cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herbivory on planted dipterocarp seedlings in secondary logged forests and primary forests of Sabah, Malaysia

Leaf defences, leaf nutritional quality and leaf expansion rates may vary with resource availabilities to plants. Such variation could affect rates of leaf loss to herbivores, particularly along the steep resource gradients in disturbed forests. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in leaf damage and leaf expansion rates were measured on dipterocarp seedlings planted into secondary forests 1, 5 and 15 y after logging, and in adjacent primary forest of Sabah, Malaysia. Herbivory rates or amounts of leaf damage were compared across habitats and species for expanding, recently expanded, and mature leaves of Shorea leprosula and Dryobalanops lanceolata (Dipterocarpaceae). In all four habitats, leaves of the faster growing S. leprosula sustained higher rates and amounts of leaf-area loss than did the tougher leaves of slower growing D. lanceolata. Expanding leaves accumulated more leaf-area loss per week than did mature leaves. In all habitats and in both species, more than 25% of expanding leaves disappeared entirely. Rates of leaf-area loss per week differed among habitats for expanding leaves but not for mature leaves. In a relatively open, 1-y-old logged forest, faster leaf expansion reduced the time leaves spent in the most vulnerable stage; however, in S. leprosula a greater rate of leaf area loss countered the shorter expansion time. Thus, leaves accumulated similar total damages across habitats, and herbivory did not produce differences among habitats in seedling growth or mortality. High levels of resources may increase both leaf palatability and leaf expansion rates, with counteracting effects on herbivory.
A pilot study of the efficacy of varenicline for the treatment of smokeless tobacco users in Midwestern United States.

Introduction: Long-term smokeless tobacco (ST) use is known to increase the risk for oropharyngeal cancer, heart attack, and stroke. Varenicline has recently been demonstrated to increase ST abstinence rates among Swedish snus users. We have conducted a pilot study to obtain preliminary evidence of efficacy of varenicline for the treatment of ST users in Midwestern United States.
A Case for Music in Modern American Schools

Music education in the United States is in the throes of critical public re-evaluation which appears to have been brought in primarily by two concurrent forces, both of which are still strongly affecting our lives today. During the past five years, large increases in government and private monies have forced public and private educational systems across the country to make major adjustments in the curriculum; from elementary grades to master's degrees, decisions have had to be made as to which subjects will be offered to students and which will not. In addition, the slow and steady deification of technology and its myriad offspring has effected a subtle yet very sure excommunication of the arts from mainstream society. In this article Dr Meadows draws attention to the threats posed by educational budgetary cutbacks, and argues the case for continuing recognition of music's importance in the school curriculum.
Integrating Master’s Education in Counseling Psychology for Quality, Viability, and Value Added:

In this rejoinder, we review contributions by Palmer and Horne of their responses to our earlier submission in this issue. Together, we present a compelling case for the urgent imperative to constructively address the role of master’s education as a priority in counseling psychology. We not only need to address pressing threats to the viability of counseling psychology but also need to seize opportunities to enhance the quality and value added in our training to help meet vast needs for mental health services. Finally, we extend our analysis and recommendations for strategies to reintegrate and update our foundational counseling master’s training to bridge the sequence and to connect core values of counseling psychology training, for example, the Masters in Counseling Accreditation Committee (MCAC) option and the Counseling Master’s Benchmark Competencies.
Power/Knowledge, Power/Ignorance: Forest Fires and the State in Mexico

For over a century the Mexican state has justified its control of forests by claiming that rural people are ignorant and destructive fire setters, in the face of abundant evidence to the contrary. Academic and popular stereotypes of the state have tended to assume that official power and knowledge go hand in hand. In an institutional ethnography of the Mexican environment agency, SEMARNAP, I show how official ignorance is deployed both within and outside state forestry institutions, and how ignorance and complicity may be as important as knowledge in asserting state power. Rather than internalizing official fire discourse, rural people in Mexico learn to mouth polite fictions in their encounters with officials. I argue that the scholarship on governmentality derived from Foucault has uncritically internalized the link between power and knowledge. A closer attention to the production and translation of knowledge within state institutions leads to a more nuanced understanding of various forms of obscurity and ignorance which accompany official knowledge claims.
Architecture, language, and non-compositional constraints

In the realm of building construction and computer hardware, the word *'architecture" means a set of features shared by a class of designs, or equivalently, a set of constraints on a class of designs (e.g. gothic architecture or RISC architecture). But in the realm of software, the meaning of "architecture" has changed to be more or less synonymous with "design." This is unfortunate because the concept of architecture-as- constraint is .potentially useful: properly chosen constraints can guide engineers towards good designs and away from bad ones (and, of course, poorly chosen constraints can have the opposite effect). We can identify two distinct classes of architectural constraints. Compositional constraints are constraints on the structure of a software system, while non- compositional constraints are constraints on the mechanisms for constructing that structure. On this view, "structured programming", for example, is an architecture that imposes non-compositional constraints on the use of the GOT0 statement. The concept of non-compositional constraints has been largely ignored by the software engineering community. This has been in some cases a serious impediment to progress. For example, the PL Mission Data System (MDS) is an architecture based on the non-compositional constraint that spacecraft should be controlled using goals, which are defined as constraints on state variables over time intervals. This is a very simple and straightforward concept with significant benefits, but because it is a non-compositional constraint and therefore unfamiliar, MDS has not been received with unalloyed enthusiasm.
CANDID: comparison algorithm for navigating digital image databases

In this paper, we propose a method for calculating the similarity between two digital images. A global signature describing the texture, shape, or color content is first computed for every image stored in a database, and a normalized distance between probability density functions of feature vectors is used to match signatures. This method can be used to retrieve images from a database that are similar to an example target image. This algorithm is applied to the problem of search and retrieval for a database containing pulmonary CT imagery, and experimental results are provided. >
Glomerular changes in BK virus nephropathy.

Abstract This study seeks to define the glomerular changes that are associated with human BK virus nephropathy (BKVN). It is based on histopathologic review of 124 biopsies showing light-microscopic changes of viral nephropathy. The diagnosis of BKVN was confirmed by immunohistochemistry or by in situ hybridization. Histological lesions were scored by the Banff 97 criteria for renal allograft pathology and were correlated with clinical parameters. Viral cytopathic effect in the parietal Bowman's capsular epithelium was seen in 21/124 (17%) biopsies. Immunohistochemistry showed infection of Bowman's capsular epithelium in an additional 15/124 (12%) biopsies. Crescents were found in 15/124 (12%) samples. Glomerulitis exceeding grade Banff g1 was only occasionally shown (4/124 = 3% biopsies). Other pathologic lesions documented include mild increase in mesangial matrix in 23% biopsies, aneurysmal dilatation of glomerular capillaries in 28%, ischemic glomerulopathy in 62%, and chronic transplant glomerulopathy graded as mild (cg1) in 62% of biopsies and as moderate (cg2) in 2/124 (1.9%) biopsies. These findings show that infection of the glomerular epithelium cells can occur in a subset of patients with BKVN, most often in biopsies with high viral load in the tubular epithelium. Isolated crescents can occur in BKVN biopsies, but rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is not observed. Two biopsies showed electron-dense deposits on ultrastructural examination, but a cause and effect relationship to BK virus infection could not be established.
Massage Therapy versus Simple Touch to Improve Pain and Mood in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Randomized Trial

Background Small studies of variable quality suggest that massage therapy may relieve pain and other symptoms. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of massage for decreasing pain and symptom distress and improving quality of life among persons with advanced cancer. Design Multisite, randomized clinical trial. Setting Population-based Palliative Care Research Network. Patients 380 adults with advanced cancer who were experiencing moderate-to-severe pain; 90% were enrolled in hospice. Intervention Six 30-minute massage or simple-touch sessions over 2 weeks. Measurements Primary outcomes were immediate (Memorial Pain Assessment Card, 0- to 10-point scale) and sustained (Brief Pain Inventory [BPI], 0- to 10-point scale) change in pain. Secondary outcomes were immediate change in mood (Memorial Pain Assessment Card) and 60-second heart and respiratory rates and sustained change in quality of life (McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire, 0- to 10-point scale), symptom distress (Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, 0- to 4-point scale), and analgesic medication use (parenteral morphine equivalents [mg/d]). Immediate outcomes were obtained just before and after each treatment session. Sustained outcomes were obtained at baseline and weekly for 3 weeks. Results 298 persons were included in the immediate outcome analysis and 348 in the sustained outcome analysis. A total of 82 persons did not receive any allocated study treatments (37 massage patients, 45 control participants). Both groups demonstrated immediate improvement in pain (massage, -1.87 points [95% CI, -2.07 to -1.67 points]; control, -0.97 point [CI, -1.18 to -0.76 points]) and mood (massage, 1.58 points [CI, 1.40 to 1.76 points]; control, 0.97 point [CI, 0.78 to 1.16 points]). Massage was superior for both immediate pain and mood (mean difference, 0.90 and 0.61 points, respectively; P Limitations The immediate outcome measures were obtained by unblinded study therapists, possibly leading to reporting bias and the overestimation of a beneficial effect. The generalizability to all patients with advanced cancer is uncertain. The differential beneficial effect of massage therapy over simple touch is not conclusive without a usual care control group. Conclusion Massage may have immediately beneficial effects on pain and mood among patients with advanced cancer. Given the lack of sustained effects and the observed improvements in both study groups, the potential benefits of attention and simple touch should also be considered in this patient population.
Weak phase stiffness and nature of the quantum critical point in underdoped cuprates

We demonstrate that the zero-temperature superconducting phase diagram of underdoped cuprates can be quantitatively understood in the strong binding limit, using only the experimental spectral function of the “normal” pseudogap phase without any free parameter. In the prototypical (La1–xSrx)2CuO4, a kinetics-driven d-wave superconductivity is obtained above the critical doping δc ~ 5.2%, below which complete loss of superfluidity results from local quantum fluctuation involving local p-wave pairs. Near the critical doping, an enormous mass enhancement of the local pairs is found responsible for the observed rapid decrease of phase stiffness. Lastly, a striking mass divergence is predicted at δc that dictates the occurrence of the observed quantum critical point and the abrupt suppression of the Nernst effects in the nearby region.
The Usefulness of Core Theory in Economics

economic problems. It has an undeserved reputation of being too abstract, owing mainly to the manner in which it is employed in the theory of general equilibrium. In fact, core theory is a highly flexible way of looking at practical economic problems, especially problems in industrial orga- nization. This paper seeks to show how simple numerical examples can illus- trate the idea of the core, and, in turn, how the core can illustrate basic principles of economics.
Bale compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation to control cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in exported rye straw.

Abstract Control of larvae and adults of cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), by bale compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation was studied in rye straw, Secale cereale L., in Aurora, OR. Natural mortality of larvae after transport was 4.0 ± 1.0% (mean ± SEM). Compression (105 kg/cm2) of larvae in standard bales (122 cm long) of rye straw resulted in 100% mortality. Compression of adults in standard bales plus storage of the compressed bales (56 cm long) for 1 d in a freight container resulted in 100% mortality. A KD50 of 102 ppm hydrogen phosphide for 1 h was estimated from the probit regression line developed from dose–response data at 21°C in basic laboratory tests. The LD50s and LD99s were 163 and 6,910 ppm for 2-h exposures and were 18 and 42 ppm for 6-h exposures at 21°C, respectively. A tested dose of 400 ppm for 24 h at 21°C resulted in 100% mortality of the adults. Larvae (n = 10,560) and adults (n = 18,602) did not survive exposure to bale compression followed by hydrogen phosphide fum...
A culture-brain link: Negative age stereotypes predict Alzheimer's disease biomarkers

Although negative age stereotypes have been found to predict adverse outcomes among older individuals, it was unknown whether the influence of stereotypes extends to brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. To consider this possibility, we drew on dementia-free participants, in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, whose age stereotypes were assessed decades before yearly magnetic resonance images and brain autopsies were performed. Those holding more-negative age stereotypes earlier in life had significantly steeper hippocampal-volume loss and significantly greater accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, adjusting for relevant covariates. These findings suggest a new pathway to identifying mechanisms and potential interventions related to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Baroreflex gain : characterization using autoregressive moving average analysis

To study heart rate baroreflex gain, autoregressive moving average (ARMA) analysis, a multivariate method that allows evaluation of the dynamic ("beat-to-beat") interactions between changes in biological signals, was used to evaluate the relationships between R-R interval and arterial blood pressure (BP) during random-interval breathing. Parameters obtained by ARMA analysis of spontaneous fluctuations in BP and R-R interval in 17 volunteers were used to model the response of R-R interval to a transient 1-mmHg increase in BP; the resulting impulse-response and step-response curves were compared with baroreflex gain measured using bolus injections of phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Impulse-response curves for the systolic BP-R-R relationship showed an early (0-1 s) sharp maximum of 5.5 +/- 4.2 ms/mmHg, which was smaller in magnitude but linearly correlated with baroreflex gain derived from SNP (14.5 +/- 9.7 ms/mmHg; r = 0.80, P < 0.002) and PE (31.6 +/- 26.7 ms/mmHg; r = 0.53, P < 0.05) injections. A similar relationship was also found between the one-beat ARMA step response and SNP injection (r = 0.70, P = 0.01). The integrated step response of the BP-R-R relationship over 6 s was 6.4 +/- 4.1 ms/mmHg, with no correlation to baroreflex gain determined by SNP (r = 0.33, P = 0.20) or PE (r = -0.15, P = 0.57). In conclusion, quantification of baroreflex gain consistent with other techniques may be achieved by ARMA analysis without perturbing mean BP. Correlation of baroreflex gain obtained by bolus injection to early measures of baroreflex gain obtained from the ARMA maximum impulse and early step responses, but not the late step response, suggests that the ARMA method may provide additional information regarding the frequency dependent effects of BP on R-R-interval.
Keeley Probes as a Tool for Uncovering Student Ideas: How Do Teachers Use Formative Assessment Probes to Plan and Adapt Instruction?

Formative assessment probes, known as Keeley probes, are one tool teachers use to reveal students’ scientific misconceptions, so that they can move them closer to conceptual understanding. The purpose of this research was to document how four elementary school teachers used formative assessment probes to plan and adapt instruction to improve student learning. Specifically: • How did teachers choose appropriate probes? What learning goals did teachers hope to address by using the probe?? • What instructional sequences did teachers envision when planning to use a probe? • What did teachers notice when analyzing student data from a probe? • How did teachers use the information to modify their instructional practice? This exploratory study addresses key issues by exploring through qualitative methods how four elementary teachers used Keeley formative assessment probes in the classroom through a series of individual and group interviews. The results, reported as case studies and themes, indicate that Keeley probes may be used to help teachers strengthen their pedagogical content knowledge and as an anchor for classroom discussions. Teachers reported that students were highly engaged when considering Keeley probing questions. Teachers in this study had questions about how to analyze data collected through formative assessment, and what instructional steps they needed to take to address misconceptions.
Fifty state systems of community colleges: mission, governance, funding, and accountability, by J. R. Friedel

The fourth edition of Fifty state systems of community colleges is the latest in a series of books coauthored by state directors. The book provides a collection of essays relating to the community ...
Dendrimer-enabled modulation of gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis.

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is an important human pathogen. The genome of this organism is small but encodes many genes of currently unknown function that are thought to be involved in virulence. Lack of a system for genetic manipulation has been a key challenge to advancing the understanding of molecular genetics underlying virulence for this bacterium. We developed a dendrimer-enabled system for transformation of C. trachomatis, and used it to demonstrate the efficient and highly specific knockdown of transcript levels from targeted genes. Antisense, sense, and other control oligonucleotides targeting two sets of duplicated genes on the chlamydial chromosome were designed, commercially synthesized, and complexed with generation-4 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. The complexes were given to HEp-2 cell cultures infected for 16 h with C. trachomatis serovar K and then removed three hours later. Infected cultures were harvested 6 h after pulsing, and DNA and RNA/cDNA were pr...
Sustainability and Unsustainability in a World Become Artificial: Sustainability as a Project of History

(2011). Sustainability and Unsustainability in a World Become Artificial: Sustainability as a Project of History. Design Philosophy Papers: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 103-155.
The application of multi-component reactions in drug discovery

Multi-component reactions (MCRs) enable the facile, automated and high throughput generation of small organic molecules. MCRs have been used to create diversity oriented and biased combinatorial libraries, to accomplish the synthesis of highly complex natural products as well as for the large-scale production of drug candidates. This provides medicinal chemists with a powerful tool to create novel chemical diversity, matching the space of biological targets with relevant chemistry. The discovery of novel MCRs has become an increasingly active area of research, yielding novel chemical scaffolds for drug discovery efforts.
The research survey of degradation organic pollutant using ultrasonic

The principle and effect of ultrasonic degradation organic pollutant was introduced in the paper.The main acoustics factor of influence for degradation was also considered.Views of the existent problem and developing trends ware proposed.
Zero standby power high efficiency hot plugging outlet for 380VDC power delivery system

The DC power delivery system is becoming an appealing research topic and real world solution due to its higher energy efficiency compared with AC delivery system. It has already been applied in data centers, commercial buildings, electrical vehicle charge stations and micro grid systems, etc. However, the electrical arc and related potential for fire and human injury is a main safety concern for the DC system. Besides, the inrush current caused by the load capacitance when hot plugged in to the DC system is also a major issue that must be considered when designing DC system. In this paper, a smart hot plugging outlet is proposed and developed by embedding solid state device into the DC outlet. Besides, over temperature and dual threshold over current protections have been also integrated to realize current limiting and trip function for each outlet. Analysis and experimental results based on 380V DC, which is a common voltage level adopted in data centers and DC micro grids, are discussed and presented.
Renal ischemic-reperfusion injury in L-selectin-deficient mice

L-selectin on leukocyte surfaces mediates cell rolling on endothelium. L-selectin blockade with antibodies attenuated ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI) in heart and skeletal muscle, but its role in renal IRI is unknown. We evaluated the role of L-selectin in renal IRI using L-selectin-deficient mice. Neutrophil migration to chemically inflamed peritoneum was reduced by 47% (P < 0.01) in L-selectin-deficient mice. Ischemia was induced by bilateral renal pedicle clamping for 30 min. Control and L-selectin groups had similar elevations of serum creatinine (1.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dl) and blood urea nitrogen (111 +/- 17 vs. 128 +/- 12 mg/dl) 24 h postischemia. Pathological assessment showed comparable degrees of tubular necrosis at 24 h. The postischemic increase in peritubular neutrophils per 10 high-power field was similar in control and L-selectin-deficient groups at 4 (28 +/- 10 vs. 22 +/- 5), 12 (245 +/- 80 vs. 236 +/- 78), and 24 h (130 +/- 12 vs. 156 +/- 18). These data argue against a significant role for L-selectin in renal IRI. Patho-physiological roles of L-selectin in vivo appear to be more complex than in vitro data would suggest.
Heparin rebound. Studies in patients and volunteers.

The incidence of heparin rebound was determined in 12 patients following open-heart surgery, half receiving a high dose of protamine and half a low dose, and in 6 human volunteers who received protamine based on a protamine titration. In the volunteers the average protamine dose required to neutralize exactly 3.0 mg. per kilogram of heparin was 2.71 mg. per kilogram and the average protamine-heparin ratio was 0.9. Only 1 volunteer, the 1 with the lowest protamine-heparin ratio, demonstrated heparin rebound. All patients who received the low dose of protamine (average protamine-heparin ratio 0.56) demonstrated heparin rebound within 5 hours of neutralization. In 3 cases this was associated with clinical bleeding necessitating the administration of additional protamine. None of the patients receiving the high dose of protamine (average protamine-heparin ratio 1.15) exhibited rebound. Since moderate excesses of protamine have not been shown to produce clinically important anticoagulant effects and relatively small amounts of heparin do have clinically important anticoagulant effects, it appears prudent to give enough protamine both to prevent heparin rebound and to ensure adequate neutralization.
Environmental Stress and the Brain's Reaction.

For neurologists and psychiatrists, this month's edition of CNS Spectrums contains both original research articles and review papers surrounding a central theme of enormous importance: how the environment can harm brain function and how the brain can repair itself. We are extremely fortunate to have Jeremy Coplan as our guest editor. Dr. Coplan, with whom I have enjoyed years of collaboration on many projects of mutual interest, is professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn and senior scientist in the Department of Clinical Psychobiology at the New York State Psychiatric Institute in New York City. Let me now summarize why I believe the area covered this month is so vital.
Interpersonal Relationships in Primative Society

Abstract“Normal” sexual behavior is anything which we and the society within which we function make it, and in essence boils down to socially acceptable and culturally learned behavior. Human cultures set up codes of conduct, and criteria of sex normality. By reinforcing and rewarding the appropriate behaviors, individuals become socialized into what is considered healthy, well-adjusted, mature sex. Underlying the rules and regulations governing sexual behavior, are the goals, values and beliefs of a specific society. These in turn influence attitudes toward sexual behavior and interpersonal relationships. Examination of primitive cultures and understanding the way in which dominant influences permeate relationships and give rise to specific attitudes about sex and sexual behavior illustrate this fact. This discussion will include the following relevant topics: attitudes toward sex, sex instruction, premarital intercourse and illegitimacy, courtship practices, marriage customs, relationships between famil...
Identities for trigonometric divisor sums

The goal of this paper is to prove several identities for sums of the type ∑n≤x′d(n)cos 2πna q,∑n≤x′nd(n)sin 2πna q,∑n≤x′r 2(n)cos 2πna q, where d(n) is the number of divisors of n and r2(n) is the number of representations of n as a sum of two squares. Some of our identities involve weighted divisor functions, and most of our identities are new.
Insisting on Femininity: Mercy Otis Warren, Susanna Rowson, and Literary Self-Promotion

Although women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were increasingly participating in American literary culture, public character attacks on women writers were quite common. In 17...
Quantitative stability of the Brunn-Minkowski inequality for sets of equal volume

The authors prove a quantitative stability result for the Brunn-Minkowski inequality on sets of equal volume: If |A| = |B| > 0 and |A + B|1/n = (2+δ)|A|1/n for some small δ, then, up to a translation, both A and B are close (in terms of δ) to a convex set K. Although this result was already proved by the authors in a previous paper, the present paper provides a more elementary proof that the authors believe has its own interest. Also, the result here provides a stronger estimate for the stability exponent than the previous result of the authors.
Privacy and trust relations in Internet of Things from the user point of view

As technology related devices continue to surround us, emerging notion of Internet of Things (IoT) was simply inevitable. By the completion of IoT technology in all terms, we will able to connect to not only our surrounding devices but also to our far distance devices (via Internet) in a seamless fashion, to gather information sensed by them (e.g. thermostat readings from home automation system) and also send commands to actuator units to fulfill a job (e.g. closing the home heating system remotely). Although this technology will ease our lives, it possesses inherent challenges and dangers that IoT developers need to consider. One of the foremost challenges of IoT is Security. In this work, privacy and trust for IoT is presented from the authors' point of view; as a multi-dimensional relation, which will be a step forward in the efforts of devising Security for IoT, especially for the FIDO applications.
Evaluation of the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (NURHI) Program.

Gaps remain in understanding whether family planning (FP) programs can change urban womens FP behaviors. Even less is known about what works among poor urban women. This article presents results of the impact evaluation of the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (NURHI). Findings are based on recently collected longitudinal data from women and facilities in six cities in Nigeria. Over the four-year follow-up period there was an increase of about ten percentage points in modern method use. Impact evaluation analyses using fixed-effects regression methods indicate that both demand- and supply-side program activities increased modern method use. Radio television community events and living near program-enrolled health facilities all significantly increased modern method use or were related to a desire for no more children among all women and among poor women. Results are discussed with an eye toward the design and scale-up of future family planning programs in urban Nigeria and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.
Lateral but not Medial Hypothalamic AMPK Activation Occurs at the Hypoglycemic Nadir in Insulin-injected Male Rats: Impact of Caudal Dorsomedial Hindbrain Catecholamine Signaling

The hypothalamic energy sensor adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulator of counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia, responds to pharmacological manipulation of hindbrain AMPK activity. Dorsomedial hindbrain A2 noradrenergic neurons express hypoglycemia-sensitive metabolo-sensory biomarkers, including AMPK. Here, adult male rats were pretreated by intra-caudal fourth ventricular administration of the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to determine if catecholamine signaling from the aforesaid site governs hypothalamic AMPK activation during insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). Micropunched arcuate (ARH), ventromedial (VMH), paraventricular (PVH), dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) tissues were obtained at the neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin-induced hypoglycemic nadir, coincident with A2 AMPK activation, for Western blot analysis of AMPK, phospho-AMPK (pAMPK), and relevant metabolic neuropeptides. ARH, VMH, LHA, and DMH norepinephrine levels were altered according to insulin dose; 6-OHDA-mediated reversal of these responses was site-specific. IIH elevated LHA and reduced VMH pAMPK protein, profiles that were respectively unchanged or increased by 6-OHDA. PVH and ARH pAMPK was resistant to IIH, but augmented in ARH of neurotoxin- plus insulin-treated rats. ARH neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) proteins were correspondingly increased or refractory to IIH; 6-OHDA pretreatment normalized NPY and elevated POMC expression after insulin injection. Results demonstrate site-specific bi-directional adjustments in hypothalamic AMPK reactivity to hypoglycemia. Intensification of ARH/VMH pAMPK by 6-OHDA implies dorsomedial hindbrain improvement of energy balance in those sites during IIH. Neurotoxin-mediated augmentation versus suppression of basal catabolic (ARH POMC/VMH steroidogenic factor-1) or IIH-associated anabolic (ARH NPY) neuropeptide profiles, respectively, may involve local AMPK-dependent against independent mechanisms.
Application of a Novel Method to Identify Multi-axis Joint Properties

This article is motivated by the widespread use of shaped elastomeric body mounts that undergo broadband, multi-axis loading; whereas often in application, the principal direction mount properties are measured separately at single frequencies. An inverse method is applied to a new experiment that is constructed with an elastic metal beam end-supported by two elastomeric mounts. Due to a judiciously selected attachment location relative to the neutral axis of the beam as well as the shape of the mount, the in-plane transverse and longitudinal beam motions are found to be coupled. This method utilizes the sensitivity of the beam modal parameters, including natural frequency, mode shapes, and damping ratio, to support properties at each end to identify the multi-axis mount properties. The dynamic stiffness and loss factors of the elastomeric mounts are directly measured in a commercial elastomer test machine and agreement is found between the inverse and direct methods at small displacements. Further, this article helps provide insight into multi-axis properties with new benchmark experiments on off-the-shelf mounts that permit comparison between inverse system and direct component identification methods of the dynamic multi-axis elastomeric mount properties.
Modeling Imprecision in Engineering Design

The background, terminology, and theory of a technique (called the Method of Imprecision or MOI) to formally represent and manipulate imprecise information in engineering design calculations is reviewed here [3, 29, 30, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60]. The method utilizes fuzzy sets to capture designers’ and customers’ preferences. Formal methods for including noise, trade-off strategies and design iteration are included.
Drift ecology of western catostomid larvae with emphasis on Warner suckers, Catostomus warnerensis (Teleostei)

We studied drift ecology of Warner sucker, Catostomus warnerensis, larvae in streams of Warner Valley, Oregon in 1992 and 1993 in part to determine whether downstream transport of larvae limits juvenile recruitment. Variation in runoff for the two years was extreme, where peak discharge in 1992 was two orders of magnitude lower than peak discharge in 1993. We deployed drift nets in low-gradient stream sections that are modified by diversions. Low catches of drifting sucker larvae (zero in 1992 and two in 1993) indicate that losses into diversions were probably minimal. In 1992, we conducted in situ experiments to determine how sucker larvae behaved when exposed to high velocity current by placing individuals of various sizes in mid-channel and tracking drift responses by snorkeling. Even the smallest larvae used did not drift far (2.6 m) or for very long (0.97 min), as they resisted downstream transport by exploiting cover provided by aquatic plants and debris. We also recorded locations of larvae during a 24-hour cycle to determine whether positions occupied during the day changed at night. We found that groups were positioned closer to shore at night in 1993 than in 1992, suggesting that larvae reduced the likelihood of becoming entrained into swift current by moving away from mid-channel at night when visual orientation is impaired. These patterns of drift avoidance are different from behaviors of other western catostomid larvae, potentially because terminal lake habitat in Pleistocene basins such as the Warner Valley has been unreliable.
Mechanism of mRNA Recognition by Eukaryotic Ribosomes During Initiation of Protein Synthesis

There has been considerable speculation about what features in messenger RNA direct ribosomes to the site where peptide-bond formation is to begin. In prokaryotic systems, a substantial body of evidence supports Shine and Dalgarno’s proposal (1974) that base pairing occurs between the pyrimidine-rich 3’-end of 16S ribosomal RNA and a purine-rich sequence located approximately ten nucleotides to the left of the AUG initiator codon (Steitz and Jakes 1975; J.J. Dunn et al. 1978; Steitz 1979). This interaction plays a central role in recognition of initiation sites by bacterial ribosomes, although other features in prokaryotic mRNAs also influence the efficiency of ribosome binding (Lodish 1970; Taniguchi and Weissmann 1978; Borisova et al. 1979; Fill et al. 1980; Iserentant and Fiers 1980). The structural similarities between prokaryotic and eukaiyotic ribosomes (Boublik and Hellmann 1978; Gourse and Gerbi 1980; Tanaka et al. 1980) and the obvious parallels in the overall process of peptide-bond formation indicate a high degree of conservation during evolution of the protein synthesis machinery.
Development of biomarkers for real precision medicine.

Most cancers are genetically heterogeneous diseases, and many genes or gene products have altered their expressions or activities in cancer cells due to a variety of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in DNA. Copy number aberrations (CNAs), common genomic events during carcinogenesis, are known to affect a large fraction of genome and extensively studied for last several decades.
For the Future Viewer: Salvage Ethnography and Edward Curtis's “The Oath – Apsaroke”

Since its reclamation in the 1970s, Edward S. Curtis's project to exhaustively photograph and describe American Indian cultures in the early twentieth century has invited shifting critical assessments. Complicating earlier arguments that it represents a nostalgic and inauthentic drama of a “vanishing” race, in which Indians functioned merely as props, recent scholars seek to recover his sitters’ agency or contemporary artists’ acts of reclamation. This article contributes to those efforts, but by exploring the temporal ambiguities inherent in the notion – then common among ethnographic photographers – of “preserving” a people for future viewers. It thus examines a photograph that Curtis contributed in 1913 to the Modern Historic Records Association, a short-lived organization that intended to assemble time capsules and archival vaults for historians in the distant future. Focussing on this single photograph – “The Oath – Apsaroke” (1908) – also allows us to track the way that Curtis's images could break free from his book project and resonate unpredictably across multiple domains, such as debates over the existence and meaning of Indian oaths.
A Machine Learning Approach to Road Surface Anomaly Assessment Using Smartphone Sensors

Road surface quality is essential for improving driving experience and reducing traffic accidents. Traditional road condition monitoring systems are limited in their temporal (speed) and spatial (coverage) responses needed for maintaining overall road quality. Several alternative systems have been proposed that utilize sensors mounted on vehicles. In particular, with the ubiquitous use of smartphones for navigation, smartphone-based road condition assessment has emerged as a promising new approach. In this paper, we propose to analyze different multiclass supervised machine learning techniques to effectively classify road surface conditions using accelerometer, gyroscope and GPS data collected from smartphones. Our work focuses on classification of three main class labels- smooth road, potholes, and deep transverse cracks. We hypothesize that using features from all three axes of the sensors provides more accurate results as compared to using features from only one axis. We also investigate the performance of deep neural networks to classify road conditions with and without explicit manual feature extraction. Our results indicate that models trained with features from all axes of the smartphone sensors outperform models that use only one axis. We also observe that the use of neural networks provides a significantly improved data classification. The machine learning approach discussed here can be implemented on a larger scale to monitor roads for defects that present a safety risk to commuters as well as to provide maintenance information to relevant authorities.
Frequency and implications of occipital and posterior auricular sentinel lymph nodes in scalp melanoma

Background Patients with scalp melanoma have poor oncologic outcomes compared with those with other cutaneous sites. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy provides prognostic information but is challenging in the head and neck. We explore the anatomic distribution of scalp melanoma and describe the most common sites of SLN drainage and of SLN metastatic disease. Methods Retrospective review of scalp melanoma patients who underwent SLN biopsy. Melanoma location was classified as frontal, coronal apex, coronal temporal, or posterior scalp. SLN location was classified by lymph node level and region. Results We identified 128 patients with scalp melanoma. The most common primary tumor location was the posterior scalp (43%) and the most frequent SLN drainage site was the level 2 lymph node basin (48%). Total 31 patients (24%) had metastatic disease in an SLN. Scalp SLNs, classified as being in the posterior auricular or occipital region, were localized in 26% of patients. For patients in which a scalp SLN was identified, 30% had a positive scalp SLN (n = 10). Conclusions Scalp SLNs are frequent drainage sites for scalp melanoma and, when found, have a 30% chance of harboring metastatic disease. Surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists should be vigilant in identifying, removing, and analyzing scalp SLNs.
'Adaptation of the Source': Ethnocentricity and 'The Florida Negro'

Following years of neglect, Zora Neale Hurston’s status in American letters is restored: she is now recognized as one of the foremost African-American writers of the twentieth century - an artist of the Harlem Renaissance and a native Florida writer. Zora in Florida focuses on the place that nurtured and inspired her work, the frontier wilderness of central Florida and the all-black town of Eatonville. Two chapters are devoted to her first novel, Jonah’s Gourd Vine, set almost entirely in Florida. Others discuss her work for the WPA in Florida; Tracks on the Road, her autobiography; and Mules and Men, her collection of Florida folklore gathered under the direction of anthropologist Franz Boas. The book also treats Hurston’s lesser-known works such as the play Color Struck and Tell My Horse, her first-person account of fieldwork in Haiti. The legal troubles, professional eclipse, and personal opprobrium Hurston endured late in life are discussed in the final chapter. "By linking Hurston’s work to her Florida experiences, the authors explicate her love of black culture and her attitude toward the lot of women in a man’s world. An important contribution to the Hurston revival." (- Booklist) Following years of neglect, Zora Neale Hurston’s status in American letters is restored: she is now recognized as one of the foremost African-American writers of the twentieth century - an artist of the Harlem Renaissance and a native Florida writer. Zora in Florida focuses on the place that nurtured and inspired her work, the frontier wilderness of central Florida and the all-black town of Eatonville. Two chapters are devoted to her first novel, Jonah’s Gourd Vine, set almost entirely in Florida. Others discuss her work for the WPA in Florida; Tracks on the Road, her autobiography; and Mules and Men, her collection of Florida folklore gathered under the direction of anthropologist Franz Boas. The book also treats Hurston’s lesser-known works such as the play Color Struck and Tell My Horse, her first-person account of fieldwork in Haiti. The legal troubles, professional eclipse, and personal opprobrium Hurston endured late in life are discussed in the final chapter.
Ensuring Flexibility and Security in SDN-Based Spacecraft Communication Networks through Risk Assessment

Software-defined networking (SDN) has enabled elastic networking and resource distribution in cloud computing. The centralization and separation of the Control Plane also offers a high degree of network configurability and management, which can be used to mitigate and manage threats to the network. Space communication networks have historically been restricted and circuit switching in these networks has been a manual process. This study evaluates the potential role of SDN in space communication networks from a networking security standpoint. The evaluation covers the networking security needs of spacecraft missions and their associated assets. The results from the evaluation lead to a risk assessment that identifies vulnerabilities in an SDN-based communications architecture. Security challenges introduced into the network from integrating SDN are also considered. A risk register summarizes the severity of the attack outcomes, as well as occurrence likelihood. The study identifies Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks as a new threat (presently unmitigated by existing security controls) that would be prevalent in an SDN-based space communication environment. A Mininet-based emulation testbed is built to demonstrate the susceptibility of spacecraft flight software to a flooding DoS attack when on an interconnected SDN-managed network. This type of attack would be highly consequential to mission assets, and therefore SDN-based space communications would need to be resilient to such attacks. Future work will need to be performed to fully characterize DoS attack methods that can apply to the space communication scenario, as well as to devise a comprehensive DoS-resilient solution.
Possible Large-Scale Hybridization and Introgression Between Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus) and Shortnose Gar (Lepisosteus platostomus) in The Fox River Drainage, Wisconsin

Hybridization among gar species (Pisces: Family Lepisosteidae) has only recently been documented, and relatively few occurrences have been reported. In the Fox River drainage of the Lake Michigan Basin in Wisconsin, apparent hybrids and introgressed individuals (hereafter “hybrids”) of Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus) and Shortnose Gar (L. platostomus) were widespread and numerous, constituting about 44% of the total gar population. Presumed hybrids could be readily distinguished by either their intermediate ratio of snout length to snout width or a low ratio, characteristic of Shortnose Gar, coupled with the presence of conspicuous spots on the top of the snout, an occasional Longnose Gar characteristic. Presumed hybrids had genetic matrilines (cytochrome b) of either Shortnose or Longnose Gar. Apparent hybrids occur commonly throughout the Fox River drainage, including the upper and lower Fox River, its major tributary the Wolf River, the riverine lakes Poygan, Winneconne, Butte des Morts, Winnebago, and Little Butte des Morts, and Green Bay, Lake Michigan, near the mouth of the lower Fox River. Evidence exists for possible hybrids in the adjacent Mississippi River basin and the Missouri River basin, but they appear to be less common and more localized. Extensive hybridization and introgression in the Fox River drainage may have been facilitated by the close phylogenetic relationship of Longnose and Shortnose Gar, the much greater abundance of Longnose relative to Shortnose Gar in the Fox River drainage, the apparent relatively recent colonization of the Fox River drainage by the Shortnose Gar, and the substantial modification and loss of gar spawning habitat in the Fox River drainage caused by dams and artificial water level regulation.