cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impatient Trading, Liquidity Provision, and Stock Selection by Mutual Funds

We show that a mutual fund's stock selection skill can be decomposed into additional components that include liquidity-absorbing impatient trading and liquidity provision. We find that past performance predicts future performance better among funds trading in stocks affected more by information events: Past winners earn a risk-adjusted after-fee excess return of 35 basis points per month in the future. Most of that superior performance comes from impatient trading. We also find that impatient trading is more important for growth-oriented funds, and liquidity provision is more important for younger income funds. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org., Oxford University Press.
Caregiving in quarantine: Humor styles, reframing, and psychological well-being among parents of children with disabilities

Prior research links adaptive humor styles (affiliative and self-enhancing) with enhanced psychological well-being and maladaptive humor styles (aggressive and self-defeating) with worse psychologi...
DYNAMIC PRESTRAINING OF DRY SAND

Dynamic prestraining is the application of vibratory shearing strains to soil that is acted upon by static confining pressure. Tests on hollow, cylindrical Ottawa sand specimens, in a torsional resonant column apparatus, demonstrate that material behavior may be significantly changed by prestraining. In general, prestraining at shearing strains between 0.001% and 0.01% can double the dynamic shear modulus and damping, strikingly reduce the static compressibility, and cause fatigue failures. Density changes cannot account for this. No changes occur for prestraining at shearing strains less than 0.001%. The effects are dependent on confining pressure, void ratio, shearing strain amplitude, and cycles of vibration. Millions of cycles may be necessary to produce these changes. Test results indicate that density or void ratio measurements may not reveal the total change in these parameters imparted to dry sands by vibratory loading. This is important in determining the dynamic response of foundations and the compaction improvement of sand soils.
Pattern Cardinality as a Characterization of Dynamical Complexity

In this note we pursue an idea of Lozil in order to characterize the complexity of the behavior of rhythmic systems where a dichotomy of pulses can be naturally imposed.
Breast density evaluation using spectral mammography, radiologist reader assessment, and segmentation techniques: a retrospective study based on left and right breast comparison.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the precision of mammographic breast density measurement using radiologist reader assessment, histogram threshold segmentation, fuzzy C-mean segmentation, and spectral material decomposition. Materials and Methods Spectral mammography images from a total of 92 consecutive asymptomatic women (aged 50–69 years) who presented for annual screening mammography were retrospectively analyzed for this study. Breast density was estimated using 10 radiologist reader assessment, standard histogram thresholding, fuzzy C-mean algorithm, and spectral material decomposition. The breast density correlation between left and right breasts was used to assess the precision of these techniques to measure breast composition relative to dual-energy material decomposition. Results In comparison to the other techniques, the results of breast density measurements using dual-energy material decomposition showed the highest correlation. The relative standard error of estimate for breast density measurements from left and right breasts using radiologist reader assessment, standard histogram thresholding, fuzzy C-mean algorithm, and dual-energy material decomposition was calculated to be 1.95, 2.87, 2.07, and 1.00, respectively. Conclusions The results indicate that the precision of dual-energy material decomposition was approximately factor of two higher than the other techniques with regard to better correlation of breast density measurements from right and left breasts.
Providing Decision Support for Cosmogenic Isotope Dating

Human experts in scientific fields routinely work with evidence that is noisy and untrustworthy, heuristics that are unproven, and possible conclusions that are contradictory. We present a deployed AI system, Calvin, for cosmogenic isotope dating, a domain that is fraught with these difficult issues. Calvin solves these problems using an argumentation framework and a system of confidence that uses two-dimensional vectors to express the quality of heuristics and the applicability of evidence. The arguments it produces are strikingly similar to published expert arguments. Calvin is in daily use by isotope dating experts.
Network pricing: can both ISP and P2P benefit?

Internet service providers are facing increasing back pressure from rising access demand by users, especially peer-to-peer P2P-based applications that greatly enhance the large-scale distribution of content into and out of their networks. With the ever increasing consumption pressure on scarce bandwidth resources, ISPs have been forced to reconsider their business model of overselling 'all-you-can-eat' broadband at flat rates. Technical solutions such as traffic differentiation or blocking violate the principle of network neutrality; traffic shaping and deep packet analysis fall short in the presence of encryption; and P4P localized P2P-based solutions are difficult to achieve in a heterogeneous environment. Economically, various usage-based pricing schemes have been proposed and discussed. While they can improve efficiency in bandwidth consumption, they tend to face strong customer resistance as users have strong preference in favour of simple flat rates. We argue that any feasible pricing reforms cannot deviate much from the current flat rates while providing financial incentives for bandwidth hogs to limit their bandwidth access. In contrast to normal usage-based pricing models that charge by volume, we propose a temporal-based pricing model that may generate a mutually beneficial solution that can not only increase the profitability of ISPs but also accommodate P2P, rather than killing it, without changing the software, protocols or hardware that clients or ISPs use on the network.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Use of Ricin a Chain-Containing Immunotoxins to Kill Neoplastic B Cells

A cell-binding antibody conjugated to a plant or bacterial toxin has been termed an “immunotoxin.” One such toxin, ricin, like most toxic proteins produced by bacteria and plants, has a toxic polypeptide (A chain) attached to a cell-binding polypeptide (B chain) (13). The B chain is a lectin that binds to galactose-containing glycoproteins or glycolipids on the cell surface. By mechanisms that are not yet well understood, the A chain of the cell-bound ricin gains access to the cell cytoplasm presumably by receptor-mediated endocytosis and penetration of the membrane of the endocytic vesicle. There is evidence that the B chain can also facilitate the translocation of the A chain through the membrane of the endocytic vesicle (4,5,12,20). In the cytoplasm, the A chain of ricin inhibits protein synthesis by enzymatically inactivating the EF-2 binding portion of the 60S ribosomal subunit. It is thought that one molecule of A chain in the cytoplasm of a susceptible cell can kill it (14).
Studies on the antigenic structure of ribonuclease. V. Dinitrophenylated ribonuclease.

Abstract Rabbit antibodies to 1-α-dinitrophenylaminoribonuclease, 41-e-dinitrophenylamino-RNase, RNase A, and their oxidized derivatives have been prepared. Only 1-α-dinitrophenylamino-RNase gives an appreciable decrease in precipitin and complement fixation reactions when compared with the appropriate unlabeled form. The two antisera to 41-e-dinitrophenylamino-RNase had no antibody to the dinitrophenyl group as judged by cross-reaction and hapten inhibition, and little antibody as estimated by precipitation with dinitrophenylated bovine γ-globulin. All other dinitrophenylated RNase derivatives elicited considerable antibody to the dinitrophenyl group. Perhaps the dinitrophenyl group on lysine 41 is folded into the interior. The binding constants are heterogeneous for the interaction between α-14C-dinitrophenyllysine and antibody to oxidized 41-e-dinitrophenylamino-RNase. Although both monomeric and dimeric RNase precipitate equal amounts of antibody when the reaction is carried out in small volumes, 1.5 to 2 times as much antigen on a nitrogen basis is required to reach equivalence when dimer is used. In precipitin studies with 41-e-14C-dinitrophenylamino-RNase monomer and dimer, the ratio of antibody to antigen was 2.00 ± 0.06 with monomer and varied from 1.71 in antibody excess to 1.28 in antigen excess with dimer. Certain antigenic sites are less reactive or decreased in concentration in the dimer.
Chapter XV The Strychnos Alkaloids. Part II

Publisher Summary This chapter presents information on strychnos alkaloids. The chapter discusses the elucidation of the structure of strychnine and brucine, vomicine and vomipprine, the structure and stereochemistry of strychnine, and others. The structure and configuration of vomicine has been related to that of N -methyl- sec -pseudostrychnine and N -methyl- sec -pseudobrucine, through a common degradation product and vomipyrine that has been synthesized. It has been established that rupture in alkoxylating fission occurs a t N b -C 18 , thus requiring some revision in the structure of methoxymethyldihydroneostrychnine and related products. There has been some speculation regarding the mode of biogenesis of these alkaloids in the plant. While two more by-products from the neutral permanganate oxidation of strychnine have been identified, attention has been focused for the first time on permanganate oxidation in weakly acidic medium and the derived products have been converted, in turn, into strychninonic acid by neutral permanganate oxidation. If the configuration of an asymmetric center adjacent to an alpha keto amide is retained, it is possible, with certain reservations, to assign a configuration to strychnine. It is now possible to proceed to a consideration of the steric attack of hydrogen and permanganate on brucine, whereby dihydrobrucine and dihydrobrucinonic acid are obtained.
CANS: composable, adaptive network services infrastructure

Ubiquitous access to sophisticated internet services from diverse end devices across heterogeneous networks requires the injection of additional functionality into the network to handle protocol conversion, data transcoding, and in general bridge disparate network portions. Several researchers have proposed infrastructures for injecting such functionality; however, many challenges remain before these can be widely deployed. CANS is an application-level infrastructure for injecting application-specific components into the network that focuses on three such challenges: (a) efficient and dynamic composition of individual components; (b) distributed adaptation of injected components in response to system conditions; and (c) support for legacy applications and services. The CANS network view comprises applications, stateful services, and data paths built from mobile soft-state objects called drivers. Both services and data paths can be dynamically created and reconfigured: a planning and event propagation model assists in distributed adaptation, and a flexible type-based composition model dictates how new services and drivers are integrated with existing components. Legacy components plug into CANS using an interception layer that virtualizes network bindings and a delegation model. This paper describes the CANS architecture, and a case study involving a shrink-wrapped client application in a dynamically changing network environment where CANS improves overall user experience.
A Comparison of Precipitation Estimation Techniques over Lake Okeechobee, Florida

Abstract Lake Okeechobee, located in southern Florida, is an important component in the regional hydrologic system. Currently, the Southeast River Forecast Center (SERFC) is setting up a forecasting scheme for Lake Okeechobee and its major inflows. An important aspect in calibrating the system is estimating the depth of direct precipitation over the water surface. Within this project, National Weather Service (NWS) and South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) surface gauges, along with stage III multisensor precipitation estimates, are used to create time series of mean areal precipitation (MAP). The computed MAP values are compared in order to find the relative differences between them, and to determine the utility of using each data source for calibration and in future operations. It was found that the SFWMD gauge-based MAP was the most useful data source, because it had a suitable period of record and the SFWMD gauges had a better spatial sampling of precipitation over the lake surface. The rada...
Advance warning of high‐speed ejecta based on real‐time shock analyses: When fast‐moving ejecta appear to be overtaking slow‐moving shocks

[1] Interplanetary shocks propagating into the magnetosphere can have significant space weather consequences. However, for many purposes it is the ejecta behind the shock that is the greater threat. The ejecta can be fast moving, impart significant momentum upon the magnetopause, and may contain a flux rope with strong southward magnetic fields. When transient solar wind activity strikes the magnetosphere, it can lead to enhanced magnetospheric currents and elevated radiation levels in the near-Earth environment. It is therefore desirable to use the observed shocks ahead of ejecta to predict any aspects of the approaching ejecta that can be predicted. We have examined 39 shocks observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft in the years 1998 to 2003. Within the selection are shocks that were chosen because they appear to propagate significantly more slowly than the speed of the ejecta behind it. While appearing at first to be a contradiction, we show that the shocks are propagating across the radial direction and at significant angles to the velocity of the ejecta. These slow-moving shocks are actually precursors of fast-moving and potentially significant ejecta. Reversing the analysis, we are able to predict the peak speed of the ejecta well in advance of their observation, up to or in excess of 10 h following the shock crossing, when slow-moving shocks are seen, and we have incorporated this feature into our real-time shock analysis.
Force Field for Peptides and Proteins based on the Classical Drude Oscillator.

Presented is a polarizable force field based on a classical Drude oscillator framework, currently implemented in the programs CHARMM and NAMD, for modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of peptides and proteins. Building upon parameters for model compounds representative of the functional groups in proteins, the development of the force field focused on the optimization of the parameters for the polypeptide backbone and the connectivity between the backbone and side chains. Optimization of the backbone electrostatic parameters targeted quantum mechanical conformational energies, interactions with water, molecular dipole moments and polarizabilities, and experimental condensed phase data for short polypeptides such as (Ala)5. Additional optimization of the backbone ϕ, ψ conformational preferences included adjustments of the tabulated two-dimensional spline function through the CMAP term. Validation of the model included simulations of a collection of peptides and proteins. This first gener...
Mothers' Cognitions about Relational Aggression: Associations with Discipline Responses, Children's Normative Beliefs, and Peer Competence

Prior research has shown that parental social cognitions are associated with child outcomes such as aggression. The goal of this study was to examine mothers’ cognitions about relational aggression, and to explore linkages between mothers’ attributions and normative beliefs about aggression and children's competence with peers. Participants included 103 mothers and children in grades 3 through 6. Results showed that mothers viewed relational aggression as more acceptable and normative than physical aggression, and they attributed less responsibility to children for using relational aggression. Maternal cognitions also predicted levels of sternness and disapproval in response to child relational aggression, and children's beliefs about the acceptability of relational aggression, which were associated with children's teacher-rated peer competence. Sex differences in the patterns of associations between maternal cognitions, discipline responses, child norms and peer competence were found. Applications of these results to parent education programs that are focused on relational aggression are discussed.
New congruences for generalized Frobenius partitions with two or three colors

Abstract The goal of this paper is to prove new congruences involving 2-colored and 3-colored generalized Frobenius partitions of n which extend the work of George Andrews and Louis Kolitsch.
Alternate molecular genetic pathways in ovarian carcinomas of common histological types.

Summary We evaluated alterations in p53, PIK3CA, PTEN, CTNNB1 ( β -catenin), MLH1, and BRAF among common histological subsets of epithelial ovarian tumors to characterize patterns of alterations of different molecular pathways. There were 12 clear cell, 26 endometrioid, and 51 serous carcinomas evaluated by direct DNA sequencing for mutations in p53, PIK3CA, PTEN, BRAF, and CTNNB1. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assessed MLH1 promoter methylation status. Quantitative PCR identified PIK3CA amplification in 22 EC/CC and 94 SC. p53 mutations were identified in 25 (49%) of 51 SC, 11 (42%) of 26 EC, and 1 (8.3%) of 12 CC neoplasms and were more common in grade 3 EC ( P = .045) and advanced-stage EC/CC ( P = .007). PIK3CA mutations were identified in 3 (25%) of 12 CC, 3 (12%) of 26 EC, and 0 of 51 SC. PTEN mutations were significantly more common in EC (8/26, 31%) compared with CC (0/12; P = .04) and SC (2/51, 4%; P = .002). CTNNB1 mutations were identified, 6 (23%) EC and no CC or SC ( P = .008). Both PTEN and CTNNB1 mutations were more common in low-grade EC/CC, whereas PIK3CA mutations occurred only in grade 3 cancers. PTEN and PIK3CA mutations were more common in p53 wild-type tumors ( P = .003). PIK3CA amplification occurred in fewer EC/CC (0/22) versus SC (19/94, 20%; P = 0.02) and were slightly more common in p53 wild-type compared with p53 mutant SC ( P = .08). Of 26 EC, 22 (85%) had a mutation in one of the genes studied compared with 4 33% of 12 CC ( P = .003). Women with EC/CC had significantly better overall survival ( P = .0008), and this remained significant after accounting for stage ( P =.04). Mutations in p53 or in PTEN/PIK3CA are alternative pathways in ovarian carcinogenesis. Activation of PIK3CA occurs by gene amplification in SC but via somatic mutation of PIK3CA or PTEN in EC and CC. PIK3CA mutations are associated with high-grade tumors, whereas PTEN and CTNNB1 mutations are associated with low-grade tumors. Mutations in p53, PIK3CA, PTEN, and CTNNB1 account for most EC tumors; most CC remain unexplained. EC/CC histology is a favorable prognostic factor.
Humoral immunity in xenotransplantation: B-cell tolerance and accommodation

Immunity poses the most daunting barrier to the clinical application of xenotransplantation. This barrier exists because xenografts carry many foreign antigens recognized by the innate and adaptive limbs of immunity and fail to incite regulatory processes that protect the graft. Although various agents and regimens have been developed to control immune responses, the difficulty of achieving control of immune responses to xenografts has stimulated interest in the application of tolerance or accommodation (resistance to immune-mediated injury) for improving survival and thus the clinical applicability of xenotransplantation. This review discusses recent advances in understanding and achieving tolerance and accommodation for xenotransplantation. All xenografts are not equally susceptible to immune-mediated injury, and hence, tolerance and accommodation are not always needed. Cellular xenografts are susceptible to cellular rejection, which can be controlled by immunosuppression. Organ xenografts, on the other hand, are highly susceptible to humoral immunity and vascular disease that is not completely controlled by immunosuppression. Therefore, tolerance and accommodation may be needed for these transplants. Humoral immunity has seemed an unyielding obstacle to the success of organ xenotransplantation. Tolerance and accommodation could provide the tools to overcome this hurdle. This article reviews new insights and strategies for achieving tolerance and accommodation for xenotransplantation.
Alluvial Fan Formation Near Aklavik, Northwest Territories, Canada

When the Canadian Government decided to relocate the town of Aklavik in the delta of the Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories, the search for a new site involved detailed site investigations of four prospective locations. One was on the gently sloping surface of an alluvial fan between the Richardson Mountains and the western rim of the Mackenzie Delta. Predictions from surficial evidence and from a detailed study of aerial photographs were invalidated when drilling in the perennially frozen ground disclosed at least 40 feet of organic silt and no sand or gravel as had been expected. The adjacent mountains of Cretaceous age supply materials eroded from sandstone and shales. The action of frost probably induces mechanical disintegration. Turbulent stream flow continues the erosion process, which appears to be still further aided by the annual growth of fast-growing sedges and grasses on the surface of the stream meanders. The short but warm growing season leads to rapid decay of this grass cover; this combined with the annual layers of stream-bed material results in the fans being composed predominantly of organic silt with only minor quantities of coarse-grained material.
Determination of histidine in serum with o-phthaldialdehyde.

Abstract A simple, rapid, and specific method for the measurement of histidine in serum is described. In the method, histidine and o -phthaldialdehyde condense in 0.3 N NaOH to generate a fluorescent product that can be measured in a fluorescence spectrometer.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene deletion exaggerates MAPK-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 induction by inflammatory stimuli.

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) are responsive to a wide array of inflammatory stimuli, have been localized to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and are in...
Green's Function Methods for Potential Magnetic Fields

The Green's function method to calculate potential magnetic field on the Sun, which was first established by Schmidt (1964) in the case that the field component normal to a flat boundary plane is specified, is extended to the following three cases: (a) The field component along the line of sight, which is not generally normal to the flat boundary plane, is specified; (b) the line of sight component on a spherical boundary surface is specified; (c) the normal component on a spherical surface is specified, together with the condition that the field becomes approximately radial on an outer spherical surface (the so-called source surface). Properties of these Green's functions are examined, and the applicability of these methods to solar magnetic data is discussed.
Emotion Reactivity and Regulation in Late-Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Functional Connectivity at Baseline and Post-Treatment

Objectives Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in the elderly, but its functional neuroanatomy is not well understood. Given the role of emotion dysregulation in GAD, we sought to describe the neural bases of emotion regulation in late-life GAD by analyzing the functional connectivity (FC) in the Salience Network and the Executive Control Network during worry induction and worry reappraisal. Methods The study included 28 elderly GAD and 31 non-anxious comparison participants. Twelve elderly GAD completed a 12-week pharmacotherapy trial. We used an in-scanner worry script that alternates blocks of worry induction and reappraisal. We assessed network FC, using the following seeds: anterior insula (AI), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Results GAD participants exhibited greater FC during worry induction between the left AI and the right orbitofrontal cortex, and between the BNST and the subgenual cingulate. During worry reappraisal, the non-anxious participants had greater FC between the left dlPFC and the medial PFC, as well as between the left AI and the medial PFC, and elderly GAD patients had greater FC between the PVN and the amygdala. Following 12 weeks of pharmacotherapy, GAD participants had greater connectivity between the dlPFC and several prefrontal regions during worry reappraisal. Conclusion FC during worry induction and reappraisal points toward abnormalities in both worry generation and worry reappraisal. Following successful pharmacologic treatment, we observed greater connectivity in the prefrontal nodes of the Executive Control Network during reappraisal of worry.
Association Mechanisms of Unsaturated C2 Hydrocarbons with Their Cations: Acetylene and Ethylene

The ion–molecule association mechanism of acetylene and ethylene with their cations is investigated by ab initio quantum chemical methods to understand the structures, association energies, and the vibrational and electronic spectra of the products. Stable puckered cyclic isomers are found as the result of first forming less stable linear and bridge isomers. The puckered cyclic complexes are calculated to be strongly bound, by 87, 35 and 56 kcal mol−1 for acetylene–acetylene cation, ethylene–ethylene cation and acetylene–ethylene cation, respectively. These stable complexes may be intermediates that participate in further association reactions. There are no association barriers, and no significant inter-conversion barriers, so the initial linear and bridge encounter complexes are unlikely to be observable. However, the energy gap between the bridged and cyclic puckered isomers greatly differs from complex to complex: it is 44 kcal mol−1 in C4H4+, but only 6 kcal mol−1 in C4H8+. The accurate CCSD(T) calculations summarized above are also compared against less computationally expensive MP2 and density functional theory (DFT) calculations for structures, relative energies, and vibrational spectra. Calculated vibrational spectra are compared against available experiments for cyclobutadiene cation. Electronic spectra are also calculated using time-dependent DFT.
Errata to “The construction of solvable polynomials”

in order to include the case ν = 1. (When ν = 1, the argument of footnote 12 fails and no δ satisfies the requirements of the theorem. When the formula is stated as above, no δ is called for when ν = 1.) In the special case ν = 1, the definition of G(x) in (5.2) should be replaced by G(x) = x − sμ0 , where s0 is a nonzero Lagrange resolvent. (In this case, there is no m, but this G(x) has the μ needed roots αs0.) When ν = 1, the assertion to be proved in Section 7 reduces to a tautology. 2. Proposition 4.1 contains a serious error that does not affect the rest of the paper. The formula αsi → αsi+κ it gives for τ describes a permutation of the Lagrange resolvents, but does not describe an automorphism of Ω, so the proposition fails to provide the needed τ . (The τ constructed in the proof is an automorphism, but it does not combine with σ and η to generate the group.) Correction of the formula for τ implies corrections in the relations, but the main assertions remain:
Biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation with choledochocholedochostomy anastomosis: endoscopic findings and results of therapy.

Abstract Background: Biliary tract complications are a continuing source of morbidity after orthotopic liver transplantation. This is a retrospective examination of experience with ERCP in patients with biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation to determine type and frequency of complications and outcome after endoscopic therapy. Methods: From May 1988 to August 1999, orthotopic liver transplantation was performed 408 times; 4 additional patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation at another hospital were also followed. The records of 367 patients who underwent choledochocholedochostomy were reviewed. Of these, 121 underwent 325 ERCPs; 226 ERCPs were performed because of acute problems (typically cholestasis with or without cholangitis), and 99 were for reevaluation of the bile duct, stent change, or stent removal. Three patients underwent ERCP because of pancreatic problems. Results: A biliary complication was identified in 24.5% of patients (90 of 367) and more than 1 complication in 32%. At ERCP, 37 patients (30.5%) had biliary stones; 9 further patients (7.4%) had only sludge. Stones were completely cleared at the initial or a subsequent ERCP. Strictures were found in 55 patients (45.5%), either at the anastomosis (n = 43) or at another site(s) in the donor duct (n = 12). Balloon or bougie dilation followed by stent insertion was performed in 54 patients. Endoscopic therapy was successful in 91% of patients with biliary strictures. A biliary leak/fistulae was found in 22 patients (18.1%) and endoscopic therapy, when attempted, was successful in all. Eight patients had possible sphincter of Oddi dysfunction based on dilated recipient and donor ducts together with elevated liver enzymes. After sphincterotomy, the liver enzymes returned to normal in only one of these patients. Three patients had blood clots in the biliary tree. Conclusion: When biliary tract complications are suspected after orthotopic liver transplantation, ERCP identifies biliary abnormalities if present and offers multiple therapeutic options. Endoscopic therapy is usually successful but multiple procedures are often necessary, especially when treating strictures. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:224-31.)
Lexical Learning by Children with Specific Language Impairment: Effects of Linguistic Input Presented at Varying Speaking Rates.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of speaking rate variations in the linguistic input provided to children during a novel word learning task. Thirty-two school-age children participated in this investigation, including 16 children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 16 normal language (NL) controls matched on mental age (MA). The younger half of the NL group also served as a vocabulary level comparison for the older half of the children with SLI. No significant rate effects were found for comprehension of novel words, with all children performing at relatively high levels of accuracy. The group with SLI demonstrated the same recognition accuracy pattern as MA matched controls for target labels versus phonetically similar/dissimilar foils only for words trained at slow rate. Rate effects were most pronounced for items with the highest difficulty level, namely production of novel words. Children with SLI produced significantly fewer words that had been presented at fast rate during training than NL children matched on mental age or vocabulary level. Individual differences and production error patterns on fast rate items were examined. The finding that variations in speaking rate had a disproportionate impact upon word learning for children with SLI was interpreted within a framework of limited processing capacity.
The Impact of Authentic Learning Exercises On Pre-service Teachers' Motivational Beliefs towards Technology Integration

ABSTRACT A quasi-experimental study explored the impact of authentic learning exercises on preservice teachers’ motivational beliefs and intentions to integrate technology, as well as the ability of those beliefs to predict intentions. A questionnaire was used to assess 104 preservice teachers’ expectancy-value related motivational beliefs, namely intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientations, task value, self-efficacy, and control of learning. Results indicated authentic learning exercises might have enhanced motivational beliefs, particularly self-efficacy and intrinsic goal-orientation. Also, motivational beliefs predicted intentions to integrate, with task value predicting significantly. The Impact of Authentic Learning Exercises On Pre-service Teachers’ Motivational Beliefs towards Technology Integration Jennifer R. Banas, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL, USACindy S. York, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, USA Keywords: Authentic Learning, Motivation, Pre-Service Teachers, Task Value, Technology Integration
Optical properties and densification of sol-gel derived PbTiO3 thin layers

Refractive index values are reported for sol-gel derived PbTiO3 thin-layers as a function of thermal processing conditions. Dense amorphous layers were formed at 350°C (n = 2.35) with crystallization at 450°C (ii = 2.65). A spin-casting method is described for the deposition of coatings. Ellipsometry was used to monitor optical properties as a function of heat-treatment conditions.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Autonomic composite hydrogels by reactive printing: materials and oscillatory response

Autonomic materials are those that automatically respond to a change in environmental conditions, such as temperature or chemical composition. While such materials hold incredible potential for a wide range of uses, their implementation is limited by the small number of fully-developed material systems. To broaden the number of available systems, we have developed a post-functionalization technique where a reactive Ru catalyst ink is printed onto a non-responsive polymer substrate. Using a succinimide–amine coupling reaction, patterns are printed onto co-polymer or biomacromolecular films containing primary amine functionality, such as polyacrylamide (PAAm) or poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPAAm) copolymerized with poly-N-(3-Aminopropyl)methacrylamide (PAPMAAm). When the films are placed in the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) solution medium, the reaction takes place only inside the printed nodes. In comparison to alternative BZ systems, where Ru-containing monomers are copolymerized with base monomers, reactive printing provides facile tuning of a range of hydrogel compositions, as well as enabling the formation of mechanically robust composite monoliths. The autonomic response of the printed nodes is similar for all matrices in the BZ solution concentrations examined, where the period of oscillation decreases in response to increasing sodium bromate or nitric acid concentration. A temperature increase reduces the period of oscillations and temperature gradients are shown to function as pace-makers, dictating the direction of the autonomic response (chemical waves).
Implications of sex and gender differences for self : perceived advantages and disadvantages of being the other gender

Undergraduate students (34 females and 28 males/44 Caucasian, 16 African-American, 2 Asian) were asked to list the advantages and the disadvantages that they imagined they would experience if they were the other gender. A separate group of undergraduate raters then classified each of the statements into one of four categories designed to reflect social (social roles or social appearance) or physical differences (sexual or non-sexual physical differences) between the sexes. The number of responses each participant generated within each category served as the dependent variable. By far the largest number of responses pertained to the social roles category, and there were no participant gender differences for that category. Participant gender differences were observed in the social appearance and sexual physical difference categories, indicating males and females agreement that males have more advantages. Overall, females listed more advantages to a change in gender, while males indicated more disadvantages. Results are interpreted as providing insights into the personal and practical implications of differences between males and females.
Demographic shifts and racial attitudes: how tolerant are whites in the most diverse generation?

Abstract We use cohort analysis to examine white Americans’ attitudes to questions of race and racial equality over a period of 20 years to determine if Generation Xers have a unique orientation to these issues. We find that Xers are distinct from their elders and earlier cohorts of young adults in their greater support for school integration and their endorsement of government action to enforce such efforts, but not in their attitudes toward employment opportunities or affirmative action.
Failure of serum from recovered rats to prevent enhanced adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

The rat is unique among species used for research on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) because of the spontaneous recovery which occurs routinely after severe, almost fatal disease. The mechanism of recovery has never been adequately explained although it has been suggested that suppressor cells might play a role in this phenomenon. In another immune system (contact sensitivity) anti-idiotypic antibodies obtained during the recovery phase have been shown to have a protective effect. Adoptive transfer of EAE, which can be markedly enhanced by incubation of sensitized cells with antigen in vitro, offers a convenient tool for investigating mechanisms of recovery. With this system, we have attempted to suppress transfer of disease with serum obtained from recovered rats. In spite of various manipulations of the experimental protocol, including the use of serum plus complement before and after incubation of cells with antigen, we have been unable to demonstrate suppression of disease. We and others recently reported that cells from recovered rats are also capable of enhanced transfer. This permitted the use of autologous serum from individual cell donors. Even in this strictly autologous system, however, no inhibitory effect of serum could be detected.
Psychosocial risks for major depression in late adolescence: a longitudinal community study.

Abstract Objective An ongoing 14-year longitudinal study examined psychosocial antecedents of major depression in late adolescence in a community population. Method Subjects were 385 adolescents followed between the ages of 5 and 18 years. Early health, familial, behavior, academic, and environmental risks for major depression were identified using data collected at ages 5, 9, 15, and 18 years. At age 18, a lifetime diagnosis of major depression was assessed using the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III-R). Results For males, neonatal health problems, dependence problems at age 5 years, perceived unpopularity and poorer perceptions of their role in the family at age 9 years, remarriage of a parent, early family discord, and anxiety at age 15 years significantly increased the risk of developing major depression. Females with major depression, compared with nondepressed females, had older parents and came from larger families, and at age 9 years had greater perceived unpopularity and anxiety, lower self-esteem, and poorer perceptions of their role in the family. Depressed females also reported, more stressful life events, including death of parent and pregnancy. Conclusions Underscoring the importance of early psychosocial factors in the later development of major depression and pointing to specific risks, our findings can aid in developing strategies for prevention and early intervention. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 6:1155–1163.
Supersymmetric sigma models with non-vanishing Nijenhuis tensor and their operator product expansion

Abstract Rigidly supersymmetric nonlinear σ-models with non-vanishing Nijenhuis tensor are reobtained in a superspace formulation. The existence of such models is proven by explicitly constructing examples on group manifolds. The finite dimensional classical symmetry Lie algebra is investigated. The quantum algebra is studied by working out the operator product expansion and it appears not to close.
Damping Mechanism of Polaritons in GaP

We have measured the temperature dependence of the polariton damping function ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}},T)$ for the polariton frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\simeq}345$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in GaP in the temperature range 2-300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature dependence of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}},T)$ shows that the predominant mechanism of polariton damping at this frequency is a decay process of the polaritons into two acoustic phonons of approximate frequencies 242 and 103 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ via the third-order anharmonic interaction. Inelastic-neutron-scattering data show that these frequencies correspond to acoustic phonons, $\mathrm{TA}(X)$ and $\mathrm{LA}(X)$, near the $X$ point of the Brillouin zone. Thus the present experiment establishes the predominant source of the contributions to the imaginary part of the phonon self-energy.
The Spirit of Resistance: Dwight N. Hopkins's Trinitarian Framework

This article explores the potential of Dwight N. Hopkins's theology, specifically his trinitarian framework as discussed in Down, Up, and Over: Slave Religion and Black Theology. In this work, Hopkins's development of the third aspect of God, the "Spirit of Total Liberation in Us," offers a concept of God's presence and activity within humanity. The thesis of the article is that in refining the frameworks of divine power and presence, Hopkins provides theological categories that creatively and helpfully place greater emphasis on human acts of resistance against moral evil and suffering. Drawing especially on Hopkins's notion of God as the "Spirit of Total Liberation in Us," I intend to begin to develop a theology of resistance. Human acts of resistance against oppression and dehumanization may often depend on divine presence and simultaneously further evoke the Spirit of God.
Managing adaptive performance in teams: Guiding principles and behavioral markers for measurement

Abstract Various types of organizations must manage rapidly changing operational contexts. To respond to these demands, organizations are relying more heavily on team-based work arrangements. Effectively managing such performance requires a systematic, broad approach to measuring team effectiveness that is comprehensive and sound, yet unobtrusive. One aspect of teamwork that is critical to success in these types of environments is adaptation. Teams must be able to react quickly and accurate to the changing environment. To effectively manage adaptive team performance in such contexts, there is a need to better understand team adaptation as well as to generate better team performance measurement systems. To this end, a review and synthesis of the empirical, theoretical, and methodological literatures concerning team adaptation, performance, and measurement is conducted to develop theoretically-based principles to guide development of effective team adaptation measurement systems as well as to inform future research. We propose six guiding principles that capture core features of team adaptation and serve as an aid in the development of team performance measurement systems. These principles are rooted in recent theoretical work on team adaptation and are presented at a level of abstraction suitable for generalization across performance measurement contexts and purposes. Behavioral markers describing processes associated with each principle and example measurement strategies are presented to illustrate development of specific measurement tools and metrics, based on the principles. The principles and behavioral markers presented can guide development of measurement systems to assess, train, and improve team adaptation, a core capacity of effective organizations . Future research needs to expand upon the principles advanced here to provide theoretically grounded and methodologically rigorous tools to help performance management professionals develop adaptive team capacities.
Integrated framework for developing search and discrimination metrics

This paper presents an experimental framework for evaluating target signature metrics as models of human visual search and discrimination. This framework is based on a prototype eye tracking testbed, the Integrated Testbed for Eye Movement Studies (ITEMS). ITEMS determines an observer's visual fixation point while he studies a displayed image scene, by processing video of the observer's eye. The utility of this framework is illustrated with an experiment using gray-scale images of outdoor scenes that contain randomly placed targets. Each target is a square region of a specific size containing pixel values from another image of an outdoor scene. The real-world analogy of this experiment is that of a military observer looking upon the sensed image of a static scene to find camouflaged enemy targets that are reported to be in the area. ITEMS provides the data necessary to compute various statistics for each target to describe how easily the observers located it, including the likelihood the target was fixated or identified and the time required to do so. The computed values of several target signature metrics are compared to these statistics, and a second-order metric based on a model of image texture was found to be the most highly correlated.
Somatotopic consolidation: a third phase of reorganization after peripheral nerve injury in adult squirrel monkeys

It has previously been demonstrated that the central somatosensory topographic reorganization within deprived cortex that follows peripheral nerve injury in adult monkeys occurs in at least two stages: an immediate unmasking period; and a more prolonged period where deprived areas of cortex come to express new receptive fields in a topographically arranged manner. In the present experiments, we have compared cortical topography many months after combined median and ulnar nerve transection with "complete" reorganization evident at relatively short (i.e., 2-5 months) survival times. We find further reorganizational changes in cortical topography with longer survival times. That is, the roughly somatotopic, generally multiple-digit receptive fields frequently observed at the shorter survival times are generally sharpened to more distinct, single-digit receptive fields at longer survival times. We hypothesize that the early crudely topographic maps reflect all available inputs while the refined map is the outcome of an extraction process where only the most useful subset of available inputs is expressed. It is further suggested that this distillation process is a use-dependent phenomenon.