cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motor-Unit Pool Model of Continuous and Discrete Force Variability

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the different scaling functions between force and force variability in continuous and discrete isometric forces. Muscle forces were simulated with the Fuglevand et al. (1993) model of motor unit recruitment and rate coding, and a range of recruitment and firing properties were manipulated. The influence of time-to-peak force on the discrete force variability was also examined. The results revealed that the peak firing rate, the synchrony between motoneurons, and the recruitment range contributed to the different variability functions in continuous and discrete forces. The shorter time-to-peak force led to higher variability in the peak force. The findings show that the model can produce the distinct properties of the force variability scaling functions in continuous and discrete forces. The simulation results provide preliminary insight into the neuromuscular mechanisms of the different force variability functions in continuous an...
Proximal Femoral Fractures: What the Orthopedic Surgeon Wants to Know

Each year, more than 250,000 hip fractures occur in the United States, resulting in considerable patient mortality and morbidity. The various types of adult proximal femoral fractures require different treatment strategies that depend on a variety of considerations, including the location, morphologic features, injury mechanism, and stability of the fracture, as well as the patient's age and baseline functional status. The authors discuss femoral head, femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric fractures in terms of injury mechanisms, specific anatomic and biomechanical features, and important diagnostic and management considerations, including the diagnostic utility of imaging modalities. The authors review clinically important classification systems, such as the Pipkin, Garden, Pauwels, and Evans-Jensen classification systems, with emphasis on differentiating subchondral insufficiency fractures from avascular necrosis of the femoral head and typical subtrochanteric fractures from atypical (often bisphosphonate-related) subtrochanteric fractures. In addition, the authors describe the potential complications and management strategies for each fracture type on the basis of the patient's age and physical condition. A clear understanding of these considerations allows the radiologist to better provide appropriate and relevant diagnostic information and management guidance to the orthopedic surgeon.
Investment Climate and Firm Survival: What does it mean for Latin American Countries?

This paper extends the existing literature on the impact of investment climate on the survival rates of firms in the context of Latin American countries. Using unique World Bank datasets that capture several dimensions of investment climate simultaneously, we perform a survival analysis of firms across 12 Latin American countries. To account for interval censoring in the data, we estimate probit regression models to study the impact of investment climate on firm survival, controlling for relevant firm characteristics. We find that weaknesses in the investment climate adversely impact firm dynamics and the composition of surviving firms. Less developed financial and legal institutions counteract forces that would have pushed less productive firms to exit, whereas, greater cost and regulatory burdens increases that probability of more productive firms going out of business. These results hold both within and across countries. Thus, policy measures undertaken to improve investment climate have the potential to positively impact overall firm productivity in the economy and possibly economic growth across these Latin American countries.
TMIC-01TUMOR TARGETED QUANTUM DOTS TO IDENTIFY GLIOMA INITIATING CELLS AND EXOSOMES

TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT TMIC-01. TUMOR TARGETED QUANTUM DOTS TO IDENTIFY GLIOMA INITIATING CELLS AND EXOSOMES Achutha Madhankumar, Oliver Mrowczynski, Suhag Patel, Elias Rizk, Cody Weston, Michael Glantz, Lichong Xu, Christopher Siedlecki, and James Connor; Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA GBM and certain brain metastatic cancers possess invasiveness and high infiltrating potential making them harder to detect at the earlier stage of the disease progression. Identification of cancer stem cells and exosomes secreted by them in the biofluids like CSF will be an ideal way to determine the presence of residual cancer after therapy. We utilize ligand conjugated quantum dots (QD) to specifically label the cancer stem cells and exosomes to identify the presence of certain invasive markers. Human glioma initiating cells were cultured in adherent form and were exposed to interleukin-13 conjugated quantum dots (IL13QD), which binds the glioma initiating cells expressing IL13Ra2 receptor and also the exosomes secreted by the glioma stem cells. Exosomes that were isolated from glioma stem cells and patients CSF were demonstrated to express IL13Ra2 receptor. Fluorescent microscopy, electron microscopy and flow cytometry were performed on the exosomes after complexing with nano quantum dots (QD). IL13QD was demonstrated to specifically bind glioma stem cells both in the monolayer and spheroid culture. The binding affinity of the exosomes to the quantum dots were also confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The morphology and size of exosomes were confirmed by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering method. The density plot from the flow cytometer experiments with IL13QD-exosomes complex indicates a possibility to identify the tumor associated exosomes. Our experiment infers that in ex vivo, tumor targeted quantum dots can bind with tumor initiating glioma stem cells and extracellular vesicles (exosomes) that are secreted by cancer cells. There is a future possibility to differentiate the metastatic tumor associated exosomes from the non-metastatic exosomes based on their QD binding profile Neuro-Oncology 17:v221–v225, 2015. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov236.1 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology 2015.
Why Access to Water Rights Was Never a 'Right': Historical Perspectives on American Water Law

This article, from a symposium on water rights, explains how the history of access to water in England and early America, makes it difficult (but not impossible) to develop a “right” to water under traditional Anglo-American common law. This article ties physical geography – including the amazing abundance of water in the eastern part of the United States, with common law developments. The article also considers, briefly, that right of access to water for religious purposes and access to water under Indian law. Despite its “2010” publication date, this article was actually published in 2013.
Test Method for Determination Half Dechlorine Value of Activated Carbon

A test method for determination the half dechlorine value of activated carbon was introduced.
Finite Element Analysis of Pressure Vessle with Off-angle Large Opening

This paper presents a finite element analysis of a pressure vessel with off-angle large opening,which could not be calculated by conventional method and normal design software.On the basis of comparing the calculated stresses with the allowables,the design of the vessel structure is optimized.
On initial item selection in cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing

There has recently been much interest in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) for cognitive diagnosis. While there exist various item selection criteria and different asymptotically optimal designs, these are mostly constructed based on the asymptotic theory assuming the test length goes to infinity. In practice, with limited test lengths, the desired asymptotic optimality may not always apply, and there are few studies in the literature concerning the optimal design of finite items. Related questions, such as how many items we need in order to be able to identify the attribute pattern of an examinee and what types of initial items provide the optimal classification results, are still open. This paper aims to answer these questions by providing non-asymptotic theory of the optimal selection of initial items in cognitive diagnostic CAT. In particular, for the optimal design, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the Q-matrix structure of the initial items. The theoretical development is suitable for a general family of cognitive diagnostic models. The results not only provide a guideline for the design of optimal item selection procedures, but also may be applied to guide item bank construction.
Abstract 2: Circadian Regulation of Intestinal Lipid Absorption by ApoAIV Involves Forkhead Transcription Factors A2/O1 and MTP

Clock, MTP and nocturnin are involved in the circadian regulation of intestinal lipid absorption. Here, we clarified the role of apolipoprotein AIV (apoAIV) in the diurnal regulation of plasma lipids and intestinal lipid absorption in mice. Total plasma triglyceride/cholesterol in ApoAIV-/- mice showed diurnal variations similar to ApoAIV+/+ mice; however, increases in plasma triglyceride at night were significantly lower in these mice. ApoAIV-/- mice absorbed fewer lipids at night and showed blunted response to daytime feeding. To explain reasons for these lower responses, we measured MTP expression; intestinal MTP was low at night and its induction after food entrainment was less in ApoAIV-/- mice. Conversely, apoAIV overexpression increased MTP mRNA in hepatoma cells indicating transcriptional regulation. Mechanistic studies revealed that sequences between -204/-775 bp in the MTP promoter respond to apoAIV and that apoAIV enhances expression of FoxA2/FoxO1 transcription factors and their binding to the identified cis -elements in the MTP promoter at night. Knockdown of FoxA2/FoxO1 abolished apoAIV mediated MTP induction. Moreover, FoxA2/FoxO1 expression showed diurnal variations and their expressions were significantly lower in ApoAIV-/- mice. These data indicate that apoAIV modulates diurnal regulation of lipid absorption by regulating forkhead transcription factors and MTP, and that inhibition of apoAIV expression might reduce plasma lipids.
Acute Myocardial Infarction from Coronary Vasospasm Precipitated by Pseudoephedrine and Metoprolol Use

Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic α- and β-adrenergic receptor agonist that causes vasoconstriction and reduction in edema throughout the nasal passages. Coronary vasospasm associated with pseudoephedrine has been reported in the literature. We discuss the case of a patient with new-onset atrial fibrillation receiving metoprolol for rate control on a background of pseudoephedrine use for allergic rhinitis leading to acute myocardial infarction from multivessel coronary vasospasm. This case illustrates the importance of understanding the pharmacology of potential drug-drug interactions when managing patients with acute cardiovascular syndromes.
Ink: Increasing Worker Agency to Reduce Friction in Hiring Crowd Workers

The web affords connections by which end-users can receive paid, expert help—such as programming, design, and writing—to reach their goals. While a number of online marketplaces have emerged to facilitate such connections, most end-users do not approach a market to hire an expert when faced with a challenge. To reduce friction in hiring from peer-to-peer expert crowd work markets, we propose Ink, a system that crowd workers can use to showcase their services by embedding tasks inside web tutorials—a common destination for users with information needs. Workers have agency to define and manage tasks, through which users can request their help to review or execute each step of the tutorial, for example, to give feedback on a paper outline, perform a statistical analysis, or host a practice programming interview. In a public deployment, over 25,000 pageviews led 168 tutorial readers to pay crowd workers for their services, most of whom had not previously hired from crowdsourcing marketplaces. A field experiment showed that users were more likely to hire crowd experts when the task was embedded inside the tutorial rather than when they were redirected to the same worker’s Upwork profile to hire them. Qualitative analysis of interviews showed that Ink framed hiring expert crowd workers within users’ well-established information seeking habits and gave workers more control over their work.
Bone Forming Tumors

These lesions are most frequently seen in the calvarium, especially in the frontal sinus area. Their vascularity is similar to that of normal bone and the supplying artery probably arises from intraosseous arteries, not soft tissues surrounding the tumor.
Simultaneous occurrence of herniated disc and mesothelial cyst in a 16-year-old male.

The unusual, simultaneous occurrence of both a herniated disc and an intraspinal mesothelial cyst in an adolescent is reported. The patient was a 16-year-old white male who presented with sciatic pain in his left lower extremity. Myelography revealed evidence of a left L4–5 discal herniation, and a L5–S3 midline sacral lesion that proved to be a mesothelial cyst.
Pulmonary artery catheterization.

After two decades, hemodynamic invasive monitoring using a flow-directed, balloon-tipped, puiinonary artery (PA) catheter has established itself as a significant component of acute clinical care. In spite of continued recommendations for limitations, restrictions, moratoria, arid even abandonment, growth in catheter use continues. Attempts to replace it by competing technologies for routine clinicai practice have not been successful thus far. More than one million PA catheters are inserted in the United States annually. The clinical utility and value of the pulmonary artery catheter depend largely on the interpretation of information obtained. Clinical interpretation of data is influenced by an understanding of cardiopulmonary hernodynamics, technical skills, and professional integrity of the physician using the device. After a brief history, this article focuses on the technical aspects of tire insertion procedure, choice of hardware, and acquisition and analysis of information. Indications, contraindications, and clinical utility are briefly described. Major complications from PA catheterization reported in the literature, since clinical introduction of the catheter are summarized.
Measuring Program Outcomes

Administrators are faced daily with questions from various constituents regarding how well their program is doing and whether it has really had an effect on the participants. Answering these questions requires clearly defined and measured outcomes. In many programs, the time hasn’t been taken to implement the necessary steps to have relevant outcome measures on participants, despite their importance. Part of the reason is the focus on process analysis; part is due to ignorance of the literature regarding currently accepted outcome measures; and part of the reason is simply lack of time to get the data on outcomes or to develop the techniques to capture outcome measures. Our general feeling is that administrators can operationalize outcome measures, but they simply haven’t, due to financial, time, or “perpetual crisis” restraints. Thus, our attempt in this chapter is to provide you with a “broad brush” approach to selecting and measuring appropriate outcome measures that can be used for a number of purposes, including reporting, program evaluation, and as the basis for impact and benefit-cost analyses.
Chapter 11 – Orthopedics

Within the realm of orthopedics, extensive overlap exists between both fracture fixation of bone segments and articulation of moving joints, stabilized by tendons and ligaments. Traumas arise with aging, and the primary observable is a general bone demineralization that occurs over time. There are several types of cancers that can lead to more fragile bone structures, including primary tumors like osteosarcomas that invade trabecular and cortical bone stock and multiple myeloma that triggers bone resorption. Trauma can occur at any age, and there are both external and internal schemes for addressing repair and bone regeneration. Trauma can be linked with instability, which is more pronounced in seniors. And osteoarthritis is commonly linked to the deterioration of cartilage surfaces that typically never regenerate leading to bone on bone contact in articulating joints. In this chapter, procedures will be highlighted and grouped according to interventions dealing with trauma, poor articulation, and joint stabilization relating to tendons and ligaments.
Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?

The migration of physicians from low-resource to high-resource settings is a prevalent global phenomenon that is insufficiently understood. Most low-income countries are severely understaffed with physicians, and the emigration of the already limited number of physicians to other countries can significantly reduce access to healthcare in the source country. Despite a growing interest in global capacity building in these countries by academic and non-governmental organizations in high-income countries, efforts to stem physician migration have been mostly unsuccessful. The authors reviewed the current literature for the motivational factors leading to physician migration in the context of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. Our study found that financial safety needs were major drivers of physician emigration. However, factors related to self-actualization such as the desire for professional development through training opportunities and research, were also major contributors. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of physician motivations to emigrate from low-resource countries. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation may provide a useful framework for future studies evaluating the concerns of physicians in low-income countries and as a guide to incentivize retention.
Does transfusion of Asian-type DEL red blood cells to D- recipients cause D alloimmunization?

In 2005, the late George Garratty asked readers of TRANSFUSION, “Do we need to be more concerned about weak D antigens?” His question was prompted by his observation that “… there have been increasing numbers of reports of patients who had been transfused with donor blood having ‘weak D’ or undetectable D (e.g., DEL) who made anti-D.” Garratty reviewed the complexity of the D antigen and its variants, case reports of anti-D after transfusion of weak D RBCs to D- recipients, and variable D typing results depending on selection of anti-D reagents. He noted that most available data were from Europe and concluded that “countries with larger Asian or African populations … need to relate to statistics in their own countries.” Garratty’s question can be answered only when data are available for the many different scenarios in which different categories of weak D RBCs have been transfused to D- recipients. In this commentary, we address one of these scenarios, namely, the potential risk of D alloimmunization when Asian-type DEL (RHD*DEL1) RBCs are transfused to D- recipients in the United States. We suggest how this issue can be resolved by a focused study in pertinent communities in the United States.
Post-fire aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration varies in response to winter precipitation across a regional climate gradient

Abstract Altered climate and changing fire regimes are synergistically impacting forest communities globally, resulting in deviations from historical norms and creation of novel successional dynamics. These changes are particularly important when considering the stability of a keystone species such as quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), which contributes critical ecosystem services across its broad North American range. As a relatively drought intolerant species, projected changes of altered precipitation timing, amount, and type (e.g. snow or rain) may influence aspen response to fire, especially in moisture-limited and winter precipitation-dominated portions of its range. Aspen is generally considered an early-seral species that benefits from fire, but increases in fire activity across much of the western United States could affect the species in unpredictable ways. This study examined post-fire aspen stands across a regional climate gradient spanning from the north-central Great Basin to the northeastern portion of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (USA). We investigated the influence of seasonal precipitation and temperature variables, snowpack, and site conditions (e.g. browsing levels, topography) on density of post-fire aspen regeneration (i.e. all small trees ha−1) and recruitment (i.e. small trees ≥2 m tall ha−1) across 15 fires that occurred between 2000 and 2009. The range of post-fire regeneration (2500–71,600 small trees ha−1) and recruitment (0–32,500 small trees ≥2 m ha−1) densities varied widely across plots. Linear mixed effects models demonstrated that both response variables increased primarily with early winter (Oct-Dec) precipitation during the ‘fire-regen period’ (i.e., fire year and five years after fire) relative to the 30-year mean. The 30-year mean of early winter precipitation and fire-regen period snowpack were also positively related to recruitment densities. Both response variables decreased with higher shrub cover, highlighting the importance of considering shrub competition in post-fire environments. Regeneration and recruitment densities were negatively related to proportion browsed aspen leaders and animal pellet densities (no./m2), respectively, indicating the influence of ungulate browsing even at the relatively low levels observed across sites. A post-hoc exploratory analysis suggests that deviation in early winter precipitation during the fire-regen period (relative to 30-year means) varied among sites along directional gradients, emphasizing the need to consider multiple spatiotemporal scales when investigating climate effects on post-fire successional dynamics. We discuss our findings in terms of dynamic management and conservation strategies in light of changing fire regimes and climate conditions.
Assessment in Pediatric Psychology Consultation-Liaison

Assessment is a fundamental component of pediatric psychology practice that requires flexibility in its application to consultation-liaison (CL) services. In contrast to comprehensive psychological evaluations, assessment in the CL context focuses on specific behaviors/symptoms related to the referral question, with the intent of enhancing formulations, guiding intervention, and informing treatment planning. This chapter describes specific applications of psychological assessment to the pediatric CL setting. Tables are provided as a reference guide for commonly used assessment tools. Special considerations for assessment in a pediatric CL context include time to administer, score, and interpret assessments; billing processes; follow-up and coordination with medical providers; and referrals for comprehensive psychological evaluations. A case illustration is provided demonstrating the value of psychological assessment for a child experiencing challenges with health behaviors, mood concerns, and adherence to medical recommendations.
The pediatric stomach — masses and mass-like pathology

Diagnostic imaging of pediatric gastric masses often provides a challenge for the practicing radiologist. Radiologists should be aware of this relatively unusual pathology, particularly in cross-sectional imaging findings. We will review pediatric gastric masses and mass-like lesions, focusing on neoplastic and inflammatory etiologies.
Impacts of Dietary Nutritional Composition on Larval Development and Adult Body Composition in the Yellow Fever Mosquito (Aedes aegypti).

Background: the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) is an important vector of arboviruses, including Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya. The dietary requirements of larval Ae. aegypti are not well understood and likely impact developmental and physiological parameters knowledge of which could be important for vector control. This study examines the effects nutrition has on growth and development of larval Ae. aegypti of laboratory-reared Rockefeller strain mosquitoes. Methods: mosquito larvae were split into five feeding groups with diets providing different ratios of protein and carbohydrates. Each group received autolyzed Brewer’s yeast (AY - high-protein), and/or rice flour (RF—high-carbohydrate). The groups were monitored to record larval developmental times, adult sizes and nutritional stores. Results: the 100% AY group failed to pupate, suggesting the AY alone is either lacking in critical nutrients or is toxic at higher concentrations. The 100% RF group resulted in the smallest adults that took the longest time to reach pupation. Of the remaining groups, the 25% AY/75% RF (Med–low) diet yielded adult mosquitoes with highest average weight, wing length, and lipid stores relative to the other diets. Conclusions: the dietary requirements for development, body size, and nutrient stores of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes appear to be dependent on a relatively low but essential proportion of dietary protein to carbohydrates to achieve optimal developmental outcomes.
LMIs in Control Optimization

Hamilton invented state space models of nonlinear dynamic systems with his generalized momenta work in the 1800s, but, at that time, the lack of computational tools prevented broad acceptance of the first order form of dynamic equations. With the rapid development of computers in the 1960s, State Space models evoked a formal control theory for minimizing a scalar function of control and state, propelled by the calculus of variations and Pontryagin’s maximal principle.
A role for peptides in overcoming endosomal entrapment in siRNA delivery — A focus on melittin

siRNA has the possibility to revolutionize medicine by enabling highly specific and efficient silencing of proteins involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite nearly 20 years of research dedicated to translating siRNA from a research tool into a clinically relevant therapeutic, minimal success has been had to date. Access to RNA interference machinery located in the cytoplasm is often overlooked, but must be considered when designing the next generation of siRNA delivery strategies. Peptide transduction domains (PTDs) have demonstrated moderate siRNA transfection, which is primarily limited by endosomal entrapment. Strategies aimed at overcoming endosomal entrapment associated with peptide vectors are reviewed here, including osmotic methods, lipid conjugation, and fusogenic peptides. As an alternative to traditional PTD, the hemolytic peptide melittin exhibits the native capacity for endosomal disruption but causes cytotoxicity. However, appropriate packaging and protection of melittin with activation and release in the endosomal compartment has allowed melittin-based strategies to demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy. These data suggest that melittin's membrane disruptive properties can enable safe and effective endosomolysis, building a case for melittin as a key component in a new generation of siRNA therapeutics.
Input-specific regulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex by mGlu2/mGlu4 receptor heterodimers

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors that regulate various aspects of central nervous system processing in normal physiology and in disease. They are thought to function as disulfide-linked homodimers, but studies have suggested that mGluRs can form functional heterodimers in cell lines. Using selective allosteric ligands, ex vivo brain slice electrophysiology, and optogenetic approaches, we found that two mGluR subtypes-mGluR2 and mGluR4 (or mGlu2 and mGlu4)-exist as functional heterodimers that regulate excitatory transmission in a synapse-specific manner within the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Activation of mGlu2/mGlu4 heterodimers inhibited glutamatergic signaling at thalamo-mPFC synapses but not at hippocampus-mPFC or amygdala-mPFC synapses. These findings raise the possibility that selectively targeting these heterodimers could be a therapeutic strategy for some neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders involving specific brain circuits.
Smuggling Milk Into Pennsylvania: A Case Study in Rent Seeking

This paper relates the story of the massive milk smuggling that occurred in Pennsylvania border towns during the 1950s and 1960s, and reports on more recent smuggling that occurred between Hong Kong and mainland China.
Computational challenges in numerical relativity in the gravitational-wave era

Gravitational-wave discoveries have ignited a new era of astronomy. Numerical relativity plays a crucial role in modeling gravitational-wave sources for current and next-generation observatories, but it doesn’t come without computational challenges.
Cowper's gland hyperplasia: A potential pitfall at MRI of the prostate

Abstract MRI features are presented in a multicenter retrospective series of five patients with a unilateral masslike lesion seen in the genitourinary diaphragm at MRI performed for known or suspected prostate cancer. In all cases, the lesion appeared as an encapsulated 1.3 to 3.0 cm mass of heterogeneous low or intermediate T2 signal intensity in the genitourinary diaphragm, and targeted biopsy demonstrated benign Cowper's gland tissue. This entity is a potential imaging pitfall that could result in a diagnosis of an exophytic nodule of benign prostatic hyperplasia or local spread of prostate cancer. We present these cases to facilitate correct identification of Cowper's gland hyperplasia as an occasional finding at MRI of the prostate.
Human Trust of Autonomous Agent Varies With Strategy and Capability in Collaborative Grid Search Task

Trust is an important emerging area of study in human-robot cooperation. Many studies have begun to look at the issue of robot (agent) capability as a predictor of human trust in the robot. However, the assumption that agent capability is the sole predictor of human trust could underestimate the complexity of the problem. This study aims to investigate the effects of agent-strategy and agent-capability in a visual search task. Fourteen subjects were recruited to partake in a web-based grid search task. They were each paired with a series of autonomous agents to search an on-screen grid to find a number of outlier objects as quickly as possible. Both the human and agent searched the grid concurrently and the human was able to see the movement of the agent. Each trial, a different autonomous agent with its assigned capability, used one of three search strategies to assist their human counterpart. After each trial, the autonomous agent reported the number of outliers it found, and the human subject was asked to determine the total number of outliers in the area. Some autonomous agents reported only a fraction of the outliers they encountered, thus coding a varying level of agent capability. Human subjects then evaluated statements related to the behavior, reliability, and trust of the agent. The results showed increased measures of trust and reliability with increasing capability. Additionally, the most legible search strategies received the highest average ratings in a measure of familiarity. Remarkably, given no prior information about capabilities or strategies that they would see, subjects were able to determine consistent trustworthiness of the agent. Furthermore, both capability and strategy of the agent had statistically significant effects on the human’s trust in the agent.
Thermal Fluctuations in the Structure of Naturally Chiral Pt Surfaces

The intrinsic chirality of metal surfaces with kinked steps (e.g., Pt(643)) endows them with enantiospecific adsorption properties. To understand these properties quantitatively the impact of thermally-driven step wandering must be assessed. We derive a lattice-gas model of step motion on Pt(111) surfaces using diffusion barriers from density functional theory. This model is used to examine thermal fluctuations of straight and kinked steps.
The size and symmetry of B capsids of herpes simplex virus type 1 are determined by the gene products of the UL26 open reading frame.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) B capsids are composed of seven proteins, designated VP5, VP19C, 21, 22a, VP23, VP24, and VP26 in order of decreasing molecular weight. Three proteins (21, 22a, and VP24) are encoded by a single open reading frame (ORF), UL26, and include a protease whose structure and function have been studied extensively by other investigators. The protease encoded by this ORF generates VP24 (amino acids 1 to 247), a structural component of the capsid and mature virions, and 21 (residues 248 to 635). The protease also cleaves C-terminal residues 611 to 635 of 21 and 22a, during capsid maturation. Protease activity has been localized to the N-terminal 247 residues. Protein 22a and probably the less abundant protein 21 occupy the internal volume of capsids but are not present in virions; therefore, they may form a scaffold that is used for B capsid assembly. The objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize a mutant virus with a null mutation in UL26. Vero cells were transformed with plasmid DNA that encoded ORF UL25 through UL28 and screened for their ability to support the growth of a mutant virus with a null mutation in UL27 (K082). Four of five transformants that supported the growth of the UL27 mutant also supported the growth of a UL27-UL28 double mutant. One of these transformants (F3) was used to isolate a mutant with a null mutation in UL26. The UL26 null mutation was constructed by replacement of DNA sequences specifying codons 41 through 593 with a lacZ reporter cassette. Permissive cells were cotransfected with plasmid and wild-type virus DNA, and progeny viruses were screened for their ability to grow on F3 but not Vero cells. A virus with these growth characteristics, designated KUL26 delta Z, that did not express 21, 22a, or VP24 during infection of Vero cells was isolated. Radiolabeled nuclear lysates from infected nonpermissive cells were layered onto sucrose gradients and subjected to velocity sedimentation. A peak of radioactivity for KUL26 delta Z that sedimented more rapidly than B capsids from wild-type-infected cells was observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the gradient fractions showed that the peak fractions contained VP5, VP19C, VP23, and VP26. Analysis of sectioned cells and of the peak fractions of the gradients by electron microscopy revealed sheet and spiral structures that appear to be capsid shells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Consumer and Pharmaceutical Dimensions of Addressing Bio-Terrorism: An Analysis of In re Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Antitrust Litigation

This article is a comment on the In re Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Antitrust Litigation which was filed prior to September 11, 2001, and the decision was rendered with the terrorist attacks still one month in the future. The suit was filed claiming an antitrust violation against Bayer Corporation who is the sole manufacturer of Ciprofloxacin which has led worldwide sale of all antibiotics in the last eight years. It is also the preferred treatment for anthrax infections. Following the terrorist attacks, fear of anthrax attacks led the government to stockpile the drug. The court’s decision found that antitrust harm can exist even where a patent is held. The government had options for amassing Cipro aside from entering an agreement with Bayer. This article discusses why those alternatives were not pursued particularly in relation to the United States’ patent policies and those under the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Additionally, the article explains how the antitrust litigation formed the background for Bayer’s decision to enter an agreement with the government.
Nutritional osteodystrophy in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

Captive lizards fed a variety of vegetarian and carnivorous diets frequently develop severe nutritional osteodystrophy. Five hatchling iguanas which were captive for 5 months and fed a diet low in calcium and phosphorus developed clinical signs and lesions typical of nutritional osteodystrophy in captive lizards. They had tetany with severe osteoporosis, pathologic fractures, and cartilaginous diaphyseal enlargements of long bones which either were associated with fractures or with intact bones.
Rural Domestic Violence: An Interdisciplinary Model for Rural Practice

Social workers have a long history of modeling the person in environment perspective in rural communities. One issue that is addressed from multiple system levels by social workers in rural areas is domestic violence. The Coordinated Community Response model, developed by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project in Duluth, MN, focuses on victim safety and offender accountability from a multidimensional interdisciplinary systems perspective and is consistent with social work practice in rural areas. The model’s focus on interdisciplinary partnerships makes this a solid model for rural social work practice addressing a range of issues while embracing the person in environment perspective.
An e-business framework for developing rich and reliable client applications

This paper introduces an e-business framework for developing rich and reliable client applications. The major advantages of our framework are: (1) it improves the usability of client applications, for example, providing a rich user experience (2) it increases the scalability of a server by exchanging small messages between the server and clients, (3) it provides reliable transactions by using message-oriented middleware, and (4) it provides disconnected operations. In this paper, we introduce our framework first, then described in detail our implementation of the server and client based on it, and show some new e-business examples made possible by our framework. Finally we point out some problems in constructing such a system and make comparisons with other possible approaches.
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Positron Emission Tomography in Human Microdosing

Human microdosing study is one type of exploratory phase I investigation supported by both U.S. and European regulatory agencies. Very small subpharmacologic doses of a drug are used in humans to obtain an early assessment of pharmacokinetic properties in humans. This has the potential of reducing the number of preclinical animal studies, essential for conducting early clinical human studies, differentiating between good and bad candidate drugs early, and speeding up the early phases of drug development. Human microdosing, as will be outlined in this chapter, is a newly established and still evolving concept, around which knowledge is beginning to accumulate. Keywords: human microdosing; accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS); positron emission tomography (PET); liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Fertility of rabbits after melengestrol acetate administration.

The influence of melengestrol acetate (MGA) on sperm and egg transportation superovulation and fertility was studied in 77 rabbits. 2 experiments were conducted. In the first experiment no fertilized ova were found in rabbits inseminated into the vagina or lower uterine horns on either Day 1 or Day 3 after a 12-day period of MGA injections. However fertility after upper uterine insemination was 79%. The results of the first experiment suggested inhibition of sperm transportation through the cervix and lower uterus or failure of normal sperm survival in the female after MGA but little or no effect of MGA on capacitation of sperm. The second experiment was designed to compare fertility of inseminations into the vagina the lower uterine horns or the upper horns. The fertility data from this experiment concurred with the results of the first experiment. MGA also reduced efficiency of ova recovery from the oviducts at about 24 hours after ovulation but did not reduce the number of ova ovulated.
Follow-up on cervical epithelial abnormalities.

T HE concept of preinvasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix has become firmly established in recent years though the criteria for the diagnosis of this lesion vary somewhat from person to person and place to place. The widespread interest in this lesion plus the increased use of vaginal and cervical smears as a screening procedure have made it evident that there is a whole spectrum of lesser abnormalities which lie in the continuum between normal epithelium and preinvasive carcinoma. It has been suggested that these changes may represent steps in a progression from the normal to preinvasive carcinoma. These lesions have been variously designated as anaplasia, atypical hyperplasia of the stratified squamous epithclium, basal-cell hyperplasia, and by many other terms. We have used two terms to describe these abnormalitics: atypical basal-cell hyperplasia and equivocal lesion. The latter term is used by us when abnormalities extend throughout the full thickness of the epithelium but are inadequate t,o justify the diagnosis of preinvasive carcinoma. The former is reserved for instances where such abnormalities are restricted to the lower one half to two thirds of the epithelium. the superficial layers remaining normal.
Points-based Safe Path Planning of Continuum Robots

Continuum robots exhibit great potential in a number of challenging applications where traditional rigid link robots pose certain limitations, e.g., working in unstructured environments. In order to enable the usage of continuum robots in safety-critical applications, such as surgery and nuclear decontamination, it is extremely important to ensure a safe path for the robot's movement. Existing algorithms for continuum robot path planning have certain limitations that need to be addressed. These include the fact that none of the algorithms provide safety assurance parameters and control for path planning. They are computationally expensive, applicable to a specific type of continuum robots, and mostly they do not incorporate design and kinematics constraints. In this paper, we propose a points-based path planning (PoPP) algorithm for continuum robots that computes the path by imposing safety constraints and improves upon the limitations of existing approaches. In the algorithm, we exploit the constant curv...
A critical analysis of radiographic factors in patients who develop dislocation after elective primary total hip arthroplasty

In order to diminish total hip arthroplasty (THA) dislocation rate, surgeons strive to achieve adequate component orientation, offset and limb length. In addition, dislocation rate can theoretically be reduced by increasing head diameter and by choosing implants with favorable head-to-neck and cup-to head ratios. We assessed nine radiographic and implant-related parameters associated with an increased risk of dislocation in patients who sustained a dislocation and in those with a stable arthroplasty. A total of 1,487 consecutive elective primary THAs performed by a single surgeon, using a posterolateral approach were reviewed at an average follow-up of 18 months (range, 1–112). Fixation was hybrid in 85 % of hips and non-cemented in 15 %. Thirty-eight patients (38 hips, 2.5 %) sustained at least one dislocation. Thirty-seven patients with good quality, standardized anteroposterior radiographs were selected as a “study group”. The study group was matched-paired (1:3) with patients who had a stable arthroplasty based on gender, age, BMI, diagnosis and follow-up. Variables compared between the groups included: head size, cup size, head-to-neck ratio, cup-to-head ratio, leg-length discrepancy, offset, cup inclination, cup version and cup orientation based on the safe zone defined by Lewinnek et al. None of the nine parameters showed a statistically significant difference between the groups. In this study, 90 % of patients who developed a dislocation had properly positioned acetabular components. In addition, the vast majority of patients in the study group had adequate restoration of limb length and offset. The results of our study may be useful for the orthopedic surgeons who discuss instability following THA surgery, particularly in patients with radiographically sound reconstructions.
Untangling the Web of Emotional Deceit: Measuring Strategic Use of Emotions in Negotiations

This paper studies the emotion usage of negotiators, specifically the purposeful management of emotion suppression and expression as a strategic tool for shaping bargaining behavior and subsequent negotiation outcomes. We explore the strategic use of emotions in three ways, expressing truly felt emotions, hiding felt emotions, and feigning unfelt emotions. Using self-report transcript coding methods, we are able to accurately identify when and how negotiators managed emotional expression during the course of the negotiation and how such tactical manipulation of emotions influenced negotiated outcomes. We provide evidence using a simulated negotiation exercise of a monetary benefit to negotiators of using emotional deception as a bargaining tactic.
When separate is more equal.

OMEN CONSTITUTE SLIGHTLY MORE THAN HALF the population of the United States, but biomedical research has yielded less information on their health than that of men. Despite efforts in the past 2 decades to correct the balance, clinical practice and treatment of diseases other than those occurring primarily or exclusively in womenare disproportionately based on research using male models of disease and male participants. Male bias in research is implicit, and its effects are subtle but pervasive. It is seen more clearly when the entire land
Laboratory study of wave and turbulence characteristics in narrow-band irregular breaking waves

Abstract Wave elevations and water particle velocities were measured in a laboratory surf zone created by the breaking of a narrow-band irregular wave train on a 1/35 plane slope. The incident waves form wave groups that are strongly modulated. It is found that the waves that break close to the shoreline generally have larger wave-height-to-water-depth ratios before breaking than the waves that break farther offshore. After breaking, the wave-height-to-water-depth ratio for the individual waves approaches a constant value in the inner surf zone, while the standard deviation of the wave period increases as the still water depth decreases. In the outer surf zone, the distribution of the period-averaged turbulent kinetic energy is closely correlated to the initial wave heights, and has a wider variation for narrow-band waves than for broad-band waves. In the inner surf zone, the distribution of the period-averaged turbulent kinetic energy is similar for narrow-band waves and broad-band waves. It is found that the wave elevation and turbulent kinetic energy time histories for the individual waves in a wave group are qualitatively similar to those found in a spilling regular wave. The time-averaged transport of turbulent kinetic energy by the ensemble-averaged velocity and turbulence velocity under the irregular breaking waves are also consistent with the measurements obtained in regular breaking waves. The experimental results indicate that the shape of the incident wave spectrum has a significant effect on the temporal and spatial variability of wave breaking and the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy in the outer surf zone. In the inner surf zone, however, the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy is relatively insensitive to the shape of the incident wave spectrum, and the important parameters are the significant wave height and period of the incident waves, and the beach slope.