cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective Evaluation of the Value of Combined Mammographic and Sonographic Assessment in Patients With Palpable Abnormalities of the Breast

Objective. To evaluate the role of combined mammographic and sonographic imaging in patients with palpable abnormalities of the breast. Methods. Four hundred eleven consecutive cases of palpable abnormalities of the breast underwent combined mammographic and sonographic evaluation. Patients who did not undergo biopsy had imaging and clinical follow-up; the mean follow-up period was 28.9 months (range, 24‐33 months). Results. One hundred sixty-five (40.1%) of 411 palpable abnormalities had a benign assessment; 97 (58.7%) of the 165 benign lesions were visible on both mammography and sonography; 66 (40%) of 165 benign lesions were mammographically occult and identified at sonographic evaluation. In 60 (14.6%) of the 411 cases, imaging evaluation resulted in a suspicious assessment; 49 (81.7%) of the 60 lesions categorized as suspicious underwent biopsy; 14 (28.5%) of 49 lesions were histologically proved to be carcinoma. Nineteen (31.6%) of the 60 lesions categorized as suspicious were mammographically occult and identified only on sonography; 14 (73.7%) of these 19 lesions underwent biopsy; 12 (63.1%) of 19 were benign, and 2 (10.5%) were malignant. One hundred eighty-six (45.2%) of the 411 palpable abnormalities had negative imaging assessment findings; 12 patients with negative imaging findings underwent biopsy, and all had benign findings. The sensitivity (14 of 14) and negative predictive value (186 of 186) for a combined mammographic and sonographic assessment were 100%; the specificity was 80.1% (186 of 232). Conclusions. Cancer was diagnosed in 14 (3.4 %) of 411 women who underwent combined imaging for palpable abnormalities of the breast. Combined mammographic and sonographic assessment was shown to be very helpful in identifying benign as well as malignant lesions causing palpable abnormalities of the breast. Key words: biopsy; breast; mammography; palpable lumps; sonography.
Tri-tert-butylphenol: A highly CO2-soluble sand binder

Abstract Tri- tert -butylphenol (TTBP) holds great promise as a CO 2 -recyclable sand binder. TTBP powder can be easily combined with sand, heated to at least its melting point (400 K) and then cooled to form rigid molds for metal forming operations. Further, TTBP exhibits significant melting point depression in the presence of dense CO 2 and very high solubility in liquid and supercritical CO 2 . These properties facilitate the separation of TTBP from used molds via dissolution into dense CO 2 and its subsequent recovery – via depressurization – for reuse. Pressure-composition diagrams at 301, 328 and 343 K indicate that TTBP is about 18, 50 and 70 wt% soluble in dense CO 2 , at pressures above 8, 14 and 16 MPa, respectively. At each temperature, the solubility of TTBP decreased slightly when pressure was increased above roughly 50 MPa. The TTBP-rich liquid phase composition at three-phase VFS equilibrium pressures of 6.76, 9.76 and 9.24 MPa at 301, 328 and 343 K is 8.5, 52 and 70 wt% TTBP, respectively. A pressure–temperature projection of this system has been proposed as the fluid-phase features of a Scott and Van Konynenburg type I system.
A dual band 1.8 GHz/900 MHz, 750 kb/s GMSK transmitter utilizing a hybrid PFD/DAC structure for reduced broadband phase noise

This paper presents the key circuits of a 1 MHz bandwidth, 750 kb/s GMSK transmitter. The fractional-N synthesizer forming the basis of the transmitter uses a combined phase-frequency detector (PFD) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit element to obtain > 28 dB high frequency noise reduction when compared to classical /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ frequency synthesis. This large reduction in phase noise makes high bandwidth, low noise (-154 dBc/Hz @ 20 MHz offset for 3.565 GHz output) synthesis possible, allowing direct modulation transmission of GMSK data at 750 kb/s.
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NEUROG3 is required for development of the human endocrine pancreas.

Neurogenin3 (NEUROG3) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor required for development of the endocrine pancreas in mice. In contrast, humans with NEUROG3 mutations are born with endocrine pancreas function, calling into question whether NEUROG3 is required for human endocrine pancreas development. To test this directly, we generated human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines where both alleles of NEUROG3 were disrupted using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting. NEUROG3−/− hESC lines efficiently formed pancreatic progenitors but lacked detectible NEUROG3 protein and did not form endocrine cells in vitro. Moreover, NEUROG3−/− hESC lines were unable to form mature pancreatic endocrine cells after engraftment of PDX1+/NKX6.1+ pancreatic progenitors into mice. In contrast, a 75–90% knockdown of NEUROG3 caused a reduction, but not a loss, of pancreatic endocrine cell development. We conclude that NEUROG3 is essential for endocrine pancreas development in humans and that as little as 10% NEUROG3 is sufficient for formation of pancreatic endocrine cells.
Beyond a single index of mania symptoms: Structure and validity of subdimensions

Abstract Background DSM -5 portrays mania as unitary despite evidence of distinct symptom clusters. Studies investigating the structure of mania have been inconsistent, in part because many relied on instruments not designed for this question. The present work used a clinical interview designed for structural analysis in order to identify and validate subdimensions specific to mania symptoms. Methods Psychiatric outpatients ( N =422) and undergraduates with a history of mental health treatment ( N =306) were interviewed with a comprehensive measure of mood and anxiety that included 24 manic symptoms. Patients completed additional measures of symptoms and functioning, and a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Results A 4-factor model of mania replicated across independent samples and was superior in fit to competing models, including the unidimensional model implied whenever researchers or clinicians use only a total score for mania. The factors were only moderately correlated, and three of the four (“Irritability” was the exception) showed a strong criterion, convergent and discriminant validity, suggesting they are specific to mania. Subdimensions showed distinct and meaningful associations with functioning. Limitations Symptoms of psychosis and depression are important features of manic episodes, but were not included in the present study since they lack specificity to mania. Conclusions Mania is multifaceted. At least three subdimensions specific to mania were identified (“Euphoric Activation,” “Hyperactive Cognition” and “Reckless Overconfidence”). Use of subdimensions, in addition to overall mania severity, may enhance the ability of studies to detect meaningful biological correlates of bipolar disorder. Moreover, their different associations with functioning suggest assessing subdimensions has clinical utility as well.
Increased right or left atrial pressure stimulates release of atrial natriuretic peptides in conscious dogs.

To compare release of immunoreactive atriel natriuretic peptides (iANP) caused by distention of the right and left atria, dogs were prepared with occluding cuffs around either the ascending aorta (n=5) or the pulmonary artery (n=4). Graded inflation of the ascending aortic cuff for 60 min caused increments in left atrial pressure (LAP) but no change or a decrease in right atrial pressure (RAP). Plasma iANP increased significantly (P<0.01) in response to increases in LAP as small as 2.9+0.4 mmHg. There was a significant correlation between the increment in LAP and the rise in plasma iANP (r=0.64, n=25, P<0.01). Graded inflation of the pulmonary artery cuff caused increments in RAP and a fall in LAP. Plasma iANP increased significantly (P<0.01) in response to increses In RAP as small as 2.8+1.1 mmHg. Also, there was a significant correlation between the Increments in RAP and the rise in plasma iANP (r=0.69, n=20, P<0.01). These results Indicate that physiologic increases in either RAP or LAP is sufficient t...
Aggression and psychopathology in treatment-resistant inpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

Positive psychotic symptoms, such as threat/"control-override" delusions or command hallucinations, have been related to aggression in patients with schizophrenia. However, retrospective data collection has hampered evaluation of the direct influence of psychopathology on aggressive behavior. In this study, we monitored aggressive behavior and psychopathology prospectively and in close temporal proximity in 157 treatment-resistant inpatients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participating in a 14-week double-blind clinical trial. Aggressive behavior was rated with the overt aggression scale (OAS). Psychopathology was assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). At baseline, subjects who would be aggressive during the study had higher scores on only two PANSS items: hostility and poor impulse control. During the study PANSS positive subscale scores were significantly higher in aggressive subjects. Total PANSS scores were higher within 3 days of an aggressive incident, as were positive and general psychopathology subscale scores. However, in a smaller subsample for whom PANSS ratings were available within 3 days before aggressive incidents, only scores on the PANSS positive subscale were significantly higher. These findings in chronic, treatment resistant inpatients support the view that positive symptoms may lead to aggression.
Porosity aware buffered steiner tree construction

In order to achieve timing closure on increasingly complex IC designs, buffer insertion needs to be performed on thousands of nets within an integrated physical synthesis system. Modern designs may contain large blocks which severely constrain the buffer locations. Even when there may appear to be space for buffers in the alleys between large blocks, these regions are often densely packed or may needed later to fix critical paths. Therefore, within physical synthesis, a buffer insertion scheme needs to be aware of the porosity of the existing layout to be able to decide when to insert buffers in dense regions to achieve critical performance improvement and when to utilize the sparser regions of the chip.This work addresses the problem of finding porosity-aware buffering solutions by constructing a "smart Steiner tree" to pass to van Ginneken's topology based algorithm. This flow allows one to fully integrate the algorithm into a physical synthesis system without paying an exorbitant runtime penalty. We show that significant improvements on timing closure are obtained when this approach is integrated into a physical synthesis system.
Structural Stiffness, Dry-Friction Coefficient and Equivalent Viscous Damping in a Bump-Type Foil Gas Bearing

High performance oil-free turbomachinery implements gas foil bearings (FBs) to improve mechanical efficiency in compact units. FB design, however, is still largely empirical due to their mechanical complexity. The paper provides test results for the structural parameters in a bump-type foil bearing. The stiffness and damping (Coulomb or viscous type) coefficients characterize the bearing compliant structure. The test bearing, 38.1 mm in diameter and length, consists of a thin top foil supported on bump-foil strips. A prior investigation identified the stiffness due to static loads. Presently, the test FB is mounted on a non-rotating stiff shaft and a shaker exerts single frequency loads on the bearing. The dynamic tests are conducted at shaft surface temperatures from 25 °C to 75°C. Time and frequency domain methods are implemented to determine the FB parameters from the recorded periodic load and bearing motions. Both methods deliver identical parameters. The dry friction coefficient ranges from 0.05 to 0.20, increasing as the amplitude of load increases. The recorded motions evidence a resonance at the system natural frequency, i.e. null damping. The test derived equivalent viscous damping is inversely proportional to the motion amplitude and excitation frequency. The characteristic stick-slip of dry friction is dominant at small amplitude dynamic loads leading to a hardening effect (stiffening) of the FB structure. The operating temperature produces shaft growth generating a bearing preload. However, the temperature does not affect significantly the identified FB parameters, albeit the experimental range was too small considering the bearings intended use in industry.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effect of seminal fluids in mating between M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae.

Previous studies have shown that sympatric populations of M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto exhibit strong assortative mating. In the few documented cases of cross-mating between M and S forms, females that mated with a male of the alternative form were often also mated with a male of their own form. A potential explanation for the association between cross-mating and double mating could be that male accessory gland or sperm proteins that are responsible for inducing refractoriness to further mating by females have diverged between the M and S forms. This mechanism of postmating reproductive isolation would have important implications for our understanding of the speciation processes in the An. gambiae complex. We tested for this mechanism, by comparing the likelihood of mating, feeding, and laying eggs, as well as the fertility of females presented with males of their own form or the alternate form in the laboratory. We also compared the likelihood of remating in cross-mated and assortatively-mated females, and we analyzed their progeny to unravel patterns of sperm precedence. We found that cross-mated females differed from assortatively-mated females only in terms of egg-hatching rate and larval survival but that these effects could be attributed to hybrid vigor rather than differential response to seminal products. Cross-mating between forms was not associated with remating behavior. These results indicate that the sex proteins responsible for inhibiting further insemination and triggering the gonotrophic cycle in females have not diverged between these M and S populations. We discuss alternative explanations for the patterns of cross-mating and multiple mating observed in the field.
Covert video surveillance in Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Ethical compromise or essential technique

It has been suggested that the use of covert video surveillance in suspected cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy should be curtailed as it represents a breach of trust between health care workers, parents and children. We present a case of asphyxia induced by a mother, which was discovered by videotaping without consent. Two previous sudden infant deaths in the family over the preceding two years, with unexplained apnoeic episodes in the third child, were considered sufficiently suspicious to justify covert surveillance. Incontrovertible evidence of parentally induced asphyxia was obtained within 24 hours of full-time covert surveillance. Despite initial denial, the mother eventually pleaded guilty to manslaughter of the first infant and to causing grievous bodily harm to the third infant. We believe that alternative techniques, such as parent-child separation, or of videotaping only after informed consent has been obtained, could have compromised the investigation and produced unacceptable delays which would have placed the surviving infant at risk of serious morbidity or of death. Language: en
Racial and ethnic differences in cognitive function among older adults in the USA.

Objective Examine differences in cognition between Hispanic, non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic white (NHW) older adults in the United States. Data/Methods The final sample includes 18 982 participants aged 51 or older who received a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status during the 2010 Health and Retirement Study follow-up. Ordinary least squares will be used to examine differences in overall cognition according to race/ethnicity. Results Hispanics and NHB had lower cognition than NHW for all age groups (51-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80+). Hispanics had higher cognition than NHB for all age groups but these differences were all within one point. The lower cognition among NHB compared to NHW remained significant after controlling for age, gender, and education, whereas the differences in cognition between Hispanics and NHW were no longer significant after controlling for these covariates. Cognitive scores increased with greater educational attainment for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics exhibited the least benefit. Discussion Our results highlight the role of education in race/ethnic differences in cognitive function during old age. Education seems beneficial for cognition in old age for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics appear to receive a lower benefit compared to other race/ethnic groups. Further research is needed on the racial and ethnic differences in the pathways of the benefits of educational attainment for late-life cognitive function. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing and Improving the Identification of Computer-Generated Portraits

Modern computer graphics are capable of generating highly photorealistic images. Although this can be considered a success for the computer graphics community, it has given rise to complex forensic and legal issues. A compelling example comes from the need to distinguish between computer-generated and photographic images as it pertains to the legality and prosecution of child pornography in the United States. We performed psychophysical experiments to determine the accuracy with which observers are capable of distinguishing computer-generated from photographic images. We find that observers have considerable difficulty performing this task—more difficulty than we observed 5 years ago when computer-generated imagery was not as photorealistic. We also find that observers are more likely to report that an image is photographic rather than computer generated, and that resolution has surprisingly little effect on performance. Finally, we find that a small amount of training greatly improves accuracy.
Administrative approach to disaster preparedness in the pharmacy

Disaster planning for a hospital pharmacy department is discussed. During a crisis, the type of behavior exhibited by hospital personnel and the community can be used to predict the situation's severity and to prepare a response. During disasters, it is important to focus on accomplishing tasks by defining employees' roles, establishing chains of communication, delegating authority to competent persons, limiting decision-making by persons other than those in command and defining the boundaries of pharmacy's involvement in the disaster. A case study of pharmacy operations during a crisis is presented, with guidelines for assessing the situation, establishing priorities, identifying resources and executing a response. Hospital pharmacy administrators must display a high degree of creativeness and responsibility during disasters, but training in the principles of disaster management can be helpful.
Testing equality of proportions for correlated binary data in ophthalmologic studies

In ophthalmologic studies, bilateral correlated data often arise when information involving paired organs (e.g., eyes) are measured from each subject. Adjusted chi-square approach for testing the equality of proportions has been proposed in the literature. In this article, we investigate and derive three alter- native testing procedures for the problem. Our simulation results show the score testing procedure usually produces satisfactory type I error control with higher power, and therefore is recommended. Examples from ophthalmologic studies are used to illustrate our proposed methods.
Abstract 4013: Transcriptional regulation of EGR1 by EGF and the ERK signaling pathway in prostate cancer

The early growth response gene 1, EGR1, is an important transcriptional regulator and acts as the convergent point between a variety of extracellular stimuli and activation of target genes resulting in diverse responses such as cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Unlike other tumor types, in prostate tumor tissues EGR1 expression is elevated relative to normal tissues. However, the mechanism(s) of regulation of EGR1 in prostate tumor cells are unknown. As EGR1 expression and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling are frequently upregulated in prostate tumors, we tested the hypothesis that EGF induces EGR1 expression in prostate cancer cells. Using real-time PCR to quantify EGR1 transcripts, EGF induced EGR1 expression levels in a dose and time-dependent manner; and kinase inhibitors, PD98059 and wortmannin, abrogated the EGF-mediated EGR1 response. Analysis of the EGR1 promoter using reporter constructs identified an EGF-responsive region in the proximal promoter containing three potential serum response element (SRE) sites. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that EGF enhanced Elk-1 binding at the SRE sites of the EGR1 promoter in PC3 cells, and Elk-1 also bound in the absence of stimulus. Overexpression of Elk-1 enhanced activation of the EGF-responsive region indicating that Elk-1 is sufficient to activate EGR1 in PC3 cells. Similarly, a dominant-negative Elk-1 suppressed EGR1 promoter activity indicating that Elk-1 is necessary for EGF-induced EGR1 transcription in both PC3 and LNCaP cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EGR1 expression in prostate cancer cells is mediated through an EGF-ERK-Elk-1 signaling cascade. Since elevated EGF and EGF receptor are associated with prostate cancer progression, these results may explain elevated EGR1 in high-grade prostate tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4013. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4013
Clinical comparison of cerivastatin with simvastatin for aged hyperlipidemia

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of Lipobay (cerivastatin) and Jingbishuxin (simvastatin) on lipid profiles.METHODS 40 patients with hypercholesterolemia were randomizedly divided into Lipobay group (0.3 mg,QN) and Jingbishuxin group (domestic simvastatin tablet) (20 mg,QN)for 4 weeks.Total cholesterol (TC),low density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C),triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C),blood sugar,hepatic and renal function,blood and urine regular test were measured before and after the treatment.RESULTS After 4 weeks of treatment,TC,LDL C and TG were reduced by 29.02%,29.95%,17.21% in Lipobay the group and 22.48%,28.68%,14.74% in Jingbishuxin group,respectively.Compared the measurements after treatment with that before treatment,there were significant differences in both groups,but there was no significant difference between them.No serious adverse effect was found.CONCLUSION Lipobay had a same efficacy and safety on lipoprotein profiles as that of Jingbishuxin in elderly.It has a good tolerance with smaller dose.
Fetal Central Nervous System

Although ultrasound is the primary means of screening for fetal central nervous system (CNS) malformations, MRI has demonstrated added value in the evaluation of abnormalities not well assessed with sonography and in select circumstances for screening. In many fetal MRI practices, evaluation of the CNS is the most common indication for fetal MRI. MRI has demonstrated particular utility in evaluating the posterior fossa, midline structures, and cortex in the progressively ossifying fetal skull. The most common CNS indications are identified in Table 6.1 [98].
NEIGHBORWATCHER: A Content-Agnostic Comment Spam Inference System.

Comment spam has become a popular means for spammers to attract direct visits to target websites, or to manipulate search ranks of the target websites. Through posting a small number of spam messages on each victim website (e.g., normal websites such as forums, wikis, guestbooks, and blogs, which we term as spam harbors in this paper) but spamming on a large variety of harbors, spammers can not only directly inherit some reputations from these harbors but also avoid content-based detection systems deployed on these harbors. To find such qualified harbors, spammers always have their own preferred ways based on their available resources and the cost (e.g., easiness of automatic posting, chances of content sanitization on the website). As a result, they will generate their own relatively stable set of harbors proved to be easy and friendly to post their spam, which we refer to as their spamming infrastructure. Our measurement also shows that for different spammers, their spamming infrastructures are typically different, although sometimes with some overlap. This paper presents NEIGHBORWATCHER, a comment spam inference system that exploits spammers’ spamming infrastructure information to infer comment spam. At its core, NEIGHBORWATCHER runs a graph-based algorithm to characterize the spamming neighbor relationship, and reports a spam link when the same link also appears in the harbor’s clique neighbors. Starting from a small seed set of known spam links, our system inferred roughly 91,636 comment spam, and 16,694 spam harbors that are frequently utilized by comment spammers. Furthermore, our evaluation on real-world data shows that NEIGHBORWATCHER can keep inferring new comment spam and finding new spam harbors every day.
Stripes and Pairing in the v = 5/2 Quantum Hall Effect

The observed quantum Hall state at v = 5/2 is believed to be an “exotic” quantum Hall states that can be described as a BCS analog state with paired electrons. It is sensitive to tilting the magnetic field direction which appears to destroy the quantum Hall effect. I will describe studies that show how the nature of the ground state of electrons at v = 5/2 changes between composite Fermi liquid, (non-Abelian) BCS-like paring, and compressible anisotropic (smectic) striped phases, as the structure of the interaction potential is varied. In this system, at least, it seems that stripes are a competing phase that is unrelated to the paired state, and the transition between them appears to be first order.
The impact of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 trial: An institutional review

Abstract Background Axillary dissection (AD) was historically recommended for all patients with breast tumor involvement discovered by sentinel lymph node biopsy (+SLNB). However, after the ACOSOG Z0011 trial, omission of AD became the recommendation for selected patients with a +SLNB. We report the impact of ACOSOG Z0011 on the completion AD rate in patients with +SLNB at our institution. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients diagnosed with breast cancer between March 2009 and February 2013 (n = 1781). This cohort was divided into two groups: 1) those diagnosed BEFORE Z0011 and 2) those diagnosed AFTER Z0011. We calculated both the percentage of patients with a +SNLB who underwent AD and, from those patients, the percentage who did and did not meet the Z0011 criteria. Results The BEFORE group contained 849 patients; 144 had +SLNB and from those 113 underwent AD. The AFTER group contained 932 patients: 139 had +SLNB and from those 73 underwent AD. The completion AD rate in the BEFORE group was 78.5%, compared to 52.5% in the AFTER group (p Conclusion Following the publication of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial, we experienced a significant decrease in the completion AD rate among patients with a +SLNB who met the Z0011 inclusion criteria.
Catalytic Evidence For the Formation of Mixed Metal Ensembles in Supported Ptre Catalysts

Abstract For alumina-supported PtRe, the deuterium exchange of cyclopentane at 100°C and low pressure is insensitive to bimetallic interaction, while hydrogenolysis of the same molecule at 240°C and 1 atm is specific for bimetallic cluster formation. For silica-supported samples, XRD confirmed that alloy formation is related to high selectivity for hydrogenolysis to methane. For PtRe/Y-Zeolite catalysts, and corresponding monometallics, Pt was ion exchanged into the zeolite and Re was introduced either via ion exchange using [Re(en) 2 O 2 ]Cl (en=ethylenediamine), or via impregnation using NH 4 ReO 4 . TPR studies revealed that the reduction of the Re is catalyzed by the Pt in both cases. The hydrogenolysis of n-heptane suggests that under severe conditions PtRe clusters are formed even in physical mixtures of Pt/NaY and Re/NaY.
Washington households' expected responses to lahar threat from Mt. Rainier

Abstract This study examines households' risk perceptions and hazard adjustments through an investigation of the population at risk of lahars from the Mt. Rainier volcano. It is guided by a model in which demographic variables, locational variables, and past information search influence three psychological variables—risk perception, hazard intrusiveness, and affective response. In turn, these psychological variables along with locational and demographic variables influence three measures of household hazard adjustments—emergency preparedness, future information search, and evacuation preparedness. The data reveal a moderate degree of support for the model, with at least partial support for seven hypotheses. White ethnicity and income predict risk perception. Past information and age predict hazard intrusiveness. Past information search and White ethnicity predict affective response. Community bondedness, past information search, and crater proximity predicted emergency preparedness and evacuation preparedness. Risk perception and hazard intrusiveness predicted future information search. In addition, the results indicate that household emergency preparedness, perceived community preparedness and perceived emergency preparedness adequacy are distinct aspects of community hazard adjustment that should be examined in future research.
Environmental and Economic Strategies for Primary Prevention of Cancer in Early Life

This article summarizes the evidence for environmental toxic exposures contributing to cancers in early life, focusing on the most common cancer sites in this age group. It provides examples of widespread avoidable exposures to human carcinogens through air, water, and food and then describes recent examples of successful initiatives to reduce exposure to chemicals linked to these cancer sites, through government policy, industry initiatives, and consumer activism. State government initiatives to reduce toxic chemical exposures have made important gains; the Toxics Use Reduction Act of Massachusetts is now 25 years old and has been a major success story. There are a growing number of corporate initiatives to eliminate toxics, especially carcinogens, from the products they manufacture and sell. Another important opportunity for cancer prevention is provided by online databases that list chemicals, their toxicity, and lower-toxicity alternatives; these can be used by businesses, health care institutions, consumers, and workers to reduce exposures to chemicals of concern. The article concludes by inviting pediatricians and public health professionals to include elimination of carcinogen exposures in their work to promote primary prevention of cancer in early life.
Social, emotional, and cognitive factors associated with bullying

The purpose of the current study was to understand the association between bullying experiences (i.e., bullying, victimization, and defending) and social, emotional, and cognitive factors. The soci...
Reflections on the Journal of Applied Psychology for 1989 to 1994: Changes in major research themes and practices over 25 years

Informal observations concerning journal content indicates that research investigating organizational behavior topics, including work on the structure of groups and determinants and consequences of group process along with the role of leadership in groups, has increased. Some topics have disappeared (e.g., job analysis, human factors, union-related work, consumer behavior) and others are declining (e.g., research methods, psychometrics). Perhaps the biggest change is in the length of articles, which is mostly a function of the inclusion of greater numbers of references and appendix material. Publishing some of this material in supplementary online materials is now current practice in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Concerns about use of journal space may also be entirely moot, if electronic publishing as opposed to print publishing becomes the norm. (PsycINFO Database Record
Dosimetry for Extremely Low-Frequency Electric Fields

This paper will focus on the interaction of extremely low- frequency (ELF) electric fields with intact organisms. Our comments will be made in the context of a review of published experimental and theoretical literature relating to ELF dosimetry. Mathematical modeling and biophysical principles will be discussed in more detail by Drs. Brambilla and Schwan in subsequent papers.
Rapid Automated Determination of Lipid Hydroperoxide Concentrations and Total Antioxidant Status of Serum Samples From Patients Infected With HIV: Elevated Lipid Hydroperoxide Concentrations and Depleted Total Antioxidant Capacity of Serum Samples

Excessive production of oxygen free radicals causes the oxidation of circulating or membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA. Patients infected with HIV usually have severe malnutrition in the AIDS stage of disease. Therefore, they may be at higher risk of oxidative stress. We measured lipid hydroperoxide concentration, antioxidant status, cholesterol, triglyceride, iron, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin concentrations in the serum samples of 14 patients infected with HIV and compared our results with the results from 14 volunteers who served as controls. Lipid hydroperoxide concentrations in serum samples were measured by a colorimetric assay in which hemoglobin catalyzes the reaction of lipid hydroperoxide with a methylene blue derivative, yielding methylene blue. The total antioxidant capacity of serum was measured by the ability of serum to inhibit the formation of ferrylmyoglobin by metmyoglobin and hydrogen peroxide. Both assays were automated on the Syva-30R analyzer (Behring, San Francisco, Calif). We measured serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations by using the Vitro 950 analyzer (Johnson & Johnson, Rochester, NY). The lipid hydroperoxide concentrations were significantly elevated (mean, 1.44; SD, 0.95 micromol/L) in patients with HIV compared with control subjects (mean, 0.25; SD, 0.24 micromol/L). In contrast, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly lower in patients with HIV (mean, 1.04; SD, 0.13 mmol/L of trolox equivalent) compared with control subjects (mean, 1.66; SD, 0.09 mmol/L). We observed a fair correlation between serum lipid hydroperoxide concentrations and serum triglyceride concentrations in patients with AIDS. The correlation between serum hydroperoxide concentration and antioxidant status of serum was relatively poor. The lipid hydroperoxide assay was linear, from 0.1 micromol/L to 50 micromol/L. The within-run and between-run coefficients of variation were 3.5% and 4.5%, respectively, at a lipid hydroperoxide concentration of 2.5 micromol/L. The total antioxidant capacity assay was linear, from 0.1 to 2.5 mmol/L of trolox equivalent. The within-run and between-run coefficients of variation were 1.4% and 4.2% for the standard, with a target total antioxidant capacity of 1.5 mmol/L of trolox equivalent. We conclude that our automated assays for determination of total antioxidant status of serum and lipid hydroperoxide products may be helpful screening tests followed by measuring individual antioxidants, such as tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and other antioxidants for patients with severe deficiency of antioxidant status.
Who Earns Occupational Certifications? Evidence From a National Survey

This paper examines the phenomenon of occupational certification – voluntary credentials issued by trade, industry, and professional associations - in the United States, asking "who is most likely ...
A revision of the genus Neolloydia B. & R. (Cactaceae)

The Neolloydia conoidea complex (N. conoidea, N. grandiflora, N. ceratites, N. texensis, and N. matehualensis) is shown to consist of a single species, N. conoidea. Neolloydia conoidea is compared with Echinomastus spp. and with N. warnockii; the latter is more closely related to Echinomastus and should be included in that genus. Several members of the Cactinae are compared on the basis of 26 characters. These data show that Gymnocactus, Turbinicarpus, Rapicactus, and Normanbokea should be included in Neolloydia to create a larger, newly-defined genus containing the following 15 species: N. conoidea, N. subterranea, N. mandragora (comb. nov.), N. valdeziana (comb. nov.), N. pseudopectinata (comb. nov.), N. gielsdorfiana, N. viereckii, N. horripila, N. smithii (=G. beguinii), N. saueri, N. knuthiana, N. schmiedickeana (comb. nov.), N. lophophoroides (comb, nov.), N. pseudomacrochele (comb. nov.), and N. laui (comb. nov.). Thelocactus is a closely related but separate genus.
Measurements of charm hadron production and anisotropic flow in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV with the STAR experiment at RHIC

Heavy flavor quarks, owing to their large masses, are predominantly produced through initial hard parton scatterings in heavy-ion collisions, and thus are excellent probes to study properties of the strongly coupled Quark Gluon Plasma (sQGP) medium produced in these collisions. Measurements of anisotropic flow harmonics of heavy flavor hadrons can provide information on the properties of the medium, including the heavy flavor transport coefficient. Charm quark hadronization mechanism in the sQGP medium can be studied through measurements of yields of different charm hadrons. In these proceedings we report on the measurements of elliptic and triangular flow harmonics of D 0 mesons as well as the yield ratios of D ± s /D 0 and Λ ± c /D 0 in Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200 GeV at RHIC with the STAR detector. These measurements use the STAR Heavy Flavor Tracker (HFT) to reconstruct charm hadrons via their hadronic decay channels. Results are compared to model calculations and the implications on the understanding of charm quark dynamics in the medium are discussed.
Structural disconnection is responsible for increased functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis

Increased synchrony within neuroanatomical networks is often observed in neurophysiologic studies of human brain disease. Most often, this phenomenon is ascribed to a compensatory process in the face of injury, though evidence supporting such accounts is limited. Given the known dependence of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) on underlying structural connectivity (SC), we examine an alternative hypothesis: that topographical changes in SC, specifically particular patterns of disconnection, contribute to increased network rsFC. We obtain measures of rsFC using fMRI and SC using probabilistic tractography in 50 healthy and 28 multiple sclerosis subjects. Using a computational model of neuronal dynamics, we simulate BOLD using healthy subject SC to couple regions. We find that altering the model by introducing structural disconnection patterns observed in those multiple sclerosis subjects with high network rsFC generates simulations with high rsFC as well, suggesting that disconnection itself plays a role in producing high network functional connectivity. We then examine SC data in individuals. In multiple sclerosis subjects with high network rsFC, we find a preferential disconnection between the relevant network and wider system. We examine the significance of such network isolation by introducing random disconnection into the model. As observed empirically, simulated network rsFC increases with removal of connections bridging a community with the remainder of the brain. We thus show that structural disconnection known to occur in multiple sclerosis contributes to network rsFC changes in multiple sclerosis and further that community isolation is responsible for elevated network functional connectivity.
Social Support Moderates Effects of Natural Disaster Exposure on Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Effects for Displaced and Nondisplaced Residents

Social support is a known protective factor against the negative psychological impact of natural disasters. Most past research has examined how the effects of exposure to traumatic events influences whether someone meets diagnostic criteria for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); it has also suggested sequelae of disaster exposure depends on whether survivors are displaced from their homes. To capture the full range of the psychological impact of natural disasters, we examined the buffering effects of social support on depressive symptoms and cluster-specific PTSD symptoms, with consideration of displacement status. In a survey conducted 18 to 24 months after Hurricane Katrina, 810 adults exposed to the disaster reported the number of Katrina-related traumatic events experienced, perceived social support 2 months post-Katrina, and cluster-specific PTSD and depressive symptoms experienced since Katrina. Analyses assessed the moderating effects of social support and displacement and the conditional effects of displacement status. Social support significantly buffered the negative effect of Katrina-related traumatic events on depressive symptoms, B = -0.10, p = .001, and avoidance and arousal PTSD symptoms, B = -0.02, p = .035 and B = -0.02, p = .042, respectively. Three-way interactions were nonsignificant. Conditional effects indicated social support buffered development of depressive symptoms across all residents; however, the moderating effects of support on avoidance and arousal symptoms only appeared significant for nondisplaced residents. Results highlight the protective effects of disaster-related social support among nondisplaced individuals, and suggest displaced individuals may require more formal supports for PTSD symptom reduction following a natural disaster.
Light trap capture of live Elenchus koebelei (Strepsiptera: Elenchidae)

Strepsiptera are a small order of obligately endoparasitic insects. Adult females are neotenic and never leave their host, instead bearing motile young that seek out their own insect hosts to infect. Males eclose without killing their hosts. In their 4-h adult lifespan, they fly off to search for mating opportunities, assisted by unconventional eyes with few, but large, ommatidia. Such distinctive features make Strepsiptera interesting in their own right, but also offer an opportunity to better understand evolutionary innovation. Unfortunately, Strepsiptera also are minute, reclusive, and difficult to obtain, severely reducing the study thereof, especially species not infecting solitary bees or social wasps. Here we describe methods for the successful capture of a strepsipteran species. We placed an ultraviolet light trap among Spartina alterniflora Loisel (Poaceae) shoots to attract adult male Elenchus koebelei Pierce (Strepsiptera: Elenchidae) in salt marshes in the southeastern United States. In 72 d of sampling, 488 adult males were captured between 30 min before and 15 min after sunrise. None arrived more than 63 min before or 36 min after sunrise. The majority of E. koebelei were caught at wind speeds ranging from 0 to 10 km/h; however, a light breeze of about 1.5 km/h appears to be preferred. The highest daily catches occurred when the temperature was between 23 and 26 °C. No Strepsiptera were caught at temperatures below 17 °C. With 521 adult male E. koebelei caught in a single light trap, our results show this little-known parasite may be reliably obtained, enhancing opportunities for further study.
The Methodology of Institutional Economics: A Pragmatic Instrumentalist Perspective

Institutionalists engage in a very active, ongoing dialogue about methodological issues. Their preoccupation with methodology is motivated in part by their critique of mainstream economics. Since institutionalists attempt to steer economic inquiry in a direction quite different from that followed by mainstream economists, the institutionalist critique of neoclassical thought requires that institutionalists be concerned with methodological issues. But there is a more profound reason for the institutionalist emphasis on methodological discourse. It arises out of the influence of the philosophy of pragmatism on institutionalist methodology. A fundamental tenet of pragmatism is that all propositions are subject to revision as theoretical and empirical inquiry moves forward. In order to remain alert to the possibility that such revisions may be required at any given stage of inquiry, methodology must be under constant scrutiny. Consequently, institutionalists are as interested in methodological issues arising in their own work as they are in those arising in their critique of orthodoxy.
Pharmacological chaperones correct misfolded GPCRs and rescue function: protein trafficking as a therapeutic target.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large superfamily of plasma membrane proteins that play central roles in transducing endocrine, neural and ­sensory signals. In humans, more than 30 disorders are associated with mutations in GPCRs and these proteins are common drug development targets, with 30–50% of drugs targeting them. GPCR mutants are frequently misfolded, recognized as defective by the cellular quality control system, retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and do not traffic to the plasma membrane. The use of small molecules chaperones (pharmacological chaperones or “pharmacoperones”) to rescue misfolded GPCRs has provided a new approach for treatment of human diseases caused by misfolding and misrouting. This chapter provides an overview of the molecular basis of this approach using the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (hGnRHR) as model for treatment of conformational diseases provoked by ­misfolded GPCRs.
Changes in Population Demography and Reproductive Output of the Invasive Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Asian Shore Crab) in the Long Island Sound from 2005 to 2017

Cross-intertidal transects at a western Long Island Sound estuary site provided estimates of the density of the non-native Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Asian Shore Crab) from 1998 to 2017, and measurements of crab size (carapace width; CW) from 2005 to 2017. Since 2001, average intertidal density declined by ∼5% per year. This decline was driven by decreases in the density of larger crabs, with consequent reductions in average and maximum sizes of both males and females. The proportion of the largest crabs (>24 mm CW) dropped from 10.1% of the population in 2005 to 1.4% in 2017. Individual reproductive output scales with size; thus, I estimate the loss of the largest females to have reduced population reproductive output by half between 2005 and 2017. Also, the frequency of ovigerous females in the smallest reproductively mature classes (12–14 mm CW) increased. Though the density and average size of Asian Shore Crab have declined significantly, resident and native crab populations have still not recovered.