cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Prescription for Racial Equality in Medicine

A significant body of evidence suggests that minority race adversely affects the quantity and quality of health care provided to minority patients. Although no one has documented systemic overt racism among health care providers, persistent inequities in the delivery of health care services pose serious problems for patients of color. Ultimately, the medical establishment must confront the reality that African Americans and other racial minorities often do not receive equal treatment in the health care system. The continued implementation of affirmative action programs as part of the medical school admissions process plays a key role in improving health care delivery for patients of all races. Diversity in the medical school classroom guarantees diversity in the physician workforce. This in turn increases access to care for underserved patients and provides many patients of color with the opportunity to receive care from a physician with whom they can communicate effectively and whom they trust. Ideally, diversity in medical education also helps all physicians in training to develop crucial communication skills and to break down racial, cultural, and religious stereotypes so that all medical school graduates will be equipped to communicate with and provide optimal care for patients whose race or background differs from their own. For now, race-conscious admissions policies play an essential role in guaranteeing racial and ethnic diversity in medical schools and in improving the odds that medical schools will graduate "culturally competent" physicians. These combined circumstances suggest that the grounds for maintaining programs of affirmative action in medical school admissions are perhaps more compelling than in many other higher education contexts. The Supreme Court's conclusion in Grutter that racial diversity in the classroom represents a compelling governmental interest serves as an important step towards achieving racial justice in health care because it gives medical schools permission to take carefully considered affirmative steps to admit diverse classes of qualified students. Nevertheless, affirmative action in higher education remains constitutionally and socially controversial and universities utilizing race-conscious admissions policies should not become complacent. Medical schools should be prepared to consider alternative strategies to achieving diversity and simultaneously should take a hard look at curriculum choices in order to maximize the impact of medical education for the patients they serve.
Veno-ventricular interaction and heart failure

An analytical solution for ventricular preload is provided. The approach rests on basic principles of autoregulation of cardiac output and blood pressure by the kidney's control of total blood volume. A computer model of the left ventricle and afterload was developed that incorporates these mechanisms. For control conditions, it was found that the model converged to the preload necessary for the prescribed cardiac output and pressure. For a decrement in ventricular contractile properties, the model predicted an increase in total blood volume and preload. This compensatory response maintained ventricular output. These responses are consistent with observations of early cardiac failure.
Visually directed walking to briefly glimpsed targets is not biased toward fixation location.

When observers indicate the magnitude of a previously viewed spatial extent by walking without vision to each endpoint, there is little evidence of the perceptual collapse in depth associated with some other methods (e.g. visual matching). One explanation is that both walking and matching are perceptually mediated, but that the perceived layout is task-dependent. In this view, perceived depth beyond 2-3 m is typically distorted by an equidistance effect, whereby the egocentric distances of nonfixated portions of the depth interval are perceptually pulled toward the fixated point. Action-based responses, however, recruit processes that enhance perceptual accuracy as the stimulus configuration is inspected. This predicts that walked indications of egocentric distance performed without vision should exhibit equidistance effects at short exposure durations, but become more accurate at longer exposures. In this paper, two experiments demonstrate that in a well-lit environment there is substantial perceptual anisotropy at near distances (3-5 m), but that walked indications of egocentric distance are quite accurate after brief glimpses (150 ms), even when the walking target is not directly fixated. Longer exposures do not increase accuracy. The results are clearly inconsistent with the task-dependent information processing explanation, but do not rule out others in which perception mediates both walking and visual matches. Language: en
Factors Controlling Sperm Entry into the Micropyles of Salmonid and Herring Eggs

When the micropyle area of salmonid (trout and salmon) eggs was observed continuously from the moment of insemination, spermatozoa were seen moving along the surface of the chorion and entering the micropyle one by one in a directed fashion. The ability of spermatozoa to enter the micropyle was reduced after the treatment of chorions with pronase; this reduction in sperm entry was observed even before the outer opening of the micropyle channel was narrowed due to gradual swelling of the chorion by pronase treatment. Herring spermatozoa, unlike spermatozoa of most other marine fishes, were motionless in seawater. However, they became vigorously motile on contact with the micropyle area of the herring egg chorion and entered the micropyle rapidly and efficiently. Motility initiation of herring spermatozoa in the micropyle area was dependent on extracellular calcium and potassium. Sodium also appears to be intricately involved in this process as demonstrated by the initiation of sperm movement in sodium-free seawater. When herring eggs were treated with acidic seawater, organic solvents, or glutaraldehyde, spermatozoa did not initiate movement in the micropyle area, and sperm entry was not observed. Herring spermatozoa did not initiate movement in the micropyle area of salmonid eggs. These and other observations suggest that the micropyle areas of salmonid and herring eggs possess some sperm guidance factors which facilitate entry of homologous spermatozoa into the micropyle.
The Wilcoxon, Ties, and the Computer

Abstract In testing for equality of distribution in two unpaired samples with ordered categorical data or data with many ties, the two sample Wilcoxon average rank test is attractive. Unfortunately, the null distribution of the statistic depends upon the pattern of ties and is generally difficult to compute. In an attempt to improve existing approximations, moments through order four are derived. It is regretted that in small to moderate sample sizes, no consistent improvement over the simple normal approximation was found. The erratic nature of both the values of the statistic and the jumps of the distribution appears to rule out any good, smooth approximation in small samples. For calculation of the exact distribution, an algorithm is given to generate restricted compositions efficiently on a computer. The algorithm provides a useful means of obtaining exact probabilities in many cases.
Dielectronic recombination involving high Rydberg states

Abstract Dielectronic recombination (DR) rates for ions contain contributions from intermediate states in which at least one electron is raised to or captured in a high Rydberg state (nl). Although the n-dependence of the Auger and radiative probabilities is usually of the n−3 type, the DR rate, αDR, may have a much weaker n-dependence, if the two active electrons are in high Rydberg states (HRS) or in a light ion. Excitations from the L and M shells of the ions A7+, Fe15+ and Mo31+ are considered and a theoretical formula for the fluorescence yield is given which is applicable for large n. The relative sizes of the contributions to αDR made by select classes of HRS are calculated. Results are strongly influenced by Auger decays accompanied by transitions into excited states.
Determining the passage dependency of comprehension questions in 5 major tests.

TESTS OF READING COMPREHENSION presently used do not provide one important item of technical data: the extent to which questions used in the test could be answered without reading the passages upon which those questions are based (passage dependency). This leaves the test user guessing as to whether students taking the test and performing well, did or did not understand the written material contained in the test. Indices of
Isolation of a Histoplasma capsulatum cDNA that complements a mitochondrial NAD(+)‐isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit I‐deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A cDNA library was prepared from Histoplasma capsulatum strain G-217B yeast cells and an apparently full-length cDNA for a subunit of the citric acid cycle enzyme NAD(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase was identified by sequence analysis. Its predicted amino acid sequence is more similar to the IDH1 regulatory subunit of S. cerevisiae NAD(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase than to the IDH2 catalytic subunit. After expression in S. cerevisiae from an S. cerevisiae promoter, it was shown to functionally complement an S. cerevisiae idh1 mutant, but not an idh2 mutant, for growth on acetate as a carbon source and for production of NAD(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. These results confirm that the H. capsulatum cDNA encodes a homologue of subunit I of the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase isozyme that functions in the citric acid cycle. The HcIDH1 cDNA sequence is available in GenBank with Accession No. AF009036. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of bursting neurons in the CA1 region and the subiculum of the rat hippocampus

We performed patch-clamp recordings from morphologically identified and anatomically mapped pyramidal neurons of the ventral hippocampus to test the hypothesis that bursting neurons are distributed on a gradient from the CA2/CA1 border (proximal) through the subiculum (distal), with more bursting observed at distal locations. We find that the well-defined morphological boundaries between the hippocampal subregions CA1 and subiculum do not correspond to abrupt changes in electrophysiological properties. Rather, we observed that the percentage of bursting neurons is linearly correlated with position in the proximal-distal axis across the CA1 and the subiculum, the percentages of bursting neurons being 10% near the CA1-CA2 border, 24% at the CA1-subiculum border, and higher than 50% in the distal subiculum. The distribution of bursting neurons was paralleled by a gradient in afterdepolarization (ADP) amplitude. We also tested the hypothesis that there was an association between bursting and two previously described morphologically distinct groups of pyramidal neurons (twin and single apical dendrites) in the CA1 region. We found no difference in output mode between single and twin apical dendrite morphologies, which was consistent with the observation that the two morphologies were equally distributed across the transverse axis of the CA1 region. Taken together with the known organization of connections from CA3 to CA1 and CA1 to subiculum, our results indicate that bursting neurons are most likely to be connected to regular spiking neurons and vice versa.
Definitions for fuzzy floor and ceiling

The new definition of the fuzzed Floor and Ceiling functions in IBM APL systems is presented and is shown to be superior to previous definitions. The mathematical properties of all four definitions are compared, and "fuzz graphs" display the differences in the definitions. Implementation considerations are discussed.
PID controller tuning for the first-order-plus-dead-time process model via Hermite-Biehler theorem

This paper discusses PID stabilization of a first-order-plus-dead-time (FOPDT) process model using the stability framework of the Hermite-Biehler theorem. The FOPDT model approximates many processes in the chemical and petroleum industries. Using a PID controller and first-order Pade approximation for the transport delay, the Hermite-Biehler theorem allows one to analytically study the stability of the closed-loop system. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for stability and develop an algorithm for selection of stabilizing feedback gains. The results are given in terms of stability bounds that are functions of plant parameters. Sensitivity and disturbance rejection characteristics of the proposed PID controller are studied. The results are compared with established tuning methods such as Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, and internal model control.
Entropy drives integrin alphaIIbbeta3:echistatin binding--evidence from surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy.

This investigation examined the molecular mechanisms that enable the αIIbβ3 integrin to bind efficiently, tightly, and selectively to echistatin, an RGD disintegrin. We used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to measure the rate, extent, and stability of complexes formed between micellar αIIbβ3 and recombinant echistatin (rEch) mutants, immobilized on the surface of a biosensor chip. αIIbβ3 bound readily and tightly to wild-type RGD-rEch and RGDF-rEch but not to RGA-rEch or AGD-rEch, demonstrating that both of those charged moieties contribute to integrin recognition. van’t Hoff analysis of the temperature dependence of the RGD-rEch Kd data yielded an unfavorable enthalpy change, ΔH° = 14 ± 3 kcal/mol, offset by a favorable entropy term, TΔS° = 23 ± 3 kcal/mol. Eyring analysis of the temperature dependence of the kinetic parameters yielded ΔHa°⧧ = 9 ± 2 kcal/mol and TΔSa°⧧ = −4 ± 2 kcal/mol, indicating that a substantial activation enthalpy barrier and a smaller activation entropy hinder assembly of t...
Electromagnetic properties of stable particles and resonances according to the unitary symmetry theory

We show that a theory whoseSU3-invariant strong interactions are perturbed by electromagnetic interactions alone may be obtained formally by a certain unitary transformation of a theory whoseSU3-invariant strong interactions are perturbed by merely charge-independent interactions. By exploiting readily available information on the latter theory, we can give a rapid derivation of relationships between the electromagnetic properties of various particles and resonances. While many new results are presented, principal emphasis is on the power of the method and on the recognition of the precise nature of the assumptions necessary for the derivation of results. For example, of the seven familiar relations between the magnetic moments of baryons only two require use of the assumption that magnetic moments depend linearly on the electromagnetic charge-current density; the others exemplify relations which hold in identical form for all electromagnetic properties of baryons — electric and magnetic form factors, electromagnetic self-energies, Compton scattering amplitudes etc.
Control of Chemical Pollutants

Concern for environmental quality and consumer safety is burgeoning, and some classic assumptions of industrial society are being challenged. Now that apparent conflicts have developed between the needs for continued economic growth and environmental management it is timely to review some of the basic problems of chemical pollution, to develop methods for anticipating and detecting hazards and to consider mechanisms for more effective management.
Canonical connections of Finsler metrics and Finslerian connections on Riemannian metrics

A concept of canonical connection of a Finsler metric is developed. Connections that are compatible with Finsler metrics are compared with the canonical connection itself. They are also compared with the corresponding Cartan connection. A necessary and sufficient condition on metric Finsler connections is given for the metric to be Riemannian. This study unearths different ways in which Finsler geometry could be used to generalize the theory of general relativity.
Embryonic development of the head and neck: Part 1, an overview

Current research problems and approaches to the embryonic development of the head and neck are surveyed and discussed in terms of congenital defects that occur in this region. Of particular significance are new interpretations of the contributions the neural crest cells make to various components of the head and neck, the influence that the brain and notochord exert on the overall morphology of the head region, the tissue interactions involved in the development and differentiation of the pituitary gland (hypophysis), and the significance of vascular perturbations with respect to malformations in the craniofacial region.
Identification and full sequence of an isolate of Alternanthera mosaic potexvirus infecting Phlox stolonifera.

A potexvirus was isolated from creeping phlox (Phlox stolonifera) plants from a commercial nursery in Pennsylvania. The virus was serologically related to clover yellow mosaic virus, plantain virus X, potato virus X, and potato aucuba mosaic virus, and was most closely related to papaya mosaic virus (PapMV). The sequence of a PCR fragment obtained with potexvirus group-specific primers was distinct from that of PapMV; the coat protein (CP) gene and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) were closely related to Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV), previously reported only from Australia. The host range was similar to that of the Australian isolate (AltMV-Au), and the phlox isolate reacted strongly with antiserum to AltMV-Au. The full sequence of the phlox isolate was more closely related to PapMV throughout the genome than to any potexvirus other than AltMV-Au, for which only the CP and 3′UTR sequences are available. The phlox isolate was therefore named AltMV-PA (for Pennsylvania), and the full 6607 nt sequence is presented1. Additional AltMV isolates from creeping phlox (AltMV-BR and AltMV-SP) and trailing portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora; AltMV-Po) were also isolated, suggesting that AltMV may be widespread, and may have been mis-diagnosed in the past as PapMV. AltMV has the potential to spread to other ornamental crops.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Severe Psychiatric Side Effects:

Objective:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are used extensively in the treatment of pain. This study explored the possibility that psychiatric side effects may be both more frequent and more severe than thought previously.Method:Four psychiatric outpatients, three with affective disorders and one with schizophrenia, were treated with NSAIDS for a complaint of pain. The NSAIDs were withdrawn, then restarted for three patients, and then withdrawn again one or more times. The patients were evaluated while on and off NSAIDs.Results:All four patients developed moderate to severe depression and one became severely paranoid while on NSAIDs initially. When the NSAID was withdrawn there was remission of the depressive symptoms and in one case the accompanying paranoia. The depressive symptoms were reproduced when the NSAID was restarted in five instances (involving only 3 of the patients) and remitted when the NSAID was discontinued. One of these three patients also became paranoid in two instances. T...
Dreams as a Prognostic Factor in Alcoholism

This study tested the hypothesis that differences in both length of abstinence and demographic characteristics would be found between alcoholics who have dreams about drinking (DD group) and those who do not have such dreams (NDD group). The DD group was abstinent for longer periods of time; these patients were more often white, married, and taking disulfiram than were NDD patients. The author concludes that in outpatient treatment of alcoholics, dreaming about drinking is a good prognostic sign.
Health and environmental impact of nanotechnology: toxicological assessment of manufactured nanoparticles.

The articles highlighted in this issue are "Pulmonary Toxicity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Mice 7 and 90 Days after Intratracheal Instillation" by Chiu-Wing Lam, John T. James, Richard McCluskey, and Robert L. Hunter (pp. 126-134) and "Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Rats" by D. B. Warheit, B. R. Laurence, K. L. Reed, D. H. Roach, G. A. M. Reynolds, and T. R. Webb (pp. 117-125).
TIPS reduces hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor concentration in healthy pigs.

PURPOSE Technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid galactosyl human serum albumin (TcGSA), a new agent for liver scintigraphy, is selectively attached to asialoglycoprotein receptors on liver cell membranes. A direct correlation exists between asialoglycoprotein receptor concentration, [R] 0 and hepatic functional reserve. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS) on hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor concentration in pigs without liver parenchymal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS TIPS was performed in eight pigs with use of a single 10-mm-wide × 68-mm-long Wallstent dilated to 10 mm. TcGSA dynamic imaging studies were performed before and twice after (7 and 14 days) TIPS. To be included in the study, pigs had to have a patent TIPS at 1 week of follow-up. Liver function tests were drawn parallel to the TcGSA studies. Liver biopsies were performed at 2 weeks when the animals were killed. RESULTS Five of the eight pigs had open shunts at 1 week and were included in the study. There was a significant ( P t test) difference between the mean [R] o of the pre-TIPS studies ([R] o = 1.12 ± 0.04 μM) and the mean of the post-TIPS studies at 7 days ([R] o = 0.40 ± 0.04 μM) and 14 days ([R] o = 0.51 ± 0.06 μM, P CONCLUSIONS TIPS reduces asialoglycoprotein receptor concentration in normal pigs.
The effects of ADP on reverse electron flow and the oxygen exchange reactions catalyzed by bovine heart muscle submitochondrial particles

1,N6-Ethenoadenosine diphosphate (epsilon-ADP) inhibits reverse electron flow (succinate leads to NAD+ driven by ATP) by competing with ATP, in contrast to ADP which we have shown previously to be a noncompetitive inhibitor. From these and other data it is concluded that the noncompetitive inhibition noted with ADP results from a combination of competitive inhibition plus non- or uncompetitive inhibition, the former occurring at a relatively nonspecific catalytic site and the latter at an extracatalytic site apparently quite specific for ADP. ADP, which stimulates ATP in equilibrium H2O and Pi in equilibrium H2O exchanges appears to be necessary for inhibition by arsenate of these exchanges. It is suggested that the ATP-supported Pi in equilibrium H2O exchange may be predominantly of the medium or intermediate type, depending on the concentrations of the Mg2+ complexes of ADP and Pi. Thus only exchanges involving medium ADP and Pi would be expected to show arsenate sensitivity.
Catalytic oxidation of 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde by gold nanoparticles. Part II: Surface-enhanced Raman spectra

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde mixed with solutions of gold nanoparticles at various values of pH show that oxidation to the corresponding acid occurs. At pH 3.0 spectra of the aldehyde are observed due to the slow reaction rate and the rapid aggregation of the nanoparticles preventing sufficient time to observe the product acid. At pH 5.4 spectra of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid are observed. At pH 11.1 spectra that indicate the presence of a variety of reaction products are observed. Vibrational wavenumbers and tentative assignments are presented.
Social network aided multicast delivery scheme for human contact-based networks

Mobile devices carried by people form dynamic networks. Understanding the social structures within the human mobility traces captured from the mobile devices help us to design more efficient message dissemination schemes. People who are in multiple communities are good message carriers. Thus, the ability to identify the different communities efficiently from the various communication traces e.g. contact traces from users' mobile devices is important. In this paper, using some human mobility traces from the real world, we first identify nodes that can play key roles using some social network metrics. Then, we investigate the usefulness of utilizing the keyrole nodes information in the design of multicast delivery schemes in human contact-based networks. Our results indicate that using such information can achieve similar delivery performance as the multi-copy epidemic scheme but at a much smaller communication cost.
The Self-Contradictory Foundations of Formalistic Quantum Measurement Theories~

One school of thought in quantum measurement theory adopts as its aim the derivation of a certain mixed statistical operator to characterize the ensemble of global objectapparatus systems subsequent to the measurement interaction. This paper demonstrates that even if that goal were achieved, the consequent theory of measurement would be self-contradictory; hence the measurement problem is improperly formulated. The epistemological root of the difficulty is discussed briefly. A logical resolution is offered in terms of quantum axiomatics by emphasizing the actual relationship of quantum theory to experimental and observational data.
The Brain That Plays Music and Is Changed by It

Playing a musical instrument demands extensive procedural and motor learning that results in plastic reorganization of the human brain. These plastic changes seem to include the rapid unmasking of existing connections and the establishment of new ones. Therefore, both functional and structural changes take place in the brain of instrumentalists as they learn to cope with the demands of their activity. Neuroimaging techniques allow documentation of these plastic changes in the human brain. These plastic changes are fundamental to the accomplishment of skillful playing, but they pose a risk for the development of motor control dysfunctions that may give rise to overuse syndromes and focal, task-specific dystonia.
Why Won't Consumers Adopt M-Commerce? An Exploratory Study

The adoption of mobile applications in the United States is still far from reaching its full potential. Numerous applications are being implemented, but consumers' expectations seem to surpass its practical use. A series of surveys are used to examine possible barriers that hinder the adoption of mobile commerce applications. Through exploratory factor analysis, the results identify five major factors that impede the applicability of m-commerce: unawareness, device inefficiency, conventional transactions, interoperability, and personalization needs. This study also proposes possible remedies to overcome such barriers.
Informing the Patient-Proxy Covenant: An Educational Approach for Advance Care Planning

Previously, we speculated that the patient-proxy relationship had both contractual and covenantal elements.1, To test this hypothesis we conducted an empirical study of patients and proxies using structured vignettes about common end-of-life choices. We have modified our survey instrument to create a workbook and instructional video entitled, Fidelity, Wisdom, and Love: Patients and Proxies in Partnership. We hope that these patient and proxy friendly materials foster and improve advance care planning. In this paper, we describe our rationale for this educational effort.
Images in public administration: using popular media to bridge theories and practices

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a framework to integrate emergent management theory into graduate coursework using media and film.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a qualitative and multi‐year case study.Findings – Media used to teach management theory must not remain static. It should be updated periodically to remain effective as a pedagogical tool.Research limitations/implications – Further research should be conducted to examine long‐term retention rates for information covered. Larger empirical studies should be conducted to verify findings.Practical implications – There appear to be generational differences that suggest trainers, instructors, and professors need to match media‐based pedagogical tools to their audience.Originality/value – Few, if any, studies have addressed the need to update media imagery used as part of a comprehensive approach to teaching management theory and concepts.
Links between microscopic and macroscopic fluid mechanics

The microscopic and macroscopic versions of fluid mechanics differ qualitatively. Microscopic particles obey time-reversible ordinary differential equations. The resulting particle trajectories {q(t)} may be time-averaged or ensemble-averaged so as to generate field quantities corresponding to macroscopic variables. On the other hand, the macroscopic continuum fields described by fluid mechanics follow irreversible partial differential equations. Smooth particle methods bridge the gap separating these two views of fluids by solving the macroscopic field equations with particle dynamics that resemble molecular dynamics. Recently, nonlinear dynamics have provided some useful tools for understanding the relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic points of view. Chaos and fractals play key roles in this new understanding. Non-equilibrium phase-space averages look very different from their equilibrium counterparts. Away from equilibrium the smooth phase-space distributions are replaced by fractional-...
Strategies and the A-B, A-D design: Effects of instructions

A study is reported using a single-trial paired-associate procedure with words pairs conforming to an A-B, A-D paradigm. Pre-input instructions were manipulated so that subjects were told that they would be tested for recall of both responses B and D, or only B, or only D, or response B or D. The results indicated that instructions to recall B and D or recall B only led to higher levels of B recall than instructions to recall B or D. Further, the recall of D responses was greatest for the D only condition, while the recall of B and D and recall of B or D were at the same level. The comparison of these data to controls suggested retroactive interference and facilitation, although the differences were not statistically significant.
Educational Interventions to Advance Children’s Scientific Thinking

The goal of science education interventions is to nurture, enrich, and sustain children’s natural and spontaneous interest in scientific knowledge and procedures. We present taxonomy for classifying different types of research on scientific thinking from the perspective of cognitive development and associated attempts to teach science. We summarize the literature on the early—unschooled—development of scientific thinking, and then focus on recent research on how best to teach science to children from preschool to middle school. We summarize some of the current disagreements in the field of science education and offer some suggestions on ways to continue to advance the science of science instruction.
Controlling distributed energy constrained resources for power system ancillary services

Demand response, load control and control of distributed energy storage devices are gaining attention as mechanisms to support power system operation in “smart grids”, for example by providing ancillary services such as spinning reserves and regulation. This paper addresses some of the key open questions in developing algorithms to communicate with and control large populations of distributed resources, and borrows techniques from probability theory to develop methods which assure an accurate response with minimal latency. The scenarios we address focus on the challenges that arise when (1) the communications infrastructure is limited with respect to the frequency at which information can be retrieved from and / or delivered to resources (as in the case of advanced metering infrastructure) and (2) the controlled resources are energy-limited, meaning they cannot be operated indefinitely without losing critical functionality. The applications in the paper focus on using plug-in electric vehicles to provide spinning reserve.
Rapid purification of an amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel from bovine kidney and its functional reconstitution.

Abstract We have used ion-exchange chromatography to isolate and partially purify an amiloride-sensitive Na + channel protein from bovine renal papillae. The channel was purified by sequential chromatography on an anion-exchange and a cation-exchange cartridge. Five different approaches were applied to monitor the degree of purification of this Na + channel. First, [ 3 H]Br-benzamil binding activities to the purified proteins were determined. We found that no specific binding was measured in protein fractions eluted from a QUAT anion-exchange cartridge, whereas proteins eluted from an SP cation-exchange cartridge bound [ 3 H]Br-benza-mil specifically. Second, we examined the HPLC profiles of purified proteins through both ion-exchange chromatography steps and observed a major peak of very high molecular mass proteins (>670 kDa) after final purification. Third, using anti-Na + channel antibodies, Western and slot blot analyses were performed to assess qualitatively the enrichment of channel epitopes at each step of purification. Fourth, amiloride-sensitive 22 Na+ influx could be demonstrated after the proteins eluted from the cation-exchange resin were reconstituted into liposomes. Fifth, the proteins eluted from the cation-exchange resin were reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers, and single amiloride-sensitive Na + channel activity was measured. In summary, we have developed a new protocol applicable for speed- and scale-up purification of a functional amiloride-sensitive Na + channel from bovine kidney papillae.
Chromatographic properties of the epimeric estriols

Abstract Thin-layer and gas chromatographic methods to separate the epimeric estriols are described. Gas chromatography of the acetates provided separation of all four. Thin-layer chromatography on Silica Gel G separated the cis from the trans estriols. The trans epimers separated only on silica gel modified with ammonium bisulfate. The acetonides separated well on both thin-layer and gas chromatography.
Optimal Maintenance and Repair Policies under Nonlinear Preferences

This paper is concerned with infrastructure maintenance and repair policies when the managing agency does not value expenses linearly. Such nonlinearity naturally arises in the stochastic world of reliability engineering, manifesting, for instance, as risk aversion: the ideal maintenance and repair policy has a low cost variance, as well as a low average cost. Another type of nonlinear behavior arises when one tries to match future expenditures with an externally determined budget. Dynamic programing techniques are applied to create two algorithms (FindPolicy and EvalPolicy) which are of use in this problem: FindPolicy determines an optimal maintenance policy, while EvalPolicy allows a previously determined policy to be evaluated according to a broad class of measures of effectiveness. These algorithms are applied to a hypothetical bridge facility and to determine and evaluate short-term and long-term maintenance policies. In this example, large reductions in solution variance are attainable with only slight increases in average cost.
Pulpit and Press Denominational Dynamics and the Growth of Religious Magazines in Antebellum America

Religious economies theory, which views religious organizations as akin to single-unit firms competing for adherents in local markets, has three shortcomings that we solve by reconceptualizing religious organizations and developing a new theory of religious mobilization. First, we treat religious organizations as multi-unit entities operating in interdependent markets in a national field. Second, we incorporate insights from social movement theory to challenge the exclusive focus on the impetus to mobilize (competition) by also considering the capacity to do so (resources). Third, we consider competition within organizations as well as between them. To analyze mobilization directly, we study a key religious resource, magazines. We analyze original data covering virtually all faiths and affiliated magazines in antebellum America, a time of great religious ferment. Consistent with our conception of religious organizations, we find that competition played out mostly within a national field. Consistent with resource mobilization theory, we find that the geography of religious mobilization reflected variations in the availability of resources more than variations in the intensity of competitive pressures. Conceiving of religious organizations as translocal movement organizations rather than local firms better accounts for their behavior. Our analysis sheds light on group dynamics in general by revealing how translocal groups in modern societies mobilize and build identity through group media. © American Sociological Association 2013.
Effect of two-photon absorption on bright spatial soliton switches.

The effect of weak two-photon absorption on bright spatial soliton beams undergoing reflection, transmission, self-trapping, or breakup at interfaces separating nonlinear dielectrics is studied by using soliton perturbation techniques.
Development of a continuous respirometer

Abstract A continuous oxygen uptake meter or continuous respirometer was developed which produced a rapid and reliable response to systemic shocks. The respirometer basically is a 101. Plexiglas laboratory activated sludge unit with a variable volume air tight side car. The feed enters the completely mixed aeration basin and is pumped into the side car. The side car is the site of the oxygen uptake measurements as indicated by a continuously monitoring dissolved oxygen probe. The system was most sensitive to changes in influent concentrations when run at an F / M = 0.1. Response time for a change in DO of 0.1 ppm was less than 4 min. The continuous respirometer was tested employing both synthetic and raw industrial wastes.
Host Range Studies with Bagous affinis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an Indian Weevil that Feeds on Hydrilla Tubers

The plant host feeding range of Bagous affinis Hustache was studied in a Florida quarantine facility as part of a program for the biological control of hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L. fil.) Royle, an immigrant submersed aquatic weed. Larvae attack hydrilla tubers in soil exposed during droughts or drawdowns. Thirty-nine plant species in 20 families were tested with larvae, and feeding was observed on 6 species. A few adults emerged from 3 species of Potamogeton and from Vallisneria americana Michaux. Adult feeding tests were conducted with 52 plant species in 29 families. Adults fed moderately on several species in 3 families: Apiaceae, the hydrilla family Hydrocharitaceae, and Potamogetonaceae. They fed heavily in no-choice tests on stems of the immigrant submersed weed Egeria densa Planchon, a close relative of hydrilla. Newly emerged females developed small numbers of eggs on 3 species of Hydrocharitaceae. Only 1 species, V. americana , could be a potential host plant, but the low oogenesis combined with low larval development indicated that it would be difficult for B. affinis to colonize this species in the field. In its native range in India and Pakistan, B. affinis has been reported only from hydrilla. Based upon a review of these data, USDA–APHIS issued a PPQ 526 permit on 17 February 1987 for field release of this biological control agent. B. affinis was subsequently released in Florida and California, but there are no reports of permanent establishment.
Implementation of nonlinear acoustic techniques for crack detection in a slender beam specimen

Techniques that analyze nonlinear transformations of high frequency vibration signals, such as harmonic distortions and frequency modulations, termed nonlinear acoustic techniques (NAT), offer unique advantages in detecting and characterizing structural damage. Linear techniques are limited in their ability to detect small incipient damage and false indications caused by environmental variability and structural features of comparable size to damage. Defects with contact surfaces, such as cracks and delaminations, lead to strong nonlinear behavior in the form of nonlinear frequency interactions. The advantage of NAT over traditional linear techniques in detecting incipient small-scale nonlinear damage is demonstrated by initiating and identifying a fatigue crack in notched beam specimens. Impact-modulation (IM) is utilized to identify frequency modulation caused by the initiation of fatigue cracks. Piezo-stack actuators and modal impact hammers are used to generate structural excitations measured using high frequency accelerometers. Practical implementation issues of NAT are discussed, such as characterizing the inherent nonlinearities of electronics, actuators and sensors for reliable defect characterization.
On the scalability of Delay-Tolerant Botnets

In this work, we present a novel intelligent botnet, called the delay-tolerant botnet, that intentionally adds random delays to command propagation and endeavours to avoid detection. We then study the scalability of delay-tolerant botnets. Specifically, we apply mathematical analysis to derive the average delay required to distribute a command to all bots in three types of command and control architectures: centralised, distributed, and hybrid delay-tolerant botnets. We find that in all cases, the delay increases approximately logarithmically with the number of bots, indicating that the delay-tolerant botnets are scalable. Finally, we verify the analytical results by simulations.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for July–September 1999

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor (CMT) solutions are presented for 231 earthquakes that occurred during the third quarter of 1999. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward (Dziewonski, A.M., Woodward, R.L., 1992. Acoustic imaging at the planetary scale, In: Emert, H., Harjes, H.-P. (Eds.), Acoustical Imaging, Plenum, New York, Vol. 19, pp. 785–797.). A model of anelastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom (Durek, J.J., Ekstrom, G., 1996. A radial model of anelasticity consistent with long-period surface wave attenuation. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86 144–158.) is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Invisibility and selective avoidance: gender and ethnicity in psychiatry and psychiatric nursing staff interaction.

This research-based article analyzes institutionalized inequity and discrimination in the forms of sexism and racism within a large, busy, contemporary medical center's Department of Psychiatry. Within that context, issues of control and mechanisms of avoidance served to perpetuate contradictions inherent in what professes to be a psychologically therapeutic and empowering milieu. Despite cognizance of the roles that culture and gender play in care and treatment of patients, psychiatric and mental health professionals at “Central” tended to avoid critical examination of their own and co-workers' ethnicity and gender as those characteristics influenced life experiences, occupational roles and statuses, and hierarchical relationships.
A comparison of chemical mechanisms based on TRAMP-2006 field data

A comparison of a model using five widely known mechanisms (RACM, CB05, LaRC, SAPRC-99, SAPRC-07, and MCMv3.1) has been conducted based on the TexAQS II Radical and Aerosol Measurement Project (TRAMP-2006) field data in 2006. The concentrations of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals were calculated by a zero-dimensional box model with each mechanism and then compared with the OH and HO2 measurements. The OH and HO2 calculated by the model with different mechanisms show similarities and differences with each other and with the measurements. First, measured OH and HO2 are generally greater than modeled for all mechanisms, with the median modeled-to-measured ratios ranging from about 0.8 (CB05) to about 0.6 (SAPRC-99). These differences indicate that either measurement errors, the effects of unmeasured species or chemistry errors in the model or the mechanisms, with some errors being independent of the mechanism used. Second, the modeled and measured ratios of HO2/OH agree when NO is about 1 ppbv, but the modeled ratio is too high when NO was less and too low when NO is more, as seen in previous studies. Third, mechanism–mechanism HOx differences are sensitive to the environmental conditions – in more polluted conditions, the mechanism–mechanism differences are less. This result suggests that, in polluted conditions, the mechanistic details are less important than in cleaner conditions, probably because of the dominance of reactive nitrogen chemistry under polluted conditions.
Apples and Oranges (and Pears, Oh My!): The Search for Moderators in Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this article is to review current practices with respect to detection and estimation of moderators in meta-analysis and to develop recommendations that are driven by the results of this review and previous research. The first purpose was accomplished through a review of the meta-analyses published in Journal of Applied Psychology from 1978 to 1997. Results show, first, that practices with respect to both the execution of and the reporting of results from searches for moderators are highly variable and, second, that findings relevant for detection of moderators (e.g., percentage variance attributable to artifacts, SDρ, etc.) are often highly inconsistent with what has been suggested in the past. These practices held regardless of time of publication, specificity of the question addressed in the paper, and content area. Detailed suggestions for modifications of current practices are offered.
AB INITIO INTERACTION POTENTIALS FOR SIMULATIONS OF DIMETHYLNITRAMINE SOLUTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE WITH COSOLVENTS

Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory has been employed to calculate ab initio potential energy surfaces for complexes involved in the process of dissolving dimethylnitramine in supercritical carbon...
Total luminescence spectroscopy of aqueous pine litter (O horizon) extracts: organic ligands and their Al or Cu complexes

Abstract Total luminescence spectra are surfaces (in a graphical representation) generated by flotting fluorescence intensity against both excitation (λex) and emission (λem) wavelengths as independent variables. Traditional fluorescence spectra can be pictured as single transects across a total luminescence spectrum and, accordingly, they provide only a single profile of a fixed section through the complete surface. Total luminescence spectra in the range, 300
Psychoactive substance use in forensic psychiatry.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to discuss the interface between judicial discipline and behavioral science in the context of substance-related disorders. Method: We review the epidemiology of psychoactive drug use and crime and discuss the courts' decisions on relevant landmark cases, particularly as they influence the practice of psychiatry. Results: (1) The phenomenology of addiction and crime is of great epidemiological import. (2) Our legal system inclines toward the view that the use of alcohol or other substances involves an element of choice and therefore would not amount to a legal insanity defense if the substance abuser commits a crime while intoxicated. (3) A state can confine an addict or alcoholic for compulsory treatment if that individual presents a danger to self or others. (4) The law has found that alcoholism and drug abuse are both “willful misconduct” and a disabling condition; the former definition contains the end in view of punitive action. The latter is aimed toward trea...