cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Proxy Application Performance on Advanced Architectures. UMT2013, MCB, AMG2013

Three codes were tested at LLNL as part of a Tri-Lab effort to make detailed assessments of several proxy applications on various advanced architectures, with the eventual goal of extending these assessments to codes of programmatic interest running more realistic simulations. Teams from Sandia and Los Alamos tested proxy apps of their own. The focus in this report is on the LLNL codes UMT2013, MCB, and AMG2013. We present weak and strong MPI scaling results and studies of OpenMP efficiency on a large BG/Q system at LLNL, with comparison against similar tests on an Intel Sandy Bridge TLCC2 system. The hardware counters on BG/Q provide detailed information on many aspects of on-node performance, while information from the mpiP tool gives insight into the reasons for the differing scaling behavior on these two different architectures. Results from three more speculative tests are also included: one that exploits NVRAM as extended memory, one that studies performance under a power bound, and one that illustrates the effects of changing the torus network mapping on BG/Q.
Prognosis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

The natural history of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) was determined by questionnaire survey in a nation-wide retrospective study of 145 patients at Gifu University School of Medicine, and the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan.
Accumulation of Chlorophyll Pigments in Visceral Organs and their Elimination.

SummaryChlorin-e-rhodin-g was very slowly eliminated from the tissue of rabbits after intravenous injection. The major portion of that deposited in the spleen and bone marrow after a month of administration was still present in phagocytic cells 3 months later. Somewhat greater elimination occurred from the liver. The deposit in the hemopoietic organs had no evident effect on their function.
Growth of human embryonic tissues in cortisone-treated laboratory animals.

SummaryHuman embryonic tissues particularly lung, skin, cartilage, and intestine have been propagated in x-irradiated rats or nonirradiated hamsters both treated with cortisone. The method of growing these tissues is simple and so uniformly reproducible that it offers a good source of human embryonic material for experimental use and study.
Testicular Sertoli cell tumor with a heterologous sarcomatous component : Immunohistochemical assessment of Sertoli cell differentiation

○ Objective.-Immunohistochemical staining is reported to be useful in distinguishing ovarian Sertoli-stromal cell tumors from carcinosarcomas. To assess Sertoli cell differentiation in a rare malignant biphasic testicular tumor, we compared the immunophenotypic profile of the tumor with that of Sertoli cell nodules and adenomas and mullerian carcinosarcomas. Design.-Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 6 testes (4 with hyperplastic Sertoli cell nodules, 2 with Sertoli cell adenomas) and 7 carcinosarcomas (6 involving the uterus, 1 involving the uterus and ovary) using primary monoclonal antibodies AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, CA 19.9, and antibodies directed against epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen (monoclonal and polyclonal), S100, placental alkaline phosphatase, and inhibin. These staining results were compared with those of the index case. Results.-All testes showed positive staining for inhibin and vimentin in the Sertoli cells of the nodules and adenomas. One Sertoli cell nodule showed focal staining with AE1/AE3 and CAM 5.2. Both adenomas showed focal positive staining for S100. All nodules and adenomas were negative for epithelial membrane antigen, monoclonal and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 19.9, and placental alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, the carcinomatous areas of the carcinosarcomas were all negative for inhibin but exhibited positive staining for AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, and epithelial membrane antigen. The carcinosarcomas showed variable expression of vimentin, S100, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 19.9, and placental alkaline phosphatase. The epithelial component of the tumor from the index case showed strong diffuse staining for inhibin and vimentin and only very faint focal staining with AE1/ AE3 and CAM 5.2. The epithelial component was negative for epithelial membrane antigen, monoclonal and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, S100, CA 19.9, and placental alkaline phosphatase. Conclusions.-The immunohistochemical findings in the index case support the diagnosis of Sertoli cell tumor with a heterologous sarcomatous component over carcinosarcoma. Inhibin seems to be the best single marker for Sertoli cell differentiation. To our knowledge, only 1 other case of this rare testicular tumor has been reported in the literature.
Cassini's Grand Finale

After more than a decade exploring Saturn and its moons, the Cassini mission is in its closing act. Cassini's last year is an encore performance stuffed with science, including a final plunge into Saturn's atmosphere.
Introduction: Marshall and Majoritarianism

This chapter provides an introduction to Thurgood Marshall’s career and rise to the Court, the notion of Majoritarianism, and the work, itself, as a whole. Tsosie’s view and definition of Majoritarianism is used to provide a contrast that allows Marshall’s philosophy to be drawn in sharp detail.
Leon H. Keyserling and the Council of Economic Advisers

As World War II reached its closing months, many economists began to worry about the economic future of the United States. The war years from 1939 to 1945 had seen American prosperity grow as US factories produced the military goods to defeat the German and Japanese forces. However, prior to the war the world economy had suffered from a decade of depression in the 1930s following the stock market crash in 1929 and the banking crisis in 1933. These events followed the economic problems of the 1920s. Many economists believed that the post-World War II era would witness a return to depression. Their belief was based upon the fact that the period preceding the war had been a time of depression and that post-war periods usually saw recessions as military expenditures declined. They felt that what was true of previous post-war periods would be true of this one. However, these economists overlooked two factors. One was that the domestic war prosperity had built up consumer savings which were awaiting the purchase consumer goods after wartime rationing and after wartime production controls
A Generalized Hierarchical Multi-Latent Space Model for Heterogeneous Learning

In many real world applications such as image annotation, gene function prediction, and insider threat detection, the data collected from heterogeneous sources often exhibit multiple types of heterogeneity, such as task heterogeneity, view heterogeneity, and label heterogeneity. To address this problem, we propose a Hierarchical Multi-Latent Space (HiMLS) learning framework to jointly model the triple types of heterogeneity. The basic idea is to learn a hierarchical multi-latent space by which we can simultaneously leverage the task relatedness, view consistency and the label correlations to improve the learning performance. We first propose a multi-latent space approach to model the complex heterogeneity, which is then used as a building block to stack up a multi-layer structure in order to learn the hierarchical multi-latent space. In such a way, we can gradually learn the more abstract concepts in the higher level. We present two instantiated models of the generalized framework using different divergence measures. The two-phase learning algorithms are used to train the multi-layer models. We drive the multiplicative update rules for pre-training and fine-tuning in each model, and prove the convergence and correctness of the update methods. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified on various data sets.
Black Holes and Entropy: A Skeptical Perspective

Black holes are objects of significant interest in modern cosmology. From what initially looked like a superficial analogy between black hole mechanics and thermodynamics, a new epistemological framework has emerged according to which far-reaching conclusions about black hole can be reached through thermodynamic analysis. An example of this is the view that the temperature of a black hole is inversely proportional to its mass. This paper raises doubts about the currently accepted connection between black holes and entropy. It does so by first reviewing the principles of thermodynamics and the properties a system must have in order to admit of proper thermodynamic analysis. It is argued that the current view of black holes preclude their distinct classification either as closed or open systems, a fact which has a bearing on the formulation of the First and Second Laws. From a mechanistic view of temperature and heat, combined with my recent work on the physical meaning of classical entropy, I show that the generalized Second Law of black hole thermodynamics is probably in error. The notion of heat transfer (which is central to entropy definition) is not explicit in the black hole energy equation. To address the challenges raised, black hole mechanics must either commit to a phenomenological approach and therefore only invoke thermodynamics in the classical sense or accept a microscopic view of black hole matter in order to readily draw from established results of statistical mechanics. It is argued that a proper connection to classical thermodynamics would lead to the view that the temperature of a black hole increases with its mass, as a result of which a positive specific heat capacity is to be expected, contrary to the prevailing doctrine.
Unnecessary Leaders: Designating Unnecessary Leaders and the Effect on Group Members' Performance

Whereas leaders are prevalent and often integral components of groups, the ways and circumstances under which the formal designation of a leader affects individuals in a group has been underexplore...
AVOIDING PATELLAR PROBLEMS IN TKA: DO9S AND DON9TS

Functional restoration of patella kinematics is an essential component of TKA, whether the patella is replaced or not. This goal is accomplished by a multifactorial approach: establish proper component position and alignment, especially rotation; avoid IR of the femoral and ER of the tibial components; maintain correct joint line position; achieve symmetrical soft tissue balance. Most modern TKA designs have an anatomic trochlear groove shape to enable midline tracking. Patella implants are better designed as well with three equilateral lugs for fixation and either dome or anatomic shape. The apex of the patella component should be aligned with the apex of the patella raphe which is more medial than lateral. This method leaves an island of exposed lateral patella facet which is managed with the “lateral slat technique” to be described. It is essentially an intraosseous lateral release. The early mobilization of modern TKA patients demands watertight closure to prevent soft tissue attenuation and late tracking issues. When confronted with a patient with a laterally dislocated patella, implementation of the “lateral slat technique” should be done at the approach to obtain midline tracking. Such patients require a median parapatellar (MPP) approach and may need distal-lateral vastus medialis advancement (Insall Procedure). Adherence to the principles iterated herein will produce a happy patient with good patello-femoral kinematics and function.
An ultra-high contrast optical modulator with 30 dB isolation at 1.55 µm with 25 THz bandwidth

This paper presents a high-contrast electro-optical modulator with record-breaking amplitude modulation index of 27 dB and forward loss of < 3 dB at 1.5 μm. The high contrast is achieved by utilizing slit and surface plasmon polariton resonances in an array of gold lines filled with a phase change material (Germanium Telluride-GeTe). Stacking multiple layers of the phase change plasmonic grating enabled development of the high-index modulator in chip scale dimensions at telecommunication wavelength. Coupling the optical modes of multiple layers results in such a high contrast when GeTe goes through crystallographic phase transition. Phase transition through joule-heating is achieved by employing a matching circuit.
Fraud Theories: Explanation of Financial Statement Fraud

The knowledge of fraud symptoms and causes is an important factor in preventing and detecting fraud. The fraud occurred in three different ways: lack of awareness of acting fraudulently (by error), awareness coupled with rationalization to avoid negative affect or emotion (individual’s intuition support committing fraud), or awareness coupled with reasoning through cost-benefit analysis (individual’s intuition unclear) (Murphy & Dacin, 2011). Previous studies had attributed the financial statements fraud (management fraud) to different reasons. Williams (2012) suggested that the management fraud is motivated by proposed unrealistic goals supported by attractive compensations. The manager works diligently to meets established goals, such maximizing the wealth of shareholders, which may cause them to manipulate the accounting records. Teed (2013) proposed that managers are emboldened to commit a fraud and financial misbehavior due to the lack of controls by the SEC and others and the inability to deter and detect fraud. Frankel (2012) attributed the management fraud to CEO's unethical financial decisions and the complexity of information technology. The financial fraud is also warranted by a desire to achieve goals and objectives, unhealthy competition, fear of losing one's job/bonuses, criminal collaboration, and challenges in meeting financial targets (Omar & Rizuan, 2014). Fraud is a worldwide, multifaceted phenomenon, whose contextual factors may not fit into a particular framework (Lokanan, 2015). The management fraud, like human behavior, is an intentional, complex, multidimensional act that results from multiple interactive factors (Hutchison, 2013). It can be viewed from eight different theoretical perspectives: systems, conflict, rational choice, social constructivist, social behavioral, psychodynamic, and developmental perspective (Hutchison, 2013). The system perspective views human behavior as mutual interactions among individuals within a linked system, whereas conflict perspective claims that individuals advance their own interests over others exploiting their powers (Hutchison, 2013). The rational choice perspective proposes that individuals behave in a self-interests manner to accomplish goals by maximizing benefits and minimizing costs through social resources trade-off, whereas social constructivist perspective suggests that social interactions shape individual learning (Hutchison, 2013). The social behavioral suggests that environments interactions shape individual behavior, whereas psychodynamic perspective claims that human behavior is motivated by internal innate/forces such as needs, emotion, and mental activity, and developmental perspective claim that human behavior develops in age- graded stages through interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Beyond Garfield’s Citation Index: an assessment of some issues in building a personal name Acknowledgments Index

To study patterns of personal acknowledgments in life sciences research and assess the feasibility of a formal Personal Acknowledgments Index, two successive 5-year (1995–1999, 2000–2004) sets of original research articles on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were scanned for acknowledgment statements thanking individuals for various “gifts” of research materials, services, and interpersonal communication. Text areas mined included “Materials and Methods” (M&M) and various text locations of “Acknowledgments” (ACK). Acknowledgment statements were coded using a detailed Personal Acknowledgments Classification. Including the M&M sections increased the number of unique personal names, primarily in classes 1a (experimental animals) and 1b (research materials)—with a few highly acknowledged researchers adding substantially to their tallies. The challenges of locating personal acknowledgment statements, harvesting and disambiguating personal names, determining the level of detail useful in characterizing the nature of the “gifts,” and assessing the level of interest in the potential user community are discussed.
Possible Chemical Transformations in Snow and Ice Induced by Solar (UV PHOTONS) and Cosmic Irradiation (MUONS)

Over the last decade there has been a growing interest in the chemical composition of the snow packs in the polar regions (Bales and Wolff, 1995). Delmas (Delmas, 1992; Delmas, 1994) has noted that “information recorded in polar ice cores over the last several hundred millennia is invaluable to studies aimed at understanding the pre-industrial environmental system and anticipating the future evolution of the climate and the atmosphere.” For example, the isotopie composition of the ice (H20) matrix is a reliable paleothermometer. From the analysis of deep Antarctic and Greenland ice cores the ice age environmental conditions appeared to correspond to about 6 °C cooler temperatures and atmospheric CO2 and CH4 levels lower by factors of nearly 2 and 4, respectively. The biogeochemical cycles of S and N also appear to be affected by climatic changes that result in modifications in the source intensity and the transport of gaseous precursors. Even though atmospheric sulfate is derived principally from marine biogenic sources (i.e., dimethyl sulfide emission), cataclysmic volcanic eruptions can contribute sporadically to the atmospheric sulfur budget through large point source emissions of SO2. These events are ultimately detected in polar ice as H2SO4 spikes. Nitrate, which is the next most abundant anion found in polar snowfall, exhibits concentration changes that are poorly understood, but which could be linked with the polar ozone hole formation. In addition to ions derived primarily from gas-to-particle conversions,
Impact Evaluations: Persistent Limitations, Alternative Approaches, Possible Responses

This chapter addresses how the studies reviewed in this manuscript are generally problematic for two reasons that go beyond their specific findings. The first problem is the econometric nature of the studies, while the second is the political-financial-intellectual complex from which these studies were borne and back into which they went as they furthered the interests of that complex. In addition to discussing these issues, this chapter focuses on how the combination of these issues contributes to relations of dependence between international researchers with expertise in these methods and their counterparts in low- and middle-income countries. In response to this situation, alternative methodological approaches are advocated. A number of suggestions are also made for addressing the political-economic challenges that confront knowledge production in the field of global education policy.
The Gatekeepers: A Case on Allocations and Justifications

This case provides an opportunity for you to make accounting allocation choices, justify those choices, and subsequently consider the ramifications of those choices. Two different scenarios – one in the academic setting and one in the business setting – examine the incentives and reporting issues faced by managers and accountants – the gatekeepers in these reporting environments. For each scenario, you will read the case materials, related tables, and then answer the Questions for Analysis. Each scenario presents you with an allocation task. In the first scenario, you will need to assess group members’ contributions to a project and allocate points across the group. These point allocations contribute to the determination of individual group members’ grades. The second scenario is also an allocation task but in a business setting, specifically the segment reporting environment. Here the task is to allocate common costs across reporting segments. For advanced reading, you will want to consider Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) topic 820 which addresses segment reporting, as this can help guide you in the degree of flexibility, if any, allowed in determining how to allocate costs.
Objectivity in Social Sciences

We continue with scientific method but now focus upon the social sciences. Historically, the physical and biological sciences are the most well developed methodologically and therefore provide the standard of scientific excellence and objectivity about nature. It is to their standard that the methodology of any scientific discipline must be measured.
Automatic Personalization of the Mitral Valve Biomechanical Model Based on 4D Transesophageal Echocardiography

Patient-specific computational models including morphological and biomechanical models based on medical images have been proposed to provide quantitative information to aid clinicians for Mitral Valve MV disease management. Morphological models focus on extracting geometric information by automatically detecting the mitral valve structure and tracking its motion from medical images. Biomechanical models are primarily used for analyzing the underlying mechanisms of the observed motion pattern. The recently developed patient-specific biomechanical models have integrated the personalized mitral apparatus and boundary conditions estimated from medical images to predicatively study the pathological changes and conduct surgical simulations. As a next step towards transitioning patient-specific models into clinical settings, an automatic personalization algorithm is proposed here for biomechanical models extracted from Transesophageal Echocardiography TEE. The algorithm achieves the customization by adjusting both the chordae rest length and material parameters such as Young's modulus which are challenging to estimate or measure directly from the medical images. The algorithm first estimates the mitral valve motion from TEE using a machine learning method and then fits the biomechanical model generated motion into the image-based estimation by minimizing the Euclidean distances between the two. The algorithm is evaluated on 4D TEE images of five patients and yields promising results, with an average fitting error of 1.84±1.17mm.
Human Lung Cancer in Tissue Culture

Most epithelial lung cancers are believed to originate from the bronchial mucosa, and these “bronchogenic carcinomas” have been subdivided into three major entities, epidermoid cancer, adenocarcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. While more elaborate classifications have been proposed, in particular that by the World Health Organization (Kreyberg et al., 1967), criteria for distinguishing the subtypes have not been universally accepted or uniformly applied. As a consequence, there has been a tendency to overlook the great diversity of cancer cell types within the lung. At the root of the problem is the little attention being given to the numerous and distinctive normal cells of the “pneumothelium,” i.e., the respiratory tract lining from the bronchus into the alveolus. Some progress has been made with the advent of electron microscopic studies of both nonneoplastic and neoplastic tissues of the lung. Of special interest is the discovery that the “oat-cell” cancer is derived from the Kultschitsky cell of the bronchial mucosal lining and submucosal glands (Bensch et al., 1968). Also, it now appears that one type of “bronchioloalveolar” cancer originates from type 2 pneumocytes of the alveolus (Adamson et al., 1969; Coalson et al., 1970). However, these two types of lung cells are the only ones that have been identified as “parent cells” for human lung cancers.
Personality Profiles of Veterans Entering Treatment for Domestic Violence

The purpose of this study was to reveal the typical personality profiles of veterans who have been perpetrators of domestic violence. Cluster analysis revealed that the MCMI-II profiles of 183 veterans entering treatment for domestic violence at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center fell into three clusters. These clusters were labeled Subclinical Narcissism, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, and High General Psychopathology/ Substance Dependence. The typical MCMI-II profile for each cluster is discussed in terms how it might be associated with domestic violence. As this typology enables a fuller understanding of veterans who have been perpetrators of domestic violence, it can provide useful information for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Stabilization on NullControllable Region — Discrete-Time Systems

In the previous chapter, we established semi-global stabilizability on the null controllable region of continuous-time linear systems which have no more than two exponentially unstable poles and are subject to actuator saturation. In this chapter, we will establish similar results for discrete-time systems
Better previous night sleep is associated with less next day work-to-family conflict mediated by higher work performance among female nursing home workers.

Abstract Objectives Cross-sectional research has found that shorter and poorer sleep are associated with lower work performance and greater work-to-family conflict (WTFC). However, we know little about daily mechanisms linking sleep, work performance, and WTFC. This study tested whether previous nights' sleep was linked to next day WTFC, mediated by work performance. Design Daily interview methodology. Setting US extended-care workplaces. Participants One hundred seventy-one female employees with children aged 9 to 17 years. Measurements In telephone interviews on 8 consecutive evenings, participants reported their daily work performance (work productivity, work quality), WTFC (e.g., “how much did things you wanted to do at home not get done because of the demands your job put on you?”), and previous nights' sleep duration (in hours) and sleep quality (1 = very badly, 4 = very well). Results Multilevel models revealed a significant association between previous night's sleep with next-day work performance. More specifically, on days following better sleep quality than usual, participants reported better work productivity than usual. Moreover, higher work productivity was associated with less WTFC on that day. A mediation test revealed that poorer previous night's sleep quality predicted less work productivity the next day, which, in turn, predicted more WTFC on the same day. Conclusion Results provide evidence for the downward spiral of resource losses starting from poor sleep. Better quality sleep, as a replenished resource, may promote next-day productivity at work, which may bring less interference from work to the home.
Seeing clearly in a virtual reality: Tourist reactions to an offshore wind project

Abstract Most research to elicit citizen's reactions to proposed windfarms use either no visuals (relying on text) or static representations (e.g., 2-D photos or drawings); we develop and test a virtual reality (VR) tool to determine whether increased information – in the form of VR – alters tourists’ perceptions, attitudes, concerns and behaviors related to a proposed siting of wind turbines. Tourists using the VR were better at evaluating the impact of wind turbines on their experience and forecasting how their behavior may change. Also the VR caused respondents, on average, to have more negative reactions.
Incidence and predictors of new persistent opioid use following inflammatory bowel disease flares treated with oral corticosteroids.

Background Opioids are commonly prescribed to manage pain associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is unknown what percentage of patients develop new persistent opioid use following a steroid-treated IBD flare. Aim To identify the incidence and the predictors of new persistent opioid use following an IBD flare. Methods We used a national insurance claim dataset to identify patients with IBD who received an opioid medication around the time of a corticosteroid-treated IBD flare. Patients were stratified as previously opioid naive, intermittent users, or chronic users. The incidence of persistent opioid use among the opioid-naive cohort was evaluated along with associated predictors. Results We identified 15 119 IBD patients who received opioids around the time of a flare. 5411 (35.8%) were opioid-naive patients of which 35.0% developed persistent opioid use after the flare. Factors associated with new persistent opioid use include a history of depression (hazard ratio [HR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.47), substance abuse (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.2-1.54), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.3), as well as, Crohn's disease (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.14-1.4) or indeterminate colitis (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.36-1.88). Conclusions New persistent opioid use is common in IBD patients who experience a flare, especially among those with mental health disorders, COPD, and Crohn's disease or indeterminate colitis. These findings can be helpful in risk-stratifying patients when choosing an acute pain therapy and providing counselling before choosing to prescribe opioids to opioid-naive patients experiencing an IBD flare.
Statistical Optimization of Tungsten Carbide Synthesis Parameters

Commercial methods for synthesizing tungsten carbide require large energy inputs due to the high temperatures and grinding processes associated with production. In this study, tungsten carbide was synthesized by adsorbing tungstate anions from aqueous solutions onto an activated carbon matrix. The tungsten-loaded precursor was carburized under mixtures of hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide to produce tungsten carbide at temperatures significantly lower than most commercial operations. Tungsten carbide was synthesized at temperatures below 1000 °C with conversion to tungsten carbide exceeding 90%. The adsorption and carburization processes were modelled and optimized using experimental design techniques. The effects of time, temperature, initial tungsten concentration, and pH were considered for modelling adsorption behaviour, while carburization behaviour was modelled on the effects of time, temperature, carbon content, and reducing gas composition. Carburization products were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning election microscopy. The adsorption of tungstate anions was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.
Practical Spirituality and Religious Giving: Pluralism and New Forms of American Muslim Giving

Islam and the concept of charitable giving, Zakat, is over 1400 years old. Yet in pluralistic America, this concept is under constant reinterpretation as new generations of American Muslim seek to find meaning and relevance. I argue that Islamic philanthropy is forming new ‘moral geographies’ by incorporating elements from market-based notions of philanthropy, and is becoming more secular and ‘strategic’ in its direction. This paper provides a typology of giving and maps the trajectory of giving toward Muslim Aid organizations. Looking at the messaging and marketing material of major American Muslim charities, I track the movement away from religious and altruistic giving. Preliminary findings suggest that American Muslim giving has been transformed by a move to secular motives for philanthropy and by the rise of more self-oriented, consumption-driven giving behavior. I conclude that Muslim nonprofit organizations are today contributing to the meaning of philanthropy, through the creative and pragmatic interpretation of religious principles and cultural norms. I also suggest that this trend can also be considered a part of the ‘practical spirituality’ prevalent in America.
Quantification of the capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis in young men with and without obesity.

Objective Cold exposure increases energy expenditure (EE) and could have a role in combating obesity. To understand this potential, we determined the capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT), the EE increase above the basal metabolic rate at the individualized coldest tolerable temperature before overt shivering. Design During a 13-day inpatient protocol, we quantitated the EE of 12 lean men and 9 men with obesity at various randomly ordered ambient temperatures in a room calorimeter. Subjects underwent brown fat imaging after exposure to their coldest tolerable temperature. Results CIT capacity was 300 ± 218 kcal/d (mean ± SD) or 17 ± 11% in lean men and 125 ± 146 kcal/d or 6 ± 7% in men with obesity (P = 0.01). The temperature below which EE increased, lower critical temperature (Tlc), was warmer in lean men than men with obesity (22.9 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 1.7°C, P = 0.03), but both had similar skin temperature (Tskin) changes and coldest tolerable temperatures. Whereas lean subjects had higher brown fat activity, skeletal muscle activity increased synchronously with CIT beginning at the Tlc in both groups, indicating that muscle is recruited for CIT in parallel with brown fat, not sequentially after nonshivering thermogenesis is maximal. Conclusions Despite greater insulation from fat, men with obesity had a narrower range of tolerable cool temperatures available for increasing EE and less capacity for CIT than lean men, likely as a result of greater basal heat production and similar perception to Tskin cooling. Further study of the reduced CIT capacity in men with obesity may inform treatment opportunities for obesity.
Radar Altimeter Aiding of GNSS for Precision Approach and Landing of RPA

For successful integration into the National Airspace System (NAS), Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) need to have the capability to land automatically at a wide range of airports with varying infrastructure. Well-established systems such as the Instrument Landing System (ILS) are often not available at airports expected to be served by RPAs, and the Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) is currently only available at a limited number of public airports (two airports in the U.S. [1]). This paper examines the feasibility of an aircraft-based augmentation to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) navigation that does not require ground-based equipment, for the purpose of enabling precision approach and landing for RPAs.
Differential Effects of Facial Nerve Transection on Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression in the Developing and Adult Hamster Facial Nucleus

In this study, the effects of axotomy on heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting with a hsp70 antibody that recognized constitutive and inducible forms of the protein. The right facial nerve of postnatal day 4 (neonate) or 100 (adult) hamsters was transected at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen, with the left nerve serving as internal control. Postoperative survival times were 2, 6, 12, and 24 h, with 3 animals per time point. Tissue punches containing individual facial nuclear groups were collected and homogenized. Approximately 10 microg of total protein was loaded onto paired gels and electrophoretically separated. Immunoblots of one gel from each pair were prepared, with the other gel stained in 0.2% Coomassie blue and used for verification of equality of lane loading. The results indicate that hsp70 protein levels increase in the adult, but decrease in the neonate, after axotomy. It is concluded that a stress response to cellular damage is an initial component of the classically described "axon reaction" and that hsp70 plays a role in mediating motoneuron survival after peripheral nerve transection.
Assessing the effectiveness of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network genetic testing guidelines in identifying African American breast cancer patients with deleterious genetic mutations

Approximately, 10% of breast cancers are hereditary. Identifying women at high risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer allows for early detection, prevention, and individualized disease management for those diagnosed with breast cancer. There is limited data about breast cancer genetic risks among African Americans as the majority of the large studies have been conducted in European Americans. We examined the distribution of deleterious genetic mutations in African American breast cancer patients, and evaluated the effectiveness of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for identifying African American women at high risk for deleterious genetic mutations. African American participants with breast cancer underwent an interview regarding health and family history, and a 30-gene saliva test. Medical records were accessed to determine whether participants had received prior genetic testing as part of usual care, results of previous testing, and cancer characteristics. Two hundred and fifty participants were enrolled between February 2016 and May 2018. Twenty (8.0%) had a deleterious mutation in one of the 30 genes; BRCA2 had the highest frequency (40.0%). 187 (74.8%) met eligibility for testing based on NCCN guidelines. Only 110 (58.8%) of participants eligible for genetic testing, according to guidelines, had received prior testing as part of routine care. Using the 30-gene test, we identified deleterious mutations in 17 of 187 (9.1%) of those who met NCCN criteria for testing, and three of 63 (4.8%) of those who did not meet criteria for testing nonetheless had a deleterious mutation associated with breast cancer. Our results indicate that a large proportion of African American breast cancer patients who meet criteria for genetic testing do not receive it as part of routine care. Even in women who do not meet testing guidelines, nearly 5% have a known deleterious mutation associated with breast cancer.
A probabilistic method for leveraging functional annotations to enhance estimation of the temporal order of pathway mutations during carcinogenesis

Cancer arises through accumulation of somatically acquired genetic mutations. An important question is to delineate the temporal order of somatic mutations during carcinogenesis, which contributes to better understanding of cancer biology and facilitates identification of new therapeutic targets. Although a number of statistical and computational methods have been proposed to estimate the temporal order of mutations, they do not account for the differences in the functional impacts of mutations and thus are likely to be obscured by the presence of passenger mutations that do not contribute to cancer progression. In addition, many methods infer the order of mutations at the gene level, which have limited power due to the low mutation rate in most genes. In this paper, we develop a Probabilistic Approach for estimating the Temporal Order of Pathway mutations by leveraging functional Annotations of mutations (PATOPA). PATOPA infers the order of mutations at the pathway level, wherein it uses a probabilistic method to characterize the likelihood of mutational events from different pathways occurring in a certain order. The functional impact of each mutation is incorporated to weigh more on a mutation that is more integral to tumor development. A maximum likelihood method is used to estimate parameters and infer the probability of one pathway being mutated prior to another. Simulation studies and analysis of whole exome sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrate that PATOPA is able to accurately estimate the temporal order of pathway mutations and provides new biological insights on carcinogenesis of colorectal and lung cancers. PATOPA provides a useful tool to estimate temporal order of mutations at the pathway level while leveraging functional annotations of mutations.
Building vascular roadmaps: A novel toolset for visualizing and annotating whole mouse brain vasculature.

Vasculature has an essential role both in central nervous system health and diseases. A new optimized imaging and analysis pipeline helps to characterize blood vessel network topology and plasticity across large regions in detail.
Entropy Allocation Optimization for PS-OFDM With Constellation Partitioning Based Modeling

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an entropy (bits/symbol) allocation scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal in a millimeter wave (mmW) over optical fiber fronthaul link. Under the condition of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, a closed-form expression between the symbol error rate (SER) of probabilistically shaped quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived. With a fixed averaged target entropy of the overall signal frame, we use a projected mirror descent algorithm to maximize the averaged SER of the channels based on the pre-measured SNR information. The gradient information is estimated by finite difference using the modeling result. Experimental results in a fiber-mmW converged system validate the proposed method, which allocates more entropy for higher SNR regions compared to a simple scheme that allocates the entropies proportionally based on Shannon's formula. It yields a smoother NGMI and can meet the 0.86 NGMI threshold over the operation frequencies, while uniform QAM signal and Shannon formula based algorithm fails the threshold requirement. Up to 1.8-dB and 0.6-dB received optical power (ROP) gain are achieved as compared with uniform QAM signal and signal with Shannon formula-based allocation, respectively. Compared with the uniform signal, up to 0.7-bits/symbol GMI improvement is also demonstrated.
Age-related differences in Autonomic/Central Coupling during a Daytime Nap

Abstract Age-dependent functional changes are mirrored by declines in both the central nervous system (CNS) and in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and have been related to pathological aging. Prior studies have demonstrated inter-dependence between central and autonomic events that contribute to cognition. Moreover, our group recently identified a temporal coupling of Autonomic and Central Events (ACEs) during sleep using electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure heart rate and electroencephalography (EEG) to measure sleeping brain rhythms [40]. We showed that heart rate bursts (HRBs) temporally coincided with increased slow wave activity (SWA, 0.5-1Hz) and sigma activity (12-15Hz), followed by parasympathetic surge (RRHF) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Given that there are paralleling age-related declines in both the ANS and CNS, the current study investigated how these declining systems impact ACE coupling during daytime naps in older and younger adults. Despite, lower overall EEG activity during ACE windows in older adults, both younger and older adults showed HRB-modulated increases in SWA and sigma during wake and N2. However, older adults did not show the same pattern during N3. Furthermore, while younger adults demonstrated a RRHF increase only after HRBs, older adults showed an earlier rise and maintenance of the RRHF. Taken together, our results demonstrated that ACE activity remains generally intact with age. Given that age-related deterioration in autonomic and central nervous system activity is implicated in pathological decline, the general maintenance of alignment between the two systems is intriguing and may facilitate novel insights to aging. Statement of Significance Interactions between the CNS and ANS and have emerged as one of the key markers for health and cognition. Given that both declines in ANS and CNS have been independently implicated with pathological aging and mortality, it’s pressing to understand how the CNS-ANS interactions change with age. Here, we examined the temporal coupling during wake and sleep among young and older adults during a daytime nap. Similar coupling was demonstrated during wake and N2, with older adults showed less coupling in N2 compared to younger adults. Furthermore, older adults showed no coupling during N3. The current study identifying declines CNS-ANS coupling may facilitate novel insights and provide new targets to combat neurodegenerative disease.
Practical Guide of Using Kendall's {\tau} in the Context of Forecasting Critical Transitions

Recent studies demonstrate that trends in indicators extracted from measured time series can indicate approaching to an impending transition. Kendall's {\tau} coefficient is often used to study the trend of statistics related to the critical slowing down phenomenon and other methods to forecast critical transitions. Because statistics are estimated from time series, the values of Kendall's {\tau} are affected by parameters such as window size, sample rate and length of the time series, resulting in challenges and uncertainties in interpreting results. In this study, we examine the effects of different parameters on the distribution of the trend obtained from Kendall's {\tau}, and provide insights into how to choose these parameters. We also suggest the use of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test to evaluate the significance of a Kendall's {\tau} value. The non-parametric test is computationally much faster compared to the traditional parametric ARMA test.
A Glass Half Full and Half Empty: The State of the Science in Early Childhood Prevention and Intervention Research

In this article, we review the field of early childhood prevention and intervention science, describe noteworthy achievements over the past half-century by researchers in this area, and comment on ...
Ultra-Processed Foods and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study.

Abstract Background Ultra-processed foods provide 58% of total energy in the U.S. diet, yet their association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains understudied. Objectives The authors investig...
Functional assessment of the genetic findings indicating mucopolysaccharidosis type II in the prenatal setting.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a multi-systemic disorder arising due to pathogenic variants in the gene located on chromosome Xq28 encoding the lysosomal enzyme, iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS). The broad clinical heterogeneity of MPS II can be partly ascribed to the high level of molecular diversity in the gene locus with the majority of variants localised within one family. Here, we describe a case of fetal hepatomegaly that was causatively investigated for 151 genes associated with fetal hydrops and lysosomal diseases. Sequence analysis identified a novel hemizygous variant, pAsp532Gly, in exon 9 of the IDS gene. Determination of IDS activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells returned 8% of normal activity and analysis of a second sulfatase was normal, the latter virtually excluding multiple sulfatase deficiency. Together, these data supported a diagnosis of MPS II in the fetus. Additional measurement of a signature disaccharide in the amniotic fluid was normal, conflicting with enzymology indications. The baby was unremarkable at birth and 3 years later shows no clinical suspicion of MPS II, normal urinary disaccharide concentrations, and reduced IDS activity in leukocytes. His 5-year-old brother was subsequently shown to carry the same pAsp532Gly variant, with normal urinary disaccharide concentrations, reduced leukocyte IDS activity and normal phenotype. This case highlights the importance of thorough biochemical investigations, clinical and family correlation in determining the significance of genetic variants in IDS.