cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromatic Image Analysis for Cotton Trash and Color Measurements

The U.S. cotton classification system has been undergoing significant changes, moving from human classing to the use of precise instruments. Along with this trend, the current research is an effort to develop a new computer vision system to measure detailed trash and color attributes of raw cotton. The system primarily consists of a color ccd camera, xenon flash light, and customized software. In this paper, we introduce a new trash and spot identification method, multidimension thresholding, and the methods for characterizing size, spatial density, shape, and color of trash and spots present in cotton samples. We report on the trash and color measurements of twelve cotton samples, including statistical data and distribution curves, and we compare the results from this system with those from other instruments such as the Spinlab and Motion Control hvi machines and the Minolta Chroma Meter CR-210. Finally, we investigate the influence of trash and spots on cotton color values.
Early Cognitively Based Functional Limitations Predict Loss of Independence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults

Older adults with early forms of neurodegenerative disease are at risk for functional disability, which is often defined by the loss of independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The current study investigated the influence of mild changes in everyday functional abilities (referred to as functional limitations) on risk for development of incident functional disability. A total of 407 participants, who were considered cognitively normal or diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline, were followed longitudinally over an average 4.1 years (range=0.8-9.2 years). Informant-based ratings from the Everyday Cognition (ECog; Farias et al., 2008) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Lawton & Brody, 1969) scales assessed the degree of functional limitations and incident IADL disability, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models revealed that more severe functional limitations (as measured by the Total ECog score) at baseline were associated with approximately a four-fold increased risk of developing IADL disability a few years later. Among the ECog domains, functional limitations in Everyday Planning, Everyday Memory, and Everyday Visuospatial domains were associated with the greatest risk of incident functional disability. These results remained robust even after controlling for participants' neuropsychological functioning on tests of executive functions and episodic memory. Current findings indicate that early functional limitations have prognostic value in identifying older adults at risk for developing functional disability. Findings highlight the importance of developing interventions to support everyday abilities related to memory, executive function, and visuospatial skills in an effort to delay loss of independence in IADLs.
Transition Metal d-Orbital Splitting Diagrams: An Updated Educational Resource for Square Planar Transition Metal Complexes

The presentation of d-orbital splitting diagrams for square planar transition metal complexes in textbooks and educational materials is often inconsistent and therefore confusing for students. Here we provide a concise summary of the key features of orbital splitting diagrams for square planar complexes, which we propose may be used as an updated reference in chemical education.
Kinetics of Triazabicyclodecene-Catalyzed Canola Oil Conversion to Glycerol-free Biofuel Using Dimethyl Carbonate

In this study, transesterification kinetics of canola oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was investigated, intending to produce glycerol-free biofuel using triazabicyclodecene (TBD) as a catalyst. The triglyceride/DMC reaction in a stirred batch reactor produces a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and fatty acid glycerol carbonates (FAGCs), which are soluble in FAMEs and can then be used as a motor fuel. The main factors affecting the yield of biofuel, such as the molar ratio of oil/DMC, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and reaction time, are discussed. A reaction mechanism has been proposed for the TBD-catalyzed transesterification. For the conversion of triglycerides, a second-order reaction rate with rate constants of 1.09 × 10–2, 1.65 × 10–2, and 2.30 × 10–2 L mol–1 min–1 at 50, 60, and 70 °C, respectively, was determined from the regression of the experimental data. The corresponding value of activation energy was 36.36 kJ mol–1. The maximum yield of 97.99% from transesterification of...
Insects as Carriers of Virulent and Cytoplasmic Hypovirulent Isolates of the Chestnut Blight Fungus

We conducted surveys of insects associated with American chestnut stems and chestnut blight cankers, and of the abilities of these insects to carry inoculum of virulent and cytoplasmically hypovirulent isolates of Endothia parasitica (Murrill) Anderson. Chestnut stems and blight cankers were found to have a large, diverse insect fauna; the majority of 495 insect species captured were from 'families of Coleoptera and Diptera that spend part or all of their life cycles associated with woody tissue or decaying vegetation. E. parasitica was isolated from 69 insect species (mostly Coleoptera) representing four orders. Species of insects capable of carrying E. parasitica were present throughout the growing season. Eleven isolates of E. parasitica obtained from insects exhibited abnormal in vitro morphology. Double-stranded (ds)-RNA was detected in two of these. Three other isolates obtained from insect traps also contained detectable ds-RNA. Old blight cankers colonized by Ceratocystis microspora and C. eucastaneae were more attractive to insects than were young blight cankers without Ceratocystis or healthy bark. Furthermore, attachment of Ceratocystisladen blighted bark to healthy chestnut stems and plastic posts increased the attractiveness of these substrates to insects compared with that observed on controls. These results suggest that Ceratocystis contributes to the increased attractiveness of old blight cankers to insects.
On Anarchism In An Unreal World: Kramnick's View of Godwin and the Anarchists

In the past few years, interest in anarchism as both a political movement and as a philosophical position has grown considerably. In connection with this increased interest in anarchism, there has been renewed study of the important theorists in the history of libertarian thought. This trend is continued by Isaac Kramnick's article in the American Political Science Review entitled "On Anarchism and the Real World: William Godwin and Radical England."' In that article he attempts to deal with the ideas of Godwin, one of the most important though neglected of these anarchist thinkers, and to relate both his thought, and anarchist thought in general, to social and political realities. Kramnick's article should be of interest to students of anarchist theory, since although it involves a quite serious misinterpretation of both Godwin and anarchism, it differs considerably from the standard arguments against the libertarian position.
Thermomicrobiales ord. nov

Ther.mo.mi.cro.bia' les. M.L. neut. n. Thermomicrobium type genus of the order; -ales ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n. Thermomicrobiales the order of Thermomicrobium. Thermomicrobia / Thermomicrobia / Thermomicrobiales Keywords: Thermomicrobiales ord. nov; Thermomicrobium; Thermomicrobia class nov.
Optimal Scope and Bayesian Model Search in Benefit Transfer

The practice of benefit transfer requires the choice of suitable sources of primary data. The existence of “Golden Rules” notwithstanding, there usually exists limited theoretical guidance for this crucial first step. This chapter illustrates how Bayesian econometric methods can be helpful in identifying the best combination of existing data sources for a given benefit transfer application. As shown in recent contributions, this “quest for optimal scope” can greatly enhance the robustness and efficiency of transfer estimates.
A Study on Epidemic Situation and Preventive Measures of Dysentery between 1994 and 2003 in Dongguan City

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of dysentery between 1994 and 2003 and to make up the preventive measures for the disease. Method A retrospective analysis was used to analyze the epidemic situation of dysentery between 1994 and 2003. Results The mean annual incidence rate of dysentery between 1994 and 2003 was 29.25 per 100 000 and the mortality rate was 0.49 per 100 000. Bacillary dysentery accounted for 97.27% and amoebic dysentery accounted for 2.73%. The incidence rate of mobile population was significantly higher than that of local population (X2=605.30,P0.05) and the incidence rate of people who lived in the region of rivers was significantly higher than that of people who lived in other regions (X2=35.56,P0.05). Summers and autumns were the peak incidence seasons for dysentery. There were 3 527 dysentery cases occurred between August and September, which accounted for 29.42% of all cases. Most cases occurred in 0~ and 20- age group, which accounted for 22.64% and 40.11%, respectively. In different occupation population, workers and scattered children were 7 230 and 2 219, which accounted for 60.30% and 18.51% , respectively. Conclusion Summers and autumns are the peak seasons for dysentery in Dongguan city and young mobile workers and scattered children are the high risk populations. The key preventive measure is to block the fecal-oral transmission and the spreading of the disease in factories.
Multimarker Risk Stratification in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BackgroundSeveral biomarkers have individually been shown to be useful for risk stratification in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). The optimal multimarker strategy remains undefined....
Abstract 30: Behavioral Change after Heart Disease Risk Assessment in Women

Background: Heart disease is the leading killer of women in the United States. Unfortunately, most women are unaware of their individual risk. Studies have shown that awareness of cardiovascular (CV) disease risks correlates with positive behavior changes, including increased physical activity and weight loss. Methods: The Change of Heart (COH) Program is a university hospital based CV disease risk assessment program. The assessment included baseline weight, height, blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting glucose, and Framingham risk score in women 18 years of age and older. A 90-minute individual discussion of risk and recommendations for healthy lifestyle changes were given.Follow up questionnaires and newsletters designed to assess and encourage heart-healthy behavioral changes were given at 3 and 6 months after the initial visit to participants. We compared baseline vs. follow up self-reported activity levels and readiness for change. Results: At baseline, participants’ average age was 50.6 years, they exercised between 1 to 3 hours each week, and most had either never smoked or had quit smoking. When asked what they thought a woman’s greatest health problem was, 62% answered Heart Disease/Heart Attack. Additionally, 59% of participants felt moderately informed about women’s heart disease and 54% would call 911 if they thought they were having a heart attack. We found a statistically significant improvement in willingness to increase physical activity (p < 0.001), practice good eating habits (p < 0.001), avoid smoking (p <0.01), lose or maintain healthy weight (p <0.001), lower and maintain cholesterol levels (p < 0.001) and blood pressure (p < 0.001) over the course of the study. Conclusion: In a population of women who felt that they were moderately well informed on heart disease, only 62% knew that a woman’s greatest health risk was heart disease or a heart attack. Most women showed improvements in readiness for positive heart-healthy behavioral changes. This emphasizes the ability for a cardiovascular risk reduction program to positively influence a woman’s willingness for behavioral change.
Composition and metal ion complexation behavour of humic fractions derived from corn tissue

Decomposition of fresh plant residues produces humic fractions with different molecular size and composition. It was hypothesized that the functional group-type and content of humic fractions depended on molecular size, which was expected to influence heavy-metal complexation behavior. In this study, corn (Zea maysL.) stalks and leaves were collected from the field and decomposed for an 8-month period to produce humic substances which were separated into three water soluble fractions, HF1, HF2 and HF3, from highest to lowest relative molecular size. Functional group determination showed that total, carboxylic and phenolic OH acidity increased as relative molecular size of humic fractions decreased. Furthermore, C/O ratios decreased, whereas N/C and H/C ratios remained relatively unaffected as relative molecular size of humic fractions decreased. Formation of Ca2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ -humic fraction complexes and how these complexes were affected by pH and relative (humic fraction) molecular size were studied using potentiometric titration. Metal-humic complexes exhibited at least two types of sites with respect to Ca2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ complexation. Relative molecular size had a large significant influence on total metal-ion complexation, but it had a relatively small influence on complex stability at low levels of metal-ion complexation. Strength of metal-ion humic complexes followed the order Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ca2+ and was affected by pH, especially for low affinity sites. Carboxylic and phenolic OH groups were most likely involved in complex formation. Magnitude of the metal-humic formation constants at the lowest equilibrium metal-ion concentration, under the various pH values tested, varied from 5.39 to 5.90 for Ca2+, from 5.36 to 6.01 for Cd2+ and from 6.93 to 7.71 for Cu2+. Furthermore, the formation constants appeared to be positively influenced by decreasing molecular size of water-soluble humic fraction, and increasing pH. These results inferred that soil management practices causing build-up of humic substances would affect mobility and bioavailability of metal-ions.
Emerging Field of Cardiomics: High-Throughput Investigations into Transcriptional Regulation of Cardiovascular Development and Disease

Congenital heart defects remain a leading cause of infant mortality in the western world, despite decades of research focusing on cardiovascular development and disease. With the recent emergence of several high-throughput technologies including RNA sequencing, chromatin-immunoprecipitation-coupled sequencing, mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses, and the numerous variations of these strategies, investigations into cardiac development have been transformed from candidate-based studies into whole-genome, -transcriptome, and -proteome undertakings. In this review, we discuss several reports that have emerged from our laboratory and others over the past 5 years that emphasize the versatility of large dataset-based investigations of cardiogenic transcription factors, from phenotypic validations and new gene implications to the identification of novel roles of well-studied transcriptional regulators.
Different Genomic Patterns in Patients with Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Compared to Secondary AML in Patients with Normal Karyotype

Background For decades, cytogenetic analysis has played an essential role in AML risk stratification. Among the 50% of AML patients (pts) with normal karyotype (NK), outcome can vary widely. More recently, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) have identified several recurrent mutations that play an important role in AML pathogenesis and impact outcome. Pts with secondary AML (sAML) have a particularly poor prognosis, are not as responsive to standard induction chemotherapy, and often are referred in first complete remission to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We hypothesized that different genomic patterns exist between primary AML (pAML) and sAML that can distinguish the two, and can alter treatment recommendations. To negate the impact of chromosomal abnormalities, we focused our analyses on pts with NK. Methods We performed WES and multi-amplicon targeted deep sequencing on samples from bone marrow and peripheral blood of pts diagnosed with sAML at our institution between 1/2003- 1/2013 and who had NK cytogenetics. We compared them to pts with NK primary AML (pAML) whose data were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A panel of 62 gene mutations that has been described as recurrent mutations in myeloid malignancies was included. Mutations were considered individually and grouped based on their functional pathways: RNA splicing (SF3B1, U2AF1/2, SRSF2, ZRSR2), DNA methylation (TET2, DNMT3A, IDH1/2), chromatin modification (ASXL1, EZH2, MLL, SUZ12, KDM6A), transcription (RUNX1, CEBPA, NPM1, BCOR/BCORL1, SETBP1, ETV6), activating signaling (FLT3, JAK2), cohesion (STAG2, SMC3, RAD21), RAS superfamily (K/NRAS, NF1, PTPN11, CBL) and tumor suppressor genes (TP53, APC, WT1, PHF6). Using deep sequencing methodology for resequencing or targeted sequencing, variant allelic frequency (VAF) was measured for each mutation detected. VAF was adjusted by zygosity evaluated by SNP-array karyotyping. For confirmation of clonal architecture, serial sample sequencing and single colony PCR were applied. Differences were compared using Fisher-exact test and Mann-Whitney U test for categorical and continues variables respectively. Results: Of 143 pts included, 101 (71%) had pAML and 42 (29%) had sAML. Compared to pAML, sAML pts were older (59 vs 69 years, p Conclusion Clear genomic variations exist between sAML and pAML that suggest differences in the pathophysiology of both diseases. Specific therapies should be directed to the activated pathways according to the unique clonal hierarchy in each AML subtype. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Experimental investigation of BWR Suppression Pool stratification during RCIC system operation

Abstract In Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) nuclear power plants with the Mark I containment, the condition of the Suppression Pool can be a large influence on overall plant safety. When the Reactor Core Isolation Cooling (RCIC) System is operating, steam from the reactor drives the RCIC turbine and is then exhausted to the Suppression Pool. When subcooled, the pool can readily condense the steam, warming it up in the process. However, if hot spots or thermal stratification appear, this can limit the Suppression Pool’s ability to perform its safety functions, and can be a limiting factor for RCIC System operation. In order to better understand the RCIC system and its true limits of long-term operation, an experimental model of the system was constructed at the Laboratory for Nuclear Heat Transfer Systems at Texas A&M University (TAMU). These tests provide confirmation of thermal stratification in the Suppression Pool from RCIC System operations, and show a significant degree of dependence on pressure in the airspace above the pool. In the TAMU facility, vertical thermal stratification was limited to 21 °C when fully vented to atmospheric pressure, while pre-pressurization led to stratification well in excess of 60 °C.
Spatio-temporal evolution of LIF in laser ablation plumes

Spatio-temporal mapping of LIF in laser-induced plasmas is studied. A tunable continuous wave frequency doubled Ti:sapphire laser was used to probe specific Al transitions in the expanding plasma at a number of spatial positions.
Porous materials: Designed and then realized.

Simulation determined the crystal energy landscape of a set of molecular crystals, predicting ultrahigh surface area solids with high methane storage. These were then synthesized, showing the potential of computational structure-property mapping.
Evaluation of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) ante-mortem diagnostic techniques

iii Materials and Methods iii Results iv Implications v CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Thesis organization 1 Review of blood collection techniques in swine 1 Statement of problem 4 CHAPTER 2. PROTOCOL FOR USE OF STERILE SWABS FOR ANTEMORTEM SERUM
Hepatitis C virus infection in special populations

Dr Flamm has served on the speakers bureau of Vertex and Gilead and the advisory boards of Vertex, Gilead, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Janssen; acted as a consultant for Merck, Vertex, Gilead, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Janssen; and received research funding from Merck, Vertex, Gilead, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Janssen.
Productivity Levels & Productivity Change Under Unionism

This paper examines how unions affect the rate of productivity change. The direction of union impact cannot be predicted from economic theory. Firms may select either more productive technologies to offset higher union wages or less productive technologies to keep union wage demands in line. Evidence from manufacturing indicates that unions have not affected productivity growth; in construction, productivity growth has been much slower where there is a high initial level of unionization or where unionization is growing.
A Nation Apart: The African-American Experience and White Nationalism

This book examines the ongoing struggle for social justice by and for African Americans. Examining the persistent rolling back of civil and voting rights for this population and other minorities since the end of Reconstruction, the author discusses the continued colonization of African Americans and the rise of white nationalism before considering what can be done to create a democratic version of Americanism. With discussions on the possibilities that exist for eliminating health disparities, increasing income and reducing wealth inequality, enhancing the urban environment and housing stability, reforming criminal justice, and reconsidering the case for reparations for the descendants of slaves, the author considers whether white nationalism is a threat to Democratic Americanism and if the declining fortunes of working class Americans can be reversed by means of a "Marshall Plan" for the United States. A study of the sustained racial injustices of American society over the last century and a half and their possible remedies, A Nation Apart will appeal to all those with interests in race and ethnicity and questions of social justice.
Area measurement: structuring with nonsquare units

In this article, we describe how students structured 2-dimensional space with square and nonsquare units. We employed a cross-sectional design, interviewing 5 students from each of 4 different grad...
The Devil Is in the Microbial Genetic Details.

The work of Zeevi et al. (2019) in a recent issue of Nature shows that variations in gene content and organization between different strains of the same microbial species are widespread in the human gut microbiota and could be linked to many measures of health.
Structural biology of the TGFβ family

The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway orchestrates a wide breadth of biological processes, ranging from bone development to reproduction. Given this, there has been a surge o...
Assessing Anti-Jamming Performance of Directional Wireless Links

Directional wireless links are seeing increasing importance in tactical networking, to which anti-jamming (a part of spectrum dominance) is a critical requirement. However, current literature lack adequate metrics to measure anti-jamming (AJ) capabilities of a directional receiver. This paper proposes three AJ metrics that are both operationally relevant and with enough generality to provide design guidance. These metrics enable performance comparison under three classes of use cases.
RUN-UP: Accelerated multishot diffusion-weighted MRI reconstruction using an unrolled network with U-Net as priors.

Purpose To accelerate and improve multishot diffusion-weighted MRI reconstruction using deep learning. Methods An unrolled pipeline containing recurrences of model-based gradient updates and neural networks was introduced for accelerating multishot DWI reconstruction with shot-to-shot phase correction. The network was trained to predict results of jointly reconstructed multidirection data using single-direction data as input. In vivo brain and breast experiments were performed for evaluation. Results The proposed method achieves a reconstruction time of 0.1 second per image, over 100-fold faster than a shot locally low-rank reconstruction. The resultant image quality is comparable to the target from the joint reconstruction with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 35.3 dB, a normalized root-mean-square error of 0.0177, and a structural similarity index of 0.944. The proposed method also improves upon the locally low-rank reconstruction (2.9 dB higher peak signal-to-noise ratio, 29% lower normalized root-mean-square error, and 0.037 higher structural similarity index). With training data from the brain, this method also generalizes well to breast diffusion-weighted imaging, and fine-tuning further reduces aliasing artifacts. Conclusion A proposed data-driven approach enables almost real-time reconstruction with improved image quality, which improves the feasibility of multishot DWI in a wide range of clinical and neuroscientific studies.
Folic acid antagonist use before and during pregnancy and risk for selected birth defects.

Background Maternal folic acid (FA) intake before and during early pregnancy reduces the risk for neural tube defects (NTDs); evidence suggests it may also reduce the risk for oral clefts, urinary defects, and cardiac defects. We sought to re-examine the use of drugs, which affect folate metabolism, dihydrofolate reductase inhibiting (DHFRI) medications, and anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), in data collected in the post-FA fortification era (1998+) in the Slone Birth Defects Study. Methods We assessed maternal DHFRI and AED use and risk for NTDs, oral clefts, and urinary and cardiac defects. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression. We assessed daily average FA intake of ≥400 mcg as a potential effect modifier. Results We analyzed data from 10,209 control and 9,625 case mothers. Among controls, the prevalence of exposure to DHFRI medications was 0.3% and to AEDs was 0.5%. Maternal use of AEDs was associated with increased risks for NTDs (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.5, 7.5), oral clefts (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.0), urinary defects (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7), and cardiac defects (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.3); similar or further increased risks were found among those with FA intake ≥400 mcg per day. DHFRI use was rare and relative risk estimates were imprecise and consistent with the null. Conclusions Similar to our previous analyses, we observed associations between AED use and these defects. For DHFRI exposure, we found no evidence for increased risk of these defects. Though statistical power to examine FA effect modification was low, we found no evidence of further protection among those with FA intake ≥400 mcg, with some associations somewhat stronger in this group.
Race, Family Conflict and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among 9-10-Year-Old American Children.

Family conflict is known to operate as a major risk factor for children’s suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). However, it is unknown whether this effect is similar or different in Black and White children. Objectives: We compared Black and White children for the association between family conflict and STBs in a national sample of 9–10-year-old American children. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. This study included 9918 White or Black children between the ages of 9 and 10 living in married households. The predictor variable was family conflict. Race was the moderator. The outcome variable was STBs, treated as a count variable, reflecting positive STB items that were endorsed. Covariates included ethnicity, sex, age, immigration status, family structure, parental education, and parental employment, and household income. Poisson regression was used for data analysis. Results: Of all participants, 7751 were Whites, and 2167 were Blacks. In the pooled sample and in the absence of interaction terms, high family conflict was associated with higher STBs. A statistically significant association was found between Black race and family conflict, suggesting that the association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Conclusion: The association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Black children with family conflict may be at a higher risk of STBs than White children with the same family conflict level. These findings align with the literature on the more significant salience of social relations as determinants of mental health of Black than White people. Reducing family conflict should be regarded a significant element of suicide prevention for Black children in the US.
Association of the Neighborhood Built Environment With Incident and Prevalent Depression in the Rural South

INTRODUCTION A neighborhood's built environment is associated with physical activity among its residents, and physical activity is associated with depression. Our study aimed to determine whether the built environment was associated with depression among residents of the rural South and whether observed associations were mediated by physical activity. METHODS We selected 2,000 participants from the Bogalusa Heart Study who had a valid residential address, self-reported physical activity (minutes/week), and a complete Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) scale assessment from 1 or more study visits between 1998 and 2013. We assessed the built environment with the Rural Active Living Assessment street segment audit tool and developed built environment scores. The association between built environment scores and depression (CES-D ≥16) in geographic buffers of various radii were evaluated by using modified Poisson regression, and mediation by physical activity was evaluated with mixed-effects models. RESULTS Depression was observed in 37% of study participants at the first study visit. One-point higher physical security and aesthetic scores for the street segment of residence were associated with 1.07 times higher (95% CI, 1.02-1.11) and 0.96 times lower (95% CI, 0.92-1.00) baseline depression prevalence. One-point higher destination scores (ie, more commercial and civic facilities) in radius buffers of 0.25 miles or more were associated with 1.06 times (95% CI, 1.00-1.13) the risk of depression during follow-up. Neighborhood poverty (defined as percentage of residents with incomes below the federal poverty level and dichotomized at 28.3%) modified cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Associations were not mediated by physical activity. CONCLUSION The built environment was associated with prevalence and risk of depression, and associations were stronger in high-poverty neighborhoods. Built environment improvements to promote physical activity should take neighborhood context into consideration to minimize negative side effects on mental health in high-poverty communities.
Human settlement value assessment from a place perspective: Considering human dynamics and perceptions in house price modeling

Abstract A better formalization of place - where people live, perceive, and interact with others - is crucial for understanding socioeconomic environment and human settlement. The widely used hedonic pricing model for houses was proposed from the perspective of space, focusing mostly on static house structural information and objective built environment factors. However, the value of house settlement is not only determined by its spatial settings, but also varies from one place to another with different cultures, human dynamics, human perceptions and social interactions. In this work, we introduce a place-oriented hedonic pricing model (P-HPM) that incorporates human dynamics and human perceptions of places to understand human settlement. As an empirical study, we employ a large volume of house price data in Boston and Los Angeles, including detailed house and locational amenity information. Besides, we take the hourly number of visits to places as a proxy of human mobility patterns, and obtain human perceptions of places extracted from large-scale street-view images using deep learning. The results show that the P-HPM outperformed the traditional HPM significantly in these two cities. Moreover, through a geographically weighted regression analysis and the Monte Carlo test, we find that the impacts of the proposed place-related variables on house prices are stable across space. Our results provide new insights into the assessment of human settlement values by incorporating the role of place using multi-source big geo-data.
Celebrating 40 years since DSM-III.

This special section celebrates the first official recognition of Autism as a diagnostic concept in 1980 in the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The articles in this special section note the many areas of significant progress made as well as areas that remain important topics for continued and future research. The official recognition of autism as a diagnostic concept has significantly advanced both clinical work and research.
Heterogeneous Parental Impacts on Infant Health Outcomes

Policymakers have long sought to mitigate the losses associated with single-parent child rearing relative to dual-parenting. With more than 17 million children living in single-mother households in the US, it is important to properly assess the impact of nonresident-fathers’ investments in their children. We show that the health impact of paternal investments is dependent upon maternal earnings in single-parent households. Using Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) data, we utilize a flexible IV ordered probit (IVOP) to nonparametrically estimate coefficients of unknown form to properly control for heterogeneity and thus obtain consistent estimates of the impact of paternal time-investment on child health outcomes. Our results are consistent with the literature, however, by allowing for heterogeneous effects, we find that paternal investments yield smaller marginal probability effects than those reported in prior studies.
Microscopic Studies of Tannin Formation and Distribution in Plant Tissues

The functions and localization of condensed tannins and their catechin precursors, together with the microscopic techniques for observing them, are discussed in this chapter. Unlike previous reviews,1 this chapter does not focus on heartwood formation, but rather on the presence of condensed tannins in living tissues. The occurrence and role of condensed tannins in buds, leaves, roots, seeds, and stems are discussed, as is the historical development of the techniques used to identify and quantitate condensed tannins in vivo.
Barchan‐parabolic dune pattern transition from vegetation stability threshold

[1] Many dune fields exhibit a downwind transition from forward-pointing barchan dunes to stabilized, backward-pointing parabolic dunes, accompanied by an increase in vegetation. A recent model predicts this pattern transition occurs when dune surface erosion/deposition rates decrease below a threshold of half the vegetation growth rate. We provide a direct test using a unique data set of repeat topographic surveys across White Sands Dune Field and find strong quantitative support for the model threshold. We also show the threshold hypothesis applied to a barchan dune results naturally in its curvature inversion, as the point of threshold crossing progresses from the horns to the crest. This simple, general threshold framework can be an extremely useful tool for predicting the response of dune landscapes to changes in wind speed, sediment supply, or vegetation growth rate. Near the threshold, a small environmental change could result in a drastic change in dune pattern and activity.
A loser-take-all error amplifier for DC power supply control

An error amplifier for use in a DC power supply control circuit is described. The amplifier is designed using a loser-take-all control structure in order to implement both current and voltage control of the the power supply output.
Atmosphere explorer and the IMS

The Atmosphere Explorer (AE) program provided assistance to participants in the International Magnetosphere Study (IMS). The AE program, which began about 1970 employed three spacecraft in three complementary orbits. The program initiated a concept of a common data base, which is, a data base shared by all the participating investigators, to facilitate the correlation of the measured parameters. The immediate goal of the AE program has been study of the thermosphere, giving particular attention to photochemistry. Three satellites, AE-C, D, and E, were launched into orbits of 68 deg, 90 deg, and 19 deg inclination respectively in December 1973, October 1975, and November 1975. An instrument complement description is provided, and the AE data base is discussed.
Anthropology and Business: Influence and Interests

The premise of this article is that the expansive domain of business, as expressed in its market-transaction based, organizational, and institutional forms, has influenced the development or “making” of anthropology as a discipline and a profession for the better part of a century (i.e., since the 1920s). The influences were reciprocal, in that making anthropology played a role in forming the industrial order of the early 20th century and established precedents for the interaction of anthropology and the business domain that continues into the contemporary era. Anthropologists acknowledge that the time has come for our discipline to attend to business and its corporate forms and engage them as legitimate subjects of inquiry (Fisher and Downey 2006; Cefkin 2009; Welker et. al. 2011), and this suggests that it would be prudent to examine the ways in which business is focusing upon anthropology, and the potential implications of such attention. Throughout this article, the term “business” will refer to private firms as members of an institutional field, meaning “organizations that in the aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life” (; i.e., the totality of relevant actors; Bourdieu 1971; DiMaggio and Powell 1983:148). Over time, this field has attracted prominent academic researchers (as will be discussed herein), who may become intellectual “suppliers” to businesses, and thus part of the field. Therefore, the term “business” may include any organization or individual that is part of the field, including academic suppliers (see also discussion section). To reflect the scope and complexity of the institutional field, the term “domain of business” may be used interchangeably with “business”.
Dynamic Modeling and Control of Engineering Systems: ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF SYSTEM INPUT–OUTPUT EQUATIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THIS CHAPTER 4–1 To use analytical solution methods for ODEs to predict the response of first- and second-order systems to nonzero initial conditions and typical input signals. 4–2 To estimate key parameters (i.e., time constant, natural frequency, and damping ratio) in system responses. 4–3 To use solution methods for ODEs to derive the relationship between the complex roots of underdamped second-order systems and the natural frequency and damping ratio. 4–4 To use the concept of “dominant poles” to estimate the response of higher-order systems when one or two poles dominate the system's dynamic behavior. INTRODUCTION In Chap. 3, the state representation of system dynamics was introduced and the derivation of state equations was shown to be a relatively simple and straightforward process. Moreover, the state models take the form of sets of first-order differential equations that can be readily solved by use of one of many available computer programs. Having these unquestionable advantages of state-variable models in mind, one might wonder whether devoting an entire chapter to the methods for solving the old-fashioned input–output model equations is justified. Despite all its limitations, the classical input–output approach still plays an important role in analysis of dynamic systems because many of the systems to be analyzed are neither very complex nor nonlinear. Such systems can be adequately described by low-order linear differential equations. Also, even in those cases in which a low-order linear model is too crude to produce an accurate solution and a computer-based method is necessary, an analytical solution of an approximate linearized input–output equation can be used to verify the computer solution.
Gestational Diabetes Diagnostic Methods (GD2M) Pilot Randomized Trial

To test the feasibility of conducting a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) versus Carpenter-Coustan diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes (GDM), and to examine patient and provider views on GDM screening. A single-blinded pragmatic pilot RCT. Participants with a singleton pregnancy between 24 and 28 weeks gestation received a 50 g oral glucose challenge test and if the value was <200 mg/dL were randomized to either the 2 h 75 g OGTT using the IADPSG criteria or the 3 h 100 g OGTT using the Carpenter-Coustan criteria. Primary outcome was the feasibility of randomization and screening. Secondary outcomes included patient and provider views (or preferences) on GDM testing. Sixty-eight women were recruited, 48 (71 %) enrolled and 47 (69 %) were randomized. Participants in both study arms identified the main challenges to GDM testing to be: drinking the glucola, fasting prior to testing, waiting to have blood drawn, and multiple venipuntures. Women in both study arms would prefer the 2 h 75 g OGTT or whichever test is recommended by their doctor in a future pregnancy. Physicians and nurse midwives endorsed screening and were comfortable with being blinded to the GDM testing strategy and results values. Both pregnant women and providers value GDM screening, and pregnant women can be recruited to a blinded, randomized GDM screening trial with minimal attrition and missing data.
Levels of Evidence Have Increased for Musculoskeletal Trauma Questions on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if the levels of evidence for primary journal articles used as references for musculoskeletal trauma questions on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE) have increased over a 15-year period. Design Basic science article. Setting Geisinger Medical Center (Danville, PA), tertiary referral center. Participants All 329 questions in the musculoskeletal trauma content domain on the OITE from 1995 to 1997 and 2010 to 2012 were reviewed. Baseline characteristics for each question and each reference were recorded. References were categorized as a textbook, a journal review article, an instructional course lecture, or a primary journal article. For each primary journal article, the level of evidence for the article was determined in accordance with the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Levels of Evidence Guidelines. Results The level of evidence used for primary journal articles demonstrated a statistically significant increase from 1995 to 1997 to 2010 to 2012. Overall, 27% of primary journal articles cited on the 1995 to 1997 OITEs were level I, II, or III studies, increasing to 43% during the 2010 to 2012 period (p = 0.04). The Buckwalter classification for the OITE questions changed significantly between the 2 periods, with questions from 2010 to 2012 including more T1 questions (25% vs 39%) and fewer T3 questions (46% vs 39%, p=0.016). The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery and the Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma were the most frequently cited journals overall. Conclusions The levels of evidence for primary journal articles cited on the OITE for questions within the musculoskeletal trauma content domain have increased between 1995 and 2012. Our analysis can be used as a guide to help examinees prepare for musculoskeletal trauma questions on the OITE and as an aid in core curriculum development.
Selection of A Suitable Solvent System for the Separation and Quantitation of Histamine

Abstract The suitability of 79:21, 85:15 and, 90:10 of phosphate buffer: 50% methanol, as mobile phases, to separate and quantitate histamine in small plasma volume (<300 μl) was investigated by using a Dionex BioLC System coupled to a pulsed amperometric detector. Also, special attempts were made to reduce the time of analysis of each sample. Methylhistamine was used as an internal standard. the best results were obtained with the 79:21 mobile phase with concommittant reduction in analysis time from the current 1 sample per 90 min to 5 samples per 60 min suggesting that the method is suitable and cost effective.
Evaluation of in vivo interactions in mice between flurazepam and two neuroactive steroids

Abstract The development of neuroactive steroids as anticonvulsant medications may be useful both as a primary treatment and as an adjuvant to other anticonvulsants. They may be limited, however, by sedative and ataxic side effects. In the current study, 3 alpha -hydroxy-5 beta -pregnan-20-one and alfaxalone, two prototypic neuroactive steroids, were shown to potentiate the ability of flurazepam to antagonize electrically precipitated tonic hindlimb extension in mice at doses that by themselves had little antiseizure efficacy. While alfaxalone alone lacked motor incoordinating effects at a dose (18.0 mg/kg) that potentiated the antiseizure efficacy of flurazepam, the same dose of 3 alpha -hydroxy-5 beta -pregnan-20-one possessed both the ability to potentiate flurazepam's anticonvulsant effect and disrupt mouse rotorod performance. The data suggest that allosteric interactions that have been described in vitro between neuroactive steroids and other modulators of the GABA A receptor complex may have relevance for the intact animal. Finally, the data also suggest that neuroactive steroids could be developed as short-lived adjuvant antiseizure medications in certain critical situations (e.g., medication-refractory status epilepticus). However, the motor incoordinating effects resulting from the combination of neuroactive steroids and flurazepam suggest that their usefulness as adjuvant medications in the chronic therapy of seizure disorders may be limited.
His ... Asp Catalytic Dyad of Ribonuclease A: Histidine pKa Values in the Wild-Type, D121N, and D121A Enzymes

Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) has a conserved His ... Asp catalytic dyad in its active site. Structural analyses had indicated that Asp121 forms a hydrogen bond with His119, which serves as an acid during catalysis of RNA cleavage. The enzyme contains three other histidine residues including His12, which is also in the active site. Here, 1H-NMR spectra of wild-type RNase A and the D121N and D121A variants were analyzed thoroughly as a function of pH. The effect of replacing Asp121 on the microscopic pKa values of the histidine residues is modest: none change by more than 0.2 units. There is no evidence for the formation of a low-barrier hydrogen bond between His119 and either an aspartate or an asparagine residue at position 121. In the presence of the reaction product, uridine 3'-phosphate (3'-UMP), protonation of one active-site histidine residue favors protonation of the other. This finding is consistent with the phosphoryl group of 3'-UMP interacting more strongly with the two active-site histidine residues when both are protonated. Comparison of the titration curves of the unliganded enzyme with that obtained in the presence of different concentrations of 3'-UMP shows that a second molecule of 3'-UMP can bind to the enzyme. Together, the data indicate that the aspartate residue in the His ... Asp catalytic dyad of RNase A has a measurable but modest effect on the ionization of the adjacent histidine residue.