cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Larvicidal and Ovicidal Activity of Dimilin® Against Simulium vittatum

The IGR Dimilin® [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-diflurobenzoyl) urea] was bioassayed against late-instar larvae of Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt in a conical-flushing bioassay unit. When the 25% WP, 5% EC, and 25% FC of Dimilin were compared for effectiveness, it was found that the WP and FC were significantly more efficacious than the EC. LC95 values (rounded) for larvae exposed to WP for 15 min, 60 min, and 24 h were 0.7, 0.2, and 0.03 ppm, respectively. Exposure of 24–48h S. vittatum eggs to Dimilin WP at 1.0 ppm for 1 h almost completely inhibited hatching; however, the mortality rate of eggs 72 h old or more was considerably lower. No pupicidal activity of Dimilin was detected at concn of 10 ppm for a 24-h exposure.
The role of exercise testing in evaluation of arrhythmias.

Exercise testing has been widely applied for the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. The principles underlying its use for this indication make it a useful adjunctive technique, when combined with ambulatory monitoring, to diagnose arrhythmias and monitor antiarrhythmic drug therapy. During exercise, there is a withdrawal of vagal tone and a marked increase in circulating catecholamines and sympathetic inputs to the heart. These changes may directly cause arrhythmias (e.g., catecholamines can enhance automaticity and delayed afterpotentials and can shorten myocardial conduction time and refractory periods). However, they also augment myocardial oxygen demands by increasing myocardial inotropy, heart rate and blood pressure. Such changes may cause ischemia in patients with heart disease, which is a powerful stimulus for arrhythmia, or lead to dysfunction in left ventricular contraction and increased myocardial wall stress, factors that also may precipitate arrhythmia. In approximately 10% of patients with a history of serious arrhythmia, exercise represents the only means for exposing arrhythmia. Importantly, this technique is useful for evaluating the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs. These agents work by reducing membrane automaticity, slowing impulse conduction through the myocardium and prolonging membrane refractoriness. In contrast, catecholamines, which are secreted in response to exercise, have the opposite effect. Thus, exercise may negate the important effects of the antiarrhythmic drugs. Additionally, exercise testing may expose potentially serious toxic drug reactions that may not be obvious at rest. These include conduction abnormalities, negative inotropic effects, congestive heart failure and aggravation of arrhythmia. Although the presence and frequency of arrhythmia with exercise is highly variable in patients with benign arrhythmia, results are more consistent in patients with a history of serious arrhythmia. If arrhythmia is reproducibly provoked with exercise, this technique can be used to judge drug effect. Thus, exercise testing is an important, reliable and helpful technique for exposing arrhythmia, evaluating drug efficacy and identifying potentially serious toxic drug effects.
The crystal lattice thermal expansion of an oxynitride glass-ceramic material of high-quartz structure

An N3− for O2− substituted oxynitride high-quartz material of essentially 1∶1∶2β-eucryptite composition was prepared and the effect of the nitrogen substitution on the thermal expansion of the crystal lattice studied. The substituted material of ∼5.8 anion % nitrogen is isostructural withβ-eucryptite. The thermal expansion behaviour of the oxynitride crystal lattice is similar to that of theβ-eucryptite lattice, but a drastic decrease in expansion anisotropy is noted.
A Newton-Raphson algorithm for maximum likelihood factor analysis

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using a Newton-Raphson algorithm to solve the likelihood equations which arise in maximum likelihood factor analysis. The algorithm leads to clean easily identifiable convergence and provides a means of verifying that the solution obtained is at least a local maximum of the likelihood function. It is shown that a popular iteration algorithm is numerically unstable under conditions which are encountered in practice and that, as a result, inaccurate solutions have been presented in the literature. The key result is a computationally feasible formula for the second differential of a partially maximized form of the likelihood function. In addition to implementing the Newton-Raphson algorithm, this formula provides a means for estimating the asymptotic variances and covariances of the maximum likelihood estimators.
Preservation of hepatocyte plasma membrane domains during cell division in situ in regenerating rat liver

Abstract We have utilized antibodies against five domain-specific integral proteins of the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane to examine the fates of the plasma membrane domains during hepatocyte division in the regenerating rat liver. The proteins were quantified on immunoblots of liver homogenates prepared during the peak of hepatocyte mitotic activity, 28–30 hr after two-thirds hepatectomy. Two sinusoidal/lateral proteins, CE 9 and the asialoglycoprotein receptor, and one bile canalicular protein, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, were not changed significantly in amount; whereas one sinusoidal/lateral protein, the epidermal growth factor receptor, and one bile canalicular protein, HA 4, were reduced to ⩽50% of control levels. Light microscopic examination of plastic sections of regenerating liver tissue revealed that the mitotic hepatocytes generally appeared to retain normal contacts with neighboring interphase hepatocytes. Immunofluorescence was used to localize the domain-specific proteins on mitotic hepatocytes identified in 0.5-μm frozen sections of 28- to 30-hr regenerating liver tissue. Independent of mitotic stage, the hepatocytes retained mutually exclusive bile canalicular and sinusoidal/lateral domains, as defined at the molecular level by the distributions of specific proteins, such as HA 4 and CE 9, respectively.
Finite-type invariants of knots, links, and graphs

Abstract We define finite-type invariants for graphs as functionals on certain finite-dimensional vector spaces generated by spatial graphs. These invariants are generalizations of Vassiliev's knot invariants to links and graphs, but our methods are quite different from those used in his paper. We show how to calculate finite-type invariants. In the case of links, we show a way to relate the invariants on links with different numbers of components, and we generalize a theorem of Birman and Lin to show that the Jones, HOMFLY, and Kauffman polynomials can be interpreted as sequences of finite-type invariants.
Lack of association between body mass index and plasma adiponectin levels in healthy adults.

Lack of association between body mass index and plasma adiponectin levels in healthy adults
Reduced-order modeling and controller design for a high-performance helicopter

This paper will discuss the use of balanced coordinates for obtaining a reduced-order model and eigenspace assignment techniques for designing a controller for use in precise hover for handling qualities enhancement of a modern attack helicopter. The reduced-order model requires approximately one-third of the number of states of the original model with an additive error norm upper bound of 0.35. Desired transient response characteristics are achieved through eigenvalue assignment and modal decoupling through eigenvector shaping. Loop-transfer recovery techniques are used for the design of a state observer. Stability robustness of the controller is demonstrated using singular-value techniques. Frequency and time responses are used to demonstrate the behavior of the feedback control system. Good closed-loop characteristics are obtained.
The Evolution Of Health Insurance In India And China

Health insurance in rapidly developing countries such as India and China needs to be segmented. One challenge is that the main advantage of health insurance for a family is the financial protection the insurance provides, which may trade off against public policy goals of increasing access, since greater access means higher premiums relative to the value of health benefits. As India and China continue on their path to development, they may increasingly face the problem of providing drug benefits, whose cost is difficult to control or constrain, especially in a setting where the country is producing for the world market.
Effect of oximes and atropine upon the development of delayed neurotoxic signs in chickens following poisoning by DFP and sarin.

Abstract The oximes, 2-hydroxyiminomethyl- N -methylpyridinium methyl methane-sulphonate (P2S) and the dodecyl iodide salt (PAD) and atropine sulphate have been shown to be without effect upon the development of delayed neurotoxic signs in chickens after poisoning by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP). The production of delayed neurotoxic signs by repeated sub-neurotoxic doses of DFP and isopropyl methyl-phosphonofluoridate (Sarin) and the effect of varying the time interval between these doses have been demonstrated in chickens. Sub-neurotoxic doses of DFP and Sarin appear to be additive in their action and the interval between successive intoxications may be quite long—16 days with DFP.
Relaxation therapy for essential hypertension: a Veterans Administration Outpatient study.

Twenty-nine patients who had been treated with antihypertensive medication for at least the preceding 6 months were randomly assigned to (1) therapistconducted, face-to-face progressive, deep-muscle relaxation training for 10 weekly sessions, or (2) progressive deep-muscle relaxation therapy conducted mainly by home use of audio cassettes, or (3) nonspecific individual psychotherapy for 10 weekly sessions. No differences between the groups were found immediately after therapy; however, the therapist-conducted relaxation therapy group showed the greatest changes: −17.8 mm Hg systolic, −9.7 mm Hg diastolic at 6 months follow-up. Some significant trends in results among the three therapists were also found. No correlation existed between blood pressure changes and changes in dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DbH) levels.
Breast feeding is associated with postpartum smoking abstinence among women who quit smoking due to pregnancy.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between breast feeding and postpartum smoking abstinence among women who quit smoking due to pregnancy and who were participating in a randomized clinical trial of an intervention designed to prevent postpartum relapse. Methods: A total of 251 women were enrolled in the intervention between 30 and 33 weeks postpartum and were followed through 26 weeks postpartum. Participant characteristics were assessed at the prepartum baseline visit, any breast feeding was assessed at 8 weeks postpartum, and smoking abstinence was assessed at 8 and 26 weeks postpartum. Results: Although 79.1% of participants intended to breast feed, only 40.2% reported breast feeding at 8 weeks postpartum. Characteristics associated with breast feeding at 8 weeks post- partum included Caucasian race/ethnicity, greater education, higher household income, and being married/living with a sig- nificant other. Logistic regression analysis indicated that breast feeding at 8 weeks postpartum was significantly associated with smoking abstinence at 8 weeks postpartum, odds ratio (OR) = 7.27 (95% CI = 3.27, 16.13), p < .001. Breast feeding at 8 weeks postpartum was also associated with abstinence at 26 weeks postpartum after controlling for smoking status at 8 weeks post- partum, OR = 2.64 (95% CI = 1.14, 6.10), p = .02. Discussion: Encouraging breast feeding among women who quit smoking due to pregnancy may facilitate postpartum smoking abstinence while increasing adherence to current infant feeding guidelines.
Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement

Extending the microfoundations of the neoinstitutionalist approach to change, this paper examines the role of institutional entrepreneurs in creating the juvenile court at the turn of the century. Previous work suggests that the court established by Chicago activists became the prototype for other cities and states. We argue that the juvenile court's founding period exhibited considerable diversity, and we highlight Judge Ben B. Lindsey's institution building efforts in Denver, Colorado. Lindsey's project is contrasted to the Chicago court; particular attention is given to Lindsey's constitution of the delinquent subject, his call for a highly differentiated juvenile court, and his expansive conception of the court's responsibilities. This initial diversity subsequently gave way to a more uniform court, and we briefly discuss the dynamics fueling this convergence.
The synthesis and structural study of five-coordinate triorganotin(IV) tropolonates and dibenzoylmethanates

Abstract The complexes [1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionato]tricyclohexyltin(IV), (tropolonato)triphenyltin(IV), and (tropolonato)tricyclohexyltin(IV) have been prepared for the first time and have been found to be five-coordinate in the solid state. These and related five-coordinate complexes prepared previously have been studied by a variety of physical methods; 13C NMR, UV, IR, Raman, dipole moments and the Kerr effect. While all structures are demonstrably five-coordinate, and all chelates bidentate in the solid state, the geometries of two of the complexes in solution appear to vary somewhat from the expected fac or mer. There is evidence from the solution Kerr effect and 13C NMR that cyclohexyl derivatives may disproportionate.
Ecto-protein kinase activity of fibroblasts.

Abstract Isolated, intact dermal fibroblasts can transfer the terminal phosphate of adenosine triphosphate, [γ- 32 P]ATP, to an exogenously added macromolecule (histone). The incorporation of labeled phosphate to histone is attributed to an extracellularly directed protein kinase activity (ecto-kinase) which cannot be accounted for by soluble cytoplasmic protein kinase that might have been released and become bound to cell membranes during the cell preparation. The addition of soluble cytoplasmic enzyme preparations to the cell suspension was fully recoverable in the supernatant and the first wash. The activity of ectokinase was abolished by incubation of intact cells with trypsin for 5 min, whereas the activity of cytoplasmic enzyme was unaffected by the trypsin treatment. These data suggest that dermal fibroblasts contain protein kinase on the outer surface of plasma membrane which can phosphorylate exogenously added macromolecules. The ecto-protein kinase activity is dependent on cell number, time of incubation, and the concentration of Mg 2+ in the reaction mixture. Lineweaver-Burk plot analyses yielded K m values for ATP and histone of 7 × 10 −5 and 3 × 10 −6 m , respectively. The ecto-protein kinase activity of normal fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells were also compared. The enzyme activity of normal cells was higher than that of the malignant cells and was not significantly affected by cyclic nucleotides, whereas the activity of the malignant cells were stimulated by the addition of micromolar concentrations of the cyclic nucleotides.
Improving alternatives for environmental impact assessment

Abstract Environmental impact assessment (EIA), in the US, requires an objective and rigorous analysis of alternatives. Yet the choice of alternatives for that analysis can be subjective and arbitrary. Alternatives often reflect narrow project objectives, agency agendas, and predilection toward a proposed action. More environmentally sound alternatives can be overlooked or informally eliminated before the formal analyses in EIA. Public participation often occurs too late in the EIA process to influence significantly the design of alternatives. And the EIA process often occurs too late in agency decision-making to consider a full range of alternatives: Alternatives are foreclosed because the EIA typically starts after an agency has already proposed, and become attached to, a particular project. Plus, earlier strategic decisions that determined the project may not have been subject to EIA. Consequently, inadequate alternatives can undermine the goals of EIA — to encourage more environmentally sound and publicly acceptable actions. This article investigates problems with the development of alternatives, based on a study of EIAs in the US, and proposes ways to improve environmental decision-making.
Impacts of Seeding Rate on Interactions between Rice and Rice Water Weevils

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, is the most widely distributed and destructive early season insect pest of rice, Oryza sativa L., in the United States. Economic losses result primarily from feeding by the larval stage of this insect on the roots of flooded rice plants. Prior studies suggest that infestations of rice water weevil larvae are more severe at low plant densities. Moreover, because feeding by the rice water weevil reduces rice plant tillering, a process particularly important to yield at low seeding rates, infestations by weevil larvae may have a greater impact on rice yields when rice is seeded at low rates. In total, six experiments were conducted over a 3-yr period in Louisiana and Missouri to investigate the impacts of rice seeding rate on levels of infestations by, and yield losses from, the rice water weevil. An inverse relationship between seeding rate and densities of rice water weevil larvae and pupae on a per area basis was found in two of the six experiments. Furthermore, in two of the three experiments conducted with ‘Bengal’ (a susceptible cultivar) in Louisiana, percentages of yield loss were significantly higher at lower seeding rates than at higher seeding rates. Overall, these results indicate that rice sown at low rates is more vulnerable to infestation by rice water weevils and more susceptible to yield losses from weevil injury. The significance of these findings in light of recent trends toward the use of lower seeding rates in drill-seeded rice is discussed.
Directional Characteristics of Meteor Propagation Derived from Radar Measurements

The directivity of radio reflections from meteor trails and the distribution of trail orientations (radiants) control the directional properties of meteor propagation. Because of the geometrical correspondence between radar and oblique path detection of meteors, the directional properties of meteor propagation can be determined from the range and azimuth distributions of the echoes detected by a radar system. The gross features of these directional properties for an east-west path in northern temperate latitudes are such that?for maximum circuit duty cycle (product of number of echoes and their average duration)?the antenna beams at the transmitter and receiver should be pointed north of the great circle bearing during the morning hours and south of this bearing during the evening. The optimum off-path angle may vary from a few degrees to greater than 20°. For a north-south path, the beams should be pointed west of the path at night and east of the path during the day, for maximum duty cycle. These gross features appear to repeat each day. In addition, short-term fluctuations in the radiant distribution have been noted, some of these fluctuations presumably being due to heretofore undetected meteor showers of very short duration. It appears that the information capacity of meteor burst and ionospheric scatter communication systems could be markedly increased by varying the bearings of the antenna beams according to the known diurnal variations in meteor radiants.
Gas up and live

The endothelial cells that line blood vessels are remarkable in their ability to modulate growth and survival under very different physiologic/pathologic situations.[1][1] They are exquisitely responsive to growth stimuli, such as those provided by pregnancy, wound healing, and tumor cells. However
The relation between tooth pulp pressure and systemic arterial pressure.

Abstract The relationship between systemic arterial pressure and fluid pressure in the tooth pulp of dog canines was examined. Tooth pressure was measured by sealing a small tube into a tap made through the enamel and dentine; arterial pressure was monitored via a chronic catheter in the internal thoracic artery. Blood pressure was altered by norepinephrine infusion or by amyl nitrate inhalation. Tooth pressure was found to be pulsatile and in exact phase with, of similar shape to, but of smaller magnitude than, the systemic arterial pulse. When arterial pressure was altered, tooth pressure changed similarly but to a lesser extent. Over one or a few episodes of norepinephrine injection, mean tooth pressure ( PT ) was related to mean arterial pressure ( PA ) by the linear equation PT = m ( PA ) + Po , with a scatter whose standard deviation averaged 7 mm Hg; the slope m averaged 0·39. The correlation throughout the entire experiment appeared to be similar but was partially obscured by greater scatter. It was concluded that the linear relation was due to the direct hydraulic effect of arterial pressure on tooth pressure, and that the scatter indicated other mechanisms were also important in determining tooth fluid pressure. Based on a haemodynamic model of the tooth circulation, the value of m found here implies that the hydraulic resistance to venous outflow is relatively greater in the tooth pulp than is typical of other tissues.
Formulary restriction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression: potential pitfalls.

The American healthcare market is currently estimated at more than $US900 billion with double digit rising costs per year. Psychotropic agent costs have more than kept pace with market increases. Medication acquisition costs are an obvious focus for limiting costs in various care systems.
Calibration of Mobilized Soil Strength During Installation of Suction Piles

An innovative breakwater system has been introduced for use in areas with thick soft seafloor, utilizing suction piles as the foundations. Gravity-type concrete caissons are placed on top, which resist the lateral loads caused by the wind and waves to protect the harbor behind. In Dec. 2004, four large concrete suction piles were prefabricated and installed successfully in southern Korea. During the installation of suction piles, detailed measurements were made on one pile, including the suction pressure vs. pile penetration relationship. They were used to estimate the mobilized soil strength during the suction pile installation. The calculated mobilized soil strength variation was then expressed as a function of a non-dimensional parameter that included the most essential parameters governing the behavior of suction piles during installation.© 2006 ASME
Revisiting the Eight-Year Study and Rethinking the Focus of Educational Policy Analysis:

Despite Dewey's influence on educational thought, those with progressive visions of democratic education are generally on the margins of educational policy and practice. One notable exception was the "Eight-Year Study"-a landmark attempt to design, implement, and evaluate democratic secondary schools. Examination of this effort permits consideration of how democratic priorities can transform both educational practice and educational evaluation and policy analysis. In addition, studying the reactions of the mainstream policy community to this study helps illuminate the constraints imposed by the culture of educational policy discussions. Specifically, it shows that the norms, values, and technologies that guide mainstream analysis are poorly suited to record and report the strengths of the democratic orientation inspired by Dewey's work.
HOX GENE PRODUCTS MODULATE THE DNA BINDING ACTIVITY OF PBX1 AND PBX2

A new family of homeodomain proteins has recently been identified that includes extradenticle, ceh-20 and three mammalian proteins Pbx1, Pbx2 and Pbx3. We show here that two members of this family, Pbx1 and Pbx2 bind cooperatively to DNA with both Hoxb-7 and Hoxb-8. Engrailed-2 modulates the DNA binding activity of the Pbx proteins to a different target site. E2A-Pbx1, a chimeric Pbx1 gene product involved in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia, has retained its ability to interact with the Hox proteins. These data show that vertebrate Hox and Pbx gene products have the ability to bind cooperatively to DNA.
Extending the use of the pacing pulmonary artery catheter for safe minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

Objective In this study, the therapeutic use of pacing pulmonary artery catheters in association with minimally invasive cardiac surgery was evaluated. Design A retrospective study. Settings A single institutional university hospital. Participants Two hundred twenty-four consecutive patients undergoing minimally invasive cardiac surgery through a small (5-cm) right anterolateral thoracotomy using fibrillatory arrest without aortic cross-clamping. Measurements and Main Results Two hundred eighteen patients underwent mitral valve surgery (97%) alone or in combination with other procedures. Six patients underwent other cardiac operations. In all patients, the pacing pulmonary artery catheter was used intraoperatively to induce ventricular fibrillation during the cooling period, and in the postoperative period it also was used in 37 (17%) patients who needed to be paced, mainly for bradyarrhythmias (51%). There were no complications related to the insertion of the catheters. Six (3%) patients experienced a loss of pacing capture, and 2 (1%) experienced another complication requiring the surgical removal of the catheter. Seven (3%) patients needed postoperative implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Conclusions In combination with minimally invasive cardiac surgery, pacing pulmonary artery catheters were therapeutically useful to induce ventricular fibrillatory arrest intraoperatively and for obtaining pacing capability in the postoperative period. Their use was associated with a low number of complications.
Harmonics in sea and undersea vehicles: sources, effects, and solutions

Power electronics non-linear loads are used widely in the new sea and undersea vehicles that employ integrated power systems. These high power non-linear electrical loads draw non-sinusoidal currents that create voltage harmonics, which propagate throughout the ship power system. In this paper, harmonic producing loads on a ship power system are described and the effects of harmonics in the system are explained. Different methods to mitigate current and voltage harmonics are described. In the last section, modeling and analysis of non-linear systems and harmonic estimation using generalized state space averaging method is explained.
Effect of common neuropathologies on progression of late life cognitive impairment

Brain pathologies of Alzheimer's (AD), cerebrovascular, and Lewy body diseases are common in old age, but the relationship of these pathologies with progression from normal cognitive function to the various stages of cognitive impairment is unknown. In this study, we fit latent Markov models from longitudinal cognitive data to empirically derive 3 latent stages corresponding to no impairment, mild impairment, and moderate impairment; then, we examined the associations of common neuropathologies with the rates of transition among these stages. Cognitive and neuropathological data were available from 653 autopsied participants in 2 ongoing cohort studies of aging who were cognitively healthy at baseline (mean baseline age 79.1 years) and had longitudinal cognitive data. On average, participants in these analyses developed mild impairment 5 years after enrollment, progressed to moderate impairment after an additional 3.4 years, and stayed impaired for 2.8 years until death. AD and chronic macroscopic infarcts were associated with a higher risk of progression to mild impairment and subsequently to moderate impairment. By contrast, Lewy bodies were associated only with progression from mild to moderate impairment. The 5-year probability of progression to mild or moderate impairment was 20% for persons without any of these 3 pathologies, 38% for AD only, 51% for AD and macroscopic infarcts, and 56% for AD, infarcts, and Lewy bodies. Thus, the presence of AD pathology alone nearly doubles the risk of developing cognitive impairment in late life, and the presence of multiple pathologies further increases this risk over multiple years before death.
Matrix Isolation Infrared Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Study of the 1:1 Complex of Bromocyclohexane with NH3: Evidence for a Weak C-H-N Hydrogen Bond

ABSTRACT The hydrogen-bonded bromocyclohexane–ammonia complex has been isolated and characterized for the first time in argon matrices at 16 K. Coordination of the proton adjacent to the Br substituent on the cyclohexane ring to the amino nitrogen was evidenced by distinct blue shifts of bending modes involving the H-C1–Br unit. In particular, C–C1–Br, H–C1–Br, and C–C1–H bending modes produced blue shifts ranging from 2.8 to 12.2 cm−1. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6–31 + G(d, p) level yield an essentially linear Br–C1–H–NH3 hydrogen bond with a C-H–N distance of 2.412 A and a hydrogen bond energy of 2.95 kcal/mol.
UV-B Irradiation Increases Susceptibility of Mice to Malarial Infection

Volume 68, no. 4, p. 2353-2355, 2000. Pages 2353 to 2355: “105 PRBC” should read “106.4 PRBC” and “104 PRBC” should read “105.4 PRBC” throughout.
Superplastic Flow of Two‐Phase Ceramics Containing Rigid lnclusions— Zirconia/Mullite Composites

A continuum theory for non-Newtonian flow of a two-phase composite containing rigid inclusions is presented. It predicts flow suppression by a factor of (1 - V)q, where V is the volume fraction of the rigid inclusion and q depends on the stress exponent and the inclusion shape. Stress concentrations in the rigid inclusion have also been evaluated. As the stress exponent increases, flow suppression is more pronounced even though stress concentration is less severe. To test this theory, superplastic flow of zirconia/mullite composites, in which zirconia is a soft, non-Newtonian superplastic matrix and mullite is a rigid phase of various size, shape, and amount, is studied. The continuum theory is found to describe the two-phase superplastic flow reasonably well.
Introduction to Health Research Methods

This graduate-level public health research course is based on the assumption that the best way to learn how to do research is to do real research. The course is structured around a series of three projects--a systematic review of the literature, a primary research proposal, and an analysis of a publicly-available dataset--that help students develop skills in identifying research questions, designing studies, analyzing data, and presenting their findings. Weekly writing and editing assignments divide the projects into manageable portions; peer and professor feedback during each class session increases the quality of the products and fosters professional communication and collaboration skills. Students are encouraged to pursue dissemination of the results of their data analysis projects through professional conferences and peer-reviewed journals.
Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity

Abstract This article uses a systemic perspective to identify and analyze the conceptual relations among vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity within socio-ecological systems (SES). Since different intellectual traditions use the terms in different, sometimes incompatible, ways, they emerge as strongly related but unclear in the precise nature of their relationships. A set of diagnostic questions is proposed regarding the specification of the terms to develop a shared conceptual framework for the natural and social dimensions of global change. Also, development of a general theory of change in SESs is suggested as an important agenda item for research on global change.
"Skinless Wonders": Body Worlds and the Victorian Freak Show

In 2002, Gunther von Hagens's display of plastinated corpses opened in London. Although the public was fascinated by Body Worlds, the media largely castigated the exhibition by dismissing it as a resuscitated Victorian freak show. By using the freak show analogy, the British press expressed their moral objection to this type of bodily display. But Body Worlds and nineteenth-century displays of human anomalies were linked in more complex and telling ways as both attempted to be simultaneously entertaining and educational. This essay argues that these forms of corporeal exhibitionism are both examples of the dynamic relationship between the popular and professional cultures of the body that we often erroneously think of as separate and discrete. By reading Body Worlds against the Victorian freak show, I seek to generate a fuller understanding of the historical and enduring relationship between exhibitionary culture and the discourses of science, and thus to argue that the scientific and the spectacular have been, and clearly continue to be, symbiotic modes of generating bodily knowledge.
Amplified Migration Inhibition Effect

Upon exposure to specific antigen in tissue culture, sensitive lymphocytes released macrophage migration inhibition factor and other lymphokines into the supernatant culture medium. Migration of peritoneal macrophages from nonsensitive animals was inhibited in the presence of such supernatants. However, with previous techniques it was found that an inhibitory effect was present at only low low titers (less than 10(2)). It is therfore of great interest that by increasing cellular density, the total number of cells being kept constant, inhibitory activity can be amplified by a factor as great as 10(10). This amplification was observed only when lymphocytes and macrophages were loosely packed, as by spontaneous sedimentation in a conical test tube. The effect was abolished by dispersing the cell suspension in a flat-bottomed flask or, alternatively, by shaking the test tube so that intimate prolonged intercellular contact was prevented.
Tea of the Sages: The Art of Sencha

The Japanese tea ceremony is generally identified with "chanoyu" and its bowls of whipped, powdered green tea served in surroundings influenced by the tenets of Zen Buddhism. This is a study of the alternative tea tradition of "sencha", at which gatherings steeped green leaf tea is prepared in an atmosphere indebted to the humanistic values of the Chinese sages and the materialistic culture of elite Chinese society during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This illustrated volume explores sencha's philosophy and arts from the 17th century to the end of the 20th century.
Leo Says Ger

Takoa Lawson was my colleague in the Summer Scholars Program the summer before sabbatical. He was also a wonderful high school science chemistry teacher while I was on sabbatical, although at a different school. Takoa has always been a dedicated and caring teacher. He works hard to do the best for his students. I have always admired the way he constantly tries to improve his own understanding of both science and teaching. He also cares deeply that the learning of his students is real. As an experienced high school teacher, he knows and has seen a lot. One frustrating day in January, I shared my concerns1 with Takoa about preparing my students for a test that covered too much material and did not emphasize the many reasoning and process skills that I valued most.
Particle Formation by Ion Nucleation in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere

Unexpectedly high concentrations of ultrafine particles were observed over a wide range of latitudes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Particle number concentrations and size distributions simulated by a numerical model of ion-induced nucleation, constrained by measured thermodynamic data and observed atmospheric key species, were consistent with the observations. These findings indicate that, at typical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere conditions, particles are formed by this nucleation process and grow to measurable sizes with sufficient sun exposure and low preexisting aerosol surface area. Ion-induced nucleation is thus a globally important source of aerosol particles, potentially affecting cloud formation and radiative transfer.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Proteins α and β Negatively Influence the Capacity of Tumor Necrosis Factor α to Up-regulate the Human Cytomegalovirus IE1/2 Enhancer/Promoter by Nuclear Factor κB during Monocyte Differentiation

Recently we demonstrated that the ability of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) to stimulate the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE1/2 enhancer/promoter activity in myeloid progenitor-like cells decreases when these cells differentiate into promonocytic cells. In addition, TNFalpha stimulation in the progenitor-like cell line HL-60 was shown to be mediated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and its binding to the 18-base pair sequence motifs of the IE1/2 enhancer. We demonstrate here that the cell differentiation-dependent reduction of TNFalpha stimulation is not due to insufficient NF-kappaB activation but correlates with increased synthesis of the monocyte differentiation-associated factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) alpha and beta. Overexpression of C/EBPalpha/beta in HL-60 cells, which normally produce only very small amounts of C/EBP, stimulated the basal activity of the promoter in the absence of NF-kappaB but suppressed the stimulatory effect of TNFalpha. A novel C/EBP-binding site was identified in the IE1/2 enhancer directly downstream of a NF-kappaB site. In order to understand the mechanisms of interaction, we used an IE1/2 promoter mutant that failed to bind C/EBP at this position and several constructs that contained exclusively NF-kappaB- and/or C/EBP-binding sites upstream of the minimal IE1/2 promoter. We could demonstrate that C/EBPalpha/beta interacts with NF-kappaB p65 and displays inhibitory activity even in the absence of direct DNA binding by forming p65-C/EBP-containing protein complexes bound to the NF-kappaB site. Moreover, C/EBP binding to the DNA adjacent to NF-kappaB supports the down-regulatory effect of C/EBPs possibly due to stabilization of a multimeric NF-kappaB-C/EBP complex. Our results show that cell differentiation factors may interfere with TNFalpha-induced human cytomegalovirus gene (re)activation.
A Mask of Calm: Emotion and Founding the Kingdom of Bunyoro in the Sixteenth Century

Rich vernacular traditions about the aftermaths of the social trauma of a major famine, sometime in sixteenth-century eastern Africa, narrate the founding of a new dynasty in Bunyoro, one of the region's oldest monarchies. Scholars often understand such traditions about the founding of new dynasties as chartering the new political order. Whether traditions credit that order with the aura of antiquity or strengthen it by excluding social elements discordant with the new orchestrations of power, they are exercises in legitimation. When scholars recognize that such traditions were set in the aftermath of widespread violence, a spirit of mourning emerges in them. Spirits of mourning, joined to those of legitimation, shape traditions about the founding of a new dynasty by deftly inflecting the problem of accountability. In Bunyoro, traditions about its founder depict him as a barbarian cultural neophyte, of fluctuating emotional stability, improvising a new political order. These unflattering, realistic representations of the founding dynast's affective comportment were designed to appeal to emotional repertoires in the different life experiences of audience members, enlisting their participation in the project of reviving sovereignty in the aftermaths of traumatic violence. Mourning and legitimation run through historical narratives initiating an aftermath to structural violence, and reveal that loss and worry shape narratives of transformed sovereign authority, and revive it in the aftermaths of structural violence. Mourning lends emotional depth and counterpoint to matters of bureaucracy, economy, gender, and so forth, in crafting satisfying accounts of transformation and accountability in political life. That emotional depth, in turn, helps explain the durability of traditions.
Changes in mesenteric blood flow during intracranial hypertension due to acute elevations in intra-abdominal pressure

Elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has been associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and diminished splanchnic blood flow. We investigated superior mesenteric artery flow and ICP following an increase in IAP. A flowmeter was placed on the superior mesenteric artery in five pigs and ICP was measured with an intraparenchymal bolt. IAP was elevated to 10 and 20 mmHg with nitrogen pneumoperitoneum. Changes in ICP, central venous pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and superior mesenteric artery blood flow were recorded at each level of IAP. Analysis of variants and paired t-test analyses were performed. ICP was increased and superior mesenteric artery flow decreased following IAP elevation. These changes were statistically significant when IAP was raised to 20 mmHg (ICP: p = 0.02; superior mesenteric artery flow: p = 0.006); central venous pressure was also increased. There was no significant change in mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. We have demonstrated a simultaneous effect of IAP on ICP (increase) and superior mesenteric artery blood flow (decrease). Further studies are warranted to evaluate the complete mechanism of these findings. In addition to direct transmission of pressures from the abdominal cavity, indirect effects of intra-abdominal hypertension may play a role in these documented changes.
Impacts of Radio Frequency Identification technology on logistics performance in agile supply chain

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a latest breakthrough technology that can be applied to significantly enhance Supply Chain Management. Seeking to maximise its potential applicability, this paper examines in detail the implementation of RFID in intra-organisational logistics operations and how the formation of 'RFID islands' can facilitate the incorporations of this new technology into a supply chain network system. This paper first examines how an automated RFID system allows firms to achieve high level of inventory visibility and information transparency which leads to system responsiveness and agility. Logistics efficiencies improved by RFID technology and necessary costs are then critically assessed. The research proceeds to develop a method to operationalise RFID's Return on Investment (ROI), and then incorporates the ROI calculation into a RFID roadmap toward a large scale, Business-to-Business implementation. It concludes that substantial efficiencies, strong scale economies and strategic planning for the RFID systems can help firms to harvest competitiveness in innovative supply chain operations and logistics performance enhancement.
Victimization, Social Support, and Psychological Well-Being: A Study of Recently Released Prisoners

The effect of violence on individual behavior has been well documented. However, the empirical literature surrounding the relationship between coercive prison environments and inmate well-being is limited. This is important not only for correctional administrators but also for reentry planning. Using a sample of 1,616 recently released male inmates, this study examines the psychological effect of victimization and of perceptions of threat and coercion arising from the prison environment. The study also examines whether social support affects cognitions and psychological symptoms and whether it moderates the effect of victimization and coercion. The findings reveal that coercion and social support are related to posttraumatic cognitions and trauma symptoms; however, social support does not provide a moderating effect.
Regulation of mammalian transcription and splicing by Nuclear RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is well known as a mechanism for controlling mammalian mRNA translation in the cytoplasm, but what would be the consequences if it also functions in cell nuclei? Although RNAi has also been found in nuclei of plants, yeast, and other organisms, there has been relatively little progress towards understanding the potential involvement of mammalian RNAi factors in nuclear processes including transcription and splicing. This review summarizes evidence for mammalian RNAi factors in cell nuclei and mechanisms that might contribute to the control of gene expression. When RNAi factors bind small RNAs, they form ribonucleoprotein complexes that can be selective for target sequences within different classes of nuclear RNA substrates. The versatility of nuclear RNAi may supply a previously underappreciated layer of regulation to transcription, splicing, and other nuclear processes.
Electrospun Nanofibrous Sorbents and Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Capture

CO2 emission resulting from combustion of fossil fuel is a major anthropogenic factor for global warming. Current commercial CO2 capture approaches using aqueous amine scrubbing require high energy consumption for regeneration which leads to significantly decreased efficiency. Therefore, novel CO2 capture materials and technologies for economical CO2 capture are of the utmost importance. Nanofibers, mainly fabricated by electrospinning, have unique porous structure, high surface area, and good mechanical properties thereby exhibit potential as advanced sorbents for CO2 capture and storage. More significantly, nanofiber-based sorbents are expected to have extremely low resistance for gas transport and extremely fast kinetics due to the unique structure of nanofibers. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress in the development of electrospun nanofibrous sorbents or membranes (e.g., nanofiber-supported metal-organic frameworks, carbon nanofibers, ionic liquid-based nanofibrous membranes, metal oxide nanofibers, etc.) for CO2 capture, describe the types of nanofibrous materials that have been developed, and discuss their fabrication variables and CO2 adsorption performance in detail. This chapter may pave the way for developing advanced nanofibrous sorbents for CO2 capture from power plants and even the atmosphere.
The Fiscal Vulnerability of Public Social Expenditures: Is Latin America Different? (La Vulnerabilidad Fiscal Del Gasto Social: ¿Es Diferente América Latina?)

An unbalanced panel data of around fifty countries between 1985 and 2003 is used to estimate the vulnerability of public social expenditures (health and education) to other fiscal variables. The database allows comparisons between Latin America and the rest of developing countries. Public social expenditure is significantly lower in Latin America as share of GDP, although it has a higher share in primary expenditure. Public social expenditures in Latin America are more vulnerable to debt service, but are less sensible to changes in other types of public expenditure. As in other regions in the developing world, public social expenditure in Latin America shrinks when public debt stock increases. This effect is higher with multilateral debt obligations. In Latin America, debt defaults reduce the share of public social expenditures in total primary public expenditure.
Anxiety levels of short and long sleepers.

As a test of the hypothesis that consistent short sleepers tend to be non-worriers while consistent long sleepers tend to worry, the anxiety levels of 17 short and 17 long sleepers were compared. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that short sleepers showed significantly higher levels of anxiety than long sleepers.
Serum Co60 vitamin B12 binding capacity in some hematologic disorders.

Summary and conclusions1. A survey of in vitro Co60 vit. B12 binding capacity of serum from patients with various hematological diseases is presented. Results are compared with previous studies employing microbiological assay and with measurements of serum content as well as binding capacity for the vitamin. 2. These data confirm earlier findings of elevated binding capacity in acute and chronic myelocytic leukemia and in polycythemia vera. 3. An increased binding capacity in some cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and idiopathic neutropenia is noted for the first time.