cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultracapacitors in Hybrid and Plug‐in Electric Vehicles

This chapter is concerned with the characteristics of carbon/carbon (double-layer) and hybrid ultracapacitors (electrochemical capacitors, ECCs) and the application of these devices in micro-hybrid and charge sustaining hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The carbon/carbon devices have energy densities up to 6.9 Wh/kg, 10 Wh/L, and power capabilities up to 8.8 kW/kg for a 95% efficient pulse, and the hybrid capacitors have energy densities up to 30 Wh/kg and power densities up to 3.5 kW/kg. Simulation result for midsize passenger cars using the ultracapacitors in micro-hybrid and charge sustaining hybrid (HEV) powertrain designs were performed. The results for the micro-hybrids indicate that significant improvements (10–25%) in fuel economy can be achieved using a small electric motor (4 kW) and small ultracapacitor units (5–10 kg of cells). The simulation results for charge sustaining hybrids indicate fuel economy improvements ranging from 72% on the FUDS to 22% on the US06 driving cycles. The prime advantage of the high power electric driveline and the larger energy storage possible with the hybrid ultracapacitors is that the larger fuel economy improvements can be sustained over a wide range of driving conditions. The hybrid ultracapacitor technologies give the vehicle designer more latitude in powertrain design and in the selection of the control strategies for on/off operation of the engine. Keywords: double-layer capacitor; hybrid capacitor; energy density; power density; efficiency; cycle life; control strategy; vehicle simulations
Multiplexing and demultiplexing of AVS China video with AAC audio

This paper proposes a new method for multiplexing — demultiplexing of AVS video and AAC audio stream that uses frame numbers as time stamps for achieving lip synchronization during playback. The packetization layers adopted for multiplexing the video and audio streams before their transmission conform to the MPEG-2 systems framework.
Dietary ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin in coronary micro vessels of the pig

1. The effects of chronic dietary supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelium-dependent relaxations were examined in isolated coronary microvessels of the pig. 2. Animals were maintained for four weeks with or without dietary supplementation of purified eicosapentaenoic acid (3.5 g daily) and docosahexaenoic acid (1.5 g daily). Fatty acid profiles of plasma lipids showed that only the fraction of eicosapentaenoic acid increased by the treatment, together with a decrease of that of arachidonic acid. 3. In the treated group, endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin were significantly augmented, while contractions to acetylcholine or relaxations to nitroprusside were unaltered. 4. These results indicate that dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid) augment endothelium-dependent relaxations in coronary microvessels of the pig, without changing the ability of vascular smooth muscle to contract or relax.
Defining protein-protein interactions using site-directed spin-labeling: the binding of protein kinase C substrates to calmodulin

EPR spectroscopy was used to examine protein-protein interactions between calmodulin and spin-labeled peptides based on the protein kinase C substrate domains of the myristoylated alanine rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and neuromodulin. When bound to calmodulin, the C- and N-terminal ends of a 25 residue MARCKS derived peptide exhibited large amplitude motion on the nanosecond time scale and were accessible to paramagnetic agents in aqueous solution. However, residues 5-23 were highly protected and in contact with side chains from calmodulin. These data are consistent with an alpha-helical configuration for this segment of MARCKS and with structures that have been obtained for other calmodulin-substrate complexes. For the 17 residue neuromodulin derived peptide, which is Ca2+ independent in its binding to calmodulin, oxygen collision rates demonstrate that one helical face of this peptide interacts strongly with calmodulin. The data are consistent with an interaction of this face specifically with the C-terminal lobe of calmodulin, where this lobe is either in an "open" or "semiopen" configuration. The EPR data also indicate that the N-terminal lobe of calmodulin is in contact with the peptide, but that this lobe is not as strongly associated with the peptide target. Overall, the binding pocket for neuromodulin appears to be less compact and more dynamic than that formed by MARCKS. This behavior has not previously been seen for calmodulin substrates, and it may play a role in the Ca2+ independent binding of this class of substrates. This work demonstrates the utility of EPR spectroscopy to define protein-protein interactions; in addition, oxygen collision frequencies obtained at buried sites appear to provide information on the conformational dynamics of proteins.
Feasible designs for separation networks : a selection technique

Abstract Presented is a non-mathematical, non-computer technique for obtaining feasible designs for simple separation networks. Once the transfer function of the unit operations of a network are known and the desired separation factor and beneficiation ratio specified, a set of graphs approximating network performance is used to design the network. The technique results in networks which closely meet target specification. These graphs specify: (1) the total number of network stages; (2) the stage at which the feed should enter the network; and (3) the specific arrangement of the stages, thereby specifying the entire network. An unexpected finding of this effort was the acknowledgement that the number of stages the recycle steam is fed back may be greater than one stage. This network designing method appears to be an excellent tool for teaching network design.
Towards statistically optimal interpolation for 3D medical imaging

The use of a statistical estimation technique called kriging, which produces estimation error measurements and analyzes the volumetric grid to determine sample value variability, is described. The use of interpolation in 3D medical imaging are first reviewed. Several different interpolation techniques, including linear trilinear, and tricubic interpolation techniques, are described and assessed. The kriging statistical estimation process is presented, and the results of applying it to slice interpolation and surface visualization are reported. The results indicate the potential of kriging for interpolation in 3D medical imaging and point out the need for further work. >
Levels for free-flowing materials

The following levels can be recommended for use in the refractory industry: SUP-IO-4, SUF-IO-9, ES-1000, ES-1001, and the tracing levels US-IO-1 and US-IO-2.
Chirped pulse lidar using a mode locked laser source for metrology

A lidar system employing a train of oppositely chirped pulses is demonstrated to perform simultaneous Doppler velocimetry and submillimeter resolution ranging of a target moving at >330 km/h with &#60;25 dB SNR at the receiver.
Rape Scripts of Low-income European American and Latina Women

Rape scripts can affect attributions about rape and recovery from rape. Due to the potential importance of these scripts, it is critical to investigate them among women of diverse backgrounds. In the current investigation, 393 low-income European American and Latina women completed a questionnaire regarding their ideas about a typical rape. Violence and negative psychological effects on the victim were rated as highly typical of rape. Latinas rated hook-up and date rapes and rapes among individuals in an established relationship as significantly less typical of rape than did European Americans. Latinas also rated the victim experiencing stigma as less typical than European Americans did. Implications of the results for future work on the scripts of individuals of different cultural backgrounds are discussed.
Lorentz and CPT violating Chern-Simons term in the derivative expansion of QED

We calculate, by the method of dimensional regularization and derivative expansion, the one-loop effective action for a Dirac fermion with a Lorentz-violating and $\mathrm{CPT}$-odd kinetic term in the background of a gauge field. We show that this term induces a Chern-Simons modification to Maxwell theory. Some related issues are also discussed.
Transformations of fixed nitrogen and N2O in the Cariaco Trench

The cycle of nitrogen in the Cariaco Trench was studied using stable isotope techniques with vertical profiles of nutrients, oxygen, and N2O. The rate of nitrification was found to be zero order with respect to the concentration of NH4+ at levels above 0.1 μM. The associated half-saturation constant is about 0.15 μM, much lower than in laboratory cultures of nitrifying bacteria. The result could explain efficient oxidation of NH4+ in the deep sea, despite low numbers of nitrifying bacteria and low concentrations of NH4+. Nitrification ceased in the trench for O2 concentrations below 10 to 15 μM, coincident with the appearance of S2−, possibly reflecting inhibition by reduced sulfur compounds. Nitrous oxide is a by-product of nitrification and is depleted where O2 is < 65 μM, by probably denitrification. Denitrification and net loss of fixed N affected the concentrations of oxidized species (NO3−, N2O) at O2 levels between about 10 and 65 μM.
Monte Carlo study of a U ( 1 ) × U ( 1 ) system with π -statistical interaction

We study a U(1)×U(1) system with two species of loops with mutual π statistics in (2 + 1) dimensions. We are able to reformulate the model in a way that can be studied by Monte Carlo and we determine the phase diagram. In addition to a phase with no loops, we find two phases with only one species of loop proliferated. The model has a self-dual line, a segment of which separates these two phases. Everywhere on the segment, we find the transition to be first-order, signifying that the two loop systems behave as immiscible fluids when they are both trying to condense. Moving further along the self-dual line, we find a phase where both loops proliferate, but they are only of even strength and, therefore, avoid the statistical interactions. We study another model, which does not have this phase, and also find first-order behavior on the self-dual segment.
Reversal of Heparin Anticoagulation by Recombinant Platelet Factor 4 in Humans

Background Protamine is used to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin, but it can have important side effects. Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a protein found in platelet alpha granules that binds to and thereby neutralizes heparin. We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of intravenous recombinant PF4 to neutralize heparin anticoagulation after cardiac catheterization in a phase 1, open-label trial. Methods and Results The study group consisted of 18 patients having diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Heparin (5000 U) was given after vascular access was obtained. In the first 12 patients, additional heparin was given at the conclusion of the procedure so that all patients had activated coagulation times >300 seconds before rPF4 was given. Three patients each received 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg rPF4 over a period of 3 minutes at the conclusion of the catheterization procedure. In 6 additional patients, extra heparin was not given at the conclusion of the procedure, and 1.0 mg/kg rPF4 was given. Hemod...
The mechanical properties of the human patellar tendon are correlated to its mass density and are independent of sex

Abstract Background. A diverse range of values for the mechanical properties of the human patellar tendon has been reported in the literature. Donor age has been excluded as a factor that causes this disparity. However, the effects of donor sex and tissue mass density on the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon have not been established. More importantly, predictors of the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon, used as grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgeries, are not available. Methods. Uniaxial tension tests were performed to determine the effects of donor sex and mass density of the tissue on the mechanical properties of twenty unpaired human patellar tendons (10 male and 10 female; age, 17–50). Mass density of the patellar tendon was determined by measuring its volume and mass. Findings. No evidence of sex-based differences in any of the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon was found. The results revealed a diverse range of mass densities extending from a low of 0.76 g/cm3 to a high of 2.68 g/cm3 (250% difference). Furthermore, it was determined that the ultimate tensile strength (mean = 58.71 MPa), elastic modulus (mean = 507.38 MPa) and strain energy density (mean = 4.59 MPa) of the patellar tendon were significantly correlated to its mass density. The tensile strength and elastic modulus were significantly higher for those patellar tendons having a mass density greater than 1.67 g/cm3. Interpretation. The mass density of the patellar tendon may be considered as an indicator of mechanical properties of the patellar tendon or graft quality.
CO2 photoreduction with H2O vapor by porous MgO–TiO2 microspheres: effects of surface MgO dispersion and CO2 adsorption–desorption dynamics

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O vapor for CO production at a temperature of 150 °C was studied using porous MgO–TiO2 microspheres as the photocatalysts with the benefits of improved CO2 adsorption by incorporating MgO and enhanced products/intermediates desorption at a higher temperature. The MgO–TiO2 microspheres were fabricated by two methods: (1) a one-step spray pyrolysis method using TiO2 (P25) nanoparticles dispersed in Mg(NO3)2 solution as the precursors (Mg/Ti-SP), and (2) spray pyrolysis synthesis of pure TiO2 (P25) microspheres first and then wet-impregnation with MgO (Mg/Ti-WI). The two material synthesis methods led to different MgO dispersion on the TiO2 surface. For Mg/Ti-SP, the strong aggregation of MgO nanoparticles caused a rough surface of the MgO–TiO2 microsphere; while for Mg/Ti-WI, MgO was more uniformly deposited leading to a much smoother surface of the microsphere. The surface dispersion of MgO was found to significantly affect the performance of MgO–TiO2 in CO2 photoreduction. At the same MgO concentration, Mg/Ti-SP had more than two times higher activity than Mg/Ti-WI, and most importantly, little deactivation of the catalyst was observed on Mg/Ti-SP while Mg/Ti-WI started to deactivate after 1 to 2 h when the reactor was operating in a continuous flow mode. The ease of photo-induced electron transfer to the catalyst surface may have contributed to the superb activity of Mg/Ti-SP samples. The optimum MgO concentration was found to be 5% for both types of materials. Besides the dispersion of MgO, we also found that the CO2 adsorption–desorption dynamics strongly influenced the CO2 photoreduction. The results from in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) revealed two advantages of Mg/Ti-SP over Mg/Ti-WI: (1) more abundant bicarbonates (important intermediates for CO production) on the surface and (2) easier desorption/transformation of intermediates.
The Role of TLR4 in the Paclitaxel Effects on Neuronal Growth In Vitro

Paclitaxel (Pac) is an antitumor agent that is widely used for treatment of solid cancers. While being effective as a chemotherapeutic agent, Pac in high doses is neurotoxic, specifically targeting sensory innervations. In view of these toxic effects associated with conventional chemotherapy, decreasing the dose of Pac has been recently suggested as an alternative approach, which might limit neurotoxicity and immunosuppression. However, it remains unclear if low doses of Pac retain its neurotoxic properties or might exhibit unusual effects on neuronal cells. The goal of this study was to analyze the concentration-dependent effect of Pac on isolated and cultured DRG neuronal cells from wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice. Three different morphological parameters were analyzed: the number of neurons which developed neurites, the number of neurites per cell and the total length of neurites per cell. Our data demonstrate that low concentrations of Pac (0.1 nM and 0.5 nM) do not influence the neuronal growth in cultures in both wild type and TLR4 knockout mice. Higher concentrations of Pac (1–100 nM) had a significant effect on DRG neurons from wild type mice, affecting the number of neurons which developed neurites, number of neurites per cell, and the length of neurites. In DRG from TLR4 knockout mice high concentrations of Pac showed a similar effect on the number of neurons which developed neurites and the length of neurites. At the same time, the number of neurites per cell, indicating the process of growth cone initiation, was not affected by high concentrations of Pac. Thus, our data showed that Pac in high concentrations has a significant damaging effect on axonal growth and that this effect is partially mediated through TLR4 pathways. Low doses of Pac are devoid of neuronal toxicity and thus can be safely used in a chemomodulation mode.
The Nicotine Transdermal System

risks of tobacco use and effort expended to control it, about 26% of adult Americans still smoke.3,4 Cigarette smoking is responsible for one in every five deaths. According to the 1989 Surgeon General’s report, smoking causes 30% of all cancer deaths, including 87% from lung cancer, as well as 82% of deaths from pulmonary disease and 21% from chronic heart disease.5 With the growing awareness of the harmful effects of smoking, the number of smokers trying to quit is also increasing. It has been estimated that as many as 17 million people try to quit each year, with only 1.3 million succeeding.6 Many smokers who quit do so without formal treatment; however, most of them (65%) relapse within 3 months.7 Traditionally, behavioral approaches have been the mainstay of therapy for smoking cessation.8 In recent years, several pharmacological approaches have been evaluated as aids for smoking cessation, including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), nicotinic blockade, and nonspecific supportive therapy.9 NRT is the most widely evaluated approach. In this approach, nicotine, the most addictive component of cigarette smoke, is delivered to the blood circulation, via means other than cigarette smoke, to reduce craving. NRT products available include nicotine chewing gum (Nicorettet), and various nicotine transdermal delivery systems (nicotine-TDSs). Recently, a nicotine nasal spray has also been approved by the FDA. A summary of NRT products available for smoking cessation is given in Table 1.
Opportunistic Network Erasure Coding in Disruptive Sensor Networks

Sensor network has found critical applications in extreme environments. However, in the extreme environments, a predictable and stable path may never exist, since the transient network connectivity, asymmetric links and unstable nodes are prevalent. Thus, the extreme environments severely challenge its basic function of data collection. Particularly, those disruptive conditions make traditional data collection protocols inefficient. In this paper, we design Opportunistic Network Erasure Coding (ONEC) protocol for collaborative data collection in disruptive sensor networks. The idea behind ONEC protocol is to study how each node determines code degree distribution and recoding strategies in a distributed fashion, so that all data of network can be recovered with high probability upon receiving any sufficient amount of encoded packets. First, each node derives code degree distribution through recursive discrete deconvolution. Second, every node conducts selective recoding of its own sensing data and opportunistically received data. Last, the ONEC ensures decoder can recover all data from any sufficient amount of encoded packets with high probability. The performance evaluations through extensive simulation validate that ONEC can truly achieve efficient data collection with high reliability in disruptive sensor networks and outperform other existing approaches in terms of network goodput, message complexity and buffer space.
Response Sensitivity of Highway Bridges to Randomly Oriented Multi-Component Earthquake Excitation

In two-dimensional and single axis three-dimensional finite element analyses, the ground motion incidence angle can play a significant role in structural response. The effect of incidence angle for three-dimensional excitation and response is investigated in this paper for response of highway bridges. Single-degree-of-freedom elastic and inelastic mean spectra were computed from various orientation techniques and found indistinguishable for combinations of orthogonal horizontal components. Probabilistic seismic demand models were generated for the nonlinear response of five different bridge models. The negligible effect of incidence angle on mean ensemble response was confirmed with a stochastic representation of the ground motions.
Effects of amphetamine, chlorpromazine and reserpine on cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP levels in mouse cerebellum.

Abstract Cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP levels were measured in the cerebella of mice treated with several drugs which affect CNS function. D-amphetamine produced a two fold increase in cyclic GMP levels, whereas chlorpromazine and reserpine reduced cyclic GMP levels 62% and 73%, respectively. The effect of d-amphetamine on cyclic GMP levels was blocked by chlorpromazine, but not by atropine. Chlorpromazine did not block the increase in cyclic GMP levels which follows oxotremorine treatment. None of the above agents altered cyclic AMP levels. These results offer further support for the concept that cyclic GMP is involved in neural function and is controlled by mechanisms independent of those regulating cyclic AMP metabolism.
Simplified procedure for preparing removable dies

VOLUME 85 NUMBER 3 The dual-arch impression technique has become a popular procedure for quadrant dentistry.1,2 The simple hinge articulator is considered the most practical choice for single and short-span restorations.3 Unfortunately, preparing a working cast with removable dies can be time-consuming and susceptible to technique errors. This tip describes a laboratory procedure that is consistently successful, simple, and accurate. It allows crowns to be made with ideal contacts and minimal adjustments.
The cortical neuropeptide, cortistatin-14, impairs post-training memory processing

Abstract Cortistatin-14, a neuropeptide, is present primarily in the cortex and hippocampus. In the hippocampus, cortistatin-14 inhibits pyramidal cell firing and co-exists with GABA. To determine if cortistatin-14 would impair retention, saline or cortistatin-14 were injected intracerebroventricularly after footshock avoidance training in CD-1 mice. After 1 week, training was resumed to determine the effect of cortistatin-14 on retention. Cortistatin-14 was found to impair retention relative to the control group at doses of 0.5–5.0 μg.
Effect of Arm Length on the Aggregation Structure of Fullerene-Based Star Ionomers

Using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we have studied aqueous solutions of a fullerene-based star ionomer−hexa(sulfobutoxypentylcarboxy)[60]fullerene (FC10S). With six sulfobutoxypentyl arms randomly bounded on the C60 cage, FC10S demonstrates a good solubility in water. The scattering results show that the water-soluble fullerene-based ionomers of a starlike molecular morphology form rodlike aggregates in water solutions. With the contrast provided by SAXS and SANS, we extract detailed structural information for the rodlike aggregates, including arm distribution, aggregation number ∼ 32, and the rod radius and length of 21 A and 160 A, respectively. We also extract an averaged ionization factor of ∼ 0.03 for the FC10S aggregates, using the structural factor derived from the mean spherical approximation model for the charge interacting aggregates. The aggregation structure changes little within the concentration range studied (0.5−4%). Compared to the aggrega...
Partial oxidation of o-xylene in melts containing vanadium pentoxide

o-Xylene vapor in nitrogen was partially oxidized by bubbling it through a melt of the 39 wt. % vanadium pentoxide-potassium sulfate eutectic at temperatures from 528° to 598°C. The principal product was o-tolualdehyde; some benzene and traces of phthalide were formed but no organic acids. These products are similar to those found in o-xylene oxidation over a solid vanadium oxide catalyst, except for the absence of acid products but are far different from the product distribution found from homogeneous oxidation with air. The rate of reaction per unit of gas-melt interface was approximately equal to that reported for oxidation of o-xylene in air on an unsupported fused vanadium oxide catalyst. With o-xylene-air mixtures bubbled through either a vanadium pentoxide-potassium sulfate eutectic melt or vanadium pentoxide-potassium pyrosulfate melt, homogeneous reaction obscured any contribution from heterogeneous processes.
Redox signaling across cell membranes.

Abstract Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by plasma membrane–localized NADPH oxidase (Nox 2) is a major mechanism of cell signaling associated with activation of the enzyme by a variety of agonists. With activation, the integral membrane flavocytochrome of Nox 2 transfers an electron from intracellular NADPH to extracellular O2, generating superoxide anion (O2•−). The latter dismutes to H2O2 which can diffuse through aquaporin channels in the plasma membrane to elicit an intracellular signaling response. O2•− also can initiate intracellular signaling by penetration of the cell membrane through anion channels (Cl- channel-3, ClC-3). Endosomes containing Nox2 and ClC-3 (called signaling endosomes) are composed of internalized plasma membrane and generate O2•− in the endosomal lumen to initiate signaling at intracellular sites. Thus, cellular signaling by Nox2 is dependent on the transmembrane flux of ROS. The role of this pathway has only recently been described and will require additional invest...
Keynote paper: knowledge management: a systems perspective

Using a systems perspective, this paper synthesises many of the most important concepts in Knowledge Management (KM) and provides a fresh viewpoint on many of them. It represents a coherent and unified systems view of KM that uses the accepted terminology of the field and, unlike many KM papers, is not idiosyncratic. This paper adopts a systems perspective at three levels: (1) the level of specific Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) that support KM activities and processes; (2) 'the' KM system that includes KM goals, processes, strategies, culture and the manner in which KM is organised and (3) the overall organisational system of knowledge-related activities. The approach taken is rather comprehensive in that it deals with KM from the microlevel (e.g. what is knowledge?) to the macrolevel of how KM should be organised and the systems architecture of knowledge-related organisational functions.
Transfer function of an active a.c. phase-advance network

The transfer function of an a.c. phase-advance demodulating compensating network is shown to be described by a biquadratic transfer function. The null point in the frequency characteristic is shown to be related to the reference-carrier excitation, thus allowing the network to be automatically tuned to the carrier frequency of an a.c. servomechanism.
Regulation of the expression of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation by vitamin A analogs

A number of vitamin A analogs (retinoids) were used to manipulate the growth of epidermal keratinocytes in culture. The retinoids used were the TMMP analog of ethyl retinoate (Ro 10-9359), 13-cis retinoic acid, all trans retinoic acid and retinol (trans). These were added to primary neonatal mouse epidermal keratinocyte cultures that proliferate, stratify, and differentiate over 2–3 weeks. [3H]Tdr labeling technics were used to quantitate proliferation. A histologic stain, and a four buffer protein extraction protocol, used in conjunction with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorographic technics, were used to assess the differentiation of the cultures. Our results showed that all of the vitamin A analogs we tested inhibited keratinocyte proliferation. Quantitation of specific differentiation proteins showed that Ro 10-9359 and 13-cis retinoic acid partially inhibited the differentiation of the cultures. The Ro 10-9359 retinoid was unusual in that it increased the synthesis of keratohyalin granule-related proteins. These studies showed that inhibition of basal cell proliferation did not result in the obligatory expression of cell differentiation and that at least one of the events that is a part of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation can be separately controlled.
Osteoblastic metastases from astrocytomas: A report of two cases

The spread of primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms beyond the confines of the neuraxis is a relatively uncommon observation. Extraneural metastases involving bone are quite rare, and have been observed almost exclusively in cases of medulloblastoma, high-grade (III-IV) astrocytoma, and glioblastoma multiforme. To date there has been only one case reported of bone metastasis from a "well-differentiated" astrocytoma. We now report two cases of astrocytoma in children with diffuse osteoblastic metastases and a fulminant clinical course. These cases demonstrate that due to the potential morphologic heterogeneity of these neoplasms, an initial biopsy diagnosis of low-grade astrocytoma does not always imply a benign clinical course.
Dissociation of carbon dioxide using a microhollow cathode discharge plasma reactor: effects of applied voltage, flow rate and concentration

This paper reports an experimental study on dissociating carbon dioxide (CO2) using a microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) plasma reactor operated at 1 atm. The MHCD plasma reactors can be a promising technology for dissociating gases, including CO2, as they do not require catalysts, they operate at around room temperature, and can be inexpensively built and operated. In this study, CO2 balanced with the carrier gas argon (Ar) was fed through the MHCD reactor, and parametric experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of applied voltage, flow rate, and CO2 mole fraction in the influent on the composition of the products, energy conversion efficiency, and yield. Within the investigated parameter ranges, the maximum energy conversion efficiency of 14% was achieved when the specific energy input was 1.1 eV mol−1, whereas the maximum CO yield of 10.5% was achieved when the specific energy input was 4 eV mol−1. The results also showed that diluting CO2 with Ar increased the yield at an expense of a decrease in energy conversion efficiency. The results of this study provide insights for operating MHCD reactors for efficient gas dissociation at atmospheric pressure.
Germination of zygospores in chlamydomonas.

STUDIES on the life-cycles of green algae have frequently been considerably hampered by the difficulty of obtaining germination of the zygospores. This obstacle was encountered here during preliminary investigations to determine the possibility of using, for genetic studies, an isogamous, heterothallic strain of Chlamydomonas Moewussi Gerloff (isolated in 1948 from greenhouse sand by Drs. P. R. Burk-holder and L. Provasoli). Mature zygospores, which are dark green, with verrucose walls, remain dormant for an indefinite time, and only a low percentage of spontaneous germination is obtained after several weeks. Initially, no success in promoting germination was achieved by the use of a wide range of physical and chemical treatments. (Examples of treatments which have been successful in other algae are reviewed by Bold1.)
Avoidance of routine revascularization in the management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes

Abstract A debate continues over whether a routine invasive or a conservative strategy is the best treatment approach for patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. The fundamental question underlying this debate is whether risk stratification should be an anatomy-driven or an ischemia-driven process. An early routine invasive or “drive-through” strategy, which consists of cardiac catheterization followed by percutaneous coronary intervention within 24 hours of the onset of angina, has not been shown to result in improved outcomes. In fact, investigators in the Veterans Affairs Non–Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in Hospital (VANQWISH) trial found that aggressively treated patients had significantly worse outcomes during the first year of follow-up than did those treated with a conservative strategy. In this overview, a conservative (ischemia-guided) strategy with aggressive medical therapy is recommended for patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. This conservative treatment includes intensive antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and anti-ischemic therapy combined with careful clinical assessment and provocative testing. Patients undergo catheterization and revascularization only if spontaneous angina occurs or there is objective evidence of stress-induced myocardial ischemia. In the future, it may be revealed that only patients at high risk have real benefit from early aggressive therapy, but the same approach may result in harm to patients at low risk. Tailoring therapy to the level of risk is essential to optimizing efficacy and clinical outcomes.
Use of temperature-sensitive mutants to study the morphogenesis of poliovirus

Abstract Three temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of poliovirus (type 1 Mahoney) were isolated after nitrous acid treatment and characterized as phenotypically RNA+. When cells were infected at 37° with two of the three RNA+ ts mutants (ts109 and ts739), reduced levels of 14 S particles were synthesized. One RNA+ mutant (ts520) synthesized significant amount of viral 14 S particle subunits. All of the mutants synthesized reduced amounts of procapsids and virions at 37°. At 39.5°, with all three ts mutants, the production of all virus-related particles in infected cells was markedly suppressed. Isoelectric focusing of the viral-related particles produced at 37° by the ts mutants and electrophoretic analysis of their structural polypeptides revealed the following: (i) ts739 synthesized an altered VP0 polypeptide and produced 14 S particles with an altered isoelectric point; (ii) ts109 produced 14 S particles with a normal pI but containing what appeared to be an altered VP1; (iii) ts520 produced normal 14 S particles as demonstrated by their pI, the electrophoretic behavior of their constituent structural polypeptides in SDS-PAGE, their ability to self-assemble, and their ability to form procapsid-like structures when incubated in extracts from wild-type (wt) virus-infected cells. However, ts520-infected cells contained few, if any, procapsids and extracts made therefrom were unable to assemble ts520 or wt 14 S particles into detectable amounts of pI 6.8 empty capsids. These and other findings are consistent with ts739 (and probably ts109) possessing an altered structural protein and ts520 being mutant in its morphopoietic factor.
Sex task and processing strategy effects in hemispheric alpha asymmetries for the recall and recognition of arousal words: Results from perceptual and motor tasks in males and females

Hemispheric alpha asymmetries of males and females were observed during perceptual and motor tasks requiring recall and recognition of words controlled for level of arousal (positive, negative, and neutral). Verbal reports of individual processing strategy were collected and analyzed relative to hemispheric alpha ratios. Results showed greater alpha suppression in the left relative to right hemisphere for recall as compared to recognition tasks and for word presentation when contrasted with motor conditions. High positive correlations were found between narrative report of processing strategy and hemispheric alpha data. A separate analysis revealed that seven subjects identified as highly analytic processors showed greater alpha suppression in the left relative to right hemisphere across tasks, conditions, and stimuli than did seven highly visual processors who, in contrast, demonstrated greater right hemispheric alpha suppression. Task difficulty and individual differences in processing style that modify cerebral laterality effects are discussed.
Effect of acid/hydrocarbon ratio, temperature and contact time on the isobutane-isobutylene alkylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid

The effect of the acid-hydrocarbon ratio and temperature on the isobutane-isobutylene alkylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was studied over the temperature range of 40‡C⩾T⩾−80‡C. The effect of acid/hydrocarbon ratios and temperature passes through a maximum giving high quality alkylate of approximately 70% branched C8 products at −30‡C, with a catalyst/hydrocarbon ratio of 0.5. The optimum reaction conditions also depend on the induction period and the effect of secondary reactions influenced by contact time. TFSA is a readily recyclable acid without the need for any purification or regeneration.
Wood of Tapirira (Anacardiaceae) from the paleogene Clarno Formation of Oregon

Abstract A new species of fossil wood, Tapirira clarnoensis , is described from a probable late Eocene deposit in the Clarno Formation of Oregon known locally as the Nut Beds. The wood represents, to the knowledge of the writer, the earliest occurrence of Tapirira in the fossil record and the only occurrence of the genus outside its present neutropical range of distribution.
Dioxy carbene complexes from reactions of Fe(CO)5, Mn2(CO)10, Re2(CO)10 and Ru3(CO)12 with oxirane

Abstract At 100 °C in the presence of Br− catalyst, CO ligands in Fe(CO)5, Mn2(CO)10, Re2(CO)10 and Ru3(CO)12 are converted upon reaction with oxirane (ethylene oxide) into dioxy carbene ligands as follows: Products of these reactions are Fe(CO)4(L), Mn2(CO)9(L), Re2(CO)9(L), Re2(CO)8(L)2, and Ru3(CO)10(L)2, where L is the dioxy carbene ligand. Cleavage of the metal metal bonds in M2(CO)9(L), where M = Mn, Re, by reaction with Br2 gives the expected M(CO)5Br and M(CO)4(L)Br products. Reaction of Fe(CO)5 with aziridine ( H N C H 2 C ︹ H 2 ) yields the corresponding cyclic amino-oxy carbene complex .
Letter prediction by aphasic persons

Abstract Twenty normal and twenty aphasic adults individually predicted the successive spaces of unrelated English paragraphs of 100 words each. Seventy per cent of the predictions of the normal subjects were correct; 45 per cent of the predictions of the aphasic subjects. Despite the differences in frequency of correct responses the two groups tended to use the same letters (spaces) (a) in their overall output, (b) in their error responses, (c) in their digrams, and (d) in their errors in predicting the second letters of digrams.
Early myocardial revascularization for postinfarction angina: results and long-term follow-up.

Within 30 days of acute myocardial infarction, 108 consecutive patients underwent urgent surgical myocardial revascularization for postinfarction angina between July 1976 and March 1983. There were 84 men and 24 women whose mean age was 59.6 ± 9.5 years (range 34 to 80). Group I (15 patients, 14%) underwent surgery within 48 hours, Group H (47 patients, 43%) between 3 and 7 days and Group III (46 patients, 43%) within 30 days. Fifty-nine patients (55%) had transmural infarction. The ejection fraction was less than 40% in 21 patients (19%). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 20 mm Hg or greater in 42 patients (39%). The incidence of single, double, triple vessel and 70% or greater left main coronary artery stenosis was 4, 20, 59 and 17%, respectively. There were two deaths (1.8%) within 30 days of operation. The incidence of intraaortic balloon pumping was higher in patients operated on earlier after myocardial infarction (53% of Group I versus 22% of Group III). Statistically, there were no differences in the use of inotropic agents or the occurrence of arrhythmias or postoperative myocardial infarction in the three groups. Late follow-up (mean 35 months, range 18 to 98) is complete for all patients (100%). There were four late myocardial infarctions and eight deaths. Actuarial survival was 87% at 5 years. Seventy-three percent of the 108 patients were free of angina and the condition of 14% improved. These results indicate that myocardial revascularization in the first 30 days after myocardial infarction can be accomplished with morbidity and mortality rates similar to those of an elective operation for chronic angina refractory to medical management.
Nanomaterials and biomaterials in electrochemical arrays for protein detection

Nanomaterials and biomaterials are important components of new electrochemical arrays designed for sensitive detection of proteins in biological fluids. Such multiplexed protein arrays are predicted to have an important future in personalized medical diagnostics, especially for cancer and heart disease. Sandwich immunoassays for proteins benefit greatly in sensitivity from the use of nanostructured sensor surfaces and multilabeled detection strategies involving nano- or microparticles. In these assays, capture agents such as antibodies or aptamers are attached to sensor surfaces in the array. Target proteins with large binding constants for the affinity agents are captured from liquid samples with high efficiency, either on the sensors or on magnetic bioconjugate particles decorated with many copies of labels and antibodies. After target proteins are captured on the sensor surfaces, the labels are detected by electrochemical techniques. This feature article begins with an overview of the recent history of nanoparticles in electrochemical protein sensors, then moves on to specific examples from our own laboratories. We discuss fabrication of nanostructured sensors and arrays with the aim of multiplexed detection as well as reusability. Following this, we describe systems that integrate particle-based protein sensing with microfluidics for multiplexed protein detection. We end with predictions on the diagnostic future of protein detection.
Focusing characteristics of a truncated and aberrated Gaussian beam through a hemispherical microlens.

Focusing characteristics of hemispherical microlenses formed on the end of single-mode fibers are investigated. The Gaussian beam passing through a hemispherical microlens formed on the end of a single-mode fiber is always aberrated and truncated due to its spherical aberration and aperturing. However, numerical computations show that for the majority of the microlenses whose truncations and aberrations are small, the truncated or aberrated Gaussian beam can be assumed as a Gaussian beam. The shifts of the size and position of minimum 1/e spot size and the shift of the maximum intensity position due to the spherical aberration and the finite size of a microlens are also discussed. To analyze these shifts, Fresnel diffraction integrals are used in the intermediate field region to the hemispherical microlens. Minimum 1/e spot sizes for hemispherical microlenses are measured and compared with the theoretical values of minimum 1/e spot sizes derived with diffraction theory as well as with those derived using the paraxial theory.
MOS and vertical junction device characteristics of epitaxial silicon on low aluminum-rich spinel☆

Abstract Various devices have been fabricated using silicon films grown epitaxially on low aluminum-rich spinel substrates. The insulating substrate provides complete isolation of the semiconductor devices and eliminates the parasitic capacitances of the back-biased p−n junctions. The low aluminum-rich spinel offers the advantages of better thermal stability and easier surface preparation for silicon epitaxy over both the conventional high aluminum-rich (MgO:3Al2O3) and the stoichiometric (MgO:Al2O3) materials. MOS capacitors, MOS transistors, and vertical junction diodes were constructed and studied using films with mobilities equal to or near the bulk values. Information on MOS capacitance vs. bias behavior, transistor characteristics, diode junction properties, and minority carrier lifetime was obtained. The silicon-spinel composites were also characterized by physical methods, and the nature of the defect structures was examined.
Compression and Suppression of Shifting Receptive Field Activity in Frontal Eye Field Neurons

Before each saccade, neurons in frontal eye field anticipate the impending eye movement by showing sensitivity to stimuli appearing where the neuron's receptive field will be at the end of the saccade, referred to as the future field (FF) of the neuron. We explored the time course of this anticipatory activity in monkeys by briefly flashing stimuli in the FF at different times before saccades. Different neurons showed substantial variation in FF time course, but two salient observations emerged. First, when we compared the time span of stimulus probes before the saccade to the time span of FF activity, we found a striking temporal compression of FF activity, similar to compression seen for perisaccadic stimuli in human psychophysics. Second, neurons with distinct FF activity also showed suppression at the time of the saccade. The increase in FF activity and the decrease with suppression were temporally independent, making the patterns of activity difficult to separate. We resolved this by constructing a simple model with values for the start, peak, and duration of FF activity and suppression for each neuron. The model revealed the different time courses of FF sensitivity and suppression, suggesting that information about the impending saccade triggering suppression reaches the frontal eye field through a different pathway, or a different mechanism, than that triggering FF activity. Recognition of the variations in the time course of anticipatory FF activity provides critical information on its function and its relation to human visual perception at the time of the saccade.
Physiological responses of rats to footshock stress: effects of social environment.

Male Sprague—Dawley rats (300–350 g) were implanted with tail-artery cannulae to allow for repeated sampling of blood and direct measurement of arterial blood pressure (BP, mm Hg) and heart rate (HR, beats/min) in conscious, unhandled animals. Two days after surgery, blood samples (0.5 ml) were collected and direct measures of BP and HR were obtained while rats were undisturbed in their home cages. Rats were then assigned at random to one of two groups, footshock alone or footshock while paired with an unoperated conspecific. Each rat was transferred to a shock chamber and after 5 min was exposed to a train of 50 footshocks (1.0 mA, 0.6 sec duration, every 6 sec); blood samples and measures of BP and HR were obtained immediately and 5 min after the termination of footshock. Plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) were later measured by a radioenzymatic—thin-layer chromatographic assay. Increments in BP and HR following transfer to the shock chamber and immediately and 5 min after footshock were similar in groups of rats tested alone or in pairs. Immediately after footshock, BP decreased below basal values an average of 12 to 23 mm Hg while HR increased an average of 98 to 129 beats/min. In addition, stress-induced increases in plasma NE and EPI were similar for rats shocked alone or in pairs. These findings indicate that the cardiovascular and sympathetic-adrenal medullary responses of isolated and paired rats to footshock are similar. Thus, the same general pattern of activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla occurs during a single episode of footshock when the behavioral responses (attempted escape vs shock-induced aggression) are quite different.