cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SONIC HEDGEHOG mutations causing human holoprosencephaly impair neural patterning activity

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a common forebrain malformation associated with mental retardation and craniofacial anomalies. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that loss of ventral neurons is associated with HPE. The condition is etiologically heterogeneous, and abnormalities in any of several genes can cause human HPE. Among these genes, mutations in SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) are the most commonly identified single gene defect causing human HPE. SHH mediates a number of processes in central nervous system development and is required for the normal induction of ventral cell types in the brain and spinal cord. Although a number of missense mutations in SHH have been identified in patients with HPE, the functional significance of these mutations has not yet been determined. We demonstrate that two SHH mutations that cause human HPE result in decreased in vivo activity of SHH in the developing nervous system. These mutant forms of SHH fail to regulate genes properly that are normally responsive to SHH signaling and do not induce ventrally expressed genes. In addition, the immunoreactivity of the mutant proteins is altered, suggesting that the conformation of the SHH protein has been disrupted. These studies are the first demonstration that mutations in SHH associated with human HPE perturb the in vivo patterning function of SHH in the developing nervous system.
e+e− Physics at CESR

The study of high energy electron positron interactions has, in the past decade, provided us with a wealth of experimental information about all aspects of particle physics. The charmed quark, or c-quark, was simultaneously discovered in hadron interactions and in e+e− annihilations. It was however mostly at e+e− colliders that its properties were (and still are) investigated. The measurements of the annihilation cross section into hadrons has given tangible evidence about the existence of color and the continued study of these processes at high energies has confirmed many qualitative predictions of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the best candidate at present for a complete theory of the strong interactions. The discovery, in hadron collisions, of the upsilons in 1978, required the existence of yet another quark, the b-quark, where b stands sometimes for beauty or bottom, a new flavor of quarks. Because of its large mass, ∿ 5 GeV, the b quark has greatly helped in clarifying many aspects of strong interactions, especially in the spectroscopy of heavy particles. The study of the b quark, carried out only at electron positron colliders, has given new proofs that quarks carry color and fractional charge (1/3e for the b quark) and that gluons exist, have spin 1 and carry color, as required by QCD. In the field of weak interactions further proof of the validity of the “standard model” has been obtained and strong constraints on the mixing angles have been established. In the last three years most of the study of the b quark has been carried out at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, CESR, because of a fortunate set of circumstances. In these lectures I will present what we have learned from this study at CESR [1], where the focus has been and continues to be on the T resonances [2,3], from which we learn about heavy quark spectroscopy, and on the weak interactions of the b-quark, through the study of B-meson properties.
Prepping the Environment

Noninvasive imaging studies to evaluate neurovascular anatomy/pathology such as computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have advanced significantly over the last few years; but interventional cerebral/spinal angiography is still the gold standard study for vascular imaging, achieving the best quality images and assessing the blood flow dynamics within the brain and spinal cord. There are many indications of interventional cerebral/spinal angiography, including diagnosis and treatment of vascular stenosis/occlusion, cerebral aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulas, malignancy, and multiple other vascular anomalies. Using a systematic, evidence-based approach while preparing for cerebral/spinal angiography can help minimize the uncommon, yet potential risks of this procedure.
Improvement of Practice in Entrepreneurship Education Through Action Research: The Case of Coworking at a Nonresidential College:

This study applies action research (AR)—defined as a cyclical process of continuous improvement of practical and real-life problems—to investigate the evolution of a voluntary, noncredit, collabora...
Propulsive Forces Applied to the Body's Center of Mass Affect Metabolic Energetics Poststroke.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of timing and magnitude of horizontally directed propulsive forces to the center of mass (COM) on the metabolic cost of walking (COW) for individuals poststroke. Design Repeated-measures, within-subject design. Setting Research laboratory. Participants A total of 9 individuals with chronic hemiparesis poststroke and 7 unimpaired similarly aged controls (N=16). Intervention Individuals walked on a treadmill in 2 separate studies. First, we compared the metabolic COW with an anterior force applied to the COM that (1) coincided with paretic propulsion or (2) was applied throughout the gait cycle. Next, we compared the metabolic COW with anterior (assistive) or posterior (resistive) forces applied during paretic propulsion. Main Outcome Measure Metabolic COW. Results The COW was significantly greater in the Stroke group. Anterior (propulsive) assistance reduced the COW differently based on group. The Stroke group exhibited a 12% reduction in COW when assistance was provided only during paretic propulsion, but not when assistance was provided throughout the gait cycle. In contrast, the Control group demonstrated reduced COW during both anterior assistance conditions. In addition, we observed that resistance during paretic propulsion (simulated hemiparesis for Control group) significantly increased the COW. Conclusions Systematically manipulating propulsive forces at the body’s COM had a profound influence on metabolic cost. The timing of propulsive forces to the COM is important and needs to coincide with paretic terminal stance. Additional internally or externally generated propulsive forces applied to the body’s COM poststroke may produce a lower metabolic COW.
Comparison of Pre-Trained Word Vectors for Arabic Text Classification Using Deep Learning Approach

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used widely to extract people's opinions from social media websites. However, most of the existing works focus on eliciting the features from English text. In this paper, we describe an Arabic text sentiment analysis approach using a Deep Neural network, namely Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM-RNN). In this research, we investigate how the different pre-trained Word Embedding (WE) models affect our model's accuracy. The dataset includes Arabic corpus collected from Twitter. The results show significant improvement in Arabic text classification.
The first identification of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) from Early Bronze Age Lebanon

This paper presents preliminary results of the analysis of phytolith evidence for Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) from Early Bronze Age occupation levels at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida on the north-central coast of modern Lebanon. Sediment samples were collected from a wide range of activity areas and contexts, but date palm only occurred in Early Bronze Age (EBIII) storage contexts, its earliest positive identification in the archaeological record of Lebanon. Tell Fadous-Kfarabida is a relatively small early urban settlement of only c. 1.5 ha, but evidence from 10 years of excavation suggests that it held a significant administrative role in the agrarian economy of the Lebanese coastal plain. Archaeobotanical research is still relatively uncommon in the archaeology of Lebanon, but is beginning to make major contributions to better understand ancient plant use practices in the region. This short report contributes significantly to our understanding of the early pathways for the spread and use of date palm in 3rd millennium bce Lebanon.
Sodium Hydroxide for Clean Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen can be generated in several ways utilizing either renewable or non-renewable sources. However, the lack of a clean hydrogen generation methods at a large scale is considered to be one of the obstacles to implement hydrogen economy. The role of sodium hydroxide is increasing as a valuable ingredient to produce hydrogen. However, the vast use of sodium hydroxide is limited due to its (i) corrosive nature and (ii) high-energy-intensive production method. Various current technologies include sodium hydroxide to lower the operating temperature, accelerate hydrogen generation rate as well as sequester carbon dioxide during hydrogen production. Sodium hydroxide finds applications in all the major hydrogen production methods such as steam methane reforming (SMR), coal gasification, biomass gasification, electrolysis, photochemical and thermochemical. Sodium hydroxide, being alkaline, acts as a catalyst, promoter or even a precursor.
Continuous Zeolite MFI Membranes Fabricated from 2D MFI Nanosheets on Ceramic Hollow Fibers

High-quality 2D MFI nanosheet coatings were prepared on α-alumina hollow fiber supports by vacuum filtration and then transformed into molecular sieving membranes by two sequential hydrothermal treatments. This processing method eliminates the need for specially engineered silica-based support materials that have so far been necessary to allow the formation of functional membranes from 2D MFI nanosheets. The sequential steps enhance adhesion of the membrane on the fiber support, fill in nanoscale gaps between the 2D nanosheets, and preserve the desirable (0k0) out-of-plane orientation without the need of any support engineering or modification. The membrane exhibits high performance for separation of n-butane from i-butane, and for other technologically important hydrocarbon separations. The present findings have strong implications on strategies for obtaining thin, highly selective zeolite membranes from 2D zeolites in a technologically scalable manner.
A scalable stochastic programming approach for the design of flexible systems

Abstract We study the problem of designing systems in order to minimize cost while meeting a given flexibility target. Flexibility is attained by enforcing a joint chance constraint, which ensures that the system will exhibit feasible operation with a given target probability level. Unfortunately, joint chance constraints are complicated mathematical objects that often need to be reformulated using mixed-integer programming (MIP) techniques. In this work, we cast the design problem as a conflict resolution problem that seeks to minimize cost while maximizing flexibility. We propose a purely continuous relaxation of this problem that provides a significantly more scalable approach relative to MIP methods and show that the formulation delivers solutions that closely approximate the Pareto set of the original joint chance-constrained problem.
Conflicts between Mothers and Their Young Children.

Conflicts between mothers and their 4-year-old children were examined to illustrate how studying conflict can contribute to knowledge about development. Research on discipline and compliance is reviewed to show how important skills that children demonstrate during conflict negotiation have been overlooked. Mother-child pairs (n = 80) made tape-recordings while baking biscuits and riding in the car, yielding 833 conflicts. Opposition to factual statements met least often with further opposition, and mothers conceded more during factual disputes. Arguments involving noncompliance included more justification and more negative affect. Children indicated an implicit understanding of social rules by avoiding explicit disagreement; curtailing opposition when mothers explicitly said no or gave a reason; offering justification most often when instigating opposition or behaving noncompliantly; and being more insistent in the face of opposition to statements of intention than to requests.
Impact of the Alphabet Strategy on Improving Diabetes Care at a Free Health Clinic.

ABSTRACTThe complexity and cost of diabetes care are barriers to a free health clinic attempting to provide quality care to uninsured patients. The alphabet strategy intervention was selected to in...
Moving Beyond Set-It-And-Forget-It Privacy Settings on Social Media

When users post on social media, they protect their privacy by choosing an access control setting that is rarely revisited. Changes in users' lives and relationships, as well as social media platforms themselves, can cause mismatches between a post's active privacy setting and the desired setting. The importance of managing this setting combined with the high volume of potential friend-post pairs needing evaluation necessitate a semi-automated approach. We attack this problem through a combination of a user study and the development of automated inference of potentially mismatched privacy settings. A total of 78 Facebook users reevaluated the privacy settings for five of their Facebook posts, also indicating whether a selection of friends should be able to access each post. They also explained their decision. With this user data, we designed a classifier to identify posts with currently incorrect sharing settings. This classifier shows a 317% improvement over a baseline classifier based on friend interaction. We also find that many of the most useful features can be collected without user intervention, and we identify directions for improving the classifier's accuracy.
Association of Cerebral Oximetry with Outcomes after Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is associated with neurologic morbidity and mortality. We investigated whether cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) is associated with neurologic outcomes and survival in children on ECMO. This was a retrospective observational study of children aged 1 day to 20 years who underwent ECMO with routine cerebral rSO2 monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit at a single academic center between February 2008 and September 2014. We collected all serial rSO2 values recorded in the electronic medical record during the ECMO course. Favorable outcome was defined as survival with Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) ≤ 2 at hospital discharge or no decline from baseline PCPC. We reviewed data from 153 patients who underwent 156 ECMO runs. The median age was 12.5 days (interquartile range [IQR], 2 days—15 months). Ninety-nine (64%) patients survived to hospital discharge, and 82/99 (83%) survivors had favorable neurologic outcome by discharge PCPC. Neuroimaging studies were obtained in 135 (87%) patients, 59 (44%) of which showed abnormal findings. Ninety-two (59%) patients had any rSO2 ≤ 50%, 60 (38%) had any rSO2 decline > 20% from baseline, and 26 (17%) had any rSO2 decline > 20% from the reading 1 h prior. Any rSO2 ≤ 50% and any rSO2 decline > 20% from baseline were each associated with unfavorable outcome at hospital discharge (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.82 [95% CI 1.10–7.25] and 4.52 [95% CI 1.76–11.58], respectively). rSO2 decline > 20% from the reading 1 h prior was not significantly associated with the outcomes. Among children in one institution who underwent routine clinical rSO2 monitoring during ECMO, rSO2 decline was associated with unfavorable short-term neurologic outcome and death after adjusting for potential confounders. The effectiveness of initiating early preventative measures in these high-risk patients needs further study.
Accelerated cell cycles enable organ regeneration under developmental time constraints in the Drosophila hindgut

Summary Individual organ development must be temporally coordinated with development of the rest of the organism. As a result, cell division in a developing organ occurs on a relatively fixed time scale. Despite this, many developing organs can regenerate cells lost to injury. How organs regenerate within the time constraints of organism development remains unclear. Here, we show the developing Drosophila hindgut regenerates by accelerating the mitotic cell cycle. This process requires JAK/STAT signaling and is achieved by decreasing G1 length during the normal period of developmental mitoses. Mitotic capacity is then terminated by the steroid hormone ecdysone receptor. This receptor activates a hindgut-specific enhancer of fizzy-related, a negative regulator of mitotic cyclins. We further identify the Sox transcription factor Dichaete as an important negative regulator of injury-induced mitotic cycles. Our findings reveal how mitotic cell cycle entry mechanisms can be adapted to accomplish developmental organ regeneration.
Assessment of spatial and temporal clustering of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant strains of Pasteurella multocida and P. haemolytica isolated from cattle in California.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant strains of Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica isolated from California cattle with pneumonia were spatially and temporally clustered and to compare overall estimates of percentages of these isolates resistant to these antimicrobials with estimates obtained on the basis of regional and temporal information. DESIGN Epidemiologic study. SAMPLE POPULATION Records of P multocida and P haemolytica isolates obtained from lung or tracheal wash samples collected from California cattle with pneumonia between July 1, 1991 and July 31, 1996. Only isolates obtained from samples submitted by dairies and calf ranches were used. PROCEDURE Spatial clustering of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant isolates was assessed by use of nearest-neighbor and Cuzick and Edwards' analyses. Linear clustering along a north-south line was assessed by use of runs and maximum length of runs tests. Temporal clustering was assessed by use of scan tests. Spatial-temporal clustering was assessed by use of Barton's method. Regional estimates of percentages of P multocida and P haemolytica resistant to ampicillin or tetracycline were calculated. RESULTS There was significant spatial clustering of resistant isolates and significant linear clustering along a north-south line. Significant differences in regional estimates of percentages of antimicrobial-resistant isolates were found. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Results support the hypothesis that antimicrobial-resistant organisms can be clustered at the local level and reinforce the need to establish regional estimates of percentages of bacterial isolates that will be susceptible to commonly used antimicrobials.
Immigration Policy as a Social Determinant of Health: Development and Initial Validation of a Measure to Assess Attitudes toward Immigrant Integration

Anti-immigrant policymaking in the U.S. is a critical social determinant of health compromising the wellbeing of immigrants and, by extension, communities of color. It is imperative that social wor...
Prenatal Cannabinoid Exposure Impacts Offspring's Health in Sickle Mice

Cannabis use is rising amongst pregnant women. An estimated 4% of pregnant women in the United States use cannabis, but, in California approximately 20% of 18-24-year-old pregnant women in a study cohort reported using cannabis (Young-Wolff et al JAMA 2017). Cannabis and cannabinoid use are relatively higher in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) compared to the general population, perhaps due to pain. Majority of SCD patients in the Western world are on hydroxyurea (HU), which improves survival. However, HU is not prescribed to SCD patients who become pregnant, which may increase the likelihood of cannabinoid use to control pain. This may have devastating consequences as even a single dose of synthetic- (CP 55940) or phyto-cannabinoids (cannabidiol or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) when administered to pregnant C57BL/6 mice on day 8 of gestation produced developmental changes in the offspring. (Fish et al Sci. Rep. 2019). Thus, we hypothesized that cannabinoid use during pregnancy will have teratogenic effects on the offspring’s health in SCD. Using humanized transgenic Berkeley sickle (HbSS) and hemizygous (HbAS) mice and control mice expressing normal human hemoglobin A (HbAA), we examined the effect of chronic maternal cannabinoid exposure on the health outcomes of their offsprings. We paired hemizygous AS Berkeley females (homozygous SS Berkeley females do not breed well) with homozygous SS Berkeley males, while AA control mice were paired with each other. Females were treated with HU (i.p., 50 mg/kg/day) for two weeks prior to pairing with a male. Female mice were then treated with CP55940 (CP; i.p., 0.3 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (Veh; 2% DMSO in sterile saline) during breeding until the pups were born (~3 weeks). A subset of females were left untreated to assess baseline measures. At birth, we recorded: [a] litter size, [b] body weight, [c] body size (crown to rump length), [d] right and left eye diameters, and [e] front- and hind-limb lengths. High-resolution digital images were acquired to quantify these parameters. At P21 pups were weighed and euthanized then their organs were collected, weighed, and fixed in formalin. Observations at birth: Use of HU in AS females yielded a larger mean litter size than those of untreated AS females (8.5 vs 5.5 pups/litter). No difference in mean litter size of AA mice treated with HU was observed. The body weight between offspring of AA mice treated with HU+Veh and HU+CP was not significantly different. However, in both the offspring of AA mice and AS/SS mice treated with HU+CP, we observed a ~20% decrease in body weight compared to the untreated AA (p Observations at post-natal day 21: Significant decreases in mean body size (5%, p Disclosures Gupta: CSL Behring: Honoraria; Tautona Group: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Grifols: Research Funding; 1910 Genetics: Research Funding; Cyclerion: Research Funding.
Evaluation of aromatic amino acids as potential biomarkers in breast cancer by Raman spectroscopy analysis.

The scope of the work undertaken in this paper was to explore the feasibility and reliability of using the Raman signature of aromatic amino acids as a marker in the detection of the presence of breast cancer and perhaps, even the prediction of cancer development in very early stages of cancer onset. To be able to assess this hypothesis, we collected most recent and relevant literature in which Raman spectroscopy was used as an analytical tool in the evaluation of breast cell lines and breast tissue, re-analyzed all the Raman spectra, and extracted all spectral bands from each spectrum that were indicative of aromatic amino acids. The criteria for the consideration of the various papers for this study, and hence, the inclusion of the data that they contained were two-fold: (1) The papers had to focus on the characterization of breast tissue with Raman spectroscopy, and (2) the spectra provided within these papers included the spectral range of 500–1200 cm−1, which constitutes the characteristic region for aromatic amino acid vibrational modes. After all the papers that satisfied these criteria were collected, the relevant spectra from each paper were extracted, processed, normalized. All data were then plotted without bias in order to decide whether there is a pattern that can shed light on a possible diagnostic classification. Remarkably, we have been able to demonstrate that cancerous breast tissues and cells decidedly exhibit overexpression of aromatic amino acids and that the difference between the extent of their presence in cancerous cells and healthy cells is overwhelming. On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that it is possible to use the signature Raman bands of aromatic amino acids as a biomarker for the detection, evaluation and diagnosis of breast cancer.
Chapter 3 Ion Channel Fluctuations: “Noise” and Single-Channel Measurements

Publisher Summary There are two methods for examining the fluctuations in current flow through channel proteins: power spectral (or “noise”) analysis and single channel analysis using patch-clamp methods. This chapter presents the fundamentals of these two techniques and compares their strengths and weaknesses, with particular emphasis on their application to epithelial tissues. Fluctuation and single-channel analyses represent powerful methods for elucidating the properties of individual membrane channels. Each method has certain restrictions that make them difficult to use except under special circumstances. In particular, fluctuation analysis can be used when recording from multiple channels, but the correct kinetic scheme must be known for fluctuation methods to be successful. On the other hand, single-channel methods are suitable for determination of the correct kinetic scheme, but only if single channels can be isolated. A hybrid combination of the two methods is a real possibility that has the potential of combining the best of both methods. This may be particularly important because an examination of the properties of single channels in epithelial tissues is often impeded by the difficulty of consistently finding many single-channel patches. The combination of fluctuation measurements with single-channel measurements would mean that only enough single-channel patches are necessary to establish the correct kinetic scheme, after which multiple channel patches may be used to determine many of the channel properties.
The Importance of Not Being Earnest

The thesis of this book is that neither laughter nor humor can be understood apart from the feeling that underlies them. This feeling is a mental state in which people exclude some situation from their knowledge of how the world really is, thereby inhibiting seriousness where seriousness would be counterproductive. Laughter is viewed as an expression of this feeling, and humor as a set of devices designed to trigger it because it is so pleasant and distracting. Beginning with phonetic analyses of laughter, the book examines ways in which the feeling behind the laughter is elicited by both humorous and nonhumorous situations. It discusses properties of this feeling that justify its inclusion in the repertoire of human emotions. Against this background it illustrates the creation of humor in several folklore genres and across several cultures. Finally, it reconciles this understanding with various already familiar ways of explaining humor and laughter.
Children's suggestibility: characteristics and mechanisms.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the characteristics and mechanisms of children's suggestibility and reviews major findings and trends in one subarea of the child witness literature, the suggestibility of the child witness' report. Subarea involves criss-crossing between studies concerning cognitive, social, and biological developments because changes in each of these domains has an implication for the study of developmental differences in suggestibility. This chapter attempts to move the discussion of suggestibility away from its traditional focus on leading questions, to a broader concept called “interviewer bias” and its affiliated manifestations. It reviews a representative sample of the large corpus of studies dealing with the various elements of suggestive interviewing and describes the emerging literature on cognitive and social predictors of suggestibility, focusing on those studies that highlight major avenues of findings. This chapter discusses the applied and theoretical factors that have spurred the enormous increase of studies on children's suggestibility.
On minimizing average end-to-end delay in P2P live streaming systems

In this paper, we devise a streaming scheme, called iStream, to achieve the minimum average end-to-end P2P streaming delay by optimally allocating the bandwidth resource among peers. We first develop a generic analytical framework to model the minimum average delay P2P streaming problem, called the MADPS problem. We then present iStream to solve the MADPS problem. The core part of iStream is a fast approximation algorithm, called iStream-APX, based on primal-dual schema. We prove that the performance of iStream-APX is bounded by a ratio of 1 + Ω, where Ω is an adjustable input parameter. Furthermore, we show that the flexibility of Ω provides a trade-off between the approximation factor and the running time of iStream.
Chapter 4 Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Methods: Introduction and Recent Developments

Abstract Because of its unrivaled predictive power, the molecular dynamics (MD) method is widely used in theoretical chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, and engineering. However, due to computational cost, MD simulations can only be used to directly simulate dynamical processes over limited timescales (e.g., nanoseconds or at most a few microseconds), even though the simulation of nonequilibrium processes can often require significantly longer timescales, especially when they involve thermal activation. In this paper, we present an introduction to accelerated molecular dynamics, a class of methods aimed at extending the timescale range of molecular dynamics, sometimes up to seconds or more. The theoretical foundations underpinning the different methods (parallel replica dynamics, hyperdynamics, and temperature-accelerated dynamics) are first discussed. We then discuss some applications and recent advances, including super-state parallel replica dynamics, self-learning hyperdynamics, and spatially parallel temperature-accelerated dynamics.
Light and electron microscopic localization of presenilin-1 in primate brain.

Several genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. A majority of the autosomal dominant cases are linked to recently identified mutations in the presenilin-1 gene on chromosome 14. The native presenilin-1 protein in primates has not been well characterized, and its precise localization is unknown. We have studied the native presenilin-1 protein in monkey brain and peripheral tissues by using a monoclonal antibody specific for the N-terminal domain of human presenilin-1. Western blots detect polypeptide species of ∼49 and ∼32 kDa from COS-7 and PC12 cells transfected with full-length human presenilin-1 cDNA and from in vitro translations of the normal human presenilin-1 mRNA. A 32 kDa polypeptide is detected in monkey peripheral tissues, with the highest expression in testis and lung. In all brain regions the 32 kDa band is the predominant form of presenilin-1, and it is found in particulate subfractions. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry reveals presenilin-1 staining in all brain regions, with the strongest labeling in neurons and neuropil. In addition, weaker immunoreactivity is also present in glia and blood vessels. Neuronal staining shows significant variability, with particularly intense labeling of certain cell types, including large neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, magnocellular basal forebrain neurons, brainstem motoneurons, and some populations of interneurons. By electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, highly selective presenilin-1 staining is seen on the cytoplasmic surfaces of membranous organelles, which suggest localization to the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi intermediate compartment, a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum, and some coated transport vesicles.
Conditional dependence of fusion from within and other cell membrane alterations by Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract Fusion from within (FFWI) by Newcastle disease virus occurs optimally in medium maintained at pH 8.2, whereas fusion from without is relatively insensitive to the pH of the medium in the range of 7.0 to 8.3. The pH-sensitive events in FFWI take place in the synthesis of the hypothetical fusion factor rather than in the response to it. pH pulse and pH shift experiments have localized the pH-sensitive events between 4 and 6.5 h postinfection (a period of synthesis of proteins required for FFWI), but before the fusion process. The pH sensitivity is not due to a pH-sensitive interference phenomenon. Virus production and the appearance of hemadsorbing cell surfaces are also pH sensitive, but for these functions the pH optima depend upon the virus strains tested. The independence of FFWI, hemadsorption, and virus production is discussed. Also discussed are the possible roles of virus-specific proteins in the fusion process.
The Influence of Others as a Barrier to Recreation Participation Among Early Adolescents

This study examined the perceptions held by early adolescents of the influence of social agents (parents, significant other adults, peers) on early adolescents' decisions not to join organized recreation activities of interest or to cease participation in organized activities. The subjects were 940 fifth through eighth graders in Maricopa County (Phoenix metropolitan area), Arizona. Results indicated that parental influence was perceived to be greater than that of other agents in the decision not to join an activity, while perceptions about significant other adults were more influential in one's decision to drop out of activities. Theoretical implications are discussed for linking leisure and perceived constraints to recreation participation during early adolescence.
Clinical correlates in an experimental model of repetitive mild brain injury.

Objective Although there is growing awareness of the long-term cognitive effects of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI; eg, sports concussions), whether repeated concussions cause long-term cognitive deficits remains controversial. Moreover, whether cognitive deficits depend on increased amyloid β deposition and tau phosphorylation or are worsened by the apolipoprotein E4 allele remains unknown. Here, we use an experimental model of rmTBI to address these clinical controversies. Methods A weight drop rmTBI model was used that results in cognitive deficits without loss of consciousness, seizures, or gross or microscopic evidence of brain damage. Cognitive function was assessed using a Morris water maze (MWM) paradigm. Immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to assess amyloid β deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Brain volume and white matter integrity were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Mice subjected to rmTBI daily or weekly but not biweekly or monthly had persistent cognitive deficits as long as 1 year after injuries. Long-term cognitive deficits were associated with increased astrocytosis but not tau phosphorylation or amyloid β (by ELISA); plaques or tangles (by immunohistochemistry); or brain volume loss or changes in white matter integrity (by MRI). APOE4 was not associated with worse MWM performance after rmTBI. Interpretation Within the vulnerable time period between injuries, rmTBI produces long-term cognitive deficits independent of increased amyloid β or tau phosphorylation. In this model, cognitive outcome is not influenced by APOE4 status. The data have implications for the long-term mental health of athletes who suffer multiple concussions. Ann Neurol 2013;74:65–75
The challenge of evidence in clinical medicine

The primary goal of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been to change the way clinicians make decisions. But EBM has inappropriately privileged the results of clinical research for medical decision making and has undermined the importance of other kinds of medical knowledge, pathophysiologic understanding and clinical experience, to clinical practice. Here, the specific advantages and limitations of each kind of medical knowledge are examined. No particular kind of medical knowledge is necessarily more compelling than the others when it comes to making specific patient care decisions. Several cases where medical knowledge is conflicting are examined to demonstrate the weighting and negotiation necessary for sound clinical judgement. Expert clinicians must utilize a variety of reasons and methods of reasoning in arriving at the best clinical decision or recommendation for an individual patient. The process can be formalized and made explicit, but it cannot be narrowed, simplified and focused only on the results of clinical research.
Compensatory Weight Control Behaviors of Women in Emerging Adulthood: Associations Between Childhood Abuse Experiences and Adult Relationship Avoidance

Abstract Objective: To examine correlates of compensatory weight control behaviors among women in transition between adolescence and adulthood. Participants: The authors recruited a sample of undergraduate women (N = 759) at a large northwestern university during the 2009–2010 academic year. Methods: Logistic regression was used to assess relations among childhood abuse, psychosocial functioning, adult dating relationship factors, and women's endorsement of compensatory weight control behaviors. Results: The final model reliably distinguished between participants who endorsed versus denied use of compensatory behaviors (χ2[5, N = 747] = 36.37, p < .001), with global psychosocial functioning and relationship avoidance accounting for the most variance. Conclusions: These findings illustrate the importance of considering childhood abuse histories and adult relationships while assessing young women's compensatory weight control behaviors.
The contribution of symbiotic yeast to toxin resistance of the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne)

Representative plant allelochemicals were tested for toxicity to larvae of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.) that were either untreated, treated with fungicides, or treated to render them free of symbiotic yeast (‘aposymbiotic’) through surface sterilization of eggs. Insects rendered symbiont-free had higher mortality and/or developmental rates than controls when fed diets containing flavone, resorcinol or tannic acid. Fungicides reduced symbiont populations and/or caused morphological abnormalities. Two hydrolytic enzymes, which made up a significant portion of mycetome hydrolytic activity, were absent when symbionts were not present, as indicated by gel electrophoresis. This information indicates symbionts do contribute to the survival of their host by detoxifying toxins. Resume Contribution des levures symbiotiques a la resistance de Lasioderma serricorne aux toxines La toxicite relative de substances allelochimiques vegetales typiques a ete examinee sur des larves de L. serricorne F. traitees aux fongicides et rendues aposymbiotiques par sterilisation superficielle des œufs. La toxicite de la nicotine est relativement inaffectee chez les larves aposymbiotiques; cependant les toxicites des resorcinol, flavone et acide tannique sont significativement augmentees chez les insectes ayant recu un traitement pour eliminer leurs symbiontes. L'electrophorese sur gel a montre que quelques enzymes responsables de l'hydrolyse du 1-naphthyl acetate, reaction enzymatique de la detoxification enzymatique, sont absentee chez les insectes aposymbiotiques. L'acide sorbique a reduit significativement l'effectif de symbiontes, tandis que le benomyl a reduit leur gamme provoquant la multiplication anormale d'autres especes. Ces resultats montrent que les symbiontes contribuent aux possibilites de detoxification de l'insecte. L'elimination des symbiontes peut etre une technique efficace pour lutter contre les insectes qui en contiennent, puisqu'elle les priverait de leur contribution a l'alimentation et a la detoxification. Cette strategie est vraisemblablement compatible avec des programmes de lutte integree, puisque les predateurs et parasites ne contiennent pas de symbiontes.
SU‐FF‐T‐555 Credentialing SBRT Clinical Trials: Is There a Flaw in the Current Methodology?

Purpose: While the authors strongly support the concept of credentialing and formal QA to evaluate the ability of institutions to perform advanced technology protocols, we question the methodology currently used by the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) for SBRT as an extremely high failure rate is being seen. We have performed a series of tests to replicate the components of the RPC lung phantom thus giving insight into why institutions fail. Materials and Methods: The Quasar phantom was used to simulate a lung cross section. Firstly an end‐to‐end test was performed with the phantom scanned and simulated for treatment with 13 small, conformal fields, with a ionization chamber placed both centrally and then in the lung. Then a simulation of the RPC phantom planning procedure was performed where a homogeneous plan was created, the phantom was treated, then the heterogeneous calculation was performed and compared with measured dose. A film test was performed to show that the spatial distribution within the phantom was accurately predicted by the planning system. Finally an assessment was made of the changes that occur to the SBRT plan on the RPC phantom when the homogeneous dose distribution is recalculated under heterogeneous conditions Results: Every comparison of the dose measured with an ionization chamber against the planned dose was within 3% and the film test passed the department's IMRT test criteria of 3% / 3mm. Dramatic differences in dose gradient and target coverage were seen between the homogeneous and heterogeneous RPC plans. Conclusions: Tests can readily be performed with commercial materials to validate SBRT delivery. Large differences are seen in plans when heterogeneity corrections are used to correct homogeneous plans of small field lung targets. This may reveal a flaw in the methodology of the RPC testing procedure, leading to a high failure rate amongst national institutions.
DOUBLE-REGGE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PION PRODUCTION IN $pi$$sup -$p INTERACTIONS AT 8 GeV/c.

A double-Regge model (DRM) has been applied to $n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ final states produced in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions at 8 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ incident beam momentum. Application of the model has been limited to the energy region where all two-body final-state masses are large. Some difficulty exists in trying to understand the qualitative features of all the data in terms of the model. Parameters of the model have been determined for those events which display features consistent with the DRM. These parameters are used to predict distributions in various kinematic variables.
A comparison of synchronization filters in different auditory receptor organs

Abstract Measurements of the frequency dependence of synchronization of cochlear nerve fibers obtained in different auditory receptor organs are compared. These synchronization filter-functions are lowpass filter-functions and differ primarily in corner frequencies which we estimate to be (in kHz): 2.5 (cat), 1.1 (guinea pig), 0.48 (alligator-lizard tectorial fibers), 0.42 (tree frog), and 0.34 (alligator-lizard free-standing fibers). Some of this variation in corner frequency can be explained by temperature-dependent lowpass-filter mechanisms with a temperature factor of 2.6–3.3 for a change in temperature of 10 dg C. However, factors in addition to temperature must be involved in producing the differences in corner frequency between cat and guinea pig fibers and between tectorial and free-standing fibers in the alligator lizard.
Cyclotomic factors of the descent set polynomial

We introduce the notion of the descent set polynomial as an alternative way of encoding the sizes of descent classes of permutations. Descent set polynomials exhibit interesting factorization patterns. We explore the question of when particular cyclotomic factors divide these polynomials. As an instance we deduce that the proportion of odd entries in the descent set statistics in the symmetric group S"n only depends on the number on 1's in the binary expansion of n. We observe similar properties for the signed descent set statistics.
Development of the cocaine relapse interview: an initial report

Although fine-grained analyses of circumstances surrounding relapses have been conducted with alcoholics, smokers and opiate users, there is comparatively little information about the relapse process in cocaine abusers. The Cocaine Relapse Interview (CRI) is a structured interview that gathers information on the onset, course and termination of cocaine relapse episodes. This article describes the development of the CRI and presents initial data on its reliability and validity. Sections of the CRI assess experiences on the day of the relapse, experiences during the week prior to the relapse, attributions for the relapse, experiences following initial use of cocaine and factors in terminating the relapse. Most of the subscales in each section of the CRI had adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. Validity studies indicated that most of the subscales that assess experiences prior to relapse differentiated relapsers from two control groups of non-relapsers, and that several subscales and individual items from the sections that assess experiences following initial use and factors in termination differentiated "lapsers" from "relapsers". Limitations of the CRI and recommendations for its use were also discussed.
Antithetic variates revisited

Abstract : This paper extends earlier results in the area of variance reduction techniques applied to simulation on a computer. In particular, it views the antithetic sampling technique as a combination of rotation and reflection sampling on a circle. The covariance structures induced by the techniques separately and together are derived and conditions under which they are optimal sampling plans are described. Rates of convergence for the variance of the sample mean are given for bounded, continuous and discrete random variables and for unbounded continuous random variables with special, although commonly encountered, structure. (Author)
Efficiency in data gathering: Set size effects in the selection task

Two experiments were conducted with variants of Wason's (1966) selection task. The common focus was the effect of differences in the sizes of the sets represented by P and not-Q in assertions of the form If P then Q (conditional) or All P are Q (categorical). Results support the conclusion that such set size differences affect the strategies people adopt when asked to determine, efficiently, the truth or falsity of such assertions, but they do not entirely negate the tendency to select the term represented by P (the antecedent of the conditional or the subject of the categorical) in preference to the term represented by not-Q (the complement of the consequent of the conditional or the complement of the predicate of the categorical). Several possible explanations of this perseverance are considered. Results also support the conclusion that people find it easier to assess categorical assertions than logically equivalent conditional assertions.
Pseudo-hemispherical properties applied to an absorbing medium involving specular directional surfaces

Abstract An analytical model is presented to treat the problem of radiative transfer in an absorbing-emitting medium bounded by specular surfaces with directionally dependent radiation properties. In this model, a set of a priori known pseudo-hemispherical properties is introduced to account for the directional radiation properties of the surfaces. It is shown that the equation of transfer for the case involving specular surfaces with directional surface properties can be written in terms of exponential integrals in a form which is similar, though not identical to the diffuse wall case. The specific example of radiative equilibrium is solved to obtain the exact solution as well as an approximate solution based on the present model. Comparisons are made among the exact solution, the present model and an existing approximation. LIST OF SYMBOLS ai pseudo-hemispherical properties of surface 1 bi pseudo-hemispherical properties of surface 2 En nth exponential integral I intensity qR radiative flux T Temperature x optical thickness e angular emittance θ angle from normal to surface θ2 T2/T1 μ cos θ ϱ angular reflectance τ optical thickness Φ constant defined in equation (4) φ normalized temperature 1 specular surface 1 2 specular surface 2