cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
We Can Teach How to Bend the Cost Curve: Lessons in Pediatric High-Value Health Care.

* Abbreviations: PPI — : Prepare, Process, Initiate SOAP-V — : Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan, Value “We have really good data that show when you take patients and you really inform them about their choices, patients make more frugal choices. They pick more efficient choices than the health care system does.” Donald Berwick, MD In continuing the series of articles by the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics, we focus on the great clinical teacher’s responsibility to both deliver and explicitly teach about high-value health care. Medical students entering clinical rotations have been introduced to the concept of “too much care” in their coursework, including overdiagnosis, overtreatment, excessive testing, and poor care coordination and communication.1,2 As pediatricians committed to eliminating practices and associated expenditures that are not evidence-based and that lack direct patient benefit, we can improve our clinical teaching skills by making our role-modeling of such behaviors explicit. This paper reviews ways to incorporate teaching about common examples of pediatric care of limited or no value by using accessible teaching tools, such as the Choosing Wisely lists.3 We also introduce 2 efficient teaching aids to help learners incorporate the concept of value into their clinical reasoning and presentations: Prepare, Process, Initiate (PPI), and Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan, Value (SOAP-V).4 Despite the modest deceleration in the … Address correspondence to Alison Volpe Holmes, MD, MPH, 1 Medical Center Dr, Rubin 525, Lebanon, NH 03756. E-mail: alison.v.holmes{at}hitchcock.org
Cultivating Conditions for Access: A Case for "Case-Making" in Graduate Student Preparation for Interdisciplinary Research.

Gaining access to interdisciplinary research sites poses unique research challenges to technical and professional communication scholars and practitioners. Drawing on applied experiences in externa...
Did Raw Material Shortages Decide World War Two? New Data for the Example of Nazi Rubber Supplies

Despite a well-established literature on the economics of World War Two, to this day reliable statistics on overall raw material supplies for Nazi Germany are lacking. The operations of shell companies, the special de jure status of occupied areas, and the Wehrmacht practice to “live off the land” have led to a significant underestimation of de facto resource endowments of the Third Reich. For the example of rubber—one of the prime “scarce war commodities”—this article demonstrates the extent and sources of deficiencies, and offers new data. On this basis, and in contrast to recent arguments that view raw materials as a “basic constraint” of the German economy, it is shown that surprisingly comfortable supplies existed between December 1941 and May 1944, during which Nazi-controlled Europe seemed ready to allow a realization of Hitler’s ‘Lebensraum’ designs. The failure to realize those designs originated in military setbacks—which subsequently impacted economic performance as a secondary effect.
Reflections on the Goldwater Rule.

The APA9s Goldwater Rule, precluding psychiatrists from rendering opinions to the media about public figures whom they have not examined, has often engendered controversy. Here, I consider the justifications for the rule, how well they stand up to criticism, and the extent, if any, to which modifications might be called for. Although embarrassment to the profession is often cited as the basis for the Rule, it reflects more substantive concerns, including the risk of harm to living persons and discouraging persons in need of treatment from seeking psychiatric attention. The most potent criticisms of the Rule are that it discourages public education about mental illness and its effects and precludes legitimate scholarly endeavors by psychiatrists studying foreign leaders, historical figures, and others. However, there are many ways of providing education about mental illness without violating the Rule, and read properly, it should not prevent legitimate historical investigation, though some clarification of the Rule on this point might be helpful. Even psychiatrists who seek to aid policymakers in dealing with international or domestic threats should not find that the Rule interferes with their efforts. On balance, the Goldwater Rule continues to be an important underpinning of ethical behavior by psychiatrists.
Pill Recognition Using Minimal Labeled Data

Inappropriate medication use such as wrong drug or wrong dose intake can be harmful to patients. In this work we present a method to automatically identify a pill from a single image using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We first localize the pill in the image by detecting the region with the highest concentration of edges. To overcome the challenge of minimal labeled training data and domain shift from the training images taken under the controlled lab environment to the consumer images taken under natural living conditions, several data augmentation techniques are applied on the Region of Interest to generate synthetic pill images for training the CNN. We adopted GoogLeNet Inception Network as our main classifier. Three GoogLeNet models with different specialties on color, shape and feature are trained on the augmented dataset. We evaluate our proposed method with a publicly available dataset provided by National Institute of Health that contains 1000 different pill classes.
Biomechanics and developmental potential of oocytes and embryos

The high incidence of multiple embryo transfers is evidence of the need for better methods of embryo selection. Additionally, methods to determine the reproductive competence of unfertilized oocytes are critically needed to inform the growing population of patients undergoing fertility preservation. The ideal method of oocyte and embryo selection would be noninvasive, inexpensive, and able to be incorporated into embryology workflow with minimal disruption. Methods to assess the biomechanical properties of cells offer many of these traits, and there is a growing body of evidence in multiple cell types demonstrating the biomechanical properties of cells are reflective of a cell's intrinsic health. The associations with these properties are not mere coincidence, as many of the biomechanical properties are critical to cellular function. The biomechanical properties of oocytes and embryos undergo a dynamic, characteristic transformation from oocyte maturation through blastocyst formation, lending itself to biomechanical assessment. Many of the assessments made by embryologists, from ease of microinjection during intracytoplasmic sperm injection to degree of blastocyst expansion, are direct proxies for cellular biomechanics. Newer, objective and quantitative methods of biomechanical assessment are being applied to oocyte and embryo selection, with early use supporting their application in assisted reproduction.
EGFR-induced cytoskeletal changes drive complex cell behaviors: The tip of the iceberg

Cytoskeletal networks are dramatically reorganized upon EGF stimulation to enable complex cell behaviors such as cell-cell communication, migration and invasion, and cell division. In this issue of Science Signaling , Roth et al. and Pike et al. use proteomic methods to identify several effectors of EGF responses. The findings show the interdependent nature of growth factor signaling and the cytoskeleton and identify potential new therapeutic targets for treating cancer and other growth factor–driven diseases.
Parental Expressed Emotion-Criticism and Neural Markers of Sustained Attention to Emotional Faces in Children.

There is growing evidence for the role of environmental influences on children’s information-processing biases for affectively salient stimuli. The goal of this study was to extend this research by...
Clinical Treatment Outcome Research: Control and Comparison Groups

The choice of an appropriate control or comparison condition is critical in designing a treatment outcome study. The choice is so significant because the type of control or comparison condition used largely determines the nature of the questions that can be addressed by the trial, ranging from whether the treatment is effective for the disorder in question, to whether the treatment works for the reasons hypothesized by the investigators, to whether the treatment has specific benefits compared with other available approaches. This article briefly describes several types of control groups commonly used in clinical treatment outcome research, i.e., no-treatment controls, wait-list controls, attention/discussion controls, active comparison controls, dismantling controls, and pill placebo controls. The major advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are summarized.
'Preface to' Cross-Border Banking: Regulatory Challenges

Cross-border banking, while having the potential for a more efficient financial sector, also creates potential challenges for bank supervisors and regulators. It requires cooperation by regulatory authorities across jurisdictions and a clear delineation of authority and responsibility. That delineation is typically not present and regulatory authorities often have significantly different incentives to respond when cross-border-active banks encounter difficulties. Most of these issues have only begun to be seriously evaluated. This volume, one of the first attempts to address these issues, brings together experts and regulators from different countries. The wide range of topics discussed include: the current landscape of cross-border bank activity, the resulting competitive implications, emerging challenges for prudential regulation, safety net concerns, failure resolution issues, and the potential future evolution of international banking. This book has been selected for coverage in: • Index to Social Sciences & Humanities Proceedings® (ISSHP® / ISI Proceedings) • Index to Social Sciences & Humanities Proceedings (ISSHP CDROM version/ISI Proceedings)
A scalable realtime analytics pipeline and storage architecture for physiological monitoring big data

Abstract Physiological monitors produce data essential to patient care. While the data is routinely observed and used at the bedside, it is rarely recorded permanently. Majority of data, especially high-resolution EKG waveforms, is discarded immediately. As the roles of big data and analytics in medicine are evolving, the streaming output of physiological monitors offers a potential source of highly relevant data for decision making and research. The inherently high volume and velocity of physiological data pose unique practical challenges for collection, storage, and analysis. A successful solution has to enable consistent and constant connectivity for streaming and to provide adequate storage and access capabilities. The solution also needs to meet security and privacy requirements for medical data. We propose a scalable, distributed architecture that leverages open-source stream processing software to connect raw monitoring output to a file storage system and an integration with existing data warehouse and data retrieval systems. Analytics pipeline has a potential to provide real-time feedback to the clinicians, including critical event detection or even prediction. The combination of real-time analysis and distributed storage of physiological big data, previously discarded, now opens up possibilities for future applications relevant to both clinicians and researchers alike. We have built and tested the first version of the continuously streaming data pipeline, from bedside physiological monitors to the storage. The results are promising, with raw or analyzed and enriched data already finding their place in supporting a variety of research use cases.
Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists in Schizophrenia

The serendipitous observation that famotidine, a competitive histamine H2 receptor antagonist, administered as the sole medication to a patient with schizophrenia and coincidental peptic ulcer disease, was associated with a dramatic resolution of positive and negative symptoms, has stimulated the examination of a possible role for histamine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. It has been found that the terminal projections of histaminergic neurons originating in the posterior hypothalamus include regions implicated prominently in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Elevations of levels of histamine and its principal methylated metabolite in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia have been reported, and selective alterations of histamine receptor subtypes in autopsied brains from patients who had had schizophrenia support the possible existence of pathologically altered histaminergic neurotransmission.
Abstract 4270: Success of T-cell immunotherapy predicted by a mathematical model of the adaptive immune system and evolving cancer cells

It is now well-established that a patient9s adaptive immune system plays an important role in identifying and eliminating cancer cells in much the same way that intracellular pathogens are cleared during infection. From a therapeutic standpoint, the adaptive immune system is unique in that it can co-evolve alongside a developing tumor. At present, the dynamics and survival probability of a mutating threat in the presence of an adaptive immune system has yet to be quantified. Here, we consider a foundational population model of a foreign invader faced with innate or adaptive immune pressure. We find that optimal growth strategies depend on whether or not the invading threat may mutate as well as the mode of immune detection. Our early model predicts that decreases in thymic output seen in advanced age may substantially affect the ability to recognize a growing population of cancer cells and recapitulates general features found in age-dependent AML incidence. This mathematical framework is able to predict the success of recent immunotherapeutic strategies, including personalized neoantigen vaccines. Our model serves as an attempt at modeling stochastic cancer evolution alongside an adaptive immune compartment. Citation Format: Jason Thomas George, Herbert Levine. Success of T-cell immunotherapy predicted by a mathematical model of the adaptive immune system and evolving cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4270.
Informant Discrepancies in the Assessment of Adaptive Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study examined informant discrepancies for parent and teacher adaptive behavior ratings of 103 children, ages 6-12 years, with ASD (without intellectual disability). Scores on the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, third edition (Harrison and Oakland, Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, 2015) General Adaptive Composite (GAC) and practical, social, and conceptual domains were examined for mean differences, level of agreement, and moderators of difference scores between informant groups. Teacher scores were significantly higher (indicating better functioning) than parents for the GAC and practical domain. Parent and teacher scores were moderately correlated and Bland-Altman plots and regression analyses revealed no systematic differences in parent-teacher agreement across the range of scores. None of the tested variables moderated the parent-teacher difference scores. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Undue Infection Risk from Proliferation Signal Inhibitors When Initiated Later after Heart Transplantation

Purpose Proliferation signal inhibitors (PSIs) have been shown to decrease the incidence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and rejection in clinical trials when given at the time of heart transplantation. These trials have also demonstrated that patients on PSIs have a reduced risk of CMV infection post-transplant. However, the effect of PSIs on overall infection rates when given later post-transplant has not been clearly delineated. We sought to evaluate the incidence of infection post-PSI initiation at our single center. Methods Between 2010 and 2015 we assessed 550 heart transplant patients, 187 of which were initiated on a PSI (sirolimus or everolimus) over a five-year period after heart transplant. Endpoints included subsequent 2-year survival and subsequent 2-year freedom from infection (including CMV). A control population with patients not initiated on a PSI (n=363) was also included. Results 187/550 (34.0%) of heart transplant patients were initiated on a PSI over a five-year period after heart transplant. Patients were initiated on a PSI due to rejection, malignancy, CMV viremia, CAV, circulating antibodies, renal insufficiency and infection. The average time to PSI initiation was 1.3 years. Patients on a PSI compared to patients on no PSI had significantly reduced subsequent 2-year survival and reduced subsequent 2-year freedom from infection (see table). There was no difference in subsequent 2-year freedom from CMV infection. Conclusion PSI initiation later after heart transplant is associated with less than optimal outcomes. However, as PSI is used in high-risk patients, the outcomes are not unexpected but PSI use may have increased infection risk. PSI should be used with caution in these patients.
A protocol integrating remote patient monitoring patient reported outcomes and cardiovascular biomarkers.

We describe the protocol, design, and methodology of the Prediction, Risk, and Evaluation of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (PRE-MACE) study as a multicomponent remote patient monitoring in cardiology. Using biosensor, biomarkers, and patient-reported outcomes in participants with stable ischemic heart disease, the PRE-MACE study is designed to measure cross-sectional correlations and establish the ability of remote monitoring to predict major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) biomarkers and incident MACE at baseline and 12-month follow-up. It will further assess the adherence and cost-effectiveness of remote monitoring and blood sampling over the initial months. Despite medication and lifestyle changes, patients with cardiovascular disease can experience MACE due to undertreatment, poor adherence, or failure to recognize clinical or biochemical changes that presage MACE. Identifying patients using remote monitoring to detect MACE forerunners has potential to improve outcomes, avoid MACE, and reduce resource utilization. Data collection will include: (1) continuous remote monitoring using wearable biosensors; (2) biomarker measurements using plasma and at-home micro-sampling blood collection; and (3) patient-reported outcomes to monitor perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life. Two hundred participants will be followed for 90 days with a subset (n = 80) monitored for 180 days. All participants will be followed up for MACE at 12 months.The PRE-MACE study will utilize remote monitoring with biosensors, biomarkers, and patient-reported outcomes to identify intermediate biomarkers of MACE in patients with stable ischemic heart disease. If shown to be effective, this intervention can be utilized between health visits to predict MACE and reduce financial impact of MACE.
Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns on Parenteral Nutrition

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones, which play a critical role in neurodevelopment. The iodine status of pregnant women and their newborns is not checked routinely. Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns do not receive Iodine supplementation while on parenteral nutrition (PN). We measured urine iodine levels and thyroid function tests in 50 mother-infant dyads at birth, at 1 week, 1, 2, 3 months and near discharge. We correlated maternal and neonatal urine iodine levels with thyroid functions and measured iodine levels in milk and PN. In our study, 64% of mothers were iodine deficient at the time of delivery, their free T4 levels were 0.48 (0.41-0.54) ng/dL with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Iodine levels were thirty-fold higher in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGAN) exposed to iodine comparing to full terms (p < 0.001), but this effect lasted <1 week. At 1 month of age, ELGAN on PN developed iodine deficiency (p = 0.017) and had high thyroglobulin levels of 187 (156-271) ng/mL. Iodine levels improved with enteral feeds by 2 months of age (p = 0.01). Iodine deficiency is prevalent among pregnant women and ELGAN; in particular, those on PN are at risk of hypothyroidism. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy and postnatally should be considered to avoid iodine deficiency.
Exploring the relationships between amphibian (Xenopus laevis) myeloid cell subsets.

Abstract The differentiation of distinct leukocyte subsets is governed by lineage-specific growth factors that elicit disparate expression of transcription factors and markers by the developing cell populations. For example, macrophages (Mφs) and granulocytes (Grns) arise from common granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in response to distinct myeloid growth factors. In turn, myelopoiesis of the Xenopus laevis anuran amphibian appears to be unique to other studied vertebrates in several respects while the functional differentiation of amphibian Mφs and Grns from their progenitor cells remains poorly understood. Notably, the expression of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) or CSF-3R on granulocyte-macrophage progenitors marks their commitment to Mφ- or Grn-lineages, respectively. CSF-1R is activated by the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin (IL-34) cytokines, resulting in morphologically and functionally distinct Mφ cell types. Conversely, CSF-3R is ligated by CSF-3 in a process indispensable for granulopoiesis. Presently, we explore the relationships between X. laevis CSF-1-Mφs, IL-34-Mφs and CSF-3-Grns by examining their expression of key lineage-specific transcription factor and myeloid marker genes as well as their enzymology. Our findings suggest that while the CSF-1- and IL-34-Mφs share some commonalities, the IL-34-Mφs possess transcriptional patterns more akin to the CSF-3-Grns. IL-34-Mφs also possess robust expression of dendritic cell-associated transcription factors and surface marker genes, further underlining the difference between this cell type and the CSF-1-derived frog Mφ subset. Moreover, the three myeloid populations differ in their respective tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, specific- and non-specific esterase activity. Together, this work grants new insights into the developmental relatedness of these three frog myeloid subsets.
Broadband Equal-Split Planar 4-Way Power Divider/Combiner Suitable for High Power Applications

A 4-way equal-split in-phase power divider/combiner with broadband characteristics is presented in this paper. The proposed design uses a modified Gysel structure to enable heatsinking and design flexibility of the isolation resistors, while extending the bandwidth using a broadbanding technique previously only realizable for the 2-way case. By adapting a multi-layer microstrip/stripline topology with vertical interconnects, an N-way solution suitable for integration with planar technology can be achieved. A 4-way power divider/combiner prototype operating in the S-band is designed and fabricated, exhibiting bandwidth of over 30%. The measured results of the prototype show good agreement with full-wave EM simulation.
Decreased urgency among liver transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States

Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been an accepted indication for liver transplantation now for over 20 years. Allocation policy in the United States (US) has been continually refined to maintain equity and optimize the utility of transplant for HCC, yet all patients qualifying for HCC exception still receive the same number of points. This group is quite heterogeneous, with varying risk of waitlist dropout dependent on tumor characteristics including number and size of lesions and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, as well as baseline liver function. In addition, changing demographics of liver disease, including the rising incidence of NASH, effective antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus, and earlier detection of HCC due to improved screening programs and awareness, may influence the overall survival benefit to liver transplantation.
Relations with Belgium

The relations between the Netherlands and Belgium after the separation in 1839 were much better than might have been expected. Both peoples realized that a separate existence and development was the best for each, consequently the separation left no brooding hostility on either side. But neither did the relations between the two peoples develop any warmth, at least not until after 1936 when Belgium moved out of the French orbit in foreign politics and adopted the Dutch policy of neutrality and independent action. For a decade after World War I relations between the two countries were strained, for reasons that will appear later.
Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Pathogens

Culture methods remain significantly inadequate in duplicating the physiological needs of microorganisms and, in particular, environmental microorganisms. With the advent of sequence-based (molecular) phylogeny has come the ability to detect and analyze the compositions of microbial communities without reliance on in vitro microbial cultivation. Pathogenic microorganisms often elicit host tissue pathology and clinical manifestations as they propagate in privileged anatomic sites. Comparative rRNA analysis depends upon selection of an appropriate group of homologous sequences, rigorous sequence alignment with preservation of conserved secondary structures, and use of appropriate phylogenetic inference methods. Several features make ss rRNA molecules useful and reliable evolutionary clocks. First, they are ubiquitous among living cells, and they do not seem to be transferred horizontally among mixed populations. Second, the function of the molecule is essential, and as a result, its secondary and tertiary structures are highly conserved. Third, these molecules are large enough to contain sufficient information content for comparisons among diverse organisms. The phylogeny of the Whipple's disease bacillus reveals a second theme that may be common to previously uncultivated microbial pathogens. On the basis of a culture-independent analysis of bacterial diversity within soil, it is not surprising that previously unidentified human microbial pathogens would be found in this environment.
FUNDAMENTALITY OF A CUBIC UNIT u FOR ℤ[u]

Consider a cubic unit u of positive discriminant. We present a computational proof of the fact that u is a fundamental unit of the order ℤ[u] in most cases and determine the exceptions. This extends a similar (but restrictive) result due to E. Thomas.
E150 advanced 150mm Reticle SMIF Pod

EUV Technology continues to make slow progress due to power source constraints. This extension will force customers to use 193 nm technology to bridge the gap until EUV can be fully utilized. As 193 nm technology are being used in smaller and smaller technology nodes, customers are imposing more and more stringent contamination requirements on the reticle environment to protect reticles from haze formation. Entegris' new E150 advanced 150mm Reticle SMIF Pod (RSP) has been designed to achieve several important goals: 1) Maintaining low relative humidity (RH) level after purge by advanced seal design and material choice; 2) Allowing cleaning and drying without disassembly; 3) Excellent electrostatic protection of reticles; 4) Modular design to allow flexibility to meet specific customer needs and take advantage of new resin technology. This paper presents the modular design concept and the test results of the RH retention, dryability, and electrical performance of the E150 150mm RSP.
Shock-Induced Boundary-Layer Separation in Round Convergent-Divergent Nozzles

The location of shock-induced boundary-layer separation inside the divergent section of convergent–divergent nozzles is studied experimentally. Pressure-sensitive paint technique is used with nozzles of different design Mach numbers in the range 1.4–2.8. Nozzle pressure ratios in the range of 1.12–4.91, corresponding to a “jet Mach number” range of 0.4–1.7 and a Reynolds number range of 0.35×106–0.58×107, are covered in the experiment. As it is well-known, one-dimensional nozzle flow theory grossly overpredicts the throat-to-shock-location distance at a given nozzle pressure ratio. A correlation from the literature based on rocket nozzle databases is also found to be inadequate for these nozzles of lower design Mach number typical of aircraft applications. For the parametric range covered, a simple correlation for the shock location distance is found. All data collapse in a cluster when plotted as a function of the ratio of jet Mach number to design Mach number. A curve-fit equation representing the avera...
Remake, Remodel: Women's Magazines in the Digital Age Brooke Erin Duffy. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2013.

Remake, Remodel: Women's Magazines in the Digital Age Brooke Erin Duffy. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2013.What is a magazine ? Recent changes in publishing have complicated this seemingly obvious question, and Brooke Erin Duffy details these developments in her timely study of the magazine industry. Remake, Remodel: Women's Magazines in the Digital Age examines the ways in which an expanding digital marketplace has prompted a reimagining of the mission, format, and strategies of women's magazines. Duffy's research, based on in-depth interviews with magazine producers, trade press reports, and firsthand observation, offers a critical recalibration of an industry attempting to redefine itself in the face of technological evolution.the opening chapters, Duffy provides a flyover view of central topics within the field of magazine studies: audience research, industry studies, and the examination of circuits of production and consumption. Using concise, readable prose, she introduces key media theorists (Henry Jenkins, Raymond Williams) as well as a range of scholars whose work has shaped the field of women's magazine research (Ien Ang, Betty Frie dan, Joke Hermes, Angela McRobbie), before delving into the history of the industry. Readers learn of the early days of magazine production and how it was that women came to hold positions as both creators and consumers of these popular texts, which were understood to be "for" and "of" women. Duffy describes an era in which magazines were tangible, recognizable, and purchasable.Much has changed. While the digital revolution of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries gave rise to new resources, such as desktop publishing and digital imaging platforms, it also spawned an array of virtual competitors who could work quickly and cheaply, forcing publishing houses to adapt. When the 2008 recession hit, worries mounted that a financially strapped readership would not spare what little disposable income it had for magazines when similar content could be found free online. Indeed, many titles folded. Those that persevered adopted a two-fold response, celebrating the importance and uniqueness of the magazine itself while repositioning the magazine as a cross-platform brand (41).Today, Duffy argues, many titles envision their product not only, or even primarily, as a printed entity but as a brand. Publishers are scrambling to insert those brands into audiences' lives by aligning themselves with fashion companies and pop-up shops, iPhone apps, and blogs. This multi-platform approach has, Duffy writes, "transformed circuits of magazine production and consumption. …
Reducing conflict in global warming policy: The potential of equity as a unifying principle

Abstract International agreement on global warming mitigation is likely to prove difficult. Efficiency-based policies will result in disparate costs and benefits among nations and thus hinder cooperation. This paper suggests that consideration be given to an equitable sharing of the economic impacts of global warming policy. Acknowledging that there is no universally-held concept of equity, the policy implications of several alternatives are explored. Because there is considerable variation in these implications, it will be important for decision-makers to clarify their preferred concepts of equity during the course of their negotiations on policies to address global warming.
Synchronization in chaotic systems with artificial neural networks

Chaos is the apparently irregular motion that is, in reality, nonlinear but deterministic. Chaos exhibits extremely sensitive dependence on initial conditions; this tends to prevent the prediction the behavior of a chaotic system. It has been demonstrated, however, that chaotic systems can be synchronized by linking them with common driving signals. This study proposes a methodology for synchronizing chaos by resorting to artificial neural networks (ANN's). The ANN's are capable of approximately learning the chaotic behavior, and, thus, they render possible the synchronization of systems whose deterministic governing equations are not sufficiently well known. This requires training them with experimentally obtained time-series data and the aid of common driving signals. Examples are given for two iterated maps. >
Characterization of submicron-period periodically-segmented ion-exchanged KTiOPO/sub 4/ waveguides based on backward second-harmonic generation

Summary form only given. Periodically-segmented ion-exchanged KTiOPO/sub 4/ (KTP) waveguides can be used for not only quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic generation (SHG), but also acting as a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) due to index grating to enhance conversion efficiency for SHG. In this case, a submicron-period index grating is desirable because it can reach a given reflectivity in a short length. One way to characterize the waveguide containing a submicron-period index grating is to measure reflection spectrum of an incident beam. Due to the presence of the index grating, it is also possible to use SHG to characterize the grating. However, in such a short-period grating, the forward SHG can never be phase-matched. Therefore, backward SHG can be used as a novel and unique technique to characterize a short-period grating. This technique has advantage for determining interface roughness, fluctuation of index layer thickness from one period to the next, and duty cycle. In addition, one can use this technique to determine whether the domain is inverted after ion exchange. Previously, it was demonstrated that domain inversion can still occur for the period as short as 3 /spl mu/m. Here, we report our results of achieving QPM backward SHG in periodically-segmented ion-exchanged KTP waveguide with the period of 0.7 /spl mu/m. We have fabricated 4-/spl mu/m-wide periodically-segmented KTP waveguides on a z-cut flux-grown KTP substrate by ion-exchange in a RbNO/sub 3//Ba(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/ melt at 350/spl deg/C for 45 minutes. The diffused segments were 0.4-/spl mu/m-long RTP separated by 0.3-/spl mu/m-long KTP. There are 3200 periods in the center of the waveguide, which corresponds to a total length of 2.24 mm for the segment portion. A mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser with a pulse width of /spl sim/130 fs and repetition rate of 76 MHz was used as the pump source. The polarization of the fundamental beam is always parallel to the z-axis of the crystal for utilizing d/sub 33/. We first measured the average power of the backward SH beam while scanning the fundamental wavelength from 750 to 910 nm with a constant average pump power across the spectrum. For each center pump wavelength, we measured the SH spectrum. We then determined the peak power and corresponding SH wavelength. By varying the center pump wavelength, we obtained a spectrum for backward SH beam.
Discrete-Time Observers for Singularly Perturbed Continuous-Time Systems: Part II, Nonautonomous Systems

The use of discrete-time observers for nonlinear singularly perturbed continuous-time autonomous systems is explored. Our design approach is based an inversion of state-to-measurement maps. We exploit the two-time-scale nature of the system to construct separate reduced-order observers for the approximate slow and fast sub-systems, using multirate measurements and computation. We compare our reduced-order observers to a full-order observer designed for the same system. Although our reduced-order observers exhibit some approximation error, they also result in reduced computational requirements if the inversion is performed on-line, reduced memory requirements if the inversion is implemented by lookup table, and reduced stiffness. The trade-off between accuracy and implementation requirements always favors our approach for systems with significant separation of time scales.
Glycogen phosphorylase ‘b’ in Dictyostelium : stability and endogenous phosphorylation

The slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has two forms of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. The inactive phosphorylase ‘b’ form requires 5′ AMP for activity and is present in early development. The active phosphorylase ‘a’ form is 5′ AMP independent and occurs during later development. We here show that the 92 kd ‘b’ enzyme subunit exists either as a singlet or a doublet upon SDS-PAGE, depending on the method of sample extraction. In the presence of exogenously added Mn2+ and ATP, the phosphorylase ‘b’ shows apparent conversion into a 5′ AMP independent form as measured by enzyme activity. In addition, Mn2+ and ATP also support an in vitro phosphorylation of the 92 kd phosphorylase ‘b’ subunit. We also demonstrate phosphorylation of the ‘b’ enzyme subunit in vivo by 32-P incorporation into the enzyme protein. A protein kinase responsible for the observed in vitro phosphorylation of the phosphorylase ‘b’ subunit is characterized.
Satellite contributions to the quantitative characterization of biomass burning for climate modeling

Characterization of biomass burning from space has been the subject of an extensive body of literature published over the last few decades. Given the importance of this topic, we review how satellite observations contribute toward improving the representation of biomass burning quantitatively in climate and air-quality modeling and assessment. Satellite observations related to biomass burning may be classified into five broad categories: (i) active fire location and energy release, (ii) burned areas and burn severity, (iii) smoke plume physical disposition, (iv) aerosol distribution and particle properties, and (v) trace gas concentrations. Each of these categories involves multiple parameters used in characterizing specific aspects of the biomass-burning phenomenon. Some of the parameters are merely qualitative, whereas others are quantitative, although all are essential for improving the scientific understanding of the overall distribution (both spatial and temporal) and impacts of biomass burning. Some of the qualitative satellite datasets, such as fire locations, aerosol index, and gas estimates have fairly long-term records. They date back as far as the 1970s, following the launches of the DMSP, Landsat, NOAA, and Nimbus series of earth observation satellites. Although there were additional satellite launches in the 1980s and 1990s, space-based retrieval of quantitative biomass burning data products began in earnest following the launch of Terra in December 1999. Starting in 2000, fire radiative power, aerosol optical thickness and particle properties over land, smoke plume injection height and profile, and essential trace gas concentrations at improved resolutions became available. The 2000s also saw a large list of other new satellite launches, including Aqua, Aura, Envisat, Parasol, and CALIPSO, carrying a host of sophisticated instruments providing high quality measurements of parameters related to biomass burning and other phenomena. These improved data products have enabled significant progress in the study of biomass burning from space. However, appreciable uncertainty remains in many of the measurements that still needs to be addressed. Nevertheless, climate and other atmospheric models are
Estimates of Christoffel functions of generalized Freud-type weights

Abstract Upper and lower bounds are found for the generalized Christoffel functions λn,p(dμ; x) (0 w r (x) = ¦x¦ r exp (−Q(x)) with a singularity at the origin and non-compact support. The proof requires an inequality reducing weighted integrals of polynomials over R to integrals over compact intervals.
Public Goods Definitions and their Institutional Context: a Critique of Public Goods Theory

(1985). Public Goods Definitions and their Institutional Context: a Critique of Public Goods Theory. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 53-63.
Contemporary issues in the government and administration of Latin American megacities

This paper is the first to systematically analyze and compare the structures of city governance and administration for seven major cities in Latin America, four of which are megacities (population of over 10 million), and three others are large national capitals. U.S. and U. K. models of city administration are reviewed as baseline models against which differences in Latin American may be explored. Structures of Government in Latin America show several important features and trends: 1) the lack of metropolitan (cross jurisdictional) authority; 2) the existence of strong mayors and weak councils"; 3) high levels of partisanship; 4) overlapping rather than interlocking bureaucracies; 5) pressures towards the privatization of city services, but continuing tension over the desirability of public versus private control; 6) greater fiscal responsibility and autonomy; and 7), a continuing marginalization of public participation in megacity governance.In spite of these features, many cities throughout the region (regardless of whether they are megacity size or national capitals), are actively intensifying their efforts to develop more effective, accountable and democratic governance structures.
The RNA Polymerases of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum are Unrelated to the RNA Polymerase of Escherichia coli

Western blot analysis that used antisera to the E. coli core enzyme and sigma factors was used for examination of the RNA polymerase of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Both antisera reacted with proteins in A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. mutans whole-cell extracts. Reactions were seen with some F. nucleatum proteins when the anti-core RNA polymerase antisera were used, but the cross-reacting proteins were not of an expected molecular weight for β or β'. No reaction with F. nucleatum proteins was seen when extracts were reacted with antisera to E. coli sigma factor. There were no cross-reacting proteins detected in P. gingivalis extracts with either antisera. These results suggest that E. coli RNA polymerase may not be sufficiently similar to P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum RNA polymerase for E. coli RNA polymerase to recognize P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum promoters. Partially purified P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum RNA pol...
Hodgkin's disease at autopsy: 1972-1977

The autopsies of 80 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were reviewed. Nearly one-third of the patients died without evidence of HD at autopsy. Four patients died with clinically unsuspected HD. Infection was the most common cause of death but a significant number of patients died of complications of therapy, both benign and malignant, including five patients with hematologic or de novo lymphoid malignancies. There was wide histologic variation of HD at autopsy and many cases had a pleomorphic appearance with few of the typical features of Hodgkin's disease. Fibrous nodules interpreted as sites of eradicated HD were found in many organs, most commonly lymphoreticular. Nonfatal histopathologic effects of therapy were common and specifically assessed thyroid and gonads.
Activity of stress-related enzymes in the perennial weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)

Abstract The activities of several enzymes involved in plant protection against stress were assayed to determine physiological aspects of the perennial noxious weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) that might render the plant vulnerable to integrated pest management procedures. Stresses imposed on leafy spurge plants were heat (41°C up to 48 h), cold (5°C up to 25 days), drought (up to 5 days) and feeding by a flea beetle (Aphthona lacertosa), a biocontrol insect used for control of leafy spurge (1- and 2-day feedings). The effects varied with the stress imposed and the times of exposure. The effects on the specific activity of gluthathione S-transferase in plants exposed to the four stresses were: more than doubled in heat, remained at essentially control levels in the cold, increased by 50% during drought, and increased by 20% or less in flea beetle-fed plants. Glutathione reductase specific activity decreased slightly with heat, nearly doubled with cold, increased almost 60% during drought, and remained essentially unchanged in beetle-fed plants. Catalase-specific activity decreased in plants under all four stresses. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase remained essentially constant in plants exposed to heat, increased in the cold, increased very slightly during drought, and increased in beetle-fed plants. Ascorbate peroxidase specific activity increased with the high temperature, was significantly higher only at 3 days during drought but returned to control levels or below by 5 days, and was greatly inhibited in flea beetle-fed plants. The effects of cold on ascorbate peroxidase-specific activity are not well defined. Initial experiments indicated little change up to 24 days, but subsequent experiments resulted in a significant decrease at 25 days, with recovery closer to control levels in plants returned to 25°C for 1 day.
Color octet scalar bound states at the LHC

One possible extension of the standard model scalar sector includes $SU(2{)}_{L}$ doublet scalars that are color octets rather than singlets. We focus on models in which the couplings to fermions are consistent with the principle of minimal flavor violation, in which case these color-octet scalars couple most strongly to the third generation of quarks. When the Yukawa coupling of color-octet scalars to standard model fermions is less than unity, these states can live long enough to bind into color-singlet spin-0 hadrons, which we call octetonia. In this paper, we consider the phenomenology of octetonia at the Large Hadron Collider. Predictions for their production via gluon-gluon fusion and their two-body decays into standard model gauge bosons, Higgs bosons, and $\overline{t}t$ are presented.
Electronic structure and the properties of interfaces

Abstract When the atomic-scale geometry of an interface or surface is known, its properties can be estimated and understood in terms of elementary theory of its electronic structure, or can be accurately calculated using full local-density theory. This is illustrated in terms of semiconductor heterojunctions and ideal semiconductor surfaces. The necessity for self-consistency is discussed in this connection. It is less certain that the atomic-scale geometries can be reliably predicted. This is discussed in terms of reconstruction of semiconductor surfaces, and the silicon surface in particular.