cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among women attending prenatal clinics in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from 1989–1990

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women in Puerto Rico. Methods An anonymous serosurvey was conducted in four prenatal clinics in San Juan, Puerto Rico, involving women presenting consecutively for their first prenatal visit. Results Nineteen of 997 pregnant women (1.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.0) tested positive for HCV antibody (anti-HCV), and eight (0.8%, 95% CI 0.4–1.6) were HIV seropositive. Of the 992 women for whom serum samples were tested for HBV markers, 91 (9.2%, 95% CI 7.5–11.2) had evidence of past or current HBV infection, and four (0.4%, 95% CI 0.1–1.1) were HBV carriers. The agespecific HBV prevalence ranged from 4.1% among women 15–19 years old to 18.5% among those at least 30 years old ( P χ 2 test for trend). Anti-HCV prevalence was also higher among women at least 30 years old compared to younger women (3.1 versus 1.9%; prevalence ratio 1.6, 95% CI 0.6–4.9), although the difference was not statistically significant. Anti-HCV prevalence was higher among women with past or current HBV infection than among women who were not infected (7.7 versus 1.3%; prevalence ratio 5.8, 95% CI 2.3–14.3). Conclusions The prevalence of chronic HBV and HCV infection among pregnant women tested in San Juan, Puerto Rico, is comparable to that among pregnant women in the United States. The prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in San Juan is higher than among childbearing women in the United States.
INCIDENCE OF SORE THROAT FOLLOWING ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION.

The incidence of postanesthetic sore throat in 500 patients was determined by a method which attempted to avoid the element of suggestion. In 400 patients who were intubated, the incidence of sore throat was 57 per cent.
Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion.

Importance of the field: Iloperidone is a newly commercialized second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for the acute treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Areas covered in this review: The purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of iloperidone and its clinical implications in the treatment of schizophrenia. Background information is also provided regarding chemistry, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy and safety data, and regulatory affairs. What the reader will gain: The reader will have an understanding of the pharmacokinetics and overall metabolism of iloperidone within the context of efficacy and safety. Take home message: Time to peak plasma concentration occurs in 2 – 4 h but elimination half-life is 18 h for extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers and 33 h for poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, suggesting that once or twice daily dosing would be feasible. Dizziness and/or postural hypotension are the limiting factors for how fast iloperidone can be titrated, and is explained by ...
The Reinforcing Effect of a Differentiating Stimulus

Resume L'EFFET RENFORCANT D'UN STIMULUS DIFFERENCIANT Une discrimination est etablie ou une reponse a un levier ne se montre presque que quand un stimulus differenciant (L) est present. Une reponse occasionnelle en l'absence de L est ensuite faite pour produire l'apparence de L. Ceci a l'effet de rendre la reponse de nouveau conditionnelle en l'absence de L. On examine la vitesse du changement dans son effet sur la vitesse de la mise en action observed dans le reconditionnement periodique. On constate que le changement commence immediatement. On note ordinairement quelque acceleration plus tard. Une experience ayant rapport a celle-ci montre qu'un stimulus differenciant tel qu'une sonnette bourdonnante ou une lumiere peut avoir un effet depressif sur la vitesse de la mise en action pendant le reconditionnement periodique.
Quantitative Trait Associated Microarray Gene Expression Data Analysis

Selection on phenotypes may cause genetic change. To understand the relationship between phenotype and gene expression from an evolutionary viewpoint, it is important to study the concordance between gene expression and profiles of phenotypes. In this study, we use a novel method of clustering to identify genes whose expression profiles are related to a quantitative phenotype. Cluster analysis of gene expression data aims at classifying genes into several different groups based on the similarity of their expression profiles across multiple conditions. The hope is that genes that are classified into the same clusters may share underlying regulatory elements or may be a part of the same metabolic pathways. Current methods for examining the association between phenotype and gene expression are limited to linear association measured by the correlation between individual gene expression values and phenotype. Genes may be associated with the phenotype in a nonlinear fashion. In addition, groups of genes that share a particular pattern in their relationship to phenotype may be of evolutionary interest. In this study, we develop a method to group genes based on orthogonal polynomials under a multivariate Gaussian mixture model. The effect of each expressed gene on the phenotype is partitioned into a cluster mean and a random deviation from the mean. Genes can also be clustered based on a time series. Parameters are estimated using the expectation-maximization algorithm and implemented in SAS. The method is verified with simulated data and demonstrated with experimental data from 2 studies, one clusters with respect to severity of disease in Alzheimer's patients and another clusters data for a rat fracture healing study over time. We find significant evidence of nonlinear associations in both studies and successfully describe these patterns with our method. We give detailed instructions and provide a working program that allows others to directly implement this method in their own analyses.
Structural characteristics of the subtropical jet stream and certain lower-stratospheric wind systems

Analyses of the wind field are presented for several cases, which illustrate the considerable variability in structure of the subtropical jet stream. Two cores of strongest wind are common, one lying in the break between the middle and subtropical tropopause and the other often lying above the subtropical tropopause. The layer of strongest wind on the cyclonic flank slopes upward toward north and is often identifiable as a discrete wind-speed maximum several kilometers above the polar-front jet stream. On the anticyclonic flank, the lower subtropical jet slopes downward toward south and is sometimes stronger than the higher-level layer of maximum wind. Although the broad-scale structure of the wind fields is qualitatively in accord with the solenoid field, large deviations from the thermal wind relationship are found in layers of restricted depth. Measured vertical shears are often double or triple the size of the thermal shear, and in certain regions the thermal and actual shears are of opposite sign. These deviations are shown to be associated with inertial effects arising from curvature of the flow, and from variations of curvature with height. An example is given illustrating the shallow filaments of strong wind sometimes found in the lower stratosphere above the tropospheric jet streams. These are not indicated by the thermal field, and are evidence of strong domination by inertial effects. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1962.tb00133.x
Bolster for the tarsoconjunctival flap-skin graft

When skin grafts are used in the reconstruction of eyelid defects, they are usually covered by a Telfa bolster sutured to surrounding tissue. The bolster creates a contact between the underlying skin graft and the remaining eyelid, which promotes vascularization of the skin graft, increasing its chance of viability. However, when a skin graft is applied over a tarsoconjunctival flap, a bolster is not typically used. This article describes the use of a bolster over a skin graft that is applied to the tarsoconjunctival flap to increase the chance of skin graft survival. The author reports having used this technique in hundreds of cases without the loss of any skin graft.
Activation of an adipogenic program in adult myoblasts with age.

Abstract Myoblasts isolated from mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle demonstrated increased adipogenic potential as a function of age. Whereas myoblasts from 8-month-old adult mice did not significantly accumulate terminal markers of adipogenesis regardless of culture conditions, myoblasts from 23-month-old mice accumulated fat and expressed genes characteristic of differentiated adipocytes, such as the fatty acid binding protein aP2. This change in differentiation potential was associated with a change in the abundance of the mRNA encoding the transcription factor C/EBPα, and in the relative abundance of PPARγ2 to PPARγ1 mRNAs. Furthermore, PPARγ activity appeared to be regulated at the level of phosphorylation, being more highly phosphorylated in myoblasts isolated from younger animals. Although adipogenic gene expression in myoblasts from aged animals was activated, presumably in response to PPARγ and C/EBPα, unexpectedly, myogenic gene expression was not effectively repressed. The Wnt signaling pathway may also alter differentiation potential in muscle with age. Wnt-10b mRNA was more abundantly expressed in muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts from adult compared with aged mice, resulting in stabilization of cytosolic β-catenin, that may potentially contribute to inhibition of adipogenic gene expression in adult myoblasts. The changes reported here, together with those reported in bone marrow stroma with age, suggest that a default program may be activated in mesenchymal cells with increasing age resulting in a more adipogenic-like phenotype. Whether this change in differentiation potential contributes to the increased adiposity in muscle with age remains to be determined.
Influence of thermal variation of diffusion coefficient on non-equilibrium plate height in capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract A numerical algorithm is developed by which the radial profiles of temperature and mobility in an electrophoretic capillary can be computed from the steady-state equation of heat conduction. To determine these profiles accurately, the viscosity at any temperature is calculated to four significant figures from an expression different from the commonly used Andrade equation. The profiles so computed are used in a theory derived here, which addresses the impact of the thermal variation of diffusion coefficient on the axial dispersion of analyte ions in capillary zone electrophoresis. The magnitude of this dispersion is expressed as the non-equilibrium plate height. The numerical computation of this plate height indicates that this variation becomes significant only when the difference in temperature between the capillary center and wall exceeds ca . 5°C. The plate heights computed here can differ by more than a factor of two from those based on the Andrade equation, even when the variation of the diffusion coefficient is ignored. These differences originate from the relative inaccuracy of this equation.
Human rRNA transcription is modulated by the coordinate binding of two factors to an upstream control element

The human rRNA promoter contains two distinct cis-control sequences, the core and upstream control element (UCE), that serve as the target for binding cellular trans-activating proteins involved in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase I. One of these factors, SL1, has been extensively purified and shown to be a species-specific factor required to reconstitute in vitro RNA synthesis. DNAase footprinting revealed that although SL1 alone does not bind specifically to rRNA promoter sequences, a second factor, UBF1, recruits SL1 to the template and directs binding to an extended region encompassing sequences in the UCE. Analysis of mutant and human-mouse hybrid promoters indicate that protein-DNA interactions at the UCE modulate the efficiency of rRNA synthesis. Transcription from the human rRNA promoter appears to require an unusual set of protein-DNA transactions in which recognition and binding to an upstream cis-control element is carried out by one factor (UBF1), whereas activation requires an additional factor, SL1, acting in conjunction with UBF1 to trigger transcription.
Direct electrophysiological measurement of human default network areas

Neuroimaging-based investigations in humans have established the existence of brain regions that are selectively metabolically active while resting. We report a population-scale neurophysiological measurement of activity in regions of this “default network,” by recording high-frequency power (76–200 Hz) electrical potentials directly from these regions in three human subjects. A selective increase observed during only resting, when compared with activity, firmly establishes a neuronal origin for default network phenomena.
The Female Positivity Effect in the Perception of Others

Abstract We posit a female positivity effect in the perception of others. Using social-role theory, we argue that female perceivers will view others more positively than will male perceivers. In Study 1, a Social Relations Model analysis was undertaken on 10 data sets containing mixed-gender interpersonal perception ratings of the Big Five factors. Results revealed that there is a remarkably consistent, albeit modest, trend indicating that women assign more positive trait ratings to others than men for all of the Big Five factors at all levels of acquaintance. Study 2 replicated the gender difference, controlled for target gender, and explored possible moderators and mediators of this effect. Consistent with social-role theory, there is an indication that sex-role stereotypes mediate the effect.
An Analysis of Satellite Infrared Soundings at the Mesoscale Using Statistical Structure and Correlation Functions

Abstract A statistical analysis of satellite infrared sounding data from the Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR) on NOAA 4 was performed in conjunction with the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) mesoscale sounding period (10 May-12 June 1976). Satellite radiances, retrieved temperatures and moisture information in the form of radiance residuals at a resolution of ∼70 km were examined for a 14-day composite period using structure and correlation functions. A structure analysis as a function of data separation distance for a field of measured values can detect the mean nondirectional gradient in the field. Estimates of the relative noise level in the measurements were also obtained by extrapolating the obtained structure to zero separation distance. The rms radiance noise levels for the VTPR channels were found to be close to the design specifications for the VTPR instrument. For retrieved temperatures, the noise level was determined to be ∼0.5°C at the three pressure levels examined. The ...
Real-time MR thermometry for monitoring HIFU ablations of the liver

A high-resolution and high-speed pulse sequence is presented for monitoring high-intensity focused ultrasound ablations in the liver in the presence of motion. The sequence utilizes polynomial-order phase saturation bands to perform outer volume suppression, followed by spatial-spectral excitation and three readout segmented echo-planar imaging interleaves. Images are processed with referenceless thermometry to create temperature-rise images every frame. The sequence and reconstruction were implemented in RTHawk and used to image stationary and moving sonications in a polyacrylamide gel phantom (62.4 acoustic W, 50 sec, 550 kHz). Temperature-rise images were compared between moving and stationary experiments. Heating spots and corresponding temperature-rise plots matched very well. The stationary sonication had a temperature standard deviation of 0.15 degrees C compared to values of 0.28 degrees C and 0.43 degrees C measured for two manually moved sonications at different velocities. Moving the phantom (while not heating) with respect to the transducer did not cause false temperature rises, despite susceptibility changes. The system was tested on nonheated livers of five normal volunteers. The mean temperature rise was -0.05 degrees C, with a standard deviation of 1.48 degrees C. This standard deviation is acceptable for monitoring high-intensity focused ultrasound ablations, suggesting real-time imaging of moving high-intensity focused ultrasound sonications can be clinically possible.
Learning, judgment, and the rooted particular

This article begins by acknowledging the general worry that scholarship in the humanities lacks the rigor and objectivity of other scholarly fields. In considering the validity of that criticism, I distinguish two models of learning: the covering law model exemplified by the natural sciences, and the model of rooted particularity that characterizes the humanities. With those two models set forth, I defend the humanities against the general challenge of lack of rigor by showing how objective standards of evaluation are to be understood within the particularity model. I then discuss the distinct benefits offered by that model of learning and conclude by showing how the skills and temperament associated with that model can be usefully deployed to illuminate Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.
PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF ANTIGENS FOR COMPLEMENT FIXATION BY METHODS OF DIALYSIS, ADSORPTION, AND EXTRACTION

Antigens were prepared from the culture filtrates of tubercle bacilli and by extraction of washed and dried organisms with organic and aqueous solvents and from tissues of organs showing tuberculous lesions. A comparison of these preparations by means of the complement fixation test showed that the aqueous extracts were most active antigenically. The antigenic activity of the aqueous preparations and also of the slightly active culture filtrates was increased by means of dialysis and adsorption with serum globulin followed by extraction with alcohol and concentration of the alcoholic extract in vacuo.
Evaluation of oral problems in an osteogenesis imperfecta population.

Abstract Objective. The incidence of craniofacial and dental anomalies in children with the more severe nonlethal forms of osteogenesis imperfecta was evaluated. Study Design. The study evaluated 40 children (age range, 1-17.5 years) with types III and IV osteogenesis imperfecta. In each case, the dentition was evaluated for the presence of dentinogenesis imperfecta, attrition, and caries, as well as for radiographic appearance, dental development, and malocclusion. Results. The incidence of dentinogenesis imperfecta was greater than 80% in the primary dentition. Clinically, the color of the dentition was of predictive value in appropriate management of the primary dentition. Tooth discoloration and attrition did not occur to the same extent in the permanent dentition as in the primary dentition in either group. Class III dental malocclusion occurred in 70% to 80% of this osteogenesis imperfecta population, with a high incidence of anterior and posterior cross bites and open bites. A delay in dental development was observed in 21% of patients type III osteogenesis imperfecta, whereas accelerated development was noted in 23% of the patients with type IV. In addition, ectopic eruption occurred in 13 patients. Conclusions. In addition to dentinogenesis imperfecta, significant oral problems occur in types III and IV osteogenesis imperfecta. Other features that impact the dental management of this population are highlighted. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87:189-96)
Chick embryo intestine in culture: Superinduction of alkaline phosphatase and maltase activities by actinomycin D☆

Abstract Duodenum of the 14-day chick embryo explanted to synthetic medium without serum or hormones carries on structural and biochemical differentiation at a faster rate than in situ. Such differentiation is inhibited by 7 μM cycloheximide or 1.6 μM actinomycin D when present throughout the 48-hr culture period. If actinomycin D is added after 8 or 12 hr, the increase of alkaline phosphatase and maltase activities that occurs in control cultures is accentuated rather than inhibited, so that activities at the end of 48 hr are significantly greater than those attained in the absence of the inhibitor. If actinomycin D is removed after 2–4 hr, alkaline phosphatase and maltase reach even higher levels at the end of 48 hr than with delayed addition. Explants of 18-day duodenum are by contrast insensitive to actinomycin D, attaining similar levels of activities of both enzymes in the presence or absence of the inhibitor during the entire culture period. These results may be interpreted in terms of an actinomycin-sensitive repressor that normally declines during late embryonic life, and fails to be maintained in vitro.
Ophthalmologic involvement in the syndrome of headache, neurologic deficits, and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis ☆

Abstract Purpose To emphasize that papilledema and other ophthalmic manifestations may occur in the syndrome of headache, neurologic deficits, and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL). Design Two interventional case reports. Methods Two patients were seen with ophthalmologic findings, including decreased vision, papilledema, sixth nerve palsy, and a variety of neurologic deficits. Each underwent cerebrospinal fluid analysis and intracranial pressure measurement by spinal tap and neuroimaging studies to confirm the diagnosis of HaNDL. Results Both patients received acetazolamide to lower intracranial pressure. The first patient had complete resolution of signs and symptoms. The second, who was also given systemic corticosteroids, was left with diminished visual acuity in the right eye with nasal visual field loss and optic atrophy. Conclusions The diagnosis of HaNDL is one of exclusion, which must be made in conjunction with a neurologist. HaNDL may be accompanied by elevated intracranial pressure and papilledema. As in other disorders causing papilledema, these patients may have permanent visual sequelae. Recognition by the ophthalmologist of this rarely reported syndrome will facilitate prompt patient diagnosis and treatment.
Auxotype/serovar Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Two Mid-sized American Cities

Abstract To characterize the prevalence and heterogeneity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin G or tetracycline.HCl in Seattle, Washington, and Denver, Colorado, we auxotyped, serotyped, and determined the MICs of penicillin G and tetracycline for gonococcal isolates collected in both cities during 1984. In Seattle 37 (18%) and ten (5%) of 205 isolates had MICs for penicillin G of greater than or equal to 1.0 and greater than or equal to 2.0 micrograms/ml, respectively; in Denver eight (3%) of 240 isolates had MICs for penicillin of 1.0 microgram/ml, and none had MICs of greater than 1.0 microgram/ml. For tetracycline.HCl, 107 (52%) and 38 (19%) of Seattle isolates had MICs of greater than or equal to 1.0 and greater than or equal to 2.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, while in Denver the respective figures were 111 (46%) and 48 (20%). In each city, antimicrobial resistance was present in a number of auxotype/serovar (A/S) classes: isolates with MICs for penicillin G of greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml were identified in 15 of 49 A/S classes in Seattle and in five of 49 A/S classes in Denver. These data indicate that chromosomal resistance to penicillin G and tetracycline.HCl varies geographically in prevalence and is a heterogeneous phenomenon involving multiple gonococcal strains.
A posteriori error analysis for a cut cell finite volume method

We study the solution of a diffusive process in a domain where the diffusion coefficient changes discontinuously across a curved interface. We consider discretizations that use regularly-shaped meshes, so that the interface “cuts” through the cells (elements or volumes) without respecting the regular geometry of the mesh. Consequently, the discontinuity in the diffusion coefficients has a strong impact on the accuracy and convergence of the numerical method. This motivates the derivation of computational error estimates that yield accurate estimates for specified quantities of interest. For this purpose, we adapt the well-known adjoint based a posteriori error analysis technique used for finite element methods. In order to employ this method, we describe a systematic approach to discretizing a cut-cell problem that handles complex geometry in the interface in a natural fashion yet reduces to the well-known Ghost Fluid Method in simple cases. We test the accuracy of the estimates in a series of examples.
Effects of Pulmonary Valve Replacement on QRS Duration and Right Ventricular Cavity Size Late After Repair of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

This study evaluated the effects of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) on QRS duration and right ventricular (RV) cavity size in patients who had severe pulmonary regurgitation late after previous repair of RV outflow tract obstruction. A significant decrease in maximal QRS duration and RV end-diastolic volume was found after PVR. The change in QRS duration was most significant in patients with a baseline QRS ≥155 ms (176 ± 15 to 160 ± 18 ms, p
EXTRA-THYROIDAL IODIDE METABOLISM IN THE RAT

THE space of distribution of inorganic iodide in the body is usually considered to be within the confines of the extracellular fluid. There are, however, certain special mechanisms for handling iodide which alter this distribution. Since the iodide compartment or space is of importance in many rate calculations, the following determinations of space of distribution and rate of loss from the blood of radioactive iodine (I131) were made in the rat.2 Among the special mechanisms is the ability of the salivary and gastric glands to concentrate and secrete iodide at about 30 times the plasma concentration. Further quantitative information seemed desirable and readily accessible since the salivary and gastric glands simply concentrate iodide and do not bind it to protein and the secretions of these glands can be continuously collected and measured. It was the aim of this study to measure the rate of iodide secretion by the salivary and gastric glands and to study the factors which modify this function.
The serum insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in normal and diabetic pregnancy.

Abstract The extracellular domain of the insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate (IGF-II/Man-6-P) receptor is present in the circulation of several species including man. The purpose of the present study was to establish whether this truncated receptor is present in higher concentrations in fetal sera compared with adult sera and whether the metabolic status of the individual alters serum concentrations of this protein. Nondiabetic and diabetic pregnant women were studied throughout gestation, and at term fetal cord sera were obtained. Levels of IGF-I increased throughout pregnancy in normal and diabetic women. IGF-II levels significantly increased during the third trimester in both groups and levels of IGF-I and IGF-II were significantly elevated in fetal cord samples from diabetic women only. Serum samples were gel-filtered on Sephadex G-200, and column fractions were assayed for binding of radiolabeled IGF-II and IGF-I. There was specific binding (SB) of IGF-II in the void volume fractions in all samplex examined. Normal women had 3% ± 0.5% SB, whereas in cord sera SB was 5% ± 0.7% and in pregnant sera 10% ± 2%. There was no difference in SB in fetal cord or pregnant samples from normal and diabetic women. In addition, there was a peak of binding activity of both IGF-I and -II in γ-globulin and postalbumin fractions of the columns in pregnant and nonpregnant women, but only in postalbumin fractions in fetal cord samples. Western blotting using a specific antiserum (no. 3637) against rat IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor was performed on aliquots of Sephadex G-200 void volume pools from all groups; a band of approximately 210 kd (without dithiothreitol) was seen. The band appeared to be more intense in pregnant women and to be increased in both the fetal cord samples and maternal samples from diabetic women. Based on binding and Western blotting, fetal cord samples had more receptor than nonpregnant normal women. When fetal cord, maternal, and adult nonpregnant sera Sephadex G-200 pools were assayed for IGF-II content by radioreceptor assay (RRA) after gel filtration in acid, only 1% to 2% of circulating IGF-II was associated with the truncated IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor in all cases. These data demonstrate that the extracellular domain (ecto-domain) of the IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor circulates in fetal cord serum and is elevated compared with that in normal adult women. Maternal concentration of the receptor is also increased in pregnancy. The ecto-domain of the IGF-II/Man-6-P receptor is not a significant carrier of the peptide and may reflect the increased levels of the peptide during pregnancy.
A graphics engine for design of three-dimensional structures from standardized component modules

Abstract We present an interactive, menu-driven software package which allows the design of three-dimensional structures from standardized component modules. The standardized component modules used as example building blocks in the project are rectangular solids of several sizes. The system has been designed such that its output (i.e. the design database) can be used to automatically generate a robot motion program to assemble the designed structure. Presented are the system database and its internal data structure, an object placement-sequencer algorithm, a height specification and interference checking algorithm, and a balance-checking algorithm. To avoid the creation of dynamic obstacles and interference of the robot arm with these obstacles, the proper sequencing of the blocks in the design database is essential. The object placement-sequencer algorithm is responsible for proper sequencing of the blocks in the design database to avoid the aforementioned problem. The height specification and interference checking algorithm automatically generates the proper positioning of a block in the design by performing a sequential search over the accumulated design structure. The stacking feasibility of the blocks in the design is verified by the balance-checking algorithm, prior to the acceptance of the block as a permanent part of the design.
Whatever Happened to Counseling in Counseling Psychology

A suspected decline in published counseling-related research in The Counseling Psychologist (TCP) and the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP) was investigated through content analyses of the two journals from 1979 to 2008. A marked decline in counseling-related research may signify a shift in emphasis away from counseling as the most fundamental area of counseling psychology. Findings revealed a drop in counseling-related articles from 77.7% to 37.2% of all articles. Both journals independently showed a decline, but it was more pronounced for JCP. Analogue studies decreased most sharply, whereas field studies, supervision, career, and prevention research also declined markedly. Potential explanations are offered, including fewer counseling-related articles submitted, a trend toward more stringent methodological criteria, fewer senior role models, changing editorial preferences, expanded publication outlets, and a shift in emphasis or identity within counseling psychology. Recommendations are proposed for the promotion of more counseling-related research.
An Ethics of Freedom for Architectural Design Practice

Abstract Ethics based on subjectivity and freedom is little recognized as a plausible ground for informing the ethical practice of architectural design. Sartre's existentialism is suited to address the ethical issue of architectural design freedom and subjectivity, and, as such, to contribute to an ethical framework for architectural design practice. Sartre's philosophy is concerned with subjectivity and freedom and focuses on making choices in full awareness and acceptance of personal freedom and responsibility. Drawing on Sartrean concepts, an ethical framework for architectural design practice is proposed. It takes the form of a reflective process aiming at encouraging a clearer awareness of individual design freedom and responsibility that can lead to “authentic” architectural design practice. In this lies the value and significance of the framework for architectural design practice with regard to ethical design dilemmas.
Measuring response to therapy by near-infrared imaging of tumors using a phosphatidylserine-targeting antibody fragment.

Imaging tumors and their response to treatment could be a valuable biomarker toward early assessment of therapy in patients with cancer. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is confined to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in normal cells but is externalized on tumor vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor cells, and PS exposure is further enhanced in response to radiation and chemotherapy. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of a PS-targeting human F(ab9)2 antibody fragment, PGN650, to detect exposure of PS in tumor-bearing mice. Tumor uptake of PGN650 was measured by near-infrared optical imaging in human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. PGN650 specifically targeted tumors and was shown to target CD31-positive ECs and tumor cells. Tumor uptake of PGN650 was significantly higher in animals pretreated with docetaxel. The peak tumor to normal tissue (T/N) ratio of probe was observed at 24 hours postinjection of probe, and tumor binding was detected for at least 120 hours. In repeat dose studies, PGN650 uptake in tumors was significantly higher following pretreatment with docetaxel compared to baseline uptake prior to treatment. PGN650 may be a useful probe to detect PS exposed in tumors and to monitor enhanced PS exposure to optimize therapeutic agents to treat tumors.
On the construction of marginal federal personal and social security tax rates in the U.S

Abstract In this article, I correct and extend my earlier series on marginal federal personal income tax rates. I also construct a measure of the marginal Social Security tax rate and add this to the income tax rate to obtain a measure of the effective marginal tax rate on income due to federal taxes. Finally, I compare my series on marginal income tax rates and its method of construction with those of Barro and Sahasakul.
Task Interdependence as a Moderator of the Relation Between Group Control and Performance

Data were collected from the managers of 77groups in a large service organization and a largemanufacturing organization. The results revealed thatthe relation between group control over decision making and group performance became more positive withincreased levels of task interdependence. The mainimplication of the findings is that increasing groupcontrol over decisions may result in high performance only for groups that are highly taskinterdependent. The performance of groups that are lowin task interdependence may suffer when provided withgroup-level control of decisions.
Strain‐Coupling effects in extensional flows

A recently developed strain-coupling constitutive equation for nonlinear viscoelasticity is used to analyze extensional flows. Comparisons are presented between the predictions of the theory and experiment for equibiaxial- and uniaxial-step strain-stress relaxation experiments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MODEL MISSPECIFICATION: WHY AGGREGATION OF OFFENSES IN FEDERAL SENTENCING EQUATIONS IS PROBLEMATIC

This paper addresses two concerns that arise from Steffensmeier and Demuth (2001) analysis of federal sentencing and their misrepresentation of my analyses of sentence severity (Albonetti, 1997). My primary concern is to alert researchers to the importance of controlling for the guidelines offense that drives the sentencing process under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. My second concern is to correct Steffensmeier and Demuth's (2001) errors in interpretation of my earlier findings of the effect of guidelines offense severity on length of imprisonment.
Emerging therapies for acute ischemic stroke: new therapies on trial

The development of additional effective therapies for acute ischemic stroke remains a challenging but critical endeavor. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) initiated within 3 hours of stroke onset remains the only approved and validated therapy for acute ischemic stroke, and regulatory approval has expanded recently. Many other therapies have been evaluated, and these trials have either been inconclusive or negative.1 These acute stroke trials do provide valuable information concerning how to implement future trials and some glimmers of hope about existing data. Some of the lessons learned from prior acute stroke trials that will help to guide future trials are outlined below. The two fundamental approaches to the development of acute stroke therapy remain reperfusion and neuroprotection. This short review will focus on the current status of both approaches and how they might be combined, hopefully in the near future. Negative acute stroke treatment trials may be explained by the following: 1. The agents evaluated in clinical trials may not have been adequately tested in preclinical studies to provide robust confirmation of efficacy in appropriate animal models. 2. Side effects precluded adequate drug assessment or did not allow use of adequate drug concentrations. 3. Because of macro-occlusions and, perhaps, micro-occlusions, the drug did not penetrate into or beyond the penumbral tissue in adequate concentrations. 4. Trials included patients not appropriate for the purported mechanism of action of the drug being tested. 5. Patients were included too late after stoke onset to allow for adequate assessment of the drug’s efficacy, and imaging studies were not done to identify patients with appropriate tissue for treatment. 6. Trials have been inadequately powered to detect modest treatment effects. 7. Trials included too many patients with mild or very severe deficits in whom treatment effects are likely difficult to assess with currently used outcome measures. 8. The single primary outcome measure …
Assessing Reductant Chemistry During In-Cylinder Regeneration of Diesel Lean NOx Traps

Lean NOx Trap (LNT) catalysts are capable of reducing NOx in lean exhaust from diesel engines. NOx is stored on the catalyst during lean operation; then, under rich exhaust conditions, the NOx is released from and reduced by the catalyst. The process of NOx release and reduction is called regeneration. One method of obtaining the rich conditions for regeneration is to inject additional fuel into the engine cylinders while throttling the engine intake air flow to effectively run the engine at rich air:fuel ratios; this method is called “in-cylinder” regeneration. In-cylinder regeneration of LNT catalysts has been demonstrated and is a candidate emission control technique for commercialization of light-duty diesel vehicles to meet future emission regulations. In the study presented here, a 1.7-liter diesel engine with a LNT catalyst system was used to evaluate in-cylinder regeneration techniques. Characterization of the exhaust reductant chemistry during in-cylinder regeneration was performed. The effects of various injection strategies and fuels and the resulting exhaust chemistry on the performance of the LNT catalyst were analyzed. In addition, exhaust species measurement of NOx and select reductants were performed inside of the catalyst cells with a capillary-based mass spectrometry technique. The effect of various injection parameters on exhaust chemistry species and LNT performance are discussed. Results indicate that fuel chemistry does affect engine-out hydrocarbon (HC) species, but not engine-out carbon monoxide (CO) or hydrogen (H2) generation. Higher engine-out CO and H2 correlate to improved NOx reduction, irrespective of HCs.
Making sense of the porphyrias

Patients with cutaneous porphyrias can be worrying for dermatologists. The diseases are rare enough to be unfamiliar, are associated with internal diseases, can have genetic implications, and are associated with incomprehensible biochemical pathways. In this review, I will try to explain why porphyrias occur, why they present as they do in the clinic, and provide a checklist for treating patients with porphyria.
O71 Transplantation pancréatique après transplantation rénale à donneurs vivants : résultats à long terme

Introduction L’impact de la transplantation pancreatique (TP) apres transplantation renale a donneur vivant (TRDV) sur la survie et sur la fonction a long terme des greffons renaux est encore incertain. L’objecitf de l’etude a ete de determiner si la survie et la fonction des greffons renaux sont alterees par la TP. Patients et methodes Nous avons analyse toutes les TRDV realisees entre janvier 1995 et decembre 2003 chez les patients diabetiques au sein notre institution. 106 patients ont beneficie d’une TP, 2 a 12 mois apres la TRDV (Groupe TP). 75 patients eligibles pour une TP apres TRDV, mais ayant refuse celle-ci pour des raisons personnelles, ont ete utilises comme temoins (Groupe TRDV). Le suivi median etait de 78,2 et 82,7 mois dans les deux groupes. Le debit de filtration glomerulaire (DFG) a ete calcule a l’aide de la formule MDRD. La survie des greffons renaux a ete determinees grâce a la methode de Kaplan Meier. Resultats Les patients du groupe TP etaient significativement plus jeunes (42,1 ± 7,8 vs 45,7 ± 10,6, p = 0,008) et presentaient majoritairement un diabete de type I (93 % vs 76 %, p = 0,0008). Aucune difference de survie des patients n’a ete mise en evidence. La survie du greffon a 1, 3 et 5 ans etait de 98,1 %, 91,5 %, 81,5 % dans le groupe TR, 100 %, 94,6 %, 84,3 % dans le groupe TP (p = 0,86). L’analyse de DFG a court terme n’a pas montre de difference significative entre les deux groupes. Par contre, apres 4 ans de suivi, le DFG etait significativement plus eleve dans le groupe TP que dans le groupe TRDV (52,91 ± 20,42 vs 43,28 ± 16,18 ml/min, p = 0,016). L’HbA1c post TP a court et long terme etait significativement plus basse dans le groupe TP que dans le groupe TR (HbA1c a 1 an, 5,35 % contre 7,5 %, p = 0,0007, HbA1c a 5 ans, 5.6 % contre 7.5 % TR, p Conclusion La transplantation pancreatique apres transplantation renale a donneur vivant n’altere pas la fonction ni la survie du greffon renal. Elle est au contraire associee a un meilleur controle glycemique et a une meilleure fonction renale a long terme.
Robust Capsule and Fill Tube Assemblies for the National Ignition Campaign

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) tuning and ignition capsules will be gas filled through a laser precision drilled hole with a fill tube attached. To field these targets, several physics and as...
Inhibition of acute myelogenous leukemia blast proliferation by interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist and soluble IL-1 receptors

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has recently been reported to play an important role in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blast proliferation. We therefore investigated the effect of soluble IL-1 receptors (sIL-1R) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) on the growth of AML bone marrow blast progenitors from 25 patients. In the AML blast colony culture assay, sIL-1R and IL-1RA inhibited blast colony-forming cell replication in a dose-dependent fashion, at concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ng/mL (sIL-1R) and 10 to 1,000 ng/mL (IL-1RA), and their inhibitory effect was partially reversed by IL-1 beta. A similar inhibitory effect was also noted with the use of anti-IL-1 beta neutralizing antibodies. When AML blast progenitors were grown either in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) alone or with one of the following: phytohemagglutinin leukocyte-conditioned medium (PHA-LCM), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, interleukin-3 (IL-3), or stem cell factor (SCF), addition of 100 ng/mL sIL-1R or IL-1RA inhibited blast colony formation by 3% to 96% and 2% to 97%, respectively. In sharp contrast, neither of these IL-1- inhibitory molecules significantly inhibited proliferation of normal marrow hematopoietic progenitors. Lysates of 2 x 10(7) low-density AML marrow cells were tested for intrinsic IL-1 beta content using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay (ELISA). Samples from five of six patients showed high concentrations (ranging from 501 to 2,041 pg), whereas 2 x 10(7) cells from two normal marrow aspirates yielded 54.6 pg of IL-1 beta. AML blast colony-forming cells from all six patients were inhibited by sIL-1R, IL-1RA, or both. Incubation of nine samples of AML low-density cells with either sIL-1R or IL-1RA reduced GM-CSF concentrations in cell lysates, and supernatants from nine (P less than .01) and six samples (P less than .037), respectively, and G-CSF concentration in lysates from six of nine samples (P less than .03), and in supernatants from five of six samples (P less than .06) when studied by ELISAs. Our data implicate IL-1 in AML blast proliferation and suggest the potential benefits of using IL-1-inhibitory molecules in future therapies for AML.
Plazas as architecture: An example from the Raffman site, Northeast Louisiana

Research at the Raffman site (16MA20), a multi-mound center in the Lower Mississippi Valley of northeast Louisiana, demonstrates that the plaza was purposefully built and extended on its northern end. Construction entailed significant earth-moving and labor effort in addition to the erection of mounds flanking the plaza. At Raffman plaza, building is dated ca. A.D. 700-1000. Like the mounds at the site, the arrangement, shape, and dimensions of the plaza changed through time. The final plan of the plaza was the result of a rapid major reconfiguration of the spatial layout of the site at approximately A.D. 1000. The effort expended on planning and construction of the plaza at Raffman arid similar features at contemporary and later sites in the southeastern United States indicates that plazas are not just empty spaces that developed because architecture enclosed an open area; they must be understood as one of the central design elements of community planning and intrasite spatial organization. Further research should be devoted to exploring how southeastern mound-and-plaza groups were constructed with specific efforts devoted to comprehending how plazas were laid out and built.
A Complete Classification of Occlusion Observer's Point of View for 3D Qualitative Spatial Reasoning.

Qualitative Spatial Reasoning (QSR) theories have applications in areas such as geographic information systems (GIS), robotics, biomedicine and spatial databases. Several region connection calculi have been proposed for use in this capacity. Primarily the existing QSR theories have been applied to 2D data. Yet the ability to perform qualitative reasoning over a collection of 3D spatial objects is desirable. Over the past two decades several theories have appeared for accurately representing and acquiring 3D spatial knowledge: LOS-14, its extension ROC-20, occlusion calculus OCC, fourteen occlusion states OCS-14, and a recent visual VRCC3D+ with 17 occlusion predicates. Each has a positive impact. However there are still some issues and ambiguities that require unambiguous ontology and resolution. In this paper, we provide a new set of self-documenting predicates for 3D complete spatial relations including occlusion. In addition we provide new heuristics for eliminating the time consuming computations by employing efficient data structures. This improvement will greatly enhance the usefulness and usability of aforementioned systems.
Amid Fears And Controversy, A Doctor Chooses A Home Birth

A family physician who delivers babies discusses her decision to have a home birth, and the controversy and fear surrounding it.