cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A probabilistic model of short fatigue crack growth

— A probabilistic model is presented that draws a direct link between stochastic microstructure and the statistics of measured growth rates. The model is formulated as a semi-Markov process. The underlying Markov process describes the evolution of a growth control variable as an explicit function of crack length. The growth control variable is open to a variety of interpretations, depending on the mechanisms known to control growth in any given application. Elapsed fatigue cycles and the distribution of times to failure are calculated by invoking an empirical or postulated law of growth rate. This law is either a deterministic or probabilistic relationship between the growth control variable and the crack velocity. It may, and usually does, contain parameters that are evaluated by calibration against available statistical data. This process guarantees a high level of robustness of the model's predictions. The computational generality of the formulation facilitates the treatment of spectral loading.
Tunable control of polyproline helix (PPII) structure via aromatic electronic effects: an electronic switch of polyproline helix.

Aromatic rings exhibit defined interactions via the unique aromatic π face. Aromatic amino acids interact favorably with proline residues via both the hydrophobic effect and aromatic–proline interactions, C−H/π interactions between the aromatic π face and proline ring C–H bonds. The canonical aromatic amino acids Trp, Tyr, and Phe strongly disfavor a polyproline helix (PPII) when they are present in proline-rich sequences because of the large populations of cis amide bonds induced by favorable aromatic–proline interactions (aromatic–cis-proline and proline–cis-proline–aromatic interactions). We demonstrate the ability to tune polyproline helix conformation and cis–trans isomerism in proline-rich sequences using aromatic electronic effects. Electron-rich aromatic residues strongly disfavor polyproline helix and exhibit large populations of cis amide bonds, while electron-poor aromatic residues exhibit small populations of cis amide bonds and favor polyproline helix. 4-Aminophenylalanine is a pH-dependent electronic switch of polyproline helix, with cis amide bonds favored as the electron-donating amine, but trans amide bonds and polyproline helix preferred as the electron-withdrawing ammonium. Peptides with block proline–aromatic PPXPPXPPXPP sequences exhibited electronically switchable pH-dependent structures. Electron-poor aromatic amino acids provide special capabilities to integrate aromatic residues into polyproline helices and to serve as the basis of aromatic electronic switches to change structure.
Wellness Model of Supervision: A Comparative Analysis

This quasi-experimental study compared the effectiveness of the Wellness Model of Supervision (WELMS; Lenz & Smith, 2010) with alternative supervision models for developing wellness constructs, total personal wellness, and helping skills among counselors-in-training. Participants were 32 master’s-level counseling students completing their internship requirements in a counseling program accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Results of a split plot analysis of variance indicated that participants in the WELMS condition increased their personal definitions of wellness and total wellness while developing their counseling skills at a similar level when compared with participants receiving other models of supervision.
Tourism development in LDCs: hotel capacity expansion with reference to Barbados.

Abstract The rate of expansion in the hotel sector is critical in a tourist-oriented developing country, yet difficult to plan in the face of rising and uncertain demand. This paper proposes a methodology for determining optimal hotel capacity, which is applied to the case of Barbados for the period 1979–1984. It is concluded that overbuilding did occur among luxury hotels over the period. Gains to other tourism sectors very likely compensated for losses, but the offsetting is not expected to continue in the future due to rising construction costs.
Evaluation of the effects of sagging shifts on isocenter accuracy and image quality of cone-beam CT from kV on-board imagers.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of sagging shifts of three on-board kV imaging systems (OBI) on the isocenter positioning accuracy and image quality of cone-beam CT (CBCT). Material and Methods: A cubical phantom was used with a metal marker in the center that can be aligned with the radiation isocenter to measure sagging shifts and its variation with gantry angle on three Varian linacs with kV on-board imaging systems. A marker tracking algorithm was applied to detect the shadow of the metal marker and localize its center in the two-dimensional cone-beam radiographic projections. This tracking algorithm is based on finding the position of maximum cross-correlation between a region-of-interest from a template image including the metal marker and the projections containing the shadow of the metal marker. Sagging shifts were corrected by mapping the center of the metal marker to a reference position for all projections acquired over a full gantry rotation (0-360 o ). The sag-corrected radiographic projections were then used to reconstruct CBCT using Feldkamp back-projection. A standard quality assurance phantom was used to evaluate the image quality of CBCT before and after sagging correction. Results: Sagging affects both the positioning accuracy of the OBI isocenter and CBCT image quality. For example, on one linac, the position of the marker on the cone-beam radiographic projections depends on the angular view and has maximal shifts of about 2 mm along the imager x-direction (patient’s cross-plane). Sagging produces systematic shifts of the OBI isocenter as large as 1 mm posterior and 1 mm left in patient coordinates relative to the radiation isocenter. Further, it causes spatial distortion and blurring in CBCT image reconstructed from radiographic projections that are not corrected for OBI sagging. CBCT numbers vary by about 1% in full-fan scans and up to 3.5% in half-fan scans because of sagging. Discussion and Conclusions: In order to achieve better localization accuracy in image-guided radiation therapy, sagging shifts of the kV OBI need to be corrected. In addition, correction of sagging improves image and provides better visualization of internal structures. Frequent quality assurance is required to monitor and maintain standards of variations in the mechanical accuracy of isocenter and image quality of CBCT because of sagging shifts.
Reply on Behalf of Joe

This is a reply to W. Paul Franks’ critique (‘Why a Believer Could Believe that God Answers Prayers’) of my recent paper in Sophia (2007). I argue that Franks’ Plantinga-inspired criticism fails because it turns on the dubious assumption that the efficacy of prayer could provide evidence for the existence of God.
Convivial Urban Spaces: Creating Effective Public Places Henry Shaftoe

Earthscan, London, 2008, £39.95, 208 pp., ISBN-13 978-1-84407-388-7; ISBN-10 1844073882 The literature on public space is now one of the largest and most developed in urban design. Seminal contribu...
Deposition of bacterial cells onto glass and biofilm surfaces

Deposition rates of Pseudomonas putida and Hyphomicrobium ZV620 onto glass and biofilm surfaces were quantified. Both species deposited to glass at a much slower rate than to biofilm. A definite bias by depositing cells for biofilms of their own species was evident in the highest attachment rates observed in this study.
Kinetic and structural characterization of human manganese superoxide dismutase containing 3-fluorotyrosines

Abstract Incorporation of 3-fluorotyrosine and site-specific mutagenesis have been used with stopped-flow spectrophotometry and pulse radiolysis to investigate the catalytic properties of human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). All of the nine tyrosine residues in each of the four subunits of the homotetramer of human MnSOD were replaced with 3-fluorotyrosine. Previous studies showed that the crystal structures of the unfluorinated and fluorinated human MnSOD are nearly superimposable with the root-mean-square deviation for 198 α-carbon atoms at 0.3 A. However, the catalytic activity k cat / K m of the fluorinated MnSOD at 30 μM −1 s −1 was less than unfluorinated wild type at 800 μM −1 s −1 . Comparison of the values of k cat / K m for fluorinated and unfluorinated wild-type andY34F MnSOD showed that this decrease for the fluorinated enzyme was in significant part due to 3-fluorotyrosine residues distant (>7 A) from the active-site metal, not to 3-fluorotyrosine at position 34 close (∼5 A) to the metal. Although many rate constants for the catalysis are decreased by this fluorination, the rate of dissociation of the product-inhibited complex appears unchanged by the presence of fluorinated tyrosines. These results suggest that Tyr34 is not a proton donor in the release of the product-inhibited complex, which involves protonation of a peroxo complex of the metal with release of hydrogen peroxide.
Promoting creativity in temporary problem-solving groups: The effects of positive mood and autonomy in problem definition on idea-generating performance.

The current study examined the effect of mood and autonomy in problem definition on the idea-generating performance of temporary workgroups. Groups (N 54) were randomly assigned to a mood (positive vs. neutral) and autonomy (high vs. low) condition and asked to brainstorm ways to improve university student life. It was found that positive mood increased the originality of ideas and that problems that provided low autonomy led to a greater number of ideas. Mood and autonomy interacted to affect group satisfaction. Furthermore, positive mood led to the identification of more important domains for improvement in the high-autonomy condition. Implications for future research using temporary problem-solving groups are discussed.
Cell density dependent acid sensitivity in stationary phase cultures of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7

Escherichia coli O157:H7, the causative agent of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, can survive in a highly acidic environment. The acid resistance of this organism, as measured by its ability to survive in low pH, depended on the density of the cells present during the assay. At low cell densities (≤2×107 ml−1), about 100% of the stationary phase cells survived in Luria broth pH 2.5 at 37°C for at least 7 h. The same cultures at high cell densities (2–5×109 ml−1) were about 1000-fold more sensitive under identical conditions. Exponential phase cultures did not exhibit the cell density effect. The increased acid sensitivity at high cell densities was absent in the stationary phase cultures of a rpoS mutant (rpoS::pRR10) of an E. coli O157:H7 strain. Cell density dependent acid sensitivity of the stationary phase cultures was also observed in other enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Shigella strains. The increased acid sensitivity at high cell densities was absent in Gram-positive organisms.
From the alienation of neoliberal globalization to transmodern ways of being: epistemic change and the collapse of the modern world-system

This chapter proposes that humanity has entered a new historical epoch in the evolution of the world-system, one defined by the collapse of the modern world-system. It conceptualizes neoliberal globalization as the final historical phase of the modern world-system. In extreme overshoot and oscillation, the modern world-system’s rule set has become unstable, making for an epistemological ‘Time of the Posts.’ The instability raises questions about how the deep structural changes of the modern world-system’s collapse will affect the meaning of human experience. The essay considers the experience of alienation, one of modernity’s defining features, and its relationship to the forms of knowledge and experience held by those consigned to the periphery of the modern world-system. Building from a post-colonial perspective, this chapter advances the idea of ‘transmodernity’ as the condition and ‘other knowledge’ of the peripherals that emerges from modernity’s alienation. It concludes with consideration of how the collapse of the modern world-system will liberate peripherals from alienation and allow transmodernity to flourish.
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in Association With Household Exposure to Fibrous Insulation Material

We report the case of a 35-year-old woman who developed pulmonary alveolar proteinosis requiring multiple lavage treatments, in association with household exposure to ventilation system dust comprised at least partially by a cellulose fire-resistant fibrous insulation material. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis documented the presence of spectral peaks consistent with the insulation material in transbronchial biopsy tissue. The patient showed symptomatic improvement once exposure to the insulation material had ceased. We believe that this case demonstrates an unusual association with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. This case emphasizes the broad differential diagnosis for this histologic injury pattern and the need to thoroughly investigate environmental exposures in patients with unexplained pulmonary disease.
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of the Diabetes Initiative Program A Pharmacist-Physician Collaborative Care Model

Background: Diabetes treatment cost increased 41% from 2007 to 2011. Pharmacists have provided collaborative diabetes management for decades with improvement in disease-related end points. Few have reported economic benefits of pharmacist management of type 2 diabetes. Objective: The purpose was to determine if cost savings associated with hemoglobin A1c (A1C) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) change outweighed programmatic pharmacist-physician collaborative care model costs. Methods: This cost analysis of a 12 month, prospective, multicenter, observational study included English-speaking adults, 18 years or older, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a life expectancy >1 year, and either a A1C >7%, SBP >130 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure >80 mm Hg, or low-density lipoprotein concentration >100 mg/dL. Pregnant patients were excluded. Primary analysis outcome was average cost per outcome, ratio of net cost (numerator) and percentage achieving outcomes (denominator). Assessment outcomes included A1C reduction by...
Teaching science as a cultural way of knowing: merging authentic inquiry, nature of science, and multicultural strategies

Due to the growing number of students from populations underrepresented in the sciences, there is an intensified need to consider alternatives to traditional science instruction. Inquiry-based instructional approaches provide promise and possibility for engaging underrepresented students in the activities of science. However, inquiry-based instruction without culturally relevant pedagogy and instructional congruency, may not be sufficient to support non-mainstream students in science learning, and may even serve to challenge students' cultural ways of knowing. This conceptual paper suggests that aligning reform efforts in science education to the field of multicultural education would buttress efforts to reach underrepresented student groups in science. This includes providing cul- turally relevant instruction and instruction toward making the assumptions of science explicit, in particular. To this end, this paper draws from literature in multicultural edu- cation to propose that deconstructing science through instruction in NOS may support Latino, African American and English language learning students in science learning.
Sandwiches and subversion: Teachers' mealtime strategies and preschoolers' agency.

Mealtimes are understudied processes in the social research on childhood. Our study uses ethnographic methods in two preschools in the southeastern United States to understand the types of strategies teachers use during meals and children’s responses to these strategies. We identified three strategies teachers used to attempt to modify children’s consumption: gatekeeping, directives, and hyperbolic justifications of consumption. We argue that children used agency to subvert to teachers’ strategies using silent and verbal techniques, including attempting to open packages of restricted foods, pretending to eat, and refusing to eat. Their subversion manifested in either “dissent” or “feigned assent.”
Knowledge Of Meanings And Knowledge Of The World

One of the most characteristic (and certainly most original) claims of the dominant movement in contemporary British philosophy, to which we shall refer as the philosophy of ordinary language, is that traditional philosophical discourse has usually been logically improper because it has depended upon systematic misuses of certain expressions in ordinary language and that philosophy is a legitimate cognitive discipline only if it is concerned with the description of the actual use of language. To substantiate this claim, the philosopher of ordinary language has had to establish at least the following two general philosophical theses, which together seem to constitute the hard core of original doctrine in the philosophy of ordinary language. First, that the meaning of an expression is its use and not its referent or what it corresponds to. Second, that the description of the uses of certain expressions in language is not merely a study of words but genuinely solves the same problems which traditional philosophy had tried to solve through other methods.
Spin determination of single-produced resonances at hadron colliders

We study the production of a single resonance at the LHC and its decay into a pair of Z bosons. We demonstrate how full reconstruction of the final states allows us to determine the spin and parity of the resonance and restricts its coupling to vector gauge bosons. Full angular analysis is illustrated with the simulation of the production and decay chain including all spin correlations and the most general couplings of spin-zero, -one, and -two resonances to Standard Model matter and gauge fields. We note implications for analysis of a resonance decaying to other final states.
Teaching AC circuit analysis with MATLAB

MATLAB is a numerical computation software package for engineering and scientific calculations. MATLAB is primarily a tool for matrix computations. MATLAB is being used to teach filter design, random processes, control systems and communication theory. This paper presents an approach to teaching circuit analysis topics using specially-designed exercises that can be done using MATLAB running on personal computers or modern workstations. The MATLAB exercises cover sinusoidal AC analysis, network characteristics and frequency response. Some MATLAB functions that are useful in teaching AC circuit analysis are introduced. The MATLAB programs for doing the exercises have been provided. In addition, the SPICE circuit analysis software program is compared to MATLAB. The interactive programming and versatile graphics of MATLAB is especially effective in enhancing the teaching topics in electrical engineering.
Using temporal logic for automatic verification of finite state systems

Temporal logic has been extensively investigated for proving properties of programs-particularly for programs that involve nondeterminism or concurrency ([9], [11], [12]). However, most of the verification techniques developed so far involve manual construction of proofs, a task that may require a good deal of ingenuity and is usually quite tedious. In a series of papers ([1], [5], [6], [10]) we have argued that proof construction is unnecessary in the case of finite state systems and can be replaced by a model theoretic approach which will mechanically determine if the system meets a specification expressed in a propositional temporal logic. In this paper we survey that work and give a detailed example of how our approach might be used in verifying a finite state hardware controller.
Smooth muscle cells in pathogenesis of vascular medial cartilaginous metaplasia

This editorial refers to ‘Arterial injury promotes medial chondrogenesis in Sm22 knockout mice’ by J. Shen et al ., pp. 28–37, this issue. Vascular medial calcification (VMC), also known as Monckeberg's medial sclerosis, is commonly associated with ageing and occurs in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2D) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In these cases, calcium phosphate salts deposit in arterial mediae associated with elastin/collagen-rich extracellular matrix, typically in a linear fashion along the elastic lamina of arterial mediae. As the lesion advances, the mediae are filled with circumferential rings of calcium phosphate crystals, resulting in decreased vessel wall compliance that leads to increased arterial pulse wave velocity and pressure, impaired coronary artery perfusion, and cardiovascular dysfunction.1 In T2D and ESRD patients, arterial medial calcification is highly prevalent and believed to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality, stroke, and lower-limb amputation.2–4 VMC has long been considered a degenerative process leading to passive deposition of calcium phosphate salts associated with tissue necrosis. However, the presence of bone- and cartilage-related proteins, osteoblast- and chondrocyte-like cells, and outright bone- and cartilage-like tissue in calcified lesions has underscored its cell-mediated, actively regulated nature that resembles, at least in part, embryonic bone formation and remodelling.2,5–7 …
New Role for Shc in Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway

Most, if not all, cytokines activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K). Although many cytokine receptors have direct binding sites for the p85 subunit of PI-3K, others, such as the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor beta common chain (βc) and the IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rβ), lack such sites, leaving the mechanism by which they activate PI-3K unclear. Here, we show that the protooncoprotein Shc, which promotes Ras activation by recruiting the Grb2-Sos complex in response to stimulation of cytokine stimulation, also signals to the PI-3K/Akt pathway. Analysis of Y→F and “add-back” mutants of βc shows that Y577, the Shc binding site, is the major site required for Gab2 phosphorylation in response to cytokine stimulation. When fused directly to a mutant form of IL-2Rβ that lacks other cytoplasmic tyrosines, Shc can promote Gab2 tyrosyl phosphorylation. Mutation of the three tyrosyl phosphorylation sites of Shc, which bind Grb2, blocks the ability of the Shc chimera to evoke Gab2 tyrosyl phosphorylation. Overexpression of mutants of Grb2 with inactive SH2 or SH3 domains also blocks cytokine-stimulated Gab2 phosphorylation. The majority of cytokine-stimulated PI-3K activity associates with Gab2, and inducible expression of a Gab2 mutant unable to bind PI-3K markedly impairs IL-3-induced Akt activation and cell growth. Experiments with the chimeric receptors indicate that Shc also signals to the PI-3K/Akt pathway in response to IL-2. Our results suggest that cytokine receptors lacking direct PI-3K binding sites activate Akt via a Shc/Grb2/Gab2/PI-3K pathway, thereby regulating cell survival and/or proliferation.
Causality-based predicate detection across space and time

This paper presents event stream-based online algorithms that fuse the data reported from processes to detect causality-based predicates of interest. The proposed algorithms have the following features. 1) The algorithms are based on logical time, which is useful to detect "cause and effect" relationships in an execution. 2) The algorithms detect properties that can be specified using predicates under a rich palette of time modalities. Specifically, for a conjunctive predicate /spl phi/, the algorithms can detect the exact finegrained time modalities between each pair of intervals, one interval at each process, with low space, time, and message complexities. The main idea used to design the algorithms is that any "cause and effect" interaction can be decomposed as a collection of interactions between pairs of system components. The detection algorithms, which leverage the pairwise interaction among the processes, incur a low overhead and are, hence, highly scalable. The paper then shows how the algorithms can deal with mobility in mobile ad hoc networks.
Evidence of hole direct tunneling through ultrathin gate oxide using P/sup +/ poly-SiGe gate

P/sup +/ poly-Si and poly-Si/sub 0.75/Ge/sub 0.25/-gated PMOS transistors with ultrathin gate oxides of 25 and 29 /spl Aring/ were used for this study. The difference in the gate work function was used to determine the mechanisms of gate tunneling current in such thin gate oxides, Under negative gate bias (inversion bias), it was found that the source/drain terminal serves as a source of holes for small V/sub g/ value, and as gate bias increases (more negative), it becomes a hole sink. These observations can be interpreted in terms of two competing mechanisms. For the first time, hole direct tunneling is reported, Hole direct tunneling is the dominant mechanism for -2 V<V/sub g/<0 V. For Vg<-2 V, electron direct tunneling is dominant. Electron-hole pair generation by the tunneling electrons starts to dominate over hole direct tunneling only for V/sub g/<-4 V.
An exploratory study of roles in computer-supported groups

The emerging technology of group support systems has the potential to enhance the effectivenss of team work in organizations. One critical factor that has received little attention in technology-supported environments is that of the roles that participants fill in meetings. This paper develops a theoretical model of roles in computer-supported meetings and examines the impact of a group support system on roles. An exploratory field study of 10 work teams was conducted to investigate the perceptions of participants about their own roles and the roles that the group support system technology might fill. The study found a gap between the role expectations of meeting initiators and meeting participants, as well as between participants' role expectations and actual roles filled. The group support system technology was perceived to fill an unexpectedly large variety of roles. The study also showed that the group support system assumed some of the roles that participants expected to fill, resulting in fewer roles filled by participants.
Impacts of cropping system and management practices on the assembly of weed communities

Summary Understanding how weed communities assemble as a function of biotic and abiotic filters and transform through time has important implications for the sustainable management of agronomic systems. In a three-year study, we evaluated weed community responses to lucerne (Medicago sativa, perennial) vs. continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, annual, CSW) and weed management practices where weeds in the CSW system were managed with three contrasting approaches (herbicide, tillage or sheep grazing). Our results indicated no differences in weed diversity between the perennial and annual crops or across the different management practices in CSW. However, there were differences in weed community composition. Lucerne, with the exception of the establishing year, impeded the growth and reproduction of several annual weeds, including Amaranthus retroflexus, Thlaspi arvense, Lamium amplexicaule and Chenopodium album, but favoured perennial broad-leaved weeds such as Taraxacum officinale and Cirsium arvense. The replacement of herbicide treatments in pre-plant and post-harvest in CSW with soil tillage or sheep grazing selected for different weed communities beyond the second year of establishment. The weed species driving the differences in CSW systems were Androsace occidentalis, more common in CSW managed chemically; Asperugo procumbens, more common in CSW managed with tillage; and T. officinale and Lactuca serriola, more common in CSW managed with sheep grazing. Understanding how cropping systems modify weed communities is a necessary step to shift from reactive weed control programmes to predictive management strategies.
The Depth of Imprisonment and Prisonization: Levels of Security and Prisoners' Anticipation of Future Violence

Abstract: It was hypothesised that prison inmates assimilate into a normative prison culture comprised of violence producing admissions of future crime. Thus, 462 inmates in three dqferent custody level prisons and a control group of 126 university students were surveyed. Results show that non-violent offenders in high custody facilities admit that they might commit violent crime, once released. However, violent offenders in a work release centre claim that violent crime is not an option for them. A conclusion arising from these findings is that organisational membership impacts attitudes; also high custody prisons are sources of violence leading to higher violent crime rates. Further research needs to be done on the relationship between custodial regime and future inmate crime.
Lipid Raft Disruption by Cholesterol Depletion Enhances Influenza A Virus Budding from MDCK Cells

Lipid rafts play critical roles in many aspects of the influenza A virus life cycle. Cholesterol is a critical structural component of lipid rafts, and depletion of cholesterol leads to disorganization of lipid raft microdomains. In this study, we have investigated the effect of cholesterol depletion by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) treatment on influenza virus budding. When virus-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were treated with MβCD at the late phase of infection for a short duration, budding of virus particles, as determined by protein analysis and electron microscopy, increased with increasing concentrations and lengths of treatment. However, infectious virus yield varied, depending on the concentration and duration of MβCD treatment. Low concentrations of MβCD increased infectious virus yield throughout the treatment period, but higher concentrations caused an initial increase of infectious virus titer followed by a decrease with a longer duration. Relative infectivity of the released virus particles, on the other hand, decreased with increasing concentrations and durations of MβCD treatment. Loss of infectivity of virus particles is due to multiple effects of MβCD-mediated cholesterol depletion causing disruption of lipid rafts, changes in structural integrity of the viral membrane, leakage of viral proteins, a nick or hole on the viral envelope, and disruption of the virus structure. Exogenous cholesterol increased lipid raft integrity, inhibited particle release, and partially restored the infectivity of the released virus particles. These data show that disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion caused an enhancement of virus particle release from infected cells and a decrease in the infectivity of virus particles.
Complexity in urban agriculture: the role of landscape typologies in promoting urban agriculture's growth

This research identifies the potential shortcomings of local initiatives to encourage urban agriculture projects by comparing citywide efforts with existing community projects. It investigates how more effectual policy might be developed to accommodate a fuller range of urban agriculture projects, and how urban agriculture stakeholders might use clearer promotion processes to meet stated goals. It hypothesizes the important role of clear urban agriculture definitions, typologies, and links to associated benefits towards meeting the stated goals of policy-makers. Utilizing San Francisco in California as a case study, this paper investigates recent efforts at citywide urban agriculture promotion.
Discussion Topics for Developmental Psychology

Seven discussion topics for developmental psychology are presented. The topics focus on problems that students might encounter in their lives and are intended to promote application of course material. Students enrolled in a large developmental psychology class gave favorable ratings to the use of this technique.
A path planning strategy for kinematically redundant manipulators anticipating joint failures in the presence of obstacles

This work considers the failure tolerant operation of a kinematically redundant manipulator in an environment containing obstacles. In particular, the article addresses the problem of planning a collision-free path for a manipulator operating in a static environment such that the manipulator can reach its desired goal despite a single locked-joint failure and the presence of obstacles in the environment. A method is presented that searches for a continuous obstacle-free space between the starting configuration and the desired final end-effector position, which is characterized in the joint space by the goal self-motion manifold. This method guarantees completion of critical tasks in the event of a single locked-joint failure in the presence of obstacles.
Characteristics of Fluid Flows in a Novel Self-Stirring Reactor

Fluid flow characteristics in a novel self-stirring reactor have been studied by numerical simulation method and particle image velocity (PIV) in this article. The novel self-stirring reactor is furnished with a driving turbine that can make impellers agitate under high-pressure energy of fluid. It is found that areas of dead zone decrease with an increase of the liquid level in range of 60–200 mm for the driving turbine and impeller types used in this study. The dead zone almost disappears with the liquid level 200 mm. Some minor-cycle flows that appear in the axial direction promote the mixing and exchange of fluid, which is beneficial to the process of dissolution reaction. Free-fall of liquid becomes more distinct and more energy losses occur as the situation gets further from the inlet. The pressure energy of fluid is converted into kinetic energy, and the velocity near the driving turbine is greater. While rotation drag is smaller at liquid level of 180 mm, the effect of circulation is obvious. The flow field recorded by PIV is consistent with the result achieved by simulation. Agitation leads to the level fluctuation. The velocity direction is away from the stirring shaft and outward toward the wall of the reactor.
A new fossil frog from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana

(2001). A new fossil frog from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 190-194.
Probability judgment in artificial intelligence

This paper is concerned with two theories of probability judgment: the Bayesian theory and the theory of belief functions. It illustrates these theories with some simple examples and discusses some of the issues that arise when we try to implement them in expert systems. The Bayesian theory is well known; its main ideas go back to the work of Thomas Bayes (1702–1761). The theory of belief functions, often called the Dempster-Shafer theory in the artificial intelligence community, is less well known, but it has even older antecedents; belief-function arguments appear in the work of George Hooper (1640–1723) and James Bernoulli (1654–1705). For elementary expositions of the theory of belief functions, see Shafer (1976, 1985).
Simple assay for prekallikrein activators.

A simple assay has been devised for the measurement of the activity of the activators of prekallikrein. This method measures the arginine esterase activity of kallikrein, after release by the action of an activator on prekallikrein. Activator samples are incubated with the substrate (normal plasma) for exactly 60 seconds at 25°C and esterase activity of the kallikrein formed is determined by its ability to hydrolyze L-tosyl arginine methyl ester.The results obtained by this assay closely correlate with the determination of activator activity by the release of bradykinin as determined by radioimmunoassay.
Staying Connected: Synapses in Alzheimer Disease

Careful dissection is continuing to reveal the complexity and importance of synapse alterations in Alzheimer disease (AD). Synaptic alterations are the best biological correlate to the extent of cognitive loss1,2 and have become the gold standard of meaningful biomarkers of AD. Not neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), senile plaques, or even neuronal loss show such strong statistical correlation with dementia.2–4 Connections are the hallmark of neurons and without functional synapses, neurons are in “solitary.” Recent findings showing that amyloid-β (Aβ) affects and accumulates in synapses5 and that amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) over-expressing mice show synaptic alterations6,7 have provided additional evidence that synapses are a critical readout of the biology of AD. In this issue, Gylys and co-workers8 provide an elegant and precise dissection of synaptic alterations in AD using synaptosomal preparations. The results are both consistent with the synaptic alteration hypothesis proposed by Terry and colleagues2–4 and refine it. In previous studies synapses have been quantitated by synaptophysin immunoreactivity,1,9 a protein belonging to a subclass of synaptic vesicles. However, when synapses were quantitated by precise ultrastructural morphometric/stereological approaches, reduction in synapses was much less striking than the reduction in synaptophysin.10 Furthermore, synapse alterations included major remodeling of morphology11 as noted in some of the earliest studies of AD.12 These established findings lead one to consider whether the alterations in synapses in AD are limited to global reduction in vesicles rather than synapse changes. Gylys and collaborators8 used a broad range of pre- and postsynaptic markers to precisely analyze synaptosomes by flow cytometry. They found that the synaptosomes in AD show no reduction in synaptophysin and only a slight reduction in the overall number of synaptosomes. To account for the undoubted major reduction in synaptophysin while synapse number and synaptic vesicle number are only slightly reduced, brings to mind the seminal findings of Suzuki and Terry13 who reported substantial axonal transport abnormalities in AD. Consistently, one finds vesicle pile-up in cell bodies similar to transport blockage models.14 Recent findings that microtubules are greatly reduced in AD15 and that AβPP/Aβ play important roles in vesicular transport16–20 further link Terry’s transport and Gylys’ synaptic hypotheses. Not answered is where the extrasynaptic synaptophysin is located. One of the most attractive possibilities is that many of the synaptophysin vesicles are located in axons; for that reason, Terry’s initial insight to focus on vesicles was particularly fruitful because it marked the reduction most specific to AD. Additional work either by cell fractionation studies, as Gylys and collaborators8 have so elegantly performed, or by immunoelectron microscopy is called for to dissect this issue more clearly.
Intentionally Developmental Teaching Applying Process Tools for Adult Learner Development

This article recommends strategies and process tools that teach learners to communicate with peers, observe specific behaviors in group processes, and share and analyze those observations to create increased awareness of their and others’ assumptions and behaviors. The authors apply these strategies and tools in ways that make explicit to learners the theoretical basis for the activities and highly structured methods for practice. Four changes to a course structure—dividing learners into triads, explaining theory that supports course activities, providing a detailed reflection model, and taking reflective writing breaks—created increased awareness of assumptions. Through practice, learners began to question the conditions of their lives, manage change, and intentionally foster their humanity. Class activities provided practice for critical thinking, preparing learners to join in academic and professional communities and engage with the political domains of public life.
Shifting Paradigms: Preparing Ourselves for the Next Century

One of the keys to strategic planning is to unlearn basic assumptions so that they can be pulled apart and put back together again in a new configuration. In what is often referred to as the nanosecond nineties, change is an irresistible force which requires forgetting some of the old ways to make room for embracing the learning of new ways as we attempt to define and redefine our possible future.
Counterstories about Leadership: A Latina School Principal’s Experience from a Less Documented View in an Urban School Context

Latina/o school leaders are receiving increasing visibility in research based on their representation in K-12 administrative ranks. However, even though they bring cultural knowledge in providing social and academic support to teachers, families, and especially students of color, their own experiences still reflect less documented histories and contributions because of challenges related to racial identity, racism, sexism, and other historically marginalizing emblems of identity, often invisible in the school leadership research and practice. This study highlights one Latina school leader in the National Latina/o Leadership Study and her experiences developing a professional and racial identity within urban school contexts. Employing Critical Race Theory and LatCrit Theory, this includes the following questions: (a) In what ways Latina/o school principals develop their professional and racial identity? and (b) How do Latina/o school principals negotiate these identities in the context of their schools? Findings reveal the development of a professional and racial identity amidst challenges related to White teachers’ resistance in preparing students of color for successful experiences in schools.
The Remote Food Photography Method Accurately Estimates Dry Powdered Foods—The Source of Calories for Many Infants

Abstract Background Infant formula is a major source of nutrition for infants, with more than half of all infants in the United States consuming infant formula exclusively or in combination with breast milk. The energy in infant powdered formula is derived from the powder and not the water, making it necessary to develop methods that can accurately estimate the amount of powder used before reconstitution. Objective Our aim was to assess the use of the Remote Food Photography Method to accurately estimate the weight of infant powdered formula before reconstitution among the standard serving sizes. Methods For each serving size (1 scoop, 2 scoops, 3 scoops, and 4 scoops), a set of seven test bottles and photographs were prepared as follow: recommended gram weight of powdered formula of the respective serving size by the manufacturer; three bottles and photographs containing 15%, 10%, and 5% less powdered formula than recommended; and three bottles and photographs containing 5%, 10%, and 15% more powdered formula than recommended (n=28). Ratio estimates of the test photographs as compared to standard photographs were obtained using standard Remote Food Photography Method analysis procedures. The ratio estimates and the US Department of Agriculture data tables were used to generate food and nutrient information to provide the Remote Food Photography Method estimates. Statistical analyses performed Equivalence testing using the two one-sided t tests approach was used to determine equivalence between the actual gram weights and the Remote Food Photography Method estimated weights for all samples, within each serving size, and within underprepared and overprepared bottles. Results For all bottles, the gram weights estimated by the Remote Food Photography Method were within 5% equivalence bounds with a slight underestimation of 0.05 g (90% CI −0.49 to 0.40; P Conclusions The maximum observed mean error was an overestimation of 1.58% of powdered formula by the Remote Food Photography Method under controlled laboratory conditions, indicating that the Remote Food Photography Method accurately estimated infant powdered formula.
Quiet transcranial magnetic stimulation: Status and future directions

A significant limitation of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is that the magnetic pulse delivery is associated with a loud clicking sound as high as 140 dB resulting from electromagnetic forces. The loud noise significantly impedes both basic research and clinical applications of TMS. It effectively makes TMS less focal since every click activates auditory cortex, brainstem, and other connected regions, synchronously with the magnetic pulse. The repetitive clicking sound can induce neuromodulation that can interfere with and confound the intended effects at the TMS target. As well, there are known concerns regarding blinding of TMS studies, hearing loss, induction of tinnitus, as well as tolerability. Addressing this need, we are developing a quiet TMS (qTMS) device that incorporates two key concepts: First, the dominant frequency components of the TMS pulse sound (typically 2–5 kHz) are shifted to higher frequencies that are above the human hearing upper threshold of about 20 kHz. Second, the TMS coil is designed electrically and mechanically to generate suprathreshold electric field pulses while minimizing the sound emitted at audible frequencies (< 20 kHz). The enhanced acoustic properties of the coil are accomplished with a novel, layered coil design. We summarize a proof-of-concept qTMS prototype demonstrating noise loudness reduction by 19 dB(A) with ultrabrief pulses at conventional amplitudes. Further, we outline next steps to accomplish further sound reduction and suprathreshold pulse amplitudes.
Assessing the Quality of a Radiation Oncology Case-Based, Peer-Review Program in an Integrated Academic and Community Cancer Center Network

Purpose:Academic centers increasingly find a need to define a comprehensive peer-review program that can translate high-quality radiation therapy (RT) to community network sites. In this study, we describe the initial results of a quarterly quality audit program that aims to improve RT peer-review and provider educational processes across community sites.Materials and Methods:An electronic tool was used by community-based certified member (CM) sites to enter clinical treatment information about patients undergoing peer review. At least 10% of the patient load for each CM physician was selected for audit on a quarterly basis by expert academic faculty. Quality metrics included the review of the management plan, technical plan, and other indicators. RT was scored as being concordant or nonconcordant with institutional guidelines, national standards, or expert judgment.Results:A total of 719 patients were entered into the peer-review database by the first four CM sites. Of 14% of patients audited, 17% (18 of...
ON THE EVOLUTION OF HANDLING TIME.

Etude critique des resultats de Livdahl (1979) et de divers modeles de reactions predateur-proie (dipteres)