cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Core Helium Flash

The role of convection in the core helium flash is simulated by two-dimensional eddies interacting with the thermonuclear runaway. These eddies are followed by the explicit solution of the 2D conservation laws with a 2D finite difference hydrodynamics code. Thus, no phenomenological theory of convection such as the local mixing length theory is required.
The Hidden Magnetic Field of the Young Neutron Star in Kesteven 79

Recent observations of the central compact object in the Kesteven 79 supernova remnant show that this neutron star (NS) has a weak dipole magnetic field (a few Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 10} G) but an anomalously large ({approx}64%) pulse fraction in its surface X-ray emission. We explore the idea that a substantial sub-surface magnetic field exists in the NS crust, which produces diffuse hot spots on the stellar surface due to anisotropic heat conduction, and gives rise to the observed X-ray pulsation. We develop a general-purpose method, termed 'Temperature Template with Full Transport' (TTFT), that computes the synthetic pulse profile of surface X-ray emission from NSs with arbitrary magnetic field and surface temperature distributions, taking into account magnetic atmosphere opacities, beam pattern, vacuum polarization, and gravitational light bending. We show that a crustal toroidal magnetic field of order a few Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 14} G or higher, varying smoothly across the crust, can produce sufficiently distinct surface hot spots to generate the observed pulse fraction in the Kes 79 NS. This result suggests that substantial sub-surface magnetic fields, much stronger than the 'visible' dipole fields, may be buried in the crusts of some young NSs, and such hidden magnetic fields can play anmore » important role in their observational manifestations. The general TTFT tool we have developed can also be used for studying radiation from other magnetic NSs.« less
Coordinating intracellular nickel–metal-site structure-function relationships and the NikR and RcnR repressors

Metalloregulator function requires both sensitivity and selectivity to ensure metal-specific activity without interfering with intracellular metal trafficking pathways. Here, we examine the role of metal coordination geometry in the function of NikR and RcnR, two widely conserved nickel-responsive regulators that are both present in E. coli. The available data suggest an emerging trend in which coordination number is linked to metal-binding affinity, and thus regulatory function. The differences in coordination geometry also suggest that the kinetic mechanisms of metal-association and dissociation will contribute to metalloregulator function. We also discuss ways in which the ligand binding properties of metalloregulators may be tuned to alter the regulatory response.
Does child abuse predict adolescent pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether sexual and nonsexual childhood abuse are risk factors for early adolescent sexual activity and pregnancy. DESIGN; Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Prenatal clinic within an inner-city teaching hospital from June 1990 to August 1991. POPULATION: One thousand twenty-six primiparous, African-American women enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of nurse home visitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four measures of child abuse were used: sexual abuse, incidents of physical abuse, any major physical abuse, and emotional abuse. The outcome measures were age of first consensual coitus and age of first pregnancy. RESULTS: After adjustments for household income, parental separation, urban residence, age of menarche, and teen smoking, sexual abuse during childhood was associated with younger age at first coitus (7.2 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 11.7 months) and younger age at first pregnancy (9.7 months; 95% CI, 3.0 to 16.3 months). Incidents of physical abuse showed minimal effect on age at first coitus (1.2 days per incident; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.9 days) and no effect on age of first pregnancy. A history of major physical abuse or emotional abuse showed no effect on age of first coitus or first pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Child sexual abuse, but not child physical or emotional abuse, seems to be a risk factor for earlier pregnancy among African-American adolescents. Language: en
Exploring electric vehicle carsharing as a mobility option for older adults: A case study of a senior adult community in the San Francisco Bay Area

ABSTRACTBy the year 2030, 57 million people will be over the age of 65 in the United States. Baby boomers drive approximately 17% more than other age groups and are active well past retirement. This article examines electric vehicle (EV) carsharing (short-term vehicle access) as a future alternative to vehicle ownership for older adults living on fixed incomes in a gated community to provide reduced-cost mobility and eliminate vehicle maintenance hassles. The authors conducted a study of the response to the EV carsharing concept in a senior community in northern California, between winter 2009 and spring 2011, to gauge early adoption potential. The study consisted of in-depth interviews (n = 7), four focus groups (n = 31), and survey data collection (n = 443) with residents of the Rossmoor Senior Adult Community in Walnut Creek, California. Eighty-three percent of survey respondents drive short distances often (8 km five times/month); 100% of interview participants plan their trips in advance; and 77% of ...
Shock initiation of crystalline boron in oxygen and fluorine compounds

Abstract : The ignition delay and combustion of amorphous and crystalline boron particles is investigated at elevated temperatures and pressures for wet, dry, and fluorine-containing atmospheres. Particles ranging from submicron to 32 microns in diameter are ignited in the ambient conditions produced by a reflected shock wave in a shock tube. The ignition delay and combustion times are examined as a function of temperature for pressures of 8.5, 17, and 34 atm and for oxidizer mixtures of 100% oxygen, 30% water vapor, 1-3% sulfur hexafluoride, and 6-12% hydrogen fluoride. Results indicate that pressure in the range studied does not affect the ignition delay or burn time. The additives, water vapor and sulfur hexafluoride, reduce the ignition delay time for amorphous and sub-micron crystalline boron when compared to oxygen. For 20 microns particles, H2O and SF6 reduce the ignition temperature limit from 2500 deg K in pure oxygen to 2200 deg K and 1900 deg K, respectively. Burn time is unaffected by the additives. Hydrogen fluoride did not show any change in ignition delay or burn time compared to pure oxygen. At the range of temperatures tested, very little (less than 2%) of HF is dissociated into H and F atoms. The report also presents reviews of previous chemical and physical models that have attempted to explain why boron powder is relatively difficult to ignite. Ignition of metal powder, Shock tube initiation.
Dehydropericyclic routes to reactive intermediates

Dehydropericyclic reactions are conceptually derived from pericyclic reactions by systematic removal of hydrogen atom pairs. Whereas pericyclic reactions usually involve kinetically stable reactants and products, dehydropericyclic reactions often result from or generate strained reactive intermediates. Nevertheless, such reactions are scattered widely through the chemical literature. The dehydropericyclic concept provides a straightforward approach for inventing new chemical reactions, especially routes to reactive intermediates, and for fitting other known processes into a broader framework. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constraints on Type Ia Supernova Models from X-Ray Spectra of Galaxy Clusters

We present constraints on theoretical models of Type Ia supernovae (SNe) using spatially resolved ASCA X-ray spectroscopy of three galaxy clusters: Abell 496, Abell 2199, and Abell 3571. All three clusters have central iron abundance enhancements; an ensemble of abundance ratios are used to show that most of the iron in the central regions of the clusters comes from SNe Ia. These observations are consistent with the suppressed galactic wind scenario recently proposed by the authors. At the center of each cluster, simultaneous analysis of spectra from all ASCA instruments shows that the nickel-to-iron abundance ratio (normalized by the solar ratio) is Ni/Fe ≈ 4. We use the nickel-to-iron ratio as a discriminator between SN Ia explosion models; the Ni/Fe ratio of ejecta from the "convective deflagration" model W7 is consistent with the observations, while those of "delayed detonation" models are not consistent at the 90% confidence level.
Image steganography in fractal compression

This paper proposes a steganographic scheme utilizing within and/or after fractal encoding procedures on images for data security. Fractal generation exploits the concepts of iterated function systems (IFS) consisting of a collection of contractive transformations. Fractal images make use of partitioned iterated function systems (PIFS) to determine self similarity within images along with approximating the original uncompressed image. The transformed coefficients are stored in a fractal code table in order to decode the image as an alternative to storing or transmitting image pixel values directly. The proposed steganographic algorithm conceals secret information in the contrast/scaling and brightness/shifting coefficients in the code table, resulting in a stego fractal code table. Using fractal transform as a means of steganography provides a new embedding domain other than the existing steganography tools. The advantages of using fractal compression for securing information within images are: no current fractal detection methods exist, the hidden information is disseminated throughout the image in the spatial domain, the capacity of the image can be increased, and the decoding of the stego table results in a visually undistorted image.
TWISTED ALEXANDER POLYNOMIALS OF 2-BRIDGE KNOTS

We investigate the twisted Alexander polynomial of a 2-bridge knot associated to a Fox coloring. For several families of 2-bridge knots, including but not limited to, torus knots and genus-one knots, we derive formulae for these twisted Alexander polynomials. We use these formulae to confirm a conjecture of Hirasawa and Murasugi for these knots.
Understanding the inventory cycle

Abstract Careful examination of aggregate data from the U.S. and other OECD countries reveals that production and inventory behavior exhibit paradoxical features: (1) Inventory investment is strongly countercyclical at very high frequencies (e.g., 2–3 quarters per cycle); it is procyclical only at relatively low-cyclical frequencies such as the business-cycle frequencies (e.g., 8–40 quarters per cycle). (2) Production is less volatile than sales around the high frequencies; it is more volatile than sales only around business-cycle or lower frequencies. (3) Unlike capital investment or GDP, the bulk of the variance of inventory investment is concentrated around high frequencies rather than around business-cycle frequencies. These features of production and inventory behavior at the low and high frequencies provide a litmus test for inventory theories. This paper shows that the stockout-avoidance theory [Kahn, J., 1987. Inventories and the volatility of production. American Economic Review 77, 667–679.] has much better potential than other competing theories for explaining the seemingly paradoxical features of inventory fluctuations observed at different cyclical frequencies. My analysis suggests that demand shocks are the main source of the business cycle.
On the notions of ambiguity and information loss

Abstract One of the fundamental problems in information science is to distinguish various objects (such as books or journal articles) on the basis of associated values (such as authors and titles). Where the values fail to distinguish two distinct objects we say that the objects are ambigious under the given value assignment. To obtain a measure of ambiguity, it is only necessary to count the number of ways that the objects can be arranged for each set of ambiguous objects, multiply these counts and take logarithms. It is shown that such an approach leads to a measure in the formal sense and that the measure depends only on the definition of equality of values so that it can be simply extended to sets of values and ordered sets of values. It is also shown that it is possible to construct a function of ambiguity that one can call “information” and that the information loss that occurs when distinct values are grouped into equivalence classes (as in the use of search and sort keys) is also a measure. Finally, it is shown that ambiguity and information as here defined are directly related to Shannon's definition of “information” thus tieing this approach to that portion of information theory associated with the derivation of optimal distributions frequently used in information science models.
An Organometallic Future in Green and Energy Chemistry

The title topic is reviewed with selected examples taken from recent work, such as: the 'hydrogen borrowing' amine alkylation by alcohols; the dehydrogenative coupling of amine and alcohol to give amide; Ru complexes as solar cell photosensitizers; Ir organometallics as water oxidation catalyst precursors and as OLED emitters; as well as recent hydrogen storage strategies involving catalytic dehydrogenation of ammonia-borane and of organic heterocycles.
Detection of the Entropy of the Intergalactic Medium: Accretion Shocks in Clusters, Adiabatic Cores in Groups

The thermodynamics of the diffuse, X-ray-emitting gas in clusters of galaxies is linked to the entropy level of the intracluster medium. In particular, models that successfully reproduce the properties of local X-ray clusters and groups require the presence of a minimum value for the entropy in the center of X-ray halos. Such a minimum entropy is most likely generated by nongravitational processes in order to produce the observed break in self-similarity of the scaling relations of X-ray halos. Likely candidates are supernova heating, stellar winds, radiative processes, and nuclear activity. At present, there is no consensus on the level, the source, or the time evolution of this excess entropy. In this framework a key question is whether the central entropy is the residual of the entropy originally present in the precollapse or intergalactic medium or whether it is generated within the halos after collapse. Answering this question will allow a more precise determination of the energetic budget required to build an entropy floor and lead toward an understanding of the nature of the sources of heating. In this paper we describe a strategy to investigate the physics of the heating processes acting in groups and clusters. We show that the best way to extract information from the local data is by observation of the entropy profile at large radii in nearby X-ray halos (z 0.1), at both the upper and lower extremes of the cluster mass scale. The spatially and spectrally resolved observation of such X-ray halos provides information on the mechanism of the heating. We demonstrate how measurements of the size of constant entropy (adiabatic) cores in clusters and groups can directly constrain heating models and the minimum entropy value. We also consider two specific experiments: the detection of the shock fronts expected at the virial boundary of rich clusters and the detection of the isentropic, low surface brightness emission extending to radii larger than the virial ones in low-mass clusters and groups. Both experiments are designed to measure the entropy in the low-density gas far from the core, taking advantage of the large collecting power of the present X-ray telescopes (in this case, XMM). Such observations will be a crucial probe of both the physics of clusters and the relationship of nongravitational processes to the thermodynamics of the intergalactic medium.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency) in Croatia

We report on the prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase in 20 at-risk pregnancies (16 salt-wasting and 4 simple virilizing families). We have diagnosed 3 affected fetuses (2 males and 1 female), 3 healthy homozygotes (2 males and 1 female), and 14 healthy heterozygotes (7 females and 7 males). These data were collected over 4 years. In 16 fetuses, the diagnosis was made with measurements of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and Δ-4-androstenedione (Δ) in amniotic fluid (AF), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of amniotic cells, as well as karyotypes between the 16th and 18th weeks of gestation. In 4 fetuses, DNA analysis of amniotic cells was also performed. In 3 pregnancies in which affected fetuses were suspected (on the basis of HLA typing and measurements of 17-OHP and Δ concentrations in AF), the fetuses were electively aborted between the 17th to 19th weeks of gestation by parental decision. In all aborted fetuses, diagnosis was confirmed with HLA typing, autopsy findings of hyperplastic adrenal glands, and ambiguous genitalia in female fetuses. Postnatal diagnosis was confirmed in healthy fetuses with HLA typing and serum measurements of 17-OHP concentrations, and in 4 of them with DNA analysis. In 3 of the 4 families, DNA analyses revealed the following mutations: in Family 1, the index case mutation was Intron 2, Exon 3/Exon 6, and the fetus was Normal/Exon 6; in Family 2, the index case mutation was Ex1 Int2 Ex3/Int2, and the fetus was Ex1 Int2 Ex3/Normal; and in Family 3, the index case mutation was Ex8356/Ex8356, and the fetus was Ex8356/Normal. We also report one case of prenatal diagnosis and treatment. Dexamethasone 0.5 mg BID (20 μg/kg/d) was given starting at 6th week of gestation. Prenatal diagnosis suggested, but did not prove, that the female fetus was a heterozygote as the fetus lacked the paternal mutation Ex8318. No mutation was found in the mother. The fetus, the mother, and the affected sib shared a haplotype, further suggesting heterozygosity. The unaffected status was confirmed postnatally. Am J. Med. Genet. 72:302–306, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resolving therapeutic alliance ruptures: Diversity and integration

This article reviews and synthesizes the diverse contributions of the authors in this issue of In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice. It presents a schematization of direct and indirect interventions that therapists typically implement to address problems related to the tasks and goals of treatment, or the affective bond between therapist and client. We then present an additional perspective on the resolution of therapeutic alliance ruptures, emerging out of our own research program.
Intraoral open reduction of a fracture of the mandible

Abstract Twenty-one young healthy male patients were treated with intermaxillary wiring and supplemental intraoral transosseous wiring of the displaced posterior segment of the mandible with gratifying results. This technique has been advantageous in our hands in the early treatment of some of these injuries with the elimination of external incisions. All patients received routine antibiotic therapy. At no time was a through-and-through drain necessary and none of the patients developed a postoperative infection.
The complexity of agreement

A celebrated 1976 theorem of Aumann asserts that Bayesian agents with common priors can never "agree to disagree": if their opinions about any topic are common knowledge, then those opinions must be equal. But two key questions went unaddressed: first, can the agents reach agreement after a conversation of reasonable length? Second, can the computations needed for that conversation be performed efficiently? This paper answers both questions in the affirmative, thereby strengthening Aumann's original conclusion.We show that for two agents with a common prior to agree within e about the expectation of a [0,1] variable with high probability over their prior, it suffices for them to exchange O(1/e2) bits. This bound is completely independent of the number of bits n of relevant knowledge that the agents have. We also extend the bound to three or more agents; and we give an example where the "standard protocol" (which consists of repeatedly announcing one's current expectation) nearly saturates the bound, while a new "attenuated protocol" does better. Finally, we give a protocol that would cause two Bayesians to agree within e after exchanging O(1/e2) messages, and that can be simulated by agents with limited computational resources. By this we mean that, after examining the agents' knowledge and a transcript of their conversation, no one would be able to distinguish the agents from perfect Bayesians. The time used by the simulation procedure is exponential in 1/e6 but not in n.
Preoperative combined modality therapy for clinically resectable uT3 rectal adenocarcinoma

Purpose To determine the acute toxicity, outcome, and sphincter preservation rates in patients with clinically resectable uT3 adenocarcinoma of the rectum treated with preoperative combined modality therapy. Methods and materials A total of 72 patients were treated from 12/90-7/98 with preoperative 50.4 Gy plus 2 cycles of concurrent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) bolus daily x 5 followed by sharp or total mesorectal excision and 4 cycles of postoperative 5-FU and LV. Results Individual Grade 3+ toxicities during preoperative therapy included diarrhea, 11%; bowel movements, 9%; leukopenia, 18%; tenesmus, 1%; and thrombocytopenia, 1%. Total Grade 3+ toxicity was 28%. The pathologic complete response (CR) rate was 13%, and an additional 9% had a clinical CR for a total CR rate of 22%. Of the 35 patients who were judged clinically by their operating surgeon to require an abdominoperineal resection (APR) and were therefore treated with the goal of sphincter preservation, 89% were able to undergo sphincter-preserving surgery. Of the 21 patients eligible for analysis, 81% had good to excellent sphincter function. The 3-year actuarial patterns of failure were 2% local, 8% abdominal, and 13% distant. The 3-year actuarial survival was 95%. Conclusions Our data confirm our preliminary reports of encouraging rates of acute toxicity, local control, survival, sphincter preservation and function with preoperative combined modality therapy. It is an alternative approach for the treatment of uT3 clinically resectable rectal cancer.
Refractive-index measurements of the beta'' aluminas.

The refractive indices of selected monovalent and divalent beta″ alumina single crystals are determined using prism refraction techniques. The birefringence is found to vary from uniaxial negative to uniaxial positive depending on the electronic polarizability of the exchanged ion. Thus, beta″ alumina is a novel material in which the magnitude and polarity of the birefringence can be tuned simply by ion exchange. The refractive-index data are used to predict an isoindex point (ne = no) for the mixed-system Na+–Ag+ beta″ alumina compositions.
Thermal-stress-free fasteners for joining orthotropic materials

Hot structures fabricated from orthotropic materials are an attractive design option for future high speed vehicles. Joining subassemblies of these materials with standard cylindrical fasteners can lead to loose joints or highly stressed joints due to thermal stress. A method has been developed to eliminate thermal stresses and maintain a tight joint by shaping the fastener and mating hole. This method allows both materials (fastener and structure), with different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) in each of the three material directions, to expand freely with temperature yet remain in contact. For the assumptions made in the analysis, the joint will remain snug, yet free of thermal stress at any temperature. Finite element analysis was used to verify several thermal-stress-free fasteners and to show that conical fasteners, which are thermal-stress-free for isotropic materials, can reduce thermal stresses for transversely isotropic materials compared to a cylindrical fastener. Equations for thermal-stress-free shapes are presented and typical fastener shapes are shown.
The Chinese Defense Economy's Long March from Imitation to Innovation

Abstract China's defense economy has been vigorously developing a comprehensive set of innovation capabilities that will eventually allow it to join the world's top tier of military technological powers. China's target is to catch up by 2020. Although this maybe possible in a few select areas, the defense economy as a whole will likely require another decade or more to successfully master the ability to produce major innovations of a radical nature. This paper analyzes the key areas in the Chinese defense economy's gradual but accelerating shift from imitation to indigenous innovation.
Second generation double-chain cleavable surfactants

Abstract Surfactants 1 were prepared and characterized. They represent the first examples of ketal-based second generation double-chain cleavable surfactants, which can be cleaved to give two single-chain surfactants with higher critical micelle concentrations.
The Quest for Shareholder Value: Stock Repurchases in the US Economy

Resume Pendant les annees 1980 et 1990, l’argument selon lequel la « maximisation de la valeur pour l’actionnaire » permettrait d’acceder a des performances economiques superieurs parvint a domineer les debats sur les forms de gouverance de firmes. Dans cette contribution, l’auteur analyse le raisonnement qui fonde cette perspective de la « valeur pour l’actionnaire » et montre que son ancrage dans la theorie de l’agence ne lui permets pas d’apprehender les questions afferentes a « l’entreprise innovante ». Des lors, elle n’est pas en mesure de fournir un cadre adequate pour apprehender les conditions sous lesquelles les marches boursiers peuvent soutenir le (ou nuire au) processus de creation de valeur. Pour parer a ces carences, l’auteur propose un cadre conceptuel qui a vocation a eclairer les fonctions des marches d’actions dans les logiques d’entreprise et l’influence qu’elles peuvent avoir sur les conditions sociales de developpement de l’entreprise innovante. Le cadre est ensuite mobilize pour expliquer pourquoi, dans le cas americain tel qu’il s’est presente depuis les annees quatre vingt dix, on constate une tendance tres forte aux rachats de titres par les enterprises qui a connu une nette acceleration apres 2003. En se focalisant sur un echantillon des plus importants operateurs en matiere de relution aux Etats-Unis, l’article montre ainsi comment, au niveau de l’economie americaine, sont rendus les arbitrages entre rachats de titres et investissements porteurs de creation de valeur. La conclusion examine la question des motivations au rachat et propose, plus precisement, d’evaluer si ils peuvent etre justifies du point de vue de leur contribution au development des enterprises innovantes. La these defendue est alors que la justification ultime des rachats de titres se resume a l’ideologie de la « maximization de la valeur pour l’actionnaire » qui est de fait au service des dirigeants d’entreprises qui y puisent a la fois la justification de leur pouvoir en matiere de decisions d’allocation et des revenus substantiels tires de l’usage avantageux des programmes de stock-options.Classification JEL – L 20.
Node weighted scheduling

This paper proposes a new class of online policies for scheduling in input-buffered crossbar switches. Given an initial configuration of packets at the input buffers, these policies drain all packets in the system in the minimal amount of time provided that there are no further arrivals. These policies are also throughput optimal for a large class of arrival processes which satisfy strong-law of large numbers. We show that it is possible for policies in our class to be throughput optimal even if they are not constrained to be maximal in every time slot.Most algorithms for switch scheduling take an edge based approach; in contrast, we focus on scheduling (a large enough set of) the most congested ports. This alternate approach allows for lower-complexity algorithms, and also requires a non-standard technique to prove throughput-optimality. One algorithm in our class, Maximum Vertex-weighted Matching (MVM) has worst-case complexity similar to Max-size Matching, and in simulations shows slightly better delay performance than Max-(edge)weighted-Matching (MWM).
tris(2-perfluorohexylethyl)tin azide: A new reagent for preparation of 5-substituted tetrazoles from nitriles with purification by fluorous/organic liquid-liquid extraction

The synthesis of a new fluorous tin azide, (C6F13CH2CH2)3SnN3, is reported and this reagent is used to make tetrazoles in both traditional and phase-switching modes. In the traditional mode, the tin azide is reacted with nitriles followed by HCl cleavage to provide the tetrazoles and the fluorous tin chloride (which can be reconverted into the tin azide). In the switching mode, the initial tin tetrazole is purified by fluorous/organic liquid-liquid extraction prior to destannylation. This provides pure products even in incomplete reactions or with impure starting materials, but it only works for smaller nitriles.
The Effects of Audit Review Format on Review Team Judgments

SUMMARY: The promulgation of standards (e.g., PCAOB 2004b; IFAC 2008b) highlights the importance of workpaper documentation quality and its influence on audit quality. Our study matches audit workpaper preparers with reviewers to examine how alternative workpaper review methods affect sequential audit review team judgments through their impact on preparer workpaper documentation. While reviewers maintain the option of reviewing workpapers on site (“face‐to‐face review”), they can now also perform their reviews electronically from remote locations (“electronic review”) because of technological advancements such as email and electronic workpapers. Recent research has found that review mode can affect the judgments of auditors preparing the workpapers. Our study extends the literature by examining the extent to which review mode (electronic versus face‐to‐face) affects the quality of documentation in the workpapers and whether reviewers are able to discern and compensate for these documentation quality issue...
CLAY MINERALS OF THE OUTCROPPING BASAL CRETACEOUS BEDS BETWEEN THE CAPE FEAR RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA, AND LYNCHES RIVER, SOUTH CAROLINA

The basal Cretaceous beds of the area are subdivided into three units: the Cape Fear formation, Middendorf formation and Bladen member of the Black Creek formation. Stratigraphic position and lithology indicate that the Cape Fear is the oldest and the Middendorf is in part the landward facies of the Bladen. The Middendorf sediments are fluviatile and the Cape Fear and Bladen sediments are probably marine.
An angularly fused three-ring precursor to phytuberin.

The title compound, 3,3a,5,5a,6,7,8,9-octahydro-3a-hydroxy-5a-methyl-8-(2-prop­enyl)­furo­[3,2-c]­iso­benzo­furan-2-one, C14H20O4, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The molecules have similar metric parameters but differ in the conformations of the isopropenyl groups. The hydroxyl groups form one-dimensional chains of hydrogen bonds.
Three-dimensional shape from second-order orientation flows

In images of textured surfaces, orientation flows formed by perspective convergence invariably convey 3D shape. We show that orientation flows formed by contrast-modulated (CM) and illusory contours (IC) convey 3D shape, and that both stimulus types induce 3D shape aftereffects on CM and IC test stimuli. Adaptation to luminance-modulated (LM) orientation flows induce robust 3D shape aftereffects on CM and IC tests, however, aftereffects using CM/IC adapting stimuli on LM tests were substantially weaker. These results can be explained by the adaptation of 3D shape-selective neurons that invariantly extract first- and second-order orientation flows from striate and extra-striate signals, which receive stronger input from neurons selective for first-order orientation flows.
Reconstruction of the Genesis Entry

An overview of the reconstruction analyses performed for the Genesis capsule entry is described. The results indicate that the actual entry prior to the drogue deployment failure was very close to the pre-entry predictions. The capsule landed 8.3 km south of the desired target at Utah Test and Training Range. Analysis on infrared video footage (obtained from the tracking stations) during the descent estimated the onset of the capsule tumble at Mach 0.9. Frequency analysis on the infrared video data indicates that the aerodynamics generated for the Genesis capsule reasonably predicted the drag and static stability. Observations of the heatshield support the pre-entry simulation estimates of a small hypersonic angles-of-attack, since there is very little, if any, charring of the shoulder region or the aftbody. Through this investigation, an overall assertion can be made that all the data gathered from the Genesis entry is consistent with flight performance that was close to the nominal preentry prediction. Consequently, the design principles and methodologies utilized for the flight dynamics, aerodynamics, and aerothermodynamics analyses have been corroborated.
Competition, work rules and productivity

More competitive markets are associated with higher productivity. This paper examines productivity in markets with market power and restrictive work rules: rules that induce wages to be paid for non-productive labor hours. It develops a theoretical model to explain why workers would want restrictive work rules and how competition leads to their reduction. I model a monopoly firm whose workers dictate wages and work rules. Work rules allow workers to maintain both high levels of employment and wages. Competition reduces work rules and increases productivity by lowering mark-ups. The theoretical findings are consistent with the empirical literature on the impact of increasing competitive pressure on productivity.
Interposed abdominal compression as an adjunct to cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The addition of IAC to otherwise standard CPR provides for the application of external pressure over the abdomen in counterpoint to the rhythm of chest compression. Interposed abdominal compression is a simple manual technique that can supplement the use of adrenergic drugs to increase both coronary perfusion pressure and total blood flow during CPR. Mechanistically, manual abdominal compressions induce both central aortic and central venous pressure pulses. However, owing to differences in venous versus arterial capacitance, the former are usually greater than the latter, so that systemic perfusion pressure is enhanced. Moreover, practical experience and theoretical analysis have suggested subtle refinements in the hand position and technique for abdominal compression that may further improve the ratio of arterial to venous pressure augmentation. Clinical studies confirm that IAC-CPR can improve perfusion pressures and carbon dioxide excretion during CPR in humans. The incidence of abdominal trauma, regurgitation, or other complications is not increased by IAC. Recently, randomized trials have shown that short-term and long-term survival of patients resuscitated in the hospital by IAC-CPR are about twice that of control patients resuscitated by standard CPR. The technique of IAC has thus evolved to become a highly promising adjunct to normal CPR, which is likely to be implemented in an increasing number of clinical protocols in the 1990s.
Asymptotic analysis of the Askey-scheme I: from Krawtchouk to Charlier

We analyze the Charlier polynomials Cn(χ) and their zeros asymptotically as n → ∞. We obtain asymptotic approximations, using the limit relation between the Krawtchouk and Charlier polynomials, involving some special functions. We give numerical examples showing the accuracy of our formulas.
The Importance of a Visual Horizon for Distance Judgments under Severely Degraded Vision

In two experiments we examined the role of visual horizon information on absolute egocentric distance judgments to on-ground targets. Sedgwick [1983, in Human and Machine Vision (New York: Academic Press) pp 425–458] suggested that the visual system may utilize the angle of declination from a horizontal line of sight to the target location (horizon–distance relation) to determine absolute distances on infinite ground surfaces. While studies have supported this hypothesis, less is known about the specific cues (vestibular, visual) used to determine horizontal line of sight. We investigated this question by requiring observers to judge distances under degraded vision given an unaltered or raised visual horizon. The results suggest that visual horizon information does influence perception of absolute distances as evident through two different action-based measures: walking or throwing without vision to previously viewed targets. Distances were judged as shorter in the presence of a raised visual horizon. The...
Finding overlapping communities in social networks: toward a rigorous approach

A community in a social network is usually understood to be a group of nodes more densely connected with each other than with the rest of the network. This is an important concept in most domains where networks arise: social, technological, biological, etc. For many years algorithms for finding communities implicitly assumed communities are nonoverlapping (leading to use of clustering-based approaches) but there is increasing interest in finding overlapping communities. A barrier to finding communities is that the solution concept is often defined in terms of an NP-complete problem such as Clique or Hierarchical Clustering.This paper seeks to initiate a rigorous approach to the problem of finding overlapping communities, where "rigorous" means that we clearly state the following: (a) the object sought by our algorithm (b) the assumptions about the underlying network (c) the (worst-case) running time. The key contribution of this work is the distillation of the prior sociology studies into general assumptions that at once accord well with sociology research and the current understanding of social networks while allowing computationally efficient solutions.Our assumptions about the network lie between worst-case and average-case. An average-case analysis would require a precise probabilistic model of the network, on which there is currently no consensus. However, some plausible assumptions about network parameters can be gleaned from a long body of work in the sociology community spanning five decades focusing on the study of individual communities and ego-centric networks (in graph theoretic terms, this is the subgraph induced on a node's neighborhood). Thus our assumptions are somewhat "local" in nature. Nevertheless they suffice to permit a rigorous analysis of running time of algorithms that recover global structure.Our algorithms use random sampling similar to that in property testing and algorithms for dense graphs. We note however that our networks are not necessarily dense graphs, not even in local neighborhoods.Our algorithms explore a local-global relationship between ego-centric and socio-centric networks that we hope will provide a fruitful framework for future work both in computer science and sociology.
Quinolium Dichromate Adsorbed on Alumina: A Mild, Convenient, and Inexpensive Reagent for Cleavage of C˭N Under Nonaqueous Conditions

Abstract Oximes, hydrazones, and semicarbazones are converted to the corresponding carbonyl compounds using quinolium dichromate adsorbed on alumina (QDC/alumina) under nonaqueous conditions.
Patterns of Choice: The Prix Ars Electronica Jury Sessions

This article investigates the social structures reflected in the annual jury sessions of the Prix Ars Electronica, a major media art competition—the composition, the temporal evolution and ultimately the decisions of these juries. The author focuses on three different structures: the network of co-jurors across different categories and years, the co-artist network formed by the jury decisions, and finally the interaction between these two networks. The results not only reveal different roles of individuals in the jury process but also reflect the evolution of the field in general. Based solely on public data, the results show a multifaceted picture of a dynamic field.
Ethylene transposition: Ruthenium hydride catalyzed intramolecular trans -silylvinylation of internal alkynes

A highly selective intramolecular trans-silylvinylation of internal alkynes catalyzed by RuHCl(CO)(SIMes)(PPh3) has been accomplished. The use of methyl vinyl ketone as an additive increased the efficiency of this transformation. This process was used to successfully form five-, six-, and seven-membered oxasilacycles by a formal anti-exo-dig cyclization.
Pd-catalyzed carbonylative conjugate addition of dialkylzinc reagents to unsaturated carbonyls.

The Pd-catalyzed addition of organozinc reagents to unsaturated carbonyls in the presence of carbon monoxide provides 1,4-diketones in good yield. The reaction was studied with a number of substituted cyclic and acyclic ketones as well as α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
CDF Solutions of Buckley--Leverett Equation with Uncertain Parameters

The Buckley--Leverett (nonlinear advection) equation is often used to describe two-phase flow in porous media. We develop a new probabilistic method to quantify parametric uncertainty in the Buckley--Leverett model. Our approach is based on the concept of a fine-grained cumulative density function (CDF) and provides a full statistical description of the system states. Hence, it enables one to obtain not only average system response but also the probability of rare events, which is critical for risk assessment. We obtain a closed-form, semianalytical solution for the CDF of the state variable (fluid saturation) and test it against the results from Monte Carlo simulations.
A complex T-matrix derivation of a resonance amplitude.

Abstract A resonant transition amplitude, valid to arbitrary order, is derived through the use of a complex energy T-matrix. A feature of this amplitude is its generality and simplicity making it useful for widespread applications in resonance theory.
On Some Finiteness Questions for Algebraic Stacks

We prove that under a certain mild hypothesis, the DG category of D-modules on a quasi-compact algebraic stack is compactly generated. We also show that under the same hypothesis, the functor of global sections on the DG category of quasi-coherent sheaves is continuous.
Is american college of surgeons NSQIP organ space infection a surrogate for pancreatic fistula

Background In the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP), pancreatic fistula has not been monitored, although organ space infection (OSI) data are collected. Therefore, the purpose of this analysis was to determine the relationship between ACS NSQIP organ space infection and pancreatic fistulas. Study Design From 2007 to 2011, 976 pancreatic resection patients were monitored via ACS NSQIP at our institution. From this database, 250 patients were randomly chosen for further analysis. Four patients were excluded because they underwent total pancreatectomy. Data on OSI were gathered prospectively. Data on pancreatic fistulas and other intra-abdominal complications were determined retrospectively. Results Organ space infections (OSIs) were documented in 22 patients (8.9%). Grades B (n = 26) and C (n = 5) pancreatic fistulas occurred in 31 patients (12.4%); grade A fistulas were observed in 38 patients (15.2%). Bile leaks and gastrointestinal (GI) anastomotic leaks each developed in 5 (2.0%) patients. Only 17 of 31 grade B and C pancreatic fistulas (55%), and none of 38 grade A fistulas were classified as OSIs in ACS NSQIP. In addition, only 2 of 5 bile leaks (40%) and 2 of 5 GI anastomotic leaks (40%) were OSIs. Moreover, 3 OSIs were due to bacterial peritonitis, a chyle leak, and an ischemic bowel. Conclusions This analysis suggests that the sensitivity (55%) and specificity (45%) of organ space infection (OSI) in ACS NSQIP are too low for OSI to be a surrogate for grade B and C pancreatic fistulas. We concluded that procedure-specific variables will be required for ACS NSQIP to improve outcomes after pancreatectomy.
Alkynes and Azides: Not Just for Click Reactions.

We recently reported two unexplored reactivities of alkynes and azides. The first method reacts nucleophilic alkynes and electrophilic azides to synthesize sulfonyl-substituted 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. The second method reacts electrophilic alkynes with nucleophilic azides to form alkynyl azides that immediately extrude dinitrogen to form cyanocarbenes which were trapped by O–H insertion, sulfoxide complexation, and cyclopropanation. The design and discovery of these reactions, along with key observations, is discussed herein.
Communicating lists over a noisy channel

This work considers a communication scenario where the transmitter chooses a list of size K from a total of M messages to send over a noisy communication channel, the receiver generates a list of size L and communication is considered successful if the intersection of the lists at two terminals has cardinality greater than a threshold T. In traditional communication systems K = L = T = 1. The fundamental limits of this setup in terms of K, L, T and the Shannon capacity of the channel between the terminals are examined. Specifically, necessary and/or sufficient conditions for asymptotically error free communication are provided.
Bilingual Education: In Need of a New Political Strategy

Bilingual education is in need of a new political strategy which has to include a fundamental approach and, most importantly, a brand new scrutiny. As a derivative program of the education gamut, bilingual instruction has been victimized by decades of failed “therapies.” Much like in microbiology, cell activity, including inter- and intra-cell communication, suggests we must reinforce and amplify research into scientific areas in order to infuse bilingual education with a breath of knowledge that can only occur by the implementation of the sort of holistic intervention which happens at the microbiological level: uncompromising. This investigative summary proposes the birth of a research into bilingualism that should be universally based on an interdisciplinary methodology that must find its way to the very hub of our political establishment.
Substrate Barrier Effects for a R-19 Fibrous Insulation Batt

This research investigates the effects on the total heat transfer when various substrate barriers are implemented at the bottom of a R-19 fiberglass insula tion batt. A plastic (polyethylene) vapor barrier and perforated and non-perforated radiant barriers are investigated. Heat transport in ceiling insulation is assumed to be transferred by these three mechanisms: conduction, radiation heat transfer, and mois ture transport (please note that convection heat transfer is not considered in this in vestigation). By modeling each of these three modes of heat transfer at the attic in sulation substrate, the total heat transfer into the house (summer conditions) can be obtained. Further modeling can determine the changes in the three individual modes of heat transfer once a substrate barrier is added. Summertime experimental data were collected at an occupied North Mississippi residence for cases with and without a vapor barrier at the substrate for R-19 fiberglass insulation. Predictions were made by a transie...