cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Max-margin Multiple-Instance Learning via Semidefinite Programming

In this paper, we present a novel semidefinite programming approach for multiple-instance learning. We first formulate the multiple-instance learning as a combinatorial maximum margin optimization problem with additional instance selection constraints within the framework of support vector machines. Although solving this primal problem requires non-convex programming, we nevertheless can then derive an equivalent dual formulation that can be relaxed into a novel convex semidefinite programming (SDP). The relaxed SDP has $\mathcal{O}(T)$ free parameters where T is the number of instances, and can be solved using a standard interior-point method. Empirical study shows promising performance of the proposed SDP in comparison with the support vector machine approaches with heuristic optimization procedures.
Targeting α-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in the Enteric Nervous System: A Cholinergic Agonist Prevents Gut Barrier Failure after Severe Burn Injury

We have previously shown that vagal nerve stimulation prevents intestinal barrier loss in a model of severe burn injury in which injury was associated with decreased expression and altered localization of intestinal tight junction proteins. α-7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7 nAchR) has been shown to be necessary for the vagus nerve to modulate the systemic inflammatory response, but the role of α-7 nAchR in mediating gut protection remained unknown. We hypothesized that α-7 nAchR would be present in the gastrointestinal tract and that treatment with a pharmacological agonist of α-7 nAchR would protect against burn-induced gut barrier injury. The effects of a pharmacological cholinergic agonist on gut barrier integrity were studied using an intraperitoneal injection of nicotine 30 minutes after injury. Intestinal barrier integrity was examined by measuring permeability to 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and by examining changes in expression and localization of the intestinal tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1. Nicotine injection after injury prevented burn-induced intestinal permeability and limited histological gut injury. Treatment with nicotine prevented decreased expression and altered localization of occludin and ZO-1, as seen in animals undergoing burn alone. Defining the interactions among the vagus nerve, the enteric nervous system, and the intestinal epithelium may lead to development of targeted therapeutics aimed at reducing gut barrier failure and intestinal inflammation after severe injury.
The effect of external finance on Africa's variety of manufactured exports to the European Union

This paper analyzes the effect of external finance on African exports of manufactured varieties to the EU. Results from cross-section and panel regressions show that external finance has a positive and significant impact on the exports of manufactured varieties. Related literature has shown that an expansion in the variety of manufactured exports contributes to the observed productivity gains from exposure to trade. The paper thus contributes to the identification of effective strategies for encouraging export diversification among manufactured products in order to realize higher productivity and economic growth in Africa.
Antigen Presentation in Transplantation

Transplantation of solid organs between genetically distinct individuals leads, in the absence of immunosuppression, to T cell-dependent transplant rejection. Activation of graft-reactive T cells relies on the presentation of transplant-derived antigens (intact donor MHC molecules or processed peptides on host MHC molecules) by mature dendritic cells (DCs). This review focuses on novel insights regarding the steps for maturation and differentiation of DCs that are necessary for productive presentation of transplant antigens to host T cells. These steps include the licensing of DCs by the microbiota, their activation and maturation following recognition of allogeneic non-self, and their capture of donor cell exosomes to amplify the presentation of transplant antigens.
Old Insects, New Treatment

Dragonflies Through Binoculars A Field Guide to Dragonflies of North America. by Sidney W. Dunkle. Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. 274 pp. Paper, $29.95, £18.99. ISBN 0-19-511268-7. To aid those interested in dragonfly-watching, Dunkle offers color photographs and informative text on the field identification and biology of the 307 species found in North America.
Wakes of Maneuvering Body in Stratified Fluids

When submerged self-propelled body makes a maneuver, it imparts net momentum on the surrounding fluid. Using experimental observations and theoretical arguments we show that in a stratified fluid this leads to impulsive momentum wakes with large, long-lived coherent vortices in the late flows, which may be used as a signature for identification of submarine wakes in oceanic thermocline. We also show that in a strongly stratified fluid the drag on the body due to radiating internal waves may be significant and cause the wake to receive an extra momentum.
The relationship between a reviewer's recommendation and editorial decision of manuscripts submitted for publication in obstetrics.

Objective We sought to determine the extent to which reviewers' recommendations influence the final editorial disposition of manuscripts submitted for publication. Study Design Five reviewers retrieved their electronic databases of obstetrical manuscripts that they had reviewed for Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The recommendations of each reviewer were grouped in 1 of 3 categories: rejection (or not acceptance), acceptance with major revisions, and acceptance with minor or no revisions. These recommendations were contrasted in the final editorial disposition of the manuscript, which was recorded as "accepted" or "rejected." The quality of the reviews was assessed in a random sample of 10% of the reviews, stratified by reviewer and journal. Results A total of 635 reviews were analyzed. Overall, the most influential reviewers' recommendation was rejection, which was accompanied by 93% rejection rate. Recommendation for acceptance with minor or no revisions was accompanied by 67% acceptance rate whereas acceptance with major revisions was accompanied by 40% acceptance rate. There were no variations among reviewers regarding their degree of influence with respect to the final disposition of the manuscript. The final disposition of manuscripts was not influenced by the quality of the reviews nor reviewer's demographics including reviewer's age, year of first peer review, and years active in peer review. Conclusion The degree of influence on the final disposition of the manuscript depends on the type of recommendation. A recommendation for rejection was the most influential and it was associated with a high rate of rejection. Recommendations for acceptance or minor revisions were also influential but to a lesser degree.
Abstract 3398: Reciprocal regulation ofMYBandCXCR4in pancreatic cancer cells: Potential pathobiological implications

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies with a median post-diagnosis survival of 3-8 months, and a 5 year survival of ∼6%. The poor outcome from pancreatic cancer is largely due to the presence of locally advanced or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is imperative to identify novel molecular targets driving aggressive and metastatic progression of pancreatic cancer, and build up a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this regard, we have identified that MYB, encoding for an oncogenic transcription factor (a cellular progenitor of v-Myb oncogenes), is overexpressed in majority of pancreatic cancer cases and cell lines. Furthermore, our data from gain and loss of function studies (in BxPC3 and MiaPaCa cells, respectively) show that MYB overexpression is associated with pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis. From the mechanistic standpoint, we observe that MYB regulates the expression of CXCR4 through direct binding to its promoter. MYB-overexpressing BxPC3 cells exhibit significantly enhanced migration and invasion against a CXCL12 (sole ligand for CXCR4) gradient, whereas it is suppressed in MYB-silenced MiaPaCa cells as compared to their respective control cells. Furthermore, MYB-overexpressing cells exhibit greater resistance to serum-deprivation in CXCL12-supplemeted media, an effect that is abrogated upon CXCR4 silencing. Interestingly, in parallel studies, we have observed that treatment with CXCL12 also leads to MYB upregulation in pancreatic cancer cells in a CXCR4 dependent manner. Together, these data are suggestive of a novel positive feedback regulatory loop between CXCR4 and MYB and hold important significance for pancreatic cancer pathobiology. Citation Format: Sanjeev K. Srivastava, Arun Bhardwaj, Sumit Arora, Seema Singh, William E. Grizzle, Ajay P. Singh. Reciprocal regulation of MYB and CXCR4 in pancreatic cancer cells: Potential pathobiological implications. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3398. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3398
Scientific knowledge and modern prospecting

Modern prospecting is the systematic search for specified and generally ill-exposed components of the Earth's crust known as ore. This prospecting depends entirely on reliable, or scientific knowledge for guidance and for recognition of the search objects. Improvement in prospecting results from additions and refinements to scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge is an ordered distillation of observations too numerous and too complex in themselves for easy understanding and for effective management. The ordering of these observations is accomplished by an evolutionary hierarchy of abstractions. These abstractions employ simplified descriptions consisting of characterization by selected properties, sampling to represent much larger parts of a phenomenon, generalized mappings of patterns of geometrical and numerical relations among properties, and explanation (theory) of these patterns as functional relations among the selected properties. Each abstraction is predicated on the mode of abstraction anticipated for the next higher level, so that research is a deductive process in which the highest level, theory, is indispensible for the growth and refinement of scientific knowledge, and therefore of prospecting methodology.
Interface State Densities for SiNx∶H on Cleaved GaAs and InP(110)

Silicon nitride was deposited in-situ by electron-cyclotron resonance plasma chemical-vapour deposition (ECR-CVD) on (110) surfaces formed by cleaving GaAs and InP(100) substrates in an ultra-high vacuum processing system. Capacitors formed by depositing Al gates on the facet surfaces were analyzed by the high-low frequency capacitance-voltage (CV) technique. The minimum interface-state densities obtained for the cleaved GaAs (110) surfaces were 1–2 × 1012 eV−1cm−2. For cleaved InP facets the measured minimum interface state densities were a factor of two higher; however, they exhibited a smaller hysteresis in the CV characteristics and a smaller modulation in the surface potential. The interface state densities did not change significantly for the GaAs(110) facets if a Si interface control layer 0.8–2 nm thick was deposited prior to silicon nitride deposition; however, a larger effect was observed for the hysteresis and flatband voltage shift of the CV characteristics. The effect of annealing on the interfaces with Si was investigated and the performance compared with published results for GaAs(100) surfaces prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy.
Unified Approach to Modeling Matrix Cracking and Delamination in Laminated Composite Structures

A higher-order theory is developed to model the behavior of composite laminates with delamination and transverse matrix cracking. The higher-order displacement field is used in the sublaminates for accurate representation of the effects of transverse shear. This also allows description of the independent displacement fields above and below the delamination. A refined displacement field is obtained through the satisfaction of stress-free boundary conditions at all free surfaces, including delaminated interfaces. The effect of matrix cracking is determined using a separate finite element model of a representative crack and implemented into the structural model by means of reduced laminate stiffnesses. Matrix crack closure creates a bimodularity where stiffness under compression is greater than stiffness under tension. This bimodularity is addressed using an iterative process. The effect of this bimodularity on mode shapes is shown to be small, and a method is presented for determining natural frequencies in the presence of matrix cracks. Results show that this model provides a consistent level of accuracy for a variety of laminate materials and configurations, with various combinations of delaminations and matrix cracks.
A phantom with reduced complexity for spatial 3-D ultrasound calibration

The design of a new phantom for 3-D ultrasound calibration is presented. The phantom provides a viable alternative to existing phantoms that are significantly more complex and require high precision fabrication. The phantom, referred to as a "plane-of-wires" phantom, consists of two wires mounted at the same fixed height above the bottom of a water tank. Data collection for calibration involved rotating and translating the phantom so that the wires remained in a single plane parallel to the tank bottom. The mean reconstruction accuracy of the plane-of-wires calibration is 0.66 mm at a mean depth of 12.3 mm, with a precision of 1.23 mm at the same mean depth. The calibration was used to determine the volume of a cube with known volume with an error of 2.51%. The calibration performance achieved is comparable with that of existing approaches.
Absence of murine melanoma 5'-nucleotidase activity is not attributable to a detectable inhibitor.

Previous observations indicated the absence of demonstrable 5′-nucleotidase activity in six of seven cultured murine melanoma cell lines. It could not be determined from those studies whether the enzyme was absent, or whether an inhibitor was present. The current studies indicate that no inhibitor can be demonstrated, therefore the enzyme is absent.
The well‐tempered audience

Theatrical performances are commonly considered to be rhetorical transactions between actors and audiences. This essay develops the argument that such a conception is both inappropriate and critically unprofitable.
INITIAL CLINICAL INTERACTION AND PREMATURE DISCONTINUANCE IN TREATMENT

This exploratory study suggests that continuance of the therapeutic relationship is more the responsibility of the clinician than of the patient. Two interactional variables—stimulus-response congruence and content relevance—were operationalized and their effect on patient continuance tested. Results suggest that, as indicators of viability of the treatment relationship, these variables may be purposefully employed to control for patient continuance.
Reduced platelet MAO activity and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a genetically controlled mitochondrial enzyme that metabolizes amines in the brain by deamination. We investigated the relationship between MAO activity and the presence or absence of psychopathology by determining MAO activity and the psychiatric diagnosis in 61 first-degree relatives of 31 patients with bipolar (manic-depressive) illness. Relatives who themselves were diagnosed as having bipolar I illness or alcoholism had a significantly lower mean MAO activity level than did other relatives or 255 normal individuals. These findings indicate that a relationship exists within pedigrees between MAO activity and psychiatric disorders. Reduced MAO activity may play a role in vulnerability to some types of psychopathology.
A plasmid vector for cloning directly at the transcription initiation site of a bacteriophage T7 promoter.

The polylinker sequences in available plasmid vectors containing the bacteriophage T7 promoter are located several base-pairs from the transcription initiation site (TIS). For some applications eg. in vitro synthesis of biologically active viral RNAs (1,2), it is necessary to produce transcripts which have a minimal number of extra 5 nucleotides. Plasmid vectors which contain the SP6 promoter with either StuI (2) or BamHI (3) sites at the TIS have been described. I have now constructed a multifunctional plasmid, pT7E19(+), which has an SstI site at the TIS of the T7 promoter. The 2.8 kb plasmid is a pUC19 derivative which has the bacteriophage fl replication origin from pTZ18U (United States Biochemical) , and has a T7 promoter inserted into the polylinker. The oligo insertion destroyed the EcoRI site, but maintains the lacZ reading-frame, allowing colour screening of transformants with XGal. The figure shows the sequence of the ssDNA encapsidated after superinfection with M13K07 (4), the TIS and direction of transcription are indicated by the angled arrow. DNA fragments can be cloned at the TIS by removing the SstI 3'ends with T4 DNA polymerase (1 extra 5 G transcribed) , or by over-digestion with mung bean nuclease (3) (no extra 5 nucleotides). Dideoxy sequencing from universal primers proceeds in the direction of in vitro transcription, facilitating analysis of the junction between the promoter and a cloned fragment.
Neuropsychological counseling improves social behavior in cognitively-impaired multiple sclerosis patients.

We studied the effectiveness of a newly-developed cognitive-behavioral intervention in 15 patients with marked cognitive impairment and behavior disorder. The design was a single-blind test of a neuropsychological intervention, with pre- and post-treatment assessments of personality and social behavior. MS patients underwent neurological examination and neuropsychological testing at baseline. The patients were then randomly assigned to neuropsychological counseling or standard, non-specific supportive psychotherapy. The active 12-week treatment emphasized enhancement of insight through education, social skills training, and behavior modification. All patients were re-examined within 2 weeks of the termination of treatment. Neuropsychological technicians were blind to treatment condition. Both groups showed evidence of cognitive impairment and personality/behavior disorder prior to treatment and were well matched on demographic, disability, and cognitive measures. Patients who underwent neuropsychological counseling showed significant positive response on measures of social behavior (e.g. excessive ego-centric speech) compared to those who underwent standard counseling. We conclude that these data support the use of non-pharmacological, neuropsychological counseling in patients with acquired, MS-associated behavior disorder.
A granulomatous mass surrounding a Maverick total disc replacement causing iliac vein occlusion and spinal stenosis: a case report.

Lumbar disc degeneration is a well-known cause of low back pain. The so-called gold standard for definitive operative treatment of discogenic pain is interbody arthrodesis1. Adjacent-level degeneration as well as incomplete pain resolution despite radiographic evidence of fusion has led to dissatisfaction with this technique and became the impetus to develop other surgical options for the treatment of back pain2-5. With the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of the CHARITE Total Disc (DePuy Spine, Raynham, Massachusetts) in 2004, total disc replacement became a treatment option for the painful degenerative lumbar disc in the United States. Proponents of this procedure believe that the maintenance of disc height and the preservation of segment motion will facilitate the resumption of more normal activities, decrease pain, and prevent adjacent-segment disease. Unlike the metal-on-ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene sliding core design of the CHARITE total disc, the Maverick total disc replacement (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, Tennessee) is a metal-on-metal disc prosthesis made of cobalt-chromium with a ball-and-socket design. The center of rotation of the Maverick prosthesis is fixed posteriorly in comparison with the dynamic center of rotation of the CHARITE prosthesis. The metal end plates are coated with hydroxyapatite and have a central keel for increased stability and fixation2. We present the case of a patient who had development of a granulomatous mass at the level of a Maverick total disc prosthesis three years following implantation that resulted in symptomatic spinal stenosis and iliac vein occlusion with resultant deep venous thrombosis. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she consented. A thirty-five-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with the acute onset of bilateral lower extremity edema and severe lower extremity pain. The patient had a one-year history of bilateral lower extremity …
The role of metonymy in the interpretation of Korean multiple subject constructions

Abstract This article argues that diverse Korean multiple subject constructions are uniformly explained by two well-known notions in cognitive linguistics: metonymy and domain highlighting. While there is no consensus on the semantic interpretation of Korean multiple subject constructions, the discussion thereof is still a popular topic. Nonetheless, many previous approaches that deal with the semantic interpretations of the constructions in Korean are based on several fixed categorizations of semantic interpretations, such as POSSESSION and PART-WHOLE. These approaches fail to capture the flexibility of the constructions that exhibit various types of semantic interpretations. Divergent from the previous approaches, I argue that the flexibility of the semantic interpretations of these constructions is deeply rooted in their metonymic nature. I further argue that, when coupled with the notion of domain highlighting, my approach sheds light on the nature of these constructions with powerful generalizations. In providing the detailed mechanism of my analysis, I adopt Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar in that the notion of reference point (and metonymy) is technically well-articulated in the aforementioned framework.
Functions of the Evaluation Proposal in Preordinate and Emergent Studies

Abstract Proposals satisfy a number of functions in evaluation work. They may serve as a work plan, a basis for a contract, a request for commitment, evidence of ability, an evaluative criterion, and, most importantly, to justify the conduct of the study. This article examines how these functions differ depending on whether the proposal concerns a preordinate study in which methods are pre-specified, or an emergent study in which decisions about methods are made as the study proceeds.
The simulation of magnetoelastic configurations

Abstract The discovery of giant magnetostrictive alloys has led to simulation with a view to enhance their potential exploitation as active materials. Active materials depend on reversable phase transformations or microstructural variant rearrangement for their special features. A nonlinear micromagnetic theory, its analysis, and its use to select optimal properties is under active investigation. Simulation of magnetic and magnetoelastic behavior exhibits hysteresis and it is this issue which we address here. Some features of the magnetostriction curve of Terfernol-D, the candidate material for most applications, are successfully described and progress has been achieved in the understanding of magnetization and domain structure in diverse environments. To complete our understanding of these simulations, we introduce some methods of mathematical analysis to study the metastable character of their hysteresis curves.
Sensitivity to secondhand smoke exposure predicts smoking susceptibility in 8-13-year-old never smokers.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the sensitivity to secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) in preteens aged 8–13 years who have never smoked, and to determine whether it predicts smoking susceptibility. Methods We assessed the sensitivity to SHSe using reactions commonly used for the assessment of sensitivity to the first-smoked cigarette (e.g., feeling dizzy), and investigated the factor structure of these reactions for the purpose of data reduction. We examined the association of each reaction measure and summary score with demographic characteristics and smoking susceptibility, using logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression. Results One factor was identified that captured the physical and/or unpleasant reactions. Older preteens and preteens with more highly educated parents reported fewer reactions to SHSe. More African American preteens reported feeling relaxed or calm compared with all other racial/ethnic groups. Experiencing physical and/or unpleasant reactions to SHSe predicted lower risk for smoking susceptibility. Conclusions This was the first study to extend analytical methodology for sensitivity to active smoking to sensitivity to SHSe in youth who had never smoked. Results suggest a desensitization process with age and lower sensitivity to some reactions in preteens from more highly educated households. Preteens who have more aversive experiences with SHSe tend to be less susceptible to smoking than those who experience fewer aversive reactions. Assessment of sensitivity to SHSe is a novel approach to the study of cigarette use etiology and may contribute to better prediction of smoking initiation.
Free cooling: A paradigm shift in data centers

The crossroads of sustainable development and data centers are examined due to the growing demand for electricity, and the increasing size of the carbon footprint of data centers worldwide. Free cooling involves using the natural climate to cool the data center as opposed to the more traditional method of using conventional systems such as air-conditioning. In our research, we consider retrofitting a data center as a complex decision-making problem. Case based reasoning and decision trees are two widely used techniques in the area of decision support. We propose to employ these two techniques in the framework of sustainable development to assist decision makers in the evolving design of data centers, with specific reference to free cooling.
The Carnegie Tech Management Game: A Learning Experience in Production Management

The article discusses the usefulness of games in teaching aspects of the production function. In examining this issue, the study tried to understand the level of attention paid to the production fu...
Lithium and sodium cation binding of cyclopentadienyl anions: Electronic effects of cyclopentadienyl substitution

Abstract The Li+ and Na+ binding of substituted cyclopentadienyl (Cp) anions were investigated using computational techniques. The ring centroid-metal distances and the binding energies of the Cp-metal complexes correlate very well with the ∑σm of the substituted Cp ring. These properties also correlate well with the Cp Θzz values. The trend in the correlations is the more electron-rich the Cp (negative ∑σm and Θzz values values), the shorter the Cp-metal bond and the stronger the binding energy. The NBO metal charges correlate, though not very well in either case, with the Cp Θzz and ∑σm values. However, there is a substantial increase in correlation when the sum of the absolute value of the Hammett σm (∑|σm|) is employed. The significantly improved correlation when the ∑|σm| values are employed leads us to propose a model for substituted Cp charge transfer upon Li+ or Na+ complexation, and it also informs us that the Hammett substituent constant σm contains information about substituent polarizabilities, at least in the case of Li+- and Na+-substituted Cp anions.
Using Student-Generated Blogs to Create a Global Perspective on Climate Change

ABSTRACT Each student in an introductory college course, Global Climate Change, spends the semester blogging about a country's climate, contribution to global warming through carbon emissions, impacts of climate change, plans to adapt to their changing climate, and attempts to mitigate the problem. Students read and comment on each other's blogs throughout the semester, instilling a global perspective through the use of student-generated content. While the first half of the course focuses on the science of climate change, these blogs supplement course content for the second half of the class and feed class discussions. Students were surveyed before and after the course. When comparing students entering the course to an American population, students were more open minded and more interested in learning about global warming. At the end of the course, students showed significant gains in their knowledge of global warming, but they also gained an increase in perception that people in developing countries woul...
Standard androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death for men in the United States. Tumor progression is driven by conversion of testosterone by 5α-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, which both bind and activate the androgen receptor (AR). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), or depletion of gonadal testosterone, blocks this sequence of events, and has been the mainstay of upfront systemic treatment for prostate cancer for 70 years. ADT is achieved by surgical or pharmacological means. Although the majority of circulating testosterone is depleted, intratumoral testosterone and dihydrotestosterone persist after ADT, implying the existence of alternative source(s) of these androgens. Importantly, the generation of intratumoral androgens and ensuing AR activation is a major mechanism that drives resistance to ADT. The goal of this review is to summarize the approaches to ADT, effects on the tumor, clinical benefits and mechanisms of resistance.
Tumour predisposition in mice heterozygous for a targeted mutation in Nf1

Human neurofibromatosis type 1 is a dominant disease caused by the inheritance of a mutant allele of the NF1 gene. In order to study NF1 function, we have constructed a mouse strain carrying a germline mutation in the murine homologue. Heterozygous animals do not exhibit the classical symptoms of the human disease, but are highly predisposed to the formation of various tumour types, notably phaeochomocytoma, a tumour of the neural crest–derived adrenal medulla, and myeloid leukaemia, both of which occur with increased frequency in human NF1 patients. The wild–type Nf1 allele is lost in approximately half of the tumours from heterozygous animals. In addition, homozygosity for the Nf1 mutation leads to abnormal cardiac development and mid–gestational embryonic lethality.
Integrated data visualisation: an approach to capture older adults’ wellness

Informatics tools can help support the health and independence of older adults. In this paper, we present an approach towards integrating health–monitoring data and describe several techniques for the assessment and visualisation of integrated health and well–being of older adults. We present three different visualisation techniques to provide distinct alternatives towards display of the same information, focusing on reducing the cognitive load of data interpretation. We demonstrate the feasibility of integrating health–monitoring information into a comprehensive measure of wellness, while also highlighting the challenges of designing visual displays targeted at multiple user groups. These visual displays of wellness can be incorporated into personal health records and can be an effective support for informed decision–making.
GRID GENERATION VIA DEFORMATION

Abstract The main results of the deformation technique are presented in the physical domain. A derivation of the formula for the deformation vector field is obtained. A technical constraint on the prescribed Jacobian determinant is removed.
Effects of Induction of Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes on the Concentration of Foreign Compounds and Their Metabolites and on the Toxicological Effects of These Compounds

Most foreign compounds, including nonnutrients in foods and vapors in air, undergo extensive metabolism before they are eliminated from the body. Included in this paper are discussions of the urinary clearance of various kinds of foreign compounds, the nonspecific enzymes that catalyze the formation of many metabolites of foreign compounds, the mechanisms by which the activities of these enzymes are altered, and the pharmacokinetics of the accumulation and elimination of the metabolites after single dose administration and during constant exposure of animals to foreign compounds. The formation of toxic reactive metabolites of foreign compounds and their role in toxic reactions are discussed.
Central Adaptations to Repetitive Grasping in Healthy Aging

Augmented cortical activity during repetitive grasping mitigates repetition-related decrease in cortical efficiency in young adults. It is unclear if similar processes occur with healthy aging. We recorded movement-related cortical potentials (MRCP) during 150 repetitive handgrip contractions at 70% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in healthy young (n = 10) and old (n = 10) adults. Repetitions were grouped into two Blocks (Block 1 and 2: repetitions 1–60 and 91–150, respectively) and analyzed separately to assess the effects of aging and block. EMG of the flexor digitorum superficialis and handgrip force were also recorded. No changes in EMG or MVC were observed across blocks for either group. Significant interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for MRCPs recorded from mesial (FCz, Cz, CPz) and motor (C1, C3, Cz) electrode sites, with younger adults demonstrating significant increases in MRCP amplitude. Focal MRCP activity in response to repetitive grasping resulted in minimal changes (i.e. Block 1 versus Block 2) in older adults. Central adaptive processes change across the lifespan, showing increasingly less focal activation in older adults during repetitive grasping. Our findings are consistent with previous paradigms demonstrating more diffuse cortical activation during motor tasks in older adults.
Learning strategies as determinants of memory deficiencies

Abstract Two tests were made of inferences about how learning strategies affect recall accuracy, and how peculiarities of strategy might account for mentally retardeds' memory deficiencies. Learning strategy was defined as the pattern of pauses generated by S as he paced himself through serial lists of letters. When given freedom to proceed as they wished, normally intelligent S s paused increasingly the deeper they went into the list. Retarded S s did not. It was concluded that the normals' active strategies contribute to their high primacy, while the retardeds' lack of distinctive pauses accounts for their low primacy. In the second test, the strategies were reversed. The normals were forced to abandon rehearsal; the retardeds were forced to rehearse. This resulted in greatly enhanced primacy for the retardeds, and greatly decreased primacy for the normals. In addition to showing how spontaneous strategies and forced strategies can directly influence recall accuracy, these findings suggest a reasonably simple means of mitigating short-term memory deficiencies.
Abstract 1406: Downregulation of uPAR inhibits migration, invasion, proliferation, FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling, and induces senescence in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine and thyroid malignancy. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays an important role in cancer pathogenesis, including breakdown of the extracellular matrix, invasion, and metastasis. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that uPAR also promotes tumorigenesis via the modulation of multiple signaling pathways. BRAFV600E, the most common initial genetic mutation in PTC, leads to ERK1/2 hyperphosphorylation, which has been shown in numerous cancers to induce uPAR. Treatment of the BRAFV600E-positive PTC cell line, BCPAP, with the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 reduced uPAR RNA levels by 90%. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of uPAR in BCPAP cells resulted in drastically reduced proliferation rates and decreased clonigenic survival, as well as demonstrated senescence-associated nuclear morphology and induction of β-galactosidase activity. uPAR-knockdown BCPAP cells also displayed greatly reduced migration and invasion rates, as well as a complete loss of the cells’ plasminogen-enhanced invasiveness. Additionally, uPAR down-regulation lead to greatly decreased activity in the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, as well as a modest reduction in ERK1/2 signaling (which remained constitutively active secondary to BRAFV600E activation), which suggests the existence of a uPAR signaling feedback loop capable of affecting the various phenotypic changes exhibited by uPAR-knockdown cells. Taken together, these data provide new evidence of a novel role for uPAR induction as a central component in PTC pathogenesis, and highlight the potential of uPAR as a therapeutic target. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1406. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1406
Ether cleavage of [2.2.2]cryptand: synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of [NH(CH2CH2I)3][I5]

Treatment of [2.2.2]cryptand1 in toluene with HI(g) has resulted in the formation of a twophase liquid clathrate solution from which the complex [NH(CH2CH2I)3][I5]2 has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. Crystal data for2: triclinic, space group\(P\bar 1\),a=9.301(3) A,b=10.419(3) A,c=11.078(3) A, α=90.20(2)o, β=103.28(2)o γ=96.50(2)o,D c =3.57g/cm3,Z=2,R f =0.054,R w =0.054. The salt is a product of an ether cleavage of the macrobicycle. The crystal structure of2 contains [NH(CH2CH2I)3]+ ions and zigzag chains of [I5]− ions which self-assemble to form alternating layers, of cations and anions.
Heterogeneity of starch granules and the effect of granule channelization on starch modification

This paper reviews the discovery of channels ID starch granules and progress of research on their effects on granule modification and digestibility, their nature, hypotheses on how they are formed and why they are present, and genetic control of their occurrence. Emphasized ID the relationship of channels to starch derivatization. Channelization ID presented as additional evidence of the heterogenous nature of starch granules from source to source and within a single source. A new method of determining the location of anionic entities within starch granules that utilizes reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy ID described.
Race of Interviewer Effect on Disclosures of Suicidal Low-Income African American Women

Few studies have investigated the impact of interviewer race on the results gleaned through psychological assessment. African American and European American clinical evaluators conducted face-to-fa...
Role of Absorptive and Secretory Processes in Hydration of the Airway Surface

In the conducting airways, epithelial electrolyte transport processes play an important role in controlling the quantity and the composition of the airway surface solution layer. Hydration of the airway surface appears to promote effective mucociliary clearance and to influence the rheology of mucins, and together these factors provide a major mechanism for airway defense. The cellular processes governing absorption and secretion of salt are similar, if not identical, to those that have been described in a variety of other absorptive and secretory epithelial cells where they may be studied in isolation. A better molecular understanding of the channels that control apical membrane transport of Na and Cl, the rate-determining steps in salt absorption and secretion, should enhance our basic understanding of the factors that control the quantity and composition of airway fluids. This may elucidate the mechanisms for the reciprocal control of apical Na and Cl channel activities and provide an explanation for t...
Stereoselective synthesis of highly functionalised pyrrolidines via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions on a solid support

Abstract Resin bound 3-hydroxyacetophenone 2 was condensed (NaOMe/MeOH/T"HF) with aryl aldehydes to afford α,β-unsaturated ketones 3a-e. Subsequent reaction with azomethine ylid 5 in the presence of LiBr/DBU provided pyrrolidines 6a-d. These were subsequently acylated and cleaved from the solid support to afford highly functionalised pyrrolidines 8a-d.
First results on p–Pb collisions from ALICE

Abstract First results from p–Pb collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV published by the ALICE collaboration till summer 2013 are summarized.
Regulation of rat natural killing. I. Inhibition of cytolysis and activation by protein synthesis inhibitors.

Rat splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity against 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 or TMT-081 tumor cells can be augmented by culturing at 37°C for 18 h. The protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and emetine, inhibited such NK activation and also inhibited NK lysis when added directly to the NK assay. Both drugs also inhibited conjugation of effector cells to target cells. The inhibitory effect of ccycloheximide on both the NK lysis and NK activation was reversible while that of emetine was reversible while that of emetine was irreversible. Both agents were able to inhibit 3H-amino acid incorporation at the concentrationsthat inhibited NK activity and activation. Culture-activated NK cells were found to be less susceptible to inhibition by cycloheximide and emetine.
Student outcomes with rotation of teachers in secondary biology

Look carefully at outcomes in the affective domain before exchanging a classroom with a rotating staff for the conventional one teacher design.
Stability of aqueous solutions of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol.

Abstract The hydrolysis of N-acetyl- p -aminophenol (NAPAP) in hydrochloric acid solutions of varying strengths at 70° and in buffered aqueous solutions in the pH range of 2 to 9 has been studied. The hydrolysis appears to be hydrogen and hydroxyl ion catalyzed. The overall rate of hydrolysis may be expressed by the equation k H + (H + )(NAPAP) + k OH − (OH − )(NAPAP). The energy of activation for the hydrolysis was calculated to be of the order of 17.5 Kcal. per mole which is in good agreement with that reported for similar compounds.
Multilevel qualitative reasoning in CMOS circuit analysis

This paper develops a qualitative reasoning methodology for problem solving at multiple levels of abstraction. The goal is to address two important control issues in the behavior generation process: (i) the selection problem, which deals with the right level of detail to solve a problem, and (ii) the efficiency problem, which deals with information transfer from higher levels of abstraction to focus problem solving at more detailed levels. The CMOS digital circuit domain is used as a test bed to illustrate the methodologies developed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Omega-3 fatty acids: nutritional armor for the warfighter and historical trends behind optimal warrior performance.

OVERVIEW The following is a commentary by Dr. Richard H. Carmona, seventeenth Surgeon General of the United States (2002– 2006), presented at the Nutritional Armor for the Warfighter Conference, jointly hosted by the Samueli Institute through the Metabolic Defense Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Included is (1) the evolution of optimizing warrior performance, (2) an overview of omega-3 fatty acids and their potential to modulate health, (3) problems with the translation of nutrition research from the scientific community to policy makers and the general public, and (4) how soldier fitness can be enhanced through nutritional protocols that incorporate omega-3 fatty acids into warrior diets.
Dementia screening in primary care: Not too fast!

A fundamental tenet of any screening program is that it should “reduce individual and societal burden from specific disorders.”1 Screening is predicated on the assumption that early detection and subsequent treatment will improve the clinical course for individuals without symptoms. Conversely, when an individual presents with complaints of memory problems, the physician engages in case-finding. 1 Screening for some conditions in some populations has resulted in improvements in individual and societal burdens of diseases (e.g., colon and breast cancer), but screening can also cause individual and societal harm (e.g., prostate-specific antigen testing). According to the 2003 report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for dementia in primary care.2
Does Housing Mobility Policy Improve Health

Abstract This article summarizes the empirical evidence for the effect of housing mobility policies on health outcomes. Our focus derived from our interest in housing policies that might help reduce health disparities and our finding that, excluding policies concerned with the physical characteristics of housing (e.g., exposure to lead), only housing mobility has been evaluated for its effects on health. We reviewed 13 articles covering five housing mobility studies and ranked them according to their methodological strength. Although health data have been collected in just a few studies, our review finds that this policy may potentially contribute to improving the health of both adults and children. Yet the empirical evidence is sparse, and only a handful of studies are methodologically sound. To date, the strongest evidence derives from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration and from the Yonkers evaluation of scattered‐site public housing.
EM Programmer's Notebook-CARLOS-3D: a general-purpose three-dimensional method-of-moments scattering code

The authors describe the capabilities of their three-dimensional code, CARLOS-3D, for scattering and antenna-parameter computations. The code is capable of simulating dielectric, metallic, and impedance surfaces. This code is available to qualified users. >
Dosage: A Bridging Metaphor for Theory and Practice

Most communication theories implicitly paint a picture of the prevalence and paramount importance of communication. There is a “communication metamyth” that more is necessarily better; however, there is increasing empirical evidence that less communication actually may be better. In spite of decades of research, we have at best only a fuzzy notion of what “dosage” is needed for specific effects, particularly those related to the implementation of innovations by practitioners. Here, I develop a dosage metaphor, specifying how it relates to such fundamental, pragmatic communication issues as: amount, frequency, delivery system, sequencing, interaction with what other agents, and contraindications.