cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a Low Uncertainty Ion Trap for a Transportable Ion Optical Clock

We are designing an rf trap for a transportable optical clock based on the strontium ion. This new design aims to minimize systematic shifts, especially the blackbody radiation shift, and to optimize the geometry to reduce the electric quadrupole shift and provide efficient laser cooling along the three principal axes of ion motion. This new trap will be part of a transportable optical clock that will have an uncertainty expected to reach the low $10 ^{-18}$ level.
Battle Lines of the North American Southwest: An Inquiry Into Prehispanic and Post-Contact Pueblo Tactics of War

This paper examines multiple lines of evidence to argue Ancestral Pueblo peoples engaged in pitched battle and thereby challenges the common view that warfare in the North American Southwest primar...
Existence of Net Electric Charges on Stars

V. A. BAILEY1 has urged that a variety of geophysical and astrophysical phenomena can be explained by a net charge on the Sun of −1.5 × 1028 e.s.u., admitting that this proposal is at variance with some of the “most cherished notions”2 of theoretical astrophysicists. Attention may therefore be directed to certain deductions from Bailey's hypothesis that are in conflict with unambiguous evidence from observation as well as with what is generally regarded as sound theory.
Spatial scale, reservoirs and nonnative species influence the homogenization and differentiation of Great Plains—Rocky Mountain fish faunas

Reservoir construction and the introduction of nonnative species are major anthropogenic drivers of biotic change in freshwater ecosystems. To understand the influence of these drivers, we quantified the degree to which fish faunas have either homogenized or differentiated at multiple spatial scales across the Great Plains—Rocky Mountain continuum (Wyoming, USA), given that homogenization processes are scale-dependent. Homogenization was most prevalent at the largest scale, with an average increase in similarity of 6.8% among river basins. At an intermediate scale, sub-basins with reservoirs had homogenized faunas in comparison to sub-basins without reservoirs, which were more differentiated. Differentiation was dominant at the smallest scale with a 7.8% average decrease in similarity among individual sampling sites. Reservoirs had only localized homogenization impacts along stream systems, and homogenization was greater for streams connected to large reservoirs. Large-sized streams appeared to trend towards homogenization, whereas small and medium streams trended towards differentiation. Reservoirs altered fish faunas from historical conditions, but did not result in cross-stream homogenization because of the idiosyncratic nature of reservoir introductions that reflect environmental gradients and socio-economic factors. Our results provide insight into how spatial scale, reservoirs, and nonnative species interact to influence the degree of homogenization and differentiation.
Primary extranodal jejunal diffuse large B cell lymphoma as a diagnostic challenge for intractable emesis: a case report and review of literature

Introduction: The gastrointestinal tract is the most common extranodal site for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with the most common being diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Unlike the stomach or the ileum, the jejunum is a rare site for primary extranodal lymphomas, given the scarcity of lymphoid tissue. Due to its location, inflammation in the jejunum may not be visualized on routine imaging or endoscopy, making jejunal lymphoma difficult to diagnose. Case Description: We present a case of a 90-year-old male with 1 week of intractable emesis, initially thought to be due to viral gastroenteritis. His symptoms never improved and he underwent serial CT imagings in addition to esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A stomach biopsy and a diagnostic paracentesis did not reveal any malignant cells, but a CT enterography revealed significant jejunal inflammation with obstruction. After a month of hospitalization, a jejunal biopsy was obtained, which showed proliferation of neoplastic B cells. He was ultimately diagnosed with primary jejunal diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Discussion: Chemotherapy and surgical resection are typically the definitive treatment for extranodal lymphoma. Clinicians, however, must carefully consider the patient's functional and nutritional statuses before offering such interventions. This case was a diagnostic challenge and demonstrated a rare GI malignancy's convoluted mimicking nature.
A mitochondrial journey through acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States and APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is initiated by formation of a reactive metabolite which depletes hepatic glutathione and forms protein adducts. Studies over the years have established the critical role of c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) and its mitochondrial translocation, as well as mitochondrial oxidant stress and subsequent induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition in APAP pathophysiology. However, it is now evident that mitochondrial responses to APAP overdose are more nuanced than appreciated earlier, with multiple levels of control, for example, to dose of APAP. In addition, mitochondrial dynamics, as well as the organelle's importance in recovery and regeneration after APAP-induced liver injury is also being recognized, which are exciting new areas with significant therapeutic potential. Thus, this review examines the temporal course of hepatocyte mitochondrial responses to an APAP overdose with an emphasis on mechanistic response to various trigger checkpoints such as NAPQI-mitochondrial protein adduct formation and activated JNK translocation. Mitochondrial dynamics, the organelle's role in recovery after APAP and emerging areas of research which promise to provide further insight into modulation of APAP pathophysiology by these fascinating organelles will also be discussed.
Statistical Queries and Statistical Algorithms: Foundations and Applications

We give a survey of the foundations of statistical queries and their many applications to other areas. We introduce the model, give the main definitions, and we explore the fundamental theory statistical queries and how how it connects to various notions of learnability. We also give a detailed summary of some of the applications of statistical queries to other areas, including to optimization, to evolvability, and to differential privacy.
Will an incentive‐compatible indemnity policy please stand up? Livestock producer willingness to self‐protect

This study evaluates the role of private market signals and conditional indemnity policies in livestock producer willingness to self-protect against disease and invest more in biosecurity. Our focus on Tier 1 swine diseases and U.S. hog producer decision-making is timely and informative for a multitude of current disease discussions. We find biosecurity effort adjusts to economic incentives in private, livestock markets and public, indemnity policies.
Veterans’ Experiences With Outpatient Care: Comparing The Veterans Affairs System With Community-Based Care

Timely access to outpatient care was a primary driver behind the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA's) increased purchase of community-based care under the Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014, known as the Choice Act. To compare veterans' experiences in VA-delivered and community-based outpatient care after implementation of the act, we assessed veterans' scores on four dimensions of experience-access, communication, coordination, and provider rating-for outpatient specialty, primary, and mental health care received during 2016-17. Patient experiences were better for VA than for community care in all respects except access. For specialty care, access scores were better in the community; for primary and mental health care, access scores were similar in the two settings. Although all specialty care scores and the primary care coordination score improved over time, the gaps between settings did not shrink. As purchased care further expands under the VA Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks Act of 2018, which replaced the Choice Act in 2019, monitoring of meaningful differences between settings should continue, with the results used to inform both VA purchasing decisions and patients' care choices.
Virtual Manipulatives for Teaching Algebra: A Research-to-Practice Guide for Secondary Students with a Learning Disability

Many forms of assistive and instructional technology exist to support secondary students in mathematics education. Classroom technology provides particular benefits to students who frequently struggle learning academic content such as procedural and conceptual skills in algebra. One tool studied in mathematics to support the needs of students with or at-risk for a mathematics learning disability is virtual manipulatives. Research shows virtual manipulatives support cognition by providing visual representations of mathematical concepts and are an age appropriate technology solution for secondary students that promote autonomy inside and beyond the classroom setting. The aim of this article is to highlight research on virtual manipulatives for secondary students with a learning disability in mathematics and discuss techniques for teachers to incorporate these tools into their classrooms to support students. Subscribe to LDMJ
EFFECT OF RARE EARTH ON MIDDLE-TEMPERATURE INTERNAL FRICTION OF COMMERCIALLY PURE IRON

Effect of rare earth on the middle-temperature internal friction of commercially pure iron is closely related to heat treatment. The rare earth additive was resulted for acting on alloying. The Snoek-Ke-Koster (briefly called SKK) peak is found to remain still even if the deformed iron after furnace cooling has undergone to age at 600℃ for 1h. The SKK peak temperature does not simply fall as the ascending of aging temperature, but raise up again at 600℃ aging.
Miniaturized wireless gastric pacing via inductive power transfer with non-invasive monitoring using cutaneous Electrogastrography.

Background Gastroparesis is a debilitating disease that is often refractory to pharmacotherapy. While gastric electrical stimulation has been studied as a potential treatment, current devices are limited by surgical complications and an incomplete understanding of the mechanism by which electrical stimulation affects physiology. Methods A leadless inductively-powered pacemaker was implanted on the gastric serosa in an anesthetized pig. Wireless pacing was performed at transmitter-to-receiver distances up to 20 mm, frequency of 0.05 Hz, and pulse width of 400 ms. Electrogastrogram (EGG) recordings using cutaneous and serosal electrode arrays were analyzed to compute spectral and spatial statistical parameters associated with the slow wave. Results Our data demonstrated evident change in EGG signal patterns upon initiation of pacing. A buffer period was noted before a pattern of entrainment appeared with consistent and low variability in slow wave direction. A spectral power increase in the EGG frequency band during entrainment also suggested that pacing increased strength of the slow wave. Conclusion Our preliminary in vivo study using wireless pacing and concurrent EGG recording established the foundations for a minimally invasive approach to understand and optimize the effect of pacing on gastric motor activity as a means to treat conditions of gastric dysmotility.
Some connections between stabilization and factorization

Coprime right fraction representations are obtained for nonlinear systems defined by differential equations, under assumptions of stabilizability and detectability. A result is also given on left (not necessarily coprime) factorizations. >
Structured On-Line Directory and File Organization

This paper describes the concepts and methodologies regarding personal directory and file management. It also presents a software system (SIFO), which provides a structured environment for program developers using an on-line template that provides guidance during program initiation and modification. This system can assist both experienced and inexperienced programmers in organizing and documenting files in a structured manner.
Rational kernels in a mystical shell: A comment on Robinson

Stripped of its needless confusion, presentist exaggeration, and antique Marxist fundamentalism, Robinson's article on globalization and the state makes two vital contributions that deserve highlighting. First, against the global-versus-national dualism prevalent in much writing on the subject, he shows how the globalization project is being carried out, often eagerly and willingly, by rulers and bureaucrats within the very nation-states this project is supposedly undermining. Second, he argues forcefully and reasonably that the major cause of the emerging transnational state apparatus is the ascendance in many countries of an increasingly self-confident transnational fraction of the world bourgeoisie. Accepting these two major points, let me try to clarify the confusion, reduce the exaggeration, and challenge the fundamentalism.
Patterns of Diversity in Cranial Shape Among Plant-Visiting Bats

Adaptations to a plant-based diet have evolved in bats on two occasions — once in the Old World family Pteropodidae and again within the New World family Phyllostomidae. Although the skulls of all plant-visiting bats exhibit adaptations for relatively large eyes, enlarged brains, and reduced molar complexity, the skulls of bats from the two families look very different. The goals of this study are to pinpoint the fundamental differences in the cranial shape between pteropodids and plant-visiting phyllostomids and to investigate patterns of diversity in cranial shape within each lineage. Analyses are based on 19 size adjusted, linear variables collected from 335 specimens that represent 71% of pteropodid and 45% of plant-visiting phyllostomid genera. Results of a stepwise discriminant function analysis indicate that differences in cranial shape between pteropodids and plant-visiting phyllostomids involve general aspects of relative braincase width, palate width and coronoid process height. Pteropodids have...
Adenovirus early region 3 promoter regulation by E1A/E1B is independent of alterations in DNA binding and gene activation of CREB/ATF and AP1.

Transcription of the adenovirus early region 3 promoter is strongly induced by the adenovirus E1A protein. Previous DNase I footprinting has indicated that four regions in this promoter serve as binding sites for HeLa nuclear proteins. These include binding sites for NF-1 (site IV), AP1 (site III), CREB/activating transcription factor (ATF) (site II), and TATA (site I). To determine the relative importance of these sites in both the in vivo and in vitro transcriptional regulation of the E3 promoter, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of these sites was performed. Each of these constructs was assayed by transfection onto HeLa cells in the presence of either dl434, an E1A/E1B deletion mutant, or wild-type adenovirus. Mutations of either the ATF- or AP1-binding sites but not the TATA- and NF1-binding sites resulted in severe decreases in both basal and E1A/E1B-induced transcriptional levels. These constructs were also assayed in in vitro transcription assays with cellular extracts prepared from dl434-infected or wild-type-adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. The wild-type E3 promoter was transcribed approximately 30 times more efficiently in extracts containing the E1A/E1B proteins compared with extracts lacking these proteins. Mutations of either the TATA element, the ATF site, or the AP1-binding site decreased both basal and E1A/E1B-induced transcriptional levels. Gel retardation analysis using these extracts indicated that the binding to ATF, AP1, or NF1 oligonucleotides was not altered in the presence of the E1A/E1B proteins compared with extracts lacking these proteins. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of c-jun and CREB RNA prepared from wild-type adenovirus and dl434-infected cells indicated that the levels of these RNAs were not altered by the E1A/E1B proteins. Immunoprecipitation of AP1 and CREB from both dl434- and wild-type-adenovirus-infected cells indicated that the amounts of these proteins were not significantly altered. These results suggest that E1A/E1B-induced activation of the E3 promoter does not involve activation of transcription factor genes nor a change in the DNA binding activity of important promoter-binding components. Our results are consistent with a model in which the E1A/E1B proteins either directly or indirectly alter the interactions of factors that bind to the basal E3 promoter transcription complex, thereby inducing transcription. Images
System level optimization through the use of statistical simulation

A critical issue in the optimization of systems is that of the design of the part, component or system for manufacture. The system engineering function typically finds an acceptable but theoretical design solution with little up-front attention being paid to the "real-world" effects caused by manufacturing and operational variabilities. Alternatively when system design attention is paid to such variabilities, it is usually via a "worst-case" design process which can only further complicate the manufacturing process and raise costs. To be truly effective in the near future of small-lot flexible system manufacturing, systems engineering must not only optimize against the effects of changing manufacturing variabilities, but the overall systems design and manufacturing processes must be woven more closely together so as to permit routine first pass success. As a result of the above issues, the importance of running early statistically based system level design simulations has become particularly critical in this period of increasingly flexible manufacturing processes, defense conversions and dual-use technologies.
A cellular mechanism of interactions between pain and depression.

Materials and methods Using rat models of genetically predisposed [Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats] or induced depressive behavior combined with persistent nociception, we examined whether 1) brain IDO1 (a rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan metabolism) expression and activity would be increased in rats with genetically predisposed or induced depressive behavior, 2) rats with depressive behavior would exhibit exacerbated nociceptive behavior, and 3) brain IDO1 upregulation would be contributory to both depressive and nociceptive behaviors. Depressive behaviors were assessed by using forced swimming test, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, and open field test. Nociceptive behaviors were assessed using von Frey filaments and hind-paw withdrawal to radiant heat stimulation. RT-PCR, Western blotting, HPLC, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and cell culture were used in the study.
High transmission through sharp bends using photonic crystal polycrystalline structures

Summary form only given. A hybrid photonic crystal structure is presented as a candidate to enhance transmission through sharp photonic crystal waveguide bends built on a perforated dielectric slab. This structure, which we refer to as a polycrystalline structure, combines two photonic crystal lattices of different crystalline parameters; such as different lattice constants over a localized region. Polycrystalline photonic crystal structures offer the ability to minimize both reflections as well as radiation losses that a propagating wave might encounter while undergoing through a sharp corner. The availability of polycrystalline structures in photonic crystals opens a broad range of possibilities for optical device development. Numerical experiments are performed using two-dimensional finite difference time-domain (FDTD) methods.
Group Identity and Women’s Rights in Family Law: The Perils of Multicultural Accommodation

I n 1941, Julia Martinez, a full-blooded member of the Santa Clara Pueblo tribe and a citizen of the United States who resided on the Santa Clara Reservation in Northern New Mexico, married a non-tribal husband and gave birth to a daughter named Audrey. Audrey was brought up on the Pueblo, spoke the Tewa language, participated in its life, and was culturally, for all practical purposes, a Santa Claran Indian. However, according to Pueblo personal status law, she was not an Indian by ``blood.'' Membership in the tribe was granted either to children whose parents were both Pueblo members or to children of male members who married outside the tribe; membership, however, was denied to children of female members who married outside the tribe. After unsuccessful efforts to persuade the tribe to change its gender-discriminatory membership rule, Julia and Audrey Martinez ®led a lawsuit in a federal court, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief which would enable Audrey and similarly situated children to acquire tribal membership. In 1978, the equal protection claim raised by Martinez was rejected by the US Supreme Court on the basis of a ``nonintervention'' rationale.1 Thus, while the Martinez case strengthened the autonomy of the Pueblo vis-aA -vis the state,2 it also, like many other instances of multicultural accommodation, perpetuated the systematic intra-group maltreatment of a particular category of insider (in this case, women who married non-tribal husbands and the children born of those unions) in accordance with their group's accommodated traditions. The Martinez case and other legal cases from countries such as Israel and India, which have already implemented accommodationist policies in the family The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 6, Number 3, 1998, pp. 285±305
An Autonomic Problem Determination and Remediation Agent for Ambiguous Situations Based on Singular Value Decomposition Technique

The growing cost of managing computer systems leads to the development of autonomic systems. Problem determination and remediation (PDR) play an important role in an autonomic computer system, especially in ambiguous and unexpected error situations due to operating environment and requirement changes. A PDR agent system that can learn and adapt to changing environments, react to existing or new error situations and predict possible problems and take actions proactively is an integral part of an autonomic system. Traditional static problem determination and remediation system becomes insufficient. In this paper, we introduce a mathematical technique called "Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)" with a feedback system to enable a PDR agent to be responsive to ambiguous and undefined situations, predict possible problems and take actions proactively, and be able to adapt itself to the changing environment. This approach treats the situations-remediation actions relationship as a statistical problem. Using SVD technique, implicit higher order structure in situations and remediation actions association is modeled and extracted, coupled with a feedback system with human interactions, the agent is able to learn from new error situations and derive the corresponding remediation actions.
Estrogen metabolism in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

Estradiol-17β metabolism was studied in two female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). In an initial study, 500 μCi of tritiated estradiol-17β was injected iv into a single animal, and 0, 30 and 60 min serum samples were collected as well as all excreted urine and feces for 24 hr. In a second study, 1.5 mg unlabeled estradiol-17β was injected iv into a second animal and 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min serum samples and a 30 min urine sample were collected postinjection. Analyses of samples from both studies demonstrated a rapid conversion of free estradiol to conjugated forms in the serum. The first (5 min) serum sample following the injection of unlabelled estradiol contained unconjugated estradiol: conjugated estradiol: conjugated estrone at a ratio of 60: 29: 10, respectively, and at 30 min a ratio of 33: 43: 24. The urinary estrogen metabolites were in the conjugated form with an estradiol: estrone ratio of 60: 40. No radiolabeled estrogen was found in the fecal samples during the 24 hr following administration of the radiolabeled estradiol. These data indicate a rapid clearance of circulating free estradiol in the elephant, with a major metabolite in the serum and urine being estradiol conjugate. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solution-precipitation enhanced diffusional creep of partially molten olivine-basalt aggregates during hot-pressing

Hot-pressing experiments have been used to study the effect of a chemically and texturally equilibrated liquid phase on the diffusional creep properties of polycrystalline olivine. Densification (creep) rate data on polycrystalline olivine both with and without the liquid basalt were collected as functions of applied stress/pressure (5–30 MPa), temperature (1300°–1400°C) and grain size (3–13 μm). Olivine-liquid basalt aggregates creep at rates which are persistently a factor of 2–5 greater than similar, melt-free specimens. Microstructural observations of dense olivine-basalt specimens indicate that the creep rate is enhanced by a solution-precipitation (pressure solution) mechanism during the densification of these specimens. Yet, the stress exponent (n = 1), grain-size exponent (m = 3) and average thermal activation energy (Q ≅ 380 kJ/mole) determined for the densification experiments are the same for olivine and olivine-basalt specimens. These observations suggest that because melt does not wet grain boundaries the kinetics of deformation of partially molten olivine-basalt aggregates are rate-limited by diffusive matter transport through melt-free olivine grain boundaries. The creep rate enhancement measured for olivine-basalt specimens occurs because the diffusive path length is effectively reduced by the presence of melt at triple junctions.
Nutrient Content of Two Indigenous Plant Foods of the Western Sahel:Balanites aegyptiacaandMaerua crassifolia

Abstract Populations of the western Sahel consume many different indigenous plant foods, and during times of food scarcity, this dependency increases. In early 1997, the Famine Early Warning System reported that, due to a drought, jiga ( Maerua crassifolia ) and aduwa ( Balanites aegyptiaca ) were contributing increasingly to the diets of people living in Chad, Mauritania, and Niger. At present, there are no comprehensive reports published on the nutrient content of these two plant foods. Herein we report the lipid, fatty acid, amino acid, total protein, and mineral contents of B. aegyptiaca mesocarp and M. crassifolia leaves. M. crassifolia leaves contain more protein (39.4%) than the mesocarp of B. aegyptiaca (7.10%), as well as proportions of the essential amino acids that compare favorably to a World Health Organization protein standard. M. crassifolia leaves can also provide significant amounts of calcium (17 mg/g dry wt), linoleic acid (1.26 mg/g dry wt), and α-linolenic acid (9.29 mg/g dry wt). In summary, M. crassifolia leaves can contribute significantly to the nutrition of populations inhabiting the Sahel.
Design for manufacturability and reliability for TSV-based 3D ICs

The 3D IC integration using through-silicon-vias (TSV) has gained tremendous momentum recently for industry adoption. However, as TSV involves disruptive manufacturing technologies, new modeling and design techniques need to be developed for 3D IC manufacturability and reliability. In particular, TSVs in 3D IC may cause significant thermal mechanical stress, which not only results in systematic mobility/performance variations, but also leads to mechanical reliability concerns such as interfacial cracking. Meanwhile, the huge dimensional gaps between TSV, on-chip wires, and bonding/packaging all lead to new electromigration concerns. Thus full-chip/package modeling and physical design tools need to be developed to achieve more reliable 3D IC integration. In this paper, we will discuss some key design for manufacturability and reliability challenges and possible solutions for TSV-based 3D IC integration, as well as future research directions.
Direct observation of subtropical mode water circulation in the western North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) is the dominant subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre and is hypothesized as an interannual reservoir of anomalous heat, nutrients and CO2. Although isolated beneath the stratified upper-ocean at the end of each winter, EDW may re-emerge in subsequent years to influence mixed layer properties and consequently air–sea interaction and primary productivity. Here we report on recent quasi-Lagrangian measurements of EDW circulation and stratification in the western subtropical gyre using an array of acoustically-tracked, isotherm-following, bobbing profiling floats programmed to track and intensively sample the vertically homogenized EDW layer and directly measure velocity on the 18.5 °C isothermal surface. The majority of the CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE) bobbers drifted within the subtropical gyre for 2.5–3.5 years, many exhibiting complex looping patterns indicative of an energetic eddy field. Bobber-derived Lagrangian integral time and length scales (3 days, 68 km) associated with motion on 18.5 °C were consistent with previous measurements in the Gulf Stream extension region and fall between previous estimates at the ocean surface and thermocline depth. Several bobbers provided evidence of long-lived submesoscale coherent vortices associated with substantial EDW thickness. While the relative importance of such vortices remains to be determined, our observations indicate that these features can have a profound effect on EDW distribution. EDW thickness (defined using a vertical temperature gradient criterion) exhibits seasonal changes in opposition to a layer bounded by the 17 °C and 19 °C isotherms. In particular, EDW thickness is generally greatest in winter (as a result of buoyancy-forced convection), while the 17°–19 °C layer is thickest in summer consistent with seasonal Ekman pumping. Contrary to previous hypotheses, the bobber data suggest that a substantial fraction of subducted EDW is isolated from the atmosphere for periods of less than 24 months. Seasonal-to-biennial re-emergence (principally within the recirculation region south of the Gulf Stream) appears to be a common scenario which should be considered when assessing the climatic and biogeochemical consequences of EDW.
Commanding the James Webb Space Telescope using event-driven operations software

This paper provides an overview of the event-driven architecture that will be used onboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to carry out the series of exposures, maneuvers, and engineering activities that were selected beforehand by the JWST planning and scheduling subsystem. Each week during one of the ground communication intervals one observation plan segment that contains an ordered list of tasks for JWST will be uploaded to the telescope. A set of JavaScripts running onboard JWST will be responsible for implementing the series of tasks listed in the weekly observation plan segments as sequences of flight software commands. The JavaScripts will execute the observation plan segments in an event-driven manner, in which the JavaScripts query JWST telemetry to determine when to execute the flight software commands needed to carry out the observation plan. The onboard JavaScripts consult command and telemetry dictionaries to construct command requests and CCSDS telemetry queries. This paper will demonstrate how creating flight software commands as they are needed onboard simplifies the ground to flight interface, and allows onboard events to be taken into consideration during operations.
A simplified technique for the culture of amniotic fluid cells.

Summary Based on studies of 40 consecutive amnioticfluid specimens, it was concluded that the most reliable and efficient technique for the culture of amniotic fluid cells is to utilize the amniotic fluid itself as the culture medium. Neither additives nor manipulation of the fluid are necessary; even gentle centrifugation and resuspension may destroy viable cells.
Antiferromagnetism in narrow band materials

Abstract The effects of electron correlations on the stability of the normal state relative to the antiferromagnetic state are investigated theoretically.
Pneumothorax Ex-vacuo or “trapped lung” in the setting of hepatic hydrothorax

Hepatic hydrothorax is a major pulmonary complication of liver disease occurring in up to 5-10% of patients with cirrhosis. We report four observations of the development of pneumothorax ex-vacuo or trapped lung in the setting of hepatic hydrothorax. The diagnosis of trapped lung was made based on the presence of a hydropneumothorax after evacuation of a longstanding hepatic hydrothorax with failure of the lung to re-expand after chest tube placement in three of the four cases. Two patients underwent surgical decortication with one subsequent death from post-operative bleeding. The other two patients remarkably had spontaneous improvement of their “trapped lung” without surgical intervention. While pneumothorax ex-vacuo is a known phenomenon in malignant effusions, to our knowledge, it has never been described in association with hepatic hydrothoraces. The pathophysiology of this phenomenon remains unclear but could be related to chronic inflammation with development of a fibrous layer along the visceral pleura.
Adiabatic formation of quasibound states of antihydrogen

The classical trajectory of an initially unbound positron within the electric field of an antiproton and a uniform magnetic field is simulated in three dimensions. Several simulations are run incorporating experimental parameters used for antihydrogen production, which has been achieved by two different groups [M. Amoretti et al., Nature (London) 419, 456 (2002); G. Gabrielse et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 213401 (2002)]. The simulations indicate that temporary bound states of antihydrogen can form at positive energies, where the energy of the system is defined to be zero when the positron and antiproton are at rest with infinite separation. Such quasibound states, which form only when the magnetic field is present, are typically smaller than $0.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ in a dimension perpendicular to the magnetic field. An analytical model is developed for a formation cross section, and it is found that quasibound states may form more frequently than stable Rydberg states.
An Ultrafiltration Cell

TORIBARA1,2 described a centrifugal ultrafiltration cell which had several advantages over previous methods. These advantages were principally the avoidance of metallic contamination and the ability to control the atmosphere surrounding the filtrand and the filtrate.
Planar chalcogenide glass waveguides for IR evanescent wave sensors

Multi-layered chalcogenide glass waveguide structures have been fabricated for evanescent wave sensing of bio-toxins and other sensor applications. Thin films of Ge containing chalcogenides have been deposited onto Si substrates, with a-GeSe2 as the lower cladding layer and a-GeSbSe as the core layer, to form the slab waveguide. The absence of a defined upper cladding layer enhances the leakage necessary to sense the target molecules. Modal refractive index is estimated from the m-lines. It is shown that photo-induced structural changes by 808 nm laser light in the core layer selectively enhance refractive index in the exposed regions, and thus provide a convenient method to form channel waveguides. A thin layer of Au has been deposited on top of the core layer for the attachment of linker molecules for biosensor application; ATR confirms this.
An interpretation of the Geneva proceedings—part I

Abstract This interpretation of the second substantive session of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea is based on observations of the Plenary, General Committee, Committees I, II, and III, and their Working Groups from 7 April to 9 May 1975 in Geneva. The observations are supplemented with information derived in multiple interviews with sixty‐seven delegates from twenty‐nine delegations. Part I of the paper describes general characteristics of the Geneva negotiations and compares them with the first round of substantive negotiations held in Caracas in 1974. There was much less rhetoric used in Geneva as compared to Caracas, especially in Committee I. Also in Committee I, the Algerian delegation succeeded within the Group of 77 in their initiative to link the seabed issue with the problem of control over global commodities in the context of claims to establish a New Economic Order. The negotiations in Committee II were seriously affected by the absence of effective leadership and the ...
Differences in cathepsin B mRNA levels in rat tissues ssuggest specialized functions

Abstract The tissue distribution of mRNAs encoding two lysosomal proteases, cathepsin B and cathepsin D, was examined using cloned cDNAs to probe Northern and dot blots of RNAs extracted from various rat tissues. Cathepsin B mRNA showed a wide range of variation in expression in the tissues analyzed with the highest concentrations found in spleen and kidney, while the cathepsin D mRNA levels were relatively uniform in these same tissues. Significant quantities of cathepsin B mRNA were detected in total RNA from isolated islets of Langerhans but was not detectable in equivalent amounts of RNA from whole pancreas. The wide variations in tissue levels of cathepsin B mRNA suggest that tissue specific controls may regulate its expression and are compatible with the participation of this protease in specialized cellular functions other than intralysosomal protein degradation. Thiol proteasePrecursor processingLysosomeGene expressionProtein degradation
The MHC class I homolog encoded by human cytomegalovirus binds endogenous peptides.

The ability of a human cytomegalovirus-encoded homolog of MHC class I molecules to serve as a peptide receptor was investigated. Sequencing of peptide material eluted from the purified viral protein revealed a mixture of endogenous peptides with characteristics similar to those eluted from conventional class 1 molecules, that is, anchor residues, and a predominance of short peptides derived from cytoplasmic proteins. The possible function(s) of this viral MHC homolog are discussed in light of the finding that it binds endogenous peptides.
Teaching Human Geography Through Places in the Media: An Exploration of Critical Geographic Pedagogy Online

Designed as a hybrid undergraduate class that includes online exercises and in-class discussion, Places in the Media helps students better understand the spatial politics of media that help structure our everyday lives. The article is meant as a do-it-yourself guide for instructors interested in building a course like Places in the Media. As such, it includes detailed description of the course design and how the hybrid learning environment was structured. Also included is a series of reflections on the collective experience teaching the class since it became a part of the regular course offerings in 2011.
Surgical management of the lens and retrolenticular fibrotic membranes associated with persistent fetal vasculature.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate a surgical technique that allows safe, effective, near-total removal of retrolenticular fibrotic membranes in eyes with persistent fetal vasculature syndrome (PFVS). Setting: Pediatric ophthalmologist’s academic practice. Methods: This retrospective review comprised 5 children (6 eyes) who had excision of a retrolenticular fibrovascular membrane during cataract surgery over a 6-month period. Long, spoke-like radial incisions of the membrane were made to the ciliary processes, resulting in wedge-shaped segmentation of the membrane. A vitrector was used to excise each wedge and perform an anterior vitrectomy. Results: The mean age at time of surgery was 8 months (range 1 to 24 months) and the mean follow-up, 9 months (range 2 to 13 months). The membrane was successfully removed in all eyes. One eye of a patient who did not comply with the postoperative medical regimen or follow-up developed pupillary block glaucoma requiring pupilloplasty and trabeculectomy. Conclusion: This anterior surgical technique to remove tenacious retrolenticular membranes associated with PFVS was effective, allowing near-total removal of the offending fibrovascular membrane.
A non-perturbative approach to hyperfine splitting

Abstract A hyperfine energy splitting for atomic hydrogen is calculated in a non-perturbative manner for a finite width contact interaction. A close agreement between this result and first order perturbation theory is obtained.
Subgroup analysis of the lipid infusion and patient outcomes in sepsis trial (LIPOS) reveals benefit in a subgroup not treated with stress replacement doses of corticosteroids

Lipidose (formerly GR270773) is a protein-free phospholipid emulsion intended for the treatment of hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed Gram-negative severe sepsis. Lipidose contains phosphatidylcholine, triglyceride and sodium cholate formulated to optimize delivery of the phospholipid component to the surface of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and other lipoproteins, thereby enhancing the capacity of the patient's circulating lipoprotein pool to bind and neutralize microbial toxins. When Lipidose is infused into blood, the cholic acid is adsorbed onto serum albumin and the phospholipid selectively associates with lipoproteins. Bound and neutralized toxins are removed from the circulation by the liver and excreted along with the cholic acid into the bile. The LIPOS trial enrolled 1,400+ patients at 235 study centers in 31 countries to access Lipidose treatment at two dose levels. The LIPOS headline data presented only a small mortality benefit for the lower dose and no benefit from the higher dose [1]. A subgroup analysis was carried out to test the hypothesis of benefit in the subgroup with adequate liver function, using serum albumin levels as a measure of liver function, and adequate pre-existing HDL or total lipoprotein to accept phospholipid as predicted by the mechanism of action.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the severely burned patient — a case report

The purpose of this paper is to describe the management of a previously undiagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetic patient with a severe burn injury. The hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance following burn injury was complicated by the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus. Intravenous insulin infusion monitored by hourly glucose levels was required to manage this hyperglycaemia. During day 11 postburn injury, this patient required 2104 units of insulin to control his hyperglycaemia. Aggressive detection and management of infections complemented by early debridement and coverage of the burn wound were other important considerations in the management of this patient. The diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was made after the patient recovered from his burn injury. His rehabilitation programme has included primary prevention strategies for NIDDM that focus on health-improving behaviours such as improved diet, exercise, and weight control.
Phase I/II study of intraventricular and intrathecal ACNU for leptomeningeal neoplasia

A total of 27 patients with leptomeningeal neoplasia were treated with the water-soluble nitrosourea ACNU given intraventricularly or intrathecally in a phase I/II study. Patients were entered in the study if they showed evidence of either a positive CSF cytology or neurodiagnostic evidence of leptomeningeal disease, or both. Patients were evaluated for toxicity and efficacy; additionally, in 13 patients ACNU pharmacokinetic studies were carried out. A variety of tumor types were represented in the study group, including primary and metastatic CNS tumors. Toxicity was mild and included pain at the injection site (four patients), transient radicular symptoms at a short distance from the injection site (three patients), and nausea and vomiting (one patient). No myelotoxicity was seen. Of 21 patients who presented with positive cytology, 8 (38%) had a conversion from positive to negative cytology, with a range of response durations from 1 to 20+ months. Of the remaining six patients with negative cytology but other neurodiagnostic evidence of leptomeningeal disease, one patient showed an improvement seen on the myelogram and one underwent a brief reduction in CSF protein. ACNU elimination from the ventricular system is rapid, with a beta slope of 0.028 min-1 and a computed elimination constant, Ko, of 13 min. The mean clearance was 3.8 ml/min (range, 1.0–6.2 ml/min). Peak ACNU levels varied between 108 and 620 μg/ml, with the AUC being 1.4–14.7 mg·min/ml. The total dose of ACNU given was between 9 and 104 mg, and the single dose range was 4–16.5 mg. We conclude that ACNU can be given safely with minimal toxicity as intra-CSF therapy, that it demonstrates efficacy in some patients with leptomeningeal disease, and that further studies are warranted to evaluate more fully alternative dosing and drug delivery approaches.
Integrated Quantitative Analysis of Nitrogen Stress Response in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Using Metabolite and Protein Profiling

Nitrogen starvation induces a global stress response in microalgae that results in the accumulation of lipids as a potential source of biofuel. Using GC-MS-based metabolite and iTRAQ-labeled protein profiling, we examined and correlated the metabolic and proteomic response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under nitrogen stress. Key amino acids and metabolites involved in nitrogen sparing pathways, methyl group transfer reactions, and energy production were decreased in abundance, whereas certain fatty acids, citric acid, methionine, citramalic acid, triethanolamine, nicotianamine, trehalose, and sorbitol were increased in abundance. Proteins involved in nitrogen assimilation, amino acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, TCA cycle, starch, and lipid metabolism were elevated compared with nonstressed cultures. In contrast, the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, one carbon metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, the Calvin cycle, photosynthetic and light harvesting complex, and ribosomes were reduced. A noteworthy observation was that citrate accumulated during nitrogen stress coordinate with alterations in the enzymes that produce or utilize this metabolite, demonstrating the value of comparing protein and metabolite profiles to understand complex patterns of metabolic flow. Thus, the current study provides unique insight into the global metabolic adjustments leading to lipid storage during N starvation for application toward advanced biofuel production technologies.
Flexible Analysis Software for Emerging Architectures

We are on the threshold of a transformative change in the basic architecture of high-performance computing. The use of accelerator processors, characterized by large core counts, shared but asymmetrical memory, and heavy thread loading, is quickly becoming the norm in high performance computing. These accelerators represent significant challenges in updating our existing base of software. An intrinsic problem with this transition is a fundamental programming shift from message passing processes to much more fine thread scheduling with memory sharing. Another problem is the lack of stability in accelerator implementation; processor and compiler technology is currently changing rapidly. In this paper we describe our approach to address these two immediate problems with respect to scientific analysis and visualization algorithms. Our approach to accelerator programming forms the basis of the Dax toolkit, a framework to build data analysis and visualization algorithms applicable to exascale computing.