cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoral Camera Use in a Dental School Clinic: Evaluations by Faculty, Students, and Patients

The aims of this study were to assess the perceptions of dental students, faculty members, and patients about the benefits and pitfalls of intraoral camera use and to compare the completion rate of treatment planned posterior crowns with and without intraoral camera use in a predoctoral dental clinic. From July 2016 to June 2017, all 60 fourth-year dental students at one U.S. dental school were encouraged to use the intraoral camera in treatment planning with patients in the school clinic. Perceptions of the students, their patients, and the faculty members supervising the treatment planning were assessed with a survey at the end of the treatment planning appointment. The completion rate of treatment planned posterior crowns was determined by recalling all posterior teeth that were treatment planned for a single unit crown at a specific period of time compared to the number of the same crowns completed for the same patients at a specific period of time, using the electronic health record, with and without camera use. Of the 60 students, 51 completed 198 surveys (85% response rate); 35 faculty members completed 64 surveys, and 202 patients completed one survey each (response rates for those groups could not be calculated). The survey results suggested that the students, faculty, and patients viewed intraoral camera use in a positive way. However, faculty perceptions were a little lower than those of patients and students, and a significant number of faculty members were neutral. The completion rate of posterior planned crowns was significantly higher (p=0.0005) when intraoral cameras were used to present images to patients than when cameras were not used. In this study, intraoral camera use in a predoctoral clinic was perceived positively by students and patients but more neutrally by faculty, and it increased the completion rate of planned posterior crowns.
Project orange elephant is a conflict specific holistic approach to mitigating human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka.

Human-wildlife conflicts are an increasing problem as human land use encroaches on wildlife habitats. Augmenting farmers’ crops with orange trees through Project Orange Elephant has proven to be a simple and effective method for mitigating human-elephant conflicts in Sri Lanka. Similar endeavours could be applied elsewhere in the world. Chathuranga Dharmarathne et al. discuss an innovative conservation project to reduce human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka. This project uses citrus trees to repel elephants from farms, thereby reducing crop loss among farmers and providing additional income.
Absence of S100A4 in the mouse lens induces an aberrant retina-specific differentiation program and cataract.

S100A4, a member of the S100 family of multifunctional calcium-binding proteins, participates in several physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we demonstrate that S100A4 expression is robustly induced in differentiating fiber cells of the ocular lens and that S100A4 (-/-) knockout mice develop late-onset cortical cataracts. Transcriptome profiling of lenses from S100A4 (-/-) mice revealed a robust increase in the expression of multiple photoreceptor- and Muller glia-specific genes, as well as the olfactory sensory neuron-specific gene, S100A5. This aberrant transcriptional profile is characterized by corresponding increases in the levels of proteins encoded by the aberrantly upregulated genes. Ingenuity pathway network and curated pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes in S100A4 (-/-) lenses identified Crx and Nrl transcription factors as the most significant upstream regulators, and revealed that many of the upregulated genes possess promoters containing a high-density of CpG islands bearing trimethylation marks at histone H3K27 and/or H3K4, respectively. In support of this finding, we further documented that S100A4 (-/-) knockout lenses have altered levels of trimethylated H3K27 and H3K4. Taken together, our findings suggest that S100A4 suppresses the expression of retinal genes during lens differentiation plausibly via a mechanism involving changes in histone methylation.
Comparison of neonatal outcomes with use of a soybean oil–based injectable lipid emulsion vs a 4-oil emulsion product

Purpose Results of a study comparing the safety and efficacy outcomes with use of a soybean oil-based injectable lipid emulsion (SO-ILE) vs a 4-oil alternative product in a neonatal population are presented. Methods In an institutional review board-approved, multicenter retrospective review, the medical records of 328 patients who were born at a gestational age of ≤34 weeks, had a birth weight of 500 to 2,000 g, were admitted to one of 2 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) within a large health system, and received at least 7 days of a parenteral nutrition containing either lipid emulsion product were reviewed: 151 (46%) had received SO-ILE and 177 (54%) had received SMOFlipid (Fresenius Kabi). The primary outcome of the study was a composite of development of cholestasis and development of hypertriglyceridemia. Secondary outcomes included total duration of cholestasis treatment with ursodiol and change in body weight from initiation to completion of lipid emulsion treatment. Results The primary outcome of development of cholestasis or hypertriglyceridemia occurred in 14.6% of patients in the SO-ILE group and 18.1% of patients in the SMOFlipid group (P = 0.393). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in total days of ursodiol treatment or average body weight change during the course of lipid emulsion treatment. Conclusion In preterm neonates weighing 500 to 2,000 g, use of SMOFlipid did not significantly reduce the incidence of cholestasis or hypertriglyceridemia relative to the incidence with use of SO-ILE. Further research to validate these results is needed.
The Assessment of Statistical Information

The formal analysis of the option to incorporate a given information source into a decision problem requires the DM to enumerate the potential messages, ascertain the statistical relationship between each potential message and each possible state of nature, decide upon the optimal decision rule conditional on each message, and recognize that information processing has costs that may depend upon any and all of these activities. Optimal incorporation requires considerable specificity in the framing of the problem; one of the key ingredients is the specification of the statistical characteristics of the random variables. Under the prerequisite that the resulting assessments are coherent with the laws of probability, this chapter offers an overview of techniques for eliciting prior knowledge and for developing foreknowledge of the information structure.
Cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times: longitudinal reproducibility and variations using different coils, MR systems and sites.

Summary Objective To evaluate the longitudinal reproducibility and variations of cartilage T 1ρ and T 2 measurements using different coils, MR systems and sites. Methods Single-Site study: Phantom data were collected monthly for up to 29 months on four GE 3T MR systems. Data from phantoms and human subjects were collected on two MR systems using the same model of coil; and were collected on one MR system using two models of coils. Multi-site study: Three participating sites used the same model of MR systems and coils, and identical imaging protocols. Phantom data were collected monthly. Human subjects were scanned and rescanned on the same day at each site. Two traveling human subjects were scanned at all three sites. Results Single-Site Study: The phantom longitudinal RMS-CVs ranged from 1.8% to 2.7% for T 1ρ and 1.8–2.8% for T 2 . Significant differences were found in T 1ρ and T 2 values using different MR systems and coils. Multi-Site Study: The phantom longitudinal RMS-CVs ranged from 1.3% to 2.6% for T 1ρ and 1.2–2.7% for T 2 . Across three sites ( n = 16), the in vivo scan-rescan RMS-CV was 3.1% and 4.0% for T 1ρ and T 2 , respectively. Phantom T 1ρ and T 2 values were significantly different between three sites but highly correlated ( R > 0.99). No significant difference was found in T 1ρ and T 2 values of traveling controls, with cross-site RMS-CV as 4.9% and 4.4% for T 1ρ and T 2 , respectively. Conclusion With careful quality control and cross-calibration, quantitative MRI can be readily applied in multi-site studies and clinical trials for evaluating cartilage degeneration.
Replicability for Localization of the P1, N1, and P2 Components of the Auditory Evoked Response in an Unselected Group of Subjects

With few exceptions (Yamamoto et al, 1988) intrasubject replications have not been performed to test the reliability of dipole localization. Furthermore, although several studies have examined either the P1, N1 or P2 components of the auditory evoked magnetic field (EMF), most studies have localized one component in only a few subjects. Consequently, it is difficult to determine whether separate sources are responsible for these components. Also, only a few studies (Reite et al, 1988; Yamamoto et al, 1988) have included magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of each subject’s brain onto which the location of the computed dipoles can be superimposed. We have begun a systematic effort to address these issues by testing a series of subjects at least twice and by superimposing dipole locations onto individual MRIs.
Bridging the gap between open-loop and closed-loop control in co-design: A framework for complete optimal plant and control architecture design

Here we propose a novel framework for the combined plant and controller architecture design based on a set of systematic studies that culminate in an optimal plant architecture and associated realizable control law. This framework bridges the inherent gap between open-loop optimal trajectories provided by particular co-design studies and practically implementable control laws. This is accomplished through a step-by-step process where a series of optimization problems are solved that provide important system insights such as maximum system performance limits, controller architecture, actuator selection, etc. at appropriate design phases. Each optimization problem thus informs subsequent formulations. This methodology is applied to semi-active suspension design.
Discrete controlled harmonic and reactive power compensator

Unwanted harmonic content and nonunity power factor of the current resulting from three-phase power electronic loads are compensated with a simple GTO (gate turn-off) thyristor bridge. The bridge, the simulation method, and the design of the discrete controller for the bridge are described. Computer simulation results for the GTO bridge are presented in the form of current waveforms, harmonic analysis, and power-factor calculations. The harmonic content of the source current is reduced to less than 8% with unity power factor. >
Distributed Earth Science Validation Centers for Mission to Planet Earth

By the end of the century, NASA will launch a series of satellites to study the Earth. NASA will store the Earth data in one of the world's largest information systems, whose size will be 1,000 times larger than the Library of Congress. Based upon a current infrastructure of Earth science validation centers throughout the world, this paper describes a highly distributed architecture for the management, processing, and quality assurance of data that complements current high-volume, reliable NASA archives.
The mitochondrial genome

The human mitochondrial genome consists of approximately 1500 genes, 37 encoded by the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the remainder encoded by the nuclear chromosomes. Mutation in the nDNA genes result in Mendelian diseases that affect mitochondrial function or mtDNA replication and stability. Mutations in the mtDNA include ancient adaptive polymorphisms, maternally inherited diseases, and somatic mutations that contribute to age-related diseases, aging, and cancer. Keywords: mitochondrial; mtDNA; maternal inheritance; degenerative diseases; cancer; aging
The hydrophobic photoreagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-m-([125I] iodophenyl) diazirine is a novel noncompetitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

We have shown previously that the lipophilic photoreagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)3-m-([125I]iodophenyl)-diazirine ([125I]TID) photolabels all four subunits of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and that greater than 70% of this photoincorporation is inhibited by cholinergic agonists and some noncompetitive antagonists, including histrionicotoxin (HTX), but not phencyclidine (PCP; White, B.H., and Cohen, J.B. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 8741-8751). We have now examined the effects of nonradioactive TID on (a) AChR photoincorporation of [125I]TID, (b) AChR-mediated ion transport, and (c) AChR binding of several cholinergic ligands. We find that TID inhibits [125I]TID photoincorporation into the AChR to the same extent as carbamylcholine. The saturable component of [125I]TID photolabeling is half-maximal at 4 microM [125I]TID with 0.5 mol specifically incorporated per mol of AChR after 30 min photolysis with 60 microM [125I]TID. Repeated labeling of membranes at a fixed [125I]TID concentration gave results consistent with a maximal incorporation of one [125I]TID molecule per AChR. Nonradioactive TID also noncompetitively inhibits agonist-stimulated 22Na+ efflux from Torpedo vesicles with an IC50 of 1 microM. Furthermore, TID inhibits allosterically the binding of [3H]HTX, decreasing its affinity for the AChR 5-fold both in the presence and absence of agonist. In contrast, TID has little effect on [3H]PCP binding in the absence of agonist but completely inhibits it in the presence of agonist. TID enhances the cooperativity of [3H]nicotine binding. [125I]TID is thus a photoaffinity label for a novel noncompetitive antagonist binding site on the AChR that is linked allosterically to the binding sites of both agonists and other noncompetitive antagonists. The [125I]TID site is presumably located within the central pore of the AChR.
Assuring the quality of information dissemination: responsibilities of database producers

A survey on current practices related to quality assurance, developed and mailed to NFAIS members, forms the basis for reporting on the present state of quality achievement
Language, Society and the Elderly: Discourse, Identity and Ageing

Language, Society and the Elderly: Discourse, Identity and Ageing. Nikolas Coupland. Justine Coupland. and Howard Giles. Language in Society, 18. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. 220 pp.
Age-related changes in cytokine expression by neutrophils of foals stimulated with virulent Rhodococcus equi in vitro.

Abstract Although evidence exists that neutrophils play a vital role in resistance to infection with Rhodococcus equi, the means by which neutrophils exert their effects have not been clearly defined. In the present study we evaluated differences in cytokine expression by unstimulated and R. equi-stimulated neutrophils obtained from newborn foals and subsequently at 2-, 4-, and 8-weeks of age. Stimulation with virulent R. equi induced significantly (P
Testing causality violation on spacetimes with closed timelike curves

Generalized quantum mechanics is used to examine a simple two-particle scattering experiment in which there is a bounded region of closed timelike curves (CTCs) in the experiment's future. The transitional probability is shown to depend on the existence and distribution of the CTCs. The effect is therefore acausal, since the CTCs are in the experiment's causal future. The effect is due to the non-unitary evolution of the pre- and post-scattering particles as they pass through the region of CTCs. We use the time-machine spacetime developed by Politzer [1], in which CTCs are formed due to the identification of a single spatial region at one time with the same region at another time. For certain initial data, the total cross-section of a scattering experiment is shown to deviate from the standard value (the value predicted if no CTCs existed). It is shown that if the time machines are small, sparsely distributed, or far away, then the deviation in the total cross-section may be negligible as compared to the experimental error of even the most accurate measurements of cross-sections. For a spacetime with CTCs at all points, or one where microscopic time machines pervade the spacetime in the final moments before the big crunch, the total cross-section is shown to agree with the standard result (no CTCs) due to a cancellation effect.
Design and Implementation of an Integrated Magnetic Spectrometer for Multiplexed Biosensing

Magnetic spectroscopy allows for characterization of the magnetic susceptibility of magnetic beads across a broad frequency range. This enables differentiation and quantification of multiple beads of varying types concurrently present in the active volume of a sensor's surface. A magnetic spectrometer can be used for multi-probe tagging and identification akin to multi-color fluorescent bio-sensing. We propose a new sensing methodology to perform magnetic spectroscopy and analyze various important design parameters such as SNR and gain uniformity. We present a proof-of-concept design of a fully integrated CMOS magnetic spectrometer that can detect, quantify, and characterize magnetic materials in the 1.1 GHz to 3.3 GHz frequency range, where we demonstrate magnetic multiplexing capability using a mixture of two different kinds of magnetic beads. The sensor consumes less than 2 mW of DC power within the whole frequency range, requires no external biasing magnetic fields, is implemented in a standard CMOS process, and can be powered and operated completely from a USB interface. The magnetic spectrometer not only increases the throughput and multiplexing of biosensing experiments for a given sensor area, but also can enable additional applications, such as magnetic flow cytometry and signal-collocation assays of multiple probes.
Braking devices for 400-cycle motors

A brief survey is presented of devices used for stopping 400-cycle motors to aid the equipment designer to select the braking mechanism most suited to his particular needs.
Serum and Liver Isoferritin Differences: Evidence That Serum Ferritin May Be Underestimated in Hyperferritinemia

SummaryWe have used gel filtration chro-matography to compare relative antibody affinities of liver ferritin and serum ferritin from patients with idiopathic hemochroma-tosis and other causes of hyperferritinemia such as liver disease, transfusional iron overload, and cancer. When equal amounts of either liver or serum ferritin were mixed with 125I-labeled antiferritin antibody then eluted through an agarose column, we obtained higher antigen-antibody complex recovery with the serum ferritin than liver ferritin. This was more marked in patients with untreated, idiopathic hemochromatosis. Our findings provide additional evidence of different reactivity between serum isoferritins and an antibody prepared against organ-specific ferritin. Further, this suggests that the immuno-radiometric assay may underestimate serum ferritin concentration in patients with high ferritin values.
Detection of image transformation for reduced error in 2-D reconstruction

In building 2-D images, the selection of appropriate homographies plays a crucial role in reducing the error and in registering the images accurately. In this paper, we demonstrate a method for selecting the appropriate homography for building the panoramic image based on information extracted from the images themselves. It is shown that using homographies from the appropriate subgroup, the undesirable distortions can be reduced which improves the quality of the panormic image. We tested our method both in synthetic and real world images.
HDN Activities of Methyl-Substituted Quinolines

Abstract The hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactivities of quinoline (Q) and several methyl-substituted quinolines (MQ) were determined over a NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst and a CoMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst using a fixed-bed reactor at 613 K and 3.1-MPa pressure. Compared to Q, HDN conversions were about the same when methyl groups were on the aromatic ring, but they were substantially lower for methyl groups on the N-ring, except for 2-MQ. The CoMo catalyst was somewhat more active than the NiMo catalyst. All MQs and Q rapidly reached equilibrium between the Q and the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ1) methyl analogs. It was found that total and HDN activities were roughly related to their respective equilibria, except for 2-MQ, in which the methyl group provides a positive influence. The intrinsic rates of hydrogenolysis of the THQ1s to o -propylamines were correlated with the electrostatic potential at the nitrogen atom in the respective THQ1 molecule, most likely related to the adsorptive affinity or reactive affinity on the active site.
Free electron laser infrared wavelength specificity for cutaneous contraction.

Background and Objective Short pulsed and scanned CO2 lasers that target water molecules are currently used for cutaneous resurfacing. These CO2 resurfacing lasers produce acute cutaneous contraction, which can be quantitated as a measure of the laser's effect. We postulated that targeting the vibrational and rotational modes of proteins with specific infrared laser wavelengths might be more effective at inducing cutaneous contraction than the CO2 resurfacing lasers. Study Design/Materials and Methods The Vanderbilt University Free Electron Laser (FEL) was used at wavelengths between 6.0–8.6 μm. The cutaneous contraction and histologic thermal damage observed was compared to that seen with a scanned CO2 resurfacing laser. Results Peaks of cutaneous contraction at 7.2–7.4 and 7.6–7.7 μm were found, which were three-fold more efficient at producing cutaneous contraction than the 10.6 μm CO2 laser. The 7.2 μm wavelength is associated with the CH bend of C−CH3, 7.4 μm to the CH bend of O=C−CH3, 7.6 μm to the C−C−C stretch, and 7.7 μm to the amide III (C−N−H) absorption band for proteins. Using light microscopy, an approximately 40 μm denaturation zone of dermal collagen was found at all FEL wavelengths tested, regardless of the effectiveness of cutaneous contraction. Conclusion The mechanism of action of these infrared wavelengths on cutaneous contraction is unknown, but appears to be independent of the amount of collagen denatured as observed by light microscopy. Infrared lasers such as the FEL that target vibrational and rotational modes of proteins therefore hold promise for cutaneous application at selected wavelengths. Lasers Surg. Med. 25:1–7, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cultural competence as an ethical requirement: Introducing a new educational model.

Demographic data show a trend toward increasing racial and ethnic diversity among students in public schools, but the teaching population is projected to remain largely White and female. Without proper training, teachers will be ill equipped to meet the educational needs of these diverse students and run the risk of unwittingly perpetuating prevalent stereotypes and discriminatory practices about certain racial and ethnic groups. This preliminary study offers a theoretically driven model for training, the Racial and Ethical Sensitivity Training KIT (REST-KIT), which is designed to (a) increase preservice teachers’ ability to recognize ethical dilemmas related to intolerance in schools and (b) provide preservice teachers with techniques and skills for handling these dilemmas. The REST-KIT is unique in that it ties cultural competence to ethical principles based on professional codes of ethics accepted by school professions and emphasizes that cultural competence is a professional requirement, not a personal choice. Pre- and posttests were given to ascertain the program’s effectiveness. Both a self-report and a behavior-based measure indicated that participants showed more cultural competence after completing the workshop. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Study of Surface Effects in Thick Lithium Drifted Silicon Radiation Detectors

Leakage current in lithium drifted detectors is a very sensitive function of surface condition. In this paper some attempts at gaining a better understanding of the relevant surface phenomena are reported. N-type conduction layers were found which extended from the lithium-rich side across the depleted material to an inversion layer on the p-type material, at the other end of the detector. Regions of high electric field exist in the vicinity of the i-p boundary. By measuring surface potentials and solving Laplace's equation in the depletion region, one can compute electric field configurations as well as net charge concentration at the surface. Collection probability for pairs generated in the surface layer was measured and found to be independent of bias above VB /m=simeq/ 1 volt. A model for the generation of surface currents is proposed. Measurements indicate that most of the surface current is created in the region of high field. Finally, the number of occupied surface states is computed and found to be, at low bias, of the order of 1/104 times the number of atoms at the Si surface.
Uniformly More Powerful Tests for Hypotheses concerning Linear Inequalities and Normal Means

Abstract This article considers some hypothesis-testing problems regarding normal means. In these problems, the hypotheses are defined by linear inequalities on the means. We show that in certain problems the likelihood ratio test (LRT) is not very powerful. We describe a test that has the same size, α, as the LRT and is uniformly more powerful. The test is easily implemented, since its critical values are standard normal percentiles. The increase in power with the new test can be substantial. For example, the new test's power is 1/2α times bigger (10 times bigger for α = .05) than the LRT's power for some parameter points in a simple example. Specifically, let X = (X 1, …, Xp )′ (p ≥ 2) be a multivariate normal random vector with unknown mean μ = (μ1, …, μp )′ and known, nonsingular covariance matrix Σ. We consider testing the null hypothesis H 0: b′ i ,μ ≤ 0 for some i = 1, …, k versus the alternative hypothesis H 1: b′ i μ > 0 for all i = 1, …, k. Here b 1, …, b k (k ≥ 2) are specified p-dimensional ve...
DSM-5 Paraphilic Diagnoses and SVP Law

Invariousdiscussionsanddebatesabouttheproposeddiagnosticcategories for psychosexual dis orders in DSM-5, a concern hasbeen expressed that including e xpanded or new paraphilic diag-noseswillleadtoincreasedcivi lcommitmentundertheSexuallyViolent Predator (SVP) statutes that exist in 20 states (Frances,2010; Franklin, 2010;Zander,2008; Zonana, 1997).It is important for those involved in these discussions tounderstand that no SVP statute requires that the‘‘qualifyingmentalabnormalityorpersonalitydisorder’’bespeciﬁcallybasedupona DSMdiagnosis.ThevariousstatecourtsandtheU.S. Supreme Court are all in agreement that so long as it isproventhatamentalabnormalityispresentandlinkedwiththeprediction of further acts of sexual violence, then it does notmatter what the mental abnormality is called. The courts arequite aware that the DSM is an evolving document whichdraws on advancing clinical data. The critical point from thelegal perspective is that mental health clinicians who testify ingoodfaithastoamentalabnormalityareabletoidentifysexualpathologies that are conceptually and empirically meaningful,regardless of whether they are listed in the DSM.The U.S. Supreme Court clearly articulated this approach initslandmarkdecisionupholdingtheconstitutionalityofKansas’SVP statute (Kansas v. Hendricks , 521 U.S. 346, 117 S.CT.2072 [1996]), which is identical to most of the other SVP stat-utes in the United States. The Court’s opinion (at p. 359) statesthat ‘‘[T]he term ‘mental illness’ is devoid of any talismanicsigniﬁcance. Not only do psychia trists disagree widely and fre-quently on what constitutes mental illness, but the Court itselfhas used a variety of expressions to describe the mental condi-tionofthoseproperlysubjecttocivilconﬁnement ….Indeed,wehave never required state legislatures to adopt any particularnomenclatureindraftingcivilcommitmentstatutes.Rather,wehavetraditionallylefttolegislatorsthetaskofdeﬁningtermsofa medical nature that have legal signiﬁcance ….Often, thosedeﬁnitionsdonotﬁtpreciselywiththedeﬁnitionsemployedbythe medical community.’’References
The development of the retino-tectal projection in Rana pipiens.

Abstract The development of the retino-tectal projection in Rana pipiens has been studied by the intraocular injection of small amounts of [ 3 H]proline at late embryonic and at several larval stages. After survival periods varying from 1–24 hr the distribution of the radioactively labeled proteins in the axons of the retinal ganglion cells was studied autoradiographically. It is evident from the appearance of labeled proteins in the optic nerve and chiasm at late embryonic and early larval stages that there is a rapid phase of axonal transport at these stages and that some fraction of the materials transported in this phase are distributed to the tips of the growing axons. The first retinal fibers reach the contralateral optic tectum at embryonic Stage 22 ; at this stage they are confined to the rostrolateral portion of the tectum where the first tectal neurons are generated. At successively later stages the fibers appear to grow across the surface of the tectum in a general rostrolateral to caudomedial direction, reaching the dorsal part of the mid-tectum at larval Stage II and the lateral part of its caudal third by Stage V . However, it is not until relatively late larval stages ( XVIII ) that the fibers reach the caudomedial region of the tectum, and it is only at the time of metamorphosis ( Stage XXV ) that the retinal projection appears to cover the entire tectum.
Forced change of language.

Mr Cayton has made the very useful contribution of reminding us that language, however simple, always gives away our attitudes.1 Much research has shown that most of these attitudes are both communicated and received unconsciously. I recently reviewed the unconscious attitudes portrayed in information leaflets given to patients attending departments of radiology in two teaching hospitals for day-case or outpatient procedures, using standard techniques in functional grammatical analysis. The leaflets were extremely courteous, as Mr Cayton recommends, but they consisted almost entirely of instructions: the patients were repeatedly put under social pressure to conform to the wishes and requirements of the radiology staff. On the other hand, there was no documentation of any requirement to respond to the patients' wishes and the staff themselves appeared to have an extremely authoritative position. Most surprising of all, the only route of communication of anything other than demographic details mentioned for the patients was by means of a formal complaint to the Trust authorities. This was all in spite of the fact that at least some of these leaflets had been approved by the central Trust information committee. In this case, an obvious plea in mitigation is that patients have to be examined in a routine manner in order to produce reliable results, and I am not necessarily advocating a major change in our practice. What has surprised me is that, when these results were presented to them, none of the professional people involved realized that such attitudes could be communicated like this. Thus, Mr Cayton's proposal of forced change of language will not usually affect underlying attitudes, as many health professionals do not always have insight into their own attitudes and their own use of language. Changing underlying attitudes, of course, will be much more difficult.
The Effect of State Economic Conditions on Gubernatorial Elections: Does Unified Government Make a Difference?:

This research addresses two questions of current interest in American po litics : Does divided government reduce accountability? Do voters reward or punish incumbent governors and/or their parties on the basis of state economic performance? A multivariate pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis of aggregate election outcomes from 1972-91 in forty-three states reveals that the effect of state unemployment on the incumbent guber natorial party's vote percentage is greatly enhanced when the governor's party controls both chambers of the state legislature. This evidence is con sistent with the claim made by responsible party theorists that voters are more able and/or willing to reward or punish a political party when that party's responsibility for government performance is complete.
Biphasic actions of angiotensin IV on renal blood flow in the rat.

Abstract Our aim was to investigate the changes in renal blood flow during brief exposure of the renal vasculature to angiotensin IV (Ang IV). Total renal blood flow was measured by electromagnetic flowmetry in pentobarbital-anesthetized male Sprague Dawley rats. Intrarenal injection of Ang I, Ang II and Ang III produced a dose-dependent vasoconstriction. In contrast, Ang IV and Ang-(3-10) produced a dose-dependent rapid vasoconstriction (lasting seconds) followed by a transient vasodilatation (lasting minutes). The biphasic response to Ang IV was unchanged in rats pre-treated with captopril, whereas the Ang-(3-10) response was abolished implying that its vasoactive activity was due to the generation of Ang IV. The vasodilatory component of Ang IV was unaffected by indomethacin. The biphasic vasoactive response of Ang IV was unaffected by divalinal-Ang IV (AT4 receptor antagonist) or PD 123319 (AT2 receptor antagonist), but greatly reduced by losartan or L-158,809 (AT1 receptor antagonists). These results suggest that Ang IV is distinct from other angiotensins in that it possesses non-prostaglandin mediated renal vasodilatory activity that is apparently linked to the renal vascular AT1 receptor.
Viability of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti during prolonged storage at −25 °C

Abstract Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in human heparinated blood were frozen at −25 ° C for 22 months. When thawed after storage for 15, 18, and 22 months, 42–44% of microfilariae were motile, and 48% had typical internal structures.
A 32-Bit DSP Based Backstepping Motion Control System

Novel nonlinear backstepping digital control system is proposed for high-performance motion control systems. It utilizes Lyapunov function to guarantee the convergence of the position tracking error from all possible system transient conditions. The added integrator improves the system's robustness against the parameter changes and inaccuracy of the modeling, thus improving the steady-state control accuracy. The proposed novel scheme is synthesized by a systematic approach and implemented based on a modern DSP controller, TMS320C32. Experimental results and performance comparison confirm that the proposed scheme offers improved performance in terms of the position trajectory tracking ability to time-varying reference input, system control bandwidth, and robustness against external disturbances.
Endoscopic Hemostasis of Ulcer Hemorrhage with Injection, Thermal, and Combination Methods

Endoscopy by well-trained and skilled endoscopists yields a definitive diagnosis in over 95% of patients with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding, and endoscopic hemostasis can be applied in most patients with major stigmata of hemorrhage: active bleeding, nonbleeding visible vessels, or adherent clots. Based on these high rebleeding rates on medical therapy alone, we now recommend endoscopic treatment of all patients with active arterial bleeding, NBVV, and adherent clots. Persistent oozing without other stigmata is also included in this group, although rebleeding rates on medical therapy are substantially lower. In the last 15 years, ulcer hemorrhage has decreased in prevalence, whereas the prevalences of esophagogastric varices and erosive esophagitis have both increased. Heat energy applied through endoscopic probes coagulates tissue proteins, causes edema and vasoconstriction, activates intrinsic arterial (platelet) coagulation, and thereby obliterates the arterial lumen. These contact devices can be applied directly on the ulcer stigmata or the bleeding site to compress the underlying vessel with moderate appositional pressure before coagulation. The pressure on the stigmata interrupts blood flow through the underlying vessel and reduces the heat sink effect. Subsequent applications of low energy, long coagulation with MPEC or heater probe can weld the walls of mesenteric arteries up to 2.0 mm in diameter together for effective "coaptive coagulation" in the laboratory. Combination therapy combines the mechanisms of action for arterial hemostasis of two or more treatment methods. Both epinephrine injection and thermal coagulation activate platelet coagulation and cause tamponade of the vessel. In addition, epinephrine causes vessel constriction, and thermal coagulation probes result in secondary edema and coaptive coagulation. In two recent randomized trials, investigators reported that combination endoscopic treatment with epinephrine injection near the pedicle of the clot in the ulcer base, followed by mechanical shaving down of the clot to expose the underlying stigmata, and subsequent thermal coagulation with MPEC or heater probes, dramatically reduced rebleeding rates compared with medical therapy alone from about 34% to less than about 5%. Combination therapy with epinephrine injection followed by thermal therapies (eg, MPEC or heater probe) has reduced these ulcer rebleeding rates to 15% to 20% for active arterial bleeding and to about 10% for NBVV. In two recent randomized controlled trials, combination epinephrine and thermal therapy (multipolar probe) was also reported to have similar rebleeding rates to hemoclipping for hemostasis of active ulcer bleeding or NBVV. Combination therapy was better than hemoclipping for the subgroup of patients with tangential ulcers.
Nanostructured copper interfaces for enhanced boiling.

Phase change through boiling is used in a variety of heat-transfer and chemical reaction applications. The state of the art in nucleate boiling has focused on increasing the density of bubble nucleation using porous structures and microchannels with characteristic sizes of tens of micrometers. Traditionally, it is thought that nanoscale surfaces will not improve boiling heat transfer, since the bubble nucleation process is not expected to be enhanced by such small cavities. In the experiments reported here, we observed unexpected enhancements in boiling performance for a nanostructured copper (Cu) surface formed by the deposition of Cu nanorods on a Cu substrate. Moreover, we observed striking differences in the dynamics of bubble nucleation and release from the Cu nanorods, including smaller bubble diameters, higher bubble release frequencies, and an approximately 30-fold increase in the density of active bubble nucleation sites. It appears that the ability of the Cu surface with nanorods to generate stable nucleation of bubbles at low superheated temperatures results from a synergistic coupling effect between the nanoscale gas cavities (or nanobubbles) formed within the nanorod interstices and micrometer-scale defects (voids) that form on the film surface during nanorod deposition. For such a coupled system, the interconnected nanoscale gas cavities stabilize (or feed) bubble nucleation at the microscale defect sites. This is distinct from conventional-scale boiling surfaces, since for the nanostructured surface the bubble nucleation stability is provided by features with orders-of-magnitude smaller scales than the cavity-mouth openings.
Rootbeer: Seamlessly Using GPUs from Java

When converting a serial program to a parallel program that can run on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) the developer must choose what functions will run on the GPU. For each function the developer chooses, he or she needs to manually write code to: 1) serialize state to GPU memory, 2) define the kernel code that the GPU will execute, 3) control the kernel launch and 4) deserialize state back to CPU memory. Rootbeer is a project that allows developers to simply write code in Java and the (de)serialization, kernel code generation and kernel launch is done automatically. This is in contrast to Java language bindings for CUDA or OpenCL where the developer still has to do these things manually. Rootbeer supports all features of the Java Programming Language except dynamic method invocation, reflection and native methods. The features that are supported are: 1) single and multi-dimensional arrays of primitive and reference types, 2) composite objects, 3) instance and static fields, 4) dynamic memory allocation, 5) inner classes, 6) synchronized methods and monitors, 7) strings and 8) exceptions that are thrown or caught on the GPU. Rootbeer is the most full-featured tool to enable GPU computing from within Java to date. Rootbeer is highly tested. We have 21k lines of product code and 6.5k lines of test cases that all pass on both Windows and Linux. We have created 3 performance example applications with results ranging from 3X slow-downs to 100X speed-ups. Rootbeer is free and open-source software licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3).
An evaluation of heart rate as an indirect measure of daily energy metabolism of the American kestrel

Abstract 1. 1. The average daily heart rate (HR) of eight kestrels was used with O2 consumption ( V O 2 )-HR relationships measured on each individual to estimate their daily energy metabolism. Hea rate provided a good index of daily metabolism (i.e. less than 10% error) in some individuals. The unpredictable shifts that occur in the resting VO2-HR relationship over periods of days, weeks or months is a major shortcoming of the heart rate method. 2. 2. Heart rate, when sampled for l min every 10 min throughout a 24-hr period provides a very good measure of the true average daily HR of some kestrels. 3. 3. Suggestions for potential users of the heart rate method are given.
Nutrition: Ejecting trans fat from New York City restaurants

In 2006, New York City (NYC) passed a pioneering law restricting the use of trans fat in chain restaurants. By carefully evaluating its policy experiment, NYC demonstrated the potential power of legal approaches to combat cardiovascular disease.
Interleukin-2 effects on human B cells activated in vivo.

While activated B cells, as well as T cells, can express functional interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R), the physiologic role of IL-2 in B-cell responses is still in doubt. Accordingly, we have examined the role of recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) in the proliferative response, IL-2R expression, and the terminal differentiation of tonsillar B cells in comparative studies with T cells from the same source. For these analyses of physiologically activated lymphocytes, the B and T cells were first separated, then divided into subpopulations enriched for either resting or preactivated cells on the basis of relative cell density or activation antigen expression. As expected, the relatively low-density fraction of T cells was enriched for IL-2R-positive (Tac+) cells and displayed vigorous proliferative responses to IL-2 along with heightened Tac antigen expression. Moreover, limiting dilution analysis revealed that growth of these activated T cells could be perpetuated with the addition of IL-2. By comparison, relatively few tonsillar B cells expressed the Tac antigen. The addition of rIL-2 to cultured B cells of relatively low density resulted in an increase in Tac+ cells but only a minimal proliferative response. The subpopulation of tonsillar B cells expressing the Bac-1 activation antigen contained most of the IL-2 inducible Tac+ B cells, and rIL-2 induced an efficient but transient proliferative response by these activated B cells. The rIL-2-induced Tac+ B cells were noted to be relatively large. A fraction of these Tac+ cells, but not the Tac− cells, produced and secreted immunoglobulins. Incubation with rIL-2 enhanced the Ig secretion, and the anti-Tac antibody blocked this enhancement. Time-course analysis revealed that rIL-2 induced transient Tac expression, whereas mature plasma cells in 6-day cultures no longer expressed detectable Tac antigen. In conclusion, these observations suggest that IL-2 transiently upregulates expression of IL-2R, via which it induces the terminal growth and differentiation of activated B cells into plasma cells.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma with histologic features of mycosis fungoides

Histologic examination of skin biopsy specimens from a 57-year-old man with a pruritic rash on his chest, abdomen, and thighs revealed a dense atypical dermal lymphoid infiltrate bordering the dermoepidermal junction and scattered intraepithelial lymphocytes. Histopathologic and clinical features were suggestive of mycosis fungoides. Immunophenotyping studies, however, identified CD20 + B lymphocytes with aberrant expression of CD43. Clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement was demonstrated, and no clonal T-cell gene rearrangement was identified. Morphologic and immunophenotypic features were most consistent with extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Systemic evaluation identified involvement of the bone marrow and possibly the peripheral blood, spleen, and splenic lymph nodes. Cutaneous manifestations were treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for 3 months, resulting in complete resolution of the pruritus and rash. Primary and secondary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas seldom mimic mycosis fungoides histologically. Immunophenotyping studies were critical in correctly classifying this rare example of an epidermotropic B-cell lymphoma.
Branching in the psychological approach to personal identity

There is a seemingly insuperable difficulty for the psychological approach to personal identity which has not been discussed in the literature. I will explain the difficulty using Derek Parfit's discussion in Reasons and Persons (1984) as my foil. Though Parfit does not do so, I will use the personstage framework in setting up the problem. I believe that the problem afflicts any reasonable formulation of the psychological approach.
Continuing to Improve Telemetry Data Accessibility

Mission operations personnel require decommutation, plotting, and statistical software to perform ad-hoc data analysis on archived telemetry data to ensure mission integrity and normality. Therefore, our goal is to provide software solutions to assist in telemetry accessibility. In this paper, we describe our continuing efforts to improve telemetry data accessibility by enhancing the Second Level Archive, as presented in SMC-IT 2006, by simplifying the data analysis process and improving the plotting performance.
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP RESPONSES TO CONFINEMENT IN A SKYJACKED PLANE

The author was among 149 passengers and nine crewmembers skyjacked to the Desert of Jordan and confined to the plane for almost a week. This paper describes the shifting crises and anxieties to which the hostages were subjected, focusing on the gradual development of passenger self-organization and the factors tending towards group cohesiveness and group divisiveness during captivity and release.
Some mathematical aspects of chemotherapy—II: The distribution of a drug in the body

In a previous paper (Bellman, Jacquez, and Kalaba,Bull. Math. Biophysics,22: 181–198, 1960) a model of the processes occurring in the exchange of a drug between capillary plasma, extracellular space and intracellular space was developed. This included the possibility of a reaction between the drug and a component of the intracellular space. The equations developed thus describe the events within a capillary bed. In the present paper, a simplified model of the body is set up. Each organ is treated as a single capillary bed and is linked to other organs via the circulation, in the parallel and/or series arrangements found in the body. Mixing in the circulation is included at the simplest possible level. The concentration of drug entering any one capillary bed is determined by the concentrations leaving all other capillary beds, the time lags, and mixing involved in the circulation. The equations describing these processes in conjunction with the equations of the processes occurring within each capillary bed lead to a large set of differential-difference equations.