cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feeding Ecology of Young White Crappie in a Kansas Reservoir

Abstract White crappie (Pomoxis annularis) are a valuable sport fish, but they have received little ecological study. They are piscivorous when large (greater than 16-17 cm TL) but are almost completely planktivorous when small. We studied the location and periodicity of crappie feeding in a series of midwater trawl studies in a Kansas reservoir and found crappie between 8 and 17 cm long to be wholly pelagic. Crappie were distributed throughout most depths during the cool times of the year but were grouped more vertically during the warmer months-in part because of the anaerobic hypolimnion extending up to the 5-m depth. Crappie rarely fed at night and fed entirely on zooplankton during the day. Daphnia, even when relatively sparse, made up much of the diet whereas diaptomid copepods were relatively rare. Feeding rates of crappie ranged from 20 to 200 prey per hour when preying on zooplankton during the morning. These rates were estimated to provide sufficient energy for small crappie (5-20 g) but only ma...
Effect of Terminal Group Modification on the Solution Properties of Dendrimers: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

We study the static and dynamic properties of amphiphilic dendrimers of generation 3 through 7 in an explicitly modeled solvent with molecular dynamics. All interior monomers are solvophobic while the terminal monomers are varied from all solvophobic to all solvophilic, with a number of nonuniform solvophobic/solvophilic terminal monomer arrangements investigated. For generations 6 and 7, crowding at the dendrimer surface forces some solvophilic monomers into the interior of the molecule. The nonuniformly surface-modified dendrimers are studied to examine how different arrangements of terminal monomers might affect dendrimer conformation. In all cases with solvophilic terminal monomers we find the solvophilic monomers congregating at the surface; thus, the dendrimer adopts the form of a unimolecular micelle. For generation 5 and smaller, the terminal monomer arrangement has no effect on the static or dynamic properties. For generations 6 and 7, a minimum number of bonds between the two types of terminal m...
Performance is not Related to Perception of Target Width in Fitts’ Law

We report a new experiment in a series of studies in which research participants perform a Fitts’ Law repetitive task, and then are required to judge the width of the target that was utilized. The first two experiments previously reported showed no relation between perception and performance. However in those two experiments subjects were never provided with feedback on their performance. In the current study, we provided participants with their performance score. Providing their performance score did not produce a relation between target width perception and performance. We posit that sports studies that have shown this relation are the results of intimate knowledge of what it means to perform well. Our inexperienced Fitts’ Law participants lacked such an understanding.
Abnormal serum melatonin levels in patients with intrasellar tumors.

Melatonin, a pineal indoleamine, is postulated to be of importance in a regulatory fashion in hypothalamic and pituitary function. Attempts to utilize its random serum level as a consistent marker of pineal tumors have not been successful. Fifteen patients were studied to determine whether the normal diurnal variation in serum melatonin as determined by radioimmunoassay was altered by the presence of an intrasellar pituitary region tumor. A normal diurnal cycling of melatonin (high level at night, low level at midday coupled to the light-dark cycle) was seen in controls consisting of patients admitted for spinal or supratentorial procedures (a.m. melatonin, 15.4 +/- 3.7 pg/ml; p.m. melatonin, 57.1 +/- 16.3 pg/ml). This normal pattern of melatonin levels was altered in the group of patients with intrasellar tumors (a.m. melatonin, 28.9 +/- 6.7 pg/ml; p.m. melatonin, 28.4 +/- 7.3 pg/ml). Hospitalization and operation caused nonspecific alterations in the pattern of melatonin in both groups. These results suggest that the pattern of secretion rather than the absolute midday value of melatonin may be of greater importance as evidence of altered pineal and pituitary neuroendocrine regulation.
Attenuation of transient focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice expressing a mutant ICE inhibitory protein

We used transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative mutation of interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE) (C285G) in a model of transient focal ischemia in order to investigate the role of ICE in i...
Bioinformatics resources from the National Center for Biotechnology Information: An integrated foundation for discovery

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides access to more than 30 publicly available molecular biology resources, offering an effective discovery space through high levels of data integration among large-scale data repositories. The foundation for many services is GenBank®, a public repository of DNA sequences from more than 133,000 different organisms. GenBank is accessible through the Entrez retrieval system, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases, along with resources for taxonomy, genome maps, sequence variation, gene expression, gene function and phenotypes, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical literature via PubMed®. Computational tools allow scientists to analyze vast quantities of diverse data. The BLAST® sequence similarity programs are instrumental in identifying genes and genetic features. Other tools support mapping disease loci to the genome, identifying new genes, comparing genomes, and relating sequence data to model protein structures. A basic research program in computational molecular biology enhances the database and software tool development initiatives. Future plans include further data integration, enhanced genome annotation and protein classification, additional data types, and links to a wider range of resources.
The role of nonverbal communication in the classroom

(1971). The role of nonverbal communication in the classroom. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 10, The Challenge of Nonverbal Awareness, pp. 243-249.
Naloxone's antagonism of rigidity but not explosive motor behavior: possible evidence for two types of mechanisms underlying the actions of opiates and opioids.

Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of naloxone prior to an intraventricular infusion of etonitazene or morphine. The rigidity produced by etonitazene was antagonized by naloxone (10 mg/kg). In contrast to the results of a previous study, all doses of naloxone up to 160 mg/kg failed to attenuate the explosive motor behavior resulting from an intraventricular infusion of morphine. The results of the present study indicate that all actions of opiates and opioids are not mediated by the naloxone-blocked opiate receptor.
Small-Molecule Modulators of Methyl-Lysine Binding for the CBX7 Chromodomain.

Chromobox homolog 7 (CBX7) plays an important role in gene transcription in a wide array of cellular processes, ranging from stem cell self-renewal and differentiation to tumor progression. CBX7 functions through its N-terminal chromodomain (ChD), which recognizes trimethylated lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3), a conserved epigenetic mark that signifies gene transcriptional repression. In this study, we report the discovery of small molecules that inhibit CBX7ChD binding to H3K27me3. Our crystal structures reveal the binding modes of these molecules that compete against H3K27me3 binding through interactions with key residues in the methyl-lysine binding pocket of CBX7ChD. We further show that a lead compound, MS37452, derepresses transcription of Polycomb repressive complex target gene p16/CDKN2A by displacing CBX7 binding to the INK4A/ARF locus in prostate cancer cells. These small molecules have the potential to be developed into high-potency chemical modulators that target CBX7 functions in gene transcription in different disease pathways.
Development at the Age of 2 and 3 in Relation to Cognitive Abilities at the Age of 5 in Very Preterm Children

Aims: This study investigates agreement between mental development at age 2 and 3 and cognitive development at age 5 in very preterm children, and the prediction of separate cognitive abilities at age 5 by development at toddler age.
Digital Accommodation during Corporate Acquisitions

This study articulates digital accommodation as one of the IT-driven value-creation mechanisms during corporate acquisitions, whereby an acquirer leverages its existing digitization capabilities to...
Age-related changes in regional activation during working memory in young adults: an fMRI study.

Several lines of evidence suggest that working memory diminishes with advancing age, with concomitant functional changes in associated neuronal activation in frontal cortical regions and hippocampi. No studies to date, however, have investigated age-related changes in neuronal activation in these regions during performance of a working memory task in younger subjects without working memory deficits. In this study, we utilized fMRI to examine changes in brain activation with increasing age in specific regions-of-interest. Eleven healthy subjects performed a “two-back” working memory task and a matched “zero-back” attention task during fMRI. There was no association between age and performance on either task. Left hippocampal activation significantly correlated with age (P = 0.01) and right hippocampal activation showed an association with age (P = 0.09). This study demonstrates that increasing age is associated with increased activation of hippocampus even in young patients without evidence of working memory deficits and suggests that functional changes may precede overt evidence of working memory deficits. Synapse 42:252–257, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Support for Individualizing Teacher Induction

Abstract An alarmingly high attrition rate of newly qualified teachers has spawned investigation of the problems faced by beginning teachers. The resulting induction programs prescribed assistance that aided new teachers in solving these common problems. Recently, these programs have utilized mentors who guide new teachers in actual teaching situations, which has reduced the number of new teachers leaving the profession. Trained mentors, however, are not always successful because they fail to recognize the wide variety of developmental needs of beginning teachers. Through a state-wide survey, 286 first-year teachers were asked to report the types and amounts of assistance they found most supportive during their transition into teaching. They reported as helpful a vareity of assistance with classroom procedures, lesson plans, teaching methods, and discipline. As teaching situations became more challenging, more teachers in this study desired more assistance. The data support varying the quantity and type o...
CHANGING PATTERNS OF “DRUG ABUSE” IN THE UNITED STATES: CONNECTING FINDINGS FROM MACRO- AND MICROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

Trend analyses of the U.S. monitoring data systems (the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and the Monitoring the Future Study) and of the country's surveillance program, the Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG), indicate that several new “drug abuse” patterns have emerged over the past several years. For adolescents, drug use rates are converging for females and males, the mean age at which youngsters initiate drug use has declined, and more young adolescents are reporting using drugs. Furthermore, emergent new drug use patterns are being observed by the CEWG. The use of drugs such as Rohypnol, the injecting of crack-cocaine, and the spread of methamphetamines by new traffickers challenge our existing knowledge and understanding of drug use and its prevention. The National Institute on Drug Abuse has funded several large longitudinal studies that follow selected children and adolescents into their twenties, and some into their thirties. This research has been a rich source of information on the ...
Increased monomeric immunoglobulin A levels in tears from multiple sclerosis patients

Mucosal immunity and the secretory antibody are known to be important defense mechanisms against many common viruses. Tears were selected as a representative mucosal fluid, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot. Tears from 38 normal controls and patients with systemic or ocular diseases contained almost exclusively polymeric IgA. In contrast, almost 75% of 23 patients with multiple sclerosis had detectable monomeric IgA in addition to polymeric IgA. The functional importance of this alteration in the molecular form of secretory IgA remains to be determined.
Apply CFD to Design Comfortable and Energy-Efficient Buildings

CFD can play an important role in building design. This paper introduces the typical variety of CFD applications to the design of a thermally-conformable, healthy and energy-efficient building. The paper discusses the major application challenges of CFD in the building modeling and design practice. The developing trends of applying CFD for building design have been analyzed by critically reviewing the proceedings of one of the most influential symposium in building simulation field (International Conference on Building Simulation).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Identification of new metabolites of ifosfamide in rat urine using ion cluster technique

Metabolism of the anticancer drug ifosfamide was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Along with four known metabolites, namely N2-dechloroethylifosfamide, N3-dechloroethylifosfamide, alcoifosfamide and isophosphoramide mustard, four new urinary metabolites were identified utilizing combined techniques of chemical modification/derivatization, capillary gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ammonia), deuterium-labeling/ion cluster analysis and chemical synthesis. Secondary metabolites of N2-dechloroethyl and N3-dechloroethylifosfamide formed by 4-hydroxylation, i.e. 4-hydroxy-N2-dechloroethylifosfamide and 4-hydroxy-N3-dechloroethylifosfamide, respectively, and their subsequent decomposition product, N-dechloroethyliso-phosphoramide mustard, were identified. Secondary dealkylation pathways of N2-dechloroethylifosfamide and/or N3-dechloroethylifosfamide were also demonstrated through characterization of N2,3-didechloroethyl ifosfamide. The key active metabolite of ifosfamide, 4-hydroxyifosfamide, was characterized as a cyanohydrin adduct for the first time.
The determination and use of condition index of oysters

Oyster condition measures should be standardized through use of Hopkins’ formula: Condition Index = (dry meat weight in g) (100)/(internal cavity volume in cm3). Cavity volumes, previously measured chiefly as capacity by a water displacement method, may be determined by subtracting the weight in air of the oyster’s valves from the weight in air of the intact oyster (both in g). This method is valid because the effective density of cavity contents is close to 1g per cm3. The technique is simple and time-efficient and could promote more widespread use of oyster condition studies.
ERECTA, an LRR receptor-like kinase protein controlling development pleiotropically affects resistance to bacterial wilt

Bacterial wilt, one of the most devastating bacterial diseases of plants worldwide, is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and affects many important crop species. We show that several strains isolated from solanaceous crops in Europe are pathogenic in different accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. One of these strains, 14.25, causes wilting symptoms in A. thaliana accession Landsberg erecta (Ler) and no apparent symptoms in accession Columbia (Col-0). Disease development and bacterial multiplication in the susceptible Ler accession depend on functional hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes, key elements for bacterial pathogenicity. Genetic analysis using Ler x Col-0 recombinant inbred lines showed that resistance is governed by at least three loci: QRS1 (Quantitative Resistance to R. solanacearum) and QRS2 on chromosome 2, and QRS3 on chromosome 5. These loci explain about 90% of the resistance carried by the Col-0 accession. The ERECTA gene, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) and affects development of aerial organs, is dimorphic in our population and lies close to QRS1. Susceptible Ler plants transformed with a wild-type ERECTA gene, and the LER line showed increased disease resistance to R. solanacearum as indicated by reduced wilt symptoms and impaired bacterial growth, suggesting unexpected cross-talk between resistance and developmental pathways.
The librarian : fantastic adventures in the digital world

Based on a paper presented at the 30th UKSG Conference, Warwick, April 2007 In the digital world, the librarian is no longer bound and confined by physical location and a physical library. Definitions that equate the function of a librarian with the management of a library are no longer sufficient.‘Building collections’ and ‘providing access’ are being replaced by the creation of user- centered environments, both physical and virtual. In the digital world, individuals have access to many more sources of information than they could find in any individual library. The complexity of the resulting information space has become so great that the particular skills of librarians in connecting people to the accumulated intellectual, scientific and creative wisdom of other people are more necessary than ever. To fully take advantage of the new possibilities open to them, librarians will have to explore roles that take them far beyond the boundaries of libraries.
Australia antigen and primary liver cancer.

Australia antigen, Au1, could not be identified in the sera of 35 American patients with primary liver cancer.
Photocapacitance study of deep levels in thin CdTe PV devices

Abstract Steady state photocapacitance (PHCAP) was used to survey the deep levels in the energy range 0.73 eV to 1.38 eV with respect to the valence band in CdS/CdTe PV devices. The effect of the cadmium chloride treatment process on deep level densities is shown qualitatively. Estimates of the optical transition thresholds E p o for three deep minority type levels E 1, E 2, and E 3 are given and a discussion of possible assignment to specific defects is presented. Preliminary results using deep level optical spectroscopy (DLOS) to measure the optical cross sections for holes σ p o of the E 2 and E 3 levels are given. The thermal emission rates e n t for electrons at 79 K are estimated for the E 2 and E 3 levels.
Thermal breakdown properties of indocyanine green

Because indocyanine green (ICG) dye is being used in tissue soldering, investigation of its degradation properties has become important. Studies have demonstrated the kinetics of indocyanine green degradation on light exposure. Temperature dependent changes have not been characterized. Since tissue soldering is a thermal process, we examined how absorption characteristics of aqueous ICG solutions change after heating. A 3.23 mM ICG stock solution in 2.5% human serum albumin (HSA) was prepared daily. From the stock solution, 1.5 ml samples were light shielded and heated to 100 degree(s)C for intervals of up to 5.5 hours. Control samples were maintained at room temperature. After heating, samples were diluted to 16.6 (mu) M ICG with 2.5% HSA for scanning. Absorbance from 200 to 900 nm was measured using an absorbance spectrophotometer. Peak absorption intensity decreased as heating time of samples increased from 1 to 5 hours, with the first consistently detectable change occurring after 1 hour. Absorption peak was stable at 805 - 808 nm with no novel peaks and absorbance magnitude was reduced only 2% over 1 hour. Lower temperatures more commonly seen in laser welding (60 - 80 degree(s)C) produced even smaller reductions in absorption intensity. Measurable thermal degradation of aqueous ICG solutions occurs at 100 degree(s)C after a period of hours. Therefore, thermal degradation of ICG in the context of tissue soldering is probably insignificant.
Living Apart in the Same Room: Analysis of the Management of Linguistic Diversity in Bolzano

Abstract This contribution analyzes the arrangements used to manage the German-speaking minority of Bolzano, Italy. Traditionally, the literature on language policies has focused on the cohesion of the state, the well-being of individuals, the protection of linguistic groups, and the maintenance of language diversity. In contrast, this case study shows that, in discussing language policies, it is necessary to consider the impact on relations among linguistic groups. I argue that language in and of itself is not an element of division; rather, I consider language as a mind-set, which becomes an issue in a specific structural context. Language policies should aim at addressing this mental status that maintains language as a divisive factor within a population. As this case study will demonstrate, Bolzano arrangements form a parting-regime, which, by keeping separate its inhabitants and impeding mixed use and contamination between majority and minority idioms, does not counter the understanding of language a...
Euler products, cyclotomy, and coding☆

Abstract We present a familiar manipulation of Euler products and L -series, and derive a recent theorem of Carlitz and an old theorem of Davenport-Hasse. We then show that the theorem of Davenport-Hasse can be used to shed considerable light on certain questions about “irreducible cyclic codes,” and the cyclotomy of finite fields, including some recent work of the Lehmers.
The SH3 Domain-containing Adaptor HIP-55 Mediates c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Activation in T Cell Receptor Signaling

HIP-55 (hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1)-interacting protein of 55 kDa, also called SH3P7 and mAbp1) is a novel SH3 domain-containing protein. HIP-55 binds to actin filaments both in vitro and in vivo. HIP-55 activates HPK1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which are two important lymphocyte signaling molecules. Until now, the regulation and function of HIP-55 in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling were unknown. We found that HIP-55 was recruited to glycolipid-enriched microdomains upon TCR stimulation, which indicates that HIP-55 is regulated by TCR signaling. HIP-55 interacted with ZAP-70, a critical protein-tyrosine kinase in TCR signaling, and this interaction was induced by TCR signaling. ZAP-70 phosphorylated HIP-55 at Tyr-334 and Tyr-344 in vitro and in vivo, and the HIP-55 mutant (Y334F/Y344F) was not tyrosine-phosphorylated in stimulated T cells. To study its function in T cell activation, HIP-55-deficient Jurkat T cells were established using the RNA interference approach. In the HIP-55-deficient cells, TCR (but not UV)-stimulated JNK activation was decreased. Furthermore, the activation of HPK1, a known JNK upstream activator and HIP-55-interacting protein, was also decreased in the HIP-55-deficient cells. Our data reveal the regulation of HIP-55 during TCR signaling, and using a genetic approach, we demonstrate for the first time that HIP-55 plays a functional role in TCR signaling.
Cultured Human Airway Epithelial Cells (Calu-3): A Model of Human Respiratory Function, Structure, and Inflammatory Responses

This article reviews the application of the human airway Calu-3 cell line as a respiratory model for studying the effects of gas concentrations, exposure time, biophysical stress, and biological agents on human airway epithelial cells. Calu-3 cells are grown to confluence at an air-liquid interface on permeable supports. To model human respiratory conditions and treatment modalities, monolayers are placed in an environmental chamber, and exposed to specific levels of oxygen or other therapeutic modalities such as positive pressure and medications to assess the effect of interventions on inflammatory mediators, immunologic proteins, and antibacterial outcomes. Monolayer integrity and permeability and cell histology and viability also measure cellular response to therapeutic interventions. Calu-3 cells exposed to graded oxygen concentrations demonstrate cell dysfunction and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Modeling positive airway pressure reveals that pressure may exert a greater injurious effect and cytokine response than oxygen. In experiments with pharmacological agents, Lucinactant is protective of Calu-3 cells compared with Beractant and control, and perfluorocarbons also protect against hyperoxia-induced airway epithelial cell injury. The Calu-3 cell preparation is a sensitive and efficient preclinical model to study human respiratory processes and diseases related to oxygen- and ventilator-induced lung injury.
Resolving attachment ambiguities with multiple constraints.

Different theories of syntactic ambiguity resolution argue for different sources of information determining initial parsing decisions (e.g., structurally defined parsing principles, lexically specific biases, or referential pragmatics). However, a "constraint-based" approach to syntactic ambiguity resolution proposes that both lexically specific biases and referential pragmatics are used in parallel by the comprehender. Analyses of text corpora, sentence fragment completions, and self-paced reading experiments were conducted to demonstrate that both local information (lexically specific biases) and contextual information (referential presupposition) contribute to the on-line resolution of prepositional phrase attachment ambiguities. There does not appear to be a role for purely structurally defined parsing principles (i.e., minimal attachment). Present and previous evidence is consistent with a developing framework in which multiple constraints (bottom-up and top-down) interact immediately to determine initial syntactic commitments.
Teaching the Pronunciation of Spanish“r”

Author's Summary— The most characteristically Spanish of the consonant sounds, and one which is practically unknown in American-English pronunciation, is written with a symbol which in American English represents a very different sound, and one which in turn is foreign to Spanish. The purpose of this paper is to encourage teachers of Spanish to teach a mastery of this sound by means of a scheme which has been thoroughly tried out, and which is scientifically indicated by authorities.
Procedures for eliciting choices in the analysis of individual decisions

Abstract Subjects were asked to list as many choices as they could in response to typical problems of personal choice. Seven conditions were compared with respect to the number of choices generated. In three conditions, subjects were told what the decision maker's objectives might be, and were asked to think of choices that might satisfy these objectives. In two conditions subjects were shown examples of possible choices, either organized in categories or listed randomly. Two control conditions were used. All subjects responded to the same pretest problem, then responded to two test problems. When the objectives were presented to subjects one at a time, the number of choices was greater than in other conditions; among the other conditions, however, there were no differences in overall number of choices. The two conditions in which examples were shown did produce more choices related to the examples. These results may be useful for helping a person to generate a complete list of alternatives when using formal methods of decision analysis.
XX. Maxwell's theory of the viscosity of solids and its physical verification

(1888). XX. Maxwell's theory of the viscosity of solids and its physical verification. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 26, No. 159, pp. 183-217.
Sensitivity analysis in hierarchical fuzzy logic models

A method developed previously for performing sensitivity analysis with systems based on two-valued logic is extended to the case in which all points in the closed unit interval are possible truth values and the rules of fuzzy logic apply. The advantage of this approach over incrementing inputs and observing outputs are that (1) some insight may be gained into the structure of the model, as when one node 'blocks' changes in another node from propagating upward, and (2) the sensitivity measures are proved to be true (one-sided) derivatives, which may not be the case when simulations are performed with positive and negative increments. These results apply to an important class of information structures found in knowledge-based decision support systems. >
Behavior Therapy for Separation Anxiety Disorder

The empirical research on the condition labeled separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is reviewed, including studies on its diagnostic criteria, etiology, natural history, and response to behavior ther...
Recent advances in understanding total-dose effects in bipolar transistors

Gain degradation in irradiated bipolar transistors can be a significant problem, particularly in linear integrated circuits. In many bipolar technologies, the degradation is greater for irradiation at low dose rates than it is for typical laboratory dose rates. Ionizing radiation causes the base current in bipolar transistors to increase, due to the presence of net positive charge in the oxides covering sensitive device areas and increases in surface recombination velocity. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced gain degradation in bipolar transistors is important in developing appropriate hardness assurance methods. This paper reviews recent modeling and experimental work, with the emphasis on low-dose-rate effects. A promising hardness assurance method based on irradiation at elevated temperatures is described.
Protocol journalism as a framework for understanding public relations–media relationships in Kosovo

Abstract There is growing interest about the ways in which the public relations field can contribute to democratization and civil society initiatives. Some scholars see enormous potential for public relations by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help get important social issues on the public agenda in transitional nations while other scholars have critiqued the practice of public relations in newly formed nations as a form of hegemony that privileges Western ideas, values, and standards of practice. One thing is certain: more scholarly attention is required if the field of public relations is to truly understand its evolving role in civil society. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the public relations–media relationship contributes to civil society development in Kosovo. The researcher interviewed media professionals, public relations/organizational spokespersons, and civil society experts about the opportunities and challenges of the public relations function in building civil society in Kosovo. The findings suggest that “protocol journalism” is the guiding metaphor for explaining and critiquing the public relations–media relationship in Kosovo. The implications of protocol journalism for media development and public relations credibility are discussed.
Phosphoserines on Maize CENTROMERIC HISTONE H3 and Histone H3 Demarcate the Centromere and Pericentromere during Chromosome Segregation

We have identified and characterized a 17- to 18-kD Ser50-phosphorylated form of maize (Zea mays) CENTROMERIC HISTONE H3 (phCENH3-Ser50). Immunostaining in both mitosis and meiosis indicates that CENH3-Ser50 phosphorylation begins in prophase/diplotene, increases to a maximum at prometaphase-metaphase, and drops during anaphase. Dephosphorylation is precipitous (approximately sixfold) at the metaphase-anaphase transition, suggesting a role in the spindle checkpoint. Although phCENH3-Ser50 lies within a region that lacks homology to any other known histone, its closest counterpart is the phospho-Ser28 residue of histone H3 (phH3-Ser28). CENH3-Ser50 and H3-Ser28 are phosphorylated with nearly identical kinetics, but the former is restricted to centromeres and the latter to pericentromeres. Opposing centromeres separate in prometaphase, whereas the phH3-Ser28-marked pericentromeres remain attached and coalesce into a well-defined tether that binds the centromeres together. We propose that a centromere-initiated wave of histone phosphorylation is an early step in defining the two major structural domains required for chromosome segregation: centromere (alignment, motility) and pericentromere (cohesion).
A Method For Real-time Monitoring Of Vegetation From Satellite

DATA The Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data set were used for development of the method for real time monitoring of vegetation conditions. GVI is a standard product of NOWNESDIS issued weekly in real time and covering the entire globe between 75 N and 55 S. One of the component of GVI product, NDVI was modified into Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). VCI showed to be a good indicator of vegetation conditions. This paper describes the concept, technique data processing, and present some results of verification.
Neuroprotective effects of a novel non-receptor-binding estrogen analogue: in vitro and in vivo analysis.

Background and Purpose— Although estrogens are neuroprotective, hormonal effects limit their clinical application. Estrogen analogues with neuroprotective function but lacking hormonal properties would be more attractive. The present study was undertaken to determine the neuroprotective effects of a novel 2-adamantyl estrogen analogue, ZYC3. Methods— Cytotoxicity was induced in HT-22 cells by 10 mmol/L glutamate. 17β-Estradiol (E2) or ZYC3 was added immediately before the exposure to glutamate. Cell viability was determined by calcein assay. The binding of E2 and ZYC3 to human α (ERα) and β (ERβ) estrogen receptors was determined by ligand competition binding assay. Ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). E2 or ZYC3 (100 μg/kg) was administered 2 hours or immediately before MCAO, respectively. Infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Cerebral blood flow was recorded during and within 30 minutes after MCAO by a hydr...
Synergistic Effect of IL-6 and IL-4 in Driving Fate Revision of Natural Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells

Expression of forkhead transcription factor Foxp3 defines a distinct lineage of naturally arising regulatory T cells (nTregs) that is segregated from effector CD4(+) T cells during early development in the thymus. It remains elusive whether nTregs can convert into effector cells by turning off their Foxp3 expression and, if so, whether Th17 is a default alternative fate choice. In this report we provide compelling evidence showing that effector T cell-polarizing cytokines IL-6 and IL-4 can act synergistically to induce marked downregulation and inactivation of Foxp3 gene expression in mouse nTregs, and consequently the loss of suppressor phenotype and functions. However, the resulting Foxp3(-) cells are not polarized and do not express IL-17 or other Th17-associated genes. Therefore, nTreg fate revision is not restricted to the Treg-Th17 axis and is likely to represent a rather broad phenomenon with divergent outcomes.
Using EASY5 to investigate filtering of power system area control error

The area control error (ACE) is an indication of the mismatch between generation and load demand of a power system. This signal is an integral part of the automatic generation control (AGC) system which seeks to match area generation and load on a moment to moment basis. High frequency load variations and noise in the ACE signal can cause unnecessary and unwanted control action to occur. This paper demonstrates the use of the EASY5 engineering analysis system in modeling a power system and its AGC cycle. The model is subjected to a ramp load change with nonfiltering to establish a baseline control effort. Then, a random high frequency component is added in combination with various filters to explore the effectiveness of the filters. The resulting responses are compared to illustrate the need for appropriate filtering techniques. >
Dorsal Hippocampal Contributions to Unimodal Contextual Conditioning

Although there is general consensus that the hippocampus is not critically involved in the acquisition of fear conditioned to an explicit conditioned stimulus (CS), the extent to which the hippocampus participates in contextual fear conditioning remains unclear. To further characterize the potential role of the hippocampus in contextual fear conditioning, the present experiments examined the effect of excitotoxic lesions of dorsal hippocampus on the acquisition of a novel contextual fear conditioning paradigm in which a unimodal (olfactory) cue served to disambiguate discrete "contexts" within a single behavioral training chamber. Selective lesions of dorsal hippocampus severely attenuated olfactory contextual conditioning without affecting conditioning to an explicit auditory or olfactory CS. Additional experiments indicate that these contextual conditioning deficits cannot be attributed to a lesion-induced decrement in olfactory perception, a preferential impairment of "weak" forms of conditioning, or hyperactivity. Thus, the hippocampus appears to contribute importantly to the acquisition of fear conditioned to explicitly nonspatial, unimodal, temporally, and spatially diffuse contextual stimuli.
Potentiation of reward-related responding by psychostimulant infusion into nucleus accumbens: Role of dopamine receptor subtypes

The conditioned-reinforcement paradigm measures the ability of a conditioned stimulus to act as a reinforcer for newly learned operant behavior. The following experiments had two objectives. First, the effects of cocaine and pipradrol infused directly into the nucleus accumbens were assessed for their ability to potentiate responding for a conditioned reinforcer. Second, the role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes in potentiated conditioned-reinforcement responding was examined. Cocaine (1–60 µg), pipradrol (2–20 µg), and amphetamine (2–20 µg) all significantly enhanced conditioned-reinforcement responding when injected into the nucleus accumbens. A control experiment showed this potentiation to be dependent on the contingency between lever-pressing and the conditioned reinforcer. Pretreatment with either a D1 (SCH 23390, 0.1-mg/kg) or a D2 (raclopride, 1.0-mg/kg) dopamine antagonist selectively reduced stimulant-potentiated responding. Direct infusion of haloperidol (1–2.5 µg) into the nucleus accumbens also reduced the potentiation effect of pipradrol given systemically. Infusion of a D1 agonist (CY 208–243, 0.1–10 µg) or a D2 agonist (quinpirole, 0.2–20 µg) into the nucleus accumbens did not enhance responding; however, when a combined infusion was carried out, a significant increase was noted. It is concluded that the potentiation of reward-related responding observed following dopaminergic activation of the nucleus accumbens is dependent on concurrent stimulation of both D1 and D2 receptor subtypes.
Adolescents with Attitude: Using video and the National Curriculum to broaden drug education in schools

As workers in a National Health Service community trust providing drug services, we were keen that primary prevention initiatives should be developed and offered alongside treatment services. A priority for us has been to target young people, aged 10-19, attending schools and colleges, taking part in health education programmes providing specific inputs on drugs, alcohol and sexual health. We have moved away from one-off 'drugs and dangers' talks to partnerships with schools where, in the course of an academic year, we have provided inservice training for staff, counselling for the broad school community, classroom based seminars and workshops, and awareness sessions for parents and governors (Berry et al., 1994). Short term agency evaluations of sessions within the programmes suggest the non didactic approach, with relationships between health workers and pupils developing over a period of time, have been successful in challenging young people to think about their future behaviour regarding drug use (CADS, 1994a).
The banking panics in the United States in the 1930s: some lessons for today

In this paper we discuss the lessons learned from the US banking panics in the 1930s for the response by the Federal Reserve to the crisis of 2008. We revisit the debate over illiquidity versus insolvency in the banking crises of the 1930s and provide empirical evidence that the banking crises largely reflected illiquidity shocks. In the recent crisis the Fed under Bernanke had well learned the lesson from the banking panics of the 1930s of conducting expansionary monetary policy to meet demands for liquidity. However, unlike in the 1930s, the deeper problem of the recent crisis was not illiquidity but insolvency and especially the fear of insolvency of counterparties. A number of virtually insolvent US banks deemed too big and too interconnected to fail were rescued by fiscal bail-outs.
A framework for viewing the process of standard setting.

The standard-setting literature isfilled with contributions in which issues associated with standards are discussed and various methods for setting standards are presented and reviewed. Almost no attention has been given to guidelines for helping standard-setting groups or committees address the issues and technical matters that arise in selecting and implementing a standard setting method and finally setting a standard (or standards). This article was prepared to describe sets of context-setting variables and technical matters associated with standard-setting to assist groups or committees desiring to set standards in a systematic way.
Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid carbon disulphide with a harmonic intramolecular potential

Using a 3-centre Lennard-Jones plus Coulomb potential, we have performed a molecular dynamics simulation of liquid carbon disulphide at room temperature. The intramolecular vibrations have been included for the first time. The calculated liquid structure, the dynamical properties, the Raman spectrum, and the interaction-induced far infrared spectrum are all in good agreement with experimental measurements. Compared with other MD simulations using rigid CS2 molecules and a somewhat different intermolecular potential, the present model provides measurable improvement.
Anolis Vicarius, new species, related to A. Granuliceps

A single specimen of a small anole is described from the vicinity of Dabeiba, Antioquia, Colombia. It is provisionally regarded as related to A. granuliceps Roulenger but differs in smooth ventrals, larger dewlap and in pattern. In 1981 JUAN MANUEL RENJIFO and VLADIMIR CORREDOR collected a single small anole along a trail near the rio Amparrado between the towns of Frontino and Dabeiba. Inmediately distinctive because of a bold shoulder ocellus, on close comparison it appeared to be related to Anolis qranuliceps Boulenger, known from the Choco of western Colombia down into northwestern Ecuador. As the allopatric representative of the latter species it may be known as
Endurance training attenuates the decrease in skeletal muscle malonyl-CoA with exercise

Hutber, C. Adrian, B. B. Rasmussen, and W. W. Winder.Endurance training attenuates the decrease in skeletal muscle malonyl-CoA with exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1917–1922, 1997.—Muscle malony...
Assessment of Human Lymphoid Cell Damage Induced by Therapeutic Levels of 8-Methoxypsoralen and Long Wavelength Ultraviolet Radiation In Vitro

An earlier presentation to this conference dealt with general properties of human lymphoblastoic cell lines and their possible role in risk assessment. This paper will present a specific example of the use of lymphoblastoid cell lines to evaluate risk in patients receiving oral 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus longwave ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) photochemotherapy. This experimental therapy has been given the acronym “PUVA.”
Think Locally, Act Locally: the Perils of Radical Self-Governance for Democracy

This article explores the theory and practice of societal self-management of policy projects. It surveys associated literatures on decentralization, citizen participation and governance to assess the democratic possibilities of a model of self-management. It argues that because self-management encourages a radical view of self-governance, citizens are likely to take advantage of opportunities to participate in local affairs but unlikely to participate in system-level activities. Possibilities for community improvement notwithstanding, such a model, by itself, risks promoting a utilitarian conception of participation and sealing off the state from mediation from below, which is a core principal of participatory democracy. To make this apparent, the article offers a comparison of two case studies: Venezuela's Community Councils, which, based on author research, are structured on a vision of self-management, and the Participatory Budgeting Processes in Brazil, which, according to scholarship, link local development and accountability processes.
Why do we adopt environmentally friendly lawn care? Evidence from do-it-yourself consumers

ABSTRACTThis study identifies the factors determining the purchase frequencies of organic/natural fertilizers (ONFs) with a focus on do-it-yourself (DIY) consumers’ perceptions and motives. The estimation results of the generalized ordered logit model provide statistical evidence that environmental perceptions are critical factors in directing DIY consumers to purchase ONFs frequently. The results imply that educational programmes, informational campaigns, or advertisements to improve their perceptions on the potential negative impacts of fertilization on the environment may increase the purchase frequencies of ONFs. In addition, the results show that DIY consumers perceive that it is worth using ONFs despite their higher prices than chemical fertilizers. Their purchase frequencies will increase if they positively perceive the values of ONFs and are willing to pay a premium for ONFs. Moreover, the purchasing behaviour of DIY consumers is associated with their perceptions of neighbourhood landscaping. If n...
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence, Campus Response, and Complicating Factors at Historically Black Colleges and Universities

The aim of this study is twofold: to assess current policies and to inform future policies on the subject of sexual violence at HBCUs. Utilizing the Atlanta University Center, the researchers analyze the scope of sexual violence via a campus climate survey. Research questions include: What are HBCUs perspectives on the competency of their sexual violence response, mediation, and prevention efforts? What are the discrepancies between campus sexual violence policies and procedures? What complicates student reporting of sexual violence, particularly for Black college students? Are there differences in student perceptions of sexual violence based on sex? This research will add to the growing body of knowledge concerning sexual violence on Black college campuses and inform polices in a way which meets the needs of these communities.
Study on Kinetics of Absorbing Timosaponin by AB-8 Resin

Objective To investigate the kinetics of absorbing timosaponin by AB-8 resin.Methods Static absorption experiment,dynamic absorption experiment and series dynamic absorption experiment were carried out,and then the content of timosaponin was detected by spectrophotometry.Finally,the static absorption curve and the dynamic absorption curve were figured out.Results The result of static absorption experiment showed that the parameters of Lagergren equation are Kad=0.0186,r=0.9986,and the parameters of Dumwals-Wagner are K=0.0081,r=0.9958.In dynamic absorption experiment,the leaking of timosaponin is found and the penetrating point is at 600mL(0.1g/mL).Conclusion The mechanism of AB-8 resin absorbing timosaponin is characterized as liquid membrane diffusion at the early phase and intragranular diffusion at the later phase.Leaking phenomena in dynamic absorption experiment can be solved by three tubes in series.Therefore,this method can be used for the research of Chinese herbal medicine.