cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Home visits in the era of cost containment: Comments on reding, Raphelson and Montgomery's paper

Reding, Raphelson and Montgomery's paper raises issues relating to psychiatry's role in mental health service systems. We focused on the place of psychiatric home visits in the context of national health care reform and the place of home visits in psychiatric training. Our perspective on these issues has been shaped by extensive outpatient experience with seriously ill psychiatric patients, including experience with inhome family therapy during psychiatric residency training and, more recently, clinical participation in the New York State replication of Stein and Test's Training in Community Living model. As noted by the authors, this service model calls for the patient's home as the preferred service site. In the Westchester County model program, more than 50 percent of clinical services were delivered at locations other than the core clinical facility.
Tunneling in all-high-Tc edge junctions with deposited barriers.

All-high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-material edge junctions consisting of laser-ablated Y-Ba-Cu-O electrodes and an in situ rf-sputter-deposited MgO barrier have been fabricated whose I-V characteristics show tunneling-related effects. These include a junction resistance with an exponential dependence on the nominal-barrier thickness, gaplike structure observed in the conductance curves, and Josephson effects. These properties are very sensitive to the choice of materials-processsing method for the junction interfaces.
A Simple New Resistance Type A-C Load Flow Board

NETWORKS of circuits are replacing the radial type in many places for transmitting and distributing electric power. One of the disadvantages of networking is the complexity of the problems to be solved to determine what changes or additions to a network should be made to obtain the desired operating characteristics at a minimum cost. The conventional type of a-c board has provided engineers with an accurate and speedy tool for the study of complex network problems. Now another type of a-c board using only resistance circuits and no generator or load units has been built by the Portland General Electric Company. It is operating successfully in solving complex network problems accurately and speedily.
Cellular energetics of frozen wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) revealed via NMR spectroscopy

Abstract (1) 1 H and 31 P NMR spectroscopy were used to measure high energy organophosphates (ATP and creative phosphate, CP) and to estimate intracellular pH in juvenile Rana sylvatica during freezes at –1.5°C lasting up to 7 d. (2) Frogs largely maintained their levels of ATP and CP throughout a slow freeze; whereas, frogs undergoing a fast freeze experienced +80% reductions in ATP and CP within 7 d. (3) Correspondingly, intracellular pH was stable (7.2–7.6) throughout the slow freeze but pH was reduced to 6.57 during the fast freeze. (4) The deleterious effects of harsh freeze conditions may have an energetic underpinning but it is premature to assign a causal role at this point.
Analysis of LiDAR Data for Emergency Management and Disaster Response

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data demonstrate how derived horizontal and vertical coordinates of the ground and objects above the ground can be used to provide detailed information for improved emergency management and disaster response.
Updated global map of Martian valley networks and implications for climate and hydrologic processes

[1] Martian valley networks have long been viewed as some of the best evidence of prolonged surface water on Mars. Analysis from Viking data showed that valleys were primarily contained on the ancient crust, drainage networks were immature, and large undissected regions occurred in between individual systems. These observations led many to propose that they formed primarily by groundwater processes, and limited or no climate change from the present state was required. Using more recent and higher-resolution data sets, including visible, infrared, and topographic data, we have manually remapped valleys on a global scale. More than eight times as many valleys have been identified on the surface, and calculated drainage densities are, on average, higher by a factor of 2. Further, regions previously thought to be undissected have significant incision by fluvial processes. Most of these systems seem to have formed around the Noachian-Hesperian boundary (∼3.8–3.6 Ga). Minor valley formation continued through the Hesperian and into the Early Amazonian epoch, approximately 2.8 Ga ago. The new data reveal characteristics of sustained precipitation and surface runoff including inner braided channels, terraces, multiple periods of formation, complex network morphology, and correlation with other fluviosedimentary features and chloride salts on Mars. Groundwater processes or a transient steam atmosphere generated by impacts played, at most, a minor role. These new results imply that Mars had a long-lived period or periods of clement conditions toward the end of the Noachian epoch that supported a hydrologic cycle and potentially a biosphere.
The effects of atrazine and temperature on turtle hatchling size and sex ratios

Temperature influences some hormone-governed developmental processes, as do environmental contaminants known as endocrine-disrupting compounds. Although many vertebrates exhibit developmental sensitivity to temperature or contaminants, little research has focused on the potential interaction of these two external influences during development. Here, embryos of the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) are used to model the potential interaction of increased temperature and the herbicide atrazine. The atrazine level selected (0.5 parts per billion) was based on common environmental concentrations and is within the range of federally approved drinking-water levels. Sex ratio was the endpoint of population effect in this study, with an increase in females construed as an effect of either temperature, atrazine, or the two together. Mass, carapace length and width, and plastron length were also assessed as endpoints of individual effects of exposure. Results show that increased temperature or atr...
Enhancement and disruption of retention performance by ACTH in a choice task.

One hundred twenty male rats escaped/avoided electric shock by moving into the lighted arm of a “Y” maze. Post-trial ACTH injections at one dose (1 IU/kg) enhanced retention (relative to saline controls), and at another dose (1000 IU/kg) disrupted retention; the overall dose-response function was an inverted “U” for the retention test conducted 24 hr after the original learning. Thus, ACTH was shown to affect retention performance of normal rats in a choice task. Delayed (4 hr) post-trial ACTH injections showed no enhanced or disrupted retention, from which it was concluded that ACTH acts upon some residual (memory?) from the learning experience.
Constraining the Mass Profiles of Stellar Systems: Schwarzschild Modeling of Discrete Velocity Data Sets

We present a new Schwarzschild orbit superposition code designed to model discrete data sets composed of velocity measurements of individual kinematic tracers in a dynamical system. This constitutes an extension of previous implementations that can only address continuous data in the form of (the moments of) velocity distributions, thus avoiding potentially important losses of information due to data binning. The code can handle any combination of velocity components, i.e., only line-of-sight velocities, only proper motions, or both. The code determines the combination of orbital mass weights as a function of the three integrals of motion E, Lz, and I3 that best reproduces, in a maximum likelihood sense, the available kinematic and photometric observations in a given axisymmetric gravitational potential. The fully numerical approach ensures considerable freedom on the form of the distribution function -->f(E, Lz, I3) , avoiding restrictive assumptions about the degree of orbital (an)isotropy. We describe the implementation of the discrete code and present a series of performance tests based on the modeling of simulated data sets generated from a known distribution function. Exploring pseudo-data sets with varying degrees of overall rotation and different inclinations on the sky, we study the results as a function of relevant observational variables such as the size of the data set and the type of velocity information available. The discrete Schwarzschild code recovers the original orbital structure, mass-to-light ratio, and inclination of the input data sets to satisfactory accuracy. The code will be valuable, e.g., for modeling stellar motions in Galactic globular clusters and the motions of individual stars, planetary nebulae, or globular clusters in nearby galaxies. This can shed new light on the total mass distributions of these systems, with central black holes and dark halos being of particular interest.
Aerobiological sampling efficiency of media-containing Petri plates for use in lower atmosphere spore collection

Petri plates (PP) containing volumes of media attached to unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have been used to trap atmospheric biota for years. If capture efficiency varies based on media volume used, aerial concentrations of biota may be poorly estimated after an UAS flight occurs. We conducted 36 separate sampling flights in which PP were filled either with media to maximum volume or half the maximum volume to determine efficiency of each in the collection of viable spores from the genus Fusarium in the lower atmosphere. Overall, the media at maximum volume collected 56 % more spores than the media at half-volume when analyzing the average collection for all flights. In research that relies on quantification of an aerial biota source, UAS equipped with media-containing plates filled with less than maximum volume will hinder spore collection efficiency.
Conserved regions in the Epstein-Barr virus leader protein define distinct domains required for nuclear localization and transcriptional cooperation with EBNA2.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA-LP is a latent protein whose function is not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that EBNA-LP may be an important EBNA2 cofactor by enhancing EBNA2 stimulation of the latency C and LMP-1 promoters. To further our understanding of EBNA-LP function, we have introduced a series of mutations into evolutionarily conserved regions and tested the mutant proteins for the ability to enhance EBNA2 stimulation of the latency C and LMP-1 promoters. Three conserved regions (CR1 to CR3) are located in the repeat domains that are essential for the EBNA2 cooperativity function. In addition, three serine residues are also well conserved in the repeat domains. Clustered alanine mutations were introduced into CR1 to CR3, and the conserved serines were also changed to alanine residues in an EBNA-LP with two repeats, which is the minimal protein able to cooperate with EBNA2. Mutations introduced into CR1a had no effect on EBNA-LP function, while mutations introduced into CR1b resulted in EBNA-LP with slightly decreased activity. Mutations in CR1c and CR2 resulted in proteins that no longer localized exclusively to the nucleus and also had no EBNA2 cooperation activity. Mutations introduced into conserved serines S5/71 resulted in proteins with slightly higher activity, while mutations introduced into conserved serines S35/101 or in CR3 (which contains S60/126) resulted in EBNA-LP proteins with substantially reduced activity. The potential karyophilic signals within EBNA-LP CR1c and CR2 were also examined by introducing oligonucleotides encoding these positively charged amino acid groupings into a cytoplasmic test protein, herpes simplex virus ΔIE175, and by examining the intracellular localization of the resulting proteins. This assay identified a strong nuclear localization signal between EBNA-LP amino acids 43 and 50 (109 to 117 in the second W repeat) comprising CR2, while EBNA-LP amino acids 29 to 36 (91 to 98 in the second W repeat) were unable to function independently as a nuclear localization signal. However, a combination of amino acids 29 to 50 resulted in more efficient nuclear localization than with amino acids 43 to 50 alone. These results indicate that EBNA-LP has a bipartite nuclear localization signal and that efficient nuclear localization is essential for EBNA2 cooperativity function. Interestingly, EBNA-LP with only a single repeat localized exclusively to the cytoplasm, providing an explanation for why this isoform has no activity. In addition, two conserved serine residues which are distinct from nuclear import functions are important for EBNA2 cooperativity function.
An Electrodeless Melter for Vitrification of Nuclear Waste

This paper describes a new concept for a high-temperature, electrodeless melter for vitrifying radioactive wastes. Based on the principles of induction heating, it circumvents a number of difficulties associated with existing technology. The melter can operate at higher temperatures (1,500--2,000 C vs 1,150 C), allowing for a higher quality, more durable glass which reduces the long-term leaching rate. Higher processing temperatures also enable conversion from borosilicate to high-silica glass which can accommodate 2 to 3 times as much radioactive waste, potentially halving the ultimate required long-term disposal space. Finally, with high temperatures, conversion of nuclear waste into ceramics can also be considered. This too leads to higher waste loading and the reduction of repository space. The melter is toroidal, linked by an iron core transformer that allows efficient electrical operation even at 60 Hz. One-dimensional electrical and thermal analyses are presented.
Rapid growth of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana Kellogg, in xenic cultures of Chlorella sp. (Chlorophyceae)

Abstract A simple, quick, low-maintenance means to culture brine shrimp to adults is described. Continuously illuminated, organically enriched 1.5-l bacterialized (xenic) cultures dominated by a small Chlorella sp. MWB at a density of > 1 × 10 7 cells/ml were inoculated with brine shrimp cysts and aerated for 24 h. Cyst hatching was followed by rapid growth of nauplii to preadults. Copulating adults appeared as early as 8 days. In cultures aerated for only about 1 min/day, final mixtures of preadults and adults had a mean size range of 6–8 mm, in densities of 0.26–2.18/ml ( x = 1.3 ml ) in 11–16 days. With continuous aeration, a mixture of preadults and adults with a mean size of 7.0 mm (with riders) was obtained in 9 days at a density of 0.34/ml, and a mean size of 10.4 mm in 13 days at a density of 0.55/ml. The final Chlorella densities of cultures aerated for only about 1 min/day, or continuously, were similar to or greater than initial densities and reached as high as 5 × 10 8 cells/ml. Experiments suggest that resuspension of bottom fertilizer and sediments of cultures, by aeration or by mechanical stirring, are ways in which dissolved oxygen can be rapidly lowered and the brine shrimp fatally stressed. The strategy of growing food for brine shrimp with the brine shrimp, the community culture concept, is thus demonstrated. Advantages include: no food addition during growth; no separate biological filtration; no removal of brine shrimp feces or exuviae; no additions to cultures during growth except water to make up for evaporation.
Effects of resettlement on the dietary intakes of mothers and children in lowland Papua new Guinea

Dietary intake of three ethnic groups living at Gavien, a resettlement project in lowland Papua New Guinea, was compared with that of people living in the home areas: Grass Country (hunter‐gatherers); Wosera (agriculturalists); Middle Sepik (hunter‐gatherers with limited agriculture). All Gavien groups grew rubber as a cash crop as well as food crops. Food intake information was collected by 24‐hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Sago and fresh fish consumption decreased for hunter‐gatherers in Gavien, but garden crop consumption increased. Purchased foods such as rice and tinned fish became important energy and protein sources for all groups in Gavien. In comparison with intakes in the home areas, mothers and children in Gavien had higher intakes of most nutrients, except for those from the Grass Country, who had lower protein and niacin intakes after resettlement. Dietary quality improved with resettlement because the traditional diet in lowland Papua New Guinea is monotonous and staple food...
The macrocycle of leinamycin imparts hydrolytic stability to the thiol-sensing 1,2-dithiolan-3-one 1-oxide unit of the natural product

Reaction of cellular thiols with the 1,2-dithiolan-3-one 1-oxide moiety of leinamycin triggers the generation of DNA-damaging reactive intermediates. Studies with small, synthetic analogues of leinamycin reveal that the macrocyclic portion of the natural product imparts remarkable hydrolytic stability to the 1,2-dithiolan-3-one 1-oxide heterocycle without substantially compromising its thiol-sensing property.
Pulmonary function at school‐age in surfactant‐treated preterm infants

A follow-up study was conducted in 40 children who had been enrolled in a prospective randomized study of exogenous surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (n = 22; S) or placebo (n = 18; P) to determine long-term pulmonary sequelae of surfactant treatment in premature infants with RDS. At follow-up, mean (SD) age was 6.63 (0.18) and 6.55 (0.23) years for S and P, respectively. Complete lung function tests (LFT) were attempted in all patients. Satisfactory data were obtained in 17/22 surfactant-treated and in 12/18 control children. There was no significant difference between groups for any of the parameters measured. Mean (SD) functional residual capacity (FRC) was 92% (16%) and 90% (21%) predicted, mean (SD) airway resistance (R(aw,exp)) was 122% (25%) and 127% (61%), and mean (SD) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was 104% (12%) and 99% (17%) predicted for S and P. Only maximal expiratory flow at 25% vital capacity (L/s) was significantly below the predicted range in S and P groups, with 74% (23%) and 77% (28%), respectively. To test bronchial hyperreactivity, a simple standardized running test was performed: 4 children in S and 5 in P showed a significant response as defined by clinical airway obstruction or changes in FEV1 and/or R(aw), with no significant difference between groups. Although we found no major abnormalities in lung function and no difference between S and P at early school-age, lack of cooperation during lung function tests makes further follow-up necessary.
A Contingent Valuation Study and Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Switch to Automated Collection of Solid Waste With Single Stream Recycling in Madison, Wisconsin

Many communities have switched to single stream recycling in the past several years. At the same time, there has also been an increase in the number of communities using an automated collection system, with these program changes often being implemented simultaneously. We conduct a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey to estimate consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for the combined switch to automated collection of solid waste with single stream recycling in Madison, Wisconsin. We find a mean WTP of approximately $3 per household per month, suggesting that on average, consumers perceive the new program to be beneficial. We then perform a benefit-cost analysis where the most conservative calculation yields an annual net benefit of almost $25 per household from moving to single stream recycling with automated collection.
Time of day influences food acceptability

To determine whether a food's acceptability changes with time of day and degree to which a food is appropriate for a given mealtime, preferences were obtained both in the morning and the afternoon for a set of foods which included items appropriate “for breakfast”, “for dinner”, or for either mealtime. A second purpose of the study was to determine whether such cultural rules regarding food appropriateness had been acquired by preschool children and whether the pattern of shifting acceptability with time of day predicted for adult subjects would also appear in the preference data of the children. Participants included 25 adults and 30 three- and four-year-old children. All subjects were seen twice, once in the morning and once in the late afternoon for two identical sessions. Half of the subjects in each age group were seen first in the morning, half were seen first in the afternoon. In these sessions food preferences for the set of foods varying in mealtime appropriateness were assessed and the foods were categorized as “for breakfast” of “for dinner”. The preference data of both the adults and the children showed significant preference shifts with time of day, with breakfast items more preferred in the morning than the afternoon and dinner items more preferred in the morning than the afternoon. These shifts were larger for adults than for children but not significantly so.
Homograph discrimination for intelligent interfaces via thesaural lexicons (abstract)

Thesaural lexicons, in particular Roget's International Thesaurus, represent a rich knowledge-base of culturally validated semantic associations which extend over most of the English language. It has been shown that the Thesaurus can be a valuable tool in non-domain-specific approaches to natural language Artificial Intelligence. The importance of this approach is being able to go beyond the explicit semantic connections within categories of association into the implicit semantic connections between categories. The implementation of Robert Bryan's mathematical model for abstract thesauri is directed toward this implicit structure.Bryan's model defines a strong semantic connectedness between two entries by a structure called a Type-10 chain. Type-10 connectedness is also an equivalence relation which defines a partition of the thesaurus. These strongly connected components can be used as a tool for disambiguation of homographs (words which are spelled identically which may have different meanings) an important feature of any natural language interface. The implementation of the model involves decomposition by the recently developed Method of Quarters. This algorithm is used to reduce the combinatoric complexity of the model.. Using this method, the authors were able to compute all 139,638 Type-10 components and locate 23,858 Type-10 homographs at the semi-colon category level in Roget's International Thesaurus, 3rd Edition.The present focus of the research is to combine a feature-based parser which will decompose sentences into syntactic components and then resolve any semantic ambiguities by application of the implicit semantic structures in the lexicon of Type-10 homographs. This technique is now being developed for a Student Advising Expert System. This work can also be extended to use semantic structures not only as a lexicon for the disambiguation of homographs, but also for text generation and for abstract classification applications.
Interaction between Iron Droplets and H2S during Solidification: Effects on Heat Transfer, Surface Tension and Composition

In strip casting the heat extraction rate is limited by the thermal resistance at the interface between solidified shell and the mold (rolls for twin-roll strip casters). The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the use of atmospheres with gaseous species containing sulfur on the heat transfer rate experienced during droplet solidification against a water-cooled copper mold. This issue was addressed by the use of experimentation in which liquid Fe droplets solidified in direct contact with a copper chill substrate under an atmosphere of Argon mixed with a 95/5 mixture of H2 and H2S. The effect of the atmosphere composition was assessed by measuring in-mold heat transfer rates during solidification and by characterizing the solidified samples by sulfur printing and Scanning and Auger electron microscopy. The results were compared to those obtained using pure Fe in 95/5 atmosphere of Ar/H2. It was found that heat transfer rates were higher when the gas atmosphere contained H2S, result that can be explained by the decrease of the melt surface tension or the increase of the liquidus-solidus temperature difference due to the pick-up of sulfur from the gas phase into liquid iron.These results suggest that sulfur-containing atmospheres could be used to affect heat transfer rates in strip casting. To further explore this possibility, a simple model was developed in order to predict the change of melt surface tension and the change of sulfur content in the final product when also H2S is used in the shrouding atmosphere above the liquid pool of a twin-roll strip caster.
A mathematical model for a magnetic-amplifier reactor core

In the analysis and design of self-saturating magnetic amplifiers, the flux-resetting characteristics of the saturable reactors must be known either analytically or graphically. In the past, the reactor flux-resetting characteristic has been represented by a single, unique relation between flux and resetting magnetomotive force.1?3 Such a restrictive reactor representation has limited usefulness because changes in operating conditions such as control voltage waveform, relative control circuit impedance level, and supply frequency cause considerable change in the flux-resetting characteristic.
The Effects of Network Expertise and Biases on Vote Choice

Many citizens lack the political knowledge to make informed decisions partly due to the high costs of becoming informed. Previous scholars have argued that if individuals speak with political experts who share their preferences, they can vote as if they were informed without paying information costs. This view of citizens as single-minded seekers of low-cost information is unrealistic. Individuals often choose discussion partners for reasons unrelated to politics, and many communication networks have heterogeneous information levels and preferences as a result. This paper simulates the votes of hypothetical electorates with different individual and network information levels. It demonstrates that network expertise has an effect on vote choice, but this effect is not as large as the effect of individual expertise. Rather, the key contextual determinant of an individual's vote is the partisan composition of his or her discussion network.
Calcium, Calmodulin, and CaMKII Requirement for Initiation of Centrosome Duplication in Xenopus Egg Extracts

Aberrant centrosome duplication is observed in many tumor cells and may contribute to genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) is required for multiple rounds of centrosome duplication in Xenopus egg extracts but not for the initial round of replication. Egg extracts undergo periodic oscillations in the level of free calcium. We show here that chelation of calcium in egg extracts or specific inactivation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) blocks even initial centrosome duplication, whereas inactivation of Cdk2 does not. Duplication can be restored to inhibited extracts by addition of CaMKII and calmodulin. These results indicate that calcium, calmodulin, and CaMKII are required for an essential step in initiation of centrosome duplication. Our data suggest that calcium oscillations in the cell cycle may be linked to centrosome duplication.
Os projetos de desenvolvimento do Brasil contemporâneo

This paper makes an analysis on the expansion of the development debate, from the rise of the democracy and social justice cycle, in the Brazil of the post-national-developmentalism era, using as method the structural-historical approach. Initially, the article will feature the three main cycles of development of the country, according to the chronology proposed by Bresser-Pereira. Later, they identify four causes for the transition from second to third cycle. Finally, some considerations are made about the current development cycle, interpreting the political spectrum of development projects in dispute in the contemporary Brazil.
Lengths of immunolabeled ciliary microtubules in frog photoreceptor outer segments

Monoclonal anti-tubulin antibodies were used to label microtubules in the connecting cilia and outer segments of retinal photoreceptors isolated from Rana pipiens. In paraformaldehyde-fixed rods from frogs maintained on diurnal light cycles, the anti-tubulin labeling of ciliary microtubules (mean length = 27 micron) typically extends to slightly over half the length of the outer segments (mean length = 46 micron). Rod outer segments from frogs kept in constant darkness for 3-4 weeks are longer (mean length = 53 micron) than rod outer segments from frogs maintained in cyclic lighting. However, the distribution of fractional lengths of anti-tubulin labeling of ciliary microtubules is the same for both lighting regimens. Incubating retinas in 1.0 mM colchicine prior to outer-segment fixation has no effect on the length of immunolabeling of ciliary microtubules, suggesting that post-mortem elongation artifacts are not significant. Incubating retinas in 10 microM taxol prior to fixation significantly increases the length of stained ciliary microtubules, suggesting that taxol either promotes post-mortem assembly of microtubules, or that taxol reduces post-mortem disassembly. The mean position of the end of anti-tubulin-labeled ciliary microtubules does not correspond to the position of disk shedding for any of the experimental conditions employed.
Absence of a low-temperature anomaly of the anomalous Hall conductivity in thin amorphous ferromagnetic Fe films.

The anomalous Hall effect of amorphous, high-resistance, Fe films (2--10 monolayers thick) is measured as a function of temperature. We find a logarithmic temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall resistance similar to the Coulomb anomaly of the resistance but twice its magnitude. The measurements are in excellent agreement with a recent theoretical calculation by Langenfeld and W\"olfle and provide us with an independent confirmation of the influence of the enhanced Coulomb interaction in disordered electron systems on transport properties.
Impact of early expression of TCR α chain on thymocyte development

CD4–CD8– thymocytes expressing a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) α chain have decreased capacity to give rise to CD4+CD8+ thymocytes when compared with wild-type thymocytes. This inefficient CD4–CD8– to CD4+CD8+ maturation is mediated by the transgenic TCR α chain pairing with endogenous TCR β chain but not with endogenous TCR γ chain. Comparison between TCR α chain-transgenic mice with or without a functional pre-TCR α (pTα ) chain reveals that the formation of transgenic α /endogenous β TCR on CD4–CD8– thymocytes inhibits the formation of pre-TCR, but at the same time mediates CD4–CD8– to CD4+CD8+ maturation in the absence of pre-TCR, albeit inefficiently. These results indicate that α β TCR and pre-TCR provide different signals for thymocyte development. They also suggest that the precise regulation of the sequential rearrangements of TCR β and α loci and the cellular expansion induced by the pre-TCR may both be evolved to ensure the efficient generation of mature α β T cells.
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Facilitated Dispersion of Particulate TiO2 on ZrO2 Ceramic Membrane Filters

We report that SWCNTs substantially improve the uniformity and coverage of TiO2 coatings on porous ZrO2 ceramic membrane filters. The ZrO2 filters were dip coated with 100 nm anatase TiO2, TiO2/SWCNT composites, a TiO2+SWCNT mixture, and a TiO2/MWCNT composite at pH 3, 5, and 8. Whereas the TiO2+SWCNT mixture and the TiO2/MWCNT composite promote better coverage and less clumping than TiO2 alone, the TiO2/SWCNT composite forms a complete uniform coating without cracking at pH 5 (∼100% coverage). A combination of chemical and electrostatic effects between TiO2 and SWCNTs forming the composite as well as between the composite and the ZrO2 surface explains these observations.
Carcinoidosis and the effect of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract.

Carcinoid tumors secrete serotonin, which increases intestinal and gastric motility and tone, as well as the secretion of mucus from the stomach. The syndrome of functioning carcinoid tumors is produced by the presence of excessive amounts of serotonin in the blood. Not all the clinical features need be present for diagnosis. Demonstration of abnormal amounts of 5-hydroxy-3-indole acetic acid in the urine confirms the diagnosis. The amounts of this substance vary from time to time, and more than one determination may be needed to make the diagnosis. Postoperative urinary measurements of this chemical are valuable as a guide to the development of metastatic tumors. The treatment of choice is surgical removal of as much tumor tissue as possible. Irradiation and the administration of radioactive salts are of doubtful value. The use of serotonin “antagonists” has yielded disappointing results. Chlorpromazine and symptomatic measures for the relief of diarrhea, pain, and asthma are indicated.
A Methodological Approach for Identifying Archaeological Evidence of Fire Resulting from Human Activities

Abstract The identification of unequivocal evidence of humanly-controlled fire is extremely problematic in archaeological contexts where obvious remains, such as charcoal and ash, have not been preserved. Until recently, the difficulty of identification had been magnified by the lack of an established methodological approach which addressed the problem. A methodological approach which can be used to identify and discriminate between archaeological evidence of fire resulting from natural processes and archaeological evidence of fire resulting from human activities is now available. The approach utilizes several parameters of investigation, including: (1) macroscopic examinations of fire feature surfaces and profiles, (2) analyses of magnetometer data, (3) magnetic susceptibility studies, (4) analyses of alternating field demagnetization characteristics, (5) studies of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition, (6) analyses of coercivity of remanence characteristics, and (7) palaeointensity studies. The methodological approach is illustrated by comparing the results from analyses of features and samples from grass fire experiment sites, isolated tree stump fire experiment sites, multiple-burn campfire experiment sites, modern forest fire sites, known archaeological hearths from Modoc Rock Shelter, Illinois, and known archaeological clay ovens from Tell Ashkelon, Israel, for each available parameter of investigation. Comparisons revealed that multiple-burn campfire sites exhibited basin-shaped three-dimensional configurations of oxidized sediments and diagnostic magnetic anomalies, while multiple-burn campfire samples displayed dramatic increases in magnetic susceptibility, highly stable to very highly stable responses to alternating field demagnetization, dramatic differences in IRM acquisition and coercivity of remanence responses, and diagnostic palaeointensity results, when compared with the responses of adjacent unfired control samples. Archaeological hearth features and samples, and samples from archaeological clay oven features, exhibited results which were broadly consistent with the results from multiple-burn campfire sites and samples. The results displayed by grass fire, isolated tree stump fire, and forest fire sites and samples were generally found to be mutually exclusive from the results exhibited by multiple-burn campfire and archaeological hearth and oven sites and samples for all parameters of investigation. The results demonstrate that the methodological approach can be used to unequivocally identify archaeological evidence of humanly-controlled fire resulting from multiple-burn campfires, fire hearths, ovens, and similar kinds of humanly-produced fires.
The Elastic Scattering of Electrons in Argon and Krypton

Scattering coefficients have been experimentally determined for the elastic scattering of electrons in argon and krypton for the angular range 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and incident electron energies 25 to 950 volts. In argon it was found that one maximum and two minima are present up to 150 volts. In the scattering by krypton maxima of two different orders are observed, the first being prominent from 25 to 100 volts, the second appearing at 100 volts for large angles. With increasing energies the first order maximum changes position progressively to smaller angles and merges with the main body of the scattering at about 200 volts in argon and 350 volts in krypton. From 300 to 800 volts one minimum only occurs in argon. There is a single maximum in the range 350 to 950 volts in krypton. The experimental results are compared with theoretical curves. At low voltages (for A) the agreement is only qualitative when Henneberg's phases are used, while (for Kr), using Holtsmark's phases, the agreement is excellent. At higher voltages (500 to 800 volts in A, and 700 to 900 volts in Kr) the scattering is given quite accurately by the Born approximate equation for a limited angular range.
Spatial frequency effect on the Pulfrich stereophenomenon.

Abstract The results of two experiments are reported. In the first it was found that the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon is dependent upon the spatial frequency of the moving stimulus pattern: the greater the spatial frequency for a constant filter density and angular speed, the greater the apparent displacement in depth. In the second study, the magnitude of the Pulfrich effect was found to decrease with increasing angular width of moving single stripes up to an angular width of 27°. The data were interpreted as consistent with the view that for the Pulfrich effect the retinal disparity between the moving stimulus and the fixated stationary stimulus is not given by the retinal points actually stimulated at any instant in time, but rather by the registered rate of motion of the stimulus.
A THEORY OF PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY: THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SELF‐CONCEPT, GENDER, SEX ROLE STEREOTYPES, AND WORK‐EMERGENT TRAITS

A theoretical framework is presented that focuses on the division of labor by gender to account for both sex role stereotypes and the correspondence between these stereotypes and the self-concepts ...
Sustained Potential Oscillations in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with PtRu as Anode Catalyst

Sustained potential oscillations are experimentally observed in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with PtRu as anode catalyst and with H 2 /108 ppm CO as the anode feed when operating under a constant current density mode. These oscillations appear at fuel-cell temperatures below 70°C. A threshold value exists for both the current density and the anode flow rate at a given fuel-cell temperature for their onset. The temperature dependence of the oscillation period shows an apparent activation energy around 60 kJ/mol. The potential oscillations are believed to be due to the coupling of anode electro-oxidation of H 2 and CO on the PtRu catalyst surface, on which OH ad is formed more readily, i.e., at lower overpotentials. A simple kinetic model is provided that can reproduce the observed oscillatory phenomenon both qualitatively and quantitatively.
An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates

A newly developed hybrid-coordinate ocean circulation model is documented and tested. Coordinate surfaces in this model adhere to isopycnals wherever this does not violate minimum layer thickness requirements; elsewhere, coordinate surfaces are geometrically constrained. The intent of this approach, some of whose features are reminiscent of the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) technique, is to combine the best features of isopycnic-coordinate and fixed-grid circulation models within a single framework. The hybrid model is an offshoot of the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model whose solutions, obtained under identical geographic and forcing conditions, serve as reference. Century-scale simulations on a coarse-mesh near-global domain show considerable similarities in the modeled thermohaline-forced circulation. Certain architectural details, such as the choice of prognostic thermodynamic variables (ρ,S versus T,S) and the algorithm for moving coordinate surfaces toward their reference isopycnals, are found to only have a minor impact on the solution. Emphasis in this article is on the numerical resiliency of the hybrid coordinate approach. Exploitation of the model's flexible coordinate layout in areas of ocean physics where pure isopycnic coordinate models only have limited options, such as mixed-layer turbulence parameterization, will be the subject of forthcoming articles.
Obesity and low testosterone interact to increase vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis

a possible role for c2orf40, an orphan gene that encodes Ecrg4, a 17,000 Dalton, secreted protein that has been previously associated with neural progenitor responsiveness after CNS injury, microglial activation in CNS tumors, and white matter senescence. Methods: Adult human cerebral cortical and choroid plexus tissue samples were obtained at autopsy. Ecrg4 gene expression in Alzheimer’s disease patients, cognitively normal, and disease age-matched controls was studied by quantitative RT PCR using the standard curve method. Processed protein forms were determined by Western blotting, and their distribution was examined in tissue sections using standard immunohistochemical staining techniques. Results: RT-qPCR demonstrated increased cerebral cortical Ecrg4 gene expression in AD, whereas similar analyses performed on frozen samples of choroid plexus showed no significant differences between AD and control. The peptide form of Ecrg4 detected in cortical gray matter of AD patients was a processed carboxy-terminal fragment of 8-10 kDa that was previously shown to interact with the innate immunity receptor complex. Immunocytochemical studies showed increased staining intensity in microglial cells and in intravascular blood-borne monocytes present within the cerebral cortical white matter of AD patients. Staining intensity appeared to be slightly diminished within cortical gray matter, except for prominent staining in rare neurofibrillary tangles. The staining pattern of the choroid plexus was similar in AD patients and controls, with robust immunoreactivity noted along the apical border of epithelial cells. Conclusions: Growing evidence suggests a role for Ecrg4 as an inflammatory mediator in microglial activation and as an initiator of oligodendrocyte precursor senescence. These data are the first to describe c2orf40 in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients and suggest that the Ecrg4 it encodes may participate in the activation and recruitment of microglial cells in cerebral white matter neuroinflammation.
Sexual and reproductive health: Progress and outstanding needs

We examine progress towards the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) commitment to provide universal access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services by 2014, with an emphasis on changes for those living in poor and emerging economies. Accomplishments include a 45% decline in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) between 1990 and 2013; 11.5% decline in global unmet need for modern contraception; ~21% increase in skilled birth attendance; and declines in both the case fatality rate and rate of abortion. Yet aggregate gains mask stark inequalities, with low coverage of services for the poorest women. Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from 80 developing countries highlight persistent disparities in skilled birth attendance by household wealth: in 70 of 80 countries (88%), ≥80% of women in the highest quintile were attended by a skilled provider at last birth; in only 23 of the same countries (29%) was this the case for women in the lowest wealth quintile. While there have been notable declines in HIV incidence and prevalence, women affected by HIV are too often bereft of other SRH services, including family planning. Achieving universal access to SRH will require substantially greater investment in comprehensive and integrated services that reach the poor.
CNTF, FGF, and NGF collaborate to drive the terminal differentiation of MAH cells into postmitotic neurons

The differentiation of neuronal cell progenitors depends on complex interactions between intrinsic cellular programs and environmental cues. Such interactions have recently been explored using an immortalized sympathoadrenal progenitor cell line, MAH. These studies have revealed that depolarizing conditions, in combination with exposure to FGF, can induce responsiveness to NGF. Here we report that CNTF, which utilizes an intracellular signaling pathway distinct from that of both FGF and NGF, can collaborate with FGF to promote efficiently the differentiation of MAH progenitor cells to a stage remarkably reminiscent of NGF-dependent, postmitotic sympathetic neurons. We also find that similar collaborative interactions can occur during transdifferentiation of normal cultured chromaffin cells into sympathetic neurons.
Regional myocardial blood flow and coronary vasodilator reserve during acute right ventricular failure due to pressure overload in swine.

Abstract Right ventricular (RV) failure due to acute RV pressure overload has been attributed to the inability of RV myocardial blood flow to increase following maximal RV coronary vasodilatation, which may occur with mild to moderate RV systolic hypertension, such that further increments in RV systolic pressure by way of decreasing RV coronary driving pressure hamper RV myocardial perfusion. To test this hypothesis, myocardial blood flow (15-μm-diameter tracer microspheres) was studied during adenosine infusion (3 μmole · kg −1 · min −1 ) instituted before and during acute RV failure in 10 closed-chest ketamine anesthetized young pigs. Acute RV failure, characterized by 10 mm Hg increase in RV end-diastolic pressure, 15 mm Hg drop in mean aortic pressure and 30% drop in cardiac output, was produced by partial constriction of the main pulmonary artery upon inflation of a previously implanted cuff. Acute RV failure was accompanied by a significant increase in myocardial blood flow in the RV free wall (91%) and right side of the septum (44%) while left ventricular myocardial blood flow was unaltered. Adenosine infusion during acute RV failure resulted in a significant increase in ventricular myocardial blood flow despite a significant drop in mean aortic pressure while RV end-diastolic and RV systolic pressures were further increased. Thus, the concept of maximal RV coronary vasodilatation during acute RV failure was not supported by these data. RV myocardial blood flow with adenosine infusion during acute RV failure (3.8 ml.min −1 · g −1 ) was, however, only 67% of that observed without RV failure (5.7 ml.min −1 · g −1 ). Also, during acute RV failure + adenosine, RV endo:epi flow ratio decreased markedly. We believe these differences were due to a combination of factors, namely, decreased diastolic duration for RV perfusion consequent upon prolongation of RV systole due to RV pressure overload, and higher back pressure opposing the diastolic RV perfusion because of significantly elevated preload.
Anxiety sensitivity across four ethnoracial groups in an undergraduate sample

Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of anxious cognitive and physiological experiences, is multidimensional and adds incrementally to the prediction of relationships of panic and relevant phenomenology. Many agree upon the content of the dimensions, but there is less agreement about the factor structure of the anxiety sensitivity index (ASI), a widely used measure of AS, across cultural groups. Anxiety disorders vary in their epidemiology and phenomenology across ethnoracial groups. This investigation adds clarity to research in the psychometric properties of the ASI across four cultural groups. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis support invariance across groups with the exception of three psychometrically questionable items assessing fear of gastrointestinal symptoms. The convergent and divergent validity are consistent with cross-group invariance as well. Clinical implications are discussed.