cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of the West Florida Shelf Circulation to Climatological Wind Stress Forcing

The response of the west Florida continental shelf circulation to monthly mean climatological wind forcing is investigated by using the three-dimensional, primitive equation Princeton Ocean Model. Two basic seasonal patterns of circulation and sea surface elevation occur under a barotropic setting: a winter pattern from October to March and a summer pattern from April to September. An interesting finding in winter is an anticyclonic gyre over the northeastern (Florida Big Bend) region that merges with a northwestward flow from the south. The Big Bend Gyre is caused by a convergence of two separate flows: a nearshore along-shelf southeastward flow and an offshore northwestward flow. Winter circulation characteristics also include offshore surface transport, coastal upwelling, and relatively low coastal sea level. The summer pattern features a continuous northwestward directed flow, onshore surface transport, coastal downwelling, and relatively high coastal sea level. Transitions between the two seasonal patterns show either a development or relaxation of the Big Bend Gyre. These three-dimensional circulation patterns result from wind-driven Ekman transports and their resulting surface-slope-induced geostrophic flows. Qualitative agreement exists in some respects with recent in situ observations, historical drift bottle retrievals, and tide gauge data. However, climatological wind stress forcing alone does not account for the seasonally varying southeastward currents observed at midshelf. Thus it may be concluded that for depths less than 50 m the seasonal winds may play a dominant role in the seasonal variation of the shelf circulation; and beyond this limit seasonal density related effect must also be a factor in the seasonally varying circulation on the West Florida Shelf.
Evaluation of Commercial Energy Dispersion X-Ray Analyzers for Water Pollution

Seven typical commercial energy dispersion x-ray analyzers were evaluated for application to the measurement of elemental concentration in polluted water. Sensitivity and detection limits were measured on single- (or dual-) element standards. Results for 400-sec counting intervals indicate that the better energy dispersive analyzers have limits of detection between 10 and a few hundred μg/cm2. Many pollutants in natural water are present at >10 ppb, which means that adequate material can be obtained from 100 to 1000 ml samples; some elements of interest such as Cd and Sn are generally present at <1 ppb, which makes practical detection marginal for the energy dispersion method. When x-ray calibration curves were prepared from individual-element gravimetric standards and used to analyze multiple-element samples (also prepared gravimetrically), the agreement between x-ray and gravimetric results showed an average relative deviation of 16%.
Pemphigus vulgaris associated with a syndrome of immunodeficiency and thymoma: a case report

Summary A 44-year-old patient with immunodeficiency and thymoma syndrome who had received treatment for myasthenia gravis presented with pemphigus vulgaris localized to the oral cavity. Direct immunofluorescence staining demonstrated the presence of IgG antibody against the intercellular substance of stratified epithelium. No circulating intercellular antibodies, anti-nuclear antibody, rheumatoid factors, anti-thyroid antibody or anti-smooth muscle antibody were present. This association of pemphigus vulgaris with primary immunodeficiency suggests that altered immunity may be important in the pathogenesis of pemphigus.
Separation of Bioconjugated Quantum Dots Using Capillary Electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was used to separate different bioconjugated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). The QD nanocrystals studied were conjugated to the biomolecules streptavidin, biotin, and immunoglobulin G. The bioconjugated QDs showed different electrophoretic mobilities, which appear to depend upon the biomolecule that is attached to the QD and the buffer solution used. The use of a polymeric additive into the CE run buffer improved the resolution of the bioconjugates. Under CE conditions, the interaction between QD bioconjugates containing streptavidin (QDSt) and biotin (QDBi) was monitored. Under a given set of experimental conditions, the fluorescence intensity of QDSt and QDBi emitting light at 655 nm indicated that about 90% of QDBi complexed with 70% of QDSt. A two-color experiment that made use of two different sizes of QD (i.e., 585 and 655 nm) indicated that 30% of the 655 nm QDBi complexed with 53% of the 585 nm QDSt. The use of QDs with different emission properties allows the selective monitoring of two different wavelengths while using one single excitation source. This, in turn, allowed the monitoring of overlapping peaks in the electropherogram when newly formed products resulting from the interaction of the two bioconjugated QDs appeared.
Identifying depression in the first postpartum year: guidelines for office-based screening and referral

Abstract Background: Some 10–15% of women experience postpartum-onset major depression (PPMD). The objective of this study was to determine if the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is an effective screen for major depression (MD) prospectively. The outcome of the study was identification of a recurrence of major depression in the first year postpartum by a clinical interview and the EPDS. We had the unique opportunity to examine the relationship between EPDS scores and PPMD. Methods: Participants were pregnant women who had experienced an episode of previous PPMD but were well during their index pregnancy. This study was part of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in which new mothers received nortriptyline or placebo within 24 h following delivery for prevention of PPMD. Recurrence of depression was established according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Participants completed the EPDS weekly through 20 weeks postpartum and into a 1-year follow-up phase. Results: Out of 50 women, 13 experienced recurrence of MD in the first 20 weeks postpartum with a total of 20 out of 50 recurring in the first year. The EPDS score of >9 at week 4 postpartum identified 60% of women who nurtured in the first 20 weeks and 80% who recurred in the first postpartum year. Limitations: The study population included only women who had a previous episode of postpartum depression. The generalizability to all women is limited. Conclusions: The EPDS is an effective depression screen for women who had a previous episode of PPMD. Clinical guidelines are provided for use of the EPDS to identify MD in the first postpartum year in primary care settings.
Metabolic activation of 1-naphthol and phenol by a simple superoxide-generating system and human leukocytes.

Abstract Phenol and 1-naphthol, products of benzene and naphthalene biotransformation, are metabolized during O2− generation by xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated human neutrophils. The addition of 1-naphthol to xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine incubations resulted in the formation of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) whereas phenol addition yielded only small quantities of hydroquinone, catechol and a unidentified reducible product but not 1,4-benzoquinone. This formation of 1,4-NQ was dependent upon hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase, and 1-naphthol and was inhibited by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) demonstrating that the conversion was O2− mediated. During O2 • generation by PMA-stimulated neutrophils, the addition of phenol interfered with luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and resulted in covalent binding of phenol to protein. Protein binding was 80% inhibited by the addition of azide or catalase to the incubations indicating that bioactivation was peroxidase-mediated. In contrast, the addition of 1-naphthol to PMA-stimulated neutrophils interfered with superoxide-dependent cytochrome c reduction as well as luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and also resulted in protein binding. Protein binding was only partially inhibited by azide or catalase. The addition of SOD in combination with catalase resulted in a significantly greater inhibition of binding when compared to that of catalase alone. The results of these experiments indicate that phenol and 1-naphthol are converted to reactive metabolites during superoxide generating conditions but by different mechanisms. The formation of reactive metabolites from phenol was almost exclusively peroxidase-mediated whereas the bioactivation of 1-naphthol could occur by two different mechanisms, a peroxidase-dependent and a direct superoxide-dependent mechanism.
The emergence of immunomodulation: Combinatorial immunochemotherapy opportunities for the next decade

In the past decade we have witnessed important advances in the treatment of gynecological cancers and have recognized their potential immunogenicity. This has opened the door to explore immune therapy not only in HPV-induced cancers but also in ovarian and endometrial cancers. Here we will review the off-target immune effects of select chemotherapy drugs commonly used to treat gynecologic cancers and novel tools that can stimulate both the adaptive and innate immune mechanisms such as novel pleiotropic cytokines, Toll-like receptors, and powerful antibodies that can target inhibitory checkpoints, thereby activating effector cellular immune mechanisms and neutralizing suppressor cells. We will also review how existing drugs can be used for combinatorial tumor therapy.
Growth synchrony and cellular parameters of the unicellular nitrogen‐fixing marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. strain Miami BG 043511 under continuous illumination

A marine unicellular aerobic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain Miarni BG 043511 was pretreated with different light and dark regimes in order to induce higher growth synchrony. A pretreatment of two dark and light cycles of 16 h each yielded good synchrony for 3 cell division cycles. Longer dark treatments decreased the degree of synchrony and shorter dark treatments caused irregular cell division. Once synchronous culture was established, distinct phases of cellular carbohydrate accumulation and cellular carbohydrate degradation were observed even under continuous illumination. Changes in carbohydrate content were repeated in a cyclic manner with approximately 20 h intervals, the same as the cell division cycle. This change in carbohydrate metabolism provided a good index of growth synchrony under nitrogen-fixing conditions. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution and nitrogen fixation capabilities and their activities in near, in situ, culture conditions were measured in well synchronized cultures of this strain under continuous illumination. Distinct oscillations of both photosynthetic oxygen evolution and nitrogen fixation capabilities with ca 20-h intervals, similar to the interval of the cell division cycle, were observed for three cycles. However, the activities of photosynthetic oxygen evolution were inversely correlated with those of nitrogen fixation. During the nitrogen fixation period, net oxygen consumption was observed even in the light under conditions approximating in situ culture conditions. The phase of temporal appearance of nitrogenase activity during the cell division cycle coincided with the phase of carbohydrate net degradation. These data indicate that this unicellular cyanobacterium can grow diazotrophically under conditions of continuous illumination by the segregation of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation within a cell division cycle.
Tosyl-hydrazine, 4-nitrobenzoyl-hydrazine and terephthalyl-hydrazine as inhibitors for the corrosion of copper and aluminium in sulphuric acid

The effect of tosyl-hydrazine (THy), 4-nitrobenzoyl-hydrazine (4-NBHy) and terephthalyl-hydrazine (terephthalyl-Hy) on the corrosion of copper and aluminium in sulphuric acid has been investigated. The inhibitive efficiency ranking of these compounds from both weight loss and polarization measurements was found to be terephthalyl-Hy > Thy > 4-NBHy for Cu and THy > 4-NBHy for Al. Both THy and 4-NBHy were found to be much less efficient as inhibitors for the corrosion of aluminium when compared to the corrosion of copper in sulphuric acid. The inhibitors acted cathodically both in the case of copper and aluminium, by merely blocking the cathodic reaction sites in the former and by altering the course of the mechanism of corrosion in the latter. The relative inhibitive efficiency of these compounds has been explained on the basis of structure dependent electron donor properties of the inhibitors and the nature of the metal-inhibitor interaction at the surface.
Terahertz optics of semiconductor nanostructures near and far from equilibrium

Abstract In semiconductor nanostructures a few tens of nanometers wide, the separation between quantized states, or subbands, can be a few terahertz. In the past year, a consistent experimental picture of intersubband relaxation in wide, doped quantum wells has emerged. Terahertz radiation has also been found to dramatically alter the emission and absorption of semiconductor nanostructures near their band-edges.
Outcome Measures of Collegiate Business Curricula

(1991). Outcome Measures of Collegiate Business Curricula. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 186-189.
Two-Dimensional Modeling Of Contrast-Enhanced Lithography

The aerial image produced by projection mask aligners can be readily visualized using high resolution computer graphics. This paper describes a computer model that calculates the aerial image using a mask pattern and the optical system characteristics as input. The program converts the digital result into a grey scale image. This image is an accu-rate representation of the image the photoresist actually "sees." The model is applied to contrast-enhanced lithography (CEL).1120 By combining the aerial image model with the known bleaching behavior of CEL materials it is possible to calculate the image intensity transmitted by the bleachable layer as a function of time. This result is presented in the form a computer-generated movie, which makes apparent the high contrast of the transmitted image. A second application of the aerial image model is to two-dimensional resist pattern modeling. Although not as sophisticated as SAMPLE4 this model is capable of modeling com-plete structures, such as a dynamic RAM cell. The output of the model is a three-dimensional surface which is displayed using a computer-generated, shaded surface. Linewidth variation with exposure is easily explored with this model. It is a best case model in that it assumes ideal optics and resist development conditions. Resist thickness is calculated using an experimentally determined thickness transfer function. These assumptions are necessary in order to minimize the time necessary for performing the calculations. The model calculates a pattern on a 512 X 512 point array from an image in 1-2 min. on a VAX-780. Since ideal conditions are assumed, the utility of the model is primarily in its ability to predict when a structure is beyond the limits of a given optical system. Applications of the model to CEL will be presented.
Eukaryotic N-Glycosylation Occurs via the Membrane-anchored C-terminal Domain of the Stt3p Subunit of Oligosaccharyltransferase

N-Glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification. In eukaryotes, it is catalyzed by a multisubunit membrane-associated enzyme, oligosaccharyltransferase (OT). We report the high resolution structure of the C-terminal domain of eukaryotic Stt3p. Unlike its soluble β-sheet-rich prokaryotic counterparts, our model reveals that the C-terminal domain of yeast Stt3p is highly helical and has an overall oblate spheroid-shaped structure containing a membrane-embedded region. Anchoring of this protein segment to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is likely to bring the membrane-embedded donor substrate closer, thus facilitating glycosylation efficiency. Structural comparison of the region near the WWDYG signature motif revealed that the acceptor substrate-binding site of yeast OT strikingly resembles its prokaryotic counterparts, suggesting a conserved mechanism of N-glycosylation from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Furthermore, comparison of the NMR and cryo-EM structures of yeast OT revealed that the molecular architecture of this acceptor substrate-recognizing domain has interesting spatial specificity for interactions with other essential OT subunits.
Consequences of Reversing the European Union Integration

Today, financial crisis once again threatens the unity among member states and future of the European Union. The magnitude of the problem is so grave that observers and analysts have concluded a big decision must be made regarding fiscal union (thus political union) to save EMU. “Is this really the end of the road for Eurozone?” Using Power Transition theory, our analysis shows that trust and relative political capabilities are essential to build a stable Union. While it is clear that the center of global politics is shifting away from Europe and the United States to the Asian giants—the transition from West to East can be effectively planned so that the future units are satisfied with each other rather than distrustful, dissatisfied, and contentious. The slowdown of integration is not simply a regional problem with serious consequences for the economic stability of Europe. Far more importantly, our analysis suggests that the process of integration that has reduced tensions within a region previously characterized by major wars may be declining and that this in and of itself could reset the stage not only for regional confrontations but increase the likelihood that global wars may once more be considered as means to solve disputes. The European Union cannot afford to move from the cooperative contest to a confrontational one where solutions are arrived at by force rather than reason. Therefore, the challenge for European leaders is to resolve the current crisis in the EMU and build upon it a reinvigorated union that once more provides a path for complete regional integration.
Realization of optically active strained InAs island quantum boxes on GaAs(100) via molecular beam epitaxy and the role of island induced strain fields

Abstract We report here the realization of strained InAs three-dimensional islands on GaAs(100) with optical characteristics that reveal lateral quantum confinement (i.e. quantum box behavior). The importance of the cap layer growth conditions and methodology in achieving optically active InAs islands and the existence, range, and impact of island-induced strain fields on the cap layer growth are uncovered via marker layer experiments. Strong optical emission from the InAs islands is observed in correlation with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of uniform coherent islands under optimized growth conditions. Photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy reveals the presence of the energy transitions due to the three-dimensional electronic confinement in such InAs islands. The InAs islands buried under the GaAs were found to be quite stable upon annealing to 100°C higher than the growth temperature.
Bats from San Luis Potosi with a New Record for Balantiopteryx plicata

On March 30, 1946, in the course of making collections of cave fish, Messrs. B. J. Dontzin and E. Ruda obtained a small series of bats from Cueva Sabinos near Valles in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. This locality lies in the tropical lowlands of the eastern part of the state (Dalquest, Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Sci. Ser., 1: 1–229, 1953). This collection is preserved in alcohol and has only recently been identified and catalogued at the American Museum of Natural History. Though consisting of only eleven specimens belonging to four species, it proves to …
The association between pregnancy processes, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and postpartum depressions—The need for interdisciplinary integration

Pregnancy and peripartum/perinatal periods are characterized by significant biologic as well as psychosocial processes and changes that influence the 2 individuals at focus (mother and fetus), as well as their interactions with the immediate environment. Multiple intertwined pathologic pregnancy processes (hormonal, biologic, stress and other mental occurrences) may lead to fetal distress, preterm delivery (PTD), low birth weight (LBW), and other delivery complications as well as to postpartum disorders. PTD and LBW in particular have been demonstrated to be associated with significant mortality as well as short- and long-term morbidity. Underlying processes and risk factors for PTD, LBW and postpartum disorders may overlap. Their impact on the offspring is compounded. Currently, the multiple clinical and research disciplines that are concerned with the various aspects of pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period are not conceptually and practically integrated. Specifically, obstetricians are more concerned with delivery complications, whereas mental health professionals are concerned with postpartum depression. An interdisciplinary approach is needed for better understanding of developmental processes and the development of measurements and interventions to prevent long-term impact on the offspring.
Scanning electron microscopy of Barrett's esophageal mucosa

The morphologic features of Barrett's esophagus as depicted by scanning electron micrography are compared with those of normal esophageal and normal gastric mucosa. The authors conclude that the shaggy, denuded, irregular configuration of Barrett's esophageal mucosa may render it liable to ulceration, bleeding, stricture, and neoplasm.
Ultrasensitive near-infrared laser-induced fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis using a diode laser and avalanche photodiode

A sensitive fluorescence detector for capillary electrophoresis consisting of a semiconductor near-infrared diode laser and a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is described. The sensitivity of this system was demonstrated by the separation and analysis of four tricarbocyanine dyes using capillary electrophoresis and a running buffer consisting of 98% methanol and 2% water with 40 mM borate (pH 9.4). The LOD for the dye, IR-132, was found to be 4.41 zmol with the dynamic range found to be approximately four orders of magnitude in concentration. Based on the sampling volume of the system, the number of molecules actually detected at this LOD was approximately 27. To further demonstrate the utility of this diode-based detector, various amino acids were derivatized with a highly anionic near-IR labelling dye. The conjugates were separated in a running buffer comprised of predominately methanol and a cationic surfactant added to reverse the electroosmotic flow. The LOD values for various amino acids were found to be in the low zmol range.
Synthesis and properties of nicked dumbbell and dumbbell DNA conjugates having stilbenedicarboxamide linkers

The synthesis and properties of nicked dumbbell and dumbbell DNA conjugates having A-tract base pair domains connected by rod-like stilbenedicarboxamide linkers are reported. The nicked dumbbells have one to eight dA–dT base pairs and are missing a sugar–phosphate bond either between the linker and a thymine nucleoside residue or between two thymine residues. Chemical ligation of all of the nicked dumbbells with cyanogen bromide affords the dumbbell conjugates in good yield, providing the smallest mini-dumbbells prepared to date. The dumbbells have exceptionally high thermal stability, whereas the nicked dumbbells are only marginally more stable than the hairpin structures on either side of the nick. The structures of the nicked dumbbells and dumbbells have been investigated using a combination of circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular modeling. The base pair domains are found to adopt normal B′-DNA geometry and thus provide a helical ruler for studies of the distance and angular dependence of electronic interactions between the chromophore linkers.
Discretionary Reporting of Stock Options by IPO Firms

The revision of SFAS No. 123 (SFAS No. 123R, FASB 2004) requires companies to recognize the fair value of employee stock options. In addition, nonpublic companies will no longer be permitted to assume stock price volatility of zero when calculating the fair value of their stock options. This study finds that the zero volatility assumption allowed under the original version of SFAS No. 123 (FASB 1995) resulted in an average estimated fair value of options that was $1.06 (40 percent) less than the fair value calculated using a peer group volatility estimate for firms undergoing an initial public offering (IPO). However, IPO firms that estimated their volatility underreported option values by an even larger magnitude than the group using the zero volatility assumption. Perhaps these firms reported a downward‐biased estimate of volatility to inhibit analysts from computing option values using more reasonable volatility estimates. Contrary to the findings for public companies, we find that a large percentage o...
Reassessment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Phenotype

Standard microbiology references describe Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as oxidase negative and variable with respect to utilization of lactose and sucrose. Analysis of a collection of 766 S. maltophilia isolates indicated that approximately 20% are oxidase positive and that this species should be reevaluated for other phenotypes, including oxidative fermentation of lactose and sucrose.
Effects of antibiotics on neutrophil functions

(1972). Killing of.intraleukocytic Staphylococcus aureus by rifampin: In vitro and h~ vivo studies. J. Infect. Dis. 125:486-490. 12. Prokesch, R. C. and W. L. Iland (1982). Antibiotic entry into human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 21:373-380. 13. Solberg, C, O. (1972). Protection of phagocytized bacteria against antibiotics. Acta. Med. Scand. 191: 383-387. 14. Steinberg, T. H. and W. L. Hand (1984). Effects of phagocytosis on antibiotic and nucleoside uptake by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Infect. Dis. 149:397-403. 15. Vandaux, P. and F. A. Waidvogel (1979). Gentamicin antibacterial activity in the presence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 16:743-749. 16. World Health Organization (1973). Cell-mediated immunity and resistance to infection. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 44:589-648.
Diazepam and pentobarbital dependence in the rat

Abstract Diazepam (100–133 mg/kg/day), administered chronically through a gastric fistula, and pentobarbital (ca 692 mg/kg/day), administered chronically in food, were studied for their dependence producing properties in Sprague-Dawley female rats. The diazepam abstinence syndrome was apparent 10 to 20 hours after withdrawal, persisted for over 60 hours and consisted of poker tail, explosive awakenings, digging in sawdust, jerks, tremors, wet dog shakes, hostility, decreased food and water consumption and weight loss. The pentobarbital abstinence syndrome came on rapidly peaking within 10 hours and was largely over by 16 hours. The pentobarbital abstinence syndrome differed from diazepam's by the presence of grand mal, clonic and atypical convulsions. Diazepam completely and in a dose related way suppressed the diazepam abstinence syndrome. Similarly pentobarbital suppressed the pentobarbital abstinence syndrome. The signs which could be suppressed in a dose related manner were different for the diazepam and pentobarbital abstinence syndromes. Diazepam only partially suppressed the pentobarbital abstinence syndrome and pentobarbital only partially suppressed the diazepam abstinence syndrome. These data indicate that diazepam and pentobarbital produce different types of dependencies in the rat and are not equivalent in suppressing signs of abstinence.
Coccidian Taxonomy and Nomenclature1

Problems of the taxonomy and, especially, of the nomenclature of various species of coccidia of direct importance to humans are further discussed. The diversity of host potential and site selection is also mentioned, with the prediction that, hopefully, our knowledge will be much greater 15 years from now than it presently is.
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR RECONFIGURABLE PHASE- DIFFERENTIATED ARRAY DESIGN

Multiple-beam antenna arrays have important applica- tions in communications and radar. This paper describes a method of designing a reconfigurable dual-beam antenna array using a new evolu- tionary algorithm called particle swarm optimization (PSO). The design problem is to find element excitations that will result in a sector pattern main beam with low side lobes with the additional requirement that the same excitation amplitudes applied to the array with zero phase should result in a high directivity, low side lobe, and pencil-shaped main beam. Two approaches to the optimization are detailed. First, the PSO is used to optimize the coefficients of the Woodward-Lawson array synthesis method. Second, the element excitations will be optimized directly using PSO. The performance of the two methods is compared and the viability of the resulting designs are discussed in terms of sensitivity to errors in the excitation. Additionally, a parallel version of the particle swarm code developed for a multi-node Beowulf cluster and the benefits that multi- node computing bring to global optimization will be discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 168-175, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11005
Some recent studies in evaporation

During the past few years several important contributions to the study of evaporation from open water-surfaces have been made. Each has applications to which it is peculiarly adapted, and each has its limitations.
Basal-lateral membranes from rabbit renal cortex prepared on a large scale in a zonal rotor.

Abstract Basal-lateral membranes from the renal cortex of the rabbit were isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor which allows for a large-scale preparation of these membranes. A heterogeneous population of membranes (P4) which contained 29% of the ( Na + + K + )- ATPase found in the homogenate of renal cortex was prepared by differential centrifugation. When pellet P4 was subjected to centrifugation in a sucrose gradient the activity of ( Na + + K + )- ATPase , a marker for basal-lateral membranes, could be separated from enzymatic markers of other organelles. The specific activity of ( Na + + K + )- ATPase was enriched 12-fold at a density of 1.141 g/cm3. Membranes (Pα) contained in the ( Na + + K + )- ATPase-rich fractions consisted primarily of closed vesicles which exhibited probenecid inhibitable transport of p- aminohippurate . These membranes did not exhibit Na+-dependent, phlorizin-inhibitable d -glucose transport. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from Pα revealed at least six major protein bands with molecular weights of 91 000, 81 000, 73 000, 65 000, 47 000 and 38 000. A small fraction of total alkaline phosphatase found in the homogenate was found in pellet P4. Membranes containing this alkaline phosphatase activity were distributed widely over the gradient, with peak activity found at a density of 1.141 g/cm3. In contrast, when brush borders were subjected to gradient centrifugation under the same conditions as P4, alkaline phosphatase was found in a narrow distribution, with peak activity at a density of 1.158 g/cm3. The principle subcellular localization of the alkaline phosphatase found in P4 could not be determined unambiguously from the data, but the activity did not seem to be primarily associated with classical brush borders.
Collision Dynamics of O(3P) + DMMP Using a Specific Reaction Parameters Potential Form

Starting from previous benchmark CBS-QB3 electronic structure calculations (Conforti, P. F.; Braunstein, M.; Dodd, J. A. J. Phys. Chem. A2009, 113, 13752), we develop two global potential energy surfaces for O(3P) + DMMP collisions, using the specific reaction parameters approach. Each surface is simultaneously fit along the three major reaction pathways: hydrogen abstraction, hydrogen elimination, and methyl elimination. We then use these surfaces in classical dynamics simulations and compute reactive cross sections from 4 to 10 km s–1 collision velocity. We examine the energy disposal and angular distributions of the reactive and nonreactive products. We find that for reactive collisions, an unusually large amount of the initial collision energy is transformed into internal energy. We analyze the nonreactive and reactive product internal energy distributions, many of which fit Boltzmann temperatures up to ∼2000 K.
Temporal distributions of seizure occurrence from various epileptogenic regions.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether seizure occurrence in partial epilepsy is under the influence of circadian rhythms and rhythmic exogenous factors, and how this influence varies according to cortical brain region. For these ends, we determined and analyzed detailed temporal distributions of seizures arising from the frontal, parietal, occipital, neocortical temporal, and mesial temporal lobes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed intracranial EEG recordings from 131 consecutive adult subjects whose partial epilepsy was sufficiently localized for surgical resection. In all, 669 seizures were analyzed: 132 frontal, 77 parietal, 83 occipital, 217 mesial temporal, and 160 neocortical temporal. Results: Seizure distribution was dependent on brain region ( p −9 ). Nonuniform seizure distributions were observed in the parietal ( p −4 ), occipital ( p −7 ), mesial temporal ( p p Conclusions: Seizure occurrence in partial epilepsy is not random. Endogenous circadian rhythms and rhythmic exogenous factors likely play substantial roles in seizure occurrence. These roles vary considerably according to brain region. Frontal and parietal lobe seizures seem most likely to occur nocturnally, whereas occipital and temporal lobe seizures seem to have strong afternoon preferences.
Comparable efficacy of contingency management for cocaine dependence among African American, Hispanic, and White methadone maintenance clients.

Cocaine use is a significant problem among methadone maintenance clients. Contingency management (CM) is a reinforcement-based approach with demonstrated efficacy for reducing cocaine use. This study examines whether the efficacy of CM treatment for cocaine-dependent individuals receiving methadone maintenance for opioid dependence differs by ethnicity. Participants were 191 African American, Hispanic and White cocaine-dependent methadone maintenance clients, randomly assigned to standard methadone treatment or standard methadone treatment plus CM for 12 weeks. Hispanic participants were younger, less educated, and reported fewer years of cocaine use than African American and White participants and reported fewer years of heroin use than African American participants. African American participants were less likely to report a history of psychiatric symptoms or treatment compared to Hispanic and White participants. While CM was associated with longer duration of continuous cocaine abstinence and a greater proportion of submitted urine samples negative for cocaine, ethnicity was not related to treatment outcomes, and there was no significant interaction between treatment and ethnicity. CM appears to be an efficacious treatment for cocaine dependence among methadone maintenance clients, regardless of ethnicity.
Perinatal Thyroid Hormones and Hepatic 5′Deiodinase in Relation to Hatching Time in Weight-Selected Lines of Chickens

Abstract Plasma thyroid hormone concentrations, liver weight, body weight, and hepatic capability for triiodothyronine (T3) production were measured at 8-h intervals on Days 19 through 21 in embryos and chicks from lines selected for high (HW) and low (LW) body weight at 8 wk of age. Embryos were categorized as not having entered the perinatal period (nonpipped, NP) or as being in one of three perinatal stages: embryos that had pipped into the air cell (AC), embryos pipped through the shell (TS), and chicks within 24 h of hatching (H). Both plasma thryoxine (T4) and T3 peaked at the TS stage in embryos of both lines. Embryos had higher concentrations of both hormones and hatched earlier in the LW than in the HW line. This association and evidence from other studies is suggestive that T3 may be playing a role in line differences in hatching time. Hepatic 5′deiodinase (5′D) activity was higher in LW than HW embryos and chicks at the AC, TS, and H stages although the opposite had been the case prior to the perinatal period (NP stage). Hepatic 5′D increased at each stage from AC to TS to H. When the patterns of liver growth and body weight were considered, this pattern and the differences between the lines were exaggerated further. Comparison of the plasma and 5′D patterns during the perinatal period suggests that substrate (T4) supply may be more important than 5′D capability of the liver in determining the pattern of T3 supply during some of these stages.
Merchants of Corruption: How Entrepreneurs Manufacture and Supply Bribes

Summary We wondered how corruption, endemic in Nigeria, is experienced by a specific and understudied set of actors—entrepreneurs. Semi-structured interviews with founders/CEOs of firms in three industries associated with high levels of corruption revealed entrepreneurs—rather than victims of bribe demanding government agents—are themselves active perpetrators of bribery, adopting a set of “bribery best practices” governed by a well-embedded set of social norms, rules, routines, and power relations to deliberately subvert formal state budgetary systems. While reforming institutions is a key focus of anti-corruption policies in many Sub-Saharan African countries, our results suggest a bottom-up approach to remediation based on understanding the practice from the perspective of those who actively engage in it.
Ways to improve the bending response of finite elements

Four new ways to relieve the excessive bending stiffness of linear elements are described, and incorporated into plane elements. All satisfy the ‘patch test’. The new elements are compared with existing elements in test problems. Application to three-dimensional problems is proposed.
The Propagation of Slow Wave Potentials in Pea Epicotyls

Slow wave potentials are considered to be electric long-distance signals specific for plants, although there are conflicting ideas about a chemical, electrical, or hydraulic mode of propagation. These ideas were tested by comparing the propagation of hydraulic and electric signals in epicotyls of pea (Pisum sativum L). A hydraulic signal in the form of a defined step increase in xylem pressure (Px) was applied to the root of intact seedlings and propagated nearly instantly through the epicotyl axis while its amplitude decreased with distance from the pressure chamber. This decremental propagation was caused by a leaky xylem and created an axial Px gradient in the epicotyl. Simultaneously along the epicotyl surface, depolarizations appeared with lag times that increased acropetally with distance from the pressure chamber from 5 s to 3 min. When measured at a constant distance, the lag times increased as the size of the applied pressure steps decreased. We conclude that the Px gradient in the epicotyl caused local depolarizations with acropetally increasing lag times, which have the appearance of an electric signal propagating with a rate of 20 to 30 mm min-1. This static description of the slow wave potentials challenges its traditional classification as a propagating electric signal.
Toxicity of intraocular lidocaine and bupivacaine

Purpose To study the toxicity of intraocular lidocaine, bupivacaine, and a combination of the two anesthetics. Methods The right eyes of 34 rabbits were divided into eight groups, and each was injected intravitreally with 0.2 ml of lidocaine hydrochloride in a 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.25% concentration, or bupivacaine hydrochloride in a 0.75%, 0.5%, or 0.25% concentration, or a 1:1 mixture of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.75%. The left eyes of four of these rabbits received an injection of balanced saline solution. Electroretinograms were recorded before injection and 30 minutes, 90 minutes, 3 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 1 week after injection. The amplitude and the implicit time were analyzed. The rabbits were killed 1 week after injection and the eyes evaluated histologically. Results No adverse clinical reaction and no histologic abnormality was observed in any of the nine groups after injection. The a- and b-waves of the electroretinograms in the control group injected with balanced saline solution, and the a-waves of the experimental groups that received injections of lidocaine, bupivacaine, or the mixture, were normal. The b-waves of the experimental groups demonstrated a marked decrease in the amplitude and an increase ( P Conclusions Intravitreal injection of 0.2 ml of lidocaine up to 2%, or of bupivacaine up to 0.75%, and the mixture of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.75%, induced reversible electroretinogram changes in the rabbit retina. No histologic abnormalities were observed.
A Portfolio Theory of Foreign Affairs: U.S. Relations with the Muslim World

The portfolio theory presents foreign policy as a series of financial, military, diplomatic, and ideological investments in international relations. Portfolios protect and promote the state’s interests through beneficial treaties, such as trade agreements, security measures, such as peace pacts and defense alliances, foreign assistance programs, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic initiatives to resolve global, regional, and bilateral problems. The portfolio theory explains how vested portfolios survive political changes and ideological shifts, preserving the foreign policy inertia and continuity. Contrary to popular expectations that the U.S. foreign policy would change with new administration, many portfolios do not change. U.S. portfolio managers frequently fortify key portfolios with federal legislation. The legislative fortification of portfolios makes it harder for subsequent portfolio managers to affect fundamental changes in foreign policy. The Obama administration, therefore, has limited options to reverse the portfolios that prior administrations launched, mostly in the form of economic and trade sanctions, to modify the behavior of Muslim states and militant groups that do not support, or out-right impede, U.S. global or regional interests. Unfortunately, the future relations between the U.S. and the Muslims world are full of contentions. U.S. special stakeholders and epistemic groups continue to paint Islam as a threat to American interests and values at home and abroad. Even U.S. general stakeholders hold an unfavorable view of Muslims and find connections between Islam and violence. On the other side, Muslims perceive U.S. portfolio managers as anti-Islamic, inclined to punish Muslim states and degrade Islam. Frustrated with ineffectual and non-representative governments, Muslim militants, as special stakeholders, continue to challenge international peace and security. Great effort is needed to readjust and discard failed international portfolios.
A Global Review of New Social Risks and Responses for Children and their Families

Given global demographic and social trends, the need for new policy and program responses is essential. This article identifies and describes new and traditional social risks affecting children and their families in both industrialized and developing countries by region. Traditional risks continue in the developing as well as the industrialized countries but the extent and scale are very different and the problems are far more severe in developing countries. In addition, new risks are now evident and new policy responses are emerging. Attention to the new risks is increasing, with growing investment in services and policies facilitating the reconciliation of work and family life and non-traditional families. The citizens of many developing countries experience new risks as well, but their capacity to confront and address these risks is also more limited.
Combined Tyramide Signal Amplification and Quantum Dots for Sensitive and Photostable Immunofluorescence Detection

Conventional immunofluorescence detection of biologically relevant proteins and antigens in tissue sections is often limited by relatively weak signals that fade rapidly on illumination. We have developed an immunohistochemical protocol that combines the sensitivity of tyramide signal amplification with the photostability of quantum dots to overcome these limitations. This simple method provides a sensitive and stable fluorescence immunohistochemical alternative to standard chromogen detection.
HISTORICITY AND TRANSCENDENTALITY: FOUCAULT, CAVAILLÈS, AND THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE CONCEPT

This paper is concerned with Foucault's historical methodology. It argues that the coherence of his project lies in its development of a set of tools for unearthing the historical principles that govern thought and practice in the epochs that have shaped the present age. Foucault claimed that these principles are, at once, transcendental and historical. Accordingly, the philosophical soundness of Foucault's project depends on his having developed a satisfactory way of passage between the absolutist purism of the transcendental and the mundane contingency of the historical. The paper shows that the key to seeing how Foucault achieved this desideratum lies in a surprising and largely unexplored methodological tradition that he himself explicitly acknowledged: Husserlian phenomenology as it was taken up, modifed, and practiced in the thought of the philosopher of logic and mathematics, Jean Cavailles—what I call the phenomenology of the concept. The essay has four parts. The first sketches the two most prominent lines of interpretation of Foucault's methodology and argues that both are inadequate, not least because they both dismiss Foucault's phenomenological heritage. The second part lays out the rudiments of the neglected strand of the phenomenological tradition inaugurated by Cavailles's important critique and appropriation of Husserlian method. This serves, in turn, to set the stage for the third part that examines, first, Canguilhem's and then Foucault's distinct projects for grasping the transcendental within the historical, and the historical within the transcendental—their respective continuations of Cavailles's phenomenology of the concept. The essay concludes with a brief consideration of the pathways that this way of reading Foucault opens up for understanding the nexus of power, knowledge, and subjectivation that came to define his work.
QuakeSim: Integrated modeling and analysis of geologic and remotely sensed data

The QuakeSim Project improves understanding of earthquake processes by integrating model applications and various heterogeneous data sources within a web services environment. The project focuses on the earthquake cycle and related crustal deformation. Spaceborne GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture data provide information on near-term crustal deformation, while paleoseismic geologic data provide longer-term information on earthquake fault processes. These data sources are integrated into QuakeSim's QuakeTables database and are accessible by users or various model applications. An increasing amount of UAVSAR data is being added to the QuakeTables database through a map browsable interface. Model applications can retrieve data from QuakeTables or remotely served GPS velocity data services or users can manually input parameters into the models. Pattern analysis of GPS and seismicity data has proved useful for mid-term forecasting of earthquakes and for detecting subtle changes in crustal deformation. The GPS time series analysis has also proved useful for detecting changes in processing of the data. Development of the QuakeSim computational infrastructure has benefitted greatly from having the user in the development loop. Improved visualization tools enable more efficient data exploration and understanding. Tools must provide flexibility to science users for exploring data in new ways, but also must facilitate standard, intuitive, and routine uses for end users such as emergency responders.1