cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classical localizability in solvable enveloping algebras and Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt extensions☆

Abstract In several classes of noncommutative noetherian rings, Jategaonkar's intersection conditions are verified for finite unions of cliques of prime ideals, and it follows that these finite unions of cliques are classically localizable if they satisfy incomparability. Among the rings in question are the enveloping algebra of any finite-dimensional solvable Lie algebra g over any field k of characteristic zero, any twisted smash product R # U (g) where R is a commutative noetherian k -algebra and g acts on R via k -linear derivations, and certain iterated differential operator rings over R . In contrast to previously verified cases, k is allowed to be countable. One tool used here—a lying over theorem for cliques—has some independent interest. Namely, if R ⊆ S is a flat finite centralizing extension of noetherian rings satisfying the second layer condition, and if X is a clique in Spec( R ), there exists a clique Y in Spec( S ) such that { P ∩ R | P ϵ Y } = X .
Discrimination Performance in Male Chicks Treated Embryonically with Testosterone

Abstract The period of steroid sensitivity exists in the female rat to the tenth day of age during which time the administration of androgens will result in subsequent sterility (Barraclough, 1961). Before this period, the neural mechanisms of the central nervous system are undifferentiated. The period of steroid sensitivity has been labeled “critical period,” and it is during this period that the organization and differentiation of sexual function occurs (Goy et al., 1962). The critical period was found to be prenatal in the Rhesus monkey (Young et al., 1964) and guinea pig (Goy et al., 1962 and Phoenix et al., 1959). Wilson and Glick (1970) presented data demonstrating that the critical period for the male chick occurs before the thirteenth day of embryonic development. A review of the literature failed to reveal studies which investigated the operant behavior performance in birds or mammals that were treated during the critical period with…
Citizen perceptions of risks associated with moving radiological waste

Much has been written about public support or opposition to the siting of hazardous waste facilities and more generally about concern for radioactive contamination. Much less has been written about the perceived risks of citizens' specific concerns about the transportation of radiological waste to temporary or permanent sites. This study reviews the existing literature in the area and presents new data on the subject from an Idaho survey. The new data indicates: (1) age, gender, and knowledge are the key variables predicting opposition to the transportation of such waste, (2) the primary concern among the opposing and unsure public is the planned use of trucks to move the TRU waste, and (3) respondents have high degrees of trust in officials who make decisions based on technical knowledge, are charged with the safety of transporting TRU waste, and who respond to mishaps. These attitudes need to be understood by policymakers and administrators when designing and implementing waste-transportation programs.
A dynamical model for receptor-mediated cell adhesion to surfaces

We present a dynamical model for receptor-mediated adhesion of cells in a shear field of viscous fluid to surfaces coated with ligand molecules complementary to receptors in the cell membrane. We refer to this model as the "point attachment model" because it considers the contact area between the cell and the surface to be a small, homogeneous region that mediates the initial attachment of the cell to the surface. Using a phase plane analysis of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which govern the changes in free receptor density and bond density within the contact area with time, we can predict the conditions for which adhesion between the cell and the surface will take place. Whether adhesion occurs depends on values of dimensionless quantities that characterize the interaction of the cell and its receptors with the surface and its ligand, such as the bond formation rate, the receptor-ligand affinity, the fluid mechanical force, the receptor mobility, and the contact area. A key result is that there are two regimes in which different chemical and physical forces dominate: a rate-controlled high affinity regime and an affinity-controlled low-affinity regime. Many experimental observations can be explained by understanding which of these regimes is appropriate. We also provide simple approximate analytical solutions, relating adhesiveness to cell and surface properties as well as fluid forces, which allow convenient testing of model predictions by experiment.
Procreation, Fishing, and Hunting: Renewable Resources and Dynamic Planar Systems

Many problems in the economics of renewable resources can be put in the form of a dynamic planar system. This paper provides analytic and graphical methods for the study of the global dynamics, existence of stationary points, and local stability properties of such systems, and applies these methods to problems of (1) population and environmental quality; (2) exploitation of a stock of fish; and (3) the economics of the pleistocene extinctions and the origins of agriculture.
Allogeneic Cell Interactions during Graft Rejection in Callyspongia diffusa (Porifera, Demospongia); a Study with Monoclonal Antibodies

Many aspects of the cellular immune system in the marine sponge Callyspongia diffusa, have been defined by using artificially transplanted allogeneic tissues. Rejections show specificity of \`non-self' recognition, cytotoxic effector responses and short-term immunological memory. Histological investigations reveal a generalized mesohyl migration to the graft zone where archaeocytes line up at the allogeneic interface. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised to sponge cells have shown that little or no allogeneic cell mixing occurs at the graft interface and that certain mesohyl cell types do not appear to be directly involved in graft rejections. However, all mesohyl cell types are present in autograft fusion zones and in inflammatory responses to injury. The involvement of only some of the mesohyl cell types in graft rejections suggests specific interactions of an effector \`immunocyte'.
Performance of uranium liquid argon calorimeters

Abstract We present results on the performance of a uranium liquid argon calorimeter exposed to electrons, pions and muons up to 150 GeV energy.
A linear voltage-tunable distributed null device

A linear voltage-tunable null device was predicted, fabricated, and tested. This filter is conceptually a distributed parameter RC representation of the channel of a MOSFET in a network configuration with a second MOSFET that is treated as a variable resistor. Classical transmission-line theory is used to predict a linear tuning curve with applied bias for the device. This concept was used to design a null device having a null that is linearly tunable in the range of 100 kHz. Such devices were fabricated and tested. Typical MOS processing steps were used and the resulting structures are compatible with the planar technology. The compatibility leads towards extension of this work to different frequency ranges for other specific applications.
Frizzled 7 Expression Is Positively Regulated by SIRT1 and β-Catenin in Breast Cancer Cells

The Wnt signaling pathway is often chronically activated in diverse human tumors, and the Frizzled (FZD) family of receptors for Wnt ligands, are central to propagating oncogenic signals in a β-catenin-dependent and independent manner. SIRT1 is a class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) that deacetylates histone and non-histone proteins to regulate gene transcription and protein function. We previously demonstrated that SIRT1 loss of function led to a significant decrease in the levels of Dishevelled (Dvl) proteins. To further explore this connection between the sirtuins and components of the Wnt pathway, we analyzed sirtuin-mediated regulation of FZD proteins. Here we explore the contribution of sirtuin deacetylases in promoting constitutive Wnt pathway activation in breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that the use of small molecule inhibitors of SIRT1 and SIRT2, and siRNA specific to SIRT1, all reduce the levels of FZD7 mRNA. We further demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of SIRT1/2 causes a marked reduction in FZD7 protein levels. Additionally, we show that β-catenin and c-Jun occupy the 7 kb region upstream of the transcription start site of the FZD7 gene, and SIRT1 inhibition leads to a reduction in the occupancy of both β-catenin and c-Jun at points along this region. This work uncovers a new mechanism for the regulation of FZD7 and provides a critical new link between the sirtuins and FZD7, one of the earliest nodal points from which oncogenic Wnt signaling emanates. This study shows that inhibition of specific sirtuins may provide a unique strategy for inhibiting the constitutively active Wnt pathway at the level of the receptor.
MicroRNA-10a regulation of proinflammatory phenotype in athero-susceptible endothelium in vivo and in vitro

A chronic proinflammatory state precedes pathological change in arterial endothelial cells located within regions of susceptibility to atherosclerosis. The potential contributions of regulatory microRNAs to this disequilibrium were investigated by artery site-specific profiling in normal adult swine. Expression of endothelial microRNA10a (miR-10a) was lower in the athero-susceptible regions of the inner aortic arch and aorto-renal branches than elsewhere. Expression of Homeobox A1 (HOXA1), a known miR-10a target, was up-regulated in the same locations. Endothelial transcriptome microarray analysis of miR-10a knockdown in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) identified IκB/NF-κB–mediated inflammation as the top category of up-regulated biological processes. Phosphorylation of IκBα, a prerequisite for IκBα proteolysis and NF-κB activation, was significantly up-regulated in miR-10a knockdown HAEC and was accompanied by increased nuclear expression of NF-κB p65. The inflammatory biomarkers monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), IL-6, IL-8, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin were elevated following miR-10a knockdown. Conversely, knockin of miR-10a (a conservative 25-fold increase) inhibited the basal expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin in HAEC. Two key regulators of IκBα degradation—mitogen-activated kinase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7; TAK1) and β-transducin repeat-containing gene (βTRC)—contain a highly conserved miR-10a binding site in the 3′ UTR. Both molecules were up-regulated by miR-10a knockdown and suppressed by miR-10a knockin, and evidence of direct miR-10a binding to the 3′ UTR was demonstrated by luciferase assay. Comparative expression studies of endothelium located in athero-susceptible aortic arch and athero-protected descending thoracic aorta identified significantly up-regulated MAP3K7, βTRC, phopho-IκBα, and nuclear p65 expression suggesting that the differential expression of miR-10a contributes to the regulation of proinflammatory endothelial phenotypes in athero-susceptible regions in vivo.
The Differential Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Fullerenes

We show that the cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerene species is a sensitive function of surface derivatization; in two different human cell lines, the lethal dose of fullerene changed over 7 orders of magnitude with relatively minor alterations in fullerene structure. In particular, an aggregated form of C 60, the least derivatized of the four materials, was substantially more toxic than highly soluble derivatives such as C3, Na+ 2-3[C60O7-9(OH)12-15] (2-3)- , and C60(OH)24. Oxidative damage to the cell membranes was observed in all cases where fullerene exposure led to cell death. We show that under ambient conditions in water fullerenes can generate superoxide anions and postulate that these oxygen radicals are responsible for membrane damage and subsequent cell death. This work demonstrates both a strategy for enhancing the toxicity of fullerenes for certain applications such as cancer therapeutics or bactericides, as well as a remediation for the possible unwarranted biological effects of pristine fullerenes.
Overstating the Satisfaction of Lawyers

Recent literature commonly reports US lawyers as disheartened and discontented, but more than two dozen statistically based studies report that the great majority of lawyers put themselves on the satisfied side of scales of job satisfaction. The claim of this article is that, in three ways, these statistically based studies convey an overly rosy impression of lawyers' attitudes: first, that many of those who put themselves above midpoints on satisfaction scales are barely more positive than negative about their careers and often have profound ambivalence about their work; second, that surveys conducted at a single point in time necessarily fail to include the views of those who once worked in that setting but have now gone elsewhere; and third, that few studies address the problems of bias that may be caused by lower rates of response from the least satisfied persons in the population sampled.
Dimension reduction, generalized deformable models and the development of occularity and orientation

It has been proposed that the spatial organization of cells in the visual cortex satisfies an abstract optimization criterion based on a smooth mapping criterion. The authors apply this criterion to the development of occularity and show that it can be expressed in terms of a generalized deformable model. From this model one can derive two alternative algorithms, one based on elastic nets and the other on Hebb rules. This shows a surprising mathematical relation between the elastic net model of G.J. Goodhill and D. Willshaw (1990) and the Hebbian models of K.D. Miller et al. (1989) and Tanaka (1990), even though their biophysical mechanisms are very different. Applying the same techniques to the development of orientation shows mathematically that a variant of the dimension reduction criterion of R. Durbin and G. Mitchison (1990) can be closely approximated by an elastic net. Computer simulations of the present algorithms give good agreement with experimental data. >
Successive improvement of capacity with power constraints

This paper analyzes the problem of hierarchical channel coding for memoryless channels: given a codebook at a particular power level, if the allowed power level is increased, the expanded codebook is generated by pairwise addition of elements from the existing codebook and an auxiliary codebook. This is the counterpart of the problem of additive successive refinement in source coding. The supported set of rates in the channel coding scenario is fully characterized in this paper. The behavior of hierarchical coding schemes is analyzed for some representative channels. It is shown that for many common channels, hierarchical coding does not entail a loss of capacity at either layer.
Why BICA is Necessary for AGI

The challenge of creating AGI is better understood in the context of recent studies of biologically inspired cognitive architectures (BICA). While the solution is still far away, promising ideas can be derived from biological inspirations. The notions of a chain reaction, its critical mass and scaling laws prove to be helpful in understanding the conditions for a self-sustained bootstrapped cognitive growth of artifacts. Empirical identification of the critical mass of intelligence is possible using the BICA framework and scalability criteria.
Getting and maintaining attention in talk to young children.

When two people talk about an object, they depend on joint attention, a prerequisite for setting up common ground in a conversational exchange. In this study, we analyze this process for parent and child, with data from 40 dyads, to show how adults initiate joint attention in talking to young children (mean ages 1 ; 6 and 3 ; 0). Adults first get their children's attention with a summons (e.g. Ready?, See this?), but cease using such forms once children give evidence of attending. Children signal their attention by looking at the target object, evidence used by the adults. Only at that point do adults begin to talk about the object. From then on, they use language and gesture to offer information about and maintain attention on the target. The techniques adults rely on are interactive: they establish joint attention and maintain it throughout the exchange.
Graded Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent coupling of voltage-gated CaV1.2 channels

In the heart, reliable activation of Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the plateau of the ventricular action potential requires synchronous opening of multiple CaV1.2 channels. Yet the mechanisms that coordinate this simultaneous opening during every heartbeat are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CaV1.2 channels form clusters that undergo dynamic, reciprocal, allosteric interactions. This 'functional coupling' facilitates Ca(2+) influx by increasing activation of adjoined channels and occurs through C-terminal-to-C-terminal interactions. These interactions are initiated by binding of incoming Ca(2+) to calmodulin (CaM) and proceed through Ca(2+)/CaM binding to the CaV1.2 pre-IQ domain. Coupling fades as [Ca(2+)]i decreases, but persists longer than the current that evoked it, providing evidence for 'molecular memory'. Our findings suggest a model for CaV1.2 channel gating and Ca(2+)-influx amplification that unifies diverse observations about Ca(2+) signaling in the heart, and challenges the long-held view that voltage-gated channels open and close independently.
Mechanism of protein import across the chloroplast envelope.

The development and maintenance of chloroplasts relies on the contribution of protein subunits from both plastid and nuclear genomes. Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and are post-translationally imported into the organelle across the double membrane of the chloroplast envelope. Protein import into the chloroplast consists of two essential elements: the specific recognition of the targeting signals (transit sequences) of cytoplasmic preproteins by receptors at the outer envelope membrane and the subsequent translocation of preproteins simultaneously across the double membrane of the envelope. These processes are mediated via the co-ordinate action of protein translocon complexes in the outer (Toe apparatus) and inner (Tic apparatus) envelope membranes.
Optimization of Gestational Weight Gain in the Obese Gravida: A Review

Because of the consistent association between gestational weight gain and birth weight (along with other maternal and child outcomes such as postpartum weight retention and child obesity), helping women avoid excessive weight gain during pregnancy should be an important objective of prenatal and preconceptional care. This article focuses on the updated Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain recommendations and measures directed at maintaining those guidelines and improving pregnancy outcome.
Electrochemomechanical Energy Conversion in Nanofluidic Channels

When the Debye length is on the order of or larger than the height of a nanofluidic channel containing surface charge, a unipolar solution of counterions is generated to maintain electrical neutrality. A pressure-gradient-driven flow under such conditions can be used for ion separation, which forms the basis for electrochemomechanical energy conversion. The current−potential (I−φ) characteristics of such a battery were calculated using continuum dynamics. When the bulk concentration is large and the channel does not become a unipolar solution of counterions, both the current and potential become small. On the other hand, when bulk concentration is so much smaller, the mass diffusion becomes the rate-controlling step and the potential drops rapidly in the high current density region. When the Debye length of the solution is about half of the channel height, the efficiency is maximized.
Individual kidney blood flow measured with contrast-enhanced first-pass perfusion MR imaging.

The study design was HIPAA-compliant and approved by the Institutional Review Board, with all participants providing signed informed consent prior to the study. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of determining renal blood flow (RBF) by using a technique based on intravenous administration of gadolinium chelate and evaluation of first-pass gadolinium chelate perfusion by using highly accelerated three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the kidney in freely breathing subjects. Flow is determined with Kety-Schmidt formalism by modeling the uptake of gadolinium chelate in the kidney prior to its leaving through the venous system. Validation of the gadolinium chelate perfusion technique is based on comparison of values determined for participants with phase-contrast gradient-echo imaging. The model fit to the measured data is excellent over the first 7–8 seconds of gadolinium chelate uptake and diverges after its appearance in the renal vein....
Nefazodone and the serotonin receptor modulators: a new member of a unique class of antidepressant agents

SummarySeveral new antidepressants have been introduced over the past 10 years with ever-differing mechanisms of action. The latest entry into clinical practice is nefazodone, a new member of a novel class of antidepressants known as serotonin receptor modulators (SRMs). SRMs have a pharmacological mechanism of action which distinguishes them from all other antidepressants, namely a dual mechanism of modulating serotonin receptors. SRMs specifically act by powerful and selective blockade of serotonin 2A receptors coupled with a lesser but necessary degree of serotonin uptake inhibition. This differs from the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which only inhibit serotonin reuptake, and from the tricyclic antidepressants which also have undesirable blocking actions at alpha adrenergic, histaminergic and cholinergic receptors. The novel pharmacological actions of the SRM nefazodone suggest that its side effect profile differs significantly from other antidepressants, and that it may prove to hav...
Plant zonation in low‐latitude salt marshes: disentangling the roles of flooding, salinity and competition

Summary 1 We investigated the factors producing zonation patterns of the dominant plants in south-eastern USA salt marshes where Juncus roemerianus dominates the high marsh, and Spartina alterniflora the middle and low marsh. 2 Juncus did not occur naturally in the Spartina zone and performed poorly when transplanted there, irrespective of whether neighbours were present or removed, indicating that its lower limit was set by physical stress. 3 In contrast, although Spartina occurred naturally at low densities in the Juncus zone, it performed well if transplanted there only if neighbours were removed, indicating that its upper limit was set by competition. 4 Parallel laboratory and field manipulations of flooding, salinity and competition indicated that the lower limit of Juncus was mediated by both flooding and salinity, but not by competition. 5 The general mechanisms producing zonation patterns of vegetation in coastal salt marshes may be universal, as suggested by previous studies, but the importance of particular factors is likely to vary geographically. In particular, salinity stress probably plays a much more important role in mediating plant zonation patterns at lower latitudes. 6 Our results suggest that the nature of ecological interactions is likely to vary geographically because of variation in the physical environment, and this variation must be taken into account in order to successfully generalize the results of field studies across geographical scales.
Note on Interaction Energies in Radiation Theory

Radiation interaction energies are calculated for a photon and electron, a photon and scalar or vector mesotron, two electrons, and two scalar mesotrons. For a charged particle and photon the interaction energy is inversely proportional to the frequency of the photon and does not transform like the time component of a four-vector. For two charged particles the interaction energy is closely related to the M\o{}ller matrix element.
Kinship as a Factor Affecting Cantonese Economic Adaptation in the United States

The joint family system in Chinese society has shown remarkable survival strength among the Chinese immigrants to the United States, contrary to what might have been expected from previous studies of the impact of migration and city life upon family organization. It is generally assumed that economic change is necessarily destructive to the joint family system and that the corporate nature of the latter is antithetical to the stress given individual initiative and performance in Western commercial enterprises. Schapera has described the disruptive influence of a money economy among the Kgatla of Bechuanaland, and similar instances can be readily drawn from other parts of the world. These have been sufficient in number to warrant Linton's stating:... as a theorem, valid in a very high percentage of cases, that the greater the opportunities for individual economic profit provided by any socio-cultural situation, the weaker the ties of extended kinship will become.
Helping Struggling Writers Succeed: A Self-Regulated Strategy Instruction Program

While writer's workshop provides a nurturing environment for many students, others struggle with the independence it gives. This may be due to the difficulty of coordinating the cognitive and self-regulatory demands of the writing process. Self-regulation refers to thoughts, feelings, and actions that individuals use to attain personal goals. Because of the independent nature of writing, an adequate level of self-regulation is required to move through the process. Teaching self-regulatory strategies within the context of writing may enable students to develop and execute a plan of action independently, resulting in more independent writing. The Self-Regulated Strategy Development model of instruction is one such strategy. In order to examine its impact, the model was used to teach a summary writing strategy to a struggling sixth grader. Following instruction, the student exhibited more confidence in her writing abilities, a greater belief in the benefits of strategy use, and the ability to tackle the writing task more independently.
A Generalized Channel Coding Theory for Distributed Communication

This paper presents generalized channel coding theorems for a time-slotted distributed communication system where a transmitter-receiver pair is communicating in parallel with other transmitters. Assume that the channel code of each transmitter is chosen arbitrarily in each time slot. The coding choice of a transmitter is denoted by a code index parameter, which is known neither to other transmitters nor to the receiver. Fundamental performance limitation of the system is characterized using an achievable region defined in the space of the code index vectors. As the codeword length is taken to infinity, for all code index vectors inside the region, the receiver will decode the message reliably, while for all code index vectors outside the region, the receiver will report a collision reliably. A generalized system error performance measure is defined as the weighted sum of probabilities of different types of communication error events. Assume that the receiver chooses an “operation region” and intends to decode the message if the code index vector is inside the operation region. Achievable bounds on the tradeoff between the operation region and the generalized error performance measure are obtained under the assumption of a finite codeword length.
Extremum-Seeking Finite-Time Optimal Control of Plasma Current Profile at the DIII-D Tokamak

In a magnetic fusion reactor, the achievement of a certain type of plasma current profiles, which are compatible with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability at high plasma pressure, is key to enable high fusion gain and noninductive sustainment of the plasma current for steady-state operation. The approach taken toward establishing such plasma current profiles at the DIII-D tokamak is to create the desired profile during the plasma current ramp-up and early flattop phases. The evolution in time of the current profile is related to the evolution of the poloidal flux, which is modeled in normalized cylindrical coordinates using a partial differential equation (PDE) usually referred to as the magnetic diffusion equation. The control problem is formulated as an open-loop, finite-time, optimal control problem for a nonlinear distributed parameter system, and is approached using extremum seeking. Simulation results, which demonstrate the accuracy of the considered model and the efficiency of the proposed controller, are presented.
End-correction network of a coaxial probe for microstrip patch antennas

A simple end-correction network for the constant current probe model of probe-fed microstrip patch antennas is derived. The parameters of the network are solved asymptotically and verified by the numerical solution of the integral equation formulation. Based on the analysis of a problem concerning a coaxial-fed microstrip patch, it is concluded that: (1) TEM (transverse electromagnetic) aperture field approximation can provide an accurate result to the input admittance, and there is no need to introduce a specific correction network for most applications; and (2) Constant current probe is valid only when both k/sub 1/h >
Capacitive coupling: a comparison of measurements in four uterine resectoscopes.

Abstract Study Objective To compare electrosurgical waveform and electrode integrity as variables in the capacitive induction of current to the external sheath of four different resectoscopes. Design Laboratory comparative study. Setting Surgical laboratory. Instrumentation Valleylab Force FX and Force 4 radiofrequency (RF) electrosurgical units (ESUs); resectoscopes from four manufacturers; and rollerball electrodes, both intact and with standardized insulation defects. The ESU was fired over a working range of high- and low-voltage outputs in open circuit conditions, and current and wattage were measured and recorded from both the electrodes and the external sheath. Measurements and Main Results With intact insulation, relatively little current was measurable on the external sheath of any of the resectoscopes regardless of the power or waveform. However, with high-voltage outputs, most proximal insulation defects, and some distal defects, a large proportion of ESU output was measured on the external sheath. There were no such findings with any resectoscope, at any power setting or with any insulation defect, with low-voltage (“cutting”) outputs. Conclusion These results confirm that high-voltage outputs may present a greater risk for current diversion to the external sheath of any of the monopolar resectoscopes tested and that this could contribute to the risk of lower genital tract injury during RF resectoscopic surgery.
Effect of dose and field strength on enhancement with paramagnetic contrast media.

PURPOSE: T o com pare contrast enhancem ent per unit of dose of contrast medium in MR imaging at 0.5 and 1.5 T. METHODS: Contrast enhancem ent in images made at 0.5 and 1.5 T after 0.1 mmol/ k g of gadopentetate dimeglumine and 0 .3 mmol/kg of gadodiamide was measured and the degree of contrast enhancem ent in the cavernous sinus and pituita ry gland compared. RESULTS: At both field strengths and both cont rast medium doses, contrast enhancement was noted in the cavernous sinus, pituitary gland, infundibulum , maxillary sinus m ucosa, falx cerebri, and choroid plexus on inspection of images. Enhancement was significantly and conspicuously less in the cavernous sinus and pituitary gland at 0.5 T (96% and 33%, respectively) than at 1.5 T ( 160% and 102%, respectively). No tissues were identified that enhanced only with the larger dose or higher field strength. CONCLUSION: In tissues that normally enhance after intravenous administration of gadolinium chelates, enhancement is greater at 1.5 T than at 0.5 T.
Phase matching for spontaneous frequency conversion via four-wave mixing in graded-index multimode optical fibers

A detailed analysis of four-wave mixing (FWM) and its required phase-matching conditions in graded-index multimode optical fibers is presented. The analysis is relevant mainly for spontaneous frequency conversion and photon pair generation via FWM, when the fiber length is of the order of a meter or shorter, and the signal and idler are generated at large frequency separations from the pump. An analytic expression for calculating the phase mismatch occurring as a result of the waveguide dispersion among the pump, signal, and idler beams is derived, and it agrees well with independent numerical analysis. This expression simplifies calculations considerably, as it allows the prediction of the wavelengths of the signal and idler by using only the mode group number of the spatial modes involved in the FWM process and the refractive index profile of the fiber. The scaling of the signal–pump–idler frequency separations with the mode group numbers is explored. The abundance of the configuration degeneracies of the FWM process in graded-index multimode fibers indicates that nearly identical signal and idler frequencies can be obtained for many different pump, signal, and idler spatial mode profile combinations.
Experimental Applications and Future Directions

As described in detail in the previous chapters, confocal reflectance microscopy has demonstrated the ability to provide images of in vivo or unprocessed ex vivo tissue with sufficient cellular and morphological information to enable the diagnosis of a broad range of dermatological conditions. In many ways, confocal reflectance microscopy provides to clinical dermatology what medical ultrasound did for radiology: a real-time diagnostic imaging modality available in the clinic at the time of care. Although confocal reflectance microscopy and ultrasound operate at different tissue resolutions and imaging depths, there are many analogies between these two modalities. Like ultrasound, a trained observer interprets the image information to make a diagnosis and determine the next steps in care. Tissue information is typically presented as gray scale images. Real-time information can be recorded in cross-sectional image stacks or movies. Examinations can be interpreted in real time or stored and reviewed later or remotely. Like ultrasound, the clinical ergonomics of the reflectance confocal microscope can limit its clinical application and frequency of use. Finally, just as in the case of ultrasound systems, the underlying physics and technology of clinical reflectance confocal microscopes will evolve and improve. In this section we will discuss the progress in development of reflectance confocal microscopy to: (1) enhance clinical ergonomics, (2) improve image fidelity, (3) increase image specificity, and (4) provide for deeper imaging.
High-Bandwith Transmission Lines Using Low-Temperature-Grown-GaAs-on Quartz

The ultra-high bandwidth of a coplanar-strip transmission line fabricated on quartz and driven by an integrated photoconductive switch, defined by an epitaxial-liftoff layer of low-temperature-grown-GaAs, is demonstrated.
The Sacrificial Life and Death of the Servant (Isaiah 52:13-53:12)

The argument presented in this article is that the term ‘asham’ in Isa 53:10 refers to the sacrificial ritual of the guilt offering, that this reference is supported by indications throughout Isaiah 53, and that therefore the suffering and death of this Servant of the LORD is to be understood as sacrificial by analogy with the ritual of the guilt or reparation offering in the book of Leviticus. This conclusion, much contested in contemporary scholarship, is supported by a survey of the reception of this text in the period prior to early Christianity.
Managing the Unexpected: The Tightrope to E-Business Project Success

The paper examines the role of knowledge integration in developing innovative Internet software applications. Data from 42 e-business projects is used to develop a framework for coping with unexpected contingencies in the software development process.
Mobilization and Transport of Naturally Occurring Enterococci in Beach Sands Subject to Transient Infiltration of Seawater

This study explores the transport of enterococci (ENT) from naturally contaminated beach sands to the groundwater table via infiltrating seawater using field, laboratory, and modeling experiments. ENT were readily mobilized and transported through the unsaturated zone during infiltration events in both the field and laboratory column experiments. Detachment mechanisms were investigated using a modified version of HYDRUS-1D. Three models for detachment kinetics were tested. Detachment kinetics that are first order with respect to the rate of change in the water content and attached surface bacterial concentrations were found to provide a best fit between predicted and observed data. From these experimental and model results we conclude that detachment mechanisms associated with the rapid increases in pore water content such as air–water interface scouring and thin film expansion are likely drivers of ENT mobilization in the investigated system. These findings suggest that through-beach transport of ENT may...
Indirectly Measuring Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients from Self-Heated Rod-Shaped Thermistors

An experimental method is developed in the current research to utilize rod-shaped thermistors to indirectly measure convective heat transfer coefficients from cylinders in various configurations. There are several advantages to the current technique versus the classical technique of mounting multiple patch heaters in a three-dimensional structure with an array of temperature sensors mounted around the surface. Both the surface temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient can be backed out indirectly and non-intrusively. A two-dimensional analysis is carried out to ascertain the surface temperature uniformity. Good agreement is found utilizing this technique compared with experimental data obtained by classical methods.
Overexpression of metallothionein decreases sensitivity of pulmonary endothelial cells to oxidant injury.

Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich protein with extensive metal binding capacity and potential nonenzymatic antioxidant activity. Despite the sensitivity of vascular endot...
Polypropylene Vaginal Mesh Grafts in Gynecology

Basic concepts are presented for the use of polypropylene mesh in gynecology for prolapse and stress-incontinence repair. The vagina is a clean-contaminated environment, and it is not possible to insert polypropylene mesh devices without bacterial contamination, despite standard antibiotic usage. Once inserted, the host tissue immediately attaches to the polypropylene and attempts to defend it from bacterial invasion, but if the bacteria have already reached the surface of the device, then dislodgement is difficult. The devices with larger surface areas result in greater bacterial contamination, more polypropylene degradation, increased inflammatory response, fibrous tissue stimulation, and erosion. Noninert polypropylene degrades into potentially toxic compounds that would be expected to stimulate a greater inflammatory reaction leading to erosion. If the physician does not place the mesh below full-thickness vaginal epithelium, penetrates the epithelium during insertion, or if there is hematoma formation near the vaginal incision, then defective healing and erosion may result. Scar tissue causes contraction to less than 50% of the implanted size, which results in dyspareunia and tension on the pelvic mesh attachments. Such contraction may cause pelvic pain and subsequent erosion into adjacent organs. An individual response in fibrosis also exists, with some individuals being "high responders." Manufacturers need encouragement to develop meshes that are inert and incorporate without contraction along with routine clinical tests to detect "high responders" to avoid complications. Polypropylene is not inert within the human body.
Application of the Case-Crossover Design to the Study of Occupational Acute Traumatic Hand Injury

We conducted a case-crossover study of transient risk factors for occupational acute traumatic hand injury in 232 subjects recruited from occupational health clinics in New England. The a priori hazard period was 10 minutes before the injury. The control period for each subject was the total work-time exposed in the previous month. The relative risk for using malfunctioning or different from usual equipment or tools in the hazard period was 21.2 (95% confidence interval = 15.7–28.6). Relative risks were also significantly elevated for performing a task using an unusual work method, doing an unusual task, being distracted, or being rushed. Wearing gloves was protective (relative risk = 0.6, 95% confidence interval = 0.3–0.9). We conclude that the case-crossover design is an appropriate method for studying transient risk factors for sudden-onset occupational injury.
Construction and Case Studies of Defense-in-depth System against Mine Disasters

Aiming at ensuring mine production safety,an analysis was presented which clarifies the evolvement process of trigger events escalating into urgent incidents which then develop into mine disasters. An in-depth defense system incorporating ten defense barriers including production plan and system,rules and regulations,and safety education training was used to prevent mine disasters on basis of said evolvement law. According to disaster occurring in Chengzihe coal mine in Jixi in 2002,the relationship among the components of defense system for Chengzihe coal mine was studied using set theory and matrix theory. Case study shows that common failure of all barriers of in-depth defense system contributes to the mine accident. The coupling relationship among the ten barriers of in-depth defense system is given. It is also revealed that operation activity,equipment and facility are core of defense system. The mine accident evolvement law based defense-in-depth system provides a solution to address inadequate mine disaster prevention and control ideas.
Review: Designing the Creative Child: Playthings and Places in Midcentury America, by Amy F. Ogata

Amy F. Ogata Designing the Creative Child: Playthings and Places in Midcentury America Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013, 320 pp., 16 color and 91 b/w illus. $87 (cloth), ISBN 9780816679607 In art, architecture, and design, creativity is often referred to as an abstract concept, an intangible idea. Usually mentioned in relation to nimble thought processes and innovative schemes, creativity is also connected with concrete objects displaying originality, resourcefulness, and ingenious design. “Admired as inventiveness, problem solving, insightfulness, originality, and discovery of personal potential, creativity encompasses a broad variety of meanings,” Amy F. Ogata writes (1). It is an “elastic term,” she adds, one that is “difficult to define and to measure with any precision” (193). Yet in Designing the Creative Child: Playthings and Places in Midcentury America Ogata traces with conviction the important role played by this elusive concept and locates it within the physical world surrounding the postwar child. In the introductory chapter, “Constructing Creativity in Postwar America,” she asserts that creativity and the creative child were themselves constructs conjured by adults during the postwar period to help educate and shape the next generation, but also to appease and allay fears in a world burdened by the Cold War and to offer an outlet for hopes for a better, more positive future. The concept of creativity was used widely—literally consumed—in informational publications and in advertisements to sell ideas as well as objects. Most important, creativity indicated “flexibility,” the possibility of adaptation to any future environment. Creativity and related concepts, such as inventiveness and imagination, were used both as strategies in design thinking and as guiding principles in education. As Ogata notes, creativity and similar traits were …
The Americans with Disabilities Act: the impact on radiologic technologists and managers.

On July 26, 1990, President Bush signed the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) which prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. The act is being cited as one of the most extensive changes in personnel law since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The law will impact hiring, promotion, and retention practices in the U.S. work force. Popular press reports have focused on the hiring of disabled workers, but the author argues that retaining healthy workers who become disabled will be the major impact for radiology managers. This article discusses the ADA with a specific emphasis on the retention of disabled radiologic technologists.
VSATs and their international applications

International and domestic VSAT networks have a bright future for business networks, rural and remote services, video plus data networks and especially mobile satellite services. Some observers suggest there is a 15 year window of opportunity for VSAT business networks until ISDN compatible fibre optic cable systems are installed. This view, however, suggests a static future which does not foresee the possible development of much higher performance and lower cost VSAT terminals that are indeed ISDN compatible. By 2000 to 2005, however, this technology should be commonplace if the satellite communications industry is to retain its vitality. Such rapid development, in fact, seems both essential and likely by the early 21st century. By that time millions of VSATs will be in regular use in scores of countries around the world.
Severe Lower Extremity Edema Caused by Inferior Vena Cava Metallic Clip and Enlarged Uterine Fibroids.

A 65-year-old woman with a history of pulmonary embolism and venous stasis presented to her doctor’s office reporting leg edema. In 1969, she developed a massive spontaneous pulmonary embolism that was treated with surgical clot removal. She was unable to be anticoagulated because of warfarin
Mechanisms for the reciprocity failure in photorefractive polymers

We measured the diffraction efficiency response of two photorefractive polymer devices according to the duration of the single laser pulse used to record the hologram. The pulse duration was varied from 6 nanoseconds to 1 second, while the pulse energy density was maintained constant at 30 mJ/cm2. This changed the peak power from 5 ×109 mW to 30 mW. We observed a strong reciprocity failure of the efficiency according to the pulse duration, with a reduction as large as a factor 35 between 1 second and 30 μs pulse duration. At even lower pulse duration ( 30 μs) is explained by multiple excitations of the charge carriers that allows longer distance to be traveled from the excitation sites. This longer separation distance between the carriers increases the amplitude of the space-charge field, and improves the index modulation. The understanding of the response of the diffraction efficiency according to the pulse duration is particularly important for the optimization of photorefractive materials to be used at high refresh rate such as in videorate 3D display.