cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse Events During Hematopoietic Stem Cell Infusion: Analysis of the Infusion Product.

Background Stem cell transplantation is a treatment option for patients with cancer. However, a risk of adverse events might be associated with the infusion itself. An understanding of the types and grades of adverse events occurring during infusion and the patient and infusion characteristics that might be associated with these events could allow for interventions to minimize these complications. The risk factors associated with transplant-related adverse events are not well understood. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed the adverse events occurring within 1 hour after infusion in 460 patients with cancer undergoing stem cell transplantation at the Northwestern University Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center from January 1, 2008 and May 1, 2011. Of the 460 patients, 382 received autologous transplants and 78 allogeneic transplants. The incidence, types, and National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria grade of toxicity for adverse events were noted (primary objective). Univariate analyses were performed to study which patient and infusion characteristics might be associated with the occurrence of adverse events (secondary objectives). Results Of the 460 patients, 261 (56.7%) experienced adverse events (66.7% during allogeneic infusion and 54.7% during autologous infusion). Most events were cardiopulmonary. Univariate analysis of the infusion and patient characteristics revealed that a second transplant (P = .005) was associated with more adverse events for autologous transplant patients. For allogeneic transplant patients, a higher infusion red blood cell volume (P = .01) was associated with more adverse events. Conclusion Adverse events are common during stem cell infusion and are generally cardiopulmonary.
Phase equilibria in the quinary BSCCO

Melting relations of Bi-2212 and Bi-2201 as a function of oxygen pressure are explicable in terms of increasing amounts of univalent copper in the liquids under more reducing conditions. The effects of the change of copper valence are manifold and not easily predicted. The melting temperatures of cuprates in the Bi-2212 composition results in rotation of the phase relations so Bi-2212 melts along five different liquid lines of descent. Furthermore, Bi-2212 melts at different isobaric invariant points and, in one narrow range of oxygen pressure, on an isobaric univariant line. In this pressure range the amount of liquid produced at the solidus is maximized and only two crystalline phases exist in the supersolidus. As these are both alkaline earth cuprates, all Bi is in the liquid in this region. The maximum Cu content of Bi-2201 is strongly influenced by temperature - only in a narrow temperature range near the solidus does stoichiometric Bi-2201 exist. Lowering oxygen pressure results in a depression of the melting temperature so that if the partial pressure of oxygen is less than 0.5 bars, stoichiometric Bi-2201 does not form. In addition to the limitation of this phase to Cu-deficient compositions, the lowering of oxygen pressure causes a decrease in size of the CuO primary phase field. The Bi-2201-CuO join is a thermal divide at higher oxygen pressures but is pierced at lower values.
Downstream effects of Flaming Gorge Reservoir on the Green River, Colorado and Utah

The Green River is one of the principal tributaries in the Colorado River basin and drains 44,700 m 2 in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Since October 1962, flows of the Green River have been regulated by Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which is located 412 river miles upstream from its confluence with the Colorado River. Mean annual runoff has not been affected by the reservoir. The duration of the relatively large discharges that transport most of the annual sediment load, however, has decreased significantly. As a result, the mean annual sediment discharge has decreased by 54% to 3.21 × 10 6 tons from 6.92 × 10 6 tons at the Jensen gage located 105 river miles downstream from the reservoir and by 48% to 8.83 × 10 6 tons from 17.0 × 10 6 tons at the Green River, Utah, gage located 290 river miles downstream from the reservoir. Sediment supply to I he channel equals the annual transport within a relatively short distance, 68 river miles, downstream from the reservoir. Downstream from river mile 166, the supply of sediment from upstream plus tributary inflow exceeds the transport of sediment by ∼5.4 × 10 6 tons per year on an average. The quasi-equilibrium that appears to have existed prior to the reservoir no longer occurs along a majority of the Green River. In response to the reduced peak discharges, the bankfull channel width of the Green River has decreased by ∼10%. Adjustment of the channel to decreased peak flows and altered sediment loads is nowhere complete. At present, it appears that a century or more will be required for the Green River to adjust to the effects of Flaming Gorge Reservoir.
Redshift Estimates for Distant Radio Galaxies Based on Broadband Photometry

Calculations modeling the effects of stellar evolution on elliptical galaxies (e.g., Bruzual and Kron 1980, Bruzual 1981) suggest that the shape of the spectral flux distribution should remain almost constant in the red and near-infrared out to at least z ~ 2. Thus, it should be possible to derive the redshift of a distant elliptical galaxy by fitting a model galaxy spectrum to broadband near-infrared (RIJHK) photometry.
Genetical Toxicogenomics in Drosophila Identifies Master Modulatory Loci that are Regulated by Developmental Exposure to Lead

The genetics of gene expression in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) can be mapped as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). So-called "genetical genomics" studies have identified locally acting eQTLs (cis-eQTLs) for genes that show differences in steady-state RNA levels. These studies have also identified distantly acting master-modulatory trans-eQTLs that regulate tens or hundreds of transcripts (hotspots or transbands). We expand on these studies by performing genetical genomics experiments in two environments in order to identify trans-eQTL that might be regulated by developmental exposure to the neurotoxin lead. Flies from each of 75 RIL were raised from eggs to adults on either control food (made with 250 microM sodium acetate), or lead-treated food (made with 250 microM lead acetate, PbAc). RNA expression analyses of whole adult male flies (5-10 days old) were performed with Affymetrix DrosII whole genome arrays (18,952 probesets). Among the 1389 genes with cis-eQTL, there were 405 genes unique to control flies and 544 genes unique to lead-treated ones (440 genes had the same cis-eQTLs in both samples). There are 2396 genes with trans-eQTL which mapped to 12 major transbands with greater than 95 genes. Permutation analyses of the strain labels but not the expression data suggests that the total number of eQTL and the number of transbands are more important criteria for validation than the size of the transband. Two transbands, one located on the 2nd chromosome and one on the 3rd chromosome, co-regulate 33 lead-induced genes, many of which are involved in neurodevelopmental processes. For these 33 genes, rather than allelic variation at one locus exerting differential effects in two environments, we found that variation at two different loci are required for optimal effects on lead-induced expression.
Coordinate release of ATP and GABA at in vitro synapses of lateral hypothalamic neurons.

Autonomic and limbic information is integrated within the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and excitability of LH neurons is important in the control of feeding and behavioral arousal. Despite the prominent expression of P2X-type ATP receptors throughout the hypothalamus, the role of ATP in LH excitability is not known. Perforated-patch-clamp recordings of synaptically coupled neurons from both embryonic chick and postnatal mouse lateral hypothalamus in vitro reveal robust stimulus-evoked purinergic synaptic transmission. Suprathreshold activation elicits reliable and concurrent release of ATP with GABA. Tetrodotoxin-resistant P2X receptor-mediated events are readily observed at LH synapses from the embryonic chick, whereas GABA miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs) are recorded in innervated LH neurons from either embryonic chicks or postnatal mice. Two distinct mPSCs are recorded at ATP–GABA cosynapses; one has a monoexponential decay phase and is modulated by flunitrazepam, and the other has a decay phase that is best fit by a sum of two exponential functions (τfast and τslow), and only the τslow component is affected by flunitrazepam. Bicuculline does not completely inhibit all mPSCs. The remaining bicuculline-resistant mPSCs are blocked by suramin, and their decay phase is briefer than that of GABAergic mPSCs. Furthermore, at a holding potential intermediate for the reversal potentials of GABAA and P2X receptors, little or no current is observed, consistent with concomitant release (and detection) of GABA and ATP. Together, our data suggest that a subset of spontaneous and evoked PSCs arise from the concurrent activation of both GABAA and P2X receptors.
Extensive persistent pupillary membranes: conservative management.

Extensive persistent pupillary membranes (PPMs) may appear to occlude the pupil so completely as to preclude useful vision. They often motivate aggressive interventions. We present a 6-year-old girl with bilateral extensive densely pigmented pupillary membranes in whom good vision was obtained without pharmacologic, laser, or surgical intervention. There was associated ametropic amblyopia and exotropia in the patient, which were effectively treated with spectacles and occlusion therapy, with the patient responding conventionally. In view of our findings, we recommend a trial of conservative management before surgical intervention even in cases of dense PPMs. Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a common congenital abnormality of the iris, found as at least a remnant in 30% to 95% of healthy normally sighted adults. 1 Although diaphanous PPMs typically regress in the first year of life, remnants often persist in adults. These PPMs range from fine strands to dense pigmented membranes that completely span the pupil, altering the red reflex and impairing vision. 1-3 However, extensive bilateral PPMs are rare. The management of extensive PPMs is controversial, as it may be medical, surgical, or laser, as well as appropriate timing of the intervention. We report a case of bilateral extensive pupillary membranes achieving a visual acuity of 20/40 OD and 20/50 OS with conservative management only. CASE REPORT
Fraenkel-Carnap Questions for Equivalence Relations

An equivalence is a binary relational system A = (A,ϱA) where ϱA is an equivalence relation on A. A simple expansion of an equivalence is a system of the form (Aa1…an) were A is an equivalence and a1,…,an are members of A. It is shown that the Fraenkel-Carnap question when restricted to the class of equivalences or to the class of simple expansions of equivalences has a positive answer: that the complete second-order theory of such a system is categorical, if it is finitely axiomatizable.
Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence.

This study examined the mediating role of loneliness (assessed by self-report at Time 2; Grade 6) in the relation between early social preference (assessed by peer report at Time 1; kindergarten through Grade 3) and adolescent anxious/depressed symptoms (assessed by mother, teacher, and self-reports at Time 3; Grades 7–9). Five hundred eighty-five boys and girls (48% female; 16% African American) from three geographic sites of the Child Development Project were followed from kindergarten through Grade 9. Loneliness partially mediated and uniquely incremented the significant effect of low social preference in childhood on anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence, controlling for early anxious/depressed symptoms at Time 1. Findings are critical to understanding the psychological functioning through which early social experiences affect youths' maladjusted development. Directions for basic and intervention research are discussed, and implications for treatment are addressed.
The association between self-reported cataracts and St. John's Wort.

Background/Aims: Recent interest in Hypericum perforatum, or St. John’s Wort (SJW), is related to its observed utility in treating depression. However, mounting evidence suggests one component, hyp...
In situ oligonucleotide synthesis on carbon materials: stable substrates for microarray fabrication

Glass has become the standard substrate for the preparation of DNA arrays. Typically, glass is modified using silane chemistries to provide an appropriate functional group for nucleic acid synthesis or oligonucleotide immobilization. We have found substantial issues with the stability of these surfaces as manifested in the unwanted release of oligomers from the surface when incubated in aqueous buffers at moderate temperatures. To address this issue, we have explored the use of carbon-based substrates. Here, we demonstrate in situ synthesis of oligonucleotide probes on carbon-based substrates using light-directed photolithographic phosphoramidite chemistry and evaluate the stabilities of the resultant DNA arrays compared to those fabricated on silanized glass slides. DNA arrays on carbon-based substrates are substantially more stable than arrays prepared on glass. This superior stability enables the use of highdensity DNA arrays for applications involving high temperatures, basic conditions, or where serial hybridization and dehybridization is desired.
Polarization-Induced 3-Dimensional Electron Slabs in Graded AlGaN Layers

By compositionally grading AlGaN layers over different thicknesses, high mobility electron gases are produced by polarization-induced doping. Temperature dependent Hall and capacitance-voltage measurements were performed on these AlGaN layers, and two degrees of freedom are found for choosing the carrier concentration of these slabs. Carrier mobilities determined from Hall measurements are observed to be much higher than impurity doped structures of similar carrier densities. Alloy and phonon scattering are determined to be the major contributors limiting the mobility of the electron in the graded layers. This form of polarization-induced doping offers an attractive alternative to the traditional doping techniques, and may be used for highly conductive AlGaN layers with high Al composition, both for lateral and vertical transport.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Applications in Neonatal Medicine

Although cranial ultrasonography and computed tomography are particularly useful in the assessment of newborns with neurological signs and symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging has become a critical component in this evaluation to identify the cause of a newborn’s symptoms, to assess the severity of disease and to determine prognosis. Several recent reviews describe aspects of conventional magnetic resonance imaging modalities used in newborns for these purposes. This chapter reviews aspects of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is focused on the clinical utility of spectroscopy in the newborn.
Clinical Manifestations of Disorders of the Inflammatory Response

The inflammatory response has been recognized since antiquity and all of us as students of medicine have learned the cardinal signs of this host response to injury, i.e., tumor (swelling), rubor (redness), calor (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function). It seems hard to believe with our present understanding of the mechanisms of inflammation, that for centuries these signs and the inflammatory response in general were considered harmful pathologic responses to injury. The turning point in this concept occurred as recently as the late 1800s when Elie Metchnikoff described the process of inflammation in higher mammals as a process which is necessary for defense from injury and, indeed, necessary for existence (1). This concept, that the inflammatory response is essential for survival when the equilibrium between microbes and toxins on the host’s surface is disturbed, has stimulated tremendous interest in the inflammatory and immune response ever since. For example, “antibacterial power” of serum was shown several decades ago to be an interaction of antibody and complement when the relationship of serum opsonin and the phagocytic system was beginning to be unraveled. More recently an understanding of cell-mediated immunity or lymphocyte-macrophage-mediated immunity has evolved.
TWO ELECTRIC POTENTIAL SIGNATURES OF SERIAL DIURNAL FROST

During a 96-hour period in mid-March 1987, a series of four serial frost-thaw events occurred in a research field at the University of Michigan Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Soil temperature and electric potential were recorded at two near surface probe arrays (0, 3, 6 & 9 cm) and (0, 5, 10 & 15 cm) with a horizontal separation of approximately 1 m beneath the organic-mineral soil interface at hourly intervals. These time series revealed strong repetitive serial patterns. When the electric potential measurements were converted to a surrogate measure of electrolyte concentration, the C-index, strong coupled flow effects appeared to be present in the time series owing to the effects of surface freeze-thaw, evaporation-distillation and soil water advection. The data set shows the low frequency effects of upward soil water advection increasing the soil temperature and modulating the electrolyte concentration. These observations also demonstrate that soil freezing processes have two distinct regimes dominated by...
Real Incomes in the Late Middle Ages: A Test of the Common Case for Diminishing Returns *

turies. This period is commonly pictured as the most dramatic example of the normal tendency for population growth to place increasingly severe pressure on the resource base. The evidence most frequently offered to support this thesis for the fourteenth century is the substantial decline in population to which the Black Death is believed to be a dramatic, but by no means exclusive, contributor. This is not to say that it has been generally believed that no growth occurred in the Middle Ages. On the contrary, many proponents of this view stress that there were lengthy subperiods within the era in which both per capita income and population increased. It is held that ultimately such gains were reversed and pushed back to the level of subsistence, however. The dominant force is seen to be diminishing returns a la Malthus in that population always continued to increase until eventually-intermittent growth notwithstanding-it spread the available nonhuman resources so thinly across the population that further increase in its size was impossible. Probably the best known spokesman for this thesis is Professor M. M. Postan. He has spent a good part of his distinguished career constructing the conceptual model and assembling the historical evidence to substantiate the hypothesis. The essentials of his position are supported by the other widely recognized commentators on the questionGeorges Duby, N. J. G. Pounds, Sylvia L. Thrupp, J. Z. Titow, and B. H. Slicher Van Bath. Recently the view has been given a modern, formal specification in the works of Douglass C. North and Robert P. Thomas and that of Ronald Lee. In recent years some of the components of this explanation have been challenged by scholars such as Barbara Harvey, John Hatcher, Mavis Mate, N. J. Mayhew, and D. G. Watts.' The traditional view seems to have survived such doubts, however, as is apparent in the tendency of scholars to continue to couch their investigations of economic affairs in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in that framework. The issue is certainly important enough, however, that a comprehensive reexamination of it is warranted.
Comparative Detection of Human Noroviruses in Green Onion and Grape Using Porcine Gastric Mucin-Conjugated Magnetic Beads and Polyethylene Glycol Enrichment

Objective: To establish and compare two detection methods for human norovirus(HuNoV) in fruit(grape) and vegetable(green onion) samples using porcine gastric mucin-conjugated magnetic beads(PGM-MB) and polyethylene glycol 8000(PEG8000),respectively.Methods: 1 RTU was defined from a consistently(triplicate) positive qRT-PCR signal of viral RNA extract with 4 × 10-6 dilution.A standard curve(1 to 10000 RTU) was established to convert Ct values to corresponding RTUs with an equation of y(Ct) =-3.6967 lg(RTU) +39.12 with R2 of 0.999.Green onion and grape samples were inoculated with various amounts of HuNoV,eluted and concentrated using PGM-MB or PEG8000 method.Viral RNA was extracted and quantified by qRT-PCR.Student,s t-test was used for statistical analysis.Results: The virus recovery rate by PGM-MB method((31.61 ± 15.04)%) was significantly higher than that obtained by PEG precipitation method((6.09 ± 1.56)%) at all doses of HuNoV inoculated onto grapes(P 0.001).For virus-inoculated green onions,the virus recovery rates from higher inoculation doses(625 RTU and 125 RTU) were comparable between both methods.However,the virus recovery rate by PGM-MB method from a lower dose of HuNoV(25 RTU) inoculated onto green onion samples was significant higher((4.49± 0.79)%) than that from PEG precipitation method((1.93 ± 0.18)%).In addition,PGM-MB method showed a lower detection limit than PEG precipitation method.Conclusion: PGM-MB method requires less time than PEG precipitation method,produces higher yield of HuNoV from various food samples,and hence exhibits higher sensitivity.
HAEMOGLOBINS OF TWO ELEPHANT SHREWS.

THE Macroscelididae, elephant shrews of the order Insectivora, have been considered close relatives of some animals often classified as Primates—the Tupaiidae. Certain authors consider that the tupaiids and macroscelidids are very closely related1. It is generally conceded to-day that the Tupaiidae—the tree shrews of Malaysia—are Primates and that the Macroscelididae are not2. A recent author, nevertheless, still refers the tupaiids to the order Insectivora3. However the Tupaiidae are classified, it is clear that the Macroscelididae are Insectivora and that they may well represent a link between the two orders
MRI of subarachnoid seeding from cerebral glial tumors

We illustrate the spectrum of findings in subarachnoid spread of glial neoplasms originating in the brain, as revealed by gadolinium-enhanced MRI. The 12 patients in our series show that subarachnoid spread of cranial glial tumors occurs more commonly than may be supposed. Longer patient survival may portend an increasing incidence of this phenomenon. Gadoliniumenhanced MRI is the method of choice for both primary and sequential post-therapeutic investigation of patients with glial tumors of the central nervous system.
WaveformECG: A Platform for Visualizing, Annotating, and Analyzing ECG Data

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most commonly collected data in cardiovascular research because of the ease with which it can be measured and the fact that changes in ECG waveforms reflect underlying aspects of heart disease. Despite its ubiquity, there are no open, noncommercial platforms for interactive management, sharing, and analysis of these data. WaveformECG addresses this unmet need. Accessed through a browser, WaveformECG extracts ECGs from vendor files, storing them as a time series with other analysis results and annotations in an open source time-series database. It supports interactive invocation of multiple analysis algorithms on selected ECG datasets, visualization of ECG waveforms, manual annotation of time points and intervals in ECG waveforms, and automated annotation of analysis results using standard medical terminology. Integration with the I2B2 clinical data warehouse system enables bidirectional exchange of data between these two platforms.
Genes Required for Bacillus anthracis Secondary Cell Wall Polysaccharide Synthesis

The secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP) is thought to be essential for vegetative growth and surface (S)-layer assembly in Bacillus anthracis; however, the genetic determinants for the assembly of its trisaccharide repeat structure are not known. Here, we report that WpaA (BAS0847) and WpaB (BAS5274) share features with membrane proteins involved in the assembly of O-antigen lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria and propose that WpaA and WpaB contribute to the assembly of the SCWP in B. anthracis Vegetative forms of the B. anthracis wpaA mutant displayed increased lengths of cell chains, a cell separation defect that was attributed to mislocalization of the S-layer-associated murein hydrolases BslO, BslS, and BslT. The wpaB mutant was defective in vegetative replication during early logarithmic growth and formed smaller colonies. Deletion of both genes, wpaA and wpaB, did not yield viable bacilli, and when depleted of both wpaA and wpaB, B. anthracis could not maintain cell shape, support vegetative growth, or assemble SCWP. We propose that WpaA and WpaB fulfill overlapping glycosyltransferase functions of either polymerizing repeat units or transferring SCWP polymers to linkage units prior to LCP-mediated anchoring of the polysaccharide to peptidoglycan. Importance The secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP) is essential for Bacillus anthracis growth, cell shape, and division. SCWP is comprised of trisaccharide repeats (→4)-β-ManNAc-(1→4)-β-GlcNAc-(1→6)-α-GlcNAc-(1→) with α-Gal and β-Gal substitutions; however, the genetic determinants and enzymes for SCWP synthesis are not known. Here, we identify WpaA and WpaB and report that depletion of these factors affects vegetative growth, cell shape, and S-layer assembly. We hypothesize that WpaA and WpaB are involved in the assembly of SCWP prior to transfer of this polymer onto peptidoglycan.
Assessing Joint Time-Frequency Methods in the Detection of Dysfunctional Movement

Movement disorders affect millions of people and lead to increased rates of mortality and morbidity in the elderly population. To explore new treatments and facilitate preventative medicine, researchers are actively studying the epidemiology of movement disorder and employing technology to help expose its symptoms. A wearable device, TEMPO, developed at the University of Virginia, has enabled the collection of inertial data that accurately and precisely quantifies symptoms and physical manifestations of dysfunctional movement. To effectively leverage this data, however, flexible and extensible signal processing is necessary. This paper demonstrates the utility of the short-time Fourier transform and Haar discrete wavelet transform in the detection of transient episodes of freezing behavior and tripping in simulated gait datasets. Results show an improvement in exposing the anomalous events over existing frequency-domain measures.
Effects of feeding frequency of live prey on larval growth, survival, resistance to hyposalinity stress, Na+/K+ ATPase activity, and fatty acid profiles in black sea bass Centropristis striata

Feeding live prey organisms in a commercial marine fish hatchery requires significant labor and resources. The effects of feeding frequency of live rotifers and Artemia on growth, survival, hyposalinity stress resistance, and Na+/K+ ATPase activity in black sea bass larvae Centropristis striata were evaluated. Newly hatched larvae (day 0 post-hatching = d0ph) were stocked (53 larvae/L) into twenty-four 30-L tanks supported by a recirculating seawater (35 g/L) system in a controlled-environment laboratory. Temperature (22 °C), aeration (225 mL/min), light intensity (~ 1000 lx), and photoperiod (18 L: 6 D) were constant. Beginning on d3ph, larvae were fed a prescribed daily ration of live prey (enriched s-type rotifers and/or Artemia nauplii), but distributed at different frequencies: (1) 1 ×/d at 0800 h, (2) 2 ×/d at 0800 and 1600 h, (3) 3 ×/d at 0800, 1200 and 1600 h, and (4) 4 ×/d at 0800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 h, with six replicate tanks per treatment. The daily ration of live prey (maximum of 750,000 rotifers and 90,000 Artemia) was divided equally among feedings; therefore, prey density at each feeding (i.e., meal size) decreased at higher frequencies. By d31ph, larvae fed 4 ×/d showed significantly (P < 0.05) greater notochord length and SGR (mean ± s.e. = 7.05 ± 0.20 mm and 20.1 ± 0.467%/d) compared to larvae fed 1 ×/d (6.02 ± 0.11 mm, and 18.1 ± 0.204%/d) or 2 ×/d (6.08 ± 0.12 mm and 18.4 ± 0.399%/d). Feeding frequency had no effect on larval survival (23.8–38.2%) or whole body fatty acid composition. Ability to withstand an acute hyposalinity (10 g/L) challenge on d32ph was significantly poorer in larvae fed 1 ×/d than in those fed 2 ×/d, 3 ×/d or 4 ×/d. Following transfer to a sub-lethal salinity (15 g/L) on d32ph, Na+/K+ ATPase activity (μmol ADP/mg protein/h) was higher in larvae fed 3 ×/d (5.61) than in those fed 4 ×/d (5.22) or 1 ×/d (5.20). The largest larvae (4 ×/d treatment) showed reduced Na+/K+ ATPase activity (vs 3 ×/d), likely due to accelerated development and a shifting of the Na+/K+ ATPase from a global distribution to specialized osmoregulatory sites. The results demonstrated that, for a prescribed total daily ration, feeding lower prey densities (smaller meals) at higher frequencies (3 ×/d or 4 ×/d) improved larval growth and resistance to hyposalinity stress and may increase osmoregulatory ability, without affecting survival. These findings delineate more judicious use of limited live prey resources to maximize larval growth and vitality during hatchery production of pre-metamorphic stage black sea bass. Statement of relevance Live prey (rotifers and Artemia) are expensive to produce and can limit production of juvenile fish in a commercial marine fish hatchery. The results show that given a prescribed (albeit moderate) total daily ration of prey, feeding lower prey concentrations at higher frequencies optimized larval growth performance and vitality in black sea bass raised from first-feeding through pre-metamorphic stages.
Sex Role Considerations for the Behavior Therapist

When asked if I would write a chapter on behavior therapy with women I had a number of reactions. I was looking forward to the opportunity to integrate my reading, research, and therapy experience more formally. However, I had some concerns. Most of the other chapters in this book focus on problems rather than populations. Being a woman is not a problem. The way that women are treated is sometimes a problem. A chapter on behavior therapy with women also carries a connotation that the problems of women are outside the mainstream of behavior therapy. Franks and Rothblum (1983) have written: Too often, textbooks on issues affecting both sexes include a chapter or section on how the particular topic affects women. One is led to conclude then, that all preceding material must refer specifically to men. (pp. 262-263) Therefore, I have decided not to write a chapter on behavior therapy for women but on sex role considerations for both genders. Sex role socialization is so ingrained in all of our upbringing that it is often easy to overlook and separate it out as an important facet of our learning histories.
Use of Integra in the Management of Complex Hand Wounds From Cancer Resection and Nonburn Trauma.

Background: Despite extensive use of Integra in burn reconstruction, little has been published regarding its utility in complex hand wounds from nonburn trauma or cancer resection. This study aimed to review outcomes following Integra use for hand reconstruction following cancer resection or nonburn trauma with exposed bone, joints, and/or tendons. Methods: Retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing hand reconstruction with Integra for exposed bones, joints, or tendons over a 6-year period at a single institution. Results: Fourteen patients underwent hand reconstruction using Integra, 8 following cancer resection and 6 following acute nonburn trauma. The mean defect size was 19 cm2, 79% had exposed tendon without peritenon, 43% had exposed bone without periosteum, and 28% had exposed joint capsule. Mean time from Integra to skin graft was 11.3 days, and negative-pressure wound therapy did not significantly decrease the mean time from Integra to skin graft placement (P = .76). Overall, 13 pa...
Semantic Knowledge-Based Language Education Device for Children with Developmental Disabilities

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most significant public health concerns in the United States and also worldwide. Children with ASD or other developmental disabilities (DD) are often lacking in verbal ability. Even though early interventions can improve it greatly, access to special education services are often challenging for families with a child with DD. This research study proposed a cyber-physical system that can be easily deployed in a daily environment of children with DD and can teach them language. As a part of this ultimate goal, this research project explored how semantic technology can be applied to this domain. As a result, it demonstrated the technical feasibility of a prototype of a portable speech generating device which may be applicable to children with ASD or other DD by utilizing the semantic knowledge based on an ontology.
Other soft tissue tumours

Soft tissue tumours in childhood are histogenetically diverse, comprising a wide range of entities that vary considerably in prevalence, anatomical location and metastatic potential. They have been already discussed to some extent in the preceding chapters, e.g. fibromatosis and rhabdomyosarcoma. This chapter deals essentially with remaining soft tissue entities that are likely to occur in children. Some are seen specifically as childhood tumours while others, occurring more commonly in the older population, are seen from time to time in children, and are therefore also considered here.
The Emergence of Paradigmatic Creative Experience

Chapter Six addresses the question of what it means to become creative. In particular, the chapter is focused on the emergence of paradigmatic creative experience. It presents a descriptive phenomenological investigation utilizing adult descriptions of having become creative as a child. The results are discussed in relation to relevant literature on becoming creative, most notably the groundbreaking work of Carl Rogers. Becoming creative, as an experience that involves productive self-expression and self-discovery, is further shown to be a significant constituent in the integration of learning and becoming. Finally, it is argued that rational, calculative competency is more beneficial to the developing person when complimented by imaginative, creative competency.
Heterotopic Ossification and Hypertrophic Scars

Burns and trauma cause superficial and deep soft tissue wounds that cannot heal to the preinjury state. Healing requires cell proliferation and differentiation into the injured tissue type, laying down extracellular matrix, often as collagens. Heterotopic ossification causes severe pain, nonhealing wounds, and restricted range of motion. Treatment includes radiation therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bisphosphonates, and possibly surgical excision and prophylactic measures. Hypertrophic scars, nonosseous lesions caused by excessive collagen deposition, are often painful, functionally limiting, and aesthetically displeasing. Treatment includes CO2 laser application, steroid injections, and excision with skin grafting. This article reviews the management of these pathologic wounds.
MAP Kinase Phosphatase 3 (MKP3) Preserves Norepinephrine Transporter Activity by Modulating ERK1/2 Kinase-Mediated Gene Expression.

The norepinephrine transporter (NET) mediates the clearance of norepinephrine (NE) from the extracellular space and is a target of therapeutic antidepressants and psychostimulants. Previously we identified a MAP kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3), as an important modulator of protein kinase C (PKC) mediated internalization of the related dopamine transporter (DAT). Here we show that MKP3 decreases PKC-mediated down regulation of NET expressed in PC12 cells. We demonstrate that this process involves a PKC-stimulated decrease of NET surface expression that is dependent on dynamin. Surprisingly, MAP kinase inhibitors have no effect on the PKC-mediated regulation of NET activity, suggesting that, like PKC-mediated regulation of the DAT, the acute activation of MAP kinases is not likely to be involved. To elucidate potential mechanisms we used a substrate trap-based assay to identify extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 as the predominant substrate of MKP3. Furthermore we also established that brief chemical stabilization of a modified destabilized MKP3 does not alter PKC-mediated down regulation of NET. Finally, the expression of a dominant negative version of H-Ras, an upstream activator of ERK1/2, abolishes phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated down regulation of NET in a manner similar to MKP3. Taken together we propose that chronic MKP3 expression regulates surface NET through the sustained inhibition of ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling that alters gene expression in PC12 cells. This is supported by gene expression data from naive and MKP3-expressing PC12 cells that reveal robust decreases in gene expression of several genes in the MKP3-tranfected cells. Interestingly, caveolin-1, a protein with a critical role in membrane protein trafficking is down regulated by MKP3 expression. We further show that selective silencing of the caveolin-1 gene in naive PC12 cells attenuates PKC-mediated downregulation of NET activity, consistent with a potential role for caveolins in regulating NET surface expression. In summary, these results suggest that chronic MKP3 expression alters the expression of genes in PC12 cells that are involved in the regulation of NET surface expression.
Of Mice and Men: Empirical Support for the Population-Based Social Epistasis Amplification Model (a Comment on ).

Abstract This commentary article offers new perspective on recent research investigating the behavioral and social ecological effects of a mutation related to autism spectrum disorders in mice. The authors explain the consistency of this research on mice with predictions advanced by a theory of the role of mutations in altering interorganismal gene-gene interactions (social epistasis) in social species including humans, known as the social epistasis amplification model. The potential significance of the mouse research for understanding contemporary human behavioral trends is explored.
Extended exposure duration of cultured intestinal epithelial cell monolayers in characterizing hazardous and non-hazardous proteins.

Recent studies suggest that human derived intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) cultured as polarized monolayers on Transwell® filters may respond differently when exposed to hazardous and non-hazardous proteins. This experimental platform was based on apical exposure of IEC monolayers to test proteins for 24 h followed by assessment of barrier integrity and cell viability. In this study, Caco-2 and T84 IEC polarized monolayers were evaluated for barrier integrity and cytotoxicity following exposure to hazardous and non-hazardous proteins for 24, 48 and 72 h. Hazardous proteins included Clostridium difficile toxin A (ToxA), Streptolysin O (SLO), Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA), and Phaseolus vulgaris haemagglutinin-E (PHA-E). Non-hazardous proteins included bovine serum albumin (BSA), porcine serum albumin (PSA), and fibronectin (Fbn). In general, evidence of diminished barrier integrity or cell viability observed following exposure to hazardous proteins for 24 h was more pronounced after 48 and 72 h for both IEC monolayers. Non-hazardous proteins exhibiting no impact following 24 h of exposure elicited minimal effects over longer exposure durations. These results support the utility of using cultured human IEC polarized monolayers to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins and suggest that longer durations of exposure may further improve the ability to distinguish between them.
Accumulation of lead and arsenic by peanut grown on lead and arsenic contaminated soils amended with broiler litter ash or superphosphate

Accumulation of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in peanut grown on Pb/As-contaminated soils amended with two sources of phosphorus (P) was investigated. An urban soil and an orchard soil with Pb concentrations of 1120 and 272, and As concentrations of 6.9 and 90 mg kg-1, respectively, were amended with three rates (0, 56, and 112 kg ha-1) of P supplied as broiler litter ash or superphosphate and planted with peanuts. At harvest, peanut kernel As concentration was 2.9 mg kg-1 on the orchard soil and 0.003 mg kg-1 on the urban soil. Kernel As was not significantly affected by P source and was not significantly different between the normal and high P rates. Kernel Pb concentration was below the instrument detection limit in all cases. Land with history of arsenic or lead-arsenate application should be tested for As before used for peanut production.
Impacts of Outdoor Environmental Education on Teacher Reports of Attention, Behavior, and Learning Outcomes for Students With Emotional, Cognitive, and Behavioral Disabilities

There are over 4 million students with reported emotional, cognitive, and behavioral disabilities (ECBD) in the United States. Teachers most frequently situate instruction inside, however, outdoor environmental education (EE) can improve academic and affective outcomes for many students, including students with ECBD. In North Carolina, U.S.A., an EE program utilizes outdoor science instruction for fifth-grade students. The program takes place over four to 10 full-school days across the year, and instruction occurs in both schoolyards and natural areas. The program aligns outdoor EE with state and national science education standards. Using a quasi-experimental design, the present study examined the impacts of the program on indicators of ECBD (e.g., student behavior, attention span), science efficacy, nature of science, and academic achievement for students with ECBD. We measured these factors using online surveys from both students identified with ECBD and their classroom teachers, as well as students with ECBD from matched control schools and their respective teachers. Students in both treatment (n = 99) and control (n = 62) classrooms took the survey two times over the school year. Quantitative data revealed teachers perceived students had significantly improved attention spans and decreased disruptive behaviors when learning outdoors. Students in the treatment group maintained measures of nature of science, science efficacy and science grades, keeping in line with their peers in the control group. We supplemented survey data with teacher interview data about their impressions of the outdoor program and the experiences of their students identified with ECBD. Teacher interview responses supported quantitative findings. These findings indicate that outdoor EE has the potential to be at least as effective a method for science instruction as classroom teaching, and in the case of addressing indicators of ECBD, outdoor EE may be a successful strategy for student learning.
The Importance of Personal Statements in Counselor Education and Psychology Doctoral Program Applications.

Personal statements are an important component of applications for counselor education and psychology doctoral programs. However, a paucity of empirical information exists about what types of conte...
Can There Ever Be Enough Me? Narcissism and the Positive Death of Self

Western, non-Buddhist psychology is all about self, and usually in a very positive way (with one major exception as we shall see). As a result, self-esteem and self-concept (and the lack of them) are topics of a great deal of psychological research and speculation in our psychological tradition. At the same time, the relationship of self to others is understood to be central to a healthy development of self. “Attachment” is considered one of the pillars of mental health (at least if it is “secure” rather than “anxious-ambivalent,” “anxious-avoidant,” or “disorganized”). Attachment theories start with a focus on the human tendency to seek closeness to another human being, with the result being the child feels secure when that person is present – and anxious when that person is not present [1]. It’s a positive need, and meeting it creates positive spin-offs for a lifetime – positive psychology.
On a Spatial Clustering Algorithm for Image Analysis

A computationally efficient spatial clustering algorithm is presented for image segmentation and compression. The algorithm can automatically determine the minimum number of clusters and can also work on a specified number of clusters. Examples are given on the processing of Seasat images using the algorithm.
Geologic Storage of CO2 to Mitigate Global Warming and Related Water Resources Issues

Global warming and resulting climate changes are arguably the most important environmental challenges facing the world in this century. Average global temperature is now approximately 0.8°C higher than during pre-industrial times, and is projected to increase by 2–6°C by 2100. Related climate changes with potential adverse environmental impacts may include: (i) sea-level rise from the alpine glaciers and ice sheets melting and from the ocean thermal expansion; (ii) increased frequency and intensity of floods, droughts, tropical storms and wildfires; and (iii) changes in the amount, timing, and distribution of rain, snow, and runoff. Results from global simulation modeling indicate that parts of both the southwestern USA and North Africa would experience increased drought frequency and water stress in the coming decades; model predictions indicate that precipitation in these two regions will decrease by about 20% by 2050. There is a broad scientific consensus that global warming and related climate changes are caused primarily by increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG), especially CO2, emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. The amount of anthropogenic CO2 currently added to the atmosphere is about 30 billion ton/year, and this could double by 2050. Capture and sequestration of CO2 in depleted petroleum fields and saline aquifers in sedimentary basins is one plausible option to reduce GHG emissions and mitigate global warming. Currently there are five commercial projects that capture and inject about seven million tons of CO2 annually; data from these, from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations and from pilot sites provide valuable experience for assessing the efficacy of carbon capture and sequestration. Detailed chemical and isotopic analyses of water, associated gases, and added tracers obtained from Frio field tests, Texas, proved powerful tools in: (i) tracking the successful injection and flow of CO2 in the “C” sandstone; (ii) detecting some leakage of CO2 into the overlying “B” sandstone; (iii) showing mobilization of metals and toxic organic compounds; (iv) showing major changes in chemical and isotopic compositions of formation water, including a dramatic drop in calculated brine pH, from 6.3 to 3.0. Significant isotopic and chemical changes were also observed in shallow groundwater following CO2 injection at the ZERT field site, Montana. These field tests indicate that highly sensitive chemical and isotopic tracers can effectively monitor injection performance and provide early detection of CO2 and brine leakages into potable groundwater.