cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deposition of type and voucher material from the helminthological collection of Elon E. Byrd.

Elon E. Byrd was a prominent helminth taxonomist who published between 1930–1965. After his death in 1974, his collection was put in storage at the University of Georgia School of Veterinary Medicine. A recent examination of his collection yielded a number of taxonomically valuable specimens that should be available to research workers worldwide. This paper enumerates the specimens recovered and their deposition. Digenean families and genera represented are: Brachycoeliidae (Brachycoelium), Dicrocoeliidae (Paradistomum), Lecithodendriidae (Prosthodendrium, Pseudosonsinotrema), Microphallidae (Levinseniella), Ochetosomatidae (Dasymetra, Pneumatophilus, Renifer, Neorenifer), Plagiorchiidae (Leptophyllum, Paurophyllum, Stomatrema, Styphlodora), Proterodiplostomidae (Pseudoneodiplostomum, Pseudocrocodilicola), Spirorchiidae (Spirorchis, Henotosoma, Vasotrema, Unicaecum, Hapalorhynchus), Telorchiidae (Cercorchis); the Nematoda are represented by the Diaphanocephalidae (Kalicephalus). No attempt was made to determine current generic status or synonymies.
The Gendered Context of Life: Implications for Women's and Men's Career-Life Plans

Some recent perspectives on gender differences in life and career planning are discussed, focusing on the gendered context of women's and men's lives. Men and women tend to develop different orientations regarding occupational achievement and interpersonal relationships. These orientations interact with broader sociocultural norms for the sexes' behavior to produce different life-style opportunities and demands. Work environments also embody broadly accepted assumptions and expectations for men and women, affecting the choices and expectations they face in the work place.
Unsteady Plasma Actuators for Separation Control of Low-Pressure Turbine Blades

This is a continuation of our work on the use of single dielectric barrier plasma actuators for controlling flow separation on turbine blades in the low-pressure turbine stage at low Reynolds numbers typical of high-altitude cruise. This used a linear cascade of Pratt & Whitney "PakB" shaped blades to provide generic low-pressure turbine conditions. The flow over one of the blades was documented through surface pressure, laser-Doppler velocimetry, and hot-wire measurements. These were used to define the location and size of the separated flow region on the suction side of the blade. Both steady and unsteady plasma actuators were implemented and found to be effective in separation control. For the unsteady actuators, there was an optimum excitation frequency to reattach the flow that corresponded to a Strouhal number, based on the length of the separated zone and the local freestream velocity, equal to unity. The unsteady actuator was more effective than the steady actuator in reattaching the flow while also requiring less power. It was suggested by the experimental results that the mechanism for the steady actuators was turbulence tripping, whereas the mechanism for the unsteady actuators was to generate a train of spanwise structures that promoted mixing.
Controlling inventory when prices fluctuate randomly

Abstract We study the problem of optimally controlling a randomly fluctuating inventory process when the control costs also vary randomly. If the inventory fluctuates as a Wiener process and price follows a Wald martingale, then the cost function generated by the cost-minimizing stationary policy is characterized as the solution of a free boundary problem for an elliptical partial differential equation. While no general existence or uniqueness results are available for such problems, we outline and analyse possible numerical methods for solving the problem. Cost functions generated by policies that may be employed as rules-of-thumb in this environment are also studied. We explicitly compute the cost function generated by the minimal feasible policy and show that it is bounded, thereby proving the boundedness of the optimal cost function.
Are Women Still Prejudiced against Women? A Replication and Extension of Goldberg's Study.

Summary An article by Philip Goldberg in 1968 indicated that college women evaluated articles allegedly written by men more positively than the identical articles attributed to women. Two independent studies were carried out to replicate and extend his study in order (a) to assess the degree to which males reflect a prejudice similar to that of the females and (b) to see if the female of today would be as antifemale as her counterpart in the 1960's. Results from Study I (N = 134), using male and female subjects, indicated that no significant differences were observed when author's purported sex was the independent variable. In Study II, when 145 male and female students were asked to judge a student essay, replies revealed that female subjects rated the essay as written by a female as better than the same essay as written by a male (p < .01).
Research Spotlight: Amazon region became less green due to 2010 drought

[1] New research shows that the Amazon region became significantly less green due to a severe 2010 drought. Xu et al. analyzed satellite-based measurements to compare the greenness of Amazon vegetation due to the 2010 drought to that caused by a severe drought in 2005. They found that the decline in greenness due to the 2010 drought affected an area 4 times greater than the area affected in 2005. More than half of all drought-stricken forest showed greenness declines in 2010, compared to only 14% in 2005. Furthermore, the declines in greenness in 2010 persisted past the time when rainfall returned to normal levels. Vegetation that is not as green absorbs less carbon dioxide (CO2), leaving more CO2 in the atmosphere, possibly accelerating global warming. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL046824, 2011)
Nanostructured Li2MnSiO4/C Cathodes with Hierarchical Macro‐/Mesoporosity for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite with hierarchical macroporosity is prepared with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal crystals as a sacrificial hard-template and water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin as the carbon source. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirm that the periodic macropores are ≈400 nm in diameter with 20–40 nm walls comprising Li2MnSiO4/C nanocrystals that produce additional large mesopores (< 30 nm) between the nanocrystals. The nanostructured Li2MnSiO4/C cathode exhibits a high reversible discharge capacity of 200 mAh g−1 at C/10 (16 mA g−1) rate at 1.5–4.8 V at 45 °C. Although the discharge capacity can be further increased on operating at 55 °C, the sample exhibits a relatively fast capacity fade at 55 °C, which can be partially solved by simply narrowing the voltage window to avoid side reactions of the electrolyte. The good performance of the Li2MnSiO4/C cathodes is attributed to the unique macro-/mesostructure of the silicate coupled with uniform carbon coating.
Possible structures of homopurine-homopyrimidine S1-hypersensitive sites

S1 nuclease hypersensitive sites in the 5' flanking regions of eukaryotic genes, present in small artificial supercoiled DNA circles, reside in homopurine-homopyrimidine stretches. The hierarchical behavior which these sites exhibit is consistent with the notion that they act as sinks of torsional free energy. By employing DMS as a single-strand-specific reagent, we show that these sites (despite their S1 sensitivity) are regions of duplex DNA. A simple thermodynamic treatment indicates that the high torsional stress in the small DNA circles is almost certain to be relieved by the formation of alternate DNA structures. The same treatment places some constraints on the types and sizes of the regions with alternate conformation. While no definitive structural conclusions can be drawn, left-handed helices seem most consistent with the extent and the pattern of sensitivity to S1 nuclease.
Periodic and Secular Changes in SS 433

The recent history of SS 433 is reviewed with particular attention being given to the discovery of the periodic phenomena displayed by this object. Several periods ranging from days to months are established as being present in the spectrum of the “moving” lines as well as in other aspects of the emission from the object. In addition evidence for secular change in some of the defining parameters of the system is presented. Although these secular changes may eventually prove to be periodic on a rather long time scale, some interpretation of both the periodic and secular phenomena is possible. It is shown that it is possible to interpret all the known periodic phenomena in terms of a precessing object responding to the time-varying torques that one would expect in a binary system.
Simulation of Electroosmotic and Pressure Driven Flows in Microfluidic Interconnects

Numerical Simulations were performed to see the effect of geometrical misalignment on the progression of a sample plug in electrokinetic flows. The effect of material mismatch along with combined material and geometrical mismatch has also been investigated. A sample plug with low diffusion coefficient was introduced after the flow was fully developed. The effect of material and geometrical mismatch on the cross-sectional average of the plug concentrations were evaluated from the point of view of an optical detector. Various degrees of geometrical mismatch ranging from 0% to 75% were introduced and its effect on sample plug was evaluated. Comparison has been made with pressure driven flows to quantify the effect of geometrical mismatch.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
On thermodynamic equilibrium in a gravitational field

Abstract Thermal equilibrium in a gravitational field is examined using the standard tools of thermodynamics but including the relativistic effects associated with the mass energy relation. It is found that an appropriately defined temperature is not constant at equilibrium but decreases with increasing gravitational potential. The gravitational red shift is a simple manifestation of this. In terms of this temperature the local thermodynamic properties are independent of the gravitational potential. It is also found possible to define another temperature which is uniform at equilibrium. However, use of this temperature requires that the thermodynamic properties (for example, melting points) be explicit functions of the gravitational potential.
Iterative ensemble control synthesis for bilinear systems

An emerging area in mathematical control theory called Ensemble Control constitutes a class of problems that require the manipulation of an uncountably infinite collection of structurally identical dynamical systems, which are indexed by a parameter set, by applying a common open-loop control. Our investigation is motivated by compelling engineering problems in areas including quantum control and sensorless robotic manipulation that involve ensembles of bilinear systems for which analytical control laws are infeasible in practice or do not exist. While controllability of such systems has been investigated, constructive control design methods remain elusive. We introduce an iterative fixed-point method for optimization-free synthesis of ensemble controls for these systems. At each step, the bilinear ensemble system is approximated by a time-varying linear ensemble system, and the next control iterate is synthesized using a method for linear systems based on the singular value decomposition (SVD). The procedure converges in the given examples to a control function that accomplishes the desired state transfer.
Electron microscopy of meiosis in Drosophila melanogaster females. I. Structure, arrangement, and temporal change of the synaptonemal complex in wild-type.

Complete reconstruction of the synaptonemal complex in 12 pachytene (defined here as that stage in which the synaptonemal complex is continuous throughout the bivalents) nuclei from one wild-type germarium has permitted the following observations. 1) Drosophila melanogaster bivalents at pachytene exhibit a chromocentral arrangement; the pericentric heterochromatin of all bivalents lies in one region of the nucleus, the chromocenter. Telomeric ends do not appear to abutt the nuclear envelope. 2) Synaptonemal complex is present in the pericentric heterochromatin; however, it is morphologically distinct from that present in the euchromatic portion of thesynaptonemal complex of the bivalent arms is greatest at early pachytene; the synaptonemal complex then becomes progressively shorter. Minimum length is approximately one-half of the maximum. 4) Decrease in length of synaptonemal complex is accompanied by an increase in thickness. Reconstruction of 20 pachytene nuclei from an additional 8 germaria suggests that these observations are typical. Correlations between these cytological observations and genetic observations (e.g., patterns of crossing-over) are discussed.
Photochemistry and Vertical Transport in Io's Atmosphere and Ionosphere

Abstract We present an updated model for the photochemistry of Io's atmosphere and ionosphere and use this model to investigate the sensitivity of the chemical structure to vertical transport rates. SO 2 is assumed to be the dominant atmospheric gas, with minor molecular sodium species such as Na 2 S or Na 2 O released by sputtering or venting from the surface. Photochemical products include SO, O 2 , S, O, Na, NaO, NaS, and Na 2 . We consider both “thick” and “thin” SO 2 atmospheres that encompass the range allowed by recent HST and millimeter-wave observations, and evaluate the possibility that O 2 and/or SO may be significant minor dayside constituents and therefore likely dominant nightside gases. The fast reaction between S and O 2 limits the column abundance of O 2 to ∼10 4 less than that calculated by Kumar ( J. Geophys. Res. 87, 1677–1684, 1982; 89(A9), 7399–7406, 1984) for a pure sulfur/oxygen atmosphere. If a significant source of NaO 2 or Na 2 O were supplied by the surface and mixed rapidly upward, then oxygen liberated in the chemical reactions which also liberate free Na would provide an additional source of O 2 . Fast eddy mixing will enhance the transport of molecular sodium species to the exobase, in addition to increasing the vertical transport rate of ions. Ions produced in the atmosphere will be accelerated by the reduced corotation electric field penetrating the atmosphere. These ions experience collisions with the neutral gas, leading to enhanced vertical ion diffusion. The dominant ion, Na + , is lost primarily by charge exchange with Na 2 O and/or Na 2 S in the lower atmosphere and by diffusion through the ionopause in the upper atmosphere. The atmospheric column abundance of SO, O 2 , and the upper atmosphere escape rates of Na, S, O, and molecular sodium species are all strong functions of the eddy mixing rate. Most atmospheric escape, including that of molecular sodium species, probably occurs from the low density “background” SO 2 atmosphere, while a localized high density “volcanic” SO 2 atmosphere can yield an ionosphere consistent with that detected by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft.
Effect of shape on the self-assembly of faceted patchy nanoplates with irregular shape into tiling patterns

Recent reports of the synthesis and assembly of faceted nanoplates with a wide range of shapes and composition motivates the possibility of a new class of two-dimensional materials with specific patterns targeted for a host of exciting properties. Yet, studies of how nanoplate shape controls their assembly – knowledge necessary for their inverse design from target structures – has been performed for only a handful of systems. By constructing a general framework in which many known faceted nanoplates may be described in terms of four anisotropy dimensions, we discover design rules to guide future synthesis and assembly. We study via Monte Carlo simulations attractive polygons whose shape is altered systematically under the following four transformations: faceting, pinching, elongation and truncation. We report that (i) faceting leads to regular porous structures (ii) pinching stabilizes complex structures such as dodecagonal quasicrystals (iii) elongation leads to asymmetric phase behavior, where low and high aspect ratio nanoplates self-assemble completely different structures and (iv) low and high degrees of truncation transform a complex self-assembler into a disk-like assembler, providing design ideas that could lead to switchable structures. We provide important insight into how the shape and attractive interactions of a nanoplate can be exploited or designed to target specific classes of structures, including space-filling, porous, and complex tilings.
Determination of the Crystal-Field Splittings of Dy3+, Er3+ and Ce3+ by the Gd3+ Reference

The crystal-field splittings between the ground and the first excited states Δ of magnetic ions Dy 3+ , Er 3+ and Ce 3+ have been acquired from the temperature-dependent ratio of the intensity of the Gd 3+ EPR to the EPR intensity of the magnetic ions. From our best fits we obtain Δ≈80 K and 30 K for Dy 3+ in YP and YAs, respectively; Δ≈45 K and 22 K for Dy 3+ in LaP and LaAs; Δ≈120 K and 70 K for Er 3+ in YP and YAs; and Δ≈22 K for Ce 3+ in LaSb.
Growth and Tissue Formation from Single, Isolated Tobacco Cells in Microculture

Single, isolated cells of tobacco divided and grew to form small colonies of over 50 cells in microcultures with a medium containing fresh liquid coconut milk, but in the absence of neighboring cells or nurse tissue. Subsequently, the mass of cells obtained from the single cell, when transferred to agar coconut milk medium, established itself as a clone of callus tissue. Some of these single-cell clones showed differentiation of many tracheid-like cells and shoots with small leaves.
Obesity and Weight Loss Result in Increased Adipose Tissue ABCG1 Expression in db/db Mice

Abstract The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is associated with several co-morbid conditions including diabetes, dyslipidemia, cancer, atherosclerosis and gallstones. Obesity is associated with low systemic inflammation and an accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) that are thought to modulate insulin resistance. ATMs may also modulate adipocyte metabolism and take up lipids released during adipocyte lipolysis and cell death. We suggest that high levels of free cholesterol residing in adipocytes are released during these processes and contribute to ATM activation and accumulation during obesity and caloric restriction. Db/db mice were studied for extent of adipose tissue inflammation under feeding conditions of ad libitum (AL) and caloric restriction (CR). The major finding was a marked elevation in epididymal adipose ABCG1 mRNA levels with obesity and CR (6-fold and 16-fold, respectively) over that seen for lean wild-type mice. ABCG1 protein was also elevated for CR as compared to AL adipose tissue. ABCG1 is likely produced by cholesterol loaded ATMs since this gene is not highly expressed in adipocytes and ABCG1 expression is sterol mediated. Our data supports the concept that metabolic changes in adipocytes due to demand lipolysis and cell death lead to cholesterol loading of ATMs. Based on finding cholesterol-loaded peritoneal leukocytes with elevated levels of ABCG1 in CR as compared to AL mice, we suggest that pathways for cholesterol trafficking out of adipose tissue involve ATM egress as well as ABCG1 mediated cholesterol efflux. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945–2010).
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: Hunting by expectation

The foraging behaviour literature contains three hypotheses concerned with hunting by expectation. These suggest possible rules animals use to decide when to leave particular feeding sites and search in other places for food. Predictions of the three hypotheses were tested experimentally by varying the quality of plants (amount and distribution of nectar) encountered by bumblebees (Bombus appositus). Results support only a rate expectation hypothesis. Bees left multiflowered plants when the amount of nectar found in the first flower was below a threshold volume. Bees stayed on plants if they received greater than the threshold volume. This threshold nectar volume is close to the amount predicted if a bee forages to maximize its rate of net energy intake.
Acute marijuana effects on response-reinforcer relations under multiple variable-interval schedules.

Acute marijuana administration may alter response-reinforcer relationships via a change in reinforcer efficacy, but may also impair coordination and motor function. One approach to evaluating drug effects on both motor function and reinforcer efficacy involves fitting the matching law equation to data obtained under multiple variable interval (VI) schedules. The present report describes an experiment that examined the effects of acute marijuana on response properties using this approach. Six human subjects responded under a multiple VI schedule for monetary reinforcers after smoking placebo and two active doses of marijuana. The low marijuana dose produced unsystematic changes in responding. As measured by the matching law equation parameters (k and r B ), at the high dose five subjects showed a decrease-motor-related properties of response rate and four subjects' responding indicated a decrease in reinforcer efficacy. These data raise the possibility that, at high doses, marijuana administration alters both motor function and reinforcer efficacy.
Synergistic effects in hybrid free radical/cationic photopolymerizations

Multifunctional alkyl glycidyl ether and oxetane monomers are usually deemed to be poorly reactive and are consequently of limited use for high speed photocuring applications. However, these monomers can be made to undergo exceedingly rapid exothermic photopolymerization when combined with a multifunctional acrylate monomer and a corresponding free radical photoinitiator. Under optimum UV irradiation conditions, these hybrid photopolymerizations take place rapidly and substantially without an induction period. A mechanism was proposed on the basis of thermal acceleration of the cationic ring-opening polymerizations induced by the fast exothermic free radical acrylate photopolymerization.
Drag coefficient modeling for grace using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

Abstract Drag coefficient is a major source of uncertainty in predicting the orbit of a satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO). Computational methods like the Test Particle Monte Carlo (TPMC) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) are important tools in accurately computing physical drag coefficients. However, the methods are computationally expensive and cannot be employed real time. Therefore, modeling of the physical drag coefficient is required. This work presents a technique of developing parameterized drag coefficients models using the DSMC method. The technique is validated by developing a model for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. Results show that drag coefficients computed using the developed model for GRACE agree to within 1% with those computed using DSMC.
Self-monitoring dietary intake: current and future practices.

This article reviews the literature on the use of paper diaries for self-monitoring food intake, identifies the strengths and limitations of paper-and-pencil diaries and their new counterpart, the electronic diary or personal digital assistant (PDA), and reports how participants were trained to use a PDA with dietary software in two pilot studies—one with hemodialysis patients and the other with participants in a weight loss study. The report of the pilot studies focuses on the practical issues encountered in training participants in the use of a PDA and addresses the pros and cons of different dietary software programs. Six hemodialysis patients were trained in the first study and seven participants attempting to lose or maintain their weight were trained in the second pilot study. The training focused on how to use a PDA and how to navigate the dietary software to self-monitor food intake. The goals of using the PDA were to improve adherence to the therapeutic diets and to self-monitoring. Lessons learned from the pilot studies are shared.
Teaching Attribution Theory with a Videotaped Illustration

A videotaped illustration of Kelley's (1973) covariation attribution model is described. The videotape contains sets of sequentially presented behavioral situations that lead students to analyze information using Kelley's model. A description of one set of scenes illustrated on the videotape is provided. The cognitive implications of the use of videotaped illustrations to improve understanding of attributional concepts are noted. Informal observation suggests that the videotape illustration is highly effective. Students are easily able to make appropriate attributions using Kelley's model and to apply them to real-life situations.
An investigation of immune system disorder as a "marker" for anomalous dominance.

Abstract Geschwind and Galaburda (1987) proposed that immune disorder (ID) susceptibility, along with left handedness and familial sinistrality (FS), is a “marker” for anomalous dominance. The theory predicts lesser left lateralization for language processes, lessened left hemisphere abilities, and enhanced right hemisphere abilities. We assessed language laterality (dichotic consonant vowel task) and performances on spatial and verbal tasks. Subjects were 128 college students. The factors of handedness, sex, FS, and immune disorder history (negative or positive) were perfectly counterbalanced. Left-handers were significantly less lateralized for language and scored lower than right-handers on the spatial tasks. Females scored lower on mental rotation than males, but performed comparably to males on the spatial relations task. The only effect of ID was by way of interaction with FS on both spatial tasks—subjects who were either negative or positive on both FS and ID status factors scored significantly higher than subjects negative for one but positive for the other factor. A speculative explanatory model for this interaction was proposed. The model incorporates the notion that FS and ID factors are comparably correlated, but in opposite directions, with hormonal factors implicated by other research as relevant for spatial ability differences. Finally, no support for the “anomalous dominance” hypothesis predictions was found.
Methamphetamine use and neuropsychiatric factors are associated with antiretroviral non-adherence

The present study assesses the impact of methamphetamine (METH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among HIV+ persons, as well as examines the contribution of neurocognitive impairment and other neuropsychiatric factors [i.e., major depressive disorder (MDD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and attention deficit disorder (ADHD)] for ART non-adherence. We examined HIV+ persons with DSM-IV-diagnosed lifetime history of METH abuse/dependence (HIV+ /METH+ ; n=67) as compared to HIV+ participants with no history of METH abuse/dependence (HIV+ /METH - ; n=50). Ancillary analyses compared these groups with a small group of HIV+ /METH+ persons with current METH abuse/dependence (HIV+ /CU METH+ ; n=8). Non-adherence was defined as self-report of any skipped ART dose in the last four days. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed with a comprehensive battery, covering seven neuropsychological domains. Lifetime METH diagnosis was associated with higher rates of detectable levels of plasma and CSF HIV RNA. When combing groups (i.e., METH+ and METH- participants), univariate analyses indicated co-occurring ADHD, ASPD, and MDD predicted ART non-adherence (p's < 0.10; not lifetime METH status or neurocognitive impairment). A significant multivariable model including these variables indicated that only MDD uniquely predicted ART non-adherence after controlling for the other variables (p<0.05). Ancillary analyses indicated that current METH users (use within 30 days) were significantly less adherent (50% prevalence of non-adherence) than lifetime METH+ users and HIV+ /METH- participants and that neurocognitive impairment was associated with non-adherence (p's < 0.05). METH use disorders are associated with worse HIV disease outcomes and ART medication non-adherence. Interventions often target substance use behaviors alone to enhance antiretroviral treatment outcomes; however, in addition to targeting substance use behaviors, interventions to improve ART adherence may also need to address coexisting neuropsychiatric factors and cognitive impairment to improve ART medication taking.
Online activity, motivation, and reasoning among adult learners

College students' motivational beliefs influence their online behavior and ability to think critically. In the present study, doctoral health science students' reports of motivation, as measured by the California Measure of Mental Motivation, reasoning skill, as measured by the Health Science Reasoning Test, and Web-CT records of online activity during a Web-CT-based statistics course were explored. Critical thinking skill and disposition each contributed unique variance to student grades, with age, organization disposition, and analysis skill as the strongest predictors. The youngest students, those so-called millennial age, and born after 1982, were those with the lowest critical thinking skill and dispositions, and the lowest grades in the class. Future research must take into consideration discrepancies between skill and disposition and interactions with age or cohort. At present, and contrary to popular wisdom, older students may make better online learners than younger.
Increased system gain 49-QPRS digital microwave design concept

A novel filtering strategy for 49-QPRS (quadrature partial response system) modems operated at a 90-Mb/s bit rate in a radio channel having a 20-MHz FCC (US Federal Communication Commission) authorized bandwidth is proposed. It is demonstrated that the proposed system has a 2.5-dB system gain advantage over 64-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) systems. The advantage of this new 49-QPRS scheme is that it is ISI (intersymbol interference)-free when operated with a bandwidth efficiency of 4.5 b/s/Hz. The BER (bit-error rate) performance, eye diagrams, and constellation of the 49-QPRS are investigated with computer simulation in a linear AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel and in nonlinearly amplified AWGN channels. >
Effects of centrophenoxine on cholinephosphotransferase activity in maternal and fetal guinea pig lung.

Cholinephosphotransferase activities of guinea pig lung mitochondria and micro-somes are inhibited by centrophenoxine and one of its metabolites, p-chlorophenoxyacetate. 2-Dimethylaminoethanol, the second metabolite of centrophenoxine, has no inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. The inhibition of enzyme activity by centrophenoxine is noncompetitive. Intravenous injection of centrophenoxine and p-chlorophenoxyacetate to pregnant animals causes inhibition of cholinephosphotransferase activity in adult lung but not in fetal lung. However, direct administration of centrophenoxine to the fetus after laparotomy causes inhibition of both subcellular enzyme activity in fetal lung. It is suggested that the drug injected to the pregnant animals does not reach the fetal lung or is metabolized. Furthermore, while centrophenoxine injection does not change the total phos-phatidylcholine content of adult lung, the acyl group composition of phosphatidylcholine was modulated.
Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: findings on cardiac CT and coronary catheterisation

An elderly subject (age 70s) without previous cardiac history but whose spouse had recently died, presented with acute chest pain. Cardiac CT was performed, which revealed normal coronary arteries (panel A). However, functional analysis showed left ventricular …
Effects of Thinking About Reasons and Actions on Intentions to Perform Health Behaviors

This study examined the effects of directed thinking on intention to perform disease-detection and health-promotion behaviors. It was hypothesized that when participants thought about reasons for performing the behavior, they would have stronger intentions to perform health-promotion behaviors than disease-detection behaviors. Alternatively, when participants thought about actions, the difference in intention to perform health-promotion and disease-detection behaviors should not be found. This hypothesis was tested by directing some participants to think of reasons why either a disease-detection or a health-promotion behavior would be beneficial. Other participants were directed to think of as many actions as possible that would make either a health-promotion or disease-detection behavior enjoyable. The results supported the hypothesis.
Cooperative congestion control in power grid communication networks

Power grid digital communication networks are needed for the delivery of Phasor Measurement Unit(PMU) [1] sensor data with real time guarantees to the control centers for timely decisions. Present day network systems are unable to ensure real-time needs of the PMU data as they are not designed to support PMU devices. Hence, the need arises for new communication and control protocols. This paper describes the Cooperative Congestion Control (CCC) framework to ensure real-time guarantees for PMU data and to respond if transient deviations in real-time PMU network traffic occur. The framework utilizes a) NASPI [2], [4] aligned multiple service class queuing architecture; b) Cooperative real-time flow scheduling and bandwidth reassignment; and c) Cooperative coordination and back-pressure approaches among neighboring nodes. It then yields real-time PMU data guarantees during transient traffic pattern changes and/or overload situations. Our experiments confirm that the framework delivers real-time performance very well under different transient stress scenarios.
Magnetic dipole and vibronically induced electric dipole intensities of the 5D4→7F J transitions of Tb3+ in Cs2NaTbCl6

An analysis of the emission intensities associated with the 5D4→7F J (J=2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) transitions of Tb3+ in crystalline Cs2NaTbCl6 is performed. The energy levels and crystal-field states associated with the octahedral (Oh ) TbCl6 3- clusters are calculated using a weak-field crystal-field model. Magnetic-dipole strengths are calculated for all transitions occurring between the crystal-field components of 5D4 and the crystal-field components of 7F2, 7F3, 7F4, 7F5, and 7F6. Vibronically induced electric-dipole strengths are also calculated for the transitions between the 5D4→7F J (J=2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) crystal-field components. In the vibronic intensity model, both ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ coupling between the electronic charge distributions on the metal ion (Tb3+) and ligands (Cl-) are included. Only the ungerade vibrational modes localized within the TbCl6 3- cluster are considered as intensity-promoting modes. Assuming a thermally equilibrated 5D4 emitting level and lorentzian band shapes, emission s...
Current status of Mars Scouts

The Mars Program institutes the Mars Scout Missions in order to address science goals in the program not otherwise covered in baseline Mars plans. Mars Scout missions will be Principal-Investigator (PI) led science missions. Analogous to the Discovery Program, PI-led investigations optimize the use of limited resources to accomplish focused science and allow the flexibility to quickly respond to discoveries at Mars. Scout missions also require unique investments in technology and reliance upon Mars-based infrastructure such as telecom relay orbiters.
From Association to Organization

Recent as well as historical critiques of association theory, which is based on automatic linking mechanisms, lead to a consideration of an alternative: organization theory. The latter theory postulates that human memory is organized, instead, in a nested, hierarchical fashion that structures storage and retrieval. Organization theory also postulates that there is a limit of four expandable units in organized memory and that the same limit is found in recall and production units.
Network Coverage in Multicarrier Broadcast System

In this paper, we discuss the network coverage of the generic multicarrier (or OFDM) based broadcast system by exploiting the frequency diversity over subcarriers. We first define the performance metric and discuss the relationship among broadcast rate, coverage area and the outage probability. To calculate the actual broadcast coverage area, we provide analytical results for both the low SNR and high SNR cases. In addition, we extend our discussion to the multicarrier multicell broadcast network. Simulation results show that multicell cooperation(MCC) has the best performance.
Self-assembly properties of recombinant engineered amelogenin proteins analyzed by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy.

Abstract Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis together with atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging was applied to investigate the supramolecular self-assembly properties of a series of recombinant amelogenins. The overall objective was to ascertain the contribution of certain structural motifs in amelogenin to protein–protein interactions during the self-assembly process. Mouse amelogenins lacking either amino- or carboxy-terminal domains believed to be involved in self-assembly and amelogenins having single or double amino acid mutations identical to those found in cases of amelogenesis imperfecta were analyzed. The polyhistidine-containingfull-length recombinant amelogenin protein [rp(H)M180] generated nanospheres with monodisperse size distribution (hydrodynamic radius of 20.7 ± 2.9 nm estimated from DLS and 16.1 ± 3.4 nm estimated from AFM images), comparable to nanospheres formed by full-length amelogenin rM179 without the polyhistidine domain, indicating that this histidine modification did not interfere with the self-assembly process. Deletion of the N-terminal self-assembly domain from amelogenin and their substitution by a FLAG epitope (“A”-domain deletion) resulted in the formation of assemblies with a heterogeneous size distribution with the hydrodynamic radii of particles ranging from 3 to 38 nm. A time-dependent dynamic light scattering analysis of amelogenin molecules lacking amino acids 157 through 173 and containing a hemagglutinin epitope (“B”-domain deletion) resulted in the formation of particles (21.5 ± 6.8 nm) that fused to form larger particles of 49.3 ± 4.3 nm within an hour. Single and double point mutations in the N-terminal region resulted in the formation of larger and more heterogeneous nanospheres. The above data suggest that while the N-terminal A-domain is involved in the molecular interactions for the formation of nanospheres, the carboxy-terminal B-domain contributes to the stability and homogeneity of the nanospheres, preventing their fusion to larger assemblies. These in vitro findings support the notion that the proteolytic cleavage of amelogenin at amino- and carboxy-terminii occurring during enamel formation influences amelogenin to amelogenin interactions during self-assembly and hence alters the structural organization of the developing enamel extracellular matrix, thus affecting enamel biomineralization.
Similarities-Dissimilarities Among Students: In Home Economics Majors At Southern Land-Grant Universities

Students in seven of the most widely offered college majors in home economics were studied for distinctive characteristics. Using multiple regression analysis, five sets of variables were analyzed. These included family background, high school experiences, college experiences, significant other influences on choice of major, and reasons for choosing the major. Data were obtained from a sample of 2,612 home economics students attending land-grant uni versities throughout the South. The majors in which these students were enrolled included general home economics, interior design, textiles, family and child development, foods and nutrition, home economics education, and fashion design. The findings revealed considerable similarity among home economics students generally. Yet there were significant dissimi larities that characterized students in specific majors. These differences were presented as separate profiles for students in each major. Overall, students in home economics education and general home economics were most dissimilar and those in textiles least dissimilar. Reasons for choosing one's major explained the largest amount of variance and were espe cially important in distinguishing family and child development majors.
A Lobatto interpolation grid in the tetrahedron

A sequence of increasingly refined interpolation grids inside the tetrahedron is proposed with the goal of achieving uniform convergence and ensuring high interpolation accuracy. The number of interpolation nodes, N, corresponds to the number of terms in the complete mth-order polynomial expansion with respect to the three tetrahedral barycentric coordinates. The proposed grid is constructed by deploying Lobatto interpolation nodes over the faces of the tetrahedron, and then computing interior nodes using a simple formula that involves the zeros of the Lobatto polynomials. Numerical computations show that the Lebesgue constant and interpolation accuracy of the proposed grid compare favourably with those of alternative grids constructed by solving optimization problems. The condition number of the mass matrix is significantly lower than that of the uniform grid and comparable to that of optimal grids proposed by previous authors.
Differential Binding of Biofilm-Derived and Suspension-Grown Staphylococcus aureus to Immobilized Platelets in Shear Flow

Background. TheadhesionofStaphylococcusaureustoplateletsisacriticalfirststepinendovascularinfection.S. aureus is known to form biofilms and detached cells are likely responsible for initiating bloodborne secondary infections. Although several previous studies have evaluated the mechanisms of S. aureus‐platelet binding, standard procedures have used suspension-grown cells, which are known to differ in their adhesion properties from biofilmderived cells. Methods. This study used both shake flask‐grown cells (hereafter, “suspension-grown cells”) and cells derived from growing biofilms to compare the level and mechanisms of adhesion to immobilized platelets under physiologically relevant shear conditions. Of specific interest were the roles of clumping factor A (ClfA) and plasma proteins in supporting adhesion. Results. S. aureus cells collected after 24 h of biofilm growth demonstrate significantly reduced levels of binding to immobilized platelets in the presence of exogenous plasma proteins, in comparison with suspension-grown cells. These adhesion results correlate directly with ClfA expression levels for the different cell populations. Conclusions. The results presented herein demonstrate that the mode of growth, temporal adhesin expression pattern,andhydrodynamicsheargovernS.aureusadhesiontoimmobilizedplatelets.ClfAwasidentifiedasthecritical binding adhesin, regardless of the mode or phase of growth. The gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is among the 5 most common isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories [1] and is associated with a wide variety of acute and chronic infections in humans [2]. Staphylococcal infections are a leading cause of nosocomial infection worldwide [3] and a major problem in hospitals, especially among immunocompromised and immunosuppressed patients [4]. The diseases caused by this deadly pathogen range from relatively benign skin infections to potentially fatal systemic disorders. S. aureus‐related infections are difficult to manage, and patients often need weeks of intravenous antimicrobial
Persistence and Stability of the Component Helminth Community of the Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog, Rana boylii (Ranidae), from Humboldt County, California, 1964–1965, Versus 2004–2007

Abstract Persistence and stability of the component helminth community of Rana boylii from Humboldt County, California was evaluated using two collections made 40 y apart (1964–1965 and 2004–2007). The component helminth community consisted of 13 species: one species of Cestoda (Distoichometra bufonis), six species of Digenea (Deropegus aspina, Glypthelmins quieta, Gorgoderina multilobata, Haematoloecus kernensis, Megalodiscus microphagus, echinostome metacercariae) four species of Nematoda, (Cosmocercoides variabilis, Hedruris sp., Rhabdias ranae, third stage Physalopterids) and two species of Acanthocephala (represented by centrorhynchid cystacanths and oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths). Twelve (92%) of the 13 species occurred in the 1964–1965 sample; nine (69%) of the 13 species were found in the 2004–2007 sample; eight (62%) of the 13 species occurred in both samples. Rana boylii is parasitized by generalist helminths that co-occur in other hosts. The aggregate of host species may be more important to ...
Finding Actionable Knowledge via Automated Comparison

The problem of finding interesting and actionable patterns is a major challenge in data mining. It has been studied by many data mining researchers. The issue is that data mining algorithms often generate too many patterns, which make it very hard for the user to find those truly useful ones. Over the years many techniques have been proposed. However, few have made it to real-life applications. At the end of 2005, we built a data mining system for Motorola (called Opportunity Map) to enable the user to explore the space of a large number of rules in order to find actionable knowledge. The approach is based on the concept of rule cubes and operations on rule cubes. A rule cube is similar to a data cube, but stores rules. Since its deployment, some issues have also been identified during the regular use of the system in Motorola. One of the key issues is that although the operations on rule cubes are flexible, each operation is primitive and has to be initiated by the user. Finding a piece of actionable knowledge typically involves many operations and intense visual inspections, which are labor-intensive and time-consuming. From interactions with our users, we identified a generic problem that is crucial for finding actionable knowledge. The problem involves extensive comparison of sub-populations and identification of the cause of their differences. This paper first defines the problem and then proposes an effective method to solve the problem automatically. To the best of our knowledge, there is no reported study of this problem. The new method has been added to the Opportunity Map system and is now in daily use in Motorola.
Alzheimer peptides perturb lipid-regulating enzymes

An increase in the size of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ42 versus Aβ40) may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. By altering the activities of enzymes involved in the metabolism of cholesterol and sphingomyelin, an increase in the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio may cause dysfunction and death of neurons.
Stereo vision based navigation for Sun-synchronous exploration

This paper describes the navigation system used on a prototype sun-synchronous robot. Sun-synchrony is a concept that will enable exploration missions by solar-powered rovers that could last months or years. This paper presents the navigation algorithms developed for traversing natural terrain robustly. The novel elements of this work are the refinements necessary to transform laboratory-demonstrated technologies into a form useful for robust, Sun-synchronous exploration. Results of afield experiment in the Canadian Arctic, where the robot traversed 6.1km, 90% autonomously, are also presented.