cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are You Faux Real

The art market is a high-risk industry, in which authentication is the sina qua non of merchantability. In an era of increased market capitalization and ever-growing demand for fine art—either for the status it confers on its owners qua art or for its investment value—authentication is the art collector’s most frequent stumbling block. Authentication technology has become incredibly sophisticated, enabling scientists and historians to identify works from minutia as discrete as the lead in white paint and the weave of an individual bolt of canvas. Simultaneously, however, increasingly sophisticated art forgers are developing new ways to evade detection, through both artificial intelligence and already-present weaknesses in the market. This Article examines the art market’s reliance upon authentication as the conveyor of value in a work, provides an overview of the risks associated with authentication, and considers the rights, obligations, and remedies when an owner of art—be it an individual, a gallery, or a museum—discovers that the art they own is a forgery or a fake. It then examines the role of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology in both assuring authenticity and creating further short-term problems for the provenance of presently unauthenticated works. Finally, the Article examines the ethical and normative obligations of collectors of fine art. Ultimately, authentication is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it drives up the value of paintings, creates publicity that benefits their owners, and can add prestige to institutions whose art has been authenticated; on the other hand, authentication can destroy the value of a work of art as easily as it can bolster it, with risks ranging from situations where the mere question of a work’s authenticity made it impossible to sell to situations where authentication led to a legal duty to destroy the work in question, upon proof of was a forgery. While technology can streamline, reinforce, and guarantee the authenticity of a work, it can also create the opportunity for nefarious actors to perpetrate fraud on a massive scale. Until these risks can be addressed, and the art market adapts ways to address them, the old adage of caveat emptor¬—buyer beware—will continue to be the hallmark of art authentication.
Investigating pre-Hispanic scarlet macaw origins through radiogenic strontium isotope analysis at Paquimé in Chihuahua, Mexico

Abstract The pre-Hispanic settlement of Paquime (1150/1200–1450 CE) in northwestern Chihuahua exhibits extensive evidence of exchange connections with distant communities, including the remains of over 300 scarlet macaws (Ara macao), brilliantly plumed birds whose geographic origins lie at least 1000 km southeast in the humid lowlands of Mexico. Archaeological and historic records indicate that these birds were prized for their many cosmological associations, the multi-colored feathers which were widely traded and used in ceremonial attire, and their ability to mimic human speech. We use archaeological and isotopic investigations to infer the diet and geographic origin(s) of Paquime’s scarlet macaw population. We examine 29 scarlet macaw bone samples from Paquime using radiogenic strontium isotope analysis. Our results demonstrate that Paquime’s scarlet macaw population was primarily raised locally, though Paquime’s inhabitants also acquired scarlet macaws from nearby Casas Grandes region settlements in Chihuahua and extra-regional locales that may have been as far away as their endemic homeland in Veracruz in eastern Mexico. Ultimately, our findings indicate that macaw aviculture at Paquime was complex and not congruent with any single previously proposed model.
AActing WifeA: Marriage Market Incentives and Labor Market Investments

Do single women avoid career-enhancing actions because these actions could signal personality traits, like ambition, that are undesirable in the marriage market? We answer this question through two field experiments in an elite U.S. MBA program. Newly-admitted MBA students filled out a questionnaire on job preferences and personality traits to be used by the career center in internship placement; randomly-selected students thought their answers would be shared with classmates. When they believed their classmates would not see their responses, single and non-single women answered similarly. However, single women reported desired yearly compensation $18,000 lower and being willing to travel seven fewer days per month and work four fewer hours per week when they expected their classmates would see their answers. They also reported less professional ambition and tendency for leadership. Neither men nor non-single women changed their answers in response to peer observability. A supplementary experiment asked students to make choices over hypothetical jobs before discussing their choices in their career class small groups; we randomly varied the groups' gender composition. Single women were much less likely to select career-focused jobs when their answers would be shared with male peers, especially single ones. Two results from observational data support our experimental results. First, in a new survey, almost three-quarters of single female students reported avoiding activities they thought would help their career because they did not want to appear ambitious. They eschewed these activities at higher rates than did men and non-single women. Second, while unmarried women perform similarly to married women in class when their performance is kept private from classmates (on exams and problem sets), they have significantly lower participation grades.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
On the recovery of the stress-free configuration of the human cornea

Purpose: The geometries used to conduct numerical simulations of the biomechanics of the human cornea are reconstructed from images of the physiological configuration of the system, which is not in a stress-free state because of the interaction with the surrounding tissues. If the goal of the simulation is a realistic estimation of the mechanical engagement of the system, it is mandatory to obtain a stress-free configuration to which the external actions can be applied. Methods: Starting from a unique physiological image, the search of the stress-free configuration must be based on methods of inverse analysis. Inverse analysis assumes the knowledge of one or more geometrical configurations and, chosen a material model, obtains the optimal values of the material parameters that provide the numerical configurations closest to the physiological images. Given the multiplicity of available material models, the solution is not unique. Results: Three exemplary material models are used in this study to demonstrate that the obtained, non-unique, stress-free configuration is indeed strongly dependent on both material model and on material parameters. Conclusion: The likeliness of recovering the actual stress-free configuration of the human cornea can be improved by using and comparing two or more imaged configurations of the same cornea.
A Case Study of the Training Program on English Competency of Elementary School Teachers in Selected Schools

The objectives of this study were a.) to compare the differences between the pre and post-test mean scores in the different dimensions of the training program undergone by the English Elementary School Teachers, b.) to determine the causal factors behind the unexpected decrease in the post-test scores of the English Teachers; and c.) to recommend a developmental procedure based on the findings of the study designed to ensure an effective training program for the English Elementary School Teachers of Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok. The study used the descriptive method. The case study technique was employed to collect data through an interview guide from 18 English Elementary School Teachers who participated in the Training Program on English Competency wherein the post-test scores came out lower than the pre-test scores. The findings showed that the factors behind the unexpected decrease in the post-tests can be classified into 3 categories namely physical, psychological and academic. Taking into consideration the causal factors that came out of the interview, the need for a developmental procedure becomes urgent. First of all, careful planning should be done in developing and evaluating a training program. This should start with validation. Test questions should be stated in clear and simple statements to avoid problems in comprehension. Time factor should also be considered particularly in the number of hours allocated for each dimension of the training program. Proctor s of the test should be given clear instructions on test administration to ensure reliability and validity of the result.
Association of HLA class I homozygosity with unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemo-immunotherapy or immunotherapy as first-line therapy.

Abstract Background Homozygosity at HLA-I locus has been reported to be an unfavorable predictive biomarker of second-line or beyond immunotherapy in patients with different types of cancer. The linkage between HLA-I zygosity and survival in NSCLC patients treated with first-line immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy has not been reported. Methods Next generation sequencing with HLA genotyping was performed on patients with advanced NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without chemotherapy as first-line (N = 29). Progression free survival was compared between HLA-I homozygous (defined as homozygosity in at least one locus A, B, or C) and heterozygous patients. Kaplan-Meier curves were built, and log-rank test was used. Results Among 29 enrollees, 25 patients (86.2%) were HLA-I heterozygous and four patients (13.8%) were HLA-I homozygous. Treatment response was not available in five patients with HLA-I heterozygosity. Among 20 patients with HLA-I heterozygosity, five patients (20.0%) had partial response, 10 patients (50.0%) had stable disease, two patients (8.0%) had non-complete response/non-progressive disease, and three patients (12.0%) had progressive disease. Among four patients with HLA-I heterozygosity, one patient (25.0%) had partial response, one patient (25.0%) had stable disease, and two patients (50.0%) had progressive disease. The median progression free survival was not reached in heterozygous group and was 2.97 months in homozygous group (Log-rank p = 0.68). Conclusions We observed a trend toward an inverse association between HLA-I homozygosity and survival outcomes in patients with NSCLC treated with first-line therapy in conjunction with immunotherapy. Further prospective studies to validate aforementioned relationship are warranted.
Complications Associated with Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Avoiding Them

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries often occur as part of a multiligament injury pattern and can present a significant challenge to the treating surgeon. When PCL reconstruction is indicated, complications can arise in the intraoperative and postoperative period that lead to poor outcomes. These complications include neurovascular injury, fracture, compartment syndrome, persistent posterior laxity, motion loss, residual knee pain, osteonecrosis, and heterotopic ossification. The purpose of this review is to highlight complications associated with PCL reconstruction and strategies to avoid them.
Indirect effect of climate change: Shifts in ratsnake behavior alter intensity and timing of avian nest predation

a b s t r a c t Understanding how climate change will affect the abundance, distribution, and behavior of wildlife has garnered substantial attention, but predicting how climate change may alter interspecific relationships is more challenging and has received less attention. Here, we use agent-based modeling to explore how climate warming may alter activity patterns and habitat use of ratsnakes and how this will change their interactions with nesting birds. Overall nest predation by ratsnakes increased with warming environ- mental temperatures, with a 7% increase in daily nest predation as temperatures warmed by 2 ◦C. Modest increases in ambient temperature (0.5 ◦ C) caused nocturnal predation by ratsnakes to increase by 15%, particularly in the early spring (200% increase in nocturnal nest predation in March) when nocturnal snake activity is currently limited. Increased nocturnal nest predation can have important demographic consequences beyond nest failure when adult birds on the nest are vulnerable to snakes. Increased tem- peratures also caused nest predation to increase substantially in forest and forest edge habitats. In a warming world ratsnakes are predicted to use forested habitats more because the thermal heterogene- ity of forests buffers snakes against potentially lethal environmental temperatures. If ratsnakes become more concentrated in small forest patches and edges, nest survival in these patches may fall below a sus- tainable level. Conversely, as temperatures increase, ratsnakes will be less likely to prey on nests in open habitats such as shrublands, which may provide refuges for some nesting birds. Species conservation in a warming world requires understanding how the behavior of both the focal species and its predators are affected. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Quality of Life and Coping in Heart Transplant Recipients

As the frequency of successful heart transplantations increases, there is a growing need for information about how recipients and their families can adjust successfully to the many ongoing medical and psychological demands that follow transplantation. Patients are asked to engage in a wide range of adherence behaviors, to remain vigilant daily to the possibilities of infection or rejection, and to change longstanding life styles and habits. Patients attempt to meet these challenges at the same time that they and their families strive to resume “normal” lives. It is likely that these competing demands can tax the coping resources of even the most well-adjusted patients.
Molecular Mimicry between Streptococcal M Protein and Cardiac Myosin and the Immunopathogenesis of Rheumatic Fever

Rheumatic fever is one of the most serious diseases caused by group A streptococci. The manifestations of acute rheumatic fever include carditis, the most serious manifestation; arthritis, the most common manifestation; erythema marginatum, a circinate skin rash; subcutaneous nodules; and Sydenham's chorea, a nervous-movement disorder. The streptococcal M protein is one of the most well-described virulence factors of an extracellular bacterial pathogen among gram-positive bacteria. Its antiphagocytic property renders the group A streptococcus resistant to phagocytosis. When human cardiac myosin cross-reactive T-cell epitopes were mapped in the streptococcal M5 protein, several sites appeared to be dominant. Antimyosin autoantibodies were found in patients with rheumatic fever, and M-protein epitopes recognized by affinity-purified antimyosin antibodies from rheumatic carditis were identified. Mimicry between myosin, M protein, and N-acetylglucosamine may break tolerance to epitopes of human cardiac myosin in patients with rheumatic heart disease. Molecular mimicry was proposed as a potential mechanism for streptococcal sequela many years ago, before cardiac myosin and streptococcal M protein were discovered as potential key elements in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studies of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and T cells have led to a better understanding of how mimicry between the M protein and cardiac myosin could play a role in inflammatory heart disease in acute rheumatic fever.
The Philosophy of Human Evolution

This book provides a unique discussion of human evolution from a philosophical viewpoint, looking at the facts and interpretations since Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man. Michael Ruse explores such topics as the nature of scientific theories, the relationships between culture and biology, the problem of progress and the extent to which evolutionary issues pose problems for religious beliefs. He identifies these issues, highlighting the problems for morality in a world governed by natural selection. By taking a philosophical viewpoint, the full ethical and moral dimensions of human evolution are examined. This book engages the reader in a thorough discussion of the issues, appealing to students in philosophy, biology and anthropology.
Illiquid Markets and the Value Relevance of Accounting Information: Fair Value Measurements

The value of information incorporated by fair value measurements into financial statements, as compared to that provided by historical cost accounting, is considered to constitute one of its vital advantages -- such value having attributes of complete and accurate information. However, problems identified with fair value accounting include: -- The fact that in illiquid markets, trading by managers could influence traded -- as well as quoted prices, hence allowing them to manipulate fair value estimates; -- Tendency for fair value accounting to increase opportunities for manipulation when "mark-to-model" accounting is employed to simulate market prices. This study investigates the value and relevance of accounting information in certain selected jurisdictions -- particularly those with illiquid markets. In so doing, it also seeks to address questions relating to the reluctance of certain jurisdictions to fully embrace fair value accounting and whether such jurisdictions are justified in their actions.
Optical Feshbach resonances of alkaline-earth-metal atoms in a one-or two-dimensional optical lattice

Motivated by a recent experiment by Zelevinsky et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 203201 (2006)], we present the theory for photoassociation and optical Feshbach resonances of atoms confined in a tight one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) optical lattice. In the case of an alkaline-earth-metal intercombination resonance, the narrow natural width of the line makes it possible to observe clear manifestations of the dimensionality, as well as some sensitivity to the scattering length of the atoms. Among possible applications, a 2D lattice may be used to increase the spectroscopic resolution by about one order of magnitude. Furthermore, a 1D lattice induces a shift that provides an alternative way of determining the strength of a resonance by spectroscopic measurements.
Bad Sports: Explaining Sport Related Deviance

While sometimes dismissed as an unimportant subject for analysis, the study of sport has offered important insights into our social world. Yet the academic study of sport-related deviance has not kept pace with the explosion of popular media products regarding deviance in sport over the past four decades. This can be explained in part by the sheer diversity of sport related deviance which defies applying a singular theoretical explanation. A number of approaches from the sociology of sport and other social sciences offer useful ways of making sense of sport related rule-breaking while also providing valuable insights into larger questions regarding crime and deviance. This paper reviews three contemporary perspectives used in the study of sport deviance: deviant overconformity, moral panics and consumptive deviance. Drawing from exemplary studies of performance-enhancing drug use, hooligan violence, and sport celebrity scandals, I highlight the ways in which these perspectives offer a “sociological corrective” to media misrepresentations as well as insights that extend beyond sport and into contemporary social issues including race and gender relations, economic inequalities, crime, youth violence, and celebrity culture. I conclude by addressing new developments and avenues for future research.
A Method for Disjunctive Constraint Satisfaction

A distinctive property of many current grammatical formalisms is their use of feature equality constraints to express a wide variety of grammatical dependencies. Lexical-Functional Grammar (Kaplan & Bresnan, 1982), Head-Driven Phrase-Structure Grammar (Pollard & Sag, 1987), PATR (Karttunen, 1986a), FUG (Kay, 1979, 1985), and the various forms of categorial unification grammar (Karttunen, 1986b; Uszkoreit, 1986; Zeevat, Klein, & Calder, 1987) all require an analysis of a sentence to satisfy a collection of feature constraints in addition to a set of conditions on the arrangement of words and phrases. Conjunctions of equality constraints can be quickly solved by standard unification algorithms, so they in themselves do not present a computational problem. However, the equality constraints derived for typical sentences are not merely conjoined together in a form that unification algorithms can deal with directly. Rather, they are embedded as primitive elements in complex disjunctive formulas. For some formalisms, these disjunctions arise from explicit disjunction operators that the constraint language provides for (e.g., LFG) while for others disjunctive constraints are derived from the application of alternative phrase structure rules (e.g., PATR). In either case, disjunctive specifications help to simplify the statement of grammatical possibilities. Alternatives expressed locally within individual rules and lexical entries can appeal to more general disjunctive processing mechanisms to resolve their global interactions.
The experimental clean combustor program: Description and status

The objectives, program plan, schedule, pollution and performance goals, program approaches to pollution reduction, and status of the project are presented. Advanced supersonic transport and combustion noise programs are also discussed. The phases of the program consist of the following: (1) screening of low pollutant combustors, (2) refinement of the best combustors, and (3) engine demonstration of the best combustors. It is stated that all combustor designs investigated appear capable of achieving the idle pollutant goals with additional development effort.
Novel Mutation to Dominant Fucose Resistance in the l-Arabinose Operon of Escherichia coli

We isolated an unusual mutant in which the arabinose operon carried an araC lesion that led to a dominant fucose resistance while retaining recessive constitutivity. All previously characterized Cc mutations have been recessive for both fucose resistance and constitutivity.
Iodine and Thiocyanogen Numbers of the Fatty Acids of Blood Plasma

A method has been described for the determination of both iodine and thiocyanogen numbers of the fat isolated from human blood plasma by the Allen volumetric method. The values found in 13 normal individuals varied from 111 to 157 for iodine number and from 64 to 122 for thiocyanogen number. The differences between the two numbers varied between 9 and 78.
The rational design of polyurea & polyurethane dielectric materials

Abstract When designing polymeric capacitors, it is important to understand the structure–property relationship between chemical functionalities and dielectric properties to tailor materials for specific applications in terms of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, band gap, breakdown strength, etc. Herein, we report a clear structure–property relationship with dielectric constant and dielectric loss in a series of polyurea and polyurethane thin films. We demonstrate that the dielectric constant systematically increases and the dielectric loss decreases as the number of carbons between polarizable functional groups decreases. Our syntheses are guided with data obtained from high-throughput density functional theory calculations. By modeling 382 polymer systems, we have determined that a dielectric constant >4 is achieved with at least one aromatic group and at least one of the following moieties: –NH–, –C( O)–, or –O–.
Potential caveats in the use of interpretability of outcome measures

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are health assessment instruments that are designed to assess the health status of an individual from the patient’s perspective. However, the interpretation of these instruments is frequently misunderstood. In this paper, we will discuss the properties of outcome measures and how these properties help identify important change within the clinic. We outline a number of assumptions and the truths and myths behind each assumption. A summary of the use of interpretability is provided at the end of the manuscript.
The effect of shear in fiber spinning

We study the equations of isothermal fiber spinning under the assumption that viscous friction in the fiber is balanced by shear stresses. Our discussion gives a rather complete picture of the existence and nonexistence of stationary solutions. The linearization about steady state of the governing equations is analyzed by semigroup methods and shown to have the spectrally determined growth property. Both linear and nonlinear stability of stationary solutions is investigated numerically.
Ability of Lysozyme and 2-Deoxyglucose To Differentiate Human and Bovine Streptococcus bovis Strains

Human and bovine Streptococcus bovis strains had the same 16S ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and often had the same patterns of starch, mannitol, lactose, and raffinose utilization. PCRs of BOX sequences differed, but numerical analyses indicated that some human strains clustered with bovine strains. However, human and bovine strains had distinctly different sensitivities to lysozyme and 2-deoxyglucose.
Presentation of the 2009 Harrel L. Strimple Award of the Paleontological Society to David Kohls

David Kohls' story, like those of most Strimple awardees, is a love story. It is because of David's love for fossil insects that he has dedicated so many years to the careful collection and study of Eocene insects from the Green River Formation. He has made important contributions to the field through the outstanding specimens he has collected and donated, through his scientific presentations, and through his persistence and ability to bring together local geologists and international researchers. I first met David when I was a graduate student looking for localities, but then I was fortunate to reconnect with him when I took up my position at the University of Colorado. We have worked together now for over 8 years. Let me start by describing David's work process. In the spring, when the outcrops are covered with snow, David and I talk about a plan for the coming year. He plots out when and where to collect and with whom he plans to meet. In …
Europium(II) and ytterbium(II) cyclic organohydroborates: an europium(II) complex with an agostic interaction.

Lanthanide bis((cyclooctane-1,5-diyl)dihydroborate) complexes (THF)4Ln{(μ-H)2BC8H14}2 (Ln = Eu, 1; Yb, 2) were synthesized by a metathesis reaction between (THF)xLnCl2 and K[H2BC8H14] in THF in a 1:2 molar ratio. Attempts to prepare the monosubstituted lanthanide cyclic organohydroborates (THF)xLnCl{(μ-H)2BC8H14} were unsuccessful. On the basis of the molecular structure and IR spectrum of 1, there is an agostic interaction between Eu(II) and one of the α-C−H hydrogens from the {(μ-H)2BC8H14} unit. No such interaction was observed for 2. The coordinated THF in 1 and 2 can be removed under dynamic vacuum, but the solvent ligands remain bound to Yb when 2 is directly dissolved in Et2O or toluene. In strong Lewis basic solvents, such as pyridine or CH3CN, attack of the Yb−H−B bridge bonds results. Decomposition of 2 to the 9-BBN dimer in CD2Cl2 was observed by 11B and 1H NMR spectroscopies. Compound 2 was reacted with 2 equiv of the hydride ion abstracting reagent B(C6F5)3 to afford the solvent-separated ion...
The principles of war applied to business

The search for excellence in business is not enough. First a company has to survive before it can become excellent. Competition in the marketplace is a form of warfare. Twenty centuries of military history have produced principles of warfare that business executives can adapt for use in today's competitive environment. The Chinese have a “Society for the Study of Ancient Management Thinking.” Japan's success after World War II, they explain “a little bitterly”, owes much to its study of ancient Chinese wisdom, particularly Sun Tzu'sThe Art of War, which the Japanese use as a treatise on market strategy. Businessmen must use all the tools available to them to survive and prosper.
An electron microscopic study of the effects of tetanus toxin on motoneurons of the rat spinal cord.

In this electron microscopic study tetanus toxin was chosen as the convulsive agent for determining whether hyperactivity resulted in discernible morphological changes in motoneurons of the spinal cord. Alterations in the motoneurons were evident 19 hours after 10,000 LD50, 32 hours after 1000 LD50 and 51 hours after 100 LD50 of tetanus toxin. These changes were manifested as an increase in the numbers of ribosomes and, after a 100 LD50 injection of toxin, in alterations in the amount and form of the endoplasmic reticulum which were comparable to those noted in a previous study following strychnine convulsions. No striking morphological differences were observed after tetanus convulsions created by an injection of either 50 or 25 LD50 of toxin. These observations offer some morphological basis for the postulate that strychnine and tetanus toxin may operate in a similar manner in the central nervous system.
Adherence to outpatient epilepsy quality indicators at a tertiary epilepsy center

Introduction Quality indicators for the treatment of people with epilepsy were published in 2010. This is the first report of adherence to all measures in routine care of people with epilepsy at a level 4 comprehensive epilepsy center in the US.
Polar vortex conditions during the 1995-96 Arctic winter : Meteorology and MLS ozone

The 1995-96 northern hemisphere (NH) 205 winter stratosphere was colder than in any of the previous 17 winters, with lower stratospheric temperatures continuously below the type 1 (primarily HN03) polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) threshold for over 2 1/2 months. Upper tropospheric ridges in late Feb and early Mar 1996 led to the lowest observed NH lower stratospheric temperatures, and the latest observed NH temperatures below the type 2 (water ice) PSC threshold. Consistent with the unusual cold and chemical processing on PSCS, Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) MLS observed a greater decrease in lower stratospheric ozone (03) in 1995-96 than in any of the previous 4 NH winters. 03 decreased throughout the vortex over an altitude range nearly as large as that typical of the southern hemisphere (SH). The decrease between late Dec 1995 and early Mar 1996 was about 2/3 of that over the equivalent SH period. As in other NH winters, temperatures in 1996 rose above the PSC threshold before the spring equinox, ending chemical processing in the NH vortex much earlier than is usual in the SH. A downward trend in column 03 above 100 hPa during Jan and Feb 1996 appears to be related to the lower stratospheric 03 depletion.
Communities Without Borders: Images And Voices From The World Of Migration

Photographer and journalist David Bacon introduces the people of his narrative with events of 1982, when Guatemalan troops armed with “Armalite rifles, gifts of U.S. president Ronald Reagan” (xiii)...
Diversity-based acoustic communication with a glider in deep water

The primary use of underwater gliders is to collect oceanographic data within the water column and periodically relay the data at the surface via a satellite connection. In summer 2006, a Seaglider equipped with an acoustic recording system received transmissions from a broadband acoustic source centered at 75 Hz deployed on the bottom off Kauai, Hawaii, while moving away from the source at ranges up to ∼200 km in deep water and diving up to 1000-m depth. The transmitted signal was an m-sequence that can be treated as a binary-phase shift-keying communication signal. In this letter multiple receptions are exploited (i.e., diversity combining) to demonstrate the feasibility of using the glider as a mobile communication gateway.
Cryptosporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea following bone marrow transplantation

Severe diarrhea following bone marrow transplantation may be a serious complication; the precise etiology should be determined in order to provide appropriate therapy. We report two patients in whom profuse diarrhea was associated with cryptosporidium infections. The importance of clinicians and pathologists being aware of the complication in this clinical setting and the use of appropriate techniques for the isolation and identification of the microorganism are emphasized.
Paraquat diaphorases in Escherichia coli

Extracts of E. coli contain at least three easily separable NAD(P)H:paraquat diaphorases. One of these is identified as thioredoxin reductase, which accounts for most of the PQ++ diaphorase in a thioredoxin reductase overproducer but is only 25% of this activity in a wild type. NADP+, but not NAD+, inhibited the diaphorase activity of thioredoxin reductase. All of the soluble PQ++ diaphorases of E. coli are stable during fractionation by HPLC and none depend upon the cooperative action of components separable by this technique. GSSG reductase is inhibited by PQ++ and is not, to any significant degree, a contributor to the diaphorase activity of E. coli.
Prevention of chronic allograft nephropathy with vitamin D

Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is the leading cause of late allograft loss in kidney transplantation. Interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis are characteristic of CAN. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1) is associated with both of these histologic findings in the transplant setting. Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D signaling pathways may interact with and regulate TGFbeta-1 mediated events. We examined the efficacy of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the active metabolite of vitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)], the active metabolite of vitamin D, as monotherapy to prolong allograft survival and preserve renal function in a rat model of CAN, the Fisher 344 to Lewis model. Recipients went without treatment or were treated with cyclosporine A (CSA; 10 days) or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (1000, 500 or 250 ng/kg/day). Grafts were harvested at the time of rejection or at 24 weeks post-transplant. A portion of the graft was processed for histology and immunohistochemistry and a second portion was analyzed for protein expression by western blotting. Not only did 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) treatment significantly prolong graft survival, but it also prevented histological changes associated with CAN. 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) treatment significantly decreased Smad 2 expression. This TGFbeta signaling molecule is likely involved in fibrosis. Moreover, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) treatment increased Smad 7 expression, an important feedback molecule in the TGFbeta-1 signaling pathway. This suggests that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) interacts with TGFbeta-1 in limiting histological injury in this model of CAN. Furthermore, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), treatment increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), thus directly affecting levels of another important matrix molecule. Taken together our data suggests that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) mitigates CAN in this model by altering TGFbeta-1 and matrix-regulating molecules.
DNA repair following incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into DNA of mouse bone marrow cells.

5-Fluorouracil (FUra) was previously demonstrated to be incorporated into DNA at cytotoxic concentrations in mouse bone marrow cells. Subsequently, we showed that under these conditions FUra exhibited a timedependent removal from DNA accompanied by a decrease in DNA strand length. In the present study we utilized hydroxyurea to inhibit semiconservative DNA synthesis while monitoring DNA repair by measuring the incorporation of [3H]dThd into double-stranded DNA (DNAds), which can be separated from DNA at the replication fork (DNAss) by benzoylated-naphthoylated-DEAE cellulose. Under these conditions we assessed DNA repair in cells that had previously been exposed for 1 h to varying cytotoxic concentrations of FUra. The results demonstrate an increase in labelling of DNAds with increasing FUra concentrations, with no appreciable increase in incorporation of label into DNAss. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DNA repair occurs following incorporation of FUra. The failure to repair DNA damage at higher FUra concentrations may have a role in the cytotoxicity of this drug.
Evaluation of bike boxes at signalized intersections

This paper presents a before-after study of bike boxes at 10 signalized intersections in Portland, Oregon. The bike boxes, also known as advanced stop lines or advanced stop boxes, were installed to increase visibility of cyclists and reduce conflicts between motor vehicles and cyclists, particularly in potential "right-hook" situations. Before and after video were analyzed for seven intersections with green bike boxes, three intersections with uncolored bike boxes, and two control intersections. User perceptions were measured through surveys of cyclists passing through five of the bike box intersections and of motorists working downtown, where the boxes were concentrated. Both the observations and survey of motorists found a high rate of compliance and understanding of the markings. Overall, 73% of the stopping motor vehicles did not encroach at all into the bike box. Both motor vehicle and bicycle encroachment in the pedestrian crosswalk fell significantly at the bike box locations compared to the control intersections. The bike boxes had mixed effects on the motorists' encroachment in the bicycle lane. The number of observed conflicts at the bike box locations decreased, while the total number of cyclists and motor vehicles turning right increased. Negative-binomial models based upon the data predict fewer conflicts with the boxes, particularly as right-turning motor vehicle volumes increase. Observations of yielding behavior at two bike box and one control intersection found an improvement in motorists yielding to cyclists at the bike box locations. Differences in the traffic volumes and location contexts make firm conclusions about the effects of green coloring of the boxes difficult. Higher shares of surveyed motorists felt that the bike boxes made driving safer rather than more dangerous, even when the sample was narrowed to respondents who were not also cyclists. Over three-quarters of the surveyed cyclists thought that the boxes made the intersection safer.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension: effects on pulmonary vascular remodeling and contractility.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a significant disease process characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance leading to increased right ventricular afterload and ultimately progressing to right ventricular dysfunction and often death. Irreversible remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature is the hallmark of pulmonary hypertension and frequently leads to progressive functional decline in patients with PAH despite treatment with currently available therapies. Metabolites of the arachidonic acid cascade play an important homeostatic role in the pulmonary vasculature, and dysregulation of pathways downstream of arachidonic acid plays a central role in the pathobiology of PAH. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is up-regulated in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and inflammatory cells during hypoxia and plays a protective role in the lung's response to hypoxia. We recently demonstrated that absence of COX-2 was detrimental in a mouse model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Exposure of COX-2 null mice to hypoxia resulted in severe pulmonary hypertension characterized by enhanced pulmonary vascular remodeling and significant up-regulation of the endothelin-1 receptor ET A R in the lung after hypoxia. Absence of COX-2 in vitro led to enhanced contractility of PASMC after exposure to hypoxia, which could be attenuated by iloprost, a prostaglandin I 2 analog. These findings suggest that selective inhibition of COX-2 may have detrimental pulmonary vascular consequences in patients with preexisting pulmonary hypertension or underlying hypoxemic lung diseases. Here, we discuss our recent data demonstrating the adverse consequences of COX-2 inhibition on pulmonary vascular remodeling and PASMC contractility.
Effects of host age, host density and parent age on reproduction of the filth fly parasite Urolepis rufipes (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

Urolepis rufipes Ashmead, a pteromalid wasp, was recently discovered parasitizing house fly and stable fly pupae in eastern Nebraska dairies. Studies have been conducted on the biology of this parasite to evaluate its potential as a biological control agent of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.] and house flies (Musca domestica L.). House fly pupae were suitable as hosts for U.rufipes at all ages; however, significantly higher parasitism occurred on host pupae aged 96-120 h. Parasite-induced mortality (host mortality without progeny production) was higher than for other pteromalid parasites of filth flies under similar conditions. Parasitism increased with parasite--host ratio at 20 degrees C; however, the opposite was noted at 30 degrees C for parasite--host ratios ranging from 5:50 to 50:50. Fly eclosion decreased as parasite--host ratio increased at 20 degrees C, and no host eclosion occurred at the highest parasite--host ratios (20:50 and 50:50) at 30 degrees C. Females produced an average of 18.6 female and 7.6 male progeny. 88% of the progeny were produced during the first 6 days post parental eclosion. The short life span, low progeny emergence rate and high per cent host eclosion, in comparison with other parasite species, suggests that the Nebraska strain of U.rufipes may not an effective biological control agent of house flies.
Home modification to prevent falls by older ED patients

This trial was conducted at 11 EDs to test the effectiveness of distributing fall prevention information to patients 65 years or older. Intervention patients were given 2 brochures and received a reminder call 2 weeks later. All patients were called at 1 month and asked if they made home safety modifications. Three hundred ninety-seven patients were enrolled (118 control, 279 intervention). Seventy-six percent had complete follow up interviews. Nine percent of control and 8% of intervention patients reported a home modification (95% confidence interval on difference, -8.1% to 5.5%). Patients who fell in the prior year had a 2.0 increased odds (95% confidence interval, 0.8-4.6) of making a home modification. The similar home modification rates in the 2 study groups suggest that even minimum discussion (eg, the informed consent procedure) may increase patients' fall prevention activities. The stronger association in patients who fell suggests that a targeted program may have added benefit.
Modeling the Emission of Prompt Fission γ Rays for Fundamental Physics and Applications

Abstract Prompt fission γ rays are calculated through Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach simulations of the decay of the primary fragments formed in the fission process. The CGMF code is used to track individual decay histories for specific initial fission fragment configu- rations, sampling emission probability distributions for both neutron and γ -ray emissions at each stage of the evaporation process. The prompt fission γ -ray spectrum averaged over all initial fission fragments is inferred as well as the average total number of emitted photons 〈 N γ〉. In addition, the probability distribution P〈 N γ〉 and individual spectra corresponding to specific fission frag- ments are computed. Results for several fission reactions of interest, 252 Cf (sf), n th + 239 Pu, n th + 235 U, are presented and compared with recent experimental data.
Assuming reproduction to be a function of consumption raises doubts about some popular predator–prey models

1. Predator−prey models that abide by the conversion rule (reproduction rate of predators is a function of the consumption rate) are more plausible. 2. Although the conversion rule is quite general, many predator−prey models in current ecological literature fail to coordinate the arguments of the functional and numerical responses.
The Prediction of Test Performance On Licensure Examinations in Nursing

The generalizability of prediction equations was investigated for licensure examinations in nursing. Three sets of regression equations were developed and compared for accuracy of prediction. The re sults indicated that equations for one university could accurately predict test performance at a different university. It was concluded that prediction equations for the State Boards are stable across pop ulations. In addition, evidence was presented to suggest that verbal ability is an underlying construct which is partially responsible for the stable prediction.
The student's right to his own language: A viable model or empty rhetoric?

With the increasing assertion of minorities to legitimize their heritage, an increasing number of teachers, scholars, and professional organizations are advocating the concept of the student's right to his language. Three dominant instructional models, found in all schools, are analyzed and discussed relative to a viable model to facilitate the increasing articulation of the concept of the student's right to his language.
Comparison of distance matrices in studies of population structure and genetic microdifferentiation: Quadratic assignment

Questions concerning the relative effects of various evolutionary forces in molding the genetic variability exhibited by groups of human populations have typically been investigated by comparing a variety of genetic and cultural/historical "distance" matrices. A major methodological difficulty has been the lack of formal testing procedures with which to assess the degree of confirmation or disconfirmation of an estimated measure of relationship between such matrices. In this paper, we examine a very flexible matrix combinatorial procedure which generates statistical significance levels for correlational measures of pattern similarity between distance matrices. A recent generalization of the basic procedure to the three-matrix case allows questions concerning which of two matrices best fits a third matrix to be formally tested. Applications of these hypothesis testing and inference procedures to two separate sets of genetic, geographic, and cultural distance matrices illustrates their potential for finally solving a long-standing problem in anthropological genetics.