cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the special issue: Psychology of crime

Abstract This paper introduces the reader to a special issue of the Journal of Criminal Justice on the “Psychology of Crime.” It is argued that psychology has been misrepresented in some criminology and criminal justice texts by archaic ideas and theories and that this has created an inaccurate picture of what psychology can offer the study of crime and offender behavior. To rectify this situation this special issue introduces readers to contemporary models of clinical psychological thought as it applies to crime, criminology, and criminal justice.
New frontiers in Asian communication theory: an introduction

Abstract In our search for an Asian perspective, we should be explicit as to what it is that we want to explain by our particular communication theory. We should state clearly what is inappropriate or deficient in the Western perspective. Furthermore, we should make it clear as to how our Asian perspective can correct this deficiency and explain where the Western perspective fails. —Godwin C. Chu (1986, 5)
Spatial Regulation of EGFR Signaling by Sprouty2

Ligand-induced activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) initiates multiple signal-transduction pathways as well as trafficking events that relocalize the receptors from the cell surface to intracellular endocytic compartments. Although there is growing awareness that endocytic transport can play a direct role in signal specification, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this link. Here we show that human Sprouty 2 (hSpry2), a protein that has been implicated in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling [1], interferes with the trafficking of activated EGFR specifically at the step of progression from early to late endosomes. This effect is mediated by the binding of hSpry2 to the endocytic regulatory protein, hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs), and leads to a block in intracellular signal propagation. These observations suggest that EGFR signaling is controlled by a novel mechanism involving trafficking-dependent alterations in receptor compartmentalization.
Effects of production system on vegetable arthropods and their natural enemies

Abstract Populations of foliar insect pests and natural enemies were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC, USA. Two types of tillage (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage), two input approaches (chemically-based, biologically-based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), 3-year rotation of corn ( Zea mays L.), cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato) were employed from 1995 to 1998. Tomato pest pressure was relatively low in all years, resulting in a limited impact of production systems on potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its associated parasitoids and predators. Thrips ( Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera)) populations were significantly higher in the biological input treatments in 3 of 4 years. Lepidopterous (primarily Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) damage on tomato was significantly higher in biological treatments in all years, damage by thrips and pentatomids (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) increasing each year in the continuous tomato crop schedule. Most insect populations were significantly influenced by type of insecticide input or ground cover. Few population measurements were affected by tillage type. Foliar insect problems in commercial vegetable production may be associated predominantly with insecticide input (i.e. more damage with biologically based insecticides) and use of intercropping (i.e. more damage in systems with living mulch); however, the long term effects of tillage and crop rotation remain to be seen.
Syndioselective MMA Polymerization by Group 4 Constrained Geometry Catalysts: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

This contribution reports a combined experimental (with kinetics and tangible effects on syndioselectivity) and theoretical (with density functional theory) study of (CGC)M catalysts [M = Ti, Zr; CGC = Me2Si(η5-Me4C5)(tBuN)], addressing a need for a fundamental understanding of the stereoselectivity observed for such catalysts in polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and an explanation for the chain-end control nature of the syndioselective MMA polymerization by the chiral (CGC)Ti catalyst. The living/controlled MMA polymerization by (CGC)TiMe+MeB(C6F5)3− (1) follows the zero-order kinetics in [MMA], implying a faster ring-opening process of the cyclic chelate relative to MMA addition within the catalyst−monomer complex in a unimetallic propagation cycle. The syndioselectivity of 1 is insensitive to monomer and catalyst concentrations as well as to ion-pairing strength varied with counterion structure and solvent polarity. Comparative studies using identical (CGC)M bis(isopropyl ester enolate) struc...
Hydraulic propagation of pressure along immature and mature xylem vessels of roots of Zea mays measured by pressure-probe techniques

Turgor pressure was measured in cortical cells and in xylem elements of excised roots and roots of intact plants of Zea mays L. by means of a cell pressure probe. Turgor of living and hence not fully differentiated late metaxylem (range 0.6–0.8 MPa) was consistently higher than turgor of cortical cells (range 0.4–0.6 MPa) at positions between 40 and 180 mm behind the root tip. Closer to the tip, no turgor difference between the cortex and the stele was measured. The turgor difference indicated that late-metaxylem elements may function as nutrient-storage compartments within the stele. Excised roots were attached to the root pressure probe to precisely manipulate the xylem water potential. Root excision did not affect turgor of cortical cells for at least 8 h. Using the cell pressure probe, the propagation of a hydrostatic pressure change effected by the root pressure probe was recorded in mature and immature xylem elements at various positions along the root. Within seconds, the pressure change propagated along both early and late metaxylems. The half-times of the kinetics, however, were about five times smaller for the early metaxylem, indicating they are likely the major pathway of longitudinal water flow. The hydraulic signal dissipated from the source of the pressure application (cut end of the root) to the tip of the root, presumably because of radial water movement along the root axis. The results demonstrate that the water status of the growth zone and other positions apical to 20 mm is mainly uncoupled from changes of the xylem water potential in the rest of the plant.
DNA and RNA references for qRT-PCR assays in exfoliated cervical cells.

The noncritical use of housekeeping genes, RNA mass, or cell number for normalization in quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays has come under scrutiny in recent years, highlighting the need to evaluate references in the immediate context of the relevant samples and experimental design. The purpose of this study was to select appropriate references for normalizing qRT-PCR assays of gene expression in exfoliated cervical cells. We used total nucleic acid extracts from 30 samples, representing the full spectrum of pre-invasive cervical neoplasia. We determined the DNA content by quantitative PCR for the single-copy gene β-globin and total RNA content using quantitative image analysis of ribosomal bands. In addition, qRT-PCR for 13 candidate housekeeping genes was performed. We used two analysis methods, geNorm and Norm-Finder, to identify the best combination of reference genes and then correlated housekeeping gene expression with DNA content and gel representation of ribosomal RNA. ACTB was the most stable single gene. The addition of PGK1and RPLP0increased the robustness in qRT-PCR applications not stratified by disease. These genes also showed the highest correlation with DNA contents in the same samples. If special attention to intraepithelial lesions is appropriate, RPL4and PGK1are recommended as the best combination of two genes.
HOW CAN LIBRARIES DETERMINE THE VALUE IN COLLECTING, MANAGING, PRESERVING, AND/OR CATALOGING E-RESOURCES?

I recently asked my colleagues, “How can libraries determine the value in collecting, managing, preserving, and/or cataloging e-resources?” hoping to challenge readers to come up with some thoughtf...
Innovativeness and Cognitive Complexity

This study tested the hypothesis that there should be a positive and significant relationship between innovativeness and cognitive complexity. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .43 confirmed the hypothesis for 75 college men and women.
Absorption spectrum of the fourth overtone of the OH stretch in gaseous methanol

Abstract Eighty absorption features corresponding to the fourth overtone of the OH stretch have been observed in the visible portion of the spectrum in gaseous methanol using the technique of dye laser intracavity absorption. The measured wavelengths are listed, and the oscillator strengths of the two strongest features are measured. These strong features appear diffuse, resembling in appearance some of the narrower diffuse interstellar absorption bands. These features are, however, too weak to be observed astronomically. The band center of the gaseous spectrum is shifted toward the blue relative to the band center observed in dilute solutions of methanol.
Re-examination of secular change in adult Irish stature.

Data from a large cross-sectional study conducted in the 1930s were used to examine secular changes in adult stature in post-Famine Ireland. The sample consists of 4061 males and 804 females, who were 30 years of age or older at the time of measurement (mostly in 1935). The Himes-Mueller method was used to adjust stature for the effects of aging so that secular change could be assessed. The linear regression of adjusted stature on year of birth was significant for both males and females, and there was no significant difference in slopes between the sexes. These results show an increase in stature of approximately 0.35-0.40 cm per decade, which is not that different from increases found in other studies of 19th century European populations. No significant curvilinearity was detected. These results show that an earlier analysis of a much smaller portion of the sample was biased due to small numbers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design and performance of a new a-Si flat-panel imager for use in cardiovascular and mobile C-arm imaging systems

This paper describes a new flat panel imager designed for use in cardiovascular and mobile C-arm imaging systems. The a-Si sensor array has a 1024 x 1024 matrix with a pixel pitch of 194 μm, resulting in an active area of 198.7 mm x 198.7 mm. The imager allows frame rates of up to 30 fps in full resolution fluoroscopy mode and up to 60 fps in a 2 x 2 binned low dose fluoroscopy mode. Typically, a 600 μm thick deposited columnar CsI(Tl) layer is used as the scintillator. Improvements in the pixel architecture, charge amplifier ASICs, and system level electronics resulted in a very low electronic noise floor, such that both the fluoroscopy and low dose fluoroscopy modes of the panel are x-ray quantum limited below 1 μR/frame. Low power consumption electronics combined with a mechanical design optimized for heat transfer and dissipation makes air-cooling sufficient for most environments. The small size of 24.1 x 24.1 x 6 cm and the weight of only 4.1 kg meet the requirements of C-Arm systems. Special consideration was given to the border around the active area, which has been reduced to 2 cm. Reported performance parameters include linearity, lag, contrast ratio, MTF, and DQE. For the full resolution mode, the MTF is greater than 0.53 and 0.21 at 1 and 2 lp/mm, respectively. DQE measured at 22 nGy/frame was greater than 0.68, 0.50, and 0.23 at 0, 1, and 2 lp/mm, respectively.
Numerical Simulation of Electric Spark Ignition in Atmospheric Pressure Methane-Air Mixtures

Abstract A model has been developed to describe the growth of an ignition kernel produced by an electric spark in quiescent methane-air mixtures at atmospheric pressure. The model involves the solution of the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy in a chemically reacting fluid in one-dimensional spherical coordinates. Detailed chemical kinetics for methane oxidation are included in the equations, along with an accurate method of calculating the transport coefficients. The electric spark energy is added in the form of internal energy; ionization in the discharge is neglected. The temporal and spatial dependence of this internal energy addition can be taken from the current, voltage, and duration of the discharge which produces the ignition kernel being modeled. The agreement with experimental results for arc and glow discharges is quite good.
High-Order Monotonic Numerical Diffusion and Smoothing

High-order numerical diffusion is commonly used in numerical models to provide scale selective control over small-scale noise. Conventional high-order schemes have undesirable side effects, however: they can introduce noise themselves. Two types of monotonic high-order diffusion schemes are proposed. One is based on flux correction/limiting on the corrective fluxes, which is the difference between a high-order (fourth order and above) diffusion scheme and a lower-order (typically second order) one. Overshooting and undershooting found in the solutions of higher-order diffusions near sharp gradients are prevented, while the highly selective property of damping is retained. The second simpler (flux limited) scheme simply ensures that the diffusive fluxes are always downgradient; otherwise, the fluxes are set to zero. This much simpler scheme yields as good a solution in 1D cases as and better solutions in 2D than the one using the first more elaborate flux limiter. The scheme also preserves monotonicity in the solutions and is computational much more efficient. The simple flux-limited fourth- and sixth-order diffusion schemes are also applied to thermal bubble convection. It is shown that overshooting and undershooting are consistently smaller when the flux-limited version of the high-order diffusion is used, no matter whether the advection scheme is monotonic or not. This conclusion applies to both scalar and momentum fields. Higher-order monotonic diffusion works better and even more so when used together with monotonic advection.
Sport teams as promoters of pro-environmental behavior: an empirical study.

The purpose of this study was to explain the process of how a sport team could induce consumers to engage in proenvironmental behavior. Building on Kelman’s (1958, 1961, 2006) internalization perspective, this study demonstrated that positive environmental practices by a team increased consumer internalization of the team’s values. In turn, this increased internalization mediated the relationship between environmental practices and proenvironmental behavior measured by two behavioral intentions: intention to support the team’s environmental initiative and intention to engage in proenvironmental behavior in daily life. The results of this study contribute to the literature by highlighting the significant role of internalization. This research further provides a significant insight into the social impacts of sport organizations.
Repertoire-based selection into the marginal zone compartment during B cell development

Marginal zone (MZ) B cells resemble fetally derived B1 B cells in their innate-like rapid responses to bacterial pathogens, but the basis for this is unknown. We report that the MZ is enriched in “fetal-type” B cell receptors lacking N regions (N−). Mixed bone marrow (BM) chimeras, made with adult terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)+/+ and TdT−/− donor cells, demonstrate preferential repertoire-based selection of N− B cells into the MZ. Reconstitution of irradiated mice with adult TdT+/+ BM reveals that the MZ can replenish N− B cells in adult life via repertoire-based selection and suggest the possibility of a TdT-deficient precursor population in the adult BM. The mixed chimera data also suggest repertoire-based bifurcations into distinct BM and splenic maturation pathways, with mature “recirculating” BM B cells showing a very strong preference for N+ complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3 compared with follicular B cells. Because the T1 and MZ compartments are both the most enriched for N− H-CDR3, we propose a novel direct T1→MZ pathway and identify a potential T1–MZ precursor intermediate. We demonstrate progressive but discontinuous repertoire-based selection throughout B cell development supporting multiple branchpoints and pathways in B cell development. Multiple differentiation routes leading to MZ development may contribute to the reported functional heterogeneity of the MZ compartment.
IO Clock Network Skew & Performance Analysis: A Pentium-D Case Study

Accurate estimation of skew on I/O Clocks is extremely critical when the part is expected to operate at a fixed frequency and any failure results in yield loss. Also, factors such as slow Silicon, power saving modes, thermal throttling modes makes the data-path running on I/O clocks more critical as no timing relaxation is possible. The circuits on core clocks, on the other hand, can be binned to a lower frequency using bus ratios for slower Silicon and benefit from frequency reduction during power saving modes. Further, since the I/O clock distribution typically utilizes a balanced tree structure due to its sparse usage, it suffers from higher skew compared to global clock with a tiled topology. This makes it imperative that the I/O clock performance methodology take into account all the various factors that can impact clock skew as well as slowdown in the associated data-path circuits. This paper presents a systematic skew estimation and a scientific method for performance analysis of I/O clock network. A case study on how this was adopted for Pentium-D (65 nm process) I/O clocks is presented. Key components considered are clock topology, device & interconnect in-die variation, temperature and voltage supply variation.
Dissociation of calciuretic and natriuretic responses to NaCl infusions in adrenalectomized dogs

Abstract NaCl infusions are known to cause calciuresis as well as natriuresis, and both effects are believed to be caused by extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion. To test the possible effect of the decreased ECF volume in adrenal failure, the natriuretic and calciuretic effects of a hypertonic NaCl infusion were compared in normal and in adrenalectomized dogs following cessation of hormonal replacement therapy. Rate of renal excretion of sodium, glomerular filtration rate, and effective renal plasma flow during hypertonic NaCl infusion were markedly decreased in adrenalectomized dogs, but calciuresis was comparable to normal dogs. Substitution of sodium bicarbonate for some of the sodium chloride in the infusion corrected the extracellular acidosis of adrenal failure but did not abolish the calciuresis. A renal tubular defect due to intracellular acidosis in adrenal failure was not excluded as a possible cause of calciuresis in adrenal failure. If ECF volume has any effect on calciuresis, this effect was overshadowed by other factors in adrenal failure.
Analysis of residential energy use

The structure, inputs, validation and operation of a residential energy use model are examined with the intention of providing an analytical tool for evaluation of energy conservation option for effects on energy use and related costs.
Exploring Assumptions Through Possible Worlds: The Case of Homeownership

Simulations provide an ideal setting for exploring the logical entailments of assumptions through computational modeling. When constructing simulations about the social world, researchers are building what essentially are possible worlds based on the assumptions under consideration. In this chapter, we discuss these two concepts, possible worlds and assumptions, as they pertain to simulation through the case of homeownership. Homeownership has developed as an important social construct in American society, and its place has been reinforced through many forms of direct policy intervention. Research about homeownership posits a causal effect between it and desirable social outcomes, but the logical consequences of this relationship are rarely discussed. We use an agent-based model to explore the assumption that homeownership itself improves communities and demonstrate what this entails for lower-quality areas.
Efficiency of Seismic Isolation for Seismic Retrofitting of Heavy Substructured Bridges

In this paper, the efficiency of seismic isolation for seismic retrofitting of bridges with light superstructures and heavy substructures in the state of Illinois is studied. For this purpose, a representative bridge was selected by Illinois Department of Transpor- tation. A detailed structural model of the bridge capable of simulating the nonlinear behavior of its components and soil-bridge interaction effects was first constructed. Iterative multimode response spectrum analysis ~IMMRSA! of the bridge were conducted to assess its seismic vulnerability. The results from IMMRSA were also verified with nonlinear time history analyses. It was found that the bearings and substructures of the bridge need to be retrofitted. A conventional retrofitting technique was then adopted for the bridge and the cost of retrofit was estimated. Next, the existing bearings were replaced with seismic isolation bearings ~SIB! and the seismic analysis was repeated. It was found that SIB effectively mitigated the seismic forces and eliminated the need for retrofitting of the substructures. The cost of retrofitting using SIB was then calculated and found to be only 30% of the conventional retrofitting cost.
Naming and Diagonalization, from Cantor to Gödel to Kleene

We trace self-reference phenomena to the possibility of naming functions by names that belong to the domain over which the functions are defined. A naming system is a structure of the form ðD,type ðÞ , fg Þ, where D is a non-empty set; for every a 2 D, which is a name of a k-ary function, fag : D k ! D is the function named by a, and typeðaÞ is the type of a, which tells us if a is a name and, if it is, the arity of the named function. Under quite general conditions we get a fixed point theorem, whose special cases include the fixed point theorem underlying Godel's proof, Kleene's recursion theorem and many other theorems of this nature, including the solution to simultaneous fixed point equations. Partial functions are accommodated by including ''undefined'' values; we investigate different systems arising out of different ways of dealing with them. Many-sorted naming systems are suggested as a natural approach to general computatability with many data types over arbitrary structures. The first part of the paper is a historical reconstruction of the way Godel probably derived his proof from Cantor's diagonalization, through the semantic version of Richard. The incompleteness proof-including the fixed point construction-result from a natural line of thought, thereby dispelling the appearance of a ''magic trick''. The analysis goes on to show how Kleene's recursion theorem is obtained along the same lines.
Europe 1992: Implications for Manufacturing Strategy

The Single Market program of the European Community will require major changes in corporate and manufacturing strategies. Global competitive experience suggests that global or EC-wide corporate strategies will be the most successful. With reference to the Hayes-Wheelwright analysis of stages in manufacturing’s strategic role, a Stage 3 or Stage 4 manufacturing strategy is required to support a global corporate strategy. This paper describes the necessary changes in manufacturing strategy in terms of the classical manufacturing strategy decisions.
Direct Preparation of Highly Ordered $rm L1_0$ Phase FePt Nanoparticles and Their Shape-Assisted Assembly

Chemically ordered L10 phase FePt nanoparticles has been considered one of the best candidates for future magnetic recording media with areal density beyond 1 Tbit/in2. However, current preparation methods via phase transformation must overcome many obstacles, including particle agglomeration, twinning and difficulty of easy axis alignment. In this paper, the direct preparation of L10 phase FePt nanoparticles without phase transformation and particles' aqueous phase self-assembly are reported. The mechanism for L10 phase formation during nucleation and growth processes are discussed. The unique octahedron shape makes these highly ordered FePt nanoparticles even better choice for advanced magnetic recording media because they tend to form tilted and patterned media simultaneously due to the shape effect
Candidates, Campaigns, or Partisan Conditions? Reevaluating Strategic‐Politicians Theory

According to strategic-politicians theory, political elites help ensure electoral responsiveness even when the mass public is deficient. Testing this theory requires measuring the effects of candidate experience and campaign spending, but one must confront endogeneity problems, because the theory requires potential candidates and campaign contributors to be responsive to district partisan conditions and national partisan tides. By applying an instrumental-variable method to control for selection bias, we found that challenger experience only matters indirectly, through its effect on campaign expenditures, but partisan context matters both directly and indirectly. We theorize that challenger experience is best understood as an informational shortcut: it signals incumbent vulnerability to potential campaign contributors. How much influence does the mass electorate exert on the outcomes of congressional races? Unlike students of presidential elections, congressional scholars have largely followed Kernell and Jacobson (1983), paying primary attention to political elites, for, as Jacobson explains, "The electorate's ability to exercise democratic control by acting as a 'rational god of vengeance and reward' has become more contingent and variable, depending to an increasing degree on elite decisions" (1989, 790). Of paramount interest to these scholars are the decisions made by potential candidates - particularly incumbents (weighing retirement) and experienced challengers (weighing entry) - and potential campaign contributors. Although incumbent House members typically win in excess of 90% of generalelection contests, challengers who have previously occupied elective office triumph four times as frequently as inexperienced challengers (Jacobson 1990c).1 Expenditures fit the same hierarchy: incumbents routinely outspend challengers (see Abramowitz 1991), but experienced challengers routinely outspend amateurs. As a consequence, experienced LEGISLATIVE STUDIES QUARTERLY, XXXII, 3, August 2007 361
The role of setback layers on the breakdown characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs/GaN HBTs

Breakdown voltages (VCBO) of AlGaAs/GaAs/GaAs and AlGaAs/GaAs/GaAs-setback/GaN HBTs have been compared both theoretically and experimentally with respect to setback layer thicknesses and the doping type. VCBO was calculated using a non-local energy model. The hard breakdown voltage was measured on as-grown GaAs homojunctions and AlGaAs/GaAs/GaN HBTs formed by direct wafer fusion. The calculation showed an increase of VCBO from ∼ 20 V to ∼ 325 V by replacing the GaAs collector with GaN, and VCBO ∼90 V was indeed measured. The smaller than predicted VCBO is attributed to the large leakage current currently present in the fused junctions. Insertion of a lightly doped GaAs setback layer has resulted in improved current gain of the fused HBTs, but it also degrades the breakdown characteristics. 20-30 nm setback layers were found to maintain VCBO significantly higher than that of GaAs homojunctions and likely reasonable current gains. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the energetics of chemolithotrophy in nonequilibrium systems: case studies of geothermal springs in Yellowstone National Park

Chemolithotrophic micro-organisms are important primary producers in high-temperature geothermal environments and may catalyse a number of different energetically favourable redox reactions as a primary energy source. Analysis of geochemical constituents followed by chemical speciation and subsequent calculation of reaction free energies ( ∆ G rxn ) is a useful tool for evaluating the thermodynamic favourability and potential energy available for microbial metabolism. The primary goal of this study was to examine relationships among geochemical gradients and microbial population distribution, and to evaluate the utility of energetic approaches for predicting microbial metabolism from free-energy calculations, utilizing as examples, several geothermal habitats in Yellowstone National Park where thorough geochemical and phylogenetic analyses have been performed. Acidic (pH ∼ 3) and near-neutral (pH ∼ 6‐7) geothermal springs were chosen for their range in geochemical properties. Aqueous and solid phase samples obtained from the source pools and the outflow channels of each spring were characterized for all major chemical constituents using laboratory and field methods to accurately measure the concentrations of predominant oxidized and reduced species. Reaction free energies ( ∆ G rxn ) for 33 oxidation‐reduction reactions potentially important to chemolithotrophic micro-organisms were calculated at relevant spring temperatures after calculating ion activities using an aqueous equilibrium model. Free-energy values exhibit significant variation among sites for reactions with pH dependence. For example, free-energy values for reactions involving Fe 3+ are especially variable across sites due in large part to the pH dependence of Fe 3+ activity, and exhibit changes of up to 40 kJ mol − 1 electron from acidic to near neutral geothermal springs. Many of the detected 16S rRNA gene sequences represent organisms whose metabolisms are consistent with exergonic processes. However, sensitivity analyses demonstrated that reaction free energies do not generally represent the steep gradients in local geochemical conditions resulting from air‐water gas exchange and solid phase deposition that are important in defining microbial habitats and 16S rRNA gene sequence distribution within geothermal outflow channels. Received 3 October 2005; accepted 28 December 2005
No Easy Answers: The Ethics of Field Research in the Arab World

Because it is a slice of one's life as well as a method for gathering data and insights, and because it entails socio-cultural immersion and interpersonal trust, field research confronts political scientists with a special set of normative issues not encountered in libraries, laboratories, or home countries. This essay weighs four plausible yet fallible positions on the ethics of fieldwork overseas, with particular reference to American political science research in the Arabic-speaking world in the 21 st century. I am raising questions I cannot really answer: specifically, amidst American military engagement and a good deal of spying by governments all around, can we, or ought we, practice scholarly detachment, reciprocity, activism, or, perhaps, espionage?
1H NMR determination of base‐pair lifetimes in oligonucleotides containing single base mismatches

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is employed to characterize the kinetics of base-pair opening in a series of 9mer duplexes containing different single base mismatches. The imino protons from the different mismatched, as well as fully matched, duplexes are assigned from the imino-imino region in the WATERGATE NOESY spectra. The exchange kinetics of the imino protons are measured from selective longitudinal relaxation times. In the limit of infinite exchange catalyst concentration, the exchange times of the mismatch imino protons extrapolate to much shorter lifetimes than are commonly observed for an isolated GC base pair. Different mismatches exhibit different orders of base-pair lifetimes, e.g. a TT mismatch has a shorter base-pair lifetime than a GG mismatch. The effect of the mismatch was observed up to a distance of two neighboring base pairs. This indicates that disruption in the duplex caused by the mismatch is quite localized. The overall order of base-pair lifetimes in the selected sequence context of the base pair is GC > GG > AA > CC > AT > TT. Interestingly, the fully matched AT base pair has a shorter base-pair lifetime relative to many of the mismatches. Thus, in any given base pair, the exchange lifetime can exhibit a strong dependence on sequence context. These findings may be relevant to the way mismatch recognition is accomplished by proteins and small molecules.
Fabrication and testing of micromachined silicon carbide and nickel fuel atomizers for gas turbine engines

Bulk micromachining of high-temperature materials is an enabling technology for the application of MEMS devices in high-temperature environments. This paper presents a novel molding method for fabricating silicon carbide (SiC) fuel atomizers for gas turbine engines. The devices are compared to similar nickel (Ni) atomizers fabricated using the LIGA process. Performance and erosion tests demonstrate that both types of atomizers are able to perform well at pressures in excess of 2500 kPa, with the SiC devices exhibiting a higher erosion resistance. The results demonstrate a significant improvement over similar silicon (Si) devices, which are limited in operation to pressures below 1400 kPa and are comparatively not resistant to erosive wear.
Hydrogel Pore-Size Modulation for Enhanced Single-Cell Western Blotting

Pore-gradient microgel arrays enable thousands of parallel high-resolution single-cell protein electrophoresis separations for targets accross a wide molecular mass (25-289 kDa), yet within 1 mm separation distances. Dual crosslinked hydrogels facilitate gel-pore expansion after electrophoresis for efficient and uniform immunoprobing. The photopatterned, light-activated, and acid-expandable hydrogel underpins single-cell protein analysis, here for oncoprotein-related signaling in human breast biopsy.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPIRITUAL PRACTICE AND STUDENT'S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Among factors influencing academic performance of a student include socioeconomic, parent educational level, family income, self-motivation, teaching style by teachers and learning style by the student himself. However, spiritual practice is also seen as a stimulus shaping student academic performance moreover for a Muslim student. Therefore, this study is implemented to examine forms of spiritual practice adopted in the daily life of students of the Faculty of Islamic Studies (FIS). This study is also intended to identify the difference of academic performance based on gender, apart from investigating the correlation between spiritual practice and student academic performance. The research design being adopted was a survey. This study used a systematic random sampling as the sampling technique (N=291). Data are collected through the distribution of questionnaires and analyzed according to statistical descriptive and inferential. The findings show that there are several forms of daily kerohanian practice and learning related kerohanian practice done by the 52 students of FIS. This study also indicates that there is a significant difference between male and female students from the academic achievement perspective (t=4.942; p<0.01) and a significant correlation between spiritual practice with student’s academic achievement (r=0. 262 ; p<0.01). Keywords: academic performance, Islamic studies student, kerohanian practices, spirituality
Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking Are Associated with Future Development of Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and smoking have been identified as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cross-sectional studies in various ag
Time and Frequency Resolved Laser Studies on CS2 Discrete and Continuum fluorescence

A highly influential paper by DOUGLAS [1] in 1966 called attention to the fact that reported lifetimes for certain states of CS2, NO2 and SO2 were significantly longer than predicted from absorption measurements of oscillator strengths. He proposed that interactions with nearby states having little or no radiative transition probabilities resulted in mixed levels with lengthened lifetimes. Since that time the use of lasers to excite fluorescence from these molecules has revealed features more complex and interesting than previously suspected. The two principal findings are: 1) the fluor-esence decays are multiexponential showing short as well as long-lived components; 2) the frequency resolved spectra reveal both discrete and continuous features.
The ICU Chest Film:: Cardiac Versus Pulmonary Disease

We have discussed several diseases that diffusely affect the pulmonary parenchyma. The diagnostic problem is to separate cardiac pulmonary edema from noncardiac pulmonary edema, diffuse interstitial fibrosis, and lymphangitic spread of carcinoma. Frequently, this may not be possible by radiographic means alone, and additional historic and physiologic information must be obtained. It is also important to know that cardiac pulmonary edema may present in a focal or regional distribution in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several additional radiographic tests may be used to evaluate abnormal pulmonary parenchymal densities seen on the portable chest radiograph, when the differential diagnosis includes increased extravascular water, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis. The easiest of these tests to perform is the gravitational shift test.
Coping strategies and resources as predictors of psychosocial adaptation among people with spinal cord injury.

Purpose The onset of a spinal cord injury (SCI) is accompanied by a massive amount of stress, on which professionals in the medical field focus attention and care. The subsequent cascade of psychological stressors related to SCI often receives lesser attention. When individuals experience new forms of stress, they typically respond with attempts to cope, which may or may not be adaptive in reducing their stress levels. The twofold purpose of this study was to investigate whether SCI survivors' use of coping resources (i.e., hope, sense of coherence) and coping strategies (e.g., engagement coping, seeking social support) influences their psychosocial adaptation, and whether their use of coping strategies moderates the effect of coping resources, after controlling for the influence of depression and anxiety, on psychosocial adaptation. Design This cross-sectional study involved a self-report survey of survivors of SCI. Inclusion criteria included: (a) being 18 years of age or older, (b) having received inpatient rehabilitation services following the SCI, and (c) not having traumatic head injury at the time of the SCI onset. Participants The sample consisted of 95 individuals with SCI who received outpatient rehabilitation services at a center in the midsouthern United States. Results Results indicated that coping resources and coping strategies were significantly associated with psychosocial adaptation. Furthermore, engagement coping explained a significant portion of the variance in psychosocial adaptation both individually and as an interactive variable with the 2 coping resources of sense of coherence and hope. Conclusions Findings indicate that both coping resources and strategies (especially engagement coping) are reliably linked to adaptation to SCI. The findings further suggest that engagement coping positively influences psychosocial adaptation even when coping resources are mostly absent. Other implications for the field of rehabilitation are briefly outlined.
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Method for a Highly Glycosylated and Sialylated Recombinant Protein: Development, Characterization and Application for Process Development

A purity method based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been developed for the separation of isoforms of a highly glycosylated protein. The separation was found to be driven by the number of sialic acids attached to each isoform. The method has been characterized using orthogonal assays and shown to have excellent specificity, precision and accuracy. We have demonstrated the CZE method is a useful in-process assay to support cell culture and purification development of this glycoprotein. Compared to isoelectric focusing (IEF), the CZE method provides more quantitative results and higher sample throughput with excellent accuracy, qualities that are required for process development. In addition, the CZE method has been applied in the stability testing of purified glycoprotein samples.
Mode of Cholesterol Accumulation in Various Tissues of Rabbits with Moderate Hypercholesteremia

SummaryA moderate hypercholesteremia (300 to 400 mg/100 ml) was induced and maintained in a group of New Zealand white rabbits. The animals were killed weekly up to 12 weeks and cholesterol contents of 15 tissues were determined. Muscle, fat, pancreases, and brain showed no increase of their cholesterol contents. Small increases were noted in testis, colon, and heart, but these were not related to time. Linear arithmetic increases of tissue cholesterol contents were found in adrenal, kidney, small intestine, and lung while aorta, liver, spleen, and skin exhibited an exponential accumulation of cholesterol over a 3-month period of moderate hypercholesteremia. The rapid and avid uptake of cholesterol by aorta may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Effects on Parturition in the Rat of Ablation of Different Lobes of the Hypophysis.

Summary1. Ablation of posterior and intermediate lobes of the hypophysis either before conception, or on 12th day of gestation resulted in no disturbances in duration of pregnancy, in parturition or in onset of dactation. 2. Removal of anterior lobe of the hypophysis had the same effects on pregnancy and parturition as did total hypophysectomy. After both types of operation 25% of the rats delivered normally at term; 75% had a prolonged pregnancy (1 to 3 days) and either delivered late, resorbed, or died in an effort to deliver. 3. Terramycin injections given on the first and second days following hypophysectomy, decreased post-operative mortality, resulted in a larger percentage of normal deliveries, and in a smaller fatality rate at parturition as compared with non-injected animals.
Thrips (Thysanoptera) Collected from Solanum dulcamara (Solanales: Solanaceae) in Washington and Idaho

Summary Bittersweet nightshade, Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), was sampled at numerous locations in Washington and Idaho. Adults of 8 species of thrips (Thysanoptera) from 3 families were collected, including the worldwide plant pests Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thripidae), which are vectors of the serious plant viruses in the genus Tospovirus. Aeolothrips fasciatus Hinds (Aeolothripidae), a predator of small insects, also was collected.
Assessing FAO-56 dual crop coefficients using eddy covariance flux partitioning

Abstract Current approaches to scheduling crop irrigation using reference evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) recommend using a dual-coefficient approach using basal (K cb ) and soil (K e ) coefficients along with a stress coefficient (K s ) to model crop evapotranspiration (ET c ), [e.g. ET c = (K s *K cb + K e )*ET 0 ]. However, determining K s , K cb , and K e from the combined evapotranspiration (ET) is challenging, particularly for K e , and a new method is needed to more rapidly determine crop coefficients for novel cultivars and cultivation practices. In this study, we partition eddy covariance ET observations into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components using correlation structure analysis of high frequency (10–20 Hz) observations of carbon dioxide and water vapor (Scanlon and Sahu, 2008) at three irrigated agricultural sites. These include a C4 photosynthetic-pathway species (sugarcane— Sacharum officinarum L.) and a C3 pathway species (peach —Prunus persica ) under sub-surface drip and furrow irrigation, respectively. Both sites showed high overall K c consistent with their height (>4 m). The results showed differences in K e , with the sub-surface drip-irrigated sugarcane having a low K e (0.1). There was no significant relationship (r 2 cb *K s , indicating that there was no stress (K s = 1), while the peach orchard showed mid-season declines in K cb *K s when VWC declined below 0.2. Partitioning of K c into K cb and K e resulted in a better regression (r 2 = 0.43) between the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and K cb in sugarcane than between NDVI and K c (r 2 = 0.11). The results indicate the potential for correlation structure flux partitioning to improve crop ET coefficient determination by improved use of eddy covariance observations compared to traditional approaches of lysimeters and microlysimeters and sap flow observations to determine K c , K e , K s , and K cb .
Harm and the concept of medical disorder

According to Jerome Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction analysis (HDA) of medical disorder, the inability of some internal part or mechanism to perform its natural function is necessary, but not sufficient, for disorder. HDA also requires that the part dysfunction be harmful to the individual. I consider several problems for HDA’s harm criterion in this article. Other accounts on which harm is necessary for disorder will suffer from all or almost all of these problems. Comparative accounts of harm imply that one is harmed when one is made worse off, that is, worse off than one otherwise would have been. Non-comparative accounts imply that one is harmed when one is put into some kind of condition or state that is, in some way, bad in itself. I argue that whether harm is construed comparatively or non-comparatively, HDA’s harm criterion is problematic. I tentatively conclude that an analysis of medical disorder should not make use of the concept of harm.