cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition guidelines after kidney transplantation.

AS MORE information becomes available regarding post-transplant nutrition, it is increasingly apparent that a well-balanced, heart healthy diet and lifestyle are valuable in the shortand especially long-term management of the renal transplant patient. The nutritional goals after renal transplantation are to: (1) achieve or maintain optimal protein nutriture, (2) achieve or maintain desirable body weight, and (3) attenuate side effects of immunosuppressive agents. One of the major long-term complications after kidney transplant is cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in transplant patients after the first year, with immunosuppressive drugs being unavoidable contributors. Helping patients to control cholesterol levels, weight gain, and blood pressure can be extremely beneficial in decreasing this risk and maintaining a well functioning allograft. At the University of California, Los Angeles, we recently presented a review of the general diet guidelines for renal transplant recipients to a group of recipients whose time out from transplant ranged from ,3 months to 101 years. We started with the quiz to involve the audience, but did not go over the answers until after our presentation. We were concerned that hearing the information again might be redundant. However, we found that the participants responded very favorably. Many patients stated how important it was to hear the information again. Reinforcing the information helped them increase their knowledge and retention of the subject matter. The participants found this material to be very useful in managing their diets and health. The aim is to individualize this information, to reinforce these principles periodically, to provide more intensive intervention when indicated, and to support transplant recipients in achieving a long and healthy life for themselves and their kidneys. The following materials could be used to instruct patients before discharge from the hospital. Kidney function may be delayed, and these materials can be modified to meet specific patient needs. Often, patients are confused with the differences between the chronic renal insufficiency, hemodialysis or
Hepatitis C virus-mediated angiogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

Angiogenesis is an essential process for organ growth and repair. Thus, an imbalance in this process can lead to several diseases including malignancy. Angiogenesis is a critical step in vascular remodeling, tissue damage and wound healing besides being required for invasive tumor growth and metastasis. Because angiogenesis sets an important point in the control of tumor progression, its inhibition is considered a valuable therapeutic approach for tumor treatment. Chronic liver disease including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main cause for the development of hepatic angiogenesis and thereby plays a critical role in the modulation of hepatic angiogenesis that finally leads to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and invasion. Thus, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis will help design a therapeutic protocol for the intervention of HCV-mediated angiogenesis and subsequently its outcome. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis and the related signaling pathways that can be target for current and under development therapeutic approaches.
Minorities in the Soviet armed forces

Abstract During the 1970s, the proportion of ethnic minorities in the Soviet military manpower pool increased substantially. This trend will continue in the decades ahead, presenting Soviet military authorities with many of the same problems faced by other states with an ethnically mixed military force. These problems are not, however, as serious as some Western specialists have contended. Ethnic problems, manifested primarily in language difficulties and secondarily in inter‐ethnic tension in some low‐prestige units, certainly exist in the Soviet military. But the military has devised a pragmatic series of programs to deal with such problems—programs which seem to be working fairly well. The military has benefited from large‐scale civilian programs to increase educational levels and Russian fluency among minorities. Nor do ethnic tensions appear to present a serious threat to the combat capability of most units. As a source of disciplinary problems, ethnic rivalry is probably less serious than disciplina...
Transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate patients with severe pulmonary hypertension for lung transplantation

The surgical approach to lung transplantation for patients with severe pulmonary hypertension will be dependent on the primary disease and specific cardiac anatomy. To determine the safety and utility of transesophageal echocardiography in the management of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension who are being evaluated for lung transplantation, we studied 48 consecutive patients, aged 38 ± 11 years, with pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 70 mm Hg or greater. All patients previously underwent left and right heart catheterization, transthoracic echocardiography, and radionuclide ventriculography. Transesophageal echocardiography was tolerated well by all patients. Additional data that significantly altered surgical therapy were found in 12 of 48 patients (25%): proximal pulmonary artery thrombi (3), patent foramen ovale with significant right to left shunting (2), atrial septal defect (2), double-outlet right ventricle (2), ventricular septal defect (2), and exclusion of atrial septal defect (1). These findings were confirmed surgically in all patients except 3, who died awaiting transplantation. Transesophageal echocardiography is useful in the evaluation of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension.
Task performance and consensus: The health associate role

Abstract The reallocation of activities of health care personnel has been proposed as one potential solution to the problems of health care delivery. An investigation was undertaken to examine role consensus and reported task performance in a prepaid group practice setting where new and redefined roles had been introduced. Most of the personnel in the role of the health associate, a new non-physician role, were nurses. The research was directed to the question of whether traditional physician-nurse role relations prevail in a setting of change. Analysis focused on the degree of consensus on task-specific role expectations (shared definition of the role) and the perceived performance of the health associates. Although both physicians and health associates thought the health associates should be doing additional health care activities, the physicians held more limited expectations for them. Health associates reportedly performed fewer and less complex medical care tasks than physicians. Reported health associate performance did not fully conform to task-specific role expectations. It is suggested that a traditional structure for the delivery of services reinforced traditional roles.
Purification of human basophils by density and size alone

Abstract Basophils typically account for approximately 1% of the white cells in peripheral blood. We have developed a unique method for purifying basophils from whole blood of normal subjects to at least 95% purity. Basophils are separated from other cell types dy density-dependent sedimentation in Percoll and cell sorting, based solely on their size and granularity. The mean overall yield ranged from 5% to 28%. The procedure is typically completed within 4 h. The highly purified basophils obtained are functionally competent and morphologically intact. They release histamine in response to FcϵRI-mediated stimulation, express FcϵRI and BSP-1 ligand as analyzed by flow cytometry, and exhibit the known characteristic ultrastructural features of basophils by electron microscopy. This procedure avoids positive-selection antibodies that might perturb receptors on basophils or negative-selection antibodies that might activate other cell types, and can be used to obtain basophils for studies in vitro.
Language localization and variability

Abstract Language localization data from 11 neurosurgical patients undergoing cortical resection for medically intractable focal epilepsy were obtained by mapping with bipolar electrical stimulation at current levels below sensory and after-discharge thresholds, during an object-naming task. The topographical extent of language cortex in an individual subject can be wider than that proposed in the classic maps. Within this zone, language is discretely localized, with different sites variably committed to language as measured by the naming function. The naming data from the left cortex of eight patients, all left-brain-dominant, were pooled to determine the variability within the primary language zone. Only a narrow band of posterior, inferior frontal lobe, immediately anterior to motor strip, showed involvement in all of the patients in whom it was sampled. This is a motor speech area; it constitutes only a small portion of the frontal language area. Other infero-frontal, parietal, and postero-temporal sites showed considerable variability, with naming involvement in only 50–80% of the patients sampled. There is a suggestion that some of these patterns of language localization may correlate with poorer verbal abilities. Data were also obtained on language localization in the left insula in a patient who was left-hemisphere-dominant for language. Mapping of the right hemisphere in a left-brain-dominant patient demonstrated no naming function. Mapping of the right hemisphere in one and the left hemisphere in another patient, both of whom were right-hemisphere-dominant for language, suggests more diffuse language representation with right hemisphere dominance.
Dynamics of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) populations along the San Pedro River, Arizona

Abstract Woodlands of the exotic saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) have replaced forests of native Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salixspp.) along many rivers of the American South-west. In the middle basin of the San Pedro River, saltcedar dominates only at the drier sites where the surface and ground-water conditions no longer support cottonwood–willow forests. At sites with perennial (or near-perennial) stream flow, saltcedar is co-dominant with Fremont cottonwood. However, saltcedar has been declining in importance at these sites, perhaps due to recent occurrence of conditions that favour cottonwood establishment (frequent winter flooding, high rates of stream flow during spring, exclusion of livestock). This shift provides evidence of capacity for self-repair in degraded Sonoran riparian ecosystems. In the upper basin, in contrast, saltcedar has increased in relative abundance at sites that show evidence of ground-water decline, signaling a need for vigilance in river management. Saltcedar is generally sparse in the upper basin, probably due to the combination of cool temperatures and persistence of perennial or near-perennial stream flows in most areas. Throughout the San Pedro River, saltcedar and cottonwood both have been influenced by changing flood patterns. Expansion of Fremont cottonwood populations and initial colonization by saltcedar both correlate with post-1960 increases in fall and winter flood frequency and decreases in summer flood size.
Use of adipose tissue to ease compatibility of a stylet with its sheath during ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: technical note.

BACKGROUND When placing a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in adults, we have found it is often difficult to insert or remove the stylet of the shunt passer. Saline fails to provide sufficient lubrication, and the biocompatibility of mineral oil has not been substantiated. OBJECTIVE The authors describe a novel technique to ameliorate this problem. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement is a common procedure within neurosurgery. This technique is conceivably applicable to all patients requiring diversion of cerebrospinal fluid. INTERVENTION AND TECHNIQUE A small amount of adipose tissue is harvested from the incision in the abdominal wall. The adipose tissue is rubbed along the stylet before it is inserted into the sheath. CONCLUSION Autologous adipose tissue can be used safely and effectively as a lubricant for ventriculoperitoneal shunt passers to facilitate the compatibility of a stylet with its sheath. The technique thereby eases the process of passing distal shunt tubing.
A thermo-acoustic gas sensor array for photochemically critical species in the martian atmosphere

Abstract We describe the development of a thermoacoustic oxidant sensor (TAOS) array to quantify gases that play critical roles in the chemical evolution of the martian surface and atmosphere. The sensor combines a chemiresistor with an acoustic wave-plate device, micro-fabricated on thermally isolated hot-plates; their measurement modes are respectively: conductivity changes of chemically sensitive films, and mass changes of the same coatings. Metal Phthalocyanines (MePcs) and other organic semiconductors such as 1,4-polybutadiene are used as chemical coatings because of their chemical stability and the fact that these compounds have been shown to exhibit selectivity to oxidizing gases. The specific target gases of this experiment are H2O2, H2O, O3 and CO. Identification and quantification of these gases at the martian surface would contribute to both atmospheric and soil chemistry studies. The species H2O2 and/or O3, may be responsible for the unique reactive properties of the martian regolith, as discovered in the Viking biology experiments. In addition, each of the target gases are believed to play a role in the photochemical recycling of CO2.
Influence of particle size distribution on coarsening

Abstract This study has examined the evolution of the particle size distribution and the effect of the initial and transient distributions on coarsening kinetics and the path of evolution. A numerical procedure has been employed to simulate the coarsening process statistically. It was found that the distribution passes through a continuous range of forms from the initial distribution towards the asymptotic state, with initially narrow distributions widening and wide distributions narrowing. Experimental studies using liquid phase sintered Cu-20 Co alloy with different initial distribution widths agreed with the above simulation results qualitatively. The simulated coarsening rate was found to be related to the width and shape of particle size distribution. A rate constant has been derived relating the instantaneous coarsening rate and the transient moments of the distribution. The effect of the initial distribution on coarsening rate was found to be particularly significant in the early stage of coarsening when rapid distribution changes occur. After these early rapid transients but still far from the asymptotic state, the instantaneous coarsening rate was closely related to the instantaneous geometric standard deviation of the distribution.
Magnetic frustration effects in uranium intermetallics

The effect of geometrical frustration on the development of the heavy-fermion state and quantum criticality is studied in UAuCu4, UAuPt4, UAu3Ni2 samples through measurements of their magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and electrical resistivity. In addition, since lattice disorder can play a large role in defining magnetic properties in frustrated systems, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data have also been obtained. The local structure results show a strong correlation with the magnetic properties in these samples.
Sleep Problems of Elementary School Children A Community Survey

Objective: To examine the prevalence, co-occurrence, and correlates of sleep problems among elementary school children. Design: Survey. Setting: General community. Participants: The parents of 987 children aged 5 to 12 years completed an anonymous survey distributed in their children's schools. Main Outcome Measures: The survey form asked about background characteristics, children's sleep environment, sleep habits, adult interventions, sleep history, and specific sleep problems. Results: Bedtime resistance was the most prevalent sleep problem (27%). Sleep-onset delays (11.3%), night waking (6.5%), morning wake-up problems (17%), and fatigue complaints (17%) were also common. Among children with sleep-onset problems, 80% displayed bedtime resistance, while 34% of bedtime resisters had onset problems. Onset problems correlated with more fears, night waking, psychiatric and medical conditions, the need for reassurance and caregiver proximity, and history of sleep problems. Bedtime resistance was associated with an inconsistent bedtime and falling asleep away from bed. Those who display delayed sleep onset and bedtime resistance also wake later, suggesting that sleep-phase delays may maintain these problems. Conclusions: The results confirm bedtime resistance as parents' principal sleep-related complaint for this age group but reveal a subgroup more prone to insomnia, night waking, and anxiety-related features. Phase delay findings suggest the importance of limits around wake-up time as well as bedtime. The results highlight the importance of distinctly evaluating bedtime resistance, sleep onset, sleep maintenance, waking, and emotional adjustment. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:473-480
In vivo analyses of early events in acute graft-versus-host disease reveal sequential infiltration of T-cell subsets

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major obstacle in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Given the dynamic changes in immune cell subsets and tissue organization, which occur in GVHD, localization and timing of critical immunological events in vivo may reveal basic pathogenic mechanisms. To this end, we transplanted luciferase-labeled allogeneic splenocytes and monitored tissue distribution by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. High-resolution analyses showed initial proliferation of donor CD4+ T cells followed by CD8+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs with subsequent homing to the intestines, liver, and skin. Transplantation of purified naive T cells caused GVHD that was initiated in secondary lymphoid organs followed by target organ manifestation in gut, liver, and skin. In contrast, transplanted CD4+ effector memory T (T(EM)) cells did not proliferate in secondary lymphoid organs in vivo and despite their in vitro alloreactivity in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) assays did not cause acute GVHD. These findings underline the potential of T-cell subsets with defined trafficking patterns for immune reconstitution without the risk of GVHD.
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylates exhibit antidepressant and anxiolytic actions in animal models.

Abstract 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) is a high affinity ligand at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors that exhibits partial agonist properties in both biochemical and electrophysiological measures. While ACPC was reported active in animal models commonly used to evaluate potential antidepressants (forced swim) and anxiolytics (plus-maze), the zwitterionic character of this compound could limit both penetration into the central nervous system and oral availability. The present experiments were designed to determine the duration of action of ACPC, its efficacy following oral administration, and to compare these effects with the more lipophilic ACPC methyl ester. Parenterally and orally administered ACPC were equipotent in reducing immobility in the forced swim test, an action manifested for at least 6 h. Both orally and parenterally administered ACPC methyl ester were ~3.3-fold more potent than ACPC in the forced swim test. In the elevated plus-maze, both ACPC and ACPC methyl ester were active for 1–2 h after parenteral administration. These findings suggest that 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylates may constitute a novel class of antidepressant/anxiolytic agents.
On the Future of the Study of Religion in the Academy

I argue first that 'religion' is either a natural-kind sortal or an artifactual-kind sortal. Second, that whichever view is taken by practitioners of the academic study of religion, some normative understandings are implied. Third, that the constitutive desire of those who practice the academic study of religion—to do not-theology—therefore cannot be realized. And fourth, that the future of the academic study of religion is unlikely to be long or rosy.
Incorporating the ACGME educational competencies into morbidity and mortality review conferences.

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandates that residents be trained in six core educational competencies. Practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI), one of the six competencies, is defined as the investigation and evaluation of one's own patient care. Morbidity and Mortality Conference, a frequently used venue to review the clinical outcome of hospitalized patients, provides the opportunity to teach and assess PBLI. Description: We report an approach to Morbidity and Mortality Conference that includes a systematic analysis of the ACGME core competencies and their application to a clinical case, a regular review of the factors that defines high-quality patient care, and a focused discussion of the PBLI competency. Evaluation: Preliminary data indicate that our residents preferred this revised method for conducting Morbidity and Mortality Conference. Conclusion: Our adaptation to Morbidity and Mortality Conference provides a systematic review of the core comp...
Micromechanics-Based Elastoplastic and Damage Modeling of Particle Reinforced Composites

A micromechanical damage model is proposed to predict the effective elastoplastic behavior of ductile composites containing randomly dispersed particles. The interfacial debonding between particles and the matrix is considered as the primary micromechanical damage mechanism. The debonded isotropic elastic reinforcements are replaced by equivalent anisotropic elastic inclusions. The interfacial debonding process is simulated by three-dimensional debonding angles. After the local stress field in the matrix is calculated, the homogenization averaging procedure is employed to estimate the effective elastic stiffness and yield function of the composites. The associative plastic flow rule and the isotropic hardening law are postulated based on the continuum plasticity theory. As applications, the overall elastoplastic and damage constitutive behavior of the composites under various loading conditions is numerically simulated and compared with available experimental results.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Pain during burn dressing change in children: relationship to burn area, depth and analgesic regimens

To determine the level of pain that acutely burned children experience, we obtained pain scores before, during and after burn dressing change (BDC). Pain scores were higher during the BDC, consistent with severe pain during this procedure. A positive correlation between pain scores and the body surface area (BSA) burned suggests that pain increases with the size of the burn. Contrary to widely held beliefs, comparison of mean pain scores and the percent of 3rd degree burn revealed that the larger the area of full-thickness injury, the greater the pain. Regardless of wide variations in patient characteristics, fixed doses of oral narcotics were usually prescribed for pain. Patients with BSA greater than 70% experienced severe pain during BDC despite the type, dose or route of opioids. These findings suggest the need for (a) education to correct the myth that 'third-degree burns don't hurt'; (b) revision of analgesic prescribing patterns in the burned child; and (c) research to determine the mechanisms (e.g., tolerance or deafferentation) underlying the opioid-resistant nature of pain after large burns.
Human persistent left superior vena cava with doubled coronary sinus

Summary A heart with a persistent left superior vena cava was found in a 72 year old man during routine dissection. The right superior vena cava was absent. The right brachiocephalic vein crossed over the aortic arch and its branches to the left side of the heart. This variation reportedly occurs in about 0.16% of humans. The azygos vein was, as a result, also left sided with a hemiazygos vein on the right side. The left superior vena cava drained into a channel contained with the posterior wall of the left atrium of the heart above, and parallel with the coronary sinus. The channel of the left superior vena cava opened into the right atrium above the opening of the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus may have been doubled during embryonic development. The two vessels were joined by a small connecting vessel.
Condensations of N-arylhydroxylamines for the preparation of 5,5′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-dihydroxydiphenylamine

Abstract Acid-promoted condensation of 4-tert-butyl-2-hydroxylaminoanisole with p-tert-butylphenol resulted in the formation of 5,5′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-dihydroxydiphenylamine upon demethylation with BBr3. Protection of the acidic phenol unit was required to isolate the acid labile N-arylhydroxylamine intermediate.
The favorskii rearrangement of pulegone oxide

Abstract The stereoisomeric pulegone oxides I and II undergo a stereospecific Favorskii rearrangement when treated with sodium methoxide in refluxing glyme. The major products are identified by spectroscopic measurements and by conversion to pulegenic esters (X A,B) and puleganolides (XIII A,B). Abnormal opening of the cyclopropanone intermediates predominates, and the protonation at C-4 proceeds with exclusive retention of configuration. The configurations assigned to I and II in a previous paper 2 must therefore be reversed.
Computer programs for calibrating control electrode voltages and for conditioning working electrodes for a neurochemical voltammetry system

Two computer programs are described which are used to set voltages, calibrate the system, and cyclically condition electrodes electrically in an electrochemical system. This voltammetry system is normally used for measurement of monoamines in neurochemical studies. The system uses an Apple II, a potentiostat, and a DAS-5 interface between the two. The calibration program is used to establish the numerical values needed by the DAS-5 interface from the computer to yield desired potentiostat voltages, to calibrate the potentiostat, and to set output voltages of the system to be safe for the electrode and neural tissue before the potentiostat is turned on. Another program is used to condition electrodes as required in some cases to establish discriminably different oxidation potentials for different electroactive compounds (monoamines and ascorbate).
JNK3 Enzyme Binding to Arrestin-3 Differentially Affects the Recruitment of Upstream Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Kinases

Arrestin-3 was previously shown to bind JNK3α2, MKK4, and ASK1. However, full JNK3α2 activation requires phosphorylation by both MKK4 and MKK7. Using purified proteins we show that arrestin-3 directly interacts with MKK7 and promotes JNK3α2 phosphorylation by both MKK4 and MKK7 in vitro as well as in intact cells. The binding of JNK3α2 promotes an arrestin-3 interaction with MKK4 while reducing its binding to MKK7. Interestingly, the arrestin-3 concentration optimal for scaffolding the MKK7-JNK3α2 module is ∼10-fold higher than for the MKK4-JNK3α2 module. The data provide a mechanistic basis for arrestin-3-dependent activation of JNK3α2. The opposite effects of JNK3α2 on arrestin-3 interactions with MKK4 and MKK7 is the first demonstration that the kinase components in mammalian MAPK cascades regulate each other's interactions with a scaffold protein. The results show how signaling outcomes can be affected by the relative expression of scaffolding proteins and components of signaling cascades that they assemble.
Relationship between side-chain branching and stoichiometry in β3-peptide bundles

Abstract The stability and stoichiometry of β3-peptide bundles is influenced by side-chain identity. Previously reported β3-peptides containing β3-homoleucine on one helical face assemble into octamers, whereas those containing β3-homovaline form tetramers. The side chains of β3-homoleucine and β3-homovaline differ in terms of both side-chain length and γ-carbon branching. To evaluate the extent to which these two parameters control β3-peptide bundle stoichiometry, we synthesized the β3-peptide Acid-3Y, which contains β3-homoisoleucine in place of β3-homoleucine or β3-homovaline on one helical face. Acid-3Y assembles into a stable tetramer whose stability resembles that of the previously characterized Acid-VY tetramer. These results suggest that β3-peptide bundle stoichiometry can be modulated by the presence or absence of γ-carbon branching on core side chains.
Infrared spectroscopy of bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] imide ionomer membrane materials.

Structural properties of the proton-exchanged forms of bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] imide (PFSI) ionomer materials were investigated. The hydration and dehydration of samples prepared as thin films and freestanding membrane were probed by applying transmission infrared spectroscopy. Spectral bands were assigned and effects of water incorporation into membrane pores and channels were understood by drawing upon results from related measurements performed on the structurally similar, perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer, Nafion. Both PFSI and Nafion membrane materials display a prominent infrared absorbance band near 1060 cm−1 that arises from a vibrational mode of the ionizable group present on the side chains that extend from the poly(tetrafluoroethylene) backbone on the polymers. The mode can be traced to symmetric stretching of the −SO3− (sulfonate) group in Nafion and to antisymmetric S−N−S stretching within the sulfonyl imide end group (−SO2(N−)SO2CF3) in the PFSI materials. For Nafion samples, the position...
Conductivity and Optical Properties of a Polyiodine Canal Complex (Benzophenone)9(KI)2I7, CHCl3

Abstract (Benzophenone)9(KI)2I7, CHCl3 single crystals have a golden metallic reflection on the surfaces parallel to the polyiodine chain axis. The compound is a member of a large class of channel-like inclusion compounds in which isolated iodine atom chains are the only possible conducting strands in an otherwise insulating matrix. The (contactless) microwave conductivity is ∼ 10 Ω−1 cm−1 at room temperature with an activation energy of ∼0.03 eV down to 70°K, while the dc conductivity is ∼10−-6. Conductivity is strongly frequency dependent and contact problems are severe.
Using Enforcement and Adjudication Data to Assess the Impact of a Primary Safety Belt Law

Background: Identification of effective implementation strategies for motor vehicle injury prevention law is an important priority for research in public health law and policy. Extensive literature in related fields demonstrates the relationship between enforcement activities and achievement of safety objectives.Purpose: We conducted this study to determine the role of enforcement and adjudication in the implementation of a primary safety belt law, including the level and sustainability of safety belt–related conviction rates, using newly available data from the state judicial administrative authority. A secondary goal was to assess the contribution of the administrative data set to the analysis of the primary safety belt law.Methods: The analysis used an interrupted time series design to evaluate the longitudinal effect of the primary safety belt law implementation in 2007 on safety belt infractions and convictions in Kentucky, 2003–2012.Segmented regression analysis was used to estimate changes in the l...
Improved performance from integrated audio video displays

Several laboratory studies and flight demonstrations have indicated the potential benefits to operators/pilots of combined audio/visual displays (McKinley and Ericson, 1997). The primary focus of these previous studies was cockpit applications but significant laboratory and field work was accomplished in command and control applications. However, most audio and visual displays and their associated symbologies have been developed independently and therefore were not integrated in a human factors sense. Potential benefits from developing integrated audio/visual displays and symbologies include: reduced operator response time, improved situation awareness, reduced search excursions, improved visual target detection ranges, improved target discrimination, and reduced workload. In order to realize these, and other potential benefits, research is needed to truly integrate aural and visual displays and symbologies. The purpose of this paper is to present the results from previous studies and describe a plan to improve the integration of audio/visual displays and symbologies.
Reunion behavior after social separation is associated with enhanced HPA recovery in young marmoset monkeys

The relationships that offspring develop with caregivers can exert a powerful influence on behavior and physiology, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In many mammalian species, offspring-caregiver relationships are largely limited to interactions with mother. Marmoset monkeys receive care in early life from multiple classes of caregivers in addition to the mother, including fathers and siblings. We evaluated whether affiliative social interactions with family members in marmosets were associated with differences in cortisol reactivity to a short-term social separation stressor, and whether these variations in affiliative interactions upon reunion predicted how well marmosets subsequently regulated HPA axis function after cessation of the stressor. Marmosets were separated from the family for 8h at three developmental time points (6-, 12-, and 18-months of age), and interactions of the separated marmoset with the family group were recorded during reunion. Urinary cortisol was measured prior to social separation, every 2h during the separation, and on the morning after separation. Heightened cortisol reactivity during social separation did not predict affiliative social behavior upon reunion but higher rates of grooming and play behavior predicted enhanced HPA regulation. Marmosets with higher rates of grooming and play with family members upon reunion had post-stress cortisol levels closer to preseparation baseline than marmosets with lower rates of affiliative reunion behavior. Combined with previous research showing the early programming effects of social interactions with caregivers, as well as the buffering effect of a close social partner during stress, the current study highlights the high degree of behavioral and HPA adaptability to social stressors across development in marmoset monkeys.
4.8-20 μm imaging of Orion BN/KL: II. A new look at luminosity sources and the role of IRc2

We have reconsidered the energetics of the BN/KL infrared complex, using array images at nine wavelengths between 4.8 and 20 μm, and find a much lower luminosity for IRc2 than the generally accepted value. The new observations resolve larcsec structure throughout the region, including several new compact sources within a few arcsec of IRc2 and significant details imaged in the 9.7 μm silicate feature. Together with other recent work, the results suggest that luminous stars associated with three compact HII regions found within BN/KL, rather than IRc2, may be the more significant luminosity sources for the complex.
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Grandchildren’s Disclosure Process With Grandparents

Little is known about how the sexual orientation of gay, lesbian, bisexual, or queer (GLBQ) young adults emerges in their relationships with grandparents. This article explores grandchildren’s experiences with disclosing their sexual orientation to grandparents using qualitative interviews with 28 grandchildren whose grandparents know about their GLBQ sexual orientation. Findings are contextualized using family systems theory as I argue that grandchildren’s motivations to disclose their sexual orientation mirrors previous findings that having a close relationship or having grandparents demonstrate less conservative values motivates grandchildren’s interest in disclosure to grandparents. However, grandchildren’s accounts also demonstrate how their disclosure experiences are shaped by other factors, such as the salience of their sexual orientation in their relationship or the desire to protect grandparents from the negative repercussions of disclosure. Findings indicate that parents and other family members...
Abstract 2825: Red meat and heterocyclic amine intake, metabolic pathway genes, and bladder cancer risk

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We analyzed the association between meat intake, heterocyclic amines and bladder cancer (BC) risk using data collected in a large case-control study. The study included 884 histologically confirmed BC cases and 878 healthy controls matched to cases by age (± 5 years), gender and ethnicity. Epidemiologic and dietary data were collected using structured questionnaires via an in-person interview. Dietary intake was reported on the National Cancer Institute- Block 135-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Compared to those in the lowest quartile of total red meat intake, the ORs for the second, third and fourth quartiles of total red meat intake were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.78-1.39), 1.58 (95% CI: 1.19-2.10), and 1.49 (95% CI:1.21-1.99), respectively (P-for trend =0.001). Higher intakes of beef steaks, pork chops and bacon were each associated with increased BC risk in a dose-response pattern. For example, the ORs for the second, third and fourth quartiles of beef steak intake were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.78-1.39), 1.19 (95% CI: 0.89-1.57), and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.17-2.04), respectively (P-for trend =0.001). In addition, high intake of fried chicken and fried fish also conferred significantly increased risk. When assessed in doneness level, compared to the rare done level, intakes of red meat with medium done and well done level were associated with 1.46- fold (95% CI: 1.13-1.89) and 1.94-fold (95% CI: 1.52-2.49) increased risk (P for trend<0.001). Intakes of heterocyclic amine (HCA) were available in a subset of 177 cases and 306 controls. Compared to the first quartile (the lowest quartile of intake), the ORs for the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 1.18 (95% CI: 0.63-2.23), 1.64 (95% CI: 0.89-3.00), and 2.58 (95% CI: 1.43-4.66), respectively (P for trend<0.001). We further assessed joint effects of red meat and genetic variants in the pathways relevant to HCA metabolism. We found that the risk associated with high red meat intake was most significant among subjects carrying high number of unfavorable genotypes in the pathway. Compared with subjects in the lowest quartile of red meat intake and who carried low number of unfavorable genotypes (less than 6), subjects carrying seven or more unfavorable genotypes and whose red meat intake was in the highest quartile were at 4.74-fold increased risk (95% CI=2.78-8.10; P<0.001). These results strongly support that red meat intake and genetic variants in the HCA metabolic pathways jointly influence bladder cancer susceptibility. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2825.
The impact of breast feeding patterns on the biometric analysis of infant mortality.

A major assumption of the biometric analysis of infant mortality as developed by Bourgeois-Pichat is that the age structure of infant deaths after the first month of life is virtually constant across time and cultures. Reanalysis of results from studies which compare the mortality of infants according to the type of feeding indicated that the relationship between mortality and age within the first year of life followed different patterns for breast fed and artificially fed infants. Historical data for populations with different breast feeding customs reveal similar differences in the age pattern of infant mortality. In populations where breast feeding was uncommon or of very short duration, infant mortality rises particularly steeply during the early months of the first year of life. The age structure of infant mortality in less developed countries where breast feeding is decreasing rapidly may be similarly affected. When substantial deviations from the linear relationship are evident, particular caution is required in applying the biometric technique, since in such situations the estimated endogenous mortality is very much affected by the particular set of data points within the first year of life which are chosen for the basis of the estimates.
Inhibiting CXCL12 blocks fibrocyte migration and differentiation and attenuates bronchiolitis obliterans in a murine heterotopic tracheal transplant model

Objectives Fibrocytes are integral in the development of fibroproliferative disease after lung transplantation. Undifferentiated fibrocytes (CD45+anti-collagen 1+CXCR4+) preferentially traffic by way of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis and differentiate into smooth muscle actin-producing (CD45+CXCR4+α-smooth muscle actin+) cells. We postulated that an antibody directed against CXCL12 would attenuate fibrocyte migration and fibro-obliteration of heterotopic tracheal transplant allografts. Methods A total alloantigenic mismatch murine heterotopic tracheal transplant model of obliterative bronchiolitis was used. The mice were treated with either goat-anti-human CXCL12 F(ab′) 2 or goat IgG F(ab′) 2 . Buffy coat, bone marrow, and trachea allografts were collected and analyzed using flow cytometry. Tracheal luminal obliteration was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin and Direct Red 80 collagen stain. Results Compared with the controls, the anti-CXCL12–treated mice showed a significant decrease in tracheal allograft fibrocyte populations at 7 and 21 days after transplantation. Bone marrow and buffy coat aspirates showed the same trend at 7 days. In the anti-CXCL12–treated mice, there was a 35% decrease in luminal obliteration at 21 days (65% vs 100% obliterated; interquartile range, 38% vs 10%; P = .010) and decreased luminal collagen deposition at 21 and 28 days after transplantation ( P = .042 and P = .012, respectively). Conclusions Understanding the role of fibrocytes in airway fibrosis after lung transplantation could lead to a paradigm shift in treatment strategy. Anti-CXCL12 antibody afforded protection against infiltrating fibrocytes and reduced the deterioration of the tracheal allografts. Thus, the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis is a novel target for the treatment of fibro-obliteration after lung transplantation, and the quantification of fibrocyte populations could provide clinicians with a biomarker of fibrosis, allowing individualized drug therapy.
Potency of myopic defocus in spectacle lens compensation.

Purpose Previous studies have shown that chick eyes compensate for positive or negative lenses worn for brief periods if the chicks are in darkness the remainder of the time. This study was undertaken to determine whether chicks can compensate for brief periods of lens wear if given unrestricted vision the remainder of the time. Previous studies have also shown that chick eyes alternately wearing positive and negative lenses for brief periods compensate for the positive lenses. The current study sought to determine whether brief periods of positive lens wear can outweigh daylong wearing of negative lenses. Methods Chicks wore +6 D or +10 D lenses for between 8 and 60 min/d, in two to six periods and wore either no lenses or negative lenses for the remainder of the 12-hour daylight period. Refraction and ultrasound biometry were performed before and after the 3-day-long experiments. Results Wearing positive lenses for as little as 12 min/d (six periods of 2 minutes) with unrestricted vision the remainder of the time caused eyes to become hyperopic and reduced the rate of ocular elongation. These effects also occurred when the scene viewed was beyond the far point of the lens-wearing eye and thus was myopically blurred. Even when chicks wore negative lenses for the entire day except for 8 minutes of wearing positive lenses, the eyes compensated for the positive lenses, as though the negative lenses had not been worn. When chicks wore binocular negative lenses for the entire day except for 8 minutes of wearing a positive lens on one eye and a plano lens on the other, the eye wearing the positive lens became less myopic than the eye wearing the plano lens. Conclusions Brief periods of myopic defocus imposed by positive lenses prevent myopia caused by daylong wearing of negative lenses. This implies that periods of myopic and hyperopic defocus do not add linearly. If children are like chicks and if the hyperopic defocus of long daily periods of reading predisposes a child to myopia, regular, brief interruptions of reading might have use as a prophylaxis against progression of myopia.
Microchip countercurrent electroseparation

We report a microchip-based method for separating charged molecules according to electrophoretic mobility. The method is based on opposed electroosmotic, electrophoretic and convective forces. Similar to isoelectric focusing, solute can be accumulated into stationary zones, but without use of ampholytes. The method of “microchip countercurrent electroseparation” described here has potential application in the design of microfluidic separation chips.
Quality-of-life results used to endorse changes in standard of care for recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer

Most women with ovarian cancer will suffer a recurrence. Unfortunately, although initial treatment can lead to undetectable disease, recurrent disease is often more challenging to control. As curative intent is less common after relapse, patients and doctors argue for improving quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes when therapies are selected. The article reviewed here discusses the QoL results of a trial in platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer where over 900 patients were randomized to the standard treatment (carboplatin and paclitaxel) versus carboplatin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. In the paper under evaluation, the standard of care is challenged based on a favorable clinical outcome in addition to QoL results in the experimental arm.
Quality and yield losses due to sunn pest (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) in different wheat types in Turkey

Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to study effects of sunn pest damage on quality traits of winter wheat varieties with different grain type and color. Wheat varieties were separated into four groups as soft white, hard white, soft red and hard red. Damage caused by sunn pest-pierced grains (percentage) and effects of this damage on 1000 kernel weight, protein content and sedimentation value varied among the varieties and grain type groups. Insect damage varied from 0 to 14% on different varieties during 3 years under natural infestation in field experiments. Thousand kernel weight, protein content and sedimentation values decreased as insect damage increased up to 9% for 1000 kernel weight, 17.4% for protein content and 71.5% for sedimentation value. Genotypes with white grains were effected more by sunn pest damage than those with red grains. The most affected group was soft white while soft red was the least effected group. The results presented here demonstrate that the existence of variation among wheat varieties in the damage (yield and quality) due to sunn pest enables selection of less damaged genotypes which can be used directly for wheat production and in wheat breeding programmes against sunn pest.