cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water Quality Indices as Tools for Decision Making and Management

Water Quality Indices (WQIs) are composite indicators of water quality that pool together otherwise complex water quality data into an aggregate value that can be quickly and easily communicated to its intended audience. These indices have been used to provide comparisons of water quality status for different locations and at different times, which is helpful in prioritizing management efforts and funds. These WQIs can also be used as tools to predict potentially harmful conditions. They are also potentially valuable in assessing and communicating overall impacts of existing, planned, or proposed water quality interventions and management decisions. This manuscript presents a primarily literature-based look at WQI potentials with regard to their use as tools for decision making and management. Illustrations using monitoring data are also presented to provide additional information and comparisons to literature-based determinations. Of the existing WQIs, objective index formulations offer more flexible options for application allowing incorporation of varying determinant sets to capture location-specific conditions and changing water quality concerns. Incorporation of expert opinion at some level is important for the acceptability of WQIs as tools in water resources management. The use of the indices on a continuous basis provides long-term data which is helpful for decision making and management.
MW-Class Nuclear Power Turbine Features and Its Model Selection Principles

The paper illustrates selection of nuclear turbine rotating speed based on analysis of MW-class PWR nuclear power turbine features,emphasizes on features and investment cost,principles of thermal parameters and flux area selection for semi-speed turbines.The paper expounds matching of nuclear turbine to reactor capacity and flux area,which are the basic reference for model selection design and tender for equipment.
On-site Calibration Technology of DC Current Measurement Device in Converter Station of ±800 kV UHVDC Transmission Project

The on-site calibrations of the DC current measurement devices in HVDC projects have not been carried out due to the lacking of the calibration equipments.This situation will potentially threaten the safe running of the DC transmission system and will restrict the promotion of the control and protect system to some extent,as the application of HVDC has become more and more widely in power system,it is necessary to involve the on-site calibration of the DC current measurement device as a routing test to prevent the system failure.An on-site calibration system for DC current measurement devices has been developed,consisting of a ratio standard of DC current measurement,a lightweight 5000 A current source of high output stability and a data collection system using the GPS wireless synchronization technology.Furthermore,the on-site calibration test of the pole optical current transducer(OCT) in Fulong convert station of Xiang-Shang ±800 kV UHVDC Transmission Project has been successfully carried out with testing current of 4000 A.The measurement errors of the OCTs were better than 0.3% with the testing current above 800 A.The performances of the OCTs under test were analyzed according to the experiment results.It is suggested to push the technique in the hand over inspections and routine tests of the DC current measurement device.
Experimental study on relative permeability of super-low permeability cores

Experimental study indicates that, for super-low permeability cores from Fuyang reservoir of Daqing Oilfield, the lower the gas logging permeability is, the smaller the oil-water two-phase flowing zone is; the relative permeability of water phase is generally low under residual oil saturation; the relative permeability curves of water phase present 3 types, i.e. concave and convex water saturation axes and reversed S-shape, reflecting the polytropy and complexity of fluid filtration resulted from phase interface action and changes between fluid and fluid as well as fluid and media in super-low permeability reservoir during waterflooding process.
To Analyse 127 Small City-month-old Infant Measles Incidence Epidemiological Characteristics in Jiaozuo City

Objective understanding the small city-month-old infant measles incidence epidemiological characteristics and to accelerate the measles epidemic control to provide a scientific basis.Methods of Jiaozuo City in 2002 ~ 2006 an infant under one year of age measles epidemiological characteristics for analysis.Results 2002-2006 an infant under one year of age measles average annual incidence rate of 0.36/10 10000,Incidence total number of reported cases of 18.96%;Minimum age for 21 days after birth,7,8,9-month-old incidence largest,accounting for the number of cases within the age of 17.12%,14.41%,19.82%;8-month-old to avoid the early months of the vaccination% 53.54%,with an immunization history of only 8.82%;the peak seasons of the disease in 4-July,the total reported cases of 85.83%;laboratory testing antibody-positive rate of 72.72%.Conclusion The incidence of measles increasing crowd baby group to the city directly affected the incidence of measles,should strengthen the initial immunization of measles vaccine inoculation work in a timely manner,as well as the need for women of childbearing age to take measles vaccination.
Restrictive lung disease in pregnancy.

Restrictive ventilatory defects characterized by a reduction in lung volumes and an increase in the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity occur when lung expansion is limited because of alterations in the lung parenchyma or because of abnormalities in the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus. Few studies have examined pregnant women with carefully defined restrictive lung disorders. The majority of pulmonary diseases have their onset after the childbearing years. When present, most do not alter fertility. Further, these disorders are only a relative contraindication to pregnancy because both the fetus and mother are able to survive without a high risk of increased morbidity or mortality. The clinical course of sarcoidosis is generally not altered by pregnancy. Factors indicative of a poor prognosis in sarcoidosis and pregnancy include parenchymal lesions on chest radiography, advanced roentgenologic staging, advanced maternal age, low inflammatory activity, requirement for drugs other than corticosteroids, and the presence of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. Pregnancy seldom has a significant effect on the course of the connective tissue diseases. In PSS with significant renal involvement, pregnancy has the potential for poor fetal prognosis and the risk of maternal death due to a lethal progression of renal failure. Worsening of SLE is uncommon in pregnancy, and prophylactic therapy is generally not necessary. Most women with LAM are advised to avoid pregnancy or the use of estrogens because of the concern that it will lead to worsening of their disease. The incidence of kyphoscoliosis in pregnancy is relatively high. Premature birth rates are higher than that in the normal population. The risk of progression of the abnormal curve in a scoliotic patient appears low. However, women with unstable scolioses at the time of pregnancy can demonstrate progression of the curve with the pregnancy. Respiratory complications during pregnancy in patients with kyphoscoliosis have been reported but in general are not serious if appropriately managed. As a rule, patients with severe restrictive lung disease (i.e., vital capacity < 1 L) should be advised to avoid pregnancy or consider therapeutic abortion. If such a patient decides to continue the pregnancy she should be provided with optimal medical management of her underlying disease and should consider delivery by cesarean section.
Basics of Bayesian Methods

Bayesian methods are rapidly becoming popular tools for making statistical inference in various fields of science including biology, engineering, finance, and genetics. One of the key aspects of Bayesian inferential method is its logical foundation that provides a coherent framework to utilize not only empirical but also scientific information available to a researcher. Prior knowledge arising from scientific background, expert judgment, or previously collected data is used to build a prior distribution which is then combined with current data via the likelihood function to characterize the current state of knowledge using the so-called posterior distribution. Bayesian methods allow the use of models of complex physical phenomena that were previously too difficult to estimate (e.g., using asymptotic approximations). Bayesian methods offer a means of more fully understanding issues that are central to many practical problems by allowing researchers to build integrated models based on hierarchical conditional distributions that can be estimated even with limited amounts of data. Furthermore, advances in numerical integration methods, particularly those based on Monte Carlo methods, have made it possible to compute the optimal Bayes estimators. However, there is a reasonably wide gap between the background of the empirically trained scientists and the full weight of Bayesian statistical inference. Hence, one of the goals of this chapter is to bridge the gap by offering elementary to advanced concepts that emphasize linkages between standard approaches and full probability modeling via Bayesian methods.
Mechanical compution, redux? [Nanoelectromechanical systems]

Nanoscale mechanical devices offer the prospect of signal processing, computation, and sensing - at microwave frequencies, sub-nanosecond time scales, and with unprecedented sensitivity and consumption of extremely small amounts of power. This paper briefly reviews the current state-of-the art of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) - with respect to both the underlying fundamental science, and realized (or realizable) applications. The paper concludes with speculations regarding the future role of nanomechanics in computation, in the context of the rich and rather surprising history of (macroscale) mechanically-based logic.
The Epistemological Poisoning of America

This chapter analyzes the corruption of the epistemological organs of higher education, the journalistic press, the church, Hollywood, and the federal government. These five epistemological organs of the USA provide the context, facts, and truth of our lives to compose a grand narrative about our expectations. The weakening of these organs is reducing our experience collectively to one more akin to a state of propaganda. Despite these dire circumstances that contribute to a measurable and salient sense of public outrage, it is entirely possible to overcome and defeat these forces. It is possible to recover the idealistic components of an American dream. Our nation has endured far worse epistemological poisonings than the one presently observed. It is nonetheless serious and requires careful attention.
Abstract 16023: Bystander CPR is Clustered and Associated With Socioeconomic Characteristics: A Geospatial Analysis of Kent County, Michigan

Introduction: Geographic clustering of bystander CPR (bCPR) has been demonstrated in several US cities. Some have also found an association between bCPR and socioeconomic characteristics of communities in which OHCA occurred. We linked geocoded OHCA cases to census data in order to identify community socioeconomic features associated with bCPR. Hypothesis: Bystander CPR is geographically clustered in Kent County, and is associated with socioeconomic features of the surrounding community. Methods: Retrospective, observational, population-based, cohort study using the CARES dataset for Kent County, Michigan. We included adult, non-traumatic, EMS-treated OHCA from 2010-2015, excluding cases with on-site medical care. EMS dispatch addresses and case features were geocoded using ArcGIS software to create a population-adjusted density map of OHCA annual incidence. Moran’s I test assessed for spatial autocorrelation and clustering of OHCA cases, and Getis-Ord Gi tested for ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ spots of bCPR. American Community Survey Data was overlaid to link community features to each incidence of cardiac arrest. Aggregate characteristics of communities in which bCPR occurred were compared to those without bCPR using t-test or chi-square tests. Results: Of 1,592 subjects, 1,486 met inclusion criteria (59.8±19.2 years; 63% male; 16% public location; 46% witnessed; 39% bCPR; 24% shockable rhythm; 10% AED shock). OHCA clusters in central Grand Rapids and southern suburbs. Central Grand Rapids and southern suburbs were less likely to receive bCPR (99% confidence), whereas eastern and northeastern suburbs were more likely to receive bCPR (99% confidence). Aggregate socioeconomic data for communities with OHCA are in the Table. Conclusion: OHCA and bCPR are geographically clustered within Kent County. bCPR is associated with community socioeconomic features. Identifying these communities affords opportunity for targeted public health initiatives.
Debtor Coalitions and Weak Tax Institutions in Latin America: Insights from Argentina and Brazil

Latin American countries maintained weak tax institutions during the nineteenth century, despite frequent wars, which increased public debt and should have impelled institutional development. But Latin American leaders balked, at the behest of their underlying political coalitions. When net creditors in a country’s credit market are part of the ruling political coalition, they should press governments to diversify taxes and strengthen fiscal institutions to ensure debt service. When net debtors hold political sway, governments should be indifferent to debt servicing, because it can produce an economic gain for coalition members. Case studies of Argentina and Brazil in the aftermath of the War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) illustrate how debtor coalitions foiled the development of fiscal states.
Investigating Heat Exchange in Ecosystems with Bottle Biology

Logistics often limit the number of field-based labs that include different types of ecosystems. Moreover, few lab classes allow students the opportunity to measure ecosystem-level changes. This article describes an activity appropriate for high school biology or introductory collegiate biology courses, where bottle biology can provide an opportunity for students to measure differences in temperature and humidity that result with different types of vegetation. This approach allows students to develop an understanding of how ecosystems transfer energy and cycle water, as well as the implications of land use change, such as timber harvest or grassland restoration, on regional climate.
Through the Looking Glass: Taking Stock of Offender Reentry:

Offender reentry has been part of the fabric of the criminal justice system since the first prison opened its doors and people who went in the front door were, at some point, released. Traditionall...
Extracellular redox state shift: A novel approach to target prostate cancer invasion.

Abstract Aim Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) and the cysteine/glutamate transporter (Cys)/(xCT) are tumor microenvironment (TME) redox state homeostasis regulators. Altered expression of ECSOD and xCT can lead to imbalance of the TME redox state and likely have a profound effect on cancer invasion. In the present study, we investigated whether ECSOD and xCT could be therapeutic targets for prostate cancer (PCa) invasion. Results Immunohistochemistry of tumor microarray PCa tissues (N = 165) with high Gleason scores indicated that xCT protein expression is significantly increased while ECSOD protein expression is significantly decreased. Metastatic PCa indicated ECSOD protein expression is significantly decreased in epithelial area whereas xCT protein expression is significantly increased in stromal area. Furthermore, inhibition of extracellular O2•- by overexpression of ECSOD or alteration of the extracellular Cys/CySS ratio by knockdown of xCT protein inhibited PCa cell invasion. Simultaneous overexpression of ECSOD and knockdown xCT inhibited PCa cell invasion more than overexpression of ECSOD or knockdown of xCT alone. In the co-culturing system, simultaneous overexpression of ECSOD and knockdown of xCT in prostate stromal WPMY-1 cells inhibited PCa cell invasiveness more than overexpression of ECSOD alone. The decrease in PCa invasion correlated with increased of extracellular H2O2 levels. Notably, overexpression of catalase in TME reversed the inhibitory effect of ECSOD on cancer cell invasion. Conclusion Impaired ECSOD activity and an upregulated of xCT protein expression may be clinical features of an aggressive PCa, particularly metastatic cancers and/or those with a high Gleason score. Therefore, shifting the extracellular redox state toward an oxidizing status by targeted modulation of ECSOD and xCT, in both cancer and stromal cells, may provide a greater strategy for potential therapeutic interventions of aggressive PCa.
Drug Use and Abuse

A role for stress in drug addiction has been established. Stress is a determinant of drug-seeking behavior and a consequence of drug use. This article examines the relationship between stress and drug addiction and the neurobiological mechanisms through which this relationship occurs. Implications for the treatment of addiction are discussed.
A Combined Thirty-Five Year Follow-Up and Family Study of Schizophrenia and Primary Affective Disorders: Sample Selection, Methodology of Field Follow-Up, and Preliminary Mortality Rates

In this discussion of controlled versus naturalistic studies in psychiatric research, we will be presenting an example of the controlled approach.
Runtime I/O re-routing + throttling on HPC storage

Massively parallel storage systems are becoming more and more prevalent on HPC systems due to the emergence of a new generation of data-intensive applications. To achieve the level of I/O throughput and capacity that is demanded by data intensive applications, storage systems typically deploy a large number of storage devices (also known as LUNs or data stores). In doing so, parallel applications are allowed to access storage concurrently, and as a result, the aggregate I/O throughput can be linearly increased with the number of storage devices, reducing the application's end-to-end time. For a production system where storage devices are shared between multiple applications, contention is often a major problem leading to a significant reduction in I/O throughput. In this paper, we describe our efforts to resolve this issue in the context of HPC using a balanced re-routing + throttling approach. The proposed scheme re-routes I/O requests to a less congested storage location in a controlled manner so that write performance is improved while limiting the impact on read.
Plato's Theory of Aging

Plato's writings express a positive attitude toward elderly people. But do his writings also show a serious theoretical interest in issues of aging? We approach this question by comparing what Plato says about aging to major theoretical issues in gerontology. We argue that many of Plato's subtler observations of the behavior of elderly people and many of his ideas about aging anticipate specific research and theoretical advances in contemporary gerontology. We compare passages in Plato's works to the debate between activity and disengagement theories, the concepts of continuity and gerotranscendence, Robert Butler's discovery of “the life review,” and recent theories of old age wisdom. Plato's anticipation of these ideas and issues related to them suggests that his writings may contain still other major insights into aging which are not yet articulated in gerontology. We suggest three possibilities.
Fully Automatic Baseline Correction in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H MRS) in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been a significant topic of research for quantitative assessment and early detection of neurodegenerative disorders for more than two decades. However, robust techniques for MRS data analysis are still being developed for wide clinical use. Many neurodegenerative diseases exhibit changes in concentrations of specific metabolites. One of the challenging problems in developing consistent quantitative estimation of metabolite concentration is proper correction of the MRS baseline due to the contributions from macromolecules and lipids. We have proposed a novel approach based on interpolation of minima in MR spectra and applied this technique to both in vitro and in vivo MRS data analysis. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method is fast, independent of tuning, and provides an accurate estimation of MRS baseline, leading to improved computational estimates for metabolic concentrations.
Thermomechanical Lift-Off and Recontacting of CdTe Solar Cells.

Controlled delamination of thin-film photovoltaics (PV) post-growth can reveal interfaces that are critical to device performance yet are poorly understood because of their inaccessibility within the device stack. In this work, we demonstrate a technique to lift off thin-film solar cells from their glass substrates in a clean, reproducible manner by first laminating a polymeric backsheet to the device and then thermally shocking the system at low temperatures (T ≤ −30 °C). To enable clean delamination of diverse thin-film architectures, a theoretical framework is developed and key process control parameters are identified. Focusing on cadmium telluride (CdTe) devices, we show that the lamination temperature and device architecture control the quality of lift-off, while the rate at which the film stack is removed is controlled by the delamination temperature. Crack-free CdTe devices are removed and successfully recontacted, recovering up to 80% of the original device efficiency. The areal density of these ...
Reproductive psychiatry: giving birth to a new subspecialty.

What is ‘Reproductive Psychiatry’ and why is it a topic worth knowing about, researching, and teaching about? How is ‘Reproductive Psychiatry’ different from ‘Women’s Mental Health?’ Those of us in...
Sustained Ca2+ signaling and delayed internalization associated with endothelin receptor heterodimers linked through a PDZ finger.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including endothelin receptor A (ETA) and B (ETB), may form dimers or higher-order oligomers that profoundly influence signaling. Here we examined a PDZ finger ...
Drawing Conclusions about Reliability Without Measuring It

The importance of having reliable measures in science research is obvious and cannot be overestimated. But in aviation research it often is impractical to collect test-retest reliability data because adding sessions can be expensive. What can be done? Based on classical measurement theory, the present article offers a procedure whereby researchers can draw limited conclusions about reliability even in the absence of reliability data.
Replication Timing and Pediatric Leukemia

Abstract Abstract 4609 Abnormal temporal control of replication (“replication timing”) is a universal hallmark of cancer, but the significance of this relationship is not understood. During normal development, changes in replication timing are regulated in defined chromosomal units (“replication domains”) of 400–800 kb, with late replication generally associated with stable gene silencing. We have performed genome-wide replication timing mapping on pediatric acute leukemias and identified patterns of replication-timing mis-regulation (“leukemia fingerprints”) in common across multiple types of pediatric leukemia (“multi-lineage fingerprints”), as well as those linked to specific subtypes of acute leukemia and patient-specific fingerprints. Most of the mis-regulated regions are not associated with copy number variation or translocations and correspond to many of the same domains whose replication timing is regulated during normal development. The existence of multi-lineage fingerprints suggests an early origin of their mis-regulation while type-specific and patient-specific fingerprints suggest that mis-regulation continues to occur downstream of the initiating event. Our hypothesis is that there exists an hierarchy of replication-timing mis-regulation, initiating with frozen vestiges of normal hematopoiesis that are inappropriately maintained, followed by additional changes that evolve as the tumor differentiates. These changes may then affect the ability of downstream lineages to activate or silence genes. Since chromatin is assembled at the replication fork, and different types of chromatin are assembled at different times during S phase, changes in replication timing likely contribute to domain-wide changes in chromatin structure, similar to those observed in long range epigenetic silencing (LRES). In fact, we find that genes within leukemia fingerprint domains are significantly enriched for those transcribed during hematopoiesis and/or mis-regulated in cancers. Replication timing is an exceptionally stable epigenetic property that is not easily disturbed by loss or mis-expression of single master regulators of cell fate and is not directly related to transcription, but rather to the stability of gene silencing. Hence, events occurring early in hematopoiesis could have profound effects on the activation of transcriptional programs in downstream lineages. Elucidating the genesis and genealogy of leukemia-specific replication timing fingerprints and their relationship to transcriptional control will be fundamental to understanding their link to the development of acute leukemias. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Universal rules for the interaction of selection and transmission in evolution.

The Price equation shows that evolutionary change can be written in terms of two fundamental variables: the fitness of parents (or ancestors) and the phenotypes of their offspring (descendants). It...
5.10 – Mucosal Immunity*

Mucosal immunity is the study of the immune system associated with mucosal sites such as the gut mucosa that comprises Peyer’s patches (PPs), intestinal lamina propria, intestinal intraepithelium, cryptopatches, isolated lymphoid follicles in the gut antimesenteric wall, and the mesenteric lymph nodes. All immune cells can be found in the different compartments of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Either IgA precursors in the PPs or IgA plasmablasts or plasma cells in the lamina propria are the most common B cells found in the gut. T cells with undoubtedly thymic origin can be found in PPs and in the lamina propria, and their presence is in part related to the regulation of the differentiation of IgA precursors. T cells in the intraepithelium have either a thymic or extrathymic origin. Secretory IgA found in the gut can neutralize not only food antigens and commensal bacteria but also pathogens.
High-resolution melting real-time PCR assays for detection of Escherichia coli O26 and O111 strains possessing Shiga toxin genes

Abstract Strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are major foodborne pathogens. These strains are frequently involved in foodborne outbreaks. The aim of this study was to develop high-resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of O26 and O111. Then apply HRM analysis for differentiation of those that were STEC and potentially pathogenic to humans (virulent) and non-STEC unlikely to be a cause of disease (avirulent) strains of O26 and O111. Serogroup-specific primers targeting the O26 fnl1 and O111 wbdK genes were designed. Two assays were standardized and validated using 87 pure culture bacterial strains. Serogroup specific O26 and O111 primers showed 100% specificity. Potentially virulent strains formed distinct melting profiles and clustered separately in the melting curve plots and were easily distinguishable from avirulent strains. The O26 assay showed 75% specificity and 100% sensitivity, whereas the O111 assay showed 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity for the identification of potentially virulent strains. Both assays were further validated using inoculated beef and spinach samples and the assays were able to detect the pathogen following 15 h enrichment period. The two assays developed in this study can be used to improve food safety and reduce response time during foodborne outbreaks.
From Concerts to COVID: Transforming the RI Convention Center into an Alternate Hospital Site in under a Month

Field hospitals have long been used to extend health care capabilities in times of crisis. In response to the pandemic and an anticipated surge in patients, Rhode Island Gov. Gina Raimondo announced a plan to create three field hospitals, or "alternate hospital sites" (AHS), totaling 1,000 beds, in order to expand the state's hospital capacity. Following China's Fangcang shelter hospital model, the Lifespan AHS (LAHS) planning group attempted to identify existing public venues that could support rapid conversion to a site for large numbers of patients at a reasonable cost. After discussions with many stakeholders - pharmacy, laboratory, healthcare providers, security, emergency medical services, and infection control - design and equipment recommendations were given to the architects during daily teleconferencing and site visits. Specific patient criteria for the LAHS were established, staffing was prioritized, and clinical protocols were designed to facilitate care. Simulations using 4 different scenarios were practiced in order to assure proper patient care and flow, pharmacy utilization, and staffing.
Sniffing Only Control Packets: A Lightweight Client-Side WiFi Traffic Characterization Solution

The advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) is bringing unprecedented convenience into our daily life. However, with the relentlessly increasing number of mobile devices connected to the Internet, the wireless network environment is becoming more crowded than ever before. Particularly, WiFi, with its evolving role in IoT, is shouldering a tremendous amount of traffic from IoT and other mobile devices. As a result, exploding numbers of competing devices, encroachment by cellular technology, and dramatic increases in content richness deliver a more variable Quality of Experience (QoE) on WiFi than desired. Moreover, such variance tends to occur both across time and space making it an extremely difficult problem to debug. Existing active approaches tend to be expensive or impractical while existing passive approaches tend to be too narrow. To conduct efficient and nonobtrusive WiFi traffic characterization, in this article, we propose a novel passive client-side approach that delivers efficient and accurate characterization by taking advantage of the properties of frame aggregation (FA) and block acknowledgment (BA). The devised approach requires only capturing and analyzing certain types of control packets thus making it feasible to deploy on IoT devices that have limited computation power. We show in this article that we can accurately derive important characterization metrics, such as airtime, queuing information, and transmission rates with only a minimal amount of observed BAs. We show through extensive experiments the validity of our approach and conduct validation studies in the dense environment of a campus tailgate.
Life After Exoneration: An Overview of Factors That Affect Exoneree Reintegration

Despite extensive research summarizing the causes of wrongful convictions, there is no summary of the literature on factors that influence exonerees’ reintegration into society. Given the growing number of exonerees, it is important to examine factors that influence their successful reintegration into society. This book chapter first discusses organizations and programs that assist exonerees. The chapter then discusses individual-level factors that can affect reintegration including factors that exist before the conviction (e.g., individual differences), factors that appear after the conviction (e.g., experience in prison, sentence length), and factors that occur after release (e.g., mental health, family support, and professional skills). The chapter then examines policies that affect reintegration (e.g., compensation laws, expungement laws, and employment and housing discrimination). The chapter also discusses community-level factors that affect reintegration such as stigma and discrimination against exonerees and community sentiment toward supporting exonerees (e.g., support for exoneree services and compensation). Lastly, the chapter closes with recommendations for future research and policy. Research discussed in the chapter is relevant for psychologists and lawyers involved in assisting the integration of exonerees, as well as legal actors who might influence the process (e.g., lawmakers who create compensation laws).
Inferring pore radius and density from ultrasonic attenuation using physics-based modeling.

This work proposes the use of two physics-based models for wave attenuation to infer the microstructure of cortical bone-like structures. One model for ultrasound attenuation in porous media is based on the independent scattering approximation (ISA) and the other model is based on the Waterman Truell (WT) approximation. The microstructural parameters of interest are pore radius and pore density. Attenuation data are simulated for three-dimensional structures mimicking cortical bone using the finite-difference time domain package SimSonic. These simulated structures have fixed sized pores (monodisperse), allowing fine-tuned control of the microstructural parameters. Structures with pore radii ranging from 50 to 100 μ m and densities ranging from 20 to 50 pores/mm3 are generated in which only the attenuation due to scattering is considered. From here, an inverse problem is formulated and solved, calibrating the models to the simulated data and producing estimates of pore radius and density. The estimated microstructural parameters closely match the values used to simulate the data, validating the use of both the ISA and WT approximations to model ultrasonic wave attenuation in heterogeneous structures mimicking cortical bone. Furthermore, this illustrates the effectiveness of both models in inferring pore radius and density solely from ultrasonic attenuation data.
Higher Patient Complexities are Associated with Increased Length of Stay, Complications, and Readmissions After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Introduction There is an increased incidence of complex patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA), which demands a rigorous preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative assessment. It is important how increases in patient complexity impact a variety of patient outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to determine if a higher Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI), a measure of patient complexity, is correlated with: 1) longer hospital length of stay; 2) increased 90-day medical complications; 3) higher 90-day readmissions; and 4) greater two-year implant-related complications following primary THA. Materials and methods Patients undergoing primary THA from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2015 were queried from the Medicare Standard Analytical Files using the International Classification of Disease, ninth revision (ICD-9) procedure code 81.51. The queried patients (387,831) were filtered by ECI scores of 1 to 5. Patients who have ECI scores of 2 to 5 represented the study cohorts and were matched according to age and sex to patients who have the lowest ECI score (ECI of 1). All cohorts were longitudinally followed to assess and compare hospital length of stay, 90-day medical complications, 90-day readmissions, and two-year implant-related complications. We compared odds-ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and p-values using logistic regression analyses and Welch's t-tests. Results Patients who have ECI scores greater than 1 had higher hospital length of stay (p Conclusion The results of this study illustrate that a higher Elixhauser-Comorbidity Index is an independent risk factor for longer hospital length of stay, higher 90-day medical complications, greater 90-day readmissions, and increased two-year implant-related complications following primary THA. This study is important as it further defines and heightens awareness of adverse events for complex patients undergoing this procedure. Future studies can examine if these events can potentially be mitigated through reductions in ECI scores prior to surgery and increased incentives for the healthcare team.
Effects on Consumer and Business Borrowing of Loanable Funds and M1

This chapter tests the relationship of consumer and business borrowing to changes in total loanable funds (LF) and find changes in LF significantly, positively effect business borrowing. Changes in the endogenous portion of LF were the most important. Total loanable funds are positively related to consumer borrowing, but neither part alone was consistently significant in all time periods tested.
Unlicenced cannabis-based product use in adult palliative medicine.

Little is known about the prevalence of unlicenced cannabis-based product use in adult palliative care patients in the UK. Research in other jurisdictions where medicinal cannabis is legal has documented challenges with integration into clinical practice.1 The scheduling of these drugs in the UK changed in 2018.2 There remain few randomised controlled trials to support their use, which contributes to ongoing barriers to prescribing. At a hospice in London, we have been increasingly questioned by patients and families about the benefits of unlicenced forms of these products. Their usage appeared to be increasing in our geographical area. Anecdotally, they were …
The pandemic politics of existential anxiety: Between steadfast resistance and flexible resilience

We all know we will die, but not when and how. Can private death awareness become public, and what happens when it does? This mixed-method research on the Covid-19 crisis reveals how pandemic polit...
Embedded Laser-Cut Constraints for Elastomeric Soft Actuators

Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosures (FREEs) are soft pneumatic actuators that have been used in haptic devices. These actuators have constraining fibers embedded within them in patterns that determine how they deform when inflated. The existing process of manually embedding these fibers can be both time-consuming and imprecise, so we instead laser cut the constraint from a thin film in a pattern corresponding to the desired actuator behavior. Here, we describe the manufacturing process for an actuator using laser-cut constraints and present the axial force and twisting torque that it produced.
Chalcopyrite Structure Semiconductors

The chalcopyrite structure semiconductors composed of elements from columns II, IV, and V of the periodic table represent a natural extension of the III–V zinc-blende compounds. These ternary compounds have very interesting linear and nonlinear optical properties. There is considerably more structure in the experimental reflectivity and modulated reflectivity for these materials than the corresponding III–V compounds. Typical materials in this group are ZnGeP2 and CdSnAs2; these are the chalcopyrite analogs of GaP and In As respectively.
Acting, Events and Actions

A logic of action is essential for many treatments of normative concerns, but most treatments either ignore the role of agents, as in PDL, or omit all possibility of naming actions, as in various versions of stittheory. Moreover, most treatments of either type do not attempt to provide an account of what actions are, in a way that would distinguish actions from other processes or events. In this paper, I explore an account of actions as a species of events, with events interpreted against a background of the logic of branching time. This opens a new approach to exploring the relations between logics of personal action (e.g. Belnap's and Horty's stittheories) and impersonal logics of actions such as PDL, and offers some prospect of a deontic logic which integrates tunsollen(ought to do) into a system of seinsollen(ought to be).
Implication of TNF Receptor-I-Mediated Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) Activation in Growth of AIDS-Associated Kaposi’s Sarcoma Cells: A Possible Role of a Novel Death Domain Protein MADD in TNF-α-Induced ERK1/2 Activation in Kaposi’s Sarcoma Cells

TNF-α is a key pathogenic mediator of infectious and inflammatory diseases. HIV infection stimulates and dysregulates the immune system, leading to abnormal production of TNF-α. Despite its cytotoxic effect on some tumor cell lines, TNF-α functions as a growth stimulator for Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a common malignancy in HIV-infected patients. However, signaling pathways linked to TNF-α-induced mitogenic responses are not well understood. We found that extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in KS cells were significantly activated by TNF-α through tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation. Using neutralizing anti-TNFR-I and TNFR-II mAbs, we have now obtained evidence that TNF-α-induced KS cell growth and ERK1/2 activation are mediated exclusively by TNFR-I, not by TNFR-II. A selective inhibitor for ERK1/2 activator kinases, PD98059, profoundly inhibited not only the activation of ERK1/2, but also the TNF-α-induced KS cell proliferation. We therefore propose that the TNFR-I-ERK1/2 pathway plays a pivotal role in transmitting to KS cells the mitogenic signals of TNF-α. TNFR-I possesses no intrinsic kinase activity, suggesting that TNFR-I-associated proteins may provide a link between TNFR-I and ERK1/2 activation. We found that actinomycin D treatment of KS cells selectively abolished expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activating death domain protein (MADD), a novel TNFR-I-associated death domain protein. TNF-α failed to induce ERK1/2 activation in the actinomycin D-treated cells. MADD may couple TNFR-I with the ERK1/2 signaling pathway required for KS cell proliferation.
Reduced-rank condensed filter dictionaries for inter-picture prediction

We consider the motion-compensated temporal prediction loop at the heart of modern video coders. Rather than using motion-compensated reference frame blocks directly as predictors, we incorporate their spatially-filtered versions into the prediction loop. We design adaptive filters that are geared toward successful prediction over sophisticated temporal evolutions involving lighting changes, focus changes, structured noise, and so on. The spatially and temporally varying nature of such video evolutions requires the learning and transmission of many filters, necessitating parameter reduction for compression and related applications. Unlike earlier work that tries to limit parameters by using a small set of general filters, or by restricting to symmetric filters, etc., we propose a novel parametrization of filters in terms of a set of base-filter kernels and modulation weights. Given a filter dictionary of K-tap filters, our work can be seen as providing a reduced-rank, prediction-optimal approximation of this dictionary that represents its filters with K′ ≪ K parameters.
La Mediación en Disputas de Impericia Médica: La Solución a la Armonización de los Intereses de las Partes

En las ultimas tres decadas, la manera en que se proveen y se pagan los servicios de salud ha sufrido unos cambios revolucionarios. El acelerado incremento en los costos de salud ha obligado a las entidades gubernamentales y a los profesionales de salud a controlar la utilizacion de los servicios para poder reducir los costos. Esta situacion ha creado un aumento considerable en casos de impericia medica ante los tribunales estatales y federales, y no hay duda de que este aumento continuara. Muchos consumidores han equiparado el control de la utilizacion, con la restriccion al acceso a los servicios medicos-hospitalarios. Estos cambios han contribuido a un aumento significativo en demandas de impericia medica. En esta ponencia discutimos las ventajas del uso de la mediacion en disputas de impericia medica en terminos del proceso, idoneidad, resultados, riesgos, y su impacto a largo y corto plazo en el sistema de salud y la rama judicial. Sostenemos que en la mayoria de los casos de impericia medica, la mediacion debe ser la primera opcion y el metodo por excelencia para resolver estas disputas.
Dynamics on Differential One-Forms

Mathematical models of dynamics employing exterior calculus are shown to be mathematical representations of the same unifying principle; namely, the description of a dynamic system with a characteristic differential one-form on an odd-dimensional differentiable manifold leads, by analysis with exterior calculus, to a set of characteristic differential equations and a characteristic tangent vector which define transformations of the system. This principle, whose origin is Arnold's use of exterior calculus to describe Hamiltonian mechanics and geometric optics, is applied to irreversible thermodynamics and the dynamics of black holes, electromagnetism and strings. It is shown that “exterior calculus” models apply to systems for which the direction of change is given by a characteristic tangent vector and “conventional calculus” models apply to systems whose direction of change is arbitrary. The relationship between the two types of models is shown to imply a technical definition of equilibrium for a dynamic system.
Representation of subsurface storm flow and a more responsive water table in a TOPMODEL‐based hydrology model

[1] This study presents two new modeling strategies. First, a methodology for representing the physical process of subsurface storm flow within a TOPMODEL framework is developed. In using this approach, discharge at quick flow timescales is simulated, and a fuller depiction of hydrologic activity is brought about. Discharge of water from the vadose zone is permitted in a physically realistic manner without a priori assumption of the level within the soil column at which subsurface storm flow saturation can take place. Determination of the subsurface storm flow contribution to discharge is made using the equation for groundwater flow. No new parameters are needed. Instead, regions in excess of field capacity that develop during storm events, producing vertical recharge, are also allowed to contribute to soil zone discharge. These subsurface storm flow contributions to river runoff, as for groundwater flow contributions, are a function of catchment topography and hydraulic conductivity at the depth at which such regions in excess of field capacity occur. The second approach improves groundwater flow response through a reduction of porosity and field capacity with depth in the soil column. Large storm events are better captured and a more dynamic water table develops with application of this modified soil column profile (MSCP). The MSCP predominantly reflects soil depth differences in upland and lowland regions of a watershed. Combined, these two approaches, subsurface storm flow and the MSCP, provide a more accurate representation of the timescales at which discharge responds and a more complete depiction of hydrologic activity. Storm events large and small are better simulated, and some of the biases previously evident in TOPMODEL simulations are reduced.
The impact of ignoring multiple membership data structures in multilevel models

This study compared the use of the conventional multilevel model (MM) with that of the multiple membership multilevel model (MMMM) for handling multiple membership data structures. Multiple membership data structures are commonly encountered in longitudinal educational data sets in which, for example, mobile students are members of more than one higher-level unit (e.g., school). While the conventional MM requires the user either to delete mobile students' data or to ignore prior schools attended, MMMM permits inclusion of mobile students' data and models the effect of all schools attended on student outcomes. The simulation study identified underestimation of the school-level predictor coefficient, as well as underestimation of the level-two variance component with corresponding overestimation of the level-one variance when multiple membership data structures were ignored. Results are discussed along with limitations and ideas for future MMMM methodological research as well as implications for applied researchers.