cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the connection: Social bonding in courtship situations

Sociologists have long argued that the force of a social bond resides in a sense of interpersonal connection. This is especially true for initial courtship encounters when pairs report a sense of interpersonal chemistry. The authors explore the process of romantic bonding by applying interaction ritual theory, extended and integrated with methods from computational linguistics, to the study of courtship encounters and, specifically, heterosexual speed dating. The authors find that the assortment of interpersonal moves associated with a sense of connection characterizes a conventionalized form of initial courtship activity. The game is successfully played when females are the point of focus and engaged in the conversation and males demonstrate alignment with and understanding of the female. In short, initial heterosexual courtship encounters are associated with a sense of bonding when they reflect a reciprocal asymmetrical performance in which differentiated roles are mutually coordinated.
Efficient trajectory planning for two manipulators to deform flexible material

Coordinating two robot manipulators to handle flexible materials has a wide range of applications in the manufacturing industry. However, this problem has not been seriously addressed until recently. The two robot manipulators have to follow complicated trajectories to maintain a minimum interaction force with the flexible beam. These trajectories are very complicated and not suitable for real time systems. In this paper, three approximation methods of the optimal trajectories are introduced. The first one uses a piece-wise linear approximation of the optimal trajectories, while the second one uses adaptive piece-wise linear approximation. The third method utilizes the behavior of the optimal trajectories and applies a continuous approximation of the optimal trajectories using an ellipsoid. The interaction force under these approximations is investigated. The authors found that the first method produces a peak in the interaction force which can damage the object. The second method controls the peaks in the force to a prescribed limit. In the third method, the force is very close to the optimal force. Experimentation was used to verify the approximation methods. >
A new incubation technique for the study of synaptosomal transport.

— A simple, inexpensive method is described for the incubation and study of transport in synaptosomes. This method avoids the many potential sources of error inherent in the methods currently in use. The transport of two sugars and two amino acids has been studied, using this system, and the resulting data is compared to similar studies already published by others. A steady-state was achieved and maintained for 60 min independent of tissue concentration, except in the case of γ-aminobutyric acid. An analysis of the entry kinetics of 2-deoxy-d-glucose has been performed, the results indicating that the present method offers the advantage of substantially increasing oxygenation and hence, efficiency of the uptake. Using α-aminoisobutyric acid, analysis of substrate flux within the system was performed, illustrating the utility of the method. The specific advantages offered by the technique over other methods in use are discussed. It is concluded that adequate oxygenation of the synaptosome during study is essential to reliable results and can easily be achieved by means of the methodology described in this report.
Working Across the Boundaries of Health Professions Disciplines in Education, Research, and Service: The University of Washington Experience

The Institute of Medicine's vision for health professions education specifies working together across professions and schools to provide patient-centered care. Improvement in collaborative preparation of health professionals is seen as central to achieving substantial improvement in the quality of health care. In this article, the authors address one central question: How can medical schools work with other health-sciences schools to promote their educational, research, and service missions? The authors summarize the history of the University of Washington (UW) Health Sciences Center in promoting interprofessional collaboration in education, service and research; analyze the key strategic, structural, cultural and technical elements that have promoted success or served as barriers in the development of the UW Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education and Research; and suggest strategies that may be transferable to other institutions seeking to implement an interprofessional health sciences program. These include both top-down and bottom-up authority and function in key working groups, institutional policies such as interprofessional course numbers and shared indirect costs, and development of a culture of interprofessionalism among faculty and students across program boundaries.
Least-squares finite element methods for compressible Euler equations

A method based on backward finite differencing in time and a least-squares finite element scheme for first-order systems of partial differential equations in space is applied to the Euler equations for gas dynamics. The scheme minimizes the L-sq-norm of the residual within each time step. The method naturally generates numerical dissipation proportional to the time step size. An implicit method employing linear elements has been implemented and proves robust. For high-order elements, computed solutions based on the L-sq method may have oscillations for calculations at similar time step sizes. To overcome this difficulty, a scheme which minimizes the weighted H1-norm of the residual is proposed and leads to a successful scheme with high-degree elements. Finally, a conservative least-squares finite element method is also developed. Numerical results for two-dimensional problems are given to demonstrate the shock resolution of the methods and compare different approaches.
The Effect of Macrophyte Removal on the Distribution of Selected invertebrates in a Littoral Environment

ABSTRACT Submergent vegetation was removed from four locations in a shallow wetland lake containing a dense concentration of aquatic macrophytes. The distributions of selected species of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates were compared over a two month period between the vegetated sites and locations in which vegetation was removed. Chydorus, Al onella, Graptoleboris and Scapholebrus showed a preference for vegetated stations. Daphnia schodleri was collected mostly in the open water. Three macro invertebrate predators, Enallagma boreale, Notonecta unifasciata, and Hesperocorixa leavigata showed a significant attraction to submergent plants over sites where vegetation had been removed as was also the case with Hyallela azteca and Callibaetis. Chaoborus an open water predator did not occur in significant numbers at vegetated stations but was most commonly observed in the deep water stations over the shallow sites. It is thought that predation of D. schodleri by E. boreale is an important mechanism in reduci...
Right Ventricular Response to Pulmonary Arterial Stiffening in a Canine Model of Acute Embolization

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease exhibiting fast progression [1] and poor prognosis [2]. PAH originates from an increased resistance to blood flow in the distal pulmonary vasculature and in the later stages of the disease leads to right ventricular (RV) functional impairment and subsequent heart failure, which in most cases is the direct cause of demise. In PAH, RV failure appears to be correlated to PA stiffening, which is a better predictor of mortality than the direct increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vasculature resistance (PVR) [3,4].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Radial styloidectomy: An anatomical study with special reference to radiocarpal intracapsular ligamentous morphology

This study determines the anatomical relationship of the radiocarpal ligaments to the radial styloid process, and the effect of three specific styloidectomies on the integrity of the these ligaments. Thirty fresh cadaveric wrists were dissected. The origins, insertions, and dimensions of each ligament was determined. The thirty wrists were divided randomly into three equal groups and the ten wrists in each group had three types of styloidectomy: short oblique, vertical oblique, and horizontal. The styloid fragments and wrists were then reexamined to determine the integrity of the ligaments. All styloidectomies removed the radial collateral ligament origin. Vertical oblique styloidectomy removed additionally 92% of the radioscaphocapitate and 21% of the radiolunatotriquetral ligament. Horizontal styloidectomy removed 95% of the radioscaphocapitate, and 46% of the radiolunatotriquetral ligament. These findings indicate that the degree of radiocarpal ligament disruption that occurs after styloidectomy may be predicted accurately by correlating the amount of styloid removed, with the consistent ligamentous anatomy of this area.
The inhibition of sugar transport and oxidation in fat cell ghosts by colchicine.

Abstract Colchicine inhibits glucose oxidation and the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in fat cell ghosts but has no effect on glucose oxidation by fat cell homogenates. This inhibition is rapid, reversible, and temperature-independent. Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation and 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport are also inhibited by colchicine to an extent comparable to the basal processes.
Effect of freezing on the pH and composition of sodium and potassium phosphate solutions: the reciprocal system KH2PO4Na2HPO4H2O☆

Abstract Changes in composition caused by ice precipitation and by salt precipitation affected the pH of solutions of mono- and disodium and potassium phosphates markedly during freezing. Except for neutral and alkaline solutions with a relatively high potassium phosphate content, the pH decreased with temperature during the precipitation of ice alone. Precipitation of dibasic salts was accompanied by a decrease in pH, while precipitation of monobasic salts increased the pH. The effect of simultaneous precipitation of two salts on pH depended on the type of salts precipitating as well as the initial pH. Simultaneous precipitation of disodium and monopotassium phosphates and ice occurred over a wide range of pH and solution composition; it increased the pH of the more alkaline solutions but decreased the pH of acid solutions. Simultaneous precipitation of other two-salt combinations occurred over a rather limited range of pH and composition, and consequently the effect on pH was relatively small. The data obtained provide a relatively complete picture of the phase relations in aqueous solutions of mono- and disodium and potassium phosphates in the freezing zone. The system has eleven eutectic points at temperatures between −0.5 °C. and −17.2 °C.; the pH of the eutectic solutions ranges from 3.3 to 9.3.
CURRENT STATUS AND OUTCOME OF PEDIATRIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

In this article the diagnostic indications for hepatic transplantation are addressed in detail. The outcome of liver transplantation is also examined, including the impact of the following factors on survival: age and weight at transplantation, type of liver disease, and size of liver allograft, including living related transplantation. Morbidity and quality of life after transplantation are other aspects reviewed in this chapter.
Toward an understanding of risk and protective factors for violence among adolescent boys and men: a longitudinal analysis.

Abstract Purpose To understand the etiology of violence among ethnically diverse men using a nationally representative and longitudinal sample of youth. Methods Participants included 4,322 adolescent men observed from ages 13 to 32 years from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We estimated trajectories of violence and used multinomial regression procedures to evaluate multiple domains of risk and protective factors for violence. Results We identified three profiles of violence (nonviolent, desistors, and escalators). There were no substantial differences in the patterns of violent behavior across race or ethnicity; however, the prevalence of violence differed by racial or ethnic group. After accounting for violent behavior at Wave I, we identified peer marijuana use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20), alcohol use (OR = 1.50), group fighting (OR = 2.23), and Wave I violence (OR = 4.34) as risk factors for desistance, whereas only Wave I violence predicted escalation (OR = 2.27). Conclusions We identified three trajectories of serious violence, including a late-onset group; however, few risk and protective factors were associated with membership in this group. Risk and protective factors for violence before age 13 years should be targeted for prevention.
Harry Potter and the Legends of Saints

Abstract: Along with its other generic borrowings, the Harry Potter series uses tropes and plot structures from medieval hagiography. Rowling most significantly uses hagiographical plot structures during the confrontations between Harry and Voldemort in the second and fourth novels, and the confrontation between Neville and Voldemort in The Deathly Hallows. The first re-enacts the story of St. George; the second is constructed as a passio; and the third combines the two. These hagiographical plot structures serve to reveal character, reinforce the core values of the texts, and identify Harry with saints in order to signal his inevitable victory.
Computational thermodynamics of the ZrN system

Abstract Thermodynamic constraints are used to study the thermodynamic functions of the ZrN system over the temperature range from 1500 K to 3670 K. The results are presented as the nitrogen isobars superimposed on the revised phase diagram. The Gibbs energies of solution of nitrogen dissolution in solid and liquid Zr are also determined with the assumption that nitrogen dissolution in Zr follows Sievert's law.
A re-examination of spin–orbit coupling in the triplet state of the primary donor in photosynthetic reaction centers

Abstract Recent high-field EPR studies have revealed important differences between the g -matrices of the photoexcited triplet and the cation radical states of the primary donor P in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. One of the more unusual differences is the temperature dependence in the g -tensor of the triplet state 3 P, which contrasts with the temperature independence that has been observed in the g -tensor of the cation state P + . This difference leads us to suggest that intersystem (singlet–triplet) spin–orbit coupling could play a significant role in determining the electronic structure of the triplet state, 3 P. Such coupling may also be important for explaining other poorly understood characteristics of 3 P, including the temperature dependence of its zero-field splitting D , and the reduction of D relative to the triplet state in monomeric bacteriochlorophyll. We present a survey of ZFS data from a wide variety of bacteriochlorophyll species that supports this idea. Implications of this model for the electronic structure of the primary donor are discussed.
Leber congenital amaurosis associated with optic disk neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage

Abstract Purpose To report an unusual case of optic disk neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage associated with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Design Interventional case report. Methods A 16-year-old Caucasian girl with a history of LCA presented with decreased vision in her left eye, diffuse retinal pigmentary abnormalities characteristic of LCA, and hemorrhage over the left optic disk and macula. Six months of follow-up revealed optic disk neovascularization. A small amount of neovascularization was noted in the right eye at 6 months. Results An extensive systemic evaluation indicated no other cause for the neovascularization. Panretinal photocoagulation was performed in both eyes, and subsequently the neovascularization regressed. Conclusions Leber congenital amaurosis like retinitis pigmentosa, can rarely be associated with neovascularization of the disk, which is amenable to treatment with peripheral photocoagulation if it does not spontaneously regress.
An integrationist perspective on resistance in psychotherapy

The concept of resistance, having been used over the years with differing meanings in a variety of theoretical perspectives, no longer has any real clarity of meaning. Since it has the inherent danger of being demeaning to the client and of diminishing the possibility of the achievement of a mutually collaborative dialogue between therapist and client, I believe that its use within psychotherapeutic discourse should be discontinued. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic action of rains in relation to erosion in the humid region

Although accelerated runoff of rain-water and consequent speeded-up erosion resulting from man's removal of the natural cover of vegetation and disruption of the normal porosity of the soil with plows and domestic animals alter the ground-surface more than any other physical agency, save perhaps the light of the sun, the fundamental processes involved with these artificially-induced changes of natural soil-conditions have not been recognized or studied in any systematic manner until within the past fifteen years. More than all other physical agencies with which man has any causative association, accelerated erosion is responsible for soil-impoverishment and eventual soil-destruction. Fully 75 per cent of the crop-producing and grazing areas of the United States is eloping enough to set in motion, moderately or violently, these wasteful processes of accelerated soil-removal and excessive runoff. That 36 million acres of formerly cultivated land have been essentially ruined by erosion and that an additional area of about 125 million acres, still largely in cultivation, have lost all or most of the topsoil, with another 100 million acres of crop-land heading in this direction, should be sufficient evidence that the problem is one of profound economic importance. Especially must this be considered true since the wastage is now proceeding faster than ever, owing to the fact that considerable time was requires to strip off the more absorptive surface-layer from millions of acres, and to the further fact that the subsoil is generally more erosive than the soil. The cost runs into hundreds of millions of dollars annually, in the way of direct depreciation and essential destruction of fields and pastures, the silting of reservoirs, stream-channels and ditches, damage to highway and railway fills and embankments, choking of culverts, covering of valuable valley-lands with relatively unproductive erosional debris, and pollution of former clear-water streams with excessive loads of silt and day washed out of the hills.
Descriptions of the Pupae of Ochlerotatus aloponotum and Ochlerotatus campestris

Pupae of 2 western species, Ochlerotatus aloponotum and Oc. campestris, are described and illustrated. Sources of the original descriptions and known stages are given. The relation of Oc. aloponotum to Oc. excrucians and characters to separate them are discussed.
Scaling relationships for fluidized beds

Abstract The independent nondimensional parameters governing the dynamics of fluidized beds are found by nondimensionalizing the differential equations governin By proper adjustment of the length scales, the particle density, and the bed superficial velocity it is possible to obtain exact similitude between geo
Use of Artificial Seed Patches by Heteromyid Rodents

We allowed individual heteromyid rodents of nine species to forage singly for millet seeds placed in artificial seed patches that varied in soil texture, soil-bulk density, and seed dispersion. Thirty-five of 45 individuals tested showed nonrandom patterns of patch use, signifi-cantly more than expected if heteromyids as a whole do not distinguish the seed-patch attributes we presented. The nine species differed overall in patch use. Bipedal species did not differ significantly as a group from quadrupedal species. Use of heavy-soil patches was significantly correlated with body size, however, and use of aggregated-seed patches was related to the locality from which individuals were collected. Species from the same locality selected artificial substrates qualitatively similar to those found in microhabitats selected in nature.
Streaming satellite data to cloud workflows for on-demand computing of environmental data products

Environmental data arriving constantly from satellites and weather stations are used to compute weather coefficients that are essential for agriculture and viticulture. For example, the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) coefficient, overlaid on regional maps, is provided each day by the California Department of Water Resources to local farmers and turf managers to plan daily water use. Scaling out single-processor compute/data intensive applications operating on realtime data to support more users and higher-resolution data poses data engineering challenges. Cloud computing helps data providers expand resource capacity to meet growing needs besides supporting scientific needs like reprocessing historic data using new models. In this article, we examine migration of a legacy script used for daily ET 0 computation by CIMIS to a workflow model that eases deployment to and scaling on the Windows Azure Cloud. Our architecture incorporates a direct streaming model into Cloud virtual machines (VMs) that improves the performance by 130% to 160% for our workflow over using Cloud storage for data staging, used commonly. The streaming workflows achieve runtimes comparable to desktop execution for single VMs and a linear speed-up when using multiple VMs, thus allowing computation of environmental coefficients at a much larger resolution than done presently.
Protein local structure alignment under the discrete Fréchet distance.

Protein structure alignment is a fundamental problem in computational and structural biology. While there has been lots of experimental/heuristic methods and empirical results, very few results are known regarding the algorithmic/complexity aspects of the problem, especially on protein local structure alignment. A well-known measure to characterize the similarity of two polygonal chains is the famous Frechet distance, and with the application of protein-related research, a related discrete Frechet distance has been used recently. In this paper, following the recent work of Jiang et al. we investigate the protein local structural alignment problem using bounded discrete Frechet distance. Given m proteins (or protein backbones, which are 3D polygonal chains), each of length O(n), our main results are summarized as follows: • If the number of proteins, m, is not part of the input, then the problem is NP-complete; moreover, under bounded discrete Frechet distance it is NP-hard to approximate the maximum size ...
Prospects for Jovian seismological observations following the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

The impact of each fragment of comet SL-9 will produce a downward-propagating pressure wave which will travel at the sound speed through the jovian interior. Since the sound speed increases with depth, most of the energy in the pressure pulse will be strongly refracted and return to the surface, as recently computed by Marley (1994). This wave may in principle be observable as it propagates into the stratosphere, using sufficiently sensitive thermal infrared imaging. If so, it will provide a unique opportunity to constrain models of the jovian interior. This paper extends Marley's calculations to include the effect of the limited spatial resolution which will be characteristic of real observations. The wave pattern on the disk will consist of closely spaced regions of alternating temperature increases and decreases. Spatial averaging will significantly reduce the observed amplitude for resolutions attainable using earth-based telescopes, but the waves should remain above the detection limit.
Diffusion around a cardiac calcium channel and the role of surface bound calcium

The diffusion of Ca as it converges to the external mouth of a Ca channel is examined. Diffusional limitation on Ca ions entering Ca channels during current flow, cause local extracellular Ca depletions. Such extracellular Ca depletions have been reported in cardiac muscle. The cardiac sarcolemma has a large number of low-affinity Ca binding sites that can buffer these local Ca depletions. For a hemisphere of extracellular space (of radius less than 0.33 microns) centered on the external mouth of a Ca channel the amount of Ca bound at the membrane surface exceeds that which is free within the associated hemisphere. The ratio of bound Ca/free Ca increases as r decreases, such that the [Ca] nearest the Ca channel is the most strongly buffered by sarcolemmal bound Ca. It is demonstrated that Ca ions coming from these sarcolemmal Ca binding sites contribute quantitatively to the integrated Ca current. The electric field generated by the local depletion of Ca near the channel mouth has little impact on the extent of Ca depletion, but if an additional electric field exists at the mouth of the channel, Ca depletion can be significantly altered. Other low-affinity Ca binding sites in the interstitium may also contribute to the buffering of extracellular Ca. The complex geometry of the extracellular space in cardiac muscle (e.g., transverse tubules and restrictions of extracellular space between cells) increases both the predicted Ca depletions (in the absence of binding) and the bound/free ratio. Thus, the impact of this surface Ca binding is greatly increased. By considering arrays of Ca channels in transverse tubules or in parallel planes (e.g., membranes of neighboring cells), extracellular Ca depletions are predicted which agree with those measured experimentally. Membrane Ca binding may also be expected to buffer increases in [Ca] around the inner mouth of Ca channels. It is demonstrated that in the absence of other intracellular systems most of the Ca entering the cell via Ca channels might be expected to be bound to the inner sarcolemmal surface. It is concluded that surface Ca binding may have a substantial impact on the processes of extracellular Ca depletion (and intracellular Ca accumulation).
Dissociation of molecular oxygen on unpromoted and cesium promoted Ag(110) surfaces

Abstract We have computed the binding energies for the molecular and atomic chemisorbed states of oxygen, and barriers between them, for a three-layer model cluster representative of the (110) face of silver as a function of cesium coverage. To increase computational efficiency, a one-electron potential was developed for the third layer of the silver atoms making up the model cluster. These calculations predict a barrier of ∼17 kcal/mol to dissociate chemisorbed O2, in good agreement with experiment. When a Cs atom is added to the cluster, the barrier for O2 dissociation is significantly lowered. However, when two Cs atoms were added the barrier for dissociation increased relative to the barrier for the cluster with one adsorbed Cs atom. These calculations predict that the dissociation of chemisorbed molecular oxygen will have a Cs coverage dependence. This dissociation pattern is consistent with prior calculations on Ag(111) model clusters.
Comparability of a hand-held nitric oxide analyser with online and offline chemiluminescence-based nitric oxide measurement

Practicability is crucial for successful implementation of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement into asthma management. The study aimed at comparing a conventional chemiluminescence NO analyser (EcoMedics) with a hand-held device (NIOX MINO) and offline FeNO measurement using a commercially available system in an unselected cohort of children aged 6-16 yr. A secondary objective was to confirm FeNO stability over time in 15 samples from adult volunteers obtained using the offline system. Sixty-six children (mean +/- s.d. age 11.8 +/- 3.0 yr) underwent single breath FeNO measurement in triplets with each device. Offline collected FeNO was measured after offline breath collection into a Mylar balloon and subsequent analysis using the chemiluminescence NO analyser. Variability and between-method agreement were assessed, and stability over time within the Mylar balloons was tested by repeated hourly measurements. FeNO levels ranged from 2 to 113 p.p.b. Intra-class correlation was excellent (r = 0.98, p < 0.001 for each pair). Bland-Altman plots and back-transformation of logarithmic mean differences revealed fair agreement between methods. Stability over time was confirmed over 10 h both at room temperature and when stored under cooling conditions. FeNO values obtained using the chemiluminescence NO analyser, the portable NIOX MINO system and the offline collection technique show between-method agreement within clinically acceptable range.
Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors: Synthesis of 5′-deoxy-5′-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine and its effect on Rous sarcoma virus and Gross murine leukemia virus

Abstract The synthesis of a new analog of adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), 5′-deoxy-5′-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine, is described. The compound is a non-competitive inhibitor of AdoHcy hydrolase, with a K i of 0.4 mM, as compared to a K i of 3 μM for 3-deazaadenosine, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. 5′-Deoxy-5′-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine is not hydrolyzed by AdoHcy hydrolase. 5′-Deoxy-5′-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine when tested has a selective antiviral activity against Rous sarcoma virus in chick embryo cells, and against Gross murine leukemia virus in mouse embryo cells. Possible mechanisms of this anti-viral activity are discussed.
SYNTHESIS OF ARYL-SUBSTITUTED TRIAMIDOAMINE LIGANDS AND MOLYBDENUM(IV) COMPLEXES THAT CONTAIN THEM

Compounds of the type [(ArNHCH2CH2)3N] (Ar = phenyl (H3[1a]), 4-fluorophenyl (H3[1b]), 4-tert-butylphenyl (H3[1c]), 3,5-dimethylphenyl (H3[1d]), 2-methylphenyl (H3[1e]), and mesityl (H3[1f])) have ...
Effect of small concentrations of co on rate of gasification of spectroscopic graphite in o2

Abstract The influence of CO on the steady state gasification rate of a spectroscopically pure graphite powder with ultra high purity O2 was studied at 840 ± 3 K for CO levels up to about 3000 ppm. The behavior of low reactivity samples differed from that of high reactivity samples. The gasification rate of low reactivity samples, distinguished as those having higher CO/CO2 product ratios and lower gasification rates with no added CO, was inhibited by CO beyond that expected from simple dilution. The gasification of high reactivity samples was inhibited for CO additions under about 100 ppm. For higher CO additions, the gasification rate of high reactivity samples was unaffected or slightly enhanced. The difference in behavior is thought to be due to different, trace amounts of impurities (catalysts) present and the inability of these trace levels of catalysts to dissipate effectively the heat of CO oxidation. Accessible catalysts are thought to originate, more or less, from dust particles and impurities within the graphite.
A model of dust production in the Neptune ring system

Voyager 2 images of the Neptunian ring system show it to be relatively dusty with the fraction of micron-sized dust particles in the rings between about 0.2 and 0.7 (Smith et al 1989). We apply a numerical model developed for the dust bands (Colwell and Esposito, Icarus (in press)) to the Neptune system. Our results show that 1) the suggested distribution of dust fractions in the rings is not related to ring optical depth and may be due to different ring particle size distributions. 2) Collision velocities between the macroscopic ring particles must be ∼ 1 m/sec if they are to produce im fractions above 1/2. 3) The small moons of Neptune have regoliths for meteoroid excavation to produce the dust population at Voyager ring plane crossing. 4) Dust optical depths interior to 1989N3R are negligible unless there are macroscopic source bodies in that region.
Macroglossia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Importance We encountered 2 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with tongue enlargement and protrusion outside the oral cavity (macroglossia). To our knowledge, the relationship between macroglossia and ALS has not been reported in the literature. The objective of this article was to describe the clinical characteristics, imaging, and pathology of macroglossia in ALS and to develop a hypothesis regarding its pathophysiology. Observations Two patients developed progressive weakness at age 54 and 40 years. Both patients exhibited dysarthria, dysphagia, tongue atrophy, neck extensor weakness, and weakness of jaw closure during a 1-year period. Both required tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation and afterward developed macroglossia. A 3-dimensional–reconstructed sagittal computed tomographic image confirmed tongue protrusion outside the oral cavity with focal compression and showed the transition from the atrophied part of the tongue in the oropharynx to the edematous part outside the mouth. Tongue biopsy demonstrated fatty replacement and fascicles of degenerative muscle. Conclusions and Relevance We are unaware of previous reports of macroglossia in ALS/motor neuron disease. Given the paucity of case material, we speculated that this is an extremely rare complication of ALS. Based on this series, we propose a pathophysiological mechanism by reviewing imaging and tongue biopsy.
Maximum entropy restorations of Ganymede.

Until recently, the maximum entropy (ME) restoring method required too much computer time to be implemented on two-dimensional pictures. Additionally, it was originally derived assuming specifically additive noise in the image, whereas in many cases Poisson noise is a more realistic model. In this paper we show how a ME method may be derived on the basis of maximum likelihood and Poisson statistics for the image data, along with "maximum ignorance" for the object statistics. Interestingly, the new object estimate retains the old form of e to a series, while the noise estimate is now of a multiplicative form, i.e., proportional to the signal image. Also, although the old approach required knowledge of a parameter B, the most negative noise value, the new approach does not require this input. The new ME algorithm was applied to two 23 x 33 data point images of Ganymede. These were acquired by the NASA Pioneer 10 mission. By programming the restoring algorithm with close to maximal efficiency with regard to speed, we were able to bring CDC 6400 computer time down to about 30 sec for each restoration. We also restored the two images linearly, so as to compare performance of the ME algorithm with a standard method. The usual resolution advantages of the ME approach are observed in the outputs.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Activation of the NPTA Element of the CYP2A3 Gene by NFI-A2, a Nasal Mucosa-Selective Nuclear Factor 1 Isoform

The aim of this study was to determine whether the NPTA element of the olfactory mucosa-predominant CYP2A3 gene can be activated by NFI-A2, a recently identified member of the nuclear factor 1 family of transcription factors. Isoform-specific RNA-PCR confirmed that NFI-A2 is mainly expressed in rat olfactory mucosa. A full-length NFI-A2 cDNA was isolated from a cDNA library of rat olfactory mucosa and was used for preparation of a construct encoding a fusion protein of NFI-A2 with the yeast GAL4 activation domain. Expression of the fusion protein in yeast was detected with an antibody to NFI-A. The fusion protein activated the expression of a LacZ reporter gene in yeast one-hybrid assays with a reporter construct containing the NPTA element, but not with other constructs lacking the NPTA element. These findings suggest that NFI-A2 may be involved in the tissue-selective transcriptional activation of the CYP2A3 gene in the olfactory mucosa.
Motor memory preservation in aged monkeys mirrors that of aged humans on a similar task.

We studied long-term motor memory preservation in rhesus monkeys tested on a task similar to that employed in humans. First, motor speed and rate of motor decline was measured in 23 animals ranging from 4 to 26 years old. The task for the animals consisted of removing a food reward from a curved rod within the inner chamber of an automated panel. Young animals performed twice as fast as the aged animals. Second, young (n = 6) and aged (n = 10) animals were re-tested 1 year later on the same task with no intervening practice. We anticipated a decline in motor speed of 144 ms/year, instead the average performance time recorded during the repeat session improved significantly by 17% in the aged animals. This finding mirrors that of a longitudinal study conducted in humans using a similar test panel and supports that, while initial performance times of a novel motor task decline with age, motor memory traces are preserved over an extended time interval, even without continued practice. The data also support that the rhesus monkey could be used as a model to study the mechanisms by which long-term retention of motor memory occurs in aging.
Beyond Ideological Warfare: The Maturation of Research on Charter Schools

Philosophical debate about charter schools often results in theory and anecdotes overshadowing empirical research. This systematic review of trends in the charter school research over the last decade helps determine where empirical evidence exists and where new research is necessary. Findings reveal that student and school outcomes are the most common topics studied; however, a dearth of national, longitudinal research limits generalizability. Furthermore, the scope of the research was rather limited: most research examined a single state, district, or school. The article concludes with a discussion of possible new directions for research on charter schools.
Numerical computation of wave propagation in dynamic materials

Abstract A higher-order numerical method on a moving grid is used to investigate wave propagation through a one-dimensional dynamic material. Dynamic materials are heterogeneous formations assembled from materials which are distributed on a microscale in space and in time. This concept was introduced in recent research of K. Lurie (1997, 1998, 1999). In particular, we consider wave motion through a material whose property value pattern is a piecewise discontinuous, fast periodic function traveling with constant velocity. In the analytical work of K. Lurie, it was found that by appropriately controlling the design factors of a dynamic composite, it is possible to selectively screen large domains in space–time from the invasion of long wave disturbances. In this paper, we perform direct numerical simulations which validate Lurie's homogenization results, and present numerical examples to illustrate this screening effect.
Automating natural disaster impact analysis: An open resource to visually estimate a hurricane's impact on the electric grid

An ORNL team working on the Energy Awareness and Resiliency Standardized Services (EARSS) project developed a fully automated procedure to take wind speed and location estimates provided by hurricane forecasters and provide a geospatial estimate on the impact to the electric grid in terms of outage areas and projected duration of outages. Hurricane Sandy was one of the worst US storms ever, with reported injuries and deaths, millions of people without power for several days, and billions of dollars in economic impact. Hurricane advisories were released for Sandy from October 22 through 31, 2012. The fact that the geoprocessing was automated was significant - there were 64 advisories for Sandy. Manual analysis typically takes about one hour for each advisory. During a storm event, advisories are released every two to three hours around the clock, and an analyst capable of performing the manual analysis has other tasks they would like to focus on. Initial predictions of a big impact and landfall usually occur three days in advance, so time is of the essence to prepare for utility repair. Automated processing developed at ORNL allowed this analysis to be completed and made publicly available within minutes of each new advisory being released.
Principal Component Reconstruction Error for Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection

In this letter, a reliable, simple, and intuitive approach for hyperspectral imagery (HSI) anomaly detection (AD) is presented. This method, namely, the global iterative principal component analysis (PCA) reconstruction-error-based anomaly detector (GIPREBAD), examines AD by computing errors (residuals) associated with reconstructing the original image using PCA projections. PCA is a linear transformation and feature extraction process commonly used in HSI and frequently appears in operation prior to any AD task. PCA features represent a projection of the original data into lower-dimensional subspace. An iterative approach is used to mitigate outlier influence on background covariance estimates. GIPREBAD results are provided using receiver-operating-characteristic curves for HSI from the hyperspectral digital imagery collection experiment. Results are compared against the Reed–Xiaoli (RX) algorithm, the linear RX (LRX) algorithm, and the support vector data description (SVDD) algorithm. The results show that the proposed GIPREBAD method performs favorably compared with RX, LRX, and SVDD and is both intuitively and computationally simpler than either RX or SVDD.
Soy Protein Isolate Antioxidant Effect on Lipid Peroxidation of Ground Beef and Microsomal Lipids

Soy protein isolate antioxidant (SPIA) was separated from soy protein, fractionated, and purified. SPIA (300 or 900 ppm) was added to a ground beef model system; oxidation was initiated by adding Fe +2 /Fe +3 . Sealed vials were stored at 4 i C for 24 hr. Oxidation products were assessed using the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, sensory analysis, gas chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometric identification of headspace volatiles. SPIA (900 ppm) was also added to a beef microsomal protein/linoleic acid model system. Beef containing 900 ppm SPIA had lower TBA numbers, less rancid odor, hexanal, and total volatiles after 16 and 24 hr than did samples containing 300 ppm SPIA and controls
Balancing risks and benefits: Primum non nocere is too simplistic.

The commentary by Seal and Daum entitled “What Happened to Primum non nocere?” 1 that appeared in the May 2001 issue of Pediatrics criticized the July 1999 recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and US Public Health Service (USPHS) to delay the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine for infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative women to reduce infant exposure to thimerosal.2 The commentary contains incorrect statements and oversimplifies the complex process of balancing multiple risks and benefits when formulating vaccine policy as summarized in the excellent article by Feudtner and Marcuse3 in the same issue. Some professionals had difficulty understanding the need for the July 1999 recommendations because they didn't fully understand the risks from organomercury exposure and the amounts of ethylmercury present in vaccines. Several developments in the past 2 years have reinforced the wisdom of the recommendations made in July 1999. Seal and Daum stated that methylmercury “might” be harmful to the developing fetal central nervous system. Methylmercury is neurotoxic at all ages, and the developing fetal brain is at least 10-fold more sensitive than the adult brain.4 They also incorrectly stated that “no data existed that implicated ethylmercury” as a cause of neurotoxicity. As reviewed by Ball et al,5 ethylmercury from thimerosal has caused significant neurotoxicity in infants, children, and adults. Such data were available at …
Regression analysis of data with repeated measurements using the method of successive differences

Abstract This paper discusses the first-order differencing approach to longitudinal data with measurements on individual subjects taken at irregular time points. Unlike the two-stage approach to this problem, which first fits a line or curve to each individual's growth pattern and then regresses the fitted line or curve on the covariates of interest, subjects with only two-observations can still contribute to the estimation of parameters. Another major advantage is that any time trend of the response or any covariate effects on the response over a time interval within the total study period can be detected. Such an analysis can be very useful in clinical trials studies, especially in trials involving testing a new drug or therapy. The therapeutic effect of a drug or therapy may decrease with time and it is important to know the time period in which the treatment is most effective so that the shortest treatment duration can be determined to reduce the risks of toxic side-effects. Since estimation and inference of model parameters are performed under the framework of the multiple regression model, the procedures are easily implemented using popular statistical software packages. The estimators are asymptotically normal even when the assumed correlation structure is not met by the underlying data. The methods are illustrated with data from a study of primary anaplastic brain tumors.
Friction behavior of ceramic fiber-reinforced aluminum metal-matrix composites against a 440C steel counterface

Abstract This paper describes the friction behavior of kaowool (Al 2 O 3 · SiO 2 ) and saffil (Al 2 O 3 ) fiber-reinforced aluminum metal-matrix composites (MMCs) prepared by the squeeze infiltration technique. A hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy was used as the matrix. Friction measurements were made using a ball-on-disc configuration, in which a 440C stainless steel ball was held against a rotating MMC disc. Wear tracks on MMC discs and material transfer to the steel counterface were examined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope. There were no significant differences in the friction behavior of the three MMCs and the unreinforced alloy when metallographically polished samples were used as test specimens. In all four cases, the friction trace was rough with large fluctuations in friction force; the coefficients of friction varied between 0.4 and 0.6. When the surface of the MMC was etched, the friction coefficient dropped to a low value of 0.18 and the stick-slip type behavior disappeared. With increase in normal load (and sliding distance), the stick-slip type behavior, characteristic of polished surfaces, reappeared. The transition from smooth to stick-slip type behavior is correlated to the microstructure and surface topography of the MMC. Factors influencing the transfer of aluminum (from the MMC disc) to steel are discussed.
Trapezomata : A Neglected Aspect of Greek Sacrifice

Introduction. Bloodless offerings of the most various kinds of food are a common and well-known feature of Greek sacrifice at all periods. The Greeks themselves thought of them as gifts for the gods (Plato, Euthyphr. 14c). The gift was delivered by simply putting it in a place, usually a shrine, where the god was present to receive it. This form of consecration has been given the appropriate technical name of “deposition,” to distinguish it from other methods of consecrating food-offerings to the gods — such as burning them or simply throwing them away.