cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Materials challenges for solid-oxide fuel cells

Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can be used for efficient energy conversion with a variety of fuels. The fuel tolerance of SOFCs is due primarily to the high operating temperature, which accelerates reactions in the fuel. However, the high temperature accelerates unwanted reactions and creates materials challenges, so intermediate-temperature SOFCs are being developed. Reduction of the operating temperature requires solid electrolyte materials with higher conductivities, which can create new compatibility issues. In this paper, materials challenges in the development of SOFCs will be discussed.
Cellular growth control: properties of a unique adhering derivative of L5178Y cells.

Abstract A new cell line derived from L5178Y murine lymphoma cells with unique properties is described. The cells, L5178Y Adh, grow simultaneously in suspension culture and attached to a substratum but not in contact with each other. Limitation of growth of the cells in either the suspended state or attached to substratum is not linked to a limiting surface or cell density in a manner analogous to “contact inhibition.” The adhering and non-adhering cells grow with different doubling times. Cell size analysis indicates that initial gravity settling of the inoculum determines which cells attach. Contact of these cells' external surface with substratum may then initiate events which ensure attachment of adhering populations.
Physical Externalism and Social Externalism: Are They Really Compatible?

In this paper I examine the foundations of physical externalism and social externalism and argue that these foundations are incompatible. Physical externalism is based on a direct reference theory of natural-kind terms, while social externalism is based on a description theory of natural-kind terms. Thus, physical externalism and social externalism are incompatible just in the same way that the direct reference theory of proper names is incompatible with the description theory of proper names. My argument will proceed as follows. In Section One, I shall explain what the two theses say and spell out my suspicion. In Section Two, I shall take a look at the initial setups for physical externalism and social externalism by examining Putnam’s and Burge’s original arguments. Finally in Section Three, I shall explain that the real incompatibility comes to lie in the different assumptions on which the two theories are based. I will present some thought experiments to highlight this incompatibility. utnam and Burge have been viewed as launching a joint attack on individualism, the view that the content of one’s psychological state is determined by what is in the head. Putnam argues that meanings are not in the head, while Burge argues that beliefs are not in the head either, and both have come up with convincing arguments against individualism. It is generally conceived that Putnam’s view is a version of physical externalism, which argues that factors in the physical environment play a role in determining the meanings of natural-kind terms. Burge, on the other hand, is regarded as following up Putnam’s argument to bring in factors in the social environment P
Calibration and testing of a Tian-Calvet heat-flow calorimeter Enthalpies of fusion and heat capacities for ice and tetrahydrofuran hydrate in the range 85 to 270 K

Abstract An automated Tian-Calvet heat-flow calorimeter operating under digital control is described. It was calibrated in the range 85 to 290 K using synthetic sapphire. Procedures for measuring heat capacity and enthalpy of fusion are described. The accuracy of the heat-capacity measurements is 1.5 per cent between 85 and 100 K and 1 per cent above 100 K. Enthalpies of fusion are accurate to 1 per cent. Enthalpies of fusion and heat capacities between 85 and 270 K are reported for ice and tetrahydrofuran hydrate and compared with literature values.
Immunity and susceptibility to disease in early infancy

Summary The immunity of the newborn infant to certain diseases is passive in character and is soon replaced by susceptibility more marked than that of older individuals. This great susceptibility may account for many of the unusual characteristics of disease in infancy and is dependent apparently on a deficiency in the capacity of the infant to produce antibodies. This deficiency requires that more intensive therapy be applied toward infectious disease in infancy wherever such therapy is available, e.g., as in serum treatment of pneumonia. Also the inadequate antibody response in early infancy should lead to delay in the active immunizations at least until the second half year of life when passive immunity derived from the mother has been lost and immunizability of the infant is rising.
Oils for Summer Control of Pear Psylla and Their Effects on Pear Trees

Oils of various specifications, used alone and in combination with insecticides, were evaluated over a 3-year period as foliage sprays for control of psylla pyricola Foerster. In 1 series of experiments a 140 S. S. U. oil gave better psylla nymph control than a lighter oil (60 S. S. D.) when the oils were used as dilute sprays. Pear trees sprayed with both oils exhibited noticeable lenticelular tissue proliferation on new and old wood and 1 application marked foliage, but 110 other persistent effects were apparent after 3 years. Oils when used in combination with azinphosmethyl, ethion, and Perthane® (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p -ethylphenyl) ethane and related reaction products) increased psylla control over these insecticides without oil. Psylla control with 2 oils or as oil-azinphosmethyl combinations was more effective with a heavier (134 S. S. D.) than a lighter (50 S. S. D.) oil.
Ada on hypercube

The widespread use of parallel machines, and hypercubes in particular, is being held back by the lack of high-order parallel programming languages. In this paper we discuss the issues involved in establishing an existing language that supports parallel processing, that is to say Ada, on a hypercube multiprocessor. An overview of the language is given, but the majority of the paper addresses the requirements and implementation of the run-time system, which is the key to establishing any parallel language. First, the requirements of the run-time system for Ada are described from a machine-independent point of view. Next, the approach taken toward implementing this system on a hypercube is discussed, with considerations given for language level program partitioning and interprocessor communication performance. Finally, the status of our current implementation is discussed and some concluding remarks are made about parallel languages in general, based on our experiences.
The Biology of Distant Metastases in Head and Neck Cancer

The detection and treatment of metastatic cancer continues to be a challenge for the head and neck oncologist. Unfortunately, head and neck cancer patients who develop distant metastases commonly present late in their course and rapidly succumb to their disease, despite advances in imaging technologies and increased sophistication of biochemical analyses. The development of a rational approach to detection and treatment of metastatic head and neck cancers should begin with an understanding of how these tumors occur and which patients are at greatest risk for developing them. This article presents an overview of the biological processes resulting in the speed of a malignancy from one site to another, with particular attention to head and neck carcinomas. The basic histopathologic, immunology and biochemical abnormalities associated with the development of these secondary tumors are also discussed.
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage during thoracic aortic repair: safety and current management.

Background The benefit of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage during thoracic aortic repair has been established. Few studies, however, report management and safety of CSF drainage. Methods Between September 1992 and August 2007, 1,353 repairs of the thoracic aorta were performed, with 82% using CSF drainage. The CSF drainage was not used in cases of rupture, acute trauma, infection, or prior paraplegia. Thirty-one percent (76 of 246) of patients without CSF drainage were repaired prior to standardized use. All drains were inserted by cardiovascular anesthesia staff. Repairs were performed using distal aortic perfusion with heparinization. Early management involved free drainage to maintain CSF pressure less than10 mm Hg, but was later modified to limit CSF drainage unless neurologic deficit occurred. Results Cerebrospinal fluid drainage was technically achieved in 99.8% (1,105 of 1,107) of cases. The CSF catheter-related complications occurred in 1.5% (17 of 1,107) of patients. No spinal hematomas were observed. The CSF leaks with spinal headache, CSF leak without spinal headache, spinal headache, intracranial hemorrhage, catheter fracture, and meningitis occurred in 6 (0.54%), 1 (0.1%), 2 (0.2%), 5 (0.45%), 1 (0.1%), and 2 (0.2%) cases, respectively. Mortality from subdural hematoma was 40% (2 of 5), and from meningitis was 50% (1 of 2). Spinal headaches resolved with conservative management. All CSF leaks resolved, but 71% (5/7) required blood patches. Since implementation of a limited CSF drainage protocol, no subdural hematomas have been observed. Conclusions Cerebrospinal fluid drainage for thoracic aortic repairs can be performed safely with excellent technical success. Perioperative management of CSF drains requires diligent monitoring and judicious drainage. Standardizing CSF management may be beneficial.
The Spectrum and Burden of Ocular Injury

The authors conducted a hospital-based study to ascertain basic, descriptive epidemiologic information about ocular trauma in an urban setting. Over a 6-month period, 3184 patients presenting to our emergency ward with ocular trauma were studied. Severe injuries totaled 5.1% (ruptured globe, intraocular foreign body, hyphema, orbital/facial fracture) and 94.9% were superficial injuries and contusions. A disproportionate burden of severe ocular injury was borne by those less than 15 years of age. The work place accounted for 48% of all injuries and 50% of ruptured globes. Automobile repair-related tasks were specifically associated with injury. Sports injuries, although accounting for 3.4% of all injuries, were responsible for 60% of hyphemas and 10% of ruptured globes. Annual direct and indirect costs for these ocular injuries are estimated conservatively at $5 million and a loss of 60 work years. A large burden of preventable eye trauma is borne by both patients and society.
Urgent radiotherapy is effective in the treatment of metastatic medulloblastoma causing symptomatic brainstem edema.

A 3-year-old male who presented with hydrocephalus symptoms was found to have metastatic medulloblastoma with diffuse spinal disease. Thirteen days following surgical resection of his primary tumor, he clinically deteriorated due to worsening brainstem edema. Following intubation, stress-dose steroids, and mannitol, urgent radiotherapy was initiated to the whole brain and cervical cord. The patient improved clinically with a repeat MRI showing decreased leptomeningeal enhancement in the radiation fields. In the literature, there are no reports of successful urgent radiotherapy in medulloblastoma, but in this instance, it proved to be a viable option. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1077–1080. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maturational changes in the electroencephalogram of normal monkeys

Abstract Electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded between birth and 30 months on rhesus monkeys of known gestational age, delivered vaginally or by section. Restraint with minimal disturbance reduced movement artifacts. Electrodes were applied to the scalp overlying frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal brain areas. Photic stimulation also was used. Interpretation of the EEG patterns was based on monopolar (ears as reference) and bipolar recordings while awake, during drowsiness, and asleep. The EEG during wakefulness in the first month showed low-voltage, slow waves in all areas, with faster frequencies superimposed, and remained basically the same as on the first day. During the second month a marked change in amplitude and rhythm occurred, showing generalized high-voltage sinusoidal waves. As the animal matured (1 year) a trend toward lower voltages and faster frequencies developed. The EEG pattern showed differences between wakefulness and sleep from the first day of life. Voltages were generally higher during sleep, especially in the parietal and frontal areas. Hump and spindle phases, comparable to those in the human, were clearly defined. Sharp “spikes” appeared in the parietal leads about the beginning of the first week; these could be misinterpreted as seizure discharges. The greatest changes in the EEG patterns occurred in a relatively short period after birth, after which they became stabilized into the adult forms.
The obesity epidemic and future emergency responders

Emergency responders should be fit to safely perform strenuous duties. In particular, young recruits are expected to be at or near peak career fitness. We studied the prevalence and health associations of excess weight among 370 consecutive emergency responder candidates for fire and ambulance services in Massachusetts. The mean age and BMI of the recruits were 26.3 (3.8) years and 28.5 (4.9) kg/m(2), respectively. Seventy-seven percent had BMI >or=25 kg/m(2), and 33% were obese (BMI >or=30 kg/m(2)). After multivariate adjustment, both higher BMI categories and unit increases in BMI were significantly associated with higher blood pressures, worse metabolic profiles, and lower exercise tolerance. Excess weight is highly prevalent and associated with elevated cardiovascular risk among future emergency responders. These findings in a population expected to perform demanding duties supporting public safety merit prompt public health intervention.
Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor D-T results

Abstract Temperatures, densities and confinement of deuterium plasmas confined in tokamaks have been achieved within the last decade that are approaching those required for a D-T reactor. As a result, the unique phenomena present in a D-T reactor plasma (D-T plasma confinement, α confinement, α heating and possible α-driven instabilities) can now be studied in the laboratory. Recent experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) have been the first magnetic fusion experiments to study plasmas with reactor fuel concentrations of tritium. The injection of about 20 MW of tritium and 14 MW of deuterium neutral beams into the TFTR produced a plasma with a T-to-D density ratio of about 1 and yielding a maximum fusion power of about 9.2 MW. The fusion power density in the core of the plasma was about 1.8 MWm−3, approximating that expected in a D-T fusion reactor. A TFTR plasma with a T-to-D density ratio of about 1 was found to have about 20% higher energy confinement time than a comparable D plasma, indicating a confinement scaling with average ion mass A of τE ∁ A0.6. The core ion temperature increased from 30 to 37 keV owing to a 35% improvement of ion thermal conductivity. Using the electron thermal conductivity from a comparable deuterium plasma, about 50% of the electron temperature increase from 9 to 10.6 keV can be attributed to electron heating by the α particles. The approximately 5% loss of α particles, as observed on detectors near the bottom edge of the plasma, was consistent with classical first orbit loss without anomalous effects. Initial measurements have been made of the confined high energy α particles and the resultant α ash density. At fusion power levels of 7.5 MW, fluctuations at the toroidal Alfven eigen-mode frequency were observed by the fluctuation diagnostics. However, no additional α loss due to the fluctuations was observed. These D-T experiments will continue over a broader range of parameters and higher power levels.
Role of JunB in Erythroid Differentiation

The role of junB as a regulator of erythroid cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation was tested by controlled expression of JunB in the erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent erythroleukemia cell line HCD57. JunB induced erythroid differentiation as evidenced by increased expression of the erythroid-specific proteins β-globin, spectrin-α, and TER-119. Expression of JunB for at least 48 h was required for the differentiated phenotype to emerge. Differentiation was accompanied by a slower rate of proliferation and an increase in the expression of the cell cycle inhibitory protein p27. p27 protein expression increased due to reduced turnover without changes in transcription, indicating global changes in cell physiology following JunB induction. JunB expression was also studied in mouse and human primary erythroid cells. JunB expression increased immediately in both primary mouse cells and HCD57 cells treated with EPO and quickly returned to base-line levels, followed by a secondary rise in JunB in primary erythroid cells, but not in HCD57 cells, 36–48 h later. This result suggested that the initial EPO-dependent JunB induction was not sufficient to induce differentiation, but that the late EPO-independent JunB expression in primary erythroid cells was necessary for differentiation. This study suggests that JunB is an important regulator of erythroid differentiation.
At the Core of Creolization: The Work of the African or the Africanization of Insular America

The Caribbean, as it is known today, is arguably the very last world born in the history of humanity with practices and physiological and spiritual characteristics that singularize its peoples and presents novel and original ways of being. The latter has always intrigued, bewildered and raised an ontological issue within and without its geographical boundaries. Is it a pale replica of Europe or a worthless extension of Africa? The question arises due to the particular history that started with conflicts engaging the notion of race, with one self erected as pure and supreme to the detriment of the other, conflicts founded on the severe depreciation of humanity, but which has nonetheless involved mankind. This may be the most recent case in the history of mankind showing how groups of people originally recognizable through determined referents become others, in a new place and under specific circumstances, with different ontological referents while remaining, through some of the referents, very close to their ascendants. One certainty is that the result of this particularly complex history is equally complex, and the ways and mindset of the individuals springing from it show such a high level of intricacies that they can be said to be ‘implexe-complexes’. The literary term ‘implexe’ refers to a very complex intrigue and enigma. Adjoining to the word ‘implexe’ the very term ‘complexe’ reinforces the idea of complexity I would like to stress concerning Caribbean identity.
Development of 3D simulations for heavy-ion fusion beam transport and compression problems☆

Abstract Longitudinal beam compression and the possibility of concurrent pulse shaping have been the subject of previous studies using analytical methods and 1D
Polymer melting: thermal resistance effects in a DSC

Abstract Thermal lag has long been recognized as a problem in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a correction procedure that assumes constant thermal resistance is often adopted for application as needed. Using various special sandwiched samples composed of high purity indium and polyethylene films, we have found that thermal resistance varies significantly with location within a polymer sample. Indium foil located near the sample surface melts earlier and most of it melts quickly, compared to indium located in the middle of the sample. Experimental data were analyzed using Gray's theory and excellent agreement was achieved when allowing for heat capacity differences for different locations within the sample. This work provides a more comprehensive understanding of the melting process, and is essential to decoupling instrumental and sample effects.
Overview of atomic layer deposited metal oxides for treating nanoporous TiO 2 photoelectrode for dye sensitized solar cells

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) ultrathin metal oxides, HfO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 , were used to treat the surface of nanoporous TiO2 for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) application. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed to probe the growth of metal oxides on TiO 2 surface. ALD grown metal oxide layers on TiO 2 surface did not block the porosity as observed in atomic force microscopic studies. Conformal surface coverage was achieved as shown by high resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis on ALD grown TiO 2 and the thickness was about 2 nm. It was observed that performance of DSSC was significantly enhanced by ALD metal oxide surface treatment. The enhanced DSSC performance asserted that electron injection from the dye to TiO 2 was not blocked while the electron trap from the conduction band of TiO 2 to surface states was significantly suppressed and hence the improved performance. Further, it was noticed that the thickness of ALD metal oxide layers play a vital role in the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs.
Optical Gain Results Of The Los Alamos Free-Electron Laser Amplifier Experiment

Optical gain has been detected at 10.6 μm during the recent tapered-wiggler free-electron laser amplifier experiment at Los Alamos. In addition, it was possible to measure separately the coherent spontaneous emission at the fundamental and at the second-hand third-harmonic wavelengths. Separation of the stimulated gain and coherent spontaneous emission from each other and from the high-power (gigawatt) CO2 laser radiation was possible by use of polarization analysis and passive frequency filtering in hot CO2 gas. The magnitude of the optical gain signals near resonance was consistent with the theoretically predicted gain of about 1%. Optical measurements as a function of several parameters of the electron beam (energy and current) and the CO2 laser (power) provided further supporting evidence for our identifications.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Data reduction via adaptive sampling

Data reduction is an important issue in the field of data mining. This article de- scribes a new method for selecting a subset of data from a large dataset. A simplified chi-square criterion is proposed for measuring the goodness-of-fit between the distributions of the reduced and full data sets. Under this criterion, the data reduction problem can be formulated as a binary quadratic program and a tabu search technique is used in the search/optimization process. The procedure is adaptive in that it involves not only random sampling but also deterministic search guided by the results of the previous search steps. The method is applicable primarily to discrete data, but can be extended to continuous data as well. An experimental study that compares the proposed method with simple random sampling on a number of simulated and real world datasets has been conducted. The results of the study indicate that the distributions of the samples produced by the proposed method are significantly closer to the true distribution than those of random samples.
Therapeutic targeting of the mitochondrial dysfunction in septic acute kidney injury

Purpose of reviewAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication of severe sepsis. No targeted therapies exist for sepsis-associated AKI, suggesting a pressing need for elucidation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.Recent findingsEmerging studies of human and experimental septic
A computer education program to improve physician awareness of rehabilitation hospital charges

Abstract Objective: To quantify physician knowledge of hospital charges and determine if computer fiscal feedback would improve physician awareness of hospital charges. Design: Comparison of physicians' knowledge of hospital charges before and 6 months after the instigation of a computer feedback educational program. Participants and Setting: All physicians (attendings, residents, and fellows) at a large academic rehabilitation hospital. Intervention: After surveying physicians' knowledge of hospital charges, the billing fees for some items were placed on the computer ordering menu so that these charges were viewed when orders were made by physicians. Main Outcome Measures: Error in physician charge estimates before and after computer education program, and physician confidence in charge estimates. Results: The baseline survey found that physicians had poor awareness of hospital charges, regardless of ordering frequency, relative charge for the item, or physician experience. Physicians expressed little confidence in their knowledge of the charges and were twice as likely to underestimate than to overestimate charges. Six months after the implementation of a computer feedback educational program, improvement was seen in the awareness of hospital charges for all imaging studies and most laboratory tests. Fiscal awareness of items that had not been included in the computer feedback also showed some small improvement. Physicians' confidence in their knowledge of fees improved. Physicians indicated the program was beneficial and should be expanded to include fiscal information on more services. Conclusions: Immediate computer feedback of hospital charges improves physicians' fiscal awareness and may lead to their practice of more cost-efficient medicine.
Why Are Royalty Rates Higher in Service‐type Franchises?

Royalty payments from a franchisee to a franchisor serve as incentive for the franchisor to provide appropriate levels of quality and brand, name investment. However, since they also distort the service provided by the franchisee, we should expect relatively lower royalty rates in franchises that are primarily service-oriented. Casual examination of royalty rates across product-oriented and service-oriented franchises shows that the opposite is true, with service-type franchises enjoying higher royalty rates. We resolve this apparent puzzle. The basic argument we put forth is that in product-type franchises, a franchisor can charge a wholesale price on goods transferred to the franchisee, thus using an alternative instrument that also serves as an incentive for the franchisor. Moreover, in general, a franchisor will use both wholesale price and royalty to minimize distortions in retail price and service at the retail level. We then test the predictions of our model on different industries and find confirmation for the same.
Methane Activation by Laser-Ablated V, Nb, and Ta Atoms: Formation of CH3−MH, CH2MH2, CH⋮MH3-, and (CH3)2MH2

Methane activation by group 5 transition-metal atoms in excess argon and the matrix infrared spectra of reaction products have been investigated. Vanadium forms only the monohydrido methyl complex (CH3−VH) in reaction with CH4 and upon irradiation. On the other hand, the heavier metals form methyl hydride and methylidene dihydride complexes (CH3−MH and CH2MH2) along with the methylidyne trihydride anion complexes (CH⋮MH3-). The neutral products, particularly the methylidene complex, increase markedly on irradiation whereas the anionic product depletes upon UV irradiation or addition of a trace of CCl4 or CBr4 to trap electrons. Other absorptions that emerge on irradiation and annealing increase markedly at higher precursor concentration and are attributed to a higher-order product ((CH3)2MH2)). Spectroscopic evidence suggests that the agostic Nb and Ta methylidene dihydride complexes have two identical metal−hydrogen bonds.
Estimation of the axial tensile modulus of a particle-reinforced composite fiber with variable radius

Abstract The modulus of a fiber is difficult to measure, especially when the radius of the fiber changes along the length. The use of an arithmetic average radius or volume average radius to calculate fiber modulus leads to an underestimate of the modulus. A model for measuring and calculating the true tensile modulus of a fiber that has large radius variation is proposed. The model has been used to calculate the modulus of a Wollastonite particle-reinforced polypropylene fiber. The difference between the modulus calculated from the model and that from either the arithmetic or volume-average radius increases linearly as the coefficient of variation (CV) of the fiber radius increases, especially when CV
Mechanisms of Aqueous Extraction of Soybean Oil

Aqueous extraction processing (AEP) of soy is a promising green alternative to hexane extraction processing. To improve AEP oil yields, experiments were conducted to probe the mechanisms of oil release. Microscopy of extruded soy before and after extraction with and without protease indicated that unextracted oil is sequestered in an insoluble matrix of denatured protein and is released by proteolytic digestion of this matrix. In flour from flake, unextracted oil is contained as intact oil bodies in undisrupted cells, or as coalesced oil droplets too large to pass out of the disrupted cellular matrix. Our results suggest that emulsification is an important extraction mechanism that reduces the size of these droplets and increases yield. Protease and SDS were both successful in increasing extraction yields. We propose that this is because they disrupt a viscoelastic protein film at the droplet interface, facilitating droplet disruption. An extraction model based on oil droplet coalescence and the formation of a viscoelastic film was able to fit kinetic extraction data well.
Urate to allantoin, specifically (S)-allantoin.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of (S)-allantoin from the product of the urate oxidase reaction have been identified. This finding answers the longstanding question of how living organisms produce a single enantiomer of allantoin.
Quantitative assessment of cysteine and cystine in peptides and proteins following organomercurial derivatization and analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

Protocols for the analysis of the sulfhydryl content in peptides and proteins using chemical derivatization by organomercurial reagents and analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) have been developed. The number of reactive cysteine residues in peptides and proteins can be determined by exploiting the affinity and selectivity of organomercurial reagents for macromolecular thiols. Mass shifts observed in MALDI mass spectra obtained before and after cysteine derivatization with p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate (pHMB) permit the number of free sulfhydryl groups to be determined. The pHMB derivative of each free cysteine residue provides a mass shift of 321 u, overcoming limitations in the mass resolution of MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Reactive cysteine residues in a macromolecule can be selectively derivatized by using a fivefold molar excess of pHMB reagent. Total sulfhydryl content (i.e., cysteine and cystine) can be determined after disulfide reduction. However, analyses for total cysteine content are more complex, requiring protein denaturation, cystine reduction, and sample purification before derivatization and analysis by MALDI-MS. Conditions for sample denaturation, alkyl-phosphine reduction, pHMB derivatization, and sample purification by analyte adsorption and desalting on protein transfer membranes, are described for cysteine/cystine analysis performed on microgram (10–200 pmol) quantities of somatostatin, insulin, hemoglobin, and β-lactoglobulin.
A Study of the Basic Economic Concepts Presented in DEEP Curriculum Guides, Grades 7-12.

Armento examines the sequencing and conceptual content of economic courses in grades 7–12 as this is reflected in the study guides for these courses. She finds that the economic concepts in the guides are primarily definitional in nature and are fairly similar across the grades.
Translational regulation of a specific gene during oogenesis and embryogenesis of Drosophila.

Abstract Polysomal and postpolysomal mRNAs were prepared from Drosophila egg chambers or embryos of different developmental stages. Cell-free translation of these mRNAs followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the products indicated the presence of a specific mRNA that appears to be translated (polysome-associated) during oogenesis. This mRNA, designated T1 mRNA, is selectively excluded from polysomes in 3-hr- and 5-hr-old embryos and is again translated in 18-hr-old embryos. A clone containing DNA complementary to T1 mRNA was selected from a library of recombinant DNA prepared from polyadenylylated ovary RNA. This clone was positively identified by hybrid-selected translation followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. T1 mRNA is polyadenylylated and codes for a small, acidic protein. The cloned probe hybridizes to a unique site (2L-39CD) of the polytene chromosomes, very close to the histone genes. The results suggest that this mRNA is under specific translational regulation in contrast to a background of a large number of other abundant mRNAs that are translated at all developmental stages examined.
Large manual pointing errors, but accurate verbal reports, for indications of target azimuth.

Many tasks have been used to probe human directional knowledge, but relatively little is known about the comparative merits of different means of indicating target azimuth. Few studies have compared action-based versus non-action-based judgments for targets encircling the observer. This comparison promises to illuminate not only the perception of azimuths in the front and rear hemispaces, but also the frames of reference underlying various azimuth judgments, and ultimately their neural underpinnings. We compared a response in which participants aimed a pointer at a nearby target, with verbal azimuth estimates. Target locations were distributed between 20 and 340 deg. Non-visual pointing responses exhibited large constant errors (up to −32 deg) that tended to increase with target eccentricity. Pointing with eyes open also showed large errors (up to −21 deg). In striking contrast, verbal reports were highly accurate, with constant errors rarely exceeding +/− 5 deg. Under our testing conditions, these results are not likely to stem from differences in perception-based vs. action-based responses, but instead reflect the frames of reference underlying the pointing and verbal responses. When participants used the pointer to match the egocentric target azimuth rather than the exocentric target azimuth relative to the pointer, errors were reduced.
Vibration analysis of the photon shutter designed for the advanced photon source

Abstract The photon shutter is a critical component of the beamline front end for the 7 GeV Advanced Photon Source (APS) project, now under construction at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The shutter is designed to close in tens of milliseconds to absorb up to 10 kW heat load (with high heat flux). Our shutter design uses innovative enhanced heat transfer tubes to withstand the high heat load. Although designed to be lightweight and compact, the very fast movement of the shutter gives rise to concern regarding vibration and dynamic sensitivity. To guarantee long-term functionality and reliability of the shutter, the dynamic behavior should be fully studied. In this paper, the natural frequency and transient dynamic analysis for the shutter during operation are presented. Through analysis of the vibration characteristics, as well as stress and deformation, several options in design were developed and compared, including selection of materials for the shutter and structural details.
Instructing special education pre‐service teachers through literacy video cases

This study explored the use of video cases to teach literacy instruction to special education pre‐service teachers. One class of pre‐service teachers was examined for knowledge gains and attitudes towards video cases as an instructional medium. Results suggest that video cases did not result in greater learning of phonemic awareness or reading comprehension topics than traditional lectures with discussion teaching. They also provided comparative data on student teachers’ responses to video versus traditional face‐to‐face instruction. Further implications for special education teacher preparation and future research directions are discussed.
Exploring Millennial Student Values and Societal Trends: Accounting Course Selection Preferences

The values that younger (Millennial) versus older (non‐Millennial) students express in choosing a class are contrasted with the skills and attitudes they need to compete. The first half of the paper reviews current literature regarding Millennial student expectations, skill competitiveness, and work opportunities. This is followed by examining priorities on class section selection as a vehicle for investigating student values. The source of this data is an undergraduate state university business program populated by middle class, mostly white students. Survey data from 275 students in accounting classes is analyzed to ascertain the importance attached to 14 class attributes. The overall results suggest that instructors face a major motivational challenge. Student ratings indicate relatively low importance is attached to developing skills associated with professional success. The Millennial student response appears even further out of alignment with global labor market reality by placing a significantly hi...
Familiarity and Intelligibility of Monosyllabic Word Lists

Intelligibility functions of word lists and a sample of continuous discourse distorted by several levels of low-pass filtering demonstrate the effect of word familiarity when normal-hearing subject...
Constitutive relations for finite deformations of transversely isotropic piezoelectric porous materials

Based on the theory of invariants, polynomial constitutive relations for transversely isotropic piezoelectric porous materials are derived from the polynomial integrity bases for an energy density function depending on the strain tensor, porosity gradient and the electric field. They are assumed to be smooth functions of their arguments, are expanded about the values their arguments take in the reference configuration and all terms up to the quadratic terms in the gradients of the mechanical displacement, the electric potential and the change in volume fraction are kept. The second order constitutive relations so obtained are then specialized to the case of infinitesimal deformations and weak electric fields, and also to the case of infinitesimal deformations and strong electric fields.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stress in Biomedical Research: Six Impossible Things

Biomedical research may not be more stressful than other disciplines, but our stress is compounded by some of the inherent features of biology. We consider six impossible things and what we might be able to do about them, provided they are believed by lunchtime or, with practice, before breakfast.
Extinct isotope heterogeneities in the mantles of Earth and Mars: Implications for mantle stirring rates

Heterogeneities in terrestrial samples for 182W/183W and 142Nd/144Nd are only preserved in Hadean and Archean rocks while heterogeneities in 129Xe/130Xe and 136Xe/130Xe persist to very young mantle-derived rocks. In contrast, meteorites from Mars show that the Martian mantle preserves heterogeneities in 182W/183W and 142Nd/144Nd up to the present. As a consequence of the probable “deep magma ocean” core formation process, we assume that the Earth and Mars both had a very early two-mantle-reservoir structure with different initial extinct nuclide isotopic compositions (different 182W/183W, 142Nd/144Nd, 129Xe/130Xe, 136Xe/130Xe ratios). Based on this assumption, we developed a simple stochastic model to trace the evolution of a mantle with two initially distinct layers for the extinct isotopes and its development into a heterogeneous mantle by convective mixing and stretching of these two layers. Using the extinct isotope system 182Hf-182W, we find that the mantles of Earth and Mars exhibit substantially different mixing or stirring rates. This is consistent with Mars having cooled faster than the Earth due to its smaller size, resulting in less efficient mantle mixing for Mars. Moreover, the mantle stirring rate obtained for Earth using 182Hf-182W is consistent with the mantle stirring rate of ~500 Myr constrained by the long-lived isotope system, 87Rb-87Sr and 147Sm-143Nd. The apparent absence of 182W/183W isotopic heterogeneity in modern terrestrial rocks is attributed to very active mantle stirring which reduced the 182W/183W isotopic heterogeneity to a relatively small scale (~83 m for a mantle stirring rate of 500 Myr) compared to the common sampling scale of terrestrial basalts (~30 or 100 km). Our results also support the “deep magma ocean” core formation model as being applicable to both Mars and Earth.
Evaluation of a nonhemolytic left ventricular assist pump.

Cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction is associated with a mortality rate as high as 95%. The treatment of cardiogenic shock with inotropic agents increases heart work and myocardial oxygen consumption. The increase in oxygen consumption is, in general, not met by a proportionate increase in coronary blood flow because of existing coronary artery disease and an inadequate coronary filling pressure. One technique to assist the heart, counterpulsation, employed a suction withdrawal pump connected to a cannula in the abdominal aorta [3, 6, 201. The pump was synchronized with the cardiac cycle to withdraw blood from the aorta during systole and reinfuse it during diastole, reducing aortic pressure and myocardial oxygen consumption while increasing coronary flow. Unfortunately, the excellent hemodynamic result was overshadowed by significant levels of hemolysis as a result of the pumping process [6]. The catheter technique of counterpulsation has been abandoned for the balloon assist technique [ 141. A sausage shaped balloon tipped catheter placed in the descending thoracic aorta is inflated in diastole and deflated in systole. This technique augments aortic diastolic pressure and cardiac output and reduces tension time
A factoring approach for the stochastic shortest path problem

This paper studies the problem of determining the exact distribution of shortest path length in directed stochastic networks. Our approach is based on the concept of structural factoring, in which a stochastic network is decomposed into an equivalent set of smaller, generally less complex subnetworks. Several network constructs are identified and exploited to reduce significantly the computational effort required to solve a problem relative to complete enumeration. This algorithm can be applied to two important classes of stochastic network problems: determining the critical path length distribution for acyclic networks and the two-terminal reliability for probabilistic networks. Computational experience with the algorithm has been encouraging and has allowed the exact solution of networks previously analyzed only by approximation techniques.
From Zn microspheres to hollow ZnO microspheres: A simple route to the growth of large scale metallic Zn microspheres and hollow ZnO microspheres

Abstract Large scale metallic Zn microspheres and hollow ZnO microspheres are synthesized by thermal evaporation and vapor transport by heating a ZnO/graphite mixture at 1000 °C. Firstly, metallic Zn microspheres are fabricated with diameters in the range of 1–10 μm. The Zn microspheres are then annealed at 600 °C in air, which form hollow semiconducting ZnO microspheres. EDX and XRD spectra reveal that the oxidized material is indeed ZnO. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra of the oxidized material show a sharp peak at ∼380 nm and a wider broad peak centered at ∼490 nm. This growth mechanism is discussed and further investigated for other metallic and metal oxide microstructures.
Desquamating Cells of the Chick Embryo Corneal Epithelium

The chick embryo corneal epithelium undergoes an extensive sloughing of surface cells just prior to hatching (20 days of incubation). The sloughing cells are seen at light and electron microscopic lev
Pelvic Floor Reconstruction in Female Exstrophic Complex Patients: Different Results from Males?

Abstract Objectives To present the surgical, functional, and cosmetic results of anterior pelvic floor reconstruction in female exstrophic patients who underwent single-stage surgical repair. To verify differences in outcome from male exstrophic patients. Methods Among the 31 exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) patients treated in 10 yr, 13 (42%) were females. We studied 10 of them (9 classic exstrophies and 1 prolapsing epispadia), aged 2 d to 6 yr, who received one-stage repair with pelvic floor reconstruction. The reconstructive steps were posterior pelvic osteotomy, en bloc mobilisation of bladder neck-urethra/vagina within the midline pelvic floor, symmetrical reassembly of the muscular complex that constitutes the pelvic diaphragm (using a bipolar stimulator), tubularisation and elongation of the bladder neck and urethra, and genitoplasty. At 2- to 3-yr follow-up, bladder capacity and dry intervals were evaluated by cystogram and urodynamic study, respectively. Surgical complications and cosmetic appearance were also assessed. Results were compared with a group of 18 male EEC patients treated in the same period with similar technique. Fisher exact test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results No bladder/urethra dehiscence, exstrophy relapse, or uterine procidentia were observed. Cosmesis was fully satisfying in all. Bladder capacity ranged from 35 to 137ml (mean: 87). Cyclic voiding with 45- to 90-min dry intervals was achieved in 7 patients (70%), but stress incontinence was present in 5 patients. Volitional micturition control was achieved in 5 of 6 (83.3%) girls aged 4–8 yr. In the male group, we observed two surgical complications (glans disruption and urethrocutaneous fistula) and one poor cosmetic outcome. Mean bladder capacity was 70ml (range: 25–140). Dry intervals were present in 6 patients (33%). Volitional voiding was achieved in 5 of 12 (40%) male exstrophic patients older than 4 yr, with little stress incontinence. Female and male EEC patients presented significantly different outcomes ( p Conclusions Pelvic floor reconstruction and its correct relationship with the lower genitourinary tract may facilitate the development of volitional micturition control. Female patients behaved slightly better than males concerning dry intervals and coordinated bladder activity achievement.
Lekking and the small-scale distribution of the sexes in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew).

Male and female Anastrepha suspensa(Loew) had a clumped distribution in the foliage of their guava host plants. Males were no closer to other males than they were to females or than females were to other females. Flies were often found in roughly the same locations over time. However, contemporaries (flies present at the same time) were closer to each other than subsequent flies were to their predecessors. Males were more likely to be found near spots previously occupied by males than they were to spots used previously by females. Some trees had more flies than others, but there was no regional (northwest, etc.) preference within trees. Females were no more likely to be found in the vicinity of clumped (lekking) males than they were by isolated males. About a third of the females taken from inside leks had sperm in their spermathecae, and it is not clear if their motive for being in these areas was sexual. In pairs of males (within 15 cm of each other), the larger fly tends to be in a position farther up the branch, suggesting that larger males may control preferred territories. It seems possible that males attempting to intercept females accumulate in favorable microhabitats where females are likely to be concentrated and that leks have evolved from such clumping.