cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoreactivity of aqueous anionic NO x − with hydrocarbons

Suspensions of N-heptane, benzene and terpin hydrate in aqueous solutions of sodium nitrate are photolyzed under sunlight at an unpolluted mountain site. Rates of nitrite and ammonium formation in the aqueous phase are found to follow patterns very similar to those previously obtained in the laboratory using artificial UV of comparable intensities and the same experimental assembly. Yields of both nitrite and ammonium formed with time are also found to be within ranges of magnitude expected on the basis of that laboratory experimentation.
A Study of the Effects of Relative Humidity on Small Particle Adhesion to Surfaces

This paper describes a study of relative humidity effects on the adhesion of small particles to surfaces. Ambient dust ranging in size from less than one micron up to 140 microns was used as test particles. A 20 psi nitrogen blowoff was used as the removal mechanism to test for particle adhesion. Particles were counted before and after blowoff to determine retention characteristics. Particle adhesion increased drastically as relative humidity increased above 50%. The greatest adhesion changes occurred within the first hour of conditioning time. Data are presented for total particle adhesion, for particles 10 micron and larger, and 50 microns and larger.
D-arabitol metabolism in Candida albicans: studies of the biosynthetic pathway and the gene that encodes NAD-dependent D-arabitol dehydrogenase.

Abstract Candida albicans produces large amounts of the pentitol D-arabitol in culture and in infected mammalian hosts, but the functional and pathogenic significance of D-arabitol in C. albicans is not known. In this study, we sought to elucidate the pathway by which C. albicans synthesizes D-arabitol and to identify and characterize key enzymes in this pathway. C. albicans B311 produced D-[14C-1]arabitol from [14C-2]glucose; this finding implies on structural grounds that D-ribulose-5-PO4 from the pentose pathway is the major metabolic precursor of D-arabitol. NAD- or NADP-dependent pentitol dehydrogenases catalyze the final steps in D-arabitol biosynthesis in other fungi; therefore, lysates of C. albicans B311 were tested for enzymes of this class and were found to contain a previously unknown NAD-dependent D-arabitol dehydrogenase (ArDH). The ArDH structural gene was cloned by constructing a new D-arabitol utilization pathway in Escherichia coli. The C. albicans ArDH gene expressed in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction D-arabitol + NAD D-ribulose + NADH; this gene was present as a single copy per haploid genome, and its deduced peptide sequence was homologous with sequences of several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase family of enzymes. These results suggest that (i) C. albicans synthesizes D-arabitol by dephosphorylating and reducing the pentose pathway intermediate D-ribulose-5-PO4 and (ii) ArDH catalyzes the final step in this pathway.
Protein kinase C modulates effects of prostanoids on cyclic adenosine monophosphate in guinea pig chief cells.

In the course of examining the role of protein kinase C in signal transduction in dispersed chief cells from guinea pig stomach, we observed that phorbol esters inhibit prostaglandin (PG)-stimulated increases in cyclic adenosine monophos-phate (cAMP). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C, decreased maximal levels of PGE2-stimulated cAMP by 40%. This dose-dependent effect was observed within 30 sec and was maximal by 1 min of incubation at 37°C. Phorbols that do not activate protein kinase C did not have this effect. Adding H7, a protein kinase C inhibitor, abolished the inhibitory effects of PMA. Adding phosphodiesterase inhibitors did not alter the inhibitory effects of PMA, indicating that these effects are not caused by activation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. PMA did not alter the increase in cellular cAMP caused by cholera toxin, forskolin, secretin, or vasoactive intestinal peptide. Hence the site of these prostanoid-specific actions of protein kinase C does not appear to be stimulatory or inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding proteins or the catalytic component of the adenylyl cyclase system. In dispersed chief cells, activation of protein kinase C may inhibit prostanoid-induced stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase system by a direct effect on prostaglandin receptors.
Compressible gas in porous media: a finite amplitude analysis of natural convection

The theory of thermally driven convection of dry air in a porous medium is reviewed. The critical Rayleigh number for air is the same as for liquid, 4Π2, but the thermal gradient used is decreased by the adiabatic gradient of air. Because of the differences in the physical properties of air and water, initiation of convection requires the product of gradient and permeability to be thousands of times greater for air than for water. Finite amplitude analysis of the problem for Ra< 300 shows that: (1) the code predicts the onset of convection in an air filled porous medium; (2) at low thermal gradient, Ra vs Nu curves are nearly the same for air and water; (3) the slope of the Ra vs Nu curve matches well with experimental data reported by others for water; (4) time to steady state decreases approximately as the square root of Nusselt number.
Nuclear hyperfine interaction in ferrihemoglobin hydroxide: Theory

Expressions appropriate for the evaluation of the hyperfine splitting in ferric-hemoglobin hydroxide have been derived in the Hartree-Fock approximation using "giant" multielectron molecular-orbital wave functions formed as linear combinations of atomic orbitals of the constituent atoms and the molecular orbitals of the O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ complex incorporating overlap effects. Core orbitals as well as valence orbitals have been considered. The relevant multicenter matrix elements have been evaluated accurately by means of the analytical expressions which we have derived by employing a general closed-form expression developed previously for the coefficients of the expansion of a Slater orbital from one center onto the other. Various calculated electric field gradient components have been analyzed separately in terms of the valence and the core orbitals of the central ion (iron) interacting with the orbitals of the other constituent atoms and the complex O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. One finds that the "local" and "distant" parts of the field gradient due to O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ nearly cancel one another and, consequently, produce negligible effect on the hyperfine splitting of iron. The nitrogens of the porphyrin plane contribute dominantly to the splitting. Other surrounding atoms contribute less and their influence decreases rapidly as their distance from the central ion increases. On combining various contributions, the calculated hyperfine splitting comes out to be 1.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16 mm/sec, which agrees excellently with the experimental splitting 1.57 mm/sec observed by Lang and Marshall. The results from the present calculations have been compared with those obtained by Weissbluth and Maling employing semiempirical treatment on a porphyrin-hydroxide model compound. Their estimate is found to give negative sign to the splitting in contrast with our result. Sources of disagreement have been pointed out. Comparison has also been made with the previous calculations on hemin and the observed differences in the splittings in relation to the present system have been clarified. Arguments have been presented, which lead to the prediction of positive hyperfine splitting in ferric-hemoglobin compounds.
Variation of single wall carbon nanotube dispersion properties with alkyl amide and halogenated aromatic solvents

Abstract Organic solvents from the alkyl amide and halogenated aromatic classes have been analyzed as dispersion agents for high purity single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The resulting dispersions from two novel SWCNT solvents, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmalonamide (TMMA) and 1-chloronaphthalene (1-CLN), have been compared to the well-established solvents, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB). Optical absorption spectroscopy on a series of high purity SWCNT concentrations was used to obtain solvent-dependent dispersion limits, extinction coefficients, and dispersion stability. The variation in SWCNT optoelectronic properties was measured for each solvent dispersion as a function of ultrasonication time and the results demonstrate that under conventional ultrasonication times the halogenated aromatic solvents (DCB and 1-CLN) can significantly affect the SWCNT optical absorption. A post-dispersion analysis was performed on samples, after removal of the solvents, by Raman spectroscopy to monitor structural changes in the SWCNTs. The spectroscopy results for the halogenated aromatic solvents are consistent with formation of a sonopolymer and subsequent interaction with the SWCNTs. In comparison, the alkyl amide solvents (DMA and TMMA) show similar dispersion limits with no significant change in absorbance as a function of ultrasonication, and can easily be removed without affecting the SWCNTs.
Prospective assessment of breastfeeding and breast cancer incidence among 89 887 women

Abstract Summary Background The relation between breastfeeding and breast-cancer risk has been examined in many studies; some have reported no association, and others a reduced risk, particularly among premenopausal women. In the only prospective cohort study, no association was found. We have assessed prospectively the association between breastfeeding and incidence of breast cancer among 89887 women in the US Nurses' Health Study. Methods In 1986, participants were asked about the number of months they breastfed for all their children combined. Parous women with no history of cancer were included in this analysis. During 6 years of follow-up (513015 person-years), 1459 invasive breast cancer cases were diagnosed. Findings Relative to women who had never breastfed, no significant overall association was found—after adjusting for established risk factors for breast cancer—between a history of having breastfed and subsequent development of breast cancer (relative risk [RR] 0·93, 95% Cl 0·83-1·03). No inverse trend was observed with duration of breastfeeding; women who breastfed for 2 years or longer had a RR of 1·11 (0·90-1·38). Among women who had given birth only once, women who had breastfed their child experienced a lower incidence of breast cancer (RR 0·68, 0·46-1·00). Among premenopausal women, who tended to be near menopause due to the age structure of the cohort, the RR of breast cancer for those who had lactated was 1·16 (0·89-1·50). Premenopausal women who had lactated for 1 year or more had a RR of 1·10 (0·78-1·57). Interpretation These data suggest that there is no important overall association between breast-feeding and the occurrence of breast cancer.
Role of duodenography in the diagnosis of blunt duodenal injuries.

Background: The differentiation of duodenal perforation from duodenal hematoma is not always possible with computed tomography (CT). Our diagnostic guideline has included duodenography to investigate CT findings of periduodenal fluid or wall thickening. However, the utility of duodenography as a diagnostic study in blunt abdominal trauma is not defined. We evaluated duodenography as a diagnostic test in patients with suspected blunt duodenal injuries (BDIs). Methods: During a 10-year period, 96 patients out of 25,608 trauma admissions had CT findings of possible BDI and underwent duodenography. Demographic and clinical data, diagnostic methods, and management were derived from prospectively collected data. CT and duodenography studies were reviewed and correlated with surgical findings and outcome. All CT scans were obtained with intravenous contrast; oral contrast was used in 32 patients. Duodenography was analyzed using the 2 x 2 method and Bayes theorem. Results: Indications for duodenography included periduodenal fluid without extravasation (76%), abnormal duodenal wall thickening (16%), and retroperitoneal extraluminal gas (5%). Eighty-six duodenography studies were reported as normal, six were consistent with hematoma, one was indeterminate, and only three revealed extravasation. Two of these three patients with duodenal perforation had retroperitoneal extraluminal air. Only one patient underwent exploration on the basis of duodenography. No blunt duodenal perforation was diagnosed by CT. Overall, duodenography had sensitivity of 54% and specificity of 98%. For BDIs requiring repair, duodenography sensitivity was only 25%; the false-negative rate was also 25%. Retroperitoneal extraluminal air was a useful sign of duodenal perforation, occurring in two of three patients with BDI and only in one without BDI (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Duodenography has a low sensitivity in patients with suspected BDI by CT findings and is of minimal utility in diagnostic evaluation. Retroperitoneal extraluminal air seen on CT is an important sign of BDI requiring surgical repair.
Radial line slot array antenna with vertical waveguide feed for F-band communication

The authors present concentrically arrayed radial line slot array antenna for operation at 106 GHz. For compact design, they propose a vertical waveguide feeding with a cross-slot structure at the waveguide to cavity transition. Aperture design and optimisation are carried out using particle swarm optimisation with the goal to minimise the cross-polarised radiation. Antenna prototypes were fabricated using a slotted plate with nickel and radial line cavity with copper. Fabricated aperture showed 72% peak radiation efficiency at 106.3 GHz with a gain bandwidth of 8.5% and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 18%.
The Closeness Problem and the Doctrine of Double Effect: A Way Forward

A major challenge to the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE) is the concern that an agent’s intention can be identified in such a fine-grained way as to eliminate an intention to harm from a putative example of an intended harm, and yet, the resulting case appears to be a case of impermissibility. This is the so-called “closeness problem.” Many people believe that one can address the closeness problem by adopting Warren Quinn’s version of the DDE, call it DDE*, which distinguishes between harmful direct agency and harmful indirect agency. In this paper, I first argue that Quinn’s DDE* is just as vulnerable to the closeness problem as the DDE is. Second, some might think that what we should therefore do is give up on intentions altogether and move towards some kind of non-state-of-mind, victim-based deontology. I shall argue against this move and explain why intentions are indispensable to an adequate nonconsequentialist theory. Finally, I shall propose a new way of answering the closeness problem.
Time-temperature pathways of himalayan and trans-himalayan crystalline rocks: A comparison of fission-track ages

Abstract Fission-track (FT) dates of apatate and zircon recording, respectively, paleo-temperatures of 100–120°C and ∼230°C provide a useful tool for understanding the thermotectonic history of the Himalaya, which is the world's loftiest and most dynamic orogenic belt, brought about by the continent-to-continent collision of the Indian and Asian plates. Systematic FT ages are now available for the crystalline rocks of the Higher Himalaya and Trans-Himalaya in Pakistan and N.W. India, and some FT ages have been reported from southern Tibet, the Karakorum and the Kunlum. These FT data are synthesized and discussed here in order to assess the contribution of FT thermochronology to Himalayan geology. FT zircon and apatite ages from the Higher Himalayan Crystalline rocks are confined to the Neogene. For example, in the Zanskar region of N.W. India and the Babusar-Kaghan region of Pakistan, zircon ages are 13–17 Ma and apatate ages range from 4–10 Ma (mostly ∼6 Ma) indicating an exhumation of at least 8 km for these rocks since the Middle Miocene and average unroofing rates of ∼ 6 mm yr −1 . In the northwestern Himalaya, overall the FT ages become younger towards the Nanga Parbat Massif, which is the promontory of the Indian plate and has experienced a rapid Quaternary uplift and exhumation. Other areas of young uplift in the Himalayan include antiformal domes in Zanskar, such as the Kishtwar Window. The bulk of the Cretaceous-Paleocene Trans-Himalayan crystalline rocks, which are situated to the north of the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone and were generated from the consumption of the Tethyan ocean beneath Asia, seem to have cooled rapidly through paleo-temperatures of 200–500°C in the Eocene as a result of uplift and erosion that affected the Trans-Himalayan Batholith after the India-Asia collision. Apatite ages from these rocks in western Kohistan, southern Ladakh, and Lhasa are Early-Middle Miocene. In the Karakorum (western Tibet) and the Kunlun (northern Tibet), Miocene apatite ages demonstrate young tectonics of the ranges beyond the Himalaya related to the India-Asia convergence.
Assessing decisional capacity in patients with brain tumors

Brain tumors can rapidly affect the cognitive function and decisional capacity of patients.1,2 The general lack of effective treatments for brain cancer means that patients must often balance the goal of extending life with substantial treatment burden and side effects—decisions that engage patients' personal preferences. Similarly, these patients are vitally needed for cancer research studies, and in order to participate must have the cognitive capacity to provide informed consent. Thus, the very nature of their illness threatens the capacity of patients with brain tumor to make both treatment and research participation decisions. There is an ethical imperative to ensure that capable patients are supported in their decision-making while incapacitated patients are protected; in either case, an evidence-based approach to determining the patients' capacity is necessary. However, the problem of impaired decisional capacity in brain tumors is underrecognized,3 despite specific evidence showing high rates of incapacity, at least in patients with malignant tumors.1
Functional Profiles of Healthy Older Persons

To learn whether the percentage of time spent at different functional levels varies as a function of age, we studied 44 older (mean age 70 years) and 46 younger (mean age 27 years) urban, community-dwelling volunteers who participated in a study of normative ageing of the cardiovascular system. Each subject completed one 24-hour activity diary which was coded using a standardized scoring system for functional activity levels and energy levels. Compared with younger persons, older persons spent larger percentage of their day performing basic (BADLs) and intermediate activities of daily living (IADLs) and less time in physical advanced activities of daily living and sleeping. Older women spent more time than younger women performing BADLs and more time than younger women or older men performing IADLs. These findings support the concept of functional changes associated with healthy ageing which may be more pronounced in women. Our results may also reflect a cohort effect that may disappear with the change of traditional sex roles.
Mesenchymal expression of vascular endothelial growth factors D and A defines vascular patterning in developing lung.

The lung has specific vascular patterning requirements for effective gas exchange at birth, including alignment of airways and blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) are potent effectors of vascular development. We examined the temporal and spatial expression of VEGF-D and specific VEGF-A isoforms at each stage of lung development. VEGF-D, expressed only by cadherin-11-positive cells of the mesenchyme, is first detected at embryonic day (E) 13.5, a period of active vasculogenesis. VEGFR-3, its cognate receptor, is detected earlier on days E11.5 to E14.5, in both blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and later, on day E17.5, in only lymphatic vessels. VEGF-A is expressed in the mesenchyme throughout lung development and also by the epithelium midway through organogenesis. Before E14, the predominant forms of VEGF-A are the soluble isoforms, VEGF-A120 and 164. Not until E14.5 do epithelial cells at the tips of expanding airways express VEGF-A, including VEGF-A188, an isoform with high affinity for extracellular matrix. Our results demonstrate unique temporal and spatial expression of VEGF-D and specific VEGF-A isoforms during lung development and suggest these related factors have distinct functions in vascular and lymphatic patterning of the lung.
Synthesis and Characterization of Soluble Poly(ferrocenylenearylene)s from Condensation of Dilithio Bis(alkylcyclopentadienide)arenes with Iron(II) Halides: A General Route to Conjugated Poly(metallocene)s

Bis(alkylcyclopentadienyl)arenes have been prepared by sequential lithiation/alkylation of dibromoarenes with alkylcyclopenta-2-en-1-ones. The resulting dicarbinols were dehydrated with p-toluenesulfonic acid to give the bis(alkylcyclopentadienyl)arene. Poly(alkyl-1,1‘-ferrocenylenearylene)s were prepared by the reaction of dilithio bis(alkylcyclopentadienide)arenes and iron(II) salts in THF. The resulting polymers were oxidized with iodine to give the fully oxidized polyionomers. The polyionomers were found to give mixed-valence polymers when allowed to equilibrate with neutral polymers in solution, provided the degree of oxidation, N, lies between ca. 0.55 and 1.0. For degrees of oxidation 0.0 < N <0.55, disproportionation occurs to give neutral polymer and polymer with N ≈ 0.55. The oxidized polymers showed small to moderate antiferromagnetic interactions, and some were found to follow non-Curie−Weiss behavior that is ascribed to the complex magnetic properties of individual ferrocenium centers rather ...
Analyzing Different Strategies to Enterprise System Adoption: Reengineering-Led vs. Quick-Deployment

The literature on enterprise system (ES) adoption suggests that companies use different strategies for implementation — some opting to radically reengineer business processes up-front, while others employ a quick-deployment strategy on the assumption that organizational change will follow. In this article we explore how these two different strategies play out in practice and also consider the factors that influence which approach is taken. We use exploratory data from interviews with consultants who have been involved in multiple ES implementations in external companies, as well as interviews with project members involved in an internal ES implementation. Analysis of the data suggests that some level of reengineering is an inevitable outcome of ES implementation. However, attempts to reengineer up-front is difficult and can be problematic. Much of this stems from how the ES is actually used versus its envisioned (or planned) use. The implications for post-implementation exploitation opportunities are explored.
Effects of Heat Stress on Performance

Abstract Three groups of subjects, seven subjects each, were required, to perform a central tracking task and simultaneously respond to peripheral stimuli, while being exposed to heat stress environments. One group was exposed to a 95°F and 50% RH environment, the second group was exposed to a 95°F and 75% RH environment, and the third group was exposed to a 100°F and 50% RH environment. The performance results showed that there was a significant deterioration in tracking and increase in reaction time only when the subjects were exposed to the 95°F and 75% RH environment. The peripheral field of awareness was not significantly affected by any of the three environments.
Physical and mechanical properties of Hobson's Choise Ice Island cores

Abstract Arctic ice islands occasionally drift into the Alaskan Beaufort Sea where because of their size, thickness and longevity, they could impose a serious ice load concern for future production facilities operating in these waters. An understanding of ice island physical properties and mechanical behavior is useful to improve ice force estimates and to develop defense measures that could reduce the forces these features exert on structures. Towards this end, vertical ice cores, the longest of which was 42 m, were retrieved from Hobson's Choice Ice Island and machined into samples for constant strain rate uniaxial compression tests. Presented herein are descriptions of the ice core retrieval and the ensuing laboratory tests as well as a discussion of the results. A total of 126 tests were performed over a suite of strain rates from 10−2 to 10−6 s−1 and at temperatures of −15, −10, −5 and −2°C. The highest strengths were measured at a strain rate of 10−4 s−1 whereas the lowest strengths were associated with tests conducted at 10−6 s−1. A strong strength dependence on temperature was identified at intermediate and high strain rates where the mean strength decreased about 60% over the temperature range evaluated. When tested under the same temperature and strain rate conditions, the ice near the bottom of the ice island was stronger than that near the top.
Lifecourse socioeconomic position and 16 year body mass index trajectories: differences by race and sex.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between lifecourse socioeconomic position (SEP) and changes in body mass index (BMI), and assess disparities in these associations across racial/ethnic groups. Methods With longitudinal data from 4 waves of the Americans' Changing Lives Study (1986–2002), we employed mixed-effects modeling to estimate BMI trajectories for 1174 Blacks and 2323 White adults. We also estimated associations between these trajectories and lifecourse SEP variables, including father's education, perceived childhood SEP, own education, income, wealth, and financial security. Results Blacks had higher baseline BMIs, and steeper increases in BMI, compared to Whites. Childhood SEP, as measured by high father's education, was associated with lower baseline BMI among Whites. High education was associated with a lower baseline BMI within both race and sex categories. Income had contrasting effects among men and women. Higher income was associated with higher BMI only among males. Associations between indicators of SEP and BMI trajectories were only found for Whites. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that lifecourse SEP may influence adult BMI differently within different racial and sex groups.
The Necessary a Posteriori: A Response to Tichý

Some of Tichý's conclusions rest on an assumption about substitutivity which Kripke would not accept. If we grant the assumption, then Tichý successfully shows that we can discover true identity statements involving names a priori, but not that we can discover a priori what properties things have essentially. Many of Tichý's arguments require an implausible rejection of the possibility of indirect belief as described in Section III. 25
Freezing of water in vertical channels formed in a frozen soil layer

A determination is made of the maximum possible pressure in a water bubble located in the nonuniform temperature field of surrounding frozen soil which becomes permeable as it melts. The principles found are used to explain a number of natural processes.
Depth of activation of sediment by plunging breakers on a steep sand beach

Abstract Field data were collected over a lunar tidal cycle on a meso-tidal medium-sand estuarine beach in Delaware Bay, USA to document the relationship between wave height and depth of sediment activation in a low-wave-energy environment. Dominant energy was at the frequencies of locally-generated waves and ocean swell. Significant wave heights ranged from 0.06 m to 0.52 m. Periods of locally-generated waves averaged 4.0 s during strong onshore winds and 2.6 s during low-speed winds. Waves on the foreshore were always plunging. The foreshore maintained a slope of approximately 6.0° throughout the study period. Mean grain size at mid-foreshore was 0.46 mm. The greatest net surface-elevation change in response to storm erosion and post-storm recovery was 0.26 m. Results confirm previous observations that depths of sediment activation are greater for steeper beaches. The spatial variability in depths of activation across the foreshore is comparable to results of tidal cycle studies, where the ratio of depth of activation to wave height is great because a large percentage of the foreshore comes under the influence of the breakers. The ratio of depth of activation to wave height on the portion of the foreshore that is not transgressed by the breakers is lower and comparable to results of short-term investigations, provided that the influence of beach slope is considered in the calculation of breaking wave height.
E.B. Wilson Lecture, 1998. Eukaryotic RNAs: once more from the beginning.

I am profoundly grateful to the American Society for Cell Biology for the award to me and my colleague Sheldon Penman of the E.B. Wilson Medal. This occasion presents the opportunity for reflections on a 40-year search for indications of how RNA functions as an informational molecule in eukaryotic cells. As will be recounted, this quest began in the late 1950s, before the recognition of mRNA, by studying the biosynthesis of poliovirus, an RNA virus. The search continued through the molecular and biochemical definition of classes of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA in both growing and virus-infected cultured mammalian cells and, subsequently, through studies on the basis of cell-specific mRNA expression in the liver. Finally, in the recent past our laboratory has concentrated on our original goal, the mechanism of recognition of extracellular signals with consequent gene regulation in the cell nucleus.
Renormalization of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Equations in the Case of a Zero Range Pairing Interaction

We introduce a natural and simple way to implement the regularization scheme of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations with zero range pairing interaction. The renormalization scheme proves to be equivalent to a simple energy cutoff with a position dependent running coupling constant.
Advance Care Planing

Advance directives allow patients to have some control over decisions even when they are no longer able to make decisions themselves. All states authorize written advance directives, such as the appointment of a health care proxy, but commonly impose procedural requirements. Some states have restricted the use of oral advance directives, although they are frequently used in everyday practice. Advance directives are limited because they are infrequently used, may not be informed, and may conflict with the patient's current best interests. Moreover, surrogates often cannot state patients' preferences accurately. Furthermore, discussions among physicians and patients about advance directives are flawed. Physicians can improve discussions about advance directives by asking the patient who should serve as proxy and by ascertaining the patient's values and general preferences before discussing specific clinical situations.
Hemodynamic basis of stasis ulceration--a hypothesis.

Abstract Approximately 25% of patients with stasis ulceration have normal or below normal ambulatory venous pressures. A reflux index was calculated by multiplying postexercise pressures by Valsalva-induced foot venous pressure elevation. In patients with stasis ulceration, reflux index was found to have an excellent negative predictive value with a clear discriminant line between normal limbs and those with ulcers. Increasing incidence of stasis ulceration was demonstrated with increasing reflux index value. Even when ambulatory venous pressure was within the normal range, the index was found to be abnormal in ulcerated limbs because Valsalva-induced foot venous pressure was elevated in these limbs. Conversely, some patients with stasis ulceration and normal Valsalva foot venous pressure elevation were found to have abnormal ambulatory venous pressure values, yielding an elevated reflux index. Preliminary analysis indicates that reflux index may be a better predictor of surgical outcome after valve reconstruction procedures than either ambulatory venous pressure or Valsalva-induced foot venous pressure elevation. The concept of reflux index is a hypothesis that attempts to explain inconsistencies observed in implicating ambulatory venous hypertension as the sole determinant of venous reflux. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:491-5.)
Understanding the Teaching Perspectives of First-Year Teachers

The effect of school context on first-year teachers' reflective judgment was investigated. Six begin ning teachers were asked to describe a problem that they had encountered in their first year of teaching and their attempted solutions. Their descriptions were analyzed to determine the teachers' level of reflective judgment. Analysis of interviews with the teachers revealed that the teachers who exhibited more mature reflection worked in schools with supportive colleagues and administrators who valued teacher decision making and gave teachers autonomy to experiment with curriculum and instructional strategies.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN ON THE X-RAY INDUCTION OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN DROSOPHILA OOCYTES

Through the use of x-ray dosage fractionation methods, it became possible for the first time to demonstrate in Drosophila oocytes effects of oxygen concentration on induced gross chromosomal rearrangements and to test separately the effect of different oxygen concentrations applied before, during, or after irradiation. Oxygen present at the time of irradiation results in a significantly greater frequency of half-translocations than produced in air, Anoxia (nitrogen) at the time of irradiation results in a drastic reduction in the frequency of half-translocations as compared with air. Oxygen between irradiations is not as effective as air in reducing the half-translocation frequency. Anoxia between the two x-ray fractions increases half-translocation frequency. Although a part of this effect may be by the prohibition of joining of broken ends it seems to be greater than can be expected simply on the basis of this passive role. Postoxygen treatment had no detected effect but postnitrogen exposure significantly increased the rearrangement frequency (auth)
Structural, EPR superhyperfine, and NMR hyperfine properties of the Cu-octarepeat binding site in the prion protein.

Previous experimental and computational investigations show that the copper binding in the prion protein that is involved in a number of neurodegenerative diseases is complicated and the exact binding structures remain to be determined. To facilitate structural investigation in this field, we report a quantum chemical investigation of structural, EPR superhyperfine, and NMR hyperfine properties of various copper complexes of the octarepeat domain, which has several copies of highly conserved amino acid sequence of PHGGGWGQ. The predicted metal-ligand bond lengths of the X-ray structure of CuHGGGW, involving the central five residues in this domain, from the best method examined here, have a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 0.030 A, basically the same as found with experimental errors of various metal complexes. Prior controversial results regarding water coordination were resolved here with a more extensive computational investigation on 10 models with various water molecules and sequences (both HGGGW and PHGGGWGQ), which are consistent with the experimental reports. Experimental EPR superhyperfine constants are accurately reproduced with a MAD of 0.95 MHz. Results here suggest that the NMR hyperfine shifts which can be readily measured in NMR experiments and accurately predicted in quantum chemical calculations can provide more extensive and more sensitive structural probes than those from the current EPR studies. These results will be helpful for future experimental and computational investigations of the copper binding structures of the prion protein as well as other related systems.
Design Optimization for a Meter-Scale Deformable Optics

The design of the actuator layout for a 1.5-meter scale deformable optics which can be reflective or diffractive was performed applying the finite element analysis in ANSYS®. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the locations of individual actuators. The optimization process, criteria, and an optimized design along with its performance will be presented.
An analysis of the role of serum in parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in tissue culture.

Abstract 1. 1. Several chemically-defined media were tested for their capacity to support parathyroid hormone-induced 45Ca release from embryonic bone. None was completely satisfactory. 2. 2. A medium consisting of 2 per cent serum in CMRL 1066 would support the parathyroid hormone effect as well as did media containing 50 per cent serum plus 50 per cent CMRL 1066 or 50 per cent Eagle Basal Medium. 3. 3. The albumin content of rat serum could be substituted for the whole serum without loss of the observed parathyroid hormone effect. Different albumin preparations varied in their capacity to support the response. Serum globulins, gelatin, histone, heparin or insulin could not replace serum. 4. 4. A number of substances enhanced 45Ca release in the absence of parathyroid hormone. Bovine albumin (fraction V) was the most effective preparation tested.
Mechanism of neuromuscular block by chlordimeform

Abstract The mechanism of action of chlordimeform on the frog sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparation has been studied by means of microelectrodes. Chlordimeform (0.1 m M ) suppresses the amplitude of spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials without much changing their frequency. At 1 m M , it completely blocks the miniature end-plate potentials. The resting membrane potential is not affected. The end-plate potential evoked by nerve stimulation is also suppressed, while the action potential from the nerve terminal is not impaired. The sensitivity of the end-plate membrane to the transmitter substance as examined by iontophoretic applications of acetylcholine is effectively decreased by chlordimeform. The quantal content of transmitter release is not affected. It is concluded that the block of neuromuscular transmission by chlordimeform is due primarily to a depression of the end-plate sensitivity to the transmitter.
Clinical improvement associated with conformance to HEDIS-based depression care.

Background: Employers recently requested a valid metric of depression treatment quality. Such an indicator needs to measure the proportion of the population in need who receive high-quality care, and to predict clinical improvement.Methods: We constructed an administrative database indicator derived from HEDIS criteria for antidepressant medication management, and tested it in 230 employed patients in five health plans.Results: Indicator rates were 7.0% in the population in need. Conformance to indicator criteria in this population was associated with 23.0% improvement in depression severity over 1 year (p =.02).Conclusions: Administrative database indicators that predict clinical improvement are a very rare accomplishment. Existing depression indicators may need to be calculated for the population in need to provide a valid metric for employer purchasers.
The grand challenges in cardiovascular drug discovery and development.

Despite the major advancements in cardiovascular medicine over the past 50 years, heart disease and stroke remain the number one public health concern and primary causes of death today. The development of effective medicines that control blood pressure and cholesterol has significantly cut deaths from heart disease. According to a 2008 report, death rates for cardiovascular disease fell a remarkable 26.4% between 1999 and 2005. Nonetheless, 45% of Americans still have hypertension, high cholesterol or diabetes. According to a 2006 American Heart Association study cardiovascular disease accounted for over a third of all deaths in the United States. On average, every 40 seconds someone in the United States has a stroke. Heart disease and stroke are becoming a worldwide pandemic as developing nations are witnessing the health burden. In developing nations approximately 14 million individuals died of cardiovascular disease in 1990, and deaths are projected to rise to 25 million by 2020. What are the Grand Challenges that must be addressed to confront the obstacles for the creation of new medicines that will treat patients with cardiovascular disease? These Grand Challenges will be broken it into three broad categories: 1) Innovation; 2) Translating basic research into clinical reality; 3) Commitment
Log-grounds and the ichnofossil Teredolites in transgressive deposits of the Clayton Formation (lower Paleocene), western Alabama

A thin (∼1.5 m) transgressive systems tract within the Lower Paleocene Clayton Formation of western Alabama, composed of, in ascending order, a sandy pebbly marlstone (transgressive lag), calcareous muds, and a chalk (condensed section), contains an unusual abundance of allochthonous logs with Teredolites, a clavate boring produced within xylic substrates. Borings are characterised by diameters ranging from 1 to 15 mm, high length/width ratios, contorted axes oriented primarily parallel to the grain of substrates, calcite linings, and rare terminal bioglyphs. Although no body fossil evidence for the affinity of the boring organisms is preserved, these morphological characteristics, which are most allied with the ichnotaxon T. longissimus, reflect the boring activities of wood-digesting bivalves of the family Teredinidae
Interfacial phenomena in finite temperature QCD

Abstract The behavior of the high temperature phase of high temperature QCD is studied in semi-infinite and slab geometries. Surface terms are necessary in effective action approaches to completely determine the interfacial behavior. A simple illustration of this phenomenon is given. The behavior of an SU(3) spin model related to finite temperature is studied using mean field theory. An effective action is derived from perturbative QCD to describe these geometries at high temperatures, similar to the one used to describe high-temperature order-order interfaces. A qualitative comparison is made between analytical and Monte Carlo results.
Cell carriers to deliver oncolytic viruses to sites of myeloma tumor growth

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disseminated malignancy of antibody secreting plasma cells that localize primarily to the bone marrow. Several studies have illustrated the potential of utilizing oncolytic viruses (measles, vaccinia, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and coxsackievirus A21) for the treatment of MM, but there are significant barriers that prevent the viruses from reaching sites of myeloma tumor growth after intravenous delivery. The most important barriers are failure to extravasate from tumor blood vessels, mislocalization of the viruses in liver and spleen and neutralization by antiviral antibodies. In this review, we discuss the use of various cell types as carriers to overcome these barriers, emphasizing their relative susceptibilities to virus infection and their variable trafficking properties. Mesenchymal progenitor cells, monocytes and T cells have all shown promise as virus-delivery vehicles capable of accessing sites of myeloma growth. However, a previously unexplored alternative would be to use primary myeloma cells, or even myeloma cell lines, as delivery vehicles. Advantages of this approach are the natural ability of myeloma cells to home to sites of myeloma tumor growth and their compatibility with tumor-specific viruses that cannot propagate in other carrier cell lineages. A potential difficulty associated with the use of myeloma cells for virus delivery is that they must be exposed to supralethal doses of ionizing radiation before they can be safely administered to patients. Preliminary studies are presented in which we demonstrate the feasibility of using irradiated myeloma cells as carriers to deliver oncolytic viruses to sites of myeloma tumor growth in an orthotopic human myeloma model.
Colony-stimulating factor-1 exerts direct effects on the proliferation and invasiveness of endometrial epithelial cells

Although macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) has been suggested to play a role in maintaining the chronic inflammatory response in endometriosis, our data suggest that CSF-1 may also play a role in early endometriosis lesion formation. We have shown that CSF-1, in an autocrine fashion, has a direct effect on endometrial epithelial cell proliferation and attachment to peritoneal mesothelial cells, early steps in endometriosis lesion formation on the peritoneum.
Seismic anisotropy caused by rock fabric

SUMMARY As part of an experiment to investigate the influence of cracks produced by tectonic stress on the observed in situ anisotropic properties of crustal rocks at Kent Cliffs, New York, the contribution of rock fabric anisotropy was studied using laboratory core-sample ultrasonic measurements. Measured velocities of intact unfractured specimens, corrected to lithostatic pressure, allow the effect of rock fabric anisotropy to be evaluated. Computed phase-velocity surfaces and wave surfaces show varying degrees of anisotropy at different depths. These surfaces predict various anisotropic phenomena, such as S-wave splitting and anomalous amplitudes and polarizations. Some predictions can be applied to the case of a general transversely isotropic medium, including negligible P-wave, in contrast to large S-wave, polarization anomalies, generation of cusps in the wave surface by strong anisotropy, and the importance of the elastic stiffness coefficient, C1133, to the strength of anisotropy. Computed ray velocities in the borehole axis direction are compared with acoustic logging results. The comparison shows reasonable consistency. S-wave splitting caused by rock fabric for zero-offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) is also predicted. These results can be used to separate the anisotropy caused by cracks and fractures from the overall observed in situ seismic anisotropy.
Bioremediation of unsaturated soils contaminated with chlorinated solvents

Abstract One- and two-carbon chlorinated aliphatic solvents are common environmental contaminants, as a result of the large quantities produced, their widespread use and their mobility in the environment. Chlorinated solvents are regularly identified in unsaturated soils, saturated soils, ground water and landfill leachates. This research focused on in situ bioremediation as one possible treatment process for unsaturated soil contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Biodegradation of chlorinated solvents in unsaturated soils is feasible through the stimulation of indigenous methanotrophic organisms by the addition of methane and oxygen. At the concentrations studied on our experiments bioremediation would require weeks to several months to accomplish. The experiments also provided a clear indication of toxicity effects as the concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons becomes too large. Likewise, extended absence of methane from the soil environment greatly reduced microbial activity.