cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air‐ and oxygen‐broadening coefficients for the O2 rotational line at 60.46 cm−1

Using an NBS laser-based tunable far-infrared spectrometer, the air- and oxygen-broadening coefficients were measured for the J = 10 - 10, N = 11 - 9 O2 rotational transition at 60.46/cm (1.812 THz). The air-broadening coefficient is 5.04 + or - 0.38 x 10 to the -7th/cm/Pa (0.0511 + or - 0.0039/cm/atm) (HWHM) at 245 + or - 6 K; the oxygen-broadening coefficient is 4.92 + or - 0.47 x 10 to the -7th/cm/Pa (0.0499 + or - 0.0048/cm/atm) (HWHM) at 259 + or -2 K. These direct experimental measurements of the air-broadening coefficient should improve the accuracy of retrieval calculations for far-infrared stratospheric balloon experiments which use O2 rotational lines to calibrate the viewing geometry.
Coherent FMCW Reflectometry Using a Piezoelectrically Tuned Nd:YAG Ring Laser

Coherent optical implementations of the FMCW technique [1] depend on the interferometric mixing of an optical signal probing the network under test with a reference signal obtained from the same source, whose carrier frequency is linearly, and phase-continuously, chirped [2]. Limitations on measurement range may be reduced by the choice of a laser source of long coherence length, as demonstrated in Ref. 3, but the temperature tuning employed in that particular case is relatively slow and inconvenient. A more serious problem is spatial resolution degradation due to residual nonlinearities in the frequency chirp, but this may be significantly reduced by incorporating a reference interferometer in the measurement system to track the nonlinearity and compensate for it [4]. This paper describes a coherent optical FMCW system that uses piezoelectric rather than thermal tuning of a source of long coherence length, in a fiberoptic network which includes a reference interferometer, triggering data capture by a system with a Fast Fourier Transform capability.
Follow-up for infants with necrotizing enterocolitis.

Following discharge from the hospital, many infants who have survived acute necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remain at significant risk for continuing morbidity. Follow-up care of these infants is increasingly becoming the responsibility of the primary care physician. This article reviews the more common long-term medical and neurode velopmental sequelae identified in NEC survivors and presents a practical approach to the clinical follow-up of these infants.
Novel approach to quantitative oximetry of breast lesions using two ad hoc near-infrared wavelengths

We present a robust and non-invasive optical method to accurately measure the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in breast lesions, introducing the concept that the optimal wavelength pair is dependent on the lesion oxygenation itself.
Aspects of diversity measurement for microbial communities.

Abstract A useful measure of diversity was calculated for microbial communities collected from lake water and sediment samples using the Shannon index (H′) and rarefaction [E(S)]. Isolates were clustered by a numerical taxonomy approach in which limited (<20) tests were used so that the groups obtained represented a level of resolution other than species. The numerical value of diversity for each sample was affected by the number of tests used; however, the relative diversity compared among several sampling locations was the same whether 11 or 19 characters were examined. The number of isolates (i.e., sample size) strongly influenced the value of H′ so that unequal sized samples could not be compared. Rarefaction accounts for differences in sample size inherently so that such comparisons are made simple. Due to the type of sampling carried out by microbiologists, H′ is estimated and not determined and therefore requires a statement of error associated with it. Failure to report error provided potentially misleading results. Calculation of the variance of H′ is not a simple matter and may be impossible when handling a large number of samples. With rarefaction, the variance of E(S) is readily determined, facilitating the comparison of many samples.
Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring of Geo-Structural Systems

Presented in this paper is a wireless sensor network capable of large scale deployments for remote monitoring of geo-structural systems. The Wireless Sensor System (WSS) developed at Clarkson University allows for real-time, highrate wireless data collection from an array of different sensors, including extensometers (strain gages) and accelerometers. The sensor network offers an economic solution for demanding large-scale monitoring applications, common in civil engineering. The developed wireless sensor network affords dense sensor deployments for distributed monitoring to provide insight into both the geotechnical and structural response of an entire system. This paper presents the capabilities of the wireless sensor network along with preliminary results from a field deployment of the system on a single-span integral abutment bridge in which real-time wireless data from an array of accelerometers was collected simultaneously with strain transducers through a single sensor network.
Transitioning nuclear fuel cycles with uncertain fast reactor costs

Abstract This paper applies a novel decision making methodology to a case study involving choices leading to the transition from the current once-through light water reactor fuel cycle to one relying on continuous recycle of plutonium and minor actinides in fast reactors in the face of uncertain fast reactor capital costs. Unique to this work is a multi-stage treatment of a range of plausible trajectories for the evolution of fast reactor capital costs over time, characterized by first-of-a-kind penalties as well as time- and unit-based learning. The methodology explicitly incorporates uncertainties in key parameters into the decision-making process by constructing a stochastic model and embedding uncertainties as bifurcations in the decision tree. “Hedging” strategies are found by applying a choice criterion to select courses of action which mitigate “regrets”. These regrets are calculated by evaluating the performance of all possible transition strategies for every feasible outcome of the uncertain parameter. The hedging strategies are those that preserve the most flexibility for adjusting the fuel cycle strategy in response to new information as uncertainties are resolved.
P3-16-16: Overcoming EGFR Resistance Using Dasatinib in Combination with Cetuximab and Cisplatin in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

Background: Patients presenting with triple negative breast cancers (TNBC9s) have a poorer prognosis compared to those with other subtypes of breast cancer, and effective therapeutic targets have yet to be identified. The majority of TNBC9s overexpress EGFR, however studies have demonstrated that EGFR inhibition as a monotherapy is ineffective. Interestingly, adding the EGFR inhibitor, cetuximab to cisplatin chemotherapy doubled both the response rate and time to progression compared with patients only on cisplatin. c-Src tyrosine kinase plays a critical role in signal transduction downstream of growth factor receptors, and has been found to contribute to the resistance of TNBC cell lines through the phosphorylation of EGFR. We hypothesize that dasatinib, a c-Src inhibitor, may help overcome EGFR resistance and in combination therapy enhance the cytotoxic activity. Material and Methods: A panel of breast cancer cell lines, including 7 triple negative cell lines, were tested using increasing doses of dasatinib (1 nM to 10 μM), cetuximab (1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml), and cisplatin (10 nM to 10 μM) alone and in combination. Growth inhibition was determined after 3 days of treatment using the MTT colorimetric assay, and apoptosis was assessed through Caspase-3 activation and TUNEL assays. Results: All cell lines were generally resistant to cetuximab, with 100 μg/ml required to decrease cell viability. Two TNBC lines, SUM149 and SUM229, showed an additional decrease in cell viability with dasatinib added to cetuximab, while SUM102 and BT20 cells showed an additional decrease in viability using the dasatinib and cisplatin combination, compared to single agents. In 4 out of 7 TNBC lines, the combination of dasatinib, cisplatin, and cetuximab showed a significant decrease in cell viability compared to the combination without dasatinib (p-value Discussion: Targeting c-Src family kinases with dasatinib may help overcome the resistance to EGFR inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer. This may have significant clinical implications in treating TNBC patients, and hence further investigation into the mechanism of this effect is warranted. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-16-16.
Research on Cable Force Optimum in Construction of Nanyanghu Cable-stayed Bridge

On the basis of Shenyang Nanyanghu Cable-stayed Bridge which is being builded,a simulative computation is realized for finished dead state and construction state,through the finite element analysis software MIDAS/Civil.The reasonable cable force of Nanyanghu Cable-stayed Bridge in the finished dead state by a comprehensive method is determined.Each construction stage is simulated by the forward analysis method,and then the cable force time travel curve of the construction stage is drawed,in order to control the whole construction process.
Toxicological assessment of microbial cellulose food of Nata de coco

Objective To evaluate the safety of Nata de coco and to provide the basis for the development of microbialcellulose food. Methods Nata de coco was dehydrated into powder and acute toxicity test,genetic toxicity test(Ames test,bone marrow cell micronucleus test and mice sperm abnor mality test),thirty-days feeding test in rats,teratogenicity studywere conducted according to GB 15193-2003. Results The acute oral MTD in mice was over 15.0 g/kg·bw. The results ofree genetic toxicity tests were all negative. During thirty-days feeding test,the rats in experimental groups were in good stateand no abnormal changes in hematology,biochemistry,viscera modulus and histology were observed.No-observed-adverse-effect-level(NOAEL)of Nata de coco powder on the rats was 5.0 g/kg·bw that was equivalent to 100 times of the recommendeddosage for human body.No significant maternal toxicity,teratogenicity and mutagenicity to the pregnant rats and embryoswere observed. Conclusion The Nata de coco powder is a non-toxic grade material and no genotoxicity. It is a safe food inthe range of experimental doses,food safety of Nata de coco has been verified.
The Shoelace antenna: A Device for inductively coupling to low frequency, short wavelength fluctuations in the plasma boundary

Short-wavelength, low-frequency, frequently coherent fluctuations regulate transport across the plasma boundary in all steady-state tokamak confinement regimes of interest for a reactor. In the ideal case, these fluctuations expel particles, especially impurities, without significantly degrading energy confinement. The Shoelace antenna is a novel tool employed on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak designed to couple to such fluctuations inductively.
Roof-Top Nesting in a Declining Population of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) in Portland, Maine, USA

Abstract. A number of colonial waterbird species have been documented nesting on roof-tops throughout Europe and North America. The most common hypothesis explaining why gulls (Laridae) select roof-tops for nesting has been that population growth rates are higher than territory vacancy rates in traditional (island) habitat, suggesting that roof-tops are a non-preferred habitat. Roof-top habitat may actually be equal to or higher quality than island habitat as anthropogenic food is abundant and lower nest density may lead to lower intraspecific aggression and predation. During 2011–2012, reproductive effort and success was monitored in a regionally declining population of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) nesting on roof-tops in Portland, Maine, USA, and a nearby island-nesting colony on Appledore Island, Maine. Clutch size was lower in the roof-top colony, but egg volume did not differ between sites. Herring Gulls in the roof-top colony had lower hatching success but greater survival to day 30 for chicks t...
Have U.S. Power Plants Become Less Technically Efficient? The Impact of Carbon Emission Regulation

Abstract We estimate directional distance functions to measure the impact of carbon emission regulation, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in particular, on U.S. power plants' technical efficiency. The model shows that the average technical efficiency scores for coal and natural gas plants are 88.70% and 83.14% respectively, indicating a very technically efficient industry. We find no evidence of technical efficiency changes due to the RGGI regime in the RGGI area. In the same area, relatively less efficient coal plants exited the market and slightly more efficient natural gas plants entered, compared to the incumbent plants. In addition, some evidence of a spillover effect is found. Using a counterfactual analysis, the RGGI regulation leads to a 1.48% decline in the average technical efficiency for coal plants within neighboring states of RGGI during 2009–2013.
Sports and Korean American Men

As limitations persist for Korean American men on their public performances of manhood, they search for agency and power in other avenues and ways. Sports becomes an alternative site to practice and perform heteronormative and hegemonic masculinity. Moreover, as witnessed in other Asian American communities, sport becomes a site of resistance to the discrimination Korean American men experience in society. In Southern California, the sponsoring and organizing of sports tournaments by Korean American churches presents a possible space to display one’s manhood and agency among their peers and fans. Utilizing various theories of sport with participant observation, Hearn critically analyzes what occurs at these tournaments, from sheer enjoyment, to public constructions of hegemonic masculinity.
Fatal attraction: TICs and MDSCs

We recently observed that the propensity to induce MDSC accumulation varies greatly between different mammary tumors. In investigating the cause of such diversity, we found a link between mTOR path...
Oxo-Rhenium-Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Polyols with Hydroaromatic Reductants

Several dihydroaromatic compounds are shown to be effective reducing agents in the oxo-metal-catalyzed deoxydehydration of diols and polyols to produce olefins and the corresponding arenes. NH4ReO4 and MeReO3 are active catalysts for the reactions. The most effective of the hydroaromatic reductants is indoline, which is oxidized to indole. Yields for a variety of diols and polyols range from 35% to 99%. Two hydrogen donors, 1,3-cyclohexadiene and dihydroanthracene, engage in tandem DODH/cycloaddition reactions. Competition experiments show that indoline is more reactive than representative alcohols in H-transfer. Indoline is shown to reduce MeReO3 to MeReO2 via an isolable adduct, MeReO3(indoline) (4), which has been structurally characterized and is suggested to be an intermediate in the catalytic DODH process.
A Content Analysis of Vaping Advertisements on Twitter, November 2014

INTRODUCTION Vaping has increased in popularity, and the potential harms and benefits are largely unknown. Vaping-related advertising is expected to grow as the vaping industry grows; people are exposed primarily to vaping advertisements on the Internet, and Twitter is an especially popular social medium among young people. The primary objective of our study was to describe the characteristics of vaping-related advertisements on Twitter. METHODS We collected data on 403,079 English-language tweets that appeared during November 2014 and contained vaping-related keywords. Using crowdsourcing services, we identified vaping-related advertisements in a random sample of 5,000 tweets. The advertisement tweets were qualitatively coded for popular marketing tactics by our research team. We also inferred the demographic characteristics of followers of 4 Twitter handles that advertised various novel vape products. RESULTS The random sample of 5,000 vaping-related tweets included 1,156 (23%) advertisement tweets that were further analyzed. Vape pens were advertised in nearly half of the advertisement tweets (47%), followed by e-juice (21%), which commonly mentioned flavors (42%). Coupons or price discounts were frequently observed (32%); only 3% of tweets mentioned vaping as a way to quit smoking or as an alternative to smoking. One handle had a disproportionately high percentage of racial/ethnic minority followers. CONCLUSION Vaping poses a threat to smoking prevention progress, and it is important for those in tobacco control to understand and counter the tactics used by vaping companies to entice their consumers, especially on social media where young people can easily view the content.
BMET-08DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF PET, SPECT, AND ASL IN DIFFERENTIATING TUMOR RECURRENCE FROM NECROSIS IN CEREBRAL METASTASIS POST-STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Radiographic assessment of cerebral metastasis after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) remains a major challenge in neuro-oncology. It is often difficult to distinguish tumor progression (TP) from radiation necrosis (RN) in this setting using conventional MRI. The objective of this study is to compare the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of different functional imaging modalities for detecting tumor recurrence after SRS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients treated between 2007 and 2010 and identified 14 patients with cerebral metastasis who suffered clinical or radiographic progression following SRS and were imaged with arterial spin labeling (ASL), FDG-PET, and Thallium-SPECT prior to stereotactic biopsy. Diagnostic accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each imaging modality using pathologic diagnosis as gold standard. RESULTS: Six patients (42%) suffered tumor progression while eight (58%) developed radiation necrosis. FDG-PET and ASL were equally sensitive in detecting tumor progression (83%). However, the specificity of ASL was superior to the other modalities (100%, 75%, and 50% respectively). Combination of modalities did not augment the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, or NPV of ASL. CONCLUSION: In our series, ASL positivity closely associates with pathological diagnosis of tumor progression after SRS. The sensitivity and specifity of ASL in detecting tumor progression is superior to those of PET and SPECT.
Impact of treatment on progression to castration‐resistance, metastases, and death in men with localized high‐grade prostate cancer

Men with high-grade prostate cancer (HGPC) are at greatest risk of disease progression. Clinical risk factors associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), metastases, and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) were identified in a contemporary HGPC cohort. Clinical data was collected from men diagnosed with Gleason sum (GS) ≥8 at the Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs (GLA-VA) Healthcare System between 2000 and 2013. Multivariable competing risks regression analyses assessed progression to CRPC, metastases, and PCSM within three treatment strata. The cumulative incidence of disease progression was calculated at 2, 5, and 10-year time points. Review of 2149 prostate cancer cases yielded 322 with HGPC. Median survival times for cancer-specific and overall mortality were significantly shorter in men treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001). Multivariable analyses revealed that clinical stage N1, GS 10, and treatment with primary ADT were significantly associated with increased risk of CRPC, metastases, and PCSM. Significant differences in these outcomes were not observed in men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) when compared to those treated with radiation therapy combined with short-term ADT (XRT-ADT). Ten-year event rates of progression to CRPC, metastases, and PCSM, for men treated with primary ADT, were 45.5%, 25.4%, and 25.1%, respectively. In conclusion, GS 10 and lymph node involvement, as well as primary ADT treatment in men with HGPC was associated with increased risk of CRPC, metastases, and PCSM. Curative-intent treatment with RP or XRT-ADT is associated with reduced progression rates and death in men with HGPC.
Heat Dissipation of Resonant Absorption in Metal Nanoparticle-Polymer Films Described at Particle Separation Near Resonant Wavelength

Polymer films containing plasmonic nanostructures are of increasing interest for development of responsive energy, sensing, and therapeutic systems. The present work evaluates heat dissipated from power absorbed by resonant gold (Au) nanoparticles (NP) with negligible Rayleigh scattering cross sections randomly dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. Finite element analysis (FEA) of heat transport was coordinated with characterization of resonant absorption by Mie theory and coupled dipole approximation (CDA). At AuNP particle separation greater than resonant wavelength, correspondence was observed between measured and CDA-predicted optical absorption and FEA-derived power dissipation. At AuNP particle separation less than resonant wavelength, measured extinction increased relative to predicted values, while FEA-derived power dissipation remained comparable to CDA-predicted power absorption before lagging observed extinguished power at higher AuNP content and resulting particle separation. Effects of isolated particles, for example, scattering, and particle-particle interactions, for example, multiple scattering, aggregation on observed optothermal activity were evaluated. These complementary approaches to distinguish contributions to resonant heat dissipation from isolated particle absorption and interparticle interactions support design and adaptive control of thermoplasmonic materials for a variety of implementations.
M52. Predictive Influences of Cognitive-Perceptual Experiences in Schizotypy: A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Approach

Abstract Background: Schizotypy is a construct that captures quantitative dimensions of the psychosis continuum from normative to clinical expressions. The purpose of this study was to determine the factor structure and criterion validity of a newly revised self-report measure instrument, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire–Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU; Davidson, Hoffman, & Spaulding, 2016) for predicting later cognitive-perceptual experiences in college undergraduates. Methods: The study sample was comprised of 2474 undergraduate students (female = 71%) attending a university in the Midwest. First, we aimed to identify the model of best fit between latent measurement models of schizotypy discussed in the prior literature using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A series of sequential model comparisons was used to determine the best fitting model of latent schizotypy. Second, we estimated a latent cognitive-perceptual factor from multiple measures collected at a second time point in a subsample of participants (n = 253). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we tested the impact of latent schizotypy on participants’ subsequent self-reported cognitive-perceptual experiences at time 2. Results: Overall, CFA findings support a 4-factor model of schizotypy described by Callaway and colleagues (2013), (χ2 (108) = 2875.21, P < .001, CFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.922, RMSEA = 0.047, CI (RMSEA) =0.045–0.048, SRMR = 0.057). Proportion of variance explained in this 4-factor model included 45.0% for social anxiety, 67.3% for interpersonal, 61.2% for cognitive-perceptual, and 65.7% for disorganization (all P < .001). Consistent with our hypothesis for aim 2, the hypothesized latent cognitive-perceptual model yielded excellent fit of the data (χ2 (2) = 2.09, P < .352, CFI = 0.999, TLI = 0.998, RMSEA = 0.013, CI (RMSEA) = 0.000–0.127, SRMR = 0.018). Lastly, SEM results for aim 3 indicate specific dimensions of the path model explain 48.9% proportion of variance in cognitive-perceptual experiences at time 2 (χ2 (14) = 13.842, P = .46, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00, CI (RMSEA) = 0.00–0.60, SRMR = 0.024). Conclusion: This investigation bolsters a growing body of evidence for the predictive power of schizotypy for cognitive-perceptual phenomena in college students. In addition, this work further advances the concept of the neurodevelopmental continuum of psychosis.
Orthogonal Locality Preserving model reduction and flow separation control for incompressible Navier Stokes equations

Orthogonal Locality Preserving Projections (OLPP) are locally linear but globally nonlinear projection maps that arise by solving a variational problem, which optimally preserves the neighborhood structure of the state dynamics. OLPP projects the data in a way that preserves a certain affinity graph where graph nodes are the snapshots from numerical solutions. The edges can be defined by talking some number of nearest neighbor nodes to every state or alternatively by including all neighbors within a defined radius around the states. In this paper we design an OLPP POD model order reduction technique for an incompressible Navier-Stokes system that governs the velocity and pressure behavior of a fluid passing through the NACA 0015 airfoil with periodic boundary conditions. We first compute the optimal POD basis functions and show the reduced order system, then we compute the OLPP reduced system. Finally we present the flow separation problem.
Wisconsin Department of Transportation Hot-Mix Asphalt Round Robin Laboratory Qualification Testing Program

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT), Madison, uses a quality management program (QMP) specification for acceptance and payment of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement. The QMP allows for product acceptance on the basis of contractor quality control (QC) testing when verified by the Wisconsin DOT quality verification (QV) tests. The contractor is required to do daily QC testing of mix properties in a department-certified, qualified laboratory located at the plant site. The Wisconsin DOT maintains a QV program (QVP) and conducts QV tests to determine the quality of the final product. QV and QC test results are compared, and a mix is considered acceptably verified if the two results are within specified limits. When test results do not meet these limits, the Wisconsin DOT performs referee tests to determine mixture conformance, acceptability, and payment. In 2011, the Wisconsin DOT began to see significant increases in the number of requests for referee testing as a result of wide disparities between ...
A Multi-OS Cross-Layer Study of Bloating in User Programs, Kernel and Managed Execution Environments

We present a study of bloating across the software stack. We study user-level programs, OS kernels and Java virtual machine. We employ: (1) static measurements to detect limits to debloating, and (2) dynamic measurements to detect how much of the code available to a program is utilized under typical payloads. We incorporate an ultra-light weight tracing procedure in a whole-system emulator to measure the bloat in kernel. We measure the amount of kernel code that executes during the boot process and during the execution of popular system calls. Our findings show that bloating is pervasive and severe. A significant fraction of code across the software stack is never executed and provides scope for debloating.
Sequential stream segregation based on spatial cues: Behavioral and neural measurements

Differences in simulated spatial cues in the horizontal plane have been shown to enhance both voluntary and obligatory stream segregation of sounds with realistic spectro-temporal variations, such as sequences of syllables. In this experiment, listeners were presented with sequences of speech tokens, each consisting of a fricative consonant and a voiced vowel. The CV tokens were concatenated into interleaved sequences that alternated in simulated spatial positions. The interleaved sequences lasted 1 min. The listeners had to press a button each time they heard a repeated token. In the selective attention task, the listeners were asked to attend only one of the two interleaved sequences; in the global attention task, the listeners had to perceive the interleaved sequences as single stream to detect a repetition between the sequences. Simultaneous EEG measurements were made. The behavioral results confirmed that listeners were able to either attend selectively or globally, depending on the task requirements. The EEG waveforms differed between the two tasks, despite identical physical stimuli, reflecting the difference between global and selective attention. Both behavioral and EEG results reflected the effects of increasing spatial separation in enhancing selective attention and making global attention to the sequences more difficult.Differences in simulated spatial cues in the horizontal plane have been shown to enhance both voluntary and obligatory stream segregation of sounds with realistic spectro-temporal variations, such as sequences of syllables. In this experiment, listeners were presented with sequences of speech tokens, each consisting of a fricative consonant and a voiced vowel. The CV tokens were concatenated into interleaved sequences that alternated in simulated spatial positions. The interleaved sequences lasted 1 min. The listeners had to press a button each time they heard a repeated token. In the selective attention task, the listeners were asked to attend only one of the two interleaved sequences; in the global attention task, the listeners had to perceive the interleaved sequences as single stream to detect a repetition between the sequences. Simultaneous EEG measurements were made. The behavioral results confirmed that listeners were able to either attend selectively or globally, depending on the task requirements...
Natural Is Not in It: Disaster, Race, and the Built Environment

Hurricane Katrina was not a “natural” disaster; rather it illustrates the role that human choices play in many arenas we tend to think of as governed by chance natural occurrence. This essay explores this theme on three different levels. First, insights from the legal analysis of the built environment illuminate the disaster as an example of the influence of human choices on the shape of the environment, including urban planning and flood control policy Second, Katrina underscores the role of race-based choices in the fate of Americans. Like environmental decisions, deliberate racial segregation and neglect were as critical as chance occurrence in contributing to the disaster. While the impact on African Americans is obviously a central aspect of the disaster, a racial analysis of Katrina must go beyond a mere black-white dichotomy. Katrina raises additional issues such as the intersection of race and class and the strained relationships between African Americans and Latino immigrant laborers in the reconstruction of New Orleans. Third and finally, the essay critiques the current trend to conflate social justice with economic efficiency. That view attempts to avoid moral responsibility for policy choices by allowing purportedly “natural” market forces to determine outcomes. In the wake of Katrina, some argue that New Orleans would do better without assisting the return of its poor residents displaced by Katrina. But not all social choices can be made by balancing material considerations against moral ones: sometimes we must make outright material sacrifices in the name of moral duty. Market-driven decisionmaking is not morally neutral, but constitutes a conscious choice of self-interest over compassion. “Civilisation passed us by, we belonged to geography, not history, so we escaped.” 1 So says the 19th-century Russian political activist Alexander Herzen, as fictionally depicted in Tom Stoppard’s play, The Coast of Utopia. The Herzen character, exhausted and betrayed in his quest for a political utopia, believes Russia’s remote location and unique characteristics isolate it from the Western pattern of political development. He obviously had a point, as Russia’s eventual revolution, led by peasants and intellectuals, differed fundamentally from the bourgeois revolutions of the West. But 1 TOM STOPPARD, SHIPWRECK: THE COAST OF UTOPIA, PART II, Act ii, at 102.
recA-Mediated Induction of Pectin Lyase and Carotovoricin in ErwiniaCarotovora Subsp. Carotovora

Pectin lyase (PNL) and the bacteriocin, carotovoricin (CTV), were induced in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) strain 71 by the DNA damaging agents mitomycin C, nalidixic acid, and ultraviolet light. These agents, in contrast, were not required for the induction of the pectolytic enzymes pectate lyase and polygalacturonase, which are induced by polygalacturonate or citrus pectin. To determine if the recA product is involved in the expression of pnl or ctv, we cloned the Ecc recA gene, inactivated it by Tn5 insertion, and constructed an Ecc recA::Tn5 strain by site-directed mutagenesis. This RecA- strain resembled RecA- strains of E. coli in that it was highly sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate, nitroquinoline oxide, and UV light. The recA mutation did not affect the production of pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, cellulase and protease, or the ability to cause soft rot of potato tubers. However, in this RecA- strain, unlike the RecA+ parent strain, PNL and CTV were not induced by the DNA damaging agents or detected in infected potato tuber tissue. The RecA+ phenotype, including the inducibility of PNL and CTV, could be restored in the mutants in trans by the recA+ gene from either Ecc or E. coli. We conclude that in Ecc the recA product is required in the induction of PNL and CTV.
The Asian Wave: Three Asian Male Superstars in Hollywood

Three Asian male superstars, Shah Rukh Khan, Chow Yun-Fat, and Lee Byung-Hun, have all attempted to expand beyond their native film industries into the US market. Yet as Celine Parrenas Shimizu notes, there is “a long tradition in Hollywood movies of iconic portrayals of Asian American men [as] rapacious and brutal, pedophiliac, criminal, treacherous and also romantic, and quaint. Sexuality and gender act as forces in the racialization of Asian American men.” This essay looks at the ways in which the receptions of these three stars in the US film industry mirror changing attitudes toward Asian leading men in Hollywood, revealing evolving commercial film trends which in turn relate to global cultural, political, and economic forces.
Right ventricular-pulmonary artery coupling—an emerging perspective in transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Since its approval in 2011 in high and prohibitive-surgical-risk patients, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has expanded its indication to intermediate-surgical-risk patients (1,2). Studies are underway to investigate its potential as a modality in low-surgical risk patients and establish an all-risk indication for TAVR for treatment of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. During this journey, TAVR has crossed many hurdles through refinements in risk stratification, operator experience, and technological advancements.
Effects of motion on MRI signal decay from micron-scale particles.

Abstract Transverse decay rate (R2∗) mapping is an established method for measuring iron overload in various biological tissues. Recently, R2∗ mapping was used to measure the mean 3D concentration distribution of micron-size particles dispersed in turbulent flows. However, some discrepancy was observed between the measured R2∗ and the expected decay based on existing theory. The present paper examines three flow-related mechanisms that could be responsible for this discrepancy. Computational simulations were used to study the effects of relative particle-fluid motion and preferential concentration by turbulence, while the effect of enhanced proton dispersion due to turbulence was examined via the existing MRI relaxation theory. Each flow phenomenon was shown to produce a different effect on the signal-time curve, as well as the extracted R2∗. Comparison to experimental data in a square channel flow showed that relative motion between the particles and fluid was the most likely cause of the discrepancy in the previous experiments; however, all three effects may be present in both medical and non-medical flows, and their differing effects on the MRI signal may eventually allow for their identification from MRI data.
An Analysis of College and Career Readiness Emphasis in ESSA State Accountability Plans

This study examined the extent and manner in which college and career readiness (CCR) is emphasized in Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) state accountability plans. We analyzed 52 plans (50 states, DC, Puerto Rico) using frameworks developed by Cook-Harvey, Darling-Hammond, Lam, Mercer, and Roc (2016) and Dowd and Bensimon (2015). Findings disclose significant variation, with CCR featuring prominently in some plans and receiving cursory mention in others. Most states identified CCR components as part of their school quality or student success indicators but few used ESSA to restructure their state initiatives to address persistent inequities. Even states making CCR a central feature typically applied color-blind approaches, addressing CCR for all students rather than developing CCR plans to address inequitable outcomes for student subgroups.
Augmentation of radiation response with the VEGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474

4138 BACKGROUND. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US. In this study, we perform preclinical studies to investigate a novel molecular approach in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by combining radiation with ZD6474, a small molecule vascular endothelial growth factor receptor - tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI). We hypothesize that enhanced tumor control may be achieved by simultaneously targeting tumor (radiation) and tumor vasculature (ZD6474). METHODS. A series of in vitro assays were performed to characterize specific cellular and molecular effects of the investigational approach in NSCLC cell lines (H226 and A549) and endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vivo experiments in athymic mice bearing H226 and A549 xenografts were carried out to evaluate the combined molecular approach of targeting both tumor and vasculature. RESULTS. ZD6474 induced a dose-dependent inhibition of HUVEC growth in culture and inhibited the capillary-like network formation in endothelial cells in vitro angiogenesis assay. ZD6474 also induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition of H226 and A549 cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis using propidium iodide staining demonstrated that ZD6474 induced cell cycle arrest with accumulation of cells in G1 phase and reduction of cells in S phase, while radiation (XRT) arrested cells in G2/M. The combination of ZD6474 and XRT further enhanced G2/M cell cycle arrest and reduced cell population in S phase. In vivo experiments with athymic mice bearing H226 and A549 xenografts (control, ZD6474, XRT and ZD6474/XRT) revealed that the combination of ZD6474 plus XRT resulted in enhanced anti-tumor activity over that achieved with single modality therapy. CONCLUSIONS. Systemic administration of the VEGFR-TKI ZD6474 augments radiation response in NSCLC xenografts. In vitro studies suggest that ZD6474 provides anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects. This dual action may reflect the capacity of ZD6474 to influence both VEGFR signaling in endothelial cells and EGFR signaling in tumor cells. Studies which further characterize VEGFR/EGFR mechanisms of action and activity using ZD6474 in combination with radiation will be presented.
Facts, Values, and Norms: Essays toward a Morality of Consequence

In our everyday lives we struggle with the notions of why we do what we do and the need to assign values to our actions. Somehow, it seems possible through experience and life to gain knowledge and understanding of such matters. Yet once we start delving deeper into the concepts that underwrite these domains of thought and actions, we face a philosophical disappointment. In contrast to the world of facts, values and morality seem insecure, uncomfortably situated, easily influenced by illusion or ideology. How can we apply this same objectivity and accuracy to the spheres of value and morality? In the essays included in this collection, Peter Railton shows how a fairly sober, naturalistically informed view of the world might nonetheless incorporate objective values and moral knowledge. This book will be of interest to professionals and students working in philosophy and ethics.
Molecularly Functionalized Electrodes for Efficient Electrochemical Water Remediation.

The development and investigation of materials that leverage unique interfacial effects on electronic structure and redox chemistry are likely to play an outstanding role in advanced technologies for wastewater treatment. Here, the use of surface functionalization of metal oxides with a RuII poly(pyridyl) complex was reported as a way to create hybrid assemblies with optimized electrochemical performance for water remediation, superior to those that could be achieved with the molecular catalyst or metal-oxide electrodes used individually. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that the molecularly functionalized electrodes could suppress the formation of hydroxyl radicals (i. e., the dominant remediation pathway for bare metal-oxide electrodes), allowing the water remediation to proceed through the highly oxidizing Ru3+ ions in the surface-bound complexes. Furthermore, the underlying metal-oxide substrates played a crucial role in altering the electronic structure and electrochemical properties of the surface-bound catalyst, such that the competing side reaction (i. e., water splitting) was largely inhibited.
A randomized-controlled trial comparing supervised aerobic training to resistance training followed by unsupervised exercise on physical functioning in older breast cancer survivors.

Abstract Introduction This study compared the relative efficacy of aerobic training to resistance training on physical functioning in older breast cancer survivors and determined whether benefits could be maintained by transitioning to unsupervised home-based training. Materials and methods Early-stage, post-treatment, older (≥65 years) breast cancer survivors (n = 114; mean age 72 years) were randomized to 12 months of supervised aerobic (n = 37), resistance (n = 39) or stretching (active control; n = 38) training followed by 6 months of unsupervised home-based training. Outcomes included aerobic capacity by 6-min walk distance (6MWD; m), maximal upper and lower body strength (1-repetition maximum; kg); physical function by short physical performance battery (SPPB), SF-36 and Late Life Function and Disability Instruments. Results Over 12-months of supervised exercise, all groups improved in muscle strength and SPPB scores, but resistance trained women also improved 6MWD. Improvements in upper and lower body strength in the resistance group were significantly greater than those in the stretching control (+2.5 kg vs. +1.8 kg; p = 0.05) and aerobic groups (+8.3 kg vs +2.7 kg; p = 0.047), respectively, with trends for greater improvements in 6MWD (+57.9 m vs. +22.5 m; p = 0.057) and self-report physical function (+4.8 vs. -4.4; 0.066) in resistance trained women versus controls. Compared to values at 12 months, there were no changes during unsupervised training in any measure within or between groups, except for self-reported advanced lower extremity function which improved in the resistance group and fell in the aerobic group (+1.3 vs. -3.1; p = 0.043). Discussion Supervised exercise can improve strength and physical functioning among older breast cancer survivors. Resistance training may lead to better improvements compared to aerobic or flexibility training, whether in a supervised or unsupervised setting. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00662103
Noncompliance with Medication for Psychiatric Disorders

Noncompliance remains one of the greatest challenges when prescribing psychotropic medication and can render any treatment regimen wasteful and ineffective. While rates reported in studies of noncompliance vary widely, non-compliance can clearly increase treatment costs and prolong the duration of hospitalisation. Furthermore, noncompliance has a human cost in terms of morbidity and mortality. The reasons for noncompliance can be divided into 3 categories: medication-, patient- and provider-specific factors. Adverse effects are likely to be the most common reason for patients to not comply with prescribed medication regimens. Ineffectiveness, complexity of the regimen and cost are also important medication-related factors contributing to noncompliance. The use of newer effective medications that have fewer adverse effects, drug holidays and low-dose treatment strategies may ameliorate adverse effects. In addition, the aggressive treatment of adverse effects such as antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes and akathisia and tricyclic antidepressant-induced anticholinergic effects can increase compliance. In some cases, the complexity of regimens and the cost of medications can be reduced. The symptoms of a psychiatric disorder, the presence of substance abuse, and culture and attitude are patient-specific factors that may interfere with compliance. Noncompliance related to patient attitudes can be remedied through improving the patient-provider relationship, using depot antipsychotics and possibly medicating patients by force of judicial orders. Treatment of dual diagnosis, greater understanding of a patient’s culture and the involvement of families in treatment can all be used to foster increased compliance. Psychosocial rehabilitation can also help increase compliance. Noncompliance increases when practitioners’ views of their patients’ prognosis or the effectiveness of treatment differ from that of their patients. How physicians communicate and what information they present to their patients and families plays a significant role in determining compliance. Physicians who believe in the medications they are prescribing and actively involve their patients in treatment decisions are likely to increase compliance. Expressing an understanding, empathic and caring manner will further promote compliance. Compliance should increase when good and clear lines of communication exist and patients feel free to ask questions. Specialised treatment options that practitioners can use to increase compliance include education, cognitive behavioural interventions, behaviour modification techniques, and using direct rewards for compliance. Psychotherapy can also be used as a tool to improve the practitioner-patient relationship.
Comment: Affective Chronometry Has Come of Age

The articles in this special section attest to the vibrancy of research on affective dynamics. In this article, I raise a number of fundamental questions about affective chronometry that remain una...
The Overburdened Child: Some Long-Term Consequences of Divorce

ble to systematic inquiry. Observa tions have shown repeatedly that the ways in which parents and children relate to each other may alter pro foundly under the impact of separa tion and the multiple ripple effects of its extended aftermath.1 Many of these changes are unanticipated and surprising because psychological the ory and clinical wisdom have led the professional community to expect rel ative continuity in relationships be tween parents and children. Conti nuity in the overall quality of these relationships, in the emotional invest ment by the parent in the child, and in the dominant cast of the interac