cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformation of hydrogen cyanide dimer and its role in chemical evolution.

Abstract In this study, a molecular orbital calculation has been made to determine which of eight different geometric conformations of the two isomers of hydrogen cyanide dimer, cyanoformaldimine or aminocyanomethylene, has the lowest energy. No form of the dimer has ever been successfully isolated. Yet, it has been postulated as an important precursor in the abiotic syntheses of proteins and purines. In particular, it is a linear conformation of the methylene dimer that has been proposed as the important species in this role. An existing theoretical calculation appears to verify that it is this form which is indeed the most stable one for the dimer. In the present calculation, a more exact theoretical formulation is used, the all-valence electron, extended-Huckel, self-consistent-charge method, for a more extensive investigation of the stability of various conformations and configurations for each of the two isomers of the HCN dimer than heretofore made. The results are significantly different from those of the previous calculation. Specifically, it is found that it is a single state of the trans -imino dimer that is the ground state and not a singlet state of the linear, planar methylene isomer as previously reported. Thus the role of the dimer in chemical evolution should perhaps be reevaluated in the light of the new energy ordering of each isomer conformation obtained in this study.
The dynamics of injection drug users' personal networks and HIV risk behaviors.

Aims While studies of the social networks of injection drug users (IDUs) have provided insight into how the structures of interpersonal relationships among IDUs affect HIV risk behaviors, the majority of these studies have been cross-sectional. The present study examined the dynamics of IDUs’ social networks and HIV risk behaviors over time. Design Using data from a longitudinal HIV-intervention study conducted in Baltimore, MD, this study assessed changes in the composition of the personal networks of 409 IDUs. We used a multi-nomial logistic regression analysis to assess the association between changes in network composition and simultaneous changes in levels of injection HIV risk behaviors. Using the regression parameters generated by the multi-nomial model, we estimated the predicted probability of being in each of four HIV risk behavior change groups. Findings Compared to the base case, individuals who reported an entirely new set of drug-using network contacts at follow-up were more than three times as likely to be in the increasing risk group. In contrast, reporting all new non-drug-using contacts at follow-up increased the likelihood of being in the stable low-risk group by almost 50% and decreased the probability of being in the consistently high-risk group by more than 70%. Conclusions The findings from this study show that, over and above IDUs’ baseline characteristics, changes in their personal networks are associated with changes in individuals’ risky injection behaviors. They also suggest that interventions aimed at reducing HIV risk among IDUs might benefit from increasing IDUs’ social contacts with individuals who are not drug users.
The chemistry of silicon involving probable use of d-type orbitals

Abstract Certain aspects of silicon chemistry are discussed in which silicon may well utilize its 3 d -orbitals. The discussion is treated from the standpoint of silicon compounds in which the ligancy of silicon is greater than four; tetravalent silicon compounds in which bonding is not of the pure sp 3 -type; and silicon compounds in which chemical reactivities are unusual in terms of analogous carbon compounds.
Quantization Noise And Filtering Schemes For Digital Control Systems

Quantization noise due to interface devices of finite wordlength and the effects of this noise on the performance of a control system are analyzed. A digital filtering scheme for minimizing the effect of quantization noise along the derivative path of the control algorithm is developed and implemented. Results obtained by digital simulation are verified experimentally.
Requirement of the carboxyl terminus of a bacterial chemoreceptor for its targeted proteolysis

The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus yields two different progeny at each cell division; a chemotactically competent swarmer cell and a sessile stalked cell. The chemotaxis proteins are synthesized in the predivisional cell and then partition only to the swarmer cell upon division. The chemoreceptors that were newly synthesized were located at the nascent swarmer pole of the predivisional cell, an indication that asymmetry was established prior to cell division. When the swarmer cell differentiated into a stalked cell, the chemoreceptor was specifically degraded by virtue of an amino acid sequence located at its carboxyl terminus. Thus, a temporally and spatially restricted proteolytic event was a component of this differentiation process.
ALTERNATE FORMS OF A SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL FOR MEASUREMENT OF CHANGES IN SELF-DESCRIPTION.

Development of a simple paper-and-pencil measure of change in self-description is described.
Influence of large peritumoral vessels on outcome of radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors.

PURPOSE The effect of large vessels (≥3 mm) contiguous to hepatic tumors was evaluated with respect to clinical tumor recurrence rates after radiofrequency (RF) ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first 105 malignant liver tumors treated by RF ablation therapy at our institution with pathologic analysis or a minimum of 6 months of clinical follow-up were reviewed. The original pretreatment imaging studies were reviewed by a radiologist who was blinded to the cases, and, based on lesion contiguity to vessels of at least 3 mm, the lesions were categorized as perivascular or nonperivascular. Treatment outcomes with respect to local tumor recurrence between these two groups were then compared. Logistic regression analysis was performed to take into account other variables and to determine whether this categorization was an independent predictor of treatment outcome. RESULTS There were 74 nonperivascular tumors and 31 perivascular tumors. Mean tumor size was 2.4 cm and mean follow-up was 11.3 months. Residual or locally recurrent tumors were documented in 20 of 105 cases (19%). In the nonperivascular group, five of 74 (7%) had either incompletely treated tumor (manifested within 6 months) or local recurrence beyond 6 months. In the perivascular group, 15 of 31 (48%) had incompletely treated or locally recurrent tumor ( P 4 cm), tumor type (40 hepatocellular carcinomas, 48 colorectal metastases, and 17 other metastases), access (53 intraoperative, 52 percutaneous), and RF device (45 Radiotherapeutics electrodes, 18 Rita electrodes, and 42 Radionics electrodes) showed similar results. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that presence or absence of a large peritumoral vessel is an independent, and the dominant, predictor of treatment outcome. CONCLUSION The presence of vessels at least 3 mm in size contiguous to hepatic tumors is a strong independent predictor of incomplete tumor destruction by RF ablation. Modified ablation strategies should be considered to improve destruction of these tumors.
On the motion of a gas experiencing range-dependent volumetric heating

Etude du mouvement d'un gaz parfait subissant un echauffement transitoire important, spatialement non uniforme provoque par le passage de particules energetiques ou de lumiere intense a travers le gaz
Changes in Hemodynamic Responses in Chronic Stroke Survivors Do Not Affect fMRI Signal Detection in a Block Experimental Design

The use of canonical functions to model BOLD-fMRI data in people post-stroke may lead to inaccurate descriptions of task-related brain activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the spatiotemporal profile of hemodynamic responses (HDRs) obtained from stroke survivors during an event-related experiment could be used to develop individualized HDR functions that would enhance BOLD-fMRI signal detection in block experiments. Our long term goal was to use this information to develop individualized HDR functions for stroke survivors that could be used to analyze brain activity associated with locomotor-like movements. We also aimed to examine the reproducibility of HDRs obtained across two scan sessions in order to determine whether data from a single event-related session could be used to analyze block data obtained in subsequent sessions. Results indicate that the spatiotemporal profile of HDRs measured with BOLD-fMRI in stroke survivors was not the same as that observed in individuals without stroke. We observed small between-group differences in the rates of rise and decline of HDRs that were more apparent in individuals with cortical as compared to subcortical stroke. There were no differences in the peak or time to peak of HDRs in people with and without stroke. Of interest, differences in HDRs were not as substantial as expected from previous reports and were not large enough to necessitate the use of individualized HDR functions to obtain valid measures of movement-related brain activity. We conclude that all strokes do not affect the spatiotemporal characteristics of HDRs in such a way as to produce inaccurate representations of brain activity as measured by BOLD-fMRI. However, care should be taken to identify individuals whose BOLD-fMRI data may not provide an accurate representation of underlying brain activation when canonical models are used. Examination of HDRs need not be done for each scan session, as our data suggest that the characteristics of HDRs in stroke survivors are reproducible across days.
A porous metal-metalloporphyrin framework featuring high-density active sites for chemical fixation of CO2 under ambient conditions.

Self-assembly of the custom-designed octatopic porphyrin ligand of tetrakis(3,5-dicarboxybiphenyl)porphine with the in situ generated Cu2(CO2)4 paddlewheel moieties afforded a porous metal–metalloporphyrin framework, MMPF-9, which features a high density of Cu(II) sites confined within nanoscopic channels and demonstrates excellent performances as a heterogeneous Lewis-acid catalyst for chemical fixation of CO2 to form carbonates at room temperature under 1 atm pressure.
The Influence of Media upon the Yeast and Mold Count of Butter

In the report ,of the Committee on Suggested Methods for the Microbiological Analysis ,of Butter (I) four media are given for the estimation of the yeast ,and mold content of butter. Three of the four suggested media are whey agars prepared in ,different ways, the fourth 'a dehFdrated malt agar. After publishing this report, suggestions were offered by Grimes (2) and Meyers (3) relative to the use of other media for the estimation of yeasts and molds. The American investigators, Hammer (4), Macy (5), B ouska (6), and P arfitt (7), when determining yeasts and molds have used whey agar while the Canadian inves.tig~to~s, Hood and White (8), have used malt agar. White and Hood (9), (10), ia their studies on temperature and hydrogen-ion concentration used Bacto dehydrated malt agar.
Family interactions, language development, and primary reading achievement of Black children in families of low income.

NORMAN-JACKSON, JACQUELYN. Family Interactions, Language Development, and Primary Reading Achievement of Black Children in Families of Low Income. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 349-358. In black families of low income, preschool (24-42 months) siblings of second graders in 2 contrasting levels of reading achievement were observed in their homes. During 2 home observations language samples were collected and descriptions tape-recorded of family activities and interactions. Measured by mean length of utterance, language of preschool siblings of successfully reading second graders was significantly more mature when compared to preschool siblings of unsuccessful readers. 5 years following home observations, primary reading achievement of younger children was assessed. Successful readers differed from unsuccessful when observed as preschoolers; they had participated in more verbal interactions with their families and produced more language that was of greater maturity. The contributions of schoolage siblings were significant in providing verbal stimulation to preschoolers who were later successful readers. Groups did not differ in Binet IQ, verbal interactions with parents, or parentencouraged, child-initiated verbal interactions. As preschoolers, unsuccessful readers received significantly more parental discouragement to child-initiated verbal interactions than did successful readers.
The quest for a linguistic model to study the speech of autistic children. Studies on echoing.

Abstract Normal linguistic development is dependent upon a highly organized psychic apparatus. Innate potentials for development may go awry at varying stages. In childhood autism, linguistic competence becomes fixated at early stages of language development because of underlying disturbances in mental structures. Speech-act analysis of language usefully clarifies certain aspects of autistic children's language and social difficulties. Focus on one aspect of autistic children's language—the tendency to echo when confronted by incomprehensible language demands—can illuminate the cognitive and social impairments of autistic children, one form of adaptation to their impairlments, and fundamental differences in the emergence of language competence between autistic and normal children. Measures of autistic children's speech (latency of response and length of utterance) can increase our understanding of ego development by suggesting appropriate new models.
Effects of anesthesia on the energy and acid-base status of the rat brain.

The effect of anesthesia on energy and acid-base parameters of the supratentorial and brain stem structures was evaluated by comparing the results obtained on animals in deep barbiturate and in superficial nitrous oxide anesthesia to those obtained in paralyzed but unanesthetized animals. It was found that unanesthetized but immobilized rats had the same brain tissue concentrations of high energy phosphates as animals anesthetized with nitrous oxide and phenobarbital. Thus, the analyses gave no evidence for the hypothesis that anesthesia changes the energy state of the tissue. In the barbiturate group the ratio brain glucose to blood glucose was increased. Nitrous oxide anesthesia did not change the brain tissue acidity in contrast to barbiturate anesthesia which was accompanied by an alkalosis. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Auswirkungen der Narkose auf die Energieund Saure-Basen-Parameter der supratentoriellen und der Hirnstamm-Strukturen wurden durch den Vergleich der Resultate bewertet, die an Tieren in tiefer Barbiturat- und in oberflachlicher Stick-oxydul-Narkose gewonnen wurden, gegenuber jenen an gelahmten jedoch nicht anaesthesierten Tieren. Dabei stellte sich heraus, das die nichtanaesthesierten aber ruhig gestellten Ratten die gleichen Hirngewebskonzentrationen von hochenergetischen Phosphaten aufwiesen, als die mit Stick-oxydul und Phenobarbital narkotisierten Tiere. Die Analysen ergaben also keinen Beweis fur die Hypo-these, das Narkose den Energizustand der Gewebe verandert. In der Barbituratgruppe war das Verhaltnis von Hirnglukose zu Blutglukose erhoht. Stickoxydul veranderte die Hirngewebsaziditat nicht, im Gegensatz zur Barbituratnarkose, welche mit einer Alkalose einherging.
A note on appropriate constraints on the initial input response when applying deconvolution.

When deconvolution is employed to estimate cumulative input profiles, nonzero initial values may result unless certain constraints are imposed on the function used to approximate the input response c(t).It is shown that the initial value of the response to a nonimpulse input is zero, i.e., c(t0)=0,where t0is the input lag time. If, in addition, the initial value of the impulse response is zero, i.e.,cδ(0)=0,then c′(t0)=0.Therefore, it is appropriate to impose the constraint c(t0)=0in general and c′(t0)=0whencδ(0)=0if c(t)is the response to a nonimpulse input. The use of such constraints is demonstrated in an example where the cumulative in vivodissolution profile is estimated by deconvolution.
Exploiting parallelism in mobile devices

The computational heart of modern mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and wearables is a powerful system-on-chip (SoC) with rich parallelism and heterogeneity. While the hardware parallelism of these mobile systems continues to increase year-over-year, they remain resource constrained with respect to power consumption and thermal dissipation. Efficient use of multi-core processors in mobile devices is a key requirement for improving performance, while staying within the power and thermal limits of mobile devices.
COMPUTATION OF CLIMATOLOGICAL VERTICAL VELOCITIES BY THE THERMODYNAMIC METHOD

Abstract Vertical velocities compatible with climatological heating functions are computed. The physical assumptions in the thermodynamic equation incorporate radiational heating, heat flux from the underlying boundary, and heat of condensation. The computation is performed for the four seasons, and a comparison with other studies indicates that the method gives fairly good results that may be related to climatological cloudiness and rainfall.
Specifically deuterated and tritiated auxins

Abstract Regiospecific syntheses of monodeuterated and monotritiated natural auxin (indole- 3-acetic acid), a synthetic auxin (naphthalene-1-acetic acid) and a photoaffinity labeling auxin (5-azidoindole-3-acetic acid) are described. These syntheses provide benzene-ring tritiated auxins for use in reversible and covalent binding studies.
Electrodeposition of copper–tin film alloys for interconnect applications

Abstract The electrodeposition of copper–tin alloy thin films was studied as a potential application for on-chip interconnection, where Cu–Sn alloys may be less susceptible to failure caused by electro- and stress-migration than pure copper. Alloys with variable Sn content were plated from acidic copper sulfate electrolytes by polarizing copper deposition into the region where Sn deposition became possible. The effective polarization was demonstrated by means of several halogen–polyether pairs, with Br–EPE (poly(ethylene glycol)- block -poly(propylene glycol)- block -poly(ethylene glycol)) pair exhibiting the strongest polarization. Alloy content of Sn between 0 and 7 at% was obtained above the reduction potential of Sn 2+ , which can be attributed to UPD mechanism. Higher Sn content of up to 20 at% was achieved when Cu deposition was suppressed below the reduction potential of Sn 2+ by the combination of Br − and EPE. A positive correlation between Sn content and concentration of Sn 2+ in the electrolyte was observed. At low rotation speeds of a disk electrode ( i.e. 25 rpm versus 100 rpm) the tin content in the alloy was higher, possibly due to stronger suppression of copper deposition at low rotation speeds. The relationship between Sn content and the applied current density was specific to the employed additive chemistry.
One and two soliton solutions for the sinh–Gordon equation in (1+1), (2+1) and (3+1) dimensions

Abstract In this work we study the nonlinear sinh–Gordon equation in (1+1), (2+1) and (3+1) dimensions. We use the simplified form of Hirota’s method, to derive one and two soliton solutions for each equation.
Vascular parkinsonism: clinical correlates predicting motor improvement after lumbar puncture.

Vascular parkinsonism (VP) is a poorly defined entity which has clinical, and perhaps pathological, overlap with other diagnoses. Although classical VP involves lesions of the basal ganglia, the majority of cases actually show diffuse subcortical white matter changes (SCWMC) on imaging. The exact pathologies of these white matter changes are debated and likely heterogeneous, but are generally thought to represent areas of chronic or recurrent partial ischemia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage is the treatment for NPH and has been reported to improve symptoms in some patients with idiopathic NPH and associated SCWMC. To determine whether historical, clinical, or radiographic factors predict improvement in VP patients after CSF drainage, we removed 35-40 ml of CSF via lumbar punctures (LP) from 40 patients and compared responders with nonresponders for a variety of demographics, clinical features, and blindly interpreted magnetic resonance images (MRI). Fifteen patients (37.5%) reported "significant and irrefutable" gait improvement after LP. Twelve (30.0%) reported no effect and 13 (32.5%) reported mild or very transient improvement. Timed gait in a subset of patients improved (P < 0.05) immediately after LP. Clinically, improvement after CSF removal was predicted by any positive response to levodopa (P < 0.001), the lack of vertical gaze palsies (P < 0.05), the lack of a pure freezing gait (P < 0.05), and the lack of hypotensive episodes (P < 0.05). Blinded MRI interpretation did not find features which clearly predicted response. Some patients diagnosed with VP improved after LP. Clinically, these patients tended to resemble idiopathic PD, whereas nonresponders more closely resembled progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). These results warrant further investigation and also raise the possibility of testing CSF drainage in patients with idiopathic PD complicated by SCWMC.
Shear mechanical properties of freely suspended liquid-crystal films in the smectic-A and smectic-B phases

The shear mechanical properties of freely suspended films of liquid crystal, p-butoxybenzylidene-p'-octylaniline (BBOA or 4O.8), have been measured in the smecitc-A and smectic-B phases. All films showed solidlike response well above the bulk A-B transition temperature. Both the in-plane shear modulus and shear dissipation exhibited a very strong frequency dependence in the A and B phases. Films which were two molecules thick showed anomalous behavior at much higher temperatures than thicker films.
Some effects of hormones on contractile properties of rat tail tendon collagen.

We have investigated some possible influences of the endocrine system on rat tail tendon collagen, utilizing tendon contractability in concentrated salt solution as an indicator of the physicochemical properties of melted collagen. Hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy, but not adrenalectomy, were associated with increased contractile force of tendons in 40% potassium iodide (KI). Hypercorticism or hyperthyroidism was likewise associated with increases in KI-induced contractile force. However, the effects of excess thyroid appeared to be mediated via the adrenals. The changes in tendon properties induced by hypophysectomy or corticosterone were similar to those which normally occur with advancing age. (Endocrinology 79: 1047, 1966)
Small-Mammal Microhabitat Associations and Response to Grazing in Oregon

Abstract Livestock grazing is common and widespread throughout North America, yet few studies have evaluated its effects on small mammals. We studied small mammals in mixed-conifer forests and oak woodlands on the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument in southern Oregon, USA, to 1) evaluate small-mammal microhabitat associations, 2) identify riparian-associated species, and 3) test the hypothesis that grazing does not influence small mammals after accounting for microhabitat associations. We live-trapped small mammals at 16 study sites and used logistic regression to model probability of capture on measured habitat characteristics at each trap station and to evaluate effects of grazing. Over 2 years, we trapped 1,270 individual small mammals representing 18 species. Odds of capturing western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis), dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes), and long-tailed voles (Microtus longicaudus) were lower (P < 0.05) on heavily versus lightly grazed sites. Odds of capture for deer mice...
Bat reproduction declines when conditions mimic climate change projections for western North America

Climate change models predict that much of western North America is becoming significantly warmer and drier, resulting in overall reductions in availability of water for ecosystems. Herein, I demonstrate that significant declines in the reproductive success of female insectivorous bats occur in years when annual environmental conditions mimic the long-term predictions of regional climate change models. Using a data set gathered on bat populations from 1996 through 2008 along the Front Range of Colorado, I compare trends in population numbers and reproductive outcomes of six species of vespertilionid bats with data on mean annual high temperature, precipitation, snow pack, and stream discharge rates. I show that levels of precipitation and flow rates of small streams near maternity colonies is fundamentally tied to successful reproduction in female bats, particularly during the lactation phase. Across years that experienced greater than average mean temperatures with less than average precipitation and stream flow, bat populations responded by slight to profound reductions in reproductive output depending on the severity of drought conditions. In particular, reproductive outputs showed profound declines (32-51%) when discharge rates of the largest stream in the field area dropped below 7 m 3 /s, indicating a threshold response. Such sensitivity to environmental change portends severe impacts to regional bat populations if current scenarios for climate change in western North America are accurate. In addition, bats act as early-warning indicators of large-scale ecological effects resulting from further regional warming and drying trends currently at play in western North America.
Effective diffusion coefficients in solid-state sintering

A numerical analysis of the sintering neck growth rate between rigid spherical particles of the same size is carried out. The contributions of the surface, grain-boundary and volume diffusion transport into sintering kinetics during the first and the second stages of sintering are estimated. It is shown that the three-dimensional problem of the matter redistribution during sintering can be reduced to a two-dimensional problem if the effective diffusion coefficients are introduced. The effective diffusion coefficients are the grain-boundary diffusion coefficients that include the contribution of volume diffusion. The effective diffusion coefficients are sensitive to the stage of sintering: they have different form during the first and the second stages. During the second stage of sintering, the unified effective diffusion coefficient is determined. It is demonstrated that the effective diffusion coefficients can be used also for the description of the pressure-assisted sintering.
Feedback control for providing QoS in NoC based multicores

In this paper, we employ formal feedback control theory to achieve desired communication throughput across a network-on-chip (NoC) based multicore. When the output of the system needs to follow a certain reference input over time, our controller regulates the system to obtain the desired effect on the output. In this work, targeting a multicore that executes multiple applications simultaneously, we demonstrate how to design and employ a PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller to obtain the desired throughput for communications by tuning the weights of the virtual channels of the routers in the NoC. We also propose a global controller architecture that implements policies to handle situations in which the network cannot provide the overlapping communications with sufficient resources or the throughputs of the communications can be enhanced (beyond their specified values) due to the availability of excess resources. Finally, we discuss how our novel control architecture works under different scenarios by presenting experimental results obtained using four embedded applications. These results show how the global controller adjusts the virtual channels weights to achieve the desired throughputs of different communications across the NoC, and as a result, the system output successfully tracks the specified input.
A microcomputer-based intelligent sensor for multiaxis force/torque measurement

The author describes the design and implementation of a pair of sophisticated robot fingers that enable the sensing of information from three axes of force and three axes of torque using piezoresistive strain gauges as sensing elements with conversion to frequency as the output. The fingers may be mounted on a servo-controlled robot gripper and interfaced with a robot controller to serve as an active compliance device for small-part assembly tasks. This force/torque sensor with frequency output using an RC oscillation principle has demonstrated great advantages in signal conditioning and processing relative to conventional voltage output techniques. The design of robotic fingers and multiaxis force/torque sensors with signal conditioning/processing, and data acquisition with a microprocessor system are described. A description of the test results is also presented. >
Conduction electron spin susceptibility of metallic lithium

Abstract The conduction electron spin susceptibility of metallic lithium has been measured using the spin resonance technique of Schumacher and Slichter. Measured values were 2.09 × 106 and 2.18 × 10−6 cgs volume units at 298° and 4.2°K respectively; the difference attributable to a change in the lattice parameter. The results are believed to be accurate within 5 per cent and are in agreement with previous experimental measurements and with recent calculations.
Effects of cysteine addition and heat treatment during non-fat dry milk processing on the plasmin enzyme system

The objective of this study was to measure the effects of cysteine addition and heat treatment on plasmin (PL) activity and plasminogen (PG) activation in reconstituted non-fat dry milk (NFDM). Cysteine was added to a final concentration of 0.16 mg·mL−1 to raw, defatted milk and pasteurized at 72 °C for 15 s (low heat, LH) or 100 °C for 30 s (medium heat, MH) prior to spray drying. Both MH fluid milk and NFDM had no PL activity or PG activation, regardless of cysteine addition. For both LH fluid milk and NFDM, there was a significant decrease in PL activity upon cysteine addition (P < 0.0001 for both), as well as in PG activation (P = 0.0003 for fluid milk, P < 0.0001 for NFDM), likely due to the polymerization of PG or binding of PL and PG with other milk proteins. Upon storage of reconstituted powders at 21 °C and 4 °C, PL activity increased with a complimentary decrease in PG-derived PL activity in LH samples, though these changes slowed in samples with added cysteine. Urea-PAGE showed proteolysis of β-casein consistent with PL activities in LH samples. No PL or PG-derived PL activities or proteolysis were observed in stored MH samples. These results suggest that the addition of cysteine prior to the pasteurization and manufacture of LH-NFDM significantly decreases the potential for proteolysis during storage of reconstituted powder caused by the PL enzyme system.
Up‐regulation of erythropoietin receptor by nitric oxide mediates hypoxia preconditioning

Erythropoietin (Epo), known to stimulate erythroid progenitor cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, has been shown to be neuroprotective against brain ischemia in animal models. Both Epo and Epo receptor (EpoR) are expressed in the brain and are up-regulated by hypoxia. Brain Epo signaling can stimulate neural cell survival and prevent neuron apoptosis. Neurons from EpoR null mice exhibit marked increased sensitivity to hypoxia. In endothelial cells, Epo has been shown to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) production, particularly at low pO2. We found here that the EpoR expression on neural cells and Epo's neuroprotective effect were regulated by NO. Hypoxia increased NO production as well as EpoR expression, and inhibition of NOS activity reduced the proportion of EpoR-expressing neurons induced at low pO2. Conversely, addition of NO donor to cultures grown under normoxia induced EpoR. Similarly, NO donor increased EpoR promoter activity in a reporter gene assay, suggesting that NO regulates EpoR at the transcription level. Preincubation of neurons with NO results in induction of EpoR, which gives rise to protection against hypoxia even in the absence of exogenous Epo, although at high concentration NO is toxic. These data provide evidence of a role for NO in Epo activity in brain and suggest links between NO production, EpoR expression, and Epo signaling in neuroprotection. Published 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Race Apart: Genocide and the Protection of Disabled Persons Under International Law

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide neglects to include persons with disabilities as a protected group. Such an omission denies the common etymological “racial” ancestry shared by those groups included in the Genocide Convention and disabled persons. Further, it denies the historical fact that the Holocaust victimized persons with disabilities, along with other categories of groups already protected. Thus, the Genocide Convention should be amended to include disabled persons.
An fMRI Study of the Neural Correlates of Incidental Versus Directed Emotion Processing in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Objective To use functional neuroimaging to probe the affective circuitry dysfunctions underlying disturbances in emotion processing and emotional reactivity in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD).
The Murine Family of Gut-Restricted Class Ib MHC Includes Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of the Proposed HLA-G Homolog, “Blastocyst MHC”

The gastrointestinal tract is populated by a multitude of specialized immune cells endowed with receptors for classical (class Ia) and nonclassical (class Ib) MHC proteins. To identify class I products that engage these receptors and impact immunity/tolerance, we studied gut-transcribed class Ib loci and their polymorphism in inbred, outbred, and wild-derived mice. Intestinal tissues enriched in epithelial cells contained abundant transcripts of ubiquitously expressed and preferentially gut-restricted Q and T class I loci. The latter category included the "blastocyst Mhc" gene, H2-Bl, and its putative paralog, Tw5. Expression of H2-Bl was previously detected only at the maternal/fetal interface, where it was proposed to induce immune tolerance via interactions with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Analysis of coding region polymorphism performed here revealed two major alleles of H2-Bl with conserved residues at positions critical for class I protein folding and peptide binding. Both divergent alleles are maintained in outbred and wild mice under selection for fecundity and pathogen resistance. Surprisingly, we found that alternative splicing of H2-Bl mRNA in gut tissues is prevalent and allele-specific. It leads to strain-dependent expression of diverse repertoires of canonical and noncanonical transcripts that may give rise to distinct ligands for intestinal NK cell, T cell, and/or intraepithelial lymphocyte receptors.
Psychiatric comorbidity of childhood obesity

The onset of psychiatric symptoms and disorders is relatively common in childhood, occurring among youths across the weight spectrum. However, available research suggests that certain psychiatric comorbidities are more prevalent in obese children and adolescents than in healthy weight youths. First, we review research on disordered eating, including evidence to suggest that loss of control eating is associated with weight gain and obesity in youths, as well as poor outcome in family-based treatment of paediatric obesity. Second, we highlight evidence on the relationship between depression and obesity, especially in girls. Third, we present data on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), particularly the symptoms of impulsivity and inattention, and childhood obesity. We also consider that some medical conditions and psychotropic medications contribute to weight gain and obesity in children and adolescents. Throughout the review, we emphasize that psychiatric comorbidity may be a cause or consequence of childhood obesity, or they may share common aetiological factors.
Out-of-the-box data engineering events in heterogeneous data environments

Data has changed significantly over the last few decades. Computing systems that initially dealt with data and computation rapidly moved to information and communication. The next step on the evolutionary scale is insight and experience. Applications are demanding the use of live, spatio-temporal, heterogeneous data. Data engineering must keep pace by designing experiential environments that let users apply their senses to observe data and information about an event and to interact with aspects of the event that are of particular interest. We call this out-of-the-box data engineering because it means we must think beyond many of our time-worn perspectives and technical approaches.
A virtual test facility for simulating detonation-induced fracture of thin flexible shells

The fluid-structure interaction simulation of detonation- and shock-wave-loaded fracturing thin-walled structures requires numerical methods that can cope with large deformations as well as topology changes. We present a robust level-set-based approach that integrates a Lagrangian thin shell finite element solver with fracture and fragmentation capabilities with an Eulerian Cartesian detonation solver with optional dynamic mesh adaptation. As an application example, the rupture of a thin aluminum tube due to the passage of an ethylene-oxygen detonation wave is presented.
Rb-Sr Age of Middle Keweenawan Rocks, Mamainse Point and Vicinity, Ontario, Canada

Rb-Sr analyses have been carried out on felsites that are interlayered with middle Keweenawan mafic volcanic rocks and clastic sedimentary rocks in the Mamainse Point area, on the east shore of Lake Superior. With both analytical and geological uncertainties taken into consideration, an overall age of 1,070 ± 50 m.y. is assigned to these rocks, with the possibility that some, if not all, of them may be as old as 1,100 ± 30 m.y. In addition, three samples of a quartz-feldspar porphyry from the Jogran Mine, 10 km east of Mamainse Point, yield an age of 1,070 ± 50 m.y., and one sample of felsic volcanic rock from Gargantua Point yields a calculated age of 1,090 ± 40 m.y. There is no strong evidence at this time to suggest that more than one period of igneous activity is represented, but the data do not rule out this possibility. In any case, these rocks are comparable in age (~ 1,100 m.y.) to other intrusive and extrusive middle Keweenawan rocks of the Lake Superior region.
Impacts Of The 2008 Financial Crisis On South American Equity Markets

This paper examines the transmission of the 2008 US financial crisis to four Latin American stock markets using daily stock returns from 2006 to 2009, analyzing returns before and during the 2008 financial crisis. The empirical evidence presents a financial integration by showing persistently higher volatility during the crisis period. This indicates that most of the stock markets in this study were severely hit by the US financial crisis. However, the evidence shows that Chile was less impacted by the 2008 financial crisis. The results here could be useful in international portfolio diversification decision-making in South American region.
11 Producing Goods, Shaping People: The Materiality of Crafting

The study of craft production has a long and venerable history in archaeological research on ancient societies. In this chapter, I consider the crafting of useful and desired things from a materiality perspective by looking at the interactions between the craftpersons, the materials with which they work, and the ways that their end products are valued in society. I use two examples: working with fibers by the Maya of Mesoamerica and with metals by the Moche of Andean South America. These are two very different kinds of materials whose characteristics affect how one interacts with them. Crafting was a part of everyday life for the Maya and Moche. Through these two case studies I illustrate the role crafting plays in the development of identities and personhood, in the process contributing to the meaning of everyday life to people in these societies.
Synchronization and temporal processing

Humans have the ability to flexibly synchronize motor output with sensory input, such as when dancing, performing, walking in step with a partner, or just tapping a foot along with music. The study of these behaviors, collectively called sensory-motor synchronization (SMS) offers an important window into human timing behavior and the neural mechanisms that support it. The study of SMS also provides insight into how the brain actively shapes our perception, general cognitive functions and our cultural social identity as humans. In this brief review, we will place SMS into such a larger conceptual framework and highlight a rapidly expanding body of recent research.
Strategies for community-based medication management services in value-based health plans.

Abstract Background Health plans are moving away from a volume-driven payment structure toward value-driven and risk-based contracts. There is very limited information on commercial payers' perspectives on coverage of medication management services (MMS) in value-based alternative payment models. While some health plans have experience with Medicare Part D Medication Therapy Management (MTM) programs, this experience does not promote the integration of pharmacists as health care team members. Objectives The study objectives were to: (1) understand the evaluation process that health plan executives would use to determine benefit coverage for pharmacist-provided MMS in value-based health plans, (2) identify the facilitators and barriers that affect pharmacist-provided MTM services at the community pharmacy level, and (3) propose strategies for pharmacist-provided MMS in value-based health plans. Methods This study used qualitative research methods that involved structured key informant interviews with commercial health plan executives and focus groups with community pharmacists who had experience providing MTM services. Results Health plan executives agreed conceptually that MMS could be a valuable program and recognized its potential. However, the most substantial barriers that health plan executives expressed were funding MMS in today's fee-for-service payment models; lack of physician infrastructure to implement and manage MMS; and difficulty in collecting timely, accurate data to execute and assess MMS programs. Community pharmacists identified the most serious barrier to altering health outcomes through MTM as the current lack of integration of MTM with a coordinated health care team. MTM services are conducted as a separate program by pharmacists who do not have access to patient health records, are time-constrained, and poorly incentivized. Conclusions The findings can inform the development of successful strategies for pharmacist-provided MMS that align with emerging value-based health plans and alternative provider payment models. Current MTM program barriers and facilitators are identified that could be addressed in future Part D MTM program policy changes.
The Admissibility of Hypnotically Influenced Testimony

The use of hypnosis has been in issue in several criminal and some civil cases since the turn of the century. Hypnosis has been defined both medically and judicially. Perhaps the most inclusive definition is one which is neither per se medical nor judicial: hypnosis is a "sleeplike state that nevertheless permits a wide range of behavioral responses to stimulation." The scope of this article will be confined to the admissibility of testimony in which hypnosis has played a significant role. Hypnosis has most frequently played a role as a method to revive the recollection of a witness who has forgotten crucial events; to restore memory where the witness has no present conscious recollection at all of the events in question; to ascertain "truth" from a witness; to impeach witnesses; and to defend against a criminal charge. This article however, is limited to a discussion of the theories, statutes, and cases involving hypnosis which is induced without the use of drugs. Thus, the focal point will be man's influence over his fellow man and the resultant testimonial product. Hypnosis has been defined in a recent article as an increased state of suggestibility.; It is a mental state in which the subject is neither asleep nor unconscious, but is in a reduced state of consciousness. The amenability to suggestion corresponds to the depth of the hypnotic trance. Although primarily a medical technique, hypnosis has been transposed into judicial settings on occasion. The uses of hypnosis and the dangers of the method are discussed in the following sections.
Approximating the minimum rank of a graph via alternating projection

The minimum rank problem asks to find the minimum rank over all matrices with a given pattern associated with a graph. This problem is NP-hard, and there is no known approximation method. Further, this problem has no straightforward convex relaxation. In this article, a numerical algorithm is given to heuristically approximate the minimum rank using alternating projections. The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated by comparing its results to a related parameter: the zero-forcing number. Using these methods, numerical evidence for the minimum rank graph complement conjecture is provided.
Let Them Eat Prozac: The Unhealthy Relationship Between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Depression by David Healy

I first heard of Dr. David Healy when I moved from the United States to my home country of Canada to begin a doctorate of philosophy degree at the University of Alberta in the Faculty of Physical E...
Speed isn?t Enough: Usability and Adoption of an Optimized Alert Notification System

In the wake of crisis situations that can bring tragedy through the loss of human life, or the devastating destruction of homes or buildings, people begin to recognize the need for better processes and more advanced systems. Crisis and emergency notification systems that utilize the correct communication channels can help to quickly disseminate alerts and information both during and after a crisis. The success of these systems is closely linked to our society?s trend of producing more advanced electronic devices that allows users to stay connected and receive information faster than ever before. It is now not uncommon for people to carry numerous devices including tablets and smartphones. Not surprisingly, current emergency communication systems now utilize both SMS messages and phone calls. The most recent update to alert systems has included the adoption of a standard protocol for consistent alert message dissemination over different communication channels with the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) [1].
Determination of the content of metallic copper and its free oxides in a chemical phase analysis of high-alumina refractory after service

An experimental test of the known methods of determination of Cumet, Cu2O, and CuO was made. The influence of previously used and new solvents on these components was investigated.
Aligning Science Achievement and STEM Expectations for College Success: A Comparative Study of Curricular Standardization

Lack of preparation in science leads to high rates of attrition among science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors, even among students who are highly oriented toward STEM. Using data for twenty-seven countries from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment, we compare the United States with other industrialized countries in terms of fifteen-year-olds’ science achievement and their expectations to focus on STEM in the future. The United States trails most countries in the mean science achievement of the general student population and among students expecting to pursue STEM majors or careers. Lack of curricular standardization in the United States is related to this lower science achievement. Countries with higher curricular standardization exhibit higher average science achievement scores; science achievement and students’ future orientation toward science are also better aligned in these countries. We discuss the implications of these findings for American colleges and universities as they seek to reduce student attrition in STEM fields.