cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbitofrontal cortical activity during repeated free choice

Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been shown to encode subjective values, suggesting a role in preference-based decision-making, although the precise relation to choice behavior is unclear. In a repeated two-choice task, subjective values of each choice can account for aggregate choice behavior, which is the overall likelihood of choosing one option over the other. Individual choices, however, are impossible to predict with knowledge of relative subjective values alone. In this study we investigated the role of internal factors in choice behavior with a simple but novel free-choice task and simultaneous recording from individual neurons in nonhuman primate OFC. We found that, first, the observed sequences of choice behavior included periods of exceptionally long runs of each of two available options and periods of frequent switching. Neither a satiety-based mechanism nor a random selection process could explain the observed choice behavior. Second, OFC neurons encode important features of the choice behavior. These features include activity selective for exceptionally long runs of a given choice (stay selectivity) as well as activity selective for switches between choices (switch selectivity). These results suggest that OFC neural activity, in addition to encoding subjective values on a long timescale that is sensitive to satiety, also encodes a signal that fluctuates on a shorter timescale and thereby reflects some of the statistically improbable aspects of free-choice behavior.
Impact of portable pulse oximetry on arterial blood gas test ordering in an urban emergency department.

Study objective: To determine the impact of portable pulse oximetry on physician use of arterial blood gas tests (ABGs) in an urban emergency department. Design: Prospective, controlled clinical trial. Setting: The ED of the Regional Medical Center at Memphis, a publicly subsidized, 450-bed, acute care hospital staffed by residents and faculty of the University of Tennessee, Memphis. Type of participants: Rotating housestaff treating adult ED patients with a wide variety of medical and surgical problems. Intervention: Introduction of a portable pulse oximeter for noninvasive measurement of blood oxygenation. Measurements: Rates of ABG test ordering, housestaff reason(s) for ordering an ABG, and the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes before and after introduction of portable pulse oximetry. Main results: A total of 20,120 patient visits occurred during the four-month study. Before oximeter introduction, emergency physicians ordered 699 ABGs, 63% of which were indicated by explicit criteria. After oximeter introduction, 440 ABGs were ordered (a 37% decrease). Almost all of this decrease was due to fewer ABGs ordered to assess oxygenation (260 before vs 75 after; χ 2 , P Conclusion: Portable pulse oximetry can provide a simple, noninvasive way to determine oxygen saturation in the ED. Routine use of portable pulse oximetry may substantially reduce rates of ABG testing and associated patient charges without adversely affecting the quality of emergency care.
Combining MONSSTER and LES/PME to Predict Protein Structure from Amino Acid Sequence: Application to the Small Protein CMTI-1

A combined method for the prediction of protein tertiary structures from sequence is presented. This multistep procedure initially uses a simplified approach to protein structure prediction, MONSSTER, that assembles structures from initial extended conformations and scores them. Then, using the lowest-energy low-resolution model as a starting conformation, a detailed atomic model is built and refined using molecular dynamics simulations that employ the locally enhanced sampling (LES) methodology with the particle mesh Ewald (PME) technique for calculation of long-range electrostatic interactions. The combined method is applied to a small disulfide-rich 29-residue protein CMTI-1, a trypsin inhibitor found in squash seeds. Starting with an initial low-resolution model from MONSSTER, which has an rmsd from the native conformation of 3.7 A (5.0 A) for C R atoms (all heavy atoms), LES/PME refinement leads to a structure that is only 2.5 A (3.3 A) from native, with a CR rmsd of only 1.7 A for residues 5-29. These rmsd values should be compared to CR rmsd values of 1.2 A (all residues) or 0.8 A (residues 529) found in PME molecular dynamics simulations that start with the native conformation.
MAGIC code development for klystron applications at the Klystron Department at SLAC

We are currently addressing the lengthy simulation issue by operating parallel processor versions of MAGIC 3D. The Klystron department cluster at SLAC is a typical Beowulf Linux cluster running 24 processors in dual CPU boxes. Thanks to the cooperation of MRC, SLAC has been able to finish the parallel operation feature that MRC had operational and adjust it for accuracy against the single CPU version. We were also able to port Magic to Linux where parallel operation runs on our cluster. During parallel software development, it became obvious to us that the Magic user interface did not lend itself to the automation of numerical comparisons between runs.
Synthesis of nanoscale particles of Ta and Nb3Al by homogeneous reduction in liquid ammonia

The analysis of metallothermic reduction as an electronically mediated reaction predicted that the particle size of solid product could be reduced if the reaction were conducted in a medium that is a mixed conductor (ionic and electronic). This prediction was confirmed by reacting TaCl5 with sodium, each dissolved in liquid ammonia, to produce tantalum powder having an average particle size over an order of magnitude finer than the micron-sized powders produced commercially today. Metallothermic reduction in a mixed conducting medium has been extended to a multicomponent system in order to synthesize nanosized powder of Nb3Al by co-reduction of NbCl5 and AlCl3 both dissolved in liquid ammonia.
Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) dephosphorylates VEGF Receptor-2 and attenuates endothelial DNA synthesis, but not migration*

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2, KDR), a receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates mitogenic, chemotactic, hyperpermeability, and survival signals in vascular endothelial cells in response to its ligand vascular permeability factor/ vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF). SHP-1 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase known to negatively regulate signaling from receptors such as EGF receptor, IL3 receptor, erythropoietin receptor and also KDR. However, the mechanism by which SHP-1 executes KDR dephosphorylation, the targeted tyrosine residue(s) of KDR and also overall downstream signaling or phenotypic change(s) caused, is not defined. Here, we have demonstrated that KDR and SHP-1 are constitutively associated and upon VEGF treatment, the phosphatase activity of SHP-1 is stimulated in a c-Src kinase dependent manner. Knockdown of SHP-1 by siRNA or inhibition of c-Src by an inhibitor, results in augmented DNA synthesis perhaps due to increased phosphorylation of at least three tyrosine residues of KDR 996, 1059 and 1175. On the other hand, neither tyrosine residue 951 of KDR nor VEGF-mediated migration is affected by modulation of SHP-1 function. Taken together our results define the tyrosine residues of KDR that are regulated by SHP-1 and also elucidates a novel feed back loop where SHP-1 is activated upon VEGF treatment through c-Src and controls KDR induced DNA synthesis, eventually leading to controlled angiogenesis.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter G1 Intrinsically Regulates Invariant NKT Cell Development

ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) plays a role in the intracellular transport of cholesterol. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid Ags. In this study, we demonstrate that ABCG1 regulates iNKT cell development and functions in a cell-intrinsic manner. Abcg1(-/-) mice displayed reduced frequencies of iNKT cells in thymus and periphery. Thymic iNKT cells deficient in ABCG1 had reduced membrane lipid raft content, and showed impaired proliferation and defective maturation during the early stages of development. Moreover, we found that Abcg1(-/-) mice possess a higher frequency of Vβ7(+) iNKT cells, suggesting alterations in iNKT cell thymic selection. Furthermore, in response to CD3e/CD28 stimulation, Abcg1(-/-) thymic iNKT cells showed reduced production of IL-4 but increased production of IFN-γ. Our results demonstrate that changes in intracellular cholesterol homeostasis by ABCG1 profoundly impact iNKT cell development and function.
Structural and functional analysis of the visna virus Rev-response element.

Abstract The distantly related lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and visna virus each encode a posttranscriptional regulatory protein, termed Rev, that is critical for expression of the viral structural proteins. We genetically mapped the cis-acting target sequence for visna virus Rev, the visna virus Rev-response element or RRE-V, to a complex 176-nucleotide RNA stem-loop structure that coincides with sequences encoding the N terminus of the transmembrane component of envelope. The computer-predicted structure of the RRE-V was validated by in vitro analysis of structure-specific RNase cleavage patterns. The visna virus Rev protein was shown to interact specifically with the genetically defined RRE-V in vitro but was unable to bind the HIV-1 RRE. Similarly, HIV-1 Rev was also unable to bind the RRE-V specifically. We therefore conclude that the HIV-1 and visna virus Rev proteins, while functionally analogous, nevertheless display distinct RNA sequence specificities. These findings provide a biochemical explanation for the observation that these two viral regulatory proteins are functional only in the homologous viral system.
Lifestreams: a modular sense-making toolset for identifying important patterns from everyday life

Smartphones can capture diverse spatio-temporal data about an individual; including both intermittent self-report, and continuous passive data collection from onboard sensors and applications. The resulting personal data streams can support powerful inference about the user's state, behavior, well-being and environment. However making sense and acting on these multi-dimensional, heterogeneous data streams requires iterative and intensive exploration of the datasets, and development of customized analysis techniques that are appropriate for a particular health domain.Lifestreams is a modular and extensible open-source data analysis stack designed to facilitate the exploration and evaluation of personal data stream sense-making. Lifestreams analysis modules include: feature extraction from raw data; feature selection; pattern and trend inference; and interactive visualization. The system was iteratively designed during a 6-month pilot in which 44 young mothers used an open-source participatory mHealth platform to record both self-report and passive data about their diet, stress and exercise. Feedback as participants and the study coordinator attempted to use the Lifestreams dashboard to make sense of their data collected during this intensive study were critical inputs into the design process. In order to explore the generality and extensibility of Lifestreams pipeline, it was then applied to two additional studies with different datasets, including a continuous stream of audio data, self-report data, and mobile system analytics. In all three studies, Lifestreams' integrated analysis pipeline was able to identify key behaviors and trends in the data that were not otherwise identified by participants.
A rotational energy surface study for low polyad structures of the general rovibrational Hamiltonian

A comprehensive study of a rotor coupled to a uni-axial molecule is carried out. The deformation of the Rotational Energy Surface (RES) of the rigid rotor was of interest in the three types of tops: prolate, asymmetric, and oblate. The increase of uni-axial angular momentum and inertia distorts the symmetry of the rotor molecule, which shows up as a deformation in the RES. The semi-classical calculation of the coupled system resulted in multiple RESs of various topologies. The goal of this work is to give a description of the rotational energy surface for various polyad structures from the general Rovibrational Hamiltonian.
Donor age is paramount to success in oocyte donation

Several reports suggest increasing age in oocyte donors decreases the chances of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) success, while others describe no effect. The published data concerning gravidity and parity are similarly conflicting. To further address these questions, we retrospectively studied 445 consecutive donor IVF cycles at two large university-based IVF practices. Donor cycles were analysed for the number of oocytes retrieved, gravidity, parity, and age of the donor, and pregnancy outcome in recipients. The previous gravidity and parity of the donor were not associated with successful pregnancy in recipients. The number of oocytes retrieved was positively correlated with pregnancy. However, after adjusting for donor age, neither prior fertility nor the number of oocytes retrieved were significant predictors. In contrast, the donor's age was highly associated with recipient success. We conclude that the age of the oocyte donor is a significant predictor of pregnancy success and should be a major factor in selecting prospective candidates. The gravidity and parity of the donor are insignificant predictors, as are the total number of oocytes retrieved at the time of oocyte harvest.
The WaveScalar architecture

Silicon technology will continue to provide an exponential increase in the availability of raw transistors. Effectively translating this resource into application performance, however, is an open challenge that conventional superscalar designs will not be able to meet. We present WaveScalar as a scalable alternative to conventional designs. WaveScalar is a dataflow instruction set and execution model designed for scalable, low-complexity/high-performance processors. Unlike previous dataflow machines, WaveScalar can efficiently provide the sequential memory semantics that imperative languages require. To allow programmers to easily express parallelism, WaveScalar supports pthread-style, coarse-grain multithreading and dataflow-style, fine-grain threading. In addition, it permits blending the two styles within an application, or even a single function.To execute WaveScalar programs, we have designed a scalable, tile-based processor architecture called the WaveCache. As a program executes, the WaveCache maps the program's instructions onto its array of processing elements (PEs). The instructions remain at their processing elements for many invocations, and as the working set of instructions changes, the WaveCache removes unused instructions and maps new ones in their place. The instructions communicate directly with one another over a scalable, hierarchical on-chip interconnect, obviating the need for long wires and broadcast communication.This article presents the WaveScalar instruction set and evaluates a simulated implementation based on current technology. For single-threaded applications, the WaveCache achieves performance on par with conventional processors, but in less area. For coarse-grain threaded applications the WaveCache achieves nearly linear speedup with up to 64 threads and can sustain 7--14 multiply-accumulates per cycle on fine-grain threaded versions of well-known kernels. Finally, we apply both styles of threading to equake from Spec2000 and speed it up by 9x compared to the serial version.
Optically Compensated In-Plane-Switching-Mode TFT-LCD Panel

An optically compensated in-plane-switching-mode TFT-LCD panel was developed. The panel has an optical compensation film between a liquid crystal layer and a polarizer, and shows a significantly high-contrast viewing angle, good gray-scale capability, small color shift, and a large tolerance for cell gap non-uniformity compared with a conventional in-plane-switching-mode LCD.
The Skeptic's Guide to a Movement for Universal Health Insurance

The social movement has become institutionalized as a form of political action. The aim of this article is to evaluate the possibilities presented by this form as a strategy to bring about universal health insurance in the United States. I draw on the work of social movement theorists, on the substantial body of empirical research on health-related social movements, and on relevant comparative work from Canada to develop a template for this evaluation. Using that template I compare the failed cam- paign for President Bill Clinton's health insurance plan with a recent, more success- ful campaign in the state of New York. I conclude that the keys to success are, first, a broad-based coalition that combines an ideologically and/or grievance-motivated grass roots with financially and politically well-endowed mainstream organizations; second, a "master frame" that resonates with the American people; and, third, a political win- dow of opportunity. The prospects for such a conjunction are not hopeless, but they are not high.
On subdomains: Testing, profiles, and components

Subdomains of a program's input space are a concept around which ideas about testing can be organized. This paper considers the questions, ``What are the best subdomains for:testing to detecting failuresdefining operational profilesmeasuring component reliability?
Asymptotic stability of model reference systems with variable structure control

The application of theory of variable structure systems (VSS) in the design of controllers for single input-single output model reference systems is considered. It is shown that the resulting controller has similar structure as those obtained using the second method of Lyapunov except that the states of the model are also used. The error trajectories move towards the switching surface for all values of the error and continues on it as sliding motions. The present approach clarifies the relationship between stability and nonminimum phase zeros of the plant.
FA*: a stimulation-based search approach

A fuzzy heuristic search approach called FA* is developed. As opposed to the point of view of probability, a more rational heuristic search approach is proposed to describe the mode of thinking with a combination of fuzzy set theory. The major characteristic of this approach is that it takes into account the considerable influence of subjective factors in the construction of the model. >
Performance of different types of time domain reflectometry probes for water content measurement in partially saturated rocks

[1] In applying TDR for water content estimation in rocks, the special considerations required include (1) elimination of inaccuracies resulting from gap effects, (2) difficulties in installation of TDR probes, and (3) the need for individual calibration functions between the apparent dielectric constant (Ka) and water content (θ) specific to each rock type. Using seven different rock types, we demonstrate that carefully applied conductive silicone fillings can eliminate gap effects in the case of the penetration-type probes. We also propose two designs for surface probes, which can be installed relatively easily and are found to be free of errors attributable to gap effects. Measurement accuracy of three probe types is comparable to conventional water content measurement in soils. Error due to the difference in Ka-θ calibration functions obtained with different probe types is more significant than error due to variation in a single measurement or spatial variability in rock properties.
Principles of cooperation across systems: from human sharing to multicellularity and cancer

From cells to societies, several general principles arise again and again that facilitate cooperation and suppress conflict. In this study, I describe three general principles of cooperation and how they operate across systems including human sharing, cooperation in animal and insect societies and the massively large-scale cooperation that occurs in our multicellular bodies. The first principle is that of Walk Away: that cooperation is enhanced when individuals can leave uncooperative partners. The second principle is that resource sharing is often based on the need of the recipient (i.e., need-based transfers) rather than on strict account-keeping. And the last principle is that effective scaling up of cooperation requires increasingly sophisticated and costly cheater suppression mechanisms. By comparing how these principles operate across systems, we can better understand the constraints on cooperation. This can facilitate the discovery of novel ways to enhance cooperation and suppress cheating in its many forms, from social exploitation to cancer.
A ‘physical’ need: physicalism and the via negativa

Benacerraf, P. and H. Putnam. 1964/1983. Introduction. In Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings, ed. P. Benacerraf & H. Putnam, 1-37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boghossian, P. 1997. Analyticity. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, eds., B. Hale and C. Wright, 331-68. Oxford: Blackwell. Fodor, J. 1990. A theory of content, II. In Fodor's A Theory of Content, and Other Essays, 89-136. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Fodor, J. and E. Lepore. 1992. Holism: A Shopper's Guide. Oxford: Blackwell. Grice, H. P. and P. F. Strawson. 1956. In defense of a dogma. Philosophical Review 65: 141-58.
Modeling in Design of Pumping Pits

Hydraulic model studies of pumping pits will continue to be an important part of the design process. Even though many studies have been completed, design criteria are not available that insure trouble-free operation of the pump. The paper discusses the role of modeling in the design of pumping pits and suggests methods for making them more effective. Included is a description of the various hydraulic problems uncovered by past studies and successful solutions that have been developed. The article is not a technical state-of-the-art paper but does include several references to recent papers on the subject.
Drug laws, bioprospecting and the agricultural heritage of Cannabis in Africa

For centuries across most of Africa, farmers have valued Cannabis for multiple reasons. Historic crop selection produced genetic diversity that commercial bioprospectors value for marijuana product...
Kidney actinomycosis, a rare diagnosis that can mimic renal cell carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature

AbstractActinomycosis of the kidney is a rare bacterial infection, which poses a diagnostic challenge. Because the diagnosis can mimic a renal tumor, excision is often the diagnostic and therapeutic option. We describe the first case of renal actinomycosis in a woman with previously diagnosed renal
NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Photoreceptor Degeneration in Constitutively Active RAC1 Mice

Author(s): Song, Hongman; Vijayasarathy, Camasamudram; Zeng, Yong; Marangoni, Dario; Bush, Ronald A; Wu, Zhijian; Sieving, Paul A | Abstract: PurposeThe active form of small GTPase RAC1 is required for activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), which in turn generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nonphagocytic cells. We explored whether NOX-induced oxidative stress contributes to rod degeneration in retinas expressing constitutively active (CA) RAC1.MethodsTransgenic (Tg)-CA-RAC1 mice were given apocynin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), a NOX inhibitor, or vehicle daily for up to 13 weeks. Superoxide production and oxidative damage were assessed by dihydroethidium staining and by protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde levels, respectively. Outer nuclear layer (ONL) cells were counted and electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes measured in Tg-CA-RAC1 mice. Outer nuclear layer cells were counted in wild-type (WT) mice after transfer of CA-Rac1 gene by subretinal injection of AAV8-pOpsin-CA Rac1-GFP.ResultsTransgenic-CA-RAC1 retinas had significantly fewer photoreceptor cells and more apoptotic ONL cells than WT controls from postnatal week (Pw) 3 to Pw13. Superoxide accumulation and protein and lipid oxidation were increased in Tg-CA-RAC1 retinas and were reduced in mice treated with apocynin. Apocynin reduced the loss of photoreceptors and increased the rod ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes when compared with vehicle-injected transgenic controls. Photoreceptor loss was also observed in regions of adult WT retina transduced with AAV8-pOpsin-CA Rac1-GFP but not in neighboring regions that were not transduced or in AAV8-pOpsin-GFP-transduced retinas.ConclusionsConstitutively active RAC1 promotes photoreceptor cell death by oxidative damage that occurs, at least partially, through NOX-induced ROS. Reactive oxygen species are likely involved in multiple forms of retinal degenerations, and our results support investigating RAC1 inhibition as a therapeutic approach that targets this disease pathway.
Root Cause Analysis Design and Its Application to Pharmacy Education

Objective. To evaluate third-year pharmacy students' ability to effectively design and apply root cause analysis (RCA) to a sentinel event and to analyze student responses for areas of proficiency and deficiency. Methods. This study involved a comprehensive review of RCA key assessments from 82 students in spring 2014. The performance assessments consisted of a review of each student's RCA worksheet and flow diagram as well as the 1-2 page narrative reflection. Results. The majority of students were able to successfully design an RCA, but had challenges with 3 components: fact-finding session, disclosure plan, and a flow diagram. Several students perceived challenges to conducting a formal RCA in certain health care settings, which included assembling an RCA team and gathering relevant facts, a lack of transparency/safe environment within organizations, and creating a plan for multiple/sequential errors. Conclusion. Most students were able to design an RCA process, but encountered difficulty with some components. Students also identified challenges in applying the approach in certain health care arenas.
Screening for oral cancer.

A.C. is a 35-year-old man with a 15-year history of using chewing tobacco. He quit five years ago at his wife's urging. Although A.C. has no current symptoms, his wife asked him to make an appointment to get screened for oral cancer.
Advances in Pb-free Solder Microstructure Control and Interconnect Design

New electronics applications demanding enhanced performance and higher operating temperatures have led to continued research in the field of Pb-free solder designs and interconnect solutions. In this paper, recent advances in the microstructural design of Pb-free solders and interconnect systems were discussed by highlighting two topics: increasing β-Sn nucleation in Sn-based solders, and isothermally solidified interconnects using transient liquid phases. Issues in β-Sn nucleation in Sn-based solders were summarized in the context of Swenson’s 2007 review of the topic. Recent advancements in the areas of alloy composition manipulation, nucleating heterogeneities, and rapid solidification were discussed, and a proposal based on a multi-faceted solidification approach involving the promotion of constitutional undercooling and nucleating heterogeneities was outlined for future research. The second half of the paper analyzed two different approaches to liquid phase diffusion bonding as a replacement for high-Pb solders, one based on the application of the pseudo-binary Cu-Ni-Sn ternary system, and the other on a proposed thermodynamic framework for identifying potential ternary alloys for liquid phase diffusion bonding. All of the concepts reviewed relied upon the fundamentals of thermodynamics, kinetics, and solidification, to which Jack Smith substantially contributed during his scientific career.
Substantive and Procedural Silence

Perceptions of the procedural fairness of the criminal justice system turn on whether it gives individuals and communities a “voice,” or a forum in which to tell their stories. If the system imposes unwanted silence on a party its legitimacy in the eyes of the public decreases. Despite the extensive literature on the many specific applications of silence in the justice system, no attempt has yet been made to break down the relationship between the victim’s silence and the defendant’s across the disparate doctrines of criminal law, or the importance of these interconnections to the expressive purposes of punishment, particularly in a world where punishment so frequently turns on the outcome of plea negotiations. Such an effort requires us to recognize a distinction between procedural silence, which is grounded in the individual rights of each party, and what should be understood as substantive silence, which can form part of both the definition of criminal conduct on the front end and, on the back end, of the judgment and sentence in a particular case. This article has two purposes. One, it provides the first full taxonomy of the role of silence in the criminal law and identifies the key interactions between procedural and substantive silence. And, two, it offers normative suggestions — particularly to prosecutors — for managing silence in a way that will better achieve justice in light of the cumulative relationship between substance and procedure.
Politischer Einfluss des Deutschen Elements in den Vereinigten Staaten

Das landlaufige Urteil uber die Beteiligung der Deutschen am politischen Leben in Amerika geht dahin, das sie weit hinter dem zuruckbleibe, was man von einem so starken Bevolkerungsteil erwarten muste. Einer eingehenden Prufung hat man die Frage niemals unterzogen, doch ist es mehr als wahrscheinlich, das eine solche die herrschende Meinung als irrig erweisen wurde. In den knappen Grenzen, die unserer Darstellung gezogen sind, konnen wir nur andeuten, welche Wege eine genauere Untersuchung etwa einschlagen muste.
Platelets in Pulmonary Immune Responses and Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Platelets are essential for physiological hemostasis and are central in pathological thrombosis. These are their traditional and best known activities in health and disease. In addition, however, platelets have specializations that broaden their functional repertoire considerably. These functional capabilities, some of which are recently discovered, include the ability to sense and respond to infectious and immune signals and to act as inflammatory effector cells. Human platelets and platelets from mice and other experimental animals can link the innate and adaptive limbs of the immune system and act across the immune continuum, often also linking immune and hemostatic functions. Traditional and newly recognized facets of the biology of platelets are relevant to defensive, physiological immune responses of the lungs and to inflammatory lung diseases. The emerging view of platelets as blood cells that are much more diverse and versatile than previously thought further predicts that additional features of the biology of platelets and of megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets, will be discovered and that some of these will also influence pulmonary immune defenses and inflammatory injury.
Linear magnetoelectricity at room temperature in perovskite superlattices by design

Discovering materials that display a linear magnetoelectric (ME) effect at room temperature is a challenge. Such materials could facilitate devices based on the electric field control of magnetism. Here we present simple, chemically intuitive design rules to identify a class of bulk magnetoelectric materials based on the ``bicolor'' layering of $Pbnm$ ferrite perovskites, e.g., ${\mathrm{LaFeO}}_{3}/{\mathrm{LnFeO}}_{3}$ superlattices, Ln = lanthanide cation. We use first-principles density functional theory calculations to confirm these ideas. We elucidate the origin of this effect and show it is a general consequence of the layering of any bicolor $Pbnm$ perovskite superlattice in which the number of constituent layers are odd (leading to a form of hybrid improper ferroelectricity). Our calculations suggest that the ME effect in these superlattices is larger than that observed in the prototypical magnetoelectric materials ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$. Furthermore, in these proposed materials, the strength of the linear ME coupling increases with the magnitude of the induced spontaneous polarization which is controlled by the La/Ln cation radius mismatch. We use a simple mean field model to show that the proposed materials order magnetically above room temperature.
The Metabolism of Glycosphingolipids and Glycosaminoglycans

The role of complex carbohydrate-containing substances in cell physiology has attracted increased attention as a result of the appreciation of their importance in cell-surface phenomena and the existence of a large number of heritable diseases characterized by defects in degradation of these substances. In general, the hexosamine-containing macromolecules of eukaryotic cells may be classified as glycosphingolipids, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans. Since there is no available information concerning the synthesis of glycoproteins by clonal lines derived from the nervous system in tissue culture, the metabolism of this class of substances will not be considered in this chapter.
On origins and foci

ABSTRACTConventional accounts of who is primarily responsible for establishing sociology as a discipline in America do not include Robert Ezra Park or W.E.B. DuBois. Despite revisionist challenges, these accounts remain compelling.
Compiling without continuations

Many fields of study in compilers give rise to the concept of a join point—a place where different execution paths come together. Join points are often treated as functions or continuations, but we believe it is time to study them in their own right. We show that adding join points to a direct-style functional intermediate language is a simple but powerful change that allows new optimizations to be performed, including a significant improvement to list fusion. Finally, we report on recent work on adding join points to the intermediate language of the Glasgow Haskell Compiler.
Ultrastructural Study of Two Central Nervous System Lymphomas 1

Electron microscopy was performed on two CNS lymphomas, one primary and the second a skull metastasis from a brain primary lymphoma. The former revealed a tumor perivascularly arranged, which was composed of rounded cells having no specialized organellae. Biopsies from the primary and metastasis of the second case revealed a predominance of rounded cells with scanty cytoplasm, another population of cells with phagocytic activity and a third group with elongated cytoplasmic processes which stain positively for microglia. By electron microscopy some of these processes resembled neurites or oligodendroglia, while others suggested an astrocytic appearance.
Real Vegan Cheese and the Artistic Critique of Biotechnology

Drawing on the case study of Real Vegan Cheese (RVC), a synthetic biology project housed in a community lab or “biohackerspace,” I argue that biohacking performs an “artistic critique” of the bioeconomy. Following Boltanski and Chiapello’s use of the term, the “artistic critique” pits values of autonomy and creativity against a view of capitalist production as standardized and alienating, represented (in the case of biotechnology) by Monsanto’s monoculture GMOs. In this way, biohacking is depicted as liberating biotechnology from the constraints of corporate and academic institutions. Through the use of design fiction and a playful aesthetic, projects such as RVC demonstrate a more legitimate––with respect to the values of the artistic critique––mode of production for a new generation of biotechnology products, one that is portrayed as driven primarily by ethical and aesthetic values rather than the profit motive. This analysis highlights the role that aesthetic and affective strategies play in advancing particular sociotechnical visions, and the way that biohacking projects operate in symbiosis with incumbent institutions even as they define themselves in opposition to them. Finally, it suggests that biohacking has certain limitations when considered as a form of public engagement with science.
FOV-equivalent block triangular preconditioners for generalized saddle-point problems

Abstract We present sufficient conditions for field-of-values-equivalence between block triangular preconditioners and generalized saddle-point matrices arising from inf–sup stable finite element discretizations. We generalize a result by Loghin and Wathen (2004) for matrices with a pure saddle-point structure to the case where the ( 2 , 2 ) block is non-zero. Moreover, we extend the analysis to the case where the ( 2 , 1 ) block is not the transpose of the ( 1 , 2 ) block.
Characterization of the Deep Water Surface Wave Variability in the California Current Region

Surface waves are crucial for the dynamics of the upper ocean not only because they mediate exchanges of momentum, heat, energy, and gases between the ocean and the atmosphere, but also because they determine the sea state. The surface wave field in a given region is set by the combination of local and remote forcing. The present work characterizes the seasonal variability of the deep water surface wave field in the California Current region, as retrieved from over two decades of satellite altimetry data combined with wave buoys and wave model hindcast (WaveWatch III). In particular, the extent to which the local wind modulates the variability of the significant wave height, peak period, and peak direction is assessed. During spring/summer, regional-scale wind events of up to 10 m/s are the dominant forcing for waves off the California coast, leading to relatively short-period waves (8–10 s) that come predominantly from the north-northwest. The wave climatology throughout the California Current region shows average significant wave heights exceeding 2 m during most of the year, which may have implications for the planning and retrieval methods of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission.
Introduction to the Nimbus Meteorological Satellite Program

The Nimbus program is the nation's major research and development satellite program aimed at developing and exploiting space technology for meteorological and other application purposes. The program envisioned, and has achieved, the development of a series of large amply powered earth-stabilized spacecraft which use a near-polar circular orbit at the 600-nmi height to provide full earth coverage each day of operation. Some of the technological and scientific achievements of the Nimbus program are noted as follows: 1) first capability for high-resolution global mapping of the earth cloud cover from space by means of TV and IR techniques; 2) development of an automatic picture-taking system providing global coverage day and night and for providing cloud-cover data in an operational mode to local users; 3) first large spacecraft to fly a radioisotopic thermoelectric generator for in-orbit power generation; 4) the flight of sounder instrumentation to measure atmospheric temperatures and humidity profiles on a global basis; 5) first orbiting experiment to successfully locate, interrogate, and gather data from remote platforms located on the earth surface and in the atmosphere. Tracking of balloons have provided first satellite data on atmospheric winds.
Infrastructure for Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is a critical driver of economic health, industrial rejuvenation, social change, and technological progress. In an attempt to determine how to best support such an important component of society, researchers and practitioners alike continue to ask why some countries, regions, and cities have more entrepreneurship than others. Unfortunately, the answer is not clear. This question is addressed by focusing on location-based support or infrastructure for entrepreneurship. A framework based on a social systems perspective guides this examination by concentrating on three main categories of infrastructure: resource endowments, institutional arrangements, and proprietary functions. Work from the knowledge based perspective of entrepreneurship, systems of innovation, entrepreneurial ecosystems, and resource dependence literatures is integrated into this framework.
Phagocytosis by Fibrocytes as a Mechanism to Decrease Bacterial Burden and Increase Survival in Sepsis.

Fibrocytes are unique cells with innate and adaptive immune functions, but these mechanisms have not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to explain the mechanism by which adoptive transfer of exogenous fibrocytes improved bacterial clearance and increased sepsis survival. Initial flow cytometry-based, in vitro assays demonstrated phagocytosis by fibrocytes and intracellular bacterial killing was confirmed by direct plating of cell lysates after exposure to live bacteria. Intravenous adoptive transfer of fibrocytes at the time of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or 2 h after CLP in mice increased survivability. Decreased intraperitoneal bacterial burden was also observed. Quantification of peritoneal cell populations using flow cytometry demonstrated transferred and endogenous fibrocytes were significantly increased after CLP, while macrophage and neutrophil numbers were unchanged. To determine the impact in vivo, fluorescently labeled, killed bacteria were injected i.p. into mice 10 h after CLP or sham surgery ± adoptive transfer. Two hours later, flow cytometry of peritoneal cell populations after CLP alone revealed increased phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, and endogenous fibrocytes. Transferred fibrocytes had significantly increased phagocytic activity in the septic peritoneum compared with sham and greater activity than any other cell type. Therefore, adoptive transfer may enhance bacterial clearance in early sepsis through the cumulative effects of endogenous and transferred fibrocytes rather than modulating the function of other endogenous phagocytes. Direct phagocytic activity coupled with previously described influences on T cell responses may explain the benefits of fibrocyte transfer in sepsis.
Computer simulation of gas generation and transport in landfills. IV: Modeling of liquid–gas flow

In the first three parts of this series a three-dimensional (3D) model was developed for transport and reaction of gaseous mixtures in a landfill. An optimization technique was also utilized in order to determine a landfill's spatial distributions of the permeability, porosity, the tortuosity factors, and the total gas generation potential, given a limited amount of experimental data. In the present paper we develop the model further by including the flow of both the leachate and the gases. A 3D dynamic model is developed that accounts for the generation of the four main gases of a landfill, along with the dissolved organic acids and the carbon in the presence of the leachate. The model is then utilized, through extensive numerical simulations, to study the effect of the various factors on the concentrations of the gases and the micro-organism. In particular, we demonstrate the strong effect of the heterogeneities of a landfill, represented by the spatial distribution of the local porosities, as well as an anisotropic distribution of the local permeabilities, on the behavior of a landfill, and in particular pressure buildup in it.
Use of Bone-Modifying Agents in Myeloma and Bone Metastases: How Recent Dosing Interval Studies Have Affected Our Practice

The management of bone lesions from advanced solid tumors and multiple myeloma typically includes use of a bone-modifying agent to reduce the risk of skeletal-related events. Recent data demonstrate that when using zoledronic acid to reduce the risk of skeletal-related events in metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, and multiple myeloma, the dosing interval of zoledronic acid may be extended from every 4 weeks to every 12 weeks. The ASCO guidelines on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer and multiple myeloma address zoledronic acid dosing intervals. Herein, we discuss how new data on dosing of bone-modifying agents influence our clinical practice.
Guidance, navigation, and control solutions for spacecraft re-entry point targeting using aerodynamic drag

Abstract As large numbers of increasingly smaller spacecraft continue to be launched, means of efficient and reliable orbital maneuvering and orbit disposal have become increasingly necessary. For spacecraft that do not contain thrusters, aerodynamic drag modulation using a retractable drag device or attitude changes presents itself as an efficient way to perform orbital maneuvers and control the re-entry location. This paper introduces an aerodynamically based re-entry guidance generation algorithm for low Earth orbit spacecraft that exhibits significant accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. The paper also presents a novel guidance tracking algorithm whereby the drag device of a spacecraft is deployed or retracted relative to a nominal deployment profile (given in the guidance) based on the difference between the actual and desired state of the spacecraft. A full state feedback linear-quadratic-regulator control scheme is utilized with the Schweighart Sedgwick equations of relative motion to drive the relative position and velocity between the spacecraft and the guidance trajectory to zero. A problem-specific Extended Kalman Filter implementation is also introduced to remove noise from the GPS-derived relative motion estimate. One thousand Monte Carlo simulations of the guidance generation algorithm with randomized initial conditions and desired re-entry locations are conducted, resulting in an average guidance error of 12.5 k m and a maximum error below 106 k m . The tracking of these aerodynamic decay guidances with the aforementioned algorithms is also simulated with drag force uncertainties up to a factor of two and navigation errors (noise and bias) comparable to that expected from a CubeSat GPS unit. Despite these simulated errors and uncertainties, this approach provides guidance tracking down to a re-entry altitude of 120 k m with a final position error under 6 k m for all cases. The algorithms detailed in this paper provide a way for any spacecraft capable of modulating its drag area to autonomously perform orbital maneuvers and execute a precise re-entry.
Impacts of Mathematical Optimizations on Reinforcement Learning Policy Performance

Deep neural networks (DNN) now outperform competing methods in many academic and industrial domains. These high-capacity universal function approximators have recently been leveraged by deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to obtain impressive results for many control and decision making problems. During the past three years, research toward pruning, quantization, and compression of DNNs has reduced the mathematical, and therefore time and energy, requirements of DNN-based inference. For example, DNN optimization techniques have been developed which reduce storage requirements of VGG-16 from 552MB to 11.3MB, while maintaining the full-model accuracy for image classification. Building from DNN optimization results, the computer architecture community is taking increasing interest in exploring DNN hardware accelerator designs. Based on recent deep RL performance, we expect hardware designers to begin considering architectures appropriate for accelerating these algorithms too. However, it is currently unknown how, when, or if the “noise” introduced by DNN optimization techniques will degrade deep RL performance. This work measures these impacts, using standard OpenAI Gym benchmarks. Our results show that mathematically optimized RL policies can perform equally to full-precision RL, while requiring substantially less computation. We also observe that different optimizations are better suited than others for different problem domains. By beginning to understand the impacts of mathematical optimizations on RL policy performance, this work serves as a starting point toward the development of low power or high performance deep RL accelerators.