cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identity trail: covert surveillance using DNS

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the only globally deployed Internet service that provides user-friendly naming for Internet hosts. It was originally designed to return the same answer to any given query regardless of who may have issued the query, and thus all data in the DNS is assumed to be public. Such an assumption potentially conflicts with the privacy policies of private Internet hosts, particularly the increasing numbers of laptops and PDAs used by mobile users as their primary computing device. IP addresses of such devices in the DNS reveal the host's, and typically the user's, dynamic geographic location to anyone that is interested without the host's knowledge or explicit consent. This paper demonstrates, and measures the severity of an attack that allows anyone on the Internet to covertly monitor mobile devices to construct detailed user profiles including user identity, daily commute patterns, and travel itineraries. Users that wish to identify their private hosts using user-friendly names are locked into the DNS model, thus becoming unwitting victims to this attack; we identify a growing number of such dynamic DNS users (two million and climbing), and covertly trail over one hundred thousand of them. We report on a large scale study that demonstrates the feasibility and severity of such an attack in today's Internet. We further propose short-term and long-term defenses for the attack.
Analysis of population cytokinetics of chick myocardial cells in tissue culture.

Abstract The growth of embryonic chick cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts in tissue culture was evaluated by the kinetics of nuclear labeling during continuous exosure to [ 3 H]thymidine. The fraction of mitotically active cells, the mean intermitotic period, and the population doubling times were determined in each cell type during 3 weeks in culture. After 24 hr in culture, 90% of the muscle cells were mitotically active with minimal population doubling times of 65 hr. By 17 days in culture only 5% of the myocytes continued to divide with population doubling times greater than 3000 hr. Primarily, the lengthening of doubling times was due to a withdrawal of cells from the mitotic cycle and much less to a lengthening of the intermitotic period. Growth of cardiac muscle cells from embryonic hearts from 4 to 10 days of development was also compared. Muscle cells from younger hearts displayed greater mitotic activity than those from older hearts at equivalent times in culture.
Turfgrass quality, growth, and water use influenced by salinity and water stress

Limited water resources in the arid southwestern USA have created greater interest on the part of municipalities to utilize nonpotable waters in urban areas. Research was conducted to assess the feasibility of using a perched saline aquifer as an alternative irrigation source for turfgrass. Two line-source irrigation gradients, one using municipal water with an EC of 1.1 dS m -1 and the other using saline aquifer water blended with municipal water to an EC of 6.0 dS m -1 , were established to impose a salinity and/or water deficit gradient on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 'Monarch') and an improved common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. 'Numex Sahara'). Yield was found to be highly correlated with actual evapotranspiration (ET a ) (r = 0.92, P < 0.001 for bermudagrass ; r = 0.83, P < 0.001 for tall fescue), regardless of how the stress was imposed. Relative ET a (ratio of ET a to maximum ET a under municipal irrigation) values as a function of the summation of the leaf-to-air temperature differences also indicated no distinguishable change in stress response based on water quality (r = 0.94, P < 0.001 for tall fescue ; r = 0.86, P = <0.001 for bermudagrass). Relative turf color and percent cover remained unchanged if the ratio of irrigation volume to potential evapotranspiration (I/ET o ) remained above species-specific threshold values of 0.80 for tall fescue and 0.65 for bermudagrass. Below these thresholds, cover and color declined linearly, with differences due to water quality treatment in tall fescue but with no differences due to water quality treatment in bermudagrass.
Inheritance of contorted growth in hazelnut

The contorted hazelnut, Corylus avellana L. f. contorta (Bean) Rehder, is an ornamental tree prized for its twisted trunk and branches. Crosses of normal growth habit cultivars and ‘Contorta’, as it is commonly called, produced all normal growth habit seedlings. Sib matings of these normal seedlings of ‘Contorta’ produced offspring in the ratio of 3 normal: 1 contorted, while backcrosses to ‘Contorta’ segregated 1 normal: 1 contorted. These segregation ratios indicate control of contorted growth by a single recessive gene for which we propose the name twisted and the symbol tw. Progenies segregating simultaneously for growth habit and leaf anthocyanin indicated that the two loci are independent.
Inverse Kinematics of 7-DOF Robots and Limbs by Decomposition and Approximation

The paper proposes a novel method for extremely fast inverse kinematics computation suitable for fast-moving manipulators and their path planning and for the animation of anthropomorphic limbs. In a preprocessing phase, the workspace of the robot is decomposed into small cells, and data sets for joint angle vectors (configurations) and hand positions/orientations (postures) are generated randomly in each cell using the forward kinematics. Due to the existence of multiple solutions for a desired posture, data classification is utilized to identify various solutions. The generated and classified data are used to determine the parameters of a simple linear or quadratic model that closely approximates the inverse kinematics within a cell. These parameters are stored in a lookup file. During the online phase, given the desired posture, the index of the appropriate cell is found, the model parameters are retrieved, and the joint angle vectors are computed. The advantages of the proposed method over the existing approaches are discussed. Data resulting from many trial runs are compiled for a manipulator and an anthropomorphic arm to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Brief report: a comparison of patterns of cognitive functioning of autistic and nonautistic retarded children on the Stanford-Binet-Fourth Edition.

The question addressed in the current study is whether autistic children and retarded children, closely matched on age and overall Stanford-Binet-fourth edition (SB-IV) composite score (IQ), show any differences in SB-IV area and subtest scores
Rhythmic expression of a PER-reporter in the Malpighian tubules of decapitated Drosophila: evidence for a brain-independent circadian clock.

The protein product (PER) of the Drosophila clock gene, period (per), is involved in a molecular feedback loop in which PER inhibits the transcription of its own mRNA. This feedback causes the PER protein to cycle in a circadian manner, and this cycling in specific regions of the brain (the presumed location of the central pacemaker) is responsible for the rhythmicity of locomotor activity and possibly eclosion. PER has also been detected in several nonneural tissues in the abdomen, but whether PER exhibits free-running and light-sensitive cycles in any of these tissues is not known. In this study, the authors assayed the spatial and temporal distribution of a PER-reporter expressed in transgenic flies carry ing a per-lacZ construct, which was shown to cycle in per-expressing brain cells. The authors demonstrate that this PER-reporter fusion protein cycles in the Malpighian tubules, showing first cytoplasmic accumulation, which is then followed by translocation of the signal into the nucleus. To test whet...
Correlation of microyield behavior with silicon in X-520 and HIP-50 beryllium

Significant differences were observed in the measured values of the microyield strength (MYS) for the X-520 and HIP-50 grades of beryllium. The MYS values for as-received and heat treated HIP-50 samples were in the range of 17 to 27 kpsi (117 to 186 MPa); those for similarly heat treated X-520 samples, however, ranged only from about 8 to 9 kpsi (55 to 62 MPa). Differences were also noted in the value of the strain exponent, which was measured as the slope of the line generated by plotting the stressvs residual plastic strain data on logarithmic coordinates. Strain exponent values of 0.20 to 0.34 were observed for the HIP-50 data compared to the range of 0.38 to 0.48 observed for the X-520 data. Notable differences were also observed between the X-520 and HIP-50 microstructures which appeared to explain the observed differences in microyield behavior. Second phase particles in both the beryllium grades were mainly located at the grain boundaries. However, the average size of the particles in HIP-50 was typically one-half of those in X-520, and their number density was also much higher. The particles were mainly composed of the oxides of Be in HIP-50; however, the X-520 particles almost always contained Si, Fe, and O. X-ray and STEM results showed that the particles in X-520 were predominantly BeO containing possible reacted regions of the Be2SiO4 phase. These results indicated that to produce high MYS Be it is important to keep the Si content low. Use should be made of fine impact attritioned powder, and hot isostatic pressing should be used as the densification procedure. The data indicated that Fe content (to the extent present in X-520 Be) was not very significant.
Below the line: Poverty in Latin America

Abstract Despite gains in basic welfare indicators, poverty remains prevalent in Latin America. This paper surveys existing data on poverty in the region and discusses the relationship between growth, inequality and poverty. Given the inequality of income distribution in Latin America and the slow growth of output, policies to overcome poverty must involve more efficient allocation of government resources, redistribution and foreign aid.
Coupling Thin-Layer Chromatography with Vibrational Cooling Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Ganglioside Mixtures

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), which is widely used for separation of glycolipids, oligosaccharides, lipids, and compounds of environmental and pharmaceutical interest, can be readily coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometers, but this arrangement usually compromises mass spectral resolution due to the irregularity of the TLC surface. However, TLC can be coupled to an external ion source MALDI-Fourier transform (FT) MS instrument without compromising mass accuracy and resolution of the spectra. Furthermore, when the FTMS has a vibrationally cooled MALDI ion source, fragile glycolipids can be desorbed from TLC plates without fragmentation, even to the point that desorption of intact molecules from “hot” matrixes such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid is possible. In this work, whole brain gangliosides are separated using TLC; the TLC plates are attached directly to the MALDI target, where the gangliosides are desorbed, ionized, and detected in the FT...
Extracellular proteolysis of reelin by tissue plasminogen activator following synaptic potentiation.

The secreted glycoprotein reelin plays an indispensable role in neuronal migration during development and in regulating adult synaptic functions. The upstream mechanisms responsible for initiating and regulating the duration and magnitude of reelin signaling are largely unknown. Here we report that reelin is cleaved between EGF-like repeats 6–7 (R6–7) by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) under cell-free conditions. No changes were detected in the level of reelin and its fragments in the brains of tPA knockouts, implying that other unknown proteases are responsible for generating reelin fragments found constitutively in the adult brain. Induction of NMDAR-independent long-term potentiation with the potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl) led to a specific up-regulation of reelin processing at R6–7 in wild-type mice. In contrast, no changes in reelin expression and processing were observed in tPA knockouts following TEA-Cl treatment. These results demonstrate that synaptic potentiation results in tPA-dependent reelin processing and suggest that extracellular proteolysis of reelin may regulate reelin signaling in the adult brain.
A new policy agenda for home care.

Prologue: Thirty years of research and current estimates on the high and escalating costs of services demonstrate that home care is neither cost-effective nor efficacious in improving long-term hea...
Associations between temperament and love attitudes in a college sample

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to link self-reported temperamental dimensions of behavior to interpersonal love styles, as expressed by a sample of undergraduate students. Eighty-one men and 163 women completed a questionnaire that included the EAS Temperament Scale [Buss, A.H., & Plomin, R. (1984), Temperament: early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.] and the Love Attitudes Scale [Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1986), A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392–402]. A number of temperament dimensions that comprise emotionality, notably Fearfulness and Distress, showed gender differences irrespective of current relationship status. The love styles of Ludus, Storge and Agape also differed by sex. For the sample as a whole, a regression analysis indicated that temperamental Fearfulness and Distress were most predictive of the Agape and Mania love styles. The role of temperament in understanding interpersonal relationships of a romantic nature is addressed.
Correlation of angle-of-attack envelopes for spinning entry bodies.

Relation between angle of attack envelopes and correlation parameter for spinning bodies entering atmosphere at large inclinations
Spatiotemporal frequency analysis for motion perception

The world we live in is in constant motion: an agent who wishes to interact with the environment must be able to interpret visual motion. Motion information is extracted by identifying the temporal signature associated with the textured objects in the scene. In this paper, we present a new computational framework for motion perception. Our methodology considers spatiotemporal frequency domain analysis to extract the optical flow information. Using a mathematical description of a moving texture pattern in the 3D x-y-t space (an x-y image moving along time t), we formulate a computational framework for motion perception. A detailed analytical description of this model and results to highlight and evaluate their salient properties are presented.
Abstract B32: Patient-derived tissue slice grafts of high-risk primary prostate cancer: An authentic preclinical model for synthetic lethality-based therapy

Background: Effective eradication of high-risk primary prostate cancer (HRPCa) could significantly decrease mortality from prostate cancer. Drugs exploiting synthetic lethality have gained attention as novel anticancer agents. However, the discovery of such therapies for HRPCa is hampered by the lack of authentic preclinical models. Methods: We improved upon tumorgraft models that have been shown to predict drug response in other cancer types by implanting thin, precision-cut slices of HRPCa under the renal capsule of immunodeficient mice. Tissue slice grafts (TSGs) from 6 cases of HRPCa were established in mice. Following androgen deprivation by castration, TSGs were recovered and the presence and phenotype of cancer cells were evaluated. Results: High-grade cancer in TSGs generated from HRPCa displayed characteristic Gleason patterns and biomarker expression. Response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was as in humans, with some cases exhibiting complete pathologic regression and others showing resistance to castration. As in humans, ADT decreased cell proliferation and prostate-specific antigen expression in TSGs. Adverse pathological features of parent HRPCa were associated with lack of regression of cancer in corresponding TSGs after ADT. Castration-resistant cancer cells remaining in TSGs showed upregulated expression of androgen receptor target genes, as occurs in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in humans. Finally, a rare subset of castration-resistant cancer cells in TSGs underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process also observed in CRPC in humans. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the feasibility of generating TSGs from multiple patients and of generating a relatively large number of TSGs from the same HRPCa specimen with similar cell composition and histology among control and experimental samples in an in vivo setting. The authentic response of TSGs to ADT, which has been extensively characterized in humans, suggests that TSGs can serve as a surrogate model for clinical trials to achieve rapid and less expensive screening of synthetic lethality based therapeutics for HRPCa and primary CRPC. Citation Format: Hongjuan Zhao, Alan Thong, Rosie Nolley, Stephen Reese, Jennifer Santos, Alexandre Ingels, Donna Peehl. Patient-derived tissue slice grafts of high-risk primary prostate cancer: An authentic preclinical model for synthetic lethality-based therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr B32.
An analysis of fabrication methods for embedding particles sensors into a composite structure

The properties of highly magnetostictive materials, such as Terfenol-D, have opened the door to a wide variety of application possibilities. One such developing application is embedding magnetostictive particles (MSP) as sensors for determining the structural integrity of composite materials over the course of the operating life. The process of embedding these particles during the fabrication of the composite structure presents many challenges. This paper will briefly discuss and show the relationship between particle density and the output of a uni-axial induction based sensor. This relationship is critical for defining the goal of embedding process in this paper, to create a uniform uni-axial distribution of particles within the composite structure. Multiple methods of embedding magnetostrictive particles into a composite structure are detailed and then compared to determine their relative effectiveness. Methods included are: a simple by-hand spread of particles onto uncured prepreg composite, using the controlled adhesiveness of the prepreg to separate particles, applying the particles using a unidirectional application tool, introducing the particles into the epoxy mix to create a slurry during a VARTM layup, and spraying the particles onto a tacky composite surface during layup. Each method is used to embed particles into a composite beam or analog beam. That beam is then scanned with the uniaxial induction sensor to determine the effectiveness of the method. Results show promise for the adhesive method while the remaining processes show critical flaws.
Startle response and muscular fatigue effects upon fractionated hand grip reaction time.

The fractionation of a simple right-hand grip total reaction time (RT) into central and peripheral temporal components (premotor and motor time, respectively) helped to define the site of RT change following an auditory induced startle response and two fatiguing hand-grip exercise regimens for eight males and eight females. Following the startle response, mean values for RT significantly lengthened, due primarily to an increase in premotor time. In contrast, lengthened RT following both fatigue regimens (42% and 55% strength decrements) were due to substantial increases in the motor time component. These results suggest that althoerformance of tasks which demand a high degree of precision, accuracy, and fine motor control may be disrupted by the introduction of such stressors as an induced startle and local muscular fatigue, the neuromuscular mechanisms mediating performance disruption are dissimilar.
Flow-induced separation in wall turbulence.

One of the defining characteristics of turbulence is its ability to promote mixing. We present here a case where the opposite happens---simulation results indicate that particles can separate near the wall of a turbulent channel flow, when they have sufficiently different Schmidt numbers without use of any other means. The physical mechanism of the separation is understood when the interplay between convection and diffusion, as expressed by their characteristic time scales, is considered, leading to the determination of the necessary conditions for a successful separation between particles. Practical applications of these results can be found when very small particles need to be separated or removed from a fluid.
Dieting and restrained eating as prospective predictors of weight gain

Research in normal weight individuals paradoxically suggests that measures of attempted eating restriction might represent robust predictors of weight gain. This review examined the extent to which measures of dieting (e.g., self-reported weight loss dieting in the past year) and dietary restraint (e.g., the Cognitive Restraint scale from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) have prospectively predicted weight change. We located and reviewed 25 prospective studies containing 40 relevant comparisons. Studies were limited to those in which participants were non-obese (with a mean BMI between 18.5 and 30) and averaged at least 12 years old. Neither measure predicted future weight loss. Fifteen of the 20 comparisons (75%) that examined measures of dieting significantly predicted future weight gain whereas only 1 of 20 (5%) that examined restrained eating measures did so. Two plausible explanations for these findings are that: (1) dieters and restrained eaters do not differ in terms of an underlying proneness toward weight gain, but restrained eating represents a more effective means of preventing it; and (2) normal weight individuals who diet do so because they are resisting a powerful predisposition toward weight gain which dieting ultimately fails to prevent. Recent dieting in non-obese individuals may be a valuable proxy of susceptibility to weight gain. This easily assessed characteristic could identify individuals for whom obesity prevention interventions would be particularly appropriate.
Expectant management of nonpalpable prostate cancer with curative intent: Preliminary results

Purpose: We evaluate a strategy of expectant management for men with stage T1c prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 81 men (median age 65 years, range 52 to 72) with stage T1c prostate cancer who were thought to have small volume prostate cancer based on needle biopsy findings and prostate specific antigen (PSA) density were followed for more than 1 year with semiannual PSA and digital rectal examination, and annual prostate biopsies (median followup 23 months, range 12 to 58). A recommendation for treatment was made if disease progression was indicated by unfavorable followup needle biopsy findings (Gleason pattern 4 or 5, greater than 2 biopsy cores with cancer, greater than 50% involvement of any core with cancer). Curable disease was defined on pathological examination of radical prostatectomy specimens as 1) organ confined cancer of Gleason score 7 or less, 2) cancer with extraprostatic extension of Gleason score 7 (3+4) or less with negative margins, seminal vesicles and lymph nodes, or...
Factors affecting feeding selectivity in herbivorous Ascoglossa (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)

Abstract Food preference and growth were investigated for 13 Florida Ascoglossa. In about half of the species investigated there was a significant preference for one particular food plant. Growth rates were generally highest on the preferred food, and also, species feeding on ephemeral food plants had higher growth rates than species feeding on annual or perennial food plants. A correlation exists between ascoglossan foot width and filament diameter of food plants in species feeding on filamentous algae, and in all species between length and/or diameter of leading radular tooth and size of filaments, utricles or cells of food plants. There was no correlation between food preference and caloric content or ash content of food plants. Thus, structure of food plants seems to be the most important factor in food recognition and preference in Ascoglossa.
Structure and dynamics of dicyandiamide: A theoretical study

Ab initio MO methods have been used to study the structures and energetics of dicyandiamide, [(NH2)2CNCN], its isomers, protonated species, radical anions, transition structures for internal conformational change and transition structures for isomerization. Structures were optimized at the HF/STO-3G, HF/3–21G and HF/6–31G* levels; selected barrier heights for smaller analogues were also computed at the MP4SDTQ/6–31G* level. The most stable isomer of dicyandiamide has the cyano group on the imine nitrogen [1, (NH2)2CNCN]; the other isomer [2, HNC(NH2)NHCN] lies 12.8 kcal mol−1 higher. Inversion at the imino nitrogen proceeds by a linear, in plane process with a barrier of 32.5 kcal mol−1. The amino rotation barriers are 19 kcal mol−1 (single NH2) and 40 kcal mol−1 (both NH2 in a conrotaory or a disrotatory fashion; if the NH2 groups are allowed to pyramidalize the disrotatory barrier drops to 20 kcal mol)−1. Protonation occurs preferentially on the imine nitrogen (PA = 219.7 kcal mol−1 for 1); the proton affinities PA of the amino nitrogens are 25–30 kcal mol−1 lower. Isomerization between 2 and 1 would go via a 1,3-sigmatropic hydrogen shift, but the barrier is high (48.3 kcal mol−1); protonation reduces the hydrogen shift barrier by ca 15 kcal mol−1. However, the most likely mechanism for isomerization involves protonation of the imine nitrogen in 2 followed by deprotonation of the cyano-substituted nitrogen to form 1, circumventing the energetically costly 1,3-sigmatropic hydrogen shift. When an electron is transferred to dicyandiamide, a sizeable fraction of the resonance stabilization of the guanidine moiety is lost.
Postretirement benefits: The implementation of SFAS No. 106 ‘versus’ accrual accounting in the mining industry

Abstract The implementation of Statement of Financial Accounting Standard [SFAS] No. 106 required the accrual of the expected costs of postretirement benefits. The guidance given in the standard regarding the transition obligation resulting from the adoption of SFAS No. 106 is unclear and may be interpreted as conflicting with the matching principle. This case is an exercise in how to resolve conflicts between the specific guidance of an original pronouncement of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the broader application of the accural accounting model.
Adsorption of Phosphate by Goethite and Zeolite: Effects of Humic Substances from Green Waste Compost

Compost is widely used as a natural soil conditioner and fertilizer supplement in gardening, planting and agriculture. Ability of compost to retain and release nutrients over time offers potential use for control of excessive nutrient release to the environment; this ability may be further improved by the addition of adsorbents to facilitate rapid retention of nutrients. Therefore, we investigated the effects of humic substances extracted from green waste compost on the adsorption of phosphate by goethite (a-FeOOH) and zeolite (SiO2.Al2O3). Humic acid (4.66% by dry-weight) and fulvic acid (1.26% as carbon/w) were extracted from finished compost and purified. The adsorption capacity of goethite (1.18 mmol/g) was slightly higher than zeolite's capacity (1.03 mmol/g). On the other hand, capacity of humic acid was determined much lower (0.51 mmol/g). The addition of fulvic acid resulted in a substantial reduction of adsorption capacities of all three adsorbents. Addition of 5.0 mmol/L of fulvic acid (as carbo...
Cell formation performance measures—determining when to change an existing layout

Production managers have found that Group Technology (GT) and Cellular Manufacturing (CM) aid in facilitating and controlling desired changes required by an increase in global competition. We describe the basic tenants of GT and review some cell formation techniques. Several design objectives are discussed and appropriate performance measures reviewed. Building upon this information, a model for determining when to change an existing cellular layout, given the introduction of a new part to the part family, is proposed.
Retinal Detachment After Neodymium:YAG Laser Posterior Capsulotomy

We reviewed the records of 397 patients who had undergone Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy between July 1983 and August 1988. Of the 366 eyes that had been followed up for three months or more, 13 (3.6%) developed a retinal detachment after capsulotomy; of these 13 detachments, 11 (84.6%) occurred within the first year. The combination of male gender with axial myopia (≥25.00 mm), a history of lattice degeneration, or a history of retinal detachment in the fellow eye was a significant risk factor for the development of retinal detachment after YAG capsulotomy.
Implicit contrast in adjectives vs. nouns: implications for word-learning in preschoolers

On some views of language, when one uses a term to describe or label an object, a contrast is always implied. However, there is an important difference between nouns and adjectives in their contrastive use: adjectives imply a contrast between members of a single noun category, whereas nouns do not imply a contrast between members of a single adjective category. For example, describing a car as new suggests a contrast with other cars. However, labelling it as a car does not as clearly imply a contrast with other new objects. There is no logical necessity for this distinction – it is not captured by the literal meanings of words. Yet it is a conceptual distinction implicit in the use of these terms. In two studies, we tested preschool children's appreciation for this conceptual distinction, using both familiar and unfamiliar words. In Study I, 4-year-olds (but not 3-year-olds) were able to disambiguate the meanings of simple nouns and adjectives by assuming that the adjectives, unlike the nouns, implied a contrast between category members. In Study II, children selected pictures to match totally novel adjectives and nouns (e.g. the fep one, the skub). Relying on part of speech alone, they interpreted these unfamiliar nouns and adjectives differently. Implications for children's use of referential language and word-learning strategies are discussed.
FRACTIONAL EXPOSURE RATE DUE TO SCATTERED RADIATION FROM A CO60 TELETHERAPY UNIT.

Abstract : The useful radiation beam from a Co60 teletherapy unit consists of not only primary photons of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV but also photons of lower energies resulting from scattering both within the source itself and by the material of the teletherapy head. A small number of fluorescent photons arising from photoelectric events also would be present in the beam, but these can be considered here to be included with the scattered photons. The relative magnitude of the contribution of scattered photons to the total exposure rate, in roentgens per unit time, can be important for some purposes. This report describes a measurement which has been made of the fractional exposure rate due to photons scattered by the material of the teletherapy head but excluding photons scattered within the source itself. (Author)
A boundary layer model for the Kaluza-Klein monopole

Abstract A simple model is presented for a five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein monopole with confined scalar field. The model consists of an interior region described by the Sorkin, Gross and Perry monopole solution, and an exterior region whose four-geometry is that of a Reissner-Nordstrom magnetic monopole, embedded in the Kaluza-Klein vacuum with constant internal radius. By postulating that the two regions are separated by a thin boundary layer, it is possible to use the Gauss-Codazzi formalism to place stringent constraints on the effective stress energy of the boundary layer.
Effects of Heat and Cold on the Perineum after Episiotomy/Laceration

The Redness Edema Ecchymosis Discharge Approximation (REEDA) tool, devised to evaluate postpartum healing of the perineum following an episiotomy/laceration, was used to evaluate the effects of heat and cold on the perineum during the first 24 hours after delivery. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Treatment consisted of 30 subjects applying a warm perineal pack, 30 applying a cold perineal pack, and 30 taking a warm sitz bath. Analysis of variance indicated no difference in the REEDA score before or two hours after treatment. A Pearson r correlation indicated the REEDA score was associated with a laceration and not with infant weight. Although these findings do not support assumptions from the literature, this study provides baseline data and trends for future study.
Behavioral and physiological changes during benthic-pelagic transition in the harmful alga, Heterosigma akashiwo: potential for rapid bloom formation.

Many species of harmful algae transition between a motile, vegetative stage in the water column and a non-motile, resting stage in the sediments. Physiological and behavioral traits expressed during benthic-pelagic transition potentially regulate the timing, location and persistence of blooms. The roles of key physiological and behavioral traits involved in resting cell emergence and bloom formation were examined in two geographically distinct strains of the harmful alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. Physiological measures of cell viability, division and population growth, and cell fatty acid content were made using flow cytometry and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry techniques as cells transitioned between the benthic resting stage and the vegetative pelagic stage. Video-based tracking was used to quantify cell-level swimming behaviors. Data show increased temperature and light triggered rapid emergence from the resting stage and initiated cell swimming. Algal strains varied in important physiological and behavioral traits, including survivorship during life-stage transitions, population growth rates and swimming velocities. Collectively, these traits function as “population growth strategies” that can influence bloom formation. Many resting cells regained the up-swimming capacity necessary to cross an environmentally relevant halocline and the ability to aggregate in near-surface waters within hours after vegetative growth supporting conditions were restored. Using a heuristic model, we illustrate how strain-specific population growth strategies can govern the timescales over which H. akashiwo blooms form. Our findings highlight the need for identification and quantification of strain-specific physiological and behavioral traits to improve mechanistic understanding of bloom formation and successful bloom prediction.
D-band (110–170 GHz) InP gunn devices

Abstract This paper reports on the development of InP Gunn sources for operation in the D-band (110–170 GHz). n+−n−n+ structures with flat doping as well as graded doping profiles have been considered. Oscillations were obtained at 108.3 GHz from a 1 μm structure with a uniform n doping of 2.5 × 1016 cm−3. The CW RF output power was 33 mW. A 1 μm graded structure with an n doping increasing linearly from 7.5 × 1015 to 2.0 × 1016 cm−3 has resulted in 20 mW at 120 GHz and 10 mW at 136 GHz. These results are believed to correspond to a fundamental mode operation and represent the state-of-the-art performance from InP Gunn devices at these frequencies. This improvement in performance is attributed in part to a processing technique based on the use of etch-stop layers and InGaAs cap layers. An etch-stop layer allows low-profile mesas (2–3 μm) and InGaAs cap layers help reduce the contact resistance, thus minimizing series resistances in the device. In addition, a physical model based on the Monte Carlo method was developed to aid in the design of structures for high frequency operation. Experimental results obtained from a 1.7 μm Gunn device operating at W-band frequencies were used to estimate appropriate InP material parameters.
Wave packets and localized pulses — a dual approach

It is shown that an interesting duality exists for wave packets and localized pulses as their representations in ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t$) and ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},\ensuremath{\omega}$) spaces are compared. A wave packet in ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t$) space has a slowly varying envelope. This corresponds to a narrow spectrum in ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},\ensuremath{\omega}$) space. On the other hand, a localized pulse in ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t$) space corresponds to a slowly tapering spectrum in ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},\ensuremath{\omega}$) space. The analysis of wave-packet propagation is usually carried out by means of ray theory. It is well known that ray tracing, in spite of its limitations, provides a powerful tool for the analysis of wave-packet propagation in dispersive, weakly inhomogeneous media. Similarly, it is shown here that localized pulses in inhomogeneous, weakly dispersive media, can be analyzed, using the concepts of dual-dispersion equation, dual-ray tracing, and group slowness. Hamilton's equations of geometrical optics are the Euler-Lagrange equations of the variational form known as Fermat's principle. In an analogous manner the dual Fermat principle is introduced here, being equivalent to the dual-ray equations. The method proposed here facilitates the analysis of localized pulses in inhomogeneous, weakly dispersive media. The dual-ray tracing provides a clue to the way in which the spectrum of a pulse in ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},\ensuremath{\omega}$) space, hence its shape in ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t$) space, change in the course of propagation.
Investing in the Future: The One Child Policy and Reform

Since the One Child Policy was implemented in 1979, it has been examined closely for both its perceived developmental benefits and the negative effects it has had on women. To ensure compliance with the policy birth planning officials have used both incentives and punitive measures, with different results in urban and rural areas. In the urban sector, the policy has effectively reduced population growth, with suggestions that a lasting change has occurred in terms of attitudes on family size and the value of daughters. To illustrate these changes a cohort analysis of 292 women in Beijing is used, offering insight into changing family dynamics, sex ratios, and human capital investments as a result of the One Child Policy. This article then analyzes the current state of the policy and questions its continued implementation on the basis of the numerous exceptions allowed to the one child rule and the declining worker to retiree ratios that threaten the economic stability of China's aging population. The tren...
Aristolochic acid, an herbal carcinogen, sold on the Web after FDA alert.

To the Editor: In 2001, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued warnings and an import alert that herbal products are unsafe if they contain or are suspected to contain aristolochic acid.1 A ...
The relationship between recent gasoline price fluctuations and transit ridership in major US cities

The unprecedented increase in gasoline costs between August 2005 and July 2008 has become a major public issue in the US. Of the contentions and potential solutions surrounding higher gasoline costs, one receiving relatively little attention has been the role of public transit. This research examines that question by analyzing the relationship between gasoline prices and transit ridership from January 2002 to April 2008 in nine major US cities. Regression analysis is used to assess the degree to which variability in rail and bus transit ridership is attributable to gasoline costs and fluctuations in gasoline cost, controlling for service changes, seasonality, and inherent trending. The results indicate that a small but statistically significant amount of ridership fluctuation is due to changes in gasoline prices. The results are discussed in light of the policy and practical implications of higher gasoline prices for mass transit and the potential for long term changes in US travel behavior.
Galaxy formation by dissipationless particles heavier than neutrinos

In a baryon dominated universe, there is no scale length corresponding to the masses of galaxies. If neutrinos with mass 50 eV without exceeding the observational mass density limit. A candidate particle is the gravitino, the spin 3/2 supersymmetric partner of the graviton, which has been shown1 to have a mass ≲1 keV if stable2. The Jeans mass for a 1-keV noninteracting particle is ∼1012 M⊙, about the mass of a typical spiral galaxy including the nonluminous halo. We suggest here that the gravitino dominated universe can produce galaxies by gravitational instability while avoiding several observational difficulties associated with the neutrino dominated universe.
Human interaction with small haptic effects

This research investigates the ability of subjects to detect small haptic effects and the associated gains in task performance with various configurations of haptic stimuli. Variations in force amplitude, shape, and pulse duration used to create the effects are studied. An adaptive-threshold method is used to obtain subjects' detection thresholds for actively explored haptic icons ranging in size from 3 to 5 mm. Detection thresholds are compared for smooth versus rough actively-explored icons. Subjects' detection thresholds for "static icons" (force pulses of 50 to 150 ms duration) are also measured. Results indicate that rough (sawtooth) haptic icons are more easily detected by a human subject than smooth (sinusoidal) icons of the same size. Transient vibrotactile cues may contribute to these observations. Mean subject performance, as measured by Fitts' information-processing rate and by clicks per minute, is shown to improve with the amplitude of haptic stimulus.
Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients with idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion

Thirty-three consecutive patients with idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion (defined as a basal acid output > 10.0 meq/hr with a normal fasting serum gastrin level and negative secretin stimulation test) who were being treated for duodenal ulcer disease and other acid-peptic disorders were evaluated for the presence of Helicobacter pylori by means of a rapid urease test. Fourteen patients had duodenal ulcer and 19 had other acid-peptic disorders (gastroesophageal reflux in 14, including six with Barrett's esophagus; four with nonulcer dyspepsia; and one with erosive gastritis). Helicobacter pylori was present in 12 of the 14 ulcer patients (86%) compared to only two of the 19 nonulcer patients (11%) (P < 0.0001). The distribution of basal acid output for patients with duodenal ulcer was similar to that for nonulcer patients, and no significant difference in the mean basal acid output was found among Helicobacter pylori-positive compared to Helicobacter pylori-negative patients. Seven of the duodenal ulcer patients with a basal acid output greater than 15.0 meq/hr were Helicobacter pylori-positive, suggesting that the organism can withstand even extreme levels of gastric acidity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer disease associated with idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion is not different from a majority of ulcer patients with normal acid secretory profiles and offers additional evidence that extreme levels of gastric acid are not bactericidal for the organism.
Thermal-expansion mismatch and intergrowth types in the system La2−yNdyCuO4

Stabilization of intergrowth structures of the copper-oxide superconductors requires bond-length matching across the intergrowth interface. The influence of thermal-expansion mismatch on the stabilization of T/O vs T{prime} intergrowths in the La{sub 2-y}Nd{sub y}CuO{sub 4} system is demonstrated by firing the coprecipitated hydroxides/carbonates at 500-1050C. A larger thermal expansion for the (LaNd)-O bond compared to that for the Cu-O bond shifts the T/O-T{prime} phase boundary to a higher y value in La{sub 2-y}Nd{sub y}CuO{sub 4} as the synthesis temperature is increased. Above 950C, an equilibrium phase diagram is obtained with a new line phase T{double prime} appearing at y=0.5. The T{double prime} phase appears to be an ordered variant of the T{prime} phase and could be doped neither n-type nor p-type.
Integrated Chemical Control of Insects and Biological Control of Mites on Apple in Washington

The predaceous mite Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt (Acarina: Phytoseiidae ) was found to survive applications of several insecticides, fungicides, and horticultural sprays used on apple in Washington. A program which integrates the chemical control of insects with the biological control of mites has been established by selecting those chemicals which conserve T. occidentalis . The primary goal of the integrated program was the control of the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor (Tetranychidae), by Typhlodromus occidentalis . If Telranychus mcdanieli was the only food present for the predator, a cyclic predator: prey response developed. If the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Eriophyidae), was available, Typhlodromus occidentalis fed on it, but did not control this species. Under the latter conditions Tetranychus mcdanieli rarely became numerous. Populations of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae), were reduced by chemicals in the early part of the season and predation by Typhlodromus occidentalis prevented a later resurgence of populations of this species.
Reevaluation of nucleotide sequences of wild-type and attenuated polioviruses of type 3.

Abstract Published sequences of wild-type and attenuated Sabin strains of type 3 poliovirus (Leon/37 and Leon 12a 1 b) were derived from cDNA clones. Recent direct sequencing of Sabin 3 RNA showed that it differed from the published sequence in at least two sites. Here results of direct sequencing of genomes of three independently re-derived sub-strains of attenuated Sabin 3 poliovirus used for oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) production in addition to the most widely used Pfizer sub-strain are reported. The results showed that all four sub-strains of attenuated type 3 poliovirus contain unique patterns of mutations. Two stocks of the wild-type progenitor Leon/37 strain were also sequenced. Analysis of the two samples of Leon/37 virus showed that one of them is much closer to the Sabin 3 strain, and is an intermediate product of the attenuation process. In addition, we created genetically engineered constructs which contained some of the mutations suspected for their possible role in neurovirulence, and tested them in monkeys and in transgenic mice sensitive to poliovirus. The results suggested that none of them increased neurovirulence of the virus, but some may improve virus replication. Therefore the only mutation occurring in Sabin 3 under vaccine production conditions that appears to affect neurovirulence of the virus is the well known U→C reversion at nucleotide 472.