cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanosphere lithography: Tunable localized surface plasmon resonance spectra of silver nanoparticles

The wavelength corresponding to the extinction maximum, λmax, of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of silver nanoparticle arrays fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL) can be systematically tuned from ∼400 nm to 6000 nm. Such spectral manipulation was achieved by using (1) precise lithographic control of nanoparticle size, height, and shape, and (2) dielectric encapsulation of the nanoparticles in SiOx. These results demonstrate an unprecedented level of wavelength agility in nanoparticle optical response throughout the visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It will also be shown that this level of wavelength tunability is accompanied with the preservation of narrow LSPR bandwidths (fwhm), Γ. Additionally, two other surprising LSPR optical properties were discovered: (1) the extinction maximum shifts by 2−6 nm per 1 nm variation in nanoparticle width or height, and (2) the LSPR oscillator strength is equivalent to that of atomic silver in gas or...
Catheter Interruption of Atrioventricular Conduction Using Radiofrequency Energy in a Patient with Transposition of the Great Arteries

Percutaneous catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of the AV node-His bundle system (with subsequent transvenous endocardial ventricular pacing) were performed on an 18-year-old woman with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum and chronic arrhythmias 15 years following a Mustard operation. Exclusion of the AV conduction tissue from the systemic venous circulation by the complex anatomy and the Mustard repair was circumvented by a retrograde approach across the aortic valve to the morphological right ventricle yielding access to the AV node-His bundle system.
Reverse Direction Anion Capillary Electrophoresis: Theory and Application

Abstract A new mode for operating capillary electrophoresis for separation of anions without using buffer modifiers has been demonstrated. Reverse direction anion capillary electrophoresis, as the new mode is designated, is performed on two anions, nitrate and nitrite, with similar electrophoretic mobilities at various buffer pH values. Since electroosmotic flow increases as buffer pH is increased, it is shown that resolution is poor at low pH and enhanced at neutral to high pH. Model equations are derived for predicting the resolution and number of theoretical plates for reverse direction anion capillary electrophoresis. From these equations, system efficiency (N) and resolution are plotted as a function of electroosmotic mobility to illustrate how performance can be improved by an increase in electroosmotic flow.
The Relationship Between Intellectual Function and Performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale

Abstract Eighty-five subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 years were divided into six groups based on their IQ scores on the Satz–Mogel (1962) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults-Revised Full Scale. Their performances on the Wechsler Memory Scale (Wechsler, 1945), Revised Wechsler Memory Scale (Russell, 1975), and on recognition and copy tasks were compared. With the exception of the Orientation subtest, significant group differences emerged. Newman-Keuls and trend analyses revealed that subtest performance improved with level of intellectual functioning, although the rate of improvement was not steady. Subtest scores quickly reached their ceilings. In addition, performance on complex subtests was more affected by intellectual ability than performance on subtests that lacked complexity. In addition, IQ–memory quotient (MQ) discrepancy scores were not consistent across IQ groups. The usefulness of MQ and the IQ–MQ discrepancy is questioned.
Evidence for Rapid and Reversible Equilibration of the γ,γ-Diphenylallylcarbinyl and Diphenylcyclopropylcarbinyl Free Radicals

We wish to report an example of an unusually facile and reversible free-radical rearrangement in which a substituted allylcarbinyl free radical is interconverted with the corresponding cyclopropylcarbinyl radical. The investigation of the radical rearrangement complements previous studies on analogous carbanion and similar carbonium ion systems.
A Resident Preceptor Model Improves the Clerkship Experience on General Surgery

Background The frenetic pace of inpatient care on surgical services can create barriers to resident teaching of students. Students are often concerned that busy surgical residents will not be able to adequately evaluate their performance at the end of a clerkship. Objective To determine whether the addition of a resident preceptor would increase the satisfaction of students rotating through the general surgery portion of the required third-year surgery clerkship. Study Design Before implementing a resident preceptor model, third-year students rotating on general surgery were administered a 24-item web-based survey regarding their experience on the general surgery portion of the surgery clerkship. General surgery residents were similarly surveyed. A resident preceptor model was then introduced. Subsequent students and residents were surveyed. Presurveys and postsurveys were compared and mean responses analyzed. Results The addition of a resident preceptor made students more comfortable with asking residents questions (p = 0.02), increased the time students felt was available for developing relationships with residents (p = 0.03), and improved the feeling that residents would be able to accurately evaluate the student’s effectiveness as a team member (p = 0.05). The students felt resident teaching on afternoon rounds was increased with the resident preceptor model (p = 0.05). Residents reported spending more time teaching students on morning rounds (p = 0.03). Conclusions Implementation of a resident preceptor model resulted in significant improvement in medical students’ perceptions of resident teaching effectiveness and ability to accurately evaluate a student’s performance.
Symmetries of cross-polarization diffraction coefficients of gratings

In a recent paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A16, 1108 (1999)] Logofǎtu et al. demonstrated by experimental and numerical evidence that the 0th-order cross-polarization (s to p and p to s) reflection coefficients of isotropic, symmetrical, surface-relief gratings in conical mount are identical. Here an analytical proof is given to show that the observed identity is merely a manifestation of the electromagnetic reciprocity theorem for the 0th-order diffraction of symmetrical gratings. The above result is further generalized to bianisotropic gratings, to the 0th-order cross-polarization transmission coefficients, and to the mth-order reflection and transmission coefficients when the wave vector of the incident plane wave and the negative of the wave vector of the mth reflected order are symmetrical with respect to the plane perpendicular to the grating grooves.
Cystic tumors of the pancreas: imaging and management.

Abstract Cystic tumors of the pancreas are a subset of rare pancreatic tumors that vary from benign to malignant. Many have specific imaging findings that allow them to be differentiated from each other. This article (1) reviews the imaging features of the common cystic pancreatic lesions, including serous microcystic adenoma, mucinous cystic tumor, intraductal papillary mucinous tumor, and solid pseudopapillary tumor, and including the less common lesions such as cystic endocrine tumors, cystic metastases, cystic teratomas, and lymphangiomas; and (2) provides comprehensive algorithms on how to manage the individual lesions, with recommendations on when to reimage patients.
Continuum models of materials with beam-microstructure

Abstract In biomechanics, the adequate mechanical model of cancellous bones, which consist of beam-microstructures, becomes essential for understanding the cause and development of arthritis. Mechanical behavior of a body consisting of microstructures requires an extended continuum model. The present study shows that the micropolar continuum of the general form is an adequate analytic model of 3-D periodic beam structures belonging to the single-atom type. This continuum differs from the micropolar continua defined by Eringen due to the presence of high order terms in the inertia properties. It is also shown that the stress and couple stress defined in this micropolar continuum model have physical meanings which are related to the microstructure. The low frequency dynamic characteristics of continuum models are investigated by calculating the natural frequencies of free vibrations of bodies of beam-structured materials. The results show that the effect of the high order terms is significant.
Media Centers and Special Education Introduction to the Special Issue

For special educators, a collaborative relationship with the school's library media specialist provides a unique opportunity to level the educational playing field for students with disabilities. When appropriately equipped and managed, the library can empower students to work independently and productively. The library is also potentially a source of educational information about disabilities for students, teachers, and families that can enrich and normalize their experiences. However, little has been published concerning the relationship between special education and libraries or describing best practices in this area. This special topical issue of Intervention in School and Clinic provides an overview of the existing literature, along with concrete strategies for developing, equipping, and operating collaborative library-based programs for students with mild to moderate learning and behavior problems. This article discusses the various roles the media center may play in the lives of students with disab...
Cell biology: The beginning of the end

Studies in mice and humans suggest that cellular senescence, the cessation of cell proliferation that is known to suppress cancer and promote ageing, may have evolved to regulate embryonic development.
Writing Collaborative Laboratory Reports in Ninth Grade Science: Three Case Studies of Social Interactions

The purpose of this study was to investigate how collaborative peer discussion provided cognitive support for writing laboratory reports in ninth grade general science. The discourse of three pairs of students during collaborative writing sessions was analyzed to identify the types of social interactions in which the students engaged. These interactions were examined in relation to various intellectual demands of the laboratory reports and similarities and differences between the three pairs. Five types of interactions were identified and labeled as sounding board, peer teaching, supplies answer, debate, and incorporation. In general, student pairs used the constructive interactions of sounding board, peer teaching, and incorporation when writing difficult explanation and application sections of the reports. These interactions involved the processes of elaboration, explanation, and interpretation. Debate was used less frequently than the other interaction types, overall, and was hardly ever used by female pairs in the study. The results point to a high degree of interconnection between social interaction and cognitive processing.
Photon-number-resolved detection of photon-subtracted thermal light.

We examine the photon statistics of photon-subtracted thermal light using photon-number-resolved detection. We demonstrate experimentally that the photon number distribution transforms from a Bose–Einstein distribution to a Poisson distribution as the number of subtracted photons increases. We also show that second- and higher-order photon correlation functions can be directly determined from the photon-number-resolved detection measurements of a single optical beam.
Intellectual Property Rights, Clean Technology, and Public Policy: A Strategic Analysis

Clean technology can help states mitigate climate change, and intellectual property rights (IPR) influence the development and adoption of clean technology. While previous research recognizes the importance of IPR rules, it does not investigate how IPR rules influence the political incentives of states to support clean technology innovation. My formal analysis suggests that if a state is very interested in the public benefits of clean technology, such as improved environmental quality, stronger IPR rules may decrease technology innovation. With regard to practical policy implementation, the formal analysis indicates that (i) technology adoption subsidies should be negotiated in conjunction with IPR rules and (ii) a consideration of state incentives may alleviate the acrimonious North–South distributional conflict on IPR rules for clean technology. More broadly, I contribute to the literature on clean technology and climate policy by providing a unified analysis of state and company incentives.
Associations between breeding bird abundance and stand structure in the White Mountains, New Hampshire and Maine, USA

Assessment of faunal distribution in relation to landscape features is becoming increasingly popular. Technological advances in remote sensing have encouraged regional analyses of the distributions of terrestrial vertebrates. Comparisons of the strength of association of habitat characteristics at various scales of measurement of habitat structure are rare. We compared the associations of forest cover-type, stand size-class, and stand structure to abundance of breeding bird species in managed forest in northern New England. We surveyed breeding birds and measured stand structure in 20 stands to test the hypothesis that forest cover-type, stand size-class, and structure variables were equally associated with numbers of forest birds. We fit regression models to data from each data source to predict the log number of individuals for each species. We restricted our analyses to cover-types with > 1 size-class and to size-classes representing > 1 cover-type, and restricted our comparisons to bird species with at least 10 observations/yr for 2 yr. Of 31 bird species that met our criteria for analysis, a significant (P < 0.05) association was detected between bird abundance and structure data for 30 species, cover-type data for 19 species, and size-class data for 10 species. Stand structure was the best predictor of bird abundance for 25 species, cover-type for 5 species, and size-class for none. Of the 14 structure variables used in the analyses, total foliage volume of large and mid-size deciduous trees, density of mid-size trees, total woody stem density, total deciduous understory volume and total volume of large conifers were most frequently important in explaining variation in species abundances. Although each species had a unique set of structural affinities, multi-layered stands are apparently more important to long-distance migrants, in general, than to resident/short distance migrants. Large-scale efforts to identify important habitats, assess degree of protection, or monitor species/habitat trends are important to conservation. For forest birds, such efforts must include estimates of the factors to which the species of concern respond. At the stand scale in New England, it seems that bird abundance is more strongly associated with forest structure than with forest cover-type or stand size-class.
Internet-Based Delphi Research: Case Based Discussion

The interactive capacity of the Internet offers benefits that are intimately linked with contemporary research innovation in the natural resource and environmental studies domains. However, e-research methodologies, such as the e-Delphi technique, have yet to undergo critical review. This study advances methodological discourse on the e-Delphi technique by critically assessing an e-Delphi case study. The analysis suggests that the benefits of using e-Delphi are noteworthy but the authors acknowledge that researchers are likely to face challenges that could potentially compromise research validity and reliability. To ensure that these issues are sufficiently considered when planning and designing an e-Delphi, important facets of the technique are discussed and recommendations are offered to help the environmental researcher avoid potential pitfalls associated with coordinating e-Delphi research.
Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids for the B2Σ-X2Σ systems of HgCl, HgBr, and HgI☆

Abstract Available spectroscopic data have been analyzed and used for calculations of Franck-Condon Factors and r -centroids for B 2 Σ- X 2 Σ bands of HgCl 35 , HgCl 37 , HgBr 79 , HgBr 81 , and HgI.
Education, experience and earnings in the labor market of a developing economy: The case of urban Khartoum

Abstract This paper examines the relevance of the human capital approach to explaining the variance in workers' productivity and earnings in the labor market or urban Khartoum. The analysis produces two principal findings. First, the rate of return to education in Sudan is relatively low compared with the rate of return in other developing countries, perhaps a reflection of poor quality of education in the Sudan. Second, while returns to primary education are lower than average, returns to college education are higher. This creates an interesting paradox because the Sudan educates a higher percentage of children at the secondary and tertiary levels than most sub-Saharan African countries. The most likely explanation is that the emigration of skilled manpower to other Arab States, combined with an influx of unskilled labor into Khartoum, has created a situation where skilled manpower is relatively scarce. The paper also examines the temporal relationship between education and the labor market and identifies how Sudan's rapid expansion of the education system has led to the filtering down of the educational qualifications and job competition, a process that may well stimulate dynamic growth throughout the economy.
Evaluating detection and treatment effectiveness of commercial anti-malware programs

Commercial anti-malware programs consist of two main components: detection and treatment. Detection accuracy is often used to rank effectiveness of commercial anti-malware programs with less emphasis on the equally important treatment component. Effectiveness measures of commercial anti-malware programs should consider equally detection and treatment. This can be achieved by standardized measurements of both components. This paper presents a novel approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial anti-malware program's detection and treatment components against malicious objects by partitioning true positives to incorporate detection and treatment. This new measurement is used to evaluate the effectiveness of four commercial anti-malware programs in three tests. The results show that several anti-malware programs produced numerous incorrectly treated or untreated true positives and false negatives leaving many infected objects unresolved and thereby active threats in the system. These results further demonstrate that our approach evaluates the detection and treatment components of commercial anti-malware programs in a more effective and realistic manner than currently accepted measurements which primarily focus on detection accuracy.
Toward the Creation of NMR Databases in Chiral Solvents for Assignments of Relative and Absolute Stereochemistry: Proof of Concept

An NMR database approach in a chiral solvent allows us to predict both relative and absolute stereochemistry of an unknown compound without degradation and/or derivatization. N,α-Dimethylbenzylamine (DMBA) is a suitable solvent for this purpose. Using the C.5−C.10 portion of oasomycin A, the feasibility and reliability of this approach is demonstrated.
Particle–antiparticle annihilation in diffusive motion

We study both numerically and analytically the time development of a system of particles and antiparticles moving diffusively and annihilating irreversibly. The asymptotic behavior is found to depend dramatically on whether the initial fluctuations are localized or entirely random. Physical examples of each kind are identified.
The Situation × Trait Adaptive Response (STAR) Model of Drug Use, Effects, and Craving

This review examines situational and trait factors that influence drug use, craving, and the affect-modulating effects of drugs. Situation- and personality-dependent cognitive, emotional, and biological effects of psychoactive drugs are addressed within the context of the recently developed Situation by Trait Adaptive Response (STAR) model. It is argued that drugs do not have inherent (situation- and trait-independent) effects on emotion and related affective processes. Emotion modulation is accomplished by three overall mechanisms: (1) enhanced goal achievement via cognitive performance enhancement; (2) alteration of cognitive capacity and/or attentional processes; and (3) cognitive-affective information priming/biasing towards positive associations and away from negative schemas. Further, the lateralized neural network hypothesis of the STAR model is extended from previous formulations to provide an integrative framework for understanding relationships of cognitive, affective, and learning mechanisms underlying drug use urges and behaviour. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector

This article presents a review of the book “Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector,” by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler.
Role of pore fluid pressure on transient strength changes and fabric development during serpentine dehydration at mantle conditions: Implications for subduction-zone seismicity

Abstract To further investigate the dehydration embrittlement hypothesis and its possible link to subduction-zone seismicity, we conducted deformation experiments on antigorite serpentinite in a Griggs-type apparatus at conditions below and above antigorite stability. Temperature ramps (crossing the antigorite thermal stability) were used in conjunction with a new experimental method that allows fluid produced during dehydration reactions to be drained, partially drained or undrained. During temperature ramps, weakening coupled with transient slip initiated at ∼ 650 ° C , coincident with the predicted phase transition of antigorite to olivine and talc at ∼ 1 GPa . The weakening-rate and steady-state strength were dependent on drainage conditions; undrained samples weakened over a few minutes and supported the lowest shear stress ( ∼ 50 MPa ), while drained samples weakened over a few hours and supported the highest shear stress ( ∼ 210 MPa ). The coefficient of friction (shear stress over normal stress) in drained samples decreased from ∼0.4 to ∼0.16 after the temperature ramp. The strengths of samples that were first annealed at 700 °C for ∼ 12 h , then deformed, were similar to those observed in the temperature ramp experiments. Strain localization along fractures occurred in all samples during temperature ramping, regardless of the drainage conditions. However, microstructural observations indicate deformation by ductile mechanisms at higher strain under both undrained and drained conditions. The rheology and microstructures suggest dehydrating serpentinite deforms via semibrittle flow with grain-scale ductile deformation more active at high pore fluid pressures. Our results suggest that earthquakes in serpentinized mantle do not nucleate as a direct result of unstable frictional sliding along fractures generated at the onset of dehydration reactions.
Quand je est autre : identité et altérité dans La détresse et l’enchantement de Gabrielle Roy

La detresse et l’enchantement, autobiographie de Gabrielle Roy publiee a titre posthume en 1984, est le couronnement d’une carriere litteraire ayant essentiellement pour objet la reflexion sur soi. Contrairement a la plupart de ses nouvelles et romans anterieurs dans lesquels elle se dissimule souvent derriere un nom invente ou un personnage fictif, dans La detresse et l’enchantement, Gabrielle Roy assume pleinement son role d’auteur-narrateur-personnage conformement aux exigences du recit autobiographique. Cependant, raconter les premieres annees de sa propre vie a un âge avance est une tâche problematique, car le passage du temps rend difficile l’apprehension de cette autre elle-meme qu’elle fut autrefois. Comme chez Gabrielle Roy, la rememorisation des souvenirs personnels est egalement subordonnee aux sentiments d’alienation qu’elle ressentit dans la communaute francophone de l’Ouest canadien ou elle vit le jour, une telle entreprise litteraire se confond a une quete identitaire qui suppose une rupture necessaire avec son milieu d’origine et une decouverte de son moi profond par le biais de l’ecriture.
First-principles study of ω-phase formation in the Ti3Al2V system

Using first-principles methods, the phase stability of the underlying body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure of Ti3Al2V and slightly rearranged atomic structures are investigated. The calculated ground-state energies show an instability in the ternary Ti3Al2V alloy with respect to the ω structure-type atomic displacement. A Mulliken population analysis shows strong bonding between the transition metals and Al. It is shown that Ti–Al is the strongest bond and that ω-type displacements increase the population overlap for this bond and reduce the energy of the system. The first-principles calculations are extended to finite temperature and various contributions to the free energy are calculated within the quasiharmonic approximation. It is shown that, at high temperatures, the bcc structure is stabilized by the contribution of the low-energy modes to lattice entropy. In agreement with experiment and in contrast to the Ti–Al–Nb system, we find that the metastable B82 structure cannot form in this alloy.
Socialization Communication, Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, and Sales in a Multilevel Marketing Organization

Multilevel marketing organizations (MLMs) are a rapidly growing but often controversial marketing organizational type boasting nearly 10 million members and over $20 billion in annual sales. The success of the MLM business model rests largely on forming cooperative social networks of member distributors. Socialization of new members to the norms and values of the MLM plays a key role in eliciting that cooperative behavior. However, the member cooperation that produces successful networks may inhibit the financial performance of individual distributors. Drawing upon social identity theory, this study investigates whether communication of the MLM’s behavioral norms during the socialization of members affects the degree to which members cooperate with each other and how that cooperation affects the sales performance of individual distributorships. The results of a survey of MLM members suggest that both effects occur. Socialization communication positively affects member cooperation, which produces direct an...
Selecting R & D projects for development

Abstract This article describes a framework which attempts to identify R & D new product decision criteria in depth. Recommendations of attributes and measurement yardsticks, and examples of goal values, are difficult to provide since there is little support in this literature. For this reason, the major contribution of the framework is in the treatment of the attributes, yardsticks and goal values as a decision-making system. Attributes, yardsticks and goal values were chosen to complement each other and to describe a content picture.
Shadow casting for multiple-valued associative logic

The operating characteristics of digital optical computers utilizing spatial light modulator based shadow casting are reviewed. The geometric and physical limitations of this method are examined. Because of the highly parallel nature of this approach, such systems are capable of truth-table processing. A detailed analysis of the relative advantages of both direct and associative truth table processing is presented. For each case, the use of binary or of multiple-valued logic is considered. The respective merits from the point of view of the number of computations per second and the energy required per computation are outlined. Switching energy considerations based on the use of multiple wavelengths in these systems are also discussed. The characteristic features of this type of optical logic are compared to those of electronic logic.
Physical education for Head Start children: A field‐based study

Although Head Start Programs provide preschool children with essential academic readiness skills and experiences, a critical missing link in the curriculum is motor skill instruction. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a motor development program taught by physical education majors on Head Start children's gross motor development. Participants were 53 preschool children #op2 classes from each of 2 centers#cp who were enrolled in Head Start programs and 28 physical education majors who were enrolled in two separate motor development classes. The Test of Gross Motor Development #opUlrich, 1985#cp was used for assessment and instruction. Prior to teaching the children, the university students received approximately 12 hours of practical training in motor skill analysis and assessment through laboratory experiences and videotapes. The two Head Start centers #opgroups A and B#cp were pretested in October prior to the start of the instructional program. Group A received the instructional pr...
VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S DASHBOARD PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM: GOING THE FULL MONTY

State highway administrations (SHAs) often have difficulty completing highway construction projects on time and on budget. Obstacles to successful project completion arise in both planning and active construction. To tackle its costs and schedule problems, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in 2002 launched a program called the Dashboard to support its goal of completing all highway construction projects on time and on budget. The agency used existing technology to develop a new web-based performance measurement tool that is designed to report the status of construction projects in all stages of development throughout the state in real time. The tool uses a simple stoplight format to display project status. This new tool is also available to the public through the Dashboard website, launched in March 2003. This study reviews the experience of one SHA in introducing web-based performance measures to its construction program. The study surveys the Dashboard's development, its performance assessment tools, the new forms of accountability it provides, and the experience of VDOT stakeholders in using the Dashboard to achieve the goals of overcoming delay and cost overruns.
Effect of incorrect atmospheric statistics on the accuracy of temperature profiles derived from satellite measurements

Temperature profiles in the Earth's atmosphere can be provided from satellite radiation measurements through solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. A quadrature approximation to this equation and the assumption that the input vector (the temperature profile) is random permit a minimum-rms solution, which involves the covanance matrix of the input vector, This matrix, which represents the statistics of the atmosphere and, consequently, depends on season and geographical location, must be estimated from a specific sample of atmospheres. In this report the preceding model is used to simulate the effect of incorrect covariance matrices on the rms of the retrieved temperature profiles. The effect of covanance matrices estimated from statistics for the wrong season, the wrong geographical location, and a correlation free atmosphere are studied. Although the atmospheric statistics most appropriate in location and season give the most accurate solution, the other statistics provide acceptable...
Studies on the effect of some polyelectrolytes upon the activity of trypsin

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of some polyanions upon trypsin activity was studied. Poly-α- l -glutamic acid, polycysteic acid, and heparin inhibited tryptic hydrolysis while poly-γ- d -glutamic acid did not. 2. 2. Data are presented which indicate that the inhibition of tryptic hydrolysis of denatured proteins and benzoylarginamide by the polyanions is a result of formation of a complex of the polyanion with the enzyme rather than with the substrate. 3. 3. Studies of the inhibition of trypsin by polyglutamic acids of different molecular weights suggest that inhibition is a function of the ratio of the enzyme to the total number of anionic groups of the polymer rather than to the moles of polymer. 4. 4. It is suggested that those polyanions in which the ionic residues are separated by a multiple of the distance between residues of an extended polypeptide complex with trypsin to inhibit its hydrolytic activity and that a single such polyanion may combine with basic groups of the enzyme on opposite sides of the active site. This may form a bridge or block over the active site which hinders approach of the substrate. Native proteins such as serum albumin which have a high affinity for the enzyme or the polyanion may displace the polyanion. In excess polyanion, the basic groups on opposite sides of the active center combine with different polyanion molecules, which allows the substrate to reach the active site.
Effects of training at and above the lactate threshold on the lactate threshold and maximal oxygen uptake

Thirty-three college women (mean age=21.8 years) participated in a 5 d·wk−1, 12 week training program. Subjects were randomly assigned to 3 groups, above lactate threshold (> LT) (N=11; trained at 69 watts above the workload associated with LT), =LT (N=12; trained at the work load associated with LT) and control (C) (N=10). Subjects were assessed for \(\dot V_{O_{2\max } } \), \(\dot V_{O_2 } \)LT, \(\dot V_{O_2 } \)LT/\(\dot V_{O_{2\max } } \), before and after training, using a discontinuous 3 min incremental (starting at 0 watts increasing 34 watts each work load) protocol on a cycle ergometer (Monark). Respiratory gas exchange measures were determined using standard open circuit spirometry while LT was determined from blood samples taken immediately following each work load from an indwelling venous catheter located in the back of a heated hand. Body composition parameters were determined before and after training via hydrostatic weighing. Training work loads were equated so that each subject expended approximately 1465 kJ per training session (Monark cycle ergometer) regardless of training intensity. Pretraining, no significant differences existed between groups for any variable. Post training the > LT group had significantly higher \(\dot V_{O_{2\max } } \) (13%), \(\dot V_{O_2 } \) (47%) and \(\dot V_{O_2 } \)LT/\(\dot V_{O_{2\max } } \) (33%) values as compared to C (p LT group showed a significant increase in \(\dot V_{O_2 } \) (48%) (p LT group showed significant increases in \(\dot V_{O_2 } \)LT/\(\dot V_{O_{2\max } } \) (= LT 16%, > LT 42% (p<.05)). No differences were found between or within groups post training for body composition parameters. It was concluded that training above the LT results in an improvement in \(\dot V_{O_2 } \)LT and that large improvements in \(\dot V_{O_{2\max } } \) may not be required for large improvements in \(\dot V_{O_2 } \).
Double beta decay in the generalized seniority scheme

Abstract A generalized-seniority truncation scheme is used in shell-model calculations of double beta decay matrix elements. Calculations are carried out for 76 Ge, 82 Se and 128,130 Te. Matrix elements calculated for the two-neutrino decay mode are small compared to weak-coupling shell-model calculations and support the suppression mechanism first observed in the quasi-particle random phase approximation. Matrix elements for the neutrinoless mode are similar to those of the weak-coupling shell model, suggesting that these matrix elements can be pinned down fairly accurately.
Laser-induced pressure effects

The current trend to using short-pulse, high-peak power lasers has led to better temporal and spatial confinement of effects; however, a consequence of these techniques is the production of pressure transients in tissue which can propagate for long distances. The terminology that is used in the literature has been confusing since there is no absolute physical criteria for the classification of some of the phenomena. It is suggested that investigators use some practical approaches for choosing the descriptions of their systems. The four commonly observed pressure effects include shock waves, acoustic waves, mechanical effects, and radiation pressure. The distinction is usually made between mechanical effects (ex: cavitation) and radiation pressure (ex: optical trapping). The distinction between shock and acoustic transients is frequently blurred. Shock waves with rise times in the order of picoseconds should be distinguished from acoustic waves with rise times in the order of nanoseconds because there are unique characteristics to this type of pressure phenomena.
Relationship between blood iron parameters and trichinellosis in swine.

Abstract Reduced levels of total iron binding capacity and unsaturated iron binding capacity were observed in the blood of trichinous and iron-injected trichinous pigs. No change was observed in their serum iron and saturation concentration levels. Also, reduced iron concentration levels were observed in the livers of trichinous pigs, while increased iron concentration levels were observed in the spleens of trichinous pigs and the livers and spleens of iron-injected pigs. No difference was found with regard to weight gains, number of larvae per gram of tissues, or histologic characteristics of ‘nurse cells’.
Lesions of the Respiratory Tract Associated With the Finding of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies With a Perinuclear Staining Pattern

Objective To characterize the clinicopathologic spectrum of respiratory tract involvement in patients with positive results of immunofluorescence microscopy for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies with a perinuclear staining pattern (p-ANCA) and to assess the clinical value of p-ANCA testing. Design We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients at Mayo Clinic Rochester in whom p-ANCA were detected by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy during 1992. Material and Methods Additional target antigen identification was performed with use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antibodies against myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3. We summarized the clinical findings in MPO-positive and MPO-negative patients. Results Sera were positive for p-ANCA in 42 of 2,381 patients (1.8%). In 13 of these 42 patients (31%), the respiratory tract was involved. Twelve patients had chest roentgenographic abnormalities, including a diffuse alveolar filling pattern (N = 8), a diffuse interstitial pattern (N = 2), and a combined interstitial and alveolar pattern (N = 2); three others had nasal inflammation. Ten of 16 sera tested were positive for MPO, and proteinase 3 antibodies were detected in 1 specimen. All patients with alveolar hemorrhage were positive for MPO antibodies. Conclusion Testing for p-ANCA by immunofluorescence microscopy discloses a wide range of clinical disorders distinct from the main cytoplasmic-staining ANCA-associated disease—namely, Wegener's granulomatosis. In particular, the respiratory tract is affected much less frequently. Further evaluation of positive p-ANCA immunofluorescence test results by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine whether MPO is the target antigen is necessary to obtain clinically useful information from this test.
Dilemmas in crossing the boundaries: From K-12 to higher education and back again

Abstract For the purpose of reflective analysis, this article, which employs narrative inquiry as a research methodology, combines two “crossing the boundaries” dilemmas I experienced over the course of a decade. While the dilemmas relate to different issues that emerged in my career (standardized testing as a K-12 teacher and the formal evaluation of a reform program as a tenured, full professor), I trace the roots of the dilemmas to the same source: the hegemonic relationship between theory and practice which, despite the passage of time, continues to persist in the field of education and to shape the professional experiences of educators, some of which are miseducative. I argue that until the relationship between educational practices in schools and educational practices in universities are addressed, school reform that benefits children cannot be fully realized.
Fish Consumption: Risks versus Benefits with Respect to Developmental Methyl Mercury Exposure: Is there a Bottom Line?

Fish is an excellent nutrition source but mercury contamination is a concern. Risks associated with toxicants found in food sources can be controlled by reducing contamination or by reducing consumption of contaminated food. Since it appears to be impossible to reduce mercury contamination of fish, at least in the short term, this leads many to wonder whether they should limit their fish consumption [1]. Benefits need to be weighed against the risks with respect to limiting consumption of fish.
Well Passivated a-Si:H Back Contacts for Double-Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells

We have developed hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) back contacts to both p-and n-type silicon wafers, and employed them in double-heterojunction solar cells. These contacts are deposited entirely at low temperature (<250°C) and replace the standard diffused or alloyed back-surface-field contacts used in single-heterojunction (front-emitter only) cells. High-quality back contacts require excellent surface passivation, indicated by a low surface recombination velocity of minority-carriers (S) or a high open-circuit voltage (Voc). The back contact must also provide good conduction for majority carriers to the external circuit, as indicated by a high light I-V fill factor. We use hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) to grow a-Si: H layers for both the front emitters and back contacts. Our improved a-Si: H back contacts contribute to our recent achievement of a confirmed 18.2% efficiency in double-heterojunction silicon solar cells on p-type textured silicon wafers [1].
Assessment and design of instruction for variable-attendance/distance-learning ALN graduate software engineering education

Courses in the software engineering masters degree program at Mercer University are offered via asynchronous learning nets to students who may attend as many or as few face-to-face class meetings as they choose. As part of our assessment program, we investigated the impact of attendance at the face-to-face class meetings on learning outcomes for individual students. We found essentially no correlation between learning outcomes and attendance. The aggregated data used may conceal dependencies on other factors.
Characteristics of circulating erythroid colony‐forming cells in normal and polycythaemic man

Summary. Circulating erythroid progenitors from 10 patients with polycythaemia vera, nine with secondary polycythaemia and 10 normal subjects were studied in culture to determine their frequency, requirements for erythropoietin (ESF) and physical characteristics. Increased numbers of erythroid progenitors were detected in circulation from the patients with polycythaemia vera when compared to patients with secondary polycythaemia or normals, and 19 ± 3% of these progenitors formed endogenous colonies without added ESF. Velocity sedimentation analysis showed that the majority of ESF-dependent erythroid progenitors in all study groups sedimented at 6.46 mm/h. The circulating endogenous erythroid colony-forming cells in polycythaemia vera patients sedimented more rapidly. Tritiated thymidine suicide experiments failed to detect significant differences between the percentages of endogenous and ESF-dependent progenitors in DNA synthesis in polycythaemia patients and normals. Thus, differences in cell cycle state were not responsible for the more rapid sedimentation of endogenous colony-forming cells. These results further define characteristics of circulating erythroid progenitors in polycythaemia vera and normal subjects and suggest that simple culture of peripheral blood cells may be useful in the differential diagnosis of polycythaemia.
Nedd4-2 isoforms differentially associate with ENaC and regulate its activity.

Mutations that disrupt a PY motif in epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) subunits increase surface expression of Na+ channels in the collecting duct, resulting in greater Na+ reabsorption. Nedd4 and Nedd...
List-mode likelihood: EM algorithm and image quality estimation demonstrated on 2-D PET

Using a theory of list-mode maximum-likelihood (ML) source reconstruction presented recently by Barrett et al. (1997), this paper formulates a corresponding expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, as well as a method for estimating noise properties at the ML estimate. List-mode ML is of interest in cases where the dimensionality of the measurement space impedes a binning of the measurement data. It can be advantageous in cases where a better forward model can be obtained by including more measurement coordinates provided by a given detector. Different figures of merit for the detector performance can be computed from the Fisher information matrix (FIM). This paper uses the observed FIM, which requires a single data set, thus, avoiding costly ensemble statistics. The proposed techniques are demonstrated for an idealized two-dimensional (2-D) positron emission tomography (PET) [2-D PET] detector. The authors compute from simulation data the improved image quality obtained by including the time of flight of the coincident quanta.
Transhepatic Access to the Atrioventricular Ring for Delivery of Radiofrequency Energy

Transhepatic Ablation. Introduction: Transcatheter radiofrequency ablation is an effective, safe treatment of arrhythmias in children. However, despite technical advances, patients with ohstructed venous access to the heart have nol heen candidates for this treatment. Methods and Results: Two children (8.2 and 10.9 kg) with complex eon^enital heart disease, supraventricular tachycardia, and ohstructed venous access underwent sufcessful radiofrequency ahlation of either a right (one patient) or left (one patient) accessory pathway using the transhepatic route to the heart. Conclusion: This experience underscores the usefulness of the transhepatic approach in small patients, in patients with limited venous access, and in patients with complex congenital heart disease. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 8, pp. 512-516. May 1997)
Benefits to faculty involved in medical school learning communities

Purpose: Job satisfaction plays a large role in enhancing retention and minimizing loss of physicians from careers in academic medicine. The authors explored the effect of learning communities (LCs) on the faculty members’ job satisfaction. Methods: Between October 2011 and May 2012, the authors surveyed 150 academic clinical faculty members serving as LC mentors for students at five US medical schools. Factor analysis was used to explore satisfaction themes and relationships between these themes and other characteristics. Results: Factor analysis revealed two major sources of this satisfaction: a Campus Engagement factor (e.g., feeling happier, improved sense of community, better communication skills, and feeling more productive) and a skills factor (e.g., improved clinical skills, being a better doctor). Higher Campus Engagement factor satisfaction was associated with less desire to leave the learning community (p ¼ 0.01) and more FTE support for role in LC (p ¼ 0.01). Higher skills factor satisfaction was associated with the school that provided more structured faculty development (p ¼ 0.0001). Conclusion: Academic clinical faculty members reported serving as a mentor in an LC was a strong source of job satisfaction. LC may be a tool for retaining clinical faculty members in academic careers.