cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The existence of the F-signature for rings with large Q-Gorenstein locus

Abstract We show that the F-signature of a strongly F-regular local ring of characteristic p exists in the case that the non- Q -Gorenstein locus is dimension 1, given that a certain bound on zeroth local cohomology modules holds. This bound is shown to hold for rings essentially of finite type over a field. This is the first case in which hypotheses sufficient to prove the existence of the F-signature are not readily sufficient to prove the implication that weak F-regularity implies strong F-regularity.
La Salle Anticlinal Belt, Illinois: ABSTRACT

The La Salle anticlinal belt in Illinois extends from Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon, Ogle County, south-southeasterly to Wabash River near St. Francisville in Lawrence County, a distance of about 260 miles. The north end of the La Salle anticlinal belt is in an area of complex structure in which several structural axes converge. At the south it fades out into the Indiana part of the Illinois structural basin. The La Salle anticlinal belt is the site of one of the major oil accumulations of this country, the Southeastern Illinois oil field, located along its southernmost 65 miles. Total production to date has been 458,000,000 barrels of oil. The present production rate after 42 years of production is approximately 4½ million barrels a year. Approximately 19,307 oil- or gas-producing wells have been drilled in a total oil-producing area of 97,435 acres; of these approximately 10,878 wells are still producing. The principal producing sands are Mississippian and Pennsylvanian in age. Small amounts of oilhave been obtained from Devonian and Ordovician limestones in limited areas. Numerous dry holes have been drilled to the Devonian and deeper formations; a few reached the St. Peter sandstone. It seems probable that the La Salle anticlinal belt has already had the greater part of its drilling development. The most promising future possibilities appear to be for stratigraphic traps on the flanks. Secondary-recovery methods, both repressuring and water-flooding, which are yielding substantial quantities of oil in limited areas of the Southeastern Illinois field, have great possibilities for future expansion. End_of_Article - Last_Page 301------------
Acoustic velocity measurements on Na2O–TiO2–SiO2 liquids: Evidence for a highly compressible TiO2 component related to five-coordinated Ti

Abstract Longitudinal acoustic velocities were measured at 1 bar in 10 Na2O–TiO2–SiO2 (NTS) liquids for which previous density and thermal expansion data are reported in the literature. Data were collected with a frequency-sweep acoustic interferometer at centered frequencies of 4.5, 5, and 6 MHz between 1233 and 1896 K; in all cases, the sound speeds decrease with increasing temperature. Six of the liquids have a similar TiO2 concentration (∼25 mol %), so that the effect of varying Na/Si ratio on the partial molar compressibility of the TiO2 component can be evaluated. Theoretically based models for βT and (∂V/∂P)T as a function of composition and temperature are presented. As found previously for the partial molar volume of TiO2 ( V ¯ TiO 2 ) in sodium silicate melts, values of β ¯ T , TiO 2 (13.7–18.8 × 10−2/GPa) vary systematically with the Na/Si and Na/(Si + Ti) ratio in the liquid. In contrast values of β ¯ i , T for the SiO2 and Na2O components (6.6 and 8.0 × 10−2/GPa, respectively, at 1573 K) are independent of composition. Na2O is the only component that contributes to the temperature dependence of the compressibility of NTS liquids (1.13 ± 0.04 × 10−4/GPa K). The results further indicate that the TiO2 component is twice as compressible as the Na2O and SiO2 components. The enhanced compressibility of TiO2 appears to be related to the abundance of five-coordinated Ti ([5]Ti) in these liquids, but not with a change in Ti coordination. Instead, it is proposed that the asymmetric geometry of [5]Ti in a square pyramidal site promotes different topological rearrangements in alkali titanosilicate liquids, which lead to the enhanced compressibility of TiO2.
Printed circuit technology for fabrication of plastic-based microfluidic devices.

One of the primary advantages of using plastic-based substrates for microfluidic systems is the ease with which devices can be fabricated with minimal dependence on specialized laboratory equipment. These devices are often produced using soft lithography techniques to cast replicas of a rigid mold or master incorporating a negative image of the desired surface structures. Conventional photolithographic micromachining processes are typically used to construct these masters in either thick photoresist, etched silicon, or etched glass substrates. The speed at which new masters can be produced using these techniques, however, can be relatively slow and often limits the rate at which new device designs can be built and tested. In this paper, we show that inexpensive photosensitized copper clad circuit board substrates can be employed to produce master molds using conventional printed circuit technology. This process offers the benefits of parallel fabrication associated with photolithography without the need f...
Hypertonic saline-augmented radiofrequency ablation of the VX-2 tumor implanted in the rabbit kidney: a short-term survival pilot study

Abstract Objectives. The increased incidental detection of small (less than 4 cm) renal tumors has stimulated investigations of minimally invasive therapies. Radiofrequency energy is a relatively new and evolving technology that has been used for a variety of experimental and clinical applications. We evaluate the efficacy of hypertonic interstitial saline-augmented radiofrequency therapy to ablate a malignant VX-2 tumor implanted in a rabbit kidney, as measured by the completeness of tumor destruction and progression to metastasis. Methods. The VX-2 tumor was surgically implanted into the left lower pole parenchyma of 18 New Zealand white rabbit kidneys. Ten days after implantation, hypertonic interstitial saline-augmented radiofrequency ablation was performed (n = 12) using a radiofrequency therapy system (RFT, United States Surgical Corp.). A sham operation was performed on a control group (n = 6). Animals were humanely killed at 5, 10, and 15-day intervals, and the clinical response and effect of radiofrequency energy on the malignant renal tissue was assessed. Results. No postoperative complications were encountered. The mean size of the implanted VX-2 tumor was 1.87 cm2. Kidneys in the treated group exhibited marked destruction of tumor tissue. Histologic analysis revealed coagulative necrosis of both malignant and normal renal tissue in the treated group. Three rabbits (1 control, 2 treated) died of metastatic disease. Conclusions. Coagulative necrosis of renal parenchyma and tumor tissue was clearly demonstrated after radiofrequency ablation using the RFT system. The aggressive growth pattern of the VX-2 tumor often resulted in progression to metastatic disease while precluding complete tumor ablation. Hypertonic saline-augmented radiofrequency ablation is a promising new technology for the management of small, locally confined, renal tumors and has the potential for use with a minimally invasive approach.
Clostridium difficile: moving beyond antimicrobial therapy.

Background New therapies are needed to manage the increasing incidence, severity, and high rate of recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection. Methods Objective To assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies directed against two toxins of C.difficile to prevent recurrence of disease. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Setting 30 medical centers in the United States and Canada Subjects 200 subjects with diarrhea and a positive stool toxin assay for C.difficile being treating with metronidazole or vancomycin Intervention Antibodies administered together as a single infusion, each at a dose of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight Outcomes The primary outcome was laboratory-documented recurrence of infection during the 84 days after the administration of monoclonal antibodies or placebo. Results Among the 200 patients who were enrolled (101 in the antibody group and 99 in the placebo group), the rate of recurrence of C. difficile infection was lower among patients treated with monoclonal antibodies (7% vs. 25%; 95% confidence interval, 7 to 29; P < 0.001). The absolute risk reduction (ARR) was 16%, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of 5.5. The recurrence rates among patients with the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain were 8% for the antibody group and 32% for the placebo group (P = 0.06); among patients with more than one previous episode of C. difficile infection, recurrence rates were 7% and 38%, respectively (P = 0.006). The mean duration of the initial hospitalization for inpatients did not differ significantly between the antibody and placebo groups (9.5 and 9.4 days, respectively). At least one serious adverse event was reported by 18 patients in the antibody group and by 28 patients in the placebo group (P = 0.09). Conclusions The addition of monoclonal antibodies against C. difficile toxins to antibiotic agents significantly reduced the recurrence of C. difficile infection. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00350298 [ClinicalTrials.gov].)
Morality Politics vs. Identity Politics: Framing Processes and Competition Among Christian Right and Gay Social Movement Organizations

This paper applies a social movement organization framing analysis to conflicts between gay-rights and Christian Right groups over issues of lesbian, gay, and bisexual inclusions in public education. As groups representing each side entered this new arena of debate over gay rights, they applied strategies they had used in other arenas. Both sides have pursued inflexible, polarizing strategies that target their constituencies and have relinquished the opportunity to offer new and creative understanding of their positions and to reach a potential new audience. This shows how opposing frames can become mutually reinforcing constraints.
Lack of Association of Tegaserod With Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in a Matched Case-Control Study

Tegaserod is a first-in class selective serotonin 4 receptor agonist approved for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. In March 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suspended its use citing increased cardiovascular (CV) events in clinical trials. However, there is no known mechanistic basis for an adverse CV effect. To reassess the CV safety of tegaserod, teagaserod-treated patients (pts) in the Intermountain Healthcare database were identified (n = 2603), matched 1:6 with untreated (n = 15,618) patients by age, sex, and date of tegaserod initiation, and followed for an average of 2.5 years. Age averaged 38.6 ± 13.5 years, and 94% were female. Cardiovascular event rates were low and similar in patients treated with tegaserod and matched untreated patients. For the primary composite CV endpoint, 54 (0.35%) untreated and 12 (0.46%) treated pts had an event (treated OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.68-2.38, P =.46), with 7 and 0 events, respectively, occurring within 3 months. A total of 12 (0.1%) untre...
Race, gender, and the politics of professionalization

Societal patterns of racism and sexism are played out in the professionalization of adult education.
Topological nonsymmorphic crystalline insulators

In this work, we identify a class of topological phases protected by nonsymmorphic crystalline symmetry dubbed ``topological nonsymmorphic crystalline insulators.'' We construct a concrete tight-binding model for a lattice with nonsymmorphic symmetry and confirm its topological nature by directly calculating topological surface states. Analogous to ``Kramers' pairs'' originating from time-reversal symmetry, we introduce ``doublet pairs'' originating from nonsymmorphic symmetry to define the corresponding ${Z}_{2}$ topological invariant for this phase. Based on projective representation theory, we extend our discussion to other nonsymmorphic symmetry groups that can host this topological phase which will provide guidance for the systematic search for new topological materials.
Choice architecture: A review of why nudge: The politics of libertarian paternalism

Sunstein argues for an exception to John Stuart Mill's principle that government should never interfere with a person's freedom of choice for the person's “own good” unless that choice will harm others. If a particular government-imposed contingency is soft rather than harsh, if it acts on means rather than ends, if all alternatives remain available, and if the person herself would ultimately have chosen the alternative now made less costly, more salient, or easier to obtain, then that governmental control is a nudge, and for Sunstein nudges are permissible. Sunstein couches his recommendations in a dichotomy between two internal processes (System 1 and System 2) corresponding to areas of the brain governing fast, intuitive thinking and slow, analytic thinking. Nudges nudge people in a direction governed by System 2. This internalization and dichotomization of what is essentially a continuum between long-term, more abstract contingencies and short-term, less abstract contingencies may divert the reader's attention away from the contingencies themselves. Such diversion, if it were taken seriously, would hinder the development of effective and at the same time gentle nudges. Fortunately, none of the nudges proposed by Sunstein depend on the “psychology” represented by System 1 and System 2. The book remains focused on choice architecture. The behavioristic reader can easily translate from neurocognitive to behavioral terms and so see nudges as means of bringing behavior under the control of wide and abstract reinforcer contingencies.
Integrating psychopharmacology and cognitive remediation to treat cognitive dysfunction in the psychotic disorders

Cognitive deficits are a prominent and enduring aspect of schizophrenia, which pose a significant barrier to achieving functional goals. The most promising intervention for treating cognitive impairment is cognitive remediation (CR), a behaviorally based therapy associated with medium effect sizes for cognitive and functional outcomes. However, there is a sizeable group of nonresponders whose CR outcomes become limited when the therapeutic approach fails to address individual differences in baseline cognition, motivation variables, and the extent to which CR offers opportunities for generalization. This speaks to a need to develop cognitive interventions that are both personalized and scalable. Emerging data suggest that specific pharmacological agents have the potential to enhance and accelerate behaviorally based CR effects. This article will review the rationale and preliminary evidence to support combining CR and pharmacotherapy. We will review crucial aspects of cognitive interventions that offer the most promise for improving not only cognitive outcomes, but also for enhancing improvement in real-world functioning. Finally, we will address methodological issues to be considered for future research on combined pharmacological and CR interventions.
Using Antimicrobial Agents to Manage Periodontal Diseases

Periodontal diseases are bacterial infections and anti-microbials have been shown to be useful in their treatment and prevention. State-of-the-art treatment of refractory forms of destructive periodontal disease presently includes adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics directed to eliminating or suppressing pathogenic subgingival bacteria. Also, local application of antimicrobials by subgingival deposition or their use as irrigants during periodontal therapy are soon likely to be major components of anti-infective management of periodontal diseases. A new approach to anti-infective periodontal therapy combines ultrasonic surgical debridement with antimicrobial irrigation.
Enhanced interfacial transport using carbon nanotube arrays

Summary form only given. A major challenge for achieving reliable, high-performance semiconductor devices and circuits is to reduce the thermal and electrical interfacial and constriction resistances. Reduction of thermal contact resistance at solid interfaces enables larger temperature differences between the convective surfaces and cooling media. On the other hand, the heat generation in most devices is not distributed uniformly; therefore, spreading the heat from the hottest spots effectively and maintaining an acceptable temperature at these spots are also critical to thermal reliability (June and Sikka, 2002). Similar issues involving current crowding exist for electrical transport. Recently, significant attention has focused on using highly thermal conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for thermal contact conductance enhancement. Among the several reported works, Xu and Fisher (2005) have reported interfacial resistance values of 19.8mm/sup 2/K/W and 5.2mm/sup 2/K/W under moderate pressures for copper-silicon interfaces with dry and composite CNT arrays, respectively. Ngo et al. (2004) used copper as a gap filler to enhance the stability and thermal conductance of carbon nanofiber (CNF) arrays. They reported a resistance of 25mm/sup 2/K/W at 60psi for Cu-Si interfaces. This presentation provides an overview of results to date on the thermal and electrical resistances of interfaces that contain carbon nanotubes. Modeling techniques are also discussed, and challenges and opportunities for further research are presented.
Sponsorship: A Path to the Academic Medicine C-suite for Women Faculty?

Despite increases in the percentages of women medical school graduates and faculty over the past decade, women physicians and scientists remain underrepresented in academic medicine’s highest-level executive positions, known as the “C-suite.” The challenges of today and the future require novel approaches and solutions that depend on having diverse leaders. Such diversity has been widely shown to be critical to creating initiatives and solving complex problems such as those facing academic medicine and science. However, neither formal mentoring programs focused on individual career development nor executive coaching programs focused on individual job performance have led to substantial increases in the proportion of women in academic medicine’s top leadership positions. Faced with a similar dilemma, the corporate world has initiated sponsorship programs designed to accelerate the careers of women as
The Dof Transcription Factor OBP3 Modulates Phytochrome and Cryptochrome Signaling in Arabidopsis

Plants perceive subtle changes in light quality and quantity through a set of photoreceptors, including phytochromes and cryptochromes. Upon perception, these photoreceptors initiate signal transduction pathways leading to photomorphogenic changes in development. Using activation-tagging mutagenesis to identify novel light-signaling components, we have isolated a gain-of-function mutant, sob1-D (suppressor of phytochrome B-4 [phyB-4] dominant), which suppresses the long-hypocotyl phenotype of the phyB missense allele, phyB-4. The sob1-D mutant phenotype is caused by the overexpression of a Dof (DNA binding with one finger) transcription factor, OBF4 Binding Protein 3 (OBP3). A translational fusion between OBP3 and green fluorescent protein is nuclear localized in onion (Allium cepa) cells. Tissue-specific accumulation of an OBP3:OBP3-β-glucuronidase translational fusion is regulated by light in Arabidopsis thaliana. Hypocotyls of transgenic lines with reduced OBP3 expression are less responsive to red light. This aberrant phenotype in red light requires functional phyB, suggesting that OBP3 is a positive regulator of phyB-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, these partial-loss-of-function lines have larger cotyledons. This light-dependent cotyledon phenotype is most dramatic in blue light and requires functional cryptochrome 1 (cry1), indicating that OBP3 is a negative regulator of cry1-mediated cotyledon expansion. These results suggest a model where OBP3 is a component in both phyB and cry1 signaling pathways, acting as a positive and negative regulator, respectively. An alternate, though not mutually exclusive, model places OBP3 as a general inhibitor of tissue expansion with phyB and cry1, differentially modulating OBP3's role in this response.
Mammalian ion‐coupled solute transporters.

Active transport of solutes into and out of cells proceeds via specialized transporters that utilize diverse energy-coupling mechanisms. Ion-coupled transporters link uphill solute transport to downhill electrochemical ion gradients. In mammals, these transporters are coupled to the co-transport of H+, Na+, Cl- and/or to the countertransport of K+ or OH-. By contrast, ATP-dependent transporters are directly energized by the hydrolysis of ATP. The development of expression cloning approaches to select cDNA clones solely based on their capacity to induce transport function in Xenopus oocytes has led to the cloning of several ion-coupled transporter cDNAs and revealed new insights into structural designs, energy-coupling mechanisms and physiological relevance of the transporter proteins. Different types of mammalian ion-coupled transporters are illustrated by discussing transporters isolated in our own laboratory such as the Na+/glucose co-transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2, the H(+)-coupled oligopeptide transporters PepT1 and PepT2, and the Na(+)- and K(+)-dependent neuronal and epithelial high affinity glutamate transporter EAAC1. Most mammalian ion-coupled organic solute transporters studied so far can be grouped into the following transporter families: (1) the predominantly Na(+)-coupled transporter family which includes the Na+/glucose co-transporters SGLT1, SGLT2, SGLT3 (SAAT-pSGLT2) and the inositol transporter SMIT, (2) the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-coupled transporter family which includes the neurotransmitter transporters of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, glycine and proline as well as transporters of beta-amino acids, (3) the Na(+)- and K(+)-dependent glutamate/neurotransmitter family which includes the high affinity glutamate transporters EAAC1, GLT-1, GLAST, EAAT4 and the neutral amino acid transporters ASCT1 and SATT1 reminiscent of system ASC and (4) the H(+)-coupled oligopeptide transporter family which includes the intestinal H(+)-dependent oligopeptide transporter PepT1.
Aedes (Gymnometopa) mediovittatus (Diptera: Culicidae), a potential maintenance vector of dengue viruses in Puerto Rico.

Unusually long persistence and continuous trans- mission of dengue viruses in rural communities of Puerto Rico during inter-epidemic periods Ied us to investigate possible main- tenance mechanisms for these viruses. A consistent feature of the ecology in rural Puerto Rican communities was the presence of&s1e. ae&ti, that the salivary glands of Ae. medioclittatus had extensive dengue virus infections, and that this species readily transmitted dengue virus to mice and to hanging-drop blood suspensions. Experi- mental transovarial transmission of dengue 1 virus by Ae. me- diouittatus was demonstrated. Collectively, the data suggest that ,qe. mediot+ttatus is an efficient host for dengue viruses and that this species may play an important role in the maintenance of dengue viruses in Puerto Rico during interepidemic periods.
Effects of Modulators of Protein Phosphorylation on Heme Metabolism in Human Hepatic Cells: Induction of δ-Aminolevulinic Synthase mRNA and Protein by Okadaic Acid

Effects of modulators of protein phosphorylation on δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA were analyzed in the human hepatic cell lines Huh-7 and HepG2 using a quantitative RNase protection assay. Okadaic acid was found to induce ALA synthase mRNA in a concentration-dependent fashion in both Huh-7 and HepG2 cells. The EC50 for induction of ALA synthase mRNA in Huh-7 cells was 13.5 nM, with maximum increases occurring at okadaic acid concentrations of 25-50 nM. The EC50 for induction of ALA synthase mRNA in HepG2 cells was 35.5 nM, with maximum increases occurring at okadaic acid concentrations of 50 nM. Concentration-dependent induction of ALA synthase mRNA paralleled the increase in ALA synthase protein. Maximum induction of ALA synthase was observed between 5 and 10 h post-treatment in both cell lines. Induction of ALA synthase mRNA in Huh-7 cells, but not HepG2 cells, was associated with an increase in ALA synthase mRNA stability. Okadaic acid also induced heme oxygenase-1 mRNA...
REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF LEWIS'S WOODPECKER IN BURNED PINE AND COTTONWOOD RIPARIAN FORESTS

Abstract Lewis's Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) has been characterized as a “burn specialist” because of its preference for nesting within burned pine forests. No prior study, however, has demonstrated the relative importance of crown-burned forests to this woodpecker species by examining its reproductive success in different forest types. We studied breeding Lewis's Woodpeckers in cottonwood (Populus fremontii) riparian forest patches of Colorado and crown-burned ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of Idaho to compare their reproductive success, productivity, and potential source-sink status in the two forest types. Daily nest survival rates were significantly lower in cottonwood compared to burned pine forests. Nesting success was 46% (n = 65) in cottonwood forests and 78% (n = 283) in burned pine forests. Proportion of nests destroyed by predators was significantly higher in cottonwood forests (34%) compared to burned pine forests (16%). We consistently found crown-burned forests to be potential so...
Iodinated Contrast Agents for Cardiac CT

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging test that requires the use of intravenously administered contrast material and high-resolution, high-speed CT machinery to obtain detailed volumetric images of cardiac anatomy, coronary circulation, and great vessels. Most contrast-enhanced CT examinations in the West are performed with nonionic iodinated contrast media. However, adverse events still exist and consist of allergylike contrast reactions, chemo- or osmotoxic contrast reaction, contrast media-induced nephropathy, injection-related adverse events, and complications due to various coexisting conditions. Identification of patients at risk for developing contrast media reactions is likely to prevent serious adverse events and to enhance safety. Likewise, appropriate management strategies can be adopted to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with adverse reactions of iodinated contrast media used in cardiac CT scanning.
Archival Training in Europe

American archival profession, training has been a foremost concern; and during the past ten years especially, the issue has engendered vigorous debate. Yet it is surprising how little attention has been paid to Europe, where diverse systems of education have functioned for a much longer time. Europeans too have had to confront the dilemma of records proliferation and the advent of new information technolo-
Thermoluminescence for self-dosimetry in Climax Stock quartz monzonite

An examination has been made of the feasibility of using thermoluminescence (TL) for the selfdosimetry of the rock surrounding a canister of nuclear waste. The rock investigated was quartz monzonite from the Climax Stock, a granite intrusive at the Nevada Test Site. Samples of the rock were irradiated by {sup 60}Co to doses of 10{sup 3} to 10{sup 9} rads, then ground to a fine powder and read for TL response at a heating rate of 1{sup 0}C/s. The procedures are described in detail to allow their duplication by others. Effects of total dose, thermal history after irradiation, grinding to a powder after irradiation, mineral composition, and powder grain size were investigated. Although all of these factors were found to be important, the use of TL in this manner appears promising.
Human Ecology and Social Theory

ABOUT two years ago there api-I Fpeared a volume of some Z50 ~~pages entitled Social Ecology by Milla A. Alihan. I Although the book was a devastating criticism of sociological theory it apparently attracted little attention and provoked no great amount of discussion. This lack of interest may be attributed in large measure to the fact that the book deals specifically with human or social ecology, a theoretical system that, developed during the last twenty years or so, has been confined to a rather small group of scholars, and has produced no published work to speak of beyond numerous scattered articles in the journals, occasional papers read at the meetings of the American Sociological Society, and somewhat incidental treatment in a few introductory text-books in sociology. Despite this general lack of attention, Alihan's opening sentence in her Introduction reads: "The ecological school is one of the most definite and influential schools in American Sociology at the present time." Whether or not such a statement exaggerates the importance of human or social ecology may be left to others and the future to decide. It is sufficient to point out that, as a theoretical system and a research method, human ecology is deserving of more attention than it has yet received and that a critical appraisal of and strictures against its basic hypotheses, conceptual structure, and fundamental conclusions, such as Dr. Alihan has written, can not be passed lightly by. It may be said, in passing, that Dr. Alihan has performed a meritorious service in the interest of social science research methods and the formulation of logical and valid social theory. While her critique of the ecological school is almost entirely negative, it is not malicious. To point out mistakes is not to correct them to be sure, and to examine is not to explain. Nevertheless, a fair, unbiased criticism, supported by copious documentation, may serve to stimulate the scientists, in this case the social ecologists, to reexamine their theoretical framework and to give it a more careful statement. Likewise, scholars in other schools of social thought may be aroused to the crying need for a more continuous investigation of theories, refinempnt of concepts, and scrutiny of research methods growing out of repeated tests of their adequacy and validity. If Dr. Alihan succeeds in some measure in accomplishing this end, she * Read at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 29, I939. 1 Published by Columbia University Press, New York, I938.
Opening the window for aqueous electrolytes

By facilitating ion motion between electrodes, electrolytes help to harness the chemical energy in a battery to produce a current and supply usable electric power. Among liquid electrolytes, there are traditional solutions of salt dissolved in solvents (aqueous or organic) and ionic liquids. Lithium-ion batteries, whether for consumer electronics or electric vehicles, have used nonaqueous liquid electrolytes because of their higher voltage stability. Although aqueous electrolytes would be safer and more environmentally benign, the electrochemical voltage window (1.23 V) precludes the use of high-voltage electrode couples that enable the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries. On page 938 of this issue, Suo et al. ( 1 ) change this perception by demonstrating an operating window of 3 V created by increasing the salt concentration to form “water-in-salt” electrolytes.
Glycaemic control modifies the haptoglobin 2 allele-conferred susceptibility to coronary artery disease in Type 1 diabetes.

AIMS We aimed to assess whether the association of the haptoglobin 2 allele with coronary artery disease is modified by glycaemic control in a prospective cohort study of individuals with childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes. METHODS Coronary artery disease events (death from coronary artery disease, confirmed myocardial infarction, stenosis ≥50%, revascularization) were assessed between 1986 and 2013 among 480 individuals with Type 1 diabetes (baseline age 28 years; diabetes duration 19 years). Better glycaemic control was defined as an updated mean HbA1c during follow-up of <8% (64 mmol/mol). RESULTS In crude models, the incidence of coronary artery disease increased with the number of haptoglobin 2 alleles (hazard ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.05-1.71). This association was more pronounced in those with better than in those with worse glycaemic control (P interaction = 0.05) and remained essentially unaltered after multivariable adjustments (hazard ratio 2.65, 95% CI 1.30-5.41 in those with better glycaemic control and hazard ratio 1.20, 95% CI 0.93-1.56 in those with worse glycaemic control). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, although better control may reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease in Type 1 diabetes, a residual risk related to the haptoglobin 2 allele remains.
Chorda Tympani Responses Under Lingual Voltage Clamp: Implications for NH4 Salt Taste Transduction

Kloub, Mamoun A., Gerard L. Heck, and John A. DeSimone. Chorda tympani responses under lingual voltage clamp: implications for NH4 salt taste transduction. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1393–1406, 1997. Rat...
Twenty‐four years after the Yellowstone Fires: Are postfire lodgepole pine stands converging in structure and function?

Disturbance and succession have long been of interest in ecology, but how landscape patterns of ecosystem structure and function evolve following large disturbances is poorly understood. After nearly 25 years, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests that regenerated after the 1988 Yellowstone Fires (Wyoming, USA) offer a prime opportunity to track the fate of disturbance-created heterogeneity in stand structure and function in a wilderness setting. In 2012, we resampled 72 permanent plots to ask (1) How have postfire stand structure and function changed between 11 and 24 yr postfire, and what variables explain these patterns and changes? (2) How has landscape-level (among-stand) variability in postfire stand structure and function changed between 11 and 24 yr postfire? We expected to see evidence of convergence beginning to emerge, but also that initial postfire stem density would still determine trajectories of biomass accumulation. After 24 yr, postfire lodgepole pine density remained very high (mean = 21,738 stems/ha, range = 0-344,067 stems/ha). Stem density increased in most plots between 11 and 24 yr postfire, but declined sharply where 11-yr-postfire stem density was > 72,000 stems/ha. Stems were small in high-density stands, but stand-level lodgepole pine leaf area, foliage biomass, and live aboveground biomass increased over time and with increasing stem density. After 24 yr, mean annual lodgepole pine aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was high (mean = 5 Mg · ha⁻¹ · yr⁻¹, range = 0-16.5 Mg · ha⁻¹ · yr⁻¹). Among stands, lodgepole pine ANPP increased with stem density, which explained 69% of the variation; another 8% of the variation was explained by environmental covariates. Early patterns of postfire lodgepole pine regeneration, which were contingent on prefire serotiny and fire severity, remained the dominant driver of stand structure and function. We observed mechanisms that would lead to convergence in stem density (structure) over time, but it was landscape variation in functional variables that declined substantially. Stand structure and function have not converged across the burned landscape, but our evidence suggests function will converge sooner than structure.
‘You are the first journalist and you are the last journalist who will ever come here’: Nuclear secrets and media practices of access-trespass

In India, information about nuclear technologies is often kept shrouded in secrecy. Science reporters covering such strategic sectors depend for information on cultivating sources and pursuing contacts in the nuclear establishment. Based on in-depth interviews with two science/environmental journalists and analysis of their television reports and magazine articles, I show how journalists are acutely aware of their role as mediators between scientists and their complex technological projects on the one hand and the general public on the other. Reporting on ‘secret’ nuclear sciences makes concerns of objectivity and bias in journalistic practice strategic: if journalists are considered pro-nuclear, they have a better chance of accessing nuclear reactor and space research sites. Journalists and scientists co-design and co-stage experiments to be witnessed by the television audiences, and I argue for a close analysis of these mutual entanglements of scientific processes and media practices to understand the p...
“Singing” Fish Rely on Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin for the Timing of Nocturnal Courtship Vocalization

The patterning of social acoustic signaling at multiple timescales, from day-night rhythms to acoustic temporal properties, enhances sender-receiver coupling and reproductive success [1-8]. In diurnal birds, the nocturnal production of melatonin, considered the major vertebrate timekeeping hormone [9, 10], suppresses vocal activity but increases song syllable duration over circadian and millisecond timescales, respectively [11, 12]. Comparable studies are lacking for nocturnal vertebrates, including many teleost fish species that are also highly vocal during periods of reproduction [4, 13-20]. Utilizing continuous sound recordings, light cycle manipulations, hormone implants, and in situ hybridization, we demonstrate in a nocturnally breeding teleost fish that (1) courtship vocalization exhibits an endogenous circadian rhythm under constant dark conditions that is suppressed under constant light, (2) exogenous delivery of a melatonin analog under inhibitory constant light conditions rescues courtship vocal activity as well as the duration of single calls, and (3) melatonin receptor 1b is highly expressed in evolutionarily conserved neuroendocrine and vocal-acoustic networks crucial for patterning reproductive and vocal behaviors in fishes and tetrapods. Our findings, together with those in birds, show melatonin's remarkable versatility as a timing signal in distantly related lineages. It exerts opposing effects on vocalization in nocturnal versus diurnal species at the circadian timescale but comparable effects at the finer timescale of acoustic features. We propose that melatonin's separable effects at different timescales depends on its actions within distinct neural networks that control circadian rhythms, reproduction, and vocalization, which may be selected upon over evolutionary time as dissociable modules to pattern and coordinate social behaviors. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Estrogen receptor antagonism exacerbates cardiac structural and functional remodeling in female rats

We assessed the estrogen receptor (ER) dependence of female-specific cardioprotection using a rat model of chronic volume-overload stress. ER antagonism worsened ventricular wall stress, ventricula...
What I have changed my mind about and why

This paper is based upon a panel discussion “What I Have Changed My Mind About and Why” held on 5 November in New Orleans, Louisiana (USA), as part of the ISTSS 2015 annual meeting “Back to Basics: Integrating Clinical and Scientific Knowledge to Advance the Field of Trauma.” The panel was chaired by Professor Dr. Rachel Yehuda of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters Veterans Affairs, and included five clinician-scholars who exchanged thoughts about what they have changed their minds about over the years: Dr. David Spiegel, Dr. Steven Southwick, Dr. Lori Davis, Dr. Thomas Neylan, and Dr. John Krystal. This paper provides a summary of the salient points made by each expert and the questions and discussion that ensured. Major issues raised included the increasingly clear limitations to the fear-based model that has advanced the field. While treatments for PTSD have improved, there are some aspects of trauma exposure that cannot be entirely repaired. Research providing an evidence base to treatment has led to overly specific treatment guidelines that may obscure more general principles of effective treatment. Treatment might be viewed as a way to increase the plasticity of the brain in the context of processing social cues. A variety of novel and integrative therapies include comprehensive holistic care, exercise, returning to competitive work, logotherapy, mindfulness, enhancing well-being and resilience, and medications with novel mechanisms, such as ketamine. Keywords: PTSD; resilience; evidenced based treatments; fear extinction; alternative treatments; neurobiology; pharmacotherapy; novel approaches; mindfulness; randomized clinical trials (Published: 8 November 2016) Responsible Editors: Bernet Elzinga, Leiden University, Netherlands; Christian Schmahl, Central Institute of Mental Health, Germany. This paper is part of the Special Issue: Back to Basics: Integrating Clinical and Scientific Knowledge to Advance the Field of Trauma—Highlights of the ISTSS-2015. More papers from this issue can be found at www.ejpt.net For the abstract or full text in other languages, please see Supplementary files in the column to the right (under ‘Article Tools’). Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2016, 7 : 33768 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.33768
Neuroscience: How music meets mind

Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis explores a study parsing how the brain makes sense of melody and harmony.
Symbolic Substitution Using ZnS Interference Filters

ZnS interference filters can be used as optical logic elements to demonstrate symbolic substitution. A one-bit adder serves as a first step toward digital optical computing. Experimental implementation and related problems are addressed.
The AUSCAN and PRWHE Demonstrate Comparable Internal Consistency and Validity in Patients With Early Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis.

Background: The Australian/Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN) and Patient-Rated Wrist-Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) are 2 patient-related outcome measures to assess pain and disability in patien...
Franz Rosenzweig’s Mitteleuropa as a New Levante

In 1916, the German-Jewish philosopher and theologian Franz Rosenzweig arrives on the so-called Balkanfront. While stationed there, he drafts—in addition to his opus magnum The Star of Redemption—a series of articles (among them one entitled “Die neue Levante”) dealing with strategic and (geo)-political problems directly arising from the concrete situation of the trench warfare in southeastern Europe. Rosenzweig envisions a political model of a United States of Europe that would provide the blueprint for a peaceful world order after the end of WWI. This “neue Denken” [new thinking] of a united Europe manifests itself not on the Western front but in the border regions of the Balkans. The periphery of the old Habsburg Empire becomes that place in which a new vision of “Mitteleuropa” emerges out of the specific formations of the war in the trenches. Against Friedrich Naumann’s influential 1915 book Mitteleuropa, Rosenzweig calls for a re-orientation of Germany’s political and military aspirations towards the Near- and Middle East, creating a “New Levante”. Only a political federation uniting Germany, Austria, the Balkans, Turkey, and Egypt, according to Rosenzweig, is able to end the war, overcome the negative influences of nationalism, and guarantee a permanent peace.
In the moment and feeling good: Age differences in mindfulness and positive affect.

Although aging is often associated with several negative outcomes (e.g., declines in physical health), older adults generally report more positive and less negative affect than younger adults. The mechanisms underlying this “well-being paradox” are not clearly understood. In the present study, we ex
Sagittal Plane Deformity Surgery (VCR) Complication

Surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD) remains a technically challenging undertaking. Improvements in surgical techniques, instrumentation, and perioperative management have enabled correction of increasingly more complex multiplanar deformities. The surgical treatment of fixed sagittal plane deformities typically involves multilevel instrumentation and segmental release with osteotomies for the restoration of global spinopelvic alignment. Three-column osteotomies (3COs) are powerful techniques allowing for simultaneous multiplanar deformity correction from a posterior surgical approach. Serious complications may occur in these complex spinal reconstructive procedures, and postoperative instrumentation failure, especially at the osteotomy site, is among the more common of these complications (Auerbach et al. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37(14):1198–1210, 2012; Bianco et al. Neurosurg Focus 36(5):E18, 2014; Boachie-Adjei Instr Course Lect 55:583–589, 2006).
Congenital Thoracolumbar Deformity Complication

Incidental durotomy is one of the most common intraoperative complications in spine surgery, including deformity surgery. Unrecognized tears or tears that fail to seal in spite of treatment may result in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula formation and leak. In turn, CSF leaks may lead to severe postoperative headache, back pain, fluid accumulation and increased risk of infection. In this chapter, the authors present a case of a patient who underwent surgery for spinal deformity and developed a postoperative pseudomeningocele. Additionally, the causes, diagnosis, management, complications, and outcomes of CSF leak are discussed.
Speta on Antitrust and Local Competition under the Telecommunications Act: A Comment Respecting the Accommodation of Antitrust and Telecom Regulation

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was intended to stimulate competition in local telephony in part by requiring the existing dominant local telephone service providers to assist new entrants by (1) interconnecting, (2) selling their service at wholesale rates for resale, and (3) providing competitors access to elements of their networks on an unbundled basis. Alleged resistance by the dominant local service providers to the affirmative duties created by the 1996 Act has led to a series of antitrust cases in which new entrants and telephone consumers argue that by violating duties imposed by the Act, local telephone providers violate Section 2 of the Sherman Act. The question whether a violation of these statutory duties may give rise to antitrust liability is currently before the U.S. Supreme Court in Verizon v. Trinko. James B. Speta, Northwestern University School of Law, has argued that the principles underlying the Keogh Doctrine support the conclusion that conduct within the scope of an interconnection agreement mandated by the 1996 Act should not give rise to antitrust liability even if the conduct violates a duty imposed by the Act. Speta interprets the Keogh Doctrine as establishing a principle that when Congress places rate-making and related authority within the purview of a regulatory agency, it intends to remove the issue from the courts. This piece responds to Speta, arguing that (1) the Keogh Doctrine was never intended to displace entirely antitrust review; (2) other antitrust regulatory accommodation doctrines that do block antitrust review are inapplicable to the duties imposed by the 1996 Act because that Act, unlike previous regulatory legislation, was explicitly intended to serve consumer welfare by stimulating competition; and (3) the language and purpose of the 1996 Act weigh in favor of applying the antitrust laws to conduct within the scope of interconnection agreements required by the Act.