cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On conventional and quarter-point mixed elements in linear elastic fracture mechanics☆

Abstract The numerical performance of conventionally configured and quarter-point mixed elements is examined for planer problems in linear elastic fracture mechanics. Because of the independent approximations of the displacement and stress components characteristic of the mixed formulation, the shifting of a mid-side node of an element to the quarter-point results in a singular strain but a finite stress at the corner node. For the example problems considered, the conventional and quarter-point mixed elements provide lower and upper bounds, respectively, for the strain energy of a cracked body. Mode I stress intensity factors are computed for several representative geometries using the crack extension, stiffness derivative and J- integral techniques. The quarter-point elements yield superior results only for the J- integral technique, with each of the three techniques giving excellent results for very coarse mesh configurations.
A new source of haploid germplasm for genetic and breeding research

Haploids were obtained from six tetraploid clones that were selected based upon either high or low specific gravity and low glucose accumulation during storage. Atlantic, Redsen, Red Pontiac, W 710, W 760 and W 842 had frequencies of 20.2, 13.9, 3.8, 6.3, 9.8 and 9.3 haploids/100 fruit, respectively. A total of 702 haploids was produced from: Atlantic (470), Redsen (54), Red Pontiac (2), W 710 (1), W 760 (134) and W 842 (11).
Density measurement in a vacuum-spark-discharge microplasma from the inner-shell excitation of satellite transitions

The electron density in the high-temperature microplasma region of a titanium vacuum spark discharge is measured from the relative intensities of the dielectronic satellites of the Ti xii resonance line. The triplet doubly excited levels $2s2p^{3}P$ and ${2p}^{2}^{3}P$ of Ti xii are populated primarily by inner-shell excitation due to energetic electron impact, and the resulting triplet satellite lines are enhanced relative to the singlet satellite lines. The measured electron density in the microplasma region is 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{23}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. This represents an energy concentration of ${10}^{8}$ J ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a plasma kinetic pressure of ${10}^{9}$ bars.
Connectivity of glycine immunoreactive amacrine cells in the cat retina

The synaptic relationships of glycine immunoreactive amacrine cells in the cat retina were studied through the use of postembedding immunogold techniques. Glycine immunoreactive amacrine cells were found to synapse extensively with other amacrines and ganglion cells, particularly in strata 1-3 of the inner plexiform layer. This contrasts with GABA immunoreactive amacrine cells which provide major input to bipolar cells in strata 3-5. Glycine containing amacrine terminals exhibited diversity with respect to the morphology of their synaptic vesicles. The three types of terminals which could be distinguished were characterized by small pleomorphic (32-35 nm), medium-sized flattened (38-45 nm), or larger rounded (48-55 nm) vesicles. Comparison of retinal sections processed for glycine immunoreactivity with adjacent sections stained for GABA reactivity revealed a colocalization of glycine and GABA in 3% of the cells in the amacrine layer and approximately 40% of the cells in the ganglion cell layer. The amacrine terminals in which glycine and GABA were colocalized typically contained the small pleomorphic type of vesicles.
Tunable Friction Behavior of Oriented Carbon Nanotube Films

Measured friction coefficients of carbon nanotubes vary widely from μ 1.0 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], while theoretical studies suggest intrinsically high friction coefficients, approaching unity [7]. Here we report that measured friction coefficients of MWNT films are strong functions of surface chemistry and temperature, but are not dependent on the presence of water vapor. We hypothesize that the origin of the temperature dependence arises from the interaction of the surface chemical groups on the nanotubes [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] and rubbing counterface. The friction coefficient of individual films can be easily tuned by changing the surface temperature and chemistry of either the countersurface or the nanotubes, we have demonstrated the ability to create and control high and low friction pairs through plasma treatments of the nanotube films with argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. This behavior is completely reversible, and when coupled with the superior strength, thermal, and electrical properties of nanotubes, provides a versatile tunable, multifunctional tribological system.
Role of kinesin heavy chain in Crumbs localization along the rhabdomere elongation in Drosophila photoreceptor.

Background Crumbs (Crb), a cell polarity gene, has been shown to provide a positional cue for the extension of the apical membrane domain, adherens junction (AJ), and rhabdomere along the growing proximal-distal axis during Drosophila photoreceptor morphogenesis. In developing Drosophila photoreceptors, a stabilized microtubule structure was discovered and its presence was linked to polarity protein localization. It was therefore hypothesized that the microtubules may provide trafficking routes for the polarity proteins during photoreceptor morphogenesis. This study has examined whether Kinesin heavy chain (Khc), a subunit of the microtubule-based motor Kinesin-1, is essential in polarity protein localization in developing photoreceptors. Methodology/Principal Findings Because a genetic interaction was found between crb and khc, Crb localization was examined in the developing photoreceptors of khc mutants. khc was dispensable during early eye differentiation and development. However, khc mutant photoreceptors showed a range of abnormalities in the apical membrane domain depending on the position along the proximal-distal axis in pupal photoreceptors. The khc mutant showed a progressive mislocalization in the apical domain along the distal-proximal axis during rhabdomere elongation. The khc mutation also led to a similar progressive defect in the stabilized microtubule structures, strongly suggesting that Khc is essential for microtubule structure and Crb localization during distal to proximal rhabdomere elongation in pupal morphogenesis. This role of Khc in apical domain control was further supported by khc's gain-of-function phenotype. Khc overexpression in photoreceptors caused disruption of the apical membrane domain and the stabilized microtubules in the developing photoreceptors. Conclusions/Significance In summary, we examined the role of khc in the regulation of the apical Crb domain in developing photoreceptors. Since the rhabdomeres in developing pupal eyes grow along the distal-proximal axis, these phenotypes suggest that Khc is essential for the microtubule structures and apical membrane domains during the distal-proximal elongation of photoreceptors, but is dispensable for early eye development.
Gain-of-function α5-integrin mutation modifies anisotropic electrical activity in mouse hearts

surrogate measure of QRS width for various pacing locations and 2) compare changes in TVAT with changes in the activation sequence. We recorded unipolar electrograms (EGs) using 630 or 490 lead electrode arrays covering both ventricles of isolated Langendorff-perfused canine hearts (n 12). Hearts were paced from the right atrium (RA) or the left or right ventricular (LV, RV) epior endocardium. Activation time was determined as the time of the minimum derivative of the EG. TVAT was the difference between latest and earliest activation times. The activation sequences from ventricular pacing were compared with those from atrial pacing using correlation coefficients (CC). Results: 1) TVAT increased from 29.8 7.2 ms for atrial pacing to 81.1 15.5 ms for ventricular pacing (p .0001). 2) Pacing the epicardium of either ventricle significantly increased TVAT by 25.5 8.8 ms when compared to pacing the endocardium at the same location (p .0001). 3) TVAT did not differ when comparing LV with RV pacing; however, RV pacing had much higher correlation with RA pacing (CC 0.4 0.2) than LV pacing did (CC -0.2 0.2)(p 0.001). Results showed that TVAT could distinguish epifrom endocardial pacing; however, could not differentiate between RV and LV pacing. In conclusion, QRS width (i.e. TVAT) is not a complete measure of changes in timing and sequence of activation associated with electrical dyssynchrony.
VARIATION IN URBAN WORK TRIP LENGTH BY MODE, LOCATION AND WORKER CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract Variation in work trip length is examined as related to mode of travel, spatial distribution of residence and employment locations, and socioeconomic characteristics of workers. Using multiple regression analysis on dummy variables, 15 characteristics of workers in a metropolitan area were related to work trip length. Statistically significant relationships (p
A time domain reflectometry method to measure immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient

Physical nonequilibrium of water and solute transport in soil has been reported. One of the most common mechanistic models used to describe physical nonequilibrium transport phenomena is the mobile-immobile model (MIM). Two significant parameters in the MIM are immobile water content (θ im ) and mass exchange coefficient (α). Previously, a method for determining θ im and α using sequential tracers (ST) has been used to characterize solute transport. In this work, we present and evaluate a method to estimate θ im and a using time domain reflectometry (TDR). The TDR method was tested in laboratory experiments using three 20 cm long by 12 cm diameter undisturbed saturated soil columns. The method used TDR with an application of CaCl 2 to obtain resident concentrations as a function of time. The data obtained from TDR were analyzed using a log-linear equation developed based on the ST method to estimate θ im and α. The θ im and a estimates from the TDR method were compared with the estimates from the ST method and from effluent data. A conventional inverse curve fitting method (CXTFIT) was used to estimate parameters from effluent data. The means of θ im /θ from the TDR method, ST method, and effluent data were 0.31, 0.30, and 0.26, respectively. The means of a from the TDR method, ST method, and effluent data were 0.03, 0.03, and 0.04 h -1 , respectively. The values of θ im /θ and a from the TDR method were very similar to the estimates from the ST method. In all three columns, the θ im estimates from the TDR method were within the 95% confidence intervals (Cl) of the estimates from the effluent data. In two of three columns, the a estimates from the TDR method were within the 95% Cl of the estimates from the effluent data. The TDR method is relatively simple, rapid, and had advantages over the ST method and conventional methods for measuring solute transport properties.
Informal Teacher Leadership— The Key to Successful Change In the Middle Level School:

Effective middle level principals iden tify key teacher leaders and involve them in the decision-making process. Teacher leaders also help the school progress with new and improved pro grams and curriculum.
The Complete Sequence of Dystrophin Predicts a Rod-Shaped Cytoskeletal Protein

The complete sequence of the human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cDNA has been determined. The 3685 encoded amino acids of the protein product, dystrophin, can be separated into four domains. The 240 amino acid N-terminal domain has been shown to be conserved with the actin-binding domain of alpha-actinin. A large second domain is predicted to be rod-shaped and formed by the succession of 25 triple-helical segments similar to the repeat domains of spectrin. The repeat segment is followed by a cysteine-rich segment that is similar in part to the entire COOH domain of the Dictyostelium alpha-actinin, while the 420 amino acid C-terminal domain of dystrophin does not show any similarity to previously reported proteins. The functional significance of some of the domains is addressed relative to the phenotypic characteristics of some Becker muscular dystrophy patients. Dystrophin shares many features with the cytoskeletal protein spectrin and alpha-actinin and is a large structural protein that is likely to adopt a rod shape about 150 nm in length.
A Survey of Microwave Electron Density Measuring Systems Used in Controlled Fusion Research

A survey of microwave electron density measuring systems, with a brief introducticn to laser plasma diagnostics, is presented. Resonant cavity techniques, both cylindrical and Fabry-Perot types, are treated. Broad coverage of microwave interferometers is given indicating the advantages and disadvantages of the various schemes. A summary table is presented to aid the experimentalist to select the most appropriate measuring system for the prevailing experimental conditions i. e. density range of interest, steady state or transient conditions, large or small plasmas etc.
Hemodynamics, survival benefits, and complications of interposed abdominal compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Objective: To review and describe the hemodynamics and mechanism of benefit of interposed abdominal compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (IAC-CPR) as well as the current complications and survival data withtheuseoflAC-CPR. Methods: Critical review of selected, published English-language studies analyzing IAC-CPR. Overview of hemodynamic effects, complications, and survival data of IAC-CPR vs standard CPR. Results: Several investigators have demonstrated improvements in coronary perfusion pressure, carotid and cerebral blood flows, and augmented venous return using IAC-CPR compared with standard CPR. Recently, IAC-CPR has been shown to improve survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest. To date, there has been no increase in complications seen with the use of abdominal compression during CPR. Recommendations: IAC-CPR should be considered an adjunct to standard CPR for adult patients experiencing in-hospital cardiac arrest, after an adequate airway has been secured. More research is needed before IAC-CPR can be recommended for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, for patients who have not been intubated, or for children.
Responses to the aids epidemic among homosexually active men: Factors associated with preventive behavior☆

Abstract This study explored factors that are related to AIDS preventive behavior in 201 asymptomatic homosexual and bisexual men seen at a community health center. The analysis concentrated on two dependent variables: the effort made to reduce high risk behavior, and the number of anogenital partners (subject receptive) during the previous 6 months. Independent variables included: perceptions of the threat of AIDS (susceptibility and severity), perceived efficacy of clinical interventions, perceived benefit of behavior change, beliefs of friends and lovers, knowledge of the HIV antibody test (what it is and its interpretation), knowledge of risk factors for AIDS, involvement in informational activities, direct experience with AIDS, age, educational level, and other preventive behaviors. Multiple regression modelling suggested that greater reported behavioral effect was associated with greater perceived susceptibility to and severity of AIDS, and with involvement in informational activities, and beliefs of friends and lovers. Fewer anogenital partners (subject receptive) were significantly associated only with fewer lifetime partners and older age. Knowledge of high risk behavior was not associated with either dependent variable. These results suggest an important role for educational and counseling interventions designed to modify critical perceptions, and underscore the need for further longitudinal modelling of behavior change.
Our new journal.

The concept of establishing a new medical journal to serve the practice of neurovascular medicine and its allied special- ties, endovascular surgery and interventional neuroradiol- ogy, arose at a time when neurovascular procedures matured from heroic medicine to standard of care. The initial work of Haschek, Lindenthal, and Moniz 1 led to development of cerebral angiography as a diagnostic method. In 1953, Seld- inder 2 described a new technique for acquiring percutaneous vascular access by placing a catheter subsequent to the needle puncture and therefore establishing a platform for diag- nostic and therapeutic procedures. The evolution of neuro- endovascular procedures as a therapeutic modality cannot be localized to a single event but several almost unrelated events. In 1941, Werner and colleagues 3
Impact of Probabilistic Road Capacity Constraints on the Spatial Distribution of Hurricane Evacuation Shelter Capacities

The focus of this study is on determining the change in capacity requirements and desirable shelter locations as a result of link capacity changes during evacuation. A cell transmission—based system optimal dynamic traffic assignment (SO-DTA) formulation first proposed by Ziliaskopoulos is extended by introducing probabilistic capacity constraints. The p-level efficient points method first proposed by Prekopa is used to deal with probabilistic capacity constraints of the proposed stochastic SO-DTA model. The model captures the probabilistic nature of link capacities that change in response to the impacts of events such as hurricanes and earthquakes that can destroy or damage highway links. First, a simple single-destination example network is studied to show the effectiveness of the proposed model. Then the impact of using stochastic and deterministic link capacities is also analyzed with a simplified multiple-origin, multiple-destination version of the Cape May, New Jersey, network. Desirable shelter loc...
Temperature dependence of accommodation and excitation in space-clamped axons.

Accommodation and excitation in space-clamped squid axons were studied with the double sucrose gap technique, using linear current ramps, short (50 µsec) square wave pulses, and rheobasic square wave pulses as stimuli. The temperature was varied from 5° to 35°C. Experimental results showed a Q10 for accommodation which was 44% higher than that for excitation. Yet calculations on the basis of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations predict equal Q10's for excitation and accommodation. Although the Hodgkin-Huxley equations are spectacularly successful for so many nerve phenomena, the differences between calculations of accommodation and these experiments, which were designed to test the equations, show that the equations need modification in this area.
Augmentation of SPICE for simulation of circuits containing resonant tunneling diodes

This paper describes the incorporation of an accurate physics-based model of the resonant tunneling diode (RTD) into Berkeley SPICE version 3F5 and addresses the related direct current (dc) and transient convergence problems caused by the negative differential resistance (NDR) and the exponential nature of the device characteristics. To circumvent the de convergence problems, a new continuation technique using artificial parameter embedding and a current limiting algorithm are proposed. The studies made in this paper have shown that these techniques are superior to the in-built continuation methods of SPICE, such as Gmin-stepping and Source-stepping, for a large number of circuits of varying sizes. To improve transient convergence performance, the following three algorithms are added to SPICE: a modified forced-convergence algorithm, a new time-step adjustment algorithm, and a modified device voltage prediction algorithm.
On the use of directory services to support multiprotocol interoperability

Multiprotocol systems are a vital tool for achieving interoperability in today's heterogeneous communication networks. An important aspect of these systems is the need to determine which of the multiple available protocols will be used to carry out a given communication task; an uninformed choice can result in failure to communicate when communication should be possible. The authors consider ways to make information about hosts' supported protocol configurations available through directory services. They discuss various representation approaches, and describe a working implementation of a multiprotocol application exemplifying their approach. >
Temporal patterning of song production: participation of nucleus uvaeformis of the thalamus

Birdsong is a learned vocal behavior used in intraspecific communication. The motor pathway serving learned vocalizations includes the forebrain nuclei NIf, HVC, and RA; RA projects to midbrain and brain stem areas that control the temporal and acoustic features of song. Nucleus Uvaeformis of the thalamus (Uva) sends input to two of these forebrain nuclei (NIf and HVC) but has not been thought to be important for song production. We used three experimental approaches to reexamine Uva's function in adult male zebra finches. (1) Electrical stimulation applied to Uva activated HVC and the vocal motor pathway, including tracheosyringeal motor neurons that innervate the bird's vocal organ. (2) Bilateral lesions of Uva including the dorso-medial portion of the nucleus affected the normal temporal organization of song. (3) Chronic multiunit recordings from Uva during normal song and calls show bursts of premotor activity that lead the onset of some song components, and also larger bursts that mark the end of complete song motifs. These results implicate Uva in the production of learned vocalizations, and further suggest that Uva contributes more to the temporal structure than to the acoustic characteristics of song.
Electron spin resonance studies of propagating radicals in polymerization. II. Acrylate propagating radicals

Ferric chloride-photosensitized free-radical initiation was used to generate propagating radicals in polymerization of acrylic acid (AA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), butyl acrylate (BA), acrylamide (A), and diacetone acrylamide (DAA) in rigid glasses of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, or acetone at near liquid nitrogen temperatures. When the temperatures of the glasses were increased, primary radicals derived from the solvents reacted with the monomers to yield propagating radicals. Formation and conformational changes of the propagating radicals at different temperatures were studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. It was concluded that one type of propagating radical was formed in all cases. However, when the temperature of the rigid glass was increased, the structural conformation of the radical that initially allowed the near-equivalent interaction of the α-hydrogen and one of the β-hydrogens with the unpaired electron generated a three-line spectrum.
Candidate dosimetric predictors of long-term swallowing dysfunction after oropharyngeal intensity-modulated radiotherapy

Purpose To investigate long-term swallowing function in oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and to identify novel dose-limiting criteria predictive for dysphagia. Methods and Materials Thirty-one patients with Stage IV oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma enrolled on a Phase II trial were prospectively evaluated by modified barium swallow studies at baseline, and 6, 12, and 24 months post-IMRT treatment. Candidate dysphagia-associated organs at risk were retrospectively contoured into original treatment plans. Twenty-one (68%) cases were base of tongue and 10 (32%) were tonsil. Stage distribution was T1 (12 patients), T2 (10), T3 (4), T4 (2), and TX (3), and N2 (24), N3 (5), and NX (2). Median age was 52.8 years (range, 42–78 years). Thirteen patients (42%) received concurrent chemotherapy during IMRT. Thirteen (42%) were former smokers. Mean dose to glottic larynx for the cohort was limited to 18 Gy (range, 6–39 Gy) by matching IMRT to conventional low-neck fields. Results Dose–volume constraints (V30 Conclusions In the context of glottic laryngeal shielding, we describe candidate oral cavity and superior pharyngeal constrictor organs at risk and dose–volume constraints associated with preserved long-term swallowing function; these constraints are currently undergoing prospective validation. Strict protection of the glottic larynx via beam-split IMRT techniques promises to make chronic aspiration an uncommon outcome.
Virtualized Screen: A Third Element for Cloud&#x2013;Mobile Convergence

Mobile and cloud computing have emerged as the new computing platforms and are converging into a powerful cloud-mobile computing platform. This article envisions a virtualized screen as a new dimension in such a platform to further optimize the overall computing experience for users. In a virtualized screen, screen rendering is done in the cloud, and delivered as images to the client for interactive display. This enables thin-client mobile devices to enjoy many computationally intensive and graphically rich services. Technical challenges are discussed and addressed. Two novel cloud-mobile applications, Cloud Browser and Cloud Phone, are presented to demonstrate the advantages of such a virtualized screen.
Calibration of the Albian/Cenomanian Boundary by Ammonite Biostratigraphy: U.S. Western Interior

Abstract: Calibration of numerical ages to the geological time scale is a long scientific pursuit that requires the integration of multiple data sets. A case study of the Albian/Cenomanian stage boundary, also the Lower/Upper Cretaceous series boundary, illustrates the calibration process. The numerical age of this boundary has shifted from 96 Ma to 99 Ma over a time span of nearly fifty years. Re-calibration resulted first from improvements in radiometric dating, and later from inferences about ammonite phylogeny, and most recently from radiometric dates of newly discovered volcanic beds interbedded with diagnostic guide fossils. However, the calibration process continues with study of cosmopolitan dinoflagellates.
A high performance CMOS programmable logic core

Programmable logic cores (PLCs) have become available for systems on a chip (SOCs). We describe a novel highspeed PLC architecture. By combining a high-performance dynamic logic style (output prediction logic or OPL), wired-OR structures, a unidirectional routing flow and a product-term-based structure, this architecture achieves an average speedup of 5.7 times over commercial look-up-table (LUT) based architectures using static CMOS. Experimental results for a prototype block fabricated in the TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m/1.8 V CMOS process are presented.
Comparison of Probiotics Maintained by In Vivo Passage Through Laying Hens and Broilers

Cecal colonization by salmonellae may be greatly reduced by inoculating chickens with normal cecal microflora, a phenomenon known as competitive exclusion. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to reliably store active cecal microflora over long time periods, and it is difficult to obtain consistent experimental results with different batches of microflora. In order to overcome these problems, the present authors have maintained active cecal flora through a 2-yr period by in vivo passage through both broiler chicks and layers that were fed a diet containing 5% lactose. Competitive exclusion cultures maintained in laying hens worked as well as cultures from broilers. Cecal microflora from either source excluded both nonlactose-fermenting and lactose-fermenting Salmonella strains. Colonization by both types of Salmonella was reduced even when the competitive exclusion organisms were given as late as 3 days after oral challenge inoculation with Salmonella typhimurium.
Two Models of User Assistance

This paper discusses two general models of user interaction in the context of user assistance (HELP) and their implications for design. Conceptual and quantitative models provide software engineers with tools that can aid them in the interface design process. The conceptual model presented is derived using a hermeneutic approach to the analysis of human-computer interaction. The interaction is modeled as a set of states and transitions between states. This suggests that user assistance should have a more central role in the design of the system. The quantitative model is derived from a study of the existing literature, and provides a framework for analyzing performance issues at the human-computer interface, using metrics like response time, keystrokes, error rates, and task completion rates. The model contains seven components, covering user characteristics, information type, structure, user knowledge, presentation, control, and access.
An efficient algorithm for channel estimation and resource allocation in OFDMA downlink networks

The dynamic allocation of resources in OFDMA networks has recently been an active area of research. Most of the given solutions in the literature assume however that perfect channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter side. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm that jointly estimates the channel and allocates resources in OFDMA networks. Unlike the previous OFDMA channel estimation algorithms, we consider here the downlink case. The proposed approach transforms the original non-convex optimization problem into a set of consecutive smaller sub-problems that can be efficiently solved in an independent manner. The algorithm minimizes the mean squared error of the estimate of the channel while maximizing the average user utility function of the OFDMA system.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Advances in Diagnosis and Management

Context.—Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and should be differentiated from other mesenchymal tumors. They harbor specific activating mutations in the KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) receptor tyrosine kinases, which makes them responsive to pharmacologic inhibitors, such as imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate. Objectives.—To provide a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis of GIST and the underlying principles of targeted therapy, to review the salient histologic and immunohistochemical features that facilitate the distinction of GIST from other mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, and to present the prognostic parameters for risk stratification that guide clinical management. Data Sources.—Review of the English literature through PubMed as well as personal experience. Photographs were taken from cases encountered at the Cleveland Clinic. Conclusions.—The discovery of the KIT-GIST ...
The Coaching Process in Higher Education

Abstract Excellence in teaching is a standard to which educators aspire. The developmental nature of effective teaching strategies implies the need to provide ongoing and continual support for juni...
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion/cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL-H) is a unique category of cytologic abnormality associated with distinctive HPV and histopathologic CIN 2+ detection rates.

Objectives: To examine data correlating high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) results in patients with both low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) cytology findings (LSIL-H) with follow-up histopathology. Methods: A total of 494 LSIL-H ThinPrep (Hologic, Marlborough, MA) cases with hrHPV testing were identified. Histopathologic follow-up was available in 347 patients. Results: Among 347 patients with follow-up histopathology after LSIL-H cytology and hrHPV testing, 90.5% tested hrHPV positive. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 was diagnosed in 29.4% and CIN 1 in 53.6%. CIN 2/3 was diagnosed in significantly more patients with hrHPV-positive LSIL-H than following hrHPV-negative LSIL-H results. Compared with published institutional data, LSIL-H had significantly lower hrHPV and histopathologic CIN 2/3+ rates (90.5% and 29.4%, with no cervical cancers) than high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (95.7% and 70.5%, with 2.4% cervical cancers) but higher rates than LSIL (80.2% and 12.9%) or atypical squamous cells/cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H) (54.3% and 17.2%). Whereas CIN 2/3 detection rates were similar in HPV-positive LSIL-H and HPV-positive ASC-H, CIN 2/3 findings were more likely with HPV-negative LSIL-H than with HPV-negative ASC-H. Conclusions: LSIL-H is a unique category of cytologic abnormality associated with distinctive hrHPV and CIN 2/3+ diagnostic rates.
Mobile Health Initiatives to Improve Outcomes in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease affects more than a third of American adults and is the leading cause of mortality in the USA. Over the last 40 years, several behavioral and medical risk factors have been recognized as major contributors to cardiovascular disease. Effective management of many of these risk factors, particularly behavioral risk factors, remains challenging. With the growth of mobile health (mHealth) technology, a variety of novel strategies are now available to facilitate the delivery of interventions directed at reducing these risk factors. In this review, we discuss recent clinical studies and technologic innovations leveraging smartphone devices, social media, and wearable health tracking devices to facilitate behavioral interventions directed at three important and highly prevalent behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease: smoking, physical inactivity, and sub-optimal nutrition. We believe this technology has significant potential to provide low-cost, scalable, and individualized tools to improve management of these important cardiovascular disease risk factors.
A Dimensionality-Reduced First Order Method for Industrial Optimization: A Case Study in Renewable Energy Technologies

We propose and study a dimensionality-reduced first order method for solving complex optimization problems of high-dimensional search space. We demonstrate that the proposed method is very efficient in design problems where the computational bottleneck is mostly due to the time-consuming nature of the forward problem in contrast to the complexity of the function behavior in the search space or other computational overheads. Many industrial problems are of this nature including design problems based on back testing or simulation of an evolutionary equation or a dynamic system in time, frequency or other (hybrid) domains, such as Electromagnetic, Quantum equations, Navier-Stokes PDEs, etc. The premise of efficiency improvement in the proposed framework is a better modelling and utilization of the complexity distribution among the components of an inverse design problem. As a particular case study, we list some of the existing optimization problems related to energy production, distribution and utilization at the industrial level. We briefly overview the different complexity components of these problems at a high level, and make suggestions as what industrial problems can be facilitated through the proposed framework.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Meal size and number: relationship to dopamine levels in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

Evidence shows a reciprocal relationship exists between the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) in food intake regulation. Since a direct correlation between meal size and LHA-dopamine in Fischer rats was previously reported, we tested the hypothesis that an inverse association may exist between meal size and VMN-dopamine response. This was studied in awake 24-h food-deprived rats who were then allowed to eat freely for 20 min while the VMN-dopamine response was measured by microdialysis every 20 min for 2 h. In a second experiment, only one-half the amount freely eaten was provided during microdialysis. The following were observed. 1) Dopamine concentrations in VMN decreased during eating. 2) The degree and duration of decrease after the meal corresponded to the size of the meal. 3) When the decreased postmeal VMN-dopamine level had returned to baseline and food was available, rats ate once more. The findings show that, in normal rats, eating was associated with decreased dopamine levels in the VMN and was followed by a lag time during which no additional eating occurred. VMN dopamine levels thereby contribute to determining the duration of the intermeal interval and hence, by inference, the meal number.
Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems for Meat and Poultry

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) adopted Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Systems and established finished product standards for Salmonella in slaughter plants to improve food safety for meat and poultry. In order to make significant improvements in food safety, measures must be taken at all points in the farm-to-table chain including production, transportation, slaughter, processing, storage, retail, and food preparation. Since pathogens can be introduced or multiplied anywhere along the continuum, success depends on consideration and comparison of intervention measures throughout the continuum. Food animal and public health veterinarians can create the necessary preventative environment that mitigates risks for food borne pathogen contamination.
Uniqueness of the solution to inverse obstacle scattering with non-over-determined data

Abstract It is proved that the scattering amplitude A ( β , α 0 , k 0 ) , known for all β ∈ S 2 , where S 2 is the unit sphere in R 3 , α 0 ∈ S 2 is fixed, k 0 > 0 is fixed, determines the surface S of the obstacle and the boundary condition on S uniquely. The boundary condition on S is either the Dirichlet, or Neumann, or the impedance one. The uniqueness theorems for the solution of inverse scattering problems with non-over-determined data were not known for many decades. Such a theorem is proved in this paper for inverse scattering by obstacles for the first time.
Physical Separation of Radionuclides from Contaminated Soils

The volume of low and intermediate level contaminants present in the soil at different DoE sites is estimated at several million cubic feet. The existing remediation scheme is containerization followed by burial in Land Disposal Facilities (LDFs) which is economically unattractive, warranting the need to develop alternative remediation routes. One such route is the physical separation-based volume reduction approach to removing a Minimum of clean soil with the radioactive particles, reducing the amount of material requiring disposal. This paper presents the results from the testing of various soils, a brief description of the UNR Soil Washing Laboratory, the soil characterization data and the typical volume reduction results obtained from the UNR tests. A combination of gravity and flotation processes have potential in meeting the clean-up criterion.
Academic contracting with emotionally disturbed children.

Summary.-16 underachieving boys contracted for early dismissal from the classroom contingent upon completion of programmed materials. Data support the use of contingency management to increase academic performance. Inappropriate behavior was exhibited less during periods in which academic performance was reinforced. Several investigators have found that behaviors co-vary so improvements in target behaviors are accompanied by improvements in other behaviors (3). In the context of classroom behaviors, this seems particularly likely when reinforcement is contingent upon academic performance rather than conduct (1). In this study subjects received reinforcement contingent only upon improved academic performance; conduct was observed concurrently. Successive.contracts for improved academic performance were negotiated so that each student was involved as a in he behavioral change (2) and was shaped towards increasing productivity. The subjects were 17 boys, aged 9 to 11 yr., in attendance ac a therapeutic camp for emotionally disturbed children. All boys had histories of behavior problems and academic underachievement. Five days per week the boys were required to attend a 40-min. class. The number of frames of programmed material completed by each subject was recorded. At the end of class, the boys were administered brief tests over the material covered chat day, either mathematics or reading, and were required to repeat, next class, any material on n~h~ch they scored less than 80%. During each class either one or two observers rated the subjects' behavior: (a) non-attending, disruptive behavior; (b) non-attending, non-disruptive behavior; (c) attending, disruptive behavior; and (d) attending, non-disruptive behavior. The first three categories were considered "inappropriate" behavior; the latter was considered "appropriate" behavior. A reversal baseline design was employed. During the first baseline (Bl) no special instructions were given. Immediately before the first session of the shaping phase of contingency contracting and management (CMl), the classroom manager met individually with each student to offer the option of continuing under baseline conditions in the classroom or to contract for dismissal
Automated Model-Based Left Ventricle Segmentation in Cardiac MR Images

We present a fully automated system for segmenting the Left Ventricle LV in cardiac MR images based on statistical and deformable models. A Project-Out Inverse Compositional Active Appearance Model of 3D LV shape produces segmentations that are refined using a unified statistical/deterministic deformable model. A new multi-scale detector, based on the Histogram of Oriented Gradients HoG, produces initial estimates of LV position and scale in the MR volume. The performance of the HoG detector and the deformable-model-based segmentation components are evaluated on the 30 MICCAI Grand Challenge test images. The average F-measure for detector bounding box overlap is 0.89. The average F-measures for contour overlap are 0.80 endo, 0.82 epi, and 0.46 myocardium.
Searching for Sustainability: Environmental Values and Adaptive Management, with Anne Steinemann

INTRODUCTION While it is a truism that environmental policy is ultimately driven by “social values,” there is currently considerable confusion regarding how to understand and assess social values, and corresponding confusion regarding the role of values in the broader process of environmental policy formation, implementation, and management. In this paper, we set out to describe an alternative direction for environmental value studies, a process that emphasizes pluralism, participation, and iteration rather than just simple elicitation of preferences and preference aggregation. Our goal will be to provide an approach that will help to better understand environmental values, especially in public processes for environmental management. Our approach to environmental values is based on theory, but our theory is not one of the usual ones, such as utilitarianism, or a theory that nature or its elements have “rights” or something like that. Ours is a theory about process rather than a theory about ultimate values . We take the view that, since we live in a diverse society – and neither hope nor expect that this will change – the problem is not to decide which theory of ultimate value is correct, but rather to design a process by which diverse societies – with many voices expressing many worldviews and ultimate values – can act in a way that will tend toward a working consensus on environmental policy decisions (Norton, 1991).
Seasonal and Intraseasonal Variability of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the South Asian Monsoon Region

AbstractSeasonal and intraseasonal differences in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over South Asia are examined using A-Train satellites, a ground-based lightning network, and reanalysis fields. Premonsoon (April–May) MCSs occur primarily over Bangladesh and the eastern Bay of Bengal. During the monsoon (June–September), small MCSs occur over the Meghalaya Plateau and northeast Himalayan notch, while large and connected MCSs are most widespread over the Bay of Bengal. Monsoon MCSs produce less lightning and exhibit more extensive stratiform and anvil reflectivity structures in CloudSat observations than do premonsoon MCSs.During the monsoon, Bay of Bengal and Meghalaya Plateau MCSs vary with the 30–60-day northward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation, while northeast Himalayan notch MCSs are associated with weak large-scale anomalies but locally enhanced CAPE. During intraseasonal active periods, a zone of enhanced large and connected MCSs, precipitation, and lightning extends from the northeastern A...
Epidemiological Assessments of Skin Outcomes in the Nurses' Health Studies.

Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses’ Health Studies (NHSs) to identifying epidemiological factors associated with multiple skin diseases, including skin cancer, psoriasis, and other inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases.Methods. We carried out a narrative review of NHS articles published between 1976 and 2016.Results. The NHSs have identified environmental and lifestyle factors related to psoriasis, supporting obesity and smoking as psoriasis risk factors; associations between psoriasis and diabetes, myocardial infarction, and Crohn’s disease, supporting psoriasis as a systemic disorder; and associations of pigmentary traits, ultraviolet radiation, and lifestyle factors such as citrus consumption with risk of skin cancer. Genetic studies have identified novel genetic loci for skin pigmentation (e.g., IRF4, SLC24A4, NID1, and EDNRB) and skin cancer (e.g., TET2 and HERC2-OCA2). Work continues on highly prevalent but less studied skin conditions such as rosacea, acne, and atopic dermatit...
The Genetic Basis and Molecular Diagnosis of Vascular Tumors and Developmental Malformations

Vascular anomalies, although largely benign, can be clinically devastating and affect an astounding 5–10 % of children worldwide, many with lifelong affliction. Vascular anomalies fall into two main groups: (1) vascular tumors that are intrinsically proliferative and (2) vascular malformations that represent true errors in development of the embryonic vasculature. Diagnosis of vascular malformations and tumors can be challenging, because of overlapping histological and clinical features and poorly understood pathogenesis. Accurate diagnosis is essential for family planning and disease management and better targeted therapies. The recognition of genetic vascular disorders and molecular testing has provided better clarification of the classifications and a more precise diagnosis. Unfortunately, the etiology of many vascular anomalies remains unknown, and diagnosis is challenging even in the most knowledgeable multidisciplinary centers managing these patients. Molecular genetic testing offers almost immediate promise for accurate diagnosis. Mutations in specific genes have been identified in familial examples and more recently in some sporadic occurring examples. Although still largely unavailable commercially, molecular genetic testing is available for certain vascular anomalies (mostly on a research basis only) to aid the physician in diagnosis and treatment of the child. In this chapter, we strive to provide the most up-to-date information regarding gene mutations associated with vascular anomalies and molecular genetic testing currently available for diagnosis. It is recognized that clinical evaluation and histologic analysis play a large role in the accurate diagnosis of vascular anomalies; however, these topics are minimally addressed in this review.
Acute and Chronic Hyperglycemia Elicit JIP1/JNK-Mediated Endothelial Vasodilator Dysfunction of Retinal Arterioles.

Purpose Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, is associated with retinal inflammation and impairment of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)–mediated dilation of retinal arterioles. However, molecular mechanisms involved in this diminished endothelial vasodilator function remain unclear. We examined whether inflammatory stress-activated kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, contribute to retinal arteriolar dysfunction during exposure to acute and chronic hyperglycemia.