cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overproduction of DnaE protein (alpha subunit of DNA polymerase III) restores viability in a conditionally inviable Escherichia coli strain deficient in DNA polymerase I.

A polA12 recA718 double mutant of Escherichia coli, in which DNA polymerase I is temperature sensitive, was unable to maintain normal DNA synthesis or to form colonies on rich media at 42 degrees C. Overproduction of DnaE protein, the polymerizing alpha subunit of DNA polymerase III, restored bacterial DNA replication and cell viability, as well as the PolI-dependent replication of the plasmid carrying dnaE. Images
Reaction between nitric acid and tin in presence of catalysts—Part II

1. Iodides of sodium and potassium retard the reaction between nitric acid and tin. This retardation may be due to the specific action of the alkali ions as suggested in the earlier paper. 2. Unimolar solutions of NaI, KI and LiI inhibit the reaction for about three months and thereafter cause the formation of a thin layer of stannous iodide on the surface of tin and the formation of the oxidation products of HI in the reaction mixture are responsible for this behaviour.
Spaceborne radar for the global surveillance of ships over the ocean

This paper describes a spaceborne radar (SBR) concept for the world-wide detection and tracking of ships. After a discussion of several different radar approaches, the fixed sidelooking radar with noncoherent processing is described as the preferred method based on its reliability and cost. The characteristics of this radar are given along with potential methods for acquiring target information for such purposes as recognition and determining ship's direction and speed to aid in tracking. Comparisons with published descriptions of SBR for aircraft surveillance show SBR for the ocean surveillance of ships to be significantly smaller and less complex than SBR for the surveillance of aircraft.
Cyanide Metabolism in Higher Plants III. THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF β-CYANOALANINE

Abstract Seedlings of blue lupine, sorghum, and common vetch which convert H14CN extensively into the amide carbon of asparagine have been shown to utilize l-cysteine-3-14C as the source of the other 3 carbon atoms of asparagine. The presence of HCN in the atmosphere in which the plants are grown greatly stimulates the conversion of 14C in the cysteine into asparagine. l-Serine-1-14C is also converted into asparagine by sorghum seedlings, and the amount of conversion is stimulated 3-fold by HCN. Seedlings of common vetch also convert l-serine-1-14C into the β-cyanoalanine moiety of the lathyritic dipeptide γ-glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine, but this conversion is not affected by the presence of HCN. Buffered extracts of acetone powders of seedlings of sorghum, blue lupine, common vetch, and bird's-foot trefoil catalyze the formation of β-cyanoalanine and H2S from l-cysteine and HCN. The enzyme responsible, which has been tentatively named β-cyanoalanine synthase, may be exhibited by incubating radioactive l-cysteine or H14CN with the extracts and the other unlabeled substrate and measuring the β-cyanoalanine-14C formed. The enzyme may also be assayed by measuring colorimetrically the H2S formed. H14C15N is converted by sorghum seedlings to the amide group of asparagine without any separation of the C and N atoms of the cyanide group.
Electron—Phonon Interaction

The Frohlich Hamiltonian describes the interaction between a single electron in a solid and LO (longitudinal optical) phonons: $$H = \sum\limits_{p\sigma } {{\varepsilon _p}} C_{p\sigma }^\dag {C_{p\sigma }} + {\omega _0}\sum\limits_q {a_q^\dag } {a_q} + \sum\limits_{qp\sigma } {\frac{{{M_0}}}{{\sqrt V }}} \;\frac{1}{{\left| q \right|}}C_{p + q,\sigma }^\dag {C_{p\sigma }}({a_q} + a_{ - q}^\dag )$$ $${M_0} = \frac{{4\pi \alpha h{{(h{\omega _0})}^{3/2}}}}{{\sqrt {2m} }},\;{\varepsilon _p} = \frac{{{p^2}}}{{2m}}$$ (7.1) $$\alpha = \frac{{{e^2}}}{h}{(\frac{m}{{2h{\omega _0}}})^{1/2}}(\frac{1}{{{\varepsilon _\infty }}} - \frac{1}{{{\varepsilon _0}}})$$ (7.2) This Hamiltonian was derived in Chapter 1, with the form of the interaction given in Sec. 1.3.5. The LO phonons are usually represented by an Einstein model, i.e., the phonon frequency ω0 = ωLO is taken to be a constant. Since there is a single electron, the Hamiltonian may also be written as $$H = \frac{{{p^2}}}{{2m}} + {\omega _0}\sum\limits_q {a_q^\dag } {a_q} + \sum\limits_q {\frac{{{M_0}}}{{\sqrt v }}} \;\frac{{{e^{iq \cdot r}}}}{{\left| q \right|}}({a_q} + a_{ - q}^\dag )$$ (7.3)
The Impact Of Unethical Reasoning On Different Types Of Academic Dishonesty: An Exploratory Study

This paper offers support that those students who felt they had stronger reasons for committing unethical academic behaviors are more likely to report committing academic dishonesty than those who felt they had weaker reasons for unethical academic behaviors. This relationship held for all four categories of academic dishonesty: cheating (on tests), seeking outside help, plagiarism (on papers), and E-cheating (electronic cheating on tests). This suggests that students are rationalizing their academic dishonest behaviors and those students who feel they have stronger reasons for committing academic dishonesty are more likely to be academically dishonest.
Moisture and Salts in Stone

Moisture and salts are the most damaging factors in stone decay. The very complex capillary system of stone and the often strange paths of moisture in buildings and monuments complicate the understanding of the mechanisms, such as solution, salt migration, salt crystallization, salt hydration, the thermal expansion of entrapped salts, frost weathering, and the expansion of pure water substance in rock pores. Many field data have been compiled both from deserts and from structures in urban humid and semi-humid climate; some theoretical considerations had to substitute for observations and experiments where processes are limited to areas located in narrow capillary systems within the stone. The following topics will be discussed: sources of moisture, moisture transfer mechanism in capillary systems of stone and masonry walls, and origin and behaviour of salts in capillaries.
Comparison of two ultra-sensitive methods for the determination of 232Thby recovery corrected pre-concentration radiochemicalneutron activation analysis

The determination of isotopic thorium by alpha spectrometric methods is a routine practice for bioassay and environmental measurement programs. Alpha-spectrometry has excellent detection limits (by mass) for all isotopes of thorium except 232Th due to its extremely long half-life. This paper discusses improvements in the detection limit and sensitivity over previously reported methods of pre-concentration neutron activation analysis (PCNAA) for the recovery corrected, isotopic determination of thorium in various matrices. Following irradiation, the samples weredissolved, 231Pa added as a tracer, and Pa isolated by two different methods and compared (extraction chromatography and anion exchange chromatography) followed by alpha spectrometry for recovery correction. Ion exchange chromatography was found to be superior for this application at this time, principally for reliability. The detection limit for 232Th of 3.5 · 10-7 Bq is almost three orders of magnitude lower than foralpha spectrometry using the PCRNAA method and one order of magnitude below previously reported PCNAA methods.
Time course of saline-induced recovery of the gustatory system in sodium-restricted rats

Placing pregnant rats on a Na(+)-restricted diet (0.03% NaCl) results in greatly reduced chorda tympani nerve responses to Na+ stimuli in the offspring. Normal responses can be permanently restored by providing offspring one-time access to saline. We tested whether saline-induced recovery occurs in taste receptor cells present at the time of saline intake. Chorda tympani responses were recorded 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 10 days, and 20 days after saline ingestion. Chorda tympani Na+ responses from Na(+)-restricted rats at 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 10 days after saline intake were comparable to responses from control Na(+)-restricted rats. Twenty days after saline consumption, responses to Na+ were significantly elevated compared with control Na(+)-restricted rats. The results indicate that extant taste receptor cells are not substantially influenced by the saline ingestion. Instead, the delayed recovery suggests that taste receptor stem cells exclusively are influenced by saline intake.
Reproductive genetic counseling challenges associated with diagnostic exome sequencing in a large academic private reproductive genetic counseling practice

Objective Diagnostic whole exome sequencing (WES) is rapidly entering clinical genetics, but experience with reproductive genetic counseling aspects is limited. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review and report on our experience with preconception and prenatal genetic counseling for diagnostic WES. Method We performed a retrospective chart review over 34 months in a large private prenatal genetic counseling practice and analyzed data for referral indications, findings, and results of genetic counseling related to diagnostic WES. Results Ten of 14 patients counseled about diagnostic WES for ongoing pregnancies pursued the test, resulting in identification of three pathogenic variants (30%). Five of 15 patients seeking counseling about familial WES results in an affected proband pursued prenatal diagnosis, resulting in identification of one affected fetus and five unaffected fetuses. We experienced challenges related to complexity and uncertainty of results, turnaround time, cost and insurance overage, and multidisciplinary fetal care coordination. Conclusion Despite having experienced complexity and identified challenges of the reproductive genetic counseling, availability of diagnostic WES contributed important information that aided in prenatal care planning and decision-making. Future enhanced provider education and larger studies to systematically study the integration of WES in reproductive genetic counseling and prenatal care will be important. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of threonine deaminase in the regulation of isoleucine and valine biosynthesis.

An ilv A gene (specifying threonine deaminase) mutation causes an Escherichia coli K12 strain to be leucine sensitive. The regulation of all the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzymes and of the branched chain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is affected in this mutant. We postulate that threonine deaminase is a positive effector in the multivalent control process.
Polyelectrolyte contributions to transitions in electrostatic persistence length

Abstract The manner in which a conformational change determining the polyelectrolyte contribution to chain stiffness is incorporated into existing polyelectrolyte theory is discussed. The full Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the electrostatic potential (rather than a linear version) is incorporated into the calculation of the electrostatic persistence length. Changes in the electrostatic persistence length can then be demonstrated qualitatively to be controlled by the solution dielectric constant.
Three-dimensional numerical model for open-ehannels with free-surfaee variations

A numerical model to calculate three-dimensional turbulent flew In open channels ef arbitrary cress-section is developed and validated: The model selves the incompressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stekes (RANS) equations, formulated in generalised curvilinear coordinates, in conjunction with the fcg turbulence closure. The free-surface elevation is determined by allowing the gomputatienal mesh to deform during the iterative solution procedure so that the proper kinematic and dynamic conditions are satisfied at convergence- The numerical model is validated by application to simulate the flow through meandering open channels for which detailed experimental measurements are available. Comparisons of the computed solutions with experimental data reveal that the model predicts the details of the velocity field, including changes in secondary motion, the distribution ef bed shear, and variations of flow depth in both the transverse and longitudinal directions.
The foreign accent syndrome: A perspective

Abstract Although there are now a fair number of reported case studies of the foreign accent syndrome, there is little consensus about it. We provide a perspective on the foreign accent syndrome focusing on three areas for which there is as yet disagreement in the literature. These include whether the foreign accent syndrome is indeed a syndrome in its own right, whether the features of the disorder can be explicated in terms of a single underlying mechanism, and whether there is a common neural substrate that gives rise to this disorder. Based on a review of the literature and our own work, we propose that the foreign accent syndrome is properly considered a syndrome and that it is distinct in both its characteristics and underlying mechanism from an apraxia of speech, a dysarthria, and an aphasic speech output disorder. We hypothesize that a deficit in linguistic prosody underlies the foreign accent syndrome. And finally, we argue that the foreign accent syndrome emerges as a consequence of damage to the dominant language (usually left hemisphere) speech output motor system affecting the primary motor cortex and either its cortico-cortical connections or its cortico-subcortical projections.
Study of the imposition of bulk flow pulsations on plane channel flow at moderate stokes numbers

Abstract A channel with rectangular cross section, 40 : 1 aspect ratio (height is 0.0127 m), and 4.27 m test section length (336 channel heights) was used to study the effects of imposed pulsations on laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow phenomena. Periodic velocity variations are produced in the test section by using a single rotating vane located in the flow downstream of the test section. Details of the imposed pulsation and phase-averaging techniques are given, along with data that show how the pulsating velocity varies in the test section, including changes to the shapes, amplitudes, and phase shifts of velocity waveforms at different channel locations. Flows with Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 1100 to 3700 are studied at Stokes numbers (St) of 4.08 and 5.79 and Strouhal numbers of 0.033 to 0.121 by imposing pulsations at 1 Hz and at 2 Hz. Pulsations at St = 4.08 have peak-to-peak amplitudes 1.4–16% of the local mean velocity, and at 5.79, peak-to-peak amplitudes are 4.5–25% of the local mean velocity. With these amplitudes and frequencies of imposed pulsation, time-averaged velocity profiles both within and outside of the Stokes layer are unaffected by the imposed pulsations for the entire range of Reynolds numbers studied. Phase-averaged traces show sinusoidal behavior across the channel height at Stokes numbers of 4.08 and 5.79 when flow is laminar (Re = 1100), transitional (Re = 1580), and turbulent (Re = 2550 and 3660). The sinusoidal nature of the waveforms is evident from spectra of voltage fluctuations from hot-wire sensors, which show principal pulsation amplitudes that are from one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amplitudes of harmonic peaks. Phase-averaged velocities are significantly nonsinusoidal at higher transitional Reynolds numbers near 2010, particularly for St = 4.08. These deviations coincide with significant changes in the amplitudes and phase lags of phase-averaged velocities compared to results at other Reynolds numbers where measurements were obtained.
Monte-Carlo Regression algorithm for isoform frequency estimation from RNA-Seq data

We propose a Monte-Carlo Regression based method for isoform frequency estimation from RNA-Seq reads.
Climate Prediction Center global monthly soil moisture data set at 0.5 resolution for 1948 to present

[1] We have produced a 0.5° × 0.5° monthly global soil moisture data set for the period from 1948 to the present. The land model is a one-layer “bucket” water balance model, while the driving input fields are Climate Prediction Center monthly global precipitation over land, which uses over 17,000 gauges worldwide, and monthly global temperature from global Reanalysis. The output consists of global monthly soil moisture, evaporation, and runoff, starting from January 1948. A distinguishing feature of this data set is that all fields are updated monthly, which greatly enhances utility for near-real-time purposes. Data validation shows that the land model does well; both the simulated annual cycle and interannual variability of soil moisture are reasonably good against the limited observations in different regions. A data analysis reveals that, on average, the land surface water balance components have a stronger annual cycle in the Southern Hemisphere than those in the Northern Hemisphere. From the point of view of soil moisture, climates can be characterized into two types, monsoonal and midlatitude climates, with the monsoonal ones covering most of the low-latitude land areas and showing a more prominent annual variation. A global soil moisture empirical orthogonal function analysis and time series of hemisphere means reveal some interesting patterns (like El Nino-Southern Oscillation) and long-term trends in both regional and global scales.
Response to Comment on "Reelin Promotes Peripheral Synapse Elimination and Maturation"

As the senior author of Quattrocchi et al . ([ 1 ][1]), I have attempted to reproduce the major findings described in this report in my laboratory, and to reconcile them with the findings of Bidoia et al . ([ 2 ][2]). Toward this end, I have reanalyzed the neuromuscular junction in the original
Toxicity and bioaccumulation of endrin and methoxychlor in aquatic invertebrates and fish

Abstract Stoneflies, caddis-flies, isopods, snails and bullheads were exposed to endrin or methoxychlor in a flowing-water test system for 28 days. Endrin was more toxic than methoxychlor. Behaviour changes in the caddis-fly Brachycentrus americanus and in the stonefly Pteronarcys dorsata were observed within 4 days at 0·07 and 0·15 μg/litre of endrin, respectively. The LC50 values decrease with increasing exposure times. The 28-day LC50 was less than 0·03 μg/litre for B. americanus and 0·07 μg/litre for P. dorsata. The 28-day LC50 for the bullhead Ictalurus melas was 0·10 μg/litre. Methoxychlor, at the concentrations tested, did not affect all the species. The isopod Asellus communis was the most sensitive; behavioural changes occurred within the first 4 days. The 28-day LC50 was 0·42 μg/litre. The LC50 for the caddis-fly Hydropsyche sp. decreased from 2·9 μg/litre at 14 days to 1·3 μg/litre at 28 days. The stonefly P. dorsata and the snail Physa integra did not die at the highest concentration tested (4·2 μg/litre), although behavioural changes were seen at 2·2 μg/litre for the stonefly. Pesticide accumulation was determined in the stoneflies and snails that survived the exposures. Stoneflies accumulated methoxychlor and endrin to concentrations 350 to 1150 times greater than the water concentrations. The snail concentration factors for methoxychlor ranged from 5000 to 8600.
Kinetics of rich ammonia flames

We report laser absorption measurements of NH3 decay within the flame front region of rich, atmospheric pressure ammonia flames. These data are combined with earlier OH, NH, and NH2 measurements to obtain new estimates for the oscillator strength of NH2. This value, fi = 6.4 × 10−5 for the PQ1,7 line in the (0,9,0) (0,0.0) vibrational band of the A2A1 X2B1 transition, suggests ΔH(NH) ≅ 87 kcal/mol. The ammonia profiles were also combined with previous data on NO, NH, NH2, and OH to provide an extensive database at fuel equivalence ratios (o) of 1.28, 1.50, and 1.81 for comparison to our kinetic model predictions. This modeling used a one-dimensional flame code which explicitly accounts for the diffusional component in our flame experiments. Modeling results using a conventional mechanism predicted concentration profiles which deviated markedly from our observations. It was possible to obtain much more satisfactory fits by postulating reactions between various NHi (i = 1, 2) species to form N—N bonds. The N2Hj (j = 1–3) species could then lose H atoms via dissociation to ultimately form N2. Inclusion of these reactions in the mechanism allowed us to predict concentration—distance profiles for five different species at three different equivalence ratios that are in good agreement with experiment. The most important component of this mechanism is the recognition that the NHi + NHi reactions dominate the kinetics in rich flames. A most satisfying aspect of these calculations is that the key rate constants in the NHi + NHi sequence were estimated using simple RRK theory.
Effect of Packaging on Color and Physical Characteristics of Ground Pork in Long-term Frozen Storage

Ground pork, 30% fat, was packaged in 454g units in Cryovac bags heat scaled under vacuum (V), Saran Wrap™ (S), aluminum foil (A), Saran™ overwrapped with aluminum foil (SA), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and frozen 13, 26, or 39 wk at − 17°C. TBA values increased over time regardless of packaging. Those materials that excluded oxygen delayed lipid oxidation longest. Red color (CIE a* value and % reflectance difference at 630 and 580 nm) decreased over time; this was greater on exterior than interior of the meat block. Materials that excluded oxygen prevented loss of red color during the first 26 wk storage. Changes in redness and TBA appeared unrelated to pH. Changes in L* and b* values did not appear related to packaging treatment or storage time.
Evaluation of the Placement of Mobile Fruit and Vegetable Vendors to Alleviate Food Deserts in New York City

INTRODUCTION In 2008, the New York City (NYC) health department licensed special mobile produce vendors (Green Carts) to increase access to fruits and vegetables in neighborhoods with the lowest reported fruit and vegetable consumption and the highest obesity rates. Because economic incentives may push vendors to locate in more trafficked, less produce-deprived areas, we examined characteristics of areas with and without Green Carts to explore whether Carts are positioned to reach the intended populations. METHODS Using ArcGIS software, we mapped known NYC Green Cart locations noted through 2013 and generated a list of potential (candidate) sites where Carts could have located. We compared the food environment (via categorizing "healthy" or "unhealthy" food stores using federal classification codes corroborated by online storefront images) and other factors that might explain Cart location (eg, demographic, business, neighborhood characteristics) near actual and candidate sites descriptively and inferentially. RESULTS Seven percent of Green Carts (n = 265) were in food deserts (no healthy stores within one-quarter mile) compared with 36% of candidate sites (n = 644, P < .001). Most Carts (78%) were near 2 or more healthy stores. Green Carts had nearly 60 times the odds of locating near subway stops (P < .001), were closer to large employers (odds ratio [OR], 6.4; P < .001), other food stores (OR, 14.1; P < .001), and in more populous tracts (OR, 2.9, P <.01) compared with candidate sites. CONCLUSION Green Carts were rarely in food deserts and usually had multiple healthy stores nearby, suggesting that Carts may not be serving the neediest neighborhoods. Exploration of Carts' benefits in non-food desert areas is needed, but incentivizing vendors to locate in still-deprived places may increase program impact.
Thermodynamics and statistical physics of damage processes in quasi-ductile solids

Abstract The objective of this work is to make a connection between macro-parameters and meso-cracks using the models of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. The effect of disordered meso-texture on the macro-stresses, -parameters, and -damage and failure is examined. Current macro-damage models can be used only when the specimen is statistically homogeneous, i.e. when the damage density is insignificant. In the present model the meso-scale changes of the disordered material are deduced using lattice simulations. Statistical physics concepts of scaling and universality are used for renormalization. All observable and measurable parameters of the model, on both scales, are identified. Bridging more than two scales is seamless using the renormalization group theory.
Numerical methods for simulation of large systems

The numerical solution of large initial value problems, including those that are derived as approximations to systems of partial differential equations, may encounter difficulties using conventional numerical methods because of stiffness (large range of eigenvalues of the associated linear system). In a nonlinear system, the eigenvalues may change greatly during the solution and a system that is initially well behaved may become stiff, yielding increased computer cost or inaccuracies. This paper contains a discussion of various definitions of stiffness, and several methods for overcoming it, including a new method for identifying and partitioning a two-time-scale system into fast and slow sub-systems. Also included are some experiences using the DARE continuous system simulation language for systems as large as 200 coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations.
Increased false negative sentinel node biopsy rates after preoperative chemotherapy for invasive breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) has been a promising new technique in breast carcinoma staging, but could be unreliable in certain patient subsets. The current study assessed whether age, preoperative chemotherapy, tumor size, and/or previous excisional biopsy influenced the identification of sentinel nodes (SLNs) or the reliability of a node-negative SLND in predicting a node negative axilla. METHODS Eighty-two patients who had clinically negative axillae underwent SLND followed by Level I/II axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). SLNDs were performed using both technetium-99m (Tc-99m) labeled colloid and isosulfan blue dye. SLNs were analyzed by hematoxlyin and eosin and immunocytochemical techniques. RESULTS SLNs were successfully identified in 80% of patients. Mapping success was decreased among postmenopausal women but was not influenced by preoperative chemotherapy, large tumor size, or previous excisional biopsy. Of the 31 successfully mapped, node positive patients, 5 had false negative (FN) SLNDs (overall FN rate = 16%). Of the 9 successfully mapped patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy and had positive axillary nodes, 3 had FN SLND (FN rate = 33%). The presence of clinically positive lymph nodes before chemotherapy did not predict which patients would have a subsequent FN SLND. T3 tumor size, but not previous excision, was associated significantly with increased FN rate, although the FN rate for previous excision was 11%. No FN SLND occurred with T1/T2 tumors that were not excised previously and had not received preoperative chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative chemotherapy was associated with an unacceptably high FN rate for SLND. While larger tumor size also was associated with FN SLND, this effect might have been due to preoperative chemotherapy use in these patients. Small sample size precluded determining whether excisional biopsy before mapping increased FN SLND rates independently. Cancer 2000;89:2187–94. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Reducing horizontal diffusion errors in σ-coordinate coastal ocean models with a second-order Lagrangian-interpolation finite-difference scheme

Abstract When a steep bottom slope exists, it is well known that conventional methods for calculating horizontal diffusion in sigma-coordinate coastal ocean models causes spurious transport (e.g. salinity, temperature, and sediments) and currents. In this study, a second-order accurate finite-difference algorithm and program have been developed to reduce the spurious numerical diffusion errors. In the proposed algorithm, the finite differencing is performed in the x–z coordinate system to approximate the horizontal gradient. Each variable in the finite differential formation is calculated in the sigma-coordinate grid cells using a second-order Lagrangian interpolation polynomial. In conjunction with a stepwise bottom boundary condition, numerical experiments show that the proposed finite-difference scheme considerably reduces numerical errors compared to conventional approaches when dealing with horizontal diffusion over steep topography, which often occurs in coastal oceans and navigation channels.
Schizophreniform psychosis with infectious mononucleosis

since they have special experience, and you believe such experience results in some advantage. Unfortunately, the history of medicine is riddled with claims for special competence, owing to special experience, that have proved fallacious. Insofar as we aspire to being a science rather than a cult, the goal of proper evaluation of effectiveness can not be dismissed. Another issue is whether the psychiatrist as leader of the treatment team must have a "high level of psychotherapeutic skills." I think that we are in agreement that since psychotherapy is one of the prescribed modes of treatment, the prescription should be made by a psychiatrist who has an intimate knowledge of the pros and cons, as well as the techniques of treatment. With further scientific evaluation of psychotherapy we may have a better grasp of which therapies are appropriate for which patients. Currently, this judgment is made largely on the basis of conviction, modified somewhat by personal experience. Donald F. Klein, M.D. New York State Psychiatric Institute New York
Best Practice Investment Committees

Good governance is increasingly recognized as equal in importance to good management for investment success of endowments. But investment committees are “all over the map” in their policies and practices. The opportunity to improve results by adopting Best Practices is large, and because endowed institutions—in education, culture, and healthcare—provide some of our most treasured services, the benefits of adopting Best Practices can be rewarding to committee members and to the institutions they serve. Ellis draws on years of personal experience as a member of a dozen investment committees in Australia, Singapore, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, and the United States to provide a complete guide to international Best Practices.
Pattern-based traits

There have been exciting developments with respect to compile-time reflection for C# and Java. Fahndrich et al. [2006] introduced what we call pattern-based reflection as a high-level notation for inspecting members of old classes and generating members of a new class. Huang and Smaragdakis [2008, 2011] further increased the expressiveness of pattern-based reflection and strengthened its type safety guarantees. However, these proposals took place in settings with just classes and/or mixins, which limit the ways that generated declarations can be composed (just linearly).In this paper we investigate the combination of pattern-based reflection with traits, which offer more expressive forms of composition. Further, we provide language features for manipulating sets of member declarations: giving them names, manipulating their domains using set operations, and passing them as arguments to traits. To demonstrate the expressiveness of the proposed language design, we implement a library for object-relational mapping. We also formalize the language design, defining the syntax and semantics for a language named PTFJ (for Pattern-based Traits in Featherweight Java)
A solid-solid phase transition in carbon dioxide at high pressures and intermediate temperatures.

Despite its terrestrial abundance and astrochemical significance, many aspects of the phase diagram of solid carbon dioxide remain uncertain or unknown. The observed transition pressures from cubic to orthorhombic phase range widely from 2.5 GPa at 80 K to above 18 GPa at room temperature. The vibrational Raman bands that appear at higher pressure and serve as a decisive proof of the existence of the orthorhombic phase have never been assigned. Here we introduce a general ab initio computational method that can predict the Gibbs free energies and thus phase diagrams of molecular crystals. Using this with second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory, we obtain the transition pressure of 13 GPa at 0 K with small temperature dependence, which is in line with many experiments. We also computationally reproduce the vibrational Raman bands and explain the pressure dependence of the structure parameters and Raman band positions of both phases quantitatively.
Spin-wave phenomena in liquid3He systems

The magnetic effects predicted by Leggett and Rice for Fermi liquids in the collisionless regime have been verified. Spin-echo measurements are reported which demonstrate the existence of spin waves and undamped spin currents in liquid3He and dilute3He-4He solutions. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical expressions of Leggett and Rice, and values of the Fermi liquid interaction parameter $$\lambda = \left[ {1/(1 + F_0^a )} \right] - \left\{ {1/[1 + (F_1^a /3)]} \right\}$$ are derived for three samples: liquid3He atP=0 and 27 atm, and a 6.4%3He-4He solution. In addition, some techniques for direct observation of individual spin-wave modes are explored and the results reported.
Prazosin kinetics and effectiveness in renal failure

Single and repeated doses of prazosin were given to 17 hypertensive patients, 5 with normal renal function and 12 with impaired renal function. Blood for prazosin assay was drawn after a 1-mg single dose and after patients reached steady-state levels with their long-term maintenance dose. As blood was drawn blood pressure was recorded. Prazosin absorption was not altered in patients with impaired renal function, and there is no cumulation of the drug when given repeatedly to patients with impaired renal function. Elimination kinetics were virtually identical regardless of degree of renal function. Effect on blood pressure was significantly better at the dosage range of 3 to 8 mg/day than at higher doses of 9 to 20 mg/day. There does not appear to be a direct relationship between the peak plasma prazosin level and the nadir of antihypertensive response. This would seem to indicate that the drug leaves the plasma and goes to the vascular smooth muscle receptor site of action. There appears to be no impairment in prazosin elimination in patients with impaired renal function, and its effectiveness (with diuretic or dialysis) is optimum at 3 to 8 mg/day.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Incidentalomas Discovered by Whole Body FDG PETCT

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of incidentalomas in a patient population with no known thyroid malignancy who underwent whole body FDG-PET/CT for staging or restaging of neoplasia. The additional aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using PETCT as a screening tool for malignant thyroid incidentalomas. Methods. Retrospective review of medical records of all the thyroid exams done at our institution between January 1, 2000 and August 20, 2008. We made a criterion of PET/CT as the primary method of detection of incidentalomas. Results. From a total of 8464 thyroid exams, 156 incidentalomas were found and 40 incidentalomas underwent anatomopathology analysis, which was used as gold standard. Chi-square analysis was used to analyze the data. There is no significant association between SUV value and the prevalence of incidentalomas. Discussion. From January 1, 2000 to August 20, 2008, incidentalomas have a prevalence of 1.84% at our institution. 38% of the incidentalomas that were biopsied were characterized as representing malignant tumors. Conclusion. Focal, abnormal FDG uptake representing incidentalomas must be followed up with biopsies. It is impractical to use PET/CT as a screening tool to detect incidentalomas for the general population but it must be done in patients with history of any type of cancer.
A solution for current–voltage characteristics of multiple coupled mesoscopic tunnel junctions

Abstract A theoretical conduction model for structures composed of a number of conducting islands that are coupled to each other, and to external leads/gates via tunnel junctions has been developed. In this semiclassical approach, each tunnel junction is modeled by a tunneling resistance,R, and a tunnel capacitance,C. Extending the work of Ammanet al., from the case of two mesoscopic tunnel junctions coupled in series to more general structures composed of more than a single island, we find that a detailed balance of tunneling rates remains valid. However, for a multiple island system, a detailed balance of tunneling rates does not imply a detailed balance of occupation probabilities under steady state conditions. A universally applicable master equation for the occupation probability has been derived. Without the aid of detailed balance it is not possible to obtain closed form solutions for the occupation probability; therefore, an iterative method was implemented to solve the master equation for the multivariate occupation probability density function. Currently, this method can be utilized in calculating both the Coulomb staircase behavior of current(s) versus bias voltage(s), and the Coulomb oscillations of conductance versus gate voltages.
An Evaluation of Graphical Context as a Means for Ameliorating the Effects of Registration Error

An ongoing research problem in Augmented Reality (AR) is to improve tracking and display technology in order to minimize registration errors. However, perfect registration is not always necessary for users to understand the intent of an augmentation. This paper describes the results of an experiment to evaluate the effects of registration error in a Lego block placement task and the effectiveness of graphical context at ameliorating these effects. Three types of registration error were compared: no error, fixed error and random error. These three errors were evaluated with no context present and some graphical context present. The results of this experiment indicated that adding graphical context to a scene in which some registration error is present can allow a person to effectively operate in such an environment, in this case completing the Lego block placement task with a reduced number of errors made and in a shorter amount of time.
Real-world Experiments in Ecological Restoration

Ignorance and Surprise: Science, Society, and Ecological Design, by Matthias Gross, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010, xii + 240 pp., $30.00. A new epoch demands a new science. As we move steadily int...
Kinetics of the Formations of Gelatinized and Melted Starch at Extrusion Cooking Conditions

Typical DSC thermograms of starch phase transition in the low moisture content range (15-40%) showed two thermal transition peaks. This suggests the existence of two different cooking mechanisms. We call them gelatinization and melting. “Gelatinization” describes thermal transition of starch with water and “melting” without water. Kinetics of the formation of gelatinized starch (GEL) and melted starch (MELT) were studied. Conversions caused by gelatinization and melting were separately analyzed by using information from DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) isothermal studies. The rate of formation of gelatinized fraction followed first order kinetics and that of melted fraction zeroth order. The overall reaction rate followed zeroth order because melting is the dominant mechanism of the two under limited water contents of extrusion cooking conditions.
Approximation methods for boundary control of the Boussinesq equations

In this paper we discuss an approximation method for dealing with Dirichlet boundary control of thermal-fluid systems. The physics of displacement ventilation and buoyancy-driven flows are described by the Boussinesq equations. We first develop a computational algorithm for solving the corresponding LQR control problem for the Boussinesq equations with general Robin boundary conditions. This scheme is combined with a finite element method that generalizes Nitsche's perturbation theory for approximating Dirichlet boundary conditions. Using this approach we are able to avoid imposing the “compatibility condition” that is required for Dirichlet boundary control in 3D problems. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the computational algorithm.
Hyperintense MRI lesions in bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis and review

Background: Cortical and subcortical hyperintensities in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are thought to represent areas of ischemic damage to brain tissue. Researchers have focused on the possible role these lesions may have in psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder. In 1997, the proposed ‘vascular mania’ diagnosis suggested utilizing not only the presence of strokes, but also confluent hyperintensities in its diagnostic criteria. This study was conducted to use meta-analytic techniques to investigate the association of hyperintensities and bipolar illness and to evaluate the current state of the literature.Methods: Using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases, we conducted a systematic literature search of studies investigating hyperintensities in subjects with bipolar disorder and controls or other psychiatric illnesses. We identified 44 publications from which 35 studies were included for review and 27 were selected for meta-analysis. Summary statistics of the prevalence were estimated thro...
MRI to delineate the gross tumor volume of nasopharyngeal cancers: which sequences and planes should be used?

BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been found to be better than computed tomography for defining the extent of primary gross tumor volume (GTV) in advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. It is routinely applied for target delineation in planning radiotherapy. However, the specific MRI sequences/planes that should be used are unknown. METHODS Twelve patients with nasopharyngeal cancer underwent primary GTV evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced axial T1 weighted image (T1) and T2 weighted image (T2), coronal T1, and sagittal T1 sequences. Each sequence was registered with the planning computed tomography scans. Planning target volumes (PTVs) were derived by uniform expansions of the GTVs. The volumes encompassed by the various sequences/planes, and the volumes common to all sequences/planes, were compared quantitatively and anatomically to the volume delineated by the commonly used axial T1-based dataset. RESULTS Addition of the axial T2 sequence increased the axial T1-based GTV by 12% on average (p = 0.004), and composite evaluations that included the coronal T1 and sagittal T1 planes increased the axial T1-based GTVs by 30% on average (p = 0.003). The axial T1-based PTVs were increased by 20% by the additional sequences (p = 0.04). Each sequence/plane added unique volume extensions. The GTVs common to all the T1 planes accounted for 38% of the total volumes of all the T1 planes. Anatomically, addition of the coronal and sagittal-based GTVs extended the axial T1-based GTV caudally and cranially, notably to the base of the skull. CONCLUSIONS Adding MRI planes and sequences to the traditional axial T1 sequence yields significant quantitative and anatomically important extensions of the GTVs and PTVs. For accurate target delineation in nasopharyngeal cancer, we recommend that GTVs be outlined in all MRI sequences/planes and registered with the planning computed tomography scans.
Just‐in‐time manufacturing

JIT manufacturing is a philosophy by which an organization seeks continually to improve its products and processes by eliminating waste. Organizations wanting to use the JIT approach to manufacturing must have several building blocks in place. The building blocks include: company‐wide commitment, proper materials at the right time, supplier relationships, quality, and personnel. The JIT system runs smoothly with no peaks or valleys. The typical inventory system, on the other hand, is fraught with peaks and valleys that represent costs to the organization in the form of inventory holding costs, back order and stock‐out costs, overtime and idle time labor costs, and waste of materials and space.
Thresholds of resistive load detection in children with asthma.

Threshold detection of added resistive loads was studied in asthmatic children and compared to data previously obtained in a group of healthy children. The relationships between possible psychological predictors of perceptual ability, the perceptual threshold, and functional morbidity variables were also investigated. Our subjects were 103 children (mean age, 10.9 years) with asthma who completed two laboratory protocols in which they were asked to distinguish breaths with varying degrees of added resistance from unloaded breaths. Using two different computer-driven protocols, resistances were presented as percentages of each child's intrinsic respiratory system resistance (Rrs). Cognitive ability was assessed through subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edition (WISC-III), and functional morbidity was quantified through a combination of school absences, emergency medical visits, and days hospitalized. Detection thresholds for both protocols were highly correlated with intrinsic resistance (r = 0.49 and 0.66; P < 0.001). Weber fraction thresholds were significantly lower for asthmatic children than healthy controls. Thresholds were not significantly related to either intelligence or pulmonary functional abnormalities due to asthma. Methodologic limitations require cautious interpretation of the results, but we conclude that psychophysical approaches may be useful in the study of symptom perception in pediatric asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999; 28:271–276. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phosphorus sorption during iron(II) oxidation in the presence of dissolved silica

Abstract This study investigated the interactions of P and Si with ferrous-derived Fe oxides under conditions simulating natural systems. Iron oxides were formed from the oxidation of Fe(II) at pH 7.0 under a CO 2 /air mixture. Phosphate and/or silicate were either present during the oxidation of Fe(II) or added 24 h after the Fe(II) had oxidized and the solid had formed. Oxidation of Fe(II) in the presence of P resulted in very high initial P sorption densities; however, much of this sorbed P was subsequently released into solution, probably as a result of coagulation and crystallite growth of the Fe oxide. If Si was present as well during Fe(II) oxidation, initial P sorption densities were very high and almost all of the sorbed P remained in the solid phase. The formation of Fe(II)-derived Fe oxide in the presence of Si and P resulted in a very effective sink for P. This solid may have applications in wastewater treatment and important implications for P chemistry in the natural environment. The presence of Si during Fe(II) oxidation at molar ratios of 0.36 Si/Fe or higher promoted the formation of ferrihydrite, an Fe oxide with a high specific surface area and a high concentration of reactive surface sites. Coagulation and crystallite growth of the ferrihydrite were inhibited by the Si, thereby limiting the release of P over time. When P was added 24 h after solid formation, the sorption capacity of the mixed Fe–Si oxide was greater than the pure Fe oxide but, in both cases, sorption densities were much less than when P and Si were both present during solid formation. Competition of Si and P for Fe oxide sorption sites appeared to be less important to P sorption than the influence of Si on Fe oxide mineralogy, at least under the experimental conditions studied.
Does the Additive Risk of Mitral Valve Repair in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Prohibit Surgical Intervention

ObjectiveTo assess the surgical risk of additional mitral valve repairs in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.Summary Background DataSevere mitral regurgitation in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy increases the death rate and symptomatic status. The 1-year survival rate for medical therapy i