cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombosis and connective tissue interrelationships in arteriosclerosis.

The growth of a thombus is determined by the combined influences of blood flow, blood constituents, and blood vessel (Virchow, 1860). Major attention has been given to the circulating elements of the blood which participate in thrombus formation. Studies of these elements have led to a detailed in vitro description of blood coagulation in terms of the physiologic reactivity of procoagulants and platelets. Recently, the biologic application of numerous synthetic materials has brought those concerned with thrombus formation to inquire in a detailed manner into the influence of blood flow. The use of these materials has attracted the expertise of bioengineers interested in the field of fluid mechanics. The effect has been an emerging, comprehensive description of the behavior of physiologic fluids relating to the pathophysiology of thrombus formation. Results from these disciplines have underscored the need to consider the role of the remaining affector of thrombogenesis — the vascular surface.
TRPV channels and vascular function

Transient receptor potential channels, of the vanilloid subtype (TRPV), act as sensory mediators, being activated by endogenous ligands, heat, mechanical and osmotic stress. Within the vasculature, TRPV channels are expressed in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, as well as in peri-vascular nerves. Their varied distribution and polymodal activation properties make them ideally suited to a role in modulating vascular function, perceiving and responding to local environmental changes. In endothelial cells, TRPV1 is activated by endocannabinoids, TRPV3 by dietary agonists and TRPV4 by shear stress, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and downstream of Gq-coupled receptor activation. Upon activation, these channels contribute to vasodilation via nitric oxide, prostacyclin and intermediate/small conductance potassium channel-dependent pathways. In smooth muscle, TRPV4 is activated by endothelial-derived EETs, leading to large conductance potassium channel activation and smooth muscle hyperpolarization. Conversely, smooth muscle TRPV2 channels contribute to global calcium entry and may aid constriction. TRPV1 and TRPV4 are expressed in sensory nerves and can cause vasodilation through calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P release as well as mediating vascular function via the baroreceptor reflex (TRPV1) or via increasing sympathetic outflow during osmotic stress (TRPV4). Thus, TRPV channels play important roles in the regulation of normal and pathological cellular function in the vasculature.
Control of Networks of Unmanned Vehicles

At Berkeley we have been interested in design schemes for network of complex networks of semi-autonomous agents. These networks are characterized by interaction between discrete decision making and continuous control. The control of such systems is often frequently organized in hierarchical fashion to obtain a logarithmic decrease in complexity associated with the design, We have used as examples three classes of systems to motivate the design approach: 1. Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) 2. Air Tra.c Management Systems (ATMS) 3. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Chapter 2 Permeability for water and other polar molecules

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the permeability for water and other polar molecules. One of the main functions of the plasma membranes of living cells is to control the transport processes into and out of the cells of many substances, and thus, to regulate the composition of the intracellular fluid. The fluid usually contains solutes at concentrations that are quite different from their corresponding values in the bathing medium. This is achieved by the ability of the membrane to discriminate among various solutes so that some are allowed through, others are kept inside or outside the cell, and still others are carried actively. In addition, important processes, such as oxidative metabolism, protein synthesis, and several other synthetic processes are intimately connected with and dependent on membrane processes. In fact, continued existence of the cell is critically dependent on its having a functional plasma membrane. Studies of permeability characteristics of the cell membrane have been of considerable interest to cell physiologists, as these characteristics help to define functional and structural properties of the plasma membrane, and help elucidate the factors that determine the rate of movement of different substances into and out of various tissues in the body.
Exploring citizen satisfaction with police in India: The role of procedural justice, police performance, professionalism, and integrity

– The purpose of this paper is to examine citizens’ perception of police in India, particularly the authors examine the factors influencing citizen satisfaction with the police in India. , – Using survey data collected from the residents in a neighborhood of the capital city and from the passengers on a 41-hour-1,281 miles journey traveling from the northern part to the southern part of the country and return via Indian Railways, this study empirically analyzed citizens’ perceptions of police and factors that accounted for the variation in Indian citizens’ assessment of police. Consistent with the literature, this study integrates a broader range of explanatory variables to explain citizens’ perceptions toward police, including demographic characteristics, views about professionalism in police, police performance, fairness, police corruption, and citizens’ perceptions about their safety in their neighborhood. , – Older citizens reported higher satisfaction with the police. Among the contextual characteristics, the authors find a positive relationship between perceived police performance, fairness, professionalism, and citizen satisfaction with police. As expected, perceived police deviance is associated with lower citizen satisfaction with police. , – Findings of the study provide Indian police administrators with important references and directions to improve police performance and move to increase citizen satisfaction about police. It also adds to the limited literature on citizens’ perceptions of the police in India. , – This study is an attempt to systematically assess the citizens’ perception of police in India. The researchers believe that this as an original contribution in the body of criminal justice research, particularly to the scholarship on policing in India. Moreover, the examination of citizens’ satisfaction of police highlights their detailed views about professionalism of police, police performance, corruption, fairness and their perceptions about the safety in their neighborhood.
Design of the commissioning software for the AGS to RHIC transfer line

RHIC accelerator physicists and engineers have collaboratively specified the control system software for the commissioning of the AGS to RHIC transfer line (ATR) to occur in the fall of 1995. This paper summarizes the design and progress to date. We discuss the basic physics/engineering device model that we use to understand process and data flows, and describe the architecture and tools we will use to build the application level software.
Envelope-function approximation for nonrectangular Hg 1 − x Cd x Te superlattices

Les structures de bande de ces superreseaux sont decrites par un ensemble d'equations differentielles couplees, facilement resolvables numeriquement a l'aide des methodes de Runge-Kutta. Pour une periode donnee et un large intervalle des discontinuites de bande, la bande interdite du superreseau augmente quand le profil de la composition passe d'une forme rectangulaire a triangulaire, puis en dents de scie
Observations on the Secretion of Acid by the Mouse Stomach in Vitro

Summary Further observations have been made on the secretion of acid by the mouse stomach in vitro. The rate of acid secretion was found to be poorly correlated with the dry weight of the stomach or the amount of carbonic anhydrase present. Carbaminoylcholine was found not to stimulate acid secretion in this series of experiments. Atropine inhibited secretion. Ethyl alcohol and peptone had no effect. The stomach was found not to contain a conspicuously active system for deaminating amino acids. The addition of urea did not increase acid secretion, and it is concluded that urease is probably not an essential part of the acid secreting mechanism. Observations on the formation and utilization of pyruvic acid by the stomach showed that there is not a 1:1 relation between pyruvic acid appearance or disappearance and acid secretion. It is concluded that pyruvic acid metabolism is probably not an essential part of the acid secreting mechanism.
Influence of polymer specimen structure on the reproducibility of micro-thermomechanical transitions

Glass transitions of amorphous polystyrenes with low polydispersity were evaluated using the modulated Local Thermal Analysis mode of the TA Instruments 2990 µ TA and evaluating the thermomechanical signal. Transition temperature variance and fraction of transitions measured were compared for high molecular mass thermosetting materials and the melt of Nylon 6.6. The transition reproducibility was found to decrease as the molecular size of the polymer samples increased. Reproducibility also decreased for thermosetting materials when the experimental ramp rate was decreased. Heat transfer within the specimen was evaluated using finite element analysis, allowing scaling of microscale experimental results for comparison to bulk transitions.
Differential peptidomics assessment of strain and age differences in mice in response to acute cocaine administration

Neurochemical differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis between individuals and between ages may contribute to differential susceptibility to cocaine abuse. This study measured peptide levels in the pituitary gland (Pit) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) in adolescent (age 30 days) and adult (age 65 days) mice from four standard inbred strains, FVB/NJ, DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, and BALB/cByJ, which have previously been characterized for acute locomotor responses to cocaine. Individual peptide profiles were analyzed using mass spectrometric profiling and principal component analysis. Sequences of assigned peptides were verified by tandem mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis classified all strains according to their distinct peptide profiles in Pit samples from adolescent mice, but not adults. Select pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides were significantly higher in adolescent BALB/cByJ and DBA/2J mice than in FVB/NJ or C57BL/6J mice. A subset of peptides in the LH, but not in the Pit, was altered by cocaine in adolescents. A 15 mg/kg dose of cocaine induced greater peptide alterations than a 30 mg/kg dose, particularly in FVB/NJ animals, with larger differences in adolescents than adults. Neuropeptides in the LH affected by acute cocaine administration included pro-opiomelanocortin-, myelin basic protein-, and glutamate transporter-derived peptides. The observed peptide differences could contribute to differential behavioral sensitivity to cocaine among strains and ages. Peptides were measured using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) in individual lateral hypothalamus and pituitary samples from four strains and two ages of inbred mice in response to acute cocaine administration. Principal component analyses (PCA) classified the strains according to their peptide profiles from adolescent mice, and a subset of peptides in the lateral hypothalamus was altered by cocaine in adolescents.
Stereoelectroencephalography in the "difficult to localize" refractory focal epilepsy: early experience from a North American epilepsy center.

Summary Purpose: Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) enables precise recordings from deep cortical structures, multiple noncontiguous lobes, as well as bilateral explorations while avoiding large craniotomies. Despite a long reported successful record, its application in the United States has not been widely adopted. We report on our initial experience with the SEEG methodology in the extraoperative mapping of refractory focal epilepsy in patients who were not considered optimal surgical candidates for other methods of invasive monitoring. We focused on the applied surgical technique and its utility and efficacy in this subgroup of patients. Methods: Between March 2009 and May 2011, 100 patients with the diagnosis of medically refractory focal epilepsy who were not considered optimal candidates for subdural grids and strips placement underwent SEEG implantation at Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center. Demographics, noninvasive clinical data, number and location of implanted electrodes, electrophysiologic localization of the epileptic zone, complications, and short-term seizure outcome after resection were prospectively collected and analyzed. Key Findings: Mean age was 32 years (range 5–68 years); 54 were male and 46 female. The mean follow-up after resection was 15 months. In total, 1,310 electrodes were implanted. Analyses of the SEEG recordings resulted in the electrographic localization of the epileptogenic focus in 96 patients. In the group of 75 patients who underwent resection, only 53 had at least 12 months follow-up. From this group, 33 patients (62.3%) were seizure-free at the end of the follow-up period. The presence of abnormal pathologic finding was strongly associated with postoperative seizure control (p = 0.005). The risk of hemorrhagic complications per electrode was 0.2%. Significance: In patients who are not considered to be ideal candidates for subdural grids and strips implantation, the SEEG methodology is a safe, useful and reliable alternative option for invasive monitoring in patients with refractory focal epilepsy, providing an additional mean for seizure localization and control in a “difficult to localize” subgroup of patients.
Automatic classification of the cat's vigilance state

Abstract A special purpose hardware system has been interfaced with a minicomputer for determining the vigilance state in the cat and for quantifying delta and sigma spindle activity in the sleep EEG. The computer agreement with manual scoring is 93.8% when the state is classified as awake. non-REM, or REM sleep. The system identifies six distinct vigilance states: REM sleep, slow-wave sleep 1 or 2 (distinguished by differences in EMG level), light sleep, resting and movement. Five day averages of vigilance state and EEG activity are presented for three animals, and the effects of 5 HTP and L -dopa on delta activity and sleep spindles have been quantified for one cat in order to demonstrate the system utility.
Analysis and optimization of SRAM robustness for double patterning lithography

Double patterning lithography (DPL) is widely considered the only lithography solution for 32nm and several subsequent technology nodes. DPL decomposes and prints the critical layout shapes in two exposures, leading to mismatch between adjacent devices due to systematic offsets between the two exposures. This results in adjacent devices with different mean critical dimension (CD), and uncorrelated CD variation. Such a mismatch can increase functional failures in SRAM cells and degrade yield. This paper analyzes the impact of DPL on functional failures in SRAM bitcells, and proposes a DPL-aware SRAM sizing scheme to effectively mitigate yield losses. Experimental results based on 45nm industrial models and test chip measurements show that DPL can significantly impact SRAM cell robustness. Using the proposed DPL-aware sizing scheme, the SRAM cell failure probability can be reduced by up to 3.6X. Also, for iso-robustness, cells optimized by the proposed approach have 7.9% lower dynamic energy as compared to non-DPL aware sizing optimization.
Lewis' Modal Realism and Absence Causation

A major criticism of David Lewis’ counterfactual theory of causation is that it allows too many things to count as causes, especially since Lewis allows, in addition to events, absences to be causes as well. Peter Menzies has advanced this concern under the title “the problem of profligate causation.” In this paper, I argue that the problem of profligate causation provides resources for exposing a tension between Lewis’ acceptance of absence causation and his modal realism. The result is a different problem of profligate causation—one that attacks the internal consistency of Lewisian metaphysics rather than employing common sense judgments or intuitions that conflict with Lewis’ extensive list of causes.
Computation of losses in a scramjet combustor

The losses in a conceptual scramjet combustor at flight Mach numbers of 8, 10, 12, 16 and 20 are computed. These losses are extracted from three-dimensional parabolized Navier-Stokes solutions of the turbulent, reacting combustor flow field. A combustor performance index was defined based on the rationale that an efficient scramjet combustor should add heat to the fluid in such a manner as to maximize the stream thrust at the combustor exit while minimizing the losses. This index showed a decrease of more than 40 percent as the flight Mach number increased from 8 to 20, indicative of a drop in the thrust-producing potential of the scramjet at the upper end of the speed regime studied. A breakdown of the losses showed that dissipation, nonequilibrium chemistry and heat diffusion contributed roughly 15 percent, 35 percent, and 50 percent to the irreversible increase in entropy at Mach 8 and 22 percent, 13 and 65 percent at Mach 20.
Restructuring the U.S. Electric Power Sector: A Review of Recent Studies

The restructuring of the U.S. electric power industry has been described as “one of the largest single industrial reorganizations in the history of the world.” As with deregulation and reform of other industries, electricity restructuring was intended to produce cost efficiencies and price benefits to consumers. Whether it has achieved its stated objective is the focus of a number of recent studies that are examined in this review. The studies differ in numerous important ways – most importantly, in their methodologies and their conclusions. The focus of this review is on the strengths and limitations of their specific methodologies and, hence, on the confidence one might place in their conclusions. The article begins by setting out the basic methodological approaches employed in public policy evaluation. It then illustrates these points with examples from methodologies employed in several studies of electricity restructuring, concluding that several methodological deficiencies call into question the study results. In particular, despite much advocacy, there is little reliable and convincing evidence that consumers are better off as a result of the restructuring of the U.S. electric power industry.
Some notes on statistic robustness of nonparametric bivariate probit model in a finite sample

This article describes qualitatively some interesting statistic aspects of the nonparametric bivariate Probit model, which was examined in Aoki (2005) as a nonparametrically modified version of the estimator to test asymmetric information, originally proposed in Chiappori and Salanie (2000). My computation results and analysis show that even in a finite sample case the nonparametric version is very robust to the variable bandwidth, which is relatively smaller than the optimal bandwidth policy. This statistic characteristics enables the proposed nonparametric estimator to be put widely and conveniently into practical use, without applied researcher's necessity to pay too much attention to the precise value of optimal bandwidth.
The Use of Aggregate Time Series in Testing for Gaussianity

Many time series encountered in practice are non-Gaussian. Because of the process of data collection or the practice or researchers, time series used in analysis and modelling are frequently temporal aggregates. In this paper, we study the effects of the use of aggregate time series on testing for Gaussianity. We analyse how the test statistic is affected by aggregation and how that affects the power of the test. The results show that the use of aggregate time series induces Gaussianity and that the degree of inducement increases with the order of aggregation. In fact, the use of aggregate time series reduces the power of the test, although the effect is not significant for low orders of aggregation.
Multi-scale data visualization for computational astrophysics and climate dynamics at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Computational astrophysics and climate dynamics are two principal application foci at the Center for Computational Sciences (CCS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). We identify a dataset frontier that is shared by several SciDAC computational science domains and present an exploration of traditional production visualization techniques enhanced with new enabling research technologies such as advanced parallel occlusion culling and high resolution small multiples statistical analysis. In collaboration with our research partners, these techniques will allow the visual exploration of a new generation of peta-scale datasets that cross this data frontier along all axes.
Sets of reflections defining twisted Bruhat orders

Twisted Bruhat orders are certain partial orders on a Coxeter system (W,S) associated to initial sections of reflection orders, which are certain subsets of the set of reflections T of a Coxeter system. We determine which subsets of T give rise to a partial order on W in the same way.
Generation of random-dot stereogratings

Stereogratings are an extension of periodic stimulation to the Cyclopean domain. A program for the generation of random-dot stereogratings is described, with discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the program.
The value of open spaces in residential land use

Abstract The preservation of open spaces has become an important policy topic in many regions. Policy tools that have been used include: cluster zoning; transferable development rights; proposed land taxes to fund purchases of remaining open spaces; and private organizations that buy land. This paper develops a theoretical model of how different types of open spaces are valued by residential land owners living near these open spaces, and then, using a hedonic pricing model, tests hypotheses concerning the extent to which these different types of open spaces are capitalized into housing prices. The empirical results from Howard County, a rapidly developing county in Maryland, USA, show that “permanent” open space increases near-by residential land values over three times as much as an equivalent amount of “developable” open space. This methodology can be used to help inform policy decisions concerning open space preservation, such as effectively targeting certain areas for preservation, or as a means of creative financing of the purchase of conservation easements, through the increase in property taxes, resulting from the associated increase in property values.
Decreased Infant Mortality Rates in a Low Income Population Served by a Comprehensive Community Health Program

MARK RICHMAN (Shaker Heights, Ohio): What statistical evidence do you have that the populations with which your study dealt (in the two different periods compared) were at all similar, in terms of some of the things you mentioned: socioeconomic status, mean maternal age, and so on? Dr. CHABOT: We do not have age breakdowns, but we know that the incidence of welfare recipients during the years is about the same. FRANK ZECHSNER (Germany): As your first example you showed an infant mortality rate for West Germany of about 22%. That is about the mortality rate of Central Africa. We are not that bad, you know; probably your data are derived from statistical publications of our government, and these are usually 100 years behind the present time. Dr. CHABOT: Thank you. Those were 1967 data, and are presented in the World Health Organization book. FRED SELIGMAN (University of Miami, Miami, Fla.): Dr. CHABOT, do you have any data on the socioeconomic parameters of the low socioeconomic and more affluent census tracts in 1964 and 1968? In other words, can the changes you ascribe to health care, possibly be ascribed to the fact that the socioeconomic parameters have changed, and that perhaps the narrowing gap in terms of health indices is a reflection of a narrowing gap socioeconomically ? Also, do you have any data on population characteristics, especially, birth rates ? Dr. CHABOT : I do not have those data. Hopefully, we will when we get the 1970 census data. As far as the number of children born, our birth rate decreased somewhat in the poverty areas, but not significantly. JOEL J.ALPERT (Children's Hospital Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.): I would like very much to be convinced that the health program was responsible for the changes you have described, but there are many questions one can ask about other possible factors. The infant mortality rate is observed to be falling in other communities as well. I agree with your final statement, when you say that the infant mortality rate in the low socioeconomic census tracts is approaching that of the more affluent census tract. I was curious as to how you calculated your statistical differences. Dr. CHABOT: A biostatistician did it on the basis of the sample size and the number of deaths. He has been calculating this on the number of live births and on the number of actual deaths that occurred. It was a chi-square test. Lois LYON NEUMANN (New York University School of Medicine): Was there a significant difference in the incidence of low birth weight deliveries between the periods being compared? Dr. CHABOT : No, there was no decrease.
Molecular imaging with contrast ultrasound and targeted microbubbles

There is growing interest in the development of methods for imaging cellular and molecular mediators of cardiovascular diseases. Techniques for imaging molecular and cellular alterations have been explored for essentially all noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities. Molecular imaging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound relies on the detection of novel site-targeted microbubble contrast agents. These microbubbles are retained within regions of a specific disease process, thereby allowing phenotypic characterization of tissue. As microbubbles are pure intravascular tracers, the disease processes assessed must be characterized by antigens that are expressed within the vascular compartment. Accordingly, the pathologic states that have been targeted include inflammation, neoplasms, angiogenesis, and thrombus formation, all of which are mediated in part by molecular events within the vascular space. This review describes (1) different strategies that have been used to target microbubbles to regions of disease, (2) the unique challenges for imaging targeted ultrasound contrast agents, and (3) some of the early experience imaging molecular events in animal models of disease.
Provider bias in the treatment of diarrhea among boys and girls attending public facilities in Minia Egypt.

Girls' excess mortality in early childhood persists in all regions of the world and has been attributed to parental discrimination in the allocation of food and healthcare. Consequently, researchers have paid scant attention to the potential for unequal treatment of boys and girls by health providers. Data from a longitudinal study of child morbidity conducted between 1995 and 1997 in Minia, Egypt are used to compare the frequency with which diarrheal cases of boys and girls were treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS) among children ever presenting at a formal source of care. Multivariate analysis suggests that public providers have marginally higher adjusted odds of administering ORS to boys than to girls and significantly higher adjusted odds of giving and recommending ORS to the caretakers of boys than of girls. Findings expose a need for further research on the supply side determinants of girls' disadvantaged treatment in Upper Egypt and in other settings where son preference persists.
The use of the 12 minute walking test in assessing the effect of oral steroid therapy in patients with chronic airways obstruction

The reproducibility of the 12 minute walking distance (12 MD) was assessed in ten men with chronic airways obstruction, and the 12 MD was used, together with spirometry, transfer factor and three subjective assessments of breathlessness to evaluate the effects on respiratory function of prednisone 30 mg daily given orally in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion for two weeks. Like others, we found the 12 MD reproducible on a single day with a mean variation of 3.1%. Tests performed two weeks apart showed greater variability ranging from 0.2% to 30.9%, (mean 9.1%). During placebo and prednisone therapy the 12 MD and assessments of breathlessness correlated significantly with each other and with TLCO, but not with spirometry. Following steroid therapy there was a significant increase in mean TLCO but no significant change in 12 MD, spirometry or subjective assessments. Changes in 12 MD and TLCO correlated significantly with each other and with changes in subjective assessments. Changes in FEV1 correlated with changes in breathlessness, and also with variability in FEV1 while receiving placebo. Individuals with the greatest changes in 12 MD and FEV1 were those with the greatest variability on placebo. The variability of the 12 MD and FEV1 should be measured in individuals before using these tests to assess response to steroid therapy.
Oxygen and iron isotope studies of magnetite produced by magnetotactic bacteria

A series of carefully controlled laboratory studies was carried out to investigate oxygen and iron isotope fractionation during the intracellular production of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) by two different species of magnetotactic bacteria at temperatures between 4° and 35°C under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions. No detectable fractionation of iron isotopes in the bacterial magnetites was observed. However, oxygen isotope measurements indicated a temperature-dependent fractionation for Fe 3 O 4 and water that is consistent with that observed for Fe 3 O 4 produced extracellularly by thermophilic Fe 3+ -reducing bacteria. These results contrast with established fractionation curves estimated from either high-temperature experiments or theoretical calculations. With the fractionation curve established in this report, oxygen-18 isotope values of bacterial Fe 3 O 4 may be useful in paleoenvironmental studies for determining the oxygen-18 isotope values of formation waters and for inferring paleotemperatures.
Competency Versus Performance in Plastic Surgery: Navigating Through New Technologies and Medical Devices

The purpose of this article is to examine how plastic surgeons learn to use novel technology in their practices. In addition, a critical evaluation of current teaching methods as they relate to surgeon competence in these new technologies is discussed.
The Synthesis of Inositol Hexakisphosphate CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN INOSITOL 1,3,4,5,6-PENTAKISPHOSPHATE 2-KINASE

Abstract The enzyme(s) responsible for the production of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) in vertebrate cells are unknown. In fungal cells, a 2-kinase designated Ipk1 is responsible for synthesis of InsP6 by phosphorylation of inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (InsP5). Based on limited conserved sequence motifs among five Ipk1 proteins from different fungal species, we have identified a human genomic DNA sequence on chromosome 9 that encodes human inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (InsP5 2-kinase). Recombinant human enzyme was produced in Sf21 cells, purified, and shown to catalyze the synthesis of InsP6 or phytic acid in vitro. The recombinant protein converted 31 nmol of InsP5 to InsP6/min/mg of protein (V max). The Michaelis-Menten constant for InsP5 was 0.4 μm and for ATP was 21 μm. Saccharomyces cerevisiae lackingIPK1 do not produce InsP6 and show lethality in combination with a gle1 mutant allele. Here we show that expression of the human InsP5 2-kinase in a yeastipk1 null strain restored the synthesis of InsP6 and rescued the gle1–2 ipk1–4 lethal phenotype. Northern analysis on human tissues showed expression of the human InsP5 2-kinase mRNA predominantly in brain, heart, placenta, and testis. The isolation of the gene responsible for InsP6 synthesis in mammalian cells will allow for further studies of the InsP6 signaling functions.
Novel redox-dependent regulation of NOX5 by the tyrosine kinase c-Abl

We investigated the mechanism of H(2)O(2) activation of the Ca(2+)-regulated NADPH oxidase NOX5. H(2)O(2) induced a transient, dose-dependent increase in superoxide production in K562 cells expressing NOX5. Confocal studies demonstrated that the initial calcium influx generated by H(2)O(2) is amplified by a feedback mechanism involving NOX5-dependent superoxide production and H(2)O(2). H(2)O(2) NOX5 activation was inhibited by extracellular Ca(2+) chelators, a pharmacological inhibitor of c-Abl, and overexpression of kinase-dead c-Abl. Transfected kinase-active GFP-c-Abl colocalized with vesicular sites of superoxide production in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. In contrast to H(2)O(2), the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin induced NOX5 activity independent of c-Abl. Immunoprecipitation of cell lysates revealed that active GFP-c-Abl formed oligomers with endogenous c-Abl and that phosphorylation of both proteins was increased by H(2)O(2) treatment. Furthermore, H(2)O(2)-induced NOX5 activity correlated with increased localization of c-Abl to the membrane fraction, and NOX5 proteins could be coimmunoprecipitated with GFP-Abl proteins. Our data demonstrate for the first time that NOX5 is activated by c-Abl through a Ca(2+)-mediated, redox-dependent signaling pathway and suggest a functional association between NOX5 NADPH oxidase and c-Abl.
An Integrated High-Throughput Screening Approach for Purification of Solid Organic Compounds by Trituration and Crystallization in Solvents

Trituration and crystallization are essential techniques for purification of intermediates and drug substances in pharmaceutical process development. Traditionally, identifying the optimal solvent conditions for impurity rejection adopts an empirical approach that can be a time and material consuming process. On the basis of thermodynamic considerations for optimizing the purity and the yield of the crystal product, it is necessary to conduct screening experiments with the crude product in different solvents including mixtures of solvents. In this report, we describe the development and the implementation of a high-throughput screening workflow in a 96-well array format for identifying the optimal purification conditions. The impure samples were first triturated at room temperature and subsequently subjected to a thermal cycle in 96 unique solvents or solvent mixtures at a volume of 0.6 mL per well. The compound solubility and the impurity profiles of both supernatant and recovered solid were analyzed by ...
Comparison of perturbation and direct-numerical-integration techniques for the calculation of phase shifts for elastic scattering

Abstract The method of Gordon for the solution of the Schrodinger equation for elastic scattering is reformulated. Ordinary Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory is used to obtain the solution in a succession of intervals of the independent (radial) variable. A criterion for the automatic selection of interval sizes for a requisite accuracy of the phase shift is developed. The perturbation technique (carried to first order, taking the zero-order potential to be constant) is tested against the highly efficient Numerov direct-integration method on the Lennard-Jones (12,6) potential. It is found that, under the restrictions imposed on the perturbation method, the Numerov procedure is almost always more efficient, except for partial waves of low angular momentum.
A tutorial on some issues and methods in serial pattern research

In a review of major trends in serial pattern research, the issue of structural ambiguity and its relationship to representations of hierarchical and nonhierarchical patterns is considered. Also discussed is the role of various kinds of serial rules that can relate events within a sequence (e.g., nominal, ordinal, interval rules), as well as new developments in representing time relationships. Some practical problems that arise in the study of perception of serial structure are shown to involve its formal specification and the enlistment of appropriate controls. Major pitfalls are illustrated using recent research with music-like patterns (e.g., Deutsch, 1980).
Alkali production in the mouth and its relationship with certain patient's characteristics

Objectives To assess the relationships among alkali production, diet, oral health behaviors, and oral hygiene. Methods Data from 52 subjects including demographics, diet, and oral hygiene scores were analyzed against the level of arginine and urea enzymes in plaque and saliva samples. An oral habit survey was completed that included: use of tobacco (TB), alcohol (AH), sugary drinks (SD), and diet. Alkali production through arginine deiminase (ADS) and urease activities were measured in smooth-surface supragingival dental plaque and un stimulated saliva samples from all subjects. ADS and urease activities were measured by quantification of the ammonia generated from the incubation of plaque or saliva samples. Spearman correlations were used to compute all associations. Results Participants in the lowest SES (Socio-economic status) group had the habit of consuming sugary drinks the most and had the highest rate of tobacco use. Males consumed significantly more alcohol than females. No significant relationship was found between age or gender and alkali production. Higher rates of sugary drink consumption and tobacco use were significantly related to lower alkali production. Conclusion The study showed a relationship between alkali production and oral hygiene, diet, and certain oral health behaviors. Poor oral hygiene was significantly associated with age, lower SES, tobacco use, and alcohol, and sugary drinks consumption. Clinical relevance Certain oral health behaviors have an impact on oral hygiene and on alkali production; it is important to address these factors with patients as a strategy for caries control.
Trends in Intimate Partner Violence Services Provided by Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities: Findings from a National Sample

Facilities treating substance abuse problems have a unique opportunity to provide services related to intimate partner violence (IPV). This study investigated the percentage of substance abuse treatment facilities that offer IPV related services among a sample of over 10,000 treatment facilities. Characteristics of treatment facilities that do versus do not offer IPV services were also examined. Survey questions from the 2011 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (NSSATS) were analyzed. Only a minority of facilities offered IPV related services (38.4 %). Additionally, compared to facilities not providing IPV services, those providing such services differed on many notable characteristics, such as gender of clients accepted into the program (programs focused on adult women were more likely to offer IPV services), facility location (IPV services offered more in the Western United States), and facility ownership (IPV services offered more in facilities owned by tribal governments).
Image data compression using autoregressive time series models

Abstract A two-dimensional image model is formulated using a seasonal autoregressive time series. With appropriate use of initial conditions, the method of least squares is used to obtain estimates of the model parameters. The model is then used to regenerate the original image. Results obtained indicate this method could be used to code textures for low bit rates or be used in an application of generating compressed background scenes. A differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) scheme is also demonstrated as a means of archival storage of images along with a new quantization technique for DPCM. This quantization technique is compared with standard quantization methods.
Studies in Non-Linear Circuits

The series circuit consisting of an inductance L, capacitance C, resistance R, and a source of alternating electromotive force, where the circuit elements are all linear, is regarded as a special case of a more general type of circuit in which L, C, and R may be functions of the current or other variables. The practical importance of these non-linear circuits is noted and some of their properties are reported. In the series circuit with a linear resistance, capacitance, and an iron core inductance it is shown that the abrupt rise in current at a certain critical voltage is characterized by resonance in the sense that L di/dt = - 1/c ? i d t. In this non-linear resonance however the above condition is satisfied in but a limited portion of the cycle. During this portion of the cycle the peak current may be calculated from Ohm's law. The series circuit with linear resistance, capacitance, and an iron core reactor with superimposed steady magnetizing force, is shown to exhibit a pulsation oscillation which is explained on the basis of the positive impedance-current characteristic of such reactors. Parallel resonance for the non-linear case of an iron core reactor is reported, and it is shown that in conjunction with series resonance the unique characteristic is obtained wherein the r. m. s. current decreases with increasing applied voltage.
Effect of cimetidine on gastric potential difference in man.

Abstract The effect of the histamine H-2 receptor antagonist cimetidine on gastric potential difference (P.D.) has been studied in five healthy volunteers. P.D. was recorded continuously, and basal P.D. (mean ± S.E.) was -48± 1·0 mV. Cimetidine, 300 mg orally, increased P.D. to -64± 2·4 mV. Cimetidine also significantly decreased basal acidity from pH 2 to pH 7 within an hour. The effect on both P.D. and pH persisted throughout each 3h study. P.D. has been shown to correlate with changes in the human gastric mucosal barrier. Cimetidine, therefore, may have a protective effect on the gastric mucosal barrier in addition to its suppression of acid secretion.
Epitaxial growth of γ-Fe on Ni{001}

Abstract The epitaxial growth of Fe on Ni{001} is studied by means of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES). Films thinner than about 4 atomic layers produce 1 × 1 LEED patterns and are found to be epitaxial, but with markedly expanded interlayer spacings. Films thicker than about 6 layers (up to 25 layers) produce 1 × 1 patterns with weak satellite beams that are attributed to the presence of bcc Fe{110} islands. A LEED analysis of the 1 × 1 component of a 10-layer Fe film reveals a body-centered tetragonal structure with bulk lattice parameters a = 2.489 A (dictated by the Ni{001} substrate) and c = 3.88 A (i.e., interlayer spacing dbulk = 1.94 A, expanded 10% over the Ni spacing 1.76 A). The first interlayer spacing d12 is expanded 5% with respect to the bulk. Strain analysis estimates that the equilibrium room-temperature lattice constant of the Fe phase grown in these experiments is 3.65 ± 0.04 A, consistent with the results reported elsewhere for Fe films grown on Cu{001}. This information, combined with the results of total-energy band-structure calculations published elsewhere, shows that the γ-Fe phase grown in the present experiments is expanded with respect to the non-magnetic state, and has a strain that is slightly smaller in the ferromagnetic than in the antiferromagnetic state.
A Comparison of Hyporheic Transport at a Cross‐Vane Structure and Natural Riffle

While restoring hyporheic flowpaths has been cited as a benefit to stream restoration structures, little documentation exists confirming that constructed restoration structures induce comparable hyporheic exchange to natural stream features. This study compares a stream restoration structure (cross-vane) to a natural feature (riffle) concurrently in the same stream reach using time-lapsed electrical resistivity (ER) tomography. Using this hydrogeophysical approach, we were able to quantify hyporheic extent and transport beneath the cross-vane structure and the riffle. We interpret from the geophysical data that the cross-vane and the natural riffle induced spatially and temporally unique hyporheic extent and transport, and the cross-vane created both spatially larger and temporally longer hyporheic flowpaths than the natural riffle. Tracer from the 4.67-h injection was detected along flowpaths for 4.6 h at the cross-vane and 4.2 h at the riffle. The spatial extent of the hyporheic zone at the cross-vane was 12% larger than that at the riffle. We compare ER results of this study to vertical fluxes calculated from temperature profiles and conclude significant differences in the interpretation of hyporheic transport from these different field techniques. Results of this study demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in transport metrics at both the cross-vane and the riffle and differences between the hyporheic flowpath networks at the two different features. Our results suggest that restoration structures may be capable of creating sufficient exchange flux and timescales of transport to achieve the same ecological functions as natural features, but engineering of the physical and biogeochemical environment may be necessary to realize these benefits.
High-resolution stress mapping of polycrystalline alumina compression using synchrotron X-ray diffraction

The ability to achieve uniform stress in uniaxial compression tests of polycrystalline alumina is of significance for the calibration of piezospectroscopic coefficients as well as strength studies in ceramics. In this study high-energy X-rays were used to capture powder diffraction profiles over a half-section of a polycrystalline alumina parallelepiped sample under an increasing uniaxial compressive load. The data were converted to strain and results were used for stress mapping of the sample. Stress maps from the study quantify the higher stresses at the sample-platen contact interface and reveal the evolution of the stress distribution in these specimens with load. For the geometry of the samples used, at the center section of the specimen the overall magnitudes of the compressive stresses were found to be 20% higher compared with the average expected theoretical stress based on the applied load and cross-sectional area. The observed compressive stresses at the corners of the parallelepiped specimen were 62% higher and shear stresses were observed at the specimen interface to the load mechanism. The effects, seen at the interface, can lead to premature failure at these locations and can affect the accuracy of calibration of spectral peaks with stress as well as compression strength measurements. The results provide important information that can be used to establish guidelines on material and geometry considerations in developing compression tests on high-strength ceramics.
Accuracy and precision in the estimation of peak areas and NOE factors

Abstract The problem of estimating peak areas and NOE factors in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra is investigated. Two procedures are analyzed, the first of which is numerical integration and the second is curve fitting to a Lorentzian function. In the numerical integration technique we find that finite truncation often leads to a significant bias or underestimation of peak areas, while curve fitting which does not have as severe a truncation problem can be far superior when the peak shape is Lorentzian.