cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realization and potential advantages of gradient separations performed under steady state temperature regime

Abstract This paper describes a new method designed to perform gradient separations while keeping constant the distribution of temperature throughout the column during the three phases of a gradient run (the ramp up of the strong eluent concentration, the column wash, and the re-equilibration steps) in high pressure liquid chromatography (vHPLC). The method is based on the solution of the integrated heat balance equation along the column knowing the variations of the eluent specific heat, its thermal expansion coefficient, and its viscosity with the concentration of the strong eluent. This new method is called gradient under constant wall heat (cWH). Its value is demonstrated by the stability of the eluent temperature at the column outlet during a series of consecutive gradient runs. The potential advantages of cWH gradients over classical gradients execution mode at constant flow rate (cF) are illustrated in the example of two such gradients run in the same time. They include (1) a diminution by a factor 8 of the largest temperature variation during the sequence of injections (0.4 °C versus 3.2 °C); (2) a reduction of the baseline noise by a factor two (0.05 mAU versus 0.10 mAU); and (3) the achievement of an excellent injection-to-injection repeatability of the vHPLC system used to measure the first (average RSDs, 0.04%) and the second central (average RSDs ≃ 0.75%) moments of the peaks of an eight-compounds mix, baseline separated, from the first to the last injection.
Multidimensional vector model of stimulus-response compatibility.

The present study proposes and examines the multidimensional vector (MDV) model framework as a modeling schema for choice response times. MDV extends the Thurstonian model, as well as signal detection theory, to classification tasks by taking into account the influence of response properties on stimulus discrimination. It is capable of accounting for stimulus–response compatibility, which is known to be an influential task variable determining choice-reaction performance but has not been considered in previous mathematical modeling efforts. Specific MDV models were developed for 5 experiments using the Simon task, for which stimulus location is task irrelevant, to examine the validity of model assumptions and illustrate characteristic behaviors of model parameters. The MDV models accounted for the experimental data to a remarkable degree, demonstrating the adequacy of the framework as a general schema for modeling the latency of choice performance. Some modeling issues involved in the MDV model framework are discussed.
Anti-Intellectualism and Political Ideology in a Sample of Undergraduate and Graduate Students

To estimate correlations for scores on a student anti-intellectualism scale with scores on a measure of political conservatism, 235 students were given a survey containing a student anti-intellectualism scale, a political conservatism scale, and a demographics questionnaire identifying the participants' sex, college classification, ethnicity, political party affiliation, and self-described political ideology. The political conservatism scale contained two factors, Religiosity and Economic Conservatism, both of which were scored separately in addition to an overall Conservatism score. Students' Anti-intellectualism scores were correlated with Political Conservatism scores (r = .37, p < .01), with Religiosity scores (r = .42, p < .01), and with Economic Conservatism scores (r = .17, p < .05). An analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in students' Anti-intellectualism scores based on college classification (F4,233 = 2.27, p < .04). Specifically, freshman had significantly higher scores than graduate students.
Before the “Inward Turn”: Tracing Represented Thought in the French Novel (1800-1929)

Literary historians have long debated the extent to which the Modernist novel broke with conventions established in the nineteenth century. One of the most hotly debated matters is the existence of an "inward turn," a rupture with the external orientation Realist and Naturalist novel in favor of greater psychological complexity and depth—that has been found in of the early years of Modernism by critics like Humphrey (1954: 8), Bradbury (1995 (1976)), and Sultan (1987) and in the late nineteenth century by critics like Levitt (2006) and Lewis (2007). One of the most common presuppositions about the purported "inward turn"—seldom tested—is that the linguistic innovations of the Modernist period aided in the portrayal of the mental states of characters from a more systematic perspective. This article reviews the debates over differences between Realist and Modernist techniques of thought representation, and uses quantitative techniques to assess the extent to which there was linguistic and stylistic innovation in the representation of thought in the French novel before and during the "inward turn" of the
The Leokoreion in Athens

Few names in Athenian topography are so elusive as the Leokoreion. Its exact location is unknown, its appearance and character in doubt, its significance uncertain, and its very name obscure. Notices in ancient writers mention a t??e???, ?e??? (sometimes plural), delubrum, ?????, ????e??? and altars, and appear to place the Leokoreion at the northern edge of the Agora, perhaps near the northwest corner 1). Despite a recent attempt to identify the Leokoreion with a circular structure found in 1891 in the construction of the Athens-Piraeus railway, its precise location as well as its form must remain conjectural in the absence of further evidence 2). Can the name and significance of the Leokoreion be more profitably examined ?
Five roles for quality leadership in radiology.

INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, academic and private practice radiology groups have created quality leadership committees. The responsibilities of these committees range widely, from proactively improving patient safety and the quality of care to reactively ensuring compliance with the Joint Commission and other regulatory agencies. Yet little is known about what roles these committees should have and how they can optimally improve quality. In this column, we discuss the roles a quality committee should have and present a framework for those wishing to create such a committee. Quality improvement (QI) is best understood as a process supported by structures and technologies rather than an outcome. Neglecting the process can doom quality initiatives [1]. As such, QI efforts should include representatives from all staff members (stakeholders) who touch or influence the process. Each may have a unique perspective to identify and mitigate risks [1]. A multidisciplinary leadership approach can be an effective, and likely necessary, method for introducing QI programs [2-4]. The process of creating a quality program within an organization can be understood through the discipline of change management, which draws from the fields of psychology, sociology, and management. Using the lessons of change management, we build on the concept of multidisciplinary stakeholder involvement to define 5 essential roles for a robust radiology quality program. These 5 roles are key to the success of quality programs because each role addresses important aspects of the QI process and organizational change. Creating a framework of quality roles helps organize the QI process by defining and assigning responsibilities, managing the work, and creating accountability for improvements. Ultimately, this increases the probability that the QI program will realize its goals. Thus, a quality program should consider these roles and explicitly assign them to the stakeholders in the quality program. It is important to understand that these are roles, not individuals. One individual may fill multiple roles, or conversely, one role may be shared across individuals, depending on the quality program, scope, and circumstances. However, if any role were ignored, it would handicap the program.
Numerical study of a confined premixed laminar flame: Oscillatory propagation and wall quenching

Abstract Numerical predictions are shown for constant-volume laminar flame propagation in ozone/oxygen mixtures. Flame-generated pressure disturbances lead to pulsating flame velocities. The concept of burning velocity is discussed; a conservative estimate is shown to be a factor of two greater than the steady-state value for the example case considered. Flame quenching at an adiabatic boundary involves oscillations in internal structure. Quenching at a cold boundary is dominated by heat loss which suppresses the flame velocity pulsations and eventually forces the flame to retreat.
Cocaine decreases uteroplacental blood flow in the rat

Abstract Although cocaine administration reduces blood flow to the fetus in the pregnant ewe, the effects of cocaine on uterine and placental blood flow in the pregnant rat have not been adequately documented. The current study tested the hypothesis that cocaine decreased uterine and placental blood flow in awake and freely moving pregnant rats 17 min following gastric intubation. Blood flow was determined using [ 14 C]iodoantipyrine in pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats 1 day prior to parturition. On the day of the experiment, rats were intubated with either 60 mg/kg cocaine or the vehicle and 17 min later infused i.v. with 75 μCi [ 14 C]iodoantipyrine. Ten arterial blood samples were taken over 1 min through a femoral arterial catheter placed on the previous day. At 1 min the animal was decapitated and the entire uterus rapidly removed and frozen. After processing for autoradiography, the amounts of radioactivity in the tissues were determined by computerized image analysis. The results show that cocaine reduced blood flow in the uterus by 27% and decreased blood flow in the placenta by 30%. While cocaine reduced the total amount of iodoantipyrine reaching the fetus, the distribution of tracer within the fetus did not appear to be altered by cocaine. Maternal blood pressure and heart rate decreased by 5% and 13% respectively (paired t -test), while maternal and fetal blood gases were not altered. These data indicate that acute cocaine administration reduces uteroplacental blood flow in the rat. The duration of this effect and whether these decreases are sufficient to produce neurobehavioral changes in the offspring remain to be determined.
Evanescent-coupling fiber optic pollution monitoring system using etched D-shape E-core fiber

Surface contamination of insulators in high voltage transmission and distribution systems may lead to troublesome flashovers which interrupt service. Insulator contamination may be monitored using direct measurement of equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD), which directly relates to the flashover voltage. A fiber-optic evanescent- coupling fiber-optic ESDD monitor is presented. The use of a piece of D-shape E-core fiber as sensor head can provide a sensitive and large area ESDD monitoring system. We have demonstrated the use of D-shape fiber in monitoring ESDD on insulator surfaces. A simple process has been developed to precisely etch the D-fiber. The polarimetric and evanescent loss sensors have been investigated. The evanescent loss sensor is particularly suitable for in-situ ESDD monitoring in power transmission lines and substations.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of the pallidum in the formation of different types of adaptive behavior.

1. It can be concluded from the dynamics of EP that the character of involvement of the pallidum and cortical areas O2, OP, Prc1, and Pc3 in functionally united systems of brain structures (central integration) depends on the presence of a motor component in goal-directed activity. 2. The process whereby a photic stimulus becomes indifferent is not connected with the formation of a motor skill. In this case the parieto-occipital association areas of the neocortex are among the leading components of the system of brain structures concerned, whereas involvement of the pallidum in central integration is functionally less important. 3. The formation of a motor skill is accompanied by the following variants of dynamics of pallido-cortical interrelations. The parieto-occipital association areas of the neocortex gradually lose their dominant role and the relative importance of the motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex in central integration is increased. Involvement of the pallidum in central integration during the period when the photic stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus is probably determined by the introduction of afferentation from the electrically stimulated limb. During the formation and stabilization of the local motor response the bioelectrical characteristics of the pallidum are evidence of its role in the formation of adaptive motor programs; functional connection of the pallidum with the motor and somatosensory areas of the neocortex can be traced.
Toward the indirect measurement of perceived auditory distance

In previous research on perceived auditory distance, simple verbal reports have often been used, because alternative measurement procedures were limited. This research has explored the question of whether Gogel’s “indirect” methods (for measuring visually perceived distance) could also measure auditory distance. Observers described the apparent horizontal alignment of two sound sources, presented either with the head stationary or before and after a lateral head movement. Room reverberation was manipulated in an effort to generate the sorts of errors in perceived distance that were necessary to test the predictions. Although consistent underperception occurred effectively when reverberation was low, the corresponding condition of overperception was not produced by the use of a highly reflective room. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, the present data were consistent with those predicted from Gogel’s analysis of the consequences of errors in perceived distance. The development of an indirect measure of auditory distance appears feasible.
Membrane characteristics, permeability parameters, and frictional coefficients for cuprophane.

The transport of aqueous urea, glucose, and sucrose through the cellulose membrane, Curophane, is described in terms of permeation and frictional coefficients. As for other cellulose materials, hydraulic flow for Cuprophane is predominantly of a capillary nature. While Cuprophane is relatively selective, reflecting more of these solutes than most other cellulose membranes, the observed flow rates through this very thin membrane are quite high. These permeation properties for Cuprophane are accommodated by the frictional description of membrane transport. The data are discussed and compared with other available data on related cellulose systems.
Patterns of extinction of a detection-indicating response under escape-avoidance reinforcement

Rats conditioned to avoid .40 mA shock achieved asymptotic performance at about 80 per cent avoidance. Reducing shock to .25 mA resulted in a drop to about 60 per cent. Under .40 and .25 mA, essentially all unavoided shocks were terminated by an escape response. Reducing the shock from .40 to .10 mA resulted in rapid and complete extinction of both the avoidance and the escape response.
Childhood obesity and insulin-resistant syndrome

Childhood obesity has become a national concern, health threat, and is increasing at an alarming rate. Obesity is associated with many comorbidities that last into adulthood. Insulin-resistant syndrome (IRS) is developing in growing numbers of obese children. Pediatric nurses play a unique and important role in identifying which children are at risk for obesity and IRS. This article gives current information on what tools to use, how to identify those children, and the interventions needed.
Effect of ammonium chloride on receptor-mediated uptake of diphtheria toxin by Vero cells

Abstract The mechanism of NH 4 Cl-mediated protection of Vero cells from diphtheria toxin was studied. In the presence of protective concentrations of NH 4 Cl, Vero cells bound, internalized, and degraded radiolabeled diphtheria toxin at the same rate and to the same extent as did the control cells. However, in experiments where specific antibody was added to NH 4 Cl-treated cells, a fraction of potentially lethal toxin molecules was maintained in a position accessible to antibody neutralization. This suggests the existence of two processing mechanisms for diphtheria toxin: a non-productive bulk degradation pathway and a productive NH 4 Cl-sensitive pathway by which active fragment is eventually delivered to the cytoplasm.
Mathematical Models of Stiffness Nonuniformity and Run‐out Effects as Measured on a Low Speed Nonuniformity Machine

Abstract Two types of tire nonuniformity seem to be mainly responsible for the radial force variation of a slowly rolling tire as measured on a nonuniformity machine: radial stiffness variation around the structure and roundness nonuniformity, also called run‐out. The purpose of this paper is to present mathematical models representing either of these variations. The models assume that the natural frequencies and modes of the uniform tire are available, and expresses the effects of the nonuniformities in terms of these uniform modes. The method presented can be used to distinguish between stiffness and geometric nonuniformities.
LIFE‐HISTORY EVOLUTION IN GUPPIES (POECILIA RETICULATA) 6. DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY AS A MECHANISM FOR NATURAL SELECTION

We have previously reported a correlation between the life-history patterns of guppies and the types of predators with which they coexist. Guppies from localities with an abundance of large predators (high predation localities) mature at an earlier age and devote more resources to reproduction than those found in localities with only a single, small species of predator (low predation localities). We also found that when guppies were introduced from a high to low predation locality, the guppy life history evolved to resemble what was normally found in this low predation locality. The presumed mechanism of natural selection is differences among localities in age/size-specific mortality (the age/size-specific mortality hypothesis); in high predation localities we assumed that guppies experienced high adult mortality rates while in the low predation localities we assumed that guppies experienced high juvenile mortality rates. These assumptions were based on stomach content analyses of wild-caught predators and on laboratory experiments. Here, we evaluate these assumptions by directly estimating the mortality rates of guppies in natural populations. We found that guppies from high predation localities experience significantly higher mortality rates than their counterparts from low predation localities, but that these higher mortality rates are uniformly distributed across all size classes, rather than being concentrated in the larger size classes. This result appears to contradict the predictions of the age/size-specific predation hypothesis. However, we argue, using additional data on growth rates and the probabilities of survival to maturity in each type of locality, that the age-specific mortality hypothesis remains plausible. This is because the probability of survival to first reproduction is very similar in each type of locality, but the guppies from high predation localities have a much lower probability of survival per unit time after maturity. We also argue for the plausibility of two other mechanisms of natural selection. These results thus reveal mortality patterns that provide a potential cause of natural selection, but expand, rather than narrow, the number of possible mechanisms responsible for life-history evolution in guppies.
Constraining axion dark matter with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

a b s t r a c t We show that Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) significantly constrains axion-like dark matter. The axion acts like an oscillating QCD θ angle that redshifts in the early Universe, increasing the neutron-proton mass difference at neutron freeze-out. An axion-like particle that couples too strongly to QCD results in the underproduction of
A longitudinal "teaching-to-teach" curriculum for psychiatric residents.

Psychiatric residents’ self-reported confidence levels related to teaching medical students were assessed before and after a five-part teaching seminar series. Five 1-hour seminars on teaching medical students in the psychiatry clerkship were presented to second postgraduate year (PGY-2) residents. Topics included how to teach psychiatric interviewing, the mental status exam, case formulation, giving feedback, and evaluating student work. Residents were surveyed before and after the seminar series to assess their levels of confidence to teach specific skills. A greater percentage of PGY-2 residents rated themselves as “very confident” in teaching and providing feedback to medical students after the seminar series than before the series. The greatest increases were seen in confidence to teach interviewing skills, the mental status exam, psychiatric formulation, and to evaluate student work. A specific how-to-teach curriculum helped improve PGY-2 resident confidence for teaching medical students during the psychiatry clerkship.
Accurate prediction of nodal status in preoperative patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using next-gen nanoparticle.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess lymphotropic nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LNMRI) in identifying malignant nodal involvement in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 13 patients with known or high index of suspicion of pancreatic cancer and who were scheduled for surgical resection. Protocols included T2*-weighted imaging before and after administration of Ferumoxytol (Feraheme) for the evaluation of lymph node involvement. Eleven of the 13 patients underwent a Whipple procedure and lymph node dissection. Nodes that lacked contrast uptake were deemed malignant, and those that demonstrated homogeneous uptake were deemed benign. RESULTS: A total of 264 lymph nodes were resection, of which 17 were malignant. The sensitivity and specificity of LNMRI was 76.5% and 98.4% at a nodal level and 83.3% and 80% at a patient level. CONCLUSION: LNMRI demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Low Temperature Routes to Cordierite-Like Ceramics using Chemical Processing

The reaction of SiO2 with basic magnesium compounds, in the presence of excess ethylene glycol, provides access to the hexacoordinate silicate complex, MgSi(OCH2CH2O)3. Alkali metal hydroxides provide access to pentacoordinate silicates of the type M2Si2(OCH2CH2O)5, where M = Li, Na, K, and Cs. Alumina also reacts with alkali metal hydroxides and ethylene glycol to give compounds of the type MAI(OCH2CH2O)2. HCl neutralization of the alkali metal silicates and aluminates provides the neutral metal glycolates of Si and Al. Stoichiometrically correct mixtures of these complexes form homogeneous, cordierite precursor solutions that are potentially useful for forming films, fibers and membranes of cordierite. These polymer-like materials can be heated directly in air to generate first α-cordierite and then µ-cordierite. Hydrolysis and condensation reactions, which occur in sol-gel processing, are not required. The phase transformations and chemical changes that occur during pyrolytic transformation of the preceramic materials to their target ceramic products were characterized. Methods developed during the course of these studies led to the development of heating schedules wherein well crystallized g.-cordierite could be formed at 850 °C.
College Students' Perspectives, Goals, and Strategies in Sport Education

We examined the perspective, goals, and strategies of students enrolled in collegiate physical education courses. Our aim was to determine the extent to which a model developed by Allen (1986) describing student-social systems in high schools would approximate those in a collegiate setting. Forty-six students from two elective volleyball classes completed online surveys and participated in group interviews. It was determined that while specific parts of the original model were appropriate for describing college students' agendas for physical education, participation in the Sport Education model provided a more complimentary (in contrast to adversarial) link between the students' quest for good grades and their socializing strategies. A more appropriate model is presented.
From Gold to Manioc: Contraband Trade in Brazil during the Golden Age, 1700–1750

In 1734, Lord Tyrawley, the long-serving British envoy to the Kingdom of Portugal, complained about the notorious practice of ‘running’ Brazilian gold in Lisbon harbor by British ships: There is no...
EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE ON CIRCULATING THYROID HORMONE

ABSTRACT A study was made to determine the effects of estrogen and androgen on circulating thyroid hormone. Administration of estrogen to athyrotic patients receiving adequate replacement therapy resulted in an increase in the level of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), indicating that a functioning thyroid gland is not necessary for this effect. The increase in PBI concentration was greater in patients treated with thyroxine than in those treated with desiccated thyroid. Estrogen caused no elevation of the PBI level in hypothyroid patients receiving inadequate replacement therapy in whom the thyroxine-binding capacity of the serum was already increased. Estrogen also caused a prolongation of the thyroxine survival time (from 6.9 to 10.6 days, average), indicating a decreased rate of peripheral disposal of thyroxine. According to current information, the administration of estrogen results in: 1) an increase in the thyroxine-binding capacity of serum, 2) an increase in the concentration of PBI, 3) a decreas...
Transient times in enzyme and coupled enzyme systems

Abstract The transient time, or lag time, for an enzyme system which is approaching the steady state is formulated in a general way for any ordered-sequence system comprising any number of coupled systems. The transient time in such a case is always the sum of the transient times of the component systems. The transient time is generally expressed in terms of the kinetic parameters of the system and in terms of the relaxation times of the transient system.
Induction Thermocoagulation: Thermal Response and Lesion Size

A model has been formulated for the thermal and biological response of tissue to the thermocoagulation method of stereotactic surgery. The model has been solved numerically for the temperature distribution in the tissue around an implanted cylindrical thermoseed as a function of time during and after induction heating. The tissue thermal damage has been quantified and lesion size has been predicted as a function of thermoseed operating parameters. The results provide the clinician with an approximate indication of the thermal insult and suggest that the region of coagulative necrosis becomes less sharply defined with increasing thermoseed temperature and heating time.
The Long-Term Clinical Impact of Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer 5 or More Years After Radical Prostatectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: Information regarding the clinical impact of delayed (5 years or greater) biochemical failure (BF) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is lacking. We undertook an investigation to differentiate the innocuous recurrence of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) from that which heralds an eventual clinical failure (CF), and to determine if there is a period following RP when a patient is cured of clinical disease.Materials and Methods: Men with clinically localized prostate cancer (PCA) undergoing RP (1987 to 1995) were identified from our longitudinal PCA registry. Outcome measurements were based on the detection of post-RP serum PSA 0.4 ng/ml or greater, clinical identification of cancer recurrence and disease related death.Results: Following RP in 3,903 eligible men, 33% had a detectable PSA (median followup 8.8 years). Of these BFs 27% occurred after 5 or more disease-free years. Currently, 29% of all men with BF have clinical evidence of PCA, with 8% dying of PCA (median actuarial survival...
A Neo-Sex Chromosome That Drives Postzygotic Sex Determination in the Hessian Fly ( Mayetiola destructor )

Two nonoverlapping autosomal inversions defined unusual neo-sex chromosomes in the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor). Like other neo-sex chromosomes, these were normally heterozygous, present only in one sex, and suppressed recombination around a sex-determining master switch. Their unusual properties originated from the anomalous Hessian fly sex determination system in which postzygotic chromosome elimination is used to establish the sex-determining karyotypes. This system permitted the evolution of a master switch (Chromosome maintenance, Cm) that acts maternally. All of the offspring of females that carry Cm-associated neo-sex chromosomes attain a female-determining somatic karyotype and develop as females. Thus, the chromosomes act as maternal effect neo-W's, or W-prime (W') chromosomes, where ZW' females mate with ZZ males to engender female-producing (ZW') and male-producing (ZZ) females in equal numbers. Genetic mapping and physical mapping identified the inversions. Their distribution was determined in nine populations. Experimental matings established the association of the inversions with Cm and measured their recombination suppression. The inversions are the functional equivalent of the sciarid X-prime chromosomes. We speculate that W' chromosomes exist in a variety of species that produce unisexual broods.
A precision, active, table-leveling system.

An automatic feedback table-leveling system has been in operation since March 1965 at Stanford University. A granite block is provided with means for manually setting any tilt angle in a ±0.5° range, and fine electromechanical tilting of ±5 arcsec about this setting. Electromechanical tilting is accomplished by an actuator consisting of a solenoid-type electromagnet applying up to a 20% bias force to a calibrated table support spring. Several devices were used for measuring the angle of the table surface to local level. The level sensor outputs may be electrically biased to obtain any table angle within the range of the actuators. A resolution of < 0.05 arcsec has been achieved. Long-term stability for periods of 12 hr ranged between 0.1 and 0.5 arcsec. The system and the instrumentation for evaluating it are described. Examples of performance data are given.
Delineating the Reality of Flood Risk and Loss in Southeast Texas

AbstractAlthough the 100-year floodplain is the traditional indicator of risk from flooding and a catalyst for mitigation decisions in the United States, increasing evidence indicates that this boundary is not sufficient in representing actual economic losses caused by floods. Although studies have demonstrated that up to 50% of losses occur outside floodplain boundaries, as of this writing it is believed little or no research has been conducted on the precise spatial characteristics of these losses or offers an alternative approach for depicting flood exposure at the local level. This perceived lack of inquiry is addressed by spatially examining the pattern of insured flood loss within the Clear Creek watershed near Houston as a first step in better understanding the relationship between floodplain boundaries and actual loss. First, property damage claims are mapped under the National Flood Insurance Program over an 11-year period from 1999 to 2009 and then these points of loss are analyzed in relation t...
Job Satisfaction of Nurse Executives in Rehabilitation and Acute Care Hospitals

The purpose of this study was to compare the reported level of job satisfaction of nurse executives in rehabilitation hospitals with that of nurse executives in acute care hospitals. The findings revealed that nurse executives in rehabilitation were more satisfied than their acute care counterparts in areas related to promotion, supervision, and relationships with coworkers. The rehabilitation nurse executives were less satisfied than the acute care group in the areas of pay and the work itself.
Data selection in a minimal hypothesis testing task

Abstract Two different, unidentified, binomial populations were described to subjects, who had the task of identifying which was which. They were given a sample from one population and asked whether they wanted a second sample from the same or the other population. This task has the non-obvious property that, given equal priors, there is no case where the optimal selection strategy is to select the second sample from the other population, and, depending on the distributions of the two populations, there are some cases where it is optimal to sample from the same population. Out of 594 subjects, more than five times as many preferred the second sample from the same population as from the other population, although they had no apparent insight that this was the correct solution to the task. The responses are similar to those exhibited in situations in which the optimal strategy is to select data from an alternative data source (e.g., the ‘pseudodiagnosticity’ paradigm). It is argued that the subjects' behavior in this task, and other, normatively different tasks, is a manifestation of the same mechanism; a tendency to test hypotheses in a serial fashion, by focusing attention on (and sampling data relevant to) one hypothesis at a time.
Promoting Reflection in Teacher Preparation Programs: A Multilevel Model.

Teacher reflection has been promoted as a necessary tool for educators to sustain responsive instructional practices. A variety of approaches for integrating inquiry into teaching and reflection in practice emerged from extensive and intensive efforts to reform teacher preparation programs. Based on those conceptualizations, a three-level model of reflection for preservice students was developed and is described. The scaffold levels include technical reflection involving a critique of lesson development and delivery, a deliberative level involving interactive journal writing and video-based analysis, and critical reflection involving topical discussion during seminars. Specific examples and discussion guides are presented, and recommendations for special education teacher preparation programs are offered.
The structural stability of the market model after the Three Mile Island accident

Abstract This article examines the stability of alpha and beta in the market model resulting from the Three Mile Island accident. The data consist of weekly returns on 70 utility stocks. Both a dummy variable test and the Fisher F statistics are utilized to test for stability. In addition to the individual stocks, the 70 utilities are partitioned into two portfolios for the test—nuclear and non-nuclear. The main conclusions are 1) for the non-nuclear portfolio, no change is observed; 2) for the nuclear portfolio, alpha fell and beta rose—the impact, however, is transitory and insignificant; and 3) the behavior of the residuals suggests that the result is consistent with an efficient market.
Towards an Integrative Model of Loyalty Formation: The Role of Quality and Value

Researchers have noted the utility of the Investment Model in explaining the formation of loyalty. This study extends the Investment Model in a leisure service context by including two additional constructs of quality and value. Quality and value are proposed as antecedents of satisfaction, with their effects on loyalty mediated by satisfaction. Results from an online panel survey of American cruise passengers support these hypotheses. The study provides a model of loyalty building that may shed new insight on loyalty research.
Distributed interacting multipattern data association for multiplatform target tracking

A distributed interacting multipattern data association tracking algorithm is developed in this paper. Multipattern data association is based on a novel approach for tracking multiple targets using multiple patterns extracted from measurement sequences. A Markov chain controls the switching behavior of multipatterns, which allows an interacting operation of multipatterns. To save the communication bandwidth, the distributed interacting multipattern data association tracking algorithm is based on exchanges of combined target tracks, which creates a unique difficulty in developing an optimal fusion algorithm. The difficulty is overcome by developing equivalent platform and global models which then propagate the fused tracks needed for the distributed fusion algorithm.
The localism principle under stress

Recent developments in media technology have led some within the communications policy field to question traditional approaches to localism and its continued viability as a meaningful policy principle. In response to this potential turning point, this paper explores the underlying rationales for localism and examines the principle’s relevance in an era when media technologies are less restrained by geographic barriers. In terms of its underlying rationales, it is clear that the principle need not be entirely abandoned. The traditional “spatial” conceptualizations and applications of the localism principle still have relevance. If it can be expanded to account for alternative definitions of community, the principle will remain an important principle for communications policymakers and policy analysts.
The SIVmac239 Pr55Gag isoform, SIV p43, suppresses proteolytic cleavage of Pr55Gag

In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) the gag gene encodes the precursor polyprotein Pr55Gag, which is cleaved by the viral protease to produce the major structural proteins. Recently, it has been shown that HIV and SIV gag RNAs contain internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) that mediate translation of Pr55Gag [Pr57Gag in HIV type 2 (HIV-2)] isoforms. Previously, we demonstrated that SIVmac239 p43(-), a mutant that does not express the Pr55Gag isoform, SIV p43, replicates more efficiently than wild-type (WT) SIVmac239 in cell culture. In this study, we characterize SIVmac239 p43(-) virion production and demonstrate that, in the absence of SIV p43, cleavage of Pr55Gag is increased in budded virions, resulting in a higher percentage of mature particles. Additionally, intracellular cleavage of Pr55Gag is increased in SIVmac239 p43(-), suggesting that SIV p43 suppresses premature cleavage of Pr55Gag by the viral protease.
The Role of Motivation on Strengthening Teacher Identity: Emerging Themes

Abstract The authors explore the role of motivation in the development of teacher identity. The convenience sample of education majors enrolled in four sections of required educational psychology class during Fall 2002 completed a pre/post-course survey. A review of the content of their responses using the constant comparative method resulted in the identification of generative themes. These themes were discussed in relation to recent research on factors that influence the development of teacher identity. The authors propose a model derived from a metacognitive framework for facilitating the development of a professional teacher identity and discuss implications for teacher education research and practice.
Motivating Factors of Nontraditional Post-Baccalaureate Students Pursuing Initial Teacher Licensure

This study examines the motivating factors that prompted post-baccalaureate students to change careers and to pursue an initial teaching license. Researchers collected survey data from 346 nontraditional teaching candidates who were part of either an initial licensure master's degree program or a statewide nontraditional licensure program. Results indicated that most candidates chose to enter the education profession for noble causes such as the opportunity to share their love for learning or to make a difference in society or students' lives. More pragmatic motivators were also noted such as a need for a career change or the perceived benefits of the teaching career. Findings from this study have provided insights for program coordinators to recruit and support prospective and current candidates on the realities of the teaching profession.
PrPc mRNA, but not PrPSc is found in the salivary glands of scrapie-infected sheep

Transmission studies in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) have become increasingly important due to the possible transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans resulting in new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. The horizontal transmission of scrapie, a TSE of sheep, is poorly understood. Possible sources of horizontal transmission are the submandibular and parotid salivary glands. TSEs like natural sheep scrapie are characterized by the conversion of a normal protease sensitive prion protein, PrP(c), to an abnormal protease resistant prion protein, PrP(Sc). Since the presence of PrP(Sc) is an indicator of disease, the salivary glands of scrapie-infected sheep were examined for the presence of PrP(Sc). Although PrP(c) mRNA was detected in the salivary glands, PrP(Sc) was not found in the salivary glands of scrapie-infected sheep. These data suggest that the salivary glands are unlikely sources of horizontal transmission of natural sheep scrapie.
Suggested Standard Forms for Certain Real Hadamard Matrices

Any Hadamard matrix constructed by methods of R. E. A. C. Paley can be converted easily by one or two elementary matrix operations to a form sharing at least four desirable properties with standard forms of Walsh matrices: symmetry, zero trace, normal form, and the same number of 1's as −1's in every row and column except the 0th row and 0th column.
Detailed selection rules and herzberg-teller theory for two-photon absorption in molecules having D2h and D6h symmetry: Particularly naphthalene and benze in the solid state

Abstract A detailed analysis of the Herzberg-Tellere effects expected in the two-photon spectra of D 2h and D 6h molecules fixed in space is presented. The results are expected to be applicable to naphthalene and benzene moderate resolution two-photon spectra.
The cerebral endothelium during pregnancy: a potential role in the development of eclampsia.

The authors investigated the influence of pregnancy on cerebral endothelial cell permeability in response to an acute elevation in intravascular pressure that caused forced dilatation of myogenic tone. Third-order branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were dissected from nonpregnant (NP) and late-pregnant (LP, days 19 to 20) Sprague-Dawley rats and mounted on glass cannulas in an arteriograph chamber that allowed control over intravascular pressure and measurement of both diameter and permeability to fluorescent dextran (3000 Da). Permeability was determined at 75 mm Hg and after a step increase in pressure to 200 mm Hg. The extent of pinocytosis and transcellular transport in response to pressure was evaluated separately in the same groups of animals at 75 and 200 mm Hg using transmission electron microscopy. All arteries developed myogenic tone at 75 mm Hg that was lost when pressure was increased to 200 mm Hg to cause forced dilatation. The increased pressure caused a significant increase in ...
Corporate Ethics and Compliance Programs: A Report, Analysis and Critique

This research reports on the current state of ethics and compliance programs among business organizations in the United States. Members of the Ethics and Compliance Officers Association (ECOA), the premier professional association for managers working in this field, were asked to provide in-depth responses to a series of questions covering various elements of their corporate ethics and compliance programs. The findings from this analysis indicate that ethics and compliance programs have multiple components that are implemented developmentally, are influenced by regulatory and legal efforts and have evolved into more sophisticated approaches that include risk assessment and employee performance appraisal. However, these programs remain vulnerable to sufficient resource allocation by the organization to be fully effective.
WE‐D‐AUD‐02: Retrospective IMRT Dose Reconstruction Based On Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and the MLC Positional Log‐File Recorded During Treatment

Purpose: Most CBCTs performed nowadays are only used for setup correction. In reality, CBCT‐derived 3D patient model can also be used for dosereconstruction to reflect the delivered dose taking into account the inter‐fraction organ motion/deformation. The purpose of this work is to establish a methodology to reconstruct the delivered IMRTdose by using on‐treatment CBCTimages and the actual dynamic leaf positions recorded during the treatment.Method and Materials: A CT phantom with different inserts was scanned using planning CT (pCT) and CBCT, respectively, and the corresponding electron density calibration curves were established. Five head‐and‐neck (HN) patients were selected and, for each patient, three CBCT scans with the patient at his/her treatment positions were taken at different fractions during the course of radiation therapy. The target and organ contours were mapped from the pCT onto the co‐registered CBCT for DVH analysis. The actual leaf positions in IMRT delivery were recorded by the MLC workstation and the log‐files were retrieved to reconstruct the fluence maps for the corresponding treatment fraction. The delivered dose was then obtained using the reconstructed fluence maps and the CBCT data, and the results were compared to the original pCT‐based treatment plan. Results: A retrospective dosereconstruction procedure has been implemented and applied to 5 HN cases. For cases in which the tumor shrinkage is not obvious, the reconstructed and planned doses are consistent to within 3% in high dose region. The DVHs of the target and other organs do not have significant differences. Large dosimetric changes (5–8%) were observed, however, for a case with tumor shrinkage, indicating the need for re‐planning or adaptive radiation therapy in this situation. Conclusion:IMRTdosereconstruction provides a powerful way to examine the actual patient dose delivery at a particular fraction and represents an essential step toward adaptive radiotherapy.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Regional Atmospheric Chemical Data Assimilation System for Environmental Surveillance

We report the progress of an ongoing effort by the Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA to build a prototype regional Chemical Analysis System (ARLCAS). The ARLCAS focuses on providing long-term analysis of the three dimensional (3D) air-pollutant concentration fields over the continental U.S. It leverages expertise from the NASA Earth Science Division-sponsored Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) for the state-of-science knowledge in atmospheric and data assimilation sciences. The ARLCAS complies with national operational center requirement protocols and aims to have the modeling system to be maintained by a national center. Meteorology and chemistry observations consist of land-, air- and space-based observed and quality-assured data. We develop modularized testing to investigate the efficacies of the various components of the ARLCAS. The sensitivity testing of data assimilation schemes showed that with the increment of additional observational data sets, the accuracy of the analysis chemical fields also increased incrementally in varying margins. The benefit is especially noted for additional data sets based on a different platform and/or a different retrieval algorithm. We also described a plan to apply the analysis chemical fields in environmental surveillance at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Long term control of food intake in the monkey.

Abstract Food and water intake and body weight changes were observed in a group of rhesus monkeys over periods as long as 7 years. Daily food and water consumption showed little within-animal variability while the inter-animal variability was large. The results are discussed within the context of the lipostatic theory of the control of food intake.