cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimism and resources: Effects on each other and on health over 10 years☆

Abstract Dispositional optimism may be associated with growth of social and status resources by virtue of optimists’ greater persistence and better performance. Conversely, resource growth may give people a more positive view of their future and increase optimism. Changes in dispositional optimism and resources over 10 years were examined in former law students ( N = 61). More optimistic first-year law students made more money 10 years later, but income did not predict later optimism. More optimistic students did not have larger social networks 10 years later, but increases in social network size predicted increased optimism. These changes predicted mental and physical health. Dispositional optimism was less stable than many personality traits ( r = .35), potentially because it is responsive to resource change.
TWIN TOUGHENING IN TITANIUM ALUMINIDE

Abstract The mechanical behavior of a γ-TiAl that exhibits mechanical twinning has been investigated. This material has been shown to have a relatively high toughness compared with that of other γ-TiAl materials, which do not twin. The tough material forms a wide twin process zone upon crack propagation. The toughening is believed to be associated with the non-linear deformation in the process zone produced by twinning.
Helical folding of alkanes in a self-assembled, cylindrical capsule.

The reversible encapsulation of a series of normal alkane guests in a cylindrical host was studied by NMR methods. For small hydrocarbons such as n-pentane or n-hexane, two guests enter the host, and they move freely within. With n-heptane no encapsulation takes place. For longer alkanes such as n-decane, a single guest enters and the aromatic walls of the host are seen to twist to avoid empty spaces and increase favorable interactions with the hydrocarbon. The best guest (n-undecane) adopts a conformation with minimal gauche interactions. The longest alkane accommodated, n-tetradecane, adopts a helical conformation to fit in the cavity, a shape that maximizes CH/π interactions with the aromatic walls of the receptor. These reciprocal conformational changes are discussed in terms of optimal host/guest interactions.
Valuing public goods with the contingent valuation method: A critique of kahneman and knetsch

The social stakes in the use and abuse of the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) are very high. Recent developments in environmental law have elevated the CVM to the status of a refutable presumption in cases brought under certain statutes. It is no longer adequate for economists to sniff at the continued popularity of the CVM in such cases. It is, instead, incumbent on economists to come to some conclusions as to the domain under which the CVM may or may not be correctly applied. One should not expect a simple “thumbs up” or “thumbs down” assessment in this matter. Such an expectation would be naive with respect to the inherent complexity of the issue, not to mention the financial incentives that expert witnesses might have to breed “as if’ controversy in an adversarial legal system. In this context the strong admonitions of Kahneman and Knetsch [3] (KK) against the casual use of the CVM must be carefully examined. They present what they believe to be evidence to support the claim that the CVM suffers from an embedding effect, and that any reported Willingness to Pay (WTP) is “best interpreted as the purchase of moral satisfaction, rather than as a measure of the value associated with a particular public good.” I argue that their evidence is insufficient to test the implied hypotheses, that it is incorrectly reported, and that it is in large measure fully consistent with received economic theory.
Corporate Names and Change

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editors offer a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will be notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
Acute Stress Modulates Risk Taking in Financial Decision Making

People's decisions are often susceptible to various demands exerted by the environment, leading to stressful conditions. Although a goal for researchers is to elucidate stress-coping mechanisms to facilitate decision-making processes, it is important to first understand the interaction between the state created by a stressful environment and how decisions are performed in such environments. The objective of this experiment was to probe the impact of exposure to acute stress on financial decision making and examine the particular influence of stress on decisions with a positive or negative valence. Participants' choices exhibited a stronger reflection effect when participants were under stress than when they were in the no-stress control phase. This suggests that stress modulates risk taking, potentially exacerbating behavioral bias in subsequent decision making. Consistent with dual-process approaches, decision makers fall back on automatized reactions to risk under the influence of disruptive stress.
Partitioning and gating technique for low-power multiplication in video processing applications

In this paper, we propose a partitioning and gating technique for the design of a high performance and low-power multiplier for kernel-based operations such as 2D convolution in video processing applications. The proposed technique reduces dynamic power consumption by analyzing the bit patterns in the input data to reduce switching activities. Special values of the pixels in the video streams such as zero, repeated values or repeated bit combinations are detected and data paths in the architecture design are disabled appropriately to eliminate unnecessary switching. Input pixels in the video stream are partitioned into halves to increase the possibility of detecting special values. It is observed that the proposed scheme helps to reduce dynamic power consumption in the 2D convolution operations up to 33%.
Preparation and magnetic properties of low symmetry [Mn4O3] complexes with S=9/2

Abstract Controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) procedures have provided access to a family of distorted trigonal pyramidal [Mn4O3(O2CR)4(dbm)3] complexes (where R=C6H5 (1), C6H4-p-Me (2) and C6H4-p-MeO (3)) with an asymmetric [Mn4(μ3-O3)(η2,μ3-O2CR)]6+ core. This results in Cs symmetry, lower than previous [Mn4O3X(O2CMe)4(dbm)3] complexes with C3v symmetry. The dc magnetic susceptibility data of the Cs symmetry clusters are similar to those of the C3v symmetry complexes, and fits of the data show a ferromagnetic coupling between Mn(III)–Mn(III) and antiferromagnetic coupling between the three Mn(III)–Mn(IV) pairs, giving a resultant S=9/2 ground state. The out-of-phase ac susceptibility indicates slow magnetization relaxation and that these molecules are single-molecule magnets at low temperatures.
Buprenorphine and naloxone combinations : the effects of three dose ratios in morphine-stabilized, opiate-dependent volunteers

Sublingual buprenorphine is a promising new treatment for opiate dependence, but its opioid agonist effects pose a risk for parenteral abuse. A formulation combining buprenorphine with the opiate antagonist naloxone could discourage such abuse. The effects of three intravenous (IV) buprenorphine and naloxone combinations on agonist effects and withdrawal signs and symptoms were examined in 12 opiate-dependent subjects. Following stabilization on a daily dose of 60 mg morphine intramuscularly, subjects were challenged with IV doses of buprenorphine alone (2 mg) or in combination with naloxone in ratios of 2:1, 4:1, and 8:1 (1, 0.5, or 0.25 mg naloxone), morphine alone (15 mg) or placebo. Buprenorphine alone did not precipitate withdrawal and had agonist effects similar to morphine. A naloxone dose-dependent increase in opiate withdrawal signs and symptoms and a decrease in opioid agonist effects occurred after all drug combinations. Buprenorphine with naloxone in ratios of 2:1 and 4:1 produced moderate to high increases in global opiate withdrawal, bad drug effect, and sickness. These dose ratios also decreased the pleasurable effects and estimated street value of buprenorphine, thereby suggesting a low abuse liability. The dose ratio of 8:1 produced only mild withdrawal symptoms. Dose combinations at 2:1 and 4:1 ratios may be useful in treating opiate dependence.
HEAT TRANSFER DURING PISTON COMPRESSION INCLUDING SIDE WALL AND CONVECTION EFFECTS

Abstract The unsteady heat flux from a non-reacting gas to the sidewalls of a channel has been determined during the piston compression of a single stroke. For small changes in the wall temperature, the heat flux may be determined solely from the variation of the temperature outside the boundary layer or, alternatively, from the piston trajectory. Results for the heat-transfer coefficient are also presented and exhibit a non-monotonic variation with respect to time.
Modeling non-adiabatic counter flow microchannel heat exchangers

Abstract This article presents a thermal model of counter flow microchannel heat exchangers that are subjected to thermal interaction with its surroundings (ambient or substrate or neighboring microdevices) due to its non-adiabatic outer wall. The thermal model consists of two governing equations, one for each of the fluids, describing the variation of temperature in the axial direction. Analytical solutions of the model can be used for determining the temperature at any axial location; it is used primarily for calculating the effectiveness with respect to each fluid. The effectiveness with respect to each fluid is found to depend on NTU, heat capacity ratios, surrounding temperatures and the thermal resistance between each of the fluid and the respective surrounding. When heat transfer is from the surrounding to the fluids the effectiveness based on the hot and cold fluid decreased and increased, respectively. For this scenario an optimal effectiveness exists for hot fluid but none exists for the cold fluid. The opposite is true in all aspects when heat transfer is from the fluids to the surroundings. Among the two operating possibilities associated with unbalanced flow condition of the counter flow microchannel heat exchanger the operating condition in which the cold fluid has the higher heat capacity, among the fluids, is found to be the best in terms of effectiveness of the fluids.
U.S. and German Culinary Innovation Processes: Differences in Involvement and Other Factors

ABSTRACT This qualitative study compares and contrasts the culinary innovation process of Michelin-starred restaurants in New York and Germany. The study synthesizes earlier studies to create a framework of tactics used by organizations based on concepts of breadth and depth of involvement in the phases of innovation. A key difference is the level of depth and breadth of involvement used by these establishments. German restaurants appear to utilize an Autocratic or Boardroom innovation process depending on the specific operation and phase of the process. In general, the German process had some breadth of involvement but very little depth of involvement. New York operations utilize Boardroom to Consensus approaches to innovation. New York chefs described moderate to high levels of breadth as a whole and used greater depth of involvement in the concept development, testing, and commercialization stages.
Partial activation precedes apoptotic death in T cells harboring an IAN gene mutation.

The Biobreeding diabetes-prone rat suffers from a profound peripheral lymphopenia and yet succumbs to a T cell-dependent autoimmune disease. Lymphopenia segregates with a mutated chromosomal locus, termed lyp, recently identified as a frameshift mutation in IAN4. Others have correlated loss of IAN4 function with decreased mitochondrial integrity resulting in T cell apoptosis. Here we report that IAN4–/– T cells enter a state similar to that of partial activation wherein they down-regulate CD62L and undergo incomplete blasting yet do not progress through mitosis. When given a strong stimulus, this partial activation phenotype can be overcome. This phenotype can be recapitulated in wild-type T cells through suboptimal stimulation. The phenotype is not simply a reaction to the lymphopenic environment, as spontaneous CD62L down-regulation occurs in mature single-positive medullary thymocytes that develop within a non-lymphopenic environment, and normal T cells do not undergo similar blasting when parked in a lymphopenic environment. Finally, we show that IAN4–/– T cells are more readily triggered via TCR stimulation. Thus, in addition to their role in apoptosis, IAN family members may also play a role in regulating the T cell activation state through modulation of TCR signaling strength.
Convergence of Electromagnetic Field Components across Discontinuous Permittivity Profiles

We provide further insight into why the inverse rule [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A13, 1870 (1996)] for multiplying two finite Fourier series of two pairwise discontinuous functions yields correct results at the point of discontinuity.
Thermal recovery behavior of fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotubes

The thermal recovery behavior of fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotubes has been systematically examined by UV-vis-near-IR absorption spectroscopy, IR absorption spectroscopy and electric resistance measurements underdifferent annealing temperatures. The decrease in the IR intensity of C-F stretch bands centered at about 1207 cm - 1 and the reduced resistance of the nanotube samples with heat annealing indicates that pristine nanotubes are recovered by the removal of sidewall groups. After annealing at 100 °C in noble gases, the IR spectrum shows nanotube features of A 2 u mode at 867 cm - 1 and E 1 u mode at 1579 cm - 1 . Correspondingly, in the UV-vis-near-IR spectrum, only a new feature at about 640 nm (1.9 eV) is observed. At higher annealing temperatures ≥150 °C, the intensity of the absorption features at 640 nm (1.9 eV) of metallic nanotubes, and 900 nm (1.4 eV) and 1630 nm (0.8 eV) of semiconducting nanotubes increases simultaneously. Generalized two-dimensional UV-vis-near-IR correlation spectroscopy has revealed that the thermal recovery behaviors of fluorinated metallic and semiconducting nanotubes are very similar at annealing temperatures between 150 and 350 °C, indicating that differentiation of these nanotubes for purification is difficult under those annealing conditions.
Effects of potassium fertilization on yield and K content of alfalfa and on available subsoil K

Abstract Alfalfa (medicago sativa) was grown for five consecutive years on Groseclose silt loam to determine the effects of fertilization and cropping on the amounts of available K in the soil profile and on the yield and chemical composition of the alfalfa. Plant nutrients consisting of 0, 16, 40, 64 and 80 kg P/ha and 0, 60, 150, 240 and 300 kg K/ha were applied annually in a central composite rotatable design in the spring of each year beginning in 1966. The available K content of the 0‐to 15‐cm soil depth gradually decreased without added K, increased slightly with 150 kg K/ha and increased rapidly during the first two years with the 300 kg K/ha. Available K in the 0‐to 15‐cm soil depth decreased 57 kg/ha in five years without added K but increased 92 and 179 kg/ha when 150 and 300 kg K/ha were applied. Plots treated annually with 0 and 150 kg K/ha contained in 1972, 64 and 93% as much available K in the 0‐to 150‐cm soil depth, respectively, as plots receiving 300 kg K/ha annually. Alfalfa did not res...
Education reform and subject matter knowledge

This article raises the question of what K-12 teachers need to know to teach mathematics and science well. It begins by examining reform proposals for K-12 science and mathematics teaching with an eye toward defining what good teaching practice consists of. It then examines a wide range of lit- erature to delineate the varieties of knowledge that have been associated with this kind of teaching. While the focus is on subject matter knowledge, the article addressed the character of that knowledge rather than the content of that knowledge. Types of knowledge identified in the literature include conceptual under- standing of the subject, pedagogical content knowledge, beliefs about the nature of work in science and mathematics, attitudes toward these subjects, and actual teaching practices with students. The literature is incomplete with respect to which of these is relatively more or relatively less important. © 1998 John Wi- ley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 249-263, 1998.
Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis propria testis in a patient with asbestos exposure—A case report

A case of malignant mesothelioma arising from the tunica vaginalis propria testis is described. The nature of this tumor is evidenced by in situ malignant change of the mesothelial lining as well as by extensive lymphatic and local tissue invasion. This is the first report of a malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis associated with asbestos exposure and may be epidemiologically as well as clinically important.
Cell-specific antiviral activity of 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine (FIAC) against Marek's disease herpesvirus and turkey herpesvirus

Abstract Three new fluoroarabinosylpyrimidine nucleosides (FIAC, FIAU and FMAU) were tested for in vitro activity against oncogenic and nononcogenic strains of Marek's disease virus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT). Marek's disease is a herpesvirus-induced lymphoma in chickens. Nononcogenic strains of MDV and HVT can protect against this disease. All viruses were inhibited by 1 μM of these drugs in chick kidney cell (CKC) cultures, but only FMAU and FIAU were active in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and spleen cell cultures. It was determined that whereas CKC produced the enzyme 2′-deoxycytidine-deaminase which is needed to deaminate FIAC to FIAU, CEF were devoid of this enzyme activity. In addition, the deaminase inhibitor 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine prevented the antiviral activity of FIAC in CKC. FMAU was not active against two Marek's disease-derived lymphoblastoid tumor cell lines.
Probing silver nanoparticles during catalytic H2 evolution.

Employing silver nanoparticles from a recently developed synthesis [Evanoff, D. D.; Chumanov, G. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 13948] and a well-studied probe molecule, p-aminothiophenol, we follow changes at the surface of the particles during the conditioning and eventually the catalytic production of hydrogen from water using strongly reducing radicals. Injection of electrons into the particles causes pronounced variations in the intensity of the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of the probe molecule. These spectral changes are caused by changes in the Fermi-level energy that are in turn caused by changes in the silver ion concentrations or in the pH, or by changes in electron density in the particle. This correlation highlights the effect of the chemical potential on the SERS enhancement at the end of the particles synthesis. The intensity of the SERS spectra increases in the presence of the silver ions when excitation at 514 nm is utilized. When the Ag+ ions in the colloidal suspension...
Effect of phenobarbital on the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and the remodeling of nodules induced by the initiation-selection model

The effect of subsequent administration of phenobarbital on the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity and on the remodeling of nodules induced by the Solt-Farber procedure was examined in rats. GGT-nodules were initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) followed by selection with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) in the diet and a partial hepatectomy (PH). Phenobarbital (500 ppm in the drinking water), administered to rats that were previously treated according to the Solt-Farber procedure, (1) increased the persistence of the GGT-nodules, (2) increased the percentage of the liver occupied by GGT positive cells, (3) increased the area of GGT activity per nodule and (4) increased the incidence of eosinophilic lesions. Subsequent treatment with phenobarbital did not alter the incidence of either GGT-nodules or hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, phenobarbital increased the GGT activity of nodules induced by the Solt-Farber procedure and slowed both the loss of GGT activity by these nodules and their concurrent remodeling, but had no effect on the occurrence of cancer.
Structural and mechanistic analysis of trans-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase activity.

Trans-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase (CaaD) is a critical enzyme in the trans-1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) degradation pathway in Pseudomonas pavonaceae 170. This enzyme allows bacteria to use trans-DCP, a common component in commercially produced fumigants, as a carbon source. CaaD specifi­cally catalyzes the fourth step of the pathway by cofactor-independent dehalogenation of a vinyl carbon–halogen bond. Previous studies have reported an X-ray structure of CaaD under acidic conditions with a covalent modification of the catalytic βPro1 residue. Here, the 1.7 A resolution X-ray structure of CaaD under neutral (pH 6.5) conditions is reported without the presence of the covalent adduct. In this new structure, a substrate-like acetate molecule is bound within the active site in a position analogous to the putative substrate-binding site. Additionally, a catalytically important water molecule was identified, consistent with previously proposed reaction schemes. Finally, flexibility of the catalytically relevant side chain αGlu52 is observed in the structure, supporting its role in the catalytic mechanism.
Origin of metaluminous and alkaline volcanic rocks of the Latir volcanic field, northern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico

Volcanic rocks of the Latir volcanic field evolved in an open system by crystal fractionation, magma mixing, and crustal assimilation. Early high-SiO2 rhyolites (28.5 Ma) fractionated from intermediate compositionmagmas that did not reach the surface. Most precaldera lavas have intermediate-compositions, from olivine basaltic-andesite (53% SiO2) to quartz latite (67% SiO2). The precaldera intermediate-composition lavas have anomalously high Ni and MgO contents and reversely zoned hornblende and augite phenocrysts, indicating mixing between primitive basalts and fractionated magmas. Isotopic data indicate that all of the intermediate-composition rocks studied contain large crustal components, although xenocrysts are found only in one unit. Inception of alkaline magmatism (alkalic dacite to high-SiO2 peralkaline rhyolite) correlates with, initiation of regional extension approximately 26 Ma ago. The Questa caldera formed 26.5 Ma ago upon eruption of the >500 km3 high-SiO2 peralkaline Amalia Tuff. Phenocryst compositions preserved in the cogenetic peralkaline granite suggest that the Amalia Tuff magma initially formed from a trace element-enriched, high-alkali metaluminous magma; isotopic data suggest that the parental magmas contain a large crustal component. Degassing of water- and halogen-rich alkali basalts may have provided sufficient volatile transport of alkalis and other elements into the overlying silicic magma chamber to drive the Amalia Tuff magma to peralkaline compositions. Trace element variations within the Amalia Tuff itself may be explained solely by 75% crystal fractionation of the observed phenocrysts. Crystal settling, however, is inconsistent with mineralogical variations in the tuff, and crystallization is thought to have occurred at a level below that tapped by the eruption. Spatially associated Miocene (15-11 Ma) lavas did not assimilate large amounts of crust or mix with primitive basaltic magmas. Both mixing and crustal assimilation processes appear to require development of relatively large magma chambers in the crust that are sustained by large basalt fluxes from the mantle. The lack of extensive crustal contamination and mixing in the Miocene lavas may be related to a decreased basalt flux or initiation of blockfaulting that prevented pooling of basaltic magma in the crust.
On the dissipative response due to discontinuous strains in bars of unstable elastic material

Some elastic materials are capable of sustaining finite equilibrium deformations with discontinuous strains. Boundary-value problems for such “unstable” elastic materials often possess an infinite number of solutions, suggesting that the theory suffers from a constitutive deficiency. In the setting of the one-dimensional theory of bars in tension, the present paper explores the consequences of supplementing the theory with further constitutive information. This additional information pertains to the surface of strain discontinuity and consists of a ‘kinetic relation’ and a criterion for the “initiation” of such a surface. We show that the quasi-static response of the bar to a prescribed force history is then fully determined. In particular, we observe how unstable clastic materials can he used to model macroscopic behavior similar to that associated with viscoplasticity.
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Sungrazing Comets with Prominent Tails: Evidence on Dust-Production Peculiarities

A preliminary examination of the tails of 11 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) sungrazers, observed between 3 and 20 R☉ on their approach to the Sun, provides information on dust ejected from these comets and on the forces to which the microscopic grains are subjected. Images taken at times of the SOHO spacecraft's transit across the orbit planes of sungrazers show their tails to be perfectly straight and extremely narrow and their apparent position coinciding with that of the projected orbit plane. This result suggests relatively low particle-ejection velocities in the direction normal to the orbit plane (estimated at less than ~100 m s-1) and offers no evidence whatsoever for the Lorentz force on charged dust. When viewed broadside, the sungrazers' tails are always narrow, either straight or slightly curved, and deviating strikingly from the antisolar direction, an indication that no microscopic dust was ejected during a period of time just preceding observation. The tails include a major population of submicron-sized grains that are dielectric in nature, most probably silicates, since the radiation-pressure accelerations are found never to exceed 0.6 of the solar attraction. The sampled comets show rather consistently that the production of this dust terminated at ~20-30 R☉ from the Sun along the inbound orbit. The tail of one of the brightest SOHO sungrazers is modeled in slightly greater detail, including its curvature, which abruptly increases at a point approximately halfway between the head and the far end.
Dermatology therapy update

Dermatologic therapy is in a constant state of flux. What is considered state-of-the-art one year may be obsolete the next. In contrast, certain therapies can withstand the test of time and remain appropriate even decades after their introduction. This article reviews recent advances in the treatment of skin diseases.
Extra-pair paternity, sperm competition and their evolutionary consequences in the Maluridae

Fairy-wrens (Malurus) are socially monogamous and yet exhibit among the highest rates of extra-pair paternity (EPP) known in passerine birds. Here, we review patterns of EPP in fairy-wrens and their allies (Maluridae), and discuss the causes and evolutionary consequences of multiple mating in this group. Rates of EPP vary widely across species, but correlate strongly with relative testes mass suggesting that testes mass can be used as a proxy for EPP in comparative studies. With respect to variation in EPP, there appear to be consistent habitat differences between the subfamilies of Maluridae that may contribute to the observed inter-specific variation in rates of EPP, and specific habitat requirements of some species may influence patterns of paternity between species of Malurus. Within species, however, there is equivocal evidence for a role of group size influencing rates of EPP. Regardless of the causes of variation in EPP, available evidence suggests that female fairy-wrens may benefit from extra-pair matings through indirect genetic benefits, such as inbreeding avoidance and choice of high-quality males (i.e. good genes). Using Bayesian modelling, we show that the ancestral state in Australian malurids is one of low sperm competition, and that, in general, increased levels of sperm competition (and hence EPP) are a derived condition in this family. Given the broad range of levels of sperm competition in this family and the relationship between relative testes mass and EPP, we suggest that the Maluridae are a model system for studies of EPP and sperm competition.
The inhibitory effect of beta-stimulation on the Na/K pump current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes is mediated by a cAMP-dependent PKA pathway.

The β-agonist isoproterenol (ISO) reduces the Na/K pump current (Ip) via β-adrenergic receptors when the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is below 150 nM [8]. In the present study, the intracellular signaling pathway was investigated with whole-cell patch-clamp of isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes. The inhibitory effect of ISO could be mimicked by external application of the membrane-permeant cAMP analog chlorophenylthio-cAMP (0.5 mM), the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 100 μM), or the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (50 μM). Intracellular application of the synthetic peptide inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), PKI (5 μM), prevented the effect of ISO. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of ISO on Ip is mediated via a phosphorylation step induced by a cAMP-dependent PKA pathway. Neither the non-specific protein kinase inhibitor H7 (100 μM) nor the protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A (0.5 μM) had any effect on Ip in the absence of ISO. However, H7 could increase Ip and calyculin A could reduce it in the presence of ISO (1 μM and 12 nM respectively). These results indicate that there is a low basal level of phosphorylation which makes the effects of H7 and calyculin A difficult to detect in the absence of an ISO-induced increase in phosphorylation level.
H. V. Savitch & Paul Kantor, Cities in the International Marketplace: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North American and Western Europe, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2002).

This book represents the apex on the extensive urban and spatial analysis produced by both authors. The broad scope of book is an attempt to synthesize the trajectory of cities in advanced capitali...
A Study of CVD Growth Kinetics and Film Microstructure of Zirconium Dioxide from Zirconium Tetra-tert-Butoxide

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of polycrystalline zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) from zirconium tetra-tert-butoxide {Zr[OC(CH3)3]4} is described. The ZrO2 films, which were deposited on Si(100), wer...
Nucleationless three-dimensional island formation in low-misfit heteroepitaxy

The formation of faceted three-dimensional islands during growth of low-misfit ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ alloys on Si(100) has been investigated by low-energy electron microscopy. The formation of the islands in these alloy systems does not involve three-dimensional nucleation, but rather proceeds via a precursor array of shallow, stepped mounds on the surface that result from the inherent morphological instability of the strained alloy film.
Surface wind profile measurement using multiple small unmanned aerial vehicles

This paper focuses on using multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for measurement and estimation of the mesoscale or microscale wind field. Low-level wind and near-surface wind could have many applications such as wind power harvesting, weather prediction, pollution dispersion, and safer aircraft landing/take-off, etc. However, current wind profiling techniques like balloons and meteorological towers are not only expensive but also inflexible. UAVs could be used to measure the wind strength and directions at a flexible position and altitude in real time. Moreover, groups of UAVs with a certain formation could measure the vertical or horizon wind profiling simultaneously. Given the measurements of an area, the wind field could be approximately modeled by a series of partial differential equations (PDEs). An incremental parameter estimation algorithm using single and multiple UAVs is developed. Preliminary simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Spin dynamics and orbital-antiphase pairing symmetry in iron-based superconductors

The pairing symmetry of iron pnictide superconductors has been hotly debated. First-principles simulations suggest low-energy spin excitations play a central role in raising the superconducting transition temperature of such materials.
Simplification of mass spectra of organometallic and coordination compounds by cluster profile analysis

Abstract A method for low resolution mass spectra simplification based on spectrum image features is described. The cluster profile analysis (CPA) uses automatically controlled identification of parts from a broad pattern (regardless whether well separated or not), followed by selection of the two highest peaks from each separated sub-band. The variable mass increment applied in this method appears to be effective for complexes and organometallic compounds. The mass spectrum of dichloro-bis(2,4-pentanedionato-O,O′)-tin and hexa- t -butyl-selenatrisiletane are used as an example and comparison with results of simplification by the Biller–Bieman extraction (which uses a constant mass increment of 14 m.u.) is given.
Selection on herbivory resistance and growth rate in an invasive plant.

Abstract: The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis proposes that invasive species evolve decreased defense and increased competitive ability following natural enemy release. Previous tests of EICA examined the result of evolution by comparing individuals from home and introduced ranges, but no previous study of this hypothesis has examined the process of evolution by analyzing patterns of selection. On the basis of EICA, there should be selection for competitive ability without herbivores and selection for defense with herbivores. Selection on competitive ability should be stronger for genotypes accustomed to herbivores (home range genotypes), and selection on defense should be stronger for genotypes unaccustomed to herbivores (introduced range genotypes). Using a field experiment, we tested these hypotheses for the invasive plant Melaleuca quinquenervia. There was a negative genetic correlation between resistance and growth, indicating a trade‐off. However, selection for stem elon...
Side effects of rapamycin in the rat.

ABSTRACT The side effects of Rapamycin was evaluated by histopathological examination of the heart, kidneys, and eyes of treated Lewis rats. Rapamycin was administered during 14 days by continuous intravenous infusions at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg/day. Focal myocardial infarction was observed in three of five rats with Rapamycin given at 1.5 mg/kg/day and two of 22 rats with 1.0 mg/kg/day. There were no sign of myocardial toxicity at a Rapamycin dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day. The retina of one eye of a rat treated at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day had a small area of focal ischemic necrosis. The kidneys were normal at all doses.
Calculation of wave-front-tilt correlations associated with atmospheric turbulence.

Certain practical problems in astronomical optics require a detailed knowledge of aperture-to-aperture correlations in the instantaneous tilt of a wave-front distorted by atmospheric turbulence. The corresponding correlation coefficients are calculated by Fourier analysis. The results are expressed as one-dimensional integrals (over k space), which are equivalent to, but possess computational advantages over, the two-dimensional integrals (over aperture space) that appear in the literature. In addition, the angular dependence of the tilt correlation in these expressions is simple and explicit. Tables of these correlation coefficients, as well as analytic forms for the asymptotic values corresponding to large and small separations between the two apertures, are presented.
The Effects of Shareholder Dividend Taxes: Evidence from the Australian Tax Integration Environment

In this paper we empirically test the Harris et al. (2001) model in the unique setting of the Australian stock market. In 1987, Australia changed from a traditional tax system (two levels of taxation) to an integrated tax system (one level of taxation). We estimate the parameters of the Harris et al. (2001) model for a sample of Australian firms across the change in the tax regime. We also refine our analysis to allow for differences between firms with regard to tax credit position (that is, the extent to which they shield shareholders from individual‐level taxes) in the post‐integration period. Our results are consistent with the model predictions with respect to the change in tax regime and between high‐ and low‐credit firms in the post‐integration period.
Body weight regulation and gonadal hormone manipulations in female Eastern chipmunks

Vulval size, body weight, food intake, and food hoarding of 20 female Eastern chipmunks born in the wild were monitored for 3 weeks following ovariectomy or sham operation and subsequent estradiol benzoate (EB) or oil-vehicle replacement therapy. EB treatment induced vulval swelling; however, neither ovariectomy nor EB affected body weight, food intake, or food hoarding. The relationship between gonadal hormones and body weight regulation in chipmunks appears to be more complex than is assumed by current theory.
Charter school authorizers and student achievement

Abstract In this paper we analyze the relationship between charter school authorizers and student achievement. We perform this analysis using a 10-year panel dataset from Minnesota, a state that permits four distinct types of authorizers—local school boards, postsecondary institutions, nonprofit organizations, and the Minnesota Department of Education. The results of the analysis indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between charter school authorizing type and mean levels of student achievement. However, the analysis also reveals that schools authorized by nonprofit organizations exhibit substantially more variability in achievement than schools authorized by local school boards.
A High-Resolution Interaction Map of Three Transcriptional Activation Domains with a Key Coactivator from Photo-Cross-Linking and Multiplexed Mass Spectrometry**

Transcriptional activators play a central role in gene regulation, stimulating the assembly of the transcriptional machinery at a promoter in a signal responsive manner.[1] Because of the significant role that mis-regulated or malfunctioning transcriptional activators play in human disease, there has been a strong effort towards identifying molecules that inhibit the ability of an activator to function via binding interactions with the transcriptional machinery.[2–4] One difficulty associated with this strategy is that distinct transcriptional activators often share binding partners within the transcriptional machinery, making the design or discovery of molecules specific for a particular transcription factor quite challenging.[5] For example, the activators p53, c-Myc and the viral oncoprotein E1A all interact with the coactivator and chromatin modifier TRRAP, yet it is not known if these activators utilize a shared binding surface for activation or if there are several distinct binding sites within the coactivator.[6–8] Covalent cross-linking has been successfully used to identify coactivator binding partners of activators, but high resolution analysis for binding site identification has not been reported;[9–15] a real challenge to high resolution analysis is the acid-rich composition of many eukaryotic activators, a characteristic that renders them difficult to analyze by standard cross-linking and mass spectrometric strategies.[16–20] Here we describe a multiplexed mass spectrometric strategy to produce for the first time a high-resolution map of the binding sites of transcriptional activators, focusing on three prototypical activators (Gal4, Gcn4, and VP16) in complex with the key coactivator Med15(Gal11) (Figure 1). These data in combination with genetic experiments demonstrate that while Gal4 and Gcn4 target the same binding surfaces within Med15, the VP16-derived activator utilizes a distinct binding surface. This finding suggests that some degree of inhibitor specificity for a given activator or activator class may indeed be achievable. Further, this general approach can be applied to a broader range of activator-coactivator binding partners to expand the high-resolution interaction map of transcriptional activators.
Long-term physiologic and oncologic outcomes of inferior vena cava thrombosis in pediatric malignant abdominal tumors.

Abstract Background The long-term physiologic and oncologic outcomes of treatment for inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis in children with malignant abdominal tumors are unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of children with malignant IVC tumor thrombosis treated at our institution between January 1996 and December 2011. Extent of tumor thrombus was classified using the Hinman system. Disease stage, management, and oncologic and physiologic outcomes and complications were evaluated. Results We identified 15 patients (median age, 4.7years): 12 with Wilms tumor, 2 with hepatoblastoma, and 1 with adrenocortical carcinoma. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy changed Hinman levels in 2 (13%) patients. IVC thrombus resection was complete in 6 (40%) patients, partial in 7 (47%) patients, and not performed in 1 (6.7%) patient. On follow-up imaging, 8 (53%) patients' IVCs were patent, 6 (40%) had residual thrombus, and 1 (6.7%) was surgically interrupted. Three (20%) patients had perioperative complications, and 2 (13%) experienced transient effects related to IVC occlusion. Conclusions Surgical management of tumor thrombus in the vena cava of children with solid abdominal tumors is challenging. Evidence on which to base strong treatment recommendations is lacking. Few long-term physiologic complications were observed.
On the queueing behavior of multiplexed leaky bucket regulated sources

The leaky bucket algorithm, which has been proposed as a monitor/enforcer in the rate-based management of bandwidth in high-performance, integrated packet communication networks, is considered. The effectiveness of the unbuffered leaky bucket algorithm in protecting the quality of service (QOS) experienced by connections passing through a common internodal link queue is studied. It is shown that excess traffic generated by a source can pass through the leaky bucket without marked or discarded and cause unacceptable packet delay/loss to other connections sharing the queue. It is also shown that average bursts that are larger, or average rate that is higher, than that assumed at connection establishment can deteriorate the queue performance even with the leaky bucket enforcing the agreed throughput QOS by discarding packets. On the basis of this analysis, a strategy for alleviating these problems is devised, namely, allocating network bandwidth above the leaky bucket permit rate and configuring the leaky bucket with a loss/mark probability greater than 10/sup -2/. >
Cycling of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter in the Middle Atlantic Bight as revealed by carbon isotopic (13C and 14C) signatures

Carbon isotopes (13C and 14C) and elemental composition (C and N) in two fractions of colloidal organic matter (COM) were measured to study the origin and cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). COM, (1 kDa-O.2 pm) was 59% of the bulk DOM in surface Chesapeake Bay waters and decreased to 30-35% in waters of the MAB. COMlo (10 kDa-0.2 pm), which was the highmolecular-weight (HMW) component of COM,, comprised 3-l 2% of’ the bulk DOM, with highest concentrations in Chesapeake Bay waters and the lowest in deep waters in the MAB. AL4C values of COM, decreased from nearshore (-2 1 to + 12Yb0) to offshore and from surface (- 166 to -SS%&$ to bottom waters (-400 to -304’?&). Although A14C values of surface-water HMW COM,, were generally high (-2 to -7%0), values for bottom-water COM,, were much lower (- 129 to -709o/oo). The high A14C values in the surface water suggest a particulate origin of pelagic COM, consistent with the contemporary A14C values of particulate organic matter (POM). The very low A14C values of bottom-water COM,, imply that in addition to the pelagic origin, sedimentary organic C may serve as an important source for the benthic colloids in the bottom nepheloid layer. The general flow direction of organic carbon is from POM to HMW and to LMW DOM. Three colloidal end-members were identified in the MAB as well as in the Gulf of Mexico: estuarine colloids with high A14C values, high C : N ratios, and lower 613C values; offshore surface water colloids with intermediate A14C values, lower C : N ratios, and higher a13C values; and offshore deep-water colloids with low A14C values, intermediate C : N ratios, and variable 613C values.
Degradable systems:a survey of multistate system theory

The vast majority of reliability analyses assume that ccmponents and system are in either of two states: functioning or failed. However, in many real life situations we are actually able to distinguish among various 'Ilevels of performance" for both system and components. For such situations, the existing dichotomous model is a gross oversimplification and so models assuming degradable (multistate) systems and components are preferable since they are closer to reality.We present a survey of recent papers which treat the more I sophisticated and more realistic models in which components and systems may assume many states ranging from perfect functioning to complete failure. Our survey updates and complements a previous survey by El-Neweihi and Proschan (1980). Some new results are included.
Synthetic lethal RNAi screening identifies sensitizing targets for gemcitabine therapy in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer retains a poor prognosis among the gastrointestinal cancers. It affects 230,000 individuals worldwide, has a very high mortality rate, and remains one of the most challenging malignancies to treat successfully. Treatment with gemcitabine, the most widely used chemotherapeutic against pancreatic cancer, is not curative and resistance may occur. Combinations of gemcitabine with other chemotherapeutic drugs or biological agents have resulted in limited improvement. In order to improve gemcitabine response in pancreatic cancer cells, we utilized a synthetic lethal RNAi screen targeting 572 known kinases to identify genes that when silenced would sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Results from the RNAi screens identified several genes that, when silenced, potentiated the growth inhibitory effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. The greatest potentiation was shown by siRNA targeting checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1). Validation of the screening results was performed in MIA PaCa-2 and BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells by examining the dose response of gemcitabine treatment in the presence of either CHK1 or CHK2 siRNA. These results showed a three to ten-fold decrease in the EC50 for CHK1 siRNA-treated cells versus control siRNA-treated cells while treatment with CHK2 siRNA resulted in no change compared to controls. CHK1 was further targeted with specific small molecule inhibitors SB 218078 and PD 407824 in combination with gemcitabine. Results showed that treatment of MIA PaCa-2 cells with either of the CHK1 inhibitors SB 218078 or PD 407824 led to sensitization of the pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of synthetic lethal RNAi screening as a tool for identifying sensitizing targets to chemotherapeutic agents. These results also indicate that CHK1 could serve as a putative therapeutic target for sensitizing pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine.