cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carrier multiplication and charge transport in artificial quantum-dot solids probed by ultrafast photocurrent spectroscopy (Conference Presentation)

Understanding and controlling carrier transport and recombination dynamics in colloidal quantum dot films is key to their application in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Towards this end, we have conducted transient photocurrent measurements to monitor transport through quantum confined band edge states in lead selenide quantum dots films as a function of pump fluence, temperature, electrical bias, and surface treatment. Room temperature dynamics reveal two distinct timescales of intra-dot geminate processes followed by non-geminate inter-dot processes. The non-geminate kinetics is well described by the recombination of holes with photoinjected and pre-existing electrons residing in mid-gap states. We find the mobility of the quantum-confined states shows no temperature dependence down to 6 K, indicating a tunneling mechanism of early time photoconductance. We present evidence of the importance of the exciton fine structure in controlling the low temperature photoconductance, whereby the nanoscale enhanced exchange interaction between electrons and holes in quantum dots introduces a barrier to charge separation. Finally, side-by-side comparison of photocurrent transients using excitation with low- and high-photon energies (1.5 vs. 3.0 eV) reveals clear signatures of carrier multiplication (CM), that is, generation of multiple excitons by single photons. Based on photocurrent measurements of quantum dot solids and optical measurements of solution based samples, we conclude that the CM efficiency is unaffected by strong inter-dot coupling. Therefore, the results of previous numerous spectroscopic CM studies conducted on dilute quantum dot suspensions should, in principle, be reproducible in electronically coupled QD films used in devices.
Complexity of occupational health in the hospitality industry: Dynamic simulation modeling to advance immigrant worker health

Abstract Hispanic immigrant workers, who are heavily employed in low-skill/low-wage lodging and foodservice jobs, work in environments that induce disproportionate health and safety risks. Traditional research approaches have produced only partial insights into the risks of Hispanic immigrant hospitality sector workers, failing to fully capture the underlying dynamic, structural, and systemic complexity of hospitality worker health. This paper has three objectives: (1) to outline the multifaceted and disproportionate health and safety risks of these workers; (2) to introduce a systems paradigm with potential to contribute to more promising approaches in occupational health and safety research in tourism and hospitality; and (3) to elaborate on how computational simulation modeling can fortify occupational health and safety research in tourism and hospitality, and offer a heuristic example of a risk prevention model among Hispanic immigrant hospitality workers rooted in a stakeholder-based system dynamics modeling approach.
Selected Resources for Studying and Teaching Rich

Rich was a firm believer in the value of education. In her work as a teacher for underserved minority students in the SEEK Program at City College, New York, and in her teaching at more elite institutions such as Swarthmore College, Columbia University, Douglass College, and others, she sought to engage students in critical thinking.
Keeping Black Children Pushed Into, Not Pushed Out of, Classrooms: Developing a Race-Conscious Parent Engagement Project:

Black students in prekindergarten through Grade 12 (P-12) schools across the United States experience persistent educational disparities involving disproportionate disciplinary practices. This research study, using a qualitative methodological approach, describes and analyzes the impact of the Parent Mentor Program, which brings together Black parents, community members, school district personnel and university researchers working together to implement a race-conscious parent engagement project to transform the experiences of Black parents and Black children in the school district. Themes that emerged from the qualitative narratives include Black parents moving from marginalized outsiders to feeling accepted, teachers’ perspectives on the impact of the program, and the final theme—pushing kids into, not out of the classroom—which delineates the critical role of Black parents in addressing pervasive racialized disciplinary practices within school systems. Findings provide support for this culturally respon...
Immersion of self-intersecting solids and surfaces

Self-intersecting, or nearly self-intersecting, meshes are commonly found in 2D and 3D computer graphics practice. Self-intersections occur, for example, in the process of artist manual work, as a by-product of procedural methods for mesh generation, or due to modeling errors introduced by scanning equipment. If the space bounded by such inputs is meshed naively, the resulting mesh joins ("glues") self-overlapping parts, precluding efficient further modeling and animation of the underlying geometry. Similarly, near self-intersections force the simulation algorithm to employ an unnecessarily detailed mesh to separate the nearly self-intersecting regions. Our work addresses both of these challenges, by giving an algorithm to generate an "un-glued" simulation mesh, of arbitrary user-chosen resolution, that properly accounts for self-intersections and near self-intersections. In order to achieve this result, we study the mathematical concept of immersion, and give a deterministic and constructive algorithm to determine if the input self-intersecting triangle mesh is the boundary of an immersion. For near self-intersections, we give a robust algorithm to properly duplicate mesh elements and correctly embed the underlying geometry into the mesh element copies. Both the self-intersections and near self-intersections are combined into one algorithm that permits successful meshing at arbitrary resolution. Applications of our work include volumetric shape editing, physically based simulation and animation, and volumetric weight and geodesic distance computation on self-intersecting inputs.
Treatrew: A User-Written Command for Estimating Average Treatment Effects by Reweighting on the Propensity Score:

Reweighting is a popular statistical technique to deal with inference in the presence of a nonrandom sample, and various reweighting estimators have been proposed in the literature. This article presents the user-written command treatrew, which implements reweighting on the propensity-score estimator as proposed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983, Biometrika 70: 41�55) in their seminal article. The main contribution of this command lies in providing analytical standard errors for the average treatment effects in the whole population, in the subpopulation of the treated, and in that of the untreated. Standard errors are calculated using the approximation suggested by Wooldridge (2010, 920�930, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data [MIT Press]), but bootstrapped standard errors can also be easily computed. Because an implementation of this estimator with analytic standard errors and nonnormalized weights is missing in Stata, this article and the accompanying ado-file aim to provide the community with an easy-to-use method for reweighting on the propensity-score. The estimator proves to be a valuable tool for estimating average treatment effects under selection on observables.
Embedding for Informative Missingness: Deep Learning With Incomplete Data

Deep learning is increasingly used to make pre-dictions on biomedical and social science data. A ubiquitous challenge in such applications is that the training data is often incomplete: certain attributes of samples could be missing. Moreover, there could be complex structures in the pattern of which attributes are missing-for example, whether the glucose level is measured for a participant may depend on his/her other attributes (e.g., age) as well as on the prediction target (say, diabetes status). We propose a general embedding approach to learn representations for missingness. The embedding can be a modular layer of any neural network architecture and it’s learned at the same time as the networks learn to make predictions. This approach bypasses the need to first impute the missing attributes, which is a key limitation because standard imputation methods require random missingness. Our systematic experimental evaluations demonstrate that missingness embedding significantly improves the prediction accuracy especially when the data missingness has structures, which is typical in practice. We show that the embedding is robust to changes in the missingness of test data (domain-adaptation) and discuss how the embedding reveals insights on the underlying missing mechanism.
Magnetocaloric effect in the triangulated Kagome lattice Cu9Cl2(cpa)6

The spin frustrated magnetism of the 2-D molecular magnet material Cu9Cl2(cpa)6 (cpa = anion of 2-carboxypentonic acid), abbreviated as CPA, has been the subject of experimental and theoretical studies that suggest this Heisenberg lattice may be among the most frustrated of materials, along with other Kagome, garnet and pyrochlore systems. The CPA framework is a triangles-in-triangles, or a triangulated-Kagome-lattice (TKL) for which M(T,H) phase diagrams rich in topologically induced spin-liquid states should result from deliberate chemical manipulations. While the spin frustrated topology of CPA makes it of interest for the fundamental physics of quantum spin liquids (QSLs), we report here that the low temperature magnetothermodynamic properties also make it of interest for the study of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). Highly frustrated materials that do not have clearly distinctive first- or second-order phase transitions can have MCEs due to the persistent entropy of low-lying eigenstates with large degrees of degeneracy. We present field-dependent data up to H = 1T that allow estimates for the MCE of CPA to be calculated from magnetization and demonstrate that a H-T phase boundary exists for temperatures above T = 2K in applied fields below H = 1T. When taken in combination with the phase boundary discovered in the heat capacity data below T = 2K, as well as synthetic results that demonstrate CPA can be taken as a broad materials class, the presence of this second phase boundary suggest chemical variations should present tremendous opportunity to design additional materials. The synthetic challenge will be to produce high quality crystals with consistent, well-understood chemical compositions.
Choosing Words and Creating Worlds: The Supreme Court’s Rhetoric and Its Constitutive Effects on Employment Discrimination Law

This article at 60 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 1 (1998) explores the ways that the language, style, and words of the Supreme Court's decisions in the field of employment discrimination reflect the justices' understanding of what discrimination is, and shape the law to fit that understanding.
Ultrafine Pt cluster and RuO2 heterojunction anode catalysts designed for ultra-low Pt-loading anion exchange membrane fuel cells

Development of high-performance hydrogen oxidation catalysts with ultralow precious metal loading is critical to the development of next-generation anion-exchange membrane fuel cells. Here, a novel Ru-rich Pt–RuO2 heterojunction catalyst was synthesized via a solvothermal process followed by thermal treatment. The Pt–RuO2 catalyst has ultrafine Pt clusters and a heterojunction interface between Pt and RuO2, which facilitates high hydrogen oxidation activity while minimizing adverse adsorption of the phenyl group in the polymer electrolyte. The performance of a membrane electrode assembly employing the Pt–RuO2/C reached a peak power density of 0.77 W cm−2 with an anode Pt loading of 25 μgPt cm−2, achieving a specific power of 31 W mgPt−1 under H2/O2 conditions. The combined analysis of electrode performance and cost indicates that Pt–RuO2/C is one of the most promising catalysts that is approaching the U.S. DOE 2020 performance and cost targets for transportation applications.
TARGETED ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TREATMENT WITH ANTI-IL-6 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY FOR CALCIUM MEDIATED ARRHYTHMIA SUBSTRATES IN HEART FAILURE

Cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs) comprise a significant portion of the human heart and have been shown to remodel in disease and secrete inflammatory cytokines. In previous studies we have seen that IL-6 is a potent inducer of Ca2+ mediated arrhythmia substrates in human myocytes. Though
Female song in eastern bluebirds varies in acoustic structure according to social context

Most of our knowledge about the function, evolution, neurobiology and ontogeny of complex vocalizations in birds comes from previous work on male song. However, the recent increase in focus on female bird song over the last few decades has helped bridge that gap in our knowledge and has vastly changed our understanding of the function, phylogeny and evolution of bird song. Here we present evidence that female song may be modifiable based on signal function. Eastern bluebirds primarily use female song for within-pair communication with their social mate. We examined the female songs of eastern bluebirds sung during within-pair communication and compared the acoustic structure to female songs used in other contexts. Within-pair communication songs differed significantly from other female songs that we measured by six of the eight acoustic variables we measured. Additionally, we examined the song structure of within-pair communication songs at variable distances between mates and between neighbour females. Song structure did not vary over distance. However, we found significant differences between neighbouring females and the number of syllables and frequency modulations each female included in her within-pair communication songs. We propose that female songs have the potential to indicate individual identity, through acoustic structure modification. Our findings further highlight the need for additional study of female song and functional acoustic plasticity in bird song. Animal signals may be stereotyped to convey honest information, they may be functionally plastic to convey additional information, or elements of a signal may fall in both categories. Historically, bird song has been primarily studied as a stereotyped male trait. Whereas male bird song may have variable acoustic structure in some instances, such as extreme aggression, the functional plasticity of female song is largely unknown. We examined female song plasticity for within-pair communication songs of female eastern bluebirds. We present some of the first evidence that female song structure may be variable between functional contexts and that females may alter their song structure to encode additional information, such as individual identity. Our results inform future work on the function and ontogeny of female bird song. Additionally, our findings support the need for further study on female bird song and the functional plasticity of complex acoustic signals.
Same-Day Discharge and Quality of Life for Primary Laparoscopic Rectopexy for Rectal Prolapse in Children: A 10-Year Experience.

Introduction: Rectal prolapse (RP) in pediatric patients may require surgical intervention. Varying surgical approaches and heterogenous patient populations have resulted in difficulty defining sur...
Drones and Data: A Limited Impact on Privacy

Concerns about drones and their impact on privacy are misplaced. Most of the scenarios discussed in the academic literature and policy commentary simply assume that drones operate in a unique way. These discussions of drones and privacy have left the antecedent question unexamined – precisely how do drones impact privacy? This article is the first to clearly define the operational parameters of drones that impact privacy in a unique way. From this precise definition, we learn that drones operate in very few spaces that allow them to capture data inaccessible to other technologies. In short, how drones operate has a limited impact on privacy. Drones, however, are primarily data collection devices. By tracing the flow of data into and from a drone, it becomes clear that many parties potentially have access to drone captured data. The privacy impact of drones, therefore, must be understood in the light of the third-party doctrine. Once a drone captures data about a person, that person has almost no recourse to prevent its sharing and distribution. Drones have also stirred the emotions of legislators. Hundreds of provisions in state and local laws purport to address the privacy concerns presented by drones and their data. This article analyzes these laws and demonstrates that very few actually address the unique privacy impact of drones and their data flows. Furthermore, these laws interact with the third-party doctrine in a manner that mutes almost all privacy protections. Concerns about the privacy impact of drones, therefore, should focus on either limiting data capture by drones or changing the U.S. privacy doctrines.
MDM2-Dependent Rewiring of Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiles in Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Models

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is an aggressive mesenchymal cancer marked by amplification of MDM2, an inhibitor of the tumor suppressor TP53. DDLPS patients with higher MDM2 amplification have lower chemotherapy sensitivity and worse outcome than patients with lower MDM2 amplification. We hypothesized that MDM2 amplification levels may be associated with changes in DDLPS metabolism. Six patient-derived DDLPS cell line models were subject to comprehensive metabolomic (Metabolon) and lipidomic (SCIEX 5600 TripleTOF-MS) profiling to assess associations with MDM2 amplification and their responses to metabolic perturbations. Comparing metabolomic profiles between MDM2 higher and lower amplification cells yielded a total of 17 differentially abundant metabolites across both panels (FDR < 0.05, log2 fold change < 0.75), including ceramides, glycosylated ceramides, and sphingomyelins. Disruption of lipid metabolism through statin administration resulted in a chemo-sensitive phenotype in MDM2 lower cell lines only, suggesting that lipid metabolism may be a large contributor to the more aggressive nature of MDM2 higher DDLPS tumors. This study is the first to provide comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic characterization of DDLPS cell lines and provides evidence for MDM2-dependent differential molecular mechanisms that are critical factors in chemoresistance and could thus affect patient outcome.
Plausible deniability? An investigation of government and government-outsourced violence in refugee hosting areas

This paper examines the propensity for host governments and the groups they sponsor to engage in violence in areas that host refugee populations. Drawing on arguments that governments strategically...
Personalized genealogical history of UK individuals inferred from biobank-scale IBD segments

The genealogical histories of individuals within populations are of interest to studies aiming both to uncover detailed pedigree information and overall quantitative population demographic histories. However, the analysis of quantitative details of individual genealogical histories has faced challenges from incomplete available pedigree records and an absence of objective and quantitative details in pedigree information. Although complete pedigree information for most individuals is difficult to track beyond a few generations, it is possible to describe a person’s genealogical history using their genetic relatives revealed by identity by descent (IBD) segments—long genomic segments shared by two individuals within a population, which are identical due to inheritance from common ancestors. When modern biobanks collect genotype information for a significant fraction of a population, dense genetic connections of a person can be traced using such IBD segments, offering opportunities to characterize individuals in the context of the underlying populations. Here, we conducted an individual-centric analysis of IBD segments among the UK Biobank participants that represent 0.7% of the UK population. We made a high-quality call set of IBD segments over 5 cM among all 500,000 UK Biobank participants. On average, one UK individual shares IBD segments with 14,000 UK Biobank participants, which we refer to as “relatives.” Using these segments, approximately 80% of a person’s genome can be imputed. We subsequently propose genealogical descriptors based on the genetic connections of relative cohorts of individuals sharing at least one IBD segment and show that such descriptors offer important information about one’s genetic makeup, personal genealogical history, and social behavior. Through analysis of relative counts sharing segments at different lengths, we identified a group, potentially British Jews, who has a distinct pattern of familial expansion history. Finally, using the enrichment of relatives in one’s neighborhood, we identified regional variations of personal preference favoring living closer to one’s extended families. Our analysis revealed genetic makeup, personal genealogical history, and social behaviors at the population scale, opening possibilities for further studies of individual’s genetic connections in biobank data.
The men's mental health perspective on adolescent suicide in the COVID-19 era.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed society and introduced many new factors to consider in adolescent suicide risk assessment and prevention. One complexity that warrants consideration is the male-specific impacts of the pandemic within adolescence. METHODS: A review of the relevant literature. RESULTS: Matters of social distancing, virtual education, and substance use may impact adolescent men in fashions that raise their suicide risk more significantly relative to adolescent women. Social distancing may impact adolescents' friendships and generate a regression back to the nuclear family; qualities of male adolescents' friendships and of masculinity suggest that these impacts may be more severe in adolescent men and may directly raise suicide risk. Virtual schooling yields educational and social setbacks; losses of team sports, male mentors, and the implications of diminished educational advancement may more adversely affect adolescent men and raise risk. Substance use has increased in the pandemic, particularly amongst adolescent men. There are direct associations with suicide risk as well as indirectly through increased parental conflict and punishment. CONCLUSION: As adolescent men die by suicide at significantly elevated rates relative to adolescent women, a male-specific consideration of these impacts is indicated to address adolescent suicide in our current era. Recommendations are made for integrating these considerations into updated adolescent suicide risk assessment and prevention efforts.
Biomechanical testing of flanged polypropylene sutures in scleral fixation

Objective To optimize the flanged belt-loop technique of scleral fixation through biomechanical testing and report clinical outcomes of resultant modifications. Design Experimental study. Methods The force to disinsert flanged polypropylene suture from human cadaveric sclera was assessed using a tensile testing machine and compared to the breaking strengths of 9-0 and 10-0 polypropylene. The effects of modifying suture gauge (5-0, 6-0, 7-0, or 8-0), amount of suture cauterized (0.5 or 1.0 mm), and sclerotomy size (27, 30, 32, 33 gauge) were investigated. Belt-loop intrascleral fixation using 6-0 and 7-0 polypropylene with 30 and 32 gauge needles, respectively, was performed in 4 patients. Main outcome measures were flanged suture disinsertion forces in cadaveric sclera. Results The average force to disinsert a flange created by melting 1.0 mm of 5-0, 6-0, 7-0, and 8-0 polypropylene suture from human cadaveric sclera via 27, 30, 32, and 33 gauge needle sclerotomies was 3.0 ± 0.5 N, 2.1 ± 0.3 N, 0.9 ± 0.2 N, and 0.4 ± 0.1 N, respectively. The disinsertion forces for flanges formed by melting 0.5 mm of the same gauges were 72%-79% lower (P Conclusions The flanged belt-loop technique is a biomechanically sound method of scleral fixation using 1.0 mm flanges of 5-0 to 7-0 polypropylene paired with 27, 30, and 32 gauge sclerotomies. In contrast, 8-0 polypropylene and 0.5 mm flanges of any suture gauge will likely be unstable with this technique.
Cone beam computed tomography as a first line investigation in the pediatric dental patient

Abstract Cone beam computed tomography overcomes many of the limitations of traditional radiographic techniques and has become commonplace in dental practice. Pediatric patients are more likely to move during acquisition of the images and are susceptible to the harmful effects of ionising radiation. Therefore, justification for each individual and clinical scenario must occur before prescription of cone beam computed tomographs. There are clinical situations in which three-dimensional imaging is indicated as a first line investigation such as impacted canines and neighbouring root resorption, internal and external cervical resorption defects, virtual surgical planning for orthognathic surgery, autotransplantation analogues and assessment of TMJ anomalies. In these clinical situations, care should be taken to optimise the lowest radiation dose achievable for the pediatric patient whilst being indication-orientated and patient-specific.
Evaluating the mechanical properties of carbonate and evaporite caprocks in the Sichuan Basin

Abstract Caprocks are nearly impermeable rocks that inhibit the migration of hydrocarbons. Caprock efficiency at sealing hydrocarbon reservoirs is contingent upon maintaining its integrity, or the absence of features that enhance fluid flow such as fractures/faults. Caprock lithology is an important factor in sealing efficiency, as it controls caprock mechanical behavior and brittleness. Evaluating caprock failure due to chemo-thermo- mechanical forces requires an understanding of the deformation and failure properties consistent with effective caprocks. Core samples of caprocks from the northeast Sichuan Basin – primarily evaporites, limestones and dolostones – were tested under laboratory conditions to determine the relationships between lithology and geomechanical properties of different caprocks. The results of hardness, ultrasonic velocity, and axial deformation tests of the caprock samples indicate that caprock brittleness is strongly correlated with high values of hardness, peak and yield strength, Young’s modulus and coefficient of internal friction. Lithologic heterogeneity in caprocks is found to enhance sample failure in most cases, though the inclusion of minor phyllosilicate and evaporite minerals may conversely decrease caprock brittleness. Evaporites and dolostones consistently exhibit the least and most brittle characteristics, respectively, though individual mechanical properties can indicate contradictory caprock behavior. These results suggest evaluation of the geomechanical-risk to caprocks can thus be enhanced by combining mechanical properties to map trends in caprock effectiveness. When combined with accurate in- situ conditions, the mechanical properties of a caprock allow for a quantitative interpretation of caprock integrity.
From the Ptolemies to the Romans: Political and Economic Change in Egypt

This book gives a structured account of Egypt's transition from Ptolemaic to Roman rule by identifying key relationships between ecology, land tenure, taxation, administration and politics. It introduces theoretical perspectives from the social sciences and subjects them to empirical scrutiny using data from Greek and Demotic papyri as well as comparative evidence. Although building on recent scholarship, it offers some provocative arguments that challenge prevailing views. For example, patterns of land ownership are linked to population density and are seen as one aspect of continuity between the Ptolemaic and Roman period. Fiscal reform, by contrast, emerges as a significant mechanism of change not only in the agrarian economy but also in the administrative system and the whole social structure. Anyone seeking to understand the impact of Roman rule in the Hellenistic east must consider the well-attested processes in Egypt that this book seeks to explain.
Chapter 10 Hydrogen Migration and Solubility in Silicon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energetics and kinetics of the incorporation of hydrogen into the simplest and most studied of its possible hosts, crystalline silicon of high perfection, containing known concentrations of shallow donor or acceptor impurities. The chapter presents a review on the results of the phenomenological parameters describing macroscopic or semi-macroscopic behavior: kinds of species present in solid solutions, their solubilities and transformation energies, and their diffusion coefficients and interconversion rates. The chapter presents a number of hitherto unpublished results obtained by the authors on hydrogen migration and solubility in silicon over the past several years. Details of atomic models are discussed in the chapter in brief for clarifying the phenomenological understanding. The chapter describes various laws needed for a quantitative theoretical description of the thermodynamic properties of a dilute solid solution and of the various rate processes that occur when such a solution departs from equilibrium.
Designing 3-D optical dilation multistage interconnection networks

Three-dimensional multistage interconnection network designs based on a dilation structure are described. The dilation interconnection structure provides a space-invariant property among switching elements, which is suitable for constructing optical networks. Two different dilation topologies are discussed. One has the conventional rectangular shape, and the other uses the most space-compact hexagonal structure. Routing in the network is discussed. >
Faulkner's Influence on Robbe-Grillet: The Quentin Section of The Sound and the Fury and La Jalousie

Although more than twenty years have elapsed since the publication of Alain Robbe-Grillet's La Jalousie and much has been written about William Faulkner's influence on the "nouveau roman," a direct and detailed comparison has not yet been drawn between La Jalousie and the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury. The number of obvious and underlying similarities between the two works is great—so great in fact that one is tempted to suggest Faulkner's novel as a major source of the subject matter, die psychological portrayal of the protagonist, and much of the imagery of Robbe-GrUlet's novel.
Chapter 76 Asset Market Manipulation: A Field Experiment with Racetrack Betting

Publisher Summary The studies were designed to test whether active naturally-occurring markets could be manipulated experimentally in a way that permitted statistically powerful identification of whether manipulation generally works (rather than anecdotal evidence). The studies also serve as a reminder that true experiments can sometimes be conducted in the field, cheaply; we should seize those opportunities when they arise, or create them. More generally, the inability of these large bets to move the market systematically is a blow to the beliefs of those who think markets are easily and routinely manipulated by large investors. For those who do not believe manipulation is common, and instead are inclined to marvel at the mysterious collective intelligence of centralized markets populated by self-interested traders, the general immunity of these markets to substantial, systematic attempts at manipulation may represent something new to explain, or at least marvel at.
Non-Radial Oscillations of Degenerate Dwarfs: A Theoretical Review

The current status of the theory of non-radial oscillations of white dwarfs and hydrogen shell-burning degenerate stars, in the linear, quasi-adiabatic approximation, is reviewed. Relevant aspects of the thermal structure of such stars are summarized, and several problem areas requiring further investigation are identified. Among the most interesting and important of these are the question of the existence of g modes in white dwarfs; the nature of the excitation mechanisms for non-radial oscillations; the possibility of tidal excitation; the problem of mode-coupling between pulsations and convection; and the question of the effects of a solid, crystallizing core.
Inhibition of Glutamic Dehydrogenase by N1-Alkylnicotinamide Chlorides

Abstract Eleven N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides, varying in the size of the alkyl substituent from the N1-methyl to the N1-dodecyl derivative, were studied as possible inhibitors of catalytic activities associated with crystalline bovine liver glutamic dehydrogenase. The longer chain derivatives (C8 to C12, inclusive) inhibited glutamic dehydrogenase activity with a concomitant stimulation of alanine dehydrogenase activity. This inhibition was demonstrated to be noncompetitive with respect to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide when studied in a low NAD+ concentration range and was greatly facilitated by the presence of NADH. These longer chain derivatives were also shown to reverse the adenosine diphosphate activation of glutamic dehydrogenase activity. A chain length effect was observed in the inhibition of glutamic dehydrogenase by these compounds, indicating the importance of hydrophobic interactions in their functioning, which was suggested to occur through the stabilization of the monomeric form of the enzyme having alanine dehydrogenase activity. Shorter chain N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides (N1-hexyl or smaller) were shown to stimulate glutamic dehydrogenase activity with a concomitant inhibition of alanine dehydrogenase activity. No chain length effect was observed in the functioning of these shorter chain derivatives.
Career Issues Pertaining to Teaching Introductory Biostatistics in a Medical Center

Teaching introductory biostatistics in an academic medical center to nonstatisticians can be rewarding, but it can pose several unanticipated challenges with respect to time, career trajectory, and...
Leopard frog priorities in choosing between prey at different locations

Frogs are able to respond to a prey stimulus throughout their 360° ground-level visual field as well as in the superior visual field. We compared the likelihood of frogs choosing between a more nasally located, ground-level prey versus a more temporally located ground-level prey, when the prey at the nasal location is further away from the frog. Two crickets were presented simultaneously at 9 pairs of angles that included both crickets in the binocular visual field, both crickets in the monocular visual field, or one cricket in the binocular field and one in the monocular field. Frogs chose the more nasally located prey at least 71% of the time when the more temporal prey was in the monocular field; and 64% of the time when both prey were in the binocular field. Frogs tended to choose the more nasally located prey, even though it takes the frog longer to reach the prey. In addition, when given a choice between a prey located at ground level versus a prey located in the superior field, frogs tend to choose the prey at ground-level. These results suggest that there is a neural mechanism that biases frogs' responses to prey stimuli.
Observation and simulation of space-charge effects in a radio-frequency photoinjector using a transverse multibeamlet distribution

We report on an experimental study of space-charge effects in a radio-frequency (rf) photoinjector. A 5 MeVelectron bunch, consisting of a number of beamlets separated transversely, was generated in an rf photocathode gun and propagated in the succeeding drift space. The collective interaction of these beamlets was studied for different experimental conditions. The experiment allowed the exploration of space-charge effects and its comparison with 3D particle-in-cell simulations. Our observations also suggest the possible use of a multibeam configuration to tailor the transverse distribution of an electron beam.
Homodimerization and intermolecular tyrosine phosphorylation of the Tyk-2 tyrosine kinase

Abstract The Jak kinases and Stat transcription factors play a major role in signaling of various cytokines including IFNα. In this report we show a ligand-independent interaction between Tyk-2 and Jak-1 kinases. We also demonstrate that the Tyk-2 kinase forms a homodimer that has the ability to undergo intermolecular tyrosine phosphorylation. The formation of the Tyk-2 homodimer is independent of both tyrosine phosphorylation and the presence of the tyrosine kinase domain.
Adhesion of Orthodontic Cements to Human Enamel

Tensile bond strengths between five orthodontic cements and acid-etched enamel were studied. The influence of a saline primer and storage in artificial saliva at 37 C for up to 30 days was evaluated. Statistically significant differences were found for different cements, time of storage, and the effect of silane pretreatment on etched enamel.
The national environmental policy act net (nep anet) and doe nepa web: what they bring to environmental impact assessment

Abstract The U.S. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) requires agencies to use a systematic, interdisciplinary approach to ensure integrated use of natural and social sciences and the environmental design arts in planning and decision-making. Numerous environmental analyses have been prepared that contain valuable information about regions and ecosystems, but these data were not stored in a retrievable manner. In 1993 and 1994, agency-specific NEPA and related datasets were consolidated into the U.S. Department of Energy NEPA Web and NEPAnet. These improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the environmental impact assessment/NEPA process in the United States.
Surgical Approaches to Cancer in Patients Who Have Inflammatory Bowel Disease

IBD clearly increases the risk for GI malignancies, especially CRC. The absolute number of patients that develops such malignancies is low compared with the overall cancer rate; however, younger age of onset, higher relative risk, unique clinical presentations, and problems with early diagnosis make this a serious complication of IBD. With the exception of patients with comorbid complications, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, the prognosis is no worse for CRCs that arise as the result of IBD compared with those that arise sporadically. The prognosis remains poor for small bowel adenocarcinomas in patients who have CD, primarily because of their advanced stage at detection. Diligent surveillance is essential for early detection and treatment of IBD-related CRCs in patients with unresected colons, long-standing or extensive disease, and in those who have early-onset CD, although pundits still question whether it significantly affects prognosis and survival. Better surveillance techniques for small bowel dysplasia or malignancy in patients who have CD is needed, especially given the poor prognosis of these patients when advanced cancers are detected. Depending on the presentation and disease diagnosis, patients have several surgical treatment options and can expect good outcomes for all. When the appropriate surgical technique is used in patients who have colon or rectal cancer, along with adjuvant chemotherapy when appropriate, prognosis and function is good; however, the experience of the surgeon can affect the prognosis for IBD-related GI cancers. Surgical therapy is based not only on general oncologic principles, but also on the surgery that is appropriate for the IBD diagnosis. Resection of the mesentery and lymphadenectomy should be performed according to oncologic principles. Postoperative survival for IBD-related CRC is good, and diligent surveillance and follow-up are critical to the patient's overall prognosis.
Imagining the Nation: Transforming the Bastille in Williams's Letters Written in France (1790)

Helen Maria Williams toured Paris and the surrounding countryside in the summer of 1790 and noted the spectacles, revelry, and changes in France during the Festival of Federation. Though Williams enthusiastically supports the new France, her text includes moments of ambivalence. These moments often occur during her interactions with architecture, especially when Williams encounters fragments and ghosts of the Bastille. Williams adopts and adapts an old practice, the architectural imagination, to use the Bastille as site for thinking about France's past, present, and future. The Bastille functions as the ideal site for Williams to interrogate the idea of the nation and nationalism because the building was both transformed by the Revolution and had a rich and fascinating afterlife in the material culture of post-1789 France. The concurrence of the revolutionary age and the early stages of nationalism deeply imprinted Romantic literature with patriotism, skepticism, and anxiety. Just as authors attempted to ...
Deterioration of Floating Ice Covers

Determination theorique des conditions dans lesquelles une couverture de glace flottante perd sa resistance mecanique par suite de fusion interne. Etablissement de criteres permettant de determiner ces conditions et celles de recuperation de sa resistance originelle
Matching and oddity conditional discrimination in the goldfish as avoidance responses: Evidence for conceptual avoidance learning

Goldfish, trained in the avoidance shuttlebox with a variant of the linear discrimination procedure, learned to conditionally discriminate between color signals, both for the matching (M) and oddity (O) criterion forms. Transfer to assess the possibility of concept learning was also tested. In original learning, oddity-trained groups learned faster and reached higher conditional discrimination performance levels than did matching-trained groups. In transfer, various groups were tested with the same criterion (MM or OO) or a shifted criterion (MO or OM), and half of each group retained the same color signals and the remaining half had its color signals changed in transfer. Groups with the same criterion in original learning and transfer (MM or OO), regardless of signal colors, showed comparable positive transfer. Groups with their criterion shifted between original learning and transfer (MO or OM) showed comparable negative transfer, regardless of signal colors. Since both positive- and negative-transfer effects were independent of signal colors, it is clear that what was learned for one set of signal colors transferred to at least one other signal-color set. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that goldfish learned the original conditional discrimination at a conceptual level, and learned about the general matching or oddity relationships between colors, rather than about a specific set of colors.
Phytochemicals: cancer chemoprevention and suppression of tumor onset and metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process which could be prevented by phytochemicals. Phytochemicals from dietary plants and other plant sources such as herbs are becoming increasingly important sources of anticancer drugs or compounds for cancer chemoprevention or adjuvant chemotherapy. Phytochemicals can prevent cancer initiation, promotion, and progression by exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects which are mediated by integrated Nrf2, NF-κB, and AP-1 signaling pathways. In addition, phytochemicals from herbal medicinal plants and/or some dietary plants developed in recent years have been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. In advanced tumors, a series of changes involving critical signaling molecules that would drive tumor cells undergoing epithelial–mesenchymal transition and becoming invasive. In this review, we will discuss the potential molecular targets and signaling pathways that mediate tumor onset and metastasis. In addition, we will shed light on some of the phytochemicals that are capable of targeting these signaling pathways which would make them potentially applicable to cancer chemoprevention, treatment and control of cancer progression.
Designing Platforms for Customizable Products and Processes in Markets of Non-Uniform Demand

The foremost difficulty in making the transition to mass customization is how to offer product variety affordably. The answer to this quandary lies in the successful management of modularity and commonality in the development of products and their production processes. While several platform design techniques have emerged as a means to offer modularity and commonality, they are limited by an inability to handle multiple modes of offering variety for multiple design specifications. The Product Platform Constructal Theory Method (PPCTM) is a technique that enables a designer to develop platforms for customizable products while handling issues of multiple levels of commonality, multiple product specifications, and the inherent tradeoffs between platform extent and performance. The method is limited, however, by its inability to handle multiple design objectives and its reliance on the assumption that demand in the market is uniform for each product variant. The authors address these limitations in this study...
X-ray Diffraction Data on Two High-Pressure Phases of Calcium Carbonate.

X-ray diffraction studies conducted at high pressure with a beryllium pressure vessel show that compression parallel to the c-axis of CaCO3-I (calcite), as the phase boundary of CaCO-3II (modified calcite type) is approached, results in a relative reduction of the c-axis of phase II of several times that of the a-axes. Such data are not consistent with previously proposed anion disorder in CaCO3-II. At 18.7 ± .5 kb and room temperature a new phase of CaCO3 has been observed that is assumed to be phase III found by Bridgman. At this pressure the x-ray diffraction pattern can be indexed as orthorhombic KNO3-IV type, with a0 = 8.90 ± .01 A, b0 = 8.42 ± .01 A, and c0 = 7.14 ± .01 A (Z = 10).
Residual irreversibility in high-Tc superconductors

Abstract Magnetization measurements on many single crystals of YBaCuO as well as BiSrCaCuO show a non-vanishing remanent magnetization in a region where the field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetizations coincide. We call this kind of remanence “residual irreversibility”. We argue that this behavior is not compatible with over-simplified critical-state models or surface barriers. We show how it can arise from weak “residual” pinning in a regime where vortices are further apart than the penetration depth and the reversible B ( H ) curve shows a sharp initial rise just above H cl . The “residual irreversibility” can be enhanced in crystals with an inhomogeneous or non-superconducting core, as seen in some of our thicker YBa/CuO crystals and also in BiSrCaCuO. We also show how the field-cooled Meissner fraction can measure the superconducting volume fraction in the low-field limit.
In-House Training on New Library Processes at the NIST Research Library: A Case Study.

This case study describes the development and implementation of a home-grown internal training program to teach the reference staff at a U.S. federal government library a new process for obtaining research materials that are not owned through alternative means rather than through the traditional interlibrary loan. Proficiency in the new process and increased use of existing resources were goals of the program. Included are the activities related to planning, logistics, success indicators, and lessons learned in the development and delivery of the in-house training program.