cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Running head: Value from health information exchange

Policy makers and practitioners argue that electronic exchange of clinical data across the healthcare system is a key component of improving health service delivery in the United States. Provider administrators, however, question the strategic value of participation in health information exchanges (HIEs) and remain reluctant to participate. Existing research fails to adequately illuminate the potential value derived from HIEs by participating organizations. This paper addresses this gap by developing a conceptual model informed by the complementary theoretical perspectives of the relational view and systems theory to specify both a provider organizationʼs internal conditions and the HIE structure necessary for both financial accrual and quality improvement. This two-sided model can assist policymakers as they attempt to encourage HIE development, as well as provider and HIE leadership that seek to benefit from HIEs. The propositions developed from this model can also help guide researchers as they evaluate the impact of HIEs.
Spatial resolution requirements for active radiation detectors used beyond low earth orbit.

Abstract Measurements of the incident fluence of HZE particles, as a function of LET, are used to determine absorbed dose as well as Quality Factors for assigning risk estimates to astronauts during manned space missions. These data are often based on thin solid state detectors that measure energy deposition, dE, and the assumption that the trajectory of the particle, dx, is equivalent to the thickness of the detector. Heavy ions often fragment while penetrating shielding materials in vehicles or habitats. Projectile fragments can be clustered spatially and temporally at the location of the thin detector which are then misclassified as a single particle. Eliminating the confounding effects of coincident events is the first step in extending the reach of flight instruments to identify the charge and velocity of individual particles. Identification of individual particles, in a fragmentation spectrum, will require that detection systems have sufficient segmentation to eliminate coincident events. The objective of this study was to reduce coincident events while avoiding over-design and complexity. Monte Carlo simulations, using Geant4, were performed for 4He, 12C, 28Si and 56Fe ions at energies of 300, 900 and 2400 MeV/n incident upon aluminum shields having areal densities of 5.4, 13.5, and 54 g/cm2. The identity, energy and spatial distribution of all particles downstream from the shielding were analyzed using a novel approach based on proximity distributions. Results indicated that pixel dimensions on the order of 1 mm were sufficient to reduce errors caused by coincident events for active space radiation detectors.
Adhering to Our Views: Justices Brennan and Marshall and the Relentless Dissent to Death as a Punishment

At a press conference the day after announcing his retirement from the Supreme court, Thurgood Marshall said when interviewing prospective law clerks he always asked if they liked working on dissents. "If they said ‘no,’ they didn’t get a job," Marshall said. "I only picked those that liked to write dissenting opinions."The retirements of William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and Harry Blackmun mark the end of an era-several eras, actually-and provide a fitting time to reexamine what made their judicial careers unique. This Article explores one aspect of their uniqueness: relentless dissents in capital cases. Until 1991, capital cases in the U.S. Reports invariably included dissents by Justine Brennan, Marshall, or both. Brennan and Marshall doggedly voted against the death penalty in virtually every case since 1976, when the Court first upheld the constitutionality of capital punishment. Sometimes their dissents were in detail and sometimes in boilerplate. The Justices dissented not only to the imposition of capital punishment in cases granted certiorari review, but also in almost every capital case where certiorari was denied. In more than 2100 cases, Brennan and Marshall reiterated their opinion that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
Two-Phase Parahydrogen Friction Factor

A method of Interpolation for Φ, the two-phase “friction factor” was developed by Martinelli and Nelson [1]. No considerable improvement over this technique has heretofore been developed and there is a need for better estimates of pressure drop for two-phase systems at pressures above 1 atm. This paper presents a solution to the problem for para-hydrogen for flow with both phases turbulent, based upon the pressure drop for liquid as the single phase.
H ∞Control of a Class of Infinite-Dimensional Linear Systems with nonlinear Outputs

For a class of infinite-dimensional linear systems with nonlinear outputs, and using a differential game-theoretic approach, we obtain a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a state-feedback controller under which a given H ∞ bound (on disturbance attenuation) is achieved. Characterization of such a controller is given, and the result is applied to a disturbance attenuation problem with control constraints.
An Investigation into Modeling and Solution Strategies for Optimal Design and Control

Combined optimal embodiment design and control is increasingly necessary in designing modern artifacts. Several strategies for achieving such a system-level optimum were examined previously in the context of a case study. Since different strategies often lead to different results, a more comprehensive understanding of the relative advantages and disadvantages of these Oconcurrent designO processes is desirable. The present article explores this question using a very simple problem to demonstrate the complexities involved. Monotonicity analysis and a decomposition framework help explain the reasons for arriving at different results, even unexpectedly. Conclusions are drawn regarding the effectiveness of the various modeling formulations.
Neuropeptides as native immune modulators

Historically, all diseases in man have been considered to be interdependently related to such parameters as mental attitudes (neural factors), resistance to natural environment (immune factors), and population predisposition (genetic factors). Also, it has long been known that there are nervous system diseases that are mediated by the immune system but only recently it has become clear that the immune system itself may be regulated by the nervous system. So the cells of the immune system may function in a sensory capacity, presumably relaying foreign signals to the brain which would otherwise not be recognized by the more classical sensory system. Moreover, not only can the nervous system modulate immune responses (neuroimmunomodulation) but the immunocompetent cells may control the function of nerve cells (immunoneuromodulation), a reciprocal interrelationship between the two systems [1–3]. We previously [3] postulated that this relationship is of pathophysiologic significance as it fundamentally denotes the existence of immunologic abnormalities in neurologic or neuropsychiatric diseases. Now we also know that the evidence for neuroimmunomodulation is at virtually every level: structural, cellular, molecular, and physiological.
Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker (eds): Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis

state of holistic, interdisciplinary Gaian science. To this end, the 19 chapters range from the introductory overview chapters to sections on scientific evidence for the Gaia theory, dangers to our biosphere, and proposals for bringing about a new consciousness to bring us back into balance with Earth. Requiem for a Species is not Gaian per se , but is deeply informed by the Gaian perspective. Hamilton does not ask what we can do to stop the climate crisis, but states that it is happening and envisions future lifestyles. Together, these two books present a contemporary view of Gaian thinking on the coming crisis. They are, however, ridden with serious problems in the form of unexamined assumptions, particularly by false dichotomies between the
Assessment of Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperactivity

Of all the behavioral disturbances in children, perhaps none is so intriguing to clinicians, educators, and parents alike as is the disorder called attention deficit disorder (ADD), often referred to in the past as hyperactivity or hyperkinesis. This disorder represents one of the most common reasons for referral to school psychologists and/or child guidance and mental health clinics and has one of the longest histories of research and study in the area of childhood behavior disorders. ADD is typically viewed as a developmental disorder of social conduct and self-control that involves deficits in attention and academic achievement and that involves a long-term course that may begin as early as infancy or early childhood and continue through adolescence (e. g., Barkley, 1981a, 1983; Friman & Christophersen, 1983).
Use of Long-term Cumulative Blood Pressure in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models.

Importance Long-term cumulative systolic blood pressure (SBP) is significantly associated with increased rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) development independent of single SBP levels. However, published ASCVD risk prediction algorithms only include currently measured SBP. Objective To determine whether including long-term (5- and 10-year) cumulative SBP in risk equations improves the predictive ability compared with single SBP measurements. Design, Setting, and Participants Adults aged 45 to 65 years at the time of risk estimation with at least 20 years of follow-up (5 and 10 years prior to risk estimation and 10 years of event follow-up). The Lifetime Risk Pooling Project included data from the following cohorts: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, and Framingham Heart Study (both the original and offspring). Exposures Ten-year ASCVD risk, calculated using the approach of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 10-year ASCVD risk equations, first with current SBP and then substituting 5- and 10-year cumulative SBP levels. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident ASCVD events that occurred over 10 years of follow-up, compared with the predicted risks, using the C statistic, net reclassification index at event rate, and the integrated discrimination index. Results This study included 11 767 participants with a mean (SD) age of 59.1 (4.7) years at risk estimation. A total of 6873 participants (58%) were women, and 1499 (13%) were African American. In the 10 years of follow-up from risk estimation, 1887 participants (16%) had an ASCVD event. There were no significant improvements in the C statistic when including 5- or 10-year cumulative SBP. However, the addition of cumulative SBP resulted in significant improvements in the net reclassification index at event rate (10-year net reclassification index for men, 0.04 [95% CI, 0.02-0.06]; 10-year net reclassification index for women, 0.03 [95% CI, 0.01-0.06]) and the relative integrated discrimination index (10-year relative integrated discrimination index for men, 0.12; 10-year relative integrated discrimination index for women, 0.10). Conclusions and Relevance Using long-term measures of cumulative blood pressure, instead of single measurements, can modestly improve the ability of cardiovascular disease risk prediction models to correctly classify individuals in terms of their risk for cardiovascular disease.
Solution-focused risk assessment

Abstract Adam Finkel has proposed “Solution-Focused Risk Assessment” (SFRA) to largely replace what he describes as “analysis run wild” in problem assessment. His major objective is to have detection of a “signal of harm” followed first with consideration of possible solutions jointly between risk assessors and risk managers. Rigorous risk assessment of the potential value of a broad range of solutions to decreasing risk would then ensue with what he believes will be greater likelihood of effective responses. Among the questions that need to be addressed in practice include how does SFRA differ from sustainability, the precautionary principle, environmental justice, public health, green chemistry, and similar proposals to improve environmental decision making; whether SFRA brings risk assessment too close to risk management; how will “signal of harm” be determined, and what would be a fair trial to determine if SFRA is of practical value?
Assessing the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease

The major focus of this chapter is on echocardiography as this is the dominant modality used during clinical review but the importance of other modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) will be discussed where relevant. Multimodality imaging has become the norm in the assessment of the patient with CHD particularly for surgical planning, follow-up after surgery and in older patients with suboptimal acoustic windows.
Dose Selection for Multiple Myeloma in Modern Era

Abstract Purpose The management of multiple myeloma (MM) has evolved over the past 20 years, secondary to novel biologic therapeutics. Radiation therapy remains an important intervention in the management of painful lytic bone lesions. However, the currently used radiation therapy regimens were developed in the pre-biologic therapy era. The goal of this study is to assess the effects of dose and fractionation in pain control for patients with MM in the modern era. Methods and materials We conducted a retrospective study based on data collected from patients who received radiation therapy at our institute between 2007 and 2017. A total of 130 patients (266 treatment sites) were included in this study. Univariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the association of risk of pain recurrence with treatment characteristics and compute the hazard ratios (HRs). Results The median follow-up time was 14 months. Patients who received a total dose of 20 to Conclusions Radiation therapy remains highly effective at managing lytic bone lesions in patients with MM, and 6- to 10-fraction treatment courses are equally as effective as longer courses at treating these lesions. Treatment with 20 Gy in 10 fractions resulted in a significantly lower probability of pain recurrence when compared with 8 Gy in 1 fraction.
SAR11 bacteria have a high affinity and multifunctional glycine betaine transporter.

Marine bacterioplankton face stiff competition for limited nutrient resources. SAR11, a ubiquitous clade of very small and highly abundant Alphaproteobacteria, are known to devote much of their energy to synthesizing ATP-binding cassette periplasmic proteins that bind substrates. We hypothesized that their small size and relatively large periplasmic space might enable them to outcompete other bacterioplankton for nutrients. Using uptake experiments with 14 C-glycine betaine, we discovered that two strains of SAR11, Candidatus Pelagibacter sp. HTCC7211 and Cand. P. ubique HTCC1062, have extraordinarily high affinity for glycine betaine (GBT), with half-saturation (K s ) values around 1 nM and specific affinity values between 8 and 14 L mg cell-1 h-1 . Competitive inhibition studies indicated that the GBT transporters in these strains are multifunctional, transporting multiple substrates in addition to GBT. Both strains could use most of the transported compounds for metabolism and ATP production. Our findings indicate that Pelagibacter cells are primarily responsible for the high affinity and multifunctional GBT uptake systems observed in seawater. Maximization of whole-cell affinities may enable these organisms to compete effectively for nutrients during periods when the gross transport capacity of the heterotrophic plankton community exceeds the supply, depressing ambient concentrations.
Thoughts About Social Justice.

This is the second of two essays addressing equity and social justice, which are interrelated concepts of considerable interest to members of our discipline. The purpose of this essay is to define ...
Involuntary Weight Loss

Involuntary weight loss (IWL) is common in community-dwelling older adults with approximately 1/3 losing at least 4% of their body weight over the course of a year. Social and functional issues can contribute to IWL; assessment of a patient’s home situation can help to identify contributing causes and approaches to treat or ameliorate IWL. IWL is associated with dementia and may precede the diagnosis of dementia; medications are also a common cause of IWL among older adults. In studies of the causes of IWL among referred populations of (non-frail, non-homebound) adults, approximately 1/4 of patients will have a psychiatric cause identified, 1/4 won’t have a cause identified, and approximately 1/2 will have a physical cause identified, with malignancy and benign gastrointestinal causes as the most common etiologies. Watchful waiting and clinical surveillance in the absence of specific symptoms and negative initial workup are appropriate. Appetite stimulants should not be prescribed in the setting of IWL.
Guided Self-Assembly and Control of Vortices in Ensembles of Active Magnetic Rollers

Active magnetic colloids are capable of rich collective behavior and complex self-organization. The interplay between short- and long-range interactions taking place away from equilibrium often res...
Uncertainty Management in Sexual Communication: Testing the Moderating Role of Marital Quality, Relational Closeness, and Communal Coping.

Romantic partners’ communication about sex has been shown to enhance marital satisfaction and well-being, yet is often associated with high levels of uncertainty due to the challenging and potentia...
Patient Narratives: a Tool for People-Centered Health Systems Education.

Recent global initiatives have called for responsive and people-centered health systems. There has also been demand for increased transformational and applied learning in medicine and public health. Patient Narratives, a tool for people-centered health systems education, was implemented among undergraduate students preparing for a career in public health or medicine. This activity trained students to interview a patient living with a chronic condition and to analyze health system performance based on the patient’s narrative. Students interviewed patients of various ages, diagnoses, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Patients had obtained care in diverse health care settings, for example, through private health insurance and through governmental programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. All students were able to successfully complete the activity and successfully demonstrated ability to collect relevant information and make inferences on health systems performance using the information that they collected. Therefore, all students achieved the learning objectives. In addition, 92% of students reported increased confidence in engaging with patients as a result of this activity. Patient Narratives can help students develop analytical skills to evaluate health systems performance and understand the realities of the individuals that they aim to serve. Patient Narratives can be a useful addition to the teaching methodology on health systems in the undergraduate setting and beyond.
Zebra mussel invasion of Texas lakes: estimating dispersal potential via boats

Invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) pose both a significant economic and environmental threat to aquatic systems yet there are currently no effective methods for achieving large-scale eradication. As a result, predicting and preventing their spread play a critical role in management efforts. Zebra mussels were first found in Texas in 2009 and, as of November 2019, have invaded 39 lakes across five river basins. Prior state-specific risk-assessments have been solely based on habitat suitability and have not considered dispersal potential. We developed a water body specific, constrained gravity model incorporating habitat suitability and dispersal potential to predict potential future invasion patterns. We examined the relative importance of habitat suitability, lake attractiveness, the relative risk of different boater types, and the impact of boater compliance with recommended prevention measures. Differences in lake attractiveness resulted in different boater dispersal patterns but the impact on projected lake invasions were reduced by variation in habitat suitability. The model projected zebra mussels to be mainly limited by habitat conditions in east Texas and by dispersal in west Texas. Most lakes in central Texas were projected to become invaded in the near future unless boater compliance with preventive management was high.
Variability in the stellar initial mass function at low and high mass: 3-component IMF models

Three component models of the IMF are made to consider possible origins for the observed relative variations in the numbers of brown dwarfs, solar-to-intermediate mass stars, and high mass stars. Three distinct physical processes are noted. The characteristic mass for most star formation is identified with the thermal Jeans mass in the molecular cloud core, and this presumably leads to the middle mass range by the usual collapse and accretion processes. Pre-stellar condensations (PSCs) observed in mm-wave continuum studies presumably form at this mass. Significantly smaller self-gravitating masses require much larger pressures and may arise following dynamical processes inside these PSCs, including disk formation, tight-cluster ejection, and photoevaporation as studied elsewhere, but also gravitational collapse of shocked gas in colliding PSCs. Significantly larger stellar masses form in relatively low abundance by normal cloud processes, possibly leading to steep IMFs in low-pressure field regions, but this mass range can be significantly extended in high pressure cloud cores by gravitationally-focussed gas accretion onto PSCs and by the coalescence of PSCs. These models suggest that the observed variations in brown dwarf, solar-to-intermediate mass, and high mass populations are the result of dynamical effects that depend on environmental density and velocity dispersion. They accommodate observations ranging from shallow IMFs in cluster cores to Salpeter IMFs in average clusters and whole galaxies to steep and even steeper IMFs in field and remote field regions. They also suggest how the top-heavy IMFs in some starburst clusters may originate and they explain bottom-heavy IMFs in low surface brightness galaxies.
A Low-Power Duty-Cycled Impulse-Radio Ultrawideband (IR-UWB) Transmitter with Bandwidth and Frequency Reconfigurability Scheme Designed in 180 nm CMOS Process

One of the design challenges of the implantable medical devices (IMD) is the power requirement that needs to be minimum to avoid frequent battery-replacement and surgeries. This paper presents a duty-cycled IR-UWB transmitter designed using standard 180 nm CMOS process that achieves an energy efficiency (energy-per-pulse) of 11.5 pJ/pulse at 100 Mbps data rate. Working in the frequency range of 4 - 6 GHz, the transmitter achieves a peak power spectral density (PSD) of -42.1 dBm/MHz with 950 MHz bandwidth which makes it highly suitable for high data rate biotelemetry applications. The bandwidth of the proposed transmitter system can also be varied from 500 MHz-950 MHz using control voltage of the impulse generator (IG). The wide frequency range and bandwidth range of the proposed transmitter also makes it highly suitable for distributed brain implant applications covering both lower and upper UWB frequency bands.
Metabolic Response of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to Folate Restriction

Background: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), accounting for approximately 15% of breast cancers, lack targeted therapy. A hallmark of cancer is metabolic reprogramming, with one-carbon metabolism essential to many processes altered in tumor cells, including nucleotide biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. We reported that folate deficiency via folic acid (FA) withdrawal in several TNBC cell lines results in heterogenous effects on cell growth, metabolic reprogramming, and mitochondrial impairment. To elucidate underlying drivers of TNBC sensitivity to folate stress, we characterized in vivo and in vitro responses to FA restriction in two TNBC models differing in metastatic potential and innate mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods: Metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells (high mitochondrial dysfunction) and nonmetastatic M-Wnt cells (low mitochondrial dysfunction) were orthotopically injected into mice fed diets with either 2 ppm FA (control), 0 ppm FA, or 12 ppm FA (supplementation; in MDA-MB-231 only). Tumor growth, metabolomics, and metabolic gene expression were assessed. MDA-MB-231 and M-Wnt cells were also grown in media with 0 or 2.2 µM FA; metabolic alterations were assessed by extracellular flux analysis, flow cytometry, and qPCR. Results: Relative to control, dietary FA restriction decreased MDA-MB-231 tumor weight and volume, while FA supplementation minimally increased MDA-MB-231 tumor weight. Metabolic studies in vivo and in vitro using MDA-MB-231 cells showed FA restriction remodeled one-carbon metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and glucose metabolism. In contrast to findings in the MDA-MB-231 model, FA restriction in the M-Wnt model, relative to control, led to accelerated tumor growth, minimal metabolic changes, and modest mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased mitochondrial dysfunction in M-Wnt cells, induced via chloramphenicol, significantly enhanced responsiveness to the cytotoxic effects of FA restriction. Conclusions: Given the lack of targeted treatment options for TNBC, uncovering metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited as therapeutic targets is an important goal. Our findings suggest that a major driver of TNBC sensitivity to folate restriction is a high innate level of mitochondrial dysfunction, which can increase dependence on one-carbon metabolism. Thus, folate deprivation or antifolate therapy for TNBCs with metabolic inflexibility due to their elevated levels of mitochondrial dysfunction may represent a novel precision-medicine strategy.
Multiscale Concurrent Atomistic-Continuum (CAC) modeling of multicomponent alloys

Abstract Strengthening in complex multicomponent systems such as solid solution alloys is controlled primarily by the dynamic interactions between dislocation lines and heterogeneously distributed solute species. Modeling of extended defect length scales in such multicomponent systems becomes prohibitively expensive, motivating the development of reduced order approaches. This work explores the application of the Concurrent Atomistic-Continuum (CAC) method to model dislocation mobility in random alloys at extended length scales. By employing recently developed average-atom interatomic potentials, the average “bulk” material response in coarse-grained regions interacts with true random solute species in the atomistic-scale domain. We demonstrate that spurious stresses in domain resolution transition regions are eliminated entirely due to the CAC formulation. Simultaneously, the key details of local stress fluctuation due to randomness in the dislocation core region are captured, and fluctuating stress smoothly decays to the long-range dislocation stress field response. Dislocation mobility calculations, for line lengths over 400 nm, are computed as a function of alloy composition in the model FeNiCr system and compared to full molecular dynamics (MD). The results capture the composition-dependent trends, while reducing degrees of freedom by nearly 40%. This approach can be readily extended to any system described by an EAM potential and facilitates the study of large-scale defect dynamics in complex solute environments to support computational alloy design.
Submucosal Nerve Diameter in the Rectum Increases With Age: An Important Consideration for the Diagnosis of Hirschsprung Disease.

INTRODUCTION Hypertrophic submucosal nerves, defined as ≥40 µm in diameter, are considered supportive of a diagnosis of HSCR, but the effect of age on nerve diameter has not been well-studied. We sought to determine the distribution of the largest nerve diameter in ganglionic rectal biopsies and the significance of hypertrophic submucosal nerves in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) based on age. METHODS Rectal biopsies performed in the evaluation of HSCR were retrospectively reviewed from 179 patients (151 ganglionic biopsies, 28 aganglionic biopsies), and the diameter of the largest submucosal nerve was measured. RESULTS In non-Hirschsprung disease (non-HSCR) biopsies, submucosal nerve diameter increased with age. In patients <1 year, the average diameter was 34.1 ± 11.6 µm but increased to 50.8 ± 17.3 µm after 1 year of age. Submucosal nerves ≥40 µm in diameter were significantly associated with HSCR across all ages [HSCR = 25/28 (89.3%) vs non-HSCR = 59/151 (39.1%), p < 0.0001] and remained significant in patients <1 year of age [HSCR = 22/24 (91.7%) vs non-HSCR = 19/91 (20.9%), p < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS The diameter of submucosal nerves increases with age, and ≥40 µm nerves are common after 1 year of age.
Off-Diagonal Coulomb Interactions in the Extended Peierls-Hubbard Model: Exact Diagonalization Results

As evidenced by the many contributions to these proceedings, the role of electron-electron interactions in solid-state systems continues to be the subject of intense investigation and debate. Much of the recent discussion has been stimulated by experimental work on exciting novel materials, including high-temperature superconducting copper oxides, “heavy-fermion” systems, organic synthetic metals, and halogen-bridged transition-metal chains. Unlike conventional metals, for which standard single-electron (band) theories describe quantitatively the electronic structures and excitations, these new materials are currently thought to have properties dominated by many-body effects arising from strong electron-electron interactions. It is essential to have tractable models that capture the essence of both electron-phonon (e-p) and electron-electron (e-e) interactions and that represent faithfully their synergetic, or competing, effects.
Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract Glycerophospholipids are the structural building blocks of the cellular membrane. In addition to creating a protective barrier around the cell, lipids are precursors of intracellular signaling molecules that modulate membrane trafficking and are involved in transmembrane signal transduction. Phospholipids are also increasingly recognized as important participants in the regulation and control of cellular function and disease. Analysis and characterization of lipid species by mass spectrometry (MS) have evolved and advanced with improvements in instrumentation and technology. Key advances, including the development of “soft” ionization techniques for MS such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have facilitated the analysis of complex lipid mixtures by overcoming the earlier limitations. ESI‐MS has become the technique of choice for the analysis of multi‐component mixtures of lipids from biological samples due to its exceptional sensitivity and capacity for high throughput. This chapter covers qualitative and quantitative MS methods used for the elucidation of glycerophospholipid identity and quantity in cell or tissue extracts. Sections are included on the extraction, MS analysis, and data analysis of glycerophospholipids and polyphosphoinositides.
Current management of isolated soleal and gastrocnemius vein thrombosis

Thrombi of the soleal and gastrocnemius veins of the leg remain incompletely characterized in terms of the appropriate treatment algorithm to follow. Although they are anatomically located below the level of the fascia, making them "deep" vein thrombi, their natural history is unclear with respect to propagation and embolization. Varying treatment suggestions have been proposed, from full-dose anticoagulation to "watchful waiting" with repeated duplex examination, with none rising to the level of accepted scientific evidence. Herein, we present the current literature citing the differing opinions and data that have confused the subject.
Issues and Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorders During Adolescence and Beyond

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) can benefit from interventions beyond early childhood. In middle school and high school, effective interventions include priming, motivational procedures to improve academic performance, self-management, video modeling, and peer mediated interventions. In adulthood, individuals with ASD benefit from supported employment opportunities and access to higher education. Further research should be conducted on using video modeling to teach real-life skills such as social conversation, friendship making, self-presentation, and daily living. Keywords: adolescence; adulthood; ASDs; autism spectrum disorders; interventions
Geographic Information Systems

Geographic information systems provide powerful tools that can enable public health practitioners to analyze and visualize data and to make informed decisions in a timely and relevant manner. Since the publication of the first edition of Public Health Informatics and Information Systems, GIS has become increasingly more accessible and widely used. It has also become more powerful as new applications are developed and more spatial statistics are incorporated into GIS software programs. Many public health professionals—in epidemiology and disease surveillance, environmental health, and community assessment—are using GIS as a tool for analysis and decision-making. While the educational background of such professionals often does not include GIS, it is important for these GIS users to understand basic geographic and GIS concepts and to be able to interpret and critically analyze GIS maps created by others. Eventually, as such part-time GIS users become more familiar with the technology and its wide range of applications, they will go beyond mapping and begin to use GIS for more sophisticated forms of spatial analysis. However, GIS users must recognize that GIS is not a panacea; they must be aware of its limitations. Some of these limitations are tied to issues of map scale and the accuracy and completeness of available data; others concern the proper use of visualization and spatial analysis tools.
Enabling email confidentiality through the use of opportunistic encryption

Software for encrypting email messages has been widely available for more than 15 years, but the email-using public has failed to adopt secure messaging. This failure can be explained through a combination of technical, community, and usability factors. This paper proposes a new approach to email security that employs opportunistic encryption and a security proxy to facilitate the opportunistic exchange of keys and encryption of electronic mail. While it appears that this approach offers less security than established systems that employ certificates, the security is in fact equivalent to today's systems based on PGP, PGP/MIME and S/MIME.
Consequences of Enriched Atmospheric CO2 and Defoliation for Foliar Chemistry and Gypsy Moth Performance

Elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 are likely to interact with other factors affecting plant physiology to alter plant chemical profiles and plant–herbivore interactions. We evaluated the independent and interactive effects of enriched CO2 and artificial defoliation on foliar chemistry of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and the consequences of such changes for short-term performance of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). We grew aspen and maple seedlings in ambient (~360 ppm) and enriched (650 ppm) CO2 environments at the University of Wisconsin Biotron. Seven weeks after budbreak, trees in half of the rooms were subjected to 50% defoliation. Afterwards, foliage was collected for chemical analyses, and feeding trials were conducted with fourth-stadium gypsy moths. Enriched CO2 altered foliar levels of water, nitrogen, carbohydrates, and phenolics, and responses generally differed between the two tree species. Defoliation induced chemical changes only in aspen. We found no significant interactions between CO2 and defoliation for levels of carbon-based defenses (phenolic glycosides and tannins). CO2 treatment altered the performance of larvae fed aspen, but not maple, whereas defoliation had little effect on performance of insects. In general, results from this experimental system do not support the hypothesis that induction of carbon-based chemical defenses, and attendant effects on insects, will be stronger in a CO2-enriched world.
Abstract W MP110: Stimulant Medications as a Risk Factor for Childhood Stroke

Background: The association of stimulants and stroke in adults has raised concerns about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications prescribed to children. A large retrospective cohort study found no increased risk for serious cardiovascular events but was limited in how stroke was identified. We examined the association between stimulant medications and stroke in a case-control study with cases rigorously detected. Methods: This study was nested in a cohort of 2.5 million children (<20y) enrolled in a large integrated health care plan, 1993-2007. Cases of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke at ≥2 years of age were identified from searches of radiology reports in addition to diagnostic codes, and confirmed through independent chart review; 4 controls per case were randomly selected, matched by age, year of enrollment and primary care facility. The cohort was linked to electronic pharmaceutical records to collect data on ADHD medications prior to stroke (index date for controls). Analyses usin...
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty with Multiple Exit Strategies

We assess the turnover intentions of federal employees using Hirschman's theory of exit, voice and loyalty. Specifically, we follow other studies that have tested the effects of loyalty and voice on the likelihood a person states their intention to leave. However, using large-scale survey evidence from the federal workforce, we are able to assess the impact of loyalty, voice, and other factors (including assessments of pay) on the likelihood that a respondent will retire, leave for another federal agency, or leave for another sector. Our statistical analysis provides evidence that perceptions about voice and loyalty limit exit. Yet, the effect of voice, loyalty and pay vary with exit option.
FHIT loss-induced DNA damage creates optimal APOBEC substrates: Insights into APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis

// Catherine E. Waters 1, 2 , Joshua C. Saldivar 3 , Zaynab A. Amin 2 , Morgan S. Schrock 1, 2 , Kay Huebner 2 1 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 2 Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, 43210, Ohio 3 Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Standford, 94305, California Correspondence to: Kay Huebner, e-mail: kay.huebner@osumc.edu Keywords: FHIT, replication stress, DNA double strand breaks, APOBEC deaminase, mutations Received: August 14, 2014 Accepted: October 23, 2014 Published: October 31, 2014 ABSTRACT APOBEC cytidine deaminase activity is a major source of hypermutation in cancer. But previous studies have shown that the TC context signature of these enzymes is not observed in sizable fractions of cancers with overexpression of APOBEC, suggesting that cooperating factors that contribute to this mutagenesis should be identified. The fragile histidine triad protein (Fhit) is a tumor suppressor and DNA caretaker that is deleted or silenced in >50% of cancers. Loss of Fhit protein activity causes replication stress through reduced Thymidine Kinase 1 expression, increased DNA breaks, and global genome instability in normal and cancer cells. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we show that FHIT -low/ APOBEC3B -high expressing lung adenocarcinomas display significantly increased numbers of APOBEC signature mutations. Tumor samples in this cohort with normal FHIT expression do not exhibit APOBEC hypermutation, despite having high APOBEC3B expression. In vitro , silencing Fhit expression elevates APOBEC3B-directed C > T mutations in the TP53 gene. Furthermore, inhibition of Fhit loss-induced DNA damage via thymidine supplementation decreases the TP53 mutation burden in FHIT -low/ APOBEC3B -high cells. We conclude that APOBEC3B overexpression and Fhit-loss induced DNA damage are independent events that, when occurring together, result in a significantly increased frequency of APOBEC-induced mutations that drive cancer progression.
The Advanced Gas Turbine Systems Research Program: A Model for Industry, University and Government Cooperation

An integral part of the U. S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Turbine Systems Program is the Industry/University consortium, formed to strengthen the gas turbine technology base among American universities. The Advanced Gas Turbine Systems Research program is sponsored by DOE, directed by industry leaders, and the universities conduct the research. This close alliance assures that the research is accomplished in a timely fashion, in areas critical to industry needs.In the past year and a half the consortium has been organized, members solicited, Requests For Proposals issued, and contracts awarded. Some 60 universities in the U. S. are participating. This paper will discuss how the program was initiated, how it functions, and will review some of the interesting research that is under way in support of the overall ATS goals.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
Collective Outbursts, Politics, and Punitive Resources: Toward a Political Sociology of Spending on Social Control

This study tests racial threat and political explanations for yearly fluctuations in per capita spending on corrections since the early 1950s. Racial threats indicated by riots or by the presence of nonwhites do not account for changes in imprisonment rates, yet both threat conditions explain subsequent shifts in total spending on jails and prisons. Increases in the political strength of the Republican Party, past breakdowns in the family, and growth in the tax base lead to greater spending on corrections as well, but neither unemployment nor economic inequality are associated with these outlays. In comparison to findings about the determinants of imprisonment rates, the results of this study show that spending on punishment is far more responsive to the mass politics of racial threat.
Autoantibodies and Sjogren’s Syndrome in Multiple Sclerosis, a Reappraisal

Background: Rheumatologic diseases may cause neurologic disorders that mimic multiple sclerosis (MS). A panel of serum autoantibodies is often obtained as part of the evaluation of patients suspected of having MS. Objectives: To determine, in light of recently revised diagnostic criteria for MS, neuromyelitis optica, and Sjogren’s Syndrome, if testing for autoantibodies in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of MS would reveal a frequency or demonstrate a clinical utility divergent from previous reports or lead to identification of undiagnosed cases of Sjogren’s Syndrome. Methods: Convenience sample cross-sectional study of MS patients recruited from the OHSU Multiple Sclerosis Center. Results: Autoantibodies were detected in 38% (35/91) of patients with MS and were not significantly associated with disease characteristics or severity. While four patients had SSA antibodies, none met diagnostic criteria for Sjogren’s Syndrome. Conclusions: Rheumatologic autoantibodies are frequently found in MS patients and are not associated with disease severity or systemic rheumatologic disease. Our demonstration of the low specificity of these autoantibodies suggests that the diagnostic utility and cost-effectiveness of testing is not supported when there is strong clinical suspicion of MS and low clinical suspicion of rheumatologic disease.
A new table of observed travel-times of earthquake waves, for distances between 10° And 180° at one-degree intervals, applicable only to earthquakes of shallow focus

During the years 1926–27, a series of tables of supposed travel-times of earthquake-waves was mimeographed and distributed by the Department of Geophysics of Saint Louis University for purposes of comparison and further study. In those tables the data were drawn from many sources. The travel-times given for P and S were practically those published by A. Mohorovicic but were graphically transformed from a basis of kilometers per second to that of degrees per second and graphically interpolated to tenth-degrees. The travel-times which were adopted for the reflected waves were based partially on studies made in the Geophysical Laboratory of Saint Louis University and partly on calculation where the observations were inadequate. The travel-times of core-waves were graphically interpolated from those published by Gutenberg. The speeds of L, M, W1 and W2 had been worked out by Macelwane and Byerly at the University of California, as had also the mile- and kilometer-equivalents of the distances in degrees.
Anycast Based Lightweight Routing Protocol for Mobile Sink Discovery in Sensor Networks

Applications for wireless sensor networks have grown enormously over the past few years. Routing and sink discovery protocols designed for ad hoc networks do not adapt to sensor networks, and generic sensor network routing techniques are not optimnl for all scenarios. We propose a light weight routing prot04:01 to discover mobile sinks in battlefield operations or large terrains. Initial experimentation shows promising results in reduction of control over bead, good data delivery with support of multi-metric path selection.
Trends in Dissonance Research and the Chapanis' Criticisms

A trend analysis of two of the methodological problems of cognitive dissonance research raised by the Chapanises indi cated (1) the criticism was valid, (2) over time the methods grad ually approximated the norms of the field, and (3) the Chapanis' critique did not influence the time trends appreciably, but was reflective of past problems.
Synthesis and electrorheological characteristics of polyaniline-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) microsphere: Size effect

The spherical, monodisperse polymer microshperes (PAPMMAs) consisting of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core and a polyaniline (PANI) shell were prepared and adopted as dispersed materials for electrorheological (ER) fluids, in which electrical conductivity was originated primarily from the surface-coated conducting PANI layer. These surfaces were rough and irregular. Three different core sizes of PAPMMAs (2, 4.5, and 9 μm) with the same weight ratio of PANI, the larger core having the thicker PANI shell, were prepared. PAPMMAs that have similar shell thicknesses but different core sizes were also prepared in order to examine the particle size effect on ER performance. Performances of PAPMMA-based ER fluids were enhanced with increasing core particle size. The same result was obtained for the PAPMMA systems having the same shell thickness. Dielectric spectra of these ER fluids were found to provide additional information on both analyzing their electrical polarization properties and interpreting the f...