cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Object recognition via configurations of lines

In this paper we explore the application of several advanced mathematical techniques from algebraic geometry, notably the theory of correspondences and a novel 'equivariant' invariant theory, to the problem of recognizing 3D geometric configurations from a single 2D view. We specifically require the approach to be view independent. This forces us to characterize line configurations by their 3D or 2D geometric invariants. Recent work of R. Huang on 'invariants of sets of lines in projective 3-space' provides a first description of the necessary line invariances in 3D. In this paper, we simplify Huang's results and develop the algebro- geometric machinery needed to understand the relationship that exists between the 3D algebraic geometry. Exploiting this, we compute a set of fundamental equations in the combined set of 3D and 2D invariants, which generate the ideal of the correspondence, and which completely describe the mutual 3D/2D constraints. We have chosen to call these equations 'object/image equations'. They can be exploited in a number of ways. For example, from a given 2D configuration of lines, we can determine a set of non-linear constraints on the geometric invariants of the 3D line configurations capable of producing that given 2D configuration, and thus arrive at a test for determining the object being viewed. Conversely, given a 3D geometric configuration, we can derive a set of equations that constrain the images of that object. Methods to compute a complete set of generating object/image equations that constrain the images of that object. Methods to compute a compete set of generating object/image equations are mentioned. These include advanced geometric techniques like KSY resultants, sparse resultants, and Groebner bases. The calculations have been carried out using a mix of such advanced techniques in the specific case under consideration, namely line features. The resulting object/image equations have been sued in industrial and defense applications.
Fraction of Clogging Configurations Sampled by Granular Hopper Flow

We measure the fraction F of flowing grain configurations that precede a clog, based on the average mass discharged between clogging events for various aperture geometries. By tilting the hopper, we demonstrate that F is a function of the hole area projected in the direction of the exiting grain velocity. By varying the length of slits, we demonstrate that grains clog in the same manner as if they were flowing out of a set of smaller independent circular openings. The collapsed data for F can be fit to a decay that is exponential in hole width raised to the power of the system dimensionality. This is consistent with a simple model in which individual grains near the hole have a large but constant probability to precede a clog. Such a picture implies that there is no sharp clogging transition, and that all hoppers have a nonzero probability to clog.
In vivo inhibition of tumor growth of B16 melanoma by recombinant interleukin 1β: I. Tumor inhibition parallels lymphocyte-activating factor activity of interleukin 1β proteins

Abstract Seven daily intratumoral injections of human recombinant interleukin 1β (rHu-IL 1β) inhibit the growth of B16 melanoma in syngeneic female C57BL 6 mice. Inhibition was dose dependent and ranged from 36% to 93%. Other routes of injection of rHu-IL 1β (intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal) inhibited tumor growth but to a lesser degree (27% to 50%). Two different rIL 1βs, one a mutein of rHu-IL 1β (Glu-4) and the other one murine IL 1β (rM-IL 1β), were tested in the tumor inhibition model. rM-IL 1β inhibited tumor growth at lower concentrations than did rHu-IL 1β and also had enhanced IL 1 activity in the thymocyte assay in vitro. The mutein of rHu-IL 1β (Glu-4) had significantly reduced in vitro IL1 activity and did not inhibit tumor growth. No cytotoxic or cytostatic effects of rHu-IL 1β were observed in in vitro assays. These results suggest that rHu-IL 1β has antitumor activity in vivo that is probably not due to its direct effects on B16 cells but rather is mediated by secondary effects of IL 1β.
Water vapor adsorption on geothermal reservoir rocks

Abstract The quantification of the amount of water retained in geothermal reservoir rocks allows a more realistic estimation of reserves for vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs. If the measured desorption isotherm resembles the production characteristics of a geothermal system, understanding of the adsorption/desorption hysteresis will aid the design of reinjection processes. Adsorption/desorption isotherms of both nitrogen and water vapor on Berea sandstone and a graywacke sample from The Geysers well NEGU-17 were measured. Water vapor adsorption was determined at temperatures of 80, 100, 120 and 130°C. Some measurements were also conducted in the presence of added clay. Hysteresis was observed for both nitrogen and water adsorption. However, the behaviors differ in the two cases, indicating the presence of different mechanisms for nitrogen and water adsorption. The observed hysteresis for nitrogen is likely to be caused by structural heterogeneity. However, for water, the situation is more complicated. Apart from structural heterogeneity, chemical interaction of water with the rock surface and changes in the structure of the rock during adsorption are possible sources of contribution to the observed hysteresis. The surface area of the two rock samples was determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) equation was found to fit the water adsorption isotherms reasonably well. At low relative pressures, adsorption is the dominant process in water retention in the rock samples studied; at higher pressures, capillary condensation is more important. However, there is no clear distinction between these two phenomena.
Determining Effective Orientation and Location of Decision Support Signs at Rural Intersections

Drivers face an increased crash risk when making gap acceptance decisions at high speed, unsignalized, rural intersections. The use of Stop-Sign Assist (SSA) intersection decision-support systems aims to assist drivers with these difficult decisions. This effort to identify effective placement of SSA systems will play a critical role in how the information is interpreted and utilized to successfully navigate an intersection. A driving simulator was used to present virtual representations of an intersection in Minnesota where SSA signs are planned for deployment. This study suggested which angles and locations would result in faster and more accurate comprehension of the signs. These results provide guidance for more effective comprehension, viewing, and acceptance of IDS signs at similar rural, trunk highway intersections. Language: en
MANAGED CARE AND THE PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

"When people don't have any health insurance, they still get health care. But they get it when it's too late, when it's too expensive–often from the most expensive place of all, the emergency room."BILL CLINTON September 23, 1993 32 "You have the right to know all your medical options, not just the cheapest. You have the right to choose the doctor you want for the care you need. You have the right to emergency room care, wherever and whenever you need it."BILL CLINTON January 27, 1998, Address before a joint session of Congress on the State of the Union 44
Mycobacterium fortuitum causing infection of a biventricular pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Increased utilization of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) has seen a corresponding rise in related infections. Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are rarely the cause. Treatment involves susceptibilities, antimicrobials, and device removal. This study presents a patient who underwent a biventricular implantable cardioverter defibrillator upgrade with a multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium fortuitum located at the pocket site and a lead infection.
Chaos in the plasma sheet

A simple dynamical model of the magnetotail is discussed, in which the electric field in the current sheet evolves in response to a solar-wind-induced electric field at the magnetopause, and depends on the specific entropy of the plasma in the plasma sheet. The entropy varies due to nonadiabatic heating in a region where ULF waves are absorbed by resonant mode conversion. The feedback between temperature and entropy change leads to an evolution which exhibits chaos when the solar wind electric field is neither very small nor very large. The onset of chaos may be quite sudden or may proceed through a sequence of period doublings.
Comparison of Rb-Sr and K-Ar dates of middle Eocene bentonite and glauconite, southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain

Rb-Sr and K-Ar dates for euhedral biotite from high-Mg, Chetotype smectitic bentonite in glaucony-bearing beds of the middle Eocene (Lutetian) Castle Hayne Limestone indicate deposition of volcanic ash in the North Carolina Coastal Plain at 46 Ma. Five evolved (high-potassium) glauconitic micas from 30-35 cm below the bentonite yield a Rb-Sr isochron date of 45.3 ± 0.3 Ma and an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.70764 ± 0.00015; a single split yields a conventional K-Ar date of 46.7 ± 1.8 Ma. Six evolved (high-potassium) glauconitic micas from 25-30 cm above the bentonite yield a Rb-Sr date of 43.1 ± 1.2 Ma and an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.7079 ± 0.00011; a single split yields a conventional K-Ar date of 44.5 ± 1.7 Ma. Agreement of Rb-Sr and K-Ar biotite dates in the bentonite with Rb-Sr and K-Ar glauconitic mica dates in the underlying and overlying carbonate suggests that carefully selected, evolved glauconitic mica that has neither been deeply buried nor experienced cation exchange with ground water can provide reliable isotopic ages and constraints for the standard geologic time scale.
Item Nonresponse in Mail Surveys: Extent and Correlates:

Item nonresponse, an often overlooked source of error in survey research, arises when a person returns a questionnaire with some questions unanswered. The authors examine the extent and correlates ...
Amino Acid, Carbohydrate, and Fat Composition of Soybean Meals Prepared at 55 Commercial U.S. Soybean Processing Plants

To quantify variation in U.S. soybean meals (SBM), samples were collected from 55 U.S. soybean (SB) processing plants located in seven of the geographic SB maturity zones at three time points. These samples were analyzed for crude and acid-hydrolyzed fat, oligosaccharide, and amino acid concentrations. Acid-hydrolyzed fat concentrations were poorly correlated (r = 0.28) to crude fat concentrations and were higher for SBM prepared in the southern zones (V-VII) as compared with the northern zones (I and II). Raffinose and verbascose concentrations were lowest (P < 0.05) for SBM prepared in northern maturity zones, while stachyose concentrations were highest for SBM prepared in central maturity zones (III and IV). Total essential, total nonessential, and total amino acid concentrations were lowest for SBM prepared in northern zones. There was variation in oligosaccharide and amino acid concentrations over time, probably due to variation in composition of SB arriving at the plants within maturity zone.
The effect of co-administration of adjuvants with a nanoparticle-based genetic vaccine delivery system on the resulting immune responses.

Abstract Previously, we reported on a novel cationic nanoparticle-based DNA vaccine delivery system. In the present studies, the effects of co-administration of two well-known adjuvants, cholera toxin (CT) and lipid A (LA), with plasmid DNA (pDNA)-coated nanoparticles were investigated. Balb/C mice (n=6) were immunized with either pDNA alone (cytomegalovirus-β-galactosidase, 5 μg) or pDNA-coated nanoparticles with either 0 or 50 μg of LA on days 0, 7, and 14 subcutaneously (s.c.), or topically on shaved skin with either pDNA (5 μg) alone or pDNA-coated nanoparticles with 0, 10, or 100 μg of CT on days 0, 6, 21, and 35. Mice were sacrificed on day 28 or day 45. Serum IgG titer, in vitro cytokine release and cell proliferation of the isolated splenocytes were determined. By the topical route, immunization of mice with ‘naked’ pDNA together with 10 and 100 μg of CT significantly enhanced the antigen-specific serum IgG titer by four- and 20-fold, respectively, compared to immunization with pDNA alone. Moreover, co-administration of 100 μg CT with the pDNA-nanoparticles enhanced the IgG titer by more than 300-fold over immunization with ‘naked’ pDNA alone with no CT. In vitro interferon-γ (IFN)-γ release from splenocytes isolated from mice immunized with pDNA-coated nanoparticles with CT (100 μg) was increased by three-fold over immunization with pDNA-nanoparticles without CT. Similarly, in vitro IFN-γ release from splenocytes isolated from mice immunized with ‘naked’ pDNA with CT (100 μg) was increased by two-fold over immunization with ‘naked’ pDNA without CT. Finally, pDNA-coated nanoparticles adjuvanted with 10 μg CT resulted in the strongest splenocyte proliferation. By the s.c. route, co-administration of LA (50 μg) with pDNA resulted in more than 16-fold enhancement in IgG titer over immunization with ‘naked’ pDNA alone. Immunization with pDNA-coated nanoparticles with LA (50 μg) led to 16-fold enhancement in specific serum IgG titer over immunization with pDNA-coated nanoparticles with no LA, and more than 250-fold enhancement over immunization with ‘naked’ pDNA alone with no LA. Moreover, in vitro IFN-γ release and proliferation by splenocytes isolated from LA co-immunized mice was also significantly enhanced. In conclusion, CT (topical) and LA (s.c.) are potential adjuvants to further enhance immune responses using a novel cationic nanoparticle-based DNA vaccine delivery system.
Variations of iron flux and organic carbon remineralization in a subterranean estuary caused by inter-annual variations in recharge

Abstract We determine the inter-annual variations in diagenetic reaction rates of sedimentary iron (Fe) in an east Florida subterranean estuary and evaluate the connection between metal fluxes and recharge to the coastal aquifer. Over the three years study period (from 2004 to 2007), the amount of Fe-oxides reduced at the study site decreased from 192 to 153 g/yr and associated organic carbon (OC) remineralization decreased from 48 to 38 g/yr. These reductions occurred although the Fe-oxide reduction rates remained constant around 1 mg/cm2/yr. These results suggest that changes in flow rates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) related to changes in precipitation may be important to fluxes of the diagenetic reaction products. Rainfall at a weather station approximately 5 km from the field area decreased from 12.6 to 8.4 cm/month from 2004 to 2007. Monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) calculated from Thornthwaite’s method indicated potential evapotranspiration cycled from about 3 cm/month in the winter to about 15 cm/month in the summer so that net annual recharge to the aquifer decreased from 40 cm in 2004 to −10 cm in 2007. Simultaneously with the decrease in recharge of groundwater, freshwater SGD decreased by around 20% and caused the originally 25 m wide freshwater seepage face to decrease in width by about 5 m. The smaller seepage face reduced the area under which Fe-oxides were undergoing reductive dissolution. Consequently, the observed decrease in Fe flux is controlled by hydrology of the subterranean estuary. These results point out the need to better understand linkages between temporal variations in diagenetic reactions and changes in flow within subterranean estuaries in order to accurately constrain their contribution to oceanic fluxes of solutes from subterranean estuaries.
Algorithms for Computing Characters for Symmetric Spaces

Symmetric spaces or more general symmetric k-varieties can be defined as the homogeneous spaces Gk/Kk, where G is a reductive algebraic group defined over a field k of characteristic not 2, K the fixed point group of an involution θ of G and Gk resp. Kk the sets k-rational points of G resp. K. These symmetric spaces have a fine structure of root systems, characters, Weyl groups etc., similar to the underlying algebraic group G. The relationship between the fine structure of the symmetric space and the group plays an important role in the study of these symmetric spaces and their applications. To develop a computer algebra package for symmetric spaces one needs explicit formulas expressing the fine structure of the symmetric space and group in terms of each other. In this paper we consider the case that k is algebraically closed and give explicit algorithmic formulas for expressing the characters of the weight lattice \(\Lambda_{\mathfrak{a}}\) of the symmetric space in terms of the characters of the weight lattice \(\Lambda_{\mathfrak {t}}\) of the group. These algorithms can easily be implemented in a computer algebra package.
Improved Algorithms for Accurate Retrieval of UV - Visible Diffuse Attenuation Coefficients in Optically Complex, Inshore Waters

Photochemical processes driven by high-energy ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in inshore, estuarine, and coastal waters play an important role in global bio geochemical cycles and biological systems. A key to modeling photochemical processes in these optically complex waters is an accurate description of the vertical distribution of UVR in the water column which can be obtained using the diffuse attenuation coefficients of down welling irradiance (Kd()). The Sea UV Sea UVc algorithms (Fichot et al., 2008) can accurately retrieve Kd ( 320, 340, 380,412, 443 and 490 nm) in oceanic and coastal waters using multispectral remote sensing reflectances (Rrs(), Sea WiFS bands). However, SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms are currently not optimized for use in optically complex, inshore waters, where they tend to severely underestimate Kd(). Here, a new training data set of optical properties collected in optically complex, inshore waters was used to re-parameterize the published SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms, resulting in improved Kd() retrievals for turbid, estuarine waters. Although the updated SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms perform best in optically complex waters, the published SeaUVSeaUVc models still perform well in most coastal and oceanic waters. Therefore, we propose a composite set of SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms, optimized for Kd() retrieval in almost all marine systems, ranging from oceanic to inshore waters. The composite algorithm set can retrieve Kd from ocean color with good accuracy across this wide range of water types (e.g., within 13 mean relative error for Kd(340)). A validation step using three independent, in situ data sets indicates that the composite SeaUVSeaUVc can generate accurate Kd values from 320 490 nm using satellite imagery on a global scale. Taking advantage of the inherent benefits of our statistical methods, we pooled the validation data with the training set, obtaining an optimized composite model for estimating Kd() in UV wavelengths for almost all marine waters. This optimized composite set of SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms will provide the optical community with improved ability to quantify the role of solar UV radiation in photochemical and photobiological processes in the ocean.
Age Differences in Life Events: A Multivariate Controlled Analysis.

Effects of age on the distribution of specific life events experienced during the past year by community-based adults were examined controlling for sex, race, education, marital status, and place of residence. The controlled analyses were done using logistic regression. Data were gathered via personal interview from 3,798 respondents ages eighteen years and over who participated in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA), community survey from North Carolina. Respondents were placed in one of four age groups. The percentage of respondents reporting each of the nineteen events examined ranged from 0.5 percent for death of spouse to 19.1 percent for death of loved one. Age was an important predictor in the controlled analysis for thirteen of the seventeen life events examined. A majority of differences occurred between the youngest and oldest age groups. Age differences were not found for illness of one week or more involving activity limitation.
Externalizing symptoms moderate associations among interpersonal skills, parenting, and depressive symptoms in adolescents seeking mental health treatment.

Adolescents’ interpersonal skills are associated with fewer teen depressive symptoms and more positive parenting, but little is known about how teens’ externalizing problems moderate these relationships. This study examines links among teens’ interpersonal skills, parenting, and withdrawn-depressed symptoms in adolescents seeking outpatient psychiatric treatment with elevated or non-elevated externalizing problems. Adolescents (N = 346; 42 % female; 61 % African–American) ages 12–19 years old (M = 14.9; SD = 1.8) and parents completed assessments at baseline and 6 months. At baseline parents and teens reported on teen withdrawn-depressed and externalizing symptoms, and were observed interacting to assess teen interpersonal skills. At 6 months adolescents reported on parenting, and parents and teens reported on teen withdrawn-depressed symptoms. Structural equation modeling tested two models (one with teen reported symptoms and one with parent reported symptoms). Model fit was better for youth with elevated externalizing problems regardless of reporter. For youth with elevated externalizing problems, baseline teen positive interpersonal skills were not directly associated with 6-month withdrawn-depressed symptoms, but more positive parenting was associated with fewer withdrawn-depressed symptoms. In the teen report model, more positive teen interpersonal skills were associated with more positive parenting, and there was a trend for parenting to indirectly account for the relationship between interpersonal skills and withdrawn-depressed symptoms. The findings extend research on the role of externalizing problems in teens’ depression risk. Interventions for depression that target interpersonal skills may be particularly effective in youth with elevated externalizing problems.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen, II. Darstellung von unsymmetrischen Phosphinsäuren und unsymmetrischen Thiophosphinsäurehalogeniden

Die Darstellung von Methylathyl-, Methyl-n-propyl-, Methyl-n-butyl-, Methyl-phenyl- und Methylbenzylphosphinsaure sowie der entsprechenden Thiophosphinsaurechloride und Thiophosphinsaurebromide wird beschrieben.
Vibration control of a string using a scabbard-like actuator

Abstract The dynamics of a vibrating string subjected to a constraint at one boundary is investigated in this paper. The constraint is applied by a scabbard that moves a small distance along the mean position of the string. The scabbard is moved instantaneously such that the position and the velocity of the string outside the scabbard is unaffected immediately after application of the constraint, whereas the length of the string covered by the scabbard is brought to rest. The constraint is removed by moving the scabbard back to its original position and the change in energy of the string is investigated for different values of scabbard travel distance and time of application of the constraint. Analytical and numerical simulation results are first provided for the string vibrating in the first mode, and then for a more general case where the string has arbitrary initial conditions. The results show that the energy of the string can increase or decrease depending on the time of application of the constraint for a given distance of travel of the scabbard. This provides the opportunity for active control of vibration of the string through direct physical interaction, using the scabbard as an actuator. A simple feedback control strategy is proposed and numerical simulation results are presented. These results indicate that although removal of the constraint does not change the energy of the string, the effectiveness of the control strategy depends on the time of removal of the constraint.
Successful revascularization of an occluded renal artery after prolonged anuria.

Abstract Renal atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia are the most common causes of curable human renovascular hypertension and renal failure. Vascular reconstruction often preserves renal function, but renal failure is rarely reversed, especially after days of anuria. We report a case of a 23-year-old woman who as a child underwent a nephrectomy for congenital hydroureter and renal hypoplasia. She later experienced fibromuscular dysplasia of the remaining renal artery, which ultimately progressed to a complete occlusion and 31 days of total anuria. The patient was revascularized, and within 2 months renal function returned with a blood urea nitrogen and creatinine of 9.0 and 1.0 mg/dl, respectively. After a follow-up of 6 months the patient's blood pressure remained 120/80 to 130/80 mm Hg without administration of hypertension medication. In this report we emphasize that under selected circumstances a kidney can survive prolonged ischemia and that delayed revascularization may reestablish renal function. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:817–21.)
Correlation of birth weights with cesarean rates

Abstract Objective: To determine whether birth weights correlate with cesarean indications and whether a decrease in cesarean rates affects this relationship. Materials and methods: During the 1991–1997 period, 14 689 women delivered at Ravenswood Hospital Medical Center, Chicago; 2945 by cesarean (20.0%). We studied birth weight groups (Group 1, ≤2500 g; Group 2, 2501–4000 g; and Group 3, >4000 g) according to the indication for cesarean delivery. Group 3 was divided into two subgroups (3a: 4001–4500 g, and 3b:>4500 g). As cesarean rates decreased in our unit after 1994, we separated the data into two periods: A (1991–1993) and B (1994–1997). The differences between proportions were analyzed using the χ2 tables. A P 4500 g in Subgroup 3b) had a cesarean birth, more than half of them for indications other than dystocia. Compared to Period A, Period B shows lower cesarean rates in Group 2 (21.4 vs. 16.4, P
A new family of exponential infinite elements for the analysis of lossless electromagnetic waveguides

In this paper the Finite Element Method is employed for the analysis of electromagnetic lossless waveguides. The curl-curl equation, deduced from Maxwell's equations, is solved for the electric field. We have studied the appearance of parasitic solutions and formulated a sufficient condition for their elimination which puts a contraint on the Finite Element spaces for the approximation of the field components. A new family of discontinuous exponential infinite elements is proposed for the analysis of open waveguides: they are employed together with edge elements and a non-linear eigenvalue problem is deduced. We have presented numerical results in order to prove the validity of such infinite elements versus the Virtual Boundary Technique.
Application of Nuclear Reaction Analysis to Stress-Induced Hydrogen Migration in Titanium

The role of hydrogen as a cause of embrittlement and crack initiation in titanium alloys has long been recognized. However, direct experimental observation of the transport and accumulation of hydrogen in regions of high stress in titanium alloys has been sparse. We have applied the method of nuclear reaction analysis to the investigation of stress-induced hydrogen redistribution in Ti alloys. A 4 MV Van de Graaff accelerator is used to produce a high energy 7Li ion beam to induce the 1H(7Li, ?)8Be reaction. The measured gamma ray emission rate is proportional to the hydrogen concentration in the sample. In-situ measurements of the extent of hydrogen concentration change have been made in s-phase Ti-13Mn and Ti-31V alloys to which a uniaxial stress gradient has been applied. The diffusivity of hydrogen in s-phase Ti alloys has been determined by measuring the rate of change of hydrogen content following a reversal of the stress gradient in hydrogen charged specimens.
Clone and genomic repositories at the American Type Culture Collection.

The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) has a long history of characterizing, preserving, and distributing biological resource materials for the scientific community. Starting in 1925 as a repository for standard bacterial and fungal strains, its collections have diversified with technologic advances and in response to the requirements of its users. To serve the needs of the human genetics community, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), established an international Repository of Human DNA Probes and Libraries at the ATCC in 1985. This repository expanded the existing collections of recombinant clones and libraries at the ATCC, with the specific purposes of (1) obtaining, amplifying, and distribution probes detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs); (2) obtaining, amplifying, and distributing genomic and cDNA clones from known genes independent of RFLP detection; (3) distributing the chromosome-specific libraries generated by the National Laboratory Gene Library Project at the Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos National Laboratories and (4) maintaining a public, online database describing the repository materials. Because it was recognized that animal models and comparative mapping can be crucial to genomic characterization, the scope of the repository was broadened in February 1989 to include probes from themore » mouse genome.« less
Radiative heating and cooling rates in the middle atmosphere

One of the limitations to the accurate calculation of radiative heating and cooling rates in the stratosphere and mesosphere has been the lack of accurate data on the atmospheric temperature and composition. Data from the LIMS experiment on Nimbus-7 has been extended to the South Pole with the aid of other observations. The data have been used as input to codes developed by Ramanathan and Dickinson to calculate the individual components and the net radiative heating rates from 100-0.1 mb. Solar heating due to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor and oxygen is shown to be nearly balanced by cooling in the thermal infrared spectral region due to carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapor. In the lower stratosphere, infrared transfer by ozone leads to heating that is sensitive to the distribution of tropospheric ozone, clouds and water vapor. The heating and cooling rates are adjusted slightly in order to satisfy the global mass balance. The results are in qualitative agreement with earlier calculations, but show additional detail. There is as strong temporal and vertical variation of cooling in the tropics. Radiative relaxation times are as short as 7 days or less at the stratopause.
Constitutive modeling of cyclic plasticity deformation of a pure polycrystalline copper

Abstract Cyclic plasticity experiments were conducted on a pure polycrystalline copper and the material was found to display significant cyclic hardening and nonproportional hardening. An effort was made to describe the cyclic plasticity behavior of the material. The model is based on the framework using a yield surface together with the Armstrong–Frederick type kinematic hardening rule. No isotropic hardening is considered and the yield stress is assumed to be a constant. The backstress is decomposed into additive parts with each part following the Armstrong–Frederick type hardening rule. A memory surface in the plastic strain space is used to account for the strain range effect. The Tanaka fourth order tensor is used to characterize nonproportional loading. A set of material parameters in the hardening rules are related to the strain memory surface size and they are used to capture the strain range effect and the dependence of cyclic hardening and nonproportional hardening on the loading magnitude. The constitutive model can describe well the transient behavior during cyclic hardening and nonproportional hardening of the polycrystalline copper. Modeling of long-term ratcheting deformation is a difficult task and further investigations are required.
Presidential strategy for the appointment of supreme court justices

It has long been recognized that Presidents seek to influence Supreme Court policy by the appointment of ideologically "correct" Justices. Implicit here is the assumption that the Court response (if any) will be in the direction of the new appointee. The specific task of this paper is to challenge that assumption by showing what results, in group policy, can be expected from various kinds of changes in group membership. Before turning to this demonstration, however, some background must be set out. Toward this end, a model of Supreme Court decision making will be constructed.
The Free Ramond Sector of Witten's Covariant Superstring Action

Abstract We analyze the free Ramond sector of Witten's superstring action. This involves deriving an expression for the inverse picture-changing operator Y (σ) (defined there in terms of the bosonized ghosts) using the ordinary ghosts, so that the action may be easily expanded. The equations of motion of this theory are compared to those of other formulations.
9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA) analogs as structural probes for steric tolerance in 5-HT2A and H1 receptor binding sites

Abstract Synthesis, radioligand binding and molecular modeling studies of several 9-aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA) analogs were carried out to determine the extent of the steric tolerance associated with expansion of the tricyclic ring system and amine substitution at 5-HT2A and H1 receptors. A mixture of (7,12-dihydrotetraphene-12-yl)methanamine and (6,11-dihydrotetracene-11-yl)methanamine in a 75–25% ratio was found to have an apparent Ki of 10 nM at the 5-HT2A receptor. A substantial binding affinity for (7,12-dihydrotetraphene-3-methoxy-12-yl)methanamine at the 5-HT2A receptor (Ki = 21 nM) was also observed. Interestingly, this compound was found to have 100-fold selectivity for 5-HT2A over the H1 receptor (Ki = 2500 nM). N-Phenylalkyl-AMDA derivatives, in which the length of the alkyl chain varied from methylene to n-butylene, were found to have only weak affinity for both 5-HT2A and H1 receptors (Ki = 223 to 964 nM). Our results show that large rigid annulated AMDA analogs can be sterically accommodated within the proposed 5-HT2A binding site.
Crystallization of metastable tetragonal zirconia from the decomposition of a zirconium alkoxide derivative

Abstract A zirconium alkoxide derivative, dibutoxybis(acetylacetonato) zirconium, was polymerized at 120 °C and 300 millitorr for 3 h to form oligomers, as characterized by gel permeation chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Pyrolysis of the precursor at 675 °C in flowing 5% H 2 in N 2 followed by cooling to room temperature, produced nano-scale, tetragonal ZrO 2 considerably below the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation temperature (approximately 1200 °C). Subsequent heat treatment of the same precursor in flowing air under otherwise identical conditions produced approximately 8 vol% monoclinic ZrO 2 . The possible formation of oxygen vacancies from polymer pyrolysis and their role in nucleating the metastable tetragonal phase are discussed.
Apportionment of suspended sediment sources in an agricultural watershed using sediment fingerprinting

article i nfo Sediment fingerprinting techniques can provide valuable information on sources of suspended sediment to facil- itate effective targeting of best management practices. Research was conducted in the Pleasant Valley watershed (50 km 2 ) in South Central Wisconsin to identify sources of suspended sediment during cropping season and snowmelt periods at a subwatershed scale. Results show that both stream banks and agriculture are important sources of suspended sediment. The contribution from agriculture and stream banks to suspended sediment at the watershed outlet ranged from 45 to 97% and from 3 to 47%, respectively. During periods of high sediment loading agriculture was the important source of suspended sediment at the majority of sites within this water- shed, with the exception of snowmelt runoff, when stream banks were the dominant source of suspended sed- iment at the watershed outlet. The average annual erosion rates in croplands and pasture land-use determined from the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation 2 (RUSLE 2) ranged from 0 to 0.00509 t m −2 yr −1 , indicating sig- nificant variability among fields. Conservation practices in this watershed should be targeted to stream banks or agriculture (prioritize fields based on RUSLE 2 average annual erosion rates) depending on the dominant source ofsuspended sediment within a subwatershed. The results of this study show that both temporal and spatialvar- iability in suspended sediment sources should be considered to develop management strategies and sampling only at the watershed outlet or capturing a few storms might not be sufficient to target locations for best man- agement practices.
Optical properties of simultaneous biaxially stretched poly(ethylene terephthalate) films

We offer a detailed study on the anisotropic optical properties in uni and simultaneous biaxially stretched Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films. Cast amorphous sheets of PET were stretched to a series of extension ratios in two mutually perpendicular directions at 80, 90, and 100°C. Additionally, 0selected films were subsequently “heat-set” by annealing with their width and lengths constrained. The principal refractive indices at sodium D wavelength of these, asstretched and heat-set films were obtained using a modified Abbe refractometer. The changes in the principal refractive indices with the processing history were correlated with the orientation of PET chains and phenyl plane normals, which were determined independently by wide angle X-ray (WAXS) pole figure technique.
Limbal stem cell deficiency following topical mitomycin c treatment of Conjunctival-Corneal intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract Purpose To report a case of conjunctival-corneal intraepithelial neoplasia (CCIN) in an elderly African American patient treated with topical mitomycin C and the subsequent complication of limbal stem cell deficiency. Design Interventional case report. Methods A 92-year-old African American woman was diagnosed with CCIN in the right eye. Following incisional biopsy, the patient received five 1-week courses of 0.04% mitomycin C and was followed over a period of 10 months. Results The CCIN regressed completely following mitomycin C therapy. Three months later, the patient developed recurrent nonhealing epithelial defects in the right cornea. Conclusions Conjunctival-corneal intraepithelial neoplasia may occur in the African American population. Although MMC is effective in eradicating CCIN, a limbal stem cell deficiency may complicate the treatment.
Estimators for Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations: Some Exact Finite Sample Results

Abstract The finite sample properties of an asymptotically efficient technique (JASA, June, 1962) for estimating coefficients in certain generally encountered sets of regression equations are studied in this paper. In particular, exact first and second moments of the asymptotically efficient coefficient estimator are derived and compared with those of the usual least squares estimator. Further, the exact probability density function of the new estimator is derived and studied as a function of sample size. It is found that the approach to asymptotic normality is fairly rapid and that for a wide range of conditions an appreciable part of the asymptotic gain in efficiency is realized in samples of finite size.
α1-Adrenoceptor subtypes mediating stimulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in rat renal proximal tubules

Abstract Although both α1A- and α1B-adrenoceptors are present in renal proximal tubules, the involvement of these receptor subtypes in the stimulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity is not known. This study was undertaken to delineate the receptor subtype(s) involved in α1-adrenoceptor-mediated increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity and to identify the cellular signaling mechanisms such as stimulation of inositol triphosphate formation (IP3) and protein kinase C activation in this phenomenon. It was found that norepinephrine-induced increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity was attenuated by prazosin, but not by rauwolscine, indicating the involvement of α1-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, this response was selectively inhibited by the α1B-adrenoceptor inactivator, chloroethylclonidine (100 μM), but not by the α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, WB4101 (0.01 μM). We examined whether these effects on Na+,K+-ATPase activity are mediated via the activation of IP3 and protein kinase C, Phenylephrine-induced increase in IP3 levels was abolished by prazosin, and significantly inhibited by WB4101, but not by chloroethylclonidine. similarly, phenylephrine-induced activation of protein kinase C was sensitive to blockade by WB4101, but not by chloroethylclonidine. These results suggest that whereas both α1A- and α1B-adrenoceptors are present in proximal tubules, α1B-adrenoceptors are involved in stimulating Na+,K+-ATPase activity and α1A-adrenoceptors are predominantly linked to renal tubular IP3 production and protein kinase C activation. Therefore, it appears that norepinephrine-induced stimulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity does not involve phospholipase-C-coupled protein kinase C pathway.
Ontogeny of polycystic ovary syndrome: a creative approach.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous familial disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo/amenorrhea, infertility, and insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia. Familial clustering of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia in this syndrome is well described (1–5). Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Affected women have a higher risk to develop impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although controversy exists regarding extent of the risk for cardiovascular disease, increased carotid artery intima-media thickness, dyslipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and the presence of inflammatory markers have been described among women with PCOS (6). The clinical features of PCOS often develop during the peripubertal years; premature pubarcheduetoprematureadrenarcheisconsideredtorepresent the initial manifestation for some girls (7). Preventative care is a major aspect of pediatrics as illustrated by the development of vaccines to prevent childhood infectious diseases. Thus, premorbid identification of children at risk for
Lack of effect of aspirin on myocardial infarct size in the dog.

Abstract Pretreatment with platelet-inhibitory doses of aspirin (3 mg/kg body weight) has been shown to augment epicardial collateral flow by more than 50 percent (p
Metallicity Effects in Non-LTE Model Atmospheres of Type Ia Supernovae

We have calculated a grid of photospheric phase atmospheres of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) with metallicities from 10 times to 1/30 the solar metallicity in the C+O layer of the deflagration model, W7. We have modeled the spectra using the multipurpose non-LTE model atmosphere and spectrum synthesis code PHOENIX. We show models for the epochs 7, 10, 15, 20, and 35 days after explosion. When compared to observed spectra obtained at the approximately corresponding epochs, these synthetic spectra fit reasonably well. The spectra show variation in the overall level of the UV continuum with lower fluxes for models with higher metallicity in the unburned C+O layer. This is consistent with the classical surface cooling and line-blocking effect due to metals in the outer layers of C+O. The UV features also move consistently to the blue with higher metallicity, demonstrating that they are forming at shallower and faster layers in the atmosphere. The potentially most useful effect is the blueward movement of the Si II feature at 6150 A with increasing C+O layer metallicity. We also demonstrate the more complex effects of metallicity variations by modifying the 54Fe content of the incomplete burning zone in W7 at maximum light. We briefly address some shortcomings of the W7 model when compared to observations. Finally, we identify that the split in the Ca H+K feature produced in W7 and observed in some SNe Ia is due to a blending effect of Ca II and Si II and does not necessarily represent a complex abundance or ionization effect in Ca II.
Failure of visual estimation of motion under strobe.

WEINBERGER1 poses an interesting conjecture that the retinal image size of an object and its rate of change are the primary data used by the visual system to estimate the “time interval to juncture” (that is, when it will hit you). As one clue that the concept may be correct, I should like to offer the following observation which seems to indicate that at least some retinal measurement of rate is necessary in impact estimation.
Die Organoschwefelchemie der Gattung Allium und ihre Bedeutung für die organische Chemie des Schwefels

Dieser Aufsatz ist ein Streifzug durch die Organoschwefelchemie der Gattung Allium, zu der unter anderem Knoblauch und Zwiebel gehoren. Wir berichten uber die Biosynthese der S-Alk(en)yl-L-cystein-S-oxide (Aroma- und Geruchsvorstufen) in den intakten Pflanzen und daruber, wie diese Vorstufen beim Zerschneiden oder Zerdrucken der Pflanzen durch Allinase-Enzyme zu Sulfensauren — hochreaktiven Organoschwefel-Zwischenprodukten — gespalten werden. Wahrend im Knoblauch aus 2-Propensulfensaure Allicin, ein Thiosulfinat mit antibiotischen Eigenschaften, entsteht, wird in Zwiebelgewachsen 1-Propensulfensaure zum Sulfin (Z)-Propanthial-S-oxid, dem tranenreizenden Faktor (LF), umgelagert. Zu den Highlights aus der Chemie der Zwiebel zahlen die Zuordnung der Stereochemie des tranenreizenden Faktors und der Mechanismus seiner Dimerisierung; die Isolierung, Charakterisierung und Synthese von Thiosulfinaten, die moglichst genau Geschmack und Aroma einer gerade zerschnittenen Zwiebel nachahmen, sowie von anderen ungewohnlichen Verbindungen wie den Zwiebelanen (Dithiabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanen), einem Bissulfin (Butandithial-S,S′-dioxid), anti-thrombotischen und antiasthmatischen Cepaenen (α-Sulfinyldisulfiden) und vic-Disulfoxiden. Besonders bemerkenswert in der Chemie des Knoblauchs sind die Entdeckung des Ajoens, eines wirksamen Antithrombosemittels aus Knoblauch, und die Aufklarung der ungewohnlichen Reaktionssequenz, die beim Erhitzen von Diallyldisulfid ablauft, das in Wasserdampf-destilliertem Knoblauchol vorkommt. Diskutiert werden [3,3]- und [2,3]-sigmatrope Umlagerungen unter Beteiligung von Schwefel (z.B. Sulfoxid-beschleunigte Thio- und Dithio-Claisen-Umlagerungen) und Cycloadditionen mit Thiocarbonylsystemen. Angesichts der kulinarischen Bedeutung der Allium-Gewachse sowie deren Anwendung in der Volksmedizin wird schlieslich noch die physiologische Wirksamkeit der Inhaltsstoffe dieser Pflanzen erortert: Krebsvorbeugung, antimikrobielle Aktivitat, Wirksamkeit als Lock- oder Abwehrstoffe bei Tieren oder Insekten, Geruchs-, Geschmacks- und tranenreizende Eigenschaften, Wirkung auf den Fett-Metabolismus, Hemmung der Plattchenaggregation im Fall von Ajoen. Anmerkungen uber Mundgeruch und Sodbrennen durch Zwiebeln oder Knoblauch durfen naturlich nicht fehlen.
Advancing Respiratory Research

Respiratory diseases remain a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Substantial progress has been made to advance understanding of the basic mechanisms of lung disease and to optimize clinical management of patients with a range of respiratory diseases. Despite this progress, our knowledge of how to predict disease prior to symptoms, improve disease definition and subclassification, and target novel and new treatments in a more personalized manner still remains inadequate. This article highlights several future opportunities and challenges related to genomics and molecular characterization of lung disease, lung injury and repair, translational lung research, the microbiome, and sleep and circadian biology as potential frontiers to advance progress in respiratory biology in health and disease.