cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Entry into Psychological Traps

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of two variables on psychological entrapment. Experiment 1 was an incrementing counter paradigm in which subjects could quit at any time. Subj...
What can we learn about electrode–chemisorbate bonding energetics from vibrational spectroscopy? An assessment from density functional theory

An analysis is presented of the manner and extent to which the metal surface–chemisorbate bond energetics and geometries as functions of the metal and the applied field can be correlated with vibrational frequencies, with specific reference to electrochemical systems. Emphasis is placed on metal–adsorbate stretching frequencies, νM–A, using oxygen and carbon monoxide chemisorption as illustrative examples; the intramolecular stretch (νCO) of the latter adsorbate is also examined in view of the extensive experimental utilization of this vibrational mode. Results based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) are presented for finite-cluster models of Pt-group and coinage-metal (111) surfaces. The DFT calculations enable a separation between steric repulsion and orbital contributions to the potential-energy surface (PES), and additionally, in the case of CO chemisorption, between the 5σ and 2π* orbital components. While rough metal-dependent correlations between νM–A and the surface binding energy, −Eb, are observed, such a relationship is not expected in general. Thus for CO chemisorption, the variations in −Eb are affected more by changes in the 5σ rather than 2π* orbital energies, whereas these components influence the M–CO stretching frequency, νM–CO, to a comparable extent. Moreover, the metal-dependent νCO frequencies do not correlate even qualitatively with −Eb; this is because the former are dominated by 2π*, rather than 5σ, interactions. The factors influencing the field (F) (and hence electrode potential) dependence of EbversusνM–CO and νCO mirror somewhat this pattern. While the field-dependent influence of the 5σ and 2π* interactions are offsetting, the latter affects the νM–CO–F, and especially the νCO–F, behavior to a greater extent than the −Eb–F dependence. Generally, then, the lack of broad-based correlations between chemisorbate vibrational frequencies and binding energetics can be understood in terms of the differing influence of the individual interaction components on the PES well shape and depth. The description of such bonding contributions in terms of dipole-moment parameters is illustrated. Also considered are relations between vibrational frequencies and bond lengths.
Effect of nesiritide (B-type natriuretic peptide) and dobutamine on ventricular arrhythmias in the treatment of patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure: The PRECEDENT study ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Background Dobutamine is commonly used as a means of treating decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF). Although typically effective at improving short-term hemodynamics and symptomatology, the frequent occurrence of arrhythmias and tachycardia is undesirable. In this randomized, multicenter trial, we compared the safety and clinical effectiveness of the cardiac hormone nesiritide (human B-type natriuretic peptide) with dobutamine in hospitalized patients with decompensated CHF. Methods The study population consisted of 255 patients who were randomized to 1 of 2 doses of intravenous nesiritide (0.015 or 0.03 μg/kg/min) or dobutamine (≥5 μg/kg/min) and stratified by means of an earlier history of ventricular tachycardia. Patients were also assessed with 24 hour Holter recordings immediately before and during study drug therapy and by means of signs and symptoms of CHF. Results Dobutamine significantly increased the mean (1) number of ventricular tachycardia events per 24 hours by 48 ± 205 ( P =.001), (2) repetitive ventricular beats per hour by 15 ± 53 ( P =.001), (3) premature ventricular beats per hour by 69 ± 214 ( P =.006), and (4) heart rate by 5.1 ± 7.7 beats per minute ( P Conclusions Dobutamine is associated with substantial proarrhythmic and chronotropic effects in patients with decompensated CHF, whereas nesiritide actually reduces ventricular ectopy or has a neutral effect. Compared with dobutamine, nesiritide may be a safer, short-term treatment for patients with decompensated CHF. (Am Heart J 2002;144:1102-8.)
The structure, regulation, and function of ZAP-70

The tyrosine ZAP-70 (zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa) kinase plays a critical role in activating many downstream signal transduction pathways in T cells following T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement. The importance of ZAP-70 is evidenced by the severe combined immunodeficiency that occurs in ZAP-70-deficient mice and humans. In this review, we describe recent analyses of the ZAP-70 crystal structure, revealing a complex regulatory mechanism of ZAP-70 activity, the differential requirements for ZAP-70 and spleen tyrosine kinase (SyK) in early T-cell development, as well as the role of ZAP-70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmunity. Thus, the critical importance of ZAP-70 in TCR signaling and its predominantly T-cell-restricted expression pattern make ZAP-70 an attractive drug target for the inhibition of pathological T-cell responses in disease.
Streptococcus viridans bacteremia following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

A retrospective evaluation of 200 consecutive recipients of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was conducted to ascertain the incidence and outcome of Streptococcus viridans bacteremia as well as to determine the role of prophylactic ampicillin therapy in the peri-transplant setting. Viridans streptococci were isolated from the blood of 35 individuals at a median of 6 days (range 2-8 days) following stem cell infusion. The most common isolates were S. sanguis and S. mitis. All patients received ciprofloxacin orally during the peri-transplant period. Additionally, 79 patients received oral ampicillin prophylactically against gram-positive cocci. Although none of the patients suffered a fatal outcome, three individuals developed respiratory compromise requiring mechanical ventilation. Female sex proved to be the only independent risk factor for viridans streptococcal bacteremia (P=0.04). The shorter duration of neutropenia observed after stem cell transplantation did not impact on the incidence of S. viridans infections. Moreover, the prophylactic use of ampicillin failed to decrease the incidence of viridans sepsis and selected out organisms that were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics.
A dileucine‐like sorting signal directs transport into an AP‐3‐dependent, clathrin‐independent pathway to the yeast vacuole

Transport of yeast alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to the vacuole depends on the clathrin adaptor-like complex AP-3, but does not depend on proteins necessary for transport through pre-vacuolar endosomes. We have identified ALP sequences that direct sorting into the AP-3-dependent pathway using chimeric proteins containing residues from the ALP cytoplasmic domain fused to sequences from a Golgi-localized membrane protein, guanosine diphosphatase (GDPase). The full-length ALP cytoplasmic domain, or ALP amino acids 1-16 separated from the transmembrane domain by a spacer, directed GDPase chimeric proteins from the Golgi complex to the vacuole via the AP-3 pathway. Mutation of residues Leu13 and Val14 within the ALP cytoplasmic domain prevented AP-3-dependent vacuolar transport of both chimeric proteins and full-length ALP. This Leucine-Valine (LV)-based sorting signal targeted chimeric proteins and native ALP to the vacuole in cells lacking clathrin function. These results identify an LV-based sorting signal in the ALP cytoplasmic domain that directs transport into a clathrin-independent, AP-3-dependent pathway to the vacuole. The similarity of the ALP sorting signal to mammalian dileucine sorting motifs, and the evolutionary conservation of AP-3 subunits, suggests that dileucine-like signals constitute a core element for AP-3-dependent transport to lysosomal compartments in all eukaryotic cells.
Editorial for the special issue: optimization in agriculture

This special issue is another effort to bring together contributions from different disciplines with the common goal of applying the most advanced results in theoretical and applied sciences in agriculture and environment. This publication is a result of the hard work of many researchers from different disciplines and countries in the world. The nature of the problems that need to be addressed by the scientific community in agriculture and environment is becoming more and more complex. Gone are the days when a problem is approached by single individuals. Currently, multidisciplinary teams are required to address such issues provided with complex tools and the newest results in several fields of science and technology. Generally, people may have a very simplified view of a cropping system as to be composed of a crop and the soil on which it is grown. Often, people may not realize that the physical, chemical, and biological environment as well as management actions are also integral determinants of a cropping system’s performance and therefore need to be taken into consideration. There are many inherent complexities and especially the ways different factors interact and their final impact on the crop yield that is not quite well-known and require to be approached by multidisciplinary teams. There are a few papers in this special issue that present the multi-facet approach to crop systems. The paper ‘‘Modeling organic carbon and carbon-mediated soil processes in DSSAT v4.5’’ of C. H. Porter, J. W. Jones, S. Adiku, A. J Gijsman, O. Gargiulo and J. B. Naab addresses issues related to the demand for modeling more complex questions, including issues on sustainable production, climate change, and environmental impacts.
Selective mono O-alkylation of γ-resorcylic esters

Abstract The use of diethylazodicarboxylate/triphenylphosphine for the selective mono-O-alkylation of γ-resorcylic esters is described.
Role of NK cells in immunomodulator-mediated resistance to herpesvirus infection.

Abstract Seven chemically diverse biological response modifiers (BRM) were compared for antiviral activity in intact and NK cell-depleted CD-1 mice. Both spontaneous and BRM-induced splenic NK cell cytotoxicity were depleted for at least 5 days following treatment with the monoclonal antibody NK1.1. Antiviral protection of standard doses of MVE-2, pIC, pICLC, rmIFN-τ and CL246, 738 against lethal MCMV or HSV-2 infections was not abrogated by NK cell depletion, demonstrating that NK cells are not required for BRM-induced antiviral activity against these herpesviruses. When mice were treated with 100000 U of rHuIFN-α B/D, NK cells were not required for activity against MCMV, while at a dose of 25000 U, NK cells appeared to be partially required against MCMV. At lower doses, the activity of rHuIFN-α B/D against MCMV appeared dependent upon the presence of NK cells. A similar dose-related requirement for NK cells was observed for activity of OK-432. Thus, at higher doses of rHuIFN-α B/D and OK-432, elements of the natural immune system in addition to or other than NK cells are apparently involved, while at lower doses NK cells appear to play a more important role in antiviral protection against MCMV infection.
Ground-state energy of a hard-sphere Fermi fluid. II. Spin and isospin.

We evaluate the fourth-order Hugenholtz diagrams from the Rayleigh-Schroedinger many-body perturbation series for a repulsive, square-well potential. We consider a system containing four different equal-mass identically interacting particle species, similar to nuclear matter when only the repulsive core is considered. We use the results of these calculations to extend the [ital L] expansion of the ground-state energy of a Fermi fluid by one more term. From this extension, we are able to provide accurate values of the ground-state energy over a density range which includes that for infinite nuclear matter.
Pseudouridine synthase 3 from mouse modifies the anticodon loop of tRNA.

A cDNA encoding mouse pseudouridine synthase 3 (mPus3p) has been cloned. The predicted protein has 34% identity with yeast pseudouridine synthase 3 (Pus3), an enzyme known to form pseudouridine at positions 38 and 39 in yeast tRNA. The cDNA is 1.7 kb, and when used as a probe on a Northern blot of total RNA from mouse tissues or cells in culture, a band at 1.8 kb was observed. The open reading frame codes for a protein of 481 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 55 552 Da. When mPus3p was in vitro translated and used in reactions with tRNA substrates from both yeast and humans, uridines at position 39 were modified to pseudouridine. In a tRNA substrate with a uridine at position 38 (human tRNALeu), there was very slight formation of pseudouridine at that position after incubation with mPus3p.
Dynamic behavior of the ends of growing parallel fibers in early postnatal rat cerebellum

The molecular layer of the cerebellum contains parallel fibers, the axons of granule neurons. We have examined the morphology and behavior of parallel fiber growth cones in the early postnatal rat cerebellum using the fluorescent tracer DiI. Parallel fiber growth cones distributed into three categories based on size and shape: short torpedo-like, long torpedo-like, and lamellopodial in form. The torpedo-like growth cones were modified by the addition of lamellopodia and/or filopodia, and the lamellopodial growth cones were often decorated with a filopodium. These three different growth cone morphologies were found throughout the growing region of the molecular layer. The nascent axons elaborated by premigratory granule neurons differed from the longer axons of more developed neurons in that they often had forked growth cones and extensive lamellopodial decoration along the axon shaft. Growth cones in living slices closely resembled those observed in the fixed preparations. The living growth cones exhibited frequent lamellopodial rearrangement and a side-to-side head-waving movement. The axon proximal to the growth cone was also dynamic. The axons curved and undulated, and mobile swellings formed along the axon shaft. These observations show that the growth cones of parallel fibers are similar to growth cones described for axons in other developing systems in terms of size, morphological characteristics, and dynamic behavior. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 36: 91–104, 1998
The long-term treatment outcomes of depression and anxiety comorbid with substance abuse

The impact of the comorbidity of psychiatric disorder and substance abuse on treatment outcomes was estimated using data from a longitudinal survey of 1,920 individuals who were followed nearly 15 years. Individuals with anxiety or depression symptoms at baseline generally experienced increased distress at follow-up; those who received mental health treatment experienced decreased distress at follow-up. Individuals with substance abuse/dependence symptoms who received treatment at baseline had a higher risk of follow-up disability; treated individuals with substance abuse who had comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms at baseline were at lower risk of disability at follow-up. Individuals with anxiety and depression symptoms at baseline had a higher incidence of chronic illness during follow-up; those who received treatment or had substance abuse symptoms did not. The results may improve understanding of the degree to which treatment of a primary disorder may prevent the incidence or reduce the prevalence of a secondary comorbid disorder.
Chaos Theory: An Alternative Approach to Social Work Practice and Research:

Complexity theory, better known as chaos theory, has much to offer social work as a frame of reference for dealing with the uncertainty that characterizes many social work practice issues. To encourage social workers to think in terms of chaos theory, we discuss the origins of the theory and a variety of ways in which it has been used in other fields. We suggest how chaos theory can provide a useful alternative way of thinking about social work practice and research.
Decoding the trans-histone crosstalk: methods to analyze H2B ubiquitination, H3 methylation and their regulatory factors

Regulation of histone H3 lysine 4 and 79 methylation by histone H2B lysine 123 monoubiquitination is an evolutionarily conserved trans-histone crosstalk mechanism, which demonstrates a functional role for histone ubiquitination within the cell. The regulatory enzymes, factors and processes involved in the establishment and dynamic modulation of these modifications and their genome-wide distribution patterns have been determined in many model systems. Rapid progress in understanding this trans-histone crosstalk has been made using the standard experimental tools of chromatin biology in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a highly tractable model organism. Here, we provide a set of modified and refined experimental procedures that can be used to gain further insights into the underlying mechanisms that govern this crosstalk in budding yeast. Importantly, the improved procedures and their underlying principles can also be applied to other model organisms. Methods presented here provide a rapid and efficient means to prepare enriched protein extracts to better preserve and assess the steady state levels of histones, non-histone proteins and their modifications. Improved chromatin immunoprecipitation and double immunoprecipitation protocols are provided to measure the occupancy and distribution of proteins and their modified forms at specific chromatin regions or loci. A quick and easy method to measure overall protein abundance and changes in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions on native chromatin is also described.
An analysis of bibliometric indicators, National Institutes of Health funding, and faculty size at Association of American Medical Colleges medical schools, 1997-2007.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze bibliometric data from ISI, National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funding data, and faculty size information for Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) member schools during 1997 to 2007 to assess research productivity and impact. Methods: This study gathered and synthesized 10 metrics for almost all AAMC medical schools (n=123): (1) total number of published articles per medical school, (2) total number of citations to published articles per medical school, (3) average number of citations per article, (4) institutional impact indices, (5) institutional percentages of articles with zero citations, (6) annual average number of faculty per medical school, (7) total amount of NIH funding per medical school, (8) average amount of NIH grant money awarded per faculty member, (9) average number of articles per faculty member, and (10) average number of citations per faculty member. Using principal components analysis, the author calculated the relationships between measures, if they existed. Results: Principal components analysis revealed 3 major clusters of variables that accounted for 91% of the total variance: (1) institutional research productivity, (2) research influence or impact, and (3) individual faculty research productivity. Depending on the variables in each cluster, medical school research may be appropriately evaluated in a more nuanced way. Significant correlations exist between extracted factors, indicating an interrelatedness of all variables. Total NIH funding may relate more strongly to the quality of the research than the quantity of the research. The elimination of medical schools with outliers in 1 or more indicators (n=20) altered the analysis considerably. Conclusions: Though popular, ordinal rankings cannot adequately describe the multidimensional nature of a medical school's research productivity and impact. This study provides statistics that can be used in conjunction with other sound methodologies to provide a more authentic view of a medical school's research. The large variance of the collected data suggests that refining bibliometric data by discipline, peer groups, or journal information may provide a more precise assessment.
Total synthesis of racemic laurenditerpenol, an HIF-1 inhibitor.

The convergent total synthesis of the HIF-1 inhibitor laurenditerpenol 1 and its diastereomer 1′ is reported. The key step involves the Julia−Kocienski olefination−reduction process between the sul...
Minplex - A Compactor that Minimizes the Bounding Rectangle and Individual Rectangles in a Layout

This paper presents a graph-theoretic compactor that minimizes the areas of the bounding rectangle and the individual rectangles in the layout. The minimization problem is formulated as a two-stage process. In the first stage, the area of the bounding rectangle is minimized, and in the second stage, the weighted sum of the areas of the individual rectangles is minimized, which automatically minimizes the lengths of the inter-connecting wires. This approach provides a general and rigorous method for wire-length minimization. Algorithms for generating and solving the constraint graph are proposed. The minimization algorithm includes a graph-theoretic Simplex method that can be used to solve minimization problems whose constraints can be expressed in terms of a directed graph.
Supercontinuum generation in dispersion-managed tapered-rib waveguide

We have designed a tapered-rib waveguide and numerically studied the generation of supercontinuum using such waveguides. The Air-SF57 glass-SiO(2) waveguide is 3 cm long, with a varying etched depth to manage the total dispersion. Numerical simulations are conducted for input pulses at a wavelength of 1.55 μm with a width of 150 fs and peak power of 5 kW. The proposed waveguide geometry greatly broadens the output spectrum, extending from ∼1 to ∼6 μm, caused by the continuous modification of the phase-matching condition for the generated waves.
A Mesoscale Electrohydrodynamic-Driven Two-Phase Flow Heat Transport Device in Circular Geometry and In-Tube Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient Under Low Mass Flux

Meso and microscale two-phase flow heat transport involves devices that are used to remove heat from small surface areas by circulating a working fluid through the heated space and causing phase change from liquid to vapor. There is an impetus to develop such devices for applications that require compact thermal management systems. The active, mesoscale two-phase flow heat transport device presented in this paper is driven solely by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping, and its heat transport characteristics are provided. An important understanding of the EHD conduction pump performance under a two-phase system versus single-phase system is also elucidated from these results. In addition, the ability to generate reliable low mass fluxes by this method has also allowed for determining local in-tube flow boiling heat transfer coefficient as a function of vapor quality in a mesoscale circular tube evaporator, providing limited but valuable information currently unavailable in the literature.
Metamers for Hammer-With-Ability Are Not Metamers for Poke-With-Ability

Studies on dynamic (i.e., kinesthetic) touch perception have shown that perception of many properties of wielded objects are linked to variables related to the rotational inertia of those objects. The broad nature of the sensitivity to such variables invites the question of whether various perceived functional properties of wielded objects are distinct (i.e., whether they map to rotational inertia via different functions) or whether they are perceptually equivalent (i.e., whether they map to opposite extremes of the same function). Two experiments investigated whether hammer-with-ability and poke-with-ability are perceptually equivalent (i.e., metamers) using a metameric matching strategy. The results show that metamers for hammering were not metamers for poking, and vice versa. The results suggest that haptic perception of poke-with-ability and hammer-with-ability are distinct percepts.
Baclofen increases the potassium conductance of rat locus coeruleus neurons recorded in brain slices

Abstract Baclofen causes a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous firing, hyperpolarization and resistance decrease in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons recorded intracellularly in a brain slice preparation. The (−) isomer is active while the (+) isomer has little or no activity which indicates that the baclofen effect is stereoselective. Baclofen action on LC neurons is a direct postsynaptic effect since it remains in low Ca 2+ , high Mg 2+ media. Baclofen actions on LC neurons are resistant to the GABA A antagonist bicuculline. The baclofen-induced hyperpolarization reverses at the K + equilibrium potential, as estimated by the reversal potential of the post-stimulus hyperpolarization which follows an evoked train of action potentials. When the K + concentration in the superfusion media is increased, the reversal potential for the baclofen-induced hyperpolarization shifts linearly with a slope of 61 mV per 10-fold change as predicted by the Nernst equation for a pure K + conductance. The baclofen-induced K + conductance increase is prevented by addition of the K + -channel blocker Ba 2+ to the external media. Taken together, these data suggest that baclofen directly hyperpolarizes LC neurons by activation of GABA B receptors which leads to an increase in K + conductance.
On least squares estimation for categorical data

We consider a multinomial distribution in which the cell probabilities are known arbitrary functions of a vector parameter θ. It is desired to estimate θ by least squares. Three variations of the least squares approach are investigated, and each is found to be equivalent, in the very strong sense of being algebraically identical, to one of the following estimation procedures: maximum likelihood, minimum χ2 and minimum modified χ2. Two of these results also apply to the multiple hypergeometric distribution.
Surge moraines of the Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada: origin, wastage, vegetation succession, lake development, and application to the Late-Glacial of Minnesota.

The Klutlan Glacier in the St. Elias Mountains of the Yukon Territory has surged repeatedly during the last few hundred years, and its drift-covered stagnant ice provides an analog for the downwastage, landform development, vegetational succession, and lake formation on Late Wisconsin moraines of Minnesota. Melting of the buried ice caused collapse of the drift mantle and the formation of lakes, which become filled with sediment that slumps in from receding ice walls. Topographic reversals are common, as the sediment cover of drained lakes inhibits local under-melting, and collapse occurs elsewhere. As the drift mantle thickens the land surface becomes stabilized and pioneer herbs are succeeded by shrubs and then by white spruce. The oldest moraines (600–1200 yr old) have a multiple-generation spruce forest, yet melting of buried ice still locally forms young lakes. Cores of organic sediment from the oldest lakes contain a stratigraphic sequence of pollen, diatoms and cladocerans that record the early stages in lake and landscape succession.
What you don’t know can hurt you: Information, external transparency, and interstate conflict, 1982-1999

This paper examines the role that information plays in conflict behavior by focusing on the external component of governmental transparency. Building from the crisis bargaining and the diversionary...
Nano-LC-MS/MS of glycopeptides produced by nonspecific proteolysis enables rapid and extensive site-specific glycosylation determination.

Given the biological importance of glycosylation on proteins, the identification of protein glycosylation sites is integral to understanding broader biological structure and function. Unfortunately, the determination of the microheterogeneity at the site of glycosylation still remains a significant challenge. Nanoflow liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry provides both separation of glycopep- tides and the ability to determine glycan composition and site-specific glycosylation. However, because of the size of glycopeptides, they are not often amenable to tandem MS. In this work, proteins are digested with multiple proteases to produce glycopeptides that are of suitable size for tandem MS analysis. The conditions for collision-induced dissociation are optimized to obtain diagnostic ions that maximize glycan and peptide information. The method is applied to glycoproteins with contrasting glycans and multiple sites of glycosylation and identifies multiple glycan compositions at each individual glycosylation site. This method provides an important improvement in the routine determination of glycan microheterogeneity by mass spectrometry.
Divided Government and Congressional Investigations

This article explores the political determinants of congressional investigatory activity. Using Mayhew's list of high-profile probes updated through 2006, we developed five measures of the frequency and intensity of investigative oversight. Contra Mayhew, we found that divided government spurs congressional investigatory activity. A shift from unified to divided government yields a five-fold increase in the number of hearings held and quadruples their duration. Conditional party government models also offer explanatory leverage because homogeneous majorities are more likely to investigate the president in divided government and less likely to do so in unified government. This dynamic is strongest in the House, but analyses of the Senate also afford consistent, if muted, evidence of partisan agenda control.
Toward modeling turbulent suspension of sand in the nearshore

[1] We present two depth- and phase-resolving models, based on single- and two-phase approaches for suspended sediment transport under water waves. Both models are the extension of a wave hydrodynamic model Cornell Breaking Wave and Structure (COBRAS). In the two-phase approach, dilute two-phase mass and momentum equations are calculated along with a fluid turbulence closure based on balance equations for the fluid turbulence kinetic energy k f and its dissipation rate ∈ f . In the single-phase approach the fluid flow is described by the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, while the sediment concentration is calculated by an advection-diffusion equation for the conservation of sediment mass. The fluid turbulence is calculated by k f -∈ f equations that incorporate the essential influence of sediment, which can also be consistently deduced from the two-phase theory. By adopting a commonly used sediment flux boundary condition near the bed the proposed models are tested against laboratory measurements of suspended sediment under nonbreaking skewed water waves and shoaling broken waves. Although the models predict wave-averaged sediment concentrations reasonably well, the corresponding time histories of instantaneous sediment concentration are less accurate. We demonstrate that this is due to the uncertainties in the near-bed sediment boundary conditions. In addition, we show that under breaking waves the near-bed sediment pickup cannot be solely parameterized by the bottom friction, suggesting that other effects may also influence the near-bed sediment boundary conditions.
Rational approximations to the generalized Duffing equation

Rational approximation of generalized Duffing equation, damped mass spring oscillator equation and generalized second order Riccati equation
Long-term energy projections: What lessons have we learned?

Abstract This study revisits global energy projections made in 1981 using a model of the world economy, compares the consumption projections of the three fossil fuels—coal, natural gas and oil—with the observed data for the year 2000, quantifies the differences, and finally, attempts to attribute the differences between the projected and observed data to differences in the principal determinants of energy demand. The presentation and analysis of the data yield two valuable by-products: first, the data provide a detailed description of the changing patterns of global fossil fuel consumption over a relatively long interval of time. Second, in light of the experiences reported in this paper, it offers some guidance to those charged with the highly speculative task of projecting the demand for one of the most important components of material well being 20–30 years into the future. This is especially relevant given the current concerns for energy-supply security and global climate change.
A pilot study to determine the effects of a supine sacroiliac orthopedic blocking procedure on cervical spine extensor isometric strength

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if an orthopedic pelvic blocking procedure affects cervical spine extensor isometric strength.
The lectin reactivity and lectin-like activity of allergenic pollen extracts.

Abstract The binding of soluble components of pollen grains to plant-stigma receptors can be inhibited by concanavalin A. This lectin-like activity of pollen components is important in the genetic control of plant reproduction. Aqueous extracts of allergenic pollens also react with concanavalin A. Agarose gel-diffusion precipitates were used to survey and characterize the ability of allergenic pollen extracts to react with concanavalin A and other lectins. Concanavalin A alone precipitated with extracts of plantain, American beech, white ash, and corn pollens. Surprisingly, extracts of the pollen from certain plants also precipitated when the extracts were diffused against pollen extracts from other plants. Pollen extracts of alfalfa, white ash. American beech, burweed marsh elder, redtop grass, corn, plantain, orchard grass, and aspen reacted with one or more other pollen extracts. Extract precipitin activity was reliably obtained after extracting pollens for 20 min with pH 7.5, 0.05M Tris buffer in 0.2M of saline. Optimal agarose gel conditions for detecting the precipitin reactions were pH 8.5 to 9.0, 75 mM borate buffer made to an ionic strength of 1.5M with NaCl for concanavalin A pollen reactions and 0.015M with NaCl for pollen-pollen reactions. The presence of the borate ion was necessary for optimal detection of the agarose gel precipitates. Studies of the inhibition of the lectin-pollen and pollen-pollen reactions with specific mono and disaccharides revealed many similarities and differences between the two types of reactions. The high concentrations of glycerol used to stabilize pollen extracts also inhibit these reactions.
Reproductive influences on behavioral thermoregulation in the lizard, Sceloporus cyanogenys

Abstract Several thermoregulatory parameters were measured for female and male Sceloporus cyanogenys during one reproductive season. Body temperatures, body temperature thresholds for thermoregulatory behavior, and thermoregulatory activity all declined to a minimum at pregnancy as lizards progressed through preovulatory and ovulatory states. Marked increases in these parameters occurred in post parturient lizards. Males were not significantly different from post parturients. Progesterone administration significantly depressed body temperature levels and body temperature thresholds for thermoregulatory behavior, but not thermoregulatory activity in another post parturient group. Callard detected greater amounts of plasma progesterone in pregnant S. cyanogenys compared to other reproductive states [6]. Therefore, it is proposed that during pregnancy progesterone functions to modulate thermoregulatory behavior and energy expenditure. These results support the idea that the sensitivity of the thermostatic components to internal and external environmental factors determines a labile rather than a fixed regulated body temperature in some reptiles.
Checkpoint Signaling, Base Excision Repair, and PARP Promote Survival of Colon Cancer Cells Treated with 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine but Not 5-Fluorouracil

The fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and FdUrd (5-fluorodeoxyuridine; floxuridine) are the backbone of chemotherapy regimens for colon cancer and other tumors. Despite their widespread use, it remains unclear how these agents kill tumor cells. Here, we have analyzed the checkpoint and DNA repair pathways that affect colon tumor responses to 5-FU and FdUrd. These studies demonstrate that both FdUrd and 5-FU activate the ATR and ATM checkpoint signaling pathways, indicating that they cause genotoxic damage. Notably, however, depletion of ATM or ATR does not sensitize colon cancer cells to 5-FU, whereas these checkpoint pathways promote the survival of cells treated with FdUrd, suggesting that FdUrd exerts cytotoxicity by disrupting DNA replication and/or inducing DNA damage, whereas 5-FU does not. We also found that disabling the base excision (BER) repair pathway by depleting XRCC1 or APE1 sensitized colon cancer cells to FdUrd but not 5-FU. Consistent with a role for the BER pathway, we show that small molecule poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1/2 (PARP) inhibitors, AZD2281 and ABT-888, remarkably sensitized both mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient and -deficient colon cancer cell lines to FdUrd but not to 5-FU. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the roles of genotoxin-induced checkpoint signaling and DNA repair differ significantly for these agents and also suggest a novel approach to colon cancer therapy in which FdUrd is combined with a small molecule PARP inhibitor.
Experimental Evidence of Transducer Self-noise in Magnetostrictive Fiber- optic Sensors

levels: the low-frequency coil driver noise corresponds to 100 my/'IHz at 0. 1 Hz, theinterferometer baseband noise is equivalent to a flat 30 m'y/'JHz noise level, and theelectronic noise of the PSD scheme is an order of magnitude below the interferometernoise. When applying the same phase shift to the piezo cylinders, PZI and II show
Self-Reported Depression and Risk-Taking Behaviors among Hispanic Adolescents:

In assessing the relationships between self-reported depression and certain key risk-taking behaviors among a national sample of Hispanic adolescents (N = 935, ages 12 to 19 years), girls who reported depression were significantly more likely to engage in these behaviors than girls who did not report depression. No significant differences were found among boys (n = 470), although they were more likely than girls (n = 465) to take risks regardless of depressive state. These results suggest that depressive symptoms may be a market for engagement in risk-taking behaviors among Hispanic girls.
Improved Empirical Bayes Estimation in Group Testing Procedure for Small Proportions

Group testing has been long recognized as an efficient method to classify all the experimental units into two mutually exclusive categories: defective or not defective. In recent years, more attention has been brought to the estimation of the population prevalence rate p of a disease, or of some property, using group testing. In this article, we propose two scaled squared-error loss functions, which improve the Bayesian approach to estimating p in terms of minimizing the mean squared error (MSE) of the Bayes estimators of p for small p. We show that the new estimators are preferred over the estimator from the usual squared-error loss function and the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for small p.
ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF OREGON COAST MARINE MAMMALS: THE LAST 3,000 YEARS

Mammalian faunal remains recovered from three archaeological sites on the Oregon, U.S.A. coast provide strong evidence that 18th and 19th century commercial exploitation of marine mammals had major effects on the zoogeography and demography of those taxa. Zalophus californianus and Callorhinus ursinus bred and pupped along the Oregon coast between 3,000 and 100 yr ago. About 100 yr ago Eumetopias jubatus abandoned a major rookery that had been utilized since at least 400 yr ago. Phoca vitulina does not appear to have suffered major modifications to coastal use or demographic patterns in Oregon during the last 3,000 yr, although a minor incident of intensified utilization of one location about 1,000 yr ago is suggested. All age-sex classes of Enhydra lutris lived on the Oregon coast until about A.D. 1900. Oregon's prehistoric remains of E. lutris display some dental characters similar to modern Alaskan specimens, and other dental characters similar to modern Californian specimens, conforming to a latitudinal dine reflected by historic specimens. Additional evidence for many of these observations is found in faunal remains recovered from archaeological sites on the coast of Vancouver Island, the Washington coast, and the northern California coast.
A new Cramer-Rao lower bound for TOA-based localization

In this paper, we derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the 2-dimensional (2D) time-of-arrival (TOA) based localization. Unlike previous work on the CRLB, we consider a more practical propagation channel and relate it to inter-node range estimate through a distance-dependent variance model. We demonstrate that this will impact the derivation of the Fisher information matrix (FIM), eventually leading to a CRLB different from the existing derivations. This new theoretical framework provides us with additional insights on the immediate impact of the geometric configuration of anchor nodes on the localization accuracy.
Variations in CYP74B2 (Hydroperoxide Lyase) Gene Expression Differentially Affect Hexenal Signaling in the Columbia and Landsberg erecta Ecotypes of Arabidopsis

The CYP74B2 gene in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Columbia (Col) contains a 10-nucleotide deletion in its first exon that causes it to code for a truncated protein not containing the P450 signature typical of other CYP74B subfamily members. Compared to CYP74B2 transcripts in the Landsberg erecta (Ler) ecotype that code for full-length hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) protein, CYP74B2 transcripts in the Col ecotype accumulate at substantially reduced levels. Consistent with the nonfunctional HPL open reading frame in the Col ecotype, in vitro HPL activity analyses using either linoleic acid hydroperoxide or linolenic acid hydroperoxide as substrates show undetectable HPL activity in the Col ecotype and C6 volatile analyses using leaf homogenates show substantially reduced amounts of hexanal and no detectable trans-2-hexenal generated in the Col ecotype. P450-specific microarrays and full-genome oligoarrays have been used to identify the range of other transcripts expressed at different levels in these two ecotypes potentially as a result of these variations in HPL activity. Among the transcripts expressed at significantly lower levels in Col leaves are those coding for enzymes involved in the synthesis of C6 volatiles (LOX2, LOX3), jasmonates (OPR3, AOC), and aliphatic glucosinolates (CYP83A1, CYP79F1, AOP3). Two of the three transcripts coding for aliphatic glucosinolates (CYP83A1, AOP3) are also expressed at significantly lower levels in Col flowers.
Effects of intravesical instillation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nerve growth factor in cyclophosphamide-induced overactive bladder.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of intravesical cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced overactive bladder (OAB). MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 40 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control, OAB, and COX-2 inhibitor-treated groups. OAB was induced by an intraperitoneal injection with CYP. Cystometry was performed in all rats and, in half of the OAB rats, a COX-2 inhibitor was administered intravesically. The bladders of all rats were stained immunohistochemically for iNOS and NGF. RESULTS In the OAB rats, the contraction interval and intercontraction interval were significantly shorter than in control rats, and the contraction time and pressure were significantly greater. In the COX-2 inhibitor-treated rats, the contraction interval and intercontraction interval were significantly longer than in the OAB rats, and the contraction time was significantly shorter. On immunohistochemical staining, there was no iNOS activity and NGF activity was minimally localized in the mucosa and submucosa in the control group. In the OAB rats, NGF activity in the mucosa and submucosa were increased, and there was greater expression of iNOS in all layers and of NGF in detrusor; in the COX-2 inhibitor-treated rats, their expression was less in all layers. CONCLUSIONS Intravesical instillation with COX-2 inhibitors can reduce CYP-induced bladder hyperactivity and expression of iNOS and NGF. Intravesical instillation with COX-2 inhibitors can be considered as a possible treatment for OAB.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases – 40 years of progress

In this lecture I will discuss some of the relevant history of cGMP-selective and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases. Emphasis will be put largely on those experiments carried out in our own laboratories over the last 40 years. Short vignettes or anecdotes on the discoveries of the "cGMP-stimulated" (PDE2s) and "cGMP-inhibited" (PDE3s) phosphodiesterases as well as on the original cloning of PDEs 5,6, 9, and 11 will be mentioned. I will then spend a bit more time discussing a recent series of experiments on the opposing roles of PDE2s and PDE3s in endothelial barrier function. These experiments provide data to suggest that both of these PDEs can subserve one or more pools of cGMP that can functionally regulate endothelial permeability, but in opposite directions depending on the cGMP concentration. Finally, I will describe a series of experiments that strongly suggest treatment of whole animals with selective PDE5 antagonists may provide effective functional improvement in the cardiac dysfunction that occurs in muscular dystrophy. These studies utilize two different models of muscular dystrophy in the mouse. When given chronically in the drinking water, sildenafil appears not only to stop the decline in cardiac function that occurs with age, but also may reverse existing dysfunction after it has developed, at least as assessed by echocardiography.
Two-pole analysis of interconnection trees

We address the two-pole simulation of interconnect trees via the moment matching technique. We simulate the interconnect network by modeling the distributed lines with non-uniform m lumped segments and using the two-pole methodology. To this end, we derive new non-uniform equivalent circuits which match the general distributed line transfer function up to the second term. Using the recursive equation for the admittance of a tree, we give the exact expressions for the first and second moments of the transfer function of the interconnect tree. Our results show that delay estimates using our method are within 13% of SPICE-computed delays. As routing trees become bigger and interconnection lines become longer, e.g., in MCM design, our approach has advantages in both accuracy and simulation complexity.
Capacity Expansion with Exponential Jump Diffusion Processes

This paper studies an irreversible capacity expansion problem where the industry demand is described by a double exponential jump diffusion process. Formally, we consider the following optimization problem over all adapted, non-decreasing process X = (X_{t}). Here we understand X t as the cumulative capital investment up to time t (it is non-decreasing since the investment is assumed to be irreversible). D = (D_{t}) is the exogenous industry demand process, which is modeled by a double exponential jump diffusion. The profit flow is assumed to have rate D \hspace{0.167em} \cdot \hspace{0.167em} H(X) for some concave function H, while k denotes the cost of unit capital. The goal is choosing a capital investment strategy X so as to maximize the discounted overall profit, net the cost of investing. We explicitly solve the problem when H is assumed to be the Cobb–Douglas production function, that is, H(x) = x^{ \mgreek{a} } for some \mgreek{a} \in (0,1). Throughout the paper, a slightly different (but essentia...