cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of Fats/Oils and Fat Content of Foods by Fast Food Restaurant Managers

Abstract A questionnaire was developed focusing on food preparation and types of fats/oils, knowledge of fats/oils and fat content of foods. The questionnaire was validated by a group of seven foodservice professionals and was pilot tested with ten local restaurant managers. A nationwide sample of 100 fast food restaurant chains located in the 100 largest metropolitan areas of the country was selected for a telephone survey. One manager was contacted from each restaurant. Results showed that 95 out of 100 managers used an oil for frying rather than a solid shortening. About one-third were using the same amount of oil for frying as three years ago while 1/3 were using more and 1/3 less. While 83 mangers agreed that consumers think low fat foods are important, 98 felt that customers were more concerned with taste than nutrition. A majority (64) knew that the recommended amount of total fat in the diet is 30% of calories or less. However, 41 selected sugar as containing more calories than vegetable oil or potatoes, and one-half did not realize that breaded convenience products such as chicken nuggets have been pre-fried by manufacturers. Sixty-five were not familiar with trans fatty acids. Results indicate that lack of knowledge may contribute to selection of food items and preparation methods that increase fat content of menus. To promote public health, fast food restaurant chains should provide more training for managers on nutrition and preparation methods that impact fat content of foods.
Reliability of the Short Form of Betts' Questionnaire on Mental Imagery: Replication:

The short form of the Betts QMI vividness of imagery scale had a test-retest reliability of .91, higher than that previously reported. The correlation matrix led to the conclusions that the scale is reliable over a 6-wk. period, the over-all score is more reliable than any of the individual modality scores, tactile imagery ratings are reliable, and both visual and organic sections need to be revised.
Isolation, sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding a Class I heat shock protein (HSP17.2) in maize☆

Abstract During high temperatures, plants synthesize an abundant amount of low molecular weight heat shock proteins, which have been correlated with acquired thermal tolerance. A low molecular weight Class I heat shock protein cDNA was isolated and its expression was characterized in maize ( Zea mays L.) inbred ‘Mo17’. The nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of the cDNA Zmhsp17.2 are presented. Zmhsp17.2 encodes a 152 amino acid peptide with 17 172 molecular mass and 5.5 pI. It contains a hydrophobic consensus sequence common in low molecular weight heat shock proteins. Zmhsp17.2 transcripts accumulate during environmentally natural high temperatures, which suggests their role in thermal protection in maize.
Using quaternary high-performance liquid chromatography eluent systems for separating 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate-derivatized amino acid mixtures

Abstract Recent improvements in HPLC-based methods for analyzing amino acids have made it feasible to analyze accurately a wide variety of sample types. The compatibility of amino acid derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) in the presence of salts and lipids makes the reagent an ideal choice for the analysis of complex samples. Method development was accomplished through the use of a quaternary HPLC eluent system with optimized pH and ionic strength. One chromatographic system was developed to achieve high resolution for a collagen sample containing hydroxyproline (Hyp) and hydroxylysine (Hyl) in addition to the hydrolyzate amino acids. A second procedure optimized resolution for a sample mixture of 24 amino acids. The quaternary HPLC streamlined routine operation and improved reproducibility as the multi-solvent eluent blends allowed precise, rapid changes in pH during the gradient separation. The resulting optimized methods blend the buffered eluents to achieve the accurate pH control required. Run times were reduced to less than 1 h by employing an increased flow-rate during the final third of the run. For the 24-amino acid mixture, high resolution was achieved for a number of important amino acids including Asn, Gln, Trp, γ-aminobutyric acid, ornithine, Hyp, and Hyl, as well as the 16 hydrolyzate amino acids in a single analysis. Examples of collagen hydrolyzate analysis and cell culture media samples are given to illustrate the utility of the methods.
Small-signal gain and time-resolved spectroscopy of the D 2 -F 2 /CO 2 pulsed chemical transfer laser system

Measurements made of the small-signal gain and time-resolved spectral output of a flash-initiated D 2 -F 2 /CO 2 chemical transfer laser system are reported. Small-signal gain measurements indicate a possible lack of rotational equilibration among the rotational levels of the CO 2 during the DF-CO 2 V-V energy transfer process. Time-resolved spectral output of this system, operated as a laser oscillator, is presented as verification of the small-signal gain results.
The Otto Aufranc Award: Modifiable versus nonmodifiable risk factors for infection after hip arthroplasty.

Background Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are associated with increased morbidity and cost. It would be important to identify any modifiable patient- and surgical-related factors that could be modified before surgery to decrease the risk of PJI.
Once daily, oral, outpatient quinolone monotherapy for low-risk cancer patients with fever and neutropenia: A pilot study of 40 patients based on validated risk-prediction rules

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of empiric, oral, outpatient quinolone monotherapy in 40 adult patients with fever and neutropenia who were at low risk for serious medical complications. METHODS Patients with breast cancer or sarcoma who presented with fever and neutropenia and were identified as low risk received empiric, oral, quinolone monotherapy (gatifloxacin at a dose of 400 mg once daily). Patients who had a significant source/focus of infection on presentation were excluded. After an initial observation period of 4 to 8 hours in the emergency center, the remainder of their management was ambulatory. Patients were evaluated for response to therapy, development of complications and/or the need for hospital admission, and drug-related adverse events. RESULTS Three of 43 patients studied were ineligible medically because of the presence of Common Toxicity Criteria (version 3.0) Grade >2 mucositis. Of the 40 eligible patients, 38 patients (95%) responded to gatifloxacin monotherapy, although 1 patient requested hospital admission (92% response for ambulatory management). The mean duration of therapy was 7 days, and the median number of days from enrollment to defervescence was 4 days. There were no serious medical complications, no drug-related adverse events, and no deaths on study or during 30 days of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study indicated that outpatient quinolone monotherapy in low-risk febrile neutropenic patients is safe, effective, and well received. These conclusions need to be validated in a randomized trial. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Recovery and Reuse of Waste PVC Coated Fabrics. Part 1: Experimental Procedures and Separation of Fabric Components

The polyester in the base fabrics (PET) and the polyvinyl chloride coating (PVC) along with plasticizers and adhesive/glue were separated from a commercial coated fabric by a scheme of chopping, gr...
Challenges of an organizational approach to applied downtown market analysis

Abstract Downtowns are responding to decades of decline through a variety of revitalization strategies. The progression and success of downtown renewal efforts are largely rooted in asset-based, mixed-use approaches to revitalization that mirror the evolving economic functions of downtowns. While contemporary economic revitalization strategies provide opportunities, their complexity also creates potential challenges for community organizations tasked with determining the highest and best uses for downtown properties. Accordingly, this article examines how the evolution of downtown economic revitalization strategies has influenced the capacity and expertise required by organizations engaged in the endeavor of downtown market analysis. In particular, we identify applied market analysis challenges arising from organizational deficiencies in expertise, credibility, scope, and technology adoption and propose capacity building opportunities for overcoming these deficits.
Pion-muon model and linear mass relations

Some further development of the pion-muon model presented recently will be given here as well as some interesting mass regularities tha t were suggested by this model (1). In the previous work, the pion-muon mass ratio, to a first approximation, was simply the Thomson-Lorentz -~ factor. To a second approximation, it was found tha t under suitable assumptions about first-order corrections (as before, units are such that e = 1, also the sign of charge will not be indicated on muon and electron)
Cytogenetic evidence that the malignant event in multiple myeloma occurs in a precursor lymphocyte

Multiple myeloma is traditionally thought of as a disease of plasma cells. Evidence from studies using antiodiotype antibodies, however, suggests that malignant events may take place in a precursor lymphocyte perhaps as early as the pre-B cell. In this study, we present cytogenetic evidence to support the latter view. Peripheral blood was obtained from a patient with plasma cell leukemia and light chain disease. Karyotypic analysis, using Giemsa banding techniques, showed an abnormal karyotype: 44,XY,-6,-8,-13,-16,-22,+mar1,+ mar2,+mar3,del(1)(p22,p32),11p+,13q+,14q+. A suspension culture was established and a plasma cell line was grown. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy as having an eccentric nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, and extensive endoplasmic reticulum. A subculture of this line was subsequently grown that was characterized by transmission electron microscopy as a lymphoid cell with diminished quantity of cytoplasm without extensive endoplasmic reticulum. Karyotypic analysis of the smaller cell demonstrated a modal number of 88 chromosomes and was a tetraploid derivative of the first. Our study provides cytogenetic evidence that cells with a lymphocytic phenotype show karyotypic abnormalities seen in the malignant plasma cell of the same patient, and thus, can be considered as evidence favoring the initiating cell of plasma cell myeloma as being an early B lymphocyte.
Experimental 128-kbit ferroelectric memory with 10/sup 12/ endurance and 10-year data retention

An experimental 128-kbit ferroelectric random access memory is presented, which has been designed and fabricated with 0.5 /spl mu/m ferroelectric storage cell integrated CMOS technology. To achieve stable cell operation, novel design techniques, robust to unstable cell capacitors, are adopted: open bit-line cell array; up-down pulsed plate read/write-back scheme; complementary data preset reference circuitry; and non-ferroelectric reference voltage generator. A self-driven cell plate scheme has also been employed to improve cell array layout efficiency. The prototype chip incorporating these circuit schemes shows 70 ns access time and 120 ns cycle time at 3.3 V and 25/spl deg/C. The read/write endurance has been confirmed up to 10/sup 12/ cycles. It has also been observed that memory cells can retain the data for 10 years.
Effect of Storage and Cooking on Qualities of Loin and Top-Wound Steaks

SUMMARY— Boneless, trimmed steaks (U. S. Good) from the longissimns dorsi muscle (loin) and semimembranosus muscle (top-round) and conventionally cut loin steaks were removed 8 days post-mortem, quick-frozen and stored at −18°C to −23°C for three storage periods, 0, 6, and 9 months. Steaks were sampled at each storage period and cooked to an internal temperature of 70°C in a microwave oven and electric range. Quality was evaluated by chemical tests, sensory evaluations and cooking loss data. Storage up to 6 months had little effect on loin steaks with the exception of TBA values, but significant changes occurred between 6 and 9 months. Loin steaks had increased cooking losses and decreased juiciness scores, percent moisture, and juice content. TBA values increased with each storage period. Top-round steaks at the 9-month period showed a decrease in collagen content and juiciness and flavor scores, and an increase in TBA values. Storage up to 9 months did not influence tenderness in either muscle. Conventionally broiled loin steaks had higher palatability scores, cooking losses, percent moisture, percent total proteins, and lower percent total lipids than did microwave cooked loin steaks. Electronically cooked top-round steaks had higher total cooking losses and percent total proteins and lower collagen values than did conventionally roasted top-round steaks. The qualities of boneless loin steaks did not differ significantly from those of conventionally cut loin steaks when compared at each storage period.
Longitudinal Stability of Reading-Related Skills and Their Prediction of Reading Development

Individual differences in word recognition, spelling, and reading comprehension for 324 children at a mean age of 16 were predicted from their reading-related skills (phoneme awareness, phonological decoding, rapid naming and IQ) at a mean age of 10 years, after controlling the predictors for the autoregressive effects of the correlated reading skills. There were significant and longitudinally stable individual differences for all four reading-related skills that were independent from each of the reading and spelling skills. Yet the only significant longitudinal prediction of reading skills was from IQ at mean age 10 for reading comprehension at mean age 16. The extremely high longitudinal latent-trait stability correlations for individual differences in word recognition (.98) and spelling (.95) left little independent outcome variance that could be predicted by the reading-related skills. We discuss the practical and theoretical importance of these results and why they differ from studies of younger children.
How does transparency affect bank financial performance

Theoretical studies suggest that increased transparency reduces a firm's cost of capital (Diamond & Verrecchia, 1991). Thus, more transparency should improve financial performance. We examine the relation between firm transparency and bank holding company (BHC) profit efficiency using the number of analysts following a BHC and the standard deviation of analysts' EPS forecasts to measure transparency. Our hypothesis is that more transparent BHCs are better managed, causing a positive relation between transparency and profit efficiency. The empirical results confirm that transparency has a positive effect on profit efficiency.
Coded excitation using biphase-coded pulse with mismatched filters for high-frequency ultrasound imaging.

Abstract A scheme of using phase-coded excitation and mismatched filter compression for high-frequency ultrasound imaging is presented in this paper. Biphase-coded pulses were constructed to excite the transducer. Received signals were compressed with mismatched filters optimized by minimizing peak-sidelobe-level (PSL). Both simulation and experiments were carried out to demonstrate the advantage of this technique. The simulation results demonstrated a possible sidelobe reduction (
Modeling the Earnings and Productivity of Agricultural Economists: Discussion

Data from the 1981-82 Registry of Agricultural Economists, sponsored by the Illinois Department of Labor and the American Agricultural Economics Association, are used by Strauss and Tarr to estimate earnings and productivity parameters for agricultural economists. A short-run predictive model is employed to compare the earnings of agricultural economists among different employer types, including educational institutions, federal government, state and local government, private business, and miscellaneous international government. Inferences are drawn from the different types of employers, large and small educational institutions, women, and blacks versus whites. In a 1971 paper, Strauss referred to a "crisis" caused by the failure to find the most desirable position upon entry in the market by new Ph.D.s. Such a situation is occurring in the early 1980s. Helmberger studied the market for agricultural economists in the early 1970s, concluding that an excess supply would exist throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s. Boulding gave attention to the need for increasing the supply of black economists generally during this period, suggesting that the economics profession is culture-bound. Boulding suggests a subculture among economists which may explain the racial/sexual structure and characteristics. Strauss and Tarr revisit the market for economists considering some market and nonmarket factors.
Surface effects in the fluorescence ultra-fast dynamics from CdSe nano-crystals

We investigated the ultra-fast photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence anisotropy (PLA) dynamics from colloidal CdSe nano-crystals (NC's). Both TOPO-capped and ZnS-capped NC's were excited high in the energy band for these investigations. The comparison between the PL dynamics from these two types of NC's shows that only the slow component of the PLA decay is influenced by surface treatment. We found that the decay of PA close to zero occurs on a time-scale of tens of femtoseconds. This rules out the contribution of intra-band energy relaxation to the polarization decay.
Rate-dependent electro-mechanical coupling response of ferroelectric materials: A finite element formulation

Abstract This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) constitutive model for predicting nonlinear polarization and electro-mechanical strain responses of ferroelectric materials subject to various histories of electric fields and mechanical stresses. The electro-mechanical coupling constants are expressed as functions of a polarization state and it is assumed that in absence of the polarization, the material does not exhibit electro-mechanical coupling response. The polarization model due to an electric field input is additively decomposed into time-dependent reversible and irreversible parts. The model also incorporates the effect of compressive stresses on the polarization response. Thus, the constitutive model is capable of incorporating the effect of loading rates, mechanical stresses, and electric fields on the overall hysteretic electro-mechanical and polarization switching response of ferroelectric materials. The constitutive model is implemented in a continuum 3D finite element in order to perform rate-dependent electro-mechanical coupling analyses of smart structures. The experimental data on the polarization switching and hysteretic butterfly strain responses of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) reported by Fang and Li (1999) are used to validate the constitutive model. Parametric studies are also conducted to examine the effect of loading rates and coupled electro-mechanical boundary conditions on the overall performance of PZT. Finally, FE analyses are performed to simulate shape changing in smart composite structures.
Fractionation of the Component(s) Responsible for Sex Odor/Flavor in Porka,b,c

SUMMARY Sex odor/flavor in pork was produced when fat, lean (with fat), and most organs from a boar were heated in a skillet or in boiling water. Odor seemed not to be entirely absent in boar fat at body temperature, although volatilization appeared to occur to a much greater extent at approx. 100–108° C. Sex odor was found to be water-insoluble, ether-soluble, and definitely associated with the fatty tissues of boars. It was absent in rehydrated moisture-free, fat-free lean. Distillation methods proved unsatisfactory for collecting the sex odor components in recognizable form, since no consistent and reproducible differences could be detected between boar and barrow fat when collected volatile compounds were analyzed by heat test and gas ehromatography. Cold saponification of boar fat yielded a small quantity of unsaponifiable matter that produced a concentrated, permeating sex odor on exposure to heat. Thus, the agent(s) responsible for sex odor in pork are located in the unsaponifiable material. Cholesterol and squalene were found in this fraction in both boar and barrow fat, but sex odor was not produced when these compounds were heated.
Computer simulation of grain growth—II. Grain size distribution, topology, and local dynamics

Abstract The microstructures produced by the grain growth simulation technique described in the previous paper are analyzed. The grain size distribution function is found to be time invariant when the grain size, R, is scaled by the mean grain size, R , and is shown to fit the experimental data better than either the log-normal function or the grain size distribution function suggested by Hillert. The grain size distribution peaks at approximately R and has a maximum at ~2.1 R . The topological class distribution (number of edges per grain) is monitored and found to reproduce the existing experimental data. Similarly, the experimentally observed linear relationship between edge class number and the means of the individual edge class distributions is reproduced. The mean curvature per grain is also measured. Finally, the temporal evolution of the sizes of individual grains is monitored to provide a link between the observed grain size distribution function and the macroscopic grain growth kinetics.
Properties of Eδ′ center in microelectronic grade oxide films

Abstract The paper focuses on two properties of the multiple oxygen vacancy Eδ' center observed in microelectronic grade oxide films. By monitoring the moisture in the ambient during thermal treatment, we demonstrate the dependence of the Eδ' concentration on H2O. Also, we show that the center concentration does not depend critically on oxide thickness, a result which is consistent with the nonuniform distribution of defects previously suggested. Samples include oxides buried underneath a layer of Si and nonburied oxides. The centers are generated in the buried oxide regardless of ambient, but in nonburied oxides the density of these centers depends strongly on the moisture level in the ambient gas. Such results should be considered when annealing polysilicon-coated films traditionally employed in switching devices and buried oxides used in high power isolation applications.
The weighted average cost of capital is not quite right: Reply to M. Pierru

Abstract In this journal [Miller, R. A. (2009). The weighted average cost of capital is not quite right. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance , 49 , 128–138], I argued that the standard WACC formula is inadequate in most circumstances to reward stockholders and bondholders where the necessary cash flows are calculated separately to exactly cover the respective costs of capital. Axel Pierru [2009. ‘The weighted average cost of capital is not quite right’: A comment. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance , 49 , 1219–1223] observes correctly that my assumed repayment schedules (equal periodic payments to bondholders; similarly for stockholders) imply a temporal drift in the debt (or leverage) ratio; he would recalculate the WACC annually. He proposes an alternative calculation of the repayment schedules under the constraint of a constant debt ratio. Here I suggest three additional possible repayment schedules; in general repayment schedules determine the drift in the debt ratio. However, the expected repayment schedules are established at the time the project is accepted and financed, hence the relevant debt ratio is that which exists at that time. The WACC for a specific project need not (and should not) be recalculated for that project throughout its financial life when that project has already been accepted and financed.
A critique of theories of meiosis in the female of Drosophila melanogaster

The evidence for conflicting theories of meiosis in Drosophila is reviewed, with a historical account showing the development of different points of view. The results from genetic experiments on chromosome size, meiotic mutants, the interactions of exchange and nonexchange chromosomes, and influence of the Y chromosome are evaluated with respect to the chromocentral and the “distributive pairing” hypotheses. The genetic evidence and the cytological observations favor the chromocentral hypothesis.
Na+ channels get anchored...with a little help.

Neurons have high densities of voltage-gated Na+ channels that are restricted to axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier, where they are responsible for initiating and propagating action potentials. New findings (Brechet, A., M.-P. Fache, A. Brachet, G. Ferracci, A. Baude, M. Irondelle, S. Pereira, C. Leterrier, and B. Dargent. 2008. J. Cell Biol. 183:1101–1114) reveal that phosphorylation of several key serine residues by the protein kinase CK2 regulates Na+ channel interactions with ankyrin G. The presence of CK2 at the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier provides a mechanism to regulate the specific accumulation and retention of Na+ channels within these important domains.
In-Vitro Protein Digestibility of Dehydrated Protein Extract from Poultry Bone Residue

In-vitro protein digestibility of freeze- or spray-dried protein obtained from poultry bone residue by alkali extraction was evaluated by a multienzyme procedure. Digestibility of the dehydrated extracts was significantly lower than chicken breast muscle or mechanically de-boned poultry. Digestibility of the spray-dried extracts was about 3% higher than freeze-dried extracts.
Clinical Trial Report: Reevaluating Telemonitoring in Heart Failure

Introduction: Heart failure is a chronic illness that spans the home as well as outpatient and inpatient settings. A number of disease-management programs have been studied in heart failure. They fall into three broad categories: heart failure clinics, care delivered in the home or to patients who are at home, and telemonitoring. Telemonitoring is the use of computer technology and telephone data transmission to monitor patients’ weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and, in some cases, other physiologic parameters. The goal of telemonitoring is to alert clinicians to early heart failure decompensation, providing the opportunity for intervention before patients become severely ill and require hospitalization. Although prior studies summarized in a recent systematic review [1] and a Cochrane review [2] suggested that telemonitoring may improve heart failure outcomes, its effect in a large trial has not been established. Moreover, the quality of the methods used in the studies using telemonitoring techniques was variable, and most of the studies were small. Because of these study limitations, findings concerning this category of disease-management programs remained equivocal.
Computer Simulation of a High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage System Employing Multiple Families of Phase-Change Storage Materials

Previous work by one of the authors entailed modeling of a packed bed thermal energy storage system utilizing phase-change materials (PCM). A principal conclusion reached is that the use of a single family of phase-change storage material may not in fact produce a thermodynamically superior system relative to one utilizing sensible heat storage material. This paper describes the model constructed for the high-temperature thermal energy storage system utilizing multiple families of phase-change materials and presents results obtained in the exercise of the model. Other factors investigated include the effect on system performance due to the thermal mass of the containment vessel wall and variable temperature of the flue gas entering the packed bed during the storage process. The results obtained indicate efficiencies for the system utilizing the five PCM families exceeding those for the single PCM family by as much as 13 to 26 percent. It was also found that the heat transfer to the containment vessel wall could have a significant detrimental effect on system performance.
Molecular heterogeneity of PAF in normal human mixed saliva: quantitative mass spectral analysis after direct derivatization of PAF with pentafluorobenzoic anhydride

Abstract Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a family of phospholipid autacoids with potent pro-inflammatory activities, is present in saliva. The current study has quantitated various species of PAF isolated from normal human mixed saliva. Choline-containing, sn-2 acetylated phospholipids with sn-1 ether- or ester-linked fatty alcohol/acid moieties (alkyl-PAF or acyl-PAF, respectively) were evaluated after direct defvatization with pentafluorobenzoic (PFB) anhydride. Individual species of PFB-derivatized PAF were separated by gas chromatography prior to mass spectral analysis; quantitative estimates of six different species of PAF in saliva were made by comparison to corresponding authentic, synthetic PAF standards. In each saliva sample, all six species of PAF were readily detected by this facile procedure. The predominant PAF was 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 16:0-alkyl-PAF (0.75 ± 0.09 pmol/ml saliva; mean ± S.E.; n = 5) which represented only 30.4 ± 1.5% of the total PAR Substantial amounts of 18:1- and 18:0-alkyl-PAF and 16:0-acyl-PAF were also identified (0.52 ± 0.07, 0.35 ± 0.06, and 0.35 ± 0.02 pmol/ml saliva, respectively). In summary, mass spectrometric analysis of PAF after direct derivatization with PFB anhydride has revealed that at least six different species of PAF are present in normal human mixed saliva. This structural diversity may represent an important aspect of homeostasis in the healthy oral cavity.
Optically stimulated luminescence dating of Late Quaternary glaciogenic sediments in the upper Hunza valley: validating the timing of glaciation and assessing dating methods

We present a comprehensive comparison of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages with cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) ages, and the first study to validate CRN dates from boulders on moraine ridges using luminescence dates from glaciogenic sediments from associated moraines, accomplished from both direct and stratigraphic relationships between CRN and OSL sampling sites. Both quartz and K-feldspars extracted from 12 Late Quaternary glaciogenic sediments were studied using single-aliquot OSL techniques. Rapid signal saturation in preliminary additive-dose infrared-stimulated K-feldspar luminescence growth data was interpreted as evidence of insufficiently bleached latent luminescence, and these data gave rise to overestimated ages in the majority of samples. Further analysis concentrated on replicated single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) measurements of quartz minerals using blue-green stimulation. The SAR sensitivity correction method repeatedly failed in two of the samples and a further sample exhibited significant thermal transfer. Nevertheless, three of the eight glacial successions in the upper Hunza valley were defined using quartz-luminescence. Although we discuss the possibility of inherited components in the CRN data, in terms of paleoclimatic interpretations both dating techniques give concordant results.
Antibody response to the surface envelope of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus: disease status is predicted by SU antibody isotype

This study evaluated the hypothesis that the disease status of Saanen goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (CAEV) is associated with the focus of immune responses to viral antigens, particularly the surface envelope glycoprotein (SU). Specifically, we have proposed that Th2 responses promote progressive immune-mediated arthritis, whereas Th1 responses restrict virus replication and development of clinical disease. The present study determined the isotype of SU antibodies associated with progressor and long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) status. We show that chronically infected goats that develop clinical arthritis have predominantly IgG1 antibodies to SU during both preclinical and clinical stages of disease, whereas SU antibodies of LTNP goats are relatively biased toward IgG2. Additional studies determined the isotype of SU antibodies induced initially by CAEV infection. These experiments show that initial IgG1-dominated responses to SU are associated with subsequent development of preclinical inflammatory joint lesions, whereas lack of joint pathology is associated with an IgG2 bias of initial responses to SU. Our results using the CAEV model suggest that isotype bias of SU antibodies is a reliable indicator of clinical disease caused by lentiviruses. Isotype analysis may be a useful method to screen candidate lentiviral vaccines intended to prevent disease progression.
Refined Monte Carlo method for simulating angle-dependent partial frequency redistributions

A refined algorithm for generating emission frequencies from angle-dependent partial frequency redistribution functions R sub II and R sub III is described. The improved algorithm has as its basis a 'rejection' technique that, for absorption frequencies x less than 5, involves no approximations. The resulting procedure is found to be essential for effective studies of radiative transfer in optically thick or temperature varying media involving angle-dependent partial frequency redistributions.
Wavelength Converter for Polarization-Multiplexed 100-G Transmission With Multilevel Modulation Using a Bismuth Oxide-Based Nonlinear Fiber

We demonstrate a four-wave-mixing-based wavelength converter suitable for coherent optical transmission at 100 Gb/s/λ and beyond that uses phase-diversity and nonconstant amplitude modulation formats. Our setup consists of 2 m of bismuth oxide-based nonlinear fiber and two copolarized external cavity pump lasers. We demonstrate wavelength conversion of 112-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed return-to-zero quadrature phase-shift keying and 144-Gb/s 16-ary quadrature-amplitude modulation signals. Less than 0.4-dB optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty at BER = 2 × 10-3 due to wavelength conversion was measured.
Effects of withdrawal of a mitogenic stimulus on progression of fibroblasts into S phase: Differences between serum and purified multiplication‐stimulating activity

Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) for chicken embryo fibroblasts was purified from serum-free medium conditioned by the growth of a rat liver cell line. A comparison between calf serum and purified MSA was made regarding the regulation of the fibroblast cell cycle. Addition of serum or MSA to stationary, quiescent cells stimulates them to enter the DNA synthetic phase after a characteristic lag period. Exposure to serum for shorter periods of time will irreverisbly commit cells to continue through the cell cycle and initiate DNA replication in the absence of serum. In contrast, the withdrawal of purified MSA from the medium results in an abrupt halt in the progression of cells towards S phase. The results of labeled thymidine incorporation and autoradiographic experiments clearly indicate that the point at which cells become irreversibly committed to enter the DNA synthetic period is at or near the G1-S boundary. The abrupt decay of the stimulation upon withdrawal of purified MSA provides a unique opportunity to investigate the biochemistry of this discrete phase of the cell cycle.
Changes in glucagon do not play an essential role in the glucoregulatory responses to mild hyperinsulinemia in dogs.

Summary To examine whether an increase in the glucagon concentration is essential for restoring hepatic glucose output following moderate decrements in blood glucose, we used isotope dilution techniques in trained conscious dogs (n = 5) to measure glucose producton (Ra) and glucose utilization (Rd) during mild hyperinsulinemia (19 ± 1 mU/l). In Study A, when insulin was infused to raise plasma insulin (IRI) from 13 ± 2 to 19 ± 1 mU/l, basal glucose (93 ± 3 mg/dl) fell at a rate of 0.37 ± 0.06 mg/dl/min over 30 min. Ra fell from 2.8 ± 0.4 mg/kg/min by 0.5 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min at 20 min ( P
Identification and Low-Order Control of Hard Disk Drives

The contribution of this work is to incorporate product variability into a low-order control design based on model uncertainty for hard disk drives. A method for including uncertainty into control synthesis is to design the servo controller using a worst-case Hinfin approach and mixed-sensitivty approach.
Differential strengths of selection on S-RNases from Physalis and Solanum(Solanaceae)

Background: The S-RNases of the Solanaceae are highly polymorphic self-incompatibility (S-) alleles subject to strong balancing selection. Relatively recent diversification of S-alleles has occurred in the genus Physalis following a historical restriction of S-allele diversity. In contrast, the genus Solanum did not undergo a restriction of S-locus diversity and its S-alleles are generally much older. Because recovery from reduced S-locus diversity should involve increased selection, we employ a statistical framework to ask whether S-locus selection intensities are higher in Physalis than Solanum. Because different S-RNase lineages diversify in Physalis and Solanum, we also ask whether different sites are under selection in different lineages. Results: Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian coalescent methods found higher intensities of selection and more sites under significant positive selection in the 48 Physalis S-RNase alleles than the 49 from Solanum. Highest posterior densities of dN/dS (ω) estimates show that the strength of selection is greater for Physalis at 36 codons. A nested maximum likelihood method was more conservative, but still found 16 sites with greater selection in Physalis. Neither method found any codons under significantly greater selection in Solanum. A random effects likelihood method that examines data from both taxa jointly confirmed higher selection intensities in Physalis, but did not find different proportions of sites under selection in the two datasets. The greatest differences in strengths of selection were found in the most variable regions of the S-RNases, as expected if these regions encode selfrecognition specificities. Clade-specific likelihood models indicated some codons were under greater selection in background Solanum lineages than in specific lineages of Physalis implying that selection on sites may differ among lineages. Conclusions: Likelihood and Bayesian methods provide a statistical approach to testing differential selection across populations or species. These tests appear robust to the levels of polymorphism found in diverse S-allele collections subject to strong balancing selection. As predicted, the intensity of selection at the S-locus was higher in the taxon with more recent S-locus diversification. This is the first confirmation by statistical test of differing selection intensities among self-incompatibility alleles from different populations or species.
Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared response of PtSi Schottky-barrier detectors operated in the front-illuminated mode

The quantum efficiency of PtSi Schottky-barrier detectors has been measured as a function of wavelength from 0.23 to 7 mu m. For front-illuminated PtSi/p-Si devices operated at low temperatures, quantum efficiencies of 40 to 70% are obtained in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible regions with little loss of the infrared (IR) photoresponse that is obtained for operation in the conventional back-illumination mode. For room-temperature operation of front-illumination PtSi/n-Si devices, the quantum efficiencies are approximately the same in the UV and visible regions, but the IR response decreases abruptly beyond the Si absorption edge. Room-temperature transmission and reflection measurements have been used to determine the values of the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant for PtSi at wavelengths from 0.2 to 3 mu m. A simple model, used with these values and published values of the dielectric constant for Si, yields calculated quantum efficiencies in the UV and visible regions that agree quite well with the measured efficiencies. The temporal response of front-illuminated PtSi/p-Si detectors in the visible and IR regions is found to be fast enough for operation at video frame rates. >
Natural convection in pools of evaporating liquids

In this exploratory study, schlieren photography has been used to reveal a variety of convection patterns in pools of evaporating liquids. Pure materials as well as binary solutions were investigated, both in the presence and absence of surface contamination, which was shown to exert a considerable influence on the convective flow. It was found that, with the exception of water, the observed flow structures were largely dependent on the depth of the evaporating pool and to a much lesser extent on the properties of the liquid. Also, it was possible to identify certain flow patterns as being induced by a surface-tension-driven instability and others as being due to buoyancy-driven convection; still other patterns seemed to be uniquely associated with the presence of surface contamination.
Vulnerable populations and ultimate responsibility.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANSchool of Nursing, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USAWho has the ultimate responsibility for the well-being of the mos...
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTI-KIDNEY SERUM : IV. PREVENTION OF THE INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF NEPHROTOXIN IN VIVO BY KIDNEY EXTRACT.

A saline extract of perfused rat kidney administered intravenously to rats immediately before injecting an anti-rat-kidney serum, by the same route, prevents renal damage. A preliminary injection of physiological salt solution or of an extract of perfused rat liver has no preventive effect. These findings are a further indication that the nephrotoxic effect induced by anti-kidney serum is dependent upon a relatively organ specific antibody, nephrotoxin.
Ablative Therapies of the Breast

Minimally invasive ablative therapy techniques are being used in research protocols to treat benign and malignant tumors of the breast in select patient populations. These techniques offer the advantages of an outpatient setting, decreased pain, and improved cosmesis. These therapies, including radiofrequency ablation, cryotherapy, interstitial laser therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasonography, and focused microwave thermotherapy, are reviewed in this article.
Metabolic flux rewiring in mammalian cell cultures

Continuous cell lines (CCLs) engage in 'wasteful' glucose and glutamine metabolism that leads to accumulation of inhibitory byproducts, primarily lactate and ammonium. Advances in techniques for mapping intracellular carbon fluxes and profiling global changes in enzyme expression have led to a deeper understanding of the molecular drivers underlying these metabolic alterations. However, recent studies have revealed that CCLs are not necessarily entrenched in a glycolytic or glutaminolytic phenotype, but instead can shift their metabolism toward increased oxidative metabolism as nutrients become depleted and/or growth rate slows. Progress to understand dynamic flux regulation in CCLs has enabled the development of novel strategies to force cultures into desirable metabolic phenotypes, by combining fed-batch feeding strategies with direct metabolic engineering of host cells.
THE FINANCING AND DELIVERY OF DENTAL CARE: A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF DENTISTS

The author surveyed a nation-wide, stratified random sample of 560 dentists to ascertain their attitudes toward financing and delivery issues in dentistry. Women, younger and older dentists and nonmembers of the ADA tended to favor changing the current system of dental care delivery and financing. Respondents involved in public health and academia were most in favor of changes, followed by general practitioners, while specialists were least in favor of any change. Respondents with a higher percentage of patients receiving public medical benefits were significantly more in favor of changing the current system. The survey indicates that dentists' attitudes on these issues differ significantly.
Gesture patterns during speech repairs

Speech and gesture are two primary modes used in natural human communication; hence, they are important inputs for a multimodal interface to process. One of the challenges for multimodal interfaces is to accurately recognize the words in spontaneous speech. This is partly due to the presence of speech repairs, which seriously degrade the accuracy of current speech recognition systems. Based on the assumption that speech and gesture arise from the same thought process, we would expect to find patterns of gesture that co-occur with speech repairs that can be exploited by a multimodal processing system to more effectively process spontaneous speech. To evaluate this hypothesis, we have conducted a measurement study of gesture and speech repair data extracted from videotapes of natural dialogs. Although we have found that gestures do not always co-occur with speech repairs, we observed that modification gesture patterns have a high correlation with content replacement speech repairs, but rarely occur with content repetitions. These results suggest that gesture patterns can help us to classify different types of speech repairs in order to correct them more accurately.
Using Failure Models for Controlling Data Availability in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents Pirrus, a replica management system that addresses the problem of providing data availability on a wireless sensor network. Pirrus uses probabilistic failure models (e.g., derived from environmental conditions and estimation of available energy) to adaptively create and maintain a number of replicas of the data. Replica management is formulated as an energy optimization problem, then solved with a greedy heuristic that only uses information gathered from neighbors. Intuitively, Pirrus trades off the energy saved by limiting the number of replicas when the network health is good to extend the lifetime when more replicas are needed. Our simulation results show how the solution provided by Pirrus achieves good performance with a sustainable computational cost. Compared to the performance of a fixed number of replicas, Pirrus extends the network lifetime by more than 20%.
Adapting Washington Circle performance measures for public sector substance abuse treatment systems

The Washington Circle, a group focused on developing and disseminating performance measures for substance abuse services, developed three such measures for private health plans. In this article, we explore whether these measures are appropriate for meeting measurement goals in the public sector and feasible to calculate in the public sector using data collected for administrative purposes by state and local substance abuse and/or mental health agencies. Working collaboratively, 12 states specified revised measures and 6 states pilot tested them. Two measures were retained from the original specifications: initiation of treatment and treatment engagement. Additional measures were focused on continuity of care after assessment, detoxification, residential or inpatient care. These data demonstrate that state agencies can calculate performance measures from routinely available information and that there is wide variability in these indicators. Ongoing research is needed to examine the reasons for these results, which might include lack of patient interest or commitment, need for quality improvement efforts, or financial issues.