cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen receptor β selective nonsteroidal estrogens: seeking clinical indications

Importance of the field: Nonsteroidal estrogens have been known since the 1930s. However, the relatively recent (1996) discovery of estrogen receptor subtype β (ERβ) suggested a possible paradigm shift away from SERM-like selectivity. Selective ERβ agonism would potentially allow expansion of estrogenic targeting into new indications (discussed herein) currently precluded by the thrombogenic and hyperproliferative effects of nonselective estrogens.Areas covered in this review: ERβ agonist design has been very successful. Pharmacophores for ERβ selective nonsteroidal estrogens are generally diphenolic compounds that achieve an inter-phenolic distance and geometry similar to 17β-estradiol with few restraints on the nature of the element linking the phenols (or phenol mimetics). The tremendously chemodiverse ERβ agonist patent literature is reviewed, segregating the agonists into structurally similar compounds based on their interphenolic linking elements.What the reader will gain: A comprehensive understand...
Sexual dimorphism of hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance in Wistar fatty rats.

Obese and lean male and female Wistar fatty rats were fed a high-sucrose (68% of calories) diet from 5 to 22 wk of age. Obese males, but not obese females, developed hyperglycemia in the fed state and were more glucose intolerant during an intragastric glucose tolerance test than obese females. Lean Wistar fatty rats did not become hyperglycemic on the sucrose diet. Obese males also showed a smaller insulin response during the glucose tolerance test than did obese females. The Wistar fatty rat is a sexually dimorphic model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which themale but not the female obese rats become diabetic. The diabetic condition and impaired glucose tolerance in the obese male Wistar fatty rat may be related to impaired pancreatic insulin release and peripheral insulin resistance.Obese and lean male and female Wistar fatty rats were fed a high-sucrose (68% of calories) diet from 5 to 22 wk of age. Obese males, but not obese females, developed hyperglycemia in the fed state and were more glucose intolerant during an intragastric glucose tolerance test than obese females. Lean Wistar fatty rats did not become hyperglycemic on the sucrose diet. Obese males also showed a smaller insulin response during the glucose tolerance test than did obese females. The Wistar fatty rat is a sexually dimorphic model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which the male but not the female obese rats become diabetic. The diabetic condition and impaired glucose tolerance in the obese male Wistar fatty rat may be related to impaired pancreatic insulin release and peripheral insulin resistance.
Requirement for IscS in Biosynthesis of All Thionucleosides in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli tRNA contains four naturally occurring nucleosides modified with sulfur. Cysteine is the intracellular sulfur source for each of these modified bases. We previously found that the iscS gene, a member of the nifS cysteine desulfurase gene family, is required for 4-thiouridine biosynthesis in E. coli. Since IscS does not bind tRNA, its role is the mobilization and distribution of sulfur to enzymes that catalyze the sulfur insertion steps. In addition to iscS, E. coli contains two other nifS homologs, csdA and csdB, each of which has cysteine desulfurase activity and could potentially donate sulfur for thionucleoside biosynthesis. Double csdA csdB and iscS csdA mutants were prepared or obtained, and all mutants were analyzed for thionucleoside content. It was found that unfractionated tRNA isolated from the iscS mutant strain contained 24 h), while the thiouridines remained absent. This may be due to a residual level of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in iscS deletion strains. An overall scheme for thionucleoside biosynthesis in E. coli is discussed.
Primary extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the maxilla with intraorbital extension.

Extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma is often described as a tumour involving the soft tissues of the lower extremities and the paravertebral region. Primary Ewing’s sarcoma of the cranium is extremely rare, with only 17 cases reported so far [24]. Involvement of the paranasal sinus is a very rare entity. Involvement of facial bones is characterized by clinical and radiological features distinct from those commonly observed in other sites. Because of the above peculiarities a delay in diagnosis and thus in starting treatment is very probable in such cases. Primary Ewings sarcoma rarely arises in the facial skeleton and only occasionally in the maxilla. To date, there have been 22 cases of maxillary Ewing’s sarcoma reported in the English-language literature [25]. We report here a new case of Ewing’s sarcoma localized to the maxillary sinus, nose and the orbit, successfully treated by surgery, local high dosage radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy.
Metabolism of amino acids, protein and glucose in fat pads of traumatized rats

Abstract Soft tissue injury to one hindlimb of rats was used to test the response to trauma of metabolism in epididymal fat pads. Degradation of [1−14C] leucine was lower on day 2 after injury, but not on days 1 or 3, whether or not glucose or insulin were provided. Although trauma did not affect the basal rate of release of 14CO2, lactate or pyruvate from fat pads incubated with [U−14C] glucose, the stimulation by insulin of these processes was smaller in fat pads of 2 day traumatized than of normal animals. These results suggest that trauma due to injury may decrease the capacity for utilization of leucine and glucose by adipose tissue. Release of alanine, glutamine and glutamate by gat pads incubated with leucine was also lower on day 2. This decreased efflux could not be accounted for by changes in net protein breakdown or in pyruvate availability and probably reflected their reduced de novo synthesis due to the diminished release of nitrogen from leucine.
RAFT synthesis of ABA triblock copolymers as ionic liquid-containing electroactive membranes

2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (DMAEA) imparts versatile functionality to poly[Sty-b-(nBA-co-DMAEA)-b-Sty] ABA triblock copolymers. A controlled synthetic strategy minimized chain transfer reactions and enabled the preparation of high-molecular-weight ABA triblock copolymers with relatively narrow PDIs between 1.39 and 1.44 using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The presence of tertiary amine functionality and their zwitterionic derivatives in the central blocks of the triblock copolymers afforded tunable polarity toward ionic liquids. Gravimetric measurements determined the swelling capacity of the triblock copolymers for ionic liquids (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIm TfO) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate (EMIm ES). A correlation of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results revealed the impact of ionic liquid incorporation on the thermal tra...
Cross-Cultural Generalizability of Paternalistic Leadership: An Expansion of Leader-Member Exchange Theory

Paternalism is an emerging concept with significant potential for international leadership research. Paternalistic leaders combine benevolence with authority. Paternalism is a prevalent leadership ...
Complications of caval interruption by greenfield filter in quadriplegics

Abstract Patients with acutely injured spinal cords are thought to be at increased risk for thromboembolic disease and often have contraindications to anticoagulation therapy. From 1981 to 1986, 13 patients with quadriplegia at the New England Regional Model Spinal Cord Injury Center had caval interruption with a Greenfield filter. Twelve patients had deep venous thrombosis documented by venogram results and one had pulmonary embolism documented by arteriogram results. "Quad cough" chest physical therapy was required for mobilization of pulmonary secretions in nine patients. Follow-up abdominal x-ray results revealed significant abnormalities referrable to the filter in five patients having undergone "quad cough" therapy. Four patients had distal migration of the filter; three of the four had deformation of the filter. Laparotomy for bowel perforation was required in two of these patients. Quadriplegia requiring vigorous chest physical therapy ("quad cough") for pulmonary toilet may be a contraindication to caval interruption by Greenfield filter. Alternative techniques in the management of patients with quadriplegia and pulmonary compromise must be considered. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:558–62.)
Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy of room-temperature, low-threshold InGaAs/AlInAs quantum cascade lasers

Abstract We have grown 30-stage AlInAs-GaInAs quantum cascade laser structures by low-pressure metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The growth rate for the active region was set very low (0.1 nm/s), and growth stops were employed at all interfaces. The devices were operated pulsed at room temperature, with a threshold current density of 2.8 kA/cm 2 , a lasing wavelength of 7.6 μm, and a peak power of 150 mW. CW operation was achieved up to a temperature of 180 K. These characteristics compare favorably with MBE-grown QC lasers of similar structure.
Antecedents of Organizational Slack

Organizational slack has been widely discussed, but only in its role as an antecedent of performance, political behavior, bankruptcy, and other phenomena. A model that describes the antecedents of organizational slack is presented here. It contains three sets of predictors: environmental contingencies, organizational characteristics, and the values and beliefs of dominant coalition. Hypotheses detailing how each set of predictors leads to the development of different levels and types of slack resources are presented.
Earthquakes in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Region : a possible fractal distribution of rupture size

Although there is debate on the maximum size of earthquake that is possible on any of several known fault systems in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan region, it is reasonable to assume that the distribution of earthquakes will follow a fractal distribution of rupture areas. For this assumption and an overall slip-rate for the region of approximately 1 centimeter per year, roughly one magnitude 7.4 to 7.5 event is expected to occur every 245 to 325 years. A model in which the earthquake distribution is fractal predicts that, additionally, there should be approximately six events in the range of magnitude 6.6 in this same span of time, a higher rate than has occurred in the historic record.
Considerations for the interpretation of findings from single and multiple studies of periodontal conditions.

This paper reviews considerations involved in the interpretation of results of individual periodontal clinical trials and the synthesis of findings of multiple studies. The purpose of each study must be considered, particularly whether it is an epidemiological investigation, prevention trial or therapeutic clinical trial. The definition of clear end-points, whether they be hygiene end-points associated with calculus and plaque or disease end-points that measure extent of gingivitis and periodontitis, is essential. Other statistical considerations include the following: adequate sample size, balanced design, use of covariates, issues of the appropriate sampling unit, and proper statistical analysis. Statistical issues that must be considered include the types of tests of hypotheses, use of multiple comparison procedures when more than two groups are involved, corrections for multiple testing and precise estimation of parameters with corresponding confidence intervals. When comparing across clinical trials, three sources of heterogeneity that must be considered are: treatments, diseases, and target populations. The technique of meta-analysis is described for the statistical interpretation of data arising from several trials. A meta-analysis is conducted for six dental clinical trials that evaluated a triclosan/copolymer formulation for the reduction of plaque, calculus or gingivitis. Results indicate that the first five studies, which were reported simultaneously, showed a common effect, i.e., that the formulation successfully reduced either plaque or calculus. When the sixth study, reported at a different time, was added to the analysis, the collection of studies did not satisfy the homogeneity assumption necessary for estimating a common effect size. This illustrates the importance of testing for homogeneity before pooling possibly dissimilar studies.
Hemodynamics and coronary angiography in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

One hundred eighteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were studied with cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. In 112 a gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract was present in the resting state. Seventeen of the 61 patients who had right heart catheterization had a mild resting gradient across the right ventricular outflow tract, that was considered clinically and hemodynamically insignificant. Ninety-five patients (80 percent) had a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg; 60 percent had mitral regurgitation that was of mild degree in most cases. Almost 20 percent had coexistent coronary atherosclerosis (25 percent incidence rate in subjects aged 40 years or older). Patients with associated severe coronary atherosclerosis had a lower intraventricular gradient at rest than other patients. Coronary atherosclerosis appears to be a coincidental condition. The need for objective evaluation of the coronary circulation is emphasized.
Magnetic properties of a superconductor of the second kind

Magnetization measurements were made on an In + 2.5 at.% Bi specimen between the transition temperature and 1.31 deg K. The parameter n of the Ginzberg-Landau theory was determined from the data in four different and largely independent ways. The agreement and self-consistency of the results appear to verify the Ginzburg-Landau-Albrikosov model of superconductors of the second kind, at least for low values of n. (H.D.R.)
Computer-assisted investigation of structure-activity relationships in serotonin-uptake blockers

Abstract Starting from 15 known serotonin-uptake blockers, a family of seven have been selected for a study of their structural features aimed at identifying a 'minimum requirement' for such activity. It was found that all of these molecules could adopt low-energy conformers, where an aliphatic nitrogen was at a fixed position in space relative to an aromatic moiety (4.9-5.2 A away and roughly in the same plane). The apparent order of activity could be rationalized within this framework. In one case (Indalpine), these studies have led to a suggestion that the mode of action of this molecule differs from that of the other members of the family despite biochemical similarities.
A two-phase hydrothermal cooling model for shallow intrusions

Abstract An approximate model for shallow, magma—groundwater interaction is developed. The model assumes a compressible, two-phase hydrothermal zone separated from hot mobile magma by a zone of cooler magma having a more plastic rheology and vanishing permeability (Fig. 1). With the model it is shown that the compressibility of vapor causes increases in the cooling rates of shallow intrusions with increasing depth of intrusion. Furthermore, hydrothermal infiltration, i.e., motion of the liquid/vapor groundwater zones toward the magma, is shown to occur if the rate at which heat is removed by the hydrothermal zone exceeds the rate of heat transfer by conduction across the impermeable plastic zone. Maximum infiltration rates of several meters per year are predicted by a one-dimensional infiltration model. Other calculations show that the environment exterior to convecting magma, which includes the hydrothermal regime, is typically far more resistive to heat flow than the convecting magma itself. As a result, the environment, not magma convection, determines the cooling rate of typical intrusions as well as the temperature gradients within those intrusions.
Salmonella dublin skin lesions in a veterinary surgeon.

Abstract Discrete papules appeared on the arms of a veterinary surgeon two days after delivering an infected stillborn calf. Most of the lesions became nodular with apical pinhead pustules, and the infective organism was shown to be Salmonella dublin. The need for asepsis in veterinary practice is emphasised, with particular reference to brucellosis as an occupation disorder.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: An Essential Component of Angiogenesis and Fracture Healing

Fractures require adequate stability and blood supply to heal. The vascular supply to long bones is compromised in a fracture, and the ability to heal hinges on the ability of new blood vessels to proliferate from surrounding vessels in a process known as angiogenesis. This process is largely driven by the growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whose levels are increased locally and systemically during fracture healing. VEGF is involved in many steps throughout the fracture healing cascade, from initially being concentrated in fracture hematoma, to the promotion of bone turnover during the final remodeling phase. This article reviews the current literature surrounding the role of VEGF and other growth factors in reestablishing vascular supply to fractured bone, as well as medications and surgical techniques that may inhibit this process.
Comparison between etching in Cl2 and BCl3 for compound semiconductors using a multipolar electron cyclotron resonance source

Controllable dry etching of GaAs and InP using a multipolar electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source and a radio frequency (rf)‐powered electrode was investigated. The etch characteristics were studied as a function of microwave power, rf power, distance from the ECR source, pressure, and temperature. Etch rate is found to increase with microwave power initially, then decrease at higher microwave power due to reduction in ion energy. Surface morphology becomes rougher and etch profile is more undercut at higher microwave power, but can be improved using higher rf power or by Ar addition. As the ECR source distance increases, the concentration of ions and neutral species decrease, but the ion energy increases. Therefore, when etching is limited by the arrival rate of reactive radicals, etch rate decreases with source distance. When the process is limited by the ion‐enhanced reaction or removal rates, etch rate increases with source distance. Etch rate and self‐induced dc bias voltage (‖Vdc‖) typically inc...
An analysis of clinical outcomes using color doppler testicular ultrasound for testicular torsion.

Objectives. To delineate the clinical outcomes of color Doppler ultrasound (US) in the equivocal torsion patient. Methods. From 1992 to 1997, 130 patients ( Results. After clinical and radiologic evaluation, torsion was excluded in 110 patients without surgical exploration. In 3 patients, intermittent testicular torsion was diagnosed and in 17 patients, emergent exploration was performed for US diagnosis of testicular torsion. Twenty-five patients (22.7%) were subsequently lost to follow-up. Follow-up of 85 patients with US negative for torsion (mean length of follow-up = 466.9 days) revealed no testicular atrophy in 83. Two patients underwent delayed orchiectomy/contralateral orchiopexy for missed testicular torsion. Of 17 patients with US positive for torsion, 9 underwent orchiectomy for a necrotic torsed testis, 7 viable torsed testes were found, and 1 torsed appendix testis was found. Therefore, color Doppler US for the equivocal acute scrotum yielded a 1% false-positive rate, sensitivity of 88.9%, and specificity of 98.8%. Conclusion. When faced with ruling out testicular torsion, it is necessary to integrate the multiple pieces of patient data, knowing that each piece of data may have inaccuracies. With this in mind, this analysis of outcomes verifies that color Doppler US is an excellent adjunctive study in the clinically real situation in which the clinical evaluation is equivocal or low suspicion.
Collecting and processing WiMAX ground returns for SAR imaging

Employing signals of opportunity for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is the subject of recent research. This paper presents concepts on the collection and processing of WiMAX OFDM waveforms to produce SAR ground images. A radar collection model is presented followed by the signal processing approach based on previously derived OFDM phase history models. Two multi-symbol match filter designs are described. Experimental SAR images using WiMAX waveforms are shown to validate the overarching signal processing approach.
National work meanings and patterns — constraints on management action

What managers can and cannot do is heavily influenced by the view taken by their people of how central work is to them. The author reports here on the results of a detailed cross-cultural study which suggests that for Germany, Japan, and the USA, managerial actions may well be constrained to different degrees and in different ways by the workers' views of work centrality.
Navigating Complex Labyrinths: Optimal Paths from Chemical Waves

The properties of excitable media are exploited to find minimum-length paths in complex labyrinths. Optimal pathways are experimentally determined by the collection of time-lapse position information on chemical waves propagating through mazes prepared with the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. The corresponding velocity fields provide maps of optimal paths from every point in an image grid to a particular target point. Collisions of waves that were temporarily separated by obstacles mark boundary lines between Significantly different paths with the same absolute distance. The pathfinding algorithm is tested in very complex mazes with a simple reaction-diffusion model.
Nexus: a new operating system for trustworthy computing

Tamper-proof coprocessors for secure computing are poised to become a standard hardware feature on future computers. Such hardware provides the primitives necessary to support trustworthy computing applications, that is, applications that can provide strong guarantees about their run time behavior.
The Magic of Common Sense

Two fundamentally differing views of education account for the bewilderment and question of today. Among other things, a common-sense appraisal will tell us that theory must yield to certain practical demands, that the primary concern of a language teacher should be language, and that panacean claims should be avoided.
Explaining differences in flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze densities in simple and mixed broccoli cropping systems as a function of individual behavior

Diversification of habitat has proved to be an efficient way to reduce insect pest levels in agroecosystems. Some general theories used to explain this fact, such as the natural enemies and the resource concentration hypotheses, do not always clearly apply because, in many cases, pest individuals and population response seem controlled by more specific insect-plant interactions. In non replicated plots, we found substantially lower flea beetle densities in mixed broccoli-Vicia cropping systems compared to broccoli monoculture. These results were consistent with those from controlled experiments reported in the literature. To investigate if beetle behavior was related to such population reduction, the movement behavior of marked individuals of Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze released in plots composed solely of broccoli plants and of broccoli mixed with Vicia faba or Vicia sativa plants, was followed and analyzed. The mean tenure time of beetles was longer in simple than in mixed cultures. Also, more beetles tended to fly out and leave mixed cultures compared to monoculture. This resulted in faster reduction of artificially introduced flea beetle populations in the mixed systems. Flea beetles landing on cover crop plants spent considerable time entangled in Vicia sativa branches or attempting to reach the upper part of the tall Vicia faba plants from which they could fly away. It is possible that the beetles characteristic movement on these two species of cover crops increased their risk of predation and the time and energy expended before they reached suitable host plants. Nevertheless, it seems that the detected flea beetle emigration rates were more than sufficient to account for the population trends observed.
The differential effects of ions on RNA synthesis in nuclei and nucleoli isolated from neonatal and adult mouse brain

Abstract The differential effects of ionic conditions on RNA synthesis by nuclei and nucleoli isolated from neonatal and adult mouse brain was studied. Three approaches were used to discriminate between nucleoplasmic and nucleolar RNA synthesis: (1) response of RNA polymerase activity in isolated nuclei and nucleoli to various ionic conditions; (2) sensitivity of incorporation to α-amanitin, a selective inhibitor of nucleoplasmic polymerase II; and (3) use of isolated nucleoli to specifically examine nucleolar polymerase activity. The results of this investigation demonstrated that brain nuclear and nucleolar RNA synthesis respond quite differently to changes in the ionic environment. More specifically, nuclear RNA synthesis appeared to work equally well in the presence of Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ and underwent a two-fold stimulation in activity in response to high salt conditions. In contrast, nucleolar RNA synthesis clearly required the presence of Mg 2+ for significant incorporation and activity was greatly reduced in the presence of high ionic strength. The sensitivity of nuclear RNA synthesis to α-amanitin, while nucleolar activity remained refractory to the drug, suggested that the quantitative differences in polymerase activity under low and high salt conditions were also a reflection of qualitative changes in polymerase activity. Finally, nuclei and nucleoli isolated from neonatal brain tissue were found to respond in a quantitatively and qualitatively similar fashion to changes in their ionic environment as preparations from adult mice.
Fast diffusion of iron in single crystal rutile and iron doped rutile

Tracer diffusion coefficients of Fe, D/sub Fe/*, in single crystals of rutile and of 0 -2.0% Fe doped rutile were measured. The oxygen pressure dependence of D/sub Fe/* in pure rutile showed complicated behavior. The values of D/sub Fe/* may consist of contributions from Fe/sup 2 +/ ions diffusing by an interstitial mechanism and from Fe/sup 3 +/ ions diffusing by an interstitialcy mechanism in cooperation with tetravalent titanium interstitial ions, Ti/sub i//sup ..../. The value of D/sub Fe/* in Fe doped rutile attains a saturation value when the Fe content reaches about 0.1%; D/sub Fe/* decreases drastically when the Fe content exceeds about 0.35%. Complex impedance measurements of electrical conductivity indicate the existence of ionic conduction for Fe doped rutiles containing less than 0.35% of Fe. The small ionic conductivity relative to the values of D/sub Fe/* suggests that only a small fraction of the iron ions are highly mobile. Above 0.35% Fe, the observed drastic decrease in D/sub Fe/* may result from the formation of a shear structure in highly doped rutile. 16 references, 5 figures.
A case study to investigate sensitivity of reliability estimates to errors in operational profile

We report a case study to investigate the effect of errors in an operational profile on reliability estimates. A previously reported tool named TERSE was used in this study to generate random flow graphs representing programs, model errors in operational profile, and compute reliability estimates. Four models for reliability estimation were considered: the Musa-Okumoto model, the Goel-Okumoto model, coverage enhanced Musa-Okumoto model, and coverage enhanced Goel-Okumoto model. It was found that the error in reliability estimates from these models grows nonlinearly with errors in operational profile. Results from this case study lend credit to the argument that further research is necessary in development of more robust models for reliability estimation. >
Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogel-Particle Films from Evaporating Drops

A simple method to prepare temperature-sensitive fi lms composed of micrometer-sized colloidal hydrogel particles using evaporating drops of colloidal suspensions is demonstrated. The fi lms range in thickness from a monolayer to approximately fi fty particle diameters depending on initial particle volume fraction. Sessile droplets of hydrogel-particle suspensions are evaporated on silicon wafers. The fi lm is formed from particles spread densely over the air‐water interface which then cross-link and are deposited on the surface during the evaporation process. The resultant thin fi lms exhibit a temperature-responsiveness characteristic of the individual particles permitting modulation of size, shape, porosity, and optical transmission.
Massive contingency analysis with high performance computing

Contingency analysis is a key function in the Energy Management System (EMS) to assess the impact of various combinations of power system component failures based on state estimates. Contingency analysis is also extensively used in power market operation for feasibility test of market solutions. Faster analysis of more cases is required to safely and reliably operate today's power grids which have a less margin and more intermittent renewable energy sources. Enabled by the latest development in the computer industry, high performance computing holds the promise of meet the need in the power industry. This paper investigates the potential of high performance computing for massive contingency analysis. The framework of “N-x” contingency analysis is established, and computational load balancing schemes are studied and implemented with high performance computers. Case studies of massive 300,000-contingency-case analysis using the Western Electricity Coordinating Council power grid model are presented to illustrate the application of high performance computing and demonstrate the performance of the framework and computational load balancing schemes.
The performance choice: a study of chip and package densities

A large circuit partition has been packaged using both single-chip modules (SCM) and multichip modules (MCM). It is shown that the use of closely packed chips on an MCM can readily offset the perceived advantages of large chips with high circuit counts when they are coarsely packed using SCMs on a printed circuit board (PCB). it is demonstrated that, since circuit accessibility monotonically increases with chip capacity and MCM is always better than SCM, the best packaged electronics technology would be made up of largest possible chip capacities on an MCM package. The only caution is that the chip size should not get so large that the MCM chip packing density suffers too much. Also, it is important that the MCM and chip site count be large enough to allow all the cycle time setting paths to be placed on one MCM for this analysis to be valid. >
Sodium nitroprusside enhanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation prevents post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction and improves 24-hour survival and neurological function in a porcine model of prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation.

Abstract Aim of study Sodium nitroprusside-enhanced CPR, or SNPeCPR, consists of active compression-decompression CPR with an impedance threshold device, abdominal compression, and intravenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP). We hypothesize that SNPeCPR will improve post resuscitation left ventricular function and neurological function compared to standard (S) CPR after 15 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Methods Pigs (n = 22) anesthetized with isoflurane underwent 15 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation, were then randomized to 6 min of S-CPR (n = 11) or SNPeCPR (n = 11) followed by defibrillation. The primary endpoints were neurologic function as measured by cerebral performance category (CPC) score and left ventricular ejection fraction. Results SNPeCPR increased 24-hour survival rates compared to S-CPR (10/11 versus 5/11, p = 0.03) and improved neurological function (CPC score 2.5 ± 1, versus 3.8 ± 0.4, respectively, p = 0.004). Left ventricular ejection fractions at 1, 4 and 24 hours after defibrillation were 72 ± 11, 57 ± 11.4 and 64 ± 11 with SNPeCPR versus 29 ± 10, 30 ± 17 and 39 ± 6 with S-CPR, respectively (p Conclusions In this pig model, after 15 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation, SNPeCPR significantly improved 24-hour survival rates, neurologic function and prevented post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction compared to S-CPR.
Centrifugal speciation and centres of origin

Aim To discuss the development and usefulness of the theory of centrifugal speciation and its practical application to the centre of origin hypothesis. Location The Indo-West Pacific Ocean. Methods Utilization of patterns demonstrating species diversity, generic age, dispersal tracks, phylogenetics, extinction and genetic diversity. Results The centrifugal speciation hypothesis appears to provide a suitable explanation for the way in which centres of origin theoretically operate. Recent information about the centre of origin in the marine East Indies suggests that it is the source of evolutionary radiation for the Indo-West Pacific. Its mechanism appears to conform to the centrifugal prediction. Main conclusions The East Indies Triangle is the origin of a series of dynamic systems that extend across the entire Indo-West Pacific. These systems are apparently maintained by a continuous outflow from the centre of origin. A series of species replacements from the East Indies over the past 10 million years would create and perpetuate the systems that have been identified.
Density-dependent nutritional value of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides to the copepod Acartia tonsa

The nutritional value of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides to the copepod Acartia tonsa was evaluated over a range of ecologically relevant cell densities. Based on egg production rate, egg hatching success, and naupliar recruitment rate of A. tonsa, mixed-diet experiments indicated C. polykrikoides was nutritionally insufficient or had no nutritional value to A. tonsa at 600 m gCL 21 (330 cells mL21), and was toxic at 1000 m gCL 21 (550 cells mL21) when compared with the nontoxic flagellate Rhodomonas lens. However, the nutritional value of C. polykrikoides to A. tonsa at 100 and 200 m gCL 21 (55 and 110 cells mL21) was greater than or equal to that of R. lens. The density-dependent nutritional value of C. polykrikoides to A. tonsa was also demonstrated in the long-term survival experiments. Survivorship of A. tonsa fed C. polykrikoides was lower than those fed R. lens at 900 and 1800 m gCL 21. In contrast, C. polykrikoides supported higher survivorship of A. tonsa than R. lens at 180 and 540 m gCL 21. The nutritional value of C. polykrikoides to A. tonsa decreased from beneficial to deleterious with increasing cell density. A putatively ‘‘harmful’’ alga is not always deleterious to grazers, and its ecological effects may be distinctly different during bloom and non-bloom periods. One long-standing ecological question in aquatic sciences is why a major fraction of dense phytoplankton blooms in aquatic environments, generally dominated by diatoms or dinoflagellates, is ungrazed and sinks out of the euphotic zone (Litchman and Klausmeier 2008). The low grazing pressure on these blooms has been attributed to the inability of herbivore populations, mainly copepods, to take advantage of the blooms due to the latter’s long development time, ranging from weeks to months (Mauchline 1998), relative to fast algal reproductive rates. An alternative explanation is that predation, especially canni
Associations between working alliance and outcome in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy and brief interpersonal therapy

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT; de Shazer & Berg, 1997) is rapidly becoming an accepted form of counseling. However, critics of SFBT point to little empirical evidence of effectiveness and to its emphasis on pursuing goals at the expense of the therapeutic relationship. Because the therapeutic relationship is considered crucial for brief interpersonal therapy (BIT), this study compared the relationship between working alliance and outcome for 26 SFBT clients and 38 BIT clients. Results indicated that although both therapies produced significant positive changes in psychological distress and client satisfaction, the working alliance was associated with positive changes only for BIT. Also, anticipated differences in working alliance bonds were not present between the SFBT and BIT approaches. Die Verbindung zwischen Arbeitsbeziehung und dem Therapieergebnis in losungs-fokussierter Kurztherapie und kurzer interpersonaler Therapie Losungs-fokussierte Kurztherapie (Solution-Focused Brief Therapy [SFBT; de...
Malignancy in Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) represents a major risk factor for development of malignancy, particularly malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), optic gliomas, other gliomas, and leukemias. The oncologist will see NF1 patients referred for treatment of malignancy, and should be alert to the possibility of undiagnosed NF1 among patients with cancer. Brain tumors tend to have a more indolent course in NF1 than in the general population, and hence are best managed conservatively. MPNST, in contrast, do not respond to standard chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The most effective treatment of MPNST appears to be early diagnosis and surgery, but early diagnosis is hampered by frequent occurrence within preexisting large tumors, making new growth or change difficult to detect. New insights into pathogenesis now offer hope of development of specific methods of treatment with reduced toxicity and more precise molecular targeting. There is an urgent need, however, to develop methods to measure tumor growth and monitor outcomes, develop preclinical drug screening systems, and further explore the pathogenesis of the disorder to determine whether mechanisms other than Ras regulation may be important in pathogenesis.
MK5 activates Rag transcription via Foxo1 in developing B cells.

Foxo1 is a critical, direct regulator of Rag (recombination activating gene) transcription during B cell development and is thus essential for the generation of a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors. Although Foxo1 regulation has been widely studied in many cell types, pathways regulating Foxo1 in B cells have not been fully elucidated. By screening a panel of Foxo1 mutants, we identified serine 215 on Foxo1 as a novel phosphorylation site that is essential for the activation of Rag transcription. Mutation of S215 strongly attenuated transactivation of Rag but did not affect most other Foxo1 target genes. We show that MK5, a MAPK-activated protein kinase, is a previously unidentified upstream regulator of Foxo1. MK5 was necessary and sufficient to activate Rag transcription in transformed and primary pro–B cells. Together, our experiments show that MK5 positively regulates Rag transcription via phosphorylation of Foxo1 in developing B cells.
Evaluating the Effects of Urban Land Use on the Condition of Resident Salt Marsh Fish

Urbanization can impact coastal fisheries by reducing the quality of important habitats, including salt marshes. Similarly, increased urban land use surrounding tidal creeks can impact the health of fish by changing salinities, altering habitat structure, and increasing exposure to pollution. In this study, we investigated the effects of residential urban land use on the condition of salt marsh resident fish along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish were sampled seasonally using minnow traps along salt marshes near the mouth of six second-order tidal creeks (three surrounded by residential development and three surrounded primarily by forest) in Alabama and west Florida. Fundulus grandis and Poecilia latipinna were the dominant species representing 65 % (n = 3588) and 15 % (n = 777) of the total number of fish caught, respectively. All F. grandis and P. latipinna were evaluated for mass, length, and length-weight relationship. A subset (745 and 367, respectively) was further analyzed for conditional measures of caloric density and liver somatic index (LSI). The mass per length relationships did not differ between urban and reference creeks for either F. grandis or P. latipinna; however, reference creeks yielded F. grandis and P. latipinna that were significantly larger. Further, F. grandis and P. latipinna had significantly lower LSI and caloric density in urban creeks compared to reference. Both species showed seasonal patterns of conditional measures that were likely related to reproduction and annual fattening cycles. Differences in fish condition between urban and reference creeks may reflect differences in food availability/quality, creek salinity regimes, and salt marsh structure.
Light-induced changes of amorphous silicon solar cells by long-term light exposure

Changes in the performance of a-Si solar cells by long-term light exposure to sunlight have been measured and compared with various results obtained using indoor acceleration tests. Using these results and a simple model, it is expected that the ultimate fill factor of the cell after long-term light exposure will not be less than a value which is 9% smaller than that after outdoor degradation for the first half year. It was also found that the electronic properties of a-Si films graded by long-term light exposure do not recover completely. These results are discussed in terms of models of the distribution of annealing activation energies. >
N-polar n+ GaN cap development for low ohmic contact resistance to inverted HEMTs

This study investigates the development and application of Si-doped N-polar n+ GaN capping layers used for the reduction of ohmic contact and access resistances in inverted HEMTs. By applying an optimized n+ GaN capping layer to a standard undoped inverted HEMT, we find that non-alloyed Ti/Al/Ni/Au contacts demonstrate a very low ohmic contact resistance of 80 Ω-µm. To eliminate the n+ GaN shunting pathway in HEMT devices, we have used e-beam lithography and dry etching to define windows that establish an effective source-drain spacing. 0.3 µm gate-length inverted HEMTs with n+ GaN caps and 1 µm effective source-drain spacing were found to have a high maximum current density of 1.94 A/mm and an extrinsic transconductance of 335 mS/mm. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gerard Manley Hopkins' sprung rhythm: corpus study and stochastic grammar

Sprung rhythm is a complex poetic metre invented and used by Gerard Manley Hopkins. We re-examine and amplify a seminal analysis of this metre by Kiparsky (1989). We coded the sprung rhythm corpus for stress, weight and phrasing, then used a computer program to locate every scansion compatible with Kiparsky's analysis. The analysis appears to be nearly exceptionless. However, it is incomplete in that it permits dozens or even hundreds of scansions for certain lines. We propose a Parsability Principle for metrics mandating that ambiguity of scansion be minimised, and suggest that under this proposal, the Kiparskyan system is not a possible metre. Our own revised analysis adds ten new constraints and is cast in the form of a stochastic maxent grammar. It produces an acceptably low level of ambiguity in metrical parsing, and is supported by a good match to the diacritics Hopkins employed to mark his intended scansion.
Optimal estimators of the position of a mass extinction when recovery potential is uniform

Numerous methods have been developed to estimate the position of a mass extinction boundary while accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Here we describe the point estimator and confidence interval for the extinction that are optimal under the assumption of uniform preservation and recovery potential, and independence among taxa. First, one should pool the data from all taxa into one combined “supersample.” Next, one can then apply methods proposed by Strauss and Sadler (1989) for a single taxon. This gives the optimal point estimator in the sense that it has the smallest variance among all possible unbiased estimators. The corresponding confidence interval is optimal in the sense that it has the shortest average width among all possible intervals that are invariant to measurement scale. These optimality properties hold even among methods that have not yet been discovered. Using simulations, we show that the optimal estimators substantially improve upon the performance of other existing methods. Because the assumptions of uniform recovery and independence among taxa are strong ones, it is important to assess to what extent they are satisfied by the data. We demonstrate the use of probability plots for this purpose. Finally, we use simulations to explore the sensitivity of the optimal point estimator and confidence interval to nonuniformity and lack of independence, and we compare their performance under these conditions with existing methods. We find that nonuniformity strongly biases the point estimators for all methods studied, inflates their standard errors, and degrades the coverage probabilities of confidence intervals. Lack of independence has less effect on the accuracy of point estimates as long as recovery potential is uniform, but it, too, inflates the standard errors and degrades confidence interval coverage probabilities.
Public health communication for disaster planning and response

Public health communication is an important tool for public policy stakeholders who are engaged in emergency planning and management to influence individual and community preparedness. Historically, the US public has not embraced this essential disaster behaviour. This may be attributed to government communication of preparedness as a continuing behaviour versus a discreet behaviour. Discreet behaviour is well described, specific and doable. The 'teachable moment' is a communication strategy that uses a current or timely health issue as an opportunity to educate the public about important health behaviours that can have a continuing impact on their lives. Receiving a flu shot educates the public about adherence to disaster medical interventions that protect and sustain health. The capacity to change behaviour is a recognised role for public policy professionals and enhances their involvement in policy development and communication for emergency planning and management.
Real-Time Projector Tracking on Complex Geometry Using Ordinary Imagery

Using cameras to geometrically calibrate projector-based displays has been widely reported in the literature over the last decade. Most systems project structured-light patterns during a setup phase before starting the application in order to evaluate the geometric mapping from projector pixels to locations on the display surface. If this mapping changes e.g. the projector is moved, the application must be stopped and calibration re-initiated. Our pose estimation technique is based on detecting a set of image correspondences between the moving projector and a static camera using only the imagery displayed by the projector. We use an up-front calibration process to establish the geometry of the display surface, the pose of the camera, and the initial pose of the projector.