cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organization of cortical afferent and efferent pathways in the white matter of the rat visual system.

Abstract Fibers forming reciprocal connections between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex run in separate tracts in the white matter. The corticofugal fibers are organized into bundles which project through the coronal plane at an oblique angle. We have examined the organization of corticofugal fiber tracts within the white matter of the rat using cortical slices which encompassed the predicted trajectory of these fiber bundles. Field potentials were evoked in layer VI of visual cortex by focal stimulation of subcortical white matter using microbipolar electrodes. Two major responses were elicited: a short-latency and a longer-latency response. The short-latency response was elicited in the superficial strata of white matter with proximal stimulation sites and was obtained in deeper strata for more distant, lateral sites. The longer-latency response was associated with superficial strata in white matter at both proximal and distant stimulation sites. Based on the electrophysiological properties and the white matter location for eliciting these responses, it is likely that the short-latency response is due to antidromic activation of corticogeniculate fibers, whereas the longer-latency response probably arises from orthodromic activation of geniculocortical fibers. These findings provide an electrophysiological demonstration that cortical afferent and efferent pathways are segragated within the white matter and that they can be selectively activated by focal stimulation. The fact that the fiber bundle model successfully predicted the trajectory of corticofugal fibers provides additional support for this model of white matter organization. A double labeling technique which combined orthograde axonal transport and neuronal degeneration was used to examine the topographic arrangement of corticofugal fibers in the white matter. Corticofugal fibers are topographically organized in subcortical white matter in a manner which reflects the location of their cell bodies in cortex. Fibers arising from neurons situated laterally and rostrally in the cortex are superficial to those originating from more medial and caudal neurons. This topographic ordering of fibers in the white matter suggests that contact guidance may play an important role during axonogenesis in directing corticofugal axons to appropriate subcortical targets.
A Prospective Study on the Implantation of Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses during Keratoplasty for Pseudophakic and Aphakic Bullous Keratopathy

Abstract Between April 1986 and April 1989, the authors conducted a prospective study of the use of open-loop anterior chamber intraocular lenses (AC IOLs) in patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy or monocular aphakic bullous keratopathy. All patients underwent the same operation—a penetrating keratoplasty combined with insertion of an open-loop AC IOL. Pseudophakic patients had an IOL exchange at the time of surgery. Thirty-six patients have been followed an average of 15 months. Thirtytwo (89%) of the grafts are clear. Preoperatively, 100% of eyes had visual acuity less than 20/200. Postoperatively, 11 eyes (31%) have visual acuity better than 20/40 and 23 eyes (64%) have visual acuity better than 20/100. The most common causes for visual acuity less than 20/200 were cystoid macular edema, glaucoma, and immunologic graft failure. Using open-loop AC IOLs in patients with pseudophakic or aphakic bullous keratopathy can give good postoperative results and functional vision.
A schistosomiasis research agenda.

There is a long and rich history of research and control in the field of schistosomiasis that has resulted in major scientific and public health accomplishments. Examples of such findings and accomplishments include immunologic regulation in chronic infections [1], the association of helminth infections with Th1-regulating Th2-type immune responses [2], the critical role of interleukin-13 in fibrogenesis [3], and the development and validation of the “dose pole” for determining praziquantel dosages in the field [4],[5]. Perhaps in part because of this broad and successful history, those who work on schistosomiasis come from a wide variety of backgrounds and interests. While such variety is enriching to the field, it sometimes results in diverse opinions about which of the many research opportunities should be pursued. Such diversity, we believe, has at times led to a divisiveness that has harmed overall progress in the field. Partly in response to such events, we have worked with as many of those interested in schistosomiasis as we could identify to develop what we feel is a comprehensive and cohesive agenda for schistosomiasis research (Image 1).
Empirical method for preparing a plutonium predominance-region diagram

The first empirical method for preparing a plutonium predominance-region diagram used horizontal lines to locate the boundaries of the regions of forbidden, unique, and ambiguous oxidation-state distributions. A second approach changes the procedure by using vertical lines to illustrate these regions. In both cases, the boundary lines are determined by the Pu oxidation number and the equilibrium fraction of one oxidation state.
Buschke-lowenstein tumor: Therapeutic options including systemic chemotherapy

Verrucous carcinoma of the penis (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma which has been reported to have limited potential for metastatic disease. We report on 2 patients who presented with locally advanced disease after prolonged intervals of neglect. In both cases, the disease was locally aggressive with extensive tissue destruction. In 1 patient, after failure to achieve tumor control with repeated aggressive surgical excision, systemic chemotherapy using bleomycin, cisplatin, methotrexate, and leucovorin led to a complete pathologic response. We believe this is the first reported case in which systemic chemotherapy has been used to successfully treat verrucous carcinoma of the penis. Surgical excision alone was successful in achieving local disease control in the second patient.
Individually Adaptive Discrimination Training for Improvised Explosive Detection

Training for detection of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) at airport checkpoints requires continued development as training technology must keep up with threat technology. In this paper, we describe the state of research on training interventions for X-ray baggage screeners. We propose that the addition of individually adaptive training elements to exposure and discrimination training paradigms will lead to higher detection accuracy and speed as well as maximize efficiency for training. Implications for researchers and training professionals are discussed.
An Evaluation of Statistical Matching

The validity of findings based on statistically matched data sets depends on the accuracy of underlying assumptions about relationships between variables that are unique to each input file. Simulations of statistical matching procedures on samples from populations with known characteristics provide the basis for an evaluation of the usefulness of statistical matching, and for choosing among various matching techniques. In three such simulations frequent and substantial errors occur in estimates of bivariate and multivariate relationships between variables taken from two matched files. Alternative procedures for meeting the objectives of statistical matching with more solid theoretical justification and empirical support are proposed.
High efficiency diffractive grating coupler based on transferred silicon nanomembrane overlay on photonic waveguide

We report here the design of a new type of high efficiency grating coupler, based on single crystalline Si nanomembrane overlay and stacking. Such high efficiency diffractive grating couplers are designed for the purpose of coupling light between single mode fibres and nanophotonic waveguides, and for the coupling between multiple photonic interconnect layers for compact three-dimensional vertical integration. Two-dimensional model simulation based on eigenmode expansion shows a diffractive power-up efficiency of 81% and a fibre coupling efficiency of 64%. With nanomembrane stacking, it is feasible to integrate the side-distributed Bragg reflector and bottom reflector, which can lead to the diffractive power-up efficiency and the fibre coupling efficiency of 97% and 73.5%, respectively. For a negatively detuned coupler, the bottom reflector is not needed, and the diffractive power-up efficiency can reach 98% over a large spectral range. The device is extremely tolerant to fabrication errors.
Estimation of prokaryotic supergenome size and composition from gene frequency distributions

Because prokaryotic genomes experience a rapid flux of genes, selection may act at a higher level than an individual genome. We explore a quantitative model of the distributed genome whereby groups of genomes evolve by acquiring genes from a fixed reservoir which we denote as supergenome. Previous attempts to understand the nature of the supergenome treated genomes as random, independent collections of genes and assumed that the supergenome consists of a small number of homogeneous sub-reservoirs. Here we explore the consequences of relaxing both assumptions. We surveyed several methods for estimating the size and composition of the supergenome. The methods assumed that genomes were either random, independent samples of the supergenome or that they evolved from a common ancestor along a known tree via stochastic sampling from the reservoir. The reservoir was assumed to be either a collection of homogeneous sub-reservoirs or alternatively composed of genes with Gamma distributed gain probabilities. Empirical gene frequencies were used to either compute the likelihood of the data directly or first to reconstruct the history of gene gains and then compute the likelihood of the reconstructed numbers of gains. Supergenome size estimates using the empirical gene frequencies directly are not robust with respect to the choice of the model. By contrast, using the gene frequencies and the phylogenetic tree to reconstruct multiple gene gains produces reliable estimates of the supergenome size and indicates that a homogeneous supergenome is more consistent with the data than a supergenome with Gamma distributed gain probabilities.
Twelve-lead ECG features to identify ventricular tachycardia arising from the epicardial right ventricle.

Background Usefulness of 12-lead ECG for predicting an epicardial origin for ventricular tachycardia (VT) arising from the right ventricle (RV) has not been assessed. An epicardial approach is sometimes warranted to eliminate RV VT. Objectives The purpose of this study was investigate the hypothesis that specific ECG features identify an epicardial origin for RV VT. Methods To mimic an endocardial or epicardial origin, we paced representative sites in 13 patients undergoing RV endocardial/epicardial mapping (134/180 pace map sites). Results QRS duration from epicardial vs endocardial sites was not different (183 ± 27 ms vs 185 ± 28 ms, P = .3). Reported cut-off values for identifying epicardial left ventricular origin, pseudo-delta wave (≥34 ms), intrinsicoid deflection time (≥85 ms), and RS complex (≥121 ms) did not apply to the RV. A Q wave in lead II, III, or aVF was more likely noted from inferior epicardial vs endocardial sites (53/73 vs 16/43, P Conclusion A Q wave or QS in leads that best reflect local activation suggest an epicardial origin for RV depolarization and may help in identifying a probable epicardial site of origin for RV VT. QRS duration and reported criteria for epicardial origin of VT in the left ventricle do not identify a probable epicardial origin in the RV.
Managerial considerations in participative design of MIS/DSS

Abstract There is widespread support for the concept of participation in systems design and development, but inconsistent evidence as to its contribution to systems success. These results are entirely consistent with those of the behavioral sciences where participation has been studied under many different conditions. Managers of design processes need to adopt a more complex view of participation and evaluate its probable contributions and limitations in particular applications. Drawing upon research results from within and outside the field of information sciences, decision guidelines for managing the extent and character of participation have been proposed. These guidelines stress that consideration be given to various contextual aspects of the problem, technology, user(s), job tasks, and organizational design.
Electronically monitored medication adherence predicts hospitalization in heart failure patients

Background Hospitalization contributes enormously to health care costs associated with heart failure. Many investigators have attempted to predict hospitalization in these patients. None of these models has been highly effective in prediction, suggesting that important risk factors remain unidentified.
Management accounting and action

Management accounting information is intended to facilitate and enhance decision-making, but this information also may influence action. This paper explores some preliminary ideas about how and why a management accounting approach such as return on investment may initiate and sustain forceful action.
Method for the determination of 5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid and its separation from 1,3-dimethoxymethyl-5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A method is described for the measurement of 5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Briefly, the compounds are separated on a C18 reversed-phase column using a mobile phase of 50 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) and methanol. The flow-rate is 1.0 ml/min and 25 μl are injected and detected at 215 nm. The method is specific and sensitive in the range of concentrations tested, with a limit of quantification of 0.25 μg/ml. The calibration curves are linear for concentrations between 0.25 and 10 μg/ml. Intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation are less than 8.5 and 10.5%, respectively, over the linear range. Intra-day and inter-day bias are less than 7.0 and 8.0%, respectively. A pharmacokinetic study conducted in male Beagle dogs administered 10 mg/kg of 1,3-dimethoxymethyl-5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid or 8 mg/kg of 5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid intravenously demonstrates the utility of this method.
Diseases diagnosed in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) from the southeastern United States.

Diagnostic findings were reviewed on 157 sick or dead gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoar-genteus) from the southeastern United States examined during the period 1972 through 1989. Most foxes (n = 118) originated from Georgia; fewer animals were from Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. Etiologic diagnoses included canine distemper (n = 125), congenital absence of guard hairs (n = 7), traumatic injuries (n = 7), rabies (n = 3), suspected toxicoses (n = 3), verminous pneumonia due to Paragonimus kellicotti (n = 1), bacterial septicemia secondary to Dracunculus insignis (n = 1), and tick paralysis (n = 1). Concurrent toxoplasmosis or cryptosporidiosis was noted in six and three foxes with canine distemper, respectively. Only lesion diagnoses were attainable for three foxes, and six cases were classified as undetermined. Canine distemper was diagnosed in 78% of the foxes, was geographically widespread, was detected in 16 of 18 yr, and exhi...
Bottle-green microtektites from the South Tasman Rise: Deep-sea evidence for an impact event near the Miocene/Pliocene boundary

Forty-eight bottle-green microtektites (BGMTs) were found in a core sample recovered from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1169, located along the western flank of the South Tasman Rise in the southeastern Indian Ocean. Biostratigraphic evidence loosely constrains the age of the Site 1169 BGMTs to an interval spanning the late-middle Miocene to earliest Pliocene (12.1-4.6 Ma); incomplete core recovery and a major stratigraphic hiatus prevented a more precise age determination. This broad range of biostratigraphic ages indicates that these microtektites predate the Australasian strewn layer by at least 3.83 Ma, and perhaps by as much as 11.33 Ma. Furthermore, the REE signatures of the Site 1169 BGMTs are incongruent with those of typical Australasian ejecta, indicating that the Site 1169 BGMTs are not part of the larger Australasian strewn field. Among the various australite subgroups, the Site 1169 BGMTs are most similar in age to the HNa/K australites. However, numerous compositional discrepancies indicate that these two ejecta populations are also unrelated; the great distances separating Site 1169 from HNa/K australite-bearing localities also makes a shared provenance unlikely. Therefore, we conclude that the Site 1169 BGMTs were formed by a late Miocene impact that is distinctly separate from the Australasian and HNa/K australite events, though the location of this impact is unknown.
Transport of water in frozen soil VI. Effects of temperature

Abstract Effects of temperature on the transport of water in frozen soil were studied under isothermal conditions. The diffusivity of water was determined as a function of the total water content w at several different negative temperatures under the assumption that the flux of water is proportional to the gradient of total water content. A common feature found was that the diffusivity function has two peaks. One of them is near a point where w is 1.0% and another is near a point where w is equal to the equilibrium unfrozen water content. The validity of the assumption on the flux of water was examined. Also the method of analysis used to determine the diffusivity was discussed with particular emphasis on the appearance of a discontinuity in experimental profiles of w .
Most at-risk populations: contextualising HIV prevention programmes targeting marginalised groups in Zanzibar, Tanzania

According to a 2009 UNAIDS report the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in Zanzibar, Tanzania, is low in the general population (0.6%), but high among vulnerable groups, specifically sex workers (10.8%), injecting drug users (15.1%), and men who have sex with men (12.3%). In response to this concentrated epidemic, the Government of Zanzibar, international and local non-profit organisations have focused their prevention activities on these marginal populations. Although these efforts are beneficial in terms of disseminating information about HIV/AIDS and referring clients to health clinics, they fail to address how the socio-economic status of these groups places them at a greater risk for contracting and dying from the virus. Furthermore, there is an absence of qualitative research on these populations which is needed to understand the challenges these groups face and to improve the effectiveness of interventions. Through interviews with employees of government agencies and non-profit organisations, medical professionals, vulnerable populations and HIV/AIDS patients, this paper used a political economy of health and syndemic framework to examine how local realities inform and challenge HIV/AIDS programmes in Zanzibar.
Small Claims Court: Factors Influencing a Successful Outcome for the Individual Plaintiff

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the extent of individual plaintiff success in the trial stage of the small claims process and the impact of selected factors upon these favorable outcomes. Results of this study provide a basis for litigants and potential litigants to predict the outcome of the small claims trial. Of particular interest is the finding that litigant use of legal advice and representation in court is not a major factor in the outcome of a small claims court case. The results of this examination of the small claims court as it functions in Boone County, Missouri, suggest that, with the possible exception of plaintiff's gender, “justice is blind.”
Memory coherence in the age of multicores

As we enter an era of exascale multicores, the question of efficiently supporting a shared memory model has become of paramount importance. On the one hand, programmers demand the convenience of coherent shared memory; on the other, growing core counts place higher demands on the memory subsystem and increasing on-chip distances mean that interconnect delays are becoming a significant part of memory access latencies. In this article, we first review the traditional techniques for providing a shared memory abstraction at the hardware level in multicore systems. We describe two new schemes that guarantee coherent shared memory without the complexity and overheads of a cache coherence protocol, namely execution migration and library cache coherence. We compare these approaches using an analytical model based on average memory latency, and give intuition for the strengths and weaknesses of each. Finally, we describe hybrid schemes that combine the strengths of different schemes.
XPS, Auger And SEM Analysis Of The InP Surface After Closed-Ampoule Diffusion With Sulphur At Several Diffusion Temperatures

In an attempt to identify the factors which limit the performance of InP solar cells made by the closed-ampoule diffusion of sulphur into p-type InP substrates, and in order to optimize the fabrication process, we have done a detailed analysis of the InP surface and of the diffused emitter region using XPS, Auger, SEM and EDAX for diffusion temperatures of 600, 625, 650, 675, 700 and 725°C for a fixed diffusion time of 3 hours, and diffusion times of 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours for a fixed temperature of 675°C. In this paper, we present the results of this analysis, showing how the morphology and chemical composition of the InP surface layer changes with the diffusion temperature and identifying the possible mechanisms which limit the photocurrent and the open circuit voltage of solar cells fabricated using the closed-ampoule diffusion process.
River Flow Response to Precipitation and Snow Budget in California during the 1994/95 Winter

A numerical study of precipitation and river flow from November 1994 to May 1995 at two California basins is presented. The Hopland watershed of the Russian River in the northern California Coastal Range and the headwater of the North Fork American River in the northern Sierra Nevada were selected to investigate the hydroclimate, snow budget, and streamflow at different elevations. Simulated precipitation and streamflow at the Hopland basin closely approximated observed values. An intercomparison between the semidistributed TOPMODEL and two versions of the lumped Sacramento model for the severe storm event of January 1995 indicates that both types of models predicted a similar response of river outflows from this basin, with the exception that TOPMODEL predicted a faster recession of river flow with less base flow after precipitation ended. Precipitation in this low-elevation watershed was predominantly in the form of rain, causing a fast streamflow response. The high-elevation Sierra Nevada watershed received most of its precipitation as snowfall. As a result, the frozen water held in surface storage delayed runoff and streamflow. Application of a simple elevation-dependent snowfall and rainfall partitioning scheme showed the significance of finescale terrain variation in the surface hydrology at high-elevation watersheds.
Dynaturtle Revisited: Learning Physics Through Collaborative Design of a Computer Model

Abstract We investigate two related issues. In what ways can we support student inquiry in the classroom? How can innovative representational systems support learning? In the first case, we advocate collaborative designas a form of activity particularly suited for supporting student inquiry in physics. Students can easily understand and engage in activities that are framed in terms of design, and the task of design also provides a context in which idealized worlds can be considered naturally. With respect to representations for learning, we explore the use of a programming languageto mediate design and inquiry in physics. Programming provides students with an alternative means of expression that is precise and compact. Because a computer language contains certain commands and structures, and not others, it both constrains and enables. In addition, programming can easily capture causal relations and time development, features central to physics. We make our points by displaying and analyzing a teacher‐led ...
Integrated MEMS Switches for Leakage Control of Battery Operated Systems

This paper presents a novel and efficient leakage control technique suitable for battery operated systems. In this paper we propose to completely cut off the power supply of combinational digital logic of the baseband processor in the standby mode of operation using an integrated MEMS switch. Measurement results of thermally actuated MEMS switches illustrate extremely low ON resistances (<3Omega) with NO-standby power consumption. This methodology can drastically reduce the leakage power, thereby increasing the battery lifetime by more than 50%
Diaphragm arterioles are less responsive to α1-adrenergic constriction than gastrocnemius arterioles

The sympathetic nervous system has greater influence on vascular resistance in low-oxidative, fast-twitch skeletal muscle than in high-oxidative skeletal muscle (17). The purpose of this study was ...
Change in agricultural land use constrains adaptation of national wildlife refuges to climate change

SUMMARY Land-use change around protected areas limits their ability to conserve biodiversity by altering ecological processes such as natural hydrologic and disturbance regimes, facilitating species invasions, and interfering with dispersal of organisms. This paper informs USA National Wildlife Refuge System conservation planningbypredictingfutureland-usechangeonlands within 25 km distance of 461 refuges in the USA using an econometric model. The model contained two differing policy scenarios, namely a ‘businessas-usual’ scenario and a ‘pro-agriculture’ scenario. Regardless of scenario, by 2051, forest cover and
Electromagnetic effect on flow behind gaseous detonations.

Flow behind propagating gaseous detonation waves is studied to determine how energy addition and momentum change brought about by the application of electromagnetic fields will affect such properties as pressure, temperature, and particle velocity. The analysis is based on a one-dimensional nonsteady model for the flowfield, coupled to a one-dimensional quasi-steady model for the wavefront. Results of numerical solutions are presented for 1) uniform electric and magnetic fields and uniform conductivity, and 2) varying electric fields with uniform magnetic fields and varying conductivity (calculated from measured field quantities), with positive and negative Lorentz forces in each case. Experimental pressure measurements are used to show that the theoretical predictions are qualitatively correct. Pressure increases of as much as 20% were observed downstream of the electromagnetic field when the Lorentz forces were pushing the flow, with no pressure change upstream of the field. Pressure increases of as much as 20% were observed upstream of the electromagnetic field when the Lorentz forces were retarding the flow, with pressure decreasing downstream of the field.
Use of a heat exchanger in liver transplantation.

Of the first 16 patients who underwent orthoptic liver transplantation, 81 % were observed to be hypothermic at termination of bypass (X = 34.5°C, n = 16). In response, an in-line heat exchangerwas added to the bypass circuit. Subsequently, 72% of the next 11 patients terminated bypass normothermic (x = 37.0°C, n = 11). By removing from the sample those patients who incurred low blood flows, 100% of the patients terminated bypass normothermic (X = 38.2°C, n = 8). At temperatures of 30-33°C cardiac arrhythmias have been observed. Hypothermia has been documented to cause thrombocytopenia and neutropenia which can lead to blood loss. These low counts are only partially reversible with platelet infusion and white blood cells (WBC). The use of an in-line heat exchanger during liver transplantation is essential in preventing hypothermia in our experience.
Renormalizing the double-beta operator for the shell model

We review work, much of it by the author and collaborators, to take omitted levels into account in shell-model calculations of neutrinoless double-beta decay. Previous work on this type of problem deals mainly with corrections to the shell-model Hamiltonian. Here we focus on corrections to the two-body transition operator that governs the rate of neutrinoless decay. Corrections in the form of two-body effective operators appear to be significant but have yet to be fully pinned down. Three-body effective operators may be significant as well.
Analysis and performance assessment of the active frequency drift method of islanding prevention

Islanding of photovoltaic (PV) systems can cause a variety of problems and must be prevented. However, if the real and reactive powers of the load and PV system are closely matched, islanding detection by passive methods becomes difficult. Also, most active methods lose effectiveness when there are several PV systems feeding the same island. The active frequency drift method (AFD), also called the frequency bias method, enables islanding detection by forcing the frequency of the voltage in the island to drift up or down. In this paper, AFD is studied analytically, using the describing function analysis technique, and by simulation, using MATLAB. It is shown that AFD has a nondetection zone (NDZ) in which it fails to detect islanding, and that this NDZ includes a range of unity-power-factor loads. Finally, the paper describes a novel method using positive feedback which significantly shrinks the size of the AFD NDZ.
Wall‐to‐membrane linkers in onion epidermis: some hypotheses

Wall-to-wall linkage may help maintain cell integrity and polarity, and focus mechanical stress from wall to mech-anotransductive ion channels within the plasm a lemma. When cells of onion bulb scale epidermis shrink during plasmolysis with CaCl2, the plasmalemma remains attached to the cell wall by Hechtian strands which we hypothesize might possibly be drawn out from linkages fulfilling the above functions. We show that at least many of the attachment loci are independent of the plasmodesmata. A priori, wall glycoproteins seem good candidates for the wall-to-membrane linkers; therefore, we investigated the distribution in wall and plasmalemma of antigen recognized by antibody to hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP). Using fluorescent secondary antibodies, we showed that polyclonal antibodies prepared against wall HRGP from soybean bind to the onion walls (following mild depectination), but also bind to the plasmalemma after the wall is enzymatically digested. The distribution of the antibodies is punctate. On the plasmalemma, the points tend to be scattered more or less uniformly, but can cluster at termini of large streaming strands (which rarely form in wall-constrained cells.) These streaming strands can be seen to exert tension on the membrane. We hypothesize that (1) the antigen on the surface of the protoplast may correspond to the antigen in the walls, (2) such antigen may be responsible for adhesion of membrane to wall at the linkage sites visualized by CaCl2 plasmolysis, and (3) the linkage sites may be transmembrane proteins to which cytoskeleton can attach at the inner surface.
Soil-profile organic carbon and total nitrogen during 12 years of pasture management in the Southern Piedmont USA.

Abstract Soil organic C (SOC) and total soil N (TSN) sequestration estimates are needed to improve our understanding of management influences on soil fertility and terrestrial C cycling related to greenhouse gas emission. We evaluated the factorial combination of nutrient source (inorganic, mixed inorganic and organic, and organic as broiler litter) and forage utilization (unharvested, low and high cattle grazing pressure, and hayed monthly) on soil-profile distribution (0–150 cm) of SOC and TSN during 12 years of pasture management on a Typic Kanhapludult (Acrisol) in Georgia, USA. Nutrient source rarely affected SOC and TSN in the soil profile, despite addition of 73.6 Mg ha−1 (dry weight) of broiler litter during 12 years of treatment. At the end of 12 years, contents of SOC and TSN at a depth of 0–90 cm under haying were only 82 ± 5% (mean ± S.D. among treatments) of those under grazed management. Within grazed pastures, contents of SOC and TSN at a depth of 0–90 cm were greatest within 5 m of shade and water sources and only 83 ± 7% of maximum at a distance of 30 m and 92 ± 14% of maximum at a distance of 80 m, suggesting a zone of enrichment within pastures due to animal behavior. During 12 years, the annual rate of change in SOC (0–90 cm) followed the order: low grazing pressure (1.17 Mg C ha−1 year−1) > unharvested (0.64 Mg C ha−1 year−1) = high grazing pressure (0.51 Mg C ha−1 year−1) > hayed (−0.22 Mg C ha−1 year−1). This study demonstrated that surface accumulation of SOC and TSN occurred, but that increased variability and loss of SOC with depth reduced the significance of surface effects.
GaAs two-phase dynamic FET logic: a low-power logic family for VLSI

An extremely low-power, high-density GaAs logic family is described. Two-phase dynamic FET logic (TDFL) provides all the standard logic functions (NOT, NAND, NOR), and it operates from two nonoverlapping clocks and a single supply. TDFL gates are shown to operate above 750 MHz with an extremely low power dissipation of only 44 nW/MHz gate. TDFL is self-latching, lending itself to highly efficient pipelined architectures, and it is implemented with a standard enhancement/depletion (E/D)-mode MESFET foundry process. Finally, TDFL is directly compatible with static direct-coupled FET logic (DCFL), making its introduction into high-speed systems very straightforward. >
Introduction: The Immortal Chimpanzee at its Typewriter

Suppose that we take an immortal chimpanzee and chain it to a Greek typewriter built to take wear. Suppose, further, that the typewriter has only twenty-five keys (one for each of the twenty-four upper case letters of the Greek alphabet and a blank space key), and that the chimp is compelled to strike one key every five seconds. The assumption is that it does so at random.
Meningioma encased ruptured paraophthalmic aneurysm: case report and review of the literature

Abstract The association of intracranial aneurysms with meningiomas is rare. We report the first case of a 52-year-old woman in which a ruptured aneurysm was encased within a meningioma and associated with a contralateral extradural aneurysm. A PubMed search of literature using the search words “aneurysm” and “meningioma,” was performed in order to compile previously reported cases, Only 5 cases reported to date of an aneurysm within a meningioma. Although a rare occurrence, this case suggests the possibility of asymptomatic ICA aneurysms located within sphenoid wing meningiomas. Recognition of this possibility may be prudent in order to avoid inadvertent vascular complications during meningioma resection.
Research Article: Caloric restriction and methionine and their effects on longevity in Drosophila melanogaster

Caloric restriction (CR) has shown to increase lifespan in several model organisms including Drosophila melanogaster. Several pathways have been studied in order to better understand the biochemical mechanisms for this increase in longevity. Methionine has been shown to play a role in promoting antioxidant responsiveness to oxidative stress and other forms of cellular degeneracy. A reduction of dietary methionine has shown to increase longevity. The experiments run in this study were designed to bolster these findings. If an increase in dietary methionine limited lifespan, a corol could be drawn to methionine restriction studies. This experiment dealt with the effects of dietary methionine supplementation in conjunction with caloric restriction, and how these effects are linked to longevity in D. melanogaster. The results of these studies were consistent with previous caloric restriction studies. However, the effects of methionine on CR proved to be inconclusive.
A nasal mucocele originating from complex facial fractures

Mucoceles are benign, epithelial-lined mucous cysts. Commonly mucoceles form secondary to obstruction of a sinus outflow tract or from mucosal gland entrapment from chronic infection, inflammation, iatrogenic trauma, external trauma, or neoplasm. We present a rare case of a nasal mucocele in a 37-year old male arising from a remote history of maxillofacial trauma. To our knowledge, mucoceles associated with nasal bone fractures have not been reported in the literature.
Bayous and jungle rivers: cross-cultural perspectives on children's environmental moral reasoning.

Similarities in moral concerns and obligations to the environment were found in the moral reasoning of African American children in Houston and Brazilian children in a large city and in a small river village.
Impact of resident participation on morbidity and mortality in neurosurgical procedures: An analysis of 16,098 patients

OBJECT The authors sought to determine the impact of resident participation on overall 30-day morbidity and mortality following neurosurgical procedures. METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all patients who had undergone neurosurgical procedures between 2006 and 2012. The operating surgeon(s), whether an attending only or attending plus resident, was assessed for his or her influence on morbidity and mortality. Multivariate logistic regression, was used to estimate odds ratios for 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality outcomes for the attending-only compared with the attending plus resident cohorts (attending group and attending+resident group, respectively). RESULTS The study population consisted of 16,098 patients who had undergone elective or emergent neurosurgical procedures. The mean patient age was 56.8 ± 15.0 years, and 49.8% of patients were women. Overall, 15.8% of all patients had at least one postoperative compli...
Activation of Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Thalamus in Alcoholic Subjects on Exposure to Alcohol-Specific Cues

Background: Functional imaging studies have recently demonstrated that specific brain regions become active in cocaine addicts when they are exposed to cocaine stimuli. To test whether there are regional brain activity differences during alcohol cue exposure between alcoholic subjects and social drinkers, we designed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol involving alcohol-specific cues. Methods: Ten non‐treatment-seeking adult alcoholic subjects (2 women) (mean [SD] age, 29.9 [9.9] years) as well as 10 healthy social drinking controls of similar age (2 women) (mean [SD] age, 29.4 [8.9] years) were recruited, screened, and scanned. In the 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner, subjects were serially rated for alcohol craving before and after a sip of alcohol, and after a 9-minute randomized presentation of pictures of alcoholic beverages, control nonalcoholic beverages, and 2 different visual control tasks. During picture presentation, changes in regional brain activity were measured with the blood oxygen level‐dependent technique. Results: Alcoholic subjects, compared with the social drinking subjects, reported higher overall craving ratings for alcohol. After a sip of alcohol, while viewing alcohol cues compared with viewing other beverage cues, only the alcoholic subjects had increased activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior thalamus. The social drinkers exhibited specific activation only while viewing the control beverage pictures. Conclusions: When exposed to alcohol cues, alcoholic subjects have increased brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus—brain regions associated with emotion regulation, attention, and appetitive behavior.
Using narrowing in the analysis of key management protocols

The author develops methods for analyzing cryptographic protocols using techniques developed for the solutions of equations in a term rewriting system. In particular, she describes a model of a class of cryptographic protocols and possible attacks on those protocols as term rewriting systems. She also describes a software tool based on the narrowing algorithm that can be used in the analysis of such protocols. Finally, she uses the tool in the analysis of a simple protocol and outlines ways in which the tool might be improved to provide greater assistance in the analysis of more complex protocols. >
Acute coronary syndromes: selective vs early invasive strategies.

Recommendations in the 2007 update of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for patients with non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) provide considerable latitude regarding treatment choices and care pathways. Nevertheless, as accumulating evidence leads to increased recommendations for early invasive strategies, more patients are likely to receive care that falls short of recommendations. While tailoring pharmacotherapy to optimize the risk/benefit ratio for individual patients remains essential, it becomes increasingly important that care paradigms be prospectively defined. To facilitate this goal, we examined key differences between the 2002 and 2007 guidelines and explored data underlying changed recommendations for periprocedural pharmacotherapy. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silicon carbide power semiconductor module development for a high temperature 10 kW AC drive

A silicon carbide power module has been developed to demonstrate a high-temperature, 10 kW AC drive application. Several goals for this development include temperature dependent parameter evaluation of parallel-connected transistors and junction barrier Schottky diodes at 150 /spl deg/C operating temperature. Next, design of a high-thermal conductivity substrate to cool the modules based on predicted losses. Finally the integration into a variable speed AC drive using a DSP-based V/F motor controller. Test results for the 10 kW AC drive are provided to demonstrate power module performance up to 180 /spl deg/C.
Constraint on the optical constants of a film-substrate system for operation as an external-reflection retarder at a given angle of incidence.

Given a transparent film of refractive index n1 on an absorbing substrate of complex refractive index n2-jk2, we examine the constraint on n1, n2, and k2 such that the film–substrate system acts as an external-reflection retarder of specified retardance Δ at a specified angle of incidence ϕ. The constraint, which takes the form f(n1,n2,k2;ϕ,Δ) = 0, is portrayed graphically by equi-n1 contours in the n2,k2 plane at ϕ = 45, 70° and for Δ = ±90 and ±180°, corresponding to quarterwave and halfwave retarders (QWR and HWR), respectively. The required film thickness as a fraction of the film thickness period and the polarization-independent device reflectance ℛ are also studied graphically as functions of the optical constants. It is found that as n2 → 0, ℛ → 1, so that a metal substrate such as Ag is best suited for high-reflectance QWR (ϕ > 45°) and HWR (ϕ ≤ 45°). However, films that achieve QWR at ϕ ≤ 45° are excellent antireflection coatings of the underlying dielectric, semiconductor, or metallic substrate.
Investigation of the dispersion of carbon black agglomerates of various sizes in simple-shear flows

The dispersion of spherical carbon black agglomerates suspended in polydimethyl siloxane liquid and subjected to simple shear flows has been studied in a cone-and-plate shearing device. Sets of dispersion experiments were carried out for agglomerates of various size and packing density. For agglomerates of equal density and under conditions of equivalent cone rotation rates, the dispersion rates of small agglomerates were smaller than those observed for larger agglomerates. Since the agglomerates occupy a significant fraction of the flow domain, the magnitude and distribution of shear stress acting on the agglomerate at a fixed cone rotation rate depends on the ratio of agglomerate size relative to the size of the gap between the cone and plate. To investigate whether this effect could cause the observed variation in dispersion behavior, we performed three-dimensional simulations of the flow fields within the cone-and-plate device and calculated the resulting stress fields acting on spherical agglomerates. These results helped guide additional experiments in which the peak stress acting on agglomerates of various sizes was matched. However, even under matched stress conditions, the dispersion kinetics was found to vary according to the agglomerate size. In addition, the dispersion kinetics for identical sized agglomerates was found to depend on their processing history. Both of these results lead to the conclusion that some other effect, likely the infiltration of the processing fluid within the agglomerate structure, also influences the dispersion behavior.
Topology-guided design of an anionic bor-network for photocatalytic [Ru(bpy)3]2+ encapsulation

An anionic metal–organic framework, PCN-99, has been synthesized through a topology-guided strategy; its underlying bor-net is realized by the use of a tetrahedral [In(COO)4]− node and a judiciously designed trigonal planar linker. In light of its anionic nature, the inherent cuboctahedral cage and 1D channel make PCN-99 an excellent matrix to encapsulate the photocatalytic [Ru(bpy)3]2+.
Extending thought in young children: a parent–teacher partnership, 2nd ed.

by Chris Athey, London, Paul Chapman Publishing, 2009, 248pp., £19.99 (paperback), ISBN 978‐1‐41292‐132‐9 One of the negative characterizations of young children is that their behavior is random an...
Severity of liver abscesses and efficiency of feed utilization of feedlot cattle.

Relationships of gain, intake, feed efficiency and severity of liver abscesses were evaluated in 12 experiments involving 566 head of individually fed cattle. Concentrate level in the diets ranged from 64 to 95%. In all experiments, livers were scored as unabscessed (0), one or two small abscesses (A-), two to four small active abscesses (A) or one or more large, active abscesses (A+). Based on homogeneity of variances, nine of the experiments were divided into two groups. In one group (four experiments) the incidence of liver abscesses was 32.1% and no significant (P greater than .25) effects of liver abscess severity score on feedlot performance variables were found. In the second group (five experiments), the incidence of liver abscesses was 77.7%. In the second group, liver abscess severity score affected final live weight (P less than .10), hot carcass weight (P less than .0001), dry matter intake (P less than .10), daily gain based on live weight recorded 24 h prior to slaughter (P less than .10), daily gain based on live weight estimated from hot carcass weight with a 62% dressing percentage (P less than .0001), feed efficiency using final live weight estimated from hot carcass weight (P less than .0001) and dressing percentage (P less than .01). In all cases, performance means for cattle with A+ liver scores were the only ones that differed significantly from those of non-abscessed cattle.