cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: a novel cutaneous fibrosing disorder in patients with renal failure

BACKGROUND: Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is a newly recognized cutaneous fibrosing disorder marked by the acute onset of induration involving the upper and lower limbs in patients with acute or chronic renal failure. The etiology, pathogenesis, associated clinical conditions (other than renal failure), and ultimate course have not been defined in the few cases studied. Presently, there is no effective treatment, and the condition persists in most patients. METHODS: Clinical and histopathologic data on 13 patients from our institution with the diagnosis of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy were reviewed. Several clinical and laboratory parameters were examined to see if any were consistently associated with the disease. Biopsy specimens were analyzed to determine if there was a pattern to the evolution of fibrosis in these patients. RESULTS: All 13 patients had renal failure before disease onset: 8 were undergoing chronic hemodialysis, 2 were undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis, and 3 with acute renal failure had never undergone dialysis before the development of dermopathy. Most patients had other serious underlying medical conditions. Many patients were taking erythropoietin, cyclosporine, or both before the onset of disease. In transplant patients, no histocompatibility antigens were found to be associated with the disease. There were various laboratory abnormalities, but none were consistently associated with the condition. In skin biopsy specimens taken 7 to 180 days after disease onset, there were histopathologic changes suggestive of a tissue reaction to injury, as well as the development of smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts. CONCLUSION: Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is a novel cutaneous fibrosing disorder that is distinguished from other sclerosing or fibrosing skin disorders by distinctive clinical and histopathologic findings occurring in the setting of renal failure. There were no additional clinical risk factors or laboratory findings common to the 13 patients studied, other than renal failure. The resemblance to a tissue injury reaction and the presence of myofibroblasts in the tissue specimens suggest that fibrogenic cytokines may be involved in the evolution of the disease.
H-mode transitions and limit cycle oscillations from mean field transport equations

The mean field toroidal and parallel momentum transport equations will be shown to admit both one-step transitions to suppressed transport (L/H) and limit cycle oscillations (LCO). Both types of transitions are driven by the suppression of turbulence by the mean field ExB velocity shear. Using experimental data to evaluate the coefficients of a reduced transport model, the observed frequency of the LCO can be matched. The increase in the H-mode power threshold above and below a minimum density agrees with the trends in the model. Both leading and lagging phase relations between the turbulent density fluctuation amplitude and the ExB velocity shear can occur depending on the evolution of the linear growth rate of the turbulence. The transport solutions match the initial phase of the L/H transition where the poloidal and ExB velocities are observed to change, and the density fluctuations drop, faster than the diamagnetic velocity.
THE RED ALGAL EPIPHYTES MICROCLADIA COULTERI AND M. CALIFORNICA (RHODOPHYCEAE, CERAMIACEAE). I. TAXONOMY, LIFE HISTORY AND PHENOLOGY1

In the northeast Pa@, there are two epiphytic species of the genus Microcladia Grev. Microcladia coulteri Ham. grows on a wide range of red algal and occasionally brown algal basiphytes whereas M. californica Farl. grows only on the brown alga Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch. Although both are obligate epiphytes in the field, they complete their life history in culture in the absence of their respective basiphytes. Along the coast of central California, M. californica exhibits distinct seasonal patterns in reproduction whereas M. coulteri does not. In addition to previously documented daferences in cystocarp development and branchlet patterns, the two taxa can be delineated by differences in spore sizes, timing of spore attachment and morphology of the primary rhizoid. The haploid chromosome number for both species ranges from 14-16. Attempts to hybridize the two species have been unsuccessful. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the plastid DNA of the two species provides further evidence that Microcladia coulteri and Microcladia californica represent distinctive species.
Triple-Doppler Observations of a Convective Storm

Abstract The advantages of three or more radars is illustrated in terms of extended areal coverage, error variance reduction and mitigation of poor sampling effects of divergence fields near the ground. Errors in the horizontal and vertical particle motion fields are illustrated for a three-, four- and five-radar network, and the importance of experimental design is illustrated. A variationally formulated multiple-Doppler radar analysis, which includes data from a surface network, and an illustrative analysis of storm data are presented.
An experimental Josephson junction shift register element

An experimental static shift register element using Josephson devices has been designed and fabricated using a one mil minimum linewidth technology. An experimental eight-bit shift register operated with all data patterns at a maximum shift rate of 160 MHz. At 200 MHz, which was the maximum frequency capability of our instrumentation, only limited data patterns could be executed correctly. This problem was found to be associated with the internal power distribution scheme adopted for the design, together with the non-ideal external pulse waveforms. The average power dissipation was only 20µ watt per bit. Computer simulations indicate that the present design with an improved powering scheme is capable of operating at a shift rate of 360 MHz.
Epidermal benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and DNA-binding in Balb/C mice: Inhibition by ellagic acid

1. Topical application of ellagic acid, a common plant phenol, to control or to 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) pretreated Balb/C mice, resulted in significant inhibition of hepatic and epidermal microsomal aryl hydrogen hydroxylase activity, and of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) binding to epidermal and hepatic DNA in vivo.2. In vitro addition of ellagic acid (0·25 mM) to epidermal microsomal incubation systems from either control or 3-MC-treated animals resulted in 62–75% inhibition of BP binding to calf thymus DNA.3. These studies suggest that ellagic acid could prove useful in understanding and/or modulating polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenesis.
Distributed workflow mapping algorithm for maximized reliability under end-to-end delay constraint

A distributed scientific workflow mapping algorithm for maximized reliability under certain end-to-end delay (EED) bound is proposed. It is studied in a heterogeneous distributed computing environment, where computing node and communication link failures are inevitable. The mapping decision and the stored table information is distributed among various nodes in order to achieve scalability and robustness, which are especially important for large-scale distributed systems. This Distributed Reliability Maximization workflow mapping algorithm under End-to-end Delay constraint (dis-DRMED) considers both the maximum reliability and the minimum EED objectives in a two-step procedure. In the first step, a mapping algorithm combining iterative Critical Path search and Layer-based priority assigning techniques (CPL) is adopted to minimize the EED by focusing on the optimal allocation of tasks on the critical path. In the second step, tasks on noncritical paths are remapped to improve the overall execution reliability. Simulation results under various system setups demonstrated that dis-DRMED achieved considerably higher reliability values under the same EED constraint compared with some representative workflow mapping algorithms.
Clinical presentation and follow-up of patients with the attenuated phenotype of mucopolysaccharidosis type I.

Aim: To review the heterogeneity and severity of the clinical features at the attenuated end of the mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I disease spectrum. Methods: The course of disease in 29 patients with attenuated mucopolysaccharidosis I who attended the MPS clinic in Manchester, UK, was reviewed. Results: For more than half of the patients, onset of symptoms was in the first 2 y of life, and the age at diagnosis ranged from 15 mo to 40 y. Joint stiffness, corneal clouding, umbilical hernia and recurrent ear, nose and throat symptoms were the commonest features at presentation. Patients experienced significant morbidity during the course of this inherited disease. Skeletal problems predominated and cardiac valve pathology, upper airway obstruction and hearing deficits were detected in a notable number of patients. Nerve decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome, cervical cord decompression, and grommet insertion for serous otitis media were the most frequent surgical interventions. Conclusion: Clinical presentation of attenuated (“non-Hurler”) mucopolysaccharidosis type I is heterogeneous in time of onset and types of clinical features. A better understanding of the spectrum of disease and of the related disease progression will contribute to more accurate diagnosis, and patients will benefit from early intervention.
Immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant-region genes

Antibodies are composed of two identical heavyand light-chain polypeptides. Each heavy and light chain contains an amino-terminal variable (V) region, responsible for antigen recognition, and a carboxy-proximal constant(C) region, which participates in a variety of immunological processes, including effector-cell recognition and complement fixation. The variable regions are encoded by several hundred germ-line genes, while a limited member of genes encode the constant regions. The mouse CH gene locus resides on the distal arm of chromosome 12 and consists of eight genes (p, 6, 73, yl , y2b, y2a, E and a) that span close to 200 kb of DNA (see figure) (Shimizu et al., Cell 28, 499-506, 1982). The mouse CH gene cluster contains no well conserved pseudo-& genes. &-coding regions are composed of either two (6) three (~3, yl , y2b, (II) or four (cl and E) structural domains, each consisting of -100 amino acids that are separated by small introns. Antibodies of immature B lymphocytes possess hydrophobic carboxy-terminal CH extensions, allowing these molecules to function as transmembrane proteins. Hydrophobic membrane domains are separated from the secreted termini of CH genes by a -2 kb intron (Early et al., Cell 20, 313-319, 1980). Membrane-bound or secreted antibody is thought to be expressed first by regulation of the site of transcriptional termination or poly(A) addition and then by sitespecific RNA splicing (Early et al., op. cit.; Rogers et al., Cell 26, 19-27, 1981). The human CH gene family consists of at least nine functional members (p, 6, yl , 72, y3,y4, c, al and a2). As in the mouse, the human CS gene is located several kilobases 3’ of C,” (Rabbitts et al., NAR 9,4509-4524, 1981). The four human gamma genes display more extensive homology to each other than is observed among the mouse gamma genes, and at least two Minireviews
On the origin of stroboscopic induced motion.

Apparent motion can be induced either by (1) relative motion between a target and a moving frame or (2) a tendency to judge the median plane to be biased toward the center of an asymmetrically positioned frame (the “Roelofs effect”): target position is then judged relative to the misplaced median plane. The first theory requires real motion; the second does not. We tested the two theories by abruptly displacing both a continuously visible target and a frame, asking subjects which of five possible positions the target occupied after the displacement. Rapid motions of target and frame simulated sensory events during saccadic eye movements in a structured visual field. Results with the continuously visible target were compared with results from a second condition identical to the first except that the projected stimuli were blanked for 1.0 sec during the time of the jump. In a second experiment, the stimuli appeared in their offset positions with no transient. Subject behavior in the two experiments was identical, showing that the presence of a transient had no statistically significant effect. The Roelofs effect can account for our results, but relative motion cannot. The background frame offset perceptual judgments in these experiments, but would stabilize them under normal conditions.
Multi-electrode radio frequency resurfacing of ex vivo human skin.

Background.A novel radio frequency multi-electrode surgical (MES) device has produced minimal residual thermal collagen damage (RTCD) and rapid healing in treating articular cartilage.Objective.To assess the immediate tissue effects of the MES device on human skin.Methods.Specimens of ex vivo human
Lipid Sorting by Ceramide Structure from Plasma Membrane to ER for the Cholera Toxin Receptor Ganglioside GM1

Summary The glycosphingolipid GM1 binds cholera toxin (CT) on host cells and carries it retrograde from the plasma membrane (PM) through endosomes, the trans -Golgi (TGN), and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to induce toxicity. To elucidate how a membrane lipid can specify trafficking in these pathways, we synthesized GM1 isoforms with alternate ceramide domains and imaged their trafficking in live cells. Only GM1 with unsaturated acyl chains sorted efficiently from PM to TGN and ER. Toxin binding, which effectively crosslinks GM1 lipids, was dispensable, but membrane cholesterol and the lipid raft-associated proteins actin and flotillin were required. The results implicate a protein-dependent mechanism of lipid sorting by ceramide structure and provide a molecular explanation for the diversity and specificity of retrograde trafficking by CT in host cells.
A 2-dimensional RBS simulation program for studying the edges of multilayer integrated circuit components

Abstract A computer program has been written to simulate the RBS spectrum from a sample consisting of many parallel three-layer stripes on a substrate (e.g. Al/Hf/Al stripes on SiO2). The simulated RBS spectrum depends on the thickness of the different layers, the width of the stripes, the angle of the stripe side wall, the ion beam angle, the detector angle and the size and position of the ion beam on the stripe. The simulation fits experimental data well and can be used to determine diffusion in horizontal directions. It also provides an accurate way of measuring the angle of the stripe side wall.
Applied pharmacology of local anesthetics

Abstract The intelligent and safe use of local anesthetics requires a thorough knowledge of their pharmacological actions, the potentiation of these actions, their toxicity, and the prevention and control of toxic reactions, by anesthetists and surgeons. This involves more than a superficial knowledge of these drugs.
Electric source imaging of human brain functions

We review recent methodological advances in electromagnetic source imaging and present EEG data from our laboratory obtained by application of these methods. There are two principal steps in our analysis of multichannel electromagnetic recordings: (i) the determination of functionally relevant time periods in the ongoing electric activity and (ii) the localization of the sources in the brain that generate these activities recorded on the scalp. We propose a temporal segmentation of the time-varying activity, which is based on determination of changes in the topography of the electric fields, as an approach to the first step, and a distributed linear inverse solution based on realistic head models as an approach to the second step. Data from studies of visual motion perception, visuo-motor transfer, mental imagery, semantic decision, and cognitive interference illustrate that this analysis allows us to define the patterns of electric activity that are present at given time periods after stimulus presentation, as well as those time periods where significantly different patterns appear between different stimuli and tasks. The presented data show rapid and parallel activation of different areas within complex neuronal networks, including early activity of brain regions remote from the primary sensory areas. In addition, the data indicate information exchange between homologous areas of the two hemispheres in cases where unilateral stimulus presentation requires interhemispheric transfer.
A qualitative investigation of adaptation in older individuals with multiple sclerosis

Purpose. This qualitative investigation was designed to identify themes that underlie adaptation in older individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).Method. Thirteen individuals (age 60 and above) with MS were recruited from an MS Comprehensive Care Centre and local chapters of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Participants completed The Perceptions of Aging Interview by telephone. This open-ended interview was developed to explore two lines of inquiry: MS: Perceptions of Aging, which was based on the literature on adaptation in MS, and Life Strengths, which was adapted from Kivnick's Life Strengths Inventory.Results. The majority of participants reported having adapted to MS and aging. They described several themes and subthemes that seemed to influence their levels of adaptation: Social comparisons, mobility/independence, integration of MS into self-identity, acceptance, pacing and planning, finding meaning/cognitive reframing, social support, religion/spirituality and generativity.Conclusions. The...
Introduction: Embedded Librarianship, Inside Out

Embedded librarianship is the theme of this special double issue of Public Services Quarterly (PSQ), and like Forrest Gump's box of chocolates, it is a rich and varied assortment, with much to offe...
Inactive prothoracic glands in larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti: Ecdysteroid release by tissues in the thorax and abdomen

Abstract We report that the tissue identified as the prothoracic gland in fourth instar Aedes aegypti does not release ecdysteroids. The thorax, without the prothoracic gland, released the same amount of ecdysteroids in vitro as the intact thorax. Ecdysteroids were also released in vitro from the abdomen. Thoracic and abdominal ecdysteroid release was observed in the pupa and in all larval instars. During the fourth instar, a single increase and decrease in the rate of ecdysteroid release was observed from both the thorax and the abdomen. The thoracic and abdominal tissues of both sexes release ecdysteroids synchronously and in equal amounts. Hemolymph ecdysteroid titers are correlated with thoracic and abdominal release of ecdysteroids in vitro . Ecdysteroids are released from all abdominal segments, and the same amounts of ecdysteroids are released from the dorsal and ventral halves of the abdomen. More free ecdysteroids are released in vitro from thoracic and abdominal tissues than are present in the tissues themselves. Additionally, incubation of tissue homogenates with enzymes that hydrolyze ecdysteroid conjugates fails to increase ecdysteroid recovery, suggesting that as yet unidentified cells in both the thorax and abdomen synthesize ecdysteroids de novo .
Finite element analysis of the plastic deformation zone and working load in equal channel angular extrusion

A comprehensive finite element (FE) study is conducted to analyze the formation of the plastic deformation zone (PDZ) and evolution of the working load with ram displacement during a single pass of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) with intersection angle 90°. This study explores systematically the coupled effects of material response, outer corner angle (Ψ = 0°, 45°, or 90°), and friction on ECAE deformation, which can be effectively analyzed through two key characteristics of the PDZ alone. These characteristics, the morphology and strain-rate distribution within the PDZ, are largely responsible for the heterogeneity in strain that develops in the sample at the end of a single pass. Strain hardening, Ψ, and friction were all found to have some effect on the PDZ, though under their combined influence, one tends to dominate over the others. Strain hardening tends to produce asymmetry in the strain-rate distribution within the PDZ, resulting in corner gaps and a more heterogeneous strain distribution than an ideal perfectly plastic material. In cases in which the material fills the die, the PDZ shape is largely governed by the die geometry, i.e. Ψ, independent of material response and friction. In this respect, friction does however help to reduce the free surface gaps that form between a strain hardening material and the die, but to further increase the degree of heterogeneity. The distinct stages that are present in the load versus displacement curves are defined and associated with those in sample deformation, some of which depend on Ψ and others on material properties. Effective strain calculations are compared with various analytical models and the one that directly accounts for the PDZ tends to perform better. To date, most of the cases studied here have not been modeled analytically; however, a stronger connection between analytical modeling and actual ECAE deformation can be made by the guidance of these FE studies on the interactive influence of processing and material variables.
Maternal Antibody-Mediated Protection Against Gastroenteritis Due to Rotavirus in Newborn Mice is Dependent on Both Serotype and Titer of Antibody

In order to evaluate the role of passively acquired, rotavirus-specific antibodies in protection against diarrhea, we inoculated mouse dams with rotaviruses of various serotypes, and their newborns were orally challenged with a primate rotavirus (simian SA-11). Dams were immunized by using a regimen that included repeated inoculations administered either orally or intraperitoneally with adjuvant. The serum antibody response detected in dams by radioimmunoassay and plaque-reduction neutralization after parenteral immunization was approximately 15-fold and 80-fold greater, respectively, than that found after oral "hyperimmunization." Parenteral immunization with rotavirus serotypes either homotypic or heterotypic to the challenge virus protected suckling mice against diarrhea; protection was closely correlated with the in vitro neutralizing activity of maternal serum against the challenge virus. Oral immunization with only rotavirus strains homotypic to the challenge virus afforded protection; the lower immune response after oral immunization with rotaviruses heterotypic to the challenge virus resulted in a titer of neutralizing antibody to the challenge virus below the protective threshold. From our current studies it appears that antibody-mediated passive protection against rotavirus challenge is dependent on both serotype and titer of antibody.
Axonal transport of polyamines: A reappraisal

Abstract Axonal transport of putrescine and the polyamines in normal and transected motor axons of adult rat sciatic nerves was studied. [ 3 H]Putrescine injected into the ventral horn region of the spinal cord was not transported distally along the course of the nerve as a function of time. l -[ 3 H]ornithine, the immediate precursor of putrescine, when injected into the ventral horn of the spinal cord, was followed by rapid axonal transport of acid-insoluble material, but no transport of acid-soluble material, such as putrescine or the polyamines, was detected despite the demonstration that radioactive spermidine was synthesized at the site of the l -[ 3 H]ornithine injection in the spinal cord. Furthermore, acid-soluble radioactive material failed to accumulate proximal to the site of a ligature of the sciatic nerve in acute and chronic experiments. Ligation of the sciatic nerve also failed to cause an accumulation of endogenous putrescine proximal to the ligature. The data showed no evidence for fast axonal transport of putrescine and the polyamines in normal and transected motor axons of the sciatic nerve in adult rats.
Latency During Left Ventricular Pacing From the Lateral Cardiac Veins: A Cause of Ineffectual Biventricular Pacing

We report three patients with cardiomyopathy and pronounced stimulus to QRS latency during left ventricular (LV) pacing from an epicardial cardiac vein. Delayed LV activation during simultaneous biventricular pacing produced an electrocardiographic pattern dominated by right ventricular stimulation. Hemodynamic parameters improved immediately after advancing LV stimulation (in one patient) or pacing the LV only (in two patients) coupled with dramatic improvement of heart failure symptoms.
The Filling-In of Fraunhofer Lines in the Day Sky

Abstract Ground-based high resolution (R ≈ 120,000) spectra of the zenith day sky near 6300 A were obtained with a PEPSIOS. When compared with the solar spectrum taken with the same spectrometer the filling-in of Fraunhofer lines (the Ring effect) in the day sky was clearly present. The observed effect was in the range 0.2 to 2.0% of the continuum. This corresponds to an apparent intensity of 0.5 to 3.0 × 1010 photons s−1 A−1 cm−2. The observed behavior of the effect with solar zenith angle is consistent with the source being primarily the fluorescence of aerosol.
Jesse Olney's Innovative Geography Text of 1828 for Common Schools

Abstract In the late 18th century, American authors began producing geography texts for use by common school (elementary) children. First and foremost among them was Jedidiah Morse; however, another less celebrated author was Jesse Olney, whose work may have had a more lasting effect on young American minds. His text was published in 1828 and was followed in 1829 by a companion atlas. The text was unusual in that it began with an exercise on local geography rather than a description of the solar system. It was profusely illustrated and the pictures were integrated with the text, unusual for its day. Descriptions of national character, often of a very negative nature, were included. These descriptions were opinions presented as facts. The 98 editions, consisting of millions of copies, in widespread use over at least 30 years, meant that generations of school children grew to adulthood greatly influenced by Olney. A gift of a copy of his text from my daughter, Susanne, is responsible for my interest in Jess...
Ritual, Discourse, and Community in Cuban Santería: Speaking a Sacred World

How do Santeria practitioners in Cuba create and maintain religious communities amidst tensions, disagreements, and competition among them, and in the absence of centralized institutional authority? What serves as the "glue" that holds practitioners of different backgrounds together in the creation of a moral community? Examining the religious lives of santeros in Santiago de Cuba, Wirtz argues that these communities hold together not because members agree on their interpretations of rituals but because they often disagree. Religious life is marked by a series of "telling moments" - not only the moments themselves but their narrated representations as they are retold and mined for religious meanings. Long after they occur, spiritually elevated experiences circulate in narratives that may express skepticism or awe and hold the promise of more such experiences. The author finds that these episodes resonate in gossip and other forms of public commentary about the experiences of their fellow Santeria practitioners. Drawing on ethnographic research about Santeria beliefs and practices, Wirtz observes that practitioners are constantly engaged in reflection about what they and other practitioners are doing, how the orichas (deities) have responded, and what the consequences of their actions were or will be. By focusing their reflective attention on particular events, santeros re-create, moment to moment, what their religion is. Wirtz also argues that Santeria cannot be considered in isolation from the complex religious landscape of contemporary Cuba, in which African-based traditions are viewed with a mix of fascination, folkloric pride, and suspicion.
Mechanisms and applications of DNA-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells — a review

Abstract The ability of mammalian cells to take up exogenously added DNA and to express genes included on that DNA has been well documented. DNA-mediated gene transfer (DMGT) potentially is a useful technique for the elucidation of many of the factors that control gene expression, and for the purification and isolation of mammalian genes. Before many of the benefits can be realized, however, a more detailed understanding of the organization, intracellular location, and expression of transferred genes will be needed. Recent studies begun to characterize the DMGT process. Selected genes become linked to other exogenously added DNA during or subsequent to transfer and persist in the nuclei of recipient cells as part of large molecules called transgenomes. Transgenomes initially are maintained unstably and are lost from the population with first order kinetics. After a variable number of generations in culture, subpopulations arise that maintain the transferred genes stably. In these “stable” cells the transgenome is associated with a recipient cell chromosome, although the particular chromosome differs in independent “stable” lines. Mixture of an excess of specific nonselectable genes with the selected gene prior to transfer results in the inclusion of the nonselected genes in the transgenomes present in most cells that survive selection. This finding demonstrates the feasibility of introducing virtually any purified gene into mammalian cells. Recently, microinjection of DNA directly into the nuclei of cells has been demonstrated. This technique greatly increases the frequency of gene transfer and significantly expands the number of cell types that can be genetically transformed.
Solid-state studies of the Horner–Wittig reagent [{{Ph2P(O)}2CHLi · (THF)}2 · THF] and its mixed-anion intermediate [{{Ph2P(O)}2CHLi}4 · {Ph2P(O)2Li} 2 · 8C6H6] formed by reaction with dioxygen

Abstract Reaction of Ph2P(O)2CH2 with one equivalent of RLi (R = Me, Bu) leads to monodeprotonation of the methylene bridge and formation of a Horner–Wittig type reagent. The crystal structure of the resulting lithium complex [{{Ph2P(O)}2CHLi · (THF)}2 · THF], 1, reveals a dimeric aggregate, where each lithium is tetracoordinate through bonding to two bridging and one terminally chelating phosphoryl unit, and to a THF molecule. Upon exposing complex 1 to molecular oxygen, an unexpected mixed-anionic species was formed, [{{Ph2P(O)}2CHLi}4 · {Ph2 P(O)2Li}2 · 8C6H6] 2. Complex 2 was identified by X-ray crystallography and found to exist in two polymorphic forms that differ only slightly in their metrical parameters. The structure of 2 is an unusual hexalithium cage aggregate containing four Horner–Wittig anions and two diphenyl phosphinate anions. In both complexes 1 and 2 the β-diphosphine oxide anions were found to contain localized P O double bonds and the negative charge was partially delocalized over the P–C–P fragments. Neither complex displays direct metal–C (anion) contacts but the relative planarity of the individual carbanions show significant variation.
Hownot to demarcate cognitive science and folk psychology: A response to Pickering and Chater

Pickering and Chater (P&C) maintain that folk psychology and cognitive science should neither compete nor cooperate. Each is an “independent enterprise,” with a distinct subject matter and characteristic modes of explanation. P&C's case depends upon their characterizations of cognitive science and folk psychology. We question the basis for their characterizations, challenge both the coherence and the individual adequacy of their contrasts between the two, and show that they waver in their views about the scope of each. We conclude that P&C do not so muchdiscover ascreate the gap they find between folk psychology and cognitive science. It is an artifact of their implausible and unmotivated attempt to demarcate the two areas, and of the excessively narrow accounts they give of each.
The structure of the π-molecular complex between 1,4-dihydro-9,10-anthrahydroquinone and 1,4-dihydro-9,10-anthraquinone

The structure of the π-molecular complex (10) was assigned on the basis of the solid state13C-nmr spectrum. The solid state13C-nmr spectrum of quinhydrone (12) has also been determined. Accurate1H and13C chemical shift assignments have been made for the compounds3,5,6,7,8, and10 on the basis of HMQC and HMBC spectral data. The π-molecular complex10 crystallizes in the space groupP21 In with cell parameters:a=4.052 (1) A,b=6.477 (1) A,c=19.093 (2) A, β=90.17 (1)o,z=1,D c =1.400 g mc−32. Crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, C28H22O4, has been determined by an X-ray analysis of10 by direct methods from diffractometer data and refined by full-matrix least-squares
Effects of caffeine on the DNA and protein synthesis of the protein-energy malnourished neonatal cardiac muscle cells in culture.

Abstract 1. 1. The growth of cardiac cells derived from newborn rats whose dams were either malnourished or malnourished with caffeine during pregnancy was inhibited in culture over the period of 5 days as compared to that of the normally nourished cells. 2. 2. Cells derived from malnourished rats with caffeine added to their diets showed a greater inhibition than those from the malnourished rats not given caffeine. 3. 3. Both DNA and protein synthesis showed an inhibition due to caffeine in a dose-dependent manner using normally nourished cells. 4. 4. In the presence of exogenous 2 mM caffeine, the degree of percent inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis of cells derived from rats malnourished with caffeine was less than that from the rats with malnutrition alone. 5. 5. The present data indicated that malnutrition combined with caffeine during pregnancy exerted a greater negative effect on the nature of cell growth than malnutrition alone and these cells became less sensitive to exogenous caffeine.
Relations among personal agency, motivation, and school adjustment in early adolescence

The authors examined relations among motivational styles and school adjustment in a sample of 786 7thand 8th grade U.S. students. Specifically, the authors tested the hypothesis that agency beliefs mediaterelations between styles of motivational self-regulation (i.e., intrinsic, identified, introjected, and extrin-sic) and school adjustment (school grades, school well-being, and positive and negative affect). Astructural equation model testing this hypothesis indicated that agency beliefs about ones effort mediatethe relations between the styles and positive school adjustment. By contrast, the extrinsic style was notmediated by agency beliefs but reflected adverse low-magnitude direct effects on all of the outcomesexcept positive affect. Overall, the model strongly predicted school adjustment, and adherence to theidentified motivational style was particularly important.
Grain-Scale Nonequilibrium Sediment-Transport Model for Unsteady Flow

AbstractA one-dimensional (1D) finite-volume model is developed for simulating nonequilibrium sediment transport in unsteady flow. The governing equations are the 1D mass and momentum conservation equations for sediment-laden flow and the sediment continuity equation for both bed load and suspended-load transport. The Rouse profile is modified to consider the nonequilibrium transport of suspended sediment. The spatial lag between the instantaneous flow properties (e.g., velocity, bed shear stress) and the rate of bed load transport in unsteady flow is quantified by using an adaptation length, which is derived theoretically by applying the momentum principle in the bed load layer. This new method for calculating the adaptation length is verified using data from several experiments and yields better results than other empirical formulas for a wide range of shear stress. The nonequilibrium model is applied to simulate a series of laboratory dam-break flows over erodible beds, and the simulated results agree ...
Macromolecular crystal growth experiments on international microgravity laboratory – 1

Macromolecular crystal growth experiments, using satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) and canavalin from jack beans as samples, were conducted on a US Space Shuttle mission designated International Microgravity Laboratory — 1 (IML-1), flown January 22–29, 1992. Parallel experiments using identical samples were carried out in both a vapor diffusion-based device (PCG) and a liquid-liquid diffusion-based instrument (CRYOSTAT). The experiments in each device were run at 20–22 °C and at colder temperatures. Crystals were grown in virtually every trial, but the characteristics of the crystals were highly dependent on the crystallization technique employed and the temperature experience of the sample. In general, very good results, based on visual inspection of the crystals, were obtained in both PCG and CRYOSTAT. Unusually impressive results were, however, achieved for STMV in the CRYOSTAT instrument. STMV crystals grown in microgravity by liquid-liquid diffusion were more than 10-fold greater in total volume than any STMV crystals previously grown in the laboratory. X-ray diffraction data collected from eight STMV crystals grown in CRYOSTAT demonstrated a substantial improvement in diffraction quality over the entire resolution range when compared to data from crystals grown on Earth. In addition, the extent of the diffraction pattern for the STMV crystals grown in space extended to 1.8 A resolution, whereas the best crystals that were ever grown under conditions of Earth's gravity produced data limited to 2.3 A resolution. Other observations indicate that the growth of macromolecular crystals is indeed influenced by the presence or absence of gravity. These observations further suggest, consistent with earlier results, that the elimination of gravity provides a more favorable environment for such processes.
Acid diffusion through rat duodenal mucosal cap.

Acid induced duodenal injury occurs immediately following exposure to strong acid but does not worsen despite continuous perfusion with the acid. A thick gelatinous cap is found overlying the duodenum when examined histologically. The purpose of this study was to quantitate the resistance to acid diffusion by native duodenal mucus and the cap material. Rat duodenum was perfused with acid. The mucus from control and acid-perfused animals was harvested and the diffusion coefficient measured. Mucus from the duodenums of anesthetized rats was mixed with bromphenol blue and placed into capillary tubes. The tubes were submersed in 0.15 N HCl at 37°C. The color change from blue to yellow was measured with time as the HCl migrated through the tube. From the distance and time data, the diffusion coefficient could be calculated. Controls of bromphenol blue in water were studied. The diffusion coefficient for HCl in water was 30.1 ± 0.9 × 10−6 cm2/sec, nearly identical to the standard value reported in the literature. For the duodenal mucus adherent to the epithelial surface, it was 1.1 ± 0.1 × 10−6 cm2/sec. Following perfusion with 0.15 N HCl, a 279.6 ± 44-μm-thick mucus cap formed over the duodenum that had a diffusion coefficient of 1.8 ± .3 × 10−8 cm2/sec. In response to injury, the duodenum protects against continued damage by producing a mucoid cap that it highly resistant to acid diffusion.
Real-Time Sleep Apnea Detection by Classifier Combination

To find an efficient and valid alternative of polysomnography (PSG), this paper investigates real-time sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) detection based on electrocardiograph (ECG) and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) signals, individually and in combination. We include ten machine-learning algorithms in our classification experiment. It is shown that our proposed SpO2 features outperform the ECG features in terms of diagnostic ability. More importantly, we propose classifier combination to further enhance the classification performance by harnessing the complementary information provided by individual classifiers. With our selected SpO2 and ECG features, the classifier combination using AdaBoost with Decision Stump, Bagging with REPTree, and either kNN or Decision Table achieves sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy all around 82% for a minute-based real-time SAHS detection over 25 sleep-disordered-breathing suspects' full overnight recordings.
Area-Preserving Mappings for the Visualization of Medical Structures

In this note, we present a method for flattening anatomical surfaces such as branched vessels and intestinal tracts in an area-preserving way. This method is based on the theory of optimal mass transport and conformal mapping of surfaces. The flattened representations differ minimally from conformality in a certain precise sense. Potential applications include the detection and visualization of pathologies such as stenoses and polyps.
Growth, Net Production, Litter Decomposition, and Net Nitrogen Accumulation by Epiphytic Bryophytes in a Tropical Montane Forest1

To understand the ecological roles of epiphytic bryophytes in the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles of a tropical montane forest, we used samples in enclosures to estimate rates of growth, net production, and N accumulation by shoots in the canopy, and litterbags, to estimate rates of decomposition and N dynamics of epiphytic bryophyte litter in the canopy and on the forest floor in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Growth of epiphytic bryophytes was estimated at 30.0-49.9 percent/yr, net production at 122-203 g/m2/yr, and N accumulation at 1.8-3.0 g N/m2/yr. Cumulative mass loss from litterbags after one and two years in the canopy was 17 ? 2 and 19 ? 2 percent (mean ? 1 SE) of initial sample mass, respectively, and mass loss from litter and green shoots in litterbags after one year on the forest floor was 29 ? 2 and 45 ? 3 percent, respectively. Approximately 30 percent of the initial N mass was released rapidly from litter in both locations. Nitrogen loss from green shoots on the forest floor was greater; about 47 percent of the initial N mass was lost within the first three months. There was no evidence for net N immobilization by litter or green shoots, but the remaining N in litter was apparently recalcitrant. Annual net accumulation of C and N by epiphytic bryophytes was estimated at 37-64 g C/m2/yr and 0.8-1.3 g N/m2/yr, respectively. Previous research at this site indicated that epiphytic bryophytes retain inorganic N from atmospheric deposition to the canopy. Therefore, they play a major role in transforming N from mobile to highly recalcitrant forms in this ecosystem.
Identification of Multiresistant Salmonella Isolates Capable of Subsisting on Antibiotics

This study assessed the ability of Salmonella (572 isolates) to subsist on 12 different antibiotics. The majority (11/12) of the antibiotics enabled subsistence for at least 1 of 140 isolates. Furthermore, 40 isolates were able to subsist on more than one antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance and antibiotic subsistence do not appear to be equivalent.
Corporate Strategy And The Social Networking Phenomena

The Social Networking (SN) phenomena has developed relatively overnight and is continuing to develop at an exponential pace. It allows for innovative new methods of disseminating and collecting information in ways never before dreamed possible by corporate executives. The rise of Social Networking is becoming a disruptive technology for traditional marketing and advertising medium such as radio, television, web page, and print media, creating new business opportunities for the entrepreneur within organizations of any size, and allowing lucrative treasure troves of corporate intelligence about how the customers feel about ones or a competitors products or services. It means new executive leadership skills are now needed to take advantage of these new tools and developing corporate strategies. Those that do this well will be the winners in the market five years from now.
Contrast threshold of a brisk-transient ganglion cell in vitro.

We measured the contrast threshold for mammalian brisk-transient ganglion cells in vitro. Spikes were recorded extracellularly in the intact retina (guinea pig) in response to a spot with sharp ons...
Differential responsiveness to phorbol esters correlates with differential expression of protein kinase C in KG-1 and KG-1a human myeloid leukemia cells

Abstract The KG-1 myeloid leukemia cell line differentiates into macrophages in response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), while its spontaneous variant, the KG-1a cell line, is resistant to the differentiative effects of TPA. To determine the mechanism underlying these differential responses to TPA, experiments were performed to determine the relative numbers of TPA binding sites, protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme activity levels, PKC translocation responses and PKC gene expression in these cell lines. KG-1a cells exhibited 40% fewer high affinity binding sites for TPA than KG-1 cells. Although PKC translocation from cytosol to the membrane fraction was observed in both cell types, total PKC activity, measured in vitro using type III-S histone as substrate, was reduced by 70% in KG-1a cells. These biochemical differences between the parental line and the phorbol ester non-responsive variant were correlated with the depressed level of PKC-β RNA abundance in KG-1a cells. Both lines expressed PKC-α RNA at comparable levels. Chronic exposure to TPA resulted in down-regulation of PKC enzyme activity in both cell lines, and a selective decrease in PKC-β RNA transcripts in both cell types. In contrast, chronic TPA treatment had no effect on the levels of PKC-α RNA in KG-1 and KG-1a cells. Our results indicate a correlation between the level of PKC-β expression and the responsiveness of myeloid lineage precursor cells to the differentiative effects of TPA.
Controlling a path-tracking unmanned ground vehicle with a field-programmable analog array

Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) path-tracking has been an important topic in mechatronics real-time applications. This paper describes and compares the implementation and performance of path-tracking unmanned ground vehicle using a field programmable analog array (FPAA) and conventional digital microcontroller. The FPAA AN10E40 is a general-purpose, digitally reconfigurable analog signal-processing chip. Its current commercial applications center on signal conditioning and base-band analog signal processing and rapid prototyping. This paper shows that the AN10E40 can also readily implement a control system for a path-tracking UGV. Using PI control for the path tracking, the FPAA controlled UGV made about 38% fewer tracking error with 22% faster traveling speed than the digital microcontroller (MC68HC11) controlled UGV due to the fast processing time of the FPAA. The results indicate the great potential of using FPAA for real-time control in mechatronics systems
Parallel netCDF: A High-Performance Scientific I/O Interface

Dataset storage, exchange, and access play a critical role in scientific applications. For such purposes netCDF serves as a portable, efficient file format and programming interface, which is popular in numerous scientific application domains. However, the original interface does not provide an efficient mechanism for parallel data storage and access. In this work, we present a new parallel interface for writing and reading netCDF datasets. This interface is derived with minimal changes from the serial netCDF interface but defines semantics for parallel access and is tailored for high performance. The underlying parallel I/O is achieved through MPI-IO, allowing for substantial performance gains through the use of collective I/O optimizations. We compare the implementation strategies and performance with HDF5. Our tests indicate programming convenience and significant I/O performance improvement with this parallel netCDF (PnetCDF) interface.