cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autogenous Cancellous Bone Grafts From the Sternum in Horses Comparison With Other Donor Sites and Results of Use in Orthopedic Surgery

Cancellous bone was collected from the fourth or fifth sternebra of six horses aged 12 to 36 months, and compared quantitatively and qualitatively with cancellous bone collected from the tuber coxa, proximal tibia, and rib at the time of necropsy, 28 to 49 days after surgery. Cancellous bone collected from the sternum was equivalent in amount and in microscopic appearance to that collected from the other three sites. Cancellous bone also was collected from the sternum for use during clinical orthopedic surgery in 18 horses. Wound dehiscence occurring in two horses healed uneventfully by second intention. In each horse, an adequate amount of cancellous bone was obtained from one sternebra, with the exception of one horse where cancellous bone from two sternebra was used. Major complications with the donor sites were not encountered.
Vertical zonation in deposition of ore, as in ultrabasic-alkaline rocks and carbonatites

(1971). Vertical zonation in deposition of ore, as in ultrabasic-alkaline rocks and carbonatites. International Geology Review: Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 685-695.
A burst-mode word-serial address-event link-I: transmitter design

We present a transmitter for a scalable multiple-access inter-chip link that communicates binary activity between two-dimensional arrays fabricated in deep submicrometer CMOS. Transmission is initiated by active cells but cells are not read individually. An entire row is read in parallel; this increases communication capacity with integration density. Access is random but not inequitable. A row is not reread until all those waiting are serviced; this increases parallelism as more of its cells become active in the mean time. Row and column addresses identify active cells but they are not transmitted simultaneously. The row address is followed sequentially by a column address for each active cell; this cuts pad count in half without sacrificing capacity. We synthesized an asynchronous implementation by performing a series of program decompositions, starting from a high-level description. Links using this design have been implemented successfully in three generations of submicrometer CMOS technology.
Validation of the Pitts unified theory of prostate cancer, late‐onset hypogonadism and carcinoma: the role of steroid 5α‐reductase and steroid aromatase

Steroid 5AR converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone; steroid aromatase converts testosterone to oestradiol in males and females (androgen deprivation results in oestrogen deprivation). Oestradiol, the product of testosterone aromatization, binds to the androgen and oestrogen receptors. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) mediates cellular apoptosis through the paracrine prostate stromal cell factors and autocrine prostate epithelial cell factors (alopecia, remodelling of the anterior urethral plate, and remodelling of the embryonic prostate). Oestrogen mediates cellular proliferation through the paracrine and autocrine factors. Decreasing 5AR by 90% results in DHT decreasing by 35 times, testosterone increasing by 20 times, and oestrogen increasing by 19 times. The same changes are found in Gleason 4, 5 prostate cancer. Oestrogen plus testosterone increases the oestrogen proliferation by a factor of 100. Low 5AR results in unchecked prostatic epithelial cell proliferation from increased oestrogen without the apoptosis mediated by DHT (i.e. carcinogenesis) [18–20].
Physical-level synthetic workload generation for load-balancing experiments

Synthetic workload generation uses artificial programs to mimic the resource-utilization patterns of real workloads. It is important for systematic evaluation of dynamic load-balancing strategies because load-balancing experiments require the measurement of task-completion times under realistic and reproducible workloads. The authors describe a generator that permits accurate replay of measured system-wide loads, thus providing an ideal setting for conducting load-balancing experiments. The generator is implemented inside the operating-system kernel and, therefore, has complete control over the local resources. It controls the useage levels of four key resources: CPU, memory, disk, and network. In order to reproduce accurately the behavior of the process population generating the measured load, the generator gives up a fraction of its resources in response to the arrival of new jobs, and reclaims these resources when the jobs terminate. The authors results show near-perfect reproduction of background load even in the presence of interfering foreground load. >
"Information-rich" reproductive outcomes in carriers of a structural chromosome rearrangement ascertained on the basis of recurrent pregnancy loss

Objective To determine whether evaluation and management of concomitant recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) factors, followed by close monitoring in the first trimester, improved subsequent live birth rate, in carriers of a structural chromosome rearrangement ascertained on the basis of RPL. Design Prospective tabulation and analysis of subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Carriers of a structural chromosome rearrangement with a history of RPL, defined as two or more pregnancy losses at any gestational age. Intervention(s) Evaluation and treatment for concomitant factors and close monitoring in the first trimester. Main Outcome Measure(s) Live birth rate, defined as term, preterm, and ongoing pregnancies. Secondary outcomes include number of cycles to conception, and miscarriage chromosome results. Result(s) Live birth rate was 6.7% before evaluation and 63% subsequent. The proportion of women with at least one live birth increased significantly from 25%–90%. The mean number of cycles to conception was 1.7 (SD 1.3). Miscarriage chromosome results revealed that 13% were unbalanced structural chromosome rearrangements. Conclusion(s) This study provides further evidence that evaluation and treatment of concomitant RPL factors and close monitoring in the first trimester leads to a high subsequent live birth rate in carriers of a structural chromosome rearrangement ascertained on the basis of RPL. The number of cycles needed to conceive was less than two, indicating that infertility is not associated with carrier status. The low percentage of miscarriages or ongoing pregnancies with an unbalanced structural chromosome rearrangement suggests that there is natural selection against an unbalanced rearrangement.
Using the Web to invite the local community into the engineering classroom

This paper describes the use of the Web casting in a new engineering program that started in Fall 2004 at East Carolina University. The program presents a unique design synthesis of concentration areas required to enhance regional economic development and the best practices identified from the work of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Education Coalition (EEC) program. The paper presents how the Web is used to invite and to link the local community and the local industry to the program through the University's Global Classroom and how the contemporary educational technology, with computer-based methods of delivering courses are used to supplement traditional lectures. Special emphasis will be given to the students' design projects with the local industries. Detailed description of the program and the projects is presented in this paper
Decomposition algorithms for optimizing multi-server appointment scheduling with chance constraints

This paper investigates a problem of scheduling appointments with random service durations on multiple servers with operating time limits. We minimize the cost of operating servers and serving appointments, subject to a joint chance constraint limiting the risk of server running overtime. With finite samples of random service time, we consider a mixed-integer linear programming extended formulation and propose a two-stage decomposition framework with cutting planes. The first stage considers a relaxed master problem as a variant of the chance-constrained binary packing problem discussed in Song et al. (INFORMS J Comput 26(4):735---747, 2014), which packs appointments into servers under chance-constrained server overtime. Given appointment-to-server assignments, the second stage seeks feasible schedules on individual servers. We propose strengthening, bounding, and branch-and-cut methods for computing problems in both stages. Via testing instances with diverse sizes, we compare different decomposition schemes. In particular, we demonstrate the efficacy of our branch-and-cut algorithm that incorporates server-based decomposition for optimizing the problem.
The Charge and Isotopic Composition of Z ≥ 10 Nuclei in the Cosmic Ray Source

Interstellar fragmentation provides the greatest contribution to the abundance of cosmic ray nuclei with Z = 17–25 observed at earth. The usual procedure to estimate the source abundance of these nuclei is to correct for this interstellar fragmentation using a propagation model and a set of fragmentation parameters for Fe nuclei and its products. Only a fraction of these fragmentation parameters have actually been measured and the accuracy of these as well as the semi empirical parameters used for the unmeasured cross sections is no better than ± 10–15%. As a result the actual source abundances of these nuclei can only be deduced to an accuracy of ± 2–3% of the Fe abundance.
Role of Sheet Metal Manufacturing in the Economy of Bedford County

The sheet metal manufacturing industry is an important part of the history and economy of Bedford County in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout this county and influences tax revenues in the county.
Evaluation of Misoprostol Cytoprotection of the Bladder with Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) Therapy

AbstractCyclophosphamide is a well established cytotoxic drug used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders, certain solid tumors, and nonneoplastic disorders such as nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Hemorrhagic cystitis can be a complication of this drug varying between two and 40 per cent. Misoprostol, which is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, was found to significantly decrease the histological damage to the bladder from cyclophosphamide. Male rats receiving misoprostal in conjunction with cyclophosphamide were found to have a reduction in ulceration, inflammation and edema of the bladder walls as compared to those treated with cyclophosphamide alone.
Selected factors affecting seedling recruitment of dalmatian toadflax.

Seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax, (Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin (Scrophulariaceae)), was examined in a 2-year field study in Montana using overseeding and plant/insect exclusion methods, to determine whether it was more limited by seed availability or interspecific plant competition. Overseeding test plots with toadflax seed had no effect on seedling recruitment. Exclusion of plant competition (via herbicide application and pruning) significantly increased total, and cumulative seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax on the last sampling date in 3 of 4, and 2 of 4 cases examined, respectively. Insect exclusion (via insecticide application) significantly increased total seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax on the last sampling date in only 1 of 4 cases examined, and had no effect on cumulative seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax on the last sampling date. We conclude that seedling recruitment in Dalmatian toadflax was more strongly influenced by plant competition than herbivory in our study. Hence, microsite limitation (i.e., competition for “safe sites for germination”) rather than seed limitation appears to play a more important role in toadflax seedling recruitment. In light of this, current biological control agents that impact seed production will likely have minimal capabilities of influencing toadflax density. Thus, a premium should be placed on establishing biological control agents that are able to cause significant damage to the stem and root system of Dalmatian toadflax, and in maintaining a healthy plant community that, through interspecific competition, will negatively affect toadflax seedling recruitment.
Blur as a critical factor in the visual cliff

The hypothesis that chicks on the visual cliff discriminate the deep side from the shallow side on the basis of focusing cues was tested using sharp and photographically blurred checkerboard patterns. One-hundred eighty nine Cornish Cobb chicks were tested on all possible combinations of shallow, deep, sharp and blur. The results fail to confirm the hypothesis.
Discharge Documentation of Patients Discharged to Subacute Facilities: A Three-Year Quality Improvement Process Across an Integrated Health Care System

Article-at-a-Glance Background Effective communication among physicians during hospital discharge is critical to patient care. Partners Healthcare (Boston) has been engaged in a multiyear process to measure and improve the quality of documentation of all patients discharged from its five acute care hospitals to subacute facilities. Methods Partners first engaged stakeholders to develop a consensus set of 12 required data elements for all discharges to subacute facilities. A measurement process was established and later refined. Quality improvement interventions were then initiated to address measured deficiencies and included education of physicians and nurses, improvements in information technology, creation of or improvements in discharge documentation templates, training of hospitalists to serve as role models, feedback to physicians and their service chiefs regarding reviewed cases, and case manager review of documentation before discharge. To measure improvement in quality as a result of these efforts, rates of simultaneous inclusion of all 12 applicable data elements ("defect-free rate") were analyzed over time. Results Some 3,101 discharge documentation packets of patients discharged to subacute facilities from January 1, 2006, through September 2008 were retrospectively studied. During the 11 monitored quarters, the defect-free rate increased from 65% to 96% (p Conclusions Institution of rigorous measurement, feedback, and multidisciplinary, multimodal quality improvement processes improved the inclusion of data elements in discharge documentation required for safe hospital discharge across a large integrated health care system.
Integrating Analytic Hierarchy Process and Genetic Algorithm for Aircraft Engine Maintenance Scheduling Problem

Maintaining the reliability of aircraft engines in an acceptable level requires an optimal maintenance strategy and planning for each entity in the network. This paper proposes an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and genetic algorithm (GA) hybrid model to deal with the maintenance scheduling problem of aircraft engine, which is an optimization problem formulated with respect to multiple objectives and soft constraints. GA, using an integer representation, is applied to obtain the best solution resulting in a minimal value of maintenance costs and time and maximal value of available cycles after maintenance in the analyzed period. AHP handles the decision-maker’s attitude toward preferences of the multiple objectives. The proposed method was tested using a maintenance company data for PW4077D engines and the obtained results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the approach for engine maintenance scheduling applications.
Opportunity Costs and Merit Wants

If opportunity costs are about cabbages, merit wants are about philosopher kings. These rival doctrines may speak in the language of economics but the guiding hand behind them is that of politics. The great questions are there: Who should rule? How should they rule? Who will govern the governors? How might subjective preferences be converted into collective rationality? In short, the question of whether decisions should be made by social interaction, with many minds contributing, or by intellectual cogitation, with an elite acting, in effect, as a single intelligence, will reappear here in different doctrinal form. The better to get to know them, we shall approach opportunity costs analytically, by decomposition, and historically, by evolution, for from these seemingly simple garden-variety notions of cost and merit, we shall peel off layers of ideology. If our economic onion causes more than a few tears, we can say only that it’s better to be sad theoretically than actually sorry for absentmindedly eliminating economics from public policy.
Morality and Religion in Conflict

Since we are concerned principally with the question of the interdependence of morality and religion, we need not occupy ourselves with the fourth case mentioned at the beginning of this study: namely, that in which morality and religion are fully compatible, but in which neither is reducible to the other. In the fourth case morality and religion are consistent — and independent.
Persistence of Developmental Dyscalculia

The natural history of developmental dyscalculia (DC) in 140 fourth-grade students was studied at the Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
The Emerging Role of Cdk5 in Cancer

Cdk5 is an atypical cyclin-dependent kinase that is well characterized for its role in the central nervous system rather than in the cell cycle. However Cdk5 has been recently implicated in the development and progression of a variety of cancers including breast, lung, colon, pancreatic, melanoma, thyroid and brain tumors. This broad pro-tumorigenic role makes Cdk5 a promising drug target for the development of new cancer therapies. Here we review the contribution of Cdk5 to molecular mechanisms that confer upon tumors the ability to grow, proliferate and disseminate to secondary organs, as well as resistance to chemotherapies. We subsequently discuss existing and new strategies for targeting Cdk5 and its downstream mechanisms as anti-cancer treatments.
Aluminum toxicity risk reduction as a result of reduced acid deposition in Adirondack lakes and ponds

In 1990, the US Congress amended the Clean Air Act (CAA) to reduce regional-scale ecosystem degradation from SO x and NO x emissions which have been responsible for acid deposition in regions such as the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. An ecosystem assessment project was conducted from 1994 to 2012 by the Darrin Fresh Water Institute to determine the effect of these emission reduction policies on aquatic systems. The project investigated water chemistry and biota in 30 Adirondack lakes and ponded waters. Although regulatory changes made in response to the 1990 CAA amendments resulted in a reduction of acid deposition within the Adirondacks, the ecosystem response to these reductions is complicated. A statistical analysis of SO4, pH, Al, and DOC data collected during this project demonstrates positive change in response to decreased deposition. The changes in water chemistry also have lowered the risk of Al toxicity to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis [Mitchill]), which allowed the re-introduction of this species to Brooktrout Lake from which it had been extirpated. However, pH and labile aluminum (Alim) fluctuate and are not strongly correlated to changes in acid deposition. As such, toxicity to S. fontinalis also is cyclic and provides rationale for the difficulties inherent in re-establishing resident populations in impacted aquatic environments. Overall, aquatic ecosystems of the Adirondacks show a positive response to reduced deposition driven by changes in environmental policy, but the response is more complex and indicates an ecosystem-wide interaction between aquatic and watershed components of the ecosystem.
Performance Evaluation of a Tape Library System

Data with vastly different access characteristics is efficiently stored in multi-tiered storage systems. A cost-effective way to retain large volumes of infrequently accessed data is to store it on tape. Steady developments in tape technology deliver ever increasing storage capacities at low cost. This has established tape as a viable solution to cope with the extreme data growth in the context of Big Data. Assessing the performance of the various tiers is central to achieving appropriate tier dimensioning and storage provisioning. To that end, we develop an analytical model to evaluate the performance of a tape library system that considers various relevant aspects, such as the number of cartridges and tape drives as well as different mount/unmount policies. Closed-form expressions for the corresponding mean waiting times are derived. The validity of the model developed is confirmed by demonstrating that the predicted performance matches well with that obtained by simulation across a wide range of system parameter values.
Dynamic deformation and damage in cast γ-TiAl during taylor cylinder impact: Experiments and model validation

The dynamic deformation, damage evolution, and cracking in four cast gamma titanium aluminide alloys have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. In this study, the dynamic compressive constitutive properties of several cast TiAl alloys were measured at quasi-static and dynamic rates. Using the measured high-strain-rate constitutive properties, the deformation, damage evolution, and postmortem specimen geometries observed in Taylor cylinder experiments were predicted using the mechanical threshold stress (MTS) constitutive model. The utility of the Taylor impact test for validation of high-rate constitutive models for intermetallics is discussed.
Mechanical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement technique that has occupied an important place in the management of end-stage renal failure since the 1970s. When safely instituted, it can be used either as a first-line, temporary, or permanent modality. However, between 1 in 3 and 1 in 4 patients develop a mechanical complication of peritoneal dialysis (MCPD) at some point during their therapy (Singh et al., J Vasc Access 11:316–322, 2010; Santarelli et al., Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1348–1354, 2006), leading to a conversion rate to hemodialysis of up to 20% (Flanigan and Gokal, Perit Dial Int 25:132–139, 2005; McCormick and Bargman, JASN 18:3023–3025, 2007). PD related mechanical complications can be discouraging for patients, negatively clouding their first experience with PD and affecting their willingness to persist with therapy. This chapter will focus on prevention, workup, and management of common PD mechanical complications including dialysate leak, hydrothorax, external tubing damage, external cuff extrusion and pain during PD.
The Ecology of Prions

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) affects cervids and is the only known prion disease readily transmitted among free-ranging wild animal populations in nature. The increasing spread and prevalence of CWD among cervid populations threaten the survival of deer and elk herds in North America, and potentially beyond. This review focuses on prion ecology, specifically that of CWD, and the current understanding of the role that the environment may play in disease propagation. We recount the discovery of CWD, discuss the role of the environment in indirect CWD transmission, and consider potentially relevant environmental reservoirs and vectors. We conclude by discussing how understanding the environmental persistence of CWD lends insight into transmission dynamics and potential management and mitigation strategies.
Treatment of Suprarenal and Juxtarenal AAA with Fenestrated Grafts and Debranching Procedures

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has revolutionized the treatment of infrarenal abdominal aneurysms; however, as many as 45 % of aneurysms are not amenable to standard EVAR due to inadequate sealing zone or involvement of the visceral segment of the aorta. For these patients, advanced endovascular techniques have been developed that allow incorporation of the visceral vessels into the sealing zone while maintaining flow either via stents or with open surgical debranching. Fenestrated techniques are currently available in the USA as part of clinical trial or investigational device protocols or as “surgeon modifications” for urgent or compassionate usage. Successful repair of suprarenal or juxtarenal aneurysms using these techniques requires careful advanced planning based, high-quality intraoperative imaging, and a high level of endovascular expertise.
Transcriptional control of complement activation in an exercise model of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Complement activation resulting in significant increases of C4a split product may be a marker of postexertional malaise in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This study focused on identification of the transcriptional control that may contribute to the increased C4a in CFS subjects after exercise. We used quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to evaluate differential expression of genes in the classical and lectin pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Calibrated expression values were normalized to the internal reference gene peptidylpropyl isomerase B (PPIB), the external reference gene ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL), or the geometric mean (GM) of the genes ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). All nine genes tested, except mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2), were expressed in PBMCs. At 1 hour postexercise, C4, mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2) and ficolin 1 (FCN1) transcripts were detected at higher levels (≥2-fold) in at least 50% (4 of 8) of CFS subjects and were detected in 88% (7 of 8) CFS subjects when subjects with overexpression of either C4 or MASP2were combined. Only an increase in the MASP2 transcript was statistically significant (PPIB, P = 0.001; GM, P = 0.047; rbcL, P = 0.045). This result may be due to the significant but transient downregulation of MASP2 in control subjects (PPIB, P = 0.023; rbcL, P = 0.027). By 6 hours postexercise, MASP2 expression was similar in both groups. In conclusion, lectin pathway responded to exercise differentially in CFS than in control subjects. MASP2 down-regulation may act as an antiinflammatory acute-phase response in healthy subjects, whereas its elevated level may account for increased C4a and inflammation-mediated postexertional malaise in CFS subjects.
Prediction of perovskite and other ternary oxide multilayers as mirrors for soft X-rays

Abstract We propose multilayers of perovskite and related ternary oxides with a general formula of ABO 3 as high reflectivity mirrors, especially for use in water window region (2.3–4.4 nm). The high reflectivity combinations of oxide multilayers were deduced using evolutionary search algorithms such as genetic algorithms, and the calculation speed was accelerated via parallel computing methods We also propose a figure of merit for X-ray reflectivity in periodic multilayers systems, which can simplify the future efforts on identifying material combinations, and the search through this multi-dimensional parameter space. The highest reflectivity value was found to be over 33% at 3.1 nm in the water window region. The effect of interface roughness was simulated and the decrease in reflectivity was found to be modest for practically achievable roughness values. This work establishes the foundation for future experimental and theoretical studies towards achieving high reflectivity x-ray mirrors of complex oxide multilayers.
The Prevalence and Significance of Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis.

Rationale: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly cultured from the sputum of patients with bronchiectasis; however, little is known about the prevalence of the organism in these patients, the character...
Safety of Polysorbate 80 in the Oncology Setting

Polysorbate 80 is a synthetic nonionic surfactant used as an excipient in drug formulation. Various products formulated with polysorbate 80 are used in the oncology setting for chemotherapy, supportive care, or prevention, including docetaxel, epoetin/darbepoetin, and fosaprepitant. However, polysorbate 80, like some other surfactants, is not an inert compound and has been implicated in a number of systemic and injection- and infusion-site adverse events (ISAEs). The current formulation of intravenous fosaprepitant has been associated with an increased risk of hypersensitivity systemic reactions (HSRs). Factors that have been associated with an increased risk of fosaprepitant-related ISAEs include the site of administration (peripheral vs. central venous), coadministration of anthracycline-based chemotherapy, number of chemotherapy cycles or fosaprepitant doses, and concentration of fosaprepitant administered. Recently, two polysorbate 80-free agents have been approved: intravenous rolapitant, which is a neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist formulated with the synthetic surfactant polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate, and intravenous HTX-019, which is a novel NK-1 receptor antagonist free of synthetic surfactants. Alternative formulations will obviate the polysorbate 80-associated ISAEs and HSRs and should improve overall management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.Funding Heron Therapeutics, Inc.
Economic Status, Inheritance of: Education, Class, and Genetics

The perpetuation of a family's position in the distribution of income from parents to children reflects the genetic and cultural transmission of individual traits, as well as the inheritance of group memberships and income-earning assets. This article shows that the extent of intergenerational economic status transmission is considerably greater than was thought to be the case a generation ago, the genetic inheritance of traits contributing to the cognitive skills measured on IQ and related tests explains very little of the intergenerational transmission of economic status, even if the heritability of IQ is quite high, and the combined genetic and cultural inheritance processes operating through superior wealth, cognitive levels, and educational attainments of those with well-off parents, while important, do not fully explain the intergenerational transmission of economic status. It also identifies some overlooked individual traits that enhance economic success which are transmitted across generations.
Intensive care resources required to care for critically ill children with focal intracranial infections.

OBJECTIVEFocal intracranial infections such as intraparenchymal abscesses or localized infections in the epidural or subdural spaces are relatively rare infections associated with both morbidity and mortality in children. Although children with these infections frequently require surgical intervention, there is a paucity of literature describing the critical care resources required to manage these cases. This retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate the resources necessary to care for critically ill children with focal intracranial infections at the authors’ institution.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective chart review of cases at their institution by using ICD-9/10 codes to identify children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for either intracranial abscess or extradural and subdural abscess between 2006 and 2016. All notes, medication administration records, laboratory/imaging results, vital signs, microbiological data, and electroencephalogram results were reviewed...
Wireless Power and Data Link for Ensembles of Sub-mm scale Implantable Sensors near 1GHz

We describe a custom wireless power and data transmission (WPDT) link and analyze its performance in a prototype implantable sensor system of ensembles of CMOS sensor ASICs (“Neurograins”) embedding 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm planar microcoil antennas. We use near-field RF at ~1 GHz for wireless powering in a resonant 3-coil architecture including an implanted relay coil in a quadrant layout architecture to maximize coverage area and RF transfer efficiency. We demonstrate successful WPDT across antenna cross-section in benchtop proxy physiological tests. Demodulation and analysis of backscattered signals validate the data link fidelity. Our results suggest that this electromagnetic coupling scheme can robustly support a chip density of 250/ cm2(up to 1024 individual Neurograins in a 2 cm × 2 cm area) and parallel transmitters can be combined to multiply the channel capacity without destructive interference.
Dynamics of the CH(A2Δ) Product from the Reaction of C2H with O2 Studied by Fourier Transform Visible Spectroscopy

The reaction C2H + O2 → CH(A2Δ) + CO2 is investigated using Fourier transform visible emission spectroscopy. C2H radicals, produced by 193 nm photolysis of C2H2, react with O2 molecules at low total pressures to produce electronically excited CH(A2Δ). Observation of the CH(A2Δ−X2Π) electronic emission to infer nascent rotational and vibrational CH(A2Δ) distributions provides information about energy partitioning in the CH(A2Δ) fragment during the reaction. The rotational and vibrational populations of the CH(A2Δ) product are determined by fitting the rotationally resolved experimental spectra with simulated spectra. The CH(A2Δ) product is found to be rotationally and vibrationally excited with Trot ≅ 1150 K and Tvib ≅ 1900 K. The mechanism for this reaction proceeds through one of two five-atom intermediates and requires a crossing between electronic potential surfaces. The rotational excitation suggests a bent geometry for the final intermediate of this reaction before dissociation to products, and the v...
Modal Analysis and Characterization of Mounting Cart Used for Testing in the Combined Environment Acoustic Chamber

The ability to simulate the aeroacoustic and thermoacoustic loading typically experienced by space access vehicles and hypersonic flight vehicles is accomplished through the use of a progressive wave tube (PWT) housed in the Combined Environment Acoustic Chamber (CEAC). Simulating these types of acoustic loading requires the test article be mounted flush with the wall of the PWT, exposing the test article to the propagating pressure wave. This mounting capability is achieved through the use of a strong-back fixture, referred to in this work as a test cart, whose initial design was to withstand static pressure loading on the front face where a test article is mounted. However, this test cart experiences dynamic loading during these acoustic tests. Preliminary modal evaluations of test articles mounted to the cart have indicated that the test cart has several natural frequencies in the testing frequency range of interest (0–1000 Hz). The interaction between the test cart and test article is undesirable because it contradicts the analytical rigid boundary conditions and could also lead to unrealistic failure as a result of over excitation of the specimen if the same mode exists in the test cart and test article. The goal of this work is to characterize the test cart using experimental modal analysis and evaluate the need for modification or complete redesign of the test cart to eliminate modes below 1000 Hz and maintain the intended functionality of the cart.
Basic metrology: It's elementary

We are now well into 2019, the International Year of the Periodic Table (IYPT), celebrating the 150th anniversary of pioneering work of Dmitri I. Mendeleev (1834-1907). He not only made sense of the zoo of chemical elements that were known in 1869 but also predicted the existence of several elements that were unknown at the time, as well as their expected properties. Mendeleev took advantage of advances that had been made in the measurement of atomic weights (relative atomic masses is the preferred term in our century) of the elements to guide his thinking, which was indisputably bold and prescient.
Matrix Representations of Transversal Matroids

A transversal matroid $M$ of rank $r$ on $[n]$ can be associated to a family of binary matrices corresponding to different presentations of $M$. We describe those matrices which arise from unique maximal presentations of size $r$- giving a complete characterization when $r=2$-, give an algorithm for producing such a matrix, and show that determining whether a matrix corresponds to a maximal presentation is related to determining the tropical rank of arbitrary matrices.
TGCnA: temporal gene coexpression network analysis using a low-rank plus sparse framework

Various gene network models with distinct physical nature have been widely used in biological studies. For temporal transcriptomic studies, the current dynamic models either ignore the temporal var...
Diverse muscle spindle firing properties emerge from multiscale muscle mechanics

Abstract Sensory information about the body’s mechanical interactions with the environment are critical for neural control of movement. Muscle spindle sensory neurons richly innervate muscles in vertebrates; their firing patterns as muscles stretch have been well-characterized experimentally, but have not been fully explained mechanistically. Here, we show that a diverse range of muscle spindle firing characteristics are emergent from first principles of muscle contractile mechanics. We develop a mechanistic muscle spindle model that predicts well-known phenomena such as variations in muscle spindle sensitivity due to prior movement history and nonlinear scaling with muscle stretch velocity. The model further predicts how central commands to muscle spindles–fusimotor drive–alters their firing responses, and shows how seemingly paradoxical muscle spindle firing during voluntary force production in humans can arise. Our multiscale muscle spindle model provides a unifying biophysical framework that may broadly explain and predict movement-related sensory signals in health and disease.
Characterization of Screen-Printed Bioimpedance Electrodes on Nanocellulose Substrate

Screen printed dry electrodes show advantages over wet electrodes for many applications in human and plant biopotential measurements. Bacterial nanocellulose provides a robust, ultra-thin, water vapor permeable substrate upon which to fabricate the electrodes. Herein, we report on the characterization of screen-printed electrodes on bacterial nanocellulose films. Electrode impedance and surface area were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. Annealing temperature was evaluated for effects on electrode performance. Electrodes annealed at 80°C had a 25% higher impedance across frequencies in the range 0.01Hz to 100kHz and a 6-19% lower ratio of geometric surface area to electrochemically active surface area than electrodes annealed at 60°C.
Growth Kinetics of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Layers on Pd(111).

Using in situ variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (300–673 K) during chemical vapor deposition of two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on Pd(111) from borazine precursor at ...
Material property effect on conical semiconductor element temperatures in inhomogeneous thermoelectric coolers

Abstract The temperature-dependent material property effects, including the thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and electrical resistivity, on the thermoelectric element (TE) temperature profiles are assessed in this study. The nonlinear partial differential equation governing energy transport within a one-dimensional TE is solved using a finite difference method. The solution of the TE temperature field is obtained by solving the resulting finite difference equation in the form of a third-order polynomial. The effects of key variables on the cooling process are discussed using a practical example. Results indicate that internal constrictive resistance and Joule heat generation can be reduced with conical elements when compared to conventional free-standing elements. The cooling efficiency can be improved by incorporating a temporarily transient current pulse before it reaches a steady-state condition. This additional transient cooling and steady-state recovery time strongly depend on the magnitude of the current pulsed, duration, and pulse shape, as well as material properties. Strategies for cooling are investigated in this study; the knowledge gained from this study can be utilized by engineers in the thermoelectric industry for design optimization.
Airway obstruction and inflammation on combined bronchoscopy in children with Down syndrome.

Objective To characterize the upper and lower airway findings in children with Down syndrome and chronic respiratory symptoms, based on evaluation by flexible bronchoscopy (FB) with bronchoalveolar lavage and microlaryngoscopy with bronchoscopy (MLB). Study design A retrospective review was conducted of children with Down syndrome aged 1 month to 17 years, who underwent both FB and MLB within a 1-year timeframe between 2010 and 2019 at Children's Hospital Colorado. Anatomic airway findings are reported as frequencies within the cohort. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) culture results, cell differential, and cytopathology are reported as frequencies or means ± standard deviation. BALF results were compared between children with and without dysphagia documented on a recent swallow evaluation. Results Overall, 168 children with Down syndrome were included, with median age of 2.1 years (IQR: 0.9-5.1 years). At least one abnormal airway finding was recorded in 96% of patients and 46% had at least three abnormal findings. The most common findings included tracheomalacia (39% FB; 37% MLB), subglottic stenosis (35% MLB), pharyngomalacia (32% FB), and laryngomalacia (16% FB; 30% MLB). Comparison of BALF based on dysphagia status showed that children with dysphagia had more frequent cultures positive for mixed upper respiratory flora (76% vs. 47%, p-value 0.004) and a higher percentage of neutrophils (20% vs. 7%, p = 0.006). Conclusions Abnormal findings for FB and MLB are common in children with Down syndrome and chronic respiratory symptoms, and performing the procedures together may increase the diagnostic yield. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Who Speaks for the Climate?: Making Sense of Media Reporting on Climate Change

The public rely upon media representations to help interpret and make sense of the many complexities relating to climate science and governance. Media representations of climate issues – from news to entertainment – are powerful and important links between people's everyday realities and experiences, and the ways in which they are discussed by scientists, policymakers and public actors. A dynamic mix of influences – from internal workings of mass media such as journalistic norms, to external political, economic, cultural and social factors – shape what becomes a climate 'story'. Providing a bridge between academic considerations and real world developments, this book helps students, academic researchers and interested members of the public make sense of media reporting on climate change as it explores 'who speaks for climate' and what effects this may have on the spectrum of possible responses to contemporary climate challenges.
Comparison of Estimated with Measured Maximum Instantaneous Distortion Using Flight Data from an Axisymmetric Mixed Compression Inlet

YF-12C flight-measured inlet dynamic distortion data are compared with predictions made on the basis of the method reported by Melick et al. (1976). The YF-12C aircraft is a twin engine aircraft capable of speeds above 3. The inlets have a translating spike to control the inlet throat area. A bypass system is used to control the terminal shock of the inlet for operation in the mixed compression mode. The dynamic data were obtained with the aid of 24 high frequency response total pressure sensors. The model of Melick et al. is discussed along with the computer program used to implement the model. It is found that the predictions of maximum instantaneous distortion are within 20 percent of the measured values, which had been obtained at Mach numbers of 1.8, 2.1, 2.5, and 3.0.
Swelling and Consolidation of a Muscle-Like Hydrogel

Polyelectrolyte gels and soft tissue have many common characteristics. Because of their muscle-like compliance and the ease with which they convert electrical or chemical energy into mechanical work (Kuhn, et al., 1950), gel actuators for robotics and gelatinous artificial muscles for prosthetic devices are under development. However, long mechanical response times and ease of fracture of these hydrogels have impeded their production.
Molecular Basis of Liver Disease

Summary Liver diseases are a cause of global morbidity and mortality. While the predominance of specific liver diseases varies with geographical location, the diversity of hepatic diseases affecting the underdeveloped, developing, and developed countries is high, with diseases ranging from infectious diseases of the liver to neoplasia and obesity-related illnesses. This chapter will discuss progress made toward an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of various aspects of liver pathophysiology, including the processes of hepatic development, metabolic zonation, and liver regeneration. Equally relevant to this review is recent progress toward elucidation of basic mechanisms that lead from hepatic injury and inflammation to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Furthermore, there has been a notable improvement in our understanding of cellular and molecular aberrations in liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and both benign and malignant tumors of the liver, in the hope of improving diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. In this chapter, we concisely discuss fundamental concepts in hepatic pathobiology, with emphasis on cellular and molecular mechanisms, summarizing the biological and translational significance of such concepts.
Working the Gender Gap: Women's Groups, Registration, and Voter Turnout

Many national women’s groups and progressive coalitions focused resources on increasing voter turnout for the 2006 and 2008 elections. Based on fieldwork in Washington, D.C. from 2008–2011 we explore the efforts of the National Council of Women’s Organizations (NCWO) to work the gender gap. In our fieldwork we have attended NCWO meetings, briefings, and lobbying sessions. We have also interviewed dozens of key activists in the NCWO, affiliate groups and political consultants. As Jo Freeman has displayed in A Room At a Time (2000) women activists have worked within American political parties making them porous to gender and diversity issues. Our work explores cooperation between women’s groups in labor, civil rights, and social justice politics (Beckwith, 2005; Carroll, 2010; Costain, 1992; Evans, 1979; Freedman, 2002; Payne, 2007; Tarrow, 1998; Wolbrecht 2000). Elections in 2006 and 2008 presented unique gender-related challenges, prompting both the Democratic and Republican parties to address women voters and the gender gap with heightened energy and focus. With both parties vying for women’s votes, and with high profile female candidates (Clinton and Palin) on either side in 2008, the public education efforts of 501(c)(3)s and NGOs like the NCWO were central to the election outcome. We theorize whether coalitions of coalitions strengthen national women’s movement organizations or modify their feminist agendas while expanding their political reach through voter turnout and party engagement.