cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Subjectivity of "False Hope" and the Possibility for "Critical Hope" among Novice Teachers.

The current neoliberal policy regime that has dictated school reform policies such as standardized testing and performance accountability challenges the professional values of teachers. As a result...
Historical Perspectives: Beyond the First Breath: Hyaline Membrane Disease and Constructing the Neonatal Patient, 1959–1975

* Abbreviations: HMD: : hyaline membrane disease NIH: : National Institutes of Health UCLA: : University of California, Los Angeles Mary Ellen Avery, MD. Photograph kindly provided by Rosalind S. Brown, MD. How do the lungs of newborns support their first breaths, and why do some infants develop respiratory distress? This crucial research question emerged in the 1950s and was investigated by numerous physicians and scientists, including the American pediatrician Mary Ellen Avery, who devoted her career to the regulation of infant respiration. In a 1964 lecture, Avery drew a distinction between the intrauterine and extrauterine environments stating that “It is clearly at birth that regular rhythmic respiration begins. Something is turned on, something must be different just after birth from the way it was before, and this something must be essential to the regulation of respiration.”(1) Although Avery was a physician by training and not a scientist, research played a significant role in her career and led to her prominence as one of the investigational leaders of respiratory distress syndrome, which was known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD) during the time of Avery’s research. Avery focused on the role of surfactant, specifically its deficiency in HMD, challenging the accepted view at the time that HMD was caused by an obstruction in the lungs due to the aspiration of hyaline membranes. (2)(3)(4) Avery’s act of shifting the understanding of HMD from an obstructive disease to one of a biochemical deficiency was all the more striking given her role as a pediatrician and not a formally trained laboratory scientist. Biographers have estimated that her findings on HMD and their subsequent translation to treatment in the form of surfactant replacement have saved the lives of more than 800,000 infants. (2) The discovery of surfactant deficiency as the cause of HMD in 1959 not only challenged the accepted understanding of the disease at the time, but …
Affirmation, compartmentalization, and isolation: narratives of identity sentiment among kinky people

With heightened cultural visibility and greater opportunities for connection, individuals with kinky sexual desires (e.g. BDSM, sexual fetishism, sexual role-playing) are increasingly constructing ...
Automated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

The "treatment planning" component of managing a radiotherapy patient currently consumes hours, even days, of human effort. The time and workforce demands of the current planning paradigm can expose patients to delays and potentially substandard treatments, all while standing as seemingly insurmountable roadblocks to adaptive radiotherapy. Automating the treatment planning process is not a new idea, but recent advances have shown that automated planning might finally be turning the corner from niche research endeavor to a standard clinical practice. In this Seminar, we will examine the current state of automated radiotherapy planning, taking particular care to consider the most critical component of the planning problem: how to generate high-quality treatment solutions that account for patient-to-patient anatomical variation. Recommendations for testing and validating automated planning routines will be discussed, as well as potential drawbacks that might persist even after robust validation has been conducted.
The decentralization of race: tracing the dilution of racial equity in educational policy

This article examines California’s Student Equity Policy crafted by policymakers to “avoid an underclass of ethnic minorities” in higher education. We combine tenets from critical race theory, inte...
Increasing Role of Oncoplastic Surgery for Breast Cancer

The goals of surgery for breast cancer have remained the same over the years, to eliminate breast cancer from the breast with the least degree of deformity. With the current expectation of long-term survival after breast cancer treatment, more attention has turned to the cosmetic result of the surgical treatment. Whether lumpectomy or mastectomy, the need for aesthetic improvement was recognized by surgeons both in and outside the USA. Oncoplastic surgery combines the skills of the cancer surgeon with those of the plastic surgeon. Sometimes, this means a team approach with a breast surgeon and a plastic surgeon both performing their mutual skills for the patient. Other times, the properly trained breast surgeon may perform some of the plastic techniques at the time of cancer surgery. Breast surgeons are rapidly gaining the ability to improve the post-cancer treatment appearance. To simplify the classification of oncoplastic techniques, we have used lower level, upper level, and highest level. The assignment of techniques to levels is based on both the technique and the surgeon’s training and experience. Much data has accumulated demonstrating the safety and efficacy of the “aesthetic cancer cure.” We describe the development of oncoplastic surgery, the techniques available, matching the right candidate with the right technique, and some comments about the future. It is clear from both clinical benefit and patient satisfaction that oncoplastic breast cancer procedures are here to stay. Plastic surgeons will likely focus on the upper- and highest-level procedures while breast/general surgeons will learn lower-level procedures and some of upper-level procedures as needed by their locale. Opportunities to educate breast/general surgeons in these techniques will continue to increase over the next several years. Formal education in oncoplastic surgery during breast fellowships will be necessary to catch up with the rest of the surgical world outside the USA.
Hmong Students’ Attitudes toward Affirmative Action

Using a sample of 119 Hmong students, this study employed multiple linear regression analysis to examine the role of ethnic identity, principled policy beliefs, self-interest, and gender in Hmong c...
Negative illness feedbacks: High-frisk policing reduces civilian reliance on ED services.

Author(s): Kerrison, Erin M; Sewell, Alyasah A | Abstract: ObjectiveThis paper demonstrates that localized and chronic stop-question-and-frisk (SQF) practices are associated with community members' utilization of emergency department (ED) resources. To explain this relationship, we explore the empirical applicability of a legal epidemiological framework, or the study of legal institutional influences on the distribution of disease and injury.Data and study designAnalyses are derived from merging data from the Philadelphia Vehicle and Pedestrians Investigation, the National Historical Geographic Information System, and the Southeastern Philadelphia Community Health database to zip code identifiers common to all datasets. Weighted multilevel negative binomial regressions measure the influence that local SQF practices have on ED use for this population. Analytic methods incorporate patient demographic covariates including household size, health insurance status, and having a doctor as a usual source of care.Principal findingsFindings reveal that both tract-level frisking and poor health are linked to more frequent use of hospital EDs, per respondent report. Despite their health care needs, however, reporting poor/fair health status is associated with a substantial decrease in the rate of emergency department visits as neighborhood frisk concentration increases (IRR = 0.923; 95% CI: 0.891, 0.957). Moreover, more sickly people in high-frisk neighborhoods live in tracts that have greater racial disparities in frisking-a pattern that accounts for the moderating role of neighborhood frisking in sick people's usage of the emergency room.ConclusionsFindings indicating the robust association reported above interrogate the chronic incompatibility of local health and human service system aims. The study also provides an interdisciplinary theoretical lens through which stakeholders can make sense of these challenges and their implications.
Multicomponent diffusion of interacting, nonionic micelles with hydrophobic solutes.

Ternary diffusion coefficient matrices [D] were measured using the Taylor dispersion method, for crowded aqueous solutions of decaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E10) with either decane or limonene solute. The matrix [D], for both systems, was found to be highly non-diagonal, and concentration dependent, over a broad domain of solute to surfactant molar ratios and micelle volume fractions. A recently developed theoretical model, based on Batchelor's theory for gradient diffusion in dilute, polydisperse mixtures of interacting spheres, was simplified by neglecting local polydispersity, and effectively used to predict [D] with no adjustable parameters. Even though the model originates from dilute theory, the theoretical results were in surprisingly good agreement with experimental data for concentrated mixtures, with volume fractions up to ϕ ≈ 0.47. In addition, the theory predicts eigenvalues D− and D+ that correspond to long-time self and gradient diffusion coefficients, respectively, for monodisperse spheres, in reasonable agreement with experimental data.
A General Approach for Monolayer Adsorption of High Weight Loadings of Uniform Nanocrystals on Oxide Supports

Monodispersed metal and semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted great attention in fundamental and applied research due to their tunable size, morphology, and well-defined chemical composition. Utilizing these nanocrystals in a controllable way is highly desirable especially when using them as building blocks for the preparation of nanostructured materials. Their deposition onto oxide materials provide them with wide applicability in many areas, including catalysis. However, so far deposition methods are limited and do not provide control to achieve high particle loadings. This study demonstrates a general approach for the deposition of hydrophobic ligand-stabilized nanocrystals on hydrophilic oxide supports without ligand-exchange. Surface functionalization of the supports with primary amine groups either using an organosilane ((3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane) or bonding with aminoalcohols (3-amino-1,2-propanediol) were found to significantly improve the interaction between nanocrystals and supports achieving high loadings (>10 wt. %). The bonding method with aminoalcohols guarantees the opportunity to remove the binding molecules thus allowing clean metal/oxide materials to be obtained, which is of great importance in the preparation of supported nanocrystals for heterogeneous catalysis.
Modeling VHF Scatter from FY and MY Sea Ice Ridges

Declining sea ice conditions are often cited as an indicator of climate change, but limited information is available on sea ice ridges, which comprise up to 50% of ice volume in certain regions. Multi-year (MY) ridges are more hazardous barriers to navigation than first year (FY) ridges and they are more likely to survive the summer melt season, but little effort has been made to identify FY and MY ridges from remote sensing data. This paper describes an analytical method to model electromagnetic scattering from ridges around the VHF range (100–500 MHz) when ridges are modeled as a rough surface over stratified media. Models considering the macroscopic properties of FY and MY ridges relevant to VHF scatter are presented. Simulations show that FY and MY ridges have different scattering characteristics, making it possible to separate the two ice types. Future work will consider how variability in ice ridge characteristics and changes during the ice season affect the separability of FY and MY ridges based on their scattering characteristics.
Evaluating the benefits of chlorophyll fluorescence for in-season crop productivity forecasting

Abstract Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) shows promise for monitoring the productivity of global agricultural systems. SIF-based primary productivity metrics have demonstrated higher fidelity to large-scale patterns of crop productivity than reflectance-based vegetation indices when averaged across the growing season. In-season crop yield forecasting typically relies upon reflectance-based vegetation indices, raising the question of whether in-season monitoring could be improved by utilizing SIF. Here, we analyze patterns of US agricultural productivity from USDA surveys and their in-season relationships with coarse-resolution GOME-2 SIF, high-resolution downscaled SIF, SIF-based primary productivity metrics, MODIS NDVI, and MODIS GPP. We find that coarse-resolution SIF-based metrics and NDVI exhibit similar out-of-sample in-season (April–July and April–August) predictive ability, even when spatially filtering higher-resolution NDVI data to cropland areas. The downscaled SIF product performed more poorly than the coarse-resolution SIF, and MODIS GPP performed more poorly than MODIS NDVI. All forecasts are improved by incorporating county fixed effects to control for cross-sectional differences between counties. NDVI-based metrics allow for significantly better yield predictions during drought conditions than SIF-based metrics, suggesting limited added value of SIF for early warning of drought impacts. The benefits of SIF for crop monitoring should be continually evaluated as the frequency and quality of SIF measurements continue to improve.
Anxiety Sensitivity and Fast-Food Ordering Habits Among Black Adults.

Background Black adults experience high rates of overweight/obesity, which is linked to chronic diseases and is exacerbated by fast-food consumption. Anxiety sensitivity, a relative stable fear of anxiety-related sensations, has been linked to high caloric intake. Here, we examine whether anxiety sensitivity is associated with fast-food ordering habits within a convenience sample of Black adults. Methods Of 124 adults (79.4% women; Mage=49.3±11.6; 84.8% overweight/obese), 107 (86.3%) reported eating from a fast-food restaurant in the last month. Participants completed the Anxiety Sensitivity-Index 3, which has a total score and physical, cognitive, and social concerns subscales. Investigator-generated items queried frequency of ordering "supersized" quantities of fast-food (e.g., cheeseburgers, fries), and healthy items (e.g., salads, oatmeal, yogurt), respectively, from "never" to "always." Covariate-adjusted ordinal logistic regression models were used to assess relations between measures of interest. Results Anxiety sensitivity (total and physical concerns) was associated with greater odds of more frequently ordering supersized unhealthy fast-food; and anxiety sensitivity (total and cognitive concerns) was associated with lower odds of more frequently ordering healthy items from fast-food restaurants. Conclusions Results suggest that adults with greater anxiety sensitivity may engage in fast-food ordering habits that can contribute to the overweight/obesity epidemic. Future studies should replicate results and determine the potential for anxiety sensitivity-reduction interventions to affect dietary choices that contribute to overweight/obesity.
Local and Regional PV Power Variability in the Northeastern U.S.: Implications for Simplified Utility Flicker Screening Analyses

This paper presents new evidence supporting the development of a screening threshold to evaluate the impact aggregations of solar PV facilities in the northeastern United States can have on voltage deviations in the distribution grid (often called flicker). Using measurements from solar irradiance meters and customer-sited monitoring equipment for residential and light commercial solar systems in Central New York along with data from the Measurement and Instrumentation Data Centers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Elizabeth City State University, and Bluefield College, we present multiple lines of support for the adoption of a flicker screening threshold equivalent to a 5% change in voltage resulting from a full-on to full-off transition of a solar facility. This approach is based on both the newer flicker perception limits in IEEE 1453-2015 and the previous limits derived from the flicker curves in IEEE 519-1992 and is consistent with recent draft recommendations from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) for use in New York. Measurements of correlations between fluctuations at different sites along with a model for high densities of solar facilities are applied to allow the impact of multiple systems on a single feeder to be taken into account while maintaining the simplicity of a single screening threshold.
Organizational Uncertainty and Labor Contracts in China's Economic Transition

Lifetime employment was a cornerstone of the Chinese socialist system constructed under Mao. In this system, organizations served the function of social security, and as a result, many organizations were overburdened with bloated work forces and retirees that drew from organizational coffers well into old age. Labor contracts fundamentally alter this system, as they allow firms to end the socialist institution of lifetime employment. Yet there is significant variation on the institutionalization of labor contracts in organizations. Based on a sample of 81 firms in industrial Shanghai, I show that organizations that are experiencing uncertainty in the economic transition are more likely to institutionalize labor contracts on an organizationwide basis. There are two types of organizational uncertainty in the economic transition: economic uncertainty and administrative uncertainty. In cases of economic uncertainty, firms that lost money in 1990 and firms that are burdened by large forces of retired workers are more likely to place their workers on labor contracts. In the case of administrative uncertainty, firms that are at the highest levels of the industrial hierarchy are also significantly more likely to place their workers on labor contracts. Although these upper level firms were the most protected under the command economy, they are being forced to handle the greatest among the responsibilities in the economic transition, and as a result, they experience the greatest sense of being set adrift by the state.
Quantitative trait locus analysis of aggressive behaviours in mice

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis is a forward genetic strategy (phenotype to gene) that enables an investigator to start with a phenotype of interest (e.g. aggressive behaviours), and then identify chromosomal regions (QTLs) and, ultimately, specific gene variants (alleles) within those regions, that influence quantitative variation in the phenotype. QTL analysis is an important complement to reverse genetic strategies (gene to phenotype), such as the generation of knockout and transgenic mice. Although a propensity for aggressive behaviours is partially heritable in mice and other mammals, very few aggression QTLs have been mapped. This slow progress is likely due, in part, to the complexity of aggressive behaviours as phenotypes, which are affected by many nongenetic (environmental and random) factors and gene-environment interactions. This paper reviews the general principles of QTL analysis, as well as the non-genetic factors that can confound aggression QTL studies. Some examples of successfully mapped intermale mouse aggression QTLs are presented, such as QTLs on chromosomes 10 and X. Strategies for fine mapping these loci are discussed, and candidate genes are considered. Finally, newly available mouse genetic resources that may facilitate QTL analysis of aggressive behaviours are suggested, such as consomic mouse strains.
BEING PRESENT: A NURSE'S RESOURCE FOR END-OF-LIFE COMMUNICATION

Given the many challenges presented in caring for dying patients and families, the authors Marjorie Schaffer and Linda Norlander have brought their considerable expertise and passion for being with...
Anaxagoras Betwixt Parmenides and Plato

In this article, it is argued that, although there is significant debate over the nature of Anaxagoras’ response to Parmenides, it is likely that Anaxagoras advances his physical theory in opposition to Parmenides’ Numerical Monism. It is unlikely that Anaxagoras aims to develop a theory that harmonizes with the Predicational Monism that is sometimes ascribed to Parmenides. In addition, it is argued that, although some modern scholars suggest that Anaxagoras posits nous as a planning cause, no compelling argument has yet been advanced against Plato's interpretation, according to which Anaxagoras is not a proponent of teleological explanation.
Covariance Adjustment in Randomized Experiments and Observational Studies

By slightly reframing the concept of covariance adjustment in randomized experiments, a method of exact permutation inference is derived that is entirely free of distributional assumptions and uses the random assignment of treatments as the "reasoned basis for inference." This method of exact permutation inference may be used with many forms of covariance adjustment, including robust regression and locally weighted smoothers. The method is then generalized to observational studies where treatments were not randomly assigned, so that sensitivity to hidden biases must be examined. Adjustments using an instrumental variable are also discussed. The methods are illustrated using data from two observational studies.
A Master Wave Equation

In the two previous papers (to be referred to as I and II) a relativistic wave equation describing particles with different spins and masses has been proposed and discussed in detail. For the half-integral spin systems there are no subsidiary conditions on the wave function and for the integral spin systems the wave equation itself contains the required subsidiary conditions. The particle classification is based on the finite dimensional representations of the group G = [SO (3, 2) ⊗ U (3, 1)] where No (dimension number of SO (3, 2)) assumes only the values 4, 5 and 10 while N (the dimension number of U (3, 1)) ranges over the entire representation spectrum of U (3, 1) viz. N=1, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20,... The wave functions (suppressing the SO (3, 2) index) are of the form $$\Psi ,{{\Psi }_{\mu }},{{\Psi }_{{\left[ {\mu \nu } \right]}}},{{\Psi }_{{\left\{ {\mu \nu } \right\}}}}{{\Psi }_{{\left[ {\left[ {\mu \nu } \right],\left[ {\rho \sigma } \right]} \right]}}} $$ , $${\text{N = 1,4,6,10,15,}} $$ , $${{\Psi }_{{\left\{ {\left[ {\mu \nu } \right],\left[ {\rho \sigma } \right]} \right\}}}},{{\Psi }_{{\left\{ {\mu \nu \rho } \right\}}}} $$ $$20,20, \ldots , $$ , where we observe that the trace operation, for example, in \(\Psi_{\left \{ \mu \nu \right \}}\) and \(\Psi_{\left \{ \mu \nu \rho \right \}}\) by means of the metric \(\textup{g}^{\left \{ \mu \nu \right \}}\left ( \textup{g}_{44}=1,\textup{g}_{\textup{4j}}=\textup{g}_{\textup{j4}}=0,\textup{g}_{\textup{jk}}=\delta_{\textup{jk}},\textup{j,k}= 1,2,3 \right )\) does not commute with the U (3,1) transformations2. Thus the \(\Psi_{\left \{ \mu \nu \right \}}, \Psi_{\left \{ \mu \nu \rho \right \}}\) which are reducible under O (3,1) correspond to irreducible representations of U (3,1). A square bracket around the indices implies antisymmetry while a curly bracket implies symmetry under permutations of the respective indices.
Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free‐Roaming Cats

Summary Free-roaming cat populations have been identified as a significant public health threat and are a source for several zoonotic diseases including rabies, toxoplasmosis, cutaneous larval migrans because of various nematode parasites, plague, tularemia and murine typhus. Several of these diseases are reported to cause mortality in humans and can cause other important health issues including abortion, blindness, pruritic skin rashes and other various symptoms. A recent case of rabies in a young girl from California that likely was transmitted by a free-roaming cat underscores that free-roaming cats can be a source of zoonotic diseases. Increased attention has been placed on trap–neuter–release (TNR) programmes as a viable tool to manage cat populations. However, some studies have shown that TNR leads to increased immigration of unneutered cats into neutered populations as well as increased kitten survival in neutered groups. These compensatory mechanisms in neutered groups leading to increased kitten survival and immigration would confound rabies vaccination campaigns and produce nao ¨ve populations of cats that can serve as source of zoonotic disease agents owing to lack of immunity. This manuscript is a review of the various diseases of free-roaming cats and the public health implications associated with the cat populations.
Application of a general sliding law to simulating flow in a glacier cross-section

Observations at Athabasca Glacier and elsewhere suggest that basal sliding can account for a very significant part of total glacier motion, and that sliding rates vary significantly across a glacier section. The ability to model such spatial variations in basal velocities is important in understanding flow in valley glaciers, as well as in predicting spatial patterns of glacial erosion that drive land-form development models. With a sliding law in which the basal velocity is dependent on the basal shear stress and inversely dependent on the effective pressure at the bed, it is possible to predict an overall flow pattern that is consistent with the empirical data, if it is assumed that friction increases close to the margin of a glacier.
Empirically Confronting Stochastic Singularity: An Application to the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross Model

We just-identify a no-arbitrage term structure model in estimation and then test it using both a classical orthogonality restriction test and a test of conditional predictive ability. We treat the error structure as unmodeled heterogeneity so that the model is estimated without errors, and the statistical question is whether using the model to characterize the dynamics and patterns in historical data is either useful or optimal as a forecasting tool. The data we use are from the transparent Greenspan regime at the Fed (1989-2005), and we also use a rolling estimation format so that regime shifts are not a likely cause of the model's performance. Substantively we find that the model is not a good forecasting device for short rates which in this period are strongly affected by changes in the target Fed Funds rate. For longer term rates, especially at longer forecast horizons where Fed policy has no effect, the model is more informative.
Influence of pre-cooking protein paste gelation conditions and post-cooking gel storage conditions on gel texture.

BACKGROUND Gelation conditions affect the setting of myofibrillar fish protein gels. Therefore the impact of widely applied pre-cooking gelation time/temperature strategies and post-cooking period on the texture and color of final protein gels was determined. Four pre-cooking gelation strategies (no setting time, 30 min at 25 °C, 1 h at 40 °C or 24 h at 4 °C) were applied to protein pastes (fish protein concentrate and standard functional additives). After cooking, texture and color were analyzed either directly or after 24 h at 4 °C on gels adjusted to 25 °C. RESULTS No-set gels were harder, gummier and chewier (P < 0.05) when analyzed immediately after cooling; however, gel chewiness, cohesiveness and firmness indicated by Kramer force benefited from 24 h at 4 °C gel setting when stored post-cooking. Gel-setting conditions had a greater (P < 0.05) effect on texture when directly analyzed and most changes occurred in no-set gels. There were significant (P < 0.05) changes between directly analyzed and post-cooking stored gels in texture and color, depending on the pre-cooking gelation strategy. CONCLUSION Pre-cooking gelation conditions will affect final protein gel texture and color, with gel stability benefiting from a gel-setting period. However, post-cooking storage may have a greater impact on final gels, with textural attributes becoming more consistent between all samples. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Review of Applied Positive Psychology: Improving Everyday Life, Health, Schools, Work, and Society

APPLIED POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: IMPROVING EVERYDAY Life, Health, Schools, Work, and Society represents an effort to integrate cutting edge research and real world applications of positive psychology. ...
Getting the most of our your data: multitask bayesian network structure learning, predicting good probabilities and ensemble selection

First, I consider the problem of simultaneously learning the structures of multiple Bayesian networks from multiple related datasets. I present a multitask Bayes net structure learning algorithm that is able to learn more accurate network structures by transferring useful information between the datasets. The algorithm extends the score and search techniques used in traditional structure learning to the multitask case by defining a scoring function for sets of structures (one structure for each task) and an efficient procedure for searching for a high scoring set of structures. I also address the task selection problem in the context of multitask Bayes net structure learning. Unlike in other multitask learning scenarios, in the Bayes net structure learning setting there is a clear definition of task relatedness: two tasks are related if they have similar structures. This allows one to automatically select a set of related tasks to be used by multitask structure learning. Second, I examine the relationship between the predictions made by different supervised learning algorithms and true posterior probabilities. I show that quasi-maximum margin methods such as boosted decision trees and SVMs push probability mass away from 0 and 1 yielding a characteristic sigmoid shaped distortion in the predicted probabilities. Naive Bayes pushes probabilities toward 0 and 1. Other models such as neural nets, logistic regression and bagged trees usually do not have these biases and predict well calibrated probabilities. I experiment with two ways of correcting the biased probabilities predicted by some learning methods: Platt Scaling and Isotonic Regression. I qualitatively examine what distortions these calibration methods are suitable for and quantitatively examine how much data they need to be effective. Third, I present a method for constructing ensembles from libraries of thousands of models. Model libraries are generated using different learning algorithms and parameter settings. Forward stepwise selection is used to add to the ensemble the models that maximize its performance. The main drawback of ensemble selection is that it builds models that are very large and slow at test time. This drawback, however, can be overcome with little or no loss in performance by using model compression.
The before-eruption water content of some high-alumina magmas

An analysis by difference technique yields estimates of H2O in basaltic and andesitic glasses, which are sufficiently accurate (± 1.4 percent absolute) to be useful. Glass inclusions trapped in large olivine crystals from tephra-rich eruptions have 1 to 5 percent H2O. The highest H2O contents are found in basaltic inclusions in magnesium rich olivines from Mount Shasta, California. Andesitic inclusions have less H2O. It seems probable that tephra-rich high-alumina magmas evolve in a vapor saturated environment at fairly shallow depths (few kilometers). This depth appears to be less for Medicine Lake Highlands than for Mount Shasta. Vapor saturation probably inhibits the rise of magma, thus the initial vapor content of a magma may govern its stagnation level. Volatile-rich parental magmas like Mount Shasta basalt probably tend to stagnate at deeper levels, crystallize early amphibole and produce comparatively calcic differentiates.
Dipole-forbidden excitations in electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

For momentum transfers of order 6 A${\r{}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ nondipole transitions can make the same contribution to inner-shell energy-loss spectra as dipole transitions. Nondipole transitions are particularly significant when there is a high density of dipole-forbidden states in the near-threshold region. We have studied the near-threshold region in the excitation of molybdenum 3d and the excitations of 2p electrons in ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ and SiC as a function of scattering wave vector q. At large q dipole-forbidden monopole transitions become visible as a sharp peak on the ${M}_{4}$,5 threshold for molybdenum corresponding to 3d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4d transitions or as a change in the ${L}_{2}$,3 peaks intensity ratio in the cases of titanium and silicon. Experimental results are confirmed by calculations.
Low-level prenatal and postnatal blood lead exposure and adrenocortical responses to acute stress in children.

BackgroundA few recent studies have demonstrated heightened hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to acute stress in animals exposed to heavy metal contaminants, particularly lead. H...
In-Situ TEM Observation of Twinning and Detwinning During Cyclic Loading in Mg

In-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to directly observe twin evolution in Mg under tension and compression. Twins grow during tensile loading. Upon load reversal, the first-generation twin detwins by nucleation and growth of a second-generation twin within its volume. This mechanism for detwinning is different from the more traditional mechanism of detwinning by reverse motion of a twin boundary. Reloading in tension causes the second-generation twin to recede, leaving behind residual features. In compression, the second-generation twin re-nucleates in the area of this debris, and grows. Interactions between dislocations and twin boundaries change the character of the observed dislocations. Direct observation of such behavior aids in clearer understanding of the observed microstructures from post-mortem TEM.
The contribution of the zona fasciculata and glomerulosa to plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone levels in man.

Using a newly developed radioassay method, plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) levels were studied in 6 human volunteers for diurnal variation and for response to ACTH, metyrapone, dexamethasone, and low or high dietary sodium. DOC reached its peak of 6.4 ± 1.2 ng/100 ml at 8:00 am, and its nadir of less than 1 ng/100 ml at midnight. Corresponding plasma cortisol values were 14.1 ± 1.4 μg/100 ml and 5.9 ± 1.3 μg/100 ml respectively. After intramuscular ACTH (Cortrosyn 0.25 mg), DOC rose to 28.7 ± 1.8 ng/100 ml in 1 h. Dexamethasone treatment for 3 days reduced DOC to less than 1 ng/100 ml in all 6 subjects. Oral metyrapone for 24 h resulted in dramatically elevated DOC levels of 1568 ± 183 ng/100 ml. High dietary sodium did not affect DOC levels which averaged 5.6 ± 0.7 ng/100 ml. After 3 days of sodium restriction, DOC levels were unchanged at 4.8 ± 0.5 ng/100 ml (P > 0.9) despite high plasma renin activity and elevated plasma and urinary aldosterone. Dexamethasone was then added, and the diet continued ...
Dimethylbenzanthracene mammary tumorigenesis in sprague-dawley rats fed diets differing in content of beef tallow or rapeseed oil

Abstract Female Sprague-Dawley rats fed purified diets containing 5% or 20% fat as beef tallow or rapeseed oil plus corn oil were given 2.5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene intragastrically at age 55 days. Mammary tumorigenesis was not significantly increased in rats fed diets high in beef tallow or rapeseed oil compared to rats fed 5% fat. In earlier studies in rats fed similar diets containing corn oil or lard, mammary tumorigenesis was enhanced by the high fat diets. These results indicate that dietary fats vary in their ability to increase mammary tumorigenesis in rats. In addition, body weight, feed efficiency ratios, sexual maturation, and estrous cycles were examined. High erucic acid rapeseed oil did not support growth as well as beef tallow, and feed efficiency ratios were decreased in animals fed the higher amount of the oil. There was no significant dietary fat effect on age at vaginal opening or regularity or duration of estrous cycles.
Assay of trace amines by gas chromatography with nitrogen detector in biological samples using C18 SEP-PAK cartridges for sample cleanup.

Abstract SEP-PAK C 18 cartridges are being used for biological sample cleanup for qualitative identification and quantitation of several biochemical components. In this study it is demonstrated that the SEP-PAK C 18 cartridges can be used for plasma and urine sample cleanup for the quantitation of amphetamine and biogenic amines such as phenethylamine, tyramine, and tryptamine. Its utility in gas chromatography analysis using nitrogen detector and nonbiological internal standards is reported. As a quality control measure the results are validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Recovery studies are carried out using [ 14 C]phenethylamine.
Neighborhood fast food restaurants and fast food consumption: A national study

Recent studies suggest that neighborhood fast food restaurant availability is related to greater obesity, yet few studies have investigated whether neighborhood fast food restaurant availability promotes fast food consumption. Our aim was to estimate the effect of neighborhood fast food availability on frequency of fast food consumption in a national sample of young adults, a population at high risk for obesity. We used national data from U.S. young adults enrolled in wave III (2001-02; ages 18-28) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 13,150). Urbanicity-stratified multivariate negative binomial regression models were used to examine cross-sectional associations between neighborhood fast food availability and individual-level self-reported fast food consumption frequency, controlling for individual and neighborhood characteristics. In adjusted analysis, fast food availability was not associated with weekly frequency of fast food consumption in non-urban or low- or high-density urban areas. Policies aiming to reduce neighborhood availability as a means to reduce fast food consumption among young adults may be unsuccessful. Consideration of fast food outlets near school or workplace locations, factors specific to more or less urban settings, and the role of individual lifestyle attitudes and preferences are needed in future research.
The First Hydrogen Bonded Anionic Phosphates Exhibiting Sulfur Donor Coordination1

We have synthesized and structurally characterized the first anionic phosphates undergoing sulfur donor action in the presence of hydrogen bonding. As a consequence, these phosphates increase their coordination geometry toward a trigonal bipyramid. It is suggested that such action may occur at active sites of phosphoryl transfer enzyme containing anionic phosphate substrates.
SU‐E‐J‐234: Auto‐Segmentation Strategies for Treatment Targets and Critical Organs in Head‐And‐Neck Cancer Patients

Purpose: To determine an optimum combination of model- and atlas-based segmentation methods for the automatic segmentation of targets and critical organs for head-and-neck cancer patients. Methods: Ten base-of-tongue cancer patients with clinical staging ranging from T1N2bM0 to T2N2cM0 were selected retrospectively for this study. Patient CT images were imported into RayStation TPS (V4.0) where both model-based segmentation (MBS) and atlas-based segmentation (ABS) are available. MBS includes models with adjustable shape, size and property parameters provided by RayStation for the critical organs of spinal cord, brainstem, parotids, and mandible. ABS requires user-defined atlases with images and contours. To create atlases specifically for our patient cases, “standard” patients were selected by physicians for each TMN stage. The ABS contours include all MBS contours plus the primary and nodal GTV and up to three levels of CTV. Contours for each patient were auto-delineated using MBS and ABS methods which were then modified by physicians and used as ground truth. Auto-segmented and physician corrected contours were compared and evaluated using Dice similarity coefficient. Results: The auto-segmented contours were considered acceptable if the Dice values were above 0.7. For the cord, brainstem, parotids(L+R), and mandible, the number of patients whose Dice value was acceptable were 0, 4, 5, 7, and 10, respectively for MBS method, and 4, 4, 5, 4, and 7, respectively for ABS method. For the targets, none of the auto-segmented contour had an accpetable Dice value. The best one was CTV2 with the average Dice of 0.5. Conclusion: With the exception of cord, MBS was better for delineation critical organs. Auto-segmented GTV and CTV contours using ABS method agreed poorly with physician corrected contours because of the large amount of inter-patient variation in disease location even with the exact same TMN staging. Better auto-segmentation methods should be explored to improve target delineation.
Diabetes unresponsive to subc. but responsive to I.V. insulin: Biphasic behavior

Six female diabetics, 14 to 31 years of age, had erratic control for years and developed resistance to subc. insulin (2.5-30.0 units/kg/day) but had normal response to I.V. insulin (0.35-0.9 units/kg/day). Three patients required continuous I.V. insulin infusion for 6 mos to 1 year. Euglycemia was achieved, when aprotinin (a protease inhibitor) and regular insulin (0.7-1.4 units/kg/day) was given subc. Plasma levels of free insulin rose and ketonuria subsided. Four patients had episodes of spontaneous severe hypoglycemia, before and during aprotinin therapy, requiring I.V. glucose for 2 to 60 days. Days and weeks after the last sub . injection of ins. hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia (50 to 2000 μU free insulin/ml) persisted, C-peptide was <0.5 ng/ml; counterregulatory hormones were normal; in one patient fat biopsy insulin (1090 μU/gm) and glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase in leukocytes and subc fat were higher than in 2 controls; 3H-insulin was absorbed and degraded normally during the hypoglycemic phase and not absorbed during the resistant phase. The findings suggest that insulin is sequestered (and may be degraded) at the injection site during the resistant phase and released during the hypoglycemic phase.
Why is big-O analysis hard?

We are interested in increasing comprehension of how students understand big-O analysis. We conducted a qualitative analysis of interviews with two undergraduate students to identify sources of difficulty within the topic of big-O. This demonstrates the existence of various difficulties, which contribute to the sparse research on students' understanding of pedagogy. The students involved in the study have only minimal experience with big-O analysis, discussed within the first two introductory computer science courses. During these hour-long interviews, the students were asked to analyze code or a paragraph to find the runtime of the algorithm involved and invited students to write code that would in run a certain runtime. From these interactions, we conclude that students that have difficulties with big-O could be having trouble with the mathematical function used in the analysis and/or the techniques they used to solve the problem.
Second order modeling of turbulent transport in the surface mixed layer

A model for the simultaneous transport of heat and water vapor is presented. In an effort to resolve the structure of the entrainment region at the inversion base, models are constructed so as to satisfy realizability as far as possible. Density anomaly and water vapor mixture fraction (specific humidity) are taken as the basic variables. Algebraic expressions for the third moments are derived from first principles, and contain no adjustable constants. Separate equations are carried for the dissipation of each variance, constructed to give rational behavior of all time scale ratios. New forms for relaxation and cross-dissipation terms are constructed in such a way as to guarantee realizability. We describe how realizability was used as a tool to construct these models. We present preliminary results without mean velocity gradients for a dry surface mixed layer leaving the land and starting over water, producing a stable internal humidity boundary layer, but with large fluxes of sensible heat and water vapor (local advection).
An exploratory analysis of personality, attitudes, and study skills on the learning curve within a team-based learning environment.

Objective. To examine factors that determine the interindividual variability of learning within a team-based learning environment.Methods. Students in a pharmacokinetics course were given 4 interim, low-stakes cumulative assessments throughout the semester and a cumulative final examination. Students’ Myers-Briggs personality type was assessed, as well as their study skills, motivations, and attitudes towards team-learning. A latent curve model (LCM) was applied and various covariates were assessed to improve the regression model.Results. A quadratic LCM was applied for the first 4 assessments to predict final examination performance. None of the covariates examined significantly impacted the regression model fit except metacognitive self-regulation, which explained some of the variability in the rate of learning. There were some correlations between personality type and attitudes towards team learning, with introverts having a lower opinion of team-learning than extroverts.Conclusion. The LCM could readi...
The topology of attractors

We prove for a large class of compact metric spaces, including those manifolds of dimension at least two, Hilbert cube manifolds, and homogeneous Menger manifolds, that ‘most’ self-homeomorphisms (in the sense of residual set of homeomorphisms) have certain properties. Specifically, if F : X → X is one of these homeomorphisms, then F admits • a dense, open wandering set; • a nowhere dense chain recurrent set; • an infinite collection of attractors (and repellers), each of which has nonempty interior and cannot be reduced to a ‘smallest’ attractor (or ‘largest’ repeller); and an uncountable collection of pairwise disjoint quasi-attractors. We also discuss the topology of the boundaries of attractors.
Today’s Environmental Manager’s Toolbox: Evaluating the EHS Attributes of Products

In response to the public’s interest, companies have expanded their focus on reducing their environmental footprint through designing environmentally preferable products. Corporate environmental managers typically work with product design teams on this effort. This paper explains three tools available to assist in the assessment of EHS attributes of products, namely risk assessment, alternatives assessment, and life cycle assessment. An overview, process appropriate uses, and limitations of each tool are discussed.
Presettlement landscape heterogeneity: Evaluating grain of resolution using General Land Office Survey data

General Land Office Survey (GLOS) records from the A.D. 1840s provide data for quantitative characterization of presettlement vegetation across western Mackinac County, Michigan, located within the mixed conifer-northern hardwoods forest region. We analyzed data from land survey plat maps and 1958 bearing, witness, and line trees from 162 surveyed section and quarter-section corners in order to map vegatation cover types at a level of spatial resolution appropriate for characterizing landscape heterogeneity using standard landscape ecological metrics. As also demonstrated by a number of both classic and contemporary plant-ecological studies, the distribution of landforms, soils properties, hydrology, and location of fire breaks all contribute to the heterogeneity in vegetation observed at a landscape scale in the region. Through a series of spatial landscape analyses with differing grain of resolution, in this study we determine that a grid cell size of 65 ha (0.5 mi×0.5 mi or 0.25 mi2) to 259 ha (1 mi2) gives a conservative characterization of landscape heterogeneity using standard metrics and is therefore appropriate for use of GLOS data to study historical landscape changes.