cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibrillar and cytoskeletal substructure of tight junctions: Analysis of single-stranded tight junctions linking fibroblasts of the lamina fusca in hamster eyes

The lamina fusca of the hamster eye contains layers of flattened, slightly overlapping fibroblasts. Thin sections of the overlapping margins reveal punctate, tight-junction-like membrane appositions associated with accumulation of cytoplasmic filaments, 5–7 nm in diameter. Intermediate filaments are present in the surrounding cytoplasm. A diffuse dense substance occurs in adjacent intercellular space. Freeze-fracture replicas show that the membrane appositions are mainly single-stranded tight junctions, each composed of two fibrils (micelles), and each continuous or nearly continuous around the fibroblastic perimeter. Fracturing characteristics of these junctions offer a unique opportunity to gain further insight into tight junctional morphology. When exposed, the fibrils adhere to the P-face, measure 9.2±0.3 nm in diameter, and are accompanied by a narrow band of membrane differing in texture from non-junctional membrane. Characteristically, the junctional fibrils themselves mark the deviation line along which fracture planes pass from one membrane of the junction to the other. This pattern exposes, over long distances, the P-face of one membrane on one side of this line and E-face of the adjacent membrane on the other. Analysis of any single junction over such distances reveals that the juxtaposition of the fibrils may gradually twist or undulate over a range of at least 180° within the two involved membranes. The fracture plane appears preferentially to pass between the two junctional fibrils; association of the cytoskeleton with junctional fibrils may govern this route of fracture. Cytoskeletal attachment appears to be to a single fibril and may alternate from one fibroblast to the next depending on which cytoplasmic leaflet is nearest a given fibril.
Coral reef algal turfs: master producers in nutrient poor seas

Abstract Coral reef algal turfs were grown on submerged plastic screens near reef communities, in the trade wind belt of the southeastern Bahamas. Using harvest production methods, in a variety of depths and locations, mean harvest production rates up to 14 g (dry) m−2 d−1 were obtained at ambient nutrient levels below 0.2 μm for nitrogen as NO2 + NO3. A wide range in production rate was found; this resulted from light rather than nutrient differences. Peak harvest production occurs at light intensities of 1400–1700 μmol m−2 s−1, far above levels previously cited for most algae, including phytoplankton. A basic premise of biological oceanography has been that primary production in the sea, even under optimal conditions of solar radiation, is nutrient-limited and develops considerably lower levels than most plant production on land–both natural and under cultivation. However, the effects of nutrient limitation can be overcome by trade wind-driven currents, which provide an infinite nutrient source and nitr...
Pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with prior atrial switch procedure for d-transposition of great arteries (dTGA)

Abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an uncommon complication of atrial switch repair (Mustard or Senning) for d-transposition of the great arteries (dTGA), often difficult to diagnose by trans-thoracic echocardiography. This patient population is unique in that heart failure and elevated filling pressures are common after atrial switch repairs. Most studies evaluating the use of PAH therapies have excluded this group of patients. Methods Our echocardiography database was reviewed for patients with a diagnosis of dTGA status post-atrial switch operation treated with pulmonary vasodilator therapy (monotherapy or combination). Results Six patients (2 male, 4 female) were identified from 104 patients (67% male). Mean age at atrial switch was 22.1 months; mean age of PAH diagnosis was 29.3 years. Functional class improved from a baseline mean of 3.3 to 1.8 on treatment ( p =0.001). No adverse events were associated with treatment. 3 of 4 patients initially referred for heart–lung transplant no longer require transplantation. Conclusions PAH is a late complication of the atrial switch procedure for dTGA, affecting 5.7% of our dTGA atrial switch population, with a higher incidence in female patients. In this cohort, pulmonary arterial vasodilator therapy was well tolerated and improved functional status.
Magnetism with generalized-gradient-approximation density functionals

We report generalized-gradient-approximation (GGA) density-functional studies of Cr, V, and Pd, using an all-electron, general-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave technique. These calculations were undertaken in order to assess the utility of the GGA as an improvement over the local-density approximation in describing transition-metal magnetism. It is found that although the tendency towards magnetism is enhanced, both V and Pd are correctly predicted to be nonmagnetic with the recent GGA functional of Perdew (PW GGA-II) as with the Langreth-Mehl-Hu (LM) functional. Calculations for commensurate antiferromagnetic Cr show that the PW GGA-II predicts an overly large moment of 1.4${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ while the LM functional yields a moment of 0.88 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$, which is also larger than experiment. Furthermore the PW GGA-II yields a large magnetic energy for Cr which is difficult to reconcile with the observed spin-density-wave ground state.
HLA-B*0702 antibody epitopes are affected indirectly by distant antigen residues

We examine the effect of mutations in the HLA-B*0702 alpha 1 domain on the binding of several well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. BB7.1 recognizes the alpha-helix, with a special requirement for residue 67. Combined with an established requirement for the alpha 2 alpha-helix, BB7.1 appears to span the B*0702 peptide-binding groove. Alternatively, BB7.1 epitope conformation may be altered by distant B*0702 sites. ME1 and B27M1 recognize connecting loop residues 41 and 43 and alpha 1 alpha-helical residues 67-71. Instead of contacting residue 67-71 side chains directly, however, ME1 appears to recognizes a B*0702 configuration that depends upon the proper interaction of these and other HLA residues. In addition to solvent-accessible residues 41 and 43, the B27M1 epitope depends on solvent-inaccessible residue 32 at the bottom of the peptide-binding groove. MB40.2, known to require residues 169-182 near the alpha 2-alpha 3 junction, also requires the proper combination of distant residues in the alpha 1 beta-strand and alpha-helix. The effect of mutations near the peptide-binding groove suggests that bound peptides may directly or indirectly affect HLA epitopes. These results illustrate that HLA epitope conformation is very sensitive to changes at distant HLA sites and forecast that epitope models based on sequential amino acid residues will often fail to predict HLA epitopes.
Formalin-evoked activity in identified primary afferent fibers: systemic lidocaine suppresses phase-2 activity

Abstract Formalin injected subcutaneously into the paw is a frequently used pain assay; it evokes an initial period of licking and flinching followed by a period of quiescence and last by a second period of intense and protracted licking and flinching. The prominent second phase is believed to reflect the development of a central (spinal cord) facilitation. This conclusion is based on the assumption that formalin evokes an initial burst of activity in fine afferent fibers, followed by prolonged low levels of activity in C fibers. Detailed reports substantiating this essential assumption have not been published. Thus, we recorded in situ from single sural nerve fibers, identified by their conduction velocity and modality, in the barbiturate anesthetized rat. Following formalin (2.5%, 50 μl) injection into their receptive fields, phase-1 activity was prominent in Aβ and Aδ fibers as well as in high-threshold C nociceptive afferent fibers. Phase-2 activity was observed in Aδ fibers with receptive fields in hairy skin and in all mechanically sensitive C fibers. Mean phase-2 activity in these fibers was 1 2 – 2 3 of the magnitude achieved in phase 1. Mechanically insensitive fibers and Aδ and C fibers with receptive field centers outside of the injection zone began firing 15 min or more post-injection and would contribute to phase-2, but not phase-1, behavioral activity. Intravenous infusion of low doses of lidocaine yielding plasma levels of 3.6–7.9 μg/ml administered during phase 2 blocked formalin-evoked activity in primary afferent fibers in a dose-related fashion without blocking either electrically or mechanically evoked activity. Effective plasma doses were comparable to those found to relieve neuropathic pain. These data indicate that phase 2 in the formalin test is more closely related to ongoing afferent input than had previously been thought.
The operational land imager:spectral response and spectral uniformity

The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) will carry the Operational Land Imager (OLI) as one of its payloads. This instrument is a derivative of the Advanced Land Imager (ALI), flown on Earth Observing-1 (EO1) though it's mission is to continue the operational land imaging of the Landsat program. The OLI follows the highly successful Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 missions in continuing to populate an archive of earth images that dates back to 1972. The OLI has significant changes from the Landsat Thematic Mapper instruments, given that is the first pushbroom instrument in the program. However, it is intended to be a continuity mission, so the spatial coverage and spectral bands are similar. The suite of OLI's multispectral bands cover the same bandpasses but the panchromatic band is narrower than that of the ETM+. The OLI also has a shorter wavelength blue band for better resolution of coastal waters and a new band to aid in the detection of Cirrus clouds in the atmosphere. The thermal bands traditionally carried on the TM instruments have been moved to a separate instrument, also onboard the LDCM spacecraft. With the pushbroom design, each OLI multi-spectral band consists of nearly 7000 detectors. The OLI underwent prelaunch to verify a host of requirements on it's spectral performance, where was characterized at three different points during development. This paper will cover the results of the tests that attempt to validate the spectral uniformity requirements, including in-band response, out-of-band response, and spectral uniformity across the focal plane.
A Case for Resonant Scattering in the Quiet Solar Corona in Extreme-Ultraviolet Lines with High Oscillator Strengths

Observations of the quiet off-limb corona in most EUV lines and in white light are compatible with a (nearly) hydrostatic stratification of the density at a temperature of 1.2-1.5 MK. We show that, in contrast, the quiet solar corona in the 171 and 195 A passbands of the SOHO/EIT has an effective emission scale height that significantly exceeds that for hydrostatic stratification at the observed characteristic temperature. We conclude that this different behavior is caused primarily by resonant scattering that occurs in the EUV lines of Fe IX, Fe X, and Fe XII as a result of their exceptionally high oscillator strengths. A fit to an approximate model suggests that roughly 1/10 to possibly more than half of the detected photons in EIT (and in TRACE) images in the 195 and 171 A passbands, respectively, of the quiet solar corona have been subjected to scattering. This scattering is responsible for much of the background haze that is seen in high-resolution TRACE images of the quiet corona; the hotter active-region corona is subject to much less scattering. We discuss these results in view of stellar coronal studies and future solar instrumentation.
Three generations of asynchronous microprocessors

We trace the evolution of Caltech asynchronous processors from a simple proof of concept, to a high-performance MIPS-like processor using a different buffer circuit for better performance, to the latest 8051 clone targeting low-energy operation. We describe the control aspects of the evolving circuit styles. We describe these three generations of asynchronous microprocessors (Caltech asynchronous processors, MiniMIPS and Lutonium) and the corresponding circuit families and design methods. The asynchronous circuits we use are called quasidelay-insensitive (QDI) circuits. A QDI circuit involves no assumption about, or knowledge of, delays in operators and wires, except for isochronic forks, which the designer assumes have similar delays on the different branches. QDI circuits are the most conservative asynchronous circuits in terms of delays.
Pyrimidine adduct fluorescence in UV irradiated nucleic acids.

Abstract The fluorescence properties of the pyrimidine photoadducts were studied. The observation of similar spectra in UV irradiated DNA's and polynucleotides implies that the formation of adducts may be monitored in biological systems by their emission signals. The fixed ratio of photochemical yields between adducts and other lethal products also suggests the use of adduct fluorescence to assay directly the degree of photodamage in DNA.
Langmuir probes for plasma plume diagnostics

Langmuir probes are highly versatile plasma diagnostic tools. Triple Langmuir probes (TLP) can be used to measure electron the temperature (T e ) and density (n e ) with time resolution. This ability gives a unique opportunity to observe the time evolution of discontinuities formed at the interaction of a plasma flow with a static background plasma. Adding a fourth probe, perpendicular to the flow direction, creates a quadruple Langmuir probe (QLP) which enables the measurement of plasma velocities. Being able to compare the fluid motion velocity with the propagation speed of perturbations will help identify the discontinuities observed, for example to distinguish between a shock in the ambient plasma from the arrival of the ablation plasma front. Results from TLP measurements and progress on QLP development will be presented.
On Demoralization, Therapist Identity Development, and Persuasion and Healing in Psychotherapy Supervision

Although anxiety is an expected part of beginning therapists’ learning experience, supervisee demoralization has received far less attention comparatively. Yet demoralization can be a ready result of the training process. As students make the transition from classroom to clinic and become ever more embroiled in the potentially painful process of therapist identity development, they can start to increasingly question their fitness for therapeutic service. The supervision situation can easily and quickly become the prime outlet within which students’ struggles with demoralization get enacted. But in what ways might that be so? And what can supervisors do to help their supervisees when demoralization arises? In what follows, I (a) examine demoralization as an inherent part of the therapist identity formation experience; (b) consider how psychotherapy supervision is in some ways a remoralization process; and (c) identify some avenues by which supervisors can instill hope during the unfolding of the early phase of the supervision endeavor.
To catch a predator? The MySpace moral panic

This paper discusses moral panics over contemporary technology, or “technopanics.” I use the cyberporn panic of 1996 and the contemporary panic over online predators and MySpace to demonstrate links between media coverage and content legislation. In both cases, Internet content legislation is directly linked to media-fueled moral panics that concern uses of technology deemed harmful to children. This is of particular interest right now as a new internet content bill, the Deleting Online Predators Act (DOPA), is being debated in Congress. The technopanic over “online predators” is remarkably similar to the cyberporn panic; both are fueled by media coverage, both rely on the idea of harm to children as the justification for internet content restriction, and both have resulted in carefully crafted legislation to circumvent First Amendment concerns. Research demonstrates that legislation proposed (or passed) to curb these problems is an extraordinary response; it is misguided and in many cases masks the underlying problem.
Evidentialist foundationalist argumentation for multi-agent sensor fusion

In this paper, an approach to evidence-based argumentation called Evidentialist Foundationalist Argumentation (EFA) is formally defined in terms of the ASPIC framework. The EFA framework is then used as the basis for general argument patterns applied to the problem domain of Sensor Fusion. These general Sensor Fusion argument patterns serve as templates for concrete arguments constructed by agents in an in situ Sensor Web. These agents use EFA to solve specific instances of the Decentralized Sensor Fusion problem by strategically sharing evidence from their arguments using a Share on Disagreement protocol. Using real-world data, the performance of this multiagent system is compared to the performance of another multiagent system employing a Kalman Filtering approach. The results are statistically analyzed using omega-squared effect sizes produced by ANOVA with p values < 0.05. The EFA based system is found to outperform the Kalman Filtering system in terms of accuracy with mostly high and medium effect sizes. The Kalman Filtering system is found to outperform the EFA based system in terms of communication costs with mostly low effect sizes.
Examining the Influence of Job Resourcefulness on Sales Performance

In today's business climate, managers must achieve organizational goals efficiently. Employees are expected to do more with less across industries. Research into this issue focuses on the individual-difference construct "job resourcefulness" (JR). This work extends previous research by examining the influence of JR on objective sales performance and the mediating role that objective sales plays in the JR-self and JR-supervisor ratings relationships. Data were collected from a sample of realtors (n = 112) that included matched observations of self-, supervisor, and objective sales performance indicators. The findings support the hypothesized influence of JR on objective sales performance as well as other key hypotheses.
Investigation on Coining of Micro-Features Using Pure Copper

Recently, applied research activities on the miniaturization of conventional forming processes have received attention in search for mass production methods for micro-scale metallic parts. This study investigated the coining of micro-features by numerical analyses and experiments. Prior to conducting the experiments, finite element simulation was used to understand the effects of channel aspect ratio, workpiece thickness, channel number, channel geometry, and friction on the coining process. Experiments using pure copper specimens were performed to confirm the findings from the simulation and to study the effects of preform shape and grain size. It was found that the channel depth, workpiece thickness, and channel geometry had a significant effect on the final load, while the channel number did not influence the final load. It was also concluded that certain preform shapes induce favorable flow of the material and result in enhanced formation of the micro-protrusions. For the conditions used in the experiments, however, effects from the grain size were not observed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Orthogonality constraints and proton-induced reactions

A simple method of imposing orthogonality constraints upon the relevant bound and continuum waves involved in the calculation of ($p$,${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$) and other proton induced reactions is presented.
Phage Typing Set for Differentiating Escherichia coli

Abstract For comprehension of the relationship of various microorganisms to bovine mastitis, a phage typing system of 53 phages is described for characterizing Escherichia coli . This sensitive method expands the potential of current serological procedures by its ability to detect strains in what otherwise might be perceived as a homogeneous collection of cultures. In the investigation similar types were found in a number of diseased animals from different herds, suggesting that certain strains may be unique to mastitis.
The "magic decade" revisited: Clark psychology in the twenties and thirties.

Clark psychology in the post-Hallian era has attracted little attention from scholars. The only general account, Carl Murchison's “Recollections of a Magic Decade at Clark” (1959), is both partisan and limited in scope. This paper examines the “second cycle” of the Clark department in a period of unusual productivity in research, publication, and graduate training from the mid-twenties to the mid-thirties, as well as the internal tensions and constraints that led the department to self-destruct in 1936 and lose its scholarly leadership and professional visibility until the post-World War II era.
Staining of Endotracheal Tube with Isosulfan Blue Dye After Sentinel Node Mapping: A Case Report

: Sentinel node mapping is successfully performed for the detection of cancer and nodal metastasis. There is a reported complication rate of 1.5%, most being mild allergic reactions, with a few rare reported cases of anaphylaxis. Isosulfan blue has been found to routinely create a modest artifactual desaturation via pulse oximetry, as well as a transient skin discoloration that may last for several hours to weeks. It causes discoloration of urine and has been detected in other body secretions, none of which have been found to be of clinical significance. This is a case report involving a 61-year-old woman who underwent sentinel node mapping and axillary dissection for breast adenocarcinoma. On postoperative extubation, the endotracheal tube was noted to be stained dark blue with isosulfan dye. This unusual complication is unreported to date and is likely the result of systemic absorption of the dye.
A comparison of calcium sulfate dihydrate grown in clay gels and in sodium silicate gels

Abstract A comparison of crystals of calcium sulfate dihydrate grown in two different gel media, sodium silicate gel and bentonite clay gel, shows that the two media affect crystal habit and surface topography differently. Those crystals grown in silica gel at 40°C and pH 7.5 consist of elongated prisms, exhibit relatively smooth crystal faces, and are often twinned. Crystals grown in bentonite gel at the same temperature and similar pH tend to be tabular, exhibit a wide variety of kinks, steps, and pits on their surfaces, and are never twinned under our experimental conditions. A comparison of the bentonite-grown crystals with those commonly found in nature shows that bentonite resembles natural sediments in its effects on growth habit of gypsum.
Analogies among chemical properties of metal surfaces, organometallic molecules, and enzymes

Abstract The theorist who plans to study the chemical properties of surfaces from a fundamental electronic point of view is presented with a number of difficult problems. For example, if one focuses on heterogeneous catalysis by metal particles dispersed on a support,1 should the electronic structure of the particles be viewed in terms of the band-structure theory of solid state physics or in terms of the chemical-bond concept of inorganic chemistry? What are the most significant configurations of adsorbates which are precursors to heterogeneous reactivity? Does the supporting material affect chemisorption and catalytic activity? The theorist who calculates electronic structure is accustomed to having the positions and configurations of atoms in a molecule or solid as input to the calculation. Unfortunately, detailed structural information for heterogeneous catalysts is frequently unavailable and is just beginning to be a subject of experimental investigation. In contrast, the molecular structures of tran...
Comparative inhibition of aliesterases and cholinesterase in rats fed eighteen organophosphorus insecticides.

Abstract Eighteen organophosphorus insecticides were fed to 30-day-old female rats for 1 wk at various dietary levels. Measurements were made of the inhibitory effects of the insecticides on aliesterases of serum and liver using diethylsuccinate and tributyrin as substrates. The cholinesterase activity of liver, serum, and brains of rats that received the same levels of the insecticides was also measured. Dose-related decreases in aliesterase activity were obtained with the appropriate dietary levels of each compound. The aliesterase activity of liver was more sensitive to inhibition than serum. The hydrolysis of tributyrin was inhibited at lower dietary levels than the hydrolysis of diethylsuccinate by liver, but hydrolysis of the two substrates by serum was affected to essentially the same extent. In most cases the dietary levels required to inhibit cholinesterase were considerably higher than the levels that inhibited aliesterases. When the aliesterase activity was depressed by feeding various levels of organophosphorus insecticides for 1 wk, the amount of potentiation of the toxicity of malathion was closely related to the amount of inhibition of liver aliesterases regardless of which compound was fed.
Anatomic features of the cetacean globe.

Objective To provide measurements of globe dimensions and describe morphological characteristics of the cetacean globe with an emphasis on Bowman's layer and encapsulated sensory corpuscles (ESC) for available cetacean species. Animal studied Cetacean globes housed at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin from various odontocete and two mysticete species. Procedure Measurements were taken from formalin fixed globes and images of formalin fixed globes with embedded rulers. Histological sections of globes were used to count ESC and measure Bowman's layer. Results The horizontal diameter of the globe was longer than the vertical diameter. The posterior sclera was thick, causing the internal axial length (and therefore the optical axis) to be shorter than the vertical diameter. The cornea was composed of an epithelium, Bowman's layer, collagenous stroma, thin Descemet's membrane and endothelial layer. Bowman's layer was present in all specimens except one Kogia breviceps. The thickness was variable, with the acellular layer thickest in Tursiops truncatus and thinnest in Kogia sp. The iris was well vascularized and muscled while the ciliary body lacked musculature, but retained vasculature. Single and clustered ESC were found in the anterior uvea, sclera surrounding the anterior uvea, trabecular meshwork, or some combination of these locations. They were often regionally grouped and varied from 0 to 21. There were three species where no ESC were found, L. borealis, D. capensis, and S. bredanensis, but the presence of these corpuscles cannot be ruled as only one section of the globe was analyzed.
A Randomized Study of a Novel Zen Dialogue Method for Producing Spiritual and Well-Being Enhancement Implications for End-of-Life Care

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that a novel Zen dialogue–based method can bring about significant improvements in spiritual, meditation, and well-being parameters. Design: A pretest–posttest design was used with participants being randomly assigned to either treatment or no treatment group at the Zen Center. The participants were 14 females and 2 males within each group with no prior formal Zen or meditation training. Those participants in the treatment group received intensive interaction for 1 day with an experienced Zen teacher using a dialogue method to induce a deep meditative state without instruction in formal meditation sitting practice. The outcome was measured with multiple previously standardized instruments designed to assess meditation states, well-being, and spirituality. Results: A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups for all parameters measured. In addition, the meditative state measure suggested qu...
Transient analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits using small-signal scattering parameters

A transient analysis method for nonlinear microwave circuit analysis is described in this paper. S-parameter microwave circuit theory and measurement-based small-signal scattering parameters of nonlinear devices are used directly to construct the large signal response of the circuits. This consistent modeling and analysis approach retains all the frequency-dependence information of the measured small-signal parameters. The method is applied to predict the large signal performance of a discrete AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), biased in the common source amplifier mode. Reasonable agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained. This method does not have limitations on the number of input carrier frequencies or the total number of frequencies. It is expected to be a useful and efficient tool in waveform engineering applications.
Chronic Complex I Inhibition Reproduces Features of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a late-onset, progressive disease characterized by motor and postural defects. Pathologically, PD is marked by specific nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration and the formation of Lewy bodies, cytoplasmic inclusions containing ubiquitin and a-synuclein.l Current therapeutic approaches for PD focus on alleviating symptoms that occur in the late-stages. An understanding of PD pathogenesis and the development of accurate models of the disease are essential for the development of novel therapies targeted at preventing the progression of PD.
Dealing with Demons: Justice and Reconciliation

Societies often lack the mechanisms and institutions for upholding the rule of law and dealing with past abuses after conflict has ceased. By enhancing international capabilities in five key areas, the United States can play a unique role in promoting sustainable peace.
Reduced-Order Covariance-Based Unscented Kalman Filtering with Complementary Steady-State Correlation

In this paper, we discuss an extension of the unscented Kalman filter that propagates a surrogate reduced- order covariance and also uses a complementary static estimator gain based on the steady-state correlation between the error in the estimates of the state and measurements to obtain estimates of the entire state.
High Affinity Xenoreactive TCR:MHC Interaction Recruits CD8 in Absence of Binding to MHC

The TCR from a xenoreactive murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone, AHIII 12.2, recognizes murine H-2Db complexed with peptide p1058 (FAPGFFPYL) as well as human HLA-A2.1 complexed with human self-peptide p1049 (ALWGFFPVL). To understand more about T cell biology and cross-reactivity, the ectodomains of the AHIII 12.2 TCR have been produced in E. coli as inclusion bodies and the protein folded to its native conformation. Flow cytometric and surface plasmon resonance analyses indicate that human p1049/A2 has a significantly greater affinity for the murine AHIII 12.2 TCR than does murine p1058/Db. Yet, T cell binding and cytolytic activity are independent of CD8 when stimulated with human p1049/A2 as demonstrated with anti-CD8 Abs that block CD8 association with MHC. Even in the absence of direct CD8 binding, stimulation of AHIII 12.2 T cells with “CD8-independent” p1049/A2 produces p56 lck activation and calcium flux. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer flow cytometry demonstrate CD8 is recruited to the site of TCR:peptide MHC binding. Taken together, these results indicate that there exists another mechanism for recruitment of CD8 during high affinity TCR:peptide MHC engagement.
Prolegomenon to the structure of emotion: Gleanings from neuropsychology

Abstract This article presents a model of the structure of emotion developed primarily from a consideration of neuropsychological evidence and behavioural data which have bearing on neuropsychological theories. Valence is first considered and highlighted as a defining characteristic of emotion. Next, the use of facial behaviour and autonomic nervous system patterns as defining characteristics of discrete emotions is questioned on empirical and conceptual grounds. The regulation of emotion is considered and proposed to affect the very structure of emotion itself. If there is an invariant pattern of biological activity across different instantiations of the same emotion, it is likely to be found in higher-order associative networks of central nervous system activity, the very same networks that subserve goal-directed behaviour and other cognitive functions. Drawing upon evolutionary considerations, it is argued that what is basic about emotion are the dimensions of approach and withdrawal. The nature of the...
Perioperative management with antiplatelet and statin medication is associated with reduced mortality following vascular surgery

Objective Many patients undergoing vascular surgical procedures are not on appropriate medical therapy. This study sought to examine the variation and impact of antiplatelet (AP) and statin therapy on early and late mortality in patients undergoing vascular surgery in our region. Methods We studied all patients (n = 14,489) undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy (n = 6978), carotid stenting (n = 524), and suprainguinal (n = 763) and infrainguinal bypass (n = 3053), as well as patients with known coronary risk factors undergoing open (n = 1044) and endovascular (n = 2127) abdominal aortic aneurysm repair from 2005 to 2012 in the Vascular Study Group of New England. Optimal medical management was defined as treatment with both AP and statin agents, preoperatively and at discharge. We analyzed temporal, procedural, and center variation of medication use. Multivariable analyses were used to determine the adjusted impact of AP and statin therapy on 30-day mortality and 5-year survival. Results Optimal medical management improved over the study interval (55% in 2005 to 68% in 2012; P trend P = .09). AP and statin prescription at discharge was additive in survival benefit with improved 5-year survival (hazard ratio, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7; P P Conclusions AP and statin therapy preoperatively and at discharge was associated with reduced 30-day mortality and an absolute 18% improved 5-year survival after vascular surgery. However, one-third of patients are suboptimally managed in real world practice. This demonstrates an opportunity for quality improvement that can substantially improve survival after vascular surgery.
The Effect of Three Forms of Summarization Instruction on Sixth Graders' Summary Writing and Comprehension:

Three forms of summarization instruction comprised the treatment and control conditions explored in this study of sixth graders. The two treatment groups received direct instruction in either a rule-governed approach to summarization or an intuitive approach. A control group simply received advice to find main ideas with no explicit modeling. Two dependent measures were used to judge the efficacy of the three instructional approaches to summarization: (a) a paragraph summary writing task and (b) a standardized test of paragraph comprehension. On both measures, treatment groups significantly outperformed the control group. The results are discussed from the perspective of a combined textlinguistic and direct instruction model of learning.
Nonlinear light-sheet fluorescence microscopy by photobleaching imprinting

We present a nonlinear light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) scheme based on photobleaching imprinting. By measuring photobleaching-induced fluorescence decay, our method simultaneously achieves a large imaging field of view and a thin optical section. Furthermore, the scattered-light-induced background is significantly reduced, considerably improving image contrast. Our method is expected to expand the application field of LSFM into the optical quasi-ballistic regime, enabling studies on non-transparent biological samples.
Cross-Layer Design of Wireless Mesh Networks with Network Coding

We investigate the optimal design of a multihop wireless mesh network equipped with multiple orthogonal wireless channels and multiple radios. Specifically, we focus on solutions that can efficiently utilize the limited resource to support multiple unicast applications by routing and network coding. We propose a cross-layer optimization framework where the broadcasting feature of the wireless environment, which plays an important role in realizing the achievable gain of network coding, is taken into account. Moreover, we propose a network code construction scheme based on linear programming, with which the possible achievable Coding+MAC gain could be significantly increased. Delay constraints are also included in the network code construction formulation so that the possible impact of the extra decoding delay to the TCP/IP performance can be reduced without changing the upper-layer protocols. The proposed network design based on cross-layer optimization results in significant increase in network throughput.
Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans

The rates of protein synthesis and degradation and of amino acid transport were determined in the leg muscle of untrained postabsorptive normal volunteers at rest and approximately 3 h after a resistance exercise routine. The methodology involved use of stable isotopic tracers of amino acids, arteriovenous catheterization of the femoral vessels, and biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle. During postexercise recovery, the rate of intramuscular phenylalanine utilization for protein synthesis increased above the basal value by 108 +/- 18%, whereas the rate of release from proteolysis increased by 51 +/- 17%. Muscle protein balance improved (P < 0.05) after exercise but did not become positive (from -15 +/- 12 to -6 +/- 3 nmol phenylalanine.min-1.100 ml leg volume-1). After exercise, rates of inward transport of leucine, lysine, and alanine increased (P < 0.05) above the basal state from 132 +/- 16 to 208 +/- 29, from 122 +/- 8 to 260 +/- 8, and from 384 +/- 71 to 602 +/- 89 nmol.min-1.100 ml leg-1, respectively. Transport of phenylalanine did not change significantly. These results indicate that, during recovery after resistance exercise, muscle protein turnover is increased because of an acceleration of synthesis and degradation. A postexercise acceleration of amino acid transport may contribute to the relatively greater stimulation of protein synthesis.
Richtmyer-Meshkov Parameter Study

The growth of an interfacial perturbation after acceleration by a shock wave, known as the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI), plays an important role in the compression of an ICF target. Experiments studying the RMI are performed in a vertical shock tube by observing the growth of the interface between a pair of gases after acceleration by a planar shock wave. A near 2D, sinusoidal, membraneless interface is created in a shock tube by oscillating rectangular pistons at the stagnation plane between the two gases. The interface is visualized by seeding one of the gases with acetone, smoke, or atomized oil and observing the fluorescence or Mie scattering from a planar laser sheet. The results presented here span a range of Atwood numbers, 0.30<A<0.95, and shock wave strengths, 1.1 <M<3. Numerical simulations of the experimental conditions are performed and compared with the experiments using the 2D hydrodynamics code Raptor (LLNL).
Modeling of Heterogeneous and Controlled Populations

Age-structured population models, considered in Chap. 6, have become a traditional tool in biological modeling and are widely used in other disciplines. They possess well-developed investigation techniques. However, the size of individuals is a more important parameter than their age for some species. Section 7.1 considers two size-structured models that describe a population with natural reproduction and a fully managed population and explores links between size- and age-structured models. Nonlinear models of heterogeneous populations with intraspecies competition and their investigation techniques (steady-state and bifurcation analyses) are discussed in Sect. 7.2. An endogenous control is introduced into the model to address management problems in farming, fishery, forestry, and other applications. Controlled age- and size-dependent models are considered in Sect. 7.3.
Characterization and classification of highly productive microalgae strains discovered for biofuel and bioproduct generation

Abstract This paper describes the characteristics of microalgal strains that originated out of an isolation and screening project included within the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts (NAABB). The project's goal was to identify new potential platform strains with high growth rates and/or lipid productivities. To classify the best performing strains, we conducted a combined microscopic and phylogenetic analysis. Among the best performing strains were many coccoid green algae. Several strains belong to the species Acutodesmus (Scenedesmus) obliquus and to the species Chlorella sorokiniana, thus expanding on existing germplasm. Identified at the genus level were some Desmodesmus strains and one Ankistrodesmus strain. Several strains were classified as belonging to the genus Coelastrella, a taxon reported for the first time for North America. Multiple additional strains had ambiguous identities, with some strains possibly representing novel species. Reporting on the above strains, some of which have been tested successfully in outdoor ponds and most of which are deposited at the University of Texas Culture Collection of Algae, is a step forward in expanding the biological resources available for algae biofuel production.
The Silent Criminal Defendant and the Presumption of Innocence: In the Hands of Real Jurors, is Either of Them Safe?

In examining whether real jurors are upholding the presumption of innocence and the privilege of a criminal defendant not to testify, it was determined that these limitations were insufficient to outweigh what these jurors brought to their responses. As opposed to mock jurors, real jurors heard actual preliminary instructions, opening statements, closing arguments and final instructions. Only real jurors got to sit in trial and observe real defendants for days at a time, note whether they testified or not, and spent hours or days in deliberations. In the end, it is only real jurors who can bring all of this information and experience to survey responses. This article focuses on whether and how often these jurors, into whose hands our judicial system ultimately entrusts the presumption of innocence and the Fifth Amendment privilege, applied and upheld these legal concepts. It frames these fundamental protections by their histories, purposes, and applications to shed further light on how effectively jurors uphold this trust. Central to this analysis is whether jurors generally understand and follow their instructions at trial, and whether these particular jurors did so. This article also highlights how the United States Supreme Court has irrefutably and conclusively presumed that they do; a presumption that is not only factually unproven, but, as the overwhelming weight of empirical research shows, is clearly false. Applying this presumption to criminal defendants at trial, the Court's own precedents show, is a clear violation of the Due Process Clause. Finally, this article discusses the movement toward jury reform, highlighted by recent efforts in Florida and California, and it suggests where such efforts can best be concentrated.
Polycrystalline Diamond Turning of Rock

Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutters, as the most commonly used inserts for rock cutting/drilling processes, are drawing increased attentions in manufacturing and petroleum engineering driven by the necessity to elevate cutter and process performance. The knowledge of the force response of single PDC cutters under various cutting conditions is an essential prerequisite for achieving this goal. In this paper, an analytical model is derived by extending Nishimatsu’s two-dimensional orthogonal cutting theory for rock cutting to the three-dimensional quasi-orthogonal case. A rock turning testbed that uses single PDC cutters is developed on a CNC turning center for measuring both thermal and mechanical responses at the rock-cutter interface in real-time. The developed testbed is used to perform the experimental validation of a newly proposed force prediction model.© 2013 ASME
Effects of a policy-level intervention on children's pedometer-determined physical activity: preliminary findings from Movin' Afterschool.

Objectives Although evidence supports the benefits of incorporating physical activity (PA) after school and standards for quality after-school programs (ASPs) include PA, evaluation of policies to increase PA after school is nonexistent. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an evidence-informed policy-level ASP intervention on youth pedometer-determined PA. Design This study was a quasi-experimental community-based intervention (Movin' Afterschool), with a pre-/posttest design, without a control. Setting Movin' Afterschool took place in the after-school setting. Participants Participants were children (5-12 years old) attending 1 of 12 ASPs in Nebraska during the fall and spring of 2010-2011. Intervention Movin' Afterschool was an evidence-informed policy-level intervention. Main outcome measures Physical activity was measured using pedometers. Results Children averaged 3145 steps per day at baseline and 3042 steps per day at postassessment. There were no effects of sex, body mass index percentile, age, or the interaction of these covariates on steps. Three ASPs experienced substantial declines in PA compared with the remaining 9 ASPs. Excluding these 3 sites, there was an average increase in steps per day in the remaining 9 sites. No significant contribution was observed with the covariates. Conclusion This was the first study to provide evidence for the initial effectiveness of a policy-level intervention on youth PA participation while attending an ASP despite the failed attempt by some ASPs to improve PA. Further research may help determine the following: (1) the amount of support necessary to help ASPs modify their planning to meet policies, and (2) strategies that should be emphasized during staff training to ensure that staff are able to implement PA policies.
ff14SB: Improving the Accuracy of Protein Side Chain and Backbone Parameters from ff99SB

Molecular mechanics is powerful for its speed in atomistic simulations, but an accurate force field is required. The Amber ff99SB force field improved protein secondary structure balance and dynamics from earlier force fields like ff99, but weaknesses in side chain rotamer and backbone secondary structure preferences have been identified. Here, we performed a complete refit of all amino acid side chain dihedral parameters, which had been carried over from ff94. The training set of conformations included multidimensional dihedral scans designed to improve transferability of the parameters. Improvement in all amino acids was obtained as compared to ff99SB. Parameters were also generated for alternate protonation states of ionizable side chains. Average errors in relative energies of pairs of conformations were under 1.0 kcal/mol as compared to QM, reduced 35% from ff99SB. We also took the opportunity to make empirical adjustments to the protein backbone dihedral parameters as compared to ff99SB. Multiple sm...