cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate Mutations That Bypass a Specific Cpn10 Chaperonin Requirement for Protein Folding

The bacteriophage T4 GroES homologue, gp31, in conjunction with the Escherichia coli chaperonin GroEL, is both necessary and sufficient to fold the T4 major capsid protein, gp23, to a state competent for capsid assembly as shown by in vivo expression studies. GroES is unable to function in this role as a productive co-chaperonin. The sequencing and characterization of mutations within gp23 that confer GroEL and gp31 chaperonin-independent folding of the mutant protein suggest that the chaperonin requirements are due to specific sequence determinants or structures in critical regions of gp23 that behave in an additive fashion to confer a chaperonin bypass phenotype. Conservative amino acid substitutions in these critical regions enable gp23 to fold in a GroEL-gp31 chaperonin-independent mode, albeit less efficiently than wild type, both in vivo and in vitro. Although the presence of functional GroEL-gp31 enhances folding of the mutated gp23 in vivo, GroEL-GroES has no such effect. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggest that a translational pausing mechanism is not responsible for the bypass mutant phenotype. Polyhead reassembly experiments are also consistent with direct, post-translational effects of the bypass mutations on polypeptide folding. Given our finding that gp31 is not required for the binding of the major capsid protein to GroEL and that active GroES is incapable of folding the gp23 polypeptide chain to native conformation, our results suggest co-chaperonin specificity in the folding of certain substrates.
Asymptotic expansions for tests of goodness of fit for linear autoregressive schemes

The general problem of discrimination in stationary time series analysis, especially when the length of the realized time series is short, is well known. A somewhat simpler problem is to test the hypothesis that the time series is a linear autoregressive scheme of order p where p is a specified positive integer. If the hypothesis is simple in the sense that a particular, well-defined autoregressive scheme is considered under the null hypothesis, one can use either Quenouille's test (1947) or Bartlett & Diananda's test (1950). If, on the other hand, the hypothesis is composite, i.e. if the order p is specified but the parameters of the process remain unknown, the only available admissible tests are those due to Quenouille (1947) and Whittle (1952). All these tests are large sample tests and have simple distributional properties when the sample size is large. In small samples, of course, the sampling properties will be different and considerable error would result if the large sample properties were assumed then. The extent of this error has been studied partially by Bartlett & Rajalakshman (1953) and more systematically by Chanda (1962). The method employed in each case, however, is somewhat inadequate for the purpose and it is believed that probably a more efficient approach would be to obtain asymptotic expansions of the distributions of the test-criteria considered in this connexion. Appropriate manipulation of these asymptotic forms would possibly provide more accurate approximations to the true small-sample distribution of the test-criteria than if we had simply used the corresponding large-sample distributions. The technique is rather well known and has been used extensively by mathematical statisticians in the past. Two different methods are available for this purpose, viz. (i) the method of Edgeworth expansion (see Cramer, 1946, 17.6) and (ii) the method of saddle-point approximation. The first is the classical method frequently used, whereas the second is of recent origin and has been investigated systematically by Daniels (1954). The second method has some advantage over the first, but computationally, it would possibly be more cumbersome. The purpose of this paper is to make a start in the direction of deriving asymptotic expansions for the distributions of the various test-criteria mentioned before by employing either or both of these methods. We have considered only the very simplest of these tests, namely that proposed by Bartlett & Diananda (1950). Thus let {Yt} (t = 1, 2, ...) be the sequence of autoregressive residuals, which we assume to have independent and identical distributions with zero means and finite higher moments and let Y, = Y'/or where o2 = V( Yt). Then the Bartlett-Diananda test criterion (without the end effect) can be written as
Physician Variation in Management of Low-Risk Prostate Cancer: a Population-based Cohort Study

Importance Up-front treatment of older men with low-risk prostate cancer can cause morbidity without clear survival benefit; however, most such patients receive treatment instead of observation. The impact of physicians on the management approach is uncertain. Objective To determine the impact of physicians on the management of low-risk prostate cancer with up-front treatment vs observation. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort of men 66 years and older with low-risk prostate cancer diagnosed from 2006 through 2009. Patient and tumor characteristics were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries. The diagnosing urologist, consulting radiation oncologist, cancer-directed therapy, and comorbid medical conditions were determined from linked Medicare claims. Physician characteristics were obtained from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate management variation and factors associated with observation. Main Outcomes and Measures No cancer-directed therapy within 12 months of diagnosis (observation). Results A total of 2145 urologists diagnosed low-risk prostate cancer in 12 068 men, of whom 80.1% received treatment and 19.9% were observed. The case-adjusted rate of observation varied widely across urologists, ranging from 4.5% to 64.2% of patients. The diagnosing urologist accounted for 16.1% of the variation in up-front treatment vs observation, whereas patient and tumor characteristics accounted for 7.9% of this variation. After adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics, urologists who treat non–low-risk prostate cancer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.71 [95% CI, 0.55-0.92]; P = .01) and graduated in earlier decades ( P = .004) were less likely to manage low-risk disease with observation. Treated patients were more likely to undergo prostatectomy (aOR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.45-2.01]; P P P P = .005) if their urologist billed for that treatment. Case-adjusted rates of observation also varied across consulting radiation oncologists, ranging from 2.2% to 46.8% of patients. Conclusions and Relevance Rates of management of low-risk prostate cancer with observation varied widely across urologists and radiation oncologists. Patients whose diagnosis was made by urologists who treated prostate cancer were more likely to receive up-front treatment and, when treated, more likely to receive a treatment that their urologist performed. Public reporting of physicians’ cancer management profiles would enable informed selection of physicians to diagnose and manage prostate cancer.
On the diabetic menu: Zebrafish as a model for pancreas development and function

Development of the vertebrate pancreas is a complex stepwise process comprising regionalization, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. Studies in zebrafish are contributing to an emerging picture of pancreas development in which extrinsic signaling molecules influence intrinsic transcriptional programs to allow ultimate differentiation of specific pancreatic cell types. Zebrafish experiments have revealed roles for several signaling molecules in aspects of this process; for example our own work has shown that retinoic acid signals specify the pre-pancreatic endoderm. Time-lapse imaging of live zebrafish embryos has started to provide detailed information about early pancreas morphogenesis. In addition to modeling embryonic development, the zebrafish has recently been used as a model for pancreas regeneration studies. Here, we review the significant progress in these areas and consider the future potential of zebrafish as a diabetes research model.
Acquisition of articulatory control for sentential focus in children

Abstract The present study examined articulator movement changes associated with the production of sentential focus in 4, 7 and 11-year-old children and adults. A facial capture system was used to track jaw, lower lip and upper lip movements while words were produced with and without focus in phrase-final and non-final positions. Adults produced focused words with significantly greater movement duration, displacement and velocity than unfocused words. Significant differences in duration, displacement and velocity between focused and unfocused productions were seen in the 7 and 11 year olds, although these results were not as consistent as those seen in the adults. Articulator movement differences between focused and unfocused words were seen in both the phrase-final and non-final positions in adults yet only in the phrase-final position in children. Findings suggest that children begin to modify articulator movement to mark sentential focus between 7 and 11 years of age and are likely to continue to refine movement patterns for this prosodic task throughout adolescence.
Assessing Disordered Thoughts in Preschoolers with Dysregulated Mood

There is rising interest in identifying precursors to bipolar disorder symptoms, including thought disorder. Thought disorder is identified in adults through self-report and in school-aged children through parent report and child story-telling. This study is an exploration to determine if preschoolers with mood dysregulation have evidence of disordered thoughts using a story-stem completion method. Participants included two groups of 3.5-6 year-old children: 20 with mood dysregulation including manic symptoms and 11 typically developing comparison children. Children were administered story completion narratives including one story where the child character accidentally cuts him/herself while pretending to cook. The children were asked to complete the stories and their responses were analyzed for atypical themes consistent with disordered thoughts such as violence or bizarreness outside of the story or props coming to life. Thirty-five percentage of symptomatic preschoolers versus 0% of typically developing preschoolers ascribed independent actions to inanimate props (p = 0.03). Eighty percentage of symptomatic preschoolers versus 9% of typically developing preschoolers utilized props in a violent or bizarre manner outside the central story (p < 0.001). Preschool children with symptoms of dysregulated mood express themes related to the unusual use of story props which may indicate disordered thoughts. This preschool expression of dysregulated mood appears similar to and possibly continuous with school-age and adult versions of bipolar disorder.
Crossed-beam reaction of O(1D)+D2→OD+D by velocity map imaging

Abstract The technique of velocity map imaging [Eppink and Parker, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (1997) 3477] has been applied to the reaction O(1D)+D2→OD+D under single-collision conditions in crossed molecular beams at a collision energy (Ecoll) of 2.4 kcal/mol. Images of the reactively scattered D-atom product were recorded, yielding the full double differential cross-sections (energy and angle) for the reaction. The translational energy and angular distributions are observed to be strongly coupled, with the forward-scattered products showing the largest translational energy release and the sideways-scattered products the lowest translational energy release.
The use of matrices in analyzing the three-dimensional behavior of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

The vestibulo-ocular reflex rotates the eye about the axis of a head rotation at the same speed but in the opposite direction to make the visual axes in space independent of head motion. This reflex works in all three degrees of freedom: roll, pitch, and yaw. The rotations may be described by vectors and the reflex by a transformation in the form of a matrix. The reflex consists of three parts: sensory, central, and motor. The transduction of head rotation into three neural signals, which may also be described by a vector, is described by a canal matrix. The neural, motorcommand vector is transformed to an eye rotation by a muscle matrix. Since these two matrices are known, one can solve for the central matrix which gives the strength of the connections between all the vestibular neurons and all the eye-muscle motoneurons. The role of the metric tensor in these transformations is described. This method of analysis is used in three applications. A lesion may be simulated by altering the elements in any or all of the three component matrices. By matrix multiplication, the resulting abnormal behavior of the reflex can be described quantitatively in all degrees of freedom. The method is also used to directly compare the differences in brain-stem connections between humans and rabbits that accommodate the altered actions of the muscles of the two species. Finally the method allows a quantitative assessment of the changes that take place in the brainstem connections when plastic changes are induced by artificially dissociating head movements from apparent motion of the visual environment.
Calculations of the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of vanadium

Abstract An evaluation of the pressure derivative of the superconducting transition temperature of vanadium is presented. These calculations were performed by using detailed band structure results and the rigid-muffin-tin approximation. Good agreement with experiment is obtained.
Transgenic peppermint (Mentha×piperita L.) plants obtained by cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The first transgenic peppermint (Mentha×piperita L. cultivar Black Mitcham) plants have been obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation by cocultivation with morphogenically responsive leaf explants. Basal leaf explants with petioles, from leaves closest to the apex of in-vitro-culture-maintained shoots (5 cm), exhibited optimal shoot organogenetic responsiveness on medium supplemented with thidiazuron (8.4 µm). Shoot formation occurred at sites of excision on the leaf blade and petiole either directly from cells of the explant or via a primary callus. Analyses of transient GUS activity data indicated that DNA delivery by microprojectile bombardment was more effective than Agrobacterium infection. However, no transgenic plants were obtained from over 22,000 leaf explants after particle bombardment. Cocultivation of leaf explants with Agrobacterium strain EHA 105 and kanamycin selection produced transgenic plants. Greater transient and stable -glucuronidase (GUS) activities were detected in explants or propagules transformed with the construct where gusA was driven by the pBISN1 promoter rather than a CaMV 35S promoter. Eight plants were subsequently regenerated and verified as transgenic based on detection of the nptII transgene by PCR and Southern blot analyses. The Southern analyses indicated that the plants were derived from eight unique transformation events. All transgenic plants appeared morphologically normal. Analyses of GUS activities in leaves sampled from different portions of these transgenic plants, 10 months after transfer to the greenhouse, indicated that six out of the eight original regenerants were uniformly transformed, i.e., did not exhibit chimeric sectors.
Temperature-dependent radiation-enhanced diffusion in ion-bombarded solids

Temperature-dependent radiation-enhanced-diffusion rates for Ag in Ni have been found to decrease at elevated temperatures. The observed narrowing of interface interdiffusion regions with increasing temperature depends on both defect concentration and migration processes which occur in ion-bombarded solids. These findings can be interpreted in terms of a general model of radiation-enhanced diffusion that involves long-lived complex defects which can migrate for large distances and which are themselves subject to annealing.
Optimizing Proportionally Fair Prices

We demonstrate the non-uniqueness of proportional fairness prices, and show that the model of Kelly et al. [9] falls into the category of models that can be generalized to allow optimization of the link prices, with a view toward profit maximization. However, through this framework, we also show that the total revenue that can be obtained through proportional fairness pricing on a network is unique.
A Compact, Microprocessor-Based ECG ST-Segment Analyzer for the Operating Room

We describe a microprocessor-based device for analyzing ST-segment changes of the electrocardiogram in the operating room during general anesthesia. The device identifies significant components of the ECG waveform, detects arrhythmias, and performs ST-segment measurements. Measured values of heart rate, QRS duration, R-wave magnitude, and ST-segment level, slope, area, and index are selectively displayed on a front-panel numeric display and can be recorded in analog form with an FM tape recorder. Provided are details of the battery-operated hardware, the ST-analysis software, and the results of 60 h of clinical trials. Possible uses are proposed for trend analysis during anesthesia.
Spinal dysraphism detected by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with anorectal anomalies: Incidence and clinical significance

Though the concept of caudal regression, suggested in 1961 by Duhamel, could explain the association between anorectal anomalies (ARA) and spinal dysraphism (SD), its real incidence may be underestimated and its clinical significance is debatable. From 1988 to 1993, 111 patients with ARA were treated at the authors' institution. Associated anomalies were present in 36% of cases, with the exception of vesicoureteral reflux, which was considered functional rather than anatomical. In view of the late (1 to 2 years after surgical treatment) onset of vesical dysfunction and/or orthopaedic symptoms in some of these patients, a screening protocol was started in 1991, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in all patients with ARA. Fifty patients, 29 boys and 21 girls, underwent a spinal cord MRI, with pathological findings in 25 cases (50%), 13 boys and 12 girls. The authors did not find any significant difference in incidence with respect to high, low, or cloacal malformations. A thickened filum, with or without fibrolipoma, was the most frequent finding, but even tethered cord, syringomyelia, and sac morphological alterations were present. MRI was also able to detect osteoarticular and/or muscular anomalies. Even when a urodynamic study and a neurological and orthopaedic workup were performed in 20 patients undergoing MRI, the clinical significance of these findings remained unclear. However, accurate follow-up of these patients is mandatory in order to detect early neurological symptoms, because currently it is not advisable to refer for neurosurgery all the patients with ARA presenting with anomalies of the spinal cord.
Effect of age on response to T- and B-cell mitogens in mice congenic at theH-2 locus

TheH-2 gene region is shown to display a considerable influence upon the age-specific response to T- and B-cell mitogens in congenic mice. Three sets of three strains each were studied, including mice congenic on A, C3H, and C57BL backgrounds. The sometimes rather striking differences in mitogenic responsiveness upon any one background were generally much less apparent in young mice than in mice examined at later stages in their lifespans, up to 28 to 30 months in the present investigation. Prior studies which failed to detect an effect ofH-2 upon mitogenic responsiveness have been limited to relatively young mice. We suggest thatH-2-linked genes may influence the maturation rates of various types of immune response, or perhaps the status of differentiation receptor sites. Different types of response may mature, peak, and decline at different ages and underH-2 contributory influence. The age-specific incidence of or susceptibility to certain diseases may in part reflect such diverse rates of change or balance among immune functions. The known associations of theH-2 andHLA systems with various malignancies and autoimmune diseases are not inconsistent with this possibility.
Jupiter's Zonal Winds: Variation with Latitude

Abstract Visual data on Jovian spot motions for 1897–1966 are assembled to show the variation of zonal velocity with Jovian latitude. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres show asymmetric zonal motions away from the equatorial jet. The mean velocities change appreciably over the years and transient anomalous velocities occur in subtropical latitudes. There is evidence for anticylconic shear to be correlated with bright zones and cyclonic shear with dark belts, but the correlation is imperfect. Certain zonal currents are very stable in latitude, despite shifts in latitude of the visible belts; other currents may be tied to the belts. No physical interpretation of these observations is attempted.
Affect-driven learning in an avalanche neural network modeling early sensorimotor intelligence

This paper discusses a key learning element in an agentbased model of early sensorimotor learning during the first month of life. The system is based on the hypothesis that the earliest learned habits are driven by affectivity (innate non-objective preferences) and are grafted onto innate sensorimotor habits. The agent demonstrates the ability for learned associations, gradually overriding innate reflexes and producing learned voluntary motions. Additionally, the agent exhibits learned avoidance behaviors that could override innate affective preferences and reflexes [1].
Language, embodiment and social intelligence

It is an honor to have this chance to tie together themes from my recent research, and to sketch some challenges and opportunities for NLG in face-to-face conversational interaction.
Spatial structure and stability based on random walks

A general expression for a recursion formula which describes a random walk with coupled modes is given. In this system, the random walker is specified by the jumping probabilities P+ and P− which depend on the modes. The transition probability between the modes is expressed by a jumping probabilityR(ij) (orrij). With the aid of this recursion formula, spatial structures of the steady state of a coupled random walk are studied. By introducing a Liapunov function and entropy, it is shown that the stability condition for the present system can be expressed as the principle of the extremum entropy production.
Cochlear Nucleus Auditory Prostheses

Persons who lack an auditory nerve cannot benefit from cochlear implants, but a prosthesis utilizing an electrode array implanted on the surface of the cochlear nucleus can restore some hearing. Worldwide, more than 500 persons have received these "auditory brainstem implants," most commonly after removal of the tumors that occur with Type 2 Neurofibromatosis (NF2). Typically, the ABIs provide these individuals with improved speech perception when combined with lip-reading and useful perception of environmental sounds, but little open-set speech recognition. The feasibility of supplementing the array of surface electrodes with penetrating microstimulating electrodes has been investigated in animal studies, and 10 persons with NF2 have received implants that include a surface array and an array of penetrating microelectrodes. Their speech perception is not significantly better than that of the NF2 patients who have only the surface arrays, but the findings do validate the concept of intranuclear stimulation and suggest how such prostheses might be improved by modifying the microstimulating array and also by optimizing the sound processing strategies. Recent publications have described ABI patients with deafness of etiologies other than NF2 who have achieved open-set speech recognition. This suggests that the cochlear nuclei of the NF2 patients are damaged by the disease process or during surgical removal of the tumor.
Nuclear physics: Doubly magic tin

By swapping the roles of the target and beam in an experiment that is otherwise impossible to implement, researchers have confirmed the doubly magic nature of the neutron-rich radioactive tin isotope 132Sn. Atomic nuclei have a shell structure that allows for 'magic' numbers of neutrons and protons, analogous to the noble gases in atomic physics. Knowledge of the properties of single-particle states outside nuclear shell closures in exotic nuclei is important for fundamental understanding of nuclear structure and nucleosynthesis. Using a nucleon transfer technique to add single neutrons to the short-lived tin isotope 132Sn, to create the even-shorter-lived 133Sn, Jones et al. have been able to confirm the closed-shell 'doubly magic' nature of 132Sn. Measurements of the spectrum of quantum states available to the added neutron show that the characteristics of the 133Sn nucleus are determined almost completely by this single neutron. This finding extends the validity of the shell model to neutron-rich nuclei, and provides a benchmark for predicting the properties of nuclei even farther from stability, including those involved in neutron-capture reactions in supernovae.
Minimal mesoscale model for protein-mediated vesiculation in clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

In eukaryotic cells, the internalization of extracellular cargo via the endocytic machinery is an important regulatory process required for many essential cellular functions. The role of cooperative protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions in the ubiquitous endocytic pathway in mammalian cells, namely the clathrin-dependent endocytosis, remains unresolved. We employ the Helfrich membrane Hamiltonian together with surface evolution methodology to address how the shapes and energetics of vesicular-bud formation in a planar membrane are stabilized by presence of the clathrin-coat assembly. Our results identify a unique dual role for the tubulating protein epsin: multiple epsins localized spatially and orientationally collectively play the role of a curvature inducing capsid; in addition, epsin serves the role of an adapter in binding the clathrin coat to the membrane. Our results also suggest an important role for the clathrin lattice, namely in the spatial- and orientational-templating of epsins. We suggest that there exists a critical size of the coat above which a vesicular bud with a constricted neck resembling a mature vesicle is stabilized. Based on the observed strong dependence of the vesicle diameter on the bending rigidity, we suggest that the variability in bending stiffness due to variations in membrane composition with cell type can explain the experimentally observed variability on the size of clathrin-coated vesicles, which typically range 50–100 nm. Our model also provides estimates for the number of epsins involved in stabilizing a coated vesicle, and without any direct fitting reproduces the experimentally observed shapes of vesicular intermediates as well as their probability distributions quantitatively, in wildtype as well as CLAP IgG injected neuronal cell experiments. We have presented a minimal mesoscale model which quantitatively explains several experimental observations on the process of vesicle nucleation induced by the clathrin-coated assembly prior to vesicle scission in clathrin dependent endocytosis.
Influence of stimulus parameters on visual sensitivity during saccadic eye movement.

Abstract Visual threshold for stroboscope test flashes was measured during saccadic eye movements over various backgrounds and compared with measures obtained during eye fixation when the same backgrounds were “saccadically” displaced. Amount and time course of threshold change in the two situations compared well, suggesting no necessity for corollary discharge or other oculomotor interference with primary visual processes during eye movement. No significant threshold rise took place during saccades in the dark. Diffuse test flashes and small well focused flashes were affected differently by specific background conditions. Diffuse flashes were perceived with more difficulty during a saccade over a contour-free background than well focused, punctate stimuli. On the other hand, contours in the background raised saccadic thresholds for small stimuli much more than for diffuse test flashes. All threshold changes occurring during saccades were accentuated by increasing the background luminance.
Reply to Louis B. Zimmer on Mill's ‘Negative Argument’

Dr. Zimmer's misreading of my book on Mill is far less important than his misreading of Mill himself. Let me dispose of the lesser issue first. I did not "fault" Mill for making so much of the negative argument in The Subjection of Women; I merely commented on its significance. Nor did I ignore the presence of that argument in On Liberty. On the contrary, I raised the point about The Subjection of Women to confirm my thesis that that book was closer to On Liberty, both in its theme and mode of argument, than any of Mill's other writings. (On Liberty, I wrote, was "the case of women writ large.") In the first part of my book (the 139 pages Zimmer refers to), I discussed the negative argument explicitly and implicitly, first in connection with the negative qualities Mill attributed to society in On tiberty, then in my counterposition of On Liberty to Mill's other writings in which he had criticized both the Benthamites and the philosophes for their negative position in relation to history and established institutions. Throughout that first section, my point was precisely the negative nature of On Liberty: the negative principle of prevention of harm and the rejection of any positive principle such as the promotion of good; the negative attitude displayed towards authority, society, and public opinion; the negative implications of a doctrine of moral, social, and economic laissez-faireism. Other critics, indeed, have taken me to task for interpreting Mill's principle of liberty too rigorously in negative terms. It seems odd now to be charged with the opposite fault.
Deficits in multiple systems of working memory in schizophrenia

Working memory, the ability to hold and manipulate information 'on-line' in a temporary memory store, is impaired in schizophrenia. This impairment may be characterized within the framework of two opposing theoretical models: (1) central executive as coordinator of component processes of working memory or (2) multiple independent systems of spatial and object memory. In order to test which of these models better explains the working memory deficit of schizophrenia, 14 schizophrenic patients and 12 age- and gender-matched control subjects performed tests of spatial memory (dot location), object memory (shapes, color dots) and a dual paradigm (dot location + shapes). If schizophrenia impairs the central executive, a group-by-task interaction would demonstrate excessively worse performance on the dual than single tasks in schizophrenics relative to controls; however, the absence of an interaction would be consistent with deficits in the multiple working memory systems. The schizophrenic group was significantly impaired on all measures, and both the schizophrenic and control performance was worse on the dual than the single tasks. Despite the schizophrenic group performance deficits on the single tasks, the extent of such deficit did not appear additive and contributive to the dual tasks. The lack of a group-by-task interaction provided no support for the central executive model of dysfunction. Rather, the results uphold the model of working memory deficits arising from compromise of multiple (here spatial and object), relatively independent systems, both of which are affected in schizophrenia.
The Stealth Approach: Geography and Poetry.

Abstract This article examines the ways in which the poetry strand of literacy instruction can help teachers infuse geography into the elementary classroom. Teachers can use poems to target important aspects of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. When the poems contain substantive geography content, teachers can “sneak” geography mini-lessons into discussions of vocabulary or reading comprehension, for example. As they teach children about the language play of poetry and as the children reread poems to develop fluency, teachers can keep core geography concepts central to the children's attention. This article discusses how various poems with geography content contribute to each component of literacy instruction.
Risk for unwanted pregnancy among mentally ill adolescent girls.

23 consecutive adolescents admitted to Massachusetts Mental Health Center were classified as low intermediate or high risk groups for unwanted pregnancy and compared with respect to results of a structured interview on family relationships. The study group included 9 schizophrenics 3 borderline schizophrenics 9 adolescent adjustment reactions 2 personality disorders and 1 manic deppressive. The risk classification was based on the importance of sexuality in each girls life and in her past sexual experience (excluding rape or incest) and contraceptive practice. There were 9 at low risk 6 intermediate and 8 at high risk. The interview showed that those at low risk regarded their mothers more positively and their fathers extremely negatively considered feelings toward parents to be stable and had parents with the worst marital adjustment. The intermediate and high risk groups were alienated from a maternal figure often had quasi-incestuous relationships with their father reported sex shifting feelings from one parent to another since childhood did not like sex. The value of these results lies in their application in identifying easily those at risk without psychiatric consultation: girls with poor relationships with their mothers and shifting feelings toward parents are at higher risk.
Separation of Church and State: New Directions by the New Supreme Court

Issues of separation of church and state and freedom of reli gion have represented one of the most active areas of constitu tional adjudication in the United States Supreme Court during the decades of the 1970s and 1980s. Indeed, in the past several years, the Court has made major changes in its approach to every important aspect of the subject. Some of these shifts are more obvious than others, and additional moves are likely to oc cur in the next few years. This article will explore four general themes revealed in recent decisions and then discuss those
Adenosine kinase is inactivated by geminivirus AL2 and L2 proteins.

AL2 and L2 are related proteins encoded by geminiviruses of the Begomovirus and Curtovirus genera, respectively. Both are pathogenicity determinants that cause enhanced susceptibility when expressed in transgenic plants. To understand how geminiviruses defeat host mechanisms that limit infectivity, we searched for cellular proteins that interact with AL2 and L2. Here, we present evidence that the viral proteins interact with and inactivate adenosine kinase (ADK), a nucleoside kinase that catalyzes the salvage synthesis of 5′-AMP from adenosine and ATP. We show that the AL2 and L2 proteins inactivate ADK in vitro and after coexpression in Escherichia coli and yeast. We also demonstrate that ADK activity is reduced in transgenic plants expressing the viral proteins and in geminivirus-infected plant tissues. By contrast, ADK activity is increased after inoculation of plants with diverse RNA viruses or a geminivirus lacking a functional L2 gene. Consistent with its ability to interact with multiple cellular kinases, we also demonstrate that AL2 is present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of infected plant cells. These data indicate that ADK is targeted by viral pathogens and provide evidence that this “housekeeping” enzyme might be a part of host defense responses. In previous work, we showed that AL2 and L2 also interact with and inactivate SNF1 kinase, a global regulator of metabolism that is activated by 5′-AMP. Together, these observations suggest that metabolic alterations mediated by SNF1 are an important component of innate antiviral defenses and that the inactivation of ADK and SNF1 by the geminivirus proteins represents a dual strategy to counter this defense. AL2 proteins also have been shown to act as suppressors of RNA silencing, an adaptive host defense response. A possible relationship between ADK inactivation and silencing suppression is discussed.
Implications of Personality Profiles for Batterer Treatment

Research on men who batter women has recently given a great deal of attention to personality types of batterers. Treatment recommendations for batterer types have relied primarily on aggregated statistical analyses of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), but may be misleading because the MCMI is designed to be interpreted using individual profiles. The authors employed a profile analysis with MCMI-III results of 100 batterers randomly drawn from 840 men enrolled in four batterer programs. Case examples are used to illustrate the personality profiles and their treatment implications. The profile analysis suggests six major personality groupings that in part reflect previously established types. However, the majority of batterers exhibit narcissistic or avoidant traits that are well suited for the prevailing cognitive-behavioral group treatment approach. A smaller proportion of men evidence personality problems that may warrant adjunctive psychiatric services or individual psychotherapy. In sum,...
Lessons Learned in Antibiotic Stewardship: Fluoroquinolone Use in Pediatrics

The use of fluoroquinolones differs dramatically between adult and pediatric patients. For adults, they are the leading class of antibiotics prescribed in ambulatory care visits whereas in children, they are the least frequently prescribed class. The reasons for this difference in practice likely relate to perceptions of their potential for harm. This highlights the impact of physicians' perception of direct patient harm in antibiotic decision making which has implications for antibiotic stewardship.
Zero Marking of Past Tense in Child African American English

Zero marking of the simple past is often listed as a common feature of child African American English (AAE). In the current paper, we review the literature and present new data to help clinicians better understand zero marking of the simple past in child AAE. Specifically, we provide information to support the following statements: (a) By six years of age, the simple past is infrequently zero marked by typically developing AAE-speaking children; (b) There are important differences between the simple past and participle morphemes that affect AAE-speaking children's marking options; and (c) In addition to a verb's grammatical function, its phonetic properties help determine whether an AAE-speaking child will produce a zero marked form.
ANALYSES OF GENE FLOW AMONG POPULATIONS OF DEER MICE (PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS) AT SITES NEAR HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME CASE-PATIENT RESIDENCES

Gene flow and potential for Sin Nombre virus (SNV) trafficking of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) was studied in Delta and Mesa counties of western Colorado (USA). The study areas included Grand Mesa and surrounding grazing and agricultural areas. This area has several natural potential barriers to rodent gene flow, including rivers, cliffs, and mountains. Ten study sites were utilized in a spatially nested design ranging from 0.65–81 km apart; four of these sites were at or near human hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) case-patient residences. One HPS case occurred on the north side of Grand Mesa in 1993; the other three (two confirmed, one presumptive) occurred on the south side of Grand Mesa between 1999–2000. Blood and tissue samples were collected from each of 221 deer mice captured from 1999–2000. Blood samples were tested for IgG antibody to SNV. At least one deer mouse had antibody to SNV at nine of 10 sites. Genomic DNA was isolated from tissue samples and alleles at six microsatellite l...
Name transparency in very large scale distributed file systems

Previous distributed file systems have relied either on convention or on obtaining dynamic global agreement to provide network transparent file naming. The authors argue that neither approach can succeed as systems scale to the kind of size that is anticipated in the current decade. They propose instead a novel name-mapping scheme which relies on a fragmented, selectively replicated name translation database. Updates to the naming database are coordinated by an optimistic concurrency control strategy with automatic propagation and reconciliation. A prototype of the name-mapping mechanism has been implemented and is in use in the Ficus replicated file system. >
Coordinate systems for solar image data

A set of formal systems for describing the coordinates of solar image data is proposed. These systems build on current practice in applying coordinates to solar image data. Both heliographic and heliocentric coordinates are discussed. A distinction is also drawn between heliocentric and helioprojective coordinates, where the latter takes the observer’s exact geometry into account. The extension of these coordinate systems to observations made from non-terrestial viewpoints is discussed, such as from the upcoming STEREO mission. A formal system for incorporation of these coordinates into FITS files, based on the FITS World Coordinate System, is described, together with examples.
Pre-operative planning for revision total knee replacement: Ensuring a successful result

Abstract Specialized surgical techniques and knee replacement technology have been developed specifically to address the complexities of revision total knee replacement. Prior to surgery, a thorough understanding of the mechanism of failure and evaluation for possible periprosthetic sepsis is essential in order to obtain a satisfactory result. Removal of well-fixed implants, management of bone loss, soft tissue deficiency and instability, and a strategy for obtaining stable fixation of a new implant all need to be considered during the pre-operative planning phase of surgery. A well-thought-out pre-operative plan will ensure that all the necessary equipment and implants are available at the time of surgery and that all factors contributing to failure of the knee replacement are addressed.
Natural steric analysis of internal rotation barriers

We apply natural bond orbital NBO steric analysis introduced in a . previous article to obtain the steric exchange contribution to the internal rotation barriers . of butane, ethane, and other related molecules CH NH , CH OH, NH OH . The 32 3 2 expected exchange repulsion between the two methyl group C—H bonds within van der Waals contact in butane is shown to be the major contributor to the syn barrier and provides a method for calculating allowed ranges of torsional angles in macromolecules. However, the exchange-energy difference between the staggered and eclipsed forms predict a counterintuitive eclipsed minimum for ethane, methylamine, and methanol. We show that the full SCF barrier in such apolar molecules can be reasonably approximated as a sum of this steric term plus the hyperconjugative terms as previously evaluated. Q 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 72: 269)280, 1999
Resonant Oscillations and Tidal Heating in Coalescing Binary Neutron Stars

Tidal interaction in a coalescing neutron star binary can resonantly excite the g-mode oscillations of the neutron star when the frequency of the tidal driving force equals the intrinsic g-mode frequencies. We study the g-mode oscillations of cold neutron stars using recent microscopic nuclear equations of state, where we determine self-consistently the sound speed and Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequency in the nuclear liquid core. The properties of the g-modes associated with the stable stratification of the core depend sensitively on the pressure-density relation as well as the symmetry energy of the dense nuclear matter. The frequencies of the first ten g-modes lie approximately in the range of $10-100$ Hz. Resonant excitations of these g-modes during the last few minutes of the binary coalescence result in energy transfer and angular momentum transfer from the binary orbit to the neutron star. The angular momentum transfer is possible because a dynamical tidal lag develops even in the absence of fluid viscosity. However, since the coupling between the g-mode and the tidal potential is rather weak, the amount of energy transfer during a resonance and the induced orbital phase error are very small. Resonant excitations of the g-modes play an important role in tidal heating of binary neutron stars. Without the resonances, viscous dissipation is effective only when the stars are close to contact. The resonant oscillations result in dissipation at much larger orbital separation. The actual amount of tidal heating depends on the viscosity of the neutron star. Using the microscopic viscosity, we find that the binary neutron stars are heated to a temperature $\sim 10^8$ K before they come into contact.
Powered mobility and preschoolers with complex developmental delays.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a powered mobility riding toy on the participation behaviors of young children with complex developmental delays. METHOD: A single-subject withdrawal design was used to study the effects of powered mobility on child-initiated movement occurrences, initiation of contact with others, and affect. The participants were two young children with complex developmental delays, including spastic quadriplegia. The intervention consisted of having the children use a powered mobility riding toy in their school settings during gym class and outdoor recess. RESULTS: Primary findings were that use of the powered mobility riding toy (a) increased the number of self-initiated movement occurrences; (b) appeared to have some effect on initiation of contacts with adults and, for one child, negative adult initiations and positive peer initiations; and (c) did not have a clear impact on the amount of positive affect. CONCLUSION: For some young children with severe motor impairments and developmental delay, use of a powered mobility device may increase self-initiated movement occurrences during free play. Language: en
Inter-Group Aggression in New Orleans in the Immediate Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the city of New Orleans witnessed an emerging conflict between the residents who survived the storm and the rescuers charged with assisting them. This particular type of inter-group conflict has not been documented before, as it uniquely entails survivors acting against their very self-interest, and rescuers subverting their helping roles. We argue that Drury and Reicher's Elaborated Social Identity Model explains the nature of the inter-group aggression. Drawing on published first-person accounts, we document how the power differential between rescuers and survivors shaped inter-group perceptions and eventually rendered inter-group aggression acceptable. While inter-group aggression reflects only one facet of the aftermath of Katrina, we conclude that it must be interpreted as meaningful social action commensurate with the groups' emerging collective identities.
The Spatial Variability of Coastal Surface Water Temperature During Upwelling

Thermal scanner imagery acquired during a field experiment designed to study an upwelling event in Lake Superior is investigated. Temperature data were measured by the thermal scanner, with a spatial resolution of 7 m. These data were correlated with temperatures measured from boats. One- and two-dimensional Fourier transforms of the data were calculated and temperature variances as a function of wavenumber were plotted. A k-to-the-minus-three dependence of the temperature variance on wavenumber was found in the wavenumber range of 1-25/km. At wavenumbers greater than 25/km, a k-to-the-minus-five-thirds dependence was found.