cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining the Mechanism of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage–Induced Pyrexia

Fever can affect the majority of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and many times no identifiable source is found for the fever whether infectious or sterile, like deep vein thrombosis. We hypothesized that fever in SAH is mediated by a NON-cyclo-oxygenase-dependent mechanism, which we neologized as subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced pyrexia (SAHiP). This hypothesis was investigated using genetically modified mice, pharmacological manipulation, cerebrospinal fluid from SAH patients, and a large cohort of SAH patients. Mice with deletions of neuronal prostaglandin EP3 receptor, global toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid TLR4, and microglial TLR4 were subjected to SAH after being implanted with thermometers. Pathways necessary for SAHiP were identified. In SAH patients, cerebrospinal fluid was examined by flow cytometry and correlated with SAHiP. From a large cohort of SAH patients, independent associations with SAHiP were determined using logistic regression analysis. In our mouse model of SAH, microglial TLR4 is necessary for SAHiP, but independent of the neuronal prostaglandin EP3 receptor, cyclo-oxygenase, and prostaglandins. Macrophages from the cerebrospinal fluid of SAH patients with SAHiP expressed more TLR4-co-receptor than SAH patients without SAHiP. In a large cohort of SAH patients, SAHiP was found to be independently, yet inversely, associated with acetaminophen administration. SAHiP is independent of the neuronal prostaglandin EP3 receptor, cyclo-oxygenase, and prostaglandins, but dependent on microglial/macrophage TLR4 with evidence from both SAH mouse models and SAH patients.
Attempting to encourage patients to take part in the clinical probation teaching of obstetrics and gynecology

As a professional and practicing science, clinical probation teaching is an essential stage in the teaching of obstetrics and gynecology.Under the current situation, clinical probation teaching of obstetrics and gynecology is facing more difficulty than before, so how to obtain the assistances of patients is very important.We attempted to stress medical ethics education, pay more attention to care of patients and discuss the content of clinical probation teaching with patients, encouraged patients to take part in clinical probation teaching more positively, ask more questions about their diseases to the medical students;enhanced the communication between the patients and the medical students. The teaching method of “problem proposed by patient based clinical probation teaching” is able to inspire patients' and students′interests, and enhance students' abilities so as to improve the teaching quality of obstetrics and gynecology. Key words: Obstetrics and gynecology; Clinical probation teaching; Teaching method
DG.O 2021: Digital Innovations for Public Values: Inclusive Collaboration and Community

This panel highlights digital government practices that exemplify the dg.o 2021 conference theme: Digital Innovations for Public Values: Inclusive Collaboration and Community. Public values serve as the guiding principles for the development and implementation of digital innovations for public service. Inclusivity is a salient public value to bridge the digital divide in the development, access, and use of information and communication technology. Cases presented in this panel illustrate civic engagement via digital technologies for inclusive collaboration; collaboration between government and residents as well as government, university, and community organizations; and utilization of digital technology to strengthen community at local and national levels. These cases feature projects of the Digital Governance and Analytics Lab at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, the hosting university of dg.o 2021 as well as similar projects done by research collaborators at Florida International University and University of Massachusetts Boston.
A New Caching Algorithm for Boosting Edge Computing Performance

Cloud computing is a rapidly growing technology in recent years. However, as there are a limited number of cloud data centers across the world, accessing a distant cloud will cause long response latency. To solve this issue, edge computing has been proposed as one of the most promising approaches. It brings the computing resources geologically closer to end users with reduced access latency. Since the development of edge computing is still at its infancy, there is no mature architecture framework. A three-tiered system architecture is one of the many frameworks proposed. In this paper, a new caching algorithm based on data mining technique was proposed for the three-tiered edge computing architecture. The simulation and experiment results show that equipped with the new caching algorithm, the performance of a web application can be improved using the three-tiered edge computing architecture.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Associated with Entamoeba Histolytica

Introduction: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive kidney injury from damage to the renal microvasculature, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia secondary to destruction and consumption of platelets. In most cases, HUS occurs after a severe bowel infection with certain toxic strains of the bacteria E. coli; however rarer causative organisms have also been reported, as in this patient. Case Presentation: A two-year-old male presented with three days of fever, watery diarrhea, and decreased oral intake in the setting of recent freshwater pond exposure one …
Serous retinal detachment as a presenting sign of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report and literature review.

Abstract Purpose To describe a unique case of unilateral serous retinal detachment as the presenting sign of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Observations A 74 year old woman presented with right eye blurry vision and was found to have an underlying serous retinal detachment, along with cotton wool spots, inner retinal hemorrhages, and retinal pigment epithelial changes throughout her bilateral fundi. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated bilateral vasculitis and ultrasonography revealed asymmetric thickening and enhancement of the affected eyes’ choroid. This prompted a systemic lab workup and results were suspicious for an underlying hematologic malignancy. The patient was admitted to the hospital for bone marrow biopsy confirming B-cell ALL, underwent intensive intravenous and intrathecal chemotherapy, and was discharged one month later. Follow up appointment in the ophthalmology clinic demonstrated functional and anatomic improvement in the serous retinal detachment and choroidal thickening suggestive of infiltration in her right eye. Conclusions SRDs are an uncommon ocular manifestation of leukemia, and even less common as a presenting sign of the disease. A comprehensive literature review demonstrated 11 other cases reported worldwide. We present the first such case with additional findings of leukemic retinopathy, optic nerve and choroidal infiltration, and vasculitis, as well as a complete library of ophthalmic imaging from the patient's initial presentation. Importance A new diagnosis of serous retinal detachment(s) without any obvious cause should raise suspicion for leukemia and prompt further workup. Early recognition of this hematologic malignancy is crucial for prompt initiation of life-saving therapy.
Demographics associated with US healthcare disparities are exacerbated by the telemedicine surge during the COVID-19 pandemic.

IntroductionAs coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hit the US, there was widespread and urgent implementation of telemedicine programs nationwide without much focus on the impact on patient populat...
The Dynamics of Circle Homeomorphisms: A Hands-on Introduction

(1999). The Dynamics of Circle Homeomorphisms: A Hands-on Introduction. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 3-13.
The role of training in the evaluation of public programs

Nearly all private, government and non-governmental organizations that receive government funding to run social or health promotion programs in the United States are required to conduct program evaluations and to report findings to the funding agency. Reports are usually due at the end of a funding cycle and they may or may not have an influence on the continuation of program funding. The final evaluation report (FER), as the end-of-funding-cycle report is often called, generally relates the intervention and evaluation results of the funding period and has a dual purpose. It is considered an element of accountability (Compton et al., 2001) and should give the program and its stakeholders direction for the future (Patton, 1997). All too often though, this is not the case. Evaluators have voiced myriad concerns about the many issues related to reports and their usage (Hoefer, 2000). In their study of a random sample of American Evaluation Association members, Torres et al. (1997) found that evaluators are generally discontent about reporting and about the fact that their reports are often misused or not used at all. The authors (p. 110) report that the three main factors evaluators cited for impeding success in communicating and reporting evaluation findings were ‘insufficient time available to devote to communicating/reporting (53 percent)’, clients being unclear about their communication and reporting needs (47 percent) and clients and audiences being unresponsive to communication and reporting efforts (40 percent). These facts are especially disconcerting if we consider that many local programs, such as the local tobacco control programs in California, operate on multi-year policy objectives that often build on previous accomplishments and lessons learned. Evaluation reports could be a valuable instrument for moving projects forward if stakeholders and project staff would make good use of evaluation findings (Rossi et al., 2004). We may be facing a vicious cycle whereby clients or programs do not value reports very highly,
MIR137: big impacts from small changes.

Schizophrenia-linked single nucleotide polymorphisms in MIR137 alter expression of miR-137 in neurons. Abnormal expression of miR-137 affects vesicle release at presynaptic terminals and in turn alters hippocampal functioning.
Origin of spin-glass behavior of Zn1-xMnxO

Alternating current susceptibility has been studied for polycrystalline Zn1 − x Mn x O. Stoichiometric samples demonstrate Curie–Weiss behavior, which indicates mostly antiferromagnetic interactions. Magnetic susceptibility can be described by a diluted Heisenberg magnet model developed for semimagnetic semiconductors. High-pressure oxygen annealing induces spin-glass like behavior in Zn1 − x Mn x O by precipitation of ZnMnO3 in the paramagnetic matrix.
An automated system for measuring parameters of nematode sinusoidal movement

Nematode sinusoidal movement has been used as a phenotype in many studies of C. elegans development, behavior and physiology. A thorough understanding of the ways in which genes control these aspects of biology depends, in part, on the accuracy of phenotypic analysis. While worms that move poorly are relatively easy to describe, description of hyperactive movement and movement modulation presents more of a challenge. An enhanced capability to analyze all the complexities of nematode movement will thus help our understanding of how genes control behavior. We have developed a user-friendly system to analyze nematode movement in an automated and quantitative manner. In this system nematodes are automatically recognized and a computer-controlled microscope stage ensures that the nematode is kept within the camera field of view while video images from the camera are stored on videotape. In a second step, the images from the videotapes are processed to recognize the worm and to extract its changing position and posture over time. From this information, a variety of movement parameters are calculated. These parameters include the velocity of the worm's centroid, the velocity of the worm along its track, the extent and frequency of body bending, the amplitude and wavelength of the sinusoidal movement, and the propagation of the contraction wave along the body. The length of the worm is also determined and used to normalize the amplitude and wavelength measurements. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we report here a comparison of movement parameters for a small set of mutants affecting the Go/Gq mediated signaling network that controls acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. The system allows comparison of distinct genotypes that affect movement similarly (activation of Gq-alpha versus loss of Go-alpha function), as well as of different mutant alleles at a single locus (null and dominant negative alleles of the goa-1 gene, which encodes Go-alpha). We also demonstrate the use of this system for analyzing the effects of toxic agents. Concentration-response curves for the toxicants arsenite and aldicarb, both of which affect motility, were determined for wild-type and several mutant strains, identifying P-glycoprotein mutants as not significantly more sensitive to either compound, while cat-4 mutants are more sensitive to arsenite but not aldicarb. Automated analysis of nematode movement facilitates a broad spectrum of experiments. Detailed genetic analysis of multiple alleles and of distinct genes in a regulatory network is now possible. These studies will facilitate quantitative modeling of C. elegans movement, as well as a comparison of gene function. Concentration-response curves will allow rigorous analysis of toxic agents as well as of pharmacological agents. This type of system thus represents a powerful analytical tool that can be readily coupled with the molecular genetics of nematodes.
An adaptive robust observer for velocity estimation in an electro‐hydraulic system

SUMMARY This paper proposes the design of an observer to estimate the velocity of an electro-hydraulic system by using pressure measurements only. The difficulties involved in the design of an observer for such a system include the highly nonlinear system dynamics, severe parametric uncertainties such as large variation of inertial load and unmatched model uncertainties. In order to address these issues, a nonlinear model-based adaptive robust observer is designed to estimate the velocity. The contributions of the proposed work is twofold. First, it introduces a novel coordinate transformation to reconstruct the velocity estimate. And second, from a structural viewpoint, the design has two important features: (i) an underlying robust filter structure, which can attenuate the effect of uncertain nonlinearities such as friction and disturbances on the velocity estimation, and (ii) an adaptation mechanism to reduce the extent of parametric uncertainties. Experimental results on the swing motion control of an electro-hydraulic robot arm demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light Intensity Effects on Embryos, Prolarvae, and First-Feeding Stage Larvae of the Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus

Abstract The effects of light intensity and salinity on eggs and yolk sac larvae of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, were examined under controlled, laboratory conditions. Fertilized eggs (early gastrula stage), obtained by induced spawning of captive broodstock, were stocked (53 eggs/L) into forty-eight 5-L, cylindrical translucent containers under light intensities of 0 (constant dark), 500, 1,000 and 2,000 lux and at salinities of 26,31 and 36g/L. Temperature was 19°C and photoperiod was 12 L: 12 D. Although hatching success (x = 94%) and larval survival (x = 85%) were not influenced by light intensity or by salinity within the ranges tested, significant (P< 0.05) additive effects on larval growth were observed. At the 97% yolk sac absorbed stage (114-131 hours post-fertilization = hpf), at the first-feeding stage (129.5-135 hpf), and at yolk exhaustion (153.5-159 hpf), notochord lengths were generally maximal at low light intensity (500 lux) and high salinity (36 g/L), and minimal at high i...
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: A Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Approach in School Settings

ABSTRACT Over the last decade, grandparents have increasingly taken on the role of primary caregiver for their grandchildren. In fact, research of school principals in some urban communities report that 30% to 70% of their students live with grandparents or other relatives at some point in their lives. As a resource to many grandparents, social work practitioners in schools are in a unique position to assist this vulnerable, but valuable population. With such considerations, this article has three purposes. The first purpose seeks to sensitize social workers to some of the adversities and prospects faced by grandparents raising grandchildren. The second purpose seeks to provide an overview of current solution focused brief therapy (SFBT) group work in facilitating and using the model with at-risk populations. The third and final purpose seeks to advance the work done by SFBT researchers and practitioners on using the model with primary caregivers. We then describe and recommend an eight-week SFBT group wi...
TUITION AND FEE INCREASES AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE ENROLLMENTS

Although Illinois public community college tuition and fee rates have risen significantly during the 1990s, analysis of the relationship between tuition increases and enrollment trends at 39 of the...
A Computer-Aided Design Technique for Semi-Automated Infinite Point Coupler Curve Synthesis of Four-Bar Linkages

At the present time, there are no satisfactory computer-aided solution schemes for solving the infinite point coupler curve synthesis problem (i.e., the problem of synthesizing a four-bar linkage whose coupler curve best approximates a fully specified closed trajectory). In order to develop a programmable solution process for this class of problems, it is necessary to devise a way of storing a catalog of coupler curves in a computer database. In addition, comparison procedures must be developed for detecting geometric similarities between curves; these procedures must be capable of observing similarities in the shapes of curves which may be scaled or oriented differently. In this paper, a data representation scheme based on uniform periodic B-splines is proposed as a viable means of storing coupler curves in a database. Automated procedures for fitting B-splines to coupler cures or other closed curves are also developed. The paper also presents a set of algorithms for comparing the shapes ofcurves based on the control polygons of their B-spline approximations. These algorithms are implemented in a computer program that is an effective tool for semi-automated computer-aided solution of the infinite point coupler curve synthesis problem. Example problems solved using this program are discussed, along with some suggestions for further work on this topic
DOGHED: a template-based generator for multimodal dialog systems targeting heterogeneous devices

This paper describes DOGHED (Dialog Output Generator for HEterogeneous Devices), a multimodal generation component which is a part of a dialog system that supports adaptation of multimodal content based on user preferences and their current device. Existing dialog systems focus on generating output for a single device that might not be suitable when users access the system using different devices. Multimedia presentation systems can be built that support several device types. However, most content presentation and layout is done off-line and defined at the document level.
Cosmological dynamics of EDGP model with a tachyon field on the brane

We consider the cosmological dynamics of a tachyon field localized on the extended DGP braneworld scenario. We present a detailed analysis of the critical points in the phase space of the model, their stability and late-time cosmological viability of the solutions. We study the luminosity distance behavior of this ϕEDGP model and compare it with ΛCDM model. Also we show that the EDGP solutions in the presence of tachyon field can explain late time acceleration of the universe.
Dose-escalated total body irradiation and autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory hematologic malignancy.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of dose escalation of total body irradiation (TBI) above the previously reported maximally tolerated dose, we have undertaken a Phase I–II trial of dose-escalated TBI with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) for chemotherapy-refractory lymphoma. Methods and Materials: Nine lymphoma patients with primary refractory disease (PRD) or in resistant relapse (RR) received dose-escalated TBI and PBSCT. The three dose levels of fractionated TBI (200 cGy twice daily) were 1,600 cGy, 1,800 cGy, and 2,000 cGy. Lung blocks were used to reduce the TBI transmission dose by 50%, and the chest wall dose was supplemented to the prescribed dose using electrons. Shielding of the kidneys was performed to keep the maximal renal dose at 1,600 cGy. Three patients, two with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in RR and one with PRD Hodgkin's disease, received 1,600 cGy + PBSCT, three patients (two NHL in RR, one PRD) received 1,800 cGy + PBSCT, and three patients with NHL (two in RR, one PRD) received 2,000 cGy + PBSCT. Results: Toxicities associated with this high-dose TBI regimen included reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in 1 patient, Grade 2 mucositis requiring narcotic analgesics in 8 patients, and neurologic toxicities consisting of a symmetrical sensory neuropathy ( n = 4) and Lhermitte's syndrome ( n = 1). Interstitial pneumonitis developed in 1 patient who received 1,800 cGy after receiving recombinant α-interferon (with exacerbation after rechallenge with interferon). Six (66%) patients achieved a response. Four (44%) patients achieved complete responses, three of which were of a duration greater than 1 year, and 2 (22%) patients achieved a partial response. One patient remains disease-free more than 5 years posttransplant. Corticosteroid-induced gastritis and postoperative infection resulted in the death of 1 patient in complete response, 429 days posttransplant. Conclusion: TBI in a dose range 1,600–2,000 cGy as preparative therapy for autologous PBSCT is feasible and has substantial activity in chemorefractory non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Endoparasites of Six Species of Ranid and One Species of Myobatrachid Frog, with a Review of Anuran Endoparasites from Papua New Guinea

Six species of ranid frogs, Hylarana arfaki, Hylarana garritor, Hylarana jimiensis, Hylarana papua, Hylarana volkerjane, Hylarana waliesa, and 1 species of myobatrachid frog, Lechriodus aganoposis from Papua New Guinea, were examined for helminths. Found were adults of 6 species of Nematoda, Aplectana macintoshii, Cosmocercoides pulcher, Desmognathinema papuensis, Paracapillaria spratti, Paraplesioheduris ranae, and Pseudorictularia disparilis. Larvae of 1 species of Abbreviata, 1 species of Acanthocephala, Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis, and cestode cysticerci (undetermined) were also found. Thirteen new host records and 1 new locality record are reported.
Paper digestion by the cellulolytic ruminal bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the predominant cellulolytic ruminal bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 to digest filter paper, office paper, newspaper, and magazine paper. When F. succinogenes S85 was incubated with all four paper sources, little digestion of any paper occurred between 0 and 48 h. However, digestion of filter paper increased from 12% at 48 h to 80% at 120 h. No significant digestion of office paper, newspaper, or magazine paper occurred between 48 and 120 h. These results suggest that F. succinogenes S85 is unable to digest office paper, newspaper, or magazine paper.
Catheter-Based Ultrasound Thrombolysis

Therapeutic ultrasound—the use of high-intensity, low- frequency ultrasound to ablate pathological tissues—has found a role in several different specialties during the past 10 years. By far the most common application is the noninvasive disintegration of kidney and gallstones (lithotripsy). An ultrasound scalpel has been developed and is primarily used for extraction of intracranial and hepatic tumors. In cardiology, we have been introduced to therapeutic ultrasound for aortic valve decalcification. These applications are all based on the fact that ultrasound, at the right combination of frequency and amplitude, will vigorously disrupt abnormal, inelastic tissue while healthy tissue in the same region simply shakes off the injection of energy. This principle of differential destruction is familiar from low-amplitude cutters such as the cast saw or the rotational atherectomy device. These devices work because compliant tissue is able to move out of the way of the short, quick displacements of the cutting element. The potential for using therapeutic ultrasound to treat atherosclerosis and thrombosis has been appreciated for decades, but actual development efforts were slow to get under way. Catheter-based delivery systems for therapeutic ultrasound were first conceived and patented in the 1960s.1 2 Dedicated in vivo experimental work began in the early 1970s with the demonstration by Sobbe and colleagues3 that ultrasound delivered through a wire probe could be used to disrupt blood clots in animals. As with many other technologies in cardiology, however, it was the explosive growth of angioplasty in the 1980s that brought attention, funding, and real momentum to the development of therapeutic catheter ultrasound. Significant technical issues had to be resolved in the design of the catheters. The most straightforward approach was to base the system around an external ultrasound source (a piezoelectric transducer attached to the proximal end of the catheter). The real challenge was …
On the need for humane rationing of interactive service

In a sense, our text for the next few pages is that "the meek should inherit . . . "; or, at least, if they don't get the whole earth, they deserve a fair shake in computing. Hopefully, the title we've chosen is self-explanatory; but if there were to be a subtitle, perhaps we'd choose, "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Interactive Computing."
Timestamps in key distribution protocols

The distribution of keys in a computer network using single key or public key encryption is discussed. We consider the possibility that communication keys may be compromised, and show that key distribution protocols with timestamps prevent replays of compromised keys. The timestamps have the additional benefit of replacing a two-step handshake.
Quantization of Nonintegrable Maps

Using Heisenberg's matrix formulation of quantum mechanics, a method is given for quantizing volume-preserving polynomial mappings. The energy levels of the linear map are obtained exactly and those of the cubic, nonintegrable map are obtained approximately and numerically.
Probability modeling applied to CAD systems for mammography

A practical model based on basic probability theory is developed to evaluate the operational and financial performance of mammography systems. The model is intended to be used by decision makers to evaluate overall sensitivity, overall specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and expected cost. As an illustration, computer aided detection (CAD) systems that support a radiologist's diagnosis are compared with standard mammography to determine conditions that would support their use. The model's input parameters include the operational performance of mammography (with and without CAD), the age of the patient, the cost of administering the mammogram and the expected costs associated with false positive and false negative outcomes. Sensitivity analyses are presented that show the CAD system projecting financial benefit over ranges of uncertainty associated with each model parameter.
Duration of estrogen deprivation, not chronological age, prevents estrogen's ability to enhance hippocampal synaptic physiology

Whether estrogen replacement is beneficial to cognitive health is controversial. Some studies have shown that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) relieves memory impairment associated with menopause in women, whereas others suggest that estrogen not only is incapable of providing a benefit, but actually can be detrimental. One possible explanation for this discrepancy in study findings could be the varying time after menopause at which ERT is initiated. It has been proposed that a critical period exists during which ERT must be administered to enhance cognitive function. This idea has yet to be tested directly using functional synaptic studies, however. Here we investigated whether prolonged hormone deprivation caused by ovariectomy (OVX) in young adult rats prevents the ability of estrogen replacement to increase synaptic function in the hippocampus to a degree necessary for estrogen-induced improvement in learning and memory. Remarkably, estrogen replacement was found to increase long-term potentiation, the current mediated by NR2B-containing NMDA receptors, and the dendritic spine density at CA3–CA1 synapses up to 15 months post-OVX. However, by 19 months post-OVX, the same estrogen replacement was unable to induce these changes. Importantly, this loss of estrogen's effectiveness was seen to be a consequence of the duration of deprivation. In female rats aged with their ovaries intact and examined at the same chronological age as the 19-month post-OVX group, estrogen replacement significantly increased synaptic function and spine density. These data clearly demonstrate that a critical period exists during which ERT must be administered, and that once this period passes, the beneficial effects are lost.
Multi-aperture diversity imaging: physical limitations to the generalized sampling theorem

The generalized sampling theorem describes restoring images with an N-fold increase in resolution from N independent low-pass images of the same scene. We consider physical mechanisms that can be exploited to make N very large.
Synthesis of optically pure γPNA monomers: a comparative study

We report a systematic study examining two synthetic routes, reductive amination and Mitsunobu coupling, for preparation of chiral γ-peptide nucleic acid (γPNA) monomers and oligomers. We found that the reductive amination route is prone to epimerization, even under mild experimental conditions. The extent of epimerization could be minimized by utilizing a bulky protecting group such as PhFl; however, it is difficult to remove in the subsequent oligomer synthesis stage. On the other hand, we found that the Mitsunobu route produced optically superior products using standard carbamate protecting groups.
Open renal biopsy technique Results in 202 patients

Two hundred five cases of open renal biopsy using a muscle-splitting technique have been performed over the past seven years. Eighty-seven per cent were done under local anesthesia. Tissue for routine histology, immunofluorescence staining and electromicroscopy were obtained in all cases. Morbidity was low, and there were no deaths attributed to the procedure.
Single-crystalline AlN growth on sapphire using physical vapor deposition

Abstract A novel technique for growing single crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) films is presented. The novelty of the technique, specifically, comes from the use of an innovative physical vapor deposition magnetron sputtering tool, which embeds magnets into the target material. A relatively high deposition rates is achieved ( ∼ 0.2 μ m / min ), at temperatures between 860 and 940 °C. The AlN, grown onto sapphire, is single-crystalline as evidenced by observation using transmission electron microscopy. Tool configuration and growth conditions are discussed, as well as a first set of other analytical results, namely, x-ray diffraction and ultraviolet-visible transmission spectrophotometry.
Light field and water clarity simulation of natural environments in laboratory conditions

Simulation of natural oceanic conditions in a laboratory setting is a challenging task, especially when that environment can be miles away. We present an attempt to replicate the solar radiation expected at different latitudes with varying water clarity conditions up to 30 m in depth using a 2.5 m deep engineering tank at the University of New Hampshire. The goals of the study were: 1) to configure an underwater light source that produced an irradiance spectrum similar to natural daylight with the sun at zenith and at 60° under clear atmospheric conditions, and 2) to monitor water clarity as a function of depth. Irradiance was measured using a spectra-radiometer with a cosine receiver to analyze the output spectrum of submersed lamps as a function of distance. In addition, an underwater reflection method was developed to measure the diffuse attenuation coefficient in real time. Two water clarity types were characterized, clear waters representing deep, open-ocean conditions, and murky waters representing littoral environments. Results showed good correlation between the irradiance measured at 400 nm to 600 nm and the natural daylight spectrum at 3 m from the light source. This can be considered the water surface conditions reference. Using these methodologies in a controlled laboratory setting, we are able to replicate illumination and water conditions to study the physical, chemical and biological processes on natural and man-made objects and/or systems in simulated, varied geographic locations and environments.
Some aspects of the determination of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity with teepol

Abstract The introduction of a detergent (Teepol 710) reagent in the determination of serum iron appeared to be a simplification, as the elimination of the serum proteins may be avoided 1–3 . However, the preparation of the Teepol reagent is time consuming, and therefore a new preparation method is introduced. As the industrial production of Teepol 710 has been stopped in favour of Teepol 610, the serum iron determination with both qualities is compared. A disturbance of the method through a possible competition between transferrin and bathophenanthroline for the iron was not found. Attention is paid to the behaviour of (strong) lipaemic sera, as the iron determination under these conditions is less reliable. The serum iron determination based on the above-mentioned method is compared with that of Ramsay 4. Using the Lauber 3 method the total iron-binding capacity was determined. The determination of serum iron and iron-binding capacity with these reagents are achieved: quick, specific, reliable and fully reproducible in clear sera.
The Mych Gene Is Required for Neural Crest Survival during Zebrafish Development

Background Among Myc family genes, c-Myc is known to have a role in neural crest specification in Xenopus and in craniofacial development in the mouse. There is no information on the function of other Myc genes in neural crest development, or about any developmental role of zebrafish Myc genes. Principal Findings We isolated the zebrafish mych (myc homologue) gene. Knockdown of mych leads to severe defects in craniofacial development and in certain other tissues including the eye. These phenotypes appear to be caused by cell death in the neural crest and in the eye field in the anterior brain. Significance Mych is a novel factor required for neural crest cell survival in zebrafish.
Long-term adaptation to low salinities in the euryhaline shrimp Crangon franciscorum (Stimpson)

The euryhaline shrimp Crangon franciscorum is a hyper-hypoosmotic regulator, its hemolymph being iso-osmotic with the medium near 27‰ salinity. Shrimp collected from low salinity environments are physiologically very distinct from those collected from high salinity environments. Individuals from low salinity habitats exhibit better survival, a lower water content and apparent permeability to water, and a decreased rate of sodium loss in low salinities when compared to shrimp from high salinity habitats. These differences persist after several days of adaptation to low salinity, however after acclimation to a low salinity for a longer time (5–6 weeks in this study), these differences disappear.
Foster parent perspectives of privatization policy and the privatized system

Abstract This study focused on foster parent perspectives of foster care privatization in the state of Florida. Ninety-nine members of Florida's foster parent associations were surveyed with a special attention toward their stance on privatization policy and their views of the local private agencies that deliver services in the privatized system. Results identified no clear consensus on the topic of privatization policy. Policy support was more likely to be seen among foster parents who had not served prior to privatization and among foster parents who viewed the local private agency to be competent and responsive. Views of local private agencies were most strongly influenced by the foster parents' satisfaction with foster parent training, their involvement in case decision-making, and the kindness of the foster care worker. These results have implications for practice in the privatized foster care system and for research in the evaluation of these systems.
Optimal long term scheduling of bridge deck replacement and rehabilitation

The paper presents a (0-1) binary decision model to determine optimal long-term deck replacement or rehabilitation schedules for a system of independent bridges. The model is applicable to multiple decks and is driven by over-all long-term cost considerations. Maintenane activites are scheduled based on the current condition and future deterioration of each deck. An example is presnted using 3 bridges in North Carolina and a piecewise linear deterioration function. Possible extensions using nonlinear deterioration functions and additional rehabilitation alternatives are discussed. The study results show that the model can be used by engineers as an aid in the long-term scheduling of bridge maintenance activities.
Repositioning the Front Lines? Reflections on the Ethnography of African Securityscapes

ABSTRACT This article reviews writings by anthropologists and scholars in adjacent fields that take an ethnographic approach to political security and its institutions to argue that this scholarship suggests two modes of critique beneficial to understanding security processes in Africa. One mode is contrastive and emphasizes vernacular conceptions of security, whereas the other is immanent and discursive (complementing “securitization” and the Copenhagen School). The argument is that when it comes to African security, there is a significant body of work in the former vein but less in the latter vein. As a result, the conception of African “otherness” is boosted at the detriment of a more nuanced understanding of formal African security actors. The essay ends with some methodological reflections on the ethnography of African security institutions, based on the author's research on small arms control in the Gambia.
The Enhanceosome and Transcriptional Synergy

While significant progress on understanding the assembly and function of enhanceosomes has been made over the past year, several important issues remain unresolved. In the case of IFNβ, for example, because the enhanceosome assembles in vitro from unmodified recombinant proteins, what is the role of signal-dependent, posttranslational activator modifications necessary for enhanceosome function in vivo (e.g., phosphorylation)? AdditionallyKim and Maniatis 1997xKim, T.K and Maniatis, T. Mol. Cell. 1997; 1: 119–129Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all ReferencesKim and Maniatis 1997 point out that genetic disruption of IRF-1 does not affect viral induction of IFNβ: Is IRF-1 assembled into an enhanceosome in vivo or does a closely related family member take its place?The notion of “stereo-specificity” in activator–target docking needs to be further clarified. For example, unlike the case of LexA-TBP and similar fusions in yeast (Ptashne and Gann 1997xPtashne, M and Gann, A. Nature. 1997; 386: 569–577Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (803)See all ReferencesPtashne and Gann 1997), tethering CBP or ALY to a promoter does not bypass the requirement for the activators (1xBruhn, L, Munnerlyn, A, and Grosschedl, R. Genes Dev. 1997; 11: 640–653CrossrefSee all References, 11xMerika, M, Williams, A.J, Chen, G, Collins, T, and Thanos, D. Mol. Cell. 1998; 1Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDFSee all References). Must activators, coactivators, and the general factors all interact in mammalian cells to generate synergistic activation? Additionally, the IFNβ enhanceosome functions in both orientations, even when positioned close to the core promoter. This observation apparently contradicts the strict idea of stereo specificity established in studies on site-specific recombination complexes.Finally, in closing, there are tremendous differences in the range and action of enhancers. The ideas and studies presented here describe how specificity can be achieved. It is apparent, however, that the broadly active SV40 enhancer, with its built-in redundancy in activator-binding sites (Ondek et al. 1988xOndek, B, Gloss, L, and Herr, W. Nature. 1988; 333: 40–45CrossrefSee all ReferencesOndek et al. 1988), the cell-specific TCRα enhancer tuned to the activators present in a particular cellular milieu, and the signal-dependent IFNβ enhancer have common and distinct properties. A comparison of the biochemical details of enhanceosome formation in different contexts will reveal how its dynamics and stability can be adjusted to accommodate alternate regulatory scenarios. Examination of the roles played by LEF-1 and HMG I in different enhanceosomes will determine whether their functions can be generalized or are context specific (seeYie et al. 1997xYie, J, Liang, S, Merika, M, and Thanos, D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997; 17: 3649–3662See all ReferencesYie et al. 1997references therein).
Collagen synthesis during lung development and during hyaline membrane disease in the nonhuman primate.

To assess maturational changes in collagen synthesis, lung tissue was obtained from healthy Macaca nemestrina monkeys at different ages, ranging from 68% of term gestation to adulthood. We hypothesized that infants delivered prematurely have a greater rate of collagen synthesis than do older animals because of their greater rate of lung growth during gestation. Secondly, we hypothesized that lung repair in infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) is associated with an additional increase in lung collagen synthesis rate. Therefore, lung tissue was obtained during the first week of life from monkeys delivered at 82% of term gestation, a stage at which half of them developed HMD. The rate of total protein synthesis in lung samples was determined by measuring the incorporation of [3H]proline; the rate of collagen synthesis was determined by measuring the conversion of proline into hydroxyproline. Premature monkeys had a higher rate of collagen synthesis (9.9 ± 2.7 nmol/mg DNA/h) than did term infants (5.3 ...
An overview of programs and projects at the rehabilitation research and development center

The mission of the Rehabilitation Research and Development Center is to improve the independence and quality of life for disabled veterans through the creation and application of emerging technologies. In support of this mission, the Center develops concepts, devices, and techniques for in-house testing, national evaluation, and technology transfer leading to commercial production. This presentation will detail the Center's design/development process and technology transfer strategies using examples drawn from its fifteen years of operation.
Requirements and Expectations of Natural Ester Fluids for Application in Power Transformers

Natural ester seed oil is a biodegradable fluid that is increasingly being used as a replacement for mineral oil and for high temperature flashpoint liquids, including silicone and RTEMP. This paper addresses technical issues that need to be answered in introducing a new dielectric insulating and cooling fluid for distribution and power transformers. The author's experience and training in large power high voltage transformers gives him particular insight into the dielectric, thermal, and physical issues that must be addressed
Effects of intracoronary acetylcholine and atropine on basal and dobutamine-stimulated left ventricular contractility.

BACKGROUND The role of cholinergic pathways in modulating left ventricular contractile function in humans is not known. This study evaluated the effect of a cholinergic agonist (acetylcholine) and antagonist (atropine) on basal and beta-adrenergically stimulated left ventricular contractile function in normal subjects and subjects with denervated hearts after cardiac transplantation. METHODS AND RESULTS Six subjects with normal left ventricular function and seven subjects who were 1 to 3 years after cardiac transplantation were studied. Acetylcholine, atropine, and the beta-adrenergic agonist dobutamine were infused via the left main coronary artery, and changes in left ventricular contractile function were assessed by measurement of peak +dP/dt. Intracoronary dobutamine increased +dP/dt by 70 +/- 15% and 66 +/- 20% in the normal subjects and transplant recipients, respectively. Intracoronary acetylcholine and atropine alone each had no effect on left ventricular +dP/dt in either normal subjects or transplant recipients. The concurrent infusion of acetylcholine with dobutamine reduced the response to dobutamine by 66 +/- 10% and 79 +/- 9% in normal subjects and transplant recipients, respectively. The concurrent infusion of atropine with dobutamine potentiated the response to dobutamine by 25 +/- 7% in normal subjects but had no effect in transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation and inhibition of cholinergic receptors in the human heart can modulate the positive inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation.
A smoothing solution (unfolding) of a two dimensional density function from its measured spectrum

Abstract Density functions such as the density of radioactivity in vivo and those arising in spectral theory, potential theory and other branches of physics, are related to their measured spectra by Fredholm equations of the first kind. The problem of solving a Fredholm equation of the first kind is known to be mathematically “ill-posed.” The experimental and statistical errors in a measurement may often be such that the corresponding solution for the density function is physically meaningless in the absence of additional constraints. This paper is devoted to the solution of two-dimensional Fredholm equations of the first kind where the physical kernel of the equation can be approximated by a separable kernel. It introduces a smoothness constraint on the solution, which results essentially in smoothness by convolution. Two numerical experiments are given.
Mitral valve lipomatous hamartoma infiltrating myocardium.

FIGURE 1. Levophase left ventriculogram showing the ventricular tumor. Primary cardiac neoplasms are very rare. The incidence is reported to be 0.001% to 0.03% in autopsy series. Of these, about 10% are valvular and the majority are benign. Only a few malignant valvular tumors have been described in the literature. Most valvular tumors are small and asymptomatic but may present with a variety of symptoms including arrhythmias, particulate or thrombotic embolizations, valvular stenosis or regurgitation with congestive heart failure, and even sudden death. Primary valvular lipomatous hamartomas have been described until now in only 9 patients: 5 patients with mitral hamartomas, 3 with tricuspid hamartomas, and 1 with aortic hamartoma.