cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contagious Republicanism in Louisiana, 1966–2014

Abstract In this paper, we build on prior work by Hood, Kidd, and Morris (2012), who show that growth in Republican identification in Southern states since 1965 rose in response to black mobilization. In their theory of relative advantage, as more African-Americans registered with the Democratic Party, white voters could maintain the same intraparty status by moving to the sparser-populated Republican Party. In this project, we focus on Louisiana and how the state's local-level politics created the opportunity for partisan contagion among parishes for organizational, electoral, and mobilization reasons. We show that, beyond the factors known to contribute to a rise in Republican identification in the South, whenever a parish in Louisiana became more Republican, there were spillover effects in neighboring parishes. Hence, as one parish became more Republican, neighboring parishes followed suit. We also show that as the extraction of natural resources such as oil and natural gas rose, a parish was more inclined to become more Republican.
A Framework for Managing Emergent Transmissions in IP Networks.

Theories and experiments have shown that average end-to-end delay of flows increases and TCP becomes inefficient and instable during network congestion period, regardless of which queue management and packet scheduling mechanism are being applied. Despite the concerns of network congestion problem have raised by the implementations of various per-flow based transmission protocols and queue policies on routers, there are still very few efforts to assess the feasibility of modifying network infrastructure to accommodate these new algorithms. It is practically impossible to reach the performance that claimed by the per-flow based algorithms, while updating routers is very costly and beyond the control of every individual network domain. In this paper, we present an application layer reliable multi-connection best effort framework which provides quality of service (QoS) for emergent communications with no or very few changes of the existing network infrastructure. Performance of our approach and other several existing algorithms is studied by using the network simulator NS2.
Comparison between different MEMS Laterally Vibrating Resonator Technologies for Passive Voltage Amplification in an RF Front-End System

This paper describes the challenges associated with attainingpassive voltage gain by means of piezoelectric MEMS Laterally VibratingResonators (LVRs) in an RF frontend (RFFE) system. LVR technologies based ondifferent piezoelectric films – Aluminum Nitride (AlN), Scandium-dopedAluminum Nitride (Sc x Al 1–x N), and Y-cut and X-cut Lithium Niobate(LN) – are compared in regards to their impact on the sensitivity of anultra-low power wake-up resonant micromechanical receiver (RMR) [1]. Due tothe outstanding performance in terms of quality factor at resonance $(Q_{s})$ and electromechanical coupling $(k_{t}^{2})$, X-cut LithiumNiobate resonators are identified as the optimal approach for this radioarchitecture. Design, fabrication, and testing of an array of X-cut LNresonators is finally presented to demonstrate the capabilities of thistechnology.
The Second Law

It is common experience that watches run down, bouncing balls stop bouncing, and even the most perfectly designed and crafted engine will eventually cease operating. This universal tendency toward stasis is the essence of the second law of thermodynamics. There are multiple possible statements of the second law, some useful and some needlessly confusing. Some of the more useful paraphrases are included in the following list; of these, the first two expressions are familiar from the discussion in the first chapter and are the more traditional representations of the second law: 1) No process is possible where heat is transferred from a colder to a hotter body without causing a change in some other part of the universe. 2) No process is possible in which the sole result is the absorption of heat (from another body) with complete conversion into work. 3) A system will always move in the direction that maximizes choice. 4) Systems tend toward greater disorder. 5) The macroscopic properties of an isolated system eventually assume constant values.
On the (In) security of the Fiat-Shamir Paradigm

In 1986, Fiat and Shamir proposed a general method for transforming secure 3-round public-coin identiflcation schemes into digital signature schemes. The idea of the transformation was to replace the random message of the verifler in the identiflcation scheme, with the value of some deterministic\hash" function evaluated on various quantities in the protocol and on the message to be signed. The Fiat-Shamir methodology for producing digital signature schemes quickly gained popularity as it yields e‐cient and easy to implement digital signature schemes. The most important question however remained open: are the digital signatures produced by the Fiat-Shamir methodology secure? In this paper, we answer this question negatively. We show that there exist secure 3round public-coin identiflcation schemes for which the Fiat-Shamir transformation yields insecure digital signature schemes for any \hash" function used by the transformation. This is in contrast to the work of Pointcheval and Stern which proved that the FiatShamir methodology always produces digital signatures secure against chosen message attack in the \Random Oracle Model" { when the hash function is modelled by a random oracle. Among other things, we make new usage of Barak’s technique for taking advantage of non black-box access to a program, this time in the context of digital signatures.
Measuring Nutrition Literacy in Breast Cancer Patients: Development of a Novel Instrument

No nutrition literacy instruments have been tested in breast cancer survivors, yet nutrition is a critical lifestyle factor for optimizing weight and improving quality of life in breast cancer survival. Our objectives were to adapt our Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument for breast cancer populations and to pilot test its validity and reliability. We modified the instrument based on review by content experts in cancer and nutrition and cognitive interviews with 18 cancer survivors. The modified instrument (Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument for Breast Cancer, NLit-BCa) was pilot-tested with 17 high-risk women and 55 breast cancer survivors. We conducted the NLit-BCa on two separate occasions 4 weeks apart and assessed reliability by confirmatory factor analysis. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing results of the NLit-BCa to a Healthy Eating Index score derived from two separate 24-h dietary recalls. Content validity of the NLit-BCa was acceptable (0.93). Entire reliability for three instrument domains was substantial (>0.80), while remaining domains demonstrated fair or moderate reliability. Significant relationships were found between five of the six domains of nutrition literacy and diet quality (P < 0.05). The NLit-BCa is content valid and demonstrates promising reliability and construct validity related to diet quality, through a larger sample size, and removal of non-discriminating items is needed to confirm these findings. Thus, the NLit-BCa demonstrates potential for comprehensively measuring nutrition literacy in breast cancer populations.
How to Make a Hill: A Narrative Perspective in Special Education.

The author, a special education teacher, provides a narrative on the use of a book, The Hill That Grew (Meeks, 1959) and letter writing to help a 10 year-old boy cope with stress.
Construction of Chiral, Helical Nanoparticle Superstructures: Progress and Prospects

Chiral nanoparticle (NP) superstructures, in which discrete NPs are assembled into chiral architectures, represent an exciting and growing class of nanomaterials. Their enantiospecific properties make them promising candidates for a variety of potential applications. Helical NP superstructures are a rapidly expanding subclass of chiral nanomaterials in which NPs are arranged in three dimensions about a screw axis. Their intrinsic asymmetry gives rise to a variety of interesting properties, including plasmonic chiroptical activity in the visible spectrum, and they hold immense promise as chiroptical sensors and as components of optical metamaterials. Herein, a concise history of the foundational conceptual advances that helped define the field of chiral nanomaterials is provided, and some of the major achievements in the development of helical nanomaterials are highlighted. Next, the key methodologies employed to construct these materials are discussed, and specific merits that are offered by each assembly methodology are identified, as well as their potential disadvantages. Finally, some specific examples of the emerging applications of these materials are discussed and some areas of future development and research focus are proposed.
Evidence-Based Therapist Responsivity to Disruptive Clinical Process

Abstract Although a historically prominent model of evidence-based practice (EBP) privileges the faithful delivery of single empirically supported treatment (EST) packages, psychotherapy research demonstrates that therapist adherence to an EST is often unrelated to patient outcome. Additionally, perseverative adherence when facing disruptive clinical process can relate to worse outcomes. In contrast, unmanipulated within-case variability in adherence, or the natural incorporation of theoretically “off-brand” interventions into an EST, can associate with more improvement. Further supporting the value of therapist flexibility, treatments that intentionally integrate theory-informed departures (away from the foundational EST) vis-a-vis specific disruptive clinical processes can outperform the standard EST without such departures. Thus, responsively adjusting treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), to patients’ contextualized pathology, characteristics, and momentary interactions with the provider may represent a more empirically well-supported form of EBP. Consistent with these ideas, we present an overview of context-responsive psychotherapy integration (CRPI), an approach to EBP in an if-then key. CRPI frames common factors as typical and potentially disruptive clinical “if” situations that therapists will encounter and to which they “then” need to be responsive beyond strict adherence to any EST. Notably, such departures can be temporary, thereby supporting vs. replacing the primary EST interventions. To illustrate CRPI’s application to practice, we focus on one example of patient resistance to CBT as a contextual process marker and motivational interviewing as a theory- and evidence-informed departure response. We also discuss clinical, cultural, empirical, and training considerations from the CRPI perspective.
Corporate Divestiture Decisions and Long-Run Performance

We examine the post-divestiture long-run performance of two different choices of corporate divestiture, asset sell-offs versus equity carve-outs, and find that the choice of divestiture methods has...
Preparative scale purification of natural glycans by closed-loop recycle HPLC.

Abstract While glycoscience has become well recognized as an indispensable area in biomedical research, studies on the function of individual glycans remains a great challenge due to the lack of tools and methods. One of the greatest impediments to progress in this area is the lack of biomedically relevant complex glycans in sufficient quantity and purity for structural and functional analysis. Despite recent advances in chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex glycans, generating significant amounts of pure glycans is limited to laboratories with specialized expertise. We have previously reported the oxidative release of natural glycans (ORNG) using household bleach, which provides large quantities of biologically relevant glycans that can be a source of glycans in quantities (>mg scale) suitable for functional studies. However, the preparative scale separation of complicated glycan mixtures has not been studied due largely to the fact that gram quantities of starting glycans have not been available until now. Here we report the adoption of closed-loop, recycle HPLC to resolve closely related glycan structures, including complex glycan isomers at preparative scale (10–100 mg).
HCG and transdermal testosterone therapy for the patients with micropenis

Objective To investigate the efficacy of HCG and transdermal testosterone therapy for the patients with micropenis.Methods Pediatric patients, who were diagnosed with micropenis,were divided into HCG and testosterone(T) group according to the treatments they received.In group HCG, 1000IU HCG was administered to patients by intramuscular injection twice a week for six weeks.In group T, testosterone cream was applied transdermally twice a day for 2 months.Penile length, testicular size, and sex hormone levels were measured during follow-up.Results No significant differences of penile length and testicular volume was noted between these 2 groups before medication initiation (P>0.05).After treatment, penile length increased in both groups (P 0.05).After treatment, testicular volume markedly increased in HCG group (P 0.05).Conclusions HCG and trandermal testosterone therapy can promote the growth of micropenis in different age without interfering sex hormone levels.Transdermal testosterone therapy is convenient and practical.HCG therapy could be the first choice to increase the testicular volume.Androgen resistance syndrome should be considered when both of the two treatments are ineffective. Key words: Penis; Human chorionic gonadotropin; Testosterone
Characteristics, experiences, and service utilization patterns of homeless youth in a transitional living program: Differences by LGBQ identity

Abstract Homeless youth who identity as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer (LGBTQ) face considerable issues including victimization, mental health needs, and substance use, yet are less likely than their heterosexual homeless peers to utilize services. Although research in this area is growing, studies tend to focus on the experiences and service use of homeless youth in drop-in or emergency shelters, instead of longer-term transitional living programs (TLPs). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to expand the homeless youth literature by examining differences in sociodemographic characteristics, victimization, mental health, and substance use histories, and service utilization patterns of homeless youth by LGBQ identity (LGBQ vs. non-LGBQ) in a TLP. We extracted secondary data from closed case files of homeless youth (N = 101) ages 16–20 who accessed services in a mid-Michigan TLP between 2011 and 2018. Using independent sample t-tests and Chi-square, we assessed patterns by LGBQ. Results indicate that LGBQ homeless youth were more likely than their non-LGBQ homeless peers to identify as female, report being sexually victimized, and have greater mental health-related needs. All youth, but especially LGBQ youth underutilized available services, resulting in greater unmet mental health needs. These findings confirm the vulnerability of LGBQ homeless youth in TLPs and provide essential information regarding service utilization for homeless youth practitioners, including the need for trauma-informed and LGBTQ-specific services. Additionally, the data suggest that service providers must encourage youth engagement in services offered within TLPs.
Wet milling characteristics of corn mutants using modified processes and improving starch yields from high amylose corn

Abstract Yellow dent, high amylose and waxy corn were evaluated using lab-scale conventional, enzymatic (E-milling) and intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS) processes. The application of proteolytic enzyme (E-milling) and sulfur dioxide (Conventional milling and IMDS process) during kernel hydration and their effects on overall starch yields from three corn types were studied. Despite using lower amount of SO2 (600 ppm) and shorter steeping duration (66.8%), E-milling yielded the highest amount of starch for yellow dent, high amylose and waxy corn (71.4%, 60.1% and 66.9% (db), respectively). The use of proteolytic enzyme during steeping resulted in 26.1% points higher starch yield for high amylose corn. In conventional wet milling process, the highest starch yields were obtained from yellow dent corn and the lowest from high amylose corn, the values being 70.1% and 46.2% (db), respectively. Similarly, highest starch yield (69.5%, db) was obtained from yellow dent corn from the IMDS process. Steepwater absorption for high amylose corn was on average 37.7% greater than the other two corn types for conventional process and 34.6% greater for the modified processes. Modified wet milling protocols with shorter steeping durations and requiring lesser amounts of SO2 can be used to efficiently process different corn mutants.
Does Liver Surface Nodularity by Non-Invasive Testing Suggesting Cirrhosis Contraindicate Heart Transplant?

Purpose The criteria for combined heart-liver transplant (HLiTx) has not been well established. Liver cirrhosis in a heart failure patient would require consideration for HLiTx. Investigators have used non-invasive testing (NIT) such as abdominal ultrasound and CT scans to assess for liver surface nodularity which suggests cirrhosis. Biopsies are then performed to assess for liver disease. However, pathology findings can be heterogeneous and, therefore, the biopsy may not be reliable to exclude cirrhosis due to sampling error. It is not known whether abnormal NIT suggesting cirrhosis alone renders poor outcome if heart alone transplant (HATx) proceeds. Methods Between 2012 and 2017, we identified 24 patients with an abnormal NIT demonstrating liver surface nodularity suggestive of cirrhosis but with liver biopsies showing no cirrhosis by pathology. Of these 24 patients, most patients had mild-moderate fibrosis with 3 patients who had severe 3-4+ fibrosis. Study endpoints included 3-year survival, freedom from non-fatal major adverse cardiac events (NF-MACE: MI, CHF, PCI, ICD implant, stroke), and freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV, defined by stenosis ≥30%). Freedom from 1-year rejection [acute cellular rejection (ACR), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR)] was also recorded. We compared these 24 patients to patients who underwent HATx without liver disease (n=523) during this same time period. Results Patients who had liver nodularity with HTx had similar 3-year survival, freedom from NF-MACE, and freedom from CAV compared to control patients who had HATx without liver disease. Furthermore, 1-year freedom from rejection was similar between study groups (see table). The 3 patients with 3-4+ fibrosis on liver biopsy had similar outcomes to the rest of the study group. Conclusion In our single center experience, surface nodularity suggesting cirrhosis by NIT but with no evidence of biopsy-proven cirrhosis does not appear to be a contraindication to proceed with HATx.
Demonstration of CMOS-Compatible Multi-Level Graphene Interconnects With Metal Vias

Doped-multilayer-graphene (DMLG) interconnects employing the subtractive-etching (SE) process have opened a new pathway for designing interconnects at advanced technology nodes, where conventional metal wires suffer from significant resistance increase, self-heating (SH), electromigration (EM), and various integration challenges. Even though single-level scaled graphene wires have been shown to possess better performance and reliability with respect to dual-damascene (DD) and SE-enabled metal wires, a multi-level graphene interconnect technology (with vias ) has remained elusive, which is of paramount importance for its integration in future technology nodes. This work, for the first time, addresses that need by engineering a CMOS-compatible solid-phase growth technique to yield large-area multilayer graphene (MLG) on dielectric (SiO2) and metal (Cu) substrates and subsequently demonstrating multi-level MLG interconnects with metal vias . Using rigorous theoretical and experimental analyses, we demonstrate that multi-level MLG interconnects with metal vias undergo via resistance under accelerated stress conditions, demonstrating its superior reliability against SH and EM, making them ideal candidates for sub-10 nm nodes.
The Gene Editor

Doctor He Jiankui was sentenced to a three-year prison term, fined $430,000, and fired from his academic position as Associate Professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China.
Internal Staging Discordance in National Cancer Databases for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

ABSTRACT Background The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) and the National Cancer Database (NCDB) are databases for cancer analysis which may be subject to error in data reporting. We examined rates and impact of discordant data for non-small cell lung cancer. Methods NCDB and SEER were queried for non-small cell lung cancer pathologic Tumor, Node, Metastasis data (NCDB) or “derived” data (SEER). Discordancy between descriptors with stage and impact of outlier data were analyzed. Results Incomplete staging was noted in 71.5% of NCDB and 10.3% of SEER. 174,829 patients from NCDB and 117,114 from SEER were analyzed. NCDB had 97 cases with ≥20 positive lymph nodes recorded vs. 27 in SEER (p 5cm as stage I vs. 0.04% in SEER (p Conclusions NCDB and SEER are two powerful cancer databases. However, cumulative discordancy rate was 4.9% for NCDB and 0.008% for SEER with more mistaging and outliers in NCDB.
Rabankyrin-5 interacts with EHD1 and Vps26 to regulate endocytic trafficking and retromer function.

Rabankyrin-5 (Rank-5) has been implicated as an effector of the small GTPaseRab5 and plays an important role in macropinocytosis. We have now identified Rank-5 as an interaction partner for the recycling regulatory protein, Eps15 homology domain 1 (EHD1). We have demonstrated this interaction by glutathione S-transferase-pulldown, yeast two-hybrid assay, isothermal calorimetry and co-immunoprecipitation, and found that the binding occurs between the EH domain of EHD1 and the NPFED motif of Rank-5. Similar to EHD1, we found that Rank-5 colocalizes and interacts with components of the retromer complex such as vacuolar protein sorting 26 (Vps26), suggesting a role for Rank-5 in retromer-based transport. Indeed, depletion of Rank-5 causes mislocalization of Vps26 and affects both the retrieval of mannose 6-phosphate receptor transport to the Golgi from endosomes and biosynthetic transport. Moreover, Rank-5 is required for normal retromer distribution, as overexpression of a wild-type Rank-5-small interfering RNA-resistant construct rescues retromer mislocalization. Finally, we show that depletion of either Rank-5 or EHD1 impairs secretion of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Overall, our data identify a new interaction between Rank-5 and EHD1, and novel endocytic regulatory roles that include retromer-based transport and secretion.
Gaussian Process: Theory†

The class of Gaussian processes is one of the most widely used families of stochastic processes for modeling dependent data observed over time, or space, or time and space. The popularity of such processes stems primarily from two essential properties. First, a Gaussian process is completely determined by its mean and covariance functions. This property facilitates model fitting as only the first- and second-order moments of the process require specification. Second, solving the prediction problem is relatively straightforward. The best predictor of a Gaussian process at an unobserved location is a linear function of the observed values and, in many cases, these functions can be computed rather quickly using recursive formulas.
The Reconciliation of Micro and Macro Economics

It is suggested that the appropriate structure for the reconciliation of micro and macroeconomics is an infinite horizon overlapping generations (OLG) model with many finitely lived natural persons and one infinitely lived strategic player without preferences whose choice rule is determined by the periodic political choice of the finitely lived players who are alive and politically strategically active at the time of choice. This player may be interpreted as government. There may also be a class of corporations with infinite lives and a decision rule.
Physical Disability and Depression: Clarifying Racial/Ethnic Contrasts:

Objective: This study assesses racial/ethnic disparities in depressive symptoms among persons who are physically disabled and evaluates the extent to which variation in stress exposure, coping resources, and feelings of shame associated with disability account for observed differences. Method: Data are drawn from a Miami-Dade County study that oversampled persons with physical disabilities. The sample used in this study includes individuals of Cuban and other Hispanic heritage, African Americans, and non-Hispanic Whites who identify as physically disabled (N = 550). Results: Cubans and other Hispanics report higher levels of depressive symptoms. This elevation in risk is largely explained by variations in stress exposure, available coping resources, and shame. Findings also suggest that feelings of shame may condition the relationships between both stress exposure and coping resources and depressive symptomatology. Discussion: Findings demonstrate racial/ethnic differences in depressive symptoms among persons with physical disabilities and highlight the importance of stress exposure, coping resources, and shame for understanding these differences.
The neural structure of Clarke's nucleus of the spinal cord,

The neural elements of Clarke's nucleus stained by the Golgi method have been studied in the cat. Three types of cells are found: (1) large bodied cells with many dendrites and (2) small bodied cells with few dendrites. The dendritic arborizations of both types extend mainly in a longitudinal direction, remaining within the nucleus and spreading as far as one millimeter. (3) Large bodied cells are found which have, in addition to a longitudinally directed arborization in the nucleus, branches extending ventrally into the intermediate nucleus. In the nucleus are found dendrites of cells which lie outside it at the base of the dorsal horn and in the intermediate nucleus. Three sources of afferents to Clarke's nucleus are confirmed: (1) dorsal column collaterals which terminate in the nucleus as longitudinally running knobbed fibrils, (2) lateral column collaterals terminating in small end-feet and (3) heavy caliber endogenous fibers, some or all of which are axons of cells located in the base of the dorsal horn, and which terminate as fine fibrils in small end-feet. Some dorsal column collaterals to Clarke's nucleus have terminal branches in the base of the dorsal horn as well. It is confirmed that small synaptic knobs such as those from lateral column collaterals and from heavy caliber endogenous fibers contact the bodies of cells in Clarke's nucleus. The large knobs from dorsal column collaterals are found contacting dendrites.
FROM LOCKS TO CORRECT AND EFFICIENT TRANSACTIONAL MEMORY

Transactional memory addresses a number of important issues in lock-based parallel programs. Unfortunately, the semantics of transactions are different from those of critical sections defined by locks. The semantic differences make it difficult to correctly port existing lock-based programs to transaction-based programs. Experienced programmers accustomed to lock-based programming can easily make mistakes in transaction-based programming as parallel programs running correctly using locks can run incorrectly when critical sections are converted to using transactions. This problem becomes even more severe in porting lock-based programs to use the efficient software transactional memory. In this paper, we first identify three necessary properties in a program for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Assuming that the input lock-based program satisfies the necessary properties (i.e., a well-behaved parallel program), we next present a correctness condition to verify the transactional memory implementation in order for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Finally, we develop a correct and efficient software transactional memory implementation that satisfies the correctness condition so that locks in the well-behaved parallel programs can be converted to use the efficient software transactional memory easily and correctly.
HUMAN T-CELL HYBRIDOMA FORMATION FOR POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF TRANSFER FACTOR

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with exquisite cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to the recall antigens PPD,Diphtheria Toxoid (DT), Tetanus Toxoid (TT), or Candida (CAN) were stimulated with that antigen for 5-7 days and then subsequently fused to either of 2 HAT sensitive human T-cell Leukemia cell lines (BUC or F-353)*. These cell lines demonstrate a helper T-cell phenotype but are OKT3 negative. T-cell hybridomas were selected for in HAT containing media. Resultant clones were sub-cloned by limiting dilution. Transfer Factor (TF) was prepared from individual clones and tested for in vitro inducer of CMI activity and suppressor of CMI activity in a Leukocyte Migration Inhibition (LMI) assay. TF from an (OKT3−) clone derived from a PPD positive individual exhibited inducer activity specific for PPD but not for TT. TF prepared from the parent BUC line showed no inducer activity. Another clone derived from a fusion of a DT immune donor and the BUC line was shown to possess DT inducer activity in the LMI assay. This clone demonstrated the OKT3 marker on 12-18% of its cells. TF production by both DT and PPD hybrids was short-lived. Several hybrids were derived from a TT immune individual. Four clones derived from these hybrids acquired OKT3 markers. TF from two of these demonstrated TT inducer activty. This activity was lost following immunoabsorption of the TF on TT, a finding consistent with the ability of human TF to bind to specific antigen.
Role of duration of diuretic effect in preventing sodium retention

Objective To determine whether the duration of diuretic effect at the active nephron site enhances ability to excrete an exogenous salt load. Methods We conducted a study that involved eight patients with New York Heart Association class II to III congestive heart failure. In a randomized, crossover manner, each patient received 3.25 mg intravenous bumetanide at 0 hours and again at 6 hours or a loading dose of 0.5 mg bumetanide at 0 hours followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 mg/hr for 6 hours. Response was followed for 12 hours; a total of 6.5 mg of bumetanide was administered in each arm of the study. Eight hours after dosing began, we administered approximately 80 mEq sodium intravenously and examined its excretion over 4 hours. Results The percentage of the load excreted was 86% ± 15% versus 29% ± 30% for the infusion and bolus regimens, respectively (p = 0.0005). More bumetanide was excreted during the infusion (667 ± 133 μg versus 240 ± 121 μg; p = 0.0002). During the infusion, however, more sodium was excreted relative to amounts of bumetanide, indicating that the efficiency of response was greater during the infusion, 0.10 ± 0.02 mEq sodium per microgram bumetanide versus 0.07 ± 0.05 mEq for the bolus (p = 0.0145). Conclusions These data support the notions that a long-acting loop diuretic maintains its efficacy and that a longer duration of action facilitates excretion of a sodium load, such as that which might occur during dietary indiscretion. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 62, 203–208; doi:
Boundary integral approximation of volume potentials in three-dimensional linear elasticity

A systematic treatment of volume potentials appearing in a boundary integral equation formulation of the three-dimensional Lame equation is rigorously investigated and its usefulness demonstrated in the context of a collocation boundary element method. Developed to effectively deal with volume potentials without a volume-fitted mesh, the proposed approach initially converts elastic volume potentials, defined in the form of domain integrals featuring a non-trivial body force, into equivalent surface integrals. Then, the resulting boundary integrals are evaluated by means of well-established cubature methods. Details of these domain-to-boundary integral transformations are provided along with some examples to show the correctness of the calculation of the elastic Newton potential. Moreover, with the aid of an analytic integration technique developed to accurately compute singular surface integrals in linear elasticity, numerical examples dealing with mixed boundary-value problems for the three-dimensional Lame equation are included to validate the proposed approach.
Distinguishing early-stage pancreatic cancer patients from disease-free individuals using serum profiling

This study evaluated the usefulness of electrospray mass spectrometry to distinguish sera of early-stage pancreatic cancer patients from disease-free individuals. Sera peak data were generated from 33 pancreatic cancer patients and 30 disease-free individuals. A “leave one out” cross-validation procedure discriminated stage I/II pancreatic cancer versus disease-free sera with a p value <.001 and a receiver–operator characteristic curve area value of 0.85. Predictive values for cancer stage I/II test efficiency, specificity, and sensitivity were 78%, 77%, and 79%, respectively. These studies indicate that electrospray mass spectrometry is useful for distinguishing sera of early-stage pancreatic cancer patients from disease-free individuals.
Some observations of the vibrational spectrum of single crystalline l-alanine

Abstract Infrared spectra, using polarized radiation and oriented single crystals, are reported for l -alanine. Dichroic behavior of the bands between 1615 cm −1 and 320 cm −1 is analyzed and correlated with a C 2 molecular point group, a slight distortion from the correct, less symmetrical molecule. The majority of the assignments previously made are shown to be consistent with this model, but eight re-assignments based on band dichroism are suggested. Three newly observed bands at 320 cm −1 , 408 cm −1 and 481 cm −1 are assigned.
The Effect of Metal-Support Interactions on the Hydrogenation of Benzaldehyde and Benzyl Alcohol

Abstract Both rates (per g catalyst) and turnover frequencies for benzaldehyde hydrogenation were markedly enhanced on Pt/TiO 2 after a high-temperature reduction (HTR) step, compared to either Pt/TiO 2 after a low-temperature reduction (LTR) step, Pt/SiO 2 or Pt/Al 2 O 3 . All these catalysts consisted of dispersed 1-nm Pt crystallites and all gave similar activation energies of 8±2 kcal/mole. More importantly, Pt/TiO 2 (HTR) retained a selectivity to benzyl alcohol of 100% up to conversions of 80%, whereas significant amounts of toluene and benzene began to be formed at conversions above 20% with the other Pt catalysts, including Pt powder. The specific activity for pure benzyl alcohol hydrogenation was similar to that for pure benzaldehyde on Pt/Al 2 O 3 and Pt/TiO 2 (LTR), but it was greatly suppressed on Pt/TiO 2 (HTR). Thus, in addition to a higher formation rate of benzyl alcohol and less competitive benzyl alcohol adsorption compared to benzaldehyde, the lower intrinsic rate constant for benzyl alcohol hydrogenation further enhances the maintenance of high selectivity to benzyl alcohol at high conversions. A simple Langmuir–Hinshelwood model invoking the addition of the second H atom to benzaldehyde as the rate-determining step fit the data well.
Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey

Background. Fast food has become a prominent feature of the diet of children in the United States and, increasingly, throughout the world. However, few studies have examined the effects of fast-food consumption on any nutrition or health-related outcome. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that fast-food consumption adversely affects dietary factors linked to obesity risk. Methods. This study included 6212 children and adolescents 4 to 19 years old in the United States participating in the nationally representative Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals conducted from 1994 to 1996 and the Supplemental Children’s Survey conducted in 1998. We examined the associations between fast-food consumption and measures of dietary quality using between-subject comparisons involving the whole cohort and within-subject comparisons involving 2080 individuals who ate fast food on one but not both survey days. Results. On a typical day, 30.3% of the total sample reported consuming fast food. Fast-food consumption was highly prevalent in both genders, all racial/ethnic groups, and all regions of the country. Controlling for socioeconomic and demographic variables, increased fast-food consumption was independently associated with male gender, older age, higher household incomes, non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, and residing in the South. Children who ate fast food, compared with those who did not, consumed more total energy (187 kcal; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 109–265), more energy per gram of food (0.29 kcal/g; 95% CI: 0.25–0.33), more total fat (9 g; 95% CI: 5.0–13.0), more total carbohydrate (24 g; 95% CI: 12.6–35.4), more added sugars (26 g; 95% CI: 18.2–34.6), more sugar-sweetened beverages (228 g; 95% CI: 184–272), less fiber (−1.1 g; 95% CI: −1.8 to −0.4), less milk (−65 g; 95% CI: −95 to −30), and fewer fruits and nonstarchy vegetables (−45 g; 95% CI: -58.6 to −31.4). Very similar results were observed by using within-subject analyses in which subjects served as their own controls: that is, children ate more total energy and had poorer diet quality on days with, compared with without, fast food. Conclusion. Consumption of fast food among children in the United States seems to have an adverse effect on dietary quality in ways that plausibly could increase risk for obesity.
Simulation of channel electron mobility due to scattering with interfacial phonon-plasmon modes in silicon nanowire under the presence of high-k oxide and metal gate

The channel electron mobility of a 1D nanowire due to scattering with interfacial phonon-plasmon modes arising from the high-k dielectric material under the presence of polysilicon or metal gate is studied in this manuscript. We solved the dispersion relationship of the coupled modes and the accompanying effective scattering potential for carrier relaxation in the channel. The resulting mobility was calculated for a series of geometrical configurations with polysilicon/metal as the gate material. We found that for the polysilicon gate case the mechanism gives rise to a significantly low mobility in the low to mid electrical field range, and that wires with smaller diameter suffer more heavily. Our simulation also reveals that metal gate effectively mitigates the effect through the suppression of effective scattering field.
Experimentally Based Quality Design Methodology for Electromechanical Products

SUMMARY An experimentally based quality engineering methodology is presented. This is an integrated approach, involving statistical experimental design, and the quality loss function. The methodology is used as the mean by which variability of a product performance and quality loss are reduced. The method is implemented using a case study from the electromechanical product industry.
Angiostatin Binds to Smooth Muscle Cells in the Coronary Artery and Inhibits Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration In Vitro

Abstract —Angiostatin is an inhibitor of angiogenesis that is known to reduce endothelial cell proliferation and consequently prevent the progression of tumor metastases. However, the modest effect of angiostatin on endothelial cell proliferation raises the possibility that angiostatin might exert its effects on other cells. To determine the cellular distribution of angiostatin binding in tissues with neovasculature (atherosclerotic coronary arteries), we developed a fusion protein consisting of placental alkaline phosphatase and the first 3 kringles of plasminogen. Angiostatin binding colocalized with smooth muscle cells and could be inhibited by a 50-fold molar excess of plasminogen and 10 mmol/L e-amino- n -caproic acid. The fusion protein also bound to smooth muscle cells in culture. Angiostatin inhibited hepatocyte growth factor–induced proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, suggesting that they are a target for the antiangiogenic effect of angiostatin.
Urbanization in a low key and linguistic change in Soviet Moldavia, part 1

IN the context of a modernizing economy the people of Soviet Moldavia have been experiencing increased geographic dislocation and mobility. These are associated with a high rate of urbanization. We have described the 'urban' environments and the processes by which people come to them. What is the impact of this mobilization in cultural and national terms? Are Moldavians becoming Russians by virtue of their increased urbanization? In the period under Russian imperial rule, and in the interwar period as part of Greater Romania, the towns of Bessarabia were decidedly stamped with the Russian language and culture. To be urban was the practical equivalent of being Russian. It is only in the Soviet period that native Moldavians' have been reclaiming the urban areas by their massive influx into old towns, and by putting new towns on the mapthrough reclassification. Yet the question remains: Are Moldavians reclaiming the urban areas in linguistic and cultural terms as well, or is urbanization causing them to assimilate to Russian language and culture, to such an extent that in national terms they are at the same time both 'winning' and 'losing' the urban centres? The answer to this problem should come from an examination of urban cultural institutions and of the cultural and linguistic habits of individuals. But, since Soviet sources are generally poor on the language of cultural institutions such as schools, our analysis is based mostly on the statistical data available on first and second language mastery.2
Projection technologies for imaging sensor calibration, characterization, and HWIL testing at AEDC

The characterization, calibration, and mission simulation testing of imaging sensors require continual involvement in the development and evaluation of radiometric projection technologies. Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) uses these technologies to perform hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) testing with high-fidelity complex scene projection technologies that involve sophisticated radiometric source calibration systems to validate sensor mission performance. Testing with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) transfer radiometer (BXR) and Missile Defense Agency (MDA) transfer radiometer (MDXR) offers improved radiometric and temporal fidelity in this cold-background environment. The development of hardware and test methodologies to accommodate wide field of view (WFOV), polarimetric, and multi/hyperspectral imaging systems is being pursued to support a variety of program needs such as space situational awareness (SSA). Test techniques for the acquisition of data needed for scene generation models (solar/lunar exclusion, radiation effects, etc.) are also needed and are being sought. The extension of HWIL testing to the 7V Chamber requires the upgrade of the current satellite emulation scene generation system. This paper provides an overview of pertinent technologies being investigated and implemented at AEDC.
Measurement Problems of Space Vehicle Experiments

The need for conducting remote measurements by use of experimental sensors on space vehicles, in an environment where there is often a large uncertainty in the parameter to be measured, establishes a new area of endeavor for the researcher. The conditions peculiar to this problem are in many instances vastly different from those normally encountered in laboratory research, and are related to the over-all spacecraft design requirements. These new conditions attach a new significance to calibration philosophy, sampling rates, conversion accuracies, and reliability. Furthermore, the ground data handling problem of extracting information from the large quantities of data is extremely severe and usually requires careful planning by the experimenters several months prior to the actual measurement. The purpose of this paper is to survey the current and future aspects of acquiring accurate and intelligible information from the spacecraft sensors by the utilization of techniques which tend to be more compatible with the spacecraft design requirements.
Amorphous Boron Films

Amorphous solids have received considerable attention in the past few years. Their novel features contain much exciting physics covering the entire range from the most fundamental studies to device characteristics. An extended study on amorphous boron films has been in progress at the Applied Physics Laboratory and the results, along with those of other researchers, are presented and discussed in this paper. The contents of the article are restricted to amorphous films as opposed to the bulk form of amorphous boron. However, a comparison between the two forms is carried out wherever it is necessary and possible.
Templating Surfaces with Gradient Assemblies

One of the most versatile and widely used methods of forming surfaces with position-dependent wettability is that conceived by Chaudhury and Whitesides more than a decade ago [Science 256, 1539 (1992)]. In this paper we review several projects that utilize this gradient-forming methodology for: controlled of deposition of self-assembled monolayers on surfaces, generating arrays of nanoparticles with number density gradients, probing the mushroom-to-brush transition in surface-anchored polymers, and controlling the speed of moving liquid droplets on surfaces.
The influence of culture on the international management of shark finning.

Shark finning is prohibited in many countries, but high prices for fins from the Asian market help maintain the international black-market and poaching. Traditional shark fin bans fail to recognize that the main driver of fin exploitation is linked to cultural beliefs about sharks in traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, shark finning should be addressed considering the social science approach as part of the fishery management scheme. This paper investigates the cultural significance of sharks in traditional Chinese and Hawaiian cultures, as valuable examples of how specific differences in cultural beliefs can drive individuals’ attitudes toward the property of shark finning. We suggest the use of a social science approach that can be useful in the design of successful education campaigns to help change individuals’ attitudes toward shark fin consumption. Finally, alternative management strategies for commercial fishers are provided to maintain self-sustainability of local coastal communities.
AAEM minimonograph #38: Neuropathies in connective tissue disease

Neuropathies are common in patients with known or suspected connective tissue disease. A vasculitic mononeuropathy multiplex is often seen in patients initially presenting with polyarteritis nodosa or developing arteritis as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis. However, vasculitic neuropathy may become confluent and present as as distal symmetrical polyneuropathy or occur without systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Distal symmetrical polyneuropathies without associated vasculitis are also common in many connective tissue diseases. Compression neuropathies, especially carpal tunnel syndrome, occur with increased frequency in rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, certain neuropathies may be the major presenting feature of particular connective tissue diseases. For example, trigeminal neuropathy often heralds the onset of systemic sclerosis or mixed connective tissue disease, and sensory neuronopathy may be the initial presenting feature of Sjogren's syndrome.