cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic and field-effect graphene for all-electrical DNA array technology

Field-effect transistor biomolecular sensors based on low-dimensional nanomaterials boast sensitivity, label-free operation and chip-scale construction. Chemical vapour deposition graphene is especially well suited for multiplexed electronic DNA array applications, since its large two-dimensional morphology readily lends itself to top-down fabrication of transistor arrays. Nonetheless, graphene field-effect transistor DNA sensors have been studied mainly at single-device level. Here we create, from chemical vapour deposition graphene, field-effect transistor arrays with two features representing steps towards multiplexed DNA arrays. First, a robust array yield—seven out of eight transistors—is achieved with a 100-fM sensitivity, on par with optical DNA microarrays and at least 10 times higher than prior chemical vapour deposition graphene transistor DNA sensors. Second, each graphene acts as an electrophoretic electrode for site-specific probe DNA immobilization, and performs subsequent site-specific detection of target DNA as a field-effect transistor. The use of graphene as both electrode and transistor suggests a path towards all-electrical multiplexed graphene DNA arrays.
Genes responsive to both oxidant stress and loss of estrogen receptor function identify a poor prognosis group of estrogen receptor positive primary breast cancers

Oxidative stress can modify estrogen receptor (ER) structure and function, including induction of progesterone receptor (PR), altering the biology and clinical behavior of endocrine responsive (ER-positive) breast cancer. To investigate the impact of oxidative stress on estrogen/ER-regulated gene expression, RNA was extracted from ER-positive/PR-positive MCF7 breast cancer cells after 72 hours of estrogen deprivation, small-interfering RNA knockdown of ER-α, short-term (8 hours) exposure to various oxidant stresses (diamide, hydrogen peroxide, and menadione), or simultaneous ER-α knockdown and oxidant stress. RNA samples were analyzed by high-throughput expression microarray (Affymetrix), and significance analysis of microarrays was used to define gene signatures responsive to estrogen/ER regulation and oxidative stress. To explore the association of these signatures with breast cancer biology, microarray data were analyzed from 394 ER-positive primary human breast cancers pooled from three independent studies. In particular, an oxidant-sensitive estrogen/ER-responsive gene signature (Ox-E/ER) was correlated with breast cancer clinical parameters and disease-specific patient survival (DSS). From 891 estrogen/ER-regulated probes, a core set of 75 probes (62 unique genes) responsive to all three oxidants were selected (Ox-E/ER signature). Ingenuity pathway analysis of this signature highlighted networks involved in development, cancer, and cell motility, with intersecting nodes at growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor-β), a proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor), and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Evaluation of the 394 ER-positive primary breast cancers demonstrated that Ox-E/ER index values correlated negatively with PR mRNA levels (r p = -0.2; P = 0.00011) and positively with tumor grade (r p = 0.2; P = 9.741 × e-5), and were significantly higher in ER-positive/PR-negative versus ER-positive/PR-positive breast cancers (t-test, P = 0.0008). Regardless of PR status, the Ox-E/ER index associated with reduced DSS (n = 201; univariate Cox, P = 0.078) and, using the optimized cut-point, separated ER-positive cases into two significantly different DSS groups (log rank, P = 0.0009). An oxidant-sensitive subset of estrogen/ER-responsive breast cancer genes linked to cell growth and invasion pathways was identified and associated with loss of PR and earlier disease-specific mortality, suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to the development of an aggressive subset of primary ER-positive breast cancers.
Color Reversion in Processed Vegetables I. Studies on Regreened Pea Purées

SUMMARY Bright-green complexes were formed during the storage of canned green vegetable purees at room temperature or above. These pigments were isolated and purified, and their spectral characteristics analyzed. The occurrence of fluorescence and the phase test behavior were noted, and the hydrochloric acid numbers determined. Since copper and zinc were found in the green pigments, the ease of formation of these compounds on addition of metals in pea macerate was studied. The levels of metal content at which the phenomena of regreening can occur were determined, and the percentage conversion to the pigments formed was analyzed at these levels of metal. It was established that these pigments were copper complexes of mainly pheophytin a and, to some extent, pheophytin b.
Institutions and Inclusion in Saving Policy

The poor must save, not only to qualify for and pay off credit, but also for key purchases such as clothing for the start of a child's school year; life course events, such as births, weddings, and funerals; and emergencies, such as car repair, illness, or job loss. Recent applied research has contributed to our understanding of the potential importance of saving by low-income households. Yet saving by the poor is a largely overlooked topic in the United States, and public policy has largely ignored or marginalized saving policy for the poor. This is particularly striking given the recent rhetoric of the Bush administration about the ownership society. In this chapter we first develop an institutional theory of saving, which is provisional and in need of more empirical testing. We then explore in practice how existing institutions promote dis-saving among the poor. We also look at how policies to change these institutional structures could promote saving among these households. We also analyze current proposals that move in the opposite direction, largely benefiting the highest-income taxpayers whose net saving behavior is least likely to be influenced by the policies. Instead of focusing on additional saving proposals that benefit the upper end of the income scale, public policy should focus on building wealth among the least well-off. A sound policy would aim for inclusion of everyone in saving and asset accumulation.
A rare cause of severe aortic insufficiency without stenosis: certainly not one of the usual suspects

A64-YEAR-OLD, 188-cm, 102-kg man was admitted to the authors’ institution for evaluation of shortness of breath nd diaphoresis. The patient denied a history of fever, chills, alaise, chest pain, exercise intolerance, orthopnea, paroxysal nocturnal dyspnea, and lower-extremity swelling. He decribed a past medical history of essential hypertension (for hich he received metoprolol, hydralazine, and furosemide), yperlipidemia (simvastatin), type II diabetes mellitus (insuin), well-controlled hyperthyroidism (methimazole), and gout
INTEGRATION OF WORD PROCESSING WITH AN ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEM.

A commercially available wordprocessor has been integrated with an end-user developed Anatomic Pathology information system (“APD”) that is based on Snomed coding of diagnoses. Both software packages are written in Standard MUMPS and run on DEC PDP-11 equipment. The APD software initializes and formats the word processor document, and forms the document header and trailer from patient data on file. The diagnoses from all prior Pathology reports are automatically inserted into the body of the report. Specimen gross descriptions can be entered as plain or as “canned” text. Diagnoses are entered by selecting from an extensive on-line dictionary or as plain text; if the former, matching Snomed codes are assigned, thus automating the coding process. The integration of these two systems has led to considerable time savings in the office environment.
Change and Continuity in the Personal Vote after Electoral Reform in Taiwan

Taiwan's new mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system should promote far lower levels of personal voting than its old single nontransferable vote (SNTV) system. Since personal voles are conventionally contrasted with party votes, this should lead to more partisan politics. However; I argue that personal voles must be disaggregated into two distinct types. Intra-party personal voters favor a particular party and simply pick one candidate over other party nominees. Extra-party personal voters do not like the party, and pick the candidate despite his or her party affiliation. In this paper; I argue that Taiwan's electoral reform has reduced overall personal voting by eliminating intra-party personal votes. However; there are clear continuities in extra-party personal votes. One implication of this is that Taiwan should expect less, not more, partisan politics in its future.
Global Estimates of Lateral Springtime Restratification

AbstractSubmesoscale frontal dynamics are thought to be of leading-order importance for stratifying the upper ocean by slumping horizontal density gradients to produce vertical stratification. Presented here is an investigation of submesoscale instabilities in the mixed layer—mixed layer eddies (MLEs)—as a potential mechanism of frontal slumping that stratifies the upper ocean during the transition from winter to spring, when wintertime forcings weaken but prior to the onset of net solar warming. Observations from the global Argo float program are compared to predictions from a one-dimensional mixed layer model to assess where in the world’s oceans lateral processes influence mixed layer evolution. The model underestimates spring stratification for ~75% ± 25% of the world’s oceans. Relationships between vertical and horizontal temperature and salinity gradients are used to suggest that in 30% ± 20% of the oceans this excess stratification can be attributed to the slumping of horizontal density fronts. Fin...
Single Surgeon Experience With Minimally Invasive AVR: Expectations of a Change in Practice

Reports of minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (miniAVR) are hampered by non-standardized techniques and multi-surgeon/institution practice.
EVOLUTION OF TEMPERATE FRUIT/BIRD INTERACTIONS: PHENOLOGICAL STRATEGIES

Evolving relationships between animals and plants are often patchy in their occurrence in both space and time. If the relationship is mutualistic, selection should act to maximize the probability of interaction between the participants. In the mutualistic interactions between temperate fleshy fruits and birds, the timing of fruit ripening affects the probability of seed dispersal by birds. Rapid removal of ripe fruits is important for some summer and fall fruiting species because of a high probability of fruit destruction by invertebrates (Thompson and Willson, 1978). Production of fruits at a time when birds do not remove them may be selectively disadvantageous in that destruction by invertebrates precludes successful dispersal. Therefore, bird-dispersed plants in temperate regions are commonly supposed to ripen their fruits in fall, after the avian breeding season during which birds often concentrate on insects (Morton, 1973) and during the fall migration (Snow, 1971; Stebbins, 1971). This paper examines the selective pressures acting on the seasonal timing of mutualistic interactions between temperate fleshy fruits and birds. Specifically, it (1) compares the removal rates of mid-latitude fruits before, during and after fall bird migrations, (2) analyzes seasonal variation in the ripening patterns of plants in the context of frugivore availability, and (3) provides a theoretical framework for future work on the phenology of temperate fruit/bird interactions. A fleshy
Prediction of HART II Rotor BVI Loading and Wake System Using CFD/CSD Loose Coupling

Correlations using a loosely coupled trim methodology of the CFD (OVERFLOW-2) and CSD (CAMRAD-II) codes are presented in order to calculate the helicopter rotor bladevortex interaction (BVI) airloads and wake system for the HART II rotor at an advance ratio of 0.15. Five different grid models are studied in order to quantify the effects of grid refinement on rotor wake resolution. The fine grid model (fine near-body/fine off-body) has a total of 113 million grid points and it gives very good airloads predictions for the HART II baseline, minimum noise and minimum vibration cases. The rotor wake positions are also very well predicted by this fine grid model. The computed vorticity field for a young vortex using the fine grid model is compared with the measured PIV data and the results are surprisingly good. The fine grid model underpredicts the experimental value for maximum vorticity by only 29%. In addition, the predicted vortex core radius is 15% chord for the fine grid calculation while the measured data shows about 5% chord length. The predicted swirl velocity is, however, higher than the measured data for this vortex. The results in this paper provide the first quantitative comparisons of a measured flow field and CFD/CSD computed solutions for a helicopter rotor-wake system.
Characterization of permeability of electrospun yarns.

We developed a novel technique enabling determination of the permeability of electrospun yarns composed of hundreds of fibers. Analyzing the wicking kinetics in a yarn-in-a-tube composite conduit, it was found that the kinetic is very specific. The liquid was pulled by the capillary pressure associated with the meniscus in the tube while the main resistance comes from the yarn. Therefore, one can separate the yarn permeability from the capillary pressure, which cannot be done in wicking experiments with single yarns. A surface tensiometer (Cahn) was employed to collect the data on wicking kinetics of hexadecane into the yarn-in-a-tube conduits. Yarns from different polymers and blends were electrospun and characterized using the proposed protocol. We showed that the permeability of electrospun yarns can be varied in a broad range from 10–14 m2 to 10–12 m2 by changing the fiber diameter and packing density. These results offer new applications of electrospun yarns as flexible micro- and nanofluidic systems.
Mercury sources and trophic ecology for Hawaiian bottomfish.

In Hawaii, some of the most important commercial and recreational fishes comprise an assemblage of lutjanids and carangids called bottomfish. Despite their importance, we know little about their trophic ecology or where the mercury (Hg) that ultimately resides in their tissue originates. Here we investigated these topics, by analyzing muscle samples for mercury content, nitrogen, carbon, and amino acid specific nitrogen isotope ratios in six species distributed across different depths from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). Fishes had different sources of nitrogen and carbon, with isotopic values suggesting benthic food sources for shallow nearshore species. High trophic position lutjanids that foraged in deeper water, benthic environments generally had higher Hg levels. Model results also suggested that benthic Hg methylation was an important source of Hg for shallow benthic feeders, while deepwater sources of mercury may be important for those with a diet that ...
Anesthesia for Lap Aroscopy

With a CO2 pneumoperitoneum (which is favored over N2O which supports combustion) virtually all patients exhibit a significant increase in arterial PaCO2 and develop hypercarbia during laparoscopy. The clinical effect of this is tachycardia hypertension and increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. The clinical problems can be minimized by controlled hyperventilation and muscle relaxants. Premedication should be narcotic to reduce anxiety and to avoid augmentation of sympathoadrenal response. Hypoxia can be avoided by intubation with controlled ventilation. The patient should be monitored for "mill-wheel" murmer to avoid CO2 embolus. Percussion of the stomach prior to pneumoperitoneum can avoid gastric perforation due to overdistension. Intubation can be voluntary in short procedures. N2O is the preferred inhalation anesthetic.
Dynamic loads in the interior of a layered stratum: An explicit solution

This paper presents an explicit, closed-form solution for the Green functions (displacements due to unit loads) corresponding to dynamic loads acting on (or within) layered strata. These functions embody all the essential mechanical properties of the medium and can be used to derive solutions to problems of elastodynamics, such as scattering of waves by rigid inclusions, soil-structure interaction, seismic sources, etc. The solution is based on a discretization of the medium in the direction of layering, which results in a formulation yielding algebraic expressions whose integral transforms can readily be evaluated. The advantages of the procedure are: (a) the speed and accuracy with which the functions can be evaluated (no numerical integration necessary); (b) the potential application to problems of elastodynamics solved by the boundary integral method; and (c) the possibility of comparing and verifying numerical integral solutions implemented in computer codes.
Disentangling the drivers of brand benefits: Evidence from social media marketing of two cosmetics companies

This paper explores the effect of brand social media messaging content (news, dialog, or contests) on perceived benefits (informational, social or hedonic) and consequent consumer brand engagement and purchase intentions in the context of two cosmetics companies. The primary goal of this study is to understand if (i) different content types result in different perceptions of brand benefits and (ii) if these distinct types of perceived benefits differentially affect the engagement intention, loyalty, and purchase intention toward the brand. Our findings suggest that distinct content types indeed lead to diverse perceptions of benefits — informational, social, or hedonic — and further highlight that only social and hedonic benefits are significantly associated with self-reported brand loyalty as well as engagement and purchase intention. Implications for research and practice.
Early Development (1950–1952)

Somewhat surprisingly, although representatives of the Ministry of Education attended early meetings about the scheme, that branch of government played almost no role in the development of the Marshall Scholarship. Writing to an Education official in 1953 just 2 months before the program launched, Henry Hainworth, a Foreign Office diplomat noted: “It is some time since you were involved in any discussions on the Marshall Scholarships, for you decided that the Ministry of Education had no direct interest. However, I promised to give you advance warning of any concrete steps, and I therefore enclose a copy of the final version of the White Paper.”
Floodplain occupation and landscape modification in early Rome

Abstract The site of Rome in central Italy provided many opportunities for the development of a city: access to natural resources, defensible terrain, a ford in the Tiber River, among others. In addition to these advantages, the environment and landscape also presented numerous challenges to early inhabitants. This ecological dichotomy is especially observable in the Forum Boarium, a region situated in the Tiber's floodplain at the base of the Capitoline and Palatine Hills. By the Archaic period (7th–6th centuries BCE), this vital gateway for trade and communication was operating as a river port, equipped with a harbor temple. Periodic flooding of the Tiber River, however, consistently jeopardized these commercial and cult pursuits in the Forum Boarium. As a result, this region became the focus of early endeavors at landscape modification, which helped to protect and facilitate the growth of urban infrastructure in the floodplain. In order to explore geoarchaeological conditions in the floodplain, a multi-disciplinary research project was undertaken in the Forum Boarium between 2013 and 2015. This paper presents preliminary results from this recent investigation, including evidence on the natural topography of the river valley, floods and sedimentation, as well as building techniques in a flood-prone region in Archaic and Early Republican Rome. It is argued that, in response to varied and prolonged environmental stress, landscape modification and continuous management became important prerequisites to Rome's urbanization process; in this way, ecological pressures directly influenced the development of the city's built landscape. This research not only represents a significant step towards a paleoenvironmental reconstruction of early Rome, but also demonstrates the advantages of coring survey in urban areas where access to deeply buried archaeological and geological stratigraphy is restricted.
Carbon source regulation of gene expression in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Gene expression in methanotrophs has been shown to be affected by the availability of a variety of metals, most notably copper regulating expression of alternative forms of methane monooxygenase. Here, we show that growth substrate also affects expression of genes encoding for enzymes responsible for the oxidation of methane to formaldehyde and the assimilation of carbon. Specifically, in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, expression of genes involved in the conversion of methane to methanol (pmoA and mmoX) and methanol to formaldehyde (mxaF, xoxF1, and xoxF2) as well as in carbon assimilation (fae1, fae2, metF, and sga) decreased when this strain was grown on methanol vs. methane, indicating that methanotrophs manipulate gene expression in response to growth substrate as well as the availability of copper. Interestingly, growth of M. trichosporium OB3b on methane vs. methanol was similar despite such large changes in gene expression. Finally, methanol-grown cultures of M. trichosporium OB3b also exhibited the “copper-switch.” That is, expression of pmoA increased and mmoX decreased in the presence of copper, indicating that copper still controlled the expression of alternative forms of methane monooxygenase in M. trichosporium OB3b even though methane was not provided. Such findings indicate that methanotrophs can sense and respond to multiple environmental parameters simultaneously.
T Regulatory Cells in Graft-Versus-Host Disease of the Skin

FoxP3+ CD25+ T regulatory (T reg ) cells are known to be present in normal skin. T reg cell functional deficiency resulting in loss of suppression of activation, differentiation or expansion of effector T cells could conceivably contribute to the pathophysiology of graft-versus- host disease (GVHD). Rezvani et al. suggest that levels of peripheral blood T reg cells in donors and recipients may predict the risk of acute GVHD. Rieger et al. found a significantly lower number of T reg cells in human colonic biopsies with GVHD versus CMV colitis or normal samples. There are no reports that evaluate tissue T reg cells in human skin affected by GVHD. This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution of T reg cells in skin affected by acute GVHD versus chronic GVHD. Archived samples from patients previously reported by routine histopathological methods as acute or chronic GVHD were collected, coded and entered into a database. For immunostaining, 4-μm thick serial sections were cut and deparaffinized. Immunohistochemical stains for CD4 (Neomarkers, 1:20), CD8 (Dako, prediluted), CD25 (Dako, 1:100), and Foxp3 (Serotec, 1:250) were performed using standard techniques. The dermatopathologist evaluating the samples was blinded to the clinical outcomes. Results were scored as 0 ( reg cells, and correlated with clinical outcomes. Such studies may help to elucidate the role of T reg cells in acute and chronic skin GVHD. Table 1.
Increased Frequency of Topical Steroids Provides Benefit in Patients With Recalcitrant Postsurgical Macular Edema

Purpose To compare standard and frequent topical steroids for postsurgical macular edema (ME). Design Randomized clinical trial. Methods Subjects with postsurgical ME stratified into post–cataract surgery ME (PCSME) and post–other surgery ME (POSME) were randomized to ketorolac 4 times a day (qid) + 1% prednisolone acetate (PA) every hour while awake (q1hWA, Group 1) or qid (Group 2). Mean change from baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was determined at week 12, after which group 2 subjects with persistent edema were crossed over to PA q1hWA. Results Twenty-two subjects (13 PCSME and 9 POSME) were randomized to Group 1 and 20 (12 PCSME and 8 POSME) to Group 2. At week 12, change from baseline BCVA (ETDRS letters) in Group 1 vs 2 was +11.6 vs +8.5 ( P = .32) and for subgroups was +10.6 vs +7.8 ( P = .23) for PCSME and +13.1 vs +9.4 ( P = .47) for POSME. Mean change from baseline central subfield thickness (CST, μm) at week 12 in Group 1 vs 2 was −100.8 vs −63.9 ( P = .30). Mean change from baseline intraocular pressure was +2.6 vs +1.7 mm Hg ( P = .52). Eight subjects in Group 2 with residual ME at week 12 were switched to PA q1hWA and at week 24, the mean changes from week 12 BCVA and CST were +7.0 letters ( P = .01) and −108.25 μm ( P = .04). Conclusions Our data suggest that patients with postsurgical ME should initially be treated with ketorolac and PA qid, but if edema does not resolve after 12 weeks, a switch to ketorolac qid and PA q1hWA may provide benefit.
The Importance of Central-Visual Perception Disorders for Dyslexia and Dyscalculia

Visual perception disorders can lead to different learning disorders in children. These are often difficulties in reading and writing, as well as in calculation and number processing. Dyslexia, the specific reading and spelling disorder, is also associated with various deficits of visual perception which, for example, make it difficult to distinguish between individual letters or impair the text-dependent eye movements. From a neural point of view, the visual word form area (VWFA) in the fusiform gyrus, which is responsible for the visual processing of orthographic information must be highlighted, since the VWFA is often disturbed in dyslexics. Dyscalculia, the specific calculation disorder, is often associated with difficulties in visual-spatial processing. This is not surprising since our mental representation of numbers and magnitudes is spatially organized. This means we have a kind of mental number line on which we store numbers according to their magnitude. In the case of dyscalculia, the construction and the automated access to this mental number line are often disturbed. This mental number line is located in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) of the brain, the region which shows increased abnormalities in dyscalculia, such as volume differences of gray matter, reduced activation or reduced connection to other cortical areas. Although central-visual perception disorders can clearly lead to learning disabilities of reading and writing, as well as calculation, dyslexia or dyscalculia is defined only when organic causes can be ruled out, which is why a differentiation between classical dyslexia or dyscalculia and problems in reading/writing and calculation due to visual deficits is necessary.
Patterned Disordered Cell Motion Ensures Vertebral Column Symmetry

Summary The biomechanics of posterior embryonic growth must be dynamically regulated to ensure bilateral symmetry of the spinal column. Throughout vertebrate trunk elongation, motile mesodermal progenitors undergo an order-to-disorder transition via an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and sort symmetrically into the left and right paraxial mesoderm. We combine theoretical modeling of cell migration in a tail-bud-like geometry with experimental data analysis to assess the importance of ordered and disordered cell motion. We find that increasing order in cell motion causes a phase transition from symmetric to asymmetric body elongation. In silico and in vivo , overly ordered cell motion converts normal anisotropic fluxes into stable vortices near the posterior tail bud, contributing to asymmetric cell sorting. Thus, disorder is a physical mechanism that ensures the bilateral symmetry of the spinal column. These physical properties of the tissue connect across scales such that patterned disorder at the cellular level leads to the emergence of organism-level order.
Identifying ancient beer brewing through starch analysis: A methodology

Abstract As documented in written and artistic records, the production and consumption of beer played a significant role in the social, political, and economic activities of many ancient societies. However, direct archaeological evidence of beer making has been relatively sporadic. To address this gap, we need a better understanding of the microbotanical residues produced by brewing. Thus, we conducted cereal-based fermentation experiments by following some brewing methods likely used in antiquity. Based on previous publications in food science, we investigated how beer-making processes affect the properties of starch granules by documenting the resulting changes that occur in the starch granules of 17 domesticated and wild plant species. This paper introduces a method for identifying starch residues from cereal-based beer, some mixed with other plant additives, which can be applied to future archaeological research in the Old World.
Controversies in anorectal malformations

Summary Anorectal malformations are uncommon but complex congenital anomalies that require an individualised strategy of care for each step of the treatment process. These steps, which include preoperative evaluation, operative reconstruction, and postoperative care, are each unique and vitally important to overall patient outcomes. In this Review, we discuss some of the pivotal decisions that should be made at each stage of patient care. Through this process, we highlight some of the more controversial aspects of caring for patients with anorectal malformation and offer insights into various management philosophies.
ATF4 reprograms T cell metabolism in response to the environmental stress and is required for Th1 immune responses (IRM9P.459)

Rui Xia 1 , Xi Yang 1, 3 , Binfeng Lu 1, 2 1 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, EBST E1047, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA. 2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute 3 School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, HaiDian, Beijing P.R. China 100084 Abstract : T cell metabolism is strongly influenced by the extracellular tissue microenvironment such as oxidizing status and amino acid availability. The underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we showed that increased extracellular oxidation and amino acid starvation induced a unique ATF4-regulated genetic program in T cells. ATF4 deficient T cells had a severe defect in metabolism, particularly in the oxidizing as well as amino acid-deprived environments. Lack of ATF4 resulted in T cell autonomous defects in the function of Th1 cells. In vivo, ATF4 deficiency resulted in decreased antitumor immune responses and associated with drastic changes of the tumor microenvironment. Our study establishes that ATF4 plays an important role in T cell metabolism and is important for the Th1 type immune response.
Toward Surmounting the Psychological Barriers to Climate Policy—Appreciating Contexts and Acknowledging Challenges: A Reply to Weber (2018):

The authors acknowledge and respond to three concerns raised by Weber (2018) about oversimplifying psychological barriers to climate policy. First, skepticism about climate change remains a major barrier to climate policy, along with political partisanship. Second, recognizing multifaceted barriers to climate policy calls for multiple targeted interventions to be implemented at critical junctures. Finally, translating pro-environmental attitudes into action requires an appreciation of proximate sociopolitical contexts and cultures. Rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, psychological scientists are well equipped to understand and address the complex barriers to climate policy within the natural flow of everyday social life.
HYBRIDOMA, ANTIBODY AND GROWTH FACTOR DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE SHELL-SIDE OF ULTRAFILTRATION HOLLOW FIBER BIOREACTORS

This work has studied the spatially heterogeneous nature of ultrafiltration hollow fiber bioreactors used for immobilized mammalian cell culture. In reactors operated with unidirectional medium recycle flow, downstream concentration of high molecular weight proteins and cells in the immobilized phase have been measured. Mechanisms responsible for these phenomena have been investigated, and their implications in process design and operation considered. The heterogeneous protein and cell distributions in ultrafiltration hollow fiber bioreactors were reduced by periodic alternation of recycle flow direction and the reactor productivity was doubled.
Using Confidence Intervals to Test Hypotheses

When separate 100(1-alpha) percent confidence intervals on two population means overlap, the means may or may not be significantly different at the 100-alpha percent level. This phenomenon is explored analytically and numerical examples are given...
The Property Tax

In the United States, property taxes are assessed mostly by slate and local governments. Real and personal property taxes account for about 37% of state and local government’s total tax receipts.1 Much of what is collected, especially from real estate taxes, is used to pay for local services. The tax on real property has long been thought of as the most inequitable form of taxation by many people. Yet it is still a major form of financing local government.2
Considering a Weight Criterion for Neonatal Tracheostomy: An Analysis of the ACS NSQIP-P

OBJECTIVES Neonates weighing < 2.5 kg have known higher rates of surgical mortality and morbidity, but this remains unexamined specifically for tracheostomy. We present outcomes of neonates undergoing tracheostomy stratified by weight. METHODS Retrospective review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric from 2012 to 2014. Patients undergoing tracheostomy were included. Thirty-day mortality and major/minor complication rates were stratified by weight (group 1: < 2.5 kg; group 2: ≥ 2.5 kg and < 4 kg; group 3: ≥ 4 kg). Patient comorbidities were assessed for independent risk factors of morbidity and mortality. RESULTS Of 183,233 patients, 543 underwent tracheostomy. Forty-four patients were group 1 (mean: 2.2 kg ± 0.25); 170 patients were group 2 (mean: 3.31 kg ± 0.42); and 329 patients were group 3 (mean: 6.4 kg ± 2.7). Between groups 1 and 2, there were no significant differences in mortality (P = 0.47), major complication rates (P = 0.99), or minor complication rates (P = 0.64). In comparing all three groups, there were no significant differences in mortality (P = 0.47), major complication rates (P = 0.80), or minor complication rates (P = 0.77). The overall 30-day mortality for all patients was 4.24%. In a multivariate logistical regression model, weight group did not change the odds of all negative outcomes (group 1: odds ratio [OR] of 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-1.53 and group 2: OR of 0.78; 95% CI, 0.50-1.22). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was the only independent significant predictor of major complications (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.02-2.79) (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that 30-day mortality and morbidity outcomes for neonatal tracheostomy are not affected by weight. Overall 30-day mortality should be discussed with caregivers preoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 129:500-505, 2019.
Problematizing the age friendly cities and communities program in Toronto.

Abstract This article contributes to the literature on Age Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCC) through a poststructural policy analysis of the program in Toronto. The purpose is to propose an approach, rooted in the study of public policy, that can offer a political interrogation into the problems plaguing AFCCs in practice. The approach centres on a basic question: what problem are AFCCs in Toronto intended to solve? A discourse analysis is undertaken on this problematization, using Toronto's age-friendly policy and 77 qualitative interview transcripts with policy actors as key texts. The findings suggest a dominant discursive practice where AFCCs are used to address the problem of costly seniors rather than the problem of inaccessible environments. However, alternative discursive practices rooted in the rights of senior citizens to access services and amenities in environments are also highlighted through the analysis. AFCC policy is thus flexible enough to be used by different political projects and poststructural policy analysis is useful for teasing out these projects, for understanding the problems that plague AFCCs, as well as for informing rights-based alternatives.
Bruit-enhancing phonoangiogram filter using sub-band autoregressive linear predictive coding

Subjective analysis of bruits has long been an element of vascular access physical exams. Digital recordings of blood flow bruits—phonoangiograms (PAGs)—may provide an objective, non-imaging measure of vascular access stenosis. We have analyzed the long-term stability in PAGs from typical dialysis patients with arteriovenous fistulas and grafts and found that typical patients have correlated PAG spectra. PAGs can be analyzed using nonlinear, sub-band frequency-domain linear prediction to produce both bruit-enhanced recordings and a bruit-enhanced power envelope. This approach is novel over prior methods because it adaptively predicts signal envelopes based on physiologic properties of blood flow determined from chronic dialysis recipients. Our results indicate that a generalized bruit-enhancing filter can be developed for dialysis vascular access. Outputs from this filter may be analyzed to determine vascular physiology, including re-stenosis risk.
Unions of Polytopes in Different Spaces

Important classes of disjunctive sets can be formulated as unions of polyhedra in different spaces. As a rather general example, take a real world situation in which some action involving certain entities has an impact on some other entities.
Understanding Resilience of Adult Foster Care Providers

With the growth of the aging population, and in particular individuals 85 years and older, there is a growing need for a range of long-term care housing and service options. There is also an urgent need to address supportive housing options for citizens aging with disabilities, especially those without the financial resources to pay for their housing and care needs. One such housing option is Adult Foster Care (AFC), a small-setting community-care option that provides older persons and individuals with physical and intellectual disabilities with a home- and family-like environment with opportunity for 24-h care and community integration. AFC varies significantly across states in terms of regulations, name of the service (e.g., adult family care homes, board-and-care homes), financing, and numbers of residents served within an AFC facility. As gatekeepers to services and community engagement for the AFC residents, providers are fundamental to the AFC resident experience, serving as the primary managers of their residences and the responsible party for their residents’ well-being. They are uniquely situated between regulations stemming from policy and the outcomes experienced by the care recipient. In this chapter, we discuss mechanisms for supporting the resilience of AFC care providers.
Plasmonic Nickel-TiO 2 Heterostructures for Visible-Light-Driven Photochemical Reactions

Plasmon-mediated carrier transfer (PMCT) at metal-semiconductor heterojunctions has been extensively exploited to drive photochemical reactions, offering intriguing opportunities for solar photocatalysis. However, to date, most studies have been conducted using noble metals. Inexpensive materials capable of generating and transferring hot carriers for photocatalysis via PMCT have been rarely explored. Here, we demonstrate that the plasmon excitation of nickel induces the transfer of both hot electrons and holes from Ni to TiO2 in a rationally designed Ni-TiO2 heterostructure. Furthermore, it is discovered that the transferred hot electrons either occupy oxygen vacancies (VO ) or produce Ti3+ on TiO2 , while the transferred hot holes are located on surface oxygens at TiO2 . Moreover, the transferred hot electrons are identified to play a primary role in driving the degradation of methylene blue (MB). Taken together, our results validate Ni as a promising low-cost plasmonic material for prompting visible-light photochemical reactions.
Does serving vegetables in partitioned portions promote vegetable consumption

Abstract Fruit and vegetable consumption in the United States is below the recommended level for two reasons: lack of access and low preference. In this work, we identify lack of preference for vegetables as a public health issue and apply theories from psychology and marketing literature to study the effect of partitioned presentation of vegetables on consumption of vegetables. Separating items into single units with clear partitions generally reduces consumption of relatively appealing foods by making the eater more aware of the amount consumed. For relatively less appealing foods (typically but not exclusively those lower in sugar/fat), a partitioned presentation format might operate to increase consumption. This expectation draws on two complementary theoretical perspectives. First, partitioning of relatively unappealing foods involve initiation rather than inhibition, and thus, fewer decision points may promote consumption. Second, because people have an intrinsic desire for completion, they may be more likely to finish a partitioned portion, even if these are made of relatively unappealing options. After conducting a pilot experiment to verify experimental procedures, we conducted two experiments (total N = 342) in which we randomly presented cauliflower (a relatively less appealing food) in either a whole presentation format (i.e., all pieces on one plate) or a partitioned presentation format (i.e., groups of cauliflower pieces arranged into subgroups with clear divisions) and measured consumption. We observed no effects of presentation format on total consumption, but we did observe an increase in minimal consumption in the partitioned format.
Compositional Hierarchical Tensor Factorization: Representing Hierarchical Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causal Factors

Visual objects are composed of a recursive hierarchy of perceptual wholes and parts, whose properties, such as shape, reflectance, and color, constitute a hierarchy of intrinsic causal factors of object appearance. However, object appearance is the compositional consequence of both an object's intrinsic and extrinsic causal factors, where the extrinsic causal factors are related to illumination, and imaging conditions. Therefore, this paper proposes a unified tensor model of wholes and parts, and introduces a compositional hierarchical tensor factorization that disentangles the hierarchical causal structure of object image formation, and subsumes multilinear block tensor decomposition as a special case. The resulting object representation is an interpretable combinatorial choice of wholes' and parts' representations that renders object recognition robust to occlusion and reduces training data requirements. We demonstrate ourapproach in the context of face recognition by training on an extremely reduced dataset of synthetic images, and report encouragingface verification results on two datasets - the Freiburg dataset, andthe Labeled Face in the Wild (LFW) dataset consisting of real world images, thus, substantiating the suitability of our approach for data starved domains.
Mapping musical automatism: Further insights from epileptic high‐frequency oscillation analysis

As ictal semiology is increasingly understood to arise from epileptogenic networks, high-frequency oscillation propagation patterns are helping elucidate networks relevant for surgical planning. Musical automatisms, a well-documented but very rare phenomenon of epilepsy, have yet to be examined as a manifestation of high-frequency propagation in the public literature. In our current study, we report a rare case intractable epilepsy with ictal humming whose epileptogenic zone was associated with the non-dominant left anterior medial temporal region. Mapping our case's ictal semiology and high-frequency propagation pattern both facilitated treatment and further supports prior observations that the rare phenomena of musical automatisms localize to a non-dominant frontal-temporal network rather than a specific cortical territory.
Deletion of obscurin immunoglobulin domains Ig58/59 leads to age-dependent cardiac remodeling and arrhythmia

Obscurin comprises a family of giant modular proteins that play key structural and regulatory roles in striated muscles. Immunoglobulin domains 58/59 (Ig58/59) of obscurin mediate binding to essential modulators of muscle structure and function, including canonical titin, a smaller splice variant of titin, termed novex-3, and phospholamban (PLN). Importantly, missense mutations localized within the obscurin-Ig58/59 region that affect binding to titins and/or PLN have been linked to the development of myopathy in humans. To elucidate the pathophysiological role of this region, we generated a constitutive deletion mouse model, Obscn-ΔIg58/59, that expresses obscurin lacking Ig58/59, and determined the consequences of this manipulation on cardiac morphology and function under conditions of acute stress and through the physiological process of aging. Our studies show that young Obscn-ΔIg58/59 mice are susceptible to acute β-adrenergic stress. Moreover, sedentary Obscn-ΔIg58/59 mice develop left ventricular hypertrophy that progresses to dilation, contractile impairment, atrial enlargement, and arrhythmia as a function of aging with males being more affected than females. Experiments in ventricular cardiomyocytes revealed altered Ca2+ cycling associated with changes in the expression and/or phosphorylation levels of major Ca2+ cycling proteins, including PLN, SERCA2, and RyR2. Taken together, our work demonstrates that obscurin-Ig58/59 is an essential regulatory module in the heart and its deletion leads to age- and sex-dependent cardiac remodeling, ventricular dilation, and arrhythmia due to deregulated Ca2+ cycling.
A Rare Case of Tibial Intraneural Ganglion Cyst Arising From the Tibiofibular Joint

Intraneural ganglion cysts are a rare occurrence. They are most commonly found originating from the common peroneal nerve but are also frequently reported on the radial, ulnar, median, sciatic, tibial, and posterior interosseous nerves. A typical clinical presentation is posterior knee and calf pain resulting from tibial neuropathy with preferential degeneration of the popliteus muscle. Symptoms include pain, paresthesias, and decreased strength that originates in the knee and commonly extends to the plantar surface of the foot. These findings can be mistaken for lumbar neuropathies and compression of the sacral nerve roots. Differential diagnosis includes peripheral nerve sheath tumors, Baker's cysts, extraneural ganglion cysts, and atypical vascular or lymphatic malformations. In this case report, the patient was a 61-year-old male, previously in good health, who presented with progressive pain in his medial left hamstring as well as weakness in left foot plantar flexion and paresthesias in the plantar aspect of his left foot. He first noticed impairments with his ability to push off with his left foot when running. His electromyogram (EMG) was abnormal and subsequent MRI of the left leg showed a complex intraneural ganglion cyst arising from the tibiofibular joint and ascending into the tibial nerve. He underwent indirect decompression through joint resection. Unfortunately, he did not have clinical improvement on one-year follow-up. Overall, symptomatic treatment of intraneural ganglion cyst includes decompression, surgical excision, or minimally invasive decompression by percutaneous aspiration of the ganglion under ultrasound guidance.