cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is “rich-get-richer” valid for Indian Ocean and Atlantic ITCZ?

[1] Climate models often project an increase of rainfall under global warming over the climatologic wet regions from the global zonal-mean perspective. However, this “rich-get-richer” mechanism is not valid on a basin scale. In this study by analyzing climate change experiment outputs from an idealized atmospheric general circulation model with uniform sea surface warming and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models, we note that the intertropical convergence zones along the equatorial Indian Ocean and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean exhibit a very different response to anthropogenic forcing. In the present-day climate in boreal summer (winter), the tropical Indian (Atlantic) Ocean exhibits two pronounced rainbands, with one branch located over the Indian monsoon (Amazon) region and the other located near the equator. In future warmer climate, the two rainbands compete through a local Hadley circulation; as a result, only the stronger branch becomes wetter while the weaker one affected by anomalous descending motion and moisture divergence becomes drier. Thus, on a basin scale, the wet does not always get wetter.
Elgar Companion to Sustainable Cities: Strategies, Methods, and Outlook, by Daniel A. Mazmanian and Hilda Blanco (Eds.)

More than 40 years after the emergence of the concept of sustainability, our profession is slowly coming to grips with what it means to plan for a sustainable society. Academic and professional pla...
Metallic copper as an intrauterine contraceptive agent

Abstract Some of the biological aspects of copper relevant to reproductive processes are reviewed. Included are cyclic variations in the concentrations of copper in the endometrium, uterine fluid, cervical mucus, and serum as modified by the presence of intrauterine metallic copper and after its removal. Variations in the endometrial enzymes, namely, α-amylase, glycogen synthetase, and phosphorylase, are also considered. The rate of copper loss from the intrauterine copper T in the woman is reviewed, and these data are considered in relation to the duration of effective antifertility action within the uterus. In addition, the theoretical participation of this quantity of copper in the total body metabolic balance of copper is considered. Special reference is made to Wilson's disease. Examples of surface changes in the copper wire which may occur during its intrauterine life are described. The potential implications of copper fragmentation are considered, and relevant experimental data obtained from rhesus monkey studies are presented. The latest clinical data on use-effectiveness of the copper T Models 200 and 300 in nulligravidous, nulliparous, and parous women in the United States and abroad are presented. In addition, a preliminary report is made on a double-blind comparison of the T Cu 200 and the Copper 7 after 9 months of use.
Selective oxidation of methane with air over silica catalysts

Partial oxidation of methane by oxygen to form formaldehyde, carbon oxides, and C2 products (ethane and ethene) has been studied over silica catalyst supports (fumed Cabosil and Grace 636 silica gel) in the 630–780 °C temperature range under ambient pressure. The silica catalysts exhibit high space time yields (at low conversions) for methane partial oxidation to formaldehyde, and the C2 hydrocarbons were found to be parallel products with formaldehyde. Short residence times enhanced both the C2 hydrocarbons and formaldehyde selectivities over the carbon oxides even within the differential reactor regime at 780 °C. This suggests that the formaldehyde did not originate from methyl radicals, but rather from methoxy complexes formed upon the direct chemisorption of methane at the silica surface at high temperature. Very high formaldehyde space time yields (e.g., 812 g/kg cat h at the gas hourly space velocity = 560 000 l(NTP)/kg cat h) could be obtained over the silica gel catalyst at 780 °C with a methane/air mixture of 1.5/1. These yields greatly surpass those reported for silicas earlier, as well as those over many other catalysts. Low CO2 yields were observed under these reaction conditions, and the selectivities to formaldehyde and C2 hydrocarbons were 28.0 and 38.8%, respectively, at a methane conversion of 0.7%. A reaction mechanism was proposed for the methane activation over the silica surface based on the present studies, which can explain the product distribution patterns (specifically the parallel formation of formaldehyde and C2 hydrocarbons).
Hemodynamic effect of a low-resistance artificial lung in series with the native lungs of sheep

Abstract Background . An artificial lung with 1 to 6 month work life could act as a bridge to transplantation. A pumpless artificial lung has been developed. Methods . The artificial lung was placed in series with the native lungs of adult sheep. Hemodynamics were observed, as the right ventricle generated flow through the device. Through a left thoracotomy, two 20-mm grafts were anastomosed in an end-to-side fashion to the pulmonary artery. The grafts were externalized, and directed flow through the chest wall, to the extracorporeal lung. The animals were recovered, weaned from the ventilator, and when standing, flow was diverted through the device. Results . Five of 7 animals survived 24 hours with 75% to 100% of the cardiac output diverted through the device. All animals were active, with interest in food and water, and able to stand. Conclusions . The right ventricle perfused the artificial lung with 75% to 100% of the cardiac output for 24 hours. This device demonstrates the feasibility of a pumpless pulmonary assist device relying on the right ventricle for perfusion.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of Si nanocrystal memory device with HfO/sub 2/ high-k tunneling dielectric

In this paper, silicon (Si) nanocrystal memory using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) HfO/sub 2/ high-k dielectrics to replace the traditional SiO/sub 2/ tunneling/control dielectrics has been fabricated and characterized for the first time. The advantages of this approach for improved nanocrystal memory operation have also been studied theoretically. Results show that due to its unique band asymmetry in programming and retention mode, the use of high-k dielectric on Si offers lower electron barrier height at dielectric/Si interface and larger physical thickness, resulting in a much higher J/sub g,programming//J/sub g,retention/ ratio than that in SiO/sub 2/ and therefore faster programming and longer retention. The fabricated device with CVD HfO/sub 2/ shows excellent programming efficiency and data-retention characteristics, thanks to the combination of a lower electron barrier height and a larger physical thickness of HfO/sub 2/ as compared with SiO/sub 2/ of the same electrical oxide thickness (EOT). It also shows clear single-electron charging effect at room temperature and superior data endurance up to 10/sup 6/ write/erase cycles.
Closure Properties and Witness Reduction

Witness reduction has played a crucial role in several recent results in complexity theory. These include Toda?s result that PH ? BP · ?P, the "collapsing" of PH into ?P with a high probability; Toda and Ogiwara?s results which "collapse" PH into various counting classes with a high probability; and Ogiwara and Hemachandra?s results describing hard functions for various function classes. Ogiwara and Hemachandra?s results establish a connection between functions being hard for #P and functions interacting with the class to effect witness reduction. In fact, we believe that the ability to achieve some form of witness reduction is what makes a function hard for a class of functions. To support our thesis we define new function classes and obtain results analogous to those of Ogiwara and Hemachandra. We also introduce the notion of randomly hard functions and obtain similar results.
Following the Blackfoot Indians: toward democratic administration of a community mental health center.

Community mental health centers have been held back by authoritarian administrative structures, inherited from the traditional medical model, from fulfilling their original promise of innovative approaches to mental health and responsiveness to the community. This is a 10-year case history of one mental health center's struggle “to put its own house in order” to further staff morale, productivity, more egalitarian attitudes toward clients, and a sense of partnership with each other and the community. The paper shows the development of democratic structures and processes, how line staff and administrators confronted their taboo on power, the traditional hierarchy among disciplines, staff participation in administration, and their vulnerability within the wider bureaucratic system.
Use of repetitive DNA for diagnosis of chromosomal rearrangements

We have used two repeated DNA fragments (3.4 and 2.1 kb) released from Y chromosome DNA by digestion with the restriction endonuclease Hae III to analyze potential Y chromosome/autosome translocations. Two female patients were studied who each had an abnormal chromosome 22 with extra quinacrine fluorescent material on the short arm. The origin of the 22p+ chromosomes was uncertain after standard cytologic examinations. Analysis of one patient's DNA with the Y-specific repeated DNA probes revealed the presence of both the 3.4 and 2.1kb Y-specific fragments. Thus, in this patient, the additional material was from the Y chromosome. Analysis of the second patient's DNA for Y-specific repeated DNA was negative, indicating that the extra chromosomal segment was not from the long arm of the Y chromosome. These two cases demonstrate that repeated DNA can distinguish between similar appearing aberrant chromosomes and may be useful in karyotypic and prenatal diagnosis.
Configurational, conformational, and solvent effects on the reduction of a Schiff base by reduced pyridine nucleotide analogs

Abstract The rate of reduction of the Schiff base, Δ 1 -pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid, by β-NADH has previously been shown to be 6.8 times smaller than that calculated from the substituent effects in 1-substituted 1,4-dihydronicotinamides. The factors governing this anomalous rate have been studied by measuring the reduction rate with a number of reduced pyridine nucleotides in water and water-methanol mixtures. The β-configuration for the nicotinamide-ribosidic linkage was found to be responsible for 75% of the anomaly; the same reduced coenzyme with α-linkage, however, behaves normally. It was also shown that the low reactivities of the reduced coenzymes with β-configuration are entirely the result of their abnormal thermodynamic stabilities. Conformational effects (the folding of β-NADH) account for only 20% of the reduction rate anomaly. Addition of organic solvents causes only a modest decrease in the overall rate. These solvent effects are interpreted in terms of the opposing effects of solvents on the basicity of the Schiff base and on the reduction step itself. Specific solvation effects appear important in controlling the reduction rates.
Macro-driven semiautomation of routine medical imaging segmentation tasks

We have achieved a significant decrease in time required to segment certain image types through the use of semiautomated macros. These macros reduce much of the tedium of using segmentation tools by providing an initial first pass at segmentation to be followed by final interactive segmentation by a radiologist. The macros are selected based on image type and target tissue and rely on signal characteristics inherent to the image type and tissue. Techniques such as this to reduce the time requirements for segmentation of medical images are essential for mainstream acceptance of computer-assisted segmentation tools into the clinical environment.
Initial stages of oxide formation on a CoCrAlY coating alloy at 700°C

Abstract A cast Co22Cr11Al0.5Y alloy and the oxide films formed on it at 700°C for times of between 3 and 50 min were studied by analytical electron microscopy. Prior to oxidation, the alloy microstructure consisted of an ordered b.c.c. β phase, densely distributed h.c.p. α phase precipitates and widely distributed yttride precipitates at some α-β phase boundaries. The oxide films consisted of thin regions of mostly γ-Al 2 O 3 formed over the β phase and thicker regions containing mostly spinels formed over the α phase. In all the oxide films, yttrium-rich protrusions, or “pegs”, were observed extending approximately 2 μm from the films into the alloy. The pegs apparently formed on the yttride precipitates at the alloy surface. The X-ray spectra from the pegs were consistent with a model of aluminum- and yttrium-rich oxide sheaths surrounding the yttrides.
Visibility reductions from soil dust in the Western U.S.

Abstract Soil dust can at times contribute significantly to atmospheric turbidity in the western U.S.A. An examination of meteorological surface observations from three sites in the west shows an increase in the number of cases of blowing dust (BD) over the past 30 years, while the mean wind speed associated with BD has decreased in growing, urban areas. Dust is reported more often in developing areas (such as Denver and Tucson) than in less disturbed areas (Winslow, AZ). Dust turbidity models, whose development was stimulated by the 1930s great plains dust bowl catastrophe are applicable to western soils as well and help explain visibility reductions caused by dust. Vehicle generated dust from unpaved roads can limit visibilities to values of one-third or less than the molecular scattering limit. The upper limits to the amounts of dust and visibility reduction to be expected in the west for differing meteorological conditions are calculated. It is estimated that dust devils may occasionally contribute 247 μg m −3 of dust to the lower atmosphere in the west and a possible correlation between dust devils and human activity is noted.
Automatically generating adaptive logic to balance non-functional tradeoffs during reconfiguration

Increasingly, high-assurance software systems apply self-reconfiguration in order to satisfy changing functional and non-functional requirements. Most self-reconfiguration approaches identify a target system configuration to provide the desired system behavior, then apply a series of reconfiguration instructions to reach the desired target configuration. Collectively, these reconfiguration instructions define an adaptation path. Although multiple satisfying adaptation paths may exist, most self-reconfiguration approaches select adaptation paths based on a single criterion, such as minimizing reconfiguration cost. However, different adaptation paths may represent tradeoffs between reconfiguration costs and other criteria, such as performance and reliability. This paper introduces an evolutionary computation-based approach to automatically evolve adaptation paths that safely transition an executing system from its current configuration to its desired target configuration, while balancing tradeoffs between functional and non-functional requirements. The proposed approach can be applied both at design time to generate suites of adaptation paths, as well as at run time to evolve safe adaptation paths to handle changing system and environmental conditions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by applying it to the dynamic reconfiguration of a collection of remote data mirrors, with the goal of minimizing reconfiguration costs while maximizing reconfiguration performance and reliability.
Representation of Three-Dimensional Digital Images

Three-dimensional digital images are encountered m a variety of problems, including computed tomography, biological modeling, space planning, and computer vision. A wide spectrum of data structures are available for the computer representation of such images. This paper is a tutorial survey of three-dimensmnal spatial-data representation methods emphasizing techniques that apply to cellular (or voxel-based) images. We attempt to unify data structures for representing interior, surface, and structural information of objects in such images by companng their relative efficmncy. The derivation of high-level representatmns from serial sectmn images is also discussed The representations include topological representations (Euler characteristic and adjacency trees), geometrical representatmns {borders, medial axes, and features), and spatial organization representations {generalized cyhnders and skeletons).
Theoretical Strength and the Onset of Plasticity in Bulk Metallic Glasses Investigated by Nanoindentation with a Spherical Indenter

The mechanical behavior of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) was investigated by nanoindentation with a spherical indenter. The transition from perfectly elastic behavior to plastic deformation was clearly observed as a pop-in event (sudden displacement excursion) on the load-displacement curves. Hertzian stress analysis was used to describe fully the load-displacement behavior during elastic deformation and to determine the theoretical shear strengths of the BMGs.
Zur Frage der Wirkung des Dijodtyrosins auf den thyreotoxischen Stoffwechsel

1. Mit taglichen kleinen subkutanen Thyroxingaben last sich sowohl beim normalen wie beim schilddrusenlosen Hunde eine uber langere Zeit sich erstreckende gleichmasige Grundumsatzsteigerung erzielen. 2. Bei der Beurteilung der Thyroxinempfindlichkeit ist es von Bedeutung, ob man die Thyroxindosis auf das Gewicht der Hunde oder auf die Oberflache bezieht. Wahlt man das Gewicht als Vergleichsbasis, so ergibt sich eine fast doppelt so hohe Empfindlichkeit der schilddrusenlosen Hunde im Vergleich mit dem normalen Hund. Legt man jedoch die Oberflache zugrunde, so ergibt sich eine vollkommene Ubereinstimmung in der Empfindlichkeit aller Tiere gegen Thyroxin. 3. Dijodtyrosin in Gaben von 100–500 mg per os vermag den thyreotoxischen Stoffwechsel nicht zu beeinflussen.
Dimensions of conflict frame: Disputant interpretations of conflict.

This research was conducted to uncover and define disputant cognitive interpretations of conflict. In Study 1, 31 disputants and 9 mediators were asked to describe a conflict with which they were currently associated. Study 2 replicated the multidimensional scaling findings of Study 1 using a different subject population(i.e., undergraduate students)
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Air Curtains for Falling Particle Receivers

The use of an air curtain blowing across the aperture of a falling-particle receiver has been proposed to mitigate convective heat losses and to protect the flow of particles from external winds. This paper presents experimental and numerical studies that evaluate the impact of an air curtain on the performance of a falling particle receiver. Unheated experimental studies were performed to evaluate the impact of various factors (particle size, particle mass flow rate, particle release location, air-curtain flow rate, and external wind) on particle flow, stability, and loss through the aperture. Numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the impact of an air curtain on the thermal efficiency of a falling particle receiver at different operating temperatures. Results showed that the air curtain reduced particle loss when particles were released near the aperture in the presence of external wind, but the presence of the air curtain did not generally improve the flow characteristics and loss of the particles for other scenarios. Numerical results showed that the presence of an air curtain could reduce the convective heat losses, but only at higher temperatures (>600°C) when buoyant hot air leaving the aperture was significant.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Fis, a DNA nucleoid-associated protein, is involved in Salmonella typhimurium SPI-1 invasion gene expression.

The ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to cause disease depends upon the co-ordinated expression of many genes located around the Salmonella chromosome. Specific pathogenicity loci, termed Salmonella pathogenicity islands, have been shown to be crucial for the invasion and survival of Salmonella within host cells. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) harbours the genes required for the stimulation of Salmonella uptake across the intestinal epithelia of the infected host. Regulation of SPI-1 genes is complex, as invasion gene expression responds to a number of different signals, presumably signals similar to those found within the environment of the intestinal tract. As a result of our continued studies of SPI-1 gene regulation, we have discovered that the nucleoid-binding protein Fis plays a pivotal role in the expression of HilA and InvF, two activators of SPI-1 genes. A S. typhimurium fis mutant demonstrates a two- to threefold reduction in hilA::Tn5lacZY and a 10-fold reduction in invF::Tn5lacZY expression, as well as a 50-fold decreased ability to invade HEp-2 tissue culture cells. This decreased expression of hilA and invF resulted in an altered secreted invasion protein profile in the fis mutant. Furthermore, the virulence of a S. typhimurium fis mutant is attenuated 100-fold when administered orally, but has wild-type virulence when administered intraperitoneally. Expression of hilA::Tn5lacZY and invF::Tn5lacZY in the fis mutant could be restored by introducing a plasmid containing the S. typhimurium fis gene or a plasmid containing hilD, a gene encoding an AraC-like regulator of Salmonella invasion genes.
On ranking compact and comprehensive opportunity sets

Abstract This paper studies the problem of ranking compact and comprehensive opportunity sets in terms of freedom of choice that they offer to an individual. It proposes several intuitively plausible axioms for this purpose. Based on these axioms, a representation type result for ranking opportunity sets is derived: the freedom-of-choice ordering is representable by the maximum values of a continuous and increasing real-valued function over opportunity sets. We also give an axiomatization of the superset dominance rule.
Clustering of correlation matrices: A step‐wise procedure

An alternative to the criteria proposed by King [9] for clustering correlation matrices is explored. Several simple examples examined by total enumeration employing our criterion indicate that the criterion yields clusters with high within group correlation. A step-wise routine is suggested for problems of realistic size and is applied to the examples presented in King's article. Additional evidence in the form of several Monte Carlo experiments indicates that the routine performs satisfactorily in determining the optimal separation of variables into two groups. Une alternative aux criteres proposes par King [9] pour mettre en grappes des matrices de correlations, est exploree. Plusieurs exemples simples, examines par une enumeration totale en nous servant de notre critere, indiquent que le critere donne des grappes avec une correlation elevee a l'interieur des groupes. Une routine ‘step-wise’ est presentee pour des problemes de taille raisonable, est et appliquee aux exemples vus dans l'article de King. De l'evidence additionelle, sous forme d'experiences Monte-Carlo, indique que la routine determine avec satisfaction la separation optimale des variables en deux groupes.
Suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by replacement of the RB gene in human cancer cells

Mutational inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB) gene has been proposed as a crucial step in the formation of retinoblastoma and other types of human cancer. This hypothesis was tested by introducing, via retroviral-mediated gene transfer, a cloned RB gene into retinoblastoma or osteosarcoma cells that had inactivated endogenous RB genes. Expression of the exogenous RB gene affected cell morphology, growth rate, soft agar colony formation, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. This demonstration of suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by a single gene provides direct evidence for an essential role of the RB gene in tumorigenesis.
A standardized model for the evaluation of machining coolant/lubricant costs

Compliance with environmental regulations is becoming more and more costly for manufacturers as government scrutiny and global trade agreements become more stringent. Metal-cutting fluid use and disposal is a major concern as these environmental issues become more prominent. Gaining a clear understanding of the costs associated with machining coolant/lubricant use can be difficult. Many factors impact this cost, such as the original purchase price, maintenance costs, disposal management and fees, and performance factors related to the particular fluid. This paper develops a detailed cost and performance-based methodology for machining coolant/lubricant selection. A model by which to evaluate the relative impacts of coolant/lubricant decisions on the unit workpiece cost of production is described. At present, a widely accepted methodology is not available for this purpose. The model presented here will assist manufacturing companies of all types in making this critical decision.
Barren Land and Fecund Bodies: The Emergence of Population Discourse in Interwar Egypt

Between 1936 and 1939, the Egyptian Medical Association held a series of forums on birth control and the population problem; the first full-length book on Egypt's population problem was published; the first life tables for Egypt were calculated; a group of university professors organized under the rubric of the Happy Family Society to discuss the need for planned families; the first fatwa on birth control in the 20th century was issued by the mufti of Egypt, Shaykh Abd al-Majid Salim; and the Ministry of Social Affairs was created, part of its mandate being to study the population problem.
Marital distress and mental health care service utilization.

Objective This study was designed to evaluate the association between marital distress and mental health service utilization in a population-based sample of men and women (N = 1,601). Method The association between marital distress and mental health care service utilization was evaluated for overall mental health service utilization and for specific sectors of treatment providers, including psychiatrist, other mental health provider, other medical provider, and religious services provider. Interviews were used to assess past-year service utilization and presence of anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders. Results Approximately 12% of married individuals sought help for problems with their emotions, nerves, or substance use during the 12 months preceding the interview. Marital distress was significantly associated with (a) overall mental health service utilization and service utilization provided by each of the sectors of providers when controlling for demographic variables and (b) overall mental health service utilization and receiving treatment from a psychiatrist when additionally controlling for past-year anxiety, mood, or substance use disorders. There was little evidence that the associations between marital distress and service utilization were moderated by gender or presence of psychiatric disorders. Conclusion The finding that marital distress is associated with greater mental health care service utilization suggests that clinicians should assess both individual and relationship factors among individuals presenting for treatment.
Tissue- and bacteria-loaded tubular reactors for the automatic determination of glutamine

Porcine kidney tissue or Sarcina Flava bacterial cells are used as biocatalysts for the conversion of glutamine to ammonia, which is monitored with a gas-sensing membrane electrode in an automated flow system. Conversion to ammonia is 100% for ⩽ 10-4 M glutamine.
Activation of the Tumor Metastasis Suppressor Gene, KAI1, by Etoposide Is Mediated by p53 and c-Jun Genes

KAI1 is a metastasis suppressor gene which is capable of inhibiting the processes of tumor metastasis without affecting tumorigenicity per se. We found that etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, is able to activate the expression of the KAI1 gene in a dose-dependent manner in human prostate cancer cell lines, ALVA, DU145, and PC-3 as well as in human lung carcinoma cell A549. The activation of the KAI1 gene was mainly mediated by the c-Jun gene in the PC-3 and DU145 cell lines, while it was mediated by both p53 and c-Jun genes in the A549 cell line. These results suggest that the augmentation of the KAI1 gene expression is independently controlled by p53 and c-Jun at the transcriptional level in the human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, treatment of these cell lines with etoposide resulted in significant reduction of cellular invasion measured by the Matrigel invasion chamber. Because etoposide has been shown to be effective on advanced prostate cancer when used in combination with other regimens, our results provide further rationale to use this drug as an antimetastatic agent.
Direct observation of glycogen synthesis in human muscle with 13C NMR

On the basis of previous indirect measurements, skeletal muscle has been implicated as the major site of glucose uptake and it has been suggested that muscle glycogen formation is the dominant pathway. However, direct measurements of the rates of glycogen synthesis have not been possible by previous techniques. We have developed 13C NMR methods to measure directly the rate of human muscle glycogen formation from infused, isotopically labeled [1-13C]glucose. We show that under conditions of imposed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, a majority of the infused glucose was converted to muscle glycogen in a normal man. This directly shows that muscle is the major site of glucose disposal under these conditions, and provides quantitation of the glucose flux to muscle glycogen.
A cellular automata model can quickly approximate UDP and TCP network traffic

Brooks and Orr [R.R. Brooks and N. Orr, A model for mobile code using interacting automata. IEEE Trans Mobile Computing 2002, 1(4)] present a model for analysis and simulation of mobile code systems based on cellular automata (CA) abstractions. One flaw with that article was a lack of experimental support showing that CA can model IP networks. This article presents CA models, consistent with those in the work of Brooks and Orr, that model the transport layer of IP networks. We show how these models may be generalized for more complicated network topologies. We provide quantitative results comparing the quality of our CA implementation versus the standard network modeling tool ns-2. The results from the CA model are qualitatively similar to ns-2, but the CA simulation runs significantly faster and scales better. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9:32–40, 2004
How Small Classes Benefit High School Students

Research on the effects of class size on achievement in high school has been plagued by methodological problems. Nonetheless, studies do show that small classes promote student engagement, enriched curricula, positive teacherstudent interaction, increased time on instruction rather than on discipline, and high teacher morale. All of these factors are as important for educating adolescents as they are for schooling younger children.
A simple computer method for processing pathology data

Abstract A simplified computer method for recording postmortem and histopathological findings is described. The mehod allows a major reduction in the workload of the pathologist and provides a convenient means of selection and comparison of experimental results.
Novel reversible biotinylated probe for the selective enrichment of phosphorylated peptides from complex mixtures

To improve the detection of phosphorylated peptides/proteins, we developed a novel protocol that involves the chemical derivatization of phosphate groups with a chemically engineered biotinylated-tag (biotin-tag), possessing three functional domains; a biotin group for binding to avidin, a base-labile 4-carboxy fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl (4-carboxy Fmoc) group, and a nucleophilic sulfhydryl moiety on the side-chain of cysteine. Using this approach, the derivatized, enzymatically digested peptides were selectively separated from unrelated sequences and impurities on immobilized avidin. Unlike previously published phosphopeptide enrichment procedures, this approach upon treatment with mild base liberates a covalently bound Gly-Cys analog of the peptide(s) of interest, exhibiting improved RP-HPLC retention and MS ionization properties compared with the precursor phosphopeptide sequence. The results obtained for a model peptide Akt-1 and two protein digests, demonstrated that the method is highly specific and allows selective enrichment of phosphorylated peptides at low concentrations of fmol/µL.
A response to Rynerson and Fishel (1993)

According to Rynerson and Fishel (1993), domestic violence is a widespread problem deserving research attention, specifically with regard to measuring treatment program outcomes that result in decreasing the incidence and prevalence of domestic violence. While we convey our respect for their exploration in a much needed area, we found a lack of connection between program effectiveness and the variables investigated: locus of control and relationship satisfaction. Moreover, there are several shortcomings with the sample and other methodological problems which weaken the validity of their findings.
Substrate efficacy in early nutrition support of critically ill multiple trauma victims.

The metabolic consequences of excessive nutrition support in patients have been increasingly recognized in recent years. Time-dependent optimal nutrition support is desired for an early and uncomplicated recovery after severe injury or illness. Metabolic effects of adding balanced amino acids to glucose infusion during total parenteral nutrition were investigated in 18 patients after major trauma (injury severity score 32 ± 2). Two studies were conducted on each subject, one in the early "flow" phase of injury (40-60 hours postinjury) in the basal state without any dietary intake and then after 4 to 6 days of intravenous nutrition provided solely as glucose (24 ± 2 kcal/kg per day, 80% resting energy expenditure, n = 8) or isocaloric glucose (28 ± 3 kcal/kg per day) with amino acids (275 ± 28 mg of nitrogen per kilogram per day, n = 10). Whole-body fuel substrate kinetics were studied for energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry), protein kinetics (primed-constant infusion of 15N glycine), and lipid mobili...
Option grants and investor reaction to restatement‐induced litigation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between CEO option grants at the beginning of the class period (BCP) and investor reaction to announcement of restatement‐induced securities litigation.Design/methodology/approach – Using a restatement‐induced lawsuit sample over the period 1997‐2005, this study performs cross‐sectional linear regressions of three‐day litigation announcement cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) on CEO option grants, cash compensation, corporate governance and control variables. CARs are calculated over the three‐day (−1,1) interval relative to the lawsuit announcement date using a single‐factor market model, the CRSP equally‐weighted market index, and a 255‐day estimation period ending 45 days prior to the announcement.Findings – A negative association is reported between CEO option grants and investor reaction around restatement‐induced lawsuit announcement.Research limitations/implications – It is possible that some restatements may have triggered a securities...
From delegation to specialization: nurses and clinical trial co‐ordination

This paper considers an area of clinical research that has been delegated by physician-researchers to nurses and others in the United States, that of clinical trials co-ordination. It uses interviews with nurse trial co-ordinators to explore the occupational processes by which the boundaries of work enactment and the definition of work have been established by nurses and others. It then discusses the occupational processes that have been established to formalize a role for nurses in clinical research. It raises the question of (and offers speculation on) whether specialization alone will distinguish nursing from other occupational groups engaged in clinical research work.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET PROXIES AND REALIZED GROWTH

Realized growth can be viewed as a proxy for the unobservable investment opportunity set (IOS) of the firm, and provides a benchmark against which IOS proxy variables can be compared. Results from such a comparison indicate that many of the variables from earlier studies, including book-to-market measures and capital expenditure to assets ratios are consistently correlated with subsequently realized growth. However, R&D intensity and E/P ratios do not exhibit any consistent association with subsequent growth indicating that they may not be valid IOS proxies.
Effect of potent antiretroviral therapy on recurrent cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with the ganciclovir implant.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis treated with ganciclovir implants. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed of 15 patients with recurrent CMV retinitis treated with the ganciclovir implant and highly active antiretroviral therapy (cases) and 38 patients with recurrent retinitis treated with ganciclovir implants before availability of improved antiretroviral therapy (controls). Progression was defined as occurrence of new lesions in the treated eye or advancement of the retinitis border by more than 750 μm. RESULTS: Cases and controls were statistically similar in age, ethnicity, and duration of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Controls had received intravenous ganciclovir for 9.5 ± 9.5 months vs 3.5 ± 4.6 months in cases ( P = .003). The mean (± SE) time to progression of retinitis after implantation of the device was 26.7 ± 2.4 months (95% confidence interval, 22.1 to 31.3) in the cases receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy vs 6.2 ± 0.9 months (95% confidence interval, 4.5 to 7.9) in the controls ( P = .001). Multivariate analysis, adjusted for preoperative variables, confirmed a significantly prolonged time to progression in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy ( P = .0003). The odds ratio for progression in the cases vs controls was 0.034 (95% confidence interval, 0.003 to 0.350). Cases had higher CD4 + T-lymphocyte counts ( P = .004) and longer survival ( P CONCLUSION: Highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with improved outcomes in patients with AIDS and recurrent CMV retinitis treated with the ganciclovir implant.
Are oxidative mechanisms primary in ethanol induced Purkinje neuron death of the neonatal rat

Rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons are vulnerable to ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt, especially during early postnatal exposure. A prominent hypothesis is that ethanol induces oxidative types of alterations that result in the neurodegeneration. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in two ways. One was to determine if the reactive oxidative species, nitrotyrosine (NT), was produced in the cerebellum following ethanol exposure. Second, was to determine if co-administration of the clinically useful antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) afforded any protection from Purkinje neuron loss. Rat pups were treated on postnatal day 4 with a single ethanol (6.0 g/kg) or isocaloric intragastric intubation. The cerebelli were analyzed for NT with ELISA assays at 2, 4, 6, or 8 h following the single exposure. No evidence of NT was found at any of these time points. Another group of animals received ethanol exposure on PN4, or ethanol exposure plus NAC. Control groups included isocaloric intubated controls (IC), IC plus NAC, and mother reared controls. Twenty-four hours following the exposures, the pups were perfused and the cerebellum processed for cell counting. Ethanol exposure reduced the number of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. Concurrent treatment with antioxidant did not protect the Purkinje neurons from ethanol-related cell loss. These in vivo analyses do not support a robust oxidative mechanism involving the production of reactive nitrogen species as a significant means of Purkinje cell neurodegeneration.
Crisis and authority in early modern Ashkenaz

The social and intellectual foundations of medieval Judaism were shaken by a series of developments that included the invention of printing, advances in scientific knowledge, humanism, and the commercial revolution. In early modern Ashkenaz, the ensuing crisis centered on questions of ritual transmission and leadership. Minhagbucher composed in seventeenth-century Worms and Frankfurt urged the preservation and reinstatement of medieval customs relating to synagogue worship and rituals practiced in the home, while in some cases newer customs were also incorporated. However, the writings of Rabbi Ya’ir Ḥayyim Bacharach were more far-reaching in response to the crisis of authority, as is evident in his forthright independence in matters of ritual and law. Customs could be considered authentic, in his view, provided they were textually based, were proven to be historically reliable, and enjoyed popular consent. His decision to consult kabbalistic sources—a departure from the resistance Kabbalah had encountered in early modern Ashkenaz—rested in part on the theological appeal of mysticism. Reflecting contemporary political philosophy and jurisprudence, Bacharach’s unequivocal endorsement of lay communal authority hinged on its elected status and on the legitimacy of law founded on principles of equity and justice.
Do elections lead to reform? Assessing the institutional limits of representative bodies in Bahrain, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia

Over the past decade, the states of the Arabian peninsula have taken strides to liberalize their political systems. They have convened elections for different types of representative bodies and have liberalized their economies more than ever before. Some countries have even systematized these elections over time. While the political science literature views elections as a significant step towards political liberalization, it remains unclear whether or not elections in authoritarian settings actually lead to more meaningful reforms. This paper considers the institutional set‐up and limits that are placed on representative bodies in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, and how these inhibit manifestation of additional reforms.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOMINANCE AND ACHIEVEMENT AMONG SELF-REPORT MEASURES '

Summary.-The need for dominance has something in common with the need for achievement in that both have clear relevance to the study of behavior in organizations. Yet in the literature a belief has persisted that the similarities end here, i.e., that dominance and achievement are essentially orthogonal. While this conclusion may be valid among nonself-report measures of these variables, it cannot be extrapolated to self-report measures because these two general measurement techniques tap into fundamentally different patterns of motives and are not mere substimtes for each other. Based on the results of surveys administered to three samples of adults (total N = 703) and using scales derived from both the Manifest Needs Questionnaire and the Personality Research Form, present analyses point to a strong relationship between self-reported dominance and achievement. The need for dominance seems an important predictor of power acquisition and the assumption of leadership roles in complex organizations (House, 1988; Lord, De Vader, & Alliger, 1986; Stahl, 1986) and is therefore a relevant individual difference for understanding behavior in such settings. Dominant individuals seek to influence and direct others, attempt to control their environment, tend to express opinions forcefully, and may assume the role of leader spontaneously (Jackson, 1984). Although an individual's dominance or any other trait or combination of traits is insufficient to account for emergent behavior, this variable nonetheless appears relevant. The need for dominance can be assessed with the Manifest Needs Questionnaire, a 20-item survey designed to measure the needs for achievement, affdiation, autonomy, and dominance in work settings. Although the reliabilities of some subscales are less than optimal (Brief, Aldag, Darrow, & Power, 1980; Dreher & Mai-Dalton, 1983; Konovsky, Dalton, & Todor, 1986), MNQDominance seems both reliable and valid (Chusmir, 1988). Medcof (1990), for example, found a strong correlation between this measure and peer ratings of dominance behavior collected more than two months later (r = 0.45, p < .001). There was also a weaker but significant correlation between MNQDominance and peer ratings of the need for achievement (r = 0.27, p< .01), an unexpected finding given the absence of any postulated relationship between dominance and achievement. The need for achievement refers to a willingness to exert effort to attain
Effectiveness of Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Chelating Compounds in Inhibiting Development of Oxidized Flavor in Milk

Summary The present investigation was designed to compare the effectiveness of the disodium calcium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid (CMMS), and the monolauryl ester of carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid (MLCMMS) in inhibiting the development of oxidized flavor in milk. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the milk were obtained by organoleptic examination and from the determination of thiobarbituric and peroxide values. EDTA, added at concentrations of 100 or 1,000 times the amount stoichiometrically necessary to chelate the added copper, was an effective inhibitor of copper-induced oxidized flavor in the milk. CMMS and MLCMMS failed to prevent completely the development of oxidized flavor in fluid milk in the presence of added copper under the experimental conditions.
Ultrastructure of thermophilic fungi IV. Conidial ontogeny in Thermomyces

At present the hyphomycete genus Thermomyces contains four species; three thermophiles, T. lanuginosus, T. stellatus, T. ibadanensis and one mesophile, T. verrucosus. All four species are characterized by the development of thick-walled, terminal holoblastic conidia. Special attention is given to comparative morphology and ultrastructural changes associated with growth at high temperatures.
Regulation of nuclear transport in proliferating and quiescent cells

Previously, we compared signal-mediated nuclear transport in proliferating and quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells and found that both the relative rate of nuclear uptake and the functional size of the transport channels were significantly greater in proliferating cells. In this study, the possible causes of these permeability differences were investigated. To determine if the decrease in transport capacity in quiescent cells was due to a reduction in the availability of soluble cytoplasmic factors (i.e., ATP or receptors for nuclear location sequences), or changes in the properties of the pores themselves, proliferating and quiescent cells were fused, and nuclear import of nucleoplasmin-coated gold (NP-gold) particles was assayed in the heterokaryons 50-60 min later. Significant differences in nuclear uptake were maintained following fusion, even though the two nuclei shared a common cytoplasm, consistent with the view that permeability is regulated at the level of the pores. Cell shape also influenced signal-mediated nuclear import. This was demonstrated by studying transport in rounded and flattened cells attached to different-size palladium domains that were deposited on a nonadhesive substrate. Based on analysis of the nuclear uptake rates of large (110-270 A in diameter) and small (50-80 A in diameter) coated gold particles, it was determined that the functional size of the pores was significantly greater in flattened cells. The effect of growth factors on recovery of nuclear transport capacity following serum depletion was also analyzed. Partial recovery was achieved by treating cells with physiological concentrations of EGF, IGF-1, or PDGF; however, complete recovery required both EGF and IGF-1.