cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic imperatives for deprotonation of carbon catalyzed by triosephosphate isomerase: enzyme activation by phosphite dianion,†‡

The mechanistic imperatives for catalysis of deprotonation of α-carbonyl carbon by triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) are discussed. There is a strong imperative to reduce the large thermodynamic barrier for deprotonation of carbon to form an enediolate reaction intermediate; and, a strong imperative for specificity in the expression of the intrinsic phosphodianion binding energy at the transition state for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Binding energies of 2 and 6 kcal/mol, respectively, have been determined for formation of phosphite dianion complexes to TIM and to the transition state for TIM-catalyzed deprotonation of the truncated substrate glycolaldehyde [T. L. Amyes, J. P. Richard, Biochemistry2007, 46, 5841]. We propose that the phosphite dianion binding energy, which is specifically expressed at the transition state complex, is utilized to stabilize a rare catalytically active loop-closed form of TIM. The results of experiments to probe the role of the side chains of Ile172 and Leu232 in activating the loop-closed form of TIM for catalysis of substrate deprotonation are discussed. Evidence is presented that the hydrophobic side chain of Ile172 assists in activating TIM for catalysis of substrate deprotonation through an enhancement of the basicity of the carboxylate side-chain of Glu167. Our experiments link the two imperatives for TIM-catalyzed deprotonation of carbon by providing evidence that the phosphodianion binding energy is utilized to drive an enzyme conformational change, which results in a reduction in the thermodynamic barrier to deprotonation of the carbon acid substrate at TIM compared with the barrier for deprotonation in water. The effects of a P168A mutation on the kinetic parameters for the reactions of whole and truncated substrates are discussed.
LA CIUDAD MODERNISTA Y LA MUERTE DE LA CALLE

En este articulo examinaremos la calle (y lo que la ha reemplazado) en dos tipos contrastantes de urbanismo, el preindustrial de Rio de Janeiro y Ouro Preto y el modernista de Brasilia. Nos preguntaremos por lo que nos puedan revelar el diseno y la planeacion de las calles en estos ejemplos acerca de la organizacion urbana en las diferentes ciudades. Ademas, indagaremos acerca de lo que esta organizacion nos ensena sobre la naturaleza de los regimenes politicos y sobre su relacion con la sociedad.
Lymphocytocidal lymphocyte trapping by human lymph node cells: a tissue culture-ultrastructural study.

An ultrastructural study was carried out on 25 lymphocyte-trapping cells selected from tissue cultures of human axillary lymph nodes. The trapping cells contained several hundred intravacuolar lymphocytes, most of which showed degenerative changes. The principal findings are: (a) a broad spectrum of lymphocyte degeneration; (b) a consistent pattern of lymphocyte degeneration beginning with perinuclear vacuoles and ending with breakdown of the nuclear envelope; (c) the viable lymphocytes tended to be located in a juxtanuclear region; (d) a lysosomal relationship was suggested for lymphocyte degeneration but not for lymphocyte trapping; and (e) degeneration of the trapping cell, or lymphocytes associated with other cells, was not observed. The sequence of degenerative changes differs from those reported for several classes of lymphocytocidal agents. There were no morphologic properties of the trapping cell which served to identify it more specifically. The findings, together with previous time-lapse film observations, warrant further investigation of the hypothesis that lymphocytocidal lymphocyte trapping may be involved in the control of lymphocyte populations.
Mental Effort and Video-Based Learning: The Relationship of Preconceptions and the Effects of Interactive and Covert Practice.

Recommendations for the design of interactive video materials are often based on the premise that interactive video may overcome learners' preconceptions of television as “easy.” This study investigated learner preconceptions of the difficulty of interactive video, instructional television, and television, and examined the effects of actively or covertly responding to practice questions on perceived mental effort, recall, and inferences.
A comparison of front- and backside-illuminated high-saturation power partially depleted absorber photodetectors

A systematic study of high-saturation-current p-i-n In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As photodiodes with a partially depleted absorber (PDA) has been made under front (p-side) and back (n-side) illumination. The photodiode structure consists of an In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As absorption region (450-nm p-InGaAs, 250-nm unintentionally doped InGaAs, and 60-nm n-InGaAs) sandwiched between p- and n-InP layers. For front illumination of a 34-/spl mu/m-diameter photodiode at 2-V bias the saturation currents were 23 and 24 mA at 10 and 1 GHz, respectively. Under similar conditions, backside-illumination resulted in saturation currents of 76 mA (10 GHz) and >160 mA (1 GHz). Backside illumination of a 100-/spl mu/m-diameter photodiode achieved a saturation current >400 mA. For the case of front illumination the device lateral resistance dominates whereas for backside illumination the response is determined primarily by the space charge effect.
Linkage of Mls genes to endogenous mammary tumour viruses of inbred mice.

T CELLS that recognize self antigen are clonally deleted in the thymus—a maturation process that occurs in the context of histo-compatibility molecules and the T-cell receptor. The minor lymphocyte stimulation antigens (Mis) effect these deletions through interactions with the Vβ portion of the T-cell receptor, thus mimicking bacterial 'superantigens'. Intrigued by the fact that each known Mls gene maps to the same chromosomal region as an endogenous mouse mammary tumour virus (Mtv), we re-evaluated the linkage relationships between the two gene families. Here we report perfect concordance in inbred and recombinant inbred mice between the presence of four Mtv proviruses with the expression of Mls gene products. These data suggest a general model in which mammary tumour virus gene products themselves are the ligands that shape a considerable portion of the immuno-logical repertoire of common laboratory mice.
Elastic moduli of random network models of amorphous Ge and Si

Abstract The bulk and shear moduli of periodic random network models of amorphous Ge and Si are computed. The Young's modulus is reduced to about 90% of the average in the crystalline form.
Comparison of procedures for estimating sample numbers

Abstract Published standard methods for estimating sample numbers entail hidden tradeoffs. This note will describe the nature of these tradeoffs and their consequences. A modified version of the standard method is presented. The modification recognizes that the desired answer is implicit in the t‐statistic. The modified version uses a succession of estimates until achieving convergence. Examples are presented showing that either under‐ or overestimation is possible when using the original methods compared with the modified method. The variation in estimates reflects the variation in the tolerance probability. We recommend when to select specific methods.
Stress intensity factors in two bonded elastic layers containing cracks perpendicular to and on the interface—I. Analysis

The basic crack problem which is essential for the study of subcritical crack propagation and fracture of layered structural materials is considered. Because of the apparent analytical difficulties, the problem is idealized as one of plane strain or plane stress. An additional simplifying assumption is made by restricting the formulation of the problem to crack geometries and loading conditions which have a plane of symmetry perpendicular to the interface. The general problem is formulated in terms of a coupled system of four integral equations. For each relevant crack configuration of practical interest, the singular behavior of the solution near and at the ends and points of intersection of the cracks is investigated and the related characteristic equations are obtained. The edge crack terminating at and crossing the interface, the T-shaped crack consisting of a broken layer and a delamination crack, the cross-shaped crack which consists of a delamination crack intersecting a crack which is perpendicular to the interface, and a delamination crack initiating from a stress-free boundary of the bonded layers are some of the practical crack geometries considered.
Beitrag zur Kenntnis des proteolytischen Fermentsystems im menschlichen Spermaplasma, Mucus cervicalis, Tubarschleimhaut und Liquor folliculi

Plasminogen oder eine verwandte, durch Streptokinase aktivierbare Substanz konnte im menschlichen Spermaplasma, im Mucus cervicalis und in Liquor folliculi nachgewiesen werden. Fibrinolysokinaseaktivitat war im Spermaplasma und in der Tubarschleimhaut vorhanden. Wahrend im Spermaplasma und Liquor folliculi ein Inhibitor (Antiplasmin, Antifibrinolysin) vorhanden war, konnte dieser nicht im Mucus cervicalis aufgefunden werden. Spermaplasma enthalt aktives fibrinolytisches Ferment.
Dynamic speed scaling and load balancing of interconnected queues

We consider the problem of joint service rate control and load balancing of a network of servers. The system incurs holding cost, effort cost, and a routing cost whenever a demand is routed to other servers. This formulation is motivated by recent interest on energy efficiency in IT systems where effort cost models power consumption and holding cost represents performance in terms of delay. The aim is to find a stationary policy that minimizes, over an infinite horizon, the long-run average cost rate. Using a dynamic programming formulation, we show that the optimal routing policy is acyclic and bipartite. We prove that the relative cost function is monotonically non-decreasing in queue size while for the case of 2 servers, the optimal service policy is non-decreasing in queue size and the optimal routing policy is a threshold policy. We show how upper and lower bounds of the optimal average cost rate can be efficiently calculated numerically. In particular, based on the monotonicity property, we develop an approximate dynamic programming procedure to efficiently compute a good upper bound. Numerical examples with two networked servers are provided to illustrate our findings.
Searching for an efficient institutional review board review model: Interrelationship of trainee-investigators, funding, and initial approval.

In this study we sought to identify variables associated with institutional review board (IRB) decisions to develop an efficient “pre-IRB” review model. We explored several variables, including relationships among the identification of trainees as investigators, external sources of funding, and initial approval. The sample consisted of all new submissions reviewed by the 2 medical IRBs at the University of Miami (UM) during a 1-year period. Trainees included students, residents, and fellows. At least 1 trainee had to be identified for a proposal to be considered a trainee submission. The medical-science committees (MSCs) were similar with regard to the numbers of new submissions they reviewed during convened meetings (MSC-A 242, MSC-B 241) and the percentages of proposals that were initially approved (MSC-A 52.9%, MSC-B 53.1%). Approved submissions were defined as those initially approved or conditionally approved pending minor modifications. We noted a robust statistical difference between the percentages of trainee submissions initially approved (39.9%) and submissions that did not identify a trainee (59.4%) ( P P P
Evaluation and Comparison of Urolithiasis Scoring Systems Used in Percutaneous Kidney Stone Surgery

Purpose: Contemporary predictive tools for percutaneous nephrolithotomy outcomes include the Guy stone score, S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry and the CROES nephrolithometric nomogram. We compared each scoring system in the same cohort to determine which was most predictive of surgical outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy between 2009 and 2012 at a total of 3 academic institutions. We calculated the Guy stone score, the S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry score and the CROES nephrolithometric nomogram score based on preoperative computerized tomography images. A single observer at each institution reviewed all images and assigned scores. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to determine the most predictive scoring system. Results: We enrolled 246 patients in study. In stone-free patients vs those with residual stones the mean Guy score was 2.2 vs 2.7, the mean S.T.O.N.E. score was 8.3 vs 9.5 and the mean CROES nomogram score was 222 vs 187 (each p <0.001). Logistic regression revealed that the Guy, S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry and CROES nomogram scores were significantly associated with stone-free status (p ¼ 0.02, 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). The Guy and S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry scores were associated with estimated blood loss (p <0.0001 and 0.03) and length of stay (p ¼ 0.03 and 0.009, respectively). The CROES nomogram did not predict estimated blood loss or length of stay. Conclusions: All scoring systems and the stone burden equally predicted stonefree status. The Guy and S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry scores were associated with estimated blood loss and length of stay. A single scoring system should be adopted to unify reporting.
Mental measurement of line length: the role of the standard.

Reaction times were examined for magnitude estimates of line length. In the first two experiments, reaction times increased linearly with judged length. This result is consistent with the hypothesis the judgments are made by laying off a mental image of the standard along the line to be judged. The slope of the function relating judged length to reaction time was not affected by the length of the standard line, suggesting that the rate at which the image of the standard is laid off is not a function of the length of the standard. Reaction time also increased linearly with judged length when subjects judged line length when the standard of 1 in. was suggested but not provided as well as when no standard was suggested. The hypothesized laying-off process was compared to other cognitive manipulations, such as mental rotation and size scaling. Equivalence of judgments based on the representation of the standard in perceptual memory and in imagination is discussed. Language: en
Spectral element modeling of sediment transport in shear flows

Climate change and accelerated sea level rise coupled with increased human activities in coastal regions have resulted in severe land loss globally. Mitigating coastal erosion requires better understanding and improved capability of modeling sediment transport. This paper presents the methodology and simulation results of a new mathematical model, Virtual Identity Particles, using a spectral/hp element method for sediment transport driven by shear flows. Assimilated the advantages of Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, this model is capable of modeling each individual grain as well as a bulk of numerous grains where frequent collisions between particles and with walls are characterized by the Speed Proportional Collisions. Besides, this model maintains an excellent balance of accuracy and efficiency through its economical considerations in the formulation, allowing modeling a large number of sediment particles. Simulation results demonstrate that this model holds promising potential for investigating sediment transport and the associated land erosion problems.
A survey of the attitudes and practice experiences of home-based practitioners

This article reports on the findings from a study that assessed the attitudes and practice experiences of home-based therapists. Existing research in the field of couple and family therapy encompasses largely qualitative information detailing the experiences of this therapist population. We explored several hypotheses generated from the qualitative literature on home-based therapy. Study results corroborated much of the qualitative data on home-based therapists’ experiences and reveal the profile of today’s home-based therapists along with their attitudes and therapeutic practices. A surprising result was that various aspects of home-based therapy models seem incongruent with therapist attitudes about the delivery of home-based services.
Attitudes toward hiring applicants with mental illness and criminal justice involvement: The impact of education and experience

Individuals with mental health diagnoses, as well as those involved in the criminal justice system, experience a number of barriers in the recovery and reintegration progress, including access to stable, prosocial employment opportunities. Employment for these populations is important for establishing financial security, reducing unstructured leisure time, increasing self-worth, and improving interpersonal skills. However, research has demonstrated that individuals with psychiatric and/or criminal backgrounds may experience stigmatizing attitudes from employers that impede their ability to find adequate work. This study aimed to evaluate stigmatizing beliefs toward hypothetical applicants who indicated a mental health history, a criminal history, or both, as well as the effectiveness of psychoeducation in reducing stigma. Participants consisted of 465 individuals recruited from a large university who completed a series of online questions about a given applicant. Results of this study varied somewhat across measures of employability, but were largely consistent with extant research suggesting that mental illness and criminal justice involvement serve as deterrents when making hiring decisions. Overall, psychoeducation appeared to reduce stigma for hiring decisions when the applicant presented with a criminal history. Unfortunately, similar findings were not revealed when applicants presented with a psychiatric or a psychiatric and criminal history. Implications and limitations of these findings are presented, along with suggestions for future research.
Semiquantitative assessment of uterine perfusion using first pass dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for patients treated with uterine fibroid embolization.

The feasibility of using first pass dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to monitor semiquantitatively the perfusion changes of the uterus after uterine arterial embolization is demonstrated. Ten women, who underwent uterine arterial embolization for fibroid treatment, were included in this study. To derive a perfusion index, an additional axial slice through the abdominal aorta was obtained simultaneously when acquiring MR perfusion data. This technique may prove valuable in monitoring the outcome of uterine arterial embolization and documentation of preserved uterine perfusion after this procedure. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:1004–1008. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MRAM PUF: A Novel Geometry Based Magnetic PUF With Integrated CMOS

This manuscript addresses a novel MRAM-based physically unclonable function (PUF). The PUF responses are generated using the unique energy-tilt, which is an outcome of the random geometric variations in the MRAM cells. We have verified relevant attributes of this PUF through extensive magnetic simulations and in-house fabrication results. Our fabricated PUF cells generate entropy as high as 0.99, which is comparable to most of its competitors. To our knowledge, the footprint of the PUF cells is also lower than the majority of silicon PUFs. Also, the authentication control algorithm for this PUF requires very low additional control-steps. We conclude our discussion of this novel PUF with a study of authentication overhead and protocols required by the PUF system in terms of area, power, and delay.
A technique for treating significant gastrostomy leakage in infants and children

Abstract A technique is described for the treatment of significant gastrostomy leakage in infants and children. This technique is simple and allows continued use of the gastrostomy while avoiding the pitfalls of more generally applied procedures.
Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is an established subtype of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma with distinguishable histopathological and clinical features. It characteristically presents with a bulky mediastinal mass and in a younger, predominantly female population. Advanced age, high LDH levels, and poor performance status are associated with poorer prognosis. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration may be a valuable tool for establishing the diagnosis. At a molecular level, it has overlapping traits with nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. There is a variety of treatment options, with no standardized regimen. The use of rituximab combined with chemotherapy has correlated with good outcomes. The use of consolidative radiotherapy is controversial, with questionable benefit and established long-term toxicity, including secondary malignancy and cardiovascular disease. An FDG-PET scan is indicated when monitoring for response, because a residual mediastinal mass is commonly seen upon treatment completion but does not always indicate active disease. Relapse usually occurs within the first year, but overall survival is similar to that for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
THE INJURY METABOLISM OF THE CECROPIA SILKWORM. II. INJURY-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN OXIDATIVE ENZYME SYSTEMS AND RESPIRATORY METABOLISM OF THE PUPAL WING EPIDERMIS.

It is known that localized injury to the integument of diapausing silkmoth pupae causes an increase in the respiratory metabolism of an insect as a whole. In the present study, this 'injury metabolism' has been analysed in an individual tissue, the wing epidermis, both in terms of the oxygen con- sumption of the isolated intact wing, and through measurement of the activities of several oxidative enzyme systems in mitochondrial-microsomal preparations derived from homogenates of wing. The participation of the wing in the respiratory response of the pupa is clearly evident from both types of experiment. The oxygen consumption of isolated wings is a linear function of that of the pupa and shows a corresponding increase after injury. Moreover, an increase of several fold is observed in the activities of cytochrome c oxidase, DPNH-, TPNH-, and succinate- cytochrome c reductase, and DPNH oxidase systems. The enzymatic changes appear to be associated with an increase in concentration of respiratory enzymes, similar in character and magnitude to that observed in the uninjured silkmoth when diapause is terminated. The oxygen consumption of the isolated wing also typifies the behaviour of the pupa as a whole in showing a substantial resistance to inhibition by carbon monoxide. In the intact pupa and in the isolated wing, the degree of sensitivity to this agent increases as a function of the prior respiratory rate in air. Thus the wings of injured pupae, whose respiration is augmented, exhibit greater sensitivity to carbon monoxide than do those isolated from uninjured diapausing pupae. These findings are considered in relation to the 'excess- oxidase' hypothesis whereby cytochrome oxidase has previously been proposed
Analyses of the in vitro non-enzymatic glycation of peptides/proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins with the reducing agent glucose is implicated to be responsible for diabetes-derived complications, food browning, and aging. However, the non-enzymatic glycation process of peptides/proteins is not well understood and further research is needed to gain an understanding of the underlying principles involved in diabetes-related complications. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is used to analyze the in vitro glycation of peptides/proteins. In addition to the physiological conditions, harsh conditions (higher concentration of glucose, higher or lower pH, and higher temperature) are also used in this study. Peptides/proteins are reacted with glucose for up to 120 h at 4 °C, 37 °C, or 65 °C. Single and/or multiple glycations are observed using broad pH conditions (from 10% TFA with p K a of 0.5 to pH 10) at various glucose concentrations (from 0.01 M to 1 M). Data suggest that glucose reacts readily with both peptides and proteins, and the efficiency of the glycation increases with higher temperature, higher pH, higher glucose concentration, or longer incubation time. However, influence of the buffer pH on the efficiency of the glycation of peptides is less pronounced compared to that of proteins. This effect could result from denaturation of proteins at higher pH and the resultant exposure of potential glycation sites. This data could lead to the inference that the glycation process of peptides/proteins would occur but proceed very slowly under the diabetes conditions in vivo (37 °C, ∼neutral pH, ∼0.007 M glucose). Postsource decay and MS/MS results of singly glycated angiotensin I, P 14 R (PPPPPPPPPPPPPPR), and human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) fragments 1–13 indicate that glucose reacts with the amino group of the N-terminal of ATCH 1–13 and the guanidino group of the arginine residue of both angiotensin I and P 14 R.
Efficiency of diode-pumped 1.35µm laser from Nd:KGW

A set of quasi-Continuous-Wave (CW) diode lasers has been used to pump Nd:KGW and to generate 1.35µm laser radiation at room temperature. The optical-to-optical and slope efficiencies have been measured and compared with those of Nd:YAG at identical experimental conditions.
The Arabidopsis thaliana ribosomal protein S15 (rig) gene

Abstract We have isolated cDNA and genomic clones for Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic ribosomal protein S15 and determined their sequences. Like animal S15 genes, this plant S15 gene is composed of four exons and the first intron is located immediately following the ATG translational start codon. The 5′ end of the S15 mRNA was mapped by RNase protection experiments which showed that this mRNA contains a 5′ untranslated region of approx. 83 nucleotides. Southern blot analyses suggest that Arabidopsis S15 is encoded by a small family of genes. The sequences of the predicted exons in the cloned S15 gene are identical to that of the S15 cDNA, demonstrating that this gene is transcriptionally active. Sequence analysis of the cloned A. thaliana S15 gene shows that it is tightly linked (approx. 500 nucleotides distant) to a gene of unknown function. The Arabidopsis S15 protein described here is about 75% identical to vertebrate S15, 70% identical to the homologous yeast protein (S21), 50% identical to archaebacterial S19, 30% identical to eubacterial S19, and about 30% identical to plant mitochondrial and plastid S19.
Association between hospital-reported Leapfrog Safe Practices Scores and inpatient mortality.

Context The Leapfrog Hospital Survey allows hospitals to self-report the steps they have taken toward implementing the Safe Practices for Better Healthcare endorsed by the National Quality Forum. The Leapfrog Group currently ranks hospital performance on the safe practices initiative by quartiles and presents this information to the public on its Web site. It is unknown how well a hospital's resulting Safe Practices Score (SPS) correlates with outcomes such as inpatient mortality. Objective To determine the relationship between hospitals' SPSs and risk-adjusted inpatient mortality rates. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational analysis of discharge data for all urban US hospitals completing the 2006 safe practices initiative and identifiable in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Leapfrog provided an SPS for each hospital as well as 3 alternative scores based on shorter versions of the original survey. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between quartiles of SPS and risk-adjusted inpatient mortality, after adjusting for hospital discharge volume and teaching status. Subgroup analyses were performed using data from patients older than 65 years and patients with 5% or greater expected mortality risk. Main Outcome Measures Inpatient risk-adjusted mortality by quartiles of survey score. Results Of 1075 hospitals completing the 2006 Safe Practices Survey, 155 (14%) were identifiable in the National Inpatient Sample (1 772 064 discharges). Raw observed mortality in the primary sample was 2.09%. Fully adjusted mortality rates by quartile of SPS, from lowest to highest, were 1.97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78%-2.18%), 2.04% (95% CI, 1.84%-2.25%), 1.96% (95% CI, 1.77%-2.16%), and 2.00% (95% CI, 1.80%-2.22%) (P = .99 for linear trend). Results were similar in the subgroup analyses. None of the 3 alternative survey scores was associated with risk-adjusted inpatient mortality, although P values for linear trends were lower (.80, .20, and .11). Conclusion In this sample of hospitals that completed the 2006 Safe Practices Survey, survey scores were not significantly associated with risk-adjusted inpatient mortality.
Growth and development of state of the art care for people with congenital heart disease

For 40 years the American College of Cardiology has been a responsible organization in promoting the art and science of cardiac care for people of all ages. This review chronicles the leapfrogging of medical and surgical creativity and contributions to saving lives and making those lives healthy through informed care for people with congenital heart disease.
From hierarchies to polyarchies: visualizing multiple relationships

Hierarchy visualization has been a hot topic in the Information Visualization community for the last decade. A number of hierarchy visualization techniques have been invented, with each having advantages for some applications, but limitations or disadvantages for other applications. No technique has succeeded for a wide variety of applications. We continue to struggle with basic problems of high cognitive overhead (e.g., loss of context), poor fit to the data (e.g., problems of scale), and poor fit to the user's task at hand (e.g., handling multiple points of focus). At the same time, information access improvements have made available to us much richer sources of information, including multiple hierarchies and other relationships. I call this broader problem Polyarchy Visualization. In this talk, I will review what we know about hierarchy visualization, illustrate the broader polyarchy visualization problem with some examples, and introduce some novel polyarchy visualization techniques.
Structure-Based Identification of a Major Neutralizing Site in an Adenovirus Hexon

Virus-specific neutralizing antibodies present an obstacle to the effective use of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy and vaccination. The specific sites recognized by neutralizing antibodies have not been identified for any adenovirus, but they have been proposed to reside within the hexon, in small regions of the molecule that are exposed on the capsid surface and possess sequences that vary among serotypes. We have mapped the epitopes recognized by a panel of seven hexon-specific monoclonal antibodies that neutralize the chimpanzee adenovirus 68 (AdC68). Surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that the antibodies compete for a single hexon binding site, and experiments with synthetic peptides indicated that this site resides within just one small surface loop. Mutations within this loop (but not in other surface loops) permitted virus to escape neutralization by all seven monoclonal antibodies and to resist neutralization by polyclonal antisera obtained from animals immunized against AdC68. These results indicate that a single small surface loop defines a major neutralization site for AdC68 hexon.
Arachidonic acid-induced swelling in incubated rat brain cortical slices. Effect of bovine serum albumin.

The influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the rat brain cortical swelling induced by sodium arachidonate and polyunsaturated fatty acids has been studied. Coincubation of arachidonate with BSA at a molar ratio of 5 (arachidonate/BSA) or less greatly inhibited the arachidonate-induced swelling. As the molar ratio of arachidonate/BSA increased, the degree of swelling increased. The swelling was not reversed by BSA, although the BSA released 46% of the previously incorporated [3H]arachidonic acid from the cortical slices. The entry of [3H]arachidonate into the slice was completely abolished by 0.1 mM BSA or partially inhibited by exogenous arachidonate. It is concluded that the induction of brain swelling by arachidonate requires the intracellular transport of exogenous arachidonate.
Effect of ankle-foot orthotic devices on foot kinematics in Stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

Background: Data are limited on the various orthotic devices available for patients with Stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Foot kinematics observed while walking with an orthotic device are hypothesized to be associated with clinical outcomes and could be used to refine future device designs. Methods: Fifteen subjects (age, 63.6 ± 6.8 years) with Stage II PTTD walked in the lab under four conditions: (1) shoe only (control condition), (2) shoe with a custom solid AFO (Arizona Co, Mesa, AZ), (3) shoe with a custom articulated AFO (Arizona Co, Mesa, AZ), and (4) shoe with an off-the-shelf AFO (AirLift, DJ Orthopedics). Kinematic data were collected to determine the degree of hindfoot inversion, forefoot plantarflexion (reflective of raising the MLA), and forefoot adduction associated with each condition. Results: The custom articulated device was associated with greater hindfoot inversion compared to the shoe only condition at loading response (p = 0.002), mid-stance (p < 0.001), and term...
Exploring the Use of Podcasts and Vodcasts: Multimedia Tools for Word Learning.

The study investigated the impact of podcasts and vodcasts accessed through an iPod on fourth- and sixth-grade students’ vocabulary acquisition. Students were randomly assigned to either a podcast group or a vodcast group. Regardless of group assignment, each student completed three six-minute podcasts or vodcasts a day for three days. On average, students learned four out of nine words taught regardless of group assignment. The vodcast group learned significantly more words compared to the podcast group at the receptive level and at the expressive level. Student comments indicated that iPods should be used to teach and to review words.
Back to Mars: The Mars Pathfinder mission

Abstract Mars Pathfinder successfully landed on the surface of Mars on July 4, 1997, and ushered in a new era in Mars exploration. This era will feature numerous low cost missions which will perform important science investigations and engage the world's population in the excitement of planetary exploration. Pathfinder has obtained already obtained a set of significant science results relating to Martian geology and geomorphology, mineralogy and geochemistry, magnetic and surface properties, atmospheric properties, and orbital dynamics. In addition, the Sojoumer microrover has traversed the area surrounding the lander and has performed several key technology experiments. The Pathfinder mission has also proven to be one of NASA most popular efforts with the general public. The Mars landing event marked a turning point in the use of the Internet when more than 400 million “hits” were received in the first two weeks after landing. The unprecedented level of excitement and interest should.
Resistance of thin films of copper and copper alloys deposited at temperatures less than 10 K

An apparatus has been developed for the deposition of evaporated films at less than 10 K and the subsequent measurement of resistance of the fihns between 1.5 and 300 K. In this paper results are given for the annealing on the films with emphasis on the sharp transition temperature at which irreversible annealing commences. This is 15 +_ 1 K for Cu fihns and 31 +_ 2 K for alloys of manganese in copper.
Is the Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma californica) Really an Underdog among Food-Caching Corvids when It Comes to Hippocampal Volume and Food Caching Propensity?

Food caching has been linked to better performance on spatial memory tasks and enlarged hippocampal volume in both birds and mammals. Within food-caching birds, it has also been predicted that species
Podophyllum peltatum —may apple a potential new cash-crop plant of eastern North America

In this paper a survey is given of the present knowledge of the medicinal value of May apple,Podophyllum peltatum, a plant which is common in the whole deciduous forest region of eastern North America. Intensive chemical, pharmacological and clinical research has shown that Podophyllum is a very valuable medicinal plant because it contains drugs which can effectively be used against certain virus and skin cancer diseases. The plant is so much in demand in the drug trade that selection of high yielding clones and cultivation might be contemplated. A review of the literature shows that surprisingly little is known yet about the flower biology, seed germination and productivity of this common plant. From various herbarium sources a distribution map has been compiled and the author tries to interpret this by comparing it with a number of climatic parameters. This might stimulate experimental work on the climatic requirements of May apple and it shows where optimum conditions exist for its eventual cultivation on a commercial scale.
Battle of the Xs.

Females and males often exhibit conspicuous morphological, physiological and behavioral differences. Similarly, gene expression profiles indicate that a large portion of the genome is sex-differentially deployed, particularly in the germ line. Because males and females are so fundamentally different, each sex is likely to have a different optimal gene expression profile that is never fully achieved in either sex because of antagonistic selection in females versus males. Males are hemizygous for the X chromosome, which means that recessive male-favorable de novo mutations on the X chromosome are subject to immediate selection. In females, a recessive female-favorable mutation on one of two X chromosomes is not available for selection until it becomes frequent enough in the local population to result in homozygous individuals. Given that most mutations are recessive, one would expect that genes or alleles favoring males should accumulate on the X chromosome. Recent microarray work in Drosophila and C. elegans clearly shows the opposite. Why is the X chromosome a highly disfavored location for genes with male-biased expression in these animals? BioEssays 26:543–548, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of endcapped C18 stationary phases using a silica hydride intermediate.

Abstract The effect of endcapping on an octdecyl bonded phase synthesized by the silanization/hydrosilation method is investigated. The endcapping reagent is a 1:1 molar ratio of trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) and hexamethyldisilizane (HMDS). Two approaches for endcapping are possible for this synthetic method that produces a silica hydride intermediate: bonding of TMCS–HMDS after silanization (on the hydride intermediate) or after hydrosilation (on the C 18 product stationary phase). The use of TMCS–HMDS is designed to eliminate the few remaining silanols on the silica hydride intermediate. The endcapping process is characterized spectroscopically by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), 29 Si cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP-MAS-NMR) and 13 C-CP-MAS-NMR. The octadecyl bonded phases are characterized chromatographically by measuring the capacity factors of several hydrophobic and basic test solutes as well as the separation factors among various solute pairs. Finally, long-term stability tests are done on both products at high and low pH.
The determination of essential clearance, volume, and residence time parameters of recirculating metabolic systems: The reversible metabolism of methylprednisolone and methylprednisone in rabbits

Methods based on moment analysis are described which permit the calculation of the fundamental parameters of reversible drug/metabolite systems. These parameters include the four essential clearances of reversible and irreversible elimination, the central and steady-state distributional volumes, and the sojourn times or turnover rates of the metabolic pair. Additional parameters unique to interconversion systems are developed which describe the properties of metabolic entrapment (“recycled fraction”), conservation (“exposure enhancement”), and equilibrium resulting from reversible metabolism (“Percent parent drug at steady-state”). Parameters obtained by these methods are compared to those generated by conventional mammillary analysis. The influence of perturbation of essential parameters on the response of mammillary descriptors and the state of the interconversion system are simulated. The interconversion analysis is applied to disposition data for methylprednisolone and methylprednisone in the rabbit. Mammillary methods underestimate the metabolic clearance of these two steroids by 30%, while steroid turnover is underestimated by 100%. The steady-state volumes of distribution of the two steroids are overestimated by 10 and 61%. Additional literature data for disposition of several corticosteroids in various species and disease states are reanalyzed. Examination of cortisol/cortisone disposition in thyroid disorders reveals that mammillary methods detect the overall acceleration of steroid elimination in hyperthyroidism, but fail to reveal a 50% reduction in metabolite backconversion and decreased metabolic cycling. These moment analysis methods should facilitate characterization of the pharmacokinetics of the increasing array of reversible drug/metabolite systems.
Sequence of the bacteriophage SP01 gene 30.

Abstract The bacteriophage SP01 gene 30, whose function is essential for DNA synthesis, has been analyzed for its primary structural features. Conditionally lethal mutations in the gene 30 locus have been mapped and sequenced, and the wild-type amino acid (aa) sequence has been deduced along with that of a co-transcribed and possibly co-translated upstream unidentified reading frame (URF). The aa sequence deduced for gene 30 shares partial similarity with protein P of bacteriophage λ, which participated in λ DNA replication, and also with the exonuclease, gp46, of bacteriophage T4. A lysine-rich region of the hypothetical product of the URF shares similarity with both the T4 DNA topoisomerase and the θ29 gene 3-encoded protein; the latter codes for a terminal protein which participates in the priming of DNA elongation.
Programmable Logic Implemented Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

The authors describe a geometric layout of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) cells and an associated set of clock signals that can be used to implement a programmable array of logic (PAL). PALs are an important category of programmable logic that can be programmed (typically once) to perform a particular sum-of-products Boolean operation. The particular device described has six inputs, four product terms, and one output. The connections between the inputs and the product terms are fully reprogrammable, while the connections between the product terms and the output are hardwired. This device takes 22 clock cycles to load the connection data and then completes the calculation in 57 cycles. The connection data are preserved in memory, so additional calculations with the same set of connections can be performed in just 57 cycles each.
On a problem of Barnes and Duncan

Consider the free monoid on a non-empty set P , and let R be the quotient monoid determined by the relations: Let R have its natural involution * in which each element of P is Hermitian. We show that the Banach *-algebra l 1 ( R ) has a separating family of finite dimensional *-representations and consequently is *-semisimple. This generalizes a result of B. A. Barnes and J. Duncan ( J. Funct. Anal. 18 (1975), 96–113.) dealing with the case where P has two elements.
Surface Tension and Viscosity of Xenon Near Its Critical Point

We have measured the spectrum of light scattered inelastically from thermal excitations on the surface of liquid xenon near its critical point, deduced the temperature dependence of the surface tension $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and the effective kinematic viscosity $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, examined the Fisk-Widom relation between the surface tension and the long-range correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$, and obtained numerically the Kawasaki critical contribution to the thermal diffusivity. The surface tension and the effective kinematic viscosity along the coexistence curve may be represented by $\ensuremath{\sigma}=(62.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8){(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}})}^{1.302\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006}$ dyn/cm and $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}=[448+12({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)]\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15$ microstokes.
Effect of low-concentration HCl on the mineralogy, physical and mechanical properties, and recovery factors of some shales

Abstract Oil and gas-bearing shale formations have received a great deal of interest in recent years because they could make a significant contribution to global hydrocarbon production. However, their development has been hindered by the complexity of drilling and completion strategies, which must be adapted in response to shale’s mineralogy and physical properties. Matrix acidizing is commonly used as a pre-flush to the hydraulic fracturing stimulation of shale formations. The process dissolves sediments and mud solids that inhibit the permeability of the rock, enlarging the natural pores of the reservoir and stimulating flow of hydrocarbons; in some plays it is used as the main stimulation technique (e.g. Monterey shale, California). The mineralogical, mechanical, and physical responses to matrix acidizing of several important North American shale formations have been evaluated, and the effect on their recovery factors are described. Samples of Eagle Ford, Mancos, Barnett, and Marcellus shale formations were exposed to 1, 2 and 3 wt% HCl. Mass loss, compositional analysis, and X-ray diffraction based mineral assemblage characterization and quantification, show samples lost as much as 16 wt% by mass when treated with 3 wt% HCl for 3 h. The majority of the mass loss was attributed to carbonate dissolution. Analysis of post-acid treated samples show increases in porosity relative to the starting materials, but the increases in porosity are not necessarily correlated with acid strength. Images of post-acid samples demonstrate the development of cracks and fractures in Mancos, Barnett, and Marcellus samples. In contrast, the Eagle Ford samples show a homogenously distributed decrease in density, which based on mineralogical and compositional characterization, is attributed to spatially near uniform dissolution of calcite. Eagle Ford samples showed the largest increase in oil recovery factors ranging from 38% to 71% with a significant reduction in Young’s modulus ranging from 25% to 82% when exposed to HCl solutions at 93 °C.
Cooperative binding of calcium to glycerinated skeletal muscle fibers.

The binding of 45Ca2+ to glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers was measured by means of a double isotope technique. With 5 mM Mg2+ (no ATP) binding was half-maximal at 1.4 · 10−6M Ca2+ and the maximal amount bound was 1.6 μmol/g protein. At < 50% saturation, the Scatchard plot had a positive slope and the Hill coefficient was 2.2. At greater than 50% saturation, the Scatchard plot was linear with a negative slope (K′ = 0.8 · 106 M−1) and the Hill coefficient was 1.0. In the absence of Mg2+, binding was half-maximal at 3 · 10−7 M Ca2+ and the maximal amount bound was 2.9 μmol/g protein. The Scatchard plot indicated two classes of sites with K′ values of about 2 · 107 and 2 · 106 M−1. The Hill coefficient in the mid-saturation range was approx. 0.6. The data indicate that in the presence of Mg2+ binding to about half of the total Ca2+ binding sites is suppressed and there is a strong positive cooperativity involving half of the remaining sites.