cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oriented structure and anisotropy properties of polymer blown films: HDPE, LLDPE and LDPE

Abstract Different types of polyethylene blown films (HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE) differ significantly in the ratio between machine and transverse direction tear resistance. In this paper, low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) blown films at different draw-down ratios are studied, and the relation between crystalline structure and anisotropy of blown film properties is investigated. The crystalline morphology and orientation of HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE blown films were probed using microscopy and infrared trichroism. Significant differences in crystalline morphology were found: at medium DDR HDPE developed a row-nucleated type morphology without lamellar twisting, LDPE showed rod-like crystalline morphology and turned out to the row-nucleated structure with twisted lamellae at high draw-down ratio (DDR), while a spherulite-like superstructure was observed for LLDPEs at all processing conditions. They also showed quite different orientation characteristics corresponding to different morphologies. The morphologies and orientation structure for LDPE, LLDPE and HDPE are related to the stress applied (DDR) and their relaxations in the flow-induced crystallization process, which determine the amount of fibrillar nuclei available at the time of crystallization and therefore, the final crystalline morphology. These structure differences are shown to translate into different ratios of machine and transverse direction tear and tensile strengths.
Attributional Processes in Response to Social Displays of Depressive Behavior

The present study examined spontaneous attributional processes in social responses to depression. Participants (n = 143) were randomly assigned to view a videotape of a person who displayed either depressed or non-depressed behavior. Attributional sets regarding the target were manipulated. In one condition, the target appeared physically disabled; in another condition, the target was described as having alcoholism. In the neutral condition, no such information was available. Subjects rated their subjective emotional experience on several visual analogue scales after viewing the target, and completed a thought listing measure that did not directly solicit subject thoughts about the target. Results indicated that depressed targets elicited higher levels of depression and pity among subjects. However, attributional sets had no effect on subject emotional experience. Subjects had significantly higher rates of attributional thoughts and control attributions after viewing the depressed targets regardless of at...
Broad band excitation of rare earth emission in chalcogenide glasses

Recent studies of photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy in rare earth-doped chalcogenide glasses have discovered a novel broad excitation band for the rare earth emissions. This band is attributed to the absorption of light in the Urbach tail of the band edge absorption of the host glass, with a subsequent non-radiative transfer of the absorbed energy to the rare earth atoms. The present work provides new insight concerning the energy transfer mechanism through an investigation of the efficiency, peak energy, and lineshape of the board band excitation as a function of the bandgap energy of the host glass. The bandgap energy has been altered by changing the host glass composition, and by obtaining the PL and PLE spectra at temperatures ranging from 5K to 300K. In agreement with prediction, it is found that the spectral position of the broad PLE band tracks with the bandgap, shifting to higher energies as the bandgap is increased. It is also found, again agreeing with prediction, that in glasses with larger bandgaps the broad band PLE mechanism can excite higher lying transitions of the rare earth dopants.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A LEXICON FOR TEXTURE AND FLAVOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH AND PROCESSED TOMATOES

ABSTRACT A lexicon for describing the sensory flavor and texture characteristics of fresh and processed tomatoes was developed. A six-member highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined and referenced 33 sensory attributes for fresh and processed tomatoes. Forty products including a variety of raw, canned, concentrated and dried tomatoes, as well as tomato-based products including ketchup and simple pasta sauce, were evaluated in the study. These products represented a wide range of sensory characteristics in raw and processed tomatoes. The lexicon established included 5 aroma attributes, 10 texture attributes and 18 flavor attributes including 6 taste and mouthfeel attributes. The lexicon provides attribute descriptors, definitions and references that often are lacking in previous literature. Reducing the number of attributes may be appropriate when testing specific tomato products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Increased consumption of tomato products has expanded interest in improving the sensory characteristics of tomatoes and subsequent products. This research provides a list of sensory flavor and texture terms that can be used to describe the sensory characteristics of both fresh and processed tomatoes. This information will help researchers, breeders and processors better understand the flavor and texture properties of fresh and processed tomatoes, and the tomato characteristics of tomato products. Taste attributes, often used in previous literature, are important but are not enough to describe the characteristics of tomatoes. In addition to flavor attributes, aroma and texture properties are important for describing tomato characteristics but have not been thoroughly established in previous research.
Forgetting as an Impression Management Strategy in the Forced-Compliance Situation

Summary One of the major contentions of the self-perception analysis of the forced compliance situation is that individuals are unaware of their pre-experimental attitudes and come to see their final attitudes, passively inferred from self-observation of counterattitudinal behavior, as being identical with their original ones. In a study testing this proposition, Bem and McConnell found that Ss showed a large recall error for initial attitudes following counterattitudinal behavior. The present experiment offers an alternative impression management interpretation of this “recall error” phenomenon. Male and female undergraduates (N = 49) pretested by experimenter A were then induced to write a counterattitudinal essay by either experimenter A or experimenter B and were subsequently asked to provide their true attitudes regarding the critical issue and to recall their initial attitudes by either A or B. Thus, ABA, AAB, and ABB conditions were created. As predicted by impression management theory, Ss in the A...
Effects of Probabilistic Rewards on Recycling Attitudes and Behavior1

Two studies compared the attitudinal and behavioral effects of certain rewards and lotteries. In a laboratory experimental study, lotteries produced significantly more attitude change than cash payments. The greatest attitude change occurred among lottery winners. In a quasi-experimental field study, subjects rewarded with lottery tickets recycled glass and newspaper more frequently than subjects receiving other individual or group rewards. Attitude change was not affected by the type of reward Implications for the design of incentive programs to increase prosocial behavior are discussed
A Method for Separation and Quantification of Phospholipid Classes in Human Milk

Abstract A simple, isocratic method for separating the major phospholipid classes of human milk by HPLC is described. Resolution of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and spingomyelin from human milk phospholipids was achieved in 30 min on a silica column. Total phospholipids were injected in 50 μl of chloroform:diethyl ether (1:2, vol/vol) and eluted with a solvent mixture of acetonitrile:methanol:sulfuric acid (100:3:.05, vol/vol/vol) at a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min. Fractions were collected and each phospholipid class quantified by analysis of inorganic phosphorus after sulfuric acid digestion. A repeatability study with 19 samples had a coefficient of variation of 5.3%. The analytical recoveries of phospholipid standards averaged 98%. Recoveries varied with phospholipid class; variation was greatest with spingomyelin.
Allocating scarce resources : a contingency model of distributive justice

Abstract Two experiments tested predictions derived from a contingency model of distributive justice that identifies four interrelated categories of determinants of people's allocation decisions: (1) abstract distributive norms; (2) perceived attributes of claimants; (3) resource constraints; and (4) attributes of judges. The model posits that allocations of public resources (e.g., health care or welfare) engage in two types of appraisal: one focused on the adequacy of the resource pool, and the other on the causes of claimants' needs. When resources are inadequate, attributional analysis assumes central importance, and need and efficiency emerge as key distributive values. If claims arise from internal-controllable causes, allocators experience anger toward claimants, devalue their deservingness, and withhold resources. If claims arise from other causes, distributive norms become direct predictors of deservingness and allocation. The experiments manipulated the causes of need, the severity of need, and the likelihood of effective assistance under low and high scarcity (Study I) and no scarcity (Study II). Under scarcity, allocators were much more likely to deny aid to claimants who were responsible for their predicament. Need and efficiency emerged as joint predictors of allocating aid to claimants who were not responsible for their predicament. Politically conservative allocators withheld resources from those personally responsible for their needs regardless of both severity of need and likelihood of effective helping, even when there were sufficient resources to satisfy all claimants, whereas liberals tended to provide resources to all claimants.
A comparison of product-based energy intensity metrics for cheese and whey processing

Abstract Dairy processing is one of the most energy intensive sectors within the food processing industry. Accordingly, reducing energy use and energy-related air emissions is of critical importance to improve its economic and environmental performance. This paper focuses on product-based energy intensity (PEI) metrics for improving the energy efficiency of dairy processing by presenting a process-by-process (PBP) method to determine PEIs in a multi-product system, with a focus on U.S. dairy processing operations. This method is compared with two alternative methods in the case of a cheese and whey processing system. For all three methods, energy use is allocated on a mass and solids basis. The results show that the PEI values depend highly on the choice of method. In the case of an energy benchmarking program relying on the PBP method, the choice of PEI basis has an impact on the allowances permitted for each plant and should be chosen carefully.
Applicability, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of six Brighton Collaboration standardized case definitions for adverse events following immunization☆

We evaluated the applicability, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of six standardized case definitions for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) (for fever, generalized convulsive seizure, hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode, intussusception, nodule, and persistent crying) developed by the Brighton Collaboration using the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). The evaluation included: (a) the development of codified search strings using standardized coding terminology, and (b) for sensitivity and specificity analyses, the development of a "gold standard" for case determination by clinical expert reviews, and its comparison against the application of the definitions to VAERS reports by nonclinicians. Application of the case definitions in an automated approach proved to be valid, feasible, and unlikely to miss confirmed cases of the reported clinical event. The definitions had variable but generally high sensitivity and specificity compared to clinician review, which in itself yielded inconsistent case determination. The study demonstrated the need for the developed standardized definitions for AEFI and their usefulness in passive surveillance.
Radiotagged soils. Removal from several substrates and adsorption site character

Substrates investigated were glass, quartz, porcelain, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, polyethylene, methylmethacrylate, Nylon, and Teflon. Radiotagged (C-14) soils used were algal protein, stearic acid, and tristearin. Soil removal curves showed that Nylon, Teflon, methacrylate, and stainless steel had few soil-adsorption sites and that the adsorption was of an ion-exchange type. Algal protein and stearic acid soils appeared to adsorb through an ion-exchange type mechanism, with most substrates, while tristearin showed a van der Waals' type of adsorption with glass, quartz, steel, and aluminum. Conclusions as to adsorption type were based upon the shape of the soil-removal curves.
SPATIOTEMPORAL CONTROLS IN HEDONIC HOUSING PRICE MODELS

An interactive spatiotemporal fixed-effect hedonic housing price model estimated by weighted least squares will control for most forms of spatial and ecological autocorrelation and produce efficient housing price estimates.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Small Amine Molecules by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry through Charge Derivatization

A pair of isotopically coded light and heavy reagents, tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide esters (1 and 2) were synthesized and used to derivatize low molecular weight (<500 Da) molecules containing primary or secondary amine functional groups for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The light and heavy reagents added a 573 and 600 Da positively charged tag to each analyte, respectively. In the presence of 10 times excess of tag reagents, the coupling reactions reached near completion within 10 min. The derivatization greatly facilitated MALDI analysis of small molecules and significantly improved the sensitivity of analysis, allowing a limit of detection in the low femtomole range. Additionally, the reaction mixtures were directly analyzed by MALDI without sample cleanup. The quantification of small molecules by MALDI-TOF MS was successfully achieved by analysis of isotopically coded light and heavy derivatives. MALDI-TOF quantitative analysis of a mixture of antibiotics yielded c...
Entrance region and variable heat flux effects in turbulent heat transfer to liquid metals flowing in concentric annuli

Abstract An analytical solution was obtained for the turbulent entrance-region problem with a stepfunction heat flux distribution. Necessary eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and series coefficients were evaluated from the characteristic equation by the method of Runge-Kutta. Calculated Nusselt numbers in the entrance region were found to be in general agreement with recent experimental measurements. The solution was then generalized to include cases of arbitrarily varying heat flux by means of Duhamel's integral, and sample results were obtained for cases of linear and sinusoidal heat flux distributions. Emphasis was placed on low-Prandtl-number fluids, though the solution is general and some sample calculations were made for fluids of moderate Prandtl numbers.
The Development of Ultraviolet Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy for the Detection of Vapors of Explosives and Explosive-Related Compounds

The detection of dinitrobenzenes and dinitrotoluenes by UV cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy is investigated. We show that these compounds can be detected at sub-ppb concentration levels through measurements at a single wavelength.
Topical Therapy for Fungal Infections

Fungi often infect the skin surface and subsequently invade the stratum corneum to avoid being shed from the skin surface by desquamation. Pharmacologic agents applied to the surface of the skin in the form of creams, lotions, or sprays, readily penetrate into the stratum corneum to kill the fungi (fungicidal agents), or at least render them unable to grow or divide (fungistatic agents). Thus, topical therapies work well to rid the skin of topical fungi and yeasts. Azole drugs such as miconazole, clotrimazole, and ketoconazole are fungistatic, limiting fungal growth but depending on epidermal turnover to shed the still-living fungus from the skin surface. Allylamines and benzylamines such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine are fungicidal, actually killing the fungal organisms. Fungicidal drugs are often preferred over fungistatic drugs for treatment of dermatophytic fungal infections, since treatment times as short as one application daily for 1 week are associated with high cure rates. Furthermore, patients often stop treatments when the skin appears healed, usually after about a week of treatment. If this short-term treatment is stopped, fungi recur more often when fungistatic, rather than fungicidal, drugs have been used. Yeast infections such as those caused by Candida albicans respond less well to allylamine drugs. The azole drugs are often preferred for these types of infections. Nail infections are difficult to cure with topical therapies because the infections usually occur under the nail instead of on top of it and products penetrate poorly, if at all, through the nail plate. Infections of hair follicles, nails, and widespread infections often require systemic treatments. Antifungal agents are compounded into many different types of vehicles. Patients often prefer to treat weeping infections with spray formulations. Most physicians prescribe branded products in cream or lotion bases. Cost is a factor dictating prescription choice, especially since most products work well regardless of mechanism of action. Cost becomes especially important when infections involve large areas of the body surface. This article reviews various treatments of cutaneous fungal infections, with special emphasis on cure rates and rationales for choosing particular products.
Abstract B15: Bone marrow stromal cell-secreted inflammatory cytokines promote treatment resistance and survival of prostate cancer cells

It is well established that prostate cancer (PCa) cells hone to, adapt, and thrive in the bone. Importantly, bone metastases are found in over 80% of PCa deaths. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate and characterize the molecular mechanisms that enable PCa cells to thrive in the bone and resist conventional PCa therapies, such as hormone ablation or anti-androgens. We found that the HS-5 bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) line, a secretory BMSC line that can support hematopoietic stem cell growth, secretes paracrine factors that induce apoptosis in PCa cells. However a subpopulation of the PCa cells can survive the BMSC-induced death. The surviving PCa subpopulation differentiates into a neuronal morphology and looses androgen receptor (AR) expression, reminiscent of treatment-resistant neuroendocrine PCa. Ideally, the loss of AR would induce PCa cell death; however we observe a concomitant increase in the autophagy-related cell survival protein, p62/SQSTM1, and induction of cytoprotective autophagy. Furthermore, we find that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6, inflammatory cytokine secreted by HS-5 BMSCs, are sufficient to promote PCa neuronal morphology, reduce AR accumulation, upregulate p62/SQSTM1 levels, and induce autophagy. In addition, genetic silencing of p62/SQSTM1 causes PCa cell death and pharmacological inhibition of cytokine or autophagy signaling attenuates PCa neuroendocrine differentiation. Thus, our PCa-bone marrow stromal cell model suggests that PCa cells can co-opt the immune system in the bone microenvironment leading to PCa androgen independence, treatment resistance, and survival in the bone. Furthermore, our data suggests that inhibiting inflammatory cytokine signaling and/or the autophagy process are rational strategies to combat PCa bone metastasis. Citation Format: Megan Chang, Micaela Morgado, Viral Patel, Michael Gwede, Mary Cindy Farach-Carson, Nikki Delk. Bone marrow stromal cell-secreted inflammatory cytokines promote treatment resistance and survival of prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B15. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B15
Self-Excited Vibration of Statically Unloaded Pads in Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings

Presentation d'une analyse dynamique non lineaire transitoire dans le temps pour l'etude du mouvement des segments oscillants de palier statiquement non charges. Etude parametrique montrant que les parametres des paliers a segments oscillants sont importants pour la vibration auto-excitee d'un segment et son elimination
Black carbon aerosol size in snow

The effect of anthropogenic black carbon (BC) aerosol on snow is of enduring interest due to its consequences for climate forcing. Until now, too little attention has been focused on BC's size in snow, an important parameter affecting BC light absorption in snow. Here we present first observations of this parameter, revealing that BC can be shifted to larger sizes in snow than are typically seen in the atmosphere, in part due to the processes associated with BC removal from the atmosphere. Mie theory analysis indicates a corresponding reduction in BC absorption in snow of 40%, making BC size in snow the dominant source of uncertainty in BC's absorption properties for calculations of BC's snow albedo climate forcing. The shift reduces estimated BC global mean snow forcing by 30%, and has scientific implications for our understanding of snow albedo and the processing of atmospheric BC aerosol in snowfall.
The role of lattice anion vacancies in the activation of CO and as the catalytic site for methanol synthesis over zirconium dioxide and yttria-doped zirconium dioxide

Abstract The role of lattice oxygen anion vacancy sites in the activation of CO and in the synthesis of methanol was investigated over ZrO 2 . The study involved a comparison of the amounts of CO and SO 3 which adsorbed, the amount of methoxide which could be titrated from zirconia, and the rate of catalytic synthesis of methane and methanol as a function of crystalline phase, calcination conditions, and Y 2 O 3 levels in yttria-doped ZrO 2 . Infrared and temperature-programmed desorption results established that CO adsorbed as formate and that SO 3 adsorbed as the sulfate (ZrO) 3 SO. Uptake studies over yttria-doped ZrO 2 demonstrate that SO 3 interacts with anion vacancy sites to form the sulfate. A maximum in SO 3 and CO adsorption and methanol titration occurred at yttria dopant levels where ionic conductivity is highest for yttria-doped ZrO 2 . The correspondence between the amount of formate or sulfate adsorbed and the amount of methanol produced form the basis for concluding that surface oxygen anion vacancies are the catalytic sites for CO activation and methanol synthesis.
Plasma membrane-specific phospholipase A1 activation by nitrogen dioxide in pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), an environmental oxidant, alters the plasma membrane structure and function of pulmonary artery endothelial cells through peroxidative injury. Because peroxidative injury can activate membrane phospholipases and alter phospholipid composition of membranes, we evaluated the effects of NO2 exposure on phospholipase A1 (PLA1), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and diacylglycerol lipase (DG lipase) activities in pulmonary artery endothelial cell plasma, mitochondrial, and microsomal membranes. We also evaluated the effect of NO2 exposure on the phospholipid composition of plasma membranes of these cells. Exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 48 hr resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) increase in PLA1 activity in plasma membranes but not in mitochondrial or microsomal membranes of pulmonary artery endothelial cells, whereas PLA2 and DG lipase activities were comparable to controls in all membranes. As a result of PLA1 activation, the total phospholipid content of the plasma membranes of NO2-exposed cells was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced compared to controls. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content was reduced (p < 0.05), whereas lyso-PE (LPE), a product of PLA1 hydrolysis of PE, as well as phosphatidylserine (PS) contents were increased (p < 0.01 for both LPE and PS) in the plasma membranes of NO2-exposed cells. Incorporation of exogenous PS into pulmonary artery endothelial cells mimicked the stimulatory effect of NO2 on PLA1 activity. These results demonstrate that NO2 specifically reacts with the plasma membrane component of pulmonary artery endothelial cells, causing specific activation of PLA1. The NO2-induced increase of PS in the plasma membranes appears to be responsible for the specific activation of PLA1 in pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
ISSUES IN USING THE CONCEPT OF "ADOPTION OF INNOVATIONS"

Given the theoretical and methodological difficulties with using the concept of adoption which have been outlined here, what can we do? At the very least, our observations should suggest that a healthy degree of scepticism should greet any statements about “adoption of innovations”. Whenever we encounter findings which refer to “adoption”
Optimal nodal point distribution for improved accuracy in computational fluid dynamics

In applying finite-difference techniques to flow field problems, the accuracy attained for a fixed number of node points can be improved using unequally-spaced node points. The distribution of these node points is chosen here by minimizing a measure of local truncation error with respect to the parameters which define a transformation between the computational space of equally-spaced node points and the physical space of unequally-spaced node points. The problem then becomes a nonlinear programming problem. Numerical results are presented for two one-dimensional test problems: the Blasius boundary layer problem and the inviscid Burgers' equation.
A simple procedure for correcting shadowband data for all sky conditions

A model is presented that corrects the horizontal diffuse irradiance measured using a polar-axis design shadowband. Ratios of true diffuse to uncorrected diffuse measurements are categorized and averaged according to parameters describing the associated geometric screening and current sky conditions. The screening parameter is a geometric calculation for the amount of the sky hemisphere eclipsed by the band. The sky condition parameters account for the anisotropic distribution of the diffuse irradiance across the sky hemisphere. An independent set of shadowband diffuse data is corrected using this parameterization technique. Comparison of these corrected values with concurrent true diffuse irradiance values gives a root mean square error of 6.9 W/m2 and a regression slope of 0.99. The anisotropic contribution to the total shadowband correction is examined for seven different levels of sky clearness and indicates the importance of its consideration in the model's development. Since the correction ratios are developed from parameters that are not site specific, the model should be generally applicable.
Adapting Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline Fitting Approaches to Metamodeling

Modern engineering design requires the exploration of complex nonlinear design spaces that relate large numbers of design variables and performance criteria. Effective exploration and decision making requires the availability of efficient representations of high dimensional design spaces. Techniques from the field of metamodeling, which builds models of models, are often used to represent complex design relationships. We have developed an alternative, spline-based metamodeling technique that is amenable to adaptive representation of high dimensional spaces and facilitates optimization-based exploration of such spaces. This paper describes our technique for fitting Non-Uniform Rational B-splines (NURBs) to points in a design space generated from simulations or experiments. The algorithm is illustrated with examples from metamodeling and nonlinear optimization literature. The results indicate that our method achieves an average global correlation of more than 99% and an average maximum local RMS error of less than 3% of full scale.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Full-Text Database Support for Scholarly Research in Finance

Abstract This study examines the extent to which full-text business databases support scholarly research in finance. A list of articles cited by finance researchers was compared to the title lists of three full-text business databases: ABI/INFORM (ProQuest Information and Learning), Business Source Premier (EBSCO Information Services), and General BusinessFile (Gale Group). The most comprehensive coverage was found to be offered by ABI/INFORM, which provided indexing for 76.0% of the articles and full text for 35.9%. The articles shown as full text in the title lists were then searched in the databases to provide a measure of reliability of the title lists.
Maximum-likelihood estimation of Weibull function parameters using a general interactive optimizer and grouped data

Abstract An attractive alternative to custom programs for fitting the Weibull distribution is the use of general interactive nonlinear optimization software. One such program, GINO, was used to find maximum likelihood estimates for the two- and three-parameter Weibull distributions. This type of software does not require formal knowledge of a programming language, and is easy to obtain.
Balance-based torso-weighting in a patient with ataxia and multiple sclerosis: a case report.

Objective: The use of external body weights, although controversial, is occasionally employed to improve balance or mobility in patients with ataxia or tremor. This case report describes the effect of torso-weighting to counteract directional balance loss in a woman with relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Case Description: Clinical examination of a 40-year-old woman after multiple sclerosis exacerbation revealed loss of balance in the posterior direction during quiet standing as well as loss of dynamic balance in the posterior and lateral directions. The patient’s standing posture was with her trunk posterior to her pelvis. She exhibited decreased strength in both extremities and trunk, diminished sensation in the right lower extremity and palms, and an unstable ataxic gait. Difficulty with walking and severe fatigue and dizziness were also reported. Standing balance and alignment were examined during (1) quiet standing with eyes open and eyes closed, (2) transitional movements, and (3) multidirectional trunk perturbations. The patient demonstrated a loss of balance and alignment in the posterior direction in all tests. Intervention: Based on balance examination results, the patient was fitted with a 0.5-lb vest containing 1.5-lb of additional weight placed anteriorly on the torso at the level of the umbilicus. Progressive balance, gait, and functional activities were repeated both with and without weighting the torso over six weeks. Outcome: Immediately on weighting, the patient demonstrated less sway in quiet standing, increased stability when perturbed, improved body alignment, and less ataxia during gait. The patient was able to accomplish more challenging activities with better balance while weighted. Functional improvement in walking and improved control during balance activities were demonstrated in later treatment sessions without weighting. Conclusion: Placing small amounts of weight asymmetrically on the torso, based on directional loss of balance and alignment, seemed to assist this patient in maintaining balance during static and dynamic activities. Additional research may help determine whether this intervention is applicable to others with directional losses of balance, ataxia, or multiple sclerosis to improve balance control.
Synthesis of linkages for cataract surgery: storage, folding, and delivery of replacement intraocular lenses (IOLs)

Abstract Surgical techniques for extraction of a cataract and implantation of a replacement intraocular lens (IOL) into the eye have improved dramatically in recent years. An important advance has been the development of foldable IOLs, which can be inserted into the eye through incisions approximately 50% smaller than those required for rigid IOLs. This paper reports on another evolutionary step in cataract surgery: the design of linkages for holding, folding, and delivering soft, foldable IOLs during cataract surgery. One solution is a compliant mechanism designed with the LINCAGES© software package.
Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis in children: A clinicopathologic study of 21 patients

Background Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis (GN) represents a severe form of glomerular injury and is the most common cause of crescentic GN in adults. To date, the clinicopathologic features of pauci-immune GN are not well characterized in the pediatric population.
Lichens of the Boulder Mountain Plateau, Wayne County, Utah, USA

Abstract. Lichen floras at two sites on the Aquarius Plateau were compared; including a high elevation site located at the crest of the Boulder Mountain plateau (3353 m) and a mid-elevation site along the base of the same mountain (2347 m). Lichens were collected from all available substrates at both sites. A total of 30 genera and 49 species are reported from the upper site with 21 genera and 35 species from the lower site. Fifteen genera and ten species were common to both sites. Overall, the two most common genera (Xanthoparmelia and Rhizoplaca) showed greater diversity and abundance at the mid-elevation site. Of the six Xanthoparmelia spp. identified during the course of this study, three were common to both sites; however, Xanthoparmelia plittii and Xanthoparmelia mexicana were restricted to the lower site while Xanthoparmelia wyomingica was found only at the upper site. Two Rhizoplaca spp. (R. chrysoleuca and R. melanophthalma) were abundant at both sites; however, Rhizoplaca peltata was rare to com...
Surface Damage Tolerance Analysis of a Gas Turbine Engine Rotor

DARWIN™ (Design Assessment of Reliability With INspection) is a simulation-based computer program for probabilistic fatigue life prediction of rotors and disks in commercial aircraft jet engines. This program is being developed by Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) and a team of major aircraft gas turbine engine manufacturers (General Electric, Pratt & Whitney, Honeywell, and Rolls Royce Indianapolis) as a major research and development initiative. This paper is a presentation of the experience of Honeywell in the use of DARWIN to assess probability of fracture (POF) due to surface damage in a highly stressed bolthole in a nickel component.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Analysis of intercountry adoption policy and regulations: The case of Korea

Abstract This article discusses rules and regulations regarding intercountry adoption. Specifically, the case of South Korea is addressed, based on Korea's adoption history. The sociopolitical conditions in both the Republic of Korea and the United States that result in intercountry adoption are explained. Intercountry adoption is fundamentally considered to be a private legal matter between individuals/couples and a foreign court. Therefore, the personal process of intercountry adoption is explored. The Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000 (IAA), complying with the Hague Convention, provides regulations and acts to assist both U.S. citizens seeking to adopt children from abroad and residents of other countries seeking to adopt children from the U.S. Related policies, such as The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 and significant Korean adoption laws are presented. Finally, we discuss the possible positive and negative effects of the intercountry adoption of children from the Republic of Korea, post-adoption services, and psychological findings, with the goal of improving policy in intercountry adoption.
Erratum to: The Role of Community Health Workers in Diabetes: Update on Current Literature

Erratum to: Curr Diab Rep (2013) 13:163–171DOI 10.1007/s11892-012-0359-3The original version of this article unfortunately contained amistake in the article. An Acknowledgments should beadded as stated below:Acknowledgments Michele Heisler has received grantsupport from the NIDDK-centered Michigan Center forDiabetes Translation Research (MCDTR), Grant Number:P30DK020572.
SOIL TAXONOMY AND MAPPING

The United States Department of Agriculture has developed and formally adopted a new Soil Taxonomy (still popularly known as the Seventh Approximation). Existing maps of soils according to the Seventh Approximation are confusing and inadequate because the data base was weak at the time of compilation and the cartographic technique of regionalization is a relic of an obsolete conception of soil. Dot maps are more appropriate depictions of soils because the new taxonomy treats soil as a mosaic of individuals.
The performance of some two-sample tests in small samples with and without censoring

The power curves of three two-sample tests are compared in small samples from the exponential and four forms of the Weibull distribution with and without censoring. The tests considered are: F ratio, modified F ratio (F' test), and a generalized Wilcoxon test (W test). Monte Carlo methods are used to obtain power curves for each test with sample sizes 20 and 50. The F test is known to be most efficient when sampling is from exponential distributions. If sampling is from exponential distributions and either there are no censored observations or all censored observations equal T, the F' and W tests are nearly as powerful as F, with F' being more powerful than W. If the times to censoring are not equal, the F' test is not appropriate and the W test is nearly as powerful as F. When sampling is from Weibull distributions, with or without censoring, the F test is not robust; for example, its size is too small when the coefficient of variation is less than one. When sampling is from Weibull distributions and either there is no censoring or all censored observations have the same value, the F' test is more powerful than the W test. If the times to censoring are not equal, the F' test is not appropriate; the W test has the proper size and is a valid test.
Negligence and Waivers

(2006). Negligence and Waivers. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 53-54.
β-Cu3V2O8: magnetic ordering in a spin-1/2 Kagomé-staircase lattice

The spin-1/2 Cu2+ ions in β-Cu3V2O8 occupy the sites of a Kagome-staircase lattice, an anisotropic variant of the Kagome net: buckled layers and imbedded plaquettes of three edge-shared CuO4 squares break the ideal Kagome symmetry. Susceptibility and heat capacity measurements show the onset of short-range ordering at approximately 75 K, and a magnetic phase transition with the characteristics of antiferromagnetism at ~ 29 K. Comparison to the Curie–Weiss theta (θCW = −135 K) indicates that the geometric frustration is largely relieved by the anisotropy.
Simulation of a Multi-Stage Cooling Scheme for Gas Turbine Engines: Part I

This paper presents heat transfer characteristics for a Multi-Stage Cooling Scheme (MSCS) design applicable to high temperature gas turbine engines in aerospace and electric power generation. The film cooling and impingement techniques are considered concurrently throughout this study. The proposed design involves passing cooling air from the inside of the turbine blade to the outside through three designed stages. The coolant air is passed through a circular hole into an internal gap creating an impingement of air inside the blade. It then exits through a sequence of two differently shaped holes onto the blade’s external surface. The film cooling effectiveness is enhanced by increasing the internal gap height and offset distance. This effect is significantly diminished however by changing the inclination angle from 90° to 30° at large gap height. The coolant momentum became more uniform by creating the internal gap consequently the coolant air is spread closer to the external blade surface. This reduces jet liftoff as the air exits its hole and also provides internal cooling for the blade. The hole exit positioned on the outer surface of the blade is designed to give a positive and a wide downstream lateral spreading. The MSCS demonstrates greater film cooling effectiveness performance than traditional schemes.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
30-Year Progress for Liposomes: From Serendipity to Molecular Design

(1995). 30-Year Progress for Liposomes: From Serendipity to Molecular Design. Journal of Liposome Research: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. ix-xiv.
XBRL repository - an industrial approach of management of XBRL documents

XBRL (extensible Business Reporting Language) is an XML based standard for electronic data exchange and communication of business financial documents and reports among government bodies, regulators, financial institutions and reporting entities. In this paper, we analyze the XBRL model from a perspective of data management to show why XBRL has created a new emerging vertical domain of database applications that offer opportunities and technical challenges for the database community. We outline the concept of an XBRL repository as a data hub to store and process collections of XBRL documents while maintaining document integrity based on XBRL semantics, providing document manageability, operational completeness and XBRL dictionary, query and business intelligence services. We then share our experiences of building the main components of the XBRL repository using the Oracle XML enabled RDBMS that leverages both XML and relational technologies as a backbone to host industrial strength XBRL applications. We also highlight technical challenges and potential solutions to each of the components. Finally we propose the potential of leveraging the XBRL data model concept for providing XML data normalization and XML having multi-hierarchy.
Arterial ischemic stroke in children: baby steps.

Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in a child can have devastating, lifelong sequelae.1 Given the infrequency of AIS (approximately 3 per 100 000 children1), primary prevention is probably not feasible in the absence of a known risk factor. However, the prevention of recurrent AIS in childhood, ie, secondary prevention, may be feasible. How can recurrent childhood AIS be prevented? Current consensus guidelines on the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy for AIS in children are not based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs).2,3 Detailed knowledge of the rates and predictors of AIS recurrence in children is essential before appropriate RCTs can be designed and before rational treatment guidelines can be promulgated. The article by Ganesan et al4 in this issue of Circulation provides new information in this regard. Article p 2170 Ganesan et al4 gathered longitudinal data on the rates of and risk factors for clinical and radiological recurrence of AIS in 212 children at a single large referral center (Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK). Acute AIS was defined as an acute focal neurological deficit with evidence of cerebral infarction in an arterial distribution on brain imaging, irrespective of clinical symptoms. …
The linear and T-shaped isomers of C2H2HCN: Vibrational dynamics from infrared spectroscopy and ab initio theory

Abstract The optothermal detection technique has been used to obtain infrared spectra of the HCN-acetylene complex. In addition to the T-shaped structure observed previously by microwave spectroscopy, a linear isomer also has been discovered and characterized.For both isomers the acetylenic and hydrogen cyanide CH stretch vibrational bands have been recorded. The results clearly show that the predissociation lifetimes of these isomers depend strongly upon whether or not the CH vibration excited is involved directly in the formation of the hydrogen bond. Ab initio calculations also have been performed for both isomers at the 6- 31G∗∗/MP2 level. Comparisons between these calculations and the experimental results suggest that, for this hydrogen bonded system, an ab initio multi-dimensional potential surface would be quite realistic. Of particular importance to obtaining a better understanding of the mode dependence of the vibrational predissociation rates is the fact that the calculations reproduce the spectroscopic data which is most sensitive to the coupling between the intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational coordinates.
The Mixed Kidney Cell – Lymphocyte Reaction in Rats

Optimal conditions for obtaining the proliferative response in mixed kidney cell-lymphocyte culture (MKLC) have been determined in rats. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the culture medium was essential for successful stimulation of lymphocytes by allogeneic kidney cells. Proliferative responses by standard MLC and MKLC were compared in rats with the same or a different Ag-B locus. In most strain combinations, there was a significant correlation between MLC and MKLC reactions. However, the DA-ACI combination, compatible at the Ag-B locus, consistently showed negative MLC and positive MKLC reactions. This suggested the possibility that this technique allowed the expression of kidney specific antigens.
Hippocampal excitatory amino acid receptors in elderly, normal individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease: Non-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to examine the density and distribution of [3H]kainic acid and [3H]α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) binding sites in the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus obtained at autopsy from 10 Alzheimer's disease and eight normal control individuals. In control and Alzheimer's disease individuals, [3H]kainic acid saturation binding analysis in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus fitted a single-site model. Added calcium ions did not alter the density of [3H]kainic acid binding in the human tissues. These results suggest that calcium-sensitive high-affinity kainic acid binding sites are not present in the human brain in contrast to kainic acid receptors in the rat brain. [3H]AMPA binding was also slightly different in the human brain as compared to the rat, being greatest in the inner third as compared to the outer two-thirds of the dentate gyrus molecular layer. In both control and Alzheimer's disease individuals, [3H]kainic acid and [3H]AMPA binding densities were similar at anterior and posterior levels of the hippocampal formation. In Alzheimer's disease patients, there was a significant increase in [3H]AMPA binding in the infragranular layer. In some, but not all Alzheimer's disease patients, there was an increase in [3H]kainic acid binding densities in the outer half of the dentate gyrus molecular layer. The same individuals which exhibited an increase in [3H]kainic acid binding in the outer molecular layer also displayed increased [3H]AMPA binding in the hilar region. Similar alterations in [3H]kainic acid binding have been observed in rats which had received fimbria-fornix lesions, a model of chronic epilepsy and in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy. Advanced Alzheimer's disease patients are at risk of developing seizures. The results suggest that several factors including cortical and subcortical pathology and seizure activity may contribute to the alterations in [3H]kainic acid and [3H]AMPA binding observed in the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease.