cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal and nonthermal processing of apple cider: storage quality under equivalent process conditions

ABSTRACT Three processing techniques: heat, pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultraviolet (UV) light were optimized to achieve a similar 6 log reduction of inoculated Escherichia coli K12 in apple cider. Microbial populations (total aerobic and yeast and mold), sensory, color and physical properties (pH and°Brix) of processed apple cider were investigated during 4-week storage at 4C. PEF and thermally processed cider maintained good microbial quality during 4 weeks of storage while UV-treated cider showed a significant (P < 0.05) growth in yeast and mold after 2 weeks of storage. As a result,°Brix value decreased significantly (P < 0.05) for UV cider after 4 weeks of storage. Apple cider pH was neither affected by any treatment nor by storage. Thermal and UV-pasteurized ciders faded significantly (P < 0.05) during storage (International Commission on Illumination L*[lightness] and b*[yellow] values increased) compared to PEF cider. Triangle sensory analysis indicated a significant difference (P < 0.05) in aroma between treatments. PEF-treated cider was preferred over thermal and UV cider by sensory panelists at the end of the storage period. The results suggested that PEF-treated apple cider had a longer shelf life than UV-treated cider and a better aroma and color than thermally processed sample. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Nonthermal processes like pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultraviolet (UV) light are developed as alternative pasteurization technologies to heat for their efficacy to extend shelf life and enhance the safety of fresh juice while preserving organoleptic and nutritional qualities. For fair comparison of the effects on quality of juice, both thermal and nonthermal processes must achieve equivalent reduction in microorganism levels. In the present study, the effect of PEF, UV and thermal techniques on apple cider quality are compared at conditions optimized to achieve equivalent 6 log reductions in Escherichia coli. Our results showed that PEF extended the shelf-life of apple cider by inactivating spoilage microorganisms compared to UV processing, and better preserved the freshness (aroma and color) over traditional thermal processing. Based on these results, PEF process is the best choice among the three technologies studied.
Letter by Aldasouqi and Abela Regarding Article, “Prognostic Value of Fasting Versus Nonfasting Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels on Long-Term Mortality: Insight From the National Health and Nutrition Survey III (NHANES-III)”

We read with interest the recent study by Doran et al1 that underscores the prognostic value of nonfasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This is the first such study representing the general US population (the National Health and Nutrition Survey III [NHANES III] cohort). Although the traditional practice is to measure low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the fasting state, it appears that fasting may become unnecessary for lipid testing in the majority of patients, as proposed by Sidhu and Naugler,2 whose study represented the population of Calgary, AB, Canada. Furthermore, recent studies from other populations have demonstrated the superiority of nonfasting over fasting lipid levels (especially triglycerides) in the prediction of cardiovascular outcomes, as reviewed by …
Effect of Shift-Down and Growth Inhibition on Phospholipid Metabolism of Escherichia coli

The metabolism of phospholipids of Escherichia coli was studied under conditions which inhibit various metabolic processes. Phospholipid synthesis and turnover were not inhibited by growth-inhibitory amounts of various antibiotics. Turnover of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was inhibited by small amounts of dinitrophenol and by anaerobiosis. Turnover of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which is not detected in control cultures, was demonstrated under conditions of incipient lysis. When cells were shifted down from a rich to a poor medium, PE synthesis was inhibited, and incorporation of glycerol into the distal position of PG was stimulated. Under these conditions, turnover of the phosphate and the acylated glycerol moieties of PG was inhibited. Increased synthesis of PE was detected when filamentous cells were induced to make septa. The results indicate that PE synthesis is related to growth and cell division, whereas PG metabolism is related to other cell processes.
Case report: proximal tubule impairment following volatile anesthetic exposure

The safety of contemporary volatile anesthetic agents with respect to kidney function is well established, and growing evidence suggests that volatile anesthetics even protect against ischemic nephropathy. However, studies examining effects of volatile anesthetics on kidney function frequently demonstrate transient proteinuria and glycosuria following exposure to these agents, although the cause of these findings has not been thoroughly examined. We describe the case of a patient who underwent a neurosurgical procedure, then experienced glycosuria without hyperglycemia that resolved within days. Following a second neurosurgical procedure, the patient again developed glycosuria, now associated with ketonuria. Further examination demonstrated nonalbuminuric proteinuria in conjunction with urinary wasting of phosphate and potassium, indicative of proximal tubule impairment. We suggest that transient proximal tubule impairment may play a role in the proteinuria and glycosuria described following volatile anesthetic exposure and discuss the relationship between these observations and the ability of these agents to protect against ischemic nephropathy.
Picosecond vibrational cooling in mixed molecular crystals studied with a new coherent raman scattering technique

Abstract We demonstrate the pump-induced coherent Stokes Raman scattering (CSRS) technique by measuring vibrational cooling in low temperature crystals of pentacene in naphthalene following excitation of a vibration 747 cm−1 above the S1 origin. Using picosecond photon echoes and a two-color pump-probe technique, we find that the initial state decays in 33 ps, and reappears at the origin 25 ps later. We show that pump-induced CSRS simultaneously measures the decay from the initial state and reappearance at the origin. This technique has many of the advantages of conventional coherent Raman (e.g. intense coherent signals), but is a direct measure of the population dynamics in the initial and final states.
Theory of chronopotentiometry at cylindrical electrodes for all values of diffusion coefficient, transition time and electrode radius

Summary The theory of chronopotentiometry at cylindrical electrodes has been extended to include large values of the parameter θ (θ= D 1/2 τ 1/2 / r 0 ). Satisfactory agreement was found between the theory and previously published data for the reduction of hydrogen ion.
Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Curved Duct at High Rotation and Density Ratios

Prediction of flow field and heat transfer of high rotation numbers and density ratio flow in a square internal cooling channels of turbine blades with U-turn as tested by Wagner et. al (1991) is the main focus of this study. Rotation, buoyancy and strong curvature affect the flow within these channels. Due to the fact that RSM turbulence model can respond to the effects of rotation, streamline curvature and anisotropy without the need for explicit modeling, it is employed for this study as it showed improved prediction compared to isotropic two-equation models. The near wall region was modeled using enhanced wall treatment approach. RSM was validated against available experimental data (which are primarily at low rotation and buoyancy numbers). The model was then used for cases with high rotation numbers (as much as 1.29) and high-density ratios (up to 0.4). Particular attention is given to how secondary flow, velocity and temperature profiles, turbulence intensity and Nusselt number area affected by coriolis and buoyancy/centrifugal forces caused by high levels of rotation and buoyancy in the immediate vicinity of the bend. The results showed that 4-side-average Nu, similar to low Ro cases, increases linearly by increasing rotation number and, unlike low Ro cases, decreases slightly by increasing density ratio.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Bacterial feeding by the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus: Clearance and ingestion rates, behavior and population dynamics.

The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus is capable of collecting and ingesting cells or short chains of a laboratory-grown bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes. Clearance rate, the volume of water effectively processed animal -1h-1, does not vary systematically with bacterial density between 0.01 and 100 μg dry weight ml-1. Consequently, ingestion rates are strongly density-dependent, reaching maximal values at the highest food densities tested. Bacterial feeding rates are consistently lower than those determined with larger food types, except in very dense cell suspensions. A. aerogenes in high concentration (100 μg ml-1) induces Brachionus to orient their pseudotrochal cirri to form screens over the buccal funnel; this behavior is at least four times less frequently observed at low (10 μg ml-1) food density. Despite its occurrence, pseudotrochal screening appears ineffective in regulating bacterial ingestion rate. B. calyciflorus can be cultured xenically for greater than 40 generations fed A. aerogenes alone, with no diminution in net reproductive rate or intrinsic rate of natural increase, and no lengthening in cohort generation time.
Non-stationary linear restoration of noisy images

The restoration of images degraded by an additive white noise is performed by non-stationary filtering the noisy image. The standard Wiener approach to this problem is modified to take into account the edge information of the image. Various filters of increasing complexity are derived. Experimental results are shown and compared to the standard Wiener filter results and other earlier attempts involving non-stationary filters.
Photoetching anisotropy of heavily doped Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces

Abstract Understanding the fundamental features of anisotropic microetching on a molecular scale is required to clarify the major mechanisms defining the surface morphology of micropattering. Static and dynamic measurements determine the variables which distinguish the balance between kinetic and equilibrium contributions controlling the surface microstructure. Attention is directed here specifically towards the steady state surface chemistry of highly doped silicon and the subsequent photoetching characteristics using above bandgap ultraviolet excitation.
Identification of fifteen neighboring protein pairs in the Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit crosslinked with 2-iminothiolane

Abstract The 50 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli was allowed to react with 2-iminothiolane under conditions in which amidine-linked sulfhydryl derivatives were formed between lysine ϵ-amino groups in ribosomal proteins and the heterocyclic thioimidate. Crosslinking between sulfhydryl groups close enough to form intermolecular disulfide bonds was promoted by oxidation of the modified ribosomal subunits. Disulfide-linked dimers were partially purified by extraction of the oxidized subunits with lithium chloride and electrophoresis of the salt-extracted fractions in polyacrylamide/urea gels at pH 5.5. Crosslinked protein dimers were separated by polyacrylamide/sodium dodecyl sulfate diagonal gel electrophoresis. Fifteen protein dimers were identified. Many of them involve proteins implicated in functional sites of the 50 S subunit and in ribosome assembly. The crosslinking results show the proximity of many of these proteins at these active centers, and extend the neighborhood by demonstrating the presence of additional proteins.
A large-scale model of the locust antennal lobe.

The antennal lobe (AL) is the primary structure within the locust’s brain that receives information from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) within the antennae. Different odors activate distinct subsets of ORNs, implying that neuronal signals at the level of the antennae encode odors combinatorially. Within the AL, however, different odors produce signals with long-lasting dynamic transients carried by overlapping neural ensembles, suggesting a more complex coding scheme. In this work we use a large-scale point neuron model of the locust AL to investigate this shift in stimulus encoding and potential consequences for odor discrimination. Consistent with experiment, our model produces stimulus-sensitive, dynamically evolving populations of active AL neurons. Our model relies critically on the persistence time-scale associated with ORN input to the AL, sparse connectivity among projection neurons, and a synaptic slow inhibitory mechanism. Collectively, these architectural features can generate network odor representations of considerably higher dimension than would be generated by a direct feed-forward representation of stimulus space.
Configuration interation calculations of structures, vibrational frequencies, and heats of formation for HHNO species

Abstract We have used ab initio Hartee—Fock (HF) and configuration interaction (CI) methods to determine the structure, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and heats of formation for several stationary points on the potential energy surface of HHNO. All structures were fully optimized and vibrational frequencies determined at the frozen-core singles and doubles CI level (CISD) using a correlation consistent basis set with polarization functions. Using isogyric energy comparisons and single-point CISD energy calculations incorporating contracted Gaussian basis sets as large as (5s4p2d1f) on nitrogen and oxygen and (4s2p1d) on hydrogen, we predict the following: Δ H 298 f (H 2 NO( 2 A′))=16.2 kcal/mol, Δ H 298 f (H 2 NO( 2 A″))=47.1 kcal/mol,Δ H 298 f (cis-HNOH)=27.3 kcal/mol, Δ H 298 f (trans-HNOH)=22.0 kcal/mol.
A Visit to a Rural Preschool in China.

During a visit to a rural kindergarten (preschool) in China, children were observed in activities that integrated their learning with the lives of their families and their village, focusing on different types of plants being grown and harvested in the fields. Although many aspects of the program do not meet standards used in developed countries, the ability of the teacher to plan and conduct large group activities was admirable and the children displayed many positive behaviors.
Exploring protein-ligand recognition with Binding MOAD.

Abstract We have recently announced the largest database of protein–ligand complexes, Binding MOAD (Mother of All Databases). After the August 2004 update, Binding MOAD contains 6816 complexes. There are 2220 protein families and 3316 unique ligands. After searching 6000+ crystallography papers, we have obtained binding data for 1793 (27%) of the complexes. We have also created a non-redundant set of complexes with only one complex from each protein family; in that set, 630 (28%) of the unique complexes have binding data. Here, we present information about the data provided at the Binding MOAD website. We also present the results of mining Binding MOAD to map the degree of solvent exposure for binding sites. We have determined that most cavities and ligands (70–85%) are well buried in the complexes. This fits with the common paradigm that a large degree of contact between the ligand and protein is significant in molecular recognition. GoCAV and the GoCAVviewer are the tools we created for this study. To share our data and make our online dataset more useful to other research groups, we have integrated the viewer into the Binding MOAD website ( www.BindingMOAD.org ).
Low-energy D-wave effects in neutral pion photoproduction

Abstract The contribution of D waves to physical observables for neutral pion photoproduction in the near threshold region is studied. Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory to one loop, and up to O ( q 4 ) , is used to account for the S and P waves, while D waves are added in an almost model-independent way using standard Born terms and vector mesons. It is found that the inclusion of D waves is necessary to extract the E 0 + multipole reliably from present and forthcoming data and to assess the low-energy constants of Chiral Perturbation Theory. Arguments are presented demonstrating that F-wave contributions are negligible in the near-threshold region.
Examining the Relations of Infant Temperament and Couples’ Marital Satisfaction to Mother and Father Involvement: A Longitudinal Study

The relations of infant temperament and parents' marital satisfaction to mother and father involvement in early (T1, approximately 7 months, n = 142) and later (T2, approximately 14 months, n = 95) infancy were examined. At each assessment point, mothers and fathers completed daily diaries together to measure their involvement over four days (i.e., 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days), each partner reported on marital satisfaction, and mothers reported on infants' temperament. Structural equation models indicated that when infants were more temperamentally regulated, parents were more satisfied in their marital relationships. Parents' marital satisfaction mediated the association between more regulated infant temperament and greater mother involvement at T1 (but not at T2) and father involvement at T2 (but not at T1). The findings are discussed in terms of the implications of infant temperament and family relationships for parental involvement.
Seasonal Sediment and Nutrient Transport Patterns

It is essential to understand sediment and nutrient sources and their spatial and temporal patterns to design effective mitigation strategies. However, long-term data sets to determine sediment and nutrient loadings are scarce and expensive to collect. The goal of this study was to determine seasonal patterns of suspended sediment (SS), total N (TN), and total P (TP) concentrations and loadings for three USGS gauge sites located at the Fort Cobb Reservoir Experimental watershed (FCREW) located in southwestern Oklahoma. Measured instantaneous discharge, SS, TN, and TP concentration data were used to develop lognormal water quality-discharge relationships. The water quality-discharge relationships were used to generate estimated seasonal concentrations and loads based on hourly or 30-min interval discharge. The estimated concentrations and loads were used to determine seasonal patterns for SS, TN, and TP relative to the respective state water quality criteria. Decreasing and increasing monotonic trends were observed for the seasonal time series loads for all three sites, but they were insignificant based on the Spearman test (α = 0.05). The largest loads were estimated during the wet springs and summers. The study SS, TN, and TP target concentrations were exceeded in one season or another. The study results showed that the priority locations to implement the TN and TP conservation practices were the Lake Creek and Willow Creek subwatersheds during the winter and spring seasons. Common practices to mitigate nutrients and suspended sediments include nutrient management, no-till, conversion of cultivated land to pasture, riparian buffers, and animal exclusion.
The topology and regulation of cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling in yeast

The signature mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin plays an important role in mitochondrial function, and alterations in cardiolipin metabolism are associated with human disease. Topologically, cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling are complex. Precursor phospholipids must be transported from the ER, across the mitochondrial outer membrane to the matrix-facing leaflet of the inner membrane, where cardiolipin biosynthesis commences. Post-synthesis, cardiolipin undergoes acyl chain remodeling, requiring additional trafficking steps, before it achieves its final distribution within both mitochondrial membranes. This process is regulated at several points via multiple independent mechanisms. Here, we review the regulation and topology of cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although cardiolipin metabolism is more complicated in mammals, yeast have been an invaluable model for dissecting the steps required for this process.
Overexpression of fetuin-a counteracts ectopic mineralization in a mouse model of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (abcc6(-/-)).

The pathologic hallmark of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is ectopic mineralization of soft connective tissues. Recent studies have suggested that PXE is a metabolic disease, and perturbations in a number of circulatory factors have been postulated. One of them is fetuin-A, a 60-kDa glycoprotein synthesized in the liver and secreted into blood. Observations in targeted mutant mice ( Ahsg −/− ) and in cell culture model systems have shown that fetuin-A is a powerful anti-mineralization factor in circulation, and the serum levels of fetuin-A in patients with PXE as well as in a mouse model of PXE ( Abcc6 −/− ) have been shown to be reduced by up to 30%. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of fetuin-A in Abcc6 −/− mice counteracts the ectopic mineralization. Delivery of an expression construct containing full-length mouse fetuin-A complementary DNA (cDNA), linked to a His-tag, to the liver of these mice resulted in elevated serum levels of this protein. As a consequence, soft tissue mineralization, which is a characteristic of Abcc6 −/− mice, was reduced by ∼70% at 12 weeks of age, but the effect was transient when examined 4 weeks later. The results suggest that normalization of serum fetuin-A, either through gene therapy approaches or by direct protein delivery to the circulation, may offer strategies for treating PXE and perhaps other heritable disorders of soft tissue mineralization.
A small-scale sulfate-reducing bioreactor for manganese removal from a synthetic mine drainage.

This research evaluated the efficiency of a mesocosm scale bioreactor to remove Mn from a synthetic mine drainage in the presence of selected organic and inorganic substrate combinations that could enhance sulfate reduction and induce Mn sulfide precipitation. The mine drainage tested was slightly acidic (pH 6.2) and had average Mn and SO4 concentrations of 90 and 1,500 mg/L, respectively. The substrates used were creek sediment amended with either wood mulch or a wood mulch and biosolid mixture. Greater than 90% of Mn and 70% of sulfate was removed over a 65-day test period. The results suggested multiple Mn removal mechanisms including sorption, complexation, and Mn sulfide, Mn oxide, and/or Mn carbonate precipitation.
Modeling behavior with attribute disparity: implicit relationships between attribute magnitudes and aggregated behavior

This article uses two measures of disparity, relative and absolute distance, to show that operationalizations of attribute disparity are logically linked to attribute magnitudes and monadic behavior. This existing integration of both explanatory devices and cases for analysis that have been incorrectly portrayed as competitors has a number of implications. Discussed consequences include the use of monadic patterns as empirical screening devices for dyadic models and the need for new uses of attributes in the dyad so that the dyadic model has appropriate inherent monadic assumptions.
Cystic disease of the lung.

1)An epithelial lining membrane is the common characteristic that binds together the apparently diversified conditions included under the term "Cystic disease of the lung." 2)As a result of the epithelial lining membrane the pulmonary cyst, whether congenital or acquired, presents definite symptom patterns, and runs a mild course when infected. 3)Because pulmonary cysts have an epithelial lining membrane, extirpation is the treatment of choice.
Query evaluation management. Design and prototype implementation

Abstract The increasing customer orientation of information technology applications has resulted in a stronger emphasis on providing query evaluation services to the user community. Applications in electronic markets, data warehousing and decision support systems arenas function in highly dynamic environments serving users who demand increasing flexibility in their interactions with the systems. These characteristics limit a direct application of current query evaluation models. We propose the development of a query evaluation subsystem ( QUEM ) that is equipped with a knowledge base, a learning component and a decision support component to provide greater flexibility to the users and aid in managing system transitions. A prototype termed QUEST has been built and implemented in a quasi-real world setting. The experimental results validate the practical viability of the proposed architecture.
Acute neurovascular unit protection by simvastatin in transient cerebral ischemia

AbstractAcute vascular- and neuroprotective effects of simvastatin were evaluated in a rat model of transient, focal cerebral ischemia. Male, Wistar rats (n=12) underwent transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 3 hours followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. After 30 minutes of MCA occlusion, four rats each were subcutaneously injected with either 20 or 40 mg/kg of simvastatin. At the end of 3 hours of reperfusion, tissue injury and blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening were quantified by histology and [14C]-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB)-based quantitative autoradiography (QAR), respectively. Compared with untreated rats, those treated with simvastatin (20 mg/kg) had reduced volumes of AIB leakage, tissue pallor and distribution space for AIB (p<0.05). No additional effects were seen with the higher drug dose (40 mg/kg). These data suggest that the acute neuroprotective effects of statins are in part owing to attenuation of stroke-induced changes in BBB permeability.
Caregiver Experiences of Discrimination and African American Adolescents’ Psychological Health Over Time

The present study examined the effect of caregivers' experiences of racial discrimination on their adolescent children's psychological functioning among a sample of 264 African American dyads. Potential relations between caregiver discrimination experiences and a number of indicators of adolescents' (aged 12–17) psychological functioning over time were examined. It was found that caregiver discrimination experiences were positively related to adolescents' symptoms of depression and negatively related to their psychological well-being. Additional analysis revealed interactions between the effects of caregiver discrimination experiences and family income on all 3 outcomes. Greater caregiver discrimination experiences and lower family income were risk factors for the youth in the sample. These findings underscore the deleterious consequence of caregivers' discrimination experiences on African American youth's psychological health.
Single-channel recordings of three types of calcium channels in chick sensory neurones.

1. T-, and L-type Ca2+ channels were studied in cell-attached patch recordings from the cell bodies of chick dorsal root ganglion neurones. All experiments were performed with isotonic BaCl2 (110 mM) in the recording pipette and with isotonic potassium aspartate in the bathing solution to zero the cell membrane potential. 2. L-type channels are distinguished by a unitary slope conductance of 25 pS, activation over the range of membrane potentials between 0 and +40 mV, little inactivation over the course of a 136 ms depolarization, and availability for opening even at depolarized holding potentials (h.p. greater than -40 mV). L channels show a predominant mode of gating (mode 1) characterized by brief openings (approximately 1 ms), occasionally interspersed with another pattern of gating characterized by much longer openings (mode 2). 3. The dihydropyridine (DHP) Ca2+ agonist Bay K 8644 promotes mode 2 activity and shifts the voltage dependence of L-type channel activation towards more negative potentials. It leaves the unitary current-voltage relation unchanged. 4. Nifedipine, a DHP Ca2+ antagonist, strongly inhibits L-type channel activity through an increase in the proportion of blank sweeps. 5. T-type Ca2+ channels are distinguished by a much smaller unitary slope conductance (8 pS) and by activation and inactivation over relatively negative ranges of potential. Inactivation is complete by the end of 136 ms pulses to test potentials beyond -20 mV. 6. N-type Ca2+ channels are distinguished by an intermediate unitary slope conductance (13 pS), and by activation over a range of potentials between those of T- and L-type channels. Inactivation of N-type channels takes place over an exceptionally broad range of holding potentials (-80 to -20 mV). 7. Cell-attached patch data on the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation of T- and N-type channels are in excellent agreement with results from whole-cell recordings (Fox, Nowycky & Tsien, 1987) if allowances are made for variations in external surface potential. 8. Patches containing one or two channels of a single type were used for analysis of gating kinetics. The predominant pattern of activity for each of the channel types is an exponential distribution of relatively brief (approximately 1 ms) openings, and a bi-exponential distribution of short and long closings. 9. Patches containing all possible combinations of channel types were observed. However, preliminary evidence suggests that channels are distributed unevenly over the cell body; clustering of N-type channels is particularly prominent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Lateral down-scaling of selective area MOVPE-grown GaInAs/InP wires and dots

Abstract In situ buried GaInAs/InP wires and dots are fabricated by low-pressure MOVPE on patterned masked InP substrates. Under optimized growth conditions, GaInAs structures with controlled lateral dimensions down to 35 nm can be obtained starting from relatively non-critical 0.25 μm mask patterns and by exploiting lateral reduction growth effects. Below these dimensions, precise control over the GaInAs structures becomes difficult due to growth irregularities. Low-temperature photoluminescence spectra on wires of various dimensions show effects associated with growth rate and stoichiometry variations as well as the appearance of side wall quantum well growth.
Validation of the Modified American Urological Association Symptom Score

Purpose: We created a shorter version of the American Urological Association symptom score, called UWIN (urgency, weak stream, incomplete emptying and nocturia).Materials and Methods: Participants in Prostate Cancer Awareness Week from 2006 and 2007 were administered the regular American Urological Association symptom score and UWIN. A total of 278 participants completed each questionnaire. Total scores of each participant for the American Urological Association symptom score (range 0 to 35) and UWIN (range 0 to 12) were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots to determine the level of agreement between the 2 questionnaires.Results: The correlation between the total American Urological Association symptom score (range 0 to 35) and the total UWIN score (range 0 to 12) was 0.913 (p <0.0001). The correlation between the quality of life question on the American Urological Association symptom score and UWIN was 0.821 using the Spearman correlation coefficient (p <0.0001). A s...
Pulmonary function in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation

Pulmonary function was studied prospectively in 25 children with leukemia and aplastic anemia undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Whereas 11 patients have died, only one did so primarily due to interstitial pneumonia. Fourteen patients (56%) survived a median of at least 36 months. Seventeen patients received pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Four patients transplanted for leukemia in relapse following preparation with a very intensive regimen (cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg, total body irradiation, 1,000 rad, BCNU, cytosine arabinoside) developed restrictive lung changes. Patients undergoing BMT for aplastic anemia and leukemia in remission prepared with more commonly used and less intensive regimens maintained normal pulmonary function. As new regimens are devised, PFTs should be utilized to characterize the pulmonary toxicity of these regimens as well.
Effects of Isoleucine, Serine and Sodium Chloride on the Threonine Response of Threonine-sensitive and-requiring Strains of Brevibacterium flavum

The growth of a threonine-sensitive and -requiring strain of Brevibacterium flavum, QL-5, depended on the threonine concentration in a minimal medium, but it was much slower than that of a simple threonine-requiring mutant, T-36, at a low concentration of threonine. This slow growth of the former was stimulated by the addition of isoleucine plus serine or NaCl.Since these effectors also stimulated the threonine-sensitivity, isoleucine plus serine at a relatively higher concentration of threonine or an excess amount of NaCl inhibited the growth.The effect of NaCl was ascribed to that of sodium ions. Lithium chloride as well as BeCl2 showed a similar effect but KCl did not.Similar promoting effects were also observed with all other threonine-sensitive mutants and a simple threonine-requiring mutant tested in various culture media. The lysine production by QL-5 was also stimulated by isoleucine plus serine.
Optically-pumped spin-exchange polarized electron source

We describe the operation of a prototype polarized-electron source. Rubidium vapor, contained in a cell, is optically pumped in the presence of a buffer gas. Unpolarized electrons from a tungsten filament are injected into the cell and extracted after undergoing spin exchange with the Rb atoms. We compare the performance of the source when different buffer gases are used. We measure a decrease in electron polarization as their injection energy increases, but find an unexpected regime at higher injection energies yielding increased electron polarization accompanied by a 40-fold increase in current, suggesting the production of slow secondary electrons in the target cell. With ethylene, we have measured electron currents of 4 \ensuremath{\mu}A simultaneously with electron polarizations of 24%. This work offers the promise of a simple, benchtop, ``turnkey'' source of polarized electrons.
Efficient, non-killing extraction of β-d-fructofuranosidase (an exo-inulase) from Kluyveromyces fragilis at high cell density

A simple and rapid procedure has been developed for the large-scale extraction of an exo-inulase (β- d -fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) from the cell wall of a hyperproducing Kluyveromyces fragilis yeast strain. It involves resuspending fresh cells at a density of ∼100 g/l (dry weight) in 0.3 M potassium phosphate, pH 7–8, containing 8 mM L-cysteine (0.096%, w/v), and holding the temperature at 25–30°C. Complete inulase release occurred within 30 min, yielding an extract with an apparent inulase purity of ∼50%. The extraction did not reduce the viability of the cells.
Cut Elimination for S4C: A Case Study

S4C is a logic of continuous transformations of a topological space. Cut elimination for it requires new kind of rules and new kinds of reductions
Isolation and structural characterization of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II from walls of suspension-cultured rice cells

Abstract Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide that had previously been isolated from the primary cell-walls of a dicot (sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus) and a gymnosperm (Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii). Herein are described the isolation and structural characterization of RG-II from the primary cell-walls of a suspension-cultured monocot (rice, Oryza sativa). The glycosyl-linkage composition of rice RG-II was similar to that of sycamore and Douglas fir RG-II. Partial hydrolysis with acid was used to release, from rice RG-II, two disaccharides, a heptasaccharide, and an octasaccharide; all of these oligosaccharides had previously been shown to be components of sycamore RG-II. The rice RG-II disaccharides characterized were α-rhamnosyl-(1→5)-3-deoxy- d -manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) and β-arabinosyl-(1→5)-3-deoxy- d -lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid (DHA). The rice RG-II heptasaccharide contained, inter alia, aceric acid (3-C-carboxy-5-deoxy- l -xylose) and 2-O-methylfucose, and was shown to have the same residue sequence and same points of attachment of glycosyl linkages (except for that to aceric acid, which was not determined) as its sycamore counterpart. Finally, an octasaccharide containing, inter alia, terminal 2-O-methyl-xylose, 2-linked glucuronic acid, and 3,4-linked fucose was isolated after partial hydrolysis of rice RG-II with acid. The same octasaccharide had been postulated to be a component of sycamore RG-II; conclusive evidence of its existence as a component of rice RG-II was obtained by using fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometric analysis. The results indicated that RG-II from the primary cell-walls of a monocot is indistinguishable from the previously characterized RG-II isolated from a dicot.
Correction for water vapor in the measurement of atmospheric trace gases

The presence of water vapor in a sample of air reduces the concentration of a trace gas measured from the sample. We present a methodology to correct for this effect for those cases when the concentration of the trace gas has already been measured from a wet sample. The conversion or correction factor that takes the wet mole fraction to a dry mole fraction is determined by the mixing ratio of water vapor inside the sampling canister. For those samples where the water vapor is saturated inside the canister, the water vapor mixing ratio is largely determined by laboratory conditions; for the unsaturated samples, the mixing ratio is determined by station conditions. If the meteorology at the sampling station is known, the equations presented here can be used directly to calculate the appropriate correction factor. For convenience, we use climatological data to derive average monthly correction factors for seven common global sampling sites: Barrow, AK, US (71 degrees N, 157degrees W); Cape Meares, OR, US (45 degrees N, 124 degrees W); Mauna Loa, HI, US (19 degrees N, 155 degrees W); Ragged Point, Barbados (13 degrees N, 59 degrees W); American Samoa (14 degrees S, 171 degrees W); Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia (41 degrees S, 145 degrees E); South Pole (90 degrees S). These factors adjust wet mole fractions upwards within a range of 0.002% for the South Pole to over 0.8% for saturated sites. We apply the correction factors to wet nitrous oxide (N2O) mole fractions. The corrected data are more consistent with our understanding of N2O sources.
High-pressure phase transformations in the system of MgSiO3-FeSiO3

Abstract Two synthetic pyroxenes (FeSiO 3 , MgSiO 3 ) and five natural pyroxenes with compositions of about Fs 80 En 20 , Fs 60 En 40 , Fs 50 En 50 , Fs 40 En 60 , and Fs 20 En 80 have been subjected to pressures up to 250 ± 50kbars at a temperature of about 1500 ± 200°C in a diamond anvil cell heated by an infrared laser beam. After quenching and unloading X-ray data analysis indicates that (1) those with Mg less than 50% undergo the following reactions: 2(Mg,Fe)SiO 3 (pyroxene) → (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 (spinel) + SiO 2 (stishovite) → 2(Mg,Fe)O (magnesiowu¨stite) + SiO 2 (stishovite) with increase of pressure, and (2) those with Mg higher than 60%, undergo the following reactions: 2(Mg,Fe)SiO 3 (pyroxene) → (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 (spinel) + SiO 2 (stishovite) → 2(Mg,Fe)SiO 3 (hexagonal phase) → 2(Mg,Fe)O (magnesiowu¨stite) + SiO 2 (stishovite) with increase of pressure.
Quasiequilibrium sequences of black-hole–neutron-star binaries in general relativity

We construct quasiequilibrium sequences of black-hole-neutron-star binaries for arbitrary mass ratios by solving the constraint equations of general relativity in the conformal thin-sandwich decomposition. We model the neutron star as a stationary polytrope satisfying the relativistic equations of hydrodynamics and account for the black hole by imposing equilibrium boundary conditions on the surface of an excised sphere (the apparent horizon). In this paper we focus on irrotational configurations, meaning that both the neutron star and the black hole are approximately nonspinning in an inertial frame. We present results for a binary with polytropic index n=1, mass ratio M{sub irr}{sup BH}/M{sub B}{sup NS}=5, and neutron star compaction M{sub ADM,0}{sup NS}/R{sub 0}=0.0879, where M{sub irr}{sup BH} is the irreducible mass of the black hole, M{sub B}{sup NS} the neutron star baryon rest mass, and M{sub ADM,0}{sup NS} and R{sub 0} the neutron star Arnowitt-Deser-Misner mass and areal radius in isolation, respectively. Our models represent valid solutions to Einstein's constraint equations and may therefore be employed as initial data for dynamical simulations of black-hole-neutron-star binaries.
The Relation Between Verbal Attitude and Overt Behavior: A Public Opinion Application

The discrepancy between verbal attitude and overt behavior bears both on public opinion research and public policy, but there has been little attempt to study the problem with a natural population in a public opinion context. This paper reviews conceptual issues from the attitude-behavior literature and applies them to a public opinion, voting setting. I argue (a) that a large proportion of white Americans seldom or never experience a personal encounter with blacks, thus restricting their realistic behavior orientations and overt behavior toward blacks largely to the policy sphere, and (b) that many of the key issues discussed in voting studies can be subsumed under the more general concerns of the attitude-behavior literature. Using data from the SRC 1968 Presidential Election Survey, the paper examines the process by which affect and action orientation toward blacks are translated into affect, action orientation (voting intention), and overt behavior (voting decision) toward George Wallace, an independent presidential candidate with a strong anti-civil rights campaign platform. The long debate over the observed discrepancy between attitude and overt behavior has been of particular interest to students of interethnic attitudesi I Chiefly motivated by a strong social problems orientation, they wish to assess the implications of negative (and positive) interethnic attitudes for implementing policies harmful or beneficial to the object group. Most empirical studies of the discrepancy between interethnic attitude and discriminatory behavior have been field or laboratory experiments performed on select subgroups. This paper, in contrast, analyzes the problem with a cross-sectional sample within the context of a political event requiring people to translate their personal attitudes and priorities into a political decision. Voting data from a national opinion poll are interesting in this research context for several reasons. First, while the general problem of the relationship between attitude and behavior has direct implications for both public opinion research and public policy, there has been very little attempt to study the problem with a natural population in a public opinion context (a recent innovative exception is Brannon et al.). Second, while most empirical studies of the attitude-behavior discrepancy have used measures of behavior with face-to-face encounters and/or some kind of personal involvement with the object group, a large proportion of white Americans never have an opportunity to act out their attitudes toward blacks in
Cleavage of the Wnt Receptor Ryk Regulates Neuronal Differentiation during Cortical Neurogenesis

Ryk is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). It functions as a receptor of Wnt proteins required for cell-fate determination, axon guidance, and neurite outgrowth in different organisms; however, the molecular mechanism of Ryk signaling is unknown. Here, we show that Ryk is cleaved, permitting the intracellular C-terminal fragment of Ryk to translocate to the nucleus in response to Wnt3 stimulation. We also show that the cleaved intracellular domain of Ryk is required for Wnt3-induced neuronal differentiation in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate an unexpected mechanism of signal transduction for Ryk as a Wnt receptor, in which the intracellular domain itself functions as the transducing molecule to bring extracellular signals from the cell surface into the nucleus, to regulate neural progenitor cell differentiation.
Incompressible Paired Hall State, Stripe Order, and the Composite Fermion Liquid Phase in Half-Filled Landau Levels

We consider the two lowest Landau levels at half filling. In the higher Landau level $(\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5/2)$, we find a first-order phase transition separating a compressible striped phase from a paired quantum Hall state, which is identified as the Moore-Read state. The critical point is very near the Coulomb potential and the transition can be driven by increasing the width of the electron layer. We find a much weaker transition (either second-order or a crossover) from pairing to the composite fermion Fermi-liquid behavior. A very similar picture is obtained for the lowest Landau level, but the transition point is not near the Coulomb potential.
Non-Invasive Estimation of Serum Bilirubin |[bull]| 1025

The need to assess bilirubin in an efficient manner has taken on increased importance with the advent of managed care, capitation and brief post-partum hospitalization. Reported are the final results of an extensive evaluation of a newly approved transcutaneous bilirubinometer. 2441 newborns at 2 NYC hospitals were enrolled and an initial transcutaneous reading was obtained within the first 30 hours of life (mean time ≈12 hours of life). Measurements were repeated every 6-8 hours until discharge. 900 infants had laboratory determinations of total bilirubin during their course (when clinically indicated by primary physician). These infants comprise the study population (with 1600 separate measurements of bilirubin and skin color). There were a variety of races (72-Black, 110-Caucasian, 615-Hispanic, 103-Asian) and gestational ages in the group. 61 of the infants were treated with phototherapy.
Activation of human auditory cortex during speech perception: Effects of monaural, binaural, and dichotic presentation

We used a rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm to compare cortical activation to speech tokens presented monaurally to each ear, binaurally, and dichotically. Two forms of dichotic conditions were examined: one presented consonant-vowel (CV) syllables simultaneously to each ear while the other paired a CV syllable with a non-speech stimulus (band-limited noise). Right-handed adults were asked to differentially respond to serially presented target and distractor CV syllables. Activations were localized with reference to anatomic segmentation algorithms that allowed us to distinguish between activity in primary (PAC) and non-primary auditory cortex (NPAC). Monaural CV syllables presented to the right ear (CVR) produced highly asymmetric activations in left PAC and NPAC. A similar but reduced left hemisphere (LH) bias was evident in binaural presentation, when monaural syllables were paired with contra-aural noise, and in dichotic CV-CV presentations. However, LH activation was two times larger to CVR than any other condition, while RH activation to CVR was insubstantial. By contrast, a small rightward asymmetry in PAC activation was observed from monaural left ear (CVL) presentation. In all conditions except CVL, magnitude of response favored left PAC and NPAC. CV processing across different listening conditions disclosed complex interactions in activation. Our results confirm the superiority of left NPAC in speech processing and suggest comparable left lateralization in PAC. The findings suggest that monaural CV presentation may be more useful than previously anticipated. The paradigm developed here may hold some promise in investigations where abnormal hemispheric balance of speech processing is suspected.