cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations for improving survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Since the implementation of a paramedic system in Seattle, yearly survival rates from out-of hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation have averaged 25% without any significant increase over the years. Outcome for cardiac arrest associated with other rhythms has been poor: when asystole was the first rhythm recorded, only 1% of patients survived; when electromechanical dissociation was initially present, only 6% survived. For cases of electromechanical dissociation, neither the type of rhythm nor the rate appear to influence outcome. Survival from ventricular fibrillation can be improved by shortening the delay to initiation of CPR and to defibrillation. When outcome in 244 witnessed arrests was related to the times to beginning CPR and to initial defibrillation, mortality increased 3% each minute until CPR was begun and 4% a minute until the first shock was delivered. New strategies that minimize delays appear to have the greatest promise for improving survival after cardiac arrest.
SRI international results February 1992 ATIS benchmark test

We describe the results that SRI International achieved on the February 1992 ATIS Speech and Natural Language System Test. The basic architecture of the system is described, including a set of parameters capable of altering the system's behavior and processing strategy. We report on several experiments that were run on the February test set to evaluate several processing strategies for both natural-language only and full spoken-language system tests.
Islet cell function and glucose homeostasis in hypopituitary dwarfism: Synergism between growth hormone and cortisone

Detailed studies of islet cell function and glucose regulation were carried out in fourboys with idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfism to assess the relative importance of glucocorticoid and growth hormone deficiencies in the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia in this condition. Studies in each boy were done during a control period with no hormonal replacement and during three experimental regimens in which growth hormone alone, cortisone alone, and cortisone combined with growth hormone were administered. Combined cortisone-growth hormone therapy significantly raised blood sugar levels after overnight fasting and during fasting for prolonged periods, delayed the rate of glucose removal, decreased sensitivity to exogenous insulin, and resulted in augmentation of plasma insulin responses to intravenous administration of glucose, leucine, and tolbutamide. Thus improved islet cell function was associated with normalization of glucose homeostasis. When given separately, growth hormone and cortisone had smaller and less consistent effects. These findings are consistent with the clinical observation that treatment of hypopituitary patients with cortisone or growth hormone alone is usually ineffective in controlling hypoglycemic attacks. The synergism between cortisone and growth hormone on glucose homeostasis contrasts sharply with the antagonism of cortisone to the anabolic and growth-promoting actions of growth hormone.
Lyotropic Phase Behavior of Polybutadiene−Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers in Ionic Liquids

The lyotropic phase behavior of three poly(1,2-butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers (PB−PEO) with different monomer volume fractions has been studied in two different ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMI][TFSI]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMI][PF6]), across the complete concentration range. The ordered microstructures present in the solutions were characterized via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The phase diagrams for the PB−PEO/ionic liquid solutions include regions corresponding to the classical copolymer microstructures: body-centered-cubic lattices of spheres, hexagonally ordered cylinders, and lamellae. Additionally, the phase diagrams also include wide regions of coexisting microstructures and regions apparently corresponding to a disordered network microstructure. The phase behavior of the PB−PEO copolymers in both ionic liquids was comparable to their previously reported aqueous solution behavior. The tempera...
All-optical time-resolved measurement of laser energy modulation in a relativistic electron beam

Hamiltonian light-front theory has been proposed as a promising method for solving bound states problems in quantum field theory a long time ago, see, e.g., the review article[1] for its various advantages compared to the traditional instant-form theories. Recently the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) approach [2, 3] has been developed as a nonperturbative approach to solve Hamiltonian light-front quantum field theory. Numerical efficiency is a key advantage of this approach. The basic idea of BLFQ is to represent the theory in an optimal basis which respects many symmetries of the theory and thus minimizes the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian for a fixed precision. Specifically, the BLFQ approach employs a plane wave basis in the light-front longitudinal direction and a 2D harmonic oscillator basis in the transverse directions. In previous work [3] this approach has been applied to evaluate the anomalous magnetic moment of electrons which are confined in an external trap with an extrapolation to the zero trap limit. In this work we extend and improve this approach in several aspects including the direct evaluation of a free electron system. This article is organized as follows: In Sec. 2 we discuss the key extensions and improvements made in this work over Ref [3]; in Sec. 3 we present the numerical results for the electron anomalous magnetic moment evaluated in different harmonic oscillator bases and compare to the perturbation theory result. Finally we conclude and give an outline for future works in Sec. 4.
Ethylene addition to CO hydrogenation over Sslfided Ni, Rh, and Ru

Abstract The effect of H2S on ethylene addition to CO hydrogenation has been studied over Ni/SiO2, Rh/ SiO2, and Ru/SiO2 catalysts at 300°C and 10 atm. The major products of the ethylene addition on the unsulfided catalysts are ethane and propionaldehyde which result from ethylene hydrogenation and the insertion of CO into adsorbed ethylene species, respectively. Sulfidation of the catalysts led to the suppression of ethylene hydrogenation and CO hydrogenation. CO insertion over Ni/SiO2 and Rh/SiO2 catalysts was insensitive to sulfidation, whereas CO insertion on Ru/SiO2 was inhibited by sulfidation. Infrared studies of CO adsorption reveal that sulfidation of the catalysts led to the disruption of neighboring surface atoms for bridge CO resulting in the formation of isolated atom sites which maybe responsible for CO insertion on the sulfided Ni and Rh catalysts.
Manipulation of a single charge in a double quantum dot.

We manipulate a single electron in a fully tunable double quantum dot using microwave excitation. Under resonant conditions, microwaves drive transitions between the $(1,0)$ and $(0,1)$ charge states of the double dot. Local quantum point contact charge detectors enable a direct measurement of the photon-induced change in occupancy of the charge states. From charge sensing measurements, we find ${T}_{1}\ensuremath{\sim}16\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}$ and a lower bound estimate for ${T}_{2}^{*}$ of 400 ps for the charge two-level system.
Rheology of concentrated suspensions of spheres. II. Suspensions agglomerated by an immiscible second liquid

Abstract Small amounts of a second immiscible liquid, water, were introduced into suspensions of glass beads (untreated or surface treated with dimethyldichlorosilane) in liquid polybutadiene. Water formed liquid bridges between the particles and caused the suspensions containing untreated beads to agglomerate. These large agglomerates changed the flow behavior from Newtonian to pseudoplastic. The extrapolated Bingham yield stress went through a maximum as the amount of water increased. Surfactants first decrease the pseudoplastic behavior and then, at higher concentrations, surfactants cause the suspensions to become Newtonian in behavior. A theory was developed in an attempt to explain the experimental results. The theory predicts pseudoplastic flow behavior for agglomerated suspensions, but the quantitative correlation between theory and experiment is not satisfactory.
Effects of CMC on student participation patterns in a foreign language learning environment

In this paper, we describe a study examining how communication patterns compare between a traditional foreign language learning classroom and a synchronous, text-based CMC environment. We present suggesting that conversation patterns change significantly when discussions move online. The slight time delay in composing replies and the development of a sense of community seem to be important mechanisms leading to this change.
The Present and Future Use of β-Blockers

The current state of knowledge about β-blockers in treating hypertension and their comparative pharmacology is reviewed. Some new developments in antihypertensive therapy, such as converting-enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonistic drugs are discussed and their place vis-a-vis the β-blockers analysed.
Designing resistance management programs: how can you choose?

L'auteur passe en revue de maniere critique la liste des tactiques de gestion des resistances aux insecticides et donne des elements pour choisir l'une ou l'autre de ces tactiques en fonction des circonstances
Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Segmental Mandibular Resection and Staged Reconstruction With Nonvascularized Bone Grafts

Purpose The treatment of locally aggressive lesions of the mandible can have a profound effect on a patient’s quality of life (QOL), both functionally and psychologically. The more knowledge available on this subject, the better a patient can be prepared and counseled. Patients and Methods Patients undergoing mandibular resection with immediate insertion of a reconstruction plate and subsequent staged reconstruction for the management of locally aggressive lesions of the mandible at the University of California at San Francisco were studied over a 6-year period from 1999 to 2005. The staged reconstruction involved bone grafting, removal of the reconstruction plate, vestibuloplasty, implant insertion, and construction of an implant-supported prosthesis. Each patient completed a modified University of Washington Quality of Life version 4 questionnaire after reaching his or her highest level of reconstruction. Results A total of 26 patients were identified as fulfilling the criteria for this study. Eight patients did not progress beyond resection, bone grafting, and subsequent removal of the bone plate. Seven patients progressed all the way through the 7 stages to an implant-supported prosthesis. The most important determinants of the patient’s subsequent QOL were time interval from initial resection and stage of reconstruction; the greater the time interval from initial resection and the further the stage of reconstruction reached, the better the QOL. Resections involving the mandibular angle had a negative effect on appearance, and resections involving the parasymphysis and symphysis region carried a worse overall QOL, possibly due to difficulty with chewing and lip support. Males reached a higher overall QOL than females. Although most patients seemed satisfied with their overall QOL, 73% had some concerns regarding appearance, 42% had concerns with chewing, 42% had concerns regarding their mood, 35% felt more anxious since the surgery, 23% had some residual pain and discomfort, 19% had concerns with swallowing, and 15% had concerns with taste. Conclusion These and other findings necessitate further investigation and confirmation.
Laboratory Tests on Ultraviolet Protectants of an Entomogenous Nematode

The addition of protectant materials which strongly absorb UV radiation, with infective-stage juveniles of Neoaplectana carpocapsae prior to UV (254 nm) exposure, resulted in extended nematode persistence. Para-amino benzoic acid provided the most protection from UV irradiation, producing a 3- to 4-fold increase in the period over which nematode pathogenicity and reproduction could occur. Other additives, including stains and proteinaceous materials, enabled irradiated juveniles to cause significant levels of pathogenicity and reproduction at exposures which rendered unprotected juveniles innocuous to their host. These results suggest that photoprotectant adjuvants might be used to increase nematode UV stability much as they are currently being used with some microbial insecticides.
Midkine-a protein localization in the developing and adult retina of the zebrafish and its function during photoreceptor regeneration.

Midkine is a heparin binding growth factor with important functions in neuronal development and survival, but little is known about its function in the retina. Previous studies show that in the developing zebrafish, Midkine-a (Mdka) regulates cell cycle kinetics in retinal progenitors, and following injury to the adult zebrafish retina, mdka is strongly upregulated in Muller glia and the injury-induced photoreceptor progenitors. Here we provide the first data describing Mdka protein localization during different stages of retinal development and during the regeneration of photoreceptors in adults. We also experimentally test the role of Mdka during photoreceptor regeneration. The immuno-localization of Mdka reflects the complex spatiotemporal pattern of gene expression and also reveals the apparent secretion and extracellular trafficking of this protein. During embryonic retinal development the Mdka antibodies label all mitotically active cells, but at the onset of neuronal differentiation, immunostaining is also localized to the nascent inner plexiform layer. Starting at five days post fertilization through the juvenile stage, Mdka immunostaining labels the cytoplasm of horizontal cells and the overlying somata of rod photoreceptors. Double immunolabeling shows that in adult horizontal cells, Mdka co-localizes with markers of the Golgi complex. Together, these data are interpreted to show that Mdka is synthesized in horizontal cells and secreted into the outer nuclear layer. In adults, Mdka is also present in the end feet of Muller glia. Similar to mdka gene expression, Mdka in horizontal cells is regulated by circadian rhythms. After the light-induced death of photoreceptors, Mdka immuonolabeling is localized to Muller glia, the intrinsic stem cells of the zebrafish retina, and proliferating photoreceptor progenitors. Knockdown of Mdka during photoreceptor regeneration results in less proliferation and diminished regeneration of rod photoreceptors. These data suggest that during photoreceptor regeneration Mdka regulates aspects of injury-induced cell proliferation.
Patterns in trash: Factors driving municipal recycling in Massachusetts

Abstract Municipal recycling rates are driven by a variety of factors. Yet how these factors influence recycling over time has not been thoroughly studied. We compile and analyze a panel dataset spanning 13-years of policy, program, and contextual (socioeconomic and demographic) variables for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. We find Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) to be the single most important factor influencing rates. In one time period, PAYT's effect varied by the type of recycling service (drop off, subscription, curbside) and increased recycling even more when paired with curbside pickup. Yet, across models, program designs that seek to make recycling more convenient, such as curbside pickup and single stream (the commingling of all recyclables in a single bin) are not as consistently beneficial as PAYT. Education level and median age are the most important contextual factors. Access to a Materials Recycling Facility is also an important driver of recycling rates. Our findings can inform municipal officials and waste managers as they seek to increase recycling.
Spiraling spin structure in an exchange-coupled antiferromagnetic layer

Using trilayers of permalloy/FeMn/Co with various thicknesses ${t}_{\mathrm{AF}}$ of the antiferromagnetic FeMn, we have observed evidence of a spiraling spin structure within FeMn. For ${t}_{\mathrm{AF}}l90$ \AA{}, the turn angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ of the spiral varies as $\ensuremath{\theta}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(1.76\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}/\AA{}){t}_{\mathrm{AF}}$.
Differential capacity for cholesterol transport and processing in large and small rat luteal cells.

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether a specific luteal subpopulation is responsible for the hypertrophic development of the corpus luteum at midpregnancy in the rat and to determine whether there was an underlying cellular basis for the differential production of steroids by the luteal cell subtypes. To examine this, we have dispersed and separated rat luteal steroidogenic cell populations into small ( 30 microns) cell types by elutriation. Luteal cells were examined at early (day 3) and midpregnancy (day 14) for differences in protein content and for differential expression of proteins required for steroid production. Specific proteins examined include the P450side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, proteins required for cholesterol conversion to progestagens in the corpus luteum, and sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2), a protein thought to be involved in intracellular cholesterol transport. The cytochrome P450(17)alpha hydroxylase (P450(17)alpha), a key enzyme responsible for androgen biosynthesis was also examined in the isolated luteal cells. The large luteal cell population displayed an increase in total cellular protein content while the small cell type did not change with luteal development. In addition, the large luteal cells expressed proteins unique to or elevated in that cell type. Analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the large cell-specific proteins had molecular masses of 23 K and 32 K and that a 14 kilodalton (kDa) protein was elevated in the large cell type relative to the small cells. The small luteal cell on day 3 of pregnancy expressed a 36 kDa protein which was barely detectable in the large cell. Immunocytochemical and Western analysis indicated that the large luteal cells contain 5.3-fold more SCP2 (P < 0.05) and 5.6-fold more P450scc (P < 0.001) relative to the small cell type. Immunocytochemical staining of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase indicate these proteins were elevated in the large cell as well. Human CG administration stimulated P450(17)alpha expression mainly in the large luteal cell population. The results of this investigation indicate, for the first time, that the large luteal cell of the rat, in contrast to the small cell type, undergoes a dramatic increase in protein content with luteal development, and that with this increase in cell size there is a concomitant increase in the large cell capacity to produce steroids. This occurs as a direct result of the enhanced expression of SCP2, P450scc, adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, proteins specifically required to transport and process cholesterol for steroid production in the large luteal cell.
Calculation of the Electronic Density of States in Liquid Metals

An expression for the electronic density of states in liquid metals is derived using nonlocal and energy dependent pseudopotentials. The electronic energies are expressed to second order in perturbation theory. Both the first order and second order energy terms show the characteristics of k-dependence which were not observed previously in the local pseudopotential theory with no Fermi surface approximation. Especially the density of states expression is found to have more structures, in that it involves a number of additional terms due to the nonlocality of the pseudo-potentials. The present theory is applied to liquid Hg and Cd and some numerical calculations are made. These results are compared and discussed with similar results from other calculations. Es wird ein Ausdruck fur die elektronische Zustandsdichte in flussigen Metallen mit nichtlokalen und energieabhangigen Pseudopotentialen abgeleitet. Die elektrischen Energien werden in Storungstheorie zweiter Ordnung ausgedruckt. Sowohl die Energieterme erster Ordnung als auch zweiter Ordnung zeigen die charakteristische k-Abhangigkeit, die bisher in der lokalen Pseudo-potentialtheorie ohne Fermiflachennaherung nicht beobachtet wurde. Insbesondere wird gefunden, das der Ausdruck fur die Zustandsdichte mehr Strukturen besitzt, indem er eine Anzahl von zusatzlichen Termen infolge der Nichtlokalizitat des Pseudopotentials einschliest. Die Theorie wird auf flussiges Hg und Cd angewendet und es werden einige numerische Rechnungen durchgefuhrt. Diese Ergebnisse werden verglichen und mit ahnlichen Ergebnissen anderer Rechnungen diskutiert.
Translational Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling from Nonclinical to Clinical Development: A Case Study of Anticancer Drug, Crizotinib

Attrition risk related to efficacy is still a major reason why new chemical entities fail in clinical trials despite recently increased understanding of translational pharmacology. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) analysis is key to translating in vivo drug potency from nonclinical models to patients by providing a quantitative assessment of in vivo drug potency with mechanistic insight of drug action. The pharmaceutical industry is clearly moving toward more mechanistic and quantitative PKPD modeling to have a deeper understanding of translational pharmacology. This paper summarizes an anticancer drug case study describing the translational PKPD modeling of crizotinib, an orally available, potent small molecule inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET), from nonclinical to clinical development. Overall, the PKPD relationships among crizotinib systemic exposure, ALK or MET inhibition, and tumor growth inhibition (TGI) in human tumor xenograft models were well characterized in a quantitative manner using mathematical modeling: the results suggest that 50% ALK inhibition is required for >50% TGI whereas >90% MET inhibition is required for >50% TGI. Furthermore, >75% ALK inhibition and >95% MET inhibition in patient tumors were projected by PKPD modeling during the clinically recommended dosing regimen, twice daily doses of crizotinib 250 mg (500 mg/day). These simulation results of crizotinib-mediated ALK and MET inhibition appeared consistent with the currently reported clinical responses. In summary, the present paper presents an anticancer drug example to demonstrate that quantitative PKPD modeling can be used for predictive translational pharmacology from nonclinical to clinical development.
Comparison of surgical and endovascular approach in management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: A single center experience of 27 patients

Background: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is a rare spinal vascular malformation with an annual incidence of 5-10 cases per million. The data on efficacy, recurrence rates and complications of endovascular versus surgical treatment of SDAVF is limited.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Chromium Atoms, Cations, and Electrons with CO in Excess Argon and Neon: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations on Neutral and Charged Unsaturated Chromium Carbonyls

Laser-ablated Cr atoms react with CO (12C16O, 13C16O, 12C18O) in excess argon to give the same Cr(CO)3,4,5 species observed from the photodissociation of Cr(CO)6. Similar reactions in excess neon give neon matrix fundamentals between argon matrix and gas-phase values. The dicarbonyl Cr(CO)2 is bent with 1970.8, 1821.5 cm-1 and 1982.1, 1832.9 cm-1 C−O stretching fundamentals in solid argon and neon, respectively. The high-spin CrCO molecule appears at 1975.6 and 2018.4 cm-1 in solid argon and neon, respectively, and exhibits a strong matrix interaction. The CrCO+ cation and Cr(CO)2- anion are observed in laser-ablation experiments in solid neon at 2200.7 and 1705.0 cm-1, respectively. The Cr2(CO)2 complex absorbs strongly at 1735.4 cm-1 and gives several combination bands in neon. Density functional theory calculations support the vibrational assignments.
Cyclic GMP stimulates lymphocyte nucleic acid synthesis

AGENTS that trigger proliferation of lymphocytes1 and other cultured cells2 have also been reported to stimulate increases in intracellular guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP). These observations raise the interesting possibility that endogenous cyclic GMP acts as the intracellular mediator of some of the effects of mitogenic agents: if so, then it might be possible to demonstrate experimentally that cyclic GMP, introduced exogenously, has a mitogenic effect. We tested this possibility in mouse splenic lymphocytes and compared the mitogenic effects of cyclic GMP and two of its synthetic derivatives, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (8-Br cyclic GMP) and N2 O2-dibutyryl-cyclic GMP (dibutyryl cyclic GMP), with that of concanavalin A (con A), a mitogenic lectin reported1 to increase the cyclic GMP content of human lymphocytes. Our results indicate that, like con A, cyclic GMP and its derivatives can stimulate RNA and DNA synthesis in lymphocytes.
Estimating the association between metabolic risk factors and marijuana use in U.S. adults using data from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract Purpose More research is needed on the health effects of marijuana use. Results of previous studies indicate that marijuana could alleviate certain factors of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity. Methods Data on 6281 persons from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2012 were used to estimate the effect of marijuana use on cardiometabolic risk factors. The reliability of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models was tested by replacing marijuana use as the risk factor of interest with alcohol and carbohydrate consumption. Instrumental variable methods were used to account for the potential endogeneity of marijuana use. Results OLS models show lower fasting insulin, insulin resistance, body mass index, and waist circumference in users compared with nonusers. However, when alcohol and carbohydrate intake substitute for marijuana use in OLS models, similar metabolic benefits are estimated. The Durbin-Wu-Hausman tests provide evidence of endogeneity of marijuana use in OLS models, but instrumental variables models do not yield significant estimates for marijuana use. Conclusion These findings challenge the robustness of OLS estimates of a positive relationship between marijuana use and fasting insulin, insulin resistance, body mass index, and waist circumference.
Predictors of academic success in medical school

This study was designed to determine the predictive validity of selected admissions variables used by the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. Data for the study were collected from 586 students admitted to the M.D. program from 1961 to 1968. These students were categorized into one of three groups (Successful [SUCC], Successful with Extended Study [SWES], and Lost to Medicine [LTM]) based upon their performance in medical school. A two-way analysis of variance and the use of a post hoc Scheffe method of multiple comparisons indicated significant differences between the SUCC group and the combined SWES and LTM groups. Therefore, the data revealed the predictive ability of two admissions variables and suggested the need for additional research into the subjective variables used in the admissions process.
THE D = 3 ISING MODEL REVISITED: ON THE ROAD TO HIGHER RESOLUTION

With recent improvements in simulation methods and data analysis techniques, Monte Carlo simulations, used in conjunction with finite-size scaling techniques, have become the most powerful and flexible tools for studying critical phenomena. In particular, there has been a dramatic increase in resolution in studies of the three-dimensional Ising model. This paper discusses motivations for performing high-resolution studies, reviews past and current work on the model and points out some potential potholes on the road to higher resolution.
The Effect of Furadroxyl on the Performance of Laying Hens

Abstract AT THE present time, a number of nitrofurans are well known in the medical and veterinary fields. Two of them, nitrofurazone and furazolidone have found practical application as feed supplements in the poultry industry. Several investigations have studied the effects of these drugs on egg production and other economic factors associated with the laying hen. Dean and Stephenson (1958) obtained statistically significant increase in egg production in the majority of their feeding trials involving furazolidone. Carlson and Stangeland (1960) reported that the feeding of furazolidone gave a response in egg production among hens in cages but not with those in the floor pens. Scott (1958) observed that continuous feeding of furazolidone resulted in slight increase in egg production, and increased egg weight and feed efficiency. Stephenson (1956) reported that the feeding of furazolidone at 50 grams per ton to New Hampshire and White Wyandotte hens resulted in an increase in …
The structures and properties of poly-5-methylcytidylic acid.

The optical rotatory dispersion properties of poly 5MeC, poly diMeC, and 5MeCMP-(5′) in 0.1M Na+ have been studied at various pH values and temperatures. Poly 5MeC and poly diMeC have optical properties which are similar to those for poly C; however, poly 5MeC has a biphasic melting profile in the pH range from 3.8 to 5.4 similar to that observed for poly 51C. Using titration, ionic strength, and pH dependence measuements, the data for poly 5MeC are interpreted in terms of the following scheme at pH 4.0 and 0.1 ionic strength: triple-strand helix 37°C double-strand helix 79°C single-strand coil. Support for this scheme is discussed. The effect of the methyl group is discussed in terms of similar structural possibilities for other polymers of cytidylic acid.
Loss of Leptin Receptors on Hypothalamic POMC Neurons Alters Synaptic Inhibition

Adaptive changes in hypothalamic neural circuitry occur in response to alterations in nutritional status. This plasticity at hypothalamic synapses contributes to the control of food intake and body...
Collisional electronic quenching rates for NO A2Σ+ (ν = 0)

Abstract We report rate coefficients for electronic quenching of NO A2Σ+ (ν = 0) by CO, CO2, H2, H2O, O2, NO, N2O, NO2, and Ar measured at room temperature and at elevated temperatures behind reproducible shocks. The magnitudes of the rates and the observed temperature dependencies of NO A2Σ+ quenching by these collision partners are found to be in accord with a charge-transfer (harpoon) collision model for the process.
Evidence for abrupt latest Permian mass extinction of foraminifera: Results of tests for the Signor-Lipps effect

We used published biostratigraphic data on ranges of fusulinids and other foraminifera from Permian-Triassic boundary sections in the southern Alps, Italy, to test the effects of sampling and species abundance on the record of the timing of the latest Permian extinction. The number of last occurrences of taxa reaches a maximum close to the local base of the Tesero horizon of the Werfen Formation. Taxa that have ≤15% stratigraphic abundance (percent of sample intervals in which a taxon occurs) show last occurrences well before that level, whereas taxa with more complete records tend to disappear at or close to that level. These results are in agreement with simulations for abrupt extinctions, as opposed to gradual or steplike extinction scenarios, and support predictions of the Signor-Lipps effect, that errors in the end points of biostratigraphic ranges can produce range truncations and apparent gradual decline preceding a sudden extinction boundary. On the basis of estimated sedimentation rates for the Italian sections, the end-Permian extinctions could have been very sudden (≤30 k.y.), and the disappearance of most latest Permian foraminifers was most likely coincident with a worldwide ecological stress event, identified by a global negative δ 13 C anomaly that occurs in Italy near the base or within the time-transgressive Tesero horizon.
Challenging the identification of nitride dust in extreme carbon star spectra

Nitride dust is predicted to form in small amounts around carbon stars, but the most likely candidate species such as aluminium nitride (A1N) have not yet been detected. Recently, α-Si 3 N 4 was inferred to be the main carrier of the 8.5-12.5 μm absorption band(s) of an extreme carbon star (AFGL 5625), based on comparison with laboratory KBr dispersion spectra. However, this absorption band has also been attributed to silicon carbide (SiC) and C 3 . To investigate whether or not nitride dust has truly been detected and if it is present in other extreme carbon stars, we (i) gathered new laboratory infrared (IR) absorbance spectra from a suite of nitride compounds, including Si 3 N 4 , using the thin film technique which provides correct relative intensities of weak and strong peaks, and (ii) compared these data to Infrared Space Observatory Short Wavelength Spectrometer (ISO SWS) spectra of seven different extreme carbon stars which also show broad absorption features around ∼11 μm. The astronomical data show an apparent continuum of feature shapes ranging from full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 2 to 2.7 μm, with peak barycenters ranging from 10.3 to 11 μm. The previous possible match between the extreme carbon star and Si 3 N 4 was also based on many minor peaks longward of the 8.5-12.5 μm feature. We show that the fit to AFGL 5625 and other extreme carbon stars is unconvincing, because the reported 13-25 μm features in the observed spectrum are essentially noise. Features due to other nitrides are also not obvious. The apparent continuum of absorption features in the 8.5-12.5 μm band is better represented by previously published fits of a combination of crystalline (β polytype) and amorphous SiC, where the apparent broadening and shift of the peak barycenter are due to increasing contributions from the amorphous solid.
Applications of KAM theory to population dynamics

Computer simulations have shown that several classes of population models, including the May host-parasitoid model and the Ginzburg–Taneyhill ‘maternal-quality’ single species population model, exhibit extremely complicated orbit structures. These structures include islands-around-islands, ad infinitum, with the smaller islands containing stable periodic points of higher period. We identify the mechanism that generates this complexity and we discuss some biological implications.
DETERRENCE, CRIMINAL OPPORTUNITIES, AND POLICE

In this article, we join three distinct literatures on crime control—the deterrence literature, the policing literature as it relates to crime control, and the environmental and opportunity perspectives literature. Based on empirical findings and theory from these literatures, we pose a mathematical model of the distribution of criminal opportunities and offender decision making on which of those opportunities to victimize. Criminal opportunities are characterized in terms of the risk of apprehension that attends their victimization. In developing this model, our primary focus is on how police might affect the distribution of criminal opportunities that are attractive to would-be offenders. The theoretical model we pose, however, is generalizable to explain how changes in other relevant target characteristics, such as potential gain, could affect target attractiveness. We demonstrate that the model has important implications for the efficiency and effectiveness of police deployment strategies such as hot spots policing, random patrol, and problem-oriented policing. The theoretical structure also makes clear why the clearance rate is a fundamentally flawed metric of police performance. Future research directions suggested by the theoretical model are discussed.
Expression of Erwinia amylovora hrp genes in response to environmental stimuli.

Abstract Seven hrp loci that are essential for the hypersensitive reaction elicited by Erwinia amylovora were transcriptionally fused with a derivative of transposon Tn5, containing the promoterless Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. The seven hrp fusions were used to monitor expression of the hrp loci in vitro and in planta. No significant expression was detected in rich medium for any of the fusions. However, five of them were expressed highly in planta and in inducing medium that contains mannitol, salts, and 5 mM (NH4)2SO4. Expression of these five hrp loci is regulated by ammonium, nicotinic acid, complex-nitrogen sources, certain carbon sources, temperature, and pH. Under well-defined conditions, i.e., in inducing medium, no specific plant components were required for transcriptional activation of the hrp loci. The high levels of expression detected in vitro were comparable to those determined during the development of the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco. Differential levels of expression of the hrp loci occurred in host and nonhost plants. In pear, a host plant, expression of the hrp loci was delayed and greatly reduced compared with expression in tobacco leaves, a nonhost.
α4βδ GABAA receptors and tonic inhibitory current during adolescence: effects on mood and synaptic plasticity

The onset of puberty is associated with alterations in mood as well as changes in cognitive function, which can be more pronounced in females. Puberty onset in female mice is associated with increased expression of α4βδ γ-amino-butyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors (GABARs) in CA1 hippocampus. These receptors, which normally have low expression in this central nervous system (CNS) site, emerge along the apical dendrites as well as on the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons, adjacent to excitatory synapses where they underlie a tonic inhibition that shunts excitatory current and impairs activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the trigger for synaptic plasticity. As would be expected, α4βδ expression at puberty also prevents long-term potentiation (LTP), an in vitro model of learning which is a function of network activity, induced by theta burst stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals to the CA1 hippocampus. The expression of these receptors also impairs spatial learning in a hippocampal-dependent task. These impairments are not seen in δ knock-out (-/-) mice, implicating α4βδ GABARs. α4βδ GABARs are also a sensitive target for steroids such as THP ([allo]pregnanolone or 3α-OH-5α[β]-pregnan-20-one), which are dependent upon the polarity of GABAergic current. It is well-known that THP can increase depolarizing current gated by α4βδ GABARs, but more recent data suggest that THP can reduce hyperpolarizing current by accelerating receptor desensitization. At puberty, THP reduces the hyperpolarizing GABAergic current, which removes the shunting inhibition that impairs synaptic plasticity and learning at this time. However, THP, a stress steroid, also increases anxiety, via its action at α4βδ GABARs because it is not seen in δ -/- mice. These findings will be discussed as well as their relevance to changes in mood and cognition at puberty, which can be a critical period for certain types of learning and when anxiety disorders and mood swings can emerge.
Failure of a patient-centered intervention to substantially increase the identification and referral for-treatment of ambulatory emergency department patients with occult psychiatric conditions: a randomized trial [ISRCTN61514736].

We previously demonstrated that a computerized psychiatric screening interview (the PRIME-MD) can be used in the Emergency Department (ED) waiting room to identify patients with mental illness. In that trial, however, informing the ED physician of the PRIME-MD results did not increase the frequency of psychiatric diagnosis, consultation or referral. We conducted this study to determine whether telling the patient and physician the PRIME-MD result would result in the majority of PRIME-MD-diagnosed patients being directed toward treatment for their mental illness. In this single-site RCT, consenting patients with non-specific somatic chief complaints (e.g., fatigue, back pain, etc.) completed the computerized PRIME-MD in the waiting room and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: patient and physician told PRIME-MD results, patient told PRIME-MD results, and neither told PRIME-MD results. The main outcome measure was the percentage of patients with a PRIME-MD diagnosis who received a psychiatric consultation or referral from the ED. 183 (5% of all ED patients) were approached. 123 eligible patients consented to participate, completed the PRIME-MD and were randomized. 95 patients had outcomes recorded. 51 (54%) had a PRIME-MD diagnosis and 8 (16%) of them were given a psychiatric consultation or referral in the ED. While the frequency of consultation or referral increased as the intervention's intensity increased (tell neither = 11% (1/9), tell patient 15% (3/20), tell patient and physician 18% (4/22)), no group came close to the 50% threshold we sought. For this reason, we stopped the trial after an interim analysis. Patients willingly completed the PRIME-MD and 54% had a PRIME-MD diagnosis. Unfortunately, at our institution, informing the patient (and physician) of the PRIME-MD results infrequently led to the patient being directed toward care for their psychiatric condition.
A bist solution for the test of I/O speed

A delay-locked loop (DLL) based built-in self test (BIST) circuit has been designed with a 0.18 p m TSMC process (CM018) to test chip I/O speeds, specijkally, the setup and hold times of I10 registers or buffers. The frequency lock range of the DLL is 150-600 MHz (4x). The DLL uses a combined phase detector and charge pump circuit (PD+CP) for increased speed and reduced jitter. The DLL also employs an eight-stage shift averaging voltagecontrolled delay line (VCDL) to improve the matching between delay stages and thus to equalize the delay of each individual stage. The locking failure or false locking problems are alleviated by using a start-control circuit. setup and hold times are two of the key metrics to evaluate the register or buffer's AC electrical characteristics. Therefore, it is important to test the specifications on setup and hold times. These tests will fail if the delays from the data inputs to the registers and from the clock input to the registers differ such that the data is not valid before (setup time) and after (hold time) the clock is asserted. This may happen due to delays in long buffered interconnect lines and in the clock tree. In order to satisfy the timing requirements, the delay in the clock tree must be larger than the delay for the data input by the setup time requirement, but not so large as to violate the hold time requirement.
Harnessing the Human Genome Through Legislative Constraint

The awesome predictive power of genetic medicine promises great advancements in not only the treatment of identifiable conditions but the prevention of their pathological manifestations. At the same time, the release and dissemination of this genetic or medical information poses a distinct risk of loss of privacy and stigmatization to carriers of genetic disorders. In order to safeguard the individual right of autonomy, privacy, confidentiality and informed consent—yet accommodate the legitimate interests of employers and insurers to obtain medical information relevant to their professional needs and economic responsibilities—a balance must be struck legislatively at the federal and state levels of government.
On double and multiple interval graphs

In this paper we discuss a generalization of the familiar concept of an interval graph that arises naturally in scheduling and allocation problems. We define the interval number of a graph G to be the smallest positive integer t for which there exists a function f which assigns to each vertex u of G a subset f(u) of the real line so that f(u) is the union of t closed intervals of the real line, and distinct vertices u and v in G are adjacent if and only if f(u) and f(v)meet. We show that (1) the interval number of a tree is at most two, and (2) the complete bipartite graph Km, n has interval number ⌈(mn + 1)/(m + n)⌉.
Two Closely Spaced Tyrosines Regulate NFAT Signaling in B Cells via Syk Association with Vav

Activated Syk, an essential tyrosine kinase in B cell signaling, interacts with Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factors and regulates Vav activity through tyrosine phosphorylation. The Vav SH2 domain binds Syk linker B by an unusual recognition of two closely spaced Syk tyrosines: Y342 and Y346. The binding affinity is highest when both Y342 and Y346 are phosphorylated. An investigation in B cells of the dependence of Vav phosphorylation and NFAT activation on phosphorylation of Y342 and Y346 finds that cellular response levels match the relative binding affinities of the Vav1 SH2 domain for singly and doubly phosphorylated linker B peptides. This key result suggests that the uncommon recognition determinant of these two closely spaced tyrosines is a limiting factor in signaling. Interestingly, differences in affinities for binding singly and doubly phosphorylated peptides are reflected in the on rate, not the off rate. Such a control mechanism would be highly effective for regulating binding among competing Syk binding partners. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of Vav1 SH2 in complex with a doubly phosphorylated linker B peptide reveals diverse conformations associated with the unusual SH2 recognition of two phosphotyrosines. NMR relaxation indicates compensatory changes in loop fluctuations upon binding, with implications for nonphosphotyrosine interactions of Vav1 SH2.
Through-Wall Human Tracking With Multiple Doppler Sensors Using an Artificial Neural Network

An artificial neural network is proposed to track a human using the Doppler information measured by a set of spatially distributed sensors. The neural network estimates the target position and velocity given the observed Doppler data from multiple sensors. It is trained using data from a simple point scatterer model in free space. The minimum required number of sensors is investigated for the robust target tracking. The effect of sensor position on the estimation error is studied. For the verification of the proposed method, a toy car and a human moving in a circular track are measured in line-of-sight and through-wall environments. The resulting normalized estimation errors on the target parameters are less than 5%.
Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912

Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912. PETER MACKRIDGE and ELENI YANNAKAKIS. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1997. xii + 259 pp., contributors, notes, bibliography, index.
MECHANISM OF ANTIGEN RELEASE FROM CANINE KIDNEY HOMOTRANSPLANTS

Summary Antigen release from canine renal homotransplants was demonstrated in the renal vein of the transplanted kidney. The antigen was carried from the transplanted kidney to the host as a soluble or particulate substance within the host plasma. The host leukocytes were not implicated in the transport system. Antigen could not be detected in the peripheral vein blood. Antigen could be demonstrated in the plasma leaving the transplanted kidney within 10 minutes after vascular anastomosis was completed. The release of antigen terminated 2 to 3 days after transplantation. The presence of donor antigen from renal homotransplantation may be related to the degree of kidney damage. C orticosteroid administration had no effect on the antigenicity of the transplanted kidneys.