cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study of on-line surface finish prediction in boring operations

Abstract A technique has been developed to make predictions about the surface finish using dynamic cutting force information. Discrete autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models have been implemented, which feature the modal decomposition of the system's dynamics along with the modal contributions yielding the frequencies contained in the surface profile. This strategy has been experimentally verified off-line in a boring operation, and an on-line implementation is suggested.
Lipid monolayer collapse and microbubble stability

Microbubbles are micrometer-size gaseous particles suspended in water, and they are often stabilized by a lipid monolayer shell. Natural microbubbles are found in freshwater and saltwater systems, and engineered microbubbles have a variety of applications in food sciences, biotechnology and medicine. Lipid-coated microbubbles are found to have remarkable stability and mechanical behavior owing to the resistance of the lipid monolayer encapsulation to collapse. The purpose of this review is to tie in recent observations of lipid-coated microbubble dissolution and gas exchange with current literature on the physics of lipid monolayer collapse in the context of lung surfactant. Based on this analysis, we conclude that microbubble shells collapse through the nucleation of microscopic folds, which then catalyze the formation and aggregation of new folds, leading to macroscopic folding events. This process results in a cyclic behavior of crumple-to-smooth transitions, which can be modulated through lipid composition. Eventually, the microbubbles stabilize at 1-2 μm diameter, regardless of initial size or lipid composition, and various mechanisms for this stabilization are postulated. Our ultimate goal is to inspire the reader to consider lipid monolayer collapse as the main long-term stabilizing mechanism for lipid-coated microbubbles, and to stimulate the use of microbubbles as a platform for studying monolayer collapse phenomena.
Three Ring Posttranslational Circuses: Insertion of Oxazoles, Thiazoles, and Pyridines into Protein-Derived Frameworks

Nitrogen heterocycles are the key functional and structural elements in both RNA and DNA, in half a dozen of the most important coenzymes, and in many synthetic drug scaffolds. On the other hand, only 3 of 20 proteinogenic amino acids have nitrogen heterocycles: proline, histidine, and tryptophan. This inventory can be augmented in microbial proteins by posttranslational modifications downstream of leader peptide regions that convert up to 10 serine, threonine, and cysteine residues, side chains and peptide backbones, into oxazoles, thiazoles, and pyridine rings. Subsequent proteolysis releases these heterocyclic scaffolds in both linear and macrocyclic frameworks as bioactive small molecules.
Tug of War: How Real Is the Rivalry between Congress and the President over Foreign Policy?

(2002). Tug of War: How Real Is the Rivalry between Congress and the President over Foreign Policy? Congress & the Presidency: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 113-118.
Inverse Association between Methylation of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 DNA and Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grades 2 or 3

Background: The clinical relevance of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA methylation has not been well documented, although its role in modulation of viral transcription is recognized. Methods: Study subjects were 211 women attending Planned Parenthood clinics in Western Washington for routine Papanicolaou screening who were HPV16 positive at the screening and/or subsequent colposcopy visit. Methylation of 11 CpG dinucleotides in the 39 end of the long control region of the HPV16 genome was examined by sequencing the cloned polymerase chain reaction products. The association between risk of CIN2/3 and degree of CpG methylation was estimated using a logistic regression model. Results: CIN2/3 was histologically confirmed in 94 (44.5%) of 211 HPV16 positive women. The likelihood of being diagnosed as CIN2/3 increased significantly with decreasing numbers of methylated CpGs (meCpGs) in the 39 end of the long control region (Pfor trend=0.003). After adjusting for HPV16 variants, number of HPV16-positive visits, current smoking status and lifetime number of male sex partners, the odds ratio for the association of CIN2/3 with $4 meCpGs was 0.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.79). The proportion of $4 meCpGs decreased appreciably as the severity of the cervical lesion increased (Pfor trend=0.001). The inverse association remained similar when CIN3 was used as the clinical endpoint. Although not statistically significant, the $4 meCpGs-related risk reduction was more substantial among current, as compared to noncurrent, smokers. Conclusion: Results suggest that degree of the viral genome methylation is related to the outcome of an HPV16 cervical infection.
Skill differentials, return to schooling, and market segmentation in a transition economy: the case of Mainland China

Abstract A body of existing research attributes evident underpayment of workers and low private returns to schooling in China through the mid-1990s to the persistence of labor-market monopsony. We find that rural enterprises overpay production workers relative to a monopsony profit-maximizing benchmark, while there is extreme underpayment of skilled workers relative to the monopsony profit-maximizing amount. This relatively large “exploitation” of skilled workers explains, in a proximate sense, low private returns to schooling.
Is there anybody out there

Paul Davies's latest book argues that the search for intelligent life beyond Earth should be expanded. Chris McKay considers why we should look closer to home — perhaps even in our DNA.
Sound pressure distribution within natural and artificial human ear canals: forward stimulation.

This work is part of a study of the interaction of sound pressure in the ear canal (EC) with tympanic membrane (TM) surface displacement. Sound pressures were measured with 0.5–2 mm spacing at three locations within the shortened natural EC or an artificial EC in human temporal bones: near the TM surface, within the tympanic ring plane, and in a plane transverse to the long axis of the EC. Sound pressure was also measured at 2-mm intervals along the long EC axis. The sound field is described well by the size and direction of planar sound pressure gradients, the location and orientation of standing-wave nodal lines, and the location of longitudinal standing waves along the EC axis. Standing-wave nodal lines perpendicular to the long EC axis are present on the TM surface >11–16 kHz in the natural or artificial EC. The range of sound pressures was larger in the tympanic ring plane than at the TM surface or in the transverse EC plane. Longitudinal standing-wave patterns were stretched. The tympanic-ring sound field is a useful approximation of the TM sound field, and the artificial EC approximates the natural EC.
Peptidergic innervation of insect skeletal muscle: immunochemical observations.

Proctolin (Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr) is a pentapeptide present in the hindgut or proctodeum of the cockroach Periplaneta americana where it may be a transmitter. Its widespread distribution among peripherally projecting neurons in the CNS (Bishop and O'Shea, '82) suggested that proctolin's motor function is not restricted to the hindgut, but has a variety of peripheral targets. This idea was further supported when proctolin was localized to an identified skeletal motoneuron, the slow coxal depressor, where it acts as a cotransmitter (O'Shea and Bishop, '82; Adams and O'Shea, '83). Our objective was to investigate the proctolinergic innervation of a variety of skeletal muscles of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. We used immunohistochemical and radioimmunochemical methods to map the distribution of proctolin immunoreactivity. This survey revealed that a subpopulation of skeletal muscles are innervated by proctolinergic motoneurons. The anatomical features of the peptidergic innervation and the levels of proctolin-like immunoreactivity of one muscle group, the coxal depressor system, are here described in detail. The source of the proctolin innervation to the metathoracic coxal depressor group is identified as the slow coxal depressor motoneuron. The results of a survey of fast and slow skeletal muscles revealed that proctolin is associated with slow motor function. The functional implications of the association of a peptide with motoneurons are discussed in relationship to the organization of the insect motor pool.
Catecholamine assays in a rat model for autonomic dysreflexia

Abstract Objective: To determine if norepinephrine (NE) levels increased during autonomic dysreflexia (AD) hypertension in spinal cord injured rats. Design: Prospective, randomized study of three groups of eight rats that underwent C8 spinal cord transection. Two days postoperatively, catecholamine samples were collected from the animals as follows: group 1 without preoperative chemical sympathectomy using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH DA) or induced AD; group 2 with induced AD; and group 3, preoperative chemical sympathectomy with 6-OH DA and induced AD. Setting: Basic science research laboratory in an academic institution. Participants: Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 300g. Intervention: Three episodes of induced AD hypertension with bowel distension for 1 minute. Results: Results showed a significant difference between groups 1 and 2, 2 and 3, and 1 and 3 ( p = .0002, ANOVA, Y 12 , post hoc Tukey). The mean NE levels in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 465 ± 400ng/mL, 1,328 ± 1,116ng/mL, and 31 ± 61ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion: NE increased during AD in the spinal cord injured rat. NE levels were effectively blocked by 6-OH DA when AD was induced. Knowledge of catecholamine levels in this process may assist in determining both pathophysiology and potential pharmacologic treatment options in future human studies.
Growth of AlGaN alloys exhibiting enhanced luminescence efficiency

Interest in developing ultraviolet emitters using the III-Nitride family of semiconductors has sparked considerable effort in fabricating AlGaN alloys that exhibit enhanced luminescence based on strong carrier localization, similar to their InGaN brethren. In this paper, we report on the growth of such alloys by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) without the use of indium. This enhancement is attributed to the presence of nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities (NCIs) in these materials. The emission wavelength in these materials has been tuned between 275 nm and 340 nm by varying growth conditions. The effects of dislocations on double heterostructures (DHs) that employ an NCI AlGaN active region has been investigated, with an internal quantum efficiency as high as 32% obtained for the lowest dislocation density samples (3×1010 cm−2). Prototype DH-ultraviolet light emitting diodes (DH-UVLEDs) emitting at 324 nm were fabricated employing an NCI AlGaN alloy as the active region.
Size matters: a comparison of T1 and T2 peripheral non-small-cell lung cancers treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes and local control rates of patients with peripheral T1 and T2 non–small-cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy. Methods The records of 40 consecutive patients treated with 3- or 5-fraction lung stereotactic body radiation therapy for peripheral, clinical stage I non–small-cell lung cancer were reviewed. Stereotactic body radiation therapy was delivered at a median dose of 60 Gy. Doses to organs at risk were limited based on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0236 treatment protocol. Patients were staged clinically. Median follow was 12.5 months. Results Twenty-seven (67%) patients and 13 (33%) patients had T1 and T2 tumors, respectively. Thirty-seven (94%) patients were medically inoperable. Nine (23%) patients had chest wall pain after stereotactic body radiation therapy. Symptomatic pneumonitis developed in 4 (10%) patients. Increasing tumor size correlated with worse local control and overall survival. The median recurrence-free survival for T1 and T2 tumors was 30.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.9–34.2) and 20.5 months (95% CI, 14.3–26.5), respectively ( P = .038). Local control at 2 years was 90% and 70% in T1 and T2 tumors, respectively ( P = .03). The median survival for T1 and T2 tumors was 20 months (95% CI, 20.1–31.6) and 16.7 months (95% CI, 10.8–21.2), respectively ( P = .073). Conclusions Stereotactic body radiation therapy for T2 non–small-cell lung cancer has a higher local recurrence rate and trended toward a worse survival than did T1 lesions. Tumor size is an important predictor of response to stereotactic body radiation therapy and should be considered in treatment planning.
Ultraviolet photoemission studies of chemisorption and point defect formation on ZnO nonpolar surfaces

Abstract Ultraviolet photoemission (He I and He II) studies are reported on point defect formation as well as CO2 and O2 interaction with ZnO(1010) under thermodynamically well defined conditions. Physisorption spectra can be correlated with UPS spectra in the gas phase if a uniform relaxation/polarization shift is taken into account. CO2 chemisorption may be characterized by formation of carbonate like surface complexes. Small concentrations of intrinsic point defects lead to significant changes in the surface electronic structure and provide specific CO2 chemisorption sites which are intermediates during heterogenous oxidation of CO on ZnO.
A curvilinear version of a quasi-3D nearshore circulation model

A curvilinear version of the nearshore circulation model SHORECIRC is developed based on the quasi-3D nearshore circulation equations derived by Putrevu and Svendsen [Eur. J. Mech. 18 (1999) 409-427]. We use a generalized coordinate transformation and re-derive the equations in tensor-invariant forms. The contravariant component technique is used to simplify both the transformed equations and boundary conditions. A high-order finite-difference scheme with a staggered grid in the image domain is adopted for the numerical model. Very good convergence rates with both grid refinement and time refinement are obtained in a simple convergence test. The model is then applied to four cases involving either a non-orthogonal quadrilateral grid or a generalized curvilinear grid. The versatility of the curvilinear model in dealing with curved shorelines, nearshore breakwaters and other complicated geometries is demonstrated in the test cases. The accuracy of the model is shown in the paper through model/data comparisons in two of the case studies.
Identity Closure: A Fifth Identity Status

This study examined identity status and self-actualization of young adults (N = 41), who were administered a revised identity interview (based on Marcia's interview) and a measure of self-actualization (the Personal Orientation Inventory). A fifth status, identity closure, was added to account for status regression and re-foreclosure, found in previous studies. This addition prompted a revision of the operational definition of identity achievement to include three criteria: exploration, tentative commitment, and openness to alternatives. Open achieved individuals scored higher than closed individuals on the measure of self-actualization, suggesting some validity for the revised operational definition of identity achievement and providing support for Eriksonian theory. Theoretical implications and the development of a revised paradigm are discussed.
Depth Psychology and Symbolic Anthropology: Toward a Depth Sociology of Psychocultural Interaction

Early psychologists and anthropologists worked more closely in the early 20th century than they have subsequently. However, more recent scholarship has shown that the work of Freud, and even more so Jung, is receiving renewed interest from some interpretive anthropologists. In this article, some of the challenges inherent in the comparison of the depth psychology of Freud and Jung and the anthropology of Durkheim, Levy-Bruhl, Levi-Strauss, Geertz, and Rappaport are summarized. An underlying methodology is proposed, which accounts for the complexity of interaction between individual and culture, but neither reduces culture unnecessarily nor isolates individual and culture from the elements from which they are both derived and influenced.
Thomas-Fermi approximation to functional determinants in external gauge potentials.

Author(s): Spence, CD; Bander, M | Abstract: The functional determinant and vacuum expectation value of a fermion field in an external gauge potential are evaluated in a Thomas-Fermi approximation. This approximation should be valid for slowly varying potentials. The expressions are readily transcribable to a lattice. We do not encounter the problem of doubling of fermionic degrees of freedom. © 1986 The American Physical Society.
A high-voltage temperature compensated logarithmic amplifier suitable for integration in a BiCMOS power controller IC

A new logarithmic amplifier suitable for integration in controller IC's for power electronics systems is introduced. The amplifier can be implemented in standard BiCMOS technologies commonly used to manufacture controller IC's but consumes little silicon real estate as compared to commercial log amplifiers, leaving room for primary controller features. Particularly suitable to high voltage measurements at low power, the amplifier includes internal temperature compensation. The amplifier is in fabrication using the TSMC 0.35 /spl mu/m technology node. Simulations results at a single supply of 3.3 V predict true logarithmic performance with only 1.5 mW of quiescent power consumption. The active area of the amplifier (sans I/O pads) is 100 /spl mu/n x 125 /spl mu/n.
A class of Petri nets with a convex reachability set

A class of place/transition nets, called elementary composed state machine nets, is defined. The most interesting property of this class of nets is that the set of reachable markings is an integer convex set. Following the authors' approach, the linear inequalities that define the reachability set can compute from the analysis of the simple state machine modules that compose the net. Thus all properties that can be expressed in terms of reachability of a given marking can be analyzed by integer programming techniques. >
Working in a digital world: new leadership practices for the development of a digital library workforce

Os progressos da biblioteca digital sao parte de um movimento global em muitos setores da sociedade rumo ao trabalho virtual e servicos eletronicos disponibilizados pelos avancos da tecnologia da informacao. Este ambiente requer novas atitudes e habilidades na forca de trabalho e, por isso, lideres que compreendam as mudancas por que passa a economia da informacao e como tratar e desenvolver tal forca de trabalho. Este artigo explora metodos para desenvolver os recursos humanos e estimular a criatividade para capitalizar o imenso potencial das bibliotecas digitais no sentido de educar e fortalecer a mudanca social. Ha uma falta de trabalhadores tecnicamente habilitados e, acima de tudo, de inovadores. Retencao e recrutamento sao um dos maiores obstaculos ao avanco dos servicos da biblioteca digital e aos produtos de informacao.
An Agent-Based Solution Framework for Inter-Block Yard Crane Scheduling Problems

The efficiency of yard operations is critical to the overall productivity of a container terminal because the yard serves as the interface between the landside and waterside operations. Most container terminals use yard cranes to transfer containers between the yard and trucks (both external and internal). To facilitate vessel operations, an efficient work schedule for the yard cranes is necessary given varying work volumes among yard blocks with different planning periods. This paper investigated an agent-based approach to assign and relocate yard cranes among yard blocks based on the forecasted work volumes. The goal of our study is to reduce the work volume that remains incomplete at the end of a planning period. We offered several preference functions for yard cranes and blocks which are modeled as agents. These preference functions are designed to find effective schedules for yard cranes. In addition, we examined various rules for the initial assignment of yard cranes to blocks. Our analysis demonstrated that our model can effectively and efficiently reduce the percentage of incomplete work volume for any real-world sized problem.
Integrating open hypermedia systems with the World Wide Web

Research on open hypermedia systems (OHSs) has been conducted since the late Eighties [Meyrowitz, 1989]. These systems employ a variety of techniques to provide hypermedia services to a diverse range of applications. The World Wide Web is the largest distributed hypermedia system in use and was developed largely independent of the research in OHSs. The popularity of the Web along with problems inherent in its design has motivated OHS researchers to integrate their systems with it. This research has primarily focused on enhancing the functionality of the Web via the services of an OHS. This paper presents three experiments exploring the integration of the Chimera OHS with the Web. While one of the experiments indeed describes work which enhances the Web, the other two investigate ways in which the Web can beneficially enhance an OHS. The paper concludes with a call for both communities to continue research which focuses on integration.
Force measurements on cargoes in living cells reveal collective dynamics of microtubule motors

Many cellular cargoes move bidirectionally along microtubules, driven by teams of plus- and minus-end–directed motor proteins. To probe the forces exerted on cargoes during intracellular transport, we examined latex beads phagocytosed into living mammalian macrophages. These latex bead compartments (LBCs) are encased in membrane and transported along the cytoskeleton by a complement of endogenous kinesin-1, kinesin-2, and dynein motors. The size and refractive index of LBCs makes them well-suited for manipulation with an optical trap. We developed methods that provide in situ calibration of the optical trap in the complex cellular environment, taking into account any variations among cargoes and local viscoelastic properties of the cytoplasm. We found that centrally and peripherally directed forces exerted on LBCs are of similar magnitude, with maximum forces of ∼20 pN. During force events greater than 10 pN, we often observe 8-nm steps in both directions, indicating that the stepping of multiple motors is correlated. These observations suggest bidirectional transport of LBCs is driven by opposing teams of stably bound motors that operate near force balance.
Florida Coastal Classification: ABSTRACT

A shoreline classification, based on the equilibrium concept, is developed in detail. It is shown that the basic equilibrium notion can be supplemented, to good advantage, by the observation that down-shore (littoral) changes in energy level or drift rates are important in shaping the coast. Other factors which are used in constructing the classification are tectonic stability, sea-level stability, material present, and nonmarine agencies involved. Most of the Florida east coast is marked by high energy levels, the west and panhandle coasts by low to moderate energy. Quartz sand, shell fragments, and exposed bedrock (limestone) are the dominant materials present. Maximum erosion is now occurring on the lower east coast, and on the central panhandle coast, where ramp slopes are steep (50 or more feet per mile), and on the lower west coast, where there is essentially no supply of new sand for littoral drift. Violent, local erosion, in other parts of the state, is primarily a matter of readjustment in response to the activities of man. The shoreline classification here applied can not he used directly in paleogeographic interpretation. Much the same information can be obtained, however, by modern stratigraphic techniques. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1604------------
A Systems Engineering Approach to Aircraft Design

Over the last decades, aircraft have evolved into large-scale products characterized by an increasing number of complex systems, components, parts, and functionalities. Each of them involves different disciplines and technologies, along with different sets of tools, processes, and methods. Hence, the successful definition, design, and development of an aircraft require a holistic and systematic approach to aircraft design that supports the development of a life cycle balanced system solution that meets customer requirements. The field of systems engineering provides an interdisciplinary structured yet flexible process to help address these aspects. This chapter illustrates systems engineering principles, process, and methods in the context of aircraft design. It first defines the concept of a system and discusses the importance of the life cycle in the creation of competitive and cost effective products. This chapter then introduces systems engineering through a series of definitions and further presents an example of a system engineering process model. Finally, it illustrates the systems engineering process as is implemented in aircraft design. Keywords: advanced design methods; aircraft conceptual design; design process; design space exploration; functional analysis; requirement analysis; systems design; systems engineering system life cycle
El Tango y La Vanguardia

El Tango y La Vanguardia El tango tuvo su nacimiento en los fines del siglo XIX, en la region del Rio de la Plata. Una danza que representa el antagonismo y alienacion de las vanguardias latinoamericanas. Su musica alberga los conceptos de humor negro, de la picardia portena cuya cuna se encuentra en los conventillos, los arrabales, las orillas de la capital federal (Megenney, 2003). En estas paginas, me propongo analizar la presencia del antagonismo vanguardistas en las letras de cuatro tangos: Buenos Aires , Al Mundo Le Falta Un Tornillo, Cambalache y Los Mareados, asi como la coexistencia simultanea de dichos conceptos en la obra de Roberto Arlt, Los Siete Locos . The Tango and The Avant-Guarde The tango was born at the end of the 19 th Century in the geographical region known as the River Plate. It is a dance that represents the concepts of antagonism and alienation of the Latin American Avant-Guarde. Its music encompasses the sarcasm, the humor that is typically found in the slums, in the poor areas of Buenos Aires (Megenney, 2003). In this paper, I will analyze the presence of the Avant-Guarde antagonism, which is clearly present in four tango lyrics: Buenos Aires , Al Mundo Le Falta Un Tornillo, Cambalache y Los Mareados as the coexistence of the same concept in the text of Roberto Arlt’s Los Siete Locos.
Long-Term Management of Prolactinomas

Prolactinomas are a frequent cause of gonadal dysfunction and infertility, especially in young women. The regulation of prolactin secretion and the efficacy of dopamine agonists in the therapy of prolactinomas are well established. The current challenges in management of prolactinomas are related to follow-up after successful therapy. Issues and questions to be addressed in this approach to long-term management of prolactinomas include the frequency of radiographic monitoring, effect of pregnancy and menopause, safety of estrogen in women taking oral contraceptives, and the potential for discontinuation of dopamine agonist therapy.
A data-driven surrogate model to connect scales between multi-domain biomechanics simulations

A data driven surrogate was developed to bridge the gap between finite element and multibody modeling and to expand the information available from a rigid multibody cartilage simulation. An indentation experiment performed on canine stifle cartilage was modeled in both paradigms with acceptable accuracy and the data were used to create the surrogate. Neural networks were found to adequately approximate the von Mises stress calculated by the finite element model based on force values provided from the multibody model with a correlation coefficient over 0.96.
THE B. MYCOIDES N HOST-VIRUS SYSTEM I. DIFFERENCES IN APPEARANCE AND RATE OF GROWTH OF THE LYSOGENIC AND PARENT INDICATOR STRAINS

There were differences in the way the lysogenic strain N of B. mycoides and the parent indicator strain grew on nutrient agar and in nutrient broth. 1. On agar, the indicator culture traveled more quickly over the agar surface than the phage-carrying strain; the total extent of spread was greater. 2. In broth, the indicator strain grew diffusely throughout the liquid, the lysogenic cells in clumps. The virus-infected strain appeared to grow more slowly. This may reflect (a) the effect of aggregation on the generation time of the lysogenic strain, (b) an active lytic process in the lysogenic population which is further enhanced by the effect of clump formation on the environment of the cell.
Iterative GRAPPA (iGRAPPA) for improved parallel imaging reconstruction

In this work an iterative reconstruction method based on generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) reconstruction is introduced. In the new method the reconstructed lines are used to reestimate and refine the weights from all the acquired data by applying the GRAPPA procedure iteratively with regularization. Both phantom and in vivo MRI experiments demonstrated that, compared to GRAPPA, the iterative approach reduces parallel imaging artifacts and permits high-quality image reconstruction with a relatively small number of calibration lines and slight changes of GRAPPA weights.
The Political Economy of Biotechnology

The political economy of agricultural biotechnology is addressed in this review through three puzzles. First, why were new crop technologies of the Green Revolution readily accepted, versus today's considerable blockage of genetically engineered crops? Second, why has genetic engineering in medicine and pharmaceuticals been normalized, whereas recombinant DNA technology in agriculture is highly restricted? Finally, why is there greater political acceptance of agricultural biotechnology in some countries versus others, for some crops versus others, and for some crop traits versus others? Explanation requires an extended theoretical framework of regulation that goes beyond a vector sum of weighted material interests. Consideration must also be given to the social construction of risk, political structure, and social psychology. A full political economy of agricultural biotechnology must consider not only costs and benefits to multiple actors in different societies within the classic interest-group and regul...
MacroSystems Biology: stimulating new perspectives on scaling in ecology

MacroSystems Biology, as a programmatic experiment by the Biological Sciences Directorate at NSF, began in 2010 with the objectives to inventory and to stimulate thinking and research in the U.S. that spans physical scales from the local to the continental. The concept itself was not new, but rather an attempt to expand macroecology, an organism-centric sub-field (sensu Brown and Maurer 1989) to the full range of ecological entities. In fact, the motivation went beyond a ‘‘simple’’ conceptual broadening. The Long-Term Ecological Research Program (LTER) was in its 30th year, with well-established local research sites from the Arctic to the Antarctic to build on, while construction of the National Ecological Observation Network (NEON) had just begun, promising a next 35 years of unprecedented availability of synoptic environmental and ecological data at a continental scale. During this period, genomic techniques were transforming the core of community and ecosystem ecology by bringing massive amounts of microbial data to the table. And at the same time, applications of whole ecosystem flux measurements and remote sensing from increasingly diverse platforms—drones to satellites—were maturing and being used to address fundamental questions. The time just seemed ripe. The articles in this special issue all owe something to that experiment. But it would be a mistake, and highly misleading, to view this one program in isolation. Investments by the Department of Energy in AmeriFlux and various experimental infrastructures (e.g., soil warming plots, FACE, rainfall manipulations), NASA in remote sensing, USDA in its intramural programs, other NSF programs (including Ecosystem Studies, Population and Community Ecology, LTER, Critical Zone Observatories), and many more form a more complete and essential context for the projects described here. Since 2010, MacroSystems itself has supported 42 projects, most of them still active and a number of them (9) represented in this special issue. In short, our inventory uncovered a very large pent-up demand for support enabling research that links local ecological processes with global climate changes, reveals continental patterns of microbial dynamics, explores the consequences of biotic homogenization and species introductions, and explains how micro-environmental conditions around tree seedlings influence the structure of mature forests centuries later. We think there is Special issue: Macrosystems ecology: Novel methods and new understanding of multi-scale patterns and processes.
Metaphor Detection in Discourse

Understanding contextual information is key to detecting metaphors in discourse. Most current work aims at detecting metaphors given a single sentence, thus focusing mostly on local contextual cues within a short text. In this paper, we present a novel approach that explicitly leverages global context of a discourse to detect metaphors. In addition, we show that syntactic information such as dependency structures can help better describe local contextual information, thus improving detection results when combined. We apply our methods on a newly annotated online discussion forum, and show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines in previous literature.
Guided Wave Deflectors Using Gratings with Slowly-Varying Groove Depth for Beam Shaping

Thin film waveguides with periodic surface variation are important components in integrated optical devices. These waveguide-grating structures provide the means for efficient coupling of light into and out of such films. They can also be used for the mutual coupling of guided waves, resulting in interesting phenomena such as polarization conversion, deflection, and reflection [1,2].
From Words to Networks and Back: Digital Text, Computational Social Science, and the Case of Presidential Inaugural Addresses

Digital text has revolutionized how we consume and produce information, and also provides seemingly limitless sources of data from Twitter feeds to online historical archives. Such new data challenge traditional boundaries between quantitative and qualitative research, and exciting horizons have emerged. New analytic approaches are warranted, however, given the typically unstructured, respondent-generated format of such data. In this article, I examine how sociologists have handled text data prior to digitization. Building on recent advancements in computational linguistics and computational social science, I then offer a network-based model and approach for analyzing similarities and locating emergent, general themes in digitized text. I provide a case in point by analyzing the United States’ presidential inaugural addresses. This analysis illustrates how sociologists can take advantage of both the breadth of new digital sources of data and the richness that such qualitative material provides. Indeed, th...
Serial Changes in Metabolic Correlates of Hibernation in Female Black Bears

Captive female black bears were immobilized and sampled at approximately 10-day intervals from September to March during 2 years (six bears/year) in Virginia. Ten of 12 bears hibernated for an average of 92 days. Rectal temperature declined ( P < 0.001) during hibernation to as low as 34.6°C. Average loss in mass for hibernators was 260 g/day and represented 23.1% of peak body mass. Urea : creatinine ratios differed ( P < 0.01) after hibernation between hibernators and active bears, declining to 7.2 ± 0.3 ( X ± SE ; 84 samples) during hibernation. Serum concentrations of total protein, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and bilirubin also differed ( P < 0.01) between groups after onset of hibernation. Urea : creatinine ratio was a good indicator of the hibernating state, but the sensitivity of serum-urea concentrations to diet suggests careful use of this ratio as a field index of hibernation.
TIME-DEPENDENT FAILURE PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF CORRODED PARALLEL WIRE CABLE

Based on the probability model of wire corrosion initiation and the probability model of corrosion expansion,the time-dependent failure probability model for a corroded parallel wire cable is established.According to characteristics of a wire-corrosion probability tree formed by probability in each consecutive inspection period,the branch and bound method was introduced to calculate the corrosion probability,solving the key problems of the exponential growth in computational amount.The model parameters and an example of cable's failure probability were investigated.In premise of the correct statistical estimation on all model parameters,the results demonstrate that the model can predict the number of corroded wires with their probability in any detection period for a cable in service,and calculate the total amount of wire corrosion area.Moreover,the model can be used to analyze the time-dependent cable failure probability.The proposed model is an exploratory research on the cable corrosion failure problem,thus it has a certain reference value for the inspection and evaluation on stay-cables.
The impact of inadequate gestational weight gain in obese diabetic women.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) on neonatal birth weight in diabetic obese women. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of women with an initial body mass index (BMI) ⩾30 kg m(-2) and gestational or type 2 diabetes was conducted. GWG was stratified: inadequate ( 20 lbs). The primary outcome was birth weight. Secondary outcomes included hypertensive disorders, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery and Apgar scores. RESULT A total of 211 obese diabetic women were identified. Of those, 37% had inadequate GWG, 25% had adequate GWG and 38% had excessive GWG. Women with inadequate GWG had lower mean birth weights (P=0.048), as well as lower rates of cesarean delivery (P=0.017) and lower rates of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders (P=0.026) compared with those with adequate and excessive GWG. CONCLUSION Inadequate GWG was associated lower mean birth weights, lower rates of cesarean delivery and lower rates of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders.
Gender differences in outpatient research subjects with affective disorders : a comparison of descriptive variables

Background Gender may play an important role in the etiopathophysiology of psychiatric illness and has become a subject of increasing interest because of its possible effects on biological markers, treatment outcome, and prognosis. Intrigued by this issue and as part of our attempt to further characterize research subjects in San Diego, we evaluated male and female research subjects from our affective disorders clinical research center on a variety of measures. Based on epidemiologic data, we postulated that female and male subjects would be similar to epidemiologic samples and would differ in terms of comorbid diagnoses and that female subjects would be more likely to have had a history of previous treatment. Method The demographic characteristics; coffee, tobacco, and alcohol consumption patterns; symptom patterns; and current and lifetime comorbid DSM-III-R Axis I diagnoses of 124 female and 69 male outpatient research subjects were contrasted. Results Female research subjects had more comorbid problems with anxiety disorders, were more likely to have been previously treated, and were more likely to have a family history of psychiatric illness. Conclusion Male and female research subjects were remarkably similar with respect to most characteristics assessed but, as postulated, differed in terms of their comorbid diagnoses and prior treatment history.
Radical polymers improve the metal-semiconductor interface in organic field-effect transistors

Abstract Modifying the organic-metal interface in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is a critical means by which to improve device performance; however, to date, all of the interfacial modifying layers utilized in these systems have been closed-shell in nature. Here, we introduce open-shell oxidation-reduction-active (redox-active) macromolecules, namely radical polymers, in order to serve as interfacial modifiers in pentacene-based OFETs. Through careful selection of the chemistry of the specific radical polymer, poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA), the charge transport energy level of the interfacial modifying layer was tuned to provide facile charge injection and extraction between the pentacene active layer and the gold source and drain electrodes of the OFET. The inclusion of this radical polymer interlayer, which was deposited in through straightforward inkjet printing, led to bottom-contact, bottom-gate OFETs with significantly increased mobility and ON/OFF current ratios relative to OFETs without the PTMA interlayer. The underlying mechanism for this improvement in device performance is explained in terms of the charge transport capability at the organic-metal interface and with respect to the pentacene grain growth on the radical polymer. Thus, this effort presents a new, open-shell-based class of materials for interfacial modifying materials, and describes the underlying physics behind the practical operation of these materials.
Functional remediation components: A conceptual method of evaluating the effects of remediation on risks to ecological receptors.

ABSTRACTGovernmental agencies, regulators, health professionals, tribal leaders, and the public are faced with understanding and evaluating the effects of cleanup activities on species, populations, and ecosystems. While engineers and managers understand the processes involved in different remediation types such as capping, pump and treat, and natural attenuation, there is often a disconnect between (1) how ecologists view the influence of different types of remediation, (2) how the public perceives them, and (3) how engineers understand them. The overall goal of the present investigation was to define the components of remediation types (= functional remediation). Objectives were to (1) define and describe functional components of remediation, regardless of the remediation type, (2) provide examples of each functional remediation component, and (3) explore potential effects of functional remediation components in the post-cleanup phase that may involve continued monitoring and assessment. Functional reme...
Pilocytic astrocytoma and glioneuronal tumor with histone H3 K27M mutation

Pediatric glioblastoma (GBM) can be sub-classified into several molecular subgroups, including a group defined by a mutation in histone H3 at position amino acid 27 resulting in the replacement of lysine by methionine (K27M) [1]. K27M GBMs are located in the midline, often occur in children, and have been shown to have worse prognosis than other GBM subgroups, with a median survival of 6 months [2–5]. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System now recognizes “diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant” as a distinct clinic-pathological entity and recommends grading as Grade 4 [5]. A robust immunohistochemical stain has been recently developed to specifically detect the K27M mutation. It can be used to help diagnose these high-grade tumors, particularly in the setting of a small biopsy where the amount of tissue is insufficient for molecular studies [6]. Here we report two patients with midline pilocytic astrocytoma and a glioneuronal tumor, respectively, harboring a K27M mutation. Our findings show that K27M mutations may be present in a spectrum of brain tumors with less aggressive clinical behavior and prolonged survival. Our data indicates that the entity of H3 K27M-mutant tumors may represent a spectrum including not only diffuse gliomas [5] but also less aggressive tumors than previously recognized, and that histone H3 K27M mutation should not be used as the sole criterion for the diagnosis of WHO Grade IV and to imply a dismal prognosis and aggressive management.
Aspartame and Learning and Behavior

The effects of aspartame on learning, behavior, and mood of 9-10-year-old normal children were examined in the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Curing Instant Insanity II

Instant Insanity II is a 4 by 4 sliding tile puzzle designed by Philip Orbanes. The packaging indicates that there is a unique solution to the puzzle, up to rotations of the columns and permutation...
Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications

It's a pleasure to welcome you to OOPSLA 2006, the 21st Annual Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications. OOPSLA is the premier forum for practitioners, researchers, and students in diverse disciplines whose common threads are objects and related technologies. From its inception, OOPSLA has served as an incubator for advanced technologies and practices. Dynamic compilation and optimization, patterns, refactoring, aspect-oriented software development, agile methods, service-oriented architectures and model-driven development (to name a few) all have OOPSLA roots.OOPSLA 2006 continues and strengthens that tradition. It features an exciting roster of researchers and practitioners from around the world coming to showcase their latest work in a highly diverse set of forums that meet the needs of our equally diverse audience. Presentations from invited speakers dovetail with technical papers, practitioner reports, expert panels, demonstrations, formal and informal educational symposia, workshops, and diverse tutorials from world-class lecturers. Bend your head around some out-of-the-box thinking at the ever-popular Onward! track. Discuss late-breaking results with the researchers themselves at poster sessions, which culminate in the Fifth Annual ACM Student Research Competition. Get some hands-on design experience at the expert-mentored DesignFest®. Gather together with like-minded people at Birds-of-a-Feather sessions to discuss shared topics of interest. Or just let us know what's on your mind at the Lightning Talks, where anyone can speak to the community on just about anything at all.
Pitfalls in Organizational Neuroscience: A Critical Review and Suggestions for Future Research

The potential of neuroscience to be a viable framework for studying human behavior in organizations depends on scholars’ ability to evaluate, design, analyze, and accurately interpret neuroscientif...