cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A geometric analysis of the probe volume in a dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter

The probe volume of the dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter is analyzed from a geometrical standpoint. The volume is graphically reconstructed and the existence of the characteristic dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter fringes is demonstrated. The fringes are analyzed and are shown to be composed of moving tubes or pockets of coherent radiation. The composition of the light is analyzed and the extent of the coherence of the laser radiation within the light pockets is considered. The scattered light from the tubes is analyzed and the coherence enhancement of the fringe structure is shown. This information is used in an attempt to resolve the controversy as to whether the dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter is governed by a fringe counting phenomena or by a beating phenomena of light from two sources of coherent radiation of different frequencies.
Evidence that the phosphorylation of tyrosine is essential for cellular transformation by Rous sarcoma virus

Abstract All cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus contain levels of phosphotyrosine in protein which are 6–10 fold greater than the very low levels present in uninfected cells. The increase is due largely to modification of cellular polypeptides. The abundance of phosphorylated tyrosines in protein in cells infected with tsLA29, a mutant of Rous sarcoma virus which is temperature-sensitive for cellular transformation, increases to 60% of maximum within 60 min of a shift to the permissive temperature and drops to a level close to that in uninfected cells within 60 min of a shift to the restrictive temperature. In light of the fact that pp60 src phosphorylates tyrosine in vitro, these results suggest strongly that the modification of one or more cellular polypeptides by way of pp60 src is critical for cellular transformation by Rous sarcoma virus. There is, however, no increase in the abundance of phosphotyrosine in protein in mouse cells transformed by Kirsten sarcoma virus, Moloney sarcoma virus, or SV40 virus, in chick embryo cells infected with avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29, and in rat and hamster cells transformed by polyoma virus. Thus increased phosphorylation of tyrosine is neither a universal mechanism of transformation nor an inevitable secondary cellular response to transformation.
A Reexamination of the Price Effects of a Unit Commodity Tax Under Perfect Competition and Monopoly

Musgrave, m his Theory of Public Finance, argues that the pnce effect of a unit tax Abstract under monopoly is one half the effect under competition when demand and supply curves are linear. It is shown here that this rule applies only for the constant-cost case. For an increasing supply (marginal cost) schedule, the effect for monopoly is smaller than under competition, but by a factor less than 2.
The potential utility of fibrin sealant dressing in repair of vascular injury in swine.

Background:A previous study in which fibrin sealant dressing (FSD) secured hemostasis in major arterial hemorrhage for 96 hours suggested the applicability of this dressing in damage control operations after severe trauma. The objective of this study was to determine the effective duration of FSD he
Perceptions of women managers and their communicator competencies 1

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among attitudes toward women in general and women as managers, and perceptions of the communication competencies of women managers. Correlations were moderate to high. Women demonstrated a more positive regard for women in general, a less traditional view of women as managers, and a more positive perception of women manager communication competencies. Individuals who had worked with/for a woman manager showed a less traditional view of women as managers then those who did not have such work experience.
Evaluating the impact of point- of-care decision support tools in improving diagnosis of obese children in primary care.

Objective: The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to examine the effect of a computerized point-of-care alert with clinical decision support on the rates of diagnosis of childhood obesity in a multisite group practice in Massachusetts; Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA) which implemented an alert, relative to a separate group practice, Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates (HVMA), that did not. Design and Methods: Height and weight data from 19,466 children of 2-18 years with 34,908 well-child care visits in CHA and 123,446 children with 282,271 visits in HVMA between 2006 and 2008 were collected. The alert and decision support tool was activated for CHA patients with an age- and sex-specific body mass index of ≥95th percentile. The main outcome measure was documentation of an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] code for obesity before and after implementation of the alert at CHA in 2007. Results: Among obese children, the adjusted rate of an ICD-9 diagnosis of obesity increased from 2006-2007 to 2008 significantly more at CHA than at HVMA (P < 0.001 for time-by-provider group interaction). In 2006-2007, the rate of ICD-9 diagnosis of obesity was significantly lower at CHA than at HVMA (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-0.62); but by 2008 was significantly higher at CHA than HVMA (adjusted OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.14-1.38). Conclusion: A point-of-care alert was effective in improving obesity diagnosis in a multisite group practice, relative to a separate group practice that did not adopt an alert. Clinical decision support tools could help improve obesity diagnosis in pediatric primary care.
THE URBAN HIERARCHY: AN APPLICATION OF GUTTMAN SCALING TO CITIES IN FLORIDA

A variety of comprehensive techniques exist for creating a functional ranking of cities. These include summing the incidence matrix, the index of centrality, and factor analytic approaches. Less well known is the technique of Guttman scaling, a method that appears to be especially well suited for identifying the unique functions on which a hierarchical ranking of cities can be based and for producing this ranking. TheGuttman technique is described and is used to produce an ordinal ranking of cities in Florida for 1960 and 1980. The derived scales of functions for 1960 and 1980 consist of 38 and 27 nonmanufacturing industries, respectively. Both scales progress from relatively common items to more specialized ones and meet the criteria used to define an acceptable scale. Changes in city rank between 1960 and 1980 are related to the growth patterns of the state. Results from the Cuttman analysis are compared to those derived from application of the other commonly used methods.
Buoyant plume dispersion and inversion entrapment in and above a laboratory mixed layer

Abstract Dispersion of buoyant stack plumes has been studied through the use of a laboratory model of the convective planetary boundary layer. Results are presented in terms of mixed-layer scaling parameters. Measurements of the downwind crosswind-integrated concentration field in the X-z/h plane are presented for values of the dimensionless stack buoyancy parameter ranging from F ∗ = 0 for a non-buoyant release up to F ∗ = 0.54 for a strongly buoyant release. The efficiency of added plume buoyancy in reducing ground-level concentrations of stack effluent is investigated. For example, at dimensionless downwind distance X = 4 the observed crosswind-integrated concentration for the F ∗ = 0.54 release was only 5% of that for the F ∗ = 0 release. This reduction of surface concentrations is a consequence of buoyant plume rise and temporary entrapment in the lower confines of the overlying stable layer. Maximum entrapment occurs at a downwind distance X ≈ 1.5, with values of about 40% of the total plume mass trapped for F ∗ = 0.12 up to virtually the entire plume mass being trapped for F ∗ = 0.54 . Subsequent depletion of trapped plume mass is measured as mixed-layer growth and turbulence slowly disperse the trapped effluent. Effects of increasing the stack momentum length scale on ground-level concentrations are shown to be smaller, but more persistent as plume buoyancy is added.
Impact of bilateral versus single lung transplantation on survival in recipients 60 years of age and older: analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing database.

Objective Lung transplantation has been increasingly applied to patients over the age of 60 years. Importantly, the procedure of choice, single versus bilateral lung transplantation, remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine short- and midterm outcomes in this age group with particular attention to procedure type. Methods All first lung transplant recipients, 60 years of age or older, reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing from 1998 to 2004 were divided into two groups: bilateral and single lung transplantation. A retrospective review of pertinent baseline characteristics, clinical parameters, and outcomes was performed. Kaplan–Meier methodology was used to estimate and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to compare posttransplant survival between these groups. Additionally, propensity scores analysis was performed. Results During the study period, 1656 lung transplant recipients were 60 years of age or older (mean 62.7 ± 2.4 years, median 62 years). Of these, 364 (28%) had bilateral and 1292 (78%) had single lung transplantation. Survival was not statistically different between the two groups. In the multivariate analysis, bilateral versus single lung transplantation was not a predictor of mortality. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and a donor tobacco history of more than 20 pack-years were significantly associated with mortality ( P = .003, CI 1.12–1.76; and P = .006, CI 1.09–1.63; respectively). Conclusions The survival of lung transplant recipients 60 years of age or older who underwent bilateral versus single lung transplantation is comparable. These data suggest that type of procedure is not a predictor of mortality in this age group. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and donor cigarette use of more than 20 pack-years were independently associated with mortality.
On thin residues and basis digraphs of nilpotent table algebras and applications to nilpotent groups

Abstract In this paper we study characterizations of nilpotent table algebras in terms of thin residues; thin residue matrices; thin residue digraphs; and basis digraphs. We will also discuss applications to nilpotent groups. In particular, we give a conceptual explanation of the results in Takegahara and Yoshida (2008) [TY] .
Methodological aspects of telephone scatologia: a case study.

Abstract The present paper focuses on the sexual paraphilia of telephone scatologia. Some psychological concepts of scatologia are reviewed; their methodological aspects are examined. It is argued that telephone scatologia is only one of the forms of audio scatologia (akophilia), which together with visual and textual scatologias present interactive but remote—intermediary—forms of sexual excitation, when the function of tactile contact is delegated to the sensory specific communication device, and where the perpetrator can be safe and sexually aggressive at the same time. The main objective of this paper is to present a case of prolific telephone scatologist, with the analysis of which the author was closely affiliated. The present paper does not pretend to cover all of the issues associated with etiology and psychogenesis of scatologia, but intends to offer rarely addressed material that could be useful in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, sexology, criminology and interpersonal violence.
Optical absorption in nitrogen due to spontaneous Raman scattering

The optical absorption that is due to spontaneous rotational and vibrational Raman scattering in molecular nitrogen is calculated as a function of wavelength and temperature. At a wavelength of 500 nm and standard temperature and pressure, Raman scattering results in an absorption coefficient of 1.67 × 10−11 cm−1, approximately five times smaller than the current experimental detection limit.
Eye movements in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni

1. There are three distinct kinds of coordinated eye-body movements in the African cichlid fish,Haplochromis burtoni, as revealed by cinematographic analysis: a) eye movements without coordinated body movements (voluntary saccades); b) nystagmus consisting of compensatory eye movements during turning of the body and a reset saccade movement of the eyes; c) fast body turns executed without corresponding eye movements. 2. During voluntary scanning eye movements the eyes usually move in temporal synchrony and often the result is a decreased angle between the eyes (increased convergence of the eyes). 3. Compensatory eye movements produce successive fixation of the gaze direction during a slow rotation of the body which serve to maintain the angular orientation of the eyes in space. No systematic change in convergence is associated with these turns. 4. Fast body turns are very rapid body turns without compensatory eye movements which occur almost exclusively during social interactions. 5. When the animals are freely swimming, these three types of eye-body movements occur in all possible sequences.
Criteria for the Onset of Significant Concentrations of Ice Particles in cumulus clouds

Abstract Field observations and measurements, reported from many locations around the world, are used to deduce the cloud depths (and cloud top temperatures) required for the Onset of Significant Concentrations of Ice Particles (OSCIP) in cumulus clouds. The results show that the OSCIP will generally occur if cloud top temperatures are between about −4° and −10°C. The results are compared with the criteria for the OSCIP proposed by Hobbs and Rangno (1985) and for the formation of high ice particle concentrations by riming-splintering.
Effective Team and Equipment Positioning for Dental Procedures Performed in Hospitals

Optimal positioning of operators and assistants for dental procedures conducted in hospital operating rooms with the patient under general anesthesia permits the team to function with speed and efficiency and reduces fatigue. The oblique position of the patient on the operating table or the use of a head and back-board extension can contribute to the ease with which the members of the dental team perform their duties. Placement of equipment in the operating room should simulate that in a dental operatory.
CALCULATION of an APPROXIMATE COOLING CURVE FOR COOKED ROAST BEEF

On June 1, 1983, the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture issued a final regulation regarding cooking and cooling requirements for roast beef. This regulation includes a specification of the time that the cooked roast may be exposed to temperatures in the range 120°F (332K) and 55°F (285.93K), no more than 6h, and that chilling must continue until the center temperature reaches 40°F (277.6K) before packaging. the purpose of this work was to suggest means by which processors may estimate these temperature limits. Several measured temperature profiles at the center of the roasts were obtained from beef processors, h was found that the measured temperatures obtained during the cooling of cooked roasts by ice water, may be predicted satisfactorily by methods described in this paper. Cooling with cold air introduces a boundary layer resistance to heat transfer and possibly also mass transfer because of potential evaporation of water. However, in this latter case further investigation is needed to determine its effect on the cooling of moist food products; the use of heat transfer considerations alone gave reasonable agreement with measurement in this particular instance. It appears that ice water velocities should be kept in excess of about 0.076 m/s to ensure that minimal surface resistance to heat transfer occurs during cooling; ice water velocities in the order of 0.15 m/s seem to lead to excellent cooling conditions.
The Effect of Cytokines and Pharmacologic Agents on Chronic HIV Infection

The ability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to replicate in CD+ T lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes(MP) is strongly influenced by immunoregulatory cytokines. In the T cell system, interleukin-2 (IL-2) provides a mitogenic signal leading to both cell proliferation and virus replication. Among other HIV-inductive cytokines, only tumor necrosis factor-alpha or -beta (TNF-alpha/-beta) have been shown thus far to trigger virus expression both in T cells and MP. The mechanism of action of TNF involves the activation of the cellular transcription factor NF-kB which binds to specific consensus sequences present in the enhancer region of the HIV proviral LTR. In addition, several other cytokines (including colony stimulating factors, IL-1, IL-3, and IL-6) have demonstrated upregulatory effects on HIV production in MP, whereas nonimmune interferons (INF-alpha/-beta) have been shown to suppress HIV replication in T cells and MP by acting at different phases in the virus life cycle. Finally, cytokines such as TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 have demonstrated either upregulatory or suppressive effects on virus expression depending on the experimental conditions. This scenario indicates that HIV expression is under the control of a complex network of immunoregulatory cytokines, in addition to its own endogenous regulatory proteins, suggesting that new pharmacologic strategies may be aimed at either mimicking or interrupting cytokine-dependent virus expression. In this regard, a number of different physiologic and pharmacologic agents capable of interfering with cytokine-mediated events, including glucocorticoids, anti-oxidants, such as N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC), and retinoic acid (RA) have already been shown to profoundly affect HIV replication in vitro.
Autonomous mobile robot self-referencing with sensor windows and neural networks

When navigating an environment a mobile robot can update its position and orientation by searching known landmarks and compare predictions with observations. This paper presents a method of mobile-robot self-referencing where every mapped object (obstacles to the global motion planner) in the environment can be used as potential sources of position and orientation information. This approach employs the efficiency of traversability vectors (t-vectors) for finding in-range geometric beacons and isolating surfaces visible to a sensor. Configuration-space (C-space) buffering (growing polygons to keep motion a safe distance from objects) will reduce the search time for finding in-range geometric beacons. Finally, a small multilayered neural network is used to provide a credence value for each predicted range that can be factored in to a filter or control strategy. This approach can be generalized to any ranging sensor that samples a region (e.g. IR sensors).
Rational Choice Theory and Institutional Analysis: Toward Complementarity

The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. By Jon Elster. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 311p. $44.50 cloth, $15.95 paper. Solomonic Judgements: Studies in the Limitations of Rationality. By Jon Elster. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 232p. $12.95 paper. Political Choice and Social Structure: An Analysis of Actors, Interests, and Rationality. By Barry Hindess. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1989. 216p. $42.95. The Common Good: Citizenship, Morality, and Self-Interest. By Bill Jordan. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989. 190p. $49.95 cloth, $16.95 paper. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. By James G. March and Johan P. Olsen. New York: Free Press. 227p. $24.95. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. By George Tsebelis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. 274p. $28.00.
The unstable chemical structure of quasicrystalline alloys

Abstract We show that a typical toy model of an ordered quasicrystalline alloy has a range of stoichiometries.
Future Strategies in Immunotherapy

The following chapter discusses cutting edge, current, and future immunotherapeutic strategies. The first section reviews basic molecular and cellular components of the immune system. The second section emphasizes FDA-approved humanized and chimeric antibodies for the treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis including herceptin, rituxan, mylotarg, campath, remicade, and Enbrel, because these types of genetically engineered molecules represent the future of molecular medicine treatments. The function and significance of antibody targets are defined where possible. A brief description of clinical trial results and adverse drug reactions is provided for each humanized or chimeric antibody. Formulations of each antibody are also discussed where appropriate. Next, cutting edge strategies using dendritic cells pulsed with tumor associated peptides, tumor cell lysates, apoptotic tumor cells, tumor RNA, and tumor-derived exosomes are also addressed. Transduction of DC with adenovirus and pox virus vectors is discussed along with ongoing clinical trials and exciting pre-clinical developments of promising strategies. The chapter concludes with a summary of what must occur in the immunotherapy field for success in the near future. Keywords: immune system; cancer therapeutics; therapeutic antibodies; dendritic cells
A Neuropsychogenic Perspective on Remediation of Learning Disabilities

perspective on learning disabilities which A takes into account both neurologic and psychogenic factors is considered. A specific program is described to illustrate how a curriclum may be based on the neuropsychogenic model. The program provides the child with training for language-perceptual deficits as well as concurrent psychotherapeutic experiences to help him cope with negative, self-defeating attitudes.
A case study of a TFE explosion in a PTFE manufacturing facility

A 1999 explosion in the purification area of a fluorinated polymer manufacturing plant in the United States caused fatal injuries to three employees. Another employee was severely injured. The affected plant personnel were attempting to locate a suspected polymer plug in lines containing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) monomer upstream of the polymerization plant. In an attempt to dislodge a possible plug in an elbow leading off a pressure vessel, one of the employees rapidly actuated a manually operated ball valve. High-pressure TFE upstream of the valve rushed into the downstream piping, which likely contained air at subatmospheric pressure. Adiabatic compression against a blind flange created temperatures sufficient to ignite a TFE/air mixture. The initial deflagration provided ample energy for a self-sustaining decomposition reaction to propagate within the TFE line into the upstream pressure vessel. Liquid TFE had been collecting in the pressure vessel as the result of a deliberate increase in the flow of cooling brine associated with a separate process. This allowed the decomposition to continue, causing a rapid increase in pressure inside the vessel, sufficient for the bolts on the upper flange to fail. The four employees were exposed to burning TFE sprayed from the pressure vessel and were also injured by shrapnel created by the explosion. Exponent Failure Analysis Associates was retained to conduct an engineering investigation of the incident, including a technical analysis of the conditions leading to the explosion. We also reviewed the HAZOP performed by the employer that failed to note critical parameters that contributed to the incident. This article discusses findings from the investigation as well as lessons on handling TFE that can be learned from the incident. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Opportunistic Spectrum Access with Multiple Users: Learning under Competition

The problem of cooperative allocation among multiple secondary users to maximize cognitive system throughput is considered. The channel availability statistics are initially unknown to the secondary users and are learnt via sensing samples. Two distributed learning and allocation schemes which maximize the cognitive system throughput or equivalently minimize the total regret in distributed learning and allocation are proposed. The first scheme assumes minimal prior information in terms of pre-allocated ranks for secondary users while the second scheme is fully distributed and assumes no such prior information. The two schemes have sum regret which is provably logarithmic in the number of sensing time slots. A lower bound is derived for any learning scheme which is asymptotically logarithmic in the number of slots. Hence, our schemes achieve asymptotic order optimality in terms of regret in distributed learning and allocation.
AgBase: a unified resource for functional analysis in agriculture

Analysis of functional genomics (transcriptomics and proteomics) datasets is hindered in agricultural species because agricultural genome sequences have relatively poor structural and functional annotation. To facilitate systems biology in these species we have established the curated, web-accessible, public resource ‘AgBase’ (www.agbase.msstate.edu). We have improved the structural annotation of agriculturally important genomes by experimentally confirming the in vivo expression of electronically predicted proteins and by proteogenomic mapping. Proteogenomic data are available from the AgBase proteogenomics link. We contribute Gene Ontology (GO) annotations and we provide a two tier system of GO annotations for users. The ‘GO Consortium’ gene association file contains the most rigorous GO annotations based solely on experimental data. The ‘Community’ gene association file contains GO annotations based on expert community knowledge (annotations based directly from author statements and submitted annotations from the community) and annotations for predicted proteins. We have developed two tools for proteomics analysis and these are freely available on request. A suite of tools for analyzing functional genomics datasets using the GO is available online at the AgBase site. We encourage and publicly acknowledge GO annotations from researchers and provide an online mechanism for agricultural researchers to submit requests for GO annotations.
Room temperature operated 3.1-μm type-I GaSb-based diode lasers with 80mW continuous wave output power

High-power diode lasers with heavily-strained In(Al)GaAsSb type-I quantum-well active region emitting at 3.1 mum at room temperature are reported. Devices operate in continuous-wave regime with output power above 200 mW and 80 mW at 250 K and 285 K, correspondingly.
The Development of Airway Hyperreactivity in T-bet-Deficient Mice Requires CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells

T-bet−/− mice have been shown to have a profound deficiency in the ability to generate invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in the periphery due to a halt in terminal maturation, but despite this deficiency, T-bet−/− mice develop spontaneous airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and airway inflammation. Because in some situations the development of AHR requires the presence of iNKT cells, we sought to more clearly understand how AHR develops in T-bet−/− mice by examining T-bet−/− mice in several distinct mouse models of asthma, including spontaneous, OVA-induced and α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-induced AHR. Surprisingly, we found that administration of α-GalCer, which very specifically activates iNKT cells, greatly increased the AHR response in the T-bet−/− mice. Moreover, in T-bet−/− mice, spontaneous AHR as well as AHR induced with OVA or α-GalCer were all eliminated by blocking CD1d, the restricting element of iNKT cells, using an anti-CD1d-blocking mAb. Although the number of the iNKT cells in T-bet−/− mice was reduced compared with that in wild-type mice, the remaining iNKT cells produced primarily IL-4 and IL-13, and only minimal amounts of IFN-γ. We conclude therefore that the AHR that develops in T-bet−/− mice is dependent on the presence of iNKT cells, and that whereas T-bet−/− have reduced numbers of iNKT cells, these are sufficient for the development of AHR.
Parkin-deficient mice are not a robust model of parkinsonism

Mutations in the human parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, a heritable form of Parkinson's disease (PD). To determine whether mutations in the mouse parkin gene (Park2) also result in a parkinsonian phenotype, we generated mice with a targeted deletion of parkin exon 2. Using an extensive behavioral screen, we evaluated neurological function, motor ability, emotionality, learning, and memory in aged Parkin-deficient mice. The behavioral profile of Parkin-deficient mice on a B6;129S4 genetic background was strikingly similar to that of control mice, and most differences were not reproducible by using coisogenic mice on a 129S4 genetic background. Moreover, catecholamine levels in the striatum, olfactory bulb, and spinal cord of Parkin-deficient mice were normal. In contrast to previous studies using independently generated Parkin-deficient mice, we found no evidence for nigrostriatal, cognitive, or noradrenergic dysfunction. Understanding why Parkin-deficient mice do not exhibit robust signs of parkinsonism could advance knowledge and treatment of PD.
Sex-induced silencing defends the genome of Cryptococcus neoformans via RNAi

Cosuppression is a silencing phenomenon triggered by the introduction of homologous DNA sequences into the genomes of organisms as diverse as plants, fungi, flies, and nematodes. Here we report sex-induced silencing (SIS), which is triggered by tandem integration of a transgene array in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. A SXI2a-URA5 transgene array was found to be post-transcriptionally silenced during sexual reproduction. More than half of the progeny that inherited the SXI2a-URA5 transgene became uracil-auxotrophic due to silencing of the URA5 gene. In vegetative mitotic growth, silencing of this transgene array occurred at an ~250-fold lower frequency, indicating that silencing is induced during the sexual cycle. Central components of the RNAi pathway—including genes encoding Argonaute, Dicer, and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase—are all required for both meiotic and mitotic transgene silencing. URA5-derived ~22-nucleotide (nt) small RNAs accumulated in the silenced isolates, suggesting that SIS is mediated by RNAi via sequence-specific small RNAs. Through deep sequencing of the small RNA population in C. neoformans, we also identified abundant small RNAs mapping to repetitive transposable elements, and these small RNAs were absent in rdp1 mutant strains. Furthermore, a group of retrotransposons was highly expressed during mating of rdp1 mutant strains, and an increased transposition/mutation rate was detected in their progeny, indicating that the RNAi pathway squelches transposon activity during the sexual cycle. Interestingly, Ago1, Dcr1, Dcr2, and Rdp1 are translationally induced in mating cells, and Ago1, Dcr1, and Dcr2 localize to processing bodies (P bodies), whereas Rdp1 appears to be nuclear, providing mechanistic insights into the elevated silencing efficiency during sexual reproduction. We hypothesize that the SIS RNAi pathway operates to defend the genome during sexual development.
Scalability and cost of a cloud-based approach to medical NLP

Natural Language Processing (NLP) in the medical field has the potential to dramatically influence the way in which everyday clinical care and medical research is conducted. NLP systems provide access to structured content embedded in raw medical texts, therefore enabling automated processing. There are however, several barriers prohibiting wide spread adoption of NLP technology primarily driven by the complexity and cost. This paper describes an approach and implementation which leverages cloud-based deployment and service-based interfaces to extract, process, synthesize, mine, compare/contrast, explore, and manage medical text data in a flexibly secure and scalable architecture. Through a virtual appliance architecture users are able to discover, deploy and utilize NLP engines on demand without requiring knowledge of the underlying, potentially complex, NLP engine. As highlighted in this paper, the system architecture can scale in several configurations: by increasing the number of instances deployed, the number of NLP engines, and the number of databases.
RAZER: A pulse sequence for whole‐brain bolus tracking at high frame rates

Purpose To introduce a pulse sequence that obtains whole-brain perfusion measurements at 1.7 mm isotropic voxel resolution by dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI bolus tracking despite using a temporal resolution of 10.3 s: RAdial kZ-blipped 3D GRE-echo-planar imaging (GRE-EPI) for whole-brain pERfusion (RAZER). Methods In RAZER, in-plane radial and through-plane 3D GRE-EPI Cartesian sampling was used to produce a 3D stack-of-stars k-space. In vivo scans on one healthy volunteer and one patient with Moyamoya disease were performed using RAZER and a typical 2D GRE-EPI pulse sequence as a reference standard. Agreement in perfusion metrics was reported using linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots. Results Sliding window reconstruction recovered dynamic information lost in the large temporal acquisition window of RAZER. Inline phase correction scans corrected N/2 ghosting artifacts and view-dependent phase variations. Whole-brain images of cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, and mean transit time were calculated with RAZER at 1.7 mm isotropic voxel resolution and good reference standard agreement in both subjects when sliding window reconstruction was used (r2 > 0.7, mean bias in mean transit time measurements < 0.5 s). Conclusions Despite using a temporal resolution of 10.3 s, in vivo data indicates that RAZER is able to obtain whole-brain perfusion measurements at 1.7 mm isotropic voxel resolution and good reference standard agreement. Magn Reson Med 71:2127–2138, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Firms Capture Value From Their Innovations

Over the past 25 years, the technology strategy literature has examined how four primary mechanisms—patents, secrecy, lead time, and complementary assets—influence whether and to what extent firms capture value generated by their innovations. Although this literature has had a profound impact on our understanding of how firms capture value from innovation, we have yet to develop a robust theory that allows us to unbundle the characteristics of institutions, industries, firms, and individual technologies that affect the selection of particular value capture mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to provide a foundation for addressing these gaps in the literature. We identify and assess relevant scholarly work regarding value capture mechanisms published in top-tier peer-reviewed management journals between 1980 and 2011. We then review the assumptions, insights, and causal mechanisms for the antecedents and consequences of the value capture mechanisms highlighted in these articles. The ultimate objecti...
ADR1-Mediated Transcriptional Activation Requires the Presence of an Intact TFIID Complex

The yeast transcriptional activator ADR1, which is required for ADH2 and other genes' expression, contains four transactivation domains (TADs). While previous studies have shown that these TADs act through GCN5 and ADA2, and presumably TFIIB, other factors are likely to be involved in ADR1 function. In this study, we addressed the question of whether TFIID is also required for ADR1 action. In vitro binding studies indicated that TADI of ADR1 was able to retain TAFII90 from yeast extracts and TADII could retain TBP and TAFII130/145. TADIV, however, was capable of retaining multiple TAFIIs, suggesting that TADIV was binding TFIID from yeast whole-cell extracts. The ability of TADIV truncation derivatives to interact with TFIID correlated with their transcription activation potential in vivo. In addition, the ability of LexA-ADR1-TADIV to activate transcription in vivo was compromised by a mutation in TAFII130/145. ADR1 was found to associate in vivo with TFIID in that immunoprecipitation of either TAFII90 or TBP from yeast whole-cell extracts specifically coimmunoprecipitated ADR1. Most importantly, depletion of TAFII90 from yeast cells dramatically reduced ADH2 derepression. These results indicate that ADR1 physically associates with TFIID and that its ability to activate transcription requires an intact TFIID complex.
An empirical evaluation of a three-dimensional crown model for predicting volume growth

Abstract A three-dimensional geometric model of crown competition was developed which can be used for empirical distance-dependent individual-tree models or biologically based process models. The crown model calculates the shape of a subject tree's crown based on the positions of its competitors' crowns and the rules of competition. It is necessary to use a crown profile equation to use the crown model. The crown profile equation was estimated from the crown width of open-grown trees at the base of the live crown. Ten replicates of a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) progeny study planted in a variable density Nelder's wheel layout re-measured annually from Ages 6 to 10 and at Age 12 were used for the analysis. The use of two different rules of competition and two different methods of calculating crown volume, surface area, and exposed surface area resulted in eight different estimates related to the geometry of each crown. The relationships of the natural logarithm of periodic annual wood volume growth of different time lengths were fit to geometric estimates generated from the crown model. These relationships were compared with crown length and wood volume relationships to evaluate the utility of the three-dimensional crown model. Exposed surface area of the crown was the best predictor of volume growth produced by the crown model. Wood volume was the single best predictor of growth until Age 9, when exposed surface area became superior. The best model of all possible models was wood volume, exposed surface area, and surface area. Wood volume, exposed surface area, and total surface area length accounted for 1–11% more of the variability than crown length and wood volume. This indicated that the crown model offered benefits over the use of the raw data. The relative performance of the crown model compared with wood volume and crown length improved as competition increased. The crown model appears to offer potential for growth and yield modeling; it must be further evaluated, however, for use in mature stands.
Phase-Domain Statistical Analysis for Audio Source Localization

We consider the problem of estimating the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) for audio source localization in noisy environments, defining a framework for statistical analysis in the phase domain which enables more reliable estimates. This is motivated by the fact that with complex sources, noise, and interfering signals, different frequency bands have significantly different signal-to-noise ratios, creating non-uniform distributions of errors in the phase measurements. Through a new method for analysis of the variations of the phase in frequency windows, we first estimate the signal-to-noise ratio for frequency, and then use it in a maximum-likelihood estimation of the time difference of arrival. We show that this corresponds to a generalization of the Phase Transform method (PHAT), and provides a theoretical justification of why it works so well. Numerical results show how the proposed technique compares favorably with PHAT.
HEADACHE: CORTICAL VEIN THROMBOSIS AND RESPONSE TO ANTICOAGULATION

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is being diagnosed more frequently with the use of advanced radiologic imaging. The presentation of CVT includes a wide spectrum of nonspecific symptoms with headache predominating. We present a case with acute, severe headache. The evaluation included a head computed tomography (CT) scan that was normal. The presence of opacified sinuses led to treatment for sinusitis. The patient returned the following day with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study identified an isolated cortical venous thrombosis. This patient was treated with anticonvulsant and anticoagulation therapy. A CVT is an unusual cause of headache and should be considered in patients with atypical presentation or associated seizure, or who are refractory to current therapy. Diagnosis may be made with MRI. Resolution and complete recovery are possible with appropriate therapy.
Spectral analysis of EEG during carotid endarterectomy

Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) was monitored during 105 carotid endarterectomies. Seventy-eight percent of the patients showed no significant change in EEG spectral power as a result of clamping of the internal carotid artery. Two patterns of change were observed in the remaining 22% of patients: partial reduction (significant decrease of power in one or two of three frequency bands) and global reduction (significant decrease of power in all three frequency bands). High frequencies (over 10.5 Hz) changed more frequently with clamping than did low frequencies (less than 6 Hz), but reduction of high frequencies alone was tolerated with no postoperative deficits. The only non-shunted patient demonstrating global EEG reduction for the duration of carotid clamping suffered a transient hemiparesis.
Abstract 539: Oxidized Linoleic Acid Modulates Plasma Lipids and Associated Apolipoproteins in C57bl Mice

Introduction: Dietary oxidized lipids have been suggested to contribute to atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that oxidized linoleic acid (OxLA) modulates plasma lipids, feeding C57BL mice oxidized linoleic acid resulted in decreased plasma triglycerides and increased HDL. The current study is designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of plasma lipids by the OxLA. Experimental Design: C57BL6 male mice (N=40) were divided into four groups (n = 10 each): Animals were fed for two months three different formulated diet except for the plain control (P) which was kept on normal mouse. The other three groups were as follows: control group supplemented with 18 mg/animal/day of linoleic acid (LA) (C); experimental group feed low concentration (9 mg/animal/day) of OxLA (A), and experimental group fed high dose of OxLA (18 mg/animal/day). After two months of feeding mice were sacrificed, blood, liver, and adipose tissues were collected for the analysis of plasma lipids, and related analyts and gene expressions for genes associated with lipoproteins metabolism. Results and Conclusion: The plasma total cholesterol and LDL have significantly (P
The shaping of climate science: half a century in personal perspective

Abstract. The paper traces my career as a climatologist from the 1950s and that of most of my graduate students from the late 1960s. These decades were the formative ones in the evolution of climate science. Following a brief account of the history of climatology, a summary of my early training, my initial teaching and research in the UK is discussed. This is followed by new directions at the University of Colorado, Boulder from October 1968. The history of the World Data Center for Glaciology/National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder from 1977 is described and climate-cryosphere initiatives at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES). International activities and links are then reported, followed by a section on national and international committees. I then describe my activities during sabbaticals and research leaves. The paper concludes with discussion of my "retirement" activities and an epilogue. The paper is based on a lecture given at the Roger Barry Symposium: A Chronicle of Distinction: From the Arctic to the Andes, at the University of Colorado, 10 August 2004 and updated to 2014.
A Year United in Fragmentation: An Examination into the History of Modernist Aesthetics and their Culmination in 1922

When I was first introduced to Abel Gance's La Roue, I was rather interested in the fact that it was released in 1922. I knew that this was also the year that James Joyce's Ulysses and T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land were published. I began to wonder why this year produced such significant works of modernism. I repeatedly asked a professor of mine, Bruce Kawin, a number of questions about 1922. My core questions were: "Why then?" and "What happened before?" At some point, Professor Kawin suggested that I write an honors thesis on 1922. After some discussion about what the thesis should contain, I decided that I was interested in the history of modernist aesthetics. I wanted to determine what occasioned the emergence of modernism and why it arrived at an apex in 1922. With this goal in mind, I began reading and watching a number of significant modernist works that were released before 1922. In addition to this project, I tried to isolate a number of historical factors (outside of artistic tendencies) that may have occasioned the creation and evolution of modernist aesthetics. I discovered that the events of 1922 were the culmination of an evolution of aesthetic tendencies. Also, modernist aesthetics were the response to a particular consciousness that was occasioned by a number of significant historical events that occurred around that time. In discussing this, my thesis aims to provide a some coherence to the vast and complex artistic movement known as modernism.
Assessment of a Rich-Burn, Quick-Mix, Lean-Burn–Based Supplemental Burner System in a Vitiated Air Stream

ABSTRACTIn an effort to increase overall efficiency of distributed power generation systems, strategies to optimize the combination of cooling or heating with power (CCHP) are desired. One significant issue in implementing a CCHP system is that electrical loads and heating/cooling loads are rarely synchronized. Duct burners are frequently used in large systems to provide additional heat when the waste heat available from the prime mover does not meet the needs of the heat recovery device. Duct burners must operate on vitiated oxidizer streams, which can result in poor stability, elevated emissions, or both. Rich-burn, quick-mix, lean-burn (RQL) style combustors have been shown to provide low emission and high stability in lean burn gas turbine applications, but have not been considered for duct burner applications. To this point, the current work carries out an experimental investigation to assess the merits of using an RQL style combustor in a duct burner application. A systematic evaluation of several R...
Senior Hunger The Importance of Quality Assessment Tools in Determining Need

Food insecurity is not a new phenomenon experienced by seniors living in the United States. In a recent report by Feeding America, approximately 4.8 million Americans over the age of 60 are food insecure. The findings from this study call for major policy and funding implications. Through semistructured, face-to-face interviews, this study found how the assessment tools determining the relative need for these seniors underestimate the scope of their experiences relating to food insecurity. The assessment tool used by this particular program is based on federally recommended questions. These same questions are used by agencies across the nation that receive federal funding. This is problematic as this study shows that the current assessment tool does not properly capture some of the barriers many older Americans are facing in trying to obtain food.