cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Action of antioxidant enzymes and cytochrome P‐450 monooxygenases in the cabbage looper in response to plant phototoxins

Effects of two biosynthetically distinct plant phototoxins—xanthototoxin, a furanocoumarin, and harmine, a β-carboline alkaloid, which are known to produce toxic oxygen species—on the food utilization efficiencies and enzymatic detoxification systems of the polyphagous cabbage looper. Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were studied. Newly molted fifth-instar larvae were allowed 36 h to ingest diets containing these two phototoxins at 0.15% wet weight in the presence of near ultraviolet (UVA). The growth and development of the larvae, as well as the corresponding activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione reductase (GR) and the detoxification enzyme cytochrome P-450, were measured. Xanthotoxin reduced rates of relative growth and consumption and efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food to biomass. Harmine reduced rates of growth and consumption without affecting efficiencies of conversion. Specific activities of SOD, CAT, GPOX, and GR of whole-body homogenates in the absence of compounds were 0.88 units, 153μmol H2O2 decomposed·mg protein−1·min—1, 38.3 nmol NADPH oxidized·mg protein−1·min−1, and 0.56 nmol NADPH oxidized·mg protein−1·min−1, respectively. SOD activity was induced 2.9-fold and 3.8-fold by dietary xanthotoxin and harmine, respectively. CAT and GPOX activities were induced 1.2-fold by harmine only, and GR activity was not changed by either chemical. The P-450 activity toward xanthotoxin in the microsomal fraction of midguts was low (0.15 nmol xanthotoxin metabolized·mg protein−1·min−1) and was not induced by xanthotoxin ingestion. These studies indicate that P-450 and antioxidant enzyme systems may be independent but consequential, the induction of antioxidant enzymes by phototoxins occurring when low P-450 activity toward the phototoxin permits the accumulation of oxidative stress from unmetabolized phototoxin, which in turn induces antioxidant enzymes.
When MHD-based microfluidics is equivalent to pressure-driven flow

Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) provides a convenient, programmable means for propelling liquids and controlling fluid flow in microfluidic devices without a need for mechanical pumps and valves. When the magnetic field is uniform and the electric field in the electrolyte solution is confined to a plane that is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, the Lorentz body force is irrotational and one can define a “Lorentz” potential. Since the MHD-induced flow field under these circumstances is identical to that of pressure-driven flow, one can utilize the large available body of knowledge about pressure-driven flows to predict MHD flows and infer MHD flow patterns. In this note, we prove the equivalence between MHD flows and pressure-driven flows under certain conditions other than flow in straight conduits with rectangular cross sections. We determine the velocity profile and the efficiency of MHD pumps, accounting for current transport in the electrolyte solutions. Then, we demonstrate how data available for pressure-driven flow can be utilized to study various MHD flows, in particular, in a conduit patterned with pillars such as may be useful for liquid chromatography and chemical reactors. In addition, we examine the effect of interior obstacles on the electric current flow in the conduit and show the existence of a particular pillar geometry that maximizes the current.
The mucolipidosis IV Ca2+ channel TRPML1 (MCOLN1) is regulated by the TOR kinase

Autophagy is a complex pathway regulated by numerous signalling events that recycles macromolecules and may be perturbed in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). During autophagy, aberrant regulation of the lysosomal Ca 2+ efflux channel TRPML1 [transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (MCOLN1)], also known as MCOLN1, is solely responsible for the human LSD mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV); however, the exact mechanisms involved in the development of the pathology of this LSD are unknown. In the present study, we provide evidence that the target of rapamycin (TOR), a nutrient-sensitive protein kinase that negatively regulates autophagy, directly targets and inactivates the TRPML1 channel and thereby functional autophagy, through phosphorylation. Further, mutating these phosphorylation sites to unphosphorylatable residues proved to block TOR regulation of the TRPML1 channel. These findings suggest a mechanism for how TOR activity may regulate the TRPML1 channel.
Preoperative predictors for postoperative problems in heart transplantation: psychiatric and psychosocial considerations

The psychiatric and psychosocial evaluation of the heart transplant candidate can identify particular predictors for postoperative problems. These factors, as identified during the comprehensive evaluation phase, provide an assessment of the candidate in context of the proposed transplantation protocol. Previous issues with compliance, substance abuse, and psychosis are clear indictors of postoperative problems. The prolonged waiting list time provides an additional period to evaluate and provide support to patients having a terminal disease who need a heart transplant, and are undergoing prolonged hospitalization. Following transplantation, the patient is faced with additional challenges of a new self-image, multiple concerns, anxiety, and depression. Ultimately, the success of the heart transplantation remains dependent upon the recipient's ability to cope psychologically and comply with the medication regimen. The limited resource of donor hearts and the high emotional and financial cost of heart transplantation lead to an exhaustive effort to select those patients who will benefit from the improved physical health the heart transplant confers.
Differential Healing Activities of CD34+ and CD14+ Endothelial Cell Progenitors

Objective— Peripheral blood contains primitive (stem cell-like) and monocytic-like endothelial cell progenitors. Diabetes apparently converts these primitive progenitors, from a pro-angiogenic to anti-angiogenic phenotype. Monocytic progenitors seem to be less affected by diabetes, but potential pro-angiogenic activities of freshly isolated monocytic progenitors remain unexplored. We compared the ability of primitive and monocytic endothelial cell progenitors to stimulate vascular growth and healing in diabetes and investigated potential molecular mechanisms through which the cells mediate their in vivo effects. Methods and Results— Human CD34 + primitive progenitors and CD14 + monocytic progenitors were injected locally into the ischemic limbs of diabetic mice. CD14 + cell therapy improved healing and vessel growth, although not as rapidly or effectively as CD34 + cell treatment. Western blot analysis revealed that cell therapy modulated expression of molecules in the VEGF, MCP-1, and angiopoietin pathways. Conclusions— Injection of freshly isolated circulating CD14 + cells improves healing and vascular growth indicating their potential for use in acute clinical settings. Importantly, CD14 + cells could provide a therapeutic option for people with diabetes, the function of whose CD34 + cells may be compromised. At least some progenitor-induced healing probably is mediated through increased sensitivity to VEGF and increases in MCP-1, and possibly modulation of angiopoietins.
Active Learning with Adaptive Heterogeneous Ensembles

One common approach to active learning is to iteratively train a single classifier by choosing data points based on its uncertainty, but it is nontrivial to design uncertainty measures unbiased by the choice of classifier. Query by committee suggests that given an ensemble of diverse but accurate classifiers, the most informative data points are those that cause maximal disagreement among the predictions of the ensemble members. However the method for finding ensembles appropriate to a given data set remains an open question. In this paper, the random subspace method is combined with active learning to create multiple instances of different classifier types, and an algorithm is introduced that adapts the ratio of different classifier types in the ensemble towards better overall accuracy. Here we show that the proposed algorithm outperforms C4.5 with uncertainty sampling, Naive Bayes with uncertainty sampling, bagging, boosting and the random subspace method with random sampling. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to adapt the ratio of classifiers in a heterogeneous ensemble for active learning.
Glial Cells and Products of Activated Inflammatory Cells: Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown etiology, but a disease in which immunopathologic events are likely important [1]. It is a chronic disease, frequently with an clinically relapsing course [2], but the pathologic processes may actually be continuous, although accentuated at times [3]. It also has a restricted age distribution, with the peak onset between 20 and 40 years of age. In addition to the inflammation, which is predominantly made up of monocyte-macrophage-microglia and lymphocytes and/ or their progeny, and demyelination, the other characteristic pathologic feature is gliosis [4]. This gliosis relates to the astrocytes, although there is some controversy as to whether these cells become more prominent, increase in number, or both.
Visual understanding environment

The Visual Understanding Environment (VUE) project at Tufts' Academic Technology department provides faculty and students with tools to successfully integrate digital resources into their teaching and learning. VUE provides a visual environment for structuring, presenting, and sharing digital information and an OKI-compliant software bridge for connecting to FEDORA-based digital repositories. Using VUE's concept mapping interface, faculty and students design customized semantic networks of digital resources drawing from digital libraries, local files and the Web. The resulting content maps can then be viewed and exchanged online.
Computer simulation of a small information system

This paper illustrates how computer simulation techniques can be used to simulate information systems. A computer program for a small system was written in GPSS III (a special simulation language) and run in an IBM-7090 Computer. The results obtained and the types of conclusions drawn are briefly discussed.
Simulation techniques for mixed analog/digital circuits

The techniques used in the iSPLICE3 simulator for the analysis of mixed analog/digital circuits are described. iSPLICE3 combines circuit, switch-level timing, and logic simulation modes and uses event driven selective-trace techniques. It also uses a hierarchical schematic capture package called iSPI (Simulation Program Interface) for design entry, circuit partitioning, and simulation control. The contributions here include a new DC solution method, a mixed-mode interface modeling technique, and an automatic partitioning approach for MOS logic circuits. The details of these three methods are provided, along with the architecture and transient simulation algorithms used in iSPLICE3. The results of circuit simulations and mixed-mode simulations of a CMOS static RAM, two A/D converters, and a phase-locked loop are presented. These results indicate that iSPLICE3 is between one and two orders of magnitude faster than SPICE2 with negligible loss in accuracy. >
School Culture: Acknowledging Teachers' Experiential Knowledge: Reports from the Teacher Lore Project

(1990). School Culture: Acknowledging Teachers' Experiential Knowledge: Reports from the Teacher Lore Project. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 99-100.
Detecting Selfish Exploitation of Carrier Sensing in 802.11 Networks

Recently, tuning the clear channel assessment (CCA) threshold in conjunction with power control has been considered for improving the performance of Wireless LANs. However, CCA tuning can be exploited by selfish nodes in order to obtain an unfair share of the available bandwidth. In particular, by increasing the CCA threshold, a selfish client can manipulate the carrier sensing mechanism to ignore the presence of other transmissions on the medium; consequently, it increases the probability of accessing the medium and therefore obtains a higher, unfair share of the available bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to detect this misbehavior in WLANs. A key insight that leads to our approach is that a misbehaving node that has increased its CCA is unlikely to recognize low power receptions as legitimate packets; by intelligently sending low power probe messages, an AP can detect a misbehaving node with high probability. In a nutshell, our contributions are as follows: (a) We are the first to quantify the impact of selfish CCA tuning via extensive experimentation (b) We propose a novel lightweight scheme for detecting selfish nodes that inappropriately increase their CCA thresholds; we call our scheme CMD (for Carrier sensing Misbehavior Detection) (c) We perform extensive evaluations on an indoor 802.11 WLAN testbed to demonstrate that CMD detects misbehaving users with very high accuracy (approximately 95 % of the time). Furthermore, it only incurs a false positive rate of less than 5 % 1 .
Psychodynamic psychiatry-past, present, and future

Abstract At this point in the history of psychiatry it is important for psychodynamic psychiatry to strengthen its identity as a discipline in its own right—distinct from organized psychoanalysis. Although some of its principles overlap with psychoanalytic psychology, there are important differences. Psychodynamic psychiatry places a greater emphasis on immediate therapeutic outcome. It has a much wider patient base, and flexible models of duration and frequency of treatment. Its assumptions also rest on scientifically validated data to a much larger degree than psychoanalysis. A sturdier identity might help psychodynamic psychiatry stand alongside bio–descriptive psychiatry as a core component of American Psychiatry.
Phase I and pharmacologic study of 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in adult patients with solid tumors.

Purpose To determine the clinical toxicities of 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) given as a 1-hour infusion daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. Patients and Methods Nineteen patients received 17-AAG over six dose levels (10 to 56 mg/m2) using an accelerated titration scheme. Drug levels of 17-AAG were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biologic effects of 17-AAG were monitored by changes in the content of target proteins by immunoblot analysis of lysates prepared from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. Results Toxicity was acceptable at doses up to 28 mg/m2. The cohort was expanded to three patients at 40 mg/m2 because a second occurrence of grade 2 hepatic transaminitis occurred. Two of six assessable patients who received 56 mg/m2 had reversible, grade 3 hepatic transaminitis. Five additional patients were enrolled at 40 mg/m2; none had dose-limiting toxicity. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 17-AAG at 40 and 56 mg/m2 were 1,724 and 2,046 ng/mL, respectively; ...
The design of the Amalgam reconfigurable cluster

Amalgam is a novel architecture for multifunction embedded systems. It integrates multiple reconfigurable and programmable processing resources (known as clusters) to achieve high-performance with low design effort on a variety of multimedia applications. The reconfigurable cluster (RClust) enables Amalgam to exploit the natural parallelism and operator granularities of a target application. The RClust contains a ring of reconfigurable logic interleaved with a banked register file to support Amalgam's register-based inter-cluster communication mechanism. This low-latency mechanism allows the RClust to coordinate with a programmable cluster (PClust) as a special purpose junctional unit implementing small custom operations. The relatively large size of the cluster, however, allows it to implement larger, more independent computational kernels. In this extended abstract, we describe the initial design of the RClust and present results from mapping several benchmarks to Amalgam architectures with and without RClust elements.
Control of misincorporation of serine for asparagine during antibody production using CHO cells

A recombinant monoclonal antibody produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell fed-batch culture was found to have amino acid sequence misincorporation upon analysis by intact mass and peptide mapping mass spectrometry. A detailed analysis revealed multiple sites for asparagine were being randomly substituted by serine, pointing to mistranslation as the likely source. Results from time-course analysis of cell culture suggest that misincorporation was occurring midway through the fed-batch process and was correlated to asparagine reduction to below detectable levels in the culture. Separate shake flask experiments were carried out that confirmed starvation of asparagine and not excess of serine in the medium as the root cause of the phenomenon. Reduction in serine concentration under asparagine starvation conditions helped reduce extent of misincorporation. Supplementation with glutamine also helped reduce extent of misincorporation. Maintenance of asparagine at low levels in 2 L bench-scale culture via controlled supplementation of asparagine-containing feed eliminated the occurrence of misincorporation. This strategy was implemented in a clinical manufacturing process and scaled up successfully to the 200 and 2,000 L bioreactor scales.
An asymptotic theory for the turbulent flow over a progressive water wave

The turbulent flow over a progressive water wave is studied using an eddy viscosity model. The governing equations are treated asymptotically for the case e [Lt ] 1, where e is the square root of a characteristic drag coefficient. A calculation of the phase shift between the wave-induced pressure perturbation and the surface elevation shows that the phase shift is induced by a term in the gradient of the Reynolds stress. Growth rates are determined, and are shown to agree well with observations for the most rapidly amplifying waves. However, the present model and previous turbulence calculations are found to provide significantly lower growth rates than those measured by Snyder et al. (1981) for waves with phase velocities comparable to the wind speed.
Experimental determination of quantum phase distributions by using optical homodyne tomography

Using the new technique of optical homodyne tomography, we have measured the Wigner function and density matrix of an electromagnetic field mode. These quantities can be used to determine the distribution of any theoretically defined optical phase, as long as the phase reference is that of a strong coherent-state field.
Investigation-Directed Approach to Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies

Any presentation of an optic neuropathy with features that suggest inflammation should be addressed promptly because of blindness and the potential for effective treatment in some cases. A step-wise approach, including laboratory testing and imaging, is often informative, although the diagnosis may remain elusive despite detailed investigation.
Does Theory Travel?: Dimensions of the Learning Organization Culture Relevant to the Lebanese Culture

The ProblemThe dimensions of the learning organization (LO) culture have been accorded attention and have been assessed quantitatively in different contexts. Using a measurement instrument focusing...
The Influence of Off-Shore Platforms on Insect Dispersal and Migration

Understanding of insect dispersal-migration, including behavior, physiology, and diversity of the species involved, has developed slowly. Early theories focussed on concepts of passive dispersal and undirectional, nonsurvival related migration (Elton 1925; Felt 1928;Darlington 1938). More recent studies have been concerned with return-flight, survival-based migrations (Williams 1965; Johnson 1969).
The Origin and Influence of G.E. Moore’s ‘The Nature of Judgment’

G.E. Moore and Bertrand Russell began their philosophical careers as undergraduates at Trinity College Cambridge in the late nineteenth century; but not as undergraduates studying Moral Science (as philosophy was then known). Moore went up to Trinity in 1892 to study Classics, and Russell, by then in his second year, was studying Mathematics. However both young men, recruited as desirable members by the select Cambridge Conversazione Society, were exposed to philosophical discussion and debate through the Society’s weekly meetings. At their undergraduate tutorials, as well as at Society meetings, they were introduced to various formulations of the British neo-Hegelianism that was dominant in the established philosophy of the period in the work, among others, of T.H. Green, RH. Bradley, and B. Bosanquet. The familiar version of the story of the rise of twentieth-century analytic philosophy in the early work of Russell and Moore is that their early incursions into philosophy were cultivated in this redoubtable neo-Hegelian atmosphere. Just before the turn of the century, however, Moore published ‘The Nature of Judgment’,2 whose metaphysical doctrines had the unexpected effect of up-ending the established supremacy of nineteenth-century British idealism, and introduced what we now refer to as analytic philosophy.
Management challenges to the hospital pharmacist

The challenges to the management abilities of the hospital pharmacist are identified. Included is a review of the forces acting to change the hospital management climate and the changes occurring in the field of management itself.
An Aristotelian Account of Sex and Gender

We all grow and develop and must do so ‘where we are planted,’ in the time and era in which we live, among and with our contemporaries. Aristotelian hylomorphism, although perhaps a bit simple in its original form in light of contemporary biology, nonetheless provides a set of useful concepts and distinctions, ones that can acknowledge our deeply situated character without giving up a commitment to fundamental structures common to all human beings. Key to Aristotle’s account is the distinction between form and matter, or the formal and material principles. The first refers to the general pattern of development—e.g., the general developmental pattern characteristic of human beings in contrast to baboons or Arabian horses—while the latter refers to the conditions under which the development occurs. This distinction allows Aristotle to affirm that all members of one species can genuinely be said to share something significant and yet also so obviously and truly differ. All of us, according to Aristotle, share the same type of form—or principle of growth and development—and yet also differ in ways that are not insignificant. These differences are due to our differing material conditions, including not simply our differing physical matter but also our different cultural, social, historical, and linguistic influences as well as our choices and previously habituated patterns.
Peer-based health interventions for people with serious mental illness: a systematic literature review

Health interventions delivered by peer specialists or co-facilitated by peer specialists and health professionals can help improve the physical health of people with serious mental illness (SMI). Yet, the quality of the studies examining these health interventions and their impact on health outcomes remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review of peer-based health interventions for people with SMI. We rated the methodological quality of studies, summarized intervention strategies and health outcomes, and evaluated the inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities in these studies. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines to conduct our systematic literature review. Electronic bibliographic databases and manual searches were used to locate articles that were published in English in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and 2015, described peer-based health interventions for people with SMI, and evaluated the impact of the interventions on physical health outcomes. Two independent reviewers used a standardized instrument to rate studies' methodological quality, abstracted study characteristics, and evaluated the effects of the interventions on different health outcomes. Eighteen articles were reviewed. Findings indicated that the strength of the evidence generated from these studies is limited due to several methodological limitations. Mixed and limited intervention effects were reported for most health outcomes. The most promising interventions were self-management and peer-navigator interventions. Efforts to strengthen the evidence of peer-based interventions require a research agenda that focuses on establishing the efficacy and effectiveness of these interventions across different populations and settings.
Modeling MPI Communication Performance on SMP Nodes: Is it Time to Retire the Ping Pong Test

The "postal" model of communication [3, 8] T = α + βn, for sending n bytes of data between two processes with latency α and bandwidth 1/β, is perhaps the most commonly used communication performance model in parallel computing. This performance model is often used in developing and evaluating parallel algorithms in high-performance computing, and was an effective model when it was first proposed. Consequently, numerous tests of "ping pong" communication have been developed in order to measure these parameters in the model. However, with the advent of multicore nodes connected to a single (or a few) network interfaces, the model has become a poor match to modern hardware. In this paper, we show a simple three-parameter model that better captures the behavior of current parallel computing systems, and demonstrate its accuracy on several systems. In support of this model, which we call the max-rate model, we have developed an open source benchmark1 that can be used to determine the model parameters.
The Decline and Elimination of PETE: Implications for Doctoral Education

ABSTRACTIn this article, we will explore the current landscape of teacher education programs in general, and specifically, physical education teacher education (PETE) from the national level down to the local level. Furthermore, we will explore the impact that the elimination of undergraduate PETE programs can have on PETE doctoral programs, including the teaching, research, and engagement of their faculty. We present ideas for preparing doctoral students for their future higher education roles that may or may not include the preparation of future physical educators.
Data structure-aware heap partitioning

There are many applications of program (or heap) partitioning, such as computation offloading, region-based memory management, and OS-driven memory locality optimizations. Although these applications are conceptually different, fundamentally, they must generate code such that objects in the heap (and hence the code that operates on those objects) get partitioned depending on how those objects are used. Regardless of the intended application goal, the granularity at which the heap is partitioned is the key factor in partition quality, and hence it needs to be carefully chosen.Previous work suggested two main granularities: class-based and allocation site--based, where objects from the same class (or those allocated at the same allocation site) are co-located. Both approaches share a critical drawback: data structures that are used in different ways can share the same class, or the same allocation sites for internal objects, and hence are forced to be co-located despite their different usage patterns.We introduce the notion of data structure--aware partitioning to allow different data structures to be placed in different partitions, even by existing tools and analyses that inherently operate in a class-based or allocation site--based manner. Our strategy consists of an analysis that infers ownership properties between objects to identify data structures, and a code generation phase that encodes this ownership information into objects' data types and allocation sites without changing the semantics of the code.We evaluate the quality of data structure--aware partitions by comparing it to the state-of-the-art allocation site--based partitioning on a subset of the DaCapo Benchmarks. Across a set of randomized trials, we had a median range of 5% to 25% reduction of cross-partition accesses, and, depending on partitioning decisions, up to a 95% reduction.
Secondary Eyewall Formation in Tropical Cyclones by Outflow–Jet Interaction

AbstractThis study uses idealized numerical simulations to show that the interaction between tropical cyclones and a midlatitude jet can result in secondary eyewall formation. It is argued that the eddy activity by the outflow–jet interaction can enhance the upper-level outflow, thereby creating an asymmetric stratiform region outside of the primary eyewall. Numerous long-lasting deep convective cells are able to form in the stratiform cloud, creating forcing necessary for the secondary eyewall. The low-level inflow and the TC’s primary circulation advect the deep convective cells inward and cyclonically. The secondary eyewall forms after the deep convection has surrounded the TC. In contrast, numerical simulations without the jet do not show secondary eyewall formation. For moderately strong jets of wind speed 15–30 m s−1, there is little sensitivity to the jet strength. There is sensitivity to the distance between the jet and the TC, with secondary eyewall formation evident when their separation is 15° ...
Effects of elastic anisotropy on primary petroleum migration through buoyancy-driven crack propagation

Material anisotropy may significantly influence the behavior of fluid transport in sedimentary basins and other environments with laminated or foliated rocks. In this paper, we present a fracture mechanics model to investigate primary migration of petroleum (oil and gas) through propagation of a vertical, buoyancy-driven blade crack in a transversely isotropic source rock. The source rock is assumed to have very low permeability and hence can be modeled as a linear elastic medium. Fracture parameters (stress intensity factor and crack opening displacement) are derived using an equivalent set of anisotropic elastic properties. The crack propagation velocity (i.e., petroleum migration velocity) and crack opening (fracture aperture) are determined using a fracture mechanics criterion together with the first order approximation of plane Poiseuille flow equations of fluid mechanics. For subhorizontal layering, we find that the fluid migration velocity and fracture aperture are significantly increased if the elastic modulus in the vertical direction is smaller than that in the horizontal direction. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the formula for isotropic materials along with the equivalent anisotropic elastic parameters introduced in this paper to evaluate fracture aperture for cracks in anisotropic rocks.
Patterned growth of crystalline Y3Fe5O12 nanostructures with engineered magnetic shape anisotropy

We demonstrate patterned growth of epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films using lithographically defined templates on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates. The fabricated YIG nanostructures yield the desired crystallographic orientation, excellent surface morphology, and narrow ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth (∼4 Oe). Shape-induced magnetic anisotropy is clearly observed in a patterned array of nanobars engineered to exhibit the larger coercivity (40 Oe) compared with that of continuous films. Both hysteresis loop and angle-dependent FMR spectra measurements indicate that the easy axis aligns along the longitudinal direction of the nanobars, with an effective anisotropy field of 195 Oe. Our work overcomes difficulties in patterning YIG thin films and provides an effective means to control their magnetic properties and magnetic bias conditions.
Teaching hypothesis testing with simulated distributions

Abstract I propose that econometrics instructors move away from the notion of critical values and tear out any remaining tables from the back of our textbooks. Instead, I propose that we teach students to test hypotheses by generating a simulated distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis using (psuedo-)random number generators. This is quick and easy to do using modern software packages, and provides students with a visual and intuitive understanding of sampling distributions and the logic behind hypothesis testing. I discuss what it is necessary to teach students to implement this approach, provide an example exercise, and discuss how to assess this understanding on exams when students do not have computer access.
A peptide-based fluorescent probe images ERAAP activity in cells and in high throughput assays

ERAAP is an intracellular amino-peptidase that plays a central role in determining the repertoire of peptides displayed by cells by MHC class I molecules, and dysfunctions in ERAAP are linked to a variety of diseases. There is therefore great interest in developing probes that can image ERAAP in cells. In this report we present a fluorescent probe, termed Ep, that can image ERAAP activity in live cells. Ep is composed of a 10 amino acid ERAAP substrate that has a donor quencher pair conjugated to it, composed of BODIPY and dinitro-toluene. Ep undergoes a 20-fold increase in fluorescence after ERAAP cleavage, and was able to image ERAAP activity in cell culture via fluorescence microscopy. In addition, we used Ep to develop a high throughput screen for ERAAP inhibitors, and screened an electrophile library containing 1460 compounds. From this Ep based screen we identified aromatic alkyne-ketone as a lead fragment that can irreversibly inhibit ERAAP activity. We anticipate numerous applications of Ep given its unique ability to image ERAAP within cells.
BIAXIAL STRAIN DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF POLYMERS

A reverse ballistics cylindrical rod impact technique was devised for studying high-rate biaxial strain deformation and failure in polymers. The technique included high-speed silhouette photography for observation of transient specimen deformation, and soft-recovery of the specimen for post-test examination. An energetic propellant was tested at impact velocities from 102 to 156 m/s. Very large transient shear deformations (several 100% shear strain) were observed and damage spanned the range from incipient crack formation to substantial fragmentation. The dominant failure mode was radial tensile cracking and subsequent coalescence to form a cylindrical plug; finite element computer code simulations confirmed that this occurred early in the deformation history, from radial rarefaction waves originating at the rod periphery and converging toward the axis to produce large tensile stresses. The threshold for tensile crack formation for biaxial strain loading was found to be very similar to that observed in uniaxial strain tests.
Quantum Information: Qubits and Quantum Error Correction

This edited transcript is a lively, informal presentation of quantum computation and quantum error correction by one of the founders and major contributors to the field.
The Relationship Between Chromatin Structure and DNA Damage in Mammalian Spermatozoa

At least two aspects of sperm chromatin seem to be vulnerable to DNA damage. The first is inherent within the structure of the chromatin, which predicts that the histone-bound segments are more susceptible to any type of DNA damaging agent than the protamine-bound DNA. The data support the conclusion that protamines do protect DNA from exogenous insults. The second aspect is the enzymes that are present in the sperm cell that can modify DNA, and activation of these segments can disrupt fertilization and/or embryonic development. We have reviewed only two of these, but it is possible that others exist that have not yet been documented. The idea that the highly condensed sperm chromatin retains some active enzymatic elements is an important consideration in the future development of assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs) that require the mechanical manipulation and storage of human sperm cells. Mammalian sperm DNA is one among the most compact chromatins in nature. It is condensed to a pseudocrystalline state and in this respect differs markedly from organization of the same DNA in the next stage of its development, the prereplicative paternal pronucleus of the one-cell embryo. However, even the highly condensed sperm chromatin is organized according to functions that the spermatozoon must perform. It has become clear in the past decade that certain structural elements of sperm chromatin packaging are essential for proper embryogenesis, while others function almost entirely to protect the paternal genome during transit. Both types of sperm DNA packaging have implications for clinical infertility. The stability of this highly condensed sperm DNA provides a degree of assurance that the male donor’s genome can withstand mechanical and biochemical manipulations required for ICSI and IVF. Biologically dead spermatozoa can still be used for successful ICSI if the DNA remains intact. However, recent evidence combined with new models for sperm chromatin structure also suggest that sperm DNA may be more sensitive to particular insults than others. Here, we review the current models of sperm chromatin structure with particular emphasis on its stability and unique vulnerability.
Lung Disease in Older Patients with HIV

Successful treatment of HIV with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in an aging HIV-infected population. As HIV-infected patients are living longer, noninfectious pulmonary diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent with a proportional decline in the incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs). Pulmonary OIs such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) and tuberculosis are still responsible for a significant proportion of pulmonary diseases in HIV-infected patients. However, bacterial pneumonia (BP) and noninfectious pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and interstitial lung disease (ILD) account for a growing number of pulmonary diseases in aging HIV-infected patients. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the spectrum and management of pulmonary diseases in aging HIV-infected patients, although limited data exists to guide management of many noninfectious pulmonary diseases in HIV-infected patients. In the absence of such data, treatment of lung diseases in HIV-infected patients should generally follow guidelines for management established in HIV-uninfected patients.
Regeneration of Somatic Nerves in Permeable and Impermeable Tubes

Supported by the Muscular Dystrophy Association, NIH Grants 10161 and 11255 and a grant from the Florence and Marie Hall Endowment for Programs of Excellence in Education in the Medical Sciences.
Inline flow sensor for ventriculoperitoneal shunts: Experimental evaluation in swine

Abstract Shunts are commonly employed to treat hydrocephalus, a severe central nervous disease caused by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. These shunts divert excessive cerebrospinal fluid from brain ventricles to other body cavities, thereby relieving the symptoms. However, these shunts are highly prone to failure due to obstruction from cellular debris, leading to cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the brain and exacerbation of neurological symptoms. Therefore, there is a clinical need for a reliable, non-invasive method of monitoring shunt performance. Recently, a simple inline flow sensor was reported for monitoring ventriculoperitoneal shunting of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus treatment. The present work aimed to evaluate performance of the device in an animal model of hydrocephalus. Sensor-equipped shunt tubes were placed in anesthetized, juvenile swine. The flows reported by the sensor were compared with gravimetric flow measurements. Robust correlations (r ≈ 0.87–0.96) between the gravimetric and sensor-reported flows were obtained in 4 of the 6 experiments. The mean slope of the linear relationship of the gravimetrically determined vs. sensor flow rates was 0.98 ± 0.09 in the 6 experiments, indicating the sensor accurately reported shunt flows up to 35 ml/h. The sensor responded immediately to abrupt flow changes following cerebroventricular fluid injections. Minor hardware problems were identified and corrected. These experiments provide practical guidance for future preclinical testing of the device.
Refugee Youth’s Identity Expressions and Multimodal Literacy Practices in a Third Space

Recognizing the inherent value of refugee youth’s diverse and powerful linguistic and cultural capital, this case study adds to the growing body of research regarding refugee youth’s intersecting i...
Racial and ethnic disparities in clinical presentation and prognosis of conjunctival cancer.

e13086Background: To investigate racial and epidemiological disparities in presentation and prognosis of conjunctival cancer in a retrospective population-based study. Methods: Non-Hispanic white (...
School Involvement in the Dawn Project: Outcomes for Youth With Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties From Ethnically Diverse Backgrounds

The Dawn Project is a system of care responsible for creating and implementing an interagency collaborative approach to service provision. Systems of care are spectrums of services organized to meet the needs facing youth with serious emotional and behavioral difficulties. This study examined the relationship between school involvement in the Dawn Project and outcomes for participating youth. This was done by determining whether school contact with the service coordinator and school involvement with the child and family team had an impact on educational placement restrictiveness. Findings indicate that age, ethnicity, and gender are significant predictors of educational placement restrictiveness. There is also evidence to suggest that school involvement may be associated with more restrictive educational placements.
College attendance type and subsequent alcohol and marijuana use in the U.S.

Abstract Background College attendance is a risk factor for frequent and heavy drinking and marijuana initiation but less is known about the extent to which risk varies by type of college attendance and across age. Methods Using panel data of young adults who were high school seniors in 1990–1998 from the Monitoring the Future study (n = 13,123), we examined the associations between college attendance at age 19/20 (4-year college full-time, other college, and non-attendance) and subsequent alcohol and marijuana use at age 21/22, 25/26, 29/30 and 35. Inverse propensity score weighting was used to balance the three college groups on pre-existing differences when examining associations with substance use outcomes. Results Compared to non-attendance, attending a 4-year college full-time was associated with significantly greater odds of binge drinking at age 21/22 (aOR = 1.20) and 25/26 (aOR = 1.12) and lower odds of alcohol abstinence at age 35 (aOR = 0.51). Similarly, other college attendance was associated with greater odds of binge drinking at age 21/22 (aOR = 1.08) and 25/26 (aOR = 1.04) and lower odds of abstinence at age 35 (aOR = 0.70). Four-year college full-time attendance was associated with greater odds of marijuana use at age 21/22 (aOR = 1.07) and 25/26 (aOR = 1.02) but lower odds at age 29/30 (aOR = 0.99). Other college attendance was associated with lower odds of marijuana use at age 25/26 (aOR = 0.98) and 29/30 (aOR = 0.97). Marijuana use at age 35 did not differ by college attendance. Conclusions College attendance may confer elevated risk of substance use post-college. The magnitude and duration of risk vary by type of college attendance and substance.
Identifying shelter locations and building air intake risk from release of particulate matter in a three-dimensional street canyon via wind tunnel and CFD simulation

This study aims to identify lower risk exterior shelter areas and building air intake locations by modeling particulate matter (PM) dispersion in a three-dimensional street canyon from a point source and comprises a wind tunnel experiment and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The model street canyon was a two-by-two building array of constant height with aspect ratios of 0.35, 0.70, and 1.05. A PM emission source external to the street canyon was simulated with water droplets from an ultrasonic humidifier in the wind tunnel. The CFD simulation, using the standard turbulence k-ϵ turbulence model and the Discrete Phase Model, showed that, inside the street canyon, the sidewalks had the lowest PM concentration at the breathing level of 1.5 m above the ground. Regardless of wind direction and PM source location, the roofs had the lowest PM concentration among all building surfaces with access to the internal intersection. Therefore, if an accidental point release of PM outside the street canyons occurs, pedestrians that could not enter buildings should stay on the sidewalks. For building construction and renovation, new ventilation air intakes should be installed on the roofs, and the intakes that are already installed on other building facade surfaces should be advised to be closed during such episode.
Innovations in Terahertz Interconnects: High-Speed Data Transport Over Fully Electrical Terahertz Waveguide Links

The continued increase in computing capability that has occurred through the technology scaling foretold by Moore [1] and Dennard et al. [2] has led to a commensurate increase in the input-output requirements of computing systems. This phenomenon has been most significantly experienced in terms of the interconnect technologies in large data centers (DCs) and high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Historical data have shown a two to three times increase in aggregate data rates every two years [3]. This space covers a variety of different interconnect length scales. In a comprehensive survey by Thraskias et al. [4], high-speed interconnects are grouped according to the following taxonomy.
Patellar tendon ruptures.

Background Isolated rupture of the patellar tendon is a rare injury. Often occurring during a fall in 20- and 30-year olds, patients may have a preexisting medical condition (eg, history of steroid use) or a history of repetitive microtrauma to the knee. A high-riding patella on physical examination and radiographs is pathognomonic. Methods Immediate orthopaedic referral for surgical repair is necessary to reestablish knee extension. Delay in diagnosis can make surgical treatment more difficult. Current methods of postoperative rehabilitation are evolving. Results Evaluative studies based on rating scales show satisfactory clinical and functional results after surgery. However, time lost from work and recreation may be protracted, and quadriceps atrophy is often evident. Conclusions Ruptures of the patellar tendon should be diagnosed acutely and immediately referred to an orthopaedic surgeon. The impact of the injury to the patient may be long-standing even after operative treatment. Contemporary surgical and rehabilitative techniques give the best opportunity for restoration of functional activity.
Insights into Structural Changes of Lignin Toward Tailored Properties during Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment

Biomass pretreatment enabling extraction of lignin with desirable properties (especially well-preserved β–O–4 linkages) while ensuring improved cellulose digestibility remains a challenge for susta...
African American Sports Journalists and Athletes as Foreign Correspondents for the Black Press, 1930-1950

Sports journalists and athletes acted as foreign correspondents for the U.S. black press in the early to mid-twentieth century. During this period, hundreds of African American baseball players lef...
Norm-based leadership and the challenge of democratically elected authoritarians:

Across the post-World War II western liberal order, antidemocratic leaders have ascended to power through the ballot box and then engaged in an assault on prodemocratic norms. Commentators have wor...