cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Off-Shell NN Potential and Nuclear Binding

A new, high-precision, charge-dependent Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential (‘CD-Bonn’) has been constructed that is exactly phase-equivalent to the Nijmegen phase shift analysis and the new high-quality Nijmegen potentials. This non-local CD-Bonn potential predicts 8.0 MeV binding energy for the triton (in a charge-dependent 34-channel Faddeev calculation) which is about 0.4 MeV more than the predictions by the local (phase-equivalent) Nijmegen potential. We pin down origin and size of the nonlocality in the Bonn potential, in analytic and numeric form. The nonlocality is due to the use of the correct relativistic off-shell Feynman amplitude of one-boson-exchange avoiding the commonly used on-shell approximations which yield the local potentials. Adding the relativistic effects from the relativistic nucleon propagators in the Faddeev equations, brings the CD-Bonn result up to 8.2 MeV triton binding. This leaves a difference of only about 0.3 MeV to experiment, which may possibly be explained by refinements in the treatment of relativity and the inclusion of other nonlocalities (e. g., those due to the composite nature of hadrons). Nuclear matter calculations further illustrate our points.
CAKE FILTRATION AS A DIFFUSION PROCESS

In certain ways, cake filtration is similar to the seepage of water through soil, which changes volume as the water content changes, a topic of study that has commanded the interests and efforts of soil scientists for decades. Because of these efforts, a body of well-developed information on the topic is readily available in the literature. Smiles and Smiles et al., among other investigators, presented a cake filtration analysis using the soil science approach. The major differences between Smiles' work and those of the previous chapters reside mainly in the use of the material domain instead of the physical domain and the void ratio e , defined as e s/(1- e s) instead of e s as the dependent variable in describing cake filtration. As a result, the continuity equation can be transformed to a diffusion equation-like expression that can then be manipulated to yield results with certain advantages. This chapter presents the details of this type of analysis based largely on the works of Smiles (1986) and Ramarao et al. (2002) , but using terminologies and notations as closely as possible to those of previous chapters.
Chapter 6 The maternal spinal cord: biochemical and physiological correlates of steroid-activated antinociceptive processes

Physiological gestation, as well as the simulation of the associated changes in estrogen and progesterone, is associated with significant elevations in nociceptive response thresholds. This is mediated by spinal cord κ- and δ-opioid systems. The predominant spinal μ-opioid system does not appear to participate. One hallmark of pregnancy- and hormonally-induced antinociception is the multiplicative interaction among its components. Approximately 40% results from spinal κ/δ analgesic synergy on which is superimposed an additional increment (≈60%) of synergy that results from the interaction between descending spinal α2-noradrenergic and spinal κ/δ activities. An intact hypogastric nerve is required for the spinal α2-noradrenergic component. This would explain the requirement for an intact hypogastric nerve in order for the antinociception of pregnancy and its hormonal simulation to be fully manifest. The predominant means by which spinal dynorphin-containing neurons adjust to increased demand is increased post-translational processing of dynorphin precursor intermediates which are present at ≈l0× the concentration of mature dynorphin peptides (1–17 and 1–8). This is indicated by the concomitant decline (≈50%) in the spinal cord content of dynorphin precursors and increase (≈87%) in the content of prohormone convertase 2, a processing enzyme sufficient to generate mature dynorphin peptides from prodynorphin. The presence of ‘high gain’ multiplicative spinal opioid antinociceptive pathways that can be activated by estrogen and progesterone has hyperalgesic implications as well, i.e. it could result in disproportionately increased pain responsiveness. This might explain, in part, findings that women are more prone to recurrent pain and pain of greater duration and intensity than men. The underlying mechanisms of gestational antinociception could point the way to pain pharmacotherapies that are gender-based.
A fuzzy algorithm for learning vector quantization

This paper proposes a fuzzy algorithm for learning vector quantization, which can train feature maps to function as pattern classifiers through an unsupervised learning process. The development of the proposed algorithms is based on the minimization of a fuzzy objective function, formed as the weighted sum of the squared Euclidean distances between an input vector, which represents a feature vector, and the weight vectors of the map, which represent the prototypes. The distances between each input vector and the prototypes are weighted by a set of generalized membership functions, which regulate the competition between various prototypes for each input and, thus, determine the strength of the attractions between each input and the prototypes during the learning process. A specific set of generalized membership functions provide the basis for the derivation of the FALVQ 1 algorithm. The properties of the proposed algorithm are analytically studied. The efficiency of the FALVQ 1 algorithm is also evaluated by its use in vector quantizer design required for image compression. >
The jogo de capoeira and the fallacy of ‘creole’ cultural forms

In the early nineteenth century numerous enslaved Africans in Rio practiced the jogo de capoeira, a dynamic pugilistic game blending kicks and acrobatic defenses into a corporal chess like competition. Scholars typically frame this art form as a Brazilian ‘creole’ – a hybrid formed from an untraceable bricolage taken from all the kinesthetic repertoires of the hundreds of different African ethnicities represented among the enslaved population of Brazil. In this article, I demonstrate the degree to which ‘creole’ is an intellectually untenable category by comparing the trans-national histories of Rio de Janeiro's jogo de capoeira and New York City's boxing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The double standard revealed by this empirical analysis highlights that, contrary to claims that the creole concept somehow destabilizes racial absolutes, it is ultimately complicit in the reproduction of racial essentialism.
High-speed divider using multiplication

Abstract With the rapid development of semiconductor IC technology, particularly in the field of very large scale integration (VLSI), high-speed monolithic parallel multipliers are functional blocks that may one day find wide acceptance. The authors describe the implementation of an iterative division algorithm using a 16-bit monolithic multiplier. The basis of the division algorithm is the Newton-Raphson iterative method, which is slightly modified here in order to adapt to the multiplier performance characteristics and to further simplify the hardware complexity. The article also shows that by applying a suitably chosen initial iterate, the desired result is obtained in a single iteration.
What Drives the Partnership Decision? Examining Structural Factors Influencing Public-Private Partnerships for Municipal Wireless Broadband

ABSTRACT Municipalities across the United States are in various stages of wireless broadband implementation. Policymakers establish wireless broadband networks for a number of reasons, including promoting economic development, supporting internal operations, and providing affordable access to citizens. While some governments provide wireless broadband access as a public service, others partner with private firms. This article exploits the variation in approaches and examines the structural factors that give rise to public-private partnerships. The results show that partnerships for wireless broadband are more likely among municipalities with political-administrative autonomy and greater economic viability. For municipalities seeking to address inequities in broadband access, these results can have profound implications, as partnerships are often the most viable deployment option. In addition to examining determinants of wireless broadband partnerships, this study aids in understanding which municipalities...
Epidemiology of Partner Abuse Within Military Families

Partner abuse (PA) is a public health problem that affects a significant number of families. Experiencing PA places victims at risk for a variety of negative outcomes, including substance use or abuse, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and, in extreme cases, permanent injury or death. Furthermore, children who are exposed to PA are at risk for problems in the areas of cognitive functioning, self-esteem, psychological and emotional well‐being, interpersonal relationships, and behavior. Most of what is known about PA has accrued through studies of civilian families. In this article, the authors report the results of an in depth review of the epidemiology of PA in each branch of the military. Results revealed that most studies of the military have been conducted with Army families. Rates of nonclinically significant PA are higher in military samples than civilian samples. Men and women connected to the military engage in rates of mild to moderate PA at similar rates. Males in the military engage in...
Flexibility of the cytoplasmic domain of the anion exchange protein, band 3, in human erythrocytes.

The rotational flexibility of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3, in the region that is proximal to the inner membrane surface, has been investigated using a combination of time-resolved optical anisotropy (TOA) and saturation-transfer electron paramagnetic resonance (ST-EPR) spectroscopies. TOA studies of rotational diffusion of the transmembrane domain of band 3 show a dramatic decrease in residual anisotropy following cleavage of the link with the cytoplasmic domain by trypsin (E. A. Nigg and R. J. Cherry, 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:4702-4706). This result is compatible with two independent hypotheses: 1) trypsin cleavage leads to dissociation of large clusters of band 3 that are immobile on the millisecond time scale, or 2) trypsin cleavage leads to release of a constraint to uniaxial rotational diffusion of the transmembrane domain. ST-EPR studies at X- and Q-band microwave frequencies detect rotational diffusion of the transmembrane domain of band 3 about the membrane normal axis of reasonably large amplitude that does not change upon cleavage with trypsin. These ST-EPR results are not consistent with dissociation of clusters of band 3 as a result of cleavage with trypsin. Global analyses of the ST-EPR data using a newly developed algorithm indicate that any constraint to rotational diffusion of the transmembrane domain of band 3 via interactions of the cytoplasmic domain with the membrane skeleton must be sufficiently weak to allow rotational excursions in excess of 32 degrees full-width for a square-well potential. In support of this result, analyses of the TOA data in terms of restricted amplitude uniaxial rotational diffusion models suggest that the membrane-spanning domain of that population of band 3 that is linked to the membrane skeleton is constrained to diffuse in a square-well of approximately 73 degrees full-width. This degree of flexibility may be necessary for providing the unique mechanical properties of the erythrocyte membrane.
Subspecies‐informative SNP assays for evaluating introgression between native golden trout and introduced rainbow trout

We characterize 20 single nucleotide polymorphism assays for evaluating hybridization between native golden trout subspecies (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita and O. m. whitei) and introduced rainbow trout strains. These assays utilize the 5′-nuclease reaction, facilitating high-throughput genotyping of many individuals and making them useful in quantifying and monitoring introgression and potentially applicable to studies of other O. mykiss groups. Minor allele frequency differentials (δq) among native and introduced rainbow groups ranged from 0 to 1, with an average differential of 0.75 for both subspecies aguabonita and whitei relative to the hatchery rainbow trout strain.
Evaluation of tentacle regeneration as a biological assay inHydra.

Tentacle number in non-buddingHydra attenuata, randomly selected from mass culture varies <0.5 tentacles over a 3 month period. Replicate samples of untreated regenerates (n=50–60), however, show some variability in mean tentacle number regenerated (Sx0.13–0.15). The variability is similar whether experiments are performed using randomly selected animals or animals with identical tentacle numbers. The variability is, further, not the result of profound differences in the time of tentacle initiation in individual animals.
Understanding paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after traumatic brain injury

Background: Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a condition occurring in a small percentage of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is characterized by a constellation of symptoms associated with excessive adrenergic output, including tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, and diaphoresis. Diagnosis is one of exclusion and, therefore, is often delayed. Treatment is aimed at minimizing triggers and pharmacologic management of symptoms. Methods: A literature review using medline and cinahl was conducted to identify articles related to PSH. Search terms included paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity, autonomic storming, diencephalic seizures, and sympathetic storming. Reference lists of pertinent articles were also reviewed and these additional papers were included. Results: The literature indicates that the understanding of PSH following TBI is in its infancy. The majority of information is based on small case series. The review revealed treatments that may be useful in treating PSH. Conclusions: Nurses play a critical role in the identification of at-risk patients, symptom complexes, and in the education of family. Early detection and treatment is likely to decrease overall morbidity and facilitate recovery. Further research is needed to establish screening tools and treatment algorithms for PSH.
An Empirical Study of the Learning Aspects of Experimental Business Game Playing

Abstract This empirical study tests the hypothesis that the presence of information, experience, and time pressure on three different groups of subjects has no significant effect on the decisions made in a specialized business simulation. F-tests and analyses of variance are used to analyze decisions made by 140 individuals. It was found that no discernible difference existed in the decisions of the groups that were segregated into specialists and non-specialists as well as informed and uninformed. It was also found that the elimination of briefing and debriefing sessions, the reduction of decision-making time, and the increase in the frequency of decisions in no way increased the variability of the decisions.
Sealed rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abstract Sealed rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms, even if uncommon, deserves particular attention for the possibility of misdiagnosis and for the deleterious effects of such a misdiagnosis. Sixteen patients (mean age 72 years; range 65 to 84 years) with chronic sealed rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms are reported. Two patients had acute rupture of the aneurysm, and at operation chronic contained rupture was found along with the recent hemorrhage. One patient died after surgery. The remaining patients underwent successful resection with long-term survival and regression of symptoms. Consideration of sealed abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture should be included when examining elderly patients with history of unexplained back pain or femoral neuropathy. Computed tomography is a useful aid in the diagnosis of sealed rupture. Ultrasonography is less accurate; in three patients ultrasonography failed to diagnose the presence of the rupture. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:430-5.)
Optimal positioning of new product-concepts: some analytical implications and empirical results

Abstract This paper presents an analytical approach to determine optimal target positions (locations) for a discontinuous innovation in the perceived product-attributes space. The new product-concept positioning problem involves the determination of technologically and economically feasible (but believable) of either the specific combination(s) of the levels of the perceived product's attributes, or the identification of subregion(s) in the space as targets that have the potential to optimize a certain objective set by the firm. Typically, researchers have approached this problem by applying mathematical programming techniques and various algorithms/heuristics have been proposed to solve the resultant problem. Their implications depend, of course, on the specific configurations and values of the parameters of the problem. This paper focuses on qualitative insights and generalizable location implications. We rely on the concepts of consumer preference, choice, market segmentation, and technological constraint to derive various analytical insights in the context of new product-concept positioning. Empirical studies addressing these issues in the consumer marketing area are presented, and directions for future research are also provided.
Pair production in photon-photon collisions.

General formulas for the absorption probability from the process $\ensuremath{\gamma}+{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are given for high-energy photons traversing isotropic photon gases having various spectra. Asymptotic formulas are derived and general results are given in graphical form for photon spectra having blackbody and power-law form. The results are applied in a following paper to calculate the absorption probability for high-energy photons traversing cosmic distances.
Modeling pre-and post-dam removal sediment dynamics : The kalamazoo river, michigan

The state of Michigan is interested in removing two low-head dams in an 8.8 km reach of the Kalamazoo River between Plainwell and Otsego, Michigan, while minimizing impacts locally and to downstream reaches. The study was designed to evaluate the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments over a 37.3-year period using the channel evolution model CONCEPTS for three simulation scenarios: Dams In (DI), Dams Out (DO), and Design (D). The total mass of sediment emanating from the channel boundary, for the DI case, shows net deposition of 4,100 T/y for the study reach, with net transport (suspended and bed load) of 10,500 T/y passing the downstream boundary. For the DO case, net erosion is 19,200 T/y with net transport of 30,100 T/y (187% increase) passing the downstream boundary. For the D case, net deposition is 2,570 T/y (37% decrease) with transport of 14,200 T/y (35% increase) passing the downstream boundary. The most significant findings were: (1) removal of the low-head dams will cause significant erosion of sediments stored behind the dams and increased sediment loads passing the downstream boundary and (2) sediment loads for the proposed channel design are similar to existing conditions and offer reduced fine-sediment loadings.
Bronchodilator responses to anticholinergic and beta-adrenergic agents in acute and stable COPD.

Patients with COPD may respond differently to anticholinergic and beta-agonist bronchodilators. Previously, in acutely ill COPD patients, we showed similar improvements in pulmonary function after each drug (study 1). The responses of the same patients when stable are now reported (study 2). Patients received ipratropium bromide (54 μg) (n = 16) or metaproterenol sulfate (1.95 mg) (n = 14) via an MDI attached to a delivery device as in study 1. Ninety minutes after the first medication, patients received the second. Spirometry was measured at entry and at 30-min intervals following the first drug and at the same times after the second drug. Results were as follow: The groups did not differ in clinical characteristics. However, for both groups, there was significantly less airway obstruction at entry into study 2. In study 1, ipratropium resulted in significant improvement in FEV1 (0.62 ± .08 to 0.88 ± .11 L; mean increase 24 percent; p
Negative electron affinity and low work function surface: Cesium on oxygenated diamond (100).

Building on analogies with low work function metal surfaces, an oxygenated C(100) surface cesiated at the half-monolayer level has been studied with self-consistent local-density-based methods. Cesiation of the surface is found to shift the 2.45 eV positive electron affinity oxygenated surface to a surface with the bulk diamond conduction band 0.85 eV above the vacuum level, in effect a 0.85 eV negative electron affinity (NEA). The resulting surface is in fact metallic due to Cs-O-C surface states and thereby also provides a low work function $\ensuremath{\Phi}=1.25$ eV. The combination of NEA bulk material with metallic low-$\ensuremath{\Phi}$ surface promotes noncharging electron emission that makes it promising for novel diamond-based optoelectronic devices.
What is the amygdala

'Amygdala' and 'amygdalar complex' are terms that now refer to a highly differentiated region near the temporal pole of the mammalian cerebral hemisphere. Cell groups within it appear to be differentiated parts of the traditional cortex, the claustrum, or the striatum, and these parts belong to four obvious functional systems--accessory olfactory, main olfactory, autonomic and frontotemporal cortical. In rats, the central nucleus is a specialized autonomic-projecting motor region of the striatum, whereas the lateral and anterior basolateral nuclei together are a ventromedial extension of the claustrum for major regions of the temporal and frontal lobes. The rest of the amygdala forms association parts of the olfactory system (accessory and main), with cortical, claustral and striatal parts. Terms such as 'amygdala' and 'lenticular nucleus' combine cell groups arbitrarily rather than according to the structural and functional units to which they now seem to belong. The amygdala is neither a structural nor a functional unit.
High pressures and ferromagnetic order in EuB 6

We have measured the electrical resistivity {rho}(T) of single crystals of EuB{sub 6} for temperatures from 1.2 to 300 K, and pressures from 1 bar to 169 kbar. The room temperature resistivity {rho}{sub 300K} is dramatically reduced with pressure, while the double ferromagnetic ordering temperatures T{sub c}{sup +,{minus}} are strongly enhanced. We argue that magnetic order is driven by the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction between Eu moments and pockets of carriers at the semimetallic X point. With pressure, the band overlap increases, leading to an increase in carriers at the Fermi surface and the decrease of the spin disorder scattering in the paramagnetic state. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
A Gene-Free Formulation of Classical Quantitative Genetics Used to Examine Results and Interpretations Under Three Standard Assumptions

Quantitative genetics (QG) analyses variation in traits of humans, other animals, or plants in ways that take account of the genealogical relatedness of the individuals whose traits are observed. “Classical” QG, where the analysis of variation does not involve data on measurable genetic or environmental entities or factors, is reformulated in this article using models that are free of hypothetical, idealized versions of such factors, while still allowing for defined degrees of relatedness among kinds of individuals or “varieties.” The gene-free formulation encompasses situations encountered in human QG as well as in agricultural QG. This formulation is used to describe three standard assumptions involved in classical QG and provide plausible alternatives. Several concerns about the partitioning of trait variation into components and its interpretation, most of which have a long history of debate, are discussed in light of the gene-free formulation and alternative assumptions. That discussion is at a theoretical level, not dependent on empirical data in any particular situation. Additional lines of work to put the gene-free formulation and alternative assumptions into practice and to assess their empirical consequences are noted, but lie beyond the scope of this article. The three standard QG assumptions examined are: (1) partitioning of trait variation into components requires models of hypothetical, idealized genes with simple Mendelian inheritance and direct contributions to the trait; (2) all other things being equal, similarity in traits for relatives is proportional to the fraction shared by the relatives of all the genes that vary in the population (e.g., fraternal or dizygotic twins share half of the variable genes that identical or monozygotic twins share); (3) in analyses of human data, genotype-environment interaction variance (in the classical QG sense) can be discounted. The concerns about the partitioning of trait variation discussed include: the distinction between traits and underlying measurable factors; the possible heterogeneity in factors underlying the development of a trait; the kinds of data needed to estimate key empirical parameters; and interpretations based on contributions of hypothetical genes; as well as, in human studies, the labeling of residual variance as a non-shared environmental effect; and the importance of estimating interaction variance.
Declines in low birth weight and preterm birth among infants who were born to HIV-infected women during an era of increased use of maternal antiretroviral drugs: Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease, 1989-2004.

Objective Our goal was to determine trends in low birth weight and preterm birth among US infants born to HIV-infected women. Methods We used data from the longitudinal Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease, a large HIV cohort, to assess trends in low birth weight and preterm birth from 1989 to 2004 among 11,321 study infants. Among women with prenatal care, we also assessed risk factors, including maternal antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, that were predictive of low birth weight and preterm birth using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Overall, 11,231 of 14,464 infants who were enrolled in Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease were tested during the neonatal period. From 1989 to 2004, testing increased from 32% to 97%. The proportion of HIV-exposed infants who had low birth weight decreased from 35% to 21% and occurred in all racial/ethnic groups. Prevalence of preterm birth decreased from 35% to 22% and occurred in all groups. Any maternal antiretroviral therapy use increased from 2% to 84%. Among 8793 women who had prenatal care, low birth weight was associated with a history of illicit maternal drug use, unknown maternal HIV status before delivery, symptomatic maternal HIV disease, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and infant HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy or lack of it was not associated with low birth weight. Among women with prenatal care, preterm birth was associated with a history of illicit maternal drug use, symptomatic maternal HIV disease, no antiretroviral therapy, receipt of a 3-drug highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen with protease inhibitors, black race, and infant HIV infection. Conclusions The proportion of infants who had low birth weight or were born preterm declined during an era of increased maternal antiretroviral therapies. These Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease trends differ from the overall increases in both outcomes among the US population.
Variation in practice of ileal intubation among diverse endoscopy settings: results from a national endoscopic database

Summary Background: Terminal ileum intubation rates at colonoscopy are variable. One of the major indications for terminal ileum intubation is to identify Crohn's disease. Signs and symptoms which raise a suspicion of Crohn's include abdominal pain/bloating, anaemia and diarrhoea. Aim: To determine the proportion of terminal ileal intubation in patients undergoing evaluation of abdominal pain/bloating, anaemia or diarrhoea with normal endoscopic findings at colonoscopy. Methods: The Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative national endoscopic database was analysed to determine the proportion of terminal ileum intubation in patients undergoing evaluation of either abdominal pain/bloating, anaemia or diarrhoea with normal endoscopic findings at colonoscopy and to characterize this population of patients. Patients with known or suspected inflammatory bowel disease were excluded from the analysis. Results: Between January 2000 and December 2003, 21 638 patients underwent complete colonoscopy for evaluation of either abdominal pain/bloating, anaemia or diarrhoea with normal colon findings. Overall, 3858 patients (18%) underwent terminal ileum evaluation. Intubation rates differed according to procedure indication: abdominal pain (13%), anaemia (13%), diarrhoea (28%). Terminal ileum assessment declined with advancing patient age and was least frequent in Black patients (12% vs. 18% in non-Blacks, P < 0.0001). Ileal intubation rates also varied among endoscopy site types: community (17%), academic (21%), Veterans Affairs Medical Centres (17%), P < 0.0001. Multiple logistic regression identified patients with the indication of diarrhoea (OR: 2.58) as more likely to undergo terminal ileum intubation when compared with those with abdominal pain/bloating. Patients in Veterans Affairs (OR: 1.26) and academic (OR: 1.29) sites were more likely to undergo terminal ileum intubation compared with community sites. Conclusion: Less than one-fifth of patients with either abdominal pain/bloating, anaemia or diarrhoea underwent ileal intubation in the setting of a normal colonoscopy. Significant practice variation was observed in rates of terminal ileum evaluation. Further study is required to determine whether terminal ileum examination impacts patient management or outcome.
Influence of Perfluoroarene–Arene Interactions on the Phase Behavior of Liquid Crystalline and Polymeric Materials

A stabilization of the liquid-crystalline mesophase and thus an enlarged temperature range of the mesogenic phase is achieved by adding perfluorotriphenylene to a chiral liquid-crystalline triphenylene. This mesophase is based on 1:1 perfluoroarene-arene interactions (see picture). In a polymer with triphenylenes as mesogens in the side chains, the addition of perfluorotriphenylene led to crystallization.
Relationship of free nortriptyline levels to therapeutic response.

– The relationship between the free plasma concentration of nortriptyline and therapeutic reponse was examined. Eighteen depressed inpatients were treated for 21 days with steady state total nortriptyline plasma concentrations between 50–150 ng/ml. Steady state free nortriptyline concentrations were measured. The therapeutic nortriptyline response was measured by administering the Hamilton and the Carroll Rating scales at day zero and day 21. Statistical relationships between free levels of drug and clinical response were found to be insignificant. Qualitative assessment of the data suggest that free serum levels of nortriptyline in excess of 10 ng/ml may have an inhibitory effect on clinical response.
Promotion of hepatic preneoplastic lesions in male B6C3F1 mice by unleaded gasoline.

In previous studies, unleaded gasoline (UG) vapor was found to be a liver tumor promoter and hepatocarcinogen in female mice, but UG was not a hepatocarcinogen in male mice. However, UG vapor had s...
Plasticity and alterations of trunk motor cortex following spinal cord injury and non-stepping robot and treadmill training

Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces significant reorganization in the sensorimotor cortex. Trunk motor control is crucial for postural stability and propulsion after low thoracic SCI and several rehabilitative strategies are aimed at trunk stability and control. However little is known about the effect of SCI and rehabilitation training on trunk motor representations and their plasticity in the cortex. Here, we used intracortical microstimulation to examine the motor cortex representations of the trunk in relation to other representations in three groups of chronic adult complete low thoracic SCI rats: chronic untrained, treadmill trained (but ‘non-stepping’) and robot assisted treadmill trained (but ‘non-stepping’) and compared with a group of normal rats. Our results demonstrate extensive and significant reorganization of the trunk motor cortex after chronic adult SCI which includes (1) expansion and rostral displacement of trunk motor representations in the cortex, with the greatest significant increase observed for rostral (to injury) trunk, and slight but significant increase of motor representation for caudal (to injury) trunk at low thoracic levels in all spinalized rats; (2) significant changes in coactivation and the synergy representation (or map overlap) between different trunk muscles and between trunk and forelimb. No significant differences were observed between the groups of transected rats for the majority of the comparisons. However, (3) the treadmill and robot-treadmill trained groups of rats showed a further small but significant rostral migration of the trunk representations, beyond the shift caused by transection alone. We conclude that SCI induces a significant reorganization of the trunk motor cortex, which is not qualitatively altered by non-stepping treadmill training or non-stepping robot assisted treadmill training, but is shifted further from normal topography by the training. This shift may potentially make subsequent rehabilitation with stepping longer or less successful.
Production of thick elemental low-oxygen content nat,26Mg from nat,26MgO

Abstract The results of thick target (p, n) and (α, n) yield measurements are relevant to current problems in nuclear astrophysics or nuclear reactor operations. The large neutron detection system recently built in our Laboratory for these measurements requires that the beam be stopped in the target, thus necessitating very thick targets. Targets of thicknesses from 39 mg/cm 2 to 100 mg/cm 2 of elemental magnesium ( nat,26 Mg) with an oxygen content of less than 7% for 26 Mg and less than 1% for nat Mg, have been successfully made by high-vacuum reduction evaporation from their respective oxides onto a water-cooled 0.05 mm tantalum sheet. Very short duration (5 s) pulsed heating during reduction evaporation insures that the oxide formation remains low. The final desired thickness is produced by pressing the elemental magnesium in a die of the appropriate size. An analysis of the carbon content in the final elemental 26 Mg showed it to be 1.4% of the carbon content present in the 26 MgO from which it was derived.
A Chemo-Mechanical Constitutive Model for Conducting Polymers

Conducting polymers undergo volumetric expansion through redox-mediated ion exchange with its electrolytic environment. The ion transport processes resulting from an applied electrical field controls the conformational relaxation in conducting polymer and regulates the generated stress and strain. In the last two decades, significant contributions from various groups have resulted in methods to fabricate, model and characterize the mechanical response of conducting polymer actuators in bending mode. An alternating electrical field applied to the polymer electrolyte interface produces the mechanical response in the polymer. The electrical energy applied to the polymer is used by the electrochemical reaction in the polymer backbone, for ion transport at the electrolyte-polymer interface and for conformational changes to the polymer. Due to the advances in polymer synthesis, there are multitudes of polymer-dopant combinations used to design an actuator. Over the last decade, polypyrrole (PPy) has evolved to be the most common conducting polymer actuator. Thin sheets of polymer are electrodeposited on to a substrate, doped with dodecylbezenesulfonate (DBS-) and microfabricated into a hermetic, air operated cantilever actuator. The electrical energy applied across the thickness of the polymer is expended by the electrochemical interactions at the polymer-electrolyte interface, ion transport and electrostatic interactions of the backbone. The widely adopted model for designing actuators is the electrochemically stimulated conformational relaxation (ESCR) model. Despite these advances, there have been very few investigations into the development of a constitutive model for conducting polymers that represent the input-output relation for chemoelectromechanical energy conversion. On one hand, dynamic models of conducting polymers use multiphysics-based non-linear models that are computationally intensive and not scalable for complicated geometries. On the other, empirical models that represent the chemomechanical coupling in conducting polymers present an over-simplified approach and lack the scientific rigor in predicting the mechanical response. In order to address these limitations and to develop a constitutive model for conducting polymers, its coupled chemomechanical response and material degradation with time, we have developed a constitutive model for polypyrrole-based conducting polymer actuator. The constitutive model is applied to a micron-scale conducting polymer actuator and coupling coefficients are expressed using a mechanistic representation of coupling in polypyrrole (dodecylbenzenesulfonate) [PPy(DBS)].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Modeling the effects of bivalirudin in cardiac surgical patients

Bivalirudin is direct thrombin inhibitor used in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. A pharmacokinetic and — dynamic model that predicts the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) based on the past infusion rates of bivalirudin following dose adjustment would be useful to guide optimal therapy. In this retrospective study we randomized 132 patients to a derivation and a validation cohort, and tested two models. The first model is a single-state linear model; the other incorporates a non-linear element to account for renal elimination of bivalirudin. Both models predicted PTT changes equally well with root-mean squared errors of 15 to 16 seconds (Pearson correlation coefficients for both were 0.67). Intra- and inter-individual variability of response to bivalirudin was significant. Although a high percentage of patients had moderate to severe renal dysfunction at one point during the bivalirudin infusion, the non-linear model that incorporates variable renal clearance of drug did not perform better than the linear model. This finding persisted even in the subgroup analysis of patients with moderate and low estimated glomerular filtration rates.
The chemisorption of C60 on Si(100)-(2×1)

Abstract The adsorption of C 60 on Si(100)-(2 × 1) has been investigated by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The binding of the first monolayer of C 60 to the clean (2 × 1) silicon (100) is strong; such that the carbon overlayer is not removed until the substrate is heated to over 1150 K. After desorption of the multilayer peak by heating to 600 K, a graphite-like carbon AES peak is observed. Heating of the C 60 monolayer between 900 and 1150 K causes the carbon AES peak shape to change and the ratio of the carbon peak height to the silicon peak height to increase, indicating a change in the structure of the film. The lower bound for the strength of the C 60 to Si(100)-(2 × 1) bond is estimated to be 56 kcal/mol and the C 60 molecule dissociates before this bond is thermally activated. This result offers an explanation of the recent enhanced nucleation of diamond by C 60 and C 70 on Si(100).
Identifying Preschool Children at Risk of Later Reading Difficulties: Evaluation of Two Emergent Literacy Screening Tools

Emergent literacy skills are predictive of children's early reading success, and literacy achievement in early schooling declines more rapidly for children who are below-average readers. It is therefore important for teachers to identify accurately children at risk for later reading difficulty so children can be exposed to effective emergent literacy interventions. In this study, 176 preschoolers were administered two screening tools, the Revised Get Ready to Read! (GRTR-R) and the Individual Growth and Development Indicators (IGDIs), and a diagnostic measure at two time points. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that, at optimal cut scores, GRTR-R provided more accurate classification of children's overall emergent literacy skills than did IGDIs. However, neither measure was particularly good at classifying specific emergent literacy skills.
Migration of polytef paste to the lung and brain following intravesical injection for the correction of reflux

Polytef paste was injected endoscopically into the bladder submucosa of five dogs. Two were sacrificed after two weeks and the lungs and brain dissolved in sodium hypochlorite solution. The centrifuged deposit revealed particles optically and morphologically indistinguishable from polytetrafluoroethylene when examined by polarizing light microscopy. The remaining three dogs were entered into a long-term study and will be the subject of a separate report.
Fibroblast Migration on Fibronectin Requires Three Distinct Functional Domains

Mesenchymal cell movement is normally constrained; however, fibronectin can provide a pathway for stromal cell migration during embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound healing. Cells can adhere to fibronectin via integrin and nonintegrin receptors, which bind multiple unique peptide sequences. Synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins were used to delineate the functional domains needed for human fibroblast migration over fibronectin. The 9th and 10th fibronectin type III repeats, which contain RGD and PHSRN synergy cell attachment sequences, support almost maximal fibroblast attachment, but not migration of primary dermal fibroblasts. Specific sequences within the heparin domain and the IIICS region are also required for migration. These findings predict and additional data confirm the necessity for the cooperation of multiple integrin and nonintegrin receptors for fibroblast migration on fibronectin. Such stringency of migration most likely imposes an immense constraint on normal mesenchymal cell mobility in unperturbed tissue. Loss of such restraint may be critical for the migration cancer cells through the extracellular matrix.
Reliability of a system with warm standbys and repairmen

Abstract This paper studies the reliability characteristics of a system with M operating machines, S warm standby spares and R repairmen in the repair facility. Failure times and repair times are assumed to be exponentially distributed. The k out of M+S system is analyzed where k = 1, 2, …, M, and numerical results are provided.
Pure Submodules of Finite Direct Sums of Co-Purely Indecomposable Modules

A torsion-free module M of finite rank over a discrete valuation ring R with prime p is co-purely indecomposable if M is indecomposable and rank M = 1 + dim R/pR (M/pM). Co-purely indecomposable modules are duals of pure finite rank submodules of the p-adic completion of R. Pure submodules of cpi-decomposable modules (finite direct sums of co-purely indecomposable modules) are characterized. Included are various examples and properties of these modules.
On the non-existence of steady confined flows of a barotropic fluid in a gravitational field

We consider a semi-infinite (bounded above) plane-parallel layer of barotropic fluid in a constant gravitational field. We present a proof that flows of such a fluid cannot be time-independent in a reference frame wherein the flow's velocity field falls off asymptotically faster than the inverse of the radial distance, R. This includes all flows of finite kinetic energy as such flows must fall off faster than R −1.5 . The unsteadiness is due in part to the dynamical expansion of a compressible fluid in motion; this expansion leads to a density deficit so that in the presence of gravity the flow rises buoyantly and cannot be steady in time. The non-existence of certain classes of steady uniform-fluid flows is also discussed.
Academic Failure, Alienation, the Threat of Extinction: A Global Perspective on Children at Risk.

Common and critical global problems related to children who are at risk for failing academically, becoming alienated, and being an endangered species are discussed along with an antidote for those problems.
The relationship of internode length to carbohydrate content in genetic dwarf apple trees

Abstract The relationship of internode length to carbohydrate content in 10-year-old hybrid seedlings of ‘Goldspur Delicious’ × ‘Redspur Delicious’ apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) throughout the growing season was examined. Short-internode shoots contained high galacturonic acid but were low in soluble carbohydrates, starch and cell wall polysaccharides (xylose and cellulose). Dry matter percentage of phloem, xylem and leaf tissue was higher in long-internode trees compared to short-internode trees. Short-internode trees exhibited shorter shoot and higher phloem to xylem ratio compared to long-internode trees. Phloem contained higher amounts of soluble carbohydrates and galacturonic acid; whereas, xylem contained a higher amount of starch and cell wall polysaccharides of both cellulose and xylose. The non-cellulosic neutral sugar (rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose) and cellulose levels in long-internode shoots were generally higher compared to short-internode shoots, especially in xylem tissue.
On isomorphisms of abelian Cayley objects of certain orders

Let m be a positive integer such that gcd(m,@f(m))=1 (@f is Euler's phi function) with m=p"1...p"r the prime power decomposition of m. Let n=p"1^a^"^1...p"r^a^"^r. We provide a sufficient condition to reduce the Cayley isomorphism problem for Cayley objects of an abelian group of order n to the prime power case. In the case of Cayley k-ary relational structures (which include digraphs) of abelian groups, this sufficient condition reduces the Cayley isomorphism problem of k-ary relational structures of abelian groups to the prime power case for Cayley k-ary relational structures of abelian groups. As corollaries, we solve the Cayley isomorphism problem for Cayley graphs of Z"n (for the specific values of n as above) and prove several abelian groups (for specific choices of the a"i) of order n are CI-groups with respect to digraphs.
Thermoreflectance in Semiconductors

The thermoreflectance spectra of Si, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgSe, and HgTe are reported. Measurements were made on most materials at both room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The positions of the peaks observed are compared with previous reflectance and electroreflectance data. Some representative spectra were subjected to a Kramers-Kronig analysis, and the changes in the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, induced by the change in temperature of the sample, were obtained. The resulting line shapes are compared with those derived from elementary theory. In order to achieve reasonable agreement between theory and experiment, it is found necessary to invoke the presence of excitons at all the interband edges. It is demonstrated that, under certain conditions, the type of critical point involved in the transition can be identified.
Precise High-Energy-Scattering Factors for Mercury

Relativistic calculations of the elastic differential cross sections for mercury at 46, 79, and 100 keV are performed using a Liberman (Hartree-Fock-Slater) potential. Various approximations for the exchange of incident and atomic electrons are considered. These calculations explain previous discrepancies between theory and experiment at higher angles.