cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape from Lambertian Photometric Flow Fields

A new idea for the analysis of shape from reflectance maps is introduced in this paper. It is shown that local surface orientation and curvature constraints can be obtained at points on a smooth surface by computing the instantaneous rate of change of reflected scene radiance caused by angular variations in illumination geometry. The resulting instantaneous changes in image irradiance values across an optic sensing array of pixels constitute what is termed a photometric flow field. Unlike optic flow fields which are instantaneous changes in position across an optic array of pixels caused by relative motion, there is no correspondence problem with respect to obtaining the instantaneous change in image irradiance values between successive image frames. This is because the object and camera remain static relative to one another as the illumination geometry changes. There are a number of advantages to using photometric flow fields. One advantage is that local surface orientation and curvature at a point on a smooth surface can be uniquely determined by only slightly varying the incident orientation of an illuminator within a small local neighborhood about a specific incident orientation. Robot manipulators and rotation/positioning jigs can be accurately varied within small ranges of motion. Conventional implementation of photometric stereo requires the use of three vastly different incident orientations of an illuminator requiring either much calibration and/or gross and inaccurate robot arm motions. Another advantage of using photometric flow fields is the duality that exists between determining unknown local surface orientation from a known incident illuminator orientation and determining an unknown incident illuminator orientation from a known local surface orientation. The equations for photometric flow fields allow the quantitative determination of the incident orientation of an illuminator from an object having a known calibrated surface orientation. Computer simulations will be shown depicting photometric flow fields on a Lambertian sphere. Simulations will be shown depicting how photometric flow fields quantitatively determine local surface orientation from a known incident orientation of an illuminator as well as determining incident illuminator orientation from a known local surface orientation.
Reproductive efficiency in relation to colony size in hymenopterous societies

Censuses showing the numerical relations between adults and immature stages are presented for numerous colonies of social Hymenoptera. Emphasis is placed on primatively social forms having colonies of very few individuals and lacking a worker caste or having such a caste only feebly differentiated. Evidence is presented for considering the number of immature individuals in a colony as an index of the ability of the adult females (queens and workers) of the colony to produce reproductives of the next generation. The censuses therefore relate colony size (number of adult females) to reproductive potentiality. It is not surprising that in all species the number of immature individuals rises with the number of females in the colony.
A novel waveform for No-Onset nerve block combining direct current and kilohertz frequency alternating current

Kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) has been shown to produce a fast acting, reversible nerve block. The principal drawback to this technique is a short, but intense burst of firing at the initiation of the KHFAC which is referred to as the “onset response”. The “onset response” can be eliminated by the use of a second electrode which delivers direct current (DC) briefly during the onset duration. However, the DC cannot be delivered for a sufficiently long time to suppress the onset without causing damage to the nerve. High surface area electrodes have been developed which can be used to deliver DC for long enough to eliminate the onset without causing damage. Furthermore, instead of using multiple electrodes to create a no onset block, the DC and KHFAC are combined in novel waveform which can be output on a single monopolar electrode. This novel waveform has been demonstrated to prevent onset in both simulation and in an in vivo rat sciatic nerve model.
On the eigenvalues of kinematic α‐effect dynamos

The kinematic α-effect dynamo problem is investigated in the case of an exterior perfect conductor. It is shown that certain approximate symmetries discovered in the numerical analysis of ROBERTS (1972) are exact for this case. As an illustration, an exact solution is given in a cylindrical geometry, where the equations can be written in terms of one variable. The implications for the earth's dynamo are discussed. Das kinematische α-Effekt-Dynamoproblem wird fur den Fall eines auseren perfekten Leiters untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, das bestimmte genaherte Symmetrien, die bei einer numerischen Analyse von ROBERTS (1972) entdeckt wurden, fur diesen Fall exakt sind. Als Beispiel wird fur den zylindrischen Fall, in dem die Gleichungen in Abhangigkeit von nur einer Veranderlichen geschrieben werden konnen, eine exakte Losung angegeben. Die Folgerungen fur den Erd-Dynamo werden diskutiert.
‘Blind’ to the obvious Wittgenstein and Köhler on the obvious and the hidden

The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein cites the Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler almost as often as he cites William James in his posthumously published writings on the philosophy of psychology. ...
Regulation of mTOR by Phosphatidic Acid

Interest in the regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has increased substantially in recent years largely because of an apparent link between mTOR and survival signals in human cancer cells. Much has been learned about the regulation of mTOR in response to survival signals generated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, another mechanism for regulating mTOR has been proposed involving the generation of phosphatidic acid (PA). PA is the metabolic product of phospholipase D (PLD), whose activity is elevated in a large number of human cancers, and, like PI3K, has been implicated in the survival of human cancer cells. Although the regulation of mTOR by the PI3K signaling pathway is well established, a role for PLD and PA in regulating mTOR has been controversial. In this review, the evidence implicating PLD and PA in the regulation of mTOR is summarized, and the implications of this novel and potentially important mechanism for regulating mTOR are discussed.
Postoperative Pain Control

The effective relief of pain is of the utmost importance to anyone treating patients undergoing surgery. Pain relief has significant physiological benefits; hence, monitoring of pain relief is increasingly becoming an important postoperative quality measure. The goal for postoperative pain management is to reduce or eliminate pain and discomfort with a minimum of side effects. Various agents (opioid vs. nonopioid), routes (oral, intravenous, neuraxial, regional) and modes (patient controlled vs. “as needed”) for the treatment of postoperative pain exist. Although traditionally the mainstay of postoperative analgesia is opioid based, increasingly more evidence exists to support a multimodal approach with the intent to reduce opioid side effects (such as nausea and ileus) and improve pain scores. Enhanced recovery protocols to reduce length of stay in colorectal surgery are becoming more prevalent and include multimodal opioid sparing regimens as a critical component. Familiarity with the efficacy of available agents and routes of administration is important to tailor the postoperative regimen to the needs of the individual patient.
Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials

As a versatile material of photocatalytic properties, low cost, good biocompatibility, and high chemical stability, titanium dioxide (TiO2), especially at the nanometer scale, have been investigated extensively and intensively in applications from energy and environment to health. To date, various preparation methods have been developed to synthesize TiO2 nanomaterials with well-controlled shape (e.g., nanorod, nanowire, and nanotube) and desired properties. This article briefly introduces the up-to-date developments of TiO2 nanomaterials. It focuses on their synthesis and also covers their properties, modifications, and applications. Keywords: titanium dioxide; nanomaterials; synthesis; modification; application
AsAP: An Asynchronous Array of Simple Processors

An array of simple programmable processors is implemented in 0.18 mum CMOS and contains 36 asynchronously clocked independent processors. Each processor occupies 0.66 and is fully functional at a clock rate of 520-540 MHz at 1.8 V and over 600 MHz at 2.0 V. Processors dissipate an average of 32 mW under typical conditions at 1.8 V and 475 MHz, and 2.4 mW at 0.9 V and 116 MHz while executing applications such as a JPEG encoder core and a fully compliant IEEE 802.11 a/g wireless LAN baseband transmitter.
Inflow and outflow occlusion technique of the pulmonary artery and veins for the technically difficult left upper lobectomy

Objective: Our objective is to assess the safety of a surgical technique applied to the difficult left upper lobectomy. The inflow—outflow occlusion technique features: dividing the superior pulmonary vein first, then proximal control by clamping the main pulmonary artery (PA), and then distal control by clamping the inferior pulmonary vein. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of a prospective database was carried out. Patients who underwent left upper lobectomy and required clamping of the vessels were compared to those that did not. Results: Between January 1999 and March 2010, 1796 lobectomies were performed and 360 (23%) of these were left upper lobectomies. Of these, 84 (23%) required the inflow—outflow occlusion technique. There were 70 (83%) men (median age 65 years). Fifty-one patients (61%) required resection of the PA and 33 did not. Heparin was not used in the last 17 patients. These 84 patients were compared to the remaining 276 patients who underwent standard left upper lobectomy. Although the median operative time was longer (150 vs 105 min, p < 0.001) and the median blood loss was greater (120 vs 87 ml, p = 0.03) for the inflow—outflow technique, there were no significant differences in hospital length of stay, morbidity, or mortality between the two groups. Conclusion: In our experience, clamping of the inferior pulmonary vein instead of the distal PA achieves safe distal vascular control. It affords greater PA mobility and assessment of the tumor and easier PA repair. This technique can be used even when PA resection is not required. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.
Narrow hybrid zone between two subspecies of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata: Asteraceae). VI. Respiration and water potential

Respiration and stem water potential (ψ) were examined in parental and hybrid big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. tridentata and Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) grown in common gardens within each parental zone and in the hybrid zone. Plants were sampled in July, August, and September, i.e., immediately before, during, and after flowering. The habitats differed from one another, and there were significant garden by date interactions. The source populations also differed significantly from one another. There were no significant garden by source interactions. Hybrid plants had intermediate respiration rates and did not suffer greater water stress than parental plants. Hybrid plants showed no apparent decrease in adaptation in the important physiological traits respiration and water stress in the hybrid zone.
Virtual Determinacy in Overlapping Generations Models

We reappraise the significance and robustness of indeterminacy in overlapping-generations models. In any of Gale's example economies with an equilibrium that is not locally unique, for instance, perturbing the economy by judiciously splitting each of Gale's goods into two close substitutes restricts that indeterminacy to each period's allocation of consumption between those substitutes. In particular, prices, interest rates, the commodity value of nominal savings (including money), and utility levels become determinate. Any indeterminacy of equilibrium consumption in the perturbed economy is thus insignificant to consumers, and some forecasting and comparative-statics policy exercises become possible.
STUDY OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD : I. THE PERIODICITY IN ELIMINATIVE ACTIVITY SHOWN BY THE ORGANISM.

Group IV transfused blood in a recipient of unlike group is eliminated by a blood-destroying activity of the body. This blood-destroying activity is periodic both in men and women, and in women coincident with menstruation. The elimination of the transfused blood probably takes place as part of a period of blood-destroying and blood-producing activity of the body, although direct evidence to this effect is so far lacking.
Android Root and its Providers: A Double-Edged Sword

Android root is the voluntary and legitimate process of gaining the highest privilege and full control over a user's Android device. To facilitate the popular demand, a unique Android root ecosystem has formed where a variety of root providers begin to offer root as a service. Even though legitimate, many convenient one-click root methods operate by exploiting vulnerabilities in the Android system. If not carefully controlled, such exploits can be abused by malware author to gain unauthorized root privilege. To understand such risks, we undertake a study on a number of popular yet mysterious Android root providers focusing on 1) if their exploits are adequately protected. 2) the relationship between their proprietary exploits and publicly available ones. We find that even though protections are usually employed, the effort is substantially undermined by a few systematic and sometimes obvious weaknesses we discover. From one large provider, we are able to extract more than 160 exploit binaries that are well-engineered and up-to date, corresponding to more than 50 families, exceeding the number of exploits we can find publicly. We are able to identify at least 10 device driver exploits that are never reported in the public. Besides, for a popular kernel vulnerability (futex bug), the provider has engineered 89 variants to cover devices with different Android versions and configurations. Even worse, we find few of the exploit binaries can be detected by mobile antivirus software.
Societal aspects in the dietary management of childhood hyperlipidemia

Pediatric hyperlipidemias increasingly require dietary management of overweight and obesity for resolution. Dietary management of inappropriate weight gain may be outside of normal pediatric expertise. This review used scientific statements of expert professional groups, federal program documentation, and selected original articles or opinions to survey dietary techniques and highlight continuing controversies and therapeutic successes. At present, complex societal and environmental factors underlie the current epidemic in pediatric overweight, precluding definitive statements of best practices. Thus, although first-generation professional group recommendations are available, clinicians should expect recommendations to change. However, lack of standardized practices to assess the degree and quality of overweight (central versus peripheral adiposity) limit objective determination of therapeutic need and timely referral to nutrition professionals. Dietary management of insulin-resistant, overweight/obese children with dyslipidemias (metabolic syndrome) requires appropriate laboratory diagnostics to ensure that total fat and energy restrictions do not provoke or exacerbate hypertriglyceridemia or liver fat accumulation. Integrated treatment approaches that combine nutrition education, behavioral modification, and individualized diet instruction are showing success. Diet instructions that include practical translation of nutrition principles to daily eating habits are able to bring about substantial dietary change. The role of the school as a significant component of a child's lifestyle is described, as well as consideration of federally mandated feeding programs as a factor in designing effective dietary management strategies for those likely to be at high risk for overweight and dyslipidemias. The need for coordination among families, and health and school professionals to achieve success is emphasized.
Reconfigurable Pico-Pulse Generator for UWB Applications

We have designed, fabricated, and tested a low cost tunable narrow pico-pulse generator using a 60ps transition time step-recovery diode (SRD) device. Both the pulse duration and shape are electronically controllable using PIN diodes that are optimally connected in series. A simple concept of an input-matching network was developed and implemented that can significantly minimize pulse broadening and suppress pulse distortion. The developed pulse generator circuit has a wide adjustable pulse duration covering a 300ps to 1ns range and produces either monocycle or Gaussian pulses using novel pulse shaping circuitry. The proposed structure can be easily reconfigured to include more complicated pulse shapes such as polycycle signals.
fMRI Biomarker of Early Neuronal Dysfunction in Presymptomatic Huntington’s Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Functional MR imaging (fMRI) has been used to probe basal ganglia function in people with presymptomatic Huntington’s disease (pre-HD). A previous fMRI study in healthy individuals demonstrated activation of the basal ganglia during a time-discrimination task. The current study was designed to examine the relative sensitivity of fMRI compared with that of behavioral testing and morphometric measurements in detecting early neurodegenerative changes related to Huntington’s disease (HD). METHODS: Pre-HD participants were assigned to two groups based on estimated years to diagnosis of manifest disease: close <12 years and far ≥12 years. Age at disease onset was estimated using a regression equation based on the number of trinucleotide CAG repeats. The time-discrimination task required participants to determine whether a specified interval was shorter or longer than a standard interval of 1200 milliseconds. RESULTS: Participants in the close group performed more poorly on the time-task discrimination than did control subjects; however, no differences were observed between far participants and control subjects. Similarly, close participants had reduced bilateral caudate volume relative to that of control subjects, whereas far participants did not. On functional imaging, close participants had significantly less activation in subcortical regions (caudate, thalamus) than control subjects; far participants had an intermediate degree of activation. In contrast, far participants had hyperactivation in medial hemispheric structures (anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area) relative to close and control subjects. CONCLUSION: Hyperactivation of medial prefrontal regions compensated for reduced subcortical participation during time discrimination in pre-HD. This pattern of brain activation may represent an early neurobiologic marker of neuronal dysfunction.
Hydrologic cycle explains the evaporation paradox

The evaporation of water, measured using evaporation pans, has been decreasing in the past few decades over large areas with different climates. The common interpretation is that the trend is related to increasing cloudiness, and that it provides an indication of decreasing potential evaporation and a decreasing terrestrial evaporation component in the hydrologic cycle. Here we show that, although these studies are valuable, pan evaporation has not been used correctly as an indicator of climate change.
Time-dependent increase in rat liver glycogen synthetase activity in vitro.

Abstract Incubation of glycogen synthetase preparations brings about marked increases in both glucose-6-P dependent and independent activities. The increase is preceded by a lag period whose duration is temperature-dependent. The “activation” is not reversible upon recooling. Major differences exist in kinetic properties of the “nonactivated” And “activated” forms in regard to the glycogen saturation curve and the ATP inhibitability.
Cycling for everyone: lessons from Europe

This paper investigates how bicycling can be promoted as a safe and feasible means of transport for everyone and for all trip purposes. The policies and programs needed to encourage a broad spectrum of social groups to cycle are the same policies and programs that encourage high overall levels of cycling: extensive systems of separate cycling facilities, intersection modifications and priority bicycle traffic signals, traffic calming of neighborhoods, safe and convenient bike parking, coordination and integration of cycling with public transport, traffic education and training for both cyclists and motorists, and traffic laws that favor cyclists and pedestrians. To show how this multifaceted, coordinated approach actually works, the paper focuses on cycling trends and policies in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. The national-level comparative analysis is supplemented with case studies of large and small cities in each country.
Histopathology and Cell Proliferation Induced by 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane in the Male Rat Kidney

Unleaded gasoline causes acute and chronic nephrotoxicity and renal tumors in male rats, but not female rats or mice of either sex. An active nephrotoxic component of unleaded gasoline has been identified as 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP). The first objective of this study was to characterize light microscopic renal lesions induced in male F344 rats by a 21-day gavage regimen of 50 to 500 mg/kg TMP. The second objective was to localize and quantitate sites of renal cell proliferation induced by the same TMP dose regimens using histoautoradiographic analysis after [3H]thymidine incorporation. Light microscopic lesions in the proximal convoluted tubule consisted of protein droplet and crystalloid body accumulation, degeneration, and necrosis, and were similar to lesions noted in previous inhalation and gavage studies with other hydrocarbon compounds. The above renal lesions were not dose-related, although tubular dilation of thin limb segments with granular cell debris was dose-related. In cell proliferation ...
State of stress in the northern Gulf Coast

Conspicuous structural features of the northern Gulf Coast are regional systems of listric normal faults formed contemporaneously with deposition. Periods of main fault movement range from Eocene to Miocene. Initial development of these contemporaneous fault systems is usually attributed to differential compaction and/or gravity sliding within the sedimentary section during clastic sedimentation on a stable shelf. Evidence of recent reactivation of some fault systems indicates that sediments in the region are currently in a tensional state of stress. Infrequent, low- to moderate-intensity earthquakes also are associated with the faulted region. Lithospheric flexure due to sediment loading has been suggested as a possible cause of this extensional regime. For most passive continental margins, sedimentation alone is not sufficient to cause flexurally induced faulting and earthquakes because the sediment load accumulates slowly enough for the stresses to relax. However, sedimentation rates in the northern Gulf Coast have been extremely high since the Pleistocene (12–18 cm/100 yr). A simple flexural calculation yields horizontal extension (normal faulting) in the lower Gulf Coast caused by the weight of Pleistocene sediments. Although the relationship between basement upwarp and surface uplift may be complicated by subsidence due to compaction of sediment, the location of the flexural bulge due to loading by Pleistocene and younger sediments is generally consistent with areas of recent uplift determined from releveling data. Bending stresses caused by the total weight of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments predict horizontal compression for this region, indicating that most of these stresses must have relaxed. Relaxation of stresses over time may also explain the absence of large earthquakes.
Detection of Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Mounds with Satellite Imagery

Satellite imagery (0.65-m resolution, panchromatic) was tested as a detection tool for imported fire ant mounds in northeast Mississippi pasture. Photointerpretation of satellite imagery resulted in an average detection rate of 46.9 ± 1.2% of mounds. Mound size and mound height had a significant effect on mound visibility. Predicted detection rates, based on mound height and mound area, ranged from 24% for small mounds (15 cm high, 0.05 m2) to 66% for large mounds (30 cm high, 0.30 m2). Limitations and possible uses for satellite imagery in fire ant mound detection are discussed.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID DISORDERS

This article begins with a discussion of thyroid anatomy and physiology and then proceeds with an in-depth study of the area of focus, thyroid and parathyroid disorders, including thyroid nodules and cancer, multinodular goiter, and hyperparathyroidism. Complications of thyroid and parathyroid surgery are discussed.
A three-finger gripper for manipulation in unstructured environments

A gripper is described for manipulation in natural, unstructured environments. The specific manipulation task is to pick up surface material such as pebbles or small rocks in a natural terrain. The application is to give autonomous sampling capabilities to an autonomous vehicle for planetary exploration. The authors describe the task analysis process that led to the selection of a configuration with three soft fingers. They carry out a complete analysis of the stability of a grasp for this gripper including an analysis of the deformation of the fingers at the points of contact. The implementation of a grasp selection algorithm is described, and results on three-dimensional representations of objects computed from range data are presented. >
Large-area Si(Li) orthogonal-strip detectors

Segmented lithium drifted silicon detectors are being developed for use in large Compton cameras and for medical imaging. We have successfully fabricated 3.5 mm thick crossed-strip detectors with active areas of 40/spl times/40 mm/sup 2/ with a 2 mm strip pitch. These detectors utilize new contact technology consisting of a boron implanted p-type contact and an amorphous silicon (/spl alpha/-Si) n-type contact. Good energy resolution and excellent strip separation was obtained from both contacts at relatively high operating temperatures. An energy resolution of 2.1 keV FWHM at 122 keV was obtained for the /spl alpha/-Si strip at temperatures up to 200 K and for the boron strip at temperatures up to 240 K. Measurements of the charge sharing between the strips were also performed. When the detector was flood illuminated with 60 keV gamma-rays, a small signal deficit was observed for events in which the signal was shared between two adjacent strips. The amount of deficit depended on the contact type, strip geometry and the operating temperature.
THE ROOTS OF WELFARE ECONOMICS: A REVIEW ARTICLE*

Comparing the scholastic social and economic thought with the find? ings of the modern science of economics would seem to be a well worn-out subject. And yet, in spite of Schumpeter's authoritative and seemingly conclusive work in this area,1 there has been a lingering feel? ing that all such comparisons have been somewhat farfetched and their conclusions not quite convincing. A deeper examination had yet to be undertaken. Professor Worland's new book2 is just such a systematic attempt at exploring the points of contact between the scholastic tradition of Cath? olic economic thought and modern welfare economics. As such the book is of singular interest to the members of the Catholic Economic Associa? tion, especially those who have felt uneasy in the face of an apparent discrepancy between the moral purpose of the Association and the scien? tific character of contemporary economic analysis. The book has reduced this disturbing gap. In a closely reasoned and well documented monograph, the author has shown that modern wel? fare economics (a) shares, or at least does not contradict, the philosoph? ical premises of scholastic economic reasoning, and (b) has clarified the efficiency significance of the scholastic doctrine of the "just" price. The chief scholastic legacy of contemporary welfare economics is the latter's acceptance of the teleological nature of economic activities and systems in relation to human existential ends. The scholastic doc? trine of the just price, on the other hand, which was predicated on grounds of inter-personal commutative justice, has in the light of modern welfare economics received its broader meaning as the necessary condi? tion for the economic system to fulfil its teleological task as efficiently as possible. The chart above was sketched as a convenient presentation of the present state of welfare economics. It was prompted by a recent collec? tion of essays by Tibor Scitovsky who, perhaps more than any other single economist, has contributed to the development of the subject.3 In his collection Scitovsky distinguishes between "theoretical" and "prac
Intencionalidade e agenciamento na previsão do potencial de aprendizagem em uma atividade computacional

E o computador que programa a crianca ou e a crian- ca que programa o computador? A quem serve o quadro branco interativo? Quais sao os objetivos que justificam o investimento de uma escola na tecnologia digital? A intencao do uso da tecnologia e a preferencia em vista do agenciamento na transacao da aprendizagem tem muito a ver com os beneficios para o aluno. E impossivel discutir os beneficios potenciais da aprendizagem no uso do computador sem uma linguagem precisa para descrever o valor que acrescenta o computador. Muitos educadores que utilizam computadores e seus criticos elevam a importância do uso de computadores a um patamar superficial, ao mesmo tempo em que marginalizam seus usos mais elevados. Atualmente, tem sido concedida equivalencia a todos os modos de atividades baseadas no computador, faltando uma medida adequada para avaliar seu valor. Quando combinados com o uso liberal e muitas vezes impreciso dos termos, como construtivista, ficamos com uma cultura do relativismo intelectual, onde a voz mais alta define a ordem do dia. Este trabalho tenta definir o continuum em que se situa o uso de computadores para reforcar a pratica tradicional e as ideias em potencial. Paradigmas existentes para avaliacao de tecnologia educacional confundem ensino e aprendizagem ao fazer pouco caso do valor de uma atividade. O curriculo e a fluencia do professor sao confundidos com o aprendizado do aluno. Estes esquemas podem descrever a pratica de ensino, mas oferecem pouco beneficio previsto aos alunos. Este trabalho propoe a criacao de um continuum que procura dissipar o distanciamento entre as rotinas da educacao tradicional, eventualmente reforcadas pelo uso do computador, e o tipo de construcao de ideia poderosa, que so e possivel acontecer com o uso intencional do computador, visando beneficiar, sobretudo, ao aluno. Os fatores de articulacao, intencionalidade e agenciamento nao so influencia o que e aprendido, como tambem tem implicacoes em orcamentos, desenvolvimento profissional, curriculo e investimento em tecnologia.
SPECT, MR and quantitative MR imaging: correlates with neuropsychological and psychological outcome in traumatic brain injury

This study examined the relative effectiveness of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) imaging in detecting brain abnormalities in 52 traumatically brain injured patients. The relationship between brain abnormalities and neuropsychological and psychological testing results was also investigated. Sixty-two per cent of patients had abnormal clinical MR findings, 57% had abnormal SPECT and 51% had abnormal QMR. Each neuroimaging modality detected brain abnormalities that the other two did not. Neuropsychological and psychological testing indicated significant memory impairments and subjective emotional distress even several years post-injury. Memory and intellectual impairments modestly but significantly correlated with the number of brain abnormalities indicated by all three imaging studies combined, as well as those detected individually by QMR and MR. SPECT abnormalities alone were not correlated with intellectual and memory o...
Role of Fracture and Repair Type on Pain and Opioid Use After Hip Fracture in the Elderly

Background and Purpose:Pain after hip fracture repair is related to worse functional outcomes and higher fracture care costs than that for patients with no or less pain. However, to our knowledge, ...
Computer analysis of mental-complexing equilibria from pH titration data.

Abstract Calculations are presented for the determination of acid association constants and metal-complex stability constants of polyprotic ligands from pH titration data. Equations are presented for the calculation of theoretical pH titration curves. Calculated constants can then be tested and refined by comparison of the experimental and theoretical curves. Finally, equations are given for the calculation of mole fractions of all ionic species in solution at a given pH and metal ion concentration.
May-Thurner Syndrome and Horseshoe Kidney.

A 32-year-old woman presented after 2 weeks of left lower-extremity swelling. The swelling worsened and leg pain developed the day before admission. A computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a horseshoe kidney and compression of the left common iliac vein (Fig 1, arrow). The left common and external iliac veins were thrombosed. After overnight ultrasound (US)-accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis, venography showed narrowing of the central left common iliac vein,
Human variation in the peripheral air-space deposition of inhaled particles.

Intersubject variability in both peripheral air-space dimensions and breathing pattern [tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (f)] may play a role in determining intersubject variation in the...
Integrating Structure and Controller Design to Mechanical Systems via Decentralized Control Techniques

The overall performance of the mechanical system can be significantly improved by concurrently optimizing the plant and the controller. This paper proposes a new integrated design method via decentralized control techniques to concurrently optimize the structure and the controller, which aims at minimizing the system H2 norm from the disturbance to the system cost. The integrated design problems have been formulated in the cases of a full state feedback controller and a full order output feedback controller respectively. Inspired by noticing that the control techniques are capable of optimizing both the parameters of passive springs and dampers and the controller for the mechanical system, we extend the current LTI control system to a more general framework suitable for the integrated design needs, where the structure design is treated as the passive control optimization tackled by decentralized control techniques with static output feedback, while the active controller is optimized by solving the modified Riccati equations. With the extended system framework, we transfer the original non-convex integrated optimization problem to an unconstrained optimization problem by introducing Lagrange multipliers and a Lagrange function. The gradient-based optimization method is employed to effectively find the optimality solution of the integrated design. Two design examples including an active-passive vehicle suspension system and an active-passive Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) system are designed by the proposed integrated design method. The improvement of the overall system performance due to the integrated design is also presented in comparison with the conventional design methods.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Plastids of Polytrichum

As the cells of the archesporium multiply, the plastids flatten and become internally simplified, and no longer contain conspicuous grana. The plastids in the sporocyte round up with the onset of meiosis. The single plastid in each spore is highly simplified and nearly spherical. After the exine of the spore is elaborated, the plastid becomes polymorphic, forms one or more prolamellar bodies and begins to rebuild the grana-fretwork system. Typical chloroplasts are developed before the spores are shed.During the early phases of development of the archesporium, its plastids fluoresce a brilliant red in blue light. This chlorophyll fluorescence dims by the time sporocytes are developed, and is virtually undetectable in the newly formed spores. No increase in chlorophyll fluorescence is noted until after the elaboration of the yellow-fluorescing exine. These observations indicate a shut-down in vegetative plastid activities during sporogenesis, and a return to the vegetative state before the spores are shed. The continuity of the plastids through sporogenesis is virtually certain.
Modeling and Calibration of Fast-Response Coaxial Heat Flux Gages

ux gages. Simulations of the heat conduction inside the gage using Gasp solver show, that the response is sensitive to geometry of the junction which sits on epoxy. The epoxy acts as an insulator creating a local overheating that increases with the junction aspect ratio and the step height between the inner and outer electrodes and decreases when epoxy is present next to the step. The increase of the overheating with the junction aspect ratio is due to the thermal insulation of the epoxy layer located under the junction used to electrically insulate the two electrodes of the thermocouple. When the junction protrudes signicantly above the surface (about 10 microns), the heat transfer is enhanced from the larger surface area whereas, the lateral conduction around the epoxy layer decreases, which further contributes to the junction overheating. To assess those eects, a calibration method using a reected shock in argon is developed and experiments are performed in the T5 free-piston shock tunnel which is used as a shock tube by replacing the nozzle throat insert with a closed end-wall insert. Five gages are simultaneously calibrated at a high heat ux for 30 microseconds. For microsecond time scales, it is found that the eective value of the thermal product, p ck , is approximately 30% lower than the average of chromel and constantan. The standard deviation of 10% among the ve gages indicates that the gage-to-gage variation of the junction geometry is relatively small as the temperature is greatly sensitive to the geometry on microsecond time scales.
Complete CFD Analysis of a Velocity XL-5 RG with Flight- Test Verification

The process of performing in-flight measurements of the canard wake on a Velocity XL-5 RG is detailed and the results are compared to computational models of the flowfield. A combination of an 18-probe total pressure rake and two 5-hole probes were used. Pre-flight wind tunnel tests were used for probe calibration and a 3-D viscous code was used for the flowfield computations. The comparisons between the computations and the measurements were very good. The resulting database validated the computations and provides a reference for future flight experiments.
A new multiscale algorithm and its application to coarse-grained peptide models for self-assembly.

Peptide self-assembly plays a role in a number of diseases, in pharmaceutical degradation, and in emerging biomaterials. Here, we aim to develop an accurate molecular-scale picture of this process using a multiscale computational approach. Recently, Shell (Shell, M. S. J. Chem. Phys.2008, 129, 144108-7) developed a coarse-graining methodology that is based on a thermodynamic quantity called the relative entropy, a measure of how different two molecular ensembles behave. By minimizing the relative entropy between a coarse-grained peptide system and a reference all-atom system, with respect to the coarse-grained model’s force field parameters, an optimized coarse-grained model can be obtained. We have reformulated this methodology using a trajectory-reweighting and perturbation strategy that enables complex coarse-grained models with at least hundreds of parameters to be optimized efficiently. This new algorithm allows for complex peptide systems to be coarse-grained into much simpler models that nonetheles...
The Alpha–Bet(a) of Glucose Pyrolysis: Computational and Experimental Investigations of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Levoglucosan Formation Reveal Implications for Cellulose Pyrolysis

As biomass pyrolysis is a promising technology for producing renewable fuels, mechanistic descriptions of biomass thermal decomposition are of increasing interest. While previous studies have demonstrated that glucose is a key primary intermediate and have elucidated many important elementary mechanisms in its pyrolysis, key questions remain. For example, there are several proposed mechanisms for evolution of an important product and platform chemical, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), but evaluation with different methodologies has hindered comparison. We evaluated a host of elementary mechanisms using a consistent quantum mechanics (QM) level of theory and reveal a mechanistic understanding of this important pyrolysis pathway. We also describe a novel route as a target for catalyst design, as it holds the promise of a more selective pathway to 5-HMF from glucose. We further demonstrate the effect of conformational and structural isomerization on dehydration reactivity. Additionally, we combined QM and ex...
A Classifier-Guided Sampling Method for Computationally Expensive, Discrete-Variable, Discontinuous Design Problems

Metamodel-based design is a well-established method for providing fast and accurate approximations of expensive computer models to enable faster optimization and rapid design space exploration. Traditionally, a metamodel is developed by fitting a surface to a set of training points that are generated with an expensive computer model or simulation. A requirement of this process is that the function being approximated is continuous. However, many engineering problems have variables that are discrete and a function response that is discontinuous in nature. In this paper, a classifier-guided sampling method is presented that can be used for optimization and design space exploration of expensive computer models that have discrete variables and discontinuous responses. The method is tested on a set of example problems. Results show that the method significantly improves the rate of convergence towards known global optima, on average, when compared to random search.
Reverse Radial Forearm Flap to Provide Arterial Inflow to a Toe Transfer

Background: Toe-to-thumb transfer has become the gold standard for thumb reconstruction, but in badly mutilated hands, additional soft tissue coverage may be required or a suitable recipient artery may not be available. There are only 3 case reports describing the successful use of a reverse radial forearm flap for coverage of a soft tissue defect around the thumb as well as providing arterial inflow for a toe transfer, performed either simultaneously or secondarily. Methods: A single surgeon's experience of all toe-to-hand transfers performed in conjunction with a reverse radial forearm flap between 1995 and 2014 was reviewed, including patient demographics, type of toe transfer and vascular pedicle, whether immediate or secondary, follow-up, and complications. Results: Eight toe-to-hand transfers were performed in 7 patients-3 children (age range, 3-15 years) and 4 adults (age range, 19-39 years). Three patients underwent primary toe-to-thumb transfer simultaneously with a reverse radial forearm flap, and 5 patients underwent secondary toe-to-hand transfer between 4 months and 2½ years after an initial reverse radial forearm flap. All toe transfers survived completely. Average follow-up was 5.1 years. All patients were satisfied with the function and appearance of their reconstructed thumb. Conclusion: The reverse radial forearm flap is a very reliable procedure as a "Sister" or "Siamese" flap to provide immediate arterial inflow to a simultaneous toe-to-thumb transfer, or to provide primary soft tissue coverage on the radial aspect of the hand and subsequently provide a recipient arterial inflow for a secondary toe transfer.
Epidemiology of vasculitis

Knowledge of the epidemiology of vasculitic syndromes in the general population is limited. With few exceptions, most of the syndromes are sufficiently infrequent that accurate population-based data are lacking.
Association and Regression

One of the assumptions we have required for nearly every test we’ve conducted thus far is that of independent subject measurements. The “independence” in question implies that subjects are measured without influencing each other.
Progressive Spastic Cerebral Ataxia

A syndrome of diabetes insipidus followed by progressive spastic cerebellar ataxia is reported in four boys from the Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Psychiatry, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
Energy consumption of water recovery from wastewater in a submerged forward osmosis system using commercial liquid fertilizer as a draw solute

Abstract Using liquid fertilizer as a draw solute in forward osmosis (FO) to extract high-quality water from wastewater is of strong interest because it eliminates the need for regenerating draw solute, thereby requiring less energy input to system operation. However, energy consumption of such an approach has not been evaluated before. Herein, a submerged FO system with all-purpose liquid fertilizer as a draw solute was studied for energy consumption of water recovery from either deionized (DI) water or domestic wastewater. The results showed that a higher draw concentration led to higher water flux and lower energy consumption, for example 0.25 ± 0.08 kW h m−3 with 100% draw concentration, but reverse salt flux (RSF) was also more serious. Decreasing the recirculation flow rate from 100 to 25 mL min−1 had a minor effect on water flux, but significantly reduced energy consumption from 1.30 ± 0.28 to 0.09 ± 0.02 kW h m−3. When extracting water from the secondary effluent, the FO system exhibited comparable performance of water flux and energy consumption to that of the DI water. However, the primary effluent resulted in obvious fouling of the FO membrane and higher energy consumption than that of the secondary effluent/DI water. This study has provided important implications to proper evaluation of energy consumption by the FO system using liquid fertilizer or other non-regenerating draw solutes.