cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension: Principles and Applications

Transcutaneous tissue oxygen tension (tcpO2) is a noninvasive diagnostic test for peripheral arterial insufficiency and other conditions in which the O2 level at the skin will provide indirect knowledge regarding skin perfusion. TcpO2 is also a dynamic diagnostic tool that can be measured at rest, during exercise, and following exercise to compare the response to an O2 challenge or to revascularization, which can add significant insight into the treatment protocol for these patients. This review will mainly focus on the principles and utilization of tcpO2 to assess wound healing potential, screen for vascular disease, assess the success of revascularization, and predict the amputation level and the benefit of hyperbaric oxygen. Although it carries many limitations, tcpO2 is a simple and sensitive noninvasive diagnostic test for peripheral arterial insufficiency that can serve to distinguish between vascular and other causes of exercise-induced leg pain.
Lean Start‐up in Large Enterprises Using Human‐Centered Design Thinking: A New Approach for Developing Transformational and Disruptive Innovations

Large companies are innovative along the sustaining trajectory, but fail in the development of transformational and disruptive innovation. Two of the reasons for this failure are that transformational and disruptive innovations require a new business model and lack a unifying development process comparable to stage gate. The lean startup process represents a new paradigm which allows companies to dramatically shorten the time needed to 1) create transformational and disruptive innovation: 2) pivot to a new business model or 3) stop the project. However, most of the published examples are from small start-ups. Large companies, based on implementation experiences from over 30 large companies, typically make the following mistakes: 1) incorrect problem definition; 2) confuse solution attributes and the solution; 3) use the business model canvas; 4) focus on the wrong customers; and 5) fail to embrace early prototyping. Best practices to avoid these implementation mistakes will be discussed in this paper.
The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum: Imagineering Southwestern Environments as Hyperreality

This study critically reexamines the origins and operations of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson, Arizona. It began modestly in the 1950s as a local operation to educate visitors about the Sonoran Desert. In the midst of Arizona's recent explosive economic growth, however; the desert museum has evolved into an internationally celebrated spectacle devoted to Disneyfied renditions of the Southwestern deserts. Its displays in Baudrillardian terms are increasingly hyperreal, or generating models of an imagineered reality without original referents, which become a set of processed secondhand truths about the now overdeveloped desert Southwest. Although this institution began with a preservationist ethic, and does still have some potential as a corrective device, it has become today a more negative presence, working ideologically to anchor real estate development, suburban consumerism, and industrial growth.
The Role of Prophetic Critique in Clifford Christians's Philosophy of Technology

In recent years, scholars have devoted more attention to the “prophetic” critique of mass media. Clifford Christians has served as both an originator and an ongoing contributor to these discussions. Beginning with his doctoral thesis on Jacques Ellul, a concern for the prophetic has been a consistent thread throughout his career. This paper begins by examining Ellul's influence on Christians's approach, with an emphasis on media ecology, ontology, and the concept of technique. I then summarize Christians's critique of Ellul, and explain how his unique vision addresses Ellul's shortcomings. In outlining Christians's unique approach, I highlight the ways in which authenticity serves as an axial value permeating his work. In Christians's work, prophetic witness against technological fetishism is a means of protecting certain universal values such as “cultural continuity” and “authentic Being.” Through a brief examination of media coverage of Barack Obama, Sarah Palin, Jim Wallis, and the United Church of Chr...
Eu3+ binding to europium-regenerated bacteriorhodopsin upon delipidation and monomerization

We have studied the effect of monomerization of the purple membrane lattice, as well as removal of 75% of the lipids, on the binding properties of Eu(3+) ions. We found that delipidation and monomerization do not cause the cations to lose their binding ability to the protein. This suggests that the three most strongly bound Eu(3+) cations do not bind to the lipids, but directly bind to the protein. Furthermore, we found that delipidation actually causes a slight increase in the binding affinity. This is likely a result of reduced aggregation of europium-regenerated bacteriorhodopsin (bR) upon lipid removal causing more exposure of the binding sites to the Eu(3+) cations. These results, taken with those from our previous publication [Heyes and El-Sayed, Biophys. J. 85 (2003) 426-434], might suggest that the cations remain bound upon delipidation of bR, but have no effect on the function. This is discussed with respect to the role of cations in the function of native bR.
Is neighbourhood destiny? Exploring the link between neighbourhood mobility and student outcomes:

The notion that children from ‘good’ neighbourhoods are destined for success while those from ‘bad’ neighbourhoods are destined for failure has considerable popular appeal. Residential location is ...
Educators view people: Ethnic group stereotyping

Two hundred fifty-eight educators, 178 female and 80 male designated the words on the Gough Adjective Check List as being stereotypically associated with minority group members, dominant group members, or both. Adjectives on which 70 percent of all male and all female educators agreed were designated by society to either minority (N = 93) or dominant (N = 124) categories were used in eight of the ACL scales. Educators saw society as labeling dominant group members as significantly better adjusted, more achievement-oriented, more intraceptive and having more favorable characteristics than minority group members. Minority group members were seen as being viewed as significantly more aggressive than dominant group members. No significant differences were noted in the way society viewed the two groups regarding autonomous and deferent behavior. The results are discussed in terms of changes in stereotypes over the past fifty years and in terms of the effect of stereotyping on childrens' performance in school.
Dissolution of quartz in aqueous basic solution, 106-236 C - Surface kinetics of 'perfect' crystallographic faces

A highly accurate method, called the negative crystal method, for determining the rate of dissolution on specific crystallographic faces of crystals was developed, in which the dissolution rates of nominally perfect crystal faces are obtained by measuring the size of individual negative crystals during a sequence of dissolution steps. The method was applied to determine the apparent activation energy and rate constants for the dissolution of quartz in 0.01 M KOH solutions at temperatures from 106 to 236 C. Also investigated were the effects of hydroxyl activity and ionic strength. The apparent activation energies for the dissolution of the prism and of the rhomb were determined.
MULTIPLE LABOR GROUPS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SMALL CITY AND TOWN SAMS AND CGE MODELS

This paper extends Schwarm and Cutler (2003) by incorporating three labor groups while using their methods to source data and provide an organizational framework that allows effective and straightforward creation of social accounting matrices (SAMs) and regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. While CGE models typically describe relatively large geographical areas and are therefore not able to capture the uniqueness of individual cities or towns within the region, our model allows simulations of small cities and towns that highlight regional similarities or differences. The differing effects of both an increase in manufacturing and a change in the sales tax are examined to demonstrate the insights and regional characteristics that such methods allow a researcher to obtain.
Measurement of acoustic properties of South Pole ice for neutrino astronomy

South Pole ice is predicted to be the best medium for acoustic neutrino detection. Moreover, ice is the only medium in which all three dense-medium detection methods (optical, radio, and acoustic) can be used to monitor the same interaction volume. Events detected in coincidence between two methods allow significant background rejection confidence, which is necessary to study rare GZK neutrinos. In 2007 and 2008 the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS) was installed as a research and development project associated with the IceCube experiment. The purpose of SPATS is to measure the acoustic ice properties at the South Pole in order to determine the feasibility of a future large hybrid array. The deployment and performance of SPATS are described, as are first results and work in progress on the sound speed, background noise, and attenuation.
Impact of East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China: View from space

[1] Tropospheric O3 columns retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument and Microwave Limb Sounder measurements, CO columns retrieved from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere, and tropospheric O3 and CO concentrations retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer from May to August in 2006 are analyzed using the Regional Chemical and Transport Model to investigate the impact of the East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China. The observed and simulated migrations of O3 and CO are in good agreement, demonstrating that the summer monsoon significantly affects the air quality over southeastern China, and this influence extends to central East China from June to July. Enhancements of CO and O3 over southeastern China disappear after the onset of the summer monsoon and reemerge in August after the monsoon wanes. The premonsoon high O3 concentrations over southern China are due to photochemical production from pollutant emissions and the O3 transport from the stratosphere. In the summer monsoon season, the O3 concentrations are relatively low over monsoon-affected regions because of the transport of marine air masses and weak photochemical activity. We find that the monsoon system strongly modulates the pollution problem over a large portion of East China in summer, depending on its strength and tempo-spatial extension. Model results also suggest that transport from the stratosphere and long-range transport from East China and South/central Asia all make significant contributions to O3 enhancements over West China. Satellite observations provide valuable information for investigating the monsoon impact on air quality, particularly for the regions with limited in situ measurements.
Nathaniel Hawthorne's THE BIRTH-MARK

In a 2009 essay on Nathaniel Hawthorne's “The Birth-Mark,” Conor Walsh, augmenting the analysis of the work performed by W. R. Thompson, explores the etymological significance of Aminadab's name an...
Estimates and extremals for zeta function determinants on four-manifolds

LetA be a positive integral power of a natural, conformally covariant differential operator on tensor-spinors in a Riemannian manifold. Suppose thatA is formally self-adjoint and has positive definite leading symbol. For example,A could be the conformal Laplacian (Yamabe operator)L, or the square of the Dirac operator . Within the conformal class $$\left\{ {g = e^{2w} g_0 |w \in C^\infty (M)} \right\}$$ of an Einstein, locally symmetric “background” metricg o on a compact four-manifoldM, we use an exponential Sobolev inequality of Adams to show that bounds on the functional determinant ofA and the volume ofg imply bounds on theW 2,2 norm of the conformal factorw, provided that a certain conformally invariant geometric constantk=k(M, g o A) is strictly less than 32π2. We show for the operatorsL and that indeedk < 32π2 except when (M, g o ) is the standard sphere or a hyperbolic space form. On the sphere, a centering argument allows us to obtain a bound of the same type, despite the fact thatk is exactly equal to 32π2 in this case. Finally, we use an inequality of Beckner to show that in the conformal class of the standard four-sphere, the determinant ofL or of is extremized exactly at the standard metric and its images under the conformal transformation groupO(5,1).
Variable amplitude fatigue behavior and life predictions of case-hardened steels

Abstract Fatigue behavior of case-hardened steel specimens were investigated under variable amplitude loading conditions including two-level load tests, periodic overload tests, and service load history tests. Fatigue life predictions were made using a two-layer model based on case and core material fatigue properties and compared to the experimental results. Both standard strain-life curve based on constant amplitude data as well as effective strain-life curve based on periodic overload data were used for life predictions. The effective strain-life curve showed that periodic overloads have a strong effect on fatigue life of case-hardened specimens. In service load history tests with plastic deformation, the fatigue damage caused by the small cycles in the load history is larger than the damage calculated from the standard strain-life curve. For periodic overload or variable amplitude service load history, the linear damage rule (LDR) resulted in reasonably good life predictions, while for high–low step loading tests the damage curve approach (DCA) resulted in better predictions.
High resolution electron microscopic studies of genetic regulation

High magnification electron microscopic methods were used to study DNA fragments and regulatory proteins binding to DNA fragments containing the lambda phage early rightward operon and the lac operon. It was found that DNA lengths and repressor or RNA polymerase binding positions could be determined with a precision of about ± five base-pairs. DNA and protein were positively stained with uranyl formate. This staining yeilds reproducible differences in the shapes of bound proteins, but shows no reproducible internal structure. RNA polymerase alone was able to bind to the lambda promoter pr, but the presence of catabolic gene activator protein was required for detectable RNA polymerase binding to the lac promoter. Less than a 2% shortening was observed in the measured length of a 203 base-pair lac DNA fragment upon the binding of repressor to operator and the DNA showed only a slightly increased tendency to bend at the site of repressor or RNA polymerase binding. Similar microscopic studies should be possible for other systems in which proteins bind to DNA.
Comorbid chronic pain and depression: who is at risk?

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and demographic risk factors of chronic pain and its comorbidity with depression. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing was utilized to obtain a representative community sample in the state of Michigan (n = 1,179). The prevalence of chronic pain due to any cause was 21.9%. Approximately 35% of participants with chronic pain also had comorbid depression (7.7% of the entire sample). Depression was not associated with pain types or sites. A multinomial-regression analysis revealed several demographic correlates of chronic pain and depression. Participants with chronic pain or comorbid pain and depression were more likely to be older, female, employed less than full-time, and have less education than persons without either condition. Logistic regression analyses showed that younger participants were more likely to have comorbid pain and depression than chronic pain only. A similar but marginally significant effect was found for African American participants. Compared to the depression-only group, those in the comorbid group were more likely to be women and middle-aged. These findings provide additional evidence on the prevalence of comorbid pain and depression in the community and suggest that certain demographic groups with chronic pain may especially benefit from depression screenings. Perspective This article reports on the prevalence of chronic pain and co-occurring depression in a representative community sample. The high prevalence rates of pain and comorbid depression point to the clinical importance of assessing depression in chronic pain samples.
Implosive therapy in the treatment of combat related fears in a world war II veteran

A 55-year old veteran with combat related fears of 36 years' duration was successfully treated in three sessions of implosive therapy, each lasting approximately 1 hr. This improvement followed 15 hospitalizations over the preceding 30 month period, and previous unsuccessful treatment efforts including prescription of antabuse, an inpatient alcohol treatment program, and an agoraphobia treatment program conducted on an outpatient basis. Treatment gains were maintained over a 2 year follow-up period.
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA AMONG ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES

Objective. To determine the rate of psychiatric symptoms among elderly people with learning disabilities who have dementia. Design. Survey. Setting. The general community of a county in the UK. Participants. The whole population of people with learning disabilities who were 65 years or over. The total population was 143, of whom 134 participated (93.7%). From the total population, those with dementia were determined (N=29). Measures. Description of psychopathology, using a semi-structured psychiatric rating scale. Results. Psychotic symptoms occurred in 27.6%, with the most common types being delusions of thefts, other persecutory delusions and visual hallucinations of strangers in the house. The onset of other psychiatric symptoms as part of the dementia was also common, in particular changed sleep pattern, loss of concentration, worry, reduced quantity of speech, change in appetite and onset of or increase in aggression. Conclusions. People with leaming disabilities are living longer, and so the number with dementia is rising. Psychiatric symptoms occur commonly in dementia, can cause significant distress and require recognition, understanding and the development of effective managements.
Implications of nonzero θ13 for the neutrino mass hierarchy

The Daya Bay, RENO, and Double Chooz experiments have discovered a large non-zero value for θ13. We present a global analysis that includes these three experiments, Chooz, the Super-K atmospheric data, and the νμ → νe T2K and MINOS experiments that are sensitive to the hierarchy and the sign of θ13. We report preliminary results in which we fix the mixing parameters other than θ13 to those from a recent global analysis. Given there is no evidence for a non-zero CP violation, we assume δ = 0. T2K and MINOS lie in a region of L/E where there is a hierarchy degeneracy in the limit of θ13 → 0 and no matter interaction. For nonzero θ13, the symmetry is partially broken, but a degeneracy under the simultaneous exchange of both hierarchy and the sign of θ13 remains. Matter effects break this symmetry such that the positions of the peaks in the oscillation probabilities maintain the two-fold symmetry, while the magnitude of the oscillations is sensitive to the hierarchy. This renders T2K and NOvA, with different baselines and different matter effects, better able in combination to distinguish the hierarchy and the sign of θ13. The present T2K and MINOS data do not distinguish between hierarchies or the sign of θ13, but the large value of θ13 yields effects from atmospheric data that do. We find for normal hierarchy, positive θ13, sin2 2θ13 = 0.090 ± 0.020 and is 0.2% probable it is the correct combination; for normal hierarchy, negative θ13, sin2 2θ13 = 0.108 ± 0.023 and is 2.2% probable; for inverse hierarchy, positive θ13, sin2 2θ13 = 0.110±0.022 and is 7.1% probable; for inverse hierarchy, negative θ13, sin2 2θ13 = 0.113 ± 0.022 and is 90.5% probable, results that are inconsistent with two similar analyses.
The Italian Turn Of Thought

Studies of Herman Melville9s epic poem Clarel (1876) have understandably emphasized the work9s theological content. When studied in its immediate historical context, however, the poem9s multiple references to Rome and Catholicism take on speci�c political meanings, particularly those centered in the Risorgimento, Italy9s century-long quest for independence and unity. In 1870, when Melville began to write the poem, the Risorgimento achieved its �nal goal, making Rome Italy9s capital and stripping the Pope of his temporal power. Melville, like many Americans, supported Italy9s moderate, anti-papal, nationalistic ideals, and in Clarel he embodied them in the Roman orphan Celio. Celio represents skepticism, present experience, and historical circumstance in opposition both to the intolerant religious politics of orthodox Catholicism (represented in the poem by Brother Salvaterra and the Dominican priest) and the violent extremism of secular revolutionists (represented by Mortmain and Ungar). Through Celio, Melville offers a trans-national perspective on issues of nationhood by engaging speci�c current events and critiquing those who substitute failed ideologies for the uncertainties of experience.
Modification of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Capped Quantum Dots with Nickel Nitrilotriacetic Acid and Self-Assembly with Histidine-Tagged Proteins

We describe the design and preparation of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) modified with terminal nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) groups via simple EDC (N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride) condensation, to form QD-Ni-NTA complexes. The QDs were prepared starting from CdSe-ZnS core−shell QDs surface-capped with carboxy-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) ligands. This modification allowed coupling of a controllable number of oligohistidine-tagged proteins via metal-affinity interactions. In particular, QD-Ni-NTA complexes were coupled to 5×His-tagged maltose binding proteins labeled with Texas red, where effective formation of the QD-MBP-Texas red conjugates was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. The stability of the QD-MBP conjugates was further tested inside live cells following microinjection directly into the cytoplasm. This design expands on the good colloidal stability afforded by our earlier PEG-based modu...
Computerized Database to Identify Patent Populations for Clinical Research

Abstract The authors have written a computer program for IBM PC-compatible personal computers to index patient records. Diagnoses (≤10) are indexed according to the Wilmer Information System, an ophthalmologic extension of the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) codes. Procedures and treatments (≤12) are indexed by the American Medical Association Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Demographic data, the names of referring physicians, and an 80-character comment field are stored for each patient. A list of up to 12 medications may be maintained. Text and ICD-9 and CPT codes are stored which permit key word searches for code numbers. Lists of patients may be retrieved and combined on the basis of diagnosis or procedure code, medication, referring physician, or by the contents of the comment field. An executable version of the program, which maintains files in the Ashton-Tate dBASE III format, is available from the authors at no charge.
The Polyhydroxy Acid Gluconolactone Protects Against Ultraviolet Radiation in an In Vitro Model of Cutaneous Photoaging

Background. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages skin through a variety of mechanisms, including the generation of free radicals. Gluconolactone is a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that is capable of chelating metals and may also function by scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting skin from some of the damaging effects of UV radiation. Objective. This study measured the ability of gluconolactone to protect against UV radiation–induced damage. Methods. The ability of gluconolactone to prevent UV radiation–induced elastin promoter activation was determined in vitro using a transgenic model of cutaneous photoaging. Gluconolactone was also evaluated to determine its ability to promote the formation of sunburn cells in human skin after exposure to UV radiation. Results. Gluconolactone provided up to 50% protection against UV radiation, as measured in our in vitro system, and did not significantly increase sunburn cells in human skin. Conclusions. These results demonstrate the ability of the PHA gluconolactone to protect against UV radiation–induced elastin promoter activation. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated that gluconolactone treatment does not result in a significant increase in sunburn cells. Further investigation of this and other PHAs is necessary to identify their potential role in preventing and repairing cutaneous photodamage.
Ventricular fibrillation: an organized delirium or uncoordinated reason?

“ 1 o c c 1 o d c n c V c 1 e i Death resulting from cardiac arrest was recognized in the pic of Gilgamesh, perhaps the oldest written story on Earth circa 2700 B.C.). “I touched his heart, but it beat no longer” amented Gilgamesh, the Babylonian hero-king in the Meopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, as he witnessed the death of is best friend, Enkidu. Sudden death presumably caused y ventricular fibrillation (VF) was also known in ancient gypt. Perhaps the earliest pictorial record of sudden death as the relief sculpture on the tomb of an Egyptian noblean in the Sixth Dynasty (2625–2475 B.C.) entitled “Sudden eath” by the Egyptologist von Bissing. The discovery of gyptian writings on papyri (circa 1534 B.C.) linked cardiac hythm abnormalities to death: “If the heart trembles, has ittle power and sinks, the disease is advancing . . . and eath is near.” It is believed that these ancient papyri may e copies of still much older and lost literature (circa 3000 .C.). Heartbeat (pulse) irregularities as a marker of disease ere also described in ancient China as can be deduced rom a conversation between the “golden emperor” Huang i and his physician, Ch’i Pai (circa 2600 B.C.): “When the ulse beats are long the constitution of the pulse is well egulated . . . When the pulse is quick, and contains 6 beats o 1 cycle of respiration, it indicates heart trouble . . . the isease becomes grave.” In 340 B.C., when Aristotle recognized the odd ability of he torpedo (electric) fish to stun (“narcotize”) its prey, he
In situ cleaning and characterization of oxygen- and zinc-terminated, n-type, ZnO{0001} surfaces

A layer containing an average of 1.0 monolayer (ML) of adventitious carbon and averages of 1.5 ML and 1.9 ML of hydroxide was determined to be present on the respective O-terminated (0001) and Zn-terminated (0001) surfaces of ZnO. A diffuse low-energy electron diffraction pattern was obtained from both surfaces. In situ cleaning procedures were developed and their efficacy evaluated in terms of the concentrations of residual hydrocarbons and hydroxide and the crystallography, microstructure, and electronic structure of these surfaces. Annealing ZnO(0001) in pure oxygen at 600–650 °C±20 °C reduced but did not eliminate all of the detectable hydrocarbon contamination. Annealing for 15 min in pure O2 at 700 °C and 0.100±0.001 Torr caused desorption of both the hydrocarbons and the hydroxide constituents to concentrations below the detection limits (∼0.03 ML=∼0.3 at. %) of our x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument. However, thermal decomposition degraded the surface microstructure. Exposure of the ZnO...
Inventing the Computer [Scanning Our Past]

This article explores the history of computers,starting in the 1890s with punched cards and becoming more sophisticated in the 1940s with vacuum-tube electronics, ultimately giving us the computer and dramaticallychanging the world.
Replacement behaviors for identified functions of challenging behaviors

Functional assessment has become a major feature of learning-based research. A critical element of the majority of these studies includes not only methods and procedures to identify the cause of the challenging behavior, but to establish replacement treatment methods. By far the most common intervention in the 176 studies we reviewed was reinforcement. Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) was the most common reinforcement method, followed by differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). Reinforcement plus extinction was the second most commonly employed treatment followed by functional communication training with or without reinforcement. Researchers proved to be very creative. Forty different treatment methods were employed. The implications of these data are discussed.
Photoionization of liquid benzene: Fluorescence and electron scavenger quenching between 1900 and 1150 Å

Abstract In the photoionization region of liquid benzene, the fluorescence yield and quenching constanta increase from 1900 to 1400 A and level off from 1400 to 1150 A. Below 1750 A, the quenching constants of CHCl3, CH3Cl, and C2H5Cl are proportional to their reactivities with quasi-free electrons and they extrapolate to zero at 7.1 eV, the estimated IP of liquid benzene.
Purification and characterization of bovine herpesvirus-1 isolates and virus DNA utilizing bovine embryonic lung cells

Techniques are described for the culture of bovine embryonic lung (BEL) cells by the primary explant technique and mild enzymatic disaggregation of lung tissue. Preparations of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) isolates with titers of 109 plaque-forming units/ml are purified by sucrose and cesium chloride gradient centrifugation after replication in primary cultures of BEL cells. BHV-1 isolated by velocity sedimentation bands in 35% sucrose and sediments at a density of 1.23 g/cc in cesium chloride density gradients. The DNAs of all virus isolates have a velocity sedimentation coefficient of approximately 54S. Virus DNAs from all isolates sediment to equilibrium in cesium chloride at 1.730 g/cc. Differences between virus isolates can be demonstrated by digestion of virus DNA with the restriction endonucleaseKpnI and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virion polypeptides. These techniques are useful for production of purified high titer virus free of host cell contaminants.
On extending the domain of definition of Cecbyscev and weak Cecbyscev systems

On etudie le probleme de l'extension du domaine de definition des espaces de Haar (faibles). On donne des caracterisations equivalentes de l'extension
Univariate and Multivariate Component Analysis

-F values for a large number of different univariate experimental designs with any number of treatment or classification variables can be obtained using the analysis of component variance. These relatively simple procedures are extended to multiple dependent variables, yielding an alternative statistical method to a number of standard regression procedures and to multivariate analysis of variance. As part of this analysis of linear relationships, the variancetovariance marrix, based on standardized dependent variables and then freed of treatment effects, is decomposed. The resulting components, unrotated o r rotated, may be evaluated for their psychological meaningfulness as in any factor analytic study. Measures of the effects of the treatments on these components is provided as a part of the analysis.
Finiteness of the formal ring of a quadratic sector

Abstract In a sector determined by two real quadratic conjugate rays in the plane, the integral lattice points form a vector semigroup, which in turn determines a formal monoid ring over a field. The subring invariant under the unit automorphism of the corresponding quadratic form is shown to be finitely generated and a listing is made of those cases where a complete set of defining relations is easiest to determine. This problem arises in theuniformization of the Hilbert modular function cusp singularities (as given in Hirzebruch, Sem. N. Bourbaki, Exp. 396, 1970/71). Here, a purely formal analog is discussed.
Coil-Globule Phase Transition in a Single Polystyrene Chain in Cyclohexane

The first observations of the entire temperature-induced coil-globule transition in a single polystyrene polymer chain in cyclohexane is reported. The position of the coilglobule transition relative to the coexistence curve in the phase diagram of the system is also shown. The transition occurred at 32\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C with a width of 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for 2.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$-molecularweight polystyrene with a sharp decrease in hydrodynamic radius from 1250 \AA{} to 500 \AA{} as the temperature was lowered.
Angular Correlation of Gamma-Rays

The calculation of the angular correlation of successive gamma-rays from an atomic nucleus, carried out by Hamilton, has been extended to take into account the effect of the magnetic field at the nucleus because of the extra-nuclear electrons. Results are given in a form valid for all multipole orders. In addition, it is shown that an external magnetic field may be used to reduce the effect of the extra-nuclear electrons on the angular correlation. A method of calculating the effect of an external magnetic field on the angular distribution of the successive gamma-rays is indicated.
Childhood maltreatment predicts allostatic load in adulthood.

Childhood maltreatment has been linked to numerous negative health outcomes. However, few studies have examined mediating processes using longitudinal designs or objectively measured biological data. This study sought to determine whether child abuse and neglect predicts allostatic load (a composite indicator of accumulated stress-induced biological risk) and to examine potential mediators. Using a prospective cohort design, children (ages 0-11) with documented cases of abuse and neglect were matched with non-maltreated children and followed up into adulthood with in-person interviews and a medical status exam (mean age 41). Allostatic load was assessed with nine physical health indicators. Child abuse and neglect predicted allostatic load, controlling for age, sex, and race. The direct effect of child abuse and neglect persisted despite the introduction of potential mediators of internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence and social support and risky lifestyle in middle adulthood. These findings reveal the long-term impact of childhood abuse and neglect on physical health over 30 years later. Language: en
Effect of Ivermectin on the Ovarian Development of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

The effect of ivermectin (0.1 microgram/ml) on blood digestion, ovarian development, and ovipositional attributes of Aedes aegypti was studied using standard morphological and histological techniques. Uncoordinated movements and paralysis were observed in most ivermectin-treated females within 1 h after ingestion of blood containing the chemical. Eight days after the blood meal, 23.5% of the treated females had died, whereas no mortality occurred in controls. Formation of the peritrophic membrane and digestion of the blood meal were delayed in the surviving treated mosquitoes. The most striking effect of ivermectin on Ae. aegypti at this dosage was on ovarian development. Changes observed among ivermectin-treated mosquitoes included: blood digestion without development of ovarian follicles; degeneration of primary follicles and formation of ovarian dilatations within 24 h after ingestion of the chemical; significant reduction in the rate of vitellogenesis and follicle development; decreased egg production; reduced egg hatching; abnormal egg size and shape; and increased percentages of unhatched embryonated and sterile eggs. Although the precise action of ivermectin on Ae. aegypti is unknown, our studies indicate that the chemical directly or indirectly affects at least three major organ systems (nervous, digestive, and reproductive).
The Changing Role of Schools and Higher Education Institutions with Respect to Community-based Interagency Collaboration and Interprofessional Partnerships.

Growing numbers of children face conditions that severely limit their ability to learn and develop in good health. As a consequence, both P-12 schooling and higher education will need to modify their practices to help these children reach their full potential. Family-centered integrated services systems, in conjunction with interprofessional preparation, are proposed as being important steps in meeting the needs of disadvantaged children and families. Suggestions for implementation of family-centered programming are offered, and issues that need consideration at the postsecondary level in order to pursue interprofessional collaboration are discussed. Collaboration is essential to the process.
A Critical Assessment of Simulated Critical Values

There is a wide variety of statistical problems (e.g., unit root and cointegration tests) where hypothesis testing involves the use of simulated rather than theoretical critical values. We argue that, in practice, the number of replications used to simulate critical values is often insufficient to provide the degree of precision that is implied. In particular, the number of replications needed is greatest for values in the tails of the distribution. We provide recommendations for approximating the number of replications needed to achieve a desired degree of precision.
A Note on Systematic Errors in Bayesian Retrieval Algorithms

Using satellite ice water path (IWP) retrieval as an example, two types ofsystematic errors when using a Bayesian algorithm are documented. These errors arise from the discontinuous and heavily skewed data distributions of IWP in the supporting database. Discontinuity in the data distribution occurs at IWP = 0 since there are no negative IWPs, which causes a positive bias in the IWP retrievals near ice-free conditions. On the other hand, since clouds with small IWPs occur more often than clouds with large IWPs in nature, data points in the database are heavily populated in the low IWP range if we build the supporting database based on observed data. This skewed data distribution leads to a negative bias. A number of remedies, while some are ad hoc, to reduce these errors are also suggested.
Identification of the Substrate-binding Sites of 2′-5′-Oligoadenylate Synthetase

2′-5′-Oligoadenylate synthetases are interferon-induced enzymes that upon activation by double-stranded RNA polymerize ATP to 2′-5′-linked oligoadenylates. In our continuing effort to understand the mechanism of catalysis by these enzymes, we used photo affinity cross-linking and peptide mapping to identify the substrate-binding sites of the P69 isozyme of human 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetases. Radiolabeled azido 2′-5′-oligoadenylate dimers were enzymatically synthesized and used as ligands for cross-linking to the P69 protein by exposure to ultraviolet light. The radiolabeled protein was digested with trypsin, and two ligand-cross-linked peptides were purified by immobilized aluminum affinity chromatography followed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The peptides were identified by mass spectrometry and peptide sequencing and were found to correspond to residues 420–425 and 539–547 of P69. To examine the functional importance of the cross-linking sites, specific residues in the two peptides were mutated. When residues in the two sites were mutated individually, ligand cross-linking was selectively eliminated at the mutated site, and the enzyme activity was lost almost completely. Using substrates that can serve either as a donor or as an acceptor but not both, we could identify one of the sites as the acceptor and the other as the donor site.
Signed Digraph based Multiple Fault Diagnosis

Abstract Abnormal Situation Management (ASM) has received considerable attention from industry and academia recently. The first step towards better ASM is the timely detection and diagnosis of the abnormal situation. Most of the existing methods for fault diagnosis assume that only a single fault occurs at any given time. However, multiple faults do occur in processes, albeit less frequently than single faults. When multiple faults occur, existing methods either lead to incorrect diagnosis or complete lack of diagnosis. Multiple fault diagnosis (MFD) is a difficult problem because the number of combinations grows exponentially with the number of faults. In this paper, a signed directed graph (SDG) based algorithm for MFD is developed. The computational complexity is efficiently handled by assuming that the probability of occurrence of a multiple fault scenario decreases with an increasing number of faults involved. SDG based diagnosis, like any other qualitative method, has poor resolution. This poor resolution is overcome by using a knowledge base consisting of knowledge about the process constraints, maintenance schedules etc. The proposed algorithm is implemented in Gensym's expert system shell, G2. The application of the algorithm is illustrated using an industrial scale simulation of the standard FCCU called TRAINER.
Molecular dynamics simulations of apocytochrome b562 - The highly ordered limit of molten globules

Backgound: Cytochrome b 562 is a heme-containing, four-helix bundle. It has been proposed that the apo form of the protein is a molten globule. We present a molecular dynamics study of apocytochrome b 562 to investigate its structural and dynamic properties. Results Our simulations suggest that all four helices are essentially intact and confirm that the experimental difficulties of assigning helical NOEs in the C-terminal helix are not due to structural disorder. The increased ‘moltenness' of the apoprotein is due to an increased mobility of the sidechains. The small observed increase in compressibility for the apoprotein is proposed to be the result of an increase in the intrinsic protein compressibility, which is opposed by the increase in the size of the protein hydration shell. Conclusion Apocytochrome b 562 is postulated to be near the highly ordered limit of the molten globule state, a structure whose molten character is due primarily to increased sidechain mobility with concurrent loss in tertiary contacts between the helices, rather than changes in the folding topology or substantially increased disorder of the secondary structure.
Cardiac arrest resuscitation: Neurologic prognostication and brain death

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Persistent coma after cardiac arrest is a source of great emotional and financial cost to grieving family members in particular and the healthcare system in general. Neurologic prognostication helps guide appropriate discussions between family members and healthcare providers. Recent advances in therapeutic care increase the challenges, both medical and financial, on local practitioners. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence-based reviews by prestigious associations add additional support and guidance to the practitioner who must guide family members in this very difficult decision process. Therapeutic hypothermia may alter findings, thus skewing the prognostic abilities of many accepted methodologies. This study reviews the usefulness of clinical examination, electrophysiologic studies, biochemical markers, and imaging modalities in predicting poor neurologic recovery in comatose survivors after cardiac arrest resuscitation. Some data from studies of therapeutic hypothermia are presented. SUMMARY Evidence-based tests of prognostication for neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest are presented. A review of the practice of withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies and the diagnosis of brain death is also provided. The reader is cautioned that most prognostic studies do not include possible amelioration with the use of therapeutic hypothermia.
A PWR hybrid computer model for assessing the safety implications of control systems

The ORNL study of safety-related aspects of nuclear power plant control systems consists of two interrelated tasks: (1) failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) that identified single and multiple component failures that might lead to significant plant upsets and (2) computer models that used these failures as initial conditions and traced the dynamic impact on the control system and remainder of the plant. This report describes the simulation of Oconee Unit 1, the first plant analyzed. A first-principles, best-estimate model was developed and implemented on a hybrid computer consisting of AD-4 analog and PDP-10 digital machines. Controls were placed primarily on the analog to use its interactive capability to simulate operator action. 48 refs., 138 figs., 15 tabs.
Tincr — A custom CAD tool framework for Vivado

In recent years, frameworks such as RapidSmith and Tore have been developed for the creation of custom CAD tools able to target actual Xilinx FPGA devices. These have been based on the Xilinx Design Language (XDL), which provides textual representations of both mapped user designs as well as detailed physical FPGA device descriptions. Vivado, Xilinx's new design suite, discontinues XDL and instead provides direct access to its data structures through a Tel interface and through EDIF and constraint files. This paper formally introduces Tincr, a library of high-level Tel routines that support the creation of custom circuit manipulation tools. A case study on the use of Tincr for the creation of a simple placement tool is given. Additionally, this paper describes Tincr's facilities for importing and exporting XDL- and XDLRC-like information to and from Vivado to allow the continued use of existing external CAD tool frameworks such as RapidSmith and Tore with Vivado.
Dirichlet orthogonal polynomials with Laguerre weight

Let { λ j } j = 1 ∞ be a sequence of distinct positive numbers. We find explicit formulae for the orthogonal Dirichlet polynomials { ? n } formed from linear combinations of { λ j - i t } j = 1 n , associated with the Laguerre weight. Thus ? 0 ∞ ? n ( t ) ? m ( t ) ? e - t d t = ? m n . In addition, we estimate Christoffel functions and establish Markov-Bernstein inequalities.
In situ oxidation studies on /001/ copper-nickel alloy thin films

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies are reported of (001)-oriented single crystalline thin films of Cu-3%Ni, Cu-4.6%Ni, and Cu-50%Ni alloy which were prepared by vapor deposition onto (001) NaCl substrates and subsequently annealed at around 1100 K and oxidized at 725 K at low oxygen partial pressure. At all alloy concentrations, Cu2O and NiO nucleated and grew independently without the formation of mixed oxides. The shape and growth rates of Cu2O nuclei were similar to rates found earlier. For low-nickel alloy concentrations, the NiO nuclei were larger and the number density of NiO was less than that of Cu-50%Ni films for which the shape and growth rates of NiO were identical to those for pure nickel films. Phenomena involving a reduced induction period, surface precipitation, and through-thickness growth are also described. The results are consistent with previously established oxidation mechanisms for pure copper and pure nickel films.
Letter to Engin

My discussion of Engin Isin's monumental tome Being Political takes the form of a public letter to him. Rather than reviewing the book, I draw on my background and concerns as an urban political geographer to ask him three questions. The first asks him to focus and explicate his idea of “politics” and “the political”. The second asks him to consider the possibility for being political in rural places. The third asks him to expound on the chronological organization of the book, which seems ironically to reduce geography to ‘the map of history’. My aim with this colloquy is to frame a productive, public conversation amongst political geographers and citizenship scholars.