cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure-activity relationship of the neurotransmitter alpha-bag cell peptide on Aplysia LUQ neurons: implications regarding its inactivation in the extracellular space.

Alpha-bag cell peptide [α-BCP (Ala-Pro-Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-Tyr-Ser-Leu)] is a neurotransmitter that mediates bag cell-induced inhibition of left-upper-quadrant (LUQ) neurons L2, L3, L4, and L6 in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. Our recent biochemical studies have shown that α-BCP[1–9] is cleaved into α-BCP[1–2], [3–9], [1–5], [6–9], and [7–9] by a combination of three distinct peptidase activities located within the extracellular spaces of the CNS: A diaminopeptidase-IV (DAP-IV)-like enzyme cleaves α-BCP[1–9] at the 2–3 peptide bond; a neutral metalloendopeptidase (NEP)-like enzyme cleaves either α-BCP[1–9] or α-BCP[3–9] at the 5–6 bond; an aminopeptidase M-II (APM-II)-like enzyme cleaves α-BCP[6–9] at the 6–7 bond, but cleaves neither α-BCP[1–9], nor the other ganglionic peptidase products. To further understand the manner in which α-BCP is inactivated after release, that is loses its electro-physiological activity, we studied its structure-activity relationship by recording intracellularly from LUQ neurons in isolated abdominal ganglia that were arterially perfused with peptides dissolved in artificial sea water. The effects of α-BCP[1–9] and 15 of its fragments ([1–8], [1–7], [1–6], [1–5], [2–9], [3–9], [3–8], [6–9], [7–9], [8–9], [6–7], [6–8], [1–2], Phe, Tyr) indicated that the sequence Phe6-Tyr7 was both necessary and sufficient to produce LUQ inhibitory activity. The combined results of our electrophysiological and biochemical studies strongly suggest that α-BCP[1–9] is inactivated by the serial actions of the NEP-like and APM-II-like peptidases; that is, the NEP-like enzyme yields an electro-physiologically active product, α-BCP[6–9], that is cleaved by the APM-II-like enzyme to yield inactive α-BCP[7–9]. Furthermore, because α-BCP[6–9] is more active than α-BCP[1–9], cleavage by the NEP-like enzyme potentiates α-BCP's activity. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Special report: NIST workshop on reference data for the properties of biomaterials.

A workshop on Reference Data for Biomaterials was held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on July 27, 2000. The primary purpose of the workshop was to determine whether needs existed for the establishment of reference data (RD) databases on the properties of biomaterials. Special attention was given to critiqued RD such as those traditionally found in databases that are established within the NIST Standard Reference Data Program. Critiqued data are data that have been critically evaluated for issues dealing with components of uncertainty, experimental design (details, descriptions, and appropriateness), measurement methods (appropriateness), conclusions drawn from the data, and so forth. Among the workshop's 65 registrants were representatives from industry, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and academia. These joined with NIST staff to address reference biomaterial property database needs within five categories: orthopedic, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic, tissue-engineered, and dental biomaterials. A general session on other issues focused specifically on database accesses (portals), contents, and maintenance. While the workshop's intended focus was on critiqued RD, it was suggested that closely related issues be considered as well. In this way, a more comprehensive assessment of opportunities for the cooperation of NIST with the biomaterials community might be developed. As a result, the needs for noncritiqued data and for reference materials (RMs), useful for developing data, also became a part of the focus of the workshop. Hence, this article presents the results from the breakout sessions of the workshop according to two categories: reference data and databases, and reference materials. In the following summary, the workshop is presented in the following order: An introduction to databases, resource presentations, action items identified in breakout sessions, assessment of resources (personnel and monetary) needed to work on action items, and portals for databases. Except for the individual concurrent breakout sessions themselves, all other sessions of the workshop were participated in fully by those in attendance.
Reconsidering the Role of the Practical Theorist: On (Re)connecting Theory to Practice in Organization Theory

In my late twenties I was a general contractor of custom homes. One day, while walking with the architect on an inspection of the jobsite, we stopped at something that clearly displeased him – the foundation being built out of field stones from the property. In giving voice to his dissatisfaction with the mason, he explained about the importance of the ‘physical mass of the stones’, ‘the receding elements of their multiple forms’ and ‘the transition from the rich and irregular organic materials of the New England farm field to the turn of the century geometry of the Shingle Style structure’. He summed up, ‘It must look as though it were supporting everything, literally growing out of the ground’. When he was done with his eloquent explanation, the mason turned to me and asked, ‘What the *#&% did he just say?’
Frequency-dependent polarizability of an electron bound by a zero-range potential

Closed-form solutions for the frequency-dependent polarizability of an electron bound by a zero-range potential in N dimensions are obtained for N < 4. Some effects of dimensionality can be separated from those of dynamics, and implications for the validity of one-dimensional atomic models are drawn. Expansion of the polarizability in powers of ω−1/2 as ω → ∞ gives a binding correction to the free-electron value, which is similar in some cases to that encountered in Rydberg series.
POPULATION ECOLOGY OF AN INVASION: EFFECTS OF BROOK TROUT ON NATIVE CUTTHROAT TROUT

Invasion by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) often results in replacement of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in the inland western United States, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We conducted a four-year removal experiment to test for population-level mechanisms (i.e., changes in recruitment, survival, emigration, and immigration) promoting invasion success of brook trout and causing decline of native Colorado River cutthroat trout (O. c. pleuriticus). We chose 700–1200 m segments of four small mountain streams where brook trout had recently invaded cutthroat trout populations, two each at mid elevation (2500–2700 m) and high elevation (3150–3250 m), and annually removed brook trout from two streams (treatments), but not the other two (controls). We used depletion electrofishing, two-way fish weirs, and mark–recapture methods to estimate abundance, movement, and survival of trout. At mid elevation, age-0 and age-1 cutthroat trout survived at 13 times and two times ...
Water Quality and Poultry Production

Abstract Mineral and microbial content of water affects the performance of poultry. Because poultry production can adversely affect water quality, the Environmental Protection Agency monitors and regulates its impact. Management of nonpoint source water contamination is especially important. If properly managed, litter, a valuable secondary commodity associated with poultry production, can be used as fertilizer, food, or energy.
A Self-Organizing MAC Protocol for DSRC based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

This paper presents a novel medium access control protocol for inter-vehicular wireless networking using the emerging dedicated short range communication (DSRC) standards. The main contribution of the paper is the design of a self-configuring TDMA protocol capable of inter-vehicle message delivery with short and deterministic delay bounds. A novel feature of VeSOMAC is its in-band control mechanism for exchanging TDMA slot information during distributed MAC scheduling. It is shown that by avoiding explicit timing information exchange, VeSOMAC can work without inter- vehicle time synchronization. The in-band control mechanism is also used for fast protocol convergence during initial network setup and topology changes due to vehicle movements. A simulation model has been developed for comparing VeSOMAC's performance with that of DSRC- recommended 802.11 MAC for traffic safety applications.
Dual scaling of comparison and reference stimuli in multi-dimensional psychological space

Abstract Dzhafarov and Colonius (Psychol. Bull. Rev. 6 (1999)239; J. Math. Psychol. 45(2001)670) proposed a theory of Fechnerian scaling of the stimulus space based on the psychometric (discrimination probability) function of a human subject in a same–different comparison task. Here, we investigate a related but different paradigm, namely, referent–probe comparison task, in which the pair of stimuli (x and y) under comparison assumes substantively different psychological status, one serving as a referent and the other as a probe. The duality between a pair of psychometric functions, arising from assigning either x or y to be the fixed reference stimulus and the other to be the varying comparison stimulus, and the 1-to-1 mapping between the two stimulus spaces X and Y under either assignment are analyzed. Following Dzhafarov and Colonius, we investigate two properties characteristic of a referent–probe comparison task, namely, (i) Regular cross-minimality—for the pair of stimulus values involved in referent–probe comparison, each minimizes a discrimination probability function where the other is treated as the fixed reference stimulus; (ii) Nonconstant self-similarity—the value of the discrimination probability function at its minima is a nonconstant function of the reference stimulus value. For the particular form of psychometric functions investigated, it is shown that imposing the condition of regular cross-minimality on the pair of psychometric functions forces a consistent (but otherwise still arbitrary) mapping between X and Y, such that it is independent of the assignment of reference/comparison status to x and to y. The resulting psychometric differentials under both assignments are equal, and take an asymmetric, dualistic form reminiscent of the so-called divergence measure that appeared in the context of differential geometry of the probability manifold with dually flat connections (Differential Geometric Methods in Statistics, Lecture Notes in Statistics, Vol. 28, Springer, New York, 1985). The pair of divergence functions on X and on Y, respectively, induce a Riemannian metric in the small, with psychometric order (defined in Dzhafarov & Colonius, 1999) equal to 2. The difference between the Finsler–Riemann geometric approach to the stimulus space (Dzhafarov & Colonius, 1999) and this dually-affine Riemannian geometric approach to the dual scaling of the comparison and the reference stimuli is discussed.
Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life. By Peter McPhee. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. Pp. xx, 299. $40.00.)

It is virtually impossible to consider the history of the French Revolution without contemplating the life of Maximilien Robespierre, and more biographies have been written of “The Incorruptible,” ...
Physical Therapy Management of Isolated Serratus Anterior Muscle Paralysis

This case report presents a patient who developed right shoulder pain following strenuous upper-extremity exercise. Approximately 6 weeks later his pain resolved, he noticed persistent right upper-extremity weakness. He was referred to physical therapy for evaluation and treatment. Physical therapy evaluation revealed isolated serratus anterior muscle paralysis. A long thoracic neuropathy was subsequently confirmed by electromyographic testing. The etiology, pathophysiology, and pathokinesiology of serratus anterior muscle paralysis are reviewed. A case is presented, illustrating how the clinical decision making is based on the pathokinesiology and pathophysiology. The patient was followed over the course of 17 months and has recovered full right shoulder active range of motion. His serratus anterior muscle strength has increased to Good minus, and he reports significantly improved functional use of the upper extremity.
The Hamster as a Model of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Progressive Disease and Impaired Generation of Nitric Oxide in the Face of a Prominent Th1-Like Cytokine Response

Active human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is characterized by a progressive increase in visceral parasite burden, cachexia, massive splenomegaly, and hypergammaglobulinemia. In contrast, mice infected with Leishmania donovani, the most commonly studied model of VL, do not develop overt, progressive disease. Furthermore, mice control Leishmania infection through the generation of NO, an effector mechanism that does not have a clear role in human macrophage antimicrobial function. Remarkably, infection of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with L. donovani reproduced the clinicopathological features of human VL, and investigation into the mechanisms of disease in the hamster revealed striking differences from the murine model. Uncontrolled parasite replication in the hamster liver, spleen, and bone marrow occurred despite a strong Th1-like cytokine (IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF/lymphotoxin) response in these organs, suggesting impairment of macrophage effector function. Indeed, throughout the course of infection, inducible NO synthase (iNOS, NOS2) mRNA or enzyme activity in liver or spleen tissue was not detected. In contrast, NOS2 mRNA and enzyme activity was readily detected in the spleens of infected mice. The impaired hamster NOS2 expression could not be explained by an absence of the NOS2 gene, overproduction of IL-4, defective TNF/lymphotoxin production (a potent second signal for NOS2 induction), or early dominant production of the deactivating cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta. Thus, although a Th1-like cytokine response was prominent, the major antileishmanial effector mechanism that is responsible for control of infection in mice was absent throughout the course of progressive VL in the hamster.
What ‘biological racial realism’ should mean

A curious ambiguity has arisen in the race debate in recent years. That ambiguity is what is actually meant by ‘biological racial realism’. Some philosophers mean that ‘race is a natural kind in biology’, while others mean that ‘race is a real biological kind’. However, there is no agreement about what a natural kind or a real biological kind should be in the race debate. In this article, I will argue that the best interpretation of ‘biological racial realism’ is one that interprets ‘biological racial realism’ as ‘race is a genuine kind in biology’, where a genuine kind is a valid kind in a well-ordered scientific research program. I begin by reviewing previous interpretations of ‘biological racial realism’ in the race debate. Second, I introduce the idea of a genuine kind and compare it to various notions of natural and real biological kinds used in the race debate. Third, I present and defend an argument for my view. Fourth, I provide a few interesting consequences of my view for the race debate. Last, I provide a summary of the article.
Comparative Effectiveness Research in Prosthetics and Amputee Rehabilitation at the University of South Florida Contemplating New Interventions for Contractures in Amputees

An estimated 1.6M persons live with limb loss in the U.S. It is estimated that this population will double in the coming decades making it important to focus clinical research on improving function and quality of life for these people. The research team at the University of South Florida’s School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences has been conducting comparative effectiveness research with this population since 2005. Projects have included topics from general daily function to extreme recreational and occupational pursuits. Specific device studies have been conducted as well as rehabilitation techniques. Recently, the historic challenge of restrictions of joint range of motion has emerged and problematically, management techniques have not kept pace with the development of prosthetic technology. This paper summarizes research conducted recently and recommends consideration of alternative approaches to joint restriction.
Self Encoded Spread Spectrum Synchronization and Cooperative Diversity

This dissertation research concerns a novel self-encoded spread spectrum. It provides a feasible practical implementation for random spreading codes. The traditional transmit and receive PN code generators are not needed. Instead, the spreading codes are extracted from the user's information bits itself. Comparing to conventional CDMA, SESS completely abandons the use of pseudo-random spreading codes. The code variability doesn't depend on the spreading length like pseudo-random codes. But because the self-encoded spreading sequence is random and time varying, data recovery requires that the despreading sequence be identical with the spreading sequence at the start of the transmission. Synchronization is one of the key techniques in SESS which seeks to recover the initial spreading sequence at the receiver without any prior knowledge. It includes two phases: initial acquisition and tracking. We consider initial acquisition as a global optimization problem and employ genetic search algorithm for converging to the global optimization efficiently. In the tracking phase, we use Markov chain analysis to examine the mean tracking time. We can verify them by simulation results as sequence length N=8. By comparing the analytical and simulation results, we can conclude that the Genetic model and Markov chain analysis can describe the process of the synchronization of SESS system reliably. We extended such synchronization model of SESS to longer sequence length as N=64 and achieved the shortest synchronization time by setting an optimum threshold. Optimal parameters are also considered to improve the synchronization time. We also consider incorporating SESS with cooperative diversity technique to achieve spatial diversity gain with the number of relays. We observe the system's stability in highly correlated rayleigh channels as well as in severe fading channels. Meanwhile, we also consider channel coding for time diversity gain (together with the soft decision Viterbi detection in receiver). Notice that we achieve both time diversity and special diversity while maintaining the same average power as the maximum ratio combiner.
Accounting for Unmeasured Population Substructure in Case-Control Studies of Genetic Association Using a Novel Latent-Class Model

We propose a novel latent-class approach to detect and account for population stratification in a case-control study of association between a candidate gene and a disease. In our approach, population substructure is detected and accounted for using data on additional loci that are in linkage equilibrium within subpopulations but have alleles that vary in frequency between subpopulations. We have tested our approach using simulated data based on allele frequencies in 12 short tandem repeat (STR) loci in four populations in Argentina.
World market integration for export and food crops in developing countries: a case study for Mali and Nicaragua

Using a generalized error correction model, this article measures and compares market integration for export cash crops versus imported food crops for Mali and Nicaragua, and computes transmission elasticities between changes in the goods’ border and domestic prices. Both Mali and Nicaragua obtain the bulk of their export revenue from a particular agricultural commodity—cotton for Mali and coffee for Nicaragua—and both import the same key staple food of rice. To reap the economic gains from this trade specialization, the two countries’ agriculture must be well-integrated into world markets. The two countries present an important policy contrast that affects their degree of world market integration and price transmission. In Mali, a parastatal enterprise controls its cotton industry, while Nicaragua has less state direction over agriculture. Reflecting this difference, the results show that for both its main export and import commodity, Nicaragua is more integrated into world markets and has higher price transmission than Mali. The results for Nicaragua also show much higher integration and price transmission for its main agricultural export (coffee) than its major import (rice).
How Like a Woman: Antigone's ‘Inconsistency’

The problem of the genuineness of Antigone's lines Ant. 904–20 has never been satisfactorily resolved. The passage has been vehemently impugned for more than a century and a half; yet the majority of editors print it without brackets, and probably the majority of scholars accept it. This stalemate is aggravated by the manner in which the argument has traditionally been conducted.
A proposed classification of ileal pouch disorders and associated complications after restorative proctocolectomy.

Both medical and surgical therapies for ulcerative colitis have inherent advantages and disadvantages that must be balanced for patients with moderate to severe disease. Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis has become the surgical treatment of choice for the majority of patients with ulcerative colitis who require proctocolectomy. However, adverse sequelae of mechanical, inflammatory, functional, neoplastic, and metabolic conditions related to the pouch can occur postoperatively. Recognition and familiarization of the disease conditions related to the ileal pouch can be challenging for practicing gastroenterologists. Accurate diagnosis and classification of the disease conditions are imperative for proper management and prognosis.
How much do standardized forms improve the documentation of quality of care

Background. Chart abstraction is a common method for measuring the quality of surgical care. In this study we examine how the use of standardized operative dictation and history forms improves documentation rates of bariatric quality measures. Materials and methods. Two independent reviewers evaluated 201 patient charts from two multi-surgeon bariatric surgery practices for documentation of five intraoperative and seven preoperative bariatric quality measures. Group 1 used fully standardized templates to dictate or collect both, while Group 2 did not. Documentation rates were compared between the groups. Results. Operative reports more consistently documented quality assessment information for cases where a dictation template was used versus where it was not (89% versus 58%, respectively, P < 0.001). The greatest discrepancies between the two groups were found in "exploration of the abdomen" (95% in Group 1 versus 43% in Group 2, P < 0.001) and in "evaluation of the gallbladder" (76% versus 28%, P < 0.001). In comparison, overall documentation rates for preoperative comorbidities were greater in both groups but remained higher for Group 1, who used fully standardized forms (98% versus 74%, P < 0.001). Group 1 had statistically significant higher rates of documentation for all seven comorbidities. Conclusions. The use of standardized dictation templates and history forms is associated with significantly higher documentation rates of quality measures in bariatric surgery. The adoption of these methods into routine use will be needed to allow for wide scale quality assessment and improvement for surgical practices.
The fluid dynamic limit of the nonlinear boltzmann equation

Solutions of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation are constructed up to the first appearance of shocks in the corresponding fluid dynamics. This construction assumes the knowledge of solutions of the Euler equations for compressible gas flow. The Boltzmann solution is found as a truncated Hilbert expansion with a remainder, and the remainder term solves a weakly nonlinear equation which is solved by iteration. The solutions found have special initial values. They should serve as “outer expansions” to which initial layers, boundary layers and shock layers can be matched.
Transformation of time dependent probability distributions

Given a distribution of position at time zero, P(x, 0), one obtains the distribution at a subsequent time t, P(x, t), by solving the appropriate evolution equation. Often this is a very difficult problem. However, sometimes, it is relativity easy to obtain the exact time dependent low order moments. We present methods to approximate P(x, t) using the initial probability distribution and exact low order time dependent moments.
Further Investigation of the Impact of Sulfur Oxides on Mercury Capture by Activated Carbon

To gain a more complete understanding of the impact of sulfur oxides on mercury capture by activated carbon, continuous mercury concentration measurements were made downstream of a packed sorbent bed. Previous research from this laboratory, which is presented in a companion study, indicated that the mercury capacity of activated carbon during a 6 h exposure to mercury-laden simulated flue gas was inversely proportional to the S6+ content of the carbon. The results presented here indicate that high S6+ content limits both the 6-h capacity of activated carbon and the initial mercury removal efficiency. The observed reduction in initial mercury removal efficiency verifies the assumption that the 6-h mercury capacity is indicative of in-flight mercury capture efficiency during activated carbon injection. The activated carbon sample with the highest sulfur content tested here captured a minimal amount of mercury; however, this sample oxidized ∼30% of the incident Hg0 at 100% breakthrough. This finding suggests...
Locomotor, vocal and other behavioral responses to varying methods of weaning foals

Abstract Behavioral responses to weaning were studied in 21 foals assigned to one of five treatments: (1) abrupt, total separation of mare and foal, no pre-weaning creep feed (TSNC); (2) total separation but with creep feed (TSC); (3) partial separation of mare and foal allowing fence-line contact, no pre-weaning creep feed (PSNC); (4) partial separation but with creep feed (PSC); (5) control (CON), no separation of mare and foal with creep feed. Foals were observed for 5 h immediately after weaning. Vocalization frequency and times of the following behaviors were recorded: lying down; standing still; walking; trotting; cantering. The TSNC foals spent more time walking than PSNC, PSC or CON foals, and spent less time standing still than foals on all other treatments. The TSC, PSNC, PSC and CON foals spent more time standing still than walking. There were no significant treatment effects on times spent lying down or cantering, but TSNC foals tended ( P P P P > 0.05) vocalization frequency during weaning. All weaned foals exhibited aggression toward other foals, pawing and non-nutritional sucking of other foals. Non-nutritional sucking started within 2 h post-weaning and was observed up to 2 weeks post-weaning. Results of this study showed that foals weaned by means of a partial separation management system exhibited fewer signs of stress than those weaned by abrupt separation.
Naloxone reversal of hypotension due to captopril overdose

The hemodynamic effects of captopril and other angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may be mediated by the endogenous opioid system. The opioid antagonist naloxone has been shown to block or reverse the hypotensive actions of captopril. We report a case of an intentional captopril overdose, manifested by marked hypotension, that resolved promptly with the administration of naloxone. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of captopril-induced hypotension treated with naloxone. Our experience demonstrates a possible role of naloxone in the reversal of hypotension resulting from captopril.
Cellulose Ethers of Industrial Significance

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cellulose ethers of industrial significance. These are cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, and cellulose xanthate. Cellulose nitrate is an ideal plastic material because of its compatibility with solvents, plasticizers, and softeners. Cellulose acetate is relatively nonflammable and is insensitive to ultraviolet light. Cellulose ethers of a high degree of substitution are stable, relatively nonflammable, resistant to ultra-violet light, and compatible with a wide range of solvents and plasticizers. The reaction is a permutoid reaction involving an insoluble but highly hydrophilic colloid reacting, in the presence of water and alkali, with a reagent that is usually relatively insoluble in the alkali but subject to hydrolysis by it. The usual etherifying agents are the alkyl chlorides or sulfates. Cotton linters or wood pulp, usually in the form of sheets, is steeped in strong alkali. Cellulose is a hydrophilic colloid.
Immune Microenvironment to Predict Response of Cancer Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are conventional cancer treatments widely applied in clinics, but their response rate is generally very limited. Because they also cause various toxic events, “precision medicine” to select patients who are likely to respond and to exclude patients who are likely to have severe adverse reactions is critically important. Emerging evidence has implicated the critical functions of the immune microenvironment in determination of therapeutic responses to chemotherapy/radiotherapy. In particular, tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) are often observed in solid tumors and appear to have a strong correlation with the clinical outcome of cancer patients. However, tumor immunity is composed of a complex network between anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral immune cells. In addition, the immunogenicity of cancer cells is enormously different between individual tumors or within a tumor because of genetic somatic alterations as well as the antigen-presenting machinery in tumor cells. It is therefore imperative to assess quantity and clonality of a subset of TILs in a comprehensive manner for the development of a better prediction system to chemo/radiotherapy. This chapter discusses predictive potentials of comprehensive analysis of TILs, including how to intensively characterize TILs and the future perspectives before translation into clinical applications.
Due Process in Local Land Use Decision-Making: Is the Imperfect Way of Doing Business Good Enough or Should We Radically Reform It?

Local government planning and zoning decisions are inherently political struggles, but courts have traditionally assumed that both procedural and substantive due process apply to such decisions. This article argues that due process does not work well when applied to applications for land use permission because participants play according to political rather than legal rules. Moreover, when courts apply due process norms concerning impartiality of decisionmakers, they can tie local planning agencies in knots. Finally, for a variety of reasons, the U.S. Supreme Court will probably decide that procedural due process is inapplicable to most or all applications for local land use permission. Judicial review of land use decisions under substantive due process is out of step with the rational basis standard used to review other economic decisions. Instead, the article recommends that, instead of due process review in state or federal courts, a better solution is state court judicial review of the land use decisions under state substantive and procedural law. This issue of Zoning and Planning Law Report also includes a rebuttal to Asimow's article by Edward J. Sullivan.
Nonexistence of global solutions of the Cauchy problem for systems of klein–Gordon equations with positive initial energy

We study the Cauchy problem for systems of weakly coupled Klein–Gordon equations with dissipations. We prove a theorem on the nonexistence of global solutions with positive initial energy.
Anatomy of the ocellar interneurons of acridid grasshoppers

The anatomy of the large ocellar interneurons in the brain of five species of acridid grasshoppers of two different subfamilies (Schistocerca vaga, S. gregaria, Gastrimargus africanus, Trimerotropis pallidipennis, and Arphia conspersa) was revealed by cobalt-filling of the three ocellar nerves and subsequent reconstructions from silver-intensified (Timm's method) serial sections.
Resistance of F1 Wheat Plants to Greenbugs and Hessian Fly

Response of F1 hybrid wheat plants carrying genes for resistance to both Hessian fly, Mayietola destructor (Say), and greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), was studied in greenhouse and in insectary at Manhattan, Kansas, 1962 and 1963. Greenbug resistance (gbgb) came from the Dickinson cultivar and Hessian fly resistance (H3H3) from Ottawa and CI 13548. Resistance of an F1 plant could be identified on the basis of insect reproduction (antibiosis) or damage (tolerance) to either insect in the seedling stage and later by damage to mature plants. F1 plants carrying the H3 gene for resistance to Hessian fty were intermediate to parents in damage; larvae of flaxseed were generally smaller and plants supported fewer larvae. F1 plants response to greenbug damage also was intermediate to parents but numbers of nymphs produced were nearly the same on the F1 plants and their parents. Identification of insect resistance in F1 plants from parents will be useful in conducting backcross breeding programs.
Some Unconventional Thoughts on Understanding Behavior

The article discusses selfish behavior and the pursuit for personal payoffs among people. It explores how the concept of selfish behavior is associated with the concept that people pursue only pers...
Copper transport in the Nagase analbuminemic rat

The copper binding components of serum and potential importance of albumin to copper transport were investigated in adult Nagase analbuminemic and Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. There was a sex difference in total plasma copper concentrations, which were 60 and 130% higher than in the parent strain, in male and female Nagase rats, respectively. The higher levels of plasma copper were accounted for by two- and threefold increases in ceruloplasmin, as measured by p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity and copper by atomic absorption after gel chromatography. Other nonalbumin plasma proteins were also present in higher concentrations. Albumin concentrations were one-four-thousandth that of Sprague-Dawley rats, at 15 micrograms/ml (determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and comparative Western blotting). The tissue distribution and rate of uptake of intravenously injected 67 Cu(II) were unaffected by the lack of circulating albumin. 67Cu entered the liver of Nagase rats at least as rapidly as in the parent strain and reemerged in the blood on ceruloplasmin at an accelerated rate. The initial binding of 67Cu(II) to plasma components was primarily to transcuprein compared with albumin in the case of Sprague-Dawley rats. In the Nagase rats, the rest of the 67Cu bound primarily to nonalbumin proteins with about the same size as albumin; in Sprague-Dawley rats, it bound primarily to transcuprein. Limited analyses of tissue copper confirmed previous reports showing no striking differences from the parent strain. We conclude that albumin is not critical to the normal distribution and metabolism of copper and that it may serve more as a reservoir for excess plasma copper than as a specific conduit for the delivery of this element to hepatocytes or other cells.
Research progress on QTLs for grain shape of rice

in this paper,authors gave the review of research progress in rice grain shape(GS) QTLs,including genetic character of rice appearance traits,the progress of GS QTLs research.The utilization and prospect of mapping and cloning of GS QTLs in rice breeding are also discussed.
Rare syndromes are not hard to recognize

The number of recognizable rare syndromes continues to increase. Van der Linde et al. describe a combination of osteoarthritis at a young age and thoracic aneurysms and dissections caused by mutations in the SMAD3 gene. A patient with such a rare syndrome can be hard to distinguish from the many patients with arthritis. The clinician should therefore take a thorough family history and should have a keen eye for the extraordinary. For example, osteoarthritis at a young age is unusual. In addition, sudden death of one or more family members below the age of 50 is alarming and should not be ignored. The same holds for other rare syndromes. An accumulation of cases in the family at unusually young ages or unusual combinations of disorders should alert the clinician to the possible presence of a rare syndrome. Databases like PubMed or OMIM (On Line Mendelian Inheritance in Man) should be consulted to verify the suspicion and to make an adequate referral.
Tonic force maintenance with reduced shortening velocity in arterial smooth muscle

The isotonic shortening velocity of swine carotid media tissues contracting in response to high K+, histamine, norepinephrine, or AC electrical stimulation rapidly increased to a maximum value and then declined to a steady-state level while force was still increasing or steady. The maximum shortening velocity calculated for no external load on the tissue (Vo) also decreased during the course of contractions when active stress remained constant. The fall in velocity with time was not Ca2+ dependent, because reductions in the [Ca2+] in high K+ solutions that significantly reduced the maximum stress (Fo) had no effect on Vo in the steady state. On washout of high K+ solutions, the ability of the tissue to shorten on isotonic quick release fell rapidly to low levels before isometric stress exhibited significant declines. The data indicate that cross-bridge cycling rates are modulated in this tissue. We suggest that this reflects the formation of attached, noncycling cross bridges (termed latch bridges), which constitute an internal load on the contractile system during tonic contractions.
Urodynamic Localization of Isolated Bladder Neck Obstruction in Men Studies with Micturitional Vesicourethral Static Pressure Profile

AbstractMicturitional vesicourethral static pressure profile, a method of recording the static (lateral) component of voiding pressure in the successive urethral segments contiguous with the bladder, has allowed us to establish directly the site and degree of bladder outlet obstruction in 16 men. The diagnosis of isolated bladder neck obstruction was confirmed with greater confidence by using this technique with a 10F trilumen catheter in conjunction with uroflowmetry and radiologic studies. Repeat studies with a 5F single lumen catheter have suggested that the obstructions recognized with the 10F catheter are not entirely artifactual. Our experience with this technique in several men with non-neurogenic bladder neck obstruction indicates the importance of including this study in the urodynamic armamentarium.
The puzzle of immune phenotypes of childhood asthma.

Asthma represents the most common chronic childhood disease worldwide. Whereas preschool children present with wheezing triggered by different factors (multitrigger and viral wheeze), clinical asthma manifestation in school children has previously been classified as allergic and non-allergic asthma. For both, the underlying immunological mechanisms are not yet understood in depth in children. Treatment is still prescribed regardless of underlying mechanisms, and children are not always treated successfully. This review summarizes recent key findings on the complex mechanisms of the development and manifestation of childhood asthma. Whereas traditional classification of childhood asthma is primarily based on clinical symptoms like wheezing and atopy, novel approaches to specify asthma phenotypes are under way and face challenges such as including the stability of phenotypes over time and transition into adulthood. Epidemiological studies enclose more information on the patient’s disease history and environmental influences. Latest studies define endotypes based on molecular and cellular mechanisms, for example defining risk and protective single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and new immune phenotypes, showing promising results. Also, regulatory T cells and recently discovered T helper cell subtypes such as Th9 and Th17 cells were shown to be important for the development of asthma. Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) could play a critical role in asthma patients as they produce different cytokines associated with asthma. Epigenetic findings showed different acetylation and methylation patterns for children with allergic and non-allergic asthma. On a posttranscriptional level, miRNAs are regulating factors identified to differ between asthma patients and healthy controls and also indicate differences within asthma phenotypes. Metabolomics is another exciting chapter important for endotyping asthmatic children. Despite the development of new biomarkers and the discovery of new immunological molecules, the complex puzzle of childhood asthma is still far from being completed. Addressing the current challenges of distinct clinical asthma and wheeze phenotypes, including their stability and underlying endotypes, involves addressing the interplay of innate and adaptive immune regulatory mechanisms in large, interdisciplinary cohorts.
FINITE SIMPLE GROUPS OF CHARACTERISTIC 2,3-TYPE

Publisher Summary This chapter explores two problems related to finite simple groups of characteristic 2,3-type. The first problem is to find all simple groups G such that 2 ∈ π4 and all 2-local subgroups are 2-constrained. If G satisfies the conditions of the problem, it can be said that it is of characteristic 2-type. One way of studying groups of characteristic 2-type is by focusing attention on the prime 3. There are a number of reasons for this being a good idea, not the least of which is that Thompson's classification of 3'-groups at least provides some elements of order 3! The chapter presents the further subdivision of the problem into two, according as the 3-local subgroups are, or are not, all 3-constrained. The chapter explores the problem to find all simple groups of characteristic 2-type, all of whose 3-local subgroups are 3-constrained.
Solution structure of the Oxytricha telomeric repeat d[G4(T4G4)3] G-tetraplex.

The solution structure of Oxytricha telomere sequence d[G4(T4G4)3] in 0.1 M Na+ containing solution has been determined using a combined NMR-molecular dynamics approach including relaxation matrix refinement. This four G4 repeat sequence folds intramolecularly into a right-handed G-tetraplex containing four stacked G-tetrads which are connected by two lateral T4 loops and a central diagonal T4 loop. The guanine glycosidic bonds adopt a syn-anti alternation along the full length of the d[G4(T4G4)3] sequence while the orientation around adjacent G-tetrads switches between syn.syn.anti.anti and anti.anti.syn.syn alignments. Four distinct grooves are formed by the parallel (two of medium width) and anti-parallel (one wide and one narrow width) alignment of adjacent G-G-G-G segments in the G-tetraplex. The T4 residues in the diagonal loop are well-defined while the T4 residues in both lateral loops are under-defined and sample multiple conformations. The solution structure of the Na(+)-stabilized Oxytricha d[G4(T4G4)3] G-tetraplex and an earlier solution structure reported from our laboratory on the Na(+)-stabilized human d[AG3(T2AG3)3] G-tetraplex exhibit a common folding topology defined by the same syn/anti distribution of guanine residues along individual strands and around individual G-tetrads, as well as a common central diagonal loop which defines the strand directionalities. The well-resolved proton NMR spectra associated with the d[G4(T4G4)3] G-tetraplex opens the opportunity for studies ranging from cation-dependent characterization of G-tetraplex conformation and hydration to ligand and protein recognition of the distinct grooves associated with this folding topology.
Using external business plan competitions to drive innovation and effective cross-disciplinary collaboration

The integration of entrepreneurial aspects in biomedical engineering undergraduate programs is still at its infancy. It is difficult to integrate business specific classes in engineering program due to curriculum constraints and often student do not have any exposure to entrepreneurship. We present the result of two case studies which leveraged an alternative approach. An inter-universities business plan regional competition was utilized to establish and integrated collaboration between the biomedical and entrepreneurship program at Gannon University. The activity focused on a series of seminars in different classes where students were exposed the creation of a marketing plan, pricing model, organizational design and go-to-market strategies, which are common aspects of a business plan. The active interaction between Engineering and Business fostered innovation that resulted in a positive outcome in the “Shark-Tank” style competition.
Efficient Reversible Hydrogen Carrier System Based on Amine Reforming of Methanol

A novel hydrogen storage system based on the hydrogen release from catalytic dehydrogenative coupling of methanol and 1,2-diamine is demonstrated. The products of this reaction, N-formamide and N,N′-diformamide, are hydrogenated back to the free amine and methanol by a simple hydrogen pressure swing. Thus, an efficient one-pot hydrogen carrier system has been developed. The H2 generating step can be termed as “amine reforming of methanol” in analogy to the traditional steam reforming. It acts as a clean source of hydrogen without concurrent production of CO2 (unlike steam reforming) or CO (by complete methanol dehydrogenation). Therefore, a carbon neutral cycle is essentially achieved where no carbon capture is necessary as the carbon is trapped in the form of formamide (or urea in the case of primary amine). In theory, a hydrogen storage capacity as high as 6.6 wt % is achievable. Dehydrogenative coupling and the subsequent amide hydrogenation proceed with good yields (90% and >95% respectively, with met...
Particle motions in coronal streamers and type III radio bursts

Both individual and collective motions of electron and proton streams in the current sheet which is thought to exist near the center of a coronal streamer are considered. Unlike previous analyses, closed field lines which must exist when finite conductivity is taken into account as well as a B o field due to solar rotation are present. It is shown on the basis of individual particle motions that neither electrons nor protons could move in most of the sheet in the manner required to explain type III bursts since they are effectively tied to the closed field lines. The possibility that the stream could collectively drag the closed field lines out with itself is considered. It is shown that impossibly high densities are required for electron streams and improbable densities for proton streams. Thus the particles responsible for type III bursts cannot travel in the densest part of a coronal streamer, but presumably travel close to this region. Moreover, the current sheet cannot act as a channeling agent to help explain the transverse coherency of type III burst sources.