cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxy- and thio-phosphorus acid derivatives of tin

Abstract Eleven di- and triorganotin(IV) O,O ′-diorganomonothiophosphate esters, R n Sn[OP(S)(OR′) 2 ] 4- n where n = 2, R = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , n-C 4 H 9 , n-C 8 H 17 , C 6 H 5 and R′ = CH 3 and where R = C 6 H 5 and R′ = C 6 H 5 and where n = 3, R = CH 3 , n-C 4 H 9 , C 6 H 5 and R′ = CH 3 and where R = C 6 H 5 , C 6 H 5 CH 2 and R′ = C 6 H 5 , are synthesized in high yield by the reaction of the corresponding organotin(IV) chlorides with the sodium salt of the R′ = CH 3 acid and the triethylammonium salt of the R′ = CH 3 acid and the triethylammonium salt of the R′ = C 6 H 5 acid in ethanol. The products are colorless crystalline solids or oils, soluble in organic solvents. Vibrational spectroscopic band assignments can be made for the ν(P-O) (1220-1050 cm −1 ), ν(P-OR) (1000-900 cm −1 ), ν(P=S) (700-600 cm −1 ), ν(Sn-C) (600-500 cm −1 ), and ν(Sn-O) (500-400 cm −1 ). The tin-119m Mossbauer isomer shift (IS) values confirm tin as tin(IV), but the quadrupole splitting (QS) values fall into two groups with the tribenzyl- and di-n-octyltin derivatives exhibiting small magnitudes typical of four-coordination, with unidentate ligands. The other diorganotins exhibit very large QS values, corresponding to six-coordination with trans -R 2 Sn groups. From a point-charge model calculation, the dimethyltin group is linear, and the diphenyltin angles are 173.2 and 139.4° for (C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn[OP(S)(OR) 2 ] 2 where R = CH 3 and C 6 H 5 , respectively. However, the observation of both ν asym and ν sym (Sn-C) in both the infrared and Raman spectra of the dimethyltin derivative rules out a strictly linear array. The strong Mossbauer spectra exhibited by the R 2 Sn[OP(S)(OCH 3 ) 2 ] 2 derivatives at room temperature where R = CH 3 and C 2 H 5 suggest intermolecular association, and variable-temperature data for the R = C 6 H 5 derivative yield a slope of dln A /d T = −0.972 × 10 −2 K −1 , reflecting a tightly-bound lattice as well, probably containing bridging ligands. No fragments of mass greater than the parent ion or containing more than one tin atom are seen in the mass spectra of any of the compounds studied, however. The triorganotins, other than the tribenzyl-derivative, exhibit large QS values signifying five-coordination, and the NMR | 2 J ( 119 Sn-C- 1 H)| of 74.0 Hz for the trimethyltin derivative in solution is corroboratory. However, the negative tin-119 NMR chemical shift relative to tetramethyltin for the tri-n-butyltin derivative corresponds to four-coordination in solution. Bis( O , O ′-diphenylthiophosphato)diphenyltin(IV) hydrolyzes on the benchtop or in wet ether to give the intermediate, dimeric hydrolysis product, [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 SnOP(S)(OC 6 H 5 ) 2 OH] 2 .
Phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptor-associated and free forms of the approximately 90-kDa heat shock protein before and after receptor activation.

Several lines of evidence have suggested that glucocorticoid receptor function may be regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions, and it has been proposed that dephosphorylation accompanies activation to the DNA-binding form. The phosphate content of the approximately 100-kDa steroid-binding protein has been determined directly and was found not to change during activation in intact cells (Mendel, D.B., Bodwell, J.E., and Munck, A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5644-5648). We have now determined the effect of interaction with the receptor and of activation on the phosphate content of the approximately 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp 90), which is thought to be a non-steroid-binding subunit of nonactivated glucocorticoid receptors that dissociates on activation. Monoclonal antibodies AC88 and BuGR2 were used to purify free Hsp 90 and cytosolic nonactivated glucocorticoid-receptor complexes, respectively, from WEHI-7 cells grown in the presence of 32Pi and [35S] methionine. Cell-free activation of the nonactivated receptor-antibody complexes immobilized on protein A-Sepharose minicolumns allowed the recovery of the Hsp 90 dissociated from the complexes during activation. Proteins were separated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the 32P/35S ratio, which was used as a measure of the phosphate content relative to protein, was determined for the free, receptor-associated, and dissociated forms of the Hsp 90, as well as for the approximately 100-kDa steroid-binding protein of non-activated and activated receptors. The three forms of the Hsp 90 had the same phosphate contents, as did the approximately 100-kDa steroid-binding protein before and after activation. Based upon these results, we conclude that no net change in the phosphorylation occurs when the Hsp 90 associates with the approximately 100-kDa steroid-binding protein to form nonactivated receptors and that neither protein component of nonactivated complexes is dephosphorylated when they dissociate during thermal activation under cell-free conditions.
Thought suppression as a mediator of the association between depressed mood and prescription opioid craving among chronic pain patients

Emerging research suggests that prescription opioid craving is associated with negative mood and depression, but less is known about cognitive factors linking depressive symptoms to opioid craving among adults with chronic pain. The present cross-sectional study examined thought suppression as a mediator of the relation between depression and prescription opioid craving in a sample of chronic pain patients receiving long-term opioid pharmacotherapy. Data were obtained from 115 chronic pain patients recruited from primary care, pain, and neurology clinics who had taken prescription opioids daily or nearly every day for ≥90 days prior to assessment. In this sample, 60 % of participants met DSM-IV criteria for current major depressive disorder. Depressed mood (r = .36, p < .001) and thought suppression (r = .33, p < .001) were significantly correlated with opioid craving. Multivariate path analyses with bootstrapping indicated the presence of a significant indirect effect of thought suppression on the association between depressed mood and opioid craving (indirect effect = .09, 95 % CI .01, .20). Sensitivity analyses showed a similar indirect effect of suppression linking major depressive disorder diagnosis and opioid craving. Attempts to suppress distressing and intrusive thoughts may result in increased craving to use opioids among chronic pain patients with depressive symptoms. Results highlight the need for interventions that mitigate thought suppression among adults with pain and mood disorders.
The Association of Family Influence and Initial Interest in Science

With recent attention to improving scientific workforce development and student achievement, there has been a rise in effort to understand and encourage student engagement in physical science. This study examines the association of family influence and initial interest in science through multiple and logistic regression models. Research questions addressed include Controlling for demographic variables, are physical science doctoral students or scientists who report family as a primary source of interest in science, as opposed to those that do not, more likely to develop an early interest in science? And what specific forms of family support are associated with doctoral students or scientists who report family as a primary source of initial interest in science? The study uses survey data from Project Crossover (n = 4,285), a sequential mixed methods study that examines factors influencing entrance into physical science doctoral programs as well as the transition from graduate students to independent researcher. Results suggest that family interest in science facilitates earlier initial interest in science. Further analyses show that family influence shifts from parental occupation as the primary source of interest for the older generation of scientists to one of three influences (occupation, diversion or hobby, and encouragement) among doctoral students. © 2013Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:395–409, 2013
Embryo Cryopreservation Rescues Cycles With Premature Luteinization

Objective To determine whether embryo cryopreservation in cycles with elevated preovulatory P followed by thaw, extended culture, and transfer results in greater ongoing pregnancy rates than fresh blastocyst transfer. Design Retrospective matched cohort study. Setting Private fertility center. Patient(s) The study group consisted of 118 consecutive thaws of bipronucleate (2PN) oocytes derived from autologous cycles with elevated preovulatory P, resulting in 95 blastocyst transfers. The control group was selected by matching on the number of 2PN oocytes and patient age and consisted of 118 fresh cycles with elevated preovulatory P, including 108 fresh autologous blastocyst transfers. All patients were Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates. Result(s) The study group had significantly fewer blastocysts per 2PN oocyte than the control group (19.7% vs. 36.8%, respectively) and a significantly greater cancellation rate (19.5% vs. 8.5%, respectively). However, the ongoing pregnancy rate per cycle was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (56.8% vs. 32.2%, respectively), resulting from greater rates of implantation (56.8% vs. 26.9%, respectively) and of ongoing pregnancy per transfer (70.5% vs. 35.2%, respectively). Conclusion(s) In cycles with elevated preovulatory P, the probabilities of implantation and ongoing pregnancy are increased if all 2PN oocytes are cryopreserved and subsequently thawed and cultured to the blastocyst stage before transfer.
Asymptotic solutions and error estimates for linear systems of difference and differential equations

Abstract Classical results concerning the asymptotic behavior solutions of systems of linear differential or difference equations lead to formulas containing factors that are asymptotically constant, i.e., k +o(1) as t tends to infinity. Here we are interested in more precise information about the o(1) terms, specifically how they depend precisely on certain perturbation terms in the equation. Results along these lines were given by Gel'fond and Kubenskaya for scalar difference equations and we will both extend and generalize one of them as well as provide some corresponding results for differential equations.
A statistical study of magnetic tunnel junctions for high-density spin torque transfer-MRAM (STT-MRAM)

We have demonstrated a robust magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a resistance-area product RA=8 Omega-mum2 that simultaneously satisfies the statistical requirements of high tunneling magnetoresistance TMR > 15sigma(Rp), write threshold spread sigma(Vw)/ <7.1%, breakdown-to-write voltage margin over 0.5 V, read-induced disturbance rate below 10-9, and sufficient write endurance, and is free of unwanted write-induced magnetic reversal. The statistics suggest that a 64 Mb chip at the 90-nm node is feasible.
Mass and double-beta-decay Q value of Xe-136

The atomic mass of $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ has been measured by comparing cyclotron frequencies of single ions in a Penning trap. The result, with 1 standard deviation uncertainty, is $M(^{136}\mathrm{Xe})=135.907$ 214 484 (11) u. Combined with previous results for the mass of $^{136}\mathrm{Ba}$ [Audi, Wapstra, and Thibault, Nucl. Phys. A 729, 337 (2003)], this gives a $Q$ value $(M[^{136}\mathrm{Xe}]\ensuremath{-}M[^{136}\mathrm{Ba}]){c}^{2}=2457.83(37)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$, sufficiently precise for ongoing searches for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Provoked by a Cold Pressor Test

Coronary artery spasm is a well documented cause of variant angina pectoris. It has also been postulated to cause acute myocardial infarction. The diagnosis of coronary artery spasm is frequently made by means of ergonovine provocation during cardiac catheterization. Spasm of the coronary arteries may also be provoked by the cold pressor test. We describe a patient in whom an acute myocardial infarction evolved after his chest pain was reproduced with a cold pressor test. We suggest that the cold pressor test should be performed with caution, and perhaps should be limited to the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Two-phase flow effect on hybrid rocket combustion

Abstract This study numerically explores the aerodynamic and combustion processes in a hybrid rocket combustor, under a two-phase turbulent flow environment, considering the evaporation, combustion and drag of droplet and droplet ignition criterion. The predictions of temperature, reaction mode, reactant mass fraction, velocity, oxidizer consumption, fuel regression and droplet number distribution enhance understanding of the two-phase combustion aerodynamics inside the combustor. A parametric study of the inlet spray pattern, including spray cone angle, spray injection velocity and droplet size, is performed to improve the operation of reactant mixing and higher fuel regression rate. Analytical results indicate that both the oxidizer consumption and the fuel regression increase with increasing spray cone angle and spray injection velocity in the practical range of operation. However, for stoichiometric operation, the superior spray cone angle is within 20–60°, and spray injection velocity within 20–40 m/s, under a volume-mean droplet radius of 50 μm. The power dependence of solid-fuel regression on total mass flux is found to decrease with rising of droplet mean size.
Low molecular weight glycosaminoglycan blockade of β-amyloid induced neuropathology

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized histopathologically by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), reactive astrocytosis and regional specific cell loss. Senile plaques are an extracellular deposition of beta amyloid (Aβ), a 40–42 amino acid peptide, while intracellular NFTs consist of paired helical filaments (PHFs) formed from microtubule associated tau protein in a hyperphosphorylated and/or conformationally altered state1, 2. Previous studies have shown that other components, specifically proteoglycans (PGs) [heparan sulfate (HS), chrondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and keratan sulfate (KS)] and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains are colocalized with Aβ in senile plaques3, 4 and hyperphosphorylated tau in NFTs5 of AD brains. In vitro work has shown that PGs and GAGs directly bind Aβ and synthetic Aβ peptides, stimulating fibril nucleation, growth, and stability6. These data suggest that PGs and their GAG side chains may act as “seed molecules” 6 for Aβ fibril formation, hence promoting senile plaque formation in AD. Much of the research suggests that both charge and size of these PGs/GAGs influence their ability to interact with Aβ6.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and concomitant articular cartilage injury: incidence and treatment.

Purpose Articular cartilage injuries commonly occur in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The exact incidence of this combined injury pattern, as well as the optimal treatment for it, has not been well studied in the literature. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the incidence of concomitant articular cartilage and ACL injury and the results of combined surgical treatment of these injuries. Methods We performed a systematic review of studies investigating the incidence of articular cartilage injury in conjunction with ACL injury and the results of combined surgical treatment for these injuries. Results On the basis of 5 studies in the literature, the incidence of severe articular cartilage injury in acute ACL tears is between 16% and 46%. On the basis of 3 studies on combined osteochondral autografts and ACL reconstruction and 2 studies on combined autologous chondrocyte implantation and ACL reconstruction, patients can have reasonable short-term outcomes after combined surgery. Conclusions Articular cartilage injury is often encountered at the time of ACL reconstruction, and combined surgery can result in reasonable outcomes. Additional studies are needed to better define both the incidence of combined injury and the outcome, particularly in the long term, after these procedures. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review.
Characterization of mast cell subtypes, distribution, and antigen-induced activation in the guinea pig esophagus.

SUMMARY The number of esophageal mucosa mast cells (MCs) increases in allergic and inflammation conditions in the esophagus, but their role in these conditions is less clear. MCs are derived from bone marrow, migrate and mature in the peripheral tissues. Two subsets of MCs have been characterized as mucosal MC (MMC) and connective tissue MC (CTMC) defined by anatomic location, granule contents, and functions. Whether esophageal MCs share typical features with either MMC or CTMC has yet to be determined. This study characterized esophageal MCs subtypes, distribution, antigen-induced sensitization, and degranulation as measured by MC staining and histamine release assay. Immunofluorescent double staining of MC tryptase and chymase were performed in the esophagus, intestine, and skin from normal and ovalbumin (OVA) actively sensitized guinea pigs. Histamine release was measured in the esophagus from OVA-sensitized guinea pigs following in vitro antigen challenge. Similar to the MCs in the intestine and skin, esophageal MCs contained three subtypes, which included 62% MCtc (tryptase+/chymase+), 17% MCc (chymase+/tryptase−), and 21% MCt (tryptase+/chymase−). In contrast to the ileal MCs, which were distributed all over the mucosa, submucosa, and serosa, MCs in the esophagus almost all (more than 98%) lined along the lamina propria. OVA active sensitization significantly increased the esophageal MC subtype MCtc. OVA in vitro challenge of the esophagus from sensitized guinea pig significantly decreased tryptase-positive MC subtypes MCtc and MCt, and released a significant amount of tissue histamine content. In conclusion, MCs in the guinea pig esophagus have unique features in immunophenotypes, distribution, and degranulation response to OVA challenge with the release of significant amounts of proteases and histamine into the tissue. These characteristics may indicate that OVA in vitro challenge in OVA-sensitized guinea pig esophagus could be a good model to study the role of esophageal MCs in allergic and inflammation conditions.
Origins of saccharin-induced stress reduction based on observed fracture behavior of electrodeposited Ni films

This research presents experimental results of an investigation aimed at understanding grain size driven mechanical processes in electrodeposited Ni thin films where saccharine additions are commonly used to improve mechanical properties. Ni films were fabricated using salfamate-based electro chemical baths, where it is empirically known that mmol/l concentrations of saccharine will reduce the observed tensile stress in addition to lowering the grain size up to a few nanometer scales. Some previous observations and several theoretical models suggest that saccharine incorporation results in sulfur segregation at grain boundaries. Since grain boundary formation is also associated with tensile stress evolution, a plausible hypothesis is that saccharine additions are directly altering grain boundary energetics. This suggests that saccharine additions should also have an observable effect on intergranular fracture in these films. To test this prediction, in situ stress measurements during film growth and fracture testing of these same films were compared. Lithographically patterned substrates were used to produce films with ordered arrays of uniform islands, which demonstrated island size effects on stress evolution, and enabled a well-defined notch geometry along one of the island boundaries to facilitate fracture experiments. In situ uniaxial tensile testing under in a scanning electron microscope was then used to obtain the fracture strength of such specimens. This technique provided real time recording of microscopic deformation during uniaxial tensile loading. The observed relationships among residual stress, grain size, and fracture strength were then analyzed with detailed models of both film growth and fracture.
On the Bias of Finite-View Interior Tomography Using Piecewise-Constant and Non-Negativity Constraints

It has been widely believed that the non-negativity and the piecewise-constant constraints guarantee a unique solution to an interior tomographic problem. This letter points out that if the number of views is finite, the non-negativity and the piecewise-constant constraints do not guarantee a unique solution to an interior tomographic problem and the reconstruction could be biased by a constant polygon.
Detection of enzymatic activities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels: DNA polymerases as model enzymes.

Recent techniques for detecting the catalytic activity of enzymes in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels have been hampered by lack of reproducibility associated with variability in commercial SDS preparations. Simple expedients which facilitate reproducible detection of DNA polymerase activity and which appear to be widely applicable to detection of other enzymes are reported here. It was observed that reproducibility of a reported procedure for DNA polymerase detection (Spanos, A., Sedgwick, S. G., Yarranton, G. T., Hubscher, U., and Banks, G. R. (1981) Nucl. Acids Res.9, 1825–1839) depends on the SDS used for electrophoresis, and that sensitivity is markedly reduced if currently available SDS is substituted for the discontinued product specified by Spanos et al. A modified procedure yielding sensitivity with contemporary commercial SDS, which exceeds the sensitivity observed when using the protocol and the SDS originally specified, is described. The modifications employed, which presumably promote renaturation of enzymes, are (1) embedding fibrinogen in gels and (2) washing detergent from gels with aqueous isopropanol after electrophoresis. These expedients permit detection of picogram amounts of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and its Klenow fragment and nanogram amounts of calf thymus α and rat liver (Novikoff hepatoma) β polymerases. Finally, it is shown that sensitivity of DNA polymerase detection is reduced by lipophilic contaminants in contemporary commercial SDS, and that the expedients employed here mitigate the deleterious effect of these impurities.
Testing the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis in a Cloud-Resolving Model

Using cloud-resolving simulations of tropical radiative–convective equilibrium, it is shown that the anvil temperature changes by less than 0.5 K with a 2-K change in SST, lending support to the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) hypothesis. The results suggest that for plausible ozone profiles, a decrease in the air’s emission capability instead of ozone heating shall remain the control on the detrainment level, and the FAT hypothesis should hold. The anvil temperature also remains unchanged with other changes in the system such as the doubled CO2 mixing ratio, doubled stratospheric water vapor concentration, and dynamical cooling due to the Brewer–Dobson circulations. The results are robust when a different microphysics scheme is used.
A Giant Bulla of the Lung Mimicking Hydro-pneumothorax with Contra Lateral Mediastenal Shifting

Herein, we report a case of giant bulla of the left lung in a 35 years old woman mimicking tension puemothorax.Based on initial clinico-radiological parameters, she was treated with intercostal tube drain and as her condition did not improve after chest tube insertion, she was referred to our centre. Computed tomography of thorax was done and it was reported to be a large hydropeumothorax causing compression collapse of left lung .We decided to plan for thoracotomy and it was revealed a large bulla arising from left lower lobe which was resected with significant radiological recovery. Giant bulla should be included in the differential diagnosis of pneumothorax. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i1.19871 J Medicine 2014; 15: 48-50 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE BN
Nonlinear Optimization of a Racing Line for an Autonomous Racecar Using Professional Driving Techniques

For racecar drivers, careful consideration is used when defining a racing line for a given track. Each driver ultimately seeks to minimize the track time by compromising between the shortest distance around a track and a line that results in the fastest speed along the path. Professional racing strategies could be used to create trajectories for obstacle avoidance in autonomous vehicles if there was a way to analytically represent their techniques.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Potential economic return from fiber residues produced as by-products of juice expression from sweet sorghum

The potential market for by-products is a critical question in the system analysis of sweet sorghun as a feedstock for ethanol. Possible sweet sorghun by-products (rind-leaf hay, pith-presscake silage, combination (pith presscake plus rind-leaf) silage, and whole-stalk silage) were analyzed and evaluated for their potential economic return when used for cattle feed, fiber conversion to ethanol, and paper production. Ensiling the rind-leaf had an economic advantage over drying it as hay, because most of the preparation for ensiling was done as part of the jiice removal process, whereas hay harvesting represented additional expense. Projected returns ranged from US$318 ha−1 for combination silage fed locally to cattle, to $129 ha−1 for pith presscake silage and rind-leaf hay delivered to a fiber conversion plant. Chopped whole-stalk sorghum, ensiled as a conventional forage crop (no juice expression), can be delivered to a fiber conversion plant at a cost (no profit) of $79 dry Mg−1, as compared with approximately $44 dry Mg−1 for baled switchgrass. It does not appear that a high-moisture crop like sweet sorghum can compete as a fiber crop. Further study is needed to determine if sweet sorghum can compete asa combinaton sugar and fiber crop.
Optimal structural standardization

The problem of optimal structural design is formulated as an assortment problem taking into account manufacturing costs and economy of scale. Structural demand is modelled as a set of structural elements that is satisfied by a second set of elements constituting a structural supply. The objective of the resulting standardization problem is to find the optimal supply, that is, the most economical set of standard elements or sizes. A brief review of work done in this field accompanies a discussion of several approaches to the problem including: (1) optimization of a specified number of sizes selected from a given set of elements with fixed structural characteristics and unit costs, (2) optimal standarization of a set of elements with unit costs influenced by economy of scale, (3) optimization of the number of standard sizes, and (4) simultaneous optimal design and standardization of structural elements, including optimization of both the structural characteristics of the elements and the assortment of sizes...
Ion Exchange Basis for Biosorption and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals

Abstract An important aspect of mining operations is the extent of sorption of effluent metals to soil and biomass. Of special interest is the partitioning of metal ions in the aqueous-soil-biomass system. The ion exchange relationship of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb was found to apply for the metal in the presence of two sorbents: soil with either peat moss, watercress roots, or rye roots. The uptake of Cd from soil by growing rye grass increases with Cd content in the soil, although the per cent uptake is higher for lower amounts. Exchange constants for displacement of protons from limestone soil by Cd decrease by a factor of 105 as pH changes from 4 to 6.6. A linear relationship for log KH exvs. pH can be interpreted as Cd binding to weaker acid sites in more basic media. Comparable results were found for peat moss and the alga Vaucheria. These findings are relevant to agricultural hazards posted by heavy metals as well as the possible use of certain crops for bioremediation.
2007 Special Issue: Consciousness CLEARS the mind

A full understanding of consciousness requires that we identify the brain processes from which conscious experiences emerge. What are these processes, and what is their utility in supporting successful adaptive behaviors? Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) predicted a functional link between processes of Consciousness, Learning, Expectation, Attention, Resonance and Synchrony (CLEARS), including the prediction that ''all conscious states are resonant states''. This connection clarifies how brain dynamics enable a behaving individual to autonomously adapt in real time to a rapidly changing world. The present article reviews theoretical considerations that predicted these functional links, how they work, and some of the rapidly growing body of behavioral and brain data that have provided support for these predictions. The article also summarizes ART models that predict functional roles for identified cells in laminar thalamocortical circuits, including the six layered neocortical circuits and their interactions with specific primary and higher-order specific thalamic nuclei and nonspecific nuclei. These predictions include explanations of how slow perceptual learning can occur without conscious awareness, and why oscillation frequencies in the lower layers of neocortex are sometimes slower beta oscillations, rather than the higher-frequency gamma oscillations that occur more frequently in superficial cortical layers. ART traces these properties to the existence of intracortical feedback loops, and to reset mechanisms whereby thalamocortical mismatches use circuits such as the one from specific thalamic nuclei to nonspecific thalamic nuclei and then to layer 4 of neocortical areas via layers 1-to-5-to-6-to-4.
A Precision Measure of Anatomic Dead Space: Theory

Anatomic dead space can be measured accurately and simply by using a multiport valve to control a sequence of inspired and expired gas samples during any two breaths of a sequence. Alveolar gas concentration is tracked by a reference gas inspired prior to the two-breath sequence. The subject inhales a test gas during the first breath. The dead space is determined from the inspired concentration and the expired volume of the first breath, and the mixed expired concentrations of both breaths. No time-dependent measurements are required. No assumptions are necessary about breathing frequency or constancy of tidal volume.
Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affected by soil properties

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on CH4 emission and entrapment in 16 selected soils with a pH range of 4.7–8.1, organic matter content of 0.72–2.38%, and soil texture from silt to clay. There was no significant correlation with CH4 emission for most of the important soil properties, including soil aerobic pH (measured before anaerobic incubation), total Kjeldahl N, cation exchange capacity, especially soil organic matter, and soil water-soluble C, which were considered to be critical controlling factors of CH4 emission. A lower CH4 emission was observed in some soils with a higher organic matter content. Differences in soil Fe and Mn contents and their chemical forms contributed to the this observation. A significant correlation between the CH4 emission and the soil organic C content was observed only after stratifying soils into subgroups according to the level of CH4 emission in soils not amended with organic matter. The results also showed that the soil redox potential (Eh), anaerobic pH, anerobic pH, and biologically reducible Fe and Mn affected CH4 emission significantly. Urea fertilization promoted CH4 emission in some soils and inhibited it in others. This result appeared to be related to the original soil pH. CH4 entrapment was positively correlated with soil clay content, indicating the importance of soil physical characteristics in reducing CH4 emissions to the atmosphere.
Bootstrap Confidence Region Estimation of the Motion of Rigid Bodies

Abstract This article deals with statistical inference of the motion of rigid bodies using bootstrap methodology. We consider two types of motion: motion in p dimensional Euclidean space, and motion on a p-dimensional sphere. This article is motivated by problems of interest to polar scientists understanding the motion of ice pack at the North Pole and those to geoscientists studying the motion of tectonic plates. In addition to obtaining the point estimates for various parameters describing the motion of rigid bodies, we also perform confidence region estimation and testing of certain hypotheses. We consider two types of situations: when homologous data are available, and when the data consists of nonhomologous points. We illustrate the methodology by analyzing two data sets: a data set on the motion of arctic sea ice, and a data set from plate tectonics.
Chromosomal localization of the gene for human B-cell antigen CD40

CD40 is a surface glycoprotein expressed on all human B lymphocytes and plays an important role in B-cell development, growth, and differentiation. Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies cause isotype switching in B cells treated with IL-4. CD40 is a member of a family of proteins that include low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, TNF receptor, and the antigen Fas. The ligand for CD40 had been recently identified and has been assigned to the X chromosome. Using a panel of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids, we now show that CD40 maps to human chromosome 20.
The nuclei of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.

The sites of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus were studied utilizing the combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Several brain stem areas were found to contain both enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactive double labeled neurons following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the raphe magnus. Nuclei providing both enkephalin and substance P inputs to the raphe magnus include the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, the nucleus cuneiformis, the nucleus solitarius and the trigeminal subdivision of the lateral reticular nucleus. Enkephalin projections to the raphe magnus were also found to originate from the dorsal parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars α and from an area which corresponds to the A5 group of Dahlstrom & Fuxe. Additional neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity and horseradish peroxidase reaction product were identified in the superior central raphe nucleus and the nucleus pontis oralis. The midbrain periaqueductal gray contributes very few enkephalin and substance P fibers to the raphe magnus. The nucleus raphe magnus is a key structure in the intrinsic analgesia system and it has also been implicated in other diverse and non-nonciceptive functions. The present study identifies several brain stem sites which provide enkephalin and substance P input to this raphe nucleus. Several of these nuclei have been implicated in central analgesic mechanisms or in non-nociceptive autonomic functions. The present investigation raises the possibility that these brain stem regions may modulate neuronal activity in the raphe magnus via enkephalin or substance P projections and thus influence the involvement of the raphe magnus in both opiate related mechanisms of pain control and non-nociceptive functions.
Retirement Plans: Planners and Nonplanners

With the aging of millions of baby boomers, retirement planning is rapidly increasing in importance. This study explores differences in characteristics of individuals who have well-articulated retirement plans and those who do not. Women and those with low financial net wealth are less heavily represented among planners. More heavily represented among the planners are the self-employed, those with high financial net wealth, and those who have spoken to a professional financial planner. The expected primary source of retirement income is also associated with planning status. Those expecting to rely primarily on Social Security for their retirement income are less heavily represented among planners, while those expecting to rely mostly on defined-contribution plans or on savings or income from personal investments are more heavily represented. Since procrastination, inertia, and low expectations of success often impede retirement planning, three recommendations are provided: (a) develop user-friendly softwa...
In vivo assessment of guided neural stem cell differentiation in growth factor immobilized chitosan-based hydrogel scaffolds.

In this study, we demonstrate that a unique growth factor-biomaterial system can offer spatial control of growth factors with sustained signaling to guide the specific lineage commitment of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in vivo. First, recombinant fusion proteins incorporating an N-terminal biotin tag and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), platelet derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), or bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) were immobilized to a methacrylamide chitosan (MAC) based biopolymer via a streptavidin linker to specify NSPC differentiation into neurons, oligodendrocytes, or astrocytes, respectively. MAC was mixed with growth factors (immobilized or adsorbed), acrylated laminin, NSPCs, and crosslinked within chitosan conduits. This system mimics regenerative aspects of the central nervous system ECM, which is largely composed of a crosslinked polysaccharide matrix with cell-adhesive regions, and adds the new functionality of protein sequestration. We demonstrated that these growth factors are maintained at functionally significant levels for 28 d in vitro. In the main study, immobilized treatments were compared to absorbed and control treatments after 28 d in vivo (rat subcutaneous). Masson's Trichrome staining revealed that small collagen capsules formed around the chitosan conduits with an average acceptable thickness of 153.07 ± 6.02 μm for all groups. ED-1 staining showed mild macrophage clustering around the outside of chitosan conduits in all treatments with no macrophage invasion into hydrogel portions. Importantly, NSPC differentiation staining demonstrated that immobilized growth factors induced the majority of cells to differentiate into the desired cell types as compared with adsorbed growth factor treatments and controls by day 28. Interestingly, immobilized IFN-γ resulted in neural rosette-like arrangements and even structures resembling neural tubes, suggesting this treatment can lead to guided dedifferentiation and subsequent neurulation.
Major vascular injuries in children undergoing myringotomy for tube placement

Abstract Major vascular injuries in children undergoing myringotomy are extremely rare events. The anatomic deviations that put the internal carotid artery or jugular bulb at risk for injury are relatively uncommon. HOwever, given the frequency with which myringotomies are performed on children, simple arithmetic implies that dozens of children with an anatomic predisposition for a major vascular complication are unknowingly undergoing this procedure every year. Certainly most are unscathed, however, every now and then, a catastrophe will occur. Does this mean that every child with chronic otitis media shoujld have a preoperative CT scan to rule out a vascular anomaly? No, but the otolaryngologist must be alert to the potential for life-threatening complications in this most “routine” of procedures, and be knowledgeable about the proper management of these complications should they occur. These cases simply reinforce the often overlooked adage that even the most benign procedure is fraught with pitfalls
Induction immunosuppression with rabbit antithymocyte globulin in pediatric liver transplantation

Routine use of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG) induction therapy remains controversial in pediatric liver transplantation. We reviewed our experience of 18 cadaveric liver transplants in 18 children over a span of 2 years. All patients received the same immunosuppression: perioperative steroid therapy with taper, 3 doses of RATG, and maintenance therapy of steroids and tacrolimus started on postoperative day 3. Mean follow-up was 2.2 ± 0.2 years. End-stage liver disease was secondary to biliary atresia in 10 patients (56%) and metabolic disorders in 4 patients (22%). Graft and patient survival were 89%. Serum bilirubin was 1.2 mg/dL, 1.1 mg/dL, 0.5 mg/dL, and 0.5 mg/dL at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The 2 mortalities were secondary to multiple organ system failure. Overall rejection rate was 17% (3/18). Rejection episodes occurred at 4, 6, and 7 months. Two patients were treated with steroids; the third was treated with OKT3. No patient has developed posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Serum creatinine was 0.7 mg/dL, 0.6 mg/dL, 0.6 mg/dL, and 0.6 mg/dL at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, among surviving patients. In conclusion, our data suggest that RATG induction with steroid and tacrolimus maintenance therapy is safe, easy to use, and effective in the prevention of rejection. Liver Transpl 12:1210–1214, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Erosion-Corrosion Effects on Boiler Tube Metals in a Multisolids Fluidized-Bed Coal Combustor

Metal wastage of boiler tube materials has been measured during combustion of coal in a laboratory scale fast fluidized bed. In the multisolids fluidized-bed process, high-sulfur coal and limestone are fed to a conventional bed of selected high specific gravity materials. An entrained bed is superimposed on this dense bed, to act as the heat exchange medium. Erosion-corrosion effects were studied on simulated steam tubes (400–700°F, 204–370°C) oriented either horizontally or vertically in the bed. Results of 50-hr tests showed that the life of heat exchange tubes operating up to 650°F (343°C) in this type of combustor will depend primarily on erosion effects. Erosive wastage was greater in the dense bed than in the entrained bed, with greater losses on horizontal surfaces than on vertical surfaces. Support structures at bed temperature of 1600°F (870°C) were found to be subject to corrosion by oxidation and sulfidation reactions. High-chromium alloy steels proved to be most resistant to the erosive and corrosive effects.
Studies on influenza- and Newcastle disease virus at the University's Institute of Microbiology (Budapest) in 1948-50.

In 1946–48 the Institutes of Pathophysiology and Microbiology functioned as one faculty under the directorship of professor Sandor Belak. This marvellous old building at Hogyes Endre street 7–9 housed previously the laboratories of Endre Hogyes who produced the Pasteur-Roux type rabies vaccine; and those of Hugo Preisz who described first developmental forms of bacteria that were later referred to as pleuropneumonia-like growth phase (but professor Preisz called these developmental forms „Pettenkofferia”).
Synthesis of 3‐cyano‐4‐methyl‐5(14C)‐methyl‐2‐(5‐14C)pyrrolyloxamic acid

A synthesis of 3-cyano-4-methyl-5 (14C)-methyl-2-(5-14C)pyrrolyloxamic acid is described. The compound, having specific activity of 66.7 μCi/mmole, was obtained in 19.68% overall yield from uniformly labelled 14C-L-alanine.
Respiration of man during exercise at high altitude: highlander vs lowlander.

Abstract The regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise (O 2 uptake up to 1.4 L.min −1 ) was investigated in five high altitude natives (HN) and five sea level natives (SN) acclimatized to 4540 m (P b 445 torr). At ambient P io 2 (83 torr), HN ventilated 10–20% less than SN. Hypercapnic and non-chemical work stimuli produced similar additive ventilatory effects in HN and SN. The oxie slopes of e —P aco 2 , response line, which were independent of work level, were also similar in the two groups. During hypoxic exercise, the slopes of the e —P aco 2 response increased, the increment being greater at higher work rates. This interaction between hypoxia and non-chemical work stimuli in HN was, however, a third or less of that in SN. Thus, we conclude that in the regulation of ventilation in HN and SN during exercise, the hypercapnic and non-chemical work stimuli played similar roles but that the relatively insensitive peripheral chemoreflex in HN resulted in a diminished interaction between the hypoxic and work stimuli.
Distúrbios paroxísticos não-epilépticos

Objetivo: este artigo tem como objetivo discutir um dos principais problemas com os quais um pediatra geral tem que lidar no campo da neurologia infantil, que sao os disturbios paroxisticos nao-epilepticos. Estes episodios tambem sao uma causa frequente de consultas aos neuropediatras e de internacao em unidades de monitorizacao por video-eletrencefalograma. Fontes dos dados: revisao da literatura sobre o assunto na Medline. Varios compendios de neurologia pediatrica tambem foram usados, por conterem informacoes importantes sobre o assunto. Sintese dos dados: muitas das entidades discutidas neste artigo sao frequentes na populacao pediatrica, como, por exemplo, a sincope, as crises de perda do choro, e os movimentos patologicos associados ao refluxo gastroesofagico. Outras entidades sao mais raras, como as distonias paroxisticas e a distonia com flutuacao diurna. Conclusoes: o conhecimento basico das varias sindromes associadas com disturbios paroxisticos nao-epilepticos e extremamente importante para o pediatra geral, porque pode evitar exames desnecessarios e o diagnostico erroneo de epilepsia, expondo as criancas as medicacoes que nao vao melhorar o quadro clinico, e que podem causar efeitos colaterais.
Matrix γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid Protein Is a Key Regulator of PTH-Mediated Inhibition of Mineralization in MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast-Like Cells

As part of its overall function as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, PTH stimulates bone resorption and inhibits osteoblast-mediated biomineralization. To determine the basis for the inhibitory actions of this hormone, we compared the time course of PTH-dependent inhibition of mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells with changes in mRNA levels for several extracellular matrix proteins previously associated either with induction or inhibition of mineralization. Mineralizing activity was rapidly lost in PTH-treated cells ( approximately 30% inhibition after 3 h, 50% inhibition at 6 h). Of the proteins examined, changes in matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein were best correlated with PTH-dependent inhibition of mineralization. Matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein mRNA was rapidly induced 3 h after PTH treatment, with a 6- to 8-fold induction seen after 6 h. Local in vivo injection of PTH over the calvaria of mice also induced a 2-fold increase in matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein mRNA. Warfarin, an inhibitor of matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein gamma-carboxylation, reversed the effects of PTH on mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas vitamin K enhanced PTH activity, as would be expected if a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein were required for PTH activity. Levels of the other mRNAs examined were not well correlated with the observed changes in mineralization. Osteopontin, an in vitro inhibitor of mineralization, was induced approximately 4-fold 12 h after PTH addition. Bone sialoprotein mRNA, which encodes an extracellular matrix component most frequently associated with mineral induction, was inhibited by 50% after 12 h of PTH treatment. Osteocalcin mRNA, encoding the other known gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein in bone, was also inhibited by PTH, but, again, with a significantly slower time course than was seen for mineral inhibition. Taken together, these results show that the rapid inhibition of osteoblast mineralization induced by in vitro PTH treatment is at least in part explained by induction of matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein.