cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenomenological Depths: Surface and Flatness in Architecture and Film

With the Enlightenment human endeavor has shifted from a philosophy based on what Mortimer Adler calls First Order questions to that of the empirical sciences emerging as the dominant mode of inquiry. While Positivism emphasizes the sciences as the only knowledge of reality, other movements have emerged that challenge this authority, among them the movement known as Phenomenology. In contrast to the Positivist emphasis on pure objectivity, Phenomenology strives to address events that appeal directly to our consciousness, our sensorial reading of the world. In doing so it strides multiple disciplines and worlds. Architecture, a synchronic phenomenon, and film, a diachronic one, find mutual correspondences as a result of the experiential and the sensorial. Beginning as separate disciplines, and with specific notions of perception and space/time based on their particular technologies, the two disciplines have grown increasingly together. As Juhani Pallasmaa observes: " These two art forms create and mediate comprehensive images of life. In the same way that buildings and cities create and preserve images of culture and a particular way of life, cinema illuminates the cultural archaeology of both the time of its making and the era that it depicts." These two cultural expressions as mutually related attributes of spatialness and the experiential, form a part of the present cultural condition. Questions emerge. What is surface? Is it the surfaces we see on the film screen that evoke greater depth, literally, but also metaphorically, than even architecture itself? What is depth? Is it the architectural expressions of volume now compressed onto glass screens and surfaces that seemingly deny its depth? Within this milieu I argue that there exist contradictary conditions redefining the meaning of phenomenology itself as they pertain to the present zeitgeist. Such conditions and interpretations of their meaning form the basis for this paper.
Complexity of some problems in universal algebra extended abstract

In this paper we consider the complexity of several problems involving finite algebraic structures. Given finite universal algebras A and B, these problems ask: (1) Do A and B satisfy precisely the same identities? (2) Do they satisfy the same quasi-identities? and (3) Do A and B have the same set of term operations? In addition to the general case in which we allow arbitrary (finite) algebras, we consider each of these problems under the restrictions that all operations are unary, and that A and B have cardinality two. We briefly discuss the relationship of these problems to algebraic specification theory.
Yeast Terminator Function Can Be Modulated and Designed on the Basis of Predictions of Nucleosome Occupancy.

The design of improved synthetic parts is a major goal of synthetic biology. Mechanistically, nucleosome occupancy in the 3′ terminator region of a gene has been found to correlate with transcriptional expression. Here, we seek to establish a predictive relationship between terminator function and predicted nucleosome positioning to design synthetic terminators in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In doing so, terminators improved net protein output from these expression cassettes nearly 4-fold over their original sequence with observed increases in termination efficiency to 96%. The resulting terminators were indeed depleted of nucleosomes on the basis of mapping experiments. This approach was successfully applied to synthetic, de novo, and native terminators. The mode of action of these modifications was mainly through increased termination efficiency, rather than half-life increases, perhaps suggesting a role in improved mRNA maturation. Collectively, these results suggest that predicted nucleosome d...
Temozolomide Use in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Positive Patient with Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) (P01.109)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a successful case of Temozolomide use in an HIV positive with GBM. BACKGROUND: Because Temozolomide reduces CD4 counts and increases risk of infection, there are concerns regarding its use in GBM patients with HIV. Available data is limited to case reports. We present successful Temozolomide use in an HIV positive patient with GBM. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report from a tertiary care medical center. RESULTS: A 60-year-old HIV positive woman on retroviral therapy presented with left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enhancing mass lesion which was biopsied as GBM. She was able to stand with assistance but required a wheelchair. Temozolomide and radiation therapy were initiated and she continued her retroviral regimen. The treatment course was complicated by oral candidiasis, which developed after starting steroids, and was successfully treated with Fluconazole. There were no other complications and after 3 weeks, the patient was able to take a few steps with assistance. After completing standard radiation she tapered off steroids and initiated adjuvant Temozolomide. After 3 months of treatment the patient was able to ambulate with a walker. The patient9s CD4 count was 202 cells/mm3 at the start of treatment and 352 cells/mm3 after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates the successful use of Temozolomide in an HIV positive patient. The patient tolerated the treatment well and there was no deleterious effect on her CD4 count. She did develop oral candidiasis, however it is unclear whether this was due to steroid or Temozolomide treatment. Our findings suggest that HIV positive patients may be safely treated with Temozolomide. Close attention to CD4 counts is warranted but larger case series would be helpful. Disclosure: Dr. Pillai has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lahiri has nothing to disclose. Dr. Graber has received personal compensation for activities with Stemedica, Inc. and Biogen Idec.
Isoelectric Processing of Seafood Products: Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles

Isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) is a relatively novel technique to recover muscle proteins and lipids from various animal sources including seafood. In order to initiate the assessment of the nutritional quality of potential seafood protein and lipid for human and animal consumption, it is critical to study the effects of ISP on the composition of the recovered proteins and lipids. Thus, this chapter succinctly reviews the fundamental and nutritional properties of seafood proteins and lipids, and explains the step-by-step ISP recovery of functional components from seafood by-products. Conformational and structural changes of proteins and lipids recovered from seafood by-products with ISP are also reviewed. Finally, with increasing interest in consumption of functional food products, fatty acid profile of omega-3- (ω-3) fortified foods developed from ISP fish protein isolate is discussed.
The conjugate gradient method

The conjugate gradient method can be used to solve many large linear geophysical problems — for example, least-squares parabolic and hyperbolic Radon transform, traveltime tomography, least-squares...
Systems analysis of EV adoption and criteria pollutant accumulation during inversion events

Exploring the system-level interactions between ve­hicle exhaust criteria pollutants, human health, and natural weather patterns such as inversion events is increasingly expe­dient given the accelerated growth and concentration of human populations in recent years. Pollutants often accumulate to un­healthy concentrations during winter inversion events like those that commonly occur in the state of Utah and other mountainous regions. Electric vehicles (EV) are a potential solution to reduce harmful tail-pipe emissions that accumulate during inversions. This work represents a systems-level analysis of the degree to which replacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE) with EVs would reduce the near-road accumulation of criteria pollutants. The analysis draws on vehicle miles travelled data from major highways in Utah, vehicle fuel efficiency data, EPA-specified vehicle pollution emission standards, and local weather pattern trends. It employs two models, built in MATLAB and the agent-based modeling environment NetLogo, to determine pollutant concentrations, accumulation, and dispersion rates. These results are processed to determine changes in the Air Quality Index (AQI) caused by adjusting the percentage of EVs present within the vehicle population. The analysis concludes that replacing a significant percentage (80–100%) of the existing, fossil-fuel powered vehicle population with EVs would improve local AQI by 13 points. During extreme inversion events in Utah, these reductions would delay AQI levels from reaching "red," or unhealthy, status for enough time to allow local weather patterns to shift and dissipate the inversion event and accompanying pollution. Such a drastic reduction in AQI translates into better adolescent and elderly health and could minimize the risk of early onset asthma and other respiratory illnesses in regions negatively affected by high traffic pollution and winter inversion events.
Chapter IX – Elliptical Ducts

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses fluid flow and heat transfer in elliptical ducts. Fully developed laminar fluid flow and heat transfer problems have been analyzed in the chapter for elliptical ducts. Moreover, the chapter presents the investigation of the thermal entry length solution for the case of hydrodynamically developed flow to a limited extent. It is interesting to note that while one limiting case of elliptical ducts corresponds to the circular tube (a* = 1), the other limiting case, corresponding to a* = 0, does not approach the parallel plate geometry. The chapter presents two different correlations for elliptical ducts, one of which includes the parameter A/Ac, and the other includes the parameter L/Dh. As these two parameters are related to each other from the definition of Dh, two different correlations simply related by a constant.
Prefrontal cortex-dependent innate behaviors are altered by selective knockdown of Gad1 in neuropeptide Y interneurons

GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorder during adolescence. There is a deficiency of GABAergic transmission in anxiety, and enhancement of GABA transmission through pharmacological means reduces anxiety behaviors. GAD67—the enzyme responsible for GABA production–has been linked to anxiety disorders. One class of GABAergic interneurons, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) expressing cells, is abundantly found in brain regions associated with anxiety and fear learning, including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Additionally, NPY itself has been shown to have anxiolytic effects, and loss of NPY+ interneurons enhances anxiety behaviors. A previous study showed that knockdown of Gad1 from NPY+ cells led to reduced anxiety behaviors in adult mice. However, the role of GABA release from NPY+ interneurons in adolescent anxiety is unclear. Here we used a transgenic mouse that reduces GAD67 in NPY+ cells (NPYGAD1-TG) through Gad1 knockdown and tested for effects on behavior in adolescent mice. Adolescent NPYGAD1-TG mice showed enhanced anxiety-like behavior and sex-dependent changes in locomotor activity. We also found enhancement in two other innate behavioral tasks, nesting construction and social dominance. In contrast, fear learning was unchanged. Because we saw changes in behavioral tasks dependent upon prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, we investigated the extent of GAD67 knockdown in these regions. Immunohistochemistry revealed a 40% decrease in GAD67 in NPY+ cells in prefrontal cortex, indicating a significant but incomplete knockdown of GAD67. In contrast, there was no decrease in GAD67 in NPY+ cells in hippocampus. Consistent with this, there was no change in inhibitory synaptic transmission in hippocampus. Our results show the behavioral impact of cell-specific interneuron dysfunction and suggest that GABA release by NPY+ cells is important for regulating innate prefrontal cortex-dependent behavior in adolescents.
Microvascular Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes After Bariatric Surgery Versus Usual Care: A Matched Cohort Study.

Background Bariatric surgery improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but less is known about microvascular outcomes. Objective To investigate the relationship between bariatric surgery and incident microvascular complications of T2DM. Design Retrospective matched cohort study from 2005 to 2011 with follow-up through September 2015. Setting 4 integrated health systems in the United States. Participants Patients aged 19 to 79 years with T2DM who had bariatric surgery (n = 4024) were matched on age, sex, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c level, insulin use, diabetes duration, and intensity of health care use up to 3 nonsurgical participants (n = 11 059). Intervention Bariatric procedures (76% gastric bypass, 17% sleeve gastrectomy, and 7% adjustable gastric banding) compared with usual care. Measurements Adjusted Cox regression analysis investigated time to incident microvascular disease, defined as first occurrence of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, or nephropathy. Results Median follow-up was 4.3 years for both surgical and nonsurgical patients. Bariatric surgery was associated with significantly lower risk for incident microvascular disease at 5 years (16.9% for surgical vs. 34.7% for nonsurgical patients; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.41 [95% CI, 0.34 to 0.48]). Bariatric surgery was associated with lower cumulative incidence at 5 years of diabetic neuropathy (7.2% for surgical vs. 21.4% for nonsurgical patients; HR, 0.37 [CI, 0.30 to 0.47]), nephropathy (4.9% for surgical vs. 10.0% for nonsurgical patients; HR, 0.41 [CI, 0.29 to 0.58]), and retinopathy (7.2% for surgical vs. 11.2% for nonsurgical patients; HR, 0.55 [CI, 0.42 to 0.73]). Limitation Electronic health record databases could misclassify microvascular disease status for some patients. Conclusion In this large, multicenter study of adults with T2DM, bariatric surgery was associated with lower overall incidence of microvascular disease (including lower risk for neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy) than usual care. Primary funding source National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Beyond Statins: Who and When to Prescribe?

Statins are the most evidence-based therapy to target LDL-C to reduce atherosclerotic events. Yet, many people are unable to achieve adequate reduction in this key atherogenic factor. Moreover, residual risk of cardiovascular events may persist even after “optimal” LDL-C due to elevations in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Therefore, additional therapies beyond statins are needed, particularly in patients with diabetes. Clinical trials with ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors have reported further reductions in cardiovascular events, beyond statins. The latter are particularly effective in lowering LDL-cholesterol and in reducing event rates. However, they are not effective in lowering triglycerides. Currently available fibrates and niacin have not proven effective in combination with statins in clinical trials, while the top line results of the REDUCE-IT trial with EPA, a pure omega-3 fatty acid, reporting 25% relative risk reduction in primary endpoints are of great interest. Recently approved agents have the promise to improve cardiovascular outcomes beyond statins. Many novel drugs in development have the potential to further improve prognosis.
Health Care and Cybersecurity: Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature.

Background: Over the past decade, clinical care has become globally dependent on information technology. The cybersecurity of health care information systems is now an essential component of safe, reliable, and effective health care delivery. Objective: The objective of this study was to provide an overview of the literature at the intersection of cybersecurity and health care delivery. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science for English-language peer-reviewed articles. We carried out chronological analysis, domain clustering analysis, and text analysis of the included articles to generate a high-level concept map composed of specific words and the connections between them. Results: Our final sample included 472 English-language journal articles. Our review results revealed that majority of the articles were focused on technology: Technology–focused articles made up more than half of all the clusters, whereas managerial articles accounted for only 32% of all clusters. This finding suggests that nontechnological variables (human–based and organizational aspects, strategy, and management) may be understudied. In addition, Software Development Security, Business Continuity, and Disaster Recovery Planning each accounted for 3% of the studied articles. Our results also showed that publications on Physical Security account for only 1% of the literature, and research in this area is lacking. Cyber vulnerabilities are not all digital; many physical threats contribute to breaches and potentially affect the physical safety of patients. Conclusions: Our results revealed an overall increase in research on cybersecurity and identified major gaps and opportunities for future work.
Dividend Changes, Persistence of Earnings, and Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift*

This study investigates whether dividend announcements made concurrent with earnings announcements help to determine persistence levels in earnings and whether the market incorporates this information when pricing stocks. I find that contemporaneous dividend announcements signal different persistence levels in earnings and that variations in the magnitude of post-earnings-announcement drift are associated with persistence levels. My results are robust over alternative measures of abnormal returns, over alternate time periods, and after controlling for other variables identified by prior research. These findings suggest that information uncertainty is not a driving factor behind post-earnings-announcement drift. The market's failure to incorporate information conveyed by dividends leads to predictable differences in post-earnings-announcement drift.
Data citizens: rights and responsibilities in a data republic

Abstract Using William Shakespeare's quote as a theme, the premise of this chapter is that data democratization will emerge from the same forces witnessed in two other historical transformations: (a) the new form of American governance after monarch rule and (b) globalization resulting from information democratization. The question remains how our industrial and information economies will prepare for this transformation in data. One dimension of the solution lies in the formation of the data citizen. Democracy at once stirs up a notion of majority rule, but history reveals that the yearning for freedom—a pure democracy—is typically tempered with a desire for representation. For instance, although the Internet has given a voice to nearly anyone, the information consumer still looks to representative forms of journalism and information sources such as The Washington Post and Apple News to maintain “good order and discipline” in a global information cacophony. “How does an industrial economy prepare itself for the coming data democratization?” If past is prologue, it is worthwhile reflecting on how the American colonists learned to function as a democracy having lived under monarchy. By gaining their independence, they also accepted a responsibility in the governance of their country—no longer able to simply be governed by the ruling class. They transformed from subjects to citizens. A data citizen is an extension of this premise. As more businesses and management programs adapt concepts like data dexterity and data literacy, they highlight the growing need for data science management and data-adept leaders. A data democracy will not stand for a “ruling class.” Using a framework of characteristics drawn from the past, this chapter develops the rights and responsibilities of a data citizen.
3D in vitro corneal models: A review of current technologies

Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models are excellent tools for studying complex biological systems because of their physiological similarity to in vivo studies, cost-effectiveness and decreased reliance on animals. The influence of tissue microenvironment on the cells, cell-cell interaction and the cell-matrix interactions can be elucidated in 3D models, which are difficult to mimic in 2D cultures. In order to develop a 3D model, the required cell types are derived from the tissues or stem cells. A 3D tissue/organ model typically includes all the relevant cell types and the microenvironment corresponding to that tissue/organ. For instance, a full corneal 3D model is expected to have epithelial, stromal, endothelial and nerve cells, along with the extracellular matrix and membrane components associated with the cells. Although it is challenging to develop a corneal 3D model, several attempts have been made and various technologies established which closely mimic the in vivo environment. In this review, three major technologies are highlighted: organotypic cultures, organoids and 3D bioprinting. Also, several combinations of organotypic cultures, such as the epithelium and stroma or endothelium and neural cultures are discussed, along with the disease relevance and potential applications of these models. In the future, new biomaterials will likely promote better cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in organotypic corneal cultures.
Compressive Characterization of Biphoton Frequency Spectra

Frequency-bin qudits constitute a promising tool for quantum information processing. Here we use compressive sensing to characterize the spectral correlations of entangled photon pairs in a quantum frequency comb, obtaining a 26-fold reduction in measurement time compared to raster scanning.
The Process of Technological Innovation

It has become cliche to argue that a chasm of significant proportions has developed between mainstream economic analysis1 of technological advance and business practice. This chasm is often attributed to the insistence of many economists to cling to old-fashioned ideas concerning the creation and diffusion of innovations and to disregard the pragmatic study of technological progress. The resulting underestimation of the complexities of the process of technological advance and the institutions which affect it has had serious consequences on the predictive ability of theory.2
Confronting Inequities in Computer Science Education: A Case for Critical Theory

How might we better address the pervasive inequities in CS education? While empirical efforts have advanced pedagogy, created innovative learning tools, and deepened our understanding of learner cognition, we are still failing many students. Disparities in who can access and who succeeds in CS persist. In this position paper I argue that we need to reconsider how we approach CS education research (CSER). Prior research discussions have focused on methodologies, but research designs are influenced by more than strategies and methods of data collection. They are also guided by philosophies of how the world works. Philosophical views dominant in CSER have served us well in answering questions such as which instructional approaches lead to greater achievement or how do alternative programming conceptions develop. However, confronting systemic problems that prevent some learners from being at the table might require a transformative research lens. I introduce critical theory as a means to put inequities and the voices of the marginalized at the fore of our research. This is demonstrated through the analysis of three examples: a narrative ethnographic analysis of the power differences in a researcher practitioner partnership serving Latinx youth; an autoethnography of a Black scholar's journey into an IT career; and a survey study examining the relationship between interest, stereotypes and CS career intentions in students from minoritized groups. Lastly, I offer a call to action for increasing the use and acceptance of critical theory in our dissemination venues and professional development opportunities.
Dr. Liu et al. Reply

While there is growing acceptance within the field that measurement-based care (MBC) is a valuable and effective care quality improvement strategy, broad and sustained implementation continues to be elusive for most organizations.1 This is partly attributable to the lack of proven implementation strategies for MBC. Although implementation science has made significant progress in recent years,1 more work is needed to identify the most effective and efficient strategies for MBC implementation across a range of service delivery contexts.
Optimization methods for analysis of empirical rail dispatching relative to train plans

Abstract A major factor in railroad operational efficiency and punctuality is the quality of train planning and dispatching. Schedules or dispatching plans may also not be actualized for a variety of reasons. This work proposes a methodological tool set, called the dispatch analysis problem, that can analyze recent, empirical train dispatching data against an optimal dispatching plan. A multitude of questions can be answered using the dispatch analysis methods and we address three: (1) At what times did dispatching actions reduce the optimality of future replanning? (2) What corrective actions could have mitigated the negative impacts of past dispatching actions? (3) Which trains introduced secondary effects to other train plans? We demonstrate the application of the dispatch analysis methods to these questions using illustrative case studies from a North American freight railroad and find: specific periods of time can be isolated that demonstrate a significant deterioration in replanning ability; small modifications to past actions are identified that could improve replanning outcomes; certain trains can exhibit small delays that lead to large secondary consequences for neighboring trains. The results of the case study demonstrate the types of actionable findings on real railroad data that are possible with the dispatch analysis methods.
Association of COVID-19 With Achieving Time-to-Surgery Benchmarks in Patients With Musculoskeletal Trauma

Importance In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many hospital systems were forced to reduce operating room capacity and reallocate resources. The outcomes of these policies on the care of injured patients and the maintenance of emergency services have not been adequately reported. Objective To evaluate whether the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with delays in urgent fracture surgery beyond national time-to-surgery benchmarks. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used data collected in the Program of Randomized Trials to Evaluate Preoperative Antiseptic Skin Solutions in Orthopaedic Trauma among at 20 sites throughout the US and Canada and included patients who sustained open fractures or closed femur or hip fractures. Exposure COVID-19–era operating room restrictions were compared with pre–COVID-19 data. Main Outcomes and Measures Surgery within 24 hours after injury. Results A total of 3589 patients (mean [SD] age, 55 [25.4] years; 1913 [53.3%] male) were included in this study, 2175 pre–COVID-19 and 1414 during COVID-19. A total of 54 patients (3.1%) in the open fracture cohort and 407 patients (21.8%) in the closed hip/femur fracture cohort did not meet 24-hour time-to-surgery benchmarks. We were unable to detect any association between time to operating room and COVID-19 era in either open fracture (odds ratio [OR], 1.40; 95% CI, 0.77-2.55;P = .28) or closed femur/hip fracture (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.74-1.37;P = .97) cohorts. In the closed femur/hip fracture cohort, there was no association between time to operating room and regional COVID-19 prevalence (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.70-1.64;P = .76). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, there was no association between meeting time-to-surgery benchmarks in either open fracture or closed femur/hip fracture during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic. This is counter to concerns that the unprecedented challenges associated with managing the COVID-19 pandemic would be associated with clinically significant delays in acute management of urgent surgical cases and suggests that many hospital systems within the US were able to effectively implement policies consistent with time-to-surgery standards for orthopedic trauma in the context of COVID-19–related resource constraints.
Preparing clinical pharmacy scientists for careers in clinical/ translational research: Can we meet the challenge?: ACCP research affairs committee commentary

Developing clinical pharmacists' research skills and their ability to compete for extramural funding is an important component of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy's (ACCP) vision for pharmacists to play a prominent role in generating the new knowledge used to guide patient pharmacotherapy. Given the recent emphasis on clinical/translational research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the key role of drug therapy in the management of many diseases, there is an unprecedented opportunity for the profession to contribute to this enterprise. A crucial question facing the profession is whether we can generate enough appropriately trained scientists to take advantage of these opportunities to generate the new knowledge to advance drug therapy. Since the 2009 publication of the ACCP Research Affairs Committee editorial recommending the Ph.D. degree (as opposed to fellowship training) as the optimal method for preparing pharmacists as clinical/translational scientists, significant changes have occurred in the economic, professional, political, and research environments. As a result, the 2012 ACCP Research Affairs Committee was charged with reexamining the college's position on training clinical pharmacy scientists in the context of these substantial environmental changes. In this commentary, the potential impact of these changes on opportunities for pharmacists in clinical/translational research are discussed as are strategies for ACCP, colleges of pharmacy, and the profession to increase the number and impact of clinical pharmacy scientists. Failure of our profession to take advantage of these opportunities risks our ability to contribute substantively to the biomedical research enterprise and ultimately improve the pharmacotherapy of our patients.
Understanding predictors of prolonged hospitalizations among general medicine patients: A guide and preliminary analysis

Targeting patients with prolonged hospitalizations may represent an effective strategy for reducing average hospital length of stay (LOS). We sought to characterize predictors of prolonged hospitalizations among general medicine patients to guide future improvement efforts. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data of general medicine patients discharged from inpatient status from our academic medical center between 2012 and 2014. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between sociodemographic and clinical variables with prolonged LOS, defined as >21 days. Of 18,363 discharges, 416 (2.3%) demonstrated prolonged LOS. Prolonged hospitalizations accounted for 18.6% of total inpatient days and contributed 0.8 days to an average LOS of 4.8 days during the study period. Prolonged hospitalizations were associated with younger age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.80 per 10-year increase in age, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73–0.87) and Medicaid insurance (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.29–3.05, REF = Medicare). Compared to patients without prolonged LOS, prolonged LOS patients were more likely to have methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus septicemia (OR: 8.83, 95% CI: 1.72–45.36); require a palliative care consult (OR: 4.63, 95% CI: 2.86–7.49), ICU stay (OR: 6.66, 95% CI: 5.22–8.50), or surgery (OR: 5.04, 95% CI: 3.90–6.52); and be discharged to a post–acute-care facility (OR: 10.37, 95% CI: 6.92–15.56). Prolonged hospitalizations in a small proportion of patients were an important contributor to overall LOS and particularly affected Medicaid enrollees with complex hospital stays who were not discharged home. Further studies are needed to determine the reasons for discharge delays in this population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:623–626. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Antioxidant Activity of Skim Milk: Effect of Heat and Resultant Sulfhydryl Groups

Abstract Skim milk was evaluated for antioxidant activity in a linoleate emulsion with hemoglobin as a prooxidant. Milk sulfhydryl groups were measured with Ellman's reagent in the presence or absence of a denaturant. Heat treatment of skim milk increased antioxidant activity, increased “reactive” sulfhydryl groups, but decreased “total” sulfhydryl content. Addition of iodoacetic acid to raw or heated skim milk decreased antioxidant activity and sulfhydryl content. However, the role of the sulfhydryl group in the antioxidant activity of skim milk was not clear. Cysteine had a marked optimum in antioxidant activity at pH 8.6, but the antioxidant activity of heated skim milk, which was optimal at pH 7.2, was much less pH dependent. The antioxidant activity of skim milk resided in both whey and casein proteins. Casein provided a larger portion of skim milk antioxidant activity, but casein had only a small amount of sulfhydryl groups. The antioxidant activity of casein was reduced but not eliminated by treatment with iodoacetic acid. After treatment with iodoacetic acid, whey lost all antioxidant activity, but whey sulfhydryl content was not eliminated fully. Skim milk supplemented with cysteine or treated with sodium borohydride had greatly increased sulfhydryl content but little increase in antioxidant activity. Sulfhydryl groups were apparently responsible for only part of the antioxidant activity of skim milk.
Epidemiology of diverticular disease

Diverticulosis, which is an acquired condition marked by mucosal herniation through defects in the colonic wall, has been termed both a "disease of the 20th century" and a "disease of Western civilization" due to its increasing prevalence in modern times and its striking geographical variability. Both of these epidemiological observations may provide interesting insights into the pathophysiology of diverticulosis. This chapter will review the known epidemiology of diverticulosis coli and its main complications: diverticulitis and diverticular haemorrhage. Where possible, attempts will be made to place these observational reports in the context of both the cause and clinical behaviour of this disorder.
Calcitonin Receptors of Kidney and Bone

Receptors for calcitonin, determined by activation of adenylate cyclase, were found in a distribution among zones of the kidney distinct from that of receptors for parathyroid hormone or vasopressin. Competitive binding studies showed that the receptors for calcitonin are similar in kidney and bone and that their high apparent affinity for salmon calcitonin accounts in part for the high biological potency in vivo of salmon calcitonin.
Clinical strategies to promote compliance

Abstract This article focuses on the need for effective client management throughout the therapeutic process. The appropriate and astute use of clinical strategies can promote client compliance with treatment and counteract the possibility of client dissatisfactions and ethical/legal complaints. This article offers a systemic explanation of compliance, identifies five major clinical strategies to foster treatment adherence, and discusses the need for clinical judgments that fulfill ethical/legal obligations while promoting quality care.
Integrated Strategy Approach for Poverty Alleviation: A Paramount Priority for Africa

: This paper examines the nature and extent of poverty in Africa. It recognizes that poverty in the region is essentially a rural phenomenon and women are disproportionately affected. The paper argues for an integrated strategy approach to poverty alleviation in Africa which deals with the problem of poverty uprooting at three levels: 1) on those which can be addressed by an effective long term strategy of rapid and broad based economic growth; 2) those which require active population and human resource development policy; 3) and those which need special programs to uproot poverty Resume: Ce document examine la nature et la portee de la pauvrete en Afrique. Il reconnait que la pauvrete est essentiellement dans la region un phenomene rural et les femmes sont disproportionnellement touchees. Le document plaide en faveur d'une approche de strategic integree de la lutte contre la pauvrete en Afrique qui traite des problemes d'eradication de la pauvretea trois niveaux: 1) ceux qu'on peut resoudre par une strategic efficace a long terme de croissance economique rapide et a base etendue; 2) ceux qui exigent une politique active de developpement de la population et des ressources humaines; 3) ceux qui ont besoin de programmes speciaux pour extirper la pauvrete.
Heliothis zea larval mortality time from topical and per os dosages of Nomuraea rileyi conidia

Abstract Heliothis zea larval mortality time was established for topical applications and per os (feeding) with fungal conidia of Nomuraea rileyi . The 6-to 7-day-old larvae received per os dosages ranging from 6 × 10 6 to 9 × 10 9 and a topical dosage of ca. 1 × 10 9 . These spore loads initiated fungal infections in larvae resulting in 1.5–100% accumulated mortality during the 30-day testing periods. The data indicated that regardless of the larval treatment method (topical or per os), or conidial dosage rates, the larval mortality time was never shorter than 5 days post-treatment, nor longer than 22 days. The highest percentage of larval deaths occurred from 7 to 9 days with a maximum mortality at 8 days.
Observations of the Electrical Conductivity of the Tropical Soils of Western Puerto Rico

A field study was conducted in western Puerto Rico to determine whether a correlation exists between the environment of occurrence of tropical soils and their electrical behavior. Soil samples were collected across the western end of the Cordillera Central from the vicinity of Isabella on the north coast to the vicinity of Parguera on the south coast of the island and along roads in an east-west direction joining the main traverse. Laboratory measurement of the electrical conductivity at 3 kHz was made in addition to the determination of the principal chemical and physical properties relevant to electrical behavior. X-ray diffraction analyses were made for several representative soils of the upland and lowland areas and for six pure clay specimens which were representative of the kaolin and montmorillonite groups. The results of the field study indicate a clear correlation of the electrical conductivity of the soil to the clay mineral content and to the environment of clay mineral occurrence. High electrical conductivity of the soil was associated with the occurrence of montmorillonite-type clays, while low conductivity occurred in association with the kaolin-type clay minerals.
The Experimental Approach in the Teaching of Statistics

Abstract * Presented under a slightly different title at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association at Washington, D. C., December 29, 1953.
Distant visual acuity loss among Japanese grammar school children: The roles of heredity and the environment☆

IN THIS investigation a single defect in childhood is examined with respect to a variety of factors which may be subtly associated with it. The abnormality, loss of distant visual acuity, is common and easily measured. Because the eye is so highly specialized. minimal changes in its structure produce disordered function that would go undetected in less specialized tissue. The study of an ocular disability, then, may reveal environmental and genetic influences that are not recognizable by current measurements of other organ systems. Unfortunately, loss of distant visual acuity is not a diagnosis but a physical sign produced by an array of eye diseases. An attempt will be made to sort these out and to focus attention on myopia, a defect with a pathogenesis that has intrigued physicians for centuries. BACKGROUND The study. In the years following the war pregnant women in Japan were allowed an extra ration of rice for which they could register beginning in the fifth month of pregnancy. This gave the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) a case-finding mechanism that brought into its Genetics Program 93 per cent of all children born in Hiroshima and Nagasaki from mid-1948 through 1953. A full description of the plan and the outcome of 71,270 pregnancies is given in a monograph by NEEL and &HULL [I]. From the histories obtained it was found that about 5 per cent of the marriages were between first cousins and another 2 per cent were between first-cousins-once-removed *This work is a portion of a Child Health Survey sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Association for Aid to Crippled Children, and the U.S. Public Health Service’s National Institute of Dental Research. The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, a research agency of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council and the Japanese National Institute of Health, contributed facilities and personnel in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
NEW DIRECTIONS FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN GERONTOLOGY

Abstract If training programs with older participants can be implemented and evaluated through Title IV‐A of the Older Americans Act, the gerontological community can compare the relative merits of these types of programs with the more typical ones that train younger adults to serve older persons. An emphasis on older participants may be particularly relevant in the 1980s, when career training for younger adults in the human service occupations appears to be less promising. Older participants are more likely to complete training programs and enter part‐time or volunteer work. Studies have found older participants to be competent trainees, effective workers, and likely candidates to improve self‐esteem. However, much work needs to be done in the area of program evaluation. The Institute of Gerontology at the University of the District of Columbia has developed and implemented three training programs with older participants. Two future objectives of the Institute are to evaluate the programs with more rigor...
Interplay of Fidelity, Binding Strength, and Structure in Supramolecular Polymers

In studies of a supramolecular network of polymers formed by self-association of UPy or UG recognition units displayed along a poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) backbone, it was unexpectedly found that the more weakly dimerizing (Kdimer ≈ 200 M-1) UG unit produced more assembly than did the very strongly dimerizing UPy unit (Kdimer = 2 × 107 M-1). Likewise, in examining supramolecular blends mediated by the heterocomplexation of DAN and UPy, which occurs upon the mixing of polystyrene containing the DAN unit (PS-DAN) and PBMA-UPy, increasing the mol % of UPy did not produce increased viscosity. 1H NMR showed that both observations can be explained by the intramolecular recognition of UPy. Structural studies show that the length of the chain linking the UPy unit to the backbone is critical, with longer linkers favoring intermolecular dimers. An interplay of linker chain length, polymer Mw, recognition unit mol %, and fidelity determines the extent of network growth.
Use of tissue microdialysis to investigate hyperlactataemia following paediatric cardiac surgery

We investigated tissue lactate, pyruvate and lactate:pyruvate (LP) ratio post cardiac surgery and the relationship of cardiac index and oxygen delivery to late onset hyperlactataemia in ICU. It involved a prospective study of 10 children, mean age 4.9 (0.4) years, post-Fontan operation admitted with normo-lactataemia. Tissue lactate, pyruvate and LP ratio were monitored postoperatively every 30 min for 12 h via subcutaneous microdialysis in the abdominal wall. Cardiac index was measured by PiCCO at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h. Blood and subcutaneous tissue lactate were strongly correlated (r=0.87; P=0.001). Mean (S.D.) blood lactate rose from 2.23 (0.49) to 3.73 (1.16) mmol l(-1) in the first 5 h after ICU admission (P=0.008), only one child remaining normal. Microdialysis revealed lactate rising from 3.8 (0.83) to 5.3 (1.6) (P=0.011), with a parallel pyruvate rise. LP ratio remained below 20, indicating no tissue oxygen debt. Cardiac index increased from 2.83 (0.63) to 3.77 (1.34) l min(-1) m(-2) over the same period (P=0.05), with a corresponding increase in oxygen delivery from 4556 (1094) to 6076 (2322) ml min(-1) (P=0.04). Tissue microdialysis provides near-continuous measurement of tissue lactate and pyruvate, post cardiac surgery. Blood lactate rise post-Fontan is mirrored by tissue lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and not associated with a low or falling cardiac index or with tissue oxygen debt.
The effect of mesoporous scale defects on the activity of Au/TS-1 for the epoxidation of propylene

Abstract In an effort to examine the role of crystal morphology on activity, mesoporous scale defects were introduced into titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) support materials through the addition of carbon pearls during the synthesis procedure. Catalysts prepared using these support materials were consistently active and stable, with a 0.33 wt% Au catalyst producing 132 g PO /h/kg cat at 200 °C, the highest propylene oxide (PO) rate thus reported, despite relatively high gold loadings and considerable contamination with octahedral titanium species. While activity is high per gram catalyst, activity per gram gold was still relatively low implying that a significant portion of gold deposited on the support surface may be inactive for epoxidation.
Perspectives on Stuttering: Response to Onslow & Packman (2001).

We did not, and do not, contest Onslow and Packman’s claim that it can be difficult to decide if a young child is stuttering. Our conclusion does indeed leave room for some cases that may not be cl...
The (F1F0) ATP synthase of Buchnera aphidicola (endosymbiont of aphids): genetic analysis of the putative ATP operon.

Buchnera aphidicola is an intracellular, non-cultivable prokaryotic symbiont of the aphid Schizaphis graminum. A 6.8-kilobase fragment from B. aphidicola was cloned and sequenced and was found to contain genes encoding for proteins of the ATP synthase. The order of the genes, atpBEFHAGDC, is identical to that found in Escherichia coli and many other prokaryotes. This genetic organization is different from that observed in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, in which the genes are partitioned between the organellar and nuclear genomes. One difference between B. aphidicola and E. coli was the absence of atpI, a gene of unknown function, which in E. coli precedes atpB. As is the case of many other prokaryotes, atpBEFHAGDC appears to constitute a single transcription unit. The detection in B. aphidicola of the genes encoding the ATP synthase as well as past observations indicating that this organism is capable of respiration are consistent with the utilization by B. aphidicola of a proton gradient for the generation of ATP.