cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-D-217A-04: Evaluation of the Spatial Concordance Between the Intratumoral Patterns of 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG Uptake in a Small Animal Tumor Model.

Purpose: PET imaging allows for the visualization of tumor microenvironment and identification of aggressive or radioresistant tumor subvolumes that can be targeted with an escalated radiation dose. Multiple PET tracers have been developed for visualization of different aspects of tumor microenvironment; however, the spatial distribution of tracers in tumors is equally affected by tumortissue viability and tracer delivery limitations. Given these issues and the low resolution associated with PET imaging, two different PET tracers can produce very similar images. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate that a novel PET tracer does provide additional useful information to that obtained with other tracers. This study investigates the added value of performing 18F‐FLT PET imaging as well as 18F‐FDG imaging.Methods: Head and neck tumor xenografts grown in nude mice were used to study intratumoral tracerdistributions. 18F‐FDG and 18F‐FLT PET images were obtained on subsequent days using a small animal PET/CT. Pinnacle 9 was used to deformably register the CTimage from the FLT PET/CT to the FDG PET/CT image set. The generated deformation was applied to the FLT PET image to achieve an unbiased FLT to FDG PET image registration. The Pearson correlation coefficient between FDG and FLT was calculated voxel‐ by‐voxel within a tumor contour. Overlap analysis of thresholded tracer distributions was carried out by comparing Dice similarity coefficients. Results: Both SQ20B and FaDu tumors showed a moderate voxel‐by‐voxel correlation between FDG and FLT intratumoral patterns of uptake with an average rho value of .56 and .63 respectively (range .37–.76) despite significant differences in tumor morphology. The average volumes under thedice coefficient surface for SQ20B and FaDu tumors were not significantly different. Conclusions: Despite being equally affected by the issues of tracer delivery, necrosis and PET resolution, FDG and FLT PET images displayed an observable difference at clinically relevant thresholds.
Arithmetic of the 13-regular partition function modulo 3

Let b 13(n) denote the number of 13-regular partitions of n. We study in this paper the behavior of b 13(n) modulo 3 where n≡1 (mod 3). In particular, we identify an infinite family of arithmetic progressions modulo arbitrary powers of 3 such that b 13(n)≡0 (mod 3).
Discourses of homosexual invasion in the dominican global imaginary

The Dominican Republic, as with many Caribbean countries, has undergone rapid social transformations in recent years as a consequence of the expansion of the country’s tourism industry, the growth of local movements for sexual and gender equity, and an increasingly global engagement with foreign media, products, technologies, and political discourses. The authors argue that recent popular and political debates on gender and sexuality have increasingly centered on the degree to which these changes represent threats to the nation and forebode its degeneration and moral-sexual decline. Drawing on ethnographic research from 1999 to 2001 and archival research of Dominican media between 2002 and 2007, the analysis aims to contribute to social scientific understandings of the influence of neoliberalism and globalization on the spread of moral tensions, patterns of sexual marginalization, and sexual rights movement politics in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester on weanling rat skeleton: daily and systemic administration.

The effects of 0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (Di-M-PGE2) per kilogram per day administered subcutaneously for 21 days to fluorescent-labeled weanling rats were studied, by single-photon absorptiometric and static and dynamic histomorphometric techniques, to determine possible alterations in growth and mineralized tissue mass and their mechanisms of response. Specimens of femurs, proximal tibia, and tibial shaft were analyzed. Di-M-PGE2 caused a reduction in bone elongation and a dramatic accumulation in metaphyseal trabecular hard tissue mass. At high doses, the growth cartilage exhibited reduced thickness and degenerative cell size and cell production rate. The increased metaphyseal trabecular hard tissue mass was restricted to the secondary spongiosa region and was observed at all dose levels. The metaphysis was further characterized by an increase in bone and calcified cartilage cores, a marked elevation in osteoblast and osteoclast numbers, in osteoblast-to-osteoclast ratios, and in ratios of differentiated cells to osteoprogenitor cells. These findings were consistent with the interpretations that Di-M-PGE2 (1) depressed bone elongation by delaying the division and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes; (2) stimulated the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thus generating more differentiated bone cells but suppressing their activities; and (3) incresed metaphyseal trabecular hard tissue by creating an imbalance in osteoblasts over osteoclasts and suppressing hard tissue resorption.
Surgical Foundations: Essentials of Thoracic Surgery

Larry R. Kaiser, Sunil Singhal 366 pp. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Mosby; 2004. $79.00. ISBN 0-8151-2613-1 Kaiser and Singhal have chosen not to write an authoritative reference on the practice of thoracic surgery, but instead have produced an easily readable text that would be useful to readers such as medical students and surgical residents who wish to acquire the basic fundamentals of the practice of thoracic surgery. The beginning of each chapter contains a list of key topics that focus on the most important areas to be covered in that chapter. Key references are provided at the end of each chapter to supplement the information provided in the text. The first 2 chapters provide an excellent review of thoracic anatomy …
Facultative anaerobiosis in Limulus polyphemus: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy-kinase and heart activities

Abstract 1. 1. The horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, can survive 36–60 hr at 22°C under virtually anoxic conditions. 2. 2. Phosphoeonolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity increased 2–3 times during the period of facultative anaerobiosis in both hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. 3. 3. Heart rates decreased to 25 per cent of the basal rate under these conditions, implying partial circulatory shutdown. 4. 4. No difference in survival was noted between organism exposed to acute anoxia or over a 24-hr acclimation period. 5. 5. Unlike the situation in the oyster or parasitic helminths (also capable of facultative anaerobiosis), PEPCK appears to be a mitochondrial enzyme and exhibits only slight cytosol activity. Evidence of facultative anaerobiosis in Limulus suggests an ability to adapt to oxygen-limited environments for short lengths of time.
Simplification of nonlinear indicial response models - Assessment for the two-dimensional airfoil case

Simplifications to the functional form of the nonlinear indicial response model and application to the aerodynamic response due to arbitrary motion inputs are discussed. Numerical results for a thin two-dimensional airfoil with wake distortion nonlinearities are used to control and justify the assumptions employed. Useful relationships between indicial response parameters and steady-state oscillatory force and moment data are obtained by representing the indicial response with a Taylor series and approximating the superposition integral with an asymptotic expansion
Initial bridges between two ribosomal subunits are formed within 9.4 milliseconds, as studied by time-resolved cryo-EM

Association of the two ribosomal subunits during the process of translation initiation is a crucial step of protein synthesis. The two subunits (30S and 50S) of the bacterial 70S ribosome are held together by 12 dynamic bridges involving RNA–RNA, RNA–protein, and protein–protein interactions. The process of bridge formation, such as whether all these bridges are formed simultaneously or in a sequential order, is poorly understood. To understand such processes, we have developed and implemented a class of microfluidic devices that mix two components to completion within 0.4 ms and spray the mixture in the form of microdroplets onto an electron microscopy grid, yielding a minimum reaction time of 9.4 ms before cryofixation. Using these devices, we have obtained cryo-EM data corresponding to reaction times of 9.4 and 43 ms and have determined 3D structures of ribosomal subunit association intermediates. Molecular analyses of the cryo-EM maps reveal that eight intersubunit bridges (bridges B1a, B1b, B2a, B2b, B3, B7a, B7b, and B8) form within 9.4 ms, whereas the remaining four bridges (bridges B2c, B4, B5, and B6) take longer than 43 ms to form, suggesting that bridges are formed in a stepwise fashion. Our approach can be used to characterize sequences of various dynamic functional events on complex macromolecular assemblies such as ribosomes.
Astrocytes Protect Neurons From Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptotic Death

Ethanol induces oxidative stress in cultured fetal rat cortical neurons and this is followed by apoptotic death, which can be prevented by normalization of cell content of reduced glutathione (GSH). Because astrocytes can play a central role in maintenance of neuron GSH homeostasis, the following experiments utilized cocultures of neonatal rat cortical astrocytes and fetal cortical neurons to determine if astrocytes could protect neurons from ethanol-mediated apoptotic death via this mechanism. In cortical neurons cultured in the absence of astrocytes, ethanol (2.5 and 4 mg/ml; 6-, 12-, and 24-hr exposures) decreased trypan blue exclusion and the MTT viability measures by up to 45% (P < 0.05), increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by up to 81% (P < 0.05), and decreased GSH within 1 hr of treatment by 49 and 51% for 2.5 and 4 mg/ml, respectively (P < 0.05). This was followed by onset of apoptotic cell death as determined by increased Annexin V binding and DNA fragmentation by 12 hr of ethanol exposure. Coculturing neurons with astrocytes prevented GSH depletion by 2.5 mg/ml ethanol, whereas GSH content was increased over controls in neurons exposed to 4 mg/ml ethanol (by up to 341%; P < 0.05). Ethanol generated increases in neuron ROS and apoptosis; decreases in viability were also prevented by coculture. Astrocytes were largely insensitive to ethanol, using the same measures. Only exposure to 4.0 mg/ml ethanol decreased GSH content in astrocytes, concomitant with a 204% increase in GSH efflux (P < 0.05). These studies illustrate that astrocytes can protect neurons from ethanol-mediated apoptotic death and that this may be related to maintenance of neuron GSH.
The action of antihistamine drugs in vitro. I. Mitochondrial swelling.

Abstract 1. 1. It is shown that a number of antihistamine drugs which prevent liver injury inhibit mitochondrial swelling at concentrations at which they do not affect electron transport or oxidative phosphorylation. 2. 2. These compounds also inhibit the reversal of swelling induced by ATP and Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ . 3. 3. It is shown that phosphoprotein levels fall markedly during swelling, and rise upon the initiation of shrinkage. 4. 4. Substances that prevent mitochondrial swelling preserve the levels of phosphoprotein, while those which inhibit shrinkage prevent protein phosphorylation. Among such compounds are Azide, Amytal and the antihistamine drugs. 5. 5. Conditions for obtaining reproducible results in experiments with mitochondrial swelling and shrinking are described. Variations between animal strains and mitochondrial preparations occur which do not permit standardization of these conditions. 6. 6. The significance of these results for known actions of the antihistamine drugs is discussed.
Applying Michael Porter's extended rivalry model to the robotics industry

Purpose – This paper aims to analyse the robotics industry using Michael Porter's extended rivalry model. His model assesses the relative strength of buyers, suppliers, potential entrants, substitutes, and rivals for an industry. Such an assessment helps firms determine if a particular industry is attractive and possible ways to successfully compete within the industry.Design/methodology/approach – The robotics industry is used as a case study in the use of the extended rivalry model.Findings – Findings suggest that the robotics industry is only a moderately attractive industry and one possible strategy is for a robotics firm to focus on non‐automotive buyers.Research limitations/implications – Implications are that the extended rivalry model is a useful tool for understanding any industry.Practical implications – Practical implications are that the extended rivalry model indicates several possible competitive strategies for firms in the robotics industry.Originality/value – This paper is original. Its va...
Peter Speek and Migratory Labor: An Estonian Revolutionary Finds the Real America

Peter Alexander Speek arrived in the United States in the fall of 1908 at the age of 35, “having in my pocket only 4c and knowing hardly more English words.” A leader of revolutionary activities against Russian rule in his native Estonia, Speek came to the U.S. a committed socialist intent on developing worker awareness and leading the class struggle. After two years in New York, Speek traveled to the West Coast, entered the graduate program i n economics at the University of Wisconsin, and worked two years as an investigator for the United States Commission on Industrial Relations (CIR). During his time with the CIR, Speek traveled widely across the United States, “visiting labor camps, cheap city lodging houses, gatherings of hoboes and tramps in so-called ‘jungles’, interviewing employers and various public agencies.” Speek wrote dozens of reports during these investigations that served as the foundation for official CIR policy recommendations and for a series of popular press articles on current migratory conditions. In doing this work, Speek became a recognized authority on migratory labor issues. Reference to Speek's reports can be found in studies of early-twentieth-century migratory labor conditions, but a specific evaluation of Speek and of his contributions has not been written. Speek's work for the CIR is of interest because of its subject matter and its comprehensive coverage. Speek's work is also of interest because it was during this period that Speek rejected his revolutionary socialism and became a structural reformer, accepting the basic U.S. economic and political system and working to improve the details of its institutions.
Expansions in Jacobi Polynomials of Negative Order

We extend an equiconvergence theorem for Jacobi expansions which is well known for α, β > -1 to the general case of all α, \(\beta \in {\Bbb R}\) .
Advances in the synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via RAFT polymerization: Stimuli-responsive drug and gene delivery

Controlled/'living' radical polymerization methods, including the versatile reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization process, are rapidly moving to the forefront in construction of drug and gene delivery vehicles. The RAFT technique allows an unprecedented latitude in the synthesis of water soluble or amphiphilic architectures with precise dimensions and appropriate functionality for attachment and targeted delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the chemistry of the RAFT process and its potential for preparing well-defined block copolymers and conjugates capable of stimuli-responsive assembly and release of bioactive agents in the physiological environment. Recent examples of block copolymers with designed structures and segmental compositions responsive to changes in pH or temperature are reviewed and hurdles facing further development of these novel systems are discussed.
Reversible Ca Gradients between the Subplasmalemma and Cytosol Differentially Activate Ca-dependent Cl Currents

Xenopus oocytes express several different Ca-activated Cl currents that have different waveforms and biophysical properties. We compared the stimulation of Ca-activated Cl currents measured by two-microelectrode voltage clamp with the Ca transients measured in the same cell by confocal microscopy and Ca-sensitive fluorophores. The purpose was to determine how the amplitude and/or spatio-temporal features of the Ca signal might explain how these different Cl currents were activated by Ca. Because Ca release from stores was voltage independent, whereas Ca influx depended upon the electrochemical driving force, we were able to separately assess the contribution of Ca from these two sources. We were surprised to find that Ca signals measured with a cytosolic Ca-sensitive dye, dextran-conjugated Ca-green-1, correlated poorly with Cl currents. This suggested that Cl channels located at the plasma membrane and the Ca-sensitive dye located in the bulk cytosol were sensing different [Ca]. This was true despite Ca measurement in a confocal slice very close to the plasma membrane. In contrast, a membrane-targeted Ca-sensitive dye (Ca-green-C18) reported a Ca signal that correlated much more closely with the Cl currents. We hypothesize that very local, transient, reversible Ca gradients develop between the subplasmalemmal space and the bulk cytosol. [Ca] is higher near the plasma membrane when Ca is provided by Ca influx, whereas the gradient is reversed when Ca is released from stores, because Ca efflux across the plasma membrane is faster than diffusion of Ca from the bulk cytosol to the subplasmalemmal space. Because dissipation of the gradients is accelerated by inhibition of Ca sequestration into the endoplasmic reticulum with thapsigargin, we conclude that [Ca] in the bulk cytosol declines slowly partly due to futile recycling of Ca through the endoplasmic reticulum.
Alexithymia, anger, and interpersonal behavior.

Background: We explored the relationship between alexithymia and interpersonal behavior, particularly the expression of anger. Methods: Ninety-eight college students completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. A median split was used to divide participants into a low-alexithymia and a high-alexithymia group. The experimenter intentionally engaged in a series of anger-provoking behaviors. Results: Compared to individuals in the low-alexithymia group, individuals in the high-alexithymia group were more interpersonally avoidant and exhibited more nonverbal anger, yet there was a trend for them to describe their lab experience as more pleasant. Among individuals in the high-alexithymia group, the different measures of anger and interpersonal behavior were less strongly associated than they were among individuals in the low-alexithymia group. Conclusions: The results provide evidence of a complex association between alexithymia and anger, and of the lack of coherence in the communication of individuals with high levels of alexithymia.
Agonistic and Sexual Behavior of Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)

Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) were observed in the wild in Eravikulam National Park, Kerala, India. Agonistic and sexual behaviors were described and classified by social function. The social behavior of Nilgiri tahr was compared with that of related species. Nilgiri tahr are thought to be evolutionary intermediates between the Rupicaprini and the Caprini; this was reflected in their behavior. While they used reverse parallel fighting and neckfighting, clashing with the horns was also well developed.
A dynamic simulation of bisphenol A dosimetry in neuroendocrine organs

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known xenoestrogen with similar properties to 17beta-estradiol. BPA and estrogen are hydrophobic compounds, and this affects the pharmacokinetics of both compounds in mammals. In a previous study we measured the distribution of BPA in female F344 rats exposed to oral doses of 0.1, 10 and 100 mg/kg. The results showed distribution to target neuroendocrine organs at all doses tested. Using these results, we developed a pharmacokinetic model to predict the dynamic uptake and excretion of BPA by various routes of exposure (po, iv, sc, ip). The model was able to simulate the entire time course (48 h) following various routes of exposure in rats over the dose ranges tested. The model indicated that the ultimate tissue uptake of BPA was established by the rapid initial transfer of free BPA into tissues. After free BPA enters the systemic circulation, metabolism and excretion reactions cause a relatively short duration and rapid decline. This period is followed by a slower long-term decline characteristic of BPA's biphasic pharmacokinetics. Plasma protein and tissue binding reactions established the long-term half-life of BPA in the body. Route differences in tissue uptake were directly related to the competition between transfer and binding reactions during the absorption phase.
Roentgenography of the Thoracic Duct in Man by Oral Administration of Contrast Media

SummaryX-ray views of the thoracic duct by means of orally administered contrast media have been obtained for the first time by providing for adequate emulsification and dispersion of an iodinated fat prior to administration.
Estimating exposure to chemical contaminants in drinking water

A model is developed that predicts exposure and absorbed dose for chemical contaminants in household drinking water via three pathways: inhalation, direct and indirect ingestion, and dermal penetration. Extensive probability distributions for building characteristics, activity and water use patterns, operating conditions of water devices, and physiological characteristics of the general population are developed. The impacts of different operating conditions on mass transfer coefficients for the shower, bath, washing machine, dishwasher, and faucet are established. Dichlorobromomethane, inorganic lead, and endosulfan, three compounds associated with adverse birth outcomes that have significantly different chemical properties, are selected for analysis. The primary exposure pathways for dichlorobromomethane are inhalation (62%) and ingestion (27%). Seventy percent of total exposure to endosulfan comes from ingestion, and 18% from dermal sorption with the remaining 12% due to inhalation. Virtually all (99.9%) of the exposure to lead occurs via ingestion. A nested Monte Carlo analysis shows that natural variability contributes significantly more (a factor of 10) toward total uncertainty than knowledge uncertainty (a factor of 1.5). Better identification of certain critical input variables (ventilation rate in the shower and bathroom, ingestion rate, the boiling water mass transfer coefficient, and skin permeability) is required.
Double pomeron exchange in the reaction pp → ppπ+π−

Abstract We compute the cross section for pp → pp π + π − in the kinematical region for which two-pomeron exchange is important, assuming dominance of the pion-exchange pole. We include effects due to absorption, final-state interaction, and interference between the two contributing Feynman diagrams. These effects have been ignored in previous calculations. Consequently, our predicted cross section is smaller than previous predictions by a factor of ∼ 3, and is consistent with experimental indications. We calculate the background cross section in the double pomeron exchange region, and find that it is sizable even at s ∼ 3000 GeV 2 . We discuss the two-particle inclusive process pp → ppX.
Current Expectations for Surgical Repair of Isolated Ventricular Septal Defects

Background Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most commonly recognized congenital heart defect. With the development of device closure for intracardiac defects, we sought to evaluate current expectations for surgical closure of isolated VSD. Methods Between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2006, 215 patients underwent isolated VSD repair at a median age of 10 months (range, 20 days to 18 years) and a median weight of 7 kg (range, 2 to 66 kg). The following VSD types were found: 172 perimembranous (80%), 28 supracristal (13%), 6 inlet (3%), and 9 muscular (4%). One hundred eight patients (50%) had evidence of congestive heart failure or failure to thrive preoperatively. Thirty-one patients (14%) had aortic valve cusp prolapse, and 63 (29%) had genetic abnormalities. Results Incidence of significant postoperative complications was extremely low. No patient underwent reoperation for a residual VSD. None had complete heart block. One operative mortality (0.5%) and 2 late deaths (0.9%) occurred. Median postoperative hospital length of stay was 5 days (range, 2 to 187 days). In the immediate postoperative period, 6 patients (2.8%) required reoperation. No patients were discharged on antiarrhythmic agents, had complete heart block, or required permanent pacing. At mean follow-up of 2.1 ± 2.0 years, 99.5% (211 of 212) of patients were asymptomatic from a cardiac standpoint. None exhibited greater than mild new-onset tricuspid valve regurgitation. No aortic valve injuries occurred. Conclusions Surgical closure of isolated VSD is a safe, effective therapy. Risk of death, complete heart block, and reoperation is minimal. As new technologies for VSD closure evolve, results such as these should be considered when evaluating patients, choosing therapeutic options, and counseling families.
Misunderstanding the “Nature” of Co-Management: A Geography of Regulatory Science and Indigenous Knowledges (IK)

Governments, NGOs, and natural scientists have increased research and policy-making collaborations with Indigenous peoples for governing natural resources, including official co-management regimes. However, there is continuing dissatisfaction with such collaborations, and calls for better communication and mutual learning to create more “adaptive” co-management regimes. This, however, requires that both Western and Indigenous knowledge systems be equal participants in the “co-production” of regulatory data. In this article, I examine the power dynamics of one co-management regulatory regime, conducting a multi-sited ethnography of the practices of researching and managing one transnational migratory species, greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis), who nest where Koyukon Athabascans in Alaska, USA, practice subsistence. Analyzing the ethnographic data through the literatures of critical geography, science studies and Indigenous Studies, I describe how the practice of researching for co-management can produce conflict. “Scaling” the data for the co-management regime can marginalize Indigenous understandings of human–environment relations. While Enlightenment-based practices in wildlife biology avoid “anthropomorphism,” Indigenous Studies describes identities that operate through non-modern, deeply imbricated human–nonhuman identities that do not separate “nature” and “society” in making knowledge. Thus, misunderstanding the “nature” of their collaborations causes biologists and managers to measure and research the system in ways that erase how subsistence-based Indigenous groups already “manage” wildlife: by living through their ethical commitments to their fellow beings. At the end of the article, I discuss how managers might learn from these ontological and epistemological differences to better “co-produce” data for co-management.
Cross sections for neutron capture from surrogate measurements: An examination of Weisskopf-Ewing and ratio approximations

Motivated by the renewed interest in the surrogate nuclear reactions approach, an indirect method for determining compound-nuclear reaction cross sections, the prospects for determining ($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) cross sections for deformed rare-earth and actinide nuclei are investigated. A nuclear reaction model is employed to simulate physical quantities that are typically measured in surrogate experiments and used to assess the validity of the Weisskopf-Ewing and ratio approximations, which are typically employed in the analysis of surrogate reactions. The expected accuracy of ($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) cross sections extracted from typical surrogate measurements is discussed and limitations of the approximate methods are illustrated. Suggestions for moving beyond presently employed approximations are made.
Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours.

Purpose Healthcare organizations often have to provide patient care around the clock. Shift work (any shift outside of 7 a.m. to 6 p.m) and long work hours increase the risk for short sleep duration and sleep disturbances. Thirty-two percent of healthcare workers report they do not get enough sleep. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of the wide range of risks to nurses, patients, and employers that are linked to shift work, long work hours, and poor sleep from other sources. Findings Shift work and long work hours increase the risk for reduced performance on the job, obesity, injuries, and a wide range of chronic diseases. In addition, fatigue-related errors could harm patients. Fatigued nurses also endanger others during their commute to and from work. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance The key strategy to reduce these risks is making sleep a priority in the employer's systems for organizing work and in the nurse's personal life.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Thiolate-Protected Au Nanoparticles NaxAu25(SC2H4Ph)18−y(S(C2H4O)5CH3)y

We report the first collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID MS/MS) of a thiolate-protected Au nanoparticle that has a crystallographically determined structure. CID spectra ass...
Suspended Sediment in Southern California Waters: ABSTRACT

The South Coastal area of California includes all basins draining into the sea between Rincon Creek (Ventura County) on the north and the American part of Tia Juana Basin on the south, about 28,500 square kilometers. Annual runoff over the past three decades, and suspended load of the 1961-1962 season were determined for the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana basins, 10,000 square kilometers constituting 35 per cent of the South Coastal area. Extrapolation suggests that 700,000,000 cubic meters of water with a suspended and dissolved load of 2,760,000 metric tons (2,760, 000,000 kilograms) is supplied annually to the ocean by southern California. Approximately 580,000 tons coarser than 64 microns forms beach and nearshore sediment. Estimated 1,640,000 tons, coarser t an 1 micron, are dispersed widely over the continental shelf and beyond. The remaining 540,000 tons finer than 1 micron could not be analyzed by existing techniques. Centrifuge concentration of marine waters and optical counts of mineral particles reveal fairly uniform suspension values of several milligrams per liter close to shore, decreasing to several tenths of a milligram at the shelf edge 70 miles offshore. Suspension grain sizes parallel this trend, grading from coarse silt nearshore to fine silt and clay at the shelf edge. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1775------------
The role of the torsional potential in relaxation dynamics: a molecular dynamics study of polyethylene

Abstract The role of the torsional potential in bulk polymer chain dynamics is investigated via molecular dynamics simulation using polyethylene as a model system. A number of three-fold barrier values, both greater and less than the standard one, were invoked. The one-fold potential that determines the gauche vs trans energy difference was also varied. For each of the selected torsional potentials, the MD volumetric glass transition temperature, T g , was located. It was found that T g is quite sensitive to the three-fold barrier magnitude, moving from below 100 K to nearly 400 K as the barrier goes from zero to twice the standard value. However T g was found to be quite insensitive to the gauche trans energy difference. Details of the conformational dynamics were studied for the case of a zero torsional potential. This included the rate and location of conformational transitions, the decay of the torsional angle autocorrelation function (ACF) and the cooperativity of conformational transitions, all as a function of temperature. The temperature dependence of the conformational transition rate remains Arrhenius at all temperatures. The relaxation time characterizing the torsional angle ACF decay exhibits WLF temperature behavior. The conformational transitions are randomly distributed over the bonds at high temperature, but near T g they become spatially heterogeneous and localized. The transitions show next-neighbor correlation as well as self-correlated forward-backward transitions. All of these features are similar to those found in previous simulations under the standard torsional potential.
Multihop logical topologies for gigabit lightwave networks

A variety of physical and logical topologies for optical networks are discussed. The applicability of the multihop architecture as a viable solution for packet-switched lightwave networks is described. Design considerations of these networks and the advantages and disadvantages of using this approach are presented. The many tradeoffs to be considered when evaluating the various architectural alternatives are also discussed. >
Optimum conditions for the radioimmunoprecipitation assay for the major internal protein of bovine leukemia virus.

Abstract The sensitivity of the radioimmunoprecipitation assay for the major internal protein (p24) of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was examined. Conditions were varied for the assay by 1) using larger amounts of serum and 2) increasing the amount of second antibody. Sensitivity for the p24 radioimmunoprecipitation test was greatest when 10 μl of test serum and 200 μl of rabbit anti-bovine IgG were used. Under these conditions there were no discrepancies between the p24 radioimmunoprecipitation test and the radioimmunoprecipitation test for the surface glycoprotein (gp51) in 380 cattle from commercial dairy herds.
Partisan Monetary Policies: Presidential Influence Through the Power of Appointment

We investigate the channels through which partisan influence from a Presidential administration could affect monetary policy-making. Influence could be a result of direct Presidential pressure exerted on members of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), or it could be a result of partisan considerations in Presidential appointments to the Board of Governors. To investigate these two channels of influence, we devise and apply a method for estimating parameters of monetary policy reaction functions that can vary across individual members of the FOMC. Our results suggest that the appointments process is the primary mechanism by which partisan differences in monetary policies arise.
Transcriptional control of cell type and morphogenesis in Candida albicans

Candida albicans has a number of transcriptional regulatory circuits that control aspects of cell type and cell morphogenesis. Recent work has uncovered a cryptic mating-type locus, and a variety of transcription factors that are important in regulation of the transition from yeast growth to hyphal growth. In some cases, the signalling pathways regulating these transcription factors are becoming defined. Analysis of phenotypic switching implicates internal factors, as well as external signals, in control of cellular morphogenesis.
Measurements and modeling of light hydrocarbons in rich C2H4 combustion in a jet-stirred reactor

Abstract Premixed fuel and air were burned at atmospheric pressure and 1750 K in a jet-stirred combustor. A water-cooled stainless-steel probe was used to sample stable species over an equivalence ratio range of 1.3–2.0. In general, the major stable species measured showed good agreement with a model consisting of a single well-stirred reactor and a reaction mechanism proposed by Glarborg, Miller, and Kee. Radical reactions occurring in the sampling probe were also modeled using a measured probe temperature profile. At low equivalence ratios (1.3–1.5), where the concentration of stable species are small relative to the concentrations of radical species (H, OH, O, CH3, etc.), radical reactions in the probe produce large changes in the measured species concentrations. At higher equivalence ratios (above 1.5), the effects of probe quenching are diminished due to the small radical concentrations relative to the concentrations of the major stable species.
Transcription initiation from a poly(dA) tract

The mammalian ME1 gene encodes a non-tissue-specific, helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is enriched in morphogenetically active regions during development. Regulation of mouse ME1 gene expression is controlled by a novel initiator (ME1 Inr) that promotes transcription from the center of a 13 bp poly(dA) tract. We show here that the ME1 Inr autonomously directs initiation from the poly(dA) tract both in vitro and in vivo. This transcription was dependent upon two protein complexes; MBPalpha, which associated directly with the poly(dA) tract, and MBPbeta, which introduced an approximately 60 degrees bend immediately downstream of the poly(dA) tract. The MBPalpha and MBPbeta binding sites were strikingly conserved in homologous DNA from several mammalian species and the frog Xenopus laevis. These results suggest that the ME1 Inr constitutes a robust nucleation site that promotes transcription initiation in the absence of conventional promoter elements.
Li-function activated ZNN with finite-time convergence applied to redundant-manipulator kinematic control via time-varying Jacobian matrix pseudoinversion

HighlightsThe LFAZNN model is developed for time-varying Jacobian matrix pseudoinversion.This paper presents the theoretical result about the LFAZNN finite-time convergence.This paper further shows the LFAZNN application to robots' kinematic control.Simulation results demonstrate well the effectiveness of the LFAZNN model. This paper presents and investigates the application of Zhang neural network (ZNN) activated by Li function to kinematic control of redundant robot manipulators via time-varying Jacobian matrix pseudoinversion. That is, by using Li activation function and by computing the time-varying pseudoinverse of the Jacobian matrix (of the robot manipulator), the resultant ZNN model is applied to redundant-manipulator kinematic control. Note that there are nine novelties and differences of ZNN from the conventional gradient neural network in the research methodology. More importantly, such a Li-function activated ZNN (LFAZNN) model has the property of finite-time convergence (showing its feasibility to redundant-manipulator kinematic control). Simulation results based on a four-link planar robot manipulator and a PA10 robot manipulator further demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented LFAZNN model, as well as show the LFAZNN application prospect.
Differences in relative risks for fatal occupational highway transportation accidents.

PROBLEM AND METHOD: This study examined the trends in the relative risks for being involved in fatal occupational highway transportation accidents based upon the age and gender of the victim. RESULTS: Significant differences in relative risks were identified based upon age; however, there were no significant differences in relative risks based upon gender. The trend analysis of relative risks for all motor-vehicle accidents based upon age showed that males exhibited a significant cubic trend while females exhibited a significant linear trend. The trend analysis of relative risks for fatal motor-vehicle accidents specifically involving vehicle operators based upon age yielded a significant quadratic trend for males and no significant trends for females. Examining the relative risks for fatalities involving only motor-vehicle operators controlled, to a certain extent, the differences in job exposure to motor-vehicle accidents based upon age. IMPACT: Prevention measures are identified as most crucial for older male workers in the transportation and agriculture industries.
Orbital electrode actuation to improve efficiency of drilling micro-holes by micro-EDM

This paper presents a novel machining technique for micro-EDM that actuates the EDM electrode on an orbital trajectory that is created by a 2-axis flexural micro-EDM head with a range of ±100 μm in both x- and y-directions. The orbital motion with its adjustable radius decouples the size of the hole to be drilled from the size of the electrode, allowing a range of hole sizes to be drilled. The orbital motion of the electrode increases the hole diameter proportional to the orbital radius, thereby creating a larger gap between the work piece and the electrode, which promotes increased flushing. For holes with large depth to diameter ratios, the increased flushing reduces electrode wear, creates a better surface finish, and eliminates the exponential reduction in material removal rates typical for EDM drilling.
Mechanisms controlling the annual cycle of precipitation in the tropical Atlantic sector in an atmospheric GCM

Abstract A set of AGCM experiments is used to study the annual cycle of precipitation in the region surrounding the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The experiments are designed to reveal the relative importance of insolation over land and the (uncoupled) SST on the annual cycle of precipitation over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Africa, and the tropical Americas. SST variations impact the position of the maritime ITCZ by forcing the hydrostatic adjustment of the atmospheric boundary layer and changes in surface pressure and low-level convergence. The condensation heating released in the ITCZ contributes substantially to the surface circulation and the maintenance of the SST-induced ITCZ anomalies. The remote influence of SST is felt in equatorial coastal areas and the Sahel. The circulation driven by condensation heating in the maritime ITCZ extends to the coastal regions, thus communicating the SST signal onshore. Conversely, the Sahel responds to variations in SST through boundary layer processes that do not in...
Amphetamine analogs have differential effects on DRL 36-s schedule performance.

Amphetamine and related compounds have previously been shown to differentially release dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) in vivo and in vitro. The purpose of this report is directly to compare five amphetamine analogs on differential reinforcement of low rate 36-s (DRL 36-s) schedule performance, and to determine whether the reported increases in dopamine and/or serotonin release induced by these drugs can be related to observed behavioral differences. Amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH) induced large increases in response rate, methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) caused small increases in response rate, while fenfluramine (FEN) had no effect on response rate. AMPH, METH, PCA and MDMA caused a dose-dependent decrease in reinforcement rate, and FEN had no effect on reinforcement rate. AMPH, METH, and PCA but not FEN, shifted the peak of the inter-response time (IRT) distribution toward shorter intervals, MDMA decreased peak location only at the highest dose. All five drugs caused a dose-dependent decrease in peak area, indicating a loss of schedule control on the DRL 36-s schedule. Consistent with in vitro and in vivo release studies, the differential results of these five drugs on DRL 36-s schedule performance suggest a predominant dopamine role for AMPH and METH, a predominant serotonin role for FEN, and different degrees of combined dopaminergic and serotonergic roles for MDMA and PCA in the mediation of the task.
Hybrid User-level Sandboxing of Third-party Android Apps

Users of Android phones increasingly entrust personal information to third-party apps. However, recent studies reveal that many apps, even benign ones, could leak sensitive information without user awareness or consent. Previous solutions either require to modify the Android framework thus significantly impairing their practical deployment, or could be easily defeated by malicious apps using a native library.In this paper, we propose AppCage, a system that thoroughly confines the run-time behavior of third-party Android apps without requiring framework modifications or root privilege. AppCage leverages two complimentary user-level sandboxes to interpose and regulate an app's access to sensitive APIs. Specifically, dex sandbox hooks into the app's Dalvik virtual machine instance and redirects each sensitive framework API to a proxy which strictly enforces the user-defined policies, and native sandbox leverages software fault isolation to prevent the app's native libraries from directly accessing the protected APIs or subverting the dex sandbox. We have implemented a prototype of AppCage. Our evaluation shows that AppCage can successfully detect and block attempts to leak private information by third-party apps, and the performance overhead caused by AppCage is negligible for apps without native libraries and minor for apps with them.
Age Related Differences in Driving Performance and Target Identification

We investigated the effects of age and simulated driving scenario complexity (low, high) on measures of driving performance and on a peripheral letter detection and identification task. The right and left turn signals were used to indicate whether a letter was or was not part of a three letter target set, respectively. The participants were 12 younger (ages 18–41) and 12 older individuals (64–85). Complexity was manipulated by varying the number of stoplights that could potentially turn red as a participant approached an intersection and the number of obstacles (e.g. other traffic, intersections etc). The results showed that older subjects drove slower overall, had more difficulty controlling the simulator when navigating curves, had more accidents, and identified fewer target letters than the younger participants. As the complexity of the scenario increased the older participants showed a disproportionate increase in accidents and a marginally significantly (p <.06) greater decrease in peripheral letter ...
Advanced CD error detection with CD SEM disposition

In this study, we used production reticles and a new programmed defect test mask to characterize the sensitivity and false defect performance of several algorithms (ALM100, ALM200 and ALM300). ALM300's sensitivity spec is 60 nm. The inspection results were transferred to a CD SEM for analysis. SEM measurements were taken to validate the sensitivity of the algorithm and to quantify the calibration accuracy of the review tools of the inspection system.
How Children Learn About Sex: A Cross-Species and Cross-Cultural Analysis

Scattered and not widely disseminated evidence from primatology, anthropology, and history of childhood sexuality support the hypothesis that throughout much of human behavioral evolution that human children have learned about sex through observing parental sexuality and then imitating it in sexual rehearsal play with peers. Contemporary theories of psychosexual development have not considered the possibility that young children are predisposed to learn about sex through observational learning and sexual rehearsal play during early childhood, a primate-wide trait that is conserved in humans but suppressed in contemporary contexts.