cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interesting reaction of cupric ions with ferricyanide and ferrocyanide.

The possibility that Cu(III), or cupryl ion [Cu(I)0°], participates in enzymic reactions of copper with dioxygen and other oxidizing substrates, as Dr. Hamilton suggests in the preceeding paper, is an extremely interesting one which opens new vistas of mechanism. However, absolutely unambiguous criteria for the 3+ oxidation level of copper in these processes are required. That is the principal point of this note. Here we show that in the presence of excess ferricyanide ion, the EPR spectrum of Cu2+ ions disappears, and reappears when excess ferrocyanide ion is added. As Dr. Hamilton suggests for galactose oxidase, this may be explicable by the reversible oxidation-reduction of Cu2+ to low spin Cu3+. On the other hand, Cu may form ion pairs with ferricyanide, the magnetic interaction in the pairs broadening the EPR spectrum to indetectability. The addition of (low spin) ferrocyanide would then so dilute the ferricyanide that EPR-detectable Cu2+ -ferrocyanide ion pairs are observed.
Immune history and influenza virus susceptibility.

Antibody responses to influenza viruses are critical for protection, but the ways in which repeated viral exposures shape antibody evolution and effectiveness over time remain controversial. Early observations demonstrated that viral exposure history has a profound effect on the specificity and magnitude of antibody responses to a new viral strain, a phenomenon called ‘original antigenic sin.’ Although ‘sin’ might suppress some aspects of the immune response, so far there is little indication that hosts with pre-existing immunity are more susceptible to viral infections compared to naive hosts. However, the tendency of the immune response to focus on previously recognized conserved epitopes when encountering new viral strains can create an opportunity cost when mutations arise in these conserved epitopes. Hosts with different exposure histories may continue to experience distinct patterns of infection over time, which may influence influenza viruses’ continued antigenic evolution. Understanding the dynamics of B cell competition that underlie the development of antibody responses might help explain the low effectiveness of current influenza vaccines and lead to better vaccination strategies.
El delito de atentado contra vehículos en circulación

El articulo realiza un breve estudio historico, comparativo, dogmatico y criminologico de un delito que existe en algunos paises del mundo, introducido a la legislacion chilena en 2007. Destaca que en su forma local es un ataque peligroso para la salud y vida de las personas, no contra la seguridad en la circulacion por las carreteras, a la vez que argumenta como la incorporacion de esta figura revela la falta de politica criminal y la ignorancia de la psicologia de la juventud en los cuerpos legisladores chilenos.
The Evolution of the Sigma-2 (σ 2 ) Receptor from Obscure Binding Site to Bona Fide Therapeutic Target

The sigma-2 (σ2) receptor represents one of the most poorly understood proteins in cell biology. Although this receptor was identified through in vitro binding studies over 25 years ago, the molecular identity of this protein is currently not unambiguously known, and the results from recent attempts to identify the σ2 receptor through protein purification and mass spectral analysis have been the subject of debate in the literature. However, there is overwhelming data demonstrating that the σ2 receptor is an important biomarker of tumor cell proliferation. The observation that σ2 receptor agonists are potent anticancer agents whereas σ2 antagonists block Aβ1-42 oligomer synaptic dysfunction in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease have clearly identified this protein as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of pathological conditions.
Can we resolve the continuum hypothesis

I argue that contemporary set theory, as depicted in the 2011–2012 EFI lecture series, lacks a program that promises to decide, in a genuinely realist fashion, the continuum hypothesis (CH) and related questions about the “width” of the universe. We can distinguish three possible objectives for a realist completion of set theory: maximizing structures, maximizing sets, and maximizing interpretive power. However, none of these is allied to a program that can plausibly decide CH. I discuss the implications of this for set theory and other foundational programs.
Genetics of Dinitrogen Fixation

The only organism that has been used for the detailed analysis of the genes involved with dinitrogen fixation (nif genes) is Klebsiella pneumoniae. This organism is closely related to the well-studied Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Unlike these latter species, certain K. pneumoniae strains are able to grow in media free of fixed nitrogen Compounds (Mahl et al., 1965). Such strains fix dinitrogen from the air. Dinitrogen fixation by K. pneumoniae only occurs anaerobically because oxygen is a potent inactivator of nitrogenase. Genetic techniques that have been developed for E. coli, such as generalized transduction by phage P1 or gene inactivation by random insertion of phage Mu have been used to develop the genetics of dinitrogen fixation in K. pneumonia (Streicher et al., 1971; Bachhuber et al., 1976; Rao, 1976; Elmerich et al., 1978). This chapter will focus on recent work that has been published from this laboratory. Earlier work and work from other laboratories have been reviewed (Brill, 1975; Elmerich 1979; Beringer, 1980).
Multi-Core Optical Fibers

Spatial division multiplexing attracts lots of attention for tackling the “capacity crunch” anticipated in the near future, and therefore various types of optical fibers and multiplexing methods have been researched intensively in recent years. This chapter introduces multi-core fibers for spatial division multiplexed transmission. It describes various characteristics specific to multi-core fibers, which have been elucidated theoretically and experimentally in recent years. Though there are many important factors, many pages are devoted especially to the description of inter-core crosstalk, which is crucial when signals are transmitted over each core independently. The chapter also describes other characteristics related to the improvement of the core density.
Distinct CD40L receptors mediate inflammasome activation and secretion of IL-1β and MCP-1 in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Abstract CD40L signaling occurs in several diseases with inflammatory components, including ocular and retinal diseases. However, it has never been evaluated as a pathogenic mechanism in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or as an inducer of inflammasome formation in any cell type. mRNA and protein levels of CD40, IL-1β, NALP1, NALP3, caspase-1, and caspase-5 were determined by RT-PCR, qPCR, and Western blot. CD40L receptor (CD40, α5β1, and CD11b) expression was determined by Western and immunofluorescent staining. IL-1β, IL-18, and MCP-1 secretions were determined by ELISA. NALP1 and NALP3 inflammasome formation were determined by Co-IP. Experiments were conducted on primary human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells from four different donors. Human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) and monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells demonstrated the general applicability of our findings. In hRPE cells, CD40L-induced NALP1 and NALP3 inflammasome activation, cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-5, and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Interestingly, neutralizing CD11b and α5β1 antibodies, but not CD40, reduced CD40L-induced IL-1β secretion in hRPE cells. Similarly, CD40L treatment also induced HUVEC and THP-1 cells to secret IL-1β through CD11b and α5β1. Additionally, the CD40L-induced IL-1β secretion acted in an autocrine/paracrine manner to feed back and induce hRPE cells to secrete MCP-1. This study is the first to show that CD40L induces inflammasome activation in any cell type, including hRPE cells, and that this induction is through CD11b and α5β1 cell-surface receptors. These mechanisms likely play an important role in many retinal and non-retinal diseases and provide compelling drug targets that may help reduce pro-inflammatory processes.
First principles study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Sn2+-doped ZnO–P2O5 glasses

Abstract The atomic-structural, electronic, and optical properties of Sn-doped ZnO–P2O5 glasses are examined using combined semi-empirical and density functional theory calculations. From model structures for two different ZnO–P2O5 glass compositions, it is found that these glasses consist of nearly ideal tetrahedral PO4 unit and largely distorted ZnO4 and ZnO5 units. The concentration of ZnO5 units is calculated to increase and exceed that of ZnO4 as the amount of ZnO in the glass is increased. Also, the concentration of terminal oxygen atoms shared by two Zn neighbors is largely increased for 70ZnO:30P2O5 (70:30) glass compared to 60:40 glass, which can be rationalized by electrostatic bond strength calculations. Regarding medium-range order, calculations show that Q1 and Q2 structures (where Qn refers to structures containing n bridging oxygen atoms on PO4 tetrahedra) are dominant for the 60:40 glass, while Q0 and Q1 prevail for the 70:30 glass, in good agreement with experimental observations. For the Sn-doped ZnO–P2O5 glass, various Sn coordination geometries are found, with trigonal pyramidal SnO3 and largely distorted pyramidal SnO4 configurations being dominant and a small fraction of two-fold and five-fold coordinated Sn configurations also present. From combined cluster and glass model calculations, two-fold coordinated Sn are found to exhibit slightly smaller optical transition energy than three-fold and four-fold coordinated Sn. However, local variations in coordination structures throughout the glass likely result in a broad singlet transition ( S 0 → S 1 ) around 5.4 eV for all the different Sn configurations. A triplet transition ( S 0 → T 1 ) driven by spin-orbit coupling can occur around 4.5 – 4.8 eV, but the magnitude of this transition is predicted to be much smaller than the spin-allowed singlet transition.
A Review of Gearbox Condition Monitoring Based on vibration Analysis Techniques Diagnostics and Prognostics

This paper provides a review of the literature on condition monitoring of a gearbox. The progress and changes over the past 30 years in failure detection techniques of rotating machinery including helicopter transmission are reviewed. Vibration Analysis techniques, indicators and parameters used in condition monitoring are arranged in a historical perspective. The use of vibration-based analysis damage detection techniques is classified and discussed in details. The capability of each technique to sense failure and damage in rotary equipments is addressed. These diagnostics techniques in gearbox condition monitoring are organized and regrouped in this review paper in a better approach so they can be easily recognized.
Abstract 17095: Caveolin-1 Mediates Cellular Protective Effects of a High-Molecular Weight Polyethylene Glycol-Based Copolymer, PEG 15-20 During Hypoxia-Reoxygenation in Cardiac Myocytes

Ischemic heart disease is the primary etiology for the development of heart failure. We recently demonstrated that PEG 15-20 protects cardiac myocytes from hypoxia-reoxygenatiion (H-R)-induced cell death and preserves ventricular function. In the present study we investigated our hypothesis that PEG 15-20 exerts its beneficial effect by stabilizing sarcolemmal lipid rafts particularly by its effect on Caveolin-1 (Cav-1). Cav-1 alongwith Cav-3, the principal structural components of caveolar domains are abundantly expressed in the myocardium and implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury. Cardiac myocytes were exposed to 30 minutes of hypoxia (2% O 2 , 5% CO 2 , 93% N 2 ) followed by 3 hours of reoxygenation (5% CO 2 , 95% air) with cells treated with 5% PEG 15-20 during reoxygenation. Adenoviral-mediated knockdown of Cav-1 in cardiac myocytes by RNA interference reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of PEG 15-20 both in terms of caspase 3 activity (6.7±1.2 vs. 3.8±0.76 fluorometric units/mg protein) and TUNEL staining (38±7 vs. 17±3 apoptotic cells). Cav-1 knockdown also abrogated the decrease in oxidative stress mediated by PEG 15-20 during H-R as measured by superoxide radical generation (4.3±0.65 vs. 1.4±0.32 nmoles/min/mg protein with PEG 15-20 alone). Further Cav-1 knockdown mitigated the increased pro-survival phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3β and ERK1/2 observed with PEG15-20 during H-R. Importantly maintenance of cardiac myocyte β-adrenergic signaling that is critical for myocardial function that was observed with PEG 15-20 treatment during H-R in cardiac myocytes was also reversed with knockdown of Cav-1(16±1.8 vs. 28±2.6 pmol cAMP/mL with PEG 15-20 alone). Finally, confocal microscopy revealed that PEG 15-20 mediated preservation of sarcolemmal lipid-raft architecture during H-R was abolished in cells deficient in Cav-1as seen by increased lipid raft coalescence. These studies demonstrate that PEG 15-20 primarily exerts its cardiac-specific pro-survival and anti-apoptotic effects during H-R by binding and stabilizing Cav-1 in the caveolar domains. Therapeutic strategies to augment maintenance of lipid raft micro architecture in the cardiac sarcolemmal membrane may improve survival after ischemic injuries.
The stages of change of rural African-American smokers.

Cigarette smoking remains the most important preventable cause of death in the United States, and the burden is especially great for African Americans. A promising approach to better understanding smoking behavior involves the application of a stages-of-change model. The purpose of this study was to analyze the smoking behavior of a population-based sample of African Americans in two rural southern counties using this model. Data were collected using a door-to-door household survey. The study sites were two rural counties in central Virginia. A total of 556 African-American smokers and recent quitters completed a questionnaire concerning their smoking behavior and beliefs about quitting. Overall, 51 % of the respondents were in the precontemplation stage, 28% in the contemplation stage, 17% in the preparation stage, and 4% in the action stage. In a multivariate model, eight factors were significantly associated with the stage of change among current smokers: age; number of prior cessation attempts; confidence in becoming a nonsmoker; scales measuring both the pros and cons of smoking; perceived desires of others; believing quitting would improve health; and number of doctor visits in the past year. This study provides support for applying a stages-of-change model to African Americans who smoke. Many of the predictors of the stage of change are the same as those found in other populations. In addition, finding an association between stages and both physician visits and believing stopping smoking can improve health has important implications for providing smoking cessation services in health care settings.
Technology and Lifestyle as Central Concepts for Global Scenarios

Economic growth, the expansion of world trade, and modernization of poor, traditional societies have been on the international agenda for the last fifty years. Today, however, many aspects of development have moved from the domain of economic experts into a larger arena because of their potential for adverse social and, especially, environmental consequences of economically motivated decisions. Even non-specialists are becoming aware that population growth and economic development are associated with characteristic forms of environmental degradation that may be irreversible and are not limited to local scales. International flows of goods and capital, modern telecommunications in its various forms, and enhanced personal mobility are providing information about other cultures that enables increasing numbers of people to appreciate the global dimension of these challenges.
Long-term follow-up of platinum-based lymphoma salvage regimens. The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience

Platinum-based regimens have been the most commonly used salvage therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In this update of two of these regimens with long-term follow-up data, we provide evidence that the etoposide-containing regimen (ESHAP) is superior to a cisplatin-cytosine arabinoside-based regimen (DHAP) in response rate, survival, and time to treatment failure. In spite of this superiority, the long-term outcome for most patients with relapsed or refractory NHL remains unfavorable. Newer salvage regimens such as MINE-ESHAP, or, when feasible, high-dose chemotherapy with transplant, are probably better choices than either DHAP or ESHAP alone.
Transitioning Resolution Responsibility Between the Controller and Automation Team in Simulated NextGen Separation Assurance

As part of an ongoing research effort on separation assurance and functional allocation in NextGen, a controller-in-the-loop study with ground-based automation was conducted at NASA Ames’ Airspace Operations Laboratory in August 2012 to investigate the potential impact of introducing self-separating aircraft in progressively advanced NextGen time-frames. From this larger study, the current exploratory analysis of controller–automation interaction styles focuses on the last and most far-term time frame. Measurements were recorded that firstly verified the continued operational validity of this iteration of the ground-based functional allocation automation concept in forecast traffic densities up to two times that of current day high altitude en-route sectors. Additionally, with greater levels of fully automated conflict detection and resolution as well as the introduction of intervention functionality, objective and subjective analyses showed a range of passive to active controller–automation interaction styles between the participants. Not only did the controllers work with the automation to meet their safety and capacity goals in the simulated future NextGen timeframe, they did so in different ways and with different attitudes of trust/use of the automation. Taken as a whole, the results showed that the prototyped controller–automation functional allocation framework was very flexible and successful overall.
When the Attacker Knows a Lot: The GAGA Graph Anonymizer

When releasing graph data (e.g., social network) to public or third parties, data privacy becomes a major concern. It has been shown that state-of-the-art graph anonymization techniques suffer from a lack of strong defense against De-Anonymization (DA) attacks mostly because of the bias towards utility preservation. In this paper, we propose GAGA, an Efficient Genetic Algorithm for Graph Anonymization, that simultaneously delivers high anonymization and utility preservation. To address the vulnerability against DA attacks especially when the adversary can re-identify the victim not only based on some information about the neighbors of a victim but also some knowledge on the structure of the neighbors of the victim’s neighbors, GAGA puts the concept of k(d)-neighborhood-anonymity into action by developing the first general algorithm for any d distance neighborhood. GAGA also addresses the challenge of applying minimum number of changes to the original graph to preserve data utilities via an effective and efficient genetic algorithm. Results of our evaluation show that GAGA anonymizes the graphs in a way that it is more resistant to modern DA attacks than existing techniques – GAGA (with d = 3) improves the defense against DA techniques by reducing the DA rate by at least a factor of 2.7\(\times \) in comparison to the baseline. At the same time it preserves the data utilities to a very high degree – it is the best technique for preserving 11 out of 16 utilities. Finally, GAGA provides application-oriented level of control to users via different tunable parameters.
A Hands-On Introduction to Data Science

This book introduces the field of data science in a practical and accessible manner, using a hands-on approach that assumes no prior knowledge of the subject. The foundational ideas and techniques of data science are provided independently from technology, allowing students to easily develop a firm understanding of the subject without a strong technical background, as well as being presented with material that will have continual relevance even after tools and technologies change. Using popular data science tools such as Python and R, the book offers many examples of real-life applications, with practice ranging from small to big data. A suite of online material for both instructors and students provides a strong supplement to the book, including datasets, chapter slides, solutions, sample exams and curriculum suggestions. This entry-level textbook is ideally suited to readers from a range of disciplines wishing to build a practical, working knowledge of data science.
Overcoming a Hostile Work and Learning Environment in Academic Surgery-Tools for Change at Every Level.

Abstract Mistreatment has been documented as a negative factor in the learning environment for the past 30 y but little progress has been made to determine an effective way to significantly improve these interactions. Faculty may also be victims of a hostile work environment as well, although frequency has not been well-measured or reported. In fact, it may be difficult to identify and address mistreatment and hostility in the work place within the commonly established surgical culture. Thus, efforts to define, identify, and address workplace mistreatment or hostility are crucial to the success of the academic surgical environment. This article summarizes presentations and panel discussion that took place at the 2019 Academic Surgical Congress organized by the Association for Academic Surgery and the Society of University Surgeons. Definitions of mistreatment and hostility were provided, as well as information regarding occurrence. Tools for addressing mistreatment in the work environment and tips for creating a positive environment were presented and discussed.
Projecting the impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic on childhood obesity in the United States: A microsimulation model.

Abstract Purpose The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States led to nationwide stay-at-home orders and school closures. Declines in energy expenditure resulting from canceled physical education classes and reduced physical activity may elevate childhood obesity risk. This study estimated the impact of COVID-19 on childhood obesity. Methods A microsimulation model simulated the trajectory of a nationally representative kindergarten cohort's body mass index z-scores and childhood obesity prevalence from April 2020 to March 2021 under the control scenario without COVID-19 and under the 4 alternative scenarios with COVID-19—Scenario 1: 2-month nationwide school closure in April and May 2020; Scenario 2: Scenario 1 followed by a 10% reduction in daily physical activity in the summer from June to August; Scenario 3: Scenario 2 followed by 2-month school closure in September and October; and Scenario 4: Scenario 3 followed by an additional 2-month school closure in November and December. Results Relative to the control scenario without COVID-19, Scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with an increase in the mean body mass index z-scores by 0.056 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.055–0.056), 0.084 (95%CI: 0.084–0.085), 0.141 (95%CI: 0.140–0.142), and 0.198 (95%CI: 0.197–0.199), respectively, and an increase in childhood obesity prevalence by 0.640 (95%CI: 0.515–0.765), 0.972 (95%CI: 0.819–1.126), 1.676 (95%CI: 1.475–1.877), and 2.373 (95%CI: 2.135–2.612) percentage points, respectively. Compared to girls and non-Hispanic whites and Asians, the impact of COVID-19 on childhood obesity was modestly larger among boys and non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics, respectively. Conclusion Public health interventions are urgently called to promote an active lifestyle and engagement in physical activity among children to mitigate the adverse impact of COVID-19 on unhealthy weight gains and childhood obesity.
Operative management of an incidental portal vein aneurysm in the setting of an incarcerated congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Portal vein aneurysms are rare pathologic entities. A 3.7-cm portal vein aneurysm was incidentally discovered in an 80-year-old male patient on imaging for acute abdominal pain secondary to an incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia. The aneurysm was resected, and primary repair of the portal vein was performed during a second-look operation after repair of the incarcerated hernia. Operative intervention was chosen for this patient because of the aneurysm's size and the additional indication for abdominal exploration.
Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with poor oral health outcomes among United States adults

Introduction: Oral health disparities remain a significant public health issue for United States (US) adults: 47.2% of US adults suffer from some form of periodontal diseases and 9% of US adults have advanced periodontal disease. Unfortunately, not much is known about the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with these poor oral health outcomes. This study aims to examine the association between sociodemographic and clinical factors and poor oral health outcomes among US adults. Materials and Methods: Data from the 2013 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in the analysis for the participants aged 30 years and older (n = 4813). Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between sociodemographic and clinical factors and poor oral health outcomes. All analyses were conducted in SAS 9.4 and weighted to account for complex survey sampling methods. Results: This study found that low socioeconomic status was negatively associated with periodontal diseases. Older age (ages 65 years and older), Hispanic and non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity and limited access to dental care were positively associated with periodontal diseases. Conclusion: Future policy-level interventions are needed to address oral health disparities among vulnerable populations.
Abstract P130: QTc Prolongation in Acute Medullary Infarction Maps to the Dorsal Vagal Nucleus

Objective: To determine the spatial relationship between acute medullary infarction and QTc prolongation. Background: Ischemic stroke has been associated with QTc-prolongation which increases the r...
Assessing Strain On Hospital Capacity During A Localized Epidemic Using A Calibrated Hospitalization Microsimulation

The ability of healthcare systems to provide patient care can become disrupted and overwhelmed during a major epidemic or pandemic. We adapted an existing hospitalization microsimulation of North Carolina to assess the impact of a localized epidemic of a fictitious pathogen on inpatient hospital bed availability in the same locale. As area hospital beds reach capacity, agents are turned away and seek treatment at different hospital locations. We explore how variability in the duration and severity of an epidemic affects hospital capacity in different North Carolina counties. We analyze various epidemic scenarios and provide insights into how many days counties and hospitals would have to prepare for a surge in capacity.
Ethical Considerations for Adolescent Online Risk Detection AI Systems

We seek to develop future Artificial Intelligent (AI) risk detection algorithms to address keeping adolescents safe by providing accurate and customized services to teens and their parents. Training such accurate algorithms needs data of minor which raises ethical challenges. Also, the proper use of such systems is another issue. In this workshop, we hope to gain more insights about possible approaches to address these ethical challenges.
The Evolution of Drug Information Services to Asynchronous Delivery of Pharmacist eConsults

Drug information (DI) services provided an avenue to expand the role of pharmacists as the medication experts. The focus of DI has shifted from general questions submitted to DI centers to patient-...
Clinging Onto the Cliff: A Model of Financial Misconduct

We propose a novel model of financial misconduct. In line with empirical evidence thereon, our model interprets white-collar crime as gambles with skewed payoffs, as opposed to conventional analysis that postulates positive expected payoffs associated to crime. In our model, criminal motives arise as optimal responses to a “tunnel vision” that engross firm managers, whereby the intense pressure to attain the focused goal triggers strong demand for negatively skewed bets in the form of crime. We find results that are consistent with the notion of a “slippery slope to crime” that is finding growing support in the literature as well as in practitioner accounts. Comparative static analyses on the model also reveal several empirical implications –for example, a “pecking order of crime” indicating that serious infringements will only follow the depletion of the more preferred (and possibly prevalent) option of milder incursions of law, e.g., minor violations of financial reporting standards – many of which find empirical support in the literature.
Laminar Boundary Layer Based on a Minimum Theorem

TH E classical t rea tment by Blasius which develops the velocity profile and thickness of the laminar boundary layer on an open air-washed surface under constant pressure, although rigorous as developed, rests upon the ra ther severe assumption of similitude of velocity profiles. In recent years, both theoretical and experimental evidence has arisen which makes the validity of this assumption open to question. Aside from the fact t ha t direct laboratory measurements of the velocity profiles do not show strict similitude and t ha t careful indirect studies based on the heat which is carried away by the boundary layer of a hot surface indicate profiles more nearly parabolic than Blasian near the beginning of the layer, the chief difficulties with the Blasian profile are t ha t it is out of balance with respect to energy, and t ha t it fails to give any indication of flow transition from the laminar to the turbulent phase. These objections to the Blasius t reatment , which virtually exhausts the possibilities of the NavierStokes' equation as a basis for analysis, together with a growing need for new help in handling not only laminar layers under constant pressure, bu t laminar and turbulent layers under gradients of pressure as well, led the author about four years ago to examine the possibility of approaching these problems from the standpoint of certain minimum theorems. The present paper is a progress report on only tha t par t of these exploratory studies which has to do with laminar boundary layer under constant pressure and over surfaces of zero curvature.
Agri environment and accounting

The necessity to cary on the agriculture up the conditions that are observed the conditions concerning environment as well. There are started in various material EU and Czech republic. The environment is introduced as external assets to farm accounting, influencing results of farm activities. Especially F ADN (Farm Accountancy Date Network) and experiences coming from EU countries and from research institutes are to use in our conditions. The main aim is to have safe food and good quality landscape.
Least square error optimal 2-D FIR filter design for nonsymmetric and symmetric specifications in discrete frequency domain circuits

The least square error optimal design of two-dimensional FIR (finite impulse response) digital filters when the specifications are given in the discrete frequency domain is examined in detail. Employing Parseval's relation for 2-D DFT (discrete Fourier transform) arrays, optimal filter impulse response is determined for the filter coefficients. Simplified expressions for the cases where the frequency response possesses quadrantal symmetry are also derived. >
The Relationship Between Constraint and Ductile Fracture Initiation as Defined by Micromechanical Analyses

The use of small laboratory specimens to predict the integrity of large, complex structures relies on the validity of single parameter fracture mechanics. Unfortunately, the constraint loss associated with large scale yielding, whether in a laboratory specimen because of its small size or in a structure because it contains shallow flaws loaded in tension, can cause the breakdown of classical fracture mechanics and the loss of transferability of critical, global fracture parameters. Although the issue of constraint loss can be eliminated by testing actual structural configurations, such an approach can be prohibitively costly. Hence, a methodology that can correct global fracture parameters for constraint effects is desirable. This research uses micromechanical analyses to define the relationship between global, ductile fracture initiation parameters and constraint in two specimen geometries (SECT and SECB with varying a/w ratios) and one structural geometry (circumferentially cracked pipe). Two local fracture criteria corresponding to ductile fracture micromechanisms are evaluated: a constraint-modified, critical strain criterion for void coalescence proposed by Hancock and Cowling and a critical void ratio criterion for void growth based on the Rice and Tracey model. Crack initiation is assumed to occur when the critical value in each case is reached over some critical length. The primary material of interest is A516-70, a high-hardening pressure vessel steel sensitive to constraint; however, a low-hardening structural steel that is less sensitive to constraint is also being studied. Critical values of local fracture parameters are obtained by numerical analysis and experimental testing of circumferentially notched tensile specimens of varying constraint (e.g., notch radius). These parameters are then used in conjunction with large strain, large deformation, two- and three-dimensional finite element analyses of the geometries listed above to predict crack initiation loads and to calculate the associated (critical) global fracture parameters. The loads are verified experimentally, and microscopy is used to measure pre-crack length, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), and the amount of stable crack growth. Results for A516-70 steel indicate that the constraint-modified, critical strain criterion with a critical length approximately equal to the grain size (0.0025 inch) provides accurate predictions of crack initiation. The critical void growth criterion is shown to considerably underpredict crack initiation loads with the same critical length. The relationship between the critical value of the J-integral for ductile crack initiation and crack depth for SECT and SECB specimens has been determined using the constraint-modified, critical strain criterion, demonstrating that this micromechanical model can be used to correct in-plane constraint effects due to crack depth and bending vs. tension loading. Finally, the relationship developed for the SECT specimens is used to predict the behavior of circumferentially cracked pipe specimens.
Regulation of carbon flow in Selenomonas ruminantium grown in glucose-limited continuous culture.

We have applied a model that permits the estimation of the sensitivity of flux through branch point enzymes (D. C. LaPorte, K. Walsh, and D. E. Koshland, J. Biol. Chem. 259:14068-14075, 1984) in order to analyze the control of flux through the lactate-acetate branch point of Selenomonas ruminantium grown in glucose-limited continuous culture. At this branch point, pyruvate is the substrate of both the NAD-dependent L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR). The LDH was purified, and it exhibited positive cooperativity for the binding of pyruvate. The LDH had an [S].5 for pyruvate of 0.43 mM, a Hill coefficient of 2.4, and a K9 equal to 0.13 mM. The PFOR, assayed in cell extracts, exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics for pyruvate, with a Km of 0.49 mM. Carbon flux through the LDH and the PFOR increased 80-fold and 3-fold, respectively, as the dilution rate was increased from 0.07 to 0.52 h-1 in glucose-limited continuous culture. There was nearly a twofold increase, from 6.5 to 11.2 mumol min-1 mg of protein-1 in the specific activity (i.e., maximum velocity) of the LDH at dilution rates of 0.11 and 0.52 h-1, respectively. A flux equation was used to calculate the intracellular concentration of pyruvate; a fourfold increase in pyruvate, from 0.023 to 0.093 mM, was thereby predicted as the dilution rate was increased from 0.07 to 0.52 h-1. When these calculated values of intracellular pyruvate concentration were inserted into the flux equation, the predicted values of flux through the LDH and the PFOR were found to match closely the flux actually measured in the chemostat-grown cells. Thus, the 80-fold increase in flux through the LDH was due to a twofold increase in the maximum velocity of the LDH and a fourfold increase in the intracellular pyruvate concentration. In addition, the flux through the LDH exhibited ultrasensitivity to changes in both the maximum velocity of the LDH and the intracellular concentration of pyruvate. The flux through the PFOR exhibited ultrasensitivity to changes in the maximum velocity of the LDH and hyperbolic sensitivity to changes in the intracellular concentration of pyruvate.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Internet Resources

The Internet should be viewed with caution. Information on the Internet often lacks the review applied to books when they are selected for a library or articles before they are published in a journal. This information can be inaccurate because it hasn’t been proofread, it may not come from a credible source, or it may not have been peer reviewed by experts in the field. Further, it may not be there tomorrow. With these and other cautions in mind, this select bibliography of Web sites on alcohol abuse and alcoholism was designed for those seeking help with alcohol problems, for researchers in the field, and for those seeking information. With a few exceptions, the Web sites are published by national organizations, national programs, academic institutions, and government agencies in the United States. They include no advertisements. The bibliography is arranged by subject or type of material.
Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure: Importance of Skeletal Muscle

For over a century, investigators have sought to define the mechanisms responsible for exercise intolerance in heart failure. At the outset, this mission appeared a simple one. Exertional dyspnea was attributed to exercise-induced increases in pulmonary wedge pressure. Exertional fatigue was attributed to an inadequate cardiac output. Over the past decade, however, it has become clear that the link between cardiac dysfunction and exertional symptoms in heart failure is far more complex. This understanding has led investigators to explore novel treatment options in heart failure. In this issue of Circulation , Mancini and coworkers describe one such new treatment option: selective respiratory muscle training. At first glance, respiratory muscle training would appear of little value since it targets the skeletal muscle rather than the circulatory system. However, recent observations increasingly suggest that abnormalities of the skeletal muscle system are important contributors to exertional symptoms in patients with heart failure. Indeed, there is growing evidence that the sensations of exertional fatigue and dyspnea are linked, in part, via the skeletal muscle system. The first evidence that noncirculatory factors contribute to exertional symptoms in heart failure came from observations that acutely altering hemodynamic parameters did not alter exertional symptoms. The traditional presumption that dyspnea is caused by elevated intrapulmonary pressures was tested by measuring symptomatic and ventilatory responses to exercise before and after pharmacologic manipulation of the pulmonary wedge pressure; excessive ventilatory levels during exercise have been viewed as a hallmark of lung dysfunction during exercise. Acute reductions …
Struma lymphomatosa in children. Report of 12 cases.

Summary The clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings in 12 children with struma lymphomatosa have been presented. Laboratory studies showed an abnormally low response to thyrotropic hormone. The difference between the levels of protein-bound iodine and of butanol-extractable iodine was greater than normal in all patients but one. The pathologic studies obtained by needle biopsy and in one instance by an operative technique were described. The biopsies revealed the “hyperplastic type” of struma lymphomatosa in all instances. Possible explanations of the laboratory and pathologic findings were discussed, and the therapeutic results of treatment with desiccated thyroid described.
Nonlinear estimation with polynomial chaos and higher order moment updates

In this paper we present a nonlinear estimation algorithm that combines generalized polynomial chaos theory and higher moment updates. Polynomial chaos theory is used to predict the evolution of uncertainty of the nonlinear random process, and higher order moment updates are used to estimate the posterior non Gaussian probability density function of the random process. The moments are updated using a linear gain. The nonlinear estimation algorithm is then applied to the duffing oscillator system with initial condition uncertainty and its performance is compared with linear estimators based on extended Kalman filtering framework. We observe that this estimator outperforms the linear estimator when measurements are not available very frequently, thus highlighting the need for nonlinear estimator in such scenarios.
Rap1 mediates protective effects of iloprost against ventilator-induced lung injury.

Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) has been shown to attenuate vascular constriction, hyperpermeability, inflammation, and acute lung injury. However, molecular mechanisms of PGI2 protective effects on pulmonary endothelial cells (EC) are not well understood. We tested a role of cAMP-activated Epac-Rap1 pathway in the barrier protective effects of PGI2 analog iloprost in the murine model of ventilator-induced lung injury. Mice were treated with iloprost (2 μg/kg) after onset of high tidal volume ventilation (30 ml/kg, 4 h). Bronchoalveolar lavage, histological analysis, and measurements of Evans blue accumulation were performed. In vitro, microvascular EC barrier function was assessed by morphological analysis of agonist-induced gap formation and monitoring of Rho pathway activation and EC permeability. Iloprost reduced bronchoalveolar lavage protein content, neutrophil accumulation, capillary filtration coefficient, and Evans blue albumin extravasation caused by high tidal volume ventilation. Small-interfering RNA-based Rap1 knockdown inhibited protective effects of iloprost. In vitro, iloprost increased barrier properties of lung microvascular endothelium and alleviated thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption. In line with in vivo results, Rap1 depletion attenuated protective effects of iloprost in the thrombin model of EC permeability. These data describe for the first time protective effects for Rap1-dependent signaling against ventilator-induced lung injury and pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction.
Mendelsohn designs admitting the affine group

All Mendelsohn designs containing a Frobenius group with cyclic complement of orderv ? 1 as a subgroup of the automorphism are found. Furthermore, the automorphism group of each of the designs is constructed. These designs generalize Mendelsohn's construction of Mendelsohn designs containing a certain doubly transitive automorphism group.
The Design of Photoelectric Raman Apparatus

The performance of a photoelectric Raman spectrograph depends on the amount of luminant energy transmitted to the photomultiplier. An expression for this energy is found and this leads directly to certain principles to be followed in the design of such an instrument. The optimum sample shape is discussed and various types of sources are compared.
Elastic Scattering of 84-Mev Neutrons

Measurements have been made of the angular distribution of 84-Mev neutrons scattered into angles between 2\textonehalf{}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} by Al, Cu, and Pb nuclei. Small spheres of these elements were placed in the neutron beam of the 184-in. cyclotron and the scattered neutrons with energies greater than 20 Mev were detected with pieces of carbon activated by the ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(n,2n){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ reaction. Total scattering cross sections were obtained by integration of the differential scattering cross sections and also by attenuation measurements with good and poor geometry.
Phenomenological models of cellulose pyrolysis

Abstract Using yields vs. residence time and temperature from 50 to 1000 ms and 650–900°C, measured with the ultra pyrolysis system at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) we establish an approximate total gaseous yield function Y(t, T). With UWO data, we also establish approximate correlations between individual gaseous yields (CO, CO 2 , C 2 H 4 , CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 and C 3 H 6 ) and the total gaseous yield that could be used to give Y i (t, T) for individual gases. We further extend Y(t, T) using shock tube pyrolysis measurements from 0.3 to 2 ms and 900 to 2100°C made at Kansas State University (KSU). In doing so, we develop a global decay model that gives analytical time and temperature dependencies for cellulose, activated cellulose, tar, prompt total gas and late total gas. We next examine the impact of heating rates and heat transfer upon pyrolysis of cellulose using slow pyrolysis data obtained by thermogravimetric analysis at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). In this effort, we first develop an accurate general relationship for Boltzmann integrals. Then using an analytically convenient Arrhenius reaction rate (ARR) we examine data taken at varying heating rates and with three Biot numbers. We find some phenomenological analytical relationships giving ARR parameter dependencies on heating rate and particle size that appear indicative of heat transfer impacts. If adequate data becomes available these relationships might be applied to hemicellulose and lignin. Then the pyrolysis rates of any plant species might be predicted in terms of the pyrolytic characteristics of their cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components.
Dysphagia treatments for people with neurological disorders may offer limited improvement for selected swallowing outcomes based on limited evidence

What is known about the effectiveness of behavioral interventions on swallowing physiology, functional swallowing outcomes, and pulmonary health for individuals with neurologically induced dysphagi...
Emotional, evaluative, and ideological subjectification in Tagalog and Shona

Cross-linguistic studies of emotion language have explored the universality of emotion concepts (Koveces 1990; Wierzbicka 1999), the cultural specificity of emotion concepts (Wierzbicka 1999; Ning Yu 2009), and the sources of emotion in culturally specific discourse practices (Lutz 1988; Rosaldo 1990; Chen 2004). A few have investigated how emotions or feelings are expressed by certain kinds of grammatical constructions such as metaphors with predicate-base clause structure (Occhi 1999; Palmer and Brown 1998; Palmer, Bennett and Stacey 1999; and Palmer 2003b). This paper shows how grammatical constructions that express emotions and evaluations may arise from subjectification. We compare theories of subjectification proposed by Langacker (2000) and Traugott (2010), and we analyze examples from Shona and Tagalog. Our findings have led us to expand Langacker’s cognitive linguistic approach to include cultural scenarios and themes in the discourse ground. This new perspective has potential applications to the study of ideological communications.