cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoacoustic detection of intracavity absorption

It is demonstrated that the photoacoustic effect in an external cell is a sensitive resonant detector of intracavity absorption. The detection limits for I2 and Br2 are 3 ng/cm3 and 48 ng/cm3, respectively. For the case of I2 the detection limit using the photoacoustic detector is essentially the same as the detection limit using a fluorescence detector. The sensitive response of photoacoustic detection to IR absorption makes this technique particularly attractive as a potential resonance detector for intracavity absorption with IR lasers.
No fats, femmes, or Asians: the utility of critical race theory in examining the role of gay stock stories in the marginalization of gay Asian men

In the last few decades, proponents of critical race theory have uncovered everyday forms of injustice that continue to affect the lives of men and women of color by exposing the subtle forms of racism that exist in the stock stories told by the dominant group as well as the counterstories told by subaltern groups. However, rarely have we examined the stock stories articulated by subaltern groups to marginalize other subaltern groups. In this paper, I consider the stock stories told by gay White men and the counterstories expressed by gay Asian men to examine subtle forms of racism within the gay community. I argue that we need not only to reveal how the stories narrated by the dominant group continue to maintain social inequality, but that we also need to consider how subaltern groups help to maintain social inequality by adapting the language of the dominant group to use against other subaltern groups.
Biomechanics of subdural hemorrhage in American football: review of the literature in response to rise in incidence

The number of catastrophic head injuries recorded during the 2011 football season was the highest since data collection began in 1984--the vast majority of these cases were secondary to subdural hemorrhage (SDH). The incidence of catastrophic head injury continues to rise: the average yearly incidence from 2008 to 2012 was 238% that of the average yearly incidence from 1998 to 2002. Greater than 95% of the football players who suffered catastrophic head injury during this period were age 18 or younger. Currently, the helmet industry utilizes a standard based on data obtained at Wayne State University approximately 50 years ago that seeks to limit severity index--a surrogate marker of translational acceleration. In this manuscript, we utilize a focused review of the literature to better characterize the biomechanical factors associated with SDH following collisions in American football and discuss these data in the context of current helmet standard. Review of the literature indicates the rotational acceleration (RA) threshold above which the risk of SDH becomes appreciable is approximately 5,000 rad/s(2). This value is not infrequently surmounted in typical high school football games. In contrast, translational accelerations (TAs) experienced during even elite-level impacts in football are not of sufficient magnitude to result in SDH. This information raises important questions about the current helmet standard--in which the sole objective is limitation of TA. Further studies will be necessary to better define whether helmet constructs and quality assurance standards designed to limit RA will also help to decrease the risk of catastrophic head injury in American football.
ROLE OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ER+ DISEASE

In broad terms, there are three categories of effective systemic therapy for breast cancer: hormone therapy (SERMs, aromatase inhibitors, etc.), biologics(trastuzumab, bevacizumab,and smallmoleculeTKIs withsimilar functions), and cytotoxic chemotherapy. While hormone therapy is a longstanding option, dating back more than a century, chemotherapy was amorerecentdevelopment withnotable successes inthe past fewdecades. Biological therapies have proven impact on overall survival only among patients with HER2 positive breast cancer and an international dialogue continues on the issue of the value of bevacizumab and other anti-angiogenic agents. What most modern therapies share is an identified molecular targetand at least a rudimentary understandingof the interaction between theagentanditstarget.Chemotherapy,ontheotherhand,remainsavexing
The short and long-run dynamics between inflation and economic growth in BRICS

The short-run and long-run dynamics between the inflation and economic growth is one of the prominent debates in the economics literature. This article investigates the short- and long-run relationships between the inflation and economic growth in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) over the last three decades. The Johansen cointegration and the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) bound test were used for the long-run relationship, and a VAR analysis sheds light on the short-run dynamics. The results found a positive long-run relationship between inflation and economic growth for India but no long-run relationship in other four countries. A significant negative short-run relationship is found for Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa while a positive short-run relationship is found for India.
A microfluidic hollow fiber membrane extractor for arsenic(V) detection

Abstract Microfluidic membrane extraction using a conventional hollow fiber membrane is presented for continuous, on-line extraction of arsenic. Previously reported micro-scale devices used flat membranes. These modules were relatively complex, difficult to seal, and high pressure drops made them prone to leaks. The present design is simpler, has higher active surface area per unit volume, and allows faster flow rates leading to enhanced mass transfer. On-line membrane extraction of As(V) via chelation through a supported liquid membrane was followed by conventional colorimetric detection with a UV–vis spectrophotometer. Enrichment factors were close to 30, and the detection limit was 27 μg L −1 . The extraction was linear and reproducible. The relative standard deviation of six repeat extractions was less than 3%.
Auxin-induced acidification is not due to the hydration of respiratory CO2

Abstract Sloane and Sadava, in 1975, proposed that auxin-induced cell wall acidification is largely due to carbonic acid derived from respired CO 2 . In this paper we show that the pH values calculated by Sloane and Sadava from measured CO 2 concentrations do not agree with either theoretical or measured pH values. In addition we show that in an open beaker system the speed with which CO 2 escapes to the atmosphere is too rapid to allow any substantial accumulation of carbonic acid. Lastly, vigorous bubbling with N 2 of the acidified medium surrounding auxin-treated pea stem segments does not cause a substantial increase in the pH of the medium. For these reasons we feel that the hypothesis which states that growth-regulator-enhanced wall acidification arises largely from the hydration of respiratory-derived CO 2 is disproved.
Do Patent Protection and Technology Transfer Facilitate R&D in Developed and Emerging Countries? A Semiparametric Study

This paper examines if patent protection and technology transfer facilitate R&D in a sample that includes both developed and emerging countries. A semiparametric model is used to estimate the relevant parameters using country level data from 21 countries, of which six are emerging, for the period 1981–1997. The results suggest thresholds in patent protection and technology transfer: patent protection has a positive effect which weakens at high levels of protection, and FDI has a positive effect only if the country depends heavily on FDI.
Biological effects and catabolic metabolism of 3′, 5′-cyclic nucleotides and derivatives in rat adipose tissue and liver

Abstract Experiments on the catabolism of N 6 , O 2′ -dibutyryl cyclic AMP and N 6 -monobutyryl cyclic AMP in rat liver and epididymal adipose tissue were described. During the regulation by the dibutyryl cyclic nucleotide of several parameters of the metabolism of epididymal adipose tissue adipocytes (lipolysis and glucose metabolism), neither of the butyryl groups was removed enzymatically, and nonenzymatic formation of butyric acid amounted to no more than 4 per cent over 2 hours of incubation. Therefore, intact adipocytes exhibited no deacylase activities. Furthermore, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, isolated from subcellular fractions derived from homogenates of liver and adipose tissue, which actively hydrolyzed cyclic AMP, GMP, IMP, UMP, and TMP, but not cyclic CMP, were sterically hindered by substituent groups on the N 6 and O 2′ positions of cyclic AMP; that is, the enzyme was completely inactive against N 6 , O 2′ -dibutyryl cyclic AMP and exhibited only a trace amount of activity against N 6 -monobutyryl cyclic AMP. However, mechanisms do exist in these tissues for the removal of one or both butyryl groups; subcellular fractions derived from tissue homogenates contained an N-acyl hydrolase active against N 6 , O 2′ -dibutyryl and N 6 -monobutyrl cyclic AMP, and, possibly, also esterase activity against the former. The relationships of function (as lipolytic agents and substrates for cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases) to structure among a variety of 3′, 5′-cyclic nucleotides were investigated using adipocytes and partially purified enzymes. An incubation medium consisting of a sodium chloride-phosphate buffer devoid of Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and K + permitted entry of all nucleotides into adipocytes. In such permeable cells, all purine and pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides, with the exception of the thymine analogs, stimulated lipolytic activity to various extents; however, no relationships, inverse or otherwise, existed between the potencies of the compounds as activators of lipase activity and their susceptibility to hydrolysis by the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Combinations of saturating concentrations of cyclic nucleotides produced rates of lipolysis in cells that were similar to the rate produced by the more potent member of each pair when tested alone; only the lipolytically inactive thymine cyclic nucleotides inhibited the effects of other cyclic nucleotides upon lipolysis. Such results indicated that all active cyclic nucleotides stimulated the same lipolytic mechanism in adipose tissue.
Juridical Democracy versus American Democracy

The End of Liberalism by Theodore Lowi was and is an important book, large in conception, bold in execution, and substantial in influence. It is a provocative and influential statement of some of the problems of pluralism, or “interest-group liberalism.” One of those problems is the inadequately constrained delegation of legislative problems to administrative agencies, leading to “the atrophy of institutions of popular control” (p. 86). The atrophy occurs because administrators exercise their discretion in ways set by agency-group relationships rather than by popular choice (p. 90). To solve this problem, Lowi calls for a return to “juridical democracy,” which means, in part, limiting federal action “to those practices for which it is possible to develop a clear and authoritative rule of law, enacted democratically and implemented absolutely” (p. 271). One way of achieving that limit is by asking the Supreme Court to declare “invalid and unconstitutional any delegation of power to an administrative agency that is not accompanied by clear standards of implementation” (p. 298).Earlier this had been the view of Albert V. Dicey, the great British legal scholar. Dicey argued against the emerging administrative law on grounds that, by removing the defense of individual rights from the common courts, it would permit the growth of the welfare state. Lowi does not mention Dicey, and there is no indication that he is opposed to the substance of the welfare state.
Critical behavior in type-II superconductors

Abstract The high-field critical behavior of type-II superconductors with weak disorder is dominated by the Landau levels of Cooper pairs. The macroscopic degeneracy of Landau manifolds suppresses phase coherence and eliminates the Abrikosov transition in dimensions two and three. A novel phase transition, unrelated to the conventional Abrikosov transition, is predicted to take its place. At this transition the normal state is unstable to the charge-density wave of Cooper pairs. The nature of this new state is discussed. This phase should be most readily observable in layered materials at fields > 1–10T.
Impaired Recruitment of Grk6 and β-Arrestin2 Causes Delayed Internalization and Desensitization of a WHIM Syndrome-Associated CXCR4 Mutant Receptor

WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokatexis) syndrome is a rare immunodeficiency syndrome linked to heterozygous mutations of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 resulting in truncations of its cytoplasmic tail. Leukocytes from patients with WHIM syndrome display impaired CXCR4 internalization and enhanced chemotaxis in response to its unique ligand SDF-1/CXCL12, which likely contribute to the clinical manifestations. Here, we investigated the biochemical mechanisms underlying CXCR4 deficiency in WHIM syndrome. We report that after ligand activation, WHIM-associated mutant CXCR4 receptors lacking the carboxy-terminal 19 residues internalize and activate Erk 1/2 slower than wild-type (WT) receptors, while utilizing the same trafficking endocytic pathway. Recruitment of β-Arrestin 2, but not β-Arrestin 1, to the active WHIM-mutant receptor is delayed compared to the WT CXCR4 receptor. In addition, while both kinases Grk3 and Grk6 bind to WT CXCR4 and are critical to its trafficking to the lysosomes, Grk6 fails to associate with the WHIM-mutant receptor whereas Grk3 associates normally. Since β-Arrestins and Grks play critical roles in phosphorylation and internalization of agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors, these results provide a molecular basis for CXCR4 dysfunction in WHIM syndrome.
Some properties of beta toxin produced by Clostridium haemolyticum strain IRP-135.

Abstract Six culture media were evaluated for the optimization of β-toxin production by Clostridium haemolyticum (strain IRP-135) using both batch and dialysis culture techniques. The lethal component of β-toxin remained active for 13 days when maintained at 37°C but was inactivated by heating at 60° for 20 min. A 1 : 10,000 dilution of trypsin inactivated the toxin in 15 min. Preliminary data from electrophoresis in SDS acrylamide gel indicate the molecular weight of the β-toxin to be approximately 32,000.
The Effects of Used Motor Oil, Silt, and the Water Mold Saprolegnia parasitica on the Growth and Survival of Mole Salamanders (Genus Ambystoma)

Amphibians appear to be declining worldwide. One cause of their decline may be used crankcase oil which leaks from motor vehicles and washes into ponds. Once in ponds, the oil may either be directly toxic to amphibians, or may indirectly affect them by disrupting food chains. The effects of oil may also be compounded by naturally occurring materials in the water column such as silt. Silt may interfere with respiration across gill surfaces. This study examined the effects of oil and silt on the growth and metamorphosis of larval mole salamanders, Ambystoma opacum and A. tigrinum tigrinum. In Experiment One it examined ponds with and without silty water and oil pollution to determine their suitability as habitats for salamander larvae. In Experiment Two it studied the effects of low levels of oil combined with silt on animals raised in the laboratory and fed prey items not raised in oil. In Experiment Three, it explored the effects of oil at an ecosystem level by raising the salamanders in the field in plastic micromesocosms that mimicked small ponds. Finally, in Experiment Four, in the laboratory, it examined the short-term survival of salamanders in high concentrations of oil. This study found that ponds containing oil and silt produce salamanders of reduced size and weight. Furthermore, while salamanders are relatively robust to the short term effects of large concentrations of used motor oil, oil has deleterious effects on the community and therefore exerts an indirect negative effect on salamanders. In the mi- cro-mesocosms containing oil, salamanders were smaller and weighed less than animals not raised in oil. Furthermore, silt results in reduced growth, earlier metamorphosis, and increased susceptibility to the water mold Saprolegnia parasitica.
How The Center For Medicare And Medicaid Innovation Should Test Accountable Care Organizations

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act establishes a national voluntary program for accountable care organizations (ACOs) by January 2012 under the auspices of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The act also creates a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation in the CMS. We propose that the CMS allow flexibility and tiers in ACOs based on their specific circumstances, such as the degree to which they are or are not fully integrated systems. Further, we propose that the CMS assume responsibility for ACO provisions and develop an ordered system for learning how to create and sustain ACOs. Key steps would include setting specific performance goals, developing skills and tools that facilitate change, establishing measurement and accountability mechanisms, and supporting leadership development.
Management of neglected Blount disease using double corrective tibia osteotomy and medial plateau elevation

A double osteotomy for correcting tibial deformity in combination with medial plateau elevation is recommended for the management of neglected Blount disease cases. We report our clinical experience with the application of this surgical technique and describe the long-term follow-up of the patients who were operated on. During a 10-year period, eight children (8 boys) with mean age of 12 years (range 9–14 years) underwent surgery (9 operations) due to neglected infantile tibia vara. All patients suffered from stage V or VI Blount disease according to the Langenskiold and Riska classification. Two simultaneous combined osteotomies were performed for medial plateau elevation and for correction of the tibial deformity. The correction was immediate using K-wires for stabilization and a long-leg cast for immobilization. The mean duration of follow-up was 10 years (range 5–15 years), and the evaluations were based on clinical and radiological criteria. At the latest follow-up, there was no observable knee flexion or extension restriction and no signs of instability or lateral thrust. All patients had returned to a higher activity level. Leg-lengthening surgery was performed in one child, but the length discrepancy was already present before the double osteotomy was performed. No other complications were noticed. All the angles measured on X-rays had been corrected, and this correction was retained until the latest follow-up. This method results in very good outcomes in patients who suffer from Blount disease of stage V or greater. With this technique, the tibial deformity is corrected, the articular surface is restored, and future recurrence is prevented.
Nitrites. XIX. Studies of the mechanism of action of glyceryl trinitrate.

Abstract Further evidence has been presented to indicate that the dilation of the coronary arteries evoked by glyceryl trinitrate is due to the intact molecule. 1-Chloro-2,3-propanediol dinitrate (CPD) containing only two nitrate groups, equipotent to glyceryl trinitrate in dilating the perfused coronary vessels of the rabbit, is more refractory to nitrite formation by the vascular bed. The coronary vessels and the vascular bed of the ear have been shown to reduce a fraction of glyceryl trinitrate perfused through them to nitrite. Isosorbide dinitrate evokes increased coronary flow in the rabbit's heart and does not undergo hydrolysis and reduction. The resistance to alkaline hydrolysis has been studied with regard to glyceryl trinitrate and isosorbide and isomannide dinitrates. The latter two dinitrate esters are more resistant to alteration than is glyceryl trinitrate.
Spawning of a captive population of California sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher.

.— California sheephead are an important commercial and sport fish species in southern California. This study represents the first detailed description of spawning and patterns of egg production in a captive population of California sheephead. In March 2004, females ranged in size from 369 to 430 mm total length (TL) and weighed 0.8–1.5 kg. Males ranged in size from 475 to 510 mm TL and weighed 1.7–2.3 kg. Spawning began in April and continued daily through September and then sporadically through October. Egg production ranged from 1000 to 375,000 eggs/d, with an average of 130,000 eggs/d. Egg production peaked in May at 222,000 eggs/d and decreased throughout the remainder of the season. Total annual fecundity from this group was 1,942,000 eggs/kg female body weight. Egg viability ranged from 0 to 80% with an average of 50%. Viability showed a general increase at the beginning of the season and a decrease at the end of the season. Eggs were 0.9–1.0 mm in diameter and hatched in approximately 48 h at 18–19 C. Hatch rates showed a general decline throughout the season. This study shows that California sheephead will spawn readily in captivity providing thousands of viable eggs daily and lays the groundwork for culture of this species.
Model predictions of the recruitment of lung units and the lung surface area-volume relationship during inflation.

Experimental evidence suggests that the lung behaves as if it is composed of a large population of units which are recruited and derecruited during lung expansion and contraction. This study combines two previous models in order to estimate the probability distribution function describing lung unit opening pressures and the resulting alveolar surface area–volume relationship of the excised rat lung during inflation. Results indicate that the opening pressures of lung units during inflation can be described by a normal distribution. The end-expiratory pressure (EEP) has a large effect on the number of lung units that open during inflation and the properties of the area–volume relationship of the lung, but the distribution of opening pressures of individual lung units is fairly consistent regardless of EEP. This study also presents evidence that when the normalized lung area–volume relationship is represented by the equation [A L]N = [φ V L]N n during inflation from the closed state, the expansion coefficient n is between 0.86 and 1. This result supports the theory that, for inflation from EEPs below 4 cmH2O, lung expansion occurs in part by the recruitment of lung units and not solely by the expansion of open units.
Seismic Design Based on the Yield Displacement

Although seismic design traditionally has focused on period as a primary design parameter, relatively simple arguments, examples, and observations discussed herein suggest that the yield displacement is a more stable and more useful parameter for seismic design. The stability of the yield displacement is illustrated with four detailed examples, consisting of momentresistant frame buildings. Each frame is designed to limit roof drift for a specific ground motion using an ‘‘equivalent’’ SDOF model in conjunction with Yield Point Spectra. The effectiveness of the simple design method is established by nonlinear dynamic analysis. Yield displacements were stable and consistent while the fundamental periods of vibration (and lateral stiffness) required to meet the performance objective differed substantially. [DOI: 10.1193/1.1516754]
Hydrophobic surfaces for serological reactions.

Le silicone GE Dri-Film SC 87 produit une surface hautement impermeable aux reactions serologiques. On demontre experimentalement qu'il est plus hydrophobique que le formvar.
Demodex cricetuli: New Species of Hair Follicle Mite (Acari: Demodecidae) from the Armenian Hamster, Cricetulus migratorius (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Demodex cricetuli sp. nov. is described, in all life stages, from the Armenian hamster, Cricetulus migratorius . This demodecid inhabits the hair follicles of all body regions of the host. Heavy infestations are associated with dermatitis and alopecia. Demodex cricetuli is most similar to D. aurati , from the Golden hamster, but adults differ in podosomal length, shape of the opisthosomal terminus, genital opening and opisthosomal organ of the male, and overall length-to-width ratios.
The orientation of eosin-5-maleimide on human erythrocyte band 3 measured by fluorescence polarization microscopy

The dominant motional mode for membrane proteins is uniaxial rotational diffusion about the membrane normal axis, and investigations of their rotational dynamics can yield insight into both the oligomeric state of the protein and its interactions with other proteins such as the cytoskeleton. However, results from the spectroscopic methods used to study these dynamics are dependent on the orientation of the probe relative to the axis of motion. We have employed polarized fluorescence confocal microscopy to measure the orientation of eosin-5-maleimide covalently reacted with Lys-430 of human erythrocyte band 3. Steady-state polarized fluorescence images showed distinct intensity patterns, which were fit to an orientation distribution of the eosin absorption and emission dipoles relative to the membrane normal axis. This orientation was found to be unchanged by trypsin treatment, which cleaves band 3 between the integral membrane domain and the cytoskeleton-attached domain. this result suggests that phosphorescence anisotropy changes observed after trypsin treatment are due to a rotational constraint change rather than a reorientation of eosin. By coupling time-resolved prompt fluorescence anisotropy with confocal microscopy, we calculated the expected amplitudes of the e-Dt and e-4Dt terms from the uniaxial rotational diffusion model and found that the e-4Dt term should dominate the anisotropy decay. Delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence anisotropy decays of control and trypsin-treated band 3 in ghosts, analyzed as multiple uniaxially rotating populations using the amplitudes predicted by confocal microscopy, were consistent with three motional species with uniaxial correlation times ranging from 7 microseconds to 1.4 ms.
Optical and Infrared Interferometric Imaging

Optical astronomical interferometry on long baselines dates back well over 100 years, but needed the technical advances of the 20th century to become practical. Loss of phase information due to atmospheric turbulence and sparse coverage of the input pupil make image reconstruction a challenge. Nevertheless, images of stellar surfaces are now being produced, while some projects push toward wide-field interferometry and toward satellite imaging.
Promoting College Students' Problem Understanding Using Schema-Emphasizing Worked Examples.

Statistics learners often bypass the critical step of understanding a problem before executing solutions. Worked-out examples that identify problem information (e.g., data type, number of groups, purpose of analysis) key to determining a solution (e.g., t test, chi-square, correlation) can address this concern. The authors examined the effectiveness of 3 kinds of worked examples on 96 college students’ problem understanding based on their problem categorizations and explanations: correct schema, contrasting schema (correct and incorrect features), and no schema (traditional solution-only examples). The contrasting- and correct-schema examples were more effective than were the no-schema examples—but neither schema was more effective than the other—in helping students construct accurate and complete problem schemata where data type and number of groups were prominently featured.
Preparation of TiO2-supported Au nanoparticle catalysts from a Au13 cluster precursor: Ligand removal using ozone exposure versus a rapid thermal treatment

Abstract The structure of Au heterogeneous catalysts on the anatase form of TiO2 has been characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and quantitative Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). These materials are prepared by deposition of highly monodisperse Au13[PPh3]4[S(CH2)11CH3]4 (8-A diameter) ligand-protected clusters on anatase, followed by reaction with ozone or a rapid oxidative thermal treatment to remove the ligands. The materials obtained differ markedly in each case. For the thermal treatment at 400 °C in air, the supported particles grow to an average size of 2.7 nm ( ± 0.6 nm ) in diameter, and the larger particles in the distribution are found to adopt a spherical geometry. Particle growth is greatly inhibited when ozone is used to remove the ligands (average diameter 1.2 ± 0.5 nm ). These particles assume a more oblate geometry, consistent with a truncated hemispherical shape. It was found that subsequent thermal treatments of the ozone-derived supported nanoparticles at 400 °C in air did not induce additional growth, indicating that sintering is strongly affected by the particle–support interactions developed by the ozone-based low-temperature ligand removal step. These materials exhibit catalytic activity and high stability for the oxidation of CO at elevated temperatures, with the level of activity dependent on catalyst preparation.
The rapamycin-sensitive signal transduction pathway as a target for cancer therapy

The high frequency of mutations in cancer cells which result in altered cell cycle regulation and growth signal transduction, conferring a proliferative advantage, indicates that many of these aberrant mechanisms may be strategic targets for cancer therapy. The macrolide fungicide rapamycin, a natural product with potent antimicrobial, immunosuppressant, and anti-tumor properties, inhibits the translation of key mRNAs of proteins required for cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Rapamycin binds intracellularly to the immunophilin FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12), and the resultant complex inhibits the protein kinase activity of a protein kinase termed mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The inhibition of mTOR, in turn, blocks signals to two separate downstream pathways which control the translation of specific mRNAs required for cell cycle traverse from G1 to S phase. Blocking mTOR affects the activity of the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) and the function of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), leading to growth arrest in the the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In addition to its actions on p70s6k and 4E-BP1, rapamycin prevents cyclin-dependent kinase activation, inhibits retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation, and accelerates the turnover of cyclin D1 that leads to a deficiency of active cdk4/cyclin D1 complexes, all of which can inhibit cell cycle traverse at the G1/S phase transition. Both rapamycin and CCI-779, an ester analog of rapamycin with improved pharmaceutical properties and aqueous solubility, have demonstrated impressive activity against a broad range of human cancers growing in tissue culture and in human tumor xenograft models, which has supported the development of compounds targeting rapamycin-sensitive signal-transduction pathways. CCI-779 has completed several phase I clinical evaluations and is currently undergoing broad disease-directed efficacy studies. The agent appears to be well tolerated at doses that have resulted in impressive anti-tumor activity in several types of refractory neoplasms. Important challenges during clinical development include the definition of a recommended dose range associated with optimal biological activity and maximal therapeutic indices, as well as the ability to predict which tumors will be sensitive or resistant to CCI-779.
Ultraviolet absorption spectra of peptides. II. Glycine peptides containing more than one substituted amide link.

Abstract 1. 1. Spectra in the ultraviolet region from about 200 to 240 mμ are presented for aqueous solutions at various pH values for H.Glyn.OH, where n = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, for glycine anhydride, H.Ala-Gly2.OH, H. Leu-Gly2.OH, Ac-Phe-Gly. OH, and Ac-Phe-Gly2.OH. Also the spectrum of a preparation of polyglycine methyl ester in 43% H3PO4 is presented. 2. 2. Evidence is presented to show that the spectrum of an individual peptide link within a peptide containing more than one peptide link is influenced by the presence of adjacent peptide links. 3. 3. The attempt is made to show that it may be possible to assign to each of the endoresidues in a short peptide chain individual residue spectra which are additive no matter what the sequence of residues is in the chain. The rational basis for this hypothesis is discussed. The main evidence for it is based upon the observation that at pH's 1 and 6 there appears to be an approximately constant difference between the spectra of a number of pairs of peptides which differ from each other only by a single endoglycine residue. Extension of the above principle to macromolecules is briefly discussed.
Special session — A war of words: Using sticky language to effect change in engineering education

Reform in engineering education requires not only identifying what needs to change, but also understanding implicit barriers to change and the tools that can help overcome them. Language is an excellent example of such a barrier, and of such a tool. For example, engineering educators sometimes refer to “the basics” (math, science, and engineering science) thereby assigning those topics a privileged position in the engineering canon; the same educators will sometimes use the term “soft” to deflate certain qualitative critical thinking, creative, and communications skills, thereby assigning them lower status-and less air time-in the education of student engineers. These examples demonstrate the ability of language to obstruct change, and also suggest that the careful choice of memorable or “sticky” locutions can provide reformers with a powerful means of reframing the debate. In this special session we examine the use of language in the resistance to and promotion of change, and identify promising locutions that can help transform engineering education.
Molecular and genetic regulation of fruit ripening

Fleshy fruit undergo a novel developmental program that ends in the irreversible process of ripening and eventual tissue senescence. During this maturation process, fruit undergo numerous physiological, biochemical and structural alterations, making them more attractive to seed dispersal organisms. In addition, advanced or over-ripening and senescence, especially through tissue softening and eventual decay, render fruit susceptible to invasion by opportunistic pathogens. While ripening and senescence are often used interchangeably, the specific metabolic activities of each would suggest that ripening is a distinct process of fleshy fruits that precedes and may predispose the fruit to subsequent senescence.
Numerical Computation of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics in the Laminar Wall Jet and Comparison to the Self-Similar Solutions

Despite its importance as a canonical two-dimensional flow, the laminar wall jet has not been extensively studied using modern computational fluid dynamic methods. As in the laminar boundary layer, existence of analytical self-similar solutions make the problem particularly attractive for validating CFD code, yet we have found little archival work in which it has been used for this purpose. In the present study, we present a numerical investigation of the steady, laminar, and two-dimensional plane wall jet with constant properties. A finite-volume approach is used to solve the governing equations using self-similar inlet boundary conditions for the velocity and temperature profiles. The thermal solution is investigated for isothermal boundary condition at the wall. Velocity and temperature profiles are reported at various locations downstream and show an excellent agreement with the similarity solution obtained by Glauert [1] and Schwarz, et al. [2] respectively. In addition, the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are investigated and compared with the analytical solutions presented by Glauert [1] and Mitachi, et al. [3] respectively, and very good agreement is observed. Despite its simplicity, it is shown that proper convergence of the numerical solutions of the wall jet to the expected analytical solutions requires care in specification of the jet inlet conditions, and the boundary conditions on the computational domain boundaries.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Surface magnetoelastic coupling

The surface magnetoelastic coupling coefficient ${\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{s}}$ is determined for cobalt-rich and iron-rich amorphous alloys by measuring the field and strain dependence of the spin polarization of secondary electrons emitted from their surfaces. ${\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{s}}$ is found to be approximately 3 times the bulk value for the cobalt-rich alloy and half the bulk value for the iron-rich alloy.
Seed morphology under SEM and light microscopy in Kansas Juncus (Juncaceae)

Seed morphology was studied in 15 species of four subgenera ofJuncus occurring in Kansas, to determine if seeds provide traits useful in assessing systematic relations within the genus. In this study seed size and shape were of limited value, while surface ornamentation of the hard inner seed coat provided encouraging results. SubgenusPoiophylli showed little variation in surface ornamentation among taxa; similar ornamentation was observed in subgenusGenuini. SubgeneraGraminifolii andSeptati were separately distinct with the taxa in theSeptati forming a continuum of variation.
A Unified Approach to Prior and Loss Robustness

We introduce a new statistical framework in order to study Bayesian loss robustness under classes of priors distributions, thus unifying both concepts of robustness. We propose measures that capture variation with respect to both prior selection and selection of loss function and explore general properties of these measures. We illustrate the approach for the continuous exponential family. Robustness in this context is studied first with respect to prior selection where we consider several classes of priors for the parameter of interest, including unimodal and symmetric and unimodal with positive support. After prior variation has been measured we investigate robustness to loss function, using Hellinger and Linex (Linear Exponential) classes of loss functions. The methods are applied to standard examples.
An operation-level prospective study of risk factors associated with the incidence density of lameness in Michigan (USA) equine operations

Abstract A prospective cohort study of lameness in Michigan equids was conducted using the Michigan Equine Monitoring System (MEMS) Phase-II database. MEMS Phase II was an equine health-monitoring study of 138 randomly-selected Michigan equine operations. Management and health-related data were collected for operations in two 12-month periods. The median incidence density of lameness was 2.8 cases per 10000 horse-days at-risk (Minimum = 0; 25th Quartale (Q) = 0; 75th Q = 10.2; Maximum = 48.5). Equine operation-management and environmental risk factors associated with the incidence density of lameness were assessed using multivariable Poisson regression. Management risk factors associated with the incidence density of lameness included the total operation horse-days monitored (3rd Q: Relative Risk (RR) = 0.46; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.29–0.71 and 4th Q: RR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.16–0.37), the veterinary-related services score (3rd Q: RR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39–0.96 and 4th Q: RR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.01–2.08), the farrier-related services score (4th Q: RR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.07–2.42) and operations having equids participating in exercise-related activities (RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.16–2.50). Environmental risk factors associated with the incidence density of lameness included operations with stalls having medium flooring (RR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.35–0.65), operations with stalls having loose flooring (RR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.88–4.10) and operations using straw-like materials for stall bedding (RR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.53–2.68).
Concepts of disablement in documents guiding physical therapy practice

Purpose : To describe disability concepts used within documents guiding physical therapist practice. Methods : Content analysis was performed on the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, second edition; A Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education, version 2000; APTA House of Delegates Standards, Policies, Positions and Guidelines; APTA Board of Directors Policies, Positions and Guidelines; The Model Practice Act for Physical Therapy and The Illinois Physical Therapy Act. Using a word sense framework, text-in-context lists were compiled, from which contextual themes and counts for all occurrences of disability terms were developed. Results : Across documents, contextual themes with number of occurrences were: disability as role performance limitations within specific contexts: 819; disability resulting from health status: 39, disability law: 29; and rights of individuals with disabilities: 25. Conclusions : Documents guiding physical therapist practice commonly conceptualize disability a...
Implementation considerations of a subtracting incoherent optical neuron

The incoherent optical neuron (ION) subtracts inhibitory inputs from excitatory inputs optically by utilizing separate device responses. Those factors that affect the operation of the ION are discussed, including nonlinearity of the inhibitory element, input noise, device noise, system noise and crosstalk. A computer simulation of these effects is performed on a version of S.A. Ellias and S. Grossberg's (1975) on-center off-surround competitive neural network. >
Stopping at nothing? Some dilemmas of data monitoring in clinical trials

This commentary reviews the argument that clinical trials with data monitoring committees that use statistical stopping guidelines should generally not be stopped early for large observed efficacy differences because efficacy estimates may be exaggerated and there is minimal information on treatment harms. Overall, the average of estimates from trials that use these boundaries differs minimally from the true value. Estimates from a given trial that seem implausibly high can be moderated by using Bayesian methods. Data monitoring committees are not ethically required to precisely estimate a large efficacy difference if that difference differs convincingly from zero, and the requirement to detect harms and balance efficacy against harm depends on whether the nature of the harm is known or unknown before the trial.
Incubation in Mice Provides a Signal for the Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigotes to Trypomastigotes

The differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes into trypomastigotes was studied in diffusion chambers subcutaneously implanted in mice. Using epimastigotes of the Tulahuen strain, transformation was first evident at 16 h after implantation and reached its maximum (92% trypomastigotes) by 24 h. Shortly before their differentiation into trypomastigotes, epimastigotes were found to develop resistance to lysis by the alternative pathway of complement. Furthermore, implantation of stationary-phase (as opposed to log-phase) parasites resulted in the accumulation of large numbers of complement-resistant epimastigotes in the chambers. These observations suggest that epimastigotes pass through a complement-resistant transitional stage before differentiating into trypomastigotes and that transformation may require cell division. In a further series of experiments, epimastigotes recovered 7 h after implantation in mice were found to differentiate into trypomastigotes when cultured in vitro for an additional 17 h at 37 degrees C. This observation indicates that the events which trigger the morphologic transformation of epimastigotes into trypomastigotes can be dissociated operationally from the differentiation process itself.
Images (and challenges) in the delivery suite: large mucinous cystadenoma coexisting with an intrauterine pregnancy in a healthy parturient.

pregnancy present many therapeutic challenges as a result of ever present conflict between optimal maternal therapy (surgical resection) and the well being of the fetus (preterm labor) [1]. At the University of California, San Diego, we recently encountered a 31-year-old, previously healthy female at 22 weeks gestation, who presented with rapidly increasing abdominal size and 2 week history of abdominal pain. An obstetric ultrasound demonstrated a single intrauterine pregnancy (size compatible with dates) coexisting with a large mass in the abdomen (originating from the right ovary), which measured 27.0·27.0·11.0 cm (Figs. 1, 2). Surgical resection (cystectomy and right ovariectomy) under general anesthesia (rapid sequence induction with cricoid pressure) was necessary due to a rapid tumor growth. Pathologic evaluation was reported as benign mucinous cystadenoma. Neither intranor postoperative maternal and fetal complications were reported. However, it should be remembered (and emphasized) that perioperative challenges in these parturients may include supine positioning-related aortocaval compression syndrome (commonly under-appreciated outside of the Labor and Delivery suite) leading to severe hypotension at induction of general anesthesia [2].
Tyrosine phosphorylation of actin in Dictyostelium associated with cell-shape changes

When Dictyostelium cells that have initiated their developmental program upon starvation are returned to growth medium, there is a rapid and transient de novo tyrosine phosphorylation of a 43-kilodalton protein. This protein was found to be actin. Most of the phosphorylation occurred in a single, minor acidic isoform of actin. Developing cells that had been returned to growth medium lost their pseudopod extensions, became round, and had reduced adhesion to the substratum. These effects occurred with kinetics that matched the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of actin. In mutant cell lines in which the gene for the phosphotyrosine phosphatase PTP1 had been disrupted, tyrosine phosphorylation of actin was rapid and more prolonged. These cells responded with proportionally accelerated kinetics of cell rounding. Cell lines overexpressing PTP1 had diminished amplitude and duration of actin tyrosine phosphorylation and exhibited diminished cell-shape change and an accelerated return to the extended cell-shape morphology seen in starved cells.
Inhibition of NF-κB DNA binding and nitric oxide induction in human T cells and lung adenocarcinoma cells by selenite treatment

NF-kappaB is a major transcription factor consisting of 50(p50)- and 65(p65)-kDa proteins that controls the expression of various genes, among which are those encoding cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). After initial activation of NF-kappaB, which involves release and proteolysis of a bound inhibitor, essential cysteine residues are maintained in the active reduced state through the action of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. In the present study, activation of NF-kappaB in human T cells and lung adenocarcinoma cells was induced by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. After lipopolysaccharide activation, nuclear extracts were treated with increasing concentrations of selenite, and the effects on DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB were examined. Binding of NF-kappaB to nuclear responsive elements was decreased progressively by increasing selenite levels and, at 7 microM selenite, DNA-binding activity was completely inhibited. Selenite inhibition was reversed by addition of a dithiol, DTT. Proportional inhibition of iNOS activity as measured by decreased NO products in the medium (NO2- and NO3-) resulted from selenite addition to cell suspensions. This loss of iNOS activity was due to decreased synthesis of NO synthase protein. Selenium at low essential levels (nM) is required for synthesis of redox active selenoenzymes such as glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductase, but in higher toxic levels (>5-10 microM) selenite can react with essential thiol groups on enzymes to form RS-Se-SR adducts with resultant inhibition of enzyme activity. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by selenite is presumed to be the result of adduct formation with the essential thiols of this transcription factor.