cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract P034: Hypertension in a Pediatric Cardiology Practice

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is becoming a more recognized problem in pediatrics in general, though the prevalence is not changing despite the increasing prevalence of obesity.(1) The prevalence of borderline high and high blood pressure in children and adolescents appears to have plateaued at 11-12%. (1) Annual blood pressure measurement in patients being seen in pediatric practices has long been recommended. Our goal is to evaluate whether or not patients with HTN seen in a pediatric cardiology practice were appropriately diagnosed with HTN. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients seen in the Texas Children’s Hospital Pediatric Cardiology outpatient clinics between 2005 and 2015 was performed. All blood pressure measurements, heights, weights, and BMI obtained at the same clinic visit were obtained from the electronic medical record. Patients with missing data were excluded from the analysis The data was analyzed using SAS with calculations performed of means, standard deviations and interquartile ranges. Chi-squre and t-tests were used to compare means. Results: A total of 57,670 patients (53% male, mean age 8.7 +/- 8.3) were seen in clinic. The average BMI was 19 (range 0 to 95). There were a total of 125,750 visits, with a average number of visits 3.9 (range 1-64). 33,765 patients had blood pressure measurements in the pre-HTN or HTN range and 9,149 patients had Stage 2 HTN measured at the time of clinic visit. Most children (35,220, 61%) had only one visit and were therefore unable to truly be diagnosed with HTN. Of the remaining 22,450 patients, 3,751 (15%) patients had hypertensive blood pressure measurements on at least three occasions and 977 (26%) of those were diagnosed with HTN. The diagnosis of HTN was made in younger patients (p Conclusions: HTN is a common problem in pediatrics. In a pediatric cardiology practice, many patients have HTN that is undiagnosed. If HTN is diagnosed it is frequently either untreated or inadequately treated. While evaluation of blood pressure is being performed and documented in most patients adequate diagnosis and treatment is lacking.
Introduction to Divine Multiplicity

Most “Westerners,” when the topic of religion comes up, will probably think first of the big three monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. But these three religions do not by any means constitute the whole religious picture of the world. There are millions of people whose religious life is lived out in the thought and practice of revering multiple gods. In this section of the book we have included three papers that deal with religions that involve divine multiplicity. I also discuss a fourth paper on this topic which is included in the volume under the Process Theology section where it also belongs.
Designing groups in problem-based learning to promote problem-solving skill and self-directedness

The effect of group size in problem-based learning(PBL) on the problem-solving skill, self-directedness,and technical knowledge of 72 students in a dentaleducation program was examined. Pretest measures onself-directedness and technical knowledge wereadministered to the 72 students. Equal numbers ofstudents with low, medium, and high levels ofself-directedness were randomly assigned to small,medium, and large PBL groups. Students thenparticipated in a three-week PBL experience, whichinvolved analyzing a patient case. After PBL wascompleted, posttest measures on self-directedness,technical knowledge, and problem-solving skill wereassessed. Students' reactions to the PBL experiencewere also measured. Analysis of the data found thatthe development of self-directedness varied with groupsize. Students' self-directedness increased in smalland medium size groups, but decreased in large groups. A significant difference was found between the mediumand large groups on this measure. Furthermore,students in small groups rated 5 of 12 aspects of PBLsignificantly higher than did those in large groups,and students in medium size groups rated 10 of 12aspects of PBL significantly higher than did those inlarge groups. Implications of these findings forinstructional design theory, practice, and researchare discussed.
Neurology of Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia

Publisher Summary Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are not distinct disorders but are differentiated according to the severity of the clinical symptoms. The mildest disorder in this continuum is pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). In pre-eclampsia, hypertension and proteinuria are present, and when convulsions occur in addition to these signs, the condition is referred to as eclampsia. By definition, the central nervous system (CNS) is commonly affected in patients with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and is a cause of significant morbidity and possibly death in those affected. Death from pre-eclampsia/eclampsia is usually attributable to cerebral hemorrhage in patients with thrombocytopenia either in isolation or as part of HELLP syndrome. Fortunately, the neurologic deficits often are reversible. Headache is the most common neurologic symptom in pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, reported in 7 8–83% of the patients. Visual symptoms may occur in 40% of pre-eclamptic women and they present in a variety of ways from blurred vision, diplopia, homonymous hemianopsia, to cortical blindness. Cerebral hemorrhage is reported to be the most common cause of death in patients with eclampsia. SAH occasionally is reported in pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Nontraumatic SAH usually results from rupture of a berry aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM). A large case-crossover study did not find an increased risk of aneurysmal SAH or AVM during pregnancy, delivery, or puerperium.
The Effects of Immersion and Real-World Distractions on Virtual Social Interactions.

Abstract This study explores the independent and joint effects of immersion and real-world distractions (a ringing cell phone) on cognitive (i.e., recognition and recall), affective valence, and in...
Modeling Human Cancer-induced Cachexia

Cachexia is a wasting syndrome characterized by pronounced skeletal muscle loss. In cancer, cachexia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and decreased treatment tolerance. Although advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of cachexia, translating these advances to the clinic has been challenging. One reason for this shortcoming may be the current animal models, which fail to fully recapitulate the etiology of human cancer-induced tissue wasting. Because pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) presents with a high incidence of cachexia, we engineered a mouse model of PDA that we named KPP. KPP mice, similar to PDA patients, progressively lose skeletal and adipose mass as a consequence of their tumors. In addition, KPP muscles exhibit a similar gene ontology as cachectic patients. We envision that the KPP model will be a useful resource for advancing our mechanistic understanding and ability to treat cancer cachexia.
Improving interorganizational collaborations: An application in a violence reduction context

Abstract Interorganizational collaboration (IC) is a widely used and valued approach to tackling societal challenges. Effective communication and coordination are difficult to achieve within ICs, yet critical to the attainment of shared goals. Relational coordination is a conceptual framework with analytical tools that can assist in overcoming collaboration shortcomings. This study introduces relational coordination to ICs aimed at reducing gang and youth violence. Through a quasiexperimental design in which two sites received relational coordination interventions and two did not, sites were assessed on the degree to which IC coordination and communication was improved in four rounds of surveys over a two year period. Significant, positive changes were seen in one intervention site from baseline to end. In the other intervention site, initial positive changes were eroded by the end of the second year. No significant positive effects were demonstrated in comparison sites. Qualitative analysis shed light on why differences occurred, which were due in large part to structural changes that included codification of practices and the effective use of boundary spanners. A discussion of relational coordination utilization for strengthening ICs in diverse, collaborative contexts is presented.
Symbolic Meaning of Violence: Urban African-American Adolescent Males’ Perspectives

This paper explores the symbolic meaning of violence based on urban African-American adolescent males’ (UAAMs) perspectives. Findings in this paper derived from a phenomenological investigation of UAAMs’ meanings and experiences of violence. Nine UAAMs participated in phenomenological interviews, and six in a focus group. Several themes emerged from the study, including violence as a means to gain respect, a form of intimidation, and self-defense. Implications for counselors and social service providers are discussed. Urban African-American adolescent males’ (UAAMs) experiences of violence have remained at alarming rates over the past decade. Despite some drops in these numbers in recent years, UAAMs are more likely to encounter episodes of violence, including poverty and homelessness, mass incarceration, and gun violence and homicides when compared to their white and racially diverse counterparts. Although researchers have investigated this phenomenon among UAAM and their urban peers from a variety of theoretical lenses and vantage points, limited research has investigated UAAMs’ meaning and experiences of violence, from the perspective of these developing young men. As a result, a gap in the literature lies in the fact that UAAMs’ narratives regarding their experiences and meanings of violence have been granted limited attention. Thus, UAAMs’ narratives about their experiences of violence may provide important solutions as to the causes and solutions of this phenomenon.
Chapter 2 – Pluripotent Stem Cells and Gene Therapy

Over the past decade, our understanding of stem cell biology has rapidly expanded with the discovery that any mammalian somatic cells can be genetically reprogrammed into a pluripotent state with the potential to differentiate into any cell lineage. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have revolutionized current experimental approaches for understanding the pathophysiological underpinnings of diseases with genetic etiologies. While the translational potential of human iPSCs to correct genetic diseases is great, there is yet no consensus on how to maximize human iPSC production while minimizing negative off-target effects, such as tumorigenesis or immunogenicity of transplanted cells. In this chapter, we will summarize the various reprogramming factor requirements and gene delivery methodologies that have been employed in generating human pluripotent stem cells. We will further focus on the clinical translation of human iPSC technology by discussing how it can be used to model disease as a cell-source for drug discovery and as a direct therapy for reversing phenotypes caused by genetic diseases.
Ethiopia’s Hate Speech Predicament: Seeking Antidotes Beyond a Legislative Response

After waves of public protests that denounced long-time ruling party the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, Ethiopia has experienced a political transformation that, among other thi...
An Information-theoretic Visual Analysis Framework for Convolutional Neural Networks

Despite the great success of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing, the working mechanism behind CNNs is still under extensive discussions and research. Driven by a strong demand for the theoretical explanation of neural networks, some researchers utilize information theory to provide insight into the black box model. However, to the best of our knowledge, employing information theory to quantitatively analyze and qualitatively visualize neural networks has not been extensively studied in the visualization community. In this paper, we combine information entropies and visualization techniques to shed light on how CNN works. Specifically, we first introduce a data model to organize the data that can be extracted from CNN models. Then we propose two ways to calculate entropy under different circumstances. To provide a fundamental understanding of the basic building blocks of CNNs (e.g., convolutional layers, pooling layers, normalization layers) from an information-theoretic perspective, we develop a visual analysis system, CNNSlicer. CNNSlicer allows users to interactively explore the amount of information changes inside the model. With case studies on the widely used benchmark datasets (MNIST and CIFAR-10), we demonstrate the effectiveness of our system in opening the blackbox of CNNs.
Cultural context and cross-country behavioral differences in group decision-making

This study tests the influence of culture on group decision-making behavior among respondents in Korea and Germany. For our field experiment we are using an ultimatum game design, played among part...
Termite Prevention and Control

This 16-page guide written by F. M. Oi, J. Davis, J. McConnell, J. Corbus, N. Nelson, and M. Atkinson and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department is intended to help homeowners make informed choices about the best termite protection for their homes. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1277
A Treatment to Eliminate SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Is Safe for Inhalation as an Aerosol in Healthy Human Subjects

BACKGROUND: Low airway surface pH is associated with many airway diseases, impairs antimicrobial host defense, and worsens airway inflammation. Inhaled Optate is designed to safely raise airway surface pH and is well tolerated in humans. Raising intracellular pH partially prevents activation of SARS-CoV-2 in primary normal human airway epithelial (NHAE) cells, decreasing viral replication by several mechanisms. METHODS: We grew primary NHAE cells from healthy subjects, infected them with SARS-CoV-2 (isolate USA-WA1/2020), and used clinical Optate at concentrations used in humans in vivo to determine whether Optate would prevent viral infection and replication. Cells were pretreated with Optate or placebo prior to infection (multiplicity of infection = 1), and viral replication was determined with plaque assay and nucleocapsid (N) protein levels. Healthy human subjects also inhaled Optate as part of a Phase 2a safety trial. RESULTS: Optate almost completely prevented viral replication at each time point between 24 h and 120 h, relative to placebo, on both plaque assay and N protein expression (P CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled Optate may be well suited for a clinical trial in patients with pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it is vitally important for patient safety that formulations designed for inhalation with regard to pH, isotonicity, and osmolality be used. An inhalational treatment that safely prevents SARS-CoV-2 viral replication could be helpful for treating patients with pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The diverse functionality of NQO1 and its roles in redox control

In this review, we summarize the multiple functions of NQO1, its established roles in redox processes and potential roles in redox control that are currently emerging. NQO1 has attracted interest due to its roles in cell defense and marked inducibility during cellular stress. Exogenous substrates for NQO1 include many xenobiotic quinones. Since NQO1 is highly expressed in many solid tumors, including via upregulation of Nrf2, the design of compounds activated by NQO1 and NQO1-targeted drug delivery have been active areas of research. Endogenous substrates have also been proposed and of relevance to redox stress are ubiquinone and vitamin E quinone, components of the plasma membrane redox system. Established roles for NQO1 include a superoxide reductase activity, NAD+ generation, interaction with proteins and their stabilization against proteasomal degradation, binding and regulation of mRNA translation and binding to microtubules including the mitotic spindles. We also summarize potential roles for NQO1 in regulation of glucose and insulin metabolism with relevance to diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, in Alzheimer's disease and in aging. The conformation and molecular interactions of NQO1 can be modulated by changes in the pyridine nucleotide redox balance suggesting that NQO1 may function as a redox-dependent molecular switch.
Combined 18F-NaF and Fluciclovine Administration for PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer

1242 Objectives: 18F-fluciclovine is FDA approved for the detection of recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer. At our institution, 18F-fluciclovine PET had replaced 18F-NaF PET, but fluciclovine has mild to no uptake in dense sclerotic bony lesions. F18-NaF offers increased sensitivity and specificity in detection of osseous metastases and therefore we converted to using a combination of 18F-NaF and 18F-fluciclovine in patients with biochemical recurrence. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of performing a combined F18- fluciclovine and F18-NaF study, and evaluated the biodistribution of the combined radiotracers in patients with prostate cancer. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 16 consecutive patients over a period of 3 months. 5 mCi of F18-NaF was injected, followed 45 minutes later by a 10 mCi injection of F18-fluciclovine. Patients were asked to hydrate after NaF injection and empty their bladder immediately prior to scanning. A non-diagnostic CT for attenuation correction and an emission PET scan were acquired on a time of flight Discovery 690 PET/CT (GE Healthcare) within 5 minutes of fluciclovine injection. We characterized the extent of soft tissue and osseous disease, as well as assessed the image quality, taking note for F18-NaF excretion in the bladder and the potential scatter artifact limiting evaluation of the prostate bed. Results: On average patients received 5.5 +/- 0.5 mCi of F18-NaF and 10.4 +/- 0.8 mCi of F18-fluciclovine. All 16 patients had diagnostic quality scans. None had limited evaluation of the prostate bed secondary to artifacts from bladder scatter. 10 patients (62.5%) had residual or recurrent prostate cancer within the prostate bed, of which 3 (18.8%) had distant nodal disease in the perirectal, pelvis, retroperitoneal, or periaortic lymph node regions. 7 patients (43.8%) demonstrated osseous metastatic lesions within the clavicle, sternum, iliac wing, vertebra, coccyx, or sacrum. Conclusions: Combined 18F-NaF and 18F-fluciclovine scans in patients with prostate cancer is a feasible method for detecting soft tissue recurrence and osseous disease. Bladder excretion from F18-NaF does not obscure the prostate bed nor degrades the diagnostic quality of the exam. The combined use of 18F-fluciclovine and F18-NaF in one PET/CT acquisition has the potential to increase the sensitive for detecting prostate cancer and limit the time and radiation dose delivered compared to the conventional, separate acquisitions of the two radiotracers.
ECG Biometric Spoofing Using Adversarial Machine Learning

As the Covid-19 pandemic becomes a nationwide problem, physical contact is no longer acceptable. Therefore, biometric technology can be used for practicing social distancing to prevent the spread of the virus. However, face and fingerprint are vulnerable to presentation attacks. Hence alternative modalities such as ECG based biometric become popular. In this paper, we develop a novel presentation attack using a GAN where a short template of the victim’s ECG is captured by an attacker and used to generate synthetic fake ECG signals. We also propose a novel framework utilizing residual neural network architecture to analyze ECG presentation attacks.
Iron-containing ureases

Abstract Conventional ureases possess dinuclear nickel active sites that are oxygen-stable and require a set of accessory proteins for metallocenter biosynthesis. By contrast, oxygen-labile ureases have active sites containing dual ferrous ions and lack a requirement for maturation proteins. The structures of the two types of urease are remarkably similar, with an active site architecture that includes two imidazoles and a carboxylate ligand coordinated to one metal, two imidazoles coordinated to the second metal, and a metal-bridging carbamylated lysine ligand. The electronic spectrum of the diferric form of the enzyme resembles that of methemerythrin. Resonance Raman spectroscopic analyses confirm the presence of a µ-oxo ligand and indicate the presence of one or more terminal solvent ligands.
The use of force against non-state actors: all over the map

This short article considers the informal ‘Arria formula’ meeting of the United Nations Security Council convened by Mexico in February 2021. It offers a compressed analysis of many of the statemen...
Structure of Cloned Genes from Xenopus: A Review

This chapter will summarize our current knowledge concerning the structure and function of the four gene families that have so far been cloned from the frog genus, Xenopus. Three of these gene families are present in hundreds to thousands of copies in the genome and code for stable structural RNAs. These are the genes coding for the large 7.5 kb ribosomal RNA precursor molecule (termed ribosomal DNA or rDNA), the genes coding for various 5S ribosomal RNAs (termed 5S DNA) and the genes coding for the initiator methionyl-tRNA (termed tDNA 1 met ). The fourth gene family we will consider is the small set that codes for vitellogenin, the large precursor to yolk protein. A previous review on rDNA and 5S DNA has covered the field up to the introduction of molecular cloning and restriction enzyme technology (1). This article will concentrate on information accumulated since that time.
Automatic generation of data types for classification of deep web sources

A Service Class Description (SCD) is an effective meta-data based approach for discovering Deep Web sources whose data exhibit some regular patterns. However, it is tedious and error prone to create an SCD description manually. Moreover, a manually created SCD is not adaptive to the frequent changes of Web sources. It requires its creator to identify all the possible input and output types of a service a priori. In many domains, it is impossible to exhaustively list all the possible input and output data types of a source in advance. In this paper, we describe machine learning approaches for automatic generation of the data types of an SCD. We propose two different approaches for learning data types of a class of Web sources. The Brute-Force Learner is able to generate data types that can achieve high recall, but with low precision. The Clustering-based Learner generates data types that have a high precision rate, but with a lower recall rate. We demonstrate the feasibility of these two learning-based solutions for automatic generation of data types for citation Web sources and presented a quantitative evaluation of these two solutions.
A Standardized Grading System For Ulnar Neuropathy At The Elbow. (P4.114)

OBJECTIVE: To create an electrodiagnostic grading scale in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) and examine its association with clinical diagnosis and presenting symptoms. BACKGROUND: UNE is the second most common entrapment neuropathy. To our knowledge, there is no standard grading system for measuring UNE severity. A standardized electrodiagnostic grading system would be beneficial in treatment selection. DESIGN/METHODS: After obtaining IRB approval, we retrospectively analyzed EMG reports (November 2010 to August 2013) and identified 48 patients with electrodiagnostic evidence of UNE; 7 were excluded for absent needle and 3 for absent clinical examinations. We define mild UNE as a normal sensory nerve action potential (SNAP), conduction block at the elbow (CBE), and normal needle findings; moderate UNE as a normal or abnormal SNAP, CBE, and normal or abnormal needle findings; severe UNE as an absent SNAP, CBE, and abnormal needle findings. Based on our grading scale, 12 patients (31.6%) were classified as mild, 21 (55.3%) as moderate, and 5 (13.2%) as severe UNE. RESULTS: STATA software was used to examine the association between examination findings (“none”, “sensory”, “sensory/motor”, and “motor”) and electrodiagnostic severity with Fisher’s exact test. The examination findings were significantly associated with our grading system (p = 0.08). No significant associations between presenting symptoms and the grading system were found. In a subgroup analysis of the EMG components, the moderate UNE group was significantly associated with the SNAP (p =0.04), CBE (p =0.021), and needle findings (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that our UNE grading system correlates significantly with clinical diagnosis and is a useful tool to measure electrodiagnostic severity. The very significant association between needle examination and clinical diagnosis emphasizes its importance in grading UNE severity. We plan to use this pilot study to design a larger prospective analysis correlating our UNE grading system to clinical outcomes and appropriate treatment selection. Disclosure: Dr. Arhebamen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abu Ghazal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pandey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zeidman has nothing to disclose.
The Match Fit Algorithm: A Testbed for the Computational Motivation of Attention

We present an assessment of the performance of a new on-line bin packing algorithm, which can interpolate smoothly from the Next Fit to Best Fit algorithms, as well as encompassing a new class of heuristic which packs multiple blocks at once. The performance of this novel O(n) on-line algorithm can be better than that of the Best Fit algorithm. The new algorithm runs about an order of magnitude slower than Next Fit, and about two orders of magnitude faster than Best Fit, on large sample problems. It can be tuned for optimality in performance by adjusting parameters which set its working memory usage, and exhibits a sharp threshold in this optimal parameter space as time constraint is varied. These optimality concerns provide a testbed for the investigation of the value of memory and attention-like properties to algorithms.
Laparoscopic repair of large type III hiatal hernia: objective followup reveals high recurrence rate.

Abstract Background: Recent studies based on symptomatic outcomes analyses have shown that laparoscopic repair of large type III hiatal hernias is safe, successful, and equivalent to open repair. These outcomes analyses were based on a relatively short followup period and lack objective confirmation that the hernia has not recurred. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic and open repair of large type III hiatal hernia using both symptomatic evaluation and barium study to assess the integrity of the repair. Study Design: Fifty-four patients underwent repair of a large type III hiatal hernia between 1985 and 1998. The surgical approach was laparotomy in 13, thoracotomy in 14, and laparoscopy in 27. An antireflux procedure was included in all patients. Symptomatic outcomes were assessed using a structured questionnaire at a median of 24 months and was complete in 51 of 54 patients (94%). A single radiologist, without knowledge of the operative procedure, assessed the integrity of the repair using video esophagram. Videos were performed at a median of 27 months (35 months open and 17 laparoscopic) and were completed in 41 of 54 patients (75%). Results: Symptomatic outcomes were similar in both groups with excellent or good outcomes in 76% of the patients after laparoscopic repair and 88% after an open repair. Reherniation was present in 12 patients and was asymptomatic in 7. A recurrent hernia was present in 12 of the 41 patients (29%) who returned for a followup video esophagram. Forty-two percent (9 of 21) of the laparoscopic group had a recurrent hernia compared with 15% (3 of 20) of the open group (p Conclusions: Laparoscopic repair of type III hiatal hernias is associated with a disturbingly high (42%) prevalence of recurrent hernia. More than half such recurrences have few, if any, symptoms.
Exploring the Contribution of the Caring Climate to the Youth Sport Experience

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between young athletes’ perceptions of the caring climate on their soccer teams to their enjoyment, attitudes and, behaviors toward their coach and teammates, and commitment to the sport. Athletes (N = 184) in a community soccer league volunteered to complete a survey. Results revealed that athletes who perceived a caring climate on their teams were significantly more likely to report higher enjoyment, more positive attitudes towards their coaches/teammates, greater commitment to soccer, and engage in more caring behaviors towards their coaches/teammates. Results suggest that a caring climate may benefit young athletes.
Characterization of Long-lived Chromium(iv) Intermediates in Glutathione mediated Chromium(vi) Metabolites

Glutathione mediated reduction of chromium( vi ) yielded a long-lived chromium( iv ) intermediate in acidic aqueous solution, the molar susceptibility and the magnetic moment of this hypervalent species are 3.4( ± 0.2) × 10 −3 cm 3 mol −1 and 2.8( ± 0.1) μ B at 25°C; the first-order rate constants for the formation of the Cr iv intermediate and its decay to Cr III products were calculated to be 3.1 × 10 −2 and 6.0 × 10 −3 s −1 using excess tripeptide (25.0 mmol dm −3 ).
Disruption of PTH receptor 1 in T cells protects against PTH-induced bone loss.

Background Hyperparathyroidism in humans and continuous parathyroid hormone (cPTH) treatment in mice cause bone loss by regulating the production of RANKL and OPG by stromal cells (SCs) and osteoblasts (OBs). Recently, it has been reported that T cells are required for cPTH to induce bone loss as the binding of the T cell costimulatory molecule CD40L to SC receptor CD40 augments SC sensitivity to cPTH. However it is unknown whether direct PTH stimulation of T cells is required for cPTH to induce bone loss, and whether T cells contribute to the bone catabolic activity of PTH with mechanisms other than induction of CD40 signaling in SCs. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that silencing of PTH receptor 1 (PPR) in T cells blocks the bone loss and the osteoclastic expansion induced by cPTH, thus demonstrating that PPR signaling in T cells is central for PTH-induced reduction of bone mass. Mechanistic studies revealed that PTH activation of the T cell PPR stimulates T cell production of the osteoclastogenic cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF). Attesting to the relevance of this effect, disruption of T cell TNF production prevents PTH-induced bone loss. We also show that a novel mechanism by which TNF mediates PTH induced osteoclast formation is upregulation of CD40 expression in SCs, which increases their RANKL/OPG production ratio. Conclusions/Significance These findings demonstrate that PPR signaling in T cells plays an essential role in PTH induced bone loss by promoting T cell production of TNF. A previously unknown effect of TNF is to increase SC expression of CD40, which in turn increases SC osteoclastogenic activity by upregulating their RANKL/OPG production ratio. PPR-dependent stimulation of TNF production by T cells and the resulting TNF regulation of CD40 signaling in SCs are potential new therapeutic targets for the bone loss of hyperparathyroidism.
Performance and extension of user space file systems

Several efforts have been made over the years for developing file systems in user space. Many of these efforts have failed to make a significant impact as measured by their use in production systems. Recently, however, user space file systems have seen a strong resurgence. FUSE is a popular framework that allows file systems to be developed in user space while offering ease of use and flexibility.In this paper, we discuss the evolution of user space file systems with an emphasis on FUSE, and measure its performance using a variety of test cases. We also discuss the feasibility of developing file systems in high-level programming languages, by using as an example Java bindings for FUSE that we have developed. Our benchmarks show that FUSE offers adequate performance for several kinds of workloads.
Fermentation of Wheat, Corn, and Alfalfa Silages Inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida sp. at Ensiling

Abstract Silages were prepared from wheat (early bloom), alfalfa (second cutting 20 to 40% bloom), and corn (early dent). Fifty-five kilograms of fresh forage was inoculated 5g/kg with a commercial silage additive (Sila-bac) containing Lactobacillus acidopbilus and Candida sp. Forage was packed in 6-mm polyethylene bags, sealed, and placed in eight .21m 3 steel drums. Drums were opened at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 days, and samples aseptically were removed for microbiological, pH, and fermentation acid analysis. Beneficial effect of addition of this inoculum could not be estabilished. In corn silage, lactic acid bacteria populations and pH were similar in control and inoculated silage, although lactic acid concentrations were higher in the inoculated silage. In alfalfa silage, bacterial populations and pH were similar between inoculated and control, although fermentation acids were higher in the control. In the inoculated wheat silage, higher numbers of lactobacilli and lactic acid cocci were recovered, but less lactic acid was produced, although pH was similar.
Phonon Dispersion Measurements on a hcp He 4 Single Crystal at 27 atm

Phonon dispersion relations along $[10\overline{1}0]$ in the hcp phase of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ have been determined by triple-axis neutron spectrometry. Optical as well as acoustic branches were observed at 27 atm and 0.99\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in a single crystal grown from the superfluid phase.
Amniotic fluid inhibits Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in the fetal and neonatal intestinal epithelium

The fetal intestinal mucosa is characterized by elevated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, which can lead to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)—a devastating inflammatory disease of the premature intestine—upon exposure to microbes. To define endogenous strategies that could reduce TLR4 signaling, we hypothesized that amniotic fluid can inhibit TLR4 signaling within the fetal intestine and attenuate experimental NEC, and we sought to determine the mechanisms involved. We show here that microinjection of amniotic fluid into the fetal (embryonic day 18.5) gastrointestinal tract reduced LPS-mediated signaling within the fetal intestinal mucosa. Amniotic fluid is abundant in EGF, which we show is required for its inhibitory effects on TLR4 signaling via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, because inhibition of EGF receptor (EGFR) with cetuximab or EGF-depleted amniotic fluid blocked the inhibitory effects of amniotic fluid on TLR4, whereas amniotic fluid did not prevent TLR4 signaling in EGFR- or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ–deficient enterocytes or in mice deficient in intestinal epithelial EGFR, and purified EGF attenuated the exaggerated intestinal mucosal TLR4 signaling in wild-type mice. Moreover, amniotic fluid-mediated TLR4 inhibition reduced the severity of NEC in mice through EGFR activation. Strikingly, NEC development in both mice and humans was associated with reduced EGFR expression that was restored upon the administration of amniotic fluid in mice or recovery from NEC in humans, suggesting that a lack of amniotic fluid-mediated EGFR signaling could predispose to NEC. These findings may explain the unique susceptibility of premature infants to the development of NEC and offer therapeutic approaches to this devastating disease.
Patterns of Diffusion in Japan and America

Japan is a small, homogeneous, unitary state. The United States is a large, diverse, federal state. One would expect that diffusion among Japanese prefectures would be (1) faster, 2) more complete, and (3) more influenced by the central government than is diffusion among the American states. These three hypotheses are tested with mixed results. In some respects diffusion may follow a dynamic of its own, producing similar results in vastly different contexts.
Comprehending product attributes and benefits: The role of product knowledge and means‐end chain inferences

One hundred twenty consumers (classified as either higher or lower knowledge) read an advertisement for a camera described by either attributes or consequences, or both attributes and their related consequences. Thought listings coded for inferences at varying levels of abstraction corresponding to means-end chain theory revealed that most inferences were about self-relevant product consequences. Results also suggest that higher-knowledge consumers are more likely to infer cause-and-effect means-end associations during product comprehension. Further, compared to inferences about concrete attributes and features, inferences about self-relevant product consequences had stronger effects on consumers' brand attitudes, but not ad attitudes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Active control system upgrade design for lower hybrid current drive system on Alcator C-Mod

Abstract As a part of the scheduled expansion of the Alcator C-Mod lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system from 12 to 16 klystrons to accommodate installation of a second LH antenna, the active control system (ACS) is being redesigned to accommodate the additional klystrons. Digitizers and output modules will be cPCI modules provided by D-tAcq Solutions. The real-time application will run on a standard PC server running Linux. Initially, the new ACS system will be designed to control 8 klystrons on the second LH antenna and the existing ACS will control the remaining 8 klystrons on the existing LH antenna. Experience gained operating the existing LHCD system has given us insight into the design of a more robust, compact, efficient and simple system for the new ACS. The design upgrade will be patterned on the digital plasma control system (DPCS [1] ) in use on C-Mod.
Lanthanum aluminate (110) 3 × 1 surface reconstruction

Abstract This paper describes a 3 × 1 surface reconstruction on the LAO (110) surface and its atomic structure analyzed from experimental electron diffraction data coupled with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and reinforced by density functional theory calculations. We construct the multidimensional convex hull for the system with excess Al2O3 and in the presence of water. All the evidence points towards the reconstruction being very similar to the 3 × 1 reconstruction on the SrTiO3 (110) surface with two hydrogen atoms added for valence neutrality.
The Marginalization of Superpower Arms Control

(1991). The Marginalization of Superpower Arms Control. Security Studies: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 37-53.
Releasing the Flood Waters: Diuril and the Reshaping of Hypertension

This article narrates the development and promotion in the 1950s and 1960s of Merck, Sharp & Dohme's Diuril (chlorothiazide), an antihypertensive drug, which played a significant role in the redefinition of high blood pressure as a widespread target for chronic pharmaceutical consumption. The joined careers of Diuril and hypertension in the late twentieth century demonstrate the connections between the clinical research, clinical practice, and marketing practices through which pharmaceuticals and disease categories come to define one another. By examining a series of internal documents preserved in the Merck Archives alongside a careful reading of the clinical literature and industry journals of the time, this article explores how the ambitions of marketers, physicians, and public health advocates found convergence in the expanding pharmaceutical prevention of chronic diseases.
Students' Multiple Worlds: Negotiating the Boundaries of Family, Peer, and School Cultures.

This article presents a model of the interrelationships between students' family, peer, and school worlds, and, in particular, how meanings and understandings derived from these worlds combine to affect students' engagement with schools and learning. In addition, the model focuses attention on students' perceptions of boundaries between worlds and adaptation strategies they employ to move from one context to another. We use a typology to illustrate four patterns we have found among 54 students in four desegregated high schools as they move across settings: (1) Congruent Worlds/Smooth Transitions; (2) Different Worlds/Boundary Crossings Managed; (3) Different Worlds/Boundary Crossings Hazardous; (4) Borders Impenetrable/Boundary Crossings Insurmountable. Unlike most other approaches, the model we present is generic. It transcends ethnic, achievement, and gender categories to consider multiple worlds, boundary crossings, and adaptation for all students.
A Biomimetic pH-Responsive Polymer Directs Endosomal Release and Intracellular Delivery of an Endocytosed Antibody Complex

Poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAAc) is a synthetic pH-responsive polymer that has been shown to disrupt cell membranes at low pH values typical of the endosome, but not at physiological pH, suggesting its use as an endosomal-releasing agent [Murthy et al. J. Controlled Release 61, 137-43]. We have constructed an antibody-targeted biotherapeutic model to investigate whether PPAAc can enhance intracellular trafficking of proteins to the cytoplasm. A ternary complex composed of a biotinylated anti-CD3 antibody, streptavidin, and biotinylated PPAAc was fluorescently labeled, and its intracellular fate was analyzed by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and quantitative western blotting of cell fractionates. The 64.1 anti-CD3 antibody was previously shown to direct receptor-mediated endocytosis in the Jurkat T-cell lymphoma cell line and was rapidly trafficked from the endosome to the lysosomal compartment. The antibody-streptavidin complex was also rapidly internalized to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment and retained there, as evidenced by punctate regions of fluorescence observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. In samples containing the ternary complex of antibody, streptavidin, and PPAAc-biotin, diffuse fluorescence in the cytoplasm was observed, indicating that PPAAc enhanced translocation to the cytoplasm. This was confirmed by western blotting analysis of the isolated cytoplasm. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that neither streptavidin nor PPAAc caused nonspecific uptake of the complex, nor did they inhibit antibody-mediated endocytosis. The striking enhancement of protein delivery to the cytoplasm by complexed PPAAc suggests that this polymer could provide a new delivery agent for therapeutic, vaccine, and diagnostics development.
Effects of Housing and Colostrum Feeding on the Prevalence of Selected Infectious Organisms in Feces of Jersey Calves

Neonatal Jersey calves (n = 96) were used to evaluate effects of housing (individual hutches or wooden pens in a barn) and colostrum feeding (calves were separated from the dam and fed 2 L of colostrum in nipple-bottles or allowed to nurse the dam for 3 d) on the prevalence of selected organisms in feces. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria were reduced, and prevalence of rotavirus tended to be reduced, when calves were housed in hutches. Prevalence of coronavirus was unaffected by treatment. Weekly prevalence of Giardia was increased when calves were left to nurse the dam for 3 d. Mean prevalence of Cryprosporidia (wk 1 to 4), Eimeria (wk 4 to 5), Giardia, rotavirus, and coronavirus (wk 1 to 5) were 34.7, 20.6, 27.1, 15.8, and 4.9%, respectively. Escherichia coli (K99 positive) were observed in 3 of 174 samples cultured. Methods of housing and colostrum feeding affected acquisition of enteropathogens in this study.
Image simulation and surface reconstruction of undercut features in atomic force microscopy

CD-AFMs (critical dimension atomic force microscopes) are instruments with servo-control of the tip in more than one direction. With appropriately "boot-shaped" or flared tips, such instruments can image vertical or even undercut features. As with any AFM, the image is a dilation of the sample shape with the tip shape. Accurate extraction of the CD requires a correction for the tip effect. Analytical methods to correct images for the tip shape have been available for some time for the traditional (vertical feedback only) AFMs, but were until recently unavailable for instruments with multi-dimensional feedback. Dahlen et al. [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B23, pp. 2297-2303, (2005)] recently introduced a swept-volume approach, implemented for 2-dimensional (2D) feedback. It permits image simulation and sample reconstruction, techniques previously developed for the traditional instruments, to be extended for the newer tools. We have introduced [X. Qian and J. S. Villarrubia, Ultramicroscopy, in press] an alternative dexel-based method, that does the same in either 2D or 3D. This paper describes the application of this method to sample shapes of interest in semiconductor manufacturing. When the tip shape is known (e.g., by prior measurement using a tip characterizer) a 3D sample surface may be reconstructed from its 3D image. Basing the CD measurement upon such a reconstruction is shown here to remove some measurement artifacts that are not removed (or are incompletely removed) by the existing measurement procedures.
Uses of video in social research: a brief history

This article discusses the origins of video‐based approaches to social research and their continuation up to the present moment. It begins by considering early studies employing silent cinema film and audio recording, followed by the unification of audio and visual recording in sound cinema film. Special emphasis is placed on the perspectives and methods initiated by the ‘Natural History of an Interview’ research group; the first systematic study of verbal and nonverbal behavior together, as these occur in immediate social interaction in face‐to‐face encounters. The discussion then continues autobiographically as I recount my own early research experience of the development of video‐based research approaches. This is followed by an overview of current work to show the wide range of contemporary research that uses video. The article concludes with a few speculations concerning likely futures for video‐based approaches in social research.
Assessing the Relative Effects of Interventions in Students with Mild Disabilities: Assessing Instructional Time:

Assessment data are used to make treatment recommendations for students with mild disabilities. However, no assessment procedures exist that allow one to predict with certainty that one academic intervention will be more effective than another academic intervention for a particular student with mild disabilities. Therefore, hypotheses regarding intervention effectiveness should be tested by assessing students' learning rates under different instructional procedures. In this demonstration, alternating treatment designs are used to show how more precise measurement of instructional time can impact the assessment of relative learning rates when students are exposed to more than one intervention. Discussion centers around the importance of time as a contextual variable when assessing the effects of academic interventions.
Cardiac Tamponade Complicating Closure of a Median Sternotomy

A case of intraoperative cardiac tamponade manifested during closure of a median sternotomy is presented. We postulate that cardiac tamponade was caused by acute dilatation of the cardiac chambers as a result of intraaortic balloon pumping in a patient with aortic and mitral regurgitation. It has been shown experimentally that acute rises in ventricular end-diastolic pressure result in increased intrapericardial pressure and that if a certain point on the pericardial pressure-volume curve is reached, cardiac tamponade will occur. Sternotomy closure was accomplished easily as soon as the need for intra-aortic balloon pumping diminished.