cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HMMeta: Protein Function Prediction using Hidden Markov Models

As the body of genomic product data increases at a much faster rate than can be annotated, computational analysis of protein function has never been more important. In this research, we introduce a novel protein function prediction method HMMeta, which is based on the prominent natural language prediction technique Hidden Markov Models (HMM). With a new representation of protein sequence as a language, we trained a unique HMM for each Gene Ontology (GO) term taken from the UniProt database, which in total has 27,451 unique GO IDs leading to the creation of 27,451 Hidden Markov Models. We employed data augmentation to artificially inflate the number of protein sequences associated with GO terms that have a limited amount in the database, and this helped to balance the number of protein sequences associated with each GO term. Predictions are made by running the sequence against each model created. The models within eighty percent of the top scoring model, or 75 models with the highest scores, whichever is less, represent the functions that are most associated with the given sequence. We benchmarked our method in the latest Critical Assessment of protein Function Annotation (CAFA 4) experiment as CaoLab2, and we also evaluated HMMeta against several other protein function prediction methods against a subset of the UniProt database. HMMeta achieved favorable results as a sequence-based method, and outperforms a few notable methods in some categories through our evaluation, which shows great potential for automated protein function prediction. The tool is available at https://github.com/KPHippe/HMM-For-Protein-Prediction.
Extraction of Geometrical Parameters From Faceted Convex Surfaces for Creeping Wave Evaluation

It is proposed to extract the geometrical parameters required by the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) solutions from a faceted convex surface, accurately. The accuracy of extraction is demonstrated compared to the actual values.
Two-point stress–strain-rate correlation structure and non-local eddy viscosity in turbulent flows

By analysing the Karman–Howarth equation for filtered-velocity fields in turbulent flows, we show that the two-point correlation between the filtered strain-rate and subfilter stress tensors plays a central role in the evolution of filtered-velocity correlation functions. Two-point correlation-based statistical a priori tests thus enable rigorous and physically meaningful studies of turbulence models. Using data from direct numerical simulations of isotropic and channel flow turbulence, we show that local eddy-viscosity models fail to exhibit the long tails observed in the real subfilter stress–strain-rate correlation functions. Stronger non-local correlations may be achieved by defining the eddy-viscosity model based on fractional gradients of order yields better results for the correlations in the streamwise direction, even well into the core channel region. In the spanwise direction, channel flow results show significantly more local interactions. The overall results confirm strong non-locality in the interactions between subfilter stresses and resolved-scale fluid deformation rates, but with non-trivial directional dependencies in non-isotropic flows. Hence, non-local operators thus exhibit interesting modelling capabilities and potential for large-eddy simulations although more developments are required, both on the theoretical and computational implementation fronts.
A direct anonymous attestation scheme for embedded devices

Direct anonymous attestation (DAA) is an anonymous authentication scheme adopted by the Trusted Computing Group in its specifications for trusted computing platforms. This paper presents an efficient construction that implements all anonymous authentication features specified in DAA, including authentication with total anonymity, authentication with variable anonymity, and rogue TPM tagging. The current DAA construction is mainly targeted for powerful devices such as personal computers, and their corresponding application areas, but is not entirely suitable for embedded devices with limited computing capabilities (e.g., cell phones or hand-held PDAs). We propose a new construction with more efficient sign and verify protocols, making it more attractive for embedded devices. We prove that the new construction is secure under the strong RSA assumption and the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption.
What Is the Prognosis in Subarachnoidal Bleeding in Infants

Prod9hom et al.1 presented their results concerning the quality of survival of newborns with respiratory distress. They found 7 of 355 patients with hydrocephalus or porencephaly, apparently secondary to an intracranial hemorrhage. They conclude "it seems fully justified to stop all reanimation practices including mechanical ventilation, once the diagnosis of ventricular or subarachnoidal hemorrhage has been made." Most physicians caring for sick newborns would agree that massive intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn almost always results in death or severe long-term neurologic impairment.
Soot particle scavenging by growing ice crystals

1. With the injection of soot particles, significant change in the growth morphology of ice was observed. 2. The effect of soot particles is more pronounced at the growing tips of the crystals. Thus, phoretic forces, as well as diffusion and impaction, contribute to the scavenging. 3. Observations of morphological changes and detection of soot particles in microscopy indicate that soot particle scavenging by growing ice crystals is very effective. Understanding the role of different mechanisms and assessment of rate processes require further experiments with size classified particles.
The impact of a hospital‐based educational video on maternal perceptions and planned practices of infant safe sleep

Purpose To evaluate whether an educational video would impact infant sleep practices among new mothers. Design and Methods Survey responses of new mothers who did (n = 43) versus did not (n = 49) watch the educational video were compared to identify differences in observed and planned infant sleep practices. Results Mothers who watched the video were more likely to observe safe sleep practices while in the hospital (67.4% vs. 46.9%, p < .05). They were also less likely to plan for (unsafe) side positioning (23.9% vs. 7.1%, p < .05). Practice Implications Given the potentially fatal consequence of unsafe sleep, a brief video provided by nursing staff can be a prudent component of new parent education.
Optimizing the design of end-to-end spacecraft systems using risk as a currency

Treating risk as a "currency" has proven to be key in systematically optimizing the design of spacecraft systems. This idea has been applied in the design of individual components of spacecraft systems, and in the end-to-end design of such systems. The process, called "Defect Detection and Prevention" (DDP), its tool support, and applications, are described. The process can be summarized as determining the consequences of various risk elements (technical, programmatic, other) on the various requirements and then determining the optimal combination of approaches to reducing the risks to acceptable levels. We are now extending this process to include consideration of architectural alternatives, qualification of components, fabrication and assembly, integration and test, and mission operation. The results of applying this extended process in the pre-formulation, formulation and implementation phases of various NASA and other government agency missions will be discussed. This paper will also discuss the results of developing optimized technology development and qualification plans.
Git and GitHub for Librarians

One of the most rapidly growing professional social networks is GitHub, an online space to share code. GitHub is based on free and open-source software called Git, a version control system used in many digital projects, from library websites to government data portals to scientific research. For projects that involve developing code and collaborating with others, Git is an invaluable tool; it also creates a backup system and structured documentation. In this article, we examine version control, the particulars of Git, the burgeoning social network of GitHub, and how Git can be an archival tool.
Benthic control upon the morphology of transported fine sediments in a low‐gradient stream

The structure of fluvial sediments in streams has environmental implications to contaminant fate, nutrient budgeting and the carbon flux associated with fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). However, the influence of sediment structure is lacking in environmental predictive models. To this end, the present study links field-based results of sediment aggregate structure to seasonal biological functions in the surface fine-grained laminae (SFGL) of a low-gradient stream. Fluvial sediment collection, microscopy and image analysis are used to show that aggregates collected over a 20 month time period support the concept that aggregate structure can vary seasonally in low-gradient streams where temporarily stored sediment is prominent. Results show that the structure of the transported aggregates is more irregular in the summer with the structure being elongated about the long axes. In the winter, the aggregate structure is compacted and more spherical. Statistical analysis and results suggest that heterotrophic and autotrophic biological activity within the SFGL exhibits seasonal control upon the morphology of transported sediments. Implications of this research are highlighted through calculations of the reactive surface area of the transported suspended sediment load. The surface area of transported sediment is estimated to be 40% greater in the summer as compared to the winter time period, which implies that (i) the affinity of sediments to sorb contaminants is higher in summer months and (ii) the downstream reactivity of FPOM in large rivers, lakes and estuaries is not just a function of microbial drivers but also the seasonally dependent structure of transported FPOM derived from low-order streams. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): effectiveness of a passive birth defects registry system.

BACKGROUND: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a preventable birth defect, easiest to recognize in children two through eleven years and more difficult to recognize in newborns. In New York State, two systems ascertain FAS cases, the statewide birth defects registry and the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance Network (FASSNet) system. The accuracy of FAS reports to the birth defects registry was assessed through a comparison with the FASSNet system. METHODS: The birth defects registry mandates reporting up to age two, including FAS with an ICD-9 code of 760.71. FASSNet is a population-based, multi-source surveillance and uses a standard definition to determine FAS case status. RESULTS: Among 33 children reported to the registry with FAS, 19 (58%) met FASSNet criteria for FAS. FASSNet identified 24 additional children with FAS facial features documented before the child’s second birthday that should have been reported to the birth defects registry. FAS prevalence rate for the birth defects registry was 0.28 per 1,000 live births but would have been 0.37 if all children diagnosed before age two were included. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 60% of children reported to a birth defects registry with FAS from 1995 to 1998 were confirmed as FAS based on a more intensive surveillance. Additional children with FAS were not reported to the CMR. FAS prevalence calculated from birth defects registries, relying on the ICD-9 code 760.71, include false positives and underestimate the true prevalence. Age limits for reporting FAS to registries further contribute to under ascertainment. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:604 – 608, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Karhunen–Loeve method for data compression and speech synthesis

The use of the Karhunen–Loeve (KL) method in speech data compression and synthesis using the Fourier-Bessel (FB) expansion coefficient of speech signal is described. Bessel functions seem to make a natural basis for speech signal decomposition. Sinusoidal functions are the eigenfunctions of vibrating strings. Bessel functions are the eigenfunctions of vibrating pipes. The vocal tract resembles an excited pipe rather than a vibrating string. Good quality intelligible speech signal can be reconstructed using only a small portion of the FB expansion coefficient. Further data compression is possible through KL transformation of the speech signal FB expansion coefficient for efficient speech coding and synthesis. The transformation is implemented by first forming a covariance matrix of the FB coefficients. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix are computed and ranked according to the eigenvalue magnitude. Speech signal is then reconstructed using only the feature corresponding to the larger magnitude eigenvalues of the covariance matrix.
Vibrational spectra of bismuth oxide and the sillenite-structure bismuth oxide derivatives

Abstract Bismuth oxide is monoclinic, space group P2 1 /c. The sillenite compounds are impurity stabilized derivatives with general formula MO x ·6Bi 2 O 3 , body-centered cubic with space group 123. Far i.r. and Raman spectra have been measured on polycrystalline Bi 2 O 3 and on sillenite structures in which the stabilizing oxide is SiO 2 , GeO 2 , TiO 2 , Ga 2 O 3 , ZnO, or PbO. About half the predicted 24 i.r. bands and Raman bands are observed for the sillenite structures. Low frequency Raman bands are very sharp, but high frequency bands are greatly broadened. This is interpreted in terms of an orientational disorder of the lone-pair non-bonding orbital of Bi 3+ in the bismuth—oxygen framework. Although an isolated regular tetrahedron, MO 4 , exists in the structure, internal modes from the tetrahedron are not identifiable, indicating a strong coupling with the framework. A cluster of relatively narrow bands in the i.r. spectra in the range of 400–650 cm −1 can be correlated with the various BiO bonds in the highly distorted polyhedra that make up the bismuth—oxygen framework.
The time course of capillary exchange

The equations governing the time course of the exchange of substances between the blood in the capillaries and the extracellular space are solved for the case of substances which do not penetrate the cells. The equations given relate the time course of the exchange process to the various tissue and circulation parameters such as the specific capillary wall area, the pore area, the inter-capillary distance, the size of the extra-vascular, extra-cellular space, the diffusion coefficient in this space, and the velocity of blood in the capillaries. Some experimental work on capillary exchange is discussed in relation to the theory and estimates are made of the relative importance of the various tissue and circulation parameters in the exchange of substances in different tissues.
Low-energy fixed points of random quantum spin chains

The one-dimensional isotropic quantum Heisenberg spin systems with random couplings and random spin sizes are investigated using a real-space renormalization-group scheme. It is demonstrated that these systems belong to a universality class of disordered spin systems, characterized by weakly coupled large effective spins. In this large-spin phase the uniform magnetic susceptibility diverges as ${\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with a nonuniversal Curie constant at low temperatures T, while the specific heat vanishes as ${\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{|}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\mathrm{|}}$|ln T| for T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. For a broad range of initial distributions of couplings and spin sizes the distribution functions approach a single fixed-point form, where \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}-0.44. For some singular initial distributions, however, the fixed-point form of distributions becomes nonuniversal, suggesting that there is a line of fixed points.
High level landmark-based visual navigation using unsupervised geometric constraints in local bundle adjustment

We present a high level landmark-based visual navigation approach for a monocular mobile robot. We utilize heterogeneous features, such as points, line segments, lines, planes, and vanishing points, and their inner geometric constraints as the integrated high level landmarks. This is managed through a multilayer feature graph (MFG). Our method extends local bundle adjustment (LBA)-based framework by explicitly exploiting different features and their geometric relationships in an unsupervised manner. The algorithm takes a video stream as input, initializes and incrementally updates MFG based on extracted key frames; it also refines localization and MFG landmarks through the LBA. Physical experiments show that our method can reduce the absolute trajectory error of a traditional point landmark-based LBA method by up to 63.9%.
Framework for analysis of online course design

Continued growth in popularity of online education calls for more research in its various aspects. One such aspect concerns online course design, which can differ substantially from traditional academic course development in the use of technology, the design process and the pedagogical approaches applied. This poster presents a draft framework for analyzing the design of an online academic course. The proposed framework is grounded both in empirical research and in existing literature. Accounting for the overall context of contemporary web environment, it tries to capture the interplay between technology and pedagogy in online course design as well as various factors that influence both technological and pedagogical decisions and ultimately shape course development. The interplay of technology and pedagogy and individual contributions of institutional, course content and instructor factors are represented. This work contributes to the theoretical base for the study of online education.
Titan's aerosols I. Laboratory investigations of shapes, size distributions, and aggregation of particles produced by UV photolysis of model Titan atmospheres

Experiments in which C2H2, C2H4, and HCN were photolyzed separately and as a mixture in UV light have been conducted in order to ascertain the physical properties of model Titan atmosphere aerosols. Aerosols formed from photolysis of C2H4 were physically similar to those formed from C2H2; protolysis of HCN rapidly generated particles that did not grow to sizes greater than 0.09 microns. While the formation of particles from C4H2 was observed within minutes, formation was slowed by a factor of 4 when C2H2 and HCN were added.
Spatial patterns of crime among Indian cities

Abstract An analysis of inter-city patterns of crime in India was undertaken. Using data for fourteen different types of crime and for 99 cities, standard correlation techniques were used to analyze the inter-relationships between different types of crime and the spatial distribution of these types. Factor analysis was applied to regionalize crime groups. An attempt is made to explain the crime patterns which emerge from the analysis, and the concentration of crime in the north-central region of India.
Revealing the molecular determinants of neurotoxin specificity for calcium-activated versus voltage-dependent potassium channels

Potassium channel dysfunction underlies diseases such as epilepsy, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and multiple sclerosis. Neurotoxins that selectively inhibit potassium channels, α-KTx, have provided invaluable information for dissecting the contribution of different potassium channels to neurotransmission, vasoconstriction, and lymphocyte proliferation. Thus, α-KTx specificity comprises an important first step in potassium channel-directed drug discovery for these diseases. Despite extensive functional and structural studies of α-KTx−potassium channel complexes, none have predicted the molecular basis of α-KTx specificity. Here we show that by minimizing the differences in binding free energy between selective and nonselective α-KTx we are able to identify all of the determinants of α-KTx specificity for calcium-activated versus voltage-dependent potassium channels. Because these determinants correspond to unique features of the two types of channels, they provide a way to develop more accurate model...
Psychological sequelae in the rape victim

The psychological consequences of rape are described. Many rape victims develop a syndrome that meets the DSM III diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. The patient's coping mechanisms of dissociation and amnesia are described and the implications for the delayed post-traumatic stress disorder are discussed. Principles of therapeutic management are delineated with special emphasis on therapeutic abreaction and alleviation of guilt by reframing and restructuring the patient's perception of the rape.
Recent Advances In Binary Optics

Binary optics is an emerging technology whereby light is directed, combined or distributed by an optical material having a binary or "stepped" phase structure. By employing multiple mask lithography in the fabrication process, we produce computer-generated diffractive elements having optical efficiencies that were previously beyond reach. In this paper we use binary optics technology to generate a high quality aspheric corrector plate which we employ in a Schmidt telescope.
Gauge invariance, parton transverse momenta, and single-lepton spectra at high transverse momentum

We discuss minimal extensions of the Drell--Yan process to low Q/sup 2/, incorporating gauge invariance and transverse-momentum fluctuations of the partons. Resulting predictions for single-lepton cross sections at high P/sub T/ and for lepton pair production at low Q/sup 2/ are discussed. Existing single-lepton spectra with P/sub T/ 5 GeV/c the Drell--Yan mechanism will probably dominate. (AIP)
Somesthetic spatial generalization in individual rats

Rats were reinforced for bar pressing in the presence of stimulation of a body locus, and not reinforced for pressing in the absence of stimulation. The response generalized decrementally to stimulation of other loci along the trunk on the side ipsilateral to the training locus. Precise bilateral symmetry of generalization gradients, reported for classically-conditioned dogs, was not found.
Nonvolcanic Tremor in the Aleutian Arc

Nonvolcanic tremors (NVT) have been observed across the Aleutian arc. The tremorlike events are observed over a large region spanning seismic networks on several volcanoes and are therefore unlikely to be related to any one volcanic complex. Although locating the events is not possible at the present time, we provide general locations based on move-out times and amplitudes across multiple networks. The majority of NVT events are recorded in regions where the subducting Pacific plate is inferred to be locked or transitioning from creeping to locked. One NVT event was recorded during a time of increased seismic and volcanic activity in the area near the Rat and Andreanof Islands. Similar simultaneous increases have been observed in the Aleutians in the past and are hypothesized to be caused by large regional stress changes, possibly caused by slow-slip events. A prominent recent NVT event was recorded on the Korovin and Great Sitkin seismic networks approximately one hour after the onset of the 12 July 2008 eruption of Okmok volcano. NVT does not appear sporadically across the Aleutian arc but seems to concentrate in a few regions. With 2500 km of subduction zone, we have an opportunity to examine these regions and compare them to regions not producing NVT in an attempt to identify factors that may play a role in its creation.
Visualization of two-phase flow through microgrooved tubes for understanding enhanced heat transfer

Abstract Though widely used, questions remain as to the mechanisms by which micro-fin or microgrooved tubes enhance heat transfer performance. In this work, new experimental liquid film thickness profiles in adiabatic, air–water flow through clear tubes with 20 microgrooves at three different helix angles are presented. These results correlate well with the asymmetrical temperature measurements and heat transfer coefficients seen by previous investigators. Important observations include increased wall wetting for a given flow condition, decreasing influence of the grooves with increasing gas velocity, and a rotational redistribution of the liquid film by helical grooves, though without indication of a swirling behavior.
Antimicriobial resistance patterns of colonizing flora on nurses' hands in the neonatal intensive care unit

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of an alcohol-based handrub for health care worker hand hygiene. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of hand hygiene product and skin condition on the antimicrobial resistance patterns of colonizing hand flora among nurses. Methods Colonizing hand flora of 119 nurses working in 2 neonatal intensive care units was compared during a 22-month crossover study using alcohol handrub or antiseptic soap. Results Altogether, 1442 isolates from 834 hand cultures (mean, 7 cultures/nurse) were obtained. In 3 of 9 regression analyses modeling for resistant staphylococcal flora, the use of antiseptic soap was a significant predictor of resistance, and nurses with damaged skin were 2.79 times more likely to carry Staphylococcus warneri isolates resistant to gentamicin. Conclusion Hand hygiene product and skin condition may influence resistance patterns of hand flora of care providers.
Effect of Packaging and Storage Conditions on Calcium Lactate Crystallization on the Surface of Cheddar Cheese

Abstract Eight vats of milled curd Cheddar cheese were manufactured in a commercial cheese plant. Four consecutive vats (controls) were made according to the routine manufacturing schedule used at the cheese plant. Curd pH at drain was 6.30 and pH of the curd at mill was 5.45. Four experimental vats were made similarly to the controls except that the cook (stir-out), and cheddaring times were changed to facilitate draining and milling at a curd pH of 6.10 and 5.30, respectively. The development of calcium lactate crystals was evaluated on 255-g pieces of cheese packaged with a gas flush and heat sealed or vacuumed and heat sealed and stored at 4.4 or 7.2°C. The experimental vats had lower total lactic acid concentrations than did the control vats but few differences were observed in the extent of calcium lactate crystal formation between control and experimental vats. Although seemingly contradictory, cheeses with no crystals also had the lowest total and D(−)-lactic acid. Crystals developed faster and to a greater extent in gas-flushed packaged cheeses stored at 4.4°C than in similarly packaged cheeses stored at 7.2°C. Very little crystal development was observed in vacuum-packaged cheeses until 5 mo after packaging, regardless of storage temperature. The package condition, i.e., integrity of the packaging material to the cheese surface, played the major role in preventing the development of calcium lactate crystals.
The reduction in disability among the elderly

As the population lives longer, is it living in more or less healthy states? Manton and Gu (1) tackled this question in a recent issue of PNAS. Understanding whether the population is healthier or not is vitally important to individuals and to society as a whole. People value longevity improvements more when the quality of life of the additional years is high. Living longer but with severe disability is nowhere near as enjoyable as living longer with good health. The social consequences of an aging population also depend on average health. Disabled people use significantly more medical resources than do nondisabled people. If the elderly population is increasingly healthy, the impact of overall population aging on medical care needs will be smaller than if the surviving population is increasingly frail. Further, policies to encourage additional work effort among the elderly will only be successful if the elderly have the physical capacity to perform the work. Reduced disability will not solve the aging problem for the public sector—medical spending is increasing too rapidly for that—but it can ameliorate the magnitude of the problem.
Restenting for Subclavian In-Stent Restenosis with Symptomatic Recurrent Coronary-Subclavian Steal:

Purpose:To determine whether restenting for recurrent coronary-subclavian syndrome is technically feasible, provides durable results, and is a reasonable alternative to surgery.Case Report:A 58-year-old woman with a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) bypass to the left anterior descending artery underwent angioplasty and stent placement for left subclavian stenosis and coronary-subclavian steal. Twenty-three months later, she returned with progressive angina and left arm claudication; heart catheterization demonstrated restenosis of the subclavian artery at the stent site with recurrence of the coronary-subclavian steal. Successful redo angioplasty and stenting resulted in normal antegrade flow through the LIMA graft. The patient has remained asymptomatic for 3 years without evidence of recurrent in-stent stenosis on serial noninvasive studies.Conclusions:Restenting is technically feasible and appears to be a durable response to subclavian in-stent restenosis in patients with coronary subclavian steal.
Histologic and enzymatic studies of the mesolimbic and mesostriatal serotonergic pathways

Selective lesions of the dorsal (B7), median (B8), or lateral (B9) raphe nuclei were made stereotaxically in male rats 4 weeks before sacrifice. The extent of damage to each raphe nucleus was quantified histologically by means of a simplified formaldehyde histochemical method for visualization of serotonin in cryostat sections. A detailed mapping of the distribution of the yellow-fluorescent raphe perikarya provided the basis for quantification. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity was measured in 6 forebrain regions from each animal, and the results were correlated with the per cent damage to each raphe nucleus. Tyrosine hydroxylase was also assayed in 5 of these regions; it was not significantly affected by any of the raphe lesions. Dorsal raphe lesions reduced tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the striatum, thalamus, cortex, and hypothalamus, but not in the septal nuclei or hippocampus. Damage to B8 resulted in decrements in this serotonergic enzyme in the septal nuclei, hippocampus, cortex, and hypothalamus, but not in the striatum or thalamus. Lesions of the scattered B9 cells had no significant effect on enzyme activity in any region examined. These data suggest that the dorsal and median raphe nuclei provide two distinct though perhaps overlapping serotonergic systems innervating different parts of the forebrain: a mesostriatal pathway originating in B7 and a mesolimbic system derived from B8. Behavioral studies on the animals, which are presented in a companion paper, indicated that damage to the median nucleus is responsible for many of the behavioral effects previously reported after combined lesions of both major raphe nuclei.
Submarine groundwater discharge estimates at a Florida coastal site based on continuous radon measurements

The direct discharge of groundwater into thecoastal zone has received increased attentionin the last few years as it is now recognizedthat this process represents an importantpathway for material transport. Assessingthese material fluxes is difficult, as there isno simple means to gauge the water flux. Weestimated the changing flux of groundwaterdischarge into a coastal area in the northeastGulf of Mexico (Florida) based on continuousmeasurements of radon concentrations over aseveral day period. Changing radon inventorieswere converted to fluxes after accounting forlosses due to atmospheric evasion and mixing. Radon fluxes are then converted to groundwaterinflow rates by estimating the radonconcentration of the fluids discharging intothe study domain. Groundwater flow was also assessed via seepagemeters, radium isotopes, and modeling duringthis period as part of an ``intercomparison''study. The radon results suggest that the flowis: (1) highly variable with flows ranging from∼5 to 50 cm/day; and (2) strongly influenced bythe tides, with spikes in the flow every 12hours. The discharge estimates and pattern offlow derived from the radon model matches theautomated seepage meter records very closely.
Continuous observation and archival of acoustic scenes using wireless sensor networks

Acoustic scene analysis has proven an invaluable tool in diverse fields ranging from biology to defense and security. Wireless sensor networks present an attractive means of implementing an acoustic monitoring system due to their low cost and ability to be easily deployed in a wide range of areas. In this paper acoustic features are extracted at the sensor level, and then transmitted to the base station where acoustic events are segmented using a dynamic Bayseian network. Segmented events are then indexed with the time and location where they occurred, allowing users to link events in terms of time, place, and acoustic characteristics. Our experiments show that a feature set that allows for general characterization of diverse sound environments can be extracted at the sensor level, while an illustrative example shows the segmentation algorithm detecting footsteps in low SNR conditions.
When won't membership queries help?

We investigate cryptographic limitations on the power of membership queries to help with concept learning. We extend the notion of prediction-preserving reductions to prediction with membership queries. We exhibit a number of reductions and show several prediction problems to be complete for different complexity classes. We show that assuming the intractability of (1) quadratic residues module a composite, (2) inverting RSA encryption, or (3) factoring Blum integers, there is no polynomial time prediction algorithm with membership queries for Boolean formulas, constant depth threshold circuits, 3 ?-Boolean formulas, finite unions or intersections of DFAs, 2-way DFAs, NFAs, or CFGs. Also, we show that if there exist one-way functions that cannot be inverted by polynomial-sized circuits, then CNF or DNF formulas and convex polytopes intersected with the Boolean hypercube are either polynomial time predictable without membership queries, or they are not polynomial time predictable even with membership queries; so, in effect, membership queries will not help with predicting CNF or DNF formulas.
The binding energy of Ni+·CO2

Abstract The internally cold, gas-phase electrostatic complex of Ni + with a single carbon dioxide molecule, Ni + ·OCO, is observed by resonant photodissociation spectroscopy with visible light. Sharp bound—bound optical absorptions are detected via predissociation into Ni + and CO 2 fragments. A cutoff in the photofragmentation is observed below 17100 cm −1 and this represents the threshold for dissociation into the lowest quartet pathway. This places the binding energy of the Ni + ·OCO complex at 1.08±0.01 eV with respect to ground state Ni + and CO 2 .
Comparison of Full Field Strain Distributions to Predicted Strain Distributions from Limited Sets of Measured Data for SHM Applications

Measured data from operating systems are often acquired to predict structural health of a system. With only a few measurement sensors, very limited understanding of the system can be obtained. Utilizing some recent novel expansion results, full field information can be obtained to identify a more complete strain description for the system. Using these results in conjunction with an analytical prediction of the expected strains, comparisons and differences can be identified using time response data. The expected full field stress-strain from the analytical model is compared to the predicted full field dynamic stress strain from limited sets of measured locations due to either operating or imposed loading on the structure. Differences in strain distributions at many time increments can provide indications of regions of possible damage in the structure. The work presented in this paper identifies the methodology as well as some results to illustrate the usefulness of the approach.
Local and remote matrix responses to chondrocyte-laden collagen scaffold implantation in extensive articular cartilage defects

Summary Chondrocyte-laden collagen scaffolds were evaluated in extensive cartilage defects in an equine model. Arthroscopic techniques were used to implant a chondrocyte-collagen culture product in 15-mm defects in the lateral trochlear ridge of the femoropatellar joint of 12 horses. Ungrafted control defects were formed in the opposite joint. Groups of six horses were terminated at 4 and 8 months after implantation and the repair sites, adjacent cartilage, and remote cartilage within each femoropatellar joint examined biochemically. Eight months following surgery the relative proportions of type II collagen in grafted and ungrafted defects, determined using the ratio of cyanogen bromide cleavage products α 1(II)CB10/ α 2(I)CB3,5, were not significantly different (31.57 ± 2.76% and 26.88 ± 2.76%, respectively). Aggrecan content was significantly improved in grafted defects (85.61 ± 6.51 and 74.91 ± 10.31 μ g/mg dry weight). Cartilage surrounding grafted defects also showed improved maintenance of cartilage glycosaminoglycan content. Thus, chondrocyte grafting in collagen scaffold vehicles improved the aggrecan content in extensive cartilage defects and surrounding normal cartilage. However, given the continued disparity between repair tissue and normal cartilage aggrecan content, and the low proportion of type II collagen in grafted defects, the utility of collagen scaffolds for chondrocyte grafting of large cartilage defects seems limited.
Augmentation of Normal and Glutamate-Impaired Neuronal Respiratory Capacity by Exogenous Alternative Biofuels

Mitochondrial respiratory capacity is critical for responding to changes in neuronal energy demand. One approach toward neuroprotection is the administration of alternative energy substrates (“biofuels”) to overcome brain injury-induced inhibition of glucose-based aerobic energy metabolism. This study tested the hypothesis that exogenous pyruvate, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetyl-l-carnitine each increase neuronal respiratory capacity in vitro either in the absence of or following transient excitotoxic glutamate receptor stimulation. Compared to the presence of 5 mM glucose alone, the addition of pyruvate, lactate, or β-hydroxybutyrate (1.0–10.0 mM) to either day in vitro (DIV) 14 or 7 rat cortical neurons resulted in significant, dose-dependent stimulation of respiratory capacity, measured by cell respirometry as the maximal O2 consumption rate in the presence of the respiratory uncoupler carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. A 30-min exposure to 100 μM glutamate impaired respiratory capacity for DIV 14, but not DIV 7, neurons. Glutamate reduced the respiratory capacity for DIV 14 neurons with glucose alone by 25 % and also reduced respiratory capacity with glucose plus pyruvate, lactate, or β-hydroxybutyrate. However, respiratory capacity in glutamate-exposed neurons following pyruvate or β-hydroxybutyrate addition was still, at least, as high as that obtained with glucose alone in the absence of glutamate exposure. These results support the interpretation that previously observed neuroprotection by exogenous pyruvate, lactate, or β-hydroxybutyrate is at least partially mediated by their preservation of neuronal respiratory capacity.
Variation simulation for deformable sheet metal assemblies using finite element methods

Traditional variation analysis methods, such as Root Sum Square method and Monte Carlo simulation, are not applicable to sheet metal assemblies because of possible part deformation during the assembly process. This paper proposes the use of finite element methods (FEM) in developing mechanistic variation simulation models for deformable sheet metal parts with complex two or three dimensional free form surfaces. Mechanistic variation simulation provides improved analysis by combining engineering structure models and statistical analysis in predicting the assembly variation. Direct Monte Carlo simulation in FEM is very time consuming, because hundreds or thousands of FEM runs are required to obtain a realistic assembly distribution. An alternative method, based on the Method of Influence Coefficients, is developed to improve the computational efficiency, producing improvements by several orders of magnitude. Simulations from both methods yield almost identical results. An example illustrates the developed methods used for evaluating sheet metal assembly variation. The new approaches provide an improved understanding of sheet metal assembly processes.
Unstable extension of Enceladus' lithosphere

Abstract Regions near Enceladus' equator, Sarandib and Diyar Planitia, contain extensive sets of parallel ridges and troughs that may be diagnostic of the region's formation conditions. We present photoclinometry profiles across these ridges and troughs, which indicate that they are periodic, low-slope features with dominant wavelengths of 3 to 4 km and amplitudes between 100 and 400 m. The morphology of these terrains is consistent with formation via unstable extension of the lithosphere. Our numerical modeling demonstrates that unstable extension can generate large-scale topography under Enceladus-like conditions. Comparison of our photoclinometry profiles with the dominant wavelengths produced by our numerical model permits estimation of the background heat flow at the time the Sarandib–Diyar province formed. We estimate heat flows of 110 to 220 mW m −2 , suggesting that resurfacing of the planitiae was accompanied by strong, localized heating. The extension necessary to produce the ridges and troughs may have been caused by now-inactive diapirs, internal phase changes, or other mechanisms. Our heat flux estimates imply elastic thickness at the time of resurfacing of 0.4 to 1.4 km, which are sufficient to have allowed satellite reorientation if the province was underlain by a low-density region. It is therefore plausible that Enceladus has experienced multiple heating events, each leading to localized resurfacing and global reorientation.
Glucose and the newborn baby: Sweet justice?

Neonatal hypoglycaemia remains a controversial issue. Uncertainty surrounds what constitutes the optimal safe blood glucose for newborn babies. There are good reasons and evidence for maintaining blood glucose greater than 2.5 mmol/L in newborn babies. Since 1986 neonatal paediatricians have changed in their definition of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Ideally, screening of blood glucose in neonatal intensive care units should be done with an on-site glucose analyzer.
Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). II. Intracellular distribution of organelles in columella cells.

A morphometric analysis of the ultrastructures of columella cells in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was performed to determine the precise location of cellular components in these ...
Parallel Implementation Of Digital Geometric Image Transforms Using A Bit-Plane Approach

The design of an algorithmically specialized processing module capable of implementing arbitrary geometric transforms on discrete image data is described. Applications include geometric image correction, image mapping, and real-time computer graphics and display systems. Following a discussion of the inherent design complexities involved, several potential solutions and their relative merits and shortcomings are discussed. Of particular importance is the use of a binary or bit plane approach where k-bit pixel data is geometrically transformed one bit plane at a time. This is achieved via a massively parallel pixel destination address calculation and use of either an associative memory (AM) or a bit-plane AND-ing operation. The output bit-plane is formed using row and/or column decoders with OR-ed outputs. Future research directions are outlined.
Rationale for and Review of Neoadjuvant Therapy Prior to Radical Prostatectomy for Patients with High-Risk Prostate Cancer

Despite state of the art local therapy, a significant portion of men with high-risk prostate cancer develop progressive disease. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy prior to radical prostatectomy (RP) is an approach that can potentially maximize survival outcomes in patients with localized disease. This approach is under investigation with a wide array of agents and provides an opportunity to assess pathologic and biologic activity of novel treatments. The aim of this review is to explore the past and present role of neoadjuvant therapy prior to definitive therapy with RP in patients with high-risk localized or locally advanced disease. The results of neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), including use of newer agents such as abiraterone, are promising. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, primarily with docetaxel, with or without ADT has also demonstrated efficacy in men with high-risk disease. Other novel agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), clusterin, and the immune system are currently under investigation and have led to variable results in early clinical trials. Despite optimistic data, approval of neoadjuvant therapy prior to RP in patients with high-risk prostate cancer will depend on positive results from well designed phase III trials.
Physical modeling of transducers

It is difficult to do significant work on transducers in an academic or small-shop setting since the machinery required for the fabrication of the micro-sized elements is expensive, and the needed human expertise takes a long time to acquire. The expense of preparing for prototype production must be committed even before the design has been tested. This paper discusses a means to allow fabrication of low-frequency models of high-frequency transducers in the average academic laboratory or model shop -- without requiring exotic saws, presses, etc., for preliminary evaluation of the design. These models will have the added advantage that they can be more realistic models of actual transducers than present computer models. In addition, we show that acoustic fields can be scaled so that field models of scattering and propagation can be used to investigate these effects.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Deriving aerosol parameters from absolute UV sky radiance measurements using a Brewer double spectrometer

A Brewer MKIII double spectrophotometer has been modified to measure direct sun and sky radiance from 303nm to 363nm for the purpose of measuring aerosol optical depth, Angstrom parameter, and single scattering albedo. Results from a detailed instrument calibration showed that there is a temperature dependence of -0.3% per degree Celsius, the field of view was 2.6° full width half maximum, and the wavelength calibration was accurately determined using a dye-LASER. Using both integrating sphere and lamp-diffuser plate combinations, absolute diffuse radiometric calibration was performed and converted into direct calibration using the measured field of view. Aerosol optical depth and Angstrom parameter were measured on 4 clear sky days in June 2003 at Greenbelt, Maryland and compared to AERONET-data at the same location. The average difference in the aerosol optical depth at 340nm was smaller than 0.02. A depolarizing element was inserted in the Brewer's optical path to reduce the very pronounced polarization sensitivity, and additional polarized filters were added to explore the possibility to obtain additional aerosol information. Because of a defect in the depolarizer, the current residual polarization is 5%, which has to be reduced to less than 1% to derive additional aerosol parameters from sky radiance measurements.