cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CSCW as form of organizational memory: implications for organizational learning

Organizational memory is a topic currently receiving attention from a variety of disciplines including organizational studies, communication, and information systems. As a concept, it focuses attention on the organizational processes through which organizational knowledge is stored and retrieved, and the material bases in which this occurs. Consequently, it offers a useful approach to understanding how organizational learning works, particularly with respect to the form(s) it takes.Much of the recent work on organizational memory is focused on one or another form of organizational memory. For example, economists Nelson and Winter (1982) identify organizational memory as the performance of routines. Yates (1990) discusses documents, while Ackerman and Malone (1990) concentrate on a variety of information technology. Walsh and Ungson (1991), in their oft-cited review of organizational memory literature, develop five different types of "retention facilities", but do not include information systems. Stein (1995) makes an effort to integrate information systems with other forms of organizational memory from a content and process perspective, but does not systematically address differences in form.One theoretical approach which offers a comprehensive framework for different forms of organizational memory was developed by Klaus Krippendorff. Writing from a general systems perspective before the proliferation of personal computing, Krippendorff (1975) focused on the information processes and the material basis of social memory. He also noted how the development of computers would be relevant to this framework. Now that computers are common, his work can be extended to include the role of CSCW technology in organizational memory. This paper will develop that focus and then discuss its implications for organizational learning.
The effect of banker plant species on the fitness of Aphidius colemani Viereck and its aphid host (Rhopalosiphum padi L.)

highlights � Plant effects were investigated for open rearing of A. colemani on R. padi. � Cultivars within each grain species tested did not significantly affect outcomes. � Wasp emergence was lowest from aphids reared on Oats; sex ratio was low on Rye. � As plant species had varying effects on A. colemani, no optimal grain was identified. graphical a bstract abstract Banker plants, a type of open-rearing unit, are increasingly used in greenhouse crops to sustain natural enemy populations at times of low pest abundance. The most common banker plant system is a non-crop, cereal plant which supports Rhopalosiphum padi L. as an alternative host for Aphidius colemani Viereck. Although bottom-up effects of plants are known to affect natural enemies, this aspect has generally been ignored in previous investigations of banker plant efficacy. Here, we tested four cereal plant species with three varieties each to investigate host plant effects on R. padi and A. colemani. Though limited differences were observed in laboratory experiments spanning one aphid or parasitoid generation, longer green- house experiments spanning several generations revealed significant plant effects on both insects. R. padi performed poorly on oats (Avena sativa L.), resulting in wasps with the longest female development time, lowest emergence rates, and the lowest number of wasps produced per unit. Rye (Secale cereal L.) - inter- mediate in terms of aphid performance - produced a significantly male-biased wasp population with the smallest males. Conversely, R. padi placed onto either wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) performed consistently well in terms of aphid and parasitoid fitness and abundance, though neither species was obviously superior over the other. Overall, cultivars within each plant species did not significantly affect outcomes. As each plant species tested had different positive effects on aphid and parasitoid phenotypes, the potential benefits of mixing of cereal species is an area for future investigation.
Adsorption of water on a hydrophobic surface – The case of antimony(1 1 1)

Abstract The adsorption of water was studied on Sb(1 1 1) single crystals with Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), and molecular beam scattering. In addition, the coadsorption of water and n-butane was considered. Unexpectedly, water TDS consists of only one feature obeying 0th order kinetics. Butane adsorption transients (beam scattering) show site blocking effects only for very large preexposures of water. Therefore, a distinct hydrophobic character of the antimony surface is concluded.
Mechanical Failure Begins Preferentially Near Resorption Cavities in Human Vertebral Cancellous Bone Under Compression

Abstract The amount of bone turnover in the body has been implicated as a factor that can influence fracture risk and bone strength. Here we test the idea that remodeling cavities promote local tissue failure by determining if microscopic tissue damage (microdamage) caused by controlled loading in vitro is more likely to form near resorption cavities. Specimens of human vertebral cancellous bone (L4, 7 male and 2 female, age 70 ± 10, mean ± SD) were loaded in compression to the yield point, stained for microscopic tissue damage and submitted to three-dimensional fluorescent imaging using serial milling (image voxel size 0.7 × 0.7 × 5.0 μm). We found the resulting damage volume per bone volume (DV/BV) was correlated with percent eroded surface ( p r 2 = 0.65), demonstrating that whole specimen measures of resorption cavities and microdamage are related. Locations of microdamage were more than two times as likely to have a neighboring resorption cavity than randomly selected sites without microdamage (relative risk 2.39, 95% confidence interval of relative risk: 2.09–2.73), indicating a spatial association between resorption cavities and microdamage at the local level. Individual microdamage sites were 48,700 (40,100; 62,700) μm 3 in size (median, 25th and 75th percentiles). That microdamage was associated with resorption cavities when measured at the whole specimen level as well as at the local level provides strong evidence that resorption cavities play a role in mechanical failure processes of cancellous bone and therefore have the potential to influence resistance to clinical fracture.
Inclusive jet spectra in p–Pb collisions at ALICE

Abstract Jet suppression has been observed in central heavy ion collisions. This suppression is attributed to partonic energy loss in the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) formed in such collisions. However, this measurement is influenced by all stages of the collision. It is expected that in p–Pb collisions similar initial conditions occur as in Pb–Pb collisions without creating a QGP, allowing modification to the jet spectra due to cold nuclear matter effects to be quantified. Inclusive jet spectra in p–Pb collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV measured by ALICE are presented. Jets are reconstructed via the anti- k T algorithm with different resolution parameters by combining charged tracks measured in the ALICE tracking system with the neutral energy deposited in the electromagnetic calorimeter. The jet spectra can be used to determine a nuclear modification factor R pPb while the jet profile in p–Pb is studied by dividing spectra measured with different resolution parameters and comparing to the same ratio measured in pp collisions.
Rearranging the exponential wall for large N-body systems.

The work required to solve for the fully interacting $N$ boson wave function, which is widely believed to scale exponentially with $N$, is rearranged so the problem scales order by order in a perturbation series as ${N}^{0}$. The exponential complexity reappears in an exponential scaling with the order of our perturbation series allowing exact analytical calculations for very large $N$ systems through low order.
Visual memory in patients after anterior right temporal lobectomy and adult normative data for the Brown Location Test.

Abstract Several large meta-analytic studies have failed to support a consistent relationship between visual or “nonverbal” memory deficits and right mesial temporal lobe changes. The Brown Location Test (BLT), a recently developed dot location learning and memory test, uses a nonsymmetrical array and provides control over many of the confounding variables (e.g., verbal influence and drawing requirements) inherent in other measures of visual memory. In the present investigation, we evaluated the clinical utility of the BLT in patients who had undergone left or right anterior mesial temporal lobectomy. We also provide normative data of 298 healthy adults for standardized scores. Results revealed significantly worse performance on the BLT in the right as compared to the left lobectomy group and the healthy adult normative sample. The present findings support a role for the right anterior mesial temporal lobe in dot location learning and memory.
AIDS Prevention — Sexual Ethics and Responsibility

Do people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have special responsibilities to their sexual partners? If so, what do these responsibilities involve? Merely raising these questions directly has tended, until recently, to disquiet many people involved in AIDS-prevention efforts. From the onset of the AIDS epidemic in 1981, it became increasingly clear that questions of sexual ethics could not be avoided. Here was a new fatal disease, spread in the context of sexual relations that are typically consensual. The questions posed by AIDS were not fundamentally different from those raised by other sexually transmitted diseases. But the lethality of . . .
Clustering With Local Equivalence Relations

Abstract A family of algorithms for clustering elements of a detector associated with a particle or jet is introduced. The algorithms are based on local clustering with equivalence relations. The conceptual and practical advantages of these algorithms are discussed. Timing information is given for scalar computers and vector pipeline supercomputers.
A reactivity study of addition of organic halides to CpMo(CO)3−: counterion and RX dependences

Rates of reaction of CpMo(CO)3− with organic halides to yield CpMo(CO)3R showed opposite counterion effects according to the type of RX reagent.
African Ethnicity as Mirage? Historicizing the Essence of the Igbo in Africa and the Atlantic Diaspora

The enslavement of Africans, which gave birth to the African Diaspora in the Atlantic world, scattered people who shared the same cultural and linguistic affinity but often lumped them together in identifiable regional patterns. A significant consequence of the pattern of trade was the emergence of identifiable “ethnic” and cultural patterns in the diaspora. Attention, therefore, has for a long time focused on the pattern of dispersion and the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on the emergence of New World cultures. This paper addresses what I call the “question of Igbo history, ethnicity and identity,” with a view to presenting a synthesis and a framework for understanding the essence of ndiIgbo as flexible in both Africa and the Atlantic Diaspora. The case of the Igbo suggests that identities are multi-layered, self imposed, as well as ascribed by others and as such require a critical analysis to avoid the essentialism that have bedeviled much of the discourse on African identity in the diaspora
Gas chromatography of sugar phosphates and sugar nucleotides

Abstract Glucose 6-phosphate, various aldose 1-phosphates, and their corresponding sugar nucleotides have been converted into trimethylsilyl ethers and gas chromatographed. Glucose 6-phosphate separates into α- and β-isomers and can be recovered intact on a preparative scale from the column effluent after spontaneous hydrolysis of the ether linkages. The aldose 1-phosphates and sugar nucleotides are not recoverable intact from the column but lose phosphoric acid and nucleoside diphosphate, respectively, to yield the TMS ether of the sugar anhydride. Since the anhydride patterns are reproducibly characteristic, mixtures of nucleotides can be easily separated and their sugar components identified.
Rules to Live By: Agenda Control and the Partisan Use of Special Rules in the House

A great deal of research in the 1990s was devoted to exploring the consequences of the ceding of greater agenda control to the majority leadership in the House during the era of Democratic control. The intent of this article is to build on that earlier work to discuss the continuing consequences of strengthened parties for decision making from the 1990s onward. Specifically, we find that as the parties became increasingly homogenous over time, partisan conflict over special rules votes grew as well. After the 1970s reforms, with the Democratic majority more homogeneous and the leadership having more influence over committees, the content of legislation coming out of committees became steadily more satisfactory to the majority (and less so to the minority) over time. These expectations did not change with the advent of a Republican majority, and the subsequent results did not change either. The Gingrich and Hastert speakerships continued the trend of increasing levels of partisanship on rules votes and maj...
MORPHOLOGY AND 18S rDNA OF HENNEGUYA GURLEI (MYXOSPOREA) FROM AMEIURUS NEBULOSUS (SILURIFORMES) IN NORTH CAROLINA

Henneguya gurlei was isolated from Ameiurus nebulosus captured in North Carolina and redescribed using critical morphological features and 18S small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rDNA) gene sequence. Plasmodia are white, spherical, or subspherical, occur in clusters, measure up to 1.8 mm in length, and are located on the dorsal, pectoral, and anal fins. Histologically, plasmodia are located in the dermis and subdermally, and the larger cysts disrupt the melanocyte pigment layer. The spore body is lanceolate, 18.2 ± 0.3 μm (range 15.7–20.3) in length, and 5.4 ± 0.1 μm (range 3.8–6.1) in width in valvular view. The caudal appendages are 41.1 ± 1.1 μm (range 34.0–49.7) in length. Polar capsules are pyriform and of unequal size. The longer polar capsule measures 6.2 ± 0.1 μm (range 5.48–7.06), while the shorter is 5.7 ± 0.1 μm (range 4.8–6.4) in length. Polar capsule width is 1.2 ± 0.03 μm (range 1.0–1.54). The total length of the spore is 60.9 ± 1.2 μm (range 48.7–68.5). Morphologically, this species is similar...
Tailbiting MAP decoders

We extend the MAP decoding algorithm of Bahl et al. (1974) to the case of tail-biting trellis codes. An algorithm is given that is based on finding an eigenvector, and another that avoids this. Several examples are given. The algorithm has application to turbo decoding and source-controlled channel decoding.
An Ensemble-Based Smoother with Retrospectively Updated Weights for Highly Nonlinear Systems

Monte Carlo computational methods have been introduced into data assimilation for nonlinear systems in order to alleviate the computational burden of updating and propagating the full probability distribution. By propagating an ensemble of representative states, algorithms like the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the resampled particle filter (RPF) rely on the existing modeling infrastructure to approximate the distribution based on the evolution of this ensemble. This work presents an ensemble-based smoother that is applicable to the Monte Carlo filtering schemes like EnKF and RPF. At the minor cost of retrospectively updating a set of weights for ensemble members, this smoother has demonstrated superior capabilities in state tracking for two highly nonlinear problems: the double-well potential and trivariate Lorenz systems. The algorithm does not require retrospective adaptation of the ensemble members themselves, and it is thus suited to a streaming operational mode. The accuracy of the proposed backward-update scheme in estimating non-Gaussian distributions is evaluated by comparison to the more accurate estimates provided by a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm.
A teacher-consultation approach to social skills training for pre-kindergarten children: treatment model and short-term outcome effects.

This study evaluated the post-treatment outcome effects of a classroom-based social skills program for pre-kindergarten children, using a teacher-consultation model. The pre-K RECAP (Reaching Educators, Children, and Parents) program is a semi-structured, cognitive-behavioral skills training program that provides teachers with in-classroom consultation on program implementation and classroom-wide behavior management. Data on children's social skills and behavior problems were collected from parents and teachers at pre- and post-treatment, for 149 children aged 4–5 years (of whom 56% were girls). Significant treatment effects were found for teacher but not parent reports, with treatment group children improving significantly more than comparison group children in their teacher-rated social skills and internalizing and externalizing problems. These results provide some preliminary support for the efficacy of the program on children's social skills and behavior problems, and for a teacher-consultation model for training teachers to implement school-based mental health programs.
A fluorogenic assay of endogenous phosphatase for assessment of cell adhesion.

Abstract Assays of cell adhesion generally require prelabeling of cells with radioactive or fluorescent probes. A new fluorogenic phosphatase assay requiring no prelabeling has been developed to quantitate cell number, which can thus serve as the basis for quantitating cell adhesion or migration. The assay uses the non-fluorescent substrate 3,6-fluorescein diphosphate (FDP) whose dephosphorylation generates fluorescein. The fluorescence generated is linear with incubation time and cell number until substrate becomes limiting; the assay easily quantitates cells over a range from 103 to 106 for a variety of cell types, including resting T cells. It is as sensitive as the 51Cr assay, but has the many advantages of a non-radioactive assay, making more convenient the removal of nonadherent cells by simple 1 × g sedimentation. Unlike most other non-radioactive assays, it requires no pre-incubation; this: (1) reduces cell manipulation; (2) eliminates problems of spontaneous release; and (3) avoids potential dye toxicity. This technique of cell quantitation has been adopted as standard in our laboratory for routine adhesion and migration assays.
Superfluid 3HeB in a realistic thin film: Gap function

Abstract This paper reports a calculation of superfluid in a planar film with one diffusely reflecting surface and a facing specular surface. The intent of this work is to demonstrate the use of the nonlinear Quasiclassical boundary conditions in a fully selfconsistent calculation of the superfluid gap function for a realistic anduseful geometry. The diffusely scattering boundary surface was represented by the versatile “RandomlyRippledWall” model. We display results for various surface qualities and film thicknesses.
Correlation and Analysis of Blowout Limits of Flames in High-Speed Airflows

This work identifies a scaling parameter (which is a modified Damkohler number) that is found to correlate the flame blowout limits that were measured in six previous studies of nonpremixed flames which were stabilized in high-speed airflows by wall cavities, bluff bodies, and struts. Understanding the scaling of the combustor is needed to select the correct height of a cavity or step flameholder for ramjets, scramjets, or afterburners. This work focuses on nonpremixed conditions that occur when fuel is injected directly into a wall cavity or behind a strut, as is done with new designs. Thus, the Damkohler number that is identified is different from of that of Zukoski and Ozawa, who considered the different case of premixed flames in afterburners. Nonpremixed conditions introduce a new parameter that is not relevant for premixed conditions: the location of the fuel injector with respect to the recirculation zone. An analysis of a shear layer was performed in order to derive equations for the appropriate Damkohler number. Using this result, approximately 100 measured values of blowout limits from six previous studies were plotted, and a best-fit correlation curve that has a rich limit branch and a lean limit branch was determined. Although this correlation result provides a general estimate of blowout limits, it also indicates that additional research is needed to reduce the scatter in the correlation by improving the model of entrainment into the recirculation zone and by including unsteady effects. The results show that a reasonable correlation is achieved using the concept that the propagation speed of the flame in the shear layer is matched to the velocity of the local incident gas flow. Hot products in the recirculation zone preheat the shear-layer gases and increase the propagation speed of the flame. The analysis avoids an assumption that has been used previously—that the residence time of reactants in a “well-stirred” homogeneous reaction zone is matched to a global chemical reaction time. Experimental justification of the present approach is presented.
Family Caregivers, Patients and Physicians: Ethical Guidance to Optimize Relationships

Family caregivers play a major role in maximizing the health and quality of life of more than 30 million individuals with acute and chronic illness. Patients depend on family caregivers for assistance with daily activities, managing complex care, navigating the health care system, and communicating with health care professionals. Physical, emotional and financial stress may increase caregiver vulnerability to injury and illness. Geographically distant family caregivers and health professionals in the role of family caregivers may suffer additional burdens. Physician recognition of the value of the caregiver role may contribute to a positive caregiving experience and decrease rates of patient hospitalization and institutionalization. However, physicians may face ethical challenges in partnering with patients and family caregivers while preserving the primacy of the patient-physician relationship. The American College of Physicians in conjunction with ten other professional societies offers ethical guidance to physicians in developing mutually supportive patient-physician-caregiver relationships.
Zinc(II) mediated cyclization and complexation of an unsymmetrical dicarboxyamine ligand: Synthesis, spectral and crystal structures characterizations

Abstract Zinc(II) mediated cyclization product, 3-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-propionic acid (Hpda) and complexation of the unsymmetrical amino dicarboxylic ligand, N-(2-carboxybenzomethyl)-β-alanine (H2cbal), have been isolated and their crystal structures determined.
Arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint using a new ulnar head endoprosthesis: preliminary report.

Purpose To report our experience using a distal ulnar head endoprosthesis to treat painful disorders of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) secondary to (1) instability and (2) arthrosis. Methods Our experience with over 2 years of follow-up study consists of 19 wrists (17 patients). All patients presented complaining of pain and functional disability of the upper limb due to convergence instability or arthrosis of the DRUJ. The patients were studied prospectively. Thirteen patients had a total of 37 previous wrist or DRUJ surgical procedures. Standardized preoperative and postoperative assessments included a patient-reported pain score, a functional satisfaction score, forearm range of motion, grip strength as a percentage of that of the opposite limb, and clinical and radiographic examinations. The Mayo Wrist Score was calculated before surgery and at the last follow-up period. Results Overall, pain scores decreased 50%, and functional satisfaction scores improved 3-fold. Average grip strength improved by 4 kg, or 16% from preoperative measurements. Forearm rotation was unchanged. All wrists were clinically stable on the latest follow-up examination. Two failures occurred early, at 7 and 14 months. Currently, all prostheses remain clinically and radiographically stable. Conclusions Implant arthroplasty of the distal ulna combined with an adequate soft-tissue repair is recommended to improve pain, function, and strength of the wrist and forearm. Prosthetic replacement of the distal ulna restored stability to the DRUJ in patients with partial or complete excision of the ulnar head or DRUJ arthrosis and corrected radioulnar impingement. Incidences of complications or revision surgery to date have been low. Larger clinical and radiographic assessments will be needed to determine the long-term success of distal ulna prosthetic replacement. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Solution of sub, super, harmonic and combination type resonant excitations in nonlinear lumped parameter systems

Abstract Through a systematic merging of the concepts of multiple time scales, strained coordinates and the imposition of naturally occurring constraints to bound the solution, a new perturbation theory is developed. The generality of the procedure is such that the effects of sub, super, harmonic and combination type resonant excitations of nonlinear vibratory systems can be simultaneously handled. Furthermore, both conservative and strongly 0(1) nonconservative responses can be treated. This is achieved with no a priori knowledge of the solution form to establish the existence and behavior of the various forms of resonance behavior. To illustrate the new scheme, analyses of several conservative and nonconservative nonlinear systems involving sub, super, harmonic and combination tone type excitations are presented in detail.
The loop fallacy and serialization in tracing intrusion connections through stepping stones

Network based intruders seldom attack directly from their own hosts, but rather stage their attacks through intermediate "stepping stones" to conceal their identity and origin. To identify attackers behind stepping stones, it is necessary to be able to trace through the stepping stones and construct the correct intrusion connection chain.A complete solution to the problem of tracing stepping stones consists of two complementary parts. First, the set of correlated connections that belongs to the same intrusion connection chain has to be identified; second, those correlated connections need to be serialized in order to construct the accurate and complete intrusion connection chain. Existing approaches to the tracing problem of intrusion connections through stepping stones have focused on identifying the set of correlated connections that belong to the same connection chain and have overlooked the serialization of those correlated connections.In this paper, we use set theoretic approach to analyze the theoretical limits of the correlation-only approach and demonstrate the gap between the perfect correlation-only approach and perfect solution to the tracing problem of stepping stones. In particular, we identify the serialization problem and the loop fallacy in tracing connections through stepping stones. We formally demonstrate that even with perfect correlation solution, which gives us all and only those connections that belong to the same connection chain, it is still not adequate to serialize the correlated connections in order to construct the complete intrusion path deterministically. We further show that correlated connections, even with loops, could be serialized deterministically without synchronized clock. We present an efficient intrusion path construction method based on adjacent correlated connection pairs.
Attrition and breakage of a New Albany shale at process temperatures

Abstract An improved, high temperature rolling attrition tester (RAT) has been used to measure attrition and breakage of a New Albany eastern oil shale. The RAT is an inconel drum, suspended and rotating in an electric furnace. It is capable of temperatures from ambient to 1000 °C and controlled attrition atmospheres at ambient pressure. While such high temperatures are not used during retorting of the shale, they do allow the study of mineral reactions which could occur when combusting spent shale for waste heat recovery. The effect of temperature has been studied over the full temperature range, with more experimentation concentrated on the typical retorting range of 300–600 °C. Attrition and breakage under nitrogen, air and carbon dioxide was measured, and feed particle sizes ranged from 16mm to fines. The resultant particle size distributions were bimodal, and attrition under air was substantially higher than that under nitrogen. For the larger feed sizes and short tumbling times, the breakage kinetics were linear, and breakage rates exhibited a power law relationship with particle size.
The not-so-simple art of imitation: Pastiche, literary style, and Raymond Chandler

This analysis extends the tools of statistical analysis to the challenging task of distinguishing between genuine works by an author, the preeminent American writer of mysteries, Raymond Chandler, and deliberate attempts by others to mimic the author's style. Rendering the task all the more challenging, the analysis focuses exclusively on the main elements of Chandler's style rather than on his minor but telling stylistic idiosyncrasies. Statistical analysis establishes that indicators of these stylistic elements can successfully detect the pastiches.
Explicit streamline method for steady flows of non-Newtonian matter

A computational method, which explicitly employs a streamline coordinate as an independent variable, is proposed for analyzing steady flows of non-Newtonian matter.
Optimal linear combinations of multiple diagnostic biomarkers based on Youden index

In practice, usually multiple biomarkers are measured on the same subject for disease diagnosis. Combining these biomarkers into a single score could improve diagnostic accuracy. Many researchers have addressed the problem of finding the optimal linear combination based on maximizing the area under ROC curve (AUC). Actually, such combined score might have less than optimal property at the diagnostic threshold. In this paper, we propose the idea of using Youden index as an objective function for searching the optimal linear combination. The combined score directly achieves the maximum overall correct classification rate at the diagnostic threshold corresponding to Youden index; in other words, it is the optimal linear combination score for making the disease diagnosis. We present both empirical and numerical searching methods for the optimal linear combination. We carry out extensive simulation study to investigate the performance of the proposed methods. Additionally, we empirically compare the optimal overall classification rates between the proposed combination based on Youden index and the traditional one based on AUC and demonstrate a significant gain in diagnostic accuracy for the proposed combination. In the end, we apply the proposed methods to a real data set.
Probiotics: Growth-Promoting Factors Produced by Microorganisms

Several species of protozoa, during their logarithmic phases of growth, produce substances that prolong the logarithmic phase in other species. The effect is not as striking as the inhibition of growth caused by antibiotics, but a consistent 50-percent increase in growth has been obtained with Tetrahymena pyriformis in response to a factor produced by Colpidium campylum.
Charge-neutralized differential amplifiers

A new broadbanding technique for small signal, bipolar differential amplifiers is analytically developed. The new design method significantly improves the circuit gain-bandwidth product of a conventional differential pair without increasing standby power dissipation. “Charge neutralization,” as introduced in this work, is an extension circuit unilateralization theory. It exploits the ability of a mature monolithic fabrication process to control the relative geometries of two otherwise identical active devices. The new design theory has been thoroughly researched for junction isolated and dielectrically isolated silicon bipolar processes. But preliminary work suggests that it offers especially dramatic improvements in frequency response when utilized in conjunction with bipolar SOI technologies.
The equivalence of the constrained Rayleigh quotient and Newton methods for matrix polynomials expressed in different polynomial bases along with the confluent case

We show that using the constrained Rayleigh quotient method to find the eigenvalues of matrix polynomials in different polynomial bases is equivalent to applying the Newton method to certain functions. We find those functions explicitly for a variety of polynomial bases including monomial, orthogonal, Newton, Lagrange and Bernstein bases. In order to do so, we provide explicit symbolic formulas for the right and left eigenvectors of the generalized companion matrix pencils for matrix polynomials expressed in those bases. Using the properties of the Newton basis, we also find two different formulas for the companion matrix pencil corresponding to the Hermite interpolation. We give pairs of explicit LU factors associated with these pencils. Additionally, we explicitly find the right and left eigenvectors for each of these pencils.
Capacity regions for network multiplexers with heavy-tailed fluid on-off sources

Consider a network multiplexer with a finite buffer fed by a superposition of independent heterogeneous on-off sources. An on-off source consists of a sequence of alternating independent activity and silence periods. During its activity period a source produces fluid with constant rate. For this system, under the assumption that the residual activity periods are intermediately regularly varying, we derive explicit and asymptotically exact formulas for approximating the stationary overflow probability and loss rate. The derived asymptotic formulas, in addition to their analytical tractability, exhibit excellent quantitative accuracy, which is illustrated by a number of simulation experiments. We demonstrate through examples how these results can be used for efficient computation of capacity regions for network switching elements. Furthermore, the results provide important insight into qualitative tradeoffs between the overflow probability, offered traffic load, available capacity, and buffer space. Overall, they provide a new set of tools for designing and provisioning of networks with heavy-tailed traffic streams.
A Microsized Microbial Solar Cell: A demonstration of photosynthetic bacterial electrogenic capabilities.

THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON a ?microsized microbial solar cell (MSC) that can produce sustainable energy through photosynthetic reactions of cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC 6803 in the anode. The MSC has 57-?L anode/cathode chambers defined by laser-machined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates. We obtained a maximum power density of 7.09 nW/cm2, which is 170 times more power than previously reported microelectromechanical system (MEMS) MSCs. The importance of the light intensity was demonstrated by the higher values of generated current during the day than at night, indicating light-dependent photosynthetic processes. Considering that sunlight offers an ?unlimited source of energy, the development of self-sustainable MSCs that rely on light as an energy source will become an increasingly important area of research in the future. In accordance with the MSC, we developed a photosynthetic cathode-based microbial fuel cell (MFC), showing that the use of cyanobacteria can be useful as well as efficient and sustainable catalysts for the cathode since they act as oxygenators.
Approximate return maps for quadrupedal running

This paper describes approximate return maps for the bound and pronk gaits in a simple quadruped model. Although expressions for the exact maps cannot be obtained, perturbation theory allows derivation of explicit expressions for approximate maps if particular parameters are assumed small. Equilibria of the approximate maps are presented as a function of system parameters and compare well with those of the exact maps. The simple model predicts that, for a given set of parameters, the pronk produces the greatest ground clearance, while the bound has the shortest gait period, thus allowing more frequent interaction of the feet with the ground to avoid obstacles or provide acceleration.
Bounds on the minimum number of data transfers in WFTA and FFT programs

Bounds on the minimum number of data transfers (i.e., loads, stores, and copies) required by WFTA and FFT programs are presented. The analysis is applicable to those general-purpose computers with M general processor registers (e.g., the IBM 370, PDP-11, etc.) where 4 \leq M \ll transform length. It is shown that the 1008- point WFTA requires about 21 percent more data transfers than the 1024-point radix-4 FFT; on the other hand, the 120-point WFTA has about the same number of data transfers as the mixed radix (4 × 4 × 4 × 2) version of the 128-point FFT and 22 percent fewer than the radix-2 version. Finally, comparisons of the "total" program execution times (multiplications, additions, and data transfers, but not indexing or permutations) are presented.
Microstructure, Spectroscopic Studies and Nanomechanical Properties of Human Cortical Bone with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Bone is a natural protein (collagen)-mineral (hydroxyapatite) nanocomposite with hierarchically organized structure. Our previous work has demonstrated orientational differences in stoichiometry of hydroxyapatite resulting from orientationally dependent collagen-mineral interactions in bone. The nature of these interactions has been investigated both through molecular dynamics simulations as well as nanomechanical and infrared spectroscopic experiments. In this study, we report experimental studies on human cortical bone with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a disease characterized by fragility of bones and other tissues rich in type I collagen. About 90% of OI cases result from causative variant in one of the two structural genes (COL1A1 or COL1A2) for type I procollagens. OI provides an interesting platform for investigating how alterations of collagen at the molecular level cause changes in structure and mechanics of bone. Fourier transform spectroscopy, electron microscopy (SEM), and nanomechanical experiments describe the structural and molecular differences in bone ultrastructure due to presence of diseases. Photoacoustic-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA-FTIR) experiments have been conducted to investigate the orientational differences in molecular structure of OI bone, which is also compared with that of healthy human cortical bone. Further, in situ SEM static nanomechanical testing is conducted in the transverse and longitudinal directions in the OI bone. Microstructural defects and abnormities of OI bone were ascertained using scanning electron microscopies. These results provide an insight into molecular basis of deformation and mechanical behavior of healthy human bone and OI bone.
Sap flow characteristics of neotropical mangroves in flooded and drained soils

Effects of flooding on water transport in mangroves have previously been investigated in a few studies, most of which were conducted on seedlings in controlled settings. In this study, we used heat-dissipation sap probes to determine if sap flow (J s ) attenuates with radial depth into the xylem of mature trees of three south Florida mangrove species growing in Rookery Bay. This was accomplished by inserting sap probes at multiple depths and monitoring diurnal flow. For most species and diameter size class combinations tested, J s decreased dramatically beyond a radial depth of 2 or 4 cm, with little sap flow beyond a depth of 6 cm. Mean J s was reduced on average by 20% in Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. and Rhizophora mangle L. trees when soils were flooded. Species differences were highly significant, with L. racemosa having the greatest midday J s of about 26 g H 2 O m −2 s −1 at a radial depth of 2 cm compared with a mean for the other two species of about 15 g H 2 O m −2 s −1 . Sap flow at a depth of 2 cm in mangroves was commensurate with rates reported for other forested wetland tree species. We conclude that: (1) early spring flooding of basin mangrove forests causes reductions in sap flow in mature mangrove trees; (2) the sharp attenuations in J s along the radial profile have implications for understanding whole-tree water use strategies by mangrove forests; and (3) regardless of flood state, individual mangrove tree water use follows leaf-level mechanisms in being conservative.
The “ups” and “downs” in Using Subtractive Cloning Techniques to Isolate Regulated Genes in Fish

SYNOPSIS. Over the last decade, subtractive cloning approaches have been used extensively to isolate genes that are up- or down-regulated under various conditions. These techniques have provided the foundation for many subsequent studies concerning gene function and regulation and, as such, have been valuable tools for many biological fields. Over the past 10 years, we have used different subtractive cloning approaches to isolate genes in fish that are regulated in relation to hormonal stimulation or the stage of ovarian maturation. These include conventional cDNA subtraction followed by library screening, differential display PCR, suppression subtraction hybridization, and more recently, iterative PCR subtraction. We continue to use these techniques for the isolation of new genes involved in physiological processes in fish and bivalve molluscs. Examples that illustrate the use of these different subtractive cloning techniques are described, including where possible the advantages and disadvantages of each. In addition, the use of ancillary methods (e.g., ‘‘Reverse Northerns’’) to facilitate the use of these subtractive approaches are discussed. Over the past decade, a number of methodological approaches have been developed to isolate regulated genes including conventional cDNA subtraction, differential display PCR (DDPCR), suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH), chemical cross-linking hybridization, and more recently DNA arrays. All of these techniques have advantages and disadvantages that must be considered when applying them to a given biological problem. In the past, there have been attempts to objectively compare some of these methods (Wan et al., 1996) but there are many variables to consider. We have used conventional cDNA subtraction, DDPCR, SSH and more recently a process that we describe as ‘‘iterative PCR subtraction’’ to isolate genes from fish and bivalves. This paper describes these specific methods and some of the results that were obtained using them. Where possible, some discussion of the advantages and disadvantages are provided.
Back to the future? A review essay on income concentration and conservatism

Equality and inequality, democracy and oligarchy in the USA have ever varied;and they have varied dramatically over the last century or so. Accompanying theNew Deal and the World War II came a new equality—or, in less sanguine terms,a waning of economic oligarchy. However, the waning of the New Deal, first witha post-LBJ de-alignment from the Democratic Party and subsequently with a substantial post-Carter re-alignment favouring the Republican Party,has coincidedwith a restoration of inequality to 1920s, and even Gilded Age, levels (Krugman,2002;Phillips,2002).
Validation of a computational implementation of the Grady–Kipp dynamic fragmentation theory for thin metal plate impacts using an analytical strain-rate model and hydrodynamic analogues

Abstract Here the analytical plate penetration relationship derived by De Chant [An explanation for the minimal effect of body curvature on hypervelocity penetration hole formation. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, no. SAND2003-2696J. To appear in: International Journal of Solids and Structures] using an analogy between hydrodynamics and penetration processes is combined with the Grady–Kipp dynamic fragmentation model [International Journal of Impact Engineering 14 (1993) 427; Fragmentation of solids under dynamic loading. In: Wierzbicki, T., Jones, N. (Eds.), Structural Failure. Wiley, New York, 1989; Mechanisms of dynamic fragmentation: factors governing growth size, SAND84-2304C, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 1984] to estimate the size and distribution of fragments generated due to impact and penetration of thin plates by spherical projectiles. Fragment statistics estimated using this analytical model are then compared to fragmentation as predicted by CTH, a shock-physics hydrocode [International Journal of Impact Engineering 10 (1990) 351]. Agreement between analytically based model and CTH simulations shows good agreement. Extending the hydrodynamic based analogy used to develop the analytical plate penetration model to include fragmentation processes, we derive expressions relation fragmentation to plate impact and penetration. The functional form of these equations is also in good agreement with CTH simulation. Finally, a deterministic (as opposed to statistical) cumulative particle size distribution relationship is derived using mass conservation concepts and gives a power law distribution. The power law distribution requires the presence of a non-zero minimum fragment size rather than a continuous distribution that includes particles approaching zero size. The presence of a non-zero fragment size is in agreement with computational models and theoretically based cumulative lognormal fragment distributions.
Implementing Quality Criteria in Designing and Conducting a Sequential QUAN → QUAL Mixed Methods Study of Student Engagement With Learning Applied Research Methods Online

In spite of recent methodological developments related to quality assurance in mixed methods research, practical examples of how to implement quality criteria in designing and conducting sequential...
The Effect of Nutritional Additives on Anti-Infective Factors in Human Milk

It has become a common practice to supplement human milk with a variety of additives to improve the nutritive content of the feeding for the premature infant. Twenty-two freshly frozen human milk samples were measured for lysozyme activity, total IgA, and specific IgA to Escherichia coli serotypes 01, 04, and 06. One mL aliquots were mixed with the following: 1 mL of Similac, Similac Special Care, Enfamil, Enfamil Premature Formula, and sterile water; 33 mL of Poly-Vi-Sol, 33 mg of Moducal, and 38 mg of breast-milk fortifier, and then reanalyzed. Significant decreases (41 % to 74%) in lysozyme activity were seen with the addition of all formulas; breast-milk fortifier reduced activity by 19%, while no differences were seen with Moducal, sterile water, or Poly-Vi-Sol. No differences were seen in total IgA content, but some decreases were seen in specific IgA to E. coli serotypes 04 and 06. E. coli growth was determined after 3 1/2 hours of incubation at 37°C after mixing. All cow-milk formulas enhanced E. ...
Semiautomated UV Analysis of Caffeine in Aspirin–Phenacetin–Caffeine Tablets

Abstract A semiautomated individual tablet assay was developed for caffeine in aspirin–phenacetin–caffeine formulations. Caffeine and phenacetin are extracted from the bicarbonate tablet solution with chloroform. The caffeine and some phenacetin are extracted from the chloroform with acid, and an additional chloroform wash of the acid phase removes any phenacetin. The caffeine is determined by UV spectroscopy in the acid at 266 nm. at a rate of 20 tablets/hr. The coefficient of variation for 10 determinations of one sample solution was 1.72. The difference in results between the NF XIII method and the proposed method, expressed as percent of declared, did not exceed 2.6% when 10 different products were analyzed.