cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Policy Change on the Use of Long-Distance Transport and Follow-Up Care for Patients With Traumatic Finger Amputations

Purpose In January 2006, the American College of Emergency Physicians released updated guidelines for air transfer. Digit amputation and near-amputation were no longer an indication for this costly service. We analyzed the effect of this update on the use of air transport and associated care outcomes for finger amputation patients and examined factors involved in providing follow-up care for these patients. Methods A retrospective chart review identified all patients treated for traumatic finger amputation between 1995 and 2012 at a major hand trauma referral center. Analysis of available outcome measures was conducted using multiple logistic and linear regression models. Analysis of factors affecting frequency of return visits was performed via negative binomial regression. Results We identified 724 patients with isolated traumatic finger amputations. A total of 267 patients (37%) were transferred from an outside hospital. Patients injured after 2006 were less likely to be transferred via air, with a decrease from 29.5% pre-2006 to 14.9% post-2006. There was no difference in likelihood of replantation success, length of hospital stay, or number of return visits pre- versus post-2006. Patients transferred via helicopter after 2006 were more likely to be younger than 20 years of age and injured in a winter month. Following successful replantation, work-relatedness was associated with a higher number of return visits, whereas increasing age and transfer from farther than 100 miles away were associated with fewer. Conclusions After the American College of Emergency Physicians policy update, decreased use of emergency air transport to a hand trauma referral center for patients with traumatic finger amputations did not adversely affect care delivery and outcomes. These changes may be successfully implemented on a center-by-center basis to reduce costs without detriment to patient care; however, coordination of follow-up care for long-distance transport patients may require special focus when designing policy around referral centers. Type pf study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Presenting as Focal Neurologic Findings and Deteriorating Mental Status

Abstract Background Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a rare but particularly malignant form of acute leukemia that is characterized by a rapid progression to fatal hemorrhage. Survival rates of patients with APL have increased with the introduction of all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA), but early deaths caused by hemorrhage still persist. Case Report A man with undiagnosed APL presenting with focal neurologic findings and deteriorating altered mental status caused by an intracranial hemorrhage is discussed. Why Should An Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? It is important to consider APL when diagnosing etiologies for intracranial hemorrhage. In addition to standard care, early administration of ATRA is recommended upon clinical suspicion of the disease.
Anejaculation, Retrograde Ejaculation, and Anorgasmia

Antegrade transit of sperm through the male genital ductal system and ultimately out the urethral meatus is among the most basic and essential biological processes for male reproduction. Neither natural conception nor assisted reproduction is possible unless sperm-containing semen can be delivered into the female reproductive tract or to the embryology laboratory. Anorgasmia, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation constitute the disorders in which there is failure of antegrade semen transit. In this chapter the physiology of the male sexual response cycle leading to orgasm and ejaculation is reviewed and used as a framework for understanding disorders of orgasm and ejaculation. Practical clinical approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of anorgasmia, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation are provided.
Targeted Disruption of Nrf2 in Non-Hematopoietic Tissues Exacerbates Hemolysis and Accelerates Chronic Lung Disease in Transgenic Sickle Cell Anemia Mice

Abstract Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates the cellular defense mechanism by mediating a coordinate induction of cytoprotective antioxidant responsive element-driven genes. Nrf2 agonists augment fetal hemoglobin expression in hematopoietic progenitors and have emerged as a new class of drugs for therapeutic induction of fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia (SCA). However, the cytoprotective effect of Nrf2 on the pathobiology of SCA has not been previously defined. To investigate the role and mechanism of Nrf2 in SCA independent of globin gene modulation, we generated chimeric mice with disruption of Nrf2 in non-hematopoietic tissues. A total of twenty-six Nrf2-/- mice were transplanted with bone marrow harvested from the Berkeley sickle and hemizygous (Hemi) mice and the Townes sickle (SS) and control (AA) mice. All sickle/Nrf2-null chimeras (SSNHNrf2-/-; n=13) developed classical hematological and intravascular hemolysis features of SCA after eight weeks of transplantation. Despite the presence of erythrocyte Nrf2, SSNHNrf2-/- chimeras developed more severe intravascular hemolysis than SS wild-type (SSWT) donor-litter-mates. The concentration of plasma cell-free Hb (p Disclosures Archer:Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy.
It Wasn't always this way: party compectition and political goodwill in Utah, 1950-1980

Across the nationâ€”but most particularly in Utahâ€”morality-based wedge issues began polarizing both major political parties and the electorate in general beginning in the late-1970s. This polarization has created a â€˜moral curtainâ€™â€”sometimes called the Zion Curtain in Utahâ€”between the two parties. While the â€˜moral curtainâ€™ (or moral polarization) has attributed to deeply rooted parity between the Republican and Democratic Parties across the nation, moral polarization has created a deluge of religiously defined conservativism that has not been seen in Utah since its territorial years. Never before has Utahâ€™s State Legislature been consecutively dominated by one party like it has in the last twenty-five years. The extreme polarization in the composition of the Legislature during these times is also noteworthy. In defiant contrast, the post-World War II era was a time of political balance throughout Utah and its political institutions. During these thirty-five years, Utahâ€™s electorate balanced voting for Republicans and Democrats. Explaining why Utahns voted this way during the post-World War II era, why they stopped voting this way by the end of the 1970s, and what voting behavior might be expected in the years to come are the objectives of this paper.
Changing Campus Culture: A Policy Scan of Campus Sexual Violence Prevention and Response Procedures on Ohio’s Campuses

Estimates of the prevalence of campus sexual violence suggest that 1 in 5 college females and 1 in 16 males will be sexually assaulted. However, only about 20 percent of campus sexual assaults are reported to authorities. In 2015, the Ohio Department of Higher Education (ODHE) released the “Changing Campus Culture” Report, with recommendations for preventing and responding to sexual violence. The purpose of this research is to determine the extent of compliance with Report recommendations among Ohio’s universities. A policy scan of 14 public and 14 private institutions in Ohio was conducted in Spring 2016, before ODHE’s compliance deadline, and again in Fall 2016, after the deadline. Each institution’s Sexual Misconduct policies were analyzed to measure compliance with the five recommendations. The results show that while most institutional policies met the recommendations that focused on response after sexual violence occurred, only a few institutional policies included information about prevention and education, such as utilizing a campus climate survey, comprehensive training programs, or awareness campaigns. Many policies contained negligent errors, were vague, or were not easily accessible. Given these results, there is an unequivocal need for substantial improvement in the incorporation of ODHE’s recommendations into policies of Ohio’s higher education institutions.
Role of Calpains (Calcium-Dependent Proteases) on Coronary Artery Disease and Metabolic Syndrome

Coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome together are two major causes of death in the United States and the numbers of people afflicted by these diseases are increasing around the world. Overactivation of calpain has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular disease and its associated comorbidities. Therefore, calpain inhibition may offer a novel potential medical therapy for treating not only coronary artery disease but also the individual aspects of the associated comorbidities.
Reproductive success of wind, generalist, and specialist pollinated plant species following wildfire in desert landscapes

Wildfire can drastically affect plant sexual reproductive success in plant–pollinator systems. We assessed plant reproductive success of wind, generalist and specialist pollinated plant species along paired unburned, burned-edge and burned-interior locations of large wildfires in the Mojave Desert. Flower production of wind and generalist pollinated plants was greater in burned landscapes than adjacent unburned areas, whereas specialist species responses were more neutral. Fruit production of generalist species was greater in burned landscapes than in unburned areas, whereas fruit production of wind- and specialist-pollinated species showed no difference in burned and unburned landscapes. Plants surviving in wildfire-disturbed landscapes did not show evidence of pollination failure, as measured by fruit set and seed:ovule ratios. Generalist- and specialist-plant species established in the interior of burned landscapes showed no difference in fruit production than plants established on burned edges suggesting that pollination services are conserved with increasing distance from fire boundaries in burned desert landscapes. Stimulation of plant reproduction in burned environments due to competition release may contribute to the maintenance of pollinator services and re-establishment of the native plant community in post-fire desert environments.
Rayyan for systematic reviews

Rayyan is a free, online application to assist researchers with systematic review methodology and meta-analysis projects. Rayyan is one of many software products of QCRI, Qatar Computing Research I...
Molecular Pathology of Bone and Soft Tissue Neoplasms and Potential Targets for Novel Therapy

Bone and soft tissue tumors encompass a rare but a heterogenous group of mesenchymal neoplasms ranging from benign to malignant. Frequently, the diagnosis of many bone and soft tissue tumors prove to be difficult due to the enormous variety of histologic subtypes, with some of them (especially the tumors of spindle cell morphology) presenting with similar clinical, microscopic, immunohistochemical, and/or radiographic characteristics. With continuous and more advanced understanding of the cytogenetic and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors, it is hopeful that, eventually, classifying bone and soft tissue tumor types can be based on molecular pathology rather than by traditional histogenesis. More importantly, the forecast for the prognosis or prediction to therapy can also be benefited from molecular pathology. Chapter 13 will review the most current molecular testing of bone and soft tissue tumors and the biomarkers that have the potential for targeted therapy with focus on the recent developments from the past 5 years.
Summary and the Future of Hybrid Neural Network and Expert Systems

Expert systems perform reasoning using pre-established rules for a well-defined and narrow domain. They combine knowledge bases of rules and domain-specific facts with information from clients or users about specific instances of problems in the knowledge domains of the expert systems. Ideally, reasoning can be explained and the knowledge bases easily modified, independent of the inference engine, as new rules become know.
Flowfield of a Shaped Film Cooling Hole Over a Range of Compound Angles

Film cooling holes are a well-established cooling technique used in gas turbines to keep component metal temperatures in an acceptable range. A streamwise-oriented film cooling hole creates a symmetric counter-rotating vortex pair (CRVP) due to the jet interaction with the crossflow. As the orientation of the film cooling hole is incrementally misaligned with the streamwise direction (known as a compound angle), one of the vortices in the CRVP gains strength at the expense of the other until there is a single streamwise vortex that dominates the flowfield. This vortex diffuses the coolant jet and impinges hot gas onto the surface, which can augment heat transfer coefficients in a region uncovered by coolant. Although this has been well studied for cylindrical holes, there is less understanding about the nature of this phenomenon for shaped holes, which are intended to diffuse coolant laterally to minimize flowfield interaction. In the present study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the flowfield of compound angled shaped film cooling holes at several downstream planes normal to the streamwise direction. Five compound angled 7-7-7 holes were tested, from a streamwise oriented hole (0° compound angle) to a 60° compound angle hole, in increments of 15°. All cases were tested at a density ratio of 1.0 and blowing ratios ranging from 1.0 to 4.0. Experimental data shows that the circulation increases as compound angle increases because the flowfield transitions from a CRVP to a single streamwise vortex. For large compound angles, the streamwise vortex lifts the core of the jet off of the surface, isolating the coolant from the endwall. Measurements also indicate hole-to-hole interaction downstream for cases with high blowing ratio and large compound angle. Flowfield results are compared with adiabatic effectiveness results from a companion study in order to explain hole-to-hole interaction trends.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
Agency in Intangibles

I argue that intangible assets promote agency conflicts between outside investors and inside specialists. Their opacity and specialized nature provide a microfoundation for why highly intangible firms underinvest despite great valuations and profitability---a challenge for standard theories. Their development is further shown to be connected contractually to the growth and dispersion of specialists' compensation. The model provides a unified treatment of the economic forces surrounding intangible capital and its predictions are strongly supported in US and international data.
Perceptions of Mentoring Fairness: Construct Development and Instrument Validation

This paper develops and validates a scale for measuring perceptions of the fairness of mentoring within an organization. The construct of mentoring fairness as proposed in this paper distinguishes between perceived fairness in terms of access to mentoring and the treatment of proteges. Two studies were conducted to create and assess the scale for perceptions of mentoring fairness. The first study utilized an expert review. Based upon this expert review, a group of items were selected for a large sample pilot study which was conducted to validate the mentoring fairness scale. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to trim items and finalize the scale. We found that a three factor scale including access and two types of treatment--favoritism and abuse--provided the best fit to the data. In addition, the scale was assessed for its convergent, discriminant, and predictive validities by comparing the scale with established measures of procedural and distributive organizational justice, leade...
Trends in marijuana use among pregnant women with and without nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, 2009-2016.

Abstract Background Cross-sectional studies indicate an elevated prevalence of prenatal marijuana use in women with nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). However, it is unknown whether differences in marijuana use by NVP status have persisted over time as marijuana becomes more acceptable and accessible and prenatal use increases overall. We compared trends in prenatal marijuana use by NVP status in the first trimester of pregnancy using data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California’s (KPNC) large healthcare system. Methods The sample comprised KPNC pregnant women aged ≥12 who completed a self-administered questionnaire on marijuana use and a urine toxicology test for cannabis during standard prenatal care from 2009 to 2016. The annual prevalence of marijuana use via self-report or toxicology by NVP status was estimated using Poisson regression with a log link function, adjusting for sociodemographics and parity. We tested for linear trends and differences in trends by NVP. Results Of 220,510 pregnancies, 38,831 (17.6%) had an NVP diagnosis. Prenatal marijuana use was elevated each year among women with NVP. The adjusted prevalence of use increased significantly from 2009 to 2016 at an annual rate of 1.086 (95%CI = 1.069–1.104) among women with NVP, from 6.5% (95%CI = 5.7%–7.2%) to 11.1% (95%CI = 0.2%–12.0%), and 1.069 (95%CI = 1.059–1.080) among women without NVP, from 3.4% (95%CI = 3.2%–3.7%) to 5.8% (95%CI = 5.5%–6.1%). Trends did not vary by NVP status. Discussion The prevalence of prenatal marijuana use has remained elevated over time among women with NVP. Clinicians should ask pregnant patients about their reasons for marijuana use and treat NVP with evidence-based interventions.
Tuning alkynyl-extended 9,10-dihydroanthracene-based systems into aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminophores

A series of 9,10-bis(1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-diyn-3-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracenes (BDPPD-DHAs) carrying polar organic functional groups was synthesized through Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. The structural and electronic properties of these BDPPD-DHA derivatives were investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses. It was found that the incorporation of polar substituents into the BDPPD-DHA backbone could enhance intermolecular attractions and hence significantly affect the properties in the aggregated states. Of particular interest is the observation that OMe and CN-substituted BDPPD-DHAs show aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effects due to restricted intramolecular motions. Our study herein discloses a new venue to develop AIE luminogens by means of rational molecular tailing.
Muslims, Catholics, and the Secular State:

Any attempt to explore the relationship between representations of Muslims and public advocacy in modern Western societies must situate both processes in relation to the broader crises of liberal citizenship currently afflicting Western democracies. Calls heard in the 1990s for multicultural citizenship and pluralist “recognition” have given way to demands for the exclusion of new immigrants and the coercive assimilation of those—especially Muslims—long since arrived. This essay examines French Catholic and Muslim perspectives on secularism and citizenship in contemporary France. It highlights disagreements among progressive secularists as well as mainline Catholics and Muslims over how to engage the secular state as well as one’s fellow citizens. The examples show that contemporary public spheres look less like deliberative public spaces than complex landscapes shaped by mass movements, social media, and political entrepreneurs. These realities present serious challenges to those who hope to use education and dialogue in public advocacy with and for Muslim citizens.
Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture in Developing Countries

Low-income and transitional countries span a large part of the arable land area of the world. In this chapter, we examine the diverse and heterogeneous systems around the world, focusing primarily on the three regions where the vast majority of poor farmers are located: sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. We discuss the main characteristics of the agricultural systems in these regions, their current status in terms of key sustainability indicators, and some of the challenges they face in moving toward more sustainable development pathways.
Performance of silver nanoparticle-impregnated ovoid ceramic water filters

A ceramic water filter (CWF) with curved (ovoid) walls has been developed by Potters without Borders, a nonprofit that provides technical assistance to CWF factories. Here, a modified version of the USEPA testing method was used to evaluate the performance of ovoid CWFs, which have yet to be studied in the literature. Filters with/without silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were evaluated for bacterial removal, turbidity removal, flow rate, and silver leaching. Log removal values (LRVs) for Escherichia coli for AgNP coated CWFs were 9.5–10.9 LRV while uncoated achieved 8.0–9.8 LRV. All the CWFs tested here had flow rates between 0.8 and 1.3 L h−1. The turbidity of the influent was reduced by the filters throughout the general and challenge water conditions with removal of 9.1–90.9% and 99.3–99.8%, respectively. Silver-coated CWFs had a higher total effluent silver concentration compared to uncoated (coated CWFs had 74% more total silver leaching on average) and had an increased silver release during the challenge phase (35 ppb) compared to the general phase (13 ppb). The exterior wall coated with AgNPs was shown to leach silver off the ceramic using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, providing evidence that supports the recommendation to coat only the interior wall of CWFs with AgNPs. The procedure demonstrated utility as a reproducible performance testing technique. X-ray diffraction and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to study the ceramic structure.
Monolithic Semiconductor Plasmonic Devices

We demonstrate the monolithic integration of plasmonic materials with semiconductor optoelectronic devices. Leveraging highly doped semiconductors as mid-IR plasmonic materials, we show significant performance improvement for both infrared detectors and emitters.
Contemporary Confucianism and Ethical Theory

This chapter examines the ways in which Confucianism has been related to ethical theorizing in recent decades, both as part of interpretive projects aimed at classifying Confucianism and as part of projects aimed at putting Confucian ethical theory to work—that is, using Confucianism to argue for a particular kind of moral education or solution to a moral quandary. The chapter looks at three different theories of normative ethics—deontology, virtue ethics, and role ethics—and explores both the relevant debates around the classification of Confucian ethics and, to a lesser degree, efforts to use Confucian ethics, as interpreted via each of the normative theories. It also examines the work of philosophers who use Confucianism in more applied ways, while also making note of their classificatory arguments or assumptions. One theme of the chapter is the degree to which Sinophone and Anglophone philosophers are starting to engage one another, which is helping to spur the related (though not identical) process of dialogue between Western and Chinese philosophical traditions.
Statistical Considerations in the Evaluation of Continuous Biomarkers

Discovery of biomarkers has been steadily increasing over the past decade. Although a plethora of biomarkers has been reported in the biomedical literature, few have been sufficiently validated for broader clinical applications. One particular challenge that may have hindered the adoption of biomarkers into practice is the lack of reproducible biomarker cut points. In this article, we attempt to identify some common statistical issues related to biomarker cut point identification and provide guidance on proper evaluation, interpretation, and validation of such cut points. First, we illustrate how discretization of a continuous biomarker using sample percentiles results in significant information loss and should be avoided. Second, we review the popular "minimal-P-value" approach for cut point identification and show that this method results in highly unstable P values and unduly increases the chance of significant findings when the biomarker is not associated with outcome. Third, we critically review a common analysis strategy by which the selected biomarker cut point is used to categorize patients into different risk categories and then the difference in survival curves among these risk groups in the same dataset is claimed as the evidence supporting the biomarker's prognostic strength. We show that this method yields an exaggerated P value and overestimates the prognostic impact of the biomarker. We illustrate that the degree of the optimistic bias increases with the number of variables being considered in a risk model. Finally, we discuss methods to appropriately ascertain the additional prognostic contribution of the new biomarker in disease settings where standard prognostic factors already exist. Throughout the article, we use real examples in oncology to highlight relevant methodologic issues, and when appropriate, we use simulations to illustrate more abstract statistical concepts.
Protecting the integrity of the virtual objective structured clinical examination

Administering objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) is a common approach to summative assessment of learner performance in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curricula.[1][1] The OSCE involves students rotating through multiple standardized stations designed to assess their performance of
Median bed-material sediment particle size across rivers in the contiguous U.S.

Abstract. Bed-material sediment particle size data, particularly for the median sediment particle size (D50), are critical for understanding and modeling riverine sediment transport. However, sediment particle size observations are primarily available at individual sites. Large-scale modeling and assessment of riverine sediment transport are limited by the lack of continuous regional maps of bed-material sediment particle size. We hence present a map of D50 over the contiguous U.S. in a vector format that corresponds to millions of river segments (i.e., flowlines) in the National Hydrography Dataset Plus (NHDplus) dataset. We develop the map in four steps: 1) collect and process the observed D50 data from 2577 U.S. Geological Survey stations or U.S. Army Corps of Engineers sampling locations; 2) collocate these data with the NHDplus flowlines based on their geographic locations, resulting in 1691 flowlines with collocated D50 values; 3) develop a predictive model using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning method based on the observed D50 data and the corresponding climate, hydrology, geology and other attributes retrieved from the NHDplus dataset; 4) estimate the D50 values for flowlines without observations using the XGBoost predictive model. We expect this map to be useful for various purposes such as research in large-scale river sediment transport using model- and data-driven approaches, teaching of environmental and earth system sciences, planning and managing floodplain zones, etc. The map is available at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921987 (Li et al., 2021).
Assessing cardiometabolic health risk among U.S. children living in grandparent-headed households

Abstract Purpose We evaluated children's cardiometabolic health (CMH) risk indicators and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) stratified by family structure type (grandparent-headed, two-parent headed, and single-parent headed households). Separately, we assessed whether family structure type and number of ACEs were independently associated with the CMH risk indicators. Design and methods Utilizing data from the 2017–2018 National Survey of Children's Health, we evaluated five CMH risk indicators (obesity, physical activity, secondhand smoke exposure, sleep, and sports participation). We used multivariable logistic regressions to assess the association of CMH risk indicators with family structure type and ACEs. We controlled for sex, age, race/ethnicity, health insurance, household poverty level, and overall health status. Results Among children aged 10–17 years (n = 24,885), we found the number of ACEs differed by family structure type (P Conclusions ACEs were highest among children living in grandparent-headed households and independently associated with a majority of the CMH risk indicators. Findings suggest that children living in grandparent-headed households may be at elevated risk for poor CMH, potentially due to higher risk for ACEs. Practice implications It is recommended to consider ACEs and family structure type when assessing CMH risk in children.
Structures beyond superspace

Once a contradiction in terms, aperiodic crystals show instead that `long-range order' has never been defined. Whatever it means, decades of intense research have shown it to be more complex and surprising than anyone suspected.
Implementation of a Landing Footprint Algorithm for the Htv-2 and Trajectory Simulations

This presentation details work performed during the Fall 2011 term in the Research Controls and Dynamics Branch at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. Included is a study on a possible landing footprint algorithm, with direct application to the HTV-2. Also discussed is work in support of the MIPCC effort, which includes optimal trajectory solutions for the F-15A Streak Eagle aircraft and theoretical performance of an F-15A with a MIPCC propulsion system.
When Task Demand is Variable: Verifying and Validating Mental Workload in Complex, “Real World” Systems

This paper addresses the frequently neglected issue of workload transition. In both simple and complex operational systems, it is generally accepted that task demand not only can, but will, vary from moment to moment. However, this presumption is seldom reflected in the current methodologies employed for the assessment of mental workload in validation and verification studies. In fact, most methods used in the study of mental workload are founded on the assumption that task demand is invariable. The implications for the continued use of such conventional methodologies in the assessment of mental workload are discussed with respect to the control of systems of a supervisory nature with an emphasis on the tasks involved in air traffic control.
Do Husbands Matter? Married Women Entering Self-Employment

This paper investigates the effect of a husband's self-employment experience on the probability that his wife will enter self-employment. Results suggest that having a husband with some exposure to self-employment nearly doubles the probability that a woman will become self-employed, all else equal. Further, the effect is found to be strongest if a woman's husband is actually self-employed at the time she is contemplating a transition. Having a husband with prior self-employment experience also has an important yet quantitatively smaller effect. A series of robustness checks suggest that family businesses and assortative mating only partially explain this large effect. Intrahousehold transfers of human (and, to a much lesser degree, financial) capital might also play a role.
Significance of α-subunit VISITDG sequence residues in the catalytic sites of Escherichia coli ATP synthase (LB247)

Background: F1Fo ATP synthase is the fundamental means of cellular energy production in animals, plants, and almost all microorganisms. ATP is generated by oxidative or photophosphorylation in memb...
Modulation of Cardiac Myofilament Activity by Protein Phosphorylation

The sections in this article are: 1 Modulation of Cardiac Myofilament Activity as A Physiological Regulatory Device 2 Major Functional Sarcomeric Proteins and the Transition from Diastole to Systole 2.1 Thin Filament Proteins in Diastole and Systole 2.2 Thick Filament Proteins in Diastole and Systole 2.3 Crossbridge and Thin Filament States in Diastole and in Systole 3 cTnI Function and Phosphorylation 3.1 Primary Structure of cTnI and Potential Sites of Phosphorylation 3.2 cTnI Protein Kinase A Sites 3.3 Functional Effects of Phosphorylation of cTnI by Protein Kinase A 3.4 cTnI Protein Kinase C Sites 3.5 Functional Effects of Phosphorylation of cTnI by Protein Kinase C 3.6 Integration of Signals for Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy/Failure with cTnI Protein Phosphorylation 4 cTnT Function and Phosphorylation 4.1 cTnT Primary Structure and Functional Domains 4.2 cTnT Sites of Phosphorylation 5 Tropomyosin Function and Phosphorylation 5.1 Tropomyosin isoforms and cardiac function 5.2 Tropomyosin Phosphorylation 6 MLC2 Function and Phosphorylation 6.1 Primary Structure of MLC2 and Functional Domains 6.2 Metal Binding to MLC2 6.3 MLC2 and Modulation of Striated Muscle Contraction 6.4 MLC2 Phosphorylation and Regulation of Crossbridges 7 Phosphorylation and Function of Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C 7.1 Primary Structure of MyBP-C and Functional Domains 7.2 Phosphorylation Sites of Cardiac MyBP-C 8 Summary and Conclusions
Tandem Mirror Reactor Power Balance Studies

A tandem mirror reactor (TMR) power plant balance model has been developed and is now being used as a computer aid for performing parametric studies. End-cell power injection into the plasma and the physics thermal Q are used to determine the fusion power. About 80% of the fusion power is transferred by high-energy neutrons to the blanket modules and structures. The other 20% of the fusion power in the high-energy alpha particles is used to heat the deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasma. Most of the plasma-ionized particles transfer their energy to the halo dumps and direct converters. The plant efficiency is calculated for three different system cycles: (1) the pressurized water/saturated steam cycle; (2) the superheated steam cycle; and (3) the more complex superheat/reheat cycle. There is a signficiant improvement in plant efficiency as the electrical power multiplication factor and steam cycle efficiency increases.
Current Laboratory Experiments for Planetary Aeronomy

Guidance is provided for finding atomic and molecular reaction rate coefficients, cross sections, and other properties in the primary literature and in useful reviews. Recent laboratory and theoretical work on a few microscopic processes of importance in solar system aeronomy is summarized. Specific examples focus on, (a) the recombination of oxygen atoms-important in understanding the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars, (b) formation and electron-ion dissociative recombination of H + 3 -important for understanding the aurora on Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, and (c) recombination of methyl radicals-the key photochemical intermediate leading to the complex organic molecules on the giant planets and moons.
Mathematical techniques in solid modeling

Basic computational problems in mathematics for solid modeling are discussed. It is shown how merging results from algebras, geometry, and approximation theory into effect tools can lead to a higher level of performance in solid modeling. Effective mathematical techniques are shown, such as singularity analysis and resolution, parameterization and implicitization, residue computation and Chinese remaindering, evaluation and interpolation, power-series computations and localization, and membership within ideal (i.e. special sets of polynomials). Set techniques have had and shall have a significant impact on solid modelling. >
Comorbidities and factors associated with endoscopic surgical outcomes in adult laryngotracheal stenosis

This study which is a retrospective chart review aims to characterize the comorbidities associated with adult laryngotracheal stenosis and evaluate the relationship of these with stenosis grade, length, surgical interventions, and surgical intervals. Patients' demographics, medical and surgical comorbidities, grade of stenosis, quantity and degree of balloon dilations, dilation intervals, open airway procedures, and tracheotomy status were recorded from 2002 to 2012, at a tertiary voice and airway center. Surgical outcomes were evaluated in relation to patient comorbidities, stenosis quality, and surgical procedures. A total of 101 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis were examined with female patients comprising 71 % of the population. Seventeen patients (16.8 %) had idiopathic stenosis. Number of balloon dilations ranged from 0 to 24 (mean = 3.3). The average time between dilations was 38.4 weeks (range = 1.14-215.8 weeks). The patients with idiopathic stenosis were found to have a lower grade (p = 0.0066). Fifty-two patients (51.5 %) received a tracheotomy at one point during their management. The 14 patients (13.9 %) who remained tracheotomy dependent had a body mass index (BMI) of >30. No statistically significant correlation was found when the patients' age, BMI and comorbidites were compared with the grade of stenosis, number of balloon dilatations needed and other surgical interventions. On the other hand, interval in between surgeries was found to be longer in patients without an intubation history, and in idiopathic SGS (p = 0.004, p = 0.015, respectively). There was no significant relationship between surgical interval and gender, BMI, length of stenosis, grade (p = 0.059, p = 0.47, p = 0.97, p = 0.36, respectively). Airway stenosis in adults is complicated by the presence of multiple comorbidities. Better understanding of the etiology could aid in the prevention of the injury before it forms.
A Model of Competitive Behavior in Food Industries

While conventional industrial organization theory has been used to explain behavior of the food distribution oligopoly, a more careful analysis shows its behavior tendencies to be basically different from the manufacturing oligopoly. The larger distribution firm tends toward price competition while the smaller tends toward nonprice competition. The interaction between manufacturing and distribution oligopolies in the food industry provides a unique balance between progressiveness and economy which is not available in industries where the distribution oligopoly has not developed. This different consequence of large firms brings up some basic questions about antitrust objectives and philosophy.
Technological Strategies and National Purpose: Domestic and foreign developments necessitate a new relationship.

It would be presumptuous to suggest that economic and technological forces will determine the course of domestic or international affairs. In the last analysis, passions rule the world. Nonetheless, to a degree perhaps unparalleled in the past, economic and technological considerations will shape the ways in which political interests and conflicts seek their expression and work themselves out. In a world where nuclear weaponry has inhibited the use of military power and where social and economic demands play an inordinate role in political life, the choice, success, or failure of a nation9s technological strategy will influence in large measure its place in the international pecking order and its capacity to solve its domestic problems.
Foam fractionation of anions with a cationic surfactant: Orthophosphate

An experimental study has been conducted for the first time of the foam fractionation of orthophosphate using a cationic surfactant. For feed solutions 2.63×10−4 molar in phosphate and three surfactant concentrations, pH has a pronounced effect on residual concentrations of phosphate. A comparison with the ion flotation of dichromate and with the foam fractionation of phenolate shows dichromate flotation to be the most efficient.
Computer simulation of electron transfer at hematite surfaces

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations in combination with ab initio calculations were carried out to determine the rate of electron transfer at room temperature in bulk hematite (α-Fe2O3) and at two low-index surfaces, namely the (012) and (001) surfaces. The electron transfer reactions considered here involve the II/III valence interchange between nearest-neighbor iron atoms. Two electron transfer directions were investigated, namely the basal plane and c direction electron transfers. Electron transfer rates obtained in bulk hematite were in good agreement with ab initio electronic structure calculations thus validating the potential model. The surfaces were considered both in vacuum and in contact with an equilibrated aqueous solution. The reorganization energy is found to increase significantly at the first surface layer and this value is little affected by the presence of water. In addition, in the case of the (012) surface, the electronic coupling matrix element for the topmost basal plane transfer was calculated at the Hartree-Fock level and was found to be weak compared to the corresponding electron transfer in the bulk. Therefore, most surfaces show a decrease in the rate of electron transfer at the surface. However, where iron atoms involved in the electron transfer reaction are directly coordinated to water molecules, water lowers the free energy of activation to a great extent and provides a large driving force for electrons to diffuse toward the bulk thus opposing the intrinsic surface effect. The surfaces considered in this work show different electron transfer properties. Hematite has been shown to exhibit anisotropic conductivity and thus different surfaces will show different intra- and inter-layer rates depending on their orientation. Moreover, the calculations of electron transfers at the hydroxyl- and iron-terminated (001) surfaces revealed that surface termination has a significant effect on the electron transfer parameters in the vicinity of the surface. Finally, our findings indicate that undercoordinated terminal iron atoms could act as electron traps at the surface.
Effects of vegetation on snow accumulation and ablation in a mid‐latitude sub‐alpine forest

We quantified the effects of forest vegetation on snow accumulation and ablation in a mid-latitude montane environment in Northern New Mexico. Detailed observations of snow depth along transects extending radially from trees showed that snow depth was 25% greater on the northern versus southern side of trees. At maximum accumulation, canopy interception resulted in a 47% reduction of snow water equivalent (SWE) under canopy. An array of ultrasonic snow depth sensors showed that snow ablation rates were 54% greater in open locations compared to locations under canopy. Maximum accumulation of SWE occurred 21 days later on the north versus south side of the trees. Binary regression tree models indicated strong correlation (R2 = 0·68) between micro-scale (i.e. 10-cm resolution) canopy structure indices and snow depth. The regression tree model adequately resolved general tree-well structure, suggesting that future remotely sensed vegetation data may improve snow distribution models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast ignition studies at Sandia National Laboratories

Sandia National Laboratories is developing a combination of experimental and theoretical capabilities useful for the study of fast ignition physics. Pulsed power machines such as the present Z machine have demonstrated the ability to drive inertial fusion implosions. The Z-beamlet laser is currently being used to create multi-kiloelectronvolts photons for backlighting, which can be used to diagnose the compression of deuterium/tritium to high densities. A high-energy petawatt capability is presently being added to the Z-beamlet to extend the backlighting x-ray energy up to 10–50 keV and to enable integrated fast ignition experiments. We are also developing a capability to implode capsules filled with liquid deuterium/tritium, which avoids the stringent temperature control required for β-layered capsules.In preparation for such experiments, the theory group at Sandia is modelling various aspects of fast ignition physics. Numerical simulations of laser/plasma interaction, electron transport and ion generation are being performed. Simulations of the compression of deuterium/tritium fuel in various geometries are being performed. Analytic and numerical modelling has been performed to determine the conditions required for fast ignition breakeven scaling. These results indicate that breakeven will require about 5% of the laser energy needed for ignition and might be an achievable goal with an upgraded Z-beamlet laser in short pulse mode.
Akt activation induced by lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate requires both mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and is cell-line specific

The signaling pathways that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) use to activate Akt in ovarian cancer cells are investigated here. We show for the first time, with the use of both pharmacological and genetic inhibitors, that the kinase activity and S473 phosphorylation of Akt induced by LPA and S1P requires both mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase (MEK) and p38 MAP kinase, and MEK is likely to be upstream of p38, in HEY ovarian cancer cells. The requirement for both MEK and p38 is cell type- and stimulus-specific. Among 12 cell lines that we tested, 11 respond to LPA and S1P and all of the responsive cell lines require p38 but only nine of them require MEK. Among different stimuli tested, platelet-derived growth factor stimulates S473 phosphorylation of Akt in a MEK- and p38-dependent manner. However, epidermal growth factor, thrombin, and endothelin-1-stimulated Akt S473 phosphorylation require p38 but not MEK. Insulin, on the other hand, stimulates Akt S473 phosphorylation independent of both MEK and p38 in HEY cells. T308 phosphorylation stimulated by LPA/S1P requires MEK but not p38 activation. MEK and p38 activation were sufficient for Akt S473 but not T308 phosphorylation in HEY cells. In contrast to S1P and PDGF, LPA requires Rho for Akt S473 phosphorylation, and Rho is upstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). LPA/S1P-induced Akt activation may be involved in cell survival, because LPA and S1P treatment in HEY ovarian cancer cells results in a decrease in paclitaxel-induced caspase-3 activity in a PI3-K/MEK/p38-dependent manner.
Mechanisms for attenuated pressor responses to α-agonists in ovine pregnancy

Attenuated pressor responses to angiotensin II and alpha-agonists normally occur during ovine pregnancy; however, for alpha-agonists it is not known to what extent this reflects alterations in cardiac output. We therefore compared peripheral and cardiac responses to alpha-agonists in pregnant (n = 6) and nonpregnant (n = 6) sheep, measuring mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output before and during steady-state dose responses to norepinephrine (0.458 to 45.84 micrograms/min) and phenylephrine (1.29 to 129 micrograms/min). Both alpha-agonists caused dose-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance, more so in nonpregnant than pregnant sheep (p less than 0.01), and decreases in cardiac output and heart rate (p less than 0.01). In both nonpregnant and pregnant sheep the percent change in systemic vascular resistance generally exceeded the percent change in mean arterial pressure, reflecting decreases in cardiac output; however, at equivalent increases in percent change in mean arterial pressure and percent change in systemic vascular resistance, the fall in the percent change in cardiac output was greatest in pregnant sheep (p less than 0.05). Also, at similar increases in mean arterial pressure the percent change in heart rate was greatest in pregnant sheep (p less than 0.01). In contrast to angiotensin II, the attenuated pressor responses to alpha-agonists observed during ovine pregnancy are partly a result of reflex decreases in cardiac output mediated mainly through falls in heart rate.