cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in the Soluble, Residual Phosphate Concentrations at Which Coastal Phytoplankton Species Up-regulate Alkaline-Phosphatase Expression, as Measured By Flow-Cytometric Detection of ELF-97® Fluorescence

The enzyme-labeled fluorescence (ELF-97®) substrate produces an insoluble, fluorescent yellow-green product at the site of alkaline-phosphatase (AP) activity. Fifteen coastal phytoplankton species were tested to determine if AP activity could be detected in phosphate- depleted media. All species tested, except Synechococcus bacillaris, expressed AP activity. Subsequently, threshold concentrations of soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) at which AP activity could be detected by ELF-97® were deter- mined for Chaetoceros neogracile, Chlorella autotrophica, Isochrysis sp., Prorocentrum minimum ,a ndTetraselmis chui. Microalgal species differed significantly in the SRP con- centration at which AP activity was first detectable (10.1- 16.4 µM), well above concentrations normally considered limiting for phytoplankton. P. minimum began to express AP activity at a higher SRP concentration than the other algal species; this may be attributable to a relatively high DNA/cell ratio in P. minimum, compared to the other phytoplankton. Thus, phytoplankton species may respond to phosphorus deficiency at high SRP concentrations.
ROCKET OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH LEVEL MERIDIONAL FLOW OVER NORTH AMERICA DURING 1960 AND 1961

Abstract The relatively large number of meteorological rocket soundings made ill the United States during 1960 indicate the meridional flow at 55 km. to he predominantly northward. A fewer number of soundings from Alaska and Canada for the same year also show a tendency for weak poleward flow at the same level but reveal stronger equatorward flow centered near 35 km. The data available from 1959, 1960, and 1961 indicate that the mean meridional flow did not reverse direction from summer to winter with the observed reversal of mean zonal flow at high levels. Mean annual meridional wind profiles for Point Mugu, Calif. for the years 1960 and 1961 are nearly identical.
Price Behavior Under Alternative Forms of Price Expectations

Abstract : The components of the variance of price are analyzed. In the models considered, a price process is assumed to be evolving through time. It is composed of fluctuations of different lengths of time. The relative importance of these fluctuations in shaping the over-all process may show how well a particular model leads to the price behavior commonly observed. This elaboration will extend the traditional synthesis by means of the theory of stationary time series, or more precisely, the spectral representation of such series. Questions to be answered are, for example: What is the relative importance of fluctuations of different lengths of time in the price process. How will reducing the production period affect price. How influential are price expectations on price. Attention is restricted to situations wherein temporary shifts in economic phenomena are dominant over permanent changes in the economic structure. This focus precludes any change in the equilibrium price and, therefore, simplicity dictates that deviation from equilibrium only be considered.
RNA Interference Demonstrates a Role for nautilus in the Myogenic Conversion of Schneider Cells by daughterless

Schneider SL2 cells activate the myogenic program in response to the ectopic expression of daughterless alone, as indicated by exit from the cell cycle, syncytia formation, and the presence of muscle myosin fibrils. Myogenic conversion can be potentiated by the coexpression of DMEF2 and nautilus with daughterless. In RT-PCR assays Schneider cells express two mesodermal markers, nautilus and DMEF2 mRNAs, as well as very low levels of daughterless mRNA but no twist. Full-length RT-PCR products for nautilus and DMEF2 encode immunoprecipitable proteins. We used RNA-i to demonstrate that both endogenous nautilus expression and DMEF2 expression are required for the myogenic conversion of Schneider cells by daughterless. Coexpression of twist blocks conversion by daughterless but twist dsRNA has no effect. Our results indicate that Schneider cells are of mesodermal origin and that myogenic conversion with ectopic expression of daughterless occurs by raising the levels of daughterless protein sufficiently to allow the formation of nautilus/daughterless heterodimers. The effectiveness of RNA-i is dependent upon protein half-life. Genes encoding proteins with relatively short half-lives (10 h), such as nautilus or HSF, are efficiently silenced, whereas more stable proteins, such as cytoplasmic actin or beta-galactosidase, are less amenable to the application of RNA-i. These results support the conclusion that nautilus is a myogenic factor in Drosophila tissue culture cells with a functional role similar to that of vertebrate MyoD. This is discussed with regard to the in vivo functions of nautilus.
Health and relationships in violence reduction participants: indirect effects of angry temperament

Treatment compliance is a considerable challenge for participants in anger management and violence reduction programs. Participants often exhibit low readiness to change, deficient problem-solving skills, and poor problem awareness. The legal and social consequences of unregulated anger and violence have been well established; however, the personal impact of these behaviors on the functioning of perpetrators has not been as well investigated. We addressed this gap in the literature by examining the relationships between angry temperament, conflict management tactics, social problem-solving, and quality of life factors in participants court-ordered to violence reduction treatment. Bootstrapped mediation models indicated that angry temperament had a significant indirect effect on subjective health through negative problem orientation. These findings have important implications for enhancing readiness to change and the quality of life among violent offenders.
Characterization of central venous catheter-associated deep venous thrombosis in infants.

Abstract Purpose Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a frequent complication in infants with central venous catheters (CVCs). We performed this study to identify risk factors and risk-reduction strategies of CVC-associated DVT in infants. Methods Infants younger than 1 year who had a CVC placed at our center from 2005 to 2009 were reviewed. Patients with ultrasonically diagnosed DVT were compared to those without radiographic evidence. Results Of 333 patients, 47% (155/333) had femoral, 33% (111/333) had jugular, and 19% (64/333) had subclavian CVCs. Deep venous thromboses occurred in 18% (60/333) of patients. Sixty percent (36/60) of DVTs were in femoral veins. Femoral CVCs were associated with greater DVT rates (27%; 42/155) than jugular (11%; 12/111) or subclavian CVCs (9%; 6/64; P P P P = .02). Patients with +DVT had longer length of stay (86 ± 88 days vs 48 ± 48 days, P P = .02). Conclusions Deep venous thrombosis reduction strategies in infants with CVCs include avoiding percutaneous femoral and multilumen CVCs, screening percutaneous lines, and early catheter removal.
Massive color-octet bosons and pairs of resonances at hadron colliders

Abstract We analyze collider signatures of massive color-octet bosons whose couplings to quarks are suppressed. Gauge invariance forces the octets to couple at tree level only in pairs to gluons, with a strength set by the QCD gauge coupling. For a spin-1 octet, the cross section for pair production at hadron colliders is larger than that for a quark of equal mass. The octet decays into two jets, leading to a 4-jet signature with two pairs of jets forming resonances of the same mass. For a spin-0 octet the cross section is smaller, and the dominant decay is into b b ¯ , or t t ¯ if kinematically allowed. We estimate that discovery of spin-1 octets is possible for masses up to 330 GeV at the Tevatron, and 1 TeV at the LHC with 1 fb −1 , while the reach is somewhat lower for spin-0 octets.
Wireless broadcast networks: Reliability, security, and stability

A secure wireless broadcast network model is investigated, in which a source node broadcasts K confidential message flows to N user nodes, with each message intended to be decoded accurately by one user and to be kept secret from all of other users (who are thus considered to be eavesdroppers with regard to all other messages but their own). The source maintains a queue for each message flow if it is not served immediately. The channel from the source to the K users is modelled as a fading broadcast channel, and the channel state information is assumed to be known to all nodes. Two eavesdropping models are considered. For a collaborative eavesdropping model, in which the eavesdroppers exchange their outputs, the secrecy capacity region is obtained, within which each rate vector is achieved by using a time-division scheme and a source power control policy over channel states. A throughput optimal queue length based scheduling algorithm is further derived that stabilizes all arrival rate vectors contained in the secrecy capacity region. At each packet time slot, the queue length vector determines the power control policy over the channel states at the source, and hence determines the secrecy rate allocation among users. For a non-collaborative model, in which eavesdroppers do not exchange their outputs, the time-division scheme provides an achievable secrecy rate region, and the queue length based scheduling algorithm stabilizes all arrival rate vectors in this region.
Future Directions for Health Promotion Program Development in Schools

Many schools will develop health promotion and disease prevention programs during this decade. Because of the rapidly changing nature of these programs, it is helpful to consider the major issues that will have an impact on health promotion program development. These issues include: (1) increased wellness focus; (2) improved database for planning; (3) computerized assessment procedures; (4) prioritized market segments; (5) standardization of service protocols; (6) confluent appraoches; (7) role delination for the school health team; (8) staff development programs; and (9) program evaluation.
Quantification of Mediastinal and Hilar Lymph Node Movement Using Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scan: Implications for Radiation Treatment Planning

Purpose To quantitatively describe mediastinal and hilar lymph node movement in patients with lymph node–positive lung cancer. Methods and Materials Twenty-four patients with lung cancer who underwent four-dimensional computed tomography scanning at Massachusetts General Hospital were included in the study. The maximum extent of superior motion of the superior border was measured, as well as the maximum inferior movement of the inferior border. The average of these two values is defined as the peak-to-peak movement. This process was repeated for mediolateral (ML) and anterior–posterior (AP) movement. Linear regression was used to determine lymph node characteristics associated with peak-to-peak movement. Various uniform expansions were investigated to determine the expansion margins necessary to ensure complete internal target volume (ITV) coverage. Results The mean peak-to-peak displacements of paratracheal lymph nodes were 4 mm (craniocaudal [CC]), 2 mm (ML), and 2 mm (AP). For subcarinal lymph nodes, the mean peak-to-peak movements were 6 mm (CC), 4 mm (ML), and 2 mm (AP). The mean peak-to-peak displacements of hilar lymph nodes were 7 mm (CC), 1 mm (ML), and 4 mm (AP). On multivariate analysis, lymph node station and lymph node size were significantly related to peak-to-peak movement. Expansions of 8 mm for paratracheal nodes and 13 mm for subcarinal and hilar nodes would have been necessary to cover the ITV of 95% of these nodal masses. Conclusions Subcarinal and hilar lymph nodes may move substantially throughout the respiratory cycle. In the absence of patient-specific information on nodal motion, expansions of at least 8 mm, 13 mm, and 13 mm should be considered to cover the ITV of paratracheal, subcarinal, and hilar lymph nodes, respectively.
Controlled synthesis of bilayer graphene on nickel.

We report a uniform and low-defect synthesis of bilayer graphene on evaporated polycrystalline nickel films. We used atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition with ultra-fast substrate cooling after exposure to methane at 1,000°C. The optimized process parameters, i.e., growth time, annealing profile and flow rates of various gases, are reported. By using Raman spectroscopy mapping, the ratio of 2D to G peak intensities (I2D/IG) is in the range of 0.9 to 1.6 over 96% of the 200 μm × 200 μm area. Moreover, the average ratio of D to G peak intensities (ID/IG) is about 0.1.
A data-aware workflow scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous distributed systems

The workflow scheduling problem in heterogeneous distributed systems is hard to solve due to both intermediate data transfer time and the computation time for each task being considered. The heterogeneity of the computing power of distributed computational sites and the bandwidth between them makes the scheduling problem challenging. In this study, we improve a heuristic-based data-aware algorithm to find the optimal scheduling so that the turnaround time of the workflow is minimized. Our improved algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms in both performance and time efficiency in most cases. We also extend our algorithm to solve the co-scheduling problem. In this problem, each task of the workflow can request data from a remote data site before its execution; and also store important intermediate data to a remote data site after the execution. The results show that the turnaround time of the workflow can be shortened significantly using our data-aware algorithm compared to the existing optimal algorithms.
Flip chip on board connection technology: process characterization and reliability

The authors discuss a ultrafine pitch attachment method called Flip Chip on Board (FCOB). This technique is capable of connecting unpackaged integrated circuits directly to organic printed circuit boards (PCBs), accomplishing the ultimate in assembly miniaturization. The process utilizes solder bumped I/O pads on the chips that are bonded to mating solder bumped sites on the board. In order to produce high quality electronic products in volume with FCOB, characterization of the assembly process is essential. Thorough characterization reveals the critical process variables that must be controlled in production, allowing cost-efficient manufacturing to occur. The authors describe the process characterization of FCOB, and demonstrate the compatibility of the technology with conventional surface mount processes. Key failure mechanisms are identified and discussed with respect to the degree of process control required to eliminate them. >
Hybrid slicing: an approach for refining static slices using dynamic information

Program slicing is an effective technique for narrowing the focus of attention to the relevant parts of a program during the debugging process. However, imprecision is a problem in static slices since they are based on all executions that reach a given program point rather than the specific execution under which the program is being debugged. Dynamic slices are precise but require a large amount of run time overhead due to the tracing information that is collected during the program’s execution. We present a general approach for improving the precision and quality of static slices by incorporating dynamic information in static slicing, enabling the computation of hybrid slices. The technique exploits dynamic information that is readily available during debugging, namely breakpoint information and the dynamic call graph. The precision of static slicing is improved in hybrid slicing by more accurately estimating the potential paths taken by the program. The breakpoints and call/return points, used as reference points, divide the execution path into intervals. By associating each statement in the slice with an execution interval, hybrid slicing technique also improves the quality of slicing information.
Measurement of surface roughness effects on conductivity in the terahertz regime with a high-Q quasi optical resonator

Summary form only given. Successful design and engineering of sources and components in the terahertz (THz) regime benefits from good characterization of material properties. Previous research reports have shown that calculations of material parameters that are valid at radio frequencies are no longer accurate at THz frequencies. A high quality factor (Q ~ 4.2>; ; 4χ105 at near-THz frequencies greater than 400 GHz. It is also the first open resonator designed to determine effective conductivity at these frequencies. The measurements of metallic samples with controlled, nano-scale textures will provide insight into how surface roughness alters effective conductivity when the topographical features are on the order of the skin depth. Preliminary results with mechanically polished samples indicate a roughly linear relationship between average roughness, and effective conductivity. The smoothest sample, with an average roughness of 5.5 nanometers, or 4.5% of the skin depth at 400 GHz, has an effective conductivity that is 28% lower than the DC value. In addition to mechanically lapped specimens, additional samples with controlled, microfabricated grating-like structures will be examined with the resonator apparatus. These samples provide geometries that can be modeled with theoretical calculations for comparison purposes. This paper will discuss the techniques that enabled high-Q operation at 400 GHz and 650 GHz. It will also compare the measured relationship between surface roughness and effective conductivity with theoretical predictions.
The Psychotherapy Dose‐Response Effect and Its Implications for Treatment Delivery Services

To date, few studies have been published on the doseresponse relationship, but there is general consensus that between 13 and 18 sessions of therapy are required for 50% of patients to improve. Reviewing the clinical trials literature reveals that in carefully controlled and implemented treatments, between 57.6% and 67.2% of patients improve within an average of 12.7 sessions. Using naturalistic data, however, revealed that the average number of sessions received in a national database of over 6,000 patients was less than five. The rate of improvement in this sample was only about 20%. These results suggest that patients, on average, do not get adequate exposure to psychotherapy, nor do they recover from illness at rates observed in clinical trials research.
Educational Signaling, Credit Constraints and Inequality Dynamics

We present a dynamic OLG model of educational signaling, inequality and mobility with missing credit markets. Agents are characterized by two sources of unobserved heterogeneity: ability and family income, consistent with empirical evidence on returns to schooling. Both quantity and quality of human capital evolve endogenously. The model generates a Kuznets inverted-U pattern in skill premia similar to historical US and UK experience. In the rst (resp. later) phase the skill premium rises (falls), social returns to education exceed (falls below) private returns: under-investment owing to nancial imperfections dominate (are dominated by) over-investment owing to signaling distortions. Public schooling provision which raises mobility by expanding educational opportunity of poor children also enhances eciency by improving matching of children
Modeling the impact of chlorine on the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat meats.

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) continues to pose a food safety hazard in ready-to-eat (RTE) meats due to potential cross-contamination. Chlorine is commonly used to sanitize processing equipment and utensils. However, Lm may survive the treatment and then contaminate food products. The objective of this study was to characterize the behavior of chlorine-exposed Lm on RTE ham during refrigerated storage. A two strain cocktail of Lm serotype 4b was pre-treated with chlorine (0, 25, and 50 ppm) for one hour, and then inoculated onto the surface of RTE ham to obtain an inoculum of about 3.0 log CFU/g. The inoculated ham samples were stored at 4, 8, and 16 °C, and Lm was enumerated periodically during the storage. The growth characteristics (lag time and growth rate) of Lm were estimated using the DMFit software. The results indicated that Lm growth was suppressed by the chlorine treatment. At 4 °C, the lag time of Lm with no (0 ppm) chlorine exposure (4.2 days) was shorter than those exposed to 25 ppm (5.4 days) and 50 ppm (6.8 days). The lag time decreased with the increase of temperature, e.g., at 25 ppm, the lag times were 5.2, 3.8 and 2.6 days for 4, 8 and 16 °C, respectively, and increased with the increase of chlorine concentration, e.g., at 16 °C, the lag times were 1.2, 2.6 and 4.0 days for 0, 25 and 50 ppm, respectively. However, growth rate increased with the increase of temperature and decreased with the increase of chlorine concentration. The lag time and growth rate as a function of chlorine concentration and temperature can be described using a modified Ratkowsky model and a modified Zwietering model, respectively. The results showed that the growth of Lm on RTE ham was delayed by pre-exposure to chlorine (at ≤50 ppm). The predictive models developed will contribute to microbial risk assessments of RTE meats.
Decorrelation of edge plasma turbulence at the transition from low- to high-confinement mode in the DIII–D Tokamak

The modification of turbulence in the edge plasma of the DIII-D tokamak at the transition from the low to the high mode of confinement is investigated with a phase-contrast imaging diagnostic. The amplitude and radial correlation length of the turbulence in the confinement region decrease at the transition, whereas the decorrelation time increases. The transition model of Biglari, Diamond, and Teny [Phys. Fluids B 2 (1990) 1], based on turbulence decorrelation by E x B velocity shear, is quantitatively substantiated by measurements of the theoretical control parameter. Further quantitative predictions of the theory are tested for the first time. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Genetic architecture of voluntary exercise in an advanced intercross line of mice

Exercise is essential for health, yet the amount, duration, and intensity that individuals engage in are strikingly variable, even under prescription. Our focus was to identify the locations and ef...
The ultrasonic diagnosis and evaluation of intrauterine growth restriction

(2001). The ultrasonic diagnosis and evaluation of intrauterine growth restriction. The Ultrasound Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 205-215.
Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research

The volatile political environment that surrounds the issue of “racial profiling” has led local and state police agencies across the nation to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this issue is overwhelmed by the unsupported assumption that all race-based decision making by police officers is motivated by individual police officers' racial prejudice. This article reviews recently published studies on racial profiling and critiques both their methods and conclusions. Using the conceptual framework for police research presented by Bernard and Engel, it reviews a number of theories that may explain racial disparities in the rates of police stops. The authors argue that to explain police behavior better, theoretical models must guide future data collection efforts.
Fullerene derivatives protect against oxidative stress in murine macrophage line cells and ischemia-reperfused lungs.

the article by Ya-Wen Chen et al. (1) in this issue of the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology represents an experimental model that should be used when possible to determine whether similar mechanisms cause damage in monolayers of endothelial and
An application-independent multilevel fast multipole code for the analysis of curvilinear surfaces with wire attachment

The multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) has been shown to provide substantial improvement over traditional method of moments (MOM) in the analysis of interconnections of linear surfaces and wires. In order to reduce the number of unknowns involved in modeling surface and wire structures with a high degree of curvature, the curvilinear RWG basis and the curvilinear wire basis are applied to expand the current distribution on curved surfaces and wires. The techniques for singularity extraction proposed by Champagne, Williams and Wilton (1992) are extended for the curvilinear RWG basis. In the present work, the original MLFMA code is modified to be an application-independent library similar to ScaleME. The aim is to hide the details of MLFMA implementation and let users exploit the power of MLFMA through a simple interface. For users who have a general MOM code with arbitrary basis functions, they only have to write support functions for computing the impedance matrix elements and radiation and receiving patterns of each basis function. Then, they can call the functions in the MLFMA library to setup MLFMA-related parameters and to accelerate the matrix-vector multiplication with the freedom of using any iterative matrix solver.
Filamin A–β1 Integrin Complex Tunes Epithelial Cell Response to Matrix Tension

The physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulate the behavior of several cell types; yet, mechanisms by which cells recognize and respond to changes in these properties are not clear. For example, breast epithelial cells undergo ductal morphogenesis only when cultured in a compliant collagen matrix, but not when the tension of the matrix is increased by loading collagen gels or by increasing collagen density. We report that the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNa) is necessary for cells to contract collagen gels, and pull on collagen fibrils, which leads to collagen remodeling and morphogenesis in compliant, low-density gels. In stiffer, high-density gels, cells are not able to contract and remodel the matrix, and morphogenesis does not occur. However, increased FLNa-β1 integrin interactions rescue gel contraction and remodeling in high-density gels, resulting in branching morphogenesis. These results suggest morphogenesis can be “tuned” by the balance between cell-generated contractility and opposing matrix stiffness. Our findings support a role for FLNa-β1 integrin as a mechanosensitive complex that bidirectionally senses the tension of the matrix and, in turn, regulates cellular contractility and response to this matrix tension.
Electrical potential difference measurements in perfused single proximal tubules of Necturus kidney.

Transtubular and peritubular face electrical potential differences (P.D.) of the proximal tubules of the kidney of the amphibian Necturus maculosus have been measured in situ. These measurements have been carried out both under normal conditions, when the tubular fluid originates in the glomerular filtrate, and under conditions when the composition of the tubular fluid has been altered using the stopped flow microperfusion technique. Under normal conditions the transtubular potential difference is 20 mv. (lumen-negative) and the P.D. across the peritubular face is 74 mv. (cell-negative). The P.D. across the luminal face is thus 54 mv. (cell-negative). This electrical asymmetry is not influenced by replacing the normal tubular fluid by NaCl, NaCl + mannitol, or by alteration in the intraluminal pH from 7 to 4. On the other hand, replacement of Na by K or choline and the addition of small amounts of DNP to the perfusate diminish this asymmetry.
Dosimetric impact of target definitions on normal structures in head and neck cancer.

Background and Purpose Previous work by our group suggests smaller target volumes may result in equivalent locoregional control for head and neck cancer. We evaluated whether smaller target volumes may also result in improved normal tissue sparing.
Changing Relationships between Men and Women: A Note on the Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide

Using a rich data set for St. Louis, this article documents a substantial decline in intimate partner homicide over the past 25 years, compares intimate partner events with other types of homicide, and explores the relationship between changes over time in the level and type of intimate partner homicide and the living arrangements of men and women. The author finds that much of the decrease in partner homicide is a function of the declining rate of marriage and that, in certain key respects, homicides involving unmarried couples more closely resemble acquaintance homicides than spousal homicides. Finally, the author proposes that some of the broad social changes involving marriage and family that have contributed to the decline in intimate partner homicide may be deeply implicated in the dramatic rise in youth violence over the past 10 years.
A method of estimating the numbers of human and mouse immunoglobulin V-genes.

Mutations in immunoglobulin V-genes can be due to gene multiplication, allelic variations, mutations induced by antigens or somatic mutations, etc., and various combinations of these. Since the number of different mouse lambda light V-gene nucleotide sequences is relatively small, a pairwise comparison between these sequences can provide a rough idea as to the contributions of the above mechanisms to the number of nucleotide differences between sequences. A plot of occurrences against the number of differences suggests that differences between one to five can be attributed to somatic mutations. Six to 12 differences can be allelic. Thirteen to 17 may be due to allelic variations together with somatic mutations. Differences >17 appear to be derived from gene multiplication. Although these numbers are most likely somewhat different in humans, they can nevertheless provide a rough guide to sort out the effect of gene multiplication. Estimations of human heavy, kappa and lambda light chain immunoglobulin V-genes are in reasonably good agreement with recent experimental studies. For mouse kappa light and heavy chains, our estimations can provide some insight to future analyses by direct sequencing of these gene segments.
Efferent Feedback Slows Cochlear Aging

The inner ear receives two types of efferent feedback from the brainstem: one pathway provides gain control on outer hair cells' contribution to cochlear amplification, and the other modulates the excitability of the cochlear nerve. Although efferent feedback can protect hair cells from acoustic injury and thereby minimize noise-induced permanent threshold shifts, most prior studies focused on high-intensity exposures (>100 dB SPL). Here, we show that efferents are essential for long-term maintenance of cochlear function in mice aged 1 year post-de-efferentation without purposeful acoustic overexposure. Cochlear de-efferentation was achieved by surgical lesion of efferent pathways in the brainstem and was assessed by quantitative analysis of immunostained efferent terminals in outer and inner hair cell areas. The resultant loss of efferent feedback accelerated the age-related amplitude reduction in cochlear neural responses, as seen in auditory brainstem responses, and increased the loss of synapses between hair cells and the terminals of cochlear nerve fibers, as seen in confocal analysis of the organ of Corti immunostained for presynaptic and postsynaptic markers. This type of neuropathy, also seen after moderate noise exposure, has been termed “hidden hearing loss”, because it does not affect thresholds, but can be seen in the suprathreshold amplitudes of cochlear neural responses, and likely causes problems with hearing in a noisy environment, a classic symptom of age-related hearing loss in humans. Since efferent reflex strength varies among individuals and can be measured noninvasively, a weak reflex may be an important risk factor, and prognostic indicator, for age-related hearing impairment.
Use of the Transformative Framework in Mixed Methods Studies.

A concern exists that mixed methods studies do not contain advocacy stances. Preliminary evidence suggests that this is not the case, but to address this issue in more depth the authors examined 13 mixed methods studies that contained an advocacy, transformative lens. Such a lens consisted of incorporating intent to advocate for an improvement in human interests and society through addressing issues of power and social relationships. Included for review were 10 criteria for a transformative study and rigorous procedures for mixed methods research. The findings of this study suggested that several transformative criteria are being used in published mixed methods studies but that some are underutilized. This analysis helped advance eight key elements that authors might use for incorporating a transformative lens into a mixed methods study.
Surviving wartime emancipation: African Americans and the cost of Civil War.

The U.S. Civil War chained slave emancipation to war's violence, destruction and deprivation. The resulting health crisis, including illness, injury, and trauma, had immediate and lasting consequences. This essay explores the impact of ideas about race on the U.S. military's health care provisions and treatment of former slaves, both civilians and soldiers. Language: en
Substrate-Induced Conformational Changes in Escherichia coli Taurine/alpha-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase and Insight Into the Oligomeric Structure

The enzymes in the alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) dependent dioxygenase superfamily represent the largest class of non-heme iron oxidases and have important medical, ecological, and biotechnological roles. One such enzyme, taurine/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase (TauD), catalyzes the conversion of 2-aminoethanesulfonate (taurine) to sulfite and aminoacetaldehyde while decomposing alphaKG to succinate and CO(2). This alphaKG dependent dioxygenase is expressed in Escherichia coli under sulfur starvation conditions and allows the cell to utilize taurine, and other similar sulfonates in the environment, as an alternative sulfur source. In this work, we report the structures of the apo and holo forms of TauD to 1.9 A resolution (R(cryst) = 21.2%, R(free) = 24.9%) and 2.5 A resolution (R(cryst) = 22.5%, R(free) = 27.8%), respectively. The models reported herein provide significant new insight into the substrate orientations at the active site and the conformational changes that are induced upon taurine binding. Furthermore, analysis of our crystallographic data coupled with reanalysis of the crystallographic model (resolution = 3.0 A, R(cryst) = 28.1, R(free) = 32.0) presented by Elkins et al. (Biochemistry (2002) 41, 5185-5192) reveals an alternative oligomeric arrangement for the enzyme that is consistent with the conserved primary and secondary structure elements of other alphaKG dependent dioxygenases.
The diurnal variation in urine acidification differs between normal individuals and uric acid stone formers.

Many biological functions follow circadian rhythms driven by internal and external cues that synchronize and coordinate organ physiology to diurnal changes in the environment and behavior. Urinary acid–base parameters follow diurnal patterns and it is thought these changes are due to periodic surges in gastric acid secretion. Abnormal urine pH is a risk factor for specific types of nephrolithiasis and uric acid stones result from excessively low urine pH. Here we placed 9 healthy volunteers and 10 uric acid stone formers on fixed metabolic diets to study the diurnal pattern of urinary acidification. All showed clear diurnal trends in urinary acidification, but none of the patterns were affected by inhibitors of the gastric proton pump. Uric acid stone formers had similar patterns of change throughout the day but their urine pH was always lower compared to healthy volunteers. Uric acid stone formers excreted more acid (normalized to acid ingestion), with the excess excreted primarily as titratable acid rather than ammonium. Urine base excretion was also lower in uric acid stone formers (normalized to base ingestion), along with lower plasma bicarbonate concentrations during part of the day. Thus, increased net acid presentation to the kidney and the preferential use of buffers, other than ammonium, result in much higher concentrations of undissociated uric acid throughout the day and consequently an increased risk of uric acid stones.
Civil Rights and American Values – Understanding the Legacy of Senator Henry M. Jackson, and its Relationship to the Emergence of Disability Human Rights

Despite his powerful influence in the U.S. Senate during the pivotal years of The Civil Rights Movement and The Cold War, Senator Henry M. Jackson’s position on equality and civil rights is largely unknown. Miller describes Senator Jackson’s approach to civil rights as shaped fundamentally by his anti-Communist agenda. This agenda recognized that social justice could triumph only in a democracy in which respect for human dignity was at its core. Using this framework, Miller connects the emergence of disability human rights to the values espoused by Senator Jackson.
IMPORTANCE OF STRESS PERFUSION AND DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN PREDICTING OUTCOME OF CONTEMPORARY END STAGE LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS UNDERGOING TRANSPLANTATION

Structural and electrical cardiac abnormalities are being recognized with increasing frequency in end stage liver disease (ESLD) patients, including both occult coronary artery disease (CAD) and diastolic function abnormalities that may complicate liver transplantation recovery. A dobutamine stress
Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus infection models in a series of pediatric carriers from a developing country

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a B lymphotropic human herpesvirus. Two models, germinal center (GC) and direct infection, describe how EBV infects B-cells. Since in Argentina primary infection is mostly subclinical at young ages, children represent an interesting population where to analyze EBV infection, especially considering that most studies are usually performed in adults. Tonsil biopsies from pediatric carriers were studied to describe infection characteristics. EBV+ lymphocytes at the interfollicular region were mainly observed. Latency III pattern in subepithelial (SubEp) lymphocytes was observed at young ages, probably indicating a recent infection. In older patients EBV was mostly detected in epithelial cells, suggesting that they could have been infected some time ago. This finding was sustained by tonsillar viral load, which was higher in cases with LMP1+SubEp cells vs. LMP1+nonSubEp cells (p = 0.0237, Mann-Whiney test). Latency III was prevalent and related to the GC, while latency II was associated with non-GC (p = 0.0159, χ2 test). EBERs+/IgD+ cells were statistically prevalent over EBERs+/CD27+ cells (p = 0.0021, χ2 test). These findings indicated that both EBV infection models are not mutually exclusive and provide some basis for further understanding of EBV infection dynamics. Moreover, we provide a more accurate explanation of EBV infection in pediatric asymptomatic carriers from a developing country.
Differential heart-rate conditioning in the rabbit: Failure to find a specific pre-US response

Differential heart-rate conditioning was studied in rabbit Ss under three conditions of delay (.5, 5, and 10 sec). Significant differential conditioning (CR = deceleration) occurred in the.5-sec condition, to a greater degree in the 5-sec condition, and failed to develop in the 10-sec condition. Of primary interest was the failure to observe the development of a pre-US response separate from the deceleration triggered by the CS, a result required by the assumption of pre-US responding mediated by verbal mechanisms.
CNF Reinforced Multiscale Composites

Given the advantages of utilizing CNFs in polymers for improvement in mechanical properties, current research has progressed to the reinforcement of composites with three or more phases in order to elicit specified composite property enhancements and support tailorability and multifunctionality within composite systems. Since there are several possible categories in which to classify such composites, the following sections will focus on two types of composites that have been prominent in the literature: (1) particle reinforced composites with CNFs and (2) continuous fiber composite laminates with CNFs. In this chapter, the processing methods used to enhance the mechanical properties of the composite are discussed first, and then the studies involving composites containing polymer matrices, CNFs, and additional phases are reviewed.
Understanding materials microstructure and behavior at the mesoscale

Taking the mesoscale to mean length and time scales at which a material’s behavior is too complex to be understood by construction from the atomistic scale, we focus on three-dimensional characterization and modeling of mesoscale responses of polycrystals to thermal and mechanical loading. Both elastic and plastic internal structural responses are now accessible via high-energy x-ray probes. The combination of diffraction experiments and computed tomography, for example, is yielding new insights into how void formation correlates with microstructural features such as grain boundaries and higher-order junctions. The resulting large, combined data sets allow for validation of micromechanical and thermal simulations. As detectors improve in resolution, quantum efficiency, and speed of readout, data rates and data volumes present computational challenges. Spatial resolutions approach one micrometer, while data sets span a cubic millimeter. Examples are given of applications to tensile deformation of copper, grain growth in nickel and titanium, and fatigue cracks in superalloys.
Arabinoxylan content of commercial beers

Fifteen commercial beers representing four product categories were screened for arabinoxylan and β-glucan content. Significant differences (P< 0.05) in the levels both of arabinoxylans and β-glucan...
Recent Advances in HRMS Analysis of Pesticide Residues Using Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography and Ion Mobility

Use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) Q-TOF systems is discussed in this chapter, focusing on the innovative approaches of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) and ion mobility separations (IMSs). Because of wide ranges of chemical/physical properties, pesticide coverage on HRMS systems is improved by introducing atmospheric pressure ion sources suitable for both liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) inlets. An atmospheric pressure source enables relatively rapid switching with minimal hardware change or loss of vacuum, in addition to offering less in-source fragmentation than traditional GC–electron ionization (EI). Additionally, as the use of nontargeted screening relies on comprehensive sample coverage (i.e., generalized sample preparation and full spectral acquisition), instrumental techniques that both increase peak capacity of an analysis and improve mass separations greatly enhance identification capabilities. The implementation of both APGC and IMS to pesticide analyses addresses these aforementioned considerations and more, and their history, development, theory, and practical use are described.
RAYMAN, Paula M., BEYOND THE BOTTOM LINE; The Search for Dignity at Work

RAYMAN, Paula M., BEYOND THE BOTTOM LINE; The Search for Dignity at Work. New York, NY: Palgrave (St. Martin's Press), 2001, 220pp., $ 26.95 hardcover. "Can you work and have a life?" Paula Rayman addresses this question in her book, which looks not only at the search for dignity at work but also at home and in the community. In the literature on work/family, the answer that seems to be emerging from the cumulative evidence is a negative one, especially for women. For example, in Hochschild's widely read studies, she has found that women do most of the work at home on top of full time paid work (1989), and that for mothers work becomes more fulfilling than home where life is a constant drudgery (1997). Rayman picks up on a thread that has been largely missing from the study of work/ family and gender-that of larger community concerns as part of family life. She finds that women are the ones to form and maintain relationships that tie together work, family and community. Rayman's thesis is that dignity at work rests on three pillars: earning a decent living, maintaining one's self-respect, and having a sense of social responsibility (this is where the community comes in). The author provides examples from the biotechnology and banking industries to show how workers gain dignity by providing for their families, by being treated respectfully by their employers (such as being allowed flexible hours to meet family and community responsibilities), and by having their work mean something for the greater good. The book is well organized; Rayman follows through on her thesis with relevant examples and policy implications of research findings. I would like to have seen more detailed discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the data used in the biotechnology and banking examples, however. Because companies only from Massachusetts were studied, I wondered if this selection might have affected the results. Perhaps families who live in the greater Boston area are more involved with community organizations, while American families living in other regions may spend more of their time outside of work and home with religious groups. Some discussion of how the location of the data collection may have affected findings would have been useful. Also, an appendix with details on research methods, interview schedules, sampling issues, and so forth would have been appreciated. To be fair, Rayman does provide references to more academic presentation of these research projects (e.g., Bailyn et al. 1998). Rayman's focus is the United States because of her primary data, but she is careful to compare her perspective to research from other countries, and to consider the effect of the globalization of the world economy on prospects for dignity for working families. A general criticism of the work/family literature that I have is the common lack of a broader industry and organizational level perspective. …
Introduction: Critical Agrarian Studies in Theory and Practice

In this introductory article we argue for renewed attention to life and labor on and of the land—or what we call the field of Critical Agrarian Studies. Empirically rich and theoretically rigorous studies of humanity's relationship to “soil” remain essential not just for historical analysis but for understanding urgent contemporary crises, including widespread food insecurity, climate change, the proliferation of environmental refugees, growing corporate power and threats to biodiversity. The article introduces an innovative and varied collection of works in Critical Agrarian Studies and also examines the intellectual and political history of this broader field.
Orchestrating network control functions via comprehensive trade-off exploration

SDN orchestration, the problem of integrating and deploying multiple network control functions (NCFs) while minimizing suboptimal network states that can result from competing NCF objectives, is a challenging open problem. In this work, we formulate SDN orchestration as a multiobjective optimization problem, and present an evolutionary approach designed to explore the NCF tradeoff space comprehensively and avoid local optima. For an instance of the VM allocation problem subject to three independent NCFs optimizing network survivability, bandwidth efficiency, and power consumption, respectively, we demonstrate that our approach can enumerate a wider range of, and potentially better solutions than current orchestrators, for data centers with 100s of switches, 1,000s of servers, and 10,000s of VM slots.