cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Transthoracic Echocardiography for Prediction of Outcomes in Chronic Aortic or Mitral Regurgitation

In subjects with aortic regurgitation (AR) or mitral regurgitation (MR), transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is recommended for surveillance. Few prospective studies have directly compared the ability of TTE and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to predict clinical outcomes in AR and MR. We hypothesized that, given its higher reproducibility, CMR would predict the need for valve surgery or heart failure (HF) hospitalization better than TTE. Quantitative TTE and CMR were performed on the same day for 51 subjects: 29 with chronic AR and 22 with chronic, primary MR for quantification of valve regurgitation. Baseline measurements of valve regurgitation were compared to the combined primary end point of new HF and valve surgery using receiver operating characteristics, simple logistic regression, and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. The primary end point occurred in 5 AR subjects (all surgery) and 8 MR subjects (7 surgery, 1 HF) after a mean follow-up of 4.4 ± 1.5 years. For AR, CMR-derived regurgitant volume >50 ml identified those at high risk with 50% undergoing valve surgery versus 0% for those with regurgitant volume ≤50 ml and was more strongly associated with outcomes than regurgitant volume by TTE (p 30 ml. Regurgitant volume by CMR showed no significant separation of survival curves for MR. In conclusion, regurgitant volume by CMR was more predictive of outcomes than by TTE in subjects with AR. In MR, the 2 methods performed similarly.
The Yin and Yang of Interleukin-21 in Allergy, Autoimmunity and Cancer

Abstract Abstract SCI-6 Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a four-α-helical bundle type 1 cytokine. Its receptor consists of IL-21R and the common cytokine receptor γ chain, γc, which is shared by the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 and is encoded by the gene that is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). Each of these cytokines activates JAK1, which associates with the more distinctive receptor component, and JAK3, which associates with γc. IL-21 signals in part via the activation of STAT proteins, with STAT3 being induced more potently than STAT1 or STAT5 proteins. Interestingly, we have demonstrated that STAT3 globally cooperates with IRF4 in the induction of IL-21-regulated genes in T cells. IL-21 is produced by populations of CD4+ T cells, including Th17 cells, T follicular helper cells, and NKT cells. It is a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts a broad and complex array of biological actions on multiple lineages. IL-21 is pro-apoptotic for incompletely activated B cells, thereby serving a role for B cells similar to that of IL-2 related to activation-induced cell death in T cells. However, IL-21 also promotes the expansion and differentiation of activated B cells to plasma cells via its induction of Prdm1, which encodes BLIMP1, and the differentiation of cells into T follicular helper cells via its induction of Bcl6. IL-21 also promotes immunoglobulin class switch, and defective signaling by IL-21 and IL-4 explains the defective B cell function and panhypogammaglobulinemia that is observed in humans with XSCID. In addition, IL-21 has potent actions on CD8+ T cells, cooperating with IL-15 and IL-7 in the expansion of these cells. Conversely, IL-21 has inhibitory effects on antigen presentation by dendritic cells. IL-21 is implicated in multiple forms of autoimmunity, with IL21 and IL21R loci being associated with a range of human autoimmune diseases. Moreover, IL-21 is required for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and experimental autoimmune uveitis in mouse model systems. In contrast to its promotion of autoimmune disease, IL-21 has potential anti-tumor actions, with elimination of established solid tumors in mouse models. In addition to these actions, IL-21 has also been demonstrated to be a potent inducer of IL-10 and thereby to exhibit immunosuppressive effects. In summary, IL-21 has a range of biological actions on multiple lineages, with varied effected related to apoptosis and differentiation, as well as both promoting autoimmunity yet limiting tumor growth. Regulation the actions of IL-21 in vivo therefore has potential clinical utility for a range of diseases. Disclosures: Leonard: NIH: I am an inventor on NIH patents and patent applications related to IL-21.
Entrepreneurship and Technology: A basic study of innovators; how to keep and capitalize on their talents

(1968). Entrepreneurship and Technology: A basic study of innovators; how to keep and capitalize on their talents. Research Management: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 249-266.
Heritable variation in circulating glucocorticoids and endocrine flexibility in a free-living songbird.

Phenotypic flexibility is a central way that organisms cope with challenging and changing environments. As endocrine signals mediate many phenotypic traits, heritable variation in hormone levels, or their context-dependent flexibility, could present an important target for selection. Several studies have estimated the heritability of circulating glucocorticoid levels under acute stress conditions, but little is known about the potential for either baseline hormone levels or rapid endocrine flexibility to evolve. Here we assessed the potential for selection to operate on the elevation (circulating hormone levels) and flexibility of glucocorticoid reaction norms to acute restraint stress. Multivariate animal models revealed low but significant heritability in baseline (h2=0.13-0.14) and stress-induced glucocorticoids (h2=0.18), and moderate heritability in glucocorticoid flexibility in response to acute stress (h2=0.38) in free-living juvenile tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor; n=408). Baseline glucocorticoids were not genetically correlated with either stress-induced glucocorticoids or glucocorticoid flexibility. These findings indicate that baseline glucocorticoids and the acute stress response are distinct traits that can be independently shaped by selection. Microevolutionary changes that influence the expression or flexibility of these endocrine mediators of phenotype may be an important way that populations adapt to changing environments and novel threats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
High-dose Thiotepa, Busulfan, Cyclophosphamide, and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation as Upfront Consolidation for Systemic Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma With Synchronous Central Nervous System Involvement.

Abstract Introduction Synchronous involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) at the diagnosis of systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is associated with an increased risk for relapse despite complete remission to initial therapy. High-dose chemotherapy with a CNS-directed conditioning regimen followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) holds promise as a consolidative approach. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with systemic B-cell NHL and synchronous CNS involvement who received upfront consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy with thiotepa, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and ASCT while in first complete remission between July 2008 and June 2016 at 2 partner academic institutions. Results Twenty patients were identified through the transplant database. The median age at diagnosis was 53 years (range, 37-65 years). The majority had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma histology (n = 17; 85%). The sites of CNS involvement were parenchymal (n = 12; 60%) and leptomeningeal disease (n = 9; 45%). All patients received systemic and CNS-directed therapy prior to transplant, with the most common approaches being R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone) (n = 13; 65%) and high-dose intravenous methotrexate (n = 16; 80%), respectively. With a median follow up of 4.4 years after ASCT (range, 2 months-8.5 years), the Kaplan-Meier estimates of 4-year progression-free and overall survival were 77% (95% confidence interval, 48%-91%) and 82% (95% confidence interval, 54%-94%), respectively. Conclusion CNS-directed high-dose chemotherapy and ASCT provides durable remission for patients with synchronous aggressive lymphoma and should be strongly considered as consolidative therapy for eligible patients with systemic NHL with CNS involvement in first complete remission.
Functional studies of AIPL1: potential role of AIPL1 in cell cycle exit and/or differentiation of photoreceptors.

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive retinal degenerative disease responsible for approximately 5% of all inherited retinopathies (Kaplan et al., 1990). LCA is often considered the most severe form of childhood retinopathy, and infants with this disease are usually blind at birth. To date, mutations in six genes have been found to cause LCA and two additional loci have been mapped (www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/RetNet/). Recently, we identified the fourth LCA associated gene, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein-like 1(AIPL1)(Sohocki et al., 2000a). Mutations in AIPL1 are estimated to account for approximately 7-9% of LCA cases worldwide and have been found to cause autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (Sohocki et al., 2000b). Mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1(AIPL1)gene have been found to cause autosomal recessive Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), an early onset form of retinal degeneration. AsAIPL1is a novel gene, it is necessary to determine its normal function to better understand how mutations in this gene lead to disease.
Learning predictive models of drug side-effect relationships from distributed representations of literature-derived semantic predications.

Objective The aim of this work is to leverage relational information extracted from biomedical literature using a novel synthesis of unsupervised pretraining, representational composition, and supervised machine learning for drug safety monitoring. Methods Using ≈80 million concept-relationship-concept triples extracted from the literature using the SemRep Natural Language Processing system, distributed vector representations (embeddings) were generated for concepts as functions of their relationships utilizing two unsupervised representational approaches. Embeddings for drugs and side effects of interest from two widely used reference standards were then composed to generate embeddings of drug/side-effect pairs, which were used as input for supervised machine learning. This methodology was developed and evaluated using cross-validation strategies and compared to contemporary approaches. To qualitatively assess generalization, models trained on the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) drug/side-effect reference set were evaluated against a list of ≈1100 drugs from an online database. Results The employed method improved performance over previous approaches. Cross-validation results advance the state of the art (AUC 0.96; F1 0.90 and AUC 0.95; F1 0.84 across the two sets), outperforming methods utilizing literature and/or spontaneous reporting system data. Examination of predictions for unseen drug/side-effect pairs indicates the ability of these methods to generalize, with over tenfold label support enrichment in the top 100 predictions versus the bottom 100 predictions. Discussion and conclusion Our methods can assist the pharmacovigilance process using information from the biomedical literature. Unsupervised pretraining generates a rich relationship-based representational foundation for machine learning techniques to classify drugs in the context of a putative side effect, given known examples.
The long-term average performance of flat-plate solar-energy collectors

T HE flat-plate collector is the simplest and one of the most effective means of collecting solar energy for use in systems that require thermal energy at comparatively low temperatures. Flat-plate collectors have been used successfully for many years in the southern United States and elsewhere as water heaters, and potentially can be used for space heating, drying, refrigeration, power generation and similar purposes. The majority of these potential applications of solar energy have not been fully evaluated, but experiments ~-7 in solar space heating conducted during the past two decades have shown that space heating with solar energy is entirely feasible. I t is now recognized that with the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, solar energy will be increasingly utilized. In comparison with collectors of the concentrating type, such as those used in high-temperature solarfurnace applications, flat-plate collectors offer these advantages: (1) no complicated mechanisms for following the apparent diural motion of the sun are needed for their operation, (2) construction is simple and cost relatively low, and (3) diffuse as well as direct solar radiation is utilized. This last advantage is especially important in view of the fact that , of the total solar radiation received on the surface of the earth (46 percent of the extraterrestrial radiationS), approximately 40 percent (18 percent of the extraterrestrial radiation 9) is diffuse radiation.
The V-I-S Model: Quantifying the Urban Environment

This chapter emphasizes the ecological nature of urban places and introduces the V-I-S (Vegetation-Impervious surface-Soil) model for use by remote sensing to characterize, map, and quantify the ecological composition of urban/peri-urban environments. The model serves not only as a basis for biophysical and human system analysis, but also serves as a basis for detecting and measuring morphological/environmental change of urban places over time.
Female Tars: Women aboard Ship in the Age of Sail. By Suzanne J. Stark. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2017. Pp. xii, 205. $18.95.)

The Naval Institute Press has done maritime historians and women's studies specialists yeoman service by publishing a reasonably priced paperback edition of Female Tars, which first appeared over t...
Testing implementation support for evidence-based programs in community settings: a replication cluster-randomized trial of Getting To Outcomes®

Community organizations can have difficulty implementing evidence-based prevention programs. More research is needed on implementation support interventions designed to help these organizations implement programs with quality. Preparing to Run Effective Programs (PREP) is a randomized controlled trial testing Getting To Outcomes (GTO), a 2-year implementation support intervention. It compares 15 Boys and Girls Club sites implementing CHOICE (control group), a five-session evidence-based alcohol and drug prevention program, with 14 similar sites implementing CHOICE supported by GTO (intervention group). PREP replicates a previous GTO study that had the same design, but featured a teen pregnancy prevention program instead. All sites received typical CHOICE training. Fourteen intervention sites received GTO manuals, training, and onsite technical assistance to help practitioners complete implementation best practices specified by GTO (i.e., GTO steps). During the first year, technical assistance providers helped the intervention group adopt, plan, and deliver CHOICE. Then, this group was trained on evaluation and quality improvement steps of GTO using feedback reports summarizing their own data, which yielded revised plans for subsequent implementation of CHOICE. This paper presents results regarding GTO’s impact on CHOICE fidelity (adherence, quality of delivery, dosage) and the proximal outcomes of the youth participants (aged 10–14)—attitudes and intentions regarding cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana use. Fidelity was assessed at all sites by observer ratings and attendance logs. Proximal outcomes were assessed via survey at baseline, 3, and 6 months. After 1 year, fidelity and proximal outcomes were similar between Intervention and control groups. After 2 years (which included GTO quality improvement activities that took place between years 1 and 2), intervention sites had higher ratings of CHOICE adherence and quality of delivery (dosage remained similar). Proximal outcomes did not differ between groups in either year, although there was universally high endorsement of prosocial responses to those outcomes from the start. Findings suggest that systematic implementation support provided by GTO can help community organizations achieve better fidelity. Findings replicate the implementation results from a previous GTO study using the same design, but with a different evidence-based program and different fidelity measures. Although proximal outcomes did not change, in large part due to ceiling effects, the implementation findings suggest GTO can support a variety of programs. This project is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with number NCT02135991 . The trial was first registered on May 12, 2014.
Cerebral fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell disease without evidence of shunt.

Abstract Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a known complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) that occurs secondary to vaso-occlusive crises, bone marrow infarction, and the subsequent release of fat globules into the venous circulation. Although neurologic involvement is common, the pathophysiology of cerebral fat emboli remains controversial. While fat microemboli can enter the arterial circulation through right-to-left shunts, the systemic release of free fatty acids may also cause indirect endothelial damage and disruption of the blood-brain-barrier. We present an unusual case of cerebral fat emboli in SCD that occurred in the absence of acute chest syndrome or right-to-left shunt, favoring a biochemical etiology. Treatment of FES includes supportive care and emergent red cell exchange transfusions.
Evaluating the Role of a Neurosurgery Consultation in Management of Pediatric Isolated Linear Skull Fractures.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine if a pediatric neurosurgical consultation for isolated linear skull fractures (ILSF) in pediatric patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of ≥14 changed their management. Methods A 10-year retrospective chart review at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center was performed. Exclusion criteria were age > 18 years, open, depressed, or skull base fractures, pneumocephalus, poly-trauma, any hemorrhage (intraparenchymal, epidural, subdural, subarachnoid), cervical spine fractures, penetrating head trauma, and initial GCS scores ≤13. Primary outcomes were neurosurgery recommendations to change acuity of care, obtain additional imaging studies, and perform invasive procedures. Secondary outcomes were patient demographics, injury type, transfer status, admitting service, length of hospital stay, consult location, and clinical course. Results There were 127 cases of ILSF meeting study criteria with an average age of 2.36 years. Unilateral parietal bone fracture was the most common injury (46.5%). Falls were the most common mechanism (81.1%). All patients received pediatric neurosurgical consultations within 24 h of hospital arrival. There were no neurosurgical recommendations to obtain additional imaging studies, change acuity of care, or perform invasive procedures. Conclusions Routine neurosurgical consultation in children with ILSF and GCS 14-15 does not appear to alter clinical management.
Navigating the hidden void: The unique challenges of accommodating library employees with invisible disabilities

Abstract Academic libraries have a long history of commitment to diversity, inclusion, and accommodation and are frequently models for other academic departments and outside industries. For example, libraries often consider users with disabilities and work to adapt services, collections, and technologies to increase accessibility for as many users as possible. Libraries also take care to accommodate employees with disabilities, but like many other industries, often unintentionally perceive disabilities only as ones that are immediately visible. This column will discuss the unique challenges that library employers may face when needing to accommodate employees with invisible disabilities, provide a selected overview of the literature surrounding invisible disabilities and library employees, and give selected tips to help library employers and employees better understand and accommodate employees with invisible disabilities.
Metastatic prostate cancer at diagnosis and through progression in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial

Background The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial assessed the effect of screening with prostate-specific antigen and a digital rectal examination on prostate cancer mortality. Another endpoint of interest was the burden of total metastatic disease. Methods All men in PLCO were assessed for metastatic prostate cancer at diagnosis; men with clinical stage I/II disease were assessed for metastatic progression. The rate of total metastatic disease was defined as metastases found either at diagnosis or through progression divided by person-years (PYs) of follow-up for all men in the trial. Metastatic progression rates were computed among men with clinical stage I/II prostate cancer. Survival among men with metastases at diagnosis was compared with survival among men with metastatic progression. Results Among 38,340 men in the intervention arm and 38,343 men in the control arm in PLCO, there were 4974 and 4699 prostate cancer cases, respectively. The rates of total metastatic disease were 4.72 and 4.83 per 10,000 PYs in the intervention and control arms, respectively (rate ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.81-1.18). The rates of metastatic progression among men with clinical stage I/II prostate cancer were 43.7 and 50.5 per 10,000 PYs in the intervention and control arms, respectively (P = .30). Prostate cancer-specific 5- and 10-year survival rates were significantly worse for men with metastatic progression (24% and 19%, respectively) than men with metastases at diagnosis (40% and 26%, respectively). Conclusions Rates of total metastatic disease and metastatic progression were similar across arms in PLCO. Survival was worse for men with metastatic progression in comparison with those with metastatic disease at diagnosis.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Use of Illicit Substances Promote Secretion of Semen Exosomes that Enhance Monocyte Adhesion and Induce Actin Reorganization and Chemotactic Migration.

Semen exosomes (SE) from HIV-uninfected (HIV−) individuals potently inhibit HIV infection in vitro. However, morphological changes in target cells in response to SE have not been characterized or have the effect of HIV infection or the use of illicit substances, specifically psychostimulants, on the function of SE been elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIV infection, psychostimulant use, and both together on SE-mediated regulation of monocyte function. SE were isolated from semen of HIV− and HIV-infected (HIV+) antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants who reported either using or not using psychostimulants. The SE samples were thus designated as HIV−Drug−, HIV−Drug+, HIV+Drug−, and HIV+Drug+. U937 monocytes were treated with different SEs and analyzed for changes in transcriptome, morphometrics, actin reorganization, adhesion, and chemotaxis. HIV infection and/or use of psychostimulants had minimal effects on the physical characteristics of SE. However, different SEs had diverse effects on the messenger RNA signature of monocytes and rapidly induced monocyte adhesion and spreading. SE from HIV infected or psychostimulants users but not HIV−Drug− SE, stimulated actin reorganization, leading to the formation of filopodia-like structures and membrane ruffles containing F-actin and vinculin that in some cases were colocalized. All SE stimulated monocyte chemotaxis to HIV secretome and activated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, a phenotype exacerbated by HIV infection and psychostimulant use. SE-directed regulation of cellular morphometrics and chemotaxis depended on the donor clinical status because HIV infection and psychostimulant use altered SE function. Although our inclusion criteria specified the use of cocaine, humans are poly-drug and alcohol users and our study participants used psychostimulants, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol. Thus, it is possible that the effects observed in this study may be due to one of these other substances or due to an interaction between different substances.
Factors associated with persistently high-cost health care utilization for musculoskeletal pain

Background Musculoskeletal pain conditions incur high costs and produce significant personal and public health consequences, including disability and opioid-related mortality. Persistence of high-cost health care utilization for musculoskeletal pain may help identify system inefficiencies that could limit value of care. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with persistent high-cost utilization among individuals seeking health care for musculoskeletal pain. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data (2008-2013) that included a non-institutionalized, population-based sample of individuals seeking health care for a musculoskeletal pain condition (n = 12,985). Expenditures associated with musculoskeletal pain conditions over two consecutive years were analyzed from prescribed medicine, office-based medical provider visits, outpatient department visits, emergency room visits, inpatient hospital stays, and home health visits. Persistent high-cost utilization was defined as being in the top 15th percentile for annual musculoskeletal pain-related expenditures over 2 consecutive years. We used multinomial regression to determine which modifiable and non-modifiable sociodemographic, health, and pain-related variables were associated with persistent high-cost utilization. Results Approximately 35% of direct costs for musculoskeletal pain were concentrated among the 4% defined as persistent high-cost utilizers. Non-modifiable variables associated with expenditure group classification included age, race, poverty level, geographic region, insurance status, diagnosis type and total number of musculoskeletal pain diagnoses. Modifiable variables associated with increased risk of high expenditure classification were higher number of missed work days, greater pain interference, and higher use of prescription medication for pain, while higher self-reported physical and mental health were associated with lower risk of high expenditure classification. Conclusions Health care delivery models that prospectively identify these potentially modifiable factors may improve the costs and value of care for individuals with musculoskeletal pain prone to risk for high-cost care episodes.
Energy storage performance of thin film nanocrystalline vanadium oxide with fluorinated tin oxide current carrier electrode for solid-state transparent supercapacitors based on ionic liquid gel electrolyte

Abstract Energy-power performance of transparent supercapacitors based on sol gel processed nanometer thin nanocrystalline vanadium oxide film composite with fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) thin film electrode as current collector is investigated. The symmetric supercapacitor device configured in the solid-state form using the BMIMBF4 ionic liquid with LiClO4 dopant gel electrolyte shows high areal capacitance of 310 mFcm−2 attributed to pseudocapacitive energy storage mechanism with minimal ion kinetics limitation. The vanadium oxide electrode forms in the stoichiometric V2O5 and in the multivalent phases depending on the annealing process in film synthesis which impacts the specific energy-power performance. The supercapacitor based on V2O5 with distorted [VO5] pyramids alongside phases with V4+ and mixed V oxidation states exhibited high specific energy 7.7 μWhcm−2 at corresponding specific power of 64.7 μWcm−2 and significantly large specific power of 363.8 μWcm−2 at 1.5 V. High capacitance and energy-power is attributed to simultaneous redox reactions storing charges in the specific potential range to contribute to the pseudocapacitance. The stoichiometric V2O5 films in V5+ valence state show minimum loss of specific energy (1.20–0.89 μWhcm−2) at high power (40–132 μWcm−2) and much stable 75 ± 2% charge-discharge performance for 2000 cycles. The single valent V2O5 electrodes show sequential V5+/V4+ and V4+/V3+ redox processes and lesser stored charge but high cyclic stability. The significantly improved capacitive and specific energy-power parameters pertaining to a high >77% transmittance at 590 nm show the applicability of the V2O5 solid-state ionic liquid electrolyte based supercapacitor energy storage devices in futuristic transparent electronics.
Contextual Analysis of Social Media: The Promise and Challenge of Eliciting Context in Social Media Posts with Natural Language Processing

While natural language processing affords researchers an opportunity to automatically scan millions of social media posts, there is growing concern that automated computational tools lack the ability to understand context and nuance in human communication and language. This article introduces a critical systematic approach for extracting culture, context and nuance in social media data. The Contextual Analysis of Social Media (CASM) ap-proach considers and critiques the gap between inadequacies in natural language processing tools and differences in geographic, cultural, and age-related variance of social media use and communication. CASM utilizes a team-based approach to analysis of social media data, explicitly informed by community expertise. We use of CASM to analyze Twitter posts from gang-involved youth in Chicago. We designed a set of experiments to evaluate the performance of a support vector machine us-ing CASM hand-labeled posts against a distant model. We found that the CASM-informed hand-labeled data outperforms the baseline distant labels, indicating that the CASM labels capture additional dimensions of information that content-only methods lack. We then question whether this is helpful or harmful for gun violence prevention.
4‐{[3,5‐Bis(methoxy­carbon­yl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl]methyl­amino}pyridine 1‐oxide monohydrate

The title compound, C13H16N4O5·H2O, was isolated following the cyclo­addition reaction of 4-azido­pyridine 1-oxide with an excess of methyl acrylate. The compound arises from a reaction sequence whereby the expected triazoline product undergoes rearrangement and a second cyclo­addition reaction to yield the title pyrazoline product without the presence of a strong base which is usually required for such transformations.
Backward Slicing Analysis on Debug Log for Crash Comprehension

Debugging costs almost half of the development time of programmers. To understand what happened in the buggy execution, one has to backtrack on the execution history, examine suspicious behaviours one by one and finally locate the key symptom. Accelerating this searching procedure will largely reduce the debugging time.In this paper, I propose a backward slicing method to reason the cause of the memory crash on the source code execution trace. It iteratively finds the last modification of new tainted seeds in a thin data slicing style and generates the interprocedural data dependency graph. The slicing method can perform inner function alias analysis and a cross procedural argument tainting analysis. The call sites of dynamic function pointers or call sites expanded by macros are also handled in a heuristic way.I demonstrate the efficacy of method by applying the proto-type system ClueHunter in the vulnerability analysis procedure of 7 open-source projects. The tracing method reduce the amount of code to inspect by 94% for trace-based crash analysis.
Preservice Teachers Taking a Critical Stance When Examining Children’s Literature

What does it mean to “read between the lines?” In today’s society, print and nonprint texts may contain explicit or implicit messages promoting specific ideologies or biases, and future teachers ne...
Decreased graft loss following implementation of the kidney allocation score (KAS).

Abstract Background The Kidney Allocation System (KAS) was developed to improve equity and utility in organ allocation. We examine the effect of this change on kidney graft distribution and survival. Methods UNOS data was used to identify first-time adult recipients of a deceased donor kidney-alone transplant pre-KAS (Jan 2012–Dec 2014, n = 26,612) and post-KAS (Jan 2015–Dec 2017, n = 30,701), as well as grafts recovered Jan 2012–Jun 2019. Results Post-KAS, kidneys were more likely to experience cold ischemia time >24 h (20.0% vs. 18.8%, p 85% kidneys were more likely to be shared regionally (37% vs. 14%), and more likely to be discarded (60.6% vs. 54.9%) after the policy change. KDPI >85% graft and patient survival did not change. Conclusions Implementation of the KAS has increased sharing of high-KDPI kidneys and has decreased the hazard of graft loss without an impact on patient survival.
GPU Assist using DSP Pre-processor

There is an ever increasing need for higher GPU performance to render sophisticated User Interface, latest high end 3D games and general purpose compute (GPGPU) applications. GPU SW programming models such as OpenGL have evolved over decades to cater to the unique mixed pipeline 3D GPU architectures. Due to the sticky nature of GPU SW programming model, leveraging other HW blocks to enhance graphics performance has been a most challenging task for SW architects. System designers have usually responded to the GFLOPS demand by increasing the GPU HW specifications. This paper proposes enhancing GPU performance by leveraging DSP transparently in background without impacting GPU software programming model. The proposed solution consists of multiple novel techniques namely ability to offload vertex shader to DSP, 3 stage pipelined execution and ability to re-use GPU internal pipeline. The proposed solution is prototyped in Jacinoto6 Platform from Texas Instruments. The default GPU spec performance is increased by up-to 41% by leveraging dual core C66x DSP in Jacinto6 Platform using proposed solution for different use-cases. The proposed solution is fully transparent to application software stack. In addition, the solution is directly applicable to any GPU + DSP architecture making it attractive approach for cost optimized solutions.
Acoustic response from metal powders reacting in a laser-induced plasma

The acoustic responses of a variety of powdered materials including a suite of elemental metals and metalloids (B, Mg, Hf, W, Si, Sn, Cu, Zr, Pb, C, Mo, Al), and metal oxide Al2O3 at the nm and µm scales have been measured following ns-pulsed ablation, excitation, and subsequent reaction in a laser-induced plasma. We track the air shockwave propagation both optically via schlieren imaging and acoustically and find that among Al and Al2O3, the max acoustic amplitude increases and time to peak amplitude decreases as a function of decreasing particle size. Further, this experimental trend can be controlled and enhanced by mixing nm- and µm-sized Al powders relative to the nm-Al powder. We compare Al to Al2O3 at similar sizes to demonstrate the effect of material reactivity on the laser-induced shockwave and acoustic response and find that amplitude is increased and time to peak is decreased when moving from the inert (Al2O3) to reactive (Al) material. A few elemental powders such as Si and nm–Mg perform similarly to nm–Al, while most of the other elemental powders are comparable to µm–Al. The effect of particle size distribution and other material properties on these measurements is discussed. Acoustic measurements are a viable, cheap alternative to expensive optical techniques (such as high-speed schlieren imaging) for measuring the laser-induced shockwave and serve to corroborate such measurements. Such measurements coupled with other diagnostics can characterize material reactions and measure relative energy release between samples, particularly for novel reactive and energetic materials.
From Road Rage to Everyday Automotive Incivility: A Routine Activities Approach to Low‐Level Deviance

Classic sociological theory emphasizing human ecology and the convergence of persons in time and space motivated the “routine activities” approach in criminological research. Empirical work in this...
The cAMP Signaling and MAP Kinase Pathways in Plant Pathogenic Fungi

All eukaryotic organisms must be able to sense and respond to extracellular signals for regulating various developmental and differentiation processes. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways are among the best studied signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes. The key components of the cAMP-PKA pathway include the adenylate cyclase (AC) and regulatory and catalytic subunits of protein kinase A (PKA). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both small GTPase Ras and trimeric G-protein Gpa2 Gα function upstream from the cAMP-PKA pathway. Adenylate cyclase is activated by Gα subunits in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa (Kays et al. 2000). Although there are no experimental data to determine whether AC is activated by Ras or heterotrimeric G-proteins in most ascomycetous fungal pathogens, phenotype analyses of related mutants and pharmacological studies often suggest the involvement of Ga in the cAMP-PKA pathway (Gronover et al. 2001; Liu and Dean 1997).
Measurement of live bacteria by Nomarski interference microscopy and stereologic methods as tested with macroscopic rod-shaped models.

Abstract A new method is proposed to measure bacterial cells under growth conditions. Bacterial cells, suspended in their growth medium, were attached to a cover slip with poly-L-lysine. The cover slip was inverted and placed on a glass microscope slide. To prevent dehydration of the medium, the edges of the cover slip were sealed to the microscope slide with clear fingernail polish. The bacteria on the slide were then quickly photographed with a Leitz light microscope, using Nomarski optics. The photographic negatives were then projected at a standard distance through a lens system, and the projected images of the whole cells were outlined by hand onto graph paper. The profile images so transcribed onto the graph paper were in effect transverse sections of each of the cells. Using stereologic grid and point counting techniques, the area of the cell transverse section as well as the perimeter or circumference of the transverse section were estimated. Formulae were developed so that both the volume and surface area of the whole cell could be ascertained from these area and circumference measurements. Since the efficacy of any measurements of surface area and volume of microscopic rod-shaped bacterial cells could be questioned, macroscopic rod-shaped models were used to test the theory and formulae and to compare this method with other commonly used cell-sizing techniques. This technique could be used in any study of bacterial cell size or changes in cell size (e.g., osmotic shifts).
Dempster-Shafer and Bayesian networks for CAD-based feature extraction: a comparative investigation and analysis

Information pertaining to real world problems often contains noises and uncertainties. This has been a major challenge faced by the contemporary AI researchers. Of various paradigms developed for handing uncertainties, the Dempster-Shafer theory (DS) and the Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN) have received considerable attention in the AI community recently. They have been successfully applied to problems in medical diagnosis, decision-making, image understanding, machine vision, etc.. Despite their obvious success, blindly using them without understanding their limitations may result in computational difficulty and unsatisfying inference results. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the performance of the two paradigms in extracting manufacturing features from the solid model descriptions of objects. Such a comparison will serve to identify their strengths, weakness, and appropriate application domains.
Incorporation of flexibility in scheduling decision-making

Abstract Uncertainty is a very important factor in process operations. In this paper, a systematic framework is developed to address the problem of accounting for uncertainty in the scheduling decision-making process. The objectives are to increase the schedule flexibility prior to its execution and identify the important parameters and their effects into the scheduling performance. Two approaches are proposed: robust optimization and inference-based sensitivity analysis. The proposed formulation incorporates the consideration of solution robustness and model robustness. Examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach in batch plant scheduling.
Males respond differently than females to mate loss in the biparental convict cichlid fish

Summary Using the biparental convict cichlid fish, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, we examined whether the loss of a mate prior to spawning influences pair re-formation and reproduction. We manipulated an individuals' "readiness to mate" by removing its mate within 24 h prior to spawning and immediately replacing it with a similar sized individual that had not been exposed to prior courtship. Most pairs with a replaced male showed an increase in aggression and courtship but, within 24 h, successfully spawned. We determined that resident females required the presence of a male before depositing their eggs and the likelihood of forming this new pair bond remained unchanged in spite of the abbreviated premating period. Pairs in which females were replaced (i.e., male is the resident) took longer to spawn than control pairs. Courtship behavior did not increase with the addition of the new female, further illustrating that spawning was not imminent. Here again we provide evidence that the likelihood of forming a pair bond remained unchanged. We suggest that unlike females that were provided with a new male, a male provided with new female delays spawning because of his prior pair bond attachment to the initial female.
Advances in Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury

The disease spectrum leading to pediatric renal replacement therapy (RRT) provision has broadened over the last decade. In the 1980s, intrinsic renal disease and burns comprised the most common pediatric acute renal failure etiologies; more recent data demonstrate that pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) most often results from complications of other systemic diseases resulting from the advancements in congenital heart surgery, neonatal care, and bone marrow and solid organ transplantation. In addition, RRT modality preferences to treat critically ill children have shifted from peritoneal dialysis to continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) as a result of improvements in CRRT technologies. In this article, we aim to review the pediatric specific causes for RRT provision, emphasizing the emerging practice patterns with respect to modality and timing of treatment. We will focus on the application of different RRT modalities and related outcome of children with AKI who receive RRT.
Predicting codling moth (Cydia pomonella) phenology in North Carolina on the basis of temperature and improved generation turnover estimates

BACKGROUND The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a major worldwide pest of apples, pears and walnuts. A temperature-driven phenological model of codling moth, developed in Michigan, has been utilized in North Carolina and other states for decades. Systematic inaccuracy of this model in predicting moth emergence in North Carolina suggests that the relationship between emergence and temperature differs between the American midwest and southeast, or that additional factors may influence the system. RESULTS A method was developed to optimize the estimation of generation turnover intervals. Emergence was modeled as a function of heat unit accumulation. Significant differences between emergence predictions based on the resultant model and the existing model developed in Michigan were found. CONCLUSION A new model of codling moth emergence, incorporating improved estimates for generation turnover for North Carolina, offers predictive improvement with practical importance to management. Differences between the emergence of susceptible and resistant moth populations were also investigated, leading to the suggestion that resistance to insecticides should be considered in future studies of emergence phenology. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Extracting spatial–temporal coherent patterns in large-scale neural recordings using dynamic mode decomposition

Abstract Background There is a broad need in neuroscience to understand and visualize large-scale recordings of neural activity, big data acquired by tens or hundreds of electrodes recording dynamic brain activity over minutes to hours. Such datasets are characterized by coherent patterns across both space and time, yet existing computational methods are typically restricted to analysis either in space or in time separately. New method Here we report the adaptation of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), an algorithm originally developed for studying fluid physics, to large-scale neural recordings. DMD is a modal decomposition algorithm that describes high-dimensional dynamic data using coupled spatial–temporal modes. The algorithm is robust to variations in noise and subsampling rate; it scales easily to very large numbers of simultaneously acquired measurements. Results We first validate the DMD approach on sub-dural electrode array recordings from human subjects performing a known motor task. Next, we combine DMD with unsupervised clustering, developing a novel method to extract spindle networks during sleep. We uncovered several distinct sleep spindle networks identifiable by their stereotypical cortical distribution patterns, frequency, and duration. Comparison with existing methods DMD is closely related to principal components analysis (PCA) and discrete Fourier transform (DFT). We may think of DMD as a rotation of the low-dimensional PCA space such that each basis vector has coherent dynamics. Conclusions The resulting analysis combines key features of performing PCA in space and power spectral analysis in time, making it particularly suitable for analyzing large-scale neural recordings.
Mouse adenovirus type 1 replication in vitro is resistant to interferon.

Abstract The effects of mouse interferon (IFN)-α/β and recombinant IFN-γ on mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) replication were investigated in single-cycle infectious virus yield reduction assays on mouse L929 cells. Viral yields at 3 days postinfection indicated that wt MAV-1 and pmE314, an early region 3 null mutant, were relatively insensitive to both IFN-α/β and IFN-γ, whereas early region 1A (E1A) mutants pmE109 (null), dlE105 (conserved region 1 deletion, CR1Δ), dlE102 (CR2Δ), and dlE106 (CR3Δ) were sensitive. MAV-1 E1A that was inducibly expressed in mouse fibroblast 37.1 cells rescued vesicular stomatitis virus from the antiviral effect of IFN-α/β but not from the antiviral effect of IFN-γ. Interferon-inducible gene expression was reduced in 37.1 cells as compared to the parental 3T6 cell line. Steady-state levels of IFN-inducible gene mRNAs were also reduced in 3T6 cells infected with the wild-type virus and pmE314 but not in cells infected with pmE109. These results suggest that the MAV-1 E1A gene product is capable of interfering with the signaling pathways of both types of IFN, although modulation of IFN-α/β antiviral activity was more pronounced.
Caries prevention: Current Strategies, New Directions

Despite major advances in caries prevention, a large subset of the U.S. population still needs additional control measures. In numerous other countries, needs are escalating as caries rates continue to rise. Building on current strategies and new insights into the specific mechanisms of caries initiation, researchers are creatively using a variety of new technologies, especially in molecular biology, to fashion a new generation of preventive measures.
Help Families by Fostering Parental Involvement.

Show an interest in your students' families before demanding that parents support your school.