cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flame and Soot Boundaries of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames

The shapes (flame-sheet and luminous-flame boundaries) or steady weakly buoyant round hydrocarbon-fueled laminar-jet diffusion flames in still and coflowing air were studied both experimentally and theoretically. Flame-sheet shapes were measured from photographs using a CH optical filter to distinguish flame-sheet boundaries in the presence of blue CO2 and OH emissions and yellow continuum radiation from soot. Present experimental conditions included acetylene-, methane-, propane-, and ethylene-fueled flames having initial reactant temperatures of 300 K. ambient pressures of 4-50 kPa, jet-exit Reynolds numbers of 3-54, initial air/fuel velocity ratios of 0-9, and luminous flame lengths of 5-55 mm; earlier measurements for propylene- and 1,3-butadiene-fueled flames for similar conditions were considered as well. Nonbuoyant flames in still air were observed at microgravity conditions; essentially nonbuoyant flames in coflowing air were observed at small pressures to control effects of buoyancy. Predictions of luminous flame boundaries from soot luminosity were limited to laminar smoke-point conditions, whereas predictions of flame-sheet boundaries ranged from soot-free to smoke-point conditions. Flame-shape predictions were based on simplified analyses using the boundary-layer approximations along with empirical parameters to distinguish flame-sheet and luminous-flame (at the laminar smoke point) boundaries. The comparison between measurements and predictions was remarkably good and showed that both flame-sheet and luminous-flame lengths are primarily controlled by fuel flow rates with lengths in coflowing air approaching 2/3 of the lengths in still air as coflowing air velocities are increased. Finally, luminous flame lengths at laminar smoke-point conditions were roughly twice as long as flame-sheet lengths at comparable conditions because of the presence of luminous soot particles in the fuel-lean region of the flames.
The Role of Operations Research in Regional Health Planning

Operations-research workers have not met with much success in being accepted as integral members of regional-health-planning teams, owing in part to a lack of understanding by health planners of the skills the operations researcher has to offer and in part the analyst's inability to demonstrate that he can close the gap between theoretical modeling and the implementation of his results. This paper explores the growth of regional health planning in the United States and highlights its important problem areas. The literature of operations-research applications to health planning is reviewed critically with respect to the feasibility of models and the appropriateness of assumptions. Specific problems with the types of studies currently in the literature are identified and recommendations are made for improved coordination between operations-research workers and health planners.
Initial analysis of Landsat TM data for elk habitat mapping

Abstract Preliminary classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper and digital elevation model (DEM) data are described for elk habitat mapping in the mountains of central Colorado, USA. This work used six different data manipulation sets for comparison and evaluation purposes. Classification of these data have relatively low accuracy rates but provide the basis upon which future, more accurate classifications will be undertaken.
Thermoelastic analysis of GaAs in LEC growth configuration: I. Effect of liquid encapsulation on thermal stresses

Abstract Numerical solutions of the complete set of thermoelastic equations for GaAs in conventional LEC configuration show that the prevailing thermal stresses exceed by close to one order of magnitude the CRSS. The stresses are found to be strongly affected by the thermal transparency and thickness of the liquid encapsulant and by the thermal characteristics of the growth environment.
Can a Road-Driven Car Outrace a Free-Falling Car?

Motivated by an advertising scenario in which a luxury sports sedan races against a similar car falling under the influence of gravity, a calculation using undergraduate physics and calculus is performed to theoretically predict the outcome.
AIS radiometry and the problem of contamination from mixed spectral orders

The spectral radiance of test areas under solar illumination is ascertained in view of Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data from Mono Lake, CA, establishing an atmospheric correction method for major absorbers on the basis of the spectrometric data themselves. The apparent low contrast of all atmospheric absorption bands leads to a study of contamination from overlapping spectral orders in the AIS data; this contamination is found unambiguously above 1500 nm with a magnitude that is a factor of 1.5-2.0 greater than the expected uncontaminated signal alone.
Blood Transfusions as a Risk Factor for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the San Francisco Bay Area: A Population-based Study

The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has risen dramatically over the past 50 years. In the search for new risk factors, blood transfusions have been investigated and shown to be associated with subsequent lymphoma in some studies. The authors tested this association in a population-based, case-control study conducted between 1988 and 1995 in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. A total of 1,591 histologically confirmed adult cases of NHL were included in this study. Cases were frequency matched to 2,515 control participants by sex, county of residence, and 5-year age intervals. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the impact of possible confounders. Persons who reported a history of allogeneic transfusion were not at increased risk of NHL in this population (odds ratio (OR) = 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84, 1.2). No significant associations were seen when lymphomas were stratified by histologic subtype, grade, or latency period. However, autologous transfusions were associated with a decreased risk (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.94). In summary, these findings are similar to those of prior negative studies and do not support some previous reports of an adverse association between blood transfusion and NHL.
Effects of Dietary Amino Acid Level and Duration of Finisher Period on Performance and Carcass Content of Broilers Forty-Nine Days of Age

Abstract Two studies were conducted to evaluate feeding reduced levels of amino acids (AA) to broilers during the finisher period. Birds grown to 42 days on nutritionally complete diets were fed diets formulated to contain a minimum of 70, 80, 90, 100, or 110% of recommended AA levels for periods of 3, 5, or 7 days prior to slaughter at 49 days of age. Body weight, feed intake, feed utilization, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were determined. For finisher periods of 3 to 5 days, a reduction in recommended dietary AA levels may be utilized without impairment of body weight gains of broilers. Extending the finisher period to 7 days resulted in significant (P
Plastic energy dissipation and its role on heating/melting of single‐component polymers and multi‐component polymer blends

Plastic energy dissipation (PED) of polymer particulates is, essentially, the energy dissipated during large and repeated plastic deformations of compacted polymer particulates while still in the solid state. PED is higher or much higher than VED, the viscous energy dissipation source of polymeric melts, because the stresses necessary to plastically deform viscoelastic polymer solids are orders of magnitude higher than the stresses needed to support viscous flow. In the last few years our group has demonstrated experimentally the dominant role which PED plays in the heating/melting of solid polymer (compacted) particulate beds in compounding processing equipment, such as twin-screw extruders and counterrotating continuous mixers/melters, in which the deformation of solid polymers is mandatory. We have also developed simple empirical methods of predicting the total axial distance needed for melting a given polymer in specific processing/compounding machines and processing. conditions, as well as the melting rates, all based on the mechanical energy dissipated during solid particulate compression. This work explores the more complex issue of how the PED behavior of single-component polymers may affect the PED (and the heating/melting) behavior of multi-component polymer blends. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 85–95, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10039
Observations on the penetration and uptake of trypan blue in embryonic membranes of the mouse.

Pregnant female Swiss albino mice were injected with 0.4 ml of 1% solution of trypan blue on day 7 1/2, 8 1/2, 10 1/2 and 11 1/2 of gestation. Animals were sacrificed 1–6, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours after injection and the localization of trypan blue granules was determined in histological sections.
Analog circuits for CCD and IR array detectors

Despite the advances in digital signal processing, the analog circuits which amplify and define the bandwidth of the low level signals from CCD and IR array detectors are a critical element in obtaining the best possible signal-to- noise ratio. The choice of components and topology for these front-end circuits is discussed, including the effects of input voltage and current noise density, coupling strategies, shield driving, physical layout, and grounding. The signal chain use in Imaging Sciences Laboratory instruments is presented as an interpretation of these considerations.
Boron in siliceous materials as a paleosalinity indicator

Abstract The 10B(n, α)7Li nuclear reaction has been used with alpha-sensitive plastic track detectors to determine boron concentrations in siliceous live-collected and fossil sponge spicules. This radiographic technique allows B determinations with 5–6% uncertainties on objects 20–25 μm in diameter and for concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm. Boron concentrations in spicules from different specimens from the same location agreed to within 10% when the spicules were not: (1) smaller than 20 μm in diameter, (2) from dictyonine skeletons, (3) the extremely large root-like spicules found in some soft substrate hexactinellids, or (4) microscleres. These criteria also applied to spicules found in sediment samples. Spicules from live-collected sponges exhibited a taxonomy-independent correlation of B concentrations with water salinity for samples from regions of low water temperature and high productivity. Measured concentrations ranged from nearly 0 ppm B (freshwater sponges) to 500–700 ppm (marine sponges), with intermediate values for brackish-water specimens. However, spicules from tropical, low-productivity marine locations contained markedly less boron than spicules from temperate, high-productivity regions. Thus, water temperature and/or food supply also seem to influence B concentrations. Pleistocene spicules from deep-sea cores contained less boron than was expected in comparison with live-collected spicules based on present water temperatures and nutrient supplies, but B concentrations did not vary with depth in the cores. Infrared spectroscopy, electron microprobe analysis and visual inspection revealed no evidence for chemical or mineralogic alteration. It is not clear whether the lower B concentrations of the Pleistocene samples are the result of diagenetic processes or the as yet undefined effects of differences in food supply and/or environmental conditions.
Interference tests for 900 MHz frequency-hopping public-safety wireless devices

We discuss free-field measurement methods designed to quantify interference between wireless devices such as RF identification systems and RF-based emergency beacons used by fire fighters. For public safety applications, standardized testing requires that responder organizations purchase devices that are appropriate for their specific needs. Also, appropriate test methods must be developed because reliability can be life critical.
Widowhood in the era of HIV/AIDS: A case study of Slaya District, Kenya

Luo women are believed to acquire contagious cultural impurity after the death of their husbands that is perceived as dangerous to other people. To neutralise this impure state, a sexual cleansing rite is observed. In the indigenous setting, the ritual was observed by a brother-in-law or cousin of the deceased husband through a guardianship institution. However, with the emergence of HIV/AIDS, many educated brothers-in-law refrain from the practice and instead hire professional cleansers as substitutes. If the deceased spouses were HIV positive, the ritual places professional cleansers at risk of infection. Thereafter, they could act as a bridge for HIV/AIDS transmission to other widows and to the general population. This paper provides insights into reasons for continuity of widowhood rites in Siaya District. Twelve focus group discussions and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted. The cultural violence against Luo widows could spread HIV/AIDS, but Christianity and condoms act as coping mechanisms.
Evolution of human intelligence: the roles of brain size and mental construction.

Two competing philosophical paradigms characterize approaches to the evolution of the human mind. One postulates continuity between animal and human behavioral capacities. The other assumes that humans and animals are separated by major qualitative behavioral and mental gaps. This paper presents a continuity model that suggests that expanded human mental capacities primarily reflect the increased information processing capacities of the enlarged human brain including the enlarged neocortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. These increased information processing capacities enhance human abilities to combine and recombine highly differentiated actions, perceptions, and concepts in order to construct larger, more complex, and highly variable behavioral units in a variety of behavioral domains including language, social intelligence, tool-making, and motor sequences. Environmental input, including self-generated input, interacts with mental constructional capacities to assure that developing humans acquire species-typical and culturally-specific behavioral patterns. This mental constructional model is compatible with our current understanding of differences between human and non-human primate brains, of human brain plasticity, and of the minimal genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees.
Analysis of mixtures of mono-and di-alkyl orthophosphates

Abstract Quantitative separations of mixtures of mono- and di-alkyl orthophosphates by salting-out chromatography on special Dowex 50-X4 resins of low capacity are described. Dimers of some of the mono-alkyl esters have also been isolated.
Parallel Process and Isomorphism A Model for Decision Making in the Supervisory Triad

Parallel process and isomorphism are two supervisory concepts that are often discussed independently but rarely discussed in connection with each other. These two concepts, philosophically, have different historical roots, as well as different implications for interventions with regard to the supervisory triad. The authors examine the difference between the two concepts, as well as present a new model of decision making, the iso-para/para-iso (IPPI) model, to inform supervisors’ interventions in the supervisory triad.
The effects of management buyouts on operating performance and value

Abstract This paper presents evidence on changes in operating results for a sample of 76 large management buyouts of public companies completed between 1980 and 1986. In the three years after the buyout, these companies experience increases in operating income (before depreciation), decreases in capital expenditures, and increases in net cash flow. Consistent with the operating changes, the mean and median increases in market value (adjusted for market returns) are 96% and 77% from two months before the buyout announcement to the post-buyout sale. The evidence suggests the operating changes are due to improved incentives rather than layoffs or managerial exploitation of shareholders through inside information.
The Worldview Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: Implications for Counseling

A recent article, “Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-Analyses” (D. Oyserman, H. M. Coon, & M. Kemmelmeier, 2002), revealed that 170 studies have been conducted on the worldview dimensions of individualism and collectivism. The authors' analyses of the studies provided empirical support for the theoretical notion posited by numerous multicultural counseling scholars, which outlines the importance of understanding worldview for competent practice. This article reviews the results of the authors' analyses and discusses the implications for counseling.
Probing of CD4 binding pocket of HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein using unnatural phenylalanine analogues.

Abstract CD4-gp120 interaction is the first step for HIV-1 entry into host cells. A highly conserved pocket in gp120 protein is an attractive target for developing gp120 inhibitors or novel HIV detection tools. Here we incorporate seven phenylalanine derivatives having different sizes and steric conformations into position 43 of domain 1 of CD4 (mD1.2) to explore the architecture of the ‘Phe43 cavity’ of HIV-1 gp120. The results show that the conserved hydrophobic pocket in gp120 tolerates a hydrophobic side chain of residue 43 of CD protein, which is 12.2 A in length and 8.0 A in width. This result provides useful information for developing novel gp120 inhibitors or new HIV detection tools.
Abstract 2459: Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and integrin-linked kinase: A characterization of potential partners in ovarian cancer metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fifth leading cause of overall cancer death among American women. In 2010, 15,520 deaths were directly attributed to EOC; and 21,650 additional cases were diagnosed. When EOC is diagnosed prior to metastatic dissemination, the overall 5 year survival rate is 93%; however, over 75% of women with EOC are diagnosed with metastasis already present, dropping the survival rate to less than 20%. The process of EOC metastasis is unique in that epithelial cells detach from the primary tumor and shed into the peritoneal cavity as single cells and multicellular aggregates (MCA), which adhere intraperitoneally and invade the interstitial collagen-rich submesothelial matrix, where they proliferate to anchor secondary lesions. Proteolytic activity promotes the migration and collagen invasion crucial to metastatic success. Also key to cell migratory activity are focal adhesions (FA), integrin- and protease-rich cell adhesion sites that physically link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and transduce signals into the intracellular compartment. Sites of adhesive contacts with collagen fibers have been associated with beta-1 integrin clustering and various matrix metalloproteinases. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), an ECM degrading protease localized to the cell surface, has been shown to promote a collagen-invasive phenotype in ovarian carcinomas. Additionally, collagen-activated integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a beta-1 integrin cytoplasmic domain interactor, has been shown to regulate several biological processes that promote invasion and suppress anoikis. As initial steps to assess the contributions and potential inter-relationships of tumor cell invasion at FAs, presented here is a characterization of MT1-MMP and ILK expression in select ovarian cancer cell lines and in human EOC tumor tissue microarrays. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2459. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2459
894 DIFFERING FOOD COMPOSITION FOR NOCTURNAL INTRAGASTRIC THERAPY IN TYPES I AND III GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE (GSD)

GSD-I and GSD-III, although clinically similar, are metabolically quite different and so may demand different nutritional therapeutic approaches. To test this, some of the metabolic responses of patients with GSD-I and GSD-III were measured in response to meals of glucose, beef and glucose plus beef. Glucose ingestion in GSD-I led to a fall in plasma glucagon, lactate, alanine and valine, whereas in GSD-III, although glucagon fell, a discordant rise in lactate, alanine and valine took place. Beef ingestion in GSD-I led to a rapid fall in glucose and insulin and a sharp rise in glucagon, alanine and valine, while in GSD-III, there was a considerable rise in glucose, insulin and glucagon and only a modest and transient rise in alanine and valine. These results suggest that enhanced gluconeogenesis is detrimental in GSD-I, whereas in GSD-III, it is beneficial and essential. This motivated us to treat GSD-I with nocturnal intragastric therapy (NIG) of high carbohydrate content and GSD-III with NIG therapy of high protein content. Both types of patient showed marked clinical and metabolic response to their respective therapies.
Trauma to an unerupted deciduous tooth

Abstract Some young deciduous teeth will remain vital and continue to develop even after they have been grossly displaced by trauma. Therefore, early radiographic examination is of great value in the management of the child with history of trauma to the jaws.
In-vitro inhibition of pH changes by chlorhexidine in human dental plaque suspensions

Abstract Chlorhexidine applications or mouthrinses retard plaque formation yet do not completely eliminate oral bacteria, suggesting that chlorhexidine is more than bactericidal. Accordingly, this study determined the in-vitro inhibitory effects of chlorhexidine on acid production by plaque as well as on the appearance of basic products; salivary sediment and an oral streptococcal isolate were also examined for comparison. Standardized suspensions were employed containing glucose or urea plus chlorhexidine gluconate (0.001–2.0 per cent). Determination of pH over a 2 h period at 37 °C indicated the patterns of chlorhexidine inhibition of acid production from glucose to be similar in all three systems. As little as 0.1 percent chlorhexidine, within 15–30 min, inhibited a decrease in pH by at least 25 per cent. Longer exposures at higher chlorhexidine concentrations of 1–2 per cent inhibited ammonia production from urea. These results indicate that, in vitro , chlorhexidine can inhibit aspects of plaque activity associated with continued plaque accumulation, caries and periodontal disease and at concentrations reported to be clinically advantageous.
Butyric Acid Derivative Induces Allospecific T Cell Anergy and Prevents Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is a common and potentially fatal complication following bone marrow transplantation. This study was initiated to test whether MEB [n-butyrate 2-(4-morpholinyl) ethyl butyrate hydrochloride], a derivative of the G1 blocker butyric acid, could specifically inactivate the alloantigen-specific T cells that mediate GVHD. MEB was shown to inhibit proliferation in a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in which spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) were stimulated with spleen cells from DBA/2 mice (H-2d). The addition of MEB to the MLR prevented the expansion of alloantigen-stimulated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in association with decreased IL-2 production. In addition, MEB inhibited the CTL activity of CD8+ T cells from the MLR. Most importantly, T cells from the MEB-treated MLR, unlike T cells from an untreated MLR, were unable to induce the splenomegaly and increased serum TNF-alpha levels characteristic of acute GVHD when injected into B6D2F1 mice. The splenomegaly found in the B6D2F1 mice injected with T cells from an untreated MLR encompassed the expansion and activation of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells and macrophages. In contrast, the spleens of mice injected with T cells from MEB-treated MLR looked essentially identical to those of control B6D2F1 mice in terms of the numbers and activation state of the spleen cell populations. Similarly, the increase in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the spleens of mice undergoing acute GVHD was not observed if the mice were injected with T cells from an MEB-treated MLR instead of an untreated MLR. The use of MEB to inactivate host-specific T cells ex vivo underlines the potential clinical importance of this compound in the prevention and treatment of unwanted immune responses such as GVHD.
Perioperative blood transfusions are associated with decreased time to recurrence and decreased survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases

Data from fifty-five patients who had hepatic resections for colorectal liver metastases at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) were analyzed to determine the effect of perioperative blood transfusions on disease recurrence and overall survival. Besides blood transfusions, other factors included in the analysis were size, number, and distribution of metastases, margin status of resected metastases, length of disease-free interval, Duke's stage of the primary tumor, type of hepatic resection, and anesthesia time. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, the amount of blood transfused was found to be a significant prognostic factor. For each additional unit of blood transfused the risk of disease recurrence and death was increased by 5% (p = 0.0015) and 7% (p = 0.0013), respectively. The median disease-free survival for patients who received 3-5, 6-10, and greater than or equal to 11 transfused units was 26, 12.1, and 11.4 months, respectively. The median overall survival for patients who received 3-5, 6-10, and greater than or equal to 11 transfused units was greater than 44, 39.2, and 33.6 months, respectively. The number of resected nodules (1-2 vs. greater than or equal to 3), type of resection (anatomic lobectomy vs. wedge resection), and nodule size (less than or equal to 3.0 cm vs. greater than 3.0 cm) were additional factors that were further evaluated to determine the effect of blood transfusions. Analyses stratified for each of these factors revealed that patients who received greater than or equal to 11 units of blood had a significantly decreased disease-free and overall survival compared with patients who received 3-10 units of blood. It is concluded that the amount of perioperative blood transfused is an independent prognostic factor that adversely effects disease-free and overall survival.
Mechanistic and structural requirements for active site labeling of phosphoglycerate mutase by spiroepoxides

We recently reported the pharmacological screening of a natural products-inspired library of spiroepoxide probes, resulting in the discovery of an agent MJE3 that displayed anti-proliferative effects in human breast cancer cells. MJE3 was found to covalently inactivate phosphoglycerate mutase-1 (PGAM1), a glycolytic enzyme with postulated roles in cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. Considering that MJE3 is one of the first examples of a cell-permeable, small-molecule inhibitor for PGAM1, we pursued a detailed examination of its mechanism and structural requirements for covalent inactivation. MJE3 was found to label PGAM1 on lysine-100, a conserved active site residue implicated in substrate recognition. Structural features of MJE3 important for PGAM1 labeling included two key recognition elements (an indole ring and carboxylic acid), the stereochemical orientation of the spiroepoxide, and presentation of these various binding/reactive groups on a rigid cyclohexane scaffold. Modeling studies of the docked MJE3–PGAM1 complex provide a structural rationale for these stringent requirements. Overall, these studies indicate that a special combination of binding and reactive elements are united in the MJE3 structure to inactivate PGAM1. More generally, our findings provide further evidence that useful pharmacological tools can emerge from screening structurally diverse libraries of protein-reactive probes.
In situ and potential CO2 evolution from a Fluventic Ustochrept in southcentral Texas as affected by tillage and cropping intensity

Abstract Quality of agricultural soils is largely a function of soil organic matter. Tillage and crop management impact soil organic matter dynamics by modification of the soil environment and quantity and quality of C input. We investigated changes in pools and fluxes of soil organic C (SOC) during the ninth and tenth year of cropping with various intensities under conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT). Soil organic C to a depth of 0.2 m increased with cropping intensity as a result of greater C input and was 10% to 30% greater under NT than under CT. Sequestration of crop-derived C input into SOC was 22±2% under NT and 9±4% under CT (mean of cropping intensities ± standard deviation of cropping systems). Greater sequestration of SOC under NT was due to a lower rate of in situ soil CO 2 evolution than under CT (0.22±0.03 vs. 0.27±0.06 g CO 2 –C g −1 SOC yr −1 ). Despite a similar labile pool of SOC under NT than under CT (1.1±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.1 g mineralizable C kg −1 SOC d −1 ), the ratio of in situ to potential CO 2 evolution was less under NT (0.56±0.03) than under CT (0.73±0.08), suggesting strong environmental controls on SOC turnover, such as temperature, moisture, and residue placement. Both increased C sequestration and a greater labile SOC pool were achieved in this low-SOC soil using NT and high-intensity cropping.
A new institutional approach to entrepreneurship and inequality in rural Russian villages: Survey findings from 1991 to 2006☆☆☆

Abstract New Institutional Economics (NIE) and New Institutional Sociology (NIS) provide complementary paradigms with which to understand the relationship between formal institutional changes in a reform period and informal institutional structures with which household economies adapt to reform policies. Survey data gathered from rural Russian households from 1991 to 2006 provide an empirical test of hypotheses drawn from NIE and NIS. The most important finding is that in the absence of secure formal property rights informal institutional elements played the dominant role in entrepreneurship and inequality between households in the Russian countryside, but that as formal institutions became legitimized, and the overall economy stabilized, households that made use of these new institutional arrangements had significant advantages vis-a-vis other households. At the same time, regions which have provided opportunities for households to develop a “mixed economy” that combines household enterprise production, which relies to a significant degree on informal institutional elements, and wages and salaries (i.e., working for others), which is based on the legitimization of formal institutional arrangements, have produced substantially higher mean household incomes than have other regions.
Petrology and oxygen isotope compositions of chondrules in E3 chondrites

Abstract Chondrules in E3 chondrites differ from those in other chondrite groups. Many contain near-pure endmember enstatite (Fs Ushikubo et al., 2011 ). The range of O isotope compositions and mixing behavior in E3 chondrules is similar to that in O and C chondrite groups, indicating similar chondrule-forming processes, solid–gas mixing and possibly similar 16O-rich precursors solids. However, E3 chondrules formed in a distinct oxygen reservoir. Internal oxygen isotope heterogeneity was found among minerals from some of the chondrules in E3 chondrites suggesting incomplete melting of the chondrules, survival of minerals from previous generations of chondrules, and chondrule recycling. Olivine, possibly a relict grain, in one chondrule has an R chondrite-like oxygen isotope composition and may indicate limited mixing of materials from other reservoirs. Calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) in E3 chondrites have petrologic characteristics and oxygen isotope ratios similar to those in other chondrite groups. However, chondrules from E3 chondrites differ markedly from those in other chondrite groups. From this we conclude that chondrule formation was a local event but CAIs may have all formed in one distinct place and time and were later redistributed to the various chondrule-forming and parent body accretion regions. This also implies that transport mechanisms were less active at the time of and following chondrule formation.
An investigation of the sensitization behavior of Fe-Mn-Cr austenitic steels

Standard chemical immersion (modified Strauss) tests and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) showed that reduced activation austenitic steels based on Fe-20Mn-12Cr-0.25C (wt %) are extremely prone to thermal sensitization and intergranular corrosion because of their high carbon contents and low chromium concentrations. This susceptibility to sensitization after thermal aging, fabrication, or irradiation makes their use in aqueous and other certain environments problematical. Excellent correlation between intergranular corrosion induced by immersion in the acidified CuSO{sub 4} solution and the presence of narrow chromium-depleted zones around grain boundaries, as determined by AEM, was found. Due to the need to meet reduced activation requirements, the opportunities to increase the sensitization of fully austenitic Fe-Mn-Cr steels by alloy design are limited. 10 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
The optimal size of a globular protein domain: A simple sphere-packing model

We describe a model that relates the optimal size of a globular protein domain to the ratio between hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues. This model represents a domain as a homogeneous spherical assembly of monodisperse spheres corresponding to the individual residues; the hydrophilic spheres are distributed on the assembly surface, and the hydrophobic spheres are buried in the core. The model predicts that a domain with a 1:1 ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues is composed of 156 residues. It also predicts that smaller protein domains have more hydrophilic than hydrophobic residues. These predictions are in agreement with the distribution of domain size and residue composition for the experimentally determined protein structures.
Mapping the binding areas of human C-reactive protein for phosphorylcholine and polycationic compounds. Relationship between the two types of binding sites.

We developed a fluorescence-based assay method for determining ligand binding activities of C-reactive protein (CRP) in solution. Using this method, we compared the phosphorylcholine (PC)- and polycation-based binding activities of human CRP. The PC-based binding required calcium, whereas a polycation (e.g. poly-l-lysine) was bound in the presence of either calcium or EDTA, the binding being stronger in the presence of EDTA. The published crystallographic structures of CRP and the CRP.PC complex show it to be a ring-shaped pentamer with a single PC-binding site per subunit facing the same direction. As expected from such a structure, binding affinity of a ligand increased tremendously when multiple PC residues were present on a macromolecular structure. In addition to PC-related structures, certain sugar phosphates (e.g. galactose 6-phosphate) are bound near the PC-binding site, and one of the sugar hydroxyl groups appears to interact with CRP. The best small ligands for the polycationic binding site were Lys-Lys and Lys4. Because of the presence of multiple Lys-Lys sequences, polylysines have tremendously enhanced affinity. Although PC inhibits both PC- and polycation-based binding, none of the amines that inhibit polylysine binding inhibits PC binding, suggesting that the PC and polycationic binding sites do not overlap.
Sleep quality in patients with rotator cuff disease

Objectives:Sleep disturbance may be an important prognostic variable driving patients to seek treatment for rotator cuff disease related shoulder pain. Currently, little is known on the influence of rotator cuff pathology on sleep. The purpose of this study was to determine which patient factors correlate with sleep disturbance in patients with atraumatic rotator cuff disease.Methods:A prospective, nonrandomized single surgeon cross-sectional cohort study was performed evaluating the effects of rotator cuff disease on sleep quality. Time-zero prior to treatment intervention outcomes data was collected including the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation Rating (SANE), American Shoulder and Elbow Score (ASES), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), patient demographics and medical comorbidities. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis to determine which patient reported factors were associated with sleep quality disturbance.Results:147 shoulders in 131 subjects 66 r...
AWARENESS OF HIV / AIDS AMONG THE GRASS-WIDOWS

The migrant workers in Bangladesh are at high risk of getting HIV infection due to factors like staying away from family for long periods which leave them vulnerable towards sexual relationship with commercial sex workers (CSW) and having sexual relationship with other men (MSM). This paper aimed to explore the level of awareness on HIV/AIDs among the women whose husbands stay apart from them for over a period of 6 months. For this cross sectional study, women attending public and private hospitals in Dhaka city were selected purposively. The participants were interviewed using a partially open-structured questionnaire. A total of 404 subjects were interviewed. Most of the respondents were housewives (85.7%). The higher education group had a high prevalence of awareness (>=HSC vs. SSC: 45.0% vs. 8.5%; p<0.001). The prevalence of awareness was significantly higher among the employed than the housewives (50% vs. 12.4%, p<0.001). Although the wives of the unskilled labor and the skilled employee were equal (25% vs. 25%), the wives of skilled employee had significantly higher awareness than the wives of the unskilled laborer (30.7 vs. 10.9%, p = 0.001). The study concludes that higher awareness level was significantly associated with higher education of the participants and higher education of the husband. Occupationally, housewives were found to have very low level of awareness compared with the employed group of participants. Again the wives of skilled employees had a significantly higher prevalence of awareness compared with the wives of unskilled laborer. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 25-28 Key Words: HIV/AIDs; awareness; grass-widows. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9858
Proteomic Analysis of Primary Cultures of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells Modulation by Adipogenesis

Adipogenesis plays a critical role in energy metabolism and is a contributing factor to the obesity epidemic. This study examined the proteome of primary cultures of human adipose-derived adult stem (ADAS) cells as an in vitro model of adipogenesis. Protein lysates obtained from four individual donors were compared before and after adipocyte differentiation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectroscopy. Over 170 individual protein features in the undifferentiated adipose-derived adult stem cells were identified. Following adipogenesis, over 40 proteins were up-regulated by ≥2-fold, whereas 13 showed a ≥3-fold reduction. The majority of the modulated proteins belonged to the following functional categories: cytoskeleton, metabolic, redox, protein degradation, and heat shock protein/chaperones. Additional immunoblot analysis documented the induction of four individual heat shock proteins and confirmed the presence of the heat shock protein 27 phosphoserine 82 isoform, as predicted by the proteomic analysis, as well as the crystallin α phosphorylated isoforms. These findings suggest that the heat shock protein family proteome warrants further investigation with respect to the etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
An Exploration of Social Cognitive Theory Mediators of Father–Son Communication About Sex

Objectives R.E.A.L. MEN (responsible, empowered, aware, living) is an HIV prevention project developed for fathers and their sons. The primary aim of R.E.A.L. MEN was to test the efficacy of an intervention to promote delay of sexual intercourse among 11- to 14-year-old adolescents and to enhance the father’s role as a sexuality educator. In this article, we report the outcomes related to father–son communication about sex and the results of an exploratory analysis to test the hypothesis that the intervention effect on father–son communication about sexrelated topics is mediated by the social cognitive variables of self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Methods Two hundred seventy-seven fathers and their sons enrolled in the study. Fathers randomized to the intervention group attended seven group sessions, and their sons attended the final session with them. Fathers and sons completed baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up assessments. The fathers who completed the 3-month follow-up assessment were included in the mediation analyses described in this article. Results All the participants were male, most were African American (97%), and most fathers and sons reported residing in the same household. The mean age of father participants was 40.5 years; most had graduated from high school, and about 60% reported a yearly income over $30,000. Based on the results of mediation analyses, the data supported a mediation model that suggests that the effect of the intervention on father–son communication was mediated by differences in selfefficacy. A mediation effect for outcome expectations was weak and could not be validated using additional tests. Conclusions The mediation analysis provides some understanding of the role of self-efficacy and outcome expectations in promoting behavioral change. Understanding the active components of interventions can help refine the interventions to eliminate nonfunctioning components and enhance the active components leading to more streamlined programs.
Polyethylene Barrier Impregnated with Lambda-Cyhalothrin for Exclusion of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from Structures

Polyethylene film impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin was placed over a sand plot and covered with a concrete slab to allow insecticide movement into the sand for a period of 5.5 yr. Discs of polyethylene film and sand beneath them were sampled annually for 5 yr and at 5.5 yr for bioassay with the Formosan and eastern subterranean termite. Results demonstrated that sufficient quantities of lambda-cyhalothrin were released from the impregnated polyethylene film into adjacent sand to prevent termite penetration. The impregnated film has less environmental impact than conventional liquid termiticides because the insecticide is held in the polymer. Other advantages include its dual function as a construction moisture barrier and ease in verifying its proper installation.
Current Status of Patient Recall in U.S. Predoctoral Dental School Clinics

The Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA)'s revised standard 2-23, which went into effect in July 2013, requires U.S. dental graduates to be competent in "evaluation of the outcomes of treatment, recall strategies, and prognosis." To assess the way dental schools are implementing this revised recommendation, a survey was conducted to assess the existence of recall systems in the schools' clinics and factors enhancing or hindering the formation of an effective recall system. Surveys were returned from thirty-five dental schools (54.7 percent response rate). Results showed that most institutions had active recall systems and the respondents believed that program effectiveness can be further improved. Suggested improvements included patient education and tracking patient recall appointments. The results indicate that recall systems exist in predoctoral dental education programs, have high student involvement, and vary among schools.
Feeding, Growth, Reproduction and Nitrogen Utilization by the Harpacticoid Copepod, Tigriopus Brevicornis

Growth of the littoral harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis O. F. Muller was measured in an intertidal rock pool. The generation time at the field temperature of 15°C was 31 days, and growth during this period resulted in an increase of 1.1829 μg body nitrogen.Measurements of nitrogen excreted by developmental stages were made on animals removed from the natural population. Ammonia comprised on average 89.7% of the total nitrogen excreted by adults. Some measurements of phosphorus excretion indicated a nitrogen: phosphorus ratio in excretory products of 4.86. Adult females excreted 27.2 μg N/mg dry wt/day, representing a release of about 30% of body nitrogen daily. Excretory rates of earlier copepodite and naupliar stages were higher.The efficiency with which ingested food was assimilated was measured for animals feeding on natural suspended matter obtained from the pool. Assimilation efficiencies averaged 75.4%.Egg production was measured at a range of temperatures in the laboratory, enabling an estimate to be made of total production by an individual female. At 15°C females produced an average of ten egg sacs in 30 days.Measurement of nitrogen lost during moulting suggested a value of 6% of total body nitrogen.The data obtained have been used to estimate growth efficiency in terms of nitrogen during the entire life-history of a female in the pool. Gross growth efficiency calculated for the period of growth from egg to adult is 13.0% and the net efficiency 17.2%. Efficiencies of egg production by the adult female are higher, the gross efficiency being 22.1% and the net 29.3%. During the entire life-span 72.9% of assimilated nitrogen is expended in metabolism, 3.9% in growth, 0.4% as moults, and 26.6% in egg production.
Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome as a Presentation of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

A 57-year-old white woman presented with a 3-month history of progressive shortness of breath. Although she attributed her initial subtle symptoms of mild dyspnea as a result of exertion during exercise to “getting older,” she sought evaluation 1 month before presentation because of the onset of a cough productive of purulent sputum. A chest radiograph demonstrated a consolidation in the right lower lobe, prompting treatment for community-acquired pneumonia with oral levofloxacin for 10 days. The patient's cough resolved, but her shortness of breath relentlessly progressed to symptomatic dyspnea at rest. Dyspnea was exacerbated while upright and improved in the recumbent position. Further history revealed episodes of recurrent epistaxis since childhood, a spontaneous right hemothorax at age 21 during the third trimester of pregnancy, an ischemic stroke at age 25, and hypothyroidism. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the past 30 years and occasionally drinks alcohol. Family history was remarkable for recurrent epistaxis in her brother and son. During examination, oxygen saturation on room air was 83% when upright and 91% lying down. She had clubbing in all fingers (Figure 1), and multiple pinpoint telangiectasias were noted on the tongue (Figure 2) and mucosal surface of the lips. Auscultation revealed normal S1 and S2 without any murmurs, normal breath sounds, and a loud, continuous murmur posteriorly over the left lung base, which intensified with inspiration. Routine laboratory data were unremarkable. Arterial blood gas analysis showed a partial pressure of …