cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic modulus and hardness of cortical and trabecular bone lamellae measured by nanoindentation in the human femur

The mechanical properties of bone tissue are determined by composition as well as structural, microstructural and nanostructural organization. The aim of this study was to quantify the elastic properties of bone at the lamellar level and compare these properties among osteonal, interstitial and trabecular microstructures from the diaphysis and the neck of the human femur. A nanoindentation technique with a custom irrigation system was used for simultaneously measuring force and displacement of a diamond tip pressed 500 nm into the moist bone tissue. An isotropic elastic modulus was calculated from the unloading curve with an assumed Poisson ratio of 0.3, while hardness was defined as the maximal force divided by the corresponding contact area. The elastic moduli ranged from 6.9 +/- 4.3 GPa in trabecular tissue from the femoral neck of a 74 yr old female up to 25.0 +/- 4.3 GPa in interstitial tissue from the diaphyseal cortex of a 69 yr old female. The mean elastic modulus was found to be significantly influenced by the type of lamella (p < 10(-6)) and by donor (p < 10(-6)). The interaction between the type of lamella and the donor was also highly significant (p < 10(-6)). Hardness followed a similar distribution as elastic modulus among types of lamellae and donor, but with lower statistical contrast. It is concluded that the nanostructure of bone tissue must differ substantially among lamellar types, anatomical sites and individuals and suggests that tissue heterogeneity is of potential importance in bone fragility and adaptation.
A gas chromatographic survey of the volatile fractions of twenty species of insects from eight orders

Abstract The profiles of the essential oil of twenty species of insects from eight orders were obtained by steam distillation and analysis by gas chromatography. For six of the seven species analysed separately by sex, the profiles showed prominent differences. In Coleoptera, phylogenetic similarities were apparent. Sex attractant activity has been reported in only seven of the twenty species investigated.
On the Absorption Cross Section of CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots

The linear absorption cross section is a crucial parameter to the design of nanocrystal quantum dot devices and to the interpretation of spectroscopic data. We measure and report the size-dependent absorption cross section of CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots. We compare the results for absorption far above the band edge, where the quantum dot density of states may be approximated as a continuum, to simple theoretical models of light scattering from light-absorbing small particles. Excellent agreement with theory is found for dilute dispersions in hexane. We find that for absorption at 350 nm the per particle absorption cross section Cabs (in cm2) for CdSe is Cabs = (5.501 × 105)a3 cm-1, where a is the particle radius in cm. The absorption cross section is observed to be largely insensitive to the solvent refractive index. Detailed modeling of the effect of the ligand shell may be necessary to understand the lack of sensitivity of the absorption properties of nanocrystal quantum dots to the refractive index o...
Translational- and rotational-invariant hidden Markov model for automatic target recognition

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the application of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to the Automatic Target Recognition (TRI-ATR) problem in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Related research with applications of the HMMs to solve SAR Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) problems can also be found in Kottke et al.5 Our approach is based on acascade of three stages: preprocessing, feature extraction and selection, and classification. Preprocessing and featureextraction and selection involve operations performed on the Radon transform of target chips. The features, whichare invariant to changes in rotation, position and shifts, although not to changes in scale, are optimized throughthe use of feature selection techniques. The classification stage takes as its inputs the multidimensional multipleobservation sequences and parameterizes them statistically using continuous density models to capture the targetand background appearance variability. Experimental results have demonstrated that the recognition rate can be ashigh as 95% over both the training set and the testing set, in certain cases.Keywords: HMMs, ATR, SAR, invariant, Radon Transform, and rotation.
Selection conditions in main memory

We consider the fundamental operation of applying a compound filtering condition to a set of records. With large main memories available cheaply, systems may choose to keep the data entirely in main memory, in order to improve query and/or update performance.The design of a data-intensive algorithm in main memory needs to take into account the architectural characteristics of modern processors, just as a disk-based method needs to consider the physical characteristics of disk devices. An important architectural feature that influences the performance of main memory algorithms is the branch misprediction penalty. We demonstrate that branch misprediction has a substantial impact on the performance of an algorithm for applying selection conditions.We describe a space of "query plans" that are logically equivalent, but differ in terms of performance due to variations in their branch prediction behavior. We propose a cost model that takes branch prediction into account, and develop a query optimization algorithm that chooses a plan with optimal estimated cost for conjunctive conditions. We also develop an efficient heuristic optimization algorithm. We also show how records can be ordered to further reduce branch misprediction effects.We provide experimental results for a case study based on an event notification system. Our results show the effectiveness of the proposed optimization techniques. Our results also demonstrate that significant improvements in performance can be obtained by applying a methodology that takes branch misprediction latency into account.
Review: Hot-Wire Anemometry in Transonic and Subsonic Slip Flows

In the past, only a relatively small number of investigations were conducted using hot-wire anemometry in transonic and subsonic slip flows. This was due to the complexity of the applicable equations. Now it appears that the developments in electronics and computational methods have made it practical to reconsider this problem. A review of past work performed in these flow regimes using hot-wire anemometry will be made along with a description of recent efforts made to develop methods which might be used to make measurements in these flow regimes. A detailed version of this review article is available through the electronic JFE.
Fatigue crack propagation: new tools for the study of an old problem

New information on fatigue has been obtained by a cyclic-loading stage for the SEM which allows dynamic observation of the fatigue-crack propagation process. A detailed response of the material characteristics to loading can be determined through measurement of the in-plane elements of the strain tensor to within 1 μm of the crack tip. In addition, the mode of crack-tip opening and its displacement can be determined very accurately. Electron channeling, the only known technique for determining plastic-strain distribution on a wide variety of metals from the interior of the specimen can be used to observe subgrains; from measurements of their size and distribution, and stress and strain distribution, around the fatigue-crack tip can be inferred. Selected-area electron channeling provided an understanding of the mechanisms by which spike overloads retard fatigue-crack propagation. Further research using these techniques will result in better understanding of the mechanism of fatigue and the development of fatigue-resistant materials.
Knockdown of dorsomedial hypothalamic NPY gene expression prevents hyperphagia and obesity of OLETF rats lacking CCK1 receptors.

Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats lacking CCK1 receptors are hyperphagic and obese. We have demonstrated that neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression is elevated in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) of OLETF rats and have suggested that the absence of CCK1 receptors leads to this overexpression of DMH NPY as a major contributor to the hyperphagia and obesity. To assess this hypothesis, we generated a vector of adeno-associated virus-mediated RNA interference with a short hairpin RNA for knocking down NPY gene expression and delivered this recombinant vector into the DMH bilaterally in 4-week-old OLETF rats. We found that knockdown of NPY gene expression in the DMH significantly decreased food intake and body weight of OLETF rats. Glucose tolerance test revealed that OLETF rats had an increase in blood glucose levels and became glucose intolerance with a delayed glucose clearance following a gavage administration of glucose as compared to lean LETO controls. Knockdown of NPY gene expression in the DMH ameliorated such alterations of OLETF rats. At sacrifice, knockdown of NPY gene expression in the DMH significantly reduced epididymal, subcutaneous and brown fat mass of OLETF rats. Together, these data demonstrated an etiological role for NPY gene overexpression in the DMH in the hyperphagia and obesity of OLETF rats. (Supported by DK057609 and DK074269. OLETF and LETO rats were a generous gift of Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Japan.)
Social Dominance Determines Estrous Entrainment Among Female Hamsters

Abstract In order to study the phenomenon of estrous entrainment and its relation to social behavior two studies were conducted with female hamsters. In the first experiment single females were placed in close proximity, but not in direct contact with three other females whose estrous cycles were already synchronous. The single female was either in phase (control) or out of phase (experimental) with the synchronous females. In the second experiment two females at the same (control) or different (experimental) points in their estrous cycles lived together until entrainment occurred. Their social interactions during the initial 30 min in this shared habitat were observed and a dominance hierarchy established. Estrous stage was determined daily for each animal by vaginal lavage. The major findings of these studies are (1) estrous entrainment occurred in all female hamsters whether living in close proximity (Expt I), or living together (Expt II); (2) regardless of the stage of estrous at the start of cohabitation, hamsters' cycles may be either accelerated or decelerated depending on whether the partner's stage is ahead or behind their own; (3) social interaction appears to accelerate the entrainment process, and (4) when examined in light of social dominance, the behaviorally submissive animals entrained to the behaviorally dominant animals.
Edge Finishing and Delamination Effects Induced During Abrasive Waterjet Machining on the Compression Strength of a Graphite/Epoxy Composite

In this study the machined edges produced by abrasive waterjet (AWJ), were characterized by compression testing to assess the influence of edge finishing and delamination on the strength of graphite/epoxy laminates. The AWJ machined edges indicated that the surface finish of the machined edges was closely related to the feed rate and abrasive flow rate. Abrasive waterjet trimming of graphite/epoxy laminates is prone to producing exit ply delaminations, and these delaminations may have abrasive particles embedded in them, which tend to hold the delaminated surfaces apart. It was found that the abrasive waterjet process induced edge surface finish does not significantly reduce the strength of the laminate, however, the delaminations that that were induced in edge finishing do result in significant reductions in strength.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Growing human sarcomas in culture

Efforts to establish human soft tissue and bone sarcomas in long-term cultures are described. Of 49 attempts 22 (45%) were successful, yielding cells that proliferated in vitro for 6 months or longer. Infrequent medium changes, maintenance of pH in physiologic range and avoidance of early trypsinization all appear to be important for survival of explanted cells and their initial growth under culture conditions. Cytologic criteria can be used to confirm that cells in established lines derive from malignant mesenchymal cells present in the tumors of origin. Cancer 40:744–755, 1977.
Double resonance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and hyperfine structure in Pr I

Laser-fluorescence spectroscopy and the laser-rf double-resonance method are combined to classify lines in the Pr I absorption spectrum. The double-resonance technique is found to be particularly valuable for this purpose since, by focusing on the lower level of a transition, it leads in many cases to unique line assignments. Precise (approx.1 ppm) measurements are reported for the hyperfine-structure (hfs) constants of 15 low levels, and 0.5% values for 34 higher levels. Classifications are given for many lines in the region 5746
Biotreatment of refinery spent-sulfidic caustic using an enrichment culture immobilized in a novel support matrix.

Sodium hydroxide solutions are used in petroleum refining to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mercaptans from various hydrocarbon streams. The resulting sulfide-laden waste stream is called spent-sulfidic caustic. An aerobic enrichment culture was previously developed using a gas mixture of H2S and methylmercaptan (MeSH) as the soleenergy source. This culture has now been immobilized in a novel support matrix, DuP ont BIO-SEPTM beads, and is used to biotreat a refinery spent-sulfidic caustic containing both inorganic sulfide and mercaptans in a continuous flow, fluidized-bed column bioreactor. Complete oxidation of both inorganic and organic sulfur to sulfate was observed with no breakthrough of H2S and 12 g/L) in the bioreactor medium resulted in an upset condition evidenced by excessive MeSH breakthrough. Therefore, bioreactor performance was limited by the steady-state sulfate concentration. Further improvement in volumetric productivity of a bioreactor system based on this enrichment culture will be dependent on maintenance of sulfate concentrations below inhibitory levels.
Material and detector properties of cadmium manganese telluride (Cd1-xMnxTe) crystals grown by the modified floating-zone method

We demonstrated the material- and radiation-detection properties of cadmium manganese telluride (Cd1-xMnxTe; x=0.06), a wide-band-gap semiconductor crystal grown by the modified floating-zone method. We investigated the presence of various bulk defects, such as Te inclusions, twins, and dislocations of several as-grown indium-doped Cd1-xMnxTe crystals using different techniques, viz., IR transmission microscopy, and chemical etching. We then fabricated four planar detectors from selected CdMnTe crystals, characterized their electrical properties, and tested their performance as room-temperature X- and gamma-ray detectors. Thus, our experimental results show that CMT crystals grown by the modified floating zone method apparently are free from Te inclusions. However, we still need to optimize our growth parameters to attain high-resistivity, large-volume single-crystal CdMnTe.
A class of optimization techniques for linear state-regulators

Several computational techniques to optimize the performance measure of linear state-regulator problems are thoroughly investigated. These techniques possess the central notions of multilevel decomposition-coordination procedures and are divided into four basic categories with each category containing two alternative methods. It has been proved from the coordinability standpoint that the optimization techniques of three categories are dual pairs. Structural properties as well as the main advantages and limitations of the various methods are carefully pointed out in order to evaluate their range of practicality. For the different two-level control structures developed in this work, the concept of system coordinability is elegantly related to the system functional controllability and observability concepts.
Dubowitz syndrome: Long‐term follow‐up of an original patient

Dubowitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder of growth retardation, characteristic face, mild mental retardation, and eczema originally described by Dubowitz [1965]. Little information is available on natural history and adulthood in this disorder. We report on a 30-year-old woman who was one of the first patients to be diagnosed with the condition [Grosse et al., 1971, Z Kinderheilkd 110:175–187]. Microcephaly, short stature, leg length discrepancy, hyperextensible joints, spina bifida occulta, and absence of anterior cruciate ligaments were present. Her facial appearance had been modified by several plastic surgery procedures. Eczema resolved with age, with occasional flareups. Asthma, headaches, and seizures were additional medical findings. Speech delays, an unusually soft, high-pitched voice, submucous cleft palate, and velopharyngeal insufficiency were noted in childhood. Mild mental retardation was present. At age 30 years she is living independently in her own apartment and working full-time in a nearby sheltered workshop. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computer-aided design, modeling and simulation of a new solar still design

The clean and pure drinking water is important in today's life but current water sources are usually brackish with bacteria that cannot be used for drinking. About 78% of water available in the sea is salty, 21% of water is brackish, and only 1% of water is fresh. Distillation is one of the feasible processes applied to water purification, and it requires the energy inputs, such as solar radiation. Water is evaporated in this distillation process and water vapor can be separated and condensed to pure water. Now, with the change from conventional fuels to renewable and environment friendly fuels sources, the modern technology allows to use the abundant energy from the sun. It is better to use solar energy to process the water desalination since it is more economical than the use of conventional energies. The main focus of this paper is applying computer-aided modeling and simulation to design a less complex solar water distillation system. The prototype of this solar still system is also built to verify its feasibility, functionality, and reliability. The computational simulation and prototype testing show the reliability and proper functionality of this solar water distillation system.
Increasing the accuracy of level-based volume detection of medical liquids in test tubes by including the optical effect of the meniscus

Abstract A novel system for liquid volume detection is reported in this paper. The system uses two lasers with different wavelengths to scan the entire height of tubes. By detecting the shape and position of the meniscus that is formed at the liquid-air interface, the volume of liquid in a tube of known geometry can be determined. To increase the accuracy of this level-based volume detection, the shape of the meniscus must be considered. The optical effect of the meniscus in such a system was modeled and its effect on the volume detection simulated. A laboratory prototype was built and the biggest difference between the measured power of the transmitted light through the meniscus and the simulated data was less than 8%.
Templating Photodimerization of trans-Cinnamic Acids with Cucurbit[8]uril and γ-Cyclodextrin

Cucurbit[8]uril and gamma-cyclodextrin are able to align two olefin molecules in a head-head fashion within their large cavities. Excitation of such templated olefins results in syn head-head cyclobutanes in nearly quantitative yields. The methodology revealed here works with trans-cinnamic acids that do not dimerize either in solution or in the solid state and with the ones that yield only anti head-tail dimer in the solid state. [reaction: see text]
A Nd and Sr isotopic study of the Trinity peridotite Implications for mantle evolution

Field evidence indicates that the Trinity peridotite was partially melted during its rise as a part of the upwelling convecting mantle at a spreading center. A Sm-Nd mineral isochron for a plagioclase lherzolite yields an age,T = 427 ± 32 Ma and initial e_(Nd) = + 10.4 ∓ 0.4 which is distinctly higher than that expected for typical depleted mantle at this time. This age is interpreted as the time of crystallization of trapped melt in the plagioclase lherzolite P-T field. This time of crystallization probably represents the time when the massif was incorporated as a part of the oceanic lithosphere. The Sm-Nd model age of the plagioclase lherzolite total rock is T_(CHUR)^(Nd) = 3.4 AE. This suggests that the Trinity peridotite was derived from a mantle that was depleted rather early in earth history. The peridotite contains many generations of pyroxenite dikes and some microgabbro dikes. We report data for two dikes that clearly crosscut the main metamorphic fabric of the peridotite. A microgabbro dike yields a Sm-Nd mineral isochron age of T = 435 ± 21 Ma and e_(Nd) = + 6.7 ∓ 0.3. A pyroxenite dike yields an initial e_(Nd) = + 7.3 ± 0.4. The initial e_(Nd) values for the pyroxenite and gabbro dikes are fairly similar to those for the depleted mantle at this time and are distinct from the lherzolite—demonstrating that they are not genetically related. Rb-Sr data do not give any coherent pattern. However, some bounds can be put on initial Sr values of e_(Sr) ⩽ −21 for the plagioclase lherzolite and e_(Sr) ⩽ −8.7 for the microgabbro dike. It is plausible that the dikes represent cumulates left behind from island arc magmas that rose through the the oceanic lithosphere within the vicinity of a subduction zone. Major and trace elements and Sm-Nd isotopic data indicate a multiple stage history for the Trinity peridotite; a small melt fraction was extracted from an undepleted source ∼ 3.4 AE or more ago to produce the proto-lherzolite; a large fraction of melt (∼ 12 to 23%) was extracted from the proto-lherzolite to produce the present rock; the lherzolite was then crosscut by dikes from average depleted mantle ∼ 0.44 AE ago. The data are compatible with the depleted mantle source being formed very early in earth history. Although most available data indicate that the depleted upper mantle has been relatively well stirred through time, the Trinity data suggest that very ancient Nd isotopic values are preserved and thus chemical and physical heteorgeneities are sometimes preserved in the depleted source of mid-ocean ridge basalts as well as the oceanic lithosphere which they intrude.
An analysis of door-to-balloon time in a single center to determine causes of delay and possibilities for improvement

Objectives: We analyzed door-to-balloon times in our institution to identify those factors which significantly prolong time to treatment in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background: Recent data have shown that patients with myocardial infarction transferred from one institution to another for PCI and those presenting outside of normal working hours suffer considerably prolonged door-to-balloon times. Methods: We analyzed the door-to-balloon time and its components from January 2005 to March 2006 in 167 consecutive patients presenting with STEMI to determine which variables were associated with delays. Results: The median door to balloon (DTB) time of all patients was 127 min. DTB was 62 min (P = 0.001) for patients presenting directly during working hours, 111.5 min for patients presenting directly during on-call hours, 157.5 min for patients presenting to outside hospitals during working hours and 149 min for patients transferred from outside hospitals during on-call hours. Factors that significantly lengthened DTB time included presentation during on-call hours (P = 0.007), outside hospital presentation (<0.001), prolonged time from chest pain onset to presentation (P = 0.004), absence of chest pain on presentation (P = 0.01), and cardiac arrest before PCI (P = 0.05). Conclusion: In our center, transport time and on-call hour delays account for the majority of reperfusion delay. Other factors that influenced delay were atypical presentation without chest pain, borderline ST changes, or delayed presentation. Thus, transfer from an outside facility, presentation after working hours, and having a difficult diagnosis all influence the rapidity of treatment. The implementation of an in-house STEMI response team may reduce the process induced delays and improve door-to-balloon times. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Surveillance of vascular incisions: outcomes of a four-year unit-based quality-improvement program

In a health care climate that emphasizes improving patient outcomes as well as reducing costs of care, the quality improvement process can be an effective tool to identify changes in practice that affect both of these factors in positive directions. Nursing staff members on our vascular surgical ward recognized incisional healing as critical to both cost of care and outcome. Infections and non-healing vascular incisions were problems that resulted in lengthy hospitalizations, the use of expensive antibiotics, and many readmissions. Beginning in fiscal year 1992, nurses began monitoring incisional healing in vascular patients as part of the unit-based quality-improvement program. For 3 years nurses collected and analyzed data related to incisional healing in patients with post-operative groin, leg, and amputation incisions. They communicated with interdisciplinary colleagues about ways to improve outcomes, and identified and implemented changes in practice that resulted in improvements. A formalized research program is underway to increase knowledge related to incisional healing and factors that affect healing in this specialty population.
Catastrophizing and Parental Response to Child Symptom Complaints.

This study investigated whether catastrophic thinking about pain by children with functional abdominal pain or by their parents is associated with health outcomes in the child. Subjects were 132 parent-child dyads. Child catastrophizing predicted child depression, anxiety and functional disability. Parents’ catastrophizing cognitions about their own pain predicted self-reported protective responses to their children’s abdominal pain (responding in ways that encourage illness behavior). Protectiveness, in turn, predicted child functional disability. All findings held despite controlling for child age, gender, and symptom severity. These results suggest that catastrophic cognitions play an important role in how children and parents cope and respond to functional abdominal pain, and may have implications for assessment and treatment in the clinical setting.
Treatment With AC Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Prevents Seasonal Exacerbation of Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis

Seasonal variation in symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been well documented in the literature and points to the influence of environmental factors on the pathogenesis of the disease. The majority of these studies indicate an increased rate of exacerbation during the spring and/or autumn both of which are associated with desynchronization of circadian pineal melatonin secretion with nadirs in plasma melatonin levels. Three MS patients who experienced annually recurrent and incapacitating seasonal exacerbations of existing symptoms are presented. The first patient, a 49 year old woman, developed over the past 6 years recurrent exacerbations of symptoms in the spring which lasted for about a month. The second patient, a 53 year old woman, experienced over the past 7 years recurrent exacerbations of symptoms in the autumn which lasted through January of the following year. The third patient, a 42 year old woman, experienced recurrent exacerbations of symptoms in the spring and autumn over the past 15 y...
Theophylline Derivatives. I. Analogs of 2-Benzyl-2-Imidazoline (Priscoline)

8-Benzyltheophylline is analogous from a structural standpoint to the synthetic adrenergic-blocking agent, Priscoline, and was prepared along with various related compounds with the hope that the resulting hybridization of structural characteristics would result in an agent useful clinically in treatment of hypertension. The following compounds are reported: 8-benzyltheophylline; 8-(2-methylene-2-imidazoline)-theophylline; 7-benzyltheophylline; and 7-(2-methylene-2-imidazoline)-theophylline. 8-Benzyltheophylline in preliminary pharmacologic tests showed promise of being a potent hypotensive agent, and current studies have as their objective an elaboration of the structure of 8-benzyltheophylline in order to provide a basis for correlation of structure and activity.
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN REDUCTION ON THE STRUCTURE AND CONDUCTIVITY OF YBA2CU3OY

Abstract The effect of reduction with hydrogen at 200°C on the structure and conductivity of YBa 2 Cu 3 O y has been examined. The observed changes in T c , lattice parameters and critical current density can be correlated with removal of excess oxygen from both the interior and the boundary of grains. The formation of a non-superconducting phase at grain boundaries in the reduced sample seems to be one of the main factors responsible for changes in change transport properties of the sample.
Renormalization-prescription dependence of the quantum-chromodynamic coupling constant

Massless quantum chromodynamics cannot be renormalized on-shell; various possible off-shell renormalization prescriptions yield different definitions of a scale-dependent coupling constant $g$. We show how to relate physical predictions computed in different renormalization schemes. In particular, we compute the dimensionally regularized two- and three-point functions at the symmetric point in momentum space through one-loop order, and deduce the relation between ${g}_{min}$ defined by minimal subtraction and ${g}_{\mathrm{mom}}$ defined by momentum-space subtraction. We find that ${g}_{\mathrm{mom}}$ is fairly insensitive to which vertex one chooses to define it, and only weakly gauge dependent. ${g}_{min}$ is shown to depend strongly on the dimensional-regularization procedure, and can therefore differ quite dramatically from ${g}_{\mathrm{mom}}$. The scale dependence of $g$ is conventionally parametrized by a scale-invariant mass $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$; the ratio of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$'s defined by any two renormalization schemes is a pure number which we show is exactly deducible from our one-loop results.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the reductive stripping of uranium from DEPA-YOPO reagent into aqueous phosphoric acid

Abstract As of mid-1983, over 1000 tons of U 3 O 8 per year is being recovered in the U.S.A. from wet-process phosphoric acid using the DEPA-TOPO process developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Another 3000 tons of U 3 O 8 per year passes through a number of small phosphate plants unrecovered, because the economics of the process are considered to be marginal at current market conditions. This paper describes equilibrium measurements, studies of uranium reduction kinetics, and uranium(IV) extraction which show how the efficiency of the reductive strip step, a key process operation, can be significantly increased by the use of higher concentrations of H 3 PO 4 in the aqueous strip solution. This procedure greatly improves the reduction kinetics allowing decreased retention time in the mixers, use of lower Fe(II) concentration, and smaller process equipment. A model of a mixer-settler unit describes the system over a 5–10 molar H 3 PO 4 range.
Treatment of optic nerve sheath meningioma with three-dimensional conformal radiation

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a patient recovering vision after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma. METHODS: Radiotherapy was delivered by a three-dimensional conformal technique in 28–180-cGy fractions. RESULTS: Visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/30, and the visual field defect resolved. CONCLUSION: Visual loss from optic nerve sheath meningioma can be reversed by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy.
Fractionation of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes in Biosynthetic Processes

This review is concerned with the isotopic relationships between organic compounds produced by a single organism, specifically their enrichments or depletions in 13C relative to total-biomass carbon. These relationships are biogeochemically significant because 1. An understanding of biosynthetically controlled, between-compound isotopic contrasts is required in order to judge whether plausibly related carbon skeletons found in a natural mixture might come from a single source or instead require multiple sources. 2. An understanding of compound-to-biomass differences must underlie the interpretation of isotopic differences between individual compounds and total organic matter in a natural mixture. My approach is pedagogic. The coverage is meant to be thorough, but the emphases and presentation have been chosen for readers approaching this subject as students rather than as research specialists. In common with the geochemists in my classes, many readers of this paper may not be very familiar with biochemistry and microbiology. I have not tried to explain every concept from those subjects and I have not inserted references for points that appear in standard texts in biochemistry or microbiology. Among such books, I particularly recommend the biochemistry text by Garrett and Grisham (1999) and the microbiology text by Madigan et al. (2000). The biochemistry text edited by Zubay (1998) is also particularly elegant and detailed. White (1999) has written a superb but condensed text on the physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes. A schematic overview of the relevant processes is shown in Figure 1⇓. Plants and other autotrophs fix CO2. Animals and other heterotrophs utilize organic compounds. If the assimilated carbon is a small molecule (like CO2, CH4, or acetate), significant isotopic fractionation is likely to accompany the fixation or assimilation of C. Such fractionations establish the isotopic relationship between an organism and its carbon source. Those associated …
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of anticancer agents: anthracenylisoxazole lexitropsin conjugates.

Abstract The synthesis and in vitro anti-tumor 60 cell lines screen of a novel series of anthracenyl isoxazole amides (AIMs) (While not a strict acronym, the designation AIM is in honor of the memory of Professor Albert I. Meyers.) ( 22–33 ) are described. The molecules consist of an isoxazole that pre-organizes a planar aromatic moiety and a simple amide and/or lexitropsin-oligopeptide. The new conjugate molecules were prepared via doubly activated amidation modification of Weinreb’s amide formation technique, using SmCl 3 as an activating agent which produces improved yields for sterically hindered 3-aryl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic esters. The results of the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) 60 cell line screening assay show a distinct structure activity relationship (SAR), wherein a trend of the highest activity for molecules with one N -methylpyrrole peptide. Evidence consistent with a mechanism of action via the interaction of these compounds with G-quadruplex (G4) DNA and a structural based rational for the observed selectivity of the AIMs for G4 over B-DNA is presented.
Turnover of the Acyl Phosphates of Human and Murine Prothymosin α in Vivo

Abstract Prothymosin α is a small, highly acidic, abundant, nuclear, mammalian protein which is essential for cell growth. Our laboratory has recently shown that primate prothymosin α contains stoichiometric amounts of phosphate on the glutamyl groups of the protein and that in vitro the phosphate undergoes rapid hydrolysis or transfer to a nearby serine residue. Here an assay for the presence of acyl phosphates in vivo has been developed by measuring stable phosphoserine and phosphothreonine in vitro. The assay was used to determine the half-life of the acyl phosphates on prothymosin α in vivo by pulse-labeling HeLa cells with [32P]orthophosphate and chasing using three different techniques: permeabilization with digitonin to allow extracellular ATP to equilibrate with the intracellular pool; electroporation in the presence of ATP to reduce the specific activity of [32P]ATP by expansion of the pool; and incubation with inorganic phosphate. Regardless of the method, the phosphate turned over with a half-life of 75–90 min. The ability of cells to phosphorylate old prothymosin α molecules was established by demonstrating equivalent labeling of the protein with [32P]orthophosphate in the presence and absence of cycloheximide. The half-life of the acyl phosphates was also studied in resting and growing NIH3T3 cells, with measured values of 30–35 and 70 min, respectively. Our data suggest that the “activity” of prothymosin α involves the turnover of its acyl phosphates and that it participates in a function common to all nucleated mammalian cells regardless of whether they are quiescent or undergoing rapid proliferation. This is the first measurement of the stability of protein-bound acyl phosphates in vivo.
Frequency of Social Evaluation in Self-Observed Daily Interactions.

This study evaluated the widely-held assumption that social evaluations (and especially negative feedback) are infrequent in daily interactions. Whereas previous investigations have asked about evaluative interactions using a one-sitting questionnaire format, this research requested undergraduates to self-observe, in a structured way, five different hours of social interaction and to report on sources and content of social feedback. Instances of evaluation were counted and judged as being positive or negative feedback. Participants reported an average of 2.6 evaluations per rated hour of interaction. Of the reports that were clearly classifiable as positive or negative feedback, an average of 61.4% were rated as positive. Students living at home with family members reported fewer instances of positive feedback (51.3%) than those living away from home (70.1%), and family members gave positive evaluations more infrequently (39.1%) that did friends (64.6%) and all other evaluators (66.2%). Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed briefly.
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis in Athletes

A spectrum of isthmic disorders of the lumbar spine is found in athletes. Most respond to nonoperative treatment. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis should be considered as separate conditions. Surgical management for high-grade spondylolisthesis is controversial. No specific guidelines are available regarding return to sports after surgery for these disorders. Athletes requiring increased lumbar flexibility must be cautioned about possible inability to perform at elite levels post operatively.
A comparison of subjective and objective measures of physical exertion

Abstract Better methods are needed to improve validity and reliability of physical activity (PA) assessment instruments. The purpose of this study was to compare individual's Borg's Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scores to GT1M ActiGraph accelerometer output, with the aim to better understand estimates of perceived exertion for exercise prescription. Adults were recruited (n = 117) from Utah, with 43.1% males (n = 50), and most (53.1%) self-reporting regular exercise. Participants performed three indoor laps of increasing intensity, ranging from walking to running, and immediately completed a RPE form. A subsample was mailed the same RPE survey 6–8 weeks later to compare differences from their initial responses. Individual accelerometer data was compared to RPE levels from validated metabolic equivalents (METs). There were significant differences between the RPE ratings and the accelerometer output overall for gender (χ2 = 10.9, P = 0.004), and exercise status (χ2 = 15.5, P < 0.001). The odds of underes...
Edge detection by nonlinear dynamics

We demonstrate how the formulation of a nonlinear scale-space filter can be used for edge detection and junction analysis. By casting edge-preserving filtering in terms of maximizing information content subject to an average cost function, the computed cost at each pixel location becomes a local measure of edgeness. This computation depends on a single scale parameter and the given image data. Unlike previous approaches which require careful tuning of the filter kernels for various types of edges, our scheme is general enough to be able to handle different edges, such as lines, step-edges, corners and junctions. Anisotropy in the data is handled automatically by the nonlinear dynamics.
Carbamazepine and cocaine-cue reactivity

Subjective and electroencephalographic reactions to cocaine cues were evaluated in 33 cocaine-dependent out-patients and 17 non-cocaine-dependent controls. Subjective, EEG, and autonomic reactions to three 5-min videos (cocaine-associated, erotic, neutral) were evaluated twice with an interpolated 1-week interval. Between evaluations, cocaine-dependent patients received carbamazepine 400 mg daily or matching placebo in double-blind fashion. In all three groups the cocaine-associated and erotic videos produced a comparable increase in the self-rated desire for cocaine and reduction in total EG power. Carbamazepine treatment increased EEG fast alpha power and self-rated fatigue, and decreased self-rated concentration and vigor. However, it had no specific effect on subjective or physiological reactivity to either the cocaine-associated or erotic videos. This negative finding is consistent with recent clinical trials of carbamazepine for cocaine dependence.
Mobilization, Demobilization and the Economy in American Elections

What motivates citizens to vote or abstain from voting? What determines vote choice? Models of turnout predominantly focus on a series of factors that affect perceptions of the benefits and costs of voting. The economy's influence on those perceptions has gone largely undeveloped. Models of vote choice routinely account for economic influences while ignoring turnout. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the role of the economy as mobilizer and demobilizer. I argue that the economy has an impact on turnout decisions and that its impact is asymmetric. All else equal, the incumbent party is able to mobilize more supporters, relative to the non-incumbent party, in good economic times and more supporters are demobilized in adverse economic times. However, Democrats and Republicans are not sensitive to the same elements of economic performance. This is in part a function of the way in which the economy influences perceptions of the closeness of the impending election and of the candidates and their parties. Analysis of pooled data from ANES surveys for the twelve presidential elections from 1956 to 2000 confirms the validity of these arguments.
Old school ties : financial aid coordination and the governance of higher education

Abstract This paper analyzes the role of financial aid coordination among the group of top northeastern colleges and universities known as the Overlap Group. Members of the Overlap Group met annually to tailor financial aid packages so that the out-of-the pocket contribution of parents to their children's education was the same regardless of the school the students chose to attend. I argue that the practices and stability of the Overlap Group are difficult to reconcile with traditional cartel theory and that financial aid coordination was a solution to organizational problems encountered in the education industry, particularly, to matching and externality problems arising in the allocation of elite students among educational institutions.
The Squeaky Wheel "Needs" the Grease: Perceptions of Teaching and Learning in Graduate Education.

The purpose of this international study was to contrast the differences in graduate student perceptions of professor pedagogical content knowledge, individualized consideration, Student-Professor Engagement in Learning, professor intellectual stimulation, and student deep learning. Sixty-seven graduate business and 70 graduate education students from two professional associations and four universities responded to the survey. The results indicated there was a significant difference between business and education students’ perceptions on Student-Professor Engagement in Learning and deep learning.
THE ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM ON PLANES WITH DENSITY

We discuss the isoperimetric problem in planes with density. In particular, we examine planes with generalized curvature zero. We solve the isoperimetric problem on the plane with density ex, as well as on the plane with density rp for p<0. The Appendix provides a proof by Robert Bryant that the Gauss plane has a unique closed geodesic.
Transient Induction of ING4 by Myc Drives Prostate Epithelial Cell Differentiation and Its Disruption Drives Prostate Tumorigenesis

The mechanisms by which Myc overexpression or Pten loss promotes prostate cancer development are poorly understood. We identified the chromatin remodeling protein, ING4, as a crucial switch downstream of Myc and Pten that is required for human prostate epithelial differentiation. Myc-induced transient expression of ING4 is required for the differentiation of basal epithelial cells into luminal cells, while sustained ING4 expression induces apoptosis. ING4 expression is lost in >60% of human primary prostate tumors. ING4 or Pten loss prevents epithelial cell differentiation, which was necessary for tumorigenesis. Pten loss prevents differentiation by blocking ING4 expression, which is rescued by ING4 re-expression. Pten or ING4 loss generates tumor cells that co-express basal and luminal markers, indicating prostate oncogenesis occurs through disruption of an intermediate step in the prostate epithelial differentiation program. Thus, we identified a new epithelial cell differentiation switch involving Myc, Pten, and ING4, which when disrupted leads to prostate tumorigenesis. Myc overexpression and Pten loss are common genetic abnormalities in prostate cancer, whereas loss of the tumor suppressor ING4 has not been reported. This is the first demonstration that transient ING4 expression is absolutely required for epithelial differentiation, its expression is dependent on Myc and Pten, and it is lost in the majority of human prostate cancers. This is the first demonstration that loss of ING4, either directly or indirectly through loss of Pten, promotes Myc-driven oncogenesis by deregulating differentiation. The clinical implication is that Pten/ING4 negative and ING4-only negative tumors may reflect two distinct subtypes of prostate cancer.
Ulcerative colitis in children.

reviewed in the Pediatric Clinics of North much new information has accumulated. In particular, the areas of genetic predisposition and alteration in the mucosal immune response have gained from intense research regarding the basic pathogenetic mechanisms of these disorders. Patients have benefited from recent drug trials that have expanded the therapeutic armamentarium available for treating IBD. This article describes recent advances in the field and summarizes the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of children