cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formant Frequency Characteristics of Esophageal Speech

Highly representative esophageal vowels (N = 191) selected from a listening experiment were subjected to formant frequency analysis. The results of this acoustic analysis showed that: (1) mean vowe...
An Organizational Role-based Extrusion Detection Model with Profile Migration

Intrusion detection and prevention systems play a crucial role in the overall information security implementation of today’s organizations. Traditionally, signature-based and anomaly-based detections have been the two main methods of detection and prevention techniques. Signature-based intrusion detection systems are excellent in detection and performance, but they are vulnerable to unknown threats like zero-day attacks. Extensive research have been conducted on anomaly detection and prevention based on users’ behavior profiling. However, as insider attacks increase, it has become equally important to monitor and analyze extrusion attempts. Behavior-based profile creation has a promising future in extrusion monitoring. However, profiling individual behavior has its limitations in that it tends to incorporate unintended behavior into the normal profile. In this study, user's organizational role has been integrated into profile creation further reducing number of false positives. A prototype of the model is tested with three users belonging to three different roles. A profile migration scheme is proposed to import user profiles at various login location.
Long time behavior of the velocity autocorrelation function

Abstract The velocity autocorrelation function has been studied using the mode-mode coupling theory of transport phenomena. The result agrees with the molecular-dynamic calculations of Alder and Wainwright.
Peptide- and aptamer-functionalized nanovectors for targeted delivery of therapeutics

Targeted delivery of therapeutics is an area of vigorous research, and peptide- and aptamer-functionalized nanovectors are a promising class of targeted delivery vehicles. Both peptide- and aptamer-targeting ligands can be readily designed to bind a target selectively with high affinity, and more importantly are molecules accessible by chemical synthesis and relatively compact compared with antibodies and full proteins. The multitude of peptide ligands that have been used for targeted delivery are covered in this review, with discussion of binding selectivity and targeting performance for these peptide sequences where possible. Aptamers are RNA or DNA strands evolutionarily engineered to specifically bind a chosen target. Although use of aptamers in targeted delivery is a relatively new avenue of research, the current state of the field is covered and promises of future advances in this area are highlighted. Liposomes, the classic drug delivery vector, and polymeric nanovectors functionalized with peptide or aptamer binding ligands will be discussed in this review, with the exclusion of other drug delivery vehicles. Targeted delivery of therapeutics, from DNA to classic small molecule drugs to protein therapeutics, by these targeted nanovectors is reviewed with coverage of both in vitro and in vivo deliveries. This is an exciting and dynamic area of research and this review seeks to discuss its broad scope.
The importance of video editing in automated image analysis in studies of the cerebral cortex

Editing of the video image in computerized image analysis is readily accomplished with the appropriate apparatus, but slows the assay very significantly. In dealing with the cerebral cortex, however video editing is of considerable importance in that cells are very often contiguous to one another or are partially superimposed, and this gives an erroneous measurement unless those cells are artificially separated. Also important is elimination of vascular cells from consideration by the automated counting apparatus. A third available mode of editing allows the filling-in of the cytoplasm of cell bodies which are not fully stained with sufficient intensity to be wholly detected. This study, which utilizes 23 samples, demonstrates that, in a given area of a histologic section of cerebral cortex, the number of small cells is greater and the number of large neurons is smaller with editing than without. In that not all cases follow this general pattern, inadequate editing may lead to significant errors on individual specimens as well as to the calculated mean. Video editing is therefore an essential part of the morphometric study of cerebral cortex by means of automated image analysis.
Primary leptomeningeal central nervous system lymphoma in an immunocompetent adolescent: an unusual presentation

We report a case of primary leptomeningeal central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma with atypical imaging features in an immunocompetent adolescent who presented with diplopia, seizures, vomiting and subsequent unresponsiveness. Primary leptomeningeal CNS lymphoma is rare in the pediatric population, and this is one of few reported cases in the literature of large B-cell lymphoma isolated to the leptomeninges in a teenager.
Gas sampling glow discharge: a versatile ionization source for gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A gas chromatograph has been coupled to a direct-current gas sampling glow discharge (GSGD) ionization source for the mass spectrometric analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons. The continuous discharge is contained within the first vacuum stage of the differentially pumped spectrometer interface. The discharge can be operated statically or rapidly switched between atomic and molecular ionization modes; both atomic and molecular spectra could be generated in the helium-supported plasma. In the switched configuration, the duty cycle is 50% for each mode. The ionization mode is selected by application of either a positive (molecular) or negative (atomic) potential to the sample introduction electrode, and the two kinds of spectra can be sequentially collected by changing the voltage and current between two preset values. Similar ion-optical voltage settings could be employed for both modes of operation, with the exception of the steering-plate potential, which had to be modulated between two different values (...
Clinical validity of major depression-endogenous subtype in adolescent patients

This paper explored the validity of the distinction between endogenous and nonendogenous forms of major depression in a clinical sample of adolescents, average age 13.6 years. The criteria used to establish this distinction were features of the disorder itself and the external criteria of demography, family history and psychosocial stressors. Endogenous subjects had a more severe form of depressive disorder than nonendogenous subjects. However, there were no significant differences between the depressed groups on any of the external criteria. The distinction between endogenous and nonendogenous major depression in early and mid-adolescence appears therefore to be quantitative rather than qualitative.
Properties of 8,9-dichloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine, an inhibitor of norepinephrine N-methyltransferase.

Abstract LY134046, 8,9-dichloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine hydrochloride, was a potent inhibitor of norepinephrine N -methyltransferase (NMT) from rat brain or rabbit adrenal glands in vitro . The inhibition was competitive with respect to the methyl-accepting substrate, (-)-norepinephrine, the K i for LY134046 being 2.4 × 10 −8 M. LY134046 inhibited the NMT activity in rat brain stem and hypothalamus in vivo at doses of 10–40 mg/kg, i.p., and lowered the epinephrine (but not norepinephrine or dopamine) concentration in these brain regions. The epinephrine reduction produced by a single 40 mg/kg, i.p. dose of LY134046 persisted at 24 hr and daily injections of 10–40 mg/kg doses for 5 days produced cumulative reductions in epinephrine concentration. LY134046 was similar to SK&F 64139 (7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride), a structurally related compound, as an inhibitor of NMT in vitro and in vivo , but the two compounds differed in their relative abilities to block α 2 receptors. SK&F 64139 was 20-to 50-fold more potent than LY134046 in antagonizing [ 3 H]clonidine binding to rat brain membranes and phenylephrine-induced contractions of rat aortic strips, but it was only about twice as potent as LY134046 in inhibiting NMT activity. LY134046 seems to be more selective than other currently known inhibitors of NMT and may be useful for pharmacologic intervention in the function of epinephrine-forming neurons in brain.
Most of NASA budget boost going to international space station

NASA will focus on expanding support for a permanent human presence in space while maintaining level science funding for previously planned projects, said NASA Administrator Michael Griffin at a 5 February briefing regarding the agency's Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 budget request. The proposed FY2008 budget allots $17.3 billion for NASA, an increase of 3.1% over the proposed budget for FY2007. Much of the additional funds would go to exploration capabilities and space operations—which would get an 11% increase in funding for a total of approximately $6.8 billion—primarily for shuttle missions to continue assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) and for station and flight maintenance.
Architecture Modeling of In-Situ Oxygen Production and its Impacts on Lunar Campaigns

In-situ lunar oxygen production has the potential to reduce the cargo mass launched from Earth necessary to sustain a lunar base. As research and development in lunar oxygen production continue, modeling tools are being used to help characterize the many possible system architectures and guide decisions for future plant designs. Using the previously built NASA In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) System Model, an optimization tool was developed to facilitate exploration of the design space of the different system architectures represented in the model. For each architecture, an optimization of the continuous design space is performed using a gradient-based search. In instances when the gradient-based search cannot converge, the tool changes to simulated annealing, a heuristic method. Nine primary lunar oxygen production system architectures were optimized to minimize system mass for oxygen production levels from 500 kg/yr to 6000 kg/yr. Good designs minimized mass and maximized produced oxygen with system masses in the range of 100 kg to 700 kg. Preliminary results show that two particular architectures populate the Pareto-optimal front of best designs for most production levels, making them attractive for further investigation. An economy of scale of .837 was found using a power law regression, indicating that some economy of scale exists (values less than one have economy of scale) and that launching fewer, higher-capacity plants will be less massive overall than many small-capacity plants to achieve the same total production level. A simplified comparison of lunar-produced oxygen for crew breathing supply and ECLSS (environmental control and life support systems) technologies was performed with a space logistics planning tool, SpaceNet. For all but the most advanced ECLSS technologies, use of in-situ oxygen over a 10-year campaign resulted in more than 12,000 kg of consumables cargo launch mass savings.
Tarah Brookfield, Cold War Comforts: Canadian Women, Child Safety, and global Insecurity

Tarah Brookfield’s Cold War Comforts: Canadian Women, Child Safety, and Global Insecurity attempts a complicated feat. Brookfield’s work defines and discusses Canadian women’s Cold War pacifism. Ye...
An old friend and a new old friend

As a technical writing instructor and reviewer, I too often encounter established authors who believe that anyone without gleaming credentials would have to have much audacity to make suggestions about writing. For some time I have mused over this hubris. But, it's mental concrete, and I have not found the voice to crack it. That is, until recently. The voice I found was one of their own.
Mating behaviour of drone honey bees with queen models (Apis mellifera L.)

Abstract Wooden models of queen bees, when treated with queen pheromones and elevated (5 to 15 m), stimulated mating behaviour of flying drones. When sting chamber depths, of 1·6, 4·8 mm or ‘infinite’ were tested at diameters of 1·6, 2·4, 3·2 and 4·0 mm, respectively, the ‘mating’ frequency for the respective diameters (all depths pooled) was 4·6, 20·0, 46·7 and 44·8 per cent ( N =240), respectively, for 762 drones that mounted the models. Sting chamber dimensions affected the degree of drone genital eversion. The median time between mounting and eversion was 2·4 s. Prolonged mount duration (median=17·8 s) was observed when models had sting chambers too small to stimulate eversion. The data document the brevity of mating and the open sting chamber requirement.
Performance of uncooled microcantilever thermal detectors

Bimaterial microcantilevers arranged into focal plane arrays (FPAs) can function as uncooled IR imaging devices. In order to analyze the performance of such devices and compare various FPAs, it is essential to have an in-depth understanding of their operation, figures of merit, and fundamental limitations. We give an overview of figures of merit that are applicable to both cooled and uncooled IR detectors. Specific focus of this chapter is a performance analysis for microcantilever IR detectors with an optical readout. We discuss responsivity of microcantilever IR detectors and analyze the different sources (and mechanisms) of noise present in them. A model SiN x microcantilever device with an Al layer in the bimaterial region was fabricated and its performance as an IR detector was analyzed.
Inhibiting effects of attempts to verbalize on attainment and use of complex conjunctive concepts.

Szlmmary-For 90 college students, matched for SAT scores, there was differentiation of ability to identify correctly complex conjunctive concepts in a card-sorting task, as demonstrated by ability to learn the concepts to an errorless trial and to apply the newly formed concepts to other materials. Some Ss were able to learn the concepts to an errorless trial and ro apply each concept to new sorrs but were then unable to verbalize correctly those rules they had just employed. The same Ss who had previously learned an equivalent principle for sorting in one situation, then having tried unsuccessfully ro verbalize the concept which they had just employed, were unable to apply the same principle in a new, equivalent situation. Concept formation is the process of isolating a common property or properties of objects or events. Bruner, et al. ( 1956) discussed strategies whereby Ss divide things into classes. If only one set of common properties defines the concept, it is called a simple concept. Conjunctive concepts require the simultaneous presence of two or more attributes, disjunctives require at least one attribute from a larger group; relational concepts are defined in terms of the relationships between the attributes of a class of objects. Ss do not have to know words to form concepts; all that is necessary is that the properties of the class of objects be correctly discriminated. Osgood, et al. (1957) take the position that the definition of the concept is almost synonymous with the definition of a word. If appropriate words are available to S, he attaches word meanings to each class of objects as he masters it. In concept formation, discrimination and abstraction are tied to the naming of the classes as
A video game controller with skin stretch haptic feedback

This paper presents the design of a game controller with integrated skin stretch feedback, a new form of touch feedback. This form of feedback can be used to provide directional information, as well as tactile gaming effects to a user through the input thumb joysticks. Prior testing has shown that a user can perceive and respond to single direction cues given through skin stretch feedback at the thumb joysticks. This paper presents further experiments to characterize user interaction and responses to feedback as a function of the relative timing between skin stretch cues given on both of the controller's thumb joysticks.
A critical evaluation of the past 25 years of perinatal nursing practice: opportunities for improvement.

Abstract Changes in perinatal nursing over the past 25 years have been abundant. Nursing advocacy has contributed to the introduction of innovations such as single-room maternity care and family-centered care, and to the end of restrictive practices such as the use of hand and leg restraints during birth, routine use of episiotomy, and routine general anesthesia for normal births. Perinatal nursing involves complex clinical interventions, intensive patient and family education, empathetic support and evaluation of family dynamics, and a wide range of opportunities to make a difference in the lives of mothers, babies, and families. The strengths and weaknesses of perinatal nursing practice at the beginning of the new century are chronicled, and suggestions for improvements are made.
Analysis of the AU-rich elements in the 3'-untranslated region of beta 2-adrenergic receptor mRNA by mutagenesis and identification of the homologous AU-rich region from different species.

The 35000-Mr β-adrenergic receptor mRNA binding protein (βARB) is induced by β-adrenergic agonists and binds to G-protein-linked receptor mRNAs that exhibit agonist-induced destabilization. Recentl...
An Empirical Bayes Em-Wavelet Unification for Simultaneous Denoising, Interpolation, and/Or Demosaicing

We present a unified framework for coupling the EM algorithm with the Bayesian hierarchical modeling of neighboring wavelet coefficients of image signals. Within this framework, problems with missing pixels or pixel components, and hence unobservable wavelet co-efficients, are handled simultaneously with denoising. The hyper-parameters of the model are estimated via the marginal likelihood by the EM algorithm, and a part of the output of its E-step automatically provide optimal estimates, given the specified Bayesian model, of the noise-free image. This unified empirical-Bayes based framework, therefore, offers a statistically principled and extremely flexible approach to a wide range of pixel estimation problems including image denoising, image interpolation, demosaicing, or any combinations of them.
Strategies for training generalists and subspecialists.

A strategy is proposed for attracting trainees to careers in general internal medicine coupled with a program that attracts a smaller number of trainees to research careers without attracting train...
The crystal and solution structure of 2,4-dinitrophenyl phenylsulfide determined by X-ray crystallography and13C-NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements

The crystal structure of 2,4-dinitrophenyl phenylsulfide, C12H8N2O4S, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/n, Z = 8, witha = 10.670(2),b = 8.381(4),c = 27.998(18) A, and β = 100.44(4) °. There are two crystallographically independent molecules per asymmetric unit. All intensity measurements were made at room temperature on an Enraf-Nonius CAD-4 automatic diffractometer using monochromatized MoKα radiation. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a finalR value of 0.032. The two independent molecules have nearly identical geometries, with the most notable difference being the torsion angles involving the sulfur atoms. Thepara-nitro groups are more nearly in the planes of the central phenyl rings than are theortho-nitro groups although there may be nonbonded attractions between the latter. The two phenyls of each molecule are nearly at right angles to each other, as necessitated by steric forces involvingortho hydrogens. The characteristic distortions of the central phenyl rings caused by differing substituent electronegativities and degrees of conjugation are noted. The13C-NMR spectrum of the compound was assigned by comparison of calculated with observed chemical shift data. Calculated chemical shifts were obtained by incrementation of the chemical shifts of diphenylsulfide with standard nitro group additivities which were adjusted for the sulfur-nitro group interaction. Where necessary, assignments were confirmed with selective excitation spin-coupled subspectra. Solution behavior of the molecule was determined from spin-lattice (T1) relaxation measurements which showed the unsubstituted ring to reorient anisotropically about the C(21)-C(24) bond axis while the substituted ring appears to be governed by the overall isotropic reorientation of the molecular framework, indicating that the sulfur-nitro group interaction restricts anisotropic reorientation about the C(11)-C(14) bond axis.
Field effect of carbon nanotubes with an ionomeric polymer

Flexible field effect transistors based on a single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) network and an ionomeric polymer (nafion) were obtained by spraying nanotubes onto the polymer film. The threshold gate voltage was extremely low, ∼1 V, which was surprising since the nafion layer was so thick, ∼180 μm. This was attributed to the electrolytic nature of nafion, which results in the existence of a screening layer at the polymer-nanotube interface. FET hysteresis can be rationalized in terms of charge redistribution induced by mobile protons inside nafion clusters in proximity to the nanotube surface. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lattice models of advection-diffusion

We present a synthesis of theoretical results concerning the probability distribution of the concentration of a passive tracer subject to both diffusion and to advection by a spatially smooth time-dependent flow. The freely decaying case is contrasted with the equilibrium case. A computationally efficient model of advection-diffusion on a lattice is introduced, and used to test and probe the limits of the theoretical ideas. It is shown that the probability distribution for the freely decaying case has fat tails, which have slower than exponential decay. The additively forced case has a Gaussian core and exponential tails, in full conformance with prior theoretical expectations. An analysis of the magnitude and implications of temporal fluctuations of the conditional diffusion and dissipation is presented, showing the importance of these fluctuations in governing the shape of the tails. Some results concerning the probability distribution of dissipation, and concerning the spatial scaling properties of concentration fluctuation, are also presented. Though the lattice model is applied only to smooth flow in the present work, it is readily applicable to problems involving rough flow, and to chemically reacting tracers. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
Calorimetry At 10.6 µm For Large Aperture Beams (Up To 2 M) And High Powers (Up To 20 Tw)

Three kinds of calorimeters, differing in their absorption mechanisms, will be described. Included are surface absorbing calorimeters constructed of beryllium oxide, volume absorbing calorimeters of kapton and copper laminate, and box calorimeters of various shapes constructed of electroformed copper enclosures blackened by the commercial Ebanol* process. In all cases, devices are constructed so that the dominant heat loss mechanism is radiation. That is, they are carefully insulated from their environment. In some cases, drift produced by the background is subtracted by using the twin technique. The heat capacities of the calorimeters are known and the temperature rise is sensed using thermopiles. This gives the energy absorbed. Each device is also calibrated in such a way that it is traceable to the NBS Laser Measurements Standards.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Edith Wharton at War with the American Red Cross: The end of Noblesse Oblige

(1991). Edith Wharton at War with the American Red Cross: The end of Noblesse Oblige. Women's Studies: Vol. 20, Reading the Letters of Edith Wharton, pp. 121-131.
Trend-surface analysis

This paper is largely an exposition of the work of the French geostatistian G. Matheron and his school in English and at a simpler mathematical level. The probability theory on which it is based is essentially all contained in the references cited, most of which will be unfamiliar to mathematical geologists. The important method of ‘universal kriging” is explained intuitively. The genuine statistical problems, which have yet to be overcome, are pointed out.
The eMERGE Network: a consortium of biorepositories linked to electronic medical records data for conducting genomic studies.

The eMERGE (electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics) Network is an NHGRI-supported consortium of five institutions to explore the utility of DNA repositories coupled to Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems for advancing discovery in genome science. eMERGE also includes a special emphasis on the ethical, legal and social issues related to these endeavors. The five sites are supported by an Administrative Coordinating Center. Setting of network goals is initiated by working groups: (1) Genomics, (2) Informatics, and (3) Consent & Community Consultation, which also includes active participation by investigators outside the eMERGE funded sites, and (4) Return of Results Oversight Committee. The Steering Committee, comprised of site PIs and representatives and NHGRI staff, meet three times per year, once per year with the External Scientific Panel. The primary site-specific phenotypes for which samples have undergone genome-wide association study (GWAS) genotyping are cataract and HDL, dementia, electrocardiographic QRS duration, peripheral arterial disease, and type 2 diabetes. A GWAS is also being undertaken for resistant hypertension in ≈2,000 additional samples identified across the network sites, to be added to data available for samples already genotyped. Funded by ARRA supplements, secondary phenotypes have been added at all sites to leverage the genotyping data, and hypothyroidism is being analyzed as a cross-network phenotype. Results are being posted in dbGaP. Other key eMERGE activities include evaluation of the issues associated with cross-site deployment of common algorithms to identify cases and controls in EMRs, data privacy of genomic and clinically-derived data, developing approaches for large-scale meta-analysis of GWAS data across five sites, and a community consultation and consent initiative at each site. Plans are underway to expand the network in diversity of populations and incorporation of GWAS findings into clinical care. By combining advanced clinical informatics, genome science, and community consultation, eMERGE represents a first step in the development of data-driven approaches to incorporate genomic information into routine healthcare delivery.
Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: when to consider the diagnosis

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a rodent-borne arenavirus that can cause congenital infection affecting the developing central nervous system. When the infection occurs during pregnancy, the virus targets the fetal brain and retina, potentially causing ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. It has been previously suggested that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus be added to the list of congenital infections currently included in the TORCH acronym (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, and syphilis). We present 2 neonates with antenatally known ventriculomegaly that were diagnosed with congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection after birth. In addition to ventriculomegaly, one had nonimmune hydrops fetalis and the other had intracranial hemorrhage. In view of the seroprevalence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (4.7%-10%), our findings suggest that screening for congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection should be considered in fetuses and newborns with ventriculomegaly as well as other abnormal neuroimaging findings such as intracranial hemorrhage.
Collective excitations in the A phase of 3He.

A microscopic theory of the collective excitations (CE) in the A phase of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is constructed with the use of a path-integration method. The whole CE spectrum, taking damping into account, is calculated. The cause of additional Goldstone modes in the weak-coupling approximation and their analogy to W bosons in the weak-interaction theory are discussed. The whole set of equations, which describe the CE in arbitrary magnetic fields, is obtained. They are solved for small magnetic fields and the linear Zeeman effect for clapping and pair-breaking modes is obtained.
Specifics in a Positive Approach to Peace

An approach to peace is called “positive” here if, in addition to appearing as a realistic means toward peace, it is inherently attractive and morally unobjectionable. Positive approaches include drastic reduction of nuclear weapons (bilateral if possible, but unilateral if necessary), total elimination of first-strike nuclear weapons, a wholehearted no-first-use policy in actions as well as in words, humanization of our own diabolical image of the U.S.S.R., cultivation of realistic empathy and global consciousness, drastic reduction of fear appeals by the peace movement, and cultivation of realistic hope. However, some “negative” actions are also well worth considering as paths to peace: retention of approximately 5% of our present nuclear strength, retention of “adequate” conventional strength, realistic criticism of the U.S.S.R., occasional use of fear appeals, and guarding against unrealistic hope. As a model of positive reasoning and a source of useful references, an imaginary dialogue is presented in which a peace activist answers, in a factual and two-sided way, a number of highly skeptical hawkish questions. Learning to answer such questions effectively may add to both immediate effectiveness and long-term hope within the peace movement.
Influence Function Analysis for the Robust Partial Least Squares (RoPLS) Estimator

Partial least squares (PLS) is a class of methods for modeling relations between sets of observed variables by using the latent components where the predictors are highly collinear. SIMPLS is a commonly used PLS algorithm that calculates the latent components directly as linear combinations of the original variables. However, SIMPLS is known to be very sensible to outliers since it is based on the empirical cross-covariance matrix. RoPLS is a recently proposed iterative method for robust SIMPLS. In this article, the influence function for the RoPLS coefficient estimator is derived. It is demonstrated that under certain conditions, the RoPLS estimator has infinitesimal robustness.
ORTHO-MERCURATION REACTIONS OF AZOBENZENES

Abstract The mercuration of azobenzene occurs exclusively in the ortho-position to yield 2-chloromercuriazobenzene and a mixture which on iodination produces 2,2′- and 2,6-diiodoazobenzene. 2-Methylazobenzene mercurates to form only 2-chloromercuri-6-methylazobenzene, while 2-iodoazobenzene undergoes mercuration in both 2′- and the 6-position.
Factors influencing the reproducibility of creatine kinase projections by nonlinear curve fitting.

Abstract Analysis of serial serum CK activity has been utilized to estimate infarct size (accumulated CK activity, ACA) and the first 7 hr of CK activity can be used to predict CK activities (PCA). The factors influencing the precision and reproducibility of projection of CK activity generated from serial serum CK determinations have been poorly defined. We have evaluated the importance of strategies which initiate the nonlinear computer search and which limit the range of solutions. Utilizing an empiric biologic algorithm for computer initialization, observed CK activities (ACA) were closely related to projected CK activities (PCA), i.e., ACA = 1.23 × PCA + 2.5, r = 0.93, n = 29. Utilizing a linear approximation to the lognormal function to initialize the computer a better correlation was obtained (ACA = 0.93 × PCA + 1.2, r = 0.96). However, when the computer was randomly initialized and limited without regard to these algorithms, there was no correlation between ACA and PCA (r = 0.034). These data indicate that, although reliable correlations can be obtained between observed and projected CK activities in serum, the correspondence is highly sensitive to the techniques of computer solution. Accordingly, highly variable nonreproducible projections can be obtained without careful attention to the strategies of the computer solutions.
Inhomogeneous Calderón reproducing formula on spaces of homogeneous type

In this paaper we use the Calderon-Zygmund operator theory to prove an inhomogenous Calderon reproducing formula on spaces of homogeneous type with finite or infinite measures. Our formula is new even for classical spaces of homogeneous type such as the surface of the unit ball and then-torus inR n, compact Lie groups,C ∞-compact Riemannian manifolds, and the boundary of any bounded Lipschitz domain inR n.
Identifying Pitfalls in Chest Tube Insertion: Improving Teaching and Performance

Objective Chest tube thoracostomies are common surgical procedures, but little is known about how practitioners learn the skill. This study evaluates the frequency with which correctly performed tasks are executed by subjects during chest tube thoracostomies. Design In this prospective study, we developed a mobile-learning module, containing stepwise multimedia guidance on chest tube insertion. Next, we developed and tested a 14-item checklist, modeled after key skills in the module. Participants, defined as “novice” (fewer than 10 chest tubes placed) or “expert” (10 or more placed), were assigned to either the video or control group. A trained clinician used the checklist to rate participants while they inserted a chest tube on a TraumaMan simulator. Setting University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, a tertiary care academic institution. Participants Current medical students, residents, and the United States Army Forward Surgical Team members rotating through the institution. One hundred twenty-eight subjects entered and finished the study. Results One hundred twenty-eight subjects enrolled in the study; 86 (67%) were residents or US Army Forward Surgical Team members, 66 (77%) were novices, and 20 (23%) were experts. Novices most frequently connected the tube to suction (91%), adequately dissected the soft tissue (82%), and scrubbed or anesthetized appropriately (80%). They least frequently completed full finger sweeps (33%), avoided the neurovascular bundle (35%), and performed a controlled pleural puncture (39%). Comparing the novice video group with the novice control group, the video group was more likely to correctly perform a finger sweep (42%, p Conclusions Avoiding the neurovascular bundle, controlled pleural entry, and finger sweeps are most often performed incorrectly among novices. This information can help instructors to emphasize key didactic steps, possibly easing trainees' learning curve.
The Many Faces of “Pulseless Disease”

“Pulseless disease” is a term which was originated to describe an obliterative arteritis of the aortic arch occurring in young women. The expression has subsequently been corrupted by popular usage to apply to almost any condition which results in the diminution or absence of pulses in the neck or upper extremity. The resulting confusion in the medical literature has been compounded by the substitution of a variety of alternative names which are not truly synonomous with each other. No one name and no one list of general descriptive features can adequately encompass all patients who exhibit pulse deficits in the neck or arms. In order to understand these cases, it is necessary to consider them according to their underlying etiology and the extent of arterial obstruction. In the United States, obstruction of flow through the aortic arch vessels is most commonly due to atherosclerosis. Syphilitic arteritis and “non-specific” arteritis also produce occlusions of these vessels, but their incidence is comparatively low. The characteristic stenosing inflammatory arteritis seen in young women of Asia or northern Europe (Takayasu's disease) is a distinct rarity in this country. The historic aspects, symptoms, physical signs, prognosis and current treatment of this group of diseases have been briefly summarized. Aortic arch angiography is the most accurate means of determining the extent of arterial obstruction. Direct arterial reconstruction is the treatment of choice in patients who have not yet suffered irreversible neurologic deficits and whose general medical status does not contraindicate thoracotomy.
Positively regular homeomorphisms of Euclidean spaces

Abstract A homeomorphism of R n onto itself is called positively regular (or EC + ) iff its family of non-negative iterates is pointwise equicontinuous. For EC + homeomorphism of R n such that some point of R n has bounded positive semi-orbit, the nucleus M is defined, and the following theorems are proved. Theorem 1. If such a homeomorphism h : R n → R n has compact nucleus M , then M is a fully invariant compact AR. Further, for n ≠4,5, h : R n / M → R n / M is conjugate to a contraction on R n . Theorem 2. In R n , n ≠4,5, M compact iff there existsa disk D such that h ( D )⊆Int D . Theorem 3. In R 2 , either M is a disk and h | M is a rotation, or h | M is periodic. The relationship between M and the irregular set of ? is also studied.
Effects of flow strain on triple flame propagation

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to determine the effect of strain rate and scalar dissipation rate on the instantaneous local displacement speed at the triple flame edge. This is accomplished by performing direct numerical simulations of a hydrogen-air triple flame subjected to an unsteady strain field induced by a pair of counter-rotating vortices. It is observed that the triple flames maintain a positive displacement speed when the vortex strength is weak, such that they penetrate into the channel between the vortices. For the stronger vortex cases, the intense compressive strain field induced by the vortex pair yields a negative displacement speed and partial quenching of the leading edge of the flame in an extreme case. The displacement speed variations are analyzed in terms of curvature, and effective Karlovitz and Damkohler numbers. It is found that the triple flame tip speed is predominantly governed by the curvature-induced compressive strain rather than by scalar dissipation rate. As a result, the displacement speed measured at the triple flame tip exhibits a strong correlation with flame stretch and curvature, and not with scalar dissipation rate. The correlation with flame stretch is similar to results found in earlier studies of turbulent premixed flames, suggesting that the propagation aspects of triple flames are the same as for a premixed flame. The trailing diffusion flame essentially has minimal impact on the propagation of the leading edge. A secondary observation is that for real chemical systems, ambiguity in the definition of the “leading edge” can lead to significant differences in the propagation response to strain. For instance, the displacement speed measured at the maximum heat release location rather than at the leading edge remains positive throughout the entire duration of interaction. This suggests that care should be taken in identifying the triple flame speed subjected to a large strain field.
THREE APPROACHES TO FAMILY THERAPY: A STUDY OF CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE*

The literature on professional development suggests that the process of segmentation or specialization within a profession logically accompanies the aggregation, dissemination and application of new and expanding bodies of knowledge. The present study empirically examines the extent and dimensions of this process of segmentation within the family therapy movement by comparing the belief and action systems of 1000 experienced family therapists oriented to one of three major models of family therapy. Two theses are suggested which may explain the findings depicting a unique patterning of similarities and differences among the three models; each implying different directives and implications for the continued growth of the interdisciplinary practice of family therapy.
DI(π-cyclopentadienyl)titanium(II)

Abstract Di(π-cyclopentadienyl)titanium(II) has been prepared by the reaction of titanium dichloride with sodium cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran solution. The compound forms dark green crystals; it is exceedingly reactive with air, and decomposes thermally below its melting-point. A tetrahydrofuran etherate of di(π-cyclopentadienyl)titanium is also described; this compound exists in two forms, a green paramagnetic form which transforms spontaneously into a brown diamagnetic form.
Learning To Teach for Justice and Equality in a Multicultural Social Reconstructionist Teacher Education Course.

Abstract The authors describe a multicultural, social reconstructionist approach to teaching within a social studies methods course. It is co-authored by a teacher educator and a new teacher who was a student in the course. The course goals included critically analyzing texts and maps, incorporating the experiences and perspectives of women from different races, cultures, and classes in the curriculum, and considering historical and contemporary events from Native Americans' perspectives. The new teacher supported these goals. The authors close with descriptions of areas of struggle for each author; how to deal with prejudice among students and experienced teachers, how to cope with resistance to multicultural, social reconstructionist education, and how to build support for multicultural teaching among other educators.
RATE OF EXCRETION OF URINARY ANDROGENS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE BY VARIOUS ROUTES1

T HAS BEEN OBSERVED previously that testosterone administered either intramuscularly or orally results in increased excretion of androgens in the urine (1). Moreover, the metabolic fate of testosterone when administered by either route appears to be similar in that in each case androsterone was identified as the principal androgen in the urine (2, 3). Yet, although the hormone is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, enters the blood stream and appears as the same urinary androgen found after intramuscular injection, orally administered testosterone was observed to be less than one-sixth as effective clinically as the same amount injected intramuscularly (1). It was suggested that the lack of physiological activity of orally administered testosterone might be due to rapid absorption and disposition. The question arises as to whether the rapidity of the disposition is due to elimination by excretion or to inactivation by convex sion to substances with less activity or to compounds without androgenic pr...
Deregulation and the demand for money market mutual funds

Abstract The rapid growth of money market mutual funds (MMMFs) in the late 1970s and early 1980s has generally been viewed as a response of financial markets to ceilings on interest rates imposed by regulation Q on banks and savings and loans institutions. In December of 1982, an important deregulatory measure was introduced permitting banks to offer money market asset accounts free from interest rate ceilings. We analyze the impact of this deregulation on the market for MMMFs. Data is used to estimate an appropriate functional form for the demand of MMMFs. It is argued that the introduction of money market accounts by banks led to a significant decline in the long-run demand for MMMFs.
Isolation and characterization of a human gene containing a nuclear localization signal from the critical region for velo-cardio-facial syndrome on 22q11.

Abstract Velo–cardio–facial syndrome (VCFS) and DiGeorge syndrome are congenital disorders characterized by craniofacial anomalies, conotruncal heart defects, immune deficiencies, and learning disabilities. Both diseases are associated with similar hemizygous 22q11 deletions, indicating that haploinsufficiency of a gene(s) in 22q11 is responsible for their etiology. We describe here a new gene calledNLVCF,which maps to the critical region for VCFS on 22q11 between the genesHIRAandUFD1L. NLVCFencodes a putative protein of 206 amino acids. The coding region encompasses four exons that span a genomic interval of 3.4 kb. Coding sequence analysis revealed thatNLVCFis a novel gene that contains two consensus sequences for nuclear localization signals. TheNlvcfmouse homolog is 75% identical in amino acid sequence and maps to the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 16. The humanNLVCFtranscript is 1.3 kb in size and is expressed at varying levels in many fetal and adult tissues. Whole-mountin situhybridization showed thatNlvcfis expressed in most structures of 9.5-dpc mouse embryos, with especially high expression in the head as well as in the first and second pharyngeal arches.NLVCFandHIRAare divergently transcribed, and their start codons lie approximately 1 kb apart in both humans and mice. Interestingly, the two genes exhibit a similar expression pattern in mouse embryos, suggesting that they may share common regulatory elements. The pattern of expression ofNLVCFand its localization in the critical region suggest thatNLVCFmay contribute to the etiology of VCFS.
The Role of Thyroidectomy in Metastatic Disease to the Thyroid Gland

Background Whether thyroidectomy for metastases to the thyroid is associated with a survival benefit remains debatable; in general, palliation and disease control are accepted goals in this setting. We evaluated the clinical features and overall survival of patients with thyroid metastasis treated by thyroid resection or nonoperatively.
The Promise and Peril of High-Stakes Tests in Nursing Education

Regulators, educators, and the public view first-time NCLEX-RN® pass rates as an indication of prelicensure program quality. However, some nursing education programs have implemented progression policies that prevent students at risk for failure from taking the NCLEX-RN, thus undermining the intended value of the NCLEX-RN first-time pass rate as an indicator of educational program quality. While artificially driving up licensure pass rates may protect a program from regulatory or accreditation actions, progression policies based on high-stakes testing do not improve educational program quality and divert attention from other issues that could be affecting NCLEX-RN pass rates.
The Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in the Prevention of Post Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis

Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common major complication associated with ERCP. Beginning with an overview of the risk factors for the development of PEP, this review introduces the mechanism of injury in PEP and the role of pharmacological prevention. NSAIDs are increasingly found to offer prevention against the development of PEP, and their mechanism and supportive data are summarized, especially in relationship to the practice of prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting. Image: University of Tennessee Health Science Center. Memphis, TN, USA.
A note on divisible and codivisible dimension

In this paper the right global divisible dimension and the right global codivisible dimension of a ring R are studied relative to a torsion theory of mod R . The main result shows that if ( A, B ) is a central splitting torsion theory on mod R . then the right global divisible dimension of R with respect to ( B, A ) is equal to the right global codivisible dimension of R with respect to ( A, B ).
Technique for preparing high-quality microphotographs by fluorescence microscopy.

Abstract Simple techniques resulting in high-quality microphotographs by fluorescence microscopy are described for the preparation of Salmonella cultures and slides.