cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steroid hormone modulation of cAMP production in response to beta adrenergic receptor stimulation in genital tract myocytes.

β-Adrenergic receptor stimulation results in smooth muscle relaxation through activation of adenylyl cyclase and subsequent cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of steroid hormones (i.e. testosterone and hydrocortisone) onβ2-adrenergic receptors and their signal transduction in the DDT1 MF-2 genital tract myocyte. Radioligand binding studies demonstrated that these two steroid hormones produced a 70 to 80% increase in the density ofβ2-adrenergic receptors in these myocytes. Stimulation of theβ2-adrenergic receptors with isoproterenol resulted in a significant increase of cAMP in control myocytes; cells treated with testosterone for 24 h demonstrated a comparable response to isoproterenol, whereas hydrocortisone for 24 h resulted in a 50% greater cAMP response. In contrast to the response at 24 h, stimulation of myocytes after testosterone treatment for 48 h resulted in a cAMP response comparable to that seen in response to hydrocortisone at 24 h. Studies performed using theophylline demonstrated similar cAMP responses at 24 h between the control and testosterone-treated myocytes, thereby ruling out the possibility that the delayed increase of the cAMP response after testosterone was caused by stimulation of phosphodiesterase. Direct stimulation with forskolin resulted in greater cAMP production in the testosterone-treated myocytes compared to controls, thereby refuting the possibility that testosterone directly suppresses adenylyl cyclase activity at 24 h. These findings suggest that although both testosterone and hydrocortisone produce a twofold increase inβ2-adrenergic receptor density in the DDT1 myocytes,β2-adrenergic receptors expressed in response to hydrocortisone appear functional at 24 h resulting in increased cAMP production, whereas those expressed in response to testosterone require 48 h to demonstrate increased functional activity.
Leucocyte telomere length, genetic variants at the TERT gene region and risk of pancreatic cancer

Objective Telomere shortening occurs as an early event in pancreatic tumorigenesis, and genetic variants at the telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) gene region have been associated with pancreatic cancer risk. However, it is unknown whether prediagnostic leucocyte telomere length is associated with subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer. Design We measured prediagnostic leucocyte telomere length in 386 pancreatic cancer cases and 896 matched controls from five prospective US cohorts. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Matching factors included year of birth, cohort (which also matches on sex), smoking status, fasting status and month/year of blood collection. We additionally examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the TERT region in relation to pancreatic cancer risk and leucocyte telomere length using logistic and linear regression, respectively. Results Shorter prediagnostic leucocyte telomere length was associated with higher risk of pancreatic cancer (comparing extreme quintiles of telomere length, OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.78; p trend =0.048). Results remained unchanged after adjustment for diabetes, body mass index and physical activity. Three SNPs at TERT (linkage disequilibrium r 2 Conclusions Prediagnostic leucocyte telomere length and genetic variants at the TERT gene region were associated with risk of pancreatic cancer.
Therapeutic Fibrinolysis: How Efficacy and Safety Can Be Improved

Therapeutic fibrinolysis has been dominated by the experience with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), which proved little better than streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, endogenous fibrinolysis, using one-thousandth of the t-PA concentration, is regularly lysing fibrin and induced Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 patency in 15% of patients with acute myocardial infarction. This efficacy is due to the effects of t-PA and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). They are complementary in fibrinolysis so that in combination, their effect is synergistic. Lysis of intact fibrin is initiated by t-PA, and uPA activates the remaining plasminogens. Knockout of the uPA gene, but not the t-PA gene, inhibited fibrinolysis. In the clinic, a minibolus of t-PA followed by an infusion of uPA was administered to 101 patients with acute myocardial infarction; superior infarct artery patency, no reocclusions, and 1% mortality resulted. Endogenous fibrinolysis may provide a paradigm that is relevant for therapeutic fibrinolysis.
Social and Hashtag Commerce: “Order by Tweet”

In 2013 American Express introduced the use of “social” commerce for their card holders into Twitter using the notion of “Order by tweet:” transactions were initiated and confirmed within Twitter using unique hashtags. Shortly after American Express, in 2014, Amazon.com initiated their version of social commerce with #AmazonCart, where product requests were sent from Twitter to user’s carts in Amazon. These implementations were some of the first examples of social commerce actually executing transactions in the context of a social media platform. This paper examines the processes that were used and allows analysis of some of the strengths and limitations of the resulting approaches. In addition, the resulting case suggests a number of emerging issues within the context of the case setting
Variability in the course of the superficial temporal artery in man.

Abstract The temporal artery was investigated in 120 human cadavers using injection method. Division of the superficial temporal artery take place below the external acoustic meatus. The frontal ramus of the artery is larger than the parietal one.
How Feasible is Multiple Time Point Web-Based Data Collection with Individuals Experiencing Street Homelessness?

Three barriers investigators often encounter when conducting longitudinal work with homeless or other marginalized populations are difficulty tracking participants, high rates of no-shows for follow-up interviews, and high rates of loss to follow-up. Recent research has shown that homeless populations have substantial access to information technologies, including mobile devices and computers. These technologies have the potential both to make longitudinal data collection with homeless populations easier and to minimize some of these methodological challenges. This pilot study’s purpose was to test whether individuals who were homeless and sleeping on the streets—the “street homeless”—would answer questions remotely through a web-based data collection system at regular “follow-up” intervals. We attempted to simulate longitudinal data collection in a condensed time period. Participants (N = 21) completed an in-person baseline interview. Each participant was given a remotely reloadable gift card. Subsequently, weekly for 8 weeks, participants were sent an email with a link to a SurveyMonkey questionnaire. Participants were given 48 h to complete each questionnaire. Data were collected about life on the streets, service use, community inclusion, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors. Ten dollars was remotely loaded onto each participant’s gift card when they completed the questionnaire within the completion window. A substantial number of participants (67% of the total sample and 86% of the adjusted sample) completed at least seven out of the eight follow-up questionnaires. Most questionnaires were completed at public libraries, but several were completed at other types of locations (social service agencies, places of employment, relative/friend/acquaintance’s domiciles, or via mobile phone). Although some of the questions were quite sensitive, very few participants skipped any questions. The only variables associated with questionnaire completion were frequency of computer use and education—both positive associations. This pilot study suggests that collecting longitudinal data online may be feasible with a subpopulation of persons experiencing homelessness. We suspect that participant follow-up rates using web-based data collection methods have the potential to exceed follow-up rates using traditional in-person interviews. If this population of persons experiencing street homelessness can be successful with this method of data collection, perhaps other disenfranchised, difficult-to-track, or difficult-to-reach populations could be followed using web-based data collection methods. Local governments are striving to decrease the “digital divide,” providing free or greatly discounted wi-fi connectivity as well as mobile computer lab access to low-income geographic areas. These actions, in combination with increased smart phone ownership, may permit vulnerable populations to connect and communicate with investigators.
Diversity in the Outdoors: National Outdoor Leadership School Students’ Attitudes About Wilderness:

Outdoor experiential education (OEE) programs often cater to white, upper-class individuals. With major demographic shifts occurring in the United States, OEE organizations are confronting this imb...
Adsorption of Aromatic Decomposition Products from Phenyl-Containing Magnesium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Solutions

A series of solutions containing PhMgCl in THF solvent are examined electrochemically to investigate the adsorption of an electron-insulating layer. Solutions containing no additional salt, as well as those containing added MgCl2 or Al(OPh)3, show an initial anodic current response on a platinum working electrode poised between 2 and 4 V (vs Mg2+/0) followed by electrode passivation (minimal current on continued cycling) due to adsorption of aromatic polymer decomposition products on the platinum. On the other hand, PhMgCl–AlCl3 solutions do not demonstrate the adsorption of an aromatic species and show continuous electrolyte degradation. Once an adsorbed layer is formed, a significant increase in electrode impedance is observed (103 to 105 Ω) with no additional growth of the insulating film. A phenyl radical (Ph•) is deemed the culprit, as adding a phenyl anion source (Ph–) provides apparent 5 V (vs Mg2+/0) stability to nonpassivating electrolyte solutions. Through gel permeation chromatography, the adso...
Noninvasive Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease in Women

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality for women in the United States [1]. Annual population statistics continue to report a greater number of deaths from major cardiovascular diseases for women than men [2]. A recent update from the American Heart Association reported that a greater proportion of women die of sudden cardiac death than men [1]. When compared to men, more women have more heart failure and strokes after their first myocardial infarction. Approximately one third more women than men die in the hospital with an acute myocardial infarction. If they do leave the hospital, women die more often within 1 and 5 years of their first myocardial infarction as compared to men [1].
Analytical gradients for tensor hyper-contracted MP2 and SOS-MP2 on graphical processing units.

Analytic energy gradients for tensor hyper-contraction (THC) are derived and implemented for second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), with and without the scaled-opposite-spin (SOS)-MP2 approximation. By exploiting the THC factorization, the formal scaling of MP2 and SOS-MP2 gradient calculations with respect to system size is reduced to quartic and cubic, respectively. An efficient implementation has been developed that utilizes both graphics processing units and sparse tensor techniques exploiting spatial sparsity of the atomic orbitals. THC-MP2 has been applied to both geometry optimization and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The resulting energy conservation in micro-canonical AIMD demonstrates that the implementation provides accurate nuclear gradients with respect to the THC-MP2 potential energy surfaces.
Pengaruh Keterampilan Teknologi Terhadap Produktivitas Pada Subbagian Evaluasi dan Pengembangan SDM Dirjen Perhubungan Udara

In this era of technology and civilization is very advanced, demanding human resources (HR) are competent and have high morale in the role and function both individually and organizationally. Technology skills are already high and increasingly sophisticated information technology will not result in work productivity when they can not be used regularly and seriousness. For that conducted this study aimed to investigate the influence of technology, especially information technology skills to work productivity of employees, especially civil servants. The study took place at the Division of Evaluation and Development of Human Resources Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara Jakarta. By taking the population in that section to be sampled by the sampling frame is based on education and class of thirty three employees. The research method uses quantitative methods and data obtained through the questionnaire, and extensive observation in the study supported with documents to strengthen the research results. The results showed that the technological skills has an effect on work productivity of civil servants and Evaluation Division of Human Resources Development Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara.
Identifying Semantic Edit Intentions from Revisions in Wikipedia

Most studies on human editing focus merely on syntactic revision operations, failing to capture the intentions behind revision changes, which are essential for facilitating the single and collaborative writing process. In this work, we develop in collaboration with Wikipedia editors a 13-category taxonomy of the semantic intention behind edits in Wikipedia articles. Using labeled article edits, we build a computational classifier of intentions that achieved a micro-averaged F1 score of 0.621. We use this model to investigate edit intention effectiveness: how different types of edits predict the retention of newcomers and changes in the quality of articles, two key concerns for Wikipedia today. Our analysis shows that the types of edits that users make in their first session predict their subsequent survival as Wikipedia editors, and articles in different stages need different types of edits.
Can There Be Government House Reasons for Action

I defend the relatively orthodox view that reasons for action are premises in good practical reasoning, against recent counterexamples that suggest that, like “government house” moral justifications, some reasons are to be ignored in deliberation. I also explain, positively, what is right about the orthodoxy. Unless reasons are premises in good practical reasoning, reasons cannot be normative in the way they are usually taken to be, and relatedly, are unfit to play certain familiar theoretical and related everyday roles that give many appeals to reasons their distinctive point.
Pattern Formation in Large-Scale Networks with Asymmetric Connections

Abstract Two of the most common pattern formation mechanisms are Turing-patterning in reaction-diffusion systems and lateral inhibition of neighboring cells. In this paper, we introduce a broad dynamical model of interconnected cells to study the emergence of patterns, with the above mentioned two mechanisms as special cases. This model comprises modules encapsulating the biochemical reactions in individual cells, and interconnections are captured by a weighted directed graph. Leveraging only the static input/output properties of the subsystems and the spectral properties of the adjacency matrix, we characterize the stability of the homogeneous fixed points as well as sufficient conditions for the emergence of spatially non-homogeneous patterns. To obtain these results, we rely on properties of the graphs (bipartiteness, equitable partitions) together with tools from monotone systems theory. As application example, we consider pattern formation in neural networks to illustrate the practical implications of our results. Our results do not restrict the number of cells or reactants, and do not assume symmetric connections between two connected cells.
A binary gender analysis to bullying, dating violence, and attempted suicide: The disproportionate effect of depression and psychological harm

Abstract This study explored the link between four types of peer victimization (i.e., school bullying, cyber bullying, physical dating violence, and sexual dating violence) and suicide attempts using a nationally representative survey of high school students (N = 11,341). More specifically, this study examined gender differences in direct and indirect associations between different types of peer victimization, depression, and attempted suicide in a comprehensive path model. Results demonstrated that the effect size of “victim of school bullying” on suicide attempts among female students was greater than it was among male students, but the effect size of “victim of sexual dating violence” on suicide attempts among male students was greater than among female students. In addition, depression partially mediated the relationship between each type of peer victimization and suicide attempts for female students and male students. The indirect effects of “victim of school bullying” and “victim of sexual dating violence” on suicide attempts through the mediation of depression were greater among female students than they were among male students.
4 – Transmission Lines

This chapter deals with the explanation of transmission lines. A transmission line is a distributed circuit element. Unlike a conventional low-frequency circuit, the voltages and currents on a transmission line vary with longitudinal position because they experience a phase (or time) delay as the wave propagates from one end of the line to the other. A transmission line is used to transfer a signal from the generator to the load by guiding an electromagnetic (EM) wave between two conductors. This chapter is devoted to the fundamentals of frequency-domain analysis of transmission lines with an emphasis on physical concepts rather than detailed mathematical derivations. A distributed circuit model is employed to derive the transmission line equations, whose solution describes the wave behavior of voltages and currents along the line. This chapter considers an infinite line to emphasize the concepts of phase delay and spatial dependence, which account for the distributed nature of voltages and currents along a transmission line. The propagation characteristics of lossless and lossy lines are discussed, with the latter specialized to low-loss and distortionless cases. Properties of the standing waves along a terminated transmission line, such as impedance, reflection coefficient, voltage and current distribution, are discussed in detail. Mathematical expressions are derived for power flow, including power loss due to interference between incident and reflected waves on a lossy line and the condition of conjugate matching for maximum power transfer. Finally, the basic operations of the Smith chart to characterize standing waves on a terminated line are explained with an example.
Influence of H2O And CO2 on Melt and Fluid Chemistry in Subduction Zones

Volatiles can be transferred from slabs to wedge asthenosphere either by silicate melts of by hydrous fluids. Experiments defining the nature of these agents, and expected ratios of transported elements, are not well-constrained, especially for fluids. Phase equilibria of basaltic slab material and probable geotherms suggest that slabs devolatilize or melt, or both, at depths shallower than the average 136 km beneath arc fronts. Volatiles probably are transported into immediately overlying asthenosphere and then carried by flow beneath arcs. Simple addition of probable fluid to MORB or OIB-type asthenosphere cannot explain observed H2O and K2O to asthenosphere and more complicated histories of melt generation; the melts generated at 100–140 km beneath arcs bear little chemical relation to arc basalts. Volatiles thus must pass numerous “filters” before they emerge in arc volcanics.
From Engineering Science to Technoscience

This chapter argues that the development of engineering science which transformed technology by establishing a new interdependent relationship between science and technology was only the first step in the emergence of an even more radical transformation of the relationship between science and technology that would begin to occur in the second half of the twentieth century. The chapter argues that while technology became more similar to science during the eighteenth and nineteenth century during the twentieth century science became more similar to technology. This has resulted in erasing the boundaries between science and technology and the emergence of what some have called technoscience. The chapter concludes by arguing that the history of the rise of engineering science plays an important role in understanding technoscience.
Effect of light intensity on circadian profiles of melatonin, prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol in pigs.

Eleven crossbred barrows were housed in environmentally controlled rooms with an 8-h photoperiod. Pigs in one room received control illumination of 113 1x (CON; n = 6), and pigs in the other room received intense illumination of 1,783 1x (INT; n = 5) fluorescent light. Pigs were given at least 20 d of exposure to the environment before blood samples were taken every 3 h for 48 h. Data were analyzed by split-plot analysis of variance. Except for prolactin, no treatment x time interactions were noted for the hormone profiles evaluated (P greater than .10). Pigs in INT had greater (P less than .05) concentrations of prolactin in serum than pigs in CON at every sampling time. Concentrations of ACTH and cortisol in plasma were similar for INT (33.9 +/- 3.2 pg/mL of ACTH and 24.4 +/- 3.4 ng/mL of cortisol, respectively) and CON (34.9 +/- 3.0 pg/mL of ACTH and 31.3 +/- 3.1 ng/mL of cortisol, respectively). Within the INT treatment, serum melatonin concentrations were more than doubled (P less than .05) during darkness (66.8 +/- 9.3 pg/mL) compared with during light (30.4 +/- 9.3 pg/mL); however, within the CON treatment, concentrations during light and darkness did not differ (38.4 +/- 9.3 pg/mL and 42.9 +/- 9.3 pg/mL, respectively). Results indicate that light of greater intensity is required to entrain circadian rhythms of melatonin in serum of pigs. Furthermore, pigs may respond to bright light with greater secretion of prolactin, even under constant duration of photoperiod.
Spin Physics of Vector Meson Production at HERMES

The exclusive diffractive production of light vector mesons (ρ 0 and φ) in the intermediate energy region at moderate Q 2 is described. Double-spin asymmetries in the cross section for ρ 0 and φ mesons have been measured in electroproduction and quasi-real photoproduction on proton and deuterium targets. Moreover, spin density matrix elements have been determined for exclusive diffractive ρ 0 and φ production, which are compared to results obtained at higher energy. From these data the helicity transfer from the virtual photon to the vector mesons, the ratio of the longitudinal to transverse components of the production cross section, and a test of the s-channel helicity conservation have been obtained.
Occurrence in Utero, at Birth, and after Delivery

The cause of death from asphyxia is explained as a lack of oxygenation or insufficient oxygenation (hypoxia). If the asphyxia is prolonged and there is an inadequate blood supply to major organs, particularly the brain (ischemia), causing lesions in the brain and/or brain hemorrhage, then the baby affected by asphyxia is at particular risk. This can occur in intrauterine life, at the time of delivery, or shortly after delivery, affecting the newborn baby.
The Factual Belief Fallacy

This paper explains a fallacy that often arises in theorizing about human minds. I call it the Factual Belief Fallacy. The Fallacy, roughly, involves drawing conclusions about human psychology that improperly ignore the large background of mostly accurate factual beliefs people have. The Factual Belief Fallacy has led to significant mistakes in both philosophy of mind and cognitive science of religion. Avoiding it helps us better see the difference between factual belief and religious credence; seeing that difference in turn enables us to pose interesting normative questions about various mental states labeled “belief.”
A Red City Goes Green: The Renewable Energy Partnership of Georgetown, Texas and Southwestern University

Abstract Despite political division and slow progress on environmental issues at the national level, renewable energy has made significant gains in the United States in recent years. Much of this p...
Connectional heterogeneity in the mouse auditory corticocollicular system

Abstract The auditory cortex (AC) sends long-range projections to virtually all subcortical structures important for hearing. One of the largest and most complex of these - the projection between AC and inferior colliculus (IC, the corticocollicular pathway) - has attracted attention due to its potential to alter IC response properties. The corticocollicular pathway comprises a component originating from layer 5, but recent evidence suggests a significant contribution from deep layer 6, constituting 25% of corticocollicular neurons in mouse. The functions of layer-specific corticocollicular projections are poorly understood. Here, using a combination of tracers and in vivo imaging, we observed that layer 5 and layer 6 corticocollicular neurons differ in their cortical areas of origin, as well as IC termination patterns. Layer 5 corticocollicular neurons are concentrated in primary AC areas while layer 6 corticocollicular neurons emanate from broad auditory and non-auditory areas of temporal cortex. In addition, layer 5 projects to three IC subdivisions with axo-somatic terminals in the central nucleus, while layer 6 projects to non-central nuclei and targets the most superficial layers. These findings suggest that layer 5 corticocollicular neurons form a direct connection between primary AC and IC while the layer 6 projection is more diffusely organized and carries non-auditory information to modulate IC.
Efficient scalable thread-safety-violation detection: finding thousands of concurrency bugs during testing

Concurrency bugs are hard to find, reproduce, and debug. They often escape rigorous in-house testing, but result in large-scale outages in production. Existing concurrency-bug detection techniques unfortunately cannot be part of industry's integrated build and test environment due to some open challenges: how to handle code developed by thousands of engineering teams that uses a wide variety of synchronization mechanisms, how to report little/no false positives, and how to avoid excessive testing resource consumption. This paper presents TSVD, a thread-safety violation detector that addresses these challenges through a new design point in the domain of active testing. Unlike previous techniques that inject delays randomly or employ expensive synchronization analysis, TSVD uses lightweight monitoring of the calling behaviors of thread-unsafe methods, not any synchronization operations, to dynamically identify bug suspects. It then injects corresponding delays to drive the program towards thread-unsafe behaviors, actively learns from its ability or inability to do so, and persists its learning from one test run to the next. TSVD is deployed and regularly used in Microsoft and it has already found over 1000 thread-safety violations from thousands of projects. It detects more bugs than state-of-the-art techniques, mostly with just one test run.
Canonical Notch signaling functions as a commitment switch for intestinal epithelial cells.

1011 Development of colon cancer is driven by alterations in intestinal cell maturation, and therefore understanding mechanisms that regulate the balance among different cell lineages is critical to understanding intestinal tumorigenesis. Here, through isolation of intestinal epithelial cells as a function of their position along the crypt-villus axis (CVA), we report that active canonical Notch/Hes1 signaling in vivo marks the uncommitted, proliferative cells in the small intestine of the mouse, with Math1 showing complementary up-regulation as cells migrate along the CVA towards the intestinal lumen. Consistent with this pattern of in vivo expression, HES1 was down-regulated in both Caco-2 and HT29 Cl16E human colon carcinoma cell lines in culture during their spontaneous differentiation along the enterocyte and goblet cell lineages, respectively. In HT29 Cl16E cells, impaired activation of Notch receptors by treatment with 10 μM gamma-secretase led to cell cycle arrest at G1 and p21 promoter activation, and concomitant induction of expression of the MUC2 and TFF3 goblet cell markers. Conversely, the co-culture of HT29 Cl16E cells with mouse L fibroblasts engineered to express the Delta1 ligand, as well as infection with an adenovirus that expressed a constitutively active Notch1 receptor, repressed the expression of HATH1, MUC2 and TFF3 at the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was mediated by HATH1 since its targeted knock-down by specific siRNAs also inhibited MUC2 and TFF3 expression. Surprisingly, in Caco2 cells, the Notch/Hes1 signaling pathway also repressed enterocyte differentiation, as indicated by inhibition of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase isomaltase and liver fatty acid binding protein expression, all enterocyte specific markers. Of interest, HATH1 expression level was higher in HT29 Cl16E goblet-like cells than in Caco-2 absorptive cells and its transcripts were repressed upon sodium butyrate treatment, a physiological inducer of cell cycle arrest and absorptive cell differentiation. Our results suggest that Notch signaling is required to maintain both intestinal cell progenitors and colon cancer cells in a highly proliferative state, and provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal cell fate specification induced by Notch signaling, both key to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis.
The Application of Quality Improvement Methodologies to the Transformation of a Clinical Care Guideline (ccg) Program: Standardizing Standardization

Introduction Problem Description: The guideline development process is often time consuming, lacks structure, and leaves dissemination, implementation, and ongoing evaluation to already overburdened clinical teams. Available Knowledge: Guidelines are evidence-based recommendations intended to optimize care and decrease variation in practice. Standardized approaches to developing evidence based guidelines and measures exist, but concerns remain that they are difficult to use and time consuming to produce …
Sonar imaging surveys fill data gaps in forage fish populations in shallow estuarine tributaries

Abstract Forage fish are economically and ecologically important to many coastal marine ecosystems, but most forage fish species are not targeted in species-specific abundance surveys. In the Chesapeake Bay, Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), an important forage species for many upper-trophic level consumers, are sampled with beach seines and midwater trawls. There is evidence that these traditional fish sampling gears are insufficient for observing menhaden abundance and distribution, which may lead to biased and inaccurate indices of abundance. We suggest this is due to omitting or under-sampling shallow estuarine creeks and nearshore areas. We tested this hypothesis in the Patuxent River, Maryland and its surrounding shallow-water creeks, which are representative of many estuarine tributaries with varied bathymetry. Sonar imaging surveys were conducted using Adaptive Resolution Imaging Sonars (ARIS 1800 and 3000) and a generalized additive model was fit to the resulting data to model forage fish density. Results indicated that menhaden and other forage fish were present at significantly higher densities in shallow-water creeks than in deeper-water areas. Further, many forage fish were observed in creek habitats frequently omitted by both seines and trawls, suggesting that these survey designs may result in biased forage fish indices of abundance. Therefore, we recommend current forage fish surveys in the Chesapeake Bay, especially those with the intent of developing juvenile menhaden indices of abundance, be supplemented with hydroacoustic surveys in shallow waters to improve accuracy and reduce bias.
Evaluating Surgical Resection Extent and Adjuvant Therapy in the Management of Gliosarcoma.

Introduction Gliosarcomas are clinically aggressive tumors, histologically distinct from glioblastoma. Data regarding the impact of extent of resection and post-operative adjuvant therapy on gliosarcoma outcomes are limited. Methods Patients with histologically-confirmed gliosarcoma diagnosed between 1999 and 2019 were identified. Clinical, molecular, and radiographic data were assembled based on historical records. Comparisons of categorical variables used Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test while continuous values were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Survival comparisons were assessed using Kaplan-Meier statistics and Cox regressions. Results Seventy-one gliosarcoma patients were identified. Secondary gliosarcoma was not associated with worse survival when compared to recurrent primary gliosarcoma (median survival 9.8 [3.8 to 21.0] months vs 7.6 [1.0 to 35.7], p = 0.7493). On multivariable analysis, receipt of temozolomide (HR = 0.02, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.21) and achievement of gross total resection (GTR; HR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.77) were independently prognostic for improved progression-free survival (PFS) while only receipt of temozolomide was independently associated with extended overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.03, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.89). In patients receiving surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide, achievement of GTR was significantly associated with improved PFS (median 32.97 [7.1 to 79.6] months vs 5.45 [1.8 to 26.3], p = 0.0092) and OS (median 56.73 months [7.8 to 104.5] vs 14.83 [3.8 to 29.1], p = 0.0252). Conclusion Multimodal therapy is associated with improved survival in gliosarcoma. Even in patients receiving aggressive post-operative multimodal management, total surgical removal of macroscopic disease remains important for optimal outcomes.
PoCo: A Language for Specifying Obligation-Based Policy Compositions

Existing security-policy-specification languages allow users to specify obligations, but challenges remain in the composition of complex obligations, including effective approaches for resolving conflicts between policies and obligations and allowing policies to react to other obligations. This paper presents PoCo, a policy-specification language and enforcement system for the principled composition of atomic-obligation policies. PoCo enables policies to interact meaningfully with other policies' obligations, thus preventing unexpected and insecure behaviors that can arise from partially executed obligations or obligations that execute actions in violation of other policies.
Moral Rationalism and Moral Motivation

Several prominent philosophers believe that moral facts are facts about what reasons we have, and that this entails that moral judgments are necessarily and inherently motivating. According to this argument, if morality cannot move us, then it is hard to understand how it could be sensibly regarded as action-guiding or normative. That is, they endorse a traditional argument for motivational judgment internalism based on moral rationalism. This paper criticizes this argument, and argues instead that there is no necessary or conceptual connection between moral facts and motivation. First, I formulate MJI as the thesis that moral judgments are necessarily and inherently motivating, and introduced several refinements designed to accommodate some plausible exceptions to the initial formulation. I then introduce MR as the thesis that moral facts are identical with or analyzable in terms of facts about requirements of reason. MR is ambiguous between an interpretation that analyzes moral requirements in terms of motivating reasons, and is also subject to various possible refinements, and an interpretation that proceeds in terms of justifying reasons. Finally, I argue that neither interpretation entails any interesting or plausible formulation of MJI. If the argument of this paper are sound, then there is no important connection between moral rationalism and motivational internalism.
Autonomous mitigation of cyber risks in the Cyber–Physical Systems

Abstract The Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS) attacks and vulnerabilities are increasing and the consequences of such attacks can be catastrophic. The CPS needs to be self-resilient to cyber-attacks through a precise autonomous and timely risk mitigation model that can analyze and assess the risk of the CPS and apply a proper response strategy against the ongoing attacks. There is a limited amount of work on the self-protection of the cyber risks in the CPS. This paper contributes toward the need of advanced security approaches to respond against the attacks across the CPS in an autonomous way, with or without including a system administrator in the loop for troubleshooting based on the criticality of the CPS asset that can be protected, once the alert about a possible intrusion has been raised. To this end, this paper augments our existing security framework with an Autonomous Response Controller (ARC). ARC uses our quantitative Hierarchical Risk Correlation Tree (HRCT) that models the paths an attacker can traverse to reach certain goals and measures the financial risk that the CPS assets face from cyber-attacks. ARC also uses a Competitive Markov Decision Process (CMDP) to model the security reciprocal interaction between the protection system and the attacker/adversary as a multi-step, sequential, two-player stochastic game in which each player tries to maximize his/her benefit. The experiments’ results depict that the accuracy of ARC outperforms the traditional Static Intrusion Response System (S-IRS) by 43.61%. To experimentally test and validate ARC in real-time large-scale data, we run the Aurora attack to open the generator breaker in our testbed to create a cascading failure and voltage collapse. ARC was able to recover the CPS system and provide a timely response in less than 6 s. We compared the output of ARC against the current state of the art, the Suricata intrusion response system. ARC was able to mitigate the single line to ground (SLG) attacks and recover the CPS to its normal state in 122 s before Suricata does.
Effect of storage time and temperature on total calcium concentrations in bovine blood

Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH), a reduction in blood calcium concentrations without apparent clinical signs of milk fever, occurs in 25 to 50 % of early-postpartum dairy cows. Compared to their normocalcemic counterparts, these cows have an increased risk of subsequent disease developments, reduced milk production, and poorer reproductive performance. Due to the absence of an economical and accurate on-farm test, the mainstay of individual cow testing and herd-level monitoring is done through total calcium (tCa) analysis performed at regional laboratories or veterinary clinics. Due to practicality reasons, this often results refrigeration of whole blood for various lengths of time prior to centrifugation or prolonged storage of frozen plasma or serum. In order to provide bovine practitioners and researchers with the optimal method of handling samples for tCa testing, our objective was to examine the effect of storage time and temperature on tCa concentrations in bovine blood.
Landsat Surface Reflectance Validation Site Selection

An investigation was conducted to determine optimal locations within the continental United States for insitu measurements to validate the U.S. Landsat Analysis Ready Data (ARD) Surface Reflectance product. Site assessment involved analysis of aerosol optical depth, precipitable water vapor, land cover, cloud cover, and elevation models. Nineteen sites were selected for further month-by-month ranking to identify those sites most likely to capture simple or complex atmosphere.
Roles of bile acids in enteric virus replication

Bile acids (BAs) are evolutionally conserved molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol to facilitating the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. In the intestines, where enteric viruses replicate, BAs also act as signaling molecules that modulate various biological functions via activation of specific receptors and cell signaling pathways. To date, BAs present either pro-viral or anti-viral effects for the replication of enteric viruses in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we summarized current information on biosynthesis, transportation and metabolism of BAs and the role of BAs in replication of enteric caliciviruses, rotaviruses, and coronaviruses. We also discussed the application of BAs for cell culture adaptation of fastidious enteric caliciviruses and control of virus infection, which may provide novel insights into the development of antivirals and/or disinfectants for enteric viruses.
What's Law Got to Do with it?

The last decade and a half has seen rapid growth in intellectual property law scholarship that demonstrates the value of putting law on the edges, rather than the center, of scholarly analysis. Projects have addressed how factors like norms, community dynamics, emotions, and market forces affect creative and innovative behavior in creative communities and consider how we might take those interactions into account in crafting laws. This essay seeks to situate law in these communities' endeavors by reviewing Kate Darling and Aaron Perzanowski's book Creativity Without Law: Challenging the Assumptions of Intellectual Property (NYU Press, 2017). The review uses the book's essays as a jumping-off point to consider the role of formal intellectual property law in governing creative and innovative endeavors, concluding that law may influence not only what gets made, but also who makes it.
Kinetics of Gene Expression Changes in Equine Fetal Interzone and Anlagen Cells Over 14 Days of Induced Chondrogenesis.

Within developing synovial joints, interzone and anlagen cells progress through divergent chondrogenic pathways to generate stable articular cartilage and transient hypertrophic anlagen cartilage, respectively. Understanding the comparative cell biology between interzone and anlagen cells may provide novel insights into emergent cell-based therapies to support articular cartilage regeneration. The aim of this study was to assess the kinetics of gene expression profiles in these skeletal cell lines after inducing chondrogenesis in culture. Interzone and anlagen cells from seven equine fetuses were isolated and grown in a TGF-β1 chondrogenic inductive medium. Total RNA was isolated at ten time points (0h, 1.5h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 96h, 168h, and 336h), and gene expression for 93 targeted gene loci was measured in a microfluidic RT-qPCR system. Differential transcriptional responses were observed as early as 1.5 hours after the initiation of chondrogenesis. Genes with functional annotations that include transcription regulation responded to the chondrogenic stimulation earlier (1.5 – 96 hours) than genes involved in signal transduction (1.5 – 336 hours) and the extracellular matrix biology (3 – 336 hours). Between interzone and anlagen cell cultures, expression levels of 73 out of the 93 targeted genes were not initially different at 0h, but 47 out of the 73 genes became differentially expressed under the chondrogenic stimulation. While interzone and anlagen cells are both chondrogenic, they display clear differences in response to the same TGF-β1 chondrogenic stimulation. This study provides new molecular insight into a timed sequence of the divergent developmental fates of interzone and anlagen cells in culture over 14 days.
Volatility spillover among sector equity returns under structural breaks

Recent evidence suggests that ignoring structural breaks in volatility in financial asset returns can result in overestimation of volatility spillover among markets. This paper examines volatility spillover among major US equity sectors (i.e. Financial, Technology, Energy, Health, Consumer and Industrial) with bivariate GARCH models utilizing daily data from April 2006 to March 2021 after adjusting for volatility breaks. I find significantly less volatility spillover between sector returns after adjusting for detected volatility breaks into a bivariate GARCH model. I also show that after adding volatility breaks into a model the estimated hedge ratios change significantly and show considerably less variability over time, which can result in substantial savings in portfolio rebalancing costs.
The Social, Political, and Economic Factors Influencing Student Success: A Case Study of a Bay Area Community College

As the largest higher education system in the nation, with 112 campuses serving 2.1 million students, California Community Colleges have a profound voice in influencing the success of students and the education system as a whole. The Student Success Task Force’s 22 recommendations seek to restructure the California Community College System to be better in advancing students through the system and achieving the students’ goal of transferring to a four year institution, graduating from an associate degree, and/or completing a certificate program. This study is a case study that seeks to, first, understand the nature of operation a college in the Bay Area, CA and the reciprocal relationship between faculty, administration, and students, and, second, to identify the unique factors that influence student success. By deconstructing the term student success by interviewing the 3 main groups of individuals and using a holistic approach to understand how the needs of students are realized. By examining recent literature surrounding the community college topic, this paper will illuminate the work that has been done by other scholars on student success and see if the conclusions of said articles can be applied more practically to a Bay Area Community College. This article also reports from the findings of 60 interviews of administrators, faculty, and students to identify the issues pertaining to student success. The assumption of this study is that a Bay Area community college can implement additional policies and programs to better prepare their students for their future plans. This study concludes with various conclusions drawn from the literature and interviews that will greatly increase the quality of education given to students and ultimately promote student success. Also, this study includes recommendations – offered by the student participants – that can be used by the constituency groups of colleges to better increase student success. This study serves as an in depth look into the factors that influence student success and seeks to bring forward the challenges that face such a diverse student population.
Today's Mathematics Students

1. Today's Mathematics Students A common mistake that undergraduate mathematics professors make when teaching is to assume that students are younger versions of themselves. Since many mathematics professors are above average in intelligence and were quite good students, the assumption that students are just like themselves can cause pedagogical difficulties (Krantz, 1993). To teach effectively, it is important to understand students. Yet, understanding today's students is literally like bridging a generation gap (Hawk, 2005).
A Digital PLL with a Stochastic Time-to-Digital Converter

A new dual-loop digital PLL (DPLL) architecture is presented. It employs a stochastic time-to-digital converter (STDC) and a high frequency delta-sigma dithering to achieve a wide PLL bandwidth and low jitter at the same time. The test chip has been fabricated in a 0.13mum CMOS process. The DPLL features a 0.7-1.7 GHz oscillator tuning range, 6.9ps rms jitter and consumes 17mW while operating at 1.2GHz