cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic nitriles: stereodivergent addition-alkylation-cyclization to cis- and trans-abietanes.

Diverse cyclic hydroxy nitriles are readily synthesized through sequential 1,2−1,4-Grignard addition−methylations to 3-oxo-1-cyclohexene-1-carbonitrile. Acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclizations of the cyclic hydroxy nitriles reveal fundamental stereoselectivity trends in Friedel−Crafts cyclizations to cis- and trans-abietanes. In contrast to previous assumptions, comparative cationic cyclizations with electron-rich and electron-poor aromatic nucleophiles exhibit similar preferences for cyclization to cis-abietanes. Optimizing the cyclizations for trans-abietanes has identified ZrCl4 as an exceptional Lewis acid which, for cyclizations of iminolactones, favors trans-abietanes as the only observable diastereomer. The sequential oxonitrile addition−Friedel−Crafts cyclization strategy provides a rapid, stereodivergent synthesis of cis- or trans-abietanes, demonstrates the dramatic influence of ZrCl4 in promoting cationic cyclizations, and in contrast to previous assumptions suggests that the cyclization ste...
Apyrase and CD39 signaling protect against sepsis-induced mortality

METHODS: The most clinically relevant model of sepsis was induced by subjecting CD39 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In another set of experiments, WT mice were treated with the CD39 mimicking enzyme, apyrase or the selective CD39 inhibi-tor, POM 1. Survival rates, cytokine levels from blood, peritoneal lavage fluid and vital organs were measured. In-tracellular mechanisms of tissue injury and apoptosis were examined in lung, heart, kidney, thymus and spleen.
A multi-stage compartmental model for HIV-infected individuals: I – Waiting time approach

Traditionally, epidemic processes have focused on establishing systems of differential-difference equations governing the number of individuals at each stage of the epidemic. Except for simple situations such as when transition rates are linear, these equations are notoriously intractable mathematically. In this work, the process is described as a compartmental model. The model also allows for individuals to go directly from any prior compartment directly to a final stage corresponding to death. This allows for the possibility that individuals can die earlier due to some non-disease related cause. Then, the model is based on waiting times in each compartment. Survival probabilities of moving from a given compartment to another compartment are established. While our approach can be used for general epidemic processes, our framework is for the HIV/AIDS process. It is then possible to establish the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic process on, e.g., insurance premiums and payouts and health-care costs. The effect of changing model parameter values on these entities is investigated.
Troubled Times, Troubled Relationships How Economic Resources, Gender Beliefs, and Neighborhood Disadvantage Influence Intimate Partner Violence

We evaluate race/ethnicity and nativity-based disparities in three different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) and examine how economic hardship, maternal economic dependency, maternal gender beliefs, and neighborhood disadvantage influence these disparities. Using nationally representative data from urban mothers of young children who are living with their intimate partners (N = 1,886), we estimate a series of unadjusted and adjusted logit models on mothers' reports of physical assault, emotional abuse, and coercion. When their children were age 3, more than one in five mothers were living with a partner who abused them. The prevalence of any IPV was highest among Hispanic (26%) and foreign-born (35%) mothers. Economic hardship, economic dependency on a romantic partner, and traditional gender beliefs each increased women's risk for exposure to one or more types of IPV, whereas neighborhood conditions were not significantly related to IPV in adjusted models. These factors also explained most of the racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in IPV. Policies and programs that reduce economic hardship among women with young children, promote women's economic independence, and foster gender equity in romantic partnerships can potentially reduce multiple forms of IPV.
An analysis of the humoral immune response of dogs following vaccination with irradiated infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis

SUMMARY In this study, dogs were immunized with irradiated L3 larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. Following challenge with non-irradiated L3, vaccinated dogs had an average of 71% fewer adult worms compared to non-vaccinated animals. A comparative analysis of eosinophil and antibody responses of these two groups of dogs is presented. Vaccinated dogs preferentially recognized several larval (14, 20, 30, 34, 39 kDa), adult worm (20 kDa) and microfilarial (36, 38, 71, 84 kDa) antigens. To characterize these antigens, the extent of glycosylation was assessed. The data suggest that an earlier response to these antigens may be important in the protection induced in dogs by administration of irradiated L3 of D. immitis.
Generation of Mammalian Cells Stably Expressing Multiple Genes at Predetermined Levels

Expression of cloned genes at desired levels in cultured mammalian cells is essential for studying protein function. Controlled levels of expression have been difficult to achieve, especially for cell lines with low transfection efficiency or when expression of multiple genes is required. An internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) has been incorporated into many types of expression vectors to allow simultaneous expression of two genes. However, there has been no systematic quantitative analysis of expression levels in individual cells of genes linked by an IRES, and thus the broad use of these vectors in functional analysis has been limited. We constructed a set of retroviral expression vectors containing an IRES followed by a quantitative selectable marker such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or truncated cell surface proteins CD2 or CD4. The gene of interest is placed in a multiple cloning site 5' of the IRES sequence under the control of the retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter. These vectors exploit the approximately 100-fold differences in levels of expression of a retrovirus vector depending on its site of insertion in the host chromosome. We show that the level of expression of the gene downstream of the IRES and the expression level and functional activity of the gene cloned upstream of the IRES are highly correlated in stably infected target cells. This feature makes our vectors extremely useful for the rapid generation of stably transfected cell populations or clonal cell lines expressing specific amounts of a desired protein simply by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) based on the level of expression of the gene downstream of the IRES. We show how these vectors can be used to generate cells expressing high levels of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) or a dominant negative Smad3 protein and to generate cells expressing two different cloned proteins, Ski and Smad4. Correlation of a biologic effect with the level of expression of the protein downstream of the IRES provides strong evidence for the function of the protein placed upstream of the IRES.
Migration of Highly Educated Asians and Global Dynamics.

The migration of Asians trained in technical fields is the most important component of the total global migration of scientific, technical and professional workers from developing to developed coun...
Considerations in the storage of soil samples for enzyme activity analysis

Abstract The most accurate means of assessing soil enzyme activity involves analyzing fresh soil samples very recently taken from the field. Because of the extensive handling times involved, however, such an approach is frequently impossible when moderate to large numbers of soil samples are involved. Therefore, soil samples are frequently stored, either frozen or dried, prior to analysis. Unfortunately, depending on soil type and enzyme, both freezing and drying may significantly alter enzyme activity. In many cases such a storage effect is tolerable as long as the relationships among “treatments” remain unaltered as a consequence of storage. In this study we used two soils (previously determined to possess significantly different enzyme activities) as proxies for experimental treatments, and calculated the ratio of one soil's activity to that of the other for fresh, frozen and dried samples to determine whether soil storage influenced the relationship between the soils. The enzymes included 1,4-β-cellobiohydrolase (CBase), acid phosphatase (Pase), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase). The ratio of activity of the two soils was significantly affected by freezing and drying when compared to the fresh control for all three enzymes, but the ratio generally changed much less as a consequence of freezing than as a consequence of drying. Each investigator should consider whether soil storage affects within-experiment treatment comparisons of soil enzyme activity.
Temperature-dependent development in an Oregon population of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), an aphidophagous coccinellid, was first seen in Benton County, OR, in 1993. Coincident with the 1st occurrence of H. axyridis , we initiated a study on its temperature-dependent survival and development. Survival from 1st instar to adult emergence ranged from 83–90% between 18 and 30°C, and at 10 and 34°C was 42 and 25%, respectively. Mean time for complete development ranged from 14.8 d at 30°C to 81.1 d at l4°C. No eggs hatched at 10° or 34°C and no 1st instars transferred to 10°C survived. The mean lower threshold for egg-to-adult development of 11.2°C is typical relative to other temperate aphidophagous Coccinellidae and was not significantly different from 10°C calculated for a French population of this beetle. Conversely, the mean number of degree-clays (DD) required for complete development was higher in the Oregon population (267.3 DD) than the French population (231.3 DD), although this may have been due in part to a different diet. Times for preimaginal development and values for thermal requirements suggest that the species is a thermal generalist in western Oregon.
Investigation of density dependence in salmon spawner–egg relationships using queueing theory

Abstract A model based on queueing theory is presented to explain salmonid spawner–egg relationships caused by redd superimposition. The model incorporates carrying capacity, spawner arrival times, egg protection, preference of potential redd sites and accumulation of waiting spawners. Results show that the relationship described by the Beverton-Holt stock recruitment model produces a greater density dependent effect than just redd superimposition from random spawning. Whereas, the Ricker stock recruitment model produces similar results as the random spawning model at low spawner levels. A queueing model of waiting spawners explains reduced recruitment at high spawner levels similar to the Ricker model, but results are dependent on the assumptions made about the reduction in egg viability as spawning is delayed in waiting spawners. These results show, that when the carrying capacity and maximum rate of recruitment are fixed, the Ricker and Beverton-Holt models differ at both low and high spawner stock size. Therefore, the choice between Ricker and Beverton-Holt models should not depend only on the comparison of the comparison of recruitment at high spawning stock sizes. The model presented here is a good initial building block for a full life history model for salmonids or other species and similar techniques could be used for the other life history stages.
Influence of genotype and environment on isoflavone contents of soybean.

Isoflavones in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may have positive impacts on human health. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interactions on isoflavone contents of soybean. Nine isoflavones were measured in six cultivars grown at eight locations during 2 yr. The mean contents of total isoflavones and six of nine individual isoflavones were significantly higher in 1996 than 1995. There were significant differences among locations in one or more years for total and individual isoflavone contents. The year × location interactions were significant due to changes in rank and magnitude among the locations during the 2 yr. The genotype, genotype × year, genotype × location, and genotype × year × location interactions were significant for total and individual isoflavone contents. Despite the significant genotype × environment interactions, the differences between the cultivars with the highest and lowest total and individual isoflavone contents were relatively consistent among the 16 environments. It should be possible to breed for isoflavone content as a quantitative trait in a cultivar development program.
Mechanism of agrin‐induced acetylcholine receptor aggregation

Agrin induces the formation of specializations on chick myotubes in culture at which several components of the postsynaptic apparatus accumulate, including acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Agrin also induces AChR phosphorylation. Several lines of evidence suggest that agrininduced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the β subunit of the AChR is an early step in receptor aggregation: agrin-induced phosphorylation and aggregation have the same dose dependence; treatments that prevent aggregation block phosphorylation; phosphorylation begins before any detectable change in receptor distribution, reaches a maximum hours before aggregation is complete, and declines slowly together with the disappearance of aggregates after agrin is withdrawn; agrin slows the rate at which receptors are solubilized from intact myotubes by detergent extraction; and the change in receptor extractability parallels the change in phosphorylation. A model for agrin-induced AChR aggregation is presented in which phosphorylation of AChRs by an agrin-activated protein tyrosine kinase causes receptors to become attached to the cytoskeleton, which reduces their mobility and detergent extractability, and leads to the accumulation of receptors in the vicinity of the activated kinase, forming an aggregate. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The significance of employment for chronic stress and psychological distress among rural single mothers.

Considerable research has found elevated levels of stress and psychological distress among single mothers. However, little research has addressed the relevance of employment for stress processes in this population, and few studies have focused on links between employment, stress, and mental health among single mothers living in rural areas. Based on a probability sample of 508 single mothers age 18–39 living in rural Northern New England, this study: (1) documents variations in chronic stress and psychological distress for employed and unemployed single mothers, (2) considers the extent to which different forms of chronic stress mediate or explain the employment-distress relationship, and (3) examines whether employment status modifies associations between chronic stress and psychological distress. Findings indicated that rural single mothers who were employed reported significantly less financial stress, childcare stress, and rural residence stress, relative to mothers who were not employed, independent of variety of other factors. Employed mothers also experienced significantly less psychological distress which was partially mediating by their lower financial stress. However, there was also a statistical interaction between employment status and financial stress such that the harmful effect of financial stress on well-being was greater for employed women. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Effects of Forms of Address on Advisees' Perceptions of Advisors

One hundred and twenty-five undergraduate student volunteers participated in a three-group experiment in which they observed a videotaped advising session. One group observed the advisor address the student formally (i.e., using “Mr.”). Another group observed the advisor we the student's first name, and the third group observed the advisor use no name in addressing the student. As predicted, we of the formal name resulted in an increase in perceived advisor persuasiveness. Name use did not significantly affect perceptions of advisor credibility, approachability, or likability.
A linearized theory of elastic dielectrics which couples electrically to flexural vibrations

Assuming that the free energy depends on the deformation gradient and the spatial electric field, we derive the expressions for the Cauchy stress tensor and the spatial electric displacement from an observer invariant quadratic form of the free energy via the strict definitions of these quantities. Specific forms of the Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor and the material electric displacement are then deduced and linearized in a particular sense. As an application of the resulting theory, we formulate the problem of an electrically driven disc within the context of the classical bending theory of thin plates. The material of the disc is assumed to have at most the symmetry of a hexagonal system of classC 6v.The resulting coupled differential equations for the axial mechanical displacement of the middle surface and the material electric potential indicate that the problem is not empty. This result is of particular interest in view of the fact that it is generally held that the classical theory of piezoelectricity does not permit such couplings to occur.
AN ANALYSIS OF PAROLE DECISION MAKING USING A SAMPLE OF SEX OFFENDERS: A FOCAL CONCERNS PERSPECTIVE*

We use data from pre-sentence investigations and official parole board records to study the correlates of parole release among a sample of men incarcerated for sexual offenses. Cox proportional hazard models are used to estimate change in the likelihood of parole over time, and the focal concerns theory provides the theoretical framework for the analyses. The findings suggest a complex interplay of legal and extralegal factors in understanding parole release decisions. Parole officials weigh heavily offense seriousness, institutional misconduct, and parole readiness scores in making release decisions. In addition, study results reveal that victim and offender age is a salient factor in determining parole judgments. Overall, the current analysis provides a baseline for future research on parole decision making in general, and sexual offenders, in particular.
Protons Offer Reduced Tissue Exposure for Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Abstract Purpose: Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy. Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is used in many cases to improve local-regional control; however, toxicities associated with radiation can be significant given the location of the pancreas. The purpose of this study is to quantify the dosimetric changes seen when using photons or protons in patients receiving CRT for cancer of the pancreas. Patients and Methods: Ten patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma treated between 2010 and 2013 were evaluated in this study. All patients underwent simulation with contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging. Separate treatment plans using proton radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and 3-dimensional photon radiation therapy modalities were created for each patient. Dose-volume histograms were calculated and analyzed to compare plans between the 3 modalities. The organs at risk evaluated in this study are the kidneys, liver, small bowel, and spinal cord. To determine statis...
Cannibalism as an evolutionary strategy

Mathematical models of predator-prey systems in which the prey species has a three-stage life cycle are studied. Certain stages of the prey life history are allowed to use younger stages as food. It is shown that sufficiently restricted cannibalism can result in an increase in the numbers of adult prey on a sustained basis when cannibalism decreases the vulnerability of a stage subject to predation or increases overall productivity.
On the role of the lift force in turbulence simulations of particle deposition

Abstract Most calculations of particle deposition in turbulent boundary layers have been performed using an equation of motion in which the form for the lift force is that in a linear shear flow for a particle far from any boundaries, the so-called Saffman formula. Both direct and large eddy simulations of particle deposition in turbulent channel flow have shown that the dependence of the deposition velocity on particle relaxation time is over-predicted using the Saffman force. Since the derivation of the Saffman force there have been more general derivations of the lift on a particle in a shear flow. In this paper an ‘optimum’ lift force is formulated which represents the most accurate available description of the force acting on a particle in a wall-bounded shear flow. The effect of the force was examined through large eddy simulation (LES) of particle deposition in vertical turbulent channel flow. The optimum force for depositing particles is approximately three times smaller than the lift obtained using the Saffman formula. LES results also show that use of the optimum force yields a dependence of the deposition velocity on particle relaxation time less than that obtained using the Saffman form and in better agreement with experimental measurements. Neglecting the lift force altogether leads to an even smaller dependence of the deposition velocity on particle relaxation time and is in better agreement with empirical relations, although the deposition rates are smaller than experimental measurements for particles with intermediate relaxation times.
Electronic structure of pristine and solute-incorporated SrTiO3: II. Grain-boundary geometry and acceptor doping

Grain boundaries in ceramics have a major influence on various mechanical and electrical properties of the material system. Nonlinear electronic properties of electroceramics are directly linked with the grain-boundary phenomena caused by the variations in the crystallography and the chemical environment, and consequent variations in the electronic structure of the grain boundaries. In this Part II of the three-part report, the electronic structure of pristine and acceptor-impurity-incorporated 36.8° symmetric tilt σ5 grain boundary in SrTiO3 is investigated. A relaxed model of the atomic structure of this grain boundary derived by Ravikumar et al. using lattice statics simulations based on pair-potential calculations has been used for electronic structure calculations. This model is a very good approximation to the true relaxed structure, because it accurately reveals some of the structural features observed experimentally. The methodology of one-electron first-principle cluster calculations discussed in Part I has been used to study the pristine titanium- and strontium-centered grain-boundary clusters. Clusters with a single acceptor impurity at the central titanium site also have been considered in order to investigate the effects of impurities at the grain boundaries. As in Part I, no additional local lattice relaxations have been considered for the impurity-incorporated clusters. Calculations involve determination of the aspects of the electronic structure outlined in Part I. The influence of grain-boundary crystallography on local electronic structure is evaluated in terms of variations in densities of states and spatial charge densities. The influence of the grain boundary on local charge transfer and on impurity-induced changes in charge populations also is investigated. The role of impurity incorporation at the grain boundaries is discussed in comparison with impurity incorporation in the bulk. The calculations reveal an increased covalence in the nature of the Ti-O and Sr-O bonds at the SrTiO3 grain boundary. The optical bandgap at the grain boundary is reduced because of the broadening of the O 2p valence and Ti 3d conduction states toward the Fermi level. An enhancement in the acceptor nature of transition-metal impurities is observed at the grain boundary with an increase in the degree of association between the impurity ions and the oxygen neighbors. The variations in the electronic structure resulting from the variations in the crystallography at the grain boundary have implications on grain-boundary segregation, space-charge, and conductivity phenomena associated with the impurities.
DNA synthesizing cells in rabbit heart tissue after cholesterol feeding.

Suggestive evidence that cholesterol feeding may increase the number of thymidine-H3 labeled cells in the heart tissues of rabbits was presented. This increment appeared to be primarily restricted to the interstitial cells and was not related to associated degenerative, necrotic, or inflammatory changes. Evidence of DNA synthesis was also found in capillary endothelial cells and, rarely, in what were considered to be myocardial muscle cells.
Streaming media evolution: where to now?

The notion of streaming media has been around for nearly two decades. From a research novelty to now consuming over half of all Internet bandwidth, streaming media is now much more commonplace. This keynote address will give my perspective on the history and evolution of streaming media and lessons learned. Since the introduction of digital video in the early 1990s, our community has spent significant effort focused on the development of scalable and adaptive mechanisms for streaming media. We have witnessed techniques ranging from interactive multimedia streaming, stored video streaming, peer-to-peer streaming, and remote tele-presence. Several common themes have emerged in these technologies and as we move forward as a community, this keynote will offer some thought and observations on applying lessons learned to future technologies and a handful of areas where streaming media can make significant impact beyond where we are today.
Cardiac Muscle Activation Blunted by a Mutation to the Regulatory Component, Troponin T

The striated muscle thin filament comprises actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. The Tn complex consists of three subunits, troponin C (TnC), troponin I (TnI), and troponin T (TnT). TnT may serve as a bridge between the Ca2+ sensor (TnC) and the actin filament. In the short helix preceding the IT-arm region, H1(T2), there are known dilated cardiomyopathy-linked mutations (among them R205L). Thus we hypothesized that there is an element in this short helix that plays an important role in regulating the muscle contraction, especially in Ca2+ activation. We mutated Arg-205 and several other amino acid residues within and near the H1(T2) helix. Utilizing an alanine replacement method to compare the effects of the mutations, the biochemical and mechanical impact on the actomyosin interaction was assessed by solution ATPase activity assay, an in vitro motility assay, and Ca2+ binding measurements. Ca2+ activation was markedly impaired by a point mutation of the highly conserved basic residue R205A, residing in the short helix H1(T2) of cTnT, whereas the mutations to nearby residues exhibited little effect on function. Interestingly, rigor activation was unchanged between the wild type and R205A TnT. In addition to the reduction in Ca2+ sensitivity observed in Ca2+ binding to the thin filament, myosin S1-ADP binding to the thin filament was significantly affected by the same mutation, which was also supported by a series of S1 concentration-dependent ATPase assays. These suggest that the R205A mutation alters function through reduction in the nature of cooperative binding of S1. Background: Striated muscle contraction is regulated by Ca2+ binding to troponin. Results: A mutation at position 205 of cardiac troponin T drastically attenuates the Ca2+ activation of the thin filament by altering its properties. Conclusion: The main effect of this mutation is on the cooperativity in the thin filament activation. Significance: Our study sheds light on how mutations in troponin T affect the thin filament regulation.
The role of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens in prolonging the survival of hepatic allografts in the rat

In an attempt to study the role of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens in inducing immunological unresponsiveness, the survival rates of hepatic allografts were compared in rats pretreated with blood taken from various rat strains. A single intravenous injection of 1 ml fresh heparinized whole blood seven days before transplantation significantly prolonged the survival of subsequent donor-specific hepatic allografts in the fully allogeneic ACI(RT1a)-to-LEW(RT1l) rat combination. However, pretreatment with blood taken from the third-party strain BN(RT1n) did not produce suppression of rejection, attesting to the specificity of the pretransplant transfusion effect. Interestingly, pretransplant transfusion of PVG.r1 blood, sharing only the RT1.A MHC region with ACI, significantly prolonged the survival of ACI-to-LEW hepatic allografts. In addition, no lymphocytotoxic antibodies could be detected at 30 or 100 days after transplantation in animals with long-surviving hepatic allografts pretreated with either PVG.r1 or ACI whole blood. On the other hand, pretreatment with PVG(RT1c) blood increased the survival of ACI-to-LEW hepatic allografts only moderately compared with controls. This finding may be consistent with a partial effect of some third-party blood transfusion. The experimental data suggest that the class I MHC antigens can be immunosuppressive in rat hepatic allografts. Adoptive transfer of 5 x 10(7) splenocytes taken from long-term-surviving hepatic allografts pretreated with donor ACI whole blood or PVG.r1 blood into irradiated (750 rads) LEW rats prolonged the survival of donor-type skin grafts, whereas third-party strain (BN) grafts were rejected. This finding suggests the presence of donor-specific suppressor cells.
Blow-up or no blow-up? A unified computational and analytic approach to 3D incompressible Euler and Navier–Stokes equations

Whether the 3D incompressible Euler and Navier–Stokes equations can develop a finite-time singularity from smooth initial data with finite energy has been one of the most long-standing open questions. We review some recent theoretical and computational studies which show that there is a subtle dynamic depletion of nonlinear vortex stretching due to local geometric regularity of vortex filaments. We also investigate the dynamic stability of the 3D Navier–Stokes equations and the stabilizing effect of convection. A unique feature of our approach is the interplay between computation and analysis. Guided by our local non-blow-up theory, we have performed large-scale computations of the 3D Euler equations using a novel pseudo-spectral method on some of the most promising blow-up candidates. Our results show that there is tremendous dynamic depletion of vortex stretching. Moreover, we observe that the support of maximum vorticity becomes severely flattened as the maximum vorticity increases and the direction of the vortex filaments near the support of maximum vorticity is very regular. Our numerical observations in turn provide valuable insight, which leads to further theoretical breakthrough. Finally, we present a new class of solutions for the 3D Euler and Navier–Stokes equations, which exhibit very interesting dynamic growth properties. By exploiting the special nonlinear structure of the equations, we prove nonlinear stability and the global regularity of this class of solutions.
How can Women's Lack of Upward Mobility in Accounting Organizations be Explained? Male and Female Accountants Respond

Despite popular portrayals of women's current success in public accounting, labor force statistics indicate that few women advance to partnership-level positions. Accounting research on the scarcity of female partners tends to approach this issue from a person-centered perspective and to focus on characteristics of women as an explanation for their occupational status. This article demonstrates that a situation-centered perspective provides a useful contribution in understanding the scarcity of women partners. The findings are based on a survey of 188 male and 184 female accountants.
Use of scintillometer and gamma-ray logs for correlation and stratigraphy in homogeneous black shales: Summary

INTRODUCTION Widespread, thick, uniform black-shale units may defy all but the coarsest stratigraphic subdivision. The devonian and Mississippian black-shale formation such as the Ohio, New Albany, and Chattanooga Shales of the eastern and central United States are good examples. Exposures of these black organic-rich shale formations appear lithologically uniform except for a few interbeds of greenish-gray shale. These black shales make up as much as one-fourth of the Devonian sedimentary sequence in the Appalachian basin and are important sources of natural gas Avila, 1976). Yet, because most means of stratigraphic control are absent and paleontologic correlation is laboriously difficult in these shales, internal subdivision and correlation among Devonian-Mississippian black shales of some areas are wholly inadequate. In parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Tennessee, widespread bentonites or thick green-shale beds are present in the Devonian-Mississippian black-shale sequence, providing a basis for its subdivision (Campbell, 1946; Hass, 1956; Hoover, 1960; Conant and Swanson, 1961; Lineback, 1968, 1970). In eastern Kentucky (Fig. 1), however, similar marker beds are either very thin or absent. Thus, the Devonian-Mississippian black-shale sequence of eastern Kentucky has not been divided previously, because apparent homogenity impeded attempts to compare and correlate the sequence with subdivision in the better known black-shale sequences of adjacent states.
Patterned daytime singing of the eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens

Abstract The daytime singing of male eastern wood-pewees, Tyrannidae: Contopus virens, is based on two distinctive song forms, organized in conspicuously non-random sequences. The sequencing grammar dictates that single utterances of the rarer song should separate strings of the other form. The strings provide an efficient way of revealing current proportions of the two song forms over periods as short as a few seconds or as long as tens of seconds. As the number of songs changes among successive strings, so too does the probability of the singer flying. Further, with their shortest strings, singers actively promote opportunities for interactions, for instance by approaching or staying near other birds or special places. As singers utter the more common song form in increasingly longer strings their activities promoting interactions decline rapidly, their receptivity to interactional overtures by other individuals declines, although much less rapidly, and the extent to which they are occupied with non-interactional behaviour increases. The correlations of string lengths with flight may be an epiphenomenon. The remaining correlations, however, are likely to be important to listening pewees as they assess the ways in which a singer may engage in social behaviour.
Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt

Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to lowcarbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential lowcarbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food-based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a ‘biofuel carbon debt’ by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions these biofuels provide by displacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass or from biomass grown on abandoned agricultural lands planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and offer immediate and sustained GHG advantages. Demand for alternatives to petroleum is increasing the production of biofuels from food crops such as corn, sugarcane, soybeans and palms. As a result, land in
1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-α-l-fucopyran­ose

The major product of the acetyl­ation of l-fucose using acetic anhydride (Ac2O) in pyridine was identifed by single-crystal diffraction at 100 K as 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-α-l-fucopyran­ose, C14H20O9.
On the Efficiency of Internal and External Corporate Control Mechanisms

Managers of contemporary publicly held organisations typically are not the owners. Rather, a specialisation of responsibilities has evolved whereby managers coordinate activities within the firm and position it appropriately in its competitive environment; the owners of the firm bear financial risk in the hope of retaining the difference between the firm’s productive cash-flows and the outflows of its promised payments (Fama and Jensen 1983a, 1983b). As the firm’s owners would suffer tremendous financial losses if the firm failed, they tend to diversify their holdings across a variety of firms as a hedge against such a possibility. As a result, the individual owner has little interest in conducting, or even closely monitoring, the day-to-day activities in all of the firms in which he or she has a financial interest (Fama 1980). The owners hire boards of directors who, in turn, hire managers to perform these duties.
MAP2 and tau bind longitudinally along the outer ridges of microtubule protofilaments

MAP2 and tau exhibit microtubule-stabilizing activities that are implicated in the development and maintenance of neuronal axons and dendrites. The proteins share a homologous COOH-terminal domain, composed of three or four microtubule binding repeats separated by inter-repeats (IRs). To investigate how MAP2 and tau stabilize microtubules, we calculated 3D maps of microtubules fully decorated with MAP2c or tau using cryo-EM and helical image analysis. Comparing these maps with an undecorated microtubule map revealed additional densities along protofilament ridges on the microtubule exterior, indicating that MAP2c and tau form an ordered structure when they bind microtubules. Localization of undecagold attached to the second IR of MAP2c showed that IRs also lie along the ridges, not between protofilaments. The densities attributable to the microtubule-associated proteins lie in close proximity to helices 11 and 12 and the COOH terminus of tubulin. Our data further suggest that the evolutionarily maintained differences observed in the repeat domain may be important for the specific targeting of different repeats to either α or β tubulin. These results provide strong evidence suggesting that MAP2c and tau stabilize microtubules by binding along individual protofilaments, possibly by bridging the tubulin interfaces.
Conflict Management Strategies as Moderators or Mediators of the Relationship Between Intragroup Conflict and Job Performance

There were numerous studies on conflict or conflict management styles (Jehn, 1997; Rahim, 2001) and individual and group outcomes, but no study, to our knowledge, investigated the moderating or mediating effects of the conflict management strategies on the relationship between conflict and job performance. This study was an attempt to bridge the gap. The moderating and mediating effects of conflict management strategies - problem solving and bargaining - on the relationship between i.
YOHKOH OBSERVATIONS OF CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

The soft X-ray telescope on Yohkoh has given us comprehensive views of the solar corona beginning in September 1991. A movie representation reveals numerous variations of configuration and structure, including material ejections of various kinds and the formation of arcades of loops, known from earlier observations to have a close association with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed with visible-light coronagraphs. Yohkoh/SXT observes solar mass loss closely related to the well-known CME phenomenon, both associated with solar flares and with large-scale arcade events outside the active latitudes. In addition there are other forms of mass loss, including the gradual ejection of loops from active regions and the impulsive formation of X-ray jets. These probably imply forms of stellar mass loss that had not been recognized prior to the Yohkoh observations.
Species composition and inter-annual dynamics of a freshwater tidal plant community following removal of the invasive grass, Phragmites australis

We document the regeneration of native freshwater wetland plant assemblages following removal of the common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel from two sites at Chapman Pond, East Haddam, Connecticut, USA. We gathered field data on composition of the vegetation 1 year before and for each of the 3 years after the removal in fall 1995/spring 1996 of Phragmites by two slightly different methods (hand-removal and herbiciding in one area, mowing/mulching and herbiciding in another). An area where Phragmites was left intact was similarly monitored. Our goals for this monitoring were: (1) to document plant species composition and richness before and after Phragmites removal and (2) to examine temporal and spatial variability in patterns of plant recruitment. Phragmites declined in both density and extent in both plots where removal treatments were applied. Richness, evenness, and density of non-Phragmites species increased steadily from 1996 to 1997 in all removal and intact plots. However, the species composition of the removal plots was richer than that of the intact plot, and more closely resembled that of comparable, uninvaded freshwater tidal wetlands. Rates of recovery of species richness in the removal plots declined from 1997 to 1998, potentially reflecting saturation of available colonization space, or the return of Phragmites. Phragmites has expanded its range in both of the removal plots since 1997. A model of its colonization indicates that Phragmites occupies space through localized proliferation of dense rhizomes rather than diffusely foraging with long tillers. Vigilance in monitoring is needed to document the spread of invasives, to evaluate the multi-faceted ecological effects of eradication efforts on both the invader and the regenerating community, and develop strategies for preventing re-invasion.
GENDER AND RELIGION IN RECENT VICTORIAN STUDIES PUBLICATIONS

IN RECENT YEARS, literary critics and historians have become more conscious of how advantageous it can be to bring together scholarly work in religious studies and contemporary theories of gender. While the texts I will evaluate here exhibit greater or lesser degrees of awareness of current theory in its purest form, all share considerable interest in analyzing Victorian religion with respect to questions of sex. From traditional approaches of social history applied to women to specific studies of authors, from collections of critical essays to a book-length edition of the gems of a nineteenth-century sisterhood's archive, the fields of religious studies and gender studies can no longer be separated in critical practice to the degree that they had been in the past. In general, cultural studies approaches have yet to catch up with the rich scholarly possibilities offered by an exploration of Victorian Christianity. For the purpose of this essay, I have not delved deeply into works of postcolonial studies, nor have I focused on book-length inquiries into traditions outside Christianity. To be sure, there is much to investigate in those areas. But for the most part, as of this writing, book-length publications are simply not yet available.Cynthia Scheihberg's important book, Women's Poetry and Religion in Victorian England: Jewish Identity and Christian Culture (New York: Cambridge UP, 2002), was released too late for full inclusion in my essay, but should be recognized as among the significant new work in the field. We are working with a field that is only twenty years old, one that has seen substantial growth and suggested numerous directions for future research.
Reestablishing Roots of a Mohawk Community and a Culturally Significant Plant: Sweetgrass

The restoration potential of Sweetgrass (Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp) was evaluated through a field experiment conducted on Kanatsiohareke, a Mohawk farm, and at the LaFayette Experiment Station near Syracuse, New York. The effects of competition reduction and two cover crops on Sweetgrass reestablishment success were examined. Sweetgrass was planted under four treatments: Sweetgrass alone; with existing, old-field vegetation; with a cover crop of Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa); and with a cover crop of Annual (Italian) ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The experiment consisted of five replicates of the four treatments at both LaFayette and Kanatsiohareke. Sweetgrass biomass, height, reproduction rate, and survivorship were greatest in plots that were weeded to eliminate competition and in plots with Hairy vetch as a cover crop. A cover crop of Annual ryegrass resulted in reduced Sweetgrass growth and reproduction. The results of this field experiment indicate that there is great restoration potential for Sweetgrass because it is easily transplanted and reproduces vigorously. For 2.25-m 2 plots, Hairy vetch is an effective cover crop for Sweetgrass. Planting the Sweetgrass with Hairy vetch generated properties of the grass that are desired by basketmakers, such as abundance and tall blades. This technique also allowed for a relatively non‐labor intensive method of cultivation. Reestablishment of Sweetgrass offers the members and visitors of Kanatsiohareke the means to continue to use the plant, strengthen traditional practices associated with Sweetgrass, and benefit economically by selling baskets and medicine made with Sweetgrass.
A system for finding biological entities that satisfy certain conditions from texts

Finding biological entities (such as genes or proteins) that satisfy certain conditions from texts is an important and challenging task in biomedical information retrieval and text mining. It is essential for many biomedical applications, such as drug discovery which normally requires collecting existing scientific facts from documents. This paper presents an effective IR system for this task, in which 1) domain knowledge is incorporated to improve retrieval effectiveness; 2) query expansion with related concepts on multiple semantic levels is employed; 3) a gene symbol disambiguation technique is implemented. We evaluated these techniques and examined two different concept-based IR models. Experiments based upon the proposed framework yield significant improvement (22% for automatic and 16.7% for non-automatic) over the best reported results of passage retrieval in the Genomics track of TREC 2007.
Breaking diffeomorphism invariance and tests for the emergence of gravity

If general relativity is an emergent phenomenon, there may be small violations of diffeomorphism invariance. We propose a phenomenology of perturbatively small violations of general relativity by the inclusion of terms which break general covariance. These can be tested by matching to the parameterized post-Newtonian formalism. The most sensitive tests involve pulsar timing and provide an extremely strong bound, with a dimensionless constraint of order 10{sup -20} relative to gravitational strength.