cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Gram-Negative Lipoprotein Paradigm

The processing of lipoproteins (Lpps) in Gram-negative bacteria is generally considered an essential pathway. Mature lipoproteins in these bacteria are triacylated, with the final fatty acid addition performed by Lnt, an apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase. The mature lipoproteins are then sorted by the Lol system, with most Lpps inserted into the outer membrane (OM). We demonstrate here that the lnt gene is not essential to the Gram-negative pathogen Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis strain Schu or to the live vaccine strain LVS. An LVS Δlnt mutant has a small-colony phenotype on sucrose medium and increased susceptibility to globomycin and rifampin. We provide data indicating that the OM lipoprotein Tul4A (LpnA) is diacylated but that it, and its paralog Tul4B (LpnB), still sort to the OM in the Δlnt mutant. We present a model in which the Lol sorting pathway of Francisella has a modified ABC transporter system that is capable of recognizing and sorting both triacylated and diacylated lipoproteins, and we show that this modified system is present in many other Gram-negative bacteria. We examined this model using Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which has the same Lol architecture as that of Francisella, and found that the lnt gene is not essential in this organism. This work suggests that Gram-negative bacteria fall into two groups, one in which full lipoprotein processing is essential and one in which the final acylation step is not essential, potentially due to the ability of the Lol sorting pathway in these bacteria to sort immature apolipoproteins to the OM. IMPORTANCE This paper describes the novel finding that the final stage in lipoprotein processing (normally considered an essential process) is not required by Francisella tularensis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The paper provides a potential reason for this and shows that it may be widespread in other Gram-negative bacteria.
The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design

The orthodox justification for intellectual property is utilitarian. Advocates for strong IP rights argue that absent such rights copyists will free-ride on the efforts of creators and stifle innovation. This orthodox justification is logically straightforward and well reflected in the law. Yet a significant empirical anomaly exists: the global fashion industry, which produces a huge variety of creative goods without strong IP protection. Copying is rampant as the orthodox account would predict. Yet innovation and investment remain vibrant. Few commentators have considered the status of fashion design in IP law. Those who have almost uniformly criticize the current legal regime for failing to protect apparel designs. But the fashion industry itself is surprisingly quiescent about copying. Firms take steps to protect the value of trademarks, but appear to accept appropriation of designs as a fact of life. This diffidence about copying stands in striking contrast to the heated condemnation of piracy and associated legislative and litigation campaigns in other creative industries. Why, when other major content industries have obtained increasingly powerful IP protections for their products, does fashion design remain mostly unprotected - and economically successful? The fashion industry is a puzzle for the orthodox justification for IP rights. This paper explores this puzzle. We argue that the fashion industry counter-intuitively operates within a low-IP equilibrium in which copying does not deter innovation and may actually promote it. We call this the piracy paradox. This paper offers a model explaining how the fashion industry's piracy paradox works, and how copying functions as an important element of and perhaps even a necessary predicate to the industry's swift cycle of innovation. In so doing, we aim to shed light on the creative dynamics of the apparel industry. But we also hope to spark further exploration of a fundamental question of IP policy: to what degree are IP rights necessary to induce innovation? Are stable low-IP equilibria imaginable in other industries as well? Part I describes the fashion industry and its dynamics and illustrates the prevalence of copying in the industry. Part II advances an explanation for the piracy paradox that rests on two features: induced obsolescence and anchoring. Both phenomena reflect the status-conferring power of fashion, and both suggest that copying, rather than impeding innovation and investment, promotes them. Part II also considers, and rejects, alternative explanations of the endurance of the low-IP status quo. Part III considers extensions of our arguments to other fields. By examining copyright's negative space - those creative endeavors that copyright does not address - we argue can we can better understand the relationship between copyright and innovation.
The Origins of Urban Political Machines in the United States: A Comparative Perspective

Scholarly interest in and debate about urban political machines waxed considerably in the 1980s. What is curious about urban political machines is their appearance in the United States. Using the a...
PHENCYCLIDINE DISCRIMINATION IN THE PIGEON USING COLOR TRACKING UNDER SECOND‐ORDER SCHEDULES

Pigeons were trained to track different key colors, depending on whether they had been injected with phencyclidine or saline prior to the session. A second-order schedule was used to generate large numbers of responses prior to the initial food delivery. The procedure offers several advantages over traditional procedures for studying drug discrimination.
A Quantitative Approach to Evaluating the Effects of Snow Cover on Cold Airmass Temperatures across the U.S. Great Plains

Abstract Over the past two decades a greater emphasis has been placed on the accuracy of the representation of snow cover–atmosphere interactions in weather and climate prediction models. Much of the attention centered upon snow cover is a result of concerns associated with anthropogenic and natural causes of potential changes in the global environment that may be intensified by the snow cover climatology. As a predictive tool, the importance of the interactions between snow cover and the overlying atmosphere is recognized in areas ranging from daily and seasonal surface air temperature forecasts, to anomalies in large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Within this study the effects of snow cover on surface air temperatures within cold air masses moving across the U.S. Great Plains in winter were investigated. Through the adaptation of a one-dimensional snowpack model, the thermal characteristics of the core of a cold air mass were derived from the equation governing the heat balance between the surf...
Transcobalamin 776C→G polymorphism negatively affects vitamin B-12 metabolism

Background: A common genetic polymorphism [transcobalamin (TC) 776C→G] may affect the function of transcobalamin, the protein required for vitamin B-12 cellular uptake and metabolism. Remethylation of homocysteine is dependent on the production of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and adequate vitamin B-12 for the methionine synthase reaction. Objectives: The objectives were to assess the influence of the TC 776C→G polymorphism on concentrations of the transcobalamin-vitamin B-12 complex (holo-TC) and to determine the combined effects of the TC 776C→G and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C→T polymorphisms and vitamin B-12 status on homocysteine concentrations. Design: Healthy, nonpregnant women (n = 359; aged 20-30 y) were screened to determine plasma vitamin B-12, serum holo-TC, and plasma homocysteine concentrations and TC 776C→G and MTHFR 677C→T genotypes. Results: The serum holo-TC concentration for women with the variant TC 776 GG genotype was significantly different (P = 0.0213) from that for subjects with the CC genotype (74 ± 37 and 87 ± 33 pmol/L, respectively). An inverse relation was observed between plasma homocysteine concentrations and both serum holo-TC (P ≤ 0.0001) and plasma vitamin B-12 (P ≤ 0.0001) concentrations, regardless of genotype. Conclusions: These data suggest that the TC 776C→G polymorphism negatively affects the serum holo-TC concentration and provide additional evidence that vitamin B-12 status modulates the homocysteine concentration in this population.
Charcot's osteoarthropathy mimicking an osteosarcoma of humerus.

Charcot9s arthropathy or neuropathic osteoarthropathy is a form of destructive arthropathy associated with decreased sensory innervation. We present an unusual case of a patient referred to oncology clinic for further evaluation of a spindle cell neoplasm of the humerus concerning for malignancy. The mass presented as a lytic lesion associated with a right humerus fracture. This was later diagnosed as Charcot9s shoulder secondary to cervical syringomyelia. A detailed case report and discussion are presented here.
Ovenized dual-mode clock (ODMC) based on highly doped single crystal silicon resonators

This work demonstrates, for the first time, ovenization of a fully-encapsulated dual-mode silicon MEMS resonator operational over a large ambient temperature range. We maintain a localized, elevated operating temperature by utilizing the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCf) difference between two excitation modes of the same resonant body as a thermometer, and by integrating a micro-oven in the encapsulation layer. Preliminary results of real-time compensation demonstrate a stability of ±250ppb of the in-plane Lame-mode frequency over −20°C to 80°C.
Mechanism of the Reduction of the Native Intermediate in the Multicopper Oxidases: Insights into Rapid Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Turnover

The multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are the family of enzymes that catalyze the 4-electron reduction of O2 to H2O coupled to the four 1-electron oxidations of substrate. In the catalytic cycle electrons are transferred intramolecularly over ∼13 A from a Type 1 (T1) Cu site that accepts electrons from substrate to a trinuclear Cu cluster (TNC) where O2 is reduced to H2O at rapid rates consistent with turnover (560 s–1). The oxygen reduction mechanism for the MCOs is well-characterized, whereas the rereduction is less understood. Our initial study of Rhus vernicifera Laccase (Heppner et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12212) experimentally established that the native intermediate (NI), the species formed upon O–O bond cleavage, is reduced with an IET rate >700 s–1 and is the catalytically relevant fully oxidized form of the enzyme, rather than the resting state. In this report, we present kinetic and spectroscopic results coupled to DFT calculations that evaluate the mechanism of the 3 e–/3 H+ reduction of NI,...
Effect of Reactor Materials on the Properties of Titanium Oxide Nanotubes

Subtleties in the synthesis of materials can have a profound effect on the catalytic and photocatalytic properties of materials. Black TiO2 nanotubes, demonstrating remarkable solar absorption, were synthesized using a stainless steel reactor. Using UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, XPS, EDS, ICP, and TEM, the change in electronic absorption of the TiO2 nanotubes is explained by the discrete introduction of Cr concentrated particles from the stainless steel reactor. The black TiO2 nanotubes displayed significant solar-driven photocatalytic activity with the photo-oxidation of acetaldehyde under visible light (λ > 450 nm).
Analysis of Community Residents' Attention to Media in Zhuhai

Objectives To learn about community residents' attention to mass media like tv,newpapers,internet,and so on.Methods Results Conclusion Methods Objects were selected through random cluster sampling and the survery was done among them through selt-designed questionaire.Results The citizens were most interested in tv(89.06%),then the internet(64.88%)and the newspaper(48.12%).The magazine(26.58%),the public transportation media(12.55%),the outdoor advertization(11.97%)and the radio(11.90%)were the least interesting to the residents.Residents' attention to tv and newspaper incresed as age grew.Residents of 18~25were the most interested in internet and the interest decreased with the growing of the age.Conclusions Tv,newspaper and magazine should be the main channel for the propaganda of health education and knowledge,with other mass media serve as supplements.Best result can be achieved through ways of designing different propaganda plan of health education for different targeting population.
Pediatric HIV/AIDS.

The number of children infected with HIV is growing, and new treatments are extending their survival. Nurses, including pediatric intensive care nurses, more frequently have to care for HIV-infected children. This article discusses the transmission of HIV in children, pediatric manifestations of the disease, staging, treatment, and prophylaxis. The complications, treatment, and psychosocial and ethical issues of the child with HIV in the pediatric intensive care unit are examined.
The control of spatial organization during cellular differentiation

Caulobacter crescentus is a dimorphic bacterium that yields two distinct cell types with every cell division, a motile swarmer cell and a sessile stalked cell. Caulobacter, therefore, possesses a simple developmental program and is used as an model system to determine basic mechanisms of cellular morphogenesis. The generation of the asymmetric predivisional cell requires the temporal expression of many genes as well as the precise intracellular positioning of these gene products. Analysis of the biogenesis and positioning of cell type-specific genes and proteins has been instrumental in understanding the underlying principles as to how asymmetry in the predivisional cell is generated. This manuscript explores our current understanding of the mechanisms by which Caulobacter differentiation is achieved.
A Practical Tool for Evaluating the Potential of ESOL Textbooks to Promote Learning Transfer

For teaching English to speakers of other languages (ESOL) to be seen as having substantial impact, learning that occurs in the classroom must transfer to situations outside the classroom. Unfortunately, education research shows that transfer can be difficult to promote. Therefore, ESOL teachers may want to ensure that their classes are as conducive as possible to transfer. In the many ESOL contexts in which textbooks play a central role in classes, this will mean ensuring that the textbooks used help as much as possible to promote transfer. However, evaluating the potential of ESOL textbooks to help promote transfer may not be straightforward with existing published resources. Therefore, this article describes and demonstrates a new textbook evaluation tool that was designed based on key ideas in scholarly work on learning transfer and patterns in current ESOL textbooks. The aim is to provide a practical tool that teachers can use to evaluate the potential of ESOL textbooks to promote learning transfer.
Interaction of aerosol particles with a standing wave optical field

Trajectories of spherical dielectric particles carried across an optical standing wave by a flowing medium are investigated. Trajectories are determined by a three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculation that includes drag forces, Brownian motion, and optical gradient forces. We analyze the case of polystyrene particles with radii of order 100 nm carried across a Gaussian-mode standing wave by slowly flowing air. Particles are injected into the flowing air from a small source area such as the end of a capillary tube. Different sizes are dispersed continuously in space on the opposite side of the standing wave, demonstrating a practical way to sort particles. Certain discrete values of particle size show no interaction with the optical field, independent of intensity. These particles can be sorted with exceptionally high resolution. For example, particles with radii of 275 nm can be sorted with 1 nm resolution. This sorting scheme has the advantages of accommodating a high throughput, producing a continuous stream of continuously dispersed particles, and exhibiting excellent size resolution. The Monte Carlo results are in agreement with those obtained by a much simpler, and faster, fluid calculation based on effective velocities and effective diffusion coefficients, both obtained by averaging trajectories over multiple fringes of the optical field.
Combined aerobic and resistance training improves bone health of female cancer survivors.

Abstract Introduction Cancer pathogenesis and resulting treatment may lead to bone loss and poor skeletal health in survivorship. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of 26 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance-training (CART) exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in a multi-racial sample of female cancer survivors. Methods Twenty-six female cancer survivors volunteered to undergo CART for 1 h/day, 3 days/week, for 26 weeks. The Improving Physical Activity After Cancer Treatment (IMPAACT) Program involves supervised group exercise sessions including 20 min of cardiorespiratory training, 25 min of circuit-style resistance-training, and 15 min of abdominal exercises and stretching. BMD at the spine, hip, and whole body was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after the intervention. Serum markers of bone metabolism (procollagen-type I N-terminal propeptide, P1NP, and C-terminal telopeptides, CTX) were measured at baseline, 13 weeks, and at study completion. Results Eighteen participants, with the average age of 63.0 ± 10.3 years, completed the program. Mean duration since completion of cancer treatment was 6.2 ± 10.6 years. Paired t -tests revealed significant improvements in BMD of the spine (0.971 ± 0.218 g/cm 2 vs. 0.995 ± 0.218 g/cm 2 , p = 0.012), hip (0.860 ± 0.184 g/cm 2 vs. 0.875 ± 0.191 g/cm 2 , p = 0.048), and whole body (1.002 ± 0.153 g/cm 2 vs. 1.022 ± 0.159 g/cm 2 , p = 0.002). P1NP declined 22% at 13 weeks and 28% at 26 weeks in comparison to baseline ( p Conclusions We report significant improvements in BMD at the spine, hip, and whole body for female cancer survivors who completed 26 weeks of CART. This investigation demonstrates the possible effectiveness of CART at improving bone health and reducing risk of osteoporosis for women who have completed cancer treatment. The IMPAACT Program appears to be a safe and feasible way for women to improve health after cancer treatment.
Endoscopic Repair of Recurrent Tracheoesophageal Fistula With an Atrial Septal Occluder Device

A 32-year-old woman presented with recurrent trachea-esophageal fistula. Although she had undergone open repair three times in her first year of life, a residual small leak was left. In the past 2 years she had experienced several lower respiratory tract infections and she had lost 5 kilograms in the past 2 months. Recent argon plasma coagulation cauterization and clipping of the fistula had failed, so an alternative technique with placement of an atrial septal occluder device was used to obliterate the fistula. A follow-up barium swallow showed no more communication to the tracheobronchial tree, and endoscopy demonstrated epithelialization. At her 3-year follow-up visit she was asymptomatic.
Relationships between Behavioral and Electrocortical Responses of Aphasic and Non-aphasic Brain-damaged Adults to Semantic Materials

Disorders of semantic processing are well recognized components of the syndrome of aphasia.
α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Stimulation Attenuates Neuroinflammation through JAK2-STAT3 Activation in Murine Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Accounting for high mortality and morbidity rates, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains one of the most detrimental stroke subtypes lacking a specific therapy. Neuroinflammation contributes to ICH-induced brain injury and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate whether α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) stimulation ameliorates neuroinflammation after ICH. Male CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley were subjected to intracerebral injection of autologous blood or bacterial collagenase. ICH animals received either α7nAChR agonist PHA-543613 alone or combined with α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) antagonist AG490. Neurobehavioral deficits were evaluated at 24 hours, 72 hours, and 10 weeks after ICH induction. Perihematomal expressions of JAK2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were quantified via Western blot. Histologic volumetric analysis of brain tissues was conducted after 10 weeks following ICH induction. PHA-543613 improved short-term neurobehavioral (sensorimotor) deficits and increased activated perihematomal JAK2 and STAT3 expressions while decreasing TNF-α and MPO expressions after ICH. MLA reversed these treatment effects. PHA-543613 also improved long-term neurobehavioral (sensorimotor, learning, and memory) deficits and ameliorated brain atrophy after ICH. These treatment effects were reduced by AG490. α7nAChR stimulation reduced neuroinflammation via activation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, thereby ameliorating the short- and long-term sequelae after ICH.
Survival Outcomes in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients after Doqi Guidelines: can we Achieve the Adequacy Targets

Starting Jan 1,1996, we prospectivelv managed 213 incident patients (205 who entered study) following the anticipated DOQI guidelines-proactively replacing lost residual renal function (Kt/Vr) with an increase in the PD component (Kt/V r ) attempting to maintain minimal total solute clearances (Kt/Vt) at all times as recommended by DOQI - CAPI) >2.0. CCPD>2.1 and NIPD>2.2. Data obtained included PET tests tw ice a year, 24 hr dialysate and urine collections quarterly. Survival estimates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Proportional hazards models with a time dependent eovariate for function were used to assess the relationship of solute clearance with survival, while controlling for age, sex and diabetic status. V was calculated (Watson) using both actual and ideal body weights (Hamwi) and reported to individual physician as total KtA (ideal). Increasing age (p=0.0001), race (white) and diabetic status (p=0.04) were associated with an increased RR of death. Modality: (CAPD 48%, APD+LBF+MDE 7%)= continuous PD; (APD+LBF 33%) = intermittent -"wet" day; (IPD 8% and NIPD 4%) = intermittent - "dry" day. Median follow-up was 1.6 yrs with 42 deaths observed. Mean total Kt/V (ideal) for continuous PD 2.37 ± 0.55, intermittent-wet was 2.57 ± 0.63 and intermittent-dry was 2.44 ± 0.49. A 0.1 unit increase in Kt/Y'r decreases RR of death bv 3% (NS), an increase in 0.1 unit Kt/Vt decreased RR of death by 5% (p<0.09). Creatinine clearance was not predictive of outcome. Actual 1 yr survival was 88 ± 2%, 78 ±4% 2 yr, 70 ±5% 3 yr and 58 ± 7% at 4 yrs. There was no statistically significant difference in survival among modalities or groups. Using DOQI targets for total Kt/V (ideal I, patient survival was excellent. In summary, there was no difference in outcomes between modalities and over the range of small solute clearances studied, Kt/V( was not predictive of outcome.
Practical Recommendations for Transitioning Patients with Type 2 Diabetes from Hospital to Home

The purpose of this review is to provide practical evidence-based recommendations for transitioning hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to home. Hospitalized patients who have newly diagnosed or poorly controlled T2DM require initiation or intensification of their outpatient diabetes regimen. Potential barriers to medication access and continuity of care should be identified early in the hospitalization. Throughout hospitalization, patients should receive diabetes education focused on basic survival skills and tailored to learning needs. Patients should leave the hospital with personalized discharge instructions that include a list of all medications and follow-up appointments with both the outpatient diabetes provider and a diabetes educator whenever possible. An approach to transitioning patients with T2DM from hospital to home that focuses on optimizing the patient’s discharge diabetes regimen, anticipating patients’ needs during the immediate post-discharge period, providing survival skills education, and ensuring continuation of diabetes care and education following hospital discharge has the potential to improve glycemic control and reduce emergency department visits and hospital readmissions.
CpG and methylation-dependent DNA binding and dynamics of the methylcytosine binding domain 2 protein at the single-molecule level

The methylcytosine-binding domain 2 (MBD2) protein recruits the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex (NuRD) to methylated DNA to modify chromatin and regulate transcription. Importantly, MBD2 functions within CpG islands that contain 100s to 1000s of potential binding sites. Since NuRD physically rearranges nucleosomes, the dynamic mobility of this complex is directly related to function. In these studies, we use NMR and single-molecule atomic force microscopy and fluorescence imaging to study DNA binding dynamics of MBD2. Single-molecule fluorescence tracking on DNA tightropes containing regions with CpG-rich and CpG-free regions reveals that MBD2 carries out unbiased 1D diffusion on CpG-rich DNA but subdiffusion on CpG-free DNA. In contrast, the protein stably and statically binds to methylated CpG (mCpG) regions. The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) on MBD2 both reduces exchange between mCpG sites along the DNA as well as the dissociation from DNA, acting like an anchor that restricts the dynamic mobility of the MBD domain. Unexpectedly, MBD2 binding to methylated CpGs induces DNA bending that is augmented by the IDR region of the protein. These results suggest that MBD2 targets NuRD to unmethylated or methylated CpG islands where its distinct dynamic binding modes help maintain open or closed chromatin, respectively.
Developmental Origins of Rumination in Middle Childhood: The Roles of Early Temperament and Positive Parenting.

Rumination, a thinking style characterized by a repetitive inward focus on negative cognitions, has been linked to internalizing disorders, particularly depression. Moreover, research suggests that rumination may be a cognitive vulnerability that predisposes individuals to psychopathology. Surprisingly little is known, however, about the etiology and development of rumination. The present study examined the role of specific components of child temperamental negative emotionality (sadness, fear, anger) and effortful control (inhibition), as well as parenting behaviors during early childhood on the development of rumination in middle childhood. Early childhood (age 3) temperament and parenting behaviors were assessed observationally and rumination was self-reported in middle childhood (age 9) in a large community sample (N = 425; 47.1% female). Two significant interactions emerged. First, temperamental anger interacted with inhibitory control (IC) such that high anger and low IC predicted higher levels of r...
Radiative Shocks and Heat Waves

This chapter is concerned with radiative shocks and heat waves. There are several types of radiative shocks, depending primarily on the optical depth of upstream and downstream regions. Despite this multiplicity, the fluid dynamics sharply constrains the possible structures of such systems. The discussion covers the behavior of radiative shocks in optically thin systems, optically thick systems, and some mixed systems relevant to experiments. The chapter then turns to radiative heat fronts, in which incoming radiation is deposited in a relatively narrow zone across which the plasma parameters change. The detailed behavior depends upon the boundary conditions imposed by the adjacent regions. Specifically considered are Marshak-like heat fronts, expansion heat fronts, and photoionization fronts.
Water Level Fluctuations Influence Wading Bird Prey Availability and Nesting in a Subtropical Lake Ecosystem

Food availability affects the reproductive success of animal populations. However, food availability includes both prey abundance and its accessibility, which are regulated by different environmental processes. The match-mismatch hypothesis links reproductive success to annual variability in food availability, but the threshold hypothesis suggests that changes in prey abundance can reduce or intensify the effects of a mismatch event. From January–June 2011–2013, food availability and wading bird (Pelecaniformes) reproduction were measured amidst different environmental conditions at Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA. Mean prey density was 165 ± 21 prey/m2 (2011), 87 ± 7 prey/m2 (2012), and 104 ± 9 prey/m2 (2013) while 34% (2011), 36% (2012), and 77% (2013) of the landscape became available for foraging. Two generalized linear mixed models were constructed to quantify the relationship between fledging success and total productivity using prey density and foraging habitat availability as independent variables. The interaction of prey density and habitat availability was significant and positive in both models. Fledging success and total productivity increased with increasing prey density, the effects of which were more pronounced when habitat availability was low. Saturation thresholds existed for both fledging success (147 prey/m2) and total productivity (189 prey/m2), above which high concentrations of prey could sustain nesting when habitat availability was low.
Grammatical Abilities in Young Cochlear Implant Recipients and Children With Normal Hearing Matched by Vocabulary Size.

Purpose This study sought to expand understanding of the impact of cochlear implantation on grammatical acquisition by comparing young children who have vocabularies of comparable size. Two researc...
Biomedical Informatics for Cancer Research: Introduction

Biomedical informatics encompasses a set of disciplines focused on developing, implementing, and perfecting the use of informatics and computational tools in biomedical research and clinical care. In this volume, we focus on a number of areas crucial to the establishment of state-of-the-art informatics methods and systems to support cancer research. We provide motivation for undertaking such developments and deployments, a quick overview of the field, and hopes for the impact on cancer treatment and survival in this introduction.
Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

It was days like this that made Thane Turner want to practice family medicine for the rest of his life. Late at night, he had one of those perfect deliveries. A happy couple, their first child, a beautiful baby girl. Dr. Turner knew the family, having gone to high school with the father’s older brother. As he left the delivery room on the way home, he walked by the waiting area where the extended family had gathered. Everyone rushed up to him and said, “Thank you, Doctor!”
Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of Hydrated Mitotic Chromosomes

Images of fully hydrated mitotic chromosomes from Vicia faba were recorded on the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope at 110, 85, 60, and 35 mM ionic strengths. The images revealed an increase in chromosome diameter and length as the salt concentration was reduced, in agreement with findings from visible light microscopy. Local differences in chromatin condensation were revealed in unstained chromosomes, which appeared as bands. Chromosome bands were most visible under salt conditions which support chromatin higher order structure, but not close packing of chromatin fibers.
Conception and Analysis of a Photovoltaic Microgrid in the USTO Campus

Distributed energy resources increase with strong penetration into electrical systems. The photovoltaic energy of a microgrids has shown great advantages due to the reliable operation of the distribution networks with high flexibility and robustness and also to enable efficiency. In this article, we make a conception of a photovoltaic microgrid that will be installed at the University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO) in Algeria. This campus is located on a very big area and has a large roofs with flat surfaces. This campus considered as solar energy field offers a great advantage for the photovoltaic energy generation via a microgrid. This article uses hourly solar radiation and temperature provided by the meteorological office to study the radiation distribution and duration of sunshine on campus. This generated PV energy is analyzed in this article with taking into account the roofs total surface of this campus. The consumption of real electrical energy on this campus is given by graphs obtained by the national company of electricity (Sonelgaz), a comparison is made between the generated PV energy and the consumption of real electrical energy. The purpose of this article is to size the installation of photovoltaic panels on the campus and determine the energy provided by the latter and compare it with the actual consumption.
Protective immunity against severe malaria is associated with a repertoire of antibodies to conserved PfEMP1 variants

Extreme diversity of the major P. falciparum antigen, PfEMP1, poses a barrier to identifying targets of protective immunity to malaria. To overcome this problem, we used DBLα protein microarrays covering PfEMP1 diversity to probe the immunomes of young malaria-exposed children in association with disease risk. Children with high group 2 DBLα antibodies had a 26-36% lower risk of uncomplicated malaria but individual DBLα variants were weakly associated with clinical immunity. High antibodies to DBLα groups 1 and 2, and 85 individual DBLα variants were associated with a 70-100% reduction in severe malaria. Low antibodies to 17 variants were strong predictors of severe malaria and these variants were linked to pathogenic domains. This suggests that while immunity to uncomplicated malaria requires a broad repertoire of antibodies, immunity to severe malaria targets a subset of conserved variants. These findings provide new insights into antimalarial immunity and potential biomarkers for disease risk.
Prevalence and landscape of actionable genomic alterations in renal cell carcinoma.

616Background: We report our experience with next-generation sequencing to characterize the prevalence and genomic landscape of actionable genomic alterations in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods...
Deriving properties of belief update from theories of action (II)

In [del Val and Shoham, 1992] we showed that the postulates for belief update recently proposed by Katsuno and Mendelzon [1991] can be analytically derived using the formal theory of action proposed by Lin and Shoham [1991]. The contribution of this paper is twofold; • Whereas in [del Val and Shoham, 1992] we only showed that our encoding of the update problem satisfied the KM postulates, here we use an independently motivated generalization of the theory of action used in that paper to provide a one-to-one correspondence between our construction and KM update semantics. • We show how the KM semantics can be generalized by relaxing our construction in a number of ways, each justified in certain intuitive circumstances and each corresponding to one specific postulate. It follows that there are reasonable update operators outside the KM family.
The State of Reproducible Research in Computer Science

Reproducible research is the cornerstone of cumulative science and yet is one of the most serious crisis that we face today in all fields. This paper aims to describe the ongoing reproducible research crisis along with counter-arguments of whether it really is a crisis, suggest solutions to problems limiting reproducible research along with the tools to implement such solutions by covering the latest publications involving reproducible research.
Accuracy of CGM systems

Abstract Over the past 50 years, the diabetes technology field progressed remarkably through continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and control algorithms driving closed-loop control systems known as the “artificial pancreas” (AP). In this chapter, we discuss one particular aspect of these developments—the accuracy of CGM systems—which has been a critical element of the technology progress and a key factor enabling CGM acceptance and advanced implementations such as real-time predictive alarms for hypo- and hyperglycemia and the AP. Evaluating clinical and numerical (statistical) accuracy of CGM sensors is more complex than that of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose. The data generated by CGM are a continuous stream of glucose readings, typically acquired every few minutes. Thus, CGM reflects the underlying dynamics of blood glucose fluctuations and produces a series of data points equally spaced and ordered in time, for example, time series. For this type of data, both point and rate accuracy must be evaluated, together with other parameters, such as time lag inherent with CGM. In response to the demand for comprehensive CGM accuracy evaluation, the continuous glucose-error grid analysis was introduced in 2004 to describe both the point and rate accuracy of CGM systems, and to provide an error matrix combining the two in the three salient blood glucose ranges—hypoglycemia, euglycemia, and hyperglycemia. A metric, R-deviation, was introduced for calculating the numerical accuracy of CGM trends. These methods entered the 2008 Consensus Guideline on Performance Metrics for Continuous Interstitial Glucose Monitoring of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Accurate Lane Detection for Self-Driving Cars: An Approach Based on Color Filter Adjustment and K-Means Clustering Filter

Lane detection is a crucial factor for self-driving cars to achieve a fully autonomous mode. Due to its importance, lane detection has drawn wide attention in recent years for autonomous driving. O...
Monolayer phase transitions due to ultraviolet irradiation of sequentially-adsorbed 9,10-anthracene dicarboxylic acid and octanethiol on Au(111)

Abstract Sequential adsorption of 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid (AnDCA) and 1-octanethiol create a multicomponent self-assembled monolayer on Au(111). The presence of AnDCA does not alter the size of close-packed octanethiol domains, but can be found in separate close-packed domains. Successive exposure to 375 nm ultraviolet radiation causes organizational rearrangement of the adsorbed components. Sections of close-packed up-right phase, ϕ , octanethiol with ( 3 × 3 )R30 ∘ packing and a density of 21.6 A 2 /molecule or 4.63 molecules/nm 2 transition to a combination of lower density striped β and ( 5 × 2 ) phase with a density of 35.9 A 2 /molecule or 2.79 molecules/nm 2 . Small domains of AnDCA exhibit a packing density of 0.90 molecules/nm 2 or 110 A 2 /molecule after 20 minutes of UV exposure. After 60 minutes of UV exposure, AnDCA exhibits a similar packing density of 0.91 molecules/nm 2 or 110 A 2 /molecule. Ultimately the domain boundaries become less defined as the β and ( 5 × 2 ) packing dominates the self-assembled monolayer, and adjacent areas of longer-range ordered hydrogen-bonded regions of AnDCA are observed.
Distributed Anomaly Detection and PMU Data Recovery in a Fog-computing-WAMS Paradigm

With rapid increase in the number of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in the electric grid, massive volumes of monitoring data are expected to overwhelm the data pre-processors at centralized computing facilities. This, along with the requirements of lower latency and increased resilience to data anomalies advocates for distributed architectures for data conditioning and processing. To that end, in this paper, we present a fog-computing-based hierarchical approach for distributed detection and correction of anomalies in PMU data. In our proposed approach, each fog node, responsible for real-time data preprocessing, is dynamically assigned a smaller group of PMU signals with similar modal observabilities using software-defined-networking (SDN). The SDN controller residing at a central node feeds on the modeshapes estimated from the signals recovered at each fog node, for running the PMU-grouping algorithm. Grouping ensures adequate denseness of each signal set and guarantees data recovery under corruption. Also, the grouping is soft-realtime, infrequent, and triggered only upon a change in operating condition and therefore, heavily relieves the computational burden off the central node. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using simulated data from the IEEE 5–area 16–machine test system.
Role of c-Met/β1 integrin complex in the metastatic cascade in breast cancer

Metastases cause 90% of human cancer deaths. The metastatic cascade involves local invasion, intravasation, extravasation, metastatic site colonization, and proliferation. Although individual mediators of these processes have been investigated, interactions between these mediators remain less well defined. We previously identified a complex between receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met and β1 integrin in metastases. Using cell culture and in vivo assays, we found that c-Met/β1 complex induction promoted intravasation and vessel wall adhesion in triple-negative breast cancer cells, but did not increase extravasation. These effects may have been driven by the ability of the c-Met/β1 complex to increase mesenchymal and stem cell characteristics. Multiplex transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulated Wnt and hedgehog pathways after c-Met/β1 complex induction. A β1 integrin point mutation that prevented binding to c-Met reduced intravasation. OS2966, a therapeutic antibody disrupting c-Met/β1 binding, decreased breast cancer cell invasion and mesenchymal gene expression. Bone-seeking breast cancer cells exhibited higher levels of c-Met/β1 complex than parental controls and preferentially adhered to tissue-specific matrix. Patient bone metastases demonstrated higher c-Met/β1 complex than brain metastases. Thus, the c-Met/β1 complex drove intravasation of triple-negative breast cancer cells and preferential affinity for bone-specific matrix. Pharmacological targeting of the complex may have prevented metastases, particularly osseous metastases.
Characterizing initiation, use, and discontinuation of extended-release buprenorphine in a nationally representative United States commercially insured cohort

Abstract Background and Aims While the United States is in the midst of an overdose epidemic, effective treatments are underutilized and commonly discontinued. Innovations in medication delivery, including an extended-release formulations, have the potential to improve treatment access and reduce discontinuation. We sought to assess extended-release buprenorphine discontinuation among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) in a real-world, nationally representative cohort. Setting United States Participants Commercially insured individuals initiating one of four FDA-approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in 2018: extended-release buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone, mucosal buprenorphine (mono- or co-formulated with naloxone), or methadone. Measurements Our primary outcome was medication discontinuation, defined as a gap of more than 14 days between the end of one prescription or administration and the subsequent dose. Findings We identified 14,358 individuals initiating MOUD in 2018, including 204 (1%) extended-release buprenorphine, 1,173 (8%) extended-release naltrexone, 12,171 (85%) mucosal buprenorphine, and 810 (6%) methadone initiations. Three months after initiation, 50% (95% confidence interval [CI] 40%-60%) of extended-release buprenorphine, 64% (95% CI 61%-69%) of extended-release naltrexone, 34% (95% CI 33%-35%) of mucosal buprenorphine, and 58% (95% CI 54%-62%) of methadone initiators had discontinued treatment. Conclusions Across all treatment groups, medication discontinuation was high, and in this sample of early adopters with limited follow-up time, we found no evidence that extended-release buprenorphine offered a retention advantage compared to other MOUD in real-world settings. Retention continues to represent a major obstacle to treatment effectiveness, and interventions are needed to address this challenge even as new MOUD formulations become available.
Seeding the explosion of a high-current-density conductor in a controlled manner through the addition of micron-scale surface defects

Inhomogeneities in a current-carrying conductor promote non-uniform heating and expansion through the complex feedback between current density, electrical resistivity, Ohmic heating, temperature, and hydrodynamics. Three-dimensional-magnetohydrodynamic (3D-MHD) simulations suggest that μm-scale resistive inclusions or voids seed local overheating and through hydrodynamic explosion generate continuously growing craters which become several times larger than the initial perturbation. The ejected mass is the genesis of an electrothermally driven plasma filament which develops at lower current than plasmas on uniform surfaces adjacent to the defect. This result suggests that 1D or even 2D treatments are largely inadequate for detailed prediction of plasma formation. To test computational predictions, z-pinch experiments driven to 1 MA studied ultra-high-purity aluminum rods which were then machined to include pairs of quasi-hemispherical voids or “engineered defects (ED)” on the current-carrying surface. ED are the dominant current-density perturbation and reproducibly drive local overheating which can be compared with 3D-MHD simulation. Data from high-resolution-gated imagers of visible surface emissions confirm many simulation predictions, including the surface topography of local overheating, and the propensity for neighboring ED to prematurely source plasmas which then connect to form a plasma filament. Results also provide conditional support of theory which suggests heating similarity; that is, heating is independent of ED size for geometrically scaled ED.
Four-frame ultrafast radiography of a shocked sample at an x-ray free electron laser

With an ultrafast framing camera, we image the propagation of a shock wave on the nanosecond time-scale. Four frame x-ray phase-contrast radiographs are acquired using the pulse train from an x-ray free electron laser.
THE EMPEROR'S NEW CLOTHES: THEORY AND METHOD IN GANG FIELD RESEARCH

In the last few years there has been a resurgence of field research on gangs. In New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco. Detroit. St. Louis, and elsewhere social scientists have gone "back to the field" to study gangs, drugs, and violence. This has been a welcome development. However, the recent profusion of field research has also brought to light a few problems.
Control of frog evasive direction: triggering and biasing systems

Midbrain systems for triggering either feeding or evasive behaviors will be reviewed. These systems interact with modulating or “biasing” systems in telencephalon or diencephalon in determining the final choice of directions taken in either feeding or evasive sequences. Some biasing effects seem to act directly upon the tectum (e.g., those from pretectum and from n. isthmi) while others (including pretectum and striatum) may converge in the brainstem with tectal efferents to guide orientation. New data on the role of cerebellum in biasing the direction of avoidance behavior on a tilted surface leads to the suggestion that both cerebellum and striatum bias avoidance directions via a common biasing center in the tegmentum. Effects of tegmental lesions support this model.
An NMR study of the dissociation of N,N′‐(2‐propyloximino)‐4,4′‐methylenebis(phenylcarbamate) and its crosslinking of polymers containing labile hydrogens. II

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the dissociation and reaction of N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate), as a crosslinking agent for polymers containing labile hydrogens. The crosslinking of poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylamide, and poly(vinyl alcohol) was found to result upon heating each to 150°C for 10 min with this component at 2–10 wt %.
Controversial Geosat data to be released

Some of the data from the Navy's Geodetic Satellite (Geosat) mission may soon be made available to the research community and to the public, following several years of efforts to set up a mechanism for sharing what had been designated as classified data with non-Navy scientists. The release of data may begin in “a couple of months,” according to Tom Davis, head of Advanced Technology Staff at the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) in Bay St. Louis, Miss.