cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using a Peer Tutor to Improve Writing in a Psychology Class: One Instructor's Experience:

In order to improve student's writing ability and mastery of subject matter, a peer tutoring program was developed. This article describes how the program was implemented in an introductory psychology class and presents data suggesting that both the students and instructor felt the program was worthwhile. Suggestions for improving the program are presented.
Hard exclusive hadron nucleon scattering and color transparency

Abstract We present preliminary results on the measurement of a variety of exclusive hadron interactions at center of mass scattering angles of 90°. Data are also presented which show the relative transparency of nuclei to πp and pp elastic scattering in this kinematic range.
Micturitional static urethral pressure profilometry in women

Micturitional static urethral pressure profilometry is an accurate method to identify the location and degree of bladder outlet and urethral obstruction in men. Described herein are the results of micturitional static urethral pressure profilometry in 17 women: 13 were nonobstructed, 3 were obstructed, and 1 voided by abdominal straining. The location of the static pressure drop was in the terminal urethral segment in all patients and was clearly distal to the location of the maximum urethral pressure determined on urethral closure pressure profilometry. It is concluded that the terminal urethral segment controls urinary flow, determines the voiding pressure, and that micturitional static urethral pressure profilometry can accurately identify the location of physiologic obstructions in the female urethra.
Anthropometry in Adolescence -Secular Trends, Adoption, Ethnic and Environmental Differences

A secular trend towards higher final height and earlier pubertal maturation is seen in countries with favourable socio-economic development and higher social classes in countries are also associated with taller height and earlier maturation. Environmental factors, such as nutrition and infections, appear to be the main causes for differences in growth and maturation between ethnic and social groups. Differences in final height are mainly due to prepubertal growth. Studies on immigrant children and children adopted into privileged conditions from developing countries confirm the influence of early growth on subsequent growth. Catch-up growth in adopted children could only partially compensate for early stunting, and in several cases was cut short by early pubertal development. A minority developed very early puberty and eventually very short final height. The optimal rate of catch-up growth, the trigger mechanism for early puberty, and the effect of various types of nutritional intervention need to be studied. The studies reported here indicate the critical importance of optimal intra-uterine, infant and childhood growth as a basis for satisfactory growth during adolescence.
Influence of buffer system and pH on the amount of oxygen exchanged between solvent H2O and the CO2 produced in the aerobic oxidation of Cypridina luciferin catalyzed by Cypridina luciferase

Abstract Incorporation of 18 O into CO 2 was measured under various buffer conditions when the bioluminescent oxidation of Cypridina luciferin, catalyzed by luciferase, was carried out either in H 2 16 O medium with 18 O 2 gas, or in H 2 18 O medium with 16 O 2 gas. The results indicate that (1) the exchange of oxygen between CO 2 and solvent H 2 O is significantly influenced by the kind of buffer as well as by pH, (2) the exchange of oxygen between solvent H 2 O and CO 2 produced from luciferin in a neutral buffer can be reasonably well estimated from the exchange that takes place when the same amount of CO 2 gas is introduced into the same buffer by the presently employed method, and (3) in the Cypridina bioluminescent reaction, one of two oxygens of O 2 is quantitatively incorporated into the product CO 2 prior to the exchange of oxygen between CO 2 and solvent H 2 O.
New Cephalosporin Antibiotic— Cephaloridine: Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation

CEPHALORIDINE, one of the new semisynthetic derivatives of cephalosporin C, is active against a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms. 1-7 Although cephaloridine is chemically related to sodium cephalothin (Keflin), the cephalosporin antibiotic currently in use in the United States, the modification in structure appears to offer some advantages. Results of preliminary studies indicated that cephaloridine possessed greater in vitro activity against some gram-positive strains than sodium cephalothin, consistently demonstrated higher and more sustained antibacterial levels in the blood, and was better tolerated following intramuscular administration 8-11 (and according to written communication from R. S. Griffith, July 1965). This report deals with use of cephaloridine in 86 hospitalized patients treated for a variety of severe infections, and describes its in vitro effects against common bacterial pathogens. Materials and Methods Laboratory Studies. —Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of cephaloridine and sodium cephalothin were determined with 50 strains each
Psychological Sense of Community Among Treatment Analogue Group Members1

The present study investigated the construct of psychological sense of community among individuals in a treatment analogue context. Specifically, sense of community among group members was examined as a function of three variables which have received extensive attention in the experimental social psychology literature and are central characteristics of many treatment settings: (a) perceived similarity with others in a group, (b) perceived freedom of choice in selecting a group, and (c) salience of membership in a category or group. As hypothesized, a main effect was found for valence of perceived similarity, with greater sense of community among those with a positive as contrasted to a negative shared characteristic. The hypothesized main effect for perceived freedom of choice received partial support, with greater sense of community among individuals high in perceived choice. The hypothesized salience by perceived similarity interaction also received partial support. In the high choice condition, high salience decreased sense of community among respondents sharing a negative attribute.
Elastoplastic torsion by quadratic programming

Abstract A finite element scheme (together with a conjugate gradient algorithm) is demonstrated to be a very effective method for analyzing general elastoplastic torsion of prismatic bars posed as quadratic programming problems. Solutions for bars with elliptical and Sokolovsky's oval cross-sections are presented. The solutions for the elliptical bars agree with the existing elastic and limit plastic solutions at the two extremes of the elastic-plastic range. The algorithm also reproduces accurately the Sokolovsky solution and extends it beyond its limitations.
McDonald Observatory data on the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts on Jupiter and the resulting haze particles

Abstract Simultaneous light curves of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragment R and V impacts were measured with the McDonald Observatory 2.7 m and 0.8 m telescopes, at wavelengths of 2.12 μm and 0.893 μm, respectively. The R impact was clearly detected at 2.12 μm, but not at 0.893 μm, leading to an upper limit on the “main event” temperature of 1300 K. The V impact was not detected. A possible detection of the U impact at 2.12 μm was recorded. CCD spectrophotometry of Jupiter was obtained with the McDonald 2.1 m telescope during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact period (17 July–23 July 1994 UT; Barker et al. (1994) Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 26, 1569). Spectra of Jupiter from 0.55 to 1.08 μm (10 A resolution) were obtained using a long-slit CCD spectrograph (ES2), with a seeing-limited spatial resolution of about 1–2″. Impact regions were darker than neighboring non-impact regions by some 5–10% at all wavelengths except in the strong methane absorption bands (0.727, 0.864, and 0.890 μm) where the impact sites are brighter. Aerosol models of this spectral change are examined. The grey absorption observed is not typical of a population of particles much smaller than the wavelength. Neither is the similar haze brightening seen in two methane bands of similar strength at 0.727 and 0.864 μm. Our radiative transfer models of the H and E impact aites favor broad particle size distributions, with a mean particle radius 〈r〉 = 0.25 μm and a log-normal size distribution of width b ≈ 0.6. A constant imaginary refractive index of 0.006 in this wavelength range provides an adequate spectral fit to the H data, while an index of 0.012 better fits the E data. Additional ES2 Jupiter spectra from June 1995 with both “blue” (0.31–0.58 μm) and “red” (0.55–1.08 μm) gratings were obtained. Blue spectra and images still show some evidence for residual impact haze opacity near the impact latitudes; red spectra and images do not. Apparently sedimentation of the larger particles in a broad initial size distribution has removed the red opacity.
Observations on the tog human chorionic gonadotropin-time relationship in early pregnancy and its practical implications

In this study, we examined whether the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin is different at different stages of early pregnancy and whether the use of multiple nomograms for doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin rather than a single critical value can improve the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Forty-four women with intrauterine pregnancies who had abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding but who did not abort their pregnancies and 44 women with surgically proved ectopic pregnancies were studied. No difference was found in the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin when women were classified according to recently published criteria (Pittaway DE, Reish RL, Wentz AC. Doubling times of human chorionic gonadotropin increase in early viable intrauterine pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:299-302), and estimates of the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin were not influenced by the initial human chorionic gonadotropin values or the sampling interval used. In the human chorionic gonadotropin range of practical interest, multiple nomograms identified 26 of 33 (79%) women with ectopic pregnancy who had rising levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, whereas our previously reported criteria identified 28 of 37 (76%) cases. The false positive rate for each method was 9.7%. Seventeen (19%) of 88 patients could not be allotted to the human chorionic gonadotropin categories for which nomograms of the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin have been derived. We conclude that our previous recommendations for determining the rate of increase of human chorionic gonadotropin in serum from paired samples do not require revision at this time.
Stability and delivery of vancomycin hydrochloride when admixed in a total parenteral nutrition solution.

Vancomycin hydrochloride, 400 mg/liter was mixed in six standard pediatric parenteral nutrition solutions with and without heparin added. The solutions were stored over a period of 8 days (192 hr) under refrigeration and at room temperature. Aliquots from all six solutions were assayed in duplicate for vancomycin at time 0, 24, 96, and 192 hr. All samples were run through an Ivex 0.22-micron filter, observed for physical incompatibilities, and frozen at —70°C until assay.Our results indicate that vancomycin was stable and was delivered with loss in concentration of less than 5% with and without storage under refrigeration.This study suggests an alternative method for delivering vancomycin when treating a catheter-related infection. If vancomycin is delivered in this fashion, less manipulations of the line would be required. In addition, there may be a theoretical advantage of constantly bathing the catheter with vancomycin when the catheter is suspected of harboring the infecting organism. (Journal of Par...
Review: in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disease-modifying agents reduce annual relapse rates.

Source Citation CADTH Therapeutic Reviews. Management of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis [Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health;Oct 2013. 24279002
Hall angle evidence for the superclean regime in 60 K YBa2Cu3O6+y.

A type-II superconductor is in the "superclean" regime when the spacing $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ between energy levels in the vortex core greatly exceeds the width of the levels $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}$. A key signature of this regime is a flux-flow Hall angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{H}$ that approaches $\frac{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}$. We report the first observation of this trend in a high-temperature superconductor. In "60 K" $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+y}$ crystals, $|tan{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{H}|$ is observed to increase dramatically when the temperature decreases below \ensuremath{\sim}40 K, attaining the magnitude 0.85 at 15 K. By extrapolation, we estimate that ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{\tau}$ increases to 2-3 at 3 K. Below 40 K, the Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ is negative and decreases as $\frac{1}{H}$ at high fields.
SOL-1 is a CUB-domain protein required for GLR-1 glutamate receptor function in C. elegans

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate most excitatory synaptic signalling between neurons. Binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate causes a conformational change in these receptors that gates open a transmembrane pore through which ions can pass. The gating of iGluRs is crucially dependent on a conserved amino acid that was first identified in the ‘lurcher’ ataxic mouse1. Through a screen for modifiers of iGluR function in a transgenic strain of Caenorhabditis elegans expressing a GLR-1 subunit containing the lurcher mutation, we identify suppressor of lurcher (sol-1). This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is predicted to contain four extracellular β-barrel-forming domains known as CUB domains2,3. SOL-1 and GLR-1 are colocalized at the cell surface and can be co-immunoprecipitated. By recording from neurons expressing GLR-1, we show that SOL-1 is an accessory protein that is selectively required for glutamate-gated currents. We propose that SOL-1 participates in the gating of non-NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) iGluRs, thereby providing a previously unknown mechanism of regulation for this important class of neurotransmitter receptor.
Recursive Estimation for Reduced-Order State-Space Models Using Polynomial Chaos Theory Applied to Vehicle Mass Estimation

The main contribution of this paper is to present a recursive estimation/detection technique for reduced-order state-space systems. The recursive state and parameter estimator is built on the framework of polynomial chaos theory and maximum likelihood estimation. The estimator quantifies the reliability of its estimate in real-time by recursively calculating a signal-to-noise ratio. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) indicates how well the output of the reduced-order estimation model matches the actual system output. A detection algorithm makes decisions to trust or distrust the current estimate by comparing the current value of the SNR ratio against a threshold value. This paper applies the proposed techniques to estimate the sprung mass of an actual vehicle. It uses a reduced-order model to approximate the complex ride dynamics of the vehicle. Despite the modeling approximations and simplifications, the proposed technique is able to reliably estimate the sprung mass of the vehicle to within 10% of the true value.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate–mediated protection against bile acid–induced apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been shown to modulate apoptosis. To evaluate the role of cAMP in bile acid–induced hepatocyte apoptosis, we studied the effect of agents that increase cAMP on the induction of apoptosis by glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) in cultured rat hepatocytes. GCDC induced apoptosis in 26.5% ± 1.1% of hepatocytes within 2 hours. Twenty-minute pretreatment of hepatocytes with 100 μmol/L 8-(4-chlorothiophenyl) cAMP (CP-cAMP) resulted in a reduction in the amount of apoptosis to 35.2% ± 3.8% of that seen in hepatocytes treated with GCDC alone. Other agents that increase intracellular cAMP, including dibutyryl cAMP (100 μmol/L), glucagon (200 nmol/L), and a combination of forskolin (20 μmol/L) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (20 μmol/L), also inhibited GCDC-induced apoptosis to a similar extent. Pretreatment with the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, KT5720, prevented the protective effect of CP-cAMP and inhibited CP-cAMP–induced activation of PKA activity. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), wortmannin (50 nmol/L), or Ly 294002 (20 μmol/L) also prevented the cytoprotective effect of cAMP. PI3K assays confirmed that wortmannin (50 nmol/L) inhibited PI3K activity, while CP-cAMP had no effect on the activity of this lipid kinase. GCDC increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, but had no effect on stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) activity in hepatocytes. cAMP decreased basal and GCDC-induced MAPK activity and increased SAPK activity. The MAPK kinase inhibitor, PD 98059, inhibited both GCDC-mediated MAPK activation and GCDC-induced apoptosis. In conclusion: 1) agents that increase intracellular cAMP protect against hepatocyte apoptosis induced by hydrophobic bile acids; 2) activation of MAPK by GCDC may be involved in bile acid–induced apoptosis; and 3) cAMP-mediated cytoprotection against bile acid–induced apoptosis appears to involve PKA, MAPK, and PI3K.
Deformation Mechanisms of Nanostructured Al Alloys

Cryomilling has emerged in recent years as an effective approach to process large amounts of nanostructured Al alloys. In the present review, progress in our understanding of the microstructural characteristics and deformation behavior of nanostructured Al alloys processed via consolidation of cryomilled nanostructured powders is reviewed in an effort to elucidate salient findings and point out additional studies needed. A survey of published papers show that the microstructure of consolidated cryomilled Al alloys is comprised of equiaxed grains in the range of ∼ 50 nm to 200 nm, depending primarily on process parameters. Moreover, in many cases the microstructure consists of a supersaturated solid solution, despite the presence of significant amounts of alloying elements. As far as mechanical properties, the tensile behavior of these nanostructured Al systems is characterized by high strength and low strain hardening. The high strength was primarily attributed to three types of strengthening: grain size effect, solid solution hardening and Orowan strengthening. The low strain hardening or work softening behavior was accompanied with the occurrence of Luders banding. Recent work suggests that there are two approaches that may be effectively used to address the lack of dislocation activity that typically accompany the presence of nanocrystalline grains < 10–50 nm. The first approach involves selective blending of powders to achieve a microstructure that contains multiple length scales (i.e., nanostructured, 50–200 nm, and submicron, 200–750 nm). The second approach involves thermal annealing in an effort to introduce small amounts of submicron grains for improvement of ductility. Recent related work is discussed herein.
On opposite orthogonal Steiner triple systems of non-prime-power order

Consider Steiner triple systems (STS) developed from a Steiner difference family in an additive abelian group. The opposite of such an STS is formed by taking the negative of each triple (elementwise). Two STS(n) are said to be orthogonal if their sets of triples are disjoint, and two disjoint pairs defining intersecting triples in one system fail to do so in the other. It is well-known that orthogonal STS naturally give rise to a Room square; when it is skew, the pair of STS is called skew-orthogonal. A known field construction shows that all prime power orders n≡1(mod6) admit STS orthogonal (in fact, skew-orthogonal) to their opposites. It is noted in this paper that an infinite family of non-prime-power orders do not admit STS skew-orthogonal to their opposites. However, computational methods easily find STS orthogonal to their opposites in cyclic groups of all 1(mod6) orders n < 1000,n ≠ 25. In particular, this settles the results of a search for order 55 mentioned in an earlier paper of Schreiber.
Vibration induced mixed convection in an open-ended obstructed cavity

Vibrational mixed convection inside an open-ended cavity filled with a porous medium is investigated in this work. Vertical vibration on the left wall and buoyancy induced flow are considered. The effect of variations in governing parameters, such as vibrational Reynolds number, modified Rayleigh number, and the Darcy number on streamlines, isotherms, and the average Nusselt number is discussed. Quantitative assessment and three dimensional qualitative mapping for vibrational, buoyancy, Darcian, and non-Darcian effects is obtained. It is found that vibrational effects are more pronounced at higher values of Darcy and Reynolds numbers, while buoyancy effects are dominant at lower values of Darcy and higher values of modified Rayleigh numbers. It is also found that Darcy and Regular fluid models are applicable at low and high values of Darcy number, respectively. At higher values of vibrational Reynolds and modified Rayleigh numbers, the generalized model should be used. The effect of variations of Prandtl number and dimensionless frequency are also examined in this work. Multiple validations show a very good agreement with some of the limited aspects of this study presented in previous works.
Waveform tomography of crustal structure in the south San Francisco Bay region

[1] We utilize a scattering-based seismic tomography technique to constrain crustal structure around the southern San Francisco Bay region (SFBR). This technique is based on coupled traveling wave scattering theory, which has usually been applied to the interpretation of surface waves in large regional-scale studies. Using fully three-dimensional kernels, this technique is here applied to observed P, S, and surface waves of intermediate period (3–4 s dominant period) observed following eight selected regional events. We use a total of 73 seismograms recorded by a U.S. Geological Survey short-period seismic array in the western Santa Clara Valley, the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network, and the Northern California Seismic Network. Modifications of observed waveforms due to scattering from crustal structure include (positive or negative) amplification, delay, and generation of coda waves. The derived crustal structure explains many of the observed signals which cannot be explained with a simple layered structure. There is sufficient sensitivity to both deep and shallow crustal structure that even with the few sources employed in the present study, we obtain shallow velocity structure which is reasonably consistent with previous P wave tomography results. We find a depth-dependent lateral velocity contrast across the San Andreas fault (SAF), with higher velocities southwest of the SAF in the shallow crust and higher velocities northeast of the SAF in the midcrust. The method does not have the resolution to identify very slow sediment velocities in the upper approximately 3 km since the tomographic models are smooth at a vertical scale of about 5 km.
Relational Factors Associated With Depressive Symptoms Among Stroke Survivor-Spouse Dyads

Depression following stroke is a major problem for survivors and spouses, but few studies have focused on the experiences of couples. This study investigates associations between perceived relationship quality, communication and coping patterns, interpersonal misunderstandings and expectations, and survivors’ and spouses’ depressive symptoms after controlling for sociodemographic and proximal factors. It also compares the relative strength of these associations between partners to identify shared versus unique correlates of depressive symptoms. This study adds to a thus far underdeveloped literature about the range of factors that affect partners’ psychosocial adjustment to stroke. Implications for practice, research, and theory are discussed.
A fostering study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure: I. Maternal behaviors

Abstract The effect of rearing condition and prenatal exposure to cocaine on maternal behaviors was examined. Sprague-Dawley dams were given SC injections of 40 mg/kg/3cc cocaine HCl (C40) or saline (LC) daily from gestational days 8–20. Maternal behavior was assessed in treated dams rearing their biological pups (LC/LC; C40/C40), treated dams rearing untreated pups (LC/FOS; C40/FOS), and foster dams rearing treated pups (FOS/LC; FOS/C40). All dams were monitored for home cage behavior (time eating, drinking,and with pups) for 2 h during both the light and dark cycle on postnatal day 4 (P4), pup retrieval on P5–P9, and maternal aggression to a female intruder (latency to the first attack, number of attacks, boxing, pins, intruder time spent submissive and motionless) on P10. No differences were observed in nest behavior or in tests of pup retrieval among the six groups. Dams rearing their biological litter (LC/LC and C40/C40) were significantly quicker to initiate the first attack when compared to all other groups. This increased aggression was maintained throughout the test session in the C40/C40 dams who made significantly more intruder attacks than all other groups, with the intruder spending significantly more time in a submissive posture (lying on back). In contrast, LC/LC dams did not exhibit an increased number of attacks during the test, apparently responding to an increased freezing in their intruders with a reduction in aggressive behavior. Taken together these findings suggest that prior cocaine exposure results in alterations in maternal aggression that is evident when these dams rear their own pups.
An X-Ray-Diffraction Study of Epitaxial Tin/NbN Superlattices

Abstract X-ray diffraction measurements and simulations were carried out to characterize the composition modulation and structure of TiN/NbN superlattices. A trapezoidal/sawtooth form of the composition wave was assumed. Random d -spacing fluctuations with Gaussian width approximately 0.002 nm and layer thickness variations of 0.1–0.5 nm were incorporated to match the observed broadening of the peaks. Best fits to the experimental data showed that considerable interdiffusion was present, with up to 15 at.% metal substitution within the layers and interface widths of 0.4–2.0 nm. The interface width values agreed well with those used in hardness enhancement calculations for epitaxial TiN/NbN superlattices.
Life and Death in the Fast Lane: Demographic Consequences of Road Mortality in the Florida Scrub‐Jay

We examined the demographic consequences of road mortality in the cooperatively breeding Flor- ida Scrub-Jay ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ), a threatened species restricted to the oak scrub of peninsular Flor- ida. Between May 1986 and July 1995 we monitored the survival and reproductive success of a color-banded population of jays along a two-lane highway at Archbold Biological Station. Annual mortality of breeding adults was 0.38 on road territories, significantly higher than the rate of 0.23 for breeders on nonroad territo- ries. High mortality on road territories appeared to be a direct result of automobile traffic per se and not a consequence of road-induced changes in habitat characteristics. Mortality was especially high for immigrants without previous experience living along the road: in their first two years as breeders on road territories, na- ive immigrants experienced annual mortality of 0.50 and 0.45. From year 3 onward, however, annual mor- tality dropped to 0.29, not significantly different from the rate for birds on nonroad territories. This experi- ence-dependent decline in road mortality could be caused either by surviving jays learning to avoid automobiles or by selective mortality operating through time (demographic heterogeneity). Proximity to the road had no effect on nesting success beyond its indirect effects on breeder experience and group size. Because the mortality of 30- to 90-day-old fledglings was significantly higher on road territories than on nonroad ter- ritories, however, breeder mortality greatly exceeded production of yearlings on road territories. Roadside ter- ritories therefore are sinks that can maintain populations of Florida Scrub-Jays only via immigration. Be- cause Florida Scrub-Jays do not avoid roadside habitats and may even be attracted to them, road mortality presents a difficult challenge for the management and conservation of this threatened and declining species. Vida y Muerte en la Carretera: Consecuencias Demograficas de Mortalidad Asociada a la Carretera en la Urraca Azuleja de florida
Spectroscopy of Baryon Resonances at Elsa

Current and upcoming experiments at the ELectron Stretcher Accelerator (ELSA) facility will determine polarization (or spin) observables for photoproduction processes involving baryon resonances. Differences between the predictions for these observables can be large, and so conversely they provide strong constraints in the analyses that aim at studying the properties of known resonances and at searching for hitherto unobserved states. The current effort with the Crystal Barrel/TAPS detector at ELSA is to utilize highly-polarized frozen-spin (butanol) and deuterium targets in combination with polarized photon beams. I will discuss recent spectroscopy results and present a brief status of the polarization program.
A molecular "zipper" for microtubules.

The dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton are controlled by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In this issue, Sandblad et al. (2006) show that Mal3p, the yeast EB1 homolog, belongs to a new class of MAPs that "zipper" up the seam of the microtubule lattice.
Two Worlds: The Indian Encounter with the European, 1492‐1509

Two Worlds: The Indian Encounter with the European, 1492-1509. S.LYMAN TYLER. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 1988. 272 pp. $25.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-87480-297-0
Two Higgs doublets and heavy-quarkonium decays

Some effects of the charged and neutral Higgs scalars in two-doublet theories on the decays of heavy quarkonia are discussed. Large changes in the rate for /sup 3/S/sub 1/(tt-bar)..-->..bb-bar via charged-Higgs-boson exchange are possible as are decays of /sup 1/S/sub 0/(QQ) states into pairs of scalar/pseudoscalar Higgs particles. We also discuss the decay /sup 3/S/sub 1/(QQ)..-->..H/sup +/H/sup -/ for a hypothetical fourth-generation quarkonium and find that it can dominate the decay rate.
On the folding phenomenon of comet tail rays

It is shown that the folding phenomenon of the comet tail rays is compatible with the Ferraro isorotation law if the comet tail magnetic field has no azimuthal component, that is, B sub phi (the polar angle) equals zero. Considering electric drift due to convectional electric fields, a formula is obtained for the angular rate of a ray closure which reduces to that of Ness and Donn (1966) if the velocity profile across the tail is linear. The magnetic field B of approximately 20-40 gammas in the coma and less than about 10 gammas in the distant tail is estimated under typical solar wind conditions at 1 AU.
The structure of water at platinum/water interfaces Molecular dynamics computer simulations

Abstract Three pairs of simulations are considered in this work: two simulations of the water lamina between Pt surfaces at zero external electric field, two simulations with the external field turned on and having a value of 10 10 V/m and finally two simulations with the field having the value of 2 × 10 10 V/m. In every pair of simulations we considered the cases of water lamina embedded between two Pt(100) surfaces and between two Pt(111) surfaces. Our simulations demonstrate that water next to a Pt surface is profoundly influenced by this surface. When the surface is uncharged, we observed that the water structure is distorted from its bulk structure to distances of ∼ 1nm from the surface. The simulations show that the water layer adsorbed on a surface is in a solid-like state. The second and the third layer of water are liquid, but the orientational distribution in these layers show preference towards the orientations that are characteristic for hexagonal ice. When we turn on a homogeneous electric field of value 10 10 V/m water molecules reorient, aligning their dipoles along the field. When the field is doubled compared to the previous value, a dramatic change is seen in the density profile, indicating that water in the lamina has undergone crystallization.
Resolution Loss In Microchannel Plate Image-Intensifier Tubes At High Gains

A loss of resolution was experimentally observed when using a 40-mm microchannel plate image-intensifier tube at high gains. A controlled set of experiments was performed to study this effect. A resolution chart, under constant illumination, was viewed while a lens-image intensifier combination was varied so as to maintain constant light output from the system. Significant resolution degradation can occur at the higher gains. Experiments were performed to determine whether this phenomenon was due to photon statistics at the photocathode or to an increase in noise at the higher microchannel plate (MCP) voltages. The experiments showed that the controlling factor was the voltage across the MCP and not the photon statistics. A theoretical calculation is presented that confirms and augments the experimental results.
Observations on the spectral dependence andT/D isotope selectivity in the CO2 laser multiple-photon dissociation of trifluoromethane

Pulsed CO2 laser multiple-photon dissociation of CTF3 (v2 mode) bathed in argon and CDF3, CHF3 or CCl4 is examined as a function of laser wavelength (9.2–9.6 μm) and fluence. The dependence of the dissociation profile on wavelength is analyzed and comparisons are made to prior work. The single-stepT/D enrichment factor for infrared photolysis of trifluoromethane is measured; potential practical isotope separation is discussed. Pulsed infrared laser photolysis of CTF3 (v5 mode) using a 12 μm NH3 laser is also attempted.
Neutron reflectivity studies of the surface-induced ordering of diblock copolymer films

Neutron reflectivity from annealed thin films of the poly(styrene-b-deuterated methylmethacrylate), P(S-b-D-MMA), reveals the formation of a multilayered morphology parallel to the film surface. This multilayer forms so that PS locates, preferentially, at the air/copolymer and D-PMMA at the substrate/copolymer interfaces with layer thicknesses at these interfaces one-half that found in the bulk. P(D-S-b-MMA) of lower molecular weight shows the first evidence of surface-induced ordering of copolymers in the phase mixed state characterized by an exponentially damped cosine function.
Total and coliform microbial count in an Andean river and its relationship to population density

The Andean river Rimac with its short course of about 130 km only in which the river descends from an altitude of more than 4700 m to sea level is a ''classical'' demonstration of environmental factors: population, thermal pollution and chemical pollution on the microbial content of the river water. Mining (copper, silver, zinc) apparently causes lowering of water pH and reduces microbial contamination. Hydroelectric power stations result in increase of pH and water temperature, possibly improving survival conditions of microorganisms. There seems to be excellent correlation between population density and microbial contamination of the river. A more than 300 thousand percent increase in total coliform and more than 500 thousand percent in total bacterial count was observed during the 130 km of river course.
Nanocrystalline and nanocomposite SmCo/sub 2/Fe/sub 2/B magnets

The magnetic and structural properties of SmCo/sub 2/Fe/sub 2/B powders prepared by ball alloying and melt-spinning have been studied. Powders milled for 5 minutes and then aligned were found to be anisotropic by X-ray diffraction. An optimum coercivity of, Hc=13.5 kOe, was obtained after corresponding to a particle size. Mechanically alloyed powders were shown to have the highest coercivity, 16 kOe, after heat-treating at 600/spl deg/C for 30 minutes. The melt-spun samples had a low coercivity due to an unidentified phase possibly with low anisotropy.
Ex post economic analysis of reproduction-monitoring and predator-removal variables associated with protection of the endangered California least tern

Important nest sites for the endangered California least tern remain at the U.S. Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, CA; these terns comprise approximately 17% of the state’s breeding population. This paper presents an empirical analysis of annual, fixed-cost budgets expended for reproduction-monitoring and predator-removal activities to protect this shorebird. The ex post study covered the inclusive 7-year period between 1995 and 2001. Separate regression analyses were computed using 15 biological (XB), economic (XE), and meteorological (XM) variables. In separate analyses, 14 of these variables served as independent variables to predict each of four dependent tern observation variables (i.e., Ynests, Yeggs, Yfledglings, and Yadults), with certain variables blaggedQ (i.e., regressed after fixed intervals) to compensate for delayed effects of predator management. Mean net current annual reproduction-monitoring and predator-removal budgets were US$80,115 and US$78,178, respectively; annual fiscal data were converted to bproxyQ variables of personnel time (h) for analysis of economic effects. Mean time spent in reproduction-monitoring (3.12 h/day) and predator-removal activities (6.96 h/day) differed greatly. Expenditures for both reproduction-monitoring and predator-removal staff hours were associated with greater counts of tern eggs and adults, with increased monitoring hours predictive of finding more tern nests and fledglings and increased predator-removal hours linked with fewer fledgling counts. No meteorological variables predicted any dependent variable. Economic issues involved in recovery of threatened and endangered species (TS/ES) are discussed. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Electronic promoters and semiconductor oxidation: Alkali metals on Si(111) surfaces.

We examine the effect of thin (1--2 monolayers) overlayers of the low-electronegativity metals Cs and Na upon the oxidation of Si(111) surfaces. Synchrotron-radiation photoemission studies of oxygen chemisorption as a function of overlayer thickness and oxygen exposure indicate large oxidation-promotion effects and the formation of Si oxide phases where high Si oxidation states dominate. Comparison with promotion effects induced by transition-metal and noble-metal overlayers forces, for alkali metals, a reevaluation of the microscopic mechanisms proposed to explain overlayer-induced oxidation promotion.
Decontamination of water by excimer UV radiation

Water is one of the most important substances on which life depends. However, water may also serve as a medium by which disease is spread to humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, the biological decontamination of this vital substance is of paramount importance. Several methods have been used to decontaminate water and assure its clean supply. Unfortunately, most of these methods use potentially hazardous chemicals, which require proper storage and transport and are not environmentally friendly. Here we present a decontamination method based on the use of UV radiation emitted by the decay of excimers generated by a nonequilibrium discharge operating in the high-pressure regime. We found that at an appropriate wavelength, this type of UV radiation has a devastating effect on micro-organisms.
Constitutional t(16;22)(p13.3;q11.2∼12) in a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the pineal region

Abstract Constitutional chromosome anomalies are known to determine an increased risk of malignancy in certain disorders. We report the case of a 6-month-old female with a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the pineal region and a constitutional reciprocal translocation t(16;22)(p13.3;q11.2∼12). The clustering of cancer chromosome breakpoints to specific chromosome regions is a well-documented phenomenon, with breakpoints on chromosome 22q11.2∼12 having been identified in several subtypes of small round cell tumors. The finding of a 22q11.2∼12 breakpoint in this patient suggests this constitutional translocation may somehow have predisposed the patient to the development of the tumor.
Contemporary Environmental Politics In Chile: The Struggle Over The Comprehensive Law

This article examines the politics of environmental policymaking in newly democratized Chile in relation to two questions. What are the key axes of conflict over environmental policy? How and when do ideas, international actors, social forces, and state institutions influence policy outcomes? With respect to the first question, the paper argues that differences in two major competing views of sustainable development—a market-friendly and a pro gressive, alternative one—lie at the core of dissention in environmental poli tics. In the Chilean case, the recently enacted comprehensive environmental law facilitates a market-friendly approach. With respect to the second ques tion, the paper contends that international actors (principally the U.S. gov ernment and the World Bank) played an indirect, or permissive, role in the shaping of policy agendas through "green" conditionality on aid and trade negotiations. Ideas also shaped the policy agenda. They offered diagnoses of the problem and policy prescriptions. A...
Corporate Viewpoints---Interviews with Top Managers: Interview with Walter McMurtry

Walter McMurtry is a founder and president of ICBIF, the Inner-City Business Improvement Forum. In seven years, ICBIF has organized Detroit's first Black-owned bank First Independence National Bank, first Black-owned stamping plant, first Black-owned large scale food-processing plant, first Black-owned lumber yard and first Black-owned fiberglass manufacturing organization. This company has raised over $9.5 million for inner-city businesses and started or assisted 200 minority-owned companies, whose contribution to Detroit has been $35 million in assets and 1100 new jobs.
Folate-mediated delivery of macromolecular anticancer therapeutic agents

The receptor for folic acid constitutes a useful target for tumor-specific drug delivery, primarily because: (1) it is upregulated in many human cancers, including malignancies of the ovary, brain, kidney, breast, myeloid cells and lung, (2) access to the folate receptor in those normal tissues that express it can be severely limited due to its location on the apical (externally-facing) membrane of polarized epithelia, and (3) folate receptor density appears to increase as the stage/grade of the cancer worsens. Thus, cancers that are most difficult to treat by classical methods may be most easily targeted with folate-linked therapeutics. To exploit these peculiarities of folate receptor expression, folic acid has been linked to both low molecular weight drugs and macromolecular complexes as a means of targeting the attached molecules to malignant cells. Conjugation of folic acid to macromolecules has been shown to enhance their delivery to folate receptor-expressing cancer cells in vitro in almost all situations tested. Folate-mediated macromolecular targeting in vivo has, however, yielded only mixed results, largely because of problems with macromolecule penetration of solid tumors. Nevertheless, prominent examples do exist where folate targeting has significantly improved the outcome of a macromolecule-based therapy, leading to complete cures of established tumors in many cases. This review presents a brief mechanistic background of folate-targeted macromolecular therapeutics and then summarizes the successes and failures observed with each major application of the technology.
The input-output map of a monotone discrete time quasireversible node

The author considers a class of discrete-time quasi-reversible nodes called monotone which includes discrete-time analogs of the ./M/ infinity and ./M/1 nodes. For stationary ergodic nonnegative integer-valued arrival processes, the existence and uniqueness of stationary regimes are proved when a natural rate condition is met. Coupling is used to prove the contractiveness of the input-output map relative to a natural distance on the space of stationary arrival processes that is analogous to the distance of D. Ornstein (1973). A consequence is that the only stationary ergodic fixed points of the input-output map are the processes of independent and identically distributed Poisson random variables meeting the rate condition. The problem is of interest in connection with the construction of product form network models. >
Implementation and control of a reconfigureable 4-tetrahedral robot

This work describes the implementation and control of a 4-Tetrahedron Walker. The hardware selection in building the robot will be covered. Both mechanical systems and the electronic control systems will be discussed in detail. This work is part of the contribution of the Hope College team to the development of tetrahedron walker robots by the ANTS (Autonomous Nano-Technology Swarm) group at Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA.
Physiologic Evaluation of Positive End Expiratory Pressure Ventilation

The physiologic effects of positive end expiratory pressure ventilation (PEEP) were studied in 36 patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to nonobstructive lung disease. Arterial oxygen content increased in all patients while mixed venous oxygen content rose in half of them. Calculated arterial-venous oxygen content differences did not change for the group as a whole while physiologic shunt fraction decreased markedly. Very few deleterious effects of this method of ventilation were noted except for a 14 percent incidence of pneumothorax. The mean time that PEEP was required was 2.8 days and prognosis seemed to be related to the etiology of the respiratory failure. An increase in mixed venous oxygen content during PEEP seemed to impart a good prognosis and occurred more frequently among patients with respiratory failure following cardiovascular surgery; most of these patients survived their respiratory failure and over half were eventually discharged. In contrast only one of 14 patients with respiratory failure due to other causes survived after requiring the use of PEEP.
Overcoming the Odds: Qualitative Examination of Resilience among Formerly Incarcerated Adolescents

Adolescents who have been incarcerated are at extreme risk for poor adult outcomes. However, some former youth offenders become successful, happy adults, presenting a profile of strength and coping known as resilience. This article describes the results of a 5-year qualitative examination of resilience among a group of adolescents transitioning from youth correctional facilities back into their communities. Topics discussed include predelinquent histories, experiences in the correctional system, and postcorrections transition. Currently about half of the respondents are successful—employed, going to school, or raising children. Others are less stable and may be at risk of being rearrested. Internal and situational factors accounting for these differences are discussed. Implications for practice include restructuring post-corrections transition services and improving school-based supports to at-risk youth.