cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic variability of flight metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Effects of Gpdh allozymes and environmental temperature on power output.

ABSTRACT The effect of allozyme variation at the sn -glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( Gpdh ) locus on variation in the mechanical power output of the flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The influence of different rearing and flight temperatures and of their interactions with the Gpdh allozymic genotypes (allotypes) on flight ability also were analyzed. Populations from three continents were used, and Gpdh allotypes were generated from crosses between randomly paired isofemale lines made autozygous for each of the two alleles by inbreeding. Measurements made during tethered flight, together with wing morphology, were used to estimate power output using both Weis-Fogh9s and Ellington9s formulas.—Analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant main effects for both environmental components (rearing and flight temperatures) but for only one of the three genetic components (genetic backgrounds within continent); Gpdh allotypes and populations (continent of origin) were not significant. The interaction between rearing and flight temperature was highly significant, indicating some physiological adaptation. The effect of Gpdh allozymes depended on both rearing and flight temperature and was either significant or marginally so, depending on which set of formulas was used. In either case, the S/S allotype showed a 2-4% greater power output than the F/F allotype at low temperature for both interactions. In addition, the S/S allotype showed significantly greater power output than the F/F allotype among flies raised at 15° and flown at 15°, whereas the reverse was true for flies raised at 30° and flown at 30°. Significant differences among the three allotypes for GPDH activity level were found in general, with S/S having the highest, F/S intermediate and F/F the lowest activity, and an inverse relationship existed between rearing temperature and activity.—The temperature effects on power output are consistent with the geographical and seasonal variation observed at the Gpdh locus in nature. In general, the results show that Gpdh can be considered a minor polygene affecting quantitative variation in the power output during flight and that genotype-by-environment interaction is an important component of that effect.
On the specificity of adaptive mutations

Adaptive mutations are mutations that occur in nondividing or slowly dividing cells during prolonged nonlethal selection, and that appear to be specific to the challenge of the selection in the sense that the only mutations that arise are those that provide a growth advantage to the cell. The issue of the specificity has been controversial because it violates our most basic assumptions about the randomness of mutations with respect to their effect on the cell. Although a variety of experiments in several systems in both bacteria and yeast have claimed to demonstrate that specificity, those experiments have been subjected to a variety of technical criticisms suggesting that the specificity may not be real. Here I use the ebg system to provide evidence that when selection is applied to one specific nucleotide site within a gene, mutation occurs at that site but not at an alternative and equally mutable site within the same gene.
Spectrum of ECHO Virus 1 Disease in a Young Diabetic

The occurrence of aseptic meningitis probably due to ECHO virus 1 disease has been reported together with significant myopericarditis, abnormal liver function tests, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, pyuria and hematuria. Virus isolation and identification was from the spinal fluid. No previous report of such isolation in an adult exists in the literature.
SU‐F‐500‐08: Correlation of Model and Human Observer Performance On a Lesion Shape Discrimination Task Using Realistic and Repeated CT Scans

Purpose: To investigate how well a channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) can predict the human observer performance in a lesion shape discrimination task using realistic and repeated CT scans for both filtered backprojection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR). Methods: Eight lesion mimicking rods (2 contrasts, 2 sizes, 2 shapes) were inserted into a 35 by 26 cm water phantom and scanned 100 times on a 128‐slice CT scanner (Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare) with 120 kV at 120, 180, 240, 360 and 480 quality reference mass (careDose4D). CT images were reconstructed using a FBP and an IR method. A region of interest centered in the rod was extracted to construct the 2‐alternative forced choice (2AFC) study with hexagon and circle rod images put side‐by‐side in randomized order. Total 4000 2AFC trials were read by three medical physicists and the CHO with Gabor filter (5 passbands, 5 orientations, 2 phases). An edge‐emphasis binary mask was applied at the CHO input end. Percent correct was calculated and non‐parametric statistical analysis was performed to compare the performance between human and model observers, and between FBP and IR. Results: The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.879 for FBP and 0.916 for IR (P<0.01). Bland‐Altman plots showed excellent agreement between human and model observers for all lesions sizes and contrasts with a mean difference of 0.5%±3.6% for FBP and 0.2%±3.1% for IR. IR significantly increased the human and model observers performances compared to FBP (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P<0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high correlation between human and model observers in a discrimination task using realistic CT images. Masking the image input to the CHO by an edge emphasis mask mimics the higher weighting applied towards the edge when humans performed the shape discrimination task. IR significantly increased both human and model performance compared to FBP. This work was supported in part by NIH grant R01 EB071095 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.
Security and Privacy in the Internet-of-Things Under Time-and-Budget-Limited Adversary Model

Internet-of-Things (IoT) represents an emerging era of networking that connects a variety of common appliances to one another, as well as with the rest of the Internet, to vastly improve our lives. Despite being significantly resource-constrained, IoT nodes are expected to participate in numerous computationally-intensive security protocols to overcome threats from the public Internet. Given that IoT nodes (e.g., smart meters) typically exchange tactical data that requires data protection for a short time span of up to a few days, we examine the use of smaller cryptographic key sizes to provide IoT security. We show that small key sizes quite drastically reduce the cryptographic computational processing requirements for IoT nodes. We estimate the cost of breaking public key crypto systems when the adversary is limited by the available resources (i.e., dollar cost ) and time (i.e., number of days ). We consider Moore's law, as well as More than Moore , and Less than Moore technology growth rates, in conjunction with the capabilities of a real-world key-breaker to calculate the cost estimates. Finally, we also present the trade-off between the processing load for an IoT node versus the desired time span of privacy protection.
Endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery: indications and considerations.

Recently, American otolaryngologists have become increasingly interested in endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery. This trend has been beneficial, because it has enhanced the understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the sinuses. However, as with the introduction of any new surgical technique, it takes both time and experience to acquire the skills necessary to perform this procedure. To evaluate the state of endoscopic sinus surgery, we analyzed the experience of one of the authors with 100 consecutive patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic sinus surgery over 23 months. With an average follow-up of 5 months (range: less than 1 month to 20 months), 14 patients had minor complications. The most common complication was synechia between the middle turbinate and the lateral nasal wall (six patients), resulting in revision surgery in four patients. Eighty-three patients were judged as having significantly improved after surgery, while ten were improved but had one episode of sinusitis postoperatively. The results of this series suggest that endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery is an efficacious advance in the treatment of sinusitis, given the limitations discussed in this report.
Effects of preemergence and postemergence herbicides on urea hydrolysis and nitrification of urea nitrogen in soil

The influence of 5 and 50 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil of nine preemergence and nine postemergence herbicides on transformations of urea N in soil was studied in samples of two coarse-textured and two fine-textured soils incubated aerobically at 20°C. The effects of each herbicide on soil urea transformations was measured by determining the amounts of urea hydrolyzed and the amounts of NOinf3sup-and NOinf2sup-produced at various times after treatment with urea. Applied at the rate of 5 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil, none of the herbicides retarded urea hydrolysis in the four soils used, but four of the postemergence herbicides (acifluorfen, diclofop methyl, fenoxaprop ethyl) retarded urea hydrolysis in the two coarse-textured soils. All the herbicides tested except siduron retarded nitrification in the two coarse-textured soils when applied at 50 mg of urea N active ingredient kg-1 soil, and fenoxaprop ethyl and tridiphane markedly retarded nitrification of urea N in all four of the soils when applied at this rate. One-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses indicated that the inhibitory effects of the 18 herbicides tested on nitrification of urea N in soil increased with a decrease in the organic-matter content and an increase in the sand content of the soil.
Graphene-mediated self-assembly of zeolite-based microcapsules

Abstract Porous core–shell microcapsules were obtained by assembling graphene layers on zeolite surfaces during amorphization process. When fused onto the surface, the self-assembled graphene layers played a role as ‘isolation bubbles’ that prevented the vapor releasing from bulk zeolites. The self-steaming of vapor served as the foaming agent of bringing the porous structure inside zeolites but also created an expansive force to form microcapsules. Due to their porous structures, the as-produced microcapsules showed excellent slow-release characteristics. The release of potassium from the microcapsules reaches equilibrium after 27 days, much slower than that from zeolites (2 days). We believe that the new microcapsules can be used as controlled-release agent for delivery of chemical compounds (e.g., fertilizers) as well as be used as microreactors, micro-devices, sensors, and catalysts. In addition, it is anticipated that the new synthesis route, especially using graphene layers to mediate amorphization, may be extended to other reactions.
Risk factors and management of vocal cord hemorrhages: An experience with 44 cases

Summary Risk factors for vocal cord hemorrhages were reviewed in 44 professional voice users. In a majority of cases, the direct cause of hemorrhage was temporally related to singing, public speaking, or some form of forceful laryngeal activity. Sixteen of the 44 patients had a concomitant upper respiratory tract infection, and in the case of women patients, eight of 30 had hormonal imbalances. These included abnormal menstrual cycles, use of estrogen supplements, gynecological surgery, and the use of birth control pills. In most of these cases, correction of the underlying hormonal disturbance prevented the recurrence of bleeding episodes. We stress that such abnormalities should be ruled out by history and appropriate tests when necessary, to prevent the occasional crippling sequelae of vocal cord hemorrhages and review the various treatment options available for this condition.
DNA methylation as a biomarker for preeclampsia.

Background:Preeclampsia contributes significantly to pregnancy-associated morbidity and mortality as well as future risk of cardiovascular disease in mother and offspring, and preeclampsia in offsp...
Dietary salt and blood pressure.

Abstract Research evidence on the role of dietary sodium in the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension is briefly reviewed. This matter is assuming new importance at present, given new data on the efficacy of normalization of blood pressure for adults with so-called “mild” hypertension (average diastolic 90–104 mm Hg), hence the need for safe nutritional-hygienic alternatives to years-long drug treatment for millions of people with such hypertension. Two trials by the authors deal with some unresolved questions in this area. The first, a preliminary study, involved 21 lacto-ovo-vegetarian high school students living in a boarding school. With decrease in daily Na intake from 216 to 72 meq for the experimental compared with the control group, red blood cell Na concentration was significantly lower in the former; systolic pressure was slightly but not significantly lower. The second trial, the Primary Prevention of Hypertension, involves over 200 hypertension-prone persons aged 30–44, and explores the ability in the experimental group to reduce blood pressure and prevent development of hypertension by safe nutritional-hygienic means (weight reduction, dietary Na decrease, avoidance of excess alcohol, rhythmic exercise). Initial results at 6 months are presented. Trials on the prevention and control of hypertension by nonpharmacologic means, including reduced Na intake, and involving analyses of the interrelationships among dietary Na, other dietary factors, Na metabolism, and blood pressure in samples from different population strata, are an important present-day research need.
Integration of 3D and 2D imaging data for assured navigation in unknown environments

This paper discusses the development of a novel navigation method that integrates three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data, two-dimensional (2D) digital camera data, and data from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The target application is to provide an accurate position and attitude determination of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or autonomous ground vehicles (AGV) in any urban or indoor environments, during any scenario. In some urban and indoor environments, GPS signals are attainable and usable for these target applications, but this is not always the case. GPS position capability may not only be unavailable due to shadowing, significant signal attenuation or multipath, but also due to intentional denial or deception. In these scenarios where GPS is not a viable, or reliable option, a system must be developed that compliments GPS and works in the environments where GPS encounters problems. The proposed algorithm is an effort to show one possible method that a complementary system to GPS could use. It extracts key features such as planar surfaces, lines, corners, and points from both the 3D (point-cloud) and 2D (intensity) imagery. Consecutive observations of corresponding features in the 3D and 2D image frames are then used to compute estimates of position and orientation changes. Since the use of 3D image features for positioning suffers from limited feature observability resulting in deteriorated position accuracies, and the 2D imagery suffers from an unknown depth when estimating the pose from consecutive image frames, it is expected that the integration of both data sets will alleviate the problems with the individual methods resulting in a position and attitude determination procedure with a high level of assurance. An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is used to set up the tracking gates necessary to perform data association of the features in consecutive frames. Finally, the position and orientation change estimates can be used to correct for and mitigate the IMU drift errors.
FINE STRUCTURAL AND RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON DENSE PERINUCLEAR CYTOPLASMIC MATERIAL IN TADPOLE OOCYTES

Dense fibrous material is first seen in association with mitochondria in tadpole oogonia but is most prominent in oocytes during the extended first meiotic prophase when it aggregates into dense bodies in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The origin of this material has been attributed to 350-A nuclear granules which form cytoplasmic streamers of fibrous material upon passage through nuclear pores. This has commonly been interpreted as the transfer of ribonucleoprotein to the cytoplasm for storage. However, cytochemical reactions for nucleic acids have indicated an absence of detectable RNA in this dense material, and the results of radioautographic studies with labeled uridine, thymidine, or actinomycin D argue against the presence of nucleic acids. When sites of incorporation of tritiated amino acids were radioautographically localized, an appreciable number of silver grains were present over the dense bodies. Uptake of certain amino acids occurs fairly promptly but the degree of labeling levels off after about 6 hr, suggesting a rapid turnover of the material in the dense bodies. Attention is drawn to the similarity of the dense bodies to structures present in germ cells of a number of other species, and possible functions of the dense bodies in germ cell differentiation are considered.
Experiment on the Mass Stripping of an Interstellar Cloud Following Shock Passage

The interaction of supernova shocks and interstellar clouds is an important astrophysical phenomenon which can lead to mass stripping (transfer of material from cloud to surrounding flow, "mass loading" the flow) and possibly increase the compression in the cloud to high enough densities to trigger star formation. Our experiments attempt to simulate and quantify the mass stripping as it occurs when a shock passes through interstellar clouds. We drive a strong shock (and blast wave) using 5 kJ of the 30 kJ Omega laser into a cylinder filled with low-density foam with an embedded 120 μm Al sphere simulating an interstellar cloud. The density ratio between Al and foam is ~9. Time-resolved X-ray radiographs show the cloud getting compressed by the shock (t ≈ 5 ns), undergoing a classical Kelvin-Helmholtz roll-up (12 ns) followed by a Widnall instability (30 ns), an inherently three-dimensional effect that breaks the two-dimensional symmetry of the experiment. Material is continuously being stripped from the cloud at a rate which is shown to be considerably larger than what is predicted by laminar models for mass stripping; the cloud is fully stripped by 80-100 ns, 10 times faster than the laminar model. We present a new model for turbulent mass stripping that agrees with the observed rate and that should scale to astrophysical conditions, which occur at even higher Reynolds numbers than the current experiment.
False memories lack perceptual detail: Evidence from implicit word-stem completion and perceptual identification tests

We used implicit measures of memory to ascertain whether false memories for critical nonpresented items in the DRM paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) contain structural and perceptual detail. In Experiment 1, we manipulated presentation modality in a visual word-stem-completion task. Critical item priming was significant and unaffected by modality. In contrast, priming of critical items was absent in a perceptual identification test when only DRM list items were studied (Experiment 2A), whereas priming was found when critical items were studied (Experiment 2B). Standard modality effects were present for list items in each experiment and for critical items in Experiment 2B. We conclude that: (a) false memories do not inherently contain structural and perceptual information and (b) past reports of critical item priming relied on implicit tests more prone to conceptual activation.
The Effect of Positive and Negative Prior Information on Motion Picture Appreciation

Summary In order to test the hypothesis that individuals viewing a motion picture would be affected in their appreciation of the same by being exposed to either positive, negative, or no prior information, a field study was conducted in a public theatre. Ss (N = 60) were drawn from the population of adult afternoon theatre patrons in an urban environment. Ss were exposed to either highly positive, highly negative, or no comments from Cs posing as legitimate theatre patrons via overheard inter-C conversations. Ss rated the motion picture subsequent to the experimental procedure using a paper and pencil questionnaire. Employing a one-way analysis of variance (p < .01) and Tukey's H.S.D. test, a significant difference (p < .01) was found between the positive and negative prior information groups. Data indicated that audience appreciation of motion pictures is alterable by prior information cues.
IL-1β and TNFα modulate δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced catalepsy in mice

Abstract The role of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-lα (IL-lα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in THC-induced catalepsy in mice was examined. Recombinant IL-1β (400 ng/mouse, IV) and TNFα (500 ng/mouse, IV) were effective in potentiating the cataleptic effect of low-dose THC (10 μg/mouse, IV). Recombinant IL-1α and IL-6 did not potentiate catalepsy at any dose tested. Anti-IL-1β and anti-TNFα antibodies were effective in attenuating high-dose (75 μg/ mouse) THC-induced catalepsy. Antibodies to IL-1α and IL-6 had no effect on catalepsy. Early onset catalepsy (10 min postinjection) was potentiated by exogenous recombinant IL-1β and TNFα but only later catalepsy (2 h postinjection) was attenuated by antibodies to endogenous IL-1β or TNFα. This divergence of the cytokine effect suggests that these substances regulate, by different mechanisms, the early and late THC-induced cataleptic response.
The coefficients of the characteristic polynomial in terms of the eigenvalues and the elements of an n × n matrix

Abstract The coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of an n × n matrix are derived in terms of the eigenvalues and in terms of the elements of the matrix. The connection between the two expressions allows the sum of the products of all sets of k eigenvalues to be calculated using cofactors of the matrix.
Reduction in the Thermal Conductivity of Single Crystalline Silicon by Phononic Crystal Patterning

Phononic crystals (PnCs) are the acoustic wave equivalent of photonic crystals, where a periodic array of scattering inclusions located in a homogeneous host material causes certain frequencies to be completely reflected by the structure. In conjunction with creating a phononic band gap, anomalous dispersion accompanied by a large reduction in phonon group velocities can lead to a massive reduction in silicon thermal conductivity. We measured the cross plane thermal conductivity of a series of single crystalline silicon PnCs using time domain thermoreflectance. The measured values are over an order of magnitude lower than those obtained for bulk Si (from 148 W m(-1) K(-1) to as low as 6.8 W m(-1) K(-1)). The measured thermal conductivity is much smaller than that predicted by only accounting for boundary scattering at the interfaces of the PnC lattice, indicating that coherent phononic effects are causing an additional reduction to the cross plane thermal conductivity.
Intellectual property and access to medicines: an analysis of legislation in Central America

Globalization of intellectual property (IP) protection for medicines has been advancing during the past decade. Countries are obliged to adapt their legislation as a requirement of their membership to the World Trade Organization or as a condition of being part of international trade agreements. There is a growing recognition that, in low-income countries, stronger IP protection is a barrier to access to medicines. At the same time, the number of low-income countries writing national legislation to protect IP for pharmaceutical products is growing worldwide, but little research has been done on the ways in which this process is happening at the national level. This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the implementation of IP legislation at the national level by providing a comparative analysis of the countries that are part of the United States-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). The analysis shows three trends. First, countries have often implemented stronger IP protection than required by trade agreements. Second, some countries have adopted IP protection before signing the trade agreements. Third, the process of ratification of DR-CAFTA increased public debate around these issues, which in some cases led to IP legislation that considers public health needs. These trends suggest that industrialized countries and the pharmaceutical industry are using more tactics than just trade agreements to push for increased IP protection and that the process of national legislation is a valid arena for confronting public health needs to those of the industry.
Molecular biology: Concealed enzyme coordination

Coordination between subunits is crucial for the proper functioning of multi-component molecular machines. A single-molecule study now allows glimpses into the mechanism used by subunits of one such machine. Homomeric ring ATPases are found in all forms of life and are involved in many processes such as chromosome segregation, protein unfolding and ATP synthesis. This remarkable functional diversity is generated by a single, highly conserved, structural core, responsible for the binding and hydrolysis of ATP. How these enzymes coordinate ATP hydrolysis and mechanistic function is largely unknown. One such ring ATPase from a bacteriophage, ϕ29, helps load the dsDNA genome into the viral shell. Moffitt et al. show that this five-membered motor packages the DNA in 10-base-pair bursts, each consisting of four individual 2.5-bp steps corresponding to the hydrolysis of a single ATP. Such a non-integral step size is unprecedented, and raises intriguing mechanistic questions about ATP hydrolysis within rings, and the interactions of the ring with DNA.
Crystallographic and NMR analyses of UvsW and UvsW.1 from bacteriophage T4.

The uvsWXY system is implicated in the replication and repair of the bacteriophage T4 genome. Whereas the roles of the recombinase (UvsX) and the recombination mediator protein (UvsY) are known, the precise role of UvsW is unclear. Sequence analysis identifies UvsW as a member of the monomeric SF2 helicase superfamily that translocates nucleic acid substrates via the action of two RecA-like motor domains. Functional homologies to Escherichia coli RecG and biochemical analyses have shown that UvsW interacts with branched nucleic acid substrates, suggesting roles in recombination and the rescue of stalled replication forks. A sequencing error at the 3′-end of the uvsW gene has revealed a second, short open reading frame that encodes a protein of unknown function called UvsW.1. We have determined the crystal structure of UvsW to 2.7A and the NMR solution structure of UvsW.1. UvsW has a four-domain architecture with structural homology to the eukaryotic SF2 helicase, Rad54. A model of the UvsW-ssDNA complex identifies structural elements and conserved residues that may interact with nucleic acid substrates. The NMR solution structure of UvsW.1 reveals a dynamic four-helix bundle with homology to the structure-specific nucleic acid binding module of RecQ helicases.
Effects of Surface Orientation on the Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Water/2-Propanol Mixtures

To explore the role of Marangoni effects in the pool boiling heat transfer of binary mixtures, experiments have been conducted with water/2-propanol mixtures at three different concentrations under normal gravity with different orientations of the heater surface. The system pressure was subatmospheric (∼5.5 kPa) and the bulk liquid temperature was near the saturation temperature of the fluids tested. The molar concentrations of 2-propanol tested were 0.015, 0.025, and 0.1. These concentrations of 2-propanol are selected because their strong variation of surface tension with concentration gives rise to high surface tension gradients near the heater surface during nucleate boiling. Boiling curves were obtained both for an upward-facing and a downward-facing heater surface. For each concentration of 2-propanol, the critical heat flux has been reached in both orientations of the heater surface. Models of pool boiling heat transfer and the critical heat flux condition for binary mixtures are tested to correlate the data. Comparison of boiling curves and CHF obtained at different orientations of the heater surface indicates that there is strong gravity independent mechanism of boiling heat transfer in these mixtures
Tolerance to morphine stimulus control: role of morphine maintenance dose

Experiments assessed the development of tolerance to morphine stimulus control during treatment with selected maintenance doses of morphine. Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate saline and either 3.2 mg/kg or 5.6 mg/kg morphine under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery. Dose-response functions for generalization of morphine stimulus control were determined before, during, and after repeated treatment with selected doses of morphine. Similar experiments were performed with repeated pentobarbital treatment in order to assess the pharmacological selectivity of tolerance. Repeated treatment with saline, 3.2 mg/kg morphine, or twice daily injections of 17.8 mg/kg pentobarbital produced no tolerance to morphine stimulus control. In contrast, treatment with daily injections of 10 mg/kg or twice daily injections of 10 or 17.8 mg/kg morphine produced a dose-dependent increase in the dose of morphine required for stimulus control. The magnitude of tolerance to morphine stimulus control varied directly with the maintenance dose of morphine and was slightly greater for a lower than a higher morphine training dose. Termination of repeated treatment was followed by a return to initial sensitivity, without additional training. Tolerance to morphine stimulus control was not necessarily accompanied by tolerance to its rate-suppressing effects.
Fatigue fracture of polycarbonate

The fatigue fracture process in polycarbonate can be different for cracks grown from notches and from surface crazes. During the discontinuous crack growth process (which occurs during the very slow crack growth regime), full-width cracks grown from notches have a very different crack tip plastic zone when compared to that observed in localized cracks grown from surface crazes. These localized surface cracks have a pair of sharply defined shear bands at the crack tip (forming the “epsilon” plastic zone) that are absent from notched-grown cracks, The presence of the shear band pair in this plastic zone produces two major modifications. The discontinuous crack growth is extended to higher stress intensity ranges due to the (crack tip) craze stabilization by the shear band pair. Moreover, a shear fatigue fracture mode, absent in the notched specimens, occurs upon termination of the discontinuous growth process. The implications of this comparison are that estimates of fatigue lifetimes of smooth samples based on fatigue crack growth data (on notched specimens) may be erroneous.
The Structure of Ellipsoidal Distributions, II. Principal Components

Principal-axis rotations are informative for data from ellipsoidal distributions even without moments. The standard normal-theory tests used in principal components analysis are shown to be identical in level and power for all ellipsoidal distributions under a specified model for sampling. This follows from basic invariance properties of distributions associated with sample dispersion matrices. Similar findings are reported for HOTELLING'S (1936) canonical analysis in Part I of this study. AMS 1980 subject classification. Primary 62 H 25; Secondary 62 H 05.
On the stereospecific reduction of vinylsulfoxides with thepossibility of deuterium labeling

Upon treating triene sulfoxide 2 or 3 in the presence of methanol (internal proton source) in ether with tert-butyllithium, the reduced product 4b or 4c, respectively, is obtained with retention of configuration. A deuterium label can be incorporated by using methanol-0-d1 as the internal proton source.
Echelle grating spectrometer (EGS) for mid-IR remote chemical detection

The availability of high performance two-dimensional InSb detectors enables the design and construction of mid-infrared spectrographs capable of obtaining high resolution spectra over extended spectral regions without moving components. Rugged, stable, cryo-cooled spectrographs suitable for remote field operation are now possible using prism-echelle cross dispersion designs. We discuss the design, fabrication, and performance of a high resolution mid-IR field spectrograph designed specifically for the detection of atmospheric-borne chemicals from airborne platforms. The instrument design provides maximum optical throughput covering the two atmospheric windows at 2.0 - 2.5 micrometers and 3.0 - 4.2 micrometers .
Surgical Treatment of Stasis Venous Ulcers of the Lower Limb

Ten patients with severe lower extremity stasis venous ulcer refractory to medical therapy were selected to undergo excision of the ulcer and the underly ing muscle fascia and interruption of the incompetent communicating veins with split thickness skin grafting. All patients had evidence of lipodermatosclerosis. Eight patients had a descending venogram that showed grade IV regurgitation and 2 had an ascending venogram that showed patency of the venous system. All patients had venographic evidence of incompetent communicating veins. Biopsies obtained from calf muscle (4) and sural nerve (2) were consistent with neuromyopathy. Thermodilution study performed in 4 patients showed in creased flow to the affected limb with pooling of venous blood. Follow-up (mean thirteen months) showed healing of all ulcers and no ulcer recurrence. The authors suggest that this procedure be reserved for patients with gross and permanent pathologic changes in and around the ulcer when medical therapy fails.
The temperature dependence of vibration–vibration energy exchange between CO and COS

The present study reports the measurement of the V–V energy transfer rates for the CO*COS system in the temperature range of 195 to 370°K. The measured rates exhibit a slight inverse temperature dependence. The experimental results are compared to prediction based on a model of long-range dipole–dipole interactions between colliding molecules. The effect of single quantum rotational transitions is compared to that of multiquantum rotational transitions.
Learning to Compete for Resources in Wireless Stochastic Games

In this paper, we model the various users in a wireless network (e.g., cognitive radio network) as a collection of selfish autonomous agents that strategically interact to acquire dynamically available spectrum opportunities. Our main focus is on developing solutions for wireless users to successfully compete with each other for the limited and time-varying spectrum opportunities, given experienced dynamics in the wireless network. To analyze the interactions among users given the environment disturbance, we propose a stochastic game framework for modeling how the competition among users for spectrum opportunities evolves over time. At each stage of the stochastic game, a central spectrum moderator (CSM) auctions the available resources, and the users strategically bid for the required resources. The joint bid actions affect the resource allocation and, hence, the rewards and future strategies of all users. Based on the observed resource allocations and corresponding rewards, we propose a best-response learning algorithm that can be deployed by wireless users to improve their bidding policy at each stage. The simulation results show that by deploying the proposed best-response learning algorithm, the wireless users can significantly improve their own bidding strategies and, hence, their performance in terms of both the application quality and the incurred cost for the used resources.
Circuit analysis—General product equations for multifeed, multistage circuits containing variable selectivity functions

Abstract The general, steady-state product equations for single and multiple feed input countercurrent, concurrent, scavenger series, and cleaner series mineral processing circuits with variable selectivity functions have been developed. These operations are essential to understanding and predicting the performance of, not only common mineral processing circuits used in the Occident, but also the complex, multiple feed, ramification circuits recently introduced from China. Finally, this proposed approach has greater application to the chemical industry than to the mineral industry.
Retroreflection from spherical glass beads in highway pavement markings. 2: Diffuse reflection (a first approximation calculation)

A first approximation calculation of the radiance or the retroreflected flux of light received by the automobile driver from a glass sphere partially embedded in highway marking paint is presented. The observed retroreflection arises mainly from the diffuse reflection at the painted region of the spherical cap on the rear surface of the sphere. It is found that the optimum value of embedment in paint for glass beads of refractive index 1.50 is 59% (+5%, −0%) of the diameter for high retroreflection at all distances.
Influence of ejaculatory abstinence on seminal total antioxidant capacity and sperm membrane lipid peroxidation

Objective To determine whether the period of ejaculatory abstinence (EA) influences the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of semen or lipid peroxidation (LPO) of sperm membranes. Design A prospective experimental trial. Setting Academic medical center for reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Patient(s) Forty men from infertile couples planning intrauterine insemination. Intervention(s) Men provided semen specimens after EA periods of 1 and 4 days. Main Outcome Measure(s) Semen analysis, peroxidase staining, and assays for seminal TAC and sperm membrane LPO, with measures compared between days 1 and 4 within individuals (internal control) using paired t tests. Result(s) The shorter period of EA (1 day vs. 4 days) resulted in statistically significant decreases in semen volume (−24%), sperm density (−28%), and total sperm count (−3.2%). There was a statistically significant increase in TAC with the shorter period of EA (1 day) compared with 4 days of EA. No difference was detected in sperm membrane LPO comparing 1 day of EA and 4 days of EA. Conclusion(s) Higher seminal TAC obtained after a shorter period of EA could diminish oxidative stress–induced sperm damage by a mechanism independent of LPO. Shorter periods of EA may thus improve sperm quality by protecting from reactive oxygen species damage, even though lower numbers of motile sperm are produced after a shorter period of EA. This would be consistent with prior research indicating improved results after intrauterine insemination under these circumstances.
Space-charge neutralization of heavy ion beams via electron injection

Abstract One key issue in heavy ion beam fusion (HIBF) is how to effectively focus high-current and high-perveance ion beams onto a small target area. Space charge neutralization is needed to prevent defocusing as the ion density compresses during focusing. The present study is concerned with the physics of space-charge neutralization by use of various concepts for injection of electrons into the ion beam in addition to plasma neutralization. To date the most widely studied approaches to neutralization use a preformed plasma or ionize a background gas in the beam line. However, these schemes alone face difficulties due to local non-uniformities in charge neutralization due to beam dynamic/focusing effects. Thus, two supplemental techniques are under study and will be discussed here. One involves axially injection of electrons created in a thin foil in the beam path. The other uses a magnetic field to guide the electrons into the direction of the beam path. Both techniques would be used in combination with conventional background plasma, providing added control of neutralization.
Jamming rheology of model cementitious suspensions composed of comb‐polymer stabilized magnesium oxide particles

The colloidal microstructure of concentrated suspensions containing anionic comb-polymer-stabilized magnesium oxide (MgO) particles in water was analyzed by shear rheometry for indications of changes in particle microstructure based on particle size and comb-polymer usage. As the suspensions were sheared at different rates, jamming in the sheared MgO suspensions was observed as shear stress overshoots. The shear-induced evolution of the suspension's microstructure was strongly related to the perceived interactions between neighboring MgO particles in the suspension. In the jammed state, interactions are believed to be enhanced by the formation of entanglements between opposing comb-polymer side-chains. Steric repulsion between side-chains was lessened for large particles on account of their diameters, which further enabled side-chain entanglement during close particle contact under shear. Suspensions with relatively wide particle size distributions (0.5–400 μm) were theorized to form hydrocluster aggregates, while suspensions with narrower particle size distributions (0.5–40 μm) most likely resulted in networked microstructures under the influence of the chain entanglements from the adsorbed comb-polymer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40429.
Studies on the rehydration of carrots

The effects of different anions and of solution pH on the degree of rehydration of dehydrated carrots were measured by changes in tissue volume. The carrots had significantly greater rehydrated volumes when rehydrated in distilled water than in any of the salt solutions while the carrots in salt solutions containing citrate3- had significantly lower rehydrated volumes than in the other salt solutions. This effect may be due to a steric hindrance to the penetration of the anions into the plant cells. In general, at pH values 2 and 12 the carrots rehydrated to a maximum extent. Probably the greater hydration in the solutions of extreme pH is due to their greater ability, in particular those with a pH of 12, to hydrolyse the hemicelluloses and the pectinates in the cell walls of the carrots.
ADOLESCENCE AND SOCIAL CHANGE

The primary preoccupation of the psychoanalyst as a therapist has been with the psychopathology of intrapsychic functioning. At the same time he has always been a student of normal development and behavior, and of environment and culture. A knowledge of the range of normality is of course necessary for adequate di agnostic assessment, and a knowledge of environmental influences is essential to reconstruction during psychoanalysis of the psychogenesis of the illness. I underscore these areas of analytic interest and knowledge becau se of their pertinence to consideration of the subject of Youth Unrest. Here we extend the study of individual psychopathology, our area of greatest expertise, to adolescen ts as a group and to the society of which they are a part. In commenting upon the relationship between adolescent and society we need to remind ourselves of two important circumstances whi ch complicate our task : (1) adolescence is a time of great internal psychological disturban ce and, as a result, the assessment of normality or pathology is particul arly difficult; (2) the interface between the ad olescent and adult generations is an important nodal point for potential cultu ral change. In conseq uence, our attempts to appraise
Acquisition of computer skills by older users: A mixed methods study

Abstract Much of the current research on training older adults to use computers focuses narrowly on cognitive aspects of the training situation. This study reports data on affective and contextual variables related to acquisition of computer skills by older people. The results suggest that the narrow focus on cognition in research on older computer users does a disservice to this varied group. Findings from this study are used to suggest more effective instruction practices, especially for older women.
Saving costs using smart call routing: aligning business and IT through finance

This case describes the effective information technology (IT) business alignment considerations that led to the successful implementation of a telecommunication platform designed to efficiently route cell phone calls in a financial institution in Chile. The company had several branches throughout the country, including its headquarters in Santiago. This initiative was part of a Technology Cost Savings strategy generated in response to the 2008 crisis. The idea behind it was to align internal business leaders with the IT team in order to optimize these costs, realizing a more efficient telecommunication platform, and to work together, as several cost-reducing initiatives were being executed at the same time. Achievements were thoroughly reviewed by the board of directors, and thus pressure to clean up the house was high. At that time, when users called a cellular phone from a landline, the call was charged using a fee much higher than a mobile company rate. The goal of the project was naturally to optimize these charges. An automatic call routing was designed, discussed and executed with the participation of the business leaders, based on each branch’s demand and projected growth. The case relates the project lifecycle: the mistakes made at the beginning, the initial platform tests and bottlenecks, the rejection and frustration of the business, and a posterior crisis control and recovery phase. IT alignment and sponsorship from the directors were crucial, as there was no way back. All these factors, plus the additional IT activities competing for business attention, made this project both a challenging and learning experience.
Effect of Finger Posture on the Tendon Force Distribution Within the Finger Extensor Mechanism

Understanding the transformation of tendon forces into joint torques would greatly aid in the investigation of the complex temporal and spatial coordination of multiple muscles in finger movements. In this study, the effects of the finger posture on the tendon force transmission within the finger extensor apparatus were investigated. In five cadaver specimens, a constant force was applied sequentially to the two extrinsic extensor tendons in the index finger, extensor digitorum communis and extensor indicis proprius. The responses to this loading, i.e. fingertip force/moment and regional strains of the extensor apparatus, were measured and analyzed to estimate the tendon force transmission into the terminal and central slips of the extensor hood. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that the amount of tendon force transmitted to each tendon slip was significantly affected by finger posture, specifically by the interphalangeal (IP) joint angles (p 30%) when the IP joints were extended. The ratio of terminal slip force: central slip force remained relatively constant across postures at approximately 1.7:1. Force dissipation into surrounding structures was found to be largely responsible for the observed force-posture relationship. Due to the significance of posture in the force transmission to the tendon slips, the impact of finger posture should be carefully considered when studying finger motor control or examining injury mechanisms in the extensor apparatus.
Exchange-Coulomb interaction in resonating-group calculations

A simple, self-consistent procedure is proposed to approximately calculate the exchange-Coulomb kernel in a resonating-group formulation. By applying this procedure to $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$+$\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and light ion plus $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ systems, it is found that satisfactory results can be obtained in all these cases.