cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic in causing chromosome alterations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells

Sodium salts of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic were tested for their effect in inducing chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. It was discovered that arsenite (As 3) produced excessive endoreduplication of the chromosomes at higher levels. No endoreduplication was observed with arsenate (As 5) treatment. These agents also elevated the frequencies of SCE, but less so compared to aberrations. The results obtained indicate that arsenic may be carcinogenic in animal system.
A Comprehensive Observational Coding Scheme for Analyzing Instrumental, Affective, and Relational Communication in Health Care Contexts

Many observational coding schemes have been offered to measure communication in health care settings. These schemes fall short of capturing multiple functions of communication among providers, patients, and other participants. After a brief review of observational communication coding, the authors present a comprehensive scheme for coding communication that is (a) grounded in communication theory, (b) accounts for instrumental and relational communication, and (c) captures important contextual features with tailored coding templates: the Siminoff Communication Content & Affect Program (SCCAP). To test SCCAP reliability and validity, the authors coded data from two communication studies. The SCCAP provided reliable measurement of communication variables including tailored content areas and observer ratings of speaker immediacy, affiliation, confirmation, and disconfirmation behaviors.
Femtosecond Laser Nanotexturing of Drug-Eluting Stents

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have profoundly affected the field of interventional cardiology by dramatically reducing the problem of in-stent restenosis. However, the adverse, long-term, thrombosis raises the questions on the safety profile of DES. Femtosecond pulsed laser nanotexturing of metallic stents was performed to minimize thrombosis by improving three fundamental characteristics of DES: (1) increase the availability of drug for elution; (2) enhance the adhesion between stent and drug; and (3) minimize and, if possible, eliminate the polymer carrier. Results of laser-induced nanoprotrusion/drug interactions confirmed these benefits and indicated that femtosecond laser nanotexturing is a potential cost-effective solution for improving the performance and safety of DES while eliminating the need for postfinishing operations.
Preliminary observations on isolated Paramecium hemoglobin.

Abstract A procedure is described for the isolation of the hemoglobin-like pigment present in Paramecium aurelia and values are reported for the peak maxima and extinctions of several common derivatives in the Soret and visible regions of the spectrum. A study of the oxygenation of the ferrohemoglobin showed the half saturation pressure to be very low, approximately 0.6 mm. Ultracentrifuge measurements indicate that this hemoprotein has a molecular weight of about 13,000, significantly smaller than that of the mammalian myoglobins.
Increased splenic capacity in response to transdermal application of nitroglycerine in the dog.

This study was conducted to determine if application of transdermal 2% nitroglycerine ointment (TDNG) to dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose would produce splenic dilatation by relaxation of venous smooth muscle. Sonomicrometer crystals were applied to the spleen in each of 15 dogs, and a pressure-measuring catheter was inserted into a splenic vein. The sonomicrometer crystals permitted measurement of splenic dimension, which is known to correlate with splenic volume. Ten dogs were given 2.5 cm TDNG/10 kg, and 5 dogs (vehicle controls) were given only petrolatum, both applied to the inner surface of the auricular pinna. Splenic dimension in all dogs receiving TDNG increased significantly (P < .05) by 7.0 +/- 4.8%, whereas splenic dimension in dogs receiving petrolatum did not increase. Splenic venous pressures did not change significantly in either group. Spleens began to dilate 482 +/- 652 seconds after application of TDNG and achieved maximal dilatation at 861 +/- 632 seconds. Splenic dilatation occurred in the absence of elevation of splenic venous pressure, indicating that the dilatation probably resulted from relaxation of splenic smooth muscle. TDNG was absorbed transdermally and produced splenic dilatation in health dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose. If the spleen is a sentinel for peripheral veins, then TDNG may increase venous capacity, retaining blood from the lungs and thereby functioning to reduce pulmonary congestion and edema in dogs with left-sided heart failure.
Paleogeography and Paleoclimate at the Deposition Sites of the Devonian Catskill and Old Red Facies

The reassembled circum–North Atlantic landmass was an equatorial one, characterized during the Middle and Late Devonian by deposition on it of the Catskill–Old Red continental facies on coastal plains and in intermontane basins. Shelf seas were contiguous with much of this landmass. That part of the Catskill-Old Red coastal plain nearest the sea was marked by an indistinct shoreline, meandering streams, minor relief, and land slopes of 0.3 to 1.0 m per km (1 to 3 ft per mi). The more distal parts of the coastal plain were characterized by low-angle piedmont fans and, less commonly, by steeper sloped alluvial fans with braided streams and minor relief. Old Red facies developed also in intermontane basins as alluvial fans and lacustrine deposits associated with volcanic rocks. Over much of the landmass, the climate was hot and semiarid. The most arid part was in the south where the formation of calcareous soils was enhanced, dipnoan fish aestivated, and evaporites formed in contiguous shelf seas. The northern part of the landmass, with its more even pattern of annual rainfall, supported a more extensive growth of plants and the formation of coal. On large parts of the coastal plains and intermontane basins, evaporation was great enough to lower the water table and thus provide a distinct zone of aeration in which sediments reddened. Vegetation on the coastal plains and in intermontane basins was concentrated near shorelines and streams. Because grasses did not exist, floods were highly erosive and introduced large amounts of sediment onto the coastal plains and contiguous shelves.
Detergent action of rosin soaps and fatty acid — Rosin soaps

A method for evaluating the detergent action of soaps has been described and applied to a series of soap solutions. The detergent action of rosin soaps, the effect of compounds present in soap or used with soap on the detergent action of a rosin soap, and the effect of rosin soap on the detergent action of tallow soap have been tested. The effect of temperature on the detergent action of some of the detergent solutions has also been determined.
Pcs for Families: A Study of Early Intervention Using Networked Computing in Education

With the PCs for Families project, we wish to determine whether, under the best of circumstances, ubiquitous access to networked computing by both students and their families has measurable effect on long-term student achievement. We are interested in how networked computing effects students' educational achievements, the attitude and professional development of the teacher and support instructor, and how families support their students and react to the new technologies in their homes. In this article, we discuss the design of the PCs for Families experiment, a longitudinal quantitative and ethnographic study of networked computing in the fifth-grade classroom. We cover our experimental methodology and provide an overview of what we have learned.
Survival and transport of selected bacterial pathogens and indicator viruses under sandy aquifer conditions

Abstract Microbial contamination of groundwater is a serious threat to public health along the US‐Mexico border. The survival and transport of two pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella sp.) and two indicator viruses (bacteriophages PRD‐1 and MS‐2), were studied using microcosms to determine the behavior of pathogenic microorganisms in the Rio Grande alluvium, which underlies the border between the United States and Mexico. Culturable populations of Salmonella typhimurium declined rapidly (>5 log units) to below detection limits within 12 days, while as much as 103 CFU/mL of Klebsiella sp. was viable even after 30 days. Less than 1% of the surviving Salmonella sp. population was viable based on microscopic viability assays. The population of both MS‐2 and PRD‐1 also declined rapidly (>6 log units) to below detection limits within 10 days. Salmonella sp. exhibited a relatively greater “straining”; or adsorbtion than the Klebsiella sp. under saturated conditions in a 0.2 m column. Even a...
Application of fractals and kinetic equations in modeling cluster and ultrafine particle size distributions

Abstract We briefly describe a model which seems to be applicable to a variety of coalescence growth systems. Spanning cluster growth, particle growth and hillock formation in thin metal films, this model is based on the Smoluchowski kinetic equations and fractals. We describe how this model has been able to suggest the effect of translational to internal energy conversion in coalescing systems in determining the shape of particle size distributions. We also suggest how this model can be employed to account for the behavior of hillocks in supersaturated alloy films under thermal annealing conditions.
Spontaneous Neoplastic Transformation of WB-F344 Rat Liver Epithelial Cells

Several studies have shown that cultured rat liver epithelial cells transform spontaneously after chronic maintenance in a confluent state in vitro. In the present study, multiple independent lineages of low-passage WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stem-like cells were initiated and subjected in parallel to selection for spontaneous transformation to determine whether spontaneous acquisition of tumorigenicity was the result of events (genetic or epigenetic) that occurred independently and stochastically, or reflected the expression of a pre-existing alteration within the parental WB-F344 cell line. Temporal analysis of the spontaneous acquisition of tumorigenicity by WB-F344 cells demonstrated lineage-specific differences in the time of first expression of the tumorigenic phenotype, frequencies and latencies of tumor formation, and tumor differentiations. Although spontaneously transformed WB-F344 cells produced diverse tumor types (including hepatocellular carcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas, hepatoblastomas, and osteogenic sarcomas), individual lineages yielded tumors with consistent and specific patterns of differentiation. These results provide substantial evidence that the stochastic accumulation of independent transforming events during the selection regimen in vitro were responsible for spontaneous neoplastic transformation of WB-F344 cells. Furthermore, cell lineage commitment to a specific differentiation program was stable with time in culture and with site of transplantation. This is the first report of a cohort of related, but independent, rat liver epithelial cell lines that collectively produce a spectrum of tumor types but individually reproduce a specific tumor type. These cell lines will provide valuable reagents for investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation of hepatic stem-like cells and for examination of potential causal relationships in spontaneously transformed rat liver epithelial cell lines between molecular/cellular alterations and the ability to produce tumors in syngeneic animals.
Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: factors controlling terminal and internal methionine codon (AUG) recognition by methionyl tRNA species.

Abstract In a cell-free amino acid incroporating system obtained from rabbit reticulocytes, poly r (A-U-G) directed the transfer of methionine from both [ 35 S]Met-tRNA m Met and [ 35 S]Met-tRNA f Met into polymethionine product (1). In each case, the transferred radioactivity was mainly into internal positions of the polypeptide chains. However, in these transfer reactions, the apparent K m of poly r(A-U-G) was significantly higher with Met-tRNA f Met than with Met-tRNA m Met . In the presence of excess crude rabbit liver tRNA, Met-tRNA f Met transferred methionine mainly into terminal positions and Met-tRNA f Met into internal positions of the polypeptide chains.
Characterization of a human hepatoma cell line with acquired resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β1)

A new cell line (Hep 3B-TR), which is resistant to growth-inhibition by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) up to 10 ng/ml (400 pM), was isolated from parental Hep 3B human hepatoma cells, which are sensitive to growth-inhibition by TGF-β1. In the presence of TGF-β1 (1 to 10 ng/ml), the growth of the parental cell line (Hep 3B-TS) was inhibited by more than 95%. Under the same conditions, the growth rate of the resistant clone (Hep 3B-TR) however, was identical in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 and was almost the same as that of the Hep 3B-TS cells in the absence of TGF-β1. Affinity crosslinking with 5 pM 125I-labeled TGF-β1 showed that the TGF-β1 receptors type I (TGF-βRI) and type II (TGF-βRII) were not present on the cell surface of the Hep 3B-TR cells, whereas they were present on the sensitive HEP 3B-TS cells. Hep 3B-TS cells had detectable TGF-βRII mRNA, which was not found in Hep 3B-TR cells. RNA analysis showed different effects on the expression of TGF-β1, c-fos, c-myc, and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) genes in the two cell lines in response to TGF-β1 protein. Addition of TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) strongly increased the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA in Hep 3B-TS cells, but not in Hep 3B-TR cells. In Hep 3B-TS cells, c-fos mRNA was not detected either in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 protein. However, abundant c-fos mRNA was detected in Hep 3B-TR cells, which was not altered by TGF-β1 protein. TGF-β1 protein inhibited the expression of c-myc and PDI mRNAs in Hep 3B-TS cells, whereas although the c-myc and PDI mRNAs were much more abundant in Hep 3B-TR cells, their expression was not affected by TGF-β1 protein. These results suggest that the mechanisms of escape from growth-inhibition by TGF-β1 in Hep 3B-TR hepatoma cells probably involve loss of binding by TGF-β1 to its cell surface receptors.
Embryonic stem-cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells for macular degeneration – Authors' reply

Steven Schwartz and colleagues’ study on transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) for the treatment of macular degeneration (Feb 25, p 713) is an important step towards treatment of such disorders. We believe, however, that a basic issue regarding the rationale of this approach should be addressed. In this trial, a patient with advanced Stargardt’s disease, and another with a geographic atrophy variant of age-related macular degeneration (AMD-GA), were treated. Increasing evidence supports a biochemical basis for photoreceptor degener ation in Stargardt’s disease—ie, the abnormal accumulation of toxic diretinal compounds due to malfunctioning of the ABCA4 protein. This accumulation leads to degeneration of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial cells via oxidative damage. According to this model, transplanted hESC-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells would be unlikely to survive, exposed as they are to the same pathological mechanism that aff ects the host cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying AMD-GA are a combination of oxidative damage, tissue-specifi c infl ammation, and outer retinal disease, as well as defective DICER1 enzyme degradation of ALU-RNA. Since none of these mechanisms is corrected by the proposed treatment, any initial benefi t could be followed by a progressive degeneration of trans planted retinal pigment epithelial cells. We suggest that, for transplantation of hESC-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells to be eff ective, it should be used in combination with pharmacological approaches that target the specifi c mechanisms (oxidative damage, infl ammation, and ALU-RNA detoxication) underlying retinal degeneration associated with Stargardt’s disease and AMD-GA.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Escherichia coli expressing an inducible synthetic human metallothionein gene

Abstract A synthetic DNA coding for human hepatic metallothionein (HMT), fraction MT-2, has been cloned in the plasmid vector pING 1 and expressed in E. coli . Upon induction with arabinose, an araB′-HMT fusion protein is synthesized. The fusion protein is produced to a level of approximately 8% of the total protein in E. coli , with an apparent half-life of 50 min. Without arabinose, no fusion protein is expressed, demonstrating that the expression system is tightly regulated. In the presence of 109 Cd, the fusion protein binds the metal ion in vitro. Concurrently, a direct correlation is found between the expression in E. coli of the araB′-HMT fusion protein which binds Cd 2+ in vitro and the bioaccumulation of Cd 2+ in vivo. The bioaccumulation of Cu + in E. coli , when the fusion protein is produced, has also been established.
Going to High Altitude with a Newborn Infant

Fetal life conditions the responses of a newborn infant to high altitude. The fetal circulation is characterized by high pulmonary vascular resistance and low pulmonary blood flow, as well as intra and extracardiac shunts that serve to route blood to and from the placenta and around the fetal lungs. At birth, rapid changes occur in the pulmonary circulation under normoxia; pulmonary vascular resistance falls, pulmonary blood flow increases dramatically, and the fetal shunts close functionally, then anatomically. Under conditions of hypoxia, the changes of circulatory transition occur more slowly, and pronounced hypoxia can cause a reversion to fetal circulatory patterns, albeit without the placenta to serve as the organ of oxygenation. Underlying medical conditions of newborn infants that combine exaggerated hypoxemia in response to high altitude hypoxia with an underlying predisposition to pulmonary hypertension can increase the likelihood of problems at high altitude. Awareness of risk factors and clinical signs of hypoxemia in newborn infants, as well as measurement of arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, can aid health professionals and parents in recognizing and preventing altitude-associated illness.
Intensive care services; a crisis of increasing expressed demand

Critical care services appear to face increasing demand. To attempt to identify factors which may predispose to such increases in demand, the patients and their treatment were reviewed. The patients' ages, referring specialty and their risk of hospital mortality were recorded on admission. The durations of respiratory and renal support (if required) were recorded. Pulmonary artery catheter insertion and the number of vasoactive drugs infused were also noted. During the study, the capacity of the intensive care unit was initially increased by one bed (from six to seven) and later by a six-bedded high-dependency unit. This capacity increase was not matched by a proportionate decrease in occupancy. The patients' mean ages increased by 1 year per year. The number of patients referred from general surgery consistently increased. The proportion of patients receiving vasoactive drugs and pulmonary artery catheters declined as did the duration of respiratory and renal support.
High-technology cardiac procedures. The impact of service availability on service use in New York State.

Objective. —To study the impact of the in-hospital availability of three cardiac procedures (cardiac catheterization, bypass surgery, and angioplasty) on their use in patients during the period following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Design. —Retrospective cohort study, based on a statewide hospital discharge abstract data set. Participants. —Patients admitted with a principal diagnosis of AMI to New York State hospitals during March through June of 1986. Main Outcome Measures. —The odds of utilizing each of the three services either during the initial admission for AMI or during the 6-month postdischarge interval. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated comparing utilization in three groups of patients: those initially presenting to hospitals lacking all three services, those initially presenting to hospitals offering only cardiac catheterization, and those initially presenting to hospitals offering all three of the cardiac services. Odds were adjusted for age, sex, race, income, primary payer, severity of illness, and geographical distance to hospital. Results. —Relative to patients initially presenting to hospitals lacking all three services, patients initially presenting to hospitals offering only cardiac catheterization were more likely to undergo cardiac catheterization (OR, 3.57; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 3.03 to 4.22), but were not significantly more likely to undergo bypass surgery or angioplasty. Relative to patients initially presenting to hospitals lacking all three services, patients initially presenting to hospitals offering all three services were more likely to undergo cardiac catheterization (OR, 5.50; 95% Cl, 4.66 to 6.50), bypass surgery (OR, 2.52; 95% Cl, 1.95 to 3.24), and angioplasty (OR, 6.85; 95% Cl, 4.73 to 10.58). Conclusions. —The availability of cardiac services in the hospital to which patients initially present strongly influences the likelihood of their use in the period following AMI. (JAMA. 1993;270:344-349)
Hypertension control among patients referred by a community blood pressure screening program.

Abstract Since 1974 the Milwaukee Blood Pressure Program (MBP) has screened more than 175,000 people for hypertension, 4672 newly identified hypertensives have been referred for treatment to practicing physicians and to a medical school affiliated hypertension clinic on the basis of two elevated blood pressure readings. The mean duration of follow-up has been 20 months for private patients and 14 months for clinic patients. Ninety-two per cent of the referred patients, were subsequently confirmed to have an elevated blood pressure. Approximately 90% of the confirmed hypertensive patients received antihypertensive drugs. Seventy-three per cent of the private patients and 97% of the clinic patients received a diuretic. The antihypertensive drugs were stopped on few occasions by the physician. Lifestyle changes in terms of weight loss and reduction in smoking and drinking were attempted in the clinic. Whereas heavy smoking and alcohol intake could be reduced in some patients, little change in weight was generally observed. Hypertension was controlled in 65% of the private patients and 84% of the clinic patients. The better clinic results may reflect more frequent use of combination antihypertensive therapy and use of the nurse clinicians for reinforcement of the physician's advice in the clinic setting.
FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES COMPARING NUTRISPHERE-NITROGEN UREA WITH UREA IN NORTH DAKOTA, ARKANSAS, AND MISSISSIPPI

Nitrification and ammonia volatility are two important impediments to nitrogen (N) use efficiency and crop uptake around the world. Nutrisphere® is a relatively new product whose manufacturer claims both nitrification and urea volatilization inhibiting properties. Urea coated with Nutrisphere is and the resulting fertilizer is called Nutrisphere®-N urea, or Nutrisphere-N (NSN). Eight field studies on spring (Triticum aestivum L.) or durum [T. turgidum L. subsp duram (Desf.) Husn.] wheat in North Dakota, three field studies in Mississippi/Arkansas on rice (Oryza sativa L.), four laboratory experiments in North Dakota and one in Arkansas were conducted to determine the nitrification and urea volatilization inhibiting ability of NSN compared with urea alone. Results of field and laboratory experiments revealed that the product has no nitrification or urea volatilization inhibiting properties at the recommended rates and spring wheat and rice did not benefit from the application of NSN to urea.
Non-breeding-test methods for dominant skeletal mutations shown by ethylnitrosourea to be easily applicable to offspring examined in specific-locus experiments.

Abstract Skeletons of (C3H × 101)F 1 mice have been examined in earlier studies to the induction of dominant skeletal mutations. The present experiment was done to determine whether the same criteria used to identify mutations in (C3H × 101)F 1 mice could be applied to the offspring collected in specific-locus experiments. Offspring were obtained from an experiment of Hitotsumachi et al. in which (101 × C3H)F 1 male mice were exposed to 0, 300 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) injected i.p. in exposures of 100 mg/kg administered 7 days apart. The 3 skeletal non-breeding-test (NBT) methods were applied in evaluating skeletons. The frequencies of presumed dominant skeletal mutations found following exposure of stem-cell spermatogonia to 0, 3 × 100 mg/kg, and 4 × 100 mg/kg of ENU were 2 374 , 10 243 , and 10 180 , respectively. At each exposure level there is a highly statistically significant increase over the control. At the higher exposure, the induced presumed mutation frequency is 5.0% and the induced frequency of presumed mutations likely to be of clinical importance is 4.5%. The indices of mutation were 0% in the control, 11.5% in the 300 mg/kg group, and 12.4% in the 400 mg/kg group. These results show that the skeletal NBT methods can easily be combined with specific-locus experiments to increase the yield of data useful in estimating genetic risk. It appears that the induction of dominant skeletal mutations by ENU is reasonably similar when measured in specific-locus or (C3H × 101)F 1 offspring.
Response of Equatorial X-Ray Reflections and Stiffness to Altered Sarcomere Length and Myofilament Lattice Spacing in Relaxed Skinned Cardiac Muscle

Low angle x-ray diffraction measurements of myofilament lattice spacing (D1,0) and equatorial reflection intensity ratio (I1,1/I1,0) were made in relaxed skinned cardiac trabeculae from rats. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of weak cross-bridge (Xbr) binding, which has been shown to be obligatory for force generation in skeletal muscle, is modulated by changes in lattice spacing in skinned cardiac muscle. Altered weak Xbr binding was detected both by changes in I1,1/I1,0 and by measurements of chord stiffness (chord K). Both measurements showed that, similar to skeletal muscle, the probability of weak Xbr binding at 170-mM ionic strength was significantly enhanced by lowering temperature to 5°C. The effects of lattice spacing on weak Xbr binding were therefore determined under these conditions. Changes in D1,0, I1,1/I1,0, and chord K by osmotic compression with dextran T500 were determined at sarcomere lengths (SL) of 2.0 and 2.35 μm. At each SL increasing [dextran] caused D1,0 to decrease and both I1,1/I1,0 and chord K to increase, indicating increased weak Xbr binding. The results suggest that in intact cardiac muscle increasing SL and decreasing lattice spacing could lead to increased force by increasing the probability of initial weak Xbr binding.
Principal Sulcus and Posterior Parieto-Occipital Cortex Lesions in the Monkey

In order to assess the roles of the posterior parieto-occipital and principal sulcus cortices in processing spatial information, both with and without delays, monkeys were given lesions of one or the other area or no lesion and tested on a series of conditional discrimination tasks. There were six basic tasks, and the cue locations differed from the response locations within each task. The first two had mixed dimensions in that the location of the cue indicated the color of the correct response alternative or the color of the cue indicated the correct response location. The animals were trained preoperatively on these tasks and then tested for postoperative retention. For the next two tasks color was the only relevant dimension, but different colors were used for the cues and response alternatives. For the final two tasks location was the only relevant dimension. When an animal learned a given task it was subsequently tested on it with a 5-sec. delay. The deficits observed suggest that the roles of these areas can not be expressed simply in terms of spatial or delay functions. No group appeared to be impaired on any delay task on which it was tested. The animals with the posterior cortex removed had a great deal of difficulty in using information from one dimension to identify the correct response alternative by the other dimension, but not when the relevant cue and response dimensions were the same. These results suggest that the posterior parieto-occipital area is involved in making associations across dimensions with in the visual modality. The animals with the principal sulcus removed appeared to have difficulty only when they were required to respond with reference to the colors of the response alternatives. On such tasks the relevant dimension (color) was not available until the presentation of the response array. On the other tasks the correct response location could be determined from the cue presentation alone, that is, before the presentation of the response array. This suggests that these animals had a tendency to respond without reference to the color dimension, but rather just to the presentation of the response array, and therefore a principal sulcus function of inhibiting a response until the appropriate information has been processed.
NMR study of thick films of methane on graphite

We report the results of an NMR survey of the system methane adsorbed on graphite near the triple point temperature, in the thick-film regime (10–50 layers) where the methane behavior is substantially bulk-like. We study the interaction of the film with the substrate and find that T_1 is affected by a dipolar coupling with paramagnetic spin centers in the substrate. Since the systematics of these effects are now understood, they can be used as diagnostics in their own right. We are able to conclude that solid methane wets the graphite basal plane substrate to a thickness of at least 50 layers in the temperature range 70 K < T < 105 K. On the Grafoil substrate we employ, such thick films ought to be unstable with respect to capillary condensation, but capillary condensation is evidently not nucleated in our experiments.
Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran and o-ethylphenol

Abstract The catalytic hydrodeoxygenations (HDO) of benzofuran and of a related compound, o-ethylphenol, are examined on a presulfided CoMo/γAl2O3 catalyst. The benzofuran reaction proceeds with hydrogenation of the oxygen-containing ring as the first step; two sequential reaction intermediates, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and o-ethylphenol, were identified. The major HDO products included ethylbenzene, ethylcyclohexane, and ethylcyclohexene. A mechanism for the hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran is proposed, requiring hydrogenation to o-ethylphenol prior to hydrodeoxygenation. The apparent reaction rate constants and activation energies for all conversions of benzofuran or o-ethylphenol are evaluated for the rate equations of Langmuir-Hinshelwood type.
The least number of edges for graphs having symmetric automorphism group

Abstract The least (and greatest) number of edges realizable by a graph having n vertices and automorphism group isomorphic to S m , the symmetric group of degree m , is determined for all admissible n .
Mechanisms regulating targeting of recycling endosomes to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis

Recently, recycling endosomes have emerged as a key components required for the successful completion of cytokinesis. Furthermore, FIP3 (family of Rab11-interacting protein 3), a Rab11 GTPase-binding protein, has been implicated in targeting the recycling endosomes to the midbody of dividing cells. Previously, we have shown that FIP3/Rab11-containing endosomes associate with centrosomes until anaphase, at which time they translocate to the cleavage furrow. At telophase, FIP3/Rab11-containing endosomes move from the furrow into the midbody, and this step is required for abscission. While several other proteins were implicated in regulating FIP3 targeting to the cleavage furrow, the mechanisms regulating the dynamics of FIP3-containing endosomes during mitosis have not been defined. To identify the factors regulating FIP3 targeting to the furrow, we used a combination of siRNA (small interfering RNA) screens and proteomic analysis to identify Cyk-4/MgcRacGAP (GTPase-activating protein) and kinesin I as FIP3-binding proteins. Furthermore, kinesin I mediates the transport of FIP3-containing endosomes to the cleavage furrow. Once in the furrow, FIP3 binds to Cyk-4 as part of centralspindlin complex and accumulates at the midbody. Finally, we demonstrated that ECT2 regulates FIP3 association with the centralspindlin complex. Thus we propose that kinesin I, in concert with centralspindlin complex, plays a role in temporal and spatial regulation of endosome transport to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.
Discovery and optimization of a novel series of N-arylamide oxadiazoles as potent, highly selective and orally bioavailable cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonists.

The CB2 receptor is an attractive therapeutic target for analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Herein we describe the discovery of a novel class of oxadiazole derivatives from which potent and selective CB2 agonist leads were developed. Initial hit 7 was identified from a cannabinoid target-biased library generated by virtual screening of sample collections using a pharmacophore model in combination with a series of physicochemical filters. 7 was demonstrated to be a selective CB2 agonist (CB2 EC50 = 93 nM, Emax = 98%, CB1 EC50 > 10 μM). However, this compound exhibited poor solubility and relatively high clearance in rat, resulting in low oral bioavailability. In this paper, we report detailed SAR studies on 7 en route toward improving potency, physicochemical properties, and solubility. This effort resulted in identification of 63 that is a potent and selective agonist at CB2 (EC50 = 2 nM, Emax = 110%) with excellent pharmacokinetic properties.
Measurement of sialic acid content on recombinant membrane proteins

BackgroundMembrane proteins such as cell adhesion molecules,receptors, transporters and ion channel proteins all haveessential roles in cell-growth, migration, and flow ofinformation, cell-cell and cell-protein communication.Membrane proteins are targets of biopharmaceuticalcompanies because they have diverse effects on the pro-gression of many diseases[1]. Ion channels are mem-brane proteins that play critical roles in a number ofcell functions including communication and neuromus-cular activity. Treatment of channelopathy diseases suchas cancer, cardiac arrhythmia, ataxia, paralysis, epilepsy,memory and learning loss, requires a broad understand-ing of ion channel function.Sialic acid is a criticalcharged glycan that affects the action potential of potas-sium channels which leads to changes in the neuronalsystem of organisms. In order to understand the effectof the sialylation on channel function, the presence ofthe sialic acid on the protein of interest should be stu-died. In this study, a novel method for the quantificationof sialic acid is described for a potassium channel mem-brane protein.Materials and methods
Nature and degree of substitution patterns in novolaks by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

The nature and degree of substitution patterns on different ring carbons in novolak (cresol- formaldehyde) resins have been determined by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. The acquisition of carbon-13 NMR spectra of novolak resins yielded improved S/N ratio through selective irradiation of protonated carbons while suppressing quaternary carbons. For quantitative estimations, carbon nuclear spin-relaxation rates were measured to ensure that carbon nuclei of interest fully relax after each pulse train. NMR signals from quaternary carbons in the aromatic region have been selectively suppressed employing distortionless enhancement via polarization transfer (DEPT) pulse sequence, thus greatly improving the quantitative estimations. An experimental parameter, Un, where n is the carbon position in the ring, has been defined for chain propagation at any given carbon position. For example, in a pure meta cresol novolak resin, polymerization mainly proceeds via 4,6-disubstitution, and the C2 ortho carbons do not seem to participate in the polymerization process as much as C4 and C6 carbons do. However, in novolak resins prepared by mixing meta and para cresols, the chain propagation step greatly involves C2 carbons ortho to the hydroxyl group in meta cresol. The extent of such involvement can easily be determined relative to a given standard sample. The polymerization preference and differences in chemical structure of various polymers can easily be compared by determining their respective Un parameters. The bridged methylene linkages yield weaker NMR signals compared to those in the pure meta or para cresol resins, and thus, the estimations based on these carbons are only approximate. The experimental parameters as defined in this paper are discussed in relation to the physical and lithographic properties of these polymers.
SEEDS OF DISCONTENT: DANCING MANIAS AND MEDICAL INQUIRY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH LITERATURE AND CULTURE

I accepted his invitation; but having once begun to dance, he would on no account be prevailed on to cease. At last I grew uneasy. I fixed my eyes upon him with anxiety; it seemed to me as if his eyes grew dimmer and dimmer, his cheeks paler and more wasted, his lips shrivelled and skinny, his teeth grinned out, white and ghastly, and at last he stared upon me with bony and eyeless sockets.—“The Dance of Death,” Blackwood's Magazine It is ill dancing with a heavy heart.—George Eliot, Mill on the Floss
Teen Court: What Jurors Can Tell Us About the Process

Teen courts are on the increase throughout the United States. These courts provide an opportunity for youth offenders to receive sentences from their adolescent peers rather than from an adult panel or judge. Yet, we know t very little about the teen jurors' perspective or whether their sentences reflect restorative justice principles. In more than 100 youth juror surveys, t teens describe their experiences as they develop sentences consistent with restorative justice tenets. Through their participation, youth jurors gain practical knowledge about and respect for the judicial system. The efficacy of the sentences is validated by high offender sentence completion.
PKB/Akt partners with Dab2 in albumin endocytosis

Albumin in the glomerular filtrate is normally retrieved by concerted efforts of clathrin, LDL-type receptor megalin- and clathrin-associated sorting proteins. In glomerular diseases, albumin overload triggers a proapoptotic and inflammatory response contributing to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. The relationship between albumin overload-induced proximal tubule injury and albumin endocytosis remains to be discovered. We investigated presence of a possible overlap between endocytosis and cell survival. We showed a novel interaction between prosurvival protein, protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and adaptor protein, disabled 2 (Dab2), with coimmunoprecipitation. Further delineation of this interaction by GST pull-down experiments utilizing different Dab2 constructs identified proline-rich domain as the interacting partner. Expression of Dab2 and PKB/Akt was downregulated at high concentrations of albumin associated with apoptosis. We then examined the physiological relevance of this interaction with functional studies. Overexpression of PKB/Akt increased albumin uptake in human proximal tubule cells. Conversely, inhibition of PKB/Akt with a nonselective Akt/PKB signaling inhibitor-2 and a dominant negative construct of PKB/Akt resulted in a decrease in albumin uptake. Inhibition of Dab2 by silencing RNA abolished PKB/Akt-induced albumin uptake demonstrating the physiological importance of this novel interaction. We concluded that PKB/Akt is part of an endocytic machinery and it mediates albumin uptake through its interaction with Dab2. The role that PKB/Akt plays in the endocytic cascade may dictate its decreased expression in proteinuric states in an attempt to limit albumin endocytosis that may tilt the balance between cell survival and apoptosis toward cell death.
Special session - prepare locally to engineer globally: Embedding a global citizenship foundation into engineering curricula

Design projects that require engineering students to travel to other countries and semesters abroad have the potential to be very powerful learning experiences for those students. Unfortunately, cost and other constraints keep many students from taking advantage of such experiences and not all of those students who do travel reap the hoped-for gains. The goal of this special session is to discuss the importance of domestic preparation for global citizenry and consider options that are available to engineering departments to not only satisfy the ABET global and societal impact requirement but truly prepare students to be global citizens. This issue is particularly vital for those students who will not have a travel abroad opportunity as part of their curriculum. Aimed at faculty, department chairs, and student support personnel, this special session will address pedagogical options that can be embedded into the curriculum for human dignity, expanding mental models, and achieving complex thinking.
Developmental ‘Noise‘ and a congenital malformation

Non-directional asymmetry of paired organs is attributed to developmental ‘noise’. The level of asymmetry is inversely correlated to the degree of developmental stability. Children affected with familial cleft lip ± cleft palate have an increased asymmetry of their dermatoglyphics and molar teeth. The action of polygenes with a quasi-continuous distribution is consistent with this observation.
ADVANCED FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX PROCESSES

This paper presents the use of Advanced Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (AFMEA) as a methodology to analyze manufacturing process reliability. The proposed method applies to early process design and seeks to improve product quality, process efficiency, and time to market. The method uses behavior modeling to relate process functions, performance state variables, and physical entities. The model can be used to define process failures explicitly and provides a framework for assessing causes and effects. An example of a precision turning operation illustrates how AFMEA applies to the analysis of manufacturing processes. A pilot analysis of an ultrasonic inspection process revealed that AFMEA is comprehensive and adaptable to other processes. Ongoing work for AFMEA is developing deployment strategies for
Self-assembly of coiled-coil tetramers in the 1.40 A structure of a leucine-zipper mutant.

The hydrophobic core of the GCN4 leucine-zipper dimerization domain is formed by a parallel helical association between nonpolar side chains at the a and d positions of the heptad repeat. Here we report a self-assembling coiled-coil array formed by the GCN4-pAe peptide that differs from the wild-type GCN4 leucine zipper by alanine substitutions at three charged e positions. GCN4-pAe is incompletely folded in normal solution conditions yet self-assembles into an antiparallel tetraplex in crystals by formation of unanticipated hydrophobic seams linking the last two heptads of two parallel double-stranded coiled coils. The GCN4-pAe tetramers in the lattice associate laterally through the identical interactions to those in the intramolecular dimer–dimer interface. The van der Waals packing interaction in the solid state controls extended supramolecular assembly of the protein, providing an unusual atomic scale view of a mesostructure.
The Affordable Care Act and Stroke

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted on March 23, 2010, and has important implications for stroke care. The ACA is a comprehensive reform, although the signature component is the expansion of health insurance primarily by expanding Medicaid eligibility and by providing subsidies for consumers to purchase private insurance in online marketplaces called exchanges. Although many ACA provisions went into effect with its passage or have been phased in during the past several years, the Medicaid expansion and insurance exchanges went into effect more recently in January 2014. In this article, we begin by describing the working-age stroke population. We then discuss the health insurance provisions of the ACA, which largely target the working-age stroke population, and implications for racial/ethnic and geographic disparities. We then focus on how the ACA may affect stroke prevention, treatment, and postacute care (PAC). We conclude by discussing how health system reform under the ACA could affect patients with stroke. Working-age Americans, those aged 19 to 64 years, are experiencing stable or increasing stroke incidence even as overall stroke incidence is decreasing over time.1,2 Although racial and ethnic stroke disparities are present overall, the largest disparities are found among working-age Americans.1,2 To provide national estimates of stroke hospitalizations and insurance status among the working-age population, we used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a nationally representative sample of hospitalizations (for detailed methods, see online-only Data Supplement). In 2010, ≈230 000 or 37% of all stroke hospitalizations were among patients aged <65 years. Of the working-age stroke hospitalizations, 20% were among patients who had Medicaid and 14% were among uninsured. Disparities in stroke hospitalizations and insurance status, particularly among blacks, are striking. First, hospitalizations among the working age are more frequent in blacks (26.5%) than would be …
Social categorization moderates social projection.

When categorized into social groups, people view members of in-groups, but not members of out-groups, as being similar to themselves. In three experiments, social categorization moderated the spread of social projection in both minimal and value-tagged laboratory groups and regardless of whether individual perceivers judged both groups or only one. The categorization effect tracked changes in the perceiver's group status so that most perceivers projected only to present but not past in-groups. The lack of out-group projection supported an anchoring hypothesis, according to which self-referent information is engaged only when it is considered applicable to the judgment at hand. The induction hypothesis and the differentiation hypothesis, which predicted positive and negative out-group projection, respectively, were not supported. Implications for theories of intergroup perception and bias are discussed.
Simple method of aligning cylindrical air-spaced elements

A simple method is found to align multielement cylindrical lenses. The method employs only equipment found in most optical shops: a precision flat mirror and a Fizeau interferometer. A combination of narrow reflection in- terferograms from the lens surfaces, combined with cat-eye double-pass interferograms, is employed to align the elements. © 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Kinetic Determination of Total Serum Protein with a Centrifugal Analyzer

A kinetic biuret assay of total serum protein on the "CentrifiChem" centrifugal analyzer is shown to be rapid, accurate, and reasonably precise, and accommodates the most desirable analytical method and standardization currently available. Kinetic analysis of compounds undergoing first-order reactions is a useful type of analysis that is of significant advantage to the clinical laboratory.