cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revolutions Revisited: Two Faces of the Politics of Enlightenment

What happens after the revolution? In this elegant extended essay, Ralph Lerner explores how suchs enlightened revolutionaries as Franklin, Lincoln, and Tocqueville met the challenge of translating a revolution into lasting political and social change. Eighteenth-century revolutionaries in America and Europe, Lerner argues, found that a revolution aimed at liberating bodies and minds had somehow to be explained and defended. His analysis, anchored in the speeches and writings of profound thinkers who were also prominent and skilled practitioners of politics, broadens and deepens the conventional understanding of the Enlightenment. According to Lerner, revolutionaries in America and Europe brought different degrees of awareness and political savvy to their tasks and reaped highly distinctive results. Lerner first investigates how the makers of revolution sought to improve their public's aspirations and chances. He pays particular attention to Benjamin Franklin, to the tone and substance of revolutionaries' appeals on both sides of the Atlantic, and to the preoccupations of first- and second-generation enlighteners among the Americans. He then unfolds the art by which later political actors, confronting the profound political, constitutional, and social divisions of their own day, drew upon and reworked their national revolutionary heritage. Lerner's examination of the speeches and writings of Edmund Burke, Abraham Lincoln, and Alexis de Tocqueville shows them to be masters of a political rhetoric once closely analyzed by Plato and his medieval student al-Farabi but now nearly forgotten. Theirs might be said to be enlightenment's other face.
Effect of Carrier offset on the Classification of Digital Modulation Signals Based on the Product of Two Consecutive Signal Values

In this paper we study the effect of carrier offset on a feature distinguishing different digital modulation signals. The feature is based on the multiplication of two consecutive signal values and the kurtosis of this multiplication. The feature distinguishes amplitude shift keying with two and four levels (ASK2 and ASK4), phase shift keying (PSK) and 16 signal constellation points quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM16). The paper compares the proposed feature to a cumulant based feature when both are used in a support vector machine classifier. Also the paper compares the proposed-feature based classification to the maximum likelihood classification.
Breaking of exchange degeneracy and charge-conjugation in the s-channel☆

Abstract A solution, which is exact to all orders in 1/ N , is given to the first step of an iteration scheme based on unitarity and quark-diagrams. The suppression of twists in produced lines, due to the production of objects with both positive and negative charge-conjugation, is crucial. Assuming larger production of c = − objects we explain the breaking of the ρ −A 2 exchange degeneracy, the suppression of the exotic exchanges and of IOZ violating processes, and generate an ω exchange. The pomeron has two types of couplings, which may lead to a measurable effect in ω/ρ photoproduction. The expansion parameter of the topological expansion is improved by a factor of 10 for the interference-type handles.
Self-punitive behavior: An independent measure of fear of the startbox

Abstract The hurdle-jumping response was used as an independent index of conditioned fear to test differences in fear of the startbox predicted by the conditioned-fear interpretation of self-punitive behavior. Following shock-escape training and varying numbers of regular- or punished-extinction trials, subjects were dropped into the startbox with access to the runway blocked and allowed to escape by jumping over a hurdle into a safebox. All subjects learned to jump the hurdle. Subjects given punished extinction showed more fear of the startbox than those given regular extinction. Startbox fear increased with the number of punished-extinctinction trials up to a point and then decreased. The results validate the use of hurdle jumping as an independent index of fear and strongly support the conditioned-fear interpretation of self-punitive behavior.
Effect of diagnostic testing error on intracluster correlation coefficient estimation

Abstract Estimation of the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) for infectious animal diseases may be of interest for survey planning and for calculating variance inflation factors for estimators of prevalence. Typically, diagnostic tests with imperfect sensitivity and specificity are used in surveys. In such studies, where animals from multiple herds are tested, the ICC often is estimated using apparent (test-based) rather than true prevalence data. Through Monte Carlo simulation, we examined the effect of substituting diagnostic test outcomes for true infection status on an ANOVA estimator of ICC, which was designed for use with true infection status data. We considered effects of diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity on the estimated ICC when the true ICC value and infection status of the sampled individuals were known. The ANOVA estimator underestimated the true ICC when the diagnostic test was imperfect. We also demonstrated, under the beta-binomial model, that the ICC based on apparent infection status for individuals is ≤ ICC based on true infection status. In addition, we propose a Bayesian model for estimating the ICC that incorporates imperfect sensitivity and specificity and illustrate the Bayesian model using a simulation study and one example; a seroprevalence survey of ovine progressive pneumonia in U.S. sheep flocks.
Binary wavefront control in the focal plane for improved fiber coupling in air-to-air laser communication

This paper investigates binary wavefront control in the focal plane to compensate for atmospheric turbulence in fiber-coupled free-space laser communication (LaserCom) systems. Traditional approaches to turbulence compensation (i.e., adaptive optics) modify optical phase in the pupil plane to improve the focal plane image or increase energy on target in the far field. For high-energy laser applications, focal plane phase modulation is problematic due to high power densities and device damage thresholds. However, LaserCom systems aim to use minimal power for reasons such as eye safety and covert communication. Thus, focal plane wavefront control is a reasonable approach for this application. Numerical results show that in an air-to-air scenario, binary phase modulation provides mean fiber coupling efficiency nearly identical to that resulting from ideal least-squares adaptive optics, but without the requirement for direct wavefront sensing. The binary phase commands are derived from a single imaging camera and an assumption about the nature of spot breakup. The use of binary wavefront control suggests that existing ferro-electric spatial light modulator technology may support real-time correction. Coupling efficiency results are also compared to those for the Strehl ratio, highlighting the importance of metric-driven design.
Work organization and atherosclerosis: Findings from the ARIC study

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this investigation was to examine the extent to which work organization (i.e., occupational stress) is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Methods: For that purpose we used a cross-sectional study of four U.S. community samples conducted between 1987 and 1989. Participants in the study were 10,801 adults aged 45 to 64 years. Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery wall using B-mode ultrasound. Occupational stress was defined using six indicators: substantive complexity of work, physical demands, job insecurity, skill discretion, decision authority, and physical exertion. Information from U.S. national surveys on occupational stress indicators was linked to the study participants' occupation. Results: We observed negative associations of complexity of work and skill discretion with mean IMT of the carotid artery wall among the four race-gender groups. In addition, physical demands was positively associated with mean IMT among blacks and job insecurity was positively associated with IMT among white women and black men. After adjustment for well-established risk factors, the magnitude of these associations was substantially reduced. Conclusions: Taken in combination with results from recent European studies, our findings suggest that work organization plays a role in the etiology of atherosclerosis.
Bertram D. Wolfe: A life in two centuries

I knew Bert Wolfe for close to twenty years, or for about a quarter ? the last quarter ? of his life. But since he did not live to write the story ofthat quar ter, his memoirs, which deal mainly with the period from his birth in 1896 to the mid-30's, deal with a period in which he was often far from the rather conventional writer and teacher he was when I knew him. It was a period in which he often was in danger ? as when assassin's bullets intended for some one else whizzed by his head in Mexico, or when he got smuggled into Spain without proper documents, or above all when he slugged it out toe to toe with Stalin in Moscow. He lived largely in a world unfamiliar to many of us today. I offer an illustration not from the memoirs but from a story he once told me, relating to the time he accompanied an aged Russian Jewish ex Menshevik to a U.S. naturalization hearing. The examiner inquired of Bert's friend, "Did you ever belong to an illegal organization?" "YES", the friend fairly shouted, meaning the Menshevik party. "Did you ever work for the overthrow of the government?" "YES!" trumpeted the man proudly, having in mind the Russian tsars. Finally Bert got the examiner aside and explained the situation to him as best he could, and the man got his citizenship. But the examiner still did not have and could not have any notion of the political underground of tsarist Russia or of the world of radical politics in any coun try. Into that world, as well as some others, I want to try to take you now. Since Wolfe was born in 1896, of course he literally had a life in two cen turies. There is, however, a more important sense in which the title he has given the memoirs is appropriate. Bert was a child of the nineteenth century; that is to say, his outlook was formed by living in the century of peace which followed the fabulously successful postwar settlement of 1815, when the whole world except for Russia and the Ottoman Empire was open to travel without passports or visas, when it seemed that rationality was gaining on irrationality in human affairs and that to bring about more civil liberties and social justice well-intentioned effort would result in significant gains. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was a rude shock to such people as Wolfe, and it was his brave and lonely opposition to that war that drove him into
Imaging Three-Dimensional Single Molecule Orientations

Providing previously obscured positional and orientational information, a novel wide-field optical microscope capable of visualizing three-dimensional orientational dynamics of individual room temperature molecules has been developed. Utilizing a single detector, this facile method enables simultaneous observation of all molecular orientations without polarization optics. Such methods not only provide conclusive, nondestructive evidence of single molecule observation, but will also make single molecule orientational studies accessible to a wide range of researchers. Analysis of observed molecular emission patterns not only directly and noninvasively reveals true 3-D orientational dynamics of individual molecules, but also demonstrates that perceived molecular position is strongly dependent on orientation.
Trigeminocerebellar mossy fiber branching to granule cell layer patches in the rat cerebellum.

Abstract Recent micromapping studies of tactile areas in rat cerebellum have revealed a spatially precise mosaic of granule cell layer areas termed ‘patches’, with multiple patches on several folia resulting in multiple representations of the same body part. The research reported in the present paper tested the hypothesis that trigeminocerebellar mossy fiber branching is patch-related, so that collaterals terminate only within the boundaries of one or more of the tiny (often less than 1 sq. mm) patches having similar receptive fields. This hypothesis was supported by 3 separate series of electrophysiological physiological experiments: (1) electrical stimulation in a patch resulted in short latency, low threshold responses confined within the boundaries of a second patch having a similar receptive field; (2) antidromic collison tests demonstrated that collaterals of axons originating in nucleus interpolaris reach pairs of patches with similar receptive fields; and (3) micromapping of the area from which a particular interpolaris neuron could be antidromically activated revealed that local terminal branching of a given mossy fiber axon appeared to be confined within the boundaries of a single patch. Together these results indicate that trigeminocerebellar mossy fiber branching is related to the fractured somatotopical organization of the granule cell layer. Possible functional implications of such mossy fiber branching are discussed.
Symbolic or Substantive Policy? Measuring the Extent of Local Commitment to Climate Protection

Over 1000 US municipalities have formally committed to reduce their local greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through participation in one of several climate-protection networks. This has attracted the attention of researchers interested in theories of free riding and local political decision making who question why municipalities become engaged in this global effort. However, whereas joining a climate-protection network or adopting an emissions-reduction goal are relatively low-cost acts, the implementation of such policies entails higher costs. This raises legitimate questions about the extent and type of follow-through made on municipal climate-protection commitments. With this paper I begin to fill in the data gap around municipal climate-protection initiatives and construct an index that quantifies the GHG-reduction policies implemented by local governments. Data informing the index are collected on municipalities in the US state of Indiana and are used to test theories of local political decision making....
Four-Dimensional Greybody Factors and the Effective String.

Recently Maldacena and Strominger found that the calculation of greybody factors for {ital D}=5 black holes carrying three U(1) charges gives striking new evidence for their description as multiply wound effective strings. Here we show that a similar result holds for {ital D}=4 black holes with four U(1) charges. In this case the effective string may be thought of as the triple intersection of the 5-branes in {ital M} theory compactified on {ital T}{sup 7}. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
COX-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used by millions of people worldwide to reduce pain and inflammation. They exert their pharmacologic effect by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 enzymes, thereby blocking conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGI2 (prostacyclin), which mediate pain (see the figure). However, because COX enzymes exist throughout the body, NSAIDs have many physiological effects, including complications, such as development of gastric ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. In 2004, the blockbuster drug rofecoxib (sold commercially as Vioxx) was withdrawn from the U.S. market when a study linked a selective COX-2 inhibitor with a higher rate of heart attack and stroke. However, studies on COX inhibitors have shown varying risk profiles, fueling a debate about their association with cardiovascular risk. A recent study by Yu et al. ( 1 ) now provides a biochemical explanation for the increased cardiovascular risk associated with COX-2 inhibitors, closing this part of the long-standing discussion.
Diamagnetic drift effects on ion Bernstein mode propagation in a plasma slab

A one‐dimensional infinite‐order differential equation that describes the propagation of small amplitude electrostatic waves through a uniformly magnetized inhomogeneous plasma slab is derived. The spatially varying coefficients of the equation may be written in terms of an arbitrary density profile function provided that the velocity space distribution of the equilibrium is Maxwellian and the plasma is charge neutral. Ion Bernstein waves with frequencies between the first and second ion cyclotron harmonics and wavelengths along the density inhomogeneity larger than the ion Larmor radius are adequately modeled by truncating the differential equation at second order. Using a single mode electrostatic antenna to investigate the role of the diamagnetic drift on Bernstein wave propagation, a wavenumber dependence in the position of the low density cutoff for propagation is found, resulting in a preferential coupling of the antenna to waves with moderate kz∥ B propagating antiparallel to the ion diamagnetic dr...
Relating the classical covariance adjustment techniques of multivariate growth curve models to modern univariate mixed effects models.

Summary. The relationship between the modern univariate mixed model for analyzing longitudinal data, popularized by Laird and Ware (1982, Biometrics38, 963–974), and its predecessor, the classical multivariate growth curve model, summarized by Grizzle and Allen (1969, Biometrics25, 357–381), has never been clearly established. Here, the link between the two methodologies is derived, and balanced polynomial and cosinor examples cited in the literature are analyzed with both approaches. Relating the two models demonstrates that classical covariance adjustment for higher-order terms is analogous to including them as random effects in the mixed model. The polynomial example clearly illustrates the relationship between the methodologies and shows their equivalence when all matrices are properly defined. The cosinor example demonstrates how results from each method may differ when the total variance-covariance matrix is positive definite, but that the between-subjects component of that matrix is not so constrained by the growth curve approach. Additionally, advocates of each approach tend to consider different covariance structures. Modern mixed model analysts consider only those terms in a model's expectation (or linear combinations), and preferably the most parsimonious subset, as candidates for random effects. Classical growth curve analysts automatically consider all terms in a model's expectation as random effects and then investigate whether “covariance adjusting” for higher-order terms improves the model. We apply mixed model techniques to cosinor analyses of a large, unbalanced data set to demonstrate the relevance of classical covariance structures that were previously conceived for use only with completely balanced data.
Deformable model for 3D intramodal nonrigid breast image registration with fiducial skin markers

We implemented a new approach to intramodal non-rigid 3D breast image registration. Our method uses fiducial skin markers (FSM) placed on the breast surface. After determining the displacements of FSM, finite element method (FEM) is used to distribute the markers’ displacements linearly over the entire breast volume using the analogy between the orthogonal components of the displacement field and a steady state heat transfer (SSHT). It is valid because the displacement field in x, y and z direction and a SSHT problem can both be modeled using LaPlace’s equation and the displacements are analogous to temperature differences in SSHT. It can be solved via standard heat conduction FEM software with arbitrary conductivity of surface elements significantly higher than that of volume elements. After determining the displacements of the mesh nodes over the entire breast volume, moving breast volume is registered to target breast volume using an image warping algorithm. Very good quality of the registration was obtained. Following similarity measurements were estimated: Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NCC) and Sum of Absolute Valued Differences (SAVD). We also compared our method with rigid registration technique.
A Review of Computer Studies in the Kinetic Theory of Fluids

The role of computer studies in the kinetic theory of fluids is briefly reviewed, with emphasis upon the results for hard-core systems. After a short discussion of the advantages and limitations of computer methods, we first consider computer studies directly related to the Boltzmann equation, e.g., calculations of the one-particle distribution function f(r,v,t), by the methods of molecular dynamics and by numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation itself. There then follows a review of the molecular dynamics studies of time-correlation functions and the associated transport coefficients.
The influence of diffusion on the rate of a reversible quasi-unimolecular reaction in one, two or three dimensions

The role of diffusion in the kinetics of a reversible quasi-unimolecular reaction is considered. Equations that couple diffusion and reversible reaction are defined. From these equations are derived expressions for the concentrations of the reacting species, as a function of time, after a perturbation from their equilibrium concentrations. These expressions demonstrate how the time-dependent approach by a concentration to its equilibrium value is determined by the binding rate of adjacent molecules, the dissociation rate, the diffusion coefficients, the distance of closest approach of the reactants, the concentrations of the reactants, and the dimensionality. The expressions are applicable to perturbation-relaxation experiments in one, two, and three dimensions. The formalism is compared with previously existing theories.
Negative and zero subscripts in Fortran II programming for the IBM 1620

The requirement that subscripts be unsigned integers creates some inconvenience in FORTRAN programming for summarization of completed questionnaires in which the responses may be scaled beginning at zero.
Erratum to: DRT with local contexts

Under the section 3.1 Quantified statements, the last paragraph ‘‘DRT cannot derive the nuclear scope case, as we already noted. But with respect to the restrictor, it does just fine—intermediate accommodation into the restrictor yields a final meaning akin to No student who is incompetent and knows it applied for this job; this seems about right.’’ should be replaced by ‘‘DRT cannot derive the nuclear scope case, as we already noted. But with respect to the restrictor, it does just fine—intermediate accommodation into the restrictor yields a final meaning akin to No student who is incompetent and knows it applied for this job; this seems about right. By contrast, the present approach does fine in the nuclear scope case, but it replicates Heim’s predictions for the restrictor (because only local indexing is available) — and these appear to be too strong.’’ Under the section 3.4 Multiple indexing, the paragraph starting Heim (1983, 1992)... the last sentence ‘‘A strengthening mechanism is needed to get inference (i)’’ should be read as ‘‘A strengthening mechanism is needed to get inference (ii).’’
Characterization of dissipative losses in microwave circuits

The analytical expression for the fractional power dissipated by a microwave circuit is derived in terms of the scattering parameters. Consideration is given to both complex and real port reference impedances. Theoretical values of fractional dissipated power, computed using a full-wave analysis technique, are compared to experimentally obtained data. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vibrational dynamics of the linear and bent isomers of HF–N2O trapped in 0.4 K helium nanodroplets

Infrared (IR)–IR double resonance spectroscopy is used to probe the isomerization dynamics of helium solvated HF–N2O following the vibrational excitation of one of two stable isomers on the intermolecular potential energy landscape. An upstream pump laser excites the H–F stretching fundamental of either the linear ONN–HF or the bent NNO–HF isomer, while a downstream probe laser is scanned through the bands of both isomers to test for photo-induced isomerization. Vibrational excitation of the H–F stretch mode leads to the isomerization of a fraction of the upstream population, regardless of the identity of the pumped isomer. The measured isomer interconversion is consistent with vibrational predissociation followed by geminate recombination. A fraction of the upstream population is unaccounted for by the downstream probe. We propose that a fraction of the missing population is due to the mismatch in the timescales of complex recombination and pump, probe events.
Salt, immune function, and the risk of autoimmune diseases.

1. Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annu Rev Immunol . 2009;27:485–517. 2. Wu C, Yosef N, Thalhamer T, Zhu C, Xiao S, Kishi Y, et al. Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1. Nature . 2013;496:513–517. 3. Aggarwal S, Ghilardi N, Xie MH, de Sauvage FJ, Gurney AL. Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct CD4 T cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17. J Biol Chem . 2003;278:1910–1914. 4. Lang F, Bohmer C, Palmada M, Seebohm G, Strutz-Seebohm N, Vallon V. (Patho)physiological significance of the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase isoforms. Physiol Rev . 2006;86:1151–1178. Autoimmunity has dramatically increased in incidence over recent decades. Studies have shown that a subset of CD4+ T cells, known as interleukin-17 (IL-17)–producing helper T cells (TH17) cells, possess inflammatory properties and promote a variety of autoimmune diseases.1 In the current study, Wu et al2 present evidence that salt induces the differentiation of pathogenic TH17 cells and facilitates the development of autoimmune disease, providing a potential link between increasing salt intake and the rising incidence of autoimmunity. The authors performed transcriptional profiling of developing TH17 …
The Cold War: How the Winner Won

Books reviewed in this article: Scott Lucas,.Freedom's War: The American Crusade Against the Soviet Union Gregory Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956 Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Libelrty
Surface characterization and direct bioelectrocatalysis of multicopper oxidases

Multicopper oxidases (MCO) have been extensively studied as oxygen reduction catalysts for cathodic reactions in biofuel cells. Theoretically, direct electron transfer between an enzyme and electrode offers optimal energy conversion efficiency providing that the enzyme/electrode interface can be engineered to establish efficient electrical communication. In this study, the direct bioelectrocatalysis of three MCO (Laccase from Trametes versicolor, bilirubin oxidase (BOD) from the fungi Myrothecium verrucaria and ascorbate oxidase (AOx) from Cucurbita sp.) was investigated and compared as oxygen reduction catalysts. Protein film voltammetry and electrochemical characterization of the MCO electrodes showed that DET had been successfully established in all cases. Atomic force microscopy imaging and force measurements indicated that enzyme was immobilized as a monolayer on the electrode surface. Evidence for three clearly separated anodic and cathodic redox events related to the Type 1 (T1) and the trinculear copper centers (T2, T3) of various MCO was observed. The redox potential of the T1 center was strongly modulated by physiological factors including pH, anaerobic and aerobic conditions and the presence of inhibitors.
Occurrence of Myrmicinosporidium durum in red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, and other new host ants in eastern United States.

Myrmicinosporidium durum, a parasitic fungus in several ant species, is reported from seven new hosts collected in the eastern United States, including Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis carolinensis, Paratrechina vividula, Pheidole tysoni, Pheidole bicarinata, Pyramica membranifera, and Pogonomyrmex badius. Spores can be found in most ant body parts, are dark brown when mature, and clear to light brown while immature. Ants infected with mature spores appear darker than normal. Spores from different hosts were 47-57 μm in diameter. Prevalence in host populations varied between 2 and 67% of the ants, and 3-100% of the colonies. Infection was most common in S. carolinensis with prevalence rates between 22 and 67%. Prevalence rates for S. invicta individuals were lower than for other ants, however, prevalence rates within the infected colonies were as high as 31%. Observations of disease were recorded mostly from late summer and fall. Possible implications of this new disease in red imported fire ants are discussed.
QUILT (a.k.a. KWILT): A special purpose instructional language

The “meaning” of KWILT has been lost to etymological history. The K was in honor of D. Knuth, but this gives “Knuth WILT” which is a bit disconcerting. Indeed, there was a tendency to pronounce the language as “kay-wilt”, which offended veteran users as much as COBOL programmers would resent “cobble”.From: QUILT USER MANUAL and REFERENCE GUIDE
Mechanisms and Functional Hypotheses in Social Science

Critics of functional explanations in social science maintain that such explanations are illegitimate unless a mechanism is specified. Others argue that mechanisms are not necessary for causal inference and that functional explanations are a type of causal claim that raise no special difficulties for testing. I show that there is indeed a special problem that confronts testing functional explanations resulting from their connection to second‐order causal claims. I explain how mechanisms can resolve this difficulty, but argue that this does not provide support for methodological individualism since it is not necessary that the mechanisms be described in terms of individual interactions.
What Is HTML5 and What Do You Need To Know About It

It seems like almost everyone has heard the buzz about HyperText Markup Language version 5 (HTML5). HTML5 brings a host of exciting new functionality to Web pages, but this is a change that's about...
Parasitism Rates of Muscidifurax raptorellus and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) After Individual and Paired Releases in New York Poultry Facilities

Commercially reared parasitoids were released into three high-rise, caged-layer poultry houses; one house received only N. vitripennis Walker, the second house received only M. raptorellus Kogan & Legner, and the third house received an equal ratio of both species. Overall, house fly parasitism by M. raptorellus was never higher than 7% in any house. Most parasitism in the M. raptorellus release house was attributed to N. vitripennis. Parasitism of house fly pupae by M. raptorellus did not significantly increase during or after the 6-wk release period in the house that received both parasitoids. However, a depression in total parasitism was not detected when releases of the two species were made in this house.
Control-oriented mixing model for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition engines

A tractable model for in-cylinder fluid motion during the intake stroke is developed with particular attention given to fluid flow through the intake ports. Due to innovations in valve timing strategies for the 4-stroke internal combustion engine, the fluid flow effects of different valve timings must be quantified. An asynchronous valve timing strategy for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition engines serves as the motivation for this model development. For the purposes of real-time engine control, the model is not a multi-zone CFD model. Rather, the model divides the cylinder into two zones— a mixed zone and an unmixed zone. The flow is modeled as an intake jet of fluid that determines the rate at which hot exhaust gas is transferred from the unmixed to the mixed zone. The size of the mixed zone at the end of the intake process determines how well the cylinder contents are mixed. The effects of the valve timings on the flow velocity through each intake valve, cylinder pressure, and temperature are also presented.
Systematic Revision Within the Phalanger orientalis Complex (Diprotodontia, Phalangeridae): A Third Species of Lowland Gray Cuscus from New Guinea and Australia

Abstract A study of specimens from the mammal collections of the American Museum of Natural History that were originally assigned to Phalanger orientalis sensu lato revealed the presence of three taxa: P. orientalis from northern New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands; P. intercastellanus from southeast New Guinea, the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, the Trobriand Islands, and the Louisade Archipelago; and a group from southern New Guinea and the Cape York Peninsula of Australia that could not be assigned to either of the two foregoing species. Possession of a distinctive suite of morphological characters warrants recognition of this group at the species level. The characteristics and habitat of the species are described, and the zoogeographic implications of its distribution are discussed.
The anatomy and biomechanics of themedial structures of the knee

Abstract The foundation for making sound clinical decisions regarding the ideal treatment of ligamentous injuries is a basic understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of those functional structures. The medial structures of the knee have been conceptualized as lying in layers from superficial to deep and also as divisible into thirds from anterior to posterior. The complex interplay of the capsule, the noncapsular ligaments, and the adjacent muscular aponeuroses, particularly in the posteriomedial corner of the knee, has presented a challenge to functional anatomists and clinical biomechanists alike. Recent studies have further elucidated the significant roles that the structures of the medial side have in stabilization of the knee.
Contemplative Media Studies

The psychological and socio-economic implications of digital technologies call for scholarship that engages questions about the nature of human consciousness, the construction of the self and the ethics of technical development. In this article, I outline a framework for an approach called contemplative media studies. This approach incorporates several different scholarly threads, namely: via critical political-economic media scholarship, a focus on achieving social and economic justice through policy initiatives and structural reform; via media and religious scholarship, an interest in the religious dimensions of digital culture and the role of media in shaping religious identity; and via contemplative studies, an appreciation of the applicability of contemplative principles to research methods and theory. This framework allows us to examine the spiritual ideology that drives the construction of commercial digital platforms and to ask whether alternative platforms might better catalyze human development. Anchored in a critical commitment to socio-economic justice, contemplative media studies is aimed at articulating an ethically-responsive and economically-sustainable architecture of human flourishing.
Regulation and Function of the FGF23/Klotho Endocrine Pathways

Calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43−) homeostasis are coordinated by systemic and local factors that regulate intestinal absorption, influx and efflux from bone, and kidney excretion and reabsorption of these ions through a complex hormonal network. Traditionally, the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/vitamin D axis provided the conceptual framework to understand mineral metabolism. PTH secreted by the parathyroid gland in response to hypocalcemia functions to maintain serum Ca2+ levels by increasing Ca2+ reabsorption and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] production by the kidney, enhancing Ca2+ and PO43− intestinal absorption and increasing Ca2+ and PO43− efflux from bone, while maintaining neutral phosphate balance through phosphaturic effects. FGF23 is a recently discovered hormone, predominately produced by osteoblasts/osteocytes, whose major functions are to inhibit renal tubular phosphate reabsorption and suppress circulating 1,25(OH)2D levels by decreasing Cyp27b1-mediated formation and stimulating Cyp24-mediated catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D. FGF23 participates in a new bone/kidney axis that protects the organism from excess vitamin D and coordinates renal PO43− handling with bone mineralization/turnover. Abnormalities of FGF23 production underlie many inherited and acquired disorders of phosphate homeostasis. This review discusses the known and emerging functions of FGF23, its regulation in response to systemic and local signals, as well as the implications of FGF23 in different pathological and physiological contexts.
Relationships between braid length and the number of braid strands

For a knot K , let ‘.K;n/ be the minimum length of an n‐stranded braid representative of K . Fixing a knot K , ‘.K;n/ can be viewed as a function of n, which we denote by ‘K.n/. Examples of knots exist for which ‘K.n/ is a nonincreasing function. We investigate the behavior of ‘K.n/, developing bounds on the function in terms of the genus of K . The bounds lead to the conclusion that for any knot K the function ‘K.n/ is eventually stable. We study the stable behavior of ‘K.n/, with stronger results for homogeneous knots. For knots of nine or fewer crossings, we show that ‘K.n/ is stable on all of its domain and determine the function completely. 57M25; 20F36
Shore-based photogrammetry of river ice

A simple and inexpensive method using a shore-based commercially available digital camera is developed to monitor river ice. The method was tested in a section of the St. Lawrence River, near Quebe...
Second generation model for prednisolone pharmacodynamics in the rat.

An improved model describing receptor/gene-mediated pharmacodynamics of prednisolone is presented which consists of seven differential equations. Data for plasma prednisolone concentrations, free hepatic glucocorticoid receptors, and hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity (TAT) following low (5 mg/kg) and high (50 mg/kg) doses of prednisolone are used to quantitate the kinetics and dynamics of this synthetic steroid in the rat. In contrast to the earlier model, the newer model provides for a coupling and simultaneous fitting of receptor and TAT data and is able to describe the recycling of receptors between cytosol and nucleus and the return of cytosolic receptors to baseline following glucocorticoid elimination. A numerical technique to determine the efficiency of TAT induction based on area under the curve calculations is presented, which supports the hypothesis that nonlinear dose-response effects are due to dose and time-dependent receptor depletion in the cytosol. Simulations are presented to examine the major determinants of corticosteroid effects and to compare the effects of single-and multiple-dose regimens in maximizing drug effects.
Association Between IgG2 and IgG3 Subclass Responses to Toxin A and Recurrent Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease

Background & Aims: Individuals who mount a significant serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G response to toxin A are protected against recurrent Clostridium difficile–associated disease (CDAD). We investigated whether humoral immune deficiencies and/or specific IgG subclass responses are associated with recurrent CDAD. Methods: We compared the clinical characteristics and humoral immune responses of 13 patients with recurrent CDAD with 13 matched controls with a single CDAD episode. We measured the serum IgG titers to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, as well as total and toxin A– and toxin B–specific serum IgG, IgA, and IgG subclass concentrations. Results: There were no differences between the single and recurrent CDAD subjects in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, or other potential confounding variables. The total duration of diarrhea in patients with recurrent CDAD was greater (median, 62 vs 17 days; P = .005). IgG titers to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, total IgG, and IgG subclass levels were similar in both groups. The total IgA was somewhat lower in those with recurrent CDAD (204 vs 254 mg/dL; P = .05). IgA, IgG, IgG1, and IgG4 anti–toxin A and anti–toxin B levels were similar in both groups. However, IgG2 and IgG3 anti–toxin A levels were significantly lower in the recurrent group (P = .01 and .001, respectively). Conclusions: Subjects with recurrent CDAD did not show evidence of widespread humoral immune deficiency or of IgG subclass deficiency. Their low serum IgG anti–toxin A concentrations reflected selectively reduced IgG2 and IgG3 subclass responses. Measurement of specific IgG2/3 anti–toxin A may be useful in selecting patients for treatment with agents to prevent recurrent CDAD.
Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Background: A recent review of epidemiologic literature found consistently reduced cancer and heart disease rates in persons with high compared with low whole-grain intakes. Objective: We hypothesized that whole-grain intake was associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) death. Design: We studied 34 492 postmenopausal women aged 55‐69 y and free of IHD at baseline in 1986. There were 438 IHD deaths between baseline and 1995. Usual dietary intake was determined with use of a 127-item food-frequency questionnaire. Results: Whole-grain intake in median servings/d was 0.2, 0.9, 1.2, 1.9, and 3.2 for quintiles of intake. The unadjusted rate of IHD death was 2.0/1 3 10 3 person-years in quintile 1 and was 1.7, 1.2, 1.0, and 1.4 IHD deaths/1 3 10 3 person-years in succeeding quintiles (P for trend < 0.001). Adjusted for demographic, physiologic, behavioral, and dietary variables, relative hazards were 1.0, 0.96, 0.71, 0.64, and 0.70 in ascending quintiles (P for trend = 0.02). The lower risk with higher whole-grain intake was not explained by intake of fiber or several other constituents of whole grains. Conclusion: A clear inverse association between whole-grain intake and risk of IHD death existed. A causal association is plausible because whole-grain foods contain many phytochemicals, including fiber and antioxidants, that may reduce chronic disease risk. Whole-grain intake should be studied further for its potential to prevent IHD and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:248‐57.
Dynamic slack reclamation with procrastination scheduling in real-time embedded systems

Leakage energy consumption is an increasing concern in current and future CMOS technology generations. Procrastination scheduling, where task execution can be delayed to maximize the duration of idle intervals, has been proposed to minimize leakage energy drain. The authors addressed dynamic slack reclamation techniques under procrastination scheduling to minimize the static and dynamic energy consumption. In addition to dynamic task slowdown, a dynamic procrastination was proposed, which seeks to extend idle intervals through slack reclamation. While using the entire slack for either slowdown or procrastination need not be the most energy efficient approach, the slack was distributed between slowdown and procrastination to exploit maximum energy savings. The simulation experiments showed that dynamic slowdown result on an average 10% energy gains over static slowdown. Dynamic procrastination extends the average sleep interval by 25%, which reduces the idle energy consumption by 15%, while meeting all timing requirements.
Serum Biomarkers of Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Relation to Serum Testosterone and Measures of Thyroid Function among Adults and Adolescents from NHANES 2011-2012.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of environmentally-persistent chemicals that have been widely used in many industrial applications. There is human and animal evidence that PFASs may alter levels of reproductive and thyroid-related hormones. However, human studies on the potential age-related effects of PFASs on these outcomes among males and females are limited. We explored the relationship between serum PFASs and serum total testosterone (T), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and free and total triiodothyronine (FT3, TT3) and thyroxine (FT4, TT4) among males and females 12 to 80 years of age from the 2011–2012 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Associations were assessed using multiple linear regression models that were stratified on sex and age categories. Effect estimates from the majority of the adjusted models were not statistically significant. However, exposure to PFASs may be associated with increases in FT3, TT3, and FT4 among adult females, but during adolescence, PFASs may be related to increases in TSH among males and decreases in TSH among females. No significant relationships were observed between PFASs and T in any of the models. These findings suggest that exposure to PFASs may disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis.
Influence of DNA structure on hypoxanthine and 1,N6-ethenoadenine removal by murine 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase

3-Methyladenine DNA glycosylases initiate base excision repair by flipping the nucleotide bearing the target base out of double-stranded DNA into an active site pocket for glycosylic bond cleavage and base release. Substrate bases for the murine 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (other than 3-methyladenine) include hypoxanthine and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine, two mutagenic adducts formed by both endogenous and exogenous agents. Using double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides containing damaged bases at specific sites, we studied the relative removal rates for these two adducts when located in different sequence contexts. One of the sequence contexts was an A:T tract, chosen because DNA secondary structure is known to change along the length of this tract, due to a progressive narrowing of the minor groove. Here we report that removal rates for hypoxanthine, but not for 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine, are dramatically affected by its location within the A:T tract. In addition, the removal rates of hypoxanthine and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine when paired opposite thymine or cytosine were examined, and in each sequence context hypoxanthine removal decreased by at least 20-fold when paired opposite cytosine versus thymine. In contrast, 1, N(6)-ethenoadenine removal was unaffected by the identity of the opposing pyrimidine. We conclude that the removal of certain bases by the mouse 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase can be modulated by both adjacent and opposing sequence contexts. The influence of DNA sequence context upon DNA repair rates, such as those described here, may contribute to the creation of mutational hot spots in mammalian cells.
Chance design costs-a distributional limit

Among nonlinear mathematical optimization methods, those of geometric programming are highly prized for their engineering design oriented insights. Cost coefficients, related by the geometric inequality, can be regarded as chance variables. The optimality condition may suggest a lognormal probability distribution for the total design cost. >
Patterns of Service Differentiation Among Medical Tourism Facilitators

This paper studies the nature of differentiation in the market for medical tourism facilitators in the United States. Medical tourism facilitators in the United States resemble a monopolistically competitive industry. They choose to differentiate their services in several ways, including by the scope of countries and hospitals which they use, the scope of the treatments in which they specialize, the extent of involvement of medical professionals in the company, and the kinds of ancillary services they offer. The authors perform an exploratory study of the differentiation among 46 such firms. Using principal-components analysis, they detect three components: an emphasis on providing a broad selection of destinations, an emphasis on physician's concerns, and an emphasis on the travel aspects of medical tourism. Cluster analysis separates the firms’ profiles into six types.