cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion‐Exchange Chromatographic Determination of Lysozyme in Egg White

Pure lysozyme solutions were chromatographed on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose then monitored spectrophotometrically and by biological activity measurement. Although some biological activity was lost during chromatography, standard curves relating enzyme content to chromatographic peak area corrected for this loss. The experimental system produced egg white lysozyme concentrations which were comparable to literature values. The method of determination could be used in the comparison of total enzyme concentration to active enzyme in experimental egg products.
Spatial distribution of cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic theory

Abstract Data recorded in a world-wide investigation of relationships between the spatial distribution of cosmic ray intensity and the magnetic field of the earth have been compared with the predictions of geomagnetic theory. Measurements obtained with a neutron monitor in the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office Airborne Geomagnetic Survey-Project MAGNET are well organized in terms of new calculations of vertical threshold magnetic rigidities by Quenby and Wenk, who have taken into account the effects of the dipole and non-dipole parts of the field as well as the penumbral correction. Except for the observations over one region in the North Atlantic, a plot of nucleonic intensity versus threshold rigidity reveals that all the points fall within a narrow band.
Using an object-oriented software life-cycle model in the software engineering course

An object-oriented software life-cycle model, the Modified Spiral Model, was successfully used as the software process in the software engineering course in the Department of Computer Science, California State University, San Bernardino. The model lends itself quite naturally to the object-oriented approach of producing software systems in the iterative and incremental manner. The software engineering class is run like a virtual software company which is composed of teams and team leaders where performance is measured on being able to submit the software deliverables and the success of the task(s) assigned to the team. The paper reports on the implementation of the software project, Algorithma (Algorithm Animation), in the virtual software company using the Modified Spiral Model.
Three-dimensional hippocampal MR morphometry with high-dimensional transformation of a neuroanatomic atlas.

PURPOSE: To test automated three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging morphometry of the human hippocampus, to determine the potential gain in precision compared with conventional manual morphometry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A canonical three-dimensional MR image atlas was used as a deformable template and automatically matched to three-dimensional MR images of 10 individuals (five healthy and five schizophrenic subjects). A subvolume containing the hippocampus was defined by using 16 landmarks that constrained the automated search for hippocampal boundaries. Transformation of the hippocampus template was automatically performed by using global pattern matching through a sequence of low-then high-dimensional translations, rotations, and scalings. RESULTS: The average test-retest volume difference measured with the automatic method was 3.1%, compared with the manual test-retest difference of 7.1%. Correlation between automated and manually determined volumes demonstrated the validity of the automated t...
Calcium and magnesium dependence of spontaneous and evoked afferent neural activity in the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis

1. Rates of spontaneous and mechanically evoked neural impulses from the Xenopus laevis lateral line were compared in the presence of calcium and/or magnesium or in the absence of either divalent cation, bath-applied to the synaptic side of the mechanoreceptors. 2. Spontaneous activity and total activity during mechanical stimulation decreased with increasing calcium or magnesium concentration. 3. Activity during stimulation minus spontaneous activity increased with increasing calcium concentration and decreased with increasing magnesium concentration. 4. At constant divalent cation concentration, increasing calcium/magnesium increased total stimulated activity minus spontaneous activity, while spontaneous activity remained essentially constant. 5. Membrane charge screening and mass action of divalent cations at voltage-dependent cation channels are hypothesized to account for the effects observed.
Up-regulation of D1A dopamine receptor gene transcription by estrogen.

Abstract Estrogen exerts complex physiologic effects on brain functions which could partly be mediated through modulation of the dopaminergic system. Transcription control of the human D1A dopamine receptor gene by estrogenic stimulation was studied in the D1A expressing neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. Transient co-transfection of D1A gene promoter-CAT constructs along with expression vectors for steroid hormone receptors indicated that estrogen, but not progesterone or glucocorticoid, receptors up-regulate transcription of this gene by about 1.7-fold. Serial 5′ deletion mutants of the D1A gene upstream region localized the estrogen responsive segment between nucleotides −1472 and −1342 relative to the initiator methionine. This region contains a half palindrome (TGACC) for the consensus estrogen responsive element (ERE). Additional co-transfection experiments revealed that estrogen receptors specifically activate the upstream D1A promoter but not the downstream promoter located in the intron of this gene. Consistent with transient co-transfection experiments, 17β-estradiol treatment of SK-N-MC cells transfected with an estrogen receptor expression vector resulted in an approximately 20% increase in steady-state levels of long D1A transcripts derived from the upstream promoter but not of short transcripts originating from the intron promoter. These observations demonstrate a molecular basis for estrogen induced up-regulation of D1A gene transcription and provide a mechanism for modulation of central dopaminergic functions by this hormone.
The South Atlantic and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

This article discusses the contribution of the South Atlantic circulation to the variability of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). The South Atlantic connects the North Atlantic to the Indian and Pacific oceans, being the conduit through which the southward outflow of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is compensated by northward inflows of upper and intermediate waters. This circulation pattern, in which cold waters flow poleward and warm waters equatorward, generates a distinct heat flux that is directed from the poles towards the equator. Observations and models indicate that the South Atlantic is not just a passive conduit but that its circulation influences significantly the water mass structure of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). These transformations occur across the whole basin but are most intensified in regions of high mesoscale variability. Models and observations also show that the South Atlantic plays a significant role in the establishment of oceanic teleconnections. Anomalies generated in the Southern Ocean, for example, are transmitted through inter-ocean exchanges to the northern basins. These results highlight the need for sustained observations in the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean, which, in conjunction with modeling efforts, would improve the understanding of the processes necessary to formulate long-term climate predictions.
Functionally Significant Secondary Structure of the Simian Virus 40 Late Polyadenylation Signal

The structure of the highly efficient simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal (LPA signal) is more complex than those of most known mammalian polyadenylation signals. It contains efficiency elements both upstream and downstream of the AAUAAA region, and the downstream region contains three defined elements (two U-rich elements and one G-rich element) instead of the single U- or GU-rich element found in most polyadenylation signals. Since many reports have indicated that the secondary structure in RNA may play a significant role in RNA processing, we have used nuclease structure analysis techniques to determine the secondary structure of the LPA signal. We find that the LPA signal has a functionally significant secondary structure. Much of the region upstream of AAUAAA is sensitive to single-strand-specific nucleases. The region downstream of AAUAAA has both double- and single-stranded characteristics. Both U-rich elements are predominately sensitive to the double-strand-specific nuclease RNase V1, while the G-rich element is primarily single stranded. The U-rich element closest to AAUAAA contains four distinct RNase V1-sensitive regions, which we have designated structural region 1 (SR1), SR2, SR3, and SR4. Linker scanning mutants in the downstream region were analyzed both for structure and for function by in vitro cleavage analyses. These data show that the ability of the downstream region, particularly SR3, to form double-stranded structures correlates with efficient in vitro cleavage. We discuss the possibility that secondary structure downstream of the AAUAAA may be important for the functions of polyadenylation signals in general.
The Effect of Viscous and Hysteretic Damping on Rotor Stability

A rotordynamic finite element program has been modified to include internal viscous and hysteretic damping. A numerical study has been done on a rotor system with variable external damping to predict the effect of various amounts of internal viscous and hysteretic damping on rotor stability. Three cases are considered: (1) external viscous damping with internal viscous damping; (2) external hysteretic damping with internal hysteretic damping; and (3) external viscous damping with internal hysteretic damping.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
P2P as botnet command and control: A deeper insight

The research community is now focusing on the integration of peer-to-peer (P2P) concepts as incremental improvements to distributed malicious software networks (now generically referred to as botnets). While much research exists in the field of P2P in terms of protocols, scalability, and availability of content in P2P file sharing networks, less exists (until this last year) in terms of the shift in C&C from central C&C using clear-text protocols, such as IRC and HTTP, to distributed mechanisms for C&C where the botnet becomes the C&C, and is resilient to attempts to mitigate it. In this paper we review some of the recent work in understanding the newest botnets that employ P2P technology to increase their survivability, and to conceal the identities of their operators. We extend work done to date in explaining some of the features of the Nugache P2P botnet, and compare how current proposals for dealing with P2P botnets would or would not affect a pure-P2P botnet like Nugache. Our findings are based on a comprehensive 2-year study of this botnet.
STATISTICAL TESTS FOR TAXONOMIC DISTINCTIVENESS FROM OBSERVATIONS OF MONOPHYLY

The observation of monophyly for a specified set of genealogical lineages is often used to place the lineages into a distinctive taxonomic entity. However, it is sometimes possible that monophyly of the lineages can occur by chance as an outcome of the random branching of lineages within a single taxon. Thus, especially for small samples, an observation of monophyly for a set of lineages—even if strongly supported statistically—does not necessarily indicate that the lineages are from a distinctive group. Here I develop a test of the null hypothesis that monophyly is a chance outcome of random branching. I also compute the sample size required so that the probability of chance occurrence of monophyly of a specified set of lineages lies below a prescribed tolerance. Under the null model of random branching, the probability that monophyly of the lineages in an index group occurs by chance is substantial if the sample is highly asymmetric, that is, if only a few of the sampled lineages are from the index group, or if only a few lineages are external to the group. If sample sizes are similar inside and outside the group of interest, however, chance occurrence of monophyly can be rejected at stringent significance levels (P < 10−5) even for quite small samples (≈ 20 total lineages). For a fixed total sample size, rejection of the null hypothesis of random branching in a single taxon occurs at the most stringent level if samples of nearly equal size inside and outside the index group—with a slightly greater size within the index group—are used. Similar results apply, with smaller sample sizes needed, when reciprocal monophyly of two groups, rather than monophyly of a single group, is of interest. The results suggest minimal sample sizes required for inferences to be made about taxonomic distinctiveness from observations of monophyly.
Does the Level at Which Cognitive Change Occurs Change With Age

Increased age in adulthood is associated with systematically more negative cognitive change, but relatively little is known about the nature of change at different ages. The present study capitalized on the hierarchical structure of cognitive abilities to investigate possible age differences in the level at which change operates. Reductions in the longitudinal associations between test scores when across-time relations were specified at different levels in the hierarchical structure were used to infer contributions to change from the level of abilities and from the level of a general factor. Although the pattern of influences varied across different cognitive abilities, the results revealed little or no age differences in the relative contributions to change from different levels in the hierarchy.
Differential morphology of pyramidal tract-type and intratelencephalically projecting-type corticostriatal neurons and their intrastriatal terminals in rats

Two types of corticostriatal projection neurons have been identified: 1) one whose intrastriatal arborization arises as a collateral of a projection to the ipsilateral brainstem via the pyramidal tract (PT-type); and 2) one that projects intratelencephalically to the cortex and striatum, in many cases bilaterally, but not extratelencephalically (IT-type). To assess possible functional differences between these two neuron types, we characterized their laminar location in the cortex, their perikaryal size, and the morphology of their intrastriatal terminals. IT-type neurons were retrogradely labeled by tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (RDA)3k injection into the contralateral striatum, whereas their intrastriatal terminals were labeled anterogradely by biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)10k injection into the contralateral motor or primary somatosensory cortex. To label PT-type neurons and their ipsilateral intrastriatal terminals retrogradely, BDA3k was injected into the pontine pyramidal tract. We found that IT-type neuronal perikarya are medium-sized (12-13 microm) and located in layer III and upper layer V, whereas PT-type perikarya are larger (18-19 microm) and most commonly located in lower layer V. At the electron microscopic level, the intrastriatal terminals of both corticostriatal neuron types made asymmetric synaptic contact with spine heads and less frequently with dendrites. IT-type axospinous terminals were characteristically small (0.4-0.5 microm) and regular in shape, whereas PT-type terminals were typically large (0.8-0.9 microm) and often irregular in shape. Perforated postsynaptic densities were common for PT-type terminals, but not IT-type. The clear differences between these two corticostriatal neuron types in perikaryal size and laminar location in the cortex, and in the size and shape of their intrastriatal terminals, suggest that they may differ in the nature of their influence on the striatum.
The Effect of Various Coatings on Shell Strength and Egg Quality

Abstract White Leghorn hen’s eggs were coated with the following materials: acrylic resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, casein, Zein, and Epolene wax. The following measurements were made: crushing strength, moisture loss, Haugh units, pH, peelability, and flavor. Those coatings that increased shell strength significantly (P On the basis of shell strength improvement, preservation of interior quality and flavor characteristics, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic resin and Zein ranked highest.
A surface-delta description of analyzing power measurements for collective states of Ni and Zn isotopes☆

Abstract Analyzing powers and differential cross sections for the inelastic scattering of 15 MeV polarized protons to the stronger collective states of 58, 60 Ni and 64 Zn have been measured. The data were compared to detailed microscopic reaction calculations using a central plus spin-dependent effective interaction. The nuclear structure wave functions used were obtained from a quasiparticle random-phase appoximation calculation using a spin-dependent surface delta interaction and a basis set containing both neutron and proton configurations. The overall quality of the fits strongly suggests that the surface-delta wave functions provide a good representation for spherical nuclei in this intermediate mass range. The effects of exchange and further modifications to the microscopic effective interaction are discussed.
Visible and infrared solid-state image sensors

This paper reviews the progress, major issues, and trends in the development of solid-state visible and infrared image sensors. The most common photodetector readout structure and imager architectures are discussed. This presentation also includes a brief review of recently reported visible and infrared image sensing arrays.
Components of the AIN-93 Diets as Improvements in the AIN-76A Diet

The AIN-93 rodent diets were formulated to substitute for the previous version (AIN-76A) and to improve the performance of animals that consume them. They are called AIN-93G, formulated for growth, and AIN-93M, for maintenance. Major changes included substituting cornstarch for sucrose and soybean oil for corn oil and increasing the amount in order to supply both essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic). L-Cystine was substituted for DL-methionine to supplement the casein component. The mineral mix was reformulated to lower the amounts of phosphorus, manganese and chromium, to increase the amount of selenium, and to add molybdenum, silicon, fluoride, nickel, boron, lithium and vanadium. The amounts of vitamins E, K-1 and B-12 were increased over those in the AIN-76A vitamin mix. The AIN-93G diet contains 200 g of casein and 70 g of soybean oil/kg diet. The maintenance diet (AIN-93M) contains 140 g of casein and 40 g of soybean oil/kg diet. The 1993 diets have a better balance of essential nutrients than the 1976 diet and are better choices for studies with laboratory rodents.
Tailoring the definition of the clinical schizophrenia phenotype in linkage studies

The delineation of schizophrenia-related symptomatology is critical to informative clinical phenotyping in linkage studies. A minority of first-degree relatives of schizophrenia and schizoaffective probands (RelSZSA) qualifies for a clinical diagnosis in the schizophrenia spectrum. Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a key component of this spectrum, largely because of its relatively specific familial aggregation in relatives. The criteria for SPD were not developed for the purpose of identifying RelSZSA, however, and SPD is not a homogeneous clinical disorder, potentially introducing false positives and false negatives into affectedness classifications. In this study we used logistic regression (LR) to identify the combination of clinical signs and symptoms that maximized the discrimination between nonpsychotic first-degree RelSZSA (n=241) and controls (n=161). Three variables contributed significantly to optimizing this distinction: no close friends or confidants other than family members, social isolation and irritability. The combination of deviant LR scores and schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders had greater sensitivity for identifying RelSZSA, 23.7%, than SPD and schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders, 16%. Importantly, the diagnosis of SPD and deviant LR scores were not significantly correlated. Most individuals with deviant LR scores did not meet criteria for a diagnosis of SPD and only a minority of those who were diagnosed with SPD had deviant LR scores. Since misclassification of gene carriers as non-gene carriers in linkage analyses increases the risk of false negatives, it may be advantageous to tailor the definition of the clinical phenotype to those aspects of social-interpersonal dysfunction that optimize the discrimination of RelSZSA from controls.
Self-Consistent Approach to Leakage Power and Temperature Estimation to Predict Thermal Runaway in FinFET Circuits

In this paper, we propose a methodology to solve leakage power self-consistently with temperature to predict thermal runaway. We target 28-nm-technology-node FinFET-based circuits as they are more prone to thermal runaway because of self-heating and less efficient heat dissipation compared to bulk metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. We have generated thermal models for logic cells-inverter, NAND, and NOR-to self-consistently determine the temperature map of a circuit block. Our cell-level thermal models account for lateral heat flow (contribution of neighboring cells) along with vertical heat dissipation to the heat sink. We predict positive feedback between subthreshold leakage and temperature for all the cells in a given floor plan. Our proposed condition for thermal runaway shows the design tradeoff between the primary input (PI) activity of a circuit block, subthreshold leakage at the room temperature, and thermal resistance of the package. We show that, in FinFET circuits, thermal runaway can occur at the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors-specified subthreshold leakage (of 150 for high performance) for a nominal PI activity of 0.5 and typical package thermal resistance. In addition, we show that the maximum temperature rise in an integrated circuit is limited by package limitations.
Phosphorus: From the Stars to Land & Sea

The chemistry of the element phosphorus offers a window into the diverse field of inorganic chemistry. Fundamental investigations into some simple molecules containing phosphorus reveal much about the ramifications of this element's position in the periodic table and that of its neighbors. Additionally, there are many phosphorus compounds of commercial importance, and the industry surrounding this element resides at a crucial nexus of natural resource stewardship, technology, and modern agriculture. Questions about our sources of phosphorus and the applications for which we deploy it raise the provocative issue of the human role in the ongoing depletion of phosphorus deposits, as well as the transfer of phosphorus from the land into the seas.
Energy-efficiency and renewable energy options for risk management and insurance loss reduction

This paper identifies a spectrum of risk management opportunities associated with technologies and procedures that use energy more efficiently or supply renewable energy. While the economic benefits of these measures have long been of interest to energy consumers seeking to reduce their energy expenditures, we have found that they also offer a novel and largely untapped pathway for achieving traditional risk management objectives. These technologies have many benefits, including insurance loss reduction and prevention. Early examples of research in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies conducted by insurers are described, and new interdisciplinary collaborative applied research is proposed. These technologies should be of interest to the insurance and risk management communities (e.g., researchers, insurance companies, government, energy service companies, facility owners, and utility companies). © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Challenges of structure determination of compound surfaces

Abstract Attention is drawn to challenges facing the structure determination of compound surfaces of growing complexity. Besides the questions of large unit cells and disorder, and of many independent atoms in the unit cells, one must address the determination of composition, compositional disorder and simultaneously coexisting structures. Of special concern is the issue of stability of complex and compound surfaces, and the resulting concerns about experimental surface preparation and reproducibility.
The magnitude of hydraulic redistribution by plant roots: a review and synthesis of empirical and modeling studies.

Contents Summary 337 I. Introduction 337 II. Synthesis of the magnitudes of HR across ecosystems 338 III. Hydraulic redistribution models 339 IV. Methodological considerations affecting the magnitude of HR 344 V. Site characteristics affecting the magnitude of HR 346 VI. Plant characteristics affecting the magnitude of HR 347 VII. Conclusions 349 Acknowledgements 350 References 350 Summary Hydraulic redistribution (HR) – the movement of water from moist to dry soil through plant roots – occurs worldwide within a range of different ecosystems and plant species. The proposed ecological and hydrologic impacts of HR include increasing dry-season transpiration and photosynthetic rates, prolonging the life span of fine roots and maintaining root–soil contact in dry soils, and moving rainwater down into deeper soil layers where it does not evaporate. In this review, we compile estimates of the magnitude of HR from ecosystems around the world, using representative empirical and modeling studies from which we could extract amounts of water redistributed by plant root systems. The reported average magnitude of HR varies by nearly two orders of magnitude across ecosystems, from 0.04 to 1.3 mm H2O d−1 in the empirical literature, and from 0.1 to 3.23 mm H2O d−1 in the modeling literature. Using these synthesized data, along with other published studies, we examine this variation in the magnitude of upward and downward HR, considering effects of plant, soil and ecosystem characteristics, as well as effects of methodological details (in both empirical and modeling studies) on estimates of HR. We take both ecological and hydrologic perspectives.
Extremity soft tissue tumor surgery by surgical specialty: a comparison of case volume among oncology and non-oncology-designated surgeons.

Introduction We sought to characterize the extent of extremity soft tissue tumor (ESTT) resections among surgical specialties, hypothesizing that substantial variation exists in the number of ESTT resections performed by specialty. Methods We queried the UHC-AAMC database for data from 85 institutions for years 2007–2009. We abstracted data on total number of musculoskeletal (MSK) procedures, number of subcutaneous (SQ), deep, and malignant ESTT resections, and anatomic site of resection. Data were available for 4,682 practitioners including the following specialties: general surgery (GS, N = 2,195), plastic surgery (PS, N = 792), surgical oncology (SO, N = 533), general orthopedics (GO, N = 1,079), and orthopedic oncology (OO, N = 83). Results The mean number of all MSK procedures performed per year was 19.0 ± 2.3 GS, 179.6 ± 3.0 PS, 32.4 ± 6.2 SO, 798.6 ± 115.4 GO, and 482.9 ± 6.5 OO (P = 0.001). SQ ESTT resections per year were similar among specialties (1.7 ± 0.3 GS, 2.7 ± 0.3 PS, 2.4 ± 0.4 SO, 1.7 ± 0.5 GO, 4.7 ± 0.2 OO), while deep and malignant resections were more likely performed by OO (combined deep and malignant: 0.9 ± 0.1 GS, 2.0 ± 0.4 PS, 9.9 ± 0.6 SO, 5.8 ± 0.3 GO, and 63.6 ± 8.1 OO, P = 0.001). Adjusting for number of physicians in the database, of the total deep and malignant ESTT resections, 9.4% were performed by GS, 7.7% by PS, 26.0% by SO, 30.8% by GO, and 26.0% by OO. Conclusion Nearly 50% of deep and malignant ESTT resections are performed by non-oncology-designated surgeons. Approximately 17% are performed by practitioners who complete an average of one to two of these procedures per year. These findings may have significant implications for quality of care in soft tissue tumor surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:142–147. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Temperature and Intraspecific Interaction on the Development of Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Studies were conducted to determine development rates of of Dermestes maculatus DeGeer at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. No individuals completed development to the adult stage at 15°C. For the other temperatures, survivorship ranged from 9.3% at 20°C to 36% at 35°C. Time required for development varied inversely with temperature from a mean of 89.7 d at 20°C to 36.4 d at 35°C. For specimens held individually, survivorship was higher at 25 and 30°C, i.e., 83.2 and 60.2%, respectively. No specimens held individually at 35°C survived past the first larval instar. Mortality during the egg stage at 25 and 30°C was 4.52–5.23%, whereas mortality during the first instar was significantly higher for the individuals held at 30°C and 100% for those at 35°C. There was an inverse relation observed between larval density and both survivorship and mean adult weights.
Relative effects of response contingent pre-time-out and pre-food stimuli upon operant responding

Responding on each of two keys produced grain or time-out. The relative reinforcing properties of pre-grain and pre-time-out stimuli were compared. Under the conditions of this experiment the pre-food stimuli functioned as positive reinforcers while pre-time-out stimuli did not function as negative reinforcers.
The dynamics of multiple species and strains of malaria

This paper presents a deterministic SIS model for the transmission dynamics of malaria, a life-threatening disease transmitted by mosquitos. Four species of the parasite genus Plasmodium are known to cause human malaria. Some species of the parasite have evolved into strains that are resistant to treatment. Although proportions of Plasmodium species vary considerably between geographic regions, multiple species and strains do coexist within some communities. The mathematical model derived here includes all available species and strains for a given community. The model has a disease-free equilibrium, which is a global attractor when the reproduction number of each species or strain is less than one. The model possesses quasi-endemic equilibria; local asymptotic stability is established for two species, and numerical simulations suggest that the species or strain with the highest reproduction number exhibits competitive exclusion.
Analysis about over-range hydrogen on a oil-immersed current transformer

Over-range hydrogen on oil-immersed current transformer would cause equipment failure which will endanger the safe operation of power grid.The paper takes a failure investigation of oil immersed current transformer as example.Analysis about the reason of over-range hydrogen on oil-immersed current transformer based on oil chromatographic tests and dielectric loss tests.Some treatment methods to prevent similar accident from happening are provided.
A Reevaluation of Biogenic Amines in Manic and Depressive States

The theory that specific brain amines are depleted in depression and excessive in mania is called into question by studies using objective methods of rating patient behavior following administration of tryptophan and dopa, precursors of serotonin and dopamine. Serotonin appears not to be involved in either depression or mania. Excess dopamine is not a factor in depression but may be associated with mania in some individuals.
Better living with hyper-mutation.

The simplest forms of mutations, base substitutions, typically have negative consequences, aside from their existential role in evolution and fitness. Hypermutations, mutations on steroids, occurring at frequencies of 10(-2) -10(-4) per base pair, straddle a domain between fitness and death, depending on the presence or absence of regulatory constraints. Two facets of hypermutation, one in Escherichia coli involving DNA polymerase V (pol V), the other in humans, involving activation-induced deoxycytidine deaminase (AID) are portrayed. Pol V is induced as part of the DNA-damage-induced SOS regulon, and is responsible for generating the lion's share of mutations when catalyzing translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Four regulatory mechanisms, temporal, internal, conformational, and spatial, activate pol V to copy damaged DNA and then deactivate it. On the flip side of the coin, SOS-induced pols V, IV, and II mutate undamaged DNA, thus providing genetic diversity heightening long-term survival and evolutionary fitness. Fitness in humans is principally the domain of a remarkably versatile immune system marked by somatic hypermutations (SHM) in immunoglobulin variable (IgV) regions that ensure antibody (Ab) diversity. AID initiates SHM by deaminating C → U, favoring hot WRC (W = A/T, R = A/G) motifs. Since there are large numbers of trinucleotide motif targets throughout IgV, AID must exercise considerable catalytic restraint to avoid attacking such sites repeatedly, which would otherwise compromise diversity. Processive, random, and inefficient AID-catalyzed dC deamination simulates salient features of SHM, yet generates B-cell lymphomas when working at the wrong time in the wrong place. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:421-434, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Costs for Hospital Returns After Total Joint Arthroplasties.

Abstract Background Unplanned hospital returns after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) reduce any cost savings in a bundled reimbursement model. We examine the incidence, risk factors, and costs for unplanned emergency department (ED) visits and readmissions within 30 days of index TJA. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 655 TJAs (382 total knee arthroplasty and 273 total hip arthroplasty) performed between April 2014 and March 2015. Preoperative diagnosis was osteoarthritis of the hip or knee (97%) or avascular necrosis of the hip (3%). Hospital costs were recorded for each ED visit and readmission episode. Results Of the 655 TJAs reviewed, 55 (8.4%) returned to the hospital. Of these hospital returns, 35 patients (5.3%) returned for a total of 36 unplanned ED visits whereas the remaining 20 patients (3.1%) presented 22 readmissions within 30 days of index TJA. The 2 most common reasons for unplanned ED visits were postoperative pain/swelling (36%) and medication-related side effects (22%). Avascular necrosis of the hip was a significant risk factor for an unplanned ED visit (7.27 odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67-31.61, P = .008). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the following risk factors for readmission: body mass index (1.10 OR, 95% CI 1.02-1.78, P = .013), comorbidity >2 (2.07 OR, 95% CI 1.06-6.95, P = .037), and prior total knee arthroplasty (2.61 OR, 95% CI 1.01-6.72, P = .047). Ambulating on the day of surgery trended toward a lower risk for readmission (0.13 OR, 95% CI 0.02-1.10, P = .061). The 2 most common reasons for readmission were ileus (23%) and cellulitis (18%). The total cost associated with unplanned ED visits were $15,427 whereas costs of readmissions totaled $142,654. Conclusion Unplanned ED visits and readmissions in the forthcoming bundled payments reimbursement model will reduce cost savings from rapid recovery protocols for TJA. Identifying and mitigating preventable causes of unplanned visits and readmissions will be critical to improving care and controlling costs.
Late Sierra Nevada

Relative Time Period: Follows the Early Sierra Nevada tradition, precedes contact with Europeans or Euro-Americans, which varies between 400 b.p. and 150 b.p. depending on region.
Parental Influence on Physical Activity of Children with Disabilities

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify parental influences on physical activity behaviours of children with disabilities. One hundred and forty-eight parents of children with disabilities responded to a survey about factors related to parent and child physical activity, parental support and belief in their child’s abilities regarding physical activity. The results of multiple regression revealed that parents’ perceived competence of their child’s physical ability and parental support were the key factors of promoting physical activity behaviours of children with disabilities. Findings from this study should be utilised to inform parents on the ways that they can be most helpful for improving the physical activity experiences of their children.
Analytical Solution to a Voltage Driven Piezoelectric Element

The performance analysis of piezoelectric crystals or ceramic elements as employed in ultrasonic transducers is typically carried out by electric equivalent circuit models such as KLM [4] or, more recently, by numerical analysis techniques [5]. Piezoelectric finite element formulations, which allow for flexible domain discretization, have emerged as powerful simulation tools for complex sensor configurations. Unfortunately, verification of these numerical programs by analytical theories is difficult, even for the simple one-dimensional single crystal resonator. Indeed, there is a particular need for a transient transducer model since practical NDE requirements often dictate a time domain treatment of the ultrasonic probe response driven by an applied voltage.
Effect of Nest Characteristics on Thermal Properties, Clutch Size, and Reproductive Performance for an Open-Cup Nesting Songbird:

Maintaining avian eggs and young at optimum temperatures for development can increase hatching success and nestling condition, but this maintenance requires parental energetic demands. Bird nests, ...
Machine and Application Aware Partitioning for Adaptive Mesh Refinement Applications

Load balancing and partitioning are critical when it comes to parallel computations. Popular partitioning strategies based on space filling curves focus on equally dividing work. The partitions produced are independent of the architecture or the application. Given the ever-increasing relative cost of data movement and increasing heterogeneity of our architectures, it is no longer sufficient to only consider an equal partitioning of work. Minimizing communication costs are equally if not more important. Our hypothesis is that an unequal partitioning that minimizes communication costs significantly can scale and perform better than conventional equal-work partitioning schemes. This tradeoff is dependent on the architecture as well as the application. We validate our hypothesis in the context of a finite-element computation utilizing adaptive mesh-refinement. Our central contribution is a new partitioning scheme that minimizes the overall runtime of subsequent computations by performing architecture and application-aware non-uniform work assignment in order to decrease time to solution, primarily by minimizing data-movement. We evaluate our algorithm by comparing it against standard space-filling curve based partitioning algorithms and observing time-to-solution as well as energy-to-solution for solving Finite Element computations on adaptively refined meshes. We demonstrate excellent scalability of our new partition algorithm up to $262,144$ cores on ORNL's Titan and demonstrate that the proposed partitioning scheme reduces overall energy as well as time-to-solution for application codes by up to 22.0%
Scandium-enriched nanoprecipitates in aluminum providing enhanced coarsening and creep resistance

The development of high temperature aluminum alloys able to operate up to 400 oC is crucial to replace steel and titanium and decrease the mass of vehicles in the automotive and aerospace industries. This review relates the past two decades of aluminum alloy engineering done at Northwestern University focusing on developing coherent L12 Al3M nanoprecipitates strengthened aluminum alloys that are coarsening and shear-resistant at high temperature. Starting with the Al-Sc binary system, each new generation of alloys has become more complex to improve the alloy’s mechanical properties and coarsening resistance at high temperatures. The effects of rare-earth (Er, Y, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu), transition metals (Zr, Ti, V, Nb, Ta), inoculants (Si, In, Sb, Sr, Ge, Zn) and solid solution (Mg, Li) elements onto the L12 Al3M precipitates is reviewed. The most recent alloys have optimized strength, coarsening resistance and lower prices, opening the doors to wider application uses.
The Association of Prehospital Intravenous Fluids and Mortality in Patients with Penetrating Trauma.

Abstract Background The optimal approach to prehospital care of trauma patients is controversial, and thought to require balancing advanced field interventions with rapid transport to definitive care. Objective We sought principally to examine any association between the amount of prehospital IV fluid (IVF) administered and mortality. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of trauma registry data patients who sustained penetrating trauma between January 2008 and February 2011, as identified in the Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation registry with corresponding prehospital records from the Philadelphia Fire Department. Analyses were conducted with logistic regression models and instrumental variable analysis, adjusted for injury severity using scene vital signs before the intervention was delivered. Results There were 1966 patients identified. Overall mortality was 22.60%. Approximately two-thirds received fluids and one-third did not. Both cohorts had similar Trauma and Injury Severity Score−predicted mortality. Mortality was similar in those who received IVF (23.43%) and those who did not (21.30%) (p = 0.212). Patients who received IVF had longer mean scene times (10.82 min) than those who did not (9.18 min) (p Conclusions We found no significant difference in mortality or EMS call time between patients who did or did not receive prehospital IVF after penetrating trauma.
A new chemical kinetic method of determining RON and MON values for single component and multicomponent mixtures of engine fuels

Abstract A new method of using chemical kinetic reaction modeling to predict the Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) of single component fuels and fuel mixtures is described and illustrated via comparisons between computed and experimental values obtained using the well-established ASTM test procedures in a Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) engine. Comparisons include predictions of RON and MON for a large variety of neat fuels, studies determining the RON and MON of mixtures of primary reference fuels (PRF) and toluene, and studies of RON and MON for mixtures of single-component and multiple-component gasoline surrogate mixtures with ethanol. Advantages in costs, time, and experimental complexity of the kinetic modeling approach compared to the existing engine test procedures are discussed.
Ballistic Particles in Helium Systems

Ballistic motion of (quasi-)particles in helium systems with quantized and quasi-continuous spectrum is discussed under conditions when the mean free path is restricted by scattering on random surface inhomogeneities. The transport equation is derived for particles with arbitrary form of energy spectrum and without model assumptions on the structure of surface scattering operator. The results can be applied to quasiparticles in liquid helium systems with quadratic and linear spectra, spectrum with a gap, etc. The transport equation is relatively simple except for the case when the distance between quantized energy levels is comparable to the surface collision frequency. In three limiting cases the diffusion coefficient is calculated analytically for arbitrary correlations of surface inhomogeneities, and elsewhere - numerically for Gaussian correlations. The interwall correlation of surface inhomogeneities affects particle diffusion in a non-trivial way; sometimes, the effect of interwall correlations persists even in the quasiclassical limit.
Spectral Characteristics of Radiation and Matter

The wave nature of radiation is responsible for many interesting and unique phenomena involving the interaction of radiation and matter. Prisms, gratings, and other devices disperse radiation into many types of spectrums, classified according to the techniques used for their detection or generation. The wavelength regions have historical names related to scientific discovery and development of the particular spectral interval. There are, for example, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared, microwave, and radio wave radiation. Smaller wavelength intervals within these broad spectral regions have also been given names.
Isometrically Embedded Graphs.

Can an arbitrary graph be embedded in Euclidean space so that the isometry group of its vertex set is precisely its graph automorphism group? This paper gives an affirmative answer, explores the number of dimensions necessary, and classifies the outerplanar graphs that have such an embedding in the plane.
Reporting of Bone Marrow Lymphoid Infiltrates

Currently the protocol for bone marrow (BM) evaluation and reporting varies among institutions. In an attempt to standardize reporting, the College of American Pathologists (CAP), in 2002, published guidelines for reporting hematopoietic neoplasms in BM biopsies (BMB) [1]. In 2008, the International Working Party for the Standardization of Bone Marrow Specimens and Reports formed by the International Council for Standardization in Hematopathology (ICSH) developed more detailed guidelines for the standardization of BM specimen collection, processing and reporting [2]. Others have also emphasized the need for a systematic and comprehensive evaluation and reporting of BMB [3–8]. In addition, recommendations have also been proposed for the reporting of lymphoid neoplasms by the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology (ADASP) [9]. This chapter focuses on the reporting of lymphoid infiltrates in the BM based on the above guidelines as well as on our own experience.
John Stuart Mill’s Road to Leviathan: Early Life and Influences

John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was, during the middle third of the nineteenth century, the world’s leading economist and also arguably the world’s leading intellectual. Mill’s collected works are massive, spanning not only economics but also philosophy, political science, psychology, and the entire range of social science (e.g. his The Subjection of Women is a founding feminist tract). Among major economists, only Adam Smith could conceivably be ranked with Mill in breadth of focus and power to integrate different fields of study into a powerful argument (David Hume conceivably outranks Mill in overall contribution to social science, but Hume is not usually considered to be a major economist).
Genax: a genome sequencing accelerator

Genomics can transform health-care through precision medicine. Plummeting sequencing costs would soon make genome testing affordable to the masses. Compute efficiency, however, has to improve by orders of magnitude to sequence and analyze the raw genome data. Sequencing software used today can take several hundreds to thousands of CPU hours to align reads to a reference sequence. This paper presents GenAx, an accelerator for read alignment, a time-consuming step in genome sequencing. It consists of a seeding and seed-extension accelerator. The latter is based on an innovative automata design that was designed from the ground-up to enable hardware acceleration. Unlike conventional Levenshtein automata, it is string independent and scales quadratically with edit distance, instead of string length. It supports critical features commonly used in sequencing such as affine gap scoring and traceback. GenAx provides a throughput of 4,058K reads/s for Illumina 101 bp reads. GenAx achieves 31.7x speedup over the standard BWA-MEM sequence aligner running on a 56--thread dualsocket 14-core Xeon E5 server processor, while reducing power consumption by 12 x and area by 5.6 x.