cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Office-Based Videoimaging of the Larynx

Evaluation of the larynx is an essential component of a comprehensive head and neck examination. The way in which we evaluate the larynx has evolved over the years. With every new advance, we have gained knowledge and expanded our understanding of this extremely complex organ. Given the dynamic and interactive nature of the exam, the patient is typically awake, and it can be achieved in an office-based setting. Here, we review the evolution of laryngeal visualization, as well as discuss some burgeoning technological advances.
Target-Text Mediated Interactive Machine Translation

The use of Machine Translation as a tool for professional or other highly skilled translators is for the most part currently limited to postediting arrangements in which the translator invokes MT when desired and then manually cleans up the results. A theoretically promising but hitherto largely unsuccessful alternative to postediting for this application is interactive machine translation (IMT), in which the translator and MT system work in tandem. We argue that past failures to make IMT viable as a tool for skilled translators have been the result of an infelicitous mode of interaction rather than any inherent flaw in the idea. As a solution, we propose a new style of IMT in which the target text under construction serves as the medium of communication between an MT system and its user. We describe the design, implementation, and performance of an automatic word completion system for translators which is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, albeit in a very rudimentary form.
Cell Interactions in Cardiac Development

During early heart formation, the pre-cardiac mesoderm becomes regionally differentiated into segments destined to form ventricle, atria and sinoatrial tissue. Each region develops a characteristic beatrate and form of action potential, shaped by current through specific ion channels and membrane pumps. Fragments of pre-sinoatrial mesoderm that would normally have a rapid intrinsic beatrate, develop into beating heart tissue with a slow beatrate, characteristic of the ventricle, when transplanted into the prospective conoventricular region at stage 6–7. These transplants also express the ventricular isoform of myosin heavy chain, suggesting that regional commintment of the precardiac mesoderm is influenced by local cues. Application of the patch-clamp technique to single cells isolated from the ventricle of hearts at different ages during the first week of embryonic development has revealed changes in four currents that underlie the shaping of the ventricular action potential: the excitatory sodium current, the inward rectified K current, the delayed rectifier K current, and the T-type Ca current.
Automation and Accountability in Decision Support System Interface Design

When the human element is introduced into decision support system design, entirely new layers of social and ethical issues emerge but are not always recognized as such. This paper discusses those ethical and social impact issues specific to decision support systems and highlights areas that interface designers should consider during design with an emphasis on military applications. Because of the inherent complexity of socio-technical systems, decision support systems are particularly vulnerable to certain potential ethical pitfalls that encompass automation and accountability issues. If computer systems diminish a user’s sense of moral agency and responsibility, an erosion of accountability could result. In addition, these problems are exacerbated when an interface is perceived as a legitimate authority. I argue that when developing human computer interfaces for decision support systems that have the ability to harm people, the possibility exists that a moral buffer, a form of psychological distancing, is created which allows people to ethically distance themselves from their actions.
Effect of E. coli outer membrane vesicles on monocyte-platelet aggregates (145.9)

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) can initiate the inflammatory response in the transition of an infection to sepsis, and sepsis is a prothrombotic state. The role of OMVs in the development of prothrombotic tendency is unknown. The objective: to determine whether OMVs and endothelial microparticles can induce formation of prothrombotic monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA). Donor blood was incubated either with OMVs from clinical isolate of an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli or with supernatant from HUVEC (Human Umbilical Endothelial Cells) cultured in the presence of OMV for 24 hrs. MPA were measured in whole blood by flow cytometry as CD61+CD14+ cells. In whole blood from healthy human volunteers, MPA level is 19±2% in unstimulated state and 37±8% in ADP-stimulated state. Incubation of blood with OMVs did not significantly increase MPA neither in unstimulated blood (23±2%), nor in ADP-stimulated blood (24±7%). However, supernatant from HUVEC cultured with OMVs increased level of MPA in ADP-stimul...
Biodefense R&D: anticipating future threats, establishing a strategic environment.

DEFENSE STRATEGY should be to eliminate the possibility of massively lethal bioterrorist attacks. A central pillar of this strategy must be an ambitious and aggressive scientific research, development, and production (R&D&P) program that delivers the diagnostic technologies, medicines, and vaccines needed to counter the range of bioweapons agents that might be used against the nation. A successful biodefense strategy must take account of the rapidly expanding spectrum of bioweapons agents and means of delivery made possible by 21st century advances in bioscientific knowledge and biotechnology. Meeting this challenge will require the engagement of America’s extraordinary scientific talent and investments of financial and political capital on a scale far beyond that now committed or contemplated. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief analysis of the current biomedical R&D&P environment and to offer recommendations for the establishment of a national biodefense strategy that could significantly diminish the suffering and loss that would accompany bioterrorist attacks. In the longer term, a robust biodefense R&D&P effort, if coupled to substantial improvements in medical and public health systems, could conceivably render biological weapons ineffective as agents of mass lethality.
Dose-related facilitation by alcohol of avoidance acquisition in the goldfish

Abstract The present study was designed to examine the effect of alcohol on the early phase of dark-avoidance acquisition in the goldfish. Fish were in water solutions of ethyl alcohol (428, 628, or 856 mg/100 ml) for 3 hr before receiving 20 trials of active dark-avoidance training in individual shuttleboxes containing the same concentration of alcohol as that of the pretaining immersion. A dose-related facilitation of acquisition performance was found in fish treated with alcohol compared to fish treated similarly but not exposed to alcohol. Levels of responding calculated as [Total Shuttle Responses-Correct Responses] were not different among the 4 groups.
Molecular aspects of electron transfer at electrodes in micellar solutions

Abstract This paper reviews recent advances in understanding electron transfer between electrodes and reactants in micellar solutions, and suggests molecular pictures for such events. Experimental findings clearly indicate the influence of surfactant aggregates at the electrode-fluid interface in micellar solutions. These aggregates may be arranged in bilayers, cylinders, or surface micelles depending on the nature of the electrode surface and the surfactant. Entry of an electrochemical reactant into this dynamic surface film is a key step preceding electron transfer. Micelle-bound reactant may dissociate, followed by entry of the reactant into the surface film. Alternatively, the micelle may deliver reactant by joining with surface aggregates. In both cases, the result is a mixed adsorbate layer of reactant and non-electroactive surfactant on the electrode prior to electron transfer. Depending on the reactant's ability to compete with non-electroactive surfactant for surface sites on the electrode, electron transfer can involve adsorbed reactant or reactant which approaches the electrode to within a distance roughly equivalent to the diameter of the surfactant head group.
Suppression of Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations with Antifeedant Fungicides

Laboratory, small-field plot, and commercial-scale experiments were completed, using Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New York Colorado potato beetle, (CPB) Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), populations to determine if “antifeedant fungicides” might reduce the suitability of potato for CPB while simultaneously protecting potato from early and late blight. In the laboratory, fungicides formulated from triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) or Cu(OH)2, reduced CPB feeding 95 and 61%. In small-field plots, CPB larval densities were significantly reduced where TPTH and Cu(OH)2, were used regularly. In commercial-scale experiments, L. decemlineata populations were significantly reduced and required fewer insecticide applications for acceptable control where TPTH was used regularly.
Advance Directives: A Social Work Initiative to Increase Participation:

This article compared data on 200 patients at a large urban hospital on a number of demographic variables to distinguish clients who initiated an advance directive from those who declined. To bette...
Future Trends In The Use Of Infrared Line Scanners For Airborne Reconnaissance

AbstractFuture non -nuclear warfare scenarios emphasize rapidly developing combat situationswhere 24 -hour adverse weather operation will be mandatory. Infrared sensors will con- tinue to play a major role. Airborne intelligence is divided into three major types,Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Strike /Strike assessment. These tasks provide a continuing important role for infrared line scan systems (IRLS) since a single sensor can satisfy requirements of each intelligence type. Near term (to 1985), mid -term (to1990) and far -term (to 1995 and beyond) development trends are briefly surveyed to show how IRLS systems are evolving to meet the new requirements of lower altitude, higher v /h, oblique viewing, rapid film interpretation, bandwidth compression, data linking,target screening and synergistic combinations with laser scanners and microwave scan- ners. Technology trends are noted and it is shown how these may be exploited in new sensor systems.IntroductionIt was once thought that Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) sensors would replace Infra-red Line Scanners (IRLS) in airborne reconnaissance missions. FLIR's are smaller, have
Bilingualism and cognition

The relation between bilingualism and cognition is informative about the connection between language and mind. From the perspective of language, the question is how bilingualism might help or hinder cognition - narrowly interpreted here as executive function. From the perspective of higher cognition, the question is what kinds of experiences improve executive function. Reported cognitive benefits from bilingualism range from none to substantial as a function of age, type of bilingualism (e.g., life-long balanced vs later-onset or infrequent use of the other language), syntactic relation between the two languages, socio-economic and immigrant status, task, and laboratory. To understand the variability and inconsistencies in results with bilingualism, I analyze concepts of executive function and cognitive reserve and examine the range of factors (such as active video game playing, education, musical training, and aerobic exercise) that are known to correlate with or to improve executive function. I suggest that a) "executive function" is a complex set of cognitive processes, the components of which are sometimes minimally correlated with each other, depending on the task; b) bilingualism is inconsistently correlated with superior executive function and delayed onset of dementia; c) all speakers (mono- or bilingual) have non-linguistic ways of improving executive function; and d) benefits from bilingualism - and all cognitively challenging activities - are inconsistent because individuals vary in the number and kinds of experiences they have that promote superior executive function.
Aminophylline reduces hypoxic ventilatory depression: possible role of adenosine

Newborn infants and animals typically exhibit a paradoxical ventilatory response to hypoxia. The depressive phase of the response has not been adequately explained. It has been suggested that hypoxia may cause the release of inhibitory neuromodulators which depress ventilation. We have postulated that the nucleoside, adenosine, may be involved because 1) it is rapidly released during hypoxia, 2) it depresses ventilation, and 3) theophylline, a competitive inhibitor, has successfully been used to treat apnea of prematurity. Herein we describe the effects of aminophylline on ventilation during hypoxia in the spontaneously breathing newborn piglet administered both rapidly after ventilatory depression has occurred (bolus) and before the onset of hypoxia (pretreatment). Ten percent oxygen breathing produced a typical biphasic ventilatory response. The decrease in minute ventilation was caused by a decrease in both tidal volume and respiratory frequency. The bolus administration of aminophylline reversed the depression in minute ventilation (p less than 0.001) by increasing tidal volume (p less than 0.002). Pretreatment with aminophylline decreased the amount of ventilatory depression (p less than 0.05) by preventing a decrease in respiratory frequency. We conclude that aminophylline, an adenosine antagonist, reduces the decrease in ventilation which occurs during hypoxia in the newborn. We speculate that adenosine may play a role in hypoxic ventilatory depression and respiratory control in the newborn.
Modeling and analysis of a robust thermal control system based on forced convection thermal switches

There is a critical need, not just in the Department of Defense (DOD) but the entire space industry, to reduce the development time and overall cost of satellite missions. To that end, the DOD is actively pursuing the capability to reduce the deployment time of a new system from years to weeks or even days. The goal is to provide the advantages space affords not just to the strategic planner but also to the battlefield commanders. One of the most challenging aspects of this problem is the satellite's thermal control system (TCS). Traditionally the TCS must be vigorously designed, analyzed, tested, and optimized from the ground up for every satellite mission. This "reinvention of the wheel" is costly and time intensive. The next generation satellite TCS must be modular and scalable in order to cover a wide range of applications, orbits, and mission requirements. To meet these requirements a robust thermal control system utilizing forced convection thermal switches was investigated. The problem was investigated in two separate stages. The first focused on the overall design of the bus. The second stage focused on the overarching bus architecture and the design impacts of employing a thermal switch based TCS design. For the hot case, the fan provided additional cooling to increase the heat transfer rate of the subsystem. During the cold case, the result was a significant reduction in survival heater power.
94 GHz overmoded TWT experiment

A 94 GHz overmoded travelling wave tube (TWT) amplifier has been designed and experimentally implemented. The overmoded coupled cavity TWT operates in the TM 31 mode at 94 GHz. Lower order modes that may oscillate at lower frequencies in the cavity are suppressed using selectively placed lossy dielectric loading. The AlN dielectric loading has a negligible affect on the transmission of the TM31 mode. Operation in a higher order mode allows for a larger cavity at 94 GHz than the equivalent fundamental mode structure, permitting a larger beam tunnel and a higher current to propagate through the TWT. These advantages lead to an increase in the gain and peak power of the TWT.
A unified approach to certain nonlinear initial value and boundary value problems

is an mth-order linear differential operator defined on some subset of LP(a, b) and Y is a lower-order nonlinear operator. This general theorem is then applied to three types of problems. In the first application we establish the existence of an absolutely continuous solution of the initial value problem,
Cytoplasmic transport of lipids: Role of binding proteins

Abstract After entering the cell, small molecules must penetrate the cytoplasm before they are metabolized, excreted or can convey information to the cell nucleus. Without efficient cytoplasmic transport, most such molecules would efflux back from the cell before they could reach their targets. Conversely, intracellular lipids generated by hydrolysis of triglycerides, phospholipids and other esters must be transported away from their site of formation to prevent toxic accumulation. Intracellular movement of all molecules is slowed by molecular crowding, tortuosity, and the greater viscosity of the cytosol relative to water. However, lipids and other amphipathic molecules are further slowed by their tendency to bind to cytoplasmic membranes. Cytoplasmic binding proteins reduce membrane binding by increasing the aqueous solubility of their ligands. These aqueous carriers catalyze the transport of lipid molecules across hydrophilic water layers just as plasma membrane carriers catalyze the transport of hydrophilic molecules across the hydrophobic membrane core. They even display the principal features of carrier-mediated transport, including saturation, mutual competition, and countertransport. Higher concentrations of cytoplasmic binding proteins are associated with more rapid cytoplasmic transport of longchain fatty acids. Available data suggest that substantial intracellular concentration gradients of fatty acids should exist, and that these gradients may help determine which metabolic pathway the fatty acid enters. Thus, cytoplasmic carrier proteins may help regulate the uptake and metabolism of fatty acids and other lipid molecules.
Formation of natural pH gradients in sequential moving boundary systems with solvent counterions. I. Theory

The moving boundary theory has been applied to the special case in which the proton and hydroxyl ion are the sole counterions. Moving boundaries between two monovalent weak acids, two biprotic acidic ampholytes, two weak bases and two biprotic basic ampholytes were considered. This application of the theory leads to constituent concentration relationships, values for pH and conductance of each phase and step pH gradients when sequential moving boundaries are considered. In addition, rigorous conditions for achieving the steady-state in such systems are also presented. Application of the theory allows for the prediction of the formation and displacement of pH gradients. In contrast to the classical theory of pH gradients formed by ampholytes, the establishment of inverse pH gradients and the electrophoretic displacement of natural pH gradients is clearly accounted for.
Science Signaling Podcast: 9 August 2011

This Podcast features a conversation with the senior author of a Research Article published in the 9 August 2011 issue of Science Signaling . Lau et al . examined how signaling through μ-type opioid receptors (MORs) differs between receptor activation by the endogenous opioid peptide enkephalin and activation by the partial agonist morphine. The authors found that these ligands induced differential phosphorylation of the MOR C-terminal tail, which, in turn, differentially regulated receptor endocytosis and therefore activity.
Electronic spectroscopy and photodissociation dynamics of Co2+–methanol clusters: Co2+(CH3OH)n(n= 4–7)

Solvated cluster ions Co2+(CH3OH)n (n = 4–7) have been produced by electrospray and studied using photofragment spectroscopy. There are notable differences between the photodissociation spectra of these complexes and the analogous water complexes. Co2+(CH3OH)6 absorbs significantly more strongly than Co2+(H2O)6. The photodissociation spectra of Co2+(CH3OH)n (n = 4, 5 and 6) are very similar, which suggests that they share the Co2+(CH3OH)4 chromophore, with additional solvent molecules in the second shell. In contrast, our earlier studies indicate that Co2+(H2O)6 is six coordinate, and its spectrum is significantly different from that of Co2+(H2O)4. The larger clusters Co2+(CH3OH)n (n = 5–7) dissociate by simple loss of one or more solvent molecules. Larger clusters tend to lose more solvent molecules, especially at higher photon energies. As with the corresponding water cluster, Co2+(CH3OH)4 photodissociates by proton transfer through a salt-bridge intermediate. This is accompanied by a modest kinetic energy release of 170 kJ mol−1 and occurs with a lifetime of 145 ns.
The equivariant J -homomorphism for finite groups at certain primes

Suppose G is a finite group and p a prime, such that none of the prime divisors of G are congruent to 1 modulo p. We prove an equivariant analogue of Adams’ result that J′=J′′. We use this to show that the G–connected cover of QGS0, when completed at p, splits up to homotopy as a product, where one of the factors of the splitting contains the image of the classical equivariant J–homomorphism on equivariant homotopy groups.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFICIENT CONNECTOR SYSTEM FOR FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER BRIDGE DECKS TO STEEL GIRDERS

This paper discusses the development of an innovative and efficient connector to be used with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) decks supported by steel girders. A summary is provided detailing various proprietary connectors currently employed by FRP deck manufacturers. The paper then describes the development and experimental testing of a clamped shear stud-type connector. Experimental testing was conducted in two phases. The first phase consisted of individual connector testing. In this phase, several variations of the connector are tested and evaluated for strength, damage development, and overall performance. Results of this phase of testing are used to select a final connection design to be used in the second phase of testing, which consisted of testing a scale model bridge that incorporates several of the proposed connectors. The bridge is subjected to static load tests and the resulting reactions and deflections from these tests are compared with comprehensive finite element models of the system.
The policy movement as a policy problem

The policy movement is unified by a common interest in the improvement of policy decisions through scientific inquiry. The movement is differentiated, however, because this common interest is highly ambiguous and subject to interpretation from different perspectives. This paper applies a policy sciences perspective to the movement's disappointments over the last few decades, and in particular, the failure to realize earlier aspirations for rational, objective analysis on the more important and controversial policy issues. The paper offers a definition and diagnosis of the underlying problem, and suggests what can be done about it as a matter of individual and collective choice.
Clinical validation of fully 3-D versus 2.5-D RAMLA reconstruction on the philips-adac CPET PET scanner

IntroductionFully three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction algorithms have the potential to better utilize PET data acquired in true 3-D acquisition modes, as compared to 2-D approaches involving data reduction through rebinning procedures followed by a 2-D or 2.5-D reconstruction. Our previous studie
Prediction of cadaver kidney function by ligandin analysis

Ligandin is an enzyme having glutathione S-transferase activity that is confined to the proximal tubule in the kidney. A study was conducted to determine if the ligandin level in the perfusate that was used for kidney preservation had any predictive value for assessment of the function of the cadaver kidney transplant. This study included two groups. In the first group an aliquot of perfusate was collected at the end of the preservation. Twelve preservations were included in this group representing 24 kidneys. Mean ligandin values were 43 and 144 μM/min/perfusate for the immediate function and ATN groups respectively (P < 0.0002). In the second group ultrafiltrate was collected for the first hour from 12 kidneys. The ligandin values were 4 μM/min/ultrafiltrate for the immediate function group and 42 μM/min/ultrafiltrate for the ATN group. There is a great potential that ligandin values can be used to provide an accurate assessment of kidney quality prior to transplantation.
Photochemical attachment of cyclic AMP binding protein(s) to the nuclear genome

The nature of the cyclic AMP–receptor–nucleus interactions was examined by a novel combination of two photoreactions. A photosensitive derivative of cyclic AMP, N6-butyryl cyclic AMP, was covalently attached to its cytoplasmic receptod by photo-affinity labelling and this receptor complex was photo-crosslinked by the DNA in the rat liver nuclei. The photolytic reactions seemed to be specific since stable links were formed only when substantial noncovalent binding occurred.
The Relationship Between the Content and the Form of Metaphorical Statements

Recent research suggests that the quality of a metaphorical topic-vehicle pairing should be the determinant to the choice of a proper grammatical form, nominal metaphor versus simile. Two studies examined the relationship between the quality of the content of a metaphorical statement and its grammatical form. Study 1 showed that the two grammatical forms did not differ in aptness when the quality of topic-vehicle pairs and the conventionality of vehicles, a factor associated with the quality of metaphorical expressions, were controlled. With an online comprehension measure, Study 2 found that high quality metaphorical pairings were easier to process than low quality metaphorical pairings in both the metaphor form and the simile form. For high quality metaphorical pairings, information related to both the topics and the vehicles was highly activated at an early stage of processing. The relations among factors involved in the interpretive process of metaphorical language are discussed.
Long-term marriages: A critical review

Research guidelines are proposed for the study of long-term marriages based on a critical review of existing studies. Current problems in the collection and analysis of the data include the lack of agreement about the minimum length of a “long-term” relationship, the failure to make couple comparisons, or to follow samples longitudinally. In addition, the response rate is uniformly low and the variables studied are not consistent. Future research should gather data about couples, not just individuals, and should utilize standardized measures. It is important to begin to build a comprehensive and comparable data base of long-term marital relationships.
A summary of pine straw yields and economic benefits in loblolly, longleaf and slash pine stands

Forest landowners in the southeastern United States have the opportunity to manage their loblolly, longleaf and slash pine stands for pine straw (fresh undecomposed needles; the litter layer) for non-timber revenues. Pine straw is used primarily as mulch in landscaping and has grown in revenues paid to landowners in Georgia from $15.5 million in 1999 to $81 million in 2009. Pine straw is typically sold by the acre or by the bale. Selling pine straw by the acre may be advantageous to absentee landowners. Selling pine straw by the bale can generate more annual income, but bale counts need to be accurate and bale dimensions defined. For both methods, recent (2005–2010) pine straw multi-year revenues range from $50 to $150 per acre annually. Longleaf pine straw commands the highest price per bale, followed by slash pine, and lastly loblolly pine. Per rake yields from loblolly stands tend to be 15–30 % greater than slash and longleaf pine. Pine straw raking typically starts at canopy closure continuing to the first thinning, generating from $300 per acre to over $1000 per acre in new income. This paper summarizes pine straw yields and economics in loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine stands.
The role of genetic testing in the prediction of response to EGFR inhibitors in NSCLC

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the largest subgroup of the disease and accounts for ∼80% of lung cancers. Most patients with NSCLC are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The current treatment options for such patients are associated with substantial limitations in efficacy and safety. Targeted therapies have provided some improvement in clinical outcomes. Recent efforts have focused on identifying specific markers that are predictive of response to treatment. A pretreatment detection of such markers could facilitate a more personalized and specific approach to therapy, whereby the most appropriate and efficacious treatment is selected for a specific subset of patients. Such a tailored approach would maximize both the therapeutic index and cost-effectiveness of treatments. In addition, several novel agents are under development, which may have the potential for overcoming acquired resistance to existing treatments. This supplement will review the current and emerging treatments for patients with advanced NSCLC and the molecular predictors of response that may facilitate the future clinical application of personalized medicine.
Biology and Evaluation of Certain Predators of Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)

Eleven species representing five families of common native predators of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buck.), were investigated to determine their beneficial effects in the Manhattan, Kansas, area. Life histories, daily feeding rates on different sizes of aphids and field populations were determined for most immature and adult predators. A comparison was made of warm and cold temperature effects on predator feeding. A relative value of the predators in the field was determined by multiplying the average daily consumption of aphids times the field populations. A lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens G.-M., was the most important of all insects studied. Chrysopidae (green lacewings), Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs), Nabidae (damsel bugs) and Syrphidae (flower flies), in that order, were next most efficient following coccinellids. Low field populations were the primary reason for lower efficiency of the latter groups.
Constructability: A Quality Improvement Approach to Transportation Projects

Pressures to develop transportation projects that are biddable, buildable, and maintainable may be greater today than ever before. As a result, many transportation agencies are concerned about the constructability and quality of design documents for roadway facilities. The Washington State Department of Transportation has performed a research study to develop a constructability review process (CRP) to improve the constructability of its projects. The CRP is composed of constructability reviews at various prescribed points in the project time line. The reviews incorporate constructability checklists and planned meetings among all of the disciplines involved. Implementation of the CRP is expected to reduce the number of construction change orders, the total cost of change orders, construction and maintenance staff, and the amount of resources and to lead to a “zero addendum” bid phase.
Performance Evaluation of a Scalable Molecular Dynamics Simulation Framework on a Massively-Parallel System

The successors of distributed-memory, massively-parallel processing (MPP) systems that are based on multi-core processor technologies and high-bandwidth communication networks are expected to deliver Petascale computing power for scientific communities in near future. This report presents preliminary performance evaluation and benchmarking results of a scalable biomolecular simulation framework on the Cray XT4 MPP system that contains multi-core Opteron processors. We identify not only the performance enhancing features but also the bottlenecks for biomolecular simulation test cases on this system using a combination of application and vendor specific performance tools. Our results show that unprecedented performance has been achieved for large-scale test cases on the system; however, the critical challenges remain for longer time scale simulations on MPP systems.
An exact theory of interfacial debonding in layered elastic composites

Abstract An exact theory of interfacial debonding is developed for a layered composite system consisting of distinct linear elastic slabs separated by nonlinear, nonuniform decohesive interfaces. Loading of the top and bottom external surfaces is defined pointwise while loading of the side surfaces is prescribed in the form of resultants. The work is motivated by the desire to develop a general tool to analyze the detailed features of debonding along uniform and nonuniform straight interfaces in slab systems subject to general loading. The methodology allows for the investigation of both solitary defect as well as multiple defect interaction problems. Interfacial integral equations, governing the normal and tangential displacement jump components at an interface of a slab system are developed from the Fourier series solution for the single slab subject to arbitrary loading on its surfaces. Interfaces are characterized by distinct interface force–displacement jump relations with crack-like defects modeled by an interface strength which varies with interface coordinate. Infinitesimal strain equilibrium solutions, which account for rigid body translation and rotation, are sought by eigenfunction expansion of the solution of the governing interfacial integral equations. Applications of the theory to the bilayer problem with a solitary defect or a defect pair, in both peeling and mixed load configurations are presented.
Peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma, a phenotypic variant of familial ovarian cancer: implications for ovarian cancer screening.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to report the cancers arising during a familial ovarian cancer screening program and investigate the tumor's clonality and association with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Study Design: Program participants with a diagnosis of ovarian cancer or peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma were identified and their demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic findings, CA 125 results, operative reports, and pathology slides reviewed. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 , bcl-2 , HER-2/ neu , and nm23 H1 expression was performed on tumor tissues from multiple metastatic sites, and germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were identified. Results: Three stage I ovarian cancers and 7 cases of peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma were diagnosed from among 1261 program participants. Ultrasonographic abnormalities triggered surgical exploration in all 3 cases of stage I disease. Elevated levels of CA 125 were the harbinger in 2 of 7 cases of peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma, abnormal ultrasonographic findings prompted diagnosis in 2 of 7 cases, and 3 of 7 women had abdominal symptoms 5, 6, and 16 months after screening. Results of immunohistochemical studies suggested multifocal disease in 5 of 7 patients with peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma. At least 3 of the patients with peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma carry BRCA1 185delAG mutations. Conclusion: Multifocal peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma may be a phenotypic variant of familial ovarian cancer, and screening strategies for these women cannot rely on ultrasonography and CA 125 testing to detect early disease. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:917-28.)
The Shudder and the Silence: James Baldwin on White Terror

(2002). The Shudder and the Silence: James Baldwin on White Terror. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 3-12.
Differential Effects of Interleukin-1 on Hyaluronan and Proteoglycan Metabolism in Two Compartments of the Matrix Formed by Articular Chondrocytes Maintained in Alginate☆

Phenotypically stable young adult bovine articular chondrocytes suspended in beads of alginate gel were first cultured for 5 days, using daily changes of medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and supplements. The cells in the beads were then maintained in culture for a further 3 days in the presence or absence of interleukin-1alpha at 1 ng/ml in the daily change of medium. The exposure to interleukin-1alpha caused the incorporation of (35)S-sulfate into the predominant cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan, to decrease by approximately 60%. In addition, proteoglycans that had accumulated into the cell-associated matrix during the first 5 days of culture in the absence of interleukin-1alpha moved into the matrix further removed from the cells and from there into the medium. In contrast, the exposure to interleukin-1alpha was found to markedly promote the rate of synthesis of hyaluronan, especially during the first 24 h. Over the 3 days of culture in the presence of interleukin-1alpha, a large proportion of the newly synthesized hyaluronan molecules, as well as those that had previously become residents of the cell-associated matrix, moved out of this compartment and appeared to become permanent residents of the further removed matrix. These results demonstrate that exposure of young adult articular chondrocytes to interleukin-1alpha has profound effects on the metabolism of hyaluronan, a molecule that plays a critical role in the retention of proteoglycan molecules in the matrix. Importantly, the results suggest that exposure of chondrocytes to interleukin-1 in inflamed joints, such as occurs in rheumatoid arthritis, leads to the rapid loss of coordination of the synthesis of aggrecan and hyaluronan, two of the critical constituents of the proteoglycan aggregate. In addition, we present evidence that these interleukin-1-induced effects differentially alter the metabolism of hyaluronan in the metabolically active cell-associated matrix and the metabolically inactive matrix further removed from the chondrocytes.
Love and Sympathy in Theravada Buddhism

The author in his present work on Theravada was particulary impressed with the meditation of teacher Satyanarayan Goenkaji and the latter's emphasis on love and helpfulness towards others.
Identification of fructose in mammalian nerve

Abstract Free fructose is an unusual compound in animal tissues. It has been found in some species in the seminal vesicles and fluid ( Mann, 1946, and Hers, 1960 ), fetal blood ( Bacon and Bell, 1948 ), the lens ( Green and Solomon, 1959 ), and the cerebrospinal fluid ( Hubbard and Russell, 1937 ). The function of fructose in these organs has not been determined, but the pathway by which it may originate from glucose via sorbitol has been investigated by a number of workers, (e.g. King and Mann, 1959, and Van Heyningen, 1959 ). Fructose has not previously been shown to be present in nervous tissue. In this paper we report the presence of substantial levels of fructose in peripheral nerve and lower levels in brain.
Latency of the P3 event-related potential: Normative aspects and within-subject variability

Abstract A growing body of research has focused on the P3 (P300) event-related potential as an electrophysiological correlate of selective attention. The present investigation examines the intrasubject test-retest reliability of the auditory evoked P3 latency measure for neurologically and audiologically normal young adults aged 22–34 years across test sessions separated by 2–4 weeks (N = 9) and across trials within one test session (N = 20). In a target-selection (‘oddball’) paradigm, subjects mentally counted infrequent 2 kHz tone bursts (targets) randomly interspersed within a sequence of 1 kHz tone bursts (non-targets). A strong positive correlation was demonstrated between latencies of test sessions I and II. An analysis of variance did not demonstrate statistically significant latency differences as a function of either tests of trials for the test-retest group (N = 9). Although analysis of variance demonstrated a statistically significant difference between trials within one test session for 20 subjects, the small mean latency difference between trials (4.7 msec) is interpreted as being clinically unimportant. The stability of P3 latency found in this study over a period of 2–4 weeks supports its application to the study of normal and disordered cognitive processes.
Short-Term Reliability Calculation

The paper suggests a reliability criterion for use in adaptive control of power systems. A generalized method of forecasting the reliability or security of an operating system on a short- term basis is given. Also given are specific probabilistic models for use in forecasting the sufficiency of spinning generation capacity.
Qualitative behaviour of solutions to some non-linear Lanchester-type models that consider parallel acquisition of targets†

This paper mathematically studies the qualitative behaviour of force level trajectories to two important non-linear Lanchester-type combat models that consider parallel acquisition of targets. For such simulated combat between two homogeneous forces with time dependent conditional single firer kill rates and target acquisition rates, battle outcome prediction conditions are given for each model, whose derivation from operational first principles is also given. The basic model is shown to possess the property that neither side can ever be annihilated in finite time, while a variant is shown to possess the property that there are at least some initial force level values that lead to a force being annihilated in finite time and conditions sufficient (but not necessary) to guarantee such force annihilation are developed. A higher-order version of the Gronwall-Bellman inequality is used to develop these results for the variant of the basic paradigm. Additionally, a generalization of Lanchester's famous square ...
Deictic Codes for the Embodiment of Cognition

To describe phenomena that occur at different time scales, computational models of the brain necessarily must incorporate different levels of abstraction. We argue that at time scales of approximately one-third of a second, orienting movements of the body play a crucial role in cognition and form a useful computational level, termed the embodiment level. At this level, the constraints of the body determine the nature of cognitive operations, since the natural sequentiality of body movements can be matched to the natural computational economies of sequential decision systems. The way this is done is through a system of implicit reference termed deictic, whereby pointing movements are used to bind objects in the world to cognitive programs. We show how deictic bindings enable the solution of natural tasks and argue that one of the central features of cognition, working memory, can be related to moment-by-moment dispositions of body features such as eye movements and hand movements.
Investigating Health and Subjective Well-Being: Methodological Challenges:

When three different forms of research reviews all reach the same conclusion, that health and subjective well-being have a modest positive correlation, the finding is convincing. Despite the consistent findings, different methods of reviewing research have different strengths. A meta-analysis emphasizes measures of central tendency. A narrative review, in contrast, can focus upon details in deviant findings. Using these methods together provides good information when aggregating findings from many studies.
Chemical kinetics of discharge-driven oxygen-iodine lasers

Oxygen-iodine lasers that utilize electrical discharges to produce O2(a1Δ) are currently being developed. The discharge generators differ from those used in chemical oxygen-iodine lasers in that they produce significant amounts of atomic oxygen and traces of ozone. As a consequence of these differences, the chemical kinetics of the discharge laser are markedly different from those of a conventional chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL). The reactions of O with iodine include channels that are both beneficial and detrimental to the laser. The beneficial reactions result in the dissociation of I2 while the detrimental processes cause direct and indirect removal of I(2P1/2) (denoted I*, the upper level of the laser). We have examined kinetic processes relevant to the laser through studies of photo-initiated reactions in N2O/CO2/I2 mixtures. The reactions have been monitored using absorption spectroscopy, laser induced fluorescence and time-resolved emission spectroscopy. It has been established that deactivation of I* by O atoms is a critical energy loss process. We have determined a rate constant of (1.2±0.1)×10-11 cm3 s-1 for this reaction. As part of this effort the branching fraction for the formation of O2(a) from the reaction of O(1D) with N2O was determined to be 0.38. This result has implications for lasers based on photolysis of O3/N2O/I2 mixtures and the formation of O2(a) in the upper atmosphere.
Control of thumbsucking in the classroom: case study.

Reinforcement of peers in class was made contingent upon the non-occurrence of classroom thumbsucking by a child. Thumbsucking decreased significantly after introduction of the reinforcement contingency. Removal and reinstitution of the contingency substantiated this observation
Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Promotes M1 Macrophage Survival through p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) and p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway

Macrophage accumulation is one of the hallmarks of progressive kidney disease. Resting macrophages have a finite lifespan, but become resistant to apoptosis in response to pathogenic cues, whereas the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), a protease up-regulated in the kidneys with chronic injury, has been shown to promote macrophage accumulation and renal inflammation. We hypothesized that tPA may be the endogenous factor that promotes macrophage survival and extends their lifespan that leads to their accumulation in the injured kidneys. We examined the role of tPA in macrophage survival, and found that tPA protected macrophages from both staurosporine and H2O2-induced apoptosis. tPA promoted the survival of both resting and lipopolysaccharide- or interferon-γ-induced M1 macrophages, but failed to do so in the interleukin 4 (IL4)-induced M2 macrophages. In the kidneys with unilateral ureteral obstruction, there were significantly more apoptotic M1 macrophages in tPA-deficient mice than their wild-type counterparts, and obstruction-induced M1 macrophages accumulation and M1 chemokine expression were markedly reduced in these knock-out mice. The cytoprotective effect of tPA required its receptor, LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). tPA induced the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), and p38 in a temporal order. The tPA-mediated macrophage survival was eliminated by PD98059, BI-D1870, or sc68376, the specific inhibitors for Erk1/2, p90RSK, or p38, respectively. Thus, it is clear that tPA promoted M1 macrophage survival through its receptor LRP-1-mediated novel signaling cascade involving Erk1/2, p90RSK, and p38, which leads to the accumulation of these cells in the injured kidneys.
Judicial functions of GMC should be abolished.

EDITOR—Attempts are afoot to turn the General Medical Council into an Alan Milburn quango; hence, it has become necessary for doctors to know what they would be deprived of as a consequence. Currently, the GMC is like a court and is therefore not accountable to ministers or the public. It is a domestic tribunal with the sole purpose of allowing doctors to sit in judgment over other doctors. Therefore, although the Medical Act 1983 makes provision for non-doctors …