cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Super-Resolution Imaging of Higher-Order Chromatin Structures at Different Epigenetic States in Single Mammalian Cells

Eukaryotic genome is hierarchically packaged by DNA wrapping around histone proteins into chromatin to fit inside the eukaryotic nucleus. Chemical modification to histone proteins influences the higher-order chromatin structure at individual epigenetic states and chromatin environment to regulate gene expression. However, the genome-wide higher-order chromatin structure shaped by different histone modifications in a single mammalian cell nucleus remains poorly characterized. With stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), we perform superresolution imaging on a set of histone acetylation (i.e., H3K9ac, H3K27ac, H3ac, H4ac) and methylation marks (i.e., H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K4me3, H3K36me3, H3K27me3, H3K9me3) to characterize the genome-wide higher-order chromatin structures at their epigenetic states and their spatial proximity. We found that in the interphase nuclei of mammalian cells, the higher-order chromatin structure can be categorized into three major types of characteristics: histone acetylation marks form spatially segregated nanoclusters, active histone methylation marks form spatially dispersed larger nanodomains and repressive histone methylation marks form highly condensed large clumps that span a wide range of length scales. We also observed that active histone marks mostly coincide with less compact chromatin, and the repressive histone marks mostly highly coincided with densely packed chromatin. The distinct structural features for histone acetylation and methylation marks are preserved even within the highly condensed chromosomes in the mitotic phase. Furthermore, we found that the active and repressive histone marks are generally spatially exclusive from each other, and also spatially distant from the active form of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). On the other hand, active histone marks exhibit a significantly higher level of spatial colocalization with each other and with active RNAPII. Taken together, we demonstrate that super-resolution imaging reveals the genome-wide higher-order chromatin structure at their epigenetic states and their environment, which establishes the basis for future investigation of their functional significance at normal and diseased states.
TOR Signaling Pathway in Cardiac Aging and Heart Failure

Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a key regulator of cellular metabolism, integrating nutrient sensing with cell growth. Over the past two decades, studies on the mTOR pathway have revealed that mTOR complex 1 controls life span, health span, and aging by modulating key cellular processes such as protein synthesis, autophagy, and mitochondrial function, mainly through its downstream substrates. Thus, the mTOR pathway regulates both physiological and pathological processes in the heart from embryonic cardiovascular development to maintenance of cardiac homeostasis in postnatal life. In this regard, the dysregulation of mTOR signaling has been linked to many age-related pathologies, including heart failure and age-related cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we highlight recent advances of the impact of mTOR complex 1 pathway and its regulators on aging and, more specifically, cardiac aging and heart failure.
Comparison of Two Optimal Guidance Methods for the Long-Distance Orbital Pursuit-Evasion Game

The orbital pursuit-evasion game (OPE) is a topic of research that has been attracting increasing attention from scholars. However, most works based on the relative dynamics under a short-distance assumption is not applicable when the distance between two spacecrafts is too large. Accordingly, there should be two phases in the OPE, a long-distance OPE (LDOPE) as well as a short-distance one. This article concerns on the optimal guidance problem for the LDOPE. Two different models are introduced in this article to formulate the LDOPE, namely, the Cartesian model, and the spherical model. Then, to overcome the unacceptable solution computation time of traditional algorithms, such as the differential evolution (DE), a well-designed algorithm called “mixed global-local optimization strategy” (MGLOS), which consists of the global optimization phase, and the local optimization phase, is introduced in this article. The MGLOS is nearly two orders of magnitude more efficient than the DE. Moreover, simulations under different initial conditions demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm, and the accuracy, and efficiency of the Cartesian, and spherical models, respectively. Finally, the robustness of two models is analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation, which provides a quantified way to make a choice between two models depending on the measurement accuracy, and permitted maximum error.
Widespread ripples synchronize human cortical activity

Abstract Hippocampal ripples index the reconstruction of spatiotemporal neuronal firing patterns essential for the consolidation of memories in cortex during sleep. Here, using human intracranial recordings, we show that ripples are also ubiquitous in the cortex during both waking and non-rapid eye movement sleep. During sleep, cortical ripples are generated on the down-to-upstate transition with phase-locked firing patterns indicating generation by pyramidal-interneuron feedback. They mark recurrence of spatiotemporal patterns from preceding waking, and group co-firing to facilitate plasticity. During waking, cortical ripples co-occur with hippocampal ripples during local activity peaks, and co-occur preceding memory recall. During sleep and waking, cortical ripples co-occur and phase-synchronize across widespread locations, including between hemispheres, providing a possible substrate for event-integration during memory and more generally in cognition.
Tokamak Physics Experiment divertor design

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) tokamak requires a symmetric up/down double-null divertor capable of operation with steady-state heat flux as high as 7.5 MW/m/sup 2/. The divertor is designed to operate in the radiative mode and employs a deep slot configuration with gas puffing lines to enhance radiative divertor operation. Pumping is provided by cryopumps that pump through eight vertical ports in the floor and ceiling of the vessel. The plasma facing surface is made of carbon-carbon composite blocks (macroblocks) bonded to multiple parallel copper tubes oriented vertically. Water flowing at 6 m/s is used, with the critical heat flux (CHF) margin improved by the use of enhanced heat transfer surfaces. In order to extend the operating period where hands on maintenance is allowed and to also reduce dismantling and disposal costs, the TPX design emphasizes the use of low activation materials. The primary materials used in the divertor are titanium, copper, and carbon-carbon composite. The low activation material selection and the planned physics operation will allow personnel access into the vacuum vessel for the first 2 years of operation. This 2-year period will allow final in-vessel checkout of the remote handling equipment. The remote handling system requires that all plasma facing components (PFCs) are configured as modular components of restricted dimensions with special provisions for lifting, alignment, mounting, attachment, and connection of cooling lines, and instrumentation and diagnostics services. Alignment of the plasma facing surface to the as-built magnetic field and to neighboring modules is critical to limit peak temperatures and limit carbon impurities in the plasma. Both local edge-to-edge and overall alignment of the divertor is accomplished using a machined alignment ring system. This ring system maintains the modules in a circular array and is adjusted during machine assembly to align with the as-built magnetic field. The macroblocks have 10 mm of carbon-carbon protection for the copper tubes, of which 7 mm is considered erosion allowance.
Comparison of topotactic fluorination methods for complex oxide films

We have investigated the synthesis of SrFeO3−αFγ (α and γ ≤ 1) perovskite films using topotactic fluorination reactions utilizing poly(vinylidene fluoride) as a fluorine source. Two different fluorination methods, a spin-coating and a vapor transport approach, were performed on as-grown SrFeO2.5 films. We highlight differences in the structural, compositional, and optical properties of the oxyfluoride films obtained via the two methods, providing insight into how fluorination reactions can be used to modify electronic and optical behavior in complex oxide heterostructures.
Americium Metal Preparation on the Multigram Scale

The Materials Science and Technology Division of Los Alamos National Laboratory has responded to periodic requests for tens of grams of americium metal. The apparatus used for americium preparation has grown progressively simpler as experience has been gained with the preparation. The metal was prepared by heating a mixture of americium oxide and excess lanthanum metal under an atmosphere of argon in a tantalum crucible. A simple entrainment baffle rested on the mixture and the crucible was covered by a loose-fitting lid which precluded line-of-sight exit of a gas but allowed evacuation. The americium metal produced by reduction of the oxide was distilled to the cooler upper portion of the crucible wall in vacuo, the crucible was cut into two pieces, and the top section was reheated to melt and cast the americium into a ceramic crucible. A coating of yttrium oxide applied to the tantalum crucible before use improved the yield of cast americium.
Model for acoustic locking of Spin Torque Oscillator

This paper presents a model for locking Spin Torque Oscillator (STO) to an out-of-plane AC strain generated using a mechanical transducer like High-Overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonator (HBAR). We model the magnetization dynamics of the free layer magnet in the STO using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski (LLGS) equation modified to include magneto-elastic coupling term. Locking is clearly demonstrated from the simulated frequency spectrum of the acoustically-locked STO which has a narrower linewidth and higher signal power as compared to a free running STO. We have shown locking of different modes of the STO and compare the amplitude of out-of-plane AC strain needed to achieve lock. Acoustic locking illustrated here can be used for locking multiple STOs to a common strain transducer and is a potential platform for developing hybrid magneto-acoustic oscillator systems.
The multi-principal OS construction of the gazelle web browser

Original web browsers were applications designed to view static web content. As web sites evolved into dynamic web applications that compose content from multiple web sites, browsers have become multiprincipal operating environments with resources shared among mutually distrusting web site principals. Nevertheless, no existing browsers, including new architectures like IE 8, Google Chrome, and OP, have a multi-principal operating system construction that gives a browser-based OS the exclusive control to manage the protection of all system resources among web site principals. In this paper, we introduce Gazelle, a secure web browser constructed as a multi-principal OS. Gazelle's browser kernel is an operating system that exclusively manages resource protection and sharing across web site principals. This construction exposes intricate design issues that no previous work has identified, such as crossprotection-domain display and events protection. We elaborate on these issues and provide comprehensive solutions. Our prototype implementation and evaluation experience indicates that it is realistic to turn an existing browser into a multi-principal OS that yields significantly stronger security and robustness with acceptable performance.
Effects of Acute Bile Acid Administration on Biliary Lipid Secretion in Healthy Volunteers

We investigated the effects of acute bile acid administration on biliary lipid secretion in 8 healthy subjects by a perfusion technique that employed an orojejunal tube with an occlusive balloon. In seventeen 8-h experiments, we measured bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid outputs before, during, and after rapid replacement of the bile acid pool with chenodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, or cholic acid. Cholesterol and phospholipid outputs were linearly coupled to bile acid output before and after endogenous bile acid pool replacement. Cholesterol secretion was significantly lower after replacement with ursodeoxycholic acid than during the prereplacement phase or after replacement with chenodeoxycholic or cholic acid. Replacement with chenode oxycholic acid had no significant effect on cholesterol or phospholipid secretion, whereas replacement with either ursodeoxycholic or cholic acids significantly reduced phospholipid output. We conclude that in healthy volunteers, acute administration of different bile acids specifically alters biliary lipid secretion. The rapidity of the changes in cholesterol and phospholipid secretion suggests that these effects are secondary to alterations in the secretory coupling of biliary lipids rather than to changes in their synthesis or absorption.
Solution of the Wave Equation in General Spherical Coordinates

If the solution depends not only on r, but also on the polar angle θ and the azimuth φ, the elementary volume becomes a parallelepiped of length rdθ, of width r sinθ dφ and of height dr as shown in Fig. 1. The wave equation is derived by considering the excess of volume that leaves the elementary volume relative to that entering it. This volume (or mass) of flow consists of three different components: (a) that through the two surfaces perpendicular to r: $$ - d\tau {{\left[ {div\vec{v}} \right]}_{r}} = {{r}^{2}}\sin \theta d\theta d\phi {{v}_{r}}(r) - {{\left[ {r + dr} \right]}^{2}}\sin \theta d\theta d\phi {{v}_{r}}(r + dr) = {\text{ }} = - \frac{\partial }{\partial }r({{r}^{2}}{{v}_{r}})dr\sin \theta d\theta d\phi ,{\text{ }}gathered $$ (1) (b) that through the two surfaces normal to the polar axis θ = const: $$ \begin{gathered} - d\tau {[div \vec v]_\theta } = rdrd\phi \sin \theta v\theta (\theta ) - rdrd\phi \sin (\theta + d\theta ){v_\theta }(\theta + d\theta ) = \hfill \\ = - \frac{\partial }{{\partial \theta }}(\sin \theta v\theta (\theta ))rdrd\theta d\phi , \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (2) (c) that through the two surfaces at φ and φ + dφ: $$ \begin{gathered} - d\tau {[div \vec v]_\phi } = rdrd\theta v\phi (\phi ) - rdrd\theta {v_\phi }(\phi + d\phi ) = \hfill \\ = - \frac{{\partial {v_\phi }}}{{\partial \phi }}rdrd\theta d\phi . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (3)
Process Improvement in an Outpatient Clinic: Application of Sociotechnical System Analysis

We used a sociotechnical systems analysis to improve the diagnostic testing process in one Midwestern health care organization's outpatient clinics. Outpatient clinic personnel from the clinic were interviewed about their role in the diagnostic testing process. Information on process variances was also collected. A variance matrix and a key variance control chart were constructed for the variances reported by the clinics. Key variances found in the clinic included sample misplaced, sample mislabeled, sample not delivered, sample damaged, request form problems, result tracking breakdown, slow result delivery, result never seen, and patient notification. Based on the variances found in the clinic, recommendations for improvement are given.
Evolutionary Biology: Speciation on Islands

One of the strongest rules of biological diversity — the observation that more species live on large islands than on small ones — is usually attributed to the balance between colonization and extinction. But speciation on islands cannot be ignored.
How to Stay at the Forefront of Technological Innovations

Has the fear of technology involvement prevented many senior managers of multidivisional firms from playing a major role in new product technology decisions?
Inoculation of potato tubers withErwinia carotovora during simulated commercial washing and fluming practices

The potential for bacterial soft rot in potato tubers was affected by laboratory simulation of some components of fluming and washing practices at commercial packinghouses. The potential was expressed as disease severity (average percentage surface decayed) after a standard 4-day incubation at 20°C in a mist chamber. Increased disease resulted when there was an increase in the following factors: a) duration of immersion of tubers in water; b) population of bacteria suspended in water; c) hydrostatic pressure on submerged tubers, and d) concentration of a surfactant (Triton X-100) in the suspensions. A sample of tubers from each tuber lot was uniformly moistened with tap water and then incubated to determine a base-level disease severity. Disease severity in Russet Burbank tubers from commercial storage increased from the base-level of 0.8% to 76% when tubers were immersed in 5 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml ofErwinia carotovora pv.carotovora (Ecc) for 64 min prior to incubation. Disease severity was 64% when tubers were immersed in a similar suspension for only 0.1 min, but with a hydrostatic pressure of 230 cm of water. Severity values fourto fivefold above control levels (from immersion in water) resulted from an immersion for 5 min in 5 × 103 cfu/ml with hydrostatic pressures of 5, 180, or 370 cm of water. A 20-fold increase in severity occurred when Red LaSoda tubers were immersed briefly (less than 5 s) in 5 × 106 cfu/ml. Rinsing these tubers with tap water after inoculation, but prior to incubation, did not affect the subsequent development of decay. Thus, the high potential for bacterial soft rot in tubers that have been flumed or washed by water concentrated with soft rotErwinia cannot be reduced by washes or rinses with clean water.
SU‐E‐T‐162: Evaluation of Dose Calculation of RayStation Planning System in Heterogeneous Media

Purpose: To investigate the clinical reliability of heterogeneity-based dose algorithm using RayStation treatment planning system v.4.0. Methods: The collapsed cone dose calculations in RayStation (RaySearch, Sweden) were compared with the measurements (ion chamber and EBT2 film) and with an in-house Monte Carlo algorithm. A heterogeneous multi-layer phantom and CT images of 4 lung cancer patients were used here. The phantom, composed of multiple solid water slabs and Styrofoams, was irradiated with 6MV beams perpendicular to the layers. The MLC-defined field sizes were 5×5, 10×10, 15×15 and 20×20cm{sup 2}. The chamber was positioned at center of central solid water layer, and the films were placed at interfaces of solid water and Styrofoam. The RayStation dose and Monte Carlo dose were compared by performing absolute gamma analysis (3mm/3%): 1D gamma for PDD in the phantom and 3D gamma for patient volumes receiving dose above 10% of maximum dose. Results: The point dose differences between RayStation and ion chamber measurement were smaller than 1% for all of the field sizes. Between RayStation and film measurement, 5×5cm2 field had the maximum differences : 95% for all the patients. Conclusion: With respect to ion chamber/film measurement and Monte Carlo calculation, the collapsed cone algorithm in RayStation computed reasonable dose in both phantom and patient cases. Heterogeneity-based dose calculation of RayStation is clinically acceptable in heterogeneous media.« less
Representation of topography by porous barriers and objective interpolation of topographic data

Abstract We present a porous medium approach to representing topography, and a new algorithm for the objective interpolation of topography, for use in ocean circulation models of fixed resolution. The representation and algorithm makes use of two concepts; impermeable thin walls and porous barriers. Impermeable thin walls allow the representation of knife-edge sub-grid-scale barriers that block lateral flow between model grid cells. Porous barriers permit the sub-grid scale geometry to modulate lateral transport as a function of elevation. We find that the porous representation and the resulting interpolated topography retains key features, such as overflow sill depths, without compromising other dynamically relevant aspects, such as mean ocean depth for a cell. The accurate representation of the ocean depth is illustrated in a simple model of a tsunami that has a cross-basin travel time very much less dependent on horizontal resolution than when using conventional topographic interpolation and representation.
Effect of mitral isthmus block on development of atrial tachycardia following ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Background: Successful mitral isthmus (MI) ablation may reduce recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and macro-reentrant atrial tachycardia (AT) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for AF. Objective: To determine if achieving bidirectional MI conduction block (MIB) during circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) plus left atrial linear ablation (LALA) affects development of AT. Methods: Sixty consecutive patients with persistent (n = 25) or paroxysmal (n = 35) AF undergoing CPVA plus LALA at the MI and LA roof were evaluated in a prospective, nonrandomized study. Results: PVI was achieved in all patients. Bidirectional MI block was achieved in 50 of 60 patients (83%). During 18 ± 5 months follow-up, 12 patients (20%) developed recurrent AF and 15 (25%) developed AT. Patients in whom MIB was not achieved at initial ablation had four times higher risk of developing AT (P = 0.008, 95% confidence interval 1.43–11.48) versus patients with MIB. In 12 patients with AT undergoing repeat ablation, 22 ATs were identified, with reentry involving the MI in nine, the LA roof in six, and the ridge between the LA appendage and left PVs in seven. In patients with MIB at initial ablation, recovery of MI conduction was seen in eight of 13 undergoing repeat ablation. Conclusions: AT occurring after CPVA plus LALA is often due to incomplete MI ablation, but may also occur at the LA roof, and ridge between the LA appendage and left PVs. Failure to achieve MI block increases the risk of developing AT. Resumption of MI conduction may also be a mechanism for AT recurrence. (PACE 2010; 460–468)
The Ontogeny of Impaling Behaviour in the Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius Ludovicianus L

1 . The ontogeny of impaling (including wedging) behaviour by Loggerhead Shrikes was studied both in wild and in captive birds. 2. The earliest elements of impaling: "dabbing" and "dragging" behaviour, are described. 3. Field work was done in central Washington state; most of the data were obtained from two broods totalling 13 birds. Laboratory work was done on more than 60 hand-reared birds. 4. There did not appear to be any attempt by the parents to demonstrate impaling to either nestlings or fledglings. The young normally did not observe adults impaling food until they were past the age at which they start impaling by themselves. 5. The ontogeny of impaling under natural conditions was found to be essentially Identical to that of hand-reared birds that had been raised in cages containing natural branches. 6. The earliest dragging behaviour by both captive and wild birds was done as soon as the food was obtained, whether or not the bird was within reach of a thorn or fork. 7. The motor patterns of impaling (dragging behaviour) appeared in every young shrike by the age of 26 days. However, a period of trial-and-error behaviour was apparently necessary before these motions were directed towards a suitable place (i.e., thorn or fork). 8. Observational learning is not involved; birds that had been reared in the absence of any impaling device until they were at least 75 days old failed to use thorn branches when provided, regardless of whether or not they had had the opportunity to observe older birds impaling and wedging in an adjacent cage. 9. It is, therefore, concluded that personal experience with impaling devices is necessary for the appearance of the orientation component of impaling in Loggerhead Shrikes. Furthermore, this experience must occur within a "critical period" whose boundaries are roughly 20 to 70 days after hatching. 10. Hence, in this species, the orientation component of impaling is apparently normally learned by a process similar to imprinting.
WAVE PROPAGATION IN A LAYERED ELASTIC PLATE

Formal solutions to a broad class of transient, symmetric, elastic wave problems involving a three layered plate are presented in terms of the modes of harmonic wave propagation. An approximation to the lowest mode is developed and, using this and the formal solutions, far-field expressions are developed for three specific problems. These approximate expressions are analyzed numerically for two specific cases.
Robust Design of Air-Cooled Server Cabinets for Thermal Efficiency

Thermal management difficulties in data centers caused by the rapidly increasing power densities of modern computational equipment are compounded by the less frequent upgrading of the facilities themselves, creating a lifecycle mismatch. This paper utilizes the Proper Orthogonal Decompostion (POD) for reduced order modeling of turbulent convection integrated with the compromise Decision Support Problem (DSP) using robust design principles. In the illustrative case study considered thermally efficient cabinet configurations that are insensitive to variations in operating conditions are determined. Results of the application of this approach to an enclosed cabinet example show that the resulting thermally efficient configurations are capable of dissipating up to a 50% greater heat load using the same cooling infrastructure.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Optimal Stopping Rules for American and Russian Options in a Correlated Random Walk Model

Optimal stopping rules are developed for the perpetual American call option and the Russian option under a correlated random walk model. The optimal rules are of twin threshold form: one threshold for stopping after an up-step, and another for stopping after a down-step. Depending on the choice of parameter values, one of the thresholds may be infinite. Precise expressions for the thresholds and optimal expected returns are given both in the positively and the negatively correlated case, for problems both with and without discounting. The optimal rules are illustrated by several numerical examples.
Practical Insights from Interviews with Day Laborers

The purpose of this exploratory, qualitative study was to identify key issues in the daily lives of day laborers and to ascertain the perceptions laborers had of day labor centers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 day laborers at two established day labor centers in Houston, Texas. Grounded theory and open‐coding qualitative methods were used to identify key themes. Three main themes emerged from the interviews. The first theme was that the day laborers' lives were filled with both practical difficulties due to lack of resources and emotional pain due to the separation from their families. The second theme was that day laborers frequently encountered injustice, in the form of lower pay or unfair treatment on the job, due to their illegal status. The third theme was that day laborers found day labor centers to be safe places where not only jobs but also other resources could be accessed to help ease the difficulties of their daily lives. This study provides social workers and other service...
Casein Hydrolysate Produced Using a Formed‐in‐Place Membrane Reactor

Casein hydrolysate was continuously produced by hydrolysis of bovine casein with Protease Type XXIII (from Aspergillus oryzae) in a pilot-scale formed-in-place membrane reactor. A high percentage (>99%) of TCA soluble nitrogen in the hydrolysate (product) was achieved after 45 min at 37°C and pH 7. The product was completely soluble over pH range 2-9. Water sorption increased 4 to 6.5 times at water activity of 0.35-0.95 as compared to intact casein. The immunologically active casein and immunologically active whey protein in the product were reduced 99% and 97%, respectively. Long term operation showed that the membrane reactor maintained steady production of casein hydrolysate longer than 17 hr.
Proton-enhanced deuterium NMR in rotating solids

Abstract Proton-enhanced deuterium NMR spectra have been obtained in rotating solids with substantial gain in sensitivity. Cross polarization from proton to deuterium systems occurs via effective field mutual single-quantum flip-flops. Sample rotation modulates the deuterium quadrupole coupling which leads to complex dynamics and broad Hartmann-Hahn matching conditions.
Biological technology and land productivity: Fertilizers and food production in India

Abstract This paper attempts to develop for the first time a rigorous and innovative definition of Biological Technical Change (BTC). BTC (for which fertilizers are used as proxy), and land-labor substitution are quantified by the method of Indirect Least Squares, from aggregate time-series data on wheat and rice production in India. The conclusion that emerges from this analysis is that the contribution of BTC, more specifically fertilizers, to foodgrain production in India, is quite low. This raises important policy questions related to finding alternatives to widely held beliefs on how to increase food production and alleviate world hunger.
Lessons from the past: What can be learned from ancient and modern rhetoric for a better RFP

Public, broader public, and private sector companies communicate their needs for products and services to vendors through a formal Request for Proposal (RFP), and vendors compete for the opportunity to meet these needs through a formal RFP response. In order to understand the best way to approach crafting an effective RFP response, this article reviews the rhetorical theories of a representative sample of ancient and modern Western rhetoricians (Aristotle, Cicero, Bitzer, Bakhtin, Toulmin, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, Bacon and Hobbes) and then identifies best practices that can be leveraged by technical communication professionals.
High-rate synthesis and characterization of brightly luminescent silicon nanoparticles with applications in hybrid materials for photonics and biophotonics

This presentation focuses on the synthesis and characterization of luminescent silicon nanoparticles that have potential as components of hybrid inorganic/organic materials for photonic and biophotonic applications. In our lab, silicon nanoparticles with bright visible photoluminescence are being prepared by a new combined vapor-phase and solution-phase process, using only inexpensive commodity chemicals. CO 2 laser-induced pyrolysis of silane is used to produce Si nanoparticles at high rates (20 to 200 mg/hour). Particles with an average diameter as small as 5 nm can be prepared directly by this method. Etching these particles with mixtures of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) reduces the size and passivates the surface of these particles such that they exhibit bright visible luminescence at room temperature. The wavelength of maximum photoluminescence (PL) intensity can be controlled from above 800 nm to below 500 nm by controlling the etching time and conditions. Particles with blue and green emission are prepared by rapid thermal oxidation of orange-emitting particles. These particles have exciting potential applications in optoelectronics, display technology, chemical sensing, biological imaging, and other areas. The availability of relatively large quantities of these particles is allowing us to begin to functionalize particles for these applications, as well as to study the optical, electronic, and surface chemical properties of them. All of these potential applications require inorganic/organic hybrid materials, in the sense that the nanoparticles must have their surfaces coated with organic molecules that mediate the interaction of the particles with the polymeric or biological host matrix. The particle synthesis methods, photoluminescence measurements on the particles, the stability of the photoluminescence properties with time, chemical quenching of photoluminescence, and functionalization of the particles for incorporation into different organic matrices or for specific interaction with small molecules or biomolecules are discussed in the context of applications to photonics and biophotonics.
Effects of reserpine, serotonin and vasopressin on the survival of cold-stressed rats.

IN the preparatory stages of a projected study of the hypothalamic control of release of adrenocortico-trophic hormone, large doses of reserpine, serotonin creatinine sulphate, and commercial vasopressin were administered to rats which were then subjected to cold stress. Preliminary findings are reported here in view of the widespread interest in the drugs from the point of view of pituitary-adrenal physiology1and in view of the current extensive use of reserpine in medicine.
Discussion of “Conservatism, Growth and the Role of Accounting Numbers in Fundamental Analysis Process”

This paper discusses Monahan’s empirical study of how conservative accounting of RD (ii) between estimates of value using the residual income valuation model and equity market value. My discussion focuses on the underlying mechanism of why growth matters and how the growth rate should be measured. In particular, I argue that different aspects of growth (e.g., short-term growth versus long-term growth) matter under different circumstances, depending on the intended use of accounting data. Failure to adjust for these differences affects the effectiveness of the empirical tests. The discussion also considers the impacts of potential noise in the R&D capitalization procedure and the presence of other intangible assets.
The spectral sequence of a split extension and the cohomology of an extraspecial group of order p3 and exponent p

Let (Er, dr) be the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre (LHS) spectral sequence associated to a split extension 1 → H → G → GH → 1 of finite groups with coefficients in a field k. We prove a version of a theorem of Charlap and Vasquez which gives an explicit formula for d2. We then apply this to the case where p is an odd prime, k has characteristic p, G is extraspecial of order p3 and exponent p, and H is elementary abelian of order p2. We calculate the terms of the spectral sequence in this case and prove E3 = E∞ (and if p = 3, E2 = E∞).
Power/energy: Renewable energy: Target for 2050: Massive capital investment, international cooperation, and technical breakthroughs will be key in attaining this goal

Looks at the case for supplying the world's energy needs for year 2050 from renewable resources. Massive capital investment, international cooperation, and technical breakthroughs will be required.
Generalized Wannier Functions in the Free-Electron Limit

Localized orbitals for magnetic fields are constructed in the nearly free-electron model. The method of construction is such as to allow these orbitals to approach the ordinary Wannier functions as the magnetic field is reduced. These functions should provide a good method of examining the range of validity of the effective Hamiltonian for magnetic fields.
Heterogeneity in Returns to Investment in Education in Egypt

The paper estimates the rates of return to investment in education in Egypt, allowing for multiple sources of heterogeneity across individuals. The paper finds that, in the period 1998–2006, return...
Discovery of Incipient Ferrotoroidics from Atomistic Simulations

An effective Hamiltonian technique is used to investigate the effect of quantum vibrations on properties of stress-free ${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}$ nanodots under open-circuit electrical boundary conditions. We discover that these vibrations suppress the paraelectric-to-ferrotoroidic transition, or, equivalently, wash out the formation of vortex states. Such suppression leads to the saturation of the so-called ferrotoroidic susceptibility at low temperature, and to a peculiar local structure that exhibits short-range, needlelike correlations of the individual toroidal moments.
Treatment of Head and Neck Cancers: Issues for Clinical Pharmacists

Head and neck cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases involving the oral cavity, pharyngeal tube, and larynx. Given the drug therapy options available, clinical pharmacists can play an important role in the care of this patient population. They can recommend a regimen based on efficacy, toxicity, and patient-specific factors; ensure that the prescribed regimen has been studied and reported in the literature; verify dosages; and monitor and counsel patients about adverse effects. Chemotherapy plus radiation (chemoradiation) is often the standard treatment for patients with stage III or nonmetastatic stage IV head and neck cancer. Cisplatin-based regimens are preferred, although carboplatin may be appropriate in some circumstances. Induction therapy with a docetaxel-based regimen is recommended for some patients; however, this therapy has been associated with a high frequency of grade 3 and 4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. Cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, is the newest agent approved for treatment of head and neck cancer. Although evidence supports cetuximab combined with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone for patients with metastatic disease, the role of combination therapy is less clear in patients undergoing chemoradiation. Patients with head and neck cancer may experience swallowing difficulties or mouth pain, possibly interfering with drug administration and adherence; thus, pharmacists in all practice settings should be knowledgeable about different regimens and alternative routes of administration. Xerostomia and mucositis are common adverse effects of radiation therapy, and it is critical that good oral hygiene practices are maintained. Patients may achieve symptomatic relief from xerostomia with saliva substitutes, and clinical experience suggests that use of pilocarpine is worthwhile. Until more evidence becomes available, prevention of xerostomia and mucositis with amifostine is still controversial. Salt-water rinses, bioadherent oral gel, and honey are relatively inexpensive and nontoxic agents for managing mucositis. Because of the expense of palifermin, it is best reserved for refractory cases. Skin toxicities are common with radiation. Rash is also a common adverse effect of cetuximab. When used together, they may produce complicated skin toxicities. It is important to become familiar with the grading of these rashes so that appropriate therapy can be recommended. As pharmacotherapy for head and neck cancers continues to evolve, clinical pharmacists will continue to have an important role in optimizing treatment for patients by balancing efficacy and toxicity.
The role of SO2 as a ligand to mediate associative substitution reactions of some 18-electron molybdenum complexes☆

Abstract Results of kinetic studies are reported for intramolecular PPh 3 substitution reactions of Mo(CO) 2 ( η 1 -L)(PPh 3 ) 2 (SO 2 ) form Mo(CO) 2 ( η 2 -L)(PPh 3 )(SO 2 ) (L = dmpe=(Me) 2 PC 2 H 4 P(Me) 2 and dppe=Ph 2 PC 2 H 4 PPh 2 ) in THF as solvent. Activation parameters for the reactions are: ΔH ≠ values 12.3 kcal mol −1 for dmpe and 16.7 kcal mol −1 for dppe; and ΔS ≠ values −30.3 cal mol −1 K for dmpe and −16.4 cal mol −1 K for dppe. These results are consistent with an intramolecular associative mechanism. The facile associative pathway for the reaction is discussed in terms of the ability of SO 2 to accept a pair of electrons from the metal, with a bonding transformation of η 2 -SO 2 to η 1 -pyramidal SO 2 , so maintaining a stable 18-electron count for the complex in the transition state.
Inducible binding of a factor to the c-fos enhancer

We have identified a factor in nuclear extracts that binds to the c-fos enhancer. Treatment of A431 cells with epidermal growth factor results in a rapid increase in the level of transcription and a concomitant increase in binding of the factor to the enhancer. Surprisingly, as transcription decreases rapidly, the enhancer-binding activity remains elevated. In addition, although HeLa cells exhibit no detectable transcription of the c-fos gene, they contain significant amounts of binding activity, comparable to those in induced A431 cells. These results suggest that regulation of c-fos transcription involves more than simply an increased level of a factor capable of binding the enhancer. Finally, transcription of c-fos in A431 cells is markedly induced by the tumor promoter TPA and the calcium ionophore A23187, yet neither induced an increased level of the enhancer-binding activity. These agents thus appear to activate c-fos transcription via a mechanism distinct from that used by epidermal growth factors.
A centre for accommodative vergence motor control.

Latencies in accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil-diameter responses to changing accommodation stimuli, as well as latencies in pupil response to light-intensity changes were measured. From the information obtained, a block diagram has been derived that uses the least number of blocks for representing the accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil systems. The signal transmission delays over the various circuits of the model have been determined and compared to known experimental physiological-delay data. The results suggest the existence of a motor center that controls the accommodative vergence and is completely independent of the accommodation system.
Rapid Thermal Technologies for High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells

This paper shows that rapidly formed emitters in less than 6 min in the hot zone of a conveyor belt furnace or in 3 min in an rapid thermal processing (RTP) system, in conjunction with a screen-printed (SP) RTP Al-BSF and passivating oxide formed simultaneously in 2 min can produce very simple high-efficiency n + -p-p + cells with no surface texturing, point contacts, or selective emitter. It is shown for the first time that an 80Ω/□ emitter and SP Al-back surface field (BSF) formed in a high throughput belt furnace produced 19% FZ cells and greater than 17% CZ cells with photolithography (PL) contacts. Using PL contacts, we also achieved 19% efficient cells on FZ, > 18% on MCZ, and ∼ 17% boron-doped CZ by emitter and SP Al-BSF formation in < 10 min in a single wafer RTP system. Finally, manufacturable cells with 45 Ω/□ emitter and SP Al-BSF and Ag contacts formed in the conveyor belt furnace gave 17% efficient cells on FZ silicon. Compared to the PL cells, the SP cell gave ∼2% lower efficiency along with a decrease in J sc and fill factor. This loss in performance is attributed to a combination of the poor blue response, higher series resistance and higher contact shading in the SP devices.
An eigenvalue method of undetermined coefficients for solving linear rational expectations models

Abstract Consider a structural linear rational expectations model of the form ∑ i =0 p ∑ j =− r i A i , j E t − i y t − j =∑ i =0 q B i e t − i + z t , where y t is an m ×1 vector of endogenous variables, e t ∼ IID (0, Σ e ) is an m ×1 vector of structural disturbances, and z t is an n ×1 vector of exogenous variables. Under conditions stated in the paper, the model has the unique reduced-form solution, y t =∑ i =1 p Φ i y t − i + ξ t +∑ i =1 q Θ i ξ t − i +∑ i =0 ∞ Ξ i z t + i , where ξ t ∼ IID (0, Σ ξ ) is an m ×1 vector of reduced-form disturbances. The paper derives an analytical eigenvalue method for computing the autoregressive, moving-average, and exogenous parts of the reduced-form solution of a model in the above form. The method routinely handles expectations conditional on several different dates and singular leading coefficient matrices and produces an invertible moving-average part. The paper also derives four new theorems on the existence of a unique solution.
Stress relaxation and hillock growth in thin films

The relaxation of thermal stress in a thin film adhering to a substrate of differing expansion coefficient is discussed. Good agreement is found between literature data on relaxation during isothermal anneals of Pb films at up to 350/sup 0/K and model calculations based on a state variable description of plastic flow. The stress system during relaxation is explored, and the absence of diffusional creep is explained. The plasticity-dominated relaxation process suggested by this analysis is shown to be in good qualitative agreement with data on rapid relaxation over the course of a cycle between room and cryogenic temperatures. The implications of this for long-range material transport in the film are discussed. It is shown that hillock volume should increase over the course of a temperature cycle. Finally, a mechanism for hillock nucleation based on grain boundary sliding is suggested.
Ten common errors beginning substance abuse workers make in group treatment

Beginning therapists sometimes make mistakes when working with substance abusers in groups. This article discusses ten common errors that the author has observed. Five center on the therapist's approach and five center on the nuts and bolts of group leadership. Suggestions are offered for how to avoid them.
The Measurement of Intellectual Property Rights Protection

This research improves upon empirical studies that examine the measurement of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. Prior measures examine only one type of law or lack a component that addresses the actual enforcement of these laws. The measure presented here uses three types of IPR laws and enforcement components for them.
The effect of selective energy deposition on the homogeneous ignition of methane and its implication for flame initiation and combustion enhancement

Abstract This paper describes a computational study of the ignition of methane mixtures by selective ignition energy deposition. In this work the ignition energy was added as an initial condition to the combustible mixture in a specific manner, either in the form of heat or a combination of heat and selected, highly reactive atoms or molecules. The resulting induction time for the ignition of homogeneous combustion was found to decrease with increasing fraction of ignition energy deposited into dissociation for the same total ignition energy at a given equivalence ratio. In addition to these calculations performed at constant energy, other calculations were performed where equal amounts of the radicals H, O, and OH were added to assess the effect of direct addition of these radicals on the induction time. Oxygen atoms yielded the shortest induction time in the stoichiometric case and hydrogen atoms yielded the shortest induction time in the lean case. Hydroxyl radicals yielded by far the longest induction...
Branched chain amino acid aminotransferases of Neurospora crassa

Enzymes active in the transamination of the three branched chain amino acids found in proteins have been extracted from mitochondrial and supernatant (cystosol) fractions of Neurospora crassa and partially purified. The mitochondrial enzyme is active only with isoleucine, valine, leucine, and glutamate, while the supernatant enzyme is additionally active with phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine. Gel filtration indicates the mitochondrial and supernatant enzymes to have molecular weights of 67,500 and 88,000, respectively. The two enzymes differ also in their elution characteristics with DEAE-cellulose. Supernatant enzyme activity is increased by the addition of isoleucine, valine, or leucine to the growth media. Mitochondrial activity is also increased but to a lesser extent. It is proposed that the mitochondrial aminotransferase functions in the biosynthesis of isoleucine, leucine, and valine while the supernatant enzyme functions in amino acid catabolism.