cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospects for the use of antagonists to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa receptor to prevent postangioplasty restenosis and thrombosis

Despite many advances since its inception in humans in 1977, coronary angioplasty continues to be limited by the problems of abrupt arterial closure and late restenosis. Excessive platelet deposition at the site of angioplasty undoubtedly plays an important role in the pathophysiology of both of these problems. Monoclonal antibodies and snake venom-derived or synthetic peptides directed against a common protein recognition sequence on the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor are currently in the early stages of preclinical and clinical testing and hold promise of preventing abrupt closure and restenosis by inhibiting platelet function. Whether any of these agents will eventually be commonly used in clinical practice will depend on their effects on the complex pathophysiology of these problems and on their safety profile when administered to patients who are likely to receive other antithrombotic medications and who are instrumented for coronary angioplasty.
Synthesis of γ‐[15N]‐L‐glutamyl derivatives of 5,10‐dideazatetrahydrofolate

A synthesis of the mono-, di-, and tri[ 15 N]glutamate forms of the potent de novo purine synthesis inhibitor and anticancer agent (6R,6S)-5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (6R,6S-DDATHF) from (6R,6S)-5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid is described. These isotopically labelled compounds are potentially useful as 15 N nmr probes of the interaction of DDATHF and its polyglutamates with three key enzymes of one-carbon metabolism, glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase, (GARFT), aminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (AICARFT), and folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).
Ethno‐racial political transition and citizen satisfaction with police

Purpose – One of the most consistent and widely discussed findings in research on citizens' attitudes toward the police is that African‐American citizens view the police less favorably than do white citizens. Frank and his colleagues, however, found that in Detroit African‐American residents held more favorable views of the police than did white residents. They suggested that as a result of “ethno‐racial political transitions” occurring in large cities attitudes toward the police of both African‐American and white residents may have changed. The current study seeks to examine this issue in Washington, DC which has undergone similar demographic and political changes.Design/methodology/approach – Data for the current study were taken from a 1998 survey of households in 12 US cities conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.Findings – The results suggest that, although Washington, DC has undergone an “ethno‐racial political transition”, African‐American residents reported less satisfaction with the polic...
Justice Brennan, Justice Harlan and New York Times co. v. Sullivan: A case study in supreme court decision making

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan is arguably the most important free speech case ever decided by the Supreme Court. This case, the Court's first substantive treatment of libel law, delineated a new approach toward the treatment of free speech. Because the Court attempts to present a unified front when it cuts broad swaths in the law, a unanimous or near‐unanimous opinion was very important in Times v. Sullivan.For a time in the deliberations, however, it appeared that Justice William Brennan would not win even a bare majority for his propositions. This article examines the deliberations in the case, providing not only a renewed understanding of the importance of Times v. Sullivan, but also giving a rare glimpse of how the Court operates and how process affects result.
Detoxification of H2O2 by cultured rabbit lens epithelial cells: participation of the glutathione redox cycle.

Abstract Although it has been shown that cultured rabbit lenses can adequately defend against the 0·03–0·05 m m level of H 2 O 2 normally found in aqueous humor, the contribution of the epithelium in this process has not been well defined. In the present study, the peroxide-detoxifying ability of the epithelium is evaluated in cultured rabbit lens cells established from 4–6-day-old rabbits and compared to that of skin fibroblasts from rabbits of the same age. When cells were cultured in medium containing H 2 O 2 , the concentration of peroxide rapidly decreased; however, various concentrations could be maintained for 3-hr periods by using glucose oxidase to enzymically generate H 2 O 2 . At an extracellular level of 0·03 m m H 2 O 2 , the rate of detoxification of peroxide by epithelial cells was 2 μmol H 2 O 2 (8 × 10 5 cells) −1 3 hr −1 , twice as fast as that for fibroblasts. Epithelial cells contained a high level of reduced glutathione (GSH) equal to 36 nmol (8 × 10 5 cells) −1 , twice that present in the fibroblasts. The concentration of GSH in 8 × 10 5 epithelial cells, a number of cells normally present in one intact rabbit lens epithelium, remained constant during 3 hr of exposure to H 2 O 2 levels as high as 0·03 m m , even though the amount of H 2 O 2 taken up under these conditions was sufficient to oxidize completely the cellular GSH every 2 min. In contrast, the GSH content of fibroblasts declined at levels of peroxide above 0·01 m m . Participation of the glutathione redox cycle in the H 2 O 2 -detoxification process was demonstrated from studies of hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity as measured by oxidation of [1- 14 C]-labeled glucose. The oxidation of [1- 14 C]-glucose in epithelial cells was stimulated 13 times that of controls during exposure to 0·04–0·05 m m H 2 O 2 , while the corresponding increase in oxidation of [6- 14 C]-labeled glucose was only 1·6 times. In contrast, maximum shunt activity in fibroblasts occurred at 0·03–0·04 m m H 2 O 2 and was six times the control value. The growth potential of the cells following a 3-hr exposure to H 2 O 2 was also used as a measure of oxidant toxicity in both cell types. Concentrations of H 2 O 2 up to 0·03 m m had no effect on the growth of 8 × 10 5 epithelial cells but did diminish the growth of the same number of fibroblasts. Cell density was found to be an important parameter in the ability of the cells to tolerate H 2 O 2 , and it was noted that isolated cells were more susceptible to H 2 O 2 insult than contiguous cells. The overall results of the investigation indicate that the lens epithelium and the glutathione redox cycle have important roles in protecting the lens against H 2 O 2 -induced damage.
Neuropsychology in Multidisciplinary Stroke Care: Clinical Feasibility of the NINDS-CSN Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards

As a significant number of stroke victims exhibit cognitive impairment, neuropsychological assessments can enhance poststroke management by identifying pertinent cognitive sequelae and providing salient care recommendations. However, due to operational differences between traditional neuropsychology and stroke services, neuropsychological assessments often remain underutilized in stroke care. We developed a novel care model that incorporated neuropsychological testing into a comprehensive stroke program using the modified vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) half-hour assessment protocol proposed by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network (NINDS-CSN). The test batteries were administered during the patients' acute admissions and then again upon follow-up in the multidisciplinary stroke clinic. Patient and provider satisfaction was then evaluated. Surveys revealed high provider satisfaction with improved clinic efficacy, improved data turnaround time, and with value neuropsychology services added to the comprehensive stroke program. Results from the 18-item industry standard Press-Ganey surveys showed all scores above 4.4/5.0 for patient satisfaction. This clinic garnered high provider and patient satisfaction after the first year. The (modified) NINDS-CSN VCI assessment protocol demonstrated clinical feasibility, suggestive of an efficient method of providing focused neuropsychological services in a clinical setting that otherwise prohibits traditional, comprehensive cognitive assessments.
Integration of COCORP deep reflection and magnetic anomaly analysis in the Southeastern United States; implications for origin of the Brunswick and East Coast magnetic anomalies

Integration of magnetic anomaly analysis with COCORP deep reflection data from the southeastern United States provides three new constraints on the interpretation of the Brunswick and East Coast magnetic anomalies, as well as on the reflection data. These are as follows. (1) The source of the Brunswick anomaly lies within the deep crust. This anomaly is not caused by a Mesozoic rift basin, as proposed by some workers. (2) A simple, seaward-dipping, high- susceptibility slab model can explain both the Brunswick and East Coast magnetic anomalies. The along-strike change in character of the two anomalies results largely from a change in azimuth of the source body. (3) Beneath the southeastern United States, this source body dips south, lies immediately on the south flank of the prominent southward-dipping reflective zone revealed on COCORP surveys, and was previously associated with the Alleghanian suture between North America and Africa. These results imply that a dipping, highly magnetized zone in the upper plate of the Alleghanian suture is responsible for both the Brunswick and East Coast magnetic anomalies. The high- susceptibility material responsible for these anomalies might be mafic lower continental or oceanic crust thrust upward during Alleghanian continental collision, or mafic igneous material intruded into the upper plate of the suture zone during subsequent Mesozoic rifting, or both. The latter hypothesis implies that the Alleghanian suture acted, as a zone of weakness (a repository ?) which was reactivated to control the site of ultimate Atlantic rifting and possibly initial sea-floor spreading.
Binding of nickel (II) to 5′-nucleoside monophosphates and related compounds

The interactions of Ni(II) cation with a representative suite of purine bases and the respective nucleosides and nucleotides have been studied by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. Apparent association constants were determined for each system at pH 7.0, using computer linear regression coupled with an iteration technique. The specificity of binding of Ni(2+) for the purine nucleotides studied at pH 7.0 was 5-prime-GMP greater than 5-prime-AMP; a similar ordering was also found for the respective nucleosides and bases. In this study binding was not observed for the suite of pyramidines used, although an Ni(2+) -cytidine complex has been observed (Fiskin and Beer, 1965). It was also found that Ni(2+) bound more strongly to the purine 5-prime-nucleotides than to the respective nucleosides and bases. These trends are explained in terms of metal-ligand bonds and available bonding positions on the ligands. A role for metal-ion-nucleotide types of complexes is suggested in the processes that might have given rise to the origin of life.
Simulation-based acquisition: architectural principles for the U.S. Army's simulation and modeling for acquisition, requirements and training (SMART) initiative

A collection of architectural principles is developed that support Army's Simulation and Modeling for Acquisition, Requirements and Training (SMART) initiative.
Theoretical study of the potential energy surface of diglyme.

Abstract The potential energy surface of diglyme has been investigated using ab initio molecular orbital theory. The all-trans conformer and 20 conformers having either one- or two-gauche conformations around CC or CO bonds were studied at the HF/6–31G(d) level. The four lowest energy structures were further investigated with larger basis sets and with inclusion of correlation effects. At the highest level of theory, the tg + g − t 3 conformer is 0.1 kcal/mol more stable than the all-trans conformer, while the tgt 4 and g + g − t 4 conformers are slightly less stable than the all-trans conformer.
Polar Low Structure over the Northern Gulf of Alaska Based on Research Aircraft Observations

Abstract During the 1987 Alaska Storms Program, a polar low that developed over the northern Gulf of Alaska was investigated during two flights by a WP-3D research aircraft on successive days. Analyse based on data obtained from omega dropwindsondes during the first flight showed the small (∼300 km) horizontal scale of the vortex The vortex center was characterized by suppressed cloudiness on both days and was decidedly warmer at low levels than its surroundings. The vorticity associated with the polar low was largest new the surface and decreased rapidly with height on the first day, with only a very weak circulation evident by 700 mb. Coldest 500-mb temperatures and lowest static stabilities were found directly above the surface low. On the second day the vortex was more intense at midtropospheric levels than on the previous day, and convective clouds extended to higher levels.
WE-C-500-01: Imaging Needs for Proton Therapy

Proton therapy is a rapidly growing treatment modality. Superficially, proton therapy looks identical to x‐ray therapy ‐ the patient receives a treatment planning CT followed by daily image‐guided treatment sessions. However, the specifics of proton therapy impose unique demands on the imaging procedures at each phase of the treatment. In x‐ray therapy the Hounsfield Units (HU) of the CT are converted to relative electron density for megavoltage x‐ray dose calculations. In proton therapy the pertinent value to be determined from HU is proton stopping power for human tissue, usually different from stopping power in the phantom used for measurement. Accurate determination of stopping power from HU requires a unique calibration process and tight controls on CT imaging technique. A number of approaches have emerged in x‐ray therapy for daily localization of soft tissues — the most popular involving placement of fiducial markers or Cone Beam CT (CBCT). However, dose shadowing downstream of fiducials may disallow them from clinical application for proton therapy. CBCT is not yet used for proton therapy, but for some treatment sites daily localization of the tumor may not guarantee dosimetric coverage as variations in the relative positions of tumor and normal tissues in the beam path perturb the proton dose distribution. Direct proton beam imaging — radiography and tomography — are in development. Nuclear activation of tissues by the proton beam presents a unique quality assurance measure in which imaging of the activation could verify the range of the protons in the patient. Learning Objectives: 1. Present the unique demands of the treatment simulation process for proton therapy, including HU to stopping power calibration, technique standardization, and artifact reduction. 2. Discuss the proton specific challenges in daily target localization including dose shadowing from fiducials, dose perturbation by anatomical changes, and the need for respiratory correlated IGRT. 3. Introduce the possibility of proton beam range verification by direct proton beam imaging and post‐treatment activation imaging. Research grant from Varian Medical Systems
Experimental investigation of the impaction of water droplets on cylindrical objects

Abstract The impaction of water droplets on isothermal cylindrical wires has been investigated experimentally in the present study. Mono-size droplets of 110, 350 and 680 μm in diameter were generated using piezoelectric droplet generators. The effects of droplet velocity and wire size were varied parametrically to reveal the impacting phenomena. Typical modes of the impaction outcome are disintegration and dripping. For droplets impacting on small wires, finer drops are disintegrated if the impacting droplet velocity is high, and larger dripping drops are observed if the velocity is low. For droplets impacting on large wires, bigger pendent drops are gradually formed which would eventually detach from the wires under the influence of gravity. In addition, droplets impacting on wires with waxy surface generate smaller dripping drops than that of the non-waxed wires. A non-dimensional regime map and new formulations in terms of the droplet Weber number, the wire Bond number and the size ratio of the wire diameter to incoming droplet diameter have been established to identify the regime for each mode of outcome and to predict the size of the dripping drops within the experimental limits.
Intensive Glycemic Control and Thiazolidinedione Use: Effects on Cortical and Trabecular Bone at the Radius and Tibia

Factors that contribute to bone fragility in type 2 diabetes are not well understood. We assessed the effects of intensive glycemic control, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and A1C levels on bone geometry and strength at the radius and tibia. In a substudy of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes trial, peripheral quantitative computed tomographic (pQCT) scans of the radius and tibia were obtained 2 years after randomization on 73 participants (intensive n = 35, standard n = 38). TZD use and A1C levels were measured every 4 months during the trial. Effects of intervention assignment, TZD use, and A1C on pQCT parameters were assessed in linear regression models. Intensive, compared with standard, glycemic control was associated with 1.3 % lower cortical volumetric BMD at the tibia in men (p = 0.02) but not with other pQCT parameters. In women, but not men, each additional year of TZD use was associated with an 11 % lower polar strength strain index (SSIp) at the radius (p = 0.04) and tibia (p = 0.002) in models adjusted for A1C levels. In women, each additional 1 % increase in A1C was associated with an 18 % lower SSIp at the ultradistal radius (p = 0.04) in models adjusted for TZD use. There was no consistent evidence of an effect of intensive, compared with standard, glycemic control on bone strength at the radius or tibia. In women, TZD use may reduce bone strength at these sites. Higher A1C may also be associated with lower bone strength at the radius, but not tibia, in women.
Clinical Characteristics Associated With Orbital Invasion of Cutaneous Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Tumors of the Eyelid

Over a six-year period, between 1984 and 1990, 622 patients with basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids were examined at our institution. Thirteen patients had orbital invasion at initial examination. The average age of patients at orbital invasion was 75.8 years. Ten patients were men, eight of whom had basal cell carcinoma and two of whom had squamous cell carcinoma. Most patients had an orbital mass and incomitant strabismus at initial examination. Invasive basal cell carcinoma developed in 11 patients, and squamous cell carcinoma developed in two patients. Ten patients were treated for cutaneous carcinoma at the site of invasion before examination at our institution. The average duration between onset of a cutaneous lesion and our examination for orbital invasion was 9.8 years for basal cell carcinoma and one year for squamous cell carcinoma. Radiologic and histopathologic features were reviewed. The clinical characteristics of these patients were reviewed and orbital exenteration was recommended to all 13 patients. Nine patients underwent exenteration and four refused the operation.
Management of the Grey gentle or Eastern lesser bamboo lemur Hapaletnur griseus griseus at Duke University Primate Center, Durham

Since 1970 Duke University Primate Center, Durham. has maintained Grey gentle lemurs Hapalemur griseus griseus. This paper gives an overview of the status of Hapalemur spp in captivity and provides an introduction to their conservation status and natural history in Madagascar. Husbandry techniques developed at the Primate Center, with emphasis on the special needs of ♀♀ and infants, are discussed. Scent marking, vocalizations. ♀ dominance, breeding. infant development and hand-rearing are described. Information on natural-habitat enclosures. diet and health concerns is also given.
Optical structure factor measurements of soot particles in a premixed flame

We have measured the scattered-light intensity as a function of the scattering angle for light scattered from soot particles in a premixed methane/oxygen flame. This yields the optical structure factor for the soot particles. We find that the structure factor shows the soot particles to have a morphology consistent with a fractal interpretation with a fractal dimension in the 1.6 ≲ D ≲ 1.8 range and a radius of gyration that increases with the height above the burner. The structure factor may also show the effect of the finite monomer size of the soot clusters.
The deformation matrix for simultaneous simple shearing, pure shearing and volume change, and its application to transpression-transtension tectonics

Simultaneous simple shearing and pure shearing, with or without additional volume change, can be combined into a single, upper triangular deformation matrix. The off-diagonal term, Γ, is named the effective shear strain, and is a simple function of the pure shearing and simple shearing components. A three-dimensional deformation matrix for the simultaneous combination of coaxial deformation, with or without additional volume change, and up to three simple shearing systems with mutually orthogonal shear planes is also presented. By using this matrix, one can easily extract the various properties of incremental as well as finite strain, and the progressive as well as finite rotation of passive markers during deformation. The case of transpression-transtension is revised, using the unified deformation matrix. The orientation of the major axis of the strain ellipsoid (λ1) is always horizontal if the deformation is transtensional, switches from horizontal to vertical during transpressional wrenching (1 >Wk > 0.81 for constant vorticity deformations), and is always vertical for highly transpressional deformations (Wk ⩽ 0.81). For transpression, material lines initially rotate towards the horizontal shearing direction, but generally turn to rotate towards the vertical axis after a certain strain. For transtension, all material lines rotate towards a direction in the horizontal plane which is oblique to the shearing direction.
Quantified Middle Jurassic to Paleocene eustatic variations based on Russian Platform stratigraphy: Stage level resolution

We have constructed a eustatic sea-level curve based on the stratigraphy of the tectonically stable Russian Platform. Sea-level variations measured against this reference frame were chosen as reliably representing the long-term relation of global ocean-basin volume and ocean-water volume. In constructing the curve, we backstripped stratigraphic data from numerous wells distributed across the Russian Platform and then used the present elevation of various stratigraphic horizons to tie the resulting curve to present sea level. Most strata observed represent very shallow water deposition (
The cardiopulmonary consequences of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia

The cardiopulmonary effects of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia have been studied in 50 neonates at The Children's Hospital Boston, from October 1982 through February 1987. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was added in February 1984 as therapy for infants who failed to respond to conventional therapy and had 100% predicted mortality. Twenty-three patients received ECMO support; 19 underwent cardiac catheterization immediately after surgery and had hemodynamic parameters measured and pulmonary angiograms performed. The infants fell into two physiologic groups based on their ability to achieve a postductal P O2 ≥ 100: “responders” and “nonresponders” to conventional therapy. “Responders” most often began with left-to-right shunting, and therefore had a pulmonary vascular bed large enough to accept a full cardiac output, even though it was hypoplastic. Their episodes of right-to-left shunting were mostly caused by severe pulmonary aterial vasospasm, which could be reversed in many instances. “Nonresponders” never showed an ability to accept a cardiac output, and therefore had severe hypoplasia as a limiting condition. Survival was 68% in the “responders” and 8% in the “nonresponders”. Overall survival was 49%. Of the patients placed on ECMO, 82.6% were weaned successfully but 65.2% died eventually, most often due to complications of chronic ventilator support. Preliminary analysis of the lungs demonstrated significant iatrogenic damage, but showed some evidence of pulmonary growth. These data suggest that if support can be provided with less iatrogenic injury after ECMO, pulmonary vascular remodeling and growth may be sufficient for improved survival.
Penile incarceration with barbell retaining ring.

To the Editor. Reading this article brought to mind a similar experience encountered at our institution several years ago. In our case the patient presented 72 hours after placing 2 hardened steel rings on the shaft of the penis. As in the case mentioned the penis became swollen and edematous. However, in our case the various drills and saws that were available in the operating room from the orthopedic and neurosurgical departments failed to cut through these hard thick steel rings. A novel approach was thought of and tried with success. The brother of a member of our nursing staff, who was a local building contractor, brought in a saber saw. For those unfamiliar with the device a saber saw has a 3-inch rotating wheel and will cut through a variety of materials with ease, including stainless steel. To protect the skin of the penis we placed narrow malleable retractors between the skin and the rings. The rings were so thick that they had to be cut in 2 places in order to be removed. Water was used to irrigate the cutting surface to reduce the temperature and prevent burning. Once the system was set up, it took approximately 15 minutes to completely remove the rings. The patient was discharged home on the following day and healed completely without any significant sequelae. These cases are indeed difficult and can be challenging. Our example illustrates the need sometimes to think creatively in the operating room when faced with such a case.
Recurrence of medulloblastoma: violation of Collins' law after two decades.

BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma is a common tumor of childhood arising in the posterior fossa. The concept of a child with an embryonal tumor surviving the age of diagnosis plus 9 months as the period of risk for recurrence (Collins' Law) has been applied to medulloblastomas. This raises the question of "when should follow-up stop for a patient with this type of tumor?" METHODS We present a case report of a patient with the longest documented exception to Collins' Law for medulloblastoma. RESULTS The longest documented exception to Collins' Law, a medulloblastoma recurring 20 years and 8 months after the period of risk for recurrence is presented. Both the site of recurrence and the histopathology were identical to the original tumor. CONCLUSION We present the longest documented exception to Collins' Law, to emphasize that even after decades the term "cure" should only be used cautiously.
Emissive Efficiency Enhancement of Alq3 and Prospects for Plasmon-enhanced Organic Electroluminescence

We study the photoluminescence of Alq 3 on nanotextured silver surfaces to investigate the feasibility of using plasmon enhancement of radiative rates to improve the performance of organic light-emitting diodes. We observe more than 20-fold increases in photoluminescence and separate the contributions of absorption and emissive efficiency increases. With optimized silver coverage, the fraction of excited states created that fluorescence can be made nearly 100 %, an increase of more than 3 times relative to thin films without silver.
Capacitive-coupled current sensing and Auto-ranging slope compensation for current mode SMPS with wide supply and frequency range

Techniques for high impedance current sensing and slope compensation, common challenges for current mode switched mode power supplies (SMPS), are presented. DCR sensing, limited by conventional low impedance sensing techniques, is thus possible, enabling power efficiency gains. Auto-ranging slope compensation based on a multiplication of input voltage V IN and switching frequency f sw allows for truer current mode operation and superior line transient response for a wide range of V IN and f sw . The techniques are demonstrated in an automotive-class 60V V IN buck controller at 150–600kHz in a 0.35µm BiCMOS technology. Offset error ≪3mV over 0–10V and single-cycle stable current loop response are measured.
Releases of Sterile Screw-Worm Flies in Northern Veracruz, Mexico, Measured by Recovery of Sterile Egg Masses

During 1964 and 1965, aerial releases of sterile screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were made in field tests in northern Veracruz, Mexico, at the rate of 4000 flies per square mile, by using invariable flight lanes 8 and 12 miles apart. The effect was evaluated on the basis of the numbers of sterile egg masses recovered from wounded sheep penned in the area. Although about 70% of the collected egg masses were sterile when populations of wild flies were low, the sterile flies were not effective in preventing wild fly increases when the weather favored their activity. Effective control could not be demonstrated in persistent population centers nor in unisolated populations. However, sterile flies released this far apart when the density of native populations is low may be of value in areas where wild populations are low and scattered for extended periods.
Noninvasive Predictors of Diastolic Dysfunction in Children after Cardiac Transplant

Purpose Current noninvasive methods of screening for diastolic dysfunction such as two-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were used to predict cardiac catheterization (CC) derived hemodynamic data. Methods and Materials Cardiac transplant patients were prospectively enrolled to undergo concurrent ECHOs at the time of CC. Prior IRB approval and informed consent was obtained. CC data included right ventricular end diastolic pressure (RVEDP), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). A BNP was also drawn. ECHO parameters included left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), mitral inflow E and A waves, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, and lateral and septal Doppler tissue imaging. E/A, lateral mitral E/e' and septal E/e' (E s /e') were calculated. Descriptive analysis was performed with comparisons made using chi-square and ANOVA. Regression analysis was performed to determine associations with PCWP and RVEDP. Results We enrolled 72 subjects, ages 0.8-21 years (median 12.9). The majority, 66/69 (96%), had an EF >50% (3 inadequate images). Acute rejection was present in 9/72 (13%). Evidence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy was found in 10/53 (19%) of subjects who had angiography performed. No single ECHO parameter was associated with both elevated PCWP and RVEDP. However, BNP >100 pg/ml was associated with abnormal PCWP (p=0.016) and RVEDP (p=0.040). E s /e'>10 was associated with abnormal PCWP (p=0.039). Mitral E/A >3 was associated with an abnormal RVEDP (p=0.021). Conclusions This is the largest pediatric study to evaluate diastolic ECHO parameters and BNP in association with elevations in RVEDP and PCWP after transplant. Most ECHO parameters were not associated. Conversely, elevation in BNP was consistently associated with elevation in RVEDP and PCWP. This study suggests mitral E/A and E s /e' may be useful as an adjunct to routine BNP for predicting diastolic dysfunction following cardiac transplant.
Broad resonance‐edited 31P spectra obtained with a single radiofrequency channel

The broad phosphorus resonance of isolated perfused liver can be removed by selective presaturation with a DANTE pulse train. The use of the DANTE pulse allows the broad resonance to be removed without the use of multiple RF channels or the ability to switch the observation channel from low to high power.
“New Political History”: Some Statistical Questions Answered

William G. Shade's ( 1981) "New Political History: Some Statistical Questions Raised" has two sometimes conflicting purposes: first, to remind historians to "think statistically" and to "give more self-conscious attention to the details and logic of research design," and second, to defend such ethnocultural historians as Ronald P. Formisano and Paul Kleppner against published criticisms. Too often confusing the former with the latter aim, Shade attains neither. His article is further compromised by distortions of other scholars' work and neglect of relevant literature published since 1974.1 With Shade's two major prescriptions - plan research carefully and use genuinely multivariate methods-we have no quarrel. Often breached in practice, these familiar commandments can never be repeated too many times. To his lack of conceptual rigor, to his employment of a series of either meaningless or misleading "tests," and to several of his methodological dicta, we do take exception-thus the necessity for this note.
THE EFFECT OF POPULATION CONTEXTS ON CLASSIFIER PERFORMANCE

Classifying a patient based on disease type, treatment prognosis, survivability, or other such criteria has become a major focus of genomics and proteomics. From the perspective of the general population of a particular kind of cell, one would like a classifier that applies to the whole population; however, it is often the case that the population is sufficiently structurally diverse that a satisfactory classifier cannot be designed from available sample data. In such a circumstance, it can be useful to identify cellular contexts within which a disease can be reliably diagnosed, which in effect means that one would like to find classifiers that apply to different sub-populations within the overall population. Using a model-based approach, this paper quantifies the effect of contexts on classification performance as a function of the classifier used and the sample size. The advantage of a model-based approach is that we can vary the contextual confusion as a function of the model parameters, thereby allowing us to compare the classification performance in terms of the degree of discriminatory confusion caused by the contexts. We consider five popular classifiers: linear discriminant analysis, three nearest neighbor, linear support vector machine, polynomial support vector machine, and Boosting. We contrast the case where classification is done with a single classifier without discriminating between the contexts to the case where there are context markers that facilitate context separation before classifier design. We observe that little can be done if there is high contextual confusion, but when the contextual confusion is low, context separation can be beneficial, the benefit depending on the classifier.
Acetaminophen inhibits neuronal inflammation and protects neurons from oxidative stress.

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated a link between the inflammatory response, increased cytokine formation, and neurodegeneration in the brain. The beneficial effects of antiinflammatory drugs in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been documented. Increasing evidence suggests that acetaminophen has unappreciated anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of acetaminophen on cultured brain neuronal survival and inflammatory factor expression when exposed to oxidative stress. Methods: Cerebral cortical cultured neurons are pretreated with acetaminophen and then exposed to the superoxide-generating compound menadione (5 μM). Cell survival is assessed by MTT assay and inflammatory protein (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, macrophage inflammatory protein alpha, and RANTES) release quantitated by ELISA. Expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins is assessed by western blots. Results: Acetaminophen has pro-survival effects on neurons in culture. Menadione, a superoxide releasing oxidant stressor, causes a significant (p < 0.001) increase in neuronal cell death as well as in the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, macrophage inflammatory protein alpha, and RANTES from cultured neurons. Pretreatment of neuronal cultures with acetaminophen (50 μM) increases neuronal cell survival and inhibits the expression of these cytokines and chemokines. In addition, we document, for the first time, that acetaminophen increases expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in brain neurons and decreases the menadione-induced elevation of the proapoptotic protein, cleaved caspase 3. We show that blocking acetaminophen-induced expression of Bcl2 reduces the pro-survival effect of the drug. Conclusion: These data show that acetaminophen has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on neurons and suggest a heretofore unappreciated therapeutic potential for this drug in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD that are characterized by oxidant and inflammatory stress.
Recurrent anaplastic medulloblastoma in cerebrospinal fluid after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination can be seen relatively frequently in medulloblastomas and its presence at diagnosis is important for determining both treatment and prognosis. The anaplastic variant is an aggressive variant of medulloblastoma with characteristic histopathologic features and unfavorable prognosis that was included in the latest WHO classification. Herein, we report the CSF cytologic features of a case of recurrent anaplastic medulloblastoma in a 17-year-old male patient who had undergone autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant as a part of the treatment protocol. The malignant cells were large, had high nucleocytoplasmic ratios, and highly pleomorphic, frequently polylobated nuclei with coarse chromatin and 1–3 visible nucleoli. These CSF cytologic features differed significantly from those of classic medulloblastoma, which usually shows small cells with rounded, rather uniform nuclei with fine (“blastic”) chromatin. The differential diagnosis of anaplastic medulloblastoma is broader than that of classic medulloblastoma, as it includes metastatic carcinomas and large cell lymphoma, a differential diagnosis especially pertinent in this patient with a history of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Awareness of these unusual but distinctive cytologic features is important for the accurate diagnosis of anaplastic medulloblastomas in CSF specimens and to avoid possible diagnostic pitfalls. Diagn. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:980–985. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acetaminophen, like conventional NSAIDs, may reduce synovitis in osteoarthritic knees

Objective. To determine the extent to which treatment of patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen (ACET) reduces total effusion volume and synovial tissue volume, as quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods. Sequential pilot studies used subjects whose knee OA was treated with NSAIDs (n=10) or with ACET ≤4 g/day (n=20), respectively. After a five half-lives washout of their pain medication, the OA knee with the higher pain score >15 of 25 on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities' pain scale underwent 1.5T MRI. Effusion was quantified in axial short tau inversion recovery images; to measure synovial tissue volume, fat-suppressed T1-weighted axial images were obtained 3min after i.v. injection of gadolinium contrast. After the initial MRI examination, patients resumed their customary pain medications until the severity of knee pain returned to baseline, when pain was again measured and the MRI was repeated. Results. Pain severity after washout was similar in subjects taking ACET and NSAIDs. Reinstitution of ACET resulted in a 50% decrease in the mean of pain scores (P= 1.7 × 10 -12 ) that was comparable with that seen after the reinstitution of NSAID (49%, P=6.0 × 10 -7 ). The mean total effusion volume measured during the flare of knee pain induced by the withdrawal of the two drugs was comparable (ACET 16.9 ml, NSAID 16.2 ml; P= 0.884). Significant decreases in mean total effusion volume were observed after reinstitution of both ACET (-4.5 ml, P=0.009) and NSAID (-3.3 ml, P=0.013); the difference between drugs was not significant. Analyses of synovial volume yielded similar results. Conclusion. While uncontrolled and derived from small samples, these data suggest that ACET may have a significant anti-inflammatory effect in patients with knee OA, comparable with that achieved with NSAIDs, possibly through an effect on neurogenic inflammation. Joint pain is the clinical feature of OA that most often leads the affected individual to seek medical attention. Because many patients with OA improve symptomatically with the use of NSAIDs, it has been widely assumed that the pain of OA is due to synovial inflammation. However, the origins of OA pain are numerous and may vary from patient to patient and, within the same subject, from visit to visit. Although the articular cartilage is usually the site of the most obvious pathological changes in this disease, it is aneural and, therefore, is not the source of joint pain. However, in addition to the synovium, the subchondral bone, joint capsule, osteophytes, menisci, ligaments, periarticular tendons, entheses and bursae all contain nociceptive nerve endings, stimulation of which by chemical or physical mediators may be a basis for OA pain.
Saltwater Intrusion Impacts Fish Diversity And Distribution In The Blackwater River Drainage (Chesapeake Bay Watershed)

We surveyed fish assemblages from Blackwater River drainage (Cambridge, Maryland, USA) to assess spatiotemporal patterns of fish distribution in response to salinity intrusion of freshwater wetlands. Three sites spaced along a longitudinal stream gradient were sampled from each of the Little Blackwater River and Blackwater River from December 2005 to December 2006. Salinity in upstream areas of Blackwater River ranged from 9–12 psu, while in the Little Blackwater River salinity ranged from 0–5 psu. Most of the spatial differences in assemblage structure occurred between upstream sites of Blackwater River, an area influenced by saltwater intrusion from the combined effects of sea level rise and a man-made canal, and upstream sites of Little Blackwater River. Freshwater-dependent fishes (e.g., brown bullhead and black crappie) dominated upstream sites of Little Blackwater River, whereas euryhaline species (e.g., killifish and silversides) dominated upstream sites of Blackwater River. We used the Little Blackwater River as a reference system to test the hypothesis that remnant freshwater-dependent fish populations of transitional areas in the Blackwater River may have declined as salinity levels increased. Upstream habitats of Blackwater River were brackish, while such habitats of Little Blackwater River were more persistently freshwater. As salinity increased seasonally in the Little Blackwater River, the abundance of freshwater-dependent fishes declined at two sites. Differences in species diversity and composition between Blackwater River and Little Blackwater River are likely associated with higher salinity and connectivity in upstream portions of the Blackwater River.
Effects of temporary starvation on larvae of the sea star Asterina miniata

Patchy food distribution may force temporary starvation conditions on planktonic larvae. This potential food limitation may affect survivorship, duration of larval period, and post-metamorphic succes. In this study, larvae of the asteroid Asterina miniata were subjected to temporary food deprivation of several durations and at different stages. Developmental effects were documented by quantification of larval stage, total length, time to metamorphosis, initial juvenile radius, range of settling times, and percent survival to metamorphosis. All starved treatments were significantly affected in settling time and most in percent survival. However, larvae starved later in development demonstrated tremendous tolerance of food deprivation (e.g. the total number of settlers in the treatment starved for 28 d was not significantly different from the fed control). Survival was lower in treatments starved earlier in development than those starved later. Food is apparently required until late in larval development to facilitate metamorphosis. The range of settling times was large; for example, the continuously-fed control treatment produced juveniles from Days 58 through 136. Temporary starvation had no effect on initial juvenile radius.
Sequences of games: a tool for taming complexity in security proofs.

This paper is brief tutorial on a technique for structuring security proofs as sequences games.
Residual adriamycin (AdR)-induced hematopoietic damage: a consideration for subsequent radiotherapy.

Abstract The long-term effect of adriamycin (AdR) on the radiation response of hematopoietic marrow was studied at 16 weeks after treatment with a MTD (10 mg/kg) for the BDF 1 mouse. The radiation response was monitored in both the “stem cell” (CFU s -8) and myeloid (CFU-gm, granulocyte, WBC) compartments, as well as the erythroid (BFU e , CFU e , HcT) compartments of the marrow for 14 days following a whole body dose (TBI) of 4.5 Gy X ray. At the time of irradiation, animal and spleen weight of AdR treated animals were reduced while HcT and WBC remained at control levels. At the same time the granulocyte and CFU s -8d compartments were depressed, while the BFU e compartment was expanded. The CFU e and CFU-gm compartments remained at control levels. For all marrow compartments, treatment with AdR 16 weeks prior to 4.5 Gy resulted in a radiation response deficit determined from the temporal recovery curves. The data suggest that manifestation of long-term AdR injury, at least through 16 weeks following treatment, is dependent on a subsequent stress of sufficient magnitude to enhance the proliferative activity associated with hematopoietic cell production and differentiation. A comparison is made between these observations and previously reported long-term drug-induced hematopoietic injury.
Substantivalism vs Relationalism About Space in Classical Physics

Substantivalism is the view that space exists in addition to any material bodies situated within it. Relationalism is the opposing view that there is no such thing as space; there are just material bodies, spatially related to one another. This paper assesses this issue in the context of classical physics. It starts by describing the bucket argument for substantivalism. It then turns to anti-substantivalist arguments, including Leibniz’s classic arguments and their contemporary reincarnation under the guise of ‘symmetry’. It argues that these anti-substantivalist arguments are stronger than is often acknowledged. Look around you. No doubt you see various material things ‐ cups, tables, chairs ‐ spatially arranged in a certain manner. What is it for them to be spatially arranged? At a minimum, it involves spatial relationships between them: one is three feet from another; one is below another, and so on. But is it also something more than this? Are they also arranged ‘within’