cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CellBlockistry: Chemistry and art of cell-block making - A detailed review of various historical options with recent advances.

Cell-blocks are paraffin-embedded versions of cytology specimens comparable to the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from surgical pathology specimens. They allow various elective ancillary studies on a variety of specimens with enhanced cytopathologic interpretation, including opportunity to perform molecular tests. However, different dictionaries and internet search engines primarily project “cellblock” and “cell block” definition in relation to prisons. Most of the top searches lead to information related to “prison cells” followed by a few cytopathology-related searches. Due to this in the current review, it is recommended that the word for cytopathology purposes should be hyphenated and spelled as “cell-block.” Cell-blocks have been increasingly indicated on most cytology specimens. Its role is growing further with the ongoing addition of new immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers with technical advances including multicolor IHC and the SCIP (subtractive coordinate immunoreactivity pattern) approach. In addition, it is an important source of tissue for many ancillary studies even as archived material retrospectively at later stage of management if the cell-blocks are improved qualitatively and quantitatively. Because of this, the significance of cell-block is critical with the increasing number of molecular markers standardized predominantly on FFPE tissue. As compared to core biopsies, high-quality cell-blocks prepared with enhanced methodologies predominantly contain concentrated diagnostic tumor cells required for the molecular tests without significant stromal contamination. This review introduces the terminology of CellBlockistry as the science of studying chemistry and the art of achieving quantitatively and qualitatively improved cell-blocks from different types of specimens. The review addresses the cell-block making process as “cell-blocking” and discusses different historical limitations with emphasis on recent advances.
Cultivating social justice literacy in education leaders: contemplating bodily and conceptual knowledges

How can instructors in higher education understand and address the challenges of cultivating critical social justice knowledge and perspectives? In this paper an embodied knowledge framework is use...
Regulated Digital Industries, Chapter 1: Fundamentals

This is the Table of Contents (and first case excerpt) for a reader on a class on Regulated Digital Industries, namely, the telecommunications, internet, and media sectors.
Using summary statistics to evaluate the genetic architecture of multiplicative combinations of initially analyzed phenotypes with a flexible choice of covariates

While the promise of electronic medical record and biobank data is large, major questions remain about patient privacy, computational hurdles, and data access. One promising area of recent development is pre-computing non-individually identifiable summary statistics to be made publicly available for exploration and downstream analysis. In this manuscript we demonstrate how to utilize pre-computed linear association statistics between individual genetic variants and phenotypes to infer genetic relationships between products of phenotypes (e.g., ratios; logical combinations of binary phenotypes using 9and9 and 9or9) with customized covariate choices. We propose a method to approximate covariate adjusted linear models for products and logical combinations of phenotypes using only pre-computed summary statistics. We evaluate our method9s accuracy through several simulation studies and an application modeling various fatty acid ratios using data from the Framingham Heart Study. These studies show consistent ability to recapitulate analysis results performed on individual level data including maintenance of the Type I error rate, power, and effect size estimates. An implementation of this proposed method is available in the publicly available R package pcsstools.
Differential Approach to Phase Equilibria, Pressure-Temperature-Composition Relations, Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, and Sample Problem

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 15 in T&M. First, we will solve Sample Problem 29-1 to discuss how to model the phase equilibria of a binary liquid mixture coexisting with its binary vapor mixture. Recall that, in Lecture 28, we discussed various aspects of this problem qualitatively in the context of the Gibbs Phase Rule. To solve this problem quantitatively, we can pursue two modeling approaches: (i) the Differential Approach to Phase Equilibria, which equates the differentials of the natural logarithms of the fugacities of every component present in the binary liquid mixture and in the binary vapor mixture, and (ii) the Integral Approach to Phase Equilibria, which equates the fugacities of every component present in the binary liquid mixture and in the binary vapor mixture. In this lecture, we will discuss approach (i) in great detail, and reserve our discussion of approach (ii) to Lecture 30. Specifically, to implement approach (i), we will expand the differentials of the natural logarithms of the fugacities as a function of temperature, pressure, and mixture composition, using the expressions derived in Lecture 25. Doing so, we will derive two equations relating the four unknowns, dT, dP, the differential of the liquid mole fraction of component 1, and the differential of the vapor mole fraction of component 1. According to the Gibbs Phase Rule, for this two-phase, two-component system in the absence of chemical reactions, the number of independent intensive variables L = 2. This implies that by solving the two equations simultaneously, given two intensive variables, for example, T and P, we will be able to uniquely determine the liquid and the vapor mole fractions of component 1. Third, we will discuss eight simplifications of the two equations which will lead to simple solutions. Finally, we will solve the two equations simultaneously, including discussing the types of predictions that we can make.
Passive Investors with Strategic Trading: A New Perspective on Index Funds

We re-examine passive institutional investors' behavior before and after the Russell Indexes reconstitution focusing solely on Russell 2000 indexer ownership. We discover that Russell 2000 indexers preemptively hold a large amount of Russell 1000 shares in anticipation of the changes in index assignments. The preemptive holdings are associated with price impact prior to the reconstitution and reduce the indexers' responses after reconstitution. As a result, the effects of reactions to reconstitution observed on average are much lower than in the absence of preemptive holdings. To better identify those effects, one has to focus on the stocks that were not preemptively held by the indexers prior to each reconstitution. This new perspective provides a better understanding of the indexers' trading strategies.
Jak-STAT Inhibition Mediates Romidepsin and Mechlorethamine Synergism in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.

Sezary syndrome is an aggressive and disseminated form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma associated with dismal prognosis in which the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin has shown remarkable activity as a single agent. However, clinical responses to romidepsin are typically transient, highlighting the need for more effective therapies. In this study, we show synergistic antilymphoma effects of romidepsin in combination with mechlorethamine, an alkylating agent, in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell lines and primary samples with strong antitumor effects in an in vivo model of Sezary syndrome. Mechanistically, gene expression profiling points to abrogation of Jak/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling as an important mediator of this interaction. Consistently, the combination of mechlorethamine plus romidepsin resulted in downregulation of STAT5 phosphorylation in romidepsin-sensitive cell lines and primary Sezary syndrome samples, but not in romidepsin-resistant tumors. Moreover, in further support of Jak/STAT signaling as a modulator of romidepsin activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, treatment with romidepsin in combination with Jak inhibitors resulted in markedly increased therapeutic responses. Overall, these results support a role for romidepsin plus mechlorethamine in combination in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and uncover a previously unrecognized role for Jak/STAT signaling in the response to romidepsin and romidepsin-based combination therapies in Sezary syndrome.
Management of local fisheries: A case study of Laoang, Northern Samar, Philippines

Abstract This paper investigates the ongoing management of fish resources at the municipality-level in the Philippines. The paper presents a case study of the current and potential management strategies for the fishery of Laoang, Philippines. Ongoing management activities include the placement of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in the municipal waters, development of two 10-hectare Marine Protected Areas, and a Fish Catch Monitoring program. Local management efforts for using the FADs and the improvement of the coastal areas of the fishery are discussed, including enhanced environmental education and protection and limits on adding FADs to the municipal waters. The FADs have shown to increase average catch about 5 kg. In order to achieve the goals of managing the local fishery to promote food security and income, three management steps must be achieved: the appropriate organizational structure needs to be in place, management programs need to be seen as meeting community needs, and the momentum must be continued by increasing existing programs and adding new ones.
Introduction: Playing with the Rules

This chapter, written by the editors, identifies key moments in video game scholarship since 2013 which prove game-based learning, despite early criticism, is often productive, engaging, agency- and awareness-developing, and still fun. The gaming industry and communities continue to improve in terms of representation, accessibility, and sophistication, yet suffer still from sexism, homophobia, and racism at disturbing levels. In considering games as part of larger ecosytems, the presence of these harmful ideologies is no surprise (even while women gamers, gamers of color, and gamers with disabilities occupy an increasing percentage of overall players and, very slowly, industry positions). Studying the ethos of games, their creators, and their players, combined with the wealth of scholarship available in game studies, indicates hope: analyzing, playing, teaching, and learning with games helps to work against hateful rhetorics, ideologies, and behaviors that have tarnished gameworlds and the ecosystems they occupy.
Computational Modeling of Fluidized Beds with a Focus on Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review.

Abstract The fluidized bed is an essential and standard equipment in the field of process development. It has a wide application in various areas and has been extensively studied. This review paper aims to discuss computational modeling of a fluidized bed with a focus on pharmaceutical applications. Eulerian, Lagrangian, and combined Eulerian-Lagrangian models have been studied for fluid bed applications with the rise of modeling capabilities. Such models assist in optimizing the process parameters and expedite the process development cycle. This paper discusses the background of modeling and then summarizes research papers relevant to pharmaceutical unit operations.
Brian G. Henning and Zack Walsh, Climate Change Ethics and the Nonhuman World

Brian G. Henning and Zack Walsh, Climate Change Ethics and the Nonhuman World (New York: Routledge, 2020), 226 pp., $160 (hbk), ISBN: 9780367406103.
Separation of iron catalyst from coal liquefaction crude oil with high gradient magnetic separator

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the effects of the magnetic field and feed rates of coal liquefaction crude oil on a separation selectivity for a recovery of synthetic pyrite catalysts. A magnetic separation of iron catalyst is carried out for a coal liquefaction crude oil by using a high gradient magnetic separator (HGMS). The iron catalyst is aerated as a chemical form of pyrrhotite, and iron contents in benzene insoluble (BI) of magnetic separated substance is concentrated 1.5 times, even though the mean particle size is small. Concentrations of iron and sulfursulfursulfur in magnetic separated substances is increased as increase in the magnetic field and decreased in the feed rate of coal liquefaction crude oil. The mineral matter relating coal ash is decreased. Carbonaceous matter is also included in magnetic separated substances, and it may come from adherent heavy hydrocarbon fractions of crude oil. The performance of a magnetic separation procedure can be improved at higher temperature condition.
End-to-End asymmetric link capacity estimation

Knowledge of link capacity is important for network design, management, and utilization. With the increasing popularity of asymmetric link technologies (such as DSL, 1xRTT, and satellite links), it is desirable to have a capacity estimation technique, which can simultaneously measure forward and backward direction link capacities on an Internet path. Moreover, this estimation must often be “sender only”, because of receiver limitations or lack of standards. In this study, we propose a simple, fast and accurate technique, called AsymProbe, to estimate asymmetric link capacities. AsymProbe is a “sender only”, round trip procedure. It achieves asymmetric link capacity estimation by strategically altering the ratio of probe and acknowledgement packet sizes. Using simulation and testbed experiments, we validate AsymProbe with a variety of network configurations. The results show that AsymProbe can correctly estimate the asymmetric link capacities as long as an appropriate packet size ratio can be employed.
Forensic DNA Evidence: The Myth of Infallibility

In Sheldon Krimsky & Jeremy Gruber (Eds.) Genetic Explanations: Sense and Nonsense. Harvard University Press, 2013. CHAPTER FIFTEEN Forensic DNA Evidence The Myth of Infallibility WILLIAM C. THOMPSON P romoters of forensic DNA testing have claimed from the beginning that DNA evidence is virtually infallible. 1 In advertis- ing materials, publications, and courtroom testimony they have claimed that DNA tests produce either the right result or no result. These claims took hold early in appellate- court opinions, which often parroted promotional hyperbole. They were bolstered by the impressive “random- match probabilities” presented in connection with DNA evidence, which suggest that the chances of a false match are vanishingly small. They were reinforced in the public imagination by news accounts of postcon- viction DNA exonerations. Wrongfully convicted people were shown being released from prison, while guilty people were brought to justice, all on the basis of DNA tests. With prosecutors and advocates for the wrongfully convicted both using DNA evidence successfully in court, who could doubt that it was in fact what its promoters claimed: the gold standard, a “truth machine”? 2 The rhetoric of infallibility proved helpful in establishing the admissi- bility of forensic DNA tests and persuading judges and jurors of its epis- temic authority. 3 It has also played an important role in the promotion of government DNA databases. 4 Innocent people have nothing to fear from being included in a database, promoters claim. Because the tests are infal- lible, the risk of a false incrimination must necessarily be nil. One indica- tion of the success and infl uence of the rhetoric of infallibility is that until quite recently concerns about false incriminations played almost no role in policy discussions. For example, David Lazer’s otherwise excellent ed- ited volume, DNA and the Criminal Justice System, which offers a broad assessment of ways in which DNA evidence is transforming the justice 514-49981_ch01_1P.indd 227 5/16/12 10:08 PM
The Propensity Score

Two recent studies published in JAMA involved the analysis of observational data to estimate the effect of a treatment on patient outcomes. In the study by Roze et al,1 a large observational data set was analyzed to estimate the relationship between early echocardiography screening for patent ductus arteriosus and mortality among preterm infants. The authors compared mortality rates of 847 infants who were screened for patent ductus arteriosus and 666 who were not. The 2 infant groups were dissimilar; infants who were screened were younger, more likely female, and less likely to have received corticosteroids. The authors used propensity score matching to create 605 matched infant pairs from the original cohort to adjust for these differences. In the study by Huybrechts et al,2 the Medicaid Analytic eXtract data set was analyzed to estimate the association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The authors included 3 789 330 women, of which 128 950 had used antidepressants. Women who used antidepressants were different from those who had not, with differences in age, race/ethnicity, chronic illnesses, obesity, tobacco use, and health care use. The authors adjusted for these differences using, in part, the technique of propensity score stratification.
Experiences in Conducting Peer-Reviewed Research with Undergraduate Finance and Accounting Students

This paper describes an educational program involving joint research projects undertaken between faculty and undergraduate accounting and finance students. The goal of the program was to provide undergraduate accounting and finance students a valuable educational experience resulting in a joint peer-reviewed journal publication. The paper discusses issues, concerns, and strategies that were successfully and unsuccessfully employed in conducting and publishing research with undergraduate students. The program was conducted over a six-year period, resulting in ten publications in peer reviewed journals as well as several conference presentations, proceedings, and awards. Administrators should consider the program described here as one tool in their arsenal to help faculty maintain academic qualifications while simultaneously benefiting students.
Ultrafast THz Spectroscopy of Excitons in Multi-Component Carrier Gases

We discuss time-resolved experiments that study photo-excited e-h pairs in GaAs quantum wells via their THz response. Resonant generation of excitons leads to characteristic THz spectra dominated by 1s-2p intra-excitonic transitions, which provide a direct density gauge. Fundamental differences between the intra-excitonic and free-carrier conductivity enable quantitative analysis of multicomponent e-h gases. We examine exciton ionization dynamics, where the exciton fraction approaches a quasi-equilibrium value in agreement with the Saha equation. A Saha model that takes into account thermal excitation of both heavy- and light-hole pairs is derived. Such experiments identify non-equilibrium phases of e-h gases and their underlying quasi-particle densities and dynamics.
State Automobile Dealer Franchise Laws: Have They Become the Proverbial Snake in the Grass?

Bankruptcy is imminent for General Motors Corporation (GM). If GM does not restructure and prove it can run a viable business by June 1, 2009, the federal government will force GM into “surgical” bankruptcy proceedings. When analyzing why GM has not yet proved it can restructure to the extent necessary to avoid bankruptcy, many have recognized the United Auto Workers and the bondholders as the significant impediments. One major group, however, has been largely overlooked: the auto dealers. In a recent interview with Automotive News, Fritz Henderson, GM’s new CEO, acknowledged that GM must consolidate brands to remain viable, but was resigned to the fact that consolidation would be very difficult due to the numerous state dealer franchise laws that protect auto dealers in every state. These laws exist because the auto dealers have considerable political clout at the state level, which they have used to get such laws passed in their favor. Not only have these very laws contributed to the demise of the domestic auto manufacturers, but they also are now severely hindering the auto manufacturers’ ability to navigate through the economic crisis. What is worse is that the auto dealers have continued to lobby for even more onerous state franchise laws in 2009, as the auto manufacturers struggle to remain viable. The proposed legislation sitting before roughly two-thirds of the state legislatures, if enacted, will favor the dealers to an even greater extent, therefore effectively preventing the manufacturers from streamlining their business operations, and potentially involving billions of taxpayer money going straight into the hands of the dealers. This paper discusses the history of the relationship between the auto manufacturers and their dealers and the reason why franchise laws now exist in every state. After examining a few of the state franchise laws and their impact on the auto industry, this paper focuses on current state legislation that is particularly overreaching and questions whether it is irresponsible for the dealers to continue to push for these laws - and for state legislatures to continue to pass these laws - in light of the economic crisis and failing auto industry. Finally, this paper concludes that state regulation is necessary to the extent it neutralizes the disparity in bargaining power between the automakers and the dealers, but that current legislation no longer achieves this and only benefits the auto dealers. Based upon these conclusions, this paper proposes that the dealers focus their resources and efforts on lobbying for laws that will benefit the entire auto industry, not just a select few.
FEDERAL-STATE RELATIONS IN NIGERIA

THE SHAPE of the Nigerian federation has long been a critical factor in the struggle to maintain the national entity against the centrifugal forces which have threatened disintegration since independence. This paper assesses the effects of decisions to reorganize the federation on the distribution of power between the federal and State (formerly regional) levels of government in order to see how far one objective of change, national integration, has proved compatible with another, namely decentralization. To do this it will be necessary to compare constitutional powers, financial relationships and the party system under the independence constituition of 1960 and the new constitution promulgated for the return to civilian rule in 1969 after 13 years of military government.
Cosmic ray composition at high energies: The TRACER project

Abstract The TRACER instrument ( Transition Radiation Array for Cosmic Energetic Radiation ) is designed to measure the individual energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei in long duration balloon flights. The large geometric factor of TRACER (5 m 2 sr) permits statistically significant measurements at particle energies well beyond 10 14 eV. TRACER identifies individual cosmic ray nuclei with single element resolution, and measures their energy over a wide range, from about 0.5 to 10,000 GeV/amu. This is accomplished with a gas detector system of 1600 single wire proportional tubes and plastic fiber radiators combined with plastic scintillators and acrylic Cerenkov counters. A 2-week flight in Antarctica in December 2003 has led to a measurement of the nuclear species oxygen to iron up to about 3000 GeV/amu. As an example, we shall present the energy spectrum and relative abundance for neon and discuss the implication of this result in the context of current models of acceleration and propagation of galactic cosmic rays. The instrument has been refurbished and flown on a second long duration balloon flight in Summer 2006. For this flight, the dynamic range of TRACER has been extended to permit inclusion of the lighter elements B, C, and N in the measurement.
Selecting One Story and Hiding Others: How AYP Chooses the Portrayal of a School.

This article discusses how the Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) accountability mechanism of No Child Left Behind makes use of supposedly objective standardized test scores to describe schools in a certain way when the very same results could serve to draw very different conclusions. Examining the proficiency scores of students from a specific middle school that is determined to be unequivocally failing according to AYP, the article shows how the same data could be used to characterize this school in ways that are more complex and emphasize its possible accomplishments.
Ethnic/racial segmentation: insights from theory and practice

Abstract This paper uses two social science theories — pluralism and multiculturalism — to examine three retail strategies and to consider whether ethnic/racial minorities constitute viable market segments. In keeping with pluralism, the Tianguis grocery format, targeted at first-generation Mexican immigrants, failed because the ethnic market was willing to forgo a shopping experience similar to that of their homeland in favor of American supermarkets that offered low prices. In keeping with multiculturalism, South DeKalb Mall and the E Style catalog are successfully responding to African-Americans who wish to maintain distinctive aspects of their heritage and require specialized products to do so.
Steiner set and connected domination in trapezoid graphs

Abstract Trapezoid graphs are extensions of interval graphs and permutation graphs. This paper presents an O (¦V¦) time algorithm for finding a minimum cardinality Steiner set and an O (¦E¦ + ¦V¦) time algorithm for finding a minimum cardinality connected dominating set in a trapezoid graph G = ( V , E ), given the trapezoid diagram.
Strategic Policy Benchmarking for Technological Development: The IT Cases of Zimbabwe and Botswana

Focusing on Zimbabwe and Botswana, this comparative case study is an application of the developmental state paradigm in relation to IT and other forms of knowledge-based economic development. The first section of the paper provides analyses of key characteristics of developmental states with respect to IT policies and culture. Section two accentuates the imperative and the opportunities for development with broad-based IT adoption. The final section, based on original field research, evaluates governmental, corporate, and civic organizational policies and cultures concerning IT in Zimbabwe and Botswana against those policies and cultures that embody enabling environments in developmental states. In the end, propositions concerning IT and development are stated for refining and testing as well as for informing future public policy in Southern Africa and other underdeveloped regions.
Risk for household safety hazards: Socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors

Abstract Introduction Many unintentional injuries to young children occur in the home. The current study examines the relation between family socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors and risk factors for home injury. Methods Presence of household hazards was examined in 80 families with toddler-aged children. Parental ability to identify household hazards in pictures was also assessed. ANOVAs and Pearson product–moment correlations examined the relationship between presence of household hazards, knowledge to identify hazards, and factors of yearly family income, parental age, parental education, parental marital status, child ethnicity, and the number of children living in the home. Results A greater number of hazards were found in the homes of both the lowest and highest income families, but poorer knowledge to identify household hazards was found only among parents of the lowest income families and younger parents. Across family socioeconomic status, parent knowledge of hazards was related to observed household hazards. Conclusions The relationship between family income and risk for injury is complex, and children of both lower and higher SES families may be at risk for injury. Practical applications While historically particular focus has been placed on risk for injury among children in low income families, injury prevention efforts should target reducing presence of household hazards in both high and low SES families.
Quadratic algebras in traffic flow models

Abstract The basic features of traffic flow problems can be modelled via the asymmetric simple exclusion process. It is explained how quadratic algebras can be used to obtain the stationary state of the model in a matrix-product form, from which the quantities of interest can be calculated. In particular, we focus on the role of diffusion algebras in this context and discuss results about their construction and classification, as well as their implications on traffic flow models.
Cuba's “Equity Without Growth” Dilemma and the 2011 Lineamientos

Cuba faces a development dilemma: it promotes equity and human capital while failing to deliver economic growth. For the government, the country's equity and human capital achievements are a source of pride, a sign that its priorities are right. This essay argues instead that this “equity without growth” dilemma is a sign of malaise. Theory and evidence suggest that high levels of equity and human capital should produce high levels of economic growth. Because growth is often weak or negative, some onerous barriers to development must be present. These barriers, it is argued, are restrictions on property and political rights. By comparing Cuba and China across two sectors, the bicycle industry and Internet access, this article shows how these restrictions have hindered growth. It also assesses how Cuba's latest economic reforms, the so-called Lineamientos, will address Cuba's development dilemma. The impact may be minimal, but perhaps more lasting than previous reforms.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY AND RHEUMATIC DISEASES

: Some of the ocular lesions associated with rheumatic diseases are described—uveitis, scleritis and scleromalacia, retinitis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Also discussed are the ocular complications associated with treatment of rheumatic disease. These complications include steroid cataracts, steroid glaucoma, and chloroquine changes. A plea is made for clinicians to be aware of the possible cata-ractogenic influence of corticosteroid therapy, and also the possibility of steroid-induced glaucoma, particularly in a patient with incipient glaucoma or with a family history of the disease. The possible retinotoxic effects of long-term chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine therapy should be kept in mind. To avoid these dangers, patients receiving steroids or chloroquine for prolonged periods should undergo regular eye examinations.
Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with a normal opposite kidney.

BACKGROUND: The role of nephron-sparing surgery in patients with unilateral renal carcinoma and a normal opposite kidney is controversial. METHODS: The number and selection criteria of patients undergoing a partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy from 1979 to 1991 were compared. RESULTS: Of 230 patients having curative surgery for unilateral renal cell carcinoma, 41 had a partial nephrectomy. The percentage of partial compared with total nephrectomies performed increased from 8% in 1979-84, to 20% in 1984-88, and 30% in 1989-91. The increased number of partial versus radical nephrectomies performed reflected an increased detection of small (3.5 cm) incidental renal tumors by radiologic imaging. The local recurrence rate was 2.4% (one patient), and the survival rate was 95% (average, 3 years). CONCLUSION: Complete local excision of the small serendipitous renal tumor is feasible and reasonable in the patient with an otherwise normal opposite kidney.
Electrochemical and physical chemical properties of sp2 carbon microrods

Abstract We investigated sp2 carbon microrods resulting from the reaction of lithium with hexachlorobenzene. The material exhibits high surface area (200–340 m2/g, depending on heat treatment) and a reversible lithium storage capacity in excess of 500 mA h/g. The discharge/charge behavior of the material resembles that of high specific capacity non-graphitic carbon. Without distinguishable plateaus, the reversible intercalation of lithium occurs at a broad potential window below 1 V vs. Li/Li+. A possible mechanism for the rod formation, based on SEM results, is briefly considered.
Non-glycosaminoglycan bearing domains of perlecan and aggrecan influence the utilization of sites for heparan and chondroitin sulfate synthesis.

Abstract Perlecan and aggrecan are proteoglycans that receive primarily heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate side chains, respectively. Their large multidomained core proteins have little or no homology to each other and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment sites are restricted to certain domains only. We examined the involvement of the non-GAG bearing domains in designating the GAG type added to the GAG attachment domain by preparing cDNA constructs that expressed perlecan/aggrecan chimeras as recombinant products in COS-7 cells and then determining the size and GAG composition of the recombinant products. The result showed that domain I of perlecan receives primarily (73–81%) heparan sulfate when coupled with domain II and III of perlecan, but when coupled with the G3 domain of aggrecan, it receives primarily (59–63%) chondroitin sulfate. Furthermore, the chondroitin sulfate attachment region of aggrecan received GAG side chains more readily when coupled to the G3 domain of aggrecan than when coupled to domains II and III of perlecan. The GAG side chains on all these recombinant products were small and similar in size. These findings indicate that utilization of attachment sites for heparan and chondroitin sulfate or the sulfation of these GAGs can be influenced, in part, by non-GAG bearing domains.
Implementing a third-year emergency medicine medical student curriculum.

Abstract Background Emergency medicine (EM) is commonly introduced in the fourth year of medical school because of a perceived need to have more experienced students in the complex and dynamic environment of the emergency department. However, there is no evidence supporting the optimal time or duration for an EM rotation, and a number of institutions offer third-year rotations. Objective A recently published syllabus provides areas of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that third-year EM rotation directors can use to develop curricula. This article expands on that syllabus by providing a comprehensive curricular guide for the third-year medical student rotation with a focus on implementation. Discussion Included are consensus-derived learning objectives, discussion of educational methods, considerations for implementation, and information on feedback and evaluation as proposed by the Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine Third-Year Curriculum Work Group. External validation results, derived from a survey of third-year rotation directors, are provided in the form of a content validity index for each content area. Conclusions This consensus-derived curricular guide can be used by faculty who are developing or revising a third-year EM medical student rotation and provide guidance for implementing this curriculum at their institution.
An Interactional Structure of Medical Activities During Acute Visits and Its Implications for Patients' Participation

Within the context of primary-care, physician-patient visits, researchers have documented both patients' low levels of communicative participation (e.g., question asking) and the advantages of such...
Dispersive coupling and optimization of femtogram L3-nanobeam optomechanical cavities

A femotogram L3-nanobeam optomechanical cavity is theoretically studied. This cavity has an optical quality factor (Q) about 52,000, high mechanical frequency, and high mechanical Q. The vacuum optomechanical coupling rate is about 265 kHz.
MMPI-2-RF characteristics of individuals with interstitial cystitis.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to describe the psychological functioning of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients utilizing MMPI-2-RF scoring. Methods The MMPI-2 was administered to 60 individuals who reported a diagnosis of IC. Responses were scored in the MMPI-2-RF format. Fifty-one protocols were deemed valid. Results Elevations were discovered on scales FBS-r (symptom validity), RC1 (somatic complaints), and MLS (malaise). Participants were split into two groups based on extreme elevations on RC1; the high RC1 group produced higher scores on 39 scales including clinically significant elevations on 17 scales. Conclusion Over 25% of this sample had an emotional component to their physical concerns. This knowledge about the psychological characteristics of IC patients may have clinical utility for physicians and other treatment providers. The results argue strongly for psychological evaluation as a component of IC diagnosis and treatment. Those with significant emotional overlay to their somatic complaints may be best managed through psychological interventions and minimally invasive treatments.
Sister chromatid exchange: Variation by age, sex, smoking, and breast cancer status

Abstract Variation in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in lymphocytes of 125 persons was compared using a multivariate general linear model. The study was performed to determine whether SCE frequency differs with respect to age, sex, smoking, and breast cancer status. Study subjects were divided into: members of two branches of families having an excess of cancer (primarily breast) including a brother and sister in one family who developed nonbreast malignancies within 1 yr of the study; women in both families successfully treated for breast cancer (all at least 5 yr posttreatment); and women from the general population with confirmed breast cancer. Controls consisted of spouses who married into the high-risk kindreds, hospital personnel, and others (primarily tradesmen without history of occupational exposure). Results show that: (1) Women with active breast cancer have a significantly higher mean SCE frequency than control women or women greater than 5 yr posttreatment for breast cancer; (2) Cigarette smokers show a significantly higher number of SCEs than was observed in nonsmokers; (3) The increase in SCE level in smokers is dose-related to exposure as measured by cumulative pack-years; (4) SCE values in both high-risk families are not significantly different from controls; (5) Neither the age nor sex of the individual affects SCE frequency; and (6) The observed distribution of exchanges agrees with that expected based on the proportion of the genome represented by each chromosome group.
Plasticized Single-Ion Polymer Conductors: Conductivity, Local and Segmental Dynamics, and Interaction Parameters

This paper considers high-quality conductivity data for plasticized ionomers in the context of polymer local and segmental processes. Dielectric spectroscopy was conducted on a neat PEO-based ionomer and six mixtures containing 6 wt % plasticizer with a wide range of dielectric constants. Conductivity increased dramatically but remained Vogel Fulcher Tamman (VFT)-like for all plasticized ionomers, indicating that the mechanism of ion transport was unchanged. Relaxation times of the polymer local beta and segmental alpha processes were analyzed for the plasticized ionomers, providing activation energies and relaxation strengths for the beta process and VFT fitting parameters for the alpha process. The glass transition temperature T(g) of the mixtures was found to be the critical characteristic governing conductivity, based on four criteria: VFT-like behavior of conductivity, decrease in the conductivity-segmental coupling index upon the addition of plasticizer, statistical insignificance of solvent quality (dielectric constant, donor number, and viscosity) on conductivity, and the creation of a conductivity master curve as a function of T(g)-normalized temperature.
Dictionary of Business and Economics

This article presents a review of the book “Dictionary of Business and Economics,” by Christine Ammer and Dean S. Ammer.
Motion estimation for video compression using Kalman filtering with adaptive adjustment

In this work, a new block-based motion estimation method using the adaptive Kalman filtering (KF) based on one- dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) autoregressive (AR) models is proposed to improve the motion estimates. Conventional block-matching algorithms (BMAs) are utilized to obtain the measured motion vectors (MVs). Autoregressive models are employed to characterize the motion correlation between neighbouring blocks and predict motion information. The measured and predicted motions are utilized to generate an optimal estimate of motion vector. To improve the performance of the adaptive Kalman filtering, in our method, a new error function is defined and the statistics of MV measurements are utilized to dynamically adjust the state parameters during each iteration. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach performs better than the existing methods in comparison, in terms of the peak-signal- to-noise-ratio (PNSR) of the motion compensated images. The developed adaptive KF method is independent of motion estimation, thus it can be applied to any block-matching motion estimation scheme for performance improvement. Additionally, after the Kalman filtering, the fractional-pixel accuracy of motion vector is achieved with no additional bits for MV.
Structure-function aspects and inhibitor design of type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C3)☆

17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) type 5 has been cloned from human prostate and is identical to type 2 3alpha-HSD and is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily; it is formally AKR1C3. In vitro the homogeneous recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli functions as a 3-keto-, 17-keto- and 20-ketosteroid reductase and as a 3alpha-, 17beta- and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidase. The enzyme will reduce 5alpha-DHT, Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione, estrone and progesterone to produce 3alpha-androstanediol, testosterone, 17beta-estradiol and 20alpha-hydroxprogesterone, respectively. It will also oxidize 3alpha-androstanediol, testosterone, 17beta-estradiol and 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to produce 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione, and progesterone, respectively. Many of these properties are shared by the related AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 isoforms. RT-PCR shows that AKR1C3 is dominantly expressed in the human prostate and mammary gland. Examination of k(cat)/K(m) for these reactions indicates that as a reductase it prefers 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione as substrates to Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione, suggesting that in the prostate it favors the formation of inactive androgens. Its concerted reductase activity may, however, lead to a pro-estrogenic state in the breast since it will convert estrone to 17beta-estradiol; convert Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione to testosterone (which can be aromatized to 17beta-estradiol); and it will reduce progesterone to its inactive metabolite 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Drawing on detailed structure-function analysis of the related rat 3alpha-HSD (AKR1C9), which shares 69% sequence identity with AKR1C3, it is predicted that AKR1C3 catalyzes an ordered bi bi mechanism, that the rate determining step is k(chem), and that an oxyanion prevails in the transition state. Based on these relationships steroidal-based inhibitors that compete with the steroid product would be desirable since they would act as uncompetitive inhibitors. With regards to transition state analogs steroid carboxylates and pyrazoles may be preferred while 3alpha, 17beta or 20alpha-spiro-oxiranes may act as mechanism-based inactivators.
Multifactorial analysis of surgical outcome in patients with unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms.

The overall morbidity and mortality associated with the surgical clipping of cerebral aneurysms has been the focus of multiple studies. Estimates of the frequency of incidental intracranial aneurysms range between 5% and 10%, while angiographic studies show a rate from 0.65% to 1%. 1–4 Some of the well-known predictors of clinical outcome in patients with ruptured aneurysms, such as preoperative clinical condition and the amount of subarachnoid blood, are not useful in forecasting the outcome of patients with unruptured aneurysms. There remains no method to predict the outcome in these patients accurately. This is of particular importance because recent reports of the incidence of hemorrhage of aneurysms and the cost associated with screening patients for unruptured aneurysms challenges some of the current management strategies for dealing with aneurysms. Furthermore, newer endovascular approaches offer other treatment options that also require a better understanding of the risks of treatment compared to the natural history. 5 The goal of our study was to build a predictive tool for assessing both favorable outcome and morbidity in a large series of unruptured aneurysms. Our series of middle cerebral aneurysms was selected as a model for this analysis. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the more common sites of cerebral aneurysms; MCA aneurysms comprise 20% to 25% of intracranial aneurysms. They pose technical problems because of multiplicity, giant size (15%), and the frequent need to reconstruct and preserve the MCA bifurcation. This often makes direct surgical approaches, rather than endovascular methods, the procedure of choice. Because of increased use of endovascular techniques and recent reevaluations of the natural history of cerebral aneurysms, it is appropriate to evaluate current management results against which newer methods will be compared. We reviewed our experience and management strategies for 328 MCA aneurysms in 294 patients, which represents 21.1% of 1,556 operated aneurysms in the senior author’s series.
Behavioral Inhibition in Preschool Children and Their Parents' Histories of Immune-Mediated Illness, Chronic Somatic Symptoms, and Social Anxiety.† 85

Behavioral Inhibition in Preschool Children and Their Parents' Histories of Immune-Mediated Illness, Chronic Somatic Symptoms, and Social Anxiety.† 85
PATTERN FORMATION IN SMALL ARRAYS OF LOCALLY COUPLED OSCILLATORS

We investigate small two-dimensional arrays of locally coupled phase oscillators which are shown to exhibit a surprising variety of stable structures which include: single spiral waves, spiral pairs and spirals with secondary periodic core motion. This periodic core motion is not the core meander familiar to many models of active media, but is in fact induced by the boundary of the small domain. Such boundary motion was investigated by Sepulchre and Babloyantz [1993] for the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation and for the Brusselator model in a relaxation oscillation parameter regime. The current model confirms the findings in [Sepulchre & Babloyantz, 1993] and sheds new light on the origin of such motion. The model also exhibits other patterns, as well as a chaotic regime. We discuss the transition between patterns as the form of the coupling is changed as well as implications for pattern formation in general oscillatory media.
Systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy, and symptom management in the treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis

Metastasis to the leptomeninges occurs in many common cancers, including leukemia; lung, breast, and gastrointestinal cancers; and tumors of the brain. By way of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, leptomeningeal metastasis spreads throughout the neuraxis. Consequently, therapy for leptomeningeal metastasis must be directed to the entire central nervous system (CNS). Treatment often consists of involved-field radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, and intrathecal chemotherapy. However, because meningeal spread occurs most often in advanced disease, treatment is mainly palliative, except in childhood leukemia, where durable remission has been reported. This article outlines the role of systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Strategies for symptom management in these patients are also described.