cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerothermal analysis of the Project Fire II afterbody flow

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the wake flow and afterbody heating of the Project Fire II ballistic reentry to Earth at 11.4 km/sec. Laminar results are obtained over a portion of the trajectory between the initial heat pulse and peak afterbody heating. Although non-catalytic forebody convective heating results are in excellent agreement with previous computations, initial predictions of afterbody heating were about a factor of two below the experimental values. Further analysis suggests that significant catalysis may be occurring on the afterbody heat shield. Computations including finite-rate catalysis on the afterbody surface are in good agreement with the data over the early portion of the trajectory, but are conservative near the peak afterbody heating point, especially on the rear portion of the conical frustum. Further analysis of the flight data from Fire II shows that peak afterbody heating occurs before peak forebody heating, a result that contradicts computations and flight data from other entry vehicles. This result suggests that another mechanism, possibly pyrolysis, may be occurring during the later portion of the trajectory, resulting in less total heat transfer than the current predictions.
The Career Decision Profile: Using a Measure of Career Decision Status in Counseling.

The Career Decision Profile (CDP) is useful in career counseling. The CDP was developed from a three-dimensional model of career decision status (Decidedness, Comfort, and Reasons), and data on the...
A Cambered Body Method for Missile Datcom

*# A method for analyzing cambered bodies has been incorporated into Missile Datcom. Existing methods based on mean line theory, slender body theory, viscous crossflow theory were assessed. They were compared with wind tunnel data from subsonic to supersonic speeds for cambered bodies with axi-symmetric cross-sections. The comparison cases consisted of three configurations with discrete camber changes (deflectable nose missile) and twelve configurations with continuous camber changes. A combination of slender body and viscous crossflow theory was found to provide the best agreement with experimental data. Nomenclature
Female circumcision from Africa to the Americas: Slavery to the present

This paper traces the introduction of female circumcision into the Americas from Africa, from the time of the Atlantic slave trade to the present. It provides a review of the literature on the subjects of slavery, slave fertility and sexuality, slave medicine, as well as a review of current laws passed in the United States related to female circumcision. Interview material with a recent African immigrant to the United States who brings her ritual practice with her, documents an example of present-day circumcision practices in the United States. Various factors leading to the continuation or discontinuation of traditional African practices will be discussed. The desire for cultural and ethnic continuation of this practice exists among some individuals and groups amidst the controversy within the United States concerning “genital mutilation” and “genital cutting.” Medical, legal, sexological, historical, anthropological, and traditional African tribal consultation was provided for this research, adding a cross-disciplinary perspective to this topic of current interest. Graphs, maps, and anatomical illustrations provide pictorial support.
Fast identification and statistical evaluation of segmental homologies in comparative maps.

Motivation Chromosomal segments that share common ancestry, either through genomic duplication or species divergence, are said to be segmental homologs of one another. Their identification allows researchers to leverage knowledge of model organisms for use in other systems and is of value for studies of genome evolution. However, identification and statistical evaluation of segmental homologies can be a challenge when the segments are highly diverged. Results We describe a flexible dynamic programming algorithm for the identification of segments having multiple homologous features. We model the probability of observing putative segmental homologies by chance and incorporate our findings into the parameterization of the algorithm and the statistical evaluation of its output. Combined, these findings allow segmental homologies to be identified in comparisons within and between genomic maps in a rigorous, rapid, and automated fashion.
A Content Analysis of the Obituary Notices on Mao Tse-Tung

In this content analysis of the obituary notices on Mao Tse-tung by 11 military and 29 administrative regions the basic findings are that the military as a whole did not strongly prefer the moderates over the radicals, that the municipalities were much more radical than the provinces, and that the purges during the Cultural Revolution have no significant bearing on the political lineup today. The analysis also shows that the community, group, and personal ties with the factional heads appeared to be important variables in explaining attitudes toward the current anti-rightist campaign. Trong R. Chai teaches political science at Kean College of New Jersey. POQ 41(1977-78) 475-487 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 05:45:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Structure of Jupiter's decametric radio sources: Two-dimensional probability and flux studies, 1957–1970

Abstract Decameter-wavelength observations of Jupiter extending from 1957 through 1970 are combined to present a two-dimensional picture of the radio source structure at frequencies of 15, 18, 22.2, and 27.6 MHz. An analysis based solely on the probability of detecting emission is compared and contrasted with a second analysis reflecting the intensities of the received signals.
Equivalent circuit model of a Ge/Si avalanche photodiode

An equivalent circuit model for a separate-absorption-charge-multiplication Ge/Si avalanche photodiode is presented. The current dependence of the resonance frequency scales with square root of current, as expected.
Eigen design of quadrature mirror filters

The paper presents a method for the design of quadrature mirror filters. A new frequency weighted stopband energy function is introduced, which leads to considerable flexibility in the design process. Unlike other techniques which involve searches and nonlinear optimization, the formulation reduces the design equations to an eigenvector problem. The resulting filters are regular and have additional desirable properties as discussed in the paper. Also considered is application to pyramidal coding of images, which together with DPCM and PCM, leads to high compression ratios. >
Targeted gene delivery to pulmonary endothelium by anti-PECAM antibody

To achieve efficient systemic gene delivery to the lung with minimal toxicity, a vector was developed by chemically conjugating a cationic polymer, polyethylenimine (PEI), with anti-platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) antibody (Ab). Transfection of mouse lung endothelial cells with a plasmid expression vector with cDNA to luciferase (pCMVL) complexed with anti-PECAM Ab-PEI conjugate was more efficient than that with PEI-pCMVL complexes. Furthermore, the anti-PECAM Ab-PEI conjugate mediated efficient transfection at lower charge plus-to-minus ratios. Conjugation of PEI with a control IgG (hamster IgG) did not enhance transfection of mouse lung endothelial cells, suggesting that the cellular uptake of anti-PECAM Ab-PEI-DNA complexes and subsequent gene expression were governed by a receptor-mediated process rather than by a nonspecific charge interaction. Conjugation of PEI with anti-PECAM Ab also led to significant improvement in lung gene transfer to intact mice after intravenous administration. The increase in lung transfection was associated with a decrease compared with PEI-pCMVL with respect to circulating proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) levels. These results indicate that targeted gene delivery to the lung endothelium is an effective strategy to enhance gene delivery to the pulmonary circulation while simultaneously reducing toxicity.
The Legal Limits of “Yes Means Yes”

This op-ed piece for the Chronicle of Higher Education argues that the affirmative consent rule of "yes means yes" is a useful standard that can help educate and ideally change norms regarding consent to sexual intercourse. But that goal can best be achieved by using “yes means yes” as an ex ante announcement of the society's desired rule of conduct. That standard only becomes problematic when used as the ex post principle of adjudication for allegations of rape. Indeed, those most interested in changing existing norms ought to be the persons most in support of distinguishing these two importantly different roles for "yes means yes," as an ex ante rule of conduct versus an ex post principle of adjudication.
Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Blood Glucose Control in Diabetic Patients

In this paper a reinforcement learning algorithm is applied to regulating the blood glucose level of Type I diabetic patients using insulin pump. In this approach the agent learns from its exploration and experiences to selects its actions. In the current reinforcement learning algorithm, body weight, A1C level, and physical activity define the state of a diabetic patient. For the agent, insulin dose levels constitute the actions. There are five alternative actions for the agent: (1) raising the insulin infusion rate during 24 hours, (2) keeping it the same, (3) decreasing insulin infusion rate, (4) adjusting basal rate two times during 24 hours, and (5) adjusting basal rate three times during 24 hours. As a result of a patient’s treatment, after each time step t, the reinforcement learning agent receives a numerical reward depending on the response of the patient’s health condition. At each stage the reward is calculated as a function of the deviation of the A1C from its target value. Since reinforcement learning algorithm can select actions that improve patient condition by taking into account delayed effects it has tremendous potential to control blood glucose level in diabetic patients. This research will utilize ten years of clinical data obtained from a hospital.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Effects of Elevation on Lightning Parameters in Yunan Province

The impact of elevation on lightning current parameters could not be analyzed in Yunnan Province due to the lack of elevation data in thunderbolt information obtained by lightning location system.In this paper,lightning location system and Global Mapper analysis software were used to investigate the relationship between lightning current parameters and elevation.Based on the elevation data in thunderbolt place obtained by advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection global digital elevation model(ASTER GDEM),the relations between elevation and lightning peak current,return stroke times,cloud-to-ground flash density or positive lightning proportion in thunderbolt were analyzed.The research presents a law of lighting parameters and elevation,which could provide references for power grid design and lightning protection alteration.
Getting a handle on posttransplant recurrence of HCC.

In this issue of ONCOLOGY, Kim et al discuss adjuvant therapy after liver transplantation to decrease recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver transplantation offers the best overall and recurrence-free survival for the treatment of stage I and II HCC. The landmark study in 1996 by Mazzaferro demonstrated that liver transplantation of patients with one lesion less than 5 cm or with up to three lesions but all less than 3 cm (the Milan criteria) resulted in low recurrence rates and similar survival to patients without HCC.[1]
Embodied Design Improvisation for Autonomous Vehicles

We have developed a generative, improvisational and experimental approach to the design of expressive everyday objects, such as mechanical ottomans, emotive dresser drawers and roving trash barrels. We have found that the embodied design improvisation methodology—which includes storyboarding, improvisation, video prototyping, Wizard-of-Oz lab studies and field experiments—has also been effective in designing the behaviors and interfaces of another kind of robot: the autonomous vehicle. This chapter describes our application of this design approach in developing and deploying three studies of autonomous vehicle interfaces and behaviors. The first, WoZ, focuses on the conceptual phase of the design process, using a talk-aloud protocol, improvisation with experts, and rapid prototyping to develop an interface that drivers can trust and hold in esteem. The second, the Real Road Autonomous Driving Simulator, explores people’s naturalistic reactions to prototypes, through an autonomous driving interface that communicates impending action through haptic precues. The third, Ghost Driver, follows the public deployment of a prototype built upon frugal materials and stagecraft, in a field study of how pedestrians negotiate intersections with autonomous vehicles where no driver is visible. Each study suggests design principles to guide further development.
Uric Acid Excretion Predicts Increased Blood Pressure Among American Adolescents of African Descent

Abstract Background Hyperuricemia predicts the incidence of hypertension in adults and its treatment has blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects in adolescents. To date, no studies have examined the predictive usage of hyperuricemia or urinary uric acid excretion on BP changes in adolescents. Mechanistic models suggest that uric acid impairs both endothelial function and vascular compliance, which would potentially exacerbate a myriad of hypertensive mechanisms, yet little is known about interaction of uric acid and other hypertension risk factors. Materials and Methods The primary study was aimed at the effects of stress on BP in adolescents. A community sample of 84 low-income, urban adolescents (50% male, 95% African American, mean age = 13.36 ± 1 years) was recruited from public schools. Youth completed a 12-hour (overnight) urine collection at home and their BP was measured during rest and in response to acute psychosocial stress. Seventy-six of the adolescents participated in a follow-up visit at 1.5 years when their resting BP was reassessed. In this substudy, we assessed the relationship of renal urate excretion and BP reactivity. Results After adjusting for resting BP levels at baseline and other covariates, higher levels of uric acid excretion predicted greater BP reactivity to acute psychosocial stress and higher resting BP at 18 months. Conclusions Urinary excretion of uric acid can serve as an alternative, noninvasive measure of serum uric acid levels that are predictive of BP changes. As hyperuricemia-associated hypertension is treatable, urban adolescents may benefit from routine screening for hyperuricemia or high uric acid excretion.
Consistency of control of damping-off of cucumber is improved by combining ethanol extract of Serratia marcescens with other biologically based technologies

Abstract Disease control tactics that rely less on synthetic pesticides are needed that are consistently effective in soils that vary with regard to their biotic and abiotic components. An ethanol extract of Serratia marcescens N4-5, when applied as a cucumber seed treatment, effectively suppressed damping-off of cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum in a natural sandy loam soil and a natural sand soil but not in a natural loam soil. A combination treatment containing seed treatment with this N4-5 ethanol extract and a drench containing Trichoderma virens GL21 improved disease control performance relative to individual application of both of the treatment components. Plant stand associated with this combination treatment was significantly greater than the no-treatment control in all three natural soils at all levels of pathogen inoculum used. In some cases plant stand associated with this combination treatment was significantly greater than that resulting from individual application of N4-5 ethanol extract or T. virens GL21. Data presented here indicate that strategic combinations of biologically based disease control tactics can increase consistency of performance in multiple soils that vary in biotic and abiotic characteristics.
The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization

Abstract Study Design Cross-sectional clinical measurement study. Introduction Inferior mobilizations are used to treat patients with shoulder dysfunctions. Common positions recommended for promoting an inferior glide include: (1) an open-packed position (OPP) in which the shoulder is in 55° of abduction, 30° of horizontal adduction, and no rotation; (2) neutral position (NP) of the shoulder; and (3) position of 90° of shoulder abduction (ABDP). Studies comparing the impact of position on inferior mobilization are lacking. Purpose of the Study To determine the effect of shoulder position on humeral movement and mobilization force during inferior mobilizations. Methods Twenty-three subjects were tested bilaterally. Subjects were placed in the OPP, and an ultrasound transducer placed over the superior glenohumeral joint. As inferior mobilization forces were applied through a dynamometer, ultrasound images were taken at rest and during 3 grades of inferior mobilization. This process was repeated in the NP and the ABDP. Results In the NP, movements during grade 1, 2, and 3 mobilizations were 1.8, 3.8, and 4.5 mm, respectively. Movements measured in the OPP (1.0, 2.4, and 3.6 mm, respectively) and in the ABDP (1.0, 2.2, and 2.3 mm, respectively) were less. Forces were higher in the NP during grade 1, 2, and 3 mobilizations (51.8, 138.7, and 202.1 N, respectively) than in the OPP (37.2, 91.2, and 139.9 N, respectively) and the ABPD (42.5, 115.3, and 165.5 N, respectively). Discussion Mobilization position altered the movement and force during inferior mobilizations. Conclusions Shoulder position should be considered when utilizing inferior mobilizations. Level of Evidence NA.
Sex, Race, and HIV Risk Disparities in Discontinuity of HIV Care After Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in the United States and Canada

Abstract Disruption of continuous retention in care (discontinuity) is associated with HIV disease progression. We examined sex, race, and HIV risk disparities in discontinuity after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among patients in North America. Adults (≥18 years of age) initiating ART from 2000 to 2010 were included. Discontinuity was defined as first disruption of continuous retention (≥2 visits separated by >90 days in the calendar year). Relative hazard ratio (HR) and times from ART initiation until discontinuity by race, sex, and HIV risk were assessed by modeling of the cumulative incidence function (CIF) in the presence of the competing risk of death. Models were adjusted for cohort site, baseline age, and CD4+ cell count within 1 year before ART initiation; nadir CD4+ cell count after ART, but before a study event, was assessed as a mediator. Among 17,171 adults initiating ART, median follow-up time was 3.97 years, and 49% were observed to have ≥1 discontinuity of care. In adjusted regre...
Advancing values affirmation as a scalable strategy for mitigating identity threats and narrowing national achievement gaps

Since the publication of the landmark “Coleman Report,” Equality of Educational Opportunity , in 1966 (1) through more than 40 y of historical trend data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) (2), the academic performance gaps separating black and Latino students from their white counterparts have remained substantial and persistent. Although some policies and programs aimed at narrowing these gaps among children and adolescents have shown short-term benefits, these initial successes typically fade away over time (3). Why are these inequalities in our schools so persistent and seemingly intractable, and how did Goyer et al. (4) find success when so many others have failed? A compelling explanation concerns the idea of stereotype threat (5). Indeed, a meta-analysis of the stereotype threat literature concluded that the phenomenon degrades black and Latino students’ performances on standardized tests of ability by approximately one-fifth of 1 SD (6). A recent study applying current stereotype-threat theory to an analysis of the original data from the study by Coleman (1) suggested that, dating back to the 1960s, African-American students confronted with more threatening educational contexts were burdened by a less favorable self-image, partially explaining how internalization of racial stereotypes can depress their test scores (7). With current nationally representative data from the NAEP test, the so-called “nation’s report card,” indicating that achievement gaps separating black and Latino students from their higher scoring white peers are between about 0.8 and 1 SD (2), stereotype threat may account for as much as 20–25% of these national gaps. In PNAS, Goyer et al. (4) demonstrate that over time, initial reductions of ∼40% of the academic performance gaps that were realized at the end of the eighth grade, 2 y following the advent of a stereotype threat-buffering, values-affirmation intervention, later helped minority students achieve academic opportunities and outcomes … [↵][1]1Email: geoffrey.borman{at}wisc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Examining College Students' Social Environment, Normative Beliefs, and Attitudes in Subsequent Initiation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Background. Although use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) is increasingly prevalent among young adults, little is known about predictors of ENDS initiation among this population. Aims...
Ca2+ COMPARTMENTS IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Ca2+ compartments in vascular smooth muscle. In earlier studies, analysis of muscle tissue Ca2+ compartments was classically accomplished by radioisotope exchange studies. In this method, the washout of 45Ca from the muscle is plotted to show the decrease of the logarithm of the isotope content as a function of time. The resulting curve is then fitted by a small number of linear components representing Ca2+ compartments possessing first order exchange characteristics. The same procedure does not yield a unique sum of first order processes in smooth muscle. The curve relating the log of 45Ca content to time does not become linear. Furthermore, the lack of parallelism between the rate and content curves indicates that at no time during the efflux period 45Ca emerges from a single homogeneous compartment. This chapter attempts to find other experimental criteria which can be used in addition to Ca2+ exchange studies to recognize the smooth muscle Ca2+ fractions which are involved in the control of mechanical activity. The study discussed in this chapter attempts to follow calcium ions as they cycle through isolated rabbit aorta.
Point forces and systems of point forces in the three-dimensional space and half-space

This problem was solved by Lord Kelvin (W. Thomson) in 1848 (for reference, see Thomson, 1882). Point force F is applied at the origin of coordinates. Displacement vector u and stress tensor σ at the point x = x 1 e 1 + x 2 e 2 + x3e 3 are $$\begin{gathered} u = \frac{1}{{16\pi G\left( {1 - v} \right)}}\left[ {\left( {3 - 4v} \right)\frac{F}{R} + \frac{{F \cdot R}}{{{R^3}}}R} \right] \hfill \\ \sigma = \frac{1}{{8\pi G\left( {1 - v} \right)}}\frac{1}{{{R^3}}}\left[ {\left( {1 - 2v} \right)\left( {IF \cdot R - FR - RF} \right) - \frac{{3F \cdot R}}{{{R^2}}}RR} \right] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where R = x, \(R = \left| {\mathbf{R}} \right| = \sqrt {x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_2^2} \).
Hypertension-related eye abnormalities and the risk of stroke

Many studies have shown that hypertensive ocular funduscopic abnormalities are clearly related to stroke, even after controlling for blood pressure and other vascular risk factors. Retinal abnormalities indicative of a breakdown of the blood-retina barrier confer a greater increase in risk for stroke than sclerotic retinal changes. Similar retinal changes also have a positive relationship to stroke mortality. In addition, hypertensive ocular fundus abnormalities are reported to be associated with an increased risk for cognitive impairment, cerebral atrophy, progression of magnetic resonance imaging-defined white matter lesions, and subclinical infarction. Recent advances in fundus photography allow for improved accuracy and consistency in interpretation of funduscopic lesions, and improve the feasibility of screening for these abnormalities in at-risk patient populations. Evaluating the ocular fundus for signs of hypertensive retinopathy, in combination with an assessment of the presence or absence of other known vascular risk factors, may allow clinicians to further individualize a risk profile for stroke to each individual patient, thus permitting more accurate risk stratification and, potentially, guiding treatment strategies.
Predicting Length of Hospice Stay: An Application of Quantile Regression.

Abstract Background: Use of the Medicare hospice benefit has been associated with high-quality care at the end of life, and hospice length of use in particular has been used as a proxy for appropri...
The incidence of the Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP) in a population exposed to Head Trauma (P6.310)

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the incidence of CSP in a population exposed to head trauma. Background: Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP) is a space occurring between the leaflets of the septum pellucidum. In the normally growing fetus it typically disappears by 6 months of development but is a common incidental imaging finding occurring in about 16% of adults. A number of studies have reported higher incidence of CSP in boxers resultant of multiple trauma; however, no studies have explored CSP in the general population or in a population exposed to head trauma (HT). Design/Methods: Taking advantage of the infrastructure of the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP), we identified 267 patients from January 1 st , 2002 to December 31 st , 2014 with MRI or CT imaging with a report of CSP and documented head trauma. Results: Patients without prior documented HT were significantly more likely to have detection of CSP than patients who had HT first (Pearson Chi Square, p = 0.0236). Patients with documented HT prior to detection of CSP were significantly more likely to have multiple HTs than those with first documented HT following CSP detection; 65% vs 36%, respectively (Pearson Chi Square, p Conclusions: Patients without prior documented HT were significantly more likely to have CSP detected on imaging; thus there was no association with prior documented HT and CSP detection. Patients with documented HT prior to CSP detection were more likely to have multiple documented HTs. There was no difference in the incidence of CSP for patients with HT prior to or after CSP detection in Olmsted County. Disclosure: Dr. Hubbard has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carabenciov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Janssen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mielke has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Eli Lilly, Lysosomal Therapeutics, Inc. Dr. Wetjen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Savica has nothing to disclose.
Revitalizing the Physical Education Workforce

In this article the author reflects on current trends and challenges in the physical education profession related to national organization membership, and the value and power of building social cap...
Improving mathematics teaching and developing teachers through Parallel Lesson Study

To understand Chinese students’ high performance on international mathematics assessments, researchers have explored Chinese teachers’ professional development and argued that engaging in school-based teaching research activities, including conducting Chinese lesson study, has played a critical role in improving teaching and learning in mathematics. In recent years an enriched model of Chinese lesson study, parallel lesson study (PLS) has been implemented nationwide to support the reform-oriented curriculum. PLS follows the same cycle of regular lesson study while there are at least two independent lesson study groups (including mathematics specialists and teachers) that develop research lessons of the same mathematics topic simultaneously. This chapter synthesizes the key findings of two research studies on PLS to describe and discuss how PLS contributed to the improvement of teaching that promotes student learning as well as teacher learning. The district PLS addressed developing algebraic reasoning with 7th grade students while the school-based PLS explored learning trajectory-based lessons on division with fractions at 6th grade.
Determination of the concentrations of polyacrylamide-type polymers by a modified nitrogen digestion method

Abstract This paper presents a laboratory study on the effectiveness of the nitrogen digestion method to determine the polymer concentrations for 3 different kinds of polyacrylamide–type polymers including partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, sulfonated polyacrylamides, and cationic polyacrylamides. Different from the classic nitrogen-bromination method for determination of polymer concentrations, the nitrogen digestion method is based on the digestion of amide groups in the polymers as free nitrate ions. The experimental results show good correlations between the nitrogen content and polymer concentration for individual polymers in aqueous solution with pH range from 5 to 8. It turns out the error of the correlations ranging from ±2.0% to ±8.6%. Sodium and calcium ions do not impact the nitrogen content measurement, providing the reliability of the measurement in high salinity environment. The influence of anionic surfactant is negligible, however, quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant and betaine-type surfactants have strong impact on the polymer concentration measurement because of the presence of nitrogen in the surfactant molecular structures. In order to improve correct the accuracy of polymer concentration results caused by the hydrolysis reaction of acrylamide groups that happen in the long time polymer flooding process especially at high temperature, infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis was introduced to identify the hydrolysis degree based on the absorption peaks at 1568 cm−1 and 1671 cm−1, representing acrylamide group and acrylic acid group, respectively. The absorbance ratio (Ra) of the peak intensities was correlated with the hydrolysis degree (HD) as Ra = 1.35–0.590*HD. Consequently, a normalized correlation was set up based on the polymer concentration, nitrogen content and hydrolysis degree to improve the accuracy of polymer concentration measurement.
Challenging Neoliberalism Through Radical Adult Education in a Chilean Union School

This article presents the results of a descriptive case study of the Union School of the Chilean nongovernmental organization (NGO) Alejandro Lipschutz Institute of Science (ICAL-Spanish acronym). ...
Racial Differences in Diuretic Efficiency, Plasma Renin, and Rehospitalization in Subjects With Acute Heart Failure

Background: Black patients have higher rates of hospitalization for acute heart failure than other race/ethnic groups. We sought to determine whether diuretic efficiency is associated with racial d...
Harnessing the full potential of extracellular vesicles as drug carriers

Abstract Extracellular vesicles are natural delivery systems widely implicated in cellular communication. However, to fully utilize these vehicles as nanocarriers, we must explore various methods to modify their applicability as drug delivery vehicles. In this review, we outline and discuss techniques to engineer extracellular vehicles for enhanced loading, targeting, circulation, and tracking. We highlight cutting-edge methods to amplify extracellular vesicle secretion and production and optimize storage conditions to improve their clinical suitability. Moreover, we focus on reverse engineering as an important step in controlling their biological function. By taking a reductionist approach to characterize and understand the individual components of these carriers, we can not only elucidate complex mechanisms of action but also advance the field through the creation of synthetic drug delivery vehicles. Finally, we propose current challenges and future directions of the field.
Synchrophasor Data Under GPS Spoofing: Attack Detection and Mitigation Using Residuals

The installation of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is a step towards achieving wide-area situational awareness for the power grid. PMUs utilize GPS signals for time synchronization and are vulnerable to GPS Spoofing Attacks (GSAs) as civilian GPS signals are unencrypted and have low signal power. We propose a novel Residual-based Spoofing Detection and Measurement Correction (RSDMC) algorithm for the power grid that detects GSAs and corrects spoofed PMU measurements. During one or multiple GSAs, RSDMC iteratively minimizes the residual norm to correct spoofed PMU measurements. We derive a necessary condition for our proposed algorithm to show that the residual norm increases during GSAs. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to verify our derived necessary condition. We further simulate the IEEE 14, IEEE 118, and Illinois 200 bus test cases to validate RSDMC against multiple GSAs.
Early Academis Science and the Birth of Industrial Research Laboratories in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry

The establishment and growth of industrial research laboratories is one of the key organizational innovations affecting technological progress in the United States in the 20th century. In this paper, we investigate the rise of industrial research laboratories in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry between 1927 and 1946. Our evidence suggests that institutional factors, namely the presence of universities dedicated to research, played a significant role in the establishment and diffusion of private pharmaceutical research laboratories. Specifically, we document that the growth of industrial pharmaceutical laboratories between 1927 and 1946 is positively and significantly correlated with the extent of local university research, after controlling for other observable factors likely to influence the geographic distribution of industrial research. We supplement our core results with case histories illustrative of early university-industry interaction and an examination of the determinants of university-industry research cooperation. Our qualitative historical evidence and analyses of the birth of chemical engineering programs suggest that industry also played a role in influencing university research agendas. We correct for feedback effects from industry to universities using instrumental variables. Overall, our analyses suggest that while the presence of industrial facilities helped shape the direction of university research programs, there was a significant, positive, and causal effect running from university research to the growth of pharmaceutical research laboratories in the first half of the twentieth century in the United States.
Temperature and biological soil effects on the survival of selected foodborne pathogens on a mortar surface.

The survival of three foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella) attached to mortar surfaces, with or without biological soil (porcine serum) and incubated at either 4 or 10°C in the presence of condensate, was evaluated. Soiled and unsoiled coupons were inoculated by immersion into a five-strain cocktail (∼107 CFU/ml) of each organism type and evaluated. Coupons were incubated at 25°C for 2 h to allow attachment of cells, rinsed to remove unattached cells, and incubated at either 4 or 10°C at high humidity to create condensate on the surface. Sonication was used to remove the attached cells, and bacteria (CFU per coupon) was determined at 9 to 10 sampling periods over 120 h. Yersinia populations decreased more than 5 log units in the presence of serum in a 24-h period. Listeria and Salmonella had better survival on mortar in the presence of serum than Yersinia throughout the 120-h incubation period. Populations of L. monocytogenes declined more rapidly at 10 tha...
Sparse adaptive memory and handwritten digit recognition

Pattern recognition is a budding field with many possible approaches. This article describes sparse adaptive memory (SARI), an associative memory built upon the strengths of Parzen classifiers, nearest neighbor classifiers, feedforward neural networks, and is related to learning vector quantization. A key feature of this learning architecture is the ability to adaptively change its prototype patterns in addition to its output mapping. As SAM changes the prototype patterns in the list, it isolates modes in the density functions to produce a classifier that is in some senses optimal. Some very important interactions of gradient descent learning are exposed, providing conditions under which gradient descent will converge to an admissible solution in an associative memory structure. A layer of learning heuristics can be built upon the basic gradient descent learning algorithm to improve memory efficiency in terms of error rate, and therefore hardware requirements. A simulation study examines the effects of one such heuristic in the context of handwritten digit recognition. >
Book Review: The Book of Goodbyes: Poems

Book: The Book of Goodbyes: Poems by Jillian Weise Reviewed by : Johnson Cheu Publication Date : Rochester, NY, BOA Editions, Ltd., 2013 Softcover : $16.00 ISBN : 1938160142, 74 pages
Modes of Discourse: The Local Structure of Texts

Preface Introduction Part I. Discourse Structure: 1. Introduction to the discourse modes 2. Discourse modes 3. Text representation and understanding Part II. Linguistic Analysis of the Discourse Modes: 4. Aspectual information: the entities introduced in discourse 5. Temporal and spatial progression 6. Referring expressions in discourse Part III. Surface Presentational Factors: Introduction to Part III 7. Subjectivity in texts 8. The contribution of surface presentation 9. Non-canonical structures and presentation Part IV. Discourse Modes and their Context: 10. Information in text passages 11. Discourse structure and discourse modes Appendix A. The texts Appendix B. Glossary.
Cerebral protein synthesis: I. Physical properties of cerebral ribosomes and polyribosomes

Ribonucleoprotein preparations from rat cerebral cortex, isolated in 0·25 M -sucrose, 4 m M -MgCl2, 25 m M -KCl and 50 m M -tris-HCl buffer (pH 7·4), exhibited 3 major sedimenting species in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The S 20,w values and percentage distribution of these cerebral mixed ribosomes averaged 56% of 78 s (monomer), 33% of 114 s (dimer), and 11% of 147 s (trimer). Occasionally, small amounts of tetrameric ribosomes appeared. Little dependence of S 20,w values on ribosomal concentration was noted. Ultraviolet absorption analyses and RNA : protein ratios revealed that this preparation was relatively free of contamination with non-ribosomal protein. When cerebral mixed ribosomes were suspended in media low in Mg 2+ (1 m M or less) and high in K + (100 m M ), a 57 s RNP† component appeared. An additional, smaller RNP particle was noted after dialysis against buffer of low ionic strength (35 s) and after treatment with EDTA (26 s). Inasmuch as the larger and smaller RNP components could be caused to reassociate to RNP particles with normal S 20,w values (79 sand 121 s), they probably represented normal subunits of cerebral ribosomes. When cerebral ribosomes were prepared by alternate methods which produced relatively large amounts of polyribosomes with rat liver, the proportions of trimers and larger aggregates increased. However, unlike hepatic preparations, large polyribosomes predominated in cerebral ribosomal pellets only when the isolation media contained relatively high concentrations of Mg 2+ (10 to 12 m M ) and K + (100 m M ). Resuspension of polyribosomal pellets in buffer containing 1 m M -Mg 2+ and 25 m M -K + markedly increased the proportion of mono ribosomes in cerebral preparations, but had little effect on the physical properties of hepatic polyribosomes. The maximum yield of ribosomal aggregates from cerebral tissue was very low (about 0·1 mg RNA/g tissue). This value was about one-sixth the recovery value for cerebral mixed ribosomes and only about 10% of the maximum recovery value for liver polyribosomes. The results indicate that the ribosomal population of cerebral cortical tissue is very low compared to that of liver, and suggest that cerebral polyribosomes are relatively unstable.
A Single and a Dual-Fractal Analysis of Analyte-Receptor Binding Kinetics for Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Applications.

The diffusion-limited binding kinetics of analyte in solution to either a receptor immobilized on a surface or to a receptorless surface is analyzed within a fractal framework for a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. The data is adequately described by a single- or a dual-fractal analysis. Initially, the data was modeled by a single-fractal analysis. If an inadequate fit was obtained then a dual-fractal analysis was utilized. The regression analysis provided by Sigmaplot (32) was used to determine if a single fractal analysis is sufficient or if a dual-fractal analysis is required. In general, it is of interest to note that the binding rate coefficient and the fractal dimension exhibit changes in the same direction (except for a single example) for the analyte–receptor systems analyzed. Binding rate coefficient expressions as a function of the fractal dimension developed for the analyte–receptor binding systems indicate, in general, the high sensitivity of the binding rate coefficient on the fractal dimension when both a single- and a dual-fractal analysis is used. For example, for a single-fractal analysis and for the binding of human endothelin-1 (ET-1) antibody in solution to ET-115–21.BSA immobilized on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) surface (33), the order of dependence of the binding rate coefficient,k,on the fractal dimension,Df, is 6.4405. Similarly, for a dual-fractal analysis and for the binding of 10−6to 10−4M bSA in solution to a receptorless surface (direct binding to SPR surface) (41) the order of dependence ofk1andk2onDf1andDf2were −2.356 and 6.241, respectively. Binding rate coefficient expressions are also developed as a function of the analyte concentration in solution. The binding rate coefficient expressions developed as a function of the fractal dimension(s) are of particular value since they provide a means to better control SPR biosensor performance by linking it to the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the SPR biosensor surface.
Some sampling properties of empirical characteristic functions viewed as harmonizable stochastic processes

Abstract It is shown that the empirical characteristic function (ecf) of any random variable X is a harmonizable process whose spectral measure can be expressed in terms of the distribution function of X. This result and some of its consequences are used to give algorithms for finding the optimal sample times and sampling of the ecf.
Machine Characteristics for Steady Welding

The machine characteristics needed for steady welding have been analyzed with the aid of a series of tests of the welding process. In addition to describing the method of test, oscillograms and photographs of specially secured metal test strips are presented, and a discussion of the possible theory to explain the results is given in this paper.
Social barriers to listing for adult liver transplantation: Their prevalence and association with program characteristics

Social barriers to effective medical care are mandated to be routinely assessed as part of an evaluation for liver transplantation. This study explores how frequently liver transplant programs encounter these barriers in patients undergoing an evaluation and whether programs with higher proportions of Medicaid patients, historically disadvantaged minority patients, and rural patients encounter social barriers more frequently. A survey for assessing patient demographics and social barriers was electronically completed by representatives of 61 of 104 eligible US adult liver transplant programs (59%). Fifty-eight of the 61 programs identified themselves, and their characteristics were similar to those of all 104 US programs according to publicly available data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Social barriers were reported to be encountered sometimes (10%-30%) or frequently (>30%) by the 61 programs as follows: inadequate or unstable health insurance (68.9% of the programs), a chaotic social environment (63.9%), a lack of a care partner (60.7%), an inability to obtain transportation (49.2%), a low educational level (36.1%), inadequate housing (23.0%), a language barrier (19.7%), no reliable way of contacting the patient (16.4%), difficulty in obtaining child care (11.5%), and food insecurity (8.2%). The frequencies of perceived social barriers did not differ significantly between programs reporting higher or lower proportions of Medicaid, minority, or rural patients. Our analysis suggests that program-level operational planning for addressing social barriers to transplant listing should be considered regardless of the proportions of Medicaid-insured, racial or ethnic minority, and rural patients in the population. Liver Transpl 17:1167–1175, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
INTERFERENCE AND COGNITIVE INHIBITION IN CHILDREN WITH ADHD USING STROOP TASK

This study was conducted to examine a mechanism of cognitive inhibition in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by using a negative priming Stroop task. The Stroop task was administered to children with ADHD and controls under two presentation times: 100 ms and 500 ms. In the interference condition, children with ADHD took more time and more errors as compared to normal children under 500 ms. More importantly, it was hypothesized that, relative to normal children, children with ADHD would show reduced negative priming. Results confirmed this hypothesis under the 500 ms presentation time condition.
Media framing of movement protest: The case of American Indian protest

Abstract Resources are an integral and necessary component of social movement mobilization. Media exposure represents an important resource for movements having few assets. Therefore, many movements consciously seek media attention to enhance their chance of success. This article argues that media attention often impedes movement success. The positive or negative outcome of media attention largely depends on how media agents “frame” movement goals and actions. How the media frames movement protest is an unknown outcome for a movement. Decisions about framing depend on several factors, some of which lie outside the control of movement actors. I use NBC Evening News coverage of Native American protest from 1968 – 1979 in an attempt to understand these factors. This case study shows the dysfunctions of media attention.
A novel predicated data flow analysis based memory design for data and control intensive multimedia applications

There has been an ever increasing demand for fast and power efficient solutions for mobile multimedia computing applications. The research discussed in this paper proposes an automated tool-set to design a reconfigurable architecture targeted towards multimedia applications, which are both data and control intensive. One important design step is custom memory design. This paper discusses a novel methodology to design a power, area and time efficient memory architecture for a given Control Data Flow Graph (CDFG) of an application. It uses the concept of Predicated Data Flow Analysis to get the memory requirements of each control path of the CDFG and a novel algorithm is used to merge these requirements. Final memory architecture is reconfigurable during run-time and a dynamic memory manager has been designed to support the same. An illustrative example involving a self-generated CDFG is shown to demonstrate the flow of the proposed algorithm. Results for various multimedia algorithms found in MPEG-4 codec show the effectiveness of this approach over memory design based on conventional Data Flow Analysis techniques.