cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thiopurine methyltransferase activity in American white subjects and black subjects

Background Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that preferentially catalyzes the S-methylation of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfhydryl compounds, including 6-mercaptopurine. TPMT exhibits genetic polymorphism in white populations, with 89% of individuals having high TPMT activity, 11% having intermediate activity, and one in 300 having extremely low or absent activity. TPMT activity is inversely correlated with formation of active 6-mercaptopurine metabolites (thioguanine nucleotides), thereby influencing 6-mercaptopurine toxicity and efficacy. Methods To investigate ethnic and gender differences in TPMT, we measured erythrocyte TPMT activity in 209 white healthy subjects and 196 black healthy subjects (202 women and 203 men). Results The black population had lower TPMT activity than the white population (median, 14.4 versus 16.8 units/ml packed erythrocytes; p < 0.001). Maximum likelihood estimation of TPMT activity distribution identified 91.9% and 93.9% with high activity and 7.7% and 6.1% with intermediate activity in the white and black groups, respectively. Conclusions These data indicate that TPMT activity is similarly polymorphic in American black subjects and white subjects, although median TPMT activity is approximately 17% lower in black subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 55, 15–20; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.4
Cross-Survey Differences in National Estimates of Numbers of Caregivers of Disabled Older Adults

Context: Public policy regarding family caregiving for disabled older adults is affected by their estimated number, their attributes, and the services provided. The available national surveys, however, do not have a uniform approach to ascertaining the number of family caregivers, so their estimated number varies widely. Methods: This article looks at nationally representative, population-based surveys of family caregivers conducted between 1985 and 2010 to find methods pertinent to ascertaining the number of caregivers. The surveys’ design, definition of disability, and approach to identifying and defining caregivers of disabled adults aged sixty-five and older were identified, and cross-survey estimates were compared. Findings: Published estimates of the numbers of caregivers of older disabled adults ranged from 2.7 million to 36.1 million in eight national surveys conducted between 1992 and 2009. The surveys were evenly divided between caregivers identified by disabled older adults (n= 4, “disability surveys”) and self-identified (n= 4, “caregiver self-identification surveys”). The estimated number of family caregivers of disabled adults aged sixty-five and older was, on average, 4.8 million in disability surveys and 24.4 million in caregiver self-identification surveys. Conclusions: The number of family caregivers of disabled older adults estimated by national surveys varied substantially. Greater consistency in defining caregivers could yield more informative estimates and also advance policy efforts to more effectively monitor and support family caregivers.
China's New Farm Subsidies

In 2004, China entered a new era in its approach to agricultural policy, as it began to subsidize rather than tax agriculture. China introduced direct subsidies to farmers, began to phase out its centuries-old agricultural tax, subsidized seed and machinery purchases, and increased spending on rural infrastructure. The new policies reflect China’s new view of agriculture as a sector needing a helping hand. The subsidies are targeted at grain producers, but they do not provide strong incentives to increase grain production.
Frailty as a terminal illness.

Debility not otherwise specified (NOS) has surpassed lung cancer as the most common diagnosis in hospices. In August 2013, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued a rule that debility NOS and adult failure to thrive can no longer be listed as principal hospice diagnoses, but rather, secondary comorbid conditions.
Efficient Approach to the Evaluation of Dynamic Stresses in Layered Circular Plates Based on the Prudnikov Formula for the Inverse Laplace Transformation

We propose an algorithm for the solution of axisymmetric dynamic problem of the theory of elasticity for a piecewise homogeneous ring, loaded by normal forces variable as functions of time. We perform the numerical analysis of stresses in plates with arbitrary numbers of layers on the basis of finding the Laplace transform by the modified Prudnikov formula for its inversion. We also establish the characteristic features of the distribution of dynamic stresses in homogeneous and piecewise homogeneous plates.
TRADE AND MORALITY: THE WTO PUBLIC MORALS EXCEPTION AFTER GAMBLING

Despite a broad commitment to the liberalization of trade in goods and services, Member States of the World Trade Organization (WTO) retain legal authority to impose trade-restrictive measures "necessary to protect public morals." As a matter of first impression under WTO law, in April 2005 the WTO Appellate Body interpreted the term "public morals" as it is found in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The Appellate Body held that certain U.S. laws prohibiting the cross-border provision of Internet gambling services, alleged by the United States to be necessary to protect U.S. public morals, were inconsistent with U.S. obligations under GATS. This paper argues that the test adopted by the Appellate Body to determine whether a given trade-restrictive measure is "necessary to protect public morals" improperly impinges on the autonomy of WTO Member States. The paper proposes an alternative doctrinal framework which would better protect Member State autonomy while guarding against potential protectionist abuses and trade-regulatory inefficiencies. The increasing likelihood that trade-morality conflicts will arise in a heterogeneous WTO, the extensive employment of public morals clauses in trade practice worldwide, and the potential relevance of the public morals clause to the integration of international economic law and human rights suggest the growing importance of this emerging area of international economic law.
Ben & Jerry's Homemade

This case examines issues of asset control for Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Inc., in light of the outstanding takeover offers by Chartwell Investments, Dreyer's Grand, Unilever, and Meadowbrook Lane Capital in January 2000. The case provides a unique opportunity to discuss fundamental firm objectives and the implications of a nontraditional corporate orientation; it reviews the development of Ben & Jerry's strong social consciousness and the takeover-defense mechanisms that maintain management's control of company assets. Students, in the role of outside board members, are invited to review management's performance, estimate the economic cost of its social agenda, and evaluate the implications of takeover-defense strategies. Ultimately, they must take a position on whether Ben & Jerry's should continue to pursue its social agenda independently or accept one of the attractive takeover offers and shift toward greater profit orientation. The case requires relatively little knowledge of finance, and is designed largely to provide a stimulating introduction to the principles of a traditional corporate finance curriculum.
Aging alters the serotonergic modulation of light-induced phase advances in golden hamsters

Recent findings have raised the possibility that some of the age-related changes in the circadian system and the response of the circadian pacemaker to environmental stimuli may involve central serotonergic mechanisms. The present study compared the effects ofpretreatment with the serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (5 mg/kg ip) on the magnitude of light-induced phase advances in young (2-4 mo) and old (18-20 mo) golden hamsters. The ability of this serotonin agonist to attenuate the photic phase resetting of circadian locomotor rhythmicity in young animals was decreased by 46% in old hamsters (P < 0.05). These results suggest that deficits in the mechanisms for serotonergic control of circadian function may interfere with the optimal adaptation of the senescent organism to its temporal environment.
The Embudito Mission: A Case Study of the Systematics of Autonomous Ground Mobile Robots

Ground mobile robots are much in the mind of defense planners at this time, being considered for a significant variety of missions with a diversity ranging from logistics supply to reconnaissance and surveillance. While there has been a very large amount of basic research funded in the last quarter century devoted to mobile robots and their supporting component technologies, little of this science base has been fully developed and deployed--notable exceptions being NASA's Mars rover and several terrestrial derivatives. The material in this paper was developed as a first exemplary step in the development of a more systematic approach to the R and D of ground mobile robots.
An unusual cause of proptosis.

A 20-year-old woman presented with gradually progressive proptosis and inability to completely close her eyes. She reported no trauma, sinusitis or history of thyroid disease. Examination revealed bilateral painless cervical lymphadenopathy and proptosis. Eye abduction was limited; the rest of the extraocular movements were intact. Haemogram and thyroid function tests were in the normal range. MRI of the brain demonstrated bilateral bulky intraconal masses with stretching of the optic nerve and effacement of the extraocular muscles (figure 1). Lymph node biopsy revealed pericapsular fibrosis and infiltration of large cells staining positive for S-100 and CD68, characteristic of …
Physicochemical studies of fractionated bovine heparin. I. Some dilute solution properties.

Commercially prepared bovine heparin was fractionated by sequential elution from an ECTEOLA column into four discrete fractions and by solvent elution with an ethanol-water mixture into 12 fractions. Equilibrium centrifugation of the fractions in 0.5 m NaCl at pH 2.5 and interference optics revealed wide distribution of molecular weights. The fractions varied in biological activity and intrinsic viscosity. Chemical differences between fractions were minimal while the biological activity for the low molecular weight fractions were uniformly low. Inactivation with HCl, under mild conditions where biological activity was reduced fivefold, was not accompanied by reduction in intrinsic viscosity or molecular weight. A linear intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for the fractions prepared by alcohol elution can be described by the functions [η] = 1.75 × 10−5Mw0.98 in 0.1 m NaCl, pH 6.5, and [η] = 7.85 × 10−5Mw0.80 in 0.5 m NaCl, pH 2.5. An analogous relation for the sedimentation constant determined in 0.5 m NaCl at pH 2.5 was linear and described by s0 = 1.2 × 10−1Mw0.44. The data suggest that heparin in solution under the conditions studied exhibits substantial flexibility.
Probe-based and bifocal approaches for phase-referenced low coherence interferometry

We present probe-based and bifocal variations of the dual-beam low coherence interferometer for measuring sub-nanometer path differences with transverse resolution ~1 micron. Scanning images of a fly compound eye and single cheek cells are demonstrated.
Model-Free Inference for Markov Processes

Given time series data \(Y _{1},\ldots,Y _{n}\), the problem of optimal prediction of Yn+1 has been well-studied. The same is not true, however, as regards the problem of constructing a prediction interval with prespecified coverage probability for Yn+1, i.e., turning the point predictor into an interval predictor. In Pan and Politis (J Stat Plann Inference, 2015, to appear), the case where the time series {Y t } obeys an autoregressive model was addressed in detail with the autoregression allowed to be linear, nonlinear or nonparametric. In the paper at hand, we expand the scope by assuming only that {Y t } is a Markov process of order p ≥ 1 without insisting that any specific autoregressive equation is satisfied. Several different approaches and methods are considered, namely both Forward and Backward approaches to prediction intervals as combined with three resampling methods: the bootstrap based on estimated transition densities, the Local Bootstrap for Markov processes, and the novel Model-Free bootstrap. In simulations, prediction intervals obtained from different methods are compared in terms of their coverage level and length of interval.
Roentgen evidence of bronchogenic carcinoma.

Whether the increasing incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma is real or apparent has been discussed to a considerable extent in recent years. One important factor in earlier discovery of the disease has been improved technics in roent-genographic diagnosis. Diagnostic procedures and management of bronchogenic carcinoma are presented in a series of illustrative cases, with emphasis on the problems facing the radiologist.
Explaining the Diversity Deficit: Value-Trait Consistency in News Exposure and Democratic Citizenship:

Although scholars consider it important for citizens to seek diverse information to optimize citizenship, a growing body of research suggests that many people predominantly expose themselves to information that confirms their previous beliefs. Using four waves of survey data from an online panel of 2,450 Americans, this study explores a disconnect between information values and practices to identify (1) whether citizens exemplify the diversity-seeking values endorsed in communication scholarship, (2) whether individuals who hold diversity-seeking values enact these values, and (3) whether diversity-seeking values and traits are emblematic of good democratic citizenship. Results suggest that nearly half of respondents either did not hold diversity-seeking values or failed to actualize the values they expressed. Individuals who held diversity-seeking values were more politically knowledgeable and more likely to have voted in 2014, regardless of their diversity-seeking traits.
Refugees: Adaptation and Psychological Interventions

Refugees are a special migration group and their counseling needs tend to be different from immigrants. The chapter identifies the primary task for therapists is to focus on resolving trauma, and posttraumatic effects of relocation, and providing coping strategies, along with attending to basic needs such as housing, acquisition of language and job skills. Once trauma resolution has been addressed identity development of refugees in host culture, and acculturation is explored. Further, this chapter explores culturally responsive healing approaches from trauma, and discusses counseling implications.
Iron Balance and the Role of Hepcidin in Chronic Kidney Disease

The hepatic iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin and its receptor, the cellular iron exporter ferroportin, constitute a feedback-regulated mechanism that maintains adequate plasma concentrations of iron-transferrin for erythropoiesis and other functions, ensures sufficient iron stores, and avoids iron toxicity and iron-dependent microbial pathogenesis. In chronic kidney disease, inflammation and impaired renal clearance increase plasma hepcidin, inhibiting duodenal iron absorption and sequestering iron in macrophages. These effects of hepcidin can cause systemic iron deficiency, decreased availability of iron for erythropoiesis, and resistance to endogenous and exogenous erythropoietin. Together with impaired renal production of erythropoietin, hepcidin-mediated iron restriction contributes to anemia of chronic kidney disease.
Transition-Metal-Mediated Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution with Acids

Transition-metal-mediated nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions prefer that a suitably strong nucleophile be in an aprotic medium. Usually, using protic nucleophile/medium requires high reaction temperatures (>180 °C) to overcome the attenuated nucleophilicity for attack on the arene π system. Surprisingly, we demonstrate herein a RhIII-mediated SNAr reaction of a fluoroarene moiety with RCO2H (R = CH3, CF3) in acid media that proceeds at moderate temperatures (<100 °C). We show both by experimental and with DFT calculations that the mechanism proceeds through an internal nucleophilic aromatic substitution (I-SNAr), where the nucleophile coordinates to the metal ion prior to substitution, thereby mitigating the acid influence.
Currents and Current Loadings

Currents induce additional forces (drag and lift) on ocean structures that on occasion may be of far greater magnitude than is initially suspected. This occurs when the currents and surface gravity water waves have components which coincide directionally. Thus, since the drag force is usually taken to be proportional to the square (rather than the first power) of the fluid particle velocity, the resulting force, due in part to the coupling (cross-multiplication products) terms, may be considerably enlarged. Currents also have another effect, namely that of refraction of surface waves which occurs at the boundary of an ocean current and still water. The end result is a change in the ‘apparent’ wave lengths and direction of the incident waves. The change in wave lengths also appears as a change in wave steepness. For details, the reader is referred to the paper by Johnson (1947).
The Effect of Contamination of Hive Parts with Sevin on Bee Mortality

SUMMARYSevin was sprayed on the exteriors and interiors of various hive parts with no bees present, and on the exteriors when bees were not flying. Bees were then placed in the hives, and traps attached to collect any bees that died within them. External contamination of a hive at rates up to 1 kg. actual Sevin per hectare had little effect on the colony. Covering hives during air spraying to prevent their external contamination is therefore of little or no value.
HLA-DRw6: A Molecular Approach

An analysis of the genes that make up the DRβ region will extend our information about the complexity of the HLA class II system, since the serologically detectable polymorphism is located mainly on the DRβ chain. Probably this analysis will be most informative if we look at the 5′ ends of the genes coding for the variable stretches of a DRβ chain [1].
Degradation study of organic light-emitting diodes with solution-processed small molecule phosphorescent emitting layers

The degradation mechanisms of solution processed small molecule phosphorescent OLEDs are investigated along with thermal evaporated devices. Hole-induced degradation in the presence of excited states is found to be a major culprit for the fast degradation in solution-processed devices. Degradation in the solution-processed emitting layer (EML) is found to be strongly dependent on the initial hole injection/transport properties of the EML. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies on solvents used to prepare the solution-processed EMLs reveal that solvent impurities are the dominant reason for their substantially shorter operational lifetime compared with thermal evaporated devices.
Optimal discrete matrix completion

In recent years, matrix completion methods have been successfully applied to solve recommender system applications. Most of them focus on the matrix completion problem in real number domain, and produce continuous prediction values. However, these methods are not appropriate in some occasions where the entries of matrix are discrete values, such as movie ratings prediction, social network relation and interaction prediction, because their continuous outputs are not probabilities and uninterpretable. In this case, an additional step to process the continuous results with either heuristic threshold parameters or complicated mapping is necessary, while it is inefficient and may diverge from the optimal solution. There are a few matrix completion methods working on discrete number domain, however, they are not applicable to sparse and large-scale data set. In this paper, we propose a novel optimal discrete matrix completion model, which is able to learn optimal thresholds automatically and also guarantees an exact low-rank structure of the target matrix. We use stochastic gradient descent algorithm with momentum method to optimize the new objective function and speed up optimization. In the experiments, it is proved that our method can predict discrete values with high accuracy, very close to or even better than these values obtained by carefully tuned thresholds on Movielens and YouTube data sets. Meanwhile, our model is able to handle online data and easy to parallelize.
Research in Science Teaching and Learning: A Human Constructivist View

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the nature of research efforts in science education and how research can contribute to the improvement of classroom practice. The 20-year period following the launch of Sputnik saw remarkable change in research activities of science educators. The establishment of the first journal that was entirely devoted to research reports in the field and the rapid expansion of graduate programs producing M.S. and Ph.D. recipients with the research skills necessary to tackle significant problems in science teaching and learning were among the most important events in 1963. After reviewing the research reports of this era, one is struck by the extent to which empirical work was driven by the demands of curriculum reform and instructional innovation. These in turn reflected the national commitment to “catch up”with Soviet advances in the military, technological, and scientific arenas. In contrast to the assumptions of many science teachers, it is now clear that learners develop a set of well-defined ideas about natural objects and events even before they arrive at the classroom door.
Valence, loop formation and universality in self-assembling patchy particles.

Patchy particles have emerged as an attractive model to mimic phase separation and self-assembly of globular proteins solutions, colloidal patchy particles, and molecular fluids where directional interactions are operative. In our previous work, we extensively explored the coupling of directional and isotropic interactions on both the phase separation and self-assembly in a system of patchy particles with five spots. Here, we extend this work to consider different patch valences and isotropic interaction strengths with an emphasis on self-assembly. Although the location of self-assembly transition lines in the temperature–density plane depend on a number of parameters, we find universal behavior of cluster size that is dependent only on the probability of a spot being bound, the patch valence, and the density. Using these principles, we quantify both the mass distribution and the shape for all clusters, as well as clusters containing loops. Following the logical implications of these results, combined with a simplified version of a mean-field theory that incorporates Flory–Stockmayer theory, we find a universal curve for the temperature dependence of cluster mass and a universal curve for the fraction of clusters that contain loops. As the curves are dependent on the particle valence, such results provide a method for parameterizing patchy particle models using experimental data.
Faradaic reactions’ mechanisms and parameters in charging of oils

Abstract Leaky dielectric liquids, e.g. oils, constitute a class of conductors capable of being electrified to possess a net charge. Faradaic reactions have been recently demonstrated to be responsible for the electrification of such liquids as canola oil in electrostatic atomizers. Here we explain the fundamental chemical kinetics of the mechanisms responsible for charging of these oils at metallic electrodes and measure their parameters. Three main mechanisms of the electrode faradaic reactions of oil are recognized. (i) Cathodic reduction of protons resulting from fatty acid dissociation accompanied by anodic reactions with formation of metallo-organic deposits (metal salts of fatty acids). (ii) Redox reactions with participation of dissociated water molecules (the impurities) absorbed from the surrounding humidity. (iii) Redox reactions on a sharp pin electrode (either being a cathode or an anode) at higher voltages (with the magnitude above about 4 kV) leading to the Coulombic repulsion of charged oil from this electrode and the emergence of a toroidal vortex-like circulation in the oil bath. The electrochemical findings are corroborated by the results obtained by means of the Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy of the electrode deposits, and the introduction of a novel method of measurement of the electric conductivity of oils used to establish the kinetic constants of the Frumkin-Butler-Volmer kinetics in the form of the Tafel plot.
Social Work with Potential Donors for Renal Transplants

Exploration of family milieu, intrapsychic adjustment, and motivation for surgery to save another's life is recommended as the basis for a sound decision
Treatment of experimental chronic osteomyelitis due to staphylococcus aureus with teicoplanin

Teicoplanin was used alone in the treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due toStaphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Treatment with 60 mg of teicoplanin/kg of body weight twice a day for 28 days failed to sterilize any infected rabbit bones. A possible explanation for the failure of teicoplanin may be that itsin vitro activity against the infecting strain ofS. aureus was substantially less under anaerobic conditions (at partial pressures of oxygen analogous to those in osteomyelitic rabbit bones) than under aerobic conditions.
Gender Differences in the Outcome of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Despite women's inherent protection towards coronary heart disease (CHD), once women develop an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) they appear to loose much of their protection compared with men. In spite of smaller infarcts and less severe coronary narrowing, women hospitalized for AMI have more severe presentation, higher rates of complications, and higher mortality compared with men. These gender-related outcome differences are much more marked in younger than in older patients. In part, these differences are attributable to the higher prevalence of preexisting diseases and risk factors in women compared with men. However, in many studies the gender-related outcome differences remain unexplained. Possible additional reasons for the poorer outcome of women after AMI relative to men include delayed symptom recognition, diagnosis and referral of women with CHD; a potential undertreatment of women with AMI; psychosocial factors; differences in AMI pathophysiology between women and men; and a higher prehospital mortality among men. All these potential mechanisms are discussed.
Surgical treatment of postintubation tracheal injuries

Two hundred-eight patients underwent tracheal resection and reconstruction for postintubation injuries from 1965 to early 1979. All but seven had received ventilatory assistance. Thirty-three had undergone prior attempts at surgical reconstruction. Twenty-three had had endotracheal tubes only. the patients had 112 cuff lesions, 78 stomal, 13 at both levels, and four lesions of uncertain origin. One hundred ninety-four had stenosis with or without accompanying malacic change, four showed "pure" malacia, nine had tracheoesophageal fistulas, and one had a tracheoinnominate fistula. There were many laryngeal injuries: 25 of these were major injuries to the low subglottic larynx, necessitating partial or complete removal of the anterior cricoid cartilage. Two hundred sixteen reconstructions were dond, eight for restenosis after initial resection. Cervical approach was used in 126, cervicomediastinal in 83, transthoracic in sic, and cutaneous reconstruction in one. The length of resection extended to 7 cm. Techniques for obtaining tension-free anastomosis included cervical flexion in all, laryngeal release in 20, hilar release in two, and use of partial external splinting in four. Fifty-seven required laryngotracheal anastomosis and nine partial laryngoplasty. Concurrent tracheostomy was rare except in the last group. One hundred-two open stomas were variously managed. There were five deaths (2%)-only one in a truly elective patient. Nine failures (5%) occurred. Ninety-three percent (189 patients) showed good (168) or satisfactory (21) results. Granulations at the suture line, necessitating bronchoscopy, were the most common complication, now seemingly avoided by use of absorbable sutures. Only one patient had postoperative innominate arterial hemorrhage.
Hamiltonian triangulations of Rn

We show that two well-known triangulations of Rn can be enumerated so that successive simplices are adjacent. As an application, we obtain efficient ways to search for initial completely labelled simplices in simplicial algorithms for nonlinear eigenvalue problems.
Perioperative Care and Management of Post-Operative Complications

As perioperative care plans become more complex and patient-centered, patient education and involvement are more essential. Predictors of adverse outcomes after esophagectomy include low spirometry, extremes of body mass index, advanced age, and neoadjuvant therapy. Perioperative care plans as part of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways include interventions designed to minimize the adverse impact of surgery on the patient, reduce postoperative complications, shorten duration of hospital stay, and lower costs. Despite improved risk stratification and interventions focused on modifiable risk factors, adverse outcomes have an important negative impact on hospital length of stay, morbidity and mortality. The most common postoperative complications are pneumonia, atrial fibrillation, anastomotic leak and chyle leak. Early identification and timely intervention are essential to minimize the effects of these potentially devastating complications.
Crisis and catastrophe on Chiloé: Collective memory and the (re)framing of an environmental disaster:

In May 2016, residents of Chiloe in southern Chile blockaded their island to protest the contamination of their fishery by aquaculture operators as well as the state’s failure to adequately regulat...
VIPER is a genetically encoded peptide tag for fluorescence and electron microscopy

Many discoveries in cell biology rely on making specific proteins visible within their native cellular environment. There are various genetically encoded tags, such as fluorescent proteins, developed for fluorescence microscopy (FM). However, there are almost no genetically encoded tags that enable cellular proteins to be observed by both FM and electron microscopy (EM). Herein, we describe a technology for labeling proteins with diverse chemical reporters, including bright organic fluorophores for FM and electron-dense nanoparticles for EM. Our technology uses versatile interacting peptide (VIP) tags, a class of genetically encoded tag. We present VIPER, which consists of a coiled-coil heterodimer formed between the genetic tag, CoilE, and a probe-labeled peptide, CoilR. Using confocal FM, we demonstrate that VIPER can be used to highlight subcellular structures or to image receptor-mediated iron uptake. Additionally, we used VIPER to image the iron uptake machinery by correlative light and EM (CLEM). VIPER compared favorably with immunolabeling for imaging proteins by CLEM, and is an enabling technology for protein targets that cannot be immunolabeled. VIPER is a versatile peptide tag that can be used to label and track proteins with diverse chemical reporters observable by both FM and EM instrumentation.
Estudos do Software (software studies) e a cultura da mobilidade contemporânea

O objetivo do presente artigo e analisar os sentidos conceituais dos processos computacionais e de que forma eles se relacionam e afetam, ou ate mesmo constituem novas formas de processos comunicacionais, provocando modificacoes no âmbito das teorias da comunicacao. O texto apresenta questoes relacionadas a desterritorializacao dos espacos formais das fronteiras fisicas da informacao e propoe uma reflexao baseada em uma analise das midias locativas em relacao aos pesquisadores que criam suas obras baseadas na Internet a partir da utilizacao desses sistemas em seus trabalhos. O artigo apresenta a metodologia do Software Studies para analisar quatro projetos de midias locativas: HiperGps, Walkingtools, HiperGeo e Gun GeoMarker, que abordam questoes sobre espaco e tecnologia de georeferenciacao por meio de aparelhos celulares, com o objetivo de pensar a territorialidade do acesso a informacao digitalizada e suas representacoes como processos comunicacionais. O artigo especula acerca das questoes sobre espacos e territorios, sobre a tecnologia dos servidores moveis que apontam para problemas com os quais os estados terao de lidar no futuro: em que espaco fisico ficarao “hospedados” os “dados” de algum projeto ou sistema de informacao e qual Estado tera a responsabilidade pela hospedagem, transferencia e acesso aos dados?
Framing Mental Health Within Digital Games: An Exploratory Case Study of Hellblade.

Background: Researchers and therapists have increasingly turned to digital games for new forms of treatments and interventions for people suffering from a variety of mental health issues. Yet, the depiction of mental illness within digital games typically promotes stigmatized versions of those with mental health concerns. Recently, more games have attempted to implement more realistic and respectful depictions of mental health conditions. Objective: This paper presents an exploratory analysis of a contemporary game that has the potential to change the way researchers, practitioners, and game designers approach topics of mental health within the context of gaming. Methods: A case study of Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice was conducted using frame analysis to show how key design choices for this game present the potential for new ways of approaching games and mental health. Results: A case study of Hellblade’s development shows how research-informed collaborative design with mental health practitioners, scientists, and individuals with mental health problems can lead to a realistic depiction of mental illness in games. Furthermore, the use of frame analysis demonstrates how to harness narrative, mechanics, and technology to create embodied experiences of mental health, which has the potential to promote empathetic understanding. Conclusions: This paper highlights an exemplary case of collaborative commercial game design for entertainment purposes in relation to mental health. Understanding the success of Hellblade's depiction of psychosis can improve serious games research and design. Further research must continue to provide deeper analysis of not only games that depict mental illness, but also the design process behind them.
The ethical significance of gratitude in Epicureanism

Many texts in the Epicurean tradition mention gratitude but do not explicitly explain its function in Epicurean ethics. I review passages that mention or discuss gratitude and ingratitude and consi...
Assessing the influence of riparian invasion by the shrub Lonicera maackii on terrestrial subsidies to headwater streams

Abstract Invasion of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) into riparian areas of headwater streams creates strong potential for alterations of terrestrial subsidies that may drive bottom-up effects on aquatic biota. In this study, we analyzed effects of L. maackii on terrestrial subsidies in stream sites that represented a gradient of invasion intensity in temperate deciduous forests of southwestern Ohio (USA). Leaf litter biomass, terrestrial and aquatic fine woody debris (0.5–9.9 cm diameter) volume and count, and terrestrial and aquatic coarse woody debris (>9.9 cm diameter) volume were analyzed. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that sites with a higher density of L. maackii would have decreased native species subsidies due to the dense overarching structure of the invasive shrub preventing materials from entering the stream. Over the course of the study, we found no evidence of differences in native leaf biomass across the invasion gradient. There were marginally significant effects of invasion level on fine woody debris, and regression analysis revealed a significant (R-squared 0.11; P = 0.043) negative relationship between L. maackii stem density and fine woody debris volume. Coarse woody debris volume was lower in sites with heavier invasion although no statistically discernible effects were detected. Regression analysis indicated a statistically significant negative relationship between L. maackii basal area and coarse woody debris volume (R-squared 0.14; P = 0.026). These results indicate linkage between invasion intensity and terrestrial subsidies mediated through the unique physiognomy of the invasive shrub. Riparian invasion of L. maackii may alter the fundamental biology of streams through alterations to deposition of terrestrial organic matter that serves as a structuring component of smaller waterways.
Surface Nonlinear Optics

Early work on nonlinear optical reflection at surfaces and interfaces has led to the development of surface nonlinear optical spectroscopy as a powerful technique for surface and interface studies.
The New Law of Gender Nonconformity

A central tenet of sex discrimination law is the protection of gender nonconformity: unless a feature of biological sex requires it, regulated entities may not expect that individuals will conform their gender performance to the stereotypes of their sex. This doctrine is critical to promoting the anti-stereotyping aims of sex discrimination law by allowing gender nonconformers from aggressive women to caregiving fathers to challenge expectations that would limit them to the gender performance that accords with their sex. Courts have extended gender nonconformity protection to transgender persons in cases where discrimination is due to gender performance. Notwithstanding its partial success, the gender nonconformity doctrine has been the wrong path for pursuing transgender rights. The doctrine has led to losses when transgender persons are discriminated against not for their gender performance, but for seeking recognition as their identified sex rather than the sex they were assigned at birth. Transgender plaintiffs are likely to continue to lose under the doctrine when seeking such recognition in the long list of contexts—like bathrooms, dress codes, sports, schools, and beyond—that are still lawfully sex segregated. Even transgender plaintiffs’ successes under the doctrine are Pyrrhic victories. Under the gender nonconformity doctrine, a plaintiff who was designated male at birth but who identifies as female is an effeminate man rather than a woman. The doctrine thus reinforces the notion that transgender persons are their birth-designated sex, contrary to substantial medical and legal authority, and to transgender persons’ own identity. And treating transgender plaintiffs as gender nonconformers risks harm not only to transgender rights but to protection for gender nonconformity by raising the bar to prove such claims, even in paradigm cases. These losses and harms are not inevitable. They all stem from one error—misunderstanding transgender status as a matter of gender rather than sex—that can be corrected. The Supreme Court decision this term in Bostock v. Clayton County holding that transgender discrimination is sex discrimination under federal employment discrimination law without relying on the gender nonconformity doctrine begins to show us how. But while Bostock’s textual approach avoids the pitfalls of the gender nonconformity doctrine, it places transgender discrimination outside the core anti-stereotyping concerns of sex discrimination law. This is harmful legally when courts have to balance transgender rights against religious freedom, and socially when transgender rights are seen to compete with women’s rights. So while courts should follow Bostock’s turn away from gender nonconformity in recognizing transgender discrimination across sex discrimination law, they should uphold what Bostock denies: that transgender discrimination is of a piece with well-recognized forms of sex discrimination and that protecting transgender rights promotes sex discrimination law’s historic role in fighting sex stereotypes.
Natural Laminar-Flow Airfoil Optimization Design Using a Discrete Adjoint Approach

Natural laminar-flow wings are one of the most promising technologies for reducing fuel burn and emissions for commercial aviation. However, there is a lack of tools for performing shape optimizati...
Dorsal Hand Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Dorsal hand appearance undergoes changes with aging. Grading systems have been designed to provide numerical scores to dorsal hand appearance. Various modalities have been utilized to improve the aesthetic appearance and rejuvenate the dorsal hand. The MEDLINE database was searched for articles investigating dorsal hand rejuvenation. Studies were grouped by method including fat grafting, injectable filler, laser/light-based treatments and miscellaneous treatments. Treatment protocols and outcomes were compiled along with patient information and complications. Forty-six articles were identified for inclusion. This included 9 studies of fat grafting procedures, 20 studies of injectable filler, 10 studies of laser/light-based treatments and 7 miscellaneous. Most studies showed overall good results with high patient satisfaction. Satisfaction rates were lower in laser/light-based treatments compared with the other modalities. The average patient age for included studies ranged from 41.5 to 69. Across all studies, 96.8% of patients were female and 3.2% male. Procedures for dorsal hand rejuvenation in the literature include procedures to address volume atrophy and superficial wrinkling. These procedures are overall safe with most studies reporting no complications or only mild adverse events. With high satisfaction rates and anecdotal reports of increasing patient interest, these procedures represent a developing area in aesthetic surgery likely to continue increasing in popularity. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Reporting Research in Psychology: How to Meet Journal Article Reporting Standards

Provides practical guidance on understanding and implementing journal article reporting standards (JARS) and meta-analyses reporting standards (MARS). It includes carefully chosen examples from articles published in APA journals that illustrate how JARS and MARS can be incorporated into various types of research studies, with engaging and helpful commentaries on each item.
Enhancing near-road exposure assessment.

Non-tailpipe particle mass (PM) emissions are formed mostly from mechanical processes, in contrast with particles from tailpipe emissions, which are formed during fuel combustion. Because of the si...
Foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, some relationships between pathogenesis and epizootiology:

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most infectious of all of the animal diseases. It is viral in origin and occurs principally in cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven-footed animals, domesticated and wild. It was first described in Italy in 1546. The causative agent was isolated and determined to be a virus which was later shown to be approximately 23 millimicrons in diameter. Its high infectivity in several species; ability of the virus to spread rapidly; its widespread distribution; and its plurality of serotypes, are some of the characteristics which made FMD difficult to control.
FEMINIST APPROACHES TO RELIGION AND TORTURE

Feminists look critically at any infliction of pain on others, usually requiring that it be consensual, and often both consensual and for the benefit of the person afflicted. Most torture of women is not recognized under official definitions of torture because it is not performed by or with the consent of (government) officials. Women are, however, also victims of torture under official definitions as military or civilian prisoners or as members of defeated populations in war, and are more often subjected to sexual torture, which until recently has not been understood either as torture or even a war crime. Rape, especially serial gang rape, it is argued, should be understood as torture, as the essence of torture is the use of severe pain to obscure or obliterate the victim's sense of agency.
The nature and dynamics of poverty determinants in Burkina Faso in the 1990s

The author investigates the determinants and dynamics of poverty during the five-year growth period that followed the 1994 CFA franc devaluation in Burkina Faso. Results show that the nature and dynamics of poverty determinants are influenced by the spatial location of households and that the post-devaluation growth period did not significantly alter the pattern of poverty determinants. The most significant determinants of poverty over the growth period include the burden of age dependency, human and physical assets, household amenities, and spatial location. Though consistently significant at the national level, the direction of association between these determinants and welfare depends on their nature. While the burden of age dependency is consistently negatively associated with welfare, asset ownership is positively associated. The probability of being poor declines with increasing share of household assets and increases with the burden of age dependency. There are some variations at the regional level, however, shown by the difference in the scope of significance of these determinants. While the ratio of age dependency remains the most significant determinant of rural poverty, its explanatory power decreases considerably in urban areas where its marginal effect on the probability of being poor is relatively low over the two reference periods, despite the significance of the probit coefficient and the relatively low asymptotic standard error.
Chapter 7 Forestalling the demise of empirical economics: The role of microdata in labor economics research

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a discussion on the role of microdata in labor economics research. The chapter begins with a review of characteristics of papers published in selected journals (1965-83) in the field of labor economics. This review demonstrates the changing character of the field in terms of topic, extent to which papers are exclusively theoretical, share of papers with a theoretical section which is meaningful and connects to the subsequent empirical endeavor, and type of data used for empirical work. Consonant with Leontief's findings a growth of theoretical papers in terms of both number and share is observed. It is also observed that this growth of theoretical papers does not appear to have crowded out good empirical work; if anything there seems to have been a parallel growth of both significant theoretical and empirical papers as the development of theory and data interact through time. The chapter presents a detailed discussion of the interaction among theory, data base development and policy issues. Topics highlighted in this discussion are earnings functions and intertemporal labor supply models, including retirement and unemployment. The chapter also discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of microdata, including data from social experiments that were a popular and costly type of data gathered in the United States during the 1970s. The chapter discusses some data based pitfalls and the weakness arising from many of the statistical tests in what can be termed second generation work on several topics.