30; the di-telencephalic fissures appear on the ventral brain surface at about the fifth day; the olfactory tubercles begin to appear by the eighth day; the hypothalamus attains its adult proportions by about the fifth day, but does not differentiate into its adult components until after the thirtieth day; the cerebellum has all of its adult components by the fortieth day. (3) A period of maturation extends from about the sixtieth day to weaning. Minor finishing changes take place in some brain structures during this period. For example, the trapezoid body is more clearly demarcated and the parafloccular lobes of the cerebellum become more prominent.
Co‐branding in advertising: developing effective associations

Explains how marketers have begun to pair their new brands with existing brands that have powerful images attached to them in the hopes of linking these positive images with their products. Recommends strategies for co‐branding based on classical conditioning, a method for developing associations, and provides examples of firms that have found success when using these techniques.
A Brownian Dynamics Study of the Effects of Cytochrome f Structure and Deletion of Its Small Domain in Interactions with Cytochrome c6 and Plastocyanin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The availability of seven different structures of cytochrome f (cyt f) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii allowed us, using Brownian dynamics simulations, to model interactions between these molecules and their redox partners, plastocyanin (PC) and cytochrome c6 (cyt c6) in the same species to study the effect of cyt f structure on its function. Our results showed that different cyt f structures, which are very similar, produced different reaction rates in interactions with PC and cyt c6. We were able to attribute this to structural differences among these molecules, particularly to a small flexible loop between A-184 and G-191 (which has some of the highest crystallographic temperature factors in all of the cyt f structures) on the cyt f small domain. We also showed that deletion of the cyt f small domain affected cyt c6 more than PC, due to their different binding positions on cyt f. One function of the small domain in cyt f may be to guide PC or cyt c6 to a uniform dock with cyt f, especially due to electrostatic interactions with K-188 and K-189 on this domain. Our results could serve as a good guide for future experimental work on these proteins to understand better the electron transfer process between them. Also, these results demonstrated the sensitivity and the power of the Brownian dynamics simulations in the study of molecular interactions.
Commenting on Western Open Courses by Chinese Learners

This article examines web comments written by Chinese learners on online open courses that are originally produced by leading universities in the United States and United Kingdom and are later introduced to China with Chinese translation. It applies the thematic discourse analysis strategy to classify the comments into themes to explore the patterns of studying behaviors of the Chinese learners. The analysis reveals that open access as the concept and practice of educational resources sharing is overwhelmingly supported. With regard to open course content, the Chinese are more interested in course materials that echo their daily experience than in courses that merely deliver knowledge and skills. A debate on the social effect of foreign open courses on Chinese ideology is discussed.
Deviated Hydroxyapatite Orbital Implant Syndrome

Purpose To describe a patient with a deviated orbital implant after enucleation. Method Case report. Result We examined a postenucleation patient with a medially deviated (“esotropic”) implant after peg drilling. Modification of the posterior surface of the prosthesis improved cosmesis in the primary position. Conclusions During enucleation surgery, surgeons may use a spherical implant rather than modify the anterior face in patients with preexisting strabismus, with severe trauma to the extraocular muscles, or with risk of implant deviation. Additionally, secondary procedures may alter implant position. Occasionally, patients without obvious preoperative risk factors may have deviation of the modified face of the implant. Flattening the implant creates an asymmetric surface that may lead to a deviated orbital implant.
The possible effects of large 19th and 20th century volcanic eruptions on zonal and hemispheric surface temperatures

Abstract The contribution of volcanic material to the stratosphere from major eruptions within the last two centuries has been estimated using volcanological criteria, including eruption type, eruption column height, volume and duration of eruption, and composition and degree of fragmentation of magma. The chronology of major explosive volcanic eruptions is compared with a record of mean surface-temperature deviation (ΔT) for the same interval constructed from all available temperature data. The temperature records are divided into 6 latitudinal zones, allowing analysis for individual zones where temperature changes induced by aerosol perturbation might be intensified. We focus on the explosive volcanic events which by our estimates injected the most material into the stratosphere. These include Tambora 1815, Krakatau 1883, Santa Maria 1902, Katmai 1912 and Quizapu 1932. Such eruptions appear to have produced a consistent but small temperature decrease on the order of 0.2° to 0.5°C on a hemispheric scale for periods ranging from one to five years, although these changes are similar to background temperature variations. The maximum change in ΔT after some of these explosions appears to lag by up to three years in going from equatorial to polar latitudes. Somewhat smaller eruptions, e.g. Agung 1963 and possibly Cosiguina 1835, seem to have produced about the same perturbation in ΔT as the larger eruptions. This suggests either a limiting mechanism on loading of the aerosol layer after a volcanic eruption or, that the composition of injected material (i.e., the ratio of silicate “dust” to volatiles, and composition of the volatiles) may significantly effect stratospheric optical depth perturbation. Temperatures do not remain depressed for a longer period after a series of closely timed eruptions (e.g., the 1881–1889 or the 1902–1903 sequences) than after single events.
Pausing by retroviral DNA polymerases promotes strand transfer from internal regions of RNA donor templates to homopolymeric acceptor templates

We have examined the ability of reverse transcriptases (RT) to catalyze strand transfer from internal regions of RNA templates, resulting in switching of a primer from one template to another. To study this phenomenon, we employed a system of donor and acceptor templates in which homologous strand transfer can occur from a homopolymeric sequence, positioned internally on the donor template. Our results indicate that reverse transcriptases from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), and murine leukemia virus (MuLV) are all able to catalyze strand transfer from this sequence. Catalysis of this reaction is not dependent upon ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity, since an RNase H-deficient form of HIV-RT is able to catalyze the reaction efficiently. Additionally, N-ethylmaleimide, which inhibits RNase H but not polymerase activity, did not inhibit the template switching by either the native or RNase H-deficient forms of HIV-RT. Our data further indicate that template switching may be promoted by RT pausing at a specific site on the donor template. Conditions that increase RT pausing at this site also increase template switching. These results suggest that transient RT pausing at specific sites on the viral genome during reverse transcription may promote template switches that in turn lead to recombination.
Properties of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in normal and goitrous rat thyroid gland.

Most of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in propylthiouracil-induced goiters and control rat thyroid glands was found in the soluble fraction. The activity in the particulate fractions was cyclic AMP-independent. Protein kinase activity was 2–3-fold higher in all the subcellular fractions of goitrous tissue than of control tissue. In the presence of Triton X-100, both groups showed a significant increase in kinase activity in all subcellular fractions, and the kinase activity in the partriculate fractions could now be slightly stimulated by cyclic AMP. Again, enzyme activity in fractions from goiters was significantly higher than in control tissue. Two major peaks, Types I and II, of soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity could be separated by' DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Chronic in vivo stimulation by TSH was associated with a selective increase in Type II isoenzyme activity. Elution and pH profiles, dissociation of subunits with 0.5 M NaCl, and activity ratios (-cyclic AMP/+cyclic AMP) for various substrates for Type II isoenzyme in goitrous and control tissue were similar. The elevated activity in goitrous tissue was manifested by an increase in V for histone, ATP, Mg2+ and cyclic AMP, with no change in the apparent Km
Parakeet: a just-in-time parallel accelerator for python

High level productivity languages such as Python or Matlab enable the use of computational resources by nonexpert programmers. However, these languages often sacrifice program speed for ease of use.This paper proposes Parakeet, a library which provides a just-in-time (JIT) parallel accelerator for Python. Parakeet bridges the gap between the usability of Python and the speed of code written in efficiency languages such as C++ or CUDA. Parakeet accelerates data-parallel sections of Python that use the standard NumPy scientific computing library. Parakeet JIT compiles efficient versions of Python functions and automatically manages their execution on both GPUs and CPUs. We assess Parakeet on a pair of benchmarks and achieve significant speedups.
Positioning the wp Flower Color Locus on the Soybean Genome Map

The wp allele generates a pink flowered phenotype in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Genotypes with W1―wp wp are associated with larger seed size and higher seed protein content. The influence of a single locus on the anthocyanin pathway and seed protein accumulation has not been documented in other species. It is of interest to clone wp by initially identifying linked molecular markers. The objective of this research was to use restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers to position the wp locus on the soybean public genetic map. Of the 74 markers tested, two RFLP and 14 SSR markers were identified as linked to wp. The two RFLP markers linked to wp in this study were previously reported to be associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling seed protein in a G. soja Siebold & Zucc. x G. max population. It is proposed that wp is located between RFLP locus K011 and SSR locus Satt600. The molecular markers linked to wp were located on linkage group D1b+W of the public soybean genetic map. The knowledge of linked molecular markers will assist in cloning wp, potentially leading to further characterization of how wp influences the anthocyanin pathway and seed protein accumulation.
An Optimization Approach to Modeling Sea Ice Dynamics, Part 2: Finite Ice Strength Effects

The effects of a finite ice strength on a new model for sea ice dynamics, deriving the internal pressure field from a global optimization problem, rather than a local rheology, are examined. Building on the promising results from the one‐dimensional Lagrangian model described previously, here we add one of the key properties of sea ice. In order to investigate the behavior of the model under ice yielding, the equations are cast in an Eulerian framework, now allowing for variable thickness. The model is first tested under conditions of infinite ice strength, to ensure that the numerics behave as desired. A finite ice strength is incorporated into the model as a second optimization step, minimizing the change in ice thickness necessary to satisfy the upper bound on the pressure, whereby ice strength is taken to be a linear function of thickness, following typical parameterizations in the literature. The theory is implemented numerically, and several test cases are discussed, which show good agreement with p...
The radiative deceleration of ultrarelativistic jets in active galactic nuclei

A detailed study of the dynamical interaction between a highly relativistic jet and the thermal radiation field from an AGN accretion disk is reported, and the Comptonized spectrum arising from this interaction is self-consistently determined. A simple model that captures the essential radiative and geometrical features of realistic disk configurations is presented, and the disk radiation field is calculated. The results confirm Phinney's (1987) suggestion that the thermal radiation field produced by accretion in an AGN could be very effective in decelerating ultrarelativistic jets that are accreted by electromagnetic or hydromagnetic forces closer to the central black hole. Terminal Lorentz factors are consistent with the values inferred in superluminal radio sources are readily produced in this model for plausible disk and jet parameters without additional acceleration in the interaction zone. A new interpretation of the hard X-ray component detected in BL Lac spectra is proposed.
Analysis of the influence of O(2) A-band absorption on atmospheric correction of ocean-color imagery.

Two satellite-borne ocean-color sensors scheduled for launch in the mid 1990’s each have a spectral band (nominally 745–785 nm) that completely encompasses the O2A band at 762 nm. These spectral bands are to be used in atmospheric correction of the color imagery by assessment of the aerosol contribution to the total radiance at the sensor. The effect of the O2 band on the radiance measured at the satellite is studied with a line-by-line backward Monte Carlo radiative transfer code. As expected, if the O2 absorption is ignored, unacceptably large errors in the atmospheric correction result. The effects of the absorption depend on the vertical profile of the aerosol. By assuming an aerosol profile—the base profile—we show that it is possible to remove most of the O2-absorption effects from atmospheric correction in a simple manner. We also investigate the sensitivity of the results to the details of the assumed base profile and find that, with the exception of situations in which there are significant quantities of aerosol in the stratosphere, e.g., following volcanic eruptions or in the presence of thin cirrus clouds, the quality of the atmospheric correction depends only weakly on the base profile. Situations with high concentrations of stratospheric aerosol require additional information regarding vertical structure for this spectral band to be used in atmospheric correction; however, it should be possible to infer the presence of such aerosol by a failure of the atmospheric correction to produce acceptable water-leaving radiance in the red. An important feature of our method for removal of the O2-absorption effects is that it permits the use of lookup tables that can be prepared in the absence of O2 absorption by the use of more efficient radiative transfer codes.
Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen and near ultraviolet radiation on the survival of the lower eukaryote D. discoideum.

— Seven axenic wild-type and repair-deficient mutant strains of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum have been treated with the furocoumarin 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) up to 50 μg/mζ and then exposed to near ultraviolet light (UVA 320-400 nm) up to 21 kJ/m2. Fluence-response survival curves exhibit shoulders at lower fluences and an exponential lethal response at higher fluences. Neither the psoralen alone nor the irradiation alone produced any measurable lethal effect. Wild-type strains, which show resistance to 254 nm UV and gamma radiation, also show resistance to psoralen plus UVA. The moderate sensitivity of a rad D repair-deficient mutant strain and the extreme sensitivity of a rad B mutant strain to 8-MOP plus UVA parallel their responses to UV and gamma radiation. However a rad C mutant which is sensitive to UV, exhibits wild-type response to photoactivated psoralen.
Interaction of K + Mesons in the Interval 30-65 Mev

A systematic study of the scattering of 1173 definitely identified ${K}_{L}$ mesons and 279 $\ensuremath{\tau}$ (including ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) mesons has been made in the energy interval 30-65 Mev using photoemulsion exposed to the Berkeley ${K}^{+}$ meson beam. All scatterings of ${K}^{+}$ mesons having a projected angle greater than 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} on the emulsion plane were recorded and analyzed. The results of analysis are the following: (1) the interaction properties of the ${K}_{L}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ mesons are essentially indistinguishable; (2) the coherent nuclear scattering of ${K}^{+}$ mesons interferes constructively with the Coulomb scattering; (3) in terms of the optical model, the best fit for coherent scattering corresponds to a real potential of \ensuremath{\sim}+15 Mev, and the inelastic scattering gives an imaginary potential of \ensuremath{\sim}3.6 Mev; (4) charge exchange is rare in this energy region: $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{charge}\mathrm{exchange})}{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{incoherent})}l\frac{1}{10}$. A tentative interpretation of the results in terms of states of isotopic spin $T=0$ and $T=1$ is presented. A discussion is also given on the characteristic features of ${K}^{+}$ stars.
A Theological Challenge: Coordinating Biological, Social, and Religious Visions of Humanity

This paper attempts two tasks. First, it sketches how the natural sciences (including especially the biological sciences), the social sciences, and the scientific study of religion can be understood to furnish complementary, consonant perspectives on human beings and human groups. This suggests that it is possible to speak of a modern secular interpretation of humanity (MSIH) to which these perspectives contribute (though not without tensions). MSIH is not a comprehensive interpretation of human beings, if only because it adopts a posture of neutrality with regard to the reality of religious objects and the truth of theological claims about them. MSIH is certainly an impressively forceful interpretation, however, and it needs to be reckoned with by any perspective on human life that seeks to insert its truth claims into the arena of public debate. Second, the paper considers two challenges that MSIH poses to specifically theological interpretations of human beings. On the one hand, in spite of its posture of religious neutrality, MSIH is a key element in a class of wider, seemingly antireligious interpretations of humanity, including especially projectionist and illusionist critiques of religion. It is consonance with MSIH that makes these critiques such formidable competitors for traditional theological interpretations of human beings. On the other hand, and taking the religiously neutral posture of MSIH at face value, theological accounts of humanity that seek to coordinate the insights of MSIH with positive religious visions of human life must find ways to overcome or manage such dissonance as arises. The goal of synthesis is defended as important, and strategies for managing these challenges, especially in light of the pluralism of extant philosophical and theological interpretations of human beings, are advocated.
Cytoplasmic inheritance in amoebae: modification of response to antiserum by micro-injection of heterologous cytoplasmic homogenates.

Abstract Clones of A. proteus , derived from single cells injected with cytoplasmic homogenates of A. discoides differed from control clones in their response to anti-amoeba serum. The results indicate that the homogenized cytoplasm contains determinants of heredity.
Epistemic choice and public choice

At the intersection of anthropology, ecomomics, law, political science, public administration, and sociology, a sufficient body of literature had accumulated from interdisciplinary research efforts by the mid-1960s to offer a new approach to the study of public decision making. Those inquiries were stimulated by a growing awareness that problems of institutional weaknesses and failures in market arrangements could not be corrected simply by recourse to governmental decision processes which were themselves subject to serious limits. How did we develop a better understanding of structure and performance in the “public sector”? What were the limits applicable to collective choice and its relationship to collective action? Now, in the presence of three of four decades of cumulative efforts, how does one assess the prospects over the next generation?
Intervention to Reduce Parental Bypass of Community Pediatric Primary Health Facilities in Asmara, Eritrea

Objective: To reduce direct parental referral of low acuity ill pediatric patients to the outpatient facilities of a nation’s only pediatric referral hospital. Patients and Methods: Longitudinal monitoring of outpatient visits at Orotta Children’s Hospital (OCH) and primary health facilities (PHFs) following implementation of an intervention designed in response to information provided by parents and health-care providers. Parental surveys were undertaken before and after exposure to the intervention to assess effects on knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Results: We analyzed 5,639 visits between baseline and follow-up, documenting a decline in parental referral among OCH outpatients from 95% to approximately 80%. Educational intervention increased the proportion of parents intending to use PHF for future outpatient care from 28% to 82%. Staff of the PHFs responded enthusiastically to this intervention program and requested further activities. Conclusions: Self-referral to tertiary care hosp...
A technique for the analysis of refold structures

Abstract When folds of multiple episodes interact, complex interference patterns or refolds result. Simple patterns may be directly interpreted by the structural geologist, but more complex ones are often ambiguous and undecipherable. A technique to analyze many refolds is presented which does not directly require any field measurements of structural data. Instead it requires a series of parallel views through the refold, as can be obtained in mines or from a slabbed rock sample. Individual folds are identified on the level maps and hinge trends and plunges are calculated. Stereonet plots and cross-sections yield the fold orientations and shapes. Assumptions inherent to this technique are (1) the first folds were cylindrical and (2) the second folding motions were approximately those of similar (shear) type folds. The above technique was applied to a small-scale example from the Kootenay Arc, Washington. Analysis showed nearly coaxial folds of complex en echelon, non-cylindrical and non-similar type characterizing both generations. This example demonstrates that the technique is applicable to refolds that do not meet the idealized assumptions about folds. This technique should prove valuable to geologists working in other refold areas and is particularly applicable to mining problems for which the necessary three-dimensional data are available.
Photon-stimulated desorption of H + ions from OH on Ti and Cr: Comparison with bulk solid H 2 O

An interpretation and comparison of photon-stimulated desorption yields of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions from OH on Ti and Cr and from bulk solid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O indicate that desorption occurs through two entirely different mechanisms. The first involves in intramolecular excitation of the OH adsorbate producing a ${H}^{+}$ yield similar to that in bulk ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O. The second involves metal core-level excitation followed by Auger decay and is an example of molecular adsorbate dissociation arising from a metal-substrate Auger decay. This is a further generalization of the Knotek-Feibelman model applicable for desorption in ionic systems.
Gust Loading Factor: New Model

Wind loads on structures under the buffeting action of wind gusts have traditionally been treated by the gust loading factor (GLF) method in most major codes and standards around the world. In this...
Systemic Distribution and Tumor Localization of Adoptively Transferred Lymphocytes in Mice: Comparison with Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model

The mechanisms by which tumors are able to evade cellular immune responses are still largely unknown. It is likely, however, that the initial recruitment of lymphocytes to tumor vessels is limited by cell retention in normal tissue, which results in a low flux of these cells into the tumor vasculature. We grew MCaIV (mouse mammary carcinoma) tumors in the leg of SCID mice and injected 111In-oxine-labeled, primed T lymphocytes directed against the tumor intravenously. The systemic distribution of cells in normal organs was similar between mice injected with primed and control lymphocyte populations, except for a delayed clearance of primed lymphocytes from the lungs. Kinetics of lymphocyte localization to the tumor were identical between the primed and control lymphocyte populations. Splenectomy before the injection of primed lymphocytes increased delivery of cells to the lungs and liver after 1 hour with no significant improvement in tumor localization. Within 24 to 168 hours after injection, localization of cells in the liver of splenectomized mice was higher than in the control group. However, no significant difference in tumor localization was observed between groups. A physiologically based compartmental model of lymphocyte distribution predicted the compartmental sequestration and identified model parameters critical for experimental planning and therapeutic optimization.
Comparative Analysis of Dynamic ShuttleSystem and the Existing High Speed Ground Transportation Systems

SUMMARY The dynamic shuttle system treated in this paper consists of main line trains traveling at a fixed speed. Passengers are shuttled to and from these fixed speed trains by means of shuttle cars. The shuttle cars can provide local service and thus alleviating the need for stations along the route of the main line trains. The main line trains have a peak volume, depending upon operating speed which is an order of magnitude greater than existing modes. They provide high speed service to travelers in the belt traversed by the trains.
Regional Integration and Intra-industry Trade in Latin America, 1980–90

The decade of the 1980s saw profound changes in the political economy of Latin America. The stabilisation and debt crises forced many countries in the region to re-examine their economic policies individually as well as collectively. The consequence was both a movement in the direction of neoliberal reform that included an emphasis on export promotion as well as a revival of interest in regional integration. The specific purpose of the present paper is to examine the consequences of these changes for the structure of intra-regional trade among and between Latin American countries. More specifically, we are interested in assessing the region's performance in terms of intra-regional, intra-industry trade over the period 1980–90.
Portfolio optimization of computer and mobile botnets

Botnet, a network of compromised computers controlled by botmasters, can perform various forms of malicious attacks and has emerged as one of the top security problems yet to be solved. Traditionally, botmasters have been focusing on herding computers. As mobile computing devices such as smart phones and tablets are becoming increasingly popular, there are more targets exposed to hacking risks. While technical approaches have so far received limited results, we study the botnet problem from an alternative angle, i.e., economic perspectives of botnet industry. In this paper, we play devil's advocate and think from the perspective of botmasters, i.e., how botmasters can evolve to maximize their profits in response to changing technologies. We adopt the concept of portfolio management, in which botmasters run their business through maintaining an optimal portfolio of PC and mobile devices to diversify risk and maximize profits of entire botnet industry. On the other hand, users may also maximize their utility function by keeping an optimal portfolio of network activities and data on their computers and mobile devices. The strategic playing by botmasters and users is modeled in a game theoretical framework. Various equilibrium solutions are discussed in terms of their welfare implications to botmasters and users. Understanding the optimal portfolio choice by botmasters provides insight for defenders, especially with evolving and diversified computing environments.
Regulated Phosphorylation of the K-Cl Cotransporter KCC3 is a Molecular Switch of Intracellular Potassium Content and Cell Volume Homeostasis

The defense of cell volume against excessive shrinkage or swelling is a requirement for cell function and organismal survival. Cell swelling triggers a coordinated homeostatic response termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD), resulting in K+ and Cl– efflux via the activation of K+ channels, volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs), and the K+-Cl– cotransporters, including KCC3. Here, we show genetic alanine (Ala) substitution at threonines (Thr) 991 and 1048 in the KCC3a isoform carboxyl-terminus, preventing inhibitory phosphorylation at these sites, not only significantly up-regulates KCC3a activity up to 25-fold in normally inhibitory isotonic conditions, but is also accompanied by reversal of activity of the related bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1). This results in a rapid (90 %) reduction in intracellular K+ content (Ki) via both Cl-dependent (KCC3a + NKCC1) and Cl-independent (DCPIB [VRAC inhibitor]-sensitive) pathways, which collectively renders cells less prone to acute swelling in hypotonic osmotic stress. Together, these data demonstrate the phosphorylation state of Thr991/Thr1048 in the KCC3a encodes a potent switch of transporter activity, Ki homeostasis, and cell volume regulation, and reveal novel observations into the functional interaction among ion transport molecules involved in RVD.
Temporally Regulated Neural Crest Transcription Factors Distinguish Neuroectodermal Tumors of Varying Malignancy and Differentiation

Neuroectodermal tumor cells, like neural crest (NC) cells, are pluripotent, proliferative, and migratory. We tested the hypothesis that genetic programs essential to NC development are activated in neuroectodermal tumors. We examined the expression of transcription factors PAX3, PAX7, AP-2α, and SOX10 in human embryos and neuroectodermal tumors: neurofibroma, schwannoma, neuroblastoma, malignant nerve sheath tumor, melanoma, medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and Ewing's sarcoma. We also examined the expression of P0, ERBB3, and STX, targets of SOX10, AP-2α, and PAX3, respectively. PAX3, AP-2α, and SOX10 were expressed sequentially in human NC development, whereas PAX7 was restricted to mesoderm. Tumors expressed PAX3, AP-2α, SOX10, and PAX7 in specific combinations. SOX10 and AP-2α were expressed in relatively differentiated neoplasms. The early NC marker, PAX3, and its homologue, PAX7, were detected in poorly differentiated tumors and tumors with malignant potential. Expression of NC transcription factors and target genes correlated. Transcription factors essential to NC development are thus present in neuroectodermal tumors. Correlation of specific NC transcription factors with phenotype, and with expression of specific downstream genes, provides evidence that these transcription factors actively influence gene expression and tumor behavior. These findings suggest that PAX3, PAX7, AP-2α, and SOX10 are potential markers of prognosis and targets for therapeutic intervention.
Multimirror anastigmat design

A differential equation method has been developed for design of reflecting systems which will be completely free of astigmatism. From caustic theory and a generalization of the Coddington equations, a second order differential equation can be setup to shape a corrective mirror which eliminates all orders of astigmatism in an optical system. The constant optical path length condition is used to shape another mirror in the system to control spherical aberration. Analysis of results of application of this differential equation design approach to a two-mirror anastigmat is presented, which shows its ability to yield a two-mirror system with high performance over a large field of view.
Engineering, Leadership, and Integral Philosophy

The modern world is a complex, interwoven, dynamic of technology and humanity. In the two-sided, zealous advocacy, public debate scenario, critical human issues often get lost. Reducing issues to two sides rarely reveals the broader truth needed to guide our civilization. A civil engineer's talents include thinking systemically, visualizing complex technical and human interactions, and resolving conflicting viewpoints. Today, these three talents create a major opportunity and a responsibility to become involved in societal leadership. Twenty-first-century leaders need a more inclusive philosophical framework. The integral philosophy offers such a framework. This philosophy includes the individual and community as both physical elements—the outer world we see—and the psychospiritual elements in the culture—the inner world of meaning. Engineers can become more involved in leadership and more valuable to our culture by adopting and advancing an integral philosophy. Engineers can expand their already signific...
Time-lapse imaging of disease progression in deep brain areas using fluorescence microendoscopy.

Tony Ko and his colleagues introduce a fluorescence microendoscopy imaging approach for time-lapse studies of deep brain tissue previously inaccessible to conventional optical imaging techniques. It can be used to study the cellular effects of brain disease over weeks to months with comparable resolution to light microscopy. They use the approach to monitor individual hippocampal neurons, neuronal dendrites and blood vessels and to follow the process of glioma angiogenesis.
Regenerative Design in Science and Society

The Building Research & Information special issue entitled ‘Regenerative Design and Development’ (2012, volume 40, number 1) describes the emerging theory and practices. This commentary considers how regenerative design and development needs to engage with some broader topics of sustainability and the quest for knowledge. The papers in the special issue raise many matters, but this commentary will concentrate on three of them: (1) issues of scale, in space, time and the system level; (2) holism versus reductionism; and (3) monitoring, evaluation and intervention. Although they must be discussed individually, these topics overlap to a great degree. Challenges are posed on whether professionals and community stakeholders are empowered to intervene at appropriate scales, over sustained periods of time, to monitor operation over the longer term and, if needed, to make further interventions if the design goes awry. Although authors in the special issue question the role of reductionism in favour of a holistic ...
A computational model to predict changes in breathiness resulting from variations in aspiration noise level.

Perception of breathy voice quality is cued by a number of acoustic changes including an increase in aspiration noise level (AH) and spectral slope[1]. Changes in AH in a vowel may be evaluated through measures such as the harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), cepstral peak prominence (CPP) or via auditory measures such as the partial loudness of harmonic energy (PL) and loudness of aspiration noise (NL). Although a number of experiments have reported high correlation between such measures and ratings of perceived breathiness, a formal model to predict breathiness of a vowel has not been proposed. This research describes two computational models to predict changes in breathiness resulting from variations in AH. One model uses auditory measures while the other uses CPP as independent variables to predict breathiness. For both cases, a translated and truncated power function is required to predict breathiness. Some parameters in both of these models were observed to be pitch-dependent. The “unified” model based on auditory measures was observed to be more accurate than one based on CPP.