cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detailed balance for the production and the reabsorption of baryon resonances and heavy-ion collisions

Abstract A new detailed balance derived by Danielewicz and Bertsch, which takes into account the finite width of baryon resonances, for cross sections of baryon resonance production and reabsorption is used in a hadronic transport model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions. By comparing calculations done with the commonly used detailed balance and the new detailed balance we study effects of the detailed balance on heavy-ion reaction dynamics, pion spectra, pion rapidity and transverse-momentum distributions.
Cytokeratin 18 interacts with the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli secreted protein F (EspF) and is redistributed after infection.

Summary Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) pathogenesis requires the delivery of effector proteins into host cytosol by a type III secretion system. The effector protein EspF, while critical for disruption of epithelial barrier function through alteration of tight junctions, is not required for bacterial viability or attachment. Yeast two-hybrid analyses revealed host intermediate filament (IF) protein cytokeratin 18 (CK18) as an interacting partner of EspF. This was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of extracts from EPEC-infected epithelial cells. EPEC infection increased detergent-soluble CK18 amounts without significantly altering CK18 expression. The adaptor protein 14-3-3 binds to CK18 and modulates its solubility. EPEC infection promoted CK18/14-3-3 interactions, corresponding to the increase of CK18 in the soluble fractions. 14-3-3 also co-immunoprecipitated with EspF, suggesting that CK18, 14-3-3 and EspF may form a complex in infected cells. The 14-3-3 z isoform was co-immunoprecipitated with CK18, suggesting the involvement of specific signalling pathways. Immunofluorescence studies revealed a dramatic alteration in the architecture of the IF network in EPEC-infected epithelial cells. IF fragmentation, evident at 2 h post infection, progressed to a collapse of this network at later time points. The secretion mutant ( D D D escN ) failed to alter CK18 solubility and IF morphology, while deletion of espF partially impaired the ability of EPEC to induce CK18 modifications. These results suggest that modifications in 14-3-3 interactions and IF network, modulated by type III secreted proteins, may be an important step in EPEC pathogenesis.
Flotation method for extracting insects from poultry manure samples.

We examined the efficacy of a sucrose-based flotation method for extracting 3 prevalent insect species from poultry house manure: 3rd-instar Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae) adults, and Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults. A 0.6 M sucrose solution in distilled water altered the specific gravity to 1.2 and caused the 3 species to float to the water surface for easy separation. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant effects of the solution volume to sample mass ratio on recovery rates ( F = 35.96, P < 0.0001), but no differences in species-specific recovery rates ( F = 0.97, P = 0.3824). Among samples agitated in a ratio of at least 3.2 ml solution per gram of sample mass, we observed neither significant ratio effects ( F = 1.37, P = 0.2442) nor significant differences in species-specific recovery rates ( F = 2.05, P = 0.1353); overall, we recovered 97.49 ± 0.20% of all individuals of the 3 species. Our analyses demonstrated that sucrose-based flotation was a statistically valid method of collecting these species from poultry manure samples.
A critique of the Burrows, Abadi and Needham logic

A l'aide d'un exemple simple, l'existence d'un point faible significatif dans la logique proposee par Burrows, Abadi et Needham est montree. Une analyse rapide suggere l'origine de celui-ci
Exposure history of lunar meteorites Queen Alexandra Range 93069 and 94269

Cosmic-ray produced C-14 (t(sub 1/2) = 5730 years), 36Cl (3.01 x 10(exp 5 years), Al-26 (7.05 x 10(exp 5 years), and Be-10 (1.5 x 10(exp 6 years) in the recently discovered lunar meteorites Queen Alexandra Range 93069 (QUE 93069) and 94269 (QUE 94269) were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. The abundance pattern of these four cosmogenic radionuclides and of noble gases indicates QUE 93069 and QUE 94269 were a paired fall and were exposed to cosmic rays near the surface of the Moon for at least several hundred million years before ejection. After the meteorite was launched from the Moon, where it had resided at a depth of 65-80 g/cm square, it experienced a short transition time, approximately 20-50 ka, before colliding with the Earth. The terrestrial age of the meteorite is 5-10 ka. Comparison ofthe cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in QUE 93069/94269 and MAC 88104/88105 clearly shows that these meteorites were not ejected by a common event from the Moon.
A pre-crash simulator to evaluate vehicle collision prediction algorithms

Abstract This paper describes a software simulator for pre-crash collision predictions. The simulator is a surrogate test bed for evaluating the performance of proposed pre-crash algorithms. It reads data from a file, transfers distance and angular position of a target to a test algorithm, and then records the algorithm's predictions. To illustrate the simulator functionality, a simplified test algorithm is also described. This algorithm predicts collision risks based on assumptions about the size and acceleration of a target object, and the turning and braking limits of the host vehicle. The test algorithm is shown to be effective for cases where both the vehicle and the target move along straight lines but less effective for curved paths. This result is typical of the difficulty in predicting the future position of another vehicle when its motion may change suddenly in the short time before a crash event.
Fluvial processes and vegetation — Glimpses of the past, the present, and perhaps the future

Abstract Most research before 1960 into interactions among fluvial processes, resulting landforms, and vegetation was descriptive. Since then, however, research has become more detailed and quantitative permitting numerical modeling and applications including agricultural-erosion abatement and rehabilitation of altered bottomlands. Although progress was largely observational, the empiricism increasingly yielded to objective recognition of how vegetation interacts with and influences geomorphic process. A review of advances relating fluvial processes and vegetation during the last 50 years centers on hydrologic reconstructions from tree rings, plant indicators of flow- and flood-frequency parameters, hydrologic controls on plant species, regulation of sediment movement by vegetation, vegetative controls on mass movement, and relations between plant cover and sediment movement. Extension of present studies of vegetation as a regulator of bottomland hydrologic and geomorphic processes may become markedly more sophisticated and widespread than at present. Research emphases that are likely to continue include vegetative considerations for erosion modeling, response of riparian-zone forests to disturbance such as dams and water diversion, the effect of vegetation on channel and bottomland dynamics, and rehabilitation of stream corridors. Research topics that presently are receiving attention are the effect of woody vegetation on the roughness of stream corridors and, hence, processes of flood conveyance and flood-plain sedimentation, the development of a theoretical basis for rehabilitation projects as opposed to fully empirical approaches, the effect of invasive plant species on the dynamics of bottomland vegetation, the quantification of below-surface biomass and related soil-stability factors for use in erosion-prediction models, and the effect of impoundments on downstream narrowing of channels and accompanying encroachment of vegetation. Bottomland vegetation partially controls and is controlled by fluvial-geomorphic processes. The purposes of this paper are to identify and review investigations that have related vegetation to bottomland features and processes, to distinguish the present status of these investigations, and to anticipate future research into how hydrologic and fluvial-geomorphic processes of bottomlands interact with vegetation.
Structural Evolution of Dimethacrylate Networks Studied by Dielectric Spectroscopy

In this work, the structural heterogeneity of copolymers formed by photopolymerizations of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) and poly(ethylene glycol 600) dimethacrylate (PEG600DMA) has been characterized as a function of double bond conversion and cross-linking density (as measured by comonomer composition) by dielectric analysis (DEA). The heterogeneity has been characterized by a distribution parameter which represents the breadth of the polymer relaxation spectrum. It was found that the distribution parameter as measured by DEA matched well with those estimated previously by dynamic mechanical analysis. In addition to obtaining fundamental structural information from the α-transition (or glass transition) region, β-transitions (or secondary transitions) were studied in the poly(DEGDMA-co-PEG600DMA) networks studied. These secondary transitions are observed as a result of unreacted pendant as well as monomeric double bonds that are present in the samples. The heights of the damping factor peaks...
Calibration of "Highway Safety Manual" Safety Performance Function: Development of New Models for Rural Two-Lane Two-Way Highways

This paper documents the calibration of the "Highway Safety Manual" (HSM) safety performance function (SPF) for rural two-lane two-way roadway segments in Utah and the development of new SPFs through negative binomial regression. Crash data from 2005 to 2007 on 157 selected study segments in Utah provided a 3-year frequency of observed crashes to calibrate the HSM SPF and develop new models. The calibration factor for the HSM SPF for rural two-lane two-way roads in Utah is 1.16, indicating that the original HSM model underpredicts crashes in Utah. The HSM suggests that jurisdiction-specific SPFs may predict crashes with greater reliability than calibrated SPFs. The following variables were significant in each of the four models developed by this research: annual average daily traffic (AADT), segment length, speed limit, and the percentage of AADT composed of multiple-unit trucks. AADT and segment length are used in the HSM SPF; speed limit and the percentage of AADT composed of multiple-unit trucks were found to correlate significantly with observed crash frequencies. The fourth negative binomial model developed in the study would be the best SPF to predict crashes on rural highways in Utah. As encouraged by the HSM and contemporary research, the empirical Bayes method can be applied with each jurisdiction-specific SPF because the analysis provided an overdispersion parameter for each model.
The aggregation state of spin‐labeled melittin in solution and bound to phospholipid membranes: Evidence that membrane‐bound melittin is monomeric

Spin-labeled derivatives of the bee venom protein, melittin, were obtained by reacting on the average one of the four amino groups of the protein with succinimidyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrroline-1-oxyl-3-carboxylate. All 16 statistically possible reaction products with 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 spin labels per protein were then separated in a single pass with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. With the help of trypsin digestion and diode array detection it was possible to assign the primary structure of all 16 eluting fractions. All fractions with only one spin label per protein were purified for electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. The labeling sites cover different regions of the protein: one is at the N-terminus, one at lysine-7, and two are near the C-terminus at lysine-21 and lysine-23, respectively. This set of specifically labeled melittins was used to study the structure and dynamics of melittin in aqueous solutions and when bound to neutral or negatively charged membranes. In aqueous solution a reduction in rotational correlation time and appearance of spin-spin interaction was observed during salt-induced transition from a random coil monomer to a mostly alpha-helical tetramer. Membrane binding to phospholipid bilayers in low or high ionic strength was reflected only in a further decrease in mobility. The absence of any spin interaction in the membrane-bound state suggests that melittin is monomeric under these conditions. All derivatives were able to detect these structural changes, but melittin labeled at the N-terminal amino group was especially valuable. Because of postulated intramolecular hydrogen bonding, this label reflects directly the motion of the entire protein or tetramer. Broadening experiments with chromium oxalate show that all labeled sites are at least partially exposed to the aqueous phase when melittin is bound to membranes. This suggests that an alpha-helical melittin monomer binds to membranes with its axis parallel to the membrane surface.
Interference Effects of Multiple Excited States in the Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of CpCoCOD

The resonance Raman excitation profiles of cyclopentadienylcobalt cyclooctadiene, CpCoCOD, contain pronounced decreases in intensity in the region of the lowest energy ligand field absorption band. This deenhancement is caused by interference between the ligand field state and nearby metal to ligand charge-transfer states. The changes in the Raman intensities are quantitatively calculated. The relevant electronic excited states are assigned by using single-crystal absorption spectroscopy, and the vibrational modes are assigned by deuteration studies. Distortions along the metal−ligand vibrational normal coordinates in the interfering states are calculated. The origin of the deenhancement, the relative signs of the bond length changes, and the relationship of the bond length changes to the molecular orbitals involved in the transitions are discussed.
Effect of simulated acid precipitation on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in forest soils

After exposure of samples of three forest soils (pH 3.4 to 3.9) from the Adirondacks region of New York to 60, 230, or 400 cm of simulated rain of pH 3.5 or 5.6 in 4, 14, or 24 weeks, respectively, the soil samples were separated into the 0 to 2 and 2 to 5 cm organic layers and further incubated. The rates of N mineralization in Woods soil exposed to the simulated precipitation were less for rain at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.6, but the inhibition decreased with increasing exposure of the 0 to 2 cm layer. In Panther soil, the rates of mineralization were usually not affected by the acidity of the simulated rain. In the upper layer of Sagamore soil, mineralization was not influenced by pH of the simulated rain, but the transformation was faster in the bottom layer of soil after prolonged exposure to simulated rain at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.6. The rate of nitrate formation in Panther and Woods soil amended with ammonium was inhibited by the more acid rain. Studies with 15NH4 indicated that ammonium was oxidized to nitrate even though ammonium levels did not decline or declined only slightly after prolonged exposure of Panther or Woods soil to rain at pH 3.5. The growth of orchardgrass in Panther and Woods soil was inhibited by the more acid simulated rain.
Temporary tubeless urinary diversion in children

HE PROVISION OF ADEQUATE DRAINAGE of urine in patients with malformations of the urinary tract continues to vex the surgeon caring for the small child. There are a number of operations to restore urinary tract function, but in many situations immediate reconstruction is unwise or impossible. Opening the urinary tract above a congenital mechanical obstruction may be of little avail if there is a proximal functional obstruction. The patient may be in renal failure and unable to tolerate extensive surgery. Then, too, hydronephrosis and hydroureter can subside spontaneously if adequate drainage is provided. The primary objective of urinary diversion is to improve renal function. Such diversion should be prompt, effective, safe, and permit maximal return of renal function and decompression of the urinary tract. Objectives. Regardless of the methods used, and almost irrespective of the underlying disease, the prime objective of urinary diversion is to improved renal function. In order to accomplish this, drainage must be completely effective, the procedure should not predispose to infection, and it should not favor the formation of uniary tract calculi. As obvious as these criteria may seem, they are frequently not met. Catheters, because of their simplicity, have been widely used for drainage of the bladder or in the kidney, yet they have two very serious drawbacks: the presence of a foreign body invariably leads to infection, and the combination of infection and foreign body predisposes to calculus formation. Catheter drainage is not a satisfactory method of urinary diversion except for short-term use. Tubeless cutaneous drainage of the urinary tract is an effective method of urinary diversion. A urocutaneous stoma can be created at any level in the urinary tract and is easy to manage, especially in the small child. It makes little difference to the mother whether the diaper is worn around the flank, for example,
Evaluation of online catalogues: eliciting information from the user

An investigation of tools, techniques, and methods for the evaluation of interactive library catalogues is described, with emphasis on diagnostic methods and on use of the catalogue in the wider context of user information-seeking behaviour. A frontend system (Olive) was developed to test various enhancements of traditional transaction logging as a data-gathering technique for evaluation purposes. These include full-screen logging, pre- and post-search, online/offline, and in-search interactive questionnaires, search replays as well as talk-aloud. The extent of subject or hybrid searching activity as opposed to specific item searching is also highlighted.
Selection of shaker specifications in seismic qualification tests

Abstract A procedure that can be employed to determine suitable exciter specifications for seismic qualification tests is developed. Estimates for force, power, and stroke ratings of exciter are obtained by this procedure, the mass and the damping ratio of test package and the response spectrum of the excitation signal being used. Either an acceleration required response spectrum (RRS) or a velocity RRS may be used in this procedure to specify the dynamic environment for the test. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the procedure.
HPC‐7: A novel oligodendrocyte lineage protein which appears prior to galactocerebroside

The identification of cell type-specific molecules expressed at different developmental stages can help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms governing the survival, differentiation, and development of cells in the central nervous system (CNS). A cell surface protein, HPC-7, was detected on rat oligodendrocytes (OL) in culture by a monoclonal antibody generated against adult rat hippocampal membranes. Adult rat brain and sciatic nerve sections showed selective labeling of white matter and other myelinated fibers in both the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Double-labeling of secondary cultures of OL, O-2A, and type-2 astrocytes and primary cultures of type-1 astrocytes with independent cell type-specific antibodies confirmed that HPC-7 was expressed only by the OL lineage. By using a series of OL stage-specific antigenic markers (A2B5, 04, OL-1, galactocerebroside, myelin basic protein) HPC-7 was found to appear at the time when OL precursors became A2B5 negative and began their terminal differentiation in OL. On immunoblots, anti-HPC-7 antibody recognized a single 66 kDa band in rat OL and a single band at 100 kDa in adult myelin. N-glycosidase treatment showed that the HPC-7 protein did not contain substantial amounts of N-linked carbohydrate. Thus, HPC-7 appears to be a cell surface protein of the OL lineage that marks the important transition from proliferative precursor to postmitotic OL.
Environmental and endogenous control of selective tidal-stream transport behavior during blue crab Callinectes sapidus spawning migrations

Selective tidal-stream transport (STST) is used by many estuarine organisms. Spawning blue crabs use a form of STST, ebb-tide transport (ETT), to migrate to high-salinity areas of the lower estuary and coastal ocean for larval release. In tidal estuaries, ETT is driven by a circatidal rhythm in vertical swimming with episodic ascents into the water column during ebb tide. This study examined vertical swimming behavior of migrating female blue crabs tethered in habitats they could encounter during migration. A combined bio-physical field study in the summer of 2009 simultaneously measured physical parameters of the water column and vertical swimming behavior of tethered ovigerous crabs using pressure-recording dataloggers. Tethering sites were in the tidal Beaufort Inlet drainage and the non-tidal Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System, North Carolina, USA. Crabs tethered in tidal areas swam primarily during ebb tides, both day and night. Swimming frequency increased as embryonic development progressed and ebb-tide swimming continued after larval release. Swimming frequency varied among habitats with the highest swimming frequency in the known migratory corridor. Swimming did not occur in the non-tidal habitat. Differences in swimming frequency among sites are hypothesized to be responses to environmental cues, including flow regime. Some habitats serve as migratory corridors while others serve as foraging stopovers. These areas are likely defined by a combination of environmental cues including flow regime.
An Analysis of the Effects of Subjective and Objective Instruction Forms On Mock-Juries' Murder/Manslaughter Distinctions

Defendants' emotions at the time of their crimes may potentially serve as mitigating circumstances in murder/manslaughter cases. The present study examined whether differences between two forms of instructions given juries in such cases affected mock-juries' murder/manslaughter distinctions. Jurors' reasons for their verdicts and definitions of murder and manslaughter were also compared. In addition, three factors found to be predictive of murder/manslaughter distinctions in previous research were evaluated. It was found that, though instruction forms affected jurors' stated reasons for their verdicts and their definitions of murder and manslaughter, they did not significantly affect murder/manslaughter distinctions. Defendants were most likely to be convicted of murder if they had a history of violence with the victim and dwelt upon their emotions. We suggest jurors likely construe instructions given them to fit their a priori understandings of murder, manslaughter, and the potentially mitigating role of defendants' emotions.
The change in technical and allocative efficiency of local exchange carriers in the United States

The issue explored is whether incentive regulation of local exchange carriers in the USA has resulted in an increase in efficiency. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, the methodology for measuring the effects of incentive regulation on efficiency is reviewed. This methodology is data envelopment analysis and allows for the measurement of both technical efficiency and allocative efficiency of individual local exchange carriers. The results of empirically implementing the data envelopment approach (DEA) approach indicate that there is little change in technical efficiency. In fact average technical efficiency in 1988 was the same as in 2001. Next, while outputs continued to grow at about their historical rate across LECs, the sizeable increase in the two types of capital increased inputs well above their historical average rates for some LECs leading to short run allocative inefficiency. On average, however, allocative efficiency shows no identifiable trend between 1988 and 2001. Finally, in the aggregate, total economic efficiency does not demonstrate any trend between 1988 and 2001.
Vision and eye health in children 36 to <72 months: proposed data definitions.

ABSTRACTPurposeTo recommend a standardized approach for measuring progress toward national goals to improve preschool children’s eye health.MethodsA multidisciplinary panel of experts reviewed existing measures and national vision-related goals during a series of face-to-face meetings and conference
Urine albumin: Recommendations for standardization.

A joint working group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP, USA) and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) has the objective of improv...
Health-related hindrance of personal goals of adolescents with cancer: The role of the interaction of race/ethnicity and income

This study examined the interaction of race/ethnicity and income to health-related hindrance (HRH) of personal goals of adolescents with cancer. Adolescents (N = 94) receiving treatment for cancer completed a measure of HRH, (including identification of personal goals, rating the impact of health on goal pursuit, and ratings of goal appraisals). The interaction of race/ethnicity and income on HRH was examined. Goal content and appraisal were compared by race/ethnic groups. The interaction between race/ethnicity and income was significant in predicting HRH, with HRH increasing for minority adolescents as income increases and HRH decreasing for white adolescents as income increases. Higher income minority adolescents reported the most goals. Low income minorities reported the least difficult goals. Goal content did not differ between groups. Sociodemographic factors contribute to HRH in adolescents with cancer. Structural and psychosocial support during treatment to maintain goal pursuit may improve psychosocial outcomes.
Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of cascade aging and damage accumulation in Fe–Cu alloys

Abstract Irradiation embrittlement in nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels results from the hardening produced by a high number density of nanometer scale features. This paper describes a kinetic lattice Monte Carlo model to simulate the cascade aging and damage accumulation of neutron irradiated Fe–Cu alloys, including new algorithms to introduce additional displacement damage, including self-interstitial atom–vacancy recombination, and to introduce a flux of diffusing vacancies due to the supersaturated vacancy concentrations under irradiation. The results of initial KLMC simulations of damage accumulation in an Fe–0.3% Cu alloy at 290 °C and 10−11 dpa/s are presented and reveal the continuous formation and dissolution of three-dimensional vacancy–Cu clusters from the remnants of the vacancy-rich displacement cascade core, in addition to the formation of a high number density of copper clusters that grow with increasing irradiation dose. To our knowledge, this represents the first kinetic Monte Carlo model simulation that captures both Cu precipitate formation and vacancy–Cu cluster formation, as is experimentally observed. KLMC simulation results that investigate the effect of increasing irradiation dose rate from 10−13 to 10−9 dpa/s are also presented. Future modeling efforts will evaluate the effect of the model parameters, perform multiple simulations to provide statistical evaluation of the copper precipitate and vacancy–Cu cluster evolutions, and quantitatively compare the results to available experimental data.
Organizations and promoter analyses of the human and the mouse genes for PACT, the protein-activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase, PKR.

Abstract PACT is an activator of the protein kinase, PKR. Here we report the isolation and the characterization of the mouse Pact gene. It contains eight exons ranging in size from 79 to 630 bp spanning a region of 18 kb with the largest and smallest introns being 3700 and 500, respectively. The human PACT gene, as analyzed from sequence available in the GenBank database, has a very similar organization. The 5′ flanking regions of both mouse and human PACT genes are devoid of TATA boxes but are rich in GC boxes. Although there are putative binding sites of numerous transcription factors on both promoters, their organizations and identities are different. For examining promoter activities, about 2 kb of DNA 5′ to the transcription start sites of both genes was cloned upstream of a reporter luciferase gene. Transient transfection assays demonstrated that both promoters are strong. Deletion analyses revealed that most of the positive cis-elements lie within 400 bp upstream of the transcription start sites of both mouse and human PACT genes.
Agricultural applications of expert systems concepts

Abstract In the last four years there has been considerable interest among agriculture researchers in the concept of expert systems. Although initial enthusiasm was high and many projects were initiated the number of fielded agricultural expert systems remains low. This paper reviews some of the systems that have demonstrated their viability and considers their shared characteristics. The pattern among these viable expert systems involves careful attention to well defined objectives, especially in regard to each project's requirement for knowledge acquisition. The primarily heuristic expert systems focus on very narrow domains, as do the real-time expert controls projects. Other systems leverage the value of their heuristic knowledge by providing increased access to existing models and/or databases. In general the projects reviewed leave little doubt that expert systems concepts can be successfully used to expand the capabilities of specific agricultural software applications.
Congenital Coronary Aneurysms Nine Years Following Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Surgery

A 34-year-old woman with two congenital coronary aneurysms received a saphenous vein bypass graft (SVBG) as treatment for a thrombosed right coronary artery aneurysm 9 years ago. The angiographic and surgical findings were reported at that time [1]. In 1979, she received a sequential SVBG to the left anterior descending and first diagonal coronary arteries following recurrence of angina and progressive occlusion of the left coronary artery aneurysm. She is believed to have the longest angiographically documented course following operation, and her case history is reported to aid in establishing the natural history of this unusual condition and its surgical management.
Using the Significant Life Experience Framework to Inform Program Evaluation: The Nature Conservancy's Wings & Water Wetlands Education Program.

Significant life experience research suggests that outdoor experiences foster proenvironmental outcomes. Time spent outdoors is more frequently identified as the source of proenvironmental behavior than is education, suggesting that cognition may be less important than affect. Yet, environmental education field programs are often evaluated on cognitive outcomes alone. The authors piloted a mixed-methods evaluation, measuring both cognitive and affective responses to a field education program. Quantitative responses suggest that field-based participants demonstrated greater cognitive understanding than classroom-based participants. Qualitative responses suggest that field programs foster different affective reactions than do classroom programs. These results have critical implications for field-based programming, classroom instruction, and evaluation.
Maternal regulation of offspring development in mammals is an ancient adaptation tied to lactation

The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is a paradigm for understanding metabolic diseases of modern humans. Vulnerability to disease is linked to perturbations in development during critical time periods in fetal and neonatal life. These perturbations are caused by environmental signals, often generated or transduced by the mother. The regulation of mammalian development depends to a large extent on maternal biochemical signals to her offspring. We argue that this adaptation is ancient, and originated with the evolution of lactation. Lactation evolved earlier than live birth and before the extensive placental development of modern eutherian mammals. Milk contains a host of signaling molecules including nutrients, immunoglobulins, growth factors and metabolic hormones. As evidenced by marsupials, lactation originally served to supply the biochemical factors for growth and development for what is essentially a fetus to a weanling transitioning to independent existence. In placental mammals maternal signaling in earliest life is accomplished through the maternal-placental-fetal connection, with more of development shifted to in utero life. However, significant development occurs postpartum, supported by milk. Mothers of all taxa provide biochemical signals to their offspring, but for non-mammalian mothers the time window is short. Developing mammals receive maternal biochemical signals over an extended period. These signals serve to guide normal development, but also can vary in response to environmental conditions. The ancient adaptation of lactation resulted in a lineage (mammals) in which maternal regulation of offspring development evolved to a heightened degree, with the ability to modify development at multiple time points. Modern metabolic diseases may arise due to a mismatch between maternal regulation and eventual circumstances of the offspring, and due to a large proportion of mothers that exceed past evolutionary norms in body fat and pregnancy weight gain such that maternal signals may no longer be within the adaptive range.
Inhibition of cGMP-dependent protein kinase by the regulatory subunit of photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase

Abstract cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) mediate many cellular processes including neuronal signaling. The functional significance of PKG I in neurons is emphasized by recent findings that indicate its broad distribution in the brain and eye. In the photosensitive neurons (photoreceptors), the inhibitory γ subunit (Pγ) of the central effector cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) modulates visual signaling through a cooperative binding together with cGMP to the regulatory domains of the PDE6 catalytic subunits. Here, we report that PKG Iα is inhibited by Pγ. Kinase activity assays showed that the maximum inhibition of PKG by Pγ was similar to that by a specific PKG inhibitor. The N-terminal half (Pγ1-61) containing a polycationic region was found to be a more potent PKG inhibitor as compared to the full-length molecule, whereas the C-terminus (Pγ62-87) did not inhibit PKG activity. Pγ itself was not found to be a phosphorylation substrate of PKG. This finding may provide important insights into the modulations in neurons and other cells.
Defect green's function of multiple point-like inhomogeneities in a multilayered anisotropic elastic solid

Defect Green s function (GF) of multiple point-like inhomogeneities in a multilayered solid has been derived within the theory of linear anisotropic elasticity. It is related to the (reference) GF of the multilayered matrix excluding the inhomogeneities through the continuum Dyson's equation. While the reference GF is available, the defect GF can be solved. The expressions are first analytically reduced by realizing the point-likeness of the inhomogenetities. The subsequent procedure involves the solution of the response of each individual inhomogeneity to a far-field straining in the multilayered matrix and a matrix inversion on the order of the number of inhomogeneities. Furthermore, the defect GF is applied to derive the field induced by inhomogeneous substitutions in a multilayered solid. Numerical results are reported for arrays of cubic and semispherical Ge inclusions in a Si/Ge superlattice. The numerical results have demonstrated the validity and efficiency of the present formulation.
Empirical Characterization of Mass Evacuation Traffic Flow

Among the many gaps in the current state of mass evacuation planning and analysis practice has been a lack of the field-based study of traffic flows under actual evacuation conditions. Without observational studies of such conditions, the simulations and forecasts of roadway performance during emergencies have historically been based on conjecture and professional judgment. However, the recent series of hurricane evacuations along the U.S. Gulf Coast has given investigators the opportunity to collect and evaluate traffic conditions during evacuation scenarios. This paper uses recently collected traffic data from two recent evacuations in Louisiana to assess how well various roadway classifications in different geographic areas were able to carry traffic during emergencies under both normal-flow and contraflow operations. The objectives were to characterize the general conditions of traffic flow under an evacuation condition, to address lingering questions related to maximum sustainable flows, and to examine how the flows compared with those suggested in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The findings of this work suggest that during evacuations most roadways carry flows well below the HCM-predicted maximums and that despite the enormous demand conditions generated by a mass evacuation, the maximum flows on urban roadways typically do not even reach those of typical daily commuter periods.
Patient survival characteristics after routine mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral regurgitation.

Background Ischemic mitral regurgitation has been associated with diminished survival compared with nonischemic mitral regurgitation. Conversion from mitral valve replacement to valve repair has improved prognosis, but it is unclear whether ischemic mitral regurgitation remains an independent predictor of outcome after mitral valve repair. Methods Five hundred thirty-five patients undergoing mitral valve repair (primarily rigid ring annuloplasty) with or without coronary bypass from 1993 through 2002 were reviewed retrospectively (ischemic mitral regurgitation, n = 141; nonischemic mitral regurgitation, n = 394). A Cox proportional hazards model evaluated survival as a function of 9 simultaneous covariates: ischemic versus nonischemic mitral regurgitation, age, sex, number of medical comorbidities, ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class, coronary disease, reoperation, and year of operation. Results According to univariable analysis, patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation had greater age, higher comorbidity, lower ejection fraction, higher New York Heart Association, and higher reoperation rate (all P P = .01). Unadjusted 5-year mortality was as follows: 44% ± 5% for patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation versus 16% ± 3% for patients with nonischemic mitral regurgitation ( P P P > .19). After being adjusted for differences in all preoperative risk factors, survival was not statistically different between ischemic mitral regurgitation and nonischemic mitral regurgitation ( P = .33). Conclusions With routine application of rigid ring annuloplasty, long-term patient survival is more influenced by baseline patient characteristics and comorbidity than by ischemic cause of mitral regurgitation per se. Future risk assessment and decision making should be based on patient condition and should not be biased by ischemic cause of mitral regurgitation.
Demographic Correlates of Health Behavior and Health Services Utilization

This chapter focuses on the relationship between various demographic characteristics and the response of individuals and groups to health-related conditions. Chapter 10 examined the demographic correlates of health status, and this chapter represents a natural extension of that discussion. Health behavior might be broadly defined to include formal health services utilization as well as the informal health behavior characterizing the population. Some of these actions are taken by individuals who have been formally diagnosed as ill. However, much health behavior is carried out by relatively healthy individuals who are attempting to maintain or enhance their existing health status or to prevent a decline in health status.
Symbolic execution and program testing

This paper describes the symbolic execution of programs. Instead of supplying the normal inputs to a program (e.g. numbers) one supplies symbols representing arbitrary values. The execution proceeds as in a normal execution except that values may be symbolic formulas over the input symbols. The difficult, yet interesting issues arise during the symbolic execution of conditional branch type statements. A particular system called EFFIGY which provides symbolic execution for program testing and debugging is also described. It interpretively executes programs written in a simple PL/I style programming language. It includes many standard debugging features, the ability to manage and to prove things about symbolic expressions, a simple program testing manager, and a program verifier. A brief discussion of the relationship between symbolic execution and program proving is also included.
Photoabsorption and photoionization of titanium from excited states

Photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections are reported from 3d24s4pD32o, 3d24s4pG33,4o and 3d34pF55o initial states of titanium, reaching final-state energies from −500 to 8000 cm−1 relative to the first ionization threshold 3d24s4F3/2. The nearly ab initio calculations use the eigenchannel R-matrix method, the multichannel quantum-defect theory, and the LS → jj relativistic recoupling frame transformation. The last two steps use experimental energies of Ti+ levels. Radial orbitals needed to calculate short-range interaction parameters are obtained in a multiconfiguration Hartree–Fock approximation that directly generates natural orbitals for the target states. This method bypasses an intermediate step followed in earlier eigenchannel R-matrix studies, in which a set of primitive orbitals was used. Theoretical cross sections are compared with experimental data, in particular near the two lowest ionization thresholds 3d24s4F and 3d3 4F. Our results, which at these energies are accurate to within errors of ∼0.03 in the quantum defects, account for most of the experimental features. Predictions are also made for the spectra at higher energies, where overlapping Rydberg series seriously complicate the photoabsorption pattern.
Outage probability for multimodal cooperative networks

We consider the performance of small-scale heterogeneous cooperative networks in which some nodes can transmit and/or receive using channels not available to other nodes, i.e., multimodal communication networks. As an example, we assume the presence of an additional wired channel in a conventional diamond relay network operating under the Laneman protocol, and we find analytical expressions for outage probability assuming communications over the wired and wireless channels are jointly optimized. We consider two cases: adding a channel between the source and a relay, and adding a channel between a relay and the destination. We show that a channel placed between the source and a relay separated by a poor wireless channel improves performance with few assumptions on the characteristics of the wire and over a wide range of wire channel transmit powers.
Steep Houses in Basic Writing: Advocating for Latino Immigrants in a North Georgia Two-Year College.

Recounting the controversy surrounding a town hall meeting on "illegal" Latino immigration at a two-year college in North Georgia, this ethnographic narrative details the aftermath that ensued and its consequences for an ESL basic writing instruc- tor. Fallout included the potential loss of her job, the rumored reallocation of a $5 million earmark for the college's student center, and a death threat phoned into the Dean's office. Theorizing the disciplinary insularity of contemporary activist basic writing scholarship, the article calls for an expansion of conceptualizations of political engagement in relation to Generation 1.5 and, specifically, Latino immigrants' physical access to higher education.
PerpSearch: An integrated crime detection system

Information technologies such as data mining and social network analysis have been widely used in law enforcement to solve crimes. Recent research indicates that geographic profiling also plays an important role in facilitating the investigation of crimes. However, lack of integration makes those systems less helpful in practice. In this paper, we propose an integrated system called PerpSearch that will take a given description of a crime, including its location, type, and the physical description of suspects (personal characteristics or vehicles) as input. To detect suspects, the system will process these inputs through four integrated components: geographic profiling, social network analysis, crime patterns, and physical matching. Essentially, geographic profiling determines “where” the suspects are, while other components determine “who” the suspects are. We then process the results using a score engine to give investigators a ranked list of individuals. To date, we have implemented a prototype of the system based on current Alabama law enforcement data.
Integrase residues that determine nucleotide preferences at sites of HIV-1 integration: implications for the mechanism of target DNA binding

Retroviruses favor target-DNA (tDNA) distortion and particular bases at sites of integration, but the mechanism underlying HIV-1 selectivity is unknown. Crystal structures revealed a network of prototype foamy virus (PFV) integrase residues that distort tDNA: Ala188 and Arg329 interact with tDNA bases, while Arg362 contacts the phosphodiester backbone. HIV-1 integrase residues Ser119, Arg231, and Lys258 were identified here as analogs of PFV integrase residues Ala188, Arg329 and Arg362, respectively. Thirteen integrase mutations were analyzed for effects on integrase activity in vitro and during virus infection, yielding a total of 1610 unique HIV-1 integration sites. Purine (R)/pyrimidine (Y) dinucleotide sequence analysis revealed HIV-1 prefers the tDNA signature (0)RYXRY(4), which accordingly favors overlapping flexible dinucleotides at the center of the integration site. Consistent with roles for Arg231 and Lys258 in sequence specific and non-specific binding, respectively, the R231E mutation altered integration site nucleotide preferences while K258E had no effect. S119A and S119T integrase mutations significantly altered base preferences at positions −3 and 7 from the site of viral DNA joining. The S119A preference moreover mimicked wild-type PFV selectivity at these positions. We conclude that HIV-1 IN residue Ser119 and PFV IN residue Ala188 contact analogous tDNA bases to effect virus integration.
Disparities in DCIS Detection and Outcomes Related to Race/Ethnicity

Outcome disparities related to racial/ethnic identity have been documented in the literature for both invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The complex interplay of socioeconomic and biologic factors accounting for these disparities is difficult to disentangle, as racial-ethnic minorities are overrepresented among the impoverished and underinsured/noninsured population of the USA, but African American background has also been associated with higher risk of inherently unfavorable patterns of breast cancer. Since DCIS is largely a screen-detected disease, disparities in socioeconomic resources and health-care access are closely linked to the observed outcome disparities as a downstream effect of mammography screening patterns as well as delays in diagnosis/treatment. Advancing our understanding of the entire spectrum of factors that contribute to disparities will enhance the development of multidimensional remedies, including health-care reform, clinical research, and patient education/advocacy.
Temporal Summation During Backward Visual Masking

In this paper, I plan to talk about the latest in a series of experiments on visual masking which were done over the past several years at Rochester. Peter Schiller’s very lucid presentation (P. H. Schiller, this volume) provides an excellent background for this, and gives one something to think about in the electrophysiological domain, which might be helpful in trying to explain our results. The present experiment was actually carried out by Robert Kintz, a graduate student at Rochester.