cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of human p140trk receptors in p140trk‐deficient, PC12/endothelial cells results in nerve growth factor‐induced signal transduction and DNA synthesis

Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons through the tyrosine kinase activity of its receptor, p140trk. These biological effects of NGF depend upon the signal-mediating function of p140trk substrates which are likely to differ from cell to cell. To define p140trk receptor substrates and the details of signalling by NGF in the hybrid cell PC12EN, we stably transfected cultures with a vector encoding a full-length human p140trk cDNA sequence. Two stably transfected clones, one expressing p140trk with higher affinity (PC12EN-trk3; Kd 57.4 pM, Bmax 9.7 pmole/mg) and one expressing p140trk with a lower affinity (PC12EN-trk1; Kd 392.4 pM, Bmax 5.7 pmole/mg) were generated. Radioreceptor assays indicate that transfected p140trk receptors show slow NGF-dissociation kinetics, are resistant to trypsin or Triton X-100 treatment, are specific for NGF compared to other neurotrophins, and are internalized or downregulated as are native PC12 p140trk receptors. NGF stimulates p140trk tyrosine phosphorylation in a dose- (0.01-10 ng/ml) and time- (5-120 min) dependent manner, and tyrosine phosphorylation was inhibited by 200-1,000 nM K-252a. NGF-induced Erk stimulation for 60 min was assessed using myelin basic protein as a substrate. NGF treatment also led to an increased phosphorylation of p70S6k, SNT, and phospholipase C gamma, demonstrating that the major NGF-stimulated signalling pathways found in other cells are activated in PC12EN-trk cells. Staurosporine (5-50 nM) rapidly and dBcAMP (1 mM) more slowly, but not NGF induced morphological differentiation in PC12EN-trk cells. Rather, NGF treatment in low-serum medium stimulated a 1.3- and 2.3-fold increase in DNA synthesis measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation in PC12EN-trk1 and PC12EN-trk3, respectively. These data highlight the functionality of the transfected p140trk receptors and indicate that these transfected cells may serve as a novel cellular model facilitating the study of the mitogenic properties of NGF signalling and the transducing role of the p140trk receptor substrates.
Crime, unemployment, and social structures of accumulation: An inquiry into historical contingency

This article examines whether prior inconsistency in findings about the impact of unemployment on crime is the result of historical contingency caused by changes in the social structures of accumulation (SSAs) associated with the development of twentieth-century U.S. capitalism. We explore this question by comparing the relationship between official measures of unemployment and the crimes of burglary, robbery, assault, and homicide during four phases of recent U.S. economic development identified by SSA theorists: economic exploration from 1933 to 1947, economic consolidation from 1948 to 1966, economic decay from 1967 to 1979, and a new period of exploration from 1980 to 1992. We propose that the unemployment-crime (U-C) relationship is shaped not merely by the fact of unemployment, but rather by its social meaning within developmental stages of social structures of accumulation. Time-series analysis of the U-C relationship within each SSA stage from 1933 to 1992 supports our hypothesis that periods of s...
Incentive effects of service efforts and accomplishments performance measures: a need for experimentation

Work on Service Efforts and Accomplishments (SEA) has been described largely in terms of its value as a monitoring tool. However, extant literature describes the complementarity of monitoring and incentives. This paper advocates experimentation with the use of the SEA performance measures in incentive plans in conjunction with experimentation in reporting in order to effectively motivate future efforts as well as measure past results.
Structure and function of the translesion DNA polymerases and interactions with damaged DNA

Abstract Modification of DNA is a common event, due to reaction with both exogenous and endogenous factors. The resulting DNA adducts cause blockage of replicative DNA polymerases and also replication errors in cases in which the adducts can be bypassed. Translesion DNA polymerases exist in all forms of life and can replicate past bulky lesions, although with low fidelity. Our research has focused on the interactions of these polymerases with damaged DNA. Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis has been used to develop minimum kinetic models with rate constants of (the eight) individual reaction steps in the catalytic cycle. The use of single-tryptophan mutants of Sulfolobus solfataricus Dpo4 and human (h) pol κ has led to discernment of the steps for the conformation change (associated with dNTP binding and relocation) and nucleotidyl transfer. X-ray crystal structures have been obtained for a number of the DNA adduct/DNA polymerase pairs in both binary and ternary complexes. Two isomeric etheno guanine adducts differ considerably in their interactions with DNA polymerases, explaining the base preferences. Further, even when several DNA polymerases cause the same mispairs with a single DNA adduct, the structural bases for this can differ considerably.
Brainstem Timing Deficits in Children with Learning Impairment May Result from Corticofugal Origins

A substantial proportion of children with language-based learning problems [learning disabilities (LD)] display abnormal encoding of speech at rostral levels of the auditory brainstem (i.e. midbrain) as measured by the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Of interest here is whether these timing deficits originate at the rostral brainstem or whether they reflect deficient sensory encoding at lower levels of the auditory pathway. We describe the early brainstem response to speech (waves I and III) in typically developing 8- to 12-year-old children and children with LD. We then focus on the early brainstem responses in children with LD found to show abnormal components of the rostral speech-evoked ABR (waves V and A). We found that wave I was not reliably evoked using our speech stimulus and recording parameters in either typically developing children or those with LD. Wave III was reliably evoked in the large majority of subjects in both groups and its timing did not differ between them. These data are consistent with the view that the auditory deficits in the majority of LD children with abnormal speech-evoked ABR originate from corticofugal modulation of subcortical activity.
Objective quantification of perfusion-weighted computed tomography in the setting of acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract Perfusion-weighted computed tomography (CTP) is a relatively recent innovation that estimates a value for cerebral blood flow (CBF) using a series of axial head CT images which tracks the time course of signal from an administered bolus of intravenous contrast. We introduce a novel computer-based method for objective quantification of CBF values calculated from CTP images. Our method corrects for the inherent variability of the CTP methodology seen in the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patient population to potentially aid in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm (CVS). This method analyzes and quantifies side-to-side asymmetry of CBF and represents relative differences in a construct termed a relative difference map (RDM). Herein, we present our preliminary results that show that analysis of histograms of the RDM in left and right hemispheres, as well as different vascular territories of the brain, can be used for detection and diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm in patients with SAH. While this method has been designed specifically to analyze postprocessed CTP images, it could be potentially applied to quantification and analysis of MR perfusion data, as well.
Observations of HCl altitude dependence and temporal variation in the 70–100 km mesosphere of Venus

Abstract Spectroscopically resolved observations of the 625.9 GHz H35Cl absorption lines were obtained with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on October 23, November 7, and December 5, 2010. The nightside atmosphere was observed on all three dates, and the dayside morning crescent was also observed on December 5. Shape of the pressure-broadened absorption constrains altitude distribution of HCl over 70–100 km. Retrieved abundances at 70–80 km are consistent with 74 km values reported by Krasnopolsky (Krasnopolsky, V.A. [2010]. Icarus 208, 539–547), and do not agree with smaller abundances measured at the North polar terminator with Venus Express (Vandaele, A.C. [2008]. J. Geophys. Res. 113(E00B23), 1–16). Observed HCl mixing ratios decrease rapidly with altitude above 80 km, with 90 km abundances decreased by a factor of two or more relative to those in the lower mesosphere. This behavior is distinctly different from photochemical model profiles, which predict 90 and 110 km mixing ratios only 10% and 25% smaller, respectively, than cloud top values. While model photochemistry indicates HCl should be the dominant chlorine reservoir in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, observations show HCl abundance is less than half that of total chlorine above 90 km. It directly follows that at least one other chlorine containing molecule must be present in the upper mesosphere at abundances far higher than predicted, which in turn suggests chlorine chemistry in this region differs significantly from the current theoretical understanding. Above 85 km, the equatorial HCl abundances reported here are consistent with polar vortex values from Venus Express, suggesting that the unknown mechanism depleting HCl above 80 km at low latitudes may be important throughout the mesosphere at high latitude. The polar vortex (Venus Express) and equatorial nightside (this study) of Venus are regions of dynamical downwelling, such that downward transport of air from a thermospheric region of HCl destruction is consistent with both data sets as a mechanism for upper mesospheric HCl depletion. Temporal variation on a 1 month timescale is clearly determined among the three observation dates for HCl at 80–90 km, with far less HCl present on December 5 than on October 23 or November 7. Local time variation among measurements on October 23, November 7, and one of the two spatial locations observed on December 5 is very small, such that the temporal variation is not associated with the diurnal cycle. Abundances measured in the dayside and nightside atmosphere on December 5, 2010 are identical within measurement uncertainty, indicating no diurnal variation on this date. While the number of measurements, and range of local times sampled are too small to rule out a diurnal influence on HCl abundance, the data clearly show a temporal change which is not diurnally driven.
Plant Responses to Ethylene Gas Are Mediated by SCFEBF1/EBF2-Dependent Proteolysis of EIN3 Transcription Factor

Plants use ethylene gas as a signal to regulate myriad developmental processes and stress responses. The Arabidopsis EIN3 protein is a key transcription factor mediating ethylene-regulated gene expression and morphological responses. Here, we report that EIN3 protein levels rapidly increase in response to ethylene and this response requires several ethylene-signaling pathway components including the ethylene receptors (ETR1 and EIN4), CTR1, EIN2, EIN5, and EIN6. In the absence of ethylene, EIN3 is quickly degraded through a ubiquitin/proteasome pathway mediated by two F box proteins, EBF1 and EBF2. Plants containing mutations in either gene show enhanced ethylene response by stabilizing EIN3, whereas efb1 efb2 double mutants show constitutive ethylene phenotypes. Plants overexpressing either F box gene display ethylene insensitivity and destabilization of EIN3 protein. These results reveal that a ubiquitin/proteasome pathway negatively regulates ethylene responses by targeting EIN3 for degradation, and pinpoint EIN3 regulation as the key step in the response to ethylene.
Improved microdialysis technique.

Abstract A simple, inexpensive method is described for dialysis of microliter amounts of aqueous samples against large volumes of solution with complete recovery of the fluid dialyzed. An example is given of application of the method to separation of [3H]inulin from a monosaccharide.
Myth and interpretation: Bultmann revisited

The work of Rudolf Bultmann has, since its beginnings/ exercised a wide ranging and many sided influence on contemporary theologizing. But perhaps the most important of his influences in contemporary theology and philosophy is found in that aspect of his work for which he is almost popularly known, his programmatic concept of interpretation, demythologizing. Implicit in Bultmann's discussions of demythologizing are important arguments regarding the nature of religious language and theological statements,1 responses to problems in hermeneutical theory,2 and contributions to hermeneutics bearing not simply on scripture interpretation, but more widely on the development of a general theory of interpretation.3 Appropriating Bultmann's notion of demythologizing is a necessity for any contemporary theory of the interpretation of religious language. But such an appropriation need not be uncritical. In this essay, I will attempt a critical retrieve of one aspect of Bultmann's notion of demythologizing, namely, his beliefs about the status of religious-mythic language as interpreted in relation to a successful interpretation of its meaning. To discuss these beliefs is to discuss only one issue in Bultmann's notion of demythologizing, not the whole of that notion. Nor do I intend my criticisms of Bultmann's treatment of this issue to imply that some retreat from his general program of demythologizing is needed. Indeed, I believe that Bultmann's notion of demythologizing offers at least certain basics of a theory of religious language and the interpretation thereof from which no retreat is possible on the contemporary scene.4 But I shall argue that Bultmann's position on the issue mentioned requires critical redevelopment, and that this requirement is seen immanently in his development of that position itself. The data which Bultmann, as a theologian, focuses on as needing interpretation are the literature of received Scripture, particularly the New Testament This literature calls for interpretation radically be-
Absorption of oral chelated iron.

Abstract Many chemical, physiological, and mechanical factors are known to influence the absorption of oral iron (1). Some iron chelates, ferrocenes and heme (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) can cross the mucosal barrier without scission of the metal. We have now studied the influence of subtle changes in molecular configuration and iron binding ability on the oral absorption of a series of amino acid iron chelates in normal and iron-deficient rats.
Fixed point theorems for multifunctions in metric and vector spaces

iN THIS paper, we obtain extensions of some fixed point theorems of single valued mappings to set valued mappings (multifunctions). We are mostly concerned with multifunctions satisfyin, 0 contractive inequalities. For single valued mappings, work in this direction was done by Fisher [2], [3], Kannan [4], [5], [6], I. Rus [lo], Wong [14], Zamfirescu [15] and others. Our work generalizes several of these results. Briefly, the structure of the paper is as follows: In the next section, we deal with a single multifunction defined on a complete metric space ,Y and taking values in the power set of X. In the third section, we pass to multifunctions defined on topological vector spaces. Our work here is based on a duality principle due to Tarafdar & Husain [13]. Finally, in the fourth section, we extend the results obtained in the previous sections to two or more multifunctions and obtain conditions that guarantee the existence of common fixed points.
A TWO-STAGE DOUBLE-HEMISPHERICAL ELECTRON ENERGY SELECTOR,

Abstract The construction and performance of a two-stage electron energy selector of the double-hemispherical type are described. Energy half-widths of 0.06–0.12 V in the electron beam have been obtained with operating voltages of 10–30 V in the hemispherical stages. No magnetic shielding was employed. Resolved electron currents of 2 × 10−8 A at a half-width of 0.07 V were obtained, in the form of a well-collimated beam which was passed axially through a cylindrical reaction chamber. Preliminary results without mass resolution on metastable-atom and positive-ion formation are reported, together with later results on formation of Ar+ and Kr+ using a quadrupole mass filter, in rare gases.
Aluminum-26 in meteorites—VI. Achondrites

Cosmogenic Al 26 in achondrites and chondrites measured by nondestructive gamma-gamma coincidence counting
Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation modulates epileptiform activity in the hippocampus.

Abstract Synchronous neuronal activity that resembles interictal epileptiform discharges occurs in hippocampal slices if there is an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic activity. Antagonists of the GABA A receptor and agonists of the ionotropic glutamate receptors are convulsants that produce epileptiform discharges in hippocampal slices. We evaluated the effects of activation of the metabotropic class of glutamate receptors on epileptiform activity produced by convulsants. The metabotropic glutamate agonist (±)-1-aminocyclopentane- trans -1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD, 30–100 μ M) accelerated the rate of interictal epileptiform discharges produced by either bicuculline methiodide or 4-aminopyridine and had minimal effects on discharges produced by high [K + ] o . The increase in rate was associated with a significant decrease in the amplitude and duration of the afterhyperpolarization that follows the paroxysmal depolarizing shift, the intracellular correlate of the interictal epileptiform discharge. A modest increase in input resistance (∼10%) accompanied the rate increase. β -adrenergic or muscarinic agonists, neurotransmitters that also decrease the afterhyperpolarization, acted synergistically with ACPD (100 μ M) to increase the control rate of bicuculline-induced interictal discharges by more than eight-fold. Antagonists of β -adrenergic or muscarinic receptors reduced, but did not block, the acceleration of bicuculline-induced discharge rate produced by 30 μ M ACPD. The results show that metabotropic glutamate receptors enhance the rate of interictal epileptiform discharges produced by bicuculline or 4-aminopyridine. ACPD had no effect on interictal epileptiform activity induced by high [K + ] o , a finding that may indicate that in high [K + ] o conditions the metabotropic receptor is activated or that the effects of high [K + ] o already reduced the effect of depolarizing currents that are enhanced by ACPD. The acceleration in interictal discharge rate was associated with a reduction in the afterhyperpolarization that follows the paroxysmal depolarizing shift and this action appears to be important in determining the synchronization of neurons and the rate of interictal epileptiform discharges. Furthermore, interaction between mGluR activation and either muscarinic or β -adrenergic activation may be important for seizure generation.
Surgical Patients With Multiantibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Although antibiotics can cure most bacterial infections, there is an increasing number of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming increasingly prevalent in US health care facilities. The majority of these infections are found in patients who have extensive burns or surgical wounds. As a result, perioperative nurses must be knowledgeable about MRSA and its implications for the OR. There are many theories on how to control the spread of MRSA but not one definitive set of control measures. Perioperative nurses, in cooperation with infection control practitioners, must develop policies that detail how patients with MRSA will be treated.
The Beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis

Beclin 1, the mammalian orthologue of yeast Atg6, has a central role in autophagy, a process of programmed cell survival, which is increased during periods of cell stress and extinguished during the cell cycle. It interacts with several cofactors (Atg14L, UVRAG, Bif-1, Rubicon, Ambra1, HMGB1, nPIST, VMP1, SLAM, IP3R, PINK and survivin) to regulate the lipid kinase Vps-34 protein and promote formation of Beclin 1-Vps34-Vps15 core complexes, thereby inducing autophagy. In contrast, the BH3 domain of Beclin 1 is bound to, and inhibited by Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL. This interaction can be disrupted by phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Beclin 1, or ubiquitination of Beclin 1. Interestingly, caspase-mediated cleavage of Beclin 1 promotes crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. Beclin 1 dysfunction has been implicated in many disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize new findings regarding the organization and function of the Beclin 1 network in cellular homeostasis, focusing on the cross-regulation between apoptosis and autophagy.
Evidence That Gene Amplification Underlies Adaptive Mutability of the Bacterial lac Operon

Adaptive mutability is the apparent alteration in specificity or rate of mutability seen in bacteria during stress. A model is proposed by which gene amplification during selective growth can give the appearance of adaptive mutability without requiring any change in mutability. The model is based on two assumptions, that a mutant lac locus with residual function allows growth if its copy number is increased, and that true reversion events are made more likely by replication of chromosomes with many copies of the locus. Apparent directed mutability, its recombination requirement, and its apparent independence of cell growth are all accounted for by the model. Evidence is provided for the required residual function and gene amplification.
Focal status epilepticus: clinical features and significance of different EEG patterns.

Summary: Purpose: Focal status epilepticus is typically diagnosed by the observation of continuous jerking motor activity, but many other manifestations have been described. EEG evidence of focal status may take several forms, and their interpretation is controversial. We detailed the clinical spectrum of focal status in patients diagnosed by both clinical deficit and EEG criteria and contrasted clinical manifestations in patients with different EEG patterns. Methods: Patients were diagnosed with a neurologic deficit and discrete recurrent focal electrographic seizures or rapid, continuous focal epileptiform discharges on EEG. Clinical findings were determined by chart review. Results: Of 41 patients with focal status, acute vascular disease was the cause in 21; 10 of 41 had exacerbations of prior epilepsy. A variety of clinical seizure types occurred, both before and after the EEG diagnosis, but the diagnosis was not expected in 28 patients before the EEG. Three had no obvious clinical seizures. Focal motor seizures and an abnormal mental status were the most common manifestations at the time of the EEG. With antiepileptic drugs, almost all had control of clinical seizures, and most improved in mental status. Patients with rapid continuous focal epileptiform discharges were nearly identical in presentation, likelihood of diagnosis, subsequent seizures, response to medication, and outcome to those with discrete seizures on EEG. Conclusions: Focal status epilepticus may be seen with a wide variety of clinical seizure types or without obvious clinical seizures. The diagnosis is often delayed or missed and should be considered after strokes or clinical seizures when patients do not stabilize or improve as expected. The diagnosis should be made equally whether patients have discrete electrographic seizures or continuous rapid focal epileptiform discharges on the EEG, and the same response to medications and outcome should be anticipated for the two groups.
Brief announcement: extending SQL access control to derived and distributed data

Access-control mechanisms in distributed systems can differ greatly. For example , a data warehouse materializes a separate database; the underlying source administrators then grant full privileges on their contributed data to the warehouse administrator, trusting that he will grant appropriate privileges on the warehouse data. On the other hand, federated database researchers have source and federation administrators collaborating to specify the rights of federation users. Research papers have proposed access-control models specifically for federations, distributed-object systems, XML systems, etc.
DSMC Simulations of Apollo Capsule Aerodynamics for Hypersonic Rarefied Conditions

Direct simulation Monte Carlo DSMC simulations are performed for the Apollo capsule in the hypersonic low density transitional flow regime. The focus is on ow conditions similar to that experienced by the Apollo Command Module during the high altitude portion of its reentry Results for aerodynamic forces and moments are presented that demonstrate their sensitivity to rarefaction that is for free molecular to continuum conditions. Also aerodynamic data are presented that shows their sensitivity to a range of reentry velocity encompasing conditions that include reentry from low Earth orbit lunar return and Mars return velocities to km/s. The rarefied results are anchored in the continuum regime with data from Navier Stokes simulations
Computation of output feedback gains for linear stochastic systems using the Zangwill-Powell method

Because conventional optimal linear regulator theory results in a controller which requires the capability of measuring and/or estimating the entire state vector, it is of interest to consider procedures for computing controls which are restricted to be linear feedback functions of a lower dimensional output vector and which take into account the presence of measurement noise and process uncertainty. To this effect a stochastic linear model has been developed that accounts for process parameter and initial uncertainty, measurement noise, and a restricted number of measurable outputs. Optimization with respect to the corresponding output feedback gains was then performed for both finite and infinite time performance indices without gradient computation by using Zangwill's modification of a procedure originally proposed by Powell. Results using a seventh order process show the proposed procedures to be very effective.
The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Earth’s Hydroclimate

AbstractThe 1987 Montreal Protocol regulating emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) was motivated primarily by the harm to human health and ecosystems arising from increased exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation associated with depletion of the ozone layer. It is now known that the Montreal Protocol has helped reduce radiative forcing of the climate system since CFCs are greenhouse gases (GHGs), and that ozone depletion (which is now on the verge of reversing) has been the dominant driver of atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere in the last half century.This paper demonstrates that the Montreal Protocol also significantly protects Earth’s hydroclimate. Using the Community Atmospheric Model, version 3 (CAM3), coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean, it is shown that in the “world avoided” (i.e., with CFC emissions not regulated), the subtropical dry zones would be substantially drier, and the middle- and high-latitude regions considerabl...
Spectrum of conditions initially suggesting acute aortic dissection but with negative aortograms

Between 1963 and 1983, 55 patients presented to our hospital with a clinical picture that suggested aortic dissection but with aortograms that were interpreted as negative for that entity. In 4 patients, the aortographic findings subsequently proved to be false negative. The remaining 51 patients had the following diagnoses: myocardial infarction in 9 patients; aortic regurgitation in 5; thoracic nondissecting aneurysm in 4; musculoskeletal pain in 4; mediastinal tumor in 4; pericarditis in 3; acute coronary insufficiency in 3; cholecystitis in 2; miscellaneous in 3; and unknown in 14. The clinical features in these patients were compared with those of 125 patients with true aortic dissection. Three features were significantly more prevalent in patients with than without dissection: prior systemic hypertension, pain for 24 hours or less, and migratory pain. Patients without dissection were younger than those with distal dissection and had significantly less systemic hypertension, posterior thoracic pain and migratory pain. Patients without dissection had significantly less frequent congestive heart failure, pulse deficits and aortic regurgitation, and more frequent hypertension and pain for more than 24 hours than patients with proximal dissection. This study defines the actual differential diagnosis of aortic dissection at our hospital, the frequency of false-negative aortographic findings and contrasts the clinical features of patients with and without dissection.
Authentication of H.264 streams by direct watermarking of CAVLC blocks

In this work we report on the first H.264 authentication watermarker that operates directly in the bitstream, needing no video decoding or partial decompression. The main contribution of the work is identification of a watermarkable code space in H.264 protocol. The algorithm creates "exceptions" in H.264 code space that only the decoder understands while keeping the bitstream syntax compliant The code space is defined over the Context Adaptive Variable Length Coded(CAVLC) portion of protocol. What makes this algorithm possible is the discovery that most of H.264 code space is in fact unused. The watermarker securely maps eligible CAVLC to unused portions of the code space. Security is achieved through a shared key between embedder and decoder. The watermarked stream retains its file size, remains visually transparent, is secure against forging and detection. Since the watermark is placed post compression it remains fragile to re encoding and other tampering attempts.
Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin after single and multiple subcutaneous injections in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)

Tulathromycin, a novel triamilide in the macrolide class, is labeled for treatment of bacterial pneumonia in cattle and swine. This manuscript evaluates pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in goats. In two different studies, six juvenile and ten market-age goats received a single injection of 2.5 mg/kg of tulathromycin subcutaneously; in a third study, 18 juvenile goats were treated with 2.5, 7.5, or 12.5 mg/kg tulathromycin weekly with three subcutaneous injections. Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from the plasma concentrations from single injections were similar between the two groups of goats and to previously reported parameters in cattle and swine. Mean terminal half-lives were 59.1 ± 7.6 and 61.2 ± 8.7 h for juvenile and market-age goats, respectively. In the multi-dose study, pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from plasma concentrations demonstrated significant differences at P < 0.05 among repeated injections but not among doses. Overall, pharmacokinetic parameters in goats are similar to those reported in cattle and swine, and tulathromycin may prove a useful drug for treating respiratory disease in goats.
Errata: Solution of the Three-Parameter Weibull Equations by Constrained Modified Quasilinearization (Progressively Censored Samples)

The location, shape, and scale parameters of the Weibull distribution are estimated from Type I progressively censored samples by the method of maximum likelihood. Nonlinear logarithmic likelihood estimating equations are derived, and the approximate asymptotic variance-covariance matrix for the maximum likelihood parameter estimates is given. The iterative procedure to solve the likelihood equations is a stable and rapidly convergent constrained modified quasilinearization algorithm which is applicable to the general case in which all three parameters are unknown. The numerical results indicate that, in terms of the number of iterations required for convergence and in the accuracy of the solution, the proposed algorithm is a very effective technique for solving systems of logarithmic likelihood equations for which all iterative approximations to the solution vector must satisfy certain intrinsic constraints on the parameters. A FORTRAN IV program implementing the maximum likelihood estimation procedure is included.
An Instrument Suitable for Viscosity Determination of Chick Intestinal Fluids

Abstract A rotating cylinder viscometer was described which was modeled after a Zimm viscometer. Regression of power input (watts) to the instrument versus angular velocity (radians per second) for standard fluids at fixed temperature produced linear equations with intercepts at the origin. The ratio of the slopes of these lines to the slope for water produced values that were good estimates of the relative viscosity of the standard fluids. The instrument was capable of determining the relative viscosity of .75 ml of intestinal fluid taken from young growing chicks.
Model for the dose, dose-rate and temperature dependence of radiation-induced loss in optical fibers

We propose, and verify in the case of a Ge-doped-silica-core optical fiber, a general explanation for the power-law dependencies on dose frequently observed for the radiation-induced attenuation in optical fibers. This insight permits detailed prediction of the post-irradiation recovery curves, given just the empirical exponent of the power law, 0 >
Structure of the mouse mammary tumor virus: characterization of bald particles.

The polypeptide, antigenic, and morphological structure of the mouse mammary tumor virus was studied following protease digestion of intact virions. Intact, untreated virions (ρ = 1.17 g/ml) had characteristic envelope spikes, five major polypeptides, and were precipitated by antisera against gp52. Two of the major polypeptides, with molecular weights of 52,000 (gp52) and 36,000 (gp36), had carbohydrate moieties. Protease treatment resulted in spikeless, “bald” particles (ρ = 1.14 g/ml), which had altered surface antigenicity and which contained neither gp52 nor gp36. These data indicated that gp52 and gp36 were on the viral envelope. Bald particles retained a 28,000 dalton polypeptide (p28) which was proposed as the major internal polypeptide. Images
Minimum intensities of white noise which produce the vasomotor response.

Twelve normal hearing awake adult subjects were tested to determine the minimum intensities of white noise which produce a detectable change in digital blood flow. A digital plethysmograph was utilised to detect and record these changes. The stimulus intensity was adjusted in 5 dB increments, beginning at an intensity below voluntary threshold, for a total of four data trials. The range of minimum intensities producing the response was 20 to 60 dB HTL, however, there was no significant variation in the mean intensities required to produce the response from trial to trial (F = 0.48, df-3.30, N.S.). The results support further research into the development of peripheral vascular techniques in determining the presence or absence of hearing for individuals who cannot be tested by voluntary audiometry.
Epigenetics and obesity

Common DNA sequence variants inadequately explain variability in fat mass among individuals. Abnormal body weights are characteristic of specific imprinted-gene disorders. However, the relevance of imprinted genes to our understanding of obesity among the general population is uncertain. Hitherto unidentified imprinted genes and epigenetic mosaicism are two of the challenges for this emerging field of epigenetics. Subtle epigenetic differences in imprinted genes and gene networks are likely to be present among cells, tissues and individuals. In order to advance obesity research it will be necessary to use genome-wide, next-generation sequencing approaches that allow the detection of such epigenetic differences.
Effects of alcohol on the membrane excitability and synaptic transmission of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens

Chronic and excessive alcohol drinking lead to alcohol dependence and loss of control over alcohol consumption, with serious detrimental health consequences. Chronic alcohol exposure followed by protracted withdrawal causes profound alterations in the brain reward system that leads to marked changes in reinforcement mechanisms and motivational state. These long-lasting neuroadaptations are thought to contribute to the development of cravings and relapse. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a central component of the brain reward system, plays a critical role in alcohol-induced neuroadaptive changes underlying alcohol-seeking behaviors. Here we review the findings that chronic alcohol exposure produces long-lasting neuroadaptive changes in various ion channels that govern intrinsic membrane properties and neuronal excitability, as well as excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the NAcc that underlie alcohol-seeking behavior during protracted withdrawal.
Power-constrained microprocessor design

Power dissipation and power density have become first-order design constraints, even for high-performance systems. For future designs it will be the dominant constraint. In this paper we suggest a systematic approach to optimizing a processor design under (only) a power constraint. The approach uses the energy-performance ratio (EPR) of the various design parameters as the key to identifying opportunities for improving energy-efficiency.
Tidal volume threshold for colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors available for use in neonates.

OBJECTIVE.Colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors are used for confirmation of endotracheal intubation. The colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors that are used for neonates are labeled for use with infants and small children 1 and 15 kg. The objective of this study was to determine the minimal tidal volume that causes a breath-to-breath color change on 2 colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors. METHODS.Using an artificial-lung model, we determined the tidal volume threshold of 2 colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors (Pedi-Cap [Nellcor, Pleasanton, CA] or Mini StatCO2 [Mercury Medical, Clearwater, FL]) during ventilation with a T-piece resuscitator or neonatal ventilator. Digital video recordings of the colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors were made during 20 seconds of ventilation at each tidal volume. Seven clinicians who were blinded to the tidal volume reviewed the videos in random order and graded the color change to determine adequacy for clinical application. RESULTS.The Mini StatCO2 tidal volume threshold was 0.83 mL, and the Pedi-Cap tidal volume threshold was 1.08 mL. CONCLUSIONS.The lung model revealed that the tidal volume threshold for the tested colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors is less than the expected tidal volume of a 400-g infant and suggests that these devices are appropriate for use with any neonate to confirm intubation. Pediatrics 2008;121:e1524‐e1527
Correlation between nickel and sulfur abundances in Orgueil phyllosilicates

Sympathetic variations in nickel and sulfur abundances, on a scale of micrometers, in Orgueil phyllosilicates apparently reproduce similar correlations among matrices of different carbonaceous chondrites. In Orgueil this effect probably results from aqueous alteration of a Ni-Si-bearing phase on the parent body.
A 4/spl mu/A-quiescent-current dual-mode buck converter IC for cellular phone applications

This digitally-controlled buck converter IC occupies 2 mm2 active area in 0.25mum CMOS, and the quiescent current is 4VA, representing more than a 3-fold improvement over the leading state-of-the-art analog approach. As a result, cellular phone standby time can be extended by up to 3 times
Current State of the Florida Entomological Society — 2014 FES Presidential Address —

Current State of the Florida Entomological Society — 2014 FES Presidential Address View this article in BioOne
Follicular and hormonal response to experimental suppression of FSH during follicle deviation in cattle.

Abstract A near steroid-free fraction of bovine follicular fluid was used to suppress FSH concentrations at the expected time of follicle deviation or when the largest follicle of Wave 1 reached >-8.0 mm (actual mean diameter, 8.4 mm; Hour 0). It was hypothesized that the low concentrations of FSH associated with deviation are inadequate for the smaller follicles but are needed for continued growth of the largest follicle. Control heifers (n=8) received 10 mL of saline, and treated heifers (n=16) received either 8.8 mL or 13.3 mL of the follicular-fluid fraction at Hours 0, 12, and 24. Between Hours −48 and 0, FSH concentrations decreased (P 100% above control concentrations occurred by Hour 48 and was accompanied by resumed growth of the largest follicle in 75% of the heifers between Hours 48 and 72. The results demonstrated that the low concentrations of FSH associated with deviation can be further reduced by treatment with a nonsteroidal factor of follicular origin. Transient reduction of FSH concentrations to below the already low control concentrations inhibited the largest follicle but did not further inhibit the smaller follicles. These results support the hypothesis that the low FSH concentrations associated with follicle deviation are below the minimal requirements of the smaller or subordinate follicles but are needed for continued growth of the largest or dominant follicle in cattle.
IS CODEPENDENCY A MEANINGFUL CONCEPT

The concept of condependency has achieved a prominent place in the psychiatric, psychological, and addiction literature in a remarkably short period of time. Although the term was first developed in the substance abuse treatment arena, specifically referring to the wives of men who abuse alcohol, codependency has more recently been used almost generically to describe a dysfunctional style of relating to others (Irwin, 1995). The manner in which definitions of codependency have become increasingly inclusive are probably related to continuing input from the both the fashionable self-help movement and from some psychiatric perspectives. The purpose of this article is to review proposed definitions of codependency, discuss issues related to the validity of the codependency construct, and summarize efforts aimed at producing instruments to measure codependency. Additionally, I will address implications of this concept as related to psychiatric nursing education, practice, and research.
Effect of carbon chain length on esterification of carboxylic acids with methanol using acid catalysis

Abstract This paper reports on an investigation into the impact of carboxylic acid chain length on the kinetics of liquid-phase acid-catalyzed esterification. Using sulfuric acid and a commercial Nafion/silica composite solid acid catalyst (SAC-13), initial kinetics were measured for the reactions of a series of linear chain carboxylic acids (acetic, propionic, butyric, hexanoic, and caprylic acid) with methanol at 60 °C. It was found that reaction rate decreased as the number of carbons in the linear alkyl chain increased for both H 2 SO 4 and SAC-13. This trend is discussed in terms of the polar and steric effects of the alpha-substituent to the carboxylic group and evaluated by a Taft-type correlation. Using a mechanistically based kinetic model, the reaction kinetic parameters of SAC-13 catalysis were determined and compared for different carboxylic acids. Moreover, important parameters, such as water deactivation, catalyst reusability, and regeneration, were also affected by the size of the carboxylic acid used. SAC-13 underwent significantly more activity loss with subsequent reaction cycles as the size of the alkyl tail on the carboxylic acid increased. Characterization of the catalyst after reaction suggested that the deactivation of SAC-13 is likely caused by the entrapment of bulky reaction intermediates in or on Nafion polymeric nanodomains blocking catalytic acid sites.
Skin testing versus radioallergosorbent testing for indoor allergens

Background Skin testing (ST) is the most common screening method for allergy evaluation. Measurement of serum specific IgE is also commonly used, but less so by allergists than by other practitioners. The sensitivity and specificity of these testing methods may vary by type of causative allergen and type of allergic manifestation. We compared ST reactivity with serum specific IgE antibodies to common indoor allergens in patients with respiratory allergies.
Compact Model for Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors Including Nonidealities and Calibrated With Experimental Data Down to 9-nm Gate Length

A semianalytical carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET) model based on the virtual-source model is presented, which includes series resistance, parasitic capacitance, and direct source-to-drain tunneling leakage. The model is calibrated with recent experimental data down to 9-nm gate length. Device performance of 22- to 7-nm technology nodes is analyzed. The results suggest that contact resistance is the key performance limiter for CNFETs; direct source-to-drain tunneling results in significant leakage due to low effective mass in carbon nanotubes and prevents further downscaling of the gate length. The design space that minimizes the gate delay in CNFETs subject to OFF-state leakage current (IOFF) constraints is explored. Through the optimization of the length of the gate, contact, and extension regions to balance the parasitic effects, the gate delay can be improved by more than 10% at 11- and 7-nm technology nodes compared with the conventional 0.7 × scaling rule, while the OFF-state leakage current remains below 0.5 μA/μm .
Public Psychiatry and Public Mental Health Systems

To describe both public psychiatry and public mental health systems, which comprise buildings, programs, and insurance mechanisms, a brief history is first provided. Then, the evolution of the US governmental system at the city/county, state, and federal levels is described. How the federal entitlements (e.g., insurance) supported the move to community care and its extension under ‘managed care’ is then discussed. Psychiatry in the correctional system is described as it is one of the most scandalous repositories of the mentally ill in America. The article concludes with a brief note about the future.
Exploring Community Food Insecurity Through a Culture-Centered Lens: Conflict and Tensions in ‘Voices of Hunger’

Through engagement with a local, community-driven food insecurity coalition entitled Voices of Hunger, this analysis elaborates upon the conflicts and tensions present when food pantry users organized to enact agency and resistance against the local emergency food assistance structure. Particularly, how do community stakeholders organize and engage with local structures to argue for community-level emergency food assistance policy changes, and what is the nature of the communication that take places in this context? This retrospective interrogation suggests that when the voices of the food insecure are foregrounded, multidimensional structural constraints serve to further marginalize the food insecure.
Erythematous Plaques on the Buttock.

A 75-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, treated with long-term prednisone, and genital herpes simplex virus 2 presented with a 1-week history of a painful, pruritic rash on the left buttock. She denied any recent trauma to the area or any new skin exposures. She denied experiencing fevers, lymphadenopathy, and other constitutional symptoms. Of note, she had recently tapered her prednisone dose from 10 mg to 5 mg, with subsequent flare of her rheumatoid arthritis, after which she started pregabalin for pain 3 days before her eruption. Following rash onset, she had also started valacyclovir for 1 week, without benefit. She was not receiving other treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti–TNF-α) therapies. Physical examination revealed warm, indurated, and well-circumscribed erythematous plaques, with subtle vesicles and collarettes of scale, on the left buttock (Figure). Edema, erythema, and pain of the left wrist joint were also noted. The remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable.