cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why the forensic anthropologist needs the archaeologist

Many scientific experts and specialists can be invited to join a forensic anthropology team and are used effectively in cases involving missing persons and buried homicide victims, as well as in locating historic burials. Nevertheless, the most significant addition to a forensic anthropology team is the archaeologist. The archaeologist is often instrumental in solving the puzzle of the burial’s location, which can lead to resolving the riddle of the deceased person’s identification and cause of death. This specialist’s training and experience with various soils and the environmental context surrounding buried or scattered remains makes his services invaluable to the leader of a well-rounded and successful forensic team. This article highlights the importance of archaeological expertise and its use in the forensic investigation.
Moisture stress: an alternative method of height control to B-nine (daminozide).

Abstract Moisture stress was compared to B-nine (daminozide) as a method of height control for annual bedding plant transplants. Three plant species, ‘Big Boy’ tomato, ‘California Wonder’ pepper and ‘Janie Gold’ marigold, were grown in 132 cm3 (8.05 in3) cell packs containing one of 2 commercial media, Fafard #3 or Pro-Mix BX. Treatments included moisture stress (MS), 2 concentrations of B-nine (2500 ppm applied twice and 5000 ppm once), and an untreated control. Method of height control and medium type had an interactive influence on height for each of the 3 species. Moisture stress tomato and marigold were shorter in the Fafard #3 medium compared to those in the Pro-Mix BX medium. Regardless of medium, MS tomato and marigold transplants were shorter or similar in size to the most effective B-nine treatment, 2500 ppm applied twice. Moisture stress and the B-nine treatments for pepper plants grown in the Fafard #3 medium reduced plant height similarly compared to the controls. However, when pepper plants ...
Close and Distant Female Role Models in the Workplace

This chapter reports on an exploratory study of young adults’ perceptions of female role models in the workplace. The disproportionate number of male-to-female leaders, a reality of modern organisations, translates into fewer females being available as role models. Instead, female portrayals in the media may be important as distant role models. The chapter begins with a background discussion of the role model construct. The authors report on an exploratory study of young adults’ perceptions regarding role models in the workplace and how these role models inform their leadership practice. The study includes both male and female participants and enables comparison of their perspectives. The authors conclude with a discussion of the findings and recommendations for future practice and research.
Community-Engaged Learning in Public Health: An Evaluation of Utilization and Value of Student Projects for Community Partners:

Schools and programs of public health must equip public health professionals to conduct community health assessments that can be subsequently used by community partners to inform programs, policies...
How Variable Are Achilles Allografts Used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Biomechanical Study.

Background:Allograft tendon used in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) requires sterilization before implantation. Low-dose gamma irradiation is a means of sterilization that may mini...
Cytokine Induction of Platelet Activation

Recent studies have focused on the accumulation of cytokines in stored platelet concentrates and the role that these cytokines play in mediating transfusion reactions. To elucidate any additional adverse effects that may be associated with cytokine accumulation, the authors examined whether cytokines, which normally accumulate during routine platelet storage, can cause platelet activation in vitro. Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were first determined for random donor platelet concentrates on days 1 through 4 of storage. Fresh platelets were then incubated with these levels of exogenous cytokines, and activation measured by flow cytometry using a monoclonal antibody directed against p-Selectin. Significant platelet activation was observed with concentrations of cytokines which are normally present in days 3 and 4 of shelf life. The study data demonstrate that levels of cytokines that routinely accumulate in stored platelet products can affect platelet biology. Strategies to reduce cytokine generation during platelet storage may be a method to improve the function and viability of stored platelets used for transfusion.
IL-1 and TNF: Mediators of LPS-Induced Neutrophil Emigration and Thrombosis

Neutrophil emigration in acute inflammation and thrombosis are two distinct processes, which can cause tissue injury and can compromise organ function. Both can be induced by endotoxin (LPS) and are related in diseases such as septic shock. This relationship can be investigated in an experimental model, the “local Shwartzman phenomenon” and relevant mediators can be elucidated. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes released from Gram-negative bacteria and are largely responsible for the morbidity and mortality associated with infections by these microorganisms. When released into the circulation LPS induces numerous systemic responses, including prolonged neutropenia, fever, shock and coagulation disorders. LPS appears to be the primary mediator of neutrophil emigration elicited by Gram-negative bacteria (Issekutz and Bhimji 1982) and treatment of killed E-coli with agents which inactivate LPS, including Polymyxin B and anti-LPS antibodies, significantly diminish this response. Live E-coli also secrete the leukocyte chemoattractant formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), which may contribute to the neutrophil emigration (Marasco et al 1984).
Exercise Intensity Self-Regulation for Interval Exercise

The estimation–production paradigm can be used to test an individual’s ability to self-regulate exercise intensity at multiple target RPE’s, a skill that is necessary to perform RPE-based aerobic interval exercise. Prior to implementing an interval exercise prescription, an evaluation of intensity discrimination is warranted. This evaluation determines the individual’s ability to perceptually differentiate between separate levels of exertion such as are prescribed in an interval training program. Intensity discrimination can be tested using a separate production trial for each target RPE or using an aerobic interval exercise protocol during which exercise intensity self-regulation alternates between two different target RPE’s in the same production trial. Intensity discrimination has been confirmed using both production formats such that physiological responses differed between self-regulated target RPE’s. Aerobic interval training may have advantages over a traditional exercise prescription that employs a continuous moderate intensity protocol. Such advantages may be a comparatively greater improvement of VO2max and its rate-limiting physiological factors (i.e., stroke volume and muscle cell oxidation) in healthy and clinical populations. In addition, interval exercise training may minimize the time necessary to achieve health-fitness goals, a major barrier to regular PA participation. The primary purpose of this laboratory experiment is to determine an individual’s ability to self-regulate interval exercise intensity using multiple target RPE’s according to an estimation–production paradigm.
Mycolic Acid/Cyclopropane Fatty Acid/Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Health Relations

One of the most exciting fronts in research into infectious diseases in the current ‘genomic’ era is our expanding understanding of the chemical biology of the interaction of pathogens and their hosts. Much like their protein and nucleic acids counterparts, bacterial lipids and glycolipids are subject to evolutionary pressures that result in differential structure, variable expression levels, and differential ability of the host to recognize and respond to these factors. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis and related mycobacterial diseases is defining the leading edge of this emergent field and this chapter explores the structures, biosynthesis, and biological function of the diverse natural products that mediate human interactions with mycobacteria.
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography of Ocular Cystinosis Confirmed by Electron Microscopy.

Purpose To report a case of ocular cystinosis diagnosed by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and histopathology. Methods A 67-year-old man who presented with eye pain was found to have unilateral corneal crystal deposition. Ocular cystinosis was diagnosed by histopathology, AS-OCT, and lack of renal involvement of the disease. Results AS-OCT showed hyperreflective densities in the corneal epithelium. The patient underwent superficial keratectomy given irregular astigmatism prior to cataract surgery. Electron microscopy of the corneal scrapings revealed epithelial cells with intracystoplasmic membrane-bound crystals confirming the diagnosis of cystinosis. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ocular cystinosis involving strictly the epithelial layer of the cornea that has been imaged by AS-OCT.
Two-boundary centralizer algebras for q(n)

Abstract We define the degenerate two boundary affine Hecke-Clifford algebra H d , and show it admits a well-defined q ( n ) -linear action on the tensor space M ⊗ N ⊗ V ⊗ d , where V is the natural module for q ( n ) , and M , N are arbitrary modules for q ( n ) , the Lie superalgebra of Type Q. When M and N are irreducible highest weight modules parameterized by a staircase partition and a single row, respectively, this action factors through a quotient of H d . We then construct explicit modules for this quotient, H p , d , using combinatorial tools such as shifted tableaux and the Bratteli graph. These modules belong to a family of modules which we call calibrated. Using the relations in H p , d , we also classify a specific class of calibrated modules. The irreducible summands of M ⊗ N ⊗ V ⊗ d coincide with the combinatorial construction, and provide a weak version of the Schur-Weyl type duality.
Enzymatic CH functionalizations for natural product synthesis

Direct functionalization of C H bond is rapidly becoming an indispensible tool in chemical synthesis. However, due to the ubiquity of C H bonds, achieving site-selective functionalization remains an arduous task, especially on advanced synthetic intermediates or natural products. In contrast, Nature has evolved a multitude of enzymes capable of performing this task with extraordinary selectivity, and the use of these enzymes in organic synthesis may provide a viable solution to contemporary challenges in site-selective functionalization of complex molecules. This review covers recent applications of enzymatic C H functionalization strategies in natural product synthesis, both in the context of key building block preparation and late-stage functionalization of advanced synthetic intermediates.
APOE ε2 is associated with increased tau pathology in primary tauopathy.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease mainly by modulating amyloid-β pathology. APOE e4 is also shown to exacerbate neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in a tau transgenic mouse model. To further evaluate the association of APOE genotype with the presence and severity of tau pathology, we express human tau via an adeno-associated virus gene delivery approach in human APOE targeted replacement mice. We find increased hyperphosphorylated tau species, tau aggregates, and behavioral abnormalities in mice expressing APOE e2/e2. We also show that in humans, the APOE e2 allele is associated with increased tau pathology in the brains of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) cases. Finally, we identify an association between the APOE e2/e2 genotype and risk of tauopathies using two series of pathologically-confirmed cases of PSP and corticobasal degeneration. Our data together suggest APOE e2 status may influence the risk and progression of tauopathy.
Increasing Auditor Recognition of Goodwill Impairment Losses

Auditing standards require auditors to evaluate the reasonableness of reported fair value estimates, but audit regulators frequently cite auditors for deficiencies in these estimates. Specific to goodwill, auditors must evaluate the probability that recorded goodwill is impaired. Based on small sample frames and availability theories, we predict that experiencing a recorded impairment at an unrelated client increases auditors’ internal perceived probability of downside risk. As a result, we expect more impairments at subsequent clients with economic indicators of impairment. Using a sample of 7,500 client-years from 2004-2014 with potential goodwill impairments, we find evidence consistent with our expectation at the audit office level. We also find evidence at the metropolitan statistical area and non-Big 4 audit firm levels; however, consistent with our expectation that the closer the auditor is to the prior impairment the stronger the effect, the audit office level effect is stronger than the other two levels and is especially strong in audit offices below the median size. Our study suggests that enhancing knowledge sharing around experienced goodwill impairments could help improve auditor difficulties in auditing uncertain fair value estimates and increase recognition of goodwill impairments.
Teachers’Attitudes and Use of Multimedia Technology in the Classroom: Constructivist-Based Professional Development Training for School Districts

The purpose of this research was to design and evaluate the effectiveness of a constructivist-based inservice professional development model for schools as they are becoming more responsible for modifying the curriculum and providing teachers inservice training. The sample included 73 K–3 teachers from a rural school district involved in integrating the use of computers into an already existing reading program, as opposed to introducing a new curriculum. The study focused on three variables: skills from previous workshop experiences, teachers’ attitudes toward the use of computers as instructional tools, and teachers’ perceived and actual computer use in the classroom. The findings indicated that regardless of previous workshop experience, the constructivist-based, ongoing training strategies designed and implemented in the existing curriculum helped teachers develop more positive attitudes toward using computers, increased their planned future use of the computer applications in their classroom, ...
Paul Conway and Martha O’Hara Conway. Flood in Florence, 1966: A Fifty-Year Retrospective: Proceedings of Symposium, November 3 and 4, 2016, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan .

The year 2016 marked the fifty-year anniversary of the tragic and destructive flood in Florence, Italy. The floodwaters shook the world with their indiscriminate destruction of human life, property, and priceless Florentine cultural heritage. Early in November of 1966, days of heavy rains transformed the Arno River into a raging beast, overflowing its retaining walls and submerging much of the city and the area around it in foul, murky water filled with sediment, vegetation, sewage, motor oil, and the flotsam of human civilization. The floodwaters either destroyed or badly damaged historic collections of art, sculpture, architecture, books, manuscripts, and documents stored in low-level galleries or basements of institutes, libraries, museums, and private residences.
Opportunities and Challenges in Geospatial Approaches to Breast Cancer Prevention and Control

The utility of geospatial approaches to breast cancer control are known to be influential across the cancer control continuum, although they range broadly from residential histories, to wearable sensors, to healthcare service area delineation, and beyond. Advances in computational technologies, location-based data expansion, and cancer control research provide fertile ground for adapting and applying geospatial approaches to reduce the burden of breast and other cancers. However, key challenges exist that are slowing down our progress towards this end: (a) the tension between the democratization of data and computational specialization coupled with theory; (b) the need to move from observation and monitoring to intervening; (c) the need to integrate objective measures from tools such as GPS, accelerometry, and remote sensing with subjective aspects and individual utilities and (d) data privacy and security balanced with accessibility. These challenges may be met, at least in part, through opportunities related to: data collection, storage, sharing, and analytics; workforce/training; and research methods. Cross-disciplinary teams are advancing computational and theoretical approaches to understanding the interplay across these dimensions, but we need multidisciplinary teams to apply them to fully achieve progress in mitigating the burden of cancer and reducing disparities in its impacts. Suggested actions are laid out to guide researchers, policy makers, funders, and cancer centers.
The impact of social determinants of health on laryngotracheal stenosis development and outcomes

OBJECTIVES The social determinants of health affect a wide range of health outcomes and risks. To date, there have been no studies evaluating the impact of social determinants of health on laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS). We sought to describe the social determinants in a cohort of LTS patients and explore their association with treatment outcome. METHODS Subjects diagnosed with LTS undergoing surgical procedures between 2013 and 2018 were identified. Matched controls were identified from intensive care unit (ICU) patients who underwent intubation for greater than 24 hours. Medical comorbidities, stenosis characteristics, and patient demographics were abstracted from the clinical record. Tracheostomy at last follow-up was recorded from the medical record and phone calls. Socioeconomic data was obtained from the American Community Survey. RESULTS One hundred twenty-two cases met inclusion criteria. Cases had significantly lower education compared to Tennessee (P = .009) but similar education rates as ICU controls. Cases had significantly higher body mass index (odds ratio [OR]: 1.04, P = .035), duration of intubation (OR: 1.21, P < .001), and tobacco use (OR: 1.21, P = .006) in adjusted analysis when compared to controls. Tracheostomy dependence within the case cohort was significantly associated with public insurance (OR: 1.33, P = .016) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR: 1.34, P = .018) in adjusted analysis. CONCLUSION Intubation practices, medical comorbidities and social determinants of health may influence the development of LTS and tracheostomy dependence after treatment. Identification of at-risk populations in ICUs may allow for prevention of tracheostomy dependence through the use of early tracheostomy and specialized follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3, retrospective review comparing cases and controls Laryngoscope, 130:1000-1006, 2020.
Factors influencing blue carbon accumulation across a 32-year chronosequence of created coastal marshes

Saline coastal marshes are blue carbon ecosystems with relatively high soil carbon (C) stocks and high rates of soil C accumulation. Loss of saline wetlands due to relative sea‐level rise, land‐use change, and hydrologic alterations liberates previously stored C and reduces the capacity for future C sequestration. Widespread wetland loss has prompted marsh restoration and creation projects around the world; however, little is known about the timescale and capacity for created marshes to function as blue C sinks and the role of environmental conditions in mediating soil C accumulation in restoration sites. Using a chronosequence of five created saline marshes ranging in age from 5 to 32 yr and two adjacent natural reference marshes in southwest Louisiana, USA, short‐ and longer‐term C accumulation rates (SCAR and LCAR, respectively) were determined using feldspar marker horizons and peat depth in cores at six locations in each marsh. Created marshes ranged in elevation from −12 to 41 cm (NAVD88) and supported assorted plant community compositions driven by local environmental conditions. SCAR ranged from 75 to 430 g C·m⁻²·yr⁻¹, which were comparable in the two youngest and two oldest marshes. Longer‐term CAR ranged from 18 to 99 g C·m⁻²·yr⁻¹ but did not significantly differ among marshes of different ages. Our findings indicate that LCAR in these created marshes were influenced by site‐specific environmental conditions (i.e., stem density and mineral sediment) rather than marsh age. Results suggest that conditions appropriate for the establishment of vegetation with high stem densities, such as Distichlis spicata and Spartina patens, may facilitate higher LCAR in created marshes, which may be useful for restoration project planning and mitigation of climate change.
China's Economy Is Not Overtaking America's

Most scholars and pundits, along with the general public, believe that China is an economic juggernaut set to overtake America as the world's dominant power. But the conventional wisdom is wrong. The United States is several times wealthier than China; and since the global financial crisis over a decade ago, the absolute gap between the two nations has been growing by trillions of dollars each year. China's economy is big but inefficient. It produces high output at high costs. Chinese businesses suffer from chronically high production costs, and China's 1.4 billion people generate massive welfare and security burdens. The United States, by contrast, is big and efficient, producing high output at relatively low costs. American workers and businesses are seven times more productive than China's, on average; and with four times fewer people than China, the United States has much lower welfare and security costs. The conventional wisdom about China, besides being wrong, has dangerous policy implications. For starters, it creates the impression that the United States and China are locked in “Thucydides' trap” in which a rising power challenges the ruling hegemon, and the two slide into a major war. This misguided notion, widespread in both countries, is driving a spiral of hostility. Slowing this spiral requires both sides to take a clear‐eyed look at the real balance of power, which is now, and will likely remain, highly skewed in America's favor. A second danger is that an exaggerated sense of China's rise continues to fuel the current trade wars. The United States should aggressively punish unfair Chinese trade practices, but do so through a reformed WTO, regional free trade pacts, and targeted investment restrictions and economic decoupling—not with unilateral tariffs. A third danger is that exaggerated fear of China's rise and America's decline could cause the United States to back off from many of its foreign policy commitments, divesting all obligations to maintaining the global order save those linked to vital national interests. Advocates of an “America First” foreign policy are probably right that the United States could improve its relative position by ditching allies and international institutions and letting the world burn. But one of the benefits of unrivaled wealth and power is that the United States can afford to pursue absolute gains, sacrificing a bit of relative advantage to make the United States and the world better off overall. As the most secure and powerful country in history, the United States can and should do more than ceaselessly struggle for power.
Corrosion and tribocorrosion mitigation of perhydropolysilazane-derived coatings on low carbon steel

Abstract Perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) is a polymer with [–SiH2–NH–]n repeating units. By pyrolysis with PHPS as a precursor, highly adhesive and protective silicon oxynitride (SiON)-based coatings were synthesized. The formation of Si O Si bonds increased with pyrolysis temperature. Both the hardness and Young’s modulus of the PHPS-derived coatings were enhanced at higher pyrolysis temperatures. The PHPS-derived coatings significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of low carbon steel in a 0.6 M NaCl aqueous solution, especially for the coatings with the formation of extensive Si-O-Si bonds. The PHPS-derived coating at the pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C exhibited the best resistance to corrosion and tribocorrosion.
Emotional exhaustion and its relationship with suicide risk in emergency responders.

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the relationship between emotional exhaustion and suicide risk in emergency responders. Participants included 643 actively employed emergency responders who responded to an online research based survey. Participants were administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Maslach & Jackson, 1981 ) and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire (SBQ-R; Osman, Bagge, Gutierrez, Konick, Kooper, & Barrios, 2001 ). Using a categorical measure of emotional exhaustion, responders reported a statistically significant increased suicide risk [F(2, 640) = 45.01, p
How Well Can Multivariate and Univariate GWAS Distinguish Between True and Spurious Pleiotropy

Quantification of the simultaneous contributions of loci to multiple traits, a phenomenon called pleiotropy, is facilitated by the increased availability of high-throughput genotypic and phenotypic data. To understand the prevalence and nature of pleiotropy, the ability of multivariate and univariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) models to distinguish between pleiotropic and non-pleiotropic loci in linkage disequilibrium (LD) first need to be evaluated. Therefore, we used publicly available maize and soybean genotypic data to simulate multiple pairs of traits that were either i) controlled by quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) on separate chromosomes, ii) controlled by QTNs in various degrees of LD with each other, or iii) controlled by a single pleiotropic QTN. In addition to confirming that multivariate GWAS was either equal to or more powerful than univariate GWAS, we also showed that multivariate GWAS could not distinguish between QTNs in LD and a single pleiotropic QTN. In contrast, a unique QTN detection rate pattern was observed whenever the simulated QTNs were in high LD or pleiotropic. Collectively, these results suggest that multivariate and univariate GWAS should both be used to infer whether or not causal mutations underlying peak GWAS associations are pleiotropic. Therefore, we recommend that future studies use a combination of multivariate and univariate GWAS models, as both models could be useful for identifying and narrowing down candidate loci with potential pleiotropic effects for downstream biological experiments.
American Isolationism Between the World Wars: The Search for a Nation's Identity

American Isolationism Between the World Wars: The Search for a Nation's Identity examines the theory of isolationism in America between the world wars, arguing that it is an ideal that has dominated the Republic since its founding. During the interwar period, isolationists could be found among Republicans and Democrats, Catholics and Protestants, pacifists and militarists, rich and poor. While the dominant historical assessment of isolationism — that it was "provincial" and "short-sighted" — will be examined, this book argues that American isolationism between 1919 and the mid-1930s was a rational foreign policy simply because the European reversion back to politics as usual insured that the continent would remain unstable. Drawing on a wide range of newspaper and journal articles, biographies, congressional hearings, personal papers, and numerous secondary sources, Kenneth D. Rose suggests the time has come for a paradigm shift in how American isolationism is viewed. The text also offers a reflection on isolationism since the end of World War II, particularly the nature of isolationism during the Trump era. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of U.S. Foreign Relations and twentieth-century American history.
Abstract 15530: Single-cell Analysis in Aortic Aneurysmal Tissue From Patients With Marfan Syndrome Reveals Increased Tgf-beta Production but Downregulation of Downstream Canonical Tgf-beta Signaling Pathways

Background: Marfan syndrome (MFS) is caused by mutations in the gene for fibrillin-1 (FBN1); however, the mechanisms by which these mutations cause aortic aneurysms are poorly understood. Although ...
Understanding indecisiveness: Dimensionality of two self-report questionnaires and associations with depression and indecision.

Indecisiveness is a prevalent and impairing symptom among individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the use of different self-report questionnaires and factor analysis methods in past research has been a barrier to understanding the nature of indecisiveness in depression. Addressing these barriers could help to elucidate the dimensionality and validity of indecisiveness questionnaires, which in turn would clarify the relation of indecisiveness to depression. In our study of an online sample of adults (N = 602), we administered two commonly used indecisiveness questionnaires, a depressive symptom questionnaire, and a behavioral task assessing indecision. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we found that the combined indecisiveness questionnaires were best characterized by a two-factor model, with one factor corresponding to straightforwardly worded items and the other corresponding to reverse-scored items. Based on post hoc analyses involving tests of discriminant validity, we think that these two factors represent indecisiveness and decision-making confidence, respectively. Indecisiveness, but not decision-making confidence, was strongly associated with depressive symptoms. Indecisiveness was also strongly associated with behavioral indecision, a finding that helps to validate indecisiveness as a construct. We posit that the assessment of indecisiveness could be enhanced by excluding the reverse-scored items because they appear to represent decision-making confidence, a distinct construct from indecisiveness. Excluding the reverse-scored items revealed a robust link between indecisiveness and depressive symptoms, highlighting the importance of targeting this symptom in depression research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Second Approximation to Supersonic Conical Flows

The method of expansion of the velocity potential in powers of a small geometrical parameter is applied with a view to finding a second-order correction to the linear theory for steady, isentropic, supersonic flow of an inviscid perfect fluid about a body having conical symmetry. A body lying entirely within the tip Mach cone is treated in detail. A method is developed for formulating, at a mean plane, boundary conditions at a thin body, and the particular integrals of the differential equations applicable to the second-order velocity perturbations are developed in integral form. The technique given by Lighthill is applied to determine the upstream boundary conditions consistent with the presence of an attached conical shock wave. The second approximation to the pressure coefficient on an "arrow-head" airfoil at zero angles of attack and yaw and which is infinite in downstream extent is computed by this technique.
The Electrochemistry of Transition Metal Organometallic Compounds

The synthesis of ferrocene in 1952 led to an explosion of activity in organometallic chemistry, and bis-η 5-cyclopentadienyl compounds of other transition metals were soon synthesized.1,2 Among the first properties of these compounds to be studied were their redox reactions. For example, Page and Wilkinson found that ferrocene could be oxidized to a stable Fe(III)-containing ferricenium ion,3 and the ferricenium reduction potential was observed to be dependent on the nature of any ring substituents. The possibility of the isolation of organometallic compounds with the metal in unusual oxidation states, and the sensitivity of redox potentials to substituents, catalyzed the study of the electrochemistry of organometallic compounds, work which has led to the observation of a wide variety of interesting and unusual reactions.
QoS-aware end-to-end adaptive congestion detection and control for VoIP

Most techniques that researchers have proposed for congestion control in packet-switched networks take advantage of the congestion-control mechanism in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). While these congestion-control methods are effective with networks that have heavy TCP traffic, they perform badly for real-time network traffic that uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which does not include any congestion-control mechanism. Since real-time streams are not responsive to the congestion-control mechanism of TCP, many proposed congestion-control techniques attempt to curb real-time traffic by discarding data packets from real-time streams. As a result, these congestion-control methods degrade the Quality of Service (QoS) of real-time network applications such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and video conferencing. We propose a new, adaptive, responsive, end-to-end technique to implement application-level congestion detection and control for real-time applications such as VoIP. Unlike existing methods, which rely on packet loss as a signal to reduce the transmission rate, our solution reacts to network congestion to anticipate and prevent packet loss, thus improving the QoS of applications that employ our algorithm.
Activities as time series of human postures

This paper presents an exemplar-based approach to detecting and localizing human actions, such as running, cycling, and swinging, in realistic videos with dynamic backgrounds. We show that such activities can be compactly represented as time series of a few snapshots of human-body parts in their most discriminative postures, relative to other activity classes. This enables our approach to efficiently store multiple diverse exemplars per activity class, and quickly retrieve exemplars that best match the query by aligning their short time-series representations. Given a set of example videos of all activity classes, we extract multiscale regions from all their frames, and then learn a sparse dictionary of most discriminative regions. The Viterbi algorithm is then used to track detections of the learned codewords across frames of each video, resulting in their compact time-series representations. Dictionary learning is cast within the largemargin framework, wherein we study the effects of l1 and l2 regularization on the sparseness of the resulting dictionaries. Our experiments demonstrate robustness and scalability of our approach on challenging YouTube videos.
The Evolution of the Fed's Inflation Target in an Estimated Model under RE and Learning

This paper aims to infer the evolving Fed's inflation target by estimating a monetary model under the assumptions of RE and learning. The results emphasize how different assumptions about expectations may have important effects on the inferred target movements.
Mechanisms of mucoadhesion of poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels.

It has been proposed that mucoadhesives which adhere to the gastric mucus layer may be used to prolong gastric retention time of oral dosage forms. Preliminary studies, using acrylic hydrogels, have established that the density of carboxyl groups on the polymer chain is important for mucoadhesion. To understand the role(s) of the carboxyl groups in mucoadhesion, acrylic acid–aerylamide random copolymers [P(AA-co-AM)] were synthesized, and the adhesion strength of the cross-linked polymers to the gastric mucus layer was examined as a function of the pH, initial concentration of the cross-linking agent, degree of swelling, and carboxyl-group density. From the study on mucoadhesion of various P(AA-co-AM), it was found that at least 80% of the vinyl groups of the polymer must possess carboxyl groups in the protonated form. The dependence of mucoadhesion on pH and carboxyl-group density suggests that mucoadhesion occurs through hydrogen bonding. In addition, the density of the cross-linking agent significantly affects mucoadhesion. As the density of the cross-linking agent is lowered, the mucoadhesive strength increases, although the density of carboxyl groups in the test surface area is reduced. It is concluded that for mucoadhesion to occur, polymers must have functional groups that are able to form hydrogen bonds above the critical concentration (80% for vinyl polymers), and the polymer chains should be flexible enough to form as many hydrogen bonds as possible.
Making an Impact: The Benefits of Studying Abroad

Qualitative interviews with ten individuals with disabilities who participated in a study abroad program within the past eight years, compared equally to long-term outcomes cited in studies with the general study abroad alumni population. Students reported increased self-confidence, independence and career or educational gains related to their study abroad experiences.
Computational fluid dynamics to predict duct fitting losses: Challenges and opportunities

A shoot-out contest to determine loss coefficients using computational fluid dynamics modeling for two prescribed oval duct fittings has been conducted. The objectives of the contest were to determine if the computational fluid dynamics modeling can predict loss coefficient within 15% accuracy without previous knowledge of experimental data. The main findings of the project showed that the trends of the pressure loss coefficients were predicted correctly, while the accuracy can be improved. None of the contestants could predict the pressure loss coefficients within 15% of the measurements for all the tested cases. The prediction error varies significantly among the ten submissions (between 20% in some entries and more than 80% in most others). The reasons for this error may be attributed to several facts, including errors in the geometry, errors in the definitions of the duct fitting loss coefficients, random choice of turbulence model and near wall treatment, inappropriate modeling of wall roughness, dif...
Computational Modeling of Epilepsy

With the rapid rise in our knowledge about the structural and functional properties of neuronal microcircuits and the exponentially increasing power of computers, it has become possible to closely integrate experimental findings with large-scale, anatomically and biophysically realistic computational simulations of control and epileptic neuronal networks with unprecedented precision and predictive power. In this paper, we discuss the biological basis of model development, and outline specific applications, including exciting new computational and experimental results concerning the roles of aberrant hyperconnected hub-like neurons in seizures.
Nickel-Dependent Chemolithotrophic Growth of Two Hydrogenomonas Strains

Abstract Bartha, R. (University of Washington, Seattle), and E. J. Ordal. Nickel-dependent chemolithotrophic growth of two Hydrogenomonas strains. J. Bacteriol. 89:1015–1019. 1965.—The trace element requirements for growth of facultative chemolithotrophic Hydrogenomonas strains H1 and H16 were investigated under both autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The organisms were grown in a mineral medium, rendered deficient in trace elements by extraction with 8-hydroxyquinoline and chloroform, and, in some cases, by coprecipitation with copper. The organic substrates, succinate and fumarate, used for heterotrophic growth were treated in a similar fashion. Acetate and butyrate were purified by redistillation. It was found that iron alone was required for heterotrophic growth (optimal concentration, 1.5 × 10−6m Fe+++), but cells grown chemolithotrophically on molecular hydrogen required the addition of nickel. The yield of protein was proportional to the nickel added, reaching a maximum at 3 × 10−7m Ni++. Manganese, cobalt, copper, and zinc, alone or in combination, failed to substitute for nickel in the experiments with Hydrogenomonas. Although nickel is required specifically for the chemolithotrophic growth of Hydrogenomonas, nickel deficiency did not affect: (i) the synthesis or activation of hydrogenase, (ii) the Knallgas reaction, (iii) the assimilation of CO2 by resting cells, or the synthesis of the storage material poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid. It is suggested that nickel participates in some reaction involved in CO2 fixation by growing cells.
Thyroplasty in the previously irradiated neck: A case series and short-term outcomes.

Objectives/Hypothesis External beam radiation to the neck is widely considered a contraindication for thyroplasty due to concern for infection and implant extrusion. We present a case series of our experience regarding thyroplasty performed in a previously radiated field. Study Design Retrospective case study at a tertiary academic referral center. Methods Using the institution's clinical notes search tool, records from 1999 through 2014 documenting thyroplasty and radiation were identified and reviewed. Patients who received external beam radiation to the operative field prior to thyroplasty were included. Data including duration of radiation, timing and specifics of thyroplasty, postoperative complications, risk factors, clinical voice outcomes, and length of follow-up were collected. Results Fourteen patients met criteria for the study. Of all thyroplasty performed, 11 were Silastic implants, two were Gore-Tex implants, six had concurrent arytenoid adduction, and one was a midline type II thyroplasty. In terms of risk factors for postoperative complications, two were diabetic, none were active smokers, and one had a splenectomy. All patients were given postoperative antibiotics. The median duration of follow-up after surgery was 14.2 months. No patients were found to have postoperative complications. Pre- and postoperative voice data were assessed. Overall, there was improvement in voice outcomes. Conclusions Thyroplasty may be an option for patients who have previously undergone external beam radiation. Short-term and intermediate outcomes in our patients showed no postoperative complications, and generally voice or dysphagia improved. Careful selection is still warranted when considering thyroplasty in a previously irradiated neck, and long-term outcomes need further study. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2015
Refractory Heart Failure: A Therapeutic Approach:

Optimal “triple therapy” for patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) includes diuretics, digoxin, and either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or hydralazine plus nitrates. Refractory CHF is defined as symptoms of CHF at rest or repeated exacerbations of CHF despite “optimal” triple-drug therapy. Most patients with refractory CHF require hemodynamic monitoring and treatment in the intensive care unit. If easily reversible causes of refractory CHF cannot be identified, then more aggressive medical and surgical interventions are necessary. The primary goal of intervention is to improve hemodynamics to palliate CHF symptoms and signs (i.e., dyspnea, fatigue, edema). Secondary goals include improved vital organ and tissue perfusion, discharge from the intensive care unit, and, in appropriate patients, bridge to cardiac transplantation. Medical interventions include inotropic resuscitation (e.g., adrenergic agents, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, allied nonglycoside inodilators), load resusci...
Distribution of insulin receptors in human erythrocyte membranes. Insulin binding to sealed right-side-out and inside-out human erythrocyte vesicles.

Abstract Analyses of insulin binding to human erythrocytes and to resealed right-side-out and inside-out erythrocyte membrane vesicles have revealed that high affinity insulin binding receptors are present on both sides of the erythrocyte membranes. Insulin binding to human erythrocytes was examined with the use of a binding assay designed to minimize the potential errors arising from the low binding capacity of this cell type and from non-specific binding in the assay. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding to the cells revealed a class of high affinity sites with a dissociation constant K d of (1.5 ± 0.5) · 10 −8 M and a maximum binding capacity of 50 ± 5 sites per cell. Interestingly, both resealed right-side-out and inside-out membrane vesicles exhibited nearly identical specific sites for insulin binding. At the high affinity binding sites, for both right-side-out and inside-out vesicles, the dissociation constant ( K d was (1.5 ± 0.5) · 10 −8 M , and the maximum binding capacity was 17 ± 3 sites per cell equivalent. These findings suggest that insulin receptors are present on both sides of the plasma membrane and are consistent with the participation of the erythrocyte insulin receptors in an endocytic/recycling pathway which mediates receptor-ligand internalization/externalization.
Compositional changes during crystallization of some peralkaline silicic lavas of the Kenya rift valley

Abstract Comparison of crystalline and glassy comendites shows that compositional changes during solidification involve losses of Na, Cs, Cl, F, gain of Sr, and gains and losses of REE at near-solidus temperatures. Variation in a thick trachyte lava suggests deuteric mobility of the same elements, while variation in a trachyte-comendite suite shows that Fe loss can also occur. Al, Si, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th, U, and Rb are not significantly affected, nor are the proportions of the REE, and these elements can be relied upon in petrochemical studies of crystalline peralkaline silicic rocks.
Inference for response-limited time-series models

This paper Introduces a robust time series estimation procedure based on a new nonlinear time-series model called the response-limited ARMA model. Under this procedure, In contrast to location or regression, the uncorrected pseudo-observations, which produce the parameter estimates when submitted to a standard analysis, also yield satisfactory standard errors for inference purposes.
Paysonia, a new genus segregated from Lesquerella (Brassicaceae)

The annual, auriculate-leaved species of Lesquerella (Brassicaceae) of the southeastern United States are transferred to the new genus Paysonia. The new combinations Paysonia auriculata, P. densipila, P grandiflora, P. lasiocarpa, P lasiocarpa subsp. berlandieri, P lasiocarpa subsp. heterochroma, P lescurii, P lyrata, P perforata, and P. stonensis are proposed. The distinguishing characters between the combined taxon LesquerellaPhysaria are discussed. A detailed description of the genus and a key to the species are provided.