cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analysis of Speech Recognition Outcomes in Younger and Older Adults With Cochlear Implants.

Purpose Meta-analyses were conducted to compare pre- to postoperative speech recognition improvements and postoperative scores after cochlear implantation in younger ( 60 years) adults. Method Studies were identified with electronic databases and through manual search of the literature. In the primary analyses, effect sizes between pre- and postoperative scores for each age group were calculated using a formula appropriate for repeated-measures designs. Using the effect sizes, two separate meta-analyses using a random-effects restricted maximum likelihood model were conducted for experiments using word and sentence recognition stimuli in quiet. Secondary meta-analyses were conducted to examine average postimplant, percent correct word recognition, sentence recognition, and speech recognition in noise in studies that included both older and younger age groups. Traditional Hedges's g effect sizes were calculated between the two groups. Results For the primary analyses, experiments using word and sentence recognition stimuli yielded significant, large effect sizes for the younger and older adult cochlear implant recipients with no significant differences between the older and younger age groups. However, the secondary meta-analyses of postoperative scores suggested significant differences between age groups for stimuli in quiet and noise. Conclusions Although older and younger adults with implants achieve the same magnitude of pre- to postimplant speech recognition benefit in quiet, the overall postoperative speech recognition outcomes in quiet and noise are superior in younger over older adults. Strategies to mitigate these group differences are critical for ensuring optimal outcomes in elderly individuals who are candidates for cochlear implants.
A Relationship between SV40-transformed Cell Susceptibility to Macrophage Killing and Tumor Induction in Rodents

Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a papovavirus that induces tumors in golden Syrian hamsters and transforms cells from many species in tissue culture (1). The ability of SV40-transformed hamster cells, but not cells from other species transformed by SV40, to induce tumors in the host (2) implies that in transformation of hamster cells, SV40 may induce a species-specific change that renders the neoplastic cells resistant to rejection by the host. Previous studies by the authors suggested that LSH hamster cells transformed by adenovirus 2 (Ad2, a human virus not oncogenic in newborn hamsters) (3,4) are susceptible to rejection by a thymus-dependent, cell-mediated host response (5,6,7). The resistance of SV40-transformed LSH cells to rejection by syngeneic animals and the recent observation that SV40-transformed LSH cells induce tumors in histoincompatible CB hamsters almost as efficiently as in syngeneic animals (8) support the hypothesis that SV40 alters the efficiency with which the hamster cells it transforms are recognized or destroyed by the host.
Evaluation and Testing of Commercially-Available Carbon Nanotubes as Negative Electrodes for Lithium Ion Cells

Rechargeable lithium ion (Li-ion) battery technology offers significant performance advantages over the nickel-based technologies used for energy storage for the majority of NASA's missions. Specifically Li-ion technology offers a threefold to fourfold increase in gravimetric and volumetric energy densities and produces voltages in excess of three times the value of typical nickel-based battery systems. As part of the Advanced Battery Technology program at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), a program on the evaluation of anodes for Li-ion cells and batteries was conducted. This study focused on the feasibility of using carbon nanotubes as anodes in Li-Ion cells. Candidate materials from multiple sources were evaluated. Their performance was compared to a standard anode comprised of mesocarbon microbeads. In all cases, the standard MCMB electrode exhibited superior performance. The details and results of the study are presented.
Phenomenology of the Gowdy universe on T 3 × R

Numerical studies of the plane symmetric, vacuum Gowdy universe on ${T}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}R$ yield strong support for the conjectured asymptotically velocity term dominated (AVTD) behavior of its evolution toward the singularity except, perhaps, at isolated spatial points. A generic solution is characterized by spiky features and apparent ``discontinuities'' in the wave amplitudes. It is shown that the nonlinear terms in the wave equations drive the system generically to the ``small velocity'' AVTD regime and that the spiky features are caused by the absence of these terms at isolated spatial points.
Limited Liability Companies: A Primer on Value Creation through Choice of Form

Prepared for my text Corporation Law and Economics (Foundation Press forthcoming 2002), this article briefly summarizes the salient characteristics of limited liability companies. Using a transaction cost economics framework, the article explains how structuring a business as a LLC can create value. The article discusses taxation of LLCs, their organizational flexibility, and the limited liability they provide members. While transactional lawyers could provide clients with pass through taxation, relatively informal decisionmaking, restricted membership, and limited liability, they could do so only by substantially modifying the default rules governing corporate operation. From the client's perspective, extensive modifications of the default statutory rules are always problematic. Acceptable modifications must be bargained out, which is costly and may result in disagreements that prevent the relationship from ever getting off the ground. Agreed-upon modifications must be spelled out in detail to reduce the risk of future disagreements and, even if this is done, disputes over the parties' intent may nevertheless arise. By providing a set of default rules meeting these criteria, the LLC statute allows many small business relationships to adopt the statutory rules "off-the-rack."
Agile Software Development Methodologies and Practices

Abstract Beginning in the mid-1990s, a number of consultants independently created and evolved what later came to be known as agile software development methodologies. Agile methodologies and practices emerged as an attempt to more formally and explicitly embrace higher rates of change in software requirements and customer expectations. Some prominent agile methodologies are Adaptive Software Development, Crystal, Dynamic Systems Development Method, Extreme Programming (XP), Feature-Driven Development (FDD), Pragmatic Programming, and Scrum. This chapter presents the principles that underlie and unite the agile methodologies. Then, 32 practices used in agile methodologies are presented. Finally, three agile methodologies (XP, FDD, and Scrum) are explained. Most often, software development teams select a subset of the agile practices and create their own hybrid software development methodology rather than strictly adhere to all the practices of a predefined agile methodology. Teams that use primarily agile practices are most often small- to medium-sized, colocated teams working on less complex projects.
Tensor Components of Finite Strain, II

We now know how to calculate tensor components for finite strain, given the displacement equations or coordinate transformations for a deformation. But we still have little feeling for what these numbers mean in terms of ordinary measures of strain—the elongations, stretches, quadratic elongations, and shear strains. This chapter is devoted to bridging this gap in our understanding somewhat. However, in general the tensor components of finite strain are harder to interpret than the tensor components of infinitesimal strain, so that, even to experienced workers, they remain somewhat mysterious numbers that “work” when properly evaluated and put into the correct equations.
A New Calibration Procedure for Gel Filtration Columns

A new procedure for column calibration is described based on the assumption that microregions of nonexcluded volume within the gel are distributed randomly with respect to the sizes of molecules they can accommodate. This approach leads to a linear relationship between molecular radius and the inverse error function complement of the column partition coefficient. Excellent agreement of the relationship is obtained with experimental data over a wide range of molecular size as well as a diversity of molecular species and column bed materials. The new method is simple and convenient to use and has the advantage over previous methods in that it is not based on any hypothetical structures for the gel matrix.
The effects of physicians’ communication satisfaction and their perceptions of empowerment on their likelihood to recommend a hospital to their peers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that may contribute to physicians’ dissatisfaction with their work environment, and subsequently, their likelihood to recommend a hospital to their peers.Design/methodology/approach – A mixed method research design was used to identify, through qualitative interviews and focus groups, and measure, through quantitative surveys, physicians’ satisfaction with organizational communication, perceptions of empowerment and their likelihood to recommend a hospital to their peer physicians.Findings – The results of the study indicate that physicians’ communication satisfaction and perceptions of empowerment contribute both directly and indirectly to their likelihood to recommend their organization to peers. The findings suggest that hospitals that facilitate positive workplace communications and provide work environments that allow professional discretion and autonomy are more likely to have satisfied physicians and positive word‐of‐mouth referrals.Research...
A high-speed division algorithm for residue number system

A new algorithm for one of the longstanding problems in residue number system, namely division, is presented. The algorithm is very simple. It approaches the paper-and-pencil division procedure where the quotient is selected to guarantee a non-negative remainder. This algorithm does not require sign and overflow detection, scaling, or redundant moduli. Based on computer simulation results, the algorithm is four times faster than the most recent and competitive published work by Lu and Chiang (see IEEE Trans. Compu., vol. C-41, no. 8, p. 1026-32, 1992).
Technology fluency discovering adaptability in a diverse learning environment

This paper offers an expanded definition of technology fluency that includes the ability to use technology in and across communities. The study is a qualitative case study of a self-initiated digital divide intervention. Specifically, the intervention described merges privileged students from a private suburban high school (instructors) with inner-city youth from an impoverished neighborhood (learners) in a web-design course. The question for this research asks in what way do technology-experienced instructors bridge local understandings of technology learning to successfully engage technology-novice learners? Using a theoretical framework drawn from cultural sociology, this study examines the development of the instructors' technology fluency by bringing attention to the transformation of instructor schemas and practices as they interact with learners throughout the course. The intention is not only to illuminate the "what and how" of change but also to offer explanations as to why.
ALEXIS Observations of the Diffuse Cosmic Background in the Extreme Ultraviolet

We present preliminary results of A LEXIS satellite observations of the extreme ultraviolet diffuse sky. ALEXIS was designed to be a half-sky monitor in three narrow wavelength bands between 13.0 and 19.0 nm. In our band centered at 172 A we find a clear signal from the diffuse sky that is about 20 counts per second above the signal when looking at the dark earth from the same part of an orbit. This difference corresponds to an upper limit on the true cosmic diffuse background signal in this narrow band. When estimates of the geocoronal contributions, both in and out of band, are removed, our upper limit is reduced.
Nonlinear Acoustics, a Technique to Determine Microstructural Changes in Materials

An important aspect of nondestructive evaluation is materials characterization, in particular, detection of changes in the microstructure, affecting the mechanical properties. The goal of this project is to correlate the mechanical properties of high strength alloys with nonlinear acoustical properties of the materials. Many high strength alloys are precipitation hardened, and therefore, their mechanical properties are dependent on microstructural changes during thermal aging. Since the precipitates are formed by diffusion a property sensitive to the precipitation changes is the electrical resistivity. Standard ultrasonic techniques, on the other hand, have been unreliable in microstructural characterization, since in these alloys linear acoustic properties (e.g. sound velocity, attenuation) change by no more than 1%. Literature indicates however that nonlinear acoustical properties change by roughly 50% [1]. From this evidence it appears a nonlinear acoustic technique would be an additional method to examine microstructural changes in precipitation hardened materials.
Dohle bodies and other granulocytic alterations during chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide.

Morphologic alterations following cyclophosphamide chemotherapy have been described in 25 patients having different types of malignant disease. Significant findings included: 1) An increased number of Dohle bodies in the granulocytes of untreated patients with cancer. 2) A marked increase in the number of Dohle bodies during therapy, approaching normality during the second and third month following initiation of chemotherapy. 3) A "shift to the left" of nuclear maturation during the initial stages of chemotherapy and a return toward normal in a manner similar to that seen with Dohle bodies. 4) The appearance of coarse cytoplasmic granulation in all leukocytes, and of giant platelets during chemotherapy. The presence of Dohle bodies, nuclear immaturity, "toxic" cytoplasmic granulation, and giant platelets may indicate, at least in some measure, a general metabolic disturbance of the hematopoietic system.
Evaluating delayed write in a multilevel caching file system

Delayed write in a multilevel file system cache hierarchy offers a way to improve performance in diverse client/server scenarios, such as integrating mass store into a distributed file system or providing distributed file system access over low-speed links. Using file system traces and cache simulations, we explore extensions and modifications to the traditional client-caching model employed in such file systems as AFS, Sprite, and DFS. High cache hit rates at an intermediate cache server-a machine logically interposed between clients and servers that provides cached file service to the clients-combined with high client cache hit rates lend practicality to an integrated mass storage file system. In such a system, magnetic tape or optical-based mass storage devices may be used as a first-class data repository, fronted by disk and RAM caches to offer acceptable access times to the large, but slow, mass storage system. Similarly, a high cache hit rate is necessary for users accessing file systems via low-speed links, where a delayed write intermediate caching server can mediate traffic to make better use of available bandwidth. In an example taken from mobile computing, an intermediate server might be used as a docking station at a user's home. This arrangement would be convenient for users of mobile computers who upload large amounts of data generated while operating in disconnected mode. Simulations of delayed write caching strategies are applicable to both the mass storage and low-speed link scenarios.
Discrimination of atrial arrhythmias using autoregressive modelling

Classification of atrial arrhythmias from bipolar endocardial leads is inhibited by distortions in organized rhythms and lack of discrete deflections in atrial fibrillation. Autoregressive modeling of organized rhythms produces impulse-dominated residuals, while atrial fibrillation shows a residual consisting of decorrelated noise. These distinct differences in the residual amplitude distributions permit separation of atrial fibrillation from other atrial arrhythmias. A real-time median adaptive filter produced comparable residuals for the organized rhythms with faster, smoother adaptation than standard least mean square algorithms due to impulse-enhancement of the residuals. >
Faculty Attitudes Toward Student Protest.

As part of a large-scale university survey, a random sample of faculty (75% of whom had had firsthand experience with serious student revolt) were asked for their reaction to a series of questions dealing with student protest — with the reasons for it, the kinds of student protest tactics employed, and the type of actions an administration might take to control it. Statistical comparisons were made between faculty, students, and administrators; and among faculty across disciplines to try to account for different attitudes. Findings suggest that faculty differ less among themselves than from other university constituent groups as to attitude about protest. They tend to distinguish sharply between dissent (which they support) and disruption (which they do not), and to favor responses to protest which keep the university open and functioning. Finally, the view is advanced that violent unrest is the unfortunate result of reciprocal escalation which can be avoided by attention to the causes of dissent rather than its dramatic manifestations.
An unexplained sequestration of latrunculin a is required in neutrophils for inhibition of actin polymerization

Latrunculin A (LatA) is a toxic natural product that causes disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in many eukaryotic cells at submicromolar concentrations. LatA has been found to bind G-actin with a dissociation constant of 0.2 μM, and more recently to bind profilin-G-actin and, weakly, thymosin β4-G-actin. A number of investigators have used LatA as a G-actin sequestering agent. Thus, we studied neutrophil chemotaxis and its requisite conversion of G-actin to F-actin, supported by an extensive pool of G-actin, mainly bound to thymosin β4. Calculations suggest that the affinity of LatA is insufficient to cause significant sequestration of this pool, and the pool's buffering action should protect neutrophils from depletion of productive G-actin species by submicromolar LatA. Nonetheless, we found that both chemoattractant stimulated migration and F-actin polymerization in neutrophils were inhibited by LatA at these concentrations. The latter effect was accompanied by sequestration of LatA and showed a cell density dependence that was consistent with G-actin sequestration. The apparent contradiction between the calculations and the experimental observations could be reconciled by assuming the presence of an accessory species, of unknown normal function, which forms a high affinity ternary complex with LatA and G-actin, thus causing the cells to concentrate LatA. Other models that could not be ruled out also invoke new actions of LatA, suggesting caution in the interpretation of its effects on cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:122–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MODES OF ENTRY SUBSTITUTION PATTERNS USED BY U.S. MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN WESTERN EUROPE

The patterns used by international firms to substitute modes of entry in foreign product markets could be incremental in the chain from exporting to investment (incremental pattern) or could be haphazard and unpredictable (non‐incremental pattern). This study develops models representing the substitution patterns then tests them using data on exporting, licensing and investments flows of U.S. manufacturing firms to Western Europe during the 1980–88 period. The findings suggest that U.S. manufacturing firms at the aggregate level used the non‐incremental pattern.
The vitamin‐C content of blood and cerebro‐spinal fluid

The significance of vitamin-C as a metabolism catalyst is briefly discussed. The distribution of ascorbic acid in blood and brain fluids has been investigated, the determinations being carried out simultaneously. The opinion of Plaut and Bulow, that the vitamin-C content in the fluid decreases with age and must be considered as an indication of a diminished activity of the nerve fibres, could not be confirmed. When a smaller quantity of vitamin-C is met with in older people, it must be connected with a small intake of food containing sufficient ascorbic acid.
Reduction of channel interference in OFDM systems through optimal phase space sampling

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has gained considerable interest as an efficient technology for high-date-data transmission over wireless channels. Standard OFDM systems are associated with a rectangular grid in the time-frequency plane. However such a setup is in general not optimum for pulse shaping OFDM systems for doubly dispersive channels. We introduce lattice-OFDM systems (LOFDM), which are OFDM systems constructed with respect to general lattices in the time-frequency plane. We show how to design optimum pulse shaping LOFDM system. Our analysis is based on results from Heisenberg groups, Gabor frames, and sphere coverings. Numerical simulations confirm that LOFDM systems outperform ordinary OFDM systems with regard to robustness against intersymbol interference and interchannel interference.
A new TAG-72 cancer marker peptide identified by phage display

Radiolabeled peptides as markers of cancer targets have demonstrated their value in diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy. The 16 mer f88-4/Cys6 phage display library was applied to affinity purified TAG-72 and three consensus peptides were identified: VHHSCTKLTHCCQNWH (A2-13), GGVSCMQTSPVCENNL (A2-6) and TKRDCSAQNYGCQKAI (A2-11). The A2-13 and A2-6 phages showed the highest percent binding to LS-174T cells by flow cytometry and were 3-fold higher than a control phage, while fluorescence microscopy showed that both A2-6 and A2-13 phages bound to the LS-174T cell membrane. However, only the A2-6 phage demonstrated specificity by low binding to the TAG-72 negative cell HT-29. Furthermore, the synthesized free A2-6 peptide demonstrated specific binding to LS-174T cells by flow cytometry and by immunohistochemical staining of xenograft tumor compared to normal colon. These data indicate that the A2-6 peptide is specific for the TAG-72 cancer target.
Investigation of soy protein-kymene ® adhesive systems for wood composites

This study investigated a new adhesive system, consisting of soy protein isolate (SPI) and Kymene® 557H (simply called Kymene) (a commercial wet-strength agent for paper), that was prepared by mixing SPI and Kymene. Wood composites bonded with SPI-Kymene adhesive preparations had shear strengths comparable to or higher than those bonded with commercial phenol formaldehyde resins. Wood composites bonded with the new adhesive system had high water resistance and retained relatively high strength even after they had undergone a boiling-water test. The new adhesive system is formaldehyde-free, easy to use, and environmentally friendly. Kymene was proposed to serve as a curing agent in SPI-Kymene adhesives.
Prolactin expression is induced in Jurkat T-cells by β-catenin LEF-1, AP-1 and cAMP

Prolactin (PRL) in humans is produced in the pituitary as well as in extra-pituitary sites. A proximal promoter that requires the Pit-1 transcription factor controls pituitary PRL expression, whereas a distal (upstream) promoter located at 5.8 kb upstream of the pituitary start site regulates extra-pituitary PRL synthesis. We have previously reported that cAMP regulates PRL transcription in Jurkat lymphocytes in part through a cAMP responsive element. Here we demonstrate that additional PRL regulatory elements corresponding to LEF-l and AP-1 transcription factor binding sites appear important for PRL expression, since factor binding by EMSA and reporter gene expression are reduced when these sites are deleted or mutated. Interestingly, over-expression of a constitutively active form of beta-catenin increases PRL expression of Jurkat cells. This effect occurs through both LEF-dependent and -independent pathways. Our studies identify the distal PRL promoter as a target for beta-catenin, and reveal novel pathways regulating extra-pituitary PRL expression.
Imaging the post-fusion release and capture of a vesicle membrane protein

The molecular mechanism responsible for capturing, sorting and retrieving vesicle membrane proteins following triggered exocytosis is not understood. Here we image the post-fusion release and then capture of a vesicle membrane protein, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, from single vesicles in living neuroendocrine cells. We combine these measurements with super-resolution interferometric photo-activation localization microscopy and electron microscopy, and modelling to map the nanometer-scale topography and architecture of the structures responsible for the transporter's capture following exocytosis. We show that after exocytosis, the transporter rapidly diffuses into the plasma membrane, but most travels only a short distance before it is locally captured over a dense network of membrane-resident clathrin-coated structures. We propose that the extreme density of these structures acts as a short-range diffusion trap. They quickly sequester diffusing vesicle material and limit its spread across the membrane. This system could provide a means for clathrin-mediated endocytosis to quickly recycle vesicle proteins in highly excitable cells.
Effects of ionic strength on colloid deposition and release

The deposition and release of colloidal contaminants in groundwaters may be important with respect to the environmental fate of contaminants and the remediation of subsurface contamination. The objective of this paper is to present results of laboratory studies that address the effect of ionic strength on model colloid (polystyrene spheres) deposition and release. Solutions of different ionic strength at near-neutral pH were pumped through a horizontally oriented, 40 cm long column of 0.46 mm silica sand at a velocity of 1 m per day. Pulse inputs of 1.09 μm fluorescent particles were made and the column effluent was continuously monitored with a fluorometer. After complete breakthrough of the pulse, the solution ionic strength was reduced and the subsequent effects on particle release were observed. Deposition results show evidence of the effects of hydrodynamic chromatography and retardation. As expected, deposition increases with increasing ionic strength. The extent of release due to ionic strength reduction depends on the magnitude of the change in ionic strength and the extent of prior deposition.
Study on the Composite Interface of 4045/3004/4045 Aluminum Alloy Ingot

In this research, 4045/3004/4045 composite ingots were obtained by a semi-continuous casting process. The macrostructure, microstructure, elements distribution, mechanical properties of 4045/3004/4045 triple layers composite were studied. The results show that the composite interface is planar and clean with little evidence of porosity can be achieved by an optimum semi-continuous casting technology. The thickness of diffusion layer near composite interface can be controlled less than 30 μm. The bonding strength can reach to 100MPa which belongs to a kind of metallurgical bonding.
Numerical taxonomy and influenza B virus.

Analysis of the reactions of influenza B virus with various antisera has clarified the relationships among virus strains.
Effect of the bioflavonoid morin on HEp-2 cells.

Bioflavonoids are plant compounds which aid in disease resistance (MariniBettolo and Monache 1977) and attract pollinating insects (Thompson et al. 1972). Flavonoids have been shown to affect biological systems variably, having antibacterial, antiviral (Miski et al. 1983), antifungal (Donnelly 1977), mutagenic (Brown 1980), antineoplastic and/or enzyme inhibitory properties (Pritsos et al. 1985; Bohmont et al. 1987; Hodnick et al. 1986; Duval et al. 1988). Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium phlei was demonstrated in five 5,6,7-trisubstituted falvones which were extracted from Gompherena rnartiana and G. boliviana (Pomilio et al 1992). The flavonoid cirsimaritin, which was extracted from the leaves of Salvia palaestina, was demonstrated to have high activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermitis, Echerichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Miski et al. 1983). Antiviral activity was discovered in baicalin, a flavonoid extracted form Seutellaria baicalensis georgi, which inhibited human T and B cells via inhibition of the reverse transcriptase of infected ceils (Baylor et al. 1992). Further, flavonoid inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity in Moloney murine leukemia infected cells has been reported (Chu et al. 1992). For example, a number of flavonoids were shown to inhibit the activity of succinoxidase (Hodnick et al. 1986) and other flavonoids have been reported to inhibit mitochondrial respiration via inhibition of NADH oxidase, succinoxidase and ATPase (Bohmont et al. 1987). Mitochondrial enzymes are not the only enzymes affected by flavonoids. The flavonoid dichlone interferes with liver glycolysis in rats via inhibition of glutathione reductase (Pristos et al. 1985). Antineoplastic activity has been demonstrated in the cytotoxic flavonoid eupatorin which displayed cytotoxic activity against human carcinoma of the nasopharynx (Kupchan et al. 1979). Three flavonoids with inhibitory activities against Epstein-Barr virus early antigen induction by a tumor promoter have been isolated (Murakami 1992). Further, twelve flavonoids which inhibited antineoplastic activity against adenocarcinoma 755, Friend virus leukemia, Lewis lung carcinoma and Walker carcinosarcoma 256 have been reported (Edwards et al 1979).
Search for perturbations of γ − γ directional correlations

$\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ directional correlations in $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$, $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, and $^{143}\mathrm{Pr}$ that proceed through levels of lifetimes 1.2, 1.5, 3.8, and 4.2 nsec, respectively, have been studied with the application of a magnetic field parallel to one radiation in order to search for possible attenuation of the correlations. Attenuations were found for the 1270-123-keV cascade in $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$ (in general agreement with earlier work) and in $^{143}\mathrm{Pr}$, both of which have large magnetic susceptibilities. No attenuation was found for the 427-35-keV cascade in $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$ and the isotropic correlation found for the 70-103-keV cascade in $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$ is inferred to be the true correlation. The result for the unattenuated correlation coefficient for the 293-57-keV cascade in $^{143}\mathrm{Pr}$ is ${A}_{2}=0.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$.[RADIOACTIVITY $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$, $^{143}\mathrm{Pr}$, $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$; measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ($\ensuremath{\theta}$, longitudinal $H$); deduced $\ensuremath{\delta}$ in $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, $\ensuremath{\delta}$ and $J$ in $^{143}\mathrm{Pr}$.]
The Little Mosque On the Prairie: Examining (Multi) Cultural Spaces of Nation and Religion

In the post-9/11 geopolitical context characterized by the reinforcement of orientalist ideas about Islam, and increasing xenophobia against Muslims, this article examines the politics of represent...
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients From a Full-Scale Test in the REPEAT Facility

Convective heat transport coefficients are computed from data obtained from a full-scale test in a closely controlled, passive solar sunspace. The subtractive convective heat transport at the surface is calculated from the conductive and radiative fluxes. Methods for calculating these fluxes from measured data, and estimating best fit coefficients are presented. The results obtained are found to be in very good agreement with an independent approach used to analyze the same data sets.
A model for agricultural soil compaction

The compactness of agricultural soil may vary greatly during a crop season due to tillage and other machine operations that apply forces to the soil. Thus, an adequate model for agricultural soil compaction must be capable of predicting soil density over a wide range of compactness, from a very loose state to a very compacted state. The traditional logarithmic model does not adequately predict soil density at low levels of compactness and low stress levels. A three-parameter multiplicative model of soil compaction is proposed. This model satisfies certain boundary conditions for natural volumetric strain at low and high stress levels which are not satisfied by the traditional model. The model was fitted to hydrostatic compression test data for two agricultural soils, a sandy loam and a clay. The model was capable of predicting soil density at low stress levels with less error than the traditional model. Data from three levels of moisture content of the clay showed that all three coefficients of the proposed model were influenced by moisture content.
Simulations of ferroelectric polymer film polarization: The role of dipole interactions

We present a systematic study of the dipole alignment in the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films using first-principles total energy calculations. The ground state of a single layer film is a state with all the dipoles lying parallel to the film plane. This can also be explained by a dipole-dipole interaction model. The induced mirror charges on conducting substrates or substrates with a non-negligible dielectric response play an important role in aligning the polarization perpendicular to the film. From fitting the ab initio calculations, we obtain an effective monomer dipole moment of $4.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}$. This corresponds to a spontaneous polarization of $0.087\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, which agrees with other theoretical and experimental values. Simulation reveals a more complex behavior for molecular bilayer. We studied three molecular multilayer structures to compare the total energy and model calculations. Close examination of these results provides a better understanding of PVDF film growth and dipole orientation on different substrates.
MeV ion implantation in GaAs technology

Abstract The technology base of MeV ion implantation in GaAs is reviewed, n-type implantation using Si and Si and S co-implants is emphasized. Experimental range and shape parameters obtained using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) of Si implants having energies from 1 to 20 MeV are presented. Activation studies of these implants, as well as Si and S co-implants, annealed using both furnace anneal and rapid thermal anneal have been performed with Hall and capacitance-voltage measurements. Buried n+ profiles with a peak carrier concentration of 2 × 1018/cm3, located as deep as 6 μm beneath the surface have been formed with the co-implantation of Si and S. Application of these implants to GaAs device fabrication is discussed. Several techniques for masking the high energy implants during selective implantation are presented. The performance values of two demonstration devices, a mixer diode and a varactor diode, show that state-of-the-art devices can be fabricated using MeV implantation.
THE APPEARANCE OF THE PRESSOR SUBSTANCE IN THE FETAL HYPOPHYSIS

The pressor substance of the hypophysis is so marked in the pig fetus measuring 175 mm. that it seems probable that a fetus of this length is independent of the secretion of the mother's hypophysis.
Significant Reduction of Lattice Thermal Conductivity by the Electron-Phonon Interaction in Silicon with High Carrier Concentrations: A First-Principles Study

The electron-phonon interaction is well known to create major resistance to electron transport in metals and semiconductors, whereas fewer studies are directed to its effect on phonon transport, especially in semiconductors. We calculate the phonon lifetimes due to scattering with electrons (or holes), combine them with the intrinsic lifetimes due to the anharmonic phonon-phonon interaction, all from first principles, and evaluate the effect of the electron-phonon interaction on the lattice thermal conductivity of silicon. Unexpectedly, we find a significant reduction of the lattice thermal conductivity at room temperature as the carrier concentration goes above ${10}^{19}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ (the reduction reaches up to 45% in $p$-type silicon at around ${10}^{21}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$), a range of great technological relevance to thermoelectric materials.
Tipping and service: the case of hotel bellmen

Abstract Social custom and psychological theory both suggest that hospitality customers leave tips as an incentive/reward for good service. However, previous research has found only a weak relationship between tips and service in restaurant settings. To see if this finding generalizes to other service contexts, we had a hotel bellman randomly assign his customers to receive either “limited service” or “full service” and to record the tips those customers gave him. The bellman's average tip was $4.77 in the full service condition as compared to only $2.40 in the limited service condition. This finding suggests that tipping does serve as a strong incentive/reward for bellmen to deliver good service.
Use of soil cone penetrometers to detect the effects of compaction and organic amendments in claypan soils

Abstract The effective use of soil cone penetrometers to assess soil physical restrictions in claypan soils for crop growth has been limited due to the dependence of soil penetrometer resistance on several factors, such as soil water content, variable topsoil depth and soil texture, and differences in cone penetrometer design and operation. However, improvements in cone penetrometer design and capabilities, such as measurement of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC a ), may make it a more effective tool for assisting in routine soil management decisions in claypan soils affected by compaction or application of organic soil amendments. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the effects of surface compaction and poultry litter on soil bulk density, penetrometer resistance and soil water content in a claypan soil and (ii) to compare the use of several types of currently available soil cone penetrometers to detect and manage compaction. A field trial was conducted on a Mexico silt loam claypan soil in north-central Missouri for 3 years (2000–2002). Treatments consisted of two levels of surface compaction (0 and 2 passes of a filled water wagon with an axle load of 2.9 Mg) and two rates (0 and 15.4 Mg ha −1 per year) of incorporated turkey litter in a split block design with four replications. All treatments were applied to a previously untreated area of the field each year. Surface compaction in unamended soils increased soil bulk density by an average of 0.17 Mg m −3 in the 0–10 cm depth and 0.08 Mg m −3 in the 10–20 cm depth and penetrometer resistance by an average of 2.52 MPa in the 0–5 cm depth, 1.90 MPa in the 5–10 cm depth, and 1.00 MPa in the 10–20 cm depth over the 3 years of the experiment. Addition of turkey litter significantly lowered soil penetrometer resistance by an average of 0.75 MPa at the 0–5 cm depth from 2000 to 2002. A separate comparison of four soil cone penetrometers, selected to represent a wide range of costs and capabilities, was conducted in the early summer of 2002. The soil penetrometers that were compared were the Profiler 3000 (Veris Technologies 1 ), the Investigator Soil Compaction Meter (Spectrum Technologies Inc.), the Soil Compaction Tester (Dickey-john Corporation), and the proving-ring dial gauge cone penetrometer (ELE International/Soiltest Inc.). The Veris instrument had the additional capability of measuring soil EC a . The mechanical resistance values measured by the penetrometers were linearly correlated between all of the units with the exception of the Dickey-john unit. Higher soil EC a was measured for compacted versus non-compacted soils and in soil amended with turkey litter. The use of soil penetrometer resistance with soil EC a measurements may facilitate detection of changes in soil bulk density and soil water content due to compaction, natural variations in soil texture and possible effects of added organic amendments on soil salinity, soil bulk density or soil water content.
Primary Cultures of Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells as a Model to Study Neuronal 5‐Lipoxygenase and FLAP Gene Expression

: Aging is associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases and increased brain vulnerability that may lead to a worse outcome from brain insults in elderly than in young subjects. Inflammation is one of the patholphysiological mechanisms of both chronic and acute neurodegeneration. Leukotrienes are inflammatory lipid mediators whose formation from arachidonic acid is initiated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). 5-LO is also expressed in neurons and can be activated by brain injuries, whereas 5-LO inhibitors can provide neuroprotection. The expression of the 5-LO gene appears to be inhibited by the pineal hormone, melatonin, and stimulated by stress hormone glucocorticoids (e.g., corticosterone and the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone). Melatonin deficiency and hyperglucocorticoidemia frequently develop with aging. We found that old or pinealectomized, i.e., melatonin-deficient rats are more susceptible to kainate-triggered excitotoxic limbic brain injury than the corresponding young or sham-pinealectomized controls, and that pinealectomy, aging, or glucocorticoid treatment result in an enhanced expression of 5-LO in limbic structures. We hypothesize that an aging brain is at a higher risk of neurodegeneration via aging-suppressed melatonin secretion and/or aging-increased glucocorticoid secretion and the resultant upregulation of 5-LO expression. Furthermore, we propose that suppressing the 5-LO expression and/or activity will increase the brain's resistance to injury. The results of our ongoing research are expected to elucidate the role of 5-LO in aging and neurodegeneration and to indicate neuroprotective therapies that would target the 5-LO pathway.
The identification and reporting of physical abuse by physicians: A review and implications for research

Identification and reporting of possible cases of child physical abuse are critical precursors to intervention with maltreating families. Professionals from a variety of disciplines are mandated to report suspected cases of child maltreatment. Unfortunately, not all physically abused children are identified or reported. This paper reviews the literature that has examined factors that may influence the identification and reporting of physical abuse by physicians. The literature review is preceded by an overview of the multistep, multibehavior process of identification and reporting. The factors that may influence identification and reporting are discussed according to their association with the case, physician, or setting. Future directions for research in the area of identification and reporting are suggested throughout the paper.
Eotaxin Is Required for Eosinophil Homing into the Stroma of the Pubertal and Cycling Uterus

The presence of eosinophils in the endometrium of rodents during the estrous cycle or after E2 administration to ovariectomized animals is well documented. Nevertheless, the chemoattractant for eosinophils and the function of E-dependent eosinophils during the estrous cycle remain unknown. Using mice homozygous for a null mutation in the gene for eotaxin, a specific chemokine for eosinophils, we have identified eotaxin as being necessary for eosinophil homing into the uterine stroma, and regulated by E2 during the estrous cycle. In the absence of eosinophils, the onset of estrous cycle displayed a 2-wk delay along with the first age of parturition, suggesting a possible local role of eosinophils present in the pubertal uterus in preparing the mature uterus for pregnancy. However, despite the absence of eosinophils, once the mice reach maturity, their estrous cycles as well as their reproductive functions were normal. Our results demonstrate that E2 acts through eotaxin to recruit eosinophils to the uterine stroma during the estrous cycle in mice, but that these cells do not have a function in regulating either the duration of the estrous cycle or fertility of mice.
Commensurate and incommensurate vortex states in superconductors with periodic pinning arrays

As a function of applied field, we find a rich variety of ordered and partially ordered vortex lattice configurations in systems with square or triangular arrays of pinning sites. We present formulas that predict the matching fields at which commensurate vortex configurations occur and the vortex lattice orientation with respect to the pinning lattice. Our results are in excellent agreement with recent imaging experiments on square pinning arrays [K. Harada et al., Science 274, 1167 (1996)].
Anisotropy and beyond : Geologic perspectives on geophysical prospecting for natural fractures

Recent geologic research on natural fractures challenges assumptions frequently made by geophysicists. Open fractures are not necessarily oriented parallel to the maximum horizontal stress, and fractures do not necessarily close when the fluid pressure within them is reduced. Even in the most mechanically favorable environment, precipitated cements can prop fractures open or seal fractures of any orientation. Fracture sets typically show dispersion in strike, and multiple sets of open fractures can coexist. More importantly, fractures comprise populations that commonly range over orders of magnitude in aperture and length and that occur in nonuniform clusters. Instead of isolated, regularly spaced, large, equally compliant fractures, the Earth presents complex fractal clustering of fractures having a wide range of sizes and variable compliance dictated by natural cements in the fractures and the rock mass. Going beyond anisotropy to document these essential fracture attributes in the interwell space is a ...
Leisure-time physical activity in relation to depressive symptoms in African-Americans: Results from the National Survey of American Life

Objective To examine the frequency of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in relation to depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of African American (AA) women and AA men with guidance by Stokols' Social Ecological Framework.
Assessment of aerodynamic and dynamic models in a comprehensive analysis for rotorcraft

Abstract The history, status and lessons of a comprehensive analysis for rotorcraft are reviewed. The development, features, and capabilities of the analysis are summarized, including the aerodynamic and dynamic models used. Examples of correlation of the computational results with experimental data are given, extensions of the analysis for research in several topics of helicopter technology are discussed, and the experiences of outside users are summarized. Finally, the required capabilities and approach for the next comprehensive analysis are described.
Bifid tongue, corneal clouding, and Dandy–Walker malformation in a male infant with otopalatodigital syndrome type 2†

We report on a male infant with otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 (OPD2) associated with a novel c.514C>G FLNA mutation and unusual clinical features including bifid tongue and congenital corneal clouding. Bifid tongue and congenital corneal clouding have each only been described once previously in a patient with OPD2, and this is the first description of Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) in OPD2. The presence of these clinical findings in a mutation-confirmed case of OPD2 supports the notion that corneal clouding, bifid tongue, and DWM are part of the constellation of abnormalities caused by mutations in FLNA.