cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor manufacturing in IBM, 1957 to the present: a perspective

Over the past twenty-five years we have witnessed the transition from germanium-based, individual transistors in their hermetically sealed enclosures to VLSZ silicon devices interconnected in modular packages containing more than 50 000 logic circuits or as many as 500 000 bits of random-access memory. During this progression, manufacturing facilities producing these modern products have become more complex and technologically more sophisticated than those of any other industry. This review traces these fast-moving changes as they have occurred in IBM, emphasizing the continuous expansion of manufacturing skills and disciplines and how these, in turn, have contributed to the development of today's products and their respective manufacturing systems.
Ab initio SCF molecular dynamics: Exploring the potential energy surface of small silicon clusters

A few classical nuclear trajectories at finite temperature have been calculated from ab initio SCF energy gradients. They have been used as an alternative means to search for local minimum energy structures on the Born–Oppenheimer surfaces for some elemental silicon clusters. The approach is found to be beneficial in yielding different structures of silicon clusters. In other cases, the trajectories stay trapped in only one region of the phase space.
A Comparison of Treatment Plans using Linac-Based Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy and Helical Tomotherapy for Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma

This study evaluated whether helical tomotherapy (TOMO) planning could achieve better isodose distribution for the maxillary sinus while concomitantly sparing the adjacent _critical normal organs than linac-based step-and-shoot IMRT (s-IMRT) planning. TOMO and s-IMRT were established for 10 patients with maxillary sinus cancer. The prescription (66 Gy, 30 fractions) was used to cover the planning target volume (PTV) with a 95% isodose line. Each plan was independently optimized using the CORVUS planning system and Tomotherapy Hi-Art system. The treatment plans were compared using dose volume histogram (DVH), a dose homogeneity index (DHI) of the PTV, and equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and DVH of organs at risk (OARs). The TOMO plans demonstrated better dose homogeneity compared to the s-IMRT plans. The average V95% of the TOMO plans was similar to that of the s-IMRT (92.92% vs. 95.07%, respectively), but the average V107% was 0% for TOMO compared with 18.74% for s-IMRT. The average maximum dose reduction was 7 Gy, and DHI increased by 8% for PTV1 in TOMO compared with s-IMRT (79 Gy vs. 71 Gy and, 89% vs. 97%, respectively). The average EUD reduction for the optic nerve was 17%. In summary, planning with TOMO was superior to s-IMRT planning with respect to dose homogeneity within the PTV and sparing of the optic nerve.
A study of combined roughness and plasticity induced fatigue crack closure for long cracks using a modified strip-yield model

Abstract Combined roughness- and plasticity-induced crack closure for long cracks is studied using a Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments approach. A newly developed modified strip-yield model which has been adapted to incorporate the mode I effects of roughness induced crack closure is used for the study. The effects of maximum stress, load ratio, roughness asperity angle, and roughness periodicity are quantified. In addition, conditions affecting the benefit of roughness-induced crack closure are investigated.
REMEDIATING READING DIFFICULTIES IN A RESPONSE TO INTERVENTION MODEL WITH SECONDARY STUDENTS

The research on Response to Intervention (RtI) with secondary students is scant; however, a recently conducted, multiyear, large-scale implementation of RtI with middle-school students provides findings that inform practices and future directions for research. This article provides an overview of the findings from each of the 3 years of an intensive, tiered reading intervention with middle-school students. In Year 1, students were provided with a Tier 1 and Tier 2 intervention. In Year 2, minimal responders were provided with another year of intervention (Tier 3), and again in Year 3, minimal responders to the 2-year intervention were provided with a third year of intervention (Tier 4). Using students' responsiveness to intervention as a prerequisite for a subsequent year of intensive instruction, minimal responders received a total of up to 3 years of intervention. The efficacy of an enhanced primary (Tier 1), secondary (Tier 2), and tertiary (Tier 3) intervention, and an individualized, intensive reading intervention (Tier 4) are discussed, as well as the logistics of implementing an RtI model with secondary students.
Galileo and the humanities

Galileo’s greatest contribution did not involve lenses, pendulums or mathematics. His most revolutionary act – what is at the core of what might be called the Galilean moment – was to usher in a way of looking at the world in which we can look at the heavens with lenses, think of its chandeliers and swings as pendulums, and read its book in the language of mathematics. This is more than a scientific development; it is at once an intellectual and a cultural transformation. The Galilean moment connects with the humanities in two ways. One is that Galileo, thanks to his training in the humanities, was able to transform mathematics from what was essentially a branch of philosophy and theology, studied by artists and humanists, into a tool for scientists. But if the humanities were a legacy that made the Galilean achievement possible, that achievement now posed a fundamental challenge for the humanities: how to characterize the relation between that mathematically structured world and our own. This is a second...
Simulating refraction and reflection of ocular surfaces for algorithm validation in outdoor mobile eye tracking videos

To create input videos for testing pupil detection algorithms for outdoor eye tracking, we develop a simulation of the eye with front-surface reflections of the cornea and the internal refractions of the cornea and refraction at the air/cornea and cornea/aqueous boundaries. The scene and iris are simulated using texture mapping and are alpha-blended to produce the final image of the eye with reflections and refractions. The simulation of refraction is important in order to observe the elliptical shape that the pupil takes on as it goes off axis, and to take into consideration the difference between true pupil position and apparent (entrance) pupil position. Sequences of images are combined to produce input videos for testing the next generation of pupil detection and tracking algorithms, which must sort the pupil out of distracting edges and reflected objects.
Copy number variation at leptin receptor gene locus associated with metabolic traits and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Recent efforts have been made to link complex human traits and disease susceptibility to DNA copy numbers. The leptin receptor (LEPR) has been implicated in obesity and diabetes. Mutations and genetic variations of LEPR gene have been discovered in rodents and humans. However, the association of DNA copy number variations at the LEPR gene locus with human complex diseases has not been reported. In an attempt to study DNA copy number variations associated with metabolic traits and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we targeted the LEPR gene locus in DNA copy number analyses. We identified DNA copy number variations at the LEPR gene locus among a Korean population using genome-wide SNP chip data, and then quantified copy numbers of the E2 DNA sequence in the first two exons overlapped between LEPR and LEPROT genes by the quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragment (QMPSF) method. Among the non-diabetic subjects (n = 1,067), lower E2 DNA copy numbers were associated with higher fasting glucose levels in men (p = 1.24 × 10-7) and women (p = 9.45 × 10-5), as well as higher total cholesterol levels in men (p = 9.96 × 10-7). In addition, the significant association between lower E2 DNA copy numbers and lower level of postprandial 2hr insulin was evident only in non-diabetic women, whereas some obesity-related phenotypes and total cholesterol level exhibited significant associations only in non-diabetic men. Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower E2 DNA copy numbers were associated with T2DM (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26~2.96; p < 0.003) in our nested case-control study. Interestingly, the E2 DNA copy number exhibited a negative correlation with LEPR gene expression, but a positive correlation with LEPROT gene expression. This work suggests that a structural variation at the LEPR gene locus is functionally associated with complex metabolic traits and the risk of T2DM.
Micromorpho-Anatomical Examination of 2,4-D Phytotoxicity in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Leaves

The anatomical and micro-morphological alterations as induced by the auxinic herbicide, 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) have not yet been elucidated for a commercially important fruit crop such as grapevine despite its super sensitivity to 2,4-D. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were employed to examine 2,4-D induced internal and external structural abnormalities in Merlot grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Healthy leaves were dorsiventrally flattened with well developed patterns of cellular structure and composition involving adaxial palisade parenchyma and abaxial spongy mesophyll. Dorsiventral variations in epidermal features involved large epidermal cells on the adaxial surface, and trichomes and stomata with turgid elliptical guard cells on the abaxial surface. The 2,4-D injured leaves were small and enated; the veins were fasciated with rugose bands of lamina existing between fasciated veins. The epidermal cells aggregated instead of being positioned coplanar to the epidermal plane. The adaxial elongated palisade parenchyma cells were transformed into an ovoid shape with intercellular spaces. An extensive development of replacement tissues took place on the abaxial surface wherein the stomata became roundish and were either raised or sunken with collapsed and cracked guard cells that developed abnormal outer stomatal ledges. These abnormalities are expected to severely perturb the vital functions of photosynthesis and transpiration ultimately leading to vine death attributable, at least in part, to the injured leaves.
Relative importance of spatial and temporal scales in a patchy environment

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relative importance of temporal and spatial scales of habitat heterogeneity on regional abundance of populations in patchy environments. Temporal scale is habitat lifespan relative to the generation time of the organism, and spatial scale is the distance between habitat patches relative to the dispersal distance of the organism. A spatially explicit simulation model of population growth and dispersal was constructed for a population that is distributed on a grid. The grid contains two sorts of habitat, useable and nonuseable habitat; useable habitat occurs in habitat patches. Habitat patches are transient; they are “born” at random with a specified probability, and they exist for a specified length of time, the patch “lifespan.” Distance between patches is directly related to habitat patch size when the fraction of the grid in useable habitat is held constant. A factorial simulation experiment was conducted in which the fraction of the grid in useable habitat was held constant and patch lifespan, patch size, and species dispersal distance were varied. The relative importance of temporal scale (patch lifespan) and spatial scale (patch size, a surrogate for inter-patch distance per species dispersal distance) on regional population size was tested by analysis of variance. Population size increased with increasing temporal scale and decreased with increasing spatial scale. The effect of temporal scale far outweighed the effect of spatial scale. Implications for design of ecological research programmes are discussed.
An improved electrophoretic procedure for galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase: Demonstration of multiple activity bands with the duarte variant

Abstract An improved electrophoretic procedure for erythrocyte galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase is described. A three-banded pattern was found by this method for Duarte variant individuals in contrast to a single band for normal individuals. This electrophoretic procedure also provides a means of distinguishing the Duarte variant homozygotes from the heterozygotes.
Characterization of the successive one-electron oxidation products of the dicobalt fulvalenediyl (Fv) compound Co2Fv(CO)4 and its phosphine-substituted product

The anodic oxidation of Co2Fv(CO)4, 1, has been studied in dichloromethane containing [NBu4][TFAB] (TFAB = [B(C6F5)4]−) as the supporting electrolyte anion. Voltammetric, amperometric, coulometric,...
Latino Parents' “Choice” for Bilingual Education in an Urban California School: Language Politics in the Aftermath of Proposition 227

Abstract This paper examines the choices parents have made regarding language of instruction in their children's classrooms, particularly in California after the implementation of Proposition 227. The data for this study are drawn from a 2-year ethnography of eight Latino families from an urban immigrant Latino community. The parents in the study held a high value for bilingual education, particularly in the elementary grades. However, parents' choice for language of instruction was not always a choice but rather determined by lack of access to information and school-community power relations.
Comparative Demographic Profiles

The comparative profiles of voluntary and paid blood donors point out that paid donors are significantly younger, more likely to be male, single, and Afro-American. With regard to socioeconomic dimensions, paid donors are more likely to have had less formal education and a greater tendency toward unemployment and underemployment. The paid donor is also much more likely to earn less than $4,000 a year. The philanthropic predisposition of paid donors is considerably lower than that of voluntary donors, as operationally measured by the number of organizations to which one contributes time and money. Though specific religious preferences were not significantly different among the various groups of donors, religious activity was. Paid donors are less likely to attend religious services weekly and have a much greater tendency to visit houses of worship only once a year or never. Paid donors also tend to be slightly more prone to change their residence.
Detection and assignment of weak absorption bands by magnetic circular dichroism: Spin-forbidden transitions of CoCl42−

Abstract The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of CoCl42−/Cs3ZnCl5 at 9°K shows ten weak bands between 8000 A and 3000 A due to spin-forbidden transitions. The signs and magnitudes of the MCD intensities yield a clear assignment of nine bands.
Structure of highly undercooled cobalt-tin eutectic alloy

Abstract Several ingots of cobalt — 34 wt% tin eutectuc alloy, weighing approximately 100 g were vacuum melted and undercooled by various amounts prior to nucleation of the solid. Study of the microstructures thus obtained showed the existence of regions of anomalous eutectic surrounded by regions of lamellar eutectic. The amount of anomalous eutectic increased with undercooling and, to a lesser extent, with cooling rate. Both eutectics became finer with increasing undercooling and cooling rate. They both consisted of the same two phases, the cobalt-rich α-phase and the γ-phase. Two solidification models were suggested for explaining the formation of the observed microstructres.
Drying and Rehydration of DLPC/DSPC Symmetric and Asymmetric Supported Lipid Bilayers: a Combined AFM and Fluorescence Microscopy Study

This work characterizes the impact of lipid symmetry/asymmetry on drying/rehydration reorganization in phase-separated dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC)/distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) at the submicron and micron-scale. In addition the prevention of major drying/rehydration reorganization by the use of trehalose is demonstrated. Even though it was found using fluorescence microscopy that micrometer scale structure is preserved in the presence and absence of trehalose upon drying/rehydration, AFM and FRAP experiments successfully revealed major changes in the phase-separated structure such as defects, obstructions, lipid condensation, collapse structures, and complex incomplete DLPC-DSPC mixing/exchange in the absence of trehalose. In the presence of trehalose the membrane preserves its structure at the nanometer scale and mobility. We found that SLBs with asymmetric domain configurations underwent major rearrangements during drying and rehydration, whereas the symmetric domain configuration mainly rearranged during rehydration, that we hypothesize is related to lower transmembrane cohesiveness or lack of anchoring to the substrate in the case of the asymmetric domains.
A broad-range high-transmission electron spectrometer

Abstract A high-transmission, broad-range electron spectrometer has been developed to study internal conversion electrons from the deexcitation of levels populated by Coulomb excitation. A solenoidal magnetic field configuration is used to transport the electrons away from the target and focus them onto a cooled semiconductor detector. In principle, the efficiency ranges from nearly 50% at 100 keV to approximately 15% at a few MeV and the broad-range character is effectively limited by the dynamic range of the recording electronic equipment associated with the semiconductor counter. Compton-scattering background events in the detector from gamma radiation originating in the target are greatly attenuated by large detector-target separation with small sacrifice to the electron collection efficiency. This spectrometer is particularly useful in experiments involving low data accumulation rates, and it can be readily employed in a coincidence configuration. Data obtained from Coulomb excitation experiments with heavy ions and from radioactive sources are presented.
Experimental “Constant Oestrus” and the Notion of Anti-Gonadotropic Hormones.∗:

SummaryParabiotic twins of rats exchange daily about 150 cc. of blood. If one member of a female pair is hypophysectomized it exhibits deficiencies which prove that blood received from the normal mate carries not enough hormones to maintain body weight, thyroids, adrenals and ovaries at normal levels. Castration or sterilization of males and females increases the output of follicle-stimulating hormones to the extent that normal or hypophysectomized twin females go into a condition of constant oestrus. The ovaries are visibly overstimulated and contain large follicles but no corpora lutea. Uterus and vagina exhibit also the characteristics of a maximal or even an exaggerated oestrus condition, indicating the release of large amounts of oestrin by the ovaries. Not enough oestrin accumulates in the castrate member to prevent complete atrophy of the secondary sex characters. This indicates rapid disappearance even of high amounts of oestrin from the circulation. Constant oestrus with a moderate degree of ovar...
Interstellar molecular hydrogen observed in the ultraviolet spectrum of delta Scorpii

Molecular hydrogen bands of the Lyman and Werner systems were observed in the ultraviolet, interstellar spectrum of delta Sco. The average molecular column density is given, and the average temperature of the gas of which the molecules are part is 47 K. Minimum and maximum gas temperatures are 25 and 98 K respectively. The ratio of the number of hydrogen atoms in molecular form to the total number of hydrogen atoms in either atomic or molecular form is 0.044 (+0.070, -0.018).
Horseshoes and nonintegrability in the restricted case of a spinless axisymmetric rigid body in a central gravitational field

The purpose of this paper is to study the motion of a spinless axisymmetric rigid body in a Newtonian field when we suppose the motion of the center of mass of the rigid body is on a Keplerian orbit. In this case the system can be reduced to a Hamiltonian system with configuration space of a two-dimensional sphere. We prove that the restricted planar motion is analytical nonintegrable and we find horseshoes due to the eccentricity of the orbit. In the caseI3/I1>4/3, we prove that the system on the sphere is also analytical nonintegrable.
Autonomous Management of the Space Station Electric Energy System

Abstract This paper discusses some of the implementation issues associated with autonomous management of the Space Station electric energy system. In particular, an executive based structure is proposed to handle the scheduling and real time control of the energy system. The major pieces of this structure are a user interface, the executive itself, a scheduler for the loads and storage, and a real time controller. The least developed of the technologies necessary torealize autonomous management is the scheduler and hence is given primary focus. This paper proposes using thesimulated annealing algorithm for the solution of the scheduling problem and presents some preliminary results using this algorithm. Introduction The breadth of Space Station applications, which includes laboratory experiments, commercial manufacturing, and services for a space travel way station, places a variety of demands on the supporting electrical energy system.This translates into significant requirements for flexibility on the system. The energy system must be flexible enough to
Home and School Factors Impacting Parental Involvement in a Title I Elementary School.

Before and after the interventions of summer classes for parents and an interactive homework program, parents of children in an inner-city southeastern U.S. elementary school were interviewed and teachers surveyed to determine home and school factors that impacted parental involvement in their children's education. Beliefs about roles and perceptions of life contexts consistently indicated that these mostly high-school-educated, African American parents in a Title I school were involved in the education of their elementary school-age children, at home and school. Self-reported teacher behaviors included an increase in helping parents to establish home environments more conducive to support children, more regular communication, more involvement of parents in decision-making, and more involvement in the community. Results about factors influencing involvement at home were basically the same for these Title I parents as factors more often associated with higher socioeconomic status parents. School practices ...
Implications of Utility Analysis Adjustments for Estimates of Human Resource Intervention Value

This paper argues that most utility analysis (UA) applications are flawed because they employ an overly simplistic formula. This piece reviews the literature on UA adjustments and demonstrates that the adjustments have a large impact on resulting estimates. These results imply that human resources programs do not invariably yield positive returns; rather, intervention success is contingent on program-specific, organizational, and environmental factors.
May the US government monitor private critical infrastructure assets to combat foreign cyberspace threats

Abstract The government “owns” the entire US airspace–it can install radar systems, enforce no-fly zones and interdict hostile aircraft. Since the critical infrastructure and the associated cyberspace are just as vital to national security, could the US government protect major assets–including privately-owned assets–by positioning sensors and defensive systems? This paper discusses the legal issues related to the government’s deployment of sensors in privately owned assets to gain broad situational awareness of foreign threats. This paper does not necessarily advocate pervasive government monitoring of the critical infrastructure; rather, it attempts to analyze the legal principles that would permit or preclude various forms of monitoring.
Orientation of Chemical Properties by Direct Synthesis of Molecular Sieves

This subject was discussed on the basis of a broad collective experimental experience and not only that of the presented papers (1). The classical concept of a nuclei as a critically sized “species” allowing spontaneous growth in a system by virtue of lowering the free energy of the “solution” — was accepted. This may occur spontaneously in a supersaturated system or by the addition of such material promoters from an external source. The issue of whether the latter are nuclei or seeds was discussed at length, and depending on the specific zeolite or synthesis slurry in question, both mechanisms may be invoked. Nuclei in this case are structureless in the sense that such a source may induce crystal growth of many different structures in several different gel systems, whereas seeds are viewed as being structure specific. They direct the crystallization to only one structure — that of the seed.
An empirical investigation of rationing constraints in rural credit markets in India

Abstract The literature on rural credit markets has generally assumed that households are rationed in their access to subsidized ‘formal’ credit. The validity of this assumption depends on the level of effective demand for formal credit, in turn a function of the demand for credit and its availability from ‘informal’ sources. This paper estimates the demand and the sector-specific costs of credit, and hence the extent of formal sector rationing, through an analysis of household participation in both the formal and the informal credit sectors. The results show that the extent of rationing is considerably less than what is conventionally assumed.
Brief Report: Does Mastery Buffer the Impact of Stress on Depression Among Low-Income Mothers?

Mastery is the extent to which one believes their own outcomes are under their control and is an important coping mechanism in negotiating difficult life circumstances. Furthermore, increased mastery may lead to greater psychological functioning. It was hypothesized that mastery would moderate the relationship between stress on depression among mothers living in poverty (N = 2256). Although stress predicted depression among mothers with low and high mastery, the link was stronger for mothers with low mastery. This supports the stress-buffering hypothesis, indicating that difficulties may be more predictive of depression for those with low compared to high mastery. Professionals implementing programs to assist low-income mothers may want to focus on concepts such as mastery and empowerment.
Redox Intercalative Polymerization of Aniline in V2O5 Xerogel. The Postintercalative Intralamellar Polymer Growth in Polyaniline/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites Is Facilitated by Molecular Oxygen

Polyaniline can be inserted in V2O5·nH2O xerogel by in situ oxidative polymerization/intercalation of aniline or anilinium in air. The reaction is facile and topotactic, forming polyaniline as the emeraldine salt. The interlayer separation (5.6 A) is consistent with a monolayer of polymer chains in the V2O5 framework. Evidence is presented that oxygen acts as an electron acceptor both during the in situ reaction and long after intercalation is complete. The crucial role of oxygen in this reaction is probed and discussed. In an alternative route, anilinium is first intercalated and then, in a second step, is oxidatively polymerized in the xerogel upon exposure of the intercalate sample to air. Upon standing in air (aging), two processes occur independently in these materials: (a) the partial reoxidation of the reduced V2O5 framework and (b) further oxidative coupling of anilinium and aniline oligomers inside the V2O5 layers, leading to longer chain molecules. These observations are supported by several ph...
Design considerations for high frequency co-axial winding power transformers

An examination is made of the important loss aspects of the design of co-axial winding transformers such as the influence of skin effect on winding resistance, the variation of the core loss caused by nonuniform core flux density, and the choice of the principle dimensions and aspect ratios for maximum efficiency. Experimental measurements on a 50 kVA 50 kHz unit are included to confirm portions of the analytical results and suggested design procedures. >
Detection and punishment of malicious wireless stations in IEEE 802.11e EDCA network

We propose a malicious detection algorithm that permits identification of misbehaving wireless stations, and then meting out punishment by not supplying an ACK packet permitting transmission by the malicious stations. The proposed algorithm is designed for IEEE 802.11e network and based upon detecting a change in QoS moving a station up in terms of a measure of permission to a level which is not justified. The impact of non-detection will be for honest stations to set their retransmit attempts to times longer than the deadline set in order to sustain continuous receipt of their data. Our simulation within the ns-2 framework of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA network shows how our algorithm actually detects and adjusts the punishment phase for stations that maybe misbehaving as well as stations which are misbehaving.
Scaling and self-organized criticality in proteins: Lysozyme c.

Proteins appear to be the most dramatic natural example of self-organized criticality (SOC), a concept that explains many otherwise apparently unlikely phenomena. Protein functionality is often dominated by long-range hydro(phobic/philic) interactions, which both drive protein compaction and mediate protein-protein interactions. In contrast to previous reductionist short-range hydrophobicity scales, the holistic Moret-Zebende hydrophobicity scale [Phys. Rev. E 75, 011920 (2007)] represents a hydroanalytic tool that bioinformatically quantifies SOC in a way fully compatible with evolution. Hydroprofiling identifies chemical trends in the activities and substrate binding abilities of model enzymes and antibiotic animal lysozymes $c$, as well as defensins, which have been the subject of tens of thousands of experimental studies. The analysis is simple and easily performed and immediately yields insights not obtainable by traditional methods based on short-range real-space interactions, as described either by classical force fields used in molecular-dynamics simulations, or hydrophobicity scales based on transference energies from water to organic solvents or solvent-accessible areas.
Adolescent hypertension. I. Detection and prevalence.

Blood pressure screening of 3537 high school students in the Harlem community was performed to determine the frequency distribution of blood pressures in this age group and to investigate the prevalence of hypertension in adolescence. The major inscription of the frequency distributions of both systolic and diastolic blood pressures was comparable among black, latin, and white students. However, female students of all races had lower systolic pressures than males. An over-all prevalence of 5.4% systolic and 7.8% diastolic hypertension was observed during the initial screening, and no significant difference in prevalence among the races was detected. With follow-up screening of those students with elevated blood pressures (BP ≧ 140/90 mm Hg) prevalence declined markedly to 1.2% systolic and 2.4% diastolic hypertension and showed that black males had a higher prevalence of persistent diastolic hypertension (3.7%) than all other groups. This difference did not achieve statistical significance; however, the racial comparison was not wholly satisfactory because of the limited sample of white students. Nevertheless, the observed prevalence in black males was more than twice that reported in the National Health Survey during a single screening. The data suggest two features of adolescent blood pressure which should be taken into account in hypertension detection programs for this age group: 1) the criteria selected to define blood pressure elevations in a maturing circulation would be more meaningful if related to the observed frequency distributions of blood pressure in an adolescent sample population. Values exceeding one standard deviation above the means reported herein are recommended (males: 132/85 mm Hg; females: 123/82 mm Hg); and 2) serial measurements of blood pressure appear to be required to detect the potentially hypertensive adolescent as well as to determine prevalence rates with accuracy. A finding which deserves further study is the striking increase in the percent of elevated blood pressures noted between the ages of 17 and 18 years, particularly in black males. Black males represent a vulnerable segment of the adult hypertensive population as well. The results indicate that over-all, contrary to traditional views, the development of hypertension may begin in adolescence and that methods of detection which appear satisfactory in adulthood are insufficient to uncover the true prevalence rates of hypertension in this age group.
Lagrangian characteristics of turbulence and scalar transport in direct numerical simulations

A study of the Lagrangian statistical properties of velocity and passive scalar fields using direct numerical simulations is presented, for the case of stationary isotropic turbulence with uniform mean scalar gradients. Data at higher grid resolutions (up to 512 3 and Taylor-scale Reynolds number 234) allow an update of previous velocity results at lower Reynolds number, including intermittency and dimensionality effects on vorticity time scales. The emphasis is on Lagrangian scalar time series which are new to the literature and important for stochastic mixing models. The variance of the ‘total’ Lagrangian scalar value (ϕ˜ + , combining contributions from both mean and fluctuations) grows with time, with the velocity–scalar cross-correlation function and fluid particle displacements playing major roles. The Lagrangian increment of ϕ˜ + conditioned upon velocity and scalar fluctuations is well represented by a linear regression model whose parameters depend on both Reynolds number and Schmidt number. The Lagrangian scalar fluctuation is non-Markovian and has a longer time scale than the velocity, which is due to the strong role of advective transport, and is in contrast to results in an Eulerian frame where the scalars have shorter time scales. The scalar dissipation is highly intermittent and becomes de-correlated in time more rapidly than the energy dissipation. Differential diffusion for scalars with Schmidt numbers between 1/8 and 1 is characterized by asymmetry in the two-scalar cross-correlation function, a shorter time scale for the difference between two scalars, as well as a systematic decrease in the Lagrangian coherency spectrum up to at least the Kolmogorov frequency. These observations are consistent with recent work suggesting that differential diffusion remains important in the small scales at high Reynolds number.
ASPECTS OF THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN ILLUSTRATED BY NINTH NERVE BLOCK Case Report

SUMMARY Glossopharyngeal nerve block, with radiological control, was used to relieve severe pain due to oropharyngeal carcinoma. The clinical course of this patient illustrated the need for early block to obviate the development of narcotic addiction. General principles in the management of chronic pain due to malignancy, as illustrated by this report, are discussed.
RECONFIGURATION IN FAULT-TOLERANT 3D MESHES

The $1\frac{1}{2}$ track model for fault tolerant 2D processor arrays is extended to 3D mesh architectures. Non-intersecting, continuous, straight and non-near miss compensation paths are considere...
A model for the marginal distribution of aggregate per second HTTP request rate

This paper presents a new model for aggregate hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) request rate. Specifically the model describes the marginal distribution of aggregate HTTP request rate at the second time scale for the aggregate Web traffic generated by a large number of users accessing the Web. The examination of three independent traces of Web traffic shows that the marginal distribution of HTTP request rate is well modelled by the Polya-Aeppli probability distribution. The Polya-Aeppli result is based on observations that the marginal distribution of active users is Poisson and that the distribution of the number of requests generated by an active user is approximately geometric. The Polya-Aeppli result has immediate application in the estimation of peak HTTP request rates from known mean and variance. The result also highlights a discrepancy between artificial Web traffic workloads used for cache benchmarking based on the Poisson assumption and actual Web traffic.
An Efficient Methodology for Detection of Anomalous Propagation Echoes in Radar Reflectivity Data Using Neural Networks

Abstract To detect anomalous propagation echoes in radar data, an automated procedure based on a neural network classification scheme has been developed. Earlier results had indicated that algorithms used to detect anomalous propagation must be calibrated before they can be applied to new sites. Developing a calibration dataset is typically laborious as it involves a human expert. To eliminate this problem, an efficient methodology of calibrating and validating neural network–based detection is proposed. Using volume scan radar reflectivity data from two WSR-88D locations, the authors demonstrate that the procedure can be calibrated easily and applied successfully to different sites.
Third-order resonance effects and the nonlinear stability of drop oscillations

The three-dimensional nonlinear oscillations of an isolated, inviscid drop with surface tension are studied by a multiple timescale analysis and pre-averaging applied to the variational principle for the appropriate Lagrangian. Amplitude equations are derived which describe the generic cubic resonance caused by the spatial degeneracy of the eigenfrequencies of the linear normal modes. This resonant coupling leads to the instability of the finite amplitude axisymmetric oscillations to small nonaxisymmetric perturbations, as is demonstrated here for the three- and four-lobed normal modes. Solutions to the interaction equations that describe finite amplitude, nonaxisymmetric traveling-wave solutions are also obtained and their stability is investigated. A nongeneric cubic resonance between the two-lobed and four-lobed oscillatory modes leads to quasi-periodic motions.
Exploring the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Its Impact on HIV/AIDS Risk-Taking Behavior among Women Prisoners

This study examines contextual measures of childhood sexual abuse and their relationship to HIV/AIDS riskbehavior s using a sample of 1,198 newly admitted female prisoners in 1998-1999. Analyses revealed that sexually abused prisoners were more likely to have experienced childhood neglect, come from one-parent families, and had parents with drug and/or alcohol and psychiatric problems. Sexually abused women reportedly engaged in more high-riskdrug and sexual activities than nonabused counterparts. Additionally, inmates involved in risk-taking behaviors were more likely to have prior prison incarcerations. The findings suggest that prison-based programs are needed to assist women prisoners, especially those sexually abused as children.
Statistical AM-FM models, extended Kalman filter demodulation, Cramer-Rao bounds, and speech analysis

A stochastic dynamical system model for describing time signals that are jointly amplitude (AM) and frequency (FM) modulated is presented. The signal is assumed to be bandpass, perhaps originating from a filter bank applied to a broadband signal, and includes the constraint that the magnitude of the complex baseband signal is positive. Motivated by speech processing and the desire for narrowband modulating signals, time is divided into frames, and the modulating signals are smoothly interpolated across each frame. The model allows a detailed characterization of the bandwidth of the modulating signals and the statistical character of the measurement noise. An adaptive estimation algorithm based on extended Kalman filtering ideas for extracting the modulating signals from the measured signal is described and demonstrated on both voiced and unvoiced speech signals. The Cramer-Rao bound on the performance of any estimator is computed.
Are preventive and coping measures enough to avoid loss and damage from flooding in Udayapur district, Nepal?

This case study examines household vulnerability and responses in relation to flooding in Udayapur district, Nepal. It describes how communities in this region deal with flooding and asks to what extent their preventive, coping, and adaptation measures have been successful in avoiding loss and damage. A 300-household survey, along with open interviews and focus group discussions, revealed a wide range of strategies that families adopt in relation to flooding. In situ measures - such as the construction of sand embankments, stonewalls, and bamboo fences - are frequently used measures to control floods and prevent impacts. The most common coping strategies in Udayapur district are outmigration for labour and reliance on non-food income, social networks, and external support. The results show that despite high adoption rates, for a majority of the households, preventive and adaptation measures are often not enough to avoid loss and damage.
New Sampling-Based Estimators for OLAP Queries

One important way in which sampling for approximate query processing in a database environment differs from traditional applications of sampling is that in a database, it is feasible to collect accurate summary statistics from the data in addition to the sample. This paper describes a set of sampling-based estimators for approximate query processing that make use of simple summary statistics to to greatly increase the accuracy of sampling-based estimators. Our estimators are able to give tight probabilistic guarantees on estimation accuracy. They are suitable for low or high dimensional data, and work with categorical or numerical attributes. Furthermore, the information used by our estimators can easily be gathered in a single pass, making them suitable for use in a streaming environment.
Foreign Aid's Impact on Public Spending

Using a model of aid fungibility, the authors examine the relationship between foreign aid and public spending. Based on a panel of cross-country and time-series data, their results show that roughly 75 cents of every dollar given in net development assistance goes to current spending and 25 cents to capital spending in the recipient countries. But concessionary loans - a component of development assistance - stimulate far more government spending. Their results also show that aid increases both public and private investment. To test aid fungibility across both public spending categories, they use a newly constructed data series on the net disbursement of concessionary loans. They find that concessionary loans given to the transport and communication sector are fully nonfungible. But loans to the energy sector are converted into fungible monies and part of the funds leak into transport and communications. Loans to agriculture and education are also fungible. There is no evidence of concessionary funds being diverted for military purposes. Their results show that total public spending in the health sector has no impact on reducing infant mortality, but concessionary loans to the health sector do. This finding leads the authors to conclude that linking foreign aid to an agreed-upon public spending program in areas critical to development might be an effective way to transfer resources to developing countries.
Process Data Analysis Using Multivariate Statistical Methods

Nearly all industrial chemical processes are heavily computerized to collect large volumes of data By studying and analyzing data, improved understanding produces higher quality products and increases profitability. The fallacy in this reasoning is the assumption that the right tools are in place to analyze and make sense out of the data. Only when data contains information is data valuable. This short paper examines two multivariate statistical methods, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS), to analyze and interpret data from a large chemical process. In an example, PCA and PLS were used to identify the correct correlations between the measurements and the output to reduce the dimensionality of the process data and to build a model to predict the output from the known measurements.
Investigation of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures for antenna pattern control

In this paper we investigate the use of a variety of EBG structures as components of a number of different antenna designs, with a view to assessing their pattern control capabilities. The EBG configurations investigated include both the one- and two-dimensional geometries comprising of dielectric slabs and rods as well as air pockets in the dielectric. The antenna types used to investigate the EBG materials are microstrip patch, dielectric resonator (DRA) and tapered slot (TSA) types. We compare the numerical simulation results for the gain patterns of original antennas (no EBG) with those that have EBG materials. The studies show that it is not a trivial task to control the radiation characteristics of planar and three-dimensional antennas described in this paper by using EBG structures.
The Particulars on Universals: A Comparison of the Acquisition of Tense-Aspect Morphology among Japanese- and French-Speaking Learners of English

This study investigated the relationship between L1 and the developmental sequences for the acquisition of temporal morphology that are predicted by the aspect hypothesis. The use of tense-aspect markers in 7,784 past contexts by 139 Japanese- and French-speaking ESL learners was analyzed. A repeated measures ANOVA supported the predictions of the aspect hypothesis. For both L1 groups, the marking of past spread from achievements and accomplishments (telics) through activities to statives, and the preferred non-past responses for statives and activities were present and progressive, respectively. The magnitude, rather than the direction, of the lexical aspect effect with achievements was the only significant L1 difference. The results lend support to the hypothesis that the influence of lexical aspect on the acquisition of grammatical morphology is a language learning universal. They are also consistent with research on other linguistic features in which selective influence of L1 on developmental sequences has been observed. La presente etude avait pour but d'examiner le rapport entre la langue premiere (L1) et les sequences de developpement de l'acquisition de la morphologie temporelle telles que prevues par l'hypothese aspectuelle. Les analyses portent sur l'emploi du temps et de l'aspect en anglais de 139 apprenants francophones et japonais dans 7 784 contextes au passe. Les resultats d'une analyse de variance sur des mesures repetees confirment les previsions de l'hypothese aspectuelle. Dans les deux groupes d'apprenants, pour marquer le passe, l'emploi de la forme du preterit simple s'etend des achevements et des accomplissements (verbes teliques) aux activites et aux etats (verbes ateliques). Pour le non-passe, il y avait une preference pour l'emploi du present avec les etats et du progressif avec les activites. La seule difference significative selon la L1 se trouvait dans la grandeur de l'effet de l'aspect lexical pour les achevements. Ces resultats appuient l'hypothese selon laquelle l'influence de l'aspect lexical sur l'acquisition de la morphologie grammaticale constitue un universel de l'acquisition des langues. Ils sont aussi compatibles avec des recherches sur d'autres traits linguistiques ou l'on a observe l'influence selective de la L1 sur les sequences de developpement.