cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential expression of c-fos protooncogene, TNF-alpha, and dynorphin genes in spinal cord following experimental traumatic injury

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to estimate dynamic changes in levels of c-fos protooncogene, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and preprodynorphin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isolated from individual segments (T1 to T12) of rat spinal cord following graded impact trauma (50 or 100 g/cm) to the T9 segment of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Trauma caused elevation of c-fos mRNA at the trauma site by 30 min after injury that was related to injury severity. At this time, increased levels of TNF-alpha (but not of preprodynorphin) mRNA were also found. By 24 h, c-fos and TNF-alpha mRNA had returned to normal levels at trauma site, but were now increased at more distal segments (T5 and T12). At 4 h after trauma, induction of preprodynorphin mRNA was detected at the trauma site; levels continued to be elevated at 24 h when they were also detected at T5 and T12. Increases for each mRNA were greater for severe as compared to moderate trauma. The injury dose- and time-dependent changes in c-fos, TNF-alpha, and preprodynorphin gene expression suggest that their respective proteins are synthesized in response to trauma, and may play a part in the secondary injury response. Later accumulation of message distant from the trauma site may reflect a progression of delayed damage along the spinal cord.
Applications of Harmonic Commutation for Thyratron Inverters and Rectifiers

The problem of commutation in thyratron rectifiers and inverters is discussed and a method of using a harmonic circuit of reduced kva to force commutation is described. By the aid of harmonic commutation, inverters can be operated to supply lagging loads and rectifiers can be phase controlled in the leading quadrant. A rectifier which is phase controlled 90 degrees leading becomes equivalent to a synchronous condenser and may be used for power factor correction. A duplex type of circuit is described which enables a polyphase inverter to produce a sinusoidal voltage and current, and permits a rectifier to draw a sinusoidal current from the a-c system. The inverter is shown to differ from a synchronous converter only in that the sum of the a-c and d-c armature reactions of the inverter must always be zero. By providing two sets of tubes in the inverter, one on the unity power factor axis and the other on the zero power factor axis, a crossed axis inverter is developed which will furnish a sinusoidal current and voltage for all conditions of load.
Pressure broadening of the J=5←4 transition of carbon monoxide from 17 to 200 K: A new collisional cooling experiment

Abstract A new spectroscopic experiment has been constructed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This experiment employs the collisional cooling technique to study gases at temperatures below their condensation points. Specifically, the experiment has been designed to mimic the temperatures of the interstellar medium for the study of water under these conditions. The ultimate purpose is to measure state-to-state excitation rates under equilibrium conditions to provide insights into the interpretation of interstellar water spectra obtained from space-borne platforms such as the Herschel Space Observatory. This paper presents an overview of the new experiment including a discussion of its design and a detailed explanation of the system. In addition, we report a pressure broadening study of the J=5←4 transition of CO at 576 GHz used as a system validation. The new results are compared with measurements from the literature as a validation of the new experiment. In addition, the non-classical behavior of the pressure broadening of CO at low temperature observed in the measurements will be discussed.
Dependence of the Magnetization Response on the Driving Field Amplitude for Magnetic Particle Imaging and Spectroscopy

To predict the response of magnetic nanoparticles to changes in the external magnetic field in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and magnetic particle spectroscopy, it is important to understand the relaxation mechanisms and relaxation times. Often, the zero-field formulas for Brownian and Neel relaxation are employed when theoretically estimating the relaxation times. However, as reported previously, the relaxation times depend on the magnetic field strength. The Neel relaxation time can change by many orders of magnitude even for magnetic field strengths typically used in MPI. Here, we report on numerical simulations of the Fokker–Planck equations governing Brownian and Neel relaxation for an externally driven system. We find that when only Neel relaxation is present—as occurs if the particles are embedded in a solid—a strong magnetization response can occur even if the zero-field equation predicts a weak response. For a system of particles suspended in a fluid, the dominate relaxation mechanism, either Brownian or Neel, depends on the magnetic field strength, the driving frequency, and the phase of the magnetization relative to the driving field. In addition, some analytical expressions for the relaxation times are evaluated.
Reversible Reactions of Ethylene with Distannynes Under Ambient Conditions

Ethylene's cycloadditions to unsaturated hydrocarbons occupy well-established ground in classical organic chemistry. In contrast, its reactivity toward alkene and alkyne analogs of carbon's heavier-element congeners silicon, germanium, tin, or lead has been little explored. We show here that treatment of the distannynes Ar(iPr4)SnSnAr(iPr4) [Ar(iPr4) = C6H3-2,6(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2, 1] or Ar(iPr8)SnSnAr(iPr8) [Ar(iPr8) = C6H-2,6(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2-3,5-iPr2, 2] with ethylene under ambient conditions affords the cycloadducts Ar(iPr4) Sn(mu2:nu1:n1-C2H4)2Sn Ar(iPr4 (3) or Ar(iPrs) Sn(mu2:nu1:nu1-C2H4)2Sn AriPrs (4) that were structurally and spectroscopically characterized. Ethylene incorporation in 3 and 4 involves tin-carbon sigma bonding and is shown to be fully reversible under ambient conditions; hydrocarbon solutions of 3 or 4 revert to the distannynes 1 or 2 with ethylene elimination under reduced pressure or upon standing at approximately 25 degrees C. Variable-temperature proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that the enthalpies of reaction were near -48 (3) and -27 (4) kilojoules per mole.
A novel method for incorporating fission gas elements into solids

Abstract A novel method for the fabrication of test samples for fission gas behavior studies is described. We applied the technique of ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) as a means to introduce Xe atoms into alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) films. We then investigated the redistribution of Xe atoms and microstructural evolution induced by annealing. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the microstructure of our Al 2 O 3 –Xe IBAD films resemble characteristic microstructural features associated with fission gas accumulation in reactor-irradiated nuclear fuels.
Outage probability of cellular radio systems using maximal ratio combining in Rayleigh fading channel with multiple interferers

The performance of digital cellular radio systems with maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity is analysed in a flat-fading Rayleigh channel with cochannel interference and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Closed-form expressions are derived for the outage probability in the presence of multiple independent Rayleigh faded interferers.
Chronic ethanol consumption reduces the neurotrophic activity in rat hippocampus.

Abstract The effect of chronic ethanol treatment (CET) for 21–26 weeks on the neurotrophic activity contained in the rat hippocampus (HPC) was determined with a bioassay in cultures of dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells (DRG) obtained from E7–8 chick embryos. Extracts of the HPC from CET or pair-fed control rats were used as experimental media, and neuronal survival and neurite-outgrowth of DRG cultures were determined. Both neuronal survival (−25%) and neurite-outgrowth (−50%) were reduced in the presence of HPC extracts from CET rats relative to controls. These data suggest that CET reduces the neurotrophic content of the HPC which may result in damage to septohippocampal neurons.
Abstract A1: Functional significance of miR-10b in tamoxifen resistance of breast cancer cells

Tamoxifen is a conventional treatment option for breast cancer patients diagnosed with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors. However, a significant number of these patients eventually develop resistance to tamoxifen during therapy, and thus the management of such tamoxifen-resistant patients remains a clinical challenge. In an effort to identify novel targets for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant tumors, we observed increased expression of microRNA 10b (miR-10b) in ER-positive MCF-7 cells-derived tamoxifen-resistant cells (MCF7TR). The miR-10b has been implicated in invasion and metastasis but its role, if any, in drug resistance of breast cancer cells has never been investigated. To ascertain the mechanistic role of miR-10b in tamoxifen resistance, we downregulated its levels in MCF7TR cells and in addition we also overexpressed miR-10b by transfecting MCF-7 cells with pre-miR-10b. We found that the downregulation of miR-10b in MCF7TR cells led to increased sensitivity to tamoxifen whereas overexpression of miR-10b in MCF-7 cells led to increased resistance to tamoxifen. During our mechanistic investigation, we found that increased expression of miR-10b downregulated the expression of HDAC4 in MCF7TR cells. Inactivation of HDAC4 using HDAC4-specific siRNA transfection in MCF-7 cells led to the acquisition of tamoxifen resistance. Moreover, further reduction of HDAC4 in MCF7TR cells by HDAC4-specific siRNA transfection resulted in further enhancement of tamoxifen resistance. In summary, we have identified miR-10b-HDAC4 nexus as one of the molecular mechanism of tamoxifen resistance, and thus targeting this nexus could become a novel targeted therapeutic approach for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
Regulation of a human neurotropic virus promoter, JCVE: identification of a novel activator domain located upstream from the 98 bp enhancer promoter region

Transcription of the human neurotropic virus promoter, JCVE, and its regulation in glial cells are controlled by the 98 bp tandem repeats positioned between the viral early and late genes. Here, we show that a region, designated domain-D, located upstream from the 98 bp repeats functions as a transcriptional activator and increases JCVE promoter activity. Using the reporter SV40E promoter fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, we demonstrate that domain-D stimulates the basal SV40E promoter activity in glial and to a lesser degree in HeLa cells. Results from gel mobility-shift assays indicate that domain-D interacts with proteins derived from glial and HeLa extracts and results in the formation of specific DNA-protein complexes. Through UV cross-linking assays, we demonstrate that these complexes have similar electrophoretic mobilities which comigrate with the 43-50 Kd proteins derived from glial and HeLa cells. These findings, together with our previous observations, imply that the JCVE control region is composed of multiple common and specific activator domains that may account for the increased expression of the promoter in glial cells. The possible role of the D-binding protein in transcription of the JCVE promoter is discussed.
The rank filtration and Robinson's complex

Abstract For a functor from the category of finite sets to abelian groups, Robinson constructed a bicomplex in [A. Robinson, Gamma homology, Lie representations and E ∞ multiplications, Invent. Math. 152 (2) (2003) 331–348] which computes the stable derived invariants of the functor as defined by Dold–Puppe in [A. Dold, D. Puppe, Homologie nicht-additiver Funktoren. Anwendungen., Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble) 11 (1961) 201–312]. We identify a subcomplex of Robinson’s bicomplex which is analogous to a normalization and also computes these invariants. We show that this new bicomplex arises from a natural filtration of the functor obtained by taking left Kan approximations on subcategories of bounded cardinality.
Mechanism(s) involved in meat mutagen formation and inhibition.

Abstract The Maillard reaction, which involves Amadori rearrangement as a key step, also results in sugar fragmentation and free radical formation. The imidazoquinoline meat mutagens (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5- f ]-quinoline, or IQ, and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoline, or MeIQ) are formed from a reaction mixture containing alkylpyridine free radicals and creatinine. The imidazoquinoxaline meat mutagens (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]-quinoxaline, or MeIQx, and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]-quinoxaline, or 4,8-DiMeIQx0) may be produced by reacting a mixture containing dialkypyrazine free radicals and creatinine. Two different pathways for free radical formation are proposed. One involves bimolecular ring formation from the enaminol form of the glycoaldehyde alkylimine and is followed by oxidative formation of the free radical. The other pathway involves formation of N , N 1 -diaklylpyrasinium ions from glyoxal monoalkylimine followed by reduction to produce the free radicals. The respective intermediates (glycoaldehyde alkylimine and glyoxal monoalkylamine) are formed by reacting glycoaldehyde and glyoxal with amino compounds. The glycoaldehyde system reacts faster and produces more free radicals than the glyoxal system. The reactions help to explain the formation of imidazoquinoxaline meat mutagens and their predominance in fried fish and why these mutagens are present in larger quantities in fried ground beef than the imidazoquinoline-type meat mutagens. These two pathways may not be the only mechanisms involved in formation of meat mutagens, but other free radical reactions may also contribute to meat mutagenicity and are mentioned briefly. An explanation of how BHT enhances mutagenicity and some of the pathways by which free radical scavenger-type antioxidants (such as BHA, PG, and TBHQ) and sulfiting agents and nitrite inhibit mutagenicity are also proposed.
Carbon Deposition in Steam Reforming and Methanation

Abstract Deactivation of supported metal catalysts by carbon or coke formation is a problem of serious magnitude in steam reforming, methanation, and other important catalytic processes. Its causes are generally threefold: (1) fouling of the metal surface, (2) blockage of catalysts pores and voids, and/or (3) actual physical disintegration of the catalyst support. Since loss of catalytic activity and physical destruction of the catalyst by carbon deposits can occur rapidly (within hours or days) under unfavorable conditions, understanding and control of these effects are of major technological and economical importance.
't HOOFT'S SCATTERING AMPLITUDE FROM CHERN–SIMONS–WITTEN GRAVITY IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS

By using canonical phase space variables different from those associated with individual particles, we couple the Chern–Simons–Witten gravity to point-like sources. The resulting theory provides an alternative to the usual test particle approximation and yields 't Hooft's scattering amplitude in the limit of two very massive slowly moving particles.
Working Well With Others: The Prediction of Students’ Clinical Performance

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether multivariate measurement at the initiation of students' training in occupational therapy could predict clinical performance in Level II fieldwork. METHOD Forty-five students in their first semester were videotaped in pairs and completed personality and emotional communication measures related to the potential for working well with others. Two years later, the students' clinical performance was rated by Level II fieldwork supervisors. RESULTS In the physical rehabilitation fieldwork setting, students who were conventional and quietly concerned were rated higher than students who were unconventional, talkative, and less other-centered. In the pediatric rehabilitation setting, students who were autonomous and nonverbally perceptive were rated higher than students who were interdependent and less perceptive. In the psychiatric rehabilitation setting, students who were emotionally reactive to facial but not body cues of emotion were rated higher than students who had low emotional reactivity and were less perceptive to facial but not body cues. CONCLUSION The varying institutional cultures, types of patients, and roles of occupational therapy across fieldwork settings may require different sets of attributes for working well with others. Educators and supervisors should be aware of these possible differences when fashioning Level I fieldwork experiences.
Triple Pomeron vertex, duality and diffraction dissociation☆

Abstract By invoking duality for the Reggeon-particle absorptive part, we relate the triple Reggeon coupling to the low missing mass spectrum in diffraction dissociation. Existing experimental data are analyzed and suggest that the triple Pomeron coupling is small.
Outcomes with Split Liver Transplantation Are Equivalent to Those with Whole Organ Transplantation

Background Split liver transplantation is an excellent option for expansion of the donor organ pool. However, reports of increased morbidity in split liver recipients may limit use of this technique. Study Design This was a single center retrospective analysis investigating split liver transplantation. Between August 1, 1995 and March 30, 2012, 53 of 1,261 (4.2%) recipients received split liver grafts. Results The 1-, 5-, and 10-year patient and graft survivals in adult recipients of split grafts were 95.5%, 89.5%, and 89.5%, respectively. Survival was similar to that of whole organ recipients (p = 0.15). Twenty-three adults received split grafts: 18 (78%) were right trisegment grafts, 4 (17.4%) were right lobes, and 1 (4.3%) was a left lobe. The mean cold ischemic time was 5.7 hours (±2.4 hours [SD]) and warm ischemic time was 36 minutes (±5.5 minutes). Four (17%) recipients required hepatic artery reconstruction; 5 (21.7%) required a caval-venous patch, and 5 (21.7%) had Roux-en-Y reconstruction of the bile duct. No venous conduits were required. Thirty children received split grafts (median age 1.2 years, range 0.1 to 16.4 years) and had a median weight of 8.6 kg (range 3.6 to 45 kg). Pediatric split 1-, 5-, and 10-year overall and graft survival rates were 96.7%, 80.0%, 80.0%, and 93.3%, 76.8, and 76.8%, respectively. Complications included retransplantation in 3 (10.0%), bile leak in 5 (16.7%), hepatic arterial thrombosis in 2 (6.7%), bowel perforation in 2 (6.7%), and bleeding in 2 (6.7%). The mean donor age was 22.4 months (±8.9) months and body mass index was 22.8 kg/m 2 (±3.3 kg/m 2 ). Conclusions We demonstrated excellent outcomes in adult and pediatric recipients using carefully selected donors for liver splitting. We recommend escalation of the use of split liver transplants to expand the donor pool for cadaveric liver transplantation.
EVALUATING SPEED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CARS, LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS, AND VANS FOR EMISSIONS MODELING

The percentage of sport-utility vehicles, light-duty trucks, and passenger vans in the on-road light-duty fleet is steadily increasing. The implications for modeling emissions from on-road vehicles are significant since light-duty trucks produce, on average, more emissions than passenger cars. Although not frequently considered in calculating emission rates, differences in the average speeds of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, sport-utility vehicles, and passenger vans may influence emissions. This paper investigated whether the different classes of passenger vehicles operated differently on-road. Spot speed studies were used to determine differences in operating characteristics for three subgroups of the passenger car fleet. Results are presented for studies on freeways and arterials.
Distribution of preproenkephalin messenger RNA in the basal ganglia and limbic-associated regions of the monkey telencephalon

We studied the distribution of preproenkephalin messenger RNA in the monkey forebrain, using a free-floating method for in situ hybridization histochemistry. Autoradiographs reveal a high level of specific hybridization to preproenkephalin messenger RNA in the monkey striatum and forebrain regions. In the monkey striatum, the distribution of preproenkephalin messenger RNA is heterogeneous. There is variation in the general labeling pattern between regions of the striatum. For example, a particularly densely labeled area of preproenkephalin messenger RNA is observed in the ventral part of the caudal putamen. In addition, at the macroscopic level, there are patches of specific hybridization intermingled with areas containing less specific labeling. This forms a mosaic-like pattern. At the microscopic level, densely labeled individual cells are found among those with little or no specific labeling. Adjacent sections, processed for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, show some correlation between the perikarya containing preproenkephalin messenger RNA and enkephalin-positive fibers in the striatum. Specific hybridization to preproenkephalin messenger RNA is evident throughout the cortical mantle, primarily concentrated in layers 2 and 3. Particularly high levels of preproenkephalin messenger RNA are found in specific limbic-associated cortices, including the piriform allocortex, the agranular area of the orbitofrontal cortex, the agranular insular cortex and the caudal field of the entorhinal cortex. Specific labeling is also present in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus and in the amygdaloid complex. This study reveals heterogeneous distribution of dense preproenkephalin messenger RNA in the basal ganglia and high levels of preproenkephalin messenger RNA in specific limbic-associated regions of the monkey telencephalon.
Redefining the IRI F1 layer profile

Abstract This paper provides a new formulation for the presentation of the F1 layer in the IRI electron density profile. Recently the bottomside F2 layer of the IRI model had been improved by searching for better parameters B0 and B1 which define the thickness and shape of the F2 layer. The work is now continued through the F1 layer to the top of the E-valley. The IRI-90 model for the F1 layer with its one free parameter, C1, is difficult to fit to actual profiles. A new functional description of the F1 layer is given in this paper that avoids the difficulties found in IRI-90 for the modeling of the F1 profile. The new F1 representation also has one free parameter, D1. The Digisonde network automatically calculates D1 in real time together with the B0 and B1 parameters. A reasonable fit is obtained by using D1 = 2.5 C1.
Interfirm differences in earnings variability: an analysis of fundamentals, cash flows and accruals

Prior research shows that the time-series variability of corporate earnings affects forecasting accuracy and corporate risk, yet little is known about the determinants of earnings variability. This study analyses interfirm differences in earnings variability. Large-sample evidence shows how the ratio of accrual variability to cash-flow variability varies across a cross-section of firms and how these components and the correlation between contemporaneous cash flows and accruals are related to key economic fundamentals.
Preliminary experience with reversal of venoatrial flow in the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation.

Present methods of assessing trlcuspld regurgttation are often unreliable. We present preliminary data concerning a new angiographic method for identification of tricuspid regurgttation which evaluates direction of flow of contrast media during right ventricular (RV) systole in the Inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins following right atrial or IVC angiography. Group I consisted of 15 patients who had tricuspid regurgttation by conventional criteria. AIM 5 patients exhibited reversal of venoatrial flow by right atrial or inferior vena cava angiography. In a control group (group III) of 20 patients who do not have clinical tricuspid regurgttation, one patient demonstrated retrograde flow. Group II consisted of 11 patients wtth mttral valve disease and mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension. All 11 had no conventional evidence of tricuspid regurgttation; however, all 11 had the pathophysiologlc potential for tricuspid regurgttatlon. Five of 11 had reversal of venoatrial flow during RV systole, suggesting the presence of clinically inapparent tricuspid In conclusion, preliminary data suggest that angiographic reversal of venoatrial flow may be both sensitive and specific for the presence of tricuspid regurgttation. Further investigation wtth comparison to RV angiography and real-time echocardiography should be performed.
An SF1 affinity model to identify branch point sequences in human introns

Splicing factor 1 (SF1) binds to the branch point sequence (BPS) of mammalian introns and is believed to be important for the splicing of some, but not all, introns. To help identify BPSs, particularly those that depend on SF1, we generated a BPS profile model in which SF1 binding affinity data, validated by branch point mapping, were iteratively incorporated into computational models. We searched a data set of 117,499 human introns for best matches to the SF1 Affinity Model above a threshold, and counted the number of matches at each intronic position. After subtracting a background value, we found that 87.9% of remaining high-scoring matches identified were located in a region upstream of 3'-splice sites where BPSs are typically found. Since U2AF65 recognizes the polypyrimidine tract (PPT) and forms a cooperative RNA complex with SF1, we combined the SF1 model with a PPT model computed from high affinity binding sequences for U2AF65. The combined model, together with binding site location constraints, accurately identified introns bound by SF1 that are candidates for SF1-dependent splicing.
A Stochastic Portfolio Optimization Model with Bounded Memory

This paper considers a portfolio management problem of Merton's type in which the risky asset return is related to the return history. The problem is modeled by a stochastic system with delay. The investor's goal is to choose the investment control as well as the consumption control to maximize his total expected, discounted utility. Under certain situations, we derive the explicit solutions in a finite dimensional space.
Residual Activity of Fludioxonil and Pyrimethanil Against Penicillium expansum on Apple Fruit.

Xiao, C. L., and Boal, R. J. 2009. Residual activity of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil against Penicillium expansum on apple fruit. Plant Dis. 93:1003-1008. Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest disease of apples (Malus × domestica). Residual activity of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil in apple fruit against P. expansum was investigated during 2005 to 2008. Fruit of the cultivar Delicious harvested from commercial orchards where fungicides were not used were either not treated or drenched with fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, or thiabendazole prior to storage and then stored in controlled atmosphere at 0°C for 5 or 7 months, after which time the fruit were removed from storage and subjected to washing and brushing, practices that are done at the time of packing. Fruit were then wounded and inoculated with conidial suspensions of P. expansum. Inoculated fruit were treated with either sterile water or fungicides. Fruit were stored at 0°C for 8 weeks and at room temperature for one additional week after cold storage. To determine distribution of fungicide residues in the fruit flesh, fruit were cut horizontally at the equator, sprayed with the conidial suspension of P. expansum, incubated at room temperature, and examined for inhibition of blue mold on the cut fruit 4 days after inoculation. Fungicide residues on/in the fruit were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. Zero to 26% blue mold incidence was observed on fludioxonil-drenched fruit that were inoculated and not treated with fungicides at packing. No decay or 32 mm inhibition zone and approximately 5 mm inhibition zone measured from the fruit peel toward the fruit core were observed on pyrimethanil-drenched and fludioxonil-drenched fruit, respectively. Washing and brushing at the time of packing 5 and 7 months after harvest did not remove or only partially removed residues of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil from apple fruit. The results suggest that residues of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil on/in apple fruit are persistent and that residual protection of apple fruit by the two fungicides can last for at least 7 months under apple-storage conditions.
Early second trimester intervention in a surviving infant with postnatally diagnosed urethral atresia.

A 37-year-old woman (gravida IV, para II) was referred for screening fetal ultrasound at 14 weeks of gestation. The fetus was identified with a massively dilated bladder and normal amniotic fluid. At 15 weeks of gestation level III ultrasound demonstrated oligohydramnios, bilateral echogenic kidneys with hydronephrosis and the “keyhole” sign indicating profound bladder outlet obstruction (fig. 1). The remaining organ systems were unremarkable. Serial bladder electrolytes were obtained at 15, 16 and 17 weeks of gestation (see table). The parents decided to intervene despite a poor prognosis, and at 18 weeks of gestation a vesico-amniotic shunt was placed with immediate decompression of the bladder and restoration of amniotic fluid. At 30 weeks of gestation oligohydramnios was detected despite a decompressed urinary system, and elective cesarean section was performed at 34 weeks of betamethasone treatment. Peritoneal dialysis was instituted in the first week of life to manage renal insufficiency and oliguria. Since neonatal evaluation suggested bladder outlet obstruction, vesicostomy was performed. At age 14 months a 2 cm. proximal congenital urethral atretic segment was identified and serially dilated allowing closure of the vesicostomy (fig. 2). At age 30 months bilateral reimplantation with ureterocystoplasty was performed in an
Computing the CS and the generalized singular value decompositions

If the columns of a matrix are orthonormal and it is partitioned into a 2-by-1 block matrix, then the singular value decompositions of the blocks are related. This is the essence of the "CS decomposition". The computation of these related SVD's requires some care. Stewart has given an algorithm that uses the LINPACK SVD algorithm together with a Jacobitype "clean-up" operation on a cross-product matrix. Our technique is equally stable and fast but avoids the cross product matrix. The simplicity of our technique makes it more amenable to parallel computation on systolic-type computer architectures. These developments are of interest because a good way to compute the generalized singular value decomposition of a matrix pair (A, B) is to compute the CS decomposition of a certain orthogonal column matrix related toA andB.
Plasma membrane ectoglycosyltransferase activity of L1210 murine leukemic cells

L1210 murine leukemia cells after treatment with Cl. perfringens neuraminidase at pH 7.0 incorporated six times more N-acetylneuraminic acid-[C14] than control cells when incubated for 30 minutes with cytidine 5′-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic-[C14] acid and three times more galactose-[C14] when incubated with uridine diphosphate galactose-[C14]. These sugars were incorporated in a 10% trichloracetic acid insoluble fraction and more than 75% of the incorporated N-acetylneuraminic acid- [C14] could be removed by further treatment of these cells with neuraminidase. The incorporation of N-acetylneuraminic acid- [C14] as a function of time was divided into two rates: a rapid one, active during the first 30 minutes followed by a slower one, similar to the rate observed with untreated cells. The addition of Ba++ and Ca++ ions at 8.3 mM increased the incorporation of N-acetylneuraminic acid- [C14] by 25% while 8.3 mM EDTA decreased activity by 58% . The addition of Zn++ or Hg++ at similar concentrations abolished the incorporation almost completely. The optimal pH for the incorporation of N-acetylneuraminic acid- [C14] by these neuraminidase treated cells was 6.5. These data suggest that ectoglycosyltransferases are present on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of L1210 cells and are able to catalyze the addition of radiolabeled nucleotide sugars onto macromolecular acceptors (cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids) prepared by prior incubation of the cells with neuraminidase. Use of these procedures for labeling outer cell surfaces may also prove to be valuable for the study of plasma membrane glycoprotein and glycolipid structure, synthesis, and turnover.
Three-dimensional electron microscopy reveals new details of membrane systems for Ca2+ signaling in the heart.

In the current study, the three-dimensional (3D) topologies of dyadic clefts and associated membrane organelles were mapped in mouse ventricular myocardium using electron tomography. The morphological details and the distribution of membrane systems, including transverse tubules (T-tubules), junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and vicinal mitochondria, were determined and presumed to be crucial for controlling cardiac Ca2+ dynamics. The geometric complexity of T-tubules that varied in diameter with frequent branching was clarified. Dyadic clefts were intricately shaped and remarkably small (average 4.39×105 nm3, median 2.81×105 nm3). Although a dyadic cleft of average size could hold maximum 43 ryanodine receptor (RyR) tetramers, more than one-third of clefts were smaller than the size that is able to package as many as 15 RyR tetramers. The dyadic clefts were also adjacent to one another (average end-to-end distance to the nearest dyadic cleft, 19.9 nm) and were distributed irregularly along T-tubule branches. Electron-dense structures that linked membrane organelles were frequently observed between mitochondrial outer membranes and SR or T-tubules. We, thus, propose that the topology of dyadic clefts and the neighboring cellular micro-architecture are the major determinants of the local control of Ca2+ in the heart, including the establishment of the quantal nature of SR Ca2+ releases (e.g. Ca2+ sparks).
Optical Spectroscopy of the Surface Population of the ρ Ophiuchi Molecular Cloud: The First Wave of Star Formation

We present the results of optical spectroscopy of 139 stars obtained with the Hydra multiobject spectrograph. The objects extend over a 1.3 deg2 area surrounding the main cloud of the ρ Oph complex. The objects were selected from narrowband images to have Hα in emission. Using the presence of strong Hα emission, lithium absorption, location in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, or previously reported X-ray emission, we were able to identify 88 objects as young stars associated with the cloud. Strong Hα emission was confirmed in 39 objects with line widths consistent with their origin in magnetospheric accretion columns. Two of the strongest emission-line objects are young, X-ray-emitting brown dwarf candidates with M8 spectral types. Comparisons of the bolometric luminosities and effective temperatures with theoretical models suggest a median age for this population of 2.1 Myr, which is significantly older than the ages derived for objects in the cloud core. It appears that these stars formed contemporaneously with low-mass stars in the Upper Scorpius subgroup, likely triggered by massive stars in the Upper Centaurus subgroup.
Haematite pseudomicrofossils present in the 3.5-billion-year-old Apex Chert

Microstructures from the 3.5-billion-year-old Apex Chert have been interpreted as the remains of ancient cyanobacteria. Geochemical analyses suggest similar structures at the same location are instead haematite-filled fractures, although carbonaceous material in the surrounding matrix is consistent with the presence of microbes at this time.
PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTION USING MINERAL WASTES

A Type I Portland cement has been produced using anorthite from copper-nickel tailings and raw taconite tailings. The cement exhibited better strength properties than ordinary Type I Portland cement and gave a stronger concrete when tested under identical curing conditions. Factors leading to the attainment of these higher strength values are identified and their effects on the ultimate mechanical properties of cement are discussed. It is also anticipated that the compositional variety of tailings may also have other beneficial effects on long-term cement behavior such as resistance to sulfate attack.
Recent hybrid electric vehicle trends and technologies

In collaboration with the Department of Energy's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity, Argonne National Laboratory performs dynamometer testing and evaluation for a wide array of advanced vehicles. Using data obtained from this benchmarking, this paper discusses recently observed trends in hybrid electric vehicle technologies, discussing both overall vehicle trends as well as select component trends. This work discusses both “full” hybrids with a significant amount of electric (EV) or engine-off operation and more “mild” hybrids with a lesser amount of electric operating capability. This paper seeks to summarize some of the high-level operation trends that have been appearing in recent hybrid electric vehicles.
Changing population characteristics, effect-measure modification, and cancer risk factor identification.

Epidemiologic studies have identified a number of lifestyle factors, e.g. diet, obesity, and use of certain medications, which affect risk of colon cancer. However, the magnitude and significance of risk factor-disease associations differ among studies. We propose that population trends of changing prevalence of risk factors explains some of the variability between studies when factors that change prevalence also modify the effect of other risk factors. We used data collected from population-based control who were selected as study participants for two time periods, 1991–1994 and 1997–2000, along with data from the literature, to examine changes in the population prevalence of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID) use, obesity, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) over time. Data from a population-based colon cancer case-control study were used to estimate effect-measurement modification among these factors. Sizeable changes in aspirin use, HRT use, and the proportion of the population that is obese were observed between the 1980s and 2000. Use of NSAIDs interacted with BMI and HRT; HRT use interacted with body mass index (BMI). We estimate that as the prevalence of NSAIDs use changed from 10% to almost 50%, the colon cancer relative risk associated with BMI >30 would change from 1.3 to 1.9 because of the modifying effect of NSAIDs. Similarly, the relative risk estimated for BMI would increase as the prevalence of use of HRT among post-menopausal women increased. In conclusion, as population characteristics change over time, these changes may have an influence on relative risk estimates for colon cancer for other exposures because of effect-measure modification. The impact of population changes on comparability between epidemiologic studies can be kept to a minimum if investigators assess exposure-disease associations within strata of other exposures, and present results in a manner that allows comparisons across studies. Effect-measure modification is an important component of data analysis that should be evaluated to obtain a complete understanding of disease etiology.
Power in Documentation: An eProgress Note for APNs

Documentation in the medical record provides a venue for APNs to have a voice. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) have been described as “invisible champions.” The APNs who are employed in the critical care division at Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC function as clinical nurse specialists. They have enacted APN subroles to advance numerous initiatives in collaboration with professional staff nurses and other disciplines exerting influence across the organization (see Table). In Our Unit
Rifaximin: a nonsystemic rifamycin antibiotic for gastrointestinal infections

Use of nonsystemic antimicrobials with activity against enteropathogens is a promising approach for treatment of infectious diarrhea and other nonsystemic gastrointestinal infections. Rifaximin is approved by the US FDA for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea caused by noninvasive strains of Escherichia coli in patients aged 12 years and older, and for the reduction in risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE) recurrence in patients aged 18 years or older. Rifaximin has been available in Italy since 1987 and overall is approved in 33 countries for various conditions, such as acute and chronic infections, bacterial diarrhea, HE, and pre- and postsurgical prophylaxis. There is accumulating evidence on the benefit of rifaximin for nonsystemic gastrointestinal infections. This article will serve as an update on rifaximin. The pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of rifaximin along with an updated review on the bacterial susceptibility to rifaximin will be presented. Finally, clinical trials with rifaximin for nonsystemic gastrointestinal indications will be updated.
Determinants of survival and major amputation after peripheral endovascular intervention for critical limb ischemia

Objective Our objective was to analyze periprocedural and 1-year outcomes of peripheral endovascular intervention (PVI) for critical limb ischemia (CLI). Methods We reviewed 1244 patients undergoing 1414 PVIs for CLI (rest pain, 29%; tissue loss, 71%) within the Vascular Study Group of New England (VSGNE) from January 2010 to December 2011. Overall survival (OS), amputation-free survival (AFS), and freedom from major amputation at 1 year were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The number of arteries treated during each procedure were 1 (49%), 2 (35%), 3 (12%), and ≥4 (5%). Target arterial segments and TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus classifications were aortoiliac, 27% (A, 48%; B, 28%; C, 12%; and D, 12%); femoral-popliteal, 48% (A, 29%; B, 34%; C, 20%; and D, 17%); and infrapopliteal, 25% (A, 17%; B, 14%; C, 25%; D, 44%). Technical success was 92%. Complications included access site hematoma (5.0%), occlusion (0.3%), and distal embolization (2.4%). Mortality and major amputation rates were 2.8% and 2.2% at 30 days, respectively. Overall percutaneous or open reintervention rate was 8.0% during the first year. At 1-year, OS, AFS, and freedom from major amputation were 87%, 87%, and 94% for patients with rest pain and 80%, 71%, and 81% for patients with tissue loss. Independent predictors of reduced 1-year OS (C index = .74) included dialysis (HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.8-5.1; P P = .05), age >80 years (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.7-2.8; P P 1.8 mg/dL (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8; P P P = .03), whereas independent preoperative ambulation (HR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9; P = .014) was protective. Independent predictors of major amputation (C index = .69) at 1 year included dialysis (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.6-4.5; P P = .02), prior major contralateral amputation (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5; P = .02), non-Caucasian race (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.9; P = .045), and male gender (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6; P = .03), whereas smoking (HR, .60; 95% CI, 0.4-1.0; P = .042) was protective. Conclusions Survival and major amputation after PVI for CLI are associated with different patient characteristics. Dialysis dependence is a common predictor that portends especially poor outcomes. These data may facilitate efforts to improve patient selection and, after further validation, enable risk-adjusted outcome reporting for CLI patients undergoing PVI.
A Model for Integrating Technology into Teacher Education: One College’s Journey

While it is not unusual to find a technology course in education programs across the United States, it is far less common to find an education program that has integrated technology into every aspect of that program. This is what is unique about Hope College’s Education Program. Over the past 10 years, a model for infusing technology into all aspects of the teacher education program has evolved. Mehlinger and Powers (2002), believe in “the need for a model that brings together technology standards, other teaching standards, and the teacher education program” (p.116). The Hope College Technology Integration Model does just that.
Quantifying the local influence at a tall tower site in nocturnal conditions

The influence of the local terrestrial environment on nocturnal atmospheric CO2 measurements at a 329-m television transmitter tower (and a component of a CO2 monitoring network) was estimated with a tracer release experiment and a subsequent simulation of the releases. This was done to characterize the vertical transport of emissions from the surface to the uppermost tower level and how it is affected by atmospheric stability. The tracer release experiment was conducted over two nights in May of 2009 near the Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina. Tracer was released on two contrasting nights—slightly stable and moderately stable—from several upwind surface locations. Measurements at the 329-m level on both nights indicate that tracer was able to mix vertically within a relatively short (∼24 km) distance, implying that nocturnal stable conditions do not necessarily prevent vertical dispersion in the boundary layer and that CO2 measurements at the tower are at least partly influenced by nearby emissions. A simulation of the tracer release is used to calculate the tower footprint on the two nights to estimate the degree to which the local domain affects the tower readings. The effect of the nocturnal boundary layer on the area sampled by the tower can be seen clearly, as the footprints were affected by changes in stability. The contribution of local sources to the measurements at the tower was minimal, however, suggesting that nocturnal concentrations at upper levels are contributed mostly by regional sources.
An Agrarian Portrait of HIV

[June – August 2008; Arusha, Tanzania; Global Service Corps] An often-unnoticed face of HIV in Tanzania is distinctly agrarian. For farming communities in the Arusha area of Tanzania, the connection between food security and HIV is hard to ignore. About 8 out of 100 people in Tanzania are living with the virus. Livelihoods claimed by the HIV epidemic are increasingly young men and women whose families depend on their labor on family-run gardens and farms. In the last ten years, young people have begun migrating from their rural communities to urban centers. This trend, combined with HIV infection rates among the young, have a crippling effect on food security in the isolated hills outside Arusha. Whole communities struggle with drops in local food production, loss of market opportunities, and high imported food costs. Women comprise the majority of Tanzanian food producers in rural settings – roughly 90% of women in Arusha district engage in subsistence farming and market activities every day. As the HIV epidemic reaches more and more rural areas, women bear newer roles as farmers, breadwinners, and caretakers to those family or community members with HIV. Global Service Corps (GSC) is a San Francisco-based non-profit that facilitates HIV education workshops and bio-intensive agriculture trainings for people in the Arusha area, making the critical connection between HIV prevention and sustainable farming. Trainings stress a multi-generational, family-centered approach to HIV prevention, and include discussions around sexual decision-making, negotiation, and condom use. Most recently, GSC has launched HIV-prevention day camps for secondary school students to help them stay HIV-free. Bio-intensive agriculture (BIA) trainings instruct on sack-gardening, crop rotation, companion planting, and other labor-saving farming techniques. These trainings also emphasize family nutrition and sustained crop yield. Numbers of people in the Arusha community receiving both BIA and HIV trainings are on the rise. Embracing an ecological perspective in the fight against HIV and food insecurity, Global Service Corps’ operations set a sustainable example for integrating disciplines on the ground for improved quality of life.