cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bimodal bilinguals co-activate both languages during spoken comprehension.

Abstract Bilinguals have been shown to activate their two languages in parallel, and this process can often be attributed to overlap in input between the two languages. The present study examines whether two languages that do not overlap in input structure, and that have distinct phonological systems, such as American Sign Language (ASL) and English, are also activated in parallel. Hearing ASL-English bimodal bilinguals’ and English monolinguals’ eye-movements were recorded during a visual world paradigm, in which participants were instructed, in English, to select objects from a display. In critical trials, the target item appeared with a competing item that overlapped with the target in ASL phonology. Bimodal bilinguals looked more at competing item than at phonologically unrelated items and looked more at competing items relative to monolinguals, indicating activation of the sign-language during spoken English comprehension. The findings suggest that language co-activation is not modality specific, and provide insight into the mechanisms that may underlie cross-modal language co-activation in bimodal bilinguals, including the role that top-down and lateral connections between levels of processing may play in language comprehension.
Comparing Neo-liberal Projects and Inequality in Education

In this article, I pay particular attention to some of the most important dynamics surrounding globalisation in education—the increasingly powerful discourses and polices of neoliberalism concerning privatisation, marketisation, performativity, and the 'enterprising individual'. While I demonstrate the truly international effects of neo‐liberal policies—and the differential realities they tend to produce in real schools—I also suggest that we cannot simply read off the effects of these policies in the abstract. Their uses and effects are historically contingent. They are at least partly dependent on the balance of forces in each nation and on the histories of the ways progressive tendencies have already been instituted within the state. Yet, I also suggest that any analysis of these discourses and policies must critically examine their class and race and gender effects at the level of who benefits from their specific institutionalisations and from their contradictory functions within real terrains of soci...
APACHE 1978-2001: the development of a quality assurance system based on prognosis: milestones and personal reflections.

The development of APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) began on a Saturday in late June 1978 when I walked into the intensive care unit (ICU) of George Washington University Hospital in Washington, DC. I had come to Washington in 1972 and, with the exception of a year spent working in the former Soviet Union, had completed all of my internal medicine and critical care training in DC. This Saturday morning, however, was unique. It was my first as an attending physician, the last day of fellowship training being the previous day.
Computer simulation of the cumulative effects of brushland fire-management policies

A mathematical model simulates the cumulative volume of debris produced from brushland watersheds. Application of this model to a 176-km2 (0.678 = mi2) watershed along the southern flank of the Central San Gabriel Mountains permits assessment of expected debris production associated with alternative fire-management policies. The political implications of simulated debris production are evaluated through a conceptual model that links interest groups to particular successional stages in brushland watersheds by means of the resources claimed by each group. It is concluded that in theory, a rotation burn policy would provide benefits to more interest groups concerned about southern California's brushland watersheds than does the current fire exclusion policy.
Menispermaceae alkaloids III. Alkaloids of Stephania hernandifolia

Abstract The roots of Stephania hernandifolia (Willd.) Walp. from Mangalore, Mysore State, yielded d,l -tetrandrine, fangchinoline, d -tetrandrine, and d -isochondrodendrine. The polymorphism of d -tetrandrine and fangchinoline and the identities of “menisine” and “menisidine” are discussed.
Synthesis of (R - and (S)-1-[[2-Hydroxy-1-(aminomethyl)ethoxy]methyl]-5- benzyluracil, Potent Inhibitors of Uridine Phosphorylase

Abstract Optically pure (R)- and (S)-1-[[2-hydroxy-1-(aminomethyl) ethoxy]methyl]-5-benzyluracil [(R)-AHPBU and (S)-AHPBU, respectively], two potent uridine phosphorylase inhibitors, have been synthesized via multi-step syntheses starting from independent chiral compounds. The activity of (R)-AHPBU, (S)-AHPBU, and (R,S-AHPBU which have been previously synthesized, on the inhibition of uridine phosphorylase from Sarcoma-180 cells has been studied and compared. The K. values for (R,S)-, (R)- and (S)-AHPBU were determined to be 15·2.3, 17·2.7 and 16·2.0 nM, respectively. This indicates that (R) and (S) optical enantiomers have the same affinity for binding to uridine phosphorylase. These acyclic pyrimidine amino nucleoside analogues represent a new class of potent uridine phosphorylase inhibitors, which has a bulky hydrophobic substituent at the 5-position in the uracil base, yet has remarkably high water solubility.
Treatment Options for Sleep Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

Sleep disturbance is an important feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that deserves clinical attention. Various disorders need to be considered and treatment should be customized to the patient’s specific symptoms and lifestyle. Evaluation of a PD patient complaining of difficulty sleeping begins with a detailed history from the patient and bed partner about the specific problem the patient is experiencing. It is important to inquire about difficulties with sleep onset, frequent awakenings, increased movements during sleep, acting out dreams, uncomfortable motor symptoms, disordered breathing, and nocturia. Current medications should be reviewed to determine whether the recent addition of a drug or a change in dose may be contributing to sleep difficulties, and one should ask about daytime sleepiness, frequent daytime naps, and sleep hygiene in the evening that can contribute to problems sleeping at night. The goal of therapy is to restore quality nighttime sleep without excessive daytime sedation and to improve the patient’s daily mental and physical function and overall quality of life.
Intensity and Orientation of Reasoning: Motivational Determinants of Children's Compliance to Verbal Rationales.

Abstract The effects of varying the motivational content of verbal rationales on children's compliance to a prohibition were investigated. Sixty-four 7- to 10-year-old children received an explanation that focused either on the consequences of their behavior for themselves or on the consequences of their behavior for the experimenter. The intensity of these explanations was manipulated verbally by varying the severity of the self- or other-oriented consequences. Preratings of the rationales by an independent sample of 42 children indicated that children's perceptions of the aversiveness of the rationales increased as a function of intensity. Intensity was a determinant of children's compliance but females were more likely to increase in resistance to deviation as a function of intensity than males. Children who received other-oriented rationales performed a greater amount of work and were less likely to show decrements in working over time than subjects who received self-oriented rationales. The results were explained in terms of a model of reasoning effects in which the kind and amount of motivation aroused are two separable determinants of children's compliance.
Development of monoclonal antibodies recognizing collagenase from rabbit PMN; the presence of this enzyme in ulcerating corneas.

Rabbit uterine collagenase was purified from the medium of involuting uterus (1-2 days postpartum) in culture using ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, hepari n-af f inity, and high performance liquid chromatography. The enzyme was purified more than 1600 fold. Hybridoma cell - 1 ines produci ng monoclonal anti bodi es were prepared by fusing the spleen cells of mice immunized with the purified enzyme with mouse myeloma cells (Sp2/0-Ag14). The hybridoma cells were selected with HAT medium, cloned, and screened by ELISA. Antibody-producing ascites were prepared by injecting hybridoma cell-lines into the peritoneal cavities of mice. Western-blot analysis indicated that the antibodies recognized a polypeptide having a molecular weight of 52,000. The IgG isolated from the ascites inhibited the enzyme. Indirect immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the superficial layer of alkali- burned corneas contained collagenase, whereas stronal cells and PMNs with...
Secure peer-to-peer trading for multiplayer games

A fundamental aspect of many multiplayer online games is the ability to trade items between players. This might take the form of items that were found in the virtual environment or of purchased assets, but in either case, any multiplayer game that supports trading or exchanging items in the game must do so in a secure manner. We have developed a protocol to solve the problem of secure, peer-to-peer trading in games in which the primary concern is that items are exchanged fairly, and additionally that items are not duplicated. Our protocol enables one-way and two-way trades and can be extended to multi-item trades. We show that our protocol addresses the security threats which it might encounter, and then provide an analysis to demonstrate the scalability of our protocol.
The incest taboo? A reconsideration of Westermarck

The ongoing discussion between social scientists who espouse some variety of socio-environmental theory (for examples see Leavitt, Incest and Inbreeding Avoidance: A Critique of Darwinian Social Science, 2005: 215 and Leavitt, `Disappearance of the Incest Taboo', American Anthropologist, 1989) and those who advance Darwinian selection principles (human sociobiology, Darwinian social science, behavioral genetics, or evolutionary psychology) have often focused their debate on the incest taboo and the avoidance of inbreeding. Acknowledged by many as an important cultural universal, the incest taboo has commonly been recognized by Darwinian social scientists as the most compelling instance supporting the premise that complex human behaviors can result from natural selection. Human sociobiology forwards the argument that natural selection mechanisms will favor outbreeding because inbreeding is deleterious. By contrast, socio-environmentalists have made the case that the incest taboo is a socioculturally derive...
Findings and recommendations of the New Jersey mercury emissions standard setting task force

Abstract In April, 1992, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE) established a task force to begin the process of setting mercury emissions standards. ( Note : In July, 1994, the NJDEPE was changed to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection). The task force investigated the fate and transport of mercury, generated estimates of background levels, and concentrated its initial study on municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration facilities. In addition, the task force recommended the establishment of a mercury emissions standard of 28 μg per dry standard cubic meter (μg/dscm) by the year 2000 for MSW incinerators, with an interim standard of 65 μg/dscm to be met by 1995.
Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Paediatric Patients

Paediatric respiratory tract infections are one of the most common reasons for physician visits and hospitalisation, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The role of physicians and other healthcare professionals has expanded from merely treating disease to implementing measures aimed at health maintenance and disease prevention. Therefore, children with recurrent respiratory tract infections represent a great challenge for the paediatrician, from both therapeutic and preventive standpoints. The paediatrician must first determine whether these recurrent infections are because of host-derived factors or are the result of increased environmental exposure. Host-derived factors may be nonimmunological or related to host immunodeficiency. The leading cause of recurrent respiratory tract infections throughout the world is increased environmental exposure in children attending nursery school or daycare centres. Acute otitis media in children is of particular concern because of its high incidence, frequent recurrence, and serious long term sequelae, e.g. hearing loss. The socioeconomic impact of these recurrent infections is staggering, and there remains much scope for devising methods for their treatment and prevention. Recent approaches have included the encouragement of breastfeeding, the use of intravenous immunoglobulin and respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin, as well as methods of stimulating immunity, such as ribosomal immunotherapy.
Prescribed fire affects white oak seedling phytochemistry: implications for insect herbivory

Abstract Fire suppresses vegetative competition, increases light penetration and soil nutrients, and is an integral part of the disturbance regime forming the oak (Quercus)-dominated forests of eastern North America. Fire can affect plant foliar chemistry through changes in nutrient availability and light intensity, which can influence herbivore feeding patterns. We considered the interactions between fire and oak seedling herbivory by assessing the effects of prescribed fire on white oak (Quercus alba L.) foliar chemistry. We hypothesized that fire would provide increased light penetration and added nutrients that would enhance the nutritional status of foliage, thereby leading to greater herbivore pressure. We compared white oak foliar chemistry and root characteristics of seedlings from once-burned (1998), twice-burned (1996 and 1998), and non-burned sites over 2 years. We also challenged seedlings with supplemental herbivory and measured foliar chemical responses to herbivore pressure. In two separate experiments, native, seasonal, host-adapted lepidopteran herbivores (eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana F., and fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury) were caged and allowed to feed on seedlings from burned and non-burned sites on two dates during the 1999 growing season. We found little difference in plant chemistry among our burn treatments, but sample year strongly influenced our results, perhaps due to fluctuations in soil conditions caused by drought in the post-burn year (1999). Foliar calcium levels were moderately lower in seedlings from burned sites the year of the burn (P=0.06), but this difference disappeared 1 year post-burn. Most phytochemical components were higher in seedlings sampled 1 year post-burn (1999) than in those sampled in the year of the burn (1998). Regardless of burn (site) treatment, caterpillar feeding resulted in foliage with lower concentrations of carbohydrates (P=0.0001), nitrogen (P=0.006), and tannins (P=0.06). Foliar carbohydrates tended to increase within each year, and appeared inversely related to foliar nitrogen and tannins. Our results do not support the hypothesis that prescribed burning alters white oak seedling phytochemistry, or increases seedling susceptibility to herbivory through bottom-up changes in foliar chemistry, nor do they explain anecdotal accounts of increased herbivory on burned sites.
Dehydration Stress-Induced Changes in Translatable Rnas in Sorghum

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a drought-resistant crop species. The main objective of this work was to study the dehydration stress-induced changes in mRNA accumulation in sorghum. Ten-day-old seedlings were dried in a closed chamber for 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22h. Poly(A) + RNAs, isolated from control and dehydration-stressed shoots, were translated in vitro in the presence of 35 S methionine and the translation products were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Electromyographic turns analysis of sustained contraction in human masseter muscles at various isometric force levels

Abstract The jaw-closing muscles differ from peripheral limb muscles in that the maximum attainable force does not decline following a sustained isometric contraction. Also, the averaged electromyographic (EMG)/force ratio in these muscles does not change with sustained contraction, whereas it increases in fatiguing limb muscles. The present study analysed EMG records from masseters in healthy male subjects. No statistically significant difference was seen between average rectified EMG signals at the beginning or the end of a sustained isometric contraction at 25–100% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). However, when the number of turns, or reversals of direction, was taken at various percentage MVC levels, a significant decrease was seen after 60s or at the end of the contraction. The turns/force ratio decreased monotonically with percentage MVC, but the ratio was not significantly different at the end of a contraction from that at the beginning. This result confirms an earlier suggestion that neuromuscular fatigue does not accompany sustained contractions of these muscles.
IG-molecule Kilon shows differential expression pattern from LAMP in the developing and adult rat hippocampus

Cell recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily are involved in the formation, establishment, and plasticity of neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS). We used a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to specifically amplify molecules with conserved sequence elements of immunoglobulin-like domains. This approach enabled us to isolate Kilon, a novel immunoglobulin that has been described by Funatsu et al. (J Biol Chem 1999;274:8224–8230) from the hippocampus. The sequence of Kilon shows a high degree of homology to that of the chicken protein neurotractin, a molecule involved in neurite outgrowth and capable of interacting with LAMP. In situ hybridization analysis was performed to analyze the Kilon mRNA distribution in the developing and adult rat brain and to compare it to that of LAMP mRNA. Kilon mRNA was found to be specifically expressed in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the adult rat, whereas LAMP transcripts were present in all regions of the hippocampal formation. These results were corroborated by RT-PCR semiquantification of gene expression in microdissected tissue prepared from the DG and the CA1 region of the hippocampus. We also performed mRNA expression analysis of both genes following hippocampal deafferentation and seizure, but neither Kilon nor LAMP gene expression showed significant alterations after lesioning on the in situ hybridization level. Our results show that the expression patterns of Kilon and LAMP during development and in the mature hippocampus are clearly distinguishable from one another, which suggests different roles for these related molecules in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2000;10:632–644. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gas-phase reactions of a novel chemical ionization reagent, ClMn2+, with polar and nonpolar analytes in a linear quadrupole ion trap

Abstract A chemical ionization reagent ion, ClMn2+, has been identified for the analysis of mixtures of organic compounds since it allows ionization of both polar and nonpolar analytes so that only one product ion, ClMn+ adduct of the analyte, is generated without fragmentation. The reagent ion is formed upon ionization of ClMn(CO)5 via corona discharge in an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Volatile analytes were introduced into the ion trap via a reagent mixing manifold. Nonvolatile analytes were deposited on a titanium foil and desorbed using laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD). Formation of a ClMn+ adduct with no accompanying fragmentation was observed for all analytes, including branched saturated hydrocarbons. Calculations indicate that ClMn+ binds to saturated hydrocarbons via an agostic interaction involving the manganese center and a C H bond of the analyte. The reagent ion Mn+ was also investigated. This ion forms a stable adduct with most analytes studied. It binds fairly strongly to saturated hydrocarbons via two agostic interactions with two C H bonds instead of insertion into a C H bond. However, it was found to cause fragmentation for alcohols. ClMn(H2O)+ has been previously shown to ionize most compounds by ClMn+ adduct formation but also to yield molecular ions for amines due to their low ionization energies ( C bond cleavages for highly branched alkanes upon ionization. This was not observed for the reagent ions studied here. ClMn2+ ion is a more universal ionization reagent than Mn+ and the previously reported reagent ions due to its ability to ionize analytes with low ionization energies without electron transfer and due to the complete lack of fragmentation for all analytes. Furthermore, based on the examination of six very different analytes, it has no significant bias toward specific types of analytes.
Creep of niobium and solid solution strengthened Nb-1WT. %Zr

The search for new materials for advanced aerospace structural applications at elevated temperatures has renewed an interest in niobium and its alloys due to its high melting point (2741 K), low thermal neutron cross section, good corrosion resistance against liquid lithium, and low density (8. 58 gm/cc) compared to other refractory metals. However, the diffusivity of bcc niobium is high and, as a result, the creep strength of niobium is inherently weak. Solid solution strengthening is one approach to improve the creep strength of metallic materials. Solid solution strengthening of class M (pure metal type) materials changes the creep response and rate controlling deformation mechanism. Class M materials show a normal transient during the primary stage in a semilogarithmic plot of [dot [Epsilon]] versus [Epsilon] and the rate controlling mechanism is dislocation climb. Class A (alloy type) materials show an inverse transient during the primary stage in a [dot [Epsilon]] versus [Epsilon] semilogarithmic plot, and the rate controlling mechanism is viscous glide. The objective of this paper is to study and compare the creep behavior of niobium and Nb-1wt. %Zr.
The Complement System in Bullous Pemphigoid: VII. Fixation of the Regulatory Protein β1H Globulin by Pemphigoid Antibody

Using in vitro complement immunofluorescent staining methods, serum samples from 5 active cases of bullous pemphigoid,with pemphigoid antibody titers of 320 or greater, were tested for their ability to fix the regulatory protein β 1H globulin in addition to C4 and C3. All 5 samples yielded positive C3, C4 and β 1H staining reactions in a linear fashion along the basement membrane zone. Heat inactivation or treatment of the complement source (fresh normal human serum) with EDTA, Mg 2 -EGTA abolished all 3 staining reactions. Substitution of C2-deficient serum as the source of complement inhibited both C3 and β1H staining but had no effect on C4 staining. Use of serum devoid of β 1H (R β 1H) minimally enhanced C3 staining while no β 1H staining was observed. The addition of β 1H to R β 1H restored positive β 1H staining. Skin biopsies of perilesional skin from 6 patients with bullous pemphigoid demonstrated heavy in vivo deposition of β 1H in addition to C3. These studies suggest that pemphigoid antibodies will fix the regulatory protein β 1H in addition to other complement components, a phenomenon which requires activation of the classical complement pathway and generation of the C3b amplification convertase.
Superextremal spinning black holes via accretion

A Kerr black hole with mass $M$ and angular momentum $J$ satisfies the extremality inequality $|J|\ensuremath{\le}{M}^{2}$. In the presence of matter and/or gravitational radiation, this bound needs to be reformulated in terms of local measurements of the mass and the angular momentum directly associated with the black hole. The isolated and dynamical horizon framework provides such quasilocal characterization of black hole mass and angular momentum. With this framework, it is possible in axisymmetry to reformulate the extremality limit as $|J|\ensuremath{\le}2{M}_{H}^{2}$, with ${M}_{H}$ the irreducible mass of the black hole computed from its apparent horizon area and $J$ obtained using a rotational Killing vector field on the apparent horizon. The $|J|\ensuremath{\le}2{M}_{H}^{2}$ condition is also equivalent to requiring a non-negative black hole surface gravity. We present numerical experiments of an accreting black hole that temporarily violates this extremality inequality. The initial configuration consists of a single, rotating black hole surrounded by a thick, shell cloud of negative energy density. For these numerical experiments, we introduce a new matter-without-matter evolution method.
III-As pillar arrays by metal-assisted chemical etching for photonic applications

Ordered arrays of GaAs/InGaAs micro and nanopillars are formed by metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch). The dependence of morphology and etch rate upon temperature, etchant composition, and doping concentration are explored and optical characteristics are discussed.
Measuring oxygen diffusivity and solubility in solid silver with a gas-tight electrochemical cell

Abstract The diffusivity and solubility of oxygen in solid silver were determined in the temperature range 740–915 ° C by means of a gas-tight yttria-stabilized zirconia electrochemical cell. The diffusivity of oxygen, DO, in solid silver can be represented by D o = 3.2 × 10 −3 e −0.50 eV kT cm 2 /s , where k is the Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature, and the solubility of oxygen, CO, at 1 atm O2 is given by C O = 1.2 × 10 −3 e −0.40 eV kT mol O/cm 3 Ag . Results are compared with earlier data obtained by various techniques.
Confirmatory factor analysis of a questionnaire measuring control in parental feeding practices in mothers of Head Start children.

Abstract Parental control in child feeding has focused primarily on directive types of control, such as pressure to eat and food restriction. This study aimed to develop an instrument to assess other types of directive control and two additional aspects of parental child feeding, non-directive and food environmental control. Mothers of Head Start children (n = 330) completed a 29-item instrument designed to assess these three feeding constructs and reported their children's food intakes. Researchers measured heights and weights of both mothers and children. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the model with three constructs did not provide an acceptable fit to the data, but an alternative model with seven sub-constructs did (Chi-square = 330, df = 228 p
The rotational Zeeman effect in Trans-crotonaldehyde

Abstract The rotational Zeeman spectrum of trans -crotonaldehyde has been assigned using a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Using the experimental molecular g values and magnetic susceptibility anisotropies, we obtain the molecular quadrupole moments (in units of 10 -26 esu) of Q aa = -7.5 ± 1.6, Q bb = 12.1 ± 2.0, and Q cc = -4.6 ± 2.7. Several additional molecular quantities are also determined.
Youth participation in a community campaign to pass a clean indoor air ordinance.

Because of the harmful effects of secondhand smoke, communities are organizing to pass clean indoor air policies. With youth being considered one of the most vulnerable populations to this health hazard, it can be strategic to campaigns and beneficial to the youth’s development to involve them in efforts to control this toxin. However, youth participation in health campaigns is limited because of barriers inherent in these initiatives. This article presents lessons learned from a qualitative case study on the youth involvement in a successful local clean indoor air campaign. Through the analysis of semistructured interviews with the adult members of the campaign, group interviews and questionnaire completion by the youth members of the campaign, and additional insight made possible by participant observation, recommendations are provided to engage and sustain youth involvement in local public health initiatives.
Polymorphism in Tetrahymena vorax

Two types of polymorphism, differing greatly in stability characteristics, have been recognized in Tetrahymena vorax strain V2. The basic life history involves three stages: a microstome, a macrostome, and a cyst. The appearance of each of these stages is dependent upon conditions of substrate availability, i.e., macrostomes persist in the presence of suitable ciliate prey, microstomes persist in the presence of bacteria or organic nutrient solutions, and cysts appear under conditions of starvation. Superimposed upon the basic life history is a second level of polymorphism: three markedly different types of sublines have been obtained from a single parental clone. No intermediate types have been observed. When grown under identical controlled conditions, the three types of sublines differ significantly in cell and nuclear size, meridian number, growth properties, competence to form cysts and macrostomes, and serotype. Each subline of a given type is subject to transformation into one or both of the other types. These transformations are usually spontaneous events with very low frequencies, although certain transformations may be induced. Once a transformation has occurred, the new phenotype is inherited by subsequent generations of cells for an indefinite period in a way which is independent of environmental influences. The available information suggests that the three types of sublines are not the result of gene mutations, but rather represent alternate epigenetic stable states of a single cellular system.
Model transition states for methane diazonium ion methylation of guanine runs in oligomeric DNA.

The DNA reaction pattern of the methane diazonium ion, which is the reactive intermediate formed from several carcinogenic methylating agents, was examined at N7 and O6 sites in guanine runs occurring in oligonucleotides and model oligonucleotides. Density functional B3LYP/6-31G*, and SCF 3-21G and STO-3G energies of model transition states were calculated in the gas phase and in the CPCM reaction field. For nucleotides containing two, three, and four stacked guanines with counterions in the gas phase, O6 reactivity is greater than N7 reactivity. In the reaction field, N7 reactivity is 9.0 to 9.8 times greater than O6 reactivity. For a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing two stacked guanines with counterions in the reaction field, the N7 and O6 reactivities of the 3′-guanine are 3.9 times greater than the corresponding sites in the 5′-guanine. For double-stranded oligonucleotides with three or four stacked guanines and counterions, the reactivities of the interior guanines are higher than corresponding reactivities of guanines at the ends. These reaction patterns agree with most of the available experimental data. Activation energy decomposition analysis for gas-phase reactions in a double-stranded dinucleotide containing two stacked guanines with counterions indicates that selectivity at O6 is almost entirely due to electrostatic forces. Selectivity at N7 also has a large electrostatic interaction. However, the orbital interaction also contributes significantly to the gas-phase selectivity, accounting for 32% of the total interaction energy difference between the 3′- and 5′-guanine reactions. In aqueous solution, the relative orbital contribution to N7 selectivity is likely to be larger. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007
Information Sifting or Knowledge Building on the Internet

Information sifting consists of all kinds of differentiation and evaluative actions in response to information overload. Like its alter ego, knowledge construction, it encompasses both social and nonsocial strategies. Research is suggested on what information-sifting mechanisms are used in cyberspace and how increasing use of software mechanisms may affect the pattern of social sifting behavior.
EFFECTS OF CERIUM OXIDE ON THE SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION OF SOME EXPERIMENTAL GLASSES

A number of samples of soda-lime, borosilicate, and flint glasses were prepared. The composition of the samples of each type was varied by the use of different percentages of cerium oxide as a glass constituent. The spectral transmission of each sample was determined over the range 250 to 1000 mμ and transmission curves were plotted.
Interdependence of the Peroxisome-targeting Receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana: PEX7 Facilitates PEX5 Accumulation and Import of PTS1 Cargo into Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes compartmentalize certain metabolic reactions critical to plant and animal development. The import of proteins from the cytosol into the organelle matrix depends on more than a dozen peroxin (PEX) proteins, with PEX5 and PEX7 serving as receptors that shuttle proteins bearing one of two peroxisome-targeting signals (PTSs) into the organelle. PEX5 is the PTS1 receptor; PEX7 is the PTS2 receptor. In plants and mammals, PEX7 depends on PEX5 binding to deliver PTS2 cargo into the peroxisome. In this study, we characterized a pex7 missense mutation, pex7-2, that disrupts both PEX7 cargo binding and PEX7-PEX5 interactions in yeast, as well as PEX7 protein accumulation in plants. We examined localization of peroxisomally targeted green fluorescent protein derivatives in light-grown pex7 mutants and observed not only the expected defects in PTS2 protein import but also defects in PTS1 import. These PTS1 import defects were accompanied by reduced PEX5 accumulation in light-grown pex7 seedlings. Our data suggest that PEX5 and PTS1 import depend on the PTS2 receptor PEX7 in Arabidopsis and that the environment may influence this dependence. These data advance our understanding of the biogenesis of these essential organelles and provide a possible rationale for the retention of the PTS2 pathway in some organisms.
Loop filter design considerations for clock and data recovery circuits [PLL]

This paper describes a detailed 3/sup rd/ order analysis that accounts for charge pump output resistance, bandwidth controlling resistor, damping capacitor and ripple capacitor as well as other important PLL parameters such as K/sub d/, the phase detector gain and K/sub VCO/, the VCO gain. Equations derived in this paper can be implemented in commercial software programs such as MATLAB to generate behavior models.
Cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors: An important new drug classification

Abstract The pharmacologic treatment of acute and chronic pain has evolved greatly over the last several decades. Notably, several new classifications of drugs have emerged to meet the growing demand of patients in pain and health care providers who attempt to assist them. This article describes 1 new classification, cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors, and provides specifics about the 2 agents currently available via prescription. © 2001 by the American Society of Pain Management Nurses
RECORDS OF COLEOPTERA FROM MONTANA

Through the courtesy of Professor R. A. Cooley, Dr. William C. Cook, and Professor G. Allen Mail of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, from 1927 to 1931 I examined various portions of the station's collection of Coleoptera. In view of the paucity of Montana records of this order it seemed desirable to publish a list of the species obtained in this way.
An Outer Segment Localization Signal at the C Terminus of the Photoreceptor-Specific Retinol Dehydrogenase

Photoreceptor retinol dehydrogenase (prRDH) is a membrane-associated cytosolic protein that localizes to the outer segments (OS) of rods and cones. Here, we demonstrate that the C-terminal 16 amino acids of prRDH confer membrane association as well as cone and rod OS targeting on a linked green fluorescent protein. Membrane association in transfected 293 cells and in transgenic Xenopus photoreceptors is mediated by fatty acylation at one or more evolutionarily conserved cysteines within the prRDH C-terminal tail. In bovine OS, native prRDH is similarly acylated, and hydrolysis of this linkage releases the protein from the membrane. Efficient OS localization requires both membrane association and the prRDH sequence. (V/I)XPX at the extreme C terminus, which closely resembles the C-terminal sequence that targets opsin/rhodopsin to the OS. Taken together, these data imply that the C-terminal. (V/I)XPX sequence is a general OS localization signal that can function in the context of both integral and peripheral membrane proteins. This strategy for OS localization resembles those used for protein localization to mitochondria, peroxisomes, endosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum; in each case, a short N- or C-terminal sequence is shared among structurally diverse proteins that are targeted to the same subcellular destination.
Sustained reductions in neonatal nosocomial infection rates following a comprehensive infection control intervention

Objective: Nosocomial infections (NI) are a frequent and important cause of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants who receive intensive care. We sought to determine if comprehensive infection control (CIC) measures decrease rates in a large neonatal intensive care nursery. Methods: Single center interventional study. The CIC intervention
Real-time dissemination of continuous media in packet-switched networks

The authors present a model of communication in a packet-switched network called continuous-media (CM) dissemination, which is the distribution of digital audio, video, and other periodic time-correlated data streams, from a source to multiple receivers. This model is similar to that of a cable TV system. The authors discuss an important design principle, the principle of loose coupling between a source and multiple receivers, for supporting this type of communication. The main argument for loose coupling is that there can be an arbitrary number of receivers for a single source of a CM multistream, and that the complexity of keeping track of the states of all receivers would overwhelm the source. Applications of the design principle include group addressing, proactive dynamic control mechanisms, and individualized tailoring of the CM multistream by receivers with limited effect on the source. >
Direct demonstration of eight-fold symmetry in nuclear pores.

Pictures, in front view, are presented of the nuclear pores from the oocytes of the newt Taricha granulosa. Negative staining is used. It is directly visible, on a substantial proportion of the pores, that the number of subunits in the annulus is 8. This conclusion had been reached earlier by other writers, who had used the rotation technique to ascertain the radial symmetry. The rotation technique is known to be very unreliable, though on this occasion had produced the correct result. A fibrous mesh network, connecting the subunits of separate pores is described.
A Surprising Finding of Remote Ischial Avulsion

A 25-year-old male presented to the ski clinic after colliding with a tree while snowboarding. He had immediate sharp pain at his “tailbone,” but denied numbness and weakness. Past medical history was initially reported as unremarkable. On exam, he demonstrated midline tenderness over the sacrum. Pelvic radiography was performed (Figure). Figure (A) Lateral pelvic radiograph demonstrates a minimally displaced transverse fracture of the S4 vertebrae (open arrows); (B) Anteroposterior pelvic radiograph reveals an incidental old left ischial apophysial avulsion injury (arrows). Imaging revealed an acute vertebral fracture, but it also demonstrated a large irregular left ischium to our surprise. When questioned further, the patient reported a hamstring injury in high school leading us to diagnose this finding as an old left ischial apophysial avulsion injury resulting in an osseous excrescence. Ischial avulsion injuries are most commonly seen in adolescence and young adults. 1 Ischial avulsion injury tends to happen during a strong contraction of the hamstring muscles with activity like sprinting or jumping. 1–3 In puberty, the secondary ossification center appears at the apophysis and does not fuse until adolescence. 1 This bone is weak compared to muscle and ligaments; therefore, the young skeleton is more prone to fracture and osseous avulsions. 4–5 Radiograph is recommended to evaluate for a possible avulsion injury if there is pain over the ischial tuberosity, swelling at the hamstring origin or a palpable step-off. 1–2 Diagnosis is often made by plain radiography; typically as a sliver of bone displaced inferiorly and laterally from the ischium. 6 Ultrasound can be used to view other hamstring injuries; however, deep injuries often require magnetic resonance imaging, especially in athletes with massive muscle masses. 4–5 Avulsion fracture can commonly be misdiagnosed as a hamstring strain. However, unlike a muscular hamstring injury, avulsion fracture requires longer recovery, avoidance of hamstring stretching for four weeks and possible surgery. 1, 3 However, other forms of rehabilitation can be started at the time of diagnosis. The major indication for surgery is displacement of bone fragment greater than two centimeters. 2 If left untreated, the patient may experience recurrent discomfort with sitting for periods of time, pain with running, and even muscle wasting. 1 Also, the displaced fragment can lead to an exaggerated healing process and large mass of bone that can mimic neoplasm, such as an osteochondroma or even an Ewing’s sarcoma in the subacute phase of healing. 4–6 Underlying pathology that should be considered with ischial avulsion injuries include apophysitis of the tuberosity, bone tumor, metastases and osteoporosis. 5 Myositis ossificans traumatica is often seen following a sports injury, but is rarely seen in the hamstrings. 4
Lung Density Changes With Growth and Inflation

BACKGROUND With body growth from childhood, the lungs can enlarge by either increasing the volume of air in the periphery (as would occur with inspiration) or by increasing the number of peripheral acinar units. In the former case, the lung tissue density would decrease with inflation, whereas in the latter case, the lung density would be relatively constant as the lung grows. To address this fundamental structural issue, we measured the CT scan density in human subjects of widely varying size at two different lung volumes. METHODS Five hundred one subjects were enrolled in the study. They underwent a chest CT scan at full inspiration and another scan at end expiration. Spirometry, body plethysmography, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide were also measured. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between the size of the lungs measured at full inspiration on CT scan and the mean lung density ( r = −0.72, P = .001). People with larger lungs had significantly lower mean lung density. These density changes among different subjects overlapped the density changes within subjects at different lung volumes. CONCLUSIONS Lung structure in subjects with larger lungs is different from that in subjects with smaller lungs. Tissue volume does not increase in proportion to lung size, as would be required if larger lungs just had more alveoli. These observations suggest that the growth of the lung into adulthood is not accompanied by new alveoli, but rather by enlargement of existing structures. The presence of greater air spaces in larger lungs could impact the occurrence and pathogenesis of spontaneous pneumothorax or COPD. CHEST 2015; 148(4):995-1002
Estimating dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase in adolescents using summer or school-year sleep/wake schedules.

STUDY OBJECTIVES This analysis examined associations between the salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase and self-selected sleep/ wake schedules in groups of children and adolescents during summer vacation and during the school year to determine the degree to which sleep/wake patterns can estimate salivary DLMO phase. DESIGN AND SETTING Participants slept at home on self-selected schedules for 5 consecutive nights and reported their bedtime and wake-up time via daily telephone messages. Salivary melatonin was sampled in the laboratory on one evening every 30 minutes in dim light (< 50 lux) to determine DLMO phase. Within group bivariate regressions between sleep pattern measures (bedtime, wake-up time, and midsleep time) and DLMO phase were computed. PARTICIPANTS One group, ages 9 to 17 years (mean age = 12.5, SD = 2.3 years, 74 males, 75 females) contributed 149 DLMO phase and sleep/wake pattern measures while on a school year schedule ("school group"). A separate group, ages 9 to 16 years (mean age = 13.1, SD = 1.3 years, 30 males, 29 females) contributed 59 DLMO phase and sleep/wake pattern measures while on a summer schedule ("summer group"). RESULTS Bedtime, midsleep time, and wake-up time were positively correlated with DLMO phase in both groups. Although all correlation coefficients for the summer group were statistically greater compared to the school group, the regression equations predicted DLMO phase within +/- 1 hour of the measured DLMO phase in approximately 80% for both groups. CONCLUSIONS DLMO phase can be estimated using self-selected sleep/wake patterns during the school year or summer vacation in healthy children and adolescents.
Environmental Economics: An Integrated Approach -- Chapter 3: The Economy and the Environment: The Case of Optimal Controls

This is the second substantive chapter (after the introductory Chapter 1) for a new environmental economics book (Environmental Economics: An Integrated Approach) which will integrate the economic system and the environmental system. The preceding Chapter 2 considered household and firm behavior when they had no incentives to be concerned about residual discharges into the environment. In the present chapter, optimal controls are introduced under the presumption, later to be relaxed, that the regulatory agency has perfect information on tastes and technology. The analysis of the economic and environmental system will remain joined throughout the text.
Partially Fluorinated Graphene: Structural and Electrical Characterization.

Despite the number of existing studies that showcase the promising application of fluorinated graphene in nanoelectronics, the impact of the fluorine bonding nature on the relevant electrical behaviors of graphene devices, especially at low fluorine content, remains to be experimentally explored. Using CF4 as the fluorinating agent, we studied the gradual structural evolution of chemical vapor deposition graphene fluorinated by CF4 plasma at a working pressure of 700 mTorr using Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After 10 s of fluorination, our XPS analysis revealed a co-presence of covalently and ionically bonded fluorine components; the latter has been determined being a dominant contribution to the observation of two Dirac points in the relevant electrical measurement using graphene field effect transistor devices. Additionally, this ionic C–F component (ionic bonding characteristic charge sharing) is found to be present only at low fluorine content; continuous fluorination led to a comp...