cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling limits of interacting diffusions in domains

We survey recent effort in establishing the hydrodynamic limits and the fluctuation limits for a class of interacting diffusions in domains. These systems are introduced to model the transport of positive and negative charges in solar cells. They are general microscopic models that can be used to describe macroscopic phenomena with coupled boundary conditions, such as the population dynamics of two segregated species under competition. Proving these two types of limits represents establishing the functional law of large numbers and the functional central limit theorem, respectively, for the empirical measures of the spatial positions of the particles. We show that the hydrodynamic limit is a pair of deterministic measures whose densities solve a coupled nonlinear heat equations, while the fluctuation limit can be described by a Gaussian Markov process that solves a stochastic partial differential equation.
A Brief Review of Literature of Buddhist Writings on Spirituality and Aging

ABSTRACT Literature on Buddhism, spirituality/religion, and aging in academic, medical, and other professional journals focusing on geriatrics is sparse; the same is true for didactic and inspirational literature, albeit for different reasons. I offer a few speculations on this phenomenon. Additionally, the Asian and Asian-American experience with spirituality and aging have resulted in some memorable creative literature and is chronicled in memoirs.
Semi-automated image processing system for micro- to macro-scale analysis of immunohistopathology: application to ischemic brain tissue

Immunochemical staining techniques are commonly used to assess neuronal, astrocytic and microglial alterations in experimental neuroscience research, and in particular, are applied to tissues from animals subjected to ischemic stroke. Immunoreactivity of brain sections can be measured from digitized immunohistology slides so that quantitative assessment can be carried out by computer-assisted analysis. Conventional methods of analyzing immunohistology are based on image classification techniques applied to a specific anatomic location at high magnification. Such micro-scale localized image analysis limits one for further correlative studies with other imaging modalities on whole brain sections, which are of particular interest in experimental stroke research. This report presents a semi-automated image analysis method that performs convolution-based image classification on micro-scale images, extracts numerical data representing positive immunoreactivity from the processed micro-scale images and creates a corresponding quantitative macro-scale image. The present method utilizes several image-processing techniques to cope with variances in intensity distribution, as well as artifacts caused by light scattering or heterogeneity of antigen expression, which are commonly encountered in immunohistology. Micro-scale images are composed by a tiling function in a mosaic manner. Image classification is accomplished by the K-means clustering method at the relatively low-magnification micro-scale level in order to increase computation efficiency. The quantitative macro-scale image is suitable for correlative analysis with other imaging modalities. This method was applied to different immunostaining antibodies, such as endothelial barrier antigen (EBA), lectin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), on histology slides from animals subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion by the intraluminal suture method. Reliability tests show that the results obtained from immunostained images at high magnification and relatively low magnification are virtually the same.
THE EFFECTS OF PREFERENTIAL VAT RATES NEAR INTERNATIONAL BORDERS: EVIDENCE FROM MEXICO

Most goods and services in Mexico are subject to a 16 percent value added tax (VAT). However, within 20 kilometers of the border with the United States, the VAT rate is 11 percent. This preferential rate was implemented by the Mexican Department of Revenue to reduce cross-border shopping in the United States. However, the tax differential also creates an unusual distortion within Mexico, encouraging Mexicans to travel to the preferential tax zone for shopping. This paper performs an empirical test of tax avoidance using the Mexican Economic Census, comparing towns on either side of the 20 kilometer threshold using a regression discontinuity design. The analysis provides evidence of a modest but statistically signifi cant distortion in economic activity toward the preferential tax zone.
Interleukin-10 reduces morbidity and mortality in murine multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

Hypothesis.IL-10 will reduce morbidity and mortality in murine MODS. Introduction.Intraperitoneal (ip) zymosan causes a triphasic inflammatory process leading to MODS. Phase I is an acute systemic inflammatory response to sterile peritonitis. Phase II is the recovery phase. Phase III is characterized by recurrent illness, progressive organ dysfunction, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines. Methods.Male ICR mice were randomized (on Experiment Day 0, time = 0 h) into four initial groups (A–D): Control Group A received no zymosan and no IL-10. Group B received zymosan (1 mg/g mouse BW,t= 0) and no IL-10. Group C received no zymosan and IL-10 att= 2 h. Group D received zymosan and IL-10 att= 2 h. On Experiment Day 4, mice in Groups B–D were randomized into six further treatment groups (B1 and B2, C1 and C2, D1 and D2). Group B1 received no treatment. Group B2 received IL-10 when clinical signs of recurrent illness developed (Phase III, 12–18 days after zymosan treatment). Mice were sacrificed when they were preterminal (clinical signs of shaking, shivering, or paralysis) or on Experiment Day 28 (survivors). Plasma total bilirubin and creatinine levels were measures of organ function. Terminal pulmonary compliance was measuredin situthrough a physiologic range of tidal volumes. Results.Mice entering Phase III consistently progressed to MODS characterized by elevated bilirubin and hemorrhagic lungs which, if left untreated, was lethal. Mice treated with IL-10 (Group B2) when they entered Phase III had lower mortality (28.6% vs 100%,P< 0.02), longer survival (25 vs 18 days,P< 0.05), and improved lung pulmonary compliance (slope β1= 0.082 ml/mm Hg vs 0.059 ml/mm Hg,P< 0.001) compared to untreated (Group B1) mice in Phase III. Conclusions.IL-10 improves survival even when given after clinical signs of illness are present.
Clinical and Laboratory Investigation of Cefamandole in Infections of Infants and Children

Abstract Forty-seven infants and children with a variety of infections including bacteremia, ethmoiditis, and periorbital cellulitis, soft tissue infection, pneumonia, and lymphadenitis were treated with intravenous cefamandole. The infections were due to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. The clinical response was prompt, and, with the exception of two cases who developed skin rash, significant side effects were not noted. In vitro cefamandole was very effective in inhibiting the growth of H. influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant isolates.
The Institutional Foundation of U.S. Trade Policy: Revisiting Explanations for the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

In the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (“RTAA”), Congress delegated its constitutionally granted power to set tariffs to the President. Trade agreements negotiated under the RTAA required no ex post congressional approval. Instead, the broad authority conferred upon the President was subject to congressional renewal every three years. Tariff reductions also were no longer made unilaterally via omnibus tariff legislation, but rather bilaterally via trade agreements and in exchange for comparable tariff reductions from foreign trading partners. The RTAA dramatically altered the governance structure that had controlled U.S. trade policymaking for over a century, laying a new institutional foundation that made U.S. postwar participation in, and leadership of, global trade liberalization and expansion possible. Indeed, the RTAA is arguably the most important piece of trade legislation of this century. It also is an unusual case of congressional delegation of policymaking authority to the President. Representative Hamilton Fish (R-N.Y.) called the RTAA “a betrayal of our representative form of government [that] amounts to an open admission by Congress that … it is now incompetent and unfit to legislate properly, intelligently and in the public interest.” The press described the RTAA as a “radical departure in commercial policy.” What accounts for this extraordinary delegation, especially by a legislative body better known for guarding its power than for giving it away?
User comprehension of task performance with varying impedance in a virtual prosthetic arm: A pilot study

Humans' ability to modulate the mechanical impedance of their arms is crucial for adapting the behavior of their arms for use in different tasks. Previous research has shown that user-selectable impedance in prosthetic arms can enable better performance in disparate tasks and changing environments. However, user-selectable impedance is only useful to a prosthesis user if he or she can learn to modulate the impedance effectively. In this paper, we report the results of a pilot study investigating subjects' ability to evaluate their own performance in an interaction task under different impedance levels, with the goal of identifying factors that may affect users' ability to choose effective impedance levels. Subjects controlled a one-degree-of-freedom virtual prosthesis under different stiffness and damping levels to perform an interaction task in which they attempted to minimize contact forces from a virtual environment. We compared subjects' task performance to their perceived difficulty of the task under different impedance conditions. We show that with appropriate training and feedback scaling, subjects are able to evaluate their task performance with both visual and vibrotactile feedback of force information. The results of this study suggest approaches to enabling subjects to choose effective impedance levels for different tasks, and may aid in the development of prostheses and telerobotic systems with user-selectable impedance for more natural and efficient interactions with the environment.
Functional properties of human muscle fibers after short-term resistance exercise training

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between human muscle fiber hypertrophy, protein isoform content, and maximal Ca2+-activated contractile function following a short-term period ...
Cost-Effectiveness of Aspirin Use Among Persons With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term cost-effectiveness of aspirin use among adults aged ≥40 years with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a validated cost-effectiveness model of type 2 diabetes to assess the lifetime health and cost consequences of use or nonuse of aspirin. The model simulates the progression of diabetes and accompanying complications for a cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes. The model predicts the outcomes of type 2 diabetes along five disease paths (nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, coronary heart disease, and stroke) from the time of diagnosis until age 94 years or until death. RESULTS Over a lifetime, aspirin users gained 0.31 life-years (LY) or 0.19 quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs) over nonaspirin users, at an incremental cost of $1,700; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of aspirin use was $5,428 per LY gained or $8,801 per QALY gained. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, the ICER was CONCLUSIONS Regular use of aspirin among people with newly diagnosed diabetes is cost-effective.
Large-scale directional relationship extraction and resolution

Relationships between entities such as genes, chemicals, metabolites, phenotypes and diseases in MEDLINE are often directional. That is, one may affect the other in a positive or negative manner. Detection of causality and direction is key in piecing pathways together and in examining possible implications of experimental results. Because of the size and growth of biomedical literature, it is increasingly important to be able to automate this process as much as possible. Here we present a method of relation extraction using dependency graph parsing with SVM classification. We tested the SVM classifier first on gold standard corpora from GENIA and find it achieved 82% precision and 94.8% recall (F-measure of 87.9) on these standardized test sets. We then applied the entire system to all available MEDLINE abstracts for two target interactions with known effects. We find that while some directional relations are extracted with low ambiguity, others are apparently contradictory, at least when considered in an isolated context. When examined, it is apparent some are dependent upon the surrounding context (e.g. whether the relationship referred to short-term or long-term effects, or whether the focus was extracellular versus intracellular). Thesaurus-based directional relation extraction can be done with reasonable accuracy, but is prone to false-positives on larger corpora due to noun modifiers. Furthermore, methods of resolving or disambiguating relationship context and contingencies are important for large-scale corpora.
Improved Correlation Between Sensory and Instrumental Measurement of Peanut Butter Texture

Two commercial peanut butters and 3 laboratory-prepared peanut butters containing 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% stabilizer were evaluated by sensory and instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) using an Instron. A 2×3 factorial design consisting of crosshead speeds of 5 and 50 mm/min, and amount and type of fluid added was used. A descriptive panel (n= 11) was used to evaluate 14 sensory TPA attributes. Twelve sensory TPA attributes, compared with only 2 found by other researchers, were highly correlated ( 0.88) with 1 or more instrumental TPA parameters. Prediction models (R 0.71) developed successfully predicted 12 sensory texture attributes from instrumental TPA results. Eleven models, excluding surface roughness, were successfully verified with 0.74 to 7.21% error.
Alterations in calcium handling in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

There is conflicting data concerning the effects of cardiac hypertrophy and failure on L-type Ca2+ channel density, the amplitude of the intracellular Ca2+ transients, and the characteristics of Ca2+ sparks. These discrepancies are probably due to multiple factors. First, the effects of cardiac hypertrophy on channel expression and cell adaptation are model dependent. Even within the same species, the mechanisms by which cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure are generated (genetic alteration, pressure overload, volume overload, high rate pacing, etc.) influence the results obtained. Second, with many animal models and diseased human hearts, the disease process is not uniformly distributed throughout the myocardium. Third, the effects on L-type Ca2+ channel behavior and SR function clearly depend on the extent of disease expression. Myocardial contractility increases with cardiac hypertrophy whereas it decreases with heart failure. Thus, it is difficult to compare results from different models of hypertrophy and heart failure at different stages of disease. More consistent data is likely to be obtained from longitudinal studies using a single animal model of disease. The challenge before us is to develop animal models that mimic human disease, which can be studied longitudinally during the progression of the disease process. This approach coupled with continued improvement in Ca2+ imaging and a greater understanding of normal E-C coupling, will enable us to identify precisely the abnormalities in E-C coupling that occur with the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and define the appropriate treatment modalities.
Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Growing Global Force in Corporate Finance

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) have emerged as among the most important players in global financial markets. With an estimated $3 trillion at present, the collective assets at their disposal are expected to reach or surpass $7.5 trillion by 2012. SWFs have shown a wide range of investment objectives, along with continually evolving time horizons and risk appetites. For example, some SWFs have become increasingly active in corporate acquisitions and other strategic transactions. Though many of these funds prefer to invest in debt or non-controlling equity positions, a small but growing number are seeking substantial minority and controlling equity stakes. SWFs have also recently become major participants in the financial institutions and alternative investment industries, with several high profile investments in well-known private equity firms and financial services companies. In certain corporate transactions, their longer time horizons and willingness to employ larger percentages of equity have made them attractive alternatives to established private equity. At the same time, however, the rising prominence and perceived lack of transparency of SWFs have raised concerns among governments and other market participants in countries where companies have been targeted for investment. For this reason, companies intent on obtaining funding from or investing with SWFs are advised to prepare for media and regulatory scrutiny, particularly if a transaction is perceived to involve a country's strategic or security interests. Government policymakers are urged to balance the perceived threats of SWFs against their potential benefits, particularly their ability to provide a stabilizing source of global liquidity in the current economic environment.
Mechanism for reduced pericardial adhesion formation in hypercholesterolemic swine supplemented with alcohol

OBJECTIVE: Previous experiments in Yorkshire swine demonstrated significantly fewer pericardial adhesions and intramyocardial collagen deposition at reoperative sternotomy in animals supplemented with vodka but not with red wine. The purpose of this experiment was to determine a mechanism for adhesion reduction. METHODS: Twenty-seven male Yorkshire swine were fed a high-cholesterol diet to simulate conditions of coronary artery disease followed by the surgical placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex coronary artery to induce chronic ischaemia. Postoperatively, control pigs continued their high-fat/cholesterol diet alone, whereas the two experimental groups had diets supplemented with either red wine or vodka for 7 weeks followed by reoperative sternotomy and cardiac harvest. RESULTS: The expression of related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) and caspase 3 in the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-soluble myocardial fraction was significantly higher only in the vodka-supplemented group. In the more soluble fraction, the expression of caspase 3, cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9 was lower in both the vodka and red wine treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the SDS-soluble lysate fraction, likely representing the transmembrane/cell–extracellular matrix (ECM), a significant increase in RAFTK and caspase 3 expression was seen only in the vodka-treated animals, which may explain why this group demonstrated significantly fewer pericardial adhesions. Caspase expression/signalling was not increased in the more soluble myocardial lysate, suggesting that the increased apoptotic signalling was specific to the epicardial–ECM.
Radiative levitation of silicon in the atmospheres of two Hyades DA white dwarfs

The presence of silicon at the surface of the two Hyades DA white dwarfs WD 0421+162 and WD 0431+126 requires mechanisms that counteract the effects of the downward diffusion. Radiative levitation calculations indicate that the silicon abundance observed in WD 0431+126 corresponds to the abundance supported by radiative levitation. Detailed time-dependent diffusion calculations that take into account radiative levitation and accretion indicate that accretion with rates of dM/dt(Si) < 1.00E4 g/s could also be present without disrupting the abundance supported by radiative levitation. In the case of WD 0421+162, accretion with a rate of dM/dt(Si) = 1.25E5 g/s must be invoked, because its observed silicon abundance is larger than the abundance supported by radiative levitation. This accretion rate is lower than the accretion rate given by the accretion-diffusion model, because the radiative levitation slows down the downward diffusion of silicon. The silicon abundances observed in the two Hyades white dwarfs cannot be interpreted solely in terms of accretion. The interpretation of the silicon abundances must take into account the interplay between radiative levitation and accretion.
Interpreting, measuring, and modeling soil respiration

This paper reviews the role of soil respiration in determining ecosystem carbon balance, and the conceptual basis for measuring and modeling soil respiration. We developed it to provide background and context for this special issue on soil respiration and to synthesize the presentations and discussions at the workshop. Soil respiration is the largest component of ecosystem respiration. Because autotrophic and heterotrophic activity belowground is controlled by substrate availability, soil respiration is strongly linked to plant metabolism, photosynthesis and litterfall. This link dominates both base rates and short-term fluctuations in soil respiration and suggests many roles for soil respiration as an indicator of ecosystem metabolism. However, the strong links between above and belowground processes complicate using soil respiration to understand changes in ecosystem carbon storage. Root and associated mycorrhizal respiration produce roughly half of soil respiration, with much of the remainder derived from decomposition of recently produced root and leaf litter. Changes in the carbon stored in the soil generally contribute little to soil respiration, but these changes, together with shifts in plant carbon allocation, determine ecosystem carbon storage belowground and its exchange with the atmosphere. Identifying the small signal from changes in large, slow carbon pools in flux dominated by decomposition of recent material and autotrophic and mycorrhizal respiration is a significant challenge. A mechanistic understanding of the belowground carbon cycle and of the response of different components to the environment will aid in identifying this signal. Our workshop identified information needs to help build that understanding: (1) the mechanisms that control the coupling of canopy and belowground processes; (2) the responses of root and heterotrophic respiration to environment; (3) plant carbon allocation patterns, particularly in different forest developmental stages, and in response to treatments (warming, CO2, nitrogen additions); and (4) coupling measurements of soil respiration with aboveground processes and changes in soil carbon. Multi-factor experiments need to be sufficiently long to allow the systems to adjust to the treatments. New technologies will be necessary to reduce uncertainty in estimates of carbon allocation, soil carbon pool sizes, and different responses of roots and microbes to environmental conditions.
5.4: A High Work Function Hole-Injection Material for Enhanced OLED Performance

A new material, DuPont Buffer (DB), has been developed in DuPont Displays for use as a hole-injection layer in OLEDs. DB is a unique water-based, electrically conducting polymer dispersion which forms high quality, and high work-function films, even from pH neutral dispersions by various methods, including spin-coating and ink-jetting. This presentation reports on basic properties of DB, and improved device efficiency (2–3×) and operating lifetime (up to 20×) over a commercially available buffer material.
CyberBridges: a model collaboration infrastructure for e-science

The Center for Internet Augmented Research and Assessment (CIARA) NSF CI-TEAM demonstration project "CyberBridges" is a new model for creating a new generation of scientists and engineers who are capable of fully integrating Grid into the whole educational, professional, and creative process of their respective disciplines. CyberBridges augments graduate student education to include a foundation of understanding in high Grid Infrastructure and High Performance Computing, and bridges the divide between the information technology community and diverse science/engineering disciplines. CyberBridges is increasing the rate of discovery for science/engineering faculty by empowering them with cyberinfrastructure, foster inter-disciplinary research collaboration, improve minority graduate education, and institutionalize this change process. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CyberBridges by providing four case studies with graduate students of Physics, Bioinformatics, Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering. We are now proposing extending the outreach of CyberBridges for international research collaborations with China and Brazil through Global CyberBridges.
High-speed injection-locked lasers

Injection locking has been actively researched for its possibility to improve laser performance for both digital and analog applications. When a modulated follower laser (also termed "slave" laser) is locked to the master laser, its nonlinear distortion and frequency chirp may be reduced. As well, the resonance frequency can increase to several times higher than its free running case. In this paper, we show that the frequency response (S21) of an injection-locked laser is similar to a parasitic-limited laser with a high resonance frequency. The S21 was studied experimentally and the condition to achieve a flat, enhanced frequency response was identified. For analog applications, a record 112 dB-Hz2/3, single-tone third harmonic spur-free dynamic range of a 1.55 um VCSEL was demonstrated. An improvement was attained for a wide injection parameter space. Furthermore, the RIN of the VCSEL was found to be 10 dB lower at 2 GHz for certain injection condition. In a 50 km 2.5 Gb/s digital link, a 2 dB power penalty reduction at 10-9 bit-error-rate was also demonstrated. As a novel application, an injection-locked uncooled tunable VCSEL was shown to have a reasonable modulation performance in a wide ambient temperature range. The VCSEL was locked to a designated wavelength and the injection compensated the temperature-induced performance degradation. This concept can be extremely attractive for low-cost DWDM transmitters.
Bose-Einstein condensates in magnetic waveguides

We achieved single-mode condensate propagation along homogeneous segments of magnetic waveguides, while waveguide inhomogeneities were observed to fragment the condensate longitudinally. Effects of the nearby microfabricated surface were investigated for magnetically and optically confined condensates.
Minimum Distance Estimators of Scale with Censored Data

Abstract This article examines how the level of censoring affects the performance of estimators of scale that minimize a weighted Cramervon Mises distance between the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator of the survival distribution function and an assumed model. The article shows that under certain conditions these estimators are asymptotically normal if the survival function is a member of the assumed scale family. Weights that minimize the asymptotic variance under these conditions also are found. Under stronger conditions, the minimum distance estimators (MDE's) are asymptotically normal even if the survival function is not a member of the assumed scale family. Asymptotic coverage probabilities of confidence intervals are found for percentiles constructed from exponential MDE's of scale under departures from the exponential distribution, and what happens in the limiting cases of no censoring and complete censoring is examined. Using the asymptotic results and Monte Carlo experiments, several exponenti...
Strategies in Teaching Anthropology

Foreword, by Conrad Kottak. Introduction, by Yolanda Moses. I. GENERAL. Participation and Page References: Sharpening the Focus of Class Discussion, Douglas Caulkins and Vicki Bentley-Condit. Web-Based Research Projects in Anthropology: Notes From the Virtual Field, Eric C. Thompson. Discussion Preparation Guides, Charles O. Ellenbaum. A 'Class Inside the Class', Patricia C. Rice. New Technology, Library Budget Cuts, and How to Deal With Them All, Dirk Van Tuerenhout. II. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY. 'First Steps' in Hominid Evolution: A Lesson on Walking, Janet Pollak. A Feline Paternity Suit, Joyce Lucke. The Trouble With the 'Race' Concept: Its all in the Cards, Robert Graber. 'Excavating' in the Classroom, Julia L. J. Sanchez. An Exercise in Real World Archaeology, Maureen Siewert Meyers. III. CULTURAL. Cultural Anthropology 101: Teaching Cultural Anthropology Scientifically, Beverly Goodman. The Penny Game: An Exercise in Non-Industrial Economics, Cathy A. Small. Value Orientations in the Classroom, Robert C. Harman. Cultural Rights, Suzanne LaFont. Potlatching Classroom Participation: Using 'Prestige' and 'Shame' to Encourage Student Involvement, Daniel M. Goldstein. 'And a Hush Fell Over the Courtroom:' Use of a Mock Trial in Cultural Anthropology, David Howard Day. Nacirema Writing, John M. Coggeshall. Dr. Seuss Meets Up With Anthony Giddens, Matthew J. Richard. Quizzing the Kula Way-With Persuasion, Renee M. Gralewicz. Exploring the Meaning of Family, Matthew Kennedy. Museum Visits in Cultural Anthropology Courses, Serena Nanda. The Political Economy of Socialism, Elizabeth Dunn. Building Student Interest, Input, and Engagement: Organizing Small Group Projects in Large Lecture Classes, Marilynne Diggs-Thompson. Mnemonics, Quotations, Cartoons, and a Notebook: 'Tricks' for Appreciating Cultural Diversity, Charles F. Urbanowicz. Field Trips and Student Involvement: Hands-On Learning Components, Ruth Krulfeld. Growing Up Pink or Blue: Using Childrens Television Commercials to Analyze Gender Enculturation, S. Elizabeth Bird. How to Teach Self Ethnography, John L. Caughey. Pre-Class Fieldwork: Ethnographic Introductions, Dickie Wallace. Familiarizing the Exotic in Ethnographic Film, Sam Pack. Doing Ethnographic Research in the Classroom: A Simple Exercise for Engaging Introductory Students, Grace Keyes. Moiety Exogamy, Sibling Exchange, and Cross-Cousin Marriage, Ernest L. Schusky. Short Writing Assignments in Large Classes, David F. Lancy. Interviewing Tricks for Student Ethnographers, David McCurdy. 'Sensory Anthropology:' A Sensi-ble Way to Teach Anthropology, Ann Christine Frankowski.
Evolution of organismal stoichiometry in a 50,000-generation experiment withEscherichia coli

Organismal stoichiometry refers to the relative proportion of chemical elements in the biomass of organisms, and it can have important effects on ecological interactions from population to ecosystem scales. Although stoichiometry has been studied extensively from an ecological perspective, little is known about rates and directions of evolutionary changes in elemental composition in response to nutrient limitation. We measured carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of Escherichia coli evolved under controlled carbon-limited conditions for 50,000 generations. The bacteria evolved higher relative nitrogen and phosphorus content, consistent with selection for increased use of the more abundant elements. Total carbon assimilated also increased, indicating more efficient use of the limiting element. Altogether, our study shows that stoichiometry evolved over a relatively short time-period, and that it did so in a predictable direction given the carbon-limiting environment.
The Influence of Long-Term Performance Plans on Information Technology Expenditures

This paper reviews the research done by Saldanha and Waegelein (2014) dealing with long-term performance plans, an accounting-based compensation plan that evaluates and rewards executive performance over a 3 to 5 year period, and information technology expenditures. Prior research provides evidence that long-term performance plans are an effective mechanism so that executives make decisions, such as merger, divestiture and capital investment, congruent with the long-term economic interests of the company- and eventually the economy. The results indicate that IT expenditures are positively associated with the use of a long-term performance plan and a greater percentage of long-term compensation to total compensation. These results suggest that the use of long-term performance plans can be a driver of IT investments.
Accurate Positioning of Marine Vessels Using GPS

Offshore geophysical studies usually require that accurate position of the various observations that are collected on board a moving platform be documented and referenced to absolute coordinates. Shore-based systems such as Mini-Ranger, Raydist, Trisponder, and Microfix have traditionally been used for this purpose. However, the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its potential for operating with longer distances from shore will certainly change the methods for offshore positioning. The geometry of GPS orbits and the highly structured nature of transmitted GPS signals imply that the system may be used in a precision differential mode to achieve high accuracy at considerable distances from shore using a C/A code receiver that is small, light weight, and relatively inexpensive.
Sport, Gesundheit und Public Health

In den Bemuhungen um eine Verbesserung der Gesundheit in modernen Gesellschaften, die in jungster Zeit in angelsachsischen Landern im Rahmen von Public Health vorangetrieben und in Deutschland angesichts des negativ besetzten Begriffes Volksgesundheit mit demselben Terminus als Public Health diskutiert wird, spielt der Sport seit langem eine besondere Rolle.
Patterns of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Associated Urinary Retention: Indwelling Urinary Catheter Use and Clinical Sequelae

Abstract Introduction Current clinical practice guidelines aim to decrease the use of unnecessary indwelling urinary catheters to prevent catheter associated urinary tract infections. Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia often experience increased post-void residual urine volume and subsequent bladder catheterization to prevent complications such as urinary tract infections or hydronephrosis. However, the management of urinary retention in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia varies and clinical guidelines are lacking. In this study we gather information on post-void residual urine volume, the use of catheters and associated complications in a sample of older veterans with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed using 660 patients screened for documented post-void residual urine volume greater than 100 cc, age greater than 65 years and the absence of cancer. A final chart review of 136 male veterans was performed for this analysis. Results A total of 59 (43.4%) indwelling urinary catheters were placed. Catheters were placed in subjects with modest post-void residual urine volumes in the 100 to 150 cc range and in those with a post-void residual urine volume greater than 500 cc. Overall complication rates were low. Among those patients who had a catheter placed 51% reported hematuria, 36% reported pain and only 1 had documented urosepsis. Hydronephrosis occurred in 4 cases, each with a post-void residual urine volume of 301 to 400 cc, and 3 of these individuals had an indwelling urinary catheter placed. In those patients emergency room visits and hospitalizations were more frequently associated with placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Conclusions Larger studies are needed for the development of clinical guidelines on the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary retention.
Multi-Dimensional Nanostructures for Microfluidic Screening of Biomarkers: From Molecular Separation to Cancer Cell Detection

Rapid screening of biomarkers, with high specificity and accuracy, is critical for many point-of-care diagnostics. Microfluidics, the use of microscale channels to manipulate small liquid samples and carry reactions in parallel, offers tremendous opportunities to address fundamental questions in biology and provide a fast growing set of clinical tools for medicine. Emerging multi-dimensional nanostructures, when coupled with microfluidics, enable effective and efficient screening with high specificity and sensitivity, both of which are important aspects of biological detection systems. In this review, we provide an overview of current research and technologies that utilize nanostructures to facilitate biological separation in microfluidic channels. Various important physical parameters and theoretical equations that characterize and govern flow in nanostructure-integrated microfluidic channels will be introduced and discussed. The application of multi-dimensional nanostructures, including nanoparticles, nanopillars, and nanoporous layers, integrated with microfluidic channels in molecular and cellular separation will also be reviewed. Finally, we will close with insights on the future of nanostructure-integrated microfluidic platforms and their role in biological and biomedical applications.
Parasitoid Guilds, Life-Styles, and Host Ranges in the Parasitoid Complexes of Tortricoid Hosts (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea)

The parasitoid complexes of tortricoid (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea) hosts were investigated to determine the component parasitoid guilds, the utilization of these guilds, and the host ranges of the parasitoid taxa. This provided an alternative, mOt;e detailed perspective on the structure of parasitoid complexes than the approach pioneered by Askew & Shaw (1986). The component parasitoid guilds are defined by three parameters: the host stage attacked, the mode of parasitism (ecto- or endoparasitism), and the form of parasitoid development (continuous or protracted). Characteristics of the 11 guilds of parasitoids of tortricoid hosts are presented in detail. Tortricoid hosts support a parasitoid complex of ≍9 species, with notable similarity in the utilization of parasitoid guilds in both the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. The complexes are dominated by koinobiont larval endoparasitoids and idiobiont pupal parasitoids. The host range of tortricoid parasitoids show some broad support for Askew & Shaw's (1986) hypothesis that parasitoid lifestyle can be used as a practical indicator of the breadth of the host ranges of parasitoids. However, the extent of exceptions indicate that the hypothesis cannot be accepted for parasitoid complexes in general and point to the importance of both parasitoid taxon and the host stadium attacked in influencing parasitoid host ranges. The relative merits of parasitoid guilds and parasitoid lifestyles as concepts in the analysis of parasitoid complexes are discussed.
Peritoneal mesothelioma in a male pseudohermaphrodite with asymmetrical gonadal differentiation.

A diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma occurring in a patient with male pseudohermaphroditism and asymmetrical gonadal differentiation (mixed gonadal dysgenesis) is described. Malignancies of mesodermal origin, usually derivatives of the urogenital ridge, appear to occur with increased frequency in male pseudo hermaphrodites. This appears to be the first reported instance of a mesothelioma in a male pseudohermaphrodite with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. The clinical and pathologic features of this tumor, including the electron microscopic findings, are presented.
Selectivity Across the Interface: A Test of Surface Activity in the Composition of Organic-Enriched Aerosols from Bubble Bursting

Although theories have been developed that describe surface activity of organic molecules at the air–water interface, few studies have tested how surface activity impacts the selective transfer of molecules from solution phase into the aerosol phase during bubble bursting. The selective transfer of a series of organic compounds that differ in their solubility and surface activity from solution into the aerosol phase is quantified experimentally for the first time. Aerosol was produced from solutions containing salts and a series of linear carboxlyates (LCs) and dicarboxylates (LDCs) using a bubble bursting process. Surface activity of these molecules dominated the transport across the interface, with enrichment factors of the more surface-active C4–C8 LCs (55 ± 8) being greater than those of C4–C8 LDCs (5 ± 1). Trends in the estimated surface concentrations of LCs at the liquid–air interface agreed well with their relative concentrations in the aerosol phase. In addition, enrichment of LCs was followed by...
Analysis on the epidemic situation of mumps in Yuechi County from 2005 to 2012

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Yuechi County from 2005 to 2012, in order to provide basis for the timely prevention and control of mumps. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were was used to study the situation of mumps during the 8 years since 2005. Results In 2005- 2012, a total of 1 818 cases of mumps were reported, and the average incidence rate was 19.24/100 000; The incidence was of significant seasonality and it occurred mostly in the late spring and early summer, The incidence of April- July accounted for 60.89% of the total incidence; The incidence of 3-14 years old patients accounted for 88.45% of the total incidence; Students accounted for 61.77% of the total incidence, followed by scattered children and kindergarten children, respectively accounting for 18.76% and 13.26%; one public health emergency was reported. Conclusion The prevention and control of infectious diseases in schools and kindergartens should be strengthened, and the prevention and control measures should be implemented according to the peak incidence of mumps.
Analysis on present situation and influencing factors of Chinese dairy trade

On the base of residents'dairy products trade characteristics analysis,double logarithmic model is used to study thedairy product tradedata from 1992 to 2012.The results show that there is a bigdeficit indairy products trade,and structure and regional characteristic exist,exchange rate and tax rate have significant effect ondairy product trade and the price plays an important role,while quality standard and naturaldisaster also have important influence ondairy product trade.
A glucocerebrosidase chaperone to ward off Parkinson’s disease

Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiencies in glucocerebrosidase, which functions in glycolipid metabolism to break down glucocerebroside. Mutations in GBA1 , the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase, are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD
Dielectric loaded broadband gyro-TWT

Wideband operation of a gyro-TWT (traveling wave tube) with a dielectric loaded waveguide is demonstrated. Fast wave interaction allows the beam quality requirements to be reduced. Self-consistent nonlinear simulation has been performed and shows that an instantaneous bandwidth of 20% with a moderate efficiency of 13% can be achieved by using a low alpha beam with a 2% axial velocity spread. Parameters for a proposed Ka-band amplifier are given. >
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1–Mediated DNA Repair in Irradiated Salivary Glands Is Sirtuin-1 Dependent:

Ionizing radiation is one of the most common cancer treatments; however, the treatment leads to a wide range of debilitating side effects. In patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), the surrounding normal salivary gland is extremely sensitive to therapeutic radiation, and damage to this tissue results in various oral complications and decreased quality of life (QOL). In the current study, mice treated with targeted head and neck radiation showed a significant increase in double-stranded breaks (DSB) in the DNA of parotid salivary gland cells immediately after treatment, and this remained elevated 3 h posttreatment. In contrast, mice pretreated with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) showed resolution of the same amount of initial DNA damage by 3 h posttreatment. At acute time points (30 min to 2 h), irradiated parotid glands had significantly decreased levels of the histone deactylase Sirtuin-1 (SirT-1) which has been previously shown to function in DNA repair. Pretreatment with IGF-1 increased SirT-1 protein levels and increased deacetylation of SirT-1 targets involved in DNA repair. Pharmacological inhibition of SirT-1 activity decreased the IGF-1-mediated resolution of DSB. These data suggest that IGF-1 promotes DNA repair in irradiated parotid glands through the maintenance and activation of SirT-1.
Neuraxial opioids for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: can hydromorphone replace morphine? A retrospective study.

Abstract Background Cesarean delivery is the most common surgical procedure performed in the USA. We evaluated the postoperative analgesic properties of neuraxial hydromorphone compared to neuraxial morphine for post-cesarean delivery analgesia. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of women who underwent cesarean delivery and received neuraxial anesthesia from March to November 2011 and from March to November 2012. A total of 450 patients received intrathecal morphine 200μg and 387 patients received intrathecal hydromorphone 60μg. Eighty-one patients received epidural morphine 3mg and 102 patients received epidural hydromorphone 0.6mg. Results Median time to first opioid after intrathecal morphine was 17.0h versus 14.6h after intrathecal hydromorphone ( P P P =0.0007). Total opioid consumption was not significantly different between the epidural groups. The side effect profiles were similar. Conclusions Hydromorphone is a reasonable alternative to morphine for post-cesarean delivery analgesia. With the dosing used in our study, analgesia from morphine lasted longer than hydromorphone via intrathecal and epidural routes; however, neuraxial hydromorphone remains a reasonable option for long-acting analgesia post cesarean delivery.
Lethal and sub-lethal responses of native freshwater mussels exposed to granular Bayluscide®, a sea lamprey larvicide

Abstract The invasive sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ) poses a substantial threat to fish communities in the Great Lakes. Efforts to control sea lamprey populations typically involve treating tributary streams with lampricides on a recurring cycle. The presence of a substantial population of larval sea lampreys in the aquatic corridor between Lakes Huron and Erie prompted managers to propose a treatment using the granular formulation of Bayluscide® that targets larval sea lampreys that reside in sediments. However, these treatments could cause adverse effects on native freshwater mussels—imperiled animals that also reside in sediments. We estimated the risk of mortality and sub-lethal effects among eight species of adult and sub-adult mussels exposed to Bayluscide® for durations up to 8 h to mimic field applications. Mortality was appreciable in some species, especially in sub-adults (range, 23–51%). The lethal and sub-lethal effects were positively associated with the duration of exposure in most species and life stage combinations. Estimates of the median time of exposure that resulted in lethal and sub-lethal effects suggest that sub-adults were often affected by Bayluscide® earlier than adults. Siphoning activity and burrowing position of mussels during exposure may have moderated the uptake of Bayluscide® and may have influenced lethal and sub-lethal responses. Given that the various species and life stages were differentially affected, it will be difficult to predict the effects of Bayluscide® treatments on mussels.
Benefits of noncircular statistics for nonstationary signals

Conventional statistical signal processing of nonstationary signals uses circular complex Gaussian distributions to model the complex-valued short-time Fourier transform. In this paper, we show how noncircular complex Gaussian distributions can provide better statistical models of a variety of nonstationary acoustic signals. The estimators required for this model are computationally efficient, and also have a simple approximate finite-sample distribution. We also show that noncircular Gaussian models provide distinct benefits for statistical signal processing. In particular, we show how noncircular Gaussian models can improve detection of nonstationary acoustic events, and we explore how estimator parameter choices affect performance.