cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The omnipotent child syndrome: the role of passionately held bad fits in the formation of identity.

Abstract This article explores the hidden somatic passions that get laid down in the earliest bad fits (i.e., misattunements) and become the source of the highly resistant narcissistic behaviors that support and concretize one's identity. The omnipotent child syndrome is used to define these passionate, somatic, psychic attachments. The “Omnipotent Child,” as I call it, is that part of the internal psychic structure that is the final common pathway of all the passionately held bad fits that characterize not only the person's object ties and attachments, but also his or her most powerful internal psychic identity. The importance of the exploration and elucidation of preverbal experiences in the group are crucial to the unfolding of these unhealthy attachments. Recent infant research, coupled with neurobiological advances, supports the idea of the formation for these attachments. The author explores the theoretical underpinnings of this syndrome through case examples of the omnipotent child in the group pro...
Residues 231 to 280 of the Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Protein 2 Are Not Essential for Primary B-Lymphocyte Growth Transformation

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear protein 2 (EBNA-2) is a transcriptional transactivator of cellular and viral gene expression and is essential for the transformation of resting human B lymphocytes into long-term lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Previous molecular genetic analyses identified three domains that are critical for transformation and showed that the rest of EBNA-2 is not critical. We now find that codons 231 to 280 that were part of one of the critical domains (J. I. Cohen, F. Wang, and E. Kieff, J. Virol. 65:2545–2554, 1991) can be deleted with only a small effect on the ability of EBNA-2 to transactivate gene expression. In transient transfection assays, EBNA-2 deleted for codons 231 to 280 accumulated to higher levels and was similar to wild-type EBNA-2 in activation of the BamC promoter and in association with RBPJk, a cellular transcription factor that is important for EBNA-2 interaction with promoter regulatory elements. However, EBNA-2 d231–280 activated the viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) promoter with only 60% of wild-type efficiency. Recombinant EBVs specifically deleted for EBNA-2 codons 231 to 280 were efficient in initiating the transformation of resting primary human B lymphocytes into LCLs. However, these LCLs grew less well than wild-type EBV-transformed LCLs, and 4- to 10-fold more cells were required for outgrowth following limit dilution. EBNA-2 d231–280 accumulated to unusually high levels in the recombinant transformed LCLs, and this was associated with somewhat higher EBNA-1 and lower LMP1 expression, consistent with the near-wild-type activation of the BamC EBNA promoter and the abnormally low activation of the LMP1 promoter in transient transfection assays. Thus, EBNA-2 d231–280 modestly perturbed the regulation of viral gene expression and resulted in less LMP1, while having surprisingly subtle effects on LCL outgrowth. Deletion of EBNA-2 codons 292 to 310, which are closer to the site that specifies interaction with RBPJk, was more disruptive of RBPJk association and of the ability to transform B lymphocytes.
Reports of Intimate Partner Violence Made Against Police Officers

The purpose of this case control study was to compare police officers (n = 106) from a large urban police force, charged with committing intimate partner violence (IPV) with officers who were not charged (n = 105), in order to identify risk factors for IPV. We also compared the frequency, type, and final disposition of IPV reports filed against police officers before and after the enactment of the 1994 Violence against Women Act (VAWA). Officers accused of IPV were more likely to be members of a minority, on the force more than 7 years and assigned to a high crime district. No major differences on intake baseline MMPI scores were noted between cases and controls. A significant increase in reports of IPV was noted after the enactment of VAWA; the rate changed from 0.2/100 to 1.2/100 person years, although there were too few pre-1994 reports to compare further. Most of the final dispositions of the cases resulted in cases closed due to unsupported testimony from victims.
The Influence of Sender Trust and Advertiser Trust on Multistage Effects of Viral Advertising

A viral advertising message has two different sources: the advertiser as the message creator and a sender as the message distributor. This study examined the influence of sender trust and advertiser trust on four stages of viral advertising effects. Results from a field experiment demonstrated that sender trust and advertiser trust have differential influences on effect stages. Significant interaction effects show that if a viral ad is sent by a trusted sender, the influence of advertiser trust becomes non-significant or reduced, suggesting that a viral ad from a trusted sender can overcome the handicap a less trusted advertiser might have.
Isolation of Drugs from Post Mortem Specimens with the Automated Sample Processor. Part I. Barbiturate Derivatives

Employing an automated sample processor, barbiturate positive tissue homogenates were analyzed to yield gas and liquid chromatographic data. Excellent quality extracts were produced that could be assayed by either GC/NPD or HPLC. Good precision and accuracy was found (CV 2-5%) with approximately 200 mg of tissue sample. The technique has been applied to authentic post mortem tissues and fluids.
Cyst-like calcification in renal cell carcinomas.

Three patients with cyst-like calcification in hypernephromas are presented including one in a 9½ year old boy. This radiological finding can be simulated by benign renal, adrenal and para-renal cysts as well as by malignant adrenal tumours and by aneurysmal calcification. Awareness that such cystlike calcifications are not necessarily benign, should enable earlier diagnosis and treatment to be effected. Increase in diameter of the cyst-like calcification may indicate malignancy.
Retinal Vessel Abnormalities Are Associated with Elevated Fasting Insulin Levels and Cerebral Atrophy in Nondiabetic Individuals

Objective To determine the impact of insulin resistance short of diabetes on the arteriolar-to-venular ratio (AVR) and whether AVR is related to cerebral atrophy. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Forty-six nondiabetic subjects with normal glucose tolerance and varying degrees of insulin resistance ranging in age from 43 to 77 years. Methods Insulin resistance was assessed by fasting insulin and the homeostasis model assessment. Arteriolar-to-venular ratio was determined using digital retinal photography with a nonmydriatic camera, and retinal data were analyzed using a reliable semiautomated method. Cerebral atrophy was derived by means of manual tracing and thresholding procedures on structural magnetic resonance images. Main Outcome Measures Arteriolar-to-venular ratio and cerebral atrophy. Results Hyperinsulinemia negatively impacted AVR. Furthermore, AVR was associated with cerebral atrophy. Both of these findings were independent of the effects of age and hypertension. Conclusions These novel findings indicate that insulin resistance short of diabetes and independent of age and hypertension has a negative impact on retinal vessel health. Moreover, impaired retinal vessel health related to brain atrophy also was independent of hypertension and white matter hyperintensities. Given the connections between retinal and cerebral vasculature, this may offer a partial explanation for the presence of cognitive and brain abnormalities among individuals with insulin resistance. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery system to rescue acrolein-mediated cell death

Aims: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared and characterized to develop a drug delivery system by loading them with hydralazine and functionalizing them with polyethylene glycol. These agents restore damaged cell membranes and ameliorate abnormal mitochondria behavior induced by the endogenous toxin acrolein. Such a formulation shows potential as a novel therapeutic agent. Results & discussion: MSNs with encapsulated hydralazine and covalently linked with polyethylene glycol were subsequently synthesized and characterized by transmission-electron microscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, x-ray diffraction and UV–vis spectroscopy. MSNs exhibited large surface area, pore volume and tunable pore size. The mean particle size was 100 nm and hydralazine encapsulation efficiency was almost 25%. These were tested using PC12 in culture to restore their disrupted cell membrane and to improve mitochondria function associated with oxidative stress after exposure to acrolein. Lactate dehydrogenase, MTT, AT...
The Characteristics of Quality Scholarly Submissions Considerations of Author Team Composition and Decision Making

This editorial examines author-reported information on author team characteristics and decision points during the paper development process. In addition to presenting the typical practices of our authors, we present data linking author team practices to the actual recommendations and ratings made by reviewers on these papers. The ultimate goal of this editorial is to attempt to identify some potential drivers of publishing success at Journal of Management. While there does not seem to be a magic feather that predicts manuscript success, two of our findings suggest that seeking outside expertise when developing a team of authors, and frequent electronic communication with those authors, might have a positive effect on the assessed quality of the manuscript.
Veratridine block of rat skeletal muscle Nav1.4 sodium channels in the inner vestibule

Veratridine (VTD) is an alkaloid toxin found in Liliaceae plants. VTD causes persistent opening of the voltage-gated Na+ channel and reduces its single-channel conductance by 75 %. The mechanisms for these different VTD actions are unknown. Recent reports indicate that the VTD receptor aligns closely with the local anaesthetic (LA) receptor, which resides at D1S6, D3S6 and D4S6 of the Na+ channel α-subunit. To study this alignment, we created a mutant with cysteine substitutions at three S6 residues (rNav1.4-N434C/L1280C/F1579C). Under voltage-clamp conditions, amitriptyline and bupivacaine remained as potent blockers of this mutant channel when expressed in human embryonic kidney cells, whereas VTD completely failed to cause persistent opening. Unexpectedly, VTD at 100 μm progressively blocked mutant currents by 90.4 ± 1.6 % (n= 5), as assayed at 0.1 Hz for 15 min. This VTD block was reversed little during wash-off: ∼70 % of mutant currents did not return in 30 min. An increase in channel opening either by repetitive pulses at 1 Hz or by the inhibition of the fast inactivation hastened the VTD block. Co-application of amitriptyline or bupivacaine, which targeted the LA receptor, prevented this VTD block. Our data suggest that (a) the VTD receptor and the LA receptor overlap extensively, (b) receptor-bound VTD lies in the inner vestibule, and (c) VTD blocks this mutant channel as a bona fide Na+ channel blocker. We propose that VTD likewise blocks the wild-type open Na+ channel, albeit partially, to decrease the unitary conductance and to stabilize the open conformation for persistent opening.
XWRAPComposer: a multi-page data extraction service for bio-computing applications

This paper presents a service-oriented framework for the development of wrapper code generators, including the methodology of designing an effective wrapper program construction facility and a concrete implementation, called XWRAPComposer. Three unique features distinguish XWRAPComposer from existing wrapper development approaches. First, XWRAPComposer is designed to enable multi-stage and multi-page data extraction. Second, XWRAPComposer is the only wrapper generation system that promotes the distinction of information extraction logic from query-answer control logic, allowing higher level of robustness against changes in the service provider's Web site design or infrastructure. Third, XWRAPComposer provides a user-friendly plug-and-play interface, allowing seamless incorporation of external services and continuous changing service interfaces and data format.
Wrong-way driving on Florida toll roads: an investigation into multiple incident parameters and targeted countermeasures for reductions

Wrong-way driving (WWD) on toll roads is a driving behaviour that has not been fully studied in Florida. In order to combat these WWD events and develop appropriate countermeasures, it is very important to understand the accurate frequency and distribution of these WWD incidents on Central Florida's Toll Road System. This analysis includes an investigation of WWD crash reports, citations, 911 calls, and a customer survey. The main focus of this study is to identify WWD 'hot spots' to determine if additional countermeasures are needed to combat WWD.
Posterior growth of maxilla.

Abstract The conclusion that the maxilla is “shoved forward” as growth occurs in the posterior region has been examined. This conclusion is based upon the anatomic relationships existing between the tuberosity regions of the maxilla and the descending pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone in the adult stage. It is assumed that this relationship exists during the entire growth history of these regions. Evidence has been presented that, instead, the posterior regions of the maxilla are found laterally and posteriorly to the descending pterygoid processes during all of the stages of growth from fetal stage to maturity. The posterior regions of the maxilla grow into the sphenomaxillary space and are not buttressed against the pterygoid processes until the final stage of maturity.
Thermal feedback on wind stress as a contributing cause of climate variability

A model that isolates the interaction between midlatitude ocean gyres and the wind stress due to atmospheric baroclinic eddies is formulated. The ocean and atmosphere are coupled through their respective heat balances and global heat and momentum conservations are enforced. The ocean flow creates a steep oceanic thermal front at the midlatitude intergyre boundary. This frontogenesis sharpens the atmospheric temperature gradients and locally increases the atmospheric eddy heat transport. The result is a well-defined storm track that, because of the delayed adjustment of the gyres to the wind stress, oscillates in time with a period of about 18 yr.
Responses of California Brown Pelicans to Disturbances at a Large Oregon Roost

Abstract Numbers of California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) along the coast of Oregon and Washington have increased sharply in recent years. We identified East Sand Island in the Columbia River estuary as the site of the largest pelican roost within this region. Numbers of pelicans roosting on East Sand Island have increased from less than 100 during 1979-1986 to a high count of 10,852 in 2002. The East Sand Island roost is currently the site of a major non-breeding aggregation of this endangered subspecies. Total numbers of pelicans roosting on East Sand Island increased seasonally from April to September or October, and then declined sharply with the onset of winter storms. Pelicans appeared to forage more during low tides, and return to the roost during high tides; therefore, pelican numbers on the island were positively associated with tide height. Land-based human disturbance was negatively associated with total pelican numbers, whereas water-based human disturbance had no sig...
It Takes Two (or More) for the Cancer Tango

Approximately one and a half billion years ago, as individual cells began banding together, life diverged from its singular existence, laying the groundwork for the incredible animal life we behold every day. A spider tends to her web. A bird calls from the tree. My fingers tap a thought on the keyboard. But as life gained the capacity to silence one gene or turn on another, thereby differentiating into specialized cells and eventually into basic body parts, it also gained its own worst enemy—itself. Cancer is the renegade cell released from life’s rules of order. It is rapid evolution at its best and worst. Its origins are as old, and perhaps older, than the first “true animals,” and it is, by most accounts, a greater threat to the human population today than at any other point in our modern history. It is also a disease of multicellular life. As with any social organization (and multicellular bodies bear some semblance of organization), there are collaborators, independents, and renegades. So it should be no surprise that once organized, life also became host to the independents and renegades—and the battle between self and altered self, or cancer, has raged ever since.
Soft Autonomous Materials—Using Active Elasticity and Embedded Distributed Computation

The impressive agility of living systems seems to stem from modular sensing, actuation and communication capabilities, as well as intelligence embedded in the mechanics in the form of active compliance. As a step towards bridging the gap between man-made machines and their biological counterparts, we developed a class of soft mechanisms that can undergo shape change and locomotion under pneumatic actuation. Sensing, computation, communication and actuation are embedded in the material leading to an amorphous, soft material. Soft mechanisms are harder to control than stiff mechanisms as their kinematics are difficult to model and their degrees of freedom are large. Here we show instances of such mechanisms made from identical cellular elements and demonstrate shape changing, and autonomous, sensor-based locomotion using distributed control. We show that the flexible system is accurately modeled by an equivalent spring-mass model and that shape change of each element is linear with applied pressure. We also derive a distributed feedback control law that lets a belt-shaped robot made of flexible elements locomote and climb up inclinations. These mechanisms and algorithms may provide a basis for creating a new generation of biomimetic soft robots that can negotiate openings and manipulate objects with an unprecedented level of compliance and robustness.
Values Narratives for Personal Growth: Formative Evaluation of the Laws of Life Essay Program

Evidence that even very brief writing exercises can change the way people see themselves and promote more positive mental and physical health has led to increased interest in their use in school se...
Oxidative Addition of Glycosylbromides to trans-Ir(PMe3)2(CO)Cl

trans-Ir(PMe3)2(CO)Cl reacts with acetobromo-α-d-glucose in the presence of AIBN to give a 1.3:1 ratio of the retentive and invertive oxidative addition products, each of which were characterized b...
Water, ritual, and power in the INCA empire

Archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic evidence provides ample indication that water was a key symbol in Andean thought. During the late precolumbian era, the attention lavished on waterworks and features by the Inca emphasizes a clear concern with control over water and its movement. This paper examines the way in which specific relations of power and identity were constructed through Inca management of water. To this end, I offer a comparative analysis of water-related features from different sectors of the Empire, representing different moments in its historical development. The intent is to further our understanding of how the manipulation of water figured in the imperializing process and how its use and meaning may have evolved over time. The architectural evidence from the sites included in the study suggests that conspicuous exercise of control over the movement and flow of water may have been more critical to the establishment of Inca hegemony than to its subsequent maintenance.
Temperature Factors in the Action of Certain Bacterial Endotoxins

SummaryThe endotoxin of Shigella paradysenieriae (Flexner) induced in mice a marked hypothermia which developed at the same time as hemorrhage in implanted tumors and in decidua-placental tissues. Similar effects were observed for the endotoxins of Salmonella typhimurium and Rhodospirillum rubrum.Hypothermia and hyperthermia induced in tumor-bearing and pregnant mice by exposure to high and low temperature air baths were not paralleled by observable hemorrhagic effects.It is concluded that the endotoxin-induced hypothermia in mice and the previously reported endotoxin-induced hyperthermia in rabbits bear no direct causal relationship to the histopathological effects which develop in parallel to these thermal changes. An hypothesis based on the assumption that the endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria act as possible neural poisons rather than as exclusively vascular poisons is discussed.
Preliminary study on renal artery stenosis evaluation via ultrasonic vascular enhancement technique

Objective To detect 22patients with renal artery stenosis(RAS)via ultrasonic vascular enhancement technique(VET)and to explore the application value of VET in in clinic.Methods In this work,22patients with RAS,who were confirmed with digital subtraction angiography(DSA)underwent color doppler(CDFI),second harmonic imaging(SHI)technology,and VET.Then,the findings were compared and analyzed.Results In comparison of VET with SHI technology,SHI showed that 11cases were unclear,while,VET clearly displayed 7cases,in which the narrow degree more than 60% was found in 4cases,the narrow degree less than 60%in 3casaes.In comparison of VET with CDFI,CDFI showed that 8cases were unclear,VET clearly displayed 4cases,in which both the narrow degree more than 60% and the narrow degree less than 60% were found in 2cases respectively.Conclusion VET significantly increased the detection rate of RAS.The combined use of VET with SHI and CDFI will further reflect the diagnostic value of VET.
Analysis of Occupational Health Examination Results of Qujing City in 2009

[Objective]To understand and evaluate the health status of occupational population in Qujing City.[Methods]The occupational population received occupational health examination in 2009 were selected as study objects,the examination results were analyzed statistically.[Results]The actual detection rate of coal industry,large scale enterprise,medium scale enterprise,stateowned enterprises,collective enterprise was 88.51%,98.19%,79.04%,90.17%,98.88% respectively;and the detection rate of occupational diseases was 1.96%,0.46%,3.57%,1.52%,respectively.[Conclusion]Occupational health surveillance of coal industry and medium scale enterprise is in urgent need of strengthening.
Freedom with Causation

Our actions have causes, some of which are beyond our control. Of that there can be no serious doubt. Some worry that this fact undermines the commonsense view that we perform free actions for which we are morally responsible. My aim in this article is to show that such worries are unfounded and, consequently, that pure non-causal theories of free action, according to which free actions must be entirely uncaused, are false. My argument for this conclusion doesn’t presuppose the cogency of existing objections to non-causal theories of free agency.
Empirical evaluation of four models of buying and selling prices of gambles

Abstract Judges assigned values to gambles from viewpoints of buyers (willingness to pay) and sellers (willingness to accept). Consistent with previous results, selling prices exceed buying prices, and these two judgments are not monotonically related to each other. There are systematic violations of consequence monotonicity when the consequence of zero is increased to a small positive value. Models based on loss aversion combined with cumulative prospect theory (CPT) do not give accurate accounts of the data. In particular, judgments violate complementary symmetry, which is implied by third-generation prospect theory. In addition, there are violations of first order stochastic dominance in judgments of three-branch gambles. Models based on the theory of joint receipts by R. D. Luce fit better than third-generation prospect theory, but the best-fitting of six such models does not give an adequate account of judgments involving a lowest consequence that might be zero or positive. Two configural weight models give better fits to the data using the same number or fewer parameters estimated from the data.
On the Sylvester Equation over Quaternions

The Sylvester equation \(AX\;-\;XB\;=\;C\) is considered in the setting of quaternion matrices. Conditions that are necessary and sufficient for the existence of a unique solution are well known. We study the complementary case where the equation either has infinitely many solutions or does not have solutions at all. Special attention is given to the case where A and B are, respectively, lower and upper triangular two-diagonal matrices (in particular, if A and B are Jordan blocks).
Abusive head trauma in Spanish language medical literature.

Abstract Anecdotal experiences raise concerns that abusive head trauma (AHT) is significantly underdiagnosed and perhaps poorly recognized in Latin American settings. With increasing interest in international collaboration in pediatrics, differences in perspectives regarding complex diagnoses should be explored to facilitate a productive exchange of knowledge and ideas. The purpose of this study was to describe the medical literature pertaining to AHT available to physicians who read only in Spanish. In this review, LILACS, SciELO (major Spanish language databases) and Pubmed were searched with appropriate terms and filters in English, Spanish, and Portuguese for Spanish language articles on AHT. Identified articles’ reference lists were then examined for possible additional articles on AHT. All relevant articles were sorted by country and examined for article type and content. Thirty-four unique articles were located for review from 8 of 21 countries. Most of the articles identified were case reports, case series, or educational, and there were no studies regarding overall incidence or prevalence of AHT. Some scientific information contained in the articles varied considerably from that in the English language literature in the areas of etiology and preventive strategies. This survey highlights that the Spanish language literature regarding AHT is sparse and variable. This must be considered when working collaboratively in a global setting. Additionally, identification of this gap presents an opportunity for education and information exchange among global medical communities.
PTH and PTHrP Actions on Kidney and Bone

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews accepted concepts and considers controversial or unsettled elements of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) actions. It begins with a discussion of the renal effects of PTH and PTHrP action to provide a framework for understanding their actions on bone. Following this, it deals with calcium and phosphate homeostasis. PTH1R expression, signaling, and regulation in the kidney are also explained. Furthermore, the study provides an understanding of calcium absorption and excretion and phosphate excretion. Recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and regulatory actions of PTH and PTHrP on kidney and bone are introduced. Mineral ion homeostasis is regulated primarily by the kidneys, largely through the actions of PTH. PTHrP exerts actions on the kidney that are associated with controlling renal vascular tone, though its physiological role is unsettled. In bone, PTHrP is a major hormonal regulator of bone formation, whereas PTH contributes to postnatal skeletal integrity. Bone and kidney form a storage and regulatory axis that ensures normal growth, development, and multiple tissue and cellular functions that intimately depend on stringent control of intra- and extracellular mineral ion concentrations. This regulation is accomplished principally in the kidneys. This chapter concludes with an explanation of the effects of PTH and PTHrP on bone cells and on the bone.
On the Confucian virtue of shallow roots

This essay teases the customary Confucian reverence for deep roots by advocating the cultivation of shallow roots for Confucians. Given the fact that Confucians, as well as the tradition as such, move around a lot, from one cultural and geographic setting to another, deep roots in one culture or place are likely to make Confucianism irrelevant or ineffective, and often wrongly conservative, when it is transplanted to another place. Rather, Confucians should cultivate the capacities to put down fast-growing shallow roots in new places so as to be thoroughly engaged there, not ghettoized. Nevertheless, there are great strands of continuity within Confucianism that need to be cultivated from place to place, not cultural or geographic roots but those having to do with the virtues and rituals that need to be adapted to new circumstances.
Minimizing Barriers in Learning for On-Call Radiology Residents—End-to-End Web-Based Resident Feedback System

Feedback is an essential part of medical training, where trainees are provided with information regarding their performance and further directions for improvement. In diagnostic radiology, feedback entails a detailed review of the differences between the residents’ preliminary interpretation and the attendings’ final interpretation of imaging studies. While the on-call experience of independently interpreting complex cases is important to resident education, the more traditional synchronous “read-out” or joint review is impossible due to multiple constraints. Without an efficient method to compare reports, grade discrepancies, convey salient teaching points, and view images, valuable lessons in image interpretation and report construction are lost. We developed a streamlined web-based system, including report comparison and image viewing, to minimize barriers in asynchronous communication between attending radiologists and on-call residents. Our system provides real-time, end-to-end delivery of case-specific and user-specific feedback in a streamlined, easy-to-view format. We assessed quality improvement subjectively through surveys and objectively through participation metrics. Our web-based feedback system improved user satisfaction for both attending and resident radiologists, and increased attending participation, particularly with regards to cases where substantive discrepancies were identified.
A Comparative Study Between Spin-Transfer-Torque and Spin-Hall-Effect Switching Mechanisms in PMTJ Using SPICE

The spin transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) is the leading candidate for spin-based memories. Nevertheless, the high write energy and read disturbance of the STT-MRAM motivated researchers to find other solutions. The spin Hall effect (SHE)-based MRAM is an alternative for the STT-MRAM, which also provides nonvolatility, zero leakage, and competitive area per bit, but with a lower write current. This paper focuses on a systematic performance analysis of these two proposed memory solutions. The SHE requires an external field to deterministically switch perpendicular magnetic anisotropy magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). A previous experiment showed that the SHE can switch composite MTJ containing an in-plane layer without any field. In this paper, both traditional and composite MTJ structures are modeled in SPICE, which can reproduce realistic MTJ characteristics with user-defined input parameters. This self-contained model is used to compare the write energy and delay of the STT-MRAM and the SHE magnetoresistive random access memory (SHE-MRAM) for various write schemes including thermal fluctuation. Our simulations show, compared with the STT-MRAM, that the SHE-MRAM improves the write delay and the energy by eight times and seven times, respectively. Based on our extensive analysis incorporating the latest advances in magnetic materials and device technology, we predict that the SHE-MRAM is a feasible low-energy memory solution for future computing systems.
The Relevance of Evidence from the History of Science in the Contemporary Realism/Anti-realism Debate

It is widely assumed that it is the anti-realist who stakes his case on evidence from the history of science. I argue that (i) realists have failed to recognize the need to collect evidence from the history of science to support their methodological claims, and (ii) anti-realists do not rely on evidence from the history of science to the extent that many suggest.
Evaluating mechanisms underlying nonspeech context effects in coarticulatory compensation

Human speech listeners overcome variability in the speech signal due to different speakers, rates, phonetic contexts etc., by demonstrating context-appropriate perceptual shifts. From a general auditory perspective, perceptual systems heighten contrastive spectral and temporal properties of the acoustic signal to help listeners cope with variability (Diehl et al., 2004). In this study, I focus on a spectral contrast account of perceptual coarticulatory compensation and evaluate the claim that listeners cope with coarticulation by tracking spectral averages across multiple segments (Holt, 2005) while ignoring spectral variability (Holt, 2006). In Experiment 1, using tone analogue contexts (Lotto & Kluender, 1998) I created multi-tone contexts such that the global spectral average of each trial was pit against the frequency of the final tone that immediately preceded the target speech. Interestingly, nonspeech context effects were determined by the frequency of the final tone rather than the global trial av...
Magnesium intake is inversely associated with coronary artery calcification: the Framingham Heart Study.

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine whether magnesium intake is associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). Background Animal and cell studies suggest that magnesium may prevent calcification within atherosclerotic plaques underlying cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the association of magnesium intake and atherosclerotic calcification in humans. Methods We examined cross-sectional associations of self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake estimated by food frequency questionnaire with CAC and AAC in participants of the Framingham Heart Study who were free of cardiovascular disease and underwent Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) of the heart and abdomen (n = 2,695; age: 53 ± 11 years), using multivariate-adjusted Tobit regression. CAC and AAC were quantified using modified Agatston scores (AS). Models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of hormone replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, as well as self-reported intake of calcium, vitamins D and K, saturated fat, fiber, alcohol, and energy. Secondary analyses included logistic regressions of CAC and AAC outcomes as cut-points (AS >0 and AS ≥90th percentile for age and sex), as well as sex-stratified analyses. Results In fully adjusted models, a 50-mg/day increment in self-reported total magnesium intake was associated with 22% lower CAC (p Conclusions In community-dwelling participants free of cardiovascular disease, self-reported magnesium intake was inversely associated with arterial calcification, which may play a contributing role in magnesium's protective associations in stroke and fatal coronary heart disease.
Minutiae-based partial fingerprint recognition

Although fingerprint matching based on minutia features is a well researched problem in the field of automatic fingerprint recognition, it is still an unsolved problem presenting many research challenges. Many algorithms have been proposed to match a pair of minutia templates of fingerprints. Most of these algorithms assume that the two templates are approximately of the same size. This assumption is no longer valid. The need for recognition of partial fingerprints is increasing in both forensic and civilian applications. In forensics, latent fingerprints lifted from crime scenes are often noisy and broken, thus the usable portions are small and partial. In civilian applications, the invention of small hand-held devices, such as mobile phones, PDAs, and miniaturized fingerprint sensors present considerable demands on partial fingerprints processing. Miniaturization of fingerprint sensors has led to small sensing areas varying from 1.0"x1.0" to 0.42"x0.42". However, fingerprint scanners with a sensing area smaller than 1.0"x1.0", which is considered to be the average fingerprint size (as required by FBI specifications), can only capture partial fingerprints. Matching partial fingerprints against full pre-enrolled images in the database presents several problems: (i) the number of minutia points available in such partial fingerprints is few, thus reducing its discriminating power; (ii) loss of singular points (core and delta) is likely and therefore, a robust algorithm independent of these singularities is required; (iii) uncontrolled impression environments result in unspecified orientations of partial fingerprints; and (iv) the skin elasticity and humidity can cause distortions which increase the ambiguity between genuine and imposter samples. Generally, a fingerprint based biometrics system is considered as highly secure, and is equivalent to a long password system. However, with the decreasing number of features on a small fingerprint and the non-exact matching nature, the security strength of a partial fingerprint recognition reduces. The relation between the acquired fingerprint size and the security strength plays a key role in designing a fingerprint recognition system and is needed to be studied. In this dissertation, we present: (i) two novel minutiae based fingerprint matching methods to overcome the challenges encountered by partial fingerprint recognition and (ii) a study of the security vulnerability of partial fingerprint recognition systems.
Context triggers the retrieval of long-term memories into working memory to guide attention

How do we know what we are looking for in familiar scenes and surroundings? Here we tested a novel hypothesis derived from theories of human memory that working memory (WM) buffers mnemonic contents retrieved from long-term memory (LTM) to control attention. To test this hypothesis, we measured the electrical fields recorded noninvasively from human subjects as they searched for specific sets of objects in learned contexts. We found that the WM-indexing brain activity of human subjects tracked the number of real-world objects people learned to search for in each context. Moreover, the level of this WM activity predicted the inter-subject variability in behavioral performance. Together, our results demonstrate that familiar contexts can trigger the transfer of information from LTM to WM to provide top-down attentional control.
Effect of meteorological factors on scarlet fever incidence in Guangzhou City, Southern China, 2006-2017.

Abstract Objective To explore the relationship between meteorological factors and scarlet fever incidence from 2006 to 2017 in Guangzhou, the largest subtropical city of Southern China, and assist public health prevention and control measures. Methods Data for weekly scarlet fever incidence and meteorological variables from 2006 to 2017 in Guangzhou were collected from the National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS) and the Guangzhou Meteorological Bureau (GZMB). Distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs) were conducted to estimate the effect of meteorological factors on weekly scarlet fever incidence in Guangzhou. Results We observed nonlinear effects of temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity. The risk was the highest when the weekly mean temperature was 31 °C during lag week 14, yielding a relative risk (RR) of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.01–2.17). When relative humidity was 43.5% during lag week 0, the RR was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.04–2.12); the highest RR (1.55, 95% CI: 1.20–1.99) was reached when relative humidity was 93.5% during lag week 20. When wind velocity was 4.4 m/s during lag week 13, the RR was highest at 3.41 (95% CI: 1.57–7.44). Positive correlations were observed among weekly temperature ranges and atmospheric pressure with scarlet fever incidence, while a negative correlation was detected with aggregate rainfall. The cumulative extreme effect of meteorological variables on scarlet fever incidence was statistically significant, except for the high effect of wind velocity. Conclusion Weekly mean temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity had double-trough effects on scarlet fever incidence; high weekly temperature range, high atmospheric pressure, and low aggregate rainfall were risk factors for scarlet fever morbidity. Our findings provided preliminary, but fundamental, information that may be useful for a better understanding of epidemic trends of scarlet fever and for developing an early warning system. Laboratory surveillance for scarlet fever should be strengthened in the future.
The Role of Palynology in Forensic Archaeology

This chapter addresses the importance, techniques, applications, and advantages of using pollen trace evidence as part of forensic palynology, within the context of archaeology. Topics covered include the origins of forensic palynology, the evolution and expansion of that discipline, and the current methods used in criminal and civil investigations. Also addressed is a comprehensive review of the methods palynologists employ in the context of forensics. The strengths and limitations of each method are reviewed as well as its potential use in the future. Some significant criminal cases that have been aided by forensic palynology are discussed along with the needed protocol regarding the collection, transport, storage, processing, and analysis of pollen as trace evidence. The chapter closes with a look toward the future of forensic palynology utilizing new methodologies such as DNA isotope analyses, to gain added accuracy in the interpretation of samples and to increase the reliability and repeatability of pollen analysis.
COLOUR TAKES THE FIELD

Quantum chromodynamics describes the colour force, which binds quarks and gluons into neutrons and protons, and binds them together in the nuclei of atoms. The colour force is very strong, very short-range (less than 10-16 m) and very complicated — eight different fields respond to the presence and motion of three types of charge, each of which can be positive or negative. Remarkably, we can now observe coherent effects in the colour force, where the fields from two or more particles overlap and reinforce one another.
Stereoselective Alkylations in Rigid Systems. Effect of Remote Substituents on π-Facial Additions to Lactam Enolates. Stereoelectronic and Steric Effects

A series of chiral bicyclic lactams has been studied by both experiment and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The facial selectivity of the alkylation of their enolates shows a high degree of endo or exo entry, depending upon certain substituents and their positions in the lactams. The suggested reasons for the exo or endo selectivity for alkylation were determined to be purely electronic or purely steric in certain instances. The results of the selectivity study now allow the asymmetric synthesis of various ketones, acids, and pyrrolidines in either enantiomeric form based on the choice of lactam employed.
Growth-coupled bioconversion of levulinic acid to butanone.

Abstract Common strategies for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to chemical products center on deconstructing biomass polymers into fermentable sugars. Here, we demonstrate an alternative strategy, a growth-coupled, high-yield bioconversion, by feeding cells a non-sugar substrate, by-passing central metabolism, and linking a key metabolic step to generation of acetyl-CoA that is required for biomass and energy generation. Specifically, we converted levulinic acid (LA), an established degradation product of lignocellulosic biomass, to butanone (a.k.a. methyl-ethyl ketone - MEK), a widely used industrial solvent. Our strategy combines a catabolic pathway from Pseudomonas putida that enables conversion of LA to 3-ketovaleryl-CoA, a CoA transferase that generates 3-ketovalerate and acetyl-CoA, and a decarboxylase that generates 2-butanone. By removing the ability of E. coli to consume LA and supplying excess acetate as a carbon source, we built a strain of E. coli that could convert LA to butanone at high yields, but at the cost of significant acetate consumption. Using flux balance analysis as a guide, we built a strain of E. coli that linked acetate assimilation to production of butanone. This strain was capable of complete bioconversion of LA to butanone with a reduced acetate requirement and increased specific productivity. To demonstrate the bioconversion on real world feedstocks, we produced LA from furfuryl alcohol, a compound readily obtained from biomass. These LA feedstocks were found to contain inhibitors that prevented cell growth and bioconversion of LA to butanone. We used a combination of column chromatography and activated carbon to remove the toxic compounds from the feedstock, resulting in LA that could be completely converted to butanone. This work motivates continued collaboration between chemical and biological catalysis researchers to explore alternative conversion pathways and the technical hurdles that prevent their rapid deployment.
2,2′-[Methyl­enebis(sulfanedi­yl)]bis­(pyridine 1-oxide)

The title compound, C11H10N2O2S2, crystallizes with one complete mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, weak hydrogen bonding is observed between the N-oxide moieties and several C—H units.
A Review on Factors Influencing the Rock Mechanics of the Gas Bearing Formations

Abstract Efforts towards producing low-carbon fossil fuels and renewable energy resources have increased significantly within the last two decades and are expected to grow even more in the upcoming years. The aim of these efforts is firstly, to decrease the carbon footprint from the earth and address some global warming concerns, and secondly, to supply the increasing global energy demand in the upcoming decades. Natural gas, as the cleanest burning fossil fuel, has attracted much attention because it has the smallest footprint among other fossil fuel resources. Understanding the rock mechanics of gas-bearing formations is a critical element to efficiently exploit this low-carbon fuel and reach the two goals that were mentioned. In this paper, we present a review of the geomechanical properties of the gas-bearing formations. While we include both conventional and unconventional reservoirs in this review, our focus is on unconventional reservoirs for two primary reasons. First, production from conventional reservoirs is well understood and is similar to the oil reservoir. Second, the unconventional reservoirs have more complicated geomechanics and require more challenging techniques such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing to enable gas production. The unconventional reservoirs in this review include tight gas, shale gas, coal bed methane (CBM), and methane hydrates. We also briefly review some geomechanics related topics such as hydraulic fracturing, refracturing, and wellbore stability.