cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Exposure to Pro-Tobacco Advertising on Experimentation With Emerging Tobacco Products Among U.S. Adolescents:

Introduction This study assessed the influence of exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements on experimentation with emerging tobacco products among U.S. adolescents aged ≥9 years, in Grades 6 to 12. Method Data were obtained from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the association between experimentation with snus and e-cigarettes and exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements from three sources: over the Internet, in newspapers/magazines, and at retail stores. Results After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and current use of other tobacco products, the odds of experimenting with snus were 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.88-3.16), 2.03 (95% CI = 1.30-3.17), and 3.24 (95% CI = 2.07-5.07), among students exposed to one, two, or all three types of pro-tobacco advertisements, respectively, compared with those exposed to none. Similar results were obtained for e-cigarettes. Conclusion Stronger restrictions on tobacco advertisements, in concert with increased tobacco taxes and warning about the dangers of tobacco, use may help reduce youth tobacco use.
Monetary Transmission at Low Inflation: Some Clues from Japan in the 1990s

The paper analyzes the performance of the Japanese economy from 1985 to 1999. It compares different explanations of slow growth and prolonged recession. Using both bivariate comparisons and statistical tests, the paper concludes that the maintained growth rate fell after 1992. Also, the data suggest that the recession early in the 1990s was induced by a decline in money growth. In contrast, the recent recession was induced mainly by a fall in real exports. Failure to allow the nominal exchange rate to depreciate forced deflation and increased the costs of adjusting to reduced export demand. The main policy conclusion calls on the Bank of Japan to pursue a more expansive policy to end deflation. This policy would depreciate the yen, but it would end the deflation that is costly to Japan and its neighbors.
Effect of 1,4-dioxane on the expansion of montmorillonite layers in montmorillonite/water systems

Suspensions were produced by mixing Na-saturated, Upton montmorillonite with aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of 1,4-dioxane. Each suspension was deposited on a porous ceramic filter in an environmental chamber, and the solution was expressed from it by admitting gaseous helium to the chamber at a slightly elevated pressure. The chamber was fitted 1) with beryllium windows so that X-rays could be transmitted into and out of it and 2) with a drain so that the expressed solution could be conducted to the outside atmosphere. Once a filter cake had formed on the filter, the pressure of the gaseous helium was raised in successive increments and, after each increment, the c-axis layer spacing(s) was determined by X-ray diffraction. Increasing the concentration of 1,4-dioxane caused some of the fully expanded layers to collapse to the partially expanded state (c-axis spacing = 15 A) and appeared to cause the remaining fully expanded layers to move farther apart, especially at the higher pressures. Alternative explanations were given for these apparently contradictory results.
Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia is a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in camelids in the northeastern United States

Aberrant migration of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in camelids results in neurologic deficits, recumbency, and sometimes death. An antemortem diagnosis of P. tenuis in camelids is typically based upon the presence of characteristic asymmetric neurologic deficits, known exposure to white-tailed deer, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia, and response to treatment. The diagnostic accuracy of CSF eosinophil percentage for the diagnosis of P. tenuis in camelids has not been critically examined. The objective of the current study was to determine the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of CSF eosinophil percentage, CSF eosinophil concentration, total nucleated cell concentration, and protein concentration for the antemortem diagnosis of P. tenuis. Medical records of camelids admitted to Cornell University with clinical signs of neurologic disease, CSF analysis, and necropsy were examined from January 2000 through December 2009. Se and Sp were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves in camelids diagnosed with P. tenuis (n = 13) or other conditions (n = 24) based on postmortem examination. More than 17% of eosinophils in CSF had a Se of 85% and Sp of 92% for P. tenuis diagnosis (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.87; SE AUC: 0.07; P 1.4 eosinophils/µl of CSF had a Se of 85% and Sp of 96% (AUC: 0.9; SE AUC: 0.06; P < 0.0001; 95% CI AUC: 0.76-0.97). Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophil percentage and concentration are sensitive and specific methods for diagnosing P. tenuis antemortem in camelids residing in regions endemic to white-tailed deer.
Designing adaptive feedback for improving data entry accuracy

Data quality is critical for many information-intensive applications. One of the best opportunities to improve data quality is during entry. Usher provides a theoretical, data-driven foundation for improving data quality during entry. Based on prior data, Usher learns a probabilistic model of the dependencies between form questions and values. Using this information, Usher maximizes information gain. By asking the most unpredictable questions first, Usher is better able to predict answers for the remaining questions. In this paper, we use Usher's predictive ability to design a number of intelligent user interface adaptations that improve data entry accuracy and efficiency. Based on an underlying cognitive model of data entry, we apply these modifications before, during and after committing an answer. We evaluated these mechanisms with professional data entry clerks working with real patient data from six clinics in rural Uganda. The results show that our adaptations have the potential to reduce error (by up to 78%), with limited effect on entry time (varying between -14% and +6%). We believe this approach has wide applicability for improving the quality and availability of data, which is increasingly important for decision-making and resource allocation.
The symbolic hyperplane transformation for recursively defined arrays

This paper describes a restructuring transformation which can be used to parallelize recurrence relations. The transformation is based on the hyperplane (or wavefront) method, but extends the applicability of the method to irregularly-structured recurrences.We assume that the time of computation of an array element is a linear combination of its indices, and we use a variation of the simplex method to seek a succession of hyperplanes along which array elements can be computed concurrently. Portions of the work reported here have been implemented in the PS automatic program generation system.
Give me shelter : Temporal patterns of women fleeing domestic abuse

Domestic violence is a growing public health concern in the United States. Research to date has focused more on why women stay in abusive relationships than on factors influencing their leaving. The work presented here explores the social structural connections between culturally defined social events and the timing of entry into the shelter system. Handwerker's (1996) taxonomy of the causal theories of domestic violence is used and expanded upon here as an organizing framework for exploring the leaving process. This study investigates the temporal patterns of domestic violence crisis line and safe house use by the hour, day, and month, including women's motivations for seeking help when they do. Analyses were based on a review of 2,387 crisis call records covering a three-year period, supplemented by formal and informal interviews with abused women and agency staff. The widely held belief that more women seek shelter during "drinking holidays" such as New Year's and the Super Bowl was unsubstantiated, wh...
Concentrating solar thermal power as a viable alternative in China's electricity supply

Study of low-carbon and pollution renewable alternatives for China revealed that concentrating solar thermal (CST) electric power generation was underemphasized in China’s renewable energy plan. The analysis shows the competitive viability of CST: (1) China has the key prerequisites to make CST power generation economical including high-quality insolation and appropriate land, (2) CST’s proven history, scale, and dispatchability makes it a good utility-scale power option, especially in the economically underdeveloped Western regions, (3) while CST power is currently more expensive than coal-fired electricity on a nominal basis, when costs of externalities are accounted for, CST, at 11.4 US cents/kWh, can become 57% cheaper than scrubbed coal and 29% cheaper than nuclear power, (4) CST power continues dropping in cost due to economies of scale and technological improvements and can potentially realize a levelized electricity cost of around 4 cents/kWh within ten years, (5) it would significantly rise in competitiveness if and when China completes the extensive smart grid for connecting its solar-abundant western regions with the high-demand eastern regions, (6) CST has the potential to positively impact Western China’s economy, but proper policy and deal structure must be in place to ensure that the local community shares the benefit.
The Acquisition, Maintenance, and Lability of the Differentiated State in Hydra

The title of this collection of papers, “The Stability of the Differentiated State”, implies that the organisms discussed herein contain differentiated cells. However, one of the central questions we shall be discussing throughout the text is: does differentiation signify a fixed, irreversible state of a cell? For me, using Hydra as an experimental model, to accept the definition that a differentiated cell cannot dedifferentiate would be tantamount to saying that the animal probably contains no differentiated cells. If this is true then none of the material presented here will be relevant to a discussion of differentiation. There is one thing to be said, however, for the foregoing definition — it is a clear formulation and not subject to semantic bickering. All other definitions of differentiation are fraught with exceptions and lead invariably to long, often tedious hours of endless debate that leave symposium participants with ragged nerves, bad digestion and an urge to get back into the laboratory and get to work because the discussion accomplished nothing.
Design optimization and the path towards a 2 MW Spallation Neutron Source

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is designed to ultimately reach an average proton beam power of 2 MW for pulsed neutron production. The SNS physics groups analyze the machine performance within the hardware constraints, optimize the accelerator design, and establish the best path towards a 2 MW and higher Spallation Neutron Source.
Mechanistic links between type 2 diabetes and periodontitis.

Diabetes mellitus affects over 246 million worldwide and is expected to increase in prevalence to 380 million by 2025. It contributes to the development of many other chronic conditions and accounts for 5–10% of the total health care budget in many countries. Like diabetes, periodontal disease is common and will become more prevalent with an aging global population. In the United States, over half of adults have gingival bleeding, and advanced periodontal disease affects approximately 8–15%. There are many types of diabetes mellitus. The three most common types are type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by b-cell destruction, that either initially or ultimately leads to a complete lack of insulin. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in individuals with obesity or increased abdominal fat and includes both b-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes is defined by b-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance during pregnancy. In normal metabolism, ingested glucose is taken into the liver and muscle and stored as glycogen. Insulin, produced by b-cells in the pancreas, stimulates uptake of glucose by muscle and inhibits hepatic breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Insulin stimulates recruitment of facilitative glucose transporters to the surface of cells, in particular muscle cells. Insulin also stimulates hepatocytes (liver cells) to synthesize triglycerides from free fatty acids and store triglycerides in fat cells. It inhibits breakdown of fat (lipolysis) in adipose tissue. Additionally, insulin increases protein synthesis from amino acids and decreases the rate of protein breakdown. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, b-cells do not produce enough insulin and there may also be a defect in the ability of target tissues (like muscle and fat) to respond to the administration of insulin. Deficiency in insulin leads to elevated levels of glucose, given unrestrained production of glucose by the liver and decreased uptake of glucose by peripheral tissue. Decreased insulin also leads to increased free fatty acids in the plasma as a result of uncontrolled lipolysis in adipose tissue. These elevated free fatty acids suppress glucose metabolism in muscle and thus interfere with glucose utilization. Additionally, insulin deficiency decreases the expression of genes necessary for tissues to respond normally to insulin in the liver and in adipose tissue. The impact of insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetes mellitus therefore includes impaired glucose, lipid and protein metabolism. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, peripheral tissue becomes resistant to the action of insulin despite increased (at least initially) production of insulin by pancreatic b-cells. Over time,
Low-power networking in Home and Building Automation Systems

Intention of this work is to investigate the opportunity and feasibility of energy efficient networking in Home and Building automation protocols. Wired HBAS have traditionally devoted a relatively little attention to this point, especially if compared to wireless networks. This paper will try to address the issue by evaluating the introduction of power state switching in a real scenario and proposing the concept of functional and spatial adjacency among packets1.
A comparison of taiga flora in north‐eastern Russia and Alaska/Yukon

Aim To understand the similarities and differences between the taiga floras of far north-eastern Asia and north-western North America in the light of their Tertiary and Quaternary histories. Does the taiga flora follow the tundra pattern (Asian–American commonality of species as a result of continuity through the Quaternary), the temperate forest pattern (distinct species because of late Tertiary disjunction), a combination of these two patterns, or some pattern unique to the taiga? Location The taiga regions of interior Alaska and the Yukon in North America (the ‘Alaskan taiga’), and the Kolyma and eastern Indigirka River basins in Russia (the ‘Kolyma taiga’). The study areas include both forested and unforested habitats below elevational treeline. The two regions have similar climate and topography and were linked via the Bering Land Bridge in the Tertiary and for several extended periods during Quaternary cold periods. Methods Systematic comparison of the vascular floras of the two regions from published sources; and review of palaeoecological literature for the region. Results Of the 796 species found in the study areas, 27% occur only in the Alaskan taiga, 35% occur only in the Kolyma taiga, and 38% occur in both the regions. The following subsets of species show a high proportion of species in common between the study areas (subsets are not mutually exclusive): plants that occur on the tundra and the taiga, non-flowering plants, abundant taiga understory plants, and wetland and aquatic plants. A lower proportion of shared plants was noted for warm, south-facing steppe communities. No tree species are common to both areas. Main conclusions The Bering Strait region in the Quaternary has acted as a biogeographical filter for taiga plants. Significant divergence between northeast Asia and northwest North America has developed among the more southerly ranging fraction of the flora (e.g. trees), while the more cosmopolitan and the most cold-adapted elements of the taiga flora are common to both areas. Many plants in the former group have been disjunct between Asia and North America for millions of years, while many plants in the latter group have probably maintained continuity between the study areas via the Bering Land Bridge through much of the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Repeated extirpation of the less cold-adapted species from both study areas during Pleistocene cold periods has probably enhanced floristic differences between the two regions.
The Importance of Context: Who's Teaching Music?

This article presents the results of an examination of the music instruction in two urban schools as part of a larger context of music and the other arts in school settings. The role of music in the schools, as viewed by arts agencies, psychologists, administrators, or teachers, is expressed in contradictory terms. Music education is either dead in urban schools or revitalized through arts partnerships, is optimally delivered by classroom teachers, music specialists, or artists, and exists either for its own sake or to enhance student understanding of other disciplines. These contradictions create a context for this study of two urban schools. The findings included: 1) most of the music instruction is done by classroom teachers with some assistance from music specialists; 2) the assistance from music specialists is long-term and designed to fit the unique needs of the school community as expressed by the instructional staff and school leadership; 3) the curricular orientation is more than functional: teac...
HGF/SF‐met signaling in the control of branching morphogenesis and invasion

Hepatocyte growth factor/Scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multifunctional growth factor which can induce diverse biological events. In vitro, these include scattering, invasion, proliferation and branching morphogenesis. In vivo, HGF/SF is responsible for many processes during embryonic development and a variety of activities in adults, and many of these normal activities have been implicated in its role in tumorgenesis and metastasis. The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is the only known receptor for HGF/SF and mediates all HGF/SF induced biological activities. Upon HGF/SF stimulation, the c-Met receptor is tyrosine-phosphorylated which is followed by the recruitment of a group of signaling molecules and/or adaptor proteins to its cytoplasmic domain and its multiple docking sites. This action leads to the activation of several different signaling cascades that form a complete network of intra and extracellular responses. Different combinations of signaling pathways and signaling molecules and/or differences in magnitude of responses contribute to these diverse series of HGF/SF-Met induced activities and most certainly are influenced by cell type as well as different cellular environments. In this review, we focus on HGF/SF-induced branching morphogenesis and invasion, and bring together recent new findings which provide insight into how HGF/SF, via c-Met induces this response.
Consuming Grief: Compassionate Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society

Consuming Grief: Compassionate Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society. Beth A. Conklin. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. 317 pp.
Understanding atomic scale phenomena within the surface layer of a long-term cycled 5V spinel electrode

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries utilizing 5 V spinel material, LixMn1.5Ni0.5O4 have received considerable interest in recent years for their ability to deliver high energy and power densities. In this paper, we report an atomic scale analysis of the surface layer of a core–shell 5 V spinel structure where a small amount of the manganese lattice sites have been substituted with cobalt in the shell to reach a stoichiometry of LixMn1.18Ni0.55Co0.27O4. Our analyses include electrochemical analysis, atom probe tomography (APT) analysis, kinetic analysis of the interfacial reactions, and high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The APT analysis is performed on the material before and after long-term cycling at room temperature to provide insights into the atomic scale phenomena within the surface layer of the electrode material. Our APT data reveals a 25–30 nano-meter (nm) region which forms after cycling. From our analyses, we believe that the outer few nanometers of this region stabilizes the 5 V spinel within the chemical environment of the lithium-ion cell such that its structure is not compromised and thereby enables this material to cycle without significant capacity fading.
The Management and Preservation of Local Public Records: Report of the State and Local Records Committee

In 1976 the State and Local Records Committee, Society of American Archivists, conducted a survey of the archival agencies of all fifty states to determine the nature and extent of their role in managing and preserving the records of local governments. A questionnaire brought responses from forty-nine states. Thirty-nine of them reported a local records program currently in operation. Slightly more than half of them are using microfilm as an integral part of the program. Many states have scheduled, or are in the process of scheduling, county and municipal records for retention and disposal. Most states report insufficient funding to provide for the proper operation of a comprehensive local records program. Adequate funding will only become available when state archival agencies campaign actively to convince state legislatures that the money is indeed needed, and the local records programs are worthwhile.
Sketching stencils

Performance of stencil computations can be significantly improved through smart implementations that improve memory locality, computation reuse, or parallelize the computation. Unfortunately, efficient implementations are hard to obtain because they often involve non-traditional transformations, which means that they cannot be produced by optimizing the reference stencil with a compiler. In fact, many stencils are produced by code generators that were tediously handcrafted.In this paper, we show how stencil implementations can be produced with sketching. Sketching is a software synthesis approach where the programmer develops a partial implementation--a sketch--and a separate specification of the desired functionality given by a reference (unoptimized) stencil. The synthesizer then completes the sketch to behave like the specification, filling in code fragments that are difficult to develop manually.Existing sketching systems work only for small finite programs, i.e.,, programs that can be represented as small Boolean circuits. In this paper, we develop a sketching synthesizer that works for stencil computations, a large class of programs that, unlike circuits, have unbounded inputs and outputs, as well as an unbounded number of computations. The key contribution is a reduction algorithm that turns a stencil into a circuit, allowing us to synthesize stencils using an existing sketching synthesizer.
Expression of the IGFBP-2 gene in post-implantation rat embryos

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate mitogenesis in a variety of cell types both in vitro and in vivo. These effects are mediated by both IGF receptors and a family of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which are found complexed with the IGFs in serum and tissue fluids. Here we compare the sites of expression during early rat embryogenesis of the genes encoding the RGD-containing IGF binding protein IGFBP-2 and IGF-II. At all ages from early post-implantation through mid-gestation, the expression of IGFBP-2 was highly complementary to IGF-II. IGFBP-2 mRNA was detected throughout the epiblast of the egg cylinder as early as e7, when IGF-II expression was restricted to trophectoderm and other extraembryonic cells. As gastrulation proceeded, IGFBP-2 expression ceased as IGF-II expression began in the newly formed embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm, but was retained in other epiblast derivatives including the surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm, throughout its rostral-caudal extent. By e10-e11, IGFBP-2 expression in neuroectoderm was restricted to the rostral brain of the primary neural tube and was found in the new population of neuroepithelium formed in the tail bud during secondary neurulation. IGFBP-2 expression remained high in the ventricular layer of the rostral brain into mid-gestation ages but decreased or disappeared as cells entered the mantle layer and began to express the neurofilament-related gene alpha-internexin. IGFBP-2 mRNA was abundant in surface ectoderm, particularly that of the branchial arches, and all ectodermal placodes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fast track article: Bandwidth scavenging for device coexistence in pervasive computing systems

Opportunistic Spectrum Access in a pervasive computing system can enable a set of secondary user devices to access unused spectrum, or whitespace, found between the transmissions of a set of primary user devices. The design objective for an efficient secondary user access strategy is to be able to ''scavenge'' spatio-temporally fragmented bandwidth while limiting the amount of disruption caused to the primary user devices. In this paper, we propose an access strategy which is based on measurement and modeling of the whitespace as perceived by the secondary user devices. A secondary user device continually monitors and models its surrounding whitespace, and then accesses the available spectrum so that the effective secondary throughput is maximized while the resulting disruption to the primary user devices is limited to a pre-defined bound. We first develop analytical expressions for the secondary throughput and primary disruption, and then perform ns2 based simulation experiments to validate its effectiveness under various topologies, user traffic profiles, and secondary user populations.
Persistent slip rate discrepancies in the eastern California (USA) shear zone

Understanding fault slip rates in the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) using GPS geodesy is complicated by potentially overlapping strain signals due to many sub-parallel strike-slip faults and by inconsistencies with geologic slip rates. The role of fault system geometry in describing ECSZ deformation may be investigated with total variation regularization, which algorithmically determines a best-fitting geometry from an initial model with numerous faults, constrained by a western United States GPS velocity field. The initial dense model (1) enables construction of the first geodetically constrained block model to include all ECSZ faults with geologic slip rates, allowing direct geologic-geodetic slip rate comparisons, and (2) permits fault system geometries with many active faults that are analogous to distributed interseismic deformation. Beginning with 58 ECSZ blocks, a model containing 10 ECSZ blocks is most consistent with geologic slip rates, reproducing five of 11 within their reported uncertainties. The model fits GPS observations with a mean residual velocity of 1.5 mm/yr. Persistent geologic-geodetic slip rate discrepancies occur on the Calico and Garlock faults, on which we estimate slip rates of 7.6 mm/yr and <2 mm/yr, respectively, indicating that inconsistencies between geology and geodesy may be concentrated on or near these faults and are not due to pervasive distributed deformation in the region. Discrepancies may in part be due to postseismic relaxation following the A.D. 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers and 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes. Otherwise, resolving geologic-geodetic discrepancies would require as much as 11.4 mm/yr of off-fault deformation within <10 km of the main ECSZ faults, with ∼5 mm/yr concentrated near the Calico fault.
Keine Angst vor Autosar

Autosar ist bei weitem nicht so furchterregend, wie es manchmal scheint. Wahrend die System architekten ein tiefgehenderes Wissen uber Autosar benotigen, sollten die fur die Funktionsentwicklung verantwortlichen Ingenieure sich nicht mit allen Einzelheiten beschaftigen. Sicherlich kann uber zusatzliche Moglichkeiten und Szenarien nachgedacht werden. Die nachsten Versionen von Autosar werden zeigen, wie der Standard die Aspekte der Komplexitat losen wird. Im Endeffekt mussen die Ingenieure ihre Herausforderungen losen konnen, und die Werkzeug-Anbieter mussen sie so gut als moglich dabei unterstutzen. The MathWorks stellt einen Leitfaden zu Autosar vor.
Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy after rituximab treatment for membranous nephropathy.

Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody frequently used for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. In addition, rituximab has recently been increasingly used as an off-label treatment in a number of inflammatory and systemic autoimmune diseases. It is advised that rituximab infusion may cause infusion reactions and adverse cardiac effects including arrhythmia and angina, especially in patients with prior history of cardiovascular diseases. However, its detailed cardiotoxicity profile and effects on cardiac function were not well described. We report a 51-year-old man who developed non-ischemic cardiomyopathy after rituximab treatment for membranous nephropathy. The patient experienced reduced cardiac functions within 48 hours after the initial infusion, which remained markedly reduced at 9-month follow-up. As the utility of rituximab expands, physicians must be aware of this serious cardiovascular adverse effect.
Input Analysis and Specification

Developing a simulation model involves structuring modeling and quantitative modeling. The first consists of designing the logical aspects of the model; the second modeling includes the specification of: The types of input variables, deterministic or random The probability distributions that random input variables follow Estimation of the input parameters. If the real system exits, for which a simulation model is being developed, then the input data should be collected and analyzed and the model inputs can be specified in the model in a valid and realistic manner. If the real system does not yet exist or no data is available, careful and reasonable assumptions need to be taken to formulate the input specifications of the model. One of the first steps in the data collection is determining what data is required, which depends on the model scope and the detail level decided on previously. Then data is collected by reviewing existing files and documentation, conducting interviews, direct observations, and taking assumptions, and other activities.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) of the chimeric anti-GD2 antibody, ch14.18, in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.

9576 Background: The PK of ch14.18, a chimeric monoclonal antibody (cMoAb) that significantly improves survival in high-risk neuroblastoma, was previously reported to be highly variable in children...
Social class & risk preferences and behavior

This paper reviews recent work regarding the link between one's societal ranking (or social class), and risk preferences and behavior. While the topic of social class and its relationship to risk has been studied only tentatively in psychology, preliminary evidence suggests that experiences with rank, access to resources, and movement between classes have a meaningful impact on people's risk preferences and behaviors. Yet, a clear pattern of results remains elusive. Some studies suggest that lower social class standing is related to risk aversion, while others suggest it is related to risk taking. These mixed results highlight the need for future research that examines when and why lower social class standing is related to more or less risky decisions. By shedding light on this important phenomenon, the hope is to offer intervention opportunities that influence policies and mitigate inequality.
Alcohol withdrawal upregulates mRNA encoding for CaV2.1-α1 subunit in the rat inferior colliculus.

Abstract We previously reported increased current density through P-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in inferior colliculus (IC) neurons during alcohol withdrawal. However, the molecular correlate of this increased P-type channel current is currently unknown. Here, we probe changes in mRNA and protein expression of the pore-forming CaV2.1-α1 (P/Q-type) subunits in IC neurons during the course of alcohol withdrawal-induced seizures (AWSs). Rats received three daily doses of ethanol or the vehicle every 8 h for 4 consecutive days. The IC was dissected at various time intervals following alcohol withdrawal, and the mRNA and protein levels of the CaV2.1-α1 subunits were measured. In separate experiments, rats were tested for acoustically evoked seizure susceptibility 3, 24, and 48 h after alcohol withdrawal. AWSs were observed 24 h after withdrawal; no seizures were observed at 3 or 48 h or in the control-treated rats. Compared to control-treated rats, the mRNA levels of the CaV2.1-α1 subunit were increased 1.9-fold and 2.1-fold at 3 and 24 h, respectively; change in mRNA expression was nonsignificant at 48 h following alcohol withdrawal. Western blot analyses revealed that protein levels of the CaV2.1-α1 subunits were not altered in IC neurons following alcohol withdrawal. We conclude that expression of the Cacna1a mRNA increased before the onset of AWS susceptibility, suggesting that altered CaV2.1 channel expression may play a role in AWS pathogenesis.
Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous famotidine in adult cattle

Author(s): Balcomb, Christie C; Heller, Meera C; Chigerwe, Munashe; Knych, Heather K; Meyer, Allison M | Abstract: BackgroundAbomasal ulceration is recognized in neonatal and adult cattle, but research regarding treatment is limited. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2 RA), such as famotidine, are used clinically with little evidence-based research about efficacy in adult cattle.Hypothesis and objectivesIntravenous famotidine administered at 0.4 mg/kg will increase the pH of abomasal outflow digesta compared to saline control in adult cattle. The objectives were to assess the effect of famotidine, administered as a single dose and as multiple doses, on abomasal outflow fluid pH in adult cattle. A third objective was to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters of IV famotidine in cattle.AnimalsFour clinically healthy adult Angus-cross steers previously fitted with duodenal cannulae placed orad to the biliary and pancreatic ducts.MethodsRandomized, 2-way cross-over clinical trial. Steers received IV famotidine (0.4 mg/kg) as a single and 3-dose regimen (every 8 hours) versus saline control. Blood for analysis of serum famotidine concentration was collected intermittently for 12 hours, and abomasal outflow fluid pH was measured at intervals for a 24-hour period. After a 34-hour washout period, the opposite treatments were administered and the sampling repeated.ResultsAbomasal outflow fluid pH was higher in steers treated with famotidine for up to 4 hours after a single dose but the effect decreased with subsequent doses. The median (range) elimination half-life was 3.33 (3.21-3.54) hours.Conclusions and clinical importanceFamotidine may be useful for treatment or prevention of abomasal ulceration in adult cattle, but the duration of effect may decrease with time.
Continental Philosophy and Theology

Continental philosophy underwent a ‘return to religion’ or a ‘theological turn’ in the late 20th Century. And yet any conversation between continental philosophy and theology must begin by addressing the perceived distance between them: that one is concerned with destroying all normative, metaphysical order (continental philosophy’s task) and the other with preserving religious identity and community in the face of an increasingly secular society (theology’s task). Colby Dickinson argues in Continental Philosophy and Theology rather that perhaps such a tension is constitutive of the nature of order, thinking and representation which typically take dualistic forms and which might be rethought, though not necessarily abolished. Such a shift in perspective even allows one to contemplate this distance as not opting for one side over the other or by striking a middle ground, but as calling for a nondualistic theology that measures the complexity and inherently comparative nature of theological inquiry in order to realign theology’s relationship to continental philosophy entirely.
Dairy Farm Management Systems: Dry-Lot Dairy Cow Breeds

Confinement management systems continue to be popular around the world to optimize milk production and cow health as herd sizes continue to increase. Four production curves must be monitored and managed including the milk production curve (determines milk volume), milk component curves (impact milk price), dry matter intake curve (DMI) (influences the level of nutrients consumed), and body weight loss and gain (impact fertility and metabolic disorders). Nutrient guidelines are provided to identify potential bottlenecks that may be limiting cow health and production. Under dry-lot feeding systems, six feeding phases can be identified with suggested nutrient levels listed for far-off dry cows, close-up dry cows, fresh cows, early lactation cows, midlactation cows, and late lactation cows (this phase may not exist in high-producing herds). DMI is a key factor for measuring animal performance during the lactation and gestation periods in first lactation and older cows. The milking and housing facilities must complement the feeding system. Cow comfort is a key consideration when selecting faculty systems, bedding sources, and housing systems.
Soldering to gold films

Reliable solder joints can be made on gold metallised microcircuits using lead-indium solders providing certain important conditions are understood and carefully controlled. This paper reviews the three fundamental concepts of scavenging, wetting, and ageing, which are relevant when soldering to gold films.
A mixture emissivity analysis method for urban land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat 8 data

Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) retrieval from satellite imagery is one of the most practical ways to consistently monitor urban thermal environment. Given the heterogeneous nature of urban landscape, an implicit assumption should be considered in remotely sensed LST determinations that a mixed urban land cover aggregation is the combination of its constituent components. Currently, the common LST retrieval method which utilize emissivity measures estimated by NDVI threshold method (NDVITHM), including mono window (MW), single channel (SC), and split window algorithms (SW), does not take into account heterogeneity of pixels. While in this study, a new approach, the mixture analysis of emissivity (MAoE), is proposed to calculate temperature by estimating pixel emissivity from mixed land cover classes. We conduct a comparison of six approaches by the combinations of three LST retrieval algorithms with NDVITHM and MAoE respectively. The differences among strategies are characterized and analyzed by comparing LST estimates from Landsat 8 thermal images. The LST gradients derived from transect analysis are found consistently similar for combinations of two LST algorithms (MW and SC) and the two emissivity estimation algorithms (MAoE and NDVITHM). LSTs derived from SW algorithms using band 10 have the highest mean values, while the SC algorithms have moderate mean values and the MW algorithms have the lowest values. Standard deviations of estimated LST from MAoE are smaller compared with NDVITHM methods, SC retrieval algorithm with MAoE has the smallest standard deviation, and NDVITHM temperature estimation could be more impacted by different land use land cover types.
What Can Medicine Learn From Social Science Studies of Sexual Harassment

The medical profession is not immune from sexual harassment, and culture change is needed. The authors discuss taxonomies and findings from the social sciences that merit consideration by the medic...
The Observed Effects of Utility-Scale Photovoltaics on Near-Surface Air Temperature and Energy Balance

AbstractUtility-scale solar power plants are a rapidly growing component of the renewable energy sector. While most agree that solar power can decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the effects of phot...
CHYLOPERICARDIUM SECONDARY TO THORACIC DUCT OBSTRUCTION IN A PATIENT WITH PLASTIC BRONCHITIS

Chylopericardium in the setting of chyloptysis and plastic bronchitis is a rare entity with only a few case studies described in the literature. A 42 year old man presented with 6 years of cough with bronchial casts (Figure 1A). Workup revealed a moderately-sized pericardial effusion and multifocal
Active Tonic mTORC1 Signals Shape Baseline Translation in Naive T Cells.

Naive CD4+ T cells are an example of dynamic cell homeostasis: T cells need to avoid autoreactivity while constantly seeing self-peptides, yet they must be primed to react to foreign antigens during infection. The instructive signals that balance this primed yet quiescent state are unknown. Interactions with self-peptides result in membrane-proximal, tonic signals in resting T cells. Here we reveal selective and robust tonic mTORC1 signals in CD4+ T cells that influence T cell fate decisions. We find that the Ras exchange factor Rasgrp1 is necessary to generate tonic mTORC1 signals. Genome-wide ribosome profiling of resting, primary CD4+ T cells uncovers a baseline translational landscape rich in mTOR targets linked to mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation, and splicing. Aberrantly increased tonic mTORC1 signals from a Rasgrp1Anaef allele result in immunopathology with spontaneous appearance of T peripheral helper cells, follicular helper T cells, and anti-nuclear antibodies that are preceded by subtle alterations in the translational landscape.
Mother–child engagement in sports and outdoor activities: Intensive mothering, purposive leisure, and implications for health and relationship closeness:

Using Fragile Families and Child Well-Being data (N = 3252) from the US, this study examines mother–child interactions in sports and outdoor activities with their nine-year-old children, and their ...
CONTINUITY OF UNIVERSALLY MEASURABLE HOMOMORPHISMS

Answering a longstanding problem originating in Christensen’s seminal work on Haar null sets [Math. Scand. 28 (1971), 124–128; Israel J. Math. 13 (1972), 255–260; Topology and Borel Structure. Descriptive Topology and Set Theory with Applications to Functional Analysis and Measure Theory, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, 10 (Notas de Matematica, No. 51). (North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam–London; American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1974), iii+133 pp], we show that a universally measurable homomorphism between Polish groups is automatically continuous. Using our general analysis of continuity of group homomorphisms, this result is used to calibrate the strength of the existence of a discontinuous homomorphism between Polish groups. In particular, it is shown that, modulo has finite chromatic number.
High Temperature Aging Effects in SAC and SAC+X Lead Free Solders

Lead free solders are common as interconnects in electronic packaging due to their relatively high melting point, attractive mechanical properties, good thermal cycling reliability, and environmentally friendly chemical properties. The mechanical behavior and reliability of a lead free solder is highly dependent on the operating temperature. Previous investigations on mechanical characterization of lead free solders have mainly emphasized stress-strain and creep testing at temperatures up to T = 125 °C. However, electronic devices sometimes experience harsh environment applications including well drilling, geothermal energy, automotive power electronics, and aerospace engines, where solders are exposed to very high temperatures from T = 125-200 °C. Knowledge on the mechanical properties of lead free solders at elevated temperatures is limited. In our prior work presented at ECTC 2018, we investigated the mechanical behavior of several SAC and SAC+X lead free solder alloys including SAC305 (96.5Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu), SAC_Q (SAC+Bi), and Innolot (SAC+Bi+Ni+Sb) at extreme high temperatures up to 200 °C. In the current study, we have extended our prior work to consider extreme high temperature aging effects in lead free solders (SAC305 and SAC_Q). Before testing, the solder uniaxial specimens were aged (preconditioned) at the extreme high temperature of either T = 125 °C or T = 200 °C. At each of these aging temperatures, several durations of aging were considered including 0, 1, 5, and 20 days. Stress-strain and creep tests were then performed on the aged specimens. Using the measured data, the evolutions of the stress-strain and creep behaviors were determined as a function of aging temperature and aging time, and models describing the evolution of the mechanical properties with extreme aging were established. Microstructural evolution of the solder alloys during extreme high temperature aging has also been explored. In particular, aging induced coarsening of the IMCs has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and correlated to our material property evolution findings.
Inflammatory Ocular Diseases and Sphingolipid Signaling

Inflammation is a powerful immune countermeasure to tissue damage and infection. The inflammatory response is complex and requires the involvement of myriad signaling pathways and metabolic processes, all governed by a multitude of regulatory systems. Although inflammation is a vital defense against tissue injury and a necessary step in tissue healing, the mechanisms which modulate the initiation, intensity, and duration of this innate immune response can malfunction and result in inappropriate or out-of-control inflammation, even in the absence of an appropriate stimulus. Though the human eye exists in an immune-privileged microenvironment, it is not spared from this. The eye is neither devoid of immune cells nor is it fully sequestered from systemic immune responses, and is therefore fully capable of ruining itself through localized inflammatory dysfunction and systemic inflammatory disease (Taylor AW, Front Immunol 7:37, 2016; Zhou R, Caspi RR, Biol Rep 2, 2010). In fact, a wide range of ocular inflammatory diseases exist and are major causes of blindness in humans. Advances in the understanding of inflammatory processes have revealed new key pathways and molecular factors involved in the mechanisms of inflammation. Lipids and sphingolipids are increasingly being recognized as having important signaling roles in the pathophysiology of ocular inflammatory diseases. What follows below is a discussion of fundamental inflammatory processes, the place of sphingolipids as mediators of said processes, brief descriptions of major inflammatory ocular diseases, and new findings implicating sphingolipids in their pathogenesis.
Allogeneic HSCT for autoimmune disease: a shared decision.

Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be an effective treatment for refractory autoimmune diseases. With reports of the use of allogeneic HSCT emerging, how do these two very different types of stem cell transplantation compare and is allogeneic HSCT advisable?
A First Step in the Translation of Alloy to Coq.

Alloy is both a formal language and a tool for software modeling. The language is basically first order relational logic. The analyzer is based on instance finding: it tries to refute assertions and if it succeeds it reports a counterexample. It works by translating Alloy models and instance finding into SAT problems. If no instance is found it does not mean the assertion is satisfied. Alloy relies on the small scope hypothesis: examining all small cases is likely to produce interesting counterexamples. This is very valuable when developing a system. However, Alloy cannot show their absence. In this paper, we propose an approach where Alloy can be used as a first step, and then using a tool we develop, Alloy models can be translated to Coq code to be proved correct interactively.