cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repression of myelin proteolipid protein gene expression is mediated through both general and cell type‐specific negative regulatory elements in nonexpressing cells

The myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp) is expressed primarily in oligodendrocytes. Yet how the gene remains repressed in nonexpressing cells has not been defined, and potentially could cause adverse effects in an organism if the mechanism for repression was impaired. Previous studies suggest that the first intron contains element(s), which suppress expression in nonexpressing cells, although the identity of these elements within the 8 kb intron was not characterized. Here we report the localization of multiple negative regulatory elements that repress Plp gene expression in nonexpressing cells (+/+ Li). Two of these elements (regions) correspond to those used by Plp expressing cells (N20.1), whilst another acts in a cell type-specific manner (i.e. operational in +/+ Li liver cells, but not N20.1 cells). By gel-shift and DNase I footprinting analyses, the factor(s) that bind to the cell type-specific negative regulatory region appear to be far more abundant in +/+ Li cells than in N20.1 cells. Thus, Plp gene repression is mediated through the combinatorial action of both ‘general’ and cell type-specific negative regulatory elements. Additionally, repression in +/+ Li cells cannot be overcome via an antisilencer/enhancer element, which previously has been shown to function in N20.1 cells.
Chinese Workers Confront Capitalist Labour Relations

China’s economic reform initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 has engendered tremendous social, economic, and political changes on local society. In more recent years, with the deepening of privatization and commercialization, the life of ordinary people, especially working men and women, has been significantly reshaped by new policies and practices under the influence of neo-liberalism. As China has continued to display a remarkable growth in gross domestic product (gdp) annually over the past decade, however, socioeconomic polarization has also escalated and has created deeper divides among the population. One of the areas that has been affected and transformed significantly during this period is the field of work and labour. Today work is reorganized in a radically different way than in the past. There are profound trends of commodification of labour, the reconfiguration of classes, and the rise of new labour activism and popular resistance in both rural and urban areas. In this review essay, I address some of the key issues pertinent to the changing situation for working people in the recent past of the People’s Republic of China by focusing on three recently published books by Ching Kwan Lee, Carolyn Hsu, and Edward Friedman et al. I give greatest attenreview essay / note critique
Teorías del inquilinaje

Album de los adioses. Federico Diaz-Granados. Universidad Externado de Colombia, Coleccion Un libro por centavos, num. 21, Bogota, 2006, 69 pags.
On the congruence of morphology, trophic ecology, and phylogeny in Neotropical treeboas (Squamata: Boidae: Corallus)

Nine members of the Neotropical treeboa genus Corallus occur from Guatemala to south-eastern Brazil and recent studies have provided an inconclusive picture about the relationship between morphology and trophic ecology in these snakes. To construct a more complete picture, we conducted the first study of morphology and diet to consider all nine species. Using adult specimens from museum collections, we examined several morphometric and meristic variables and their possible relationship to Corallus diets. Broadly, we found three basic morphologies within the genus: a short, narrow head and a slender body (C. cookii, C. grenadensis, C. hortulanus, and C. ruschenbergerii), useful for exploiting a wide variety of prey; a relatively stout body with a long, wide head (C. batesii, C. caninus, and C. cropanii) associated with feeding on larger mammalian prey; and an intermediate morphology, found in C. annulatus and C. blombergii, which may be indicative of endotherm generalists. These morphological and dietary patterns exhibit a strong degree of congruence with a recent molecular phylogeny of Corallus and highlight a heretofore unexamined ecological diversification within Corallus. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109, 466–475.
New Spanish Art in the Weddell Collection in Richmond, Virginia, USA: a Preliminary Catalog

This article presents a preliminary study and catalog of a group of art objects collected in Mexico by US consul general Alexander Weddell (1876-1948) and his wife, Virginia Chase Steedman Weddell (1874-1948), between 1924 and 1928. While other foreigners in early-twentieth century Mexico collected “folk” or “popular” art and the works of contemporary painters, the Weddells were more interested in what they called “antiques”. Their collection, which today belongs to the Virginia Historical Society in Richmond, Virginia, US, consists of a number of works that date to the eighteenth century. They include a painting of the Virgin of Ocotlan, a set of small, oval canvases portraying episodes from the martyrdom of St. Agnes, two folding screens—one depicting a series of hunting scenes, and another with imagery derived from van Veen’s Horatii Emblemata—, part of a choir stall, a carved image of the Virgin of Sorrows, and several textiles and works of decorative art. The Weddells assembled their collection to decorate “Virginia House”, the home that later would become their permanent residence, and were assisted in their acquisition of the objects by Austrian ex-patriot and art dealer Rene d’Harnoncourt. Scant provenance data about the works in the collection appear in Alexander Weddell’s 1947 Description of Virginia House and in volumes of correspondence between Weddell and his wife during the period of their residence in Mexico.
Genetic Requirements for the Survival of Tubercle Bacilli in Primates

Background TB leads to the annual death of 1.7 million people. The failure of the BCG vaccine, synergy between AIDS and TB, and the emergence of drug-resistance have worsened this situation. It is imperative to delineate the mechanisms employed by Mtb to successfully infect and persist in mammalian lungs.
Modifying L-type calcium current to prevent ventricular fibrillation

CRM) or Carelink Network (Medtronic, Inc) or routine follow up at their referring center. Patients electing remote follow up were enrolled at either their initial 6-8 week post implant follow up or if they preferred, at their post implant evaluation. All equipment was demonstrated to the patient and the family and a 2-3 day test call was scheduled and performed. Conclusion: Increased ICD implant volume has yielded large increases in Device Clinic Volume at a non-sustainable rate. Utilization of remote follow-up has permitted the Device Clinic Volume to grow at a more modest and manageable rate.
Using real-time weather information for traveler information: a statistical learning application under alternative experimental conditions

This paper examines the case where information on real-time weather conditions is used to predict future speeds in a traveler's route so that they can make travel decisions relating to whether or not to make the trip, change departure time or to take an alternative route, if already on the road. We examine the performance of two different classes of models (a "base" model and a "statistical learning" model) to predict future speeds while controlling for location, demand/time-of-day, prevailing speeds, and future weather conditions. A stratified sampling strategy is adopted with good and bad weather conditions sampled separately within locations along the Eisenhower Expressway in Chicago. We find differences in the predictive abilities of the two models under different weather conditions. The SVM model outperforms the linear regression model by predicting 41% more cases within 3mph of the observed speed under heavy rain conditions, 16.7% more cases within 3mph under snow conditions, 14.5% more cases within 3mph under thunderstorm conditions, and with less dramatic differences under other weather conditions. The results show promise that SVM regression maybe useful in bringing together streaming forecasted weather data and traffic conditions to inform travelers.
As Compared to What? Characteristics of the AACSB Institutions That Utilize the Major Field Test in Business.

The publishers of the Major Field Test in Business (MFT-B), an assessment of learning instrument, provide a list of institutions utilizing the instrument and a table that allows for comparison of local MFT-B mean scores to those of other institutions. The absence of information regarding the comparison group's characteristics limits the validity of that comparison. This study provides a comparison of the institutions accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International, those that use the MFT-B and those accredited institutions that do not, and an estimation of the probability that a school will use the MFT-B for assessment purposes.
A Multistage Procedure for Detecting Several Outliers in Linear Regression

A new statistic, Fk , is proposed for detecting multiple outliers in linear regression. This statistic is incorporated into the following multistage procedure: Initially, a subset of k observations is selected to be tested. If Fk is found to be significant, the most extreme observation in the subset as determined by the largest studentized residual is deleted and the test repeated for the (k – 1) observations in the subset using the remaining sample. The procedure is stopped when a test fails to reject the no-outlier hypothesis. A Monte Carlo study is used to evaluate the performance of this procedure.
Surgical Therapy for Mitral Regurgitation: The Key to Preventing Heart Failure?

Five million Americans suffer from heart failure (HF). Despite innovative new pharmacologic and device therapies, the 5-year mortality rate for patients remains near 50%. Conservatively, 300,000 patients with HF also have severe functional mitral regurgitation. Over the past decade, the surgical approach to these patients has become more aggressive because the extent of the problem has become widely recognized, and surgeon familiarity with annuloplasty techniques has increased. Although clinical experience and enthusiasm have resulted in an expansion of literature, the role that mitral valve repair surgery plays in the treatment of HF is not fully established. In this article, we review the existing data on the efficacy of mitral valve surgery in HF patients. Specifically, we will review the available data regarding the effect of mitral valve surgery on longevity, ventricular remodeling, and symptoms. No randomized prospective data are available, but careful analysis of existing retrospective studies allows important conclusions to be made.
Justifying Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Spontaneous Hemopneumothorax

Study objectives Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has gained a prominent role in routine thoracic surgery practice. This study discusses the clinical aspects and utility of VATS in spontaneous hemopneumothorax (SHP). Patients Of 363 spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) cases, 24 patients presented with SHP (6.6%). The clinical features, surgical indications, emergency VATS technique, and patient outcomes are discussed. Results All 24 patients were male (mean age, 25.3 years). Eleven patients were in hypovolemic shock, and their hemoglobin levels ranged from 6.7 to 12.7 g/dL; therefore, they received fluid resuscitation and blood transfusion. The amount of blood drained through the chest tube varied from 200 to 3,500 mL. Emergency VATS revealed that 5 cases were simple hemothoraces and 19 cases were associated with pneumothorax. The cause of bleeding was identified by thoracoscopy, as from an aberrant vessel (n = 11), torn parietal pleura (n = 4), ruptured vascularized bullae (n = 2), and lung parenchyma (n = 1). Six patients had no evidence of an obvious bleeding site. Bullous lesions were at the apex of the upper lobe in 14 patients, and multiple lobar involvement was seen in 2 patients. All the bullae were resected with endoscopic stapler in eight patients and ligated with a homemade endoloop in eight patients. The mean operation time was 42 min. The mean chest tube removal time was 3.5 days after insertion, and mean postoperative stay was 4.5 days. There is no recurrence of SHP or SP during the follow-up period. Conclusion SHP complicated by severe bleeding presents a potentially grave emergency. VATS may be considered as feasible treatment for patients with SHP.
Synthetic Integrin-binding Peptides Promote Adhesion and Proliferation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells in vitro:

Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells have been shown to express several integrins (αv, α5, β1, β3) that use RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic Acid)-dependent mechanisms for the recognition and binding of their ligands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of certain integrin-binding cyclic and linear synthetic RGD-containing peptides on PDL cells' adhesion, proliferation, and de novo protein synthesis in vitro. Fifth passages of normal human PDL cells established from teeth extracted from patients (ages 12 to 14) for orthodontic reasons were used for all experiments. Synthetic peptides containing the EPRGDNYR sequence in two different spatial conformations (linear and cyclic) were covalently attached to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Type I collagen, EPRGDNYR-BSA conjugates, 1:1 mixtures of type I collagen and conjugates, as well as BSA (a negative control) were coated on bacteriological plastic and evaluated for their attachment-promoting activities. In addition, the effects of these substrates ...
Technical Communication in R & D Laboratories: The Impact of Project Work Characteristics

Based on an information processing approach to organizations, this paper argues that project effectiveness is contingent on the match between the project's communication patterns and the nature of its work. Three hypotheses are developed to specify the nature of the contingent relationships. The results are consistent with an information processing approach to communication.
Exact two-stage designs for phase II activity trials with rank-based endpoints

Abstract Features common to phase II clinical trials include limited knowledge of the experimental treatment being evaluated, design components reflecting ethical considerations, and small to moderate sample sizes as a result of resource constraints. It is for these reasons that there exist many two-stage designs proposed in the literature for use in this context. The majority of these designs are for binary endpoints and based on exact probability calculations, or are for continuous endpoints and rooted in asymptotic approximations to the null distribution. We present exact two-stage Mann–Whitney designs in the context of two-arm randomized clinical trials. In addition to describing the designs, we present tables of decision rules under a variety of assumed realities for use in trial planning.
Optimal Deployment of Wide-Area Synchronized Measurements for Fault-Location Observability

This paper considers the problem of strategically placing a minimum number of synchronized measurements in a transmission system so that faults can be detected and identified irrespective of their locations. The proposed solution is based on a fault-location method which was developed and documented in an earlier paper by the authors. Hence, it is intended as an extension of the previous work to facilitate its efficient implementation via optimal sensor placement. The paper will first provide a brief review of the fault-location method and will then describe the optimal deployment scheme for placing synchronized voltage sensors in the transmission system. Simulated fault transients by an electromagnetic transients simulation program will be used to illustrate the performance of the developed technique.
States of adsorbed dodecyl amine and water at a silica surface as revealed by vibrational spectroscopy

States of adsorbed dodecylamine (DDA) at a silica surface have been studied as a function of pH by vibrational spectroscopy (SFVS, FTIR), contact angle measurements, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that the state of adsorbed DDA at a silica surface varies significantly at different pH values. At pH 6.30, there is no pronounced adsorption of DDA cations and the surface is hydrophilic. At pH 10.0, the vibrational spectroscopy results together with contact angle measurements and MD simulations suggest that amine is adsorbed as a well organized monolayer, the hemimicelle structure. Under these conditions, dehydration occurs based on SFVS analysis and the silica surface becomes hydrophobic. In the case of pH 12.3, it has been confirmed that continued adsorption of DDA neutral molecules occurs with the amine surface state changing from a monolayer to a bilayer or a micellar surface state as revealed both from SFVS analysis and MD simulations. At this high pH, extensive surface hydratio...
Comparative analysis of tissue esterases of the zebra danio (Brachydanio rerio) and the pearl danio (B. albolineatus) by disc gel electrophoresis

Abstract 1. 1. The multiple forms of soluble esterases from liver, ovary, skeletal muscle and intestine of Brachydanio rerio and Brachydanio albolineatus have been analyzed by polyacrylamide (disc) gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Nineteen separable zones of soluble esterase activity were observed in B. rerio and 10 separable zones in B. albolineatus. 3. 3. Although each tissue had its own unique esterase profile, different tissues within a species shared several esterase isozymes in common. The same tissues of the two species had fewer esterases in common. 4. 4. Esterase isozymes were identified in liver and intestinal tissues that showed unusual patterns of inhibition with DFP, eserine sulfate and sulfhdryl-group inhibitors.
PTSD, Depression, Daily Stressors, and Treatment Pathways Among Urban Veterans

Many veterans face various mental health challenges after separation. This study examines change over 14 months in mental health and related factors among 242 veterans returning to low-income predominantly minority sections of New York City. Mental health treatment provided more than reductions in symptoms of PTSD and depression; it also resulted in reductions in substance use disorders and daily stresses. However, many veterans not in treatment are experiencing combat-related concerns at subsyndromal levels. The findings highlight the need for low-threshold, community-based outreach programs for this population.
CCN1 and CCN2: blood brothers in angiogenic action

CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a matricellular protein essential for skeletal development during embryogenesis. In adulthood, aberrant CCN2 expression is associated with many malignancies and fibrosis of virtually every organ. Despite its prominent expression in endothelial cells in the vasculature, the role of CCN2 in vessel development was unknown. In a recent study, Hall-Glenn et al. (PLoS ONE 7:e30562) have revealed the role of CCN2 in developmental angiogenesis through a detailed analysis of how CCN2 mediates the interaction between vascular endothelial cells and pericytes. In addition, CCN2 also regulates endothelial basement membrane formation during vessel formation. Here I compare the angiogenic activities of CCN2 during embryogenesis to those of its homologous family member CCN1 (CYR61), which is essential for cardiovascular development. Understanding the angiogenic actions of CCN1 and CCN2 may have implication in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting these proteins for the treatment of diseases such as cancer and fibrosis.
Seasonal phytoplankton composition, productivity and biomass in the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina

Abstract Phytoplankton community composition, productivity and biomass characteristics of the mesohaline lower Neuse River estuary were assessed monthly from May 1988 to February 1990. An incubation method which considered water-column mixing and variable light exposure was used to determine phytoplankton primary productivity. The summer productivity peaks in this shallow estuary were stimulated by increases in irradiance and temperature. However, dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading was the major factor controlling ultimate yearly production. Dynamic, unpredictable rainfall events determined magnitudes of seasonal production pulses through nitrogen loading, and helped determine phytoplankton species composition. Dinoflagellates occasionally bloomed but were otherwise present in moderate numbers; rainfall events produced large pulses of cryptomonads, and dry seasons and subsequent higher salinity led to dominance by small centric diatoms. Daily production was strongly correlated (r = 0·82) with nitrate concentration and inversely correlated (r = −0·73) with salinity, while nitrate and salinity were inversely correlated (r = −0·71), emphasizing the importance of freshwater input as a nutrient-loading source to the lower estuary. During 1989 mean daily areal phytoplankton production was 938 mgC m−2, mean chlorophyll a was 11·8 mg m−3, and mean phytoplankton density was 1·56 × 103 cells ml−1. Estimated 1989 annual areal phytoplankton production for the lower estuary was 343 gC m−2.
Self‐serving attributions, managerial cognition, and company performance

Past research using managers' attributions for good and poor performance in annual reports has repeatedly demonstrated that management takes credit for good outcomes. However, there is disagreement about whether this pattern of attributions reflects attempts to manage impressions in stakeholders or biased perceptions on the part of management, and whether it is associated with increases or decreases in future performance. In this study, attributions in letters to shareholders in the annual reports of public utilities were analyzed. The results showed the same general pattern of attributions as was found in previous studies. However, the relationship between this pattern of attributions and performance (earnings per share growth) was generally negative. Implications of these results for future research are discussed.
Subretinal hemorrhages in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose To describe the clinical features of patients with advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy who underwent vitrectomy and were found to have subretinal hemorrhages. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective study of 49 patients with complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy requiring pars plana vitrectomy and demonstrating the presence of subretinal hemorrhage. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical characteristics were evaluated. Patients were observed for a minimum of 6 months. Results The location, size, and clearance of subretinal hemorrhages revealed wide variation. Forty-two patients had focal subretinal hemorrhages, and 14 patients within this group had submacular hemorrhages. A retinal break was observed in 15 patients (31%). Only one patient required drainage of the subretinal hemorrhage to achieve retinal reattachment. Vitreous surgery resulted in 59% of patients achieving a visual acuity > or = 5/200. Seventy-nine percent had stable or improved vision, whereas 20% had worse vision after surgery. Conclusion Subretinal hemorrhages appear to be an uncommon feature associated with long-term, advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy and portend a guarded visual prognosis. These hemorrhages may occur spontaneously in previously untreated eyes and are often unsuspected until observed at the time of vitreous surgery. In general, removal of subretinal hemorrhages was not necessary to achieve macular anatomic attachment, and most patients experienced improved visual function after surgery. Diabetic subretinal hemorrhages may indicate a retinal break, and, therefore, careful ophthalmic inspection should be performed in these patients.
A Review of the Effects of Non-migrating Atmospheric Tides on the Earth’s Low-Latitude Ionosphere

Solar thermal tides are planetary-scale waves in the neutral atmosphere with periods that are harmonics of 24 hours. In the thermosphere, they can achieve significant amplitude and can be the dominant source of variation in the atmosphere. Through their modification of the neutral atmosphere, they can also significantly modify the ionosphere, especially at low-latitudes where the dynamics of the Earth’s ionosphere is determined to a large extent by the neutral atmosphere. Much recent work has focused on characterizing and understanding the impact of one sub-group of tides, known as non-migrating tides, on the ionosphere. Whereas migrating tides are responsible for creating strong day-night variations in the ionosphere, non-migrating tides create longitudinal variations in the ionosphere, the signature of which can only be detected with distributed networks of ground-based observations or spacecraft. The present work reviews the recent observations and modeling efforts that have helped to characterize and explain this longitudinal variability. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics of tides throughout the thermosphere, their impacts on the chemical composition of the thermosphere, and impacts on the ionosphere.
Synthetic strategies toward carbocyclic purine–pyrimidine hybrid nucleosides

The blending of key structural features from the purine and pyrimidine nucleobase scaffolds gives rise to a new class of hybrid nucleosides. The purine-pyrimidine hybrid nucleosides can be viewed as either N-3 ribosylated purines or 5,6-disubstituted pyrimidines, thus recognition by both purine- and pyrimidine-metabolizing enzymes is possible. Given the increasing reports of the development of resistance in many enzymatic systems, a drug that could be recognized by more than one enzyme could prove highly advantageous in overcoming resistance mechanisms related to binding site mutations. In that regard, the design, synthesis and results of preliminary biological activity for a series of carbocyclic uracil derivatives with either a fused imidazole or thiazole ring are presented herein.
A general-purpose high-level language machine for minicomputers

In the course of our investigations into the design of translator writing systems (compiler-compilers), it has been established [2] that a certain set of “semantic primitives” can adequately express the major portion of the semantics of programs written in any of the several common high-level languages (e.g., PL/I, ALGOL W). It was also observed that each of these semantic primitives, while representing frequently-used high-level language constructs, corresponds to predictable sequences of machine-language instructions in the object code of programs.Similarly, other authors have noted that conventional computer instruction sets are less than satisfactory as target languages for high-level language programs and have offered, as a solution to this problem, hardware or firmware processors designed specifically for programs written in a particular high-level language—the machine language and the programming language are essentially identical. The best known early example of such a processor is Helmut Weber's microprogrammed implementation of the EULER language on an IBM 360/30. [5] More recently, Burroughs Corporation has produced the B1700, a computer that has a microprogrammed language processor for each of several languages, the appropriate one of which is loaded into control memory to interpret a given program. [6,7] Such processors show significant speed increases over conventional computers of comparable basic speed in executing programs written in their particular language, but are too specialized to execute other languages efficiently. Therefore we have conjectured that, by designing a computer organization which implements a set of semantic primitives similar to Lancaster's via microprogramming, one instruction per primitive (so that the work required by a DO statement, for example, is performed in the firmware rather than in the software), we can achieve speed increases approaching those of the single-language processors, while retaining the flexibility characteristic of conventional computer organizations. This paper describes those primitives which we have chosen for initial implementation, and presents some preliminary results on the speedups obtained.
A Conceptual Framework for Exploring the Role of Studies Abroad in Nurturing Global Citizenship

A conceptual framework, adapted from the Value-Belief-Norm theory, is proposed for understanding the role of studying abroad in nurturing global citizenship. The framework is oriented in concepts of justice, the environment, and civic obligations as key issues in the predictive validity of values, beliefs, and norms. The VBN approach is then applied to the design and experience of a short-term, faculty-led, educational travel study abroad program. By demonstrating how such theoretical contributions can help modify the instructional delivery and academic content of these types of study abroad programs, it is also possible to quantify how learning outcomes are demonstrably linked to key facets of the international education experience.
Hierarchical models and analysis of shape

Abstract Shape models are developed as grammars which allow for the description of syntactic and semantic constraints between symbols of the grammer. These constraints are automatically generated from the grammar for all vocabulary symbols. The contextual constraints are exploited by a hierarchical constraint process in analyzing unknown shapes. Such a process constitutes a bottom-up constraint based parsing method which attempts to overcome the combinatorial explosion in searching for a parse of the shape implied by the segmentation strategy. Examples of the application of this system to airplane shape recognition are described.
Juvenile recruitment and smolt output of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from a lacustrine system in western Ireland

Abstract A combination of electrofishing of feeder streams and shore seine netting of two lakes in a salmonid fishery in Burrishoole, western Ireland provided evidence of extensive use of lacustrine habitat by juvenile Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Mean densities of 0.024 trout and 0.002 salmon m −2 were recorded in L. Bunaveela (46ha), and 0.010 trout m −2 and 0.010 salmon m −2 in L. Feeagh (410 ha). Appearance of 0 + salmon and trout in summer seine net catches indicated early downstream movement of fry from inlet streams to lake inshore areas which also provided nursery habitat for older age classes. Total trap records of salmon and sea trout smolts migrating from Burrishoole catchment since 1970 were used to provide one of the first published estimates of smolt production from a lacustrine catchment in temperate Europe. Trout and salmon smolt output from Burrishoole was shown to have declined by about 50% since records began. Current levels of production are estimated at about 4 sea trout smolts ha −1 (0.4kg ha −1 ) and about 13 salmon smolts ha −1 (0.3 kg ha −1 ).
Explosive Blast Neurotrauma

Abstract Explosive blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the more serious wounds suffered by United States service members injured in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Some military medical treatments for blast TBI that have been introduced successfully in the war theater include decompressive craniectomy, cerebral angiography, transcranial Doppler, hypertonic resuscitation fluids, among others. Stateside neurosurgery, neuro-critical care, and rehabilitation for these patients have similarly progressed. With experience, military physicians have been able to clinically describe blast TBI across the entire severity spectrum. One important clinical finding is that a significant number of severe blast TBI victims develop pseudoaneurysms and vasospasm, which can lead to delayed decompensation. Another is that mild blast TBI shares clinical features with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Observations suggest that the mechanism by which explosive blast injures the central nervous system ...
Religion and cultural theory

This article examines the resources offered by various forms of critical cultural theory for the study of religion. It then briefly explores the turn to religion by a range of recent cultural theor...
Xanthine Oxidase Mediates Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α Degradation by Intermittent Hypoxia

Sleep-disordered breathing with recurrent apnea produces chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH). We previously reported that IH leads to down-regulation of HIF-2α protein via a calpain-dependent signaling pathway resulting in oxidative stress. In the present study, we delineated the signaling pathways associated with calpain-dependent HIF-2α degradation in cell cultures and rats subjected to chronic IH. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers prevented HIF-2α degradation by IH and ROS mimetic decreased HIF-2α protein levels in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell cultures, suggesting that ROS mediate IH-induced HIF-2α degradation. IH activated xanthine oxidase (XO) by increased proteolytic conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to XO. ROS generated by XO activated calpains, which contributed to HIF-2α degradation by IH. Calpain-induced HIF-2α degradation involves C-terminus but not the N-terminus of the HIF-2α protein. Pharmacological blockade as well as genetic knock down of XO prevented IH induced calpain activation and HIF-2α degradation in PC12 cells. Systemic administration of allopurinol to rats prevented IH-induced hypertension, oxidative stress and XO activation in adrenal medulla. These results demonstrate that ROS generated by XO activation mediates IH-induced HIF-2α degradation via activation of calpains.
Terahertz dielectric measurements of household powders

The dielectric properties of common household powders from 0.6 to 1.2 THz are presented in this paper. Terahertz Dispersive Fourier Transform Spectroscopy was used to yield the dielectric properties of powders as a continuous function of frequency. Tests were conducted using a polarized interferometer and two cryogenically-cooled high frequency detectors. Dielectric spectroscopy was utilized to provide high-resolution and precise information on the dielectric spectra of powders including the powder's unique resonance signature. This signature can be employed to detect the presence of a hoax or harmful powder within a baggage or mail package.
Cerebellar macroneurons in microexplant cell culture. Methodology, basic electrophysiology, and morphology after horseradish peroxidase injection

Cerebellar macroneurons, including Purkinje cells, survive and differentiate in long-term monolayer cultures, which are prepared by a partial dissociation procedure we refer to as a microexplant technique. Intracellular recording demonstrated that these neurons were functional, showing spontaneous spiking activity and electrical excitability, and both spontaneous and evoked synaptic activity. In order to further characterize cell types, light and electron microscopic studies were performed after intracellular iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase. Purkinje neurons were identified by their form of dendritic arborization and numerous dendritic spines. Cortical granule cells and macroneurons derived from the deep nuclei could also be demonstrated.
Phemx, a Novel Mouse Gene Expressed in Hematopoietic Cells Maps to the Imprinted Cluster on Distal Chromosome 7

Phemx (Pan hematopoietic expression) is a novel murine gene expressed in developmentally regulated sites of hematopoiesis from early in embryogenesis through adulthood. Phemx is expressed in hematopoietic progenitors and mature cells of the three main hematopoietic lineages. Conceptual translation of the murine Phemx cDNA predicts a 25-kDa polypeptide with four hydrophobic regions and several potential phosphorylation sites, suggestive of a transmembrane protein involved in cell signaling. The PHEMX protein is structurally similar to tetraspanin CD81 (TAPA-1), a transmembrane protein involved in leukocyte activation, adhesion, and proliferation. Phemx maps to the distal region of chromosome 7, a segment of the mouse genome that contains a cluster of genes that exhibit genomic imprinting. However, imprinting analysis of Phemx at the whole organ level shows that it is biallelically expressed, suggesting that mechanisms leading to monoallelic expression are not imposed at this locus. The human PHEMX ortholog is specifically expressed in hematopoietic organs and tissues and, in contrast to murine Phemx, undergoes alternative splicing. The unique mode and range of Phemx expression suggest that it plays a role in hematopoietic cell function.
Implications of multiaxial empirically based assessment for behavior therapy with children

Comprehensive assessment of children requires multiple sources, such as parents, teachers, clinicians, observers, and children themselves. Agreement is limited by situational variations in children's behavior and by informant differences. Multiaxial empirically based assessment (MEBA) employs multiple sources relevant to most children. Parallel instruments obtain data from parents, teachers, self-reports, direct observations, and clinical interviews in terms of empirically derived syndromes. Children are compared with normative samples of peers. Multisource data can be coordinated via a cross-informant computer program, taxonomic decision tree, multisource composite scores, and selective weighting. MEBA can facilitate behavior therapy by documenting problems reported by different informants; by identifying problems as cross-situationally consistent or inconsistent; by aggregating problems in terms of empirically derived syndromes scorable by multiple informants; by concisely communicating and linking assessment with nosological and administrative criteria and with previous knowledge; and by indicating whether reported functioning is in the clinical versus normal range at pre- and posttreatment.
Free For All---Guest Editorial

Management Science invited Dr. Norton, upon his election as President-Elect, to prepare a guest editorial outlining some of his plans and ideas for TIMS.
Engineered Biosynthesis of Regioselectively Modified Aromatic Polyketides Using Bimodular Polyketide Synthases

Bacterial aromatic polyketides such as tetracycline and doxorubicin are a medicinally important class of natural products produced as secondary metabolites by actinomyces bacteria. Their backbones are derived from malonyl-CoA units by polyketide synthases (PKSs). The nascent polyketide chain is synthesized by the minimal PKS, a module consisting of four dissociated enzymes. Although the biosynthesis of most aromatic polyketide backbones is initiated through decarboxylation of a malonyl building block (which results in an acetate group), some polyketides, such as the estrogen receptor antagonist R1128, are derived from nonacetate primers. Understanding the mechanism of nonacetate priming can lead to biosynthesis of novel polyketides that have improved pharmacological properties. Recent biochemical analysis has shown that nonacetate priming is the result of stepwise activity of two dissociated PKS modules with orthogonal molecular recognition features. In these PKSs, an initiation module that synthesizes a starter unit is present in addition to the minimal PKS module. Here we describe a general method for the engineered biosynthesis of regioselectively modified aromatic polyketides. When coexpressed with the R1128 initiation module, the actinorhodin minimal PKS produced novel hexaketides with propionyl and isobutyryl primer units. Analogous octaketides could be synthesized by combining the tetracenomycin minimal PKS with the R1128 initiation module. Tailoring enzymes such as ketoreductases and cyclases were able to process the unnatural polyketides efficiently. Based upon these findings, hybrid PKSs were engineered to synthesize new anthraquinone antibiotics with predictable functional group modifications. Our results demonstrate that (i) bimodular aromatic PKSs present a general mechanism for priming aromatic polyketide backbones with nonacetate precursors; (ii) the minimal PKS controls polyketide chain length by counting the number of atoms incorporated into the backbone rather than the number of elongation cycles; and (iii) in contrast, auxiliary PKS enzymes such as ketoreductases, aromatases, and cyclases recognize specific functional groups in the backbone rather than overall chain length. Among the anthracyclines engineered in this study were compounds with (i) more superior activity than R1128 against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and (ii) inhibitory activity against glucose-6-phosphate translocase, an attractive target for the treatment of Type II diabetes.
Perception of Risk for Subsequent Drinking and Driving Related Offenses and Locus of Control among First-Time DUI Offenders

It is estimated that approximately one third of first-time driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders are at risk for committing a subsequent offense. To reduce the risk of recidivism, most states require mandatory screening and counseling of convicted DUI offenders. Unfortunately, the majority of offenders are not receptive to either screening or recommendations for further interventions designed to reduce their level of risk. The current study examines the relationship between locus of control and receptivity to risk status. To test this hypothesis, both the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (I-E) and the Drinking Related Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (DRIE) were administered to a group of convicted first DUI offenders. The results indicate that the offenders manifesting a more internal locus of control were more receptive to risk information compared to their external locus of control counterparts. Important clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Pine forest expansion along a forest-meadow ecotone in northeastern California, USA

Abstract Type conversions of vegetation are often triggered by changes in one or more limiting environmental factors. Such changes are particularly evident along montane forest-meadow ecotones, where historical changes in fire, grazing and climate have occurred. In this paper, we reconstruct spatial and temporal variation in climate, livestock grazing and fire for 11 meadow inclusions in the pine-dominated forest of northeastern California, USA. We then compare this environmental variation to temporal patterns of tree invasion by dating the establishment of 1420 trees, saplings and seedlings. Invasive trees included ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev and Balf.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana Loudon (Grev and Balf.)) and western juniper (Juniper occidentalis Hook.). Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in 1849, fires burned with a median interval of 11 years based on 1–3 ha composite records from multiple trees, and 14 years using records from individual trees. There was substantial variation in the date of the last recorded fire within and among meadows, but fire was rare after 1905. The onset of tree establishment varied among meadows, but followed the reduction and removal of fire. Livestock grazing also varied among meadows, and the highest establishment rates occurred when grazing was moderate. Mean tree establishment was 22.9 trees/ha/decade during the late 19th century when grazing was unregulated, 62.6 trees/ha/decade when sheep were present, but regulated, and 40.7 trees/hectare/decade after sheep were replaced with cattle. Ponderosa and Jeffrey pine established during a range of temperature and precipitation conditions, but establishment was greater when summer precipitation was below normal, annual temperatures were normal and springs were cool. Although changes in disturbance and climate were associated with tree establishment, the persistence of trees at the meadow edge is best explained by continued fire exclusion. With the long-term absence of fire the local effects of different disturbance histories are being lost.
A Large Power Set Axiom

Takeuti [6] has suggested the need for higher axioms for set theory which are analogous to higher axioms of infinity, but which claim that power sets are in some sense large. In this paper we investigate a reflection axiom of this sort (Axiom T). In §1, we introduce Axiom T and explore some related axioms. A technical lemma involving an elementary embedding is developed in §2 which allows us, in §3, to prove the relative consistency of Axiom T. The reader is assumed to be familiar with ramified forcing languages and the usual techniques of forcing. A suitable treatment of these subjects is given by Takeuti and Zaring [7]. ZFC, GBC, ZF and GB are the set theories of Zermelo-Fraenkel and of Godel-Bernays, with and without the axiom of choice (AC). CH is the continuum hypothesis. For α an ordinal, define For p 1 , p 2 ∈ p α let p 1 ≤ p 2 mean that p 1 ⊇ p 2 (thus p 1 is the stronger forcing condition). It is well known that P α satisfies the countable chain condition [5].
Microcantilever biosensors based on conformational change of proteins

Microcantilevers (MCLs) hold a position as a cost-effective and highly sensitive sensor platform for medical diagnostics, environmental analysis and fast throughput analysis. MCLs are unique in that adsorption of analytes on the microcantilever (MCL) surface changes the surface characteristics of the MCL and results in bending of the MCL. Surface stress due to conformation change of proteins and other polymers has been a recent focus of MCL research. Since conformational changes in proteins can be produced through binding of anylates at specific receptor sites, MCLs that respond to conformational change induced surface stress are promising as transducers of chemical information and are ideal for developing microcantilever-based biosensors. The MCL can also potentially be used to investigate conformational change of proteins induced by non-binding events such as post-translational modification and changes in temperature or pH. This review will provide an overview of MCL biosensors based on conformational change of proteins bound to the MCL surface. The models include conformational change of proteins, proteins on membranes, enzymes, DNA and other polymers.
Bridging the work-family policy and productivity gap: A literature review

Abstract This paper uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the relationship between work-family conflict and six work outcomes: performance, turnover, absenteeism, organizational commitment, job involvement, and burnout. Also reviewed are studies on the effects of employer (work-family) policies aimed at reducing such conflict. Policies to aid employees in managing work and family roles can be expensive, and studies show that they are often marginally effective. The review shows that relationships between work-family policies and organizational effectiveness is mixed and their connection to work-family conflict often under-examined. Work-family conflict is a critical link that may shed light on policy impacts. Suggestions on how future studies can build bridges between practitioners and academics and more clearly examine organizational effectiveness links are provided.
State of the APC/C: organization, function, and structure.

The ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation system is involved in many essential cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, and the unfolded protein response. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an evolutionarily conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, was discovered 15 years ago because of its pivotal role in cyclin degradation and mitotic progression. Since then, we have learned that the APC/C is a very large, complex E3 ligase composed of 13 subunits, yielding a molecular machine of approximately 1 MDa. The intricate regulation of the APC/C is mediated by the Cdc20 family of activators, pseudosubstrate inhibitors, protein kinases and phosphatases and the spindle assembly checkpoint. The large size, complexity, and dynamic nature of the APC/C represent significant obstacles toward high-resolution structural techniques; however, over the last decade, there have been a number of lower resolution APC/C structures determined using single particle electron microscopy. The...