cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing display variability in wild brown anoles Anolis sagrei using a mechanical lizard model

Signals used for species identity ought to be highly stereotyped so as to facilitate immediate recognition by con- specifics. It is surprising therefore to find variability in putative species signature displays. The brown anole Anolis sagrei has a high degree of variability in its signature bobbing display. In this study we collected descriptive data on variability in the temporal structure of wild brown anole bobbing patterns, finding that no two displays analyzed had the same temporal structure, and we also tested whether wild brown anoles prefer the signature display over an alternate display pattern by using mechanical robot playbacks in the field. As a response metric we assessed whether or not the lizards showed social responses (pushup, dewlap ex- tension, or head-nod) in response to the robotic presentations. We found that the lizards responded slightly more to the signature than to the alternate pattern, providing support for the idea that despite the variability seen in displays, the signature pattern is meaningful to them. We tested two other independent variables: speed of the display and elevation of the robot during its display, neither of which was significant. Dewlap extensions were given predominantly by adult males and were more likely to be given in the breeding season than the nonbreeding season. Pushups and head-nods were given equally by males and a combined class of females and juveniles, and were not seasonal. Head-nods increased after the robot turned off, suggesting that they may be used in a conversational turn-taking style during communication (Current Zoology 57 (2): 140-152, 2011).
Australian education and rural-regional sustainability

This paper seeks to develop a case for (re)thinking education and sustainability with specific reference to rural Australia. It proposes a critical view of rural-regional sustainability, taking into account notions of bioregionality and ecosocial change. Two key points are made. One is the assertion that rural education as such is better reformulated as education for rural-regional sustainability. The other is the introduction of a reconceptualised view of public education, as explicitly embracing formal, informal and non-formal sectors, and considering schools therefore within a larger, more comprehensive view of educational practice addressed to the task of educating the public. Education thus understood is a crucial resource for developing informed, active citizenship and community regeneration in the Anthropocene age.
Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Decreases BDNF/TrkB Signaling and Increases Abnormal Behaviors Later in Life

Background: Cigarette smoke exposure during prenatal and early postnatal periods increases the incidence of a variety of abnormal behaviors later in life. The purpose of this study was to identify the possible critical period of susceptibility to cigarette smoke exposure and evaluate the possibe effects of cigarette smoke during early life on brain-derived neurotrophic factor/neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor B signaling in the brain. Methods: Three different age of imprinting control region mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or filtered air for 10 consecutive days beginning on either gestational day 7 by maternal exposure, or postnatal days 2 or 21 by direct inhalation. A series of behavioral profiles and neurotrophins in brain were measured 24 hours after mice received acute restraint stress for 1 hour on postnatal day 59. Results: Cigarette smoke exposure in gestational day 7 and postnatal day 2 produced depression-like behaviors as evidenced by significantly increased immobility in both tail suspension and forced-swim test. Increased entry latencies, but not ambulation in the open field test, were also observed in the gestational day 7 and postnatal day 2 cigarette smoke exposure groups. Genetic analysis showed that gestational day 7 cigarette smoke exposure significantly altered mRNA level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B in the hippocampus. However, behavioral profiles and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B signaling were not significantly changed in PND21 cigarette smoke exposure group compared with FA group. Conclusions: These results suggest that a critical period of susceptibility to cigarette smoke exposure exists in the prenatal and early postnatal period, which results a downregulation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B signaling in the hippocampus and enhances depression-like behaviors later in life.
The New Black's

The recently-released eighth edition of the venerable Black's Law Dictionary is the second edition to be completed under the editorship of Bryan Garner. This review examines Garner's claim that the dictionary has been thoroughly rewritten in light of modern lexicographic principles. It turns out the most recent editions of Black's do indeed represent a substantial improvement. For one thing, the newest version of the dictionary has benefited from being reviewed by a large array of legal experts. Moreover, as opposed to the previous practice of simply adding words to new editions, while retaining verbatim just about all previous entries and definitions, the seventh and eighth editions have begun to systematically revisit existing definitions, updating them where necessary and purging entries that are not really legal terminology. These points are illustrated by a close examination of the history of the word mitigation in the various editions of the dictionary, in light of the insidious impact that an earlier definition in Black's had on California death penalty law. The scope of the new Black's appears to be quite comprehensive, including terminology from the many subdisciplines of law, and also including a great deal of historical terminology as well as recent coinages. In fact, one aspect of its coverage (an appendix of legal maxims) arguably covers more territory than is really necessary. As to the definitions themselves, they have not only been reexamined, but have been organizationally improved by distinguishing information of an encyclopedic nature from the definitions proper. They also include citations and illustrative examples. Unlike the practice in earlier editions, however, most quotations in the new Black's come from secondary sources (treatises, hornbooks, etc.) rather than from statutes and judicial opinions. Garner and his staff will no doubt continue to improve future versions of the dictionary. So, the question for owners of previous editions is whether to upgrade now or wait for an even better dictionary to appear a few years down the road. Unlike new versions of software, which often add new features that you don't need and deprive you of old features you liked, there is no downside to buying the newest edition of Black's.
Metastable States of Re 180 , Ir 191 , Au 193 , Pb 201 , and Pb 203

Ten elements of atomic number between 60 and 82 have been bombarded with 31.5-Mev protons and examined for activities with half-lives between 0.5 and 200 seconds. None were observed in Sm, Ho, Tm, Lu, and Ta. Those produced in W, Ir, Pt, Au, and Tl were investigated with scintillation and proportional counters. Isotope assignments were made on the basis of excitation function studies. Observed were ${\mathrm{Re}}^{180m}$ (145 seconds), ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{141m}$ (4.9 seconds), ${\mathrm{Au}}^{193m}$ (3.9 seconds), ${\mathrm{Au}}^{195m}$ (31 seconds), ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197m}$ (7.4 seconds), ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{201m}$ (60 seconds), and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{203m}$ (6.7 seconds). Decay schemes are proposed and some regularities are discussed.
0216 Controlling healthy worker survivor bias of the radon-lung cancer dose-response in a cohort of uranium miners

Objectives Radon is a leading cause of lung cancer and is estimated to cause nearly 20 000 deaths per year in the United States. Studies of underground miners, who often were exposed to high concentrations of radon, have been used to estimate public health impacts of domestic radon exposure. The healthy worker survivor bias - a condition resulting when individuals in relatively good health tend to work longer and thus become more exposed than individuals in relatively poor health - may be influencing estimates of occupational radon impacts on lung cancer, but this bias has not been thoroughly explored. Method We implement G-estimation of a structural nested accelerated failure time model to adjust for time-varying confounding by employment history to partially control the healthy worker survivor bias in the Colorado Plateau uranium miners cohort. Results 615 miners in our cohort died of lung cancer. Assuming no time-varying confounding, we estimate a time ratio (95% confidence intervals) per 1000 working level months of exposure of 1.55 (1.53, 1.58), and 1.95 (1.86, 2.04) when to control healthy worker survivor bias, a relative increase of 126%. Estimates of the radon-associated excess cases were 118 under standard methods and 179 when we controlled for the healthy worker survivor bias. Conclusions There is evidence of a healthy worker survivor bias in standard analyses of the radon-lung cancer association in this cohort. The findings suggest need for further consideration of current estimates of the health impact of radon in occupational and environmental settings.
Influence of Clearance on the Dynamics of Chain CVT Drives

A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an emerging automotive transmission technology that offers a continuum of gear ratios between desired limits. The present research focuses on developing models to understand the influence of clearance on the dynamic performance of a chain CVT drive. Clearances may arise in such a CVT during the assembly process or during extensive continual operation of the system, which further leads to wear and failure of the system. A detailed planar multibody model of a chain CVT is developed in order to accurately capture the dynamics characterized by the discrete structure of the chain, which causes polygonal excitations in the system. A suitable model for clearance between the chain links is embedded into this multibody model of the chain CVT. Friction between the chain link and the pulley sheaves is modeled using continuous Coulomb approximation theory. The mathematical models, the computational scheme, and the results corresponding to different loading scenarios are discussed. The results discuss the influence of clearance parameters on the dynamic performance, the axial force requirements, and the torque transmitting capacity of a chain CVT drive.© 2006 ASME
Analysis of the characteristics of deaths caused by cerebrovascular diseases among residents in Jiangsu province druing 2003～2005

Objective:To explore the characteristics of cerebrovascular diseases which lead to death among residents of Jiangsu.Methods: The retrospective survey of causes of death was conducted for residents of Jiangsu according to the 'Third National Retrospective Survey Program for Cause of Death';meanwhile mortality of cerebrovascular diseases and its death distribution were analyzed during 2003~2005.Results: In 15 sampled counties,the mean crude and standardized mortality of cerebrovascular disease were 150.32 and 64.62 per 100 000,respectively.It accounted for 22.04% of total deaths,and ranked as the second leading cause of all deaths.The main subtype of cerebrovascular disease death was stroke.The ages over 60 years were high risk population.The mortality rate for females,the rural was higher than that for males,the urban,respectively.In winter,the proportion of cerebrovascular disease death was the highest.Conclusion: Cerebrovascular diseases have become a common disease which was severely hazardous to residents' life and heath in Jiangsu.There were significant differences in the distribution of the mortality by age,sex,geographic areas and season.The prevention and control measures should be taken actions to reduce cerebrovascular disease deaths.
Clinical Value of Color Doppler Ultrasound in Diagnosis of 180 Gynecologic and Obstetric Emergencies

Objective To explore the clinical value of color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of emergency gynecological and obstetric cases.Method One hundred and eighty emergency gynecological and obstetric patients hospitalized in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from January 2009 to January 2011 were enrolled into this study.Color Doppler ultrasonic examination characteristics of the patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results Comparison of the results of surgery and color ultrasonic diagnosis showed that there were 11 cases of rupture of corpus luteum(including 10 cases diagnosed and 1 case misdiagnosed),93 cases of ectopic pregnancy(including 89 cases diagnosed and 3 case misdiagnosed),26 cases of pelvic inflammatory mass(including 24 cases diagnosed and 2 case misdiagnosed),12 cases of hydatidiform mole(all the 12 cases were confirmed),and 20 cases of missed abortion(all the 20 cases were confirmed),and 6 cases of retained placenta(all the 6 cases were confirmed).Conclusions Ultrasonic diagnosis of emergency gynecological and obstetric cases shows the advantages of high accuracy,painlessness,simple operation,easy diagnosis and inexpensiveness.It is worthy of clinical application and popularization.
Early relapse following initial therapy for multiple myeloma predicts poor outcomes in the era of novel agents

Outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have improved in recent years owing to use of novel agents and high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). We analyzed the outcomes of 511 consecutive patients treated with novel therapies at our institution between 2006 and 2014 to determine the impact of relapse within 12 months of initiating treatment. A total of 82 patients (16.0%) experienced early relapse, with median time to relapse of 8.0 months (95% confidence interval (CI); 6.3, 8.9). Median overall survival (OS) was significantly worse for this group at 21.0 months (95% CI; 16.3, 27.2) vs not reached (NR) (95% CI; 96.3, NR) for those with late relapse (P<0.001). Survival outcomes remained poor among early relapse patients irrespective of depth of response to initial therapy. In multivariate analysis, low albumin and high-risk cytogenetics predicted early relapse. Outcomes of early relapse from early ASCT were also considered; median OS from ASCT for those relapsing within 12 months was 23.1 months (95% CI; 15.7, 32.4) vs 122.2 months (95% CI; 111.5, 122.2) for the remaining patients (P<0.001). Early relapse remains a marker of poor prognosis in the current era, and such patients should be targeted for clinical trials.
Laser Treatment of Lower Airway Stenosis

This article reviews the various laser techniques used in the endoscopic treatment of lower airway stenosis. The tests of lasers and laser settings used are presented along with the various success rates for the particular techniques. Also presented in this article are the criteria for differentiating those patients who are likely to have a good response to endoscopic techniques versus those patients who should have open techniques performed.
THE EMOTION OF CHILD AND ADULT

This chapter discusses the emotions of a child and an adult. Emotions are not only a product of learning through experiences from without, but also a product of maturation, that is, an unfolding of given potentialities. The young child projects his emotions upon all objects which surround him, making them a part of himself. After-effects of anger are almost twice as frequent and prolonged in children over the age of four as in children under four. The adult, who either knows what to expect or is accustomed to sudden changes, and whose activities are differentiated into many parts, is not so easily vulnerable to a break in continuity as is the child. The child lives in a state of fluidity, and the interruption of this stream evokes emotional explosive reactions. As the child identifies himself with all objects, and because of the mechanism of transfer by which a part of a stimulus may function for the whole, the range of stimuli capable of evoking emotions in the young child is much greater than in the adult.
Social Climate Science: A New Vista for Psychological Science.

The recent Paris Agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions, adopted by 195 nations at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, signaled unprecedented commitment by world leaders to address the human social aspects of climate change. Indeed, climate change increasingly is recognized by scientists and policymakers as a social issue requiring social solutions. However, whereas psychological research on intrapersonal and some group-level processes (e.g., political polarization of climate beliefs) has flourished, research into other social processes—such as an understanding of how nonpartisan social identities, cultural ideologies, and group hierarchies shape public engagement on climate change—has received substantially less attention. In this article, we take stock of current psychological approaches to the study of climate change to explore what is “social” about climate change from the perspective of psychology. Drawing from current interdisciplinary perspectives and emerging empirical findings...
Spectral Analysis of Bragg and Non-Bragg Orders in Dynamic Holography Using Photorefractive Materials

Interaction of Bragg and non-Bragg orders in a photorefractive material during two-beam coupling is studied by numerically solving the coupled differential equations for the angular plane wave spectra of all interacting orders.
Radiation-associated angiosarcoma in the setting of breast cancer mimicking radiation dermatitis: A diagnostic pitfall.

Background We have encountered cases of post-radiation angiosarcoma (PRAS) histologically mimicking radiation dermatitis. Methods Cases of PRAS from institutional/consultation archives from 2006 to 2016 were reviewed. For inclusion, tumors had to have inapparent/subtle tumor at low magnification and scattered individual tumor cells resembling radiation fibroblasts. Prior ancillary studies were reviewed, with additional immunostains performed as needed. Results 10 cases met criteria. All occurred in women treated for breast cancer (mean age 71 years). All had similar findings: in particular, scattered single atypical cells with pleomorphic nuclei associated with microscopic hemorrhage. They also had narrow, slightly wavy “worm-like” vascular channels lined by atypical endothelial cells that lacked architectural complexity. Four cases showed focal areas of more conventional angiosarcoma. One case was an excision of a large mass that showed the “radiation dermatitis-like” pattern radiating out from the central mass. All were positive for vascular markers (CD31, CD34, and/or ERG) and MYC. MYC amplification was demonstrated by FISH in both cases tested. In 3 of 3 cases with available re-excision specimens, more obvious angiosarcoma was seen. Conclusions PRAS can be very subtle and histologically mimic radiation dermatitis. Careful attention to histologic features and ancillary tests allow accurate diagnosis in subtle PRAS.
Language and Wholeness of Psyche

The dual hierarchy of language and cognition is glued by unconscious emotions of prosody. This mechanism is fundamental for understanding cognitive functions of music. Language differentiates consciousness, but our mind also requires synthesis, the feeling of being whole.
Eyelid: Frontalis Suspension

The frontalis suspension procedure is most commonly performed in cases of congenital ptosis with poor levator function (<5 mm) and in adults with poor levator function. Due to the high incidence of concurrent amblyopia, patients should have a thorough ophthalmologic evaluation prior to surgery including a cycloplegic refraction to screen for meridional amblyopia or other refractive errors. Occasionally severe amblyopia can develop due to mechanical obstruction of the pupil from the ptotic eyelid, and therefore more urgent surgery may be indicated. In adult patients, myasthenia gravis should be ruled out as a cause of ptosis prior to surgery. Patients should have been evaluated and deemed appropriate for such surgical intervention. The amount of suspension performed depends on a number of factors including the degree of ptosis, the amount of levator function, and the risk for postoperative exposure keratopathy. Both alloplastic and autologous materials can be used to associate the frontalis muscle to the eyelid (this chapter will focus on silicone). Patients (or the patient’s guardian) should have been educated about the risks and benefits of the procedure, including alternatives.
The ‘Compendia Tradition’ and Jean Fernel (1497–1559)

I consider how theoretical questions were treated in a textbook form which I call the compendium. The compendium had topics: on the materials of which living things were built, elements, temperaments, humours and the simple and composite parts; and the processes according to which they operated: heat, spirits and the soul.
“It’s Only the Major Product That We Care About in Organic Chemistry”: An Analysis of Students’ Annotations of Reaction Coordinate Diagrams

The purpose of this study was to analyze organic chemistry students’ annotations of reaction coordinate diagrams to better understand how they sought connections between reactions and reaction coordinate diagrams. Thirty-six students enrolled in Organic Chemistry II participated in semistructured, think-aloud interviews that asked students to choose a reaction coordinate diagram from a set of three possible diagrams to match a substitution reaction mechanism and then to match an elimination reaction mechanism. Students’ annotations of the reaction coordinate diagrams provided in the interviews, and in some cases additional reaction coordinate diagrams generated by the students themselves, were examined. Qualitative analyses indicated that half of the participants considered only the “major” species (reactant, intermediate, and product) to be encoded in reaction coordinate diagrams, whereas the rest of the reaction species (leaving groups, nucleophiles/bases, and solvent molecules) were omitted from their ...
Nutrition and oral infectious diseases: connections and future research

A workshop on nutrition and oral infectious diseases was held November 5-7, 2000 at the Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The goal of the symposium was to review the current state-of-the-science with regard to nutrition and oral infectious diseases (particularly periodontitis) and then connect the disciplines of nutrition, microbiology, immunology, and clinical periodontology through a comprehensive list of recommendations for future research. The workshop featured five scientific sessions (oral infections and general health, research models, nutrition and infection, nutrition and oral infection, and nutrition, oral health, and life cycle). An agenda with the complete list of speakers together with the recommendations can be found at http://www.forsyth.org/nutrition/recommendations.htm. A brief summary of the workshop is presented in this article.
Novel Antimycobacterial Drugs and Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the etiological agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and is considered the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. Consequently, several new drugs with a variety of targets as well as host-directed therapies (HDTs) are being explored for TB treatment such as new antimicrobials, COX inhibitors, antioxidants, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, etc. HDTs are being researched as potential targets for alleviating cellular damage as well as limiting disease progression. Therefore, HDTs are usually subdivided into two separate categories pertaining to TB: increasing the patient’s antimicrobial immune activity and reducing damaging inflammation. Correspondingly, biomarkers that delineate between host and bacterial characteristics are thus vital for understanding the specific in vivo functionality of these antimicrobial drugs.
Analysis of Wide-Neck Aneurysms in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial.

BACKGROUND Ruptured wide-neck aneurysms (WNAs) are difficult to treat and few publications have compared clipping to coiling. OBJECTIVE To determine, using Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) data: (1) How many aneurysms had a wide neck? (2) Did wide-neck status influence treatment? (3) How did clipping compare to coiling for WNAs? METHODS A post hoc analysis was conducted of saccular WNAs in the BRAT. A WNA was defined as maximum neck width ≥ 4 mm or maximum aneurysm dome-diameter-to-neck-width ratio < 2. Both intent-to-treat and as-treated analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the 327 patients analyzed, 177 (54.1%) had a WNA. WNAs were more likely to occur in older patients (P = .03) with worse presenting clinical grade (P = .02), were more likely to arise from the middle cerebral artery, basilar tip, or internal carotid artery other than the junction with the posterior communicating artery (P = .001) and were associated with worse clinical outcomes at all time points (P ≤ .01). WNAs were equally distributed in assigned treatment groups (clip 56.6% vs coil 51.8%; P = .38), but were overrepresented in the actual clipping group (clip 62.4% vs coil 37.6%, P < .001). Most patients (76.7%) in the coil-to-clip crossover group had a WNA. Comparing clipping to coiling, there was no difference in clinical outcomes at any time point in either analysis (P ≥ .33). The aneurysm obliteration rate was lower (P < .001) and the retreatment rate higher (P < .001) in the actual coiling group. CONCLUSION Wide-neck status significantly impacted treatment strategy in the BRAT, favoring clipping. Clipping and coiling of ruptured WNAs resulted in statistically similar long-term clinical outcomes. 10.1093/neuros/nyy439 Video Abstract 10.1093.neuros.nyy439 5850292551001.
DOES NON-INVASIVE CARDIAC OUTPUT MONITORING (NICOM) CORRELATE WITH STANDARD INVASIVE HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE?

Cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI) measured by pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) are used to diagnose cardiogenic shock (CS) and monitor response to therapies. Indirect Fick and Thermodilution are generally considered the “gold standard” for measurements of CO and CI. Non-invasive Cardiac
Microfluidics-based separation of actinium-225 from radium-225 for medical applications

Separation of 225Ra (t1/2 = 15 d) from its daughter isotope 225Ac (t1/2 = 10 d) is necessary to obtain pure 225Ac for cancer alpha-therapy. In this study, microscale separation of 225Ra from its da...
Efficient sub-optimal temporal decomposition with dynamic weighting of speech signals for coding applications.

The Optimized Temporal Decomposition (OTD) technique for Line Spectral Frequencies (LSF) speech envelope representation, under a MMSE criterion, has been shown to be promising for very low bit rate speech coding for storage and broadcast applications. In order to improve perceptual speech quality, a dynamically weighted OTD (DW-OTD) technique is introduced in this work. It extends the OTD by allowing temporally changing weights, so as to improve the perceived speech quality. Use of Gardner's weighted MSE with DWOTD is found to reduce the Log Spectral Distance (LSD) measure by 0.3 dB, as compared to OTD. The original OTD algorithm delay and complexity requirements make it inappropriate for real-time speech coding. In this paper we also introduce a modification of this technique, which is suboptimal but suitable for on-line speech coding purposes, with negligible degradation of performance (of only about 0.06 dB in LSD). With the proposed techniques we were able to encode speech spectral envelopes at 300-370 bps at LSD of 2.25-2.1 dB, respectively, with a delay of just 7 frames.
“Labor is Noble and Holy”: Ironic Inclusion and Exclusion in the Knights of Labor, 1885-1890

During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor united most workers regardless of craft or trade. They also organized African American workers and women. This essay uncovers how the Knights maintained unity...
The role of prices and network effects in the growth of the iPhone platform

Abstract In this paper we examine the roles played by prices, direct network effects, and indirect network effects in driving the growth of devices and apps on the iPhone platform. With long time series of high-frequency data, we estimate several econometric models and conduct various sensitivity exercises. Unlike prior studies on the subject, we model direct network effects in an explicit manner. The key conclusions we draw are: first, the three dimensions of the platform (prices, direct network effects, and indirect network effects) have had an impact in terms of encouraging the growth of iPhones and apps; and second, on the devices side, direct network effects and prices have been more important than indirect network effects, whereas on the apps side, indirect network effects have had a relatively stronger impact. In short, the impact of phones on apps has been relatively more substantial than the impact of apps on phones.
Lupus auto-antibodies act as positive allosteric modulators at NMDA receptors and induce spatial memory deficits

ABSTRACT Patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experience various peripheral and central nervous system manifestations including spatial memory impairment. A subset of auto-antibodies (DNRAbs) cross-react with the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). We find that these DNRAbs act as positive allosteric modulators on NMDARs with GluN2A-containing NMDARs, even those containing a single GluN2A subunit, exhibiting a much greater sensitivity to DNRAbs than those with exclusively GluN2B. Accordingly, GluN2A-specific antagonists provide greater protection from DNRAb-mediated neuronal cell death than GluN2B antagonists. Using transgenic mice to perturb expression of either GluN2A or GluN2B in vivo, we find that DNRAb-mediated disruption of spatial memory characterized by early neuronal cell death and subsequent microglia-dependent pathologies requires GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Our results indicate that GluN2A-specific antagonists or negative allosteric modulators are strong candidates to treat SLE patients with nervous system dysfunction.
Spindle pole bodies function as signal amplifiers in the Mitotic Exit Network.

The signal transduction cascade, known as the mitotic exit network (MEN), detects nuclear position by scaffolding its GTPase onto the spindle pole body that moves into the daughter cell during anap...
Psychologism and Cognitive Intuition

Husserl’s critique of psychologism is more decisive and more complete than that of Frege and his followers, because it is founded upon a convincing rehabilitation of cognitive intuition. His extensive comments on psychologism in the Prolegomena to the Logical Investigations put forward essentially the same arguments that Frege had already made about psychologism’s self-refuting relativism. However, his more original contributions on the topic are to be found in subsequent passages from the Investigations, which develop a powerful criticism of British empiricism, and offer a positive account of how cognitive intuition founds the differentiation of sense from reference. Before considering Husserl’s texts, let us first sketch the philosophic developments leading up to the modem denigration of intuitive rationality.
Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

The opsono-adherence assay is a functional assay that enumerates the attachment of bacterial pathogens to professional phagocytes. Because adherence is requisite to phagocytosis and killing, the assay is an alternative method to opsono-phagocytic killing assays. An advantage of the opsono-adherence assay is the option of using inactivated pathogens and mammalian cell lines, which allows standardization across multiple experiments. The use of an inactivated pathogen in the assay also facilitates work with biosafety level 3 infectious agents and other virulent pathogens. In our work, the opsono-adherence assay was used to assess the functional ability of antibodies, from sera of animals immunized with an anthrax capsule-based vaccine, to induce adherence of fixed Bacillus anthracis to a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Automated fluorescence microscopy was used to capture images of bacilli adhering to macrophages. Increased adherence was correlated with the presence of anti-capsule antibodies in the serum. Non-human primates that exhibited high serum anti-capsule antibody concentrations were protected from anthrax challenge. Thus, the opsono-adherence assay can be used to elucidate the biological functions of antigen specific antibodies in sera, to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine candidates and other therapeutics, and to serve as a possible correlate of immunity.
Primum non nocere - Are chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine safe prophylactic/treatment options for SARS-CoV-2 (covid-19)?

ABSTRACT Chloroquine (CQ) and its analog hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were recently included in several clinical trials as potential prophylactic and therapeutic options for SARS-COV-2 infection/covid-19. However, drug effectiveness in preventing, treating, or slowing the progression of the disease is still unknown. Despite some initial promising in vitro results, rigorous pre-clinical animal studies and randomized clinical trials have not been performed yet. On the other hand, while the potential effectiveness of CQ/HCQ is, at best, hypothetical, their side effects are factual and most worrisome, particularly when considering vulnerable groups of patients being treated with these drugs. in this comment, we briefly explain the possible mechanisms of action of CQ/HCQ for treating other diseases, possible actions against covid-19, and their potent side effects, in order to reinforce the necessity of evaluating the benefit-risk balance when widely prescribing these drugs for SARS-COV-2 infection/covid-19. We conclude by strongly recommending against their indiscriminate use.
Implementation of Visual-Only Swine Inspection in the European Union: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned.

ABSTRACT Consumption of contaminated meat and poultry products is a major source of foodborne illness in the United States and globally. Meat inspection procedures, established more than 100 years ago to detect prevailing food safety issues of the time and largely harmonized around the world, do not effectively detect modern hazards and may inadvertently increase food safety risks by spreading contamination across carcasses. Visual-only inspection (VOI) is a significantly different, modernized meat inspection system that is data driven and minimizes physical manipulation of the carcass during inspection. It was developed based on scientific evidence and risk assessment and aims to better control current food safety hazards. In 2014, the European Union (EU) became the first supranational government in the world to require VOI for all swine herds slaughtered in member states that met certain epidemiologic and animal rearing conditions. Here, we review the implementation of this new inspection system with the goal of informing similar modernization efforts in other countries and for other commodities beyond pork. This article reports the results of a literature review and interviews conducted with nine experts in 2018 on the implementation of the EU's 2014 VOI regulation. Challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned about the implementation of the regulation are described for audiences interested in adapting inspection procedures to prevent and detect modern food safety hazards. Overall, implementation of VOI varies within and across member states, and among slaughterhouses of different sizes. This variation is due to disease risk patterns, supply chain conditions, and trade barriers. Before transitioning to a similar risk-based meat inspection system, other countries should consider the following: science-based research agendas to identify what food chain information best predicts herd health and foodborne hazards, regulatory system design that accurately reflects local hazards, and development of targeted VOI educational materials. HIGHLIGHTS
Analysis of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Terrain and Sedimentary Deposits in Valle Soler, Northern Patagonia Icefield

Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) pose an increasing hazard to communities living downstream of glaciated areas of the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI). The proliferation of GLOF events poses a...
Intersecting Identities and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury among Youth

Recent research suggests that intersecting marginalized identities may be important in explaining suicide-related mental health disparities. However, inconsistent findings have emerged regarding no...
Predictive Significance of Serum Interferon-Inducible Protein Score for Response to Treatment in Systemic Sclerosis-Related Interstitial Lung Disease.

OBJECTIVE Response to immunosuppression is highly variable in systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related interstitial lung disease (ILD). This study was undertaken to determine whether a composite serum interferon (IFN)-inducible protein score exhibits predictive significance for the response to immunosuppression in SSc-ILD. METHODS Serum samples collected in the Scleroderma Lung Study II, a randomized controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclophosphamide (CYC), were examined. Results were validated in an independent observational cohort receiving active treatment. A composite score of 6 IFN-inducible proteins IFNγ-inducible 10-kd protein, monokine induced by IFNγ, monocyte chemotactic protein 2, β2 -microglobulin, tumor necrosis factor receptor type II, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3β) was calculated, and its predictive significance for longitudinal forced vital capacity percent predicted measurements was evaluated. RESULTS Higher baseline IFN-inducible protein score predicted better response over 3 to 12 months in the MMF arm (point estimate = 0.41, P = 0.001) and CYC arm (point estimate = 0.91, P = 0.009). In contrast, higher baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were predictive of a worse ILD course in both treatment arms. The predictive significance of the IFN-inducible protein score and CRP levels remained after adjustment for baseline demographic and clinical predictors. During the second year of treatment, in which patients in the CYC arm were switched to placebo, a higher IFN-inducible protein score at 12 months showed a trend toward predicting a worse ILD course (point estimate = -0.61, P = 0.068), while it remained predictive of better response to active immunosuppression in the MMF arm (point estimate = 0.28, P = 0.029). The predictive significance of baseline IFN-inducible protein score was replicated in the independent cohort (rs = 0.43, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION A higher IFN-inducible protein score in SSc-ILD is predictive of better response to immunosuppression and could potentially be used to identify patients who may derive the most benefit from MMF or CYC.
Citizenship Diversified: Bali-Hindu Customary Institutions and Democratization

Customary citizenship practices and their implications for contemporary citizenship and democratization remain under-recognized. Recent contributions to Citizenship Studies expand the study of citi...
Rappaccini’s Queer Daughter: Gender Non-Conformity in “Rappaccini’s Daughter”

Giovanni’s and Beatrice’s journeys begin and end with Rappaccini and his garden where, among his cultivated flora, they find sexuality and dangerous gender non-conformity. Andrew Owens posits sexua...
Approximate Divider Design Based on Counting-Based Stochastic Computing Division

Stochastic computing (SC) promises extremely low cost and energy efficiency for error-tolerant arithmetic operations in many emerging applications such as image processing and deep neural networks. Existing SC-based nonlinear functions like division, however, require highly correlated bit-streams, which does not fit well with the existing SC computing framework in which randomness is required for accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel SC-based divider design based on recently proposed counting-based stochastic computing scheme, which is much more accurate and faster than traditional SC, and does not depend on randomness of bit-streams for accuracy. We show how such counting-based SC can be applied to nonlinear functions like division. The new divider, called counting-based divider, or CBDIV, exploits both the correlation requirement of existing SC-based division methods and high efficiency of counting-based SC scheme. It essentially combines the best of two worlds in SC and the resulting division operation can be performed as a more efficient partial counting process. Experimental results show that the proposed CBDIV implemented in a 32nm technology node outperforms state of art works by 77.8% in accuracy, 37.1% in delay, 21.5% in area, 50.6% in ADP (area delay product) and 25.9% in power. CBDIV also saves 31.9% in energy consumption when compared to the fixed-point division baseline, and is much more energy efficient than existing SC-based dividers for binary inputs and outputs required in efficient image process implementations. Furthermore, CBDIV with 5-bit precision can even outperform state of art works with 7-bit precision in accuracy by 15.4%. Finally, we compare CBDIV with other state of art SC dividers in contrast stretch application and show that CBDIV can improve the accuracy with 20.6dB in average, which is a huge improvement.
Deep ultraviolet distributed Bragg reflectors based on graded composition AlGaN alloys

Distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with peak reflectivity at approximately 280 nm, based on compositionally graded AlxGa1−xN alloys, were grown on 6H-SiC substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. DBRs with square, sinusoidal, triangular, and sawtooth composition profiles were designed with the transfer matrix method. The crystal structure of these DBRs was studied with high-resolution x-ray diffraction of the ( 1¯015) reciprocal lattice point. The periodicity of the DBR profiles was confirmed with cross-sectional Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. The peak reflectance of these DBRs with 15.5 periods varies from 77% to 56% with corresponding full width at half maximum of 17–14 nm. Coupled mode analysis was used to explain the dependence of the reflectivity characteristics on the profile of the graded composition.
What is meant by Global Marketing

The global approach to international marketing put forth by Theodore Levitt, a prolific and respected leader in marketing thought, flies in the face of conventional international marketing wisdom. This approach, which is interpreted as the application of the same strategy and tactics all over the world, is examined in light of the significant differences between various cultures.
Multiple estrogen receptor subtypes influence ingestive behavior in female rodents

Postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular-related diseases. This is attributable, at least in part, to loss of the ovarian hormone estradiol, which inhibits food and fluid intake in humans and laboratory animal models. Although the hypophagic and anti-dipsogenic effects of estradiol have been well documented for decades, the precise mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. An obvious step toward addressing this open question is identifying which estrogen receptor subtypes are involved and what intracellular processes are involved. This question, however, is complicated not only by the variety of estrogen receptor subtypes that exist, but also because many subtypes have multiple locations of action (i.e. in the nucleus or in the plasma membrane). This review will highlight our current understanding of the roles that specific estrogen receptor subtypes play in mediating estradiol's anorexigenic and anti-dipsogenic effects along with highlighting the many open questions that remain. This review will also describe recent work being performed by our laboratory aimed at answering these open questions.
On a class of sublinear quasilinear elliptic problems

We establish existence and multiplicity of positive solutions to the quasilinear boundary value problem div(|⊇u| p-2 ⊇ u ) = -λf(u) in Ω, u = 0 on ∂Ω, where Ω is a bounded domain in R n with smooth boundary ∂Ω, f: [0, ∞) → R is continuous and p-sublinear at ∞, and A is a large parameter.
Sevoflurane for controlled hypotension during spinal surgery: preliminary experience in five adolescents

The physical properties of sevoflurane suggest that it may be a suitable agent for controlled hypotension. With its low blood:gas partition coefficient of 0.69, it has a rapid onset of action making it easy to rapidly control blood pressure. The current report outlines preliminary experience with sevoflurane for controlled hypotension during posterior spinal fusion in five adolescents. The patients ranged in age from 12 to 16 years and in weight from 49 to to 72kg. The duration of controlled hypotension varied from two to three h. The expired sevoflurane concentration required to maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 55 to 65 mmHg varied from 2 to 4%. With sevoflurane, there was an increase in heart rate from baseline of 74 +/- 7 beats.min-1 to a maximum of 83 +/- 13 beats.min-1 (P = 0.038). One patient required three intravenous doses of esmolol (10mg each) for a heart rate in excess of 100 beats.min-1. Estimated blood loss varied from 300 to 850 ml. No patient received homologous blood. No excessive hypotension was noted with sevoflurane. No patient required calcium, alpha adrenergic agonists, or ephedrine for excessive hypotension. When controlled hypotension was no longer necessary, the sevoflurane concentration was decreased to 1%. After decreasing the sevoflurane to 1%, the time to return of the MAP to baseline varied from 4 to 8 min (5.6 +/- 1.8 min).
Isolation and Mapping of t Gene Mutants of Bacteriophage T4D

A procedure for selective isolation of T4 t mutants is described. At 120 min after infection of Escherichia coli cells with a low multiplicity of T4 bacteriophage, the mixture was sedimented through a linear sucrose gradient, and infected cells that remained intact were collected as the fastest sedimenting fraction. Ten to 50% of the phage released by chloroform treatment of this fraction were t mutants. Collection of a high proportion of t mutants depended on efficient elimination of cells that would survive because of superinfection lysis inhibition. This was accomplished by early addition of anti-T4 serum and heat-killed cells to inactivate progeny wild-type phage released at the normal burst time. Of 85 t mutants that were isolated and mapped, 23 new mutations were found, 14 of which are suppressible by an rII mutation and 9 of which are suppressible by rII or amber suppressors. Two hot-spot sites for spontaneous mutations were found; 14 mutants at one site, represented by a frameshift mutation, and 12 mutants at a second site were obtained from 39 spontaneous mutants independently isolated from different parental plaques. On our map of the t gene, the distance between the farthest t mutations is 6% recombination. A nonreverting triple t mutant, constructed to contain a frameshift mutation between two amber mutations, exhibited the same t mutant phenotype observed with revertible t mutants.