cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanocantilevers in Biosensor Development

In this chapter, the reviews on biosensor development based on 1-D nanomaterials, CNTs, semiconducting nanowires, and some cantilevers will be introduced. The emphasis of this review will be placed on CNTs and electrochemical/electronic biosensor developments. Section 2 of this chapter gives a detailed description of carbon nanotubes-based biosensor development, from fabrication of carbon nanotubes, the strategies for construction of carbon nanotube based biosensors to their bioapplications. In the section of the applications of CNTs based biosensors, various detection principles, e. g. electrochemical, electronic, and optical method, and their applications are reviewed in detail. Section 3 introduces the method for synthesis of semiconducting nanowires, e.g. silicon nanowires, conducting polymer nanowires and metal oxide nanowires and their applications in DNA and proteins sensing. Section 4 simply describes the development for nanocantilevers based biosensors and their application in DNA and protein diagnosis. Each section starts from a brief introduction and then goes into details. Finally in the Conclusion section, the development of 1-D nanomaterials based biosensor development is summarized.
A new theory of receiving antennas

We have made a thorough examination of the existing theory of receiving antennas, particularly its equivalent circuit and we have formulated a new theory. The formulation is based on the classical theory of scattering, and by revising the well-known circuit relations for coupled antennas formulated by P.S. Carter (see Proc. IRE, vol.20, p.1004-41, 1932). The new theory enables us to revise not only the equivalent circuit but many related parameters, such as the impedance matching factor, the polarization matching factor, the receiving cross-section, and the generalized Friis's transmission formula.
Stability of phage T4 lysozomes: II. Unfolding with guanidinium chloride

Abstract The denaturation by guanidinium chloride of three phage lysozymes (wild type and two mutants) was investigated. The study of solvent denaturation permitted the investigation of the relative stabilities of the proteins at neutral pH, in contrast to thermal denaturation studies reported earlier which could only be performed in acid pH. The results were interpreted assuming that the free energy of solution of proteins is a linear function of denaturant concentration. Using standard thermodynamic formulas this permits the calculation of the stabilities of the three proteins in the absence of guanidinium chloride. The single point mutation Trp 138 → Tyr leads to relatively large changes in stability and the interaction of the protein with guanidinium chloride. The changes associated with the subsequent double mutation, Trp 126 → Tyr, Trp 158 → Tyr, are much smaller indicating a relatively smooth adjustment of the protein structure to the changed side chains. Models of the structural effects of point mutations are discussed. It is found that the mutation at position 138 does not fit a model in which the effect of a substitution is to introduce an energetic strain in the structure. It does fit a model in which there is a partial unravelling of the structure as a result of the mutation. However, there are no changes in the backbone circular dichroism spectra associated with the mutation. The two observations are not necessarily in conflict. Further physical studies are required for the resolution of the problem.
Natural history of diethylstilbestrol-associated genital tract lesions: Cervical ectopy and cervicovaginal hood

There was a marked regression of structural abnormalities associated with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) among 173 women observed for up to 5 years. Cervical ectopy, present in 121 women at initial examination, decreased in extent in 91 women (75.2%) and disappeared completely in 38 (31.4%). The cervicovaginal hood (CVH), present initially in 123 women, diminished in 65 patients (52.8%) and disappeared completely in 35 (28.4%). The longer the follow-up period, the greater the extent of resolution of these lesions. Patients with both findings at entry into the study showed parallel diminution of ectopy and CVH. The investigation documents that DES-associated ectopy and CVH are labile lesions which tend to decrease in extent with time and may eventually disappear.
SU‐C‐303‐04: Evaluation of On‐ and Off‐Line Bioluminescence Tomography System for Focal Irradiation Guidance

Purpose: We have developed offline and on-board bioluminescence tomography(BLT) systems for the small animal radiation research platform(SARRP) for radiation guidance of soft tissue targets. We investigated the effectiveness of offline BLT guidance. Methods: CBCT is equipped on both the offline BLT system and SARRP that are 10 ft. apart. To evaluate the setup error during animal transport between the two systems, we implanted a luminescence source in the abdomen of anesthetized mice. Five mice were studied. After CBCT was acquired on both systems, source centers and correlation coefficients were calculated. CBCT was also used to generate object mesh for BLT reconstruction. To assess target localization, we compared the localization of the luminescence source based on (1)on-board SARRP BLT and CBCT, (2)offline BLT and CBCT, and (3)offline BLT and SARRP CBCT. The 3rd comparison examines if an offline BLT system can be used to guide radiation when there is minimal target contrast in CBCT. Results: Our CBCT results show the offset of the light source center can be maintained within 0.2 mm during animal transport. The center of mass(CoM) of the light source reconstructed by the offline BLT has an offset of 1.0 ± 0.4 mm from the ‘true’ CoM asmore » derived from the SARRP CBCT. The results compare well with the offset of 1.0 ± 0.2 mm using on-line BLT. Conclusion: With CBCT information provided by the SARRP and effective animal immobilization during transport, these findings support the use of offline BLT in close vicinity for accurate soft tissue target localization for irradiation. However, the disadvantage of the off-line system is reduced efficiency as care is required to maintain stable animal transport. We envisage a dual use system where the on-board arrangement allows convenient access to CBCT and avoids disturbance of animal setup. The off-line capability would support standalone longitudinal imaging studies. The work is supported by NIH R01CA158100 and Xstrahl Ltd. Drs. John Wong and Iulian Iordachita receive royalty payment from a licensing agreement between Xstrahl Ltd and Johns Hopkins University. John Wong also has a consultant agreement with Xstrahl Ltd.« less
NMR of Electrocatalysts

It is now possible to investigate in detail metal/liquid interfaces by solid-state NMR under external potentiostatic control, in the presence of an electrolyte, by using the electrochemical NMR (EC NMR) technique. This permits the determination of the electronic properties of electrodes and of adsorbates as well as the study of the surface diffusion of adsorbates. The method also provides useful information on the dispersion of platinum fuel cell catalysts, on electrochemically generated sintering effects, and on the electronic effects caused by the presence of different surface adatoms. In general, EC NMR provides information on the following: (1) metal surface Ef LDOS, the chemical significance of which is that these describe the local frontier orbitals of the metal surface; (2) adsorbate structure/bonding details, such as 5σ and 2π* Ef LDOS, metal-surface bonding to atoms in the adsorbate, and even bond lengths; (3) rates and activation energies for surface diffusion; and (4) electrode potential effec...
Interference galloping of upstream member of a pair of circular cylinders

A quasi-steady theory is described for predicting the galloping motion of an elastic circular cylinder, with oscillations constrained to a plane normal to the incident flow, as induced by the vicinity of a rigid parallel circular cylinder placed inside the wake. The mathematical model predicts that the mean (time-invariant) position of the vibrating body varies with the free-stream dynamic pressure and the lift forces except when the downstream rigid cylinder is exactly in-line. An increase in the cylinder mass or damping causes the galloping to occur at a higher flow velocity. However for in-line arrangement, this increase is found to have no effect at all on the variation of the reduced (relative) oscillation amplitude with the twice reduced flow velocity and also on that of the twice reduced motion frequency against the reduced vibration amplitude, the latter variation being only a function of lift forces. The theory indicates that the galloping instability occurs only when the rigid body is in the near wake of the flexible one.
Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons—3. Evidence for electrotonic coupling

Using three independent in vivo methods, we have obtained evidence for electrotonic coupling between sets of rat zona compacta dopaminergic neurons: (1) Lucifer yellow injection into single dopamine neurons resulted in labeling of two to five dopamine neurons in 18 out of 33 injections. Similar injections into reticular formation or nigral reticulata cells did not demonstrate multiple labeling. (2) Intracellular recording revealed spontaneously occurring small (3-15 mV) fast potentials that often triggered action potentials in dopamine neurons when the membrane potential was close to firing threshold. These fast potentials had a firing rate and pattern similar to that reported previously for extracellularly recorded dopamine neurons. Fast potentials were activated antidromically from the caudate nucleus at a latency similar to that reported for dopamine neurons, followed high frequency antidromic stimulation at a constant latency, and collided with spontaneously occurring fast potentials. However, directly elicited action potentials would not collide reliably with antidromically activated fast potentials. Intracellular injection of depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current increased and decreased, respectively, the rate of occurrence of these potentials. The firing rate of fast potentials could be increased and decreased by the intravenous administration of dopamine antagonists and agonists, respectively. (3) Simultaneous extracellular recording from pairs of DA neurons revealed numerous instances of synchronized action potentials. This was observed more frequently following intravenous haloperidol administration. Sets of burst firing dopamine neurons recorded simultaneously consistently demonstrated a decrease in the interspike interval as the burst progressed; a phenomenon commonly reported in other electrically coupled systems. Electrical coupling has been suggested to be present in sets of identified nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. Electrical communication between these neurons could be involved in modulating burst firing and in synchronizing dopamine release.
Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Hot Embossed Square Microchannels

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in 200 μm square microchannels thermoformed in polymer chips. Polymer microfluidic chips were replicated using hot embossing of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with micromachined brass mold inserts. The thermoformed microchannels in polymer chips typically had greater surface roughnesses compared to microchannels etched in the silicon substrate. Two more different polymer chips, a direct micromachined PMMA chip and a chip hot embossed with a LIGA nickel mold insert, were fabricated to compare surface characteristics of the sidewalls and bottoms of fabricated microchannels. Deionized water and dry air were injected separately into the chips at superficial velocities of jL = 0.005 – 0.11 m/s for the liquid and jG = 0.003 – 16.67 m/s for the gas. Capillary bubbly, plug, plug-annular, annular, and dry flows were observed in the microchannels. Two-phase flow pattern maps and transitions between flow regimes were determined for fixed values of the homogeneous liquid fraction defined as βL = QL /(QL + QG ) where QL and QG are the liquid and gas flow rates, and the liquid Weber number fraction defined as γL = WeL /(WeL + WeG ) where WeL and WeG are the liquid and gas Weber number. The surface roughness in submicron range showed minor effect in comparison with the previous work in terms of the gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns and transitions between flow regimes. Dimensionless bubble sizes scaled by the width of observation microchannel were plotted against the homogeneous liquid fraction (βL ). A scaling law for the bubble length developed for the previous work with T-junctions was applicable to the present work used the cross junction for generation of segmented flow. With a fixed value of the fitting parameter, scaling law showed a good agreement with the experimental data. Deviation of the scaled bubble length from predicted bubble length line and irregularity of bubble length with a fixed homogeneous liquid fraction increased with higher gas flow rates.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Investigation of Design Space for Freeze-Drying: Use of Modeling for Primary Drying Segment of a Freeze-Drying Cycle

In this work, we explore the idea of using mathematical models to build design space for the primary drying portion of freeze-drying process. We start by defining design space for freeze-drying, followed by defining critical quality attributes and critical process parameters. Then using mathematical model, we build an insilico design space. Input parameters to the model (heat transfer coefficient and mass transfer resistance) were obtained from separate experimental runs. Two lyophilization runs are conducted to verify the model predictions. This confirmation of the model predictions with experimental results added to the confidence in the insilico design space. This simple step-by-step approach allowed us to minimize the number of experimental runs (preliminary runs to calculate heat transfer coefficient and mass transfer resistance plus two additional experimental runs to verify model predictions) required to define the design space. The established design space can then be used to understand the influence of critical process parameters on the critical quality attributes for all future cycles.
DIELDRIN RESIDUES IN SAUSAGE PATTIES COOKED BY THREE METHODS

SUMMARY The effect of cooking by pan frying, baking and microwave energy on dieldrin residue levels in pork sausage was determined. Sausage was prepared from right shoulders taken from three animals, two having received known quantities of the pesticide and one no oral doses of the pesticide. Acetonitrile partitioning followed by Florisil-Celite column clean-up and electron capture gas chromatography was used to determine dieldrin residue levels. No significant differencs attributable to cooking method were noted in parts per million of dieldrin, based on fat content, of the cooked sausage patties; however, significant differences existed among animals. The presece of dieldrin in the drip from samples cooked by the three methods showed pesticide residues can be reduced in the sausage by cooking. Sausages from animals 1, 2 and 3 showed 45, 53 and 25; 58, 54 and 64 and 46, 52 and 35% retention of micrograms of dieldrin when cooked by pan frying, baking and microwaves, respectively.
Speaking for the unspeakable: Expressive functions of nan(i) in Japanese discourse☆

Abstract This study explores expressive functions of the Japanese wh -phrase nan(i) . Although in the linguistics literature nan(i) has been examined in the context of the interrogative, examination of Japanese discourse quickly reveals that nan(i) occurs frequently in non-interrogative contexts where an answer is not expected. After examining nan(i) in contemporary Japanese comics and fiction, I argue that the non-interrogative nan(i) is a Discourse Modality indicator and that it serves as an ‘anti-sign’ referring to unspeakable moments of language, while at the same time it affords significant expressive functions. More specifically, I propose expressive (cognitive and emotional) functions marking one's attitudes of anticipation, surprise, exclamation, confrontation, and so on, as well as interactional functions characterizing the conversational move by replacement, negative response, and vocative. The use of peremptory nan(i) , in particular, gives rise to emphatic emotional readings. This study draws from discourse functionalism based on conversation analysis, the traditional Saussurean view on sign, and the concept of shared perspectives, and explores the theoretical issue of how a sign without a specific reference indexes the speaker's psychological processes and emotional expressivity.
Phosphorous-containing glycosphingolipids

Abstract Two main classes of glycosphingolipids are also phospholipids: these comprise the inositol-containing glycophosphosphingolipids (GPSL) and phosphonoglycosphingolipids (PNGSL), containing carbon-phosphorous bonds. Both are unique forms of acidic cell membrane glycosphingolipids. THe GPSL are represented rather ubiquitously in plants, yeast and fungi, and possibly in protozoans, but not in higher animals. The PNGSL have thus far only been found in marine invertebrates, chiefly Aplysia . Despite the possibility that large numbers of novel and unknown structures exist in these two large classes of glycosphingolipids, relatively little structural, biosynthetic and functional work has been accomplished. What is known about GPSLs and PNGSLs will be the subject of this review.
LITERATURE AND MEDICAL ETHICS

The essays in this Journal issue offer examples of how textual analysis, literary theory, and the reading and writing of literature can contribute to an understanding of ethical issues in medicine. The editors' purpose in such an issue is to stimulate discussion between philosopher-ethicists and literary scholars whose work concerns this topic. With the concluding essays by editors Clouser and Hawkins, this discussion begins.
Chaos in game dynamics

Two examples demonstrate the possibility of extremely complicated non-convergent behavior in evolutionary game dynamics. For the Taylor-Jonker flow, the stable orbits for three strategies were investigated by Zeeman. Chaos does not occur with three strategies. This papers presents numerical evidence that chaotic dynamics on a “strange attractor” does occur with four strategies. Thus phenomenon is closely related to known examples of complicated behavior in Lotka-Volterra ecological models.
Data learning based diagnosis

Traditional diagnosis of defects is based on an assumed fault model. A failing chip is diagnosed to find the subset of faults that can best explain the failure. This paper illustrates a link between this traditional perspective of diagnosis and a new perspective where diagnosis is seen as a form of data learning. We explain that both defect diagnosis and data learning are solving so-called ill-posed problems and the technique for solving such a problem is called regularization. We illustrate a diagnosis framework that employs various data learning techniques to implement two diagnosis approaches: feature ranking and rule extraction. This diagnosis framework is designed to uncover design-related issues that cause systematic uncertainties or any unexpected behavior in silicon. We review the work that has been accomplished for implementing this framework and further discuss issues with its practical application.
Comparison of methods for the analysis of lysosomal enzyme activities in quality control dried blood spot specimens

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is due to deficient alpha-Liduronidase (IDUA) which leads to storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). The severe form of MPS I is characterized by mental retardation of unknown etiology. Trying to unveil the mechanisms of cognitive impairment, we studied alterations in the proteome from MPS I mouse hippocampus. Eight-month-old MPS I mice had GAG storage in neurons and glial cells, and impaired aversive and non-aversive memory. Shotgun proteomics was performed and 296 proteins were identified. Of those, 32 were differentially expressed (pb0.05). We found elevation in proteins such as the pro-apoptotic cathepsin D (CtsD, 7-fold normal). Glial fibrilary acid protein (GFAP) was 4.5-fold normal, and immunohistochemistry for GFAP as well as quantitative PCR for TNF-alpha and MIP-1-alpha confirmed a neuroinflammatory process that could be responsible for neuron dysfunction. We did not observe differences in ubiquitin or other proteins related to protein folding, suggesting that the ubiquitin system is working properly. We observed alterations in several proteins involved in synaptic plasticity, including overexpression of post synaptic density-95 (PSD-95) and reduction of microtubuleassociated proteins A and B. IDUA (laronidase, Genzyme, 1.2 mg/kg) was injected i.v. and was able to reduce GAG storage as well as CtsD levels in the brain, suggesting that CtsD can be used as a biomarker for efficacy of preclinical treatments and that a small fraction of laronidase can reach the brain. These results suggest that the cognitive impairment in MPS I is due to multiple processes, including neuroinflammation and alterations in synaptic plasticity.
Simultaneous joint and conditional modeling of documents tagged from two perspectives

This paper explores correspondence and mixture topic modeling of documents tagged from two different perspectives. There has been ongoing work in topic modeling of documents with tags (tag-topic models) where words and tags typically reflect a single perspective, namely document content. However, words in documents can also be tagged from different perspectives, for example, syntactic perspective as in part-of-speech tagging or an opinion perspective as in sentiment tagging. The models proposed in this paper are novel in: (i) the consideration of two different tag perspectives -- a document level tag perspective that is relevant to the document as a whole and a word level tag perspective pertaining to each word in the document; (ii) the attribution of latent topics with word level tags and labeling latent topics with images in case of multimedia documents; and (iii) discovering the possible correspondence of the words to document level tags. The proposed correspondence tag-topic model shows better predictive power i.e. higher likelihood on heldout test data than all existing tag topic models and even a supervised topic model. To evaluate the models in practical scenarios, quantitative measures between the outputs of the proposed models and the ground truth domain knowledge have been explored. Manually assigned (gold standard) document category labels in Wikipedia pages are used to validate model-generated tag suggestions using a measure of pairwise concept similarity within an ontological hierarchy like WordNet. Using a news corpus, automatic relationship discovery between person names was performed and compared to a robust baseline.
Geometric eigenspace of the generator ofC 0-semigroup of positive operators

LetE be a Banach lattice with order continuous norm and {T(t)}t≥0 be an eventually compactc0-semigroup of positive operators onE with generator A. We investigate the structure of the geometric eigenspace of the generator belonging to the spectral bound when the semigroup is ideal reducible. It is shown that a basis of the eigenspace can be chosen to consist of element ofE with certain positivity structure. This is achieved by a decomposition of the underlying Banach latticeE into a direct sum of closed ideals which can be viewed as a generalization of the Frobenius normal form for nonnegative reducible matrices.
Optimized MPI Gather Collective for Many Integrated Core (MIC) InfiniBand Clusters

Xeon Phi coprocessors are gaining popularity in the high performance computing community owing to its rendition of a highly parallel environment and X86 compatibility. The coprocessors, which conform to Intel's Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture, are being deployed at large scale also because they yield a high performance per Watt. Each Xeon Phi coprocessor, despite offering 1 Teraflop performance, is connected to systems as PCIe devices and hence experiences the accompanying bandwidth and latency degradations. MPI libraries need to be designed in an architecturally-aware manner and must leverage on software stacks available on the MIC to ensure minimum expenditure of time in communication. Along with the optimization of send-receive MPI primitives, collectives which are widely used by scientific applications need to designed at the algorithm level in a way that alleviates architectural bottlenecks. In this work, we propose novel algorithms based on hierarchical communication algorithm designs and pipelining techniques to improve the performance of the MPI_Gather collective. At the micro-benchmark level, for an 256-process MPI job with the root of the gather on the MIC, the proposed algorithms reduce the average MPI_Gather latency by up to 83% and 87% compared to the existing MVAPICH2 and Intel MPI implementations of the operation, respectively.
Alterations in intrinsic neuronal excitability during normal aging

Normal aging subjects, including humans, have difficulty learning hippocampus-dependent tasks. For example, at least 50% of normal aging rabbits and rats fail to meet a learning criterion in trace eyeblink conditioning. Many factors may contribute to this age-related learning impairment. An important cause is the reduced intrinsic excitability observed in hippocampal pyramidal neurons from normal aging subjects, as reflected by an enlarged postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and an increased spike-frequency adaptation (accommodation). In this review, we will focus on the alterations in the AHP and accommodation during learning and normal aging. We propose that age-related increases in the postburst AHP and accommodation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons play an integral role in the learning impairment observed in normal aging subjects.
Pediatric transfusion therapy: Practical considerations

Over the past decade, safety of blood has increased tremendously because of better donor screening as well as testing of the units for transmissible diseases. Component therapy has allowed more effective and economic use of blood. Whole blood is rarely used; instead, packed red cells, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) are the most common components used. These products are further refined using irradiation and microaggregate filters and in the case of FFP, viral inactivation. Irradiation prevents transfusion-associated graft versus host disease, whereas microaggregate filters remove leukocytes, decreasing the rates of alloimmunization, febrile nonhemolytic (FNH) reactions, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission. Autologous donation in older children probably provides the safest blood as far as transmissible diseases are concerned. More families request a directed donation and solicit physician help in deciding as well as making arrangements for autologous and/or directed donations. Transfusions of blood and blood components in children are often challenging and require a knowledge of physiologic changes in hemoglobin and blood volumes during different ages. The unique needs of neonates, immunocompromised patients, and patients with congenital hemolytic anemia (sickle cell, thalassemia) mandate that the pediatrician have an appropriate knowledge of transfusion volumes and choice of blood product as well as indications for transfusion.
Post-natal ontogenesis of calmodulin and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subunits in the Purkinje cell using immunofluorescence.

Abstract Specific immunofluorescent techniques were utilized to demonstrate the regulatory (RI and RII) and catalytic (C) subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and calmodulin, in the rat cerebellar Purkinje cell during post-natal ontogenesis. Whereas these second messenger receptor proteins were not detectable at 5 days, an increase in staining intensity occurred from this time until adult levels and distribution were attained at 25 days. Differences in immunofluorescent staining were noted between these proteins during ontogenesis. The relationship of these immunocytochemical changes to synaptogenesis and cellular maturation are discussed, including possible interactions between cyclic AMP and calcium messenger system.
Family history of DSM-III-R dramatic personality disorder cluster and functioning in patients with major depressive disorder.

Clinicians and researchers have noted that personality dysfunction related to borderline personality significantly predicts a poorer course in major depressive disorder. There is also some evidence that some aspects of personality are heritable. The goal of this report was to determine whether family history of dramatic personality disorder cluster indicated differences in functioning in patients with major depressive disorder. Patients with major depression were divided into two groups : those with a family history of dramatic personality disorder cluster (N = 49) and those without (N = 22). These were the clinical groups. A screened normal group was also added to determine how far the clinical groups differed from ordinary functioning (N = 31). Compared with the other clinical group, the group with the family history of dramatic personality disorder tended, in general, to have fewer personality traits as measured by the Personality Disorder Examination, similar Hamilton Anxiety and Depression scores and several significantly better functioning measures. It appears that a family history of dramatic personality disorder cluster identifies a group with different, but not necessarily lower, levels of functioning. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Mixed Convective Low Flow Pressure Drop in Vertical Rod Assemblies: I—Predictive Model and Design Correlation

A predicative theory has been developed for rod bundle frictional pressure drop characteristics under laminar and transitional mixed convection conditions on the basis of the intraassembly and intrasubchannel flow redistributions due to buoyancy for a wide spectrum of radial power profiles and for the geometric arrangements of practical design interest. Both the individual subchannel correlations and overall bundle design correlations have been formulated as multipliers applied to the isothermal friction factors at the same Reynolds numbers. Standard and modified subchannel friction factors have been obtained to be used with spatial-average and bulk-mean densities, respectively. A correlating procedure has been proposed to assess the effects of interacting subchannel flows, developing mixed convective flow, wire wrapping, power skew, rod number, and transition from laminar flow. In contrast to forced convection behavior, a strong rod number effect is present under mixed convection conditions in bundle geometries. The results of this study are of design importance in natural circulation conditions becasue the mixed convection frictional pressure losses exceed the corresponding isothermal values at the same Reynolds numbers.
One-loop finiteness in O(32) open-superstring theory.

It is shown that the one-loop infinities cancel between diagrams for $M=5$ open external lines, and any $M$ for suitably constrained kinematics, in the O(32) superstring theory when one employs a principal-part prescription for regularization.
Use of cranial fixation pins in pediatric neurosurgery.

Objective Cranial fixation using pins during neurosurgical procedures is commonplace; however, parameters for the application of these devices in pediatric patients are not well defined. Variability in the thickness of the developing cranium necessitates age-specific considerations to reduce the risk of adverse events. To suggest possible guidelines for the use of cranial fixation pins in children, we surveyed neurosurgeons treating pediatric patients regarding their experience with such devices. Methods An Institutional Review Board-approved, 30-item multiple choice survey was provided by electronic mail to 605 neurosurgeons treating pediatric patients. The survey included specific questions regarding their experience with cranial fixation pins with respect to age ranges of patients, selection of pin size, type of pin pressure applied, and complications encountered. Results One hundred sixty-four (27%) responses were received. One hundred fifty-eight of the 164 (96%) neurosurgeons reported using cranial fixation pins in their pediatric practice. Forty-four of the 164 (27%) apply fixation pins in patients aged 1 to 2 years. Eighty-two (50%) apply pins in patients aged 2 to 3 years, and 89 (54%) apply pins in patients aged 3 to 4 years. For patients aged 2 to 5 years old, the majority of responders use between 10 and 40 pounds of pressure, whereas for those older than 5 years of age, most use between 30 and 40 pounds of pressure. After age 10, patients are treated as adults. Eighty-nine of the 164 (54%) responders reported complications directly related to the use of cranial fixation pins, including cranial fracture, epidural or subdural hematoma, scalp laceration, or cerebrospinal fluid leak. One hundred fifty-four of the 164 (94%) neurosurgeons responded that they are not aware of any standard guidelines for cranial fixation pin use in pediatric patients. Seven (4%) who stated that they were aware of guidelines did not describe where they obtained those guidelines. Conclusion Cranial fixation pins are widely used among pediatric neurosurgeons in patients younger than 5 years old. Guidelines for their safe use are not well defined despite common use and experience of significant complications associated with such devices.
Generating a professional portfolio in the writing center: A hypertext tutor

Abstract Ferris State University's writing center uses hypercard software (v. 2.0) in the Macintosh environment to assist students in technical/professional programs to develop professional portfolios. This approach offers consistent instruction and equal access to content information as approved by faculty in specified disciplines in a self-directed self-paced instructional atmosphere.
Lead Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Increasing Concentrations

The concentrations of atmospheric lead around San Diego, California, have been determined and their geographic and seasonal variations are explained. The lead aerosol concentration at San Diego is increasing at a rate of 5 percent per year. The isotopic composition of lead aerosols is similar to that of the lead additives isolated from gasoline, which are the largest contributors to atmospheric lead pollution.
Hans Weisse and the Dawn of American Schenkerism

ABSTRACT Many musicians contributed to the early spread of Schenkerian ideas in the U.S., but one played a crucial and unparalleled role during the earliest decade, the 1930s: Hans Weisse (1892––1940), one of Schenker9s most esteemed students. Although Jewish, Weisse was not a political or war refugee, as were later Schenker eemigrees. Instead, he came to the U.S. to teach, in the fall of 1931; by the time his former colleagues were finding their ways from Europe, Weisse had already become an American citizen. He died prematurely in 1940, but by then his impact on the pedagogy of music theory and analysis was already being felt, not only directly, at institutions where he taught, but through his many students who were active in disseminating the Schenkerian approach. As the Schenker enterprise now enters its eighth decade in the U.S., a better understanding of its early and largely unexplored foundations becomes ever more essential, and the contributions of Weisse provide a logical point of departure. Heretofore his role has remained largely undocumented. Investigation of three aspects of Weisse9s accomplishment and legacy help shed light on his pivotal role as a music educator and thinker in this country: the record of his highly active professional life as a teacher of music; the theoretical positions and pedagogical strategies revealed by his few preserved writings and remarks; and the enduring influence of his teachings. Through the work of his students, it can be seen that his contribution was decisive in laying the foundation for future Schenkerian work.
Enhanced Euclid Algorithm for Modular Multiplicative Inverse and Its Application in Cryptographic Protocols

Numerous cryptographic algorithms (ElGamal, Rabin, RSA, NTRU etc) require multiple computations of modulo multiplicative inverses. This paper describes and validates a new algorithm, called the Enhanced Euclid Algorithm, for modular multiplicative inverse (MMI). Analysis of the proposed algorithm shows that it is more efficient than the Extended Euclid algorithm (XEA). In addition, if a MMI does not exist, then it is not necessary to use the Backtracking procedure in the proposed algorithm; this case requires fewer operations on every step (divisions, multiplications, additions, assignments and push operations on stack), than the XEA. Overall, XEA uses more multiplications, additions, assignments and twice as many variables than the proposed algorithm.
Lifestyle modifications for hypertension. The many benefits are worth the effort.

PreviewThere are still plenty of Americans who reach for the salt shaker before they've even tasted their food … whose main exercise is a brisk walk to the car … whose idea of “health food” is low-fat chips and lite beer. These may seem like pretty mild sins, but their effects add up, especially in people with hypertension. The authors describe several changes in lifestyle that can significantly improve blood pressure, in many cases to the point that use of medications can be avoided.
Thermische untersuchung eines elektrischen Hochstromlichtbogens mit poröser, gasgekühlter anode☆

Zusammenfassung An einem in Argon brennenden Hochstromlichtbogen mit Wolframkathode und gasgekuhlter poroser Graphitanode wurden die folgenden Grossen gemessen: Strom und Spannung Kuhlgasmenge (Argon), Oberflachentemperatur der Anode und des Anodenhalters und Temperaturprofil in drei Querschnitten der Lichtbogensaule. Die letztgenannten Werte wurden aus spektrographischen Aufnahmen gewonnen. Aus den Messwerten konnten der Warmefluss in der Anodenoberflache, der Warmeverlust der Anode durch Strahlung und Leitung und die regenerativ durch das Kuhlgas in den Brennraum zuruckgefuhrte Warmemenge berechnet und eine Warmebilanz der Anode aufgestellt werden. Es ergab sich, dass durch Schwitzkuhlung der Anodenverlust, der beim freibrenenden Bogen rund 80 Prozent der Bogenleistung betragt, auf 20 Prozent verringert werden kann. Die die Energieubertragung vom Bogen auf die Anode bewirkenden physikalischen Vorgange werden qualitativ beschrieben.
30-fs pulses tunable across the visible with a 100-kHz Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier

A 100-kHz mode-locked Ti:sapphire-seeded regenerative amplifier pumping an optical parametric amplifier generates femtosecond pulses tunable from 470 to 710 nm. This output was compressed with a pair of prisms to bandwidth-limited pulses of 80- to 40-fs duration and more than 150 nJ of energy. These tunable pulses were then bandwidth expanded through self-phase modulation in bulk material and further compressed to less than 30-fs duration.
Chaotic dynamics of a whirling pendulum

Abstract A physical system is considered consisting of a rigid frame which is free to rotate about a vertical axis and to which is attached a planar simple pendulum. This system has “one and a half” degrees of freedom due to the fact that the frame and pendulum may freely rotate about the vertical axis, i.e., conservation of angular momentum holds for the “ideal”, or unperturbed, system. Using a Hamiltonian formulation we reduce the unperturbed equations of motion to a conservative planar system in which the constant angular momentum plays the role of a parameter. This system is shown to possess one or two sets of homoclinic motions depending on the level of the angular momentum. When this system is perturbed by external excitations and dissipative forces these homoclinic motions can break into homoclinic tangles providing the conditions for chaotic motions of the horseshoe type to exist. The criteria for this to occur can be formulated using a variation of Melnikov's method developed for slowly varying oscillators [1, 2]. For the present problem, the angular momentum becomes a slowly varying parameter upon addition of the disturbances. These ideas are used to rigorously prove the existence of chaotic motions for this system and to compute, to first order, global bifurcation parameter conditions. Since two types of homoclinic motions can occur, two different chaotic modes of motion can result and physical interpretations of these motions are given. In addition, a limiting case is considered in which the system becomes a single degree of freedom oscillator with parametric excitation.
Attitudes and motivation of dental students relative to the teaching of dental public health.

If you think that teaching dental public health to the undergraduate dental student is easy, read Dr. Smith's survey of the literature. Addicts of questionnaires should read it!
Evaluation of the subacute toxicity and teratogenicity of anatoxin-a

Abstract A sublethal dose in rats (i.p. and oral) had no effect on food consumption, growth, blood cells, serum enzymes or hepatic mixed function oxidase nor were morphological changes observed at necropsy. In hamsters there were no skeletal or soft tissue malformations, however, fetal stunting was observed.
The Performance and Market Impact of Dual Trading: CME Rule 552

Abstract This paper analyzes dual trading on futures contracts restricted by Chicago Mercantile Exchange Rule 552. Using floor trader data, several categories of traders are identified, and differences in strategies and profitability are examined. When unrestricted, dual traders execute most customer orders and few personal trades. The evidence supports the hypothesis that dual traders are superior brokers. However, there is no evidence of informational advantages in dual traders' personal trading. Dual traders are shown to provide liquidity with their personal trades. Finally, Rule 552 does not appear to have increased trading costs.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: G12, G13, D82.
Resident training in head and neck flap reconstruction in U.S. academic otolaryngology programmes

The main objective of this study was to assess resident training in head and neck flap reconstruction, and to determine the confidence of graduating residents in performing these flaps independently. Questionnaires were distributed to otolaryngology residents graduating in 1997. Respondents recorded the number of pedicled and free flap procedures they performed, or assisted with, and indicated flaps they felt confident about performing independently. Pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) (n = 560, mean 6.59) and radial forearm (RF) (66, 0.78) were the most common pedicled and free flaps performed. There was a significant difference (p = 0.0002, Mann-Whitney U test) between median confidence for pedicled (44.5 per cent) and free flaps (two per cent). Ten of the 17 flaps showed a significant Pearson correlation (p<0.05) between number of procedures performed and confidence in performing them independently. Of the pedicled flaps, latissimus dorsi (LD) showed good correlation (r=0.67), PMMC showed low correlation (r=0.19) and other pedicled flaps fair correlation. Of the free flaps, LD (r =0.64) and fibula (r = 0.50) showed good correlation and rectus abdominis and RF fair correlation. There was a fair inverse correlation (r = -0.29) between numbers of pedicled and free flaps performed. Higher correlation in flaps uncommonly performed reflects greater operative training necessary to achieve the confidence for performing these flaps independently. As respondents perfomed greater numbers of free flaps, the number of pedicled flaps decreased. It might thus be important to train residents in all aspects of pedicled flaps. Most respondents were of the opinion that additional training in free flaps was necessary for those planning a career in head and neck reconstructive surgery.
A heat deposition model of Josephson junction soft upset rates from alpha-particle irradiation

Experimental “soft” upset rates of Josephson junctions induced by alpha-particle irradiation are analyzed using a heat-deposition model. This model takes into account the full diversion (for T>Tc) or partial diversion (for T<Tc) of current f about the alpha particle track as the alpha particle gives up energy to the superconductor as it traverses the junction. An approximate solution of the heat conduction equation is discussed for such a situation under various boundary conditions describing the heat exchange at interfaces and the low temperature “bath”. The calculations carried out for junctions of 4–110 μm2 indicate that the heat deposition model generally accounts for the magnitude and shape of the observed upset rate versus bias current, but it is important to take into account heat exchange with the heat bath. The relation of upset rates with heat exchange renders thinner junctions less sensitive to upsets, but similar devices used as particle detectors should be thicker. At bias currents less than or near the threshold bias current predicted by the heating model, this model severely underestimates the number of upsets. Thus the heat-deposition model accounts for the great majority of observed upsets, but some other mechanism initiates such upsets when the bias current is low.
Fatigue Characteristics of Laser Surface-Hardened Cast Irons

Contrary to expectations, laser surface heat treatment has a deleterious effect on the fatigue performance of pearlitic gray and ductile cast irons. A 1.2 kW, continuous wave, CO2 gas laser, operating in square beam mode, was employed to heat-treat the surfaces of standard fatigue specimens. Rotational-bending fatigue tests were then conducted on untreated (as-cast) and laser treated specimens. Results indicated that the effect on fatigue behavior of case depth, microstructure and hardness of laser-hardened surface layers were opposite to that observed in carbon and low alloy steels. A fracture model based on the presence of graphite, residual stresses, and strain-induced transformation is postulated to explain the adverse effect of laser hardening of cast irons.
Plant height, disk, and capacitance meters used to estimate bermudagrass herbage mass

(...) This study was conducted to quantify relationships between HM and three commonly utilized nondestructive sward measurements techniques [plant height (HT), settled disk meter height (DISK), and capacitance (CAP)] in field plantings of Brazos' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Estimates of HM, HT, DISK,and CAP were obtained from the same location in irrigated plots and nonirrigated, grazed pastures; linear equations were obtained to describe the relationship between HM and HT [Y = 414 + 12.9X (r 2 = 0.86), Y = 37 + 21.7X (r 2 = 0.86] and CAP [Y = −1276 + 2.4X (r 2 = 0.77), Y = 1289 + 2.8X (r 2 = 0.89)] for plots and pastures respectively (...)
B-cell Signaling: Protein Kinase Cδ Puts the Brakes on

The phenotype of mice lacking the delta isoform of protein kinase C reveals that this isoform curtails signaling events after engagement of the antigen-specific receptor on B cells. The result is a state of non-responsiveness, termed anergy, that represents one form of immunological self-tolerance.
Dependence of gas/solid energy transfer on lattice chain length

Abstract Effects of the length of one-dimensional semi-infinite lattice chains on atom/chain energy transfer processes have been studied through calculations of time evolution of the dynamical variables in classical mechanics. The amount of energy transfer varies strongly with number of lattice atoms. For a given atom/chain system, the chain length needed to determine energy transfer can be very long at low collision energies, but length rapidly decreases with rising energy. The presence of a light surface impurity atom can significantly reduce the required length.