cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 55-Year-Old Man with Pain After Above Knee Amputation

Postamputation pain (PAP) is a neuropathic pain condition that occurs frequently after limb amputation. PAP is comprised of residual limb pain (RLP, also known as stump pain) and phantom limb pain (PLP). There are several proposed mechanisms for PLP. It is believed that PLP is due to a combination of morphologic, physiologic, and chemical changes in the peripheral and central nervous systems. These changes begin peripherally and move centrally in a compounding manner through peripheral, spinal, and supra-spinal mechanisms. Treatment of PAP typically needs to be multi-modal and includes pharmacotherapy, injections, complementary and alternative therapy, surgical therapy, and preventative interventions. To assist with the treatment of PAP, studies leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of PAP and influences on the development of PAP are needed.
Sociodemographic Factors Influencing Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Presentation and Outcome

Purpose The impact of sociodemographic factors on the presentation and outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in the United States has not been described. We analyzed the impact of these factors on the presenting fovea-on or off status of RRD, single operation anatomic success (SOAS) of repair, and postoperative visual acuity (VA). Design Retrospective, single-center, cohort study. Participants Participants included 4061 patients from Wills Eye Hospital/Mid Atlantic Retina from February 2015 to February 2020. Methods Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, race, and regional mean household income (MHI) as determined by ZIP code were recorded. The VA at baseline and 12 months post-RRD repair was recorded. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic factors to fovea-on or off presentation of RRD, SOAS, and 12-month VA. Main Outcome Measures Foveal attachment at presentation of RRD, SOAS, and 12-month VA. Results Older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.34 per decade, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–1.41, P Conclusions These findings reveal associations between the sociodemographic factors and the presentation and outcomes of RRD. Physicians should be aware that socioeconomic disparities can negatively impact the prognosis of patients with RRD. Further study confirming these findings and efforts to mitigate their effects are warranted and will be of interest to the greater ophthalmology community.
Simple sinflaton-less α-attractors

We construct the simplest inflationary α-attractor models in supergravity: it has only one scalar, the inflaton. There is no sinflaton since the inflaton belongs to an orthogonal nilpotent superfield where the sinflaton depends on fermion bilinears. When the local supersymmetry is gauge-fixed, these models have only one single real scalar (the inflaton), a graviton and a massive gravitino. The sinflaton, sgoldstino and inflatino are all absent from the physical spectrum in the unitary gauge. The orthogonality condition leads to the simplest Kahler potential for the inflaton, while preserving the Poincare disk geometry of α-attractors. The models are particularly simple in the framework of the $$ \overline{D3} $$ induced geometric inflation.
Picturing Urban China in Ruin: “Ghost City” Photography and Speculative Urbanization

In recent years, the world has been captivated by the construction of so-called “ghost cities” across China. Reporters and scholars have delved into this topic at length. This article is concerned ...
On the asymptotic decay of the Schrödinger–Newton ground state

Abstract The asymptotics of the ground state u ( r ) of the Schrodinger–Newton equation in R 3 was determined by V. Moroz and J. van Schaftingen to be u ( r ) ∼ A e − r / r 1 − ‖ u ‖ 2 2 / 8 π for some A > 0 , in units in which the ground state energy is −1. They left open the value of ‖ u ‖ 2 2 , the squared L 2 norm of u. Here it is rigorously shown that 2 1 / 3 3 π 2 ⩽ ‖ u ‖ 2 2 ⩽ 2 7 / 2 π 3 / 2 . It is reported that numerically ‖ u ‖ 2 2 ≈ 14.03 π , revealing that the monomial prefactor of e − r increases with r in a concave manner. Asymptotic results are proposed for the Schrodinger–Newton equation with external ∼ − K / r potential, and for the related Hartree equation of a bosonic atom or ion.
Neuroimaging of astroblastomas: A case series and systematic review.

Background and purpose Astroblastoma is a rare type of glial tumor, histologically classified into two types with different prognoses: high and low grade. We aimed to investigate the CT and MRI findings of astroblastomas by collecting studies with analyzable neuroimaging data and extracting the imaging features useful for tumor grading. Methods We searched for reports of pathologically proven astroblastomas with analyzable neuroimaging data using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Sixty-five studies with 71 patients with astroblastomas met the criteria for a systematic review. We added eight patients from our hospital, resulting in a final study cohort of 79 patients. The proportion of high-grade tumors was compared in groups based on the morphology (typical and atypical) using Fisher's exact test. Results High- and low-grade tumors were 35/71 (49.3%) and 36/71 (50.7%), respectively. There was a significant difference in the proportion of high-grade tumors based on the tumor morphology (typical morphology: high-grade = 33/58 [56.9%] vs. atypical morphology, 2/13 [15.4%], p = .012). The reviews of neuroimaging findings were performed using the images included in each article. The articles had missing data due to the heterogeneity of the collected studies. Conclusions Detailed neuroimaging features were clarified, including tumor location, margin status, morphology, CT attenuation, MRI signal intensity, and contrast enhancement pattern. The classification of tumor morphology may help predict the tumor's histological grade, contributing to clinical care and future oncologic research.
The effects of nutrition knowledge on food label use. A review of the literature

Nutrition information on food labels is an important source of nutrition information but is typically underutilized by consumers. This review examined whether consumer nutrition knowledge is important for communication of nutrition information through labels on packaged foods. A cognitive processing model posits that consumers with prior knowledge are more likely to use label information effectively, that is, focus on salient information, understand information, and make healthful decisions based on this information. Consistent with this model, the review found that nutrition knowledge provides support for food label use. However, nutrition knowledge measures varied widely in terms of the dimensions they included and the extensiveness of the assessment. Relatively few studies investigated knowledge effects on the use of ingredient lists and claims, compared to nutrition facts labels. We also found an overreliance on convenience samples relying on younger adults, limiting our understanding of how knowledge supports food label use in later life. Future research should 1) investigate which dimensions, or forms, of nutrition knowledge are most critical to food label use and dietary decision making and 2) determine whether increases in nutrition knowledge can promote great use of nutrition information on food labels.
Langerhans Cells in the TGFβ1 Null Mouse

We recently identified a cell surface protein (gp40) that is homologous to human Ep­CAM, a putative homophilic adhesion molecule, and that is abundantly expressed by some murine dendritic cells (including Langerhans cells) and in certain epithelia (1). While charac­terizing various dendritic cells with regard to gp40 expression, we determined that the pleiot­ropic cytokine TGFβ;1 was uniquely able to induce cell surface expression of gp40 on dendritic cells propagated from murine bone marrow in fetal calf serum- and GM-CSF-sup­plemented media. To determine whether or not this finding was potentially physiologically significant, we studied Langerhans cells in TGFβ1 null mice that had previously been gener­ated and described by Kulkarni, Karlsson and coworkers (2).
Voting Behavior in Vote-by-Mail Elections

The research examines both aggregate and individual level data in the state of Oregon—the only state that conducts all of its elections by mail. The aggregate analysis of 46 statewide elections (1980–2008) suggests that the vote-by-mail format is a major stimulus to voter participation in special and presidential elections in Oregon, while its effect on turnout in primary and off-year general elections is insignificant. Additional analysis of the official centralized voter registration lists in Oregon from 2000 to 2007 (approximately 2 million registered voters) confirms this tendency of Oregon voters to abstain in special elections, particularly for younger voters. These findings also suggest that voter turnout since the adoption of vote-by-mail in 1998 has been slightly lower for Republicans than for Democrats in primary elections and special elections.
A 5 V, 16 b 10 mu s differential CMOS ADC

A fully differential charge redistribution analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) chip fabricated in a 5-V, 1.0- mu m CMOS process that includes polysilicide-to-metal capacitors, polysilicon resistors, and low-threshold n-channel transistors is discussed. The successive-approximation ADC uses self-calibration of capacitor, gain, and offset errors. Self-correction techniques are also used to eliminate first-order common-mode error and first- and second-order capacitor voltage dependence. A comparator topology minimizes comparator offset hysteresis. >
JUSTICE FOR WHOM? RAPE VICTIMS ASSESS THE LEGAL-JUDICIAL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION Legally, rape is a Here, present the victim's criminal offense in which a man forces some form of non-consensual legal-judicial personnel. sex relations on a woman. Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics indicate 67,000 officially reported rape victims in the United States in 1978. Since rape is under-reported a t about one quarter of the actual incidents, we may assume some 268,000 victims in 1978. In the last decade increased attention was directed to the rape problem, partly due to the adoption of rape as a feminist cause, but it coincides with a growing sense of cynicism about the legal judicial system. After the decade of the 1960's, replete with social conscience and social activism, came the revelation of the Watergate crimes, which alarmed social critics and substantiated the questions on the pragmatic reality of "equal treatment under the law." Perhaps more than any other crime, rape confronts us with the di lemma of inequality, both racial and sexual. As to racial inequality, there is ample evidence that the accusation of rape has served as a tool of racial oppression to keep minority males, and particularly black males in "their place" (Brownmiller 1975; Mann & Selva 1978; Williams 1979). Literature from the women's movement concentrates on sexual inequality where rape is viewed as a means of social control to keep women in "their place" subordinate to all men (Griffin 1971; Weis & Borges 1973; Medea & Thompson 1974; Reynolds 1974). • Beyond these theoretical perspectives on inequality lies the stereotypic view of the rape victim and the treatment she receives from police officers, attorneys and judges. The media have presented a sensational scenario to stress the Negative aspects of legal-judicial handling of a rape victim's complaint. Whether this inspires advocacy toward change or simply frightens women so that they hesitate to report a rape is unknown.
An accelerated boundary integral equation scheme for propagation over the ocean surface

[1] In two recent papers, C. L. Rino, H. Ngo and V. Kruger (RNK) proposed a novel scheme for tropospheric propagation over one-dimensional (1D) terrain or ocean surfaces. This scheme is based on a boundary integral equation (BIE) formalism, the iterative solution of which is carried out efficiently via the method of ordered multiple interactions (MOMI). An important merit of the RNK scheme is the fact that, being a BIE-based model, it rigorously accounts for the effect of the multiple-scale ocean surface roughness on the propagated field. In their most recent paper, C. L. Rino and V. Kruger suggested that the accelerated version of MOMI proposed by H.-T. Chou and J. T. Johnson (MOMI/CJ) could substantially enhance the efficiency of their scheme. Motivated by this suggestion, this paper proposes a combined RNK/CJ algorithm for propagation over finitely conducting (FC) ocean surfaces. While maintaining its accuracy, the proposed scheme enhances the computational efficiency of the rigorous RNK model by reducing the number of mathematical operations needed in the iterative solution of the governing BIE.
Stress at Ultimate in Unbonded Prestressing Tendons by Strain Compatibility

This study presents a simplified methodology to compute the stress in unbonded tendons at the ultimate moment capacity of prestressed and partially prestressed concrete flexural beams, using a modified strain compatibility analysis.
Reality-Challenged Philosophies of Punishment

This paper, derived from the 2012 Barrock Lecture delivered at Marquette University Law School, explores the radical disconnection between the contemporary jurisprudence of punishment in the American academy and the raw facts of American imprisonment, the condition generally decried as “mass incarceration.” Most obviously, retributivism, which has been the dominant purported rationale for American punishment over the last 40 years and also the dominant force modern philosophical debates about the purposes of punishment, pays virtually no heed to the anomaly that we have the highest imprisonment rate in the nation’s history and arguably the highest in the world. More specifically, while relying on assumptions about moral desert and proportionate penalty, retributivism ignores that our system takes its heaviest toll on, and arguably worsens the social and economic condition of, poor minority men of limited education, and that it imposes a lifetime economic penalty far behind the loss of liberty and income during the time of incarceration. Thus, I pose the general question of in what sense philosophies of punishment should be “accountable” for the facts of the real world. Did academic retributivism influence the rise of political retributivism as a force behind our increased reliance on prison? Can retributivism justify the arguably disproportionate penalties imposed on prisoners, once we take lifetime economic disruption and wider metastatic effects into account? Or should retributivists criticize modern imprisonment precisely because it does not survive retributivist scrutiny, or, in light of those facts, does it need to revise its notions of desert and penalty? In addition, I ask whether deterrence theory or incapacitation theory can explain or justify the state of imprisonment, and whether rehabilitation is a meaningful concept in a world where the experience of imprisonment probably does nothing to reduce future crime except by incapacitating inmates until they are too old to be dangerous. Overall, I argue that philosophies of punishment must engage in some dialectical self-scrutiny at a time of our incarceration anomaly.
Differential role of ICAM ligands in determination of human memory T cell differentiation

Leukocyte Function Antigen-1 (LFA-1) is a primary adhesion molecule that plays important roles in T cell activation, leukocyte recirculation, and trans-endothelial migration. By applying a multivariate intracellular phospho-proteomic analysis, we demonstrate that LFA-1 differentially activates signaling molecules. Signal intensity was dependent on both ICAM ligand and LFA-1 concentration. In the presence of CD3 and CD28 stimulation, ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 decreased TGFβ1 production more than ICAM-1. In long-term differentiation experiments, stimulation with ICAM-3, CD3, and CD28 generated IFNγ producing CD4+CD45RO+CD62L-CD11aBrightCD27- cells that had increased expression of intracellular BCL2, displayed distinct chemokine receptor profiles, and exhibited distinct migratory characteristics. Only CD3/CD28 with ICAM-3 generated CD4+CD45RO+CD62L-CD11aBrightCD27- cells that were functionally responsive to chemotaxis and exhibited higher frequencies of cells that signaled to JNK and ERK1/2 upon stimulation with MIP3α. Furthermore, these reports identify that the LFA-1 receptor, when presented with multiple ligands, can result in distinct T cell differentiation states and suggest that the combinatorial integration of ICAM ligand interactions with LFA-1 have functional consequences for T cell biology. Thus, the ICAM ligands, differentially modulate LFA-1 signaling in T cells and potentiate the development of memory human T cells in vitro. These findings are of importance in a mechanistic understanding of memory cell differentiation and ex vivo generation of memory cell subsets for therapeutic applications.
The Plight of the Couple in Beckett’s All Strange Away

Coupling and partnership — and their seeming impossibility — are central to the works of Samuel Beckett. That was already apparent in his critical study of Proust in 1931 where we see the full range of broken promise in the separateness and otherness which ontologically undermine agreement and accord. In the physical impediments and emotional ruptures of the couple there is a virtual metaphysics of discord. Failure and incompleteness are also built into partnership because of the the distorting modulations of perception produced by unreliable memory, imagination, and separateness of space and place.
Temporal sequence of viral antigen expression in the cochlea induced by cytomegalovirus.

Injection of guinea-pig cytomegalovirus into seronegative guinea pig cochleas results in viral labyrinthitis. The location of infected cells 1–8 days following inoculation was examined using an immunohistochemical assay for viral antigens. Mesothelial cells below the basilar membrane and those lining the scala tympani, especially below the osseous spiral lamina, were the first cells to express antigen. This occurred 2 days following inoculation. Infection then spread rapidly toward the brain and through the perilymphatic duct to involve inflammatory cells, mesothelial cells of Reissner's membrane, spiral ganglion cells, and the vestibular ganglion cells. In any one cochlea, more mesothelial cells and inflammatory cells ex-pressed viral antigen than any other cell type. It seems then, that there is a differential susceptibility to viral infection and antigen expression in the various cell types of the cochlea. Typical cytomegalic inclusions were common in mesothelial cells. However, many cells la-belled fo...
Polymerization of Methane and Olefin Mixtures over Fluosulfonic Acid and Antimony Pentafluoride

Abstract Mixtures of methane and olefins (ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadiene, and styrene) have been polymerized over HSO3 F-SbF3 to yield an oily oligomer with a molecular weight ranging from 100 to 700. The NMR spectra of each polymer showed a sharp peak at or near 1.25 &, suggesting the presence of block methylene in the polymer. The formation of block methylene is surprising considering the fact that the polymerization reaction is carbonium ion in nature. A primary cation has been invoked to explain the results. The formation of this primary cation must involve some extraordinary stabilization by some component in the acid.
Ca2+-dependent arrest of cilia without uncoupling epithelial cells.

IN CERTAIN ciliated epithelia, for example, mussel gill lateral cell epithelium, metachronally coordinated ciliary beat can be arrested systematically, either after nervous1 or local stimulation, for example by laser microinjury2,3. In the latter case, the velocity of spread of arrest, its extent and decremental character suggest that the response depends on electrotonic coupling of the gill cells3. The lateral cells are coupled by extensive septate junctions and small gap junctions4, more basally located, which may act in a manner homologous to electrical synapses of nerve and muscle cells5–7. Although intracellular microelectrode recordings of lateral cell depolarisation accompanying arrest after branchial nerve stimulation have been made in Mytilus1, there are no reports of microelectrode studies of cell coupling in gill cells. We have used experimentally-induced spreading arrest to monitor the state of coupling in the lateral cell epithelium of a freshwater mussel (for example, Elliptio complanatus).
Computed tomographic scanning in children

Computed tomographic scanning (CT) has been effectively utilized in evaluating the pediatric patient. Our experience with CT of the chest and abdomen in 19 patients has been described. The advantages offered by CT include: a unique anatomic display, the lack of morbidity, and an acceptable radiation dosage. Few technical disadvantages exist. Further application of this unique technique can be predicted.
Absence of Oscillations and Resonance in Porous Media Dual-Phase-Lagging Fourier Heat Conduction

The approximate equivalence between the dual-phase-lagging heat conduction model and the Fourier heat conduction in porous media subject to lack of local thermal equilibrium suggested the possibility of thermal oscillations and resonance. We demonstrate that the physical conditions necessary for such thermal waves and, possibly resonance, to materialize are not attainable in a porous slab subject to constant temperature conditions applied on the boundaries
Quantitative Structure−Property Relationship (QSPR) Correlation of Glass Transition Temperatures of High Molecular Weight Polymers

A new quantitative structure−property relationship (QSPR) five-parameter correlation (R2 = 0.946) of molar glass transition temperatures (Tg/M) for a diverse set of 88 polymers is developed with the Comprehensive Descriptors for Structural and Statistical Analysis (CODESSA) program. The descriptors are all calculated directly from the molecular structure, and the approach given is applicable, in principle, to all linear polymers of regular structure.
Benefits of Centralized Stocking for the Multi-Centre Newsboy Problem with First Come, First Served Allocation

In this paper, a multi-centre, one-period inventory problem is examined. The usual penalty cost of being out of stock is replaced by an assurance of service constraint at each location. That is, the inventory size will be constrained to meet a specific maximum probability of being out of stock at each location. The objective will be to show how to find the necessary starting inventory of a centralized system where orders are processed on a first come, first served basis. This can then be used to find the savings associated with the centralized inventory over a non-centralized one.
HEAT CONDUCTION AND FOUNTAIN PRESSURE IN LIQUID He II

Heat conductivity measurements employing temperature differences, ΔT, up to 1°K have been made for liquid He II through slits 2.13 μ and 3.36 μ wide and having stable, reproducible, and simple geometries. Heating curves have been obtained for twelve reference temperatures between 1.08°K and 2.15°K for both slits, each curve extending up to the λ-point. The validity of the London-Zilsel differential thermohydrodynamic equations is demonstrated for the limit of vanishing ΔT. In addition it is shown that when these linear equations are integrated with respect to temperature the range of validity can be extended to a much greater ΔT than heretofore expected. Data on the thermomechanical effect was obtained simultaneously, as well as with a separate slit 0.276 μ wide over the same temperature range. Fountain pressures, Pf, up to 600 mm Hg were observed. At low ΔT, Pf's are found consistent with those observed by previous investigators and in agreement with the integrated London relation. For larger ΔT's, Pf's are found greater than expected from the theory. An anomalous lowering of the λ-point temperature with pressure, Pf, is observed. Also it is shown that the Allen-Reekie Rule (a relationship between heat current and Pf) as generally stated is not applicable. For both heat conductivity and fountain pressure, nonlinear effects are observed, the interpretation of which is reserved for a future paper.
Improving surgical resident's performance in the American Board of Surgery in Training Examination (ABSITE)--do review courses help? The program directors' perspective.

Background The implementation of the 80-hour week compounded by the need for the current trainee to be well versed technically with the newer developments in surgery has resulted in limited time for didactic education. Commercial American Board of Surgery in Training examination (ABSITE) review courses are flourishing and may seem to be filling the gap in didactic education. Objective This study ascertained the opinion of the general surgery program directors across the country on the role of the review courses in the ABSITE performance of a surgical resident. Methods A questionnaire was designed and sent out to all program directors using online survey. Results Sixty-five of 242 program directors completed the questionnaire. Fifty-seven percent belonged to university-based surgical residency programs. Seventy-two percent used ABSITE performance as a measure while evaluating the resident for promotion. Although 60% agreed that review courses help the performance of the residents, 80% did not have any institutional or regional review courses. Ninety percent allowed their residents to attend commercial review courses but 60% did not reimburse them. Conclusions Program directors do feel that ABSITE by itself is important in evaluating the progression of surgical residents and has a correlation with the boards' pass percentile. Due to the limited hours available for didactics in current surgical residency, intensive review course over a 2- to 3-day period may help the surgical residents to perform better. In the current economy, review courses offered by a consortium of programs geared toward improving ABSITE performance and conducted by the surgical faculty may be of essence.
Exposure to allogeneic plasma and risk of postoperative pneumonia and/or wound infection in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

BACKGROUND: A relationship may exist between the immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusion and the volume of transfused allogeneic plasma and/or the number of transfused plasma-containing units. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The records of 416 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft operations at the Massachusetts General Hospital were reviewed. Exposure to allogeneic plasma in units of transfused RBCs, platelets, FFP, and cryoprecipitate was recorded, and diagnoses of postoperative pneumonia and wound infection were made by CDC criteria. The association between postoperative infection and exposure to allogeneic plasma was calculated by logistic regression analyses adjusting for the effects of confounding factors that related to severity of illness, difficulty of operation, and risk of postoperative pneumonia. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-four patients received (mean ± SE) 636.2 ± 64.3 mL of allogeneic plasma, contained in 8.5 ± 0.7 units of blood components. Sixty-four patients (15.4%) developed pneumonia and/or wound infection, and 54 (13.0%) developed pneumonia. Patients who did (n = 64) or did not develop infection received 956.6 ± 180.6 and 321.3 ± 39.6 mL of plasma, respectively (p<0.0001). In multivariate analyses, the volume of transfused allogeneic plasma was not associated with postoperative pneumonia and/or wound infection (p = 0.24), pneumonia (p = 0.21), or wound infection (p = 0.74). Similarly, the number of transfused plasma-containing units was not associated with these outcomes (p = 0.08, p = 0.08, and p = 0.46, respectively). CONCLUSION: A relationship between the exposure to allogeneic plasma and the risk of postoperative pneumonia and/or wound infection was not detected in this study population.
Reaction of hydrazonyl chlorides and carboalkoxymethylene triphenylphosphoranes to give 5‐alkoxy substituted pyrazoles

The reaction of ethyl chloroglyoxylate phenyl hydrazone and diphenyl hydrazonyl chloride with several carboalkoxymethylene triphenylphosphoranes has been examined. The products isolated correspond to N-phenyl-3-carboalkoxy-5-alkoxy substituted pyrazoles. The mechanism advanced to account for the formation of the products involves the stepwise addition of a nitrile imine intermediate with the Wittig reagent.
Structural synthesis of an ablating thermostructural panel.

Transient thermal analysis and structural analysis for synthesis of ablating thermostructural panels in planetary entry environment
Combination biologics: 1 stone, 2 birds

The monoclonal antibody described by Lin and colleagues (anti-BR3) can both deplete B cells directly and block the B-cell survival factor BAFF. It thus achieves more profound biological effects in vivo, which may have therapeutic advantages. In their study, Lin and colleagues have described anti-
When efficient is insufficient: fairness in decisions affecting a group

Many key decisions have significant consequences for a group of people, rather than a single individual. In some cases, traditional group decision making techniques such as negotiation, voting, or compromise can be employed by the group members themselves to determine a satisfactory course of action. In other instances, however, the intervention of a central decision maker may be necessary. Intervening on behalf of a group raises additional concerns for the decision maker, one of which is fairness. This paper builds upon envy-based fairness concepts from the fair allocation literature and theories of ex ante and ex post equitable distributions from the social risk literature to develop a model for choice among limited options under uncertainty when preferences are heterogeneous. The model is therefore appropriate when other existing models are not. An example demonstrates an application of the model for choice under uncertainty and contrasts the approach and decision recommendation with that of existing models. By quantifying the degree of envy rather than treating it dichotomously, the approach captures the balance between fairness and efficiency; some envy may be tolerated if it brings greater overall utility and/or if some envy already exists in the status quo option. Lastly, implementation issues and the impact of differing preferences and attitudes toward risk on fairness and efficiency considerations are explored.
The myth of salary discrimination in public relations

Abstract One of the more puzzling dimensions of the public relations literature is the persistent claim of salary discrimination against women in the field, despite the absence of even a single comprehensive study on the topic. Even more disturbing is that closely related fields like marketing and advertising—as well as more professionalized fields like medicine—have made no such claims of discrimination, despite larger salary gaps and larger correlations between salary and gender than in the PR field. Detailed statistical analysis of a major salary survey and a review of existing studies both indicate that there is no empirical reason to believe that there is gender-based salary discrimination in the PR field. Findings from the PR salary survey show that there is little or no discrimination, even without considering factors (e.g., employment breaks-in-service) that were shown to have substantial explanatory power in salary surveys from other fields. Circumstantial evidence of PR salary discrimination existed 20 years ago, but the evidence available since that time suggests strongly that there has been little or no salary discrimination for at least the past decade.
The significance of solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of whole soil in the characterization of humic matter

Abstract Differences in characteristics of humic matter were investigated by solid‐state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy of whole (nontreated) materials and their extracted humic fractions. Samples used in the analysis were lignite, a commercial humate AG, and the Bh horizons of a Mascotte and a Lawnwood soil. Humic fractions were extracted by the 0.1 M NaOH or Na4P2O7 (pH 9.8) method. The humic (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) obtained were weighed and analysed for total acidity, carboxyl and phenolic‐OH group contents. Whole lignite, humate AG and soil samples, and the HA and FA fractions were analyzed by solid state CP MAS 13C NMR and infrared spectroscopy. Carbon, H, and N contents were determined by chemical analysis. NMR spectra of the combined HA+FA extracts resembled the spectra of the whole materials. No additional signals were detected, indicating that alien compounds were not produced during the extraction. The best spectra were obtained with HA samples produced by the NaOH method. These spectra closely r...
Virus DNA packaging: the strategy used by phage lambda.

Phage lambda, like a number of other large DNA bacteriophages and the herpesviruses, produces concatemeric DNA during DNA replication. The concatemeric DNA is processed to produce unit-length, virion DNA by cutting at specific sites along the concatemer. DNA cutting is co-ordinated with DNA packaging, the process of translocation of the cut DNA into the preformed capsid precursor, the prohead. A key player in the lambda DNA packaging process is the phage-encoded enzyme terminase, which is involved in (i) recognition of the concatemeric lambda DNA; (ii) initiation of packaging, which includes the introduction of staggered nicks at cosN to generate the cohesive ends of virion DNA and the binding of the prohead; (iii) DNA packaging, possibly including the ATP-driven DNA translocation; and (iv) following translocation, the cutting of the terminal cosN to complete DNA packaging. To one side of cosN is the site cosB, which plays a role in the initiation of packaging; along with ATP, cosB stimulates the efficiency and adds fidelity to the endonuclease activity of terminase in cutting cosN. cosB is essential for the formation of a post-cleavage complex with terminase, complex I, that binds the prohead, forming a ternary assembly, complex II. Terminase interacts with cosN through its large subunit, gpA, and the small terminase subunit, gpNu1, interacts with cosB. Packaging follows complex II formation. cosN is flanked on the other side by the site cosQ, which is needed for termination, but not initiation, of DNA packaging. cosQ is required for cutting of the second cosN, i.e. the cosN at which termination occurs. DNA packaging in lambda has aspects that differ from other lambda DNA transactions. Unlike the site-specific recombination system of lambda, for DNA packaging the initial site-specific protein assemblage gives way to a mobile, translocating complex, and unlike the DNA replication system of lambda, the same protein machinery is used for both initiation and translocation during lambda DNA packaging.
The structural context of social indicator differentials in Japanese prefectures 1965–75

This comparative analysis of the 45 Japanese prefectures shows that a set of 14 standard social indicators can be reduced, using factor analysis, to two principal factors: affluence and social pathology. Another factor analysis, this time conceptually guided, generated five indices of structural context, urban differentiation, cultural heritage, agricultural development, progressive industrialization, and Communist vote. As hypothesized, these five structural variables predict both social affluence and social pathology, but theoretical considerations required that the components of the social pathology factor be examined individually. Suicide rates were also examined separately, and although the structural dimensions show some capacity to account for the rates, the findings prompt an elaboration of the theory that brings it more closely in line with its Durkheimian antecedents.
Tropical snowline depression at the Last Glacial Maximum: Comparison with proxy records using a single‐cell tropical climate model

[1] The substantial lowering of tropical snowlines at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), circa 21 kya, is examined using a modified version of the single-cell tropical climate model of Betts and Ridgway [1989]. These authors concluded that it was difficult to reconcile the large depression of snowlines at the LGM with the small reduction in mean tropical sea-surface temperature (SST) of the Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) reconstruction. Here, climatic implications of the snowline depression are compared, not with CLIMAP, but with temperature proxies (δ18O and Sr/Ca ratios in corals, noble gas concentrations in aquifers, alkenone and Mg/Ca ratios in deep-sea sediments and recent faunal reconstructions) whose LGM values have been interpreted as implying lower surface temperatures in the tropics. It proves difficult, in the framework of this model, to reconcile the coldest of the indicated paleotemperatures with the observed snowline depression, which by itself is found to be consistent with an SST reduction of ∼3 K. A cooling of this magnitude corresponds most closely to recent warm-pool LGM sea-surface temperature estimates based on Mg/Ca paleothermometry. Discordance among the various proxy reconstructions may result, at least in part, from regional variations in surface temperature change at the LGM.
Effects of R92 mutations in mouse cardiac troponin T are influenced by changes in myosin heavy chain isoform

One limitation in understanding how different familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC)-related mutations lead to divergent cardiac phenotypes is that such mutations are often studied in transgenic (TG) mouse hearts which contain a fast cycling myosin heavy chain isoform (α-MHC). However, the human heart contains a slow cycling MHC isoform (β-MHC). Given the physiological significance of MHC-troponin interplay effects on cardiac contractile function, we hypothesized that cardiac troponin T (cTnT) mutation-mediated effects on contractile function depend on the type of MHC isoform present in the sarcomere. We tested our hypothesis using two variants of cTnT containing mutations at FHC hotspot R92 (R92L or R92Q), expressed against either an α-MHC or β-MHC background in TG mouse hearts. One finding from our study was that R92L attenuated the length-dependent increase in tension and abolished the length-dependent increase in myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity only when β-MHC was present. In addition, α- and β-MHC isoforms differentially affected how R92 mutations altered crossbridge (XB) recruitment dynamics. For example, the rate of XB recruitment was faster in R92L or R92Q fibers when β-MHC was present, but was unaffected when α-MHC was present. The R92Q mutation sped XB detachment in the presence of β-MHC, but not in the presence of α-MHC. R92Q affected the XB strain-dependent influence on XB recruitment dynamics, an effect not observed for R92L. Our findings have major implications for understanding not only the divergent effects of R92 mutations on cardiac phenotype, but also the distinct effects of MHC isoforms in determining the outcome of mutations in cTnT.
Efficiency of breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding in very low birth weight (VLBW, <1.5 kg) infants.

OBJECTIVES: To examine feeding efficiency and correlates of feeding behaviors in breastfeeding as compared with bottle-feeding VLBW infants at 35 weeks corrected age (CA, postmenstrual plus chronologic age). STUDY DESIGN: In all, 105 singleton VLBW infants underwent a standardized feeding observation, of whom 35 were observed breastfeeding and 70 bottle-feeding. Intake, efficiency, and feeding behaviors were compared, and effects of infant and maternal factors were examined. RESULTS: Breastfeeding as compared with bottle-feeding infants took in smaller volumes (median 6.5 vs 30.5 ml, p<0.001), fed less efficiently (median 0.6 vs 2.2 ml/min, p<0.001), and spent less time with sucking bursts (mean 33 vs 55%, p<0.001). For breastfed infants, birth and neonatal factors and prior maternal breastfeeding experience were not associated with feeding efficiency or behaviors. CONCLUSION: Feeding performance of breastfeeding compared with bottle-feeding VLBW infants at 35 weeks CA is worrisome, and lactation intervention is needed for discharge planning.
Probing the Substrate Alignment at the Active Site of 15-Lipoxygenases by Targeted Substrate Modification and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Evidence for an Inverse Substrate Orientation†

For oxygenation of polyenoic fatty acids by 12- and 15-lipoxygenases the methyl terminus of the substrate constitutes the signal for the initial hydrogen abstraction. In contrast, for 5-lipoxygenas...
On the global regularity of N-dimensional generalized Boussinesq system

We study the N-dimensional Boussinesq system with dissipation and diffusion generalized in terms of fractional Laplacians. In particular, we show that given the critical dissipation, a solution pair remains smooth for all time even with zero diffusivity. In the supercritical case, we obtain component reduction results of regularity criteria and smallness conditions for the global regularity in dimensions two and three.
Genotoxic effects of the novel mixed antiestrogen FC-1271a in comparison to tamoxifen and toremifene.

Tamoxifen has been used for the treatment of breast cancer since the 1970s, but is considered a carcinogen because it has been linked to liver cancer in rats and an increased risk of endometrial cancer in patients. In rats, DNA adducts appear to be responsible for carcinogenesis, but their contribution to carcinogenesis in humans is not clear. FC-1271a and toremifene are mixed antiestrogens similar to tamoxifen. In order to compare the genotoxicity of these different triphenylethylenes, we treated mice for 28 days with 50 mg/kg of either tamoxifen, toremifene, FC-1271a or vehicle control. DNA from liver and uterus was assayed by standard 32P-postlabeling and thin layer chromatography for the presence of DNA adducts. Two methods of drug administration (oral and subcutaneous) and two strains of mice were compared and the plasma and tissue concentrations of the drugs and three metabolites of tamoxifen and toremifene were determined. Regardless of the conditions, only tamoxifen-treated mice showed DNA adducts in the liver. Adduct levels did not correlate with drug or metabolite levels and adducts were present even when drug was not detectable. Mice were also treated orally with either 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of drug for 7 days. Again, adducts were found only in liver tissue of mice treated with tamoxifen, and adduct levels were dose-dependent. In conclusion, the chlorinated triphenylethylene FC-1271a did not cause DNA adducts under various conditions in mice, suggesting a low carcinogenic potential.
Regulation of cell cycle stage-specific transcription of histone genes from chromatin by non-histone chromosomal proteins

RNA transcripts from chromatin of S phase but not G1 cells contain histone-specific sequences. Chromatin reconstituted with S phase non-histone chromosomal proteins transcribes histone messenger RNA sequences whereas chromatin reconstituted with G1 non-histone proteins does not. These results suggest that transcription of histone genes is regulated during the cell cycle and that non-histone proteins have a key role in this regulation.
The Modern Literary (After)lives of al-Khiḍr

Prominent examples of major Qur'anic characters in modern world literature include Joseph (and Zulaykha) -like characters in the 1984 Arabic novel, al-Rahīna (The Hostage) by the Yemeni writer Zayd Muṭīʿ Dammāj (d. 2000) and the fictionalised portrayal of the women around the Prophet Muḥammad in Algerian filmmaker and novelist Assia Djebar's 1991 French novel, Loin de Medine (Far from Medina). In this article I focus, rather, on a ‘minor’ Qur'anic character, al-Khiḍr (cf. Q. 18:65–82). I begin by looking briefly at the evolution of al-Khiḍr in Islamic literatures generally and then focus on his deployment in several short fictional accounts, viz. the 1995 French novella L'homme du livre (Muhammad, A Novel) by Moroccan author Driss Chraibi (d. 2007); Victor Pelevin's 1994 Russian short story, ‘Prints Gosplana’ (Prince of Gosplan); the 1998 short story, ‘The Mapmakers of Spitalfields’, by Bangladeshi-British writer Manzu Islam; and Reza Daneshvar's 2004 Persian tale, ‘Mahboobeh va-Āl’ (‘Mahboobeh and Ahl’)....
Causality and things in themselves

In this paper I examine Kant's use of causal language to characterize things in themselves. Following Nicholas Rescher, I contend that Kant's use of such causal language can only be understood by first coming to grips with the relation of things in themselves to appearances. Unlike Rescher, however, I argue that things in themselves and appearances are not numerically distinct entities. Rather, I claim that it is things in themselves that we are intentionally related to in veridical experience, though of course we know them only as they appear to us via our subjective experiential faculties. In light of this account of the role of things in themselves in Kant's account of experience, I argue that his use of causal locutions to describe things in themselves is simply his attempt to capture the fact that as the objects that we are related to in experience, the existence of things in themselves is presupposed by any account of the nature of our experienceof them.
Hypothalamic Sirt1 Regulates Food Intake in a Rodent Model System

Sirt1 is an evolutionarily conserved NAD+ dependent deacetylase involved in a wide range of processes including cellular differentiation, apoptosis, as well as metabolism, and aging. In this study, we investigated the role of hypothalamic Sirt1 in energy balance. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA mediated knock down of hypothalamic Sirt1 showed to decrease food intake and body weight gain. Central administration of a specific melanocortin antagonist, SHU9119, reversed the anorectic effect of hypothalamic Sirt1 inhibition, suggesting that Sirt1 regulates food intake through the central melanocortin signaling. We also showed that fasting increases hypothalamic Sirt1 expression and decreases FoxO1 (Forkhead transcription factor) acetylation suggesting that Sirt1 regulates the central melanocortin system in a FoxO1 dependent manner. In addition, hypothalamic Sirt1 showed to regulate S6K signaling such that inhibition of the fasting induced Sirt1 activity results in up-regulation of the S6K pathway. Thus, this is the first study providing a novel role for the hypothalamic Sirt1 in the regulation of food intake and body weight. Given the role of Sirt1 in several peripheral tissues and hypothalamus, potential therapies centered on Sirt1 regulation might provide promising therapies in the treatment of metabolic diseases including obesity.
THEORY OF THE CNARE EFFECT.

Abstract The compression of magnetic fields to more than 2 MG by electrically imploded metal foils, recently demonstrated by E. C. Cnare, is investigated theoretically. The general features of this effect are worked out; and some modifications which may lead to still higher field-compression ratios are discussed.
Mapping the status of Pacific salmon

Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are amazing creatures. Their annual migration from the ocean to their freshwater spawning grounds is one of the most spectacular phenomena in the animal kingdom, inspiring legends and feeding indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Entire communities and large economies have been built around their harvest in coastal and inland waters. Pacific salmon also exhibit an incredible diversity of life-history strategies and have an intricate role in the ecosystems that they occupy.