cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of phenolic monomers on growth of Acidothermus cellulolyticus.

Previous studies on biological pretreatment of switchgrass by solid-state fermentation with Acidothermus cellulolyticus 11B have shown that inhibitory compounds prevent growth on untreated switchgrass. A. cellulolyticus was grown in liquid medium containing cellobiose with phenolic monomers added to determine if the phenolic compounds are one possible source of inhibition. Cinnamic acid derivatives (trans-p-coumaric, trans-ferulic, and hydrocinnamic acids), hydroxybenzoic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, and vanillic acids), benzaldehydes (vanillin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde), and condensed tannin monomers (catechin and epicatechin) were tested at levels up to 20 mM. All compounds exhibited a dose-response relationship and strongly inhibited growth at 20 mM. trans-p-Coumaric acid was found to be the strongest inhibitor of A. cellulolyticus growth, with a specific growth rate of 0.004 h−1 at 1 mM (0.18 h−1 without phenolic monomer). GC-MS and HPLC methods were used to confirm the presence of these phenolic compounds in switchgrass and measure the amounts extracted using different conditions. The amounts of phenolic compounds measured were found to be higher than the threshold for growth inhibition. Leaching with water at 55°C was inefficient at removing bound phenolics, whereas NaOH treatment improved efficiency. Phenolic compounds spiked into alkaline pretreated switchgrass were also found to inhibit growth of A. cellulolyticus in solid-state fermentation. However, addition of insoluble polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) to switchgrass improved growth of A. cellulolyticus in liquid cultures, providing a possible approach for alleviating microbial inhibition due to phenolic compounds in lignocellulose. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
A reaction-based paradigm to model reactive chemical transport in groundwater with general kinetic and equilibrium reactions.

Abstract This paper presents a reaction-based water quality transport model in subsurface flow systems. Transport of chemical species with a variety of chemical and physical processes is mathematically described by M partial differential equations (PDEs). Decomposition via Gauss–Jordan column reduction of the reaction network transforms M species reactive transport equations into two sets of equations: a set of thermodynamic equilibrium equations representing N E equilibrium reactions and a set of reactive transport equations of M – N E kinetic-variables involving no equilibrium reactions (a kinetic-variable is a linear combination of species). The elimination of equilibrium reactions from reactive transport equations allows robust and efficient numerical integration. The model solves the PDEs of kinetic-variables rather than individual chemical species, which reduces the number of reactive transport equations and simplifies the reaction terms in the equations. A variety of numerical methods are investigated for solving the coupled transport and reaction equations. Simulation comparisons with exact solutions were performed to verify numerical accuracy and assess the effectiveness of various numerical strategies to deal with different application circumstances. Two validation examples involving simulations of uranium transport in soil columns are presented to evaluate the ability of the model to simulate reactive transport with complex reaction networks involving both kinetic and equilibrium reactions.
Cognitive versus behavioral coping responses of men and women: A brief report

Sex differences in coping with stressful life events were explored in the present study. A large group of recently stressed college students completed a questionnaire composed of theoretically and empirically derived coping strategies. Results showed that women utilized both behavioral and cognitive types of strategies, while men employed mostly cognitive strategies. This finding is discussed in relationship to women's greater inclination to acknowledge and seek help for feelings of depression.
Going the distance--the case for true colorectal-cancer screening.

Available screening methods should make it possible to prevent most deaths from colorectal cancer. Almost all colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps that develop over a period of years. During this time, polyps can be detected and then removed by colonoscopic polypectomy.1 The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the American Cancer Society, and a multidisciplinary expert panel assembled by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and the American Gastroenterological Association, as well as other groups, have all recommended screening for colorectal cancer.2–6 Standard recommendations include annual testing for fecal occult blood and periodic sigmoidoscopy after the age . . .
Is the binge-drinking glass half full or half empty?

To the Editor .— The recent article by Miller et al1 reaffirms the risks associated with heavy episodic drinking among adolescents. However disturbing these findings, it is important to recognize some positive trends regarding alcohol use among teens. First, it should be emphasized that 55% of respondents indicated no alcohol consumption in the previous 30 days, and 16.1% had consumed alcohol but not at the binge-drinking level. Thus, the vast …
Surgery-specific considerations in the cardiac patient undergoing noncardiac surgery

Myocardial infarction after noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary artery disease results from the interplay of patient-specific, anesthetic-specific, and surgery-specific factors. Surgery-specific factors include the stress response to injury, both neurohormonal and hemostatic alterations, and clinically-significant operative parameters such as urgency, duration, blood loss, body core temperature, fluid shifts, and location of surgery. The impact of these factors bears out during the entire perioperative period and influences preoperative risk assessment, cardiac evaluation and intervention, intraoperative strategy, and postoperative management. Overall, the morbidity and mortality of surgery is minimal even in high-risk patients, and the contribution of surgery-specific factors to operative risk is subtle compared with that of patient specific-factors such as severity of coronary disease and other comorbid conditions. Nonetheless, the optimal surgical management of patients with coronary disease requires the collaborative effort of the anesthesiologist, cardiologist, and surgeon.
Computer-assisted quantitative evaluation of therapeutic responses for lymphoma using serial PET/CT imaging.

Rationale and Objectives Molecular imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) have emerged as an essential diagnostic tool for monitoring treatment response in lymphoma patients. However, quantitative assessment of treatment outcomes from serial scans is often difficult, laborious, and time consuming. Automatic quantization of longitudinal PET/CT scans provides more efficient and comprehensive quantitative evaluation of cancer therapeutic responses. This study develops and validates a Longitudinal Image Navigation and Analysis (LINA) system for this quantitative imaging application. Materials and Methods LINA is designed to automatically construct longitudinal correspondence along serial images of individual patients for changes in tumor volume and metabolic activity via regions of interest (ROI) segmented from a given time point image and propagated into the space of all follow-up PET/CT images. We applied LINA retrospectively to nine lymphoma patients enrolled in an immunotherapy clinical trial conducted at the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine. This methodology was compared to the readout by a diagnostic radiologist, who manually measured the ROI metabolic activity as defined by the maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Results Quantitative results showed that the measured SUVs obtained from automatic mapping are as accurate as semiautomatic segmentation and consistent with clinical examination findings. The average of relative squared differences of SUVmax between automatic and semiautomatic segmentation was found to be 0.02. Conclusions These data support a role for LINA in facilitating quantitative analysis of serial PET/CT images to efficiently assess cancer treatment responses in a comprehensive and intuitive software platform.
Novel High-Energy Density Materials. Synthesis and Characterization of Triazidocarbenium Dinitramide, -Perchlorate, and -Tetrafluoroborate

The triazidocarbenium cation, C(N3)3+, was successfully combined with the energetic N(NO2)2- and ClO4- anions in the form of highly energetic salts. The new C(N3)3+BF4- salt was also prepared, and all compounds were characterized by their material balances and vibrational spectroscopy. Electronic structure calculations were carried out for C(N3)3+ at the B3LYP/6-31G*, B3LYP/cc-pVDZ, B3LYP/cc-pVTZ, and HF/cc-pVDZ levels of theory. At all levels, the energy minimum is the planar C3h structure, and the vibrational spectra were assigned and analyzed for this structure. The heats of formation of C(N3)3+N(NO2)2- and C(N3)3+ClO4- were estimated to be endothermic by 252 and 218 kcal mol-1 and explain the high explosive power of these salts.
Febrile seizures: Mechanisms and relationship to epilepsy

Studies of febrile seizures have been driven by two major enigmas: first, how these most common of human seizures are generated by fever has not been known. Second, epidemiological studies have linked prolonged febrile seizures with the development of temporal lobe epilepsy, yet whether long or recurrent febrile seizures cause temporal lobe epilepsy has remained unresolved. To investigate these questions, a model of prolonged (complex) febrile seizures was developed in immature rats and mice, permitting mechanistic examination of the potential causal relationships of fever and seizures, and of febrile seizures and limbic epilepsy. Although the model relied on hyperthermia, it was discovered that the hyperthermia-induced secretion of endogenous fever mediators including interleukin-1β, which contributed to the generation of these ‘febrile’ seizures. In addition, prolonged experimental febrile seizures provoked epilepsy in a third of the animals. Investigations of the mechanisms of this epileptogenesis demonstrated that expression of specific ion (HCN) channels and of endocannabinoid signaling, may be involved. These may provide novel drug targets for intervention in the epileptogenic process.
RELATION OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN TO STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGIC STATE

Interpretation of cutaneous electrical measurements in terms of structure or function requires special techniques for identifying the separate contributions of the various elements. Resistance measures have different implications depending upon whether the subject is sweating and whether the electrode preparation is wet or dry. Microelectrode measurement indicates that the stratum corneum and other epidermal layers represent a significant pathway for ion conductance. Impedance measurement allows estimation of skin capacitance and of the thickness of the capacitative element. When applied to data on excised stratum corneum, this analysis indicates the presence of a relatively impermeable layer less than 2 microns thick, a conclusion subject to some doubt because of uncertainty over the dielectric constant of wet keratin. The use of impedance measurement with closely spaced electrodes gives an indication of the hydration of the superficial horny layer and also demonstrates reabsorption of sweat from this region. Potential measurement at the surface reflects the relative internal resistance of two parallel sources, the sweat glands and an "epidermal generator."
A Computer-Assisted Image-Analysis System for Analyzing Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Chemotaxis in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

A computer-assisted image-analysis system that precisely tracks the cell movements of up to 50 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) was developed and used to quantitatively measure cellular chemokinesis and chemotaxis in normal individuals and in diabetic patients with hyperglycemia. The PMNLs were tested in Zigmond chambers with or without a gradient of 10(-7) M n-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe). Cellular movement was recorded on videotape by using a videocamera mounted on the microscope. The videotapes were analyzed by computer programs to calculate the speed and direction of each PMNL at 10-sec intervals. Average rates of chemokinesis were 19.6 microns/min without and 25.3 microns/min with f-Met-Leu-Phe. McCutcheon indices, which measure chemotaxis, were 0.01 without and 0.48 with f-Met-Leu-Phe. Similar values were observed in diabetic patients after fasting (average glucose, 217 mg/100 ml) and 2 hr after glucose challenge (average glucose, 309 mg/100 ml). These values demonstrate that PMNLs from diabetic patients with hyperglycemia move at normal rates and respond appropriately to f-Met-Leu-Phe.
Generational Change, Folk Medicine, and Medical Self-Care in a Rural Appalachian Community

This paper reports on a study of the potential impact of folk medicine on health care delivery in a rural community in southwestern Virginia. The intent of the investigation was to examine some commonly held stereotypical notions within and outside the medical community about rural Appalachians and medical self-care. Interviews were completed with 102 respondents aged 60 and over who were asked what they would do today and what their parents did when they were growing up to treat 65 symptoms of illness. Responses were grouped into 11 treatment categories, including botanical, non-processed natural substances, foods, home articles, proprietary medicines, other commercial medicines, magico-religious, and formal medical care and then analyzed in terms of generational change. Our findings indicate that dependence on folk medicine has declined considerably from one generation to the next, particularly with regard to the application of traditional home remedies and magico-religious beliefs and practices. Contra...
The presence and location of glycogen in the hypertrophied right ventricle of the canine heart.

After banding the pulmonary artery in the dog, the hypertrophied right ventricle contained glycogen adjacent to and sharply demarcated by the intercalated disc, and scattered throughout the myocytes. The glycogen was visible to a greater extent at the base than the apex, present in the beta form, and located between the myofibrils.
Study of durability and lateral tape motion of magnetic tape data storage media under high-speed operating conditions using magnetic and edge probe methods

The demand for large scale and efficient data storage systems has increased greatly over the past decade. The data storage industry has responded by increasing the capacity and cost-effectiveness of their systems. Magnetic data tape storage has similarly improved, with commercially available cartridges able to hold over 1.3 TB of compressed data on a single 3.5 in. form factor cartridge. These advancements are the results of a combination of several factors, which include both thinner tapes to improve volumetric density, and taking advantage of the improved magnetic coercivity of advanced magnetic coatings. As the storage capacity of magnetic tape systems continues to increase so does the need for faster read and write access. One possible way to achieve this is to translate the magnetic media past the read/write head at a higher velocity. This increased speed can have unwanted effects on the operation of the tape drive and media. This paper details a study of the effects that high-speed operation at different tensions can have on the performance of the system. The coefficient of friction between the tape and head was monitored to gauge durability and wear, and lateral tape motion (LTM) was monitored using both magnetic and edge probe methods to measure undesirable tape motion. Results for five different types of tape operating at five different tension/speed combinations are discussed in order to better determine the effects that tape characteristics and operating parameters have in high speed situations.
Effect of Overcooked Soybean Meal on Turkey Performance

Abstract Three turkey growth experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of overcooked soybean meal (SBM) on BW gain and gain:feed ratio (FE). On two occasions soybean meals were custom prepared by changing the temperature and the retention time (RT) of the desolventizer-toaster unit at a commercial soybean processing plant. Three different meals were produced for each occasion mainly by altering RT from normal to approximately 1.35 and 2.43 times normal operating conditions (designated SBM1 to 3 on the first occasion and SBM4 to 6 on the second occasion). For SBM1 to 6, urease activities were .06, .00, .00, .20, .01 and .00 ΔpH, protein solubilities in .1 M borate at 40 C were 44, 45, 16, 44, 32, and 24%, and protein solubilities in .2% KOH were 86, 84, 76, 90, 85, and 85%, respectively. In two sequential long-term experiments, SBM1 to 3 were fed to turkeys from 0 to 8 wk, then a control (normal processing conditions, SBMF), was fed to the all treatment groups from 8 to 12 wk of age. The SBM4 to 6 were fed from 12 to 18 wk of age after rerandomizing treatment allocation of replicate pens. In the first trial, poults fed SBM3 showed significantly reduced BW gain from 3 wk on and a lower FE shown at 9 wk. No difference in BW gain and FE was observed in the trial from 12 to 18 wk. In a 15-day, short-term experiment starring with 3-day-old poults and feeding diets containing SBM2 to 6, BW gain and FE did not differ among treatment groups. It is concluded that SBM did not show a detrimental effect on turkey growth until it was overcooked by 2.4 times the normal conditions. The usual operating conditions in a commercial processing plant are well within the range for producing adequate SBM for poultry feed.
2012 Midwest Drought in the United States

The 2012 North American drought may be the costliest and one of the most widespread natural disasters in U.S. history [USDA Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS) 2012]. While several states across the United States were experiencing drought conditions to varying degrees of severity, the Midwest and Northern Plains were perhaps the most affected. The drought severely impacted agricultural activities across the United States, particularly corn and soybean crops, prompting federal agencies including U.S. Department of Agriculture to declare disaster areas (USDA 2012b) and to provide assistance to those affected by this calamity. This paper utilizes existing and new techniques to provide insights into the severity of the 2012 Midwest drought and its impacts over the region.
Addictive goods and the growth of government

In this note we shall look at one of the implications of the hypothesis that Stigler and Becker develop in their paper 'De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum' (American Economic Review, 1977, pp. 76-90). Specifically, we shall look at the implications the hypothesis has for the provision of a special group of public goods, namely addictive public goods. We will show how public provision of addictive goods provides one explanation for the growth of government. Stigler and Becker assume that all persons' preferences are stable over time, but that income and the utility derived from a specific good changes over time. The utility derived from a good is a function of all inputs that are used in the consumption of the good. Here, we will only be concerned with the following three inputs: human capital, commodities, and time. In particular we will be concerned with goods where the utility derived from the consumption of those goods is positively related to the amount of the good previously consumed. Following Stigler and Becker we will call goods of this type addictive goods. Examples of addictive goods are music appreciation and public libraries. The utility derived from an addictive good depends on the amount of time invested in the consumption of it; the more time spent in the consumption of the good, the more utility will be derived from it, and therefore the more the individual will tend to consume.
Molecular diffusion into horse spleen ferritin: a nitroxide radical spin probe study

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography were employed to study the molecular diffusion of a number of small nitroxide spin probes (approximately 7–9 A diameter) into the central cavity of the iron-storage protein ferritin. Charge and polarity of these radicals play a critical role in the diffusion process. The negatively charged radical 4-carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (4-carboxy-TEMPO) does not penetrate the cavity whereas the positively charged 4-amino-TEMPO and 3-(aminomethyl)-proxyl radical and polar 4-hydroxy-TEMPO radical do. Unlike the others, the apolar TEMPO radical does not enter the cavity but instead binds to ferritin, presumably at a hydrophobic region of the protein. The kinetic data indicate that diffusion is not purely passive, the driving force coming not only from the concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the protein but also from charge interactions between the diffusant and the protein. A model for diffusion is derived that describes the observed kinetics. First-order half-lives for diffusion into the protein of 21–26min are observed, suggesting that reductant molecules with diameters considerably larger than approximately 9 A would probably enter the protein cavity too slowly to mobilize iron efficiently by direct interaction with the mineral core.
Using Technology in Peer Role-Play Assignments to Enhance Competency in Clinical Dyadic Treatment: A Pilot Study

Using easily accessible technology, I assessed Masters of Social Work students’ knowledge and competency in a course dedicated to clinical practice with dyads. Forty students completed the Dyadic Knowledge and Competency Scale before and after a video-recorded role-play assignment. Results of paired t-tests revealed significant improvement from pretest to posttest in knowledge and competency, and qualitative results punctuated role-play and feedback as important means to gain competency in clinical practice with dyads. I discuss implications for competency-based education, and the need for future studies with stronger designs and ongoing attention to technological considerations for using role-play to enhance competencies.
Where Do Clients Go when an Accounting Firm Goes Bankrupt?: The Case of Laventhol & Horwath

A chronicle is provided of some of the significant events in the life and death of the seventh-largest accounting firm in the United States, Laventhol & Horwath (L&H). In examining the success of individual firms in acquiring L&H's large audit clients, we ascertain whether Big Six firms were the beneficiaries of L&H's demise. A by-product of this examination is that public accounting firms should be wary of growth, per se. Specifically, more attention to their client selection standards is needed.
“One-pot” synthesis of phosphorylated mesoporous carbon heterogeneous catalysts with tailored surface acidity

Soft-templated phosphorylated mesoporous carbons with homogeneous distributions of phosphate groups were prepared by a 'one-pot' synthesis method using mixtures of phosphoric acid with hydrochloric, or nitric acids in the presence of Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer. Adjusting the various ratios of phosphoric acid used in these mixtures resulted in carbons with distinct adsorption, structural and surface acidity properties. The pore size distributions (PSDs) from nitrogen adsorption at -196 C showed that mesoporous carbons exhibit specific surface areas as high as 551 m{sup 2}/g and mesopores as large as 13 nm. Both structural ordering of the mesopores and the final phosphate contents were strongly dependent on the ratios of H{sub 3}PO{sub 4} in the synthesis gels, as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The number of surface acid sites determined from temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH{sub 3}-TPD) were in the range of 0.3-1.5 mmol/g while the active surface areas are estimated to comprise 5-54% of the total surface areas. Finally, the conversion temperatures for the isopropanol dehydration were lowered by as much as 100 C by transitioning from the least acidic to the most acidic catalysts surface.
Hybrid multi agent approach for power distribution system restoration

In this paper a hybrid multi agent system approach for fast power restoration in power distribution systems is presented. Hybrid structure of MAS provides the capability of solving the restoration problem with taking the advantages of both centralized and distributed agent structures. Bottom-up order of agents constructing the MAS is zone agents, feeder and substation agents. In this architecture, agents have the permission to execute a function based on their hierarchy level and the control central supervisory is not always required. After the fault location and isolation, agents start communicating with their higher level agents to initiate the reconfiguration and restoration plans. According to the algorithm, agents try to restore the un-faulted zones as much as possible considering the restoration constraints. An existing Mon Power distribution system with 5 feeders is selected for computer simulation to test the effectiveness of proposed approach. The simulation results show that the proposed multi agent approach is effective and promising.
Regulation of cancer cell metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor 1

The induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activity, either as a result of intratumoral hypoxia or loss-of-function mutations in the VHL gene, leads to a dramatic reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism involving increased glucose transport into the cell, increased conversion of glucose to pyruvate, and a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial metabolism and mitochondrial mass. Blocking these adaptive metabolic responses to hypoxia leads to cell death due to toxic levels of reactive oxygen species. Targeting HIF-1 or metabolic enzymes encoded by HIF-1 target genes may represent a novel therapeutic approach to cancer.
Ultra-wideband impulse scattering measurements

A recently upgraded laboratory is described for measurement of ultra-wideband (1-20 GHz) impulse scattering responses from scale model radar targets. A linear systems model is introduced, leading to new measurement concepts and signal processing algorithms for estimating the target's scattering response to a user-defined impulse waveform. The experimental and processing procedures serve to eliminate clutter and antenna coupling, while compensating for antenna characteristics in the system. Experimental validations are examined and planned enhancements are discussed. >
“comets importing change of Times and States”: ephemerae and process among the Tabwa of Zaire

The study of spectacular 19th-century comets, as perceived by the Tabwa of Zaire, provides an opportunity to consider the process of symbolization. Firsthand written accounts discovered in archives are complemented by present-day informants' exegeses. The comet was felt to augur—perhaps to cause—great misfortune. Its symbolism is one of transition and transformation; the prosopopoeic comet was made the subject of allegory, a story form in which multiplicity of interpretive levels allows narrators and audience to reflect upon social analogies of the “pristine volitility and freedom” and the “pure possibility” the apparition was taken to represent. The discussion leads to an understanding of why, as one very old man had it, the comet was Jesus bringing Europeans the astounding technology and other powers that allowed them to conquer and dominate the Tabwa with such ease. No single interpretation of great changes of Times and States suffices to capture them for the apprehension of all people at all times; so must the symbols marking the advent of transition and transformation be multireferential as the creative impulse is given play. [non-Western astronomy, symbolic analysis, religious change, cosmology, Tabwa, southeastern Zaire]
Effect of dinotefuran, indoxacarb, and imidacloprid on survival and fitness of two arizona-native entomopathogenic nematodes against helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The effect of three insecticides commonly used in Arizona, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, and imidacloprid, was evaluated on two Arizona-native entmopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis sonorensis (Caborca strain) and Steinernema riobrave (SR-5 strain), using Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as the insect host. Specifically, we assessed their effect on EPN survival and fitness (virulence and reproduction). Three application timings were considered: i) EPN applied first, insecticide applied 24 h later, ii) insecticide applied first, EPN applied 24 h later, and iii) simultaneous application of EPN and insecticide. Our results showed that infective juvenile (IJ) survival of S. riobrave and H. sonorensis was not significantly affected by the application of the selected insecticides. Indoxacarb had an ambiguous effect on the S. riobrave life cycle showing a synergistic effect in the virulence of this nematode but reducing its progeny production by two-fold. Similar results were observed for nematode progeny production when H. sonorensis and indoxacarb were applied simultaneously. All combinations of imidacloprid were antagonistic to the virulence of S. riobrave but additive with respect to the virulence of H. sonorensis. Dinotefuran had an additive effect in all combinations and timings evaluated for both EPN species. The negative effect of indoxacarb in the progeny of the tested EPN species suggests this insecticide may have an impact in the recycling of IJs in the soil.
Implications of adult education theories for medical school faculty development programmes

Adult education principles have impacted the approach used by many faculty development programmes. Underlying themes of immediacy of application, task centered opportunities to practice skills, and feedback on efforts are common to most popular approaches. Less common are instances where the need to know is initially communicated, or provision of opportunities to direct course content. Incorporation of sound adult educational principles into the design of faculty development programmes should enhance its reception by the faculty, and increase its value to the school.
Job-Embedded Professional Development: Its Impact on Teacher Self-Efficacy and Student Performance.

A quantitative approach was used to investigate the impact of a district-wide, job-embedded mathematics professional development program on elementary teachers’ general and personal efficacy. This investigation was based on the principles of mathematics professional development, efficacy theory, and student achievement. It was designed to determine the impact on teachers’ personal and general mathematics teaching efficacy as well as the relationship between teachers’ personal and general efficacy in teaching mathematics and students’ socioeconomic status with students’ achievement in mathematics. Teachers’ general and personal efficacies were measured using a paired-t analysis on the Math Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument. Student achievement as measured by the state mathematics content test was regressed over the measures of teachers’ general efficacy, teachers’ personal efficacy, and socioeconomic status. Results indicate teachers’ general efficacy and student socioeconomic status predicted student a...
Glottic reconstruction following conservation laryngeal surgery.

In this report, our collective experience with a technique of glottic reconstruction using intraluminal stenting, thyroid perichondrium, and invested cervical fascia is reviewed, with emphasis placed on survival and functional outcome
Technical aspects on magnetic resonance imaging of the spine at 1.5 tesla.

Technical aspects on surface coil magnetic resonance imaging of the spine using a superconducting system with a field strength of 1.5 tesla are described. By using a flat surface coil instead of th...
The role of Toll-like receptors in CNS response to microbial challenge

The recent discovery of the family of Toll-like receptors has vastly expanded our understanding of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system recognizes and responds to a wide variety of microbial and endogenous pathogens. Toll-like receptors are transmembrane proteins that upon ligation with their cognate ligands trigger the production of cytokines, enzymes and other inflammatory agents. In the CNS Toll-like receptors are expressed predominantly by glial cells. In particular, the vastly abundant astrocytes are likely to be the major contributors to inflammatory responses within the CNS. Studies of the murine brain abscess model revealed that Toll-like receptor 2 plays a pivotal role in the generation of immune responses to Staphylococcus aureus. Although Toll-like receptor signaling is essential in antimicrobial defense, it may also lead to bystander injury of CNS tissue.
α-Actinin and fimbrin cooperate with myosin II to organize actomyosin bundles during contractile-ring assembly

The actomyosin contractile ring assembles through the condensation of a broad band of nodes that forms at the cell equator in fission yeast cytokinesis. The condensation process depends on actin filaments that interconnect nodes. By mutating or titrating actin cross-linkers α-actinin Ain1 and fimbrin Fim1 in live cells, we reveal that both proteins are involved in node condensation. Ain1 and Fim1 stabilize the actin cytoskeleton and modulate node movement, which prevents nodes and linear structures from aggregating into clumps and allows normal ring formation. Our computer simulations modeling actin filaments as semiflexible polymers reproduce the experimental observations and provide a model of how actin cross-linkers work with other proteins to regulate actin-filament orientations inside actin bundles and organize the actin network. As predicted by the simulations, doubling myosin II Myo2 level rescues the node condensation defects caused by Ain1 overexpression. Taken together, our work supports a cooperative process of ring self-organization driven by the interaction between actin filaments and myosin II, which is progressively stabilized by the cross-linking proteins.
Genetic Interactions Between Regulators of Chlamydomonas Phosphorus and Sulfur Deprivation Responses

The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PSR1 gene is required for proper acclimation of the cells to phosphorus (P) deficiency. P-starved psr1 mutants show signs of secondary sulfur (S) starvation, exemplified by the synthesis of extracellular arylsulfatase and the accumulation of transcripts encoding proteins involved in S scavenging and assimilation. Epistasis analysis reveals that induction of the S-starvation responses in P-limited psr1 cells requires the regulatory protein kinase SNRK2.1, but bypasses the membrane-targeted activator, SAC1. The inhibitory kinase SNRK2.2 is necessary for repression of S-starvation responses during both nutrient-replete growth and P limitation; arylsulfatase activity and S deficiency-responsive genes are partially induced in the P-deficient snrk2.2 mutants and become fully activated in the P-deficient psr1snrk2.2 double mutant. During P starvation, the sac1snrk2.2 double mutants or the psr1sac1snrk2.2 triple mutants exhibit reduced arylsulfatase activity compared to snrk2.2 or psr1snrk2.2, respectively, but the sac1 mutation has little effect on the abundance of S deficiency-responsive transcripts in these strains, suggesting a post-transcriptional role for SAC1 in elicitation of S-starvation responses. Interestingly, P-starved psr1snrk2.2 cells bleach and die more rapidly than wild-type or psr1 strains, suggesting that activation of S-starvation responses during P deprivation is deleterious to the cell. From these results we infer that (i) P-deficient growth causes some internal S limitation, but the S-deficiency responses are normally inhibited during acclimation to P deprivation; (ii) the S-deficiency responses are not completely suppressed in P-deficient psr1 cells and consequently these cells synthesize some arylsulfatase and exhibit elevated levels of transcripts for S-deprivation genes; and (iii) this increased expression is controlled by regulators that modulate transcription of S-responsive genes during S-deprivation conditions. Overall, the work strongly suggests integration of the different circuits that control nutrient-deprivation responses in Chlamydomonas.
Mentoring support from clinical supervisors: Mentor motives and associations with counselor work-to-nonwork conflict

Abstract Based on mentoring theory, social exchange theory, and theories of stress and coping, this study examined antecedents and consequences of the provision of mentoring support by clinical supervisors. Of particular interest is how the provision of mentoring support is further linked to counselor's experience of work-to-nonwork conflict. Survey data were collected in person in 2008 from 418 matched clinical supervisor–counselor dyads who worked in substance use disorder treatment programs across the U.S. Path analysis showed that clinical supervisors' evaluation of relational costs, relational benefits, and overall relationship quality with a particular counselor was related to the counselor's perception of the amount of mentoring support provided. In turn, perceived mentoring support was negatively related to both strain-based and time-based work-to-nonwork conflict among counselors. These findings suggest that counselors and clinical supervisors should be encouraged to build positive social exchanges to help reduce perceptions of counselor work-to-nonwork conflict.
North Atlantic Core Foraminifera Collected by Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition: ABSTRACT

Foraminifera have been studied from 39 long deep-sea cores and from 53 undisturbed surface sediment samples collected from the North Atlantic. Mid-latitude and low-latitude planktonic assemblages can be differentiated, with at least five different distribution types. The long cores contain faunas normal for their latitude alternating with faunas typical of higher latitudes. These are suggested as representing alternating cold and warm epochs, mostly Pleistocene; correlation of these epochs appears possible in a mid-latitude series of cores. Several cores contain shallow-water Foraminifera which have been displaced from shallow water. It is suggested that much of the mud in the deep ocean may be the finer fraction of sediments displaced from shallow water. Four cores contain planktonic Foraminifera of Miocene age. There is abundant evidence of solution of calcium carbonate; it is suggested that most of this solution occurred at the sediment surface and is related to the rate of production of Foraminifera. A mixed high and low latitude planktonic fauna occurring off Africa between 15° and 20° N. Lat. is attributed to mixing at the convergence of the Equatorial Counter Current and the Canaries Current. Mixed planktonic faunas occur in lower sections of cores off Africa between 0° and 7° N. Lat.; this suggests that the convergence area was displaced southward during the past. End_of_Article - Last_Page 188------------
Multi-team facilitation of very large-scale distributed meetings

Distributed work teams routinely use virtual meetings to support their collaborative work. In this paper, we present a case study of the facilitation that was provided for a very large-scale distributed meeting. Small teams of facilitators were recruited, trained, and assigned to each of six discussion forums of ManagerJam, a 48 hour meeting of over 8,000 managers in a large global technology company. Through examination of pre-Jam records, analysis of the Jam conversation archive, and post-event interviews with over 20 facilitators, we describe the planning and training efforts, and assess the impact of the facilitation teams on the meeting's effectiveness. Guidelines for effective team facilitation of very large-scale meetings are provided, and design implications for meeting support systems are described.
DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE MODES OF SANDWICH STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO UNDERWATER IMPULSIVE LOADS

Sandwich panel structures with thin front faces and low relative density cores offer significant impulse mitigation possibilities provided panel fracture is avoided. Here steel square honeycomb and pyramidal truss core sandwich panels with core relative densities of 4% were made from a ductile stainless steel and tested under impulsive loads simulating underwater blasts. Fluid-structure interaction experiments were performed to (i) demonstrate the benefits of sandwich structures with respect to solid plates of equal weight per unit area, (ii) identify failure modes of such structures, and (iii) assess the accuracy of finite element models for simulating the dynamic structural response. Both sandwich structures showed a 30% reduction in the maximum panel deflection compared with a monolithic plate of identical mass per unit area. The failure modes consisted of core crushing, core node imprinting/punch through/tearing and stretching of the front face sheet for the pyramidal truss core panels. Finite element analyses, based on an orthotropic homogenized constitutive model, predict the overall structural response and in particular the maximum panel displacement.
Description of Khamul, gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae), with a hypothesis of its phylogenetic placement

Khamul n. gen., a distinctive eurytomid in the subfamily Eurytominae is described from the Neotropics based upon the type species, K. erwini, n. sp. A hypothesis of its phylogenetic placement within Eurytominae is presented, and four new species are described: K. erwini, K. gothmogi, K. lanceolatus, and K. tolkeini. Diagnostic features are included to distincguish this taxon from other eurytomines and a key to species presented. Its biology is unknown, but label data indicate walking stick eggs (Prisopus sp.; Phasmatodea: Prisopodidae) as a possible host.
Impaired response to Listeria in H2-M3-deficient mice reveals a nonredundant role of MHC class Ib-specific T cells in host defense.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule H2-M3 primes the rapid expansion of CD8+ T cells by presenting N-formylated bacterial peptides. However, the significance of H2-M3–restricted T cells in host defense against bacteria is unclear. We generated H2-M3–deficient mice to investigate the role of H2-M3 in immunity against Listeria monocytogenes (LM), a model intracellular bacterial pathogen. H2-M3–deficient mice are impaired in early bacterial clearance during primary infection, with diminished LM-specific CD8+ T cell responses and compromised innate immune functions. Although H2-M3–restricted CD8+ T cells constitute a significant proportion of the anti-listerial CD8+ T cell repertoire, the kinetics and magnitude of MHC class Ia–restricted T cell responses are not altered in H2-M3–deficient mice. The fact that MHC class Ia–restricted responses cannot compensate for the H2-M3–mediated immunity suggests a nonredundant role of H2-M3 in the protective immunity against LM. Thus, the early H2-M3–restricted response temporally bridges the gap between innate and adaptive immune responses, subsequently affecting the function of both branches of the immune system.
Laboratory Hybridization Among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis Inornata Arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

ABSTRACT The natural origin of diploid parthenogenesis in whiptail lizards has been through interspecific hybridization. Genomes of the parthenogens indicate that they originated in one generation, as the lizards clone the F1 hybrid state. In addition, hybridization between diploid parthenogens and males of bisexual species has resulted in triploid parthenogenetic clones in nature. Consequently, the genus Aspidoscelis contains numerous gonochoristic (= bisexual) species and numerous unisexual species whose closest relatives are bisexual, and from whom they originated through instantaneous sympatric speciation and an abrupt and dramatic switch in reproductive biology.
Ultra-compact, high efficiency, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy based trace gas sensor platform

An ultra-compact trace gas sensor platform based on photoacoustic spectroscopy using a quartz tuning fork (QTF) and components-off-the-shelf has been developed for sensor networks. Sensitivity limited by the intrinsic QTF thermal noise has been demonstrated.
Affective prosody labeling in youths with bipolar disorder or severe mood dysregulation.

Background: Accurate identification of nonverbal emotional cues is essential to successful social interactions, yet most research is limited to emotional face expression labeling. Little research focuses on the processing of emotional prosody, or tone of verbal speech, in clinical populations. Methods: Using the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy, the current study examined whether youths with pediatric-onset bipolar disorder (BD) and/or those with chronic and severe irritability (i.e. the severe mood dysregulation phenotype) are impaired in their ability to identify the emotional prosody of a spoken sentence with neutral content. Results: Youths with severe mood dysregulation (n = 67) performed more poorly than healthy comparison children (n = 57), even when the sample was limited to unmedicated patients. Medicated BD youths (n = 52) exhibited impairment relative to healthy comparison children. No interactions between group and emotion were observed, suggesting that emotional prosody labeling problems may represent a general deficit in chronically irritable youths and in medicated youths with BD. Conclusion: In concert with previously documented facial emotion labeling deficits, difficulties ascertaining the correct emotional tone of a spoken sentence may contribute to emotion dysregulation in chronically irritable children, and possibly also in youths with BD.
Accessible Technology and Models of Disability

In this chapter, we discuss assistive technology from the view of the consumer. Consumers of assistive technology follow the social model of disability, that is, persons with disabilities are part of the diversity of life, not necessarily in need of cure or special assistance. Their identity does not revolve around being a patient or client, but focuses on their human desires to work, play, and associate with others. The social model of disability dictates an empowering approach to assistive technology research and development where consumers are given the power to configure and even create technology to suit their own needs and desires. The technology that comes from this approach is called accessible technology, rather than assistive technology, emphasizing its role in making human activities more accessible.
Coinage-Metal-Stuffed Eu9Cd4Sb9: Metallic Compounds with Anomalous Low Thermal Conductivities

The synthesis and transport properties of the family of coinage metal-stuffed Zintl compounds, Eu9Cd4–xCM2+x–y□ySb9 (CM = coinage metal, □ = vacancies), is presented as a function of coinage metal substitution. Eu9Cd4–xCM2+x–y□ySb9 compounds are shown to be rare examples of metallic Zintl phases with low thermal conductivities. While the lattice thermal conductivity is low, which is attributed to the complex structure and presence of interstitials, the electronic contribution to thermal conductivity is also low. In these p-type compounds, the carriers transmit less heat than expected, based on the Wiedemann–Franz law and metallic conduction, κe = L0T/ρ. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the Fermi level resides in a pseudo-gap, which is consistent with the metallic description of the properties. While the contribution from the interstitial CM states to the Fermi level is small, the interstitial CMs are required to tune the position of the Fermi level. Analysis of the topology of el...