cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Light on the Temperature Preferendum of Larvae of the Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna Varivestis

Second-instar larvae were allowed to find their preferred temperature on a circular thermal gradient disc, under conditions of 40-foot-candle and of 1-footcandle illumination. Tests in dim light were made with 1,633 insects, in bright light with 1,052, and each individual was used once only. In dim light the preferred temperature was between 70° and 75° F.; in bright light the preference was less pronounced, and between 90° and 100°. Differences in pretreatment or in the evaporation rate during tests (the only other experimental variables) appeared to have no bearing on the shift of temperature preference, and a statistical test indicated little likelihood of correctly attributing the observed result to a sampling error. Two possible conclusions are suggested: (1) the temperature preferendum for this insect in this stage may be altered by light conditions and therefore is not completely related to, or identical with, the temperature optimum, or (2) the temperature optimum may be changed with changing light.
Absence of Oncogenic Canonical Pathway Mutations in Aggressive Pediatric Rhabdoid Tumors

Background Rhabdoid tumors (also called atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) in the brain), are highly malignant, poor prognosis lesions arising in the kidneys, soft tissues and central nervous system. Targeted therapy in this disease would benefit from advanced technologies detecting relevant actionable mutations.
FEET FIRST : A COMMENTARY

In 1989, the Board of Directors of the Professional Diabetes Academy, Pennsylvania Diabetes Academy endorsed the concept to revise Feet First, published in 1970, and gained the permission of the US Public Health Service to use the initial document as a base. With marked expansion, added color, nonreflective paper, and larger print, Feet First was published in 1991, and introduced to the podiatric profession during the Annual Meeting of the American Podiatric Medical Association in New York. The concept of need expressed by the late Glen W. McDonald, MD, and the late Seward P. Nyman, DPM, to see a melding of public health education and podiatric medicine has brought new meaning to the subject and provided an interdisciplinary approach to foot health education for the diabetic patient.
An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.
First synthesis and resolution of a planar-chiral tetrahydroindolyl complex of iron: electronic tuning of reactivity and enantioselective nucleophilic catalysis.

The first examples of an (η5-indolyl)iron complex and of an (η5-tetrahydroindolyl)iron complex are described. Reactivity studies establish that the (η5-tetrahydroindolyl)iron complexes are the most active azaferrocene-derived nucleophilic catalysts reported to date and that the reactivity of these complexes can be electronically tuned. Use of planar-chiral, enantiopure (η5-3-(dimethylamino)tetrahydroindolyl)FeCp* in asymmetric catalysis leads to stereoselectivities comparable to those furnished by a previously described azaferrocene complex. Chirality 12:318–324, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Virus survival in solid waste leachates

Abstract Disposal of domestic solid waste either in open dumps or in sanitary landfills results in leachates which may find their way into groundwater aquifers. This study is concerned with the survival of microorganisms of sanitary significance, with particular emphasis on enteric viruses, in leachates produced by model disposal systems. Data are presented that indicate the presence of considerable amounts of human and animal feces in fresh domestic refuse. Significant numbers of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci are present in refuse and also persist for weeks in the leachates produced. A method for the concentration and recovery of virus from relatively large volumes of leachate is evaluated. Viruses were sporadically recovered for periods up to 20 weeks from leachates generated by systems to which poliovirus was purposely introduced as well as from control systems. The leachates produced were shown not to be acutely toxic to poliovirus.
METHYL TESTOSTERONE II. CALORIGENIC ACTIVITY

CERTAIN EFFECTS not ordinarily considered androgenic have become increasingly apparent in the course of observations on the use of methyl testosterone (1) in cases of male hypogonadism. One of the most striking of these is its effect upon the basal metabolic rate. The calorigenic effect of androgens has been men-tioned previously in the literature but has not been emphasized. Kenyon et al. (i) found an elevation of the basal metabolic rate in 7 of 8 eunuchoids treated with testosterone propionate and considered the ek-vation, although slight, “too consistent to be disregarded.“ A rise of 6 to 14 points in the basal metabolic rate was found in their cases.
Cysteinyl leukotrienes: biosynthesis and receptors

LTC 4 synthase (LTC 4 S) catalyzes the conjugation of LTA 4 with glutathione to form LTC 4 , the parent compound of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs). LTC 4 S is an 18kD membrane protein that belongs to MAPEG superfamily. Mutational analysis of LTC 4 S indicates that Arg-51 and Tyr-93 are critical in enzyme catalysis. LTC 4 S expression is upregulated by IL-4 in both the human and the mouse in vitro derived-mast cells. The cysLTs exert their biological activities through binding to their G-protein coupled receptors, CysLT 1 and CysLT 2 . Targeted disruption of mouse LTC 4 S gene and of the mouse CysLT 1 gene markedly reduced the plasma leakage induced by innate or by adaptive immune inflammatory responses.
Structured exploration of who, what, when, and where in heterogeneous multimedia news sources

We present a fully automatic system from raw data gathering to navigation over heterogeneous news sources, including over 18k hours of broadcast video news, 3.58M online articles, and 430M public Twitter messages. Our system addresses the challenge of extracting "who," "what," "when," and "where" from a truly multimodal perspective, leveraging audiovisual information in broadcast news and those embedded in articles, as well as textual cues in both closed captions and raw document content in articles and social media. Performed over time, we are able to extract and study the trend of topics in the news and detect interesting peaks in news coverage over the life of the topic. We visualize these peaks in trending news topics using automatically extracted keywords and iconic images, and introduce a novel multimodal algorithm for naming speakers in the news. We also present several intuitive navigation interfaces for interacting with these complex topic structures over different news sources.
A simple procedure for the determination of pyritic sulfur content in coal

Abstract A procedure was developed for determining the pyritic sulfur content of the products from physical coal separation processes on the basis of their total sulfur and ash analyses. By assuming that the organic sulfur content in the combustible material in a given coal is constant, a linear relationship was obtained among the pyritic sulfur, total sulfur and ash content of coal samples using the experimental results of a series of flotation experiments and washability tests. The calculated pyritic sulfur contents of various coal product samples agree well with the experimentally determined values. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is simple, reliable, economical and rapid, because the pyritic sulfur can be simply calculated from the easily determined total sulfur and ash contents of the coal.
Heat release rate measurements of thin samples in the OSU apparatus and the cone calorimeter

The Ohio State University (OSU) apparatus and the cone calorimeter are two devices commonly used to measure the heat release rate (HRR) of materials and products in forced flaming combustion. Each operates on a different principle but is calibrated in the same way. However, HRR results from these two test methods do not agree in most cases. For the present study, the OSU was modified to measure oxygen consumption and sensible enthalpy (temperature rise) of the apparatus in addition to the usual sensible enthalpy of the exhaust gases during the test. After calibration, total sensible heat (exhaust gases+apparatus) and oxygen consumption methods gave similar results for thin samples in the OSU. However, OSU results for thin samples did not agree with results from the cone calorimeter (ASTM 1354/ISO 1556) unless the HRR history in the cone calorimeter was corrected for smearing that results from dilution of the combustion gases with air in the sample chamber, exhaust duct, and scrubbers and the response time of the oxygen analyzer.
Divergent Selection for Growth in Japanese Quail Under Split and Complete Nutritional Environments. 6. Differential Body Weights in Reciprocal Crosses

Abstract Growth patterns were investigated in reciprocal crosses of quail lines divergently selected for 4-wk BW. In Experiment 1, quail from two sets of high lines (H), and two sets of low lines (L), and their reciprocal crosses (HL and LH) from Generation 23 breeders were reared intermingled and fed a 28% CP diet. Individual BW data were collected weekly through 9 wk. Experiment 2 involved only reciprocal cross progeny (HL, LH) from Generation 26 breeders with quail placed in divided decks of battery brooders to allow collection of feed intake and feed efficiency (FE) data. Feed intake data were collected from 0 to 38 days and BW data from 0 to 69 days. Quail from the LH cross were significant1ly (P
ANTICOAGULANT ACTION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE.

THE observation of Pilgeram1 that adenosine triphos-phate (ATP) inhibits the coagulation of blood is especially interesting in that it links the latter process with a key compound of energy metabolism. Pilgeram concluded “the principal site of the ATP action to be on a thrombo-plastin precursor”, but he did not intimate what the precursor might be.
Vertical meridian asymmetry in spatial resolution: Visual and attentional factors

We investigated whether spatial resolution would be the same in the lower and upper halves of thevertical meridian (VM) of our visual field and whether attention would affect them differentially. It has been reported that (1) attending to the target’s location improves performance in a texture segregation task when the observer’s spatial resolution is too low (peripheral locations) but impairs it when resolution is already too high (central locations) for the task. This finding indicates an enhanced spatial resolution at the attended location (Yeshurun & Carrasco, 1998, 2000), (2) observers’ contrast sensitivity is higher in the lower than in the upper VM, a phenomenon known asvertical meridian asymmetry (VMA), an asymmetry determined by visual rather than by attentional factors (Carrasco, Talgar, & Cameron, 2001). In the present texture segregation task, performance was assessed under neutral- and peripheralcue conditions. Transient covert attention was systematically manipulated by using a peripheral cue that indicated the target’s location and its onset. Observers reported the interval containing a target patch appearing at one of a number of eccentricities in a large texture pattern along the VM. We found that (1) performance peaked at farther eccentricities in the lower than in the upper visual VM, indicating that resolution was higher in the lower half, and (2) the peripheral cue affected performance along the VM uniformly, indicating that the degree of enhanced resolution brought about by transient attention was constant along the VM. Thus, we conclude that the VMA for spatial resolution is determined by visual, not transient covert attentional, constraints.
Longitudinal assessment of treatment effects on pulmonary ventilation using 1H/3He MRI multivariate templates

The utitlity of pulmonary functional imaging techniques, such as hyperpolarized 3He MRI, has encouraged their inclusion in research studies for longitudinal assessment of disease progression and the study of treatment effects. We present methodology for performing voxelwise statistical analysis of ventilation maps derived from hyper­ polarized 3He MRI which incorporates multivariate template construction using simultaneous acquisition of IH and 3He images. Additional processing steps include intensity normalization, bias correction, 4-D longitudinal segmentation, and generation of expected ventilation maps prior to voxelwise regression analysis. Analysis is demonstrated on a cohort of eight individuals with diagnosed cystic fibrosis (CF) undergoing treatment imaged five times every two weeks with a prescribed treatment schedule.
Transcriptional signatures mediated by acetylation overlap with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease

The mechanisms by which environmental influences lead to the development of complex neurodegenerative diseases are largely unknown. It is known, however, that epigenetic mechanisms can mediate alterations in transcription due to environmental influences. In order to identify genes susceptible to regulation in the adult cortex by one type of epigenetic mechanism, histone, and protein acetylation, we treated mice with the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA). After 1 week of treatment with TSA, RNA was extracted from the brain cortices of mice and gene expression differences were analyzed by microarray profiling. The altered genes were then compared with genes differentially expressed in microarray studies of disease by database and literature searches. Genes regulated by TSA were found to significantly overlap with differentially expressed genes in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. Several TSA-regulated genes involved in chromatin remodeling and epigenetic reprogramming including histone cluster 1, H4 h (Hist1H4 h), methionine adenosyltransferase II, alpha (Mat2a), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine reductase (Mtrr) overlapped with genes altered in early-stage AD in gray matter. We also show that the expression of hemoglobin, which has been shown to be altered in neurons in the AD brain, is regulated by TSA treatment. This analysis suggests involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in neurons in early stages of AD.
Comparative removal of ascorbic acid and other airway substances by sequential bronchoalveolar lavages.

Sequential bronchoalveolar washes were performed on rats in order to measure the removal pattern of selected airway substances in relation to ascorbic acid. Measurement of the recovery of intratracheally instilled dyes, fluorescein and Evans-blue-albumin dye complex and airway leakage of perfused fluorescein dye indicated the integrity of the bronchoalveolar space. The patterns of recovery of N-acetyl-B-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, protein, phospholipids, and ascorbic acid were similar suggesting that they coexisted in the same lung compartment. Five to six sequential bronchoalveolar washes removed greater than 95% of instilled Evans-blue-albumin. These data suggest that ascorbic acid and other components of the acellular lining are removed to the same degree. The lack of free glutathione (oxidized or reduced) in the cell free airway washes suggests that only a minimal degree of cell damage, if any, may have occurred during the washing procedure.
On the ferromagnetism of EuB6

Abstract An explanation for the ferromagnetism of semiconducting EuB 6 as contrasted with the antiferromagnetism of metallic GdB 6 is suggested, based on the Bloembergeb-Rowland exchange interaction.
Fish growth hormone: A biological, immunochemical, and ultrastructural study of sturgeon and paddlefish pituitaries

Abstract In contrast to pituitary growth hormone (GH) of modern bony fish (teleosts), the hormone in pituitary extracts of two primitive bony fish (chondrosteans)—the Pacific white sturgeon and the paddlefish—stimulated growth of the hypophysectomized rat as demonstrated by the tibia assay and immunochemically cross-reacted with monkey antiserum to rat GH, as shown by radioimmunoassay. In addition, electron microscopic studies revealed that these primitive fish, unlike the teleosts, possess a median eminence, with morphological features similar to those of tetrapods.
Mammalian sprouty proteins inhibit cell growth and differentiation by preventing ras activation.

Sprouty was genetically identified as an antagonist of fibroblast growth factor signaling during tracheal branching in Drosophila. In this study, we provide a functional characterization of mammalian Sprouty1 and Sprouty2. Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 inhibited events downstream of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and regulated both cell proliferation and differentiation. Using NIH3T3 cell lines conditionally expressing Sprouty1 or Sprouty2, we found that these proteins specifically inhibit the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase pathway by preventing Ras activation. In contrast, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway was not affected by Sprouty1 or Sprouty2. We further showed that Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 do no prevent the formation of a SNT·Grb2·Sos complex upon fibroblast growth factor stimulation, yet block Ras activation. Taken together, these results establish mammalian Sprouty proteins as important negative regulators of growth factor signaling and suggest that Sprouty proteins act downstream of the Grb2·Sos complex to selectively uncouple growth factor signals from Ras activation and the MAP Kinase pathway.
Nutritional Hormesis and Aging

Nutritional hormesis has the potential to serve as a pro-healthy aging intervention by reducing the susceptibility of the elderly to various chronic degenerative diseases and thereby extending human healthspan. Supportive evidence for nutritional hormesis arising from essential nutrients (vitamins and minerals), dietary pesticides (natural and synthetic), dioxin and other herbicides, and acrylamide will be reviewed and discussed.
The role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of esophageal stenoses

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a well-established method for the evaluation and staging of patients with esophageal cancer. It allows accurate tumor staging and the detection of local and distant lymph node metastasis. With the advent of the curvilinear echoendoscope, fine needle aspiration biopsy of perigastrointestinal tract targets such as lymph nodes and liver metastasis became routine and allowed the documentation of these targets' malignant involvement before neoadjuvant therapy. In addition, fine needle injection therapy can be delivered accurately. In endoscopy-negative patients whose clinical presentation is compatible with esophageal cancer, EUS can detect malignancy where other conventional methods have failed to identify a diagnosis. This report reviews the role of EUS in staging esophageal malignancies as well as in the diagnosis of esophageal strictures of unknown etiology. We will describe the currently available equipment, techniques currently used to stage esophageal cancer, and the techniques used to perform fine needle aspiration biopsy and fine needle injection therapy.
Numerical taxonomy of gram-positive and catalase-positive rods isolated from frozen vegetables.

Abstract One hundred isolates from peas, beans, and corn were compared with cultures of Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, and Arthrobacter by use of numerical taxonomic procedures. Six groups (clusters), representing 75% of the isolates, resembled Corynebacteriaceae. There was some doubt regarding the genera represented because the groups were not closely related to many of the known strains. The relationship of the different groups to each other, as well as a number of their properties, is presented.
Dark Recovery Processes in Escherichia coli Irradiated with Ultraviolet Light I. Effect of rec− Mutations on Liquid Holding Recovery

We have examined various derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12 for liquid holding recovery, a type of recovery originally observed in E. coli B irradiated with ultraviolet light. Although most of the K-12 derivatives tested showed relatively little or no recovery under our conditions, four of the six independent rec(-) mutants examined, those carrying recA1, rec-12, recA13, and rec-56, respectively, displayed marked recovery. These mutants are distinguished from rec(+) strains by their increased sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation and decreased ability to undergo genetic recombination. Two of them have also been reported to release large amounts of their deoxyribonucleic acid as acid-soluble material, especially after irradiation. None of the three uvr(-) mutants examined, containing uvrA6, uvrB5, or uvrC34, showed comparable liquid holding recovery. The one rec(-) uvr(-) derivative tested, carrying recA13 and uvrA6, did not appear to undergo liquid holding recovery, although recA13 uvr(+) strains did. Genetic analysis of one strain, a recA13 mutant, indicated that all the rec(+) derivatives obtained from it by conjugation, transduction and reversion, had lost the property of showing liquid holding recovery. From these results, we conclude that in E. coli K-12 the expression of liquid holding recovery depends upon certain rec(-) mutations.
Experiences with a CANoe-based fault injection framework for AUTOSAR

Standardized software architectures, such as AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture (AUTOSAR), are being pursued within the automotive industry in order to reduce the cost of developing new vehicle features. Many of these features will need to be highly dependable. Fault injection plays an important role during the dependability analysis of such software. This work evaluates the feasibility of leveraging the CANoe simulation environment to develop software-based methods for injecting faults into AUTOSAR applications. We describe a proof-of-concept fault-injection framework with example fault-injection scenarios, as well as implementation issues faced and addressed, lessons learned, and the suitability of using CANoe as a fault-injection environment.
Customer Choice Modeling in Hospitality Services: A Review of Past Research and Discussion of Some New Applications:

Customer choice modeling techniques have grown in sophistication and applicability, so that this methodology can be useful for assessing the services and amenities that are market drivers for customers of hospitality businesses. In essence, customer choice modeling is an experimental process that seeks to identify the key market drivers by comparing respondents’ choices among packages of products and services, known as choice sets. By comparing the ratings of various choice set packages, one can assess which features of a product or service are most critical to the purchase decision. Also helpful in customer choice modeling is analysis of existing purchase patterns, which can be collected from point-of-sale devices and web activity. However, valuable though it is, collected data are backward looking—telling what customers did, but not what they will do. In contrast, customer choice modeling can look forward to see what customers might like, provided the experiment is designed correctly.
Designing artificial selection experiments for specific objectives.

The observed genetic gain (∆ P ) from selection in a finite population is the possible expected genetic gain E (∆ G ) minus the difference in inbreeding depression effects in the selected and control lines. The inbreeding depression can be avoided by crossing the control and selected ♂ and ♀ parents to unrelated mates and summing the observed gains. The possible expected gain will be reduced by an amount D from the predicted gain because of the effects of the genetic limit and random genetic drift, the magnitude of which is a function of effective population size, N . The expected value of D is zero in unselected control populations and in the first generation for selected populations. Therefore, this source of bias can be reduced by increasing N in the selected populations and can be avoided by selecting for a single generation. To obtain observed responses which are unbiased estimates of the predicted response from which to estimate the realized heritability (or regression) in the zero generation, or to test genetic theory based on infinite population size, single-generation selection with many replications would be most efficient. To measure the "total" effect or genetic efficiency of a selection criterion or method, including the effect of different selection intensities, effective population sizes, and space requirements, more than one generation of selection is required to estimate the expected response in breeding values. The efficiency, in the sense of minimum variance, of estimating the expected breeding values at any generation t will decline as the number of generations t increases. The variance of either the estimated mean gain or the regression of gain on selection differential can be reduced more by increasing the number of replicates K than by increasing the number of generations t . Also the general pattern of the response over t can be estimated if the N 's are known. Therefore, two- or not more than three-generation selection experiments with many replications would be most efficient.
Synergy-Based Small-Molecule Screen Using a Human Lung Epithelial Cell Line Yields ΔF508-CFTR Correctors That Augment VX-809 Maximal Efficacy

The most prevalent cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation causing cystic fibrosis, ΔF508, impairs folding of nucleotide binding domain (NBD) 1 and stability of the interface between NBD1 and the membrane-spanning domains. The interfacial stability defect can be partially corrected by the investigational drug VX-809 (3-[6-[[[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropyl]carbonyl]amino]-3-methyl-2-pyridinyl]-benzoic acid) or the R1070W mutation. Second-generation ΔF508-CFTR correctors are needed to improve on the modest efficacy of existing cystic fibrosis correctors. We postulated that a second corrector targeting a distinct folding/interfacial defect might act in synergy with VX-809 or the R1070W suppressor mutation. A biochemical screen for ΔF508-CFTR cell surface expression was developed in a human lung epithelium-derived cell line (CFBE41o(-)) by expressing chimeric CFTRs with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the fourth exofacial loop in either the presence or absence of R1070W. Using a luminescence readout of HRP activity, screening of approximately 110,000 small molecules produced nine novel corrector scaffolds that increased cell surface ∆F508-CFTR expression by up to 200% in the presence versus absence of maximal VX-809. Further screening of 1006 analogs of compounds identified from the primary screen produced 15 correctors with an EC50 < 5 µM. Eight chemical scaffolds showed synergy with VX-809 in restoring chloride permeability in ∆F508-expressing A549 cells. An aminothiazole increased chloride conductance in human bronchial epithelial cells from a ΔF508 homozygous subject beyond that of maximal VX-809. Mechanistic studies suggested that NBD2 is required for the aminothiazole rescue. Our results provide proof of concept for synergy screening to identify second-generation correctors, which, when used in combination, may overcome the "therapeutic ceiling" of first-generation correctors.
Aboriginal Burning Regimes and Hunting Strategies in Australia’s Western Desert

A large complement of Australia’s biotic web is dependent on a regular regime of burning, much of which is the result of firing by humans. Many researchers have suggested that moderate and repeated burning by Aborigines is a tool designed to enhance hunting efficiency. We present the first test of this with data on contemporary Martu Aboriginal burning and hunting strategies in the arid spinifex savanna of the Western Desert during the cool-dry season (May–August). Our results show a strong positive effect of mosaic burning on the efficiency of hunting burrowed prey (primarily conducted by women), but not larger mobile prey (primarily conducted by men). We suggest that regular anthropogenic disturbance through burning in Australia’s Western Desert may be important for sustaining biodiversity and habitat mosaics, but these effects may be maintained primarily by women’s hunting of burrowed game. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding variability in hunting strategies, issues of conservation, and land management policy for the region.
Three decades of industrialization

This article reviews the experience of growth and industrialization in the postwar period in more than 100 economies, drawing on time-series data over a three decade period. Economies are classified according to their population size, the share of primary or manufactured goods in their exports, and the weight of exports in gross domestic product (GDP). The authors examine the composition of demand, trade, output, manufacturing type, and factor use overall and between sectors as they relate to income growth. Higher income growth and more marked transformation are found among the groups with large populations, a predominance of manufactures in exports, and a larger role of exports. The authors also found that the patterns suggested by cross-country analysis are robust when tested using the time series data now available. Although development experiences may vary over time and across countries, there is sufficient uniformity within them for the main features of structural transformation to emerge as clear and consistent patterns of modern economic growth.
Vapor sorption isotherms for benzene and n-hepatane with poly(styrene-co-butadiene)

Vapor sorption measurements of Flory–Huggins interaction parameters χ for three poly(styrene-co-butadiene) + solvent systems at 25°C are reported. For Philprene 1502 + benzene: χ = 0.379–0.297 v22; for Philprene 1502 + n-heptane: χ = 0.595 + 0.030 v2 for Solprene 1204 + benzene: χ = 0.516–0.026 v2. The volume for fractions of polymer v2 range from ca. 0.4 to 0.9.
RENESTING DETERMINES SEASONAL FECUNDITY IN SONGBIRDS: WHAT DO WE KNOW? WHAT SHOULD WE ASSUME?

Abstract Because of the difficulty of following female songbirds through an entire breeding season, field ornithologists are seldom able to directly measure seasonal fecundity (defined as number of offspring produced per female during an entire breeding season). Instead, it is more commonly inferred from some measure of nest-productivity data (e.g. average number of offspring fledged per nesting attempt) using algorithms that make assumptions about the propensity of females to renest after a nest failure or after successfully fledging a brood. Recent analyses have often assumed set maximum numbers of nesting attempts and successful broods, and that all females breed up to those maxima. However, whereas data from songbirds intensively followed for an entire breeding season show that they are capable of up to 4–8 nesting attempts, many authors, in estimating seasonal fecundity, assume a maximum of only 1–4 nesting attempts. We applied a model to a Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor) data set (Nolan 1978) t...
Anti-proliferative effect of LXR agonist T0901317 in ovarian carcinoma cells.

Background Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death from gynecologic tumors in the United States. The insidious nature of the disease precludes early diagnosis, therefore surgical debulking and chemotherapy are considered as standard treatment modalities for advanced stages. We investigated the effect of the LXR agonist, T0901317, on ovarian cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis as a potential therapeutic agent.
Modeling Residential Lawn Fertilization Practices: Integrating High Resolution Remote Sensing with Socioeconomic Data

This article investigates how remotely sensed lawn characteristics, such as parcel lawn area and parcel lawn greenness, combined with household characteristics, can be used to predict household lawn fertilization practices on private residential lands. This study involves two watersheds, Glyndon and Baisman's Run, in Baltimore County, Maryland, USA. Parcel lawn area and lawn greenness were derived from high-resolution aerial imagery using an object-oriented classification approach. Four indicators of household characteristics, including lot size, square footage of the house, housing value, and housing age were obtained from a property database. Residential lawn care survey data combined with remotely sensed parcel lawn area and greenness data were used to estimate two measures of household lawn fertilization practices, household annual fertilizer nitrogen application amount (N_yr) and household annual fertilizer nitrogen application rate (N_ha_yr). Using multiple regression with multi-model inferential procedures, we found that a combination of parcel lawn area and parcel lawn greenness best predicts N_yr, whereas a combination of parcel lawn greenness and lot size best predicts variation in N_ha_yr. Our analyses show that household fertilization practices can be effectively predicted by remotely sensed lawn indices and household characteristics. This has significant implications for urban watershed managers and modelers.
The disappearance of the ancient landscape and the climatic anomaly of the early Middle Ages: a question to be pursued

Archaeological surveys and rescue archaeology have now dated the disappearance of occupied sites in late antiquity with considerable precision, especially in the Rhone valley and northern Gaul. Landscape archaeology has shown a conversion from arable to pasture and reforestation during the same period. Recent studies of the climate of the first millennium show that this was also an extended period of wet and cold climate. How these phenomena were connected is an important research question. A preliminary suggestion made here is that since reversion from arable to pasture affected regions as far apart as Italy and Poland it cannot simply be ascribed to the political and fiscal dislocation of the ancient world, but should be understood as one effect of the climatic anomaly.
Validation of the Variational Asymptotic Beam Sectional Analysis

The computer program VABS (Variational Asymptotic Beam Section Analysis) uses the variational asymptotic method to split a three-dimensional nonlinear elasticity problem into a twodimensional linear cross-sectional analysis and a one-dimensional, nonlinear beam problem. This is accomplished by taking advantage of certain small parameters inherent to beam-like structures. VABS is able to calculate the one-dimensional cross-sectional stiffness constants, with transverse shear and Vlasov refinements, for initially twisted and curved beams with arbitrary geometry and material properties. Several validation cases are presented. First, an elliptic bar is modeled with transverse shear refinement using the variational asymptotic method, and the solution is shown to be identical to that obtained from the theory of elasticity. The shear center locations calculated by VABS for various cross sections agree well with those obtained from common engineering analyses. Comparisons with other composite beam theories prove that it is unnecessary to introduce ad hoc kinematic assumptions to build an accurate beam model. For numerical validation, values of the one-dimensional variables are extracted from an ABAQUS model and compared with results from a one-dimensional beam analysis using cross-sectional constants from VABS. Furthermore, point-wise three-dimensional stress and strain fields are recovered using VABS, and the correlation with the three-dimensional results from ABAQUS is excellent. Finally, classical theory is shown to be insufficient for general-purpose beam modeling. Appropriate refined theories are recommended for some classes of problems.
Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation

Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.
Asthma Training in Third-Year Medical Students

To assess the educational experiences of physicians-in-training with asthma patients, we had medical students complete asthma surveys at the beginning and end of their internal medicine clerkship (IMC). At the beginning of the IMC, all students received a 1-hr asthma lecture and half of the students received a compilation of pocket cards containing many of the algorithms from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma guidelines. We found that students had relatively few encounters with asthmatic patients during the IMC. Students were good judges of asthma severity but performed poorly on survey questions pertaining to asthma treatment. Confidence in treating and assessing patients improved by the end of the IMC, but remained low. We conclude that the usual 1-hr lecture and limited contact with asthma patients during the IMC may be inadequate to train students to care for patients with asthma.
Impact of neighborhoods and body size on survival after breast cancer diagnosis

With data from the Neighborhoods and Breast Cancer Study, we examined the associations between body size, social and built environments, and survival following breast cancer diagnosis among 4347 women in the San Francisco Bay Area. Lower neighborhood socioeconomic status and greater neighborhood crowding were associated with higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). After mutual adjustment, WHR, but not neighborhood characteristics, was positively associated with overall mortality and marginally with breast cancer-specific mortality. Our findings suggest that WHR is an important modifiable prognostic factor for breast cancer survivors. Future WHR interventions should account for neighborhood characteristics that may influence WHR.
Characteristics of Female College Students Attending the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

Following a weekend exhibit of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt, we compared responses of a group of female introductory psychology students who had visited the Quilt exhibit (n = 29) to those from a group who had not (n = 58) to see whether Quilt attendance was correlated with differences in tolerance of people with AIDS (PWAs), perceived AIDS knowledge, and perceived susceptibility to HIV infection. Consistent differences in empathy for and tolerance of PWAs were noted, with Quilt attendees showing more empathy. However, there were no differences in students' perceived knowledge about AIDS or perceived susceptibility to HIV infection for themselves or family members. Also noted was a short-lived increase in the number of books on HIV/AIDS checked out from the campus library immediately after the Quilt display and again at exams. These data suggest that an AIDS awareness event such as the Quilt display is associated with increased interest in AIDS and empathy toward people with AIDS, but is not rela...
Analysis of the Williams, Arizona earthquake of November 4, 1971

abstract The frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in northern Arizona is low, and consequently the coverage of events when they do occur is generally poor. The station coverage of the November 4, 1971, Williams earthquake was unusually good and provided enough raw data to attempt a fault-plane solution. Hypocenter determinations in the past and in this study do not provide a clear association of the earthquake with any specific faults or fault trends. The focal mechanism plot shows reverse fault movement on a northwest trending, high-angle fault.
PROBING THE CARBON–PHOSPHORUS BOND COUPLING IN LOW-TEMPERATURE PHOSPHINE (PH3)–METHANE (CH4) INTERSTELLAR ICE ANALOGUES

Phosphine, which has now been confirmed around the carbon-rich star IRC+10216, provides the first example of a phosphorus-containing single bond in interstellar or circumstellar media. While four compounds containing both phosphorus and carbon have been discovered, none contain a carbon-phosphorus single bond. Here, we show that this moiety is plausible from the reaction of phosphine with methane in electron-irradiated interstellar ice analogues. Fractional sublimation allows for detection of individual products at distinct temperatures using reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ReTOF) coupled with vacuum ultraviolet photoionization. This method produced phosphanes and methylphosphanes as large as P8H10 and CH3P8H9, which demonstrates that a phosphorus-carbon bond can readily form and that methylphosphanes sublime at 12-17 K higher temperatures than the non-organic phosphanes. Also, irradiated ices of phosphine with deuterated-methane untangle the reaction pathways through which these methylphosphanes were formed and identified radical recombination to be preferred over carbene/phosphinidene insertion reactions. In addition, these ReTOF results confirm that CH3PH2 and CH6P2 can form via insertion of carbene and phosphinidene and that the methylenediphosphine (PH2CH2PH2) isomer forms in the ices, although methylphosphine (CH3P2H3) is likely the more abundant isomer and that phosphanes and organophosphanes preferentially fragment via the loss of a phosphino group when photoionized. While the formation of methylphosphine is overall endoergic, the intermediates produced by interactions with energetic electrons proceed toward methylphosphine favorably and barrierlessly and provide plausible mechanisms toward hitherto unidentified interstellar compounds.
Assembly of Metal-Anion Arrays within Dion-Jacobson-Type Perovskite Hosts

The construction of metal-anion arrays within Dion-Jacobson-type (DJ) perovskites was studied. A variety of hosts readily react with CuCl2 to produce compounds of the form (CuCl)[A’n-1(M, M’)nO3n+1] (A’ = alkaline earth, rare earth or Bi; M/M’ = Nb, Ta, and/orTi; n = 2, 3). In contrast, CuBr2 only reacts with some of these hosts; this difference relative to the chloride may simply be a size effect. The formation of metal-anion arrays with other transition metals has also been examined. (FeCl)LaNb2O7 can be readily prepared from FeCl2, while reactions with FeBr2and NiCl2 under similar reaction conditions result in compounds of the formM0.5LaNb2O7 (M = Fe, Ni). The reductive intercalation of lithium and sodium into (CuCl)LaNb2O7 was also examined and was found to produce new compounds that have a large layer expansion.
Predatory Publishing, Open Access, and the Costs to Academia

As publishing demands increase, so does the availability of open access predatory publishing options masquerading as reputable peer-review outlets. This article cautions against the broader consequences of predatory publishing and suggests means to control their influence.
On the Provable Convergence of Alternating Minimization for Matrix Completion.

Alternating Minimization is a widely used and empirically successful framework for Matrix Completion and related low-rank optimization problems. We give a new algorithm based on Alternating Minimization that provably recovers an unknown low-rank matrix from a random subsample of its entries under a standard incoherence assumption while achieving a linear convergence rate. Compared to previous work our results reduce the provable sample complexity requirements of the Alternating Minimization approach by at least a quartic factor in the rank and the condition number of the unknown matrix. These improvements apply when the matrix is exactly low-rank and when it is only close to low-rank in the Frobenius norm. Underlying our work is a new robust convergence analysis of the well-known Subspace Iteration algorithm for computing the dominant singular vectors of a matrix also known as the Power Method. This viewpoint leads to a conceptually simple understanding of Alternating Minimization that we exploit. Additionally, we contribute a new technique for controlling the coherence of intermediate solutions arising in iterative algorithms. These techniques may be of interest beyond their application here.
Sovereignty for Survival: American Energy Development and Indian Self-Determination. By James Robert Allison III

Sovereignty for Survival: American Energy Development and Indian Self-Determination . Lamar Series in Western History. By James Robert Allison III. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015. ix + 246 pp. Illustrations, maps, chart, notes, index. $45.00.) From Stephen Vincent Benet’s day to our own time, we are still inclined to present American Indian history primarily as a chronicle of loss and defeat. Despite all of the evidence to the contrary, we find it difficult to imagine that Indians could find sufficient resolve to remain on their lands and build for tomorrow. This fascinating book by James Robert Allison III allows us to … piverson{at}asu.edu
Duration characteristics of horizontal components of strong-motion earthquake records

abstract The duration characteristics of horizontal components of strong ground motion records obtained in the western U.S. were examined for engineering applications. A total of 84 accelerograms were used in the study, corresponding to a range of earthquake magnitudes, M , between 4.7 and 7.6, to distances to the source between 0.1 and 130 km, and to local subsurface conditions ranging from rock to soft clay. The definition of significant duration, D (sec), used was the time needed to build up between 5 and 95 per cent of the total Arias intensity of the record I A = π 2 g ∫ 0 t f a 2 ( t ) d t ( t f = total length of record ) . For rock sites, a consistent correlation was obtained between D and M : log D = 0.432 M 1.83. Values of D at soil sites show a much larger scatter, with the duration on rock being a lower bound. Detailed analyses were conducted on the accelerograms and their associated Husid plots, I A (t)/I A (t f ) versus t . It was found that a main parameter controlling the duration of strong ground motion was the total duration of rupture at the fault, d . Rock records are dominated by a strong part, having a duration, Δ, which is essentially a straight line in the Husid plot, and which is Δ ≲ D . This strong part coincides approximately with the arrivals of S waves which followed a direct path between source and station (direct S waves). The values of both Δ and D are mainly controlled by the duration of rupture at the fault, d , for M ≲ 7. Many soil records have, in addition to the strong part, another part which is moderately strong, has longer periods and appears after the direct S wave arrives. This additional part is responsible for the increased values of D observed for soil, and also for the curved shape of the Husid plot observed in many soil records. This part also contributes significantly to the observed richer content of long periods in soil records, reported by several authors. Some evidence suggests this part of the record may be mostly associated with the amplification by the soil of indirect, multipath body-wave arrivals, and with surface wave effects.