cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of several components in highly purified human growth hormone by immunodiffusion on cellulose acetate.

At least 5–6 components have been demonstrated in highly purified human growth hormone (HGH) preparations (Li or Raben) by permitting the HGH to react with its antiserum, employing a modified technique of immunodiffusion on cellulose acetate. Tests were performed with varying ratios of antigen (HGH) to antiserum. The components (precipitation lines) were usually more numerous and better defined with relative excesses of the antiserum. Levels of HGH (Li) as low as 3 f*g still revealed the presence of 3 components. The same antiserum gave no detectable reactions when tested against varying amounts of ovine prolactin, likewise a protein hormone with a molecular weight similar to that of HGH. Control tests with normal rabbit serum were also negative.
Washout of transplanted cells from the heart: A potential new hurdle for cell transplantation therapy

Objective: The number of viable transplanted cells in the heart is sharply decreased shortly after cell injection. The exact mechanics of cell loss are unclear. We hypothesized that immature cardiac cells transplanted directly into rat heart could be washed out via the cardiac vasculature, and carried to other organs. Methods: Female Fischer rats were subjected to 60 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion (OR group) or 4 h or permanent coronary artery occlusion (PO group). Neonatal rat cardiac cells (510 6 ) were injected directly into the free wall of the left ventricle at either 15 min post-reperfusion (OR group) or 75 min after occlusion (PO group). At the end of the protocol, a histological analysis for transplanted cells in the heart (i.e. microscopic examination for cells in approximately 790 histogic fields within each heart) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based determination of the Sry gene (a male cell marker) in the heart and other organs were performed. Results: In the OR group, only 3.39 T0.69% fields contained immature cells compared to 6.57 T1.33% fields in the PO group (p<0.05). Cardiac blood vessels contained round, immature cardiomyocytes. PCR analysis revealed that 100% of the animals (5 of 5) in both groups had cells present in their hearts and lungs, 40% of the OR group and 60% of the PO group demonstrated cells in the liver and kidneys, and 40% of the PO group had cells in the spleen. Conclusion: Neonatal cardiomyocytes injected directly into the area at risk of the heart escape acutely from the infract to other organs through the vascular system of the heart; loss of cells is more prominent with reperfusion. D 2005 European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Autoradiography of Diffusible Substances: Verification of the Specificity of the Localization by Correlated Physiological, Biochemical, and Pharmacological Studies'

Recent advances in autoradiographic technique make it possible to localize quite a diverse class of soluble and/or diffusible substances. However since the molecules in question could move or be displaced at any time during preparation it is necessary to employ chemical or physiological tests to prove the validity of the localization. For two classes of compounds this can be done quite readily. 3H-ouabain, a cardiac glycoside that binds specifically to the Na pump, can be monitored for its effect on Na transport and the binding itself can be controlled by manipulating specific ligands known to modulate the ouabain-Na pump interaction. Acetylcholine can be readily analyzed by chemical means and its solubility characteristics allow one to extract it even from osmium-fixed embedded sections. Thus it is possible to monitor for the presence of acetylcholine in tissue throughout the processing for autoradiography and even chemically characterize small areas of tissue by microdissection of sectioned material.
Low-energy x-ray response of photographic films. II. Experimental characterization

Optical density versus exposure data have been obtained at nine photon energies in the 100–2000-eV x-ray region for five spectroscopic films (Kodak films 101-07, SB-392, RAR 2492, RAR 2495, and RAR 2497). These data were determined operationally by a direct comparison of the peak absolute intensities of spectral lines, which were measured with a calibrated proportional counter, with the microdensitometer tracings of the corresponding photographically recorded spectral lines. Film-resolution limits were deduced from an analysis of contact microradiograms of linear zone plates constructed of gold bars. The relationship between the specular densities as measured here and the diffuse densities have been experimentally determined for the five films. Finally, experimental measurements of the optical density versus the angle of incidence of exposing radiation of constant intensity were obtained. These data, relating density to the x-ray intensity, its photon energy, and its angle of incidence, are shown to be fitted satisfactorily in the 100–10 000-eV region by the semiempirical mathematical model relations that were derived in Part I of this research [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. B1, 818– 827 ( 1984)].
Textualism in Context

The main purpose of this essay is to show that the views about linguistic communication that make Textualism a plausible theory of what the law says, show why textualism is not nearly as helpful a theory of statutory interpretation as its proponents claim. The essay begins with a brief outline of what Textualism is, in light of its critique of Intentionalism and Purposivism; it then proceeds to explain the view of language, particularly asserted linguistic content, that is required to make sense of Textualism, and defends this view against a neo-Gricean critique; finally, the paper strives to show why those same ideas about determinants of communicated content help us to see that Textualism has very little to offer by way of a general theory of statutory interpretation.
Introduction to image technology

Business today is wrestling with mountains of paper that must be moved, filed, located, and moved again from person to person. Often the paper must be stored for extended periods of time, sometimes as long as seven or more years. The long-term storage of paper records is becoming more and more costly. An image system not only makes the document capture, retention, and retrieval process more cost efficient, but also makes it a faster service to the users. The purpose of this paper is to explain the basic concepts of image processing in business.
Geographic Sampling Scheme as a Determinant of the Major Axis of Genetic Variation in Principal Components Analysis

Principal component (PC) maps, which plot the values of a given PC estimated on the basis of allele frequency variation at the geographic sampling locations of a set of populations, are often used to investigate the properties of past range expansions. Some studies have argued that in a range expansion, the axis of greatest variation (i.e., the first PC) is parallel to the axis of expansion. In contrast, others have identified a pattern in which the axis of greatest variation is perpendicular to the axis of expansion. Here, we seek to understand this difference in outcomes by investigating the effect of the geographic sampling scheme on the direction of the axis of greatest variation under a two-dimensional range expansion model. From datasets simulated using each of two different schemes for the geographic sampling of populations under the model, we create PC maps for the first PC. We find that depending on the geographic sampling scheme, the axis of greatest variation can be either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of expansion. We provide an explanation for this result in terms of intra- and interpopulation coalescence times.
Development, Oviposition, and Mortality of Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Response to Reduced-Risk Insecticides

Eight reduced-risk insecticides (acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, methoxyfenozide, pyriproxyfen, indoxacarb, and spinosad) and three conventional insecticides (azinphosmethyl, fenpropathrin, and esfenvalerate) were tested against Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), the most abundant predacious mite in North Carolina apple (Malus spp.) orchards. To assess the effect of insecticides on development and mortality of N. fallacis immatures, 12-h-old eggs were individually placed on bean leaf disks previously dipped in insecticide solutions. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) females were added as a food source. None of the reduced-risk insecticides significantly affected immature N. fallacis compared with the control; however, the pyrethroids esfenvalerate and fenpropathrin were highly toxic to immatures. To evaluate the effect of insecticides on mortality and oviposition of adult N. fallacis, 7- to 8-d-old females were confined on insecticide-treated bean leaves with Malephora crocea (Aizoaceae) pollen added as a food source. Spinosad resulted in the highest mortality, whereas azinphosmethyl, acetamiprid, fenpropathrin, and imidacloprid were moderately toxic, and mortality from esfenvalerate, indoxacarb, thiacloprid, methoxyfenozide, pyriproxyfen, and thiamethoxam did not differ significantly from the control. Oviposition was affected in a similar manner, with the exception of acetamiprid that did not affect oviposition, and thiamethoxam that reduced oviposition.
A 550–2260MHz self-adjustable clock generator in 28nm FDSOI

A self-adjustable clock generator that closely tracks the voltage dependence of the critical path delay in a microprocessor is presented. Real-time frequency modulation performed by a tunable replica circuit (TRC) reduces the response time to a single cycle, by picking the appropriate phases of the delay-locked loop (DLL). The generator has wide tuning range of 550–2260 MHz at 1V supply voltage, works down to 35 MHz at 0.4V supply, and can continuously synthesize the clock signal for arbitrary voltage waveforms between 0.4V and 1V. The proposed design was implemented in a 28nm FDSOI, and occupies an area of 1120μm2 with 2.7mW of power consumption.
Institutionalization: What Do Empirical Studies Tell Us About Court Mediation?

In the past 25 years, federal and state courts throughout the country have adopted mediation programs to resolve civil disputes. This increased use of mediation has been accompanied by a small but growing body of research examining the effects of certain choices in designing and implementing court-connected mediation programs. This article focuses on the lessons that are emerging from the available empirical data regarding best practices for programs that mediate non-family civil matters. The authors discuss research about program design choices that will affect the success of the institutionalization of mediation, the likelihood of achieving settlement, and the perceptions that litigants have of the procedural justice provided by court-connected mediation.
Why Can't a Game Be More Like a Business? A Review of Co-Opetition by Brandenburger and Nalebuff

In this book, Brandenburger and Nalebuff use game theory to develop a set of guidelines that will "make it easier to explain the reasoning behind a proposed strategy." The games that they use as analogies do not involve sports with their zero-sum outcomes; instead, they consider a variety of games that allow for mutual benefit, as well as harm, for the players. They use the term co-opetition, which is consistent with their message that cooperation pays off in some situations, competition in others. They encourage readers to think about not only how to play the game, but also how to change the rules. Examination of these games leads them to make recommendations for managers, many of which are relevant to marketing managers. So, to the extent that a game is like a business, this book should be useful. My aims in reviewing the book are to ask: (1) Is it new? (2) Is it useful? and (3) Is it supported? The book has flaws, particularly in the area of supporting evidence, but it is an important book.
Interreef crinoid fauna from the Mississinewa Shale Member of the Wabash Formation (northern Indiana; Silurian; Echinodermata)

A true interreef crinoid fauna lacking components of reefal facies is reported from the Ludlovian of the Mississinewa Shale Member of the Wabash Formation in northern Indiana. The Mississinewa facies that contains this fauna is a dolomitic siltstone or a silty dolomite. The crinoid association reported is composed entirely of new species and is different from other reef and reef-associated, interreef, and non-reef crinoid associations. New species described, herein, include the following: Dimerocrinites (Eucrinus) ankylos n. sp., Periechocrinus shaveri n. sp., Bohemicocrinus? occidens n. sp., Macrostylocrinus styo n. sp., M. homalos n. sp., Gissocrinus hypselos n. sp., and Dendrocrinus diaphoros n. sp. This may be the first occurrence of Bohemicocrinus from outside Bohemia.
Optimization and Application of Operation Range for LiFePO_4 Battery

To ensure lithiun iron phosphate( LFP) battery runs safely,effectively and economically,it is necessary not only to stipulate battery's operation range,but also to divide work intervals in the operation range.Based on battery's voltage,the operation range of LFP was optimized as divided into three work intervals,namely best run interval,identification correction interval and fault interval. The fault interval also is divided into two parts:alarm and protection. This paper described the influential factors on battery's work intervals. Based on it,the influence of battery's SOC( state of charge),internal resistance,current and other factors on work intervals was analyzed. The electrical characteristics of identification correction interval were used to correct the algorithm of SOC and to realize the optimization of proportionate control technology.
Effects of low dosages of intravenous dexamethasone on serum cortisol concentrations in the normal cat.

Abstract The suppressive effects of three different low dosages of dexamethasone (5, 10 and 15 μg kg−1) on serum cortisol concentrations were evaluated in 10 normal cats. On four different days, serum was collected before and at two, four, six and eight hours after the intravenous administration of saline or dexamethasone. Following the administration of saline, no significant difference in mean serum cortisol concentrations was noted between the basal or post-injection values. In contrast, mean serum cortisol concentrations decreased significantly (P
Searching the engineering databases

Etude comparative de 18 bases de donnees en ingenierie qui comprend une rapide presentation de la couverture de la base et donne des appreciations de qualites sur les sources repertoriees
Student veterans in the academic library

ABSTRACTEnrollment increases in the number of veterans returning from service in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars offer an opportunity for academic librarians to craft outreach programs that address their unique needs as they transition from military to academic life. Library information and research services can be highlighted and integrated into the support services for student veterans already in place at most academic institutions. This article provides a case study of the design and development of services and facilities to support student veterans, and it describes the evolution of library outreach to student veterans through direct campus collaborations.
The Matter of Parents’ Stories: Urban African American Mothers’ Counter-Stories About the Common Core State Standards and Quality Teaching:

This article uses counter-storytelling to examine how four urban African American mothers understand and discuss the role of Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in their children’s education. Counte...
Modeling the Reciprocal Relationship between Task Conflicts and High-Involvement Work Practices

One of the implicit assumptions made in the literature on high-involvement work practices is that this organizational arrangement has the potential to improve relational ties among members, includi...
Mobile Mindfulness Intervention on an Acute Psychiatric Unit: Feasibility and Acceptability Study

Background: Aggression and violence on acute psychiatric inpatient units is extensive and leads to negative sequelae for staff and patients. With increasingly acute inpatient milieus due to shorter lengths of stay, inpatient staff is limited in training and time to be able to provide treatments. Mobile technology provides a new platform for offering treatment on such units, but it has not been tested for feasibility or usability in this particular setting. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of a brief mindfulness meditation mobile phone app intended to reduce anger and aggression in acute psychiatric inpatients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, and a history of violence. Methods: Participants were recruited between November 1, 2015 and June 1, 2016. A total of 13 inpatients at an acute care state hospital carried mobile phones for 1 week and were asked to try a commercially available mindfulness app called Headspace. The participants completed a usability questionnaire and engaged in a qualitative interview upon completion of the 7 days. In addition, measures of mindfulness, state and trait anger, and cognitive ability were administered before and after the intervention. Results: Of the 13 enrolled participants, 10 used the app for the 7 days of the study and completed all measures. Two additional participants used the app for fewer than 7 days and completed all measures. All participants found the app to be engaging and easy to use. Most (10/12, 83%) felt comfortable using Headspace and 83% (10/12) would recommend it to others. All participants made some effort to try the app, with 6 participants (6/12, 50%) completing the first 10 10-minute “foundation” guided meditations. Conclusions: This is the first known study of the use of a commercially available app as an intervention on acute psychiatric inpatient units. Acutely ill psychiatric inpatients at a state hospital found the Headspace app easy to use, were able to complete a series of meditations, and felt the app helped with anxiety, sleep, and boredom on the unit. There were no instances of an increase in psychotic symptoms reported and there were no episodes of aggression or violence noted in the record. [JMIR Ment Health 2017;4(3):e34]
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the Common Core Standards Program in the State of South Dakota

This interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study investigated and interpreted the Common Core State Standards program (the phenomenon) that has been the dominating topic of discussions amongst educators all across the country since the inauguration of the program in 2014/2015 school session. Common Core State Standards (CCSS) was a program that 48 states, two U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia (DC) established in 2009 to improve the educational standards of schools in their respective states and territories. The objective of this research project was to assess and gauge the impact of the program vis-a-vis how it has impacted the ‘lived experiences’ of the educators in the country, specifically, in the state of South Dakota. South Dakota, though a very small state relative to other larger and economically stronger states, has truly engaged and provided resources to her educators for training and other needed infrastructures to help with the implementation of the program. Stories have been flying around the country about how the program has disrupted the flow of ‘teaching and learning’ in the American classrooms; however, the educators interviewed in this study did not believe that was the case, at least, not in their respective schools. These educators, who also happened to be principals and assistant principals of the schools under investigation, spoke highly of the potential of the program, especially the resources and engagement that the state of South Dakota has provided for its successful application and implementation.
An on-line adaptive neuro-fuzzy power system stabilizer for multimachine systems

A fuzzy logic-based adaptive power system stabilizer (PSS) is proposed in this paper. The parameters of the fuzzy logic-based PSS are tuned by neural networks on-line. The system is divided into two subsystems, a recursive least square identifier with a variable forgetting factor for the generator and a fuzzy logic-based adaptive controller to damp oscillations. The effectiveness of the proposed PSS in increasing the damping of local and inter-area modes of oscillation is demonstrated in a one-machine-infinite-bus system; a two-area, 4-machine, 13-bus system and a 16-machine, 68-bus system.
Optimum content of nano-silica to ensure proper performance of an asphalt binder

There is a growing need to improve the performance properties of asphalt binders in order to minimise the occurrence of failure mechanisms such as permanent deformation, fatigue, adhesiveness and m...
Resolution of Lipoprotein Subclasses by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry

Lipoproteins are micelle-like assemblies that are key players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. High-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) are the three major classes present in fasting plasma. Within each class, there is a broad size distribution with wide variations in protein and lipid content. The development of better metrics for cardiovascular risk is thought to depend on better characterization of lipoprotein subclasses. Using charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS), the mass distributions of HDL, LDL, and VLDL have been directly measured for the first time. In the case of HDL, seven distinct subpopulations were resolved using a two-dimensional correlation of charge and mass. The resolved components are assigned to HDL particles containing different numbers of the key structural proteins apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II.
Mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy: assessing early and late causes of patient death.

Abstract Background Safety of pancreaticoduodenectomy has improved significantly in the past 3 decades. Current inpatient and 30-d mortality rates are low. However, incidence and causes of 90-d and 1-y mortality are poorly defined and largely unexplored. Methods All patients who had pancreaticoduodenectomy between 2007 and 2016 were included in this single institution, retrospective cohort study. Distributions of pancreaticoduodenectomy-specific morbidity and cause-specific mortality were compared between early (within 90 d) and late (91-365 d) postoperative recovery periods. Results A total of 551 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed during the study period. Of these, 6 (1.1%), 20 (3.6%), and 91 (16.5%) patients died within 30, 90, and 365 d after pancreaticoduodenectomy, respectively. Causes of early and late mortality varied significantly (all P ≤ 0.032). The most common cause of death within 90 d was due to multisystem organ failure from sepsis or aspiration in 9 (45%) patients, followed by post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage in 5 (25%) patients, and cardiopulmonary arrest from myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolus in 3 (15%) patients. In contrast, recurrent cancer was the most common cause of death in 46 (65%) patients during the late postoperative period between 91 and 365 d. Mortality from failure to thrive and debility was similar between early and late postoperative periods (15% versus 19.7%, P = 0.76). Conclusions Most quality improvement initiatives in patients selected for pancreaticoduodenectomy have focused on reduction of technical complications and improvement of early postoperative mortality. Further reduction in postoperative mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy can be achieved by improving patient selection, mitigating postoperative malnutrition, and optimizing preoperative cancer staging and management strategies.
Breast Biopsy Analysis by Spectroscopic Imaging

Short wavelength near infrared (SW-NIR) spectroscopy possesses many features that are advantageous for spectroscopic studies of tissue anatomy and physiology. Human tissue is relatively transparent in the 650–1300 nm spectral region so that relatively thick samples can be examined. At the same time one observes spectral features which arise from low lying electronic transitions of heme proteins and vibrational overtones from major constituents of tissue. As an example, reflectance oximetryl is based upon low energy electronic transitions of oxy and deoxyhemoglobin, Figure 1. The spectrum of the hemoglobin molecule is very different in the two forms. In oximetry, hemoglobin saturation is determined non-invasively by measuring the light scattered from tissue at 650 and 805 nm; the former wavelength represents a maximum in the absorbance difference between the oxy and deoxy forms while the latter represents an isosbestic point for the two forms. A substantial advance in oximetry was made by Yosohiya2. In his scheme, recognition was taken of the fact that the light reflected from or transmitted through human tissue exhibits both a steady state (DC) and fluctuating (AC) signal. The former arises from tissue pigments and venous blood, while the latter arises from arteriole blood and fluctuates synchronously with the heart rate. Jobsis advanced the oximetry concept one step further. He noted that in addition to hemoglobin, copper in cytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, could also be measured in tissue by SW-NIR spectroscopy. This work demonstrated the possibility that oxygen availability in the brain can be measured non-invasively by transillumination spectroscopy in the near infrared3. A major conceptual breakthrough in oximetry has recently been demonstrated by Chance4. Using time resolved pico-second spectroscopy Chance has measured localized hemoglobin dependance in tissues and has laid the foundation for NIR tomography of hemoglobin concentration and saturation.
Differentiable transformations in Rn

A point of Euclidean 1-space R1 has just one coordinate x, and thus it should be denoted by (x), in accordance with the general terminology introduced in I.2.1. However, as a matter of convenience, we shall speak of the point x instead of the point (x). If this terminology is adopted, then the points of R1 are merely the real numbers, and if x′, x″ are two real numbers then their (Euclidean) distance is equal to ∣x″ - x′∣, the absolute value of their difference (see I.2.1). While, in general, there exists a significant conceptual difference between an object x and the set consisting of the single object x, it should be noted that in the present case we could operate directly with the space whose points are the real numbers, the distance of two real numbers x′, x″ being defined as ∣x″ - x′∣. The space so obtained is the real number-line of Analysis. In other words, the notational agreement of writing x instead of (x) has the effect that R1 becomes formally identical with the real number-line. Let now U be a non-empty subset of R1, and consider a transformation T: U → R1. Then T associates with every real number u ∈ U a definite real number x = T(u). Thus T may be thought of as a real-valued function x = T(u) of the real variable u ∈ U.
Contrast medium extravasation during embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformation without associated intracranial hematoma

We describe the radiographic findings in two patients who underwent intracranial embolization for arteriovenous malformation in whom, during the course of the embolization, extravasation of contrast medium without concomitant hemorrhage was identified on subsequent angiography and confirmed surgically.
Clarifying and Applying Intelligence: A Reply to Peter Limper

Peter Limper raises three important questions, all centered around the character of intelligence and its roles in theoretical and practical pursuits. He also poses some significant challenges for future philosophical work that needs to be done. I am grateful for his perceptive reading and acknowledge that when he read “between the lines,” as he said, he invariably got it right.
Parental understanding of crucial medical jargon used in prenatal prematurity counseling

Parent-clinician shared decision making is the recommended model for the care of premature infants; thus, clinicians provide prenatal prematurity counseling to parents in the event of a mother’s hospitalization for premature birth. However, parental understanding of medical jargon commonly used during prematurity counseling is unknown. Within an overall research agenda to develop and test an educational aid for prenatal prematurity education, we designed the Parental Knowledge of Premature Birth questionnaire. To evaluate parental comprehension of the medical jargon contained within the questionnaire, we conducted cognitive interviews, a formal method for evaluating comprehension and response to questionnaire items. Parents were recruited from a Level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; purposeful recruitment ensured diversity with respect to gender, race, literacy level, and child’s gestational age. Data collection and analysis followed standard qualitative methods for cognitive interviewing. We report on the insights gained from these cognitive interviews regarding parental understanding of crucial medical jargon commonly used during prenatal prematurity counseling. Participants included 10 women and 6 men who ranged in age from 23 to 38 years and represented Black/African-American (38%), Asian (6%), and white (56%) backgrounds. Five participants (31%) had less than a high school education or reading level below 9th grade (Wide Range Achievement Test version 4 reading subtest). In the first round of interviews, parents of all education and literacy levels had difficulty with medical jargon commonly used in prematurity counseling. Terms that parents found difficult to understand included “gestational age”, “mild or no developmental problems”, and “neonatologist”. Modified terms tested in a second round of interviews showed improved comprehension. Cognitive interviews provided empirical testing of parental understanding of crucial medical jargon and highlighted that language commonly used during prenatal prematurity counseling is not understood by many parents. For parents to participate in shared decision making, plain language should be used to maximize their understanding of medical information.
Abstract 17289: NSAID Use and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19

Introduction: There have been concerns that NSAID use may worsen outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through upregulation of the ACE2 receptor used by the SARS-CoV-2 virus for cell entr...
Hydrogenolysis of N -Benzylcyclohexylamine: A Support Specific ‘Nano Effect’

The hydrogenolysis of N-benzylcyclohexylamine (NBCA) was carried out at low temperature and pressure using series of Pd/SiO2 catalysts having Pd contents between 0.5 and 10%. Three different silica supports were used, two of them having pore diameters of 60A and 40A and one an amorphous material. In the hydrogenolysis of NBCA over the Pd/SiO2 (60A) series of catalysts there was a slight increase in the reaction rate on gong from the 10% Pd to the 2% Pd catalysts. This was followed by significant rate increases using the 1% Pd, 0.75% Pd and 0.5% Pd catalysts. It is proposed that this unexpectedly large rate increase observed using the catalysts having the smallest Pd particles was the result of a true ‘nano effect’. The rates of debenzylations run over the Pd/SiO2 (40A) series of catalysts steadily increased with the use of the 10% Pd to the 2% Pd catalysts, a trend observed for some Structure Sensitive reactions, though, in this case, there was also a rate decrease using the 1% Pd catalyst even though the Pd particles in this catalyst were smaller than the others. No relationship was observed between reaction rate and Pd composition of the amorphous silica supported catalysts. It is commonly accepted that the nano effect is the result of an interaction between the small catalyst particles and the support so the electronic character of the support could have an influence on the surface electrons of the catalyst and, thus, modify its reaction capabilities.
Thrombotic complications of superficial endovenous ablation: a contemporary review of thermal and non-thermal techniques

Endovenous ablation has become the preferred means to treat superficial venous insufficiency. Ablative technologies have evolved to include a variety of both thermal and non-thermal techniques. The reported thrombotic complications of endovenous heat induced thrombosis (EHIT) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) associated with thermal techniques are low (<2% overall). However, the limited data on newer non-thermal technologies suggest these modalities may have thrombotic complication rates upwards of 6%. Additionally, the pathophysiology of thrombotic events related to mechanochemical ablative techniques may differ from EHIT, and thus, may have different implications for management. Described is a case report of a stroke after cyanoacrylate ablation of the great saphenous vein, and a review of the current literature reporting the thrombotic complications associated with current thermal and non-thermal techniques. There exists a need for high-volume studies on newer ablative techniques to fully understand their associated thrombotic complications. This review highlights the need for a comprehensive classification system and standard treatment algorithm encompassing of thrombotic complications associated with both thermal and non-thermal ablative techniques.
Whole mount staining of lenses for visualization of lens epithelial cell proteins

Abstract Whole mount imaging of the lens allows for high spatial resolution visualization of lens epithelial structures by using small molecule fluorescent probes. However, the visualization of specific proteins in lens epithelial cells within whole lenses remains a challenge as the capsule that surrounds the lens does not allow penetration of antibodies. Here we describe a whole mount imaging method that allows us to overcome this challenge by digesting the lens capsules of paraformaldehyde fixed lenses using collagenase. This method enables the penetration of antibodies for effective visualization of proteins in the epithelium of whole lenses. • A limitation to lens whole mount imaging is the ability to visualize specific proteins as the collagen capsule surrounding the lens impedes the penetration of antibodies • This protocol helps overcome this limitation by a light collagenase digestion of the capsule of fixed lenses prior to immunostaining • This method allows for the imaging of specific proteins in the epithelium of the whole lens tissue
Large and diffuse ductal carcinoma in situ: potentially lethal subtypes of "preinvasive" disease.

PURPOSE Trials for DCIS have not explored whether outcomes for patients with large disease burden requiring mastectomy are comparable to those of patients with lumpectomy-amenable disease. We aim to identify whether patients with DCIS larger than 5 cm and diffuse-type DCIS differ in breast cancer mortality (BCM) from patients with disease less than 5 cm. METHODS Patients diagnosed with DCIS in the SEER program were assessed to identify factors prognostic of breast-cancer-specific survival using competing risks regression. RESULTS 44,849 patients met criteria for the cumulative incidence estimate. On competing risks cumulative incidence approximation, the 10-year estimate for BCM for each group was 1.3%, 1.3%, 2.3%, and 5.1%, respectively, and the difference among groups was significant (p = 0.017). On competing risks regression of patients with known covariates, both diffuse-type disease and disease larger than 5 cm (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.2 and 1.7, p = 0.013 and p = 0.042, respectively) were associated with increased risk of BCM. After matching, DCIS > 5 cm and diffuse disease were associated with increased BCM relative to disease < 5 cm (HR = 1.69, p = 0.04). Among patients undergoing mastectomy for disease larger than 5 cm or diffuse disease, the 10-year cumulative incidence for BCM was 0.5% among patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy and 2.4% for patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy. CONCLUSION Patients with large and diffuse DCIS represent uncommon but poorly studied DCIS subgroups with worse prognoses than patients with disease smaller than 5 cm. Further studies are needed to elucidate the appropriate treatment for these patients.
How to protect the U.S. forest products industry from the perspective of trade? A comparison of policies within the forest supply chain

Abstract With the accelerating globalization, many industries have faced continuous pressure from increasing importation. To protect the domestic industries, trade policies such as uniform tariffs have been widely used in recent years. In this study, the interaction between uniform tariffs on the primary roundwood and secondary wood and paper products within the U.S. forest supply chain is assessed. A two-stage partial equilibrium displacement model is firstly developed within a two-input and two-output system, estimating both the vertical and horizontal linkage between primary and secondary forest products. Four scenarios are assessed: single-tariff separately imposed on roundwood/paper/wood products, and simultaneously imposed on all of them. To test the parameter uncertainty, stochastic simulations are employed by randomly changing elasticities under a triangular distribution. The results show that the impacts of U.S. import tariffs on different categories of forest products vary through the forest supply chain. Although the U.S. consumers of wood and paper products in general suffer from its import tariffs, timber landowners better off in all tariffed scenarios. In designing policies to protect the U.S. forest products industry, import tariffs on secondary wood products are encouraged, compared with tariffs on other forest products.
Delayed Flights and Delayed Action: The U.S. Department of Transportation's Tarmac Delay Regulations and Their Impact on Air Travel

The airline industry's customer service problems are often underscored during flight delays, cancellations, and on-board delays. The causes of these flights' disruptions are often due to factors over which the airlines have little or no control. Airlines, however, often receive the most criticism from the flying public in terms of how they fail to respond to the needs of passengers during these situations. Over the past 13 years, there have been several instances where passengers have been stranded on airplanes on the ground at an airport without being allowed to disembark. In the United States, the manner in which the industry, government regulators, and passengers have dealt with customer service issues related to delays and cancellations is varied. The traveling public has limited options in seeking judicial relief. The airline industry's attempt to create customer service standards, while effective in some areas, has been mixed and somewhat ineffective in dealing with cancellations as well as flight delays. Beginning in 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) began the process of promulgating a series of new regulations designed to better address the needs of airline passengers who are affected by service disruptions and/or poor customer service. Part I of the paper provides an analysis of the limitations that the Airline Deregulation Act imposes on airline passengers who seek private legal relief against a carrier for a delay or flight cancellation. Part II provides an overview of the airline industry's attempt to address customer service issues during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Part III discusses the few, yet widely publicized, instances where individual airlines failed to handle tarmac delays in a customer-friendly way, which resulted in attempts by various states, as well as the U.S. Congress, to address tarmac delays beginning in 2007. Part IV addresses the DOT regulations that took effect beginning in 2010, and analyzes their effectiveness in curbing long tarmac delays. Finally, Part V provides an analysis of a number of consent orders that DOT has entered into with both domestic and international carriers to address tarmac rule violations.
Policy Vs. Practice: The Effectiveness of Refugee Integration Policies in the Czech Republic

Forced migrants are people who are persecuted and/or mistreated and feel they cannot be protected by their own state government. As environmental disasters and local, regional and global conflicts increase, the number of forced migrants has subsequently increased. This leads to questions and concerns about the resettlement process of refugees. In many cases, the destination country attempts to facilitate the resettlement process for refugees by creating integration policies. Most European countries have varied policy related to refugee integration. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom (UK), have a long history of resettling refugees and very detailed integration policies. Others, such as the Czech Republic, are new destination countries and create policy as situations arise oftentimes without much knowledge of their refugee population. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of refugee integration policies through a case study of the Czech Republic.
Preservice Social Studies Teachers’ Conceptions of and Experiences with Discussion as a Pedagogical Approach: A Case Study

An extensive body of empirical data emphasizes the numerous benefits of incorporating discussion into the social studies classroom. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand how educators view discussion and what experiences they have with in throughout their college courses. The authors conducted a single-case study at a large southeastern university that sought to explore how 12 preservice social studies teachers experience discussion in their college-level coursework. The study also sought to discover the extent to which the participants valued discussion within their coursework and whether they considered discussion as a practical approach for their own classroom. Findings suggest that the participants mostly experience lecture in their lower-level core curriculum courses as well as their teacher preparation coursework. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the participants valued discussion as a pedagogical approach, but they viewed it as a less practical strategy than more traditional forms of pedagogy such as lecturing.
Potential Nitrate Pollution of Ground Water in Limestone Terrain by Poultry Litter, Ozark Region, U.S.A.

The Ozark Region of Arkansas is the major poultry-producing area of the United States. Large quantities of poultry waste are spread as fertilizer on thin soils of pastureland overlying limestone aquifers. Because these aquifers provide domestic water supplies for the rural population and are susceptible to contamination from surface water, there is concern that nitrate leached from poultry litter may be polluting the ground water. In response to this concern, well water from a major poultry-producing area was compared with that from a forested area. Although the nitrate concentration of the well water from the poultry-producing area (2.83 mg/L as nitrogen) is considerably below the drinking-water limits of 10 mg/L set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), it is about ten times that of springs in the forested area. Variations in nitrate concentrations in the ground water are dependent upon the availability of nitrogen and recharge.
Radical Orientalism: Rights, Reform, and Romanticism

Introduction: radical Orientalism and the rights of man 1. Cruel and unusual romance: Beckford, Byron, and the abomination of violence 2. Reading the Oriental Riot Act: petition, assembly, and Shelley's constitutional sublime 3. Splendors and miseries of the British Sultanate: economic Orientalism, inequality, and radical satire 4. Reasoning like a Turk: indolence and fatalism in Sardanapalus and The Last Man 5. Byronic infidelity and despotic individuality: sex, religion, and free agency Bibliography.
Microbial Flora of Irradiated Dungeness Crabmeat and Pacific Oysters

The microorganisms in Dungeness crabmeat (Cancer magister) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were identified by the replica-plating and computer analysis method. The initial flora of the shellfish and the flora change during storage at 7 C were determined. The microbial flora shifts in both shellfish were also determined after irradiation at 0.1 and 0.4 Mrad and during subsequent storage at 7 C. The Achromobacter species predominated in the initial flora of crabmeat (77.0%). The predominant position of this group increased to 99.2% after 0.1 Mrad and 100% after 0.4 Mrad. A large percentage of Lactobacillus was detected in oysters (55.0%). The Lactobacillus species were the predominant survivors after 0.1 Mrad (92.4%) but the predominant survivors after 0.4 Mrad were Achromobacter species (99.3%).
Who's in charge of the central city? The conflict between efficiency and equity in the design of a metropolitan area

Abstract A circular metropolitan area consists of a central city surrounded by a suburb. Households sort over the two jurisdictions based on public service levels and their costs of commuting to the metropolitan center. Using numerical simulations, we show that (1) there typically exist two equilibria: one in which the poor form the voting majority in the central city and the other in which the rich form the majority in the central city; (2) there is an efficiency vs. equity trade-off as to which equilibrium is preferred; and (3) if the central city contains only poor households, equity favors expanding the central city to include rich households. The third result arises not because of a fiscal subsidy from rich to poor households induced by a property tax but rather because of a change in house price capitalization.
Integrated diagnostics for embedded memory built-in self test on PowerPC/sup TM/ devices

Integration of diagnostics with a memory built-in self-test (BIST) allowing both an effective and efficient manufacturing test as well as an effective diagnostic capability is detailed. Detection of failures within a memory are the primary objective of an embedded memory BIST. Inclusion of comprehensive diagnostics, to isolate faults incurred during the manufacturing or design process, are an extension to the memory BISI, further utilizing the existing circuitry and functionality. Detection and diagnosis of failures within an embedded memory can be realized throughout the entire manufacturing process.
Framing environmental responsibility: 30 years of CSR messages in National Geographic Magazine

For decades corporations have been promoting their responsible behaviors toward the environment. This study looks at three ways organizations have framed their corporate environmental responsibility over the past 30 years. Specifically, the study finds that organizations focus on the way their environmental behaviors contribute to solutions (gain frame) rather than prevent environmental problems (loss frame). They focus on solving problems for the current generation rather than future generations, and they promote their actions (doing more) rather than promote their conservation (taking less from the earth). However, some differences in framing and use of environmental topic emerge over time.