cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recipient Vessels: Laryngopharynx Reconstruction

Identifying reliable recipient vessels for free flap reconstruction of the laryngopharynx is critical and can often be challenging. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of local vascular anatomy and aims to assist with appropriate vessel selection for microvascular anastomosis. As with most head and neck free flap reconstructions, the external carotid artery system is commonly used for arterial inflow, while the external and internal jugular systems are commonly used for venous outflow. The transverse cervical vessels are excellent alternatives and may be preferred to tedious dissection in the irradiated and previously operated neck. Occasionally, the reconstructive surgeon may have to use recipient vessels outside the neck region, when local recipient vessels are absent or inadequate.
Pathways to Integrated Resilience Science

Remarkable progress is evident in the yield from five decades of research on psychological resilience, while at the same time, there are notable gaps and challenges confronting this maturing scienc...
Abstract 1884: Dietary intake of phytoestrogens and the risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer and second leading cause of cancer death among men in the U.S. Although ecologic and migrant studies suggest that diet plays a role in the etiology of prostate cancer, few specific nutrients that alter its occurrence have been identified in case-control and cohort studies. Phytoestrogens are a family of bioactive compounds that are abundant in soy products and some other food groups (e.g. legumes and chick peas). Experimental studies revealed that phytoestrogen intake may modulate the risk of prostate cancer due to their structural similarity to 17β-estradiol and the resulting competitive binding to estrogen receptors. Despite biological plausibility, it still remains elusive whether phytoestrogen intake influences prostate cancer risk in human populations. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the associations between dietary intake of phytoestrogens and the risk of total and advanced prostate cancer among 30,097 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). A total of 3628 cases of prostate cancer (including 396 advanced cases) have been documented during a median follow up of 11.5 years. Advanced prostate cancer were defined as stage II cancer with a Gleason score of ≥8, or stage III or stage IV cancer. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dietary intake of phytoestrogens in relation to prostate cancer risk. After adjustment for confounders, an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer was found for the higher dietary intake of isoflavones (HR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.24), genistein (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.98), daidzein (HR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.32), and glycitein (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.15). Conversely, it appears that the higher dietary intake of genistein was associated with a reduced risk of non-advanced prostate cancer (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99) and total prostate cancer (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.00). The risk estimates presented above were obtained for comparisons between the quintile 5 and quintile 1 of respective phytoestrogen intake. In summary, our analysis of this national prospective cohort study suggests that dietary intake of phytoestrogens modulated the risk of prostate cancer and that some of these effects may differ by the aggressiveness of the disease. Citation Format: Michael Reger, Terrell Zollinger, Ziyue Liu, Josette Jones, Jianjun Zhang. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens and the risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1884. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1884
ADRENAL FUNCTION, GROWTH, AND INSULIN IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH CORTICOIDS ON ALTERNATE DAYS

Fourteen children treated with corticosteroids in a single dose on alternate days for periods of up to 50 months were studied. None had a Cushingoid appearance. Growth was normal or accelerated in 12 of the children. The concentration of growth hormone in the serum and its maximal increase after insulin were like those of normal children. Regulation of the secretion of cortisol as judged by the response to insulin was depressed on the day when the corticoid was given, but it was nearly normal 28 hours later. The concentration of insulin in the serum was slightly higher in the treated than in the normal children.
Variable Hidden Layer Sizing in Elman Recurrent Neuro-Evolution

The relationship between the size of the hidden layer in a neural network and performance in a particular domain is currently an open research issue. Often, the number of neurons in the hidden layer is chosen empirically and subsequently fixed for the training of the network. Fixing the size of the hidden layer limits an inherent strength of neural networks—the ability to generalize experiences from one situation to another, to adapt to new situations, and to overcome the “brittleness” often associated with traditional artificial intelligence techniques. This paper proposes an evolutionary algorithm to search for network sizes along with weights and connections between neurons. This research builds upon the neuro-evolution tool SANE, developed by David Moriarty. SANE evolves neurons and networks simultaneously, and is modified in this work in several ways, including varying the hidden layer size, and evolving Elman recurrent neural networks for non-Markovian tasks. These modifications allow the evolution of better performing and more consistent networks, and do so more efficiently and faster. SANE, modified with variable network sizing, learns to play modified casino blackjack and develops a successful card counting strategy. The contributions of this research are up to 8.3% performance increases over fixed hidden layer size models while reducing hidden layer processing time by almost 10%, and a faster, more autonomous approach to the scaling of neuro-evolutionary techniques to solving larger and more difficult problems.
The Performance of Stock-Price Driven Acquisitions (Published as 'Market Valuation and Acquisition Quality: Empirical Evidence')

Existing literature has shown that periods of high merger activity are correlated with high market valuations. Significantly more acquisitions occur when stock markets are booming than when markets are depressed. Using methodologies robust to recent criticism we show that viewed through an ex-post-performance lens, acquirers buying during periods of low stock-market-valuation appear to be making better acquisitions than those buying during high stock-market-valuation periods. We find that the market welcomes acquisition announcements during high market-valuation periods but is at best indifferent to acquisition announcements during low market-valuation periods. In the long run however, fortunes are reversed. Acquisitions initiated during high market-valuation periods earn negative abnormal returns while acquisitions initiated during low market-valuation periods earn positive abnormal returns. We suggest that acquirers make worse decisions during periods of high market-valuation possibly due to a combination of managerial hubris and market irrationality and that the market learns about the true quality of the acquisition decisions gradually.
Connections between U.S. Female Migration and Family Formation and Dissolution

Young single women from Mexico and Central America are becoming more numerous in the flow of migrants to the United States. An examination of the retrospective marital histories from the samples of the 1990 and 1995 Current Population Survey shows strong temporal connections between women’s international migration and other life-course events, namely, marriage and divorce. For single women born in Mexico or Central America, proportional hazards estimation reveals a much higher likelihood of first marriage during the first years of migration, than before migration. For all migrant women, the likelihood of experiencing a first divorce around the time of migration is greater than at any other time. These findings suggest that decisions about family formation (and dissolution) may be an integral part of the decision to migrate and settle in the United States.
Modelos de crecimiento, digestión y lactancia en bovinos

The methods commonly used to predict animal behavior as a function of feeding management, are in a process of change. The systems currently used for estimating the animal requirements based on static algebraic equations have begun to be replaced by dynamic simulation models capable of characterizing animal response for a much wider range of conditions to that used in traditional systems. In this article models are presented to describe the processes of growth, digestion and feeding cattle.
A general framework for open-loop pivoting

Pivoting is the rotation of an object between two fingers using gravity and inertial forces to impart angular momentum. We present an analysis of the mechanics of pivoting and a framework for planning and execution. Extrinsic dexterity was defined by Chavan-Dafle et al. [1] as the use of external forces, such as gravity and inertial forces in post grasp manipulation. We analyze one such regrasp termed “pivoting” by Rao et al. [2]. We find a grasp and arm trajectory which can rotate an object between stable poses, if any. We demonstrate an implementation of pivoting with an ABB industrial arm and a two fingered gripper.
A novel single phase to three phase converter

The authors present the concept of a single-phase to three-phase converter which features a reduced circuit topology. The circuit operates essentially as an AC/DC/AC converter and realizes controlled currents on the input and output sides. The converter can operate as a single-phase to three-phase converter and can drive a three-phase induction motor with high efficiency. The converter has been tested through simulations and through experimental verification using a laboratory prototype. The performance of the overall system was seen to be very good, particularly when driving an induction motor load. Overall system efficiency and input power factor were considerably better than that possible for conventional systems. >
Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections Treated with Intravenous Antibiotics in the Emergency Department or Observational Unit: Experience at the Detroit Medical Center.

Introduction Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) are frequently treated in emergency departments (EDs) or observation units (OUs) initially with intravenous (IV) antibiotics before discharge on oral therapy. This study aims to describe ABSSSI patients discharged directly from EDs/OUs.
A Comparison of Single-Shot Adductor Canal Block vs Femoral Nerve Catheter for Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare perioperative analgesia provided by single-injection adductor canal block (ACB) to continuous femoral nerve catheter (FNC) when used in a multimodal pain protocol for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A retrospective cohort study compared outcome data for 148 patients receiving a single-injection ACB to 149 patients receiving an FNC. The mean length of stay (LOS) in the ACB group was 2.67 (±0.56) and 3.01 days (±0.57) in the FNC group ( P P P =0.01). Single-injection ACB offered similar pain control and earlier discharge compared to continuous FNC in patients undergoing TKA.
Airborne emissions at skin surfaces: A potential biological exposure index

Dermal exposures of methanol were administered in a clinical study designed to compare several biological indicators. Four subjects were exposed in five exposure sessions of varying length. In each session, a sequence of measurements of methanol concentrations in blood, breath, and headspace samples of air at exposed and unexposed skin were collected before and after dermal exposures. Skin headspace samples, collected in gas sampling bags, were designed to reflect equilibrium skin: air partitioning. At exposed skin, headspace samples were highly elevated for at least 8 h following exposure, indicating the presence of a methanol reservoir in skin. After exposure, methanol concentrations at exposed skin showed a rapid initial decline, then a slower first-order decrease. Methanol concentrations were clearly detectable in headspace samples at unexposed skin. Substantial transfer from exposed skin occurred due to mechanical contact and washing. When transfer was restricted, surface concentrations at unexposed skin were similar to levels in breath and were strongly correlated to methanol concentrations in blood. While results are preliminary due to the small sample sizes and several unresolved experimental issues, the simple, rapid, and noninvasive skin headspace measurements appear useful as a biological exposure indicator that clearly shows the presence and site of a dermal exposure, and measurements at unexposed skin reflect concentrations in blood.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors mediate the cerebrovasodilation elicited by stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus in rat

We have investigated the effects of systemic administration of atropine sulfate on the global cerebrovascular vasodilation elicited by electrical stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial (FN) in chloralose-anesthetized rat. Atropine (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) abolished the cerebrovasodilation elicited from FN but did not affect the concomitant elevation in arterial pressure and the EEG changes. We conclude that the cerebrovascular effects of FN stimulation, but not the peripheral cardiovascular or EEG changes, are mediated by cholinergic muscarinic receptors associated with cerebral vessels and/or intrinsic neural pathways.
Community-Aware Smartphone Sensing Systems

Despite people's central role within smartphone sensing, such systems remain largely oblivious to the effects of social networks and community dynamics. How might smartphone sensing systems change if they could see more than isolated individuals? What if sensing systems could not only understand these social effects but could leverage them in their day-to-day operations - for example, as they collect and interpret mobile sensor data?
Smoothed Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon Procedure for Two-Sample Location Problem

This study is mainly concerned with estimating a shift parameter in the two-sample location problem. The proposed Smoothed Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon method smooths the empirical distribution functions of each sample by using convolution technique, and it replaces unknown distribution functions F(x) and G(x − Δ0) with the new smoothed distribution functions F s (x) and G s (x − Δ0), respectively. The unknown shift parameter Δ0 is estimated by solving the gradient function S n (Δ) with respect to an arbitrary variable Δ. The asymptotic properties of the new estimator are established under some conditions that are similar to the Generalized Wilcoxon procedure proposed by Anderson and Hettmansperger (1996). Some of these properties are asymptotic normality, asymptotic level confidence interval, and hypothesis testing for Δ0. Asymptotic relative efficiency of the proposed method with respect to the least squares, Generalized Wilcoxon and Hodges and Lehmann (1963) procedures are also calculated under the contaminat...
Spellbound: Dissociation in the Movies

ABSTRCT In this paper we examine how aspects of dissociation permeate the film-going experience. Using examples from more than three dozen films spanning six decades, we introduce and discuss three observations regarding dissociation in film. Specifically: (1) that the act of watching a film may viewed as a voluntary engagement in a positive dissociative experience; (2) that film directors and cinematographers use cinematic devices to convey and dramatize the peri- and post-traumatic dissociative experiences of their characters, and the force of these techniques may issue from the film-viewer's personal knowledge of normative dissociation; and (3) that representations of dissociative conditions and symptoms in film allow filmmakers to examine universal existential experiences and themes along with contemporary psychosocio-cultural issues, while exploiting the plot-expanding possibilities that inhere in the topics of memory, identity, and multiplicity. Underlining the continuity of pathological and nonpath...
Food, fuel, and the hidden margins of capital

Changing demands for food and biofuel have reshaped global agricultural outlooks and pushed production in areas long considered too marginal for the widespread production of agricultural commodities. Perhaps no region has drawn more attention to the environmental impacts of expanding agricultural production than the Amazon. Considerations of indirect land use change have brought a new dimension to discussions related to the impacts of agriculture on the region's forest cover. In this article, I provide a location-based conceptualization of indirect land use change that brings to light the intra-regional movement of capital and skills between the cattle and agriculture sectors. The article suggests that amid rapid increases in rents for soy production and land prices, ranchers face strong incentives to relocate their operations to forest regions.
Geographic differences in effects of experimental warming on ant species diversity and community composition

Ecological communities are being reshaped by climatic change. Losses and gains of species will alter community composition and diversity but these effects are likely to vary geographically and may be hard to predict from uncontrolled “natural experiments”. In this study, we used open-top warming chambers to simulate a range of warming scenarios for ground-nesting ant communities at a northern (Harvard Forest, MA) and southern (Duke Forest, NC) study site in the eastern US. After 2.5 years of experimental warming, we found no significant effects of accumulated growing degree days or soil moisture on ant diversity or community composition at the northern site, but a decrease in asymptotic species richness and changes in community composition at the southern site. However, fewer than 10% of the species at either site responded significantly to the warming treatments. Our results contrast with those of a comparable natural experiment conducted along a nearby elevational gradient, in which species richness and composition responded strongly to changes in temperature and other correlated variables. Together, our findings provide some support for the prediction that warming will have a larger negative effect on ecological communities in warmer locales at lower latitudes and suggest that predicted responses to warming may differ between controlled field experiments and unmanipulated thermal gradients.
An Undergraduate Fisheries Curriculum

Abstract Trends in the profession of fisheries science are explored and projected as far as possible. Although there is a slowdown in the rate of expansion of the fisheries profession, it seems inevitable that the profession will continue to rapidly expand in the long run. Professional fisheries scientists judged English rhetoric and report writing to be the most important set of undergraduate courses taken, with quantitative sciences a close second. It seems that fisheries science as a profession is large enough to justify more undergraduate specialization.
Printing and scaling of metallic traces and capacitors using a laboratory-scale rotogravure press

In this paper we demonstrate the design and development of a small-size, sheet-fed gravure printer which can achieve 10µm alignment of multiple layers and requires less than 200µL of ink per print. Using this printer we demonstrate highly-scaled metallic silver lines, 20µm wide, printed with nano-particle and precursor based inks. We describe some scaling trends which are specific to the printing technique, and the inks used. We also demonstrate the use of rotogravure for printing poly-vinyl phenol dielectric layers and describe how ink formulation and gravure roll design affect thickness and uniformity of these layers. Finally, we describe printed capacitors fabricated using a hybrid gravure/ink-jet process presenting some of the challenges of printing multiple layer devices and the need for hybrid-technique printing processes.
Efficient theory development and factor retention criteria: Abandon the ‘eigenvalue greater than one’ criterion

Abstract Other things being equal, a theory with fewer constructs is preferable over others. In exploratory factor analysis, a common method used in theory development, the most popular factor retention criterion used in marketing is the eigenvalue greater than one rule. Its use often results in over extraction, which leads to the development of less than parsimonious theories. Even the use of confirmatory factor analysis fails to detect the presence of these superfluous constructs. Although several more accurate criteria exist, they are not discussed in major marketing research texts, journals, and popular statistical software packages. In this paper, we appraise popular factor retention practices in marketing, demonstrate how they may lead to the development of inefficient theories, draw attention to a number of resources for choosing appropriate retention criteria, and develop an easy-to-use Web-based engine to effortlessly implement one such method, parallel analysis.
The role of texture in tension–compression asymmetry in polycrystalline NiTi

Abstract The purpose of the present study is to thoroughly understand the stress–strain behavior of polycrystalline NiTi deformed under tension versus compression. To do this, a micro-mechanical model is used which incorporates single crystal constitutive relationships and experimentally measured polycrystalline texture into the self-consistent formulation. For the first time it is quantitatively demonstrated that texture measurements coupled with a micro-mechanical model can accurately predict tension/compression asymmetry in NiTi shape memory alloys. The predicted critical transformation stress levels and transformation stress–strain slopes under both tensile and compressive loading are consistent with experimental results. For textured polycrystalline NiTi deformed under tension it is demonstrated that the martensite evolution is very abrupt, consistent with the Luders type deformation experimentally observed. The abrupt transformation under tension is attributed to the fact that the majority of the grains are oriented along the [111] crystallographic direction, which is soft under tensile loading. Since single crystals of the [111] orientation are hard under compression it is also demonstrated that under compression the martensite in textured polycrystalline NiTi evolves relatively slower.
Enhancing primary care HIV prevention: a comprehensive clinical intervention.

Abstract Context: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk assessment and counseling are recommended for a large proportion of the population, yet measured rates of such counseling remain low. Objective: Use a comprehensive intervention to improve and sustain rates of HIV/STD risk assessment and counseling by providers. Design: Patient telephone survey using a one-group pre- and post-intervention design with measurements over a 62-week period. Setting and Participants: Patients (N=1042) from two outpatient clinics at a health maintenance organization (HMO) presenting for either of two types of index visit: symptomatic ( n =210), or routine physical examination or birth control ( n =832) visits. Main Outcome Measures: Telephone survey performed within 3 weeks of the index visit. Patients' recall of a general discussion of HIV/STDs and specific discussion of sexual behaviors/risk factors. Results: The intervention was associated with increased patient recall of providers: discussing HIV/STD in general (OR 1.6; 95% CI, 1.12–2.22), asking about sexual behaviors/risk factors (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.6), discussing HIV prevention generally (OR 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4–4.0), and discussing personal risk reduction (OR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6–4.3). Provision of written materials concerning HIV/STD also increased significantly (OR 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3–4.3). A clear-cut pattern of improved provider effort was seen, with the most pronounced improvements in high-risk patients. Results were stable over a 38-week follow-up period. Conclusion: A sustained improvement in HIV/STD risk assessment and counseling can be achieved in an outpatient HMO setting using a relatively non-intensive systematized intervention.
The economics of biological control of weeds

Abstract Based on studies with host-specific weed-feeding insects, approximately 11–13 years of research may be needed to develop a classical biological control program for a single weed species. This includes the initial assessment of the problem and a survey of indigenous natural enemies, foreign surveys, the study and clearance of the most promising control organisms, and up through initial release. Using estimates of the costs and benefits from the successful alligatorweed project (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.), plus examples of several terrestrial biological control of weeds projects, further support for research on classical biological control is economically justified. In addition to the classical approach, biological control of weeds may also be implemented through the use of non-selective weed feeders (e.g., in the case of aquatic weeds, herbivorous fish, crayfish, snails) although periodic surveillance and manipulation are required to avoid unwanted side effects and optimize weed control. Information on the costs and benefits of specific biological control of weeds projects is lacking or sketchy, adding to the present difficulty of making an economic analysis of this method of weed control.
A novel sacrificial interlayer-based method for the preparation of silicon carbide membranes

Abstract A novel method is presented based on the use of sacrificial interlayers for the preparation of nanoporous silicon carbide membranes. It involves periodic and alternate coatings of polystyrene sacrificial interlayers and silicon carbide pre-ceramic layers on the top of slip-casted tubular silicon carbide supports. Membranes prepared by this technique exhibit single gas ideal separation factors of helium and hydrogen over argon in the ranges 176–465 and 101–258, respectively, with permeances that are typically two to three times higher than those of silicon carbide membranes prepared previously by the more conventional techniques. Mixed-gas experiments with the same membranes indicate separation factors as high as 117 for an equimolar H 2 /CH 4 mixture. We speculate that the improved membrane characteristics are due to the sacrificial interlayers filling the pores in the underlying structure and preventing their blockage by the pre-ceramic polymer. The new method has good promise for application to the preparation of a variety of other inorganic microporous membranes.
Game theory and models of negotiation

On October 7, 1961 a conference devoted to the Applications of Game Theory to Negotiation was held at Princeton University under the auspices of the Institute for Defense Analyses and with the support of the Carnegie Corporation. In addition to open discussion1 of the problems of formulating a mathematical model of negotiation, the meeting considered summaries of three papers prepared by Fred C. Ikle, John C. Harsanyi, and Dean G. Pruitt. Revised versions of these papers are included in this special issue of the Journal of Conflict Resolution. It is the main purpose of this editorial note to explain the context in which they arose. As such, it also provides the issue editor with a forum in which he
Human Factors Guidelines for the Use of Synthetic Speech Devices

Synthetic speech devices have attracted considerable attention in the last several years, and are found in consumer, military, or industrial applications. A body of literature on synthetic speech can be assembled from human factor research and from research in perceptual psychology and linguistics. This literature includes research on the intelligibility, comprehension and acceptability of synthetic speech, work on the use of synthetic speech in multi-task situations, and studies of the function and utility of synthetic speech for alarming and annunciation, and for training and education. A review of this literature will be presented. In addition, standard human factors references and guides for speech communication are analyzed for their applicability to modern synthetic speech technologies.
Optical Properties of Graphite

The complex dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})={\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}+i{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ and associated functions are derived by application of the Kramers-Kronig relation to reflectance data for graphite obtained in the energy range to 26 eV. It is possible to divide the optical properties into two spectral regions. In the range 0 to 9 eV, intra- and interband transitions involve mainly the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ bands. At higher energies, a broad absorption peak near 15 eV is associated with interband transitions involving the 3 $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electrons per atom. This viewpoint is strongly supported by evaluation of the sum rules for ${n}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. Plasma resonances which produce peaks in the energy-loss function $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Im}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 7 and 25 eV are identified and described physically. At low energies, structure in the reflectance curve near 0.8 eV is attributed to the onset of transitions between the ${E}_{2}$ and ${E}_{3}$ bands at the point $K$. This yields a value for ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ of \ensuremath{\approx}0.4 eV.
Physics of the dynamical critical exponent in one dimension

The value of the dynamical critical exponent $z$ is calculated for various one-dimensional kinetic Ising models using simple physical arguments. The values agree with all known exact results and with the lower bounds obtained by Haake and Thol.
Do the clothes make the criminal? The influence of clothing match on identification accuracy in showups

Abstract Showups, a single suspect identification, are thought to be a more suggestive procedure than traditional lineups by the U.S. Supreme Court and social science researchers. Previous research typically finds that a clothing match in showup identifications increases false identifications. However, these experiments do not allow for a determination of whether this increase arises from a change in response bias, reduced discriminability, or both. In the present study, participants viewed a mock crime video and made a showup identification with either a clothing match or mismatch. Contrary to prior research, the best discriminability occurred when the guilty and innocent suspects wore clothing that matched the clothing worn during the crime. A clothing match also resulted in a more liberal response bias. The results are consistent with the principle of encoding specificity and the outshining hypothesis, as instantiated in the item, context, ensemble theory. Practical implications are discussed.
Social class and psychiatric treatment

Abstract Social class significantly influences the occurence, duration and success of psychiatric treatment. Mental health of 223 psychiatric patients, established independently of social class and to some extent of patient status, was found to be closely linked to the mental health standards of 1437 ‘normal’ nonpatients of the corresponding socio-economic level. Seventy-nine patients of the upper socio-economic status (SES) third of the sample, who by the criterion of the investigation were no longer in treatment, showed far better mental health than twenty-four patients still in therapy. By contrast, only four of the low SES third remained in treatment and the mental health of those no longer in treatment did not differ from that of patients still in treatment. Psychoneurotic reactions prevailed in upper SES patients, psychotic, organic and character disorder reactions in patients of low SES. When the sample was standardized to contain only neurotic type reactions, treatment rates were conspicuously higher in the upper SES third even though impairment from symptoms was more severe in the low. The difficulties encountered in treatment of lower class patients are interpreted as originating from lower standards of mental health functioning of the ‘normal’ nonpatient population of this class which set goals of therapy below the more exacting expectations of the therapists. Lower class patients also tend to develop psychopathological reactions and defenses which promote resistance in the therapeutic process.
Assessment of fire severity and species diversity in the southern Appalachians using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery

Relatively little is known about the disturbance ecology of large wildfires in the southern Appalachians. The occurrence of a 4000-ha wildfire in the Linville Gorge Wilderness area in western North Carolina has provided a rare opportunity to study a large fire with a range of severities. The objectives of this study were to 1) assess the potential for using multi-temporal Landsat imagery to map fire severity in the southern Appalachians, 2) examine the influences of topography and forest community type on the spatial pattern of fire severity; and 3) examine the relationship between predicted fire severity and changes in species richness. A non-linear regression equation predicted a field-based composite burn index (CBI) as a function of change in the Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) with an R2 of 0.71. Fire severity was highest on drier landforms located on upper hillslopes, ridges, and on southwest aspects, and was higher in pine communities than in other forest types. Predicted CBI was positively correlated with changes in species richness and with the post-fire cover of pine seedlings (Pinus virginiana, P. rigida, and P. pungens), suggesting that burn severity maps can be used to predict community-level fire effects across large landscapes. Despite the relatively large size of this fire for the southern Appalachians, severity was strongly linked to topographic variability and pre-fire vegetation, and spatial variation in fire severity was correlated with changes in species richness. Thus, the Linville Gorge fire appears to have generally reinforced the ecological constraints imposed by underlying environmental gradients.
SCREENING FOR HYPERTENSION IN UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA STUDENTS

Top of pageAbstract College Students aged 18-30 years were screened for hypertension at the student infirmary. 550 students had a single blood pressure reading taken in the sitting position. 50 students (9%) fulfilled our definition of high blood pressure by having either a systolic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm/Hg or a diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 90 mm/Hg. Of these students with abnormal blood pressures, 34 returned for 2 further determinations. 22/34 (65%) demonstrated persistent hypertension during each of the three visits. Of those with persistent hypertension, 6/22 (27%) had an elevation of the systolic pressure, 4/22 (18%) had an elevation of the diastolic pressure and 12/22 (54%) had an elevation of both when initially screened. Of the 12 students without persistence of hypertension (labile), 3/12 (25%) had an elevated systolic pressure, 4/22 (33%) had an elevated diastolic pressure, and 5/22 (43%) had an elevation of both. Only 3/22 (14%) of the students with persistent and none with labile hypertension had a diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 105 mm/Hg on the initial screening pressure, indicating hypertension is usually mild in this age group. The type of hypertension (systolic, diastolic, or both) does not allow the identification of those individuals who have labile or persistent hypertension.
19F-NMR of fluorine labeled acyl chains in phospholipid bilayer vesicles

Abstract 19F-labeled phospholipids, L-α-bis-(ω-fluoro palmitoyl)phosphatidylcholine, L-α-bis-(12,12-difluoro stearoyl)phosphatidylcholine and L-α-bis-(6,6-difluoro palmitoyl)phosphatidylcholine, were incorporated in phospholipid vesicles by sonication of aqueous lipid emulsions. Vesicles were prepared both from the pure fluorine substituted phospholipids as well as from lipid mixtures obtained by combining the fluorine substituted lipids with the synthetic phospholipids, L-α-dilauroyl-, L-α-dimyristoyl-, L-α-dipalmitoyl- and L-α-distearoyl-phosphatidylcholine. Characterization by gel permeation chromatography showed that stable unilamellar vesicles with diameters of ≌200 A could be obtained with a minimum or absence of multilamellar material. The vesicles give rise to two 19F resonances in most cases as observed previously [K.J. Longmuir and F.W. Dahlquist, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 73 (1976) 2716]. The chemical shift differences undergo systematic changes that confirm the interpretations that the dual 19F resonances arise from the inner and outer halves of the vesicle bilayer. The shift separation increases systematically as the fluorine label is positioned closer to the phospholipid headgroup and decreases systematically with increasing temperature. Both observations agree with what is currently known about phospholipid vesicle structure. Anomalous results are obtained with DSPC as host vesicle since only a single resonance of inbedded fluorinated phospholipids is found.
Voxel-Based Study of Structural Changes in First-Episode Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Background Although morphometric studies of bipolar disorder (BD) suggest that neurofunctional abnormalities reflect underlying structural changes, it remains unclear whether abnormalities are present at illness onset or reflect disease progression. Previous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) findings suggest that ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) changes develop over time, whereas morphologic abnormalities elsewhere in the anterior limbic network (ALN) are present early in BD. In this study, we used VBM to explore structural brain changes in first-episode bipolar patients. Methods First-episode bipolar (n = 33) and healthy (n = 33) subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Images were normalized and compared on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Results Bipolar subjects showed no change in VLPFC density or volume. We observed increased volume in left thalamus and fusiform and cerebellum bilaterally; increased gray matter density in anterior cingulate and posterior parietal structures; and increased gray matter volume and density in middle/superior temporal and posterior cingulate gyri. No areas of decreased volume or density were observed. Conclusions These data indicate that structural changes are absent from VLPFC early in the course of BD. Morphologic abnormalities are present in other portions of the ALN and in structures previously observed to mediate neurofunctional changes in BD, suggesting that dysfunctional neuronal proliferation or pruning may occur in bipolar patients.
Passive and active corrosion sensing for metals using magnetic sensors

Metal corrosion is a significant problem for the US concrete infrastructure. Accurate and continuous corrosion sensing methods would help reduce this cost and enable effective health monitoring and service life prediction. In this paper, recent efforts to apply giant magneto-resistive response (GMR) and eddy current sensors for corrosion sensing are described. The sensors are applied in passive and active sensing configurations, neither of which require excavation of the concrete, so remote sensing at a surface and internal sensing with an embedded unit are possible. The passive and active testing configurations are described. Then experimental results for aluminum corrosion are presented, with the aim of identifying existing corrosion state to date and rate of active corrosion at time of sensing.
A Numerical Modeling Study of the Catalina Eddy

Abstract A numerical modeling study of the Catalina Eddy was performed to investigate the causes of his occasional vortex over the Bight of California. The eddy was successfully simulated by imposing over the mesoscale domain a strong northwesterly flow resembling one that was associated with a June 1988 occurrence. In the simulation, a low pressure center form in the Ice of the San Rafael Mountains, that is, over the northern bight. The low forms because of leeside subsidence warning; daytime diabatic heating of the flow that traverses the mountains is insignificant. In response to the leeside low, the large-scale northwesterly flow turns cyclonically around Point Conception, strengthening the westerly component of the flow over the bight. The coastal mountains south of Los Angeles are a barrier to the large-scale northwesterlies and to the westerly flow over the bight, causing marine air to pool below the mountains' mean height. The pooled marine air replaces much warmer air in the strongly inverted lay...
Subcellular distribution of fibrinogen and factor XIII in human blood platelets.

Abstract Fresh human platelets were disrupted by nitrogen decompression, and homogenates were fractionated by centrifugation in a linear gradient of sodium diatrizoate (18–33%). Five distinct fractions were obtained. Electron microscopy showed that the membrane fraction was free of contaminating subcellular organelles. The granule fraction contained primarily intact granules, with some mitochondria and some swollen granules. A portion of the granules was also distributed in the fractions above and below the primary granule fraction. Total protein was found to be 1.95 mg/10 9 platelets, of which 0.18 mg was identified as fibrinogen. The ratio of platelet to plasma fibrinogen in whole blood was determined to be 1:30. Total factor XIII activity was 69 μmole dansylcadaverine incorporation/10 9 platelets, and factor XIII activity was found to be equally distributed between plasma and platelets. 70% of the platelet fibrinogen was found in association with granules, with the remainder appearing primarily in the soluble fraction. Platelet factor XIII was localized in the cytoplasm, with 94% appearing in the soluble fraction. Platelet fibrinogen was released during the platelet release reaction induced by collagen, whereas factor XIII was not.
Malabsorption Work-up: Utility of Small Bowel Biopsy

A wide variety of small intestinal mucosal diseases lead to malabsorption. Although stool studies, especially stool for excess fat, and functional tests for deficiency states are important clues to malabsorption, small intestinal biopsies are probably the most crucial part of the diagnostic process. Many mucosal disorders have distinctive histologic features that allow for precise diagnosis. However, these histologic changes might be subtle. The role of the gastroenterologist is to provide the pathologist with adequate clinical information and tissue material to ensure a complete examination pathologically. Celiac disease is the most common mucosal cause of chronic malabsorption in the western world. Celiac disease can present classically as large volume fatty diarrhea, but it more commonly presents with subtle clinical symptoms or iron deficiency anemia. Although the histologic hallmark of celiac disease is increased intraepithelial lymphocytosis along with villous atrophy, increased intraepithelial lymphocytosis alone in an appropriate clinical context might suggest the diagnosis of celiac disease. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of close cooperation and communication between the gastroenterologist and the pathologist to optimize the diagnosis of mucosal diseases that result in malabsorption.
Spin dependence in the nucleus-nucleus optical potential☆

Abstract The general multipole decomposition of a complete nucleon-nucleon interaction containing central, tensor, and spin-orbit components is presented in a form suitable for double-folding calculations of arbitrary nucleus-nucleus elastic scattering and transition potentials. This multipole decomposition is used to derive a general expression for the optical potential for the elastic scattering of two complex nuclei with arbitrary spin. The relationships between the terms in the nucleus-nucleus potential, the components of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, and various aspects of nuclear structure are discussed. These results are applied to obtain an estimate of the cross section and vector and tensor analyzing powers for the elastic scattering of 7 Li + 58 Ni at E 7 Li = 20.3 MeV which has recently been investigated experimentally. A realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction is employed in the calculations and a coupled-equations formalism is used to obtain the scattering observables. A reasonable description of the available experimental data is obtained.
Toxicity profile of the investigational new biotherapeutic agent, B43 (anti-CD19)-pokeweed antiviral protein immunotoxin.

The investigational biotherapeutic agent, B43(anti-CD19)-pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) immunotoxin, has shown substantial anti-leukemic activity in SCID mouse models of human B-lineage leukemia and lymphoma. In this report, we describe the results of a comprehensive preclinical toxicity study which determined the toxicity profile of B43-PAP in BALB/c mice. Administration of un-conjugated B43 monoclonal antibody was not associated with any toxicity, whereas B43-PAP caused dose-limiting and cardiac and renal toxicities which were fatal. In addition, B43-PAP also caused multifocal skeletal myofiber necrosis, which was associated with abnormal gait and lethargy. Notably, parenteral administrations of methylprednisolone, pentoxyphylline, or dopamine were able to markedly reduce B43-PAP related toxicity. This study provides a basis for further evaluation of the toxicity of B43-PAP in monkeys and humans.
Upregulation of RGK Protein Expression in Aging Mouse Fast Twitch Skeletal Muscle

A component of muscle weakness in older individuals is directly attributable to compromised excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. In skeletal muscle, the L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1.1) serves as the voltage sensor for EC coupling by triggering Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to plasma membrane depolarization.Although it has been established that impaired EC coupling (termed “EC uncoupling” by O. Delbono and colleagues) in aged individuals is caused by a reduction in the number of L-type channels present in the plasma membrane, the molecular mechanisms responsible for transducing age-dependent cellular signals (e.g., oxidative stress) to decreased CaV1.1 membrane expression remain enigmatic. In this study, we have investigated a role for RGK (Rad, Rem, Rem2, Gem/Kir) family small G proteins in EC uncoupling because: 1) expression of endogenous Rad is enhanced in response to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, and 2) overexpression of Rem in muscle cells mimics EC uncoupling. We have found that exogenous overexpression of Rad in cultured myotubes also mimics EC uncoupling. Moreover, immunoblotting of fast-twitch tibialis anterior and mixed gastrocnemius muscle lysates revealed progressive age-dependent enhancement of Rad protein levels while Rad expression was largely absent in slow-twitch soleus muscle in all age groups (ranging from 2-36 months). Taken together, our observations raise the possibility that Rad acts as one molecular link between elevated oxidative stress and EC uncoupling in aging fast-twitch muscle. Conversely, the lack of Rad expression in slow twitch muscle suggests that Rad may play a role in the disproportionate retention of slow twitch fibers in aged individuals.