cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of left ventricular dysfunction after anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

Background Early results for anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries are excellent with respect to right ventricular and tricuspid valve function. However, development of left ventricular (systemic ventricle) dysfunction late after repair remains a concern. In this study we sought to determine factors leading to late impairment in left ventricular performance. Methods From August 1992 to July 2005, 44 patients (median age at surgery, 1.6 years; range, 0.6 to 39.6 years) with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries had anatomic repair. Left ventricular function and mitral regurgitation were evaluated by echocardiography at follow-up. Twenty-three patients had a Rastelli procedure, and 21 underwent an arterial switch. Twelve patients (27%) were pacemaker dependent at latest follow-up. Results Early mortality was 4.5% (n = 2) with 1 late death as a result of leukemia. Median follow-up was 3.0 years (range, 7 days to 12.4 years). Left ventricular function remained unchanged (normal) in 35 patients, improved in 1 patient, and deteriorated in 8 patients (18%). Mitral regurgitation was unchanged in 30 patients, improved in 6 patients, and worsened in 8 patients (18%). Development of left ventricular dysfunction was significantly associated with pacemaker implantation ( p = 0.005) and a widened QRS (>20% > 98% percentile of normal; p = 0.03). Conclusions Anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition can be performed with low operative mortality. However, late left ventricular dysfunction is not uncommon, with higher incidence in those requiring pacing and with a prolonged QRS. Resynchronization may be of value in patients requiring a pacemaker.
The adjusted rand statistic: A SAS macro

A macro for calculating the Hubert and Arabie (1985) adjusted Rand statistic is presented. The adjusted Rand statistic gives a measure of classification agreement between two partitions of the same set of objects. The macro is written in the SAS macro language and makes extensive use of SAS/IML software (SAS Institute, 1985a, 1985b). The macro uses two different methods of handling missing values. The default method assumes that each object that has a missing value for the classification category is in its own separate category or cluster for that classification. The optional method places all objects with a missing value for the classification category into the same category for that classification.
Intraocular caterpillar setae without subsequent vitritis or iridocyclitis.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of caterpillar setae embedded in the corneal stroma and inferotemporal retina with minimal inflammation. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: A 4-year-old boy developed a red eye after playing with a caterpillar. He was placed on topical tobramycin/dexamethasone and referred for evaluation of embedded setae in his conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and retina. Examination revealed no iridocyclitis or vitritis. RESULTS: Because of the lack of intraocular inflammatory response, no invasive intervention was conducted to remove or destroy the setae and he was tapered off the tobramycin/dexamethasone. At 4-month follow-up he remained asymptomatic with the setae still present in both his cornea and retina. In addition, vitreous membranes had formed in the immediate vicinity of the intraretinal setae. CONCLUSION: Intraretinal and corneal setae can be embedded with minimal inflammation and can be tolerated without need for surgical intervention.
Replantation of the liver in dogs

Abstract 1. 1. The liver was replanted in 60 dogs: 37 survived longer than three days, 15 longer than one month. Three still survive at approximately 18 months, and one of these has delivered a litter of 12 puppies. The objective was to examine the effects of orthotopic autotransplantation as a prelude to the investigation of the immunological factors involved in orthotopic homotransplantation. 2. 2. Certain useful modifications of previously described liver transplantation techniques have been noted. The excised liver was perfused with cold solution without delay, but total body hypothermia was avoided. During replacement of the liver, the portal and caval blood was returned to the heart by means of a single external bypass from the caudal end of the divided portal vein to the external jugular vein, after the portal vein and infrahepatic vena cava had been temporarily joined by an autogenous vein graft. The arterial supply was restored by end-to-end anastomosis of the common hepatic artery. The incidence of vascular thrombosis was strikingly low. Anesthesia was achieved with repeated small intravenous doses of thiamylal sodium. 3. 3. Serum bilirubin levels remained normal in most animals. The blood glucose level frequently declined during the first postoperative day but then usually remained normal. The serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase level rose immediately in most animals but usually declined to normal after two weeks in chronic survivors. The serum alkaline phosphatase level rose within 48 hours following operation and usually declined in a few days, but in some instances it remained elevated for several months. 4. 4. The development of hepatic venous outflow block, abnormal bleeding, or subsequent ascites was rarely encountered when the organ had been well preserved with cold solution and trauma avoided by gentle handling. In contrast, when cold preservation was inferior or traumatic manipulation did occur, not only these complications but subsequent liver abscesses due to focal necrosis were observed. 5. 5. It is suggested that the results reported provide a description of the course of longterm survivors of canine liver replantation which was formerly lacking.
Stealth bias in gravitational-wave parameter estimation

Inspiraling binaries of compact objects are primary targets for current and future gravitational-wave observatories. Waveforms computed in general relativity are used to search for these sources, and will probably be used to extract source parameters from detected signals. However, if a different theory of gravity happens to be correct in the strong-field regime, source-parameter estimation may be affected by a fundamental bias: that is, by systematic errors due to the use of waveforms derived in the incorrect theory. If the deviations from general relativity are not large enough to be detectable on their own and yet these systematic errors remain significant (i.e., larger than the statistical uncertainties in parameter estimation), fundamental bias cannot be corrected in a single observation, and becomes stealth bias. In this article we develop a scheme to determine in which cases stealth bias could be present in gravitational-wave astronomy. For a given observation, the answer depends on the detection signal-to-noise ratio and on the strength of the modified-gravity correction. As an example, we study three representative stellar-mass binary systems that will be detectable with second-generation ground-based observatories. We find that significant systematic bias can occur whether or not modified gravity can be positively detected, for correction strengths that are not currently excluded by any other experiment. Thus, stealth bias may be a generic feature of gravitational-wave detections, and it should be considered and characterized, using expanded models such as the parametrized post-Einstein framework, when interpreting the results of parameter-estimation analyses.
Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism on spatial learning in mice.

C57BL/6Ibg mice were treated with the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) and tested for selective deficits in spatial learning ability in the Morris water task. Two types of training protocols were used during the initial exposure to the training environment. In protocol 1, animals were given four massed trials before being returned to their home cages. In protocol 2, animals were returned to their home cages after each of the first four trials. Following the initial four trials, both sets of animals were given massed trials in blocks of four. CPP had minor effects on nonspatial learning, with greater impairment seen in animals trained according to protocol 1 than in animals trained according to protocol 2. The drug increased latency to find the platform in the spatial learning form of the task, with no effect of training protocol on latency. When spatial learning ability was measured in terms of the search behavior exhibited by the animals after the platform was removed from the pool, animals trained according to protocol 1 showed a severe CPP-induced impairment in search accuracy. Animals trained according to protocol 2 showed no effect of drug treatment. The results suggest that CPP does not have a reliable effect on place learning and that factors other than the type of learning being tested may contribute to performance deficits following CPP treatment.
Enhancing the Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability of Knowledge Workers to Participate in Knowledge Exchange

The strategic value of knowledge lies in its effective transfer from those who have it to those who need it through a process of knowledge exchange. Organizations invest significant resources in communities of practice, knowledge repositories, and other initiatives to support knowledge exchange; yet, these initiatives do not always succeed. The purpose of this research-in-progress paper is to present an overarching meta-theoretical framework for organizing and informing research and practice in the domain of interpersonal knowledge exchange. A review of the well-known motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) model of human behavior is presented together with a description of how it can be used as an organizing framework for extant literature and a prescriptive framework for supporting knowledge exchange. The practical and theoretical utility of this model will be tested at a large U.S energy company where some communities are very successful in their knowledge exchange programs, while others face challenges.
Sensory irritation by toluene diisocyanate in single and repeated exposures

Abstract The effects of single and repeated exposures to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) at concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 2 ppm were investigated using an animal model to detect the level of sensory irritation caused by this chemical. Time-response relationships showed the slow development of the response with exposure duration and a very slow recovery following 3 hr of exposure. Concentration-response relationships also showed that the level of response was not only dependent upon exposure concentration, but also on duration of exposure and that TDI is the most potent sensory irritant tested so far. Repeated exposures to TDI at or above 0.023 ppm resulted in cumulative effects. On the basis of a prior prediction proposed from the results obtained with this animal model, it is suggested that the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for industrial exposure be reduced to 0.006 ppm as a time weighted average (TWA) and no exposure above 0.02 ppm be permitted, even for short exposures.
‘If You Can't Pronounce My Name, You Can Just Call Me Pride’: Afro‐German Activism, Gender and Hip Hop

The history of the black German minority, now estimated at around 500,000, goes back several centuries. It is only since the twentieth century, however, that Germans of African descent have been perceived as a group. This did not lead to their recognition as a national minority, but rather, from the 1910s to the 1960s, they were defined as a collective threat to Germany's racial and cultural ‘purity’. When a sense of identity emerged among Afro-Germans themselves in the 1980s, the majority population continued to deny the existence of ethnic diversity within German society. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Afro-Germans seemingly suddenly appeared as a new, ‘hip’ minority. This appearance was largely focused on the immense public success of the Hip Hop collective ‘Brothers Keepers’, conceived as an anti-racist, explicitly Afro-German intervention into German debates around national identity and racist violence. This article explains the success of ‘Brothers Keepers’ by contextualising it within the tradition of two decades of Afro- German feminist activism and the transnational Hip Hop movement of European youth of colour.
Experimental, Prototype Spray-Scalder for Poultry Processing

Abstract A spray unit was designed and developed for the purpose of spray-scalding broiler type chickens, which could replace the conventional method of immersion-scalding. The spray unit consisted of a double manifold that sprayed a mixture of steam and hot water onto the broiler carcasses. A mixing valve, pressure regulator, and nozzles of various sizes were tested to regulate the temperature, pressure, and coverage of the spray onto the carcass. The final results indicated that the spray-scalding system operating at 60 C produced feather-release values similar to those obtained by immersion for soft-scalding (52 C) and hard-scalding (56 C) carcasses.
The effect of paleoatmospheric ozone on surface temperature

Photochemical and radiative-convective calculations are performed to evaluate the influence of ozone in determining the surface temperature of the paleoatmosphere prior to the buildup of molecular oxygen to its present atmospheric level. Possible effects of atmospheric dynamics on the photochemistry and thermal structure of the paleoatmosphere are neglected, and the present atmospheric values are assumed for the tropospheric water-vapor relative-humidity distribution and lapse rate as well as for the fractional cloud amount and cloud reflectivity. It is found that the radiative effects (at IR and solar wavelengths) of ozone for a molecular oxygen level of one-tenth the present atmospheric level resulted in a globally averaged surface-temperature increase of about 4.5 K for the present solar constant. Implications of the results for paleoclimate are briefly considered.
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A PYLON-CHEVRON CORE NOZZLE INTERACTION

In typical engine installations, the pylon of an engine creates a flow disturbance that interacts with the engine exhaust flow. This interaction of the pylon with the exhaust flow from a dual stream nozzle was studied computationally. The dual stream nozzle simulates an engine with a bypass ratio of five. A total of five configurations were simulated all at the take-off operating point. All computations were performed using the structured PAB3D code which solves the steady, compressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. These configurations included a core nozzle with eight chevron noise reduction devices built into the nozzle trailing edge. Baseline cases had no chevron devices and were run with a pylon and without a pylon. Cases with the chevron were also studied with and without the pylon. Another case was run with the chevron rotated relative to the pylon. The fan nozzle did not have chevron devices attached. Solutions showed that the effect of the pylon is to distort the round Jet plume and to destroy the symmetrical lobed pattern created by the core chevrons. Several overall flow field quantities were calculated that might be used in extensions of this work to find flow field parameters that correlate with changes in noise.
Observations of Near-Inertial Internal Gravity Waves Radiating from a Frontal Jet

AbstractShipboard ADCP and towed CTD measurements are presented of a near-inertial internal gravity wave radiating away from a zonal jet associated with the Subtropical Front in the North Pacific. Three-dimensional spatial surveys indicate persistent alternating shear layers sloping downward and equatorward from the front. As a result, depth-integrated ageostrophic shear increases sharply equatorward of the front. The layers have a vertical wavelength of about 250 m and a slope consistent with a wave of frequency 1.01f. They extend at least 100 km south of the front. Time series confirm that the shear is associated with a downward-propagating near-inertial wave with frequency within 20% of f. A slab mixed layer model forced with shipboard and NCEP reanalysis winds suggests that wind forcing was too weak to generate the wave. Likewise, trapping of the near-inertial motions at the low-vorticity edge of the front can be ruled out because of the extension of the features well south of it. Instead, the authors...
Changes in midline thalamic recruiting responses in the prefrontal cortex of the rat during the development of chronic limbic seizures.

Summary Purpose: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is a common form of epilepsy that affects the limbic system and is associated with decreases in memory and cognitive performance. The medial prefrontal cortex (PC) in rats, which has a role in memory, is associated with and linked anatomically to the limbic system, but it is unknown if and how MTLE affects the PC. Methods: We evoked responses in vivo in the PC by electrical stimulation of the mediodorsal (MD) and reuniens (RE) nuclei of the thalamus at several time points following status epilepticus, before and after onset of spontaneous seizures. Kindled animals were used as additional controls for the effect of seizures that were independent of epilepsy. Results: Epileptic animals had decreased response amplitudes and significantly reduced recruiting compared to controls, whereas kindled animals showed an increase in both measures. These changes were not associated with neuronal loss in the PC, although there was significant loss in both the MD and RE in the epileptic animals. Conclusions: There is a significant reduction in the thalamically induced evoked responses in the PCs of epileptic animals. This finding suggests that physiologic dysfunction in MTLE extends beyond primary limbic circuits into areas without overt neuronal injury.
Service of corundum plates in sliding gates during teeming of steel into ingot molds from 140-ton ladles

Special tests have been made on magnesia biceramic and corundum plates in sliding gates of steel teeming ladles. It is found that better teeming of steel from 140-ton ladles into ingot molds is obtained with corundum plates. There is hope of increasing the number of times which the corundum plates can be used.
Fracture of penis.

Abstract Rupture of the corpus cavernosum, commonly referred to as “fracture” of the penis, is an unusual urologic emergency. Controversy still exists over the initial management of the injury. Our recent experiences with 5 such cases has prompted us to advocate immediate operative intervention for fracture of the penis. A previously unreported complication of nonsurgical management is included.
Spiking neurons and the first passage problem

We derive a model of a neuron's interspike interval probability density through analysis of the first passage problem. The fit of our expression to retinal ganglion cell laboratory data extracts three physiologically relevant parameters, with which our model yields input-output features that conform to laboratory results. Preliminary analysis suggests that under common circumstances, local circuitry readjusts these parameters with changes in firing rate and so endeavors to faithfully replicate an input signal. Further results suggest that the so-called principle of sloppy workmanship also plays a role in evolution's choice of these parameters.
On the relation between default and autoepistemic logic

Abstract Default logic is a formal means of reasoning about defaults: what normally is the case, in the absence of contradicting information. Autoepistemic logic, on the other hand, is meant to describe the consequences of reasoning about ignorance: what must be true if a certain fact is not known. Although the motivation and formal character of these two systems are different, a closer analysis shows that they share a common trait, which is the indexical nature of certain elements in the theory. In this paper we compare the expressive power of the two systems. First, we give an effective translation of default logic into autoepistemic logic; default theories can thus be embedded into autoepistemic logic. We also present a more surprising result: the reverse translation is also possible, so that every set of sentences in autoepistemic logic can be effectively rewritten as a default theory. The formal equivalence of these two differing systems is thus established. This analysis gives an interpretive semantics to default logic, and yields insight into the nature of defaults in autoepistemic reasoning.
Open Channel Block and Alteration of N-Methyl-d-Aspartic Acid Receptor Gating by an Analog of Phencyclidine

Abstract We investigated inhibition of the N -methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-channel complex by N -ethyl-1,4,9,9 α -tetrahydro-4 α R-cis-4 α H-fluoren-4 α -amine (NEFA), a structural analog of phencyclidine (PCP). Using the whole-cell recording technique, we demonstrated that NEFA inhibits NMDA responses with an IC 50 of 0.51 μ M at −66mV. We determined that NEFA binds to the open channel, and subsequently the channel can close and trap the blocker. Once the channel has closed, NEFA is unable to dissociate until the channel reopens. Single-channel recordings revealed that NEFA reduces the mean open time of single NMDA-activated channels in a concentration-dependent manner with a forward blocking rate ( k + ) of 39.9 μ M −1 s −1 . A computational model of antagonism by NEFA was developed and constrained using kinetic measurements of single-channel data. By multiple criteria, only models in which blocker binding in the channel causes a change in receptor operation adequately fit or predicted whole-cell data. By comparing model predictions and experimental measurements of NEFA action at a high NMDA concentration, we determined that NEFA affects receptor operation through an influence on channel gating. We conclude that inhibition of NMDA receptors by PCP-like blockers involves a modification of channel gating as well as block of current flow through the open channel.
SU‐FF‐T‐53: A Theoretical Study of Boussinesq Convection in a Water Phantom

Purpose: To model natural convection in measurements of absorbed dose from watercalorimeters operated at room temperature and to evaluate the efficacy of digital filtering for removing its effects. Method and Materials: Finite‐element calculations were conducted to simulate the response of a water phantom at room temperature (295K) to internal heating similar to that produced by a typical, radiotherapy‐level 60 Co beam. Phantom dimensions of 30cm depth and diameter and an internal heat sourcemeasuring 10cm × 10cm at 5 cm depth and exhibiting a 60 Co depth‐dose profile were chosen (per TG‐51). The internal heat source was given a square‐wave time dependence to simulate conditions of repeated opening/closing of a shutter, and spatial distributions of both temperature and velocity were obtained as functions of time and (via FFT) frequency. Simulations were carried out both with and without buoyant forces specified, with shutter periods up to 1800 seconds, so that attenuation and phase distortion due to natural convection could be isolated. Results:Natural convection was observed at all shutter periods studied, increasing in intensity with increasing shutter period. In the time domain, convection and conduction produce cooling effects that cause similar nonlinearities in measuredtemperature waveforms at smaller shutter periods, while at longer shutter periods, convection is marked by temporal oscillations. In the frequency domain, convection is readily identified in the temperature signals at all shutter periods by modulation products at even harmonics of the shutter fundamental frequency. This artifact is consistent with a perturbative treatment of the Boussinesq Navier‐Stokes equations. Conclusion: With the frequency‐domain results, we believe we have found a unique experimental signature for natural convection in watercalorimetry. The simple oscillatory behavior of the phenomenon suggests that its effects may be eliminated by means of digital filtering.
Critical race theory, disability microaggressions and Latina/o student experiences in special education

This research draws upon critical race theory (CRT) to explore the experiences of Latina/o students in special education. It seeks to extend the theoretical construct of racial microaggressions and illustrate the additional layer of disability as I present data that are particular to the context of special education and the assigned label of students with disabilities. In this article, I draw upon three academic semesters of ethnographic observations and present observed cases of disability microaggressions that occur against Latina/o students in special education. The types of disability microaggressions include low expectations, disregard, and bullying. Students often did not challenge these microaggressions, but they occasionally resulted in students’ refusal of academic services, providing an additional barrier to their academic success within the context of a program intended to facilitate it. And given the close-knit, intimate environment of the learning center, disability microaggressions that occu...
Database Challenges and Solutions in Neuroscientific Applications

In the scientific community, the quality and progress of various endeavors depend in part on the ability of researchers to share and exchange large quantities of heterogeneous data with one another efficiently. This requires controlled sharing and exchange of information among autonomous, distributed, and heterogeneous databases. In this paper, we focus on a neuroscience application, Neuroanatomical Rat Brain Viewer (NeuART Viewer) to demonstrate alternative database concepts that allow neuroscientists to manage and exchange data. Requirements for the NeuART application, in combination with an underlying network-aware database, are described at a conceptual level. Emphasis is placed on functionality from the user's perspective and on requirements that the database must fulfill. The most important functionality required by neuroscientists is the ability to construct brain models using information from different repositories. To accomplish such a task, users need to browse remote and local sources and summaries of data and capture relevant information to be used in building and extending the brain models. Other functionalities are also required, including posing queries related to brain models, augmenting and customizing brain models, and sharing brain models in a collaborative environment. An extensible object-oriented data model is presented to capture the many data types expected in this application. After presenting conceptual level design issues, we describe several known database solutions that support these requirements and discuss requirements that demand further research. Data integration for heterogeneous databases is discussed in terms of reducing or eliminating semantic heterogeneity when translations are made from one system to another. Performance enhancement mechanisms such as materialized views and spatial indexing for three-dimensional objects are explained and evaluated in the context of browsing, incorporating, and sharing. Policies for providing the system with fault tolerance and avoiding possible intellectual property abuses are presented. Finally, two existing systems are evaluated and compared using the identified requirements.
Metastable dynamics of the hard-sphere system.

The reformulation of the mode-coupling theory (MCT) of the liquid-glass transition which incorporates the element of metastability is applied to the hard-sphere system. It is shown that the glass transition in this system is not a sharp one at the special value of the density or the packing fraction, which is in contrast to the prediction by the conventional MCT. Instead we find that the slowing down of the dynamics occurs over a range of values of the packing fraction. Consequently, the exponents governing the sequence of time relaxations in the intermediate time regime are given as functions of packing fraction with one additional parameter which describes the overall scale of the metastable potential energy for defects in the hard-sphere system. Implications of the present model on the recent experiments on colloidal systems are also discussed.
Condition‐adapted stress and longevity gene regulation by Caenorhabditis elegans SKN‐1/Nrf

Summary Studies in model organisms have identified regulatory processes that profoundly influence aging, many of which modulate resistance against environmental or metabolic stresses. In C. elegans the transcription regulator SKN-1 is important for oxidative stress resistance and acts in multiple longevity pathways. SKN-1 is the ortholog of mammalian Nrf proteins, which induce Phase 2 detoxification genes in response to stress. Phase 2 enzymes defend against oxygen radicals and conjugate electrophiles that are produced by Phase 1 detoxification enzymes, which metabolize lipophilic compounds. Here we have used expression profiling to identify genes and processes that are regulated by SKN-1 under normal and stress-response conditions. Under non-stressed conditions SKN-1 upregulates numerous genes involved in detoxification, cellular repair, and other functions, and downregulates a set of genes that reduce stress resistance and lifespan. Many of these genes appear to be direct SKN-1 targets, based upon presence of predicted SKN-binding sites in their promoters. The metalloid sodium arsenite induces skn-1-dependent activation of certain detoxification gene groups, including some that were not SKN-1-upregulated under normal conditions. An organic peroxide also triggers induction of a discrete Phase 2 gene set, but additionally stimulates a broad SKN-1-independent response. We conclude that under normal conditions SKN-1 has a wide range of functions in detoxification and other processes, including modulating mechanisms that reduce lifespan. In response to stress, SKN-1 and other regulators tailor transcription programs to meet the challenge at hand. Our findings reveal striking complexity in SKN-1 functions and the regulation of systemic detoxification defenses.
Token reinforcement therapy with chronic psychiatric patients: A three-year evaluation

Abstract A three year evaluation of a token economy program revealed significant differences in the direction of change in five out of seven behavioral ratings. The subjects were 143 chronic neuropsychiatric patients. Length of hospitalization and length of time in the token economy program were positively correlated with change in behavioral ratings. Readmission rates for patients discharged from the hospital were encouragingly low.
Size and Shape of Detergent Micelles Determined by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

We present a systematic analysis of the aggregation number and shape of micelles formed by nine detergents commonly used in the study of membrane proteins. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements are reported for glucosides with 8 and 9 alkyl carbons (OG/NG), maltosides and phosphocholines with 10 and 12 alkyl carbons (DM/DDM and FC-10/FC-12), 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DHPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (LPPG), and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS). The SAXS intensities are well described by two-component ellipsoid models, with a dense outer shell corresponding to the detergent head groups and a less electron dense hydrophobic core. These models provide an intermediate resolution view of micelle size and shape. In addition, we show that Guinier analysis of the forward scattering intensity can be used to obtain an independent and model-free measurement of the micelle aggregation number and radius of gyration. This approach...
Modeling the role of transportation information in mitigating major capacity reductions in a regional network

A practical method is presented for systematically evaluating the network impacts of advanced traveler information systems (ATISs) to support well-informed project decisions and well-founded funding priorities. Detailed comparative assessments of available evaluation tools are given on the basis of a common set of desirable criteria. A mesoscopic network modeling and dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) tool, namely, DYNASMART-P, was identified as a promising candidate model and was applied to the evaluation of case study scenarios in a subnetwork of the Triangle Regional Model in North Carolina. The case study involved planned work zone activities occurring during nonpeak time periods. The case study demonstrated that the DYNASMART-P DTA tool is capable of providing reasonable evaluation results, including realistic estimates of the effectiveness of ATISs in mitigating the congestion caused by work zone activities. The case study analyses further illustrated the high value of traveler information through an ...
The effects of thyroidectomy on the wheel running activity of female rats

STERN, J.J. The effects of thyroidectomy on the wheel running activity of female rats. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 5 (11) 1277-1279, 1970. --The wheel running activity of female rats was observed prior to and following thyroidectomy. Thyroidectomy significantly reduced overall activity and increased the interval between activity peaks; thyroid feeding corrected these effects. Thyroid feeding did not correct the effects in ovariectomized rats. The continued administration of estradiol benzoate and progesterone increased activity in ovariectomized-thyroidectomized rats. The results suggest that the activity reduction consequent to thyroidectomy is not a direct result of thyroid removal but an indirect result mediated by altered ovarian functioning.
Detecting drizzle in marine warm clouds using combined visible, infrared, and microwave satellite data

[1] We present a method to detect drizzle in marine warm clouds by combining visible, near-infrared, and microwave measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. A visible/near-infrared algorithm is used to simultaneously retrieve cloud optical depth (τ) and effective radius (re). A new microwave algorithm is developed to retrieve liquid water path (LWPm). First, the relationship among LWPm, re and τ are investigated by using radiative transfer model simulations and by analyzing satellite observations. Results from both the modeling and the analysis indicate that LWPm, re and τ satisfy a relation in the form of LWPm = αreβτ(3β−1)/2, and that α and β stay relatively constant within a satellite scene for nondrizzle clouds, while they are different from those for drizzle clouds. On the basis of this result, a drizzle detection index (DI) is defined by the ratio of LWPm to the liquid water path calculated from τ and re using a relation derived for nondrizzle clouds. Model simulation results show that for nondrizzle clouds DI is close to 1, and for drizzle/rain clouds DI is greater than 1. Case studies using satellite data indicate that values of DI are greater in the regions with large re but relatively small τ, and/or near the center of convective cells. The relation among LWPm, re and τ derived from satellite retrievals is consistent with that of radiative transfer simulation results. Finally, coincident airborne cloud radar measurements were used to verify the capability of DI for drizzle detection. The result indicates that DI is useful in differentiating between drizzle and nondrizzle clouds, and suggesting that DI of ∼1.1 is the drizzle threshold, which is also consistent with our radiative transfer model simulations.
Finite-alphabet information and multivariate blind deconvolution and identification of linear systems

This article addresses the problem of estimating a multivariate linear system from its output when the input is an unobservable sequence of random vectors with finite-alphabet distribution. By explicitly utilizing the finite-alphabet property, an estimation method is proposed under the traditional inverse filtering paradigm as a generalization of a univariate method that has been studied previously. Identifiability of multivariate systems by the proposed method is proved mathematically under very mild conditions that can be satisfied even if the input is nonstationary and has both cross-channel and serial statistical dependencies. Statistical super-efficiency in estimating both parametric and nonparametric systems is also established for an alphabet-based cost function.
Evaluation of ethanol lock therapy in pediatric patients on long-term parenteral nutrition.

Background: Pediatric home parenteral nutrition (PN) patients present a unique challenge with risks of catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CABSIs), sometimes requiring subsequent catheter removal. Recurrent infections can lead to line removal and potential loss of venous access in the future. Objective: Demonstrate that weekly ethanol lock therapy decreases CABSIs in long-term home PN patients and decreases line removals due to infections. Methods: Beginning August 2007, patients receiving PN with a history of multiple previous CABSIs were started on ethanol lock therapy. Seventy percent ethanol solution was instilled into the central venous catheter (CVC) for 2 hours weekly. Episodes of CABSIs and catheter removal due to infection were documented in patients prior to and after ethanol lock therapy. Results: Fourteen patients were followed for an average of 690 days after ethanol lock therapy was initiated. These patients were found to average 9.8 CABSIs per 1000 catheter days prior to starting et...
The Changing Face of Heart Transplantation

It has been 40 years since the first human-to-human heart transplant performed in South Africa by Christiaan Barnard in December 1967. This achievement did not come as a surprise to the medical community but was the result of many years of early pioneering experimental work by Alexis Carrel, Frank Mann, Norman Shumway, and Richard Lower. Since then, refinement of donor and recipient selection methods, better donor heart management, and advances in immunosuppression have significantly improved survival. In this article, we hope to give a perspective on the changing face of heart transplantation. Topics that will be covered in this review include the changing patient population as well as recent advances in transplantation immunology, organ preservation, allograft vasculopathy, and immune tolerance.
Dietary behaviors related to cancer prevention among pre-adolescents and adolescents: the gap between recommendations and reality

Background: Diet is thought to play an important role in cancer risk. This paper summarizes dietary recommendations for cancer prevention and compares these recommendations to the dietary behaviors of U.S. youth ages 8-18. Methods: We identified cancer prevention-related dietary recommendations from key health organizations and assessed dietary consumption patterns among youth using published statistics from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and other supplemental sources. Results: Cancer prevention guidelines recommend a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, recommend limiting sugary foods and beverages, red and processed meats, sodium, and alcohol, and recommend avoiding foods contaminated with carcinogens. However, youth typically do not meet the daily recommendations for fruit, vegetable, or whole grain consumption and are over-consuming energy-dense, sugary and salty foods. Conclusions: A large discrepancy exists between expert recommendations about diet and cancer and actual dietary practices among young people and points to the need for more research to better promote the translation of science into practice. Future research should focus on developing and evaluating policies and interventions at the community, state and national levels for aligning the diets of youth with the evolving scientific evidence regarding cancer prevention.
Nuclear Proteins in Programming Cell Cycles

Publisher Summary During mitosis, the bulk of the nuclear proteins are released to the cytoplasm and the chromosomes are condensed. The condensed chromosomes are not active templates for RNA synthesis. Nuclear RNA synthesis resumes when the released nuclear proteins begin returning to the reconstituting daughter nuclei. The temporal ordering of DNA replication, histone synthesis during S phase, and periodic bursts in the activity of several cellular enzymes show that progress of cells through cycle is highly programmed. This programming requires activation and inactivation of nuclear genes. The genes required for progress of cells through the cycle are activated and inactivated during the interphase part of the cell cycle. The appearance of small cytoplasmic polyribosomes containing histone mRNAs during S phase further argues in favor of activation and inactivation of genes in the interphase of the cell cycle. The continuous massive shuttling of nonhistone nuclear proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm in Amoeba proteus and other eukaryotes are implicated in the mechanisms of gene control in the interphase part of the cell cycle.
RGS9: A regulator of G‐protein signalling with specific expression in rat and mouse striatum

A clone of the regulator of G-protein signalling, RGS9, was isolated from a rat striatum-minus-cerebellum-minus-hippocampus subtracted library generated by directional tag polymerase chain reaction subtraction. The full-length cDNA clone encodes a 444 amino acid protein containing an 118 amino acid RGS domain, which corresponds to an evolutionarily conserved domain that is present in all members of the RGS family of proteins. Outside of the homology domain, RGS9 shows more extended similarity to human RGS6 and RGS7, rat RGS12, and the C. elegans protein EGL-10. During embryonic and early postnatal stages of development, two RGS9 transcripts of approximately 1.4 Kb and 1.8 Kb were detected in whole brain. After postnatal day 10, accumulation of the larger transcript increased progressively until adulthood at the expense of the smaller transcript, which was undetectable in the adult. In adult rat brain, the 1.8-Kb RGS9 transcript was detected in the striatum but not in other brain regions or peripheral tissues. In situ hybridization in rat and mouse demonstrates that RGS9 mRNA is expressed predominantly in medium-sized, spiny neurons of the neostriatum and in neurons of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. Relatively strong signals were also detected in some hypothalamic nuclei. Its selective expression suggests that RGS9 may play an important role in modulation of the complex signalling pathways of the basal ganglia.
Label-free electrical detection of antigens based on micro-channel gating

Current microbiological techniques used for multi-analyte detection, necessary for medical diagnostics, involve expensive and time consuming methods based on sandwich immunoassays. Described below is the design, fabrication, and testing of a rapid and inexpensive sensor, involving the use of microelectrodes in a micro-channel, which can be used to detect target antigens electrically (label-free format) in real-time. As a proof of principle, we have successfully demonstrated real-time detection of target antigens by measuring instantaneous changes in ionic impedance. We have also demonstrated the selectivity of our sensors in responding to target antigens while remaining irresponsive to non-target antigens. Using this technique, an array of these sensors can be multiplexed onto a biochip and used to detect the various biomarkers present in a complex mixture.
KIRA HALL & MARY BUCHOLTZ (eds.), Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self . London & New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. x, 512. Pb. $22.95.

It is unusual for a collection of articles to be as interesting and valuable (while simultaneously diverse) as are the articles assembled here. The papers in this excellent collection reflect the dramatic change that language and gender research has undergone in the past decade, and as such they provide an extremely useful source for anyone seeking a fresh view of the research in this field.
Best radiological response to trans-arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma does not imply better outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Regional therapy with trans‐arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a common treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Outcomes were examined in patients with the best radiological response (BR) after the initial TACE. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent TACE as the initial treatment for HCC between the years 2000 and 2010. BR was defined as complete disappearance of the tumour or no enhancement with contrast on the first cross‐sectional imaging study after the initial TACE. Results Seventy‐eight out of 104 total consecutive patients were identified with the potential for a BR to TACE therapy for unresectable HCC, and 24 met the criteria for BR. Patients with BR had a median survival of 12.8 months (2.2–54.9) compared with 18.9 months(1.3–56.7) for the entire cohort ( P = 0.313). The median time to progression was 10.6 months (1.2–24.3) in the BR group and 3.2 months (0.7–49.2) in the patients without a BR ( P = 0.003). Discussion BR to initial TACE for unresectable HCC is associated with comparable survival to those without BR in spite of a longer time to cancer progression. It may be reasonable to consider further therapy such as repeat TACE or biological/systemic therapy in patients with HCC even when the radiological response to the initial TACE is favourable.
Intergroup Relations vs. Prejudice : Pertinent Theory for the Study of Social Change

whereas the social psychologist studies attitudes and opinions called "prejudice" and "stereotyping," although, of course, there has never been a sharp division of labor. In recent years, there has been a tendency for these two interests to come together; both groups have come to assume that prejudice underlies discriminations, in the sense of the former being a cause of the latter. On the other hand certain authors-Merton (5) and Simpson and Yinger (8), for example-have pointed out that under certain conditions prejudice and discrimination can vary independently. We shall go further and state that it may be desirable to assume that patterns of intergroup relations (including mainly discrimination and segregation) are quite distinct from attitudes of prejudice in that each has a separate and distinct history, cause, and process of change. In other words, from a heuristic standpoint it may be desirable to assume that patterns of intergroup relations, on the one hand, and attitudes of prejudice and stereotyping, on the other hand, are fairly unrelated phenomena although they have reciprocal influences on each other, as they also have in relation to seemingly extraneous phenomena, such as anxiety levels or class. Perhaps we should have been aware all along that attitudes and behaviors have an independent existence in the same individuals: there is the challenging study by La Piere in 1934 (3), confirmed more rigorously by Saenger and Gilbert in 1950. (7) Now there are several public opinion polls showing overwhelming proportions of various local populations against desegregation, and yet in many of the communities sampled, desegregation has proceeded apace without incident.
Funeral Picketing Laws and Free Speech

This Article addresses funeral picketing legislation enacted by state legislatures and Congress in response to the activities of the Westboro Baptist Church. The article provides an overview of the federal and state laws, and then addresses constitutional questions that these laws raise. The article concludes that some time, place and manner regulations likely will pass constitutional muster, but that measures which fully satisfy outraged lawmakers and the general public may not withstand constitutional scrutiny, while laws that satisfy the First Amendment are unlikely to fully appease the general public. That result, however, is neither new nor unusual, and the Supreme Court generally has been zealous in its protection of the free speech rights of all citizens, reflecting a longstanding and deeply held American commitment to free speech as a cornerstone principle of our society.