cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compiling fixed-point multiplications

With reference to the article by H. T. Gladwin [1], (Comm.) it should be noted that the technique described is a limited subset of techniques known for many years, particularly to programmers for machines lacking an integer multiply instruction, CDC 6000 PPU's for example. It is easier to present and implement more generally applicable techniques, such as full decomposition into “runs” of 0's and 1's to yield representation as: ∑Li=0(2m(i) - 2n(i)) which may be further compressed by replacing such terms as -2m+1 + 2m by -2m. In decomposing numbers from the right on a CDC 6000 in particular, special techniques are possible [2].Finally, Gladwin failed to credit the CDC RUN compilers, in use for over six years on the very machines he discussed, for doing a large number of constant multiplies by shifts and adds (subroutine SHM in overlay RUN1).
Second-Level Algorithms, Superrecursivity, and Recovery Problem in Distributed Systems

In this paper, we analyze network recovery algorithms, which allow computer networks to properly function in spite of failures. In this analysis, we use methods and tools of the theory of super-recursive algorithms. The concept of algorithm of the second level is introduced and studied. It is demonstrated that although the main components of various check-point/recovery algorithms are recursive algorithms, check-point/recovery algorithms, as a whole, are super-recursive second-level algorithms. Treating network recovery algorithms as second level algorithms is oriented at developing more powerful algorithms by combining existing ones in a common schema.
Differential time-course profiles of dopamine release and uptake changes induced by three dopamine uptake inhibitors.

Using real-time voltammetry, we compared the effects of cocaine (1.0, 3.0, or 10 μM), WIN 35428 (0.1, 0.5, or 2.0 μM), and nomifensine (0.2, 1.0, or 5.0 μM) on electrically evoked dopamine release and uptake in the rat accumbens slice. The time course for onset and offset of the drug effects were determined by perfusing single drug concentration for 30 min, followed by a 60-min washout. Cocaine elicited a rapid, concentration-independent increase in dopamine release and a more gradual, concentration-dependent inhibition of uptake. During washout, uptake inhibition rapidly abated to near baseline values. During the same period, the potentiation of dopamine release exhibited a slower offset for all concentrations and, for 10 μM cocaine, was even greater than that observed during drug perfusion (“rebound” increase). The release rebound was not observed during continuous 90-min perfusion, verifying that cocaine washout per se was a sufficient condition. Selective D1 or D2 antagonists (0.5 μM SCH 39166 or 2 μM sulpiride, respectively) were without effect on cocaine-induced release alterations. WIN 35428 and nomifensine induced similar changes in dopamine kinetics during perfusion. However, in contrast to cocaine, no consistent release rebound was observed during their washout. For 2 μM WIN 38425, washout and continuous perfusion groups exhibited similar changes in dopamine release and uptake. The time-course mismatch between uptake inhibition and DA release potentiation as well as release rebound during washout suggests that altered dopamine release might play a role in behavioral effects of cocaine. Synapse 41:301–310, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How College Students' Engagement Affects Personal and Social Learning Outcomes

Recent calls for accountability in higher education underscore the need for evidence of the “value added” effect of college attendance. One of the espoused goals of higher education is to prepare i...
A kinetic study of the plasma‐etching process. II. Probe measurements of electron properties in an rf plasma‐etching reactor

Electrical probe measurements made in an rf plasma‐etching reactor are discussed as a function of gas mix and position in the reactor. Comparisons are made to a kinetic model for the plasma etching process. The electron density as a function of the ratio CF4/H2 and CF4/O2 was found to decrease as the fraction of CF4 decreased, although local extrema in electron density were observed. The electron flux distribution was also found to show extrema as the gas mixture was changed. The spatial variations of electron density and temperature between the electrodes were found to be a function of electrode material.
Cardiac involvement by lymphoma: Detection and follow-up by two-dimensional echocardiography

recurrence of the vegetation, and the patient was discharged 2 weeks postoperatively in good health. There are two main surgical techniques employed for those cases of tricuspid endocarditis requiring surgery: either valve replacement or valve excision without immediate insertion of a prosthesis.1.Lx4 Valve excision alone is associated with a 15 % mortality rate and a 25 % incidence of subsequent regurgitation requiring insertion of a prosthesis.” Valve replacement, when done as the initial procedure, also has a high mortality rate and has a high incidence of subsequent prosthetic valve endocarditis, particularly in drug addicts.3 The decision to operate in this patient was based on the deteriorating clinical condition despite appropriate antibiotics, in conjunction with the echocardiographic demonstration of a rapid increase in size of the vegetation. The appearance of the vegetation as a solitary, pedunculated lesion led to some optimism that a simple excision would be possible. The confirmation of these findings at surgery allowed for this conservative procedure (“vegetectomy”). This technique has only been described once previously. Chandraratna et al.‘j performed a similar procedure on a young drug addict with similar good results. The use of “vegetectomy” is obviously limited to those cases where a well-circumscribed vegetation is found with little or no valve damage. Echocardiography has a valuable role to play in the early assessment of vegetations and their suitability for this procedure. In view of the relatively high operative mortality rate and long-term complications associated with traditional surgical approaches to tricuspid valve endocarditis, “vegetectomy” would appear to offer many advantages and, where possible, may well be the procedure of choice. 2. Gintzon LE, Siegel RJ, Criley JM: Natural nistory of tricuspid valve endocarditis: A two dimensional echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol 49:1853, 1982. 3. Mills Sk Surgical management of infkct.ive c,ndocarditis. Ann Surg 195:367, 1982. 4. Dinubile MJ: Surgery in active endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 96:650, 1982. 5. Arbulu A, Asfaw I: Tricuspid valvulectomy without immediate prosthetic replacement: Ten years of clmical experience, ,I Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 82:685, 1981. 6. Chandraratna PAN, Reagan RB, Imaizuml T, Langevin E, Elkins RC: Infective endocarditis cured try resertion of a t.ricuspid valve vegetation. Ann Intern Med 89:517, 1978.
Integrating High-Content Imaging and Chemical Genetics to Probe Host Cellular Pathways Critical for Yersinia Pestis Infection

The molecular machinery that regulates the entry and survival of Yersinia pestis in host macrophages is poorly understood. Here, we report the development of automated high-content imaging assays to quantitate the internalization of virulent Y. pestis CO92 by macrophages and the subsequent activation of host NF-κB. Implementation of these assays in a focused chemical screen identified kinase inhibitors that inhibited both of these processes. Rac-2-ethoxy-3 octadecanamido-1-propylphosphocholine (a protein Kinase C inhibitor), wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor), and parthenolide (an IκB kinase inhibitor), inhibited pathogen-induced NF-κB activation and reduced bacterial entry and survival within macrophages. Parthenolide inhibited NF-κB activation in response to stimulation with Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 agonist), E. coli LPS (a TLR4 agonist) or Y. pestis infection, while the PI3K and PKC inhibitors were selective only for Y. pestis infection. Together, our results suggest that phagocytosis is the major stimulus for NF-κB activation in response to Y. pestis infection, and that Y. pestis entry into macrophages may involve the participation of protein kinases such as PI3K and PKC. More importantly, the automated image-based screening platform described here can be applied to the study of other bacteria in general and, in combination with chemical genetic screening, can be used to identify host cell functions facilitating the identification of novel antibacterial therapeutics.
A Luciferase/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Conjugate for Near-Infrared Fluorescent Detection of Cellular ATP

All micro-organisms use adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) as a universal energy storage molecule, and thus knowledge of its concentration is central to the detection of bacterial contamination and the study of energetic processes in cell physiology from ion-channel regulation to intercellular signaling cascades. Additionally, ATP depletion is related to pathogenesis such as ischemia, Parkinson s disease, and hypoglycemia. There remains a persistent need for more sensitive, higher-resolution, and more robust detection of ATP for, among other goals, the understanding of its spatial compartmentalization within living cells. For this purpose, the conventional method of ATP assay within living cells is luciferase(Luc)-mediated bioluminescence, whereby ATP reacts at the enzyme in the presence of d-luciferin (Lrin) and Mg to produce oxyluciferin (oxyLrin) and a fluorescent emission. However, this approach, which involves synthesis of Luc vectors and cell transfection is tedious, timeconsuming, and has a low signal-to-noise ratio. The extension of this method to the modulation of quantum confined nanorods or nanotube fluorophores, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), has not been addressed to date, despite obvious benefits in sensitivity and photobleaching resistance. Herein, we report a SWNT/Luc enzyme conjugate (SWNT) in which the bioluminescent reaction selectively recognizes ATP at luciferase. The SWNT near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence is ultimately quenched by a two-step reaction that involves detection of a target and generation of a redox quenching intermediate. This SWNT sensor is very selective to ATP, but not to adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP), cytidine 5’-triphosphate (CTP), and guanosine 5’-triphosphate (GTP), and is also able to detect ATP temporally and spatially in living HeLa cells. The approach, whereby an enzyme–nanotube complex creates a redox quenching intermediate from the target analyte, can be extended to a wide range of biologically important analytes. We first constructed the Luc-conjugated SWNTs as shown in Figure 1 (see the Supporting Information). After immobilization of Luc on SWNTs functionalized with phospholipids
Radiometric linearity in passive FTIR spectrometry

Passive standoff FTIR spectrometry relies on the radiance differential between a background scene and a target vapor analyte. Unlike traditional FTIR approaches controlling radiance levels within a narrow range, the passive configuration often encounters a large variance in radiance levels. This places higher demands on the passive FTIR configuration for maintaining linearity. The present study assesses the radiometric linearity of a passive FTIR configuration using controlled blackbody radiance in conjunction with target samples such as a polystyrene film and ethanol vapors.
Aneurysmal degeneration and late rupture of an aortorenal vein graft: case report, review of the literature, and implications for conduit selection.

The saphenous vein is among the most commonly used conduits for renal artery revascularization in adults. Vein grafts are more durable in the renal artery bed than in coronary and peripheral beds, and mechanisms of potential graft failure vary. Coronary vein grafts often fail because of atherosclerotic degeneration, whereas lower extremity grafts fail because of intimal hyperplasia or progression of underlying disease. In contrast, renal vein grafts may dilate over time but seldom fail. This may relate to the distinct hemodynamic environment of the renal bed with low-resistance, high-velocity blood flow. However, frank aneurysmal degeneration of renal vein grafts is rare with only a single report of rupture in the literature. We report an additional case of rupture of a late graft aneurysm and review the literature and our own experience with renal revascularization to underscore the rarity of this serious complication. The saphenous vein for aortorenal bypass grafting continues to be a favorable conduit for renal revascularization. Long-term duplex ultrasound scanning follow-up is recommended to survey the reconstructed artery and perhaps more important, to evaluate progression of subclinical disease in the contralateral renal artery. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:612-5.)
Adapting an Evidence-Based HIV Intervention for At-Risk African American College Women at Historically Black Colleges and Universities Who Use Alcohol and Drugs

1. Kyla Marie Sawyer-Kurian[1][1] 2. Wendee M. Wechsberg[2][2] 1. 1North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA 2. 2RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 1. Kyla Marie Sawyer-Kurian, North Carolina Central University, 700 Cecil Street, H. M. Michaux School of Education Bldg., Durham, NC 27707, USA Email: kkurian{at}nccu.edu The convergence of the high prevalence of HIV incidence among African American adolescent and adult women along with substance use and risky sexual behavior among university students necessitates the development of a HIV intervention specifically addressing culture, gender, and college factors for female African American university students. The woman-focused HIV intervention was chosen for adaptation because it has been shown to be efficacious with reducing risk for African American women who use alcohol and drugs, and has been successfully adapted 7 times. The target population was African American college women enrolled at a historically Black university who use alcohol and other drugs, and who engaged in risky sex behaviors. To understand and assess the needs of this population, we conducted four focus groups with African American college women, two in-depth interviews with faculty, and a combination of in-depth interviews and focus groups with student affairs and health staff that were analyzed using content analysis. From this analysis, several themes emerged that were used to adapt the intervention. Emerging themes included challenges related to identity and societal stereotypes, lack of knowledge about sexual health (i.e., negotiating safer sex) and the function of female and male anatomies, high incidents of pregnancy, negative consequences related to alcohol and marijuana use, and the need to incorporate testimonies from college students, media enhancements, and role-plays to convey intervention messages. After the preliminary adaptation, 11 college women reviewed the adapted intervention and provided positive feedback. Plans for future research are discussed. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #aff-2
New N-aryl-N'-(3-(substituted)phenyl)-N'-methylguanidines as leads to potential PET radioligands for imaging the open NMDA receptor.

Abstract An expansive set of N -aryl- N ′-(3-(substituted)phenyl)- N ′-methylguanidines was prepared in a search for new leads to prospective PET ligands for imaging of the open channel of the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor in vivo. The N -aryl rings and their substituents were varied, whereas the N -methyl group was maintained as a site for potential labeling with the positron-emitter, carbon-11 ( t 1/2 = 20.4 min). At micromolar concentration, over half of the prepared compounds strongly inhibited the binding of [ 3 H]TCP to its binding site in the open NMDA receptor in vitro. Four ligands displayed affinities that are similar or superior to those of the promising SPECT radioligand ([ 123 I]CNS1261). The 3′-dimethylamino ( 19 ; K i 36.7 nM), 3′-trifluoromethyl ( 20 ; K i 18.3 nM) and 3′-methylthio ( 2 ; K i 39.8 nM) derivatives of N -1-naphthyl- N ′-(phenyl)- N ′-methylguanidine were identified as especially attractive leads for PET radioligand development.
Comment: Existence of one-dimensional perfect binary arrays

For the original article see ibid., vol.23, no.24, p.1277-8 (1987). In a recent letter Y.Y. Xian claims to have proved that the only perfect binary sequence has length four. The commenter maintains that this proof is incorrect. He explains why this is so and constructs a counterexample to support his case.
How Transportation Planners and Decision Makers Address Risk and Uncertainty

A wide cross section of transportation planners was interviewed to understand how issues related to risk and uncertainty are presently addressed in the metropolitan transportation planning process. The results and insights from these interviews are reported. It was found that many of the current responses to risks in making decisions on transportation investments could usefully be explained and improved upon by the new options approach. The examples and the analyses of the interviews show that metropolitan planning organization planners and more senior transportation executives and decision makers are certainly aware of the risks they face in investing in major transportation projects. Furthermore, they already are capable of responding to those risks in ways that can be better appreciated and explained by the options approach. What is missing in metropolitan transportation planning, and in the public-sector investment community at large, is an appreciation that there are advantages to identifying and ana...
Humphry Repton and garden history

Abstract Humphry Repton himself isolated the theme which this essay addresses when he described how he chose to step into the vacancy left by the death of Capability Brown: I have been advised [he wrote to the Revd Norton Nicholls in a famous letter of 1788] to render my leisure profittable by a professton which since the loss of Brown and Richmond has been understood by no one as well as by yourself … Mason, Gilpin, Whatley and Gerardin have been of late my breviary, and the works of Kent, Brown and Richmond have been the places of my worship ….1
Effect of rigid fixation of the temporozygomatic suture on craniofacial growth

Many studies have been carried out to assess growth restriction of the craniofacial complex as a result of suture manipulation. Many years ago, periosteal stapling of the immature temporozygomatic suture was found to arrest growth and to cause facial deformity on the treated side. This experiment has been repeated with rigid plates on young rabbits of two different ages. Widespread growth alterations were noted on the craniofacial skeleton of the plated side, namely significant reduction in orbital diameter, zygomatic arch shortening, and deviation of the snouts to the plated side. Other less significant deformities were noted. These findings should be considered when treating zygomatic arch trauma and congenital anomalies in the growing human face.
The morphology of block copolymer micelles in supercritical carbon dioxide by small-angle neutron and x-ray scattering

Above its critical point, carbon dioxide forms a super-critical fluid, which promises to be an environmentally responsible replacement for the organic solvents traditionally used in polymerizations. Many lipophilic polymers such as polystyrene (PS) are insoluble in CO2, though polymerizations may be accomplished via the use of PS-fluoropolymer stabilizers, which act as emulsifying agents. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering have been used to show that these molecules form micelles with a CO2-phobic PS core and a CO2-philic fluoropolymer corona. When the PS block was fixed in length and the fluorinated corona block was varied, the number of block copolymer molecules per micelle (six to seven) remained constant. Thus, the coronal block molecular weight exerts negligible influence on the aggregation number, in accordance with the theoretical predictions of Halperin, Tirrell & Lodge [Adv. Polym. Sci. (1992), 100, 31–46]. These observations are relevant to understanding the mechanisms of micellization and solubilization in supercritical fluids.
The mouse α1(XII) and human α1(XII)-like collagen genes are localized on mouse chromosome 9 and human chromosome 6

Type XII collagen is a member of the FACIT (fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices) group of extracellular matrix proteins. Like the other members of this group, collagen types IX and XIV, type XII has alternating triple-helical and non-triple-helical domains. Because of its structure, its association with collagen fibrils, and its distribution in dense connective tissues, type XII is thought possibly to act as a cross-bridge between fibrils and resist shear forces caused by tension. A portion of the ffuse gene was isolated by screening a genomic library with a chicken alpha 1 (XII) cDNA probe, followed by subcloning and sequence analysis. Comparison of exon sequences with the sequence of a mouse cDNA clone allowed the mouse gene to be identified as the alpha 1 (XII) collagen gene. In the mouse, Col12a1 is located on chromosome 9, as determined by linkage analysis using DNA from interspecific backcrosses with Mus spretus. Screening of a human genomic library also allowed the isolation of a human alpha 1(XII)-like gene (CoL12A1). This gene was mapped to chromosome 6 by blot hybridization to DNA from human/hamster hybrid cell lines. This information should prove useful in determining the role of type XII collagen genes as candidate genes in inheritable connective tissue diseases.
The Concepts of Deep-Time Floras and Paleobotanical Hot-Spots

Increased attention is being given to the preservation of paleontological sites, collections, and other archival resources that record stages in the history of the Earth's biota. The success of these efforts will be enhanced with greater recognition that the extant biota and its immediate past stages are part of a continuum (e.g., deep-time floras). An expected consequence of this view would be to bring identification of the fossil representatives under closer scrutiny by specialists in the extant lineages. Improvement in the quality and reliability of the paleontological database benefits the use of the information both in its biological applications (e.g., historical biogeography, calibration of molecular clocks, construction of area cladograms) and in geological investigations (e.g., paleoenvironmental reconstructions). Inherent in the increasing recognition of time as important in these considerations is continued access to the remarkably few fossil-bearing sites, especially in tropical America, that have provided virtually all of the existing museum specimens used in investigations for anchoring lineages in time and place. The destruction of these sites before additional collections can be made, and before they can be studied by modern methods of identification and interpretation, is an impediment to understanding the modern biota much like the destruction of sites with high concentrations of extant endemic taxa (hotspots). The relatively rare sites providing archival material for revealing the history of the Earth's vegetation should be relocated, studied more collaboratively by paleobotanists and taxonomists, and preserved. Preliminary efforts are underway to conserve three collection sites (San Sebastian flora, Puerto Rico; Sanchez flora, Dominican Republic; Yumari flora, Cuba), and to develop a project whereby paleobotanists and taxonomists will work collaboratively to establish a reliable database of fossil material.
Universality and Lepton Flavor Violation in ϒ Decays at CLEO

I present two analyses done with the CLEOIII detector at CESR. The first is a search for the LFV decay ϒ → μ τ with preliminary results, and the second constrains Lepton Universality in ϒ → τ τ relative to ϒ → μ μ . This second analysis, whose results are final, has dramatically improved uncertainties relative to other such measurements, and is also the first observation of the decay ϒ ( 3 S ) → τ τ . A limit is also set on the involvement of a CP odd Higgs in the decay of the ϒ ( 1 S ) to τ pairs.
Methyl 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl α-D-mannopyranoside methanol 0.375-solvate

Methyl β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-mannopyran­oside methanol 0.375-solvate, C13H24O11·0.375CH3OH, (I), was crystallized from a methanol–ethanol solvent system in a glycosidic linkage conformation, with φ′ (O5Gal—C1Gal—O1Gal—C4Man) = −68.2 (3)° and ψ′ (C1Gal—O1Gal—C4Man—C5Man) = −123.9 (2)°, where the ring is defined by atoms O5/C1–C5 (monosaccharide numbering); C1 denotes the anomeric C atom and C6 the exocyclic hydroxy­methyl C atom in the βGalp and αManp residues, respectively. The linkage conformation in (I) differs from that in crystalline methyl α-lactoside [methyl β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-gluco­pyran­oside], (II) [Pan, Noll & Serianni (2005). Acta Cryst. C61, o674–o677], where φ′ is −93.6° and ψ′ is −144.8°. An inter­molecular hydrogen bond exists between O3Man and O5Gal in (I), similar to that between O3Glc and O5Gal in (II). The structures of (I) and (II) are also compared with those of their constituent residues, viz. methyl α-d-mannopyran­oside, methyl α-d-glucopyran­oside and methyl β-d-galactopyran­o­side, revealing significant differences in the Cremer–Pople puckering parameters, exocyclic hydroxy­methyl group conformations and inter­molecular hydrogen-bonding patterns.
Use of Rivaroxaban in a Patient With History of Nephrotic Syndrome and Hypercoagulability

Objective: Hypercoagulability, resulting in thromboembolic events, can be a life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome (NS). Conventional anticoagulants, such as warfarin, have been the standard of care for more than 50 years; however, the availability of target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) have provided additional options for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events. Documented use of the TSOACs in patients with NS and hypercoagulability is currently limited. Case Summary: We present the case of an 18-year-old young woman with NS and renal vein thrombosis who was readmitted with bilateral pulmonary emboli on therapeutic doses of warfarin, with a goal international normalized ratio of 2.0 to 3.0. The decision was made to transition the patient from warfarin to rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor. Discussion: Rivaroxaban was the first of the emerging TSOACs to be FDA approved for both prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. With favorable safety and efficacy ...
Discussion Panel: The Future of Causality Assessment: Is it Wise: Will it Help? What Effect Could it Have on the Analysis of Clinical Trial Data or in Pharmacoepidemiology?

Panelists: Dr Hyman Zimmerman VA Medical Center, Washington, DC; Dr Bruce Wintroub, Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Dr Winifred M. Castle, Medical Advisor, Product Safety Group, Medical Department, Imperial Chemicals Industries PLC, Pharmaceuticals Division, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; Dr Bruce Hill, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Dr David Lane, Department of Theoretical Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Dr Tom A. Hutchinson, Nephrology Division, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Dr Michael Kramer, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Montreal, Quebec; Professor Rolf Hoigne, Head, Medical Division, Ziegerspital, Switzerland; Dr David J. Spiegelhalter, Medical Research Council, MRC Centre, United Kingdom; and Dr. Jan Venulet, Ciba-Geigy Medical Department, Basel, Switzerland
On the Optimum Size of Orbital Carrier Vehicles Based on Overall Economy

This study is a first and rather crude attempt to develop a procedure which can supply the answer as to whether, and when, we need larger launch vehicles than currently developed. The preliminary results of numerical calculations indicate the trends to be expected. It is concluded that operational considerations, rather than economy, will determine the vehicle size, since much larger vehicles would result in only small savings in cost.
A hypoxia-induced positive feedback loop promotes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α stability through miR-210 suppression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like

Oxygen-dependent regulation of the transcription factor HIF-1α relies on a family of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) that hydroxylate hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein at two prolines during normal oxygen conditions, resulting in degradation by the proteasome. During low-oxygen conditions, these prolines are no longer hydroxylated and HIF-1α degradation is blocked. Hypoxia-induced miRNA-210 (miR-210) is a direct transcriptional target of HIF-1α, but its complete role and targets during hypoxia are not well understood. Here, we identify the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like (GPD1L) as a novel regulator of HIF-1α stability and a direct target of miR-210. Expression of miR-210 results in stabilization of HIF-1α due to decreased levels of GPD1L resulting in an increase in HIF-1α target genes. Altering GPD1L levels by overexpression or knockdown results in a decrease or increase in HIF-1α stability, respectively. GPD1L-mediated decreases in HIF-1α stability can be reversed by pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome or PHD activity. When rescued from degradation by proteasome inhibition, elevated amounts of GPD1L cause hyperhydroxylation of HIF-1α, suggesting increases in PHD activity. Importantly, expression of GPD1L attenuates the hypoxic response, preventing complete HIF-1α induction. We propose a model in which hypoxia-induced miR-210 represses GPD1L, contributing to suppression of PHD activity, and increases of HIF-1α protein levels.
Ants impact sawfly oviposition on bracken fern in southern California

Although it has been speculated that ant visits to extrafloral nectaries of bracken fern may convey a fitness benefit for the plant, this has never been demonstrated with native herbivores and natural insect densities. We tested the hypothesis that ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries of bracken fern provide a mutualistic benefit by protecting fronds from herbivore damage in a field manipulation experiment in southern California. We examined densities of sawfly eggs and larvae on bracken fronds with and without ant exclusion. Because bracken fern in this region is also impacted by nitrogenous air pollution, we included an N addition treatment. We found that sawfly egg abundance was significantly higher for fern plants when ants were excluded, regardless of N treatment. Ants tended to have higher abundance on fertilized plants, but there was no interaction between N additions and ant exclusion. Bracken fern may derive a fitness benefit from attracting ants during the early phases of plant growth, through decreased herbivore oviposition, rather than through the deterrence of feeding larvae.
The Work-Leisure Relationship: Evidence for the Compensatory Hypothesis

Research has generally found positive relationships between work and leisure, such that people choose leisure activities involving the same psychological, social, and behavioral skills as their work. The present study argues, however, that negative relationships may also occur, with individuals sometimes compensating for work deficiencies through leisure activities. Evidence is presented showing that individuals with low occupational status are more likely to stress the importance of prize winning in leisure than individuals with high status. Since low- and high-status individuals did not differ in their abilities actually to win prizes, the results are attributed to the desire of low-status individuals to compensate for lack of occupational status through leisure achievement.
Parallel algorithms for geometric connected component labeling on a hypercube multiprocessor

Parallel algorithms for the geometric connected component labeling (GCCL) problem on a hypercube multiprocessor can be designed by dividing the domain, consisting of a number of rectangles, into regions using a slice or rectangular partitioning scheme. Each processor in the hypercube is assigned one partition. The processor determines the connected sets of rectangles in its partition. The connected sets at different processors have to then be combined across processors into globally connected sets. This merging problem is defined as the GCCL problem. Different algorithms for the GCCL problem are presented. Each of the algorithms involves d stages of message passing, for a d-dimensional hypercube. The basic idea in these algorithms is that in each stage a processor increases its knowledge of the domain. The algorithms described in this paper differ in their run time, memory requirements, and message complexity. These algorithms have been implemented on an Intel iPSC2/D4/MX hypercube. >
Microprocessor implementation of fuzzy systems and neural networks

Systems were implemented on an 8-bit Motorola 68HC711E9 microcontroller. The on-board features of the HC711 are 512 bytes of RAM and EEPROM and 12 K bytes of UV erasable EPROM. The processor was used with an 8 MHz crystal, allowing an internal clock frequency of 2 MHz. ICC11 for Windows V5 was the compiler used to program the HC711E9. In the case of fuzzy systems three different membership functions were used: trapezoidal, triangular, and Gaussian and two different defuzzification processes: Zadeh and Tagagi-Sugeno. In the case of neural networks all architectures were developed and optimized with a help of SNNS. Both, layered and fully connected structures were investigated. In the case of neural controllers implemented on a microprocessor the code is simpler, much shorter; the processing time is comparable with fuzzy controllers. Control surfaces obtained from neural controllers also do not exhibit the roughness of fuzzy controllers.
Apparel Manufacturers' Perceptions of Supplier-Retailer Relationships

Structural changes occurring in the U.S. softgoods industry have had a significant impact on manufacturer-retailer relationships. The present study examines certain aspects of these relationships w...
Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review

Social exchange theory (SET) is one the most influential conceptual paradigms in organizational behavior. Despite its usefulness, theoretical ambiguities within SET remain. As a consequence, tests of the model, as well as its applications, tend to rely on an incompletely specified set of ideas. The authors address conceptual difficulties and highlight areas in need of additional research. In so doing, they pay special attention to four issues: (a) the roots of the conceptual ambiguities, (b) norms and rules of exchange, (c) nature of the resources being exchanged, and (d) social exchange relationships.
Color signals in area MT of the macaque monkey.

Abstract The relationship between the neural processing of color and motion information has been a contentious issue in visual neuroscience. We examined this relationship directly by measuring neural responses to isoluminant S cone signals in extrastriate area MT of the macaque monkey. S cone stimuli produced robust, direction-selective responses at most recording sites, indicating that color signals are present in MT. While these responses were unequivocal, S cone contrast sensitivity was, on average, 1.0–1.3 log units lower than luminance contrast sensitivity. The presence of S cone responses and the relative sensitivity of MT neurons to S cone and luminance signals agree with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements in human MT+. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that color signals in MT influence behavior in speed judgment tasks.
Novel Clustering Algorithm Combined With DSSP Post Processing For Protein Sequence Motif Discovering

Information about local protein sequence motifs is very important to the analysis of biologically significant regions of protein sequences. These conserved regions can potentially determine the conformation and activities of proteins. In this paper, short segments of proteins recurring pattern are explored by a novel clustering method based on Novel Hybrid Hierarchical K-means Clustering Algorithm. Our method is very suitable for discovering sequence motifs in extremely large databases: only two scan of whole database is required to generate subtle results. First scan to generate required information. In the second scan, we consider not only standard distance measurement but also DSSP similarity. Our approach generates more than 600 clusters with high structure homology out of 649 clusters. To achieve the goal of making as few assumptions about the data as possible, our design only needs to define two variables for outlier detection before execution. This research uses a larger and more recent database then previous related studies. The advance database and our novel clustering method reveal some subtle motifs which transect protein family boundaries that have not been discovered in previous studies.
Fibronectin: A Brief Overview of Its Structure, Function, and Physiology

Fibronectin is a large glycoprotein that is composed of blocks of three types of repeating, homologous peptide sequences. Several of the homologous blocks form functional domains that are organized in a linear array on two nearly identical subunit arms. Specific domains allow fibronectin to promote cell-to-cell adhesion, cell-to-basement-membrane attachment, clot stabilization, embryogenesis, nerve regeneration, fibroblast migration, macrophage function, and pathogen (virus, fungus, bacteria, and protozoa) binding to mammalian cells and extracellular matrix. Thus, this complex and multifunctional protein is involved in the pathogenesis of infections from the initiation of the infection through the final stages of wound healing.
Paralogous SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN - LIKE ( SPL ) genes differentially regulate leaf initiation and reproductive phase change in petunia

Duplicated petunia clade-VI SPL genes differentially promote the timing of inflorescence and flower development, and leaf initiation rate. The timing of plant reproduction relative to favorable environmental conditions is a critical component of plant fitness, and is often associated with variation in plant architecture and habit. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of the microRNA miR156 in distantly related annual species results in plants with perennial characteristics, including late flowering, weak apical dominance, and abundant leaf production. These phenotypes are largely mediated through the negative regulation of a subset of genes belonging to the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family of transcription factors. In order to determine how and to what extent paralogous SPL genes have partitioned their roles in plant growth and development, we functionally characterized petunia clade-VI SPL genes under different environmental conditions. Our results demonstrate that PhSBP1and PhSBP2 differentially promote discrete stages of the reproductive transition, and that PhSBP1, and possibly PhCNR, accelerates leaf initiation rate. In contrast to the closest homologs in annual Arabidopsis thaliana and Mimulus guttatus, PhSBP1 and PhSBP2 transcription is not mediated by the gibberellic acid pathway, but is positively correlated with photoperiod and developmental age. The developmental functions of clade-VI SPL genes have, thus, evolved following both gene duplication and speciation within the core eudicots, likely through differential regulation and incomplete sub-functionalization.
Ethnic and Racial Minority Youth in the Rural United States: An Overview

The United States is fast becoming a nation in which individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups outnumber non-Hispanic Whites. This demographic shift is also occurring in rural communities where a growing number of children are minority group members. To date, relatively little attention has focused on rural minority youth. This chapter provides a demographic overview of these young people, highlighting their diverse racial and ethnic origins as well as differences among rural communities. We provide definitions of rural, race, and ethnicity, noting the challenges and complexities of defining each of these terms. We also consider the geographic distribution of minority groups across the United States and in rural areas. This discussion is followed by a brief review of some key challenges facing minority youth from rural communities. In the final section, we briefly describe the organization of the volume and the focus of each of the chapters.
Building a performance-based monitoring and evaluation system: The challenges facing developing countries

There are growing pressures in countries throughout the world to improve the performance of their public sectors. One strategy now being employed in both developed and developing countries is to de...
From Class Solidarity to Revolution: The Radicalization of Arsenal Workers in the Late Ottoman Empire

This article introduces a bottom-up perspective to the history of the Revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire by focusing on the experiences of workers in the Imperial Naval Arsenal (Tersâne-i Âmire) in Istanbul. Drawing mainly on primary documents, the article explores, from a class-formation perspective, the struggles and relations of Arsenal workers from the second half of the nineteenth century until the revolution. The Arsenal workers’ involvement in the revolution was rooted in their class solidarity, which was revealed in a number of ways throughout this period. The workers’ immediate embrace of the revolution was spurred by their radicalization against the state; such radicalization stemmed from the state's failure to solve the workers’ persistent economic problems, and its attempts to discharge them and replace them with military labor. The case of the Arsenal workers thus points to the role of working-class discontent in the history of the revolution, a dimension that has thus far been only minimally addressed in Ottoman historiography.
Developing a Measure of Search Expertise

While search expertise has long been considered an important variable in the study of online information search, the creation of a robust measure to characterize it has eluded researchers. Instead, those wishing to measure search expertise often include a single item that asks people to indicate how often they search or for how long they have been searching. In this paper, we report initial results of a four-phase study aimed at developing a measure of search expertise. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with nine professional searchers and an inventory of items related to online search expertise was created. While participants identified a number of usual items for determining search expertise, such as prior search experience, domain knowledge and resource knowledge, they also identified a large number of items related to personality characteristics such as persistence, flexibility, curiosity, adaptability and humility. These results suggest that measuring personality characteristics in addition to experience and knowledge might help determine who will be a more successful searcher. In today's search environments, where many people describe themselves as experts, representing these types of characteristics in a measure of search expertise might allow researchers and practitioners to observe more variation in populations of interest, design more effective instruction and make better predictions about search outcomes.
The Retained Cervical Stump

Summary 1. An endeavor has been made to show that the incidence of cancer of the cervical stump is exceedingly low, when studied fronn the standpoint of its occurrence in a series of subtotal hysterectomy cases, rather than its occurrence in a series of cases of cervical cancer alone. 2. We have the records of 157 patients out of 6,550 subtotal hysterectomy cases presenting themselves with symptoms referable to the stump and have classified them according to their complaints. 3. In the hands of those who are not expert in pelvic surgery, total hysterectomy is a more dangerous procedure than the more conservative subtotal operation. The exceedingly low incidence of stump cancer, is not sufficient reason to advocate the routine use of the total operation. The ideal procedure in most cases consists of proper conservative care of the cervix before removing the corpus, followed by periodic examinations of the stump after operation.
A new model to study sleep deprivation-induced seizure

Background and study objectives A relationship between sleep and seizures is well-described in both humans and rodent animal models; however, the mechanism underlying this relationship is unknown. Using Drosophila melanogaster mutants with seizure phenotypes, we demonstrate that seizure activity can be modified by sleep deprivation. Design Seizure activity was evaluated in an adult bang-sensitive seizure mutant, stress sensitive B (sesB(9ed4)), and in an adult temperature sensitive seizure mutant seizure (sei(ts1)) under baseline and following 12 h of sleep deprivation. The long-term effect of sleep deprivation on young, immature sesB(9ed4) flies was also assessed. Setting Laboratory. Participants Drosophila melanogaster. Interventions Sleep deprivation. Measurements and results Sleep deprivation increased seizure susceptibility in adult sesB(9ed4)/+ and sei(ts1) mutant flies. Sleep deprivation also increased seizure susceptibility when sesB was disrupted using RNAi. The effect of sleep deprivation on seizure activity was reduced when sesB(9ed4)/+ flies were given the anti-seizure drug, valproic acid. In contrast to adult flies, sleep deprivation during early fly development resulted in chronic seizure susceptibility when sesB(9ed4)/+ became adults. Conclusions These findings show that Drosophila is a model organism for investigating the relationship between sleep and seizure activity.
The cardiac output and circulation time of ferrets.

SummaryThe mean cardiac output per minute per square meter of body surface for a group of 10 normal ferrets was found to be 2.476 liters. The average circulation time by the fluorescein technic was 6.8 seconds and 4.5 seconds as determined by the cyanide method. The average mean arterial blood pressure was 147 mm Hg. Various other related data were also tabulated.
Impact of Workplace Incivility on Satisfaction and Burnout: Moderating Effects of Cultural Values

Workplace incivility is a subtle type of deviant work behavior that is low in intensity and violates workplace norms of respect. Past research demonstrates the harmful impact of incivility on work ...
Bilateral internal mammary artery grafts for coronary artery bypass operations in children

We performed myocardial revascularization with bilateral internal mammary arteries in eight children for coronary artery complications consequent to Kawasaki disease. Subjects included seven boys and one girl, ranging in age from 3 to 13 years (mean age, 8.3 +/- 3.4 years). The body surface area ranged from 0.65 to 1.65 m2 (average, 1.08 +/- 0.35 m2). Three patients had a previous myocardial infarction. The right internal mammary artery was anastomosed to the right coronary artery and the left internal mammary artery was sutured to the left anterior descending artery in all patients. The patients received an average of 2.4 grafts. Magnifying loupes of 3.5 X were used for anastomosis with 8-0 monofilament polypropylene sutures. Subjects were followed up from 12 to 38 months (23 +/- 10.8 months) after operation. All were doing well with no recurrence of angina, and body development was normal, including the sternum and thorax according to chest x-ray films and computed tomography of the chest. Patency of the bilateral internal mammary arteries was 100% in the early (within 1 month) postoperative period and remained so in the late (over 1 year) postoperative period. Anastomotic junctions between the internal mammary artery and the coronary artery developed well angiographically in the late postoperative period. The internal mammary artery is the graft of choice for pediatric myocardial revascularization because of its excellent long-term patency and growth potential. Bilateral internal mammary arteries should be used whenever indicated, and the use of bilateral internal mammary arteries did not adversely influence chest wall development in the children.