cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why can't we do what they do? National health reform abroad.

Even Americans who have only a vague knowledge of health policy know that the U.S. is different. We do not have “socialized medicine,” like our European or Canadian neighbors. We believe that health care is not rationed here, and that, unlike citizens of other nations, we do not have to wait in long queues when we need medical care. We believe that U.S. health care is the best in the world. At the same time, the U.S. spends more on health care - both per capita and as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) - than other nations do. One in six non-elderly Americans has no health insurance, and voluminous studies show that lack of health insurance has a dramatic effect on both access to care and on health status. Furthermore, on many of the most important indicators of population health, such as infant mortality and life expectancy, the U.S. scores worse than do other nations.
Cord serum ferritin concentrations and mental and psychomotor development of children at five years of age.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the association between fetal iron status and mental and psychomotor development at 5 years of age. Study design: We evaluated the association of fetal iron status (umbilical cord serum ferritin concentrations) with test scores of mental and psychomotor development of 278 children. Six tests were given, including full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ), language ability, fine- and gross-motor skills, attention, and tractability. Results: Compared with children with cord ferritin in the 2 median quartiles, those in the lowest quartile scored lower on every test and had significantly worse language ability, fine-motor skills, and tractability. They were also 4.8-fold more likely to score poorly in fine-motor skills and 2.7-fold more likely to have poor tractability than children in the median quartiles. FSIQ in the highest quartile was slightly, but not significantly, lower than the median quartiles, but the odds ratio for having a FSIQ score of less than 70 for children in the highest quartile was 3.3 (95% CI 1.2-9.1). Conclusion: Poor iron status (low ferritin) in utero appears to be associated with diminished performance in certain mental and psychomotor tests. The reason for the association between high ferritin concentrations and low FSIQ scores is unknown. (J Pediatr 2002;140:165-70)
Distribution of hydrogen in the outer atmosphere

Abstract The experiments relating to the Lyman α radiation observed from rockets in the night sky are reviewed. In part the radiation appears to be solar Lyman a transported by the exosphere below 3 earth radii. However, an important fraction must be attributed also to single scattering in a very extensive envelope of hydrogen moving with the earth out to 50–100 earth radii. The amount of hydrogen needed is about 50 times as much as should be present in the escape component of the exosphere required. The principal problem at present is to account for this hydrogen.
Decentralization and macroeconomic performance in China: regional autonomy has its costs

Abstract We give an empirical examination of the impact of fiscal and economic decentralization in China on the country's economic growth and inflation, using a vector autoregressive (VAR) model with latent variables. Our econometric investigation offers strong evidence that there is a connection between decentralization and macroeconomic performance in China. Economic decentralization appears to be positively related to growth in real output for the entire postwar period in China. Fiscal decentralization seems to have adverse implications for the rate of inflation, especially after the late 1970s. Decentralization would therefore seem to be good for growth and bad for price stability.
A probabilistic model for the degree of the cancellation polynomial in Gosper's algorithm

Gosper's algorithm is a cornerstone of automated summation of hypergeometric series. Milenkovic and Compton in 2002 gave an analysis of the run time of Gosper's algorithm applied to a random input. The main part of this was an asymptotic analysis of the random degree of the cancellation polynomial c(k) under various stipulated laws for the input. Their methods use probabilistic transform techniques. These results may also be obtained via probabilistic methods. Limit laws of the type proved by Milenkovic and Compton will be shown to follow from a general functional central limit theorem. Advantages to this approach include applicability to a more general class of input distributions and transparancy, in the sense that a non-quantitative limit theorem may be proved with no computation. A disadvantage to probabilistic methods is that one may typically derive only the leading term behavior. This is due to the inherent limit on precision in the Central Limit Theorem.
Nanopore-based Sensing of Individual Nucleic Acid Complexes

Nanopores have emerged as a prominent single-molecule analytic tool, holding particular promise both for genomic applications and for the fundamental biophysical characterization of biopolymers. The interest in single-molecule analysis has spurred the development of numerous approaches to solid-state nanopore fabrication, which offer exceptional robustness to both physical and chemical stresses, as well as control over pore size/shape/location and facilitates parallel detection with nanopore arrays. Nanopores in the 1–5 nm diameter range represent an important size regime for studying nucleic acids, as these pores can translocate nucleic acid molecules only in a linear or unfolded fashion, enabling readout of local nucleic acid structural alterations. In this review, we focus on the fundamental aspects of nanopore-based nucleic acid analysis, namely the DNA capture process and the subsequent translocation process. We compile here a multi-parametric study of DNA molecules spanning a large length scale, and discuss the influence of electrolyte concentrations on the capture and translocation processes. We further discuss the ability of nanopores to identify structural changes in the DNA due to non-specific binding of small molecules or specific hybridization with peptide nucleic acids probes. Through our continuing efforts at understanding the underlying processes which govern the capture and translocation process, we will be better positioned to harness the inherent abilities of nanopores to interrogate the internal structure of nucleic acids, enabling improved sensing applications at the single-molecule level.
Recce and UAV: mass memory an enabling technology for merger

In the era of Declining Defense Dollars, the cost of sophisticated aircraft and highly trained personnel has heightened interest in Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs). The obvious lure is the lower vehicle cost (no crew station and crew support systems) and reduced needs for highly skilled air crews. Reconnaissance (commonly called recce) aircraft and their missions are among the commonly sighted applications for UAVs. Today's UAV recce aircraft (such as the Predator) are the genesis of much more sophisticated UAVs of the future. The evolution of the UAV will not be constrained to recce aircraft, but the recce mission will be significant for UAVs. The recce hole has historically been that of a battlefield data collector for post mission review and planning. In the electronic battlefield of the future, that role will be expanded. Envisioned mission for future recce aircraft include real-time scout, target location and fire coordination, battle damage assessment, and large area surveillance. Associated with many of these new roles is the need to store or assess much higher volumes of data. The higher volume data requirements are the result of higher resolution sensors (the Advanced Helicopter Pilotage infrared sensor has a data rate of near 1.2 Gigabits per second) and multi-sensor applications (the Multi-Sensor Aided Targeting program considered infrared, TV, and radar). The evolution of the UAV recce role, and associated increased data storage needs (from higher data rates and increased coverage requirements), requires the development of new data storage equipment. One solution to the increased storage needs is solid-state memory. As solid-state memories become faster, smaller, and cheaper they will enable the UAV recce mission capability to expand. Because of the speed of the memory, it will be possible to buffer and assess (identify the existence of targets or other points of interest) data before committing to consumption of limited storage assets. Faster memory search times and random memory access will permit comparisons of iterative imagery to identify changes (moving-target-indicator or new/missing objects) in real-time. This has three positive effects: (1) Real-time assessment of enemy troops and weapon strengths (coupled with directional data) for planning or fire coordination. (2) Real-time battle damage assessment to accelerate determination of the allocation of friendly assets. (3) Selective storage of imagery (only that which contains points-of-interest) reduces the amount of data storage leading to increased area coverage and mission times. Orbital Sciences Corporation/Fairchild Defense is completing the development of a High-Speed Solid State Recorder which is a critical element of the Enhanced Recce Management System we are developing. The High-Speed Solid State Recorder will be a major part of defining the mission for future UAV recce aircraft.
Electrochemical formation of glycals in THF

Abstract A new method is presented to produce unsaturated sugars from glycosyl bromides. This work offers a simplification of existing electrochemical approaches to these types of species and is amenable to scale up for large-scale production. In addition, this work is intended to provide a means of employing electrochemistry that can be duplicated in most organic chemistry laboratories using readily available glassware and equipment.
Computation of Separated Transonic Turbulent Flows

The two-dimensional Reynolds averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using MacCormack's second-order accurate explicit finite difference method to simulate the separated transonic tur- bulent flowfield over an airfoil. Four different algebraic eddy viscoisity models are tested for viability to achieve turbulence closure for the class of flows considered. These models range from an unmodified boundary-layer mixing-length model to a relaxation model incorporating special considerations for the separation bubble region. Results of this study indicate the necessity for special attention to the separated flow region and suggest limits of applicability of algebraic turbulence models to these separated flowfield. each of these studies the time-dependent Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional compressive flow are used and tur- bulence closure is achieved by means of model equations for the Reynolds stresses. Wilcox1'2 used a first-order accurate numerical scheme and the two equation differential tur- bulence model of Saffman 12 to simulate the supersonic shock boundary-layer interaction experiment of Reda and Mur- phy 13 and the compression corner flow of Law.14 Good quan- titative agreement with the Reda and Murphy data was ob- tained, but only the qualitative features of the compression corner flow were well simulated. Using a more sophisticated second-order accurate numerical scheme, Baldwin3'4 con- sidered both the two equation differential model of Saffman and a simpler algebraic mixing-length model to simulate the hypersonic shock boundary-layer interaction experiment of Holden.15 He found the more elaborate model of Saffman to yield somewhat better results than the algebraic model, but at the cost of considerably more computing time. Good quan- titative agreement with experiment was not obtained with either model. Following Baldwin's approach all subsequent investigations have been performed using the more rigorous second-order accurate numerical scheme of Mac- Cormack.17'18 Deiwert5'6'11 considered an algebraic mixing- length model to simulate the transonic airfoil experiment of McDevitt et al. 16 while Horstman et al. 8 used a similar ap- proach to simulate their hypersonic shock boundary-layer ex- periment on an axisymmetric cylinder. In each of these studies, while qualitative features of the flows were described well, good quantitative agreement with experiment in the in- teraction regions was not obtained. Using a relaxing turbulence model Shang and Hankey7 simulated the compression corner flow of Law, and Baldwin and Rose10 simulated the flat plate flow of Reda and Murphy. In each of these studies the relaxing model was found to per- form significantly better than the simpler algebraic model and, according to Shang and Hankey, provided significantly better comparisons with measurements than were obtained by Wilcox using the two equation differential model of Saffman. In each of these studies it was essential that the full Navier- Stokes equations be considered to describe the viscous- inviscid interaction and the elliptic nature of separating-
Adaptive control allocation in the presence of actuator failures

This paper proposes a control allocation framework where a feedback adaptive signal is designed for a group of redundant actuators and then it is adaptively allocated among all group members. In the adaptive control allocation structure, cooperative actuators are grouped and treated as an equivalent control effector. A state feedback adaptive control signal is designed for the equivalent effector and adaptively allocated to the member actuators. Two adaptive control allocation algorithms, guaranteeing closed-loop stability and asymptotic state tracking when partial and total loss of control effectiveness occur, are developed. Proper grouping of the actuators reduces the controller complexity without reducing their efficacy. The implementation and effectiveness of the strategies proposed is demonstrated in detail using several examples.
SIMULATION OF ACOUSTIC SCATTERING FROM A TRAILING EDGE

Three model problems were examined to assess the difficulties involved in using a hybrid scheme coupling flow computation with the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation to predict the noise generated by vortices passing over a sharp edge. The results indicate that the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation correctly propagates the acoustic signals when provided with accurate flow information on the integration surface. The most difficult of the model problems investigated flow over a two-dimensional, thin NACA airfoil with a bluff-body vortex generator positioned at 98% chord. Vortices rolled up downstream of the bluff body. The shed vortices possessed similarities to large coherent eddies in boundary layers in that they interacted and occasionally paired as they convected past the sharp trailing edge of the airfoil. The calculations showed acoustic waves emanating from the airfoil trailing edge. Acoustic directivity and Mach number scaling were obtained.
Progressive Inter-Carrier Interference Equalization for OFDM Transmission Over Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Channels

Multicarrier modulation in the form of orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) has been intensively pursued for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications recently due to its ability to handle long dispersive channels. Fast variation of UWA channels destroys the orthogonality of the sub-carriers and leads to inter-carrier interference (ICI), which degrades the system performance significantly. In this paper, we propose a progressive receiver dealing with time-varying UWA channels. The progressive receiver is in nature an iterative receiver, based on the turbo principle. However, it distinguishes itself from existing iterative receivers in that the system model for channel estimation and data detection is itself continually updated during the iterations. When the decoding in the current iteration is not successful, the receiver increases the span of the ICI in the system model and utilizes the currently available soft information from the decoder to assist the next iteration which deals with a channel with larger Doppler spread. Numerical simulation and experimental data collected from the 2008 Surface Processes and Acoustic Communications Experiment (SPACE08) show that the proposed receiver can self adapt to channel variations, enjoying low complexity in good channel conditions while maintaining excellent performance in adverse channel conditions.
Optimal aircraft terrain-following analysis and trajectory generation

The analysis of an aircraft terrain-following (TF) problem and a numerical method for the optimal trajectory generation are the subjects of this paper. The TF problem is formulated as an optimal control problem that combines short flight time and path-following objectives. The aircraft dynamics are represented by point-mass equations of motion in a vertical plane. The problem is first studied analytically to reveal the bang-bang nature of the optimal thrust control in most cases. Then, an inverse dynamics approach is employed to solve the problem numerically. Numerical solutions are provided to support the analysis and demonstrate the features of the problem.
An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies

The advent of precision microwave radiometry has placed a stringent requirement on the accuracy with which the dielectric constant of sea water must be known. To this end, measurements of the dielectric constant have been conducted at S -band and L -band with a quoted uncertainty of tenths of a percent. These and earlier results are critically examined, and expressions are developed which will yield computations of brightness temperature having an error of no more than 0.3 K for an undisturbed sea at frequencies lower than X -band. At the higher microwave and millimeter wave frequencies, the accuracy is in question because of uncertainties in the relaxation time and the dielectric constant at infinite frequency.
Reactions of vinyl selenoxides and ketenes via 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement

Summary: The reactions of several vinyl selenoxides with chlorocyanoketene proceed y& a 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement of an enolate oxyselenonium species to yield seleno-substituted y-butyrolactones. Our recent discovery1 of a new 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement of oxysulfonium intermediates 1 generated from vinyl sulfoxides and haloketenes prompted us to explore the generality of this process using vinyl selenoxides. Furthermore, our previous reports centered on the use of haloketenes generated from the zinc-promoted dechlorinations of a-chloro acid chlorides. In an effort to extend this methodology to other ketenes which did not involve the use of zinc/zinc chloride, we examined the chemistry of chlorocyanoketene and vinyl selenoxides. A generalized version of the reaction process is shown in Scheme I.
ASSESSING THE PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS: IDENTIFYING THE QUESTIONS THAT WORK BEST

An item-level analysis was undertaken for one national administration of the Professional Knowledge test of the NTE Core Battery. The performances of several relevant subgroups of examinees defined by undergraduate major field, were compared for individual test items. Analyses revealed that a subset of test items was differentially easier for particular subgroups of examinees who had received greater exposure to teacher preparation. A smaller subset of items favored examinees having little if any such exposure. The nature of each kind of item is discussed with respect to performance expectations for various subgroups of examinees.
New counterexamples for sums-differences

We present new counterexamples, which provide stronger limitations to sums-differences statements than were previously known. The main idea to improve over the original counterexamples by Ruzsa is to consider non-uniform probability measures.
An Oxazoline-Mediated Synthesis of the Pyrrolophenanthridine Alkaloids and Some Novel Derivatives

An unsymmetrical biaryl coupling between the Grignard of N-benzyl-7-bromoindoline 25 and the appropriately substituted (o-methoxyaryl)oxazoline 15 leads to an intermediate biaryl which can be elaborated in one step to the 1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-de]phenanthridine ring system. This simple two-step sequence provides general access to the pyrrolophenanthridine alkaloids 2−6.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some lanthanide gallides by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of some lanthanide metal gallides have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1373±2 K. The following results (in kJ/mole of atoms) are reported; CeGa 2 (−71.1±2.6); PrGa 2 (−69.3±2.7); NdGa 2 (−72.1±1.8); SmGa 2 (−73.7±2.3); GdGa 2 (−72.8±2.8); TbGa 2 (−72.3±2.4); DyGa 3 (−52.5±2.0); HoGa 3 (−56.8±2.1); ErGa 3 (−51.6±1.8); TmGa 3 (−53.9±2.5); LuGa 3 (−52.2±2.3). The results are compared with some earlier values derived from EMF measurements. They are also compared with the predicted values of Miedema et al. [Calphad 7 (1983) 51]. We will also compare our measured enthalpies of formation with the predictions by Gschneidner [J. Less Common Metals 17 (1969) 1; Metals Mater. Processes 1 (1990) 241] for lanthanide alloys.
Listening to Strangers: Whose Responses Are Valuable, How Valuable Are They, and Why?

Abstract Marketing managers and consumers who use the Web as a source of information often use input from strangers to make decisions or gain knowledge. The authors propose that in such contexts, the information provider's current and past behaviors, relative to those of other information providers, influence who the information seeker believes provides a valuable response and how valuable he or she judges the provider's information to be. The authors track information queries, information provider responses, and objective valuation of these responses by information seekers in a Web forum, in which responses to information queries come from multiple information providers with whom the information seeker has not met face-to-face and has had no prior interaction. Among other results, the authors show that a provider's response speed, the extent to which the provider's previous responses within the focal domain have been positively evaluated by others, and the breadth of the provider's previous responses acr...
Analysis of the role of high-brightness electron guns in lithography

The development of reliable, high-brightness, temperature-field (TF) emission electron guns promises greater flexibility in electron-beam lithography. Detailed pattern analysis of two IC mask sets was performed for the purpose of identifying those areas of electron-beam lithography where high-brightness guns could be applied to advantage. Potential exists for throughput improvement in both Variable Shaped Spot (VSS) Vector Scanning Systems and in ultra-high-speed Raster Scanning Systems.
The non-monotonic relationship between seigniorage and inequality

We present an analysis of how political factors may come into play in the equilibrium determination of inflation. We employ a standard overlapping generations model with heterogenous young-age endowments, and a government that funds an exogenous spending via a combination of non-distortionary income taxes and the inflation tax. Agents have access to two stores of value: fiat money and an inflation- shielded, yet costly, asset. The model predicts that the relationship between elected reliance on the inflation tax (for revenue) and income inequality may be non-monotonic. We find robust empirical backing for this hypothesis from a cross-section of countries. JEL classification: E5, P16
cis-2,5-Diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane, a new scaffold for asymmetric catalysis via salen-metal complexes.

A new C2 symmetric salen scaffold based on cis-2,5-diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane has been synthesized that forms complexes with a wide range of metals. The chromium(III) complex is shown to catalyze the hetero-Diels−Alder reaction and the Nozaki−Hiyama−Kishi reaction with high efficiency and excellent stereoselectivity.
From dopyballs to nanowires

Abstract Consideration of the factors involved in the production of fullerene nanotubes in carbon arcs leads to the notion that a high electric field may be the critical factor that causes the tubes to grow. This thought then leads to a suggestion that it may be possible to grow continuous fullerene fibers many centimeters in length by an electric-field-and-laser induced pyrolysis of gas phase hydrocarbons of fullerenes on the tip of the growing fiber as it extends out from its place of attachment on a high voltage needle. Use of metal- or boron-doped fullerenes (dopyballs) in such an apparatus may lead to the production of doped fullerene fiber nanowires of high strength and conductivity.
Ion sources and injectors for HIF induction linacs

Abstract Ion source and injector development is one of the major parts of the HIF program in the USA. Our challenge is to design a cost effective driver-scale injector and to build a multiple beam module within the next couple of years. In this paper, several current–voltage scaling laws are summarized for guiding the injector design. Following the traditional way of building injectors for HIF induction linac, we have produced a preliminary design for a multiple beam driver-scale injector. We also developed an alternate option for a high current density injector that is much smaller in size. One of the changes following this new option is the possibility of using other kinds of ion sources than the surface ionization sources. So far, we are still looking for an ideal ion source candidate that can readily meet all the essential requirements.
Generic excitable dynamics on a two-dimensional map

Abstract This paper introduces a two-dimensional map exhibiting several generic properties reported in excitable systems. The elementary dynamic that is analogous to that of neural elements, is analyzed using phase plane methods. Bifurcations from nonautonomous to autonomous, and from periodic to chaotic solutions are studied in a small region of parameter space. The basic implementation of distributed excitable networks using coupled maps lattices is described in one- and two-dimensional media with nearest-neighbor coupling.
The crystal chemistry of four thorium sulfates

Four thorium sulfate compounds have been synthesized and characterized. [Th(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 7}].2H{sub 2}O (ThS1) crystallizes in space group P2{sub 1}/m, a=7.2488(4), b=12.1798(7), c=8.0625(5) A, {beta}=98.245(1){sup o}; Na{sub 10}[Th{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 9}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}].3H{sub 2}O (ThS2), Pna2{sub 1}, a=17.842(2), b=6.9317(8), c=27.550(3) A; Na{sub 2}[Th{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}].H{sub 2}O (ThS3), C2/c, a=16.639(2), b=9.081(1), c=25.078(3) A, {beta}= 95.322(2){sup o}; [Th{sub 4}(SO{sub 4}){sub 7}(OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 6}].2H{sub 2}O (ThS4), Pnma, a=18.2127(9), b=11.1669(5), c=14.4705(7) A. In all cases the Th cations are coordinated by nine O atoms corresponding to SO{sub 4} tetrahedra, OH groups, and H{sub 2}O groups. The structural unit of ThS1 is an isolated cluster consisting of a single Th polyhedron with two monodentate SO{sub 4} tetrahedra and seven H{sub 2}O groups. A double-wide Th sulfate chain is the basis of ThS2. The structures of ThS3 and ThS4 are frameworks of Th polyhedra and sulfate tetrahedra, and each contains channels that extend through the framework. One of the Th cations in ThS3 is coordinated by a bidentate SO{sub 4} tetrahedron, and ThS4 is unusual in the presence of a pair of Th cations that share a polyhedral face. - Graphical abstract: The structures of four hydrous thorium sulfates aremore » reported that have structural units consisting of finite clusters, chains, and frameworks. Highlights: > Four hydrous thorium sulfates have structural units consisting of finite clusters, chains, and frameworks. > In each the Th cations are coordinated by nine O atoms from SO{sub 4} tetrahedra, OH groups, and H{sub 2}O groups. > The details of the linkages of ThO{sub 9} polyhedra and sulfate tetrahedra vary considerably in these structures.« less
Formation of Interstellar Ices behind Shock Waves

We have used a coupled dynamical and chemical model to examine the chemical changes induced by the passage of an interstellar shock in well-shielded regions. Using this model, we demonstrate that the formation of H2O in a shock will be followed in the postshock phase by depletion of the water molecules onto the grain surfaces. To attempt to discriminate between the creation of ices behind shocks and their production by means of grain surface chemistry, we examine the deuterium chemistry of water before, during, and after a shock. We show that chemical evolution in the postshock gas can account for both the deuterium fractionation and the abundance of CO2 relative to H2O observed in interstellar and cometary ices. Given the pervasiveness of shocks and turbulent motions within molecular clouds, the model presented here offers an alternative theory to grain surface chemistry for the creation of ices in the interstellar medium, ices that may ultimately be incorporated into comets.
Synthesis, spectroscopic studies and crystal structure analysis of 1:1 lutetium/indium trihydroxide

The crystal structure of 1:1 lutetium/indium trihydroxide has been determined by means of single- crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The compound is isostructural with pure Lu(OH)3 having a polyhedral framework consisting of two slightly distorted pentagonal dodecahedra and twelve heptahedra per cell in a body-centered cubic (bcc) system. The cubic form crystallizes in space group Im3(Th5, No. 204) with a = 8.0440(8) A obtained from a powder X-ray diffraction study, F20 = 71 (0.009, 30) and M20 = 132.3. A full-matrix least-squares refinement of the structure yielded R = 0.0173 and Rw = 0.0205. The Lu and In atoms share the same site, with a 50% occupancy for each ion. Six oxygen atoms are octahedrally coordinated about the metal (M) atoms. Thermal gravimetric and X-ray fluorescence analyses have been carried out. The important bond lengths are: MO = 2.194 A; OO (intermolecular) = 2.725 and 2.837 A.
Meeting Business Students' Legal Research Needs: A Selected List of Periodicals on Corporation, Securities, and Bankruptcy

Business students and practitioners are expected to understand the legal framework and the legal environment in which businesses function, but not the complicated black letter law and lengthy judicial opinions. In terms of legal research, different from law school students, business students and practitioners need more secondary legal source support from their libraries. This article will bring the unique legal research needs of business students and practitioners to librarians' attention. A list of selected legal periodicals on corporate law, securities regulations, and bankruptcy will be supplied for libraries to better meet those needs.
Observation of strong coupling through transmission modification of a cavity-coupled photonic crystal waveguide

We observe a transparency in the transmission spectrum of a photonic crystal cavity mode coupled to a waveguide due to the presence of a strongly coupled quantum dot in the cavity. At high pump powers the QD is saturated, and the bare cavity spectrum is recovered.
NEW COMPLETENESS METHODS FOR ESTIMATING EXOPLANET DISCOVERIES BY DIRECT DETECTION

We report on new methods for evaluating realistic observing programs that search stars for planets by direct imaging, where observations are selected from an optimized star list and stars can be observed multiple times. We show how these methods bring critical insight into the design of the mission and its instruments. These methods provide an estimate of the outcome of the observing program: the probability distribution of discoveries (detection and/or characterization) and an estimate of the occurrence rate of planets (?). We show that these parameters can be accurately estimated from a single mission simulation, without the need for a complete Monte Carlo mission simulation, and we prove the accuracy of this new approach. Our methods provide tools to define a mission for a particular science goal; for example, a mission can be defined by the expected number of discoveries and its confidence level. We detail how an optimized star list can be built and how successive observations can be selected. Our approach also provides other critical mission attributes, such as the number of stars expected to be searched and the probability of zero discoveries. Because these attributes depend strongly on the mission scale (telescope diameter, observing capabilities and constraints, mission lifetime, etc.), our methods are directly applicable to the design of such future missions and provide guidance to the mission and instrument design based on scientific performance. We illustrate our new methods with practical calculations and exploratory design reference missions for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) operating with a distant starshade to reduce scattered and diffracted starlight on the focal plane. We estimate that five habitable Earth-mass planets would be discovered and characterized with spectroscopy, with a probability of zero discoveries of 0.004, assuming a small fraction of JWST observing time (7%), ? = 0.3, and 70 observing visits, limited by starshade fuel.
Collective algorithms for sub-communicators

Collective communication over a group of processors is an integral and time consuming component in many HPC applications. Many modern day supercomputers are based on torus interconnects. On such systems, for an irregular communicator comprising of a subset of processors, the algorithms developed so far are not contention free in general and hence non-optimal.In this paper, we present a novel contention-free algorithm to perform collective operations over a subset of processors in a torus network. We also extend previous work on regular communicators to handle special cases of irregular communicators that occur frequently in parallel scientific applications. For the generic case where multiple node disjoint sub-communicators communicate simultaneously in a loosely synchronous fashion, we propose a novel cooperative approach to route the data for individual sub-communicators without contention. Empirical results demonstrate that our algorithms outperform the optimized MPI collective implementation on IBM's Blue Gene/P supercomputer for large data sizes and random node distributions.
Phase Diagrams of Organic Superconductors

Abstract A contactless technique has been developed for tracking the metallic, spin density wave and superconducting ground states of organic superconductors as a function of pressure and temperature.
Generalized quantum dynamics as pre-quantum mechanics

We address the issue of when generalized quantum dynamics, which is a classical symplectic dynamics for non-commuting operator phase space variables based on a total trace Hamiltonian H, reduces to Heisenberg picture complex quantum mechanics. We begin by showing that when H = Tr H, with H a Weyl ordered operator Hamiltonian, then the generalized quantum dynamics operator equations of motion agree with those obtained from H in the Heisenberg picture by using canonical commutation relations. The remainder of the paper is devoted to a study of how an effective canonical algebra can arise, without this condition simply being imposed by fiat on the operator initial values. We first show that for any total trace Hamiltonian which involves no non-commutative constants, there is a conserved anti-self-adjoint operator C with a structure which is closely related to the canonical commutator algebra. We study the canonical transformations of generalized quantum dynamics, and show that C is a canonical invariant, as is the operator phase space volume element. The latter result is a generalization of Liouville's theorem, and permits the application of statistical mechanical methods to determine the canonical ensemble governing the equilibrium distribution of operator initial values. We give arguments based on a Ward identity analogous to the equipartition theorem of classical statistical mechanics, suggesting that statistical ensemble averages of Weyl ordered polynomials in the operator phase space variables correspond to the Wightman functions of a unitary complex quantum mechanics, with a conserved operator Hamiltonian and with the standard canonical commutation relations obeyed by Weyl ordered operator strings. Thus there is a well-defined sense in which complex quantum field theory can emerge as a statistical approximation to an underlying generalized quantum dynamics.
TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE RANKINE CYCLE SPACE POWER SYSTEMS

Rankine cycle technology programs noting use of stainless steel bimetallic systems, boiler and condenser problems, turbine operation, etc
A combinatorial proof of a result of hetyei and reiner on Foata-Strehl-type permutation trees

We give a combinatorial proof of the known result that there are exactlyn!/3 permutations of lengthn in the minmax tree representation of which theith node is a leaf.
Superconducting permanent magnets

The authors discuss means to verify the analysis and the limitations imposed by the low critical current densities in presently available high-temperature superconductors. Based on experimental data, it is concluded that : (1) high-temperature superconductors can be used as permanent magnets with trapped fields of at least 3 T at 77 K; (2) their energy product should be as high as 1.8 MJ/m/sup 3/ or 255 MG-Oe; (3) the magnetizing field has to be four times as large as the trapped field, or 12 T; (4) permanent-magnet use of high-temperature superconductors bypasses the problems of wire or tape manufacture; and (5) widespread use of this concept will depend on improved critical current densities. >
The Discovery of Sgr A

The galactic center compact radio source Sgr A* was discovered on 13 and 15 February 1974 by Bruce Balick and Robert L. Brown using the Green Bank 35 km radio link interferometer (Balick & Brown 1974). We discuss other observations of this source in the years 1965–1985. Early VLBI observations are described. The name Sgr A* was first used by Robert L. Brown (1982) and has become the accepted name for the compact source at the center of the Milky Way.
Mapping of elastic properties of gas hydrates in the Carolina trough by waveform inversion

Gas hydrates are frozen methane gas that forms at appropriate pressure and temperature conditions. They are found in the marine sediments along continental margins worldwide. They have the economic potential of being tapped as a fuel source and also have the potential as a “greenhouse” agent after being freed into the atmosphere. In seismic sections, the occurrence of the base of gas hydrates, in some areas is often marked by a bright amplitude reflection. Such reflections follow the sea floor topography and are called bottom‐simulating reflectors (BSR). The BSRs have negative polarity with respect to the sea‐floor reflection and, in a common shot or a CDP gather, the amplitude increases with offset. The negative impedance contrast causing BSRs may be due to negative velocity contrast between hydrated sediments and normal sediment below or due to the presence of free gas at the base of the hydrates. In this paper, we carry out a prestack seismic waveform inversion of multichannel seismic data collected in...
Polar nanoregions in water: A study of the dielectric properties of TIP4P/2005, TIP4P/2005f and TTM3F

We present a critical comparison of the dielectric properties of three models of water—TIP4P/2005, TIP4P/2005f, and TTM3F. Dipole spatial correlation is measured using the distance dependent Kirkwood function along with one-dimensional and two-dimensional dipole correlation functions. We find that the introduction of flexibility alone does not significantly affect dipole correlation and only affects ɛ(ω) at high frequencies. By contrast the introduction of polarizability increases dipole correlation and yields a more accurate ɛ(ω). Additionally, the introduction of polarizability creates temperature dependence in the dipole moment even at fixed density, yielding a more accurate value for dɛ/dT compared to non-polarizable models. To better understand the physical origin of the dielectric properties of water we make analogies to the physics of polar nanoregions in relaxor ferroelectric materials. We show that ɛ(ω, T) and τD(T) for water have striking similarities with relaxor ferroelectrics, a class of mate...
Aizenman's Theorem for Orthogonal Polynomials on the Unit Circle

For suitable classes of random Verblunsky coefficients, including independent, identically distributed, rotationally invariant ones, we prove that if $$ \bbE \biggl( \int\f{d\theta}{2\pi} \biggl|\biggl( \f{\calC + e^{i\theta}}{\calC-e^{i\theta}} \biggr)_{k\ell}\biggr|^p \biggr) \leq C_1 e^{-\kappa_1 \abs{k-\ell}} $$ for some $\kappa_1 0$, $$ \bbE \Bigl( \sup_n \abs{(\calC^n)_{k\ell}}\Bigr) \leq C_2 e^{-\kappa_2 \abs{k-\ell}}. $$ Here $\calC$ is the CMV matrix.
Comment on the Black Hole Recoil Candidate Quasar SDSS J092712.65+294344.0

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar J092712.65+294344.0 has been proposed as a candidate for a supermassive black hole (~108.8 M ?) ejected at high speed from the host galactic nucleus by gravitational radiation recoil, or alternatively for a supermassive black hole binary. This is based on a blueshift of 2650 km s?1 of the broad emission lines (b-system) relative to the narrow emission lines (r-system) presumed to reflect the galaxy velocity. New observations with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) confirm the essential features of the spectrum. We note a third redshift system, characterized by weak, narrow emission lines of [O III] and [O II] at an intermediate velocity 900 km s?1 redward of the broad-line velocity (i-system). A composite spectrum of SDSS QSOs similar to J0927+2943 illustrates the feasibility of detecting the calcium K absorption line in spectra of sufficient quality. The i-system may represent the QSO host galaxy or a companion. Photoionization requires the black hole to be ~3?kpc from the r-system emitting gas, implying that we are observing the system only 106 yr after the recoil event and contributing to the low probability of observing such a system. The HET observations give an upper limit of 10 km s?1 per year on the rate of change of the velocity difference between the r- and b-systems, constraining the orbital phase in the binary model. These considerations and the presence of a cluster of galaxies apparently containing J0927+2943 favor the idea that this system represents a superposition of two active galactic nuclei.
An implicit price of a DALY for use in a cost-benefit analysis of ARVs

This article uses the revealed preference approach to estimate the price for a Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) implied by grant decisions by the Global Fund for AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria (GFATM). A cost-benefit criterion is used that requires the DALY price exceed the cost-effectiveness ratio. The estimated price was $6300 for a DALY saved from any disease, but it was $11 900 from a DALY saved specifically from HIV/AIDS. Estimates of the cost-effectiveness ratios of Antiretroviral Drug Therapies (ARVs) in the literature were examined. At the DALY prices implicit by GFATM decisions, ARVs would be socially worthwhile.
Catching the agent on the wrong foot: Ex post choice of monitoring

Abstract In a principal-agent model with multiple performance measures, we show that the principal benefits by choosing ex post which variables will be monitored. If it is too costly for one type of agent to mimic all performance measures expected from another type, the principal can hope to catch the agent on the wrong foot if the agent tries to misrepresent his type. For cases of small asymmetry of information, the principal can implement the first best contract. For more serious asymmetries of information, the first best is not implementable. Then the low type may be required to overproduce, which is in contrast to the traditional result of second best contracting. We also obtain a ranking of monitoring instruments according to the frequency of their use.
Computational fluid dynamics capability for the solid-fuel ramjet projectile

Abstract : A computational fluid dynamics solution of the Navier-Stokes equations has been applied to the internal and external flow of inert solid-fuel ramjet projectiles. Computational modeling reveals internal flowfield details not attainable by flight or wind tunnel measurements, thus contributing to the current investigation into the flight performance of solid-fuel ramjet projectiles. The present code employs numerical algorithms termed total variational diminishing (TVD). Computational solutions indicate the importance of several special features of the code including the zonal grid framework, the TVD scheme, and a recently developed backflow turbulence model. The solutions are compared with results of internal surface pressure measurements. As demonstrated by these comparisons, the use of a backflow turbulence model distinguishes between satisfactory and poor flowfield predictions.
Effects of Speaking Rate on Temporal Patterns of English

Individual subjects have been found to show considerable variation in the extent to which they manifest certain temporal patterns of English in their speech. Because at least some differences across s
Growth or stagnation? The role of public education

Abstract This paper presents a political–economic theory of growth and human capital accumulation where individuals of different ages disagree over the resource commitment to public education. In the context of an overlapping generations model with two-period lived agents, population growth implies that the equilibrium quantity of public education reflects the preferences of youth and is therefore forward looking. Despite forward-looking behavior, it is shown that sufficiently rapid population growth can trigger economic stagnation in the political–economic equilibrium. The model therefore offers a novel explanation for observed negative correlations between population growth measures and economic growth.
Dirac operator normality and chiral properties

Abstract Normality and γ 5 -hermiticity are what gives rise to chiral properties and rules. The Ginsparg-Wilson (GW) relation is only one of the possible spectral constraints. The sum rule for chiral differences of real modes has important consequences. The alternative transformation of Luscher gives the same Ward identity as the usual chiral one (if zero modes are properly treated). Imposing normality on a general function of the hermitean Wilson-Dirac operator H leads at same time to the GW relation and to the Neuberger operator.
Creating desired potentials by embedding small inhomogeneities

The governing equation is 2 +k 2 �qxu =0 in R 3 . It is shown that any desired potential qx, vanishing outside a bounded domain D, bounded in D, Riemann integrable, can be obtained if one embeds into D many small scatterers qmx, vanishing outside balls Bm ax :xxma, such that qm =Am in Bm, qm = 0 outside Bm ,1 mM, M =Ma. It is proven that if the number of small scatterers in any subdomain is defined as N axm 1 and is given by the formula N =Va �1 nxdx 1+ o1 as a → 0, where Va =4 a 3 / 3, then the limit of the function uMx, lima→0 uM =uex, does exist and solves the equation 2 +k 2 �qxu =0 inR 3 , where qx =nxAx, Axm =Am, and uMx is a solution to the equation 2 +k 2 �pxu = 0, where px apMx is some piecewise-constant poten- tial. The total number M of small inhomogeneities is equal to ND and is of the order Oa �3 as a → 0. A similar result is derived in the one-dimensional case. ©