cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ABSORPTION IN MAN

SUMMARY 1. The intestinal absorption of [35S]thiamine hydrochloride was investigated in healthy subjects, malnourished alcoholics and a patient with resection of the jejunum and ileum. Serum and urinary radioactivity was studied after administration of 10 pCi of [35S]thiamine hydrochloride in 1-50 mg of non-radioactive thiamine hydrochloride. 2. Results suggest that intestinal absorption of thiamine hydrochloride is ratelimited. Though the results provide only indirect information on intestinal transport rates, they are consistent with the Michaelis-Menten relationship used to describe enzymesubstrate reactions. Calculations by this model yielded a V,,,. of 8.3 f2-4 mg and a K,,, of 12-0+2.4 mg for normal subjects with a significant decrease in V,,,. in malnourished alcoholics and a patient with resected small intestine. 3. Intestinal absorption and the calculated value of V,,,. for thiamine hydrochloride is increased in malnourished alcoholics after correction of malnutrition. These findings are consistent with the thesis that this vitamin is absorbed by a saturable mechanism and that the number of effective receptor sites may be reduced by malnutrition or intestinal resection.
Alcohol, Drugs, and Interpersonal Violence

There is a large body of research suggesting a strong empirical relationship between violent acts and alcohol and other drug use. Many studies report that well over 50% of violent offenses—homicide, assault, rape—are accompanied by the consumption of alcohol, drugs, or both, by perpetrators and victims (see Collins, 1989; Greenberg, 1981; Murdoch, Pihl, & Ross, 1990; Pernanen, 1991; Reiss & Roth, 1993). While there are strong public perceptions embracing and reinforcing this link (Fagan, 1990; MacAndrew & Edgerton, 1969), the empirical association may be akin to the emperor’s clothes—less substantial than apparent, however revealing. Without a careful analysis and interpretation of the meaning of the empirical relationship, it is easy for lay and professional audiences alike to draw the premature and unwarranted conclusion that alcohol and drugs are a primary cause of violent crimes.
Virtual museums and audience studies the case of “Keys To Rome” exhibition

In this paper we present an overview of two audience studies aimed at identifying museum visitors' attitudes, behaviours and expectations. In the framework of V-MUST. NET an interactive exhibition, named “Keys To Rome”, has been organized within the Imperial Fora Museum, Rome. Permanent collection has been integrated with a digital itinerary using computer graphics movies, natural interaction installations, multimedia supports and mobile applications. The evaluation of the audience feedback allowed us to study and justify some interaction choices and communication paradigms made so to enhance the user experience and enabling a fruitful discussion around virtual museums dissemination into cultural heritage environments. What came out is the need for technology to remain invisible and grant a cross-referencing visit path in a continuous parallelism between real objects and their digital copies.
Borrowed Reserves and Bank Expansion

I. Traditional view — The challenge, 596. — II. The position of Phillips; his premises, 598. — III. Primary vs. derivative deposits, 600. — IV. Ratio of derivative deposits to loans, 306. — V. Checks presented which are drawn on same bank, 611. — 63.6 per cent of all checks pass through a clearing operation, not 99 per cent, 612. — VI. A new coefficient of credit expansion, 615. — Coefficient of initial expansion; of secondary expansion, 616. — Of tertiary expansion; coefficient of mediate compound expansion; of ultimate compound expansion, 618. — No analogy to precise physical laws, 621. — Relation to ability of central bank to control expansion, 621. — VII. Influence of cash withdrawals on ability to expand, 623. — Conclusion, 625.
S14.2 A study of African American and Latina women and human papillomavirus: lessons learnt

Background African American and Latina women in the United States suffer from sexually transmitted infections at higher rates than white women. It is particularly important to prevent HPV in these groups as they also suffer disproportionately from cervical cancer. From 2006, a prophylactic HPV vaccine has been approved for use in girls and women aged 9–26 years. However, public health focus has been on young girls and teens. There are limited options for young women over 19 years of age who have aged out of the Vaccines for Children entitlement program. The objectives of this study were to assess a sample of minority women who attend neighbourhood health centers to determine predictors of vaccination, and to assess for the presence of HPV infection in these women. Those without evidence of prior HPV infection may benefit from a prophylactic vaccine. Methods Between April 2009 and April 2010, we enrolled a convenience sample of 100 African American and 100 Latina women who completed a computer-assisted personal interview. Participants were queried regarding: demographics, risk for sexually transmitted infections including drug or alcohol use, HPV vaccine willingness, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, and vaccination status. Frequencies were calculated using SAS, version 9.2. Self-collected vaginal swab samples from 118 participants were tested for HPV using line probe assay. Results Participants were poor with 113 (57%) having a household income of Conclusions Three years after vaccine approval, the majority in a sample of vulnerable women had not been vaccinated despite their willingness. Public health campaigns have been successful at raising awareness and making vaccine acceptable, but may be less successful at providing the vaccine to vulnerable women. Strategies should focus on delivering vaccine to African American and Latina women in order to decrease cervical cancer disparities.
“What Do You Do When You Love Everyone on Every Side of the War?”: Teaching the Complexities of American Indian Literature

Recently, I taught Leslie Marmon Silko's novel, Ceremony, in a night introductory novel course to a mostly adult class at a Minnesota community college with some rather surprising results. In my onequarter course, I attempted to introduce students to a variety of American novels by using a combination of well-known and relatively unknown voices and by incorporating novels written by women and minority writers. Accordingly, we read and discussed Kate Chopin's The Awakening, F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying, Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and finished with Silko's Ceremony. Throughout the course we discussed issues of who got published, when, and why; audience response; how books came to be considered "literature" and by whom; techniques of the novel; portrayal of and perspectives on gender, race, class, and realism. We also talked about their responses and difficulties with the readings, and by the end of the quarter, I asked them to think about which author of those we read they would pick as having made the greatest contribution to "literature" and why. I was surprised that about eighty percent of the forty-member class picked Hurston. From listening to their comments I have some speculations as to why this is so and why we need to assign and teach American Indian writers as important American literary voices. First, racism notwithstanding, I believe students chose Hurston because of the masterful way that she captured the all-black Eatonville commuity in which she grew up, replicating beautifully the speech patterns, storytelling, and daily interactions of the small-town members. In addition, Hurston creates one of the first strong women characters and the story is upbeat; the main character does not commit suicide or turn into someone the reader dislikes. Also, since Hurston writes mostly about the Black community, students are not confronted with their racism. Many are also familiar with small-town culture. But all this aside, I also believe that students have, even in an area such as Minnesota where Blacks are
Effect of Fiber Architecture on the Fracture Strength of Implant/Bio-Material Interfaces

Titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys are widely used as implants for hard tissue repair. However, the optimal surface properties for ideal integration of Ti implant with native tissues have not yet been achieved. The goal of this study was to improve the bio-mechanical performances of titanium (Ti) implant by implant surface modification such as coating fiber on the implant surface. It is hypothesized that deposition of fiber with certain architecture can increase mechanical interlock of Ti surface which leads to the increment of in vitro bonding of Ti/cement interfaces. The research objectives were to (1) test the fracture strength of Ti-cement with one round, two rounds and five rounds of PCL fiber under static load to determine the topology effect of electrospun fiber material on the Ti/PMMA cement interface; (2) test the fracture strength of Ti-cement with PCL fiber and PCL-PMMA fiber, with and without heating up Ti before fiber under static load to determine the topography effect of electrospun fiber material on the Ti/PMMA cement interface. PCL and PCL-PMMA fibers coated on the Ti surfaces were produced by electrospinning technique using PCL-acetone fiber solution and PCL-PMMA-acetone solution respectively. Under static conditions, Ti/PMMA union specimen with and without fiber were tested to determine the fracture strength. The result showed one round of PCL fiber has higher fracture strength than two rounds and five rounds of fiber, which suggested that more fibers on the surface were not benefit to the fracture strength of Ti-cement interface. With PMMA added into the polymer fiber solution, the fracture strength of Ti-fiber-cement increased. Heating up the Ti implant to 50°C before coating PCL fiber can help the PCL fiber become stickier to the Ti implant which leads to the increasing of the fracture strength of Ti-cement interface. However, for PCL-PMMA fiber, heating up Ti implant before fiber doesn’t help improve the quality of Ti-cement interface as PCL fiber.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The S4 Gallop

The S4 heart sound is a presystolic heart sound occurring immediately before S1 associated with reduced ventricular compliance. It is best heard with the bell of the stethoscope at the apex of the heart with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position. The characteristic sound of an S4 is created by the movement of blood during diastole from the atria flowing against a stiff ventricular wall caused by hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular outflow obstruction, or ischemic heart disease. An S4 can also be heard in athletes with physiologic hypertrophy of the ventricles. In patients with a pathologic S4, a longer interval between S4 and S1 represents a poorer prognosis. Detection of an S4 in a patient with risk factors for pathologic reduced ventricular compliance should trigger further cardiac work up and treatment of underlying pathology to decrease progression.
Chemical Markers of Prebiotic Chemistry in Hydrothermal Systems

The goal of this chapter is to suggest some organic compounds which may be indicative of prebiotic processes in hydrothermal systems or laboratory simulations of them. While the exact processes which led to the origins of life are not known, studies of life’s origins of the past forty years have uncovered a plethora of potential precursor molecules. Some of these same molecules were probably present in hydrothermal systems if chemical processes there had a role in the origins of life.
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome.

Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the Folliculin gene and is characterized by the formation of fibrofolliculomas, early onset renal cancers, pulmonary cysts, and spontaneous pneumothoraces. The exact pathogenesis of tumor and lung cyst formation in BHD remains unclear. There is great phenotypic variability in the clinical features of BHD, and patients can present with any combination of skin, pulmonary, or renal findings. More than 80% of adult patients with BHD have pulmonary cysts on high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest.
Late-instar ant worker larvae play a prominent role in colony-level caste regulation

The success of social insect societies is often attributed to an efficient reproductive division of labor between queen and worker castes. At the group level, social insect colonies must decide both the timing and amount of resources to allocate to each caste. Queen production is typically restricted by factors such as season or the presence of fertile queens in colonies. In the absence of such inhibition, the relative production of new queens versus workers varies between and is regulated by colonies. Here, we investigate social regulation of caste in the ant Monomorium pharaonis through a series of experiments manipulating the environment in which developing larvae are reared. The number of new queens produced depended strongly on diet as well as the number of late-instar worker larvae in the colony at the time of caste regulation. Given that these late-instar larvae are known to process solid protein for the rest of the colony, their stimulatory effect on queen production is likely a result of their contribution to a colony’s nutrient assimilation. Our results emphasize the need to consider late-instar larvae as critical social players and effectors of colony regulatory dynamics.
When a little can mean a lot

What follows is the beginning of a quantum romance. Alice and Bob meet in a bar. After some pleasant conversation, Bob asks for Alice's phone number so that he can call her sometime. But Alice is not quite sure about Bob and decides to leave their future to chance by flipping a coin in private. If the coin is heads she will give Bob her phone number, but if it is tails she will give him a completely random number. The coin does not land kindly for Bob and Alice gives him a random number.
Nurses' Experiences With Patients Who Die From Failure to Rescue After Surgery.

Purpose To describe the lived experiences of hospital nurses caring for surgical patients who died from failure to rescue (FTR). Design A qualitative phenomenologic approach was used. Methods to ensure rigor and trustworthiness were incorporated into the design. Methods The investigator conducted one-on-one semistructured interviews with 14 nurses, and data were analyzed using Colaizzi's methods. Findings Six themes were identified: (a) the environment surrounding the FTR was unexpected; (b) FTR was unexpected but not preventable; (c) nurses were emotionally ill-prepared for the FTR; (d) nurse outcomes are different in unexpected versus expected death; (e) nurses' roles as protectors are important; and (f) FTR effects future nursing practice. Conclusions Nurses' reactions after an FTR surgical death may be different when there is no identified nursing error contributing to the event. There may be key differences between deaths that are simply unexpected and those that involve FTR. The importance of mentoring junior nurses in protective surveillance skills is vital. Clinical Relevance Developing an understanding of nurses' experiences with FTR can assist nurse leaders to better support nurses who experience FTR deaths. Insight into the environment surrounding FTR deaths provides a foundation for future research aimed at improving patient safety and quality through an improved working environment for nurses.
An investigation of the relationships among academic performance, clinical performance, critical thinking, and success on the physical therapy licensure examination

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among clinical education performance, academic performance, critical thinking (CT) skills, and success on the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) of graduates from a post-baccalaureate professional physical therapy program. Results of previous research comparing clinical and academic performance measures have been mixed. Academic performance measures have been linked to CT skills and NPTE performance but identifying factors related to success on the NPTE is unclear. Subjects. Forty-two graduates of one professional physical therapy program participated. The average age at completion of the program was 28.77 years (SD 3.89) with a range of 24-40 years. The sample was primarily female (69%) and White/non-Hispanic (92.9%) with the remaining 7.1% representing Asian/Pacific Islander. Methods and materials Data for this study collected at the end of the academic program included scores for the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST), ratings on the Clinical Performance Instrument (CPI), and final Grade Point Average (GPA). The remaining data was self-reported after graduation with each participant providing individual NPTE scores to the researcher. Analysis Analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0 to calculate a Pearson product moment correlation comparing the scores on the CCTST, CPI, GPA, and NPTE. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the outcome variable of passing the NPTE on the first attempt and scores on the CCTST, CPI and GPA. Results Two-tailed Pearson product moment correlation found significant relationships between CCTST scores and success on the NPTE (r=0.35; p=0.023) and between GPA and success on the NPTE (r=0.334; p=0.031). Logistic regression analysis results were not significant for any of the variables. CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION: This research indicates a relationship exists between CCTST, GPA and the NPTE. Expanding the search for meaningful variables to include admission data or other program data might be helpful.
Greater lymph node retrieval and lymph node ratio impacts survival in resected pancreatic cancer.

Abstract Background Surgical resection is the mainstay of pancreatic cancer treatment; however, the ideal lymphadenectomy remains unsettled. This study sought to determine whether number of examined lymph nodes (eLNs) and lymph node ratio (LNR) impact survival. Methods The U.S. National Cancer Data Base (2003-2011) was reviewed for patients who underwent initial resection for clinical stage I and II pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed. Results Of 14,007 patients, 15.6% had 0-6 eLN, 27.1% 7-12, 13.4% 13-15, and 38.6% > 15 eLN. Median eLN was 11 for pancreaticoduodenectomy, and 14 for distal, total pancreatectomy, or other procedure. ELN >15 was associated with significantly improved survival in both node negative and positive disease (P 15 eLN had improved survival relative to 0-6 eLN (HR 0.87, P 0.8. Patients with LNR 0 had improved survival in T1-T3 disease (P 0.8, P Conclusions Greater lymph node retrieval in stage I & II pancreatic adenocarcinoma may have prognostic value, even in node-negative disease. Lymph node ratio is inversely related to survival and may be useful with suboptimal eLN.
MABSDairy: a multiscale agent based simulation of a dairy herd

Agent based simulation models (ABSM) provide individual information about an agent in a multiscale system problem. Here, we developed a multiscale agent based simulation model of a dairy herd (MABSDairy) by considering several layers of detailed information (i.e., individual animal, overall population and farmer's decision) to make optimal decisions. Previously, dynamic programming (DP) has been widely studied to find the optimal cow replacement policies, but DP models are computationally intensive and might not be practical for daily decision making for a farmer. Hence, we developed new ABSM for individual animals on a previously run DP model to provide fast and accurate predictions of nonlinear and inter correlated parameters. The results show that the model can be applied to estimate critical parameters for management decisions. Overall, the MABSDairy presents an adaptive simulation tool where different diseases and different management policies may be included in the future.
What makes you go back home? Determinants of the duration of migration of Mexican immigrants in the United States

This paper examines the optimal migration duration of Mexican immigrants in the USA using individual-level data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP). A simple theoretical model rationalizes the decision of the migrant to return to Mexico, despite higher wages in the USA. I use the Cox proportional hazard model to empirically examine the determinants of return migration of Mexican immigrants. This paper contributes to the literature by introducing distances from origin states in Mexico to destination states in the USA as a proxy for costs of migration and uses a US expected wage measure instead of the average US real wages. The empirical analysis shows that the optimal migration duration increases as the US expected wage increases. Importantly, tighter US migration policies have an ambiguous effect on the optimal migration duration while longer distances decrease the hazard of return to their state of origin.
The prevalence and co-occurrence of psychiatric conditions among entrepreneurs and their families

Psychiatric conditions and sub-threshold psychiatric temperaments may influence entrepreneurs’ affect, cognition, energy, motivation, circadian rhythms, activity levels, self-concept, creativity, and interpersonal behaviors in ways that influence business outcomes. We used a self-report survey to examine the prevalence and co-occurrence of five psychiatric conditions among 242 entrepreneurs and 93 comparison participants. Mental health differences directly or indirectly affected 72% of the entrepreneurs in this sample, including those with a personal mental health history (49%) and family mental health history among the asymptomatic entrepreneurs (23%). Entrepreneurs reported experiencing more depression (30%), ADHD (29%), substance use (12%), and bipolar disorder (11%) than comparison participants. Furthermore, 32% of the entrepreneurs reported having two or more mental health conditions, while 18% reported having three or more mental health conditions. Asymptomatic entrepreneurs (having no mental health issues) with asymptomatic families constituted only 24% of the entrepreneur participants. Entrepreneurs’ psychiatric issues can affect their functioning and that of their ventures. Therefore, integrating knowledge about psychiatric conditions with research on personality traits can broaden the understanding of how mental health-related traits, states, and family history can influence entrepreneurial outcomes. We discuss methodological limitations as well as implications of our findings for entrepreneurship research and practice.
Activation of mesenteric arteries and veins by preganglionic and postganglionic nerves

Intracellular recordings were made from inferior mesenteric artery and vein and their primary and secondary branches. The major nerve trunks associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglion were stimulated with single shocks and repetitively. Excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) were recorded in arterial cells but not in veins. Stimulation of the postganglionic lumbar colonic nerves elicited the largest EJPs; stimulation of preganglionic lumbar splanchnic nerves or the interganglionic intermesenteric nerves elicited EJPs that were 40 and 44%, respectively, of the amplitude of the EJPs elicited with lumbar colonic nerve stimulation. In response to repetitive stimulation, the membranes of both artery and vein cells depolarized by an amount dependent on the frequency and duration of stimulation. At a given frequency of stimulation, the vein cells depolarized more rapidly and constricted sooner than the arterial cells. The depolarizations and the associated constrictions were attenuated by phentolamine (10(-6) M) or prazosin (10(-6) M). In 70% of arterial cells tested, repetitive nerve stimulation at 1-5 Hz resulted in a long-lasting hyperpolarization. At 2 Hz the hyperpolarizations averaged 2.0 +/- 0.4 mV. These hyperpolarizations were not blocked by either alpha- or beta-adrenergic antagonists. These studies demonstrate that the innervation of mesenteric arteries and veins can be activated by stimulating preganglionic, interganglionic, and postganglionic nerves and that there are fundamental differences between the electrical responses of adjacent arteries and veins to nerve stimulation.
A Long-Term View of Water and Security: International Waters, National Issues and Regional Tensions

Water management is, by definition, conflict management. It is a resource on which we all depend, it fluctuates in time and space and its management is usually fragmented. That said, there is no such thing as managing water for a single purpose — all water management is multi-objective and based on navigating competing interests. Nevertheless, conflict is not a given. While it may be the focus of press reports of international waters, there is clear evidence from around the world that water issues also induce cooperation. This is even the case in “hostile” basins where disputes rage over other issues, such as the Jordan River basin. There is certainly a long history of tensions over, or related to, shared freshwater resources, but there is also a lengthy, and in many ways deeper, history of water-related cooperation. Despite empirical research that finds that water-related cooperation overwhelms conflict over the last 50 years (see, most recently, Wolf et al., 2003), prevailing theories fail to explain this phenomenon. Why do countries that share a basin cooperate on water, even when they will not cooperate over other issues? By any quantitative measure, water should be the most conflictive of resources, not an elixir that drives enemies to craft functioning and resilient institutional arrangements. We examine these questions historically, yet, recognizing that history-based indicators may lose validity over time in a rapidly changing world, we focus on future issues that may look nothing like the past. Five critical areas related to water resources will change dramatically in coming years: 1. New technologies for negotiation and management are being implemented, changing the face of both. 2. Globalization, privatization and the WTO are impacting our valuation of water, and its place in relation to rights and responsibilities. 3. Global climate change may shift precipitation patterns, dramatically impacting water resources management. 4. The geopolitics of desalination is shifting, as cost becomes viable at a larger scale. 5. The nature of conflict and cooperation are changing in both scope and scale. Keywords: Shared waters; transboundary waters; hydropolitics; desalination; WTO
Syringomycin Effects on Plasma Membrane Ca+2 Transport

The Phytotoxin syringomycin is produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and is a major virulence factor in plant diseases caused by this organism (DeVay, et al., 1968; Sinden, et al., 1971; Gross and DeVay, 1977). Recent work has shown that syringomycin acts primarily at the plasma membranes of plant and yeast cells (Zhang and Takemoto, 1986; Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Bidwai, et al., 1987). Among its effects on plasma membrane are hyperpolarization (Zhang and Takemoto, 1986; Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Reidl and Takemoto, 1987), alterations of proton and potassium fluxes (Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Reidl and Takemoto, 1987), stimulation of the proton-pump ATPase (Bidwai, et al., 1987), and an increase in the rates of protein phosphorylation (Bidwai and Takemoto, 1987).
Human Dimensions of Information Need

Synecdochism is an action commonly performed in rhetoric ritual magic, and information science. In each case it involves a substitution of part for whole or whole for part. The nature of the substitution is somewhat different from one field to another, but there are strong similarities. The substitutions that occur in rhetoric and magic are straightforward, while the more complex substitutions in information science tend to include elements of both other kinds as well as some of its own.
Nonselective autophagy reduces mitochondrial content during starvation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Starvation significantly alters cellular physiology, and signs of aging have been reported to occur during starvation. Mitochondria are essential to the regulation of cellular energetics and aging....
Utility Optimization Using Game-Based SG-DR Algorithm in V2G

This paper presents a utility optimization algorithm on Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) aiming to maximize game based utility functions for Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the Aggregator. We first model this V2G as a "virtual" energy trading process by formulating a one-leader (aggregator) N-follower (EVs) Stackelberg Game (SG). In this game, both EVs and the aggregator try to maximize their own utility functions until they converge to a Game Equilibrium (GE). Moreover, we extend our game on a time duration by joining the Demand Response (DR) and introducing charging (G2V) to further optimizing the utilities. During this process, previous inputs and constraints of the game are constantly being updated, resulting the changes of GE. We formulate this combined SG-DR algorithm and run on a parking-lot which supports bi-directional energy and information exchange. Results show that our algorithm can achieve up to 50% of EV's utility increases than the pure SG.
New trends in photobiology

Abstract Porphyrins and other tetrapyrroles exhibit a considerable flexibility of the macrocycle conformation. Examples of non-planar tetrapyrrole conformations have been observed in a variety of protein complexes, such as chlorophyll-reaction center and antenna systems, heme proteins and cytochromes. Different macrocycle conformations are believed to be responsible for diverse functions of the same chromophore in different protein environments. This allows an explanation of the spectral properties of antenna complexes and the unidirectionality of electron transfer in reaction centers to be given. The concept of conformational flexibility is reviewed with special attention given to the current work on model compounds for chlorophylls. Sterically strained porphyrins exhibit considerable distortions with associated changes in their physicochemical properties. The synthesis of tetrapyrroles with a varying degree of non-planarity allows detailed studies using structural and spectroscopic methods. The degree of non-planarity depends on the kind and number of substitutents, central metal, axial ligands, charge, aggregation, and packing effects in crystals. Emerging studies on chlorins and bacteriochlorins show a high degree of variability in the conformations observed in isolated pigments and indicate possibilities for fine tuning of the chromophore properties via protein interactions by axial ligation of the central metal, hydrogen bonding and electronic effects. Current methods for the preparation of model compounds are presented and a discussion of future prospects is given.
A procedural approach to creating second empire houses

In this work, we present a procedural approach to capture a variety of appearances of American Second Empire houses. To develop this procedural approach, we have identified the set of rules and similarities of Second Empire houses. Our procedural approach, therefore, captures the style differences of Second Empire houses with a relatively few numbers of parameters. Using our interface, we are able to generate virtual houses in a wide variety of styles of American Second Empire architecture. We have also developed a method to break up these virtual models into slices in order to efficiently and economically 3D print them. Using this approach we have created miniatures of two landmark buildings: the Hamilton-Turner Inn in Savannah and the Enoch Pratt House in Baltimore. Note that the virtual models still provide more details because of the limited resolution of 3D printing processes.
Cognitive Enhancement Strategies to Augment Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Related Disorders: Rationale and Recommendations for Use With Cognitively Healthy Older Adults

Abstract Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is widely recognized as an efficacious treatment of anxiety and related disorders—however, recent research suggests that some older adults may derive reduced benefit from CBT as compared to younger adults. Age-related declines in cognition (e.g., memory, attention) may be a contributing factor to the reduced benefit seen in this population. Augmentation strategies for optimizing CBT are now under way (e.g., exercise, medication), and indicate that cognitive support and enhancement strategies can improve both cognitive skills and treatment outcome in anxious older clients. This review discusses the current literature on enhancement strategies that target CBT aptitude directly (e.g., memory aids for therapeutic material) and indirectly (e.g., use of standardized cognitive tasks unrelated to CBT) as methods of augmenting CBT. Recommendations for clinicians and directions for future research are provided.
From Vulnerability to Disclosure: A Normative Approach to Understanding Trust in Obstetric and Intrapartum Nurse-Patient Communication.

This study qualitatively examined how nurses, nurse practitioners, and nurse midwives construct the meaning of patient trust in their work caring for pregnant and laboring women. Twenty-two intervi...
Should young children with sickle cell disease and an available human leukocyte antigen identical sibling donor be offered hematopoietic cell transplantation

Availability of an HLA-identical sibling donor raises the question, "should young children with SCD, and an available HLA identical sibling donor be considered for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) even before they manifest severe clinical presentations of sickle cell disease (SCD)?" The overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) following HCT from an HLA identical sibling is excellent in young children, and worsen with increasing age at HCT. SCD related complications, organ dysfunction, quality of life, and risk for premature mortality all worsen with age. The ethical principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy and justice all support the consideration of this life, quality of life, and organ saving therapy at a young age.
Leveraging Survey Results in Support of a Library Renovation: A Case Study.

The Health Sciences Library (HSL) at Stony Brook University along with the School of Medicine were motivated to make improvements in seating and hours based on survey results from an LCME self-stud...
Recent Advances in the Molecular Design and Applications of Multispecific Biotherapeutics.

Recombinant protein-based biotherapeutics drugs have transformed clinical pipelines of the biopharmaceutical industry since the launch of recombinant insulin nearly four decades ago. These biologic drugs are structurally more complex than small molecules, and yet share a similar principle for rational drug discovery and development: That is to start with a pre-defined target and follow with the functional modulation with a therapeutic agent. Despite these tremendous successes, this “one target one drug” paradigm has been challenged by complex disease mechanisms that involve multiple pathways and demand new therapeutic routes. A rapidly evolving wave of multispecific biotherapeutics is coming into focus. These new therapeutic drugs are able to engage two or more protein targets via distinct binding interfaces with or without the chemical conjugation to large or small molecules. They possess the potential to not only address disease intricacy but also exploit new therapeutic mechanisms and assess undruggable targets for conventional monospecific biologics. This review focuses on the recent advances in molecular design and applications of major classes of multispecific biotherapeutics drugs, which include immune cells engagers, antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific tetherbodies, biologic matchmakers, and small-scaffold multispecific modalities. Challenges posed by the multispecific biotherapeutics drugs and their future outlooks are also discussed.
33886 Deregulation of the LANCL2 Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease

ABSTRACT IMPACT: My work focuses on understanding the role of an immunomodulatory pathway in Alzheimer’s disease as a potential therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: My long-term goal is to develop effective drugs to halt the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The overall objective of this translational work is to study the deregulation of the Lanthionine Synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) immunomodulatory pathway in AD. I hypothesize that stimulation of the LANCL2 pathway will inhibit progression of AD. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: These studies use a transgenic rat model of AD, and a LANCL2-binding drug, BT-11, that crosses the BBB. Tg-AD Fisher 344 rats express human APP with the Swedish mutation and human presenilin-1 with the ? exon 9 mutation. Tg-AD rats develop age-dependent AD-like pathology. Rodent chow containing BT-11 (10mg/Kg bw) was administered orally from 5 months of age (pre-pathology) to 11 months of age. Eight groups of rats (8 rats/group) were included: WT and Tg-AD x 2 sexes x 2 conditions (BT-11 treated and untreated). Rats are analyzed for: (1) Spatial learning and memory with an active place avoidance test. (2) AD pathology including amyloid plaques and activated microglia, with hippocampal immunohistochemistry. (3) LANCL2-signaling and other AD relevant pathways, with hippocampaI western blot and RNAseq analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: I predict that BT-11 will prevent and/or mitigate some aspects of AD pathology displayed by the AD transgenic rats (Tg-AD). Tg-AD rats treated with BT-11 should perform better in the spatial learning and memory tasks, than the untreated Tg-AD rats. I also expect that the immunohistochemical analysis will reveal reduced pathological hallmarks, including amyloid plaques and reactive microglia, in hippocampal tissue of BT-11 treated versus untreated Tg-AD rats. Through western blot and RNAseq analyses, I will establish how BT-11 treatment affects the LANCL2 signaling cascade as well as other AD relevant pathways, in treated and untreated rats from both sexes and both genotypes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: My proposed translational research will address the potential of targeting the LANCL2 pathway to improve AD treatment. Discovering the effects of stimulating the LANCL2 pathway on AD pathology is a novel approach in AD drug development. I expect that my studies with BT-11 will positively influence therapeutic outcomes of this devastating condition.
Perceived financial constraints and normative influence: discretionary purchase decisions across cultures

Five studies examine how perceived financial constraints and abundance determine when consumers will engage in solitary or social purchases. When financially constrained, consumers prefer solitary (vs. social) purchases. We also identify self-construal as a moderator of how consumers spend their discretionary income. While independent consumers prefer solitary (vs. social) purchases, interdependent consumers prefer social (vs. solitary) purchases. Interestingly, when consumers have adequate discretionary income, independent as well as interdependent consumers have similar preferences for solitary and social purchases. In addition, for interdependent consumers, communal norms mediate the preference for social purchases. Finally, for independent consumers, making the communal norm salient reverses their preference for solitary purchases, resulting in a preference for social purchases. Our findings suggest how managers can effectively promote different types of purchases under varying financial resource conditions in their global communication strategy.
과체중과 비만이 사춘기 전 소아 천식에서 폐기능과 중증도에 미치는 영향

Purpose: Cluster analysis on pediatric asthma identifying a cluster characterized by obesity, females, and puberty showed that obe-sity is an independent risk factor for severe asthma in this cluster. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of over-weight/obesity on lung function and asthma severity in prepubertal asthmatic children. Methods: One hundred fifty-five prepubertal children (aged 6-10) with asthma were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: the over-weight/obese group (body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile, n=44) and the normal BMI group (<85th percentile, n=111). We re-viewed their medical records and analyzed whether there were any differences in clinical features, lung function and degree of bron-chial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) between the 2 groups. The clinical factors associated with asthma severity were also investigated. Results: There was no difference in clinical features between the 2 groups. Pulmonary function tests showed that only forced vital capacity in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) was significantly lower in the overweight/obese group than in the normal BMI group (P=0.032). There was no difference in dysanapsis and BHR between the 2 groups. There were significantly more children with moderate-to-severe asthma in the overweight/obese group compared to the normal BMI group (P=0.018). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, overweight/obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor of affecting asthma severity (odds ratio, 2.44; P=0.018), in addition to the already known risk factor, FEV1. Conclusion: Our study showed that overweight/obese prepubertal asthmatic children had lower FEV1/FVC than those with normal BMI. It also suggests that overweight/obesity may be an independent risk factor for severe asthma before puberty. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2021;9:231-237)
Scepticism, Truth, and Value: A Reply to Brennan

In response to Tad Brennan’s critical notice of The Demands of Reason, I offer further arguments in defense of the distinction between appearance and belief, the claim that truth for its own sake is the Pyrrhonist’s goal, and the centrality of the rationalist interpretation of Sextus’s work.
Drug Resistance in Cryptococcus: Epidemiology and Molecular Mechanisms

This chapter describes the epidemiology of antifungal drug resistance as identified by in vitro susceptibility testing and studies of the mechanisms of resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii. Taking into consideration the MIC distribution profiles for the various antifungal agents, the pharmacology of the antifungal drugs, and studies of resistance mechanisms and clinical outcomes, it is reasonable to adapt the breakpoints developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for Candida spp. for use in the discussion of antifungal resistance in C. neoformans and C. gattii. Resistance to flucytosine may develop from decreased uptake (loss of permease activity) or loss of enzymatic activity required for the conversion of flucytosine to 5-fluorouracil (cytosine deaminase) and 5-fluorouridylic acid (FUMP pyrophosphorylase). The echinocandin class of antifungals is relatively ineffective against Cryptococcus sp., but the mechanism of this resistance is still unknown. The epidemiology of antifungal resistance in the pathogenic cryptococci is a dynamic process that differs considerably according to the status of health care, especially that devoted to HIV and AIDS, in the region of interest. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of antifungal resistance in cryptococci will ultimately help in the battle against emerging resistance.
A study of chemicals in the wood and associated industries for the selection of candidates for carcinogen bioassay

Abstract Naturally‐occurring wood chemicals were studied in order to nominate chemicals to the National Cancer Institute's Chemical Selection Working Group as candidates for carcinogenesis bioassay. After application of several qualifying criteria relating to previous, current, or planned carcinogenicity tests and to verification of the identity and occurrences in wood, the preliminary candidate list of approximately 300 compounds was reduced to a final candidate list of 248 chemicals. Based on consideration of possible carcinogenic activity and evidence indicating potential exposure, the following 11 chemicals were nominated: abietic acid, cardol and urushiol (as a pair representing alkenyl/alkanyl cate‐chols), coniferyl aldehyde, ellagic acid, kaempferol, lapachol, 4‐methoxydalbergione, podophyllotoxin, pterostilbene, and α‐terpineol. Although they are naturally‐occurring, two of these chemicals, abietic acid and α‐terpineol, were nominated primarily on the basis of their commercial significance.
Evidence of energy deficiency, using doubly-labeled water, among adolescent endurance runners (LB316)

Background: Inadequate energy intake has been hypothesized to partially contribute to runners’ low BMD levels. Purpose: To assess the nutritional adequacy of adolescent runners’ diets and identify ...
Modification of Membrane Function by Drugs

The importance of the surface membrane of cells as the primary site of action of many drugs has been obvious since the earliest appreciation of membranes as regulatory barriers. As soon as the permeability characteristics of cells became apparent, investigators reasoned that polar and highly water-soluble agents were unlikely to gain access to the inner plasma of cells. The rapid action of many of these compounds similarly argued for the cell surface as a probable site of action. Ingenious quantitative analyses by A. J. Clark(1) showed that most drugs are maximally effective when occupying only a small fraction of the total surface area available. Thus, the concept of specific recognition sites or receptors in (or on) the membrane was introduced. With very little modification, this concept remains today as a cornerstone principle of the basic mechanisms of drug action. Even agents that do not act through “classical” receptor mechanisms (e.g., the anesthetics discussed herein) produce their pharmacological actions by modifying membrane function. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the actions of most (if not all) pharmacological agents involve modification of membrane functions either directly or indirectly. Thus, the actions of drugs on membrane functions can be considered a fundamental aspect of drug action important in virtually all areas of pharmacology.
Pulmonary embolism and oral steroidal contraceptives.

Abstract A review of radioisotopic lung scans was performed to further investigate the relation of oral contraceptive steroids with pulmonary embolism. Of 8 women who developed pulmonary emboli without any predisposing factor, including thrombophlebitis, 7 had been taking oral contraceptives. Although this study was uncontrolled, the findings tend to confirm that a causal relation exists between the ingestion of these drugs and the development of pulmonary emboli.
Salt tolerance of 75 cool-season turfgrasses for roadsides

Roadside vegetation is subject to significant salt stress as a result of runoff water and road de-icing practices in cold weather climates. Salt-tolerant turfgrass can play a role in maintaining ro...
Review of the Role of Opioids in Cancer Pain

Cancer pain is unfortunately very prevalent, with opioids the mainstay of treatment. Knowledge of the types of pain caused by cancer and the effects of various opioids would be expected to improve pain therapy. This article addresses the use, side effects, formulations, and metabolism of the most commonly used opioids in cancer pain management, including morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. The role of opioid conversion and equipotent dosing when changing from one opioid to another is also described.