cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Methods for Introducing Materials Directly into the Abomasum of Yearling Cattle

Abstract Procedures for introducing a nonabsorbed marker directly into the abomasum were evaluated with 10- to 22-month-old cattle. Excretions of 141 Ce surgically placed into the abomasum and 141 Ce placed by gelatin capsule into the rumen of the same animals were compared in eight animal trials. Cerium-144, which began its passage from the abomasum, was almost entirely voided within 30 hr, whereas some 141 Ce excretion still occurred after 100 hr. Times required for 5, 50, and 90% excretions averaged 15, 18, and 23 hr for abomasal 144 Ce doses and 26, 43, and 90 hr for rumen 141 Ce doses. Comparison of excretion patterns in other experiments with those described above showed whether a dose entered the abomasum or the rumen. Swabbing the animal's throat with dilute copper sulfate before dosing by syringe diverted very little of the dose to the abomasum. When radiocerium in milk or water at 37 or 18C was suckled from nipple pails, it entered the abomasum. Gelatin capsules also entered the abomasum when administered immediately after suckling and followed by additional suckling.
Solutions of Laplace's equation in two dimensions with a curved longitudinal axis☆

Abstract We derive a set of functions which satisfies Laplace's equation in two dimensions x and y, when the longitudinal or z axis has a constant but nonzero curvature. The functions generalize the Fourier harmonics of the standard two-dimensional multipole expansion. Both the electrostatic scalar potential and the magnetic vector potential, and the electric and magnetic fields, are treated. Recursion relations are also supplied, in a form suitable for use in a computer program, to evaluate the multipoles to arbitrary order. A comparison with other work in the field is also presented.
Spectra and a global source of gravity waves for the middle atmosphere

Abstract A brief review is given of gravity wave spectra observed in the middle atmosphere and their variation with height and latitude. Examined is the extent to which the observed height variation of F(m,z), the vertical wavenumber spectrum of velocity at height z and wavenumber m, can be explained by the observed source in the lower atmosphere. The near uniformity of F(m,z) around the globe at fixed z is attributed to saturation in combination with the “global” source (of gravity waves). To account for the origin of this source, a conjecture is made regarding two-dimensional turbulence cascade in the lower atmopshere and the relation of this cascade to the frequency spectrum of gravity waves observed in the middle atmosphere. Pointed out is the relation of observed “smooth” spectra to daily and hourly occurrences of quasi-monochromatic waves, as well as the possibility that middle atmospheric waves be viewed as a “fossil” turbulence (in our case and upward propagation from a region of active turbulence to a region of inactive turbulence). Experiments are suggested to determine quantitative aspects of the global (such as its coherence length along a meridian).
Pulmonary toxicity, distribution, and clearance of intratracheally instilled silicon nanowires in rats

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are being manufactured for use as sensors and transistors for circuit applications. The goal was to assess pulmonary toxicity and fate of Si NWusing an in vivo experimental model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with 10, 25, 50, 100, or 250 µg of Si NW (∼20-30nm diameter; ∼2-15 µm length). Lung damage and the pulmonary distribution and clearance of Si NW were assessed at 1, 3, 7, 28, and 91 days after-treatment. Si NW treatment resulted in dose-dependent increases in lung injury and inflammation that resolved over time. At day 91 after treatment with the highest doses, lung collagen was increased. Approximately 70% of deposited Si NW was cleared by 28 days with most of the Si NW localized exclusively in macrophages. In conclusion, Si NWinduced transient lung toxicity which may be associated with an early rapid particle clearance; however, persistence of Si NWover time related to dose or wire length may lead to increased collagen deposition in the lung.
Neutron scattering from fractals

We describe briefly the concept of fractal dimension as applied to both mathematical and statistical fractals. We then discuss the scattering of radiation from fractals and describe the results of small angle neutron scattering studies of the aggregation of small particles in fractal clusters.
Chiral dynamics of the low energy kaon-baryon interactions

The processes involving ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p,KN,\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\eta},\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\eta}$ coupled channels are studied in the nonperturbative chiral approach. An effective potential is constructed using a chiral meson-baryon Lagrangian at lowest order. This potential is iterated to all orders with the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. A reasonable fit of the experimental data is obtained. It is pointed out, however, that due to a strong sensitivity of the results to the value of the cutoff, such an approach should be viewed as a rather phenomenological way to fit the experimental data since there is no small expansion parameter allowing for truncation of the chiral expansion of the effective potential at some given order. A possible way to construct the consistent chiral expansion is briefly discussed.
A seven-year northern sky survey of Ap stars for rapid variability

A high-speed photometric survey of 120 Ap stars in the northern sky, has been conducted, between 1985 and 1991, in order to search for rapid variability. Stars of spectral types, namely from B8 to F4, have been selected for the survey. The selected pulsational variable stars occupy the hotter regions of the instability strip of the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram. Noted is the absence of pulsations in the hotter B8-A3 Ap stars; this does not, however, preclude the existence of pulsations, since HD 218495 was recently discovered to be a rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star. The primary result of this study is that various combinations of photometric indices, while pointing towards roAp stars having the characteristic signatures of cool, SrCrEu stars, still fail to isolate the roAp phenomenon from similar nonpulsating Ap stars. Color-magnitude and color-color diagrams are presented in order to complete this survey.
Effect of surface geometry and orientation on laminar natural convection heat transfer from a vertical flat plate with transverse roughness elements

Abstract An interferometric technique was used to determine local heat transfer coefficients for surfaces with repeated ribs and steps. The effects of parameters such as protuberance height-to-spacing ratio, conductivity of ribs, and angle of inclination were studied. It was found that heat transfer enhancement, relative to a plain vertical surface of equal projected area, was possible in laminar natural convection using transverse roughness elements of proper size and shape. In general, the stepped surfaces helped improve the heat transfer. The maximum increase in average heat transfer coefficient was 23.2% with a step pitchto-height ratio of 16. The study indicated the presence of an optimum step pitch-to-height ratio. All of the ribbed surfaces resulted in degraded heat transfer performance.
Atomistic simulations of fatigue crack growth and the associated fatigue crack tip stress evolution in magnesium single crystals

Abstract Using Large-scale Atomic Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS), a classical molecular dynamics code, atomistic simulations were performed to investigate the fatigue crack growth rate and the evolution of the associated atomic stress fields near the crack tip during fatigue crack growth in magnesium single crystals. The interatomic bonds of atoms were described using the EAM potential. The specimens with initial edge cracks were subjected to uniaxial Mode I cyclic loading. For the sake of revealing the influence of the initial cracks’ crystal orientations, three different orientations were considered. The fatigue growth rate can be expressed by da/dN = c CTOD, where the values of constant c are determined by the atomistic simulations. Notably, the values of the constant c are much larger for magnesium single crystals than for FCC single crystals and vary widely from one orientation to another. The simulation results show that the evolution of atomic stress fields was highly dependent on the crystal orientations due to anisotropy and magnesium single crystals’ HCP structure. Interestingly, the von Mises stress or normal stress around the crack tip controlled the fatigue crack growth behaviors.
Effect of node size on the performance of cache-conscious B+-trees

In main-memory databases, the number of processor cache misses has a critical impact on the performance of the system. Cache-conscious indices are designed to improve performance by reducing the number of processor cache misses that are incurred during a search operation. Conventional wisdom suggests that the index's node size should be equal to the cache line size in order to minimize the number of cache misses and improve performance. As we show in this paper, this design choice ignores additional effects, such as the number of instructions executed and the number of TLB misses, which play a significant role in determining the overall performance. To capture the impact of node size on the performance of a cache-conscious B+ tree (CSB+-tree), we first develop an analytical model based on the fundamental components of the search process. This model is then validated with an actual implementation, demonstrating that the model is accurate. Both the analytical model and experiments confirm that using node sizes much larger than the cache line size can result in better search performance for the CSB+-tree.
A Schiff Base with Mildly Oxidized Carbohydrate Ligands Stabilizes L-selectin and not P-selectin or E-selectin Rolling Adhesions in Shear Flow

Selectins are a family of lectins, that mediate tethering and rolling of leukocytes on endothelium in vascular shear flow. Mild periodate oxidation of the L-selectin ligand CD34, or L-selectin ligands on leukocytes, enhanced resistance to detachment in shear and decreased rolling velocity equivalent to an 8-fold increase in ligand density, yet had little effect on the rate of tethering. Enhanced interactions were also seen with mildly oxidized sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx glycolipids. Enhancement was completely reversed by borohydride reduction, yielding a strength of interaction equivalent to that with the native ligands. No effect on the strength of P-selectin and E-selectin interactions was seen after mild oxidation of their ligands. Completeness of modification of sialic acid by mild periodate was verified with monoclonal antibody to sialyl Lewisx-related structures and resistance to neuraminidase. The addition of cyanoborohydride to leukocytes rolling through L-selectin on mildly oxidized but not native CD34 caused arrest of rolling cells and formation of EDTA-resistant bonds to the substrate, suggesting that a Schiff base was reduced. Cyanoborohydride reduction of mildly oxidized cells rolling on P-selectin and E-selectin also caused arrest and formation of EDTA-resistant bonds but with slower kinetics. These data suggest that interactions with a sialic acid aldehyde group on mildly oxidized ligands that include interconversion to a Schiff base can occur with three selectins yet only stabilize binding through the selectin with the fastest koff, L-selectin.
Patterns of sexual reproduction among parasitic platyhelminths

Previous studies on the spermatogenesis and oogenesis of digeneans, monogeneans and cestodes are reviewed, including those in which isotopic labelling techniques have been utilized in order to determine the temporal duration of spermatogenic development stages. Similar labelling experiments have also provided information on the development and movement of oocytes in the female reproductive tract as well as indicating patterns of cell division and development in vitelline glands. The literature relating to the inseminative behaviour of parasitic platyhelminths is considered from a number of viewpoints including the patterns of cross- and self-insemination that occur in hermaphroditic digeneans, the mating behaviour of dioecious schistosomes, spermatophore production and insemination among monogeneans and the inseminative behaviour of polyzoic cestodes. The implications of selfing among parasitic platyhelminths are considered with respect to possible genetically deleterious consequences. In addition, consideration is given to the mechanisms underlying the fact that some species require cross-insemination or at least the presence of another worm in order to undergo normal growth and sexual development. Finally, experimental studies are reviewed which shed light on the strength of the barriers against hybridization that exist between well-defined species of parasitic platyhelminths.
A solution of the random eigenvalue problem by a dimensional decomposition method

SUMMARY This paper presents a dimensional decomposition method for obtaining probabilistic descriptors of realvalued eigenvalues of positive semi-definite random matrices. The method involves a novel function decomposition allowing lower-variate approximations of eigenvalues, lower-dimensional numerical integration for statistical moments, and Lagrange interpolation facilitating efficient Monte Carlo simulation for probability density functions. Compared with commonly-used perturbation and recently-developed asymptotic methods, no derivatives of eigenvalues are required by the new method developed. Results of numerical examples from structural dynamics indicate that the decomposition method provides excellent estimates of moments and probability densities of eigenvalues for various cases including closely-spaced modes and large statistical variations of input. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutive MEK1 Activation Rescues Anthrax Lethal Toxin-Induced Vascular Effects In Vivo

Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) increases vascular leakage in a number of mammalian models and in human anthrax disease. Using a zebrafish model, we determined that vascular delivery of LT increased permeability, which was phenocopied by treatment with a selective chemical inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] kinase, MEK, or MKK). Here we investigate further the role of MEK1/phospho-ERK (pERK) in the action of LT. Overexpression of wild-type zebrafish MEK1 at high levels did not induce detrimental effects. However, a constitutively activated version, MEK1S219D,S223D (MEK1DD), induced early defects in embryonic development that correlated with increased ERK/MAPK phosphorylation. To bypass these early developmental defects and to provide a genetic tool for examining the action of lethal factor (LF), we generated inducible transgenic zebrafish lines expressing either wild-type or activated MEK1 under the control of a heat shock promoter. Remarkably, induction of MEK1DD transgene expression prior to LT delivery prevented vascular damage, while the wild-type MEK1 line did not. In the presence of both LT and MEK1DD transgene expression, cardiovascular development and function proceeded normally in most embryos. The resistance to microsphere leakage in transgenic animals demonstrated a protective role against LT-induced vascular permeability. A consistent increase in ERK phosphorylation among LT-resistant MEK1DD transgenic animals provided additional confirmation of transgene activation. These findings provide a novel genetic approach to examine mechanism of action of LT in vivo through one of its known targets. This approach may be generally applied to investigate additional pathogen-host interactions and to provide mechanistic insights into host signaling pathways affected by pathogen entry.
Meaning and metaphor: Case knowledge in teaching

haps most poignantly, they reveal the problem of communicating the rich store of knowledge held by experienced and expert teachers. In this article I describe a multi-year effort to capture teacher comprehension through (a) the construction of cases of teaching and (b) metaphorical language (i.e., teacher as "docent," teacher as "trailboss"). Specifically, I report the results of a recent study that examines cooperating teachers' use of metaphor to carry out conversations with their student teachers about one major task of teaching, the task of classroom management. I argue that the use of metaphor can facilitate dialogue between the cooperating teacher and student teacher and can ultimately stimulate the kind of analysis and reflection necessary to the improvement of teaching. I conclude by examining the potential of cases using metaphor in the professional preparation of teachers and by suggesting future lines of inquiry into representing and conveying teacher knowledge.
New directions in RF sources

We examine the various high power RF sources on the basis of the next linear collider requirements. The discussion is based on classification of the sources according to what we consider the most informative criteria. In the conventional acceleration scheme (e.g. SLAC) multiple sources generate the RF power. A variety of sources are considered and they cover the spectrum from 9 to 19 GHz. In the two beam accelerator scheme all the modules are driven by the same beam which has multi MeV (LBL/LLNL) up to a few GeV (CERN) electrons; the current carried by the beam is of order of kA. Two types of RF sources have been suggested: traveling wave (TW) structures and free electron laser (FEL). The operating frequency varies from device to device in the range of 9 to 35 GHz. >
Situated Learning and Methods Coursework in the Teaching of Literacy

This study investigates the learning of a preservice student, Penny, in a field-based, literacy methods course that I taught. At issue was the nature of Penny's situated learning. Using course products, field notes, and interview data, I analyzed Penny's work with a reading group in terms of episodes that she identified as salient in her term-long participation in a classroom. Findings indicated that what counted as Penny's situated learning was how she saw the use of certain literacy practices to be appropriate in the situation of her work, and how she saw her instructional decisions to be a means for achieving her emerging standards for good teaching. It was Penny's capacity to consider use, appropriateness, and purpose in a real-world context that was the strength of her situated learning.
Computer-aided detection schemes: the effect of limiting the number of cued regions in each case.

OBJECTIVE. We assessed performance changes of a mammographic computer-aided detection scheme when we restricted the maximum number of regions that could be identified (cued) as showing positive findings in each case.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A computer-aided detection scheme was applied to 500 cases (or 2,000 images), including 300 cases in which mammograms showed verified malignant masses. We evaluated the overall case-based performance of the scheme using a free-response receiver operating characteristic approach, and we measured detection sensitivity at a fixed false-positive detection rate of 0.4 per image after gradually reducing the maximum number of cued regions allowed for each case from seven to one.RESULTS. The original computer-aided detection scheme achieved a maximum case-based sensitivity of 97% at 3.3 false-positive detected regions per image. For a detection decision score set at 0.565, the scheme had a 79% (237/300) case-based sensitivity, with 0.4 false-positive detected regions per image. ...
Clinical and genetic relationships between autism-pervasive developmental disorder and Tourette syndrome: a study of 19 cases.

Children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) share a number of symptoms. Forty-one cases have been reported in which PDD patients subsequently developed TS. We term this PDD----TS. We describe an additional 16 such patients plus 3 families where a close relative of a TS proband had autism. There was a high frequency of alcoholism, drug abuse, obsessive-compulsive, and other behavior disorders in the relatives of these patients. This frequency was virtually identical to that observed in relatives of individuals with TS only. We suggest there is an intimate genetic, neuropathologic relatedness between some cases of PDD and TS. Many observations have led us to suggest that the genetic defect in TS may be a mutation of tryptophan oxygenase and that TS is inherited as a semidominant semirecessive trait, i.e., homozygosity for a common gene which shows some expression in the heterozygous state. We propose that some types of PDD are inherited in the same fashion and by the same gene. This would explain the similarity of symptoms, frequent evolution of PDD into TS, the apparent recessive inheritance of PDD despite no increase in consanguinity, the high frequency of behavior problems in the relatives of PDD----TS patients and the serotonin abnormalities.
Regional income differences and the definition of income: the case of Malaysia.

Data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey are used to examine the sensitivity of urban/rural income differentials to the definition and measurement of income. Measured income differentials vary with the extent to which nonmarket activities are included in the scope of income how the distribution of income is summarized and whether one adjusts for differences in hours of work household size and composition ethnic composition and other sociodemographic characteristics. For example depending on the measure chosen estimates of the amount by which urban income exceeds rural income in Malaysia range from 9 percent to 141 percent. (EXCERPT)
Global procurement of service activities by service firms

Global procurement of service activities has received an increasing amount of managerial attention in recent years. Service firms seem to have begun sourcing part of their service activities from abroad in much the same way as manufacturing firms have sourced components and finished goods in the past 30 years. However, little is known about the nature of service global sourcing strategy. In this study, we examine the differences in the characteristics of core service activities provided by service firms that market pure service activities versus those service firms that market service activities which involve tangible goods, and the extent to which both types of service firms engage in internal and foreign sourcing of core service activities before the service activities are provided to their customers. The results show, among others, that the level of inseparability of core service activities performed and/or sourced by “pure” service firms is significantly higher than that of “non‐pure” service firms and that “non‐pure” service firms consider foreign sourcing drivers as much more important factors in influencing the decisions in selecting potential suppliers for core service activities. Managerial and theoretical implications are explored.
Optimal distinctiveness and adolescent music appreciation: Development of music- and image-related typicality scales

The present research examines adolescents’ appreciation of popular music and musicians against the background of the Optimal Distinctiveness Theory (ODT; Brewer, 1991). Within the framework of ODT,...
Altered knee and ankle kinematics during squatting in those with limited weight-bearing-lunge ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion.

Context: Ankle-dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM) may influence movement variables that are known to affect anterior cruciate ligament loading, such as knee valgus and knee flexion. To our knowledge, researchers have not studied individuals with limited or normal ankle DF-ROM to investigate the relationship between those factors and the lower extremity movement patterns associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Objective: To determine, using 2 different measurement techniques, whether knee- and ankle-joint kinematics differ between participants with limited and normal ankle DF-ROM. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty physically active adults (20 with limited ankle DF-ROM, 20 with normal ankle DF-ROM). Main Outcome Measure(s): Ankle DF-ROM was assessed using 2 techniques: (1) nonweight-bearing ankle DF-ROM with the knee straight, and (2) weight-bearing lunge (WBL). Knee flexion, knee valgus-varus, knee internal-ext...
Carbon to volume relationship of Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyceae) during cell divisions

Dependency of carbon cell quota (C) on cell volume (V) was studied for the Prymnesiophyte Isochrysis galbana. Changes in the cell volume and carbon quota during cell divisions were examined at 25°C in a continuous cul- ture with an enriched f/2 medium under a 12/12 h light/dark cycle at an irradiance of 45, 150, and 365 μmol m -2 sec -1 . Carbon quota estimates followed the relation log C=b log V+log a, where b is the slope and log a is the intercept of the relationship. Significant relationships between carbon quota and cell volume during cell divisions were obtained at the three irradiances tested. The value of the slope and the intercept ranged from 0.59 to 0.98 and from 0.22 to -0.64, respectively, however, they were not significantly different between the three irradiances. The relationship between carbon quota to cell volume during cell divisions also corresponded well to previously published carbon quota to cell volume relationship values within the size range of nanophytoplankton ranging from 2 to 20 μm, even though the ir- radiances used in the experiments differed from those studied previously. Due to the close similarity in cell size and division manner between the majority of nanophytoplankton communities and I. galbana, the results of the present study can be applied to natural assemblages of nanophytoplankton to estimate their carbon biomass in the euphotic layer regardless of sampling time on a given day.
Mutants with Altered Ca2+-Channel Properties in PARAMECIUM TETRAURELIA: Isolation, Characterization and Genetic Analysis

Dancers are a group of mutants in Paramecium tetraurelia whose Ca2+ current inactivates poorly and are likely to be defective in the structure of their Ca2+ channels. These mutants show prolonged backward swimming in response to K+ and Ba 2+ in the medium and were selected by this property in a galvanotactic trough. The dancer mutants are semidominant, and all isolated mutants belong to one complementation group; they are not allelic to any of the previously isolated behavioral mutants of P. tetraurelia. The phenotypic change from the homozygous parent to heterozygous F1 generation takes three to five fissions. There is no evidence of a cytoplasmic factor capable of converting the dancer to the wild-type phenotype, as has been demonstrated in the mutants pawn and cnr. We suggest that the dancer locus is a structural gene for the Ca2+ channel.
SO(2n) Grand Unification in an SU(N) Basis

We discuss the algebra and the representations of $\mathrm{SO}(2N)$ groups used in the construction of grand unified theories in a basis in which its connections with the $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ grand unification is most transparent. Specializing to the case of $N=5$, we discuss the problem of fermion masses for various Higgs representations. Applying our considerations to SO(12) grand unification, we comment on the nature of weak interactions of the extra generation of fermions present in the 32-dimensional spinor representation of this group.
Diastereoselective Lithiation of (η6‐Arene)dicarbonyltriphenylphosphane Chromium(0) Oxazoline Complexes—Direct Preparation of Enantiopure Complexes Having Planar Chiral Fragments of Either Configuration

Planar chiral h6-arene chromium(0) complexes are finding increasing application in the synthesis of enantioenriched compounds by serving as enantiopure starting materials or ligands for catalytic asymmetric processes.[1,2] Whereas early methods of generating enantiopure 1,2-disubstituted h6-arene chromium(0) complexes relied on resolution of racemates,[3] many methods have been developed recently for asymmetric synthesis of these molecules.[1] One powerful strategy employs an enantiopure chiral lithium reagent (or an achiral lithium reagent plus a chiral additive) to elaborate a prochiral complex by either enantioselective ring lithiation followed by trapping with an electrophile,[4] or enantioselective nucleophilic addition followed by abstraction of hydride.[5] Another strategy involves diastereoselective lithiation of a monosubstituted h6-arene chromium(0) complex containing a chiral, nonracemic substituent that is capable of directing ortho lithiation.[6] We recently introduced chiral ferrocenyl oxazoline palladacycles as catalysts for the asymmetric addition of external (that is, not bound to a metal) nucleophiles to prochiral alkenes.[7] To further explore this general catalyst architecture, we became interested in the synthesis of related h6-arene chromium(0) complexes. The precursors of the ferrocenyl catalysts were prepared by diastereoselective ortho lithiation of enantiopure chiral ferrocenyl oxazolines with alkyl lithium reagents.[8] Unfortunately, this convenient approach cannot be used to prepare (h6-arene)tricarbonylchromium(0) complexes, as lithium reagents are known to add to such complexes containing strong acceptor substituents such as imines or oxazolines.[1e,5, 9] Herein we report that less electron deficient (h6-arene)dicarbonyl(triphenylphosphane) chromium(0) oxazoline complexes undergo ortho lithiation, rather than addition, upon exposure to either secor n-butyllithium, and that, depending on the presence or absence of N,N,N’,N’tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), either diastereomer COMMUNICATIONS
Integrated array-comparative genomic hybridization and expression array profiles identify clinically relevant molecular subtypes of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor in humans, exhibits a large degree of molecular heterogeneity. Understanding the molecular pathology of a tumor and its linkage to behavior is an important foundation for developing and evaluating approaches to clinical management. Here we integrate array-comparative genomic hybridization and array-based gene expression profiles to identify relationships between DNA copy number aberrations, gene expression alterations, and survival in 34 patients with glioblastoma. Unsupervised clustering on either profile resulted in similar groups of patients, and groups defined by either method were associated with survival. The high concordance between these separate molecular classifications suggested a strong association between alterations on the DNA and RNA levels. We therefore investigated relationships between DNA copy number and gene expression changes. Loss of chromosome 10, a predominant genetic change, was associated not only with changes in the expression of genes located on chromosome 10 but also with genome-wide differences in gene expression. We found that CHI3L1/YKL-40 was significantly associated with both chromosome 10 copy number loss and poorer survival. Immortalized human astrocytes stably transfected with CHI3L1/YKL-40 exhibited changes in gene expression similar to patterns observed in human tumors and conferred radioresistance and increased invasion in vitro. Taken together, the results indicate that integrating DNA and mRNA-based tumor profiles offers the potential for a clinically relevant classification more robust than either method alone and provides a basis for identifying genes important in glioma pathogenesis.
RsGDB, the Rhodobacter sphaeroides Genome Database

This report provides a summary of the sequencing project of the small chromosome (CII) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1(T),and introduces the first version of the genome database of this bacterium. The database organizes and describes diverse sets of biological information. The main role of the R.sphaeroides genome database (RsGDB) is to provide public access to the collected genomic information for R.sphaeroides via the World-Wide Web at http://utmmg.med.uth.tmc.edu/sphaeroides. The database allows the user access to hundreds of low redundancy R.sphaeroides sequences for further database searching, a summary of our current search results, and other allied information pertaining to this bacterium.
Spectral and coherence analysis applied to sleep apnea

The various mechanisms that have been proposed to explain sleep apnea in the elderly are examined. Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG), not only in the frequency domain using autoregressive algorithms and the fast Fourier transform, but also in the time domain with comb filters and period-amplitude (PA) analysis, is discussed. The PA features, in particular, may provide an improved basis for the coherence function between ventilation and the state-dependent input. >
Contemporary Chinese Youth and the State

Having put a very successful Olympics in the rearview mirror, China entered 2009 with a set of new challenges, brought on in part by the worldwide economic crisis and the resulting demands to ensure necessary employment levels and in part by the familiar issue of maintaining social stability. While the hope, presumably, was to move reasonably smoothly from the Olympics of August 2008 to the celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 2009, the Chinese media has instead become proactive in alerting local officials and the general public that China is entering “a peak period for mass incidents” (quntixing shijian, 群体性事件), with further warnings that a single national-level event, handled poorly, could “resonate” (gongzhen, 共振) into a threat to overall social stability and a serious political crisis.
Determination of fracture toughness of piezoceramics under the influence of electric field using Vickers indentation

Vickers indentation is a popular method for determining fracture toughness of brittle materials. Although this method depends on an empirical formula relating the stress intensity factor (or toughness) to the indentation parameters, it is simple and economical. In this study, the Vickers indentation method was used to determine the apparent fracture toughness of PZT- 4 piezoceramic under the influence of electric fields. The mechanical strain energy release rate associated with the crack produced by the Vickers indentor was derived. Using the analytical mechanical strain energy release rate for an infinite piezoelectric medium with a center crack and far field in-plane mechanical and electrical loadings, the mechanical strain energy release rate was obtained for Vickers indentation, which involves the out-of-plane indentation load. The effect of the electric field is properly included. The accuracy of the proposed formula was verified by experimental results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A stable intrinsically conductive polymer

Transformation d'une resine isolante phtalonitrile en un polymere hautement conducteur par des moyens thermiques
Quench-flow experiments combined with mass spectrometry show apomyoglobin folds through an obligatory intermediate

Folding of apomyoglobin is characterized by formation of a compact intermediate that contains substantial helicity. To determine whether this intermediate is obligatory or whether the protein can fold directly into the native state via an alternate parallel pathway, we have combined quench-flow hydrogen-exchange pulse labeling techniques with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of apomyoglobin obtained at various refolding times suggest that apomyoglobin indeed folds through a single pathway containing an obligatory intermediate with a significant hydrogen-bonded secondary structure content.
Synaptic Plasticity and NO-cGMP-PKG Signaling Regulate Pre- and Postsynaptic Alterations at Rat Lateral Amygdala Synapses Following Fear Conditioning

In vertebrate models of synaptic plasticity, signaling via the putative “retrograde messenger” nitric oxide (NO) has been hypothesized to serve as a critical link between functional and structural alterations at pre- and postsynaptic sites. In the present study, we show that auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning is associated with significant and long-lasting increases in the expression of the postsynaptically-localized protein GluR1 and the presynaptically-localized proteins synaptophysin and synapsin in the lateral amygdala (LA) within 24 hrs following training. Further, we show that rats given intra-LA infusion of either the NR2B-selective antagonist Ifenprodil, the NOS inhibitor 7-Ni, or the PKG inhibitor Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS exhibit significant decreases in training-induced expression of GluR1, synaptophysin, and synapsin immunoreactivity in the LA, while those rats infused with the PKG activator 8-Br-cGMP exhibit a significant increase in these proteins in the LA. In contrast, rats given intra-LA infusion of the NO scavenger c-PTIO exhibit a significant decrease in synapsin and synaptophysin expression in the LA, but no significant impairment in the expression of GluR1. Finally, we show that intra-LA infusions of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 or the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 impair training-induced expression of GluR1, synapsin, and synaptophysin in the LA. These findings suggest that the NO-cGMP-PKG, Rho/ROCK, and CaMKII signaling pathways regulate fear memory consolidation, in part, by promoting both pre- and post-synaptic alterations at LA synapses. They further suggest that synaptic plasticity in the LA during auditory fear conditioning promotes alterations at presynaptic sites via NO-driven “retrograde signaling”.
J362D28: a new joint model of compressional and shear velocity in the Earth's mantle

SUMMARY The discrimination between chemical and thermal heterogeneity in the Earth’s mantle remains one of the most important and challenging questions to be answered by observational and theoretical geophysics. To answer this question requires a thorough knowledge of the ratio between compressional and shear velocity anomalies. We describe results of a joint inversion for compressional and shear velocity in the mantle using a large and diverse data set consisting of traveltimes, complete waveforms and surface wave dispersion measurements. A horizontal tessellation consisting of 362 spherical splines is used to parametrize the model, which is approximately equivalent to a spherical harmonic of degree 18 in resolution. The model contains peak variations (from PREM) of up to ±7 per cent in S velocity and ±2.5 per cent in P velocity in the upper mantle. These variations decrease to ±1.5 and ±0.6 per cent, respectively, at 1000 km depth and reach ±2.5 and ±1.0 per cent, respectively, in the D �� region. The rms ratio of S to P velocity perturbations is fairly constant between 2.0 and 2.5 in the lower mantle, but a local minimum in this ratio occurs at a depth of approximately 1700 km. Resolution tests show that the recovery of P and S velocity is not geographically uniform, but also show that this amplitude ratio is well resolved between 670 and 2700 km depth. We also observe a persistent negative correlation between bulk-sound and shear velocity throughout the same region of the mantle. In addition, the model contains a minimum correlation between P and S velocity between 670 and ∼1100 km. This feature is supported by both the favourable outcome of resolution experiments and the poor fit provided by the starting model from the inversion (in which the P and S velocities are perfectly correlated) to our data set of P-wave traveltimes. The power spectra of both P and S velocity heterogeneity are similar, although we note a slightly larger dominance of degree two in the spectra for P velocity in the mid-mantle where resolution is highest.
A dynamic vision classification system using Fourier descriptions

The design and implementation of a vision classifier system which can display, label, and identify different known objects in applicable images is presented. Every object can be described during the training phase or classified during the recognition phase according to the normalized Fourier descriptors obtained from sampling its boundary. These descriptors are invariant to the rotation, size, and orientation of the corresponding object. The system allows the user to dynamically train and store new patterns in the appropriate knowledge base of patterns. It is implemented on an AI VAXstation. The descriptors provide an increasingly accurate characterization of shape as more coefficients are included. Each descriptor is a measure of the lobedness of the subject. The descriptors provide accurate classifications for all objects tested under moderate noise and small distortion. >
Improving Learning and Generalization in Neural Networks through the Acquisition of Multiple Related Functions

This paper presents evidence from connectionist simulations providing support for the idea that forcing neural networks to learn several related functions together results in both improved learning and better generalization. More specifically, if a neural network employing gradient descent learning is forced to capture the regularities of many semi-correlated sources of information within the same representational substrate, it then becomes necessary for it to only represent hypotheses that are consistent with all the cues provided. When the different sources of information are sufficiently correlated the number of candidate solutions will be reduced through the development of more efficient representations. To illustrate this, the paper draws briefly on research in the neural network engineering literature, while focusing on recent work on the segmentation of speech using connectionist networks. Finally, some implications for language acquisition of the present approach are discussed.
Improved Robust Stability Bounds for Sampled Data Time Delay Systems

This paper presents improved bounds on the perturbations of continuous time plant matrix for robust stability in a sampled data time delay system framework using discrete Lyapunov stability criterion. The proposed improvement on the bounds is achieved using the state transformations as a vehicle. Several state transformation approaches are explored that result in improved bounds. In addition to the sampling period, time delay induced by the controller (in the form static output feedback) in the network is also incorporated in the analysis via state augmentation. The proposed robustness analysis is carried out for various classes of perturbations such as time invariant perturbations, as well as for structured and unstructured perturbations. The proposed methodologies are illustrated with the help of examples along with a discussion of future research directions in this area.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A psychological perspective of irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and often intractable disorder. Although the causes of this syndrome are not clear, psychological factors do play a major role in determining whether a patient seeks medical care. Patients who have IBS tend to suffer from a psychiatric disorder, most notably anxiety and depression. Traditional medical care with its emphasis on pharmacological interventions and dietary changes has not been effective. Psychotherapy has been shown to be an important, yet underutilized, approach in the treatment of IBS. A clinical example of a young man suffering from IBS illustrates how traditional medical care and psychotherapy enhance the treatment of this disorder.
Abstract 1490: Impact of bone marrow microenvironment on mRNA expression of genes in the apoptotic pathway in CLL cells

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is thought to arise due to dysregulated apoptosis rather than uncontrolled proliferation. Recent reports revealed that CLL cells accumulate due to both an intrinsic defect in apoptosis and extrinsic signals delivered by the microenvironment. Although several entities of bone marrow stroma cell (MSC) have been unveiled, the critical components involved in CLL survival remain obscure. In the present study, we used low density microarray analysis to identify the essential apoptotic genes (n=93) that are involved in cell survival. Primary cells obtained from CLL patients (n=12) were co-cultured with MSC (Nktert, human stromal cell line that mimics bone marrow microenvironment) in a ratio of 100:1. At the end of the incubation (12hr, d1, and d3), the expression profile of 93 genes as well as the percent apoptosis were evaluated. When CLL lymphocytes were co-cultured on MSC for 6 days, the viability of CLL cells, measured by Annexin/PI staining, increased by 6-27% at d1-d6 (n=9, p 3 H]uridine incorporation (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1490. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1490
Monitoring and analysis on contamination of Salmonella in food in Heilongjiang in 2005-2008

Objective:To grasp the contamination of Salmonella in food and the types of dangerous food,and build a database of contamination of Salmonella in food.Methods:Using the national standard methods,consulting the surveillance manual of national monitoring network of foodborne disease,monitoring sentinel was established in six representative cities selected from Heilongjiang Province,and Salmonella was isolated and identified in six major categories of food.Results:94 strains Salmonella was detected in 1070 portions of six major categories of food,the detection rate was 8.79%.And the detection rate was 18.70% in raw livestock and poultry meat,7.48% in aquatic products.Meanwhile,in non-stereotyped packing cooked meat products and raw vegetables,the detection rate was 3.61% and 2.84%,respectively.But in raw milk and ice cream,Salmonella was not detected.Conclusion:The contamination of Salmonella was existed in main food consumed by residents in Heilongjiang Province,in which the contamination in raw livestock and poultry meat was the most serious,its positive rate is the highest,followed by aquatic products.To some extent,the pollution was also existed in non-stereotyped packing cooked meat and raw vegetables.They are the main dangerous food.
The Research on Control System Design Method for Reentry Aircraft under Moving Mass/RCS Compound Control

The moving mass control is of benefit to reentry aircraft in shape maintenance,energy consuming reduction and load capability increase,but is sometimes inefficient to meet system performance requirement due to the highly relying on aerodynamic force,which is without other control systems combined.In this paper,a whole-airspace high-capability control system design for a reentry aircraft under moving mass/RCS compound control is proposed,which is based on the control capability analysis of the moving mass control system.According to the analysis results,the dynamic pressure and attack angle departure are used to be logic decision variables of the compound control mode and a moving centroid/RCS compound controller including a virtual controller and a moment allocation controller is developed.Two groups of simulations for a typical reentry aircraft achieving designed maneuver trajectory by tracking command attack angle are implemented to present the compound control capability in the whole reentry flight and show the advantages of the compound control compared with either of the control systems.The simulation results demonstrate the validity of proposed compound control mode and the high capability of the controller designed.