cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Light Intensity on Turkey Poult Eye Morphology

In each of two studies the influence of light intensity on the eye morphology of poults was examined. The light intensity treatments were started on the day of hatching and consisted of 1.1, 11, 110, or 220 lx from incandescent bulbs for 23 hr each day. Eye weight, anterior-posterior diameter, and transverse diameter were significantly increased only in the 1.1 lx treatment of both tests. Under the conditions of this test it was concluded that eye morphology of poults can be changed by low light intensity of 1.1 lx but not 11, 110, or 220 lx.
Bidirectional clear speech perception benefit for native and high-proficiency non-native talkers and listeners: Intelligibility and accentedness

This study investigated how native language background interacts with speaking style adaptations in determining levels of speech intelligibility. The aim was to explore whether native and high proficiency non-native listeners benefit similarly from native and non-native clear speech adjustments. The sentence-in-noise perception results revealed that fluent non-native listeners gained a large clear speech benefit from native clear speech modifications. Furthermore, proficient non-native talkers in this study implemented conversational-to-clear speaking style modifications in their second language (L2) that resulted in significant intelligibility gain for both native and non-native listeners. The results of the accentedness ratings obtained for native and non-native conversational and clear speech sentences showed that while intelligibility was improved, the presence of foreign accent remained constant in both speaking styles. This suggests that objective intelligibility and subjective accentedness are two independent dimensions of non-native speech. Overall, these results provide strong evidence that greater experience in L2 processing leads to improved intelligibility in both production and perception domains. These results also demonstrated that speaking style adaptations along with less signal distortion can contribute significantly towards successful native and non-native interactions.
X-ray diffraction study of phase transitions in tantalum hydride films

Abstract X-ray diffraction was used to study the phase equilibrium between the interstitial solution (α) and stoichiometric hydride (β or e) phases in tantalum hydride films 5 μm thick on kovar substrates. The phase transition data fit the configurational equilibrium condition almost exactly, indicating that the direct hydrogen atom interactions in the α phase are completely suppressed. This result agrees with earlier resistivity studies of phase transitions in tantalum hydride films on Al 2 O 3 ceramic substrates. The hydrogen atom site energy difference between the two phases is 0.097 eV in the films on kovar substrates, compared with 0.112 eV in the bulk and 0.101 eV in films on Al 2 O 3 .
The effect of treatment for colorectal cancer on long-term health-related quality of life.

Background: Little information is available on the impact that therapies used in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) have on long-term, health-related quality of life (HRQL). Knowledge of how HRQL is affected by these therapies is essential in properly selecting patients for treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term impact that surgical and adjuvant therapy for resectable CRC has on patient-reported HRQL in a male veteran population through a case-control design.
P-48: Influence of MgO Protecting Layer on the Response Time in AC-PDP

Discharge response time influenced by MgO protecting layer was investigated. A quantitative analysis of the impurity levels of the target materials either for electron beam evaporation and for sputtering method for MgO films revealed that the target purity and deposition temperature are key factors in determining response time in AC-PDP.
Lateral eye movements and field-dependence--independence.

The relationship between field-dependence--independence and lateral eye movements was investigated for a sample of 41 male and 39 female right-handed undergraduates. Subjects were administered the Portable Rod-and-frame Test, the Embedded-figures Test, and the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Picture Completion scales of the WAIS. Eye movements in response to 60 questions requiring reflective thought were recorded. Contrary to predictions, right-movers did not perform better than left-movers on the tests of field-dependence--independence. Among males, however, both consistent right- and left-movers performed significantly better than inconsistent movers. The correlation, for males, between lateral eye-movement consistency and a composite measure of field-dependence--independence was .65 (p less than .001). It was argued that eye-movement consistency and cognitive ability level are a joint function of extent of brain lateralization.
Stimulation by Chelerythrine of the Phosphorylation of the Amino Acid Serine in an ∼ 20 kDa Protein Present in the Mitochondrial Fraction of the Rat Retina

It has been reported that chelerythrine chloride, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, with a wide variety of biologic effects stimulates the phosphorylation of an approximately 20 kDa protein present in the mitochondrial fraction of the rat retina. It has also been shown previously that both the serine and threonine resides in this phosphoprotein are phosphorylated when the retinal preparation is incubated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP. Phosphorylation of the serine residue(s) was determined to predominate over phosphorylation of the threonine residue(s). In the present investigation, it was demonstrated that chelerythrine stimulates the incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the serine residue(s), increasing the radioactivity in the phosphoserine/ phosphothreonine ratio by 80%. This observation represents a novel and apparently contradictory effect for chelerythrine, which is used normally as a selective protein kinase C inhibitor. In addition to testing chelerythrine for its effects on the phosphorylation of the approximately 20 kDa protein, a number of other protein kinase inhibitors and activators were investigated. The results suggest that the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of the approximately 20 kDa protein is not a well-characterized or documented kinase.
Anemia and Blood Transfusion in the Critically Ill: The Role of Erythropoietin

SUMMARY Blood transfusion has been an integral part of clinical practice for most of the last century. The benefits of RBC (red blood cell) transfusion in surgery as well as other clinical settings were assumed, while the procedure itself was looked upon as relatively risk-free. Blood transfusion has been used in clinical settings where an increase in oxygen delivery to the tissues is thought to be beneficial, such as sepsis, ischemic cardiac disease, respiratory failure, and mechanical ventilation. A dramatic change in thinking occurred in the early 1980s, largely in response to concerns about transfusion-related infection, particularly the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While advances in transfusion medicine have greatly decreased the risk of viral transmission during blood transfusion, other issues now fuel the debate over transfusion practice and have led to a reexamination of the approach to blood transfusion. This review will focus on anemia and blood transfusion strategies in the critically ill, including the use of erythropoietin (EPO).
Work in progress — Engineering Leadership Program: A thematic learning community

The Engineering Leadership Program, which began at Iowa State University in 2006 as a four year pilot leadership development program for undergraduate engineering students, is now working on mainstreaming the program. It has evolved into a student-led co-curricular leadership learning community with a strong focus on service and community, and is serving as a model for other holistic-themed learning communities in the college. A new scholars program in the college based on the Engineer of 2020 has four learning pillars, including leadership, and was created using the Engineering Leadership Program as a model. Planning is underway on strategies to mainstream best practices from the pilot and the optimal channels to deliver them. The learning outcomes assessment of the program is a work in progress. The first cohort entered in 2006 and graduates in 2010, and their early career accomplishments will be one indicator of longer term program impact.
Construction of Fuel and Oil Quantity Sensors for High-Performance Aircraft

This paper describes the materials and methods of construction of fuel and oil quantity sensors designed to be used in the severe environments of todays high-performance aircraft. The sensors are based on the use of magnetically activated reed switches suitably compensated by resistors. In order to provide physical and electrical protection, the switches and resistors are encapsulated in a fuel and oil resistant electrical insulation formed of alternate layers of polyimide film and compatible fluorocarbon polymers.
Predictors of Critical Care Needs after IV Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose Intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Post tPA patients are typically monitored in an intensive care unit (ICU) for at least 24 hours. However, rigorous evidence to support this practice is lacking. This study evaluates factors that predict ICU needs after IV thrombolysis.
Mobile Data - Essential Part of a Smarter Planet

A couple of trends are going to be of significant importance in the next decennium. There will be a confluence of developments which are already visible today: ubiquitous, world wide deployment and access to data through a world wide infrastructure, using mobile devices as well as wired devices; the need for every enterprise in the world to look ahead, in order to stay competitive and even survive; a rapidly increasing availability of data, world wide, on customer preferences, behaviors and needs; a quickly increasing need to address a more efficient use of natural resources; and this all coupled with an increasing capability to join various types of data in a computing infrastructure to actually be able to look ahead. Let's address these one by one.
Binding characteristics of a potent enkephalin analog.

Abstract A radioiodinated form of the highly potent enkephalin analog FK 33-824 has been characterized with respect to its binding properties in vitro . 125 I-FK 33-824 is distinctive among the short opioid peptides in three ways. First, 125 I-FK 33-824 binds stereospecifically to rat brain homogenates with very high affinity (K d = 0.42 nM). Secondly, dissociation of the 125 l-labelled peptide from membrane-bound opiate receptors occurs with a relatively long τ 1 2 of 25 min at 4° in contrast to other enkephalins which dissociate more rapidly. Third, competitive binding analyses reveal that the 125 l-FK 33-824 binds equally well to both enkephalin (δ) and morphine (μ) classes of opiate receptors. These characteristics distinguish the 125 l-labelled peptide as a particularly suitable probe for molecular studies and purification of the opiate receptor.
A Physically Representative Aircraft Landing Gear Model for Real-Time Simulation.

Abstract : A detailed aircraft landing gear model developed by the authors is presented. The advantages of this model are numerous. Its accuracy is sufficient for engineering analysis, yet it is applicable to real-time applications. The model is able to represent the complex ground reaction behavior required by such conditions as damaged runways, moving landing surfaces, high surface winds, and large asymmetric loads. The various subsystems are modeled in an intuitive manner, facilitating identification of any physical property by the user.
Manuring Rates for Production of Blue Tilapia in Simulated Sewage Lagoons Receiving Laying Hen Waste

Abstract All-male blue tilapia (Tilapia aurea) were stocked at 50 fish per pool in 7-m² plastic wading pools which received direct input of laying hen manure at the rates of 0, 35, 70, or 140 kg dry weight per hectare per day during 1978 and 70, 140, 210, or 280 kg dry weight per hectare per day during 1979. On the basis of growth and survival of blue tilapia and of water quality data we suggest that the manuring rate in summer should be between 70 and 140 kg per hectare per day, depending on the alkalinity of the water.
Comparison of the hydrolysis and the covalent binding of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-[6-14C]norleucine by rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase.

Abstract 6-Diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine is both an effective affinity label and a substrate for the rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase. Both reactions exhibit a similar phosphate-dependent activation profile. Under the conditions tested, hydrolysis of the diazoketone to yield l -glutamate occurs at a rate approximately 1000-fold greater than the rate of enzyme inactivation. In the presence of phosphate, 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -[6- 14 C]norleucine interacts convalently with the glutaminase. Glutamate protects against inactivation and proportionately reduces the extent of [6- 14 C]diazoketone binding. The stoichiometry of binding was also proportional to the specific activity of the more labile protomeric form of the glutaminase. With the most active preparation, the normalized stoichiometry approached 1 mol/mol of glutaminase subunit. Tryptic peptide mapping indicates that [6- 14 C]diazoketone binding is localized to a single tryptic peptide. These results indicate that 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -[6- 14 C]norleucine interacts specifically with a catalytically active group that is located at the glutamine binding site of the phosphate-dependent glutaminase.
Muddy hill games

Computer games are widely used as pedagogical tools in the classroom. In recent years, the use of game projects in Computer Science (CS) curriculum has grown in popularity. The Muddy Hill Games project marries these ideas by engaging CS students in the design and development of educational games for middle school students. This approach enhances the game projects by providing a real customer and users. It results in free educational software that serves middle school learning objectives. Finally, it informs middle school students' understanding of Computer Science and motivates interest in the field. Here we describe four games that have come out of the project.
Current and Evolving Concepts in Musculoskeletal Imaging

AJR:199, September 2012 overuse injuries of the elbow in both the athlete and nonathlete. The current treatments of tendon disease, including corticosteroid injections, prolotherapy, percutaneous tenotomy, autologous blood injections, and platelet rich plasma, are reviewed. These musculoskeletal interventional procedures could be added to your armamentarium for treatment in the painful elbow. Finally, Drs. Ali Naraghi and Lawrence White [8] from Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, ON, Canada, review 3D MRI techniques of the musculoskeletal system. The article addresses the common question: Are isotropic 3D sequences sufficiently accurate to replace 2D FSE sequences? The article reviews the latest commonly available 3D MR techniques and usefulness of implementing these techniques into daily practice in the assessment and interpretation of internal joint derangement. Donna G. Blankenbaker AJR Section Editor, Musculoskeletal Imaging; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI dblankenbaker@uwhealth.org
Deconstructing Pregnancy: RU486, Seeing "Eggs," and the Ambiguity of Very Early Conceptions

This article deconstructs previous notions of pregnancy. Using empirical data from French women's experience with RU486 for medical abortion, I demonstrate that very early and unwanted conceptions have an ambiguous quality. I illustrate an understanding of pregnancy as a reproductive continuum: these women understand pregnancy to include a stage where "eggs," and not fetuses, are present. I discuss how the use of RU486 creates new ways of knowing about the fetus, and I compare an understanding of the fetus by women using RU486 with previous understandings from ultrasound images, in utero photography, and the imagination. I demonstrate that women's embodied knowledge can expand the parameters of fetal discourse. [RU486, fetal discourse, embodied knowledge, abortion, reproductive technology]
When to Tell? : Disclosure of Concealable Group Membership, Stereotypes, and Political Evaluation

Although their group membership is normatively irrelevant to vote choice, members of politically underrepresented groups (e.g., women, nonwhites, and gays and lesbians) are often evaluated through the prism of their group memberships and related stereotypes when competing for elective office. Because membership in groups defined by gender, race, or ethnicity is easily perceptible, women and nonwhite candidates may have little control over the political effects of their group membership. Membership in groups defined by a candidate's sexual orientation is concealable, in contrast, and thus potentially gives gay and lesbian candidates some control over the impact of their homosexuality and accompanying stereotypes on voters' responses. Using an experimental design, I examine the relationships between timing of group membership disclosure, group stereotypes, candidate sex, and political responses to gay and lesbian candidates for office—taking into consideration voters' attitudes toward homosexuality and their sex.
Male Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Review of Surgical Treatment Options and Outcomes

Introduction and Objective. Iatrogenic male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) affects a percentage of men undergoing urologic procedures with a significant impact on quality of life. The treatment of male SUI has evolved significantly with multiple current options for treatment available. The current paper discusses preoperative evaluation of male SUI, available surgical options with reported outcomes, and postoperative complication management. Methods. A pubMed review of available literature was performed and summarized on articles reporting outcomes of placement of the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) or male slings including the bone anchored sling (BAS), retrourethral transobturator sling (RTS), adjustable retropubic sling (ARS), and quadratic sling. Results. Reported rates of success (variably defined) for BAS, RTS, ARS, and AUS are 36–67%, 9–79%, 13–100%, and 59–91% respectively. Complications reported include infection, erosion, retention, explantation, and transient pain. Male slings are more commonly performed in cases of low-to-moderate SUI with decreasing success with higher degrees of preoperative incontinence. Conclusions. An increasing number of options continue to be developed for the management of male SUI. While the AUS remains the gold-standard therapy for SUI, male sling placement is a proven viable alternative therapy for low-to-moderate SUI.
Len Lye: The Vital Body of Cinema

OCTOBER 144, Spring 2013, pp. 73–91. © 2013 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In late 1936, a year after it had been awarded a Medal of Honor in the specially created category of “fantasy film” at the International Cinema Festival in Brussels, Len Lye’s first hand-painted film, A Colour Box (1935), was screened at the Venice Film Festival, where it met with a less than rapturous response. Consisting of little more than quivering fields of dots, eccentrically pinwheeling triangles, and trembling vertical lines, all jumping to the jaunty rhythms of a Creole jazz soundtrack, the film’s dancing sheets of color instantly aroused the ire of Nazi spectators present in the audience. As the German daily Film-Kurier would later report: “The English color short A Colour Box, which attempts the kind of abstract film composition of Fischinger but with inadequate artistic means, was met with such loud condemnatory stomping that the screening had to be stopped before the film was over.”1 So degenerate was the film, it seems, that despite being only three minutes in length it could not be screened in its entirety. In retrospect, of course, there is nothing startling about this turn of events. By virtue of its complete abstraction and its recourse to a “negroid” musical accompaniment, it would have been difficult in 1936 to find a film more strikingly at odds with even the most liberal canons of Nazi cinema—as the FilmKurier’s rather startling invocation of Oskar Fischinger as a yardstick of comparative acceptability in this context suggests.2 Moreover, when Lye’s motives for drawing on the combined resources of abstraction, jazz, and animation in his hand-painted films are taken into account, the severity of this judgment can only be compounded. For at the heart of Lye’s filmmaking practice lay an urge
Performance of RAID as a storage system for Internet image delivery

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) vendors rely on multi-megabyte files and large numbers of physical disks to achieve the high transfer rates and Input/Output Operations Per Second (lOPS) quoted in the promotional literature. Practical image database applications do not always deliver such large files and cannot always afford the cost of the large numbers of disks required to match the vendors' performance claims. Because the user is often waiting on-line to view the images, applications deployed on the World Wide Web (WWW) are especially sensitive to keeping inline images relatively small. For such applications, the expected performance advantages of RAID storage may not be achieved. The Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications houses three image datasets on a SPARCstorage Array RAID system. Applications deliver these images to users via the Internet using the WWW and other client/server programs. Although approximately 3% of the images exceed 1 MB in size, the average file size is less than 200 KB and approximately 60% of the files are less than 100 KB in size. A study was undertaken to determine the configuration of the RAID system that will provide the fastest retrieval of these image files and to discover general principles of RAID performance. Average retrieval times with single processes and with concurrent processes are measured and compared for several configurations of RAID levels 5and 0+1 . A few trends have emerged showing a tradeoff between optimally configuring the RAID for a single process or for concurrent processes.
Fibrations and a transfer map in algebraic K-Theory

In [l] D. R. Anderson showed that a fibration F -+ E -% B, with fiber F and base B both finite CW complexes, defines a homomorphism p* : Wh(rriB) -+ Wh(rrE) which relates the Whitehead torsions of a fiber homotopy equivalence. In this paper we define a similar homomorphism p* : I?0(7riB) + kO(rIE), which relates the Wall finiteness obstruction of the total space, O(E), with that of the base O(B). Here &,(r) denotes the reduced Grothendieck group of finitely generated projective modules over the group ring 2~. We will call this homomorphism a transfer, because its behavior resembles the homology transfer of Becker-Gottlieb and Dold and also because it generalizes the classical transfer in K-theory. The properties of this transfer will be used in a subsequent paper to compute the Wall finiteness obstruction (and Whitehead torsion) of many fiber spaces. Before stating the Theorem let us set some notation. Given a space F let F -+ EF --j BF denote the classifying (universal) fibration; i.e. any fibration F -+ E -+ B is determined by a map B -+ BF. Let w denote the induced map rIB + 7rIBF. We shall call w (first Stiefel-Whitney class) the orientation of the fibration. In particular, a fibration will be said orientable if w is the trivial homomorphism. Given a map f:A -+ B, we will denote by f* the induced map 7rIA -+ 7rIB and also (by abuse of notation) the corresponding map &(rIA) + gO(rrIB), which is determined by VIA -+ rlB. x(A) denotes the ordinary Euler characteristic of the space A.
Methodology of Modern Physics

Methodology might be understood to mean a description of various individual procedures which have led to the successful solution of specific problems. In studying the subject of physics from this point of view, i.e. with special emphasis on method, one would naturally turn his attention to the traditional divisions of experimental and theoretical physics, the former with its measuring devices and the latter with its mathematical techniques. In no other sense than this does the term methodology make any direct appeal to the working physicist, and if you would ask him to define his methods he would probably answer with a description of experiemental technique or the methods of setting up and solving differential equations. His answer would tell you how he solves his problems, but hardly how he finds them and why he solves them.
Hanly on Coase: A Comment

Ken Hanly's recent article in this Journal (Vol. 9, No. 1, 1992) takes issue with Ronald Coase's approach to resolving problems of externalities, as set forth in his classic paper ‘The Problem of Social Cost’. I argue that Hanly's discussion of Coase misinterprets or inappropriately rejects certain aspects of Coase's analysis, specifically, with regard to the reciprocal nature of externalities and the economic role of government. The resolution of externality problems is presented as an issue of selective normative choice as to whose interests are to count; neither efficiency nor morality claims are uniquely dispositive of the issue.
Resting energy expenditure in patients with alcoholic hepatitis.

Patients with alcoholic hepatitis are typically malnourished. A hypermetabolic state would explain, at least in part, the muscle wasting observed in these patients. However, data on hypermetabolism in liver disease are limited and conflicting. In this study, we evaluated measured energy expenditure (MEE) vs predicted energy expenditure (PEE), and MEE in relation to urinary creatinine excretion in 20 patients with moderate and severe alcoholic hepatitis, and 20 controls. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis had depressed creatinine height index (moderate 66%, severe 78%) demonstrating muscle depletion. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis also had depressed mean serum albumin concentrations, the moderate group 2.6 g/dl and the severe group 2.0 g/dl. The mean values for measured energy expenditure in moderate alcoholic hepatitis patients, severe alcoholic hepatitis patients, and the control group were: 1556 kcal, 1878 kcal, and 1943 kcal, respectively. The mean measured energy expenditures per g of creatinine for...
Indicator-displacement assays

Indicator displacement assays (IDAs) are now a popular method for converting most any synthetic receptor into an optical sensor. In this review many such assays are highlighted, along with biological counterparts. The focus is upon colorimetric, fluorescent, and metal containing IDAs. The power of the method can be readily appreciated by the large diversity of analytes that have been targeted with this technique. It is clear that the method is now well accepted and will continue to be one of many methods used to create optical detection methods from synthetic receptors.
The VHL tumor suppressor and HIF: insights from genetic studies in mice

The von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene product, pVHL, functions as the substrate recognition component of an E3-ubiquitin ligase, which targets the oxygen-sensitive α-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for rapid proteasomal degradation under normoxic conditions and as such plays a central role in molecular oxygen sensing. Mutations in pVHL can be found in familial and sporadic clear cell carcinomas of the kidney, hemangioblastomas of the retina and central nervous system, and pheochromocytomas, underscoring its gatekeeper function in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Tissue-specific gene targeting of VHL in mice has demonstrated that efficient execution of pVHL-mediated HIF proteolysis under normoxia is fundamentally important for survival, proliferation, differentiation and normal physiology of many cell types, and has provided novel insights into the biological function of individual HIF transcription factors. In this review, we discuss the role of HIF in the development of the VHL phenotype.
Monte Carlo Studies of a Coupled ‘Elementary’ Reaction-Diffusion System in One Dimension

The anomalous rate laws of diffusion limited elementary reactions in low dimensions have garnered attention over the past decade as researchers have become aware that the mean field approximation utilized in traditional kinetic rate equations is not valid in low and fractal dimensions. We use Monte Carlo simulations to study a diffusion limited system simultaneously undergoing A+B—>0 and A+A—> 0 reactions, a common situation in photochemistry. We are studying how this coupled system affects the attenuation of local fluctuations and thus the rate laws of the system in low dimensions and how these results compare to the mean field rate laws. Our results give useful guidelines for studying this type of reaction system experimentally.
The Effect of Exposure to Western Cultures on the Sex-Role Identity of Saudi Arabians.

Sandra L. Bern’s conception of masculine and feminine sex-role identity as measured by the Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) has revolutionized and stimulated psychosexuality research in this era. Bern (1974) argued that masculinity and femininity should be viewed as unipolar dimensions and that while some individuals encompass both masculine and feminine characteristics (androgyny) as measured by her scale, others possess single-sex-typed characteristics, either masculine or feminine. Bern’s studies, however, have been conducted primarily with American university students. Recently, investigators have studied the use and applicability of the BSRI cross culturally. Carlsson (1981), for example, investigated the factor structure of the BSRI and concluded that the BSRI can be utilized to study sex-role identity in Sweden. Maloney and Dambrot (1981) compared American and Israeli subjects using the BSRI to measure psychological androgyny. These researchers concluded that the BSRI measure is a valid discriminator between the sexes in both cultures when the scale is accurately translated so that it can be used in cultures other than American. Many cross-cultural studies that applied the BSRI have suggested the need for more investigation. Maloney and Dambrot (1981) stated that “what is needed is further cross-cultural research on sex-roles, using proven instruments, to provide confirmation and explanation for the existing research” (p. 100). Following Block’s (1973) definition of sex role as “a synthesis of biological and cultural forces as they are mediated by cognitive and ego functions” (p. 613), it is possible that culture-specific factors contribute to the discrimination power, or lack of it, of each of the 60 characteristics
THE SPATIAL VIEW IN CONTEXT

ABSTRACT The current U.S. emphasis on geography as spatial organization has evolved over the last fifty years from an early emphasis on man-land relations followed by an emphasis on areal differentiation. The spatial view has shown both strengths and weaknesses during the sixties. It has led to more cumulative generalizations and increased cooperation with other social sciences, but has also been felt by some to have been associated with an overemphasis on sterile geometries and an apparent neglect of pressing social questions. For the seventies it is hoped that geographic research can maintain a reasonable balance between activism and scientism by stressing those emerging generalizations which promise to have the greatest ultimate impact upon society. The spatial view should be more closely articulated to a revitalized man-land view and to the complementary but relatively neglected area study view.
The Promise of Mobile Technology for Public Religious Education

Abstract This article reviews the history of public religious education in the United States with an eye to its learning outcomes, contexts, and approaches. That history suggests that public religious education is still needed today but that informal learning contexts may be more appropriate than public schools. Recent trends in learning habits are then described and offered as a potential approach to public religious education. Finally, mobile technology is presented as a vehicle for public religious education using the described learning approaches. The article describes three examples of mobile applications that do or would fit these criteria.
Computational modeling and analysis of multiple steady states in vapor compression systems

In this paper, we present a well-posed two-point boundary value problem framework for computing, via continuation, the steady states of interconnected vapor compression systems. We illustrate the ease and utility of our approach by employing the path following software AUTO to compute steady solutions of an experimental air-to-water heat pump that uses CO 2 as a refrigerant. We validate some of the computational solutions against the experimental data and carry out continuation and bifurcation analysis in external parameters of practical interest. The results of these computations show that multiple and qualitatively distinct distributed steady-state solutions can arise for the problem, and that our approach provides for a simpler alternative to the much harder problem of dynamic simulation.
The legend of the flying tomato

A young female luchador aspiring to be like her hero must learn to accept her flaws when she faces a terrifying opponent.
Wear process description based on acoustic emission

Since acoustic emissions are generated by fundamental mechanical processes, they can provide insight into the basic processes which determine friction and wear behavior. Descriptions of acoustic emission generated by plastic deformation and fracture were developed, and wear tests were performed, during which acoustic emission activity was measured. This work demonstrates that acoustic emissions can be used to track the wear process in terms of the energy dissipation mechanisms acting
Tropospheric transformation products of a series of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons

The products of the Cl-atom initiated reactions of a series of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in air have been investigated at 298 K and one atmosphere (740 Torr total pressure) of air. The products observed and quantified and their yields (%) were as follows: from CHF2Cl (HCFC-22), C(O)F2 (100%); from CHFCl2 (HCFC-21), C(O)FCl (100%); from CH2FCl (HCFC-31), HC(O)F (100%); from CH3F (HFC-41), HC(O)F (100%); from CH3CFCl2 (HCFC-141b), C(O)FCl (100%); from CH3CF2Cl (HCFC-142b), C(O)F2 (100%); from CH3CHF2 (HFC-152a), C(O)F2 (92%); from CHCl2CF3 (HCFC-123), CF3C(O)Cl (98%); from CHFClCF3 (HCFC-124), CF3C(O)F (101%); and from CHF2CF3 (HFC-125), C(O)F2 (∼100%). The reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Timothy Wangusa and contemporary Ugandan literature: An interview

(1992). Timothy Wangusa and contemporary Ugandan literature: An interview. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 22-32.
Cryogenic cooling program in high heat load optics at the Advanced Photon Source

This paper describes some of the aspects of the cryogenic optics program at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). A liquid-nitrogen-cooled, high-vacuum, double crystal monochromator is being fabricated at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). A pumping system capable of delivering a variable flow rate of up to 10 gallons per minute of pressurized liquid nitrogen and removing 5 kilowatts of x-ray power is also being constructed. This specialized pumping system and monochromator will be used to test the viability of cryogenically cooled, high- heat-load synchrotron optics. It has been determined that heat transfer enhancement will be required for optics used with APS insertion devices. An analysis of a porous-matrix-enhanced monochromator crystal is presented. For the particular case investigated, a heat transfer enhancement factor of 5 to 6 was calculated.
OVULE ONTOGENY, MEGASPOROGENESIS, AND EARLY GAMETOGENESIS IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS (PAPILIONACEAE)'

A B S T R A C T To aid in understanding of the early events in seed development, surface topography observations with the scanning electron microscope can be coupled with new methods of clearing tissues for light microscopy study. These techniques reveal that two to four ovules begin development along the placental ridge as conduplication of the carpel proceeds in Trifolium repens L. A multicellular archesporium may develop giving rise to several sporogenous cells and ultimately to more than one megasporocyte. However, meiosis is completed in only one megasporocyte to give rise to a single linear tetrad of megaspores. The chalazal megaspore functions in megagametogenesis. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis progress as ovule ontogeny proceeds. The outer integument develops more rapidly than the inner and contributes to the final form of the campylotropous ovule. The most dramatic change in ovule form occurs as the tetrad develops and the functional spore enlarges and divides mitotically to produce
The lichen alga Trebouxia: does it occur free-living?

Recent evidence indicates that the most common photobiont of lichens,Trebouxia, has evolved from the soil algaPleurastrum terrestre. The fewTrebouxia cells that have been seen in unlichenized condition probably were released from asexual propagules or thallus fragments.Trebouxia appears to be a lichenized form ofPleurastrum and does not exist free-living.
Internet and continuing medical education

Keeping abreast of medical advances is an important, ongoing responsibility for medical professionals, one that categorises physicians as lifelong students. In the USA, continuing medical education (CME) is the bridge that connects basic research and the practicing physician, who must fulfill credit requirements for licensure and board certification. Developments in multimedia technology and the Internet have made online CME courses possible, making the process of obtaining CME credits more efficient and convenient for physicians. Although first-generation courses have been criticised for the lack of interactivity, new developments in multimedia technologies and broadband connectivity promise a new online learning experience, where distant participants can communicate using voice or video channels. In addition, future online CME generations may incorporate virtual reality modules that will enable physicians to learn and practice procedural techniques, as well as gain knowledge. Continued application of so...
Analyses of thermal stresses and control schemes for fast temperature ramps of batch furnaces [IC manufacture]

This work studies fast temperature ramps of batch furnaces under different control schemes based on thermal and stress analyses. A thermal model is first developed to predict temperature distributions on silicon wafers during ramping processes. Thermoelastic model of stresses is then used to predict the onset of slip-line generation under dynamic conditions. Three control schemes, one based on a maximum allowable within-wafer temperature difference, one with a constant cooling rate, and the third based on the condition for onset of slip generation, are then analyzed. The results show that in order to achieve the highest ramp rates while maintaining defect-free wafer processing, the ultimate criterion for temperature control of the furnaces should be the condition for the onset of defect generation instead of the conventional scheme based on constant ramp rates.
Exploring the design space of multichannel peer-to-peer live video streaming systems

Most of the commercial peer-to-peer (P2P) video streaming deployments support hundreds of channels and are referred to as multichannel systems. Recent research studies have proposed specific protocols to improve the streaming quality for all channels by enabling cross-channel cooperation among multiple channels. In this paper, we focus on the following fundamental problems in designing cooperating multichannel systems: 1) what are the general characteristics of existing and potential designs? and 2) under what circumstances should a particular design be used to achieve the desired streaming quality with the lowest implementation complexity? To answer the first question, we propose simple models based on linear programming and network-flow graphs for three general designs, namely Naive Bandwidth allocation Approach (NBA), Passive Channel-aware bandwidth allocation Approach (PCA), and Active Channel-aware bandwidth allocation Approach (ACA), which provide insight into understanding the key characteristics of cross-channel resource sharing. For the second question, we first develop closed-form results for two-channel systems. Then, we use extensive numerical simulations to compare the three designs for various peer population distributions, upload bandwidth distributions, and channel structures. Our analytical and simulation results show that: 1) the NBA design can rarely achieve the desired streaming quality in general cases; 2) the PCA design can achieve the same performance as the ACA design in general cases; and 3) the ACA design should be used for special applications.
On Tymoczko's argument for mathematical empiricism

T. Tymoczko a soutenu que la "demonstration" par ordinateur du theoreme des quatre couleurs permettait de conclure a un caractere empirique des sciences mathematiques. Mais l'usage des ordinateurs est plutot a placer du cote des methodes de demonstration que de celui de leur contenu effectif: utiliser un ordinateur est comme utiliser une table de logarithmes.
Microwave background anisotropies implied by large-scale galaxy correlations - The minimum of C(0) and cosmological parameters

Data from a recent APM survey are used to show that large-scale galaxy correlations found there imply the existence of measurable microwave background radiation (MBR) anisotropies on scales greater than several degrees. It is shown that sq rt C(0) is not less than 3.5 x 10 exp -5 if the APM data are used at Theta-0 = 20 deg, or sq rt C(0) is not less than 2.8 x 10 exp -5 if Theta-0 = 10 deg is used. These numbers are almost independent of the cosmological parameters Omega, Lambda, and the redshift of the last scattering surface. For finite-beamwidth experiments the minimal fluctuations depend on the cosmological parameters. The minimal anisotropies are smaller in a low-Omega universe.
Hydroclimate Variability and Change in the Prairie Pothole Region, the “Duck Factory” of North America*

AbstractThe Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the northern Great Plains is a vital ecosystem responsible each year for producing 50%–80% of new recruits to the North American duck population. Climate variability and change can impact the hydrology and ecology of the region with implications for waterfowl populations. The historical relationship between PPR wetlands, duck populations, and seasonal hydroclimate are explored. Model experiments from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project are used to determine whether a recent wetting trend is due to natural variability or changing climate and how PPR hydroclimate will change into the future. Year-to-year variations in May duck populations, pond numbers, and the Palmer drought severity index are well correlated over past decades. Pond and duck numbers tend to increase in spring following La Nina events, but the correlation is not strong. Model simulations suggest that the strengthening of the precipitation gradient across the PPR over the past cent...
Blood is not always thicker than water: The limited effect of kin selection on human kinship in the traditional Chinese family

To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system prac- ticed in traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components. The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of ge- neration were important in determining kinship status for male agnates (genetically related relatives). For female agnates, how- ever, only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important as genetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture (i.e., seniority in gen- eration and age) played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family: for collateral (indirect) agnates, genetic relatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal (direct) agnates, its importance was overridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerable amount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social sys- tems in dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act as a selective force in Chinese families (Current Zoology 56 (2): 182-189, 2010).
Evaluating Sustainability Using Standard Approaches: The BEES Tool

In support of the ASTM International, Symposium on Common Ground, Consensus Building and Continual Improvement, this paper describes the BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) software that integrates standard approaches for selecting cost-effective, environmentally-preferable building products. Version 4.0 of the Windows-based decision support software, aimed at designers, builders, and product manufacturers, includes actual environmental and economic performance data for over 230 building products across a range of functional applications. BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the environmental life-cycle assessment approach specified in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 standards. All stages in the life of a product are analyzed: raw material acquisition, manufacture, transportation, installation, use, and waste management. Economic performance is measured using the ASTM International standard life-cycle cost method (E 917), which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal. Environmental and economic performance are combined into an overall performance measure using the ASTM standard for Multiattribute Decision Analysis (E 1765). For the entire BEES analysis, building products are defined and classified based on the ASTM standard classification for building elements known as UNIFORMAT II (E 1557).
Using the World Wide Web to promote software engineering education

As part of Motorola's efforts to establish PowerPC systems as the platform of choice in the industry, Motorola's RISC Software department provides software development tools and operating systems support for the PowerPC architecture. The department has responded with enthusiasm to Motorola's corporate software initiatives that strive to increase even further the quality of our software products. The World Wide Web was found to be a useful tool in the group's software engineering education efforts. The Web has helped remove many obstacles encountered on the road to implementing software quality initiatives. The paper discusses how the World Wide Web technology helped bridge various levels of communication gaps and at the same time served as a catalyst for improving and distributing the group's software engineering education efforts.