cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Experiments:k-Samples

In earlier chapters we considered the problem of how to compare two different methods or treatments and how to decide which, if either, was better. It often happens that more than two treatments are available for study. In this chapter, we generalize our two-sample test procedures to cover the comparison of more than two treatments. As in the two-sample case, we consider two different experimental setups: (i) the completely randomized design when, as in Chapter 6, available test subjects are randomly assigned to the various treatments; and (ii), the randomized block design when, as in Chapter 12, test subjects are, or can be, divided into homogeneous groups, each group containing as many test subjects as there are treatments. For (i), we develop a test procedure that generalizes the Wilcoxon two-sample test of Chapter 7. For (ii), we generalize the sign test procedure of Chapter 12 for paired observations.
Signal reconstruction from Fourier transform magnitude using Markov random fields in X-ray crystallography

A Bayesian binary signal reconstruction problem which includes noisy magnitude of Fourier transform measurements and a Markov random field a priori model is solved. The solution is analytical and is based on the spherical model and small noise asymptotic approximations. Parameters in the solution are used for data adaptation. The problem is motivated by the phase retrieval problem in X-ray crystallography. >
Interest rate pass through and asymmetric adjustment: evidence from the federal funds rate operating target period

This study examines the long-run interest rate pass through of the federal funds rate to the prime rate and whether there is asymmetric adjustment in the prime rate using the Enders–Siklos (2001) momentum threshold autoregressive model over the period February 1987 to October 2005. Once allowance is made for the endogenously determined structural break in the cointegrating relationship in April 1996, the adjustment of the prime rate to changes in the federal funds rate appears asymmetric with upward rigidity, a result contrary to previous studies which found that the prime rate exhibits downward rigidity. The finding of upward rigidity in the prime rate lends support for the customer reaction and adverse selection hypotheses. Moreover, the empirical evidence seems to support the observation of increased pass through as a result of heightened competition in the banking industry as well as the Federal Reserve's enhanced transparency in monetary policy during the 1990s.
Sofosbuvir in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C: New Dog, New Tricks

The existing standard of care for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection includes the use of pegylated interferon and ribavirin as primary components of treatment, with the addition of a direct-acting antiviral for genotype 1 infection. Sofosbuvir, an oral nucleotide inhibitor of the HCV nonstructural protein 5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme, was recently approved for use in combination with ribavirin and/or pegylated interferon for chronic HCV infection, depending on the genotype. Sofosbuvir is orally administered, and peak plasma concentrations are not affected by food. The drug is renally eliminated and does not require adjustment in mild to moderate renal insufficiency or in any degree of hepatic impairment. Sofosbuvir is not metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, nor does it induce or inhibit the metabolism of agents that are substrates of these enzymes. Sofosbuvir demonstrates a high barrier to resistance and was well tolerated by patients in clinical trials. Overall efficacy rates vary between 70% and 90%.
Mainstream Pornography and “Women”: Questioning Sexual Agency:

Th e purpose of this paper is to engage in a critical analysis of the possibilities for sexual agency for North American “women” given the current patriarchal and heterosexist social landscape that is inundated with mainstream pornographic material and where very specific socially constructed female sexual performances are promoted. Th is paper evaluates the benefits of an experiential essentialist theoretical paradigm in exploring the possibilities for agency for “women” in their sexual lives. Th e paper draws on various images of female bodies and sexual performances that are presented and, in turn, promoted in mainstream pornography and examines their effects on “women” in order to show that even though various aspects of postmodernism and phenomenology regarding “women’s” experiences should be applauded and embraced, they cannot be separated from experiential essentialist arguments that deal with “social truths”. Questions that are addressed are whether “women” can renegotiate the terms upon which mainstream pornography has functioned, whether “women” can use any type of pornography to explore independent sexual subjectivity and whether “women’s” current sexual experiences reflect personal choice and autonomy.
Long‐Term Effects of Profile‐Modifying Deep Plowing on Soil Properties and Crop Yield

The mention of trade names of commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing speciﬁ c information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:677-682doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0122Received 30 Mar. 2007.*Corresponding author (R.Louis.Baumhardt@ars.usda.gov).© Soil Science Society of America677 S. Segoe Rd. Madison WI 53711 USAAll rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Thick Beryllium Coatings by Magnetron Sputtering

Thick (>150 μm) beryllium coatings are studied as an ablator material of interest for fusion fuel capsules for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). As an added complication, the coatings are deposited on mm-scale spherical substrates, as opposed to flats. DC magnetron sputtering is used because of the relative controllability of the processing temperature and energy of the deposits. We used ultra small angle x-ray spectroscopy (USAXS) to characterize the void fraction and distribution along the spherical surface. We investigated the void structure using a combination focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results show a few volume percent of voids and a typical void diameter of less than two hundred nanometers. Understanding how the stresses in the deposited material develop with thickness is important so that we can minimize film cracking and delamination. To that end, an in-situ multiple optical beam stress sensor (MOSS) was used to measure the stress behavior of thick Beryllium coatings on flat substrates as the material was being deposited. We will show how the film stress saturates with thickness and changes with pressure.
Controversies in family planning: how to manage a fractured IUD

This article synthesizes various Paraguard intrauterine device (IUD) user experiences concerning individual cases of uterine fragmentation of IUDs and their management strategies. The authors provide a literature review about IUD use in the United States with background information both recent and historical reports of IUD fracture and a management summary. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Intracardial mesotheliomas and a gastric papilloma in a giant grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein).

A giant grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein), was found dead in its tank. The principal necropsy findings consisted of multiple tumors in the ventricle of the heart, a tumor mass in the stomach, and protozoa-like organisms in the heart tumor, bile ducts and kidney collecting ducts. The heart tumors were identified as mesotheliomas and the stomach tumor as a papilloma. The morphology of the protozoan-like organisms was similar to that of Rhabdospora thelohani (Languesse).
Low-density mirror-concatenated codes: a generalization of irregular repeat-and- accumulate codes

Low-density mirror-concatenated (LDMC) codes are defined and shown to be equivalent to low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. As a generalization of irregular repeat-and-accumulate (IRA) codes, LDMC codes offer a slightly different, but potentially useful, perspective on LDPC codes as concatenated codes.
Experience with a physiology workshop for high school and college teachers.

Science education in the United States at all academic levels is widely perceived to need direct assistance from professional scientists. The current dearth of quality applicants from this country ...
Playing the Economic Substance Trump Card: Black & Decker v. United States

This paper examines the application of the economic substance doctrine in determining whether a business transaction is a sham and argues that the court in Black & Decker v. United States incorrectly applied the economic substance doctrine before it expressly resolved issues requiring statutory interpretation. Part I of the paper discusses the historical development of the economic substance doctrine and its recent embodiment in case law. Part II sets forth the facts of the subject case and the district court's opinion. Part III argues that the district court incorrectly analyzed the issue, applying the economic substance doctrine prematurely. The Black & Decker case is contrasted with Coltec Industries, Inc. v. United States, a similar decision that rejected application of the economic substance doctrine in favor of formal statutory interpretation. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the ramifications of the Black & Decker decision for the future of the economic substance doctrine.
Palladium-Catalyzed Catellani Aminocyclopropanation Reactions with Vinyl Halides

Palladium is shown to catalyze an intramolecular aminocyclopropanation of norbornenes with aliphatic vinyl halides in good yields. The reaction tolerates a variety of amine substituents and gives good results with a variety of carbocyclic and oxabicyclic [2.2.1] alkene acceptors. Notably, stabilized enolate nucleophiles were also employed in cyclopropanation reactions.
Predicting eruptions from precursory activity using remote sensing data hybridization

Abstract Many volcanoes produce some level of precursory activity prior to an eruption. This activity may or may not be detected depending on the available monitoring technology. In certain cases, precursors such as thermal output can be interpreted to make forecasts about the time and magnitude of the impending eruption. Kamchatka (Russia) provides an ideal natural laboratory to study a wide variety of eruption styles and precursory activity prior to an eruption. At Bezymianny volcano for example, a clear increase in thermal activity commonly occurs before an eruption, which has allowed predictions to be made months ahead of time. Conversely, the eruption of Tolbachik volcano in 2012 produced no discernable thermal precursors before the large scale effusive eruption. However, most volcanoes fall between the extremes of consistently behaved and completely undetectable, which is the case with neighboring Kliuchevskoi volcano. This study tests the effectiveness of using thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing to track volcanic thermal precursors using data from both the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors. It focuses on three large eruptions that produced different levels and durations of effusive and explosive behavior at Kliuchevskoi. Before each of these eruptions, TIR spaceborne sensors detected thermal anomalies (i.e., pixels with brightness temperatures > 2 °C above the background temperature). High-temporal, low-spatial resolution (i.e., ~ hours and 1 km) AVHRR data are ideal for detecting large thermal events occurring over shorter time scales, such as the hot material ejected following strombolian eruptions. In contrast, high-spatial, low-temporal resolution (i.e., days to weeks and 90 m) ASTER data enables the detection of much lower thermal activity; however, activity with a shorter duration will commonly be missed. ASTER and AVHRR data are combined to track low-level anomalies months prior to an eruption and higher-energy events prior to large eruptions to develop a monitoring approach for this eruption style. Results show that strombolian eruptions produce enough energy in the pre-eruptive phase to trigger an AVHRR detection. Paired with ASTER data, the results can be extended back in time to develop a precursory timeline, which captures subtle changes in volcanic activity that would commonly go unnoticed in a single data set. Although these precursors may be volcano and eruption specific, the now sixteen-year-old database from ASTER allows this methodology to be repeatable at other volcanoes to establish a quantitative precursory baseline, which would be an improvement over current eruption classifications.
Biological monitoring: the employer's dilemma.

The industrial workplace contains many potential health hazards that not only can cause great harm to workers, but also can destroy the employers’ economic stability. Often these hazards are documented and dealt with, but frequently they are unknown. When health-conscious employers monitor the physical well-being of their employees in an effort to avoid the terrible personal and economic costs these hazards can produce, they may be supplying their employees with the documentation necessary to recover financially for their industrial illnesses. This Article analyzes this dilemma confronting employers. It describes the many factors employers must consider when deciding whether to institute a monitoring process that takes full advantage of technological developments in medical care. The Article suggests an approach employers may take until some of the disincentives surrounding the implementation of monitoring are removed.
A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effects of Oligosaccharides on Transfer of Passive Immunity in Neonatal Dairy Calves.

Background Bacterial contamination of colostrum is common and can decrease IgG absorption in neonatal calves. Strategies that mitigate this situation without complicating colostrum management will benefit dairy calf health and survival. Objectives To evaluate the effects of supplementing colostrum with oligosaccharides (OS) on serum IgG concentration and apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG (AEA%) in calves fed unpasteurized colostrum and characterize these outcomes with respect to colostrum bacterial exposures. Animals One hundred twenty-three neonatal dairy calves. Methods Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial conducted at a commercial dairy operation. Calves were enrolled at birth in 1 of 4 treatment groups. Data were complete for 123 calves, which were distributed across the treatment groups as follows: mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), n = 33; Saccharomyces galacto-oligosaccharides (SGOS), n = 31; Bifidobacterium galacto-oligosaccharides (BGOS), n = 28; and lactose control (CON), n = 31. A commercial radial immunodiffusion kit was used to determine colostrum and serum IgG concentrations. Conventional microbiology methods were used to enumerate colostrum bacterial counts. Results Bacterial counts were not significantly different among treatment groups. Total bacterial plate counts (TPC) were relatively low for the majority of colostrum samples, but TPC had a significant negative effect on serum IgG concentration and AEA% in the lactose-supplemented control group but not the OS treatment groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These results suggest that a complement of OS structures may mitigate adverse effects of bacteria on transfer of passive immunity (TPI).
Exstrophic anomalies: followup of 36 cases.

Abstract Since 1950, 36 patients with exstrophic anomalies were seen at the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals. There were several modalities of treatment used, including primary reconstructive procedures in 11 patients, β of whom continue to have a functional bladder closure. Our results and current management are discussed.
Task-based optimization of flip angle for fibrosis detection in T1-weighted MRI of liver.

Chronic liver disease is a worldwide health problem, and hepatic fibrosis (HF) is one of the hallmarks of the disease. The current reference standard for diagnosing HF is biopsy followed by pathologist examination; however, this is limited by sampling error and carries a risk of complications. Pathology diagnosis of HF is based on textural change in the liver as a lobular collagen network that develops within portal triads. The scale of collagen lobules is characteristically in the order of 1 to 5 mm, which approximates the resolution limit of in vivo gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the delayed phase. We use MRI of formalin-fixed human ex vivo liver samples as phantoms that mimic the textural contrast of in vivo Gd-MRI. We have developed a local texture analysis that is applied to phantom images, and the results are used to train model observers to detect HF. The performance of the observer is assessed with the area-under-the-receiver–operator-characteristic curve (AUROC) as the figure-of-merit. To optimize the MRI pulse sequence, phantoms were scanned with multiple times at a range of flip angles. The flip angle that was associated with the highest AUROC was chosen as optimal for the task of detecting HF.
States of 55 Co via the 58 Ni(p,α) 55 Co reaction

$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles from the $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{55}\mathrm{Co}$ reaction were analyzed with a 100-cm modified broad-range magnetic spectrograph. Data were taken at nominal bombarding energies from 12 to 16 MeV and at the observation angles of 60, 90, and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. 90 levels have been identified in $^{55}\mathrm{Co}$ in the region of excitation from the ground state to 6.6 MeV. Below 3 MeV, a new level at 2.9785 MeV has been observed and the existence of two levels at 2.9238 and 2.9428 MeV has been further verified. 47 previously unreported levels have been observed and uncertainties in excitation energies have been reduced in many cases by as much as a factor of 6 or more. The possibility of a 33-fold degeneracy in the 1160-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transition and a 25-fold degeneracy in the 1600-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transition which are seen in ($p,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) is discussed.
Telomere Length Among Older U.S. Adults: Differences by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Age:

Objective: We examine race/ethnic, gender, and age differences in telomere length (TL) within a diverse, nationally representative sample of older adults. Method: Data come from 5,228 White, Black, and Hispanic respondents aged 54+ in the 2008 Health and Retirement Study. TL was assayed from saliva using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) by comparing telomere sequence copy number with a single gene copy number (T/S ratio). Linear regression was used to examine TL by race/ethnicity, gender, and age adjusting for social, economic, and health characteristics. Results: Women had longer TL than men (p < .05). Blacks (p < .05) and Hispanics (p < .10) had longer TL than Whites. Black women and men had the longest TL relative to other groups (p < .05), while White men had the shortest TL (p < .05). Black women and Hispanic men showed greater differences in TL with age. Discussion: Findings indicate social patterns in TL by race/ethnicity, gender, and age among older adults do not reflect differences o...
Case 49: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

You are a new faculty member at a university hospital. There is an expectation that you will do research. A senior member of the department approaches you with a potential study. He wants you to be the principal investigator. The study involves examining/reviewing several meta-analysis randomized controlled trials. In this case, the object is to compare a single-shot femoral nerve blockade (SSFNB) to continuous femoral nerve block (CFNB) for analgesia after a total knee arthroplasty. You state that you will learn more about meta-analysis, review all the articles on the subject, and then get back to him in a week. You tell him that you are delighted and grateful for the offer.
Evidence of equilibrium peak runoff rates in steep tropical terrain on the island of Dominica during Tropical Storm Erika, August 27, 2015

Abstract Tropical Storm Erika was a weakly organized tropical storm when its center of circulation passed more than 150 km north of the island of Dominica on August 27, 2015. Hurricane hunter flights had difficulty finding the center of circulation as the storm encountered a high shear environment. Satellite and radar observations showed gyres imbedded within the broader circulation. Radar observations from Guadeloupe show that one of these gyres formed in convergent mid-level flow triggered by orographic convection over the island of Dominica. Gauge-adjusted radar rainfall data indicated between 300 and 750 mm of rainfall on Dominica, most of it over a four hour period. The result was widespread flooding, destruction of property, and loss of life. The extremity of the rainfall on steep watersheds covered with shallow soils was hypothesized to result in near-equilibrium runoff conditions where peak runoff rates equal the watershed-average peak rainfall rate minus a small constant loss rate. Rain gauge adjusted radar rainfall estimates and indirect peak discharge (IPD) measurements from 16 rivers at watershed areas ranging from 0.9 to 31.4 km2 using the USGS Slope-Area method allowed testing of this hypothesis. IPD measurements were compared against the global envelope of maximum observed flood peaks versus drainage area and against simulations using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model to detect landslide-affected peak flows. Model parameter values were estimated from the literature. Reasonable agreement was found between GSSHA simulated peak flows and IPD measurements in some watersheds. Results showed that landslide dam failure affected peak flows in 5 of the 16 rivers, with peak flows significantly greater than the envelope curve values for the flood of record for like-sized watersheds on the planet. GSSHA simulated peak discharges showed that the remaining 11 peak flow values were plausible. Simulations of an additional 24 watersheds ranging in size from 2.2 to 75.4 km2 provided confirmation that the IPD measurements varied from 40 to nearly 100% of the envelope curve value depending on storm-total rainfall. Results presented in this paper support the hypothesis that on average, the peak discharges scaled linearly with drainage area, and the constant of proportionality was equivalent to 134 mm h−1, or a unit discharge of 37.22 m3 s−1 km−2. The results also indicate that after the available watershed storage was filled after approximately 450–500 mm of rain fell, runoff efficiencies exceeded 50–60%, and peak runoff rates were more than 80% of the peak rainfall rate minus a small constant loss rate of 20 mm h−1. These findings have important implications for design of resilient infrastructure, and means that rainfall rate was the primary determinant of peak flows once the available storage was filled in the absences of landslide dam failure.
Entropy, compound Poisson approximation, log-Sobolev inequalities and measure concentration

The problem of approximating the distribution of a sum S/sub n/ = /spl Sigma//sub i=1//sup n/ Y/sub i/ of n discrete random variables Y/sub i/ by a Poisson or a compound Poisson distribution arises naturally in many classical and current applications, such as statistical genetics, dynamical systems, the recurrence properties of Markov processes and reliability theory. Using information-theoretic ideas and techniques, we derive a family of new bounds for compound Poisson approximation. We take an approach similar to that of Kontoyiannis, Harremoes and Johnson (2003), and we generalize some of their Poisson approximation bounds to the compound Poisson case. Partly motivated by these results, we derive a new logarithmic Sobolev inequality for the compound Poisson measure and use it to prove measure-concentration bounds for a large class of discrete distributions.
Who is who among urothelial neoplasms

The objectives of this review are: (1)review WHO/ISUP Consensus Classification with comments on particular lesions to follow; (2)review of flat lesions of the urinary bladder; (3)review of invasive neoplasms with an emphasis on the potential diagnostic pitfalls and problems.
Haploinsufficiency of Ebf1 Collaborates with BCR-ABL1 to Decrease the Latency of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

In previously published genome-wide copy number analysis of leukemic samples from 242 pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients, we reported that mutations in genes regulating B lymphoid development are the most common lesion in B-progenitor ALL, and these include PAX5 , IKZF1 , and EBF1 . Mono-allelic deletion of EBF1 was observed in 8/200 B-progenitor leukemia samples, including a BCR-ABL1 ALL. EBF1 encodes a transcription factor that is required for the development of B cells, and with E2A regulates the expression of B-lineage specific genes. Mice null for Ebf1 arrest B cell development at the pro-B cell stage, whereas Ebf1 +/ − mice have a 50% reduction in the number of immature and mature B cells but a normal number of pro-B cells. Importantly, neither haploinsufficiency nor the complete loss of Ebf1 results in the development of leukemia in mice. To examine the role of genetic alterations targeting B-lymphoid differentiation in the pathogenesis in BCR-ABL1 ALL, we transduced Ebf1 +/+ and Ebf1 +/− bone marrow cells with MSCV-GFP-IRES-p185 BCR-ABL1 retrovirus and transplanted the resultant cells into lethally irradiated wild-type C57BL6 recipient mice. Mice transplanted with BCR-ABL1 Ebf1 +/ − cells developed B lineage ALLs at a shorter latency than observed with BCR-ABL1 Ebf1 +/+ cells (median overall survival of 17 days in Ebf1 +/− vs 42 days in Ebf1 +/+ , P + Cd19 + Bp1 + pre-B cell immunophenotype; however, the leukemias that developed from the Ebf1 +/− cells aberrantly expressed high levels of the stem cell marker Sca1 (mean fluorescence level for Sca1 of 69.6 in Ebf1 +/ − (n=22) vs 16.8 in Ebf1 +/+ (n=14), p Ebf1 may contribute to leukemogenesis, we examined early B cell development in bone marrow (BM) cells from two week-old C57BL6 Ebf1 +/− and Ebf1 +/+ mice. Our analysis confirmed previous reports indicating a 2-fold reduction of B220 + CD43 − B cells in Ebf1 +/ − compared to Ebf1 +/+ mice. Interestingly, however, we also detected an approximately 6-fold increase in a transitional population of B220 lo IL-7R + cKit lo Pre-pro B cells that also expressed Sca1 (2194 mean number of Ebf1 +/ − cells per 100,000 BM cells (n=10) vs 372 mean number of Ebf1 +/+ cells per 100,000 BM cells (n=8), p Ebf1 haploinsufficiency expands the pool of cells that are susceptible to transformation by BCR-ABL expression. It will be important to examine whether the accelerated tumorigenesis resulting from Ebf1 haploinsufficiency is a consequence of a subtle shift in differentiation, or some alternative mechanism of oncogenic cooperativity. Studies are underway to directly assess the role of B220 lo IL-7R + cKit lo Sca1 + cells in BCR-ABL1 driven ALL.
Reversibility of Cardiac Function Predicts Outcome After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis.

Background Reversibility of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in high‐risk aortic stenosis patient and its impact on survival after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are unclear. We aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes of LV structure and function after TAVR and their impact on survival. Methods and Results We studied 209 patients with aortic stenosis who underwent TAVR from May 2006 to December 2012. Echocardiograms were used to calculate LV end‐diastolic volume index (LVEDVi), LV ejection fraction, LV mass index (LVMi), and global longitudinal strain before, immediately ( Conclusions LV reverse remodeling was observed after TAVR, whereas lack of LVEDVi and LVMi improvement was observed in patients who died during the first year after TAVR. Post‐TAVR, aortic regurgitation blocks reverse remodeling and is associated with poor 1‐year survival after TAVR.
Whose Lives Matter: The Media’s Failure to Cover Police Use of Lethal Force Against Native Americans:

The August 9, 2014, police shooting of Michael Brown reinvigorated the Black Lives Matter movement and triggered widespread media scrutiny of police use of lethal force against African Americans. Y...
Architecture of PRC2 Holo Complexes

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a chief epigenetic regulator. In a new article, Chen et al. describe the crystal structure of the heterotetrameric PRC2 holo complex, which provides important mechanistic insights into the organization of its subunits and the association of PRC2 with chromatin.
The Bombay interlude: Parsi transnational aspirations in the first Persian sound film

The focus on cinema in Iran has imbricated the medium within the discourse of Iranian nationalist projects of the twentieth century, expressing the idea of transnationalism as merely the use of non...
Scaling, Wavelets, Image Compression, and Encoding

In this paper we develop a family of multi-scale algorithms with the use of filter functions in higher dimension.
Psychiatric Stress Debriefing: Alleviating the Impact of Patient Suicide and Assault

Psychiatrists and psychologists have developed the psychological autopsy into a debriefing tool, as well as a learning tool. Use of the CISD has been an effective protocol to help police, fire, ambulance, emergency room, and ICU personnel cope with the effects of violence and trauma. Psychiatric nurses and ancillary personnel also face frequent exposure to violence and trauma. The psychiatric debriefing protocol offers a practical intervention.
Efficacy of insecticides against rice tungro disease and its vector (Nephotettix Virescens) under glasshouse conditions

Six insecticides spray were evaluated by taking one highly susceptible ‘T(N)1’ and another resistant cultivar, ‘Vikramarya’, under glasshouse conditions. Among the insecticides, buprofezin (@1.6 g/L) and imidacloprid (@ 0.25 ml/L) controlled the insect vector population fully without any RTD infection in T(N)1 after one and five days of treatment. These were significantly superior over than rest of the treatments. The spray of difenthiuron and dinotefuron @ 0.2% concentration were found effective significantly in controlling the insect vector population (94%) and decreasing the RTD infection of 75%. In rice cultivar, Vikramarya, buprofezin (@1.6 g/L), imidacloprid (@ 0.25 ml/L), dinotefuran (@ 2 g/L), difenthiuron (@1.2 ml/L) full control of insect and no RTD infection at one and five days after treatment.
Personal and collective perceptions of social support: Implications for classroom engagement in early adolescence

Abstract The present study uses multilevel modeling to understand early adolescents’ individual and class-level perceptions of social support in relation to their behavioral and emotional engagement in math and science. To capture individual relationships, we examined students’ self-perceptions of classroom social satisfaction, best friend quality, and teacher-student relatedness. Between classrooms, we considered collective perceptions of peer and teacher support. Participants were 761 fifth (n = 412) and sixth grade (n = 349) students nested within 44 classrooms who were 52% female and ethnically diverse. Results indicated that both peer and teacher relationships are important for early adolescents’ behavioral engagement, but teachers play a primary role in shaping emotional engagement toward subject-area content. Moreover, both individual and classroom-level indicators of perceived support explained variation in children’s engagement outcomes, highlighting the complex nature of classroom social relationships that necessitate teachers’ consideration.
Comparing a Neutropenic Diet to a Food Safety-Based Diet in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

ABSTRACT Neutropenic diets were adopted as a way to decrease the infection risks in immunocompromised individuals, but these diets result in significant restrictions in the variety and types of foods an individual may consume. We used a controlled before-and-after study design in consecutive pediatric and young adult patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant at our center between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014. From January through June, all patients were placed on a traditional neutropenic diet; on July 1, we liberalized the bone marrow transplant (BMT) diet to a modified BMT diet. We compared the incidence of bloodstream infections in the first 100 days post-transplant, incidence of norovirus in the first 100 days, total parenteral nutrition days through day 100, incidence of grade 3 to 4 graft-versus-host disease at day 100, gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (any stage), and 100-day overall survival. In addition, we administered an investigator-created survey to evaluate food cravings, nausea, diet limitations, and subjective quality of life. In total, 102 patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant during the study period. Forty-nine (48%) received the neutropenic diet and 53 (52%) the BMT diet. Other than more males receiving the neutropenic diet (67% versus 47%, P = 0.05), there were no statistical demographic and outcome differences between the 2 groups. Additionally, 46 subjects (45%) completed the investigator-created questionnaire. There was no difference in the perceived food cravings, nausea, diet limitations, and subjective quality of life between the 2 cohorts. These data demonstrate noninferiority of the modified BMT diet over the traditional neutropenic diet. We believe the food safety-based diet offers a greater variety of food, which may assist in the transition to a normal diet.
Brittle fracture failure assessment of API 12D tanks with a semicircular-topped rectangular cleanout and stepped shell design

Abstract The upstream segment of the oil and gas industry require temporary storage of product upon extraction, which, in turn, require adequately sized storage tanks that can withstand the operational conditions of the storage process. The American Petroleum Institute Specification 12D (API 12D) provides ten tank designs with sizes having nominal capacities ranging between 500 bbl (79.5 m3) to 10,000 bbl (1590 m3). These tanks are field welded tanks that are usually produced en masse to accommodate the storage needs of the facility and the operating pressure ranges of the accompanying equipment. The brittle fracture assessment, based on API 579 using the FAD technique, is performed in this study for these ten tanks with a new extended-neck rectangular cleanout with a semicircular top that is surrounded by a reinforcement pad. This study investigated the effects of internal pressure, vacuum pressure, and hydrostatic pressure on the stresses found in the junctions connecting the roof to the top angle, the shell to the bottom plate, and the cleanout neck to the bottom plate. A finite element analysis approach was used to study the tanks by modeling them with an axisymmetric idealization, while the cleanout junction was investigated using a submodeling technique driven by a 3-D shell model of the entire tank. An elastic stress analysis was performed on the tank models, after which stress classification was carried out in each junction to assess the brittle fracture behavior. The brittle fracture assessment in a one-day mean ambient temperature of −55 °F (−48.3 °C) for each of the ten API 12D tanks is presented and discussed in this report.
Successful Campus Outreach for Academic Libraries: Building Community through Collaboration. Peggy Keeran and Carrie Forbes, eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. 235p. Paper, $50.00 (ISBN: 978-1-5381-1371-4).

Outreach and engagement is a key topic in academic libraries that is receiving an increased focus within the profession. While it may be difficult to decide which materials one should turn to first when delving into this subject, Successful Campus Outreach for Academic Libraries is an excellent collection of essays on the current scholarship and practice of academic library outreach. The ideas presented in its pages are not only inspiring; they can be easily adapted to fit a variety of academic settings. Nearly all chapters of this book detail collaborative outreach initiatives featuring partnerships with entities both on and off campus. There is a variety of topics covered, including planning and programming, as well as less obvious topics such as technology. Nearly all chapters incorporate essential details of implementation and assessment of the described programs. The practical information shared in each chapter will appeal to anyone charged with outreach efforts.
Interpretive structural modelling approach to assess financial attributes of the air cargo industry

Air cargo represents about one-third of the total value of global trade carried and is therefore an essential player in the world economy. Monitoring the financial stability of air cargo carriers is vital to the industry, governments, and stakeholders. To detect financial difficulties within the aviation industry numerous prediction models have been developed, but most focus on the passenger airlines. In addition, these prediction models typically do not take into account essential non-statistical factors. This paper identified qualitative factors that could influence the financial health of all-cargo airlines and attempted to understand the interaction among them. The factors were identified based on previous research and validated by expert opinions. Interpretive structural modelling (ISM) was used to determine any mutual influences among the factors. Further, the ISM methodology was able to establish the level of the factors and determine their driving power and dependence. The results are very useful for air cargo management in that they can use the findings of this study to overcome dominant factors.
Robust discriminant analysis using multi-directional projection pursuit

Abstract While linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a widely used classification method, it is highly affected by outliers which commonly occur in various real datasets. Therefore, several robust LDA methods have been proposed. However, they either rely on robust estimation of the sample means and covariance matrix which may have noninvertible Hessians or can only handle binary classes or low dimensional cases. The proposed robust discriminant analysis is a multi-directional projection-pursuit approach which can classify multiple classes without estimating the covariance or Hessian matrix and work for high dimensional cases. The weight function effectively gives smaller weights to the points more deviant from the class center. The discriminant vectors and scoring vectors are solved by the proposed iterative algorithm. It inherits good properties of the weight function and multi-directional projection pursuit for reducing the influence of outliers on estimating the discriminant directions and producing robust classification which is less sensitive to outliers. We show that when a weight function is appropriately chosen, then the influence function is bounded and discriminant vectors and scoring vectors are both consistent as the percentage of outliers goes to zero. The experimental results show that the robust optimal scoring discriminant analysis is effective and efficient.
Reproducibility and Replicability in the Context of the Contested Identities of Geography

This article situates the current discussion of reproducibility and replicability taking place across the sciences within geographers’ enduring discussion of nomothetic and idiographic approaches, ...
A review on customizing edible food materials into 3D printable inks: Approaches and strategies

Abstract Background Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging technology that has been a subject of interest in many areas, including agriculture and food science. AM technology can be used in three-dimensional (3D) food fabrication in an additive manner based on computer-aided design (CAD) data. 3D food printing technology offers many advantages over traditional methods: rapid prototyping without using molds or casts, providing customized foods, creating foods with complex shapes and structures, personalized nutrition, high efficiency, and low cost of production. It is crucial to have a systematic approach for food printings and redefine the printability to use a wide range of food materials. Scope and approach This review article summarizes recent advances in 3D food printing with a focus on current approaches to define the printability and optimize the food ink formulas, the mechanisms of AM technology, and the suitability of food materials as precursors for 3D printing (3DP). The major steps associated with 3DP technology from the food perspective are elucidated in this review, which involve various approaches and strategies of 3DP. Key findings and conclusions A systematic manufacturing approach is essential for a better understanding of the 3DP process rather than focusing on the machine parts. Framing each step in the 3DP and depicting the workflow suitable for food printings may simplify the research steps and accelerate high-quality 3DP for the food applications. Redefining the printability and summarizing existing approaches to obtain printable food materials will lay the foundation for future studies.
Rapidly Progressing Heart Failure from Presumed AL Amyloid

Introduction Cardiac amyloidosis is an under recognized cause of cardiomyopathy leading to progressive heart failure from deposition of misfolded protein in the myocardial extracellular matrix. AL and ATTR amyloidosis are the main forms of cardiac amyloidosis accounting for >90% of cases in the U.S. Case Report A 57 year old woman with hypertension, bilateral carpal tunnel and recent diagnosis of heart failure was transferred for evaluation. She presented to her PCP three months prior with pedal edema. Echocardiogram at that time showed an LVEF of 55% and she was diagnosed with HFpEF. She was hospitalized twice for progressive symptoms; coronary angiography showed luminal irregularities intracardiac pressures were notable for RAP of 23 mmHg, RVP of 41/11 mmHg, PAP 42/25 mmHg, PCWP of 31 mmHg with CO of 3.2 L/min. MRI was recommended but not attained. On admission, ECG showed sinus tachycardia and low voltage. TTE showed biventricular hypertrophy with LVEF 40%, biatrial enlargement and thickened mitral valve with restrictive inflow pattern concerning for amyloidosis. UPEP demonstrated a monoclonal spike with serum lambda free light chains of 1721 mg/L and κ/λ ratio of Summary AL amyloidosis is a multiorgan disease in which one system usually predominates with cardiac involvement portending the worst prognosis. It is irreversible and can be rapidly fatal; early work-up and recognition is crucial as therapies exist.
To Test or Not to Test: Tools, Rules, and Corporate Data in US Chemicals Regulation:

When the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was passed by the US Congress in 1976, its advocates pointed to new generation of genotoxicity tests as a way to systematically screen chemicals for car...
Genome-Enabled Molecular Subtyping and Serotyping for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Foodborne pathogens are a major public health burden in the United States, leading to 9.4 million illnesses annually. Since 1996, a national laboratory-based surveillance program, PulseNet, has used molecular subtyping and serotyping methods with the aim to reduce the burden of foodborne illness through early detection of emerging outbreaks. PulseNet affiliated laboratories have used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and immunoassays to subtype and serotype bacterial isolates. Widespread use of serotyping and PFGE for foodborne illness surveillance over the years has resulted in the accumulation of a wealth of routine surveillance and outbreak epidemiological data. This valuable source of data has been used to understand seasonal frequency, geographic distribution, demographic information, exposure information, disease severity, and source of foodborne isolates. In 2019, PulseNet adopted whole genome sequencing (WGS) at a national scale to replace PFGE with higher-resolution methods such as the core genome multilocus sequence typing. Consequently, PulseNet’s recent shift to genome-based subtyping methods has rendered the vast collection of historic surveillance data associated with serogroups and PFGE patterns potentially unusable. The goal of this study was to develop a bioinformatics method to associate the WGS data that are currently used by PulseNet for bacterial pathogen subtyping to previously characterized serogroup and PFGE patterns. Previous efforts to associate WGS to PFGE patterns relied on predicting DNA molecular weight based on restriction site analysis. However, these approaches failed owing to the non-uniform usage of genomic restriction sites by PFGE restriction enzymes. We developed a machine learning approach to classify isolates to their most probable serogroup and PFGE pattern, based on comparisons of genomic k-mer signatures. We applied our WGS classification method 5,970 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates collected as part of PulseNet’s routine foodborne surveillance activities between 2003-2018. Our machine learning classifier is able to associate STEC WGS to higher-level serogroups with very high accuracy and lower-level PFGE patterns with somewhat lower accuracy. Taken together, these classifications support the ability of public health investigators to associate currently generated WGS data with historical epidemiological knowledge linked to serogroups and PFGE patterns in support of outbreak surveillance for food safety and public health.
Identifying Sources and Impacts of Precipitation-Derived Nitrogen in Narragansett Bay, RI

Anthropogenic changes to nitrogen cycling have dramatically altered ecosystems across the globe, particularly in coastal estuaries where nitrogen limits primary production. The impacts of nitrogen pollution are especially evident in Narragansett Bay, RI, where eutrophication in the urbanized Providence River Estuary persists despite a > 50% decrease in wastewater nitrogen loading over the past two decades. Precipitation-derived nitrogen tends to be understudied and may be underestimated in contemporary budgets. Here, the magnitude and ecological impacts of precipitation-derived nitrogen in the Providence River Estuary were assessed by the following: relationships between precipitation, river discharge, and chlorophyll abundance; inorganic nitrogen concentration and isotopic composition of precipitation, surface runoff, and stormwater; and changes in stable nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes of macroalgae (Ulva spp.) after large precipitation events. Precipitation and chlorophyll concentration measured 5 days after the rain event exhibited a linear relationship. Furthermore, Ulva spp. experienced decreases in δ15N of 0.3–1‰ and increases in δ13C of 1–3‰ that peaked 5 days after precipitation events. These results are indicative of a direct impact of precipitation-derived nitrogen on nutrient dynamics, including summer phytoplankton blooms. However, the inorganic nitrogen concentrations of stormwater were approximately 240% higher than surface runoff, and the isotopic composition of stormwater discharge indicates that most precipitation-derived nitrate stems from terrestrial nitrogen and sewage rather than direct atmospheric deposition. The magnitude and spatial heterogeneity of precipitation-derived nitrogen remains uncertain, and further work is needed to understand how this nitrogen source will change in a wetter climate of the future.