cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How much wind and solar are needed to realize emissions benefits from storage

Environmental outcomes from energy storage depend on its usage patterns, the existing generation fleet, and fossil fuel prices. This work models the deployment of large, non-marginal quantities of energy storage and wind and solar power to determine their combined effects on grid system emissions. Two different grid environments are analyzed: a coal-heavy grid (Midcontinent ISO) and non-coal grid (New York ISO). An iterative dispatch model is used that operates storage to maximize income, considering that this operation can influence wholesale energy prices. With current low natural gas prices ($2.6 per MMBtu), adding storage slightly reduces carbon emissions in New York, while increasing them in the Midcontinent ISO (MISO). Storage increases carbon emissions when it enables a high emissions generator, such as a coal plant, to substitute for a cleaner plant, such as natural gas. We estimate that adding storage operated to maximize revenue in the MISO region will not be carbon neutral until wind or solar power reach around 18% of the generation capacity. Different operation patterns for storage could realize higher carbon reductions. For example, a carbon price on emissions from generators would shift operation to make energy storage carbon neutral even with current wind and solar capacities. Sensitivity analysis shows that a higher natural gas price ($5 per MMBtu) yields much higher storage-induced carbon emissions in both NYISO and MISO and storage in MISO will not be carbon neutral unless 35% of total generation capacity is from wind/solar. This illustrates that low cost, efficient natural gas generation is important to realize emissions reductions with storage under economic arbitrage.
Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Perimenopausal Period.

Background: The menopausal transition called perimenopause, happens after the reproductive years, and isspecified with irregular menstrual cycles, perimenopause symptoms and hormonal changes. Women going throughperi menopausal period are vulnerable to bone loss.Osteoporosis is one of the most common debilitating metabolic bone diseases ,especially in the women almostaround 50 years .This study was intended to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis amongstasymptomatic individuals during the menopause transition period.Methods: A total of 714 asymptomatic peri-menopausal female volunteers were recruited through a billboard invitationfor participation in the study. The subjects were selected based on already defined inclusion and exclusion criteria.The project, which was conducted between 2010 and 2014 was affiliated to the Educational and Therapeutic Center,Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD) measured by DEXA (dual-energy X-rayabsorptiometry) was carried out on two distinct sites, the proximal femur and the lumbar vertebrae from L1 to L4.Pertained data were analyzed.Results: The mean age of the subjects was 49.7±2.years. The overall prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosisin these peri-menopausal individuals were 37.6 % and 10% respectively. Thirty five point two percent of 714 womenpresented with osteopenia and eight percent of them have osteoporosis in the femoral neck, respectively. Nonetheless,BMD values at the lumbar spine indicated 41.6% and 12% of individual participants being affected by osteopenia andosteoporosis.Conclusion: In general osteopenia or osteoporosis, occurred in 48% of this study population, implying that specialattention is required for the bone health status of Iranian women who undergo menopause.
Light Chain Diversity among the Botulinum Neurotoxins

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are produced by several species of clostridium. There are seven immunologically unique BoNT serotypes (A–G). The Centers for Disease Control classifies BoNTs as ‘Category A’ select agents and are the most lethal protein toxins for humans. Recently, BoNT-like proteins have also been identified in several non-clostridia. BoNTs are di-chain proteins comprised of an N-terminal zinc metalloprotease Light Chain (LC) and a C-terminal Heavy Chain (HC) which includes the translocation and receptor binding domains. The two chains are held together by a disulfide bond. The LC cleaves Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). The cleavage of SNAREs inhibits the fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane and the subsequent release of acetylcholine, which results in flaccid paralysis. The LC controls the catalytic properties and the duration of BoNT action. This review discusses the mechanism for LC catalysis, LC translocation, and the basis for the duration of LC action. Understanding these properties of the LC may expand the applications of BoNT as human therapies.
Dielectric Polarization and Relaxation

A review of field quantities and formal results is followed by discussion of equilibrium theories and simulations for polar liquids. Relaxation processes are considered primarily in terms of correlation function treatments, starting with models of behavior in simple systems and going on to cooperative behavior in more complex systems as a function of temperature, with some reference to polymers and molecular crystals. Other aspects discussed include correlation functions from transient birefringence, ion-solvent interaction effects in electrolytes and relaxation in mixtures of polar liquids.
Supramolecular Three Armed Star Polymers

Star polymers are an important class of polymers that have attracted significant attention in the last years [2, 3, 4]. This can be attributed to unique properties originating from their condensed structure, non-linear shape, and multiple chain ends per macromolecule.
Knowing Is (Only) Half the Battle

Cox and colleagues examined whether a surrogate decision aid improves clinician–surrogate concordance on estimates of 1-year survival or any of several patient and surrogate outcomes for patients r...
Titin mutations and muscle disease.

The introduction of next-generation sequencing technology has revealed that mutations in the gene that encodes titin (TTN) are linked to multiple skeletal and cardiac myopathies. The most prominent of these myopathies is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Over 60 genes are linked to the etiology of DCM, but by far, the leading cause of DCM is mutations in TTN with truncating variants in TTN (TTNtvs) associated with familial DCM in ∼ 20% of the cases. Titin is a large (3–4 MDa) and abundant protein that forms the third myofilament type of striated muscle where it spans half the sarcomere, from the Z-disk to the M-line. The underlying mechanisms by which titin mutations induce disease are poorly understood and targeted therapies are not available. Here, we review what is known about TTN mutations in muscle disease, with a major focus on DCM. We highlight that exon skipping might provide a possible therapeutic avenue to address diseases that arise from TTNtvs.
THE GROWING REALITY OF LEGAL RIGHTS FOR COMPANION ANIMALS

Over the past decade, the fifty state legislatures of the United States have been adopting legislation for the benefit of the group of animals known as companion animals (pets). When considered together as a set, these laws create an initial set of legal rights for that group of animals. To explore that conclusion, the definition of a legal right and the particular statutes, such as new divorce laws, are considered.
The Magic Touch: A Case Report of How Smartphone Fingerprint Technology Was Utilized to Establish a Last Known Well Time for Recanalization Treatment in a Patient With Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently a standard of care for acute stroke patients. One of the necessary criteria in determining eligibility for tPA is the last known well (LKW) time. The LKW time is unfortunately often difficult to obtain accurately if no witness is available, thus posing as an obstacle for acute recanalization therapy. We present the case of a patient who arrived unresponsive with an unwitnessed onset of symptoms concerning for an acute stroke. An LKW time was able to be successfully established by using her fingerprint to unlock her phone and discover a coherent text sent a few hours prior. Patient was able to receive intravenous (IV) tPA and demonstrated remarkable recovery. The use of fingerprint ID to unlock the patient’s phone raises the concern of breach of privacy and whether involuntary smartphone searches apply to the emergency code of conduct outlined by the FDA. Smartphone applications, such as Apple iOS “Medical ID” argues for maximal utilization of smartphone technology for emergent medical conditions. Utilization of smartphone technology can potentially serve a potential solution, but the question remains as to whether this practice would be deemed to be ethically appropriate under the policy of implied informed consent under emergent conditions. J Med Cases. 2020;11(2):44-45 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3431
Cathepsin K (CTSK) and Bone Resorption

Abstract An imbalance in bone formation and bone resorption results in the bone loss that characterizes osteoporosis. An absolute or relative increase in bone resorption by osteoclasts can significantly contribute to this bone loss. Cathepsin K is a lysosomal protease responsible for bone degradation by osteoclasts. Pharmacological use of cathepsin K inhibitors such as odanacatib for osteoporosis has shown benefit, though the clinical development of these agents had to be discontinued due to potential adverse events. Preclinical and clinical studies on cathepsin K and its inhibitors have shown the potential for an adjuvant antiresorptive agent, and continue to guide future research.
ONE PASTORAL POEM OF DAVIT GURAMISHVILI

“The Book Cheerful Summer” of Georgian Writer, which is created by the pastoral theme of Davit Guramishvili, which echoes The Russian Folklore. The poem is a small genre and carries bucolic-pastoral characteristics. The author of the poem echoes the revival period of European-Russian pastoral theme, in addition, he has a moral character – who is the shepherd boy- Katsvia, who is grown up with Christian values, denying the familiar and eccentric relationships. In The poem there are conflicts between two worlds - carnival Life and traditional values. The first of them is the shepherd girl, the second one is the shepherd boy – Katsvia. This poem is considered as a writer's testament is a didactic and moral. At the same time, the author refuses in his dominant epoch on “the three styles theory” and the folk, where he appeals the simple narrate, the verification is original, the narrate is interesting and it is featured by the lightness of folklore and feminine expressions.
From Time Sheets to Tablets: Documentation Technology in Frontline Service Sector Managers’ Coordination of Home Healthcare Services:

Research on service work theorizes a triangle of power alliances between workers, managers, and customers, while studies on electronic health records (EHRs) focus on user experiences. Using an ethn...
Late-gestation heat stress abatement in dairy heifers promotes thermoregulation and improves productivity

Multiparous, nonlactating pregnant cows are negatively affected by heat stress, but the effect of heat stress on more thermotolerant pregnant heifers has received less attention. Our objective was to characterize the effect of late-gestation heat abatement on thermoregulatory responses and subsequent milk production of nulliparous Holstein heifers. Pregnant heifers, blocked by body condition score (BCS) and predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for milk, were enrolled in either heat stress (HT, shade of freestall barn; n = 16) or cooling (CL, shade of freestall barn, water soakers, and fans; n = 15) environments during the last 60 d of pregnancy (~8 weeks). Rectal temperature (RT; thermometer), respiration rate (RR; breaths/min), sweating rate (SR; VapoMeter, Delfin Technologies, Kuopio, Finland), and skin temperature (ST; infrared thermometer) were measured thrice weekly from enrollment to calving. Vaginal temperature (VT; i-button intravaginal device) was measured every 10 min for 7 consecutive days at wk -8, -6, -4, and -2 relative to calving and averaged hourly. Daily thermoregulatory patterns assessed by SR and ST, were measured every 4 h over a 36-h time interval at wk -6, -4, and -2 relative to calving. Upon calving, milk, protein, and fat yields were recorded twice daily for 15 wk. The average temperature-humidity index (Hobo Pro temperature probe, Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA) in the barn during the precalving period was 77 (minimum of 72, maximum of 82). Only heifers that gave birth to a female calf (CL = 12, HT = 14) were included in the statistical analysis. In the precalving period, CL heifers had lower RR (44.3 vs. 60.0 ± 1.6 breaths/min), RT (38.7 vs. 38.8 ± 0.04°C), unshaved ST (34.7 vs. 35.3 ± 0.17°C), and unshaved SR (19.0 vs. 35.2 ± 1.9 g/m2h), relative to HT heifers. Additionally, VT was lower in CL heifers during wk -4, and -2, specifically during early morning and early afternoon hours. When measured over a 36-h time interval, ST and SR were lower in CL heifers, when compared with HT heifers for all weeks. Notably, ST was reduced overnight and SR was reduced during the daytime. Cooled heifers had higher milk yield (35.8 vs. 31.9 ± 1.4 kg/d), when compared with HT heifers. Similar to multiparous cows, our data indicate that actively cooling heifers in late pregnancy is effective in promoting thermoregulation and results in elevated milk production postcalving.
Twitter in Higher Education: Increasing Student Engagement.

Engagement is an essential factor in successful outcomes for students. Several studies have shown that the use of Twitter in the higher education classroom has the potential to increase student eng...
College Students’ Responses to Their Sexually Assaulted Friends: Impact of Rape Myth Acceptance, Prior Victimization, and Social Relationships

College students often confide in their friends following sexual assaults. Friends' reactions may include a variety of emotions and helping behaviors; prior victimization, knowing the accused, and rape myth acceptance may affect these. A sample of 1016 students at a religiously affiliated university completed quantitative surveys measuring their rape myth acceptance, history of sexual assault victimization, disclosures received, and reactions to the most recent disclosure. A subset of 636 students (506 females, 130 males) reported receiving at least one rape disclosure from a friend. Regression analysis of the subset revealed that participants' rape myth acceptance, victimization histories, and relationships to the accused influenced reactions to friends who were sexually assaulted. Students who endorsed rape myths were less likely to lend support to survivors; they were also more likely to experience shame and anger, and to blame their sexually assaulted friends. Students who shared friends with both the survivor and the accused were more likely to offer support to the survivor, experience feelings of divided loyalty, and blame the survivor. Blaming or feeling embarrassed toward survivors was associated with a tendency to advise them on how to avoid revictimization. This suggests that some disclosure recipients focused on their friend's behavior to explain the sexual assault. Cognitive dissonance theory may partially explain the findings.
Dysbiotic stress increases the sensitivity of the tumor vasculature to radiotherapy and c-Met inhibitors

Antibiotic-induced microbial imbalance, or dysbiosis, has systemic and long-lasting effects on the host and response to cancer therapies. However, the effects on tumor endothelial cells are largely unknown. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to generate matched B16-F10 melanoma associated endothelial cell lines isolated from mice with and without antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. After validating endothelial cell markers on a genomic and proteomic level, functional angiogenesis assays (i.e., migration and tube formation) also confirmed their vasculature origin. Subsequently, we found that tumor endothelial cells derived from dysbiotic mice (TEC-Dys) were more sensitive to ionizing radiotherapy in the range of clinically-relevant hypofractionated doses, as compared to tumor endothelial cells derived from orthobiotic mice (TEC-Ortho). In order to identify tumor vasculature-associated drug targets during dysbiosis, we used tandem mass tag mass spectroscopy and focused on the statistically significant cellular membrane proteins overexpressed in TEC-Dys. By these criteria c-Met was the most differentially expressed protein, which was validated histologically by comparing tumors with or without dysbiosis. Moreover, in vitro, c-Met inhibitors Foretinib, Crizotinib and Cabozantinib were significantly more effective against TEC-Dys than TEC-Ortho. In vivo, Foretinib inhibited tumor growth to a greater extent during dysbiosis as compared to orthobiotic conditions. Thus, we surmise that tumor response in dysbiotic patients may be greatly improved by targeting dysbiosis-induced pathways, such as c-Met, distinct from the many targets suppressed due to dysbiosis.
Molecular Analysis of the Kidney From a Patient With COVID-19-Associated Collapsing Glomerulopathy.

Recent case reports suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with collapsing glomerulopathy in African Americans with apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) risk alleles; however, it is unclear whether disease pathogenesis is similar to HIV-associated nephropathy. RNA sequencing analysis of a kidney biopsy specimen from a patient with COVID-19–associated collapsing glomerulopathy and APOL1 risk alleles (G1/G1) revealed similar levels of APOL1 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) messenger RNA transcripts as compared with 12 control kidney samples downloaded from the GTEx (Genotype-Tissue Expression) Portal. Whole-genome sequencing of the COVID-19–associated collapsing glomerulopathy kidney sample identified 4 indel gene variants, 3 of which are of unknown significance with respect to chronic kidney disease and/or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Molecular profiling of the kidney demonstrated activation of COVID-19–associated cell injury pathways such as inflammation and coagulation. Evidence for direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection of kidney cells was lacking, which is consistent with the findings of several recent studies. Interestingly, immunostaining of kidney biopsy sections revealed increased expression of phospho-STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) in both COVID-19–associated collapsing glomerulopathy and HIV-associated nephropathy as compared with control kidney tissue. Importantly, interleukin 6–induced activation of STAT3 may be a targetable mechanism driving COVID-19–associated acute kidney injury.
A Model of Endogenous Risk Intolerance and Lsaps: Asset Prices and Aggregate Demand in a

In this paper we: (i) provide a model of the endogenous risk intolerance and severe asset price and aggregate demand contractions following an adverse real (non-financial) shock; and (ii) demonstrate the effectiveness of Large Scale Asset Purchases (LSAPs) in addressing these contractions. The key mechanism stems from heterogeneous risk tolerance: as a recessionary shock hits the economy and brings down asset prices, risk-tolerant agents' wealth share declines and their leverage rises endogenously. This reduces the market's risk tolerance and generates downward pressure on asset prices and aggregate demand. When monetary policy is unconstrained, it can offset the decline in risk tolerance with an interest rate cut that boosts the market's Sharpe ratio. However, if the interest rate policy is constrained, new contractionary feedbacks arise: recessionary shocks lead to further asset price and output drops, which feed the risk-off episode and trigger a downward loop. In this context, LSAPs improve asset prices and aggregate demand by transferring risk to the government's balance sheet, which reduces the market's required Sharpe ratio and reverses the contractionary feedbacks. Quantitatively, we show that aggregate shocks and LSAPs have large impacts on asset prices when the model is calibrated to fit the inelastic demand for aggregate assets uncovered in recent literature. We also show that heterogeneity in risk tolerance explains part of the demand inelasticity in normal times, and further reduces the elasticity after a recessionary shock. The Covid-19 shock and the large response by all major central banks provide a vivid illustration of the environment we seek to capture.
Three-dimensional segmentation and depth-encoded visualization of choroidal vasculature using swept-source optical coherence tomography.

The choroid provides nutritional support for the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Choroidal dysfunction plays a major role in several of the most important causes of vision loss inclu...
Disassociation of verbal learning and hippocampal volume in type 2 diabetes and major depression.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between verbal learning and memory performance and hippocampal volume in subjects with co-morbid type 2 diabetes and major depression compared with healthy control subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes alone. Methods Twenty four subjects with type 2 diabetes and 20 subjects with type 2 diabetes and major depression were recruited from endocrinology clinics and were compared with 32 healthy control subjects recruited from the community. Subjects were scanned on a 1.5 T GE scanner, and hippocampal volumes were measured using Freesurfer. The California Verbal Learning Test assessed learning and memory. Significant predictors of verbal learning performance (e.g., age, gender, education, blood pressure, stroke risk, hemoglobin A1c, and hippocampal volume) were determined using a stepwise linear regression. Results Subjects with diabetes and depression had significantly worse performance on verbal list learning compared with healthy control subjects. Hippocampal volume was a strong predictor of performance in healthy control subjects, and age and hippocampal volume were strong predictors in subjects with type 2 diabetes alone. Age alone was a significant predictor of verbal learning performance in subjects with diabetes and depression. Conclusions The relationship between hippocampal volume and performance on the California Verbal Learning Test is decoupled in subjects with type 2 diabetes and major depression and this decoupling may contribute to poor verbal learning and memory performance in this study population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Standards for Teaching Middle School Science: Now That We Have Them, What Do We Do?

Middle school science teachers are currently facing a plethora ofdocuments describing what and how science should be taught. In some cases, the new standards represent a fresh confirmation for some teachers of what they have been doing for a long time. For others, they represent a significant departure from current curricula and will require fundamental changes in attitudes regarding what and how teachers teach and how students learn. In almost all cases, the successful transition to a student-centered active-engagement classroom will require teachers to have detailed knowledge about how their students think and the specific difficulties they encounter as they struggle to understand basic concepts. To obtain this detailed knowledge, a research group called the Laboratory for Research in Physics Education has been formed at the University of Maine. This group examines specific sections of the new science standards, developing new curricula based on the results of physics education research, collaborating with rural middle school teachers on the implementation ofthat curricula, and performing research in rural classrooms to assess the effectiveness ofthe materials and the methods. This paper will describe one such project on kinematics piloted at a rural middle school in Spring of 1996. This project is a modelfor how university faculty, graduate students, and K-12 teachers can work together toward the common goal of improving the teaching and learning ofscience.
Catalysis of Methyl Group Transfers Involving Tetrahydrofolate and B12

Abstract This review focuses on the reaction mechanism of enzymes that use B 12 and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to catalyze methyl group transfers. It also covers the related reactions that use B 12 and tetrahydromethanopterin (THMPT), which is a THF analog used by archaea. In the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms of these enzymes has increased greatly because the crystal structures for three classes of B 12 ‐dependent methyltransferases have become available and because biophysical and kinetic studies have elucidated the intermediates involved in catalysis. These steps include binding of the cofactors and substrates, activation of the methyl donors and acceptors, the methyl transfer reaction itself, and product dissociation. Activation of the methyl donor in one class of methyltransferases is achieved by an unexpected proton transfer mechanism. The cobalt (Co) ion within the B 12 macrocycle must be in the Co(I) oxidation state to serve as a nucleophile in the methyl transfer reaction. Recent studies have uncovered important principles that control how this highly reducing active state of B 12 is generated and maintained.
Finding Facilities Fast

Clustering can play a critical role in increasing the performance and lifetime of wireless networks. The facility location problem is a general abstraction of the clustering problem and this paper presents the first constant-factor approximation algorithm for the facility location problem on unit disk graphs (UDGs), a commonly used model for wireless networks. In this version of the problem, connection costs are not metric , i.e., they do not satisfy the triangle inequality, because connecting to a non-neighbor costs ***. In non-metric settings the best approximation algorithms guarantee an O (logn )-factor approximation, but we are able to use structural properties of UDGs to obtain a constant-factor approximation. Our approach combines ideas from the primal-dual algorithm for facility location due to Jain and Vazirani (JACM , 2001) with recent results on the weighted minimum dominating set problem for UDGs (Huang et al., J. Comb. Opt. , 2008). We then show that the facility location problem on UDGs is inherently local and one can solve local subproblems independently and combine the solutions in a simple way to obtain a good solution to the overall problem. This leads to a distributed version of our algorithm in the $\mathcal{LOCAL}$ model that runs in constant rounds and still yields a constant-factor approximation. Even if the UDG is specified without geometry, we are able to combine recent results on maximal independent sets and clique partitioning of UDGs, to obtain an O (logn )-approximation that runs in O (log* n ) rounds.
Detecting precatalytic conformational changes in F1-ATPase with 4-benzoyl(benzoyl)-1-amidofluorescein, a novel fluorescent nucleotide site-specific photoaffinity label.

A novel photoaffinity label for studies with the F1-ATPase has been synthesized and found to be an effective reporter of subunit conformational changes that occur in this enzyme upon multiple nucleotide-binding site occupancy. The new probe, 4-benzoyl(benzoyl)-1-amidofluorescein (BzAF), which possesses structural similarity to purine nucleotides, exhibits bifunctional characteristics that enable it to bind covalently to the exchangeable nucleotide sites on beef heart F1 (via photoactivation of the benzophenone moiety) and, once covalently linked, emit environmentally sensitive fluorescence (via selective excitation of the fluorescein moiety). BzAF binds competitively with ATP in the absence of illumination, with a KI of 50 microM. Under actinic irradiation necessary for generating the covalently reacting diradical triplet state of benzophenone, BzAF behaves as a nucleotide site-directed photoaffinity label of exchangeable (catalytic) sites, and the resulting photoinhibition of ATPase activity displays pseudo first-order rate-saturation kinetics that support formation of a dissociable BzAF.F1 complex (k-1/k1 = 58 microM) prior to covalent binding. The BzAF-induced photoinactivation is protectable with native nucleotide ligand (e.g. MgADP, Kprotect = 0.4 mM). Added corroboration of a catalytic cooperativity mechanism for F1 was obtained by finding a molar stoichiometric ratio [( 3H]BzAF:F1) of 1 required for complete inhibition of ATPase activity. Steady-state fluorescence studies with a unisite-labeled BzAF.F1 complex (a catalytically inactive species on which at least one exchangeable nucleotide-binding site remains unoccupied) display a saturable fluorescence quenching of the bound fluorescein upon titration with MgADP, but no change with MgAMP. These data imply that the filling of more than one of the catalytic binding sites/mol of F1 with nucleotide signals a precatalytic conformational adjustment that is transmitted between catalytic sites and across the beta-alpha-beta domain of the enzyme's subunit structure.
Mechanisms of Heat Exchange: Biophysics and Physiology

The sections in this article are: 1 Human Heat Balance Equation 2 Independent Variables Affecting the Thermal Environment 2.1 Ambient Temperature 2.2 Dew Point Temperature and Ambient Vapor Pressure 2.3 Air and Fluid Movement 2.4 Mean Radiant Temperature and Effective Radiant Field 2.5 Clothing Insulation 2.6 Barometric Pressure 3 Peripheral Factors to Heat Exchange 3.1 Mean Skin Temperature 3.2 Skin Wettedness 3.3 Body Heat Storage and Rate of Change of Mean Body Temperature 3.4 Metabolic Energy 4 Sensible Heat Exchange by Radiation and Convection 4.1 Operative Temperature 4.2 Clothing Properties Effective in Sensible Heat Exchange 5 Radiation Exchange 5.1 Mean Radiant Temperature and Effective Radiant Field 6 Convective Heat Exchange 6.1 Heat Transfer Theory 6.2 Measurement of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient 6.3 Effect of Altitude (Barometric Pressure) on Convective Heat Loss 7 Evaporative Heat Exchange 7.1 Direct Measurement of Evaporative Heat Loss 8 Psychrometrics of the Human Heat Balance Equation 8.1 Lewis Relation: Interpretation of Wet-Bulb Temperature and Enthalpy 8.2 Generalization to Energy Transfer between Humans and the Environment 8.3 Enthalpy of the Human Environment 8.4 Enthalpy and the Rational Indices of the Human Environment 9 Pierce Two-Node Model of Thermoregulation 9.1 The Passive State 9.2 The Control System 9.3 Initial Warm and Cold Signals 9.4 Control of Skin Blood Flow 9.5 Control of the Whole-Body Sweating Drive 9.6 Control of the Skin Shell Properties 9.7 Control of Shivering 10 Heat Loss Factors in Warm and Cold Environments: Physiology 10.1 Heat and Mass Transfer from the Body to the Environment 10.2 Body Motion 10.3 Thermal Aspects 10.4 Thermoregulatory Control Relative to Heat Loss Factors 10.5 Physiological Responses of Heat Loss by Thermal Radiation and Adaptive Response 11 Heat Loss in Special Environments 11.1 Hypobaric Environments 11.2 Hyperbaric Environments 11.3 Aquatic Environments 11.4 Heat Exchange in Spacecraft
Safety Considerations in the Tissue Culture Laboratory

The routine work of cell maintenance and some experiments that affect cells in culture can potentially pose a hazard to the researcher. Hazards may be associated with equipment, sterilisation methods, tissue or whole animal sources used to obtain the cells, as well as experiments that are designed to be detrimental to or alter the normal cell function. Essentially, hazards can be of mechanical, chemical, ionising or biological origin. Regardless of the source, the culturist can still work effectively and be safe. To do so, the culturist should be armed with proper training for cell culture studies, adequate personal protection equipment, advanced knowledge of any potential hazard and sources of information for responding in an emergency. With these tools, the risk to the culturist is minimised. The approaches to some of these issues are discussed below. Key Concepts: Properly prepared cell culturists can work safely. Sterilisation used to protect the cells can harm culturists. Culturists should be fully aware of potential hazards during experiments designed to change or kill cells. Keywords: safety; biohazards; hazards; cells; culture
49.1: Invited Paper: n‐FFS vs. p‐FFS: Who wins?

Both negative and positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals have been used in fringe field switching (FFS) display devices. We compare the electro-optic performances of single-domain p-FFS with two-domain n-FFS from device and material viewpoints. Quantum-dot backlight enhanced FFS shows vivid colors with negligible color shift, higher transmittance, and better sunlight readability.
Characterization and data collection on a direct-coupled CCD X-ray detector

Abstract A large-area, multi-module, CCD-based detector without intensification stages is being developed by our group for X-ray diffraction applications. Each module consists of a fiberoptic taper with a phosphor deposited on the large end and a large-format, scientific CCD bonded to the small end. A single module has been constructed to evaluate the performance of this type of detector. This module has an active area of 43 × 43 mm2, a point response function FWHM = 80 μm, a dynamic range of > 20 000:1, and a high DQE. Using four parallel readout circuits, the CCD can be read out in 1.8 s. Crystallographic data collected using a rotating-anode source demonstrate the capability of this type of detector.
Acute and chronic effect of aspirin on selected endurance variables

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of acute and chronic ingestion of aspirin on selected endurance variables during maximal exercise. Eleven moderately trained men (19 to 30 years old) participated in three blind graded maximal treadmill tests for each of two different aspirin doses and a placebo condition. The treatments consisted of the following: an acute dose of 975 mg of aspirin 1 hour prior to exercise; a chronic dose of 975 mg of aspirin 3 times a day for 4 consecutive days; and a placebo of three comstarch‐filled capsules, 3 times a day for 4 consecutive days. Maximal performance was not significantly different among the treatments. However, chronic treatment resulted in significantly higher 5‐minute postexercise lactate levels (p < 0.001), a decrease in time to reach ventilatory threshold (Tvent), and a shorter time to exhaustion (p < 0.01) compared with the acute and placebo treatment Acute treatment also resulted in significantly higher 5‐minute postexercise lactate concent...
Gli2 and Gli3 Localize to Cilia and Require the Intraflagellar Transport Protein Polaris for Processing and Function

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia assembly and have recently been associated with a number of developmental processes, such as left–right axis specification and limb and neural tube patterning. Genetic studies indicate that IFT proteins are required for Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling downstream of the Smoothened and Patched membrane proteins but upstream of the Glioma (Gli) transcription factors. However, the role that IFT proteins play in transduction of Shh signaling and the importance of cilia in this process remain unknown. Here we provide insights into the mechanism by which defects in an IFT protein, Tg737/Polaris, affect Shh signaling in the murine limb bud. Our data show that loss of Tg737 results in altered Gli3 processing that abrogates Gli3-mediated repression of Gli1 transcriptional activity. In contrast to the conclusions drawn from genetic analysis, the activity of Gli1 and truncated forms of Gli3 (Gli3R) are unaffected in Tg737 mutants at the molecular level, indicating that Tg737/Polaris is differentially involved in specific activities of the Gli proteins. Most important, a negative regulator of Shh signaling, Suppressor of fused, and the three full-length Gli transcription factors localize to the distal tip of cilia in addition to the nucleus. Thus, our data support a model where cilia have a direct role in Gli processing and Shh signal transduction.
Reaction chromatography : II. Gas-liquid/thin-layer chromatographic derivatization technique for the identification of alcohols

Abstract The technique for the identification of reactive compounds by derivative formation on thin-layer plates at the exhaust of a gas chromatograph (gas-liquid/thin-layer chromatography) was applied to alcohols. Advantages, limitations, and reaction conditions for 3,5-dinitrobenzoates (DNBs) and o -nitrophenylurethans (ONPUs) as derivatives of representative alcohols used in this study are discussed and thin-layer chromatographic behavior in several systems is tabulated. DNBs are readily formed from 0.5 mg and ONPUs from 0.05 mg of the same primary and secondary alcohols. Some tertiary alcohols failed to give either derivative from 10 mg of reactant, while 0.5–5 mg of other reacted discernibly.
Metabolic degradation of prostaglandin E1 in the lung and kidney of rats in endotoxin shock.

SummaryThe metabolic degradation of PGE1 was studied by the incubation of 3H-PGE1 with the lung and kidney homogenates from control and endotoxemic rats. The control lung and kidney homogenates metabolized PGE1 very rapidly, whereas the shock lung and kidney homogenates inactivated PGE1 at considerably slower rates. It is suggested that the increased levels of prostaglandins found in animals with endotoxin shock may be partly due to the impairment of prostaglandin metabolism in the lungs and kidneys.The authors express their gratitude to Dr. J. E. Pike, Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan for his generous supply of PGE1.
Biophysical properties and skin wettedness of garments with variable moisture vapor transmission rates (MVTR)

Garments with variable moisture vapor transmission rates (MVTR) at 5, 360, 670 and 864 MVTR (g m−2 24 h−1) were studied. Thermal resistances and evaporative resistances were tested using a copper manikin. Subsequently, eight men and six women were exposed for 4 h, while resting in two environments: (Ta) = 29.4°C, 52% r.h., (2.12 kPa)V = 1.1 m s−1 and 18.3°C, 50% r.h., (1.05 kPa)V = 1.1 m s−1. Rectal (Tre) and eight-site skin temperatures, heart rate and skin wettedness (w) were recorded; w was elevated > 0.8 with MVTRs of 5 g m−2 24 h−1; women had lowered w (P < 0.05) and men had significant body cooling in the cooler environment (P < 0.05).
Dynamic mechanical properties of human ribs

In order to characterise the mechanical behaviour of bones under various loading conditions, it is important to determine the effect of strain rate on the load carrying capacity and fracture behaviour of various members of our skeletal system. This study aims to understand the mechanical behaviour of human thoracic ribs through the application of a variety of strain rates. In this experiment, embalmed ribs were tested in a three-point bending mode under three different rates of deformation ranging from 0.05 to 8 mm/s. Mechanical parameters such as maximum bending moment, maximum deformation, bending stiffness and energy absorption capacity were determined. The maximum bending moment and stiffness showed an increase by 53% and 8%, respectively, at the highest rate of deformation compared to the lowest. The ultimate deformation and energy absorbed also increased by 26% and 66%, respectively, in this range of deformation rate. This data confirm that bone is viscoelastic in nature and exhibits different mechanical properties that are a function of strain rate.
EXTRACELLULAR ASSOCIATION AND ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BAS-RELIEF MUCILAGE PAD OF ACHNANTHES LANCEOLATA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)

Glass microscope slides were immersed in the tiny Headwaters of a midwestern stream Achnanthes lanceolata (Breb.) Grunow was the dominant or co-dominant species in 14 out of 15 one-month-old communities over a two-year period. Minutely streaked, periphyton-free areas mostly lacked live diatoms but had cell-free mucilage pads and attached raphe valves of A. lanceolata. These pads, secure or peeling, had a distinct bas-relief impression of the raphe valve. Pad mucilage was associated with the puncta and raphe, and its presence in the puncta of raphe valves maximizes the surface for valve/substrate adhesion. Periphyton-free streaks in otherwise stable periphyton may represent areas where abrasion or grazing had killed or removed cells without dislodging the mucilage-secured raphe valves or valve-free mucilage pads. Important adaptive features of A. lanceolata for resisting graying and/or stream hydrodynamic forces appear to be: a sessile, low-profile, lanceolate life form with rounded apices; an attached rap...
Age-frequency profiles of micromammals and population dynamics of Proheteromys floridanus (Rodentia) from the early Miocene Thomas Farm site, Florida (U.S.A.)

Abstract The rich early Miocene (Hemingfordian, ca.18 Ma) Thomas Farm microfauna provides an excellent opportunity to study the population dynamics of a fossil rodent population. A sample of 113 upper fourth premolars (P4's) of Proheteromys floridanus (minimum number of individuals [ MNI ]=63 ) was analysed for discrete age classes (cohorts) to compare the life statistics of modern and fossil heteromyids. Univariate and principal components analyses were inconclusive, but showed that wear characters are highly correlated and that interpretation of attritional vs. catastrophic accumulations using age-frequency profiles of micromammals may be misleading. Cluster analysis of age-dependent tooth wear characters indicates the presence of two distinct clusters interpreted as cohorts. The first cluster ( MNI = 59 ) are those individuals interpreted to have died in their first year; the second cluster ( MNI = 4 ) represents survivors into the next breeding season. First year survival rate is 6%. Estimated average longevity is 6.7 months; estimated maximum annual productivity is 8.5 young per female. Comparison with modern heteromyids indicates no difference in longevity, first year survivorship, or annual productivity between modern and fossil populations. This study demonstrates that population dynamics of small, brachyodont, short-lived micromammals can be estimated with sufficiently large samples.
Optimal experimental design for sampling voltage on dendritic trees in the low-SNR regime

Due to the limitations of current voltage sensing techniques, optimal filtering of noisy, undersampled voltage signals on dendritic trees is a key problem in computational cellular neuroscience. These limitations lead to voltage data that is incomplete (in the sense of only capturing a small portion of the full spatiotemporal signal) and often highly noisy. In this paper we use a Kalman filtering framework to develop optimal experimental design methods for voltage sampling. Our approach is to use a simple greedy algorithm with lazy evaluation to minimize the expected square error of the estimated spatiotemporal voltage signal. We take advantage of some particular features of the dendritic filtering problem to efficiently calculate the Kalman estimator's covariance. We test our framework with simulations of real dendritic branching structures and compare the quality of both time-invariant and time-varying sampling schemes. While the benefit of using the experimental design methods was modest in the time-invariant case, improvements of 25---100% over more naive methods were found when the observation locations were allowed to change with time. We also present a heuristic approximation to the greedy algorithm that is an order of magnitude faster while still providing comparable results.
Intracellular location of hyphae in experimental dermatomycosis.

Nach experimentellerTrichophytonmentagrophytes-Infektion wurden in den Stratum-Corneum-Zellen des Meerschweinchens intrasquamale Pilshyphen identifiziert. Dies erlaubt ein detailliertes Verstandnis der Pathogenese einer.Dermatophyteninfektion.
The Reverse Flat Plate Collector: A Stationary, Nonevacuated, Low-Technology, Medium-Temperature Solar Collector

The design, analysis, construction and testing of a novel solar collector is reported. The Reverse Flat Plat Collector (RFPC) is intended to be a stationary, nonevacuated, low-technology, medium temperature solar collector - a promising alternative for intermediate temperature thermal needs (100/sup 0/C
Transversal theory and rank functions

In this paper, we shall consider some generalizations of the famous transversal theorem of Hall [4]. We give some preliminary definitions and results in Section 2. Section 3 contains the basic selection theorem. The notions of “rank” and “independence,” and our selection theorem are not new, but our approach is somewhat different from the usual one (see, for instance, [S]). Our method also leads to natural proofs of the theorem of Mendelsohn and Dulmage (and of a similar result) and some other combinatorial results. These proofs will be found in Sections 5 and 6. Section 4 discusses some examples and applications of Section 3, while Section 7 contains a few comments. In particular, we shah see that the transversal theory (or independcncc structure) of a family of sets itself provides an interesting example of a rank function.
DNA synthesized in Escherichia coli K12 (λ) after infection with an rII mutant of bacteriophage T4

Abstract Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized in Escherichia coli K12 (λ) after abortive infection with rII mutants of phage T 4 was found to contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine without any cytosine, as characteristic of phage DNA. It appears that physiological defect associated with the rII mutation is not a failure to form deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase.
Anti-inflammatory treatment with acetylsalicylate or rofecoxib is not neuroprotective in Huntington's disease transgenic mice

Inflammatory mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). Possible benefits of anti-inflammatory treatments include improved folding of mutant huntingtin mediated through chaperones, reduction of destructive cellular and humoral inflammatory pathways, and reduction of proapoptotic signaling mediated by NF-kappaB or other transcription factors. This study was performed to investigate the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory drugs as treatments for Huntington's disease by examining whether two compounds in widespread human use can ameliorate the phenotype of HD transgenic mouse models. We examined the effectiveness of acetylsalicylate and rofecoxib as treatments for the R6/2 and N171-82Q transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. Both drugs were administered from weaning. To monitor the effectiveness of the treatment, we analyzed the mice for weight loss, behavioral changes, and gross cerebral and striatal atrophy. The studies showed that neither drug benefited the animals at doses comparable to those tolerated by humans.
Acute intentional iron overdose in pregnancy

Abstract Background: Although iron is the second most common overdose agent in pregnancy, the obstetric literature does not reflect current management of this emergency. Case: A 27-year-old woman, para 0-3-4-3, at 27 weeks’ gestation ingested 24 mg/kg of elemental iron in a suicide attempt. Therapy with crystalloid hydration, gastric lavage, and intravenous deferoxamine chelation treated the overdose without maternal or fetal complications. Conclusion: Pregnancy should not alter therapy for acute iron overdose. Deferoxamine administered in the third trimester is not associated with perinatal complications and is potentially life saving.