cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microinjection of urotensin II into the pedunculopontine tegmentum leads to an increase in the consumption of sweet tastants

Abstract The pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) plays a role in processing multiple sensory inputs and innervates brain regions associated with reward-related behaviors. The urotensin II receptor, activated by the urotensin II peptide (UII), is selectively expressed by the cholinergic neurons of the PPTg. Although the exact function of cholinergic neurons of the PPTg is unknown, they are thought to contribute to the perception of reward magnitude or salience detection. We hypothesized that the activation of PPTg cholinergic neurons would alter sensory processing across multiple modalities (ex. taste and hearing). Here we had three aims: first, determine if cholinergic activation is involved in consumption behavior of palatable solutions (sucrose). Second, if so, distinguish the impact of the caloric value by using saccharin, a zero calorie sweetener. Lastly, we tested the UII-mediated effects on perception of acoustic stimuli by measuring acoustic startle reflex (ASR). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were bilaterally cannulated into the PPTg, then placed under food restriction lasting the entire consumption experiment (water ad lib.). Treatment consisted of a microinjection of either 1 μL of aCSF or 1 μL of 10 μM UII into the PPTg, and the rats were immediately given access to either sucrose or saccharin. For the remaining five days, rats were allowed one hour access per day to the same sweet solution without any further treatments. During the saccharin experiment rats were tested in a contact lickometer which recorded each individual lick to give insight into the microstructure of the consumption behavior. ASR testing consisted of a baseline (no treatment), treatment day, and two additional days (no treatment). Immediately following the microinjection of UII, consumption of both saccharin and sucrose increased compared to controls. This significant increase persisted for days after the single administration of UII, but there was no generalized arousal or increase in water consumption between testing sessions. The effects on ASR were not significant. Activating cholinergic PPTg neurons may lead to a miscalculation of the salience of external stimuli, implicating the importance of cholinergic input in modulating a variety of behaviors. The long-lasting effects seen after UII treatment support further research into the role of sensory processing on reward related-behaviors at the level of the PPTg cholinergic neurons.
Effect of Breast Contour and Optode Coupling Error on Ultrasound-guided Diffuse Optical Tomography

A finite element method (FEM) and experiment on phantoms were used to study the influence of breast contour mismatch and probe-tissue coupling mismatch in ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography for breast cancer imaging.
Chapter 14 – Breeding

Publisher Summary Effective maintenance of breeding colonies of nonhuman primates is based on a number of factors. The first of these is the basic knowledge of the reproductive physiology of the species involved. The status of nonhuman primate research is such that there are often large gaps in breeding knowledge, particularly in the species that are not normally held in captivity or are heavily involved in research programs. For effective breeding of these animals, it must rely on reports from zoological gardens and private or commercial colonies. Field studies of the animal's activities in the wild are very useful in establishing breeding colonies. The final factor is the common sense husbandry that individuals acquire through work with a large variety of animals in captive situations. This chapter discusses the methods that have been used to breed a variety of species in domestic and international facilities. It also discusses the detection and monitoring of pregnancy, and prenatal growth and development.
Collegiate Substance Use: A Tale of Differential Risk and Coping

Abstract Introduction Young adults reporting combined alcohol and marijuana use indicate greater frequency of other substances, binge drinking rates, and alcohol-related negative consequences. Emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are linked to alcohol use and abuse, with effects commonly attributed to increased mindfulness and distress tolerance abilities. Evidence is mixed, however, regarding the interactive impact of substance use and mindfulness facets on mental health outcomes. Methods The current study utilized a cross-sectional design to examine mental health outcomes predicted by ER and mindfulness facets in 229 college students across three substance use categories (no use; alcohol/marijuana; illicit use with alcohol/marijuana). Results : For participants reporting no substance use, linear stepwise regressions found that Non-Judging was significantly related to reduced anxiety, while Acting with Awareness was related to greater anxiety; for those reporting alcohol/marijuana use only, Non-Judging significantly related to lower stress and anxiety; for those reporting illicit substance use with alcohol/marijuana, Acting with Awareness was related to lower stress. Describing was related to higher distress across groups, and Observing was not significantly related to any aspect of mental health across groups. ER difficulties were positively related to depression, anxiety and stress across substance use groups, with one exception: ER difficulty was not significantly associated with depression for no use. Discussion Mindfulness interventions should focus on certain facets, such as Non-Judging, in order to improve psychological functioning across various groups of substance use. Additionally, ER difficulties are closely linked to alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use.
Sam Loyd, America's Greatest Puzzlist.

SAM Loyd (1841-1911) has been called by Martin Gardner "America's greatest puzzlist." Two volumes of his mathe matical puzzles, selected and edited by Martin Gardner, were published by Do ver Publications in 1959. These puzzles originally appeared in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and the Woman's Home Companion. Many of them reflect life in the United States of a hundred years ago and at the same time provide interesting mathematical challenges for secondary school students. In order to solve the puzzles, the usual alge braic skills are necessary, and in many cases, unusual problem-solving insights are required. Samuel Loyd became interested in a wide range of mathematical puzzles through his initial fascination with chess. When he was fourteen, his first chess problem was pub lished in the New York Saturday Courier, and within a few years he had established himself as the foremost composer of these problems. In later years, his mathematical puzzles and games became national crazes and were distributed by organizations rang ing from P. T. Barnum to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Several of his consumer-related puzzles are particularly interesting today as a re flection of the economics of a different era (Solutions are given on p. 245):
Identification of a Novel Isolate of Alfalfa virus S from China Suggests a Possible Role of Seed Contamination in the Distribution of the Virus

Recently, alfalfa virus S (AVS), a new species in the family Alphaflexiviridae, was identified in alfalfa samples originating from Sudan, northern Africa. Here, we report on the identification and complete genomic sequence of an AVS isolate found in 7-day-old seedlings grown from alfalfa seeds acquired from China. The Chinese isolate of AVS differed in its nucleotide sequence from the Sudanese isolate by 8.6%. The detection of AVS in alfalfa seedlings developed from the germinated seeds may indicate a potential role of seed transmission in the distribution of this virus. The results obtained suggest that AVS may be far more widespread than previously thought.
Synchronous Teaching: Asynchronous Trauma

Since the onset of COVID-19, major subsections of our global society have shifted and mutated from the status quo of operation, especially in the field of education. A system that served far more social functions than just basic literacy and numeracy instruction, education has shifted out of the school buildings and into living rooms and spare bedrooms across the world. This research investigated the physical and psychological implications of traversing and functioning in this new virtual world that educators, students, and parents now find themselves operating. This study utilized narrative inquiry and survey data in order to gather qualitative data to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of COVID-19, how educators, students, and parents are processing and coping with the transition to distance learning. The findings illuminate narratives of trauma and coping in the face of the pandemic. Additional study may focus on replicating this research across multiple research locations.
Variable Precision Multiplication for Software-Based Neural Networks

As the number of applications of neural networks continues to grow, so does the need to efficiently perform inference computations on highly constrained devices. In this paper, we propose a methodology to accelerate neural networks in software. We exploit the limited-precision requirements of typical neural networks by formulating recurring operations in a bit-slice computation format. Bit-slice computation ensures that every bit of an $M$ -bit processor word contributes useful work even while computing a limited-precision n-bit (with $n$ < M) operation. This paper brings the following contributions. We first present an environment to efficiently create bitslice descriptions in software, by synthesizing them from Verilog. We then develop bitsliced designs of matrix multiplication and evaluate their performance. Our target is a small microcontroller, and we rely solely on software optimization. Our driving application is a neural network classifier for the MNIST database. Range-Based Linear Quantization in symmetric mode quantizes pre-trained 32-bit floating point weights and activation to low-precision data-widths. Experiments on RISC-V with varying levels of hardware-support show that for data-widths common to neural network applications, the bit-sliced code produces a speedup over traditional methods, which leads to faster and efficient inference without incurring significant loss in accuracy. For example, 8-bit matrix multiplications are sped up by a factor of 2.62× when compared with non-bitsliced rv32i ISA implementation with no hardware multiplier.
Using latent profile analysis to evaluate the utility of a DSM-5 symptom checklist in screening children for autism spectrum disorder

Objective: Currently available screening measures for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) typically do not reflect DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and generally have weak positive predictive values. These factors result in missed opportunities for early intervention, delays in diagnosis, and contribute to inefficient usage of healthcare resources by inadequately discerning those in need of comprehensive assessment. This study examined a DSM-5 ASD symptom checklist to determine whether parent-report response patterns could accurately identify which children received an ASD diagnosis. Method: Data were examined from 376 ASD evaluations in a three-year period. Latent profile analysis was used to determine if subgroups could be identified according to parent response patterns, and network analysis was implemented to examine the relationship among DSM-5 ASD criteria within each latent profile. Results: A four-profile model was best supported based on fit indices and high probability classifications. The model was largely a product of how parents responded regarding their child's sensory behavior and minimally reflected other symptomatology. Subsequent network analyses by profile indicated weak coherence among DSM-5 symptoms within all profiles. Overall, direct assessment of DSM-5 criteria based on parent report did not add diagnostic value beyond that reflected in base rates. Conclusions: Although continued refinement of ASD screening tools is needed to improve accuracy of referrals for evaluations and reduce wait time for diagnosis, this study continues to support the need for behavioral observation and formal assessment by trained clinicians. Continued development of sensitive and specific screening tools, likely with embedded behavioral and/or objective observation, is needed.
Same-Sex Couples and the Marital Surplus: The Importance of the Legal Environment

Same-sex couples' marital surplus, their excess total income over that predicted by their work times and predicted wages, increases little as the duration of their relationship lengthens. When/where same-sex marriage is legal, it rises sharply as duration increases. The availability of legal domestic partnership or civil union has no effect on the surplus. The likelihood of home ownership conditional on demographic characteristics also increases with partnerships' duration only when/where same-sex marriage is legal. These results, based on data from the American Community Survey 2013-17, support the notion that greater legal protection enhances partners' incentives to invest in their relationship.
Sex hormones and the young brain: are we ready to embrace neuroprotective strategies?

Summary Growing animal and clinical data continue to point to general anaesthetics as being potentially detrimental to the very young brain. While we are trying to understand the mechanisms responsible for this worrisome phenomenon, we must consider the value of protective strategies that would enable use of currently available general anaesthetics while avoiding histopathological changes and long-lasting impairment in behavioural and cognitive development. Wali and colleagues1 report that the gestational hormone progesterone is a promising ‘safening' agent that ameliorates systemic inflammation caused by sevoflurane, a commonly used inhaled anaesthetic, while preventing development of cognitive impairment and an anxious phenotype.
Insulin Action Rapidly Decreases Multifunctional Protein Kinase Activity in Rat Adipose Tissue

ATP-citrate lyase in vivo contains three phosphorylation sites on two tryptic peptides (peptides A and B). These phosphorylation sites are under hormonal control. Multifunctional protein kinase (MFPK) from rat liver phosphorylates peptide B on serine and threonine residues whereas cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates peptide A on a serine residue (Ramakrishna, S., and Benjamin, W. B. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12280-12286). We now report that rat adipose tissue MFPK also phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of peptide B of ATP-citrate lyase. When the activity of MFPK was assayed using partially purified (by chromatography on phosphocellulose) cytosol fractions from insulin-treated adipose tissue, it was found that MFPK activity was decreased by over 55%. This decrease in MFPK activity occurs at physiological concentrations of insulin (EC50 = 1 x 10(-10) M). Its onset is rapid and almost maximal at 5 min after the addition of insulin. Even when new protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, extracts from insulin-treated fat pads have less MFPK activity compared to the control. The insulin effect is maintained after further chromatography on a gel filtration column suggesting that the decrease in MFPK activity is not due to a low molecular weight inhibitor. The insulin-induced decrease in MFPK activity is due to a decrease in Vmax whereas the affinity of this enzyme toward ATP-citrate lyase or ATP is unchanged.
Environmental constraints and stress physiology

Abstract Grapevines are often exposed to suboptimal growing conditions that cause environmental or abiotic stress. Vines respond to such resource limitation by initiating acclimation processes that shift investment to those organs or processes that favor acquisition of the limiting resource. Abiotic stress is often associated with accumulation of damaging reactive oxygen species, which can culminate in organ or plant senescence. Excessive soil water leads to insufficient oxygen being available for proper root function, whereas water deficit limits growth and photosynthesis and, if severe, may result in xylem failure and canopy collapse. Deficiency or excess of mineral nutrients, or excessive salt levels, also limit growth and photosynthesis, but other plant responses and symptoms depend on the mineral element in question. Grape growers exploit water and nutrient deficit principles to control shoot growth and enhance fruit quality. High temperatures accelerate grapevine development, but heat stress impairs photosynthesis and damages fruit tissues. Low but nonfreezing temperatures may cause chilling stress and limit growth and fruit production. They may also trigger cold acclimation, enabling vines to survive freezing temperatures. Cold injury to grapevine tissues results mostly from intracellular ice formation and depends on the interaction between tissue temperature and temperature-driven acclimation and deacclimation processes.
Staphylococcus aureus triggers nitric oxide production in human upper airway epithelium.

Background Nitric oxide (NO) is an important antibacterial defense molecule produced by upper airway (sinonasal) epithelial cells. We previously showed that a bitter taste receptor expressed in airway epithelium detects quorum-sensing molecules secreted by Gram-negative bacteria and subsequently triggers bactericidal NO production. We hypothesized that the upper airway epithelium may also be able to detect the Gram-positive aerobe Staphylococcus aureus and mount an NO response. Methods Human sinonasal air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures were treated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)-conditioned medium (CM), and NO production was measured using fluorescence imaging. Inhibitors of bitter taste receptor signaling were used to pharmacologically determine if this pathway was involved in the production of NO. Results A low-molecular-weight, heat, and protease-stabile product found in MRSA CM induced differential, NO synthase (NOS)-mediated NO production. This response varied markedly between individual patients. The MRSA-stimulated NO production was not dependent on 2 important components of bitter taste signaling: phospholipase C isoform β-2 or the transient receptor potential melastatin isoform 5 (TRPM5) ion channel. Conclusion This study shows that a S. aureus product elicits an NO-mediated innate defense response in human upper airway epithelium. The active bacterial product is likely a small, nonpeptide molecule that triggers a pathway independent of bitter taste receptors. Patient variation in the NO response to MRSA product(s), potentially due to genetic differences, might play a role in pathophysiology of Gram-positive upper respiratory infections and/or pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Strategic sales management in an autonomous trading agent for TAC SCM

To operate successfully in a competitive trading environment such as the Trading Agent Competition for Supply Chain Management (Collins et al. 2004) (TAC SCM), an agent has to allocate resources and set prices in a way that maximizes its expected profit. This requires the ability to detect changing market conditions and act accordingly. In TAC SCM six agents buy parts, assemble personal computers, and sell them in daily auctions to customers. Sales decisions in our agent, MinneTAC, are driven by three different models: an automated characterization and prediction of market conditions, which we call economic regimes (Ketter 2005), a linear program that optimizes daily sales quotas, and a model of order acceptance probability. While economic regime models are commonly used at the macro economic level (Osborn & Sensier 2002), such predictions are rarely done for a micro economic environment. We focus on the sales decisions the agent has to make, where predicting prices and customer demand play an essential role. The strategies we present have been inspired, among others, by the work of Kephart et al. (Kephart, Hanson, & Greenwald 2000). MinneTAC makes sales decisions in two steps. The first step is a strategic decision, where resources are allocated over a planning horizon in a way that maximizes expected profit over the horizon. The second step is a tactical decision, which determines the offer prices that are expected to sell the quantities determined by the strategic decision, given the current demand and the pricing model.
The Use Of A Financial Trading Room To Develop Risk Management Competency

The use of a financial trading room and its role in financial trading and risk management education are presented. The program makes use of experiential learning to aid students in the development of competency in financial trading by coupling knowledge with skill. The current status of program features and curriculum are presented first along with anecdotal evidence of its impacts on students. Next the immediate changes planned for the program are presented along with the long term objectives for the program. Conclusions regarding the role of financial trading in providing experiential learning and its impacts on students are presented last.
Age-0 Sturgeon Accessibility to Constructed and Modified Chutes in the Lower Missouri River

AbstractShallow-water habitat is hypothesized to provide nursery habitat for young fish. The construction of side-channel chutes to restore shallow-water habitat is common in the lower Missouri River; however, a recent adaptive management strategy document (developed by a multiagency, multidiscipline team), as well as previous research, has suggested that the accessibility of chutes to age-0 Scaphirhynchus spp. (sturgeon hereafter) may be limited. Access is a critical prerequisite for young fish utilizing chute habitat; thus, we investigated chute-specific accessibility for age-0 sturgeon at seven chutes (constructed and natural). Age-0 sturgeon were capable of accessing most chutes; however, accessibility appeared limited at sites with highly restrictive inlet structures. Our results suggest that future consideration of chute inlet designs that meet authorized Missouri River purposes while providing improved fish access is warranted. Additionally, capture sites for exogenously feeding age-0 sturgeon were...
BEYOND THE ADAPTIVE MATCHED FILTER: NONLINEAR DETECTORS FOR WEAK SIGNALS IN HIGH-DIMENSIONAL CLUTTER

For known signals that are linearly superimposed on gaussian backgrounds, the linear adaptive matched filter (AMF) is well-known to be the optimal detector. The AMF has furthermore proved to be remarkably effective in a broad range of circumstances where it is not optimal, and for which the optimal detector is not linear. In these cases, nonlinear detectors are theoretically superior, but direct estimation of nonlinear detectors in high-dimensional spaces often leads to flagrant overfitting and poor out-of-sample performance. Despite this difficulty in the general case, we will describe several situations in which nonlinearity can be effectively combined with the AMF to detect weak signals. This allows improvement over AMF performance while avoiding the full force of dimensionality's curse.
High-resolution TEM study of jimthompsonite, chesterite, and chain-width disorder in Archean ultramafic rocks from Isua, West Greenland

Jimthompsonite and chesterite occur as intergrowths within anthophyllite up to a few millimeters across in talc-magnesite schist from the ~3800 Ma Isua Supracrustal Belt, West Greenland. Pyribole lamellae span the entire intergrowth width and have their own crystal faces. The schist is strongly foliated and pyribole intergrowths are aligned with this foliation indicating broad synchronicity among metamorphic deformation, recrystallization, and pyribole formation. Chain-width errors, polytypic disorder, zipper terminations, displacive planar faults, replacement products by sheet silicates, polygon-shaped cavities, cavity-filling materials, and low-angle grain boundaries were revealed by HRTEM. Based on cross-cutting relationships, the order of the formation of these defects was determined. Pyribole intergrowths formed prior to displacive planar faults and cavity-filling materials. Fine sheet silicates replaced pyriboles or filled cracks after the pyribole intergrowth formation. No obvious reaction or replacement products by talc or chlorite were confirmed at the interface between pyriboles and optically recognizable large sheet silicates, suggesting that fine sheet silicates replacing pyriboles formed later than talc and chlorite. Polysomatic and polytypic lamellae may have grown simultaneously because the lamellae cross cut each other and one does not affect the formation of the other. The possible reaction fronts that separate jimthompsonite or chesterite from anthophyllite were not found in [001] HRTEM images of our samples. Instead, narrow jimthompsonite and chesterite lamellae that break termination rules were commonly found. These textural features can be better understood as a simultaneous growth of jimthompsonite, chesterite, and anthophyllite and not as a retrograde reaction product of anthophyllite.
Distribution of fields, currents, and surface currents in type-II superconductors with square cross section

Simple analytic expressions with 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} rotation symmetry are obtained for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ in a long type-II superconductor of square cross section carrying an axial current. For large squares $\frac{{U}_{l}}{{I}^{2}}\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ where ${U}_{l}$ is the magnetic energy per length, $I$ is the current, and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the penetration depth; we know of no experimental data for square cross sections, but this is the reported behavior for thick rectangular films. For whiskers $\frac{{U}_{l}}{{I}^{2}}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$; this agrees with reported results. Corresponding but quite different expressions are then derived for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ when a uniform parallel field ($Hl{H}_{c1}$) is impressed. Here surface currents arise for any polygonal cross section because $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ can only have 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, not 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, rotation symmetry, and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ then has a normal component at some surface. For a square the entire internal $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ is normal to two opposite faces; the surface $j$ guarantees that the divergence of the total current density vanishes everywhere. Simple expressions are given both for the internal and surface current densities and for the internal and external field distributions.
Preparation of Polymers Containing Metal-Metal Bonds along the Backbone Using Click Chemistry

The [(η5-C5H4(CH2)3OC(O)(CH2)2C≡CH)Mo(CO)3]2 complex (1) was synthesized and used to explore the feasibility of using the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction (a click reaction) to incorporate molecules with metal–metal bonds into polymer backbones. In a model reaction, coupling of 1 with benzyl azide was observed in 24 h using Cp*Ru(PPh3)2Cl as a catalyst. In contrast, the reaction of 1 with benzyl azide using a CuBr/ligand catalyst (where the ligand is either PMDETA or bipyridine), resulted in disproportionation of the Mo–Mo unit in 1. Complex 1 was also coupled with telechelic azide-terminated polystyrene oligomers. With either the CuBr/PMDETA or CuBr/bipyridine catalyst, disproportionation of the Mo–Mo bonded unit occurred before complete coupling was observed. The reaction was also slow when the Cp*Ru(PPh3)2Cl catalyst was used; however, no disproportionation products were observed and a high molecular weight polymer (Mn = 120,000 g/mol) was produced. The Cp*Ru(PPh3)2Cl catalyst was also used to couple 1 with azide-terminated poly(ethylene glycol). After 15 h, this reaction produced a polymer with Mn = 73,000 g mol−1. It is concluded that, although somewhat slow, click chemistry using the Cp*Ru(PPh3)2Cl catalyst is an excellent method for synthesizing high molecular weight polymers with metal–metal bonds along the backbone.
Direct N 2 O 5 reactivity measurements at a polluted coastal site

Abstract. Direct measurements of N2O5 reactivity on ambient aerosol particles were made during September 2009 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) Pier facility located in La Jolla, CA. N2O5 reactivity measurements were made using a custom flow reactor and the particle modulation technique alongside measurements of aerosol particle size distributions and non-refractory composition. The pseudo-first order rate coefficients derived from the particle modulation technique and the particle surface area concentrations were used to determine the population average N2O5 reaction probability, γ(N2O5), approximately every 50 min. Insufficient environmental controls within the instrumentation trailer led us to restrict our analysis primarily to nighttime measurements. Within this subset of data, γ(N2O5) ranged from
Special Considerations for Managing Suspected Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and AIDS in Patients from Developing Countries

Clinical manifestation of disease in the HIV-infected patient as the T4 Lymphocytes are progressively destroyed over time is largely dependent upon the given patients exposure to microbic flora over time. Given that latent pathogens are reactivated most readily in the immunosuppressed host and that the nature of these pathogens is generally geographically-specific the authors explore the determination of risk of HIV infection and the types of clinical manifestations expected based on patients geographic origin. To help the practitioner address the first of the two questions. HIV prevalence and transmission patterns are examined according to region. Prevalence studies showed a large variation within and between countries with urban centers generally manifesting higher infection levels than rural zones. East Central and Southern Africa as well as parts of West Africa show highest HIV prevalence in Africa. Centers of highest infection for Latin America were largely Brazil Dominican Republic Haiti and Mexico. 464 cases were from Asia. Three transmission patterns were identified according to region as follows: pattern I in the U.S. Western Europe Australia and Latin America via homosexual contact and IV drug use; pattern II in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean via heterosexual contact; and pattern III in Asia Eastern Europe the Middle East and North Africa with limited cases and no generally recognizable pattern. In pattern III exception was noted for Thailand as transmission through IV drug use and sex with prostitutes accounts for a recent HIV epidemic. Risk factors looked for in patients specific to each transmission pattern are provided with some discussion of testing rationale for HIV-2. The risk of transmission through blood transfusion depends upon a countrys donor pool HIV prevalence and available blood screening capabilities. When one questions which clinical manifestations should be expected based upon the AIDS patients country of origin the practitioner should recognize that variance in infection manifestation frequency is more likely than observing broadly different and unique types of infection across countries. Where gastrointestinal and dermatological manifestations are more prevalent in Africa Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia (PCP) is more the hallmark of AIDs patients in the U.S. and Europe. Patients from Latin America Haiti and Africa exhibit greater frequency of tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis with the latter two regions also being higher in cryptococcosis. AIDS-related dementia is less frequent in Latin American and Haitian patients. Attention was called to a higher risk of active TB among foreign-born AIDS patients and the need for practitioners to watch for uncommon opportunistic infections endemic as tropical diseases in their patients countries of birth.
Gender and Adolescent Drinking Problems: The Effects of Occupational Structure

This investigation uses a large, national sample of adolescent drinkers and an occupational indicator of class to determine whether gender effects on adolescent drinking problems are conditioned by parents' occupation. Findings show that gender differences in three indicators of drinking problems are largest among children whose parents are episodically or chronically unemployed. Gender ratios are smaller for children of workers, managers, and owners. These patterns persist after substituting a delinquency index for the drinking problem scales. Gender differences in the unemployed population for drinking-related incidents are accounted for by parents' weak controls on boys. Attenuated parental supervision does not mitigate gender differences in other occupational groups, suggesting a unique work-related gender influence on drinking behavior. Possible sources of differential gender and class bias in the drinking scales are discussed.
The Mechanics of Vacillation

Abstract The equations governing a symmetrically heated rotating viscous fluid are reduced to a system of fourteen ordinary differential equations, by a succession of approximations. The equations contain two external parameters-an imposed thermal Rossby number and a Taylor number. Solutions where the blow is purely zonal, and solutions with superposed “steady” waves which progress without changing their shape, are obtained analytically. Additional solutions exhibiting vacillation, where the waves change shape in a regular periodic manner in addition to their progression, and solutions exhibiting irregular nonperiodic flow, are obtained by numerical integration. For a given imposed thermal Rossby number, the flow becomes more complicated as the Taylor number increases. Exceptions occur at very high Taylor numbers, where the equations become unrealistic because of truncation. For values of the external parameters where steady-wave solutions are found, solutions with purely zonal flow also exist, but are un...
Morphine tolerance and naloxone receptor binding.

Abstract 3H-naloxone specific binding studies have confirmed the induction of receptor expansion after an acute injection of morphine, as reported by Pert et al (3) as well as the lack of expansion in chronically morphinized rats shown by Klee and Streaty (4) using dihydromorphine. With a challenging test dose of morphine given to rats maintained drug free after acute and chronic regimens of morphine, the lack of expansion as measured by 3H-naloxone specific binding persisted up to at least 4 weeks. Between 4–8 weeks receptor expansion can be re-induced with a challenging test dose. This “physical binding tolerance” is dose related. That this persistant “tolerance” is not attributable to the presence of dissociable morphine remaining after the drug regimen or challenge dose can be shown by detergent extraction and exhaustive dialysis of the standard buffer homogenate preparation as well as with fresh excised tissue.
Nuclear information obtainable from low energy neutron spectroscopy

The results of measurements of thermal-neutron cross sections, level distributions in the resonance region, $${{\overline {\Gamma _n^0 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\overline {\Gamma _n^0 } } D}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} D}$$ ratios, and determinations of the effective nuclear radius from potential:.scattering of slow neutrons are considered. A discrepancy in the results of measurements of the thermal-neutron fission cross secticn in U235 is noted. The distribution of levels exhibits a deficiency in small spacings as compared with a random distribution, i. e., there seems to be a “repulsion” of levels. The dependence of $${{\overline {\Gamma _n^0 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\overline {\Gamma _n^0 } } D}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} D}$$ on atomic number A is nonmonotonic, in accordance with the complex-potential model of the nucleus; however there is a considerable discrepancy between the experimental data and theory for atomic numbers in the neighborhood of 100. The effective radius determined from potential scattering of slow neutrons indicates a nonmonotonic dependence on A, in agreement with the model of a semi-transparent nucleus with smeared-out edges.
Design of molecular biological materials using peptide motifs

Two complementary fabrication technologies are employed in the production of materials and tools. In the ‘top-down’ approach, materials and tools are manufactured by stripping down an entity into its parts, e.g. carve a boat from a tree trunk. This contrasts sharply with the ‘bottom-up’ approach, in which materials and tools are assembled bit by bit to produce supra-structures and architectures, e.g. build a ship using wood strips. The bottom-up approach is likely to become an integral part of materials manufacture in the coming decades. This approach requires a deep understanding of individual molecular building blocks, their structures, assembling properties and dynamic behaviors. Two key elements in molecular materials manufacture are chemical complementarity and structural compatibility, both of which confer the weak and noncovalent interactions that bind building blocks together during self-assembly. Following Nature's leads, significant advances have been made at the interface of materials chemistry and biology, including the design of helical ribbons, peptide nanofiber scaffolds for three-dimensional cell cultures and tissue engineering, peptide surfactants, peptide detergents for solubilizing, stabilizing and crystallizing diverse types of membrane proteins and their complexes.
Phase II trial of neoadjuvant bevacizumab, capecitabine, and radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.

Purpose We designed this Phase II trial to assess the efficacy and safety of the addition of bevacizumab to concurrent neoadjuvant capecitabine-based chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods Between April 2004 and December 2007, 25 patients with clinically staged T3N1 (n = 20) or T3N0 (n = 5) rectal cancer received neoadjuvant therapy with radiotherapy (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions over 5.5 weeks), bevacizumab every 2 weeks (3 doses of 5 mg/kg), and capecitabine (900 mg/m2 orally twice daily only on days of radiation), followed by surgical resection a median of 7.3 weeks later. Results Procedures included abdominoperineal resection (APR; 6 patients), proctectomy with coloanal anastamosis (8 patients), low anterior resection (10 patients), and local excision (1 patient). Eight (32%) of 25 patients had a pathologic complete response, and 6 (24%) of 25 had Conclusions The addition of bevacizumab to neoadjuvant chemoradiation resulted in encouraging pathologic complete response without an increase in acute toxicity. The impact of bevacizumab on perineal wound and anastamotic healing due to concurrent bevacizumab requires further study.
Is There a Role for Evidence-Based Practice in Urban Planning and Policy?

Can the craft of planning take advantage of a growing body of planning-relevant research? Evidence-based practice proposes a better connection between research and professional work, but raises several concerns about the character of valid evidence, the strength and clarity of planning research, and inequalities in the available resources for integrating research into planning practice. Much of planning practice is a reflective craft where skills of mediation, negotiation, listening, and framing are prominent. As part of the planner's work employing these skills, however, there is a valuable role for research-generated evidence to inform decision making. Evidence-based practice needs careful implementation but it can enrich the field of planning by linking research to practice.
Vitamin B12 Studies with the Hen

Abstract THE importance of vitamin B12 for hatchability was first reported by Lillie, Denton, Olsen and Bird (1949). These investigators injected crystalline vitamin B12 into eggs obtained from vitamin B12 deficient hens and noted an increase in hatchability. Their observations have been confirmed by Olcese and Couch (1950) and Carver and McGinnis (1950). Peterson et al. (1950) and Peeler et al. (1950) obtained marked increases in hatchability by means of intramuscular injection of vitamin B12 in hens depleted of this factor. Lindstrom et al. (1949) found that 1 percent of a vitamin B12 concentrate, containing 4.4 μg. of vitamin B12 per gram, did not furnish enough of the factor for optimum hatchability. On the other hand Milligan and Combs (1950) recently reported that 4 μg. of vitamin B12 or less per kilo of ration supported good hatchability. The objectives of this investigation were to study further the B12 requirement for normal . . .
Translational diffusion constants of the amino acids: measurement by NMR and their use in modeling the transport of peptides.

In this work, the translational self-diffusion constants, DT's, of 12 amino acids (Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Glu, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Phe, and Ser) are measured by field gradient NMR and extrapolated to infinite dilution. The experiments were carried out in D2O at 298 K at pD ≅ 3.5 in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer. Of these 12 amino acids, 6 are being reported for the first time (Asp, Cys, Glu, His, Lys, and Met) and the remaining 6 (Ala, Arg, Asn, Ile, Phe, and Ser) are compared with DT's from the literature. When corrected for differences in solvent viscosity and temperature, the discrepancy between DT's measured in the present work and those reported previously is always <8%, which is reasonable given the range of values reported previously by different groups. With the present work, DT's for all of the amino acids are now available. These diffusion constants are then used in modeling studies of the diffusion and free solution electrophoretic mobility, μ, of several model peptides. For this set of pepti...
Biosynthetic studies on 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid in a mammalian (rat) system

Abstract Biosynthetic studies have been carried out to determine whether a mammal is capable of synthesizing 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid. In vitro (rat liver slice) experiments using [U- 14 C]glucose, [3- 14 C]pyruvate, and [ 32 P]orthophosphate as precursors and an in vivo (rat) experiment using [U- 14 C]glucose were carried out. In no case was there incorporation of label into 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid; the incorporation was less than 0.001%.
DEEP TO SURFACE CONTRASTS IN ENGLISH AND ITALIAN IMPERATIVES

The task of contrastive analysis is to discover underlying similarities in the deep structure of two languages and the rules which provide language specific features on the surface. Within the model of a transformational grammar identifying syntactic primes and basic proposition rules in the deep structure together with rules for the realization of surface constructions, i t can be demonistrated that the language specific English and Italian imperatives rest on the same underlying deep structure. A unified set of rules marks the progression from a set of common primes and syntactic relations to different surface realizations for the two languages. Contrastive statements of this type, accounting for both similarities and differences, become useful in language teaching for learning problems arise in the deep to surface realization or stylistic rules operating on the lower nodes of the underlying deep tree structure. Explicating surface relationships through recognition of the relation between deep and surface structures makes possible a more explicit contrastive analysis.
Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants Do Not Appear to Use Sentence Context to Help Recognize Spoken Words

Purpose The authors investigated the ability of deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) to use sentence context to facilitate the perception of spoken words. Method Deaf children with CIs (n = 24) and an age-matched group of children with normal hearing (n = 31) were presented with lexically controlled sentences and were asked to repeat each sentence in its entirety. Performance was analyzed at each of 3 word positions of each sentence (first, second, and third key word). Results Whereas the children with normal hearing showed robust effects of contextual facilitation—improved speech perception for the final words in a sentence—the deaf children with CIs on average showed no such facilitation. Regression analyses indicated that for the deaf children with CIs, Forward Digit Span scores significantly predicted accuracy scores for all 3 positions, whereas performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test, Children's Version (Golden, Freshwater, & Golden, 2003) predicted how much contextual facilitation was ob...
The conventions of unconventionality: reconsidering the cinematic historian in Even the Rain

The debate over the advantages and limitations of film as a medium for communicating history has taken new directions in the twenty-first century. While scholars are increasingly open to a complementary model of history that incorporates a variety of traditional and unconventional genres, others are still concerned by the effects of narrative constraints and lack of historical rigor perceived in many feature films. As one of the means of gauging cinema's cultural status lies in classifying its self-awareness of formulaic conventions, it is indicative of new attitudes that directors have begun to understand themselves as cinematic historians, incorporating scholarly concerns into their own productions. By dramatizing the choices that directors must make in the process of producing film, film-makers critique the ways in which history can be altered or misrepresented. After briefly tracing the change in perception of the term ‘cinematic historian,’ this article analyzes Bollain's (2010) film Even the Rain by...
The complex pain patient: interventional treatment and nursing issues

This article discusses interventional treatment for the complex pain patient, including intraspinal opioid administration, spinal cord stimulation, and commonly performed nerve blocks. The role of the nurse has grown to support these technological interventions, and nursing has provided a foundation to strengthen the success of these interventions through watchful monitoring and patient education.
Chronic heart allograft rejection in rats demonstrates a dynamic interplay between IFN-γ and IL-10 producing T cells

Abstract The relative roles of different types of T cells and their modes of alloantigen recognition and cytokine production in chronic rejection have been controversial. This may be due to the use of models involving various immune interventions. We recently reported a rat heart allograft model (PVG.1U-to-PVG.R8) that consistently develops chronic rejection without any immune manipulations. Using this model, we investigated the frequency of indirectly activated alloreactive CD4+ T cells and directly/indirectly induced CD8+ T cells and characterized their cytokine profiles at various times posttransplantation. In vitro quantitative–proliferative and intracellular cytokine assays were performed using recipient lymphocytes as responders against donor and third party stimulator cells. Intragraft transcript levels for IFN-γ were measured using competitive RT-PCR. We observed a steady increase in the frequency of donor reactive CD4+ T cells, peaking on day 18–22 posttransplantation, followed by a decline to background levels on day 60. These cells produced high levels of IL-10 that steadily increased throughout the 100-day experimental period. In contrast, the frequency of donor reactive CD8+ T cells was similar to that of naive cells and remained unchanged throughout the study. CD8+ T cells produced high amounts of IFN-γ only on days 39–45 posttransplantation when chronic rejection was apparent. There was a sharp increase in intragraft IFN-γ transcripts on days 8–12 that peaked on days 39–45 followed by a steady decrease thereafter. Our results demonstrate that chronic rejection in this model involves a dynamic interplay between alloreactive CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IL-10+ T cells, both of which may have differential effects on the pathogenesis of the disease.