cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical account of the two family-group names in use for the single accepted family comprising the “fish blood flukes”

The family-group name for the “fish blood flukes” is unstable, with both “Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912” and “Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907” in use for the single family. Although “Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907” (or. Graff, 1907.) has been a widely-accepted family-group name for the fish blood flukes subsequent to Yamaguti’s 1954 and 1958 synoptical publications (“Systema Helminthum”), a critical examination of the relevant literature, much of it published in German during 1900 through 1926, reveals that “Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912” is the earliest available family-group name for these flukes. The name Aporocotylidae, moreover, was in wide usage by alpha taxonomists before 1954 and by several authors between 1954 and the present time. We speculate that the recent long-standing uncertainty about the earliest available family-group name primarily stems from the (1) logistics of Ludwig von Graff’s tome published in 1904–1908, (2) bibliographic confusion between that work and another Graff work published in 1907 (both of which treat Sanguinicola but not Aporocotyle), (3) initial ambiguity regarding the phylogenetic relatedness of the first four aporocotylid species that were named, (4) lack of consensus on the status of Aporocotylidae and Sanguinicolidae and the genera included within them, and (5) misleading application of. Graff, 1907. to Sanguinicolidae by Poche in 1926, Fuhrmann in 1928, Yamaguti in 1954 and 1958, and subsequent review articles that treated fish blood flukes. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, Article 8.3), “Sanguinicolidae” was not made available by Graff because he disclaimed the name in the same, and only, work wherein he used the name (ICZN, Article 8.3). Sanguinicolidae was first made available in 1926 by Poche, who referenced Graff’s 1907 work. Hence, “Poche, 1926” comprises the correct authority and date for that family-group name, not “von Graff, 1907” or “Graff, 1907”. Since we presently accept only a single family for all fish blood flukes and abide by the Principal of Priority (ICZN, Article 23), we herein regard Sanguinicolidae Poche, 1926 as a junior subjective synonym of Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912.
On the computation of two-dimensional stress intensity factors using the boundary element method

General two-dimensional linear elastic fracture problems are investigated using the boundary element method. The √r displacement and 1/√r traction behaviour near a crack tip are incorporated in special crack elements. Stress intensity factors of both modes I and II are obtained directly from crack-tip nodal values for a variety of crack problems, including straight and curved cracks in finite and infinite bodies. A multidomain approach is adopted to treat cracks in an infinite body. The body is subdivided into two regions: an infinite part with a finite hole and a finite inclusion. Numerical results, compared with exact solution whenever possible, are accurate even with a coarse discretization.
A 17 year old with isolated proximal tibiofibular joint arthritis

The proximal tibiofibular joint (TFJ) is rarely affected in rheumatic diseases, and we frequently interpret pain of the lateral knee as the result of overuse or trauma. Nonetheless, the TFJ is a synovial joint that communicates with the tibiofemoral joint in a proportion of patients. While proximal TFJ arthritis has been rarely associated with existing spondyloarthritis, isolated TFJ arthritis as the presenting manifestation of spondyloarthritis has not yet been described. Here, we report the clinical and radiographic presentation of an adolescent with chronic proximal TFJ arthritis heralding spondyloarthritis highly suggestive of ankylosing spondylitis.
Training in CAD: an exploratory study of methods and benefits

An important decision in the implementation of CAD is the type of training program which the users of the system will receive. This study, conducted in the electronics/telecommunications industry, explores some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of formal (classroom-based) and informal training programs for CAD systems. The findings suggest that informal CAD training methods tend to promote the restructuring of work, but tend to result in less managerial familiarity with the CAD technology, which has been shown to be detrimental. Formal training programs, on the other hand, were not seen to result in work restructuring, but did provide management directed CAD training. Satisfaction with the CAD system, quality benefits, and dissatisfaction with vendor technical support were experienced by all firms, regardless of the training method employed. A number of areas for future research are presented.
CFTR: covalent and noncovalent modification suggests a role for fixed charges in anion conduction.

The goal of the experiments described here was to explore the possible role of fixed charges in determining the conduction properties of CFTR. We focused on transmembrane segment 6 (TM6) which contains four basic residues (R334, K335, R347, and R352) that would be predicted, on the basis of their positions in the primary structure, to span TM6 from near the extracellular (R334, K335) to near the intracellular (R347, R352) end. Cysteines substituted at positions 334 and 335 were readily accessible to thiol reagents, whereas those at positions 347 and 352 were either not accessible or lacked significant functional consequences when modified. The charge at positions 334 and 335 was an important determinant of CFTR channel function. Charge changes at position 334—brought about by covalent modification of engineered cysteine residues, pH titration of cysteine and histidine residues, and amino acid substitution—produced similar effects on macroscopic conductance and the shape of the I-V plot. The effect of charge changes at position 334 on conduction properties could be described by electrodiffusion or rate-theory models in which the charge on this residue lies in an external vestibule of the pore where it functions to increase the concentration of Cl adjacent to the rate-limiting portion of the conduction path. Covalent modification of R334C CFTR increased single-channel conductance determined in detached patches, but did not alter open probability. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that in wild-type CFTR, R334 occupies a position where its charge can influence the distribution of anions near the mouth of the pore.
High-bandwidth attitude jitter determination for pointing and tracking systems

For many reasons smaller spacecraft are becoming more ap- pealing. Because of their lower inertias, these spacecraft are more sen- sitive to disturbances and likely to have more attitude jitter than the larger units. These jitter levels are unacceptable for some scientific instruments and need to be compensated. In the case of line-of-sight type instru- ments, the attitude jitter can be mitigated by incorporating a fast steering mirror into the system. To take full advantage of these devices, the spacecraft attitude must be measured at sufficiently high bandwidth, well beyond what is commonly provided by inertial reference units. Various ways to obtain higher bandwidth attitude measurements for the purpose of jitter control are explored and a practical solution to the problem is proposed. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)02807-9)
Identifying Barriers and Facilitators in Implementing Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support

As the number of schools implementing systemic, schoolwide positive behavior support (PBS) processes expands (nationally, at least 5,000 schools are participating), increasing attention is being paid to the efficacy of implementation. This article describes a case study of the experiences of Florida's Positive Behavior Support Project, which used a systematic process to understand barriers and facilitators to the successful implementation of schoolwide positive behavior support by schools implementing at high and low levels of fidelity, and the degree to which the project could impact barriers and facilitators. Results indicate that schools implementing with low fidelity tend to identify practical, operational barriers, whereas schools implementing with high fidelity struggle with systems issues. Both high-implementing and low-implementing schools identified the same facilitators to implementation; however, they differed in their views of which facilitators the project could impact. Implications for state...
Simulation of phosphorus dynamics in an intensive shrimp culture system: effects of feed formulations and feeding strategies.

The rapid expansion of shrimp culture has brought concern about potential environmental impacts caused by phosphorus wastes discharged from shrimp farms. This study describes development of a simulation model representing the effect of feed nutritional quality, feed physical characteristics, and feeding strategies on phosphorus dynamics in intensive Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus6annamei ) culture systems, receiving dry feeds in the absence of natural productivity except bacteria. The model represents the addition of phosphorus to the culture system as dry feed, its consumption and metabolism by shrimp, and its loss in uneaten feed, particulate feed, feces, and dissolved in the water. The model was quantified using published information and unpublished research results conducted at the Shrimp Mariculture Research Laboratory of Texas A&M University. The model is multivariate, deterministic, and uses a compartment model structure based on difference equations. Evaluation of the model consisted of simulating two indoor and one outdoor experiments that examined the effect of various feed formulation and feeding parameters on total reactive phosphorus (TRP) concentration in the water. Simulated TRP generally agreed with indoor experimental results, but it was overestimated by 0.13 ppm when compared to the outdoor experiment, probably due to lack of phytoplankton representation in the model. Simulations investigating a range of possible inorganic phosphorus availabilities suggested that when apparent availability is low either animals are using other sources of phosphorus or published values are underestimated and when apparent availability is high either animals are metabolically eliminating excess assimilated phosphorus or published values are overestimated. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Nondaily smoking patterns in young adulthood

Abstract Purpose Many young adult smokers routinely smoke less than daily. Prospective, longitudinal data are needed to describe and predict the influences on smoking patterns among nondaily young adult smokers. Methods Latent class growth analysis was used to examine developmental trajectories and predictors of nondaily cigarette smoking among young adults aged 18 to 21 in the Upper Midwestern United States. Results There were three distinct groups of nondaily smokers during young adulthood (n = 519). College status, previous quit attempts, attitudes toward the meanings of cigarettes, and situational factors influencing smoking were significant predictors of group membership. Conclusions Nondaily smoking in young adulthood may result in several discrete patterns of smoking between age 18 and 21. Predictors that differentiate smoking trajectories may be useful to promote cessation or reduction in young adult smoking.
Discovery of the genus Meggoleus Townes, 1971 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) in Peru, with the description of two new species

The genus Meggoleus Townes, 1971 (Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) currently comprises two species, one from Brazil and one from Gabon. The genus is recorded from Peru for the first time, with a range extension of the type species, Meggoleus spirator Townes, 1971, and the discovery of two new species – Meggoleus fuscatus sp. n. and Meggoleus pampahermosensis sp. n. A key to the world’s species is provided.
Critical Issues Literacy Technologies: What Stance Should We Take?:

The word seems unavoidable now indiscussions of literacy theory and practice. Parentsask the teacher or school principal what the school isdoing about computer literacy and networking. Li-brarians are alternately invigorated or distressedthinking about what new information technologiesmean for their work. Teachers wonder about whetherthese technologies will improve children’s literacyskills or take them forever away from traditionalreading and writing. Theorists debate whether thebook is dead. Nearly everyone struggles just to stayminimally aware of new technological develop-ments and their social implications. The question ofwhat form literacies will take in a century likely tobe deﬁned by a new technological environment(Bruce, ; Burbules
CFD-Based Aerodynamic Approximation Concepts Optimization of a Two-Dimensional Scramjet Vehicle

A direct numerical optimization methodology combining nonlinear programming and approximation concepts is studied in the context of CFD-based engine/airframe integration. It aims at reducing the number of full CFD analyses required in the course of an optimization, by replacing the original optimization problem by a set of approximate problems, thus reducing computational cost considerably. The performance of global local approximations (GLA) is tested and compared to that of a more common first-order Taylor series approximation. These approximations are obtained with alternative simplified aerodynamic analysis techniques corrected by CFD computations. A two-dimensiona l NASP-like configuration serves as a test case. In this article the basic procedure is reviewed and results based on optimization studies of the nozzle and forebody are presented. Problems associated with the application of GLA to CFD-based optimization are discussed and some solutions and insights are provided. Nomenclature flcurvc = curvature
Convergence analysis for a class of neural networks

Summary form only given, as follows. The authors consider the convergence issue that arises in the application of backpropagation algorithms in a special class of neural network architectures, referred to as structured networks, which are used for solving matrix algebra problems. They have developed bounds for the learning rate under which exponential convergence of the training procedure is shown. They also investigated methods for improving the rate of convergence. For a special class of problems, they introduced the orthogonalized backpropagation algorithm, an optimal recursive update law for minimizing a least-squares cost functional, which guarantees exact convergence in one epoch. The results make it possible to obtain valuable insight into neural network learning and to unify certain learning procedures used by connectionists and adaptive control theorists. >
An Enzymatic Method for the Determination of Yeast Cell Wall Glucan in Foods

Processed cell wall β-glucans prepared from strains of baker's or brewer's yeast can be used as a thickening agent in aqueous food systems and they provide a fat-like mouthfeel. This article describes an analytical procedure for the determination of the glucan content added to a variety of food products. The method is based on measurement of reducing sugars produced when the food sample, after appropriate pretreatment, is treated with a commercial microbial β-glucanase (Zymolyase) that is specific for the β-linkages present in the glucan polysaccharide of the added yeast cell walls.
Thermal Factors in Ultrasonic Focal Destruction in Organized Tissues

A topic of some considerable interest among investigators concerned with biomedical applications of ultrasound is that of the mechanisms by which ultrasonic irradiation can effect reversible and irreversible changes in organized tissues. Such changes include the formation by focused ultrasound of lesions, located deep within tissues (1,2); functional changes, such as paralysis of limbs (3) (and accompanying histological lesions, if any); electrochemical changes (4); and possibly chromosomal damage (5,6). For certain phenomena, especially those observed in tissue rather than in suspension(7), the concept of a purely thermal mechanism has been frequently mentioned (1–4,8–18) — in many instances if only to discard it. The present paper attempts to define explicitly the author’s concept of thermal mechanisms of ultrasonically induced damage.
Mechanical properties of haynes alloy 188 after 22,500 hours of exposure to LiF-22CaF2 and vacuum at 1093 K

As a continuation of a study of a space-based thermal energy storage system centered on a LiF-CaF2 eutectic salt contained by Haynes alloy 188, this Co-base superalloy was subjected to molten salt, its vapor, and vacuum for 22,500 h at 1093 K. Samples from all three exposure conditions were tensile tested between 77 to 1200 K; in addition, vacuum and molten-salt exposed specimens were vacuum creep rupture tested at 1050 K. Comparison of these mechanical properties with those measured for the as-received alloy reveals no evidence for degradation beyond that ascribed to simple thermal aging of Haynes alloy 188. This behavior is identical to the 10,000 h results (Ref 3); hence, Haynes alloy 188 is a suitable containment material for an eutectic LiF-CaF2 thermal energy storage salt.
Anti-apoptotic Effects of Bone Marrow on Human Islets: A Preliminary Report

Apoptosis is one of the major factors contributing to the failure of human islet transplantation. Contributors to islet apoptosis exist in both the pre-transplantation and post transplantation stages. Factors include the islet isolation process, deterioration in vitro prior to transplantation, and immune rejection post transplantation. Previous studies have demonstrated that co-cultured bone marrow cells with human islets not only significantly enhanced the longevity of human islets but also maintained function. We hypothesized that the protective effects of bone marrow cells on human islets are through mechanisms related to preventing apoptosis. This study observed the levels of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the release of extracellular ATP in vitro, and expression levels of P2X7 ATP receptor (P2X7R), all of which lead to the occurrence of apoptosis in human islets. When human islets were cocultured with human bone marrow, there was a reduction in the rate of apoptosis correlated with the reduction in inflammatory factors, extra cellular ATP accumulation, and ATP receptor P2X7R expression versus human islets cultured alone. These results suggest that co-culturing bone marrow cells with human islets inhibits inflammation and reduces apoptosis, thus protecting islets from self-deterioration.
True Lies: Realism, Robustness, and Models

In this essay, I argue that uneliminated idealizations pose a serious problem for scientific realism. I consider one method for “de-idealizing” models—robustness analysis. However, I argue that unless idealizations are eliminated from an idealized theory and robustness analysis need not do that, scientists are not justified in believing that the theory is true. I consider one example of modeling from the biological sciences that exemplifies the problem.
Doppler Spectra and Estimated Windspeed of a Violent Tornado

Abstract Presented in this Paper are Doppler spectra of a very large tornado that occurred on 22 May 1981 near Binger, Oklahoma. Tracking of the tornado was accomplished with the help of a novel “polar spectra display.” Bimodal tornado spectral signatures (TSS) were observed in about 40 scans. Direct measurements of maximum velocities from spectral skirts yielded a maximum tangential speed of 80 m s−1 (90 m s−1 relative to ground). A diameter of 1 km at 200 m above ground was deduced from a simplified model. Radial centrifuging of radar targets was estimated to be about 20 m s−1. With simple assumptions for radar target sizes and summation of forces, a beamwidth average convergence value of about 2.5 × 10−2 s−1 was calculated for the tornado boundary layer. Tornado damage to trees and structures was subjectively rated on the Fujita damage scale. The windspeed range associated with the damage scale agreed well with the Doppler-estimated maximum windspeed when the tornado was large (1 km diameter). However,...
Preparing Einstein Students to Practice in Twenty-first Century Medicine

The current trend in medical education is to introduce clinical teaching early in the medical school curriculum to help students understand the relevance of the basic sciences to clinical practice. The Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM) Program for students in the first two years at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM) is comprised of three, required, integrated courses providing skills training in both medical interviewing and physical examination, training in diagnostic reasoning skills, and opportunities to discuss broad themes in medicine and the doctor-patient relationship. Competency evaluation of students’ clinical skills is an essential part of the ICM Program. Innovative strategies for weaving themes related to cultural competency have been incorporated into the ICM program to address the wide spectrum of cultural issues affecting medical care and the doctor/patient relationship, including diversity, spirituality, complementary and alternative medical practices, and end-of-life care. A total of 300 medical school faculty members teach in the various ICM courses. Much effort goes into keeping the faculty current, happy, and rewarded for their dedication and hard work in teaching the students. The ICM Program continues to strive for excellence as we prepare AECOM students to face the demands of medical practice in the twenty-first century
Contributions of Indigenous Americans to Horticulture: Introduction to the Workshop

The enormous contribution of Native Americans to world agriculture is an often ignored part of the history of horticulture and agriculture. The first encounter of the socalled ‘‘discovery’’ led to the false conclusion that the civilizations encountered were based on savages and backward peoples, when in reality the New World civilizations were highly developed with massive cities, a tremendous culture, highly developed art and theology, magnificent temples and markets, a written record, and a highly developed agriculture. Some idea of the agriculture at the time of the European encounter with the New World can be gleaned from the artistic record captured by contemporary artists (Fig. 1). Indeed, most of the crop plants that now contribute to world agriculture were in fact domesticated by the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The crops now contribute annually much more value that all the gold stolen and melted down by the conquistadores, and this bounty can be considered the magnificent contribution of the indigenous cultures of the Native American people to humanity. This workshop, entitled A Survey on the Contribution of Indigenous Americans to Horticulture, is a continuation of a previous one entitled Our Horticultural Heritage from the Americas, also sponsored by the History of Horticulture Working Group, that took place in Salt Lake City, UT, at the 94th Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) in 1999. That workshop, after an introduction by Chad E. Finn (1999), contained papers on chiles by Paul W. Bosland (1999); vegetable uses of maize by W.F. Tracy (1999); the chiloensis strawberry by J.F. Hancock, A. Lavin, and J.B. Remales (1999); and potato diffusion by Charles R. Brown (1999). The present workshop contains papers developed from three presentations at the 108th Annual Conference of ASHS in Miami, FL: ‘‘Development of New World Crops by Indigenous Americans’’ (Jules Janick), ‘‘Manna in Winter: Indigenous Americans, Huckleberries, and Blueberries’’ (Kim E. Hummer), and ‘‘The Chilean Strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis): Over 1000 Years of Domestication’’ (Chad E. Finn, Jorge B. Retamales, Gustavo A. Lobos, and James F. Hancock).
Holocene sea-level change derived from microbial mats

Few submeter-resolution relative sea-level (RSL) proxies exist for semiarid and arid coastlines that lack well-developed marshes or coral reefs. Because 15% of the world’s nonpolar coastline is in desert and steppe precipitation regimes, a new RSL proxy is needed for these regions. In this study we show the utility of microbial mats, a common biota found along semiarid and arid coastlines, as an RSL proxy. The indicative range of microbial mats in Baffin Bay (Texas, United States) is ±0.29 m, much less than the ±2 m indicative range of typical sea-level indicators currently used along the semiarid Texas coast. The elevations of 22 buried radiocarbon-dated microbial mats plot within error of RSL data derived from the central Texas coast for the past 5.0 k.y., suggesting that microbial mats provide a robust proxy for paleo–sea levels along semiarid and arid coastlines.
Preferential proximal coronary dilation by activators of guanylate cyclase in awake dogs.

The vasodilation effects of activators of guanylate cyclase, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), nitroglycerin (NTG), and acetylcholine (ACh), on the epicardial conductance arteries and the distal re...
SQC Case Studies

This chapter contains two descriptions of real projects in which a student played a major role in saving millions of dollars: the printed circuit board study and the wire harness voids study. The objectives of this chapter include: (1) providing direct evidence that the methods are widely used and associated with monetary savings and (2) challenging the reader to identify situations in which specific methods could help.
It is and it is not: the Importance of Context when Exploring Gender Differences in Perpetration of Physical Partner Violence

The literature on gender differences in perpetration of physical partner violence (PV) consists of two opposing camps: those who emphasize gender symmetry, and those who emphasize gender asymmetry. We propose a both/and approach to this controversy by suggesting that the issue of gender symmetry is complex and dependent upon context. Furthermore, we discuss how the role of personal investment in political agendas contributes to this divide in the literature. We argue that this both/and approach to inquiry will significantly contribute to the understanding of gender differences in perpetration of PV, as well inform the development of interventions for PV.
Exploring the Emergent Identities of Future Physicians: Toward an Understanding of the Ideological Socialization of Osteopathic Medical Students

This project brings contextual factors to the forefront of socialization research by investigating how medical ideology relates to the formation of the identities of students of osteopathic medicine. In particular, we investigate their attitudes toward, the role of communication and the expression of emotion in health care delivery. Through in‐depth interviews with students about their vocational development experiences, we began exploring their emergent identities as future practitioners of osteopathic medicine. Three themes emerged from a constant comparative analysis of data including (a) selecting osteopathic medicine, (b) encountering osteopathy, and (c) students’ emergent identities. These themes, and their respective sub‐themes, are discussed in terms of the story they tell about the role of technology, as developed and practiced through the scientific method, in the rationalization of professional identities.
Inspecting the foundations of claims about cognitive demand and student learning: A citation analysis of Stein and Lane (1996)

Abstract Educational research communities bear responsibility for establishing a substantial body of evidence to support claims that drive the field. For example, one commonly accepted claim is that there is a relationship between the cognitive demand of mathematical task enactments and students’ learning. One study that is often cited in association with this claim is Stein and Lane (1996), and in 44% of those citations, Stein and Lane (1996) is the sole reference. Citation analysis reveals that many of these claims go beyond the warrants provided by the Stein and Lane study, either by granting more confidence in the relationship than the study design allows or by phrasing the claim as a causal relationship between cognitive demand and student learning. A few other studies are occasionally cited in conjunction with Stein and Lane (1996) and are summarized in this article, but there remains a need for replication studies to provide better empirical support for claims about cognitive demand and student learning and to refine our shared understanding.
Limning the “Howling Space” of September 11 Through Don DeLillo’s Falling Man

Don DeLillo’s December 2001 Harper’s Magazine essay, “In the Ruins of the Future: Reflections on Terror and Loss in the Shadow of September,” presages his 2007 novel, Falling Man, whose title echoes the predicament of victims who jumped from the World Trade Center. Both texts grapple with the personal and public aftereffects of September 11 as the day recedes further in time. Specifically, these texts delineate the fissures that comprise the cultural trauma of September 11 by elaborating World Trade Center survivors’ compromised subjectivity and agency, witnesses’ ambivalent identifications with the plight of those who jumped from the towers, questions about choice and fate, and doubts about whether the aftermath of September 11 will ever reach any form of resolution.
Correlates of basal insulin persistence among insulin-naïve people with type 2 diabetes: results from a multinational survey

AbstractBackground and objective: People with T2DM who initiate basal insulin therapy often stop therapy temporarily or permanently soon after initiation. This study analyzes the reasons for and correlates of stopping and restarting basal insulin therapy among people with T2DM.Methods: An online survey was completed by 942 insulin-naive adults with self-reported T2DM from Brazil, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, UK, and US. Respondents had initiated basal insulin therapy within the 3–24 months before survey participation and met criteria for one of three persistence groups: continuers had no gaps of ≥7 days in basal insulin treatment; interrupters had at least one gap in insulin therapy of ≥7 days within the first 6 months after initiation and had since restarted basal insulin; and discontinuers stopped using basal insulin within the first 6 months after initiation and had not restarted.Results: Physician recommendations and cost were strongly implicated in patients stopping and not resuming insulin therapy...
Abstract 197: Effect of Selective Afferent Renal Denervation by Periaxonal Application of Capsaicin on Salt Sensitivity of Arterial Pressure

Renal nerves contribute to some forms of hypertension, but the differential role of afferent and efferent renal nerves remains unclear. It has been proposed that afferent renal nerves modulate arterial pressure (AP) since rats subjected to dorsal rhizotomy (DRX) at spinal levels T9-L1 exhibit salt-sensitive hypertension. Since DRX is not selective for renal afferents, we developed a novel method for selective ablation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) positive sensory fibers in the kidney and tested the hypothesis that, as with DRX, our method of afferent renal denervation (ARDN) causes salt-dependent hypertension in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with radiotelemeters to measure AP and heart rate (HR) and underwent either ARDN (renal-CAP) or sham surgery (SHAM). In renal-CAP rats, the renal nerves were exposed to a 33 mM capsaicin solution for 15 minutes. The rats were housed in metabolic cages, fed a 0.1% NaCl diet and allowed to recover for 10 days. After a 4 day baseline period, the diet was increased to 4% NaCl for 3 weeks then 8% NaCl for 2 weeks. At the end of the protocol the rats were euthanized and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on the kidneys labeling for CGRP, as a marker of afferent renal fibers, and tyrosine hydroxylase, as a marker of efferent renal fibers. Baseline mean AP (mmHg) was slightly higher in renal-CAP (103 ± 2) than SHAM rats (97 ± 3) whereas HR (BPM) was similar (399 ± 11 vs. 395 ± 10). Increasing salt intake caused a similar increase in MAP in both groups, but HR decreased more in SHAM than renal-CAP rats (358 ± 6 vs. 385 ± 3 BPM). Sodium and water intake, excretion and balance were not different between the two groups. IHC confirmed the selective destruction of renal afferent fibers. These data suggest that: 1) renal-CAP treatment is an effective method for ARDN, 2) afferent renal nerves play a minimal role in the regulation of AP or sodium and water balance in normotensive rats, regardless of salt intake and 3) afferent renal nerves appear to mediate sodium dependent decreases in HR. The discrepancy between these results and those of previous studies may be due to the non-selective nature of DRX.
Forests of South Carolina, 2016

This resource update provides an overview of forest resources in South Carolina based on an inventory conducted by the U.S. Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program at the Southern Research Station in cooperation with the South Carolina Forestry Commission.
“Where It Falls Apart”: Barriers to Retention in HIV Care in Latino Immigrants and Migrants

Abstract Latino immigrants in the United States are disproportionately affected by HIV. Barriers to consistent attendance (retention) in HIV primary care constrain opportunities for HIV treatment success, but have not been specifically assessed in this population. We conducted semistructured interviews with 37 HIV-infected Latinos (aged ≥18 years and born in Puerto Rico or a Latin American Spanish-speaking country) and 14 HIV providers in metropolitan Boston (total n = 51). The Andersen Model of Healthcare Utilization informed a semistructured interview guide, which bilingual research staff used to explore barriers to HIV care. We used thematic analysis to explore the processes of retention in care. Six ubiquitous themes were perceived to influence HIV clinic attendance: (1) stigma as a barrier to HIV serostatus disclosure; (2) social support as a safety net during negative life circumstances; (3) unaddressed trauma and substance use leading to interruption in care; (4) a trusting relationship between pat...
Black Political Attitudes and Political Rap Music

Many argue that political or message rap no longer exists. Scholars and critics point to rap music as a genre that is completely negative and only diminishes the progress of the Black community by offering and supporting stereotypes of African Americans (Johnson, Jackson and Gatto 1995; Carpentier, Knobloch and Zillman 2003). On the contrary, I argue that all rap music is not the same and that in fact, there is a subgenre in rap music, political rap, that discusses political issues and candidates exclusively. In this article, I proffer a criterion for identifying political rap music to demonstrate a distinction between the subgenres of rap and the prevalence of political rap within mainstream radio. Finally, I examine the lyrical content of political rap for the assertion of Black Nationalist ideology.
Evidence for interannual variation in genetic structure of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along the California Current System.

Using a combination of population- and individual-based analytical approaches, we provide a comprehensive examination of genetic connectivity of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along ~1,200 km of the California Current System (CCS). We sampled individuals at 33 sites in 2012 to establish a baseline of genetic diversity and hierarchal population genetic structure and then assessed interannual variability in our estimates by sampling again in 2014. Genetic diversity showed little variation among sites or across years. In 2012, we observed weak genetic differentiation among sites (FST range = -0.005-0.014) following a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD) and significantly high relatedness among individuals within nine sampling sites. In 2014, pairwise FST estimates were lower (FST range = -0.014-0.007), there was no spatial autocorrelation, and fewer sites had significant evidence of relatedness. Based on these findings, we propose that interannual variation in the physical oceanographic conditions of the CCS influences larval recruitment and thus gene flow, contributing to interannual variation in population genetic structure. Estimates of effective population size (Ne ) were large in both 2012 and 2014. Together, our results suggest that Dungeness crab in the CCS may constitute a single evolutionary population, although geographically limited dispersal results in an ephemeral signal of IBD. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that populations of marine organisms may be susceptible to temporal changes in population genetic structure over short time periods; thus, interannual variability in population genetic measures should be considered.
Interspecies Parenting: How Pet Parents Construct Their Roles:

This qualitative study explores a widespread contemporary family form, the interspecies family, to understand how people who count their cats and dogs as family members describe this process of bec...
Varieties of Normative Inquiry: Moral Alternatives to Politicization in Sociology

This article evaluates four different ways of relating the normative side of sociology to its empirical side. Two such ways are in existence at present. The first is “dualism,” the idea that sociology provides purely scientific results to political or moral projects that are conducted on some independent normative basis. This position is commonly invoked in the idea of “value-free sociology.” The second is “monism,” the ideas that value-freedom is impossible and that sociology is inevitably value-driven, indeed perhaps that it should be openly so driven. This position is commonly invoked in the idea of “the unity of theory and practice.” These existing approaches are complemented by two that do not yet exist in practice. Both are explicitly normative in part. The first of these is a “canonical” approach, like that of the subdiscipline of political theory, in which normative inquiry within sociology would be formally recognized within the discipline and would be organized around a classical canon of normative works. The second would be a “legalist” approach, which would grow out of new genres of writing that aimed at the systematic normative evaluation of bodies of work or literatures, thus working inductively, in contrast to the canonical approach’s deductivism. The article evaluates these four positions according to four criteria: feasibility, coherence, trajectory, and open-mindedness. It concludes that the current positions (dualism and monism) are both embarrassingly weak: typically unconscious and sometimes naive, in many cases driven by the unacknowledged – and hence uncritical - assumption that one's particular politics are in fact universally desirable. The discipline should try to create an explicit but rigorously argued normative subdiscipline, probably combining both the canonical and legalist positions.
Balancing social utility with aggregator profit in electric vehicle charging

In this paper, we study the efficiency of equilibrium charging schedules of self-interested plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in an environment where a monopolistic aggregator sets time-dependent prices to maximize its own profit. Computing profit-maximizing prices is not only NP-hard, they can also lead to bad equilibrium charging schedules. In this work, we present a polynomially computable pricing policy that is efficient both in terms of social welfare (economic efficiency of the charging schedules) and seller profit (profit made the aggregator). We show that the economic efficiency and aggregator profit under the proposed pricing scheme (with respect to their maximum possible values) can be expressed in terms of a regularity (convexity) measure of the utility functions associated with the PEVs. Our numerical studies show that in practice these performance measures are within a small constant factor of the corresponding optimum values. Our pricing policy, which is time-dependent but non-discriminatory across users for any given time-slot, can thus be used to provide a good balance between system and aggregator objectives in PEV charging.
Financial Transmission Rights: Point-to Point Formulations

Transmission rights stand at the center of market design in a restructured electricity industry. Beginning with the intuition that electricity markets require some rights to use the transmission system, simple models of transmission rights soon founder after confronting the limited capacity and complex interactions of a transmission grid. The industry searched for many years without success looking for a workable system of physical rights that would support decentralized decisions controlling use of the grid.
Tube Feeding of Infants and Children

Advances in tube feeding methods, equipment, and formulas have helped to make this form of nutritional support appropriate for and well tolerated by children with a wide variety of clinical problems. This article describes advances in the field of enteral feeding and discusses the management of common problems associated with this technique.
Structure and Function of Angiogenin

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on structure and functions of angiogenin. In many ways, angiogenin is the most unusual member of the ribonuclease superfamily. It shares 33% sequence identity with bovine pancreatic RNase A and has structurally equivalent counterparts for the two histidines and one lysine that comprise the catalytic residues for ribonucleolytic activity. It cleaves preferentially on the 3′ side of pyrimidines to generate a cyclic phosphate product that is subsequently hydrolyzed, but it is 4–6 orders of magnitude less active in routine assays. Despite such seemingly minuscule potency, this ribonucleolytic activity is absolutely critical to the biological function of angiogenin. This chapter discusses in depth about angiogenesis and angiogenic molecules, human angiogenin, and bovine angiogenin. Characterization as a member of the ribonuclease family is explained. The chapter also elaborates the relationship of RNase activity and angiogenic activity. The chapter discusses about binding to endothelial cells, induction of second messengers, and effect on endothelial cell growth. The chapter concludes with a discussion on antiangiogenin antibody suppression of tumor growth.
Cohort study of the relationship between individual psychotherapy and pregnancy outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Antenatal depression is associated with poor obstetric outcomes, but it has not been determined if treatment improves these outcomes. We hypothesized that psychotherapy for antenatal depression would decrease rates of low Apgar score, preterm birth, low birthweight, and high maternal weight gain. Methods Using longitudinal clinical data from the electronic health record (EHR) of a large academic medical center, we examined the association between exposure to psychotherapy during pregnancy among women with a history of major depressive disorder and obstetric outcomes. We compared outcomes between women with and without psychotherapy treatment during pregnancy, and included a dose response analysis. Results Of 50,856 women with pregnancies between 1998 and 2013, 5413 had a lifetime diagnosis of depression (948 had a diagnosis of depression during pregnancy), and 536 received psychotherapy at least once during pregnancy. Women who received one or more psychotherapy sessions during pregnancy had increased odds of preterm delivery and decreased odds of high maternal weight gain (more than 40 pounds). Individuals who received four or more psychotherapy sessions during pregnancy had increased odds of preterm birth and low infant birth weight and decreased odds of high maternal weight gain. Limitations Patients may have pursued treatment outside of this hospital's EHR data, and we cannot control for the quality of treatment or type of psychotherapy. Discussion Psychotherapy was associated with negative obstetric outcomes. While treatment of depression in pregnant women has been shown to benefit the mother, the absence of benefit in terms of pregnancy outcomes merits further investigation.
Outage Analysis of a Dual Relay SWIPT System in Hybrid Forwarding Schemes

The outage probability of a dual relay simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system is investigated in the presence of Rayleigh fading. The message forwarding at the relays is categorized in three schemes. In the first two cases, both the relays are considered to be decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF), respectively, whereas in the third case, one of the relays is considered DF and the other as AF. The relaying model considers the source-relay-destination links whereas the direct link between source-destination does not exist. The power splitters at the relaying devices provide energy to the relays by splitting the received signal power into energy harvesting and information transfer parts. The outage probability is investigated using Monte-Carlo simulations and the results for all the three cases are compared. The all-AF forwarding scheme provides the least outage probability among all the three cases. The minimum outage probability is obtained for different values of PS factors for the said case at different transmit powers.
An essential checkpoint for TLR9 signaling is release from 1 Unc93b1 in endosomes

Nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are subject to complex regulation to facilitate recognition of microbial DNA and RNA while limiting recognition of self-nucleic acids1. Failure to properly regulate nucleic acid-sensing TLRs can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease2-6. Intracellular localization of these receptors is thought to be critical for self vs. non-self discrimination7, yet the molecular mechanisms that reinforce compartmentalized activation of intracellular TLRs remain poorly understood. Here we describe a new mechanism that prevents TLR9 activation from locations other than endosomes. This control is achieved through the regulated release of TLR9 from its trafficking chaperone Unc93b1, which only occurs within endosomes and is required for ligand binding and signal transduction. Mutations in Unc93b1 that increase affinity for TLR9 impair release and result in defective signaling. The release is specific to TLR9, as TLR7 does not dissociate from Unc93b1 in endosomes. This work defines a novel checkpoint that reinforces self vs. non-self discrimination by TLR9 and provides a mechanism by which TLR9 and TLR7 activation can be distinctly regulated.