cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Induce Calcium Mineral Formation and Deposition

Calcium crystals are present in the synovial fluid of 65%–100% patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 20%–39% patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study sought to investigate the role of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in calcium mineral formation. We found that numerous genes classified in the biomineral formation process, including bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein/osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, ankylosis progressive homolog, and parathyroid hormone-like hormone, were differentially expressed in the OA and RA FLSs. Calcium deposits were detected in FLSs cultured in regular medium in the presence of ATP and FLSs cultured in chondrogenesis medium in the absence of ATP. More calcium minerals were deposited in the cultures of OA FLSs than in the cultures of RA FLSs. Examination of the micromass stained with nonaqueous alcoholic eosin indicated the presence of birefringent crystals. Phosphocitrate inhibited the OA FLSs-mediated calcium mineral deposition. These findings together suggest that OA FLSs are not passive bystanders but are active players in the pathological calcification process occurring in OA and that potential calcification stimuli for OA FLSs-mediated calcium deposition include ATP and certain unidentified differentiation-inducing factor(s). The OA FLSs-mediated pathological calcification process is a valid target for the development of disease-modifying drug for OA therapy.
The bi-polar planar near-field measurement technique, part II: near-field to far-field transformation and holographic imaging methods

A novel customized bi-polar planar near-field measurement technique is presented in a two-part paper. This bipolar technique offers a large scan plane size with minimal "real-estate" requirements and a simple mechanical implementation, requiring only rotational motions, resulting in a highly accurate and cost-effective antenna measurement and diagnostic system. Part I of this two-part paper introduced the bi-polar planar near-field measurement concept, discussed the implementation of this technique at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and provided a comparative survey of measured results. This paper examines the data processing algorithms that have been developed and customized to exploit the unique features of the bi-polar planar near-field measurement technique. Near-field to far-field transformation algorithms investigated include both interpolatory and non-interpolatory algorithms due to the a typical arrangement of the bi-polar near-field samples. The algorithms which have been tailored for the bi-polar configuration include the optimal sampling interpolation (OSI)/fast Fourier transform (FFT), Jacobi-Bessel transform, and Fourier-Bessel transform. Additionally, holographic imaging for determination of antenna aperture fields has been incorporated to facilitate antenna diagnostics. Results for a simulated measurement of an array of infinitesimal dipoles and a measured waveguide-fed slot array antenna are included. Appropriate guidelines with respect to the advantages and disadvantages of the various processing algorithms are provided. >
Constraints on the formation age and evolution of the Moon from 142 Nd- 143 Nd systematics of Apollo 12 basalts

The Moon likely formed as a result of a giant impact between proto-Earth and another large body. The timing of this event and the subsequent lunar differentiation timescales are actively debated. New high-precision Nd isotope data of Apollo mare basalts are used to evaluate the Low-Ti, High-Ti and KREEP mantle source reservoirs within the context of lunar formation and evolution. The resulting models are assessed using both reported 146Sm half-lives (68 and 103 Myr). The linear relationship defined by 142Nd–143Nd systematics does not represent multi-component mixing and is interpreted as an isochron recording a mantle closure age for the Sm–Nd system in the Moon. Using a chondritic source model with present day μ142Nd of −7.3, the mare basalt mantle source reservoirs closed at 4.45−09+10 Ga (t1/2Sm146=68 Myr) or 4.39−14+16 Ga (t1/2Sm146=103 Myr). In a superchondritic, 2-stage evolution model with present day μNd142 of 0, mantle source closure ages are constrained to 4.41−08+10 (t1/2Sm146=68 Myr) or 4.34−14+15 Ga (t1/2Sm146=103 Myr). The lunar mantle source reservoir closure ages <4.5 Ga may be reconciled by 3 potential scenarios. First, the Moon formed later than currently favored models indicate, such that the lunar mantle closure age is near or at the time of lunar formation. Second, the Moon formed ca. 4.55 to 4.47 Ga and small amounts of residual melts were sustained within a crystallizing lunar magma ocean (LMO) for up to ca. 200 Myr from tidal heating or asymmetric LMO evolution. Third, the LMO crystallized rapidly after early Moon formation. Thus the Sm–Nd mantle closure age represents a later resetting of isotope systematics. This may have resulted from a global wide remelting event. While current Earth-Moon formation constraints cannot exclusively advocate or dismiss any of these models, the fact that U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes for Jack Hills zircons from Australia are best explained by an Earth that re-equilibrated at 4.4 Ga or earlier following the Moon-forming impact, does not favor a later forming Moon. If magma oceans crystallize in a few million years as currently advocated, then a global resetting, possibly by a large impact at 4.40 to 4.34 Ga, such as that which formed the South Pole Aitken Basin, best explains the late mantle closure age for the coupled Sm–Nd isotope systematics presented here.
Improved Productivity Through Purposeful Use of Additional Template for a Woman With Cortical Blindness

A single-subject study with an AEAE design investigat­ ed an adaptation ofa work activity through the pur­ poseful use ofan additional template to improve pro­ ductivity for a woman with cortical blindness resulting from anoxic brain damage. The activiZy re­ quired the subject to outline brackets (as parts of a handi-rack woodwork project) by tracing a template on a piece ofpine board. During the baseline phase of the study, the subject used one template to outline the brackets. During the intervention phase, the subject used an additional template after receiving a brief training in its use. Productivity was measured by the number ofpotentially usable outlined brackets. Data analysis revealed that in the intervention phases, pro­ ductivity improved significant~y and accuracy in­ creased. The application oftapping the subject's intact sensory system was valuablefor determining her voca­ tional potential. The rationale ofusing an additional template to improve produetiviZY was explained by the theory ofa..ffordance.
Activation of the complement system by radiographic contrast media: studies in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The effect of radiographic contrast media (RCM) on the complement system was studied in vivo and in vitro. In 65 patients undergoing intravenous pyelography, plasma was obtained before and 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min postinfusion. Nine patients experienced immediate generalized reactions (IGR) post-RCM infusions. Six patients developed urticaria, 1 developed angioedema, and 2 developed nausea and hypotension. A significant decrease in CH50 occurred in 29 patients, including 6 with IGR. Split products of C3 were detected in 24 of these patients. Six patients without change in CH50 had detectable C3 split products. There was a statistically significant decrease in hemolytically active C3 and factor B, but not C1q or C4 in the group with decreased CH50 when compared to the group without CH50 change. All patients had normal levels of C1 esterase inhibitor, C3aI (serum carboxypeptidase B), C3bI, and βIH. Neither anti-RCM antibodies nor immune complexes were detected in any patient's plasma. In vitro, decreased CH50 and hemolytically active C4, C3, properdin, and factor B were found with incubation of plasma with RCM. These changes occurred independent of the buffer used (EDTA/EGTA). Finally, C3 split products were detected in the reaction mixtures. These data indicate that RCM is associated with decreased hemolytic complement activity, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the in vitro changes occurred without the presence of calcium or magnesium, indicating that complement activation by RCM may occur in a nonsequential manner.
Patient-reported missed nursing care correlated with adverse events.

The aim of this study was to determine the extent and type of missed nursing care as reported by patients and the association with patient-reported adverse outcomes. A total of 729 inpatients on 20...
Interannual Variability of the Kuroshio Extension System and Its Impact on the Wintertime SST Field

Altimetry data from the first 7-yr TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission (October 1992‐September 1999) are analyzed to investigate the interannual variability in regions of the Kuroshio Extension and its southern recirculation gyre. Large-scale, interannual changes of the Kuroshio Extension system are characterized by the oscillation between an elongated state and a contracted state. In the elongated state, the Kuroshio Extension has a larger eastward surface transport, a greater zonal penetration, and a more northerly zonal-mean path. All these characteristics are closely connected to the presence of an intense, zonally elongated southern recirculation gyre. In its contracted state, the Kuroshio Extension has a smaller eastward surface transport, a more southerly mean path, and is accompanied by a weaker southern recirculation gyre. During the T/P period, the Kuroshio Extension changed from the elongated state in 1992‐93 to the contracted state in 1996‐97, and back to the elongated state since late 1997. In addition to these large-scale changes, the mesoscale eddy field also exhibited prominent interannual changes in the Kuroshio Extension region. In the upstream region between the Izu Ridge and the Shatsky Rise, the eddy kinetic energy level was generally low while the Kuroshio Extension was in its elongated state, and high while in the contracted state. Downstream of the Shatsky Rise, on the other hand, the EKE level was high (low) when the Kuroshio Extension was in the elongated (contracted) state. The large-scale, interannual changes in the Kuroshio Extension system have a significant impact on the regional wintertime SST anomaly field: the warm (cold) wintertime SST anomalies tend to persist in years when the Kuroshio Extension is in its elongated (contracted) state. A diagnostic analysis of the surface ocean heat balance indicates that the nonseasonal geostrophic advection by the ocean circulation works to reduce (increase) the wintertime SST anomalies when the Kuroshio Extension changes from an elongated (contracted) state to a contracted (elongated) state. The SST anomalies associated with the large-scale changes of the Kuroshio Extension have an area-averaged, peak-topeak amplitude of .18C and appear independent of the interannual SST changes in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
Rheology and oxidative stability of whey protein isolate-stabilized menhaden oil-in-water emulsions as a function of heat treatment.

Menhaden oil-in-water emulsions (20%, v/v) were stabilized by 2 wt% whey protein isolate (WPI) with 0.2 wt% xanthan gum (XG) in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2 and 200 μM EDTA at pH 7. Droplet size, lipid oxidation, andrheologicalpropertiesoftheemulsionswereinvestigatedasafunctionofheatingtemperatureandtime.During heating,droplet size reached a maximum at 70 ◦ C and then decreased at 90 ◦ C, which can be attributedto bothheat- ing effect on increased hydrophobic attractions and the influence of CaCl2 on decreased electrostatic repulsions. Combination of effects of EDTA and heat treatment contributed to oxidative stability of the heated emulsions. The rheological data indicate that the WPI/XG-stabilized emulsions undergo a state transition from being viscous like to anelasticlikeuponsubstantialthermaltreatment.Heatingbelow70 ◦ Corforlessthan10minat70 ◦ Cfavorsdroplet aggregationwhileheatingat90 ◦ Corfor15minorlongerat70 ◦ CfacilitatesWPIadsorptionandrearrangement.WPI adsorptionleadstotheformationofproteinnetworkaroundthedropletsurface,whichpromotesoxidativestability of menhaden oil. Heating also aggravates thermodynamic incompatibility between XG and WPI, which contributes to droplet aggregation and the accumulation of more WPI around the droplet surfaces as well.
BOUND STATES AND DISPERSION RELATIONS IN A MODEL FIELD THEORY

Abstract The eigenvalue condition for the V+N potential in a trivially modified Lee model is developed with the methods of dispersion theory. The problem is exactly soluble and shows in a simple example how certain vertex functions enable one to calculate the eigenvalue condition in agreement with that obtained by standard techniques.
Mental Health Care Treatment Initiation When Mental Health Services Are Incorporated Into Primary Care Practice

Purpose: Most primary care patients with mental health issues are identified or treated in primary care rather than the specialty mental health system. Primary care physicians report that their patients do not have access to needed mental health care. When referrals are made to the specialty behavioral or mental health care system, rates of patients who initiate treatment are low. Collaborative care models, with mental health clinicians as part of the primary care medical staff, have been suggested as an alternative. The aim of this study is to examine rates of treatment startup in 2 collaborative care settings: a rural family medicine office and a suburban internal medicine office. In both practices referrals for mental health services are made within the practice. Methods: Referral data were drawn from 2 convenience samples of patients referred by primary care physicians for collaborative mental health treatment at Fletcher Allen Health Care in Vermont. The first sample consisted of 93 consecutively scheduled referrals in a family medicine office (sample A) between January 2006 and December 2007. The second sample consisted of 215 consecutive scheduled referrals at an internal medicine office (sample B) between January 2009 and December 2009. Referral data identified age, sex, and presenting mental health/medical problem. Results: In sample A, 95.5% of those patients scheduling appointments began behavioral health treatment; in sample B this percentage was 82%. In sample B, 69% of all patients initially referred for mental health care both scheduled and initiated treatment. Conclusions: When referred to a mental health clinician who provides on-site access as part of a primary care mental health collaborative care model, a high percentage of patients referred scheduled care. Furthermore, of those who scheduled care, a high percentage of patients attend the scheduled appointment. Findings persist despite differences in practice type, populations, locations, and time frames of data collection. That the findings persist across the different offices suggests that this model of care may contain elements that improve the longstanding problem of poor treatment initiation rates when primary care physicians refer patients for outpatient behavioral health services.
Exogenous-loss aware traffic management in overlay networks toward global fairness

For a given TCP flow, exogenous losses are those occurring on links other than the flow's bottleneck link. Exogenous losses are typically viewed as introducing undesirable "noise" into TCP's feedback control loop, leading to inefficient network utilization and potentially severe global unfairness. This has prompted much research on mechanisms for hiding such losses from end-points. In this paper, we show that low levels of exogenous losses are surprisingly beneficial in that they improve stability and convergence, without sacrificing efficiency. Based on this, we argue that exogenous-loss awareness should be taken into account in overlay traffic management techniques that aim to achieve global fairness. To that end, we propose an eXogenous-loss aware Queue Management (XQM) approach that actively accounts for and leverages exogenous losses on overlay paths. We envision the incorporation of XQM functionality in Overlay Traffic Managers (OTMs). We use an equation based approach to derive the quiescent loss rate for a connection based on the connection's profile and its global fair share. In contrast to other techniques, XQM ensures that a connection sees its quiescent loss rate, not only by complementing already existing exogenous losses, but also by actively hiding exogenous losses, if necessary, to achieve global fairness. We establish the advantages of exogenous-loss-aware OTMs using extensive simulations in which we contrast the performance of XQM to that of a host of traditional exogenous-loss unaware techniques.
Plasmids: Histories of a Concept

The plasmid concept is rooted in the notion of particulate determinants of inheritance and the chromosome theory of heredity, but some biologists saw genes as determinants of the way an organism developed from a fertilized ovum into a mature adult; some of these determinants seem to be passed on through cytoplasmic transfer. In a 1952 review, J. Lederberg proposed that all “extrachromosomal hereditary determinants” be designated “plasmids.” In 1958, Jacob and Wollman suggested that genetic elements which were optionally associated with the chromosomes, such as the F-factor, the colicinogenic factor, and bacteriophage lambda, be termed “episomes.” Allan Campbell (Adv Genetics 11:101–145, 1962) proposed a beautifully simple solution to the problem of how episomes could be associated with the chromosome when he suggested the recombinational interaction of one circular molecule with another. The key to the modern concept of the plasmid was the confirmation that DNA molecules can, and often do, exist as circular structures. Many observations (mainly on yeast and protozoans) suggested that nonchromosomal heredity exists in eucaryotes as well, and eventually, cytochemical, electron microscopic, and biochemical evidence established the existence of cytoplasmic genes in eucaryotes. By the end of the 1960s, both the genetic and physical understanding of plasmids and cytoplasmic heredity had reached a level of detail to allow exploitation of these genetic elements as tools to manipulate and study cell genetics by various techniques of lateral gene transfer.
Low-density lipoprotein receptors in rat adipocytes: regulation with fasting

Adipose tissue metabolism is exquisitely sensitive to caloric intake. With increasing adiposity more triglyceride and cholesterol are stored within increasingly large adipocytes, whereas less triglyceride and cholesterol are stored as the size of the fat cell decreases. A portion of the uptake of cholesterol by adipocytes is mediated by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. The present studies addressed whether LDL receptors are differentially regulated in adipose tissue and the liver during fasting in the rat. Two days of fasting caused a reduction in body weight with an approximately 40% decrease in the epididymal fat depot and fat cell size. No changes in serum cholesterol were noted, but serum triglycerides fell approximately 55% with fasting. LDL receptors detected by immunoblotting decreased progressively with fasting to levels that were 95% below controls in adipocytes isolated from epididymal fat pads by 2-3 days. In contrast, hepatic LDL receptor expression was unaltered by fasting. After 2 days of fasting, the rate of synthesis of LDL receptors in isolated adipose cells was decreased approximately 35%, whereas levels of LDL receptor mRNA were diminished approximately 55%. It is concluded that the expression of LDL receptors in rat adipocytes is markedly downregulated during fasting through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Furthermore, LDL receptor expression is differentially regulated in adipose tissue and liver during fasting in the rat.
RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN GROUP DAY CARE

The frequency of occurrence and etiology of respiratory disease during a 40-month period in a day care center is reported. The day care center had a maximum enrollment of 39 children ranging in age from 1 month to 5 years. Sick children were not excluded from the center. During the period of the study there was not an excessive amount of respiratory illness in the children in day care when compared with the reported illness occurrence in children receiving home care. In the total group there were 8.4 respiratory illnesses per child-year with the highest rate in infants under 1 year of age. The agents responsible for the respiratory disease in the day care center were similar to those reported as significant in the community, and the patterns of virus isolation were similar to those in the community in age incidence, seasonal occurrence, and illness association. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 were the agents most often implicated in lower respiratory disease. Adenovirus types 2 and 5 frequently caused febrile upper respiratory illness in infants. The study suggests group day care is safe medically for infants and that exclusion of sick children is unnecessary in a day care program with adequate space and staffing.
Can Minorities Treaties Work

Few problems are more important or complex than the challenge of devising legal arrangements through which the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic, racial, religious or linguistic minorities and majorities can be fairly reconciled. This article explores the possible relevance of international agreements to the effective management of such minorities’ problems.Its principal aim is to provide a framework and raise some broader questions which may be useful in thinking about how international agreements and other arrangements might help deal with contemporary minorities’ problems.The article begins by examining “What is a Minority Treaty?” and “International Experience Concerning Minorities Treaties” – in particular, the experience of the League of Nations minorities treaties system. It then turns to its principal topic, “Rethinking Minorities Treaties: Some Questions and Issues”. Among the questions discussed are: (1) Why are minorities’ treaties needed when there are human rights treaties? (2) Should minorities’ treaties be broadly applicable, or apply only to a specific minorities problem? (3) Would regional minorities conventions make sense? (4) Why should any state agree to a treaty requiring protection of its minorities? (5) Why should minorities be interested in a minorities treaty? (6) Why should another state, or the international community, be interested in a minorities treaty? (7) Why should anyone trust an international guarantee? (8) What problems should a minorities treaty cover? and (9) How to judge whether a minorities treaty works.The article concludes that, despite the difficulty encountered by the League of Nations minorities system, such treaties can work if the states and minorities involved want them to work- and if they use common sense, legal skill, judgment and good faith in helping them to work. While minorities’ treaties alone cannot solve minorities problems, they can help create a context and climate in which the societies and groups concerned can more effectively shape solutions and work out a common destiny. For this reason, they deserve the closer attention of lawyers and diplomats.
Atrocity Crimes Framing the Responsibility to Protect

The principle of the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) has achieved, within a remarkably short span of time, a rhetorical presence in international politics and international law that has invited both praise and skepticism.’ In its simplest and most widely accepted formulation, R2P represents the responsibility of governments and the international community to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity—all of which are categories of significant crimes that should be designated as atrocity crimes, both for purposes of accuracy when describing the basket of relevant crimes and for simplicity as a means of communicating with the global populace. In this chapter I will examine what is meant by each of these categories of crimes and by the unifying term, atrocity crimes. An understanding of the legal basis for R2P must underpin efforts to activate the principles of R2P on the world stage. In reality, not all atrocity crimes, particularly some categories of crimes against humanity and war crimes, necessarily justify military intervention as the most extreme application of R2P. Drawing the line between atrocity crimes that would merit and those that would lack justification for military intervention when all else fails under R2P could become an extremely difficult task in world affairs.
Quantification of the lateral forces in concrete sleeper fastening systems

Consistent increases in cumulative freight tonnages, combined with the move towards increased higher-speed intercity passenger rail operation, have placed greater demands on North American railroad infrastructure. Concrete sleepers and fastening system components are known to fail at a wide range of life cycle intervals when subjected to demanding loading environments. Such failures can cause track geometry defects, require repetitive maintenance procedures, and present critical engineering challenges. Rail seat deterioration, the degradation of the concrete material beneath the rail, has been identified through a survey of North American Class I railroads to be the most-critical engineering challenge for concrete sleepers. Shoulder/fastener wear or fatigue was identified by the same survey as the second-most-critical engineering challenge related to concrete sleepers. Lateral forces transferred through the fastening system are thought to be a primary cause of degradation of insulators. The objective of t...
Impact of pharmacist interventions on seeking of medical care by migraineurs

Abstract Objectives : To determine the impact of a pharmacist-led educational intervention on the seeking of medical care from physicians by patients with migraine and identify barriers to migraine care and lapsing from this care. Design: Prospective, multigroup, quasiexperimental. Setting: Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, November 2004 through June 2005. Participants: 100 university employees and students. Information from the initial interview was used to divide the patients into four groups: (1) not a migraineur, (2) migraineur who is currently consulting a physician for care of headaches (current consulter), (3) migraineur who has not consulted with a physician for more than 12 months concerning headaches (lapsed consulter), and (4) migraineur who has never consulted a physician regarding headache (never consulter). Interventions: Verbal counseling by a pharmacist and written education on migraine, as well as self-administered questionnaires. Main outcome measures: Participants' physician consultation rates, perceived barriers to physician consultation, and perceived reasons for lapsing from care. Results Of the 100 headache sufferers who participated in the study, 82 met International Headache Society criteria for migraine, of whom 22 were never con- sulters and 20 were lapsed consulters. Cross-tabulation and chi-square statistics did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the never-consulter control and intervention groups for 3-month physician consultation rates or intention to seek consultation during the next 6 months; however, 64% of never consulters contacted their physician or expressed intentions to do so after the intervention. The top three barriers to physician consultation identified were misidentifying migraines as headaches (50%), satisfaction with current treatment (45%), and inconvenience of physician consultation (41%). The top three reasons for lapsing from care were reduced frequency of headache (40%), self-identification of effective therapy (40%), and physician-directed effective therapy (30%). Cross-tabulation and chi-square statistics revealed one significant difference among student/employee groups in their identification of barriers. Conclusion This study identified barriers associated with migraineur physician consultation behavior and reasons for lapses in care. The role of pharmacists in encouraging migraineur physician consultation should be further examined.
Bioinspired Helical Microswimmers Based on Vascular Plants

Plant-based bioinspired magnetically propelled helical microswimmers are described. The helical microstructures are derived from spiral water-conducting vessels of different plants, harnessing the intrinsic biological structures of nature. Geometric variables of the spiral vessels, such as the helix diameter and pitch, can be controlled by mechanical stretching for the precise fabrication and consistent performance of helical microswimmers. Xylem vessels of a wide variety of different plants have been evaluated for the consistency and reproducibility of their helical parameters. Sequential deposition of thin Ti and Ni layers directly on the spiral vessels, followed by dicing, leads to an extremely simple and cost-efficient mass-production of functional helical microswimmers. The resulting plant-based magnetic microswimmers display efficient propulsion, with a speed of over 250 μm/s, as well as powerful locomotion in biological media such as human serum. The influence of actuation frequencies on the swimmi...
You Can Often Get What You Want: Assessing the Match between Parent Preferences and Private Schools of Choice

Providing parents choices in education has become an increasingly popular instrument for reforming education in the United States. While existing research on parent satisfaction in private school choice programs shows that parents are satisfied with the schools they have chosen, there is not much to explain their satisfaction. Previous research using parent surveys asks parents to rate and/or grade their school of choice, while comparing their response to their thoughts on their previous public school. This paper reports new empirical evidence that looks to offer a possible explanation for parents’ satisfaction. Using data from the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program, we look to analyze whether or not parents get what they choose for when given the opportunity to choose a private school. Our analysis makes use of survey responses from parents that can be matched to students and then matched to principals. In total, there were 7,338 parents who received a survey. Of these, 3,226 parents completed a survey. In total, there were 1,868 students who responded to surveys. Parents were matched to MPCP students using a unique child ID, resulting in 1,856 parents who were matched to students. These were then matched to principals representing 123 schools participating in the MPCP. Our analysis of the MPCP examines the probability of a parent choosing a school that ranked at least above average on the specific characteristic they had listed as most important to their school choice. Since a school having a specific characteristic is a binary variable, we used Logit as the functional form of the regression equation in order to estimate the probability that parents get what they choose for.
A Compact, Active SiGe Power Divider With Multi-Octave Bandwidth

This letter proposes a wideband active power divider, which realizes multi-octave bandwidth with positive, flat gain, and good isolation. By combining a single stage amplifier with artificial transmission lines and emitter-follower (EF) output stages, a broadband operational bandwidth (2.5-23.0 GHz) and flat gain response (8.8-11.8 dB) with a small chip size are achieved while maintaining good isolation ( $>$ 25 dB) between the output ports. The measured noise figures (NFs) of the two forward paths are lower than 9 dB, the output P1dB (OP1dB) is greater than −9 dBm and the output IP3 (OIP3) is greater than 0 dBm over the 3 dB bandwidth. The maximum amplitude and phase imbalances of the two output ports are 0.2 dB and 1.6 degrees, respectively. The core area of the active power divider is $0.62 \times 0.50$ mm $^{{\mathbf {2}}}$ . The active power divider consumes 20 mA from a 3.3 V DC supply.
Effects of low-frequency electrical stimulation of the anterior piriform cortex on kainate-induced seizures in rats.

Abstract Objective Recent evidence in animals and humans suggests that low-frequency stimulation (LFS) has significant antiepileptic properties. The anterior piriform cortex (APC) is a highly susceptible seizure-trigger zone and may be critical for the initiation and propagation of seizures originating from cortical and limbic foci. We used the kainic acid (KA) seizure model in rats to assess the therapeutic effect of LFS of the APC on seizures. Methods Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes in the left APC and recording electrodes bilaterally in the hippocampal CA3 regions. Rats were monitored continuously with video-EEG after the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures that followed induction of status epilepticus by intraperitoneal KA. After two weeks of baseline recordings to determine seizure frequency, LFS of the APC was applied 60-min On 15-min Off, for two weeks with 1 Hz biphasic square waves, 0.2 ms pulse width, at 200 μA. Another 2-week period of video-EEG monitoring was done after the cessation of LFS to study the carry-over effect. Changes in seizure frequency, severity, and duration between baseline, during LFS, and post-LFS were analyzed using the Poisson regression model. Results Overall seizure frequency decreased during the post-LFS period to 5% of that at baseline (p = 0.003). Severe seizures (stages 4 and 5 on the Racine scale) decreased to 0% of the baseline during the post-LFS period. Conclusions Two weeks of LFS of the APC reduced spontaneous seizure frequency and severity in the KA model with the effect outlasting the stimulation. Our findings suggest that the APC can be an important therapeutic target for stimulation in epilepsy.
A mixed methods study of multiple health behaviors among individuals with stroke.

Background Individuals with stroke often have multiple cardiovascular risk factors that necessitate promoting engagement in multiple health behaviors. However, observational studies of individuals with stroke have typically focused on promoting a single health behavior. Thus, there is a poor understanding of linkages between healthy behaviors and the circumstances in which factors, such as stroke impairments, may influence a single or multiple health behaviors. Methods We conducted a mixed methods convergent parallel study of 25 individuals with stroke to examine the relationships between stroke impairments and physical activity, sleep, and nutrition. Our goal was to gain further insight into possible strategies to promote multiple health behaviors among individuals with stroke. This study focused on physical activity, sleep, and nutrition because of their importance in achieving energy balance, maintaining a healthy weight, and reducing cardiovascular risks. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected concurrently, with the former being prioritized over the latter. Qualitative data was prioritized in order to develop a conceptual model of engagement in multiple health behaviors among individuals with stroke. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed independently and then were integrated during the inference stage to develop meta-inferences. The 25 individuals with stroke completed closed-ended questionnaires on healthy behaviors and physical function. They also participated in face-to-face focus groups and one-to-one phone interviews. Results We found statistically significant and moderate correlations between hand function and healthy eating habits (r = 0.45), sleep disturbances and limitations in activities of daily living (r = - 0.55), BMI and limitations in activities of daily living (r = - 0.49), physical activity and limitations in activities of daily living (r = 0.41), mobility impairments and BMI (r = - 0.41), sleep disturbances and physical activity (r = - 0.48), sleep disturbances and BMI (r = 0.48), and physical activity and BMI (r = - 0.45). We identified five qualitative themes: (1) Impairments: reduced autonomy, (2) Environmental forces: caregivers and information, (3) Re-evaluation: priorities and attributions, (4) Resiliency: finding motivation and solutions, and (5) Negative affectivity: stress and self-consciousness. Three meta-inferences and a conceptual model described circumstances in which factors could influence single or multiple health behaviors. Discussion This is the first mixed methods study of individuals with stroke to elaborate on relationships between multiple health behaviors, BMI, and physical function. A conceptual model illustrates addressing sleep disturbances, activity limitations, self-image, and emotions to promote multiple health behaviors. We discuss the relevance of the meta-inferences in designing multiple behavior change interventions for individuals with stroke.
New Jersey Horse Racing by the Numbers

The paper reviews the current condition of the New Jersey horse racing industry by reviewing 60 years worth of the annual reports of the New Jersey Racing Commission.
Golius and Tychsen and Their Quest for Manuscripts. Three Arabic Letters

Letters exchanged between early modern Orientalist scholars and their correspondents from the Islamic world are a major source for our knowledge of the networks that facilitated the acquisition of Oriental manuscripts. They are equally important for the study of Arabic epistolography in the period. This contribution adds to the growing corpus with the edition and analysis of three such letters concerning the acquisition of manuscripts. The first two were written by Jacobus Golius (1596–1667) in 1624 and probably 1644, while the third was adressed by Aḥmad ʿAzmī, the Ottoman ambassador to Prussia, to Oluf Gerhard Tychsen (1734–1815) in 1791.
Combined Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery

The simultaneous development of cardiac and thoracic surgery in the 1940s and 1950s, combined with the fact that many surgeons are trained to perform cardiac and thoracic operations, has naturally led to the performance of simultaneous cardiac and pulmonary operations. However, these procedures are uncommon owing to theoretical concerns regarding the adverse effects of combining the operations. No general agreement exists as to how such operations should be organized and conducted. There appears to be an increase in both operative mortality and surgical morbidity for combined operations compared to isolated cardiac and thoracic operations. Staged, rather than combined, surgery may provide a cancer-specific survival benefit.
Perceived self-stigma in the utilization of mental health services in foster care and post foster care among foster care alumni

Abstract Foster youth experience higher rates of mental health disorders and receive higher rates of mental health services in comparison to the general population. Yet, upon foster care exit, mental health service use drastically declines. Little is known as to the reasons for mental health service decline after foster care exit. However, research studies in the mental health literature have consistently shown that self-stigma and public stigma are significant in mental health service receipt. Studies have also shown that self-stigma affects an adolescent's self-identity, self-efficacy, and interpersonal relationships, which impact self-sufficiency once youth leave foster care. This study explores self-stigma in the utilization of mental health services while in foster care, and whether the stigma developed while in foster care impacts mental health service use upon foster care exit. The role of public stigma in the utilization of mental health services post foster care is also examined. Thirteen former foster youth with a mental health treatment history while in foster care were interviewed. Results show that foster youth experienced self-stigma, which increased the negative impact of mental health service receipt while in foster care. After foster care exit, youth who identified experiencing self-stigma while in foster care tended to discontinue mental health services after foster care exit. In contrast, foster youth who did not identify self-stigma in the receipt of mental health services while in foster care continued accessing services upon foster care exit. Public stigma was not identified as influencing mental health service use post foster care, but was coupled with negative labels, stereotypes, and negative perceptions. Implications for preventive and intervention measures are also discussed/proposed.
Public Policy and Inequality in Postsecondary Opportunity: Educational Statistics and the Failure of Education Reform

For a quarter of a century, federal agencies have advocated reforming high schools as a means of improving college access. There have been two decades of statistical government reports documenting correlations between high school math courses and college enrolment. For more than a decade, states have been responding by raising math standards and requiring more math courses for graduation. Math scores on the SAT have risen slightly, as have the number of students taking the tests. Yet, college-enrolment rates by high school graduates have not improved this century, and racial inequality in enrolment has actually increased. The rising costs of college coupled with a decline in state and federal grants as a share of the net costs for low-income students provide the best explanations for the rising inequality. Given these ambiguities, government researchers should revise their methods of reporting on college access to include information on student-grant aid along with high school courses. Government officials should take responsibility for addressing financial inequalities for students who prepare for college.
Ab Initio Calculations on Large Molecules

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the efforts that have been made to develop procedures for treating large molecules in a practical manner. It considers an arbitrary and myopic definition of a large molecule as one in which there are ≥ 36 electrons and containing atoms including hydrogen and others from the first row of the periodic table. The chapter is limited to the procedures that are based upon an ab initio formalism. While several of these approaches such as CNDO (complete neglect of differential overlap), INDO (intermediate neglect of differential overlap), MCZDO (multi-center zero differential overlap), and NEMO (nonempirical molecular orbital theory) have provided useful and informative results, it seems clear that an ab initio approach is desired for several reasons. First, the identification and improvement of inadequacies is more straightforward in an ab initio approach, since only a model plus a basis set need to be examined. Second, the parametrization techniques are developed typically for the determination of the total energy and are not applicable in general to other properties. Third, the evaluation of integrals over Slater-type orbitals for properties other than the energy presents formidable problems, which are solved usually by invoking additional parameterization procedures. Consequently, these and other theoretical and practical difficulties associated with the use of semiempirical techniques have led to the search for alternative formulations of an ab initio nature.
Combining Statistical Techniques and Lexico-syntactic Patterns for Semantic Relations Extraction from Text.

We describe here a methodology to combine two different techniques for Semantic Relation Extraction from texts. On the one hand, generic lexicosyntactic patterns are applied to the linguistically analyzed corpus to detect a first set of pairs of co-occurring words, possibly involved in “syntagmatic” relations. On the other hand, a statistical unsupervised association system is used to obtain a second set of pairs of “distributionally similar” terms, that appear to occur in similar contexts, thus possibly involved in “paradigmatic” relations. The approach aims at learning ontological information by filtering the candidate relations obtained through generic lexico-syntactic patterns and by labelling the anonymous relations obtained through the statistical system. The resulting set of relations can be used to enrich existing ontologies and for semantic annotation of documents or web pages.
Structured and semistructured clinical interviews available for use among African American clients: Cultural considerations in the diagnostic interview process.

Structured and semistructured interviews offer an empirically supported platform for diagnostic decision making. Available structured and semistructured diagnostic interviews are reviewed focusing on those interviews most commonly used and their applications in the African American (AA) population. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (SCID), Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS), and other empirically supported frequently used interviews are highlighted. Cultural considerations when interviewing AAs, including cultural mistrust, racial identity, discrimination and stereotypes, language, and diagnostic bias are also addressed. There is documented diagnostic bias for AAs when compared to Caucasians in the USA. Structured and semistructured interviews can be useful tools in reducing diagnostic bias resulting from cultural factors. Currently there is a paucity of research related to the validity and reliability of the reviewed measures specifically with AA clients. Implications and recommendations are also discussed.
The role of CD32 during HIV-1 infection

Persistence of latent HIV-1 in long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to curing HIV-1 infection, and thus a biomarker for latently infected cells would be of great scientific and clinical importance.1,2,3,4,5 Through an elegant discovery-based approach, Descours et al. reported that CD32a, an Fcγ receptor not normally expressed on T cells, is a potential biomarker for latently infected cells.6 Using the quantitative viral outgrowth assay, we show that CD32+ CD4+ T cells do not harbor the majority of intact proviruses in the latent reservoir and that the enrichment found by Descours et al. may in part reflect the use of an ultrasensitive ELISA for HIV-1 p24 antigen that does not predict exponential viral outgrowth. Our studies show that CD32 is not a biomarker for the major population of latently infected CD4+ T cells.