cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ohio and sports law

The purpose of this paper is to offer a broad perspective on how individuals, universities and professional teams associated with the state of Ohio have had a varied impact on sports law in general. Many of the cases and decisions discussed in this paper include familiar incidents and issues involving basketball coach Jim O'Brien, pitcher Andy Oliver, running back Maurice Clarett, sprinter Harry "Butch" Reynolds, high school football player Bobby Martin, Major League Baseball (MLB) manager Pete Rose and others. This article could also be viewed as a starting point for further research involving this Midwestern state also known as the Buckeye State, the seventh most populous in the United States. The article explores sports law cases from Ohio involving issues related to contract law, constitutional law, antitrust law, disability issues, the criminal law, and many other areas as well. Ohio's relationship to sports law has been especially marked by legal and ethical issues emanating from The Ohio State University (OSU), including the chaos surrounding the 2011 resignation of former OSU head football coach Jim Tressel after numerous allegations of violations of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules by him and at least six of his players. Rich with history, this paper demonstrates that the state of Ohio continues to have a significant impact on sports and the law and in some cases sets the tone of the discussion at the national level emanating from Lake Erie to the Ohio River and all the major cities in between including Toledo, Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati. Keywords: American football; Ohio, NCAA, Antitrust, Sports Law, Jim O'Brien, Jim Tressel, Andy Oliver, Maurice Clarett, Harry "Butch" Reynolds, Bobby Martin, Pete Rose, Buckeye State, "jock tax," Toledo Mud Hens, Dayton Dragons, Cleveland Indians, Chief Wahoo, Cincinnati Bengals, Brutus, Rufus Language: en
Quantized dual graded graphs

We study quantized dual graded graphs, which are graphs equipped with linear operators satisfying the relation $DU - qUD = rI$. We construct examples based upon: the Fibonacci differential poset, permutations, standard Young tableau, and plane binary trees.
Private Incentives versus Class Interests: Implications for Growth

We consider an economy, in which the elite controls the means of production. The private incentives of each elite member contradict the interests of the elite as a whole. While each member of the elite would benefit from engaging into new productive activities, the byproduct of such activities is an increase in competition and hence decrease in elite's profits. We provide a model which allows us to parameterize the degree of consolidation of the elite q. We find that in a steady-state, the rate at which new technologies are implemented is constant and is decreasing in q. We next allow the elite to invest into a productivity enhancing public good. We show that the investments in public good increase in q. We conclude that there exists an optimal level of consolidation of the elite which maximizes economic growth. We illustrate our model using examples from the period of the Industrial Revolution in England and Russia.
A technique for improving the accuracy and dynamic range of beam position-detection equipment

Beam position detection equipment often uses circuits that convert amplitude-modulated position signals to phase modulation. These signals are limited to remove amplitude variations, and phase-detected to obtain analog position information. The phase-modulated signals are clipped by limiters that must be closely phase-matched in pairs over the signal intensity range of interest. Accuracy and dynamic range are determined principally by the phase match between the limiters. When the duration of the beam is a few microseconds or more, significant improvements can be obtained by down-converting the RF signals to an intermediate frequency near 10 MHz. Limiter circuits are available that can be closely matched in pairs at 10 MHz over a 60-dB signal amplitude range. For example, the peak phase deviation measured among 30 matched pairs was >
Universal Quantum Circuits

We define and construct efficient depth-universal and almostsize-universal quantum circuits. Such circuits can be viewed as generalpurpose simulators for central classes of quantum circuits and can be used to capture the computational power of the circuit class being simulated. For depth we construct universal circuits whose depth is the same order as the circuits being simulated. For size, there is a log factor blow-up in the universal circuits constructed here. We prove that this construction is nearly optimal.
Global Strichartz estimates for solutions to the wave equation exterior to a convex obstacle

hhIn this paper, we show that certain local Strichartz estimates for solutions of the wave equation exterior to a convex obstacle can be extended to estimates that are global in both space and time. This extends the work that was done previously by H. Smith and C. Sogge in odd spatial dimensions. In order to prove the global estimates, we explore weighted Strichartz estimates for solutions of the wave equation when the Cauchy data and forcing term are compactly supported.
The Career Effects of Scandal: Evidence from Scientific Retractions

Abstract We investigate how the scientific community's perception of a scientist's prior work changes when one of his articles is retracted. Relative to non-retracted control authors, faculty members who experience a retraction see the citation rate to their earlier, non-retracted articles drop by 10% on average, consistent with the Bayesian intuition that the market inferred their work was mediocre all along. We then investigate whether the eminence of the retracted author and the cause of the retraction (fraud vs. mistake) shape the magnitude of the penalty. We find that eminent scientists are more harshly penalized than their less distinguished peers in the wake of a retraction, but only in cases involving fraud or misconduct. When the retraction event had its source in “honest mistakes,” we find no evidence of differential stigma between high- and low-status faculty members.
An improved distributed algorithm for maximal independent set

The Maximal Independent Set (MIS) problem is one of the basics in the study of locality in distributed graph algorithms. This paper presents a very simple randomized algorithm for this problem providing a near-optimal local complexity, which incidentally, when combined with some known techniques, also leads to a near-optimal global complexity.Classical MIS algorithms of Luby [STOC'85] and Alon, Babai and Itai [JALG'86] provide the global complexity guarantee that, with high probability1, all nodes terminate after O(log n) rounds. In contrast, our initial focus is on the local complexity, and our main contribution is to provide a very simple algorithm guaranteeing that each particular node v terminates after O(log deg(v) + log 1/e) rounds, with probability at least 1 -- e. The degree-dependency in this bound is optimal, due to a lower bound of Kuhn, Moscibroda, and Wattenhofer [PODC'04].Interestingly, this local complexity smoothly transitions to a global complexity: by adding techniques of Barenboim, Elkin, Pettie, and Schneider [FOCS'12; arXiv: 1202.1983v3], we2 get an MIS algorithm with a high probability global complexity of O(log Δ) + 2O([EQUATION]), where Δ denotes the maximum degree. This improves over the O(log2 Δ) + 2O([EQUATION]) result of Barenboim et al., and gets close to the Ω(min{log Δ, [EQUATION]}) lower bound of Kuhn et al.Corollaries include improved algorithms for MIS in graphs of upper-bounded arboricity, or lower-bounded girth, for Ruling Sets, for MIS in the Local Computation Algorithms (LCA) model, and a faster distributed algorithm for the Lovasz Local Lemma.
General Three‐Dimensional Disturbances to Inviscid Couette Flow

The general solution to the linearized equations governing three-dimensional disturbances to inviscid Couette flow has been obtained. This result extends the Orr solution to initial conditions that do not consist of a single Fourier sine component in the cross-stream coordinate and a plane wave in the streamwise/spanwise coordinates. The time evolution of a measure of disturbance energy for some specific pulsed initial conditions is examined, and is concluded that, while the rapid algebraic growth to large amplitude followed by decay exemplified by the Orr solution can be of importance for individual cross-stream Fourier components, more realistic initial conditions which in general consist of the sum of an infinite number of components often display uniform decay to zero amplitude. However, an interesting example is described in which one positive definite measure of disturbance amplitude remains constant, yet the stream-wise/spanwise velocity components grow linearly in time if the initial disturbance is three-dimensional. 7 refs., 12 figs.
Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Magnetic Force Microscopy

The sections in this article are Introduction Development of MFM Comparison of MFM to Other Techniques Invasive Imaging Noninvasive Imaging Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy Physical Principals of MFM Static Mode Dynamic Mode Forces Due to Magnetic Interaction Noise in MFM Thermal Noise Magnetic Versus Topographic Signals MFM Cantilevers and Probes Wire Probes Thin-Film-Coated Si Probes FIB Probes CNT Probes Probe Calibration Quantitative Calibration of the Magnetic Force Microscope Probe Calibration Samples Resolution in MFM Lateral Resolution Vertical Resolution MFM for Magnetic Nanoparticles Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles Superparamagnetic or Paramagnetic Nanoparticles The Application of MFM in the Life Sciences Limitations in MFM Recent Developments in MFM Non-Optical Methods for Cantilever Detection Application of External Magnetic Fields Technique Developments for MFM Summary and Future Perspectives Keywords: superparamagnetic; ferromagnetic; magnetic nanoparticles; atomic force microscopy; magnetic force microscopy; life sciences
Evolution of the Brain

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of the brain. It also focuses on the allometric analysis of brain–body relations and encephalization, the latter being a complex trait often attributable to convergent evolution. Every vertebrate brain is hierarchically organized into forebrain, midbrain or mesencephalon, and hindbrain. Fossil evidence indicates that there was neocorticalization in mammals and that it can be detected even in samples as small as 15 species of Carnivora. Evolution of the carnivores involved neocorticalization in another sense in that the two great orders of tertiary carnivores, namely, Credonta and Carnivora, differed in the extent of neocorticalization. This could have been a factor in the survival of true carnivores. In any event, the history of neocorticalization indicates that there was almost certainly some benefit derived from the expansion of neocortex. The fossil evidence, therefore, confirms conventional wisdom in neurobiology that it was a progressive thing for mammals to evolve neocortex and more is better. It is likely that encephalization in mammals was driven by neocorticalization. One mammalian trend was toward enlarged neocortex and because neocortex is a fairly fixed fraction of total brain size, the enlargement of the brain was presumably correlated with the increased size of neocortex.
A study of the relationship between regulatory systems, assessment e locomotion, and online learning groups

The present paper examines the relationship between assessment, locomotion and attitudes and learning outcomes in a Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) framework. Results showed that regulatory mode predicted exam marks, numbers of tasks completed, messages sent and attitudes towards the course and the ingroup. The theoretical implications and some reflections about CSCL and Regulatory-mode Theory (RMT) are presented.
Archimedean Copulas and Temporal Dependence

We study the dependence properties of stationary Markov chains generated by Archimedean copulas. Under some simple regularity conditions, we show that regular variation of the Archimedean generator at zero and one implies geometric ergodicity of the associated Markov chain. We verify our assumptions for a range of Archimedean copulas used in applications.
Estimation of the mean of functional time series and a two-sample problem

Summary. The paper is concerned with inference based on the mean function of a functional time series. We develop a normal approximation for the functional sample mean and then focus on the estimation of the asymptotic variance kernel. Using these results, we develop and asymptotically justify testing procedures for the equality of means in two functional samples exhibiting temporal dependence. Evaluated by means of a simulation study and application to a real data set, these two-sample procedures enjoy good size and power in finite samples.
Gauged Hamiltonian Floer homology I: Definition of the Floer homology groups

We construct the vortex Floer homology group $VHF (M,\mu;H)$ for an aspherical Hamiltonian $G$-manifold $(M, \omega)$ with moment map $\mu$ and a class of $G$-invariant Hamiltonian loop $H_t$, following the proposal of [3]. This is a substitute for the ordinary Hamiltonian Floer homology of the symplectic quotient of $M$. We achieve the transversality of the moduli space by the classical perturbation argument instead of the virtual technique, so the homology can be defined over ${\mathbb Z}$ or ${\mathbb Z}_2$.
Son preference, fertility and family structure : evidence from reproductive behavior among Nigerian women

Strong boy-bias and its consequences for young and unborn girls have been widely documented for Asia. This paper considers a country in Sub-Saharan Africa and finds that parental gender preferences do affect fertility behavior and shape traditional social institutions with negative effects on adult women's health and well-being. Using individual-level data for Nigeria, the paper shows that, compared to women with first-born sons, women with first-born daughters have (and desire) more children and are less likely to use contraceptives. Women with daughters among earlier-born children are also more likely to have shorter birth intervals, a behavior medically known to increase the risk of child and maternal mortality. Moreover, they are more likely to end up in a polygynous union, to be divorced, and to be head of the household. The preference for sons is also supported by child fostering patterns in which daughters are substitutes for foster girls, while the same does not hold for sons and foster boys. These results can partly explain excess female mortality among adult women in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Final Parsec Problem

The coalescence of massive black hole binaries is one of the main sources of low‐frequency gravitational radiation that can be detected by LISA. When two galaxies containing massive black holes merge, a binary forms at the center of the new galaxy. We discuss the evolution of the binary after its separation decreases below one parsec. Whether or not stellar dynamical processes can drive the black holes to coalesce depends on the supply of stars that scatter against the binary. We discuss various mechanisms by which this supply can be replenished after the loss cone has been depleted.
Azerbaijan: Inclusive Growth in a Resource-Rich Economy

Azerbaijan experienced a 'golden age' in the last decade, during which the average growth rate reached record high levels and poverty decreased significantly. On average, the economy grew by 15.3 percent per year in real terms during this period, mainly driven by the oil sector (21.5 percent growth per year), but with a significant contribution from the non-oil sector (11.1 percent per year). As a result, poverty declined dramatically from 49.6 percent in 2001 to 15.8 percent in 2008 the latest year for which household survey data was available when this report was prepared. This report takes an inclusive growth approach to investigating the ways in which the country's high growth was translated into significant poverty reduction. First chapter summarizes the sources of growth in Azerbaijan with an emphasis on structural transformation and discusses highlights of the inclusive growth methodology. Second chapter explores how growth helped to reduce poverty. Third chapter analyzes the sustainability and inclusiveness of the recent growth. Finally, fourth chapter focuses on the structural obstacles that constrain further inclusive growth in Azerbaijan. The last chapter recommends some policies to overcome these obstacles. The main findings of this report call for a careful strategy in promoting further inclusive growth in Azerbaijan. The mechanisms that facilitated drastic reductions in poverty in the last decade a strong rise in fiscal transfers and in the real wage were made possible by the oil boom. However, these mechanisms also reduced the pace of structural transformation in the Azerbaijan economy. Distorted incentives in demand and supply sides of the labor market have seemed to weaken the correlation between productivity growth and employment shares. This report finds that the failure to follow a fiscal rule over the past decade has led to excessive domestic absorption with a resulting barriers against further development and diversification in the tradable sectors (principally agriculture and manufacturing) and against employment creation within those sectors, as well as leading to an unsustainable growth in public expenditures, and to inadequate long-term public savings in the Oil Fund. Thus, the reassertion of a fiscal rule that constrains domestic absorption and promotes economic diversification is a necessary condition for achieving sustained inclusive growth.
Translation-Based Compositional Reasoning for Software Systems

Software systems are often model checked by translating them into a directly model-checkable formalism. Any serious software system requires application of compositional reasoning to overcome the computational complexity of model checking. This paper presents Translation-Based Compositional Reasoning (TBCR), an approach to application of compositional reasoning in the context of model checking software systems through model translation. In this approach, given a translation from a software semantics to a directly model-checkable formal semantics, a compositional reasoning rule is established in the software semantics and mapped to an equivalent rule in the formal semantics based on the translation. The correctness proof of the composition reasoning rule in the software semantics is established based on this mapping and the correctness proof of the equivalent rule in the formal semantics. The compositional reasoning rule in the software semantics is implemented and applied based on the translation from the software semantics to the formal semantics and reusing the implementation of the equivalent rule in the formal semantics. TBCR has been realized for a commonly used software semantics, the Asynchronous Interleaving Message-passing semantics. TBCR is illustrated by two applications of this realization.
NICMOS Imaging of the Dusty Microjansky Radio Source VLA J123642+621331 at z = 4.424.

We present the discovery of a radio galaxy at a likely redshift of z=4.424 in one of the flanking fields of the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). Radio observations with the Very Large Array and MERLIN centered on the HDF yielded a complete sample of microjansky radio sources, of which about 20% have no optical counterpart to I</=25 mag. In this Letter, we address the possible nature of one of these sources through deep Hubble Space Telescope near-infrared camera and multiobject spectrometer (NICMOS) images in the F110W (J110) and F160W (H160) filters. VLA J123642+621331 has a single emission line at 6595 A, which we identify with Lyalpha at z=4.424. We argue that this faint (H160=23.9 mag), compact (re approximately 0f2), red (I814-K=2.0) object is most likely a dusty, star-forming galaxy with an embedded active nucleus.
Loops of superexponential lengths in one-rule string rewriting

Loops are the most frequent cause of non-termination in string rewriting. In the general case, non-terminating, nonlooping string rewriting systems exist, and the uniform termination problem is undecidable. For rewriting with only one string rewriting rule, it is unknown whether non-terminating, non-looping systems exist and whether uniform termination is decidable. If in the one-rule case, non-termination is equivalent to the existence of loops, as McNaughton conjectures, then a decision procedure for the existence of loops also solves the uniform termination problem. As the existence of loops of bounded lengths is decidable, the question is raised how long shortest loops may be. We show that string rewriting rules exist whose shortest loops have superexponential lengths in the size of the rule.
The Dynamics of Capitalism

Essential to the Marxian analysis is the dynamic nature of capitalism and its ability to produce and to reproduce the capitalist relations of production. The reproduction of capital is a circular process in which commodities which embody surplus value are produced and sold. In addition, labour power and the means of production are bought to renew the process. Marx explains this by utilizing two models of a capitalist economy, one in a stationary state general equilibrium and another of a growing economy, to make manifest the role that money plays in the growth process. However, it is important to understand how this dynamism arises as a historical process that begins with the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the process of primitive accumulation and the appropriation of land from the peasant.
Beyond Emboldenment: How Acquiring Nuclear Weapons Can Change Foreign Policy

What happens to the foreign policies of states when they acquire nuclear weapons? Despite its importance, this question has not been answered satisfactorily. Nuclear weapons can facilitate six conceptually distinct foreign policy behaviors: aggression, expansion, independence, bolstering, steadfastness, and compromise. This typology of foreign policy behaviors enables scholars to move beyond simple claims of “nuclear emboldenment,” and allows for more nuanced examination of the ways in which nuclear weapons affect the foreign policies of current and future nuclear states. The typology also sheds light on Great Britain's response to nuclear acquisition. Britain used nuclear weapons to engage in greater levels of steadfastness in responding to challenges, bolstering junior allies, and demonstrating independence from the United States, but it did not engage in greater levels of aggression, expansion, or compromise. The typology and the British case demonstrate the value of distinguishing among different effe...
Extracting the unresolved pulsar contribution to the gamma-ray background

We present a statistical framework which can be used to determine the contribution of an unresolved population of pulsars to the gamma-ray background. This formalism is based on the joint analysis of photon time series over extended regions of the sky. We demonstrate the robustness of this technique in controlled simulations of pulsar populations, and show that the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope can be used to detect a pulsar contribution as small as 0.1 per cent of the gamma-ray background. This technique is sensitive to pulsar populations with photon fluxes greater than ∼10−10 cm−2 s−1. The framework is extensible to arbitrarily complex searches for periodicity and can therefore be tailored to specific applications such as all-sky surveys and studies of the Galactic Centre and globular clusters.
Andes: A Coached Problem Solving Environment for Physics

Andes is an Intelligent Tutoring System for introductory college physics. The fundamental principles underlying the design of Andes are: (1) encourage the student to construct new knowledge by providing hints that require them to derive most of the solution on their own, (2) facilitate transfer from the system by making the interface as much like a piece of paper as possible, (3) give immediate feedback after each action to maximize the opportunities for learning and minimize the amount of time spent going down wrong paths, and (4) give the student flexibility in the order in which actions are performed, and allow them to skip steps when appropriate. This paper gives an overview of Andes, focusing on the overall architecture and the student's experience using the system.
Finite element multiwavelets

Finite elements with support on two intervals span the space of piecewise polynomials with degree 2n-1 and n-1 continuous derivatives. Function values and n-1 derivatives at each mesh-point determine these "Hermite finite elements". The n basis functions satisfy a dilation equation with n by n matrix coefficients. Orthogonal to this scaling subspace is a wavelet subspace. It is spanned by the translates of n wavelets W/sub i/(t), each supported on three intervals. The wavelets are orthogonal to all rescalings W/sub i/(2/sup 0/t-k), but not to translates at the same level (j=0). These new multiwavelets achieve 2n vanishing moments and high regularity with symmetry and short support. >
Molecular theory of hydrophobic effects: "She is too mean to have her name repeated.".

This paper reviews the molecular theory of hydrophobic effects relevant to biomolecular structure and assembly in aqueous solution. Recent progress has resulted in simple, validated molecular statistical thermodynamic theories and clarification of confusing theories of decades ago. Current work is resolving effects of wider variations of thermodynamic state, e.g., pressure denaturation of soluble proteins, and more exotic questions such as effects of surface chemistry in treating stability of macromolecular structures in aqueous solution.
Quantum Calabi-Yau and Classical Crystals

We propose a new duality involving topological strings in the limit of the large string coupling constant. The dual is described in terms of a classical statistical mechanical model of crystal melting, where the temperature is the inverse of the string coupling constant. The crystal is a discretization of the toric base of the Calabi-Yau with lattice length g s. As a strong piece of evidence for this duality we recover the topological vertex in terms of the statistical mechanical probability distribution for crystal melting. We also propose a more general duality involving the dimer problem on periodic lattices and topological A-model string on arbitrary local toric threefolds. The (p, q) 5-brane web, dual to Calabi-Yau, gets identified with the transition regions of rigid dimer configurations.
Causality constraints in conformal field theory

Causality places nontrivial constraints on QFT in Lorentzian signature, for example fixing the signs of certain terms in the low energy Lagrangian. In d dimensional conformal field theory, we show how such constraints are encoded in crossing symmetry of Euclidean correlators, and derive analogous constraints directly from the conformal bootstrap (analytically). The bootstrap setup is a Lorentzian four-point function corresponding to propagation through a shockwave. Crossing symmetry fixes the signs of certain log terms that appear in the conformal block expansion, which constrains the interactions of low-lying operators. As an application, we use the bootstrap to rederive the well known sign constraint on the (∂ϕ)4 coupling in effective field theory, from a dual CFT. We also find constraints on theories with higher spin conserved currents. Our analysis is restricted to scalar correlators, but we argue that similar methods should also impose nontrivial constraints on the interactions of spinning operators.
Scalable probabilistic databases with factor graphs and MCMC

Incorporating probabilities into the semantics of incomplete databases has posed many challenges, forcing systems to sacrifice modeling power, scalability, or treatment of relational algebra operators. We propose an alternative approach where the underlying relational database always represents a single world, and an external factor graph encodes a distribution over possible worlds; Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference is then used to recover this uncertainty to a desired level of fidelity. Our approach allows the efficient evaluation of arbitrary queries over probabilistic databases with arbitrary dependencies expressed by graphical models with structure that changes during inference. MCMC sampling provides efficiency by hypothesizing modifications to possible worlds rather than generating entire worlds from scratch. Queries are then run over the portions of the world that change, avoiding the onerous cost of running full queries over each sampled world. A significant innovation of this work is the connection between MCMC sampling and materialized view maintenance techniques: we find empirically that using view maintenance techniques is several orders of magnitude faster than naively querying each sampled world. We also demonstrate our system's ability to answer relational queries with aggregation, and demonstrate additional scalability through the use of parallelization on a real-world complex model of information extraction. This framework is sufficiently expressive to support probabilistic inference not only for answering queries, but also for inferring missing database content from raw evidence.
Conformational Analysis of Polypeptides and Proteins for the Study of Protein Folding, Molecular Recognition, and Molecular Design

Conformational energy calculations provide an understanding as to how interatomic interactions lead to the three-dimensional structures of polypeptides and proteins, and how these molecules interact with other molecules. Illustrative results of such calculations pertain to model systems (α-helices and β-sheets, and interactions between them), to various open-chain and cyclic peptides, to fibrous proteins, to globular proteins, and to enzyme-substrate complexes. In most cases, the validity of the computations is established by experimental tests of the predicted structures.
SUPERSYMMETRIC U(1) GAUGE REALIZATION OF THE DARK SCALAR DOUBLET MODEL OF RADIATIVE NEUTRINO MASS

Adding a second scalar doublet (η+, η0) and three neutral singlet fermions N1, 2, 3 to the Standard Model of particle interactions with a new Z2 symmetry, it has been shown that $\eta^0_R$ or $\eta^0_I$ is a good dark-matter candidate and seesaw neutrino masses are generated radiatively. A supersymmetric U(1) gauge extension of this new idea is proposed, which enforces the usual R-parity of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, and allows this new Z2 symmetry to emerge as a discrete remnant.
Mass Streams for Spacecraft Propulsion and Energy Generation

A speculative propulsion concept is presented, based on accelerating a spacecraft by impact of a stream of matter in relative motion with respect to the spacecraft. To accelerate the stream to the needed velocity, the stream mass is contained in a transit craft, launched at low velocity and hence low energy cost, and then sent on a trajectory with near encounters of the planets for gravitational assist. The mass arrives at Earth or wherever the propellant is needed at much higher velocity and kinetic energy, where it is released into an extended stream suitable for propulsion. The stream, moving at a relative velocity in the range of 10 to 30 km/s, should be capable of both high thrust and high specific impulse. Means of limiting the transverse expansion of the stream during release and for the ∼1000 s duration of impact are a critical requirement for practicality of the concept. The scheme could potentially lead to a virtually unlimited energy source. One can imagine using a portion of one stream to launch another, larger payload on a similar trajectory. This creates, in effect, an energy amplifier extracting energy from the orbital motions of the planets. The gain of the energy amplifier is only limited by the capacity to prepare mass in transit craft.
Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Diazoacetates with Electron-Deficient Olefins

A general strategy for highly enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazoesters to β-substituted, α-substituted, and α,β-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated pyrazolidinone imides is described. Cycloadditions utilizing less reactive α,β-disubstituted dipolarophiles require elevated reaction temperatures, but still provide the corresponding pyrazolines with excellent enantioselectivities. Finally, an efficient synthesis of (−)-manzacidin A employing this cycloaddition methodology as a key step is illustrated.
Additive measurement with short segments of curves

Abstract Periodic functions and functional equations remove the major remaining obstacle to the direct application of the logic of physical length and mass measurement to psychological data.
Interactions among the Mountain Pine Beetle, Fires, and Fuels

Bark beetle outbreaks and wildfires are principal drivers of change in western North American forests, and both have increased in severity and extent in recent years. These two agents of disturbance interact in complex ways to shape forest structure and composition. For example, mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, epidemics alter forest fuels with consequences for the frequency and intensity of wildfires and, conversely, fire injury to trees can promote bark beetle attack and increase beetle populations. Given the great influence these processes have on forest ecosystems, a better understanding of how bark beetles and fires interact is needed to better manage forests and to predict and manage wildfires. Here we review current knowledge on how fire and bark beetles interact, focusing on the mountain pine beetle. We highlight research on how fuel reduction treatments and wildfires affect bark beetles and how bark beetles can affect wildfires by modifying the moisture content, chemistry, and structure of fuels. Last, we discuss the implications these findings have for fire management and firefighter safety.
A modular invariant partition function for the fivebrane

We compute an SL(6,Z) invariant partition function for the chiral two-form of the M theory fivebrane compactified on the six-torus T6. From a manifestly SL(5,Z) invariant formalism, we prove that the partition function has an additional SL(2,Z) symmetry. The combination of these two symmetries ensures SL(6,Z) invariance. Thus, whether or not a fully covariant Lagrangian is available, the fivebrane on the six-torus has a consistent quantum theory.
Models of Kohlrausch Relaxations

The contributions of R. and F. Kohlrausch to the description of mechanical and dielectric relaxation in complex systems are briefly cited as background for a discussion of models of relaxation. Models that have as predictions both the Kohlrausch time-dependent relaxation rate expressed in the form Wo(wct)-n, O<n<1, and the Kohlrausch fractional exponential exp[-t/?*)1-n] relaxation function are presented. In addition, these models lead to a third prediction concerning the crossover between relaxation phenomena dominated respectively by a linear exponential or a fractional exponential functional behavior. These three predictions are expressed in terms of three coupled relations that are susceptible to experimental verification. The successful verifications and applications in many apparently diverse fields such as conductivity and polarization phenomena pertinent to electrets, viscoelasticity, rheology, etc. are discussed. Also discussed are other models of relaxation which are rejected on the basis that they are primarily satisfied to obtain the fractional exponential form without the appropriate connection to the other two experimentally verified coupled relations.
Dynamic Response of Automotive Catalytic Converters to Variations in Air-Fuel Ratio

The automotive catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions, operate in transient conditions under all modes of operation. The fluctuation in air-fuel ratio is a major contributor to these transients. The consideration of these transients is essential in accurate modeling of catalyst operation during actual driving conditions. In this work, a numerical investigation is carried out to comprehend the dynamic response of three-way catalytic converters subjected to changes in air-fuel ratio. The mathematical model considers the coupling effect of heat and mass transfer with the catalyst reactions as exhaust gases flow through the catalyst. The converter dynamic response is studied by considering a converter operating under steady conditions, which is suddenly subjected to air-fuel ratio variations. Two types of imposed fluctuations (sinusoidal and step changes) are considered. The catalyst response is predicted by using a detailed chemical mechanism. The paper elucidates the effect of air-fuel modulations on the catalyst HC, CO, and NO conversion efficiencies. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1564065#
A study of aqueous humor dynamics in keratoconus

Abstract Clinical observations suggest that patients with keratoconus have lower intraocular pressures, on average, than normal subjects. Our purpose was to determine whether differences in aqueous production and outflow facility could account for differences in intraocular pressure between a group of patients with keratoconus and a group of normal, age-matched control subjects. Aqueous humor dynamics were determined by the use of fluorophotometry in one eye of seven patients with keratoconus and ten age-matched normal subjects. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry. Keratoconus patients had a statistically significant lower mean intraocular pressure than normal control subjects (11.3 ±1.6mmHg vs. 16.6 ±2.8mmHg,P=0.0004). The difference in mean intraocular pressure remained significant even after correcting for possible errors in applanation tonometry due to thin corneal stroma. There was no difference in mean aqueous humor flow rates in the keratoconus patients as compared to controls (2.29 ±0.53 μlmin-1vs. 2.21 ±0.48 μlmin-1,P=0.73). The mean apparent outflow facility was 0.21 ±0.07 μlmin-1mmHg-1for keratoconus patients compared to 0.14 ±0.03 μlmin-1mmHg-1for controls (P=0.02). Lower mean intraocular pressure in keratoconus patients appears to be due to increased outflow facility as compared to normal subjects.
Transaction Costs and Price Volatility: New Evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange

We investigate the volatility impacts of the full commission deregulation in Japan in October 1999, and find that the deregulation overall tends to significantly increase price volatility in the Japanese equity market, using alternative model specifications and control variables. This finding contrasts with previous evidence that implies a positive relation between transaction costs and price volatility, while consistent from the converse with the hypothesis proposed by Stiglitz (1989) and Summers and Summers (1989). Our results suggest that imposing higher transaction costs might still be a feasible policy tool for stabilizing the market by curbing short-term noise trading.
Casimir energy for a dielectric cylinder

Abstract In this paper, we calculate the Casimir energy for a dielectric–diamagnetic cylinder with the speed of light differing on the inside and outside. Although the result is in general divergent, special cases are meaningful. The well-known results for a uniform speed of light are reproduced. The self-stress on a purely dielectric cylinder is shown to vanish through second order in the deviation of the permittivity from its vacuum value, in agreement with the result calculated from the sum of van der Waals forces. These results are unambiguously separated from divergent terms.
Comparison of symbolic and numerical integration methods for an assumed-stress hybrid shell element

Hybrid shell elements have long been regarded with reserve by the commercial finite element developers despite the high degree of reliability and accuracy associated with such formulations. The fundamental reason is the inherent higher computational cost of the hybrid approach as compared to the displacement-based formulations. However, a noteworthy factor in favour of hybrid elements is that numerical integration to generate element matrices can entirely be avoided by the use of symbolic integration. In this paper, the use of the symbolic computational approach is presented for an assumed-stress hybrid shell element with drilling degrees of freedom, and the significant time saving achieved is demonstrated through an example
Mean-field theory of polynuclear surface growth

We study statistical properties of a continuum model of polynuclear surface growth on an infinite substrate. We develop a self-consistent mean-field theory which is solved to deduce the growth velocity and the extremal behaviour of the coverage. Numerical simulations show that this theory gives an improved approximation for the coverage compared to the previous linear recursion relations approach. Furthermore, these two approximations provide useful upper and lower bounds for a number of characteristics including the coverage, growth velocity and the width exponent.
Direct Copper-Free Domino Conjugate Addition-Cycloallylation using Organozinc Reagents

The Direct Approach: Enones possessing appendant allylic carbonates react directly with diorganozinc reagents in the presence of zinc diiodide [ZnI2] to provide 5- and 6-membered ring products of tandem or domino conjugate addition-cycloallylation in good to excellent yield. In a related copper-free transformation, allylic carbonates are found to engage in direct allylic substitution with diorganozinc reagents.
Management of penetrating laryngotracheal injuries

Background. Penetrating Iaryngotracheal injuries are uncommon; however, these injuries are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In an attempt to define the management of penetrating laryngotracheal injuries, we reviewed our experience with these injuries. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the records of all patients admitted to a Level I trauma center who required operative management for penetrating laryngotracheal injuries. During the period of this study all patients with penetrating neck injuries were managed according to a protocol of selective exploration. Results. Of fifty-seven patients with penetrating laryngotracheal injury 32 patients sustained gunshot wounds and 25 had stab wounds. The injuries were to the larynx in 24 (42%) and trachea in 33 (58%). Forty-six (81%) had isolated airway injuries and 11 (19%) had combined airway and digestive-tract injuries. Emergent airway management in 32 (56%) patients included: tracheostomy (15), endotracheal intubation (14), and cricothyroidotomy (3). Respiratory distress and subcutaneous crepitus were the commonest clinical findings. Diagnostic evaluation included: Iaryngoscopy/tracheoscopy (17), esophagoscopy (12), contrast esophagography (9), angiography (8), and bronchoscopy (3). Repair of laryngotracheal and esophageal injury was performed in the majority of patients. Selected patients with milder Iaryngotracheal injury did not have tracheostomy performed, with no increase in morbidity or mortality. There were 2 (3.5%) early deaths from associated major vascular injury. Conclusion. Mortality can be minimized by aggressive airway control. Endotracheal intubation can be accomplished safely in selected patients with penetrating laryngotracheal injuries. Digestive-tract injuries can often clinically occult and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality; therefore, early evaluation of the esophagus is vital. Simple repair of Iaryngotracheal and digestive-tract injuries can be performed safely with good results. In patients with minor injuries, tracheostomy does not appear to be mandatory. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Empathy: Necessary for effective pain management?

Empathy is a provider attribute that has been a topic of increased clinical interest, particularly as it relates to pain. This article examines various dimensions of the pain and empathy literature: definitions of empathy, research regarding the psychophysiology of empathy for pain, and research related to empathy in psychological and medical care. Research regarding topics broadly related to empathy is also reviewed, including communication skills and patient-centered care. Although this literature supports the clinical value of provider empathy and/or behaviors likely to reflect empathy, little research has explicitly examined empathy in the treatment of pain. Nonetheless, when considered in the broader context, the evidence is sufficient to draw some conclusions regarding approaches to pain care that are likely to reflect and/or elicit provider empathy and are central to effective pain management.
SPATIALLY-DISCRETIZED HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPROXIMATIONS AND THEIR O(N) IMPLEMENTATION ON A GRID

We consider the problem of performing imaginary-time propagation of wavefunctions on a grid. We demonstrate that spatially-continuous high-temperature approximations can be discretized in such a way that their convergence order is preserved. Requirements of minimal computational work and reutilization of data then uniquely determine the optimal grid, quadrature technique, and propagation method. It is shown that the optimal propagation technique is O(N), with respect to the grid size. The grid technique is utilized to compare the Monte Carlo efficiency of the Trotter–Suzuki approximation against a recently introduced fourth-order high-temperature approximation, while circumventing the issue of statistical noise, which usually prevents such comparisons from being carried out. We document the appearance of a systematic bias in the Monte Carlo estimators that involve temperature differentiation of the density matrix, bias that is due to the dependence of the eigenvalues on the inverse temperature. This bias is negotiated more successfully by the short-time approximations having higher convergence order, which leads to non-trivial computational savings.
Price Competition, Fluctuations and Welfare Guarantees

In various markets where sellers compete in price, price oscillations are observed rather than convergence to equilibrium. Such fluctuations have been empirically observed in the retail market for gasoline, in airline pricing and in the online sale of consumer goods. Motivated by this, we study a model of price competition in which equilibria rarely exist. We seek to analyze the welfare, despite the nonexistence of equilibria, and present welfare guarantees as a function of the market power of the sellers. We first study best response dynamics in markets with sellers that provide a homogeneous good, and show that except for a modest number of initial rounds, the welfare is guaranteed to be high. We consider two variations: in the first the sellers have full information about the buyer's valuation. Here we show that if there are n items available across all sellers and nmax is the maximum number of items controlled by any given seller, then the ratio of the optimal welfare to the achieved welfare will be at most log n/(n-nmax + 1))+1. As the market power of the largest seller diminishes, the welfare becomes closer to optimal. In the second variation we consider an extended model in which sellers have uncertainty about the buyer's valuation. Here we similarly show that the welfare improves as the market power of the larger seller decreases, yet with a worse ratio of n/(n-nmax + 1). Our welfare bounds in both cases are essentially tight. The exponential gap in welfare between the two variations quantifies the value of accurately learning the buyer's valuation in such settings. Finally, we show that extending our results to heterogeneous goods in general is not possible. Even for the simple class of k-additive valuations, there exists a setting where the welfare approximates the optimal welfare within any non-zero factor only for O(1/s) fraction of the time, where s is the number of sellers.
Nahm equations and boundary conditions

Abstract We derive certain boundary conditions in Nahm's equations by considering a system of N parallel D1-branes perpendicular to a D3-brane in type IIB string theory.