cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of machining induced residual stresses in turning of titanium and nickel based alloys with experiments and finite element simulations

Abstract Titanium and nickel alloys represent a significant metal portion of the aircraft structural and engine components and the residual stresses induced by machining are very critical due to safety and sustainability concerns. This paper presents experimental investigations and finite element simulations on turning of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy and IN100 nickel based alloy with uncoated and TiAlN coated tools. Face turning of Ti–6Al–4V and IN100 using uncoated tools with various edge radii and TiAlN coated carbide tools is conducted; and residual stresses are measured in radial and circumferential directions using X-ray diffraction technique. 3-D finite element (FE) modeling is utilized to predict forces and machining induced stress fields. The feasibility and limitations of predicting machining induced residual stresses by using viscoplastic finite element simulations and temperature-dependent flow softening constitutive material modeling are investigated. A friction determination method is utilized to identify friction coefficients in presence of tool edge radius. The predicted stress fields are compared against measured residual stresses. Effect of tool edge radius and coating on the predicted stress profiles is also investigated. The results are found useful in predicting machining induced surface integrity that is critical to determine the fatigue life of nickel and titanium alloy components.
Statistical data base for the biomechanical properties of the human shoulder complex--I: Kinematics of the shoulder complex.

Abstract In the last two decades, several multi-segmented mathematical models of the total-human-body have appeared in the literature. While these models can handle very sophisticated load-motion situations, their effectiveness depends heavily on the proper biomechanical description and simulation of the major articulating joints of the human body. Among these joints, the most complicated and the least successfully modeled one has been the shoulder complex mainly due to the lack of an appropriate biomechanical data base as well as the anatomical complexity of the shoulder region. In 1984, the senior author and his associates proposed a new kinematic data collection methodology by means of sonic emitters and associated data analysis technique. Based on this data collection methodology, Part I of this paper establishes a statistical data base for the shoulder complex sinus of the male population of ages 18-32. Estimates for the population mean and standard deviation as well as their confidence intervals are presented. The results are expressed in functional expansion form relative to a locally defined joint axis system as well as relative to the torso-fixed coordinate system in the form of globographic representation.
An analytical framework for evaluating e‐commerce business models and strategies

Electronic commerce or business is more than just another way to sustain or enhance existing business practices. Rather, e‐commerce is a paradigm shift. It is a “disruptive” innovation that is radically changing the traditional way of doing business. The industry is moving so fast because it operates under totally different principles and work rules in the digital economy. A general rule in e‐commerce is that there is no simple prescription and almost no such thing as an established business or revenue model for companies even within the same industry. Under such conditions, an analytical framework is needed to assist e‐commerce planners and strategic managers in assessing the critical success factors when formulating e‐commerce business models and strategies. This research develops an analytical framework based on the theories of transaction costs and switching costs. Both demand‐side and supply‐side economies of scale and scope are also applied to the development of this framework. In addition, e‐commer...
Ubiquity symposium: The science in computer science: the computing sciences and STEM education

In this latest installment of "The Science in Computer Science," Prof. Paul Rosenbloom continues the discussion on whether or not computer science can be considered a "natural science." He argues not only is computing the basis for a true science, it is in fact an entire scientific domain.
Congenital cerebellar medulloblastoma.

Abstract Congenital cerebellar medulloblastoma is extremely rare. Reported here is a female infant who presented her first abnormal clinical manifestations on the sixth day of life and who was subsequently found to have medulloblastoma at operation. Electron microscopy revealed glial filaments and short cytoplasmic projections in some neo-plastic cells and the presence of junctional complexes between neoplastic cells with and without glial filaments, which suggests the astrocytic differentiation of the tumor. Including our own case, there have been only 21 reported cases of congenital cerebellar medulloblastoma. A strong female preponderance and some familial occurrence are noted in congenital cerebellar medulloblastoma
Comparison of the consensus sequence flanking translational start sites in Drosophila and vertebrates

The previously presented consensus sequence for eukaryotic translation initiation sites by Kozak was derived substantially from vertebrate mRNA sequences. Drosophila nuclear genes exhibit a significantly different translation start consensus sequence. These differences probably do not represent mechanistic differences in translation initiation inasmuch as both taxa exhibit identical preferences and restrictions at the crucial -3 position. Using more conservative criteria for the assignment of consensus the following consensus sequences were derived: vertebrate--CANCAUG and Drosophila--CAAAACAUG.
Responses of the embryonic epigenome to maternal diabetes

Maternal diabetes and obesity are independent risk factors for neural tube defects, although it is unclear whether the effects are mediated by common pathogenic mechanisms. In this manuscript, we report a genome-wide survey of histone acetylation in neurulation stage embryos from mouse pregnancies with different metabolic conditions: maternal diabetes, and maternal consumption of a high fat content diet. We find that maternal diabetes, and independently, exposure to high-fat diet, are associated with increases and decreases of H3 and H4 histone acetylation in the embryo. Intriguingly, changes of H3K27 acetylation marks are significantly enriched near genes known to cause neural tube defects in mouse mutants. These data suggest that epigenetic changes in response to diet and metabolic condition may contribute to increased risk for neural tube defects in diabetic and obese pregnancies. Importantly, the responses to high-fat diet and maternal diabetes were distinct, suggesting that perturbed embryonic development under these conditions is mediated by different molecular pathways. This conclusion is supported by morphometric analyses that reveal a trend for maternal diabetes to delay embryonic development in the C57BL/6 strain, while high-fat diet appears to be associated with accelerated development. Taken together, our results link changes in histone acetylation to metabolic conditions during pregnancy, and implicate distinct epigenetic mechanisms in susceptibility to neural tube defects under conditions of maternal diabetes and obesity.
A Cross-cultural Adventure: The Transformation of Ronald Nixon

It was very rare for a Westerner to cross over into traditional Hindu culture during the British period of Indian history. One figure to do so, however, was Ronald Nixon, who later came to be known by the name Krishnaprem and was recognized as a Hindu saint by many Indians of his day. This paper explores the life and thought of Krishnaprem by examining both his own published works and private sources. It investigates the way in which he negotiated resistant boundaries within Hindu culture and highlights the nature of his move from those dimensions of Hindu culture that were publicly acceptable to Western intellectuals into those private realms which were not. The life story of Ronald Nixon provides good opportunity for cross‐cultural considerations and challenges many of the assumptions held in the academy regarding cultural boundaries.
A genomewide RNAi screen for genes that affect the stability, distribution and function of P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans.

P granules are non-membrane-bound organelles found in the germ-line cytoplasm throughout Caenorhabditis elegans development. Like their “germ granule” counterparts in other animals, P granules are thought to act as determinants of the identity and special properties of germ cells, properties that include the unique ability to give rise to all tissues of future generations of an organism. Therefore, understanding how P granules work is critical to understanding how cellular immortality and totipotency are retained, gained, and lost. Here we report on a genomewide RNAi screen in C. elegans, which identified 173 genes that affect the stability, localization, and function of P granules. Many of these genes fall into specific classes with shared P-granule phenotypes, allowing us to better understand how cellular processes such as protein degradation, translation, splicing, nuclear transport, and mRNA homeostasis converge on P-granule assembly and function. One of the more striking phenotypes is caused by the depletion of CSR-1, an Argonaute associated with an endogenous siRNA pathway that functions in the germ line. We show that CSR-1 and two other endo-siRNA pathway members, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase EGO-1 and the helicase DRH-3, act to antagonize RNA and P-granule accumulation in the germ line. Our findings strengthen the emerging view that germ granules are involved in numerous aspects of RNA metabolism, including an endo-siRNA pathway in germ cells.
Electrical Stimulation of Fabric Filtration: Part V: Model for Pressure Drop Reduction

In electrically stimulated fabric filtration, the presence of an applied electric field reduces the pressure drop across the filter. One possible explanation involves an observed (electric field induced) shift in dust cake mass distribution towards upstream regions of the fabric where the porosity is greater. This paper hypothesizes that the greater pore sizes in these regions can accommodate more mass without plugging, thereby reducing the overall resistance of the filter. A mathematical model based on the Happel cell model is developed to calculate the pressure drop across a fibrous filter of nonuniform packing density and cake mass distribution. Both the model and experimental results are consistent with the hypothesis.
Existence of linear Pfaffian systems whose lower characteristic set has positive measure in R3

We prove the existence of a completely integrable Pfaffian system ∂x/∂ti = Ai(t)x, x ∈ Rn, t = (t1, t2, t3) ∈ R+3, i = 1, 2, 3, with infinitely differentiable bounded coefficients and with lower characteristic set of positive three-dimensional Lebesgue measure.
Local stability of tubular reactors

Liapunov analysis techniques employing a general quadratic functional are used to derive stability conditions for tubular reactor systems. The adiabatic tubular reactor without axial dispersion is shown to be locally stable, which excludes the possibility of multiple steady states, and the reactor with axial dispersion is proven locally stable if a condition involving only system parameters and steady state values is satisfied. Peclet numbers for heat and mass transfer are not specified equal for the latter proof. Results of simulation studies are used to confirm the validity of the derived stability condition, and it is shown that the parametric region of multiplicity is quite well defined. For the nonlinear equations, single steady state cases appear to possess nonuniform stability.
Secularization, Religiosity, and the United States Constitution

This article draws upon leading works in the sociology of religion to assess what I shall call "the secularization claim" regarding the United States. It endeavors, in particular, to clarify the possible meanings of "secularization," and then to use these conceptual refinements to examine what sort of evidence exists that the United States has been secularized. Though it is not possible to falsify every version of the secularization claim, there is little evidence to support it, especially in its most prominent and politically relevant variations. The article then goes on to offer a preliminary analysis of to what extent, if any, are constitutional factors responsible for sustaining a public culture in the United States that is, by comparison to most other nations, durably religious. The article identifies four constitutional or quasi-constitutional factors that sociologists and political scientists have suggested might be partly responsible for the vigor of American religion: disestablishment, the fragmentation of political authority, ethnic diversity and immigration, and provocative judicial decisions. The article concludes by recommending that scholars who are interested in the conditions that sustain religious activity and other forms of civic association in the United States should pay more attention to the constitutional fragmentation of political authority.
Co-Occurrence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure

This paper defines a formal relation among sentences, by virtue of which one sentence structure may be called a transform of another sentence structure (e. g. the active and the passive, or in a different way question and answer). The relation is based on comparing the individual co-occurrences of morphemes. By investigating the individual co-occurrences (§ 1.2; § 2) we can characterize the distribution of certain classes which may not be definable in ordinary linguistic terms (e. g. pronouns, § 2.6). More important, we can then proceed to define transformation (§ 1.3), based on two structures having the same set of individual co-occurrences. This relation yields unique analyses of certain structures and distinctions which could not be analyzed in ordinary linguistic terms (§ 3). It replaces a large part of the complexities of constituent analysis and sentence structure, at the cost of adding a level to grammatical analysis. It also has various analytic and practical applications (§ 5.7), and can enter into a more algebraic analysis of language structure (§ 5.2, 4, 6) than is natural for the usual classificatory linguistics. A list of English transformations is given in § 4. The main argument can be followed in § 1.11 (Co-Occurrence Defined), § 1.2 (Constructional Status), § 1.3 (Transformation Defined), § 2.9 (Summary of Constructions), § 3.9 (Summary of Sentence Sequences), §5 (The Place of Transformations in Linguistic Structure).1
Gender differences in the relationship between mental illness and violence: evidence from a community-based epidemiological study in Israel

Although males are generally more likely than females to report violent behaviors, emerging evidence suggests that the gender gap is substantially reduced among individuals with mental illness. This paper investigates whether the associations between gender and self-reported violent behaviors (fighting and weapon use) are moderated by three mental health indicators – treatment status, psychiatric diagnosis, and threat/control-override psychotic symptoms. Data from a two-stage epidemiological study conducted in Israel (weighted N = 2706) are analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. Results indicate that treatment status and psychiatric diagnosis moderate the association between gender and fighting, but leave open questions both about the moderating role of threat/control-override symptoms and about the implications of mental illness for the gender/weapon use relationship.
Inorganic–organic hybrid metal complexes: 24-membered hexaazamacrocyclic dinuclear nickel complexes hybridized with CdBr 4 2−

Abstract The 24-membered macrocyclic mononuclear cadmium complex reacts with Ni(ClO4)2 in solution and unexpected dinuclear nickel complex was obtained with [CdBr4]2− as counter ions. In the homodinuclear nickel complex, two different coordination environmental entities were observed. One of these is a five-coordinated dinuclear species, the other is a six-coordinated dinuclear species [Ni(1A)2C26H40N6O2(H2O)2]. In [Ni(1A)2C26H40N6O2(H2O)2], nickel ion is coordinated to three nitrogen atoms, one phenolic oxygen from the macrocyclic ligand, and with one exogenous water molecule to complete an octahedron. In [Ni(1B)2C26H40N6O2], each nickel ion is five-coordinated without solvent interaction. [CdBr4]2− anions are located in the lattice and serve as hybrid bridges to connect two different molecules and form two layer arrays along the c axis. The whole molecule is described as an ion pair with a two-dimensional hydrogen bonding network. The average bond lengths of Ni–N and Ni–O(phenolic oxygen) are 2.083, 2.028 A.
Maturational changes in rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicle osmotic water permeability.

We have recently demonstrated that while the osmotic water permeability (P f ) of neonatal proximal tubules is higher than that of adult tubules, the P f of brush-border membrane vesicles from neonatal rabbits is lower than that of adults. The present study examined developmental changes in the water transport characteristics of proximal tubule basolateral membranes by determining aquaporin 1 (AQP1) protein abundance and the P f in neonatal (10–14 days old) and adult rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV). At 25°C the P f of neonatal BLMV was significantly lower than the adult BLMV at osmotic gradients ranging from 40 to 160 mOsm/kg water. The activation energies for osmotic water movement were identical in the neonatal and adult BLMV (8.65 ± 0.47 vs. 8.86 ± 1.35 kcal · deg−1· mol−1). Reflection coefficients for sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were identical in both the neonatal and adult BLMV and were not different from one. Mercury chloride (0.5 mm) reduced osmotic water movement by 31.3 ± 5.5% in the adult BLMV, but by only 4.0 ± 4.0% in neonatal vesicles (P < 0.01). Adult BLMV AQP1 abundance was higher than that in the neonate. These data demonstrate that neonatal BLMV have a lower P f and AQP1 protein abundance than adults and that a significantly greater fraction of water traverses the basolateral membrane lipid bilayer and not water channels in neonates compared to adults. The lower P f of the neonatal BLMV indicates that the basolateral membrane is not responsible for the higher transepithelial P f in the neonatal proximal tubule.
Seed Dispersal: Same Gene, Different Organs

Summary A single nucleotide change in a conserved promoter element is responsible for both human-selected retention of rice grains on pedicels and for naturally selected differences in dehiscence-associated fruit structures in mustards.
Navier-Stokes Predictions of Pitch-Damping for a Family of Flared Projectiles

Abstract : A parabolized Navier-Stokes approach has been applied to predict the pitch-damping force and moment coefficients for a family of flared projectiles. This family of flared projectiles, which has been tested in the Army Research Laboratory's (ARL) Aerodynamic Range, consists of a common forebody with various flared afterbodies including straight flares, biconic flares, straked flares, and flares with finlets. The predicted pitch-damping force and moment coefficients are determined from the aerodynamic side force and moment acting on the projectiles due to steady coning motion. The predictions of the flow field about the projectiles undergoing steady coning motion are accomplished using a rotating coordinate frame which rotates at the coning rate of the projectile. The governing equations have been modified to include the centrifugal and Coriolis force terms due to the rotating coordinate frame. The predictions of the pitch-damping moment coefficient are compared with pitch-damping coefficient determined from the inflight motion of the projectile. The predictions of the pitch-damping moment coefficients are in good agreement with the range data.
African cities and regional trade in historical perspective: Implications for contemporary globalization trends

This paper has three objectives. First, to identify pre-colonial African towns of regional and international significance and to highlight their role as centers of long distance trade, art and craft; second, to identify and discuss the major factors that contributed to weakening the position of these towns in the global socio-economic arena; and third, to suggest steps that can be taken to transform African towns in particular, and the continent in general, into active participants in contemporary globalization processes. The suggested actions entail investing in, and promoting the use of, modern information technologies; improving conventional mailing systems; improving road and other transport facilities; and requiring MNCs to contribute meaningfully to development efforts in their host locales and host countries.
Stability of liquid flow down a heated inclined plane

Abstract The Yih-Benjamin analysis of the stability to small surface perturbations of a thin liquid film flowing down an inclined wall is extended to take into account the effects of evaporation or condensation. Evaporation destabilizes the film. With vertical walls the flow is thus unstable at every Reynolds number under heating, but exhibits a critical Reynolds number under cooling. Above a critical heat flux the estimated time to develop thin spots decreases as the fourth power of the evaporation rate.
The Influence of Labels and Positions in Rating Scales

On occasion, rating scales are used in which the verbal labels are compressed to saturate one end of the response continuum. In these scales, differences arise between the normal meaning of the label and its scalar position. This paper investigated the influence of the label and the position in defining the meaning of the labeled position. Three forms of labeled rating scale were constructed where the labels FAIR and GOOD were systematically moved. Subjects judged the desirability of premarked responses on the scales. In addition, two forms were used to determine the desirability of the unlabeled scale position and the desirability of the label independent of a rating scale. When label and position differed in meaning, the labeled position was rated as a compromise between the scale value of the label and the position. In most uses of rating scales, the researcher requires measurements that can be treated as equally spaced across the entire response continuum. To obtain them, he or she often attaches verbal labels to the response options which are intended to be as equally spaced as possible yet cover the entire response continuum. Several articles provide information about the meaning of different labels that might be selected. Scale values are available for labels about frequency of occurrence (Bass, Cascio, & O'Conner, 1974; Schriesheim & Schriesheim, 1978) and ratings of frequency, evaluation, and amount (Spector, 1976). Researchers can consult these works to select the most appropriate labels for the number of response options that they plan to use. In some instances, however, equally spaced options across the entire response continuum may not provide the desired properties in the measurements. For instance, Symonds (1931) recommended the use on evaluative rating scales of a set of labels that were packed with positive descriptions to overcome individuals' tendencies to be lenient in their description of others. For a 5-point rating scale, he recommended using the labels POOR, FAIR, GOOD, VERY GOOD, and EXCELLENT. Guilford, in his classic Psychometric Methods (1936), reiterated Symonds's solution for the problem of errors of leniency. In addition, Guilford recommended that "in a similar manner in the numerical type of scale, the strength of the descriptive adjectives may be adjusted so as to counteract the error of central tendency" (1936, p. 272).
A diffuse interface model for the interfacial transfer coefficient

Abstract Based on an extension to non-equilibrium problems, of Cahn’s interface layer thermodynamics, we demonstrate that the matrix of transfer coefficients across a coherent interface between two phases, α and β , can be viewed as a correction to the Onsager’s matrix of mobility coefficients along the continuous concentration profile. The latter coefficients are defined along the equilibrium concentration profile in the interfacial layer and in the α - and β -phases. Combining the above definition with that of solute interfacial excess, we can define transfer coefficients relative to two components chosen arbitrarily, the values of which are intrinsic properties of the interfacial layer, independent of its precise location and thickness.
Houghton, Stephanie, & Etsuko Yamada. Developing Criticality in Practice through Foreign Language Education. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 2012. Pp. 200. $49.95, paper. ISBN 978–3–03430–793–2.

A review of the book "Developing Criticality in Practice Through Foreign Language Education," by Stephanie Houghton and Etsuko Yamada, is presented.
Friends, neighbors, enemies, strangers: aggressor and victim in civilian ethnic riots.

L'A. etudie comment, dans le cadre des recents conflits ethniques et ethnonationalistes, des individus peuvent soudainement se retourner contre des personnes qui leur etaient connues, qui furent leurs voisins et parfois leurs amis, avec lequelles ils ont partage plusieurs types d'echange et de reciprocite, et leur infliger la terreur et la violence - incendie volontaire, homicide, torture, viol, mutilation, vol... Il s'appuit sur deux exemples concrets : 1) les emeutes de Delhi de 1984 qui opposerent Hindous et Sikhs ; 2) les emeutes de Colombo de 1983 qui opposerent Cingalais et Tamil
Inflating with the QCD axion

We show that the QCD axion can drive inflation via a series of tunneling events. For axion models with a softly broken ${Z}_{N}$ symmetry, the axion potential has a series of $N$ local minima and may be modeled by a tilted cosine. Chain inflation results along this tilted cosine: the field tunnels from an initial minimum near the top of the potential through a series of ever lower minima to the bottom. This results in sufficient inflation and reheating. QCD axions, potentially detectable in current searches, may thus simultaneously solve problems in particle physics and provide inflation.
Electromediated permeabilization of frog skeletal muscle cell membrane: Effect of voltage-gated ion channels

Abstract The asymmetrical electromediated permeabilization of cell membranes of frog skeletal muscle fibers with respect to the stimulation pulse polarity were studied using an improved double Vaseline gap voltage clamp. Channel-mediated currents in response to a variety of high voltage electrical pulses have been differentiated from the pulse-induced electroporated leakage currents induced in the cell membranes. Under voltage clamp conditions, electroporated current as a percentage of the total transmembrane currents and the ratios of the membrane conductances responding to positive electrical pulses over negative electrical pulses have been quantified. These results imply that protein channels have a protective effect, mediating some of the changes to the phospholipid membrane from electroporation by adjusting the membrane conductance. Our hypothesis states that, when skeletal muscle fibers are exposed to a high intensity electrical field in real life, the increment in membrane conductance due to ion channels opening on the depolarized side of the cell membrane initiates a redistribution of the membrane potential differences across the two opposed membranes. The field-induced voltage drop across the membrane hemisphere facing the positive electrode is much higher than that across the hemisphere facing the negative electrode, which results in unequal electromediated permeabilization of the two hemispheres.
Quantum size dependence of femtosecond electronic dephasing and vibrational dynamics in CdSe nanocrystals

Femtosecond photon-echo techniques are used to probe the dynamics of quantum-confined excitons in nanocrystals of CdSe. Using three-pulse photon echoes, the modulation of the echo signal from the LO-phonon mode is effectively suppressed, and both the electronic dephasing and the couplings to lattice vibrations are probed directly. Detailed measurements are reported as a function of both nanocrystal size and temperature. The dephasing times vary from 85 fs in nanocrystals of 20-\AA{} diameter to 270 fs in 40-\AA{} crystals. These rates are determined by several dynamical processes, all of which depend sensitively on the size of the nanocrystal. The time scale of the trapping of the electronic excitation to surface states increases with increasing size. The coupling of the excitation to low-frequency vibrational modes is strongly size dependent as well, in accordance with a theoretical model. The photon echo also gives information on the polar coupling between the electronic state and the LO-phonon mode. This coupling is found to peak at an intermediate size. This phenomenon is interpreted as a manifestation of coupling between the interior confined excitons and localized surface states, which destroys the spherical symmetry of the excited state. Using these data, all of the important contributions to the size-dependent homogeneous linewidths can be enumerated.
Beneficial effects of metoprolol in heart failure associated with coronary artery disease: A randomized trial

Abstract Objectives . This clinical trial was performed to determine the safety and clinical impact of titrated metoprolol therapy in patients with heart failure, documented coronary artery disease and a low ejection fraction. Background . Despite known cardiodepressant effects, long-term use of beta-adrenergic antagonists appears to be beneficial in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. However, this therapy has not been critically evaluated in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. Methods . In 50 patients with heart failure, known coronary artery disease and an ejection fraction ≤0.40, we examined the impact of metoprolol therapy in a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial, assessing the frequency of heart failure exacerbations and changes in symptoms (New York Heart Association functional class), ejection fraction and exercise duration. Placebo-treated patients who completed 6-month follow-up studies then underwent a trial with metoprolol therapy (crossover group). Results . Metoprolol was titrated to a mean maximal dose of 87 mg/day (range 25 to 100) without serious adverse reactions. During double-blind therapy, use of a beta-blocker was associated with a significant reduction in the number of hospital admissions (4% vs. 32%, p Conclusions . Cautious use of titrated metoprolol appears to be safe and beneficial when added to standard heart failure therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy associated with coronary artery disease.
Comparison of specific activities of enzymes from young and old dogs and mice

Aldolases A and B (EC 4.1.2.13) and liver cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) have been purified from young and old dogs and mice. The specific activities of these enzymes were measured and show no diminution with age. In addition, dog aldolase B, dog liver superoxide, and mouse liver aldolase were titrated in crude extracts with specific antisera. No accumulation of cross-reacting material with age was detected. The electrophoretic mobilities of these enzymes and the susceptibilities of dog aldolases A and B to trypsin digestion were also unchanged. These results are additional evidence that the accumulation of inactive enzymes is not an invariable concomitant of aging.
The texting athlete: using text and picture messages to record food intake at sporting events.

To offer better nutrition education to student athletes, nutrition educators and coaches must understand which foods and beverages athletes are consuming. Asking athletes to record food intake during the training season can be difficult, especially on competition days. With stress levels high and concentration focused on the sporting event, most athletes do not wish to carry around a pen and paper to record their food intake. Using digital food records, such as text messaging and food photography, can make dietary intake recording easier for athletes. For this project, athletes on a college swim team were asked to use digital records to report their food and beverage intake during 2 swim meets. Information was collected in real time using mobile phone text and picture messaging. This innovative approach allows for increased cooperation and more accurate dietary assessment compared with traditional recording methods. As documented by previous studies, this recall method may help eliminate bias and food omissions because food recording can occur in real time.
The Future of UNESCO: Strategies for Attracting New Resources.

Abstract UNESCO suffers from two structural incompatibilities. The first is between the breadth of its stated goals and paucity of its financing. The second is between the countries who largely finance the organization and the many other countries who claim its benefits. As a consequence the functions of UNESCO are not critical to the interests of the financing member states. Other UN agencies with similar dilemmas have sought solutions to critical problems as seen by industrial democracies and to attract external budgetary resources as to finance these activities. It is suggested that UNESCO should do the same.
Water-column studies near a melting Arctic iceberg

Glacial icebergs contain large amounts of nitrate, an important phytoplankton nutrient. Low density iceberg meltwater, in rising, mixes with euphotic zone water nearby, wherein NO3 is in low concentration. Rising meltwater may also entrain nutrient-rich deeper waters and raise them to sunlit depths. Sixteen vertical profiles of nutrients (PO4, NO3, SiO2), chlorophyll-a, and physical parameters were taken near a Greenland iceberg at ∼50°N, 50°W in May–June 1980. Chlorophyll profiles show very pronounced maxima at or just below the maximum rate of change of water density vs depth; profile forms are heterogeneous (no “typical” form is evident). No enhancement of chlorophyll concentration was found re distance from or direction to the iceberg. Effects of mixing on NO3 concentrations are marginally detectable, but no ‘wake’ or ‘downwind’ effects were observed. The iceberg does not appear to grossly perturb water column plant biology nearby, but measures of rates of productivity might show otherwise, particularly near larger (e.g. Antarctic) icebergs.
Absolute total electron scattering cross sections for N 2 between 0.5 and 50 eV

Absolute total electron scattering cross sections for N/sub 2/ from 0.5 to 50 eV have been measured with an estimated uncertainty of +- 3% using a transmission time-of-flight method previously described. The results are compared to previous experimental results and to recent calculations. The positions of the /sup 2/Pi/sub g/ resonance peaks were determined with much greater accuracy ( +- 15 meV) than in previous transmission measurements. The structure reported by Golden (1966) below the /sup 2/Pi/sub g/ resonance was clearly not present, indicating that, if real, these features are not a property of the N/sub 2/ ground vibronic state. The shape resonance predicted at 11 eV by Dill and Dehmer (1977) was not seen, perhaps because it was too weakly manifested in the total cross section. A weak broad band centered at 25 eV may be interpreted as being due to a sigma/sub u/ shape resonance as predicted by Dehmer, Siegel, Welch, and Dill.
SU-C-141-02: Evaluation of Dosimetric and Geometric Accuracy of Gated Lung SBRT with CIRS Lung Motion Phantom

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric and geometric accuracy of the gated SBRT delivery using film measurements and intra-fractional kV images with predefined software-markers. Methods: End-to-end tests of gated SBRT delivery were performed using a Varian TrueBeam™ linac and a CIRS lung motion phantom with targets of 1 and 2 cm in diameter and implanted fiducials. 4DCT images of the phantom were acquired with 1 mm slice thickness. RapidArc plans were created in Eclipse TPS with software-markers placed on the fiducials at maximal expiration. SBRT plans were delivered to the phantom in stationary and in gating mode (2 mm and 5 mm-gating window). Plans were also delivered with 5 mm targets shift with respect to the boney anatomy in stationary mode and 10% phase shift in 2 mm-gating mode. To investigate the dosimetric accuracy, dose was measured by EBT3 film and compared with the TPS calculation (AcurosXB algorithm) using γ-index criteria (3mm distance-to-agreement and 3% dose-difference). The geometric accuracy was evaluated using kV intra-fraction images of the fiducials relative to the predefined software-markers. Results: Comparing with the stationary mode, the percentage passing γ-index (%γ) for 1 cm target decreased significantly from 98.0% to 94.8% (2 mm-gating window) and 84.3% (5 mm-gating window) while for 2 cm target %y decreased from 99.5% to 99.2% (2 mm-gating window) and 86.6% (5 mm-gating window). The %γ for the conditions of target shift and phase shift for the 2 cm target were 89.0% and 89.9%, respectively. Geometric deviation was less than 0.05 mm, except for the phase shift condition (0.45 mm). Conclusion: Higher dosimetric impact from motion was found for the smaller target. With a proper gating window the planned dose can be accurately delivered with the use of kV intra-fraction image and software-maker to ensure the geometric accuracy during treatment.
Character of the equations of elasto-plastic flow in three independent variables

Elastoplastic flow equations character in three independent variables, noting solution methods for initial and boundary value problems
Third World No More: Rebranding Indonesian Streetwear

AbstractIndonesia is home to dozens of high-end couture designers and thousands of local, independent clothing labels. But despite a rapidly growing garment industry, it remains firmly outside the fashion world map. This article chronicles the efforts of Indonesian fashion designers and apparel companies to establish a name for themselves internationally by carefully cultivating distinctive brand identities. It documents and critiques two primary branding strategies within Indonesian fashion, identified as “self-orientalizing” and “strategic anti-essentialism.” It then provides an in-depth discussion of the latter strategy, its relative limitations, and its recent innovations through the example of Indonesian independent streetwear companies like Airplane Systm and Unkl347.
PET for staging of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Metabolic or molecular imaging with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has emerged as a powerful imaging modality for diagnosis, staging, and therapy monitoring of a variety of cancers. The accuracy of FDG-PET as an imaging tool for the primary staging of lymphoma suffers from the absence of a reference criterion to which all imaging modalities can be compared. For ethical reasons, pathological diagnosis is usually not possible for all of the lesions and abnormalities found. In this article, the current state of the art for staging of primary lymphoma is reviewed and the implications for staging and the impact on patient management discussed. Whole-body PET using FDG is superior to conventional staging, i.e., physical examination, laboratory tests, plain radiography, and CT, by 10–20%. The sensitivity of FDG-PET varies for different regions of the body and appears lowest for infradiaphragmatic disease involvement. Staging with metabolic imaging leads in 10–40% of patients to a change in clinical stage. Highly variable results have been reported on whether up- or downstaging of lymphoma with PET leads to changes in the therapeutic approach for primary lymphoma.
Comparing Current, Former, and Never Users of Natural Family Planning An Analysis of Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Attitudinal Variables.

AbstractThis project examines how women who currently use natural family planning (NFP), those who formerly used NFP, and those who have never used NFP compare along demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal variables. Bivariate analyses of data from the National Survey of Family Growth 2006–2010 (N = 10,598 female respondents) suggest that current NFP users varied socioeconomically and demographically from former NFP users, but differences were more prominent between current NFP users and never NFP users. In many cases, there was little variation between former NFP users and never NFP users. Current NFP users were less likely to be black and more likely to be Hispanic or other race, married, Catholic or other religion, have a bachelor's degree, and earn higher income than the other two groups. Understanding how current NFP users differ from those who formerly used NFP and those who have never tried NFP provides important clues about which populations to target for promotional efforts.
Clinical Trials of Immunization with the Towne 125 Strain of Human Cytomegalovirus

The Towne 125 strain of human cytomegalovirus (CMV), adapted to growth in human diploid cell strain WI-38 and propagated in this cell line for 129 consecutive passages, was administered to male volunteers with or without preexisting antibodies to CMV. Infection was not achieved by intranasal administration. In contrast, subcutaneous inoculation of virus induced seroconversion in all seronegative volunteers and a booster antibody response in some previously seropositive individuals. Transient local reactions occured at the site of inoculation of the virus, but systemic symptoms and signs of disease were notably absent.
House dust bioactivities predict skin prick test reactivity for children with high risk of allergy.

Background Although evidence suggests that ambient exposures to endotoxin and other immunostimulants during early life influence allergic risk, efforts to understand this host-environment relationship have been hampered by a paucity of relevant assays. Objectives These investigations determined whether parameters of house dust extract (HDE) bioactivity were predictive of allergen skin prick test (SPT) reactivity for infants at high risk of allergy participating in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS). Methods We conducted a nested case-control study, selecting 99 CCAAPS children who had positive SPT results to at least 1 aeroallergen at age 3 years and 101 subjects with negative SPT results. HDEs were prepared from dust samples collected from the subjects' homes at age 1 year. Murine splenocytes and bone marrow–derived dendritic cells were incubated with HDEs, and supernatant cytokine concentrations were determined by means of ELISA. Alternatively, bone marrow–derived dendritic cells were preincubated with HDEs, and then LPS-induced IL-6 responses were assessed. HDE endotoxin levels were determined by using the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Results HDEs derived from the homes of children with positive (cases) and negative (control subjects) SPT results had similar bioactivities. However, when cases were considered in isolation, HDEs with higher levels of bioactivity were significantly associated with children who had lower numbers of positive SPT results. Analogous statistical analyses did not identify any association between HDE endotoxin levels and the aeroallergen sensitization profiles of children included in this study. Conclusion HDE immunostimulatory activities predicted the aeroallergen sensitization status of CCAAPS subjects better than HDE endotoxin levels. These results provide the first published evidence that HDE bioassays have clinical relevance in predicting atopic risk.
Beep! Beep! Boom!: towards a planning model of Coyote and Road Runner cartoons

In current commercial games, there is generally a lack of physical humor; most humor in games is largely linguistic (dialog) and static (hand-authored). In this paper we propose A Cartoon Making Experience (ACME), a system that models physical humor based on the structure of humorous episodes in The Road Runner and Coyote cartoons. Player's are able to interact with ACME by adding and removing objects from the world. Using a hierarchal task network (HTN) planner, the game plans out a gag based on the item attributes as well as the state of the world. In this paper we provide an analysis of the humor in The Road Runner and Coyote cartoons, position ACME in the context of work on computational humor, and describe our preliminary implementation of ACME.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT : I. THE SPONTANEOUS TUMOR AND ASSOCIATED ABNORMALITIES.

A malignant tumor which developed at the site of a primary syphilitic lesion in the scrotum of a rabbit, about 4 years after inoculation, and eventually led to the death of the animal, has formed the basis for an extensive series of investigations beginning with the study of the spontaneous tumor. The present report contains the clinical history of the animal from the time of inoculation to its death and the results of pathological examinations. The most important events recorded may be summarized as follows: 1. A mild but persistent syphilitic infection with an occasional relapse and the eventual development of chronic inflammatory lesions in the skin associated with atypical epithelial proliferations. 2. The occurrence, at about the same time, of extensive degenerative changes in the dermis accompanied by an atypical growth of hair follicles, with the production of diffuse and nodular areas of thickening and induration (scleroderma). 3. The development of a growth in the skin of the left scrotum which recurred after removal and spread diffusely over adjacent parts of the skin, and metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and to internal organs. 4. The transplantation of the growth to other rabbits by intratesticular inoculation and the successful propagation of the growth over a period of nearly 2 years (twenty generations). 5. The development of a cachexia and of pressure phenomena from metastases involving the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal column which eventually led to the death of the animal. 6. The discovery, post mortem, of an extensive leucoplakia of the tongue and buccal mucosa, chronic inflammatory lesions in the esophagus with atypical epithelial proliferation, and a nodular growth in the left testicle differing in character from that in the scrotum. 7. The presence of extensive degenerative changes in the vascular system, degeneration of the parenchymatous organs, atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid system, with chronic lymphadenitis, atrophy, degeneration, and necrosis of the suprarenals, and atrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid with chronic thyroiditis. The conclusion was reached that the growth in the scrotum represented a neoplasm of epithelial origin which was composed of cells allied to those found in the bulb and root sheath of the hair. No explanation was offered for the origin or unusual malignancy displayed by the tumor pending the introduction of experimental data. It was stated, however, that the evidence presented was sufficient to warrant the assumption that the factor of foremost importance in the development of the tumor was constitutional rather than local.
Low power MOSFET memory cells using Schottky-barrier diodes

Joint integration of n-channel MOSFETs and Schottky-Barrier diodes (SBD) requires only modest changes in the overall FET process but offers considerable improvements over all-FET circuits in power consumption, density and performance. To implement SBD's n+pockets are outdiffused through a p-type epitaxial layer and put in contact with the proper metal. MOS guard rings are utilized to relieve electrical field enhancement around the perimeter of the device.