cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Like Not Like: Writing Portraits in The Peony Pavilion

In this essay, the author examines the portraits that are featured in Tang Xianzu’s The Peony Pavilion. The textual portraits are mixed in nature. They contain semiotic elements that can be readily described in language and understood through iconographical interpretation. But other elements in the textual portrait cannot be fully captured by words. The latter apparently fascinated Tang Xianzu, for he explained the source of inspired writing by comparing a writer to a painter. In The Peony Pavilion , the ambiguous and unfinished pictorial marks in Du Liniang’s self-portrait—its “antisemiotic elements,” a phrase borrowed from James Elkins—are prominent. This picture thus conveniently partakes in the play’s comedy of errors, for at times it cannot be fully or even partially recognized. Without discounting the representational potential of pictures and other ritual objects, such as imperial portraits, Tang probes in The Peony Pavilion the mimetic and the nonrepresentational elements of writing and picture making.
Electrodeposition of porous Co layers and their conversion to electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation by spontaneous deposition of Pd

Abstract Electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation were prepared through a two stage deposition process: porous cobalt layers were deposited, by cathodic reduction of Co 2+ ions, and then modified by spontaneous deposition of Pd. A basic sulphate solution and a mildly acid chloride solution were compared as media for the electrodeposition of Co. Deposits with the highest surface roughness were obtained in the chloride solution, at large current densities. Pd was deposited onto the Co porous layers by immersing them in acid deaerated PdCl 2 solutions, at open circuit. The Pd loading and the Pd surface area were estimated by UV–visible spectroscopy and by cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The Pd-modified Co electrodes were tested as anodes for methanol oxidation and compared to the similarly prepared Pd-modified Ni electrodes. The former exhibited better stability of performance and higher methanol oxidation peak currents per unit Pd mass, ca. 200 A g −1 .
Self-control linked with restricted emotional extremes

Abstract Inhibiting inappropriate expressions of emotion is one function of self-control. Although such regulation may facilitate interpersonal interactions, individuals may inappropriately extend this emotional inhibition to other situations where emotional regulation is not needed. The current research examined the effects of individual differences in self-control on emotional fluctuations and emotional intensity. In particular, the current research examined whether individuals with more self-control may have constricted emotional experience across two studies. Results confirmed that individuals high in self-control showed fewer emotional fluctuations and less intensity. This suggests that emotional experience may be limited for those high in self-control. It is possible that having high levels of trait self-control, may in some cases come at the cost of an emotional life less rich in experience.
Toward New Metrics for Net-Enhanced Organizations

Metrics aresine qua non for solid research, and scientific metrics have now been advanced with new approaches in the arena of Net-enablement (NE), otherwise known as e-commerce. Questions that likely require additional attention include: (1) Where/what is the real value in substituting information for physical processes?, (2) which NE systems effectively support end-to-end fulfillment?, and (3) when should a Net-enabled organization share information? With respect to extant studies in Net-enhancement, the field has been advanced in three methodological dimensions. Multiple methods have been used to validate measures. Approaches to metrics using archival/secondary data have also been initiated. Finally, strong external validity has been established through large scale data gathering.
Genetics of oviposition success of a thelytokous fairyfly parasitoid, Anagrus delicatus

The foraging behaviour of the salt-marsh parasitoid, Anagrus delicatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), is distinguished by few eggs laid per patch of hosts and frequent dispersal among patches. We investigated the within-population genetic variability in six quantitative traits associated with this unusual behaviour: fecundity (lifetime number of eggs), time on a patch, number of ovipositions per patch, oviposition rate, ovipositor length and tibia length (a measure of body size). Forty-one wasp isolines were initiated from single parthenogenetic females from three isolated salt marshes, and were maintained for up to eight generations in the greenhouse. We estimated the genetic variance and broad-sense heritability (h2) of these traits and tested trait means for differences among isolines (genetic variation) and sites (geographical variation). We found significant genetic variability among isolines for all traits except oviposition rate. The behavioural and morphological traits had similar levels of genetic variance, indicating that the evolvability (ability to respond to selection) of the traits is similarly high. However, the behavioural traits had higher residual variances, resulting in lower heritabilities. Only two traits had significant heritabilities. Fecundity, which is probably a good proxy for fitness, ceteris paribus, varied from on average 26 to 40 eggs per isoline and had the highest h2, 0.47 ± 0.16 (mean ± SE). Ovipositor length had an h2 of 0.36 ± 0.17. These results suggest that the traits comprising the foraging strategy of A. delicatus should be amenable to selection (e.g. isolines could be selected that lay more eggs per host patch and consequently visit fewer patches). Genetic correlations among traits were numerous and positive. One important prediction from these data is that selection for larger wasps will result in large offspring with greater egg loads and higher oviposition rates. Wasps with this combination of attributes are likely to be more efficient natural enemies for use in biological control. In addition, there was no significant divergence (genetic or otherwise) in wasp morphology or behaviour among the three sites, even though they were separated by 8 km or more.
Less Exercise Now, More Disease Later? The Critical Role of Childhood Exercise Interventions in Reducing Chronic Disease Burden

An astounding number of children these days are overweight, physically inactive, and consuming sub-optimal diets, placing the future health status of our nation in jeopardy. These unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are known to influence the development of many debilitating and life-threatening diseases. Physical inactivity alone increases the incidence of at least 17 unhealthy conditions—either chronic diseases or risk factors for chronic diseases. It is desirable for children to spend at least 60 minutes, and up to several hours per day, engaged in age- and developmentally appropriate activity. Regrettably, few children meet this recommendation. Interventions aimed at increasing physical activity in children have used a variety of strategies: enhancing physical education, increasing active commuting, decreasing television viewing, and risk-factor-specific training. Successful interventions have reported positive results ranging from increased time spent in physical education class, to decreased hypertension, to increased bone density. These interventions should serve as models to provide replicable elements for widespread implementation. However, more research is needed to identify and understand the modifiable behavioral and environmental variables that can have a substantial impact on physical inactivity. Healthcare providers can make a difference by providing clear and consistent messages that guide children and their caregivers toward achieving the recommendations for physical activity and the development of recreational skills that support lifetime activity.
Differential brain activation associated with laser-evoked burning and pricking pain: An event-related fMRI study

An important question remains as to how the brain differentially processes first (pricking) pain mediated by Adelta-nociceptors versus second (burning) pain mediated by C-nociceptors. In the present cross-over randomized, within-subjects controlled study, brain activity patterns were examined with event-related fMRI while pricking and burning pain were selectively evoked using a diode laser. Stimuli evoking equivalent pain intensities were delivered to the dorsum of the left foot. Different laser parameters were used to elicit pricking (60ms pulse duration) and burning (2.0s pulse duration) pain. Whole brain group analysis showed that several brain areas were commonly activated by pricking and burning pain, including bilateral thalamus, bilateral anterior insula, bilateral posterior parietal lobule, contralateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ipsilateral cerebellum, and mid anterior cingulate cortex. These findings show that pricking and burning pain were associated with activity in many of the same nociceptive processing brain regions. This may be expected given that Adelta-and C-nociceptive signals converge to a great extent at the level of the dorsal horn. Other brain regions showed differential processing. Stronger activation in the pricking pain condition was found in the ipsilateral hippocampus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral fusiform gyrus, contralateral cerebellum and contralateral cuneus/parieto-occipital sulcus. Stronger activation in the burning pain condition was found in the ipsilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These differential activation patterns suggest preferential importance of Adelta-fiber signals versus C-fiber signals for these specific brain regions.
Correlation between hypomethylation of DNA and expression of globin genes in Friend erythroleukemia cells.

This report identifies l-ethionine as an inducer of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. When Friend erythroleukemia cells are grown in the presence of 4 mM l-ethionine, globin mRNA accumulates and in 4–5 days, 25–30% of the cells in the culture contain hemoglobin. Incubation of the cells with bromodeoxyuridine prevents both ethionine-induced accumulation of globin mRNA and erythroid differentiation. At the concentration where l-ethionine acts as an inducer of FL cell differentiation it inhibits methylation of DNA and tRNA in vivo but does not prevent macromolecular synthesis or cell division. To establish whether a link existed between inhibition of a specific methyltransferase and activation of globin synthesis in FL cells, we examined the degree of hypomethylation of DNA and tRNA from FL cells induced to differentiate with dimethylsulfoxide and butyrate. In contrast to the tRNA from ethionine-treated cells, tRNA from cells induced by butyrate or Me2SO cannot be methylated in vitro using homologous enzymes. DNA isolated from cells exposed to any of the three inducers, however, was significantly hypomethylated when compared with DNA from uninduced cells. These data suggest that methylation of DNA may play a role in the regulation of gene expression.
From biology to treatment in advanced pancreatic and gastroesophageal cancer

ABSTRACT As we move forward into precision medicine, biomarkers will be required to define critical targets or to distinguish the diverse components of all cancers. Using biomarkers in therapeutic strategies has been very successful for many malignancies, especially breast cancer, lung cancer, and hematologic malignancies. Many barriers exist for similar applications in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. First, the unusual aggressiveness of this malignancy overall, suggests that the diversity in this disease is constrained within a more narrow spectrum. Second, until recently, drug therapy has been only minimally effective in this disease. Finally, because so few patients proceed to resection and diagnosis is often made on scant fine-needle aspirates, access to tissue has been limited. However, this landscape is changing. Studies show that there are distinct metastatic patterns which may be governed by early genetic aberrations. In addition, genetic subclasses exist which, when evaluated in available human cell lines, also track with varying sensitivity to available chemotherapy. New chemotherapy combinations, albeit with more traditional cytotoxic drugs, are producing striking improvements in survival, even in the setting of metastatic disease. New and more successful treatments, such as FOLFIRINOX and selected gemcitabine combinations, provide more options and enlarge the playing field for the introduction of targeted therapeutics. This also brings the importance of clinically actionable biomarkers to the foreground. As this story unfolds, attention must be given to the importance of building biorepositories from primary and secondary tumor sites, with associated germline DNA and providing clinical annotation for the specimens. As technology improves and the cost of genomic sequencing decreases, we can expect a dramatic escalation in our understanding of the critical biologic pathways amenable to therapeutic intervention Disclosure The author has declared no conflicts of interest.
Ethylene oxide on electrophysiology catheters following resterilization: implications for catheter reuse.

Reuse of electrophysiology catheters is an important cost-saving option for many laboratories. However, to be reused safely, catheters must undergo resterilization with ethylene oxide (EtO). Residual EtO levels on resterilized catheters may be high and could pose a risk to patients. Resterilized diagnostic electrophysiology catheters were tested for residual EtO using headspace gas chromatography after both a standard resterilization with an aeration process and after a resterilization process that incorporated a detoxification period. The Food and Drug Administration’s maximum permissible level of EtO for implantable products, 25 parts per million (ppm), was used as the cutoff for acceptable catheter residuals. At day 2 after standard resterilization, the residual level of EtO on catheters was high at 41 ± 6 ppm. However, these levels decreased with shelf time, decreasing to 26 ± 3 ppm by day 7 and to 14 ± 2 ppm by day 14 after sterilization, at which time all catheters were <25 ppm (p <0.001). Detoxification periods of 6, 12, and 15 hours were tested and 15 hours was found to be optimal. After 15 hours of detoxification, residual EtO was 19 ± 1 ppm by day 2 and all catheters were <25 ppm. In summary, electrophysiology catheters that have undergone resterilization have residual EtO levels that are twice the Food and Drug Administration’s limit for implantable products. Residual EtO levels may be substantially reduced either by allowing a 14-day waiting period after resterilization or by incorporating a detoxification period immediately after EtO exposure.
Differentially encoded LDPC codes-part I: special case of product accumulate codes

Part I of a two-part series investigates product accumulate codes, a special class of differentially-encoded low density parity check (DE-LDPC) codes with high performance and low complexity, on flat Rayleigh fading channels. In the coherent detection case, Divsalar's simple bounds and iterative thresholds using density evolution are computed to quantify the code performance at finite and infinite lengths, respectively. In the noncoherent detection case, a simple iterative differential detection and decoding (IDDD) receiver is proposed and shown to be robust for different Doppler shifts. Extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts reveal that, with pilot symbol assisted differential detection, the widespread practice of inserting pilot symbols to terminate the trellis actually incurs a loss in capacity, and a more efficient way is to separate pilots from the trellis. Through analysis and simulations, it is shown that PA codes performvery well with both coherent and noncoherent detections. The more general case of DE-LDPC codes, where the LDPC part may take arbitrary degree profiles, is studied in Part II Li 2008.
An Intervention Model of Constructive Conflict Resolution and Cooperative Learning

An intervention model of constructive conflict resolution (CCR) and cooperative learning (CL) was implemented and tested on three campuses of an urban alternative high school. Campus A received training only in CCR, Campus B received training in both CCR and CL, and Campus C received training only in CL. The model posited that interpersonal relations mediated the effects of CCR and CL on social-psychological and educational outcomes. The findings indicate that improvements in CCR increased social support and decreased victimization for the students. These changes in a student's interpersonal relations led to higher self-esteem, more positive attitudes toward life, less depression or anxiety, and enhanced internal locus of control, which in turn contributed to greater academic achievement.
Supersymmetry signals in leptonic decays of W and Z bosons.

It is shown that opposite-sign dilepton events from Z decay represent an excellent signal for supersymmetry if ${m}_{W\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$${M}_{Z}$/2 in certain kinematic domains where the standard-model background from Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ is absent. Excess of monoleptonic events from W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}W\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} consistent with UA1 cuts is also computed. Comparison with existing data is made.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS OF RECTAI|[period]| MUCOSA IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS - ABNORMAL RESPONSE TO AMILORIDE

The negative potential difference (PD) between rectal mucosa and subcutaneous (SC) space is mainly due to transmucosal sodium transport from the lumen. In order to examine the electrolyte transport defect in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) we measured change in rectal PD in response to normal saline, 10-4M amiloride, 10-4M furosemide and 0.102 M Na2SO4 applied topically. Seven CF Patients and seven Controls were in Na balance on diets containing 120 mleq Na per day. We perfused the rectum through a double lumen, double balloon catheter.
RADseq underestimates diversity and introduces genealogical biases due to nonrandom haplotype sampling

Reduced representation genome-sequencing approaches based on restriction digestion are enabling large-scale marker generation and facilitating genomic studies in a wide range of model and nonmodel systems. However, sampling chromosomes based on restriction digestion may introduce a bias in allele frequency estimation due to polymorphisms in restriction sites. To explore the effects of this nonrandom sampling and its sensitivity to different evolutionary parameters, we developed a coalescent-simulation framework to mimic the biased recovery of chromosomes in restriction-based short-read sequencing experiments (RADseq). We analysed simulated DNA sequence datasets and compared known values from simulations with those that would be estimated using a RADseq approach from the same samples. We compare these 'true' and 'estimated' values of commonly used summary statistics, π, θ(w), Tajima's D and F(ST). We show that loci with missing haplotypes have estimated summary statistic values that can deviate dramatically from true values and are also enriched for particular genealogical histories. These biases are sensitive to nonequilibrium demography, such as bottlenecks and population expansion. In silico digests with 102 completely sequenced Drosophila melanogaster genomes yielded results similar to our findings from coalescent simulations. Though the potential of RADseq for marker discovery and trait mapping in nonmodel systems remains undisputed, our results urge caution when applying this technique to make population genetic inferences.
The effect of an ant-hemipteran mutualism on the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) in southern Mexico.

Abstract The indirect effect of an ant-hemipteran mutualism was investigated in the coffee agroecosystem of Southern Mexico. The ant, Azteca instabilis, forms a mutualistic relationship with the coccid, Coccus viridis, on coffee plants. Through field surveys and experimental studies, the indirect effect of this mutualism on the main coffee pest in the region, Hypothenemus hampei, the coffee berry borer (CBB), was investigated. Results indicate a significant negative relationship between the number of coccids on a plant and the proportion of berries with damage by the CBB. Results also indicate that the effect of the ants is significant on per plant basis but not on per branch basis. Finally, a significant negative linear relationship was found between ant activity and the time it took ants to remove artificially placed borers on coffee berries. This study indicates that the mutualistic relationship between Azteca ants and the coccids has a positive indirect effect on the plant by reducing the numbers of the main insect pest of coffee.
Radiation heat transfer in enclosures with discrete heat sources

Abstract The potential for the enhancement of heat transfer by thermal radiation within enclosures containing modern electronic equipment is established on the basis of a diffuse-gray analysis of the thermal radiation heat transfer in a rectangular enclosure with discrete heat sources when the medium enclosed is radiatively nonparticipating. The geometry considered is representative of a unit cell of parallel-circuit board inside of modern electronic equipment. The results are presented for heat fluxes in the range of 0.01 to 25 W/cm 2 , emissivity values of 0.1 to 1.0, the ratios of the distance between center line of the heaters to the spacing between heaters of 1 to 3, and enclosure height-to-width (H/W) ratios of 1 to 4. For the problem considered, the results indicate the following: (1) Surface temperature reduction of at least 50°C can be achieved when emissivities of the surfaces of the enclosure are increased from 0.25 to 1.0. (2) The influence of H/W is, however less significant. (3) The surface temperature of the constant-flux heat sources is essentially uniform. Also a simple dimensionless correlation between the average temperature of the heat sources to the heat flux supplied to them is presented for use by designers for estimation purposes.
Understanding the Decision to Pursue Revocation of Intensive Supervision: A Descriptive Survey of Juvenile Probation and Aftercare Officers.

ABSTRACT This study examines staff perceptions of juvenile intensive supervision program goals and frequency of offender violations. It identifies factors staff consider in pursuing revocation and alternatives they use to avert revocation. Staff prioritized rehabilitation behind other goals. Regardless of whether they considered probated or aftercare cases, technical violations were perceived as the most frequent violation, and these weighed heavily in revocation decisions. Other factors given most weight included seriousness of prior and current offenses as well as substance abuse. Alternatives to revocation most likely to be pursued were oriented more toward control than rehabilitation. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Internal probing of submicron FETs and photoemission using individual oxide traps

In submicron field-effect transistors with channel area less than 0.5 µm 2 , the capture or emission of a single electron (or hole) in the gate oxide has an easily observable effect on the device resistance. Measurements are described in which the time and amplitude of the resistance change due to each capture and emission event from an individual trap are extracted to obtain the average capture and emission times, and the amplitude of the resistance change, at different temperatures, device biases, and light intensities. Techniques are described for using the data at different biases to characterize the trap, find the location of the trap in the device, and then use the trap as a probe of the oxide field (or surface potential) and the surface charge density within a 5-50-A radius of the trap. In some devices a single trap can be resolved over almost all designed bias regions of the FET near room temperature. In effect, individual traps can be used as internal probes into VLSI devices of the present and future. Results from 2D computer device modeling of these devices are used to evaluate and understand these techniques. Methods for applying these techniques to the study of device degradation are discussed. Data are presented in which photoemission is observed from a single electron trap.
Visual-vestibular interactions in the vestibular nuclei of the goldfish.

The responses of vestibular nuclei neurons of relaxed unaesthetized goldfish have been examined with trapezoid velocity stimuli under three conditions. Responses to horizontal body rotation in the dark (pure vestibular stimulation) resemble those observed in vestibular nerve afferents. Optokinetic responses to exclusive visual surround-motion are also direction-specific and, in contrast to vestibular responses, exhibit a tonic response to constant velocity. They show three different response profiles, classified A, B or C, based on the neuron's discharge rate: either increasing, decreasing or remaining constant once surround motion is maintained at constant velocity. Following these dynamic effects, optokinetic responses have a maintained modulation of resting discharge until deceleration commences. The time constants associated with the dynamic effects vary between 1 and 11 seconds. Steady-state modulation of optokinetic responses shows a weak relation to stimulus velocities exceeding 10 deg/sec. Responses to body rotation in the light were found to linearly combine the weighted vestibular and optokinetic responses so that accurate velocity information is available for sensory and motor functions independent of the neuron's vestibular (I, II) or optokinetic (A, B, C) response type. The principle of this visual-vestibular interaction is discussed with respect to multisensory processing within the vestibular nuclei.
Toxoplasma orchitis: Report of a case and a review of the literature☆

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous intracellular parasite that is primarily recognized as the cause of an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, self-limited lymphadenopathy syndrome. In the immunosuppressed host, particularly in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Toxoplasma can cause severe, life-threatening infection [1,2]. In patients with AIDS, presentation of toxoplasmosis with signs and symptoms referable to organ systems other than the central nervous system (CNS) is extremely rare [2]. We describe a case of Toxoplasma orchitis in a young man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that occurred several days prior to the onset of Toxoplasma encephalitis.
Natural approach for thin-walled beam-columns with elastic-plasticity

In a realistic analysis of thin-walled steel frames the warping of beam-columns of open cross-section must be considered. To model the behaviour of these structures up to collapse load, the plasticity of the material also has to be included in the analysis. This work presents the derivation of a new finite element for three-dimensional non-linear analysis of steel frames with bi-symmetrical cross-sections that models warping and elastic-plasticity. The displacement field is described by the Principle of Sectorial Areas and is modelled with Hermitian functions. For the material non-linearity the Incremental Plasticity Theory in a concentrated plasticity model has been used. The yield surfaces based on the natural stress resultants which include torsion and bimoment are used in the formulation of the element. The matrices of the proposed element are derived explicitly and implemented in a computer program which uses the Natural Approach. The implemented stress recovery process is insensitive to rigid-body motions. The accuracy of the finite element and the efficiency of the implementation are illustrated through examples.
Focus groups as a quality improvement technique: a case example from health administration education

States that growing numbers of experienced adult professionals are pursuing higher education on a part‐time basis and are enrolling selectively in university and workplace‐based undergraduate, graduate, and continuing professional education programs. As competition for this growing population of lifelong learners increases, the assessment of student satisfaction requires more attention. This article discusses the advantages of focus groups – a structured group interview technique – over other techniques for assessing the satisfaction of adult learners, presents key aspects of focus group methodology, and provides a case illustration of focus group methodology applied to quality improvement in a professional master’s level management program that serves adult professionals who are employed full‐time in the health professions.
Radar tracking waveform design in continuous space and optimization selection using differential evolution

Waveform design that allows for a wide variety of chirps has proven benefits. However, dictionary based optimization is limited and gradient search methods are often intractable. A new method is proposed using differential evolution (DE) to design cubic chirps with coefficients constrained to the three-dimensional (3D) unit sphere. Nonlinear functions sufficiently approximated by a third order Maclaurin series can be represented in this chirp space. Cascaded integrator methods for generating polynomial chirps allow for practical implementation in real world systems. While simplified tracking models and finite waveform dictionaries have information theoretic results, we explore two-dimensional (2D) tracking continuous waveform design in cluttered environments.
Climate Change and the Law

Human activities, in the United States and elsewhere, contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases, which persist in the global atmos phere and lead to climate change, including global warming and other climate variability. The United States has begun to cooperate more fully with international measures to mitigate climate change, but has not yet enacted comprehensive climate legislation. Nonethe less, federal statutes and regulations in the areas of environmental, energy, and climate law help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to mitigate climate change. States have also adopted measures to miti gate climate change, and several regional programs exist. Although fewer regulatory efforts in the United States have focused on adapta tion to climate change, both the federal government and the states will require programs to adapt to the effects of unavoidable climate change.
FEA Rotating Tire Modeling for Transient Response Simulations

A full nonlinear finite element P185/70R14 passenger car radial-ply tire model was developed and run on a 1.7-meter-diameter spinning test drum. The virtual tire/drum/cleat finite element model was constructed and tested using the nonlinear finite element analysis software, PAM-SHOCK. The tire model was constructed in extreme detail with three-dimensional solid, layered membrane, and beam finite elements, incorporating over 18,000 nodes and 24 different types of materials. In addition to the tire model itself, the rim was also included and rotated with the tire, with proper mass and rotational inertial effects. The FFT algorithm was applied to examine the transient response information in the frequency domain. The result showed that this P185/70R14 tire has clear peaks of 84 and 45 Hz transmissibility in the vertical and longitudinal directions. Also the paper presents the prediction of tire standing waves phenomenon, and computer animations of the standing waves phenomenon were carried out for the first time. The effects of different tire inflation pressures and tire axle loadings were investigated with respect to their influences on the formation of standing waves. The parameters adopted in this FEA tire model were validated against experimental work and showed excellent agreement.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A single, high dose of idarubicin combined with cytarabine as induction therapy for adult patients with recurrent or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND The majority of adult patients who are treated for lymphoblastic disease will either develop recurrent disease or will be refractory to their initial therapy. One option for patients with recurrent/refractory disease is to administer a reinduction regimen that employs a dose-intense combination of anthracycline and cytarabine. These salvage regimens are relatively distinct from the traditional vincristine/prednisone-based programs that are used typically as primary induction therapy. The authors studied a regimen that contained high-dose cytarabine and a single high dose of idarubicin as salvage induction therapy for patients with recurrent or refractory lymphoblastic disease. METHODS Twenty-nine previously treated adult patients with recurrent or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a new intensive regimen. Eight patients had primary refractory disease. Twenty-one patients had recurrent disease, and 16 of these patients developed recurrent disease while they were still receiving their primary therapy. The treatment regimen consisted of cytarabine 3.0 g/m2 by 3-hour infusion daily for 5 days and idarubicin 40 mg/m2 given as a single dose on Day 3. Filgrastim (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) 5 μg/kg administered subcutaneously every 12 hours was started on Day 7 and was continued until the absolute neutrophil count was > 5000/μL. Response was assessed using standard criteria. RESULTS There were 11 complete responses (38%; 95% confidence interval, 20–56%). Four patients subsequently underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Moderate but acceptable toxicity was observed given the severely myelosuppressive nature of the regimen. There was only one treatment-related death (3%). Two patients, both with significant prior exposure to anthracyclines, suffered reductions in left ventricular function to the 20–30% range during episodes of severe systemic infection. After recovery from infection, the ejection fraction in one patient improved to 50%. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that this regimen has moderate activity and a relatively low incidence of mortality for this high-risk group of patients. This regimen may be most suitable for patients who can undergo potentially curative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation if they achieve a complete response. Cancer 2002;95:581–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10707
Habit Modification of Asparagine Monohydrate Crystals by Growth in Hydrogel Media

Crystal growth of a model molecular crystal system, asparagine monohydrate (Asn·H2O), was explored in a variety of hydrogel media. Morphologies of crystals grown in agarose, carrageenan, and gelatin gels were compared with those of crystals grown from pure aqueous solutions, as well as those grown from solutions containing various concentrations of related monomers, ions, and cosolvents. The morphological differences were analyzed and interpreted on the basis of complementary interactions at various gel/crystal interfaces. In many cases, the gel polymers were found to have a greater impact on the crystal habit than when solution growth occurred in the presence of comparable concentrations of monomeric or ionic species. These studies clearly indicate that gel methods can provide (at least some systems) a viable alternative means to generate novel crystal morphologies of small molecules that may not be attainable under more conventional solution growth methods.
Catalysts for the polymerization of adenosine cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate on a poly (U) template

Abstract A number of polybasic amines and glycine derivatives stabilize the triple helix formed by adenosine cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate with poly (U). Many of these compounds also catalyze the formation of dinucleoside diphosphates from adenosine cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate and so may be considered as simple models for prebiotic catalysts.
D-ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase from blue-green algae.

Abstract D-Ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase has been purified to a state of homogeneity from the marine blue-green alga Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain PR-6. The enzyme has been found to be easily separated from the bulk soluble protein by means of centrifugation into a sucrose gradient. RuDP carboxylase from Agmenellum , upon chromatography using a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column, exhibits a molecular weight of 456,000 daltons, considerably smaller than the protein from eucaryotic algae. Only one polypeptide of approximately 56,000 daltons was obtained upon dissociation in sodium dodecylsulfate.
A rapid in situ deoxyribonucleic acid assay for determining cell number in culture and tissue.

Abstract The fluorescence DNA assay for cells in culture or in tissue fragments described here is simpler than other 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid methods of determining cell number since it requires minimum handling of cells prior to measurement of their DNA. In this method 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid is reacted with DNA in situ on fixed dried films of cells or tissue. The method is sensitive, precise, and accurate.
Incremental wind-wave analysis of the structural capacity of offshore wind turbine support structures under extreme loading

Offshore wind turbine (OWT) support structures are subjected to non-proportional environmental wind and wave load patterns with respect to increases in wave height and with respect to wind and wave com- bined loading. Traditional approaches to estimating the ultimate capacity of offshore support structures are not ideally suited to analysis of OWTs. In this paper, the concept of incremental wind-wave (IWWA) analysis of the structural capacity of OWT support structures is proposed. The approach uses static push- over analysis of OWT support structures subject to wind and wave combined load patterns corresponding to increasing mean return period (MRP). The IWWA framework can be applied as a one-parameter approach (IWWA1) in which the MRP for the wind and wave conditions is assumed to be the same or a two-parameter approach (IWWA2) in which the MRPs associated with wind and wave conditions are related to a joint probability density function characterizing the wind and wave conditions at the site. Example calculations for monopile and jacket supported OWTs at Atlantic marine sites are performed under both one parameter and two parameters IWWA framework. The analyses illustrate that: the results of an IWWA analysis are site specific; and structural response can be dominated by either wind or wave conditions depending on structural characteristics and site conditions. Finally, reliability analyses for both examples excluding uncertainties in structural resistance are estimated based on their IWWA results and probabilistic models for site environmental conditions.
Mechanism of flavin reduction in class 2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenases.

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenases (DHODs) oxidize dihydroorotate (DHO) to orotate using the FMN prosthetic group to abstract a hydride equivalent from C6 and a protein residue (Ser for Class 2 DHODs) to deprotonate C5. The fundamental question of whether the scission of the two DHO C−H bonds is concerted or stepwise was addressed for two Class 2 enzymes, those from Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens, by determining kinetic isotope effects on flavin reduction in anaerobic stopped-flow experiments. Isotope effects were determined for the E. coli enzyme at two pH values below a previously reported pKa controlling reduction [Palfey, B. A., Bjornberg, O., and Jensen K. F. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 4381−4390] and were about 3-fold for DHO labeled at the 5-position, about 4-fold for DHO labeled at the 6-position, and about 6−7-fold for DHO labeled at both the 5- and 6-positions. These isotope effects are consistent with either a stepwise oxidation of DHO or a concerted mechanism with significant quantum mechanical tunn...
Ground reaction force estimates from ActiGraph GT3X+ hip accelerations.

Simple methods to quantify ground reaction forces (GRFs) outside a laboratory setting are needed to understand daily loading sustained by the body. Here, we present methods to estimate peak vertical GRF (pGRFvert) and peak braking GRF (pGRFbrake) in adults using raw hip activity monitor (AM) acceleration data. The purpose of this study was to develop a statistically based model to estimate pGRFvert and pGRFbrake during walking and running from ActiGraph GT3X+ AM acceleration data. 19 males and 20 females (age 21.2±1.3 years, height 1.73±0.12 m, mass 67.6±11.5 kg) wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ AM over their right hip. Six walking and six running trials (0.95–2.19 and 2.20–4.10 m/s, respectively) were completed. Average of the peak vertical and anterior/posterior AM acceleration (ACCvert and ACCbrake, respectively) and pGRFvert and pGRFbrake during the stance phase of gait were determined. Thirty randomly selected subjects served as the training dataset to develop generalized equations to predict pGRFvert and pGRFbrake. Using a holdout approach, the remaining 9 subjects were used to test the accuracy of the models. Generalized equations to predict pGRFvert and pGRFbrake included ACCvert and ACCbrake, respectively, mass, type of locomotion (walk or run), and type of locomotion acceleration interaction. The average absolute percent differences between actual and predicted pGRFvert and pGRFbrake were 8.3% and 17.8%, respectively, when the models were applied to the test dataset. Repeated measures generalized regression equations were developed to predict pGRFvert and pGRFbrake from ActiGraph GT3X+ AM acceleration for young adults walking and running. These equations provide a means to estimate GRFs without a force plate.
The First Amendment, Varieties of Neutrality, and Same-Sex Marriage

This article compares the difficulty in achieving a public stance of neutrality toward sexual orientation with the difficulty in achieving neutrality toward religious belief. Strict separation treats religion as a private commitment, with firm limits on government cooperation with religion and strong protection for free exercise. Formal neutrality discounts religion as a basis either for conferring special benefits or for withholding generally available benefits. Positive neutrality attends to the practical effects of public policy, sometimes requiring an abandonment of nonestablishment in favor of policies that allow for greater protection for free exercise of religion. I argue that none of these forms of neutrality establishes impartiality regarding either religious belief or same-sex marriage. First, Michael McConnell's “disestablishment” approach to sexual orientation and same-sex marriage instantiates are neither neutrality nor civic equality. Second, while formal neutrality may render an establishment more inclusive, it may exclude those whose beliefs and practices are not deemed in accordance with public purposes. Third, although positive neutrality may remove burdens from same-sex couples whose conscientious convictions may impel them to marry, it may still favor some kinds of practices over others.
Helminth Parasites of the Banded Sculpin, Cottus carolinae (Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae), from Northern Arkansas, U.S.A

Between November 2012 and July 2013, 34 banded sculpins (Cottus carolinae) were collected from 5 counties of northern Arkansas and examined for helminths. Five (19%) were infected with 1 or more helminths, including 2 (6%) with the trematode Crepidostomum cooperi, 3 (9%) with the trematode Plagioporus sp., 1 (3%) with the nematode Spiroxys sp., and 1 (3%) with the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus tahlequahensis. One (3%) was concurrently infected with C. cooperi, Plagioporus sp., and Spiroxys sp. We document new host records for each of these helminths and 2 new distributional records for C. cooperi and A. tahlequahensis.
Cycloaddition reactions of metal azides. Ferrocenyltetrazole via a silyl azide

Abstract Reaction of cyanoferrocene with trimethylsilyl azide and aluminum chloride in refluxing o-dichlorobenzene gave ferrocenyltetrazole as the sole organometallic product. Other aryl nitriles react with silyl azides without added aluminum chloride to give tetrazole,3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-triazole, and 3,6-diaryl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. Mechanisms for these transformations are proposed.
Purification of 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase obtained from the soluble fraction of rat liver

The 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase obtained from the soluble fraction of rat liver was partially purified by centrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, Cγ-alumina adsorption, and hydroxylapatite-DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The purified enzyme preparation was subjected to repeat hydroxylapatite-DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and starch-block electrophoresis in order to separate the transhydrogenase from the dehydrogenase activities. This separation was not attained during any of these steps of purification. Attempts at further purification were not successful due to the instability of the purified enzyme preparation.
Hypothermia produced by peripheral and central injections of chlorpromazine in aged rabbits.

Abstract Hypothermia produced by IV administration of Chlorpromazine ( CPZ , 0.5–2.0 mg / kg ) in a thermoneutral environment was greater in rabbits 2–4.5 years old than in animals under 24 months of age. One μg CPZ given intracerebroventricularly (ICV) produced greater hypothermia in the older animals in tests performed in a thermoneutral environment while 0.25 and 0.5 μg doses did not. The hypothermogenic effect of all three ICV doses of CPZ was enhanced in older rabbits exposed to cold. The brain of the older rabbit appears to be more sensitive to the hypothermogenic effects of CPZ. The findings suggest that this widely used tranquilizer can contribute to accidental hypothermia of the aged.
Evidence That High Catecholamine Levels Produced by Pheochromocytoma May be Responsible for Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy.

Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a novel form of acute heart failure, characterized by regional left ventricular dysfunction without coronary artery obstruction, and usually triggered by a stressful event. Excessive circulating catecholamines have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this condition. This report documents the unusual occurrence of acute TC events in 2 male subjects of disparate ages, 16 and 66 years, for whom subsequent investigation in both led to the unexpected discovery of catecholamine-producing pheochromocytoma. Marked elevation of plasma catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) was present in both subjects and were remarkably similar to those previously reported in female patients with TC triggered by emotional stress. These observations show a common link between TC occurrence and elevated catecholamine levels in both male and female patients and, therefore, support the hypothesis that excessive levels of catecholamines may be involved in the pathophysiology of TC independent of age or gender.
Conservative management of pediatric distal esophageal coins

Management of the child with an esophageal coin has typically included an invasive coin removal procedure, usually endoscopy. Coins in the distal esophagus, however, often pass spontaneously into the stomach in the first 24 h after coin ingestion, suggesting that conservative management alone may be effective. Four children with distal esophageal coins who were successfully managed without an invasive procedure are presented. Recommendations for conservative management are given. Further study of the effectiveness of conservative management of distal esophageal coins in healthy children is warranted.