cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Backbone amide linker (BAL) strategy for Nα-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes†

A rapid and efficient strategy has been developed for the general synthesis of complex peptide aldehydes. N(alpha)-Benzyloxycarbonylamino acids were converted to protected aldehyde building blocks for solid-phase synthesis in four steps and moderate overall yields. The aldehydes were protected as 1,3-dioxolanes except for one case where a dimethyl acetal was used. These protected amino aldehyde monomers were then incorporated onto 5-[(2 or 4)-formyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy]butyryl-resin (BAL-PEG-PS) by reductive amination, following which the penultimate residue was introduced by HATU-mediated acylation. The resultant resin-bound dipeptide unit, anchored by a backbone amide linkage (BAL), was extended further by routine Fmoc chemistry procedures. Several model peptide aldehydes were prepared in good yields and purities. Some epimerization of the C-terminal residue occurred (10% to 25%), due to the intrinsic stereolability conferred by the aldehyde functional group, rather than any drawbacks to the synthesis procedure.
A class of flight trajectories for tracking ground targets with micro air vehicles

In this paper we derive two classes of flight trajectories for tracking ground based objects with micro air vehicles. The first class of flight trajectories, called longitudinal trajectories, consists of switching between clockwise and counter clockwise orbits so that the average velocity of the MAV along the direction of motion is equal to the velocity of the ground target. The second class of flight trajectories, called orbital trajectories, consists of orbits and straight line motions. Longitudinal trajectories are shown to have advantages when the ground speed of the target is close to the ground speed of the MAV. Orbital trajectories are better for relatively slow targets. As a final result, we show that the optimal switching ratio is an inherent property of this class of flight trajectories.
Ferroelectric phase transitions: A review of theory and experiment. Part 3—neutron scattering

(1970). Ferroelectric phase transitions: A review of theory and experiment. Part 3—neutron scattering. Ferroelectrics: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 93-101.
Signal Normalization Reduces Systematic Measurement Differences Between Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Devices

PURPOSE To test the effect of a novel signal normalization method for reducing systematic optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement differences among multiple spectral-domain (SD) OCT devices. METHODS A total of 109 eyes from 59 subjects were scanned with two SD-OCT devices (Cirrus and RTVue) at the same visit. Optical coherence tomography image data were normalized to match their signal characteristics between the devices. To compensate signal strength differences, custom high dynamic range (HDR) processing was also applied only to images with substantially lower signal strength. Global mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses were then measured automatically from all images using custom segmentation software and were compared to the original device outputs. Structural equation models were used to analyze the absolute RNFL thickness difference between original device outputs and our software outputs after signal normalization. RESULTS The device-measured RNFL thickness showed a statistically significant difference between the two devices (mean absolute difference 10.58 μm, P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference after normalization on eyes with 62.4-μm or thicker RNFL (mean absolute difference 2.95 μm, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The signal normalization method successfully reduces the systematic difference in RNFL thickness measurements between two SD-OCT devices. Enabling direct comparison of RNFL thickness obtained from multiple devices would broaden the use of OCT technology in both clinical and research applications.
Rapid Communication: The Human FEMI B Gene Maps to Chromosome lSq22 and Is Excluded as the Gene for Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, Type 4

We have identified a novel human gene, FEM1B, that encodes a protein virtually identical to that encoded by the mouse gene Fem1b. These mammalian proteins are homologs of the FEM-1 protein of Caenorhabditis elegans, which acts as a signal-transduction component within the nematode sex-determination pathway. We report here the mapping of FEM1B to chromosome 15q22, a region that is homologous to the region of mouse chromosome 9, where Fem1b resides. The BBS4 locus, one of the loci causing the autosomal recessive Bardet-Biedl syndrome, maps to this region of chromosome 15. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the FEM1B gene might be involved in this disorder. Radiation hybrid mapping demonstrates that FEM1B does not reside within the interval of chromosome 15 containing the BBS4 locus.
Characterization of surface fault patterns with application to a layered manufacturing process

Abstract Detection of faults is a continuing need in all manufacturing processes. This need is more pronounced in new manufacturing processes where continual product improvement is desired. In this paper, a systematic approach is developed for addressing this need. Contemporary experimental and surface analysis techniques provide a basis for incrementally diagnosing the fault mechanisms leading to surface deviations. Based on this general approach, a maturing layered manufacturing process is investigated, notably, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). First through experimental analysis it is shown that layer thickness and part orientation affect surface quality. Using these experimental results, random process analysis is carried out to determine the specific fault patterns. The quantification of these fault patterns leads to the identification of fault sources, providing a foundation for monitoring and control. The paper concludes with a summary of fault mechanisms on SLS parts, implementation issues for improving part quality, and insights for applying the approach to other manufacturing processes.
Sustainable polymer composites: immiscible blends prepared by extrusion of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyamide6,10 with high bio-based content

Components for binary polymer blends were sought to produce an immiscible blend of improved renewable character and with good structural properties. The poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyamide6,10 system was selected based on the molecular structure of the molecules and the bio-based origin of the feedstocks. A preliminary study of three compositions in this system demonstrated the similar thermal properties of the two polymers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the ability of these polymers to be processed together in conventional extrusion equipment to produce blends with micrometer-scale domains. Dispersed phases were observed by electron microscopy near the end members. Available viscosity data and the appearance of columnar blends at the 50/50 composition suggest the possibility of co-continuous blends in close proximity to this composition.
Preoperative CYP2D6 metabolism-dependent β-blocker use and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Objective Recently, the role of β-blockers (BBs) in reducing perioperative mortality has been challenged. The conflicting results might have resulted from the extent of BB metabolism by the cytochrome P-450 (CYP2D6) isoenzyme. The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between the preoperative use of BBs dependent on metabolism of the CYP2D6 isoenzyme with operative mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 5248 patients who had undergone coronary bypass grafting surgery from January 1, 2001 to November 30, 2009 at Duke University Medical Center. The cohorts were defined by the preoperative use of BBs and BB type (non-CYP2D6_BBs, CYP2D6_BBs, or no BBs). Operative mortality was analyzed using inverse probability-weighted estimators with propensity score adjustment. Results Of the 5248 patients, 14% received non-CYP2D6_BBs, 43%, CYP2D6_BBs, and 43%, no BBs. The incidence of operative mortality was 0.8%, 2.1%, and 3.7% in the non-CYP2D6_BB, CYP2D6_BB, and no BB groups, respectively. Multivariable inverse probability-weighted–adjusted analyses showed that non-CYP2D6_BBs were associated with a lower incidence of operative mortality (odds ratio, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.83; P = .02) compared with no BB use and a trend toward lower operative mortality (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-1.07; P = .06) compared with CYP2D6_BBs. No significant decrease occurred in the risk of operative mortality between the CYP2D6_BB and no BB groups (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-1.34; P = .48). Conclusions Among these patients, preoperative non-CYP2D6_BB use, but not CYP2D6_BB use, was associated with a decreased risk of operative mortality.
Tandem Configuration Automated Guided Vehicle Systems: A Comparative Study*

Automated guided vehicle (AGV) systems provide the flexibility and integration required for flexible manufacturing systems. Previous AGV system studies have attempted to reduce the controlling complexities commonly encountered in these systems. However, this has not been accomplished without additional resources (e.g., automated guided vehicles) and lower system flexibility. The primary objective of this study is to compare the performance of AGV system configurations that reduce controlling and modification complexities (i.e., tandem configurations) to traditional AGV system configuration. Three AGV system configurations were tested under 16 experimental conditions. Performance metrics considered were AGV utilization, mean flowtime, mean tardiness, and percent tardy. The results of this study extend the findings of the previous studies in demonstrating the viability of tandem configurations, in that the tandem configurations match the performance of traditional configuration across all performance metrics, without sacrificing ease of control and system flexibility. Finally, the cost tradeoffs inherent in selecting a particular configuration are discussed.
Linguistic factors in children's understanding of idioms.

This study examined the effect of two linguistic factors on children's understanding of idioms. Kindergarten, first, third and fourth graders listened to idiomatic expressions either alone or at the end of short story contexts. Their task was to explain verbally the intended meanings of these idioms and then to choose the correct idiomatic interpretations of these phrases. The results showed that in the presence of supporting context younger children (kindergarten and first graders) understood idioms that were syntactically frozen (e.g. turn back the clock) better than they did idioms which can be seen in a variety of syntactic forms (e.g. lay down the law). Older children (third and fourth graders) comprehended both kinds of idiom equally well. Moreover, with context, children at all grade levels were better at explaining the figurative meanings of idioms whose literal and idiomatic interpretations were closely related (e.g. hold your tongues) than they were at explaining idioms whose literal and figurative meanings were not closely related (e.g. beat around the bush). Without context there were few significant differences noted in children's understanding of the different kinds of idiom. The significance of these findings for developmental models of idiom comprehension is discussed.
Endoscopic Therapy of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease : Outcomes of the Randomized-controlled Trials Done to Date

Endoscopic therapies to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease have been developed as another option for patients with reflux symptoms who do not want to continue medications indefinitely or are unwilling to undergo surgical intervention. The endoscopic treatments can be divided into those that pleat or plicate the upper stomach, deliver thermal energy into the lower esophageal sphincter, or inject or implant biopolymers into the gastroesophageal junction. Although capable to improve reflux symptoms for the majority of treated patients for a short while, durability has been variable among the various treatments, and there have been safety issues with some of the therapies. Although symptom improvement has been universally shown in short-term follow-up, there has been variable outcome for reduced need of antisecretory medications and pH studies show normalization of the distal esophageal acid exposure for only the minority of treated patients. Patients with significant reflux esophagitis or Barrett esophagus are not typically candidates for this antireflux intervention. Except for the NDO Plicator, in sham-controlled studies, there have been no significant differences between treated and sham-treated individuals for ability to discontinue medications or normalize pH. One issue in interpreting the results of these preliminary studies is the influence of the learning curve of a new technology. Another is that the devices and techniques have not been optimized. Currently, only the Davol/Bard EndoCinch and the NDO Plicator are available for commercial use. There are several newer devices under study or in development, and further testing and experience will demonstrate their capabilities in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Probing the Membrane Targeting C1 Subdomains of PKC With Bivalent Ligands

Protein kinase C is a family of ubiquitously expressed signal transducing proteins. The hallmark for PKC activation is its translocation to membranes following generation of lipid second messengers. This process is mediated by C1 and C2 membrane-targeting modules, whose engagement on membranes provides energy for a conformational change crucial to PKC activity. Novel and conventional subfamilies of PKC have two C1 domains, namely C1A and C1B, each of which contain a binding pocket for a messenger. Several studies addressed the issue of simultaneous activation of both C1 domains by specifically designed bivalent activators based on phorbol esters, benzolactam and other PKC ligands. Many bivalent ligands displayed 1-2 orders of magnitude higher potency then their monovalent congeners. Most effective were the "dimeric" ligands linked with 10-14 carbon spacers. Lower than predicted potency and lack of marked isoform selectivity indicate that those compounds do not activate both C1 domains at the same time, or that process is unfavored due to steric or conformational reasons. However, high binding affinity for some of them provides hope that related PKC activators that are isoform selective can be developed. As to the nature of the linkers: flexible and lipophilic oligomethylene chains proved superior over flexible and hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol or rigid and lipophilic benzene in recruiting PKC to the membranes.
Green’s function-based integral approaches to head fluctuations in a coastal leaky confined aquifer system

In developing boundary integral methods, converting the governing differential equation into its integral form by way of Green’s functions is a major requirement. This however requires that there exists in the first place a fundamental solution associated with the adjoint operator of the governing differential equation. In the work presented herein, we explore three methods of arriving at Green’s functions for the case of the equation governing head fluctuations in a confined leaky aquifer located inland from the sea. The first method or model-1 is based on the Green’s function of the 1-D Laplace operator, while the second (model-2) and more intuitive approach incorporates the leakance as well as the 1-D Laplace operator into the auxiliary equation. The third (model-3) formulates the auxiliary equation based on the time-dependent Green’s function. While each of these models is consistent and mathematically correct, numerical verifications do show that model-1 and model-2 despite their easier formulation produce results that are quite dependable. On the other hand, model-3 compensates for its more elaborate and rigorous derivations, by giving accurate results with larger time steps.
Multiscaling in stochastic fractals

Abstract We introduce a simple kinetic model describing the formation of a stochastic Cantor set in arbitrary spatial dimension d. In one dimension, the model exhibits scaling asymptotic behavior. For d > 1, the volume distribution is characterized by a single scale t -1 2 , while other geometric properties are characterized by an infinite number of different scales and thus exhibit multiscaling.
Effects of kappa opioid agonists alone and in combination with cocaine on heart rate and blood pressure in conscious squirrel monkeys

Abstract As kappa agonists have been proposed as treatments for cocaine abuse, the cardiovascular effects of the kappa opioid receptor agonists ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) and enadoline were investigated in conscious squirrel monkeys. Both EKC and enadoline increased heart rate with little effect on blood pressure. This effect appeared to be specific for kappa receptors as the mu opioid agonist morphine did not mimic the effects of the kappa agonists. The opioid antagonist naltrexone, at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, blocked the effect of EKC. An action at both central and peripheral receptors may be responsible for the heart rate increase following kappa agonist treatment. The ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine partially antagonized the effect of EKC on heart rate, suggesting central involvement, while the peripherally-acting agonist ICI 204,448 ((±)-1-[2,3- (Dihydro-7-methyl-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-butanol hydrochloride) also increased heart rate, supporting a peripheral site of action. When given in combination with cocaine, EKC produced effects that were sub-additive, suggesting that the kappa agonists may be used safely as cocaine abuse treatments.
The underpotential deposition of Cu on Pt single crystals prepared in an ultra-high vacuum system

Etudes de l'adsorption des ions cuivre sur les facettes (100), (110) et (111) de Pt. Mise en evidence d'une forte sensibilite de la reaction a la structure de la surface de l'electrode
Development of a user customizable imaging informatics-based intelligent workflow engine system to enhance rehabilitation clinical trials

Clinical trials usually have a demand to collect, track and analyze multimedia data according to the workflow. Currently, the clinical trial data management requirements are normally addressed with custom-built systems. Challenges occur in the workflow design within different trials. The traditional pre-defined custom-built system is usually limited to a specific clinical trial and normally requires time-consuming and resource-intensive software development. To provide a solution, we present a user customizable imaging informatics-based intelligent workflow engine system for managing stroke rehabilitation clinical trials with intelligent workflow. The intelligent workflow engine provides flexibility in building and tailoring the workflow in various stages of clinical trials. By providing a solution to tailor and automate the workflow, the system will save time and reduce errors for clinical trials. Although our system is designed for clinical trials for rehabilitation, it may be extended to other imaging based clinical trials as well.
The Essential Role of Principals in Monitoring Curriculum Implementation.

If the curriculum is to serve as a dynamic tool for creating high qual ity student learning opportunities, it will require a dynamic, real-time process for learning about its implementation. Shifting the focus to curriculum implementation monitoring will help districts and schools achieve that goal and give a special focus to the principal's instruc tional leadership responsibilities.
Persistent oxidative stress in human neural stem cells exposed to low fluences of charged particles

Exposure to the space radiation environment poses risks for a range of deleterious health effects due to the unique types of radiation encountered. Galactic cosmic rays are comprised of a spectrum of highly energetic nuclei that deposit densely ionizing tracks of damage along the particle trajectory. These tracks are distinct from those generated by the more sparsely ionizing terrestrial radiations, and define the geometric distribution of the complex cellular damage that results when charged particles traverse the tissues of the body. The exquisite radiosensitivity of multipotent neural stem and progenitor cells found within the neurogenic regions of the brain predispose the central nervous system to elevated risks for radiation induced sequelae. Here we show that human neural stem cells (hNSC) exposed to different charged particles at space relevant fluences exhibit significant and persistent oxidative stress. Radiation induced oxidative stress was found to be most dependent on total dose rather than on the linear energy transfer of the incident particle. The use of redox sensitive fluorogenic dyes possessing relative specificity for hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide (NO) and mitochondrial superoxide confirmed that most irradiation paradigms elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) in hNSC over a 1 week interval following exposure. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was not the major source of elevated nitric oxides, as the use of NOS inhibitors had little effect on NO dependent fluorescence. Our data provide extensive evidence for the capability of low doses of charged particles to elicit marked changes in the metabolic profile of irradiated hNSC. Radiation induced changes in redox state may render the brain more susceptible to the development of neurocognitive deficits that could affect an astronaut's ability to perform complex tasks during extended missions in deep space.
Phosphorylation of the transcription factor NFATp inhibits its DNA binding activity in cyclosporin A-treated human B and T cells

Cyclosporin A (CsA) exerts its immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), thus preventing transcriptional induction of several cytokine genes. This effect is thought to be largely mediated through inactivation of the phosphatase calcineurin, which in turn inhibits translocation of an NFAT component to the nucleus. Here we report that CsA treatment of Raji B and Jurkat T cell lines yields a phosphorylated form of NFATp that is inhibited in DNA-binding and in its ability to form an NFAT complex with Fos and Jun. Immunoblot analyses and metabolic labeling with [32P]orthophosphate show that CsA alters NFATp migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by increasing its phosphorylation level without affecting subcellular distribution. Dephosphorylation by in vitro treatment with calcineurin or alkaline phosphatase restores NFATp DNA binding activity and its ability to reconstitute an NFAT complex with Fos and Jun proteins. These data point to a new mechanism for CsA-sensitive regulation of NFATp in which dephosphorylation is critical for DNA binding.
ELECTRON AFFINITY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF BETA-NITROPROPIONIC ACID AS ITS PENTAFLUOROBENZYL DERIVATIVE IN CHEESES AND MOLD FILTRATES

A sensitive gas chromatographic method has been developed for betanitropropionic acid (BNP), a compound produced by certain molds. The method is based on extraction, isolation and derivatization of the compound to yield its pentafluorobenzyl derivative and determination by electron affinity gas chromatogiaphy. The structure of the derivative was verified by mass spectrometry. The method has been applied to the determination of BNP in mold filtrates and cheeses with a limit of detection of about 1 and 3 ppm, respectively.
Assessing the Role of Masculinity in the Transmission of HIV: A Systematic Review to Inform HIV Risk Reduction Counseling Interventions for Men Who Have Sex with Men

HIV affects over 1.2 million people in the United States; a substantial number are men who have sex with men (MSM). Despite an abundance of literature evaluating numerous social/structural and individual risk factors associated with HIV for this population, relatively little is known regarding the individual-level role of masculinity in community-level HIV transmission risk. To address this gap, the current analysis systematically reviewed the masculinity and HIV literature for MSM. The findings of 31 sources were included. Seven themes were identified: (1) number of partners, (2) attitudes toward condoms, (3) drug use, (4) sexual positioning, (5) condom decision-making, (6) attitudes toward testing, and (7) treatment compliance. These factors, representing the enactment of masculine norms, potentiate the spread of HIV. The current article aligns these factors into a masculinity model of community HIV transmission. Opportunities for counseling interventions include identifying how masculinity informs a client’s cognitions, emotions, and behaviors as well as adapting gender-transformative interventions to help create new conceptualizations of masculinity for MSM clients. This approach could reduce community-level HIV incidence.
Influence of bevacizumab on vaginal cuff evisceration eight months after ovarian cancer cytoreduction surgery: A case report.

Novel developments in treatment have improved the 5-year survival rate for women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer. In addition to standard surgical cytoreduction and platinum/taxane chemotherapy, bevacizumab has recently been demonstrated to improve the progression-free survival rate in patients with ovarian cancer (Burger et al., 2011). Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), blocks the interaction with its receptor, and effectively alters angiogenesis (Braghiroli et al., 2012). Bevacizumab is thought to normalize hyperpermeable intratumoral blood vessels thereby increasing the delivery of simultaneously administered cytotoxic agents and, after continued treatment, collapsing these vessels (Martin and Schilder, 2007; Jain, 2005). Bevacizumab as a single agent has approximately a 20% response rate in recurrent ovarian cancer (Burger et al., 2007; Cannistra et al., 2007). This activity is among the highest for any cancer, and is probably because normal ovarian tissue is already primed to respond to VEGF for follicle maturation as well as growth and formation of the corpus luteum (Martin and Schilder, 2007). Although generally well tolerated, bevacizumab has a number of side effects including hypertension, arterial/venous thromboembolic events, proteinuria, neutropenia, gastrointestinal perforations, and, most important to this report, wound dehiscence (Braghiroli et al., 2012). The majority of wound-healing complications following bevacizumab have been reported early in the post-operative course, with few complications documented long after surgical intervention (Deshaies et al., 2010). To our knowledge, this is the first report of vaginal cuff evisceration at eight plus months post cytoreduction surgery for ovarian carcinoma soon after initiation of antiangiogenic therapy.
How Can Feminist Therapists Support Women with Autoimmune Disorders

Abstract Although many autoimmune disorders are unfamiliar to most Americans, together these disorders represent a significant proportion of the total incidence of chronic disease. Women are diagnosed with autoimmune disorders more often than men, and the sex difference is substantial in some disorders. The peak age of onset of these disorders is from early adulthood to mid-life, which violates the popular assumption that only older people experience chronic, debilitating illnesses. The unpredictability of autoimmune disorders, the knowledge that they are progressive and incurable, the possibility of deleterious treatment side-effects, and the general public's unfamiliarity with autoimmune disorders combine to make living with one a frustrating and isolating experience. The purposes of this article are to educate feminist therapists about autoimmune disorders and to encourage feminist therapists to use their expertise to help support women who are adjusting to life with an autoimmune disorder.
Automatic Fingerprint Recognition Employing Optical Phase-Modulated Joint Transform Correlation

Automatic recognition of an unknown fingerprint is an important tool of any security system. An optical joint transform correlation technique is proposed for efficient real-time recognition of fingerprints. The optical correlator incorporates phase modulation of the reference fingerprint to avoid unnecessary correlation signals and hence make the best utilization of the space and bandwidth resources. The given input image of a fingerprint is correlated directly with the reference fingerprint and a highly distinctive correlation signal is produced if the given fingerprint is of an authorized person, while a negligible correlation signal is produced for all unauthorized fingerprints. The proposed technique is capable of recognizing multiple authorized fingerprints simultaneously in a given input scene containing more than one fingerprint.
The Use of Interprofessional Simulation among Chronic Pediatric Populations: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Interprofessional communication and collaboration among health care professionals are necessary to meet the complex needs of chronic pediatric patients. However, communication between health care professionals is often deficient or inconsistent. We performed a literature review to identify the best practices in the utilization of simulation to aid interprofessional communication and collaboration within the chronic pediatric health care setting. Results revealed that simulation can be effective in preparing health care providers to perform tasks in emergency situations involving pediatric populations that can be applied to chronic populations; however, gaps in research do exist regarding the utilization of simulation among chronic populations.
Stereoselective metabolism of bupropion by cytochrome P4502B6 (CYP2B6) and human liver microsomes.

Purpose Hydroxylation of the antidepressant and smoking deterrent drug bupropion is a clinically important bioactivation and elimination pathway. Bupropion hydroxylation is catalyzed selectively by cytochrome P4502B6 (CYP2B6). CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation has been used as an in vitro and in vivo phenotypic probe for CYP2B6 activity and CYP2B6 drug interactions. Bupropion is chiral, used clinically as a racemate, and disposition is stereoselective. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation is stereoselective.
Eating Disorders: Assessment and Treatment

Anorexia and bulimia are eating disorders affecting a significant number of adolescent and young adult women. The core symptoms of both disorders are similar and include a fear of obesity, body image disturbance, erratic eating patterns, and purging. These symptoms produce significant physical and psychologic complications. Both anorexia and bulimia appear to have a common origin in a fear of obesity and dieting. Anorectics, being "successful" dieters, lose a significant amount of weight; whereas bulimics alternate between binges and purges. Treatment for the eating disorders is gradually evolving as clinical research experience accumulates. For anorexia, hospitalization is indicated when weight falls below 15% of ideal, and most investigators agree that therapy for the core symptoms cannot be undertaken until weight is restored. During the impatient stay, a behavior modification program can effectively organize medical, nutritional, and psychologic support, and offers the quickest and most direct route to weight restoration. The nasogastric tube and total parenteral nutrition are used primarily for those who are severely emaciated or who actively resist standard modes of therapy. Inpatient treatment is most effectively and efficiently rendered in a specialized eating disorder unit. Once weight restoration is progressing, behavior therapy for core symptoms is commenced and continued on an outpatient basis. A variety of behavioral techniques are employed, and they are designed primarily to influence anorectic assumptions and beliefs. Although there may be a brief inpatient stay for initiation of treatment, the bulk of therapy for bulimia occurs on an outpatient basis. The available literature indicates that behavioral techniques and antidepressant medication are effective for the symptoms of bulimia. Early identification of core symptoms of both disorders can lead to an initiation of treatment before the core symptoms become ingrained. A potentially more effective intervention lies in efforts to influence the media. As noted, standards for feminine beauty as portrayed in the media have changed significantly over the past 20 years. An attempt at the primary prevention of eating disorders would include efforts to convince the media to change their standards of femininity from cosmetic slimness to a focus on health and physical fitness. These efforts could stem from professional and lay organizations who have the interest and capability to influence policy.
Competition in Research and Development: A Theory for Contradictory Predictions

This paper develops reasons for the many seemingly contradictory findings in the literature about competition and research and development (R&D) investment. The theory of R&D competition implies that increases in competitive pressure may increase R&D investment, decrease it, increase it initially but decrease it over greater levels of competitive pressure (an inverted-U relation), decrease it initially but increase it over greater levels (a U relation), or have no effect at all.
Incidence of Postoperative Hyponatremia and Complications in Critically-Ill Children Treated with Hypotonic and Normotonic Solutions

Objective To determine the incidence and clinical consequences of postoperative hyponatremia in children. Study design We performed a retrospective analysis of postoperative admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (excluding cardiac, neurosurgical, and renal). The incidence of severe (serum sodium Results Out of a total of 145 children (568 sodium measurements; 116 HT and 29 NT), we identified 16 with hyponatremia (11%). The incidences of moderate (10.3% vs 3.4%, P = .258) and severe (2.6% vs 0%; P = .881) hyponatremia were not significantly different in the HT and NT groups. There were no neurologic sequelae or deaths related to hyponatremia. Conclusions In our study group, hyponatremia was common, but morbidity and death were not observed. Careful monitoring of serum sodium level may be responsible for this lack of adverse outcomes. Larger, prospective studies are needed to determine whether the incidence of hyponatremia differs between the HT and NT groups.
The totaled health risks in vascular events (THRIVE) score predicts ischemic stroke outcomes independent of thrombolytic therapy in the NINDS tPA trial.

Background To date, no ischemic stroke outcome prediction scores have been validated for use in the setting of both endovascular and non-endovascular stroke treatments. The Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) score has been previously validated in patients undergoing endovascular stroke treatment, and we hypothesized that it would perform similarly well in patients receiving intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or no acute therapy. Methods We compared the performance of the THRIVE score between patients in the National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) tPA trial and patients in the Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trials of endovascular stroke treatment. The predictive performance of the THRIVE score was compared using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. In the NINDS cohort, separate analyses were also performed for patients receiving tPA versus those receiving placebo. Results ROC curve analysis revealed a good prediction of outcomes across the range of THRIVE scores in both the NINDS and MERCI datasets. As we have previously found in the MERCI datasets, the THRIVE score, which encompasses the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, age, and chronic disease burden, was a better predictor of outcomes than NIHSS and age alone in the NINDS trial dataset. THRIVE score and tPA administration both strongly predicted outcome, but these effects were statistically independent. Conclusions The THRIVE score provides accurate prediction of long-term neurologic outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke regardless of treatment modality. Both the THRIVE score and tPA administration predict outcome, but the THRIVE score does not influence the impact of tPA on outcome, and tPA administration does not influence the impact of THRIVE score on outcome.
Fresh contact in Tamatave, Madagascar: Sex, money, and intergenerational transformation

In this article, I explore practices of transactional sex among young women in contemporary Tamatave, Madagascar. As young men remain suspended in part-time jobs, young women have been able to embrace the possibilities offered by the informal sexual economy, which links Tamatave to France, REunion Island, and beyond as well as creating complex redistributions of resources within Tamatave, shifting the balance of power in gendered and generational relations. Drawing on Karl Mannheim's concept of “fresh contact,” I argue that a focus on the ways in which youthful practice refigures relations between generations works to complicate and nuance recent discussions of youth culture and youth agency.
Highly stable dendritic trityl radicals as oxygen and pH probe

Novel dendritic trityl radicals (DTR1 and DTR2) with a TAM radical core, PAMAM branching and carboxylate exterior surface exhibit high stability towards oxidoreductants as evidenced by their electrochemical and EPR properties, offering potential application as dual oxygen and pH probe.
Close calls in patient safety: should we be paying closer attention?

That day in the operating room, it was the anesthesiologist who noticed the error. He was supposed to be holding a vial of 0.9% sodium chloride. Instead, he was holding succinylcholine, a potent neuromuscular blocker that causes respiratory paralysis.[1][1] The mix-up was potentially lethal, but his
Comparison of two self-report instruments for assessing binge eating in bariatric surgery candidates

This study compared two self-report methods for assessing binge eating in severely obese bariatric surgery candidates. Participants were 249 gastric bypass candidates who completed the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised (QEWP-R) and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) prior to surgery. Participants were classified by binge eating status (i.e., no or recurrent binge eating) with each of the measures. The degree of agreement was examined, as well as the relationship between binge eating and measures of convergent validity. The two measures identified a similar number of patients with recurrent binge eating (i.e., at least 1 binge/week); however, overlap was modest (kappa=.26). Agreement on twice weekly binge eating was poor (kappa=.05). The QEWP-R and EDE-Q both identified clinically meaningful groups of binge eaters. The EDE-Q appeared to differentiate between non/infrequent bingers and recurrent bingers better than the QEWP-R, based on measures of convergent validity. In addition, the EDE-Q demonstrated an advantage because it identified binge eaters with elevated weight and shape overconcern. Using the self-report measures concurrently did not improve identification of binge eating in this study. More work is needed to determine the construct validity and clinical utility of these measures with gastric bypass patients.
Ionization in the Earth's atmosphere by aurorally associated Bremsstrahlung X-rays

Abstract The production of bremsstrahlung X-rays associated with energetic auroral electron streams is computed, and the ionization rate due to the X-rays is deduced. The incident electron stream is assumed to have an isotropic angular distribution over the downward hemisphere; energy distribution functions which closely predict luminosity profiles of N 2 + radiation are adopted. Bremsstrahlung ionization production peaks at altitudes between 40 and 74 km for electron streams yielding auroral height-luminosity profiles which have a maximum in the range 100 to 120 km, but the ionization rate due to bremsstrahlung is several powers of ten below that obtained from direct ionization by electron impact. The spectral distribution and flux of X-rays associated with auroral bombardment are predicted at various altitudes, particularly in the height range reached by balloons.
Suppression of TH17 Differentiation and Autoimmunity by a Synthetic ROR Ligand

T-helper cells that produce interleukin-17 (T(H)17 cells) are a recently identified CD4(+) T-cell subset with characterized pathological roles in autoimmune diseases. The nuclear receptors retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors α and γt (RORα and RORγt, respectively) have indispensible roles in the development of this cell type. Here we present SR1001, a high-affinity synthetic ligand-the first in a new class of compound-that is specific to both RORα and RORγt and which inhibits T(H)17 cell differentiation and function. SR1001 binds specifically to the ligand-binding domains of RORα and RORγt, inducing a conformational change within the ligand-binding domain that encompasses the repositioning of helix 12 and leads to diminished affinity for co-activators and increased affinity for co-repressors, resulting in suppression of the receptors' transcriptional activity. SR1001 inhibited the development of murine T(H)17 cells, as demonstrated by inhibition of interleukin-17A gene expression and protein production. Furthermore, SR1001 inhibited the expression of cytokines when added to differentiated murine or human T(H)17 cells. Finally, SR1001 effectively suppressed the clinical severity of autoimmune disease in mice. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of targeting the orphan receptors RORα and RORγt to inhibit specifically T(H)17 cell differentiation and function, and indicate that this novel class of compound has potential utility in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Aggressive Patrol: A Search for Side-effects

Recent interest in the possible deterrent effects of aggressive or proactive policing raises the issue of such strategies' consequences for individual liberties and police-community relations. This study examines the latter—specifically, the effects of four neighborhood-level measures of an aggressive patrol style on citizens' evaluations of police and citizens' propensities to report crimes. The results suggest that, for most citizens, aggressive patrol has almost no effect on either evaluations or reporting behavior. Surprisingly, one form of proactive patrol, the neighborhood rate of suspicion stops, seems to have a positive effect on the evaluations of police made by young black men.
Induction of humoral antibody response by soluble polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans

Mice were immunized with purifiedCryptococcus neoformans soluble polysaccharide, or with the polysaccharide coupled to methylated bovine serum albumin or methylated bovine gamma globulin. The polysaccharide-methylated protein complexes were no more immunogenic than the purified polysaccharide when used without Freund's incomplete adjuvant; however, the methylated protein complexes induced higher levels of antibody than purified polysaccharide when emulsified in the adjuvant. Sera from mice were titrated by passive hemagglutination, and maximum antibody titers were observed 14 to 21 days after immunization. Antibody titers declined rapidly after 14 to 21 days in mice immunized with antigen alone; whereas, animals immunized with cryptococcal antigen emulsified in adjuvant remained at peak levels throughout a six week experimental period. All antigens were immunogenic over a wider dosage range when contained in adjuvant. Individual mice immunized with an adjuvant emulsion of purified polysaccharide varied widely in the amount of antibody produced, with some of the animals producing no detectable antibody.
Validity of the posterior tibial edema sign in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

Background: Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a common malady leading to acquired flatfoot, which frequently causes foot and ankle pain and swelling. We hypothesized that patients with ...
Influence of Liquid Viscosity on the Pressure Loss and the Effectiveness of Drag-Reducing Agents in Horizontal Slug Flow

Measurements of drag reduction in two-phase oil-gas slug flow are presented in this study. Two types of oil with markedly different viscosities were examined in 10-cm inner diameter horizontal pipes to evaluate the influence of oil viscosity on the total pressure loss and the effectiveness of drag-reducing agents (DRAs) in reducing the pressure drop in slug flow. The total pressure drop in the 50-cP oil was always more significant than in the 2.5-cP oil, especially when increasing the gas flow rate. However, the DRA was more effective in reducing the total pressure drop in the 2.5-cP oil. Furthermore, increasing liquid velocity, thus increasing liquid volume fraction, resulted in an increase in the DRA effectiveness for both oils.
THE PHOTOINDUCED ADDITION OF ACETONE TO 1,7‐DIMETHYLTRICYCLO(4.1.0.02,7)HEPTANE. HYDROGEN ATOM ABSTRACTION FROM AN ACTIVATED METHYL GROUP

Abstract Activation of a bridgehead methyl group by the bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl moiety resulted in hydrogen abstraction by a photogenerated acetonyl radical, followed by a radical chain addition process.
A Developmental-Genetic Analysis of Aggressive Behavior in Mice. II. Cross-Sex Inheritance

Differences in aggression produced by selective breeding for differential aggressiveness among male mice are also inherited by females: the expression of these differences in female mice depends on the conditions of assessment. In the standard opponents tests after isolation housing, consistent line differentiation was clear in males to the S 8 generation, but no aggressive behavior occurred at all in female tests. In contrast, in postpartum tests and in repeated intruder trials over the life span of group-reared animals, females from the line of high-aggressive males were more aggressive than females from the line of low-aggressive males. These findings indicate that the genetic pathways that mediate aggressive behavior in male and female mice are not entirely independent.
The Union Inspiration in American Politics: The Autoworkers and the Making of a Liberal Industrial Order

Preface List of Abbreviations Introduction: Liberal Democracy and Industrial Order 1. The New Deal as System and Project 2. Creating a Low-Capacity Industrial Order 3. The Strategic Vision of Unionism 4. Settling for Pluralism 5. Creating a Special Interest Group 6. Boundary Maintenance at Studebaker 7. The Liberal Democratic Reform Cycle 8. Reconfiguring Work and Politics Notes Index
Crohn’s disease clinical issues and treatment: what the radiologist needs to know and what the gastroenterologist wants to know

Crohn’s disease is an idiopathic chronic intestinal illness that requires specialized medical care for prompt disease diagnosis and appropriate management. Clinicians must accurately interpret and integrate findings from multitude of sources in order to achieve diagnostic certainty. Ileocolonoscopy remains the most relied modality, allowing for a direct mucosal visualization and biopsies for histologic assessments. Serologic markers currently serve an adjunctive role, often utilized in attempts to further subtype patients with indeterminate colitis. Radiologic imaging, such as computed tomography enterography can evaluate the far reaches of the small intestine, while also providing information about penetrating complications and extraintestinal disease manifestations. Treatment options and strategies continue to evolve with new biologic agents and ongoing testing of aggressive “top–down” approaches. In addition, identification of increased colorectal cancer risks in individuals with Crohn’s colitis has led to formal surveillance guidelines. The clinical diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease continues to be an area of rapid change and exciting developments.