cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Species of Suillus

Romano, A. H. 1966. Dimorphism, pp. 181-209. In G. C. Ainsworth and A. S. Sussman [eds.], The Fungi, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York. Salvin, S. B. 1947. Cultural studies on the yeastlike phase of Histoplasma capsulatum Darling. J. Bacteriol. 54: 655-660. Wolf, F. T. 1955. Nutrition and metabolism of the tobacco wilt Fusarium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 82: 343-354. Zapater, R. C., A. de Arrechea, and V. H. Guevara. 1972. Queratomicosis por Fusarium dimerum. Sabouraudia 10: 274-275.
Substituted Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Ligands for Highly Active ATRP Catalysts

The synthesis and application of a very active catalyst for copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) with tris([(4-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl)-2-pyridyl] methyl)amine (TPMA*) ligand is reported. Catalysts with TPMA* ligands are approximately 3 orders of magnitude more active than those with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA). Catalyst activity was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, stopped-flow, and ATRP kinetics. Catalysts with TPMA* ligands perform better than those with TPMA ligands, especially at low catalyst concentrations.
Autonomous Optical Navigation for Earth-Observing Satellites using Coastline Matching

In order to meet the demands of future space missions, it is beneficial for spacecraft to have the capability to support autonomous navigation. This is true for both crewed and uncrewed vehicles. For crewed vehicles, autonomous navigation would allow the crew to safely navigate home in the event of a communication system failure. For uncrewed missions, autonomous navigation reduces the demand on ground-based infrastructure and could allow for more flexible operation. One promising technique for achieving these goals is through optical navigation. To this end, the present work considers how camera images of the Earth’s surface could enable autonomous navigation of a satellite in low Earth orbit. Specifically, this study will investigate the use of coastlines and other natural land-water boundaries for navigation. Observed coastlines can be matched to a pre-existing coastline database in order to determine the location of the spacecraft. This paper examines how such measurements may be processed in an on-board extended Kalman filter (EKF) to provide completely autonomous estimates of the spacecraft state throughout the duration of the mission.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) and Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

Trichotillomania and pathological skin picking have long been viewed as obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders. Now known as Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) and Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder, both are included in the OCD and Related Disorders section in DSM-5. This chapter briefly focuses on prevalence, phenomenology, and etiology of these disorders. Cognitive behavioral mechanisms and empirically supported cognitive behavioral treatments are explained in detail, including habit reversal training (HRT) and stimulus control, as well as augmenting strategies from acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Finally, the application of treatment principles is highlighted with a case presentation.
Combinatorics of Petersen graph and its compositions for all irreducible representations for Jahn–Teller, non-rigid molecules and clusters

We have considered the combinatorics of the Petersen graph and its various compositions with other graphs for all irreducible representations (IRs) of the corresponding automorphism groups. These graphs represent Berry pseudorotation of the trigonal bipyrmidal (TBP) molecules, clusters such as $$\hbox {Ta}_{5}$$ , and non-rigid ligands placed at the corners of the TBP structure. We have computed the properties for coloring combinatorics for the vertices, edges, and pentagons of the Petersen graph for all IRs for up to six different color types. Compositions of the Petersen graphs with other graphs have also been considered with complete enumeration tables obtained for the composition of the Petersen graph with $$\hbox {K}_{2}$$ containing 122,880 elements and 136 conjugacy classes. Such compositions of the Petersen graph represent the automorphism groups of the isomerization graphs of pentacoordinated TBP molecules and transition metal clusters such as $$[\hbox {Co}(\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O})_{5}]^{3+}$$ , pentacoordinated transition metal-ammonia complexes, organometallic systems such as $$\hbox {Sb}(\hbox {CH}_{3})_{5}$$ etc., all of which exhibit isomerization graphs that have wreath product automorphisms. Coloring tables of such graphs under their group actions are also constructed.
Posttraumatic Stress and Growth in Student Service Members and Veterans: The Role of Personal Growth Initiative.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study explored the extent to which personal growth initiative (PGI) may predict posttraumatic stress and growth in student service members/veterans (SSM/V). Participants: Participants were 136 SSM/V (79% men) representing multiple branches of the armed forces. Forty-four percent of participants reported having combat experience. Methods: Data collection occurred from October 2013 to February 2014. Data were collected via a Web-based survey that included demographics and measures of personal growth initiative, posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, and perceived social support. Results: Results indicated that PGI is not a unique predictor of posttraumatic stress but is a unique predictor of higher levels of posttraumatic growth. PGI appears to be at least as important as perceived social support in facilitating growth in SSM/V. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence for PGI's potential to facilitate growth after a traumatic event.
Environmental Politics: Oil and energy

Estimated revenue from ethanol that a quarter acre of Iowa farmland can earn per year: $300 Amount it could earn each year with a wind turbine on it: $10,000 – Harper's Index , August 2008 Introduction Imagine the following news story from the future: News release: Algae-to-oil discovery devastates Russian oil market Dateline: Zurich, Switzerland, 15 January 2016 The resource curse is not a myth. This was a lesson post-Soviet leaders lived first-hand and worked assiduously to avoid. Throughout the '00s, the Russian leader, joined by co-leaders-for-life in Astana, Ashgabat, and Baku jealously guarded and carefully managed the flow of hydrocarbons – oil and natural gas – to Europe. But while they could control the pipelines, they could not control Craig Venter. No one controlled Venter. And though his colleagues dubbed him “Darth Venter, an idiot and an egomaniac,” Time Magazine got it right: Venter's “incandescent idea” of unlocking the genome freed Europe and the West from mercurial and autocratic oil producers. Tired of his peers' constant derision and the prying eyes of the US President's Advisory Board for Biosecurity, Venter welcomed the European Union's invitation to participate in its €100 billion Genome Initiative. In 2010 Venter shuttered his Rockville and La Jolla labs, crossed the Atlantic and set up shop in Cambridge. While his cash-starved colleagues in the US waited for Washington and the President to move beyond the distracting stem cell debate, Venter's startup, Synthetic Genomics, achieved the holy grail of the biofuel industry: direct organism to oil production. Through metabolic engineering, Venter's team coaxed microalgae to secrete oil directly through cell membranes, thereby eliminating the costly processing steps that plagued other biofuels like corn, switch grass and rapeseed. […]
Buformin exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects in endometrial cancer cells.

Objective: Biguanides are anti-diabetic drugs that are thought to have anti-tumorigenic effects. Most pre-clinical studies have focused on metformin for cancer treatment and prevention; however, buformin may be potentially more potent than metformin. Given this, our goal was to evaluate the effects of buformin on cell growth, adhesion and invasion in endometrial cancer cell lines. Methods: The ECC-1 and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell lines were used. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle analysis was performed by FITC Annexin V assay and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Adhesion was analyzed using the laminin adhesion assay. Invasion was assessed using the transwell invasion assay. The effects of buformin on the AMPK/mTOR pathway were determined by Western immunoblotting. Results: Buformin and metformin inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in both endometrial cancer cell lines. IC50s were 1.4-1.6 mM for metformin and 8-150 μM for buformin. Buformin induced cell cycle G1 phase arrest in the ECC-1 cells and G2 phase arrest in the Ishikawa cells. For both ECC-1 and Ishikawa cells, treatment with buformin resulted in induction of apoptosis, reduction in adhesion and invasion, activation of AMPK and inhibition of phosphorylated-S6. Buformin potentiated the anti-proliferative effects of paclitaxel in both cell lines. Conclusion: Buformin has significant anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects in endometrial cancer cells through modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway. IC50 values were lower for buformin than metformin, suggesting that buformin may be more potent for endometrial cancer treatment and worthy of further investigation.
Partially fluorinated Scorpionate [HB(3-(CF3),5-(Ph)Pz)3]− as a supporting ligand for silver(I)-benzene, -carbonyl, and -PPh3 complexes

Abstract The benzene, CO, and PPh3 adducts [HB(3-(CF3),5-(Ph)Pz)3]AgL (L = C6H6, CO, or PPh3) have been synthesized by a metathesis process using [HB(3-(CF3),5-(Ph)Pz)3]Na(THF), CF3SO3Ag, and the corresponding co-ligands. These silver(I) adducts have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and by X-ray crystallography. In all cases the Scorpionate is bound to silver in typical κ3-fashion. The X-ray crystallographic data of [HB(3-(CF3),5-(Ph)Pz)3]Ag(η2-C6H6) show that it has a η2-bound benzene molecule. NMR data point to fluxional behavior in solution. The 13C NMR resonance corresponding to the CO moiety of [HB(3-(CF3),5-(Ph)Pz)3]Ag(CO) appears as a single peak at δ 177.4 ppm and the ν ¯ co is observed at 2148 cm−1. These values indicate the presence of a fairly Lewis acidic silver atom in [HB(3-(CF3),5-(Ph)Pz)3]Ag(CO) and significantly diminished Ag → CO π-backbonding. Interesting coupling is observed in the solution 19F and 31P NMR spectra of the Ag(I) adduct [HB(3-(CF3),5-(Ph)Pz)3]Ag(PPh3). A detailed analysis of the spectral and structural features of these complexes has been described herein.
The Use of FAB for the Solution of Difficult Mass Spectral Problems

FARMS promises to be a highly useful addition to the repertoire of mass spectral ionization methods available for structural studies. We describe here the experimental procedures being used in our studies and a few typical examples of the application of FARMS to current research problems.
Soil and understory plant dynamics during conversion of forest to silvopasture, open pasture, and woodlot

Little is known regarding the impact of converting northern hardwood forests to pasture or silvopasture. Our objective was to investigate how understory plant communities and soil physical and chemical properties respond during the first 2 years following conversion of northern hardwood forest to pasture. To accomplish this, we established three forest conversion treatments (silvopasture, open pasture, and woodlot) in a 50 year old northern hardwood forest in New York. The silvopasture and open pasture treatments were seeded with forages and then grazed with cattle after the initial timber harvest. Understory plant inventories and soil sampling were conducted pre-treatment and 2 years after treatment establishment. Understory non-woody plant species richness increased in all treatments during the two year period (F = 73.633, P < 0.001), while species richness of understory woody plants remained similar to pretreatment levels (F = 2.648, P = 0.150). Species most negatively affected by forest conversion included Arisaema triphyllum, Mitchella repens, and Thalictrum pubescens. Species that were only observed after the treatments were established included Danthonia spicata, Agrostis spp., Ranunculus spp., Digitaria spp., Rumex acetosella, and Hieracium spp. One species, Vaccinium angustifolium, was negatively affected by the silvopasture and open pasture treatments, but not the woodlot treatment. Soil bulk density was higher in both the open and silvopasture treatments compared to pretreatment levels, but the woodlot treatment soil bulk density remained statistically similar to pre-treatment levels. Percent total nitrogen, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, and phosphorus increased in silvopastures, open pastures, and woodlot treatment groups compared to pre-treatment levels. Future research should investigate the implications of these changes in ecosystem structure and composition.
Curricular and Co‐curricular Influences on Undergraduate Engineering Student Leadership

Background Multiple reports call for undergraduate programs to develop engineers who have leadership abilities. Such preparation requires understanding how the undergraduate experience relates to student leadership abilities. Limited research has shown disagreement among faculty members and administrators about effective approaches for engineering leadership development. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this research was to understand what precollege characteristics and experiences, university experiences, and undergraduate engineering program contexts relate to undergraduate engineers' self-reported leadership skills. Design/Methods Using hierarchical linear modeling, this quantitative study examined the variance of students' self-reported leadership skills as explained by their precollege characteristics and undergraduate experiences. The study drew from a nationally representative survey-based dataset of 5,076 undergraduate engineers from 150 undergraduate engineering programs from 31 colleges and universities. Results Although multiple facets of the undergraduate experience significantly relate to students' self-reported leadership skills, curricular emphases on core engineering thinking, professional skills, and broad and systems perspectives explain the greatest amount of variance. The lack of significant relationships at the program level suggests a lack of formal leadership development within the undergraduate curriculum at large. Conclusions Results indicate that entrusting the leadership development of undergraduate engineering students to the co-curriculum is an inefficient method of developing leadership skills for undergraduate engineers. The curriculum more strongly relates to engineering students' leadership skills. Identifying ways for faculty members to enhance this curricular focus could further development of technologically adept engineering leaders.
Compact and efficient generator for low grade solar and waste heat driven absorption systems

Abstract Absorption heat pumps offer a significant energy saving opportunity because of their capability to utilize low grade heat from solar thermal collectors, combustion systems and numerous other industrial applications. Reducing the required source temperature, size, and cost can greatly enhance the market potential of these systems. Here, a new compact plate-and-frame generator design is introduced with an approximately 3 times higher desorption rate at a substantially lower mass flux compared to conventional generators at only a 10 °C wall superheat temperature. The new design utilizes a new surface structure to produce a uniformly thin solution film and to continuously interrupt the concentration and thermal boundary layers. At low wall temperatures, the desorption rate increased linearly with temperature. The desorption rate then exponentially increased due to a transition from direct diffusion desorption mode to nucleate boiling. The transition temperature was a strong function of the solution flow rate. A comparison of the desorption rate in the direct diffusion desorption mode with predictions of the laminar flow theory suggested that increasing solution flow rates results in mixing within the solution film. The high desorption rate at low mass flux enables significant reduction in the generator size and cost.
High‐Molecular‐Weight Polynucleotides by Transferase‐Catalyzed Living Chain‐Growth Polycondensation

We present terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization (TcEP) for the template-free synthesis of high-molecular-weight, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and demonstrate that it proceeds by a living chain-growth polycondensation mechanism. We show that the molecular weight of the reaction products is nearly monodisperse, and can be manipulated by the feed ratio of nucleotide (monomer) to oligonucleotide (initiator), as typically observed for living polymerization reactions. Understanding the synthesis mechanism and the reaction kinetics enables the rational, template-free synthesis of ssDNA that can be used for a range of biomedical and nanotechnology applications.
Toward a Clarification of Operant Principles in Human Interaction

While operant theoreticians have claimed that operant principles can be applied to social interaction, they have not been cognizant of the necessity for altering the principles. This necessity emerges as a consequence of the fact that human interaction is dynamic. A scheme is presented which attempts to correct the deficiency and thus facilitate the use of operant principles in human interaction.
Noninvasive Echocardiographic Measures of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Children and Young Adults with Cardiomyopathy.

Background Patients with cardiomyopathy (CM) are at increased risk for pulmonary hypertension (PH). Data are lacking on the use of noninvasive PH measures by echocardiography in patients with CM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between Doppler-derived echocardiographic indices and catheterization-based measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in children and young adults with CM. Methods Imaging studies were retrospectively reviewed from pediatric patients with CM who underwent both echocardiography and cardiac catheterization within a 72-hour period. The ratio of peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity to right ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral, the S/D ratio, and right ventricular myocardial performance index were correlated with invasive PVR. Receiver operating characteristic curves were developed to determine cutoffs for detecting PVR ≥ 6 indexed Wood units, a value associated with higher heart transplantation risk. Results Twenty-three patients with CM (median age, 11.7 years; range, 0.5–21 years) met the criteria for analysis, the majority ( n = 17 [74%]) of whom had dilated CM. Linear regression showed significant correlations between echocardiography-based ratio of peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity to right ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral, S/D ratio, and right ventricular myocardial performance index versus invasive PVR ( r = 0.84, r = 0.72, and r = 0.72, respectively, P Conclusions Right-sided Doppler-derived echocardiographic indices correlate with PVR measured by cardiac catheterization in children and young adults with CM. These parameters may serve as useful adjuncts in serial assessment of right ventricular hemodynamics in this population.
THE INTERACTION OF ESTROGENS WITH INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS AND WITH PUTATIVE NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND OVULATION

We describe the interactions of estrogens with a number of putative neurotransmitter receptor systems in vitro and contrast them with the interactions of estrogens with intracellular estrogen receptor sites. We also describe experiments showing that physiologically effective doses of estradiol benzoate given in vivo for 72 h elevate in vitro binding of 3H ligands to putative muscarinic cholinergic and serotonergic receptors in brain regions which contain intracellular estrogen receptors and which are implicated in the control of reproductive behavior and ovulation. These results are discussed in relation to direct and genomic models of hormone action.
Serodiagnosis of viral hepatitis A by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay specific for IgM antibodies.

AbstractA solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting specific IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) was developed and characterized. The test utilizes microtiter plates coated with anti-IgM to specifically absorb the IgM antibodies from the test serum. The anti-hepatitis A IgM antibodies are measured by the specific consecutive binding of hepatitis A antigen and radiolabeled anti-hepatitis A antibodies (anti-HA). In 6 chimpanzees infected with HAV, IgM anti-HA was detected from about the first date of elevated transaminases and was positive for about 3 months. The usefulness of the test was confirmed by testing acute phase sera of 30 patients from a common source outbreak of epidemic hepatitis, and negative sera from 2 control groups. A collection of serum specimens from 190 patients with sporadic HBsAg-negative hepatitis in Brazil was also tested and an etiologic association with HAV was confirmed in the majority of these cases.
Notch, apoptosis and cancer

Proper embryonic development and normal tissue homeostasis require a series of molecular processes, regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Perturbation in any of these processes invariably contributes to the development of cancer. In particular, defects in apoptosis are seen in virtually all types of human cancers. The Notch pathway plays an important role in cell fate determination in both embryonic development and organ homeostasis. Not surprisingly, Notch also plays a role in cancer when it is dysregulated. In this chapter, we will explore how Notch signaling interacts with key pathways that regulate apoptosis in cancer. Particularly, we will focus on the relationship between Notch and proteins responsible for activation of the caspase pathway. Notch regulates apoptosis through extensive networks, involving cell cycle, growth and survival pathways. Thus, we will also examine how apoptosis is modulated by the crosstalk between Notch and other signaling pathways such as p53, NF-κB and PI3K-Akt pathways.
Current standard of care in hepatitis C virus infection

Since the identification of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the 1980s [1] and determination of the HCV genome in 1991 [2], there has been considerable progress in the management of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in terms of achieving viral eradication and improving histology. Interferons (IFNs) were among the first agents used in the mid 1980s for the treatment of non-A, non-B hepatitis, a term then used to describe the yet-to-be identified HCV. Initially, the use of short courses of IFN monotherapy resulted in sustained losses of detectable virus in fewer than 10% of patients with only modest improvements associated with a longer duration of IFN therapy [3-5]. The major advance in treatment, in recent times, has been the addition of the oral nucleoside analog ribavirin to IFN, achieving an overall sustained virological response (SVR) in 30-40% of patients [6, 7] and, more recently, in over 50% of patients treated with the longer-acting PEGylated IFN and ribavirin combination [8, 9]. However, these drug regimens are expensive, require prolonged treatment (6 or 12 months), are associated with significant side effects, and clearly are not suited for all patients [6-9]. The accurate targeting of therapy to those most likely to develop progressive liver disease, thus avoiding exposure of low-risk patients to potential adverse effects of antiviral treatment, remains a significant challenge. In this chapter, the efficacy, adverse events and limitations of combination IFN and ribavirin therapy as well as newer IFN and immunomodulator agents will be discussed.
Decision Making in the Hidden Judiciary: Institutions, Recruitment, and Responsiveness Among U.S. Administrative Law Judges

This article examines the decisional motivations of state and federal administrative law judges. On the basis of the analysis of the survey responses of 265 state and federal administrative law jud...
Making It “Real”/“Reel”: Truth, Trauma, and American Exceptionalism in Zero Dark Thirty

This chapter probes the complex interactions between Hollywood cinema, cultural memory, and national history. Although the war film has been a staple of American cinema since its birth, Kathryn Bigelow crafts a very different kind of war film with Zero Dark Thirty (2012). The film plays upon audience expectations to give shape and substance to an event that, though unwitnessed, was writ large in the collective American psyche. I argue that Bigelow’s film served to celebrate American exceptionalism, promote patriotism, and bolster national identity. Moreover, the film functions to heal collective trauma by offering an easily understandable narrative of the protracted, decade-long struggle to find bin Laden and bring him to justice.
Nup2 performs diverse interphase functions in Aspergillus nidulans

The Aspergillus nidulans nuclear pore protein Nup2 bridges nuclear pore complexes to chromatin for their coinheritance during mitosis. We now show that Nup2 plays interphase roles for nuclear locat...
Randomness of the square root of 2 and the giant leap, part 2

We prove that the “quadratic irrational rotation” exhibits a central limit theorem. More precisely, let α be an arbitrary real root of a quadratic equation with integer coefficients; say, $\alpha = \sqrt 2$ . Given any rational number 0 < x < 1 (say, x = 1/2) and any positive integer n, we count the number of elements of the sequence α, 2α, 3α, ..., nα modulo 1 that fall into the subinterval [0, x]. We prove that this counting number satisfies a central limit theorem in the following sense. First, we subtract the “expected number” nx from the counting number, and study the typical fluctuation of this difference as n runs in a long interval 1 ≤ n ≤ N. Depending on α and x, we may need an extra additive correction of constant times logarithm of N; furthermore, what we always need is a multiplicative correction: division by (another) constant times square root of logarithm of N. If N is large, the distribution of this renormalized counting number, as n runs in 1 ≤ n ≤ N, is very close to the standard normal distribution (bell shaped curve), and the corresponding error term tends to zero as N tends to infinity. This is the main result of the paper (see Theorem 1.1).
Record fast-cycling accelerator magnet based on HTS conductor

Abstract Four decades ago development of high-current superconducting NbTi wire cables revolutionized the magnet technology for energy frontier accelerators, such as Tevatron, RHIC and LHC. The NbTi based magnets offered advantage of much higher fields B and much lower electric wall plug power consumption if operated at 4.5 K but relatively small ramping rates dB/dt
A Qualitative Study of Independent Home Visits by Hospice Fellows: Addressing Gaps in ACGME Milestones by Fostering Reflection and Self-Assessment.

Background:With the rapid growth in the number of fellowship programs in Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM), many are in the process of developing ways to demonstrate that fellows are attaining ...
Safety of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with implantable cardiac devices

Background and Aim Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has become an increasingly utilized imaging modality for the evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding. There is a paucity of data evaluating the safety and use of WCE in patients with implantable cardiac devices. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients who had a WCE at Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, IL, USA completed between January 2007 and December 2016 identified patients with internal cardiac devices and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Patient WCE footage was viewed in its entirety before creating a final report to ensure no gaps in footage and video quality. Results No patient complaints were documented during the 8-h procedure duration, and there were no cardiac abnormalities noted on telemetry. There were no device-related complications documented in the 30-day postprocedure time period. Postprocedure analysis of the WCE recordings demonstrated no interference in WCE image quality (loss of images or gaps in video) or duration. Conclusions There is no significant interference between WCE and implantable cardiac devices, and it appears to be safe to use.
Addressing power imbalances in global health: Pre-Publication Support Services (PREPSS) for authors in low-income and middle-income countries

The contextual knowledge and local expertise that researchers from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) contribute to studies in these settings enrich the research process and subsequent publications. However, health researchers from LMICs are under-represented in the scientific literature. Distally, power imbalances between LMICs and high-income countries, which provide funding and set priorities for research in LMICs, create structural inequities that inhibit these authors from publishing. More proximally, researchers from LMICs often lack formal training in research project management and in publishing peer-reviewed research. Though academic journals may value research from LMICs conducted by local researchers, they have limited time and financial resources to support writing, causing them to reject manuscripts with promising results if they lack development. Pre-Publication Support Service (PREPSS) is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation that works to meet this need. PREPSS provides onsite training, peer-review and copy editing services to researchers in LMICs who wish to publish their health research in peer-reviewed journals. Authors are not charged for these services. After receiving PREPSS services, authors submit their manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal. The PREPSS model is one of many interventions necessary to restructure global health research to better support health researchers in LMICs and reduce current power imbalances.
Is There a Role for Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in Renal Mass Biopsy

The incidental detection of small renal masses (SRMs) is on the rise. However, not all require aggressive treatments as up to 20% are identified as benign, and the majority of malignant tumors harbor indolent features. Improved preoperative diagnostics are needed to differentiate tumors requiring aggressive treatment from those more suitable for surveillance. This chapter introduces the novel concept of confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) as a real-time, diagnostic optical biopsy tool for SRMs. Pertinent CLE studies in urology as well as other medical specialties are discussed, including a detailed review of a recent study specifically addressing CLE in ex vivo human SRMs. Future directions in CLE applications and research are explored for a comprehensive look at one of the leading optical imaging technologies currently under development.
Chapter 16 – Skeletal Muscle

This chapter on avian skeletal muscle biology provides a broad overview of muscle structure, the prehatch and posthatch development of muscle, effects of growth selection, extracellular matrix influences on muscle development and growth, and the identification of novel genes. Muscle development involves a wide range of cellular events that have distinct embryonic and posthatch phases. It is clear that many factors can influence the development and growth of avian skeletal muscle; as time passes, it is likely that more factors will be identified.
Unraveling the impact of time-dependent perioperative variables on 30-day readmission after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Abstract Objectives Readmission within 30 days of discharge after coronary artery bypass grafting is a measure of quality and a driver of cost in health care. Traditional predictive models use time-independent variables. We developed a new model to predict time to readmission after coronary artery bypass grafting using both time-independent and time-dependent preoperative and perioperative data. Methods Adults surviving to discharge after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at a multi-hospital academic health system from January 2017 to September 2018 were included in this study. Two distinct data sources were used: the institutional cardiac surgical database and the clinical data warehouse, which provided more granular data points for each patient. Patients were divided into training and validation sets in an 80:20 ratio. We evaluated 82 potential risk factors using Cox survival regression and machine learning techniques. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to estimate model predictive accuracy. Results We trained the model with 21 variables that scored a P value of less than .05 in the univariable analysis. The multivariable model determined 16 significant risk factors, and 6 of them were time-dependent. These included preoperative hemoglobin a1c level, preoperative creatinine, preoperative hematocrit, intraoperative hemoglobin, postoperative creatinine, and postoperative hemoglobin. Area under the receiver operating characteristic values were 0.906 and 0.868 for training and validation sets, respectively. Conclusions Time-dependent perioperative variables in an isolated coronary artery bypass grafting cohort provided better predictive ability to a readmission model. This study was unique in the inclusion of time-dependent covariates in the predictive model for readmission after discharge after coronary artery bypass grafting.
I’ll See You Online

In early March, Lewis & Clark started to prepare for a primarily face-to-face campus to scale up to support distance learning in the event students or instructors would need to quarantine. We expected to use Zoom, the video conferencing platform fully supported by IT to deliver a handful of fully online and distance learning courses. Within a week we instead needed to assist with an emergency transition to teaching online fully. To support this effort, we needed to quickly scale up both a video conferencing platform and faculty development program for all faculty. In this paper, I’ll share our experiences using both Zoom and Google Hangout Meet, our training programs, eventual adoption rates, feature evaluation, and faculty and student responses to this transition.
Musical instrument engagement across the life course and episodic memory in late life: An analysis of 60 years of longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

Background As the global burden of dementia increases, the absence of treatment underscores the need for identification of factors that may improve cognitive reserve–the ability to stave off cognitive decline in old age. The beneficial association between musical instrument engagement and episodic memory has been identified in children, young adults, and older adults. Yet, previous studies in musical instrument engagement have rarely examined the potential for adolescence and adulthood exposures to independently improve cognition, nor have they been linked with the rate of memory decline over time in older adults. We investigated whether adolescent musical instrument engagement and continued musical instrument engagement over the adult life course were separately associated with higher episodic memory, as well as rate of decline in a large longitudinal cohort. Methods Data were from a prospective cohort of high school graduates from 1957. High school music engagement (HSME) was ascertained through graduate yearbooks and assessed as membership in musical performance groups. A questionnaire was used to assess musical engagement through adulthood (MEA) at ages 35, 55, and 65. The episodic memory score was composed of immediate and delayed recall task scores, and was assessed when participants were aged approximately 65 and 72 years old among 5,718 individuals. Linear mixed models were used to assess the association between music, and memory performance and decline over time. Results Of high school graduates who participated in the study, 38.1% played music in high school, and 21.1% played music in adulthood. While musical engagement was more common in those who played in childhood, 40% of those who played continuously as an adult did not play in high school. High HSME (B = 0.348, p = 0.049) and continuous MEA (B = 0.424, p = 0.012) were associated with higher memory scores at age 65 after covariate adjustment. When examining memory decline, the benefits of high HSME decreased over time (B = -0.435, p = 0.048), while the rate of decline did not differ between MEA groups. Exploratory models revealed differential benefits for HSME and immediate recall, and MEA and delayed recall. Conclusion This study provides further evidence that musical engagement in childhood or adulthood is associated with non-musical cognitive reserve. These two exposures may act differentially in different domains of episodic memory. Further work is needed to determine the relationship between musicianship and the rate of cognitive decline.
Genetic Influences on Longitudinal Trajectories of Cortical Thickness and Surface Area during the First 2 Years of Life.

Genetic influences on cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are known to vary across the life span. Little is known about the extent to which genetic factors influence CT and SA in infancy and toddlerhood. We performed the first longitudinal assessment of genetic influences on variation in CT and SA in 501 twins who were aged 0-2 years. We observed substantial additive genetic influences on both average CT (0.48 in neonates, 0.37 in 1-year-olds, and 0.44 in 2-year-olds) and total SA (0.59 in neonates, 0.74 in 1-year-olds, and 0.73 in 2-year-olds). In addition, we found strong heritability of the change in average CT (0.49) from neonates to 1-year-olds, but not from 1- to 2-year-olds. Moreover, we found strong genetic correlations for average CT (rG = 0.92) between 1- and 2-year-olds and strong genetic correlations for total SA across all timepoints (rG = 0.96 between neonates and 1-year-olds, rG = 1 between 1- and 2-year-olds). In addition, we found CT and SA are strongly genetic correlated at birth, but weaken over time. Overall, results suggest a dynamic genetic relationship between CT and SA during first 2 years of life and provide novel insights into how genetic influences shape the cortical structure during early brain development.
Mechanical Strain Drives Myeloid Cell Differentiation Toward Proinflammatory Subpopulations.

Objective: After injury, humans and other mammals heal by forming fibrotic scar tissue with diminished function, and this healing process involves the dynamic interplay between resident cells withi...
A Case Study on Gastric Cancer in South Korea versus France: Social Determinants and Risk Factors

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) unveil the stark disparities to health equity between developed countries across the globe. Although prevention, treatment, and research of certain NCDs are well-established and funded, others, specifically gastric cancer (GC), do not share the same notoriety. In particular, GC killed more than 768,793 people globally with 1.09 million GC diagnoses in 2020 alone (The Global Cancer Observatory, 2020). This data elucidates the merit of GC for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) initiatives. By examining social determinants between two economically similar countries through an evidence-based case methodology, the results may gleen into avoidable mortality and economic burden, successful prevention, and more favorable prognosis in decreasing the prevalence of GC. This review aims to compare South Korea and France which have one of the highest and lowest prevalence of GC, respectively. The concluding model will serve as a recommendation for countries with high prevalence of GC towards achieving SDG 3, which promotes health and wellbeing across the life course, while advocating for the declaration of health as a human right (United Nations, 2020). Pragmatic, tangible recommendations include partnerships with media to reduce alcohol consumption, sodium reduction campaigns and nutrition programs to promote healthy diets, and expansion of medical clinics in rural areas to reach those who lack access to proper healthcare.
CX3CL1 action on microglia protects from diet-induced obesity by restoring POMC neuronal excitability and melanocortin system activity impaired by high-fat diet feeding

Objective: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with hypothalamic microglial activation and dysfunction of the melanocortin pathway, but the molecular mechanisms linking the two remain unclear. Previous studies have hypothesized that microglial inflammatory signaling is linked with impaired pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron function, but this mechanism has never been directly tested in vivo. We addressed this hypothesis using the specific microglial silencing molecule, CX3CL1 (fractalkine), to determine whether reducing hypothalamic microglial activation can restore POMC/melanocortin signaling in the brain to protect against DIO. Methods: We performed metabolic analyses in mice with targeted viral overexpression of CX3CL1 in the hypothalamus exposed to high fat diet (HFD). Electrophysiologic recording in hypothalamic slices from POMC-MAPT-GFP mice was used to determine the effects of HFD feeding and microglial silencing via minocycline or CX3CL1 on GFP-labeled POMC neurons. Finally, mice with hypothalamic overexpression of CX3CL1 received central treatment with the melanocortin receptor antagonist SHU-9119 to determine whether melanocortin signaling is required for the metabolic benefits of CX3CL1. Results: We found that targeted expression of both soluble and membrane-bound forms of CX3CL1 in the mediobasal hypothalamus potently reduced weight gain and increased leptin sensitivity in animals exposed to high fat diet. The protective effect of CX3CL1 rescued diet-induced changes in POMC neuron excitability and required intact melanocortin receptor signaling in vivo. Conclusion: Our results provide the first evidence that HFD-induced POMC neuron dysfunction involves microglial activation. Furthermore, our study suggests that the anti-obesity action of CX3CL1 is mediated through the restoration of POMC neuron excitability and melanocortin signaling.
Impact of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Benefit Reduction or Loss on Food-at-Home Acquisitions and Community Food Program Use.

Since Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits are vital for food-at-home (FAH) acquisitions among participating families, changes in participation or benefit amounts may impact FAH purchase and use of community-based food programs (CFP). The association of the loss of or a reduction in SNAP benefits with FAH acquisitions and CFP use was assessed using 2012–2013 National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey data. Households with incomes equal to or below 130% of the Federal Poverty Level were categorized as (1) current SNAP households, (2) households with benefit loss in the preceding year, or (3) households with benefit loss for more than a year. Current SNAP households were classified as receiving (1) lesser-than-usual benefits or (2) usual benefits. Regression analyses examined associations of the loss of or a reduction in benefits with the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores of FAH purchases and CFP use. Benefit loss in the preceding year was related to a lower total HEI-2015 score for FAH acquisitions, whereas benefit reduction was associated with lower green/bean and added sugar scores and increased CFP use. This study suggests that the loss of or a reduction in SNAP benefits may adversely impact the quality of FAH purchases. The findings also suggest that efforts enhancing the nutrition environment of community food sources could support healthy food acquisition by families experiencing benefit reduction.
The Time of the City: Politics, philosophy and genre

1. Introduction: Geophilosophy, Aesthetics, and the City 2. The Now Time(s) of the GlobalCity:Displacing Hegel's Geopolitical Narrative 3. Managing Urban Security: City Walls and Policing Metis 4. Neo-Noir and Urban Domesticity: The Wachowski Brothers' Bound 5. Gothic Philadelphia: Divided Subjects and Fractionated Assemblages 6. Bodies and the City: Washington DC 7. Walt Whitman and the Ethnopoetics of New York 8. Inter-City Cinema: Hong Kong at the Berlinale
ON-LINE PROCESS CONTROL COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM FILMS CONTAINING A LOW PERCENTAGE OF COPPER

Aluminum film conducting stripes are widely used for semiconductor device interconnection networks. The addition of a low percentage of copper significantly increases their life. Composition must be controlled to maintain product quality.
Revising Distributed UNITY Programs Is NP-Complete

We focus on automated revision techniques for adding Unity properties to distributed programs. We show that unlike centralized programs, where multiple safety properties along with one progress property can be simultaneously added in polynomial-time, addition of only one safety or one progress property to distributed programs is NP-complete. We also propose an efficient symbolic heuristic for adding a leads-to property to a distributed program. We demonstrate the application of this heuristic in automated synthesis of recovery paths in fault-tolerant distributed programs.
Electric signal variation among seven blunt-snouted Brienomyrus species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from a riverine species flock in Gabon, Central Africa

A recently discovered species flock of mormyrid fishes is marked by a striking degree of electric signal diversity among species of rather similar form. We investigated electric organ discharge (EOD) variation in a group of seven, morphologically similar Brienomyrus species within this species flock. All of these forms have blunt snouts. We made quantitative measurements of 25 EOD characters from field recorded signals. Results of principal components analyses using these characters demonstrate that distinct, species-typical EODs are produced by each of the morphologically defined blunt-snouted taxa, consistent with the hypothesis that the EOD plays a role in species recognition. We correctly assigned 30 novel individuals to species on the basis of EOD characters alone using classification functions derived from discriminant function analysis. Landmark-based ordination is a powerful technique for quantifying EOD variation and delimiting species boundaries. This approach will provide an important aid in taxonomic descriptions of new Brienomyrus forms that are still being discovered from the rivers and streams of Gabon.
Iron line diagnostics in elliptical galaxies and cluster cooling flows

X-ray iron line observations of clusters of galaxies have shown that the X-ray emission in clusters is mainly thermal emission from hot diffuse gas. Much of this gas has probably come out of stars and been ejected from galaxies in the cluster. In elliptical galaxies, iron and other X-ray lines can establish whether the X-ray emission is due to diffuse thermal emission, which is particularly uncertain for the fainter galaxies. X-ray line observations of clusters indicate that large amounts of gas are cooling in these clusters. The total luminosities of low ionization X-ray lines (like those of Fe XVII) can give the total cooling rates in these “cooling flow” clusters. The surface brightness of low ionization lines can determine where the gas is cooling. High resolution spectral observations of X-ray lines may detect the inflow in the gas, although this will be difficult if the gas in clusters is turbulent. The hot interstellar gas in elliptical galaxies is expected to have very high heavy element abundances, and the Fe L lines should be very strong. The abundance of iron is predicted to be three to ten times solar in these objects. Measurements of the iron abundance can be used to determine the supernova rate and heating rate of the gas in ellipticals. Other elements (such as oxygen) should have large interstellar abundance gradients. The form of these gradients can determine whether gas is flowing inward, expanding outward, or cooling locally in elliptical galaxies.