cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder: a single institution experience assessing clinical factors.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) was first described by Davis in 1949 as a “hamartoma” of the bladder. There are many proposed predisposing factors for NA including chronic inflammation, renal transplantation, and bladder cancer. We examined our experience with NA to determine predisposing factors and determine if there was any increased risk for development of subsequent malignancy. Materials and Methods: All patients with a pathologic diagnosis of bladder NA from 2001-2013 were included. Patient history, clinical factors including possible predisposing factors for NA, and follow-up were reviewed. Results: Among 60 patients, 68% were males with an average age of 61, an average BMI of 28.7, and 60% had a smoking history. In evaluating pro-inflammatory factors, 26.7% underwent either Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or mitomycin C, 30% had recurrent urinary tract infections, and 25% had a history of catheterization. Recurrence of NA after initial resection occurred only in 14.7% of patients who underwent follow-up cystoscopy. A history of concurrent bladder cancer was seen in 41.7% of patients, but there were no cases of de novo bladder cancer diagnosed after NA. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients with NA of the bladder. NA occurs in a heterogeneous population of patients, but most often with underlying inflammation. NA occurred concurrent with bladder cancer; however there were no cases of de novo bladder cancer after NA, reassuring that NA is likely a benign reactive condition.
The Influence of Environment and Metabolic Capacity on the Size of a Microorganism

The environment a microorganism inhabits dictates the metabolic ­capacity necessary for it to survive, and ultimately the minimum size which an organism can achieve. Nutrient rich environments such as those experienced by parasitic bacteria can accommodate organisms with restricted metabolic capacities with relatively few genes, perhaps as few as 250. Nutrient poor environments, such as those experienced by autotrophs, provide only minerals and gases and require high biosynthetic capacity to synthesize all cellular carbon from CO2. This high biosynthetic capacity requires at most 1,500 (an actual value) and perhaps as few as 750 genes. Calculations show that as theoretical minimal cell size is decreased, the cellular volume devoted to the DNA required to encode the minimum gene ­complement becomes a limiting factor in further reduction. Assuming composition of 50% water, 20% protein, 10% ribosomes and 10% DNA, a spherical cell with minimum biosynthetic capacity (250 genes) would be at least 172 nm in ­diameter. A cell with high biosynthetic capacity (750 genes) of the same composition would be at least 248 nm in diameter. It is concluded that cells with biochemical ­requirements for growth, metabolism and reproduction similar to those of known organisms cannot be smaller than 172 nm.
Key Questions for Low Metallicity Stars Rapporteur Summary of the Working Group on Low-Z Stars

An overview of the discussions of the working group on Low-Z stars is presented. Key questions addressed include how the abundances of lithium observed in these stars should be compared to that produced in the Big Bang. Evidence for and against a small star-to-star variation in Li abundances is reviewed, and whether such a variation, if real, necessarily indicates that stellar depletion has occurred, necessitating correction to the value compared to primordial nucleosynthesis calculations. A second key question concerns how and where the light elements are produced. Taken together, their abundance ratios strongly suggest that in low-Z stars the light elements other than 7Li are produced by cosmic ray spallation. The most recent evidence suggests that a minority of this spallation happens in the general interstellar medium, and that a larger fraction might happen in the immediate vicinity of Supernovae, possibly producing observable star-to-star variation. Finally, the question of the overall metallicity of the Galaxy is discussed. How homogeneous in space and time is its evolution? Can we identify subsystems or individual stars which indicate a pregalactic contribution to the galactic metallicity?
Speech as Audible Gestures

Speech can be described as audible movements. By varying the positions and trajectories of the lips, the jaw, the tongue, the velum, and the glottis, a speaker creates variations in air pressure and airflow in the vocal tract. These variations in pressure and flow produce the acoustic signal that we hear when listening to speech. For this acoustic signal to be not only audible, but also structured in such a way that it can transmit linguistic information, the articulators have to be controlled and coordinated so that the acoustic variations in the produced signal conform to the phonetics and phonology of the language being spoken. This paper examines several aspects of the control and coordination of articulatory gestures during speech, with particular emphasis on gestural patterning, gestural coherence, and gestural aggregation
A Review of Gastrointestinal Microbiology with Special Emphasis on Molecular Microbial Ecology Approaches

All animals, including humans, are adapted to life in a microbial world. Large populations of micro-organisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of all animals and form a closely integrated ecological unit with the host. This complex, mixed, microbial culture can be considered the most metabolically adaptable and rapidly renewable organ of the body, which plays a vital role in the normal nutritional, physiological, immunological and protective functions of the host animal.
Group 15 Elements: Pnictogens

These elements have the following complex crystal structures; N: hcp molecular, P: triclinic, As: trigonal, Sb: trigonal and Bi: monoclinic. In this work we performed calculations in only the cubic phases and found that the lowest energy occurs in the simple cubic structure. In addition to the total energy diagrams we present energy bands and densities of states, with values at the Fermi level similar to the free-electron-like metals. We also include a set of two-center tight-binding parameters.
Excitatory lung reflex may promote inspiratory muscle fatigue in the rabbit.

BACKGROUND Inspiratory muscle fatigue is common in severe pulmonary diseases and develops when the inspiratory effort quotient, which is the mean inspiratory pressure over maximal inspiratory pressure (PI/PIMAX), exceeds a critical value. If PIMAX is unchanged, increased PI will promote muscle fatigue. PI can be expressed as (k x VT/Cdyn) x (TI/TTOT), where k is a constant, VT is tidal volume, Cdyn is dynamic lung compliance, and TI/TTOT is inspiratory duty cycle, which is inspiratory time over the period of a respiratory cycle. The excitatory lung reflex (ELR), which can be evoked by inflammatory mediators (e.g., H2O2) or hypertonic saline to cause a vagally mediated neural hyperpnea and tachypnea, may be one of the mechanisms to promote inspiratory muscle fatigue. METHODS To investigate whether the ELR can promote inspiratory muscle fatigue I conducted experiments in anesthetized and open-chest rabbits whose lungs were made motionless. The duty cycle, amplitude of the phrenic neurogram (which is closely correlated with VT), and burst rate were examined after initiation of the ELR by injection of hypertonic saline (8.1%, 0.1 mL) into the lung parenchyma. RESULTS The duty cycle, amplitude, and burst rate of the phrenic activity increased by 36 +/- 7, 15 +/- 3, and 40 +/- 8% (n = 9; P < 0.01), respectively. The responses were abolished by bilateral vagotomy. CONCLUSIONS Because Cdyn and PIMAX did not change, the ELR increased the duty cycle, phrenic amplitude, and burst rate, therefore activation of this reflex may promote inspiratory muscle fatigue and may precipitate ventilatory failure.
Treatment, Outcomes, and Challenges of Newly Diagnosed AML in Children and Adolescents

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children encompasses a distinctive set of diseases with special considerations related to age, drug metabolism, and both short- and long-term sequelae. This chapter will emphasize inherited syndromes that predispose to leukemogenesis, development of secondary AML, and the roles of dose intensification and stem cell transplantation in the ongoing improvement in cure rates. The importance of risk stratification in the design of clinical trials, based on cytogenetic and molecular characteristics, is critical to optimizing the balance between curability, quality of life, and minimization of long-term sequelae for children with AML.
Imaging of Nonneoplastic Chest Wall Pathologies

The chest wall is commonly affected by nonneoplastic conditions including traumatic, infectious, arthritic, metabolic, and congenital lesions. Imaging plays a critical role in differentiating among these entities and other neoplastic mimics. Multimodality imaging evaluation including radiography, ultrasound (US), computerized tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows comprehensive evaluation of chest wall lesions and other ancillary findings. The radiologist plays an important role and is often be the first to identify abnormalities and alert clinicians and surgeons of both surgical and nonsurgical conditions. Thoracic surgeons and radiologists should work jointly in arriving at the imaging diagnosis and collaborate in the preoperative evaluation of patients who suffer from these conditions.
Primary Prevention of Food Allergy

The goal of this review is to present an updated summary of the various approaches to prevent childhood food allergies and report recent advances in potential prevention trials for food allergy. Several approaches related to maternal dietary supplementation as well as infant GI-based supplementation have been tried and are the subject of ongoing clinical investigation. The prevalence of food allergy appears to be increasing but several, varied approaches to prevention are being actively pursued such that an effective strategy may not be too far in the future.
Adaptive Sampling Approaches for Surrogate-Based Optimization

Abstract Surrogate based modeling has been commonly used as a simplification of computationally complex simulations and processes where the underlying equations are unknown (black box models). The computational expense for building a surrogate model is directly related to the number of samples and the complexity of the computational experiments. In many cases, adaptive sampling approaches can be used in order to explore the design space in regions of interest, restraining the number of samples, without the need of exhaustive searches and space-filling designs. In this work, we review three adaptive sampling procedures that have been developed for different problems in the literature, namely surrogate-based modelling, feasibility analysis and optimization. We present the mathematical foundation for each approach, followed by motivating examples that show the value and performance of the frameworks.
Low-Rank Tensor Models for Improved Multidimensional MRI: Application to Dynamic Cardiac $T_1$ Mapping

Multidimensional, multicontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become increasingly available for comprehensive and time-efficient evaluation of various pathologies, providing large amounts of data and offering new opportunities for improved image reconstructions. Recently, a cardiac phase-resolved myocardial $T_1$ mapping method has been introduced to provide dynamic information on tissue viability. Improved spatio-temporal resolution in clinically acceptable scan times is highly desirable but requires high acceleration factors. Tensors are well-suited to describe interdimensional hidden structures in such multi-dimensional datasets. In this study, we sought to utilize and compare different tensor decomposition methods, without the use of auxiliary navigator data. We explored multiple processing approaches in order to enable high-resolution cardiac phase-resolved myocardial $T_1$ mapping. Eight different low-rank tensor approximation and processing approaches were evaluated using quantitative analysis of accuracy and precision in $T_1$ maps acquired in six healthy volunteers. All methods provided comparable $T_1$ values. However, the precision was significantly improved using local processing, as well as a direct tensor rank approximation. Low-rank tensor approximation approaches are well-suited to enable dynamic $T_1$ mapping at high spatio-temporal resolutions.
A Margin-based Loss with Synthetic Negative Samples for Continuous-output Machine Translation.

Neural models that eliminate the softmax bottleneck by generating word embeddings (rather than multinomial distributions over a vocabulary) attain faster training with fewer learnable parameters. These models are currently trained by maximizing densities of pretrained target embeddings under von Mises-Fisher distributions parameterized by corresponding model-predicted embeddings. This work explores the utility of margin-based loss functions in optimizing such models. We present syn-margin loss, a novel margin-based loss that uses a synthetic negative sample constructed from only the predicted and target embeddings at every step. The loss is efficient to compute, and we use a geometric analysis to argue that it is more consistent and interpretable than other margin-based losses. Empirically, we find that syn-margin provides small but significant improvements over both vMF and standard margin-based losses in continuous-output neural machine translation.
Comparison of Variable Selection Methods for Forecasting from Short Time Series

Forecasting from multivariate time series data is a difficult task, made more so in the situation where the number of series (p) is much larger than the length of each series (T), which makes dimension reduction desirable prior to obtaining a model. The LASSO has become a widely-used method to choose relevant covariates out of many candidates, and it has many variations and extensions, such as grouped LASSO, adaptive LASSO, weighted lag adaptive LASSO, and fused LASSO. Of these, only the weighted lag adaptive LASSO and the fused LASSO take into account natural ordering among series. To examine the ability of variations on the LASSO to choose relevant covariates for short time series we use simulations for series with fewer than 50 observations. We then apply the methods to a data set on significant changes in self-reported psycho-social symptoms in the 30 years after the Chornobyl nuclear catastrophe.
Statistical Guideline No. 5. Include Results of a Power Analysis; if a Power Analysis Was Not Performed, Describe the Stopping Rule for Recruitment.

This is one in a series of statistical guidelines designed to highlight common statistical considerations in behavioral medicine research. The goal is to briefly discuss appropriate ways to analyze and present data in the International Journal of Behavioral Medicine (IJBM). Collectively the series will culminate in a set of basic statistical guidelines to be adopted by IJBM and integrated into the journal’s official Instructions for Authors, and also to serve as an independent resource. If you have ideas for a future topic, please email the Statistical Editor, Suzanne Segerstrom at segerstrom@uky.edu.
How patients experience endocrine therapy for breast cancer: an online survey of side effects, adherence, and medical team support.

Many patients with hormone receptor–positive (HR+) breast cancer do not adhere to endocrine therapy (ET), and treatment-related side effects are often discussed by participants in online breast cancer forums. Our aim was to survey this unique group of patients about their ET-related experiences. We partnered with patients active in breast cancer social media communities to develop a survey assessing ET-related side effects and medical team communication. Patients with a history of HR+ breast cancer who had received a recommendation to take ET were eligible to participate in the anonymous, online survey. Respondents included 2353 women and 54 men. Aromatase inhibitors were the most commonly used medication. Side effects were reported by 91.2%, were more often experienced by women than men (p < 0.001), and were primarily related to medication type. Approximately one-third of respondents discontinued therapy early. While most felt supported by their medical team, 31.5% reported that their side effects were dismissed or minimized. Survey respondents most frequently reported that a healthy diet and exercise, yoga/acupuncture, and vitamins/supplements were helpful in managing ET-related side effects. ET-related side effects are very common, and one-third discontinued treatment early. Lifestyle changes and complementary therapies can be important tools for side effect management. One-third of patients did not feel that their side effects were taken seriously. This is the largest survey of ET use by participants in online breast cancer communities. Further research is needed to identify strategies to improve treatment adherence and to better manage ET-related side effects.
Equity-Centered Design Thinking in STEM Instructional Leadership

In the past decade, STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) instructional leaders have struggled with how to interpret and implement K–12 standards-based education so that minoriti...
Nanoscopic subcellular imaging enabled by ion beam tomography.

Multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) has been previously used to profile multiple parameters in two dimensions in single cells within tissue slices. Here, a mathematical and technical framework for three-dimensional (3D) subcellular MIBI is presented. Ion-beam tomography (IBT) compiles ion beam images that are acquired iteratively across successive, multiple scans, and later assembled into a 3D format without loss of depth resolution. Algorithmic deconvolution, tailored for ion beams, is then applied to the transformed ion image series, yielding 4-fold enhanced ion beam data cubes. To further generate 3D sub-ion-beam-width precision visuals, isolated ion molecules are localized in the raw ion beam images, creating an approach coined as SILM, secondary ion beam localization microscopy, providing sub-25 nm accuracy in original ion images. Using deep learning, a parameter-free reconstruction method for ion beam tomograms with high accuracy is developed for low-density targets. In cultured cancer cells and tissues, IBT enables accessible visualization of 3D volumetric distributions of genomic regions, RNA transcripts, and protein factors with 5 nm axial resolution using isotope-enrichments and label-free elemental analyses. Multiparameter imaging of subcellular features at near macromolecular resolution is implemented by the IBT tools as a general biocomputation pipeline for imaging mass spectrometry. Secondary ion beam mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a method to obtain a chemical snapshot of biological tissue, but the spatial resolution is low. Here, the authors develop a computational and technology pipeline to localise a chemical signal in SIMS in 3D and sub-25 nm accuracy, called Ion Beam Tomography
‘All that glitters is not gold’: the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on artisanal and small-scale gold mining and supply chains in Peru

This article explores the impact of COVID-19 on artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) supply chains in Peru between spring 2020 and early 2021 This analysis delves into the effects of the pandemic on the ASGM sector and the illicit flow of gold, including the effect of the mandated lockdown on the Peruvian economy, the price of gold and its impact on artisanal and small-scale mining communities, the socio-economic consequences of the quarantine on Peru's ASGM population, and the impact of lockdown on the gold supply chain This study suggests the artisanal and small-scale mining formalization process in Peru was greatly impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, which brought complications such as increased criminal activity and violence along the gold supply chain Similar trends can be seen in ASGM populations around the globe, and case studies from Zimbabwe, Colombia, Bolivia, and Chile explore how different governments have handled the effect of COVID-19 on the ASGM sector This article highlights recommendations for governments and other key stakeholders to consider for supporting and strengthening ASGM communities, the gold supply chain, and the pursuit of formalization in Peru and worldwide [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Power, Habitus, and Material Practice (1970–Present)

Postmodern social scientists rejected attempts to explain human behavior by postulating rules. Geertz, Foucault, and Bourdieu thought symbols of meaning were pre-eminently embedded in individual cultures and learned through a lifetime of relationships with them; this habitus created personal attitudes and feelings. Asad and others taught that the dualistic separation of spirit and matter was a Western concept that did not reflect the rest of the world’s religious experience; in fact, it did not truly reflect Western religion and blinded adherents to the importance of material objects in religion. Bryan Turner brought the discussion back from total relativism by emphasizing that human embodiment creates common physical experiences that form the basis for social understanding. Gordon Lynch wrote that religion and power are inextricably linked, and material objects (especially hair and other body relics) possess mana in abundance for those whose habitus creates the association.
The Impact of Multimedia Annotations on Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension

Abstract The purpose of this study is to review research literature regarding the impact of multimedia annotations on second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension. Many studies have endeavored to show how different types of multimedia annotations facilitate L2 reading comprehension and vocabulary acquisition, including multiple multimedia annotations, coupled multimedia annotations, and single multimedia annotations. The studies discussed compared traditional glosses with multimedia glosses on one hand, and compared the use of various types of multimedia gloss on the other hand. This research showed that multimedia annotations facilitate L2 reading comprehension and vocabulary acquisition. In addition, the research concluded that implementing multimedia verbal glosses coupled with textual glosses is more effective for second language learners’ performance in reading and vocabulary learning. The research participants included only adult students, who ranged from high school to college age. Limitations and pedagogical implications are mentioned for further studies in this field.
The Electrodeposition Division: Full of Surprises

It is fascinating that an atom, at the mere offer of an electron or two, will surrender its freedom of motion in a liquid phase and "settle down" with like-minded atoms into a densely populated and utterly rigid community. Such atoms are clearly crazy. The people who study them may be crazy too, but, fortunately, there is a long-standing, well-established support group for such people: the ECS Electrodeposition Division.
Evaluating YouTube Videos on Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation as a Resource for Patients

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS This study evaluated the quality and comprehensiveness of YouTube videos on hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) for patients. This study also investigated the relationship between video content, video metrics, and popularity. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS We identified 150 videos using three search terms: "inspire sleep apnea," "hypoglossal nerve stimulation," and "upper airway stimulation." Videos that were unrelated to the use of HNS for obstructive sleep apnea in adults, operating room recordings, lectures for medical professionals, non-English, or non-audio were excluded. Video quality and comprehensiveness were assessed using modified DISCERN criterion (range: 5-25) and novel content criterion (range: 0-12), respectively. Secondary outcomes included video metrics (views, likes, dislikes, comments, and days since upload) and Video Power Index to measure popularity. Outcomes were stratified by video uploader source (medical institutions, medical companies, individual users, other). RESULTS Users searched YouTube for "inspire sleep apnea" 2.48 times more in 2020 than in 2018. We identified 67 videos for review, with the majority coming from medical institutions (70.2%). Overall, the average-modified DISCERN (13.65 ± 4.88) and novel content (3.87 ± 2.09) scores were low and did not differ between medical institutions or other uploader sources. Higher quality and more comprehensive video content did not correlate with popularity. CONCLUSION Overall quality and comprehensiveness of information of HNS YouTube videos was low. Given the high demand for information on HNS, there is opportunity for medical institutions to implement new strategies to improve both video content and visibility to patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2827-E2832, 2021.
Heat Transfer Enhancements at Low-Pressure for Electromechanical Actuators

In aerospace applications, the electronic components of aircraft must endure drastic changes in ambient conditions. The changes in ambient vary from 101.325kPa to approximately 20% and 30% of the atmospheric condition at cruising altitude. Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) analyzed in the current work generate heating loads of up to 1000W of heat for a cylindrical volume of 6.95×105mm3. Coupling the high-altitude effects with the thermal loads requires innovative cooling schemes to ensure that EMA operates at feasible temperatures at any point during its function. The effects of radiation and convection are analyzed to determine the dominant mode of heat transfer for maximum heat dissipation. CFD was used as a tool to examine the various conditions and parameters in the current paper. Increasing Re enhances the cooling capacity drastically by lowering the maximum temperature by 40% but is limited to the source generating the fluid motion. Low-pressure conditions indicate that thermal radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer and introducing convective heat transfer modifications at the low-pressure conditions significantly improves the heat extraction from the EMA. Solid reduction schemes lower the weight and maximum temperatures of the solid; moreover, a circular slotted design enhanced the performance by nearly 5% and 4%, respectively. Inserting cooling passages with polyalphaolefin (PAO) greatly reduced the peak temperature of the solid by 55% to operable temperatures of the heated substrate. Finally, the paper highlights the various parametric enhancements to analyze the two modes of heat transfer for heat dissipation with a special emphasis to improve the convective heat flux by introducing cooling passages to maximize the heat extraction from the solid substrate.
Trochleoplasty for Symptomatic Trochlear Dysplasia in the Skeletally Immature Patient with Review of Fetal Anatomy

Mechanical objective patellar instability may be related to an abnormal patellar course into the trochlear groove this may be due to trochlear dysplasia [3,4]. D. Dejour classified the trochlear dysplasia into four stages according to the shape of the trochlea [3]. In this classification, the B grade is defined as a flat trochlea. We have the conviction that a flat trochlea should be considered as a genetically determined and inherited condition. The lower extremity of the femur in human beings is characterized by an anterior groove in which the patella is held during motion. This groove separates the two lips of the trochlea. The lateral trochlear lip is more developed than the medial lip, creating an asymmetrical groove. An asymmetrical patellar groove with a protruding lateral side associated with an oblique femur is a specific mark of bipedal locomotion [6-9]. Apes present a wide and symmetrical groove on their distal femur, associated with a flat patella. In apes, the femoral shaft is vertical, showing no obliquity. In apes, there is no lateral dislocation stress applied to the patella during contraction of the quadriceps. In such mechanical conditions, there is no need for patellar containment in a deep groove, and no need for special lateral strengthening of the container. Tardieu and Dupont [7,8] have pointed out that femoral obliquity is acquired with the process of learning to walk and has no genetic determinism. It is an epigenetic feature. During hominid evolution, the protrusion of the lateral trochlear lip was probably acquired in response to femoral obliquity. We believe that it may have been selected and is genetically assimilated. Some studies have suggested that the shape of the lower extremity of the femur is determined early in development, long before standing and walking. Vries [10] described the foetal patella and showed that its morphology is comparable with that in adults from 16 weeks. Walmsley [11] described a patellar groove in the embryo, with the lateral trochlear lip more elevated than the medial lip. Gray & Gardner [5] showed that joint surfaces of the femoropatellar articulation are well shaped before both parts become properly fixed together. Doskocil [3] published the first series looking at the anatomy of the femoropatellar groove in the embryo. He established that the patellar groove is asymmetrical, with a lateral lip that is larger than the medial lip. Wanner published a biometric evaluation of the patellar groove in adults [12]. The biometry was achieved as shown in Fig. 39.1
The effects of plant pathogens on tree recruitment in the Western Amazon under a projected future climate: a dynamical systems analysis

Summary 1. Climate change predictions in the Amazon have largely focused on carbon–water relations, while the impacts of increased air temperature and reduced precipitation on host–pathogen relationships have not been extensively explored. These relationships are known to affect recruitment of many Amazonian plant species. 2. Host–pathogen relationships are well suited to a dynamical analysis of the effects of climate change due to the direct linkages between pathogen behaviour and abiotic factors such as temperature and rainfall. 3. Seedlings of the palm Iriartea deltoidea experience significant mortality due to infection by the fungus Diplodia mutila. This host–pathogen interaction was examined by combining a semi-analytical model with field data illustrating the temperature sensitivity of D. mutila reproductive rates and I. deltoidea seedling mortality in response to infection. 4. The data–model combination shows that projected climatic shifts in rainfall and temperature for the Amazon region will tend to reduce recruitment by altering pathogen activity and reducing palm fecundity. The magnitude of the reduction is sensitive to the details of the epidemiology of the D. mutila–I. deltoidea host–pathogen system, and ranges from 10% to 56% under plausible scenarios. 5. Although considerable uncertainty remains, the proposed model provides a blueprint for research on one aspect of ecosystem change in future climate models. 6. Synthesis. The study illustrates the potential for ecosystem responses to climate change, which can be investigated through tractable models simple enough to assimilate into climate modelling frameworks. Particular environmental sensitivities in fungal dynamics are identified. The implications of combined plant physiological stress and enhanced pathogenic activity under future climate scenarios are highlighted as critical issues for projecting forest response.
Dopamine modulates GABAc receptors mediating inhibition of calcium entry into and transmitter release from bipolar cell terminals in tiger salamander retina.

Using optical recording techniques, we directly monitored pre- and postsynaptic calcium dynamics at bipolar cell terminals while inhibiting synaptic release with applied GABA and modulating inhibition with dopamine. To monitor pre-synaptic activity, individual bipolar cells in the retinal slice were filled with either fura-2 or fluo-3 through a patch electrode. Calcium entry into bipolar terminals, elicited by depolarization from -60 mV to 0 mV, was reduced to 36% of control in the presence of 200 microM bath-applied GABA. Further addition of 100 microM dopamine to the bath relieved the GABAergic inhibition and nearly doubled the calcium entry. Yet dopamine alone had no apparent direct effect upon calcium entry. The relief from GABAergic inhibition could be reproduced with SKF-38393, a dopamine D1 receptor agonist, and with forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, suggesting that dopamine acts through a cAMP second-messenger pathway. To monitor transmitter release from bipolar cells, slices were loaded with fura- 2AM, a membrane permeable form of the dye. Puffs of 110 mM KCl at bipolar dendrites depolarized bipolar cells and elicited calcium signals that could be monitored both at bipolar terminals and in postsynaptic cells. Consistent with the results above, GABA inhibited calcium entry at bipolar terminals and also reduced transmitter release, measured as a decrease in calcium entry in amacrine and ganglion cells. The addition of dopamine relieved this inhibition and increased transmitter release. Our results show the spatiotemporal correlation between the GABAergic inhibition of calcium entry at bipolar terminals, the resulting reduction in postsynaptic activity, and the relief of this inhibition with dopamine.
The neuroscience of placebo effects: connecting context, learning and health

Placebo effects are positive effects on health that arise from the response of the brain to the contextual information that accompanies the delivery of a treatment. In this Review, Wager and Atlas examine the neural mechanisms that underlie such effects, focusing on placebo analgesia.
The School Food Revolution: Public Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Development: By Kevin Morgan and Roberta Sonnino

(2011). The School Food Revolution: Public Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Development: By Kevin Morgan and Roberta Sonnino. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 141-144.
The proton resonance spectra of poly‐α‐methylstyrenes

The proton resonance spectra of a number of poly-α-methylstyrenes have been measured, and from them it is possible to measure the relative amounts of the isotactic, syndiotactic, and heterotactic forms. Polymers prepared by means of cationic catalysts are found to be the most stereoregular, whereas catalysts which with other monomers give stereoregularity do not do so with α-methylstyrene. In all the polymers the syndiotactic placement seems to be favoured over the isotactic. The irregular behaviour is thought to be associated with the considerable steric strain in the polymer.
Dynamic effects of diet diversity and breastfeeding on weight in months 6-24 of life (1024.9)

Nutrition is a primary contributor to infant growth. We estimated the association of diet diversity and weight in 6-24 month old infants. Breastfeeding, dietary and weight data collected bimonthly ...
Glycoproteins of Bovine Pancreatic Juice: Isolation of ribonucleases C and D

Abstract Chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose and Amberlite IRC-50 was utilized to isolate minor ribonuclease components from bovine pancreatic juice. Two of these components, ribonucleases C and D, were obtained in homogeneous form at yields of 0.48 mg and 0.37 mg, respectively, per g of pooled pancreatic protein, and were detected in three of the four animals examined. Ribonucleases C and D possess amino acid compositions, specific activities, and ultraviolet spectra identical with those of ribonucleases A and B. Analyses for amino sugars indicate 4 residues of glucosamine and 2 residues of N-acetylneuraminic acid bound per molecule of ribonuclease C, and 4 residues of each amino sugar bound per molecule of ribonuclease D. Each glycoprotein also contains mannose, fucose, and galactose. Peptide maps of tryptic digests of reduced, cyanoethylated ribonucleases C and D are identical with those from ribonuclease B and reveal that the carbohydrate is attached to peptide tryptic-11.
Transcriptional role of a conserved GATA-1 site in the human epsilon-globin gene promoter.

Abstract The epsilon-globin gene is the first of the human beta-like globin genes to be expressed during development. We have analyzed protein-DNA interactions in the epsilon-globin promoter region by DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift experiments using nuclear extracts from K562 human erythroid cells and from nonerythroid HeLa cells. A restricted set of ubiquitous proteins, including Sp1, bound to regions of the promoter including the CACCC and CCAAT sites. Three interactions, at positions -213, -165, and +3 relative to the transcription start site, were erythroid specific and corresponded to binding of GATA-1, a transcription factor highly restricted to the erythroid lineage. Interestingly, the GATA-1 site at -165 has been conserved in the promoters of 10 mammalian embryonic globin genes. Point mutations demonstrate that GATA-1 binding to this site is necessary for interaction with an erythroid-specific enhancer but that in the absence of an enhancer, GATA-1 does not increase transcription.
Patterns of Toxoplasma gondii cyst distribution in the forebrain associate with individual variation in predator odor avoidance and anxiety-related behavior in male Long-Evans rats.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the world’s most successful brain parasites. T. gondii engages in parasite manipulation of host behavior and infection has been epidemiologically linked to numerous psychiatric disorders. Mechanisms by which T. gondii alters host behavior are not well understood, but neuroanatomical cyst presence and the localized host immune response to cysts are potential candidates. The aim of these studies was to test the hypothesis that T. gondii manipulation of specific host behaviors is dependent on neuroanatomical location of cysts in a time-dependent function post-infection. We examined neuroanatomical cyst distribution (53 forebrain regions) in infected rats after predator odor aversion behavior and anxiety-related behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field arena, across a 6-week time course. In addition, we examined evidence for microglial response to the parasite across the time course. Our findings demonstrate that while cysts are randomly distributed throughout the forebrain, individual variation in cyst localization, beginning 3 weeks post-infection, can explain individual variation in the effects of T. gondii on behavior. Additionally, not all infected rats develop cysts in the forebrain, and attenuation of predator odor aversion and changes in anxiety-related behavior are linked with cyst presence in specific forebrain areas. Finally, the immune response to cysts is striking. These data provide the foundation for testing hypotheses about proximate mechanisms by which T. gondii alters behavior in specific brain regions, including consequences of establishment of a homeostasis between T. gondii and the host immune response.
Breastfeeding: Promotion of a Low-tech Lifesaver

Preterm infants are at higher risk from nonhuman milk feedings than term infants, but according to a recent study, are less likely to receive human milk. Provision of human milk to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit can be affected by numerous maternal factors, but also by the culture of the unit. Encouragement and support from clinicians, education about the benefits of human milk, training and provision of electric breast pumps, and personal peer support have been shown to be effective methods of increasing breastfeeding rates.
Comparison of diverse transport signals in synthetic peptide-induced nuclear transport

Several investigations have demonstrated the ability of synthetic peptides homologous to the nuclear transport signal of simian virus 40 large T antigen to induce the nuclear transport of nonnuclear carrier proteins. To determine the generality of peptide-induced transport, six peptides with sequences derived from four previously identified nuclear transport signals were synthesized and examined for their ability to induce the transport of mouse immunoglobulin G following microinjection into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. Peptides containing transport signals from simian virus 40 T antigen, Xenopus nucleoplasmin, and adenovirus E1A proteins were highly efficient at peptide-induced transport, while a peptide homologous to yeast MATα2 protein was incapable of inducing transport. A short nucleoplasmin peptide that contained only the basic amino acid domain was capable of inducing transport but yielded a much slower rate of transport than a long nucleoplasmin peptide encompassing the previously identified minimal transport signal. The short nucleoplasmin signal exhibited a greater capacity for transport than a peptide homologous to the cytoplasmic mutant T antigen signal when conjugates with a low number of signals coupled per carrier protein were examined. However, the short nucleoplasmin peptide was only marginally more effective than the T antigen mutant peptide when conjugates with a high number of signals coupled per carrier protein were examined.
SAXS Ensemble Refinement of ESCRT-III CHMP3 Conformational Transitions

Summary We developed and implemented an ensemble-refinement method to study dynamic biomolecular assemblies with intrinsically disordered segments. Data from small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments and from coarse-grained molecular simulations were combined by using a maximum-entropy approach. The method was applied to CHMP3 of ESCRT-III, a protein with multiple helical domains separated by flexible linkers. Based on recent SAXS data by Lata et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 378 , 818, 2008), we constructed ensembles of CHMP3 at low- and high-salt concentration to characterize its closed autoinhibited state and open active state. At low salt, helix α 5 is bound to the tip of helices α 1 and α 2 , in excellent agreement with a recent crystal structure. Helix α 6 remains free in solution and does not appear to be part of the autoinhibitory complex. The simulation-based ensemble refinement is general and effectively increases the resolution of SAXS beyond shape information to atomically detailed structures.
Regulation, Business, and Sustainable Development: The Antecedents of Environmentally Conscious Technological Innovation

A growing number of firms have begun work toward the development of innovative systems that consume fewer resources, reduce waste, enhance productivity, while creating new market opportunities. However, all of this environmentally friendly innovation occurs under varying types/levels of regulation and the role of such regulation is still debatable. To date, little research exists that investigates the relative importance of market-driven versus regulatory actions in influencing environmental technological innovation. This article presents a model of the antecedents of environmentally conscious technological innovation under high and low amounts of regulation. The authors present four abbreviated case studies undertaken as part of a larger U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-funded study that describe environmentally conscious product and process innovations in high and low regulation environments. The authors use the case studies to examine the extent to which the data support our model. The articl...
Development of a university-based emergency department network: lessons learned

Abstract Background As part of the growth of emergency medical care in our state, our university-based emergency medicine practice developed a network of affiliated emergency department (ED) practices. The original practices were academic and based on a faculty practice model; more recent network development incorporated a community practice model less focused on academics. Objective This article discusses the growth of that network, with a focus on the recent addition of a county-wide two-hospital emergency medicine practice. During the transition of the two EDs from a contract management group to the university network, six critical areas in need of restructuring were identified: 1) departmental leadership, 2) recruitment and retention of clinical staff members, 3) staffing strategies, 4) relationships with key constituents, 5) clinical operations, supplies, and equipment, and 6) compensation structure. The impact of changes was measured by comparison of core measures, efficiency metrics, patient volumes, admissions, and transfers to the academic medical center before and after the implementation of our practice model. Conclusion Our review and modification of these components significantly improved the quality and efficiency of care at the community hospital system. The consistent presence of board certified emergency physicians optimized utilization of clinical resources in the community hospital and the academic health system. This dynamic led to a mutually beneficial merger of these major state healthcare systems.
Biotinylated proteins as molecular weight standards on Western blots

Protein molecular weight standards were biotinylated by reaction with biotinyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The biotinylated proteins were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose paper. The resolved protein bands were detected by formation of a streptavidin-biotin/horseradish peroxidase complex and reaction with 4-chloro-1-naphthol and hydrogen peroxide. The biotinylated proteins are easy to prepare and are useful as molecular weight standards with most procedures employing immunodetection of proteins following transfer to nitrocellulose paper.
Set aside programmes: Using U.S. experience to evaluate U.K. proposals

Abstract The lengthy U.S. experience with cropland diversion is helpful in evaluating U.K. set aside proposals. Acreage reduction for supply control in the U.S. has never reached its promised potential. Now, a new programme is using set aside for erosion control. Despite 50 years of practice, the past and current U.S. cropland diversions suffer serious problems. Three major U.K. set aside proposals have surfaced, two aimed at supply control and one at the provision of conservation and environmental services from farmland. Each has strengths and disadvantages, but none suffer all of the problems of American programmes, at least in their proposed forms. Too much can easily be expected of set aside which in barest form is just a land use constraint. Its best role may be as an interim supply adjustment mechanism with price restraint, which also provides compensation to disadvan- taged farmers but, most importantly, secures non-market conservation and environmental services.
Insulated-gate planar thyristors: I&#8212;Structure and basic operation

A high-voltage planar triac which is controlled by an insulated-gate terminal is described. Its structure is related to the DMOS transistor on which it is based and its multiple operating modes are discussed in terms of an equivalent circuit composed of MOS and bi-polar transistors and resistors. A typical junction-isolated device has a 150-V breakdown and an on-resistance less than 10 Ω for a 400-µm-wide channel. The on-resistance can easily be scaled to very low values simply by increasing the device width. Extension of the MOS thryistor concept to other devices and higher voltages is described. Quantitative analysis and modeling of these new devices are described in a companion paper.