cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Euclidean-like Characterizations of Dedekind, Krull, and Factorial Domains

Abstract Though Euclidean domains are principal ideal domains, the converse is known to be false. We develop a notion like that of the Euclidean ring for which the converse is true. We similarly give new characterizations of Dedekind, Krull, and unique factorization domains. We also introduce the idea of inductive ideal classes and prove results analogous to those obtained by Lenstra for Euclidean ideal classes.
Single aromatic residue location alters nucleic acid binding and chaperone function of FIV nucleocapsid protein

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus that infects domestic cats, and is an excellent animal model for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. The nucleocapsid (NC) protein is critical for replication in both retroviruses. FIV NC has several structural features that differ from HIV-1 NC. While both NC proteins have a single conserved aromatic residue in each of the two zinc fingers, the aromatic residue on the second finger of FIV NC is located on the opposite C-terminal side relative to its location in HIV-1 NC. In addition, whereas HIV-1 NC has a highly charged cationic N-terminal tail and a relatively short C-terminal extension, the opposite is true for FIV NC. To probe the impact of these differences on the nucleic acid (NA) binding and chaperone properties of FIV NC, we carried out ensemble and single-molecule assays with wild-type (WT) and mutant proteins. The ensemble studies show that FIV NC binding to DNA is strongly electrostatic, with a higher effective charge than that observed for HIV-1 NC. The C-terminal basic domain contributes significantly to the NA binding capability of FIV NC. In addition, the non-electrostatic component of DNA binding is much weaker for FIV NC than for HIV-1 NC. Mutation of both aromatic residues in the zinc fingers to Ala (F12A/W44A) further increases the effective charge of FIV NC and reduces its non-electrostatic binding affinity. Interestingly, switching the location of the C-terminal aromatic residue to mimic the HIV-1 NC sequence (N31W/W44A) reduces the effective charge of FIV NC and increases its non-electrostatic binding affinity to values similar to HIV-1 NC. Consistent with the results of these ensemble studies, single-molecule DNA stretching studies show that while WT FIV NC has reduced stacking capability relative to HIV-1 NC, the aromatic switch mutant recovers the ability to intercalate between the DNA bases. Our results demonstrate that altering the position of a single aromatic residue switches the binding mode of FIV NC from primarily electrostatic binding to more non-electrostatic binding, conferring upon it NA interaction properties comparable to that of HIV-1 NC.
U.S. Academic Library Consortia: A Review.

Most academic libraries are members of at least one consortium, and many belong to multiple consortia. However, consortia vary widely in the services they offer and in how they are structured. This project, carried out in the fall of 2009, focused on a review of fifteen academic library consortia that: Included two-year colleges, either exclusively or as part of a joint consortial arrangement with four-year colleges and universities; and Purchased or licensed databases and/or electronic resources as part of their consortial services. Interview topics included membership, governance, fiscal agency, electronic resources, positive qualities, and goals and future challenges.
Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder.

Drug addiction can be defined by a three-stage cycle—binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation—that involves allostatic changes in the brain reward and stress systems. Two primary sources of reinforcement, positive and negative reinforcement, have been hypothesized to play a role in this allostatic process. The negative emotional state that drives negative reinforcement is hypothesized to derive from dysregulation of key neurochemical elements involved in the brain reward and stress systems. Specific neurochemical elements in these structures include not only decreases in reward system function (within-system opponent processes) but also recruitment of the brain stress systems mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin-κ opioid systems in the ventral striatum, extended amygdala, and frontal cortex (both between-system opponent processes). CRF antagonists block anxiety-like responses associated with withdrawal, block increases in reward thresholds produced by withdrawal from drugs of abuse, and block compulsive-like drug taking during extended access. Excessive drug taking also engages the activation of CRF in the medial prefrontal cortex, paralleled by deficits in executive function that may facilitate the transition to compulsive-like responding. Neuropeptide Y, a powerful anti-stress neurotransmitter, has a profile of action on compulsive-like responding for ethanol similar to a CRF1 antagonist. Blockade of the κ opioid system can also block dysphoric-like effects associated with withdrawal from drugs of abuse and block the development of compulsive-like responding during extended access to drugs of abuse, suggesting another powerful brain stress system that contributes to compulsive drug seeking. The loss of reward function and recruitment of brain systems provide a powerful neurochemical basis that drives the compulsivity of addiction.
Unilateral Auto-PEEP in the Recipient of a Single Lung Transplant

We report a patient who received a right single lung transplant (SLT) for progressive lymphangioleiomyomatosis and required reintubation for postoperative respiratory distress. She developed hemodynamic instability due to mediastinal shift from unilateral auto-PEEP with hyperinflation of the native lung. Placement of a double lumen endotracheal tube (DLET) and institution of differential lung ventilation restored equal lung inflation and hemodynamic stability.
Bayesian Analysis of Adaptive One-Factor-at-a-Time Experimentation

This paper considers the problem of achieving improvements through adaptive experimentation. To limit the focus we consider only design spaces with discrete two-level factors. We prove that, in a Bayesian framework, one factor at a time experimentation is an optimally efficient response to step by step accrual of sample information. We derive Bayesian predictive distributions for experimentation outcomes given natural conjugate priors. Using an example based on fatigue life of weld repaired castings, we show how to use our results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Antiviral activity of adenine arabinoside and iododeoxyuridine in human fetal intestinal and tracheal organ cultures.

In vitro antiviral activities of two potentially clinically useful antiviral compounds, adenine arabinoside and iododeoxyuridine, were examined in human fetal intestinal and tracheal organ cultures infected with Herpesvirus hominis (types 1 and 2) or vaccinia virus. The two compounds were similarly active against the viruses in organ culture, and minimal inhibitory concentrations could be determined by titration of organ culture fluid harvests into tissue culture or directly in the organ cultures themselves. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were consistently lower in tracheal than in intestinal organ cultures and were consistently higher for H. hominis type 2 than for H. hominis type 1. Thus the organ cultures are promising systems in which to evaluate antiviral activity against those agents that replicate in vitro only in organ culture, and they may have particular application to the study of herpetic tracheitis and esophagitis. Organ cultures appear to provide a more sensitive medium for the cultivation of fastidious viral agents than do conventional tissue culture systems. Certain human gastrointestinal pathogenic
Teach 3.11: Participatory Educational Project Puts the Kanto-Tōhoku Disaster into Historical Context

My first visit to the countryside of Fukushima Prefecture took place in the early autumn of 2008. The occasion was a notable “return” to a historic center of premodern Japanese silkworm egg product...
119mSn Mo¨ssbauer spectra of tin-containing minerals

Abstract 119mSn Mo¨ssbauer spectra of eleven tin-containing minerals: Arandisite (Southwest Africa), Canfieldite (Bolivia), Cassiterite (Bolivia), Cylindrite (Bolivia), Franckeite (Bolivia), Herzenbergite (Bolivia), Hulsite (Alaska), Nigerite (Nigeria), Nordenskioldine (Finland), Stannite (England), and Teallite (Bolivia) were examined at ambient and at liquid nitrogen temperatures. In addition to the actual identity of the minerals, the types of tin atoms, their valence states and departures from cubic symmetry are inferred from the isomer shift and quadrupole splitting parameters. Previous suggestions of chemical composition are discussed in terms of the new data.
Evaluation of a Virtual Reality and Haptic Simulation of a Block Design Test

The objective of this research was to develop a computer-based system for psychomotor skill assessment and training. The focus was on virtual reality (VR) simulation of an established pattern assembly task incorporating a haptic interface. A prototype VR and haptic-based system was developed to replicate established testing protocols, facilitate automated test scoring, and produce quantitative test output. The prototype was also compared to a native version of the test. Participants completed multiple training trials of the VR or native tests. Training effects were measured by comparing performance on objective baseline and post-tests administered before and after training, respectively. Results revealed training in either the VR or the native versions of the task to produce significant (p<;0.0001) performance increases from baseline, but neither version resulted in significant improvements over the other. The VR-haptic simulation was found to represent a viable psychomotor test and training method.
A local kallikrein-kinin system is present in rat hearts

It has been reported that kinins mediate part of the beneficial cardiac effects induced by treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in situations such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, and cardiac hypertrophy. However, it is not known whether the heart contains an independent kallikrein-kinin system. We measured kallikrein in tissue and in the incubation medium of heart slices. Heart slices released active and total (trypsin-activatable) kallikrein into the medium (46 +/- 5 and 380 +/- 18 pg bradykinin/mg, respectively, after 1 hour and 78 +/- 6 and 654 +/- 14 pg bradykinin/mg after 2 hours, n = 7). Release was not due to tissue damage because lactate dehydrogenase, a cytosolic marker, decreased from 8.9 +/- 2.9 to 2.9 +/- 1.0 U/mg per hour. Although kallikrein was released, total tissue kallikrein in the slices did not change (423 +/- 25 pg bradykinin/mg in nonincubated slices and 370 +/- 42 pg bradykinin/mg after 2 hours, P = NS), suggesting pool replenishment. Cardiac kallikrein activity was inhibited by incubation with anti-glandular kallikrein antibodies. Pretreatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin (10 mg IP) lowered release of active kallikrein from 78 +/- 6 to 22 +/- 4 pg bradykinin/mg and total kallikrein from 654 +/- 14 to 113 +/- 9 pg bradykinin/mg (P < .001). By using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with kallikrein family oligonucleotide primers and a specific kallikrein probe, we found that mRNA for tissue kallikrein is present in both atrial and ventricular RNA. Kallikrein activity was also detected in primary cultures of neonatal rat atrial and ventricular cardiocytes and their incubation medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Training mentally ill chemical abusers in social problem solving

The efficacy of a problem-solving skills training group was evaluated with a sample of mentally ill chemical abusers. Twenty-nine day treatment patients were recruited into the study, and then randomly assigned to either a problem-solving group (i.e., treatment) or to the standard day treatment program (i.e., control). The treatment group received 12 sessions of structured problem-solving training in addition to the standard treatment. Problem-solving skills and perceiced stress were assessed pre- and post-treatment, and at a one-month follow-up. Results indicated that treated patients' problem-solving skills were not enhanced, nor were stress levels substantially reduced at either post-treatment or follow-up. The implications of these findings, especially with respect to research with the mentally ill chemical abuser population, are discussed.
The tumor suppressor effect of the glucocorticoid receptor in skin is mediated via its effect on follicular epithelial stem cells

Glucocorticoids are potent inhibitors of mouse skin tumorigenesis. The glucocorticoid control of cellular functions is mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a well-known transcription factor. Recently, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing GR under control of the keratin5 (K5) promoter, and showed that K5.GR animals are resistant to skin carcinogenesis. Follicular epithelial stem cells (SCs), located in the bulge region of the hair follicle, are believed to be one of the target cells for skin carcinogenesis. We found that the number of putative hair follicle SC detected as label-retaining cells was significantly less in the K5.GR transgenics compared to wild type (w.t.) littermates. We also showed that GR overexpression led to a reduction in the clonogenicity of the follicular epithelial SCs. We evaluated the global effect of GR on gene expression in a population of follicular SC-enriched bulge keratinocytes isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. We found that GR affected the expression of numerous bulge SC 'signature' genes, genes involved in the maintenance of SC and progenitor cells of non-epidermal origin and proapoptotic genes. Our findings underscore the important role of GR signaling in the homeostasis of follicular epithelial SCs, and suggest that the reduction in their number may underlie the tumor suppressor effect of GR in the skin.
Natural root caries: a histologic and microradiographic evaluation

The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the detailed histopathology of naturally occurring root caries. Fifty extracted human teeth exhibiting some degree of root caries were sectioned longitudinally and examined with transmitted light, polarized light and microradiography. The occurrence of the histological zones of dentinal caries was tabulated and revealed a lesion body in all cases. Light microscopy showed the same basic features as microradiography and was most useful when the sections were imbibed in quinoline. A structureless area below the main body of the lesion was observed in 77% of the cases when using quinoline. This fluid more clearly defined the extent of the lesion and may show a "phenolic reaction" when using polarized light microscopy. Partial radiopaque surface layers were observed in almost 80% of the sections. This study has described the detailed histopathology of root caries, and aids in the development of model systems to evaluate this emerging dental health problem.
Large Scale Computations

The central ingredients of general codes for large scale nonlinear material computation are reviewed as a focus and complement to other presentations on the theory and implementation of constitutive models. Spatial discretization by the simplest finite elements is discussed relative to integral differences and higher order finite element alternatives. Explicit and implicit transient integration strategies are evaluated. Contact sliding algorithms, rezoning, and vectorization are included as important aspects of large scale computing. A few examples are included.
The effect of a linseed oil diet on hibernation in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris)

The essential fatty acids (EFAs), alpha-linolenic acid (18:3,n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2,n-6) are known to be important for mammalian hibernation. In marmots (Marmota flaviventris), reducing both dietary EFAs alters hibernation patterns by causing an increase in energy expenditure, but hibernation still occurs. In this study, marmots fed a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid, with normal linoleic acid levels, had significantly (p < 0.05) more alpha-18:3 in their WAT and plasma unesterified fatty acids after 4 months than did marmots fed a control diet. During the winter, the control marmots hibernated normally while the marmots fed the alpha-18:3 diet did not hibernate, continued to eat, and lost less mass than the control group during the winter. These results suggest that alpha-18:3 may play a role in regulating normal hibernation behavior in marmots.
A Case Report of Unusual Dental Calculus Formation

A case is presented in which an unusual amount of intraoral calculus was seen in a 59-year-old woman. The deposits completely covered all surfaces of most teeth and extended over the facial and lingual gingivae. The relationship between certain chemical salivary parameters and heavy calculus formers is briefly described.
Learning Classroom Management through Web-Based Case Instruction: Implications for Early Childhood Teacher Education

In this article, we report a research project on web-based case instruction that was developed and implemented to allow prospective early childhood teachers to be exposed to various dilemmas faced by practicing teachers. The goal of this project was to design an instructional tool and method that could help prospective teachers expand their notion of classroom management beyond a set of techniques. We collected 23 prospective teachers’ pre and postessays before and after the 3-week implementation of the web-based case instruction, along with surveys and a focus group interview data. The initial data analysis results indicated that this instructional method was effective for (a) promoting prospective teachers’ awareness of multiple perspectives, (b) encouraging them to explore diverse ways of problem solving, and (c) articulating their justification based on a sense of moral responsibility and affective engagement. We conclude with implications for future research and early childhood teacher education.
Regulation of cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells in response to ambient air pollution particles: Further mechanistic studies

Abstract In order to better understand how ambient air particulate matter (PM) affect lung health, the two main airway cell types likely to interact with inhaled particles, alveolar macrophages (AM) and airway epithelial cells have been exposed to particles in vitro and followed for endpoints of inflammation, and oxidant stress. Separation of Chapel Hill PM 10 into fine and coarse size particles revealed that the main proinflammatory response (TNF, IL-6, COX-2) in AM was driven by material present in the coarse PM, containing 90–95% of the stimulatory material in PM10. The particles did not affect expression of hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), a sensitive marker of oxidant stress. Primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) also responded to the coarse fraction with higher levels of IL-8 and COX-2, than induced by fine or ultrafine PM. All size PM induced oxidant stress in NHBE, while fine PM induced the highest levels of HO-1 expression. The production of cytokines in AM by both coarse and fine particles was blocked by the toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist E5531 involved in the recognition of LPS and Gram negative bacteria. The NHBE were found to recognize coarse and fine PM through TLR2, a receptor with preference for recognition of Gram positive bacteria. Compared to ambient PM, diesel PM induced only a minimal cytokine response in both AM and NHBE. Instead, diesel suppressed LPS-induced TNF and IL-8 release in AM. Both coarse and fine ambient air PM were also found to inhibit LPS-induced TNF release while silica, volcanic ash or carbon black had no inhibitory effect. Diesel particles did not affect cytokine mRNA induction nor protein accumulation but interfered with the release of cytokine from the cells. Ambient coarse and fine PM, on the other hand, inhibited both mRNA induction and protein production. Exposure to coarse and fine PM decreased the expression of TLR4 in the macrophages. Particle-induced decrease in TLR4 and hyporesponsiveness to LPS may be related to LPS tolerance induced by low levels of LPS.
Hotel guests' preferences for green guest room attributes.

A study of 571 business and leisure travelers examined the environmentally friendly attributes that guests seek in hotel rooms. Using conjoint analysis of bundles of seven hotel room attributes, the study found that the most influential single attribute on hotel room preference for this sample was green hotel certification (such as LEED). These respondents were also supportive of rooms with a refillable shampoo dispenser, energy-efficient light bulbs, and towel and linen reuse policies. Guests also appreciated the idea of a key card that would control all energy use in the room. Relatively few respondents agreed that they would pay more to stay in a “green” room. The study included only respondents who indicated a willingness to stay in green rooms and as such cannot be generalized. However, the study found few differences between the preferences of the 284 business travelers and the 287 leisure travelers. Three findings differed from other research outcomes in the weight ascribed to green certification, ...
The effects of classroom instruction and discussion on death penalty opinions: A teaching note

This teaching note examines the influence on death penalty opinions of participation in a college class on the death penalty. The month-long, forty-hour class included regular instruction and discussion, as well as five guest speakers with differing experiences and opinions about capital punishment. At the beginning of the class, eighty-two percent of the fifty students favored the death penalty for some people convicted of first-degree murder and eighteen percent were opposed. By the end of the class, fifty-six percent of the students were in favor, forty-two percent were opposed, and two percent were undecided. At the completion of the class, blacks were the only group to oppose the death penalty (67 percent). Comments by students and suggestions for modifying the classroom experience are provided.
Determination of residual stress and thermal history for IM7/977-2 composite laminates

As graphite/epoxy composites become more popular in advanced structural design, there is a need to better understand their mechanical behavior in extreme temperature environments. Composites offer many advantages over traditionally used materials; however, they tend to be susceptible to residual stress-induced failure. Residual strains, residual stresses, and thermal history of a composite panel are determined over a broad temperature range by using a combination of strain gages and an optical technique called the Cure Reference Method (CRM). CRM is an accurate, full field, method used to determine the strain on the surface of a composite via Moire Interferometry. CRM also enables the accurate determination of the chemical shrinkage of the epoxy matrix during cure. Classical Laminate Theory (CLT) is widely used to predict stress and strain in composite panels, yet it does not account for the chemical shrinkage of the epoxy. The paper describes a method to characterize multidirectional laminate behavior based on a few tests carried out on a unidirectional laminate. The purpose is to eliminate testing of each desired lay-up, by modifying CLT to predict the behavior of a multidirectional laminate based solely on the behavior of a unidirectional sample of the same material system. Testing various lay-ups and comparing analytical to experimental results is used to validate the model.
Bone Breakage as Affected by Type Housing or an Exercise Machine for Layers

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of exercise, housing practices and calcium source on the bone strength of laying hens. Dolomitic limestone was found to be inferior to calcium carbonate as a calcium source as indicated by weaker tibia strength when fed in equal or ⅓ higher amounts. Possibly the poorer availability of calcium was the cause of weaker tibias. Floor birds were found to have higher tibia breaking strengths and less broken bones compared to caged birds. Greatest differences were noticed in the number of broken wings, suggesting lack of exercise in cages as being a factor in bone weakness. Further studies involving daily exercise of caged birds in a treadmill resulted in higher humerus strength supported this conclusion. Floor birds had significantly higher (P A device for exercising experimental birds is described.
Fibronectin Type III Repeats Mediate RGD-independent Adhesion and Signaling through Activated β1 Integrins

Many cell-surface and extracellular matrix proteins contain multiple modular domains known as fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats. Cells adhere to the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and tenascin in part by the interaction of certain integrins with the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, displayed on specific FNIII repeats. We have found that, after experimental activation of β1 integrins, a number of cell types adhere and spread on FNIII repeats lacking RGD, derived from extracellular matrix proteins and cytokine receptors. Interaction between individual FNIII domains and β1 integrins mediates focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and subsequent stress fiber and focal contact formation. These data suggest that many FNIII-containing proteins may bind and signal through activated β1 integrins, dramatically expanding the potential for integrin-dependent intercellular and cell-matrix communication.
Pilot plant isolation of transaldolase from Candida utilis

Through the use of pilot plant equipment, transaldolase types I, II, and III (from Candida utilis) have been separated and purified. The procedure includes a time sensitive solvent fractionation below 0°C, ion exchange chromatography, and crystalization. The enzyme yield represents a 41% recovery of crystalline type III and partially purified types I and II.
Predicting violence: nursing diagnosis versus psychiatric diagnosis

Predicting violent behavior is a major concern for nurses as well as other mental health professionals. Two diagnostic assessment systems (Nursing Diagnosis-NANDA and Psychiatric Diagnosis-DSM III-R) were compared in their ability to predict assaultive behavior. The nursing diagnosis potential for violence suggested a difference (p = .07) between the assaultive and control subjects. No differences were found between assaultive and control subjects on psychiatric diagnoses. Nursing diagnosis is based upon measurable behaviors and is time specific. Clinical implications and further research endeavors in this area are suggested.
A Grid Based Approach to Share Public Health Surveillance Applications - The R Example

There are several barriers prohibiting the sharing of public health applications, primarily driven by complexity and cost. This poster describes an approach which leverages grid technology for the epidemiological analyses of public health data. Through a virtual environment, users, particularly those unfamiliar with the application [R], can easily perform on-demand statistical analyses. As a proof of concept, an example of mortality-based analysis taken from the literature was reproduced using the grid version of R. Developing prototypes can provide insight on how a public health grid infrastructure could be developed as a dynamically evolving ecosystem of grid enabled applications.
Response of Ulmus americana seedlings to varying nitrogen and water status. 1 Photosynthesis and growth

Well-watered American elm (Ulmus americana L.) seedlings responded to increased nitrate availability with increased leaf nitrogen (N) concentration and photosynthetic rate, larger and more numerous leaves, greater total growth and greater proportional allocation of carbon to shoot than root. Plasticity of growth and carbon allocation were greater than plasticity of N concentration and photosynthetic capacity. For a given N availability, allocation of N per unit leaf area was positively correlated with dry mass per unit leaf area (specific leaf mass), but these relationships differed with N availability. Rates of net photosynthesis and leaf conductance declined logarithmically with decreasing predawn water status. Increased water stress resulted in a greater relative decline in net photosynthesis and leaf conductance for high-N than low-N plants.
Relationship Between Early Diastolic Intraventricular Pressure Gradients, an Index of Elastic Recoil, and Improvements in Systolic and Diastolic Function

Background Early diastolic intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) have been proposed to relate to left ventricular (LV) elastic recoil and early ventricular “suction.” Animal studies have demo...
Probability routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks' resources management

This paper introduces a resource management application of a probabilistic-based ant routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks (ARAMA) that is inspired from the ant's life . Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are highly dynamic, self-configured and self-built networks. The goal of this paper is to present ARAMA ability to manage MANET's resources by achieving fair network resources distribution, while considering the dynamic characteristics of MANETs and the need for low control overheads. This paper provides a description for the algorithm. In this algorithm, the nodes' (node's energy, processing power, ...) and links' (bandwidth, ...) parameters are measured and collected in the nodes' indices. A path index is used to measure the path total resources and serves to minimize the forward control packet (ant) size. The concepts of negative backward ant destination trail are introduced to enhance the performance of the algorithm. The simulation results show the potential of ARAMA to achieve fair energy usage across the network nodes as an example of the network resource management. More, the results show the general ability of the algorithm to solve MANET's routing problem.
Tardive Dyskinesia—Diagnostic Issues, Subsyndromes, and Concurrent Movement Disorders: A Study of State Hospital Inpatients Referred to a Movement Disorder Consultation Service

Of 49 state hospital patients referred for movement disorder consultation for tardive dyskinesia (TD), 11 (23.9%) of 46 meeting inclusion criteria had movement disorders other than TD. These other disorders led to a false diagnosis of TD in 6 subjects (12.2%). Between-day dyskinesia variability affected TD ascertainment in only 3.2 percent of subjects. Prevalences of other neurological conditions in the 30 patients identified with definite TD were parkinsonism (90%), dystonia (25%), akathisia (16%), cerebellar signs (40%), dysmetria (23%), cerebellar tremor (17%), tardive dystonia (3.3%), and tardive akathisia (3.3%). Concurrence rates of parkinsonism with TD varied significantly according to which clinical signs were used to define parkinsonism. Using a rating score threshold of at least mild, rigidity occurred in 79.3 percent, bradykinesia in 55.2 percent, and resting tremor in 41.4 percent of subjects with TD; more significant rigidity occurred in 41.4 percent, bradykinesia in 31.0 percent, and resting tremor in 20.7 percent. Concurrence rates of neurological conditions with TD subsyndromes were distributed rather evenly according to condition prevalences, except for an association of cervicotruncal TD with bradykinesia (perhaps because of ventromedial striatal presynaptic and postsynaptic D2 blockade, respectively). These findings, as well as the occurrence of equal gender ratio and relative under-representation of bipolar and alcohol disorders in subjects with definite TD, are discussed.
Limits to optimization: fluid dynamics, adhesive strength and the evolution of shape in limpet shells

Limpets are commonly found on wave-swept rocky shores, where they may be subjected to water velocities in excess of 20 m s(−1). These extreme flows can impose large forces (lift and drag), challenging the animal9s ability to adhere to the substratum. It is commonly thought that the conical shape of limpet shells has evolved in part to reduce these hydrodynamic forces while providing a large aperture for adhesion. This study documents how lift and drag actually vary with the shape of limpet-like models and uses these data to explore the potential of hydrodynamic forces to serve as a selective factor in the evolution of limpet shell morphology. At a low ratio of shell height to shell radius, lift is the dominant force, while at high ratios of height to radius drag is dominant. The risk of dislodgment is minimized when the ratio of height to radius is 1.06 and the apex is in the center of the shell. Real limpets are seldom optimally shaped, however, with a typical height-to-radius ratio of 0.68 and an apex well anterior of the shell9s center. The disparity between the actual and the hydrodynamically optimal shape of shells may be due to the high tenacity of limpets9 adhesive system. Most limpets adhere to the substratum so strongly that they are unlikely to be dislodged by lift or drag regardless of the shape of their shell. The evolution of a tenacious adhesion system (perhaps in response to predation) has thus preempted selection for a hydrodynamically optimal shell, allowing the shell to respond to alternative selective factors.
Changes in ethylene responsiveness of senescence‐related genes during carnation flower development

Changes in ethylene responsiveness of senescence-related (SR) genes in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. White Sim) petals were investigated during flower development. Dose-response and time-response analysis of SR gene expression indicate that SR genes can be divided into two groups according to their response to ethylene. The ethylene biosynthetic genes, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase represent one group. They show a marked delay of 6 and 9 h in mRNA accumulation in response to ethylene and their apparent dissociation constants of the response (K r ) at open flower stage of development are 17.20 and 1.76 μl l - 1 , respectively. The second group of ethylene responsive genes contains SR5, SR8, SR12, and DCCP. These genes show an almost immediate accumulation of their respective mRNAs in response to ethylene and have K r s at open flower stage of development of 0.08, 0.46, 0.25, and 0.05 μl l - 1 , respectively. All SR genes, including the ethylene biosynthetic genes, show increases in responsiveness to ethylene as measured by the accumulation of their respective transcripts during flower development. A model of ethylene signal transduction in carnation petals and flower senescence is presented taking into account these observations.
Development of a Spatial Harvest Scheduling System to Promote the Conservation between Indigenous and Exotic Forests

SUMMARY A combinatorial harvest scheduling model was developed to improve the biodiversity conservation from plantation forests by integrating the connectivity of remnant native forest patches to allow for better movement of wildlife species while considering economic efficiency due to changes in the harvest schedule. The biodiversity goals included in the model are: (1) to create a shifting mosaic of closed-canopy stands that connect the remnant native forest patches, (2) to maximize the amount of interior forest habitat created in the shifting mosaic in each period, and (3) to limit the maximum clear fell area that can be created for any 3-year period. The economic goals are to maximize net present value from timber products while meeting a delivery schedule for the forest products. The model was demonstrated using 8 arbitrary scenarios on a 1905 ha forested area using a simulated data set. The minimum shifting mosaic areas used in these scenarios were: 650, 850, 1050 and 1250ha. The goal for maximizing...
Fracture of human femoral bone.

Abstract The work-of-fracture of human femoral bone was determined using the technique of Tattersal and Tappin (1966). The work required to fracture a specimen in three point bending by slow crack propagation through a triangular cross-section is obtained from the load-deflection curve. The area of the resulting fracture surface is measured by macrophotographic techniques, and the work-of-fracture is calculated as work per unit area. The work-of-fracture values measured in this way ranged from 3.8 to 11.8 (× 103) Jm−2 in the samples tested with a mean of 7.8 × 103 Jm−2 and a standard deviation of 2.1 × 10−3 Jm−2. The work-of-fracture was found to be independent of the degree of mineralization within the range of 60–80 weight %, and to not vary with transverse variation in location in the femoral shaft. The work-of-fracure was also seen to increase with increasing osteon fractional area. Scanning electron microscope photographs of the fracture surfaces indicate that the nature of the failure is similar to that of fiber reinforced composite materials.
Introduction to Simulation Modeling and Metamodeling

Perhaps the best or, at least, the most parsimonious, definition of model is that it is a representation of a real-world entity but not the “real thing” itself. This definition, necessarily vague, encompasses just about any type of model in the spectrum, from physical models, like the full-scale mock-ups used to train airplane pilots, to the heuristic models of today’s expert systems.
Surrogate decisionmaking and other matters.

Surrogate Decisionmaking and Other Matters National attention was focused in 1990 on the appropriate role of family or other surrogates in health care decisions. Accordingly, surrogate decisionmaking is the dominant theme of this review of recent work in health care law. Topping the list is the United States Supreme Court's opinion in Cruzan v. Missouri Department of Health, 58 L.W. 1916 (26 June 1990). Whether commentators like or agree with the Court's opinion, it must be read with care by those who want to understand the issues involved in surrogate decisionmaking. Many state supreme courts have answered questions about decisions to withhold or withdraw medical care: the majority of these cases have dealt with health care decisions on behalf of incompetent adults, and have produced a variety of approaches and outcomes. In June 1990 the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in the Cruzan case, the first "right to die" case the Court has considered. Acknowledging a competent adult's constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining treatment, including artificially provided nutrition and hydration, the Court nonetheless ruled that it was not unconstitutional for the State of Missouri to require "clear and convincing" evidence of a person's wishes, expressed when the person was competent, about forgoing or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment when a family member or other surrogate seeks to make the decision on behalf of an incompetent patient. The majority opinion, written by Chief Justice Rehnquist, provides a comprehensive review of the state supreme court decisions about life-sustaining treatment; even if readers of the opinion find fault with the majority's constitutional analysis, the opinion is historically accurate and comprehensive, especially if one reads the footnotes. But it is for the separate opinions that the Cruzan case is so instructive. Two justices of the five-justice majority wrote separate concurring opinions and two dissenting opinions were filed. One must read these opinions with the recognition that they represent the thinking of the nine Americans who can most directly affect individual privacy as it relates to health care decisions. Another important document relating to family decisionmaking is the new New York Health Care Proxy Law, passed by the legislature a few days after the Cruzan decision was handed down. (For a copy of the law, a suggested form, and a brochure write to: New York State Department of Health, Box 2000, Albany, NY 12220.) The law allows a competent adult to name someone who will have authority to make all health care decisions if the person becomes unable to decide for himself. …
Osterix/Sp7 regulates mesenchymal stem cell mediated endochondral ossification.

We investigated the expression and regulation of the zinc finger protein Osterix (Osx) during endochondral ossification in mice. In studies to determine the temporal and spatial regulation of Osx mRNA and protein during embryogenesis we found it to be present throughout development, but its expression is restricted to the immature chondro/osteoprogenitor cells and mature osteoblasts, excluding hypertrophic chondrocytes. Using a fracture model, we show a consistent pattern of Osx protein expression in mesenchymal progenitor cells in the periosteum and immature chondrocytes and osteoblasts embedded in the fracture callus. In contrast, hypertrophic chondrocytes, vessels and fibrous tissue were devoid of Osx expression. Additionally, using RNA isolated from fracture callus throughout the healing process, we observe that Osx transcripts parallel that of Runx2 and differentially overlap both cartilage and bone phenotypic markers. Furthermore, using limb bud-derived MLB13MYC Clone 17 cells, we show that PTHrP inhibited chondrocyte maturation while it enhanced mRNA levels of Osx in these chondro/osteoprogenitor cells. Gain and loss of function of Osx function experiments with these cells demonstrated that Osx serves as an inhibitor of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte maturation, while it promotes osteoblast maturation. Together, our findings provide the first demonstration of the molecular mechanisms underlying Osx inhibition of chondrocyte differentiation, and further suggest a role for this transcription factor in mediating endochondral ossification during bone repair. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:173–182, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SIGNAL SCAN 4.0: additional databases and sequence formats

SIGNAL SCAN is a program that utilizes transcription factor databases to find potential transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences. The program is now in its fourth version. SIGNAL SCAN 4 now includes, in addition to the Transcription Factor Database, the TRANSFAC and IMD (Information Matrix Database) databases. In addition, it now accepts GCG and FASTA formatted DNA sequences in addition to Staden formatted sequences. SIGNAL SCAN is available for both IBM-compatible PC and Unix workstation platforms.
On robust, global stabilization of the attitude of an underactuated rigid body using hybrid feedback

A hybrid feedback is developed for robust, global stabilization of the attitude of an underactuated rigid body. For the case where two angular velocities are considered as controls, this objective is achieved. For the case where the two controls are torques, the objective is achieved in a "practical" sense, i.e., robust, global asymptotic stability of some arbitrarily small neighborhood of the desired attitude is achieved. To assist with the exposition, a robustly, globally stabilizing hybrid controller is also developed for the case where three angular velocities are considered as controls. This solution provides an alternative to one that has appeared recently in the literature.
Abstract 4347: Interphase reduction in ZEB1 and tubulin isotypes in breast cancer cells associated with antimitotic drug treatment

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA We recently demonstrated that paclitaxel treatment (10X IC50) reduces mRNA for the epithelial to mesenchymal protein ZEB1 and β-tubulin isotype classes I, III and IVB in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, commonly used as a model for triple-negative breast cancers [Lobert et al., Biochemistry Aug 13;52(32):5482-9]. This work showed that miR-200c, which regulates ZEB1, contributes to the changes in β-tubulin isotype mRNA. The current question is whether these parallel changes in ZEB1 and β-tubulin isotype mRNA were unique to antimitotic drug treatment. We treated MDA-MB-231 cells with equipotent (3X IC50) concentrations of paclitaxel, vincristine, eribulin or doxorubicin for 24 hours. Flow cytometry demonstrated that 27-30% of cells were in G2/M (paclitaxel, vincristine and eribulin) compared to 25% of control cells. Thus the cells had similar cell cycle profiles and were not blocked in mitosis. At 24 hours, there were no measurable changes in total tubulin protein by Western blotting. As shown previously, paclitaxel treatment significantly reduced ZEB1 and β-tubulin isotype classes I, III and IVB mRNA. Eribulin treatment significantly reduced ZEB1 and β-tubulin isotype classes I and IVB mRNA, but not β-tubulin class III. Vincristine treatment only reduced β-tubulin class I mRNA. These data together indicate that although antimitotic drugs all target tubulin, they alter signaling pathways that do not overlap. Doxorubicin did not reduce ZEB1 or β-tubulin isotypes; nor did it increase levels of miR-200c, suggesting that these changes may require tubulin or microtubules as a mediator of the effects. These data show that signaling during interphase is altered by antimitotic drug treatment, leading to changes in β-tubulin isotype mRNA levels. A reduction in β-tubulin isotype class III mRNA in interphase cells is associated specifically with paclitaxel treatment. Next generation sequencing for micro-RNAs comparing control cells to those treated with paclitaxel under the conditions described above suggests that nineteen micro-RNAs are either up or downregulated, indicating that the efficacy of paclitaxel may in part be due to micro-RNA regulation of mRNA. (supported by funding from UMMC School of Nursing) Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Sharon Lobert, Mary E. Graichen. Interphase reduction in ZEB1 and tubulin isotypes in breast cancer cells associated with antimitotic drug treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4347. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4347
Uniform Stabilizability of Nonlinearly Coupled Kirchhoff Plate Equations

A system of two Kirchhoff plate equations with nonlinear coupling through both the boundary and the interior is considered. For this problem, it is proven that by appropriately choosing feedback controls, the energy of the system decays at a uniform rate. This result extends previous results in a number of directions: (i) it does not require any geometric hypotheses to be imposed on the domain; (ii) it allows for the presence of nonlinear coupling terms; (iii) it does not require the control functions to satisfy any growth conditions at the origin.
Concanavalin A-induced sensitization of mice to histamine.

SummaryThe jack bean phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, induced histamine lethality in CFW mice. Sensitization depended upon the dose of concanavalin A, with an LD50 of 0.5 mg. The sensitization was time dependent, reaching a maximum at 4 days and declining at 6 days. An inhibitor of concanavalin A-polysaccharide precipitin interactions, D-glucose, had no effect on the sensitization. Concanavalin A did not alter the sensitization of mice by B. pertussis.
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor Superlattices Containing Hg1-xMnxTe

Superlattices containing alternating layers of Hg1-xMnx Te and HgTe have been successfully grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These structures are the first superlattices containing layers of a mercury-based dilute magnetic semiconductor to be grown by any thin film technique. The optical and electrical properties of these novel magnetic multilayers are presented and discussed.