cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plague and the Athenian Imagination: Death, myth and drama before the plague

I begin with broad and general (and, probably to some, overly simplistic) thoughts about the poetics of mortality in Greek thought and their pertinence to discussing subsequently the response of the Athenian imagination to the plague. This foundation is a necessary prelude to the consideration of both disease language in Chapters 3–6 and the relationship between healing, poetry and theater in Chapters 7–9. From its beginnings in Homer's Iliad , Greek poetry broadly concerns itself with man's attempts to grapple emotionally and intellectually with the basic reality of his own mortality. As Sheila B. Murnaghan observes (Murnaghan 1992: 242), early Greek epic is “preoccupied with defining human life by exploring the line that separates men and gods.” In archaic epic, the heroic code posits that the hero receives “immortal glory” ( kleos aphthiton ) in return for risking an even earlier death than the normal men whose name dies with them, although they do live longer (Redfield 1975; Nagy 1979). The heroes live on through the songs of the poets. Near the beginning of the most important era of Greek drama, Pindar, in poems such as Pythian 3, promises to preserve the kleos of mortals through song and urges his listeners not to hope for more than their mortal lot. Athenian tragic drama itself, which draws its plots from the epics of the heroic age, thus by necessity continues the concern with the inevitability of death.
Long-Term Health Outcomes in Women With Silicone Gel Breast Implants.

Silicone gel breast implants, which were removed from the U.S. market in 1992 due to safety concerns, were reintroduced in 2006. This systematic review of 32 studies examines whether these implants...
FB-TCT truncation suppression by combining two shifted scans with extrapolation techniques

The convergent beam geometry of fan beam (FB) transmission computed tomography (TCT) often results in image truncation; producing ring artifacts, distorted body contours, and erroneously high pixel values in filtered-backprojection reconstructed images. A method is described which reduces the degree of truncation by performing two patient-shifted FB-TCT scans, and then uses an extrapolation technique to complete the projection set. By scanning the patient when shifted left and right of the axis of rotation, the effective field-of-view is substantially increased. If any truncation remains, the total amount of attenuating medium present is calculated from untruncated views. For truncated views, missing projections are filled until this total is reached. The method has been tested by scanning a large (38/spl times/26 cm) anthropomorphic thorax phantom on a three camera single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system. The two run method was successful in reducing the degree of truncation to only a slight amount for this phantom. Application of the extrapolation method helped suppress ring artifacts in this case. To further test the extrapolation method projection sets were truncated to a greater degree using software. Extrapolation helped improve SPECT attenuation compensation, but some artifact remained in the images. >
Serial magnetic resonance imaging findings in subarachnoid hemorrhage due to an initially angiographically occult type II spinal aneurysm: Case report

Background: Spinal aneurysms are rare causes of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: We present an unusual, initially occult, case of an upper thoracic intradural extramedullary isolated aneurysm arising from the T2 intercostal-radicular circulation that was initially angiographically occult but was discovered due to unique, albeit nonspecific, magnetic resonance imaging findings of spinal cord T2 hyperintensity and contrast enhancement that were noted to progress with a clinical picture of ictal rehemorrhage. Results: Repeat spinal angiography revealed a spinal aneurysm that was treated surgically. Conclusion: In cases of sufficient clinical suspicion and nonspecific imaging findings, continued vigilance is advised in seeking an underlying pathoanatomic etiology.
Progressive Decline in Late Mortality after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) over 40 Years - a Report from BMTSS

Background: The high intensity of therapeutic exposures (for autologous and allogeneic HCT) and chronic GvHD and its management (in allogeneic HCT) increase the risk for late mortality. Significant changes in transplantation strategies have been instituted over the past 4 decades, with the overarching goal of improving outcomes. The impact of these changes on late mortality remains unknown. Methods: We evaluated late mortality in 5,566 patients who had survived at least 2y after HCT performed between 1974 and 2010. Vital status information was ascertained as of May 2016, using medical records, National Death Index and Accurint databases. Separate analyses were conducted for allogeneic and autologous HCT. For all-cause mortality, relapse-related (RRM) and non-relapse-related (NRM) mortality, we examined trends over 4 time periods: Results: Allogeneic HCT: The cohort included 2,999 2y survivors followed for a median of 12.4y (range, 2.0-40.7) from HCT. Significant differences in HCT strategies (p Autologous HCT: The cohort included 2,567 2y survivors followed for a median of 9.3y (2-31) from HCT. Significant (p Conclusions: Changes in transplantation strategies have contributed to a progressive decline in late mortality for both allogeneic and autologous HCT. The all-cause mortality has declined 44% for allogeneic HCT recipients and 75% for autologous HCT recipients over the 4 decades examined in this study. The decline in risk, while evident for relapse-related mortality, is more prominent for non-relapse mortality. Disclosures Forman: Mustang Therpapeutics: Other: Construct licensed by City of Hope.
The finite number of global motion patterns available to symmetric protein complexes

In PDB, more than half of the entries are structure complexes and of these complexes, most are symmetric, composed of identical subunits. Complex formation is the way through which larger structures and even molecular machines are assembled and built in nature. In this work, we apply group theory and carry out a comprehensive study of the global motion patterns of protein complexes of various symmetries. The work presents for the first time a comprehensive list of all the symmetric, aesthetically pleasing, global motion patterns available to complexes of cyclic, dihedral, tetrahedral, and octahedral symmetry. Our results clearly demonstrate that complexes with the same symmetry will have the same global motion patterns and thus may function is a similar way, and that there are only a finite number of global motion patterns available to symmetric complexes since the number of protein symmetry groups is effectively finite. The work complements our current understanding of the principle of complex formation that has been mostly structure-based by providing novel dynamics-based insights. Furthermore, since dynamics is closely tied to function, these motion patterns can provide global insights into the general functional mechanisms of protein complexes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Changing Tides of the Type 2 Diabetes Epidemic—Smooth Sailing or Troubled Waters Ahead? Kelly West Award Lecture 2016

The Kelly West Award for Outstanding Achievement in Epidemiology is given in memory of Kelly M. West, widely regarded as the "father of diabetes epidemiology," to an individual who has made significant contributions to the field of diabetes epidemiology. Edward W. Gregg, PhD, of the Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, received the prestigious award at the American Diabetes Association's 76th Scientific Sessions, 10-14 June 2016, in New Orleans, LA. He presented the Kelly West Award Lecture, "Changing Tides of the Type 2 Diabetes Epidemic-Smooth Sailing or Troubled Waters Ahead?" on Sunday, 12 June 2016.
The effect of the math emporium instructional method on students’ performance in college algebra

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Emporium instructional method in a course of college algebra and trigonometry by comparing to the traditional lecture method.The math emporium method is a nontraditional, instructional method of learning math that has been implemented at several universities with much success and has been shown to improve the performance of students taking college algebra and trigonometry courses. In the math emporium method, students spend time working on the problems using interactive software. The students are able to get immediate feedback on their progress by soliciting help from the instructors. This method encourages students to be actively involved in the acquiring of their knowledge. In this study, we compare the performance of students using the math emporium method to that of students using the traditional, lecture method. Performance was measured using posttest scores and the final course grades. We found that the math emporium method shows promise to improving students’ performance in college algebra and trigonometry classes.
Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management

Background and Purpose The aims of this article are to review the effects of obesity on health and well-being and the evidence indicating they can be ameliorated by weight loss, and consider weight-management strategies that may help patients achieve and maintain weight loss. Methods Narrative review based on literature searches of PubMed up to May 2016 with no date limits imposed. Search included terms such as “obesity,” “overweight,” “weight loss,” “comorbidity,” “diabetes,” cardiovascular,” “cancer,” “depression,” “management,” and “intervention.” Conclusions Over one third of U.S. adults have obesity. Obesity is associated with a range of comorbidities, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cancer; however, modest weight loss in the 5%–10% range, and above, can significantly improve health-related outcomes. Many individuals struggle to maintain weight loss, although strategies such as realistic goal-setting and increased consultation frequency can greatly improve the success of weight-management programs. Nurse practitioners have key roles in establishing weight-loss targets, providing motivation and support, and implementing weight-loss programs. Implications for Practice With their in-depth understanding of the research in the field of obesity and weight management, nurse practitioners are well placed to effect meaningful changes in weight-management strategies deployed in clinical practice.
Impact of prematurity and nutrition on the developing gut microbiome and preterm infant growth

Identification of factors that influence the neonatal gut microbiome is urgently needed to guide clinical practices that support growth of healthy preterm infants. Here, we examined the influence of nutrition and common practices on the gut microbiota and growth in a cohort of preterm infants. With weekly gut microbiota samples spanning postmenstrual age (PMA) 24 to 46 weeks, we developed two models to test associations between the microbiota, nutrition and growth: a categorical model with three successive microbiota phases (P1, P2, and P3) and a model with two periods (early and late PMA) defined by microbiota composition and PMA, respectively. The more significant associations with phase led us to use a phase-based framework for the majority of our analyses. Phase transitions were characterized by rapid shifts in the microbiota, with transition out of P1 occurring nearly simultaneously with the change from meconium to normal stool. The rate of phase progression was positively associated with gestational age at birth, and delayed transition to a P3 microbiota was associated with growth failure. We found distinct bacterial metabolic functions in P1–3 and significant associations between nutrition, microbiota phase, and infant growth. The phase-dependent impact of nutrition on infant growth along with phase-specific metabolic functions suggests a pioneering potential for improving growth outcomes by tailoring nutrient intake to microbiota phase.
Downstream fish passage guide walls: A hydraulic scale model analysis

Abstract Partial-depth guide walls are used to improve passage efficiency and reduce the delay of out-migrating anadromous fish species by guiding fish to a bypass route (i.e. weir, pipe, sluice gate) that circumvents the turbine intakes, where survival is usually lower. Evaluation and monitoring studies, however, indicate a high propensity for some fish to pass underneath, rather than along, the guide walls, compromising their effectiveness. In the present study we evaluated a range of guide wall structures to identify where/if the flow field shifts from sweeping (i.e. flow direction primarily along the wall and towards the bypass) to downward-dominant. Many migratory fish species, particularly juveniles, are known to drift with the flow and/or exhibit rheotactic behaviour during their migration. When these behaviours are present, fish follow the path of the flow field. Hence, maintaining a strong sweeping velocity in relation to the downward velocity along a guide wall is essential to successful fish guidance. Nine experiments were conducted to measure the three-dimensional velocity components upstream of a scale model guide wall set at a wide range of depths and angles to flow. Results demonstrated how each guide wall configuration affected the three-dimensional velocity components, and hence the downward and sweeping velocity, along the full length of the guide wall. In general, the velocities produced in the scale model were sweeping dominant near the water surface and either downward dominant or close to the transitional depth near the bottom of the guide wall. The primary exception to this shift from sweeping do downward flow was for the minimum guide wall angle tested in this study (15°). At 15° the flow pattern was fully sweeping dominant for every cross-section, indicating that a guide wall with a relatively small angle may be more likely to produce conditions favorable to efficient guidance. A critical next step is to evaluate the behaviour of migratory fish as they approach and swim along a guide wall in a controlled laboratory environment.
Irreversible Primary Amenorrhea Secondary to Uterine Damage and Premature Ovarian Failure in 2 Patients with Ewing Sarcoma.

Abstract Background The long-term morbidity of childhood cancer survivors is an emerging field as more patients are now expected to live through adulthood. Case We describe 2 adolescent patients with permanent premature ovarian failure and failure of endometrium to respond to estrogen after they received a combination of chemotherapy and pelvic radiation for metastatic Ewing sarcoma. Both girls were prepubertal at diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma. Puberty was induced with high-dose estrogen and progesterone; however, none of the patients had withdrawal bleeding. Summary and Conclusion It is critical to counsel these patients that menstruation might not be possible even with hormone replacement therapy.
LACTATE-FATTY ACID COMPETITION IN THE HEART DURING SHOCK

Publisher Summary The myocardium is the most versatile tissue capable of oxidizing a variety of substrates. Although free fatty acid (FFA) serves as the major metabolites under physiologic conditions in the postabsorptive state, other metabolites may replace FFA as energy yielding substrates under certain conditions. This chapter presents a study that demonstrated that elevated arterial ketone body concentration may depress myocardial FFA oxidation and increase the utilization of these substrates by the heart. The chapter discusses the answers of the following two questions that were obtained from the study: (1) the first question is whether there is an early metabolic alteration in the myocardium evident following the administration of E.coli endotoxin as the impairment of myocardial function was demonstrated 3–4 hours following endotoxin administration and as endotoxin is known to cause marked elevation of arterial lactate concentration, and (2) the second question is whether arterial lactate elevation alone without the administration of endotoxin can simulate these changes of myocardial metabolism if there is an early metabolic alteration in the myocardium evident following the administration of E.coli endotoxin..
Advanced cardiac life support education: a self-directed, scenario-based approach.

Background The American Heart Association adopted new curriculum guidelines for Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) education. Requirements include the incorporation of case-based learning strategies in the course format. Method A self-directed, scenario-based course format was developed to incorporate principles of adult learning and to meet the newest curriculum guidelines of the American Heart Association. A post-course survey was used to evaluate the participants' perceptions of the course format and its effects on their learning. Results Twenty-seven participants completed the course. Analysis of the post-course survey responses indicated participants favored the self-directed, scenario-based design and felt the format contributed to their learning. Additionally, this format was more cost-effective than the traditional 2-day course design. Conclusion The use of a self-directed, scenario-based format creates an optimal environment that fosters the complex cognitive and psychomotor skills learning required to perform ACLS. This format meets the expectations of the American Heart Association curriculum guidelines and should be considered a viable and valuable option for providing ACLS education.
Monoclonal antibodies used to study the interaction of nerve and muscle cell lines.

Publisher Summary The aim of this chapter is to understand the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the formation, maintenance and modification of chemical synapses. An immunological approach has been chosen as one means of accomplishing the stated objective and intended to use antibodies to identify, localize, and quantitate synaptic molecules. In hopes of obtaining antibodies specific for synaptic molecules, monoclonal antibodies have been prepared from mice immunized with rat brain synaptic membranes. As monoclonal antibodies recognize single determinants, they have the potential to identify individual molecules important in the development and function of the synapse. Such antibodies should be very useful for studying the molecular organization of the synapse. Furthermore, they should be capable of purifying relevant molecules and organelles (synapses and vesicles) for structural studies and also be useful for determining the function of these antigens.
Leveraging context for file search and organization

Ideally, a user's system would automatically organize, locate, and manage their data. Unfortunately, this ideal is currently elusive, as evidenced by the considerable effort users expend in organizing and finding their data, and the plethora of tools available helping them to do so. Context—the set of facts and features surrounding data—is a promising aspect to aid in this information management problem. For instance, a user's system can observe his or her actions to determine which data is pertinent to other data, reordering and extending results during searches. This dissertation describes and evaluates such a scheme, which uses causally-related inputs to outputs to drive its contextual index. A field study with a prototype of this architecture indicates that the system increases user-perceived satisfaction in search. Unfortunately, while this context proves useful, it is only maintained locally. A user's social neighborhood, however, can provide significant advantages for the collaborative sharing of context. Challenges arise, as naively adding context sharing to a system complicates it from the user's point of view: it becomes a new entity to manage. As well, any such mechanism must also respect personal boundaries on disclosure. This work advocates leveraging acts of sharing to imbue context access rights. With this system, context is encapsulated in frames of reference, and these frames follow objects as they are shared. Frames render a separation of concerns: a recipient holding one particular frame cannot see the context residing in a frame not disclosed. Frames can be split and merged as contexts and circumstances change. To support the ad-hoc, spontaneous collaborations that occur naturally between individuals, the system eschews vestiges of centralized control and its eventual-consistency model aids mobile and disconnected users. A user study suggests this framing scheme is palatable to users and a prototype demonstrates contextual exchange induces negligible performance overheads. This research aims to help ameliorate the information management problem and to facilitate the formation of ad-hoc, spontaneous collaborative groups.
Almost Periodicity of Bounded Solutions to Nonlinear Abstract Equations

The paper is devoted to the problem of Bohr-Neugebauer for the equations (1) and (2), in a Hilbert space H, i.e., providing conditions under which a bounded solution is necessarily almost periodic. The proofs of the main results are based on the solution of some differential inequalities, valid on the entire real axis.
Clustered mutations in the transcriptional activation domain of Myc in 8q24 translocated lymphomas and their functional consequences.

Translocation of the Myc gene on chromosome 8q24 to an immunoglobulin gene segment on chromosomes 14q32, 22q11 or 2p12 is believed to be the central event in the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma (Dalla-Favera et al. 1982). The molecular heterogeneity of Myc translocations in Burkitt’s lymphoma, suggests that there may be several mechanisms that account for the resulting deregulation of Myc gene transcription, and the consequent abnormalities in cell growth regulation that lead to neoplasia. For example, in many cases of Burkitt’s lymphoma, the transcriptional enhancer of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, Eμ, is located on the same chromosome as the translocated Myc gene, suggesting that it may be responsible for activating Myc transcription (Taub et al. 1982). In other cases, however, Eμ and Myc are located on different chromosomes (Rabbitts et al. 1983), and other mechanisms must operate. In sporadic Burkitt’s lymphomas the breakpoints on chromosome 8q24 frequently occur in intron 1 of the Myc gene, separating the oncogene’s regulatory elements from its coding sequences (Pelicci et al. 1986). This suggests that loss of normal regulatory elements may also play a role in abnormal regulation of the translocated oncogene (Taub et al. 1984; Bentley and Groudine 1988; Hann et al. 1988).
A definition of stress

One of the primary purposes of this book is to examine the issue of animal welfare, particularly in terms of the effects of stress on the behavior and health of laboratory animals. My chapter defines the concept of stress. I am not certain whether one who undertakes this task either has an enormous ego, is immeasurably stupid, or is totally mad. Attempts at definitions of stress have bewildered many an illustrious scholar, and there is no reason to assume that I will be any more adept at accomplishing such a definition. One of the major problems is that most of the definitions have dealt with outcomes, and therefore stress has been defined by either a behavioral or a physiological response. The behavioral responses have been paradoxical, so agitated animals and immobilized animals are both considered stressed. Similarly, vocalizing animals and nonvocalizing animals are also both considered stressed. It would be difficult to list all of the physiological measures that have at some time been used as indices of stress. Overwhelmingly these have included aspects of the endocrine system as well as autonomic responses, temperature changes, and changes in brain activity. Unfortunately the behavioral and physiological sequelae of stress are not always in accord. Furthermore the various physiological indices of stress, when examined simultaneously, indicate that the changes in terms of magnitude and direction are not always concordant.
Interactive Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychiatric Symptoms on Cognition among Late Middle-Aged Men: Findings from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive symptoms each increase the risk for cognitive impairment in older adults. We investigated whether TBI ha...
Sub-Micrometer Patterning Using Soft Lithography

This chapter reviews the current state of soft lithography with a particular emphasis on the patterning of structures having lateral dimensions of below 1 µm. Soft lithography is generally perceived as an ensemble of techniques that collectively employ elastomeric polymers – mostly based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) – in the form of a mold, stamp, or mask as the central element of a pattern-forming process. The virtue of these techniques is rapid prototyping during which the structural information from either of these elements is translated into multiple copies of a functional material. This chapter comprises a set of dedicated sections that outline principal patterning strategies, and highlight relatively recent developments in research which are illustrated with selected examples from the open literature.
PICC-associated infection with Escherichia hermannii : A case report and review of the literature.

Since its identification as a unique species in 1982, Escherichia hermannii has been implicated as a pathogenic organism in very few cases of human disease. Our report discusses a case of bacteremia with Escherichia hermannii identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and RapID™ ONE analysis in a patient getting TPN through a peripherally-inserted CVC (PICC). The PICC was removed. The bloodstream infection was successfully treated with empiric piperacillin-tazobactam, which was then narrowed to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole based on sensitivity data for a 14 day course of antimicrobial therapy. E. hermannii's association with bloodstream infection in patients with central venous catheters supports data implicating biofilm formation as a key pathogenic feature of E. hermannii. Of the 9 previous cases of E. hermannii infection reviewed in the literature, 4 cases occurred in immunocompromised hosts, 2 were associated with trauma or injection, 2 were associated with central lines, and only one case had no identifiable risk factor. E. hermannii appears to act as an opportunistic pathogen, causing disease in an immunocompromised host or through a central access catheter, injection, or trauma. E. hermannii likely causes catheter-related bloodstream infections in these hosts through biofilm formation, demonstrating the importance of catheter removal in addition to antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of these infections.
Neuroimaging Predictors and Mechanisms of Treatment Response in Social Anxiety Disorder: an Overview of the Amygdala.

Aberrant amygdala activity is implicated in the neurobiology of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and is, therefore, a treatment target. However, the extent to which amygdala predicts clinical improvement or is impacted by treatment has not been critically examined. This review highlights recent neuroimaging findings from clinical trials and research that test links between amygdala and mechanisms of action. Neuropredictor studies largely comprised psychotherapy where improvement was foretold by amygdala activity and regions beyond amygdala such as frontal structures (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex) and areas involved in visual processes (e.g., occipital regions, superior temporal gyrus). Pre-treatment functional connectivity between amygdala and frontal areas was also shown to predict improvement signifying circuits that support emotion processing and regulation interact with treatment. Pre-to-post studies revealed decreases in amygdala response and altered functional connectivity in amygdala pathways regardless of treatment modality. In analogue studies of fear exposure, greater reduction in anxiety was predicted by less amygdala response to a speech challenge and amygdala activity decreased following exposures. Yet, studies have also failed to detect amygdala effects reporting instead treatment-related changes in regions and functional systems that support sensory, emotion, and regulation processes. An array of regions in the corticolimbic subcircuits and extrastriate cortex appear to be viable sites of action. The amygdala and amygdala pathways predict treatment outcome and are altered following treatment. However, further study is needed to establish the role of the amygdala and other candidate regions and brain circuits as sites of action.
Pricing Footraces in the United States: An Application of Hedonic Pricing to the Running Industry

Footraces, as a market commodity, are a curious thing. Nonrunners often ask racers why they pay to engage in an activity that they could do on their own at a much lower cost (both in terms of money...
Psychological Contracts in Algorithmic Management

Algorithmic management makes decisions that humans used to make, changing the employee-employer relationship. A new discipline is emerging to explain whether and how algorithms impact people’s live...
Developmental Toxicity Assessment of Piperonyl Butoxide Exposure Targeting Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Forebrain and Face Morphogenesis in the Mouse: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study

Background: Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a pesticide synergist used in residential, commercial, and agricultural settings. PBO was recently found to inhibit Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, a key dev...
More support for Earth's massive microbiome.

Until recently, our planet was thought to be home to ~ 107 species, largely belonging to plants and animals. Despite being the most abundant organisms on Earth, the contribution of microbial life to global biodiversity has been greatly underestimated and, in some cases, completely overlooked. Using a compilation of data known as the Global Prokaryotic Census (GPC), it was recently claimed that there are ~ 106 extant bacterial and archaeal taxa [1], an estimate that is orders of magnitude lower than predictions for global microbial biodiversity based on the lognormal model of biodiversity and diversity-abundance scaling laws [2]. Here, we resolve this discrepancy by 1) identifying violations of sampling theory, 2) correcting for the misuse of biodiversity theory, and 3) conducting a reanalysis of the GPC. By doing so, we uncovered greater support for diversity-abundance scaling laws and the lognormal model of biodiversity, which together predict that Earth is home to 1012 or more microbial taxa. This article was reviewed by Alvaro Sanchez and Sean M. Gibbons.
The role of oxidative stress in toxicities due to drugs of abuse

Abstract Abuse of illicit drugs is a growing problem across the world, with rates of drug use and overdose increasing for most major classes of substances. In addition to the social and public health implications of drug abuse, these drugs have a multitude of toxicities affecting all major organ systems. Depending on the drug, dosage, and route of administration, different toxicity profiles are seen. Based on findings from both animal models and human studies, oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a common underlying etiology for many of the adverse effects seen. In addition to toxicities, oxidative stress also is shown to play a role in addiction and withdrawal. A thorough understanding of the role of oxidative stress in these conditions is key for future research to design therapeutic agents to better prevent and treat toxicities.
InGaSb Defect Filter Layer to Improve Performance of GaSb Solar Cells Grown on GaAs Substrates

The reduction of the threading dislocation density in metamorphic GaSb grown on GaAs substrates through the use of InGaSb defect filter layers has been investigated. More specifically, we study the effects of strain and thickness on the ability of a InGaSb defect filter layer to reduce threading dislocations in GaSb solar cells grown on GaAs substrates. The strain between the GaSb metamorphic layer on GaAs substrate (99.5% relaxed) and the InGaSb defect filter layer is varied by changing the indium composition in the InGaSb layer. It is demonstrated that an InGaSb defect filter layer with 0.6% strain is more effective for blocking threading dislocations compared with higher-strain layers, resulting in improved short-circuit current (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) for the metamorphic GaSb solar cell. The optimization of the defect filter layer involves varying the thickness of the layer to achieve the lowest possible threading dislocation density. This also takes into account the critical thickness of the InGaSb layer on GaSb to avoid generation of threading dislocations from the InGaSb layer itself. It is shown that adding an In0.11Ga0.89Sb defect filter layer with thickness of 250 nm and 0.6% strain beneath a GaSb solar cell grown on a GaAs substrate improves Voc from 0.1 V to 0.16 V and Jsc from 19.7 mA/cm2 to 24.7 mA/cm2.
A Customizable Information Quality Activity in Business and Management Courses: Recommendations for Research:

As business and management instructors, we increasingly struggle with student inattention to information accuracy and quality in our courses, especially when student-based research is required and ...
Computational methods for integrative evaluation of confidence, accuracy, and reaction time in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia

Abstract People with schizophrenia (SZ) process emotions less accurately than do healthy comparators (HC), and emotion recognition have expanded beyond accuracy to performance variables like reaction time (RT) and confidence. These domains are typically evaluated independently, but complex inter-relationships can be evaluated through machine learning at an item-by-item level. Using a mix of ranking and machine learning tools, we investigated item-by-item discrimination of facial affect with two emotion recognition tests (BLERT and ER-40) between SZ and HC. The best performing multi-domain model for ER40 had a large effect size in differentiating SZ and HC (d = 1.24) compared to a standard comparison of accuracy alone (d = 0.48); smaller increments in effect sizes were evident for the BLERT (d = 0.87 vs. d = 0.58). Almost half of the selected items were confidence ratings. Within SZ, machine learning models with ER40 (generally accuracy and reaction time) items predicted severity of depression and overconfidence in social cognitive ability, but not psychotic symptoms. Pending independent replication, the results support machine learning, and the inclusion of confidence ratings, in characterizing the social cognitive deficits in SZ. This moderate-sized study (n = 372) included subjects with schizophrenia (SZ, n = 218) and healthy controls (HC, n = 154).
Regional temperature-ozone relationships across the U.S. under multiple climate and emissions scenarios.

The potential effects of 21st century climate change on ozone (O3) concentrations in the United States are investigated using global climate simulations to drive higher-resolution regional meteorological and chemical transport models. Community Earth System Model (CESM) and Coupled Model version 3 (CM3) simulations of the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario are dynamically downscaled using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, and the resulting meteorological fields are used to drive the Community Multiscale Air Quality model. Air quality is modeled for five 11-year periods using both a 2011 air pollutant emission inventory and a future projection accounting for full implementation of promulgated regulatory controls. Across the U.S., CESM projects daily maximum temperatures during summer to increase 1-4 °C by 2050 and 2-7 °C by 2095, while CM3 projects warming of 2-7 °C by 2050 and 4-11 °C by 2095. The meteorological changes have geographically varying impacts on O3 concentrations. Using the 2011 emissions dataset, O3 increases 1-5 ppb in the central Great Plains and Midwest by 2050 and more than 10 ppb by 2095, but it remains unchanged or even decreases in the Gulf Coast, Maine, and parts of the Southwest. Using the projected emissions, modeled increases are attenuated while decreases are amplified, indicating that planned air pollution control measures ameliorate the ozone climate penalty. The relationships between changes in maximum temperature and changes in O3 concentrations are examined spatially and quantified to explore the potential for developing an efficient approach for estimating air quality impacts of other future climate scenarios. Implications Statement:The effects of climate change on ozone air quality in the United States are investigated using two global climate model simulations of a high warming scenario for five decadal periods in the 21st century. Warming summer temperatures simulated under both models lead to higher ozone concentrations in some regions, with the magnitude of the change increasing with temperature over the century. The magnitude and spatial extent of the increases are attenuated under a future emissions projection that accounts for regulatory controls. Regional linear regression relationships are developed as a first step toward development of a reduced form model for efficient estimation of the health impacts attributable to changes in air quality resulting from a climate change scenario.
Investigation of Solid Dosage Form Components Interaction Using Orthogonal Techniques- Discovery of New Forms of Sodium Stearyl Fumarate

Physical or chemical interactions between drug product (DP) components can occur during manufacturing and/or upon storage; and may alter DP shelf life and performance. In this work a new Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) peak was observed in DP under accelerated storage conditions. Due to the complex drug product matrix (including API, polymer, fillers, super disintegrant and lubricant), it was challenging to pinpoint the component(s) responsible for the new peak. In addition to PXRD, other orthogonal techniques including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy were employed in this investigation to understand the root cause mechanistically. Specifically, multi nuclei SSNMR (1H, 23Na, 13C) was instrumental in delineating the components of the matrix. We identified the root cause to be an acid base reaction occurring in the DP, whereby sodium ion in sodium stearyl fumarate (SSF) is replaced by proton leading to SSF form conversion. We also identified commercially available SSF to be a hydrate that can dehydrate to an anhydrous form upon heating. In general, the same techniques can be used to investigate interactions of any multi component solid dosage forms.
"Nothing, Nothing, Nothing": Dostoevsky and Existentialism

The paper attempts to situate the work of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the tradition of Russian existentialism, and to indicate his influence on the subsequent development of existentialism in its ontological or ethical guise. In fact, Dostoevsky may be seen as the originator of a tradition which will later on influence and be taken up, via Nietzsche and Shestov, by the figures like Emanuel Levinas, Albert Camus or Maurice Blanchot, all explicitly concerned with existentialist questions of debt, guilt or suicide (Kirilov). Dostoevsky's writings are also interpreted in relation to Russian nationalism, and the sense of Russian Messianic election, which at the end of Crime and Punishment coalesce in another destination for Raskolnikov, launching him towards a Messianic future prior to the Abrahamic time and monotheistic sacrificiality. The end of Crime and Punishment imagines another existence for Raskolnikov, before the religious history, or the history tout court, has taken place or time. That time space is akin to something that Jacques Derrida formulated as an advent of an event to-come, a-venir. Dostoevsky is thus, in our interpretation, both a progenitor of the important strains of existentialism, but also a writer returning his hero's existence to an advent of a completely other, time before time, yet to come.
Enabling Branch-Mispredict Level Parallelism by Selectively Flushing Instructions

Conventionally, branch mispredictions are resolved by flushing wrongly speculated instructions from the reorder buffer and refetching instructions along the correct path. However, a large part of the misspeculated instructions could have reconverged with the correct path and executed correctly. Yet, they are flushed to ensure in-order commit. This inefficiency has been recognized in prior work, which proposes either complex additions to a core to reuse the correctly executed instructions, or less intrusive solutions that only reuse part of the converged instructions. We propose a hardware-software cooperative mechanism to recover correctly executed instructions, avoiding the need to refetch and re-execute them. It combines relatively limited additions to the core architecture with a high reuse of reconverged instructions. Adding the software hints to enable our mechanism is a similar effort as parallelizing an application, which is already necessary to extract high performance from current multicore processors. We evaluate the technique on emerging graph applications and sorting, applications that are known to perform poorly on conventional CPUs, and report an average 29% increase in performance.
State-Resolved Studies of the Laser-Induced Desorption of NO from Si(111): The Importance of Localized Excitations

Quantum-state-resolved techniques have been applied to the laser-induced desorption (LID) of NO from Si(111). When contrasted with LID from metal substrates, where prevailing theories indicate the crucial role of the rapid screening response of the substrate, the LID results from silicon indicate the overriding importance of the localization of electronic excitations inherent to the covalent bonds of the substrate.
Competing Zonal Leaders and Organizations

In December 1945, Konrad Adenauer was allowed to re-enter active politics, and quickly rose to decisive leadership not only of the CDU in the Rhineland, but in all of the British zone. In the process he developed an organisational command post, the CDU British Zonal Council, which, starting as nothing more than a meeting of CDU Land leaders, quickly became the most effective policy organ within the party structure of the western zones. Within it Adenauer shaped and formulated party politics and tactics; as its chairman he acted as party spokesman; its title was the only one he could or needed to invoke until his election to chairman of the Federal party in October, 1950. Organized in the spring of 1946, the CDU British Zonal secretariat in Cologne, under the direction of Josef Lons,1 quickly developed to challenge, rival and out-do the ambitious and well financed operations of Jakob Kaiser’s Reichsgeschaftsstelle in Berlin.
The Economic Performance of State-owned Enterprises in Argentina an Empirical Assessment

This paper empirically investigates the economic performance of 13 Argentine SOEs. Among them, one displays a behavior consistent with profit maximization, eight exhibit a behavior consistent with output maximization with a maximum loss constraint, and four show a behavior consistent with employment maximization. Such behavior taken together is consistent with the use of SOEs to achieve government macroeconomic targets. We also have found that, although different political regimes have different effects on the behavior of individual SOEs, there is no evidence that the SOEs as a group performed differently under military regimes than under the populist Peron regime.
Silicon VLSI technology-today and tomorrow

The status of the leading-edge silicon VLSI products is reviewed. The future development trends of silicon VLSI technology are projected by examining scaling limitations and by exploring opportunities such as stacked TFT, HBT, SOI, and low-temperature system operation. >
The Durability of Carbon Cap-and-Trade Policy

The surge of American states' adoption of policies to mitigate climate change in the late 1990s and 2000s appeared to constitute a first wave of expanding use of market-based policy tools such as carbon cap-and-trade in the absence of binding federal constraints. Instead, a substantial number of states have rescinded earlier policy commitments, as have Canadian provincial partners, while others have remained engaged or even expanded their policies. This article examines the durability of the three regional cap-and-trade zones that were established with comparable structure and intent but met very different fates. The analysis of these regional entities places particular emphasis on their political resilience across election cycles, their ability to be flexible and adapt administratively through mid-course adjustments, and their capacity to build constituency support through benefit-allocation to offset opposition linked to cost imposition.
A Review of “The New Cultural History of Peronism: Power and Identity in Mid-Twentieth-Century Argentina”

In a field as vibrant and heterodox as the study of Peronism, the Argentine populist movement unleashed by the stunning rise of pro-labor General Juan Peron in the mid-1940s, edited volumes serve t...
Bilingual Community Education and Multilingualism: Beyond Heritage Languages in a Global City, edited by Ofelia García, Zeena Zakharia, and Bahar Otcu

Fishman (1966) first advocated an importance of community efforts to promote and maintain bilingualism in American communities about 50 years ago. Since then, bilingual/multilingual composites of c...
Metabolic regulation of the arginyl and valyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases in bacteria.

Abstract The arginyl and valyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases (EC 6.1.13 and EC 6.1.1.9, respectively) in various strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were measured over a wide range of steady state growth rates. Both enzymes were found to increase approximately 2.5-fold in specific activity over a 7-fold increase in growth rate. Appropriate tests indicated that this change was not the result of stimulation or inhibition of enzyme activity. Use of antibodies prepared against purified valyl-tRNA synthetase revealed differences in the amount of this enzyme in cell-free extracts of cultures grown at different growth rates. By use of a sequential labeling technique it was possible to demonstrate that the low activity of these two enzymes in extracts from slow growing cultures was not caused by specific degradation. During transitions in growth rates brought about by shifts in media, the activity of each of these enzymes changed similarly to the accumulation of RNA, and not in a manner one would predict for enzymes regulated by amino acid supply. By sequential labeling it was shown that the increased differential rate of activity accumulation seen for these enzymes after a shift up was the result of an increased differential rate of synthesis. The pattern of regulation of the arginyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases seen in steady state cultures and during growth rate transitions has been termed metabolic regulation. The regulation of these two enzymes is similar under these conditions to that of other members of the bacterial cell's protein synthesizing machinery, and is difficult to reconcile with an amino acid mediated repression of these enzymes.