cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Thoracic Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Spinal Cord Stimulation: Should Such a Recommendation Be an Absolute Requirement?

Objective Current published guidelines recommend advanced imaging, specifically, thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), prior to implantation of epidural paddle spinal cord stimulator (SCS) leads. Preoperative imaging may affect surgical approach to minimize risk of complications. We aimed to assess the impact of preoperative thoracic MRI on surgical planning in a large series of surgical paddle SCS lead placements in a real-world setting. Materials and methods This is a retrospective study of a prospectively maintained data base of 160 patients treated by SCS with awake thoracic surgical paddle lead placement in a single academic functional neurosurgery center from 2013 to 2021. All patients had a thoracic MRI prior to implantation. Abnormal MRI findings were reviewed to determine their potential impact on the safety of surgical paddle lead placement. A minor impact was defined as anatomical areas to avoid with paddle lead placement. Major impacts included significant deviations from standard approach to electrode placement. Results None of the 160 patients had signs or symptoms referable to thoracic spine pathology prior to lead implant. Sixty-seven had abnormal thoracic MRI findings, and 36 had abnormal MRI findings that impacted surgical planning. Thirty-one patients had MRI findings with minor impact. Five patients (more than 3%) had findings with major impact. Conclusions This is the largest case series assessing the impact of preoperative thoracic MRI on surgical planning for patients undergoing paddle SCS placement. Twenty-two percent of patients had MRI findings that impacted surgical planning with 3% requiring additional surgical decompression for safe paddle lead placement. Without advanced imaging to inform surgical planning, unnecessary risk may have been placed on these patients. Although such imaging has been recommended by consensus committees in published guidelines, our study is the first to present a large institutional experience of real-world data that demonstrates its importance.
A Pot of Gold: Rainbows as a Calibration Cue

Rainbows are a natural cue for calibrating outdoor imagery. While ephemeral, they provide unique calibration cues because they are centered exactly opposite the sun and have an outer radius of 42 degrees. In this work, we define the geometry of a rainbow and describe minimal sets of constraints that are sufficient for estimating camera calibration. We present both semi-automatic and fully automatic methods to calibrate a camera using an image of a rainbow. To demonstrate our methods, we have collected a large database of rainbow images and use these to evaluate calibration accuracy and to create an empirical model of rainbow appearance. We show how this model can be used to edit rainbow appearance in natural images and how rainbow geometry, in conjunction with a horizon line and capture time, provides an estimate of camera location. While we focus on rainbows, many of the geometric properties and algorithms we present also apply to other solar-refractive phenomena, such as parhelion, often called sun dogs, and the 22 degree solar halo.
Situation Assessment for Plan Retrieval in Real-Time Strategy Games

Case-Based Planning (CBP) is an effective technique for solving planning problems that has the potential to reduce the computational complexity of the generative planning approaches [8,3]. However, the success of plan execution using CBP depends highly on the selection of a correct plan; especially when the case-base of plans is extensive. In this paper we introduce the concept of a situationand explain a situation assessmentalgorithm which improves plan retrieval for CBP. We have applied situation assessment to our previous CBP system, Darmok [11], in the domain of real-time strategy games. During Darmok's execution using situation assessment, the high-level representation of the game state i.e. situation is predicted using a decision tree based Situation-Classification model. Situation predicted is further used for the selection of relevant knowledge intensive features, which are derived from the basic representation of the game state, to compute the similarity of cases with the current problem. The feature selection performed here is knowledge based and improves the performance of similarity measurements during plan retrieval. The instantiation of the situation assessment algorithm to Darmok gave us promising results for plan retrieval within the real-time constraints.
Analytic Continuation Along Curves

In this chapter we give further means to extend the domain of definition of an analytic function. We shall apply Theorem 1.2 of Chapter III in the following context. Suppose we are given an analytic function f of an open connected set U. Let V be open and connected, and suppose that U ∩ V is not empty, so is open. We ask whether there exists an analytic function g on V such that f = g on U ∩ V, or only such that f(z) = g(z) for all z in some set of points of U ∩ V which is not discrete. The above-mentioned Theorem 1.2 shows that such a function g if it exists is uniquely determined. One calls such a function g a direct analytic continuation of f, and we also say that (g, V) is a direct analytic continuation of (f, U). We use the word “direct” because later we shall deal with analytic continuation along a curve and it is useful to have an adjective to distinguish the two notions. For simplicity, however, one usually omits the word “direct” if no confusion can result from this omission. If a direct analytic continuation exists as above, then there is is unique analytic function h on U ∪ V such that h = f on U and h = g on V.
Healthcare in China: Institutional Trajectories and Future Opportunities

China's healthcare system is undergoing significant growth in the 2010s, including expanded government-backed insurance and experiments with private clinics, hospitals, and insurance. Reforms presently under discussion will further restructure relations among insurers, hospitals, physicians, and patients. Policy changes also are likely to change competitive dynamics in major healthcare industries, notably for pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device and diagnostics companies. This essay summarizes the institutional history of China's healthcare system and identifies dilemmas for reform, especially in the insurance system and payment structures for hospitals and physicians. A final section analyzes opportunities for healthcare innovation and systems integration in China.
Thermal design, analysis, and testing of the CETA Space Shuttle Flight Experiment

Attention is given to the Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) Space Shuttle flight experiment designed to demonstrate techniques and equipment for propelling and restraining crew during EVA. Emphasis is placed on the thermal analysis of the CETA hardware, including thermal design trade-offs, modeling assumptions, temperature predictions, and testing activities.
LONG-STANDING UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN SOLAR PHYSICS AND MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS

Abstract For many decades, there have existed a number of long-standing, unsolved problems in solar physics and magnetospheric physics. It is suggested that some of them remain unsolved because the guiding concepts, or paradigms, have no sound foundation. Here several paradigms are chosen for examination, in light of the related observations. They are the ionization rate of the solar wind, sunspots, solar flares/CMES, magnetic clouds, the concept of magnetic flux transfer in the magnetosphere, the diversion of the cross-tail current, and the dipolarization and substorm onset. It is obviously not the intent of this paper to provide answers to those difficult problems. Rather, here are posed basic questions about the sources of the established paradigms, and a suggestion that the established paradigms are not necessarily the final answers.
Images of the Future

More than any other branch of medicine, nuclear medicine teaches us that structure and function are but two aspects of the same thing. In biological systems what we call structures are slow processes of long duration. What we call functions are fast processes of short duration. Nuclear images are symbolic representations of the patterns and changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of the chemical substances that make up our bodies. Until now, our major concepts of disease have been based on the discipline of gross pathology, which provides a limited sort of information analogous to that obtained from an archeological excavation.
Assessment of sexual activity and dysfunction in medically underserved women with gynecologic cancers

Abstract Background Sexual dysfunction is a common long-term side effect of treatments for gynecologic cancer. Studies of sexual problems in gynecologic cancer survivors overrepresent White non-Hispanic, highly educated, and married women. Less is known about the sexual health needs of women in medically underserved populations. We therefore conducted a study to characterize sexual activity and sexual function in this population. Methods We recruited patients attending two gynecologic oncology clinics in a large public healthcare system that primarily serves uninsured and low-income patients. Participants were invited to complete a one-time survey to assess sexual function, sexual communication, sexual distress, relationship adjustment, depression, anxiety, prior help-seeking and help-seeking preferences, and reasons for sexual inactivity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate models to predict sexual activity status and sexual dysfunction. Results Among 243 participants, the majority (n=160, 65.8%) were not sexually active in the past 4weeks, most often due to lack of a partner or lack of desire for sex. Just over one-fourth of sexually active participants were identified as likely cases of sexual dysfunction. Greater endorsement of depressive symptoms predicted both sexual inactivity and sexual dysfunction in multivariate analyses. Prior help-seeking for sexual problems was uncommon; however, a significant minority of participants expressed interest in receiving care for sexual problems. Conclusions Gynecologic cancer survivors in our medically underserved population have high rates of sexual inactivity and sexual dysfunction. Future research should identify feasible strategies to address barriers to sexual healthcare in low-resource settings.
The transferrin-iron import system from pathogenic Neisseria species

Summary Two pathogenic species within the genus Neisseria cause the diseases gonorrhoea and meningitis. While vaccines are available to protect against four N. meningitidis serogroups, there is currently no commercial vaccine to protect against serogroup B or against N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the available vaccines have significant limitations and with antibiotic resistance becoming an alarming issue, the search for effective vaccine targets to elicit long-lasting protection against Neisseria species is becoming more urgent. One strategy for vaccine development has targeted the neisserial iron import systems. Without iron, the Neisseriae cannot survive and, therefore, these iron import systems tend to be relatively well conserved and are promising vaccine targets, having the potential to offer broad protection against both gonococcal and meningococcal infections. These efforts have been boosted by recent reports of the crystal structures of the neisserial receptor proteins TbpA and TbpB, each solved in complex with human transferrin, an iron binding protein normally responsible for delivering iron to human cells. Here, we review the recent structural reports and put them into perspective with available functional studies in order to derive the mechanism(s) for how the pathogenic Neisseriae are able to hijack human iron transport systems for their own survival and pathogenesis.
A relativistic extension of SU(6)-symmetry

Abstract A new formulation of relativistic SU (6)-symmetry is proposed which applies to the full Lagrangian (including kinetic energy terms) and is consistent with the principles of quantum field theory. This symmetry requires the classification of particles according to SU (6)-multiplets and yields the characteristic relations among bare coupling constants which are known from the phenomenological theories. While the bare masses within an SU (6)-supermultiplet must be equal, the physical masses of different SU (3)-multiplets are expected to split for interacting systems. In the formulation proposed the S-matrix is unitary. However, relativistic SU (6)-symmetry of the Lagrangian does not imply corresponding symmetry properties of the S-matrix. As examples the free sextet field and the sextet-sextet interactions are discussed. A Lagrange formulation for free spin 3 2 fields is given and generalized to an invariant description of the 56-component baryon field.
Diprenorphine as a stimulus in drug discrimination learning

Abstract Using the conditioned taste aversion baseline of drug discrimination learning, animals were trained to discriminate diprenorphine from distilled water. In subsequent generalization tests, the opiate antagonists naltrexone and naloxone and the mixed opiate agonist/antagonist nalorphine substituted for the diprenorphine stimulus in a dose-dependent manner, while the opiate agonist morphine and the nonopiate pentobarbital failed to substitute even at the highest doses tested. That a range of opiate antagonists substituted for the diprenorphine stimulus (and an opiate agonist and a nonopiate failed to substitute) suggest that diprenorphine's antagonists properties may mediate the discrimination, presumably by blocking endogenous opiate activity. The ability of these drugs to substitute for the diprenorphine stimulus may also be a function of this receptor activity. The differences in the specific generalization patterns reported in the present assessment and those of earlier reports were discussed.
Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as a management agent for free-living Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in Ohio

Unfed adult Amblyomma americanum were exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and placed in the field. Ticks exposed to the fungus experienced higher mortality than those in the control group (P = 0.001). It is recommended that for inclusion in a tick management program, the fungus be applied in the late evening during the months March through June as this is when ticks are most active and conditions suitable for fungal activity occur.
Bottom-current measurements and circulation in Western Port, Victoria

Abstract Bottom-water movements in Western Port, Victoria, were investigated as part of the Westernport Bay Environmental Study. Instrumented tripods were used at nine stations to collect data on bottom currents, tidal conditions and wave activity in the major channel system of the bay. Bottom currents generated by tides ranged up to 70 cm/sec. The ratio of tidal range to half-tidal period ( ΔH ΔT ) was compared with measured currents to provide a basis for prediction of the annual frequency distribution of maximum bottom-current velocities. Flow directions do not always conform to channel alignments, and deviations are important. Net flows at the stations indicate patterns of ebb and flood dominance, and a clockwise net circulation around a large central island. Wave activity was generally insufficient to generate bottom pressure fluctuations, except in the exposed Western Entrance which opens to Bass Strait.
Overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism during pregnancy

The present manuscript provides a definition for, and evaluates the prevalence and maternal/fetal/child impact of, overt hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism. The prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism is 0.5% and the prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism is 0.3%. Overt maternal hyperthyroidism is as
Anomaly in the viscosity of liquid KCl at high pressures

We measured viscosity of KCl and NaCl liquids up to 7.3 GPa and observed a clear discontinuity in the pressure dependence of viscosity for liquid KCl at around 2 GPa. The viscosity of liquid KCl increased rapidly at 1.5--2.2 GPa, above which it remained virtually constant. Structural data of KCl liquid also showed a pronounced change signified by the ratio r${}_{2}$/r${}_{1}$, where r${}_{1}$ and r${}_{2}$ are the nearest- and the second-neighbor distances, respectively. In contrast, both viscosity and the r${}_{2}$/r${}_{1}$ ratio changed linearly with pressure for liquid NaCl. Our observation suggests that viscosities of KCl and NaCl liquids strongly correlate with the structural changes in terms of the r${}_{2}$/r${}_{1}$ ratio. The viscosity anomaly in liquid KCl is found to be at pressures close to that of the B1-B2 transition in solid KCl.
Predicting the biologic behavior of ductal carcinoma in situ: an analysis of molecular markers.

Abstract Background. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast encompasses a heterogeneous group of noninvasive cancers that now represents 19% of new breast cancer cases. Optimal treatment remains controversial. We undertook this study to characterize the relationship between angiogenic markers and the biologic behavior of various DCIS phenotypes. Methods. We performed histolopathologic review and immunohistochemistry for p53, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and factor VIII-related antigen on 103 specimens of pure DCIS. Results. VEGF expression was seen in 89 tumors (86%) and correlated with microvessel density (MVD). Among VEGF-negative tumors, mean MVD (number of microvessels per square millimeter) was 48 ± 19, versus 117 ± 7 for tumors expressing VEGF ( P =.001). Strong p53 expression was observed in 28 tumors (27%) and was associated with comedo histology, high tumor grade, necrosis, high MVD, and ipsilateral tumor recurrence (all P ≤.03). Among 8 patients with ipsilateral recurrence, 5 (63%) had tumors with strong p53 expression, whereas only 24% of patients without recurrence had tumors with strong p53 expression ( P =.03). Although 7 of 8 patients with ipsilateral recurrence had tumors with VEGF and high MVD, neither parameter achieved statistical significance. Conclusions. These data suggest that molecular alterations may help predict the biologic aggressiveness of DCIS. Mutant p53 expression predisposes the patient toward ipsilateral recurrence, perhaps by promoting angiogenesis. Further investigation may identify clinically useful markers and novel treatment strategies. (Surgery 2001;130:593-601.)
A prototype for a data communications laboratory

This paper describes the development of a small laboratory to serve as a prototype for a Data Communications Laboratory. We discuss the planning, construction, capabilities and use of the prototype lab by our three data communications courses. The capabilities and use of the lab in entry level microcomputer communications course, the entry level course, is demonstrated and explained, along with our plans for a larger lab in the near future based on a successful NSF-ILI grant request for additional equipment.
Validation of New Molecular Tests for Microbiological Testing of Clinical Specimens

Abstract Access to the most rapid, sensitive, and specific testing is of critical importance to the microbiology laboratory. However, the tests of interest are constantly changing, as new pathogens emerge, as new antimicrobial markers and virulence genes are discovered, and as new technologies are utilized in the detection and characterization of infectious diseases. The tests available from commercial sources may not fit the exact needs of a laboratory, or the tests may not be FDA approved for patient testing. These factors have led many laboratories to develop and validate new molecular assays for their current patient testing needs. The task of developing and validating these tests is considerable, and the laboratory must learn to navigate the field of molecular testing. This article describes the process of assay development and validation of real-time PCR and nucleic acid sequencing assays; included are descriptions of important considerations, such as the PCR workflow, inhibition testing, proper use of controls, and multiplexing.
Genetic control of the developmental program of L‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster: Identification of a cis‐acting temporal element affecting GPDH‐3 expression

The complete developmental program of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in wild type Drosophila is described with respect to activity, isozyme expression, and GPDH-specific CRM. Variants of this developmental program have been isolated from natural populations which affect the rate of accumulation of only the GPDH-3 isozyme in both the larval and adult stages of development. This activity variation segregates as a single gene which is tightly linked to the structural element on Chromosome II, exhibits cis-control, and is tissue specific in expression. This gene meets all the criteria for temporal regulatory genes.
Humanitarian aid to Iraqi civilians during the war: a US nurse's role.

In the winter of 2002-2003, as the US government prepared to wage war against Iraq, they also quietly prepared to prevent a humanitarian disaster in that country by contracting with international aid groups, that is, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), to deal with potential crises. One such organization, the International Rescue Committee (IRC), is headquartered in New York and has more than 70 years’ experience rescuing refugees, the dispossessed, and the persecuted. The IRC, which maintains an Emergency Response Unit ready to respond to humanitarian crises around the world, put together several emergency response teams of health, water/sanitation, child protection, and logistics experts for Iraq. Early in a large-scale disaster, the mortality rate of a population in crisis can rise to more than 25 times the normal level. This death toll is usually due to preventable and treatable diseases such as diarrhea, dehydration, respiratory infection, and vaccine-treatable diseases, and thus rapidly implementing public health measures can decrease morbidity and mortality.
Supporting complex problems: an examination of Churchman's inquirers as a knowledge management foundation

This paper examines the current knowledge management (KM) research through the lens of Churchman's inquiring systems. These inquiring systems are ideal foundations from which to view KM and its associated research because knowledge creation and organizational learning are critical elements of KM. Churchman proposed that organizations should support knowledge creation and learning through emphasis on problem structure and appropriate inquiring strategies. This paper discusses the characteristics of Churchman's inquirers, the problem structure for which they are most appropriate, and presents examples of each. Then, examples of previous research that share characteristics of the most complex inquirers are discussed. Organizational benefits from the inquiring system approach and guidelines for future research are suggested.
The effect of taurine depletion with guanidinoethanesulfonate on bile acid metabolism in the rat

Administration of guanidinoethanesulfonate (GES) to male rats for 5 weeks resulted in a 90% decrease in the hepatic taurine concentration. This depletion of hepatic taurine was associated with a 570% increase in the concentration of glycine-conjugated bile acids, a 30% decrease in the concentration of taurine-conjugated bile acids, and an increase in the ratio of glycine- to taurine-conjugated bile acids from 0.046 to 0.45. The total concentration of bile salts in the bile and the turnover of cholic acid were not affected by administration of GES. The data indicate that the taurine-depleted rat conserves taurine to some extent by using glycine instead of taurine for bile salt synthesis but not by decreasing the daily fractional turnover of bile acids.
Analysis of pressure and pressure derivative without type-curve matching — Skin and wellbore storage☆

Abstract The current type-curve matching technique is essentially a trial-and-error procedure. A new technique for interpreting pressure tests using log-log plots of the pressure and pressure derivative versus time to calculate reservoir and well parameters without type-curve matching is presented. This paper concentrates on the interpretation of pressure tests in which wellbore storage and skin are present. Characteristic points are obtained of intersection of various straight line portions of the pressure and pressure derivative curve, slopes and starting times of these straight lines. These points, slopes and times are then used with appropriate equations to solve directly for permeability, wellbore storage and skin. A step-by-step procedure for calculating these parameters without type-curve matching for five different cases is included in the paper. The most important aspect of this new technique is its accuracy because it uses exact analytical solutions to calculate permeability, skin, and wellbore storage. The proposed technique is applicable to the interpretation of pressure buildup and drawdown tests and is illustrated by several numerical examples.
Interface properties of Si3N4Si/n-GaAs metal-msulator-semiconductor structure using a Si interlayer

Abstract We report the effects of Si interlayer on the capacitance-voltage (C─V) characteristics of Si3N4/Si/n-GaAs metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitor as a function of interfacial Si thickness, Si growth temperature and post-growth annealing. The thickness of interfacial Si was found to be the most pivotal parameter for the best interface properties as determined by the comprehensive C─V and conductance measurements. The minimum interface trap density D it of 5×1010eV−1cm−2 near midgap is realized with a Si interlayer of 10 A. The hysteresis and frequency dispersion of the GaAs MIS capacitor were lower than 50 mV, and some of them as low as 30 mV under a field swing of about ±l·3MVcm−1. Ex-situ solid-phase annealing (SPA) at 550°C in N2 using rapid thermal annealing was sufficient to recrystallize the as-deposited Si interlayer at a low temperature (less than 400°C). The minimum D it thus obtained using ex-situ SPA was less than 1·5 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2 regardless of Si deposition temperature. 1 MH...
In Search of Certain Earnings: Applying the ACE Portfolio Concept to Sectors

Sector composites that have highly stable earnings streams allow the portfolio manager or analyst to derive “earnings certain” sector risk premiums. ACE (approximately certain earnings) sectors represent such baskets. Because sector pricing is influenced by earnings variability, obtaining risk premiums from standard sectors is contaminated. With knowledge of an EPS stability measure, a composite engine, and a robust DCF framework, we can discover companies within each sector that exhibit highly stable earnings. In practice, ACE sectors can be used to derive current/historical “earnings certain” sector risk premiums, enhance sector rotation strategies, obtain sector-implied growth rates, make risk adjustments for present value modeling, and construct improved valuation benchmarks.
Metallurgy and Processing of Marine Manganese Nodules

This paper reviews the state of the art in processing and extraction of ocean floor manganese nodules. It briefly reviews the mining sites where the abundant rich nodules occur and also discusses the metal distribution in nodules in view of economical processing and extraction of these metal values. The paper discloses in a detailed manner the physical and chemical characteristics of nodules, including porosity, surface area, water content and the effect of temperature on crystal structure of major constituents of nodules. In the extraction aspect of nodules, the paper reviews two different extraction schemes revealed in the literature, namely hydrometallurgical treatment and pyrometallurgical treatment. The hydrometallurgical treatments include acid leaching, ammonia leaching, leaching with reducing agents and leaching after high temperature pre-treatments such as in sulfating rousting, while the pyrometallurgical processes include smelting, chlorination-vaporization and segregation. The paper also cover...
The Games People Play: Information and Media Literacies in the Hunger Games Trilogy

Katniss Everdeen, the narrator and protagonist of Suzanne Collins’ Hunger Games Trilogy, survives the grueling ordeal of forced participation in two games to the death through both physical prowess and mental agility. Both within and outside of the Games, she demonstrates information and media literacies. By becoming adept at interpreting and using information and the media, she not only survives, but also outwits the Gamemakers, undermines the power of the Capitol, and sparks a revolution. Collins’ novels thus reflect, model, and critique the information and media practices of the society in which Katniss lives—and, by extension, those of our own society. In addition, the books suggest that information and media literacies can be powerful tools of resistance for people oppressed by totalitarian governments. For Katniss, surviving the Games requires these literacies; at the same time, the Games themselves, and more broadly speaking the oppressive government of the Capitol, facilitate their development.
Leadership in Nursing Informatics

Nursing informatics is a 21st century science with great potential for improving the quality, safety, and efficiency of health care. Perinatal, neonatal, and women's health nurses have an opportunity to contribute and lead in informatics. Leaders must learn about current informatics issues from essential resources, including the literature, professional organizations, and education programs, to develop successful strategies for innovation, collaboration, and implementation. Most important, nurses must be accountable for humanizing the use of technology using a nursing model.
COMMENTS ON THE THEORY OF THE RESOLUTION IN THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM) AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE TUNNELING BARRIER

A review of the STM and its operation is presented. The steady and occasionally baffling evolution of the models of the device and consequent interpretation of the data are reviewed /1,3/. It is argued that a realistic theory of the STM , which should be consistent with current multidimensional tunneling theory, must include several essential points : 1) A realistic and non-separable three-dimensional tunneling potential barrier, which has to account for the complete multiple image interaction and the non-planar geometry of the tunneling junction /4,5/. 2) An operational definition of the reference or surface plane, i.e., the surface from which the vertical displacement of the tip is measured. 3) Identification of the actual physical quantities being probed by the STM / 6 / . 4) Definition of resolution and analysis of its practical limits. In this paper we concentrate on points 4) and 1). A review of the conventiona1 definition of microscopes /7/ underscores their inapplicability to the STM because of the absence of lense aberrations and magnification effects in tunneling junctions. The three recently proposed definitions of the resolution in the STM /1,3/ are critically discussed. Alternatively, it is suggested that resolution and contrast are interrelated and that both are strongly affected by the structure of the tunneling potential. Furthermore, the effective diameter of the "tunneling beam" and/or the emitting structure (e.g., whisker) does not necessarily represent a lower bound for the resolution. The relevance of these considerations to the theory and design of the STM is considered.
X-linkage: Ascertainment through doubly ill probands

Abstract Ascertainment corrections were developed for the analysis of X-linkage under conditions where the probands are doubly ill; for example, when all patients in a psychiatric clinic are screened for color blindness, and only the families of color blind manic-depressive males are investigated further to determine if the pedigree is informative for linkage. When published data on color blindness and manic-depressive illness were re-analyzed using these corrections, the likelihood ratios (“lod scores”) indicative of X-linkage were decreased.
Directional diffusion coefficients of solar protons inside and outside the bow shock

The directional diffusion coefficients of low-energy (greater than or equal to 0.3 MeV) solar protons inside and outside the bow shock are examined during the solar flare event of Jan. 24, 1969. The data are derived from simultaneous observations obtained by Explorer 33 inside the magnetosheath and by Explorer 35 in the interplanetary medium. Although the gross properties of the spin-averaged intensities on a diffusion-type plot appear to be the same in both media, the directional intensities show significant variations. It is shown that directional intensities of low-energy protons can be described reasonably well by anisotropic diffusion with an associated diffusion coefficient. Directional diffusion coefficients are found to differ by a factor of as much as three among different directions in space, and from the spin-averaged diffusion coefficient. This suggests that anisotropic diffusion does indeed take place and that so called 'isotropic' diffusion coefficients derived in the past from spin-averaged intensities may actually be directional diffusion coefficients in cases where substantial anisotropies (greater than 50%) exist.
Cultural sovereignty in a global art economy: Egyptian cultural policy and the new Western interest in art from the Middle East.

The post-1989 transformation of the Egyptian art world reveals the particular tenacity of colonial logics and national attachments in culture industries built through anticolonial nationalism and socialism. Tensions emerged between and among Western and Egyptian curators, critics, and artists with the development of a foreign-dominated private-sector art market and as Egyptian art begins to circulate internationally. This international circulation of art objects has produced rearranged strategies of governance in the cultural realm, collusions and conflicts between the public and private sector, and, most importantly, a new articulation of cultural sovereignty.
Fibrin Deposition in Peyronie's Disease Plaque

ABSTRACTPurpose: Peyronie's disease is a pathological fibrosis characterized by excessive deposition of collagen in the plaque. Although the etiology of Peyronie's disease is unknown, trauma has been hypothesized as the inciting event. In an effort to obtain more insight into the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease plaque tissue was examined for collagen, elastic fiber, and fibrin content and distribution.Materials and Methods: Plaque tissue specimens from 33 patients with Peyronie's disease, control penile tissue and nodular tissue from 8 patients with Dupuytren's contracture were analyzed histochemically for collagen staining and elastic fiber structure and distribution. Plaque tissue from 19 Peyronie's disease patients, control tissue and nodular tissue from Dupuytren's disease were also analyzed for the presence of fibrin by histochemical staining and immunoblotting.Results: Aberrantly stained collagen was detected in 32 of 33 plaque specimens (97%) and disrupted elastic fibers in 31 of the same specim...
Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma of the Oral Cavity

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) rarely occurs outside the somatic soft tissue. Until recently no consistently specific genetic alteration had been associated with SEF. Molecular testing of the FUS gene rearrangement involving chromosome 16 [at one time considered specific for low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) and its variant, LGFMS with giant collagen rosettes), may be a nonrandom abnormality in some cases of SEF.We present an example of a rare FUS-positive SEF that arose in the floor of mouth of a 56 year old male. Light microscopy, exhaustive immunohistology, and FISH examination showing chromosome rearrangement using the FUS break-apart probe led to an erroneous diagnosis of LGFMS with giant collagen rosettes. An outside expert agreed with that diagnosis citing the FISH results as confirmatory. Upon review almost 2 years later after local recurrence, the classic histopathologic features of SEF were noted instead. This example suggests that at least a subset if not most examples of SEF are part of the LGFMS “family” of neoplasms, and reiterates the value of careful histologic examination in an age of increasingly sophisticated and presumably specific molecular results.
Responses of septal nuclei neurons to microiontophoretically administered putative neurotransmitters.

Abstract In halothane anesthetized rats, neurons of the medial and lateral septal nuclei were tested with iontophoretically applied putative neurotransmitters. GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acelycholine in roughly this order of potency were inhibitory with respect to spontaneous and evoked activity of both medial and lateral septal nuclei cells. No specific effects of any of the compounds were observed on septal unit responses to fornix or fimbria stimulation.
Common‐Pool Resources and International Environmental Politics

International Relations scholars have traditionally treated international environmental and resource issues as public‐goods problems. This characterisation is misleading. These issues are more accurately defined as common‐pool resource problems. The difference between the two is more than just semantic. It has profound theoretical and practical implications. At a minimum, the issue of scarcity makes common‐pool resource problems both more prone to conflict spirals and less prone to solution through institutional mechanisms designed to alleviate market failure than public‐goods problems. Recasting environmental problems as common‐pool resource problems is important two particular ways. First, it provides a more accurate description of these problems by focusing the researcher's and policy‐maker's attention on the political nature of these problems and their solutions. Distributional issues associated with the maintenance and consumption of environmental goods, unimportant in a pure public‐goods situation, are emphasised. Second, it highlights how the political dynamics of bargaining, problem recognition, and maintenance change as resource limits are recognised and goods formerly thought of as public are recognised as common‐pool.
Gestational age at presentation and duration of latency in twins vs. Singleton pregnancies with pre-term premature rupture of membranes (pPROM)

VS. SINGLETON PREGNANCIES WITH PRE-TERM PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES (PPROM) HIREN PATEL, MATTHEW HOFFMAN, THADDEUS WATERS, Christiana Hospital, Newark, Delaware, Drexel University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if there was a difference in latency between singleton and twin gestations following preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM). STUDY DESIGN: Using a contemporaneously maintained database, we identified all women admitted between December 1996 and May 2003 with pPROM !32 weeks with either a singleton or twin gestation. Data abstracted included maternal demographic characteristics, gestational age at delivery, gestational age at rupture of membranes, mode of delivery, and neonatal outcomes. Our primary outcome was duration of latency. Secondary outcomes included gestational age at rupture and percentage of women delivering within 24 hours of pPROM. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used where appropriate. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and four women had pPROM before 32 weeks (869 singletons and 354 twin gestations). Women with a singleton gestation were no more likely to deliver within 24 hours of presentation than those with multiple gestations (49.3% vs. 53.8%; p=0.264). Among women who did not deliver within the first 24 hours, latency was shorter for women with a singleton versus a twin gestation (11.2 days vs. 14.7 days; p!0.005). In both twins and singletons, length of latency was inversely proportional to gestational age at rupture (p!0.05). Additionally, women with twins were more likely to have pPROM at an earlier gestational age (26.2 weeks vs. 28.0 week-p!0.001). There was no difference in latency period between the groups when controlling for gestational age at pPROM (OR 1.01 95% CI 0.95 to 2.97). CONCLUSION: Women with a twin gestation are more likely to have pPROM at an earlier gestational age than women with a single gestation. There is no difference in latency until delivery between singleton and twin gestations after pPROM.
Moving from experience to evidence: changes in US Neonatal Resuscitation Program based on International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Review.

The Neonatal Workgroup of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recently made available their rigorous review of the scientific evidence base for selected neonatal resuscitation issues. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program guidelines have been recently revised based on that review and published as the Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation, 5th edn. This review article highlights pertinent changes in recommendations, including revisions in: oxygen use; CO2 detectors for confirmation of intubation; management of the infant born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid; initial ventilation devices and strategies; thermal protection of very small preterm infants; medications, including doses and routes of delivery; postresuscitation therapies for consideration and ethical issues in initiation and discontinuation of resuscitation.
Gastrointestinal complications associated with radiation therapy--characteristic, confusing, or compounded.

Symptoms resulting from radiation injury of the gastrointestinal tract are discussed and diagnostic techniques are outlined by reference to 13 cases. Gastrointestinal complications attributed to radiation most frequently follow intracavitary radium therapy in the treatment of cancer of the uterus. However, use of external radiation in treatment of certain types of urogenital carcinoma may also be associated with gastrointestinal complaints. As sources of radiation operating at supervoltage levels become more available, the ability to deliver higher depth doses may increase this problem. Small intestine is more susceptible to radiation injury than is the colon, but is less frequentiy the site of complications. The rectum and adjacent sigmoid colon more commonly are subject to radiation reactions because of their normal anatomic fixation and proximity to radium applicators used in the treatment of uterine cancer. The acute radiation gastrointestinal syndrome, occurring during or immediately after a course of radiation therapy, is described. Chronic or delayed symptoms are identified. Physical and endoscopic findings of ulceration, stricture, and induration frequently suggest recurrence of pelvic cancer, the incidence of which is markedly increased by previous surgical or inflammatory changes in the pelvis. (H.H.D.)
Effect of a choline inhibitor (N-isopropylethanolamine) on cellular metabolism of L-M cells

Abstract N -isopropylethanolamine, a choline analog, is incorporated into L-M cell lipids as 1,2-diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoisopropylethanolamine de novo and not by base exchange. In addition, the N -isopropylethanolamine effectively blocks choline uptake, which is a reversible process. The following specific time-dependent changes in cell metabolism also occur when N -isopropylethanolamine is present: (1) a decrease in total content of phosphatidylcholine, (2) inhibition of both the cellular uptake of [ 3 H]choline and its incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, (3) a decrease in the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine into DNA as early as 2 h after initiating the N -isopropylethanolamine block, (4) inhibition of the cellular uptake of [ 3 H]uridine and incorporation into RNA 16–24 h after addition of the N -aisopropylethanolamine, and (5) stimulation of the cellular uptake of [ 3 H]leucine and an inhibition of its incorporation into protein, which reached a maximum (68% of controls) 8 h after N -isopropylethanolamine treatment.
Gun Liner Emplacement Using Elastomeric Materials

The development of a process to emplace a refractory metal liner inside a gun tube is described. The process consists of filling the liner with an elastomeric material and then slipping this arrangement into the gun tube whose inner diameter is close to the outer diameter of the liner. The ends of the liner are plugged with plastic disks and pressure is applied to the elastomeric material by a load frame. This pressure can produce a residual internal stress within the steel gun tube that produces a frictional bond between the liner and gun tube. Initial efforts have resulted in bond strengths over 3 ksi (21 MPa). In addition, by tailoring the degree of lubrication between the elastomeric material and the liner, a graded autofrettage can be produced in the steel gun tube.
Modeled streamflow response under cloud seeding in the North Platte River watershed

Severe and more persistent droughts in the arid regions such as the western US have increased the interest in cloud seeding programs or weather modification (WM) operations to increase precipitation. An anticipated increase in precipitation could augment annual and seasonal streamflow and reduce the impacts during dry periods. This paper evaluates hydrological impacts of WM operations in the North Platte River watershed, by utilizing a hydrologic model. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface hydrological model is calibrated and validated for the periods of 1950–80 and 1981–2000 respectively, using daily meteorological forcing and monthly streamflow data. Two sets of WM scenarios are developed and forced into the VIC model to quantify the impacts of increased precipitation on streamflow. The first scenario is based on existing WM operations in the State of Wyoming. The second scenario hypothetically apply WM throughout the watershed to identify suitable regions for cloud seeding operations. For the first scenario, an increase of 0.3–1.5% in annual streamflow is observed from model simulations for a 1–5% increase in precipitation. Follow-on scenarios have identified the central-west and south-west regions of the watershed, which consist of a higher coverage of Evergreen Needleleaf Forest, to generate higher streamflow during WM operations. The north-east and north-west regions, which consist of a higher coverage of open shrublands and grasslands, are found to generate lower increases in streamflow during these operations. The observed annual precipitation is higher for central and southern regions when compared to northern regions of the watershed. It can be considered that the simulated changes in streamflow from different regions could also be attributed to variation in annual precipitation distribution within the watershed rather than solely based on cloud seeding operations. For the proposed WM programs or programs that are claimed effective based on precipitation augmentation, the hydrological impacts can be evaluated based on this analysis.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL FAMILY THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS

A review of the literature on family psychoeducational interventions in schizophrenic disorders revealed two generations of studies. The first generation compared the clinical efficacy of psychoeducational family treatments and medication to medication only or routine care. A second generation of studies used more complex experimental designs that often narrowed the differences between the experimental treatment and comparison conditions. The results of the first generation of studies are unequivocal in demonstrating the superiority of family intervention plus medication over medication alone in delaying psychotic relapses. The second-generation studies had more equivocal results; they suggest that the efficacy of family intervention as an adjunct to medication in schizophrenia is in part a function of the type and format of the intervention being delivered, the treatment setting, and other variables.