cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutagenic Analysis of a DNA Translocating Tube's Interior Surface.

Bacteriophage ϕX174 uses a decamer of DNA piloting proteins to penetrate its host. These proteins oligomerize into a cell wall-spanning tube, wide enough for genome passage. While the inner surface of the tube is primarily lined with inward-facing amino acid side chains containing amide and guanidinium groups, there is a 28 A-long section near the tube's C-terminus that does not exhibit this motif. The majority of the inward-facing residues in this region are conserved across the three ϕX174-like clades, suggesting that they play an important role during genome delivery. To test this hypothesis, and explore the general function of the tube's inner surface, non-glutamine residues within this region were mutated to glutamine, while existing glutamine residues were changed to serine. Four of the resulting mutants had temperature-dependent phenotypes. Virion assembly, host attachment, and virion eclipse, defined as the cell's ability to inactivate the virus, were not affected. Genome delivery, however, was inhibited. The results support a model in which a balance of forces governs genome delivery: potential energy provided by the densely packaged viral genome and/or an osmotic gradient move the genome into the cell, while the tube's inward facing glutamine residues exert a frictional force, or drag, that controls genome release.
An adaptive augmented radial basis function–high-dimensional model representation method for structural engineering optimization:

A new engineering optimization approach using an adaptive metamodeling method is developed and studied. The adaptive metamodels are based on a high-dimensional model representation framework, and t...
Food sovereignty policies and the quest to democratize food system governance in Nicaragua

This article explores the question of the efficacy of state-level food sovereignty projects for democratizing local control over food systems by examining the case of Nicaragua, where the Ortega administration (2007–present) adopted food sovereignty into policy. The main task of food sovereignty is to transform the power relations that govern food systems. This article builds on the previous work of food sovereignty scholars by arguing that devolving power to local territories is necessary but insufficient for deepening democracy, and rather must be coupled with broader transformations in state-society relations. In particular, it argues that how power is exercised in different sites and scales of decision-making is critical for gauging the extent to which local democratic control of food systems is realized. This study examines the implementation of two models of food governance that emerged in Nicaragua in the years immediately following Ortega’s election in 2007. It finds that while the two models created opportunities to deepen democracy, the state’s lack of support for autonomous citizen mobilization and their attempts to co-opt spaces for participatory democratic governance have strongly contributed to the failure of these mechanisms to enhance local control over food systems.
GaN μLED Arrays in Parylene C Substrate for Flexible Implantable Optogenetics: Fabrication and Modeling

Optoelectronic neural probes with (22 μm × 22 μm) Gallium-Nitride μLED arrays (up to 32 devices) on a Parylene C substrate are fabricated and analyzed using thermal and optical modeling to identify thermally-safe stimulation parameters.
Outdoor Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses, a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: While risk of outdoor transmission of respiratory viral infections is hypothesized to be low, there is limited data of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in outdoor compared to indoor settings. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed papers indexed in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science and pre-prints in Europe PMC through August 12 th, 2020 that described cases of human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Reports of other respiratory virus transmission were included for reference. RESULTS: Five identified studies found that a low proportion of reported global SARS-CoV-2 infections have occurred outdoors (<10%) and the odds of indoor transmission was very high compared to outdoors (18.7 times; 95% CI 6.0, 57.9). Five studies described influenza transmission outdoors and two described adenovirus transmission outdoors. There was high heterogeneity in study quality and individual definitions of outdoor settings which limited our ability to draw conclusions about outdoor transmission risks. In general, factors such as duration and frequency of personal contact, lack of personal protective equipment and occasional indoor gathering during a largely outdoor experience were associated with outdoor reports of infection. CONCLUSION: Existing evidence supports the wide-held belief that the the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is lower outdoors but there are significant gaps in our understanding of specific pathways.
I.C.A.R.U.S. in Flight: A Radiology Simulator Teaches Imaging Appropriateness, Anatomy, and Image Interpretation Skills

Rationale and Objectives The Interactive Clinical Anatomy and Radiology Utilization Simulator (ICARUS) was created in 2012 as a novel simulation program with 25 peer reviewed electronic modules combining simulated patient encounters, American College of Radiology appropriateness criteria, radiologic anatomy, and basic imaging interpretation and patient safety topics. ICARUS integrates a gaming approach to improve student engagement. Materials and Methods ICARUS modules have been used in the undergraduate medical curriculum at the lead author's institution since its pilot in 2012. Since completion of the full complement of 25 modules, modules have been used in the radiology clerkship (2012- 2015), in the integrated longitudinal curriculum (2015-present), and in various radiology electives (2015-present), including the inaugural virtual radiology electives at all authors’ institutions (July 2020-present). Student evaluations were formally solicited in 2014 and again in 2020. Results During the introductory radiology clerkship in 2014, 107 students were enrolled. Students were assigned 4 ICARUS modules. During the 2-week virtual elective from July-October 2020, 26 students were enrolled. Students were assigned all 25 modules. The majority of survey respondents “agreed” or “strongly agreed” that the modules were interactive, enjoyable, and self-directed, fostered critical thinking, provided practical value, met goals and objectives of the course, and seemed practical to their future practice. Conclusion ICARUS integrates key educational concepts in radiology with high fidelity simulation of clinical decision support software and PACS simulation image display to create a highly engaging learning environment that most accurately reflects future clinical experiences.
Management of Arrhythmia: Medications, Electrophysiology Studies and Ablation

In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation (AF), supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and ventricular tachycardia (VT) are common. Many of these arrhythmias are asymptomatic, especially if of short duration, but some can precipitate syncope, palpitations, hemodynamic collapse or sudden cardiac death (SCD). Therefore, the evaluation of such arrhythmias, both proactively and reactively, and their clinical significance in patients with HCM is of paramount importance. In this chapter, we will discuss the incidence, diagnosis, medical management, and role of invasive testing and ablation for arrhythmias in HCM patients.
The Sensitivity of Method Procedure as a Regulatory Mechanism for Approval of Carcinogens

Technology has focused our attention on many potential hazards of which we were unaware earlier in the century. Our awareness of possible hazards and their apparent causes has increased significantly. Our understanding of the biologic activity of chemicals, their mechanism(s) of action and their potential toxicologic activity has greatly increased. We no longer focus on acute, lethal effects but have become increasingly concerned about subtle health injuries which decrease the quality of our lives. Presently, the leading public concern about exposure to chemicals is the risk of cancer. Consequently, considerable effort in both the public and private sectors is devoted to the determination of what chemicals are or might be carcinogenic.
Vitamin E, Trace Elements and Sulfhydryl Groups in Respiratory Decline: (An Approach to the Mode of Action of Tocopherol and Related Compounds)

Publisher Summary Respiratory decline, characteristic of vitamin $:-deficient liver tissue during the prenecrotic phase of dietary necrotic liver degeneration, consists of the breakdown of respiration in vitro , after brief, initial periods of normal oxygen consumption. The phenomenon is observed with liver slices and also homogenates, but not with isolated mitochondria from the livers of animals during the latent phase of the disease. Respiratory decline is not related to the rate of peroxide formation in the homogenate. Combination experiments disclosed that microsomes exert a deleterious effect on the respiring E-deficient mitochondria. This effect is prevented by complexing agents such as KDTA. The initiation of respiratory decline is related to disturbances of trace element balance. The initiation of respiratory decline is related to disturbances of trace element balance. A loss of titrable sulfhydryl groups is related to the breakdown of respiratory activity. Reduced glutathione and diniercaptopropanol prevent respiratory failure. It is concluded that the immediate cause of respiratory decline is a block, by a trace element(s), of sensitive sulfhydryl sites (or another highly sensitive site) on an enzyme indispensable for respiration in mitochondria.
Endocrine Control of Sodium Balance

The sections in this article are: 1 Components of the Renin–Angiotensin System 2 Prorenin/Renin 2.1 Renin Gene Structure, Evolutionary Function, and Regulation 2.2 Biosynthesis and Chemiosmotic Activation 2.3 Tissue Distribution in Health and Disease 2.4 Kidney 2.5 Heart and Blood Vessels 2.6 Adrenal 2.7 Brain 2.8 Eye, Liver, and Intestine 2.9 Ovary, Uterus, Testis, and Sex Accessory and Subcutaneous Tissue 2.10 Submandibular Gland 2.11 Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat 2.12 Renal Hypertensive Rat 2.13 Growth Retardation 2.14 Relative Renin Plasma Levels and Suggestive Meaning 3 Angiotensinogen 3.1 Biochemical Properties 3.2 Tissue Expression and In Situ Regulation 3.3 Factors Regulating Release 3.4 Mechanism of Action and Physiological Effects 3.5 Summary and Challenges 4 Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme 4.1 Molecular Structure and Regulation 4.2 Active Sites and Catalytic Properties 4.3 Tissue Distribution 4.4 Summary and Challenges 5 Angiotensin Peptides 6 Aldosterone 6.1 Biosynthesis and Metabolism 6.2 Secretion and Its Regulation 6.3 Angiotensin II 6.4 Potassium 6.5 Corticotropin and Other Proopiomelanocortin Peptides 6.6 Various Stimulators of Aldosterone Secretion 6.7 Various Inhibitors of Aldosterone Secretion 6.8 Cellular Actions 6.9 Disorders of Aldosterone Secretion 7 Systemic Regulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis 7.1 Regulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis 7.2 Integrative Regulation of Sodium Volume and Blood Pressure Homeostasis 7.3 Integrative Regulation of Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis 7.4 Integrative Regulation by Potassium and Hydrogen in Volume Homeostasis 8 Polyendocrinopathy Type III: Systemic Dysregulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis 8.1 Primary and Pseudoprimary Aldosteronism 8.2 Secondary Aldosteronism: Renin Tumors and Edematous States 8.3 High-Renin States and Low-Renin Syndromes 9 Summary and Challenges: Defining Functions and Processing Strategies of Renin–Angiotensin System Molecules
Cortisol inhibition of vasopressin and ACTH responses to arterial hypotension in conscious dogs

We evaluated the role of cortisol as a feedback inhibitor of the vasopressin response to arterial hypotension. Conscious dogs (n = 5) were each studied on 10 different days. There were five different pretreatments: 1) isotonic saline (control), 2) 5.5 or 3) 11 nmol cortisol.kg-1.min-1 iv for 30 min, 4) 6.8 pmol ACTH-(1-24).kg-1.min-1 iv for 30 min, or 5) 1.5 mg dexamethasone im given the night before experimentation. These pretreatments were followed by a stimulus period (30 min) during which mean arterial pressure was decreased a moderate (-19 +/- 1 mmHg) or severe (-29 +/- 1 mmHg) degree with a controlled infusion of intravenous sodium nitroprusside. The vasopressin response to moderate hypotension was not consistently inhibited by any of the pretreatments. In contrast, the large vasopressin response to severe hypotension in the control experiments (from 3.1 +/- 0.3 to 270 +/- 113 pg/ml) was significantly attenuated by cortisol infusion in a dose-dependent manner. Adrenocorticotropin infusion was more effective than dexamethasone as an inhibitor of the vasopressin response to severe hypotension. The data suggest that physiological increases in cortisol inhibit the large increase in vasopressin in response to severe arterial hypotension.
Magnetic Susceptibilities of Dilute Solid Solutions of Nickel in Copper at Various Temperatures

New data on the magnetic susceptibilities of the low nickel content end of the nickel-copper alloy series present two main features. At low temperatures an approximation to the usual Curie-Weiss decrease in $\ensuremath{\chi}$ with increasing $T$ is established, while above room temperature there is an abnormal paramagnetism, $\ensuremath{\chi}$ increasing with increasing $T$. The variations are continuous with respect to both concentration and temperature. Certain assumptions applied to the Curie-Weiss part of the curves lead to a magnetic moment per Ni atom in the lattice of 0.3 to 0.4 Bohr magnetons.
Sex Stimulant and Attractant in the Indian Meal Moth and in the Almond Moth

cis-9, trans-12-Tetradecadien-1-yl acetate was isolated from the female Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and the female almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). It is the major if not the sole component of the sex stimulatory and attractant pheromone of female Plodia. It is present in the pheromone of the female Cadra along with at least one synergist.
Quantitative Analysis of the T Cell Repertoire that Escapes Negative Selection

Abstract Mice expressing hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) as a transgene are unresponsive to immunization with the HEL protein. Profound tolerance was found even in situations where the amounts of I-A k -peptide complexes was 100 or less per APC. Among the few T cells that escaped tolerance, we did not observe differential responses to the different HEL epitopes, perhaps because of the very high sensitivity of the negative selection process. The same HEL transgenic mice that did not respond to HEL responded to immunization with the 46–61 peptide of HEL. These peptide-specific T cells that escaped negative selection belonged to a set that reacted with a particular conformer of the HEL peptide-I-A k (type B). The presence of type B reactive T cells should be considered in autoimmunity.
In vivo distributions of some component fractions of Tc(NaBH4)-HEDP mixtures separated by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography has been utilized to separate the component Tc-HEDP complexes of “carrier added” as well as “no carrier added” 99 m Tc(NaBH 4 )-HEDP reaction mixtures. The chromatographically separated “carrier added” Tc-HEDP components exhibit distinctly different biodistributions which are directly related to the chromatographic characteristics of the individual components. The Tc-HEDP complexes with shortest retention times, and therefore the lowest negative “charge density” have the maximum uptake on the bone, minimum uptake in the kidney, and fastest blood clearance.
Acute stress reactions following the assassination of Mexican presidential candidate Colosio

Considerable evidence suggests that exposure to traumatic events increases the risk of developing anxiety-spectrum disorders in response to later traumatization. We conducted a survey in Guadalajara, Mexico to assess factors associated with acute stress reactions to the assassination of a political figure. Participants included 86 adults who completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) and measures of the perceived impact of the assassination, exhibited emotional behavior following the assassination, and had exposure to a specific prior disaster (a gas pipeline explosion). The results suggest that acute stress reactions can occur in response to an assassination, and that those most susceptible are those most emotionally invested, those who engage in emotional behavioral responses, and those whose lives have been affected by a previous potentially traumatic event.
A terrain and cloud computer image generation model

A method is presented that produces a realistic simulation of terrain using source data from the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA). Spatially compact objects are presently modeled with some success at realism. Because terrain is large in extent it exhibits special problems. These problems include: data base size and generation, masking priority, and shading.An array of height values can be created from the DMA terrain file. Height is a single valued function of the array coordinate pair. The pair has implicit positional information. A masking priority algorithm is used which has no restriction on observer geometry. The algorithm searches the height array along the line of sight for the first visible position in the array. This approach requires no clipping or depth sorting of surface representations. The height array indices are used to access the pixel shade from a registered, orthonormal texture array. The use of texture provides a simple way to add nonlinear shading for a realistic representation with flexible data base generation.Atmospheric attenuation is a method used to increase realism. Methods are in use which produce haze or fog with constant attenuation. The line-of-sight search is used to produce realistic clouds with spatially variable attenuation.Terrain and clouds are adequately simulated using this method of modeling. The data structures of height and texture arrays are simple, easily generated, and make good use of storage resources. Resolving masking priority along the line of sight is a visible surface algorithm which has advantages over hidden surface algorithms. Realistic representations such as texture and atmospheric attenuation are used with some success.
The visionary task: Two sights-seeing

Abstract The essential feminist tension is dual vision, i.e. living in the world as men have fabricated it while creating the world as women imagine it could be. Dissociation from, assimilation to, and victimism in the world are three different forms of worldlessness to which women have been subject. All three militate against a vision of female friendship which locates women in the world. The author argues for a hopeful vision and reality of female friendship that avoids a misplaced optimism, shallow sentimentalism, and disillusioned pessimism about the possibilities of friendship among women.
Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice: in vitro comparison of light sources.

Summary: Phototherapy results in the conversion of bilirubin to more water-soluble isomers. Six clinically used phototherapy lamps which differ in their emission spectra have been compared in their ability to produce configurational and structural isomers of bilirubin in vitro. For all of the lamps, the initial rate of configurational isomerization was highly correlated (r = 0.969) with the intensity of irradiation falling within the bilirubin absorption band. The percentage of the total bilirubin converted to the configurational isomer at equilibrium was dependent upon the spectral distribution of the lamp, and was greatest (26.2 ± 1.3%) with the special blue lamp, which has a narrow spectral output centered at 445 nm. The rate of formation of the structural isomer, lumirubin, was generally dependent upon the intensity of irradiation within the bilirubin absorption band.
The social sub-optimality of competitive elections: comment

Buchler (Public Choice 133(3-4): 439–456, 2007) models elections as methods of making social choices among different options, and argues that increased electoral competition may produce inferior outcomes. However, competitive elections also play a role in affecting the behavior of candidates, and of elected officials in office. Once this role is recognized, competitive elections must be seen as a necessary (but not sufficient) ingredient in the production of socially-optimal government.
A systematic study of supersonic jet noise.

The acoustic fields for a rectangular and for an axisymmetric nozzle configuration are studied. Both nozzles are designed for identical flow parameters. It is tried to identify the dominant noise mechanisms. The other objective of the study is to establish scaling laws of supersonic jet noise. A shock tunnel is used in the investigations. Measured sound directivity, propagation direction of Mach waves obtained by shadowgraphs, and the slight dependence of the acoustic efficiency on the level of expansion indicate that Mach waves contribute significantly to the noise produced by a rectangular jet.
Intensely fluorescent dipyrrinones

Intense fluorescence from a new, more highly conjugated (benzannelated) xanthoglow analog, 9,11-dimethyl-10-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-5H,7H-pyrrolo[2',1':6,1]pyrimidino[3,4-a]isoindole-5,7-dione (1), was determined accurately and compared with fluorescence from the parent xanthoglow, 1-ethyl-8-[2-(methoxycarbonyl) ethyl]-2,7,9-trimethyl-3H,5H-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2',1'-f]pyrimidine-3,5-dione (2). Benzoxanthoglow (1) gave a quantum yield for fluorescence (Φ F ) of 0.78 in cyclohexane (λ e x c 412 nm, λ e m 487 nm), whereas xanthoglow methyl ester (2) gave Φ F = 0.80 in cyclohexane (λ e x c 410 nm, λ e m 473 nm). In DMSO, 1 gave Φ F = 0.55 (λ e x c 419 nm, λ e m 530 nm) and 2 gave Φ F = 0.65 (λ e x c 419 nm, λ e m 508 nm), illustrating the large Stokes shifts and strong fluorescence properties of these easily synthesized yellow pigments.
An empirical study of the use of the GOTO statement

Abstract This paper reports on the results of an empirical study on the use of the GOTO statement. A lack of empirical studies on this issue has been acknowledged [1–4]. In this experiment, a total of 311 Cobol programs were input to a Cobol program analyzer for analysis of GOTO usage. The data supplied by the analyzer was then used by SAS (Statistical Analysis System) for statistical analysis. The results of the analysis show that programs with incorrect output used more GOTOs than did programs with correct output. Also, the mean time to debug programs using GOTOs was considerably longer than the mean time to debug GOTO-less programs. There are significant (at the 0.01 level) positive linear and quadratic correlations between the number of GOTOs and debugging time. Furthermore, it is found that programs containing at least one GOTO statement had significantly more “bad performs” (a perform statement invoking paragraphs above, rather than below) than did the GOTO-less programs. Also, in terms of program style, on the average, programs containing at least one GOTO statement had a significantly higher number of mismatched IF-ELSEs, and a higher number of bad indents in True-False tasks, than did programs containing no GOTO statements.
A general solution of equations of equilibrium in linear elasticity

Abstract A general solution of equations of equilibrium in linear elasticity is presented in cylindrical coordinates in terms of three harmonic functions describing an arbitrary displacement field. The structure of this solution is similar to the general solution given by Love (Kelvin’s solution) in spherical coordinates. Galerkin vector representation of our solution leads to an integral connecting the harmonic functions. The connections to Papkovich–Neuber and Muki’s general representations are also provided. Suitable choices of the harmonic functions in our new representation yield general solutions for axisymmetric deformations due to Love, Boussinesq and Michell. Some unbounded deformations induced by singular forces are tabulated in terms of the scalar harmonic functions to justify the simple nature of our representation. Exact solution of the half-space boundary value problem is also provided to demonstrate the power of our approach. The stress components computed via our solution are also listed (see the Appendix).
Trout Leukocytes: Growth in Oxygenated Cultures

A reproducible method of culturing leukocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) has been found. Using an atmosphere of 100 percent oxygen, we stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes to divide at 19°C. Cultured cells were used for a karyological study; they had a modal chromosome number of 60 and a constant arm number of 104, a value previously reported for other tissues in these fish.
Black Bodies in Dance Education: Charting a New Pedagogical Paradigm to Eliminate Gendered and Hypersexualized Assumptions.

Abstract To resist and transform gendered and hypersexualized assumptions and attitudes that cloud interpretations and devalue readings of black and brown bodies, dance educators cannot only facilitate agency for their students, but also help demonstrate an overarching concern for social justice and equality. Dance has the power to transform and redirect energies, intellectually, emotionally, physically, and socially. As such, movement can suggest and facilitate a critical shift in the lexicon of dance pedagogy. Inherent in the dance medium is the ability to explore new territory, particularly culturally specific, personal, and community-identified terrain, in non-threatening ways and thus, cause human beings to pause in the moments when beliefs and assumptions are temporarily suspended. In these interludes lay the transforming power of dance. For dance educators, these cultivated moments facilitate the creation of a new paradigm that challenges and deconstructs dominant gendered and sexualized notions of...
Electrical stimulation and ultrasound in regional anesthesia

Nerve localization can be achieved by eliciting either a functional needle endpoint (e.g. mechanical paresthesia, motor response to electrical stimulation) or anatomical endpoint (e.g. periarterial injection, ultrasonographic imaging). The most widely used method to determine a functional endpoint is by the use of electrical nerve stimulation. Increasingly, ultrasonographic guidance is being used to determine anatomical endpoint in conjunction with or in place of electrical nerve stimulation. Peripheral nerve stimulation utilizes an oscillating square wave (pulse) of electrical current at a given frequency, current amplitude, and pulse duration that are very accurate in locating peripheral nerves. Nerve stimulation is very specific but has been lacking in sensitivity. Newer technology, including sequential electrical nerve stimulation, maintains the accuracy while increasing the sensitivity of this modality. Ultrasonographic guidance can also be very specific and sensitive for nerve location. Compared to electrical nerve stimulation, compact portable ultrasound units are much more expensive. To date, no differences have been shown in block success or complication rates between the two techniques. It is important to maintain proficiency in the use of both electrical nerve stimulation and ultrasonographic guidance for optimal practice and teaching of peripheral nerve or plexus anesthesia. Ideally both techniques may often be used in conjunction, enabling the practitioner and patient the benefits of each technique during simultaneous use.
Experiences with the QNST

The Denver Developmental Screening Test was ”positive“ in only 17 percent of children who were identified by physical examination to have organic neurological disorders, while 56 percent of those with neurologic disorders passed all four subtests of the DDST.Contrary to previous reports, young children in this study were able to perform successfully on the double simultaneous stimulation test with eyes closed. Only about one third of the group of children under five years of age failed the test. Overall, 36 percent of all children under six years of age failed the test. Of the 64 percent that were able to succeed with the test, 41 percent performed all items with no difficulty, and an additional 23 percent succeeded but showed some type of problem in doing so.
A Toxoplasma gondii phosphoinositide phospholipase C (TgPI-PLC) with high affinity for phosphatidylinositol

The Toxoplasma gondii phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gene (TgPI-PLC) was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli and its enzymatic characteristics were investigated. TgPI-PLC is present in the genome as a single-copy gene consisting of 22 exons interrupted by 21 introns, and encodes a polypeptide of 1097 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 121 kDa. In addition to the conserved catalytic X and Y domains, TgPI-PLC contains an apparent N-terminal PH domain, an EF hand motif and a C-terminal C2 domain. When compared with mammalian delta-type PI-PLC, TgPI-PLC has an additional extended N-terminus and two insertions in the region between the X and Y domains, with a 31-35% identity over the whole sequence. Recombinant TgPI-PLC, as well as the native enzyme obtained from crude membrane extracts of the parasite, was more active with phosphatidylinositol than with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as substrate. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis using an affinity-purified antibody against TgPI-PLC revealed that this enzyme localizes in the plasma membrane of the parasites.
PREDICTORS OF SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE IMPLANTATION FOR CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Percutaneous ventricular assist devices (PVADs) offer an important but resource-intensive option for management of cardiogenic shock (CS). Optimal selection of patients (pts) for PVAD support remains undefined. We investigated clinical characteristics associated with survival in pts receiving PVAD
Implementation and Test of the ACRITH Facility in a System/370

This paper covers some key aspects of the implementation and testing of the ACRITH (``High-Accuracy Arithmetic'') facility in the IBM 4361. It also includes a brief description of its definition in the IBM System/370 Architecture RPQ (IBM Publication SA22-7093). The ACRITH facility consists of five new floating-point operations with controlled rounding. Besides the four basic operations (+, ?, *, /) the scalar product of two vectors has been architectured. The theory and many details of this paper are neither bound to IBM System/370 architecture nor to hexadecimal number systems. They apply also to other architectures, for example binary or decimal.
Aromatase and 5α-reductase in the teleost brain, spinal cord, and pituitary gland ☆

The distribution of aromatase and 5α-reductase was investigated in the brain, spinal cord, and pituitary of adult goldfish (Carassius auratus) and toadfish (Opsanus tau) of both sexes. Tissue homogenates were incubated with [3H]androstenedione in the presence of an NADPH-generating system and, following validation of assay conditions, radiolabeled products (estradiol, estrone, 5α-androstanedione), were measured as an index of enzyme activity. Neuroendocrine tissue of both species produced exceptionally large amounts of estrogen, thus confirming previously observed differences between teleosts and other vertebrates. By contrast, 5α-reductase levels resembled the vertebrate norm. In general, aromatase was concentrated in the pituitary and various forebrain regions, especially the hypothalamus/preoptic area; however, estrogen yields from the medulla and anterior spinal cord of toadfish were high compared to adjacent midbrain, hindbrain, and cord regions. This same neural region in toadfish, but not in goldfish, is known to control a sex dimorphic behavior, the courtship boatwhistle. In contrast to aromatase, 5α-reductase was more uniformly distributed throughout the brain, although somewhat higher activity was obtained in the pituitary. High levels of aromatase in the neuroendocrine tissues of teleosts recommend them as animal models for further studying the enzyme, its regulation, and its role in governing androgen-dependent responses in central targets.
Magnetic field dependence of critical currents of single grain boundary junctions in Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / superconductor

The authors present data on the magnetic field dependence of critical currents in epitaxial films of Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / containing a single boundary. The data are obtained as a function of temperature, the orientation of the grain boundary, and magnetic fields of up to 5 T. A significant residual critical current is observed which increases with decreasing angle of misorientation at a given field and temperature. The data are in qualitative accord with a model in which the grain boundary comprises a large number of microbridges in parallel. >
Preliminary Validation of a Screening Tool for Adolescent Panic Disorder in Pediatric Primary Care Clinics.

This study examines the validity of a brief screening tool for adolescent panic disorder (PD) in a primary care setting. A total of 165 participants (ages 12–17 years) seen in two pediatric primary care clinics completed the Autonomic Nervous System Questionnaire (ANS; Stein et al. in Psychosomatic Med 61:359–364, 40). A subset of those screening positive (n = 22) and negative (n = 23) for panic symptoms on the ANS completed follow-up phone interviews assessing fit with DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder, self-reported anxiety and depression symptom severity, anxiety-related correlates, and functional impairment. A two-question version of the ANS demonstrated excellent sensitivity (Se = 1.00), but lower specificity (Sp = 0.47) for PD diagnostic status. Three-question and five-question versions modestly improved specificity (Sp = 0.57 and 0.65, respectively). In addition, screen-positive participants reported higher panic symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and functional impairment, relative to screen-negative participants. Preliminary results suggest the ANS may be a valid screening tool for PD among adolescents, while simultaneously being brief and easy to score. Replication with larger samples is recommended as one related future research endeavor.
Conservation of neuron number and size in entorhinal cortex layers II, III, and V/VI of aged primates

Past dogma asserted that extensive loss of cortical neurons accompanies normal aging. However, recent stereologic studies in humans, monkeys, and rodents have found little evidence of age-related neuronal loss in several cortical regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus. Yet to date, a complete investigation of age-related neuronal loss or size change has not been undertaken in the entorhinal cortex, a retrohippocampal structure essential for learning and memory. The aged rhesus macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta), a species that develops b-amyloid plaques and exhibits cognitive deficits with age, is considered the best commonly available model of aging in humans. In the present study, we examined changes in total neuron number and size in layers II, III, and V/VI of the intermediate division of the entorhinal cortex in aged vs. nonaged rhesus monkeys by using unbiased stereologic methods. Total neuron number was conserved in aged primates when compared with nonaged adults in entorhinal cortex layer II (aged 5 56,500 6 12,100, nonaged adult 5 48,500 6 10,900; P 5 0.37), layer III (aged 5 205,600 6 50,700, nonaged adult 5 187,600 6 60,300; P 5 0.66), and layers V/VI (aged 5 246,400 6 76,700, nonaged adult 5 236,800 6 69,600; P 5 0.87). In each of the layers examined, neuronal area and volume were also conserved with aging. This lack of morphologically evident neurodegeneration in primate entorhinal cortex with aging further supports the concept that fundamental differences exist between the processes of normal “healthy” aging and pathologic age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 422:396 ‐ 401, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: aging; rhesus monkey; stereology; memory; neurobiology
Effects of bicarbonate-containing versus lactate-containing peritoneal dialysis solutions on superoxide production by human neutrophils.

: Human neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and exposed to either bicarbonate-containing (pH 7.4) or lactate-containing (pH 5.2) peritoneal dialysis solution in vitro. Superoxide production by neutrophils was measured by a method based on the superoxide dis-mutase-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c. Bicarbonate-containing peritoneal dialysis solution was found to be superior to the lactate-containing one in facilitating the production of superoxide anion by human neutrophils.
Coalescence of multiple flaws in a rock-model material in uniaxial compression

A number of specimens made of gypsum with three and 16 flaws have been prepared and tested in compression. Results from these experiments are compared with observations from similar specimens with two flaws. The comparisons indicate that the cracking pattern observed in specimens with multiple flaws is analogous to the pattern obtained in specimens with two flaws. Two types of cracks initiate from the tips of the flaws: wing cracks and secondary cracks. Wing cracks are tensile cracks that initiate at an angle with the flaw and propagate in a stable manner towards the direction of maximum compression. Secondary cracks are shear cracks that initially propagate along their own plane in a stable manner. Two types of secondary cracks are possible: coplanar or quasi-coplanar, and oblique. As the load is increased, wing cracks propagate in a stable manner and secondary cracks may propagate in an unstable manner and produce coalescence, which occurs when two flaws are linked together. Nine types of coalescence have been observed, and each type is characteristic of a particular flaw geometry. The stresses at which wing and secondary cracks initiate and coalescence occurs strongly depend on the geometry of the flaws and on the number of the flaws; as the flaw inclination angle increases, the spacing increases, or the number of flaws decreases, initiation and coalescence stresses increase.
Oxidative Stability of Cholesterol‐Free Egg Lipid Fractions

Lipids were extracted from fresh egg yolk using hexane:isopropanol (3:2.v/v) and separated on a silicic acid column into triacylglycerol (TG), phospholipid (PL), cholesteryl ester and cholesterol fractions using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. TG and PL fractions were cholesterol-free. Oxidative stability at 35° C of crude lipids, TG, PL and combined TG + PL was evaluated over 12 days by measuring conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. PL and TG exhibited significantly higher oxidation than the crude lipids (alpha = 0.01). Combined TG + PL was not significantly different than the crude lipids (alpha = 0.01), showing much higher stability than individual TG or PL fractions.
US venture capital for biotechnology.

A survey of US venture capital funds investing in biotechnology shows that the poor economy did not deter VC investment in biotechnology in 2002, but it is unclear what looms ahead.
Top-loaded UWB monopole antenna for automotive applications

A novel low profile Ultra Wide Band (UWB) antenna is proposed. The antenna is constructed from a top loaded monopole cylinder to reduce its height and a shorting cylindrical post and a ground sleeve to significantly increase its bandwidth. The antenna has an operating frequency bandwidth of 125% and it covers frequencies from 700 MHz to 3000 MHz. It provides a uniform gain radiation pattern in the horizon direction. The design, simulation and measurements results are presented below.
Summit pushes efforts toward integrated Earth observation system

The development of an integrated, comprehensive, and sustained Earth observation system received an important boost when representatives of more than 30 nations and 22 multilateral agencies gathered for a summit on the issue on 31 July in Washington, D.C.
Photodiode Array Studies of near Infrared and Red Atomic Emissions of C, H, N, and O in the Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma

Preliminary qualitative multielemental inductively coupled plasma atomic spectra of C, H, N, and O are presented using a low dispersion, near infrared and red photodiode array spectrometer. Simple spectra of reasonable intensity are obtained with short (4 ms) integration times. Sensitivity and dispersion considerations are sharply contrasted with those conventionally associated with ultraviolet photodiode array spectra of metals in the inductively coupled plasma.
Small body surface gravity fields via spherical harmonic expansions

Conventional gravity field expressions are derived from Laplace’s equation, the result being the spherical harmonic gravity field. This gravity field is said to be the exterior spherical harmonic gravity field, as its convergence region is outside the Brillouin (i.e., circumscribing) sphere of the body. In contrast, there exists its counterpart called the interior spherical harmonic gravity field for which the convergence region lies within the interior Brillouin sphere that is not the same as the exterior Brillouin sphere. Thus, the exterior spherical harmonic gravity field cannot model the gravitation within the exterior Brillouin sphere except in some special cases, and the interior spherical harmonic gravity field cannot model the gravitation outside the interior Brillouin sphere. In this paper, we will discuss two types of other spherical harmonic gravity fields that bridge the null space of the exterior/interior gravity field expressions by solving Poisson’s equation. These two gravity fields are obtained by assuming the form of Helmholtz’s equation to Poisson’s equation. This method renders the gravitational potentials as functions of spherical Bessel functions and spherical harmonic coefficients. We refer to these gravity fields as the interior/exterior spherical Bessel gravity fields and study their characteristics. The interior spherical Bessel gravity field is investigated in detail for proximity operation purposes around small primitive bodies. Particularly, we apply the theory to asteroids Bennu (formerly 1999 RQ36) and Castalia to quantify its performance around both nearly spheroidal and contact-binary asteroids, respectively. Furthermore, comparisons between the exterior gravity field, interior gravity field, interior spherical Bessel gravity field, and polyhedral gravity field are made and recommendations are given in order to aid planning of proximity operations for future small body missions.
Starr‐Edwards valve thrombosis detected preoperatively by transesophageal echocardiography

A 31-year-old woman developed increasing signs of congestive heart failure 15 years following placement of a mitral Starr-Edwards mechanical valve. A preoperative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) demonstrated a large, obstructive valvular thrombus and the patient underwent successful reoperative valve replacement.
Highly Reliable and Manufacturable Ultrafine Pitch Cu–Cu Interconnections for Chip-Last Embedding With Chip-First Benefits

Flip-chip packaging of Ultrafine pitch integrated circuits aggravates the stress-strain concerns as the interconnection pitch is decreased, requiring a fundamentally different system approach to interconnections, underfill processes and interfaces, and the substrate. This paper demonstrates an innovative and manufacturable solution to achieve excellent reliability at Ultrafine pitch (~30 μm) using direct copper-copper (Cu-Cu) interconnections with adhesives. A number of 30-μm bump pitch test vehicles (TVs) were designed with 3 mm × 3 mm chips to extract both daisy chain resistance and single-bump resistance data. Assembled bump resistivity was found to be ~ 3-4× lower than most solders. Performance of these TVs was studied for high temperature storage (HTS) life test, unbiased-highly accelerated stress test (U-HAST) and thermal cycling test (TCT). Test results showed that the assemblies with this next generation interconnection technology depicted excellent reliability results in HTS, U-HAST, and TCT tests. Based on these results, it is concluded that adhesive materials, provide unique opportunities for Ultrafine pitch and high performance interconnections.
Drug-induced sleep endoscopy vs awake Müller's maneuver in the diagnosis of severe upper airway obstruction.

ObjectiveTo compare fiber-optic nasal endoscopy with Muller’s maneuver (FNMM) against drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) in diagnosing the presence of severe level-specific upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care academic center.Subjects and MethodsMedical records of all adult patients undergoing diagnostic DISE as part of their surgical evaluation were reviewed. Patients were included if they had undergone FNMM and had documented Friedman tongue position and tonsillar grade prior to DISE. Airway obstruction on both endoscopic procedures was described according to airway level and severity. Severe airway obstruction was defined as >75% collapse on endoscopy.ResultsFifty-three patients were included in this study. Fiber-optic nasal endoscopy with Muller’s maneuver and DISE did not differ significantly regarding the presence of severe retropalatal airway collapse. There was a statistically signif...
A conceptual analysis of information need

Abstract The necessary and sufficient conditions for saying that X has a need for certain information are identified. It is concluded that an information need is a condition in which certain information contributes to the achievement of a genuine or legitimate information purpose. Information need is a relationship which obtains between information and information purposes: it is not a psychological state. Implications for research and practice are drawn from the conceptual analysis.
Long-distance relationships and emergency medicine residency.

Abstract [Guldner GT. Long-distance relationships and emergency medicine residency. Ann Emerg Med. January 2001;37:103-106.]
In Vivo and in Vitro Analyses of Single-amino Acid Variants of the Salmonella enterica Phosphotransacetylase Enzyme Provide Insights into the Function of Its N-terminal Domain

Abstract The function of the N-terminal domain (∼350 residues) of the Pta (phosphotransacetylase) enzyme of Salmonella enterica is unclear. Results from in vivo genetic and in vitro studies suggest that the N-terminal domain of Pta is a sensor for NADH and pyruvate. We isolated 10 single-amino acid variants of Pta that, unlike the wild-type protein, supported growth of a strain of S. enterica devoid of Acs (acetyl-CoA synthetase; AMP-forming) activity on 10 mm acetate. All mutations were mapped within the N-terminal domain of the protein. Kinetic analyses of the wild type and three variant Pta proteins showed that two of the variant proteins were faster enzymes (kcat 2.5–3-fold > kcat PtaWT. Results from sedimentation equilibrium experiments are consistent with PtaWT being a trimer. Pta variants formed more hexamer than the PtaWT protein. NADH inhibited PtaWT activity by inducing a conformational change detectable by limited trypsin proteolysis; NADH did not inhibit variant protein PtaR252H. Pyruvate stimulated PtaWT activity, and its effect was potentiated in the variants, being most pronounced on PtaR252H.
Intermolecular radical CC bond formation: Synthesis of a novel dinucleoside linker for non-anionic antisense oligonucleosides

Abstract An efficient, stereoselective synthesis of a thymidine (T) nucleoside dimer (T-3'-Ch 2 NH-O-5'-T) 1 has been accomplished via an intermolecular radical reaction. The new dimer and methodology is useful for the development of backbone modified antisense oligonucleosides.