cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does gender influence cognitive outcome after traumatic brain injury

The aim of this study was to determine whether males and females differ in post-acute cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Performances of 83 men and 75 women with mild to severe TBI were compared on measures of cognitive functions typically impacted by TBI (i.e., processing speed, executive functioning, and memory). Participants completed selected subtests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Among the participants with mild TBI, women scored significantly higher than men on a test of visual memory. There were no other significant gender differences in cognitive outcomes. These findings overall suggest that cognitive outcome after TBI does not differ according to gender, with the possible exception of memory functioning. Further research is needed to replicate this finding and determine which moderating variables may impact on the relationship between gender and cognitive outcome after TBI.
Granule exocytosis is required for platelet spreading: differential sorting of α-granules expressing VAMP-7

There has been recent controversy as to whether platelet α-granules represent a single granule population or are composed of different subpopulations that serve discrete functions. To address this question, we evaluated the localization of vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) in spread platelets to determine whether platelets actively sort a specific subpopulation of α-granules to the periphery during spreading. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that granules expressing VAMP-3 and VAMP-8 localized to the central granulomere of spread platelets along with the granule cargos von Willebrand factor and serotonin. In contrast, α-granules expressing VAMP-7 translocated to the periphery of spread platelets along with the granule cargos TIMP2 and VEFG. Time-lapse microscopy demonstrated that α-granules expressing VAMP-7 actively moved from the granulomere to the periphery during spreading. Platelets from a patient with gray platelet syndrome lacked α-granules and demonstrated only minimal spreading. Similarly, spreading was impaired in platelets obtained from Unc13dJinx mice, which are deficient in Munc13-4 and have an exocytosis defect. These studies identify a new α-granule subtype expressing VAMP-7 that moves to the periphery during spreading, supporting the premise that α-granules are heterogeneous and demonstrating that granule exocytosis is required for platelet spreading.
End products of bovine spermatozoan metabolism as influenced by incubation diluent and temperature.

Abstract The organic acids present in normally ejaculated (NES) and epididymal-like ejaculated bovine spermatozoan (ELC) suspensions, before and after incubation at 7, 22, and 37 C in saline-fructose and skimmilk diluents, were determined by silicic acid chromatography. In the saline-fructose diluents only acetic, formic, lactic, glycolic, malic, and citric-isocitric acids were detected, whereas in the skimmilk diluents, in addition to the above were found caproic, butyric, propionic, pyruvic, fumaric, succinic, malonic, and oxalic acids. A change in the concentration of each of the measured acids occurred during the incubation period, with accumulation or loss of each acid being influenced both by incubation temperature and diluent, as well as by type of sperm, cell used.
KAM theory analysis of the dynamics of three coaxial vortex rings

Abstract The equations of motion of three coaxial vortex rings in Euclidean 3-space are formulated as a Hamiltonian system. It is shown that the Hamiltonian function for this system can be written as the sum of a completely integrable part H0 (related to the motion of three point vortices in the plane) and a non-integrable perturbation H1. Then it is proved that when the vortex strengths all have the same sign and the ratio of the mean distances among the rings is very small in comparison to the mean radius of the rings, H1/H0≪1. Moreover, it is shown that H1/H0 is very small for all time for certain initial positions of the rings under the same assumptions. It is proved that the decomposition of the Hamiltonian and the estimates carry over to a reduced form of the system in coordinates moving with the center of vorticity and having one less degree of freedom. Then KAM theory is applied to prove the existence of invariant two-dimensional tori containing quasiperiodic motions. The existence of periodic solutions is also demonstrated. Several examples are solved numerically to show transitions from quasiperiodic and periodic to chaotic regimes in accordance with the theoretical results.
Molecular Analysis of Surfactant-Driven Microbial Population Shifts in Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil

We analyzed the impact of surfactant addition on hydrocarbon mineralization kinetics and the associated population shifts of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in soil. A mixture of radiolabeled hexadecane and phenanthrene was added to batch soil vessels. Witconol SN70 (a nonionic, alcohol ethoxylate) was added in concentrations that bracketed the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in soil (CMC′) (determined to be 13 mg g −1 ). Addition of the surfactant at a concentration below the CMC′ (2 mg g −1 ) did not affect the mineralization rates of either hydrocarbon. However, when surfactant was added at a concentration approaching the CMC′ (10 mg g −1 ), hexadecane mineralization was delayed and phenanthrene mineralization was completely inhibited. Addition of surfactant at concentrations above the CMC′ (40 mg g −1 ) completely inhibited mineralization of both phenanthrene and hexadecane. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene segments showed that hydrocarbon amendment stimulated Rhodococcus and Nocardia populations that were displaced by Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes populations at elevated surfactant levels. Parallel cultivation studies revealed that the Rhodococcus population can utilize hexadecane and that the Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes populations can utilize both Witconol SN70 and hexadecane for growth. The results suggest that surfactant applications necessary to achieve the CMC alter the microbial populations responsible for hydrocarbon mineralization.
Clinicopathologic spectrum of primary uveal melanocytic lesions in an animal model.

Background: Currently, there are no animal models of primary uveal melanoma in an eye large enough to allow documentation of the clinical evolution of the lesion by either funduscopy or fundus photography. Methods: The authors induced primary uveal melanocytic lesions in the eyes of Dutch (pigmented) rabbits using a two-stage carcinogenesis protocol involving initiation with 4 weekly topical applications of 10 μl of a 1 % solution of 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in acetone (21 eyes) followed by 12 weekly topical applications of a 10 μl solution of either 0.25% or 0.5% croton oil in acetone. They also investigated the effect of initiation with DMBA without promotion and the effects of chronic topical exposure to acetone and proparacaine. Results: Exposure to DMBA followed by promotion with croton oil in either concentration was the most effective means of inducing clinically detectable fundus lesions. Histologically, a spectrum of melanocytic proliferations developed including benign nevi, nevi with varying grades of cytologic atypia, and clusters of confluent atypical melanocytes that may represent early melanomas. Although clinical regression of fundus lesions was noted in eight eyes after promotion had been stopped, five of these eyes showed unequivocal histologic evidence of a residual uveal melanocytic lesion. Chronic ocular irritation is capable of inducing cytologically benign subclinical uveal melanocytic proliferations. Conclusions: The conventional classification of human uveal melanocytic lesions includes only nevi and melanomas, but a comparison of the results of this study with descriptions of human uveal melanocytic nevi suggests the existence of a spectrum of intermediate atypical precursor lesions in humans.
Review of MicroRNA Deregulation in Oral Cancer. Part I

Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Cancer development and progression requires inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and activation of proto-oncogenes. Expression of these genes is in part dependant on RNA and microRNA based mechanisms. MicroRNAs are essential regulators of diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, invasion and morphogenesis. Several microRNAs have been found to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers including oral cancer. The purpose of this article was to review the literature related to microRNA deregulation in the head and neck/oral cavity cancers.
Growing Season Length and Soil Moisture Interactively Constrain High Elevation Aboveground Net Primary Production

Although high elevation meadows are often considered to be primarily temperature-limited, aboveground net primary production (ANPP) is influenced by both growing season length (GSL) and soil moisture (SM). Progress in understanding these responses comes from studies at individual sites that are often focused on single abiotic drivers, so little is known about how climatic constraints relate to one another and limit ANPP at larger scales. We examined the independent and combined effects of these two key climate drivers (GSL and SM) across a suite of high elevation meadows from two continents. We also sampled gradients of each variable at a single site to explore mechanisms for SM and GSL limitations. Here, we show that high elevation meadows are limited by both GSL and SM levels. GSL constrained maximum ANPP by approximately 4 g m−2 d−1 whereas average daily ANPP beneath this constraint was significantly influenced by SM. Carbon isotope and plant/soil nitrogen data suggest that SM influenced ANPP through its impact on nitrogen availability. Increases in GSL can increase ANPP unless those increases are accompanied by SM decreases. These interactive effects can produce distinct ecological patterns and must be considered when predicting high elevation meadow responses to future climate changes.
Repetitive DNA (TGGA)n 5′ to the human myelin basic protein gene: A new form of oligonucleotide repetitive sequence showing length polymorphism

DNA 5' to the human myelin basic protein (MBP) gene, mapped to 18q22----qter, is known to manifest multiallelic DNA length variation with heterozygosity of at least 45%. Isolation of genomic DNA containing the MBP gene first exon and its 5' flanking region reveals that this polymorphism arises from a 994-bp region of the diverged tandem repeat (TGGA)249. This sequence is located from 1082 to 2075 bp upstream of the MBP initiator methionine. The repetitive sequence is 18% diverged from (TGGA)249 and from analysis of higher order subsequence reiterations appears to have undergone extensive recombination. The pattern of higher order repetition suggests that multiple crossover and gene conversion events have occurred within a 1.0-kb region. Molecular clones of this sequence represent essentially the longest allelic form of this region seen in Southern transfer analysis. This repetitive DNA is similar to a sequence 5' to the human myoglobin gene.
Physiological Characterization of the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX) in Hepatopancreatic and Antennal Gland Basolateral Membrane Vesicles Isolated from the Freshwater Crayfish Procambarus clarkii

The purpose of this study was to physiologically characterize the basolateral Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) in basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMVs) of hepatopancreas and antennal gland of intermolt crayfish. Conditions were optimized to measure Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake and retention in the BLMV including use of intravesicular (IV) oxalate and measuring initial uptake rates at 20 s. Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake rate into BLMV was temperature insensitive. Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake rate was dependent upon free Ca2+ with saturable Michaelis–Menten kinetics determined as follows: hepatopancreas, maximal uptake rate (Jmax)=2.45 nmol/mg per min, concentration at which carrier operates at half-maximal uptake rate (Km)=0.69 μM Ca2+; antennal gland, Jmax=13.2 nmol/mg per min, Km=0.59 μM Ca2+. The two vesicle populations exhibited different sensitivity to putative NCX inhibitors. Benzamil had no effect on Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake rate in hepatopancreas; in antennal gland it was inhibitory at concentrations up to 30 μM and was stimulatory at higher concentrations. Conversely the inhibitor quinacrine was inhibitory at 10 μM in hepatopancreas and was stimulatory at 1000 μM; meanwhile it was ineffective in antennal gland BLMV. Short circuiting the BLMV had no effect on Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake rate suggesting that the process may be electroneutral. Compared with another prominent basolateral transporter in hepatopancreas the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), the NCX has 70-fold greater Jmax (at comparable temperature) and a lower affinity. In antennal gland the NCX has 40-fold greater Jmax and a lower affinity. In hepatopancreas and antennal gland BLMV NCX appears to determine the rate of basolateral Ca2+ efflux in intermolt.
Image-based crystal detection: a machine-learning approach

The ability of computers to learn from and annotate large databases of crystallization-trial images provides not only the ability to reduce the workload of crystallization studies, but also an opportunity to annotate crystallization trials as part of a framework for improving screening methods. Here, a system is presented that scores sets of images based on the likelihood of containing crystalline material as perceived by a machine-learning algorithm. The system can be incorporated into existing crystallization-analysis pipelines, whereby specialists examine images as they normally would with the exception that the images appear in rank order according to a simple real-valued score. Promising results are shown for 319 112 images associated with 150 structures solved by the Joint Center for Structural Genomics pipeline during the 2006–2007 year. Overall, the algorithm achieves a mean receiver opera­ting characteristic score of 0.919 and a 78% reduction in human effort per set when considering an absolute score cutoff for screening images, while incurring a loss of five out of 150 structures.
A Multi-Scale Design for a Robust Hydrogen Storage Tank

The current research proposes an integrated framework for product design that incorporates simulation-based tools into the early design stage to achieve optimum multi-scale systems. The method to determine the appropriate mesostructure-property relations for the internal material structures of the system is through a topology optimization technique and a multi-scale design process. Specifically, the Reliability-based Topology Optimization (RBTO) and the simulation-based multi-attribute design method are integrated into an Inductive Design Exploration Method (IDEM). The RBTO method is contributed to determine of optimal topologies at the meso-scale. The simulation-based multi-attribute design method is considered for decision support process of the macro-scale systems. The IDEM offers the capability for concurrent design on multiple scales providing an approach for integration of the other two methods. An example of the developed multi-scale design framework is presented in terms of a hydrogen storage tank used in hydrogen fuel cell automotive applications. The multi-scale tank design will feature a high strength mesostructured wall resulting in a large weight reduction.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Regularity for a class of non-linear elliptic systems

where ~ is a smooth positive function satisfying the ellipticity condition o(Q) + 2~'(Q)q > 0, V denotes the gradient, and [Vs[2 = ~ = 1 ]Vskl 2. This type of system arises as the EulerLagrange equations for the stat ionary points of an energy integral which has an intrinsic definition on maps between two Riemannian manifolds; the equations are therefore of geometric interest. However, the method of proof also applies to the equations of non-linear Hodge theory, which have been studied by L. M. and R. B. Sibner 19]. These are systems of equations for a closed p-form so, deo = 0 and
The influence of property variation on forced convection heat transfer to liquids

Abstract In this paper a new method of accounting for the influence of property variation on heat transfer by forced convection from heated surfaces to liquids is presented. The method is used in conjunction with new experimental data to develop a correlation equation for forced convection heat transfer from cylinders to liquids in crossflow. The method is also applied to heat transfer by forced convection to liquids from spheres and to turbulent flows of liquids in pipes.
Principal Modes of Atmospheric Variability in Model Atmospheres with and without Anomalous Sea Surface Temperature Forcing in the Tropical Pacific.

Abstract Principal modes of low-frequency atmospheric variability and the influence of sea surface temperature anomalies on such modes are investigated by examining the output from two general circulation model experiments. In the first experiment (the “control run”), all boundary forcings were constrained to evolve through 15 identical annual cycles. In the second experiment (the “SST runs”), the sea surface temperature conditions in the tropical Pacific Basin were prescribed to follow the actual month-to-month changes observed during the period 1962–76, which encompasses several El Nino events. The analysis tools employed here include empirical orthogonal functions, teleconnections and composite charts. Two prominent modes of variability have been identified in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere eddy streamfunction of the SST experiment. The first mode bears a strong spatial resemblance to the observed characteristic circulation pattern over the North Pacific–North American sector. It is demonstrated th...
Returning Perchlorate-Contaminated Fume Hood Systems to Service Part I. Survey, Sampling, and Analysis

Abstract In the 50 years that the Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been conducting energy research, many operations involved the use of hot perchloric acid in laboratory hoods. In the past, some of these operations were conducted in hoods not designed for use with the hot acid. Salts resulting from these operations or from subsequent corrosion, if accumulated in these systems, can possibly lead to flammable and explosive conditions. In 1991, the Laboratory initiated a study to determine whether these hoods and exhaust systems were contaminated with perchlorate salts. A Perchloric Acid Committee was established consisting of industrial hygienists, chemists, engineers, and health physicists, as well as personnel from industrial safety, fire protection, and environmental compliance. The study identified hoods and systems currently and historically used for hot perchloric acid procedures by a questionnaire survey. Evaluation procedures were established and sampling of suspect and confirmed hoods was undertak...
Spontaneous murine thymocyte comitogenic activity consistent with interleukin-1 in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

The production of comitogenic activity consistent with interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity by blood monocytes from cattle with naturally acquired paratuberculosis was examined by murine thymocyte proliferation. In addition, IL-1-like activity in response to homologous and heterologous antigens was determined. Activity was determined in nine cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and six non-infected cattle. Comitogenic properties were measured in response to M. paratuberculosis antigen (johnin), Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (PPD), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a positive control, and culture media as a negative control. Monocytes from infected cattle spontaneously released high levels of IL-1-like activity in the absence of stimuli and significantly (P<0.05) increased activity in response to LPS. With johnin, M. bovis PPD and KLH stimulation, comitogenic activity was similar to spontaneous levels. Non-infected cattle had significantly (P<0.05) increased comitogenic activity when blood monocytes were stimulated with KLH, M. bovis PPD, johnin, and lipopolysaccharide when compared with non-stimulated cells in that group. Johnin produced the greatest response in non-infected animals. The data suggest that blood monocytes in infected cattle are non-specifically activated with respect to IL-1 production. Alternatively, a defective regulatory mechanism for IL-1 may be operative in infected cattle. In addition, the previous observation that mycobacterial antigens are potent inducers of IL-1 was also verified.
Determinants of rotavirus stability and density during CsCl purification.

Abstract The stability of rotavirus infectivity during CsCl gradient purification and subsequent storage was examined using our standard SA11 wild type (SA11-CI3), the SA11 4F variant (SA11-4F), bovine rotavirus B223, and a panel of bi- and triparental reassortants derived from these parental viruses. Viral stability was determined by the recovery of infectivity at each step during a standard CsCl purification protocol. SA11-4F was the most stable parent (91–93% recovery), SA11-CI3 had intermediate stability (10–21% recovery), and B223 was least stable (0.5–7% recovery). Among the reassortants, the recovery varied from 0.5 to 88.6% of the initial infectivity and was determined primarily by the parental origin of genome segment 4. The greatest loss of infectivity occurred during Freon extraction, with smaller losses during the CsCl gradient, and the smallest loss during the virus pelleting step. Comparison of the stability of viruses grown in the presence or absence of exogenous trypsin revealed that, in general, viruses grown in the absence of trypsin were more stable during purification. During 4–5 months storage at 4°, the differences in stability of parental and reassortant viruses were not as dramatic as during purification and were not significantly affected by the presence or absence of trypsin during growth. However, survival during storage was as low as 4% and as high as 100% and was also primarily dependent on the parental origin of genome segment 4. It was noted that bovine rotavirus B223 had higher density in CsC1 than either SA11-CI3 or SA11-4F. The observation of heterogeneity in density was investigated using reassortants. These results indicated that all reassortants had intermediate density and suggested that physical interactions among the structural proteins were responsible for the heterogeneity in density. The possible roles of viral structural proteins in rotavirus stability and the relationship between the stability and the density are discussed.
Women in Energy Boom Towns

A certainty for the future of the United States is the increased development of domestic energy sources and, consequently, an increase in the number of energy boom towns. Although the negative social consequences for these small, rapidly growing communities have been amply documented, little is known about how energy development specifically affects women. Data from an exploratory study of women in an energy boom town and a preboom town suggest that women do not benefit equally with men and are even disadvantaged by energy development. Categories of families and employed women are discussed, and the findings are related to the broader topic of women and development.
Effects of lysosomal enzymes on the type of collagen synthesized by bovine articular cartilage.

Abstract Bovine articular cartilage normally synthesizes a collagen containing three identical α-chains. After pre-incubation with rat liver lysosomal enzymes, it begins to synthesize significant amounts of the more ubiquitous collagen of the (α 1 ) 2 α 2 type. Since lysosomes are increased in osteoarthritis, it is possible that the abnormal biosynthetic patterns exhibited by cells in areas of degeneration are caused by such enzymes. Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with very low cell density, composed primarily of extracellular substances such as collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. The structural integrity of this tissue depends on the relative proportion, nature, and structural organization of these components. Until recently, the destruction of cartilage seen in osteoarthritis was considered to result from a “wear and tear” process. This concept is not substantiated by recent ultrastructural and biochemical findings. Cellular activity in the involved areas leads to enlarged clones of chondrocytes containing increased numbers of intracellular organelles reflecting synthetic and secretory activity (1). There is an inverse correlation between the severity of the degenerative changes and the glycosaminoglycan content of the tissue (2–7). On the other hand, radioactive sulfate incorporation increases in osteoarthritis, an indication of the attempts made by the cells involved to repair the lesion (2). The nature of the proteoglycans synthesized under these conditions (less keratan sulfate and more chondroitin-4-sulfate) reflect the behaviour of immature chondroblasts (3–8). Lysosomal proteases have been associated with the degradation of the matrix (9–12). Cathepsin-D and a neutral protease which degrade proteoglycans at pH 5.0 and 7.0 respectively are considerably increased in early osteoarthritic lesions (13–15). Although the collagen content of cartilage does not change in osteoarthritis, qualitative differences may exist. Recently, we have shown that whereas normal human cartilage synthesizes only cartilage type collagen or (α 1 -Type II) 3 , osteoarthritic cartilage synthesizes in addition significant amounts of (α 1 ) 2 α 2 collagen (skin type) (16). Articular cartilage collagen is quite different from other ubiquitous forms of mammalian collagens. In addition to containing three identical α-chains, it has four to five times more hydroxylysine and glycosidically associated carbohydrate than collagen from other tissues (17). It is quite possible that the abnormal collagen deposited by the cells at the site of degeneration may give rise to a mechanically weaker structure and lead to a loss of cartilage. While attempting to elucidate the mechanism underlying this abnormal metabolic pattern, it became apparent that lysosomal enzymes can alter the function of normal cartilage cells causing them to synthesize non-specific collagen molecules.
Evidence for the Regulatory Role of the N-terminal Helix of Secretory Phospholipase A2 from Studies on Native and Chimeric Proteins

The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are activated by binding to phospholipid membranes. Although the N-terminal α-helix of group I/II PLA2s plays an important role in the productive mode membrane binding of the enzymes, its role in the structural aspects of membrane-induced activation of PLA2s is not well understood. In order to elucidate membrane-induced conformational changes in the N-terminal helix and in the rest of the PLA2, we have created semisynthetic human group IB PLA2 in which the N-terminal decapeptide is joined with the 13C-labeled fragment, as well as a chimeric protein containing the N-terminal decapeptide from human group IIA PLA2 joined with a 13C-labeled fragment of group IB PLA2. Infrared spectral resolution of the unlabeled and 13C-labeled segments suggests that the N-terminal helix of membrane-bound IB PLA2 has a more rigid structure than the other helices. On the other hand, the overall structure of the chimeric PLA2 is more rigid than that of the IB PLA2, but the N-terminal helix is more flexible. A combination of homology modeling and polarized infrared spectroscopy provides the structure of membrane-bound chimeric PLA2, which demonstrates remarkable similarity but also distinct differences compared with that of IB PLA2. Correlation is delineated between structural and membrane binding properties of PLA2s and their N-terminal helices. Altogether, the data provide evidence that the N-terminal helix of group I/II PLA2s acts as a regulatory domain that mediates interfacial activation of these enzymes.
Does the Change to Win Federation Represent U.S. Labor’s Third Moment? Evidence from National Labor Relations Board Certification Elections, 2003–2005

In the conclusion to Labor in the New Urban Battlegrounds, Daniel Cornfield contends that U.S. labor’s third “moment” is exemplified by the establishment of the Change to Win (CTW) Federation in September 2005 in which the federation’s affiliated unions focused on organizing service sector workers into multi-jurisdictional unions. Cornfield defines a “moment” as an era in which labor adopts innovative organizing strategies for representing workers in industries and/or occupations previously unorganized within the economy. Utilizing National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) certification election data from 2003–2005, this article investigates the organizing patterns, based on the jurisdictions and industries of fifteen unions, nine affiliated with the AFL-CIO and six that joined the CTW, to ascertain if the CTW’s creation initiated U.S. labor’s third moment. Analysis of the certification election data indicates that the CTW’s formation does not constitute the inauguration of third moment unionism in the United States.
Multiplication, division, and shift instructions in parallel random access machines

Abstract We prove that polynomial time on a parallel random access machine (PRAM) with unit-cost multiplication and division or on a PRAM with unit-cost shifts is equivalent to polynomial space on a Turing machine (PSPACE). This extends the result that polynomial time on a basic PRAM is equivalent to PSPACE to hold when the PRAM is allowed multiplication or division or unrestricted shifts. It also extends to the PRAM the results that polynomial time on a random access machine (RAM) with multiplication is equivalent to PSPACE and that polynomial time on a RAM with shifts (that is, a vector machine) is equivalent to PSPACE. We obtain simulations of uniform circuits by RAMs with enhanced instruction sets and use the enhanced RAMs to simulate PRAMs with enhanced instruction sets.
Ambient Levels of Selected Gases Inside Swine Confinement Buildings

To assess potential worker health hazards, the air in confinement structures on 21 randomly selected swine producing farms in Iowa was evaluated for selected gases. The gases measured (mean concentration) included ammonia (34 ppm), hydrogen sulfide (1.4 ppm), carbon monoxide (9.1 ppm) and carbon dioxide (1640 ppm). Ammonia (compared to other gases) most commonly exceeded the Threshold Limit Value (TLV); however, it was common to find buildings with several gases in excess of the TLV. Buildings housing younger animals were more likely to have hazardous gas levels than buildings housing older animals. This complex mixture of gases represents a potential health hazard to an estimated 400,000 individuals who work in swine confinement buildings. These data suggest that research is needed to control these exposures affecting a large number of workers.
Syntactic and semantic contributions to sentence comprehension in agrammatism

Five aphasic subjects, who demonstrated agrammatic speech, and eight control subjects were presented with a sentence-picture matching task in which the factors of syntactic complexity, semantic reversibility, and sentence plausibility were independently varied. A subset of the sentences was patterned after that presented by A. Caramazza and E. Zurif (1976, Brain and Language, 5, 572-583) who concluded that Broca's aphasics rely on semantic constraints instead of syntactic information for sentence comprehension. Our aphasic subjects showed the same pattern of performance on this subset of sentences. However, the results from the full set of sentence materials we tested show that the aphasic subjects could perform some sentence level syntactic analyses, even when syntactic information conflicted with semantic constraints. The aphasic subjects correctly interpreted most active and passive sentences. They failed, however, to assign thematic roles and adjectives in center-embedded relative sentences, and instead relied on nonsyntactic information. These results show that both semantic and syntactic information contributed to sentence comprehension in the aphasic subjects we tested, in contrast to previous claims that syntactic and semantic processes are completely dissociated in this population.
Growing Opportunities in the Hospital Library: Measuring the Collection Needs of Hospital Clinicians

Growing Opportunities in the Hospital Library: Measuring the Collection Needs of Hospital Clinicians (Growing Opportunities) was implemented at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center's Health Science Library in Burbank, California. The library embarked on this project to determine how its collection could better suit the needs of the hospital's clinicians. The goal was to streamline the collection by canceling underutilized journal titles, thereby making funds available to purchase more electronic resources. The library used usage statistics and surveys to make these decisions. Growing Opportunities resulted in the cancellation of 14 print journals, the addition of two electronic ones, and a collection more tailored to the library's users.
Repeating the first grade how the decision is made

Although there has been a great deal of debate about whether or not children should repeat a grade in school, a more interesting question is which children are retained. This study addresses the question of what kind of children were retained in the first grade as compared to the norm, and as compared to a group of promoted children who were classroom peers yet who educators in the middle of the year considered to be possible nonpromotion candidates. Teachers from 6 school districts identified in March 146 children as candidates to repeat the first grade. By September, 84 had been retained, 62 promoted. In the Spring before the decision was made, we tested all children with a variety of measures of immaturity: intellectual, social, emotional, and physical. Promoted candidates differed from nonpromoted first graders with respect to academic achievement, cognitive development, and adaptation to school. All candidates, both promoted and retained, scored below average in reading achievement, visual-motor integration, and adaptation, but scored in the average range with respect to IQ, height and weight, and social adjustment. A cluster analysis on cases for the retained children further revealed three subgroups of retained children: One group had low scores on all measures of immaturity, especially self-concept; a second group had high or medium scores on all measures; and a third group had low math skills, but good social skills. These results may be interpreted as indicating that some children are appropriately retained and some are not.
Heterogeneity in anticatalytic activity of antibody specific for horseradish peroxidase

Rabbit antibodies specific for horseradish peroxidase are heterogeneous in their ability to inhibit enzyme activity. Heterogeneity was demonstrated by fractionation of the total antiperoxidase pool by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and differential elution of antibody from enzyme affinity columns. Both fractionation methods yielded antibody subpopulations that differed in anticatalytic activity. Some antibody subpopulations decreased enzyme activity almost completely at low molar ratios of antibody to peroxidase. Other subpopulations were not effective inhibitors even at great molar excess. Admixture experiments demonstrated that inefficient antibody pools decreased the anticatalytic effect of highly inhibitory antibody. The degree of inhibition observed with unfractionated antiserum is a reflection of the interaction of various antibody subpopulations with the enzyme. No correlation was found between the immunoglobulin class of antiperoxidase and anticatalytic efficiency in analyses of numerous antisera. The determinant specificity of an antiperoxidase molecule determines its anticatalytic ability. A peptide fragment (mol. wt 22,500) of peroxidase prepared by partial tryptic digestion bount 60 to 70% of the total antiperoxidase in a number of antisera. However, the peptide did not bind inhibitory antibodies.
In Vitro Estimation of the Potential Bioavailability of Calcium From Sea Mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), Milk, and Spinach Under Simulated Normal and Reduced Gastric Acid Conditions

Calcium solubility from sea mustard was compared to that of spinach and milk in an in vitro digestive system with normal and reduced gastric acid concentrations. Aliquots of each were subjected to peptic and pancreatic digestions, and ionic and total soluble calcium levels were measured as indices of potential availability. Solubility of calcium from sea mustard was comparable to cow's milk and substantially higher than from spinach. A fifty percent reduction of HC1 in the gastric phase lowered calcium solubility by 90% for spinach, 20% for sea mustard, and by less than 7% for milk.
Weak decay of heavy vector mesons

We consider the possibility that weak decay may compete with or dominate electromagnetic decay of heavy vector mesons. We find that this possibility is realized for vector mesons containing t quarks (Q = 2/3) for m/sub t/ > 12 GeV if we use the mass-splitting formula of De Rujula et al. We further analyze the possible weak decay modes and find that annihilation contributions are suppressed by mixing angles for both the D/sup +//sub t/* (td-bar) and F/sup +//sub t/* (ts-bar). For the D/sup 0//sub t/* (tu-bar) we find that the decay mode D/sup 0//sub t/* ..-->.. bd-bar may be significant depending on the value of m/sub t/ and the amount of nonleptonic enhancement.
Increasing Coverage of Syntactic Subcategorization Patterns in FrameNet Using Verbnet

We analyze the extent to which lexicographic annotations in FrameNet exemplify syntactic sub categorization patterns in corpora and present a method based on Verb net to decrease syntactic coverage gaps for most defined lexical units in FrameNet by 98% with high precision. The expanded set of annotated example sentences comprises about three times as many example sentences than those provided by FrameNet.
Absolute infrared intensities of HDO in aqueous solution

Abstract The absolute intensities of HDO have been measured using either H 2 O or D 2 O as solvent in an attempt to gather more data on intermolecular interactions in liquid water. The intensities of the stretching vibrations were found to be much larger than the corresponding gas phase intensities as is expected for strongly hydrogen-bonded liquids. Values of dipole derivatives with respect to internal coordinates, ∂ P /∂ R , were calculated from the experimental intensities. A prediction is made for the total intensity of the stretching vibrations of H 2 O and D 2 O using the ∂ P /∂ R and the appropriate normal coordinate transformations.
Transient polymeric drop extension and retraction in uniaxial extensional flows

Abstract We present results from modeling the deformation of a viscoelastic drop suspended in another viscoelastic fluid subjected to uniaxial extensional flow using the DEVSSG-FEM. Viscoelasticity is implemented using the Oldroyd-B constitutive relation for both the drop and surrounding matrix fluids. To allow efficient solution of the discretized problem, we employ an implicit temporal integration scheme with an accelerated quasi-Newton method. Important viscoelastic effects for both drop deformation during extensional flow and drop retraction following cessation of flow are elucidated. Viscoelastic drops in a Newtonian matrix lengthen less at steady state extension than Newtonian drops because of the accommodation of stress by elasticity. However, the stored elastic effects cause rapid tip retraction during the recovery of polymeric drops. Drops stretched in a viscoelastic exterior flow are enhanced in length compared to those in a Newtonian matrix because of first normal stresses from the matrix. During recovery, drops in a viscoelastic matrix can exhibit significant lengthening upon cessation of extensional flows, causing additional strain before retraction. This behavior is strongly dependent on the details of the exterior flow.
Military Intervention by Powerful States, 1945—2003

The Military Intervention by Powerful States (MIPS) project develops a rigorous, generalizable measure of the effectiveness of military force as a policy instrument and applies the measure to code the outcomes of all military interventions conducted by five major powers since the termination of World War II. The MIPS dataset provides detailed data on US, British, Chinese, French, and Russian uses of military force against both state and non-state targets between 1946 and 2003. In particular, this project focuses on the political objectives strong states pursue through the use of force, the human and material cost of their military operations, and measures of intervention outcomes relative to the intervening states’ objectives. The dataset also includes extensive data on factors commonly hypothesized to be associated with war outcomes, such as the nature of the target, the type of force used by the intervening state, and military aid and assistance provided to each side.
Global arrays: a nonuniform memory access programming model for high-performance computers

Portability, efficiency, and ease of coding are all important considerations in choosing the programming model for a scalable parallel application. The message-passing programming model is widely used because of its portability, yet some applications are too complex to code in it while also trying to maintain a balanced computation load and avoid redundant computations. The shared-memory programming model simplifies coding, but it is not portable and often provides little control over interprocessor data transfer costs. This paper describes an approach, called Global Arrays (GAs), that combines the better features of both other models, leading to both simple coding and efficient execution. The key concept of GAs is that they provide a portable interface through which each process in a MIMD parallel program can asynchronously access logical blocks of physically distributed matrices, with no need for explicit cooperation by other processes. We have implemented the GA library on a variety of computer systems, including the Intel Delta and Paragon, the IBM SP-1 and SP-2 (all message passers), the Kendall Square Research KSR-1/2 and the Convex SPP-1200 (nonuniform access shared-memory machines), the CRAY T3D (a globally addressable distributed-memory computer), and networks of UNIX workstations. We discuss the design and implementation of these libraries, report their performance, illustrate the use of GAs in the context of computational chemistry applications, and describe the use of a GA performance visualization tool.
Streptococcal infection in young pigs. I. An immunochemical study of the causative agent (PM streptococcus).

1. Streptococci causing neonatal infection in piglets have been identified serologically as belonging to group D.2. Glycerophosphate, glucose and xylose have been identified as components of the group substance isolated from these micro-organisms.3. The streptococci isolated from piglets with this disease in England appear to belong to a single serological type characterized by a capsular polysaccharide.4. Glucose, glucosamine and galactosamine have been identified as components of the type-specific substance.5. It is suggested that these streptococci should be designated Capsular Type 1 in Streptococcus suis, a new subgroup in group D.
On the Peaking of the Hughes Mean Recognition Accuracy: The Resolution of an Apparent Paradox

The peaking phenomenon of the Bayes recognition accuracy of pattern classifiers with unknown underlying statistics is addressed. It is shown that this effect, known as the Hughes paradox, arises from improper comparisons of statistically incomparable models. A formalization of the notion of comparability is introduced, and some of the results obtained in the literature are revisited in this context.
Transposon Tn10 provides a promoter for transcription of adjacent sequences

Promoters located within the Tn10 insertion element cause transcription of "host" sequences adjacent to both ends of the inserted Tn10 element. These promoters are usually not observed in genetic experiments because their transcripts are efficiently terminated at nearby rho-dependent termination sites. The observations presented here provide an explanation for several confusing aspects of transposon behavior and suggest the possibility that many transposons possess promoters that have escaped detection for similar reasons.
An integrated expert system framework for software quality assurance

A software quality assurance framework using knowledge-based engineering technology is described. The knowledge-engineering technology uses an object-oriented database to store the knowledge (the software quality information), and rules and meta-rules are its inferential knowledge. A dependency-based truth maintenance system based on hypothetical reasoning is used for design evaluation of the software quality. This framework can provide knowledge-based assistance for quality assurance throughout the entire software development cycle. To ensure high quality software and achieve cost-effective software development and maintenance, software metrics are used during the entire software development cycle to measure and predict the quality of software products. Various metrics for software attributes for all phases of the software development cycle will be collected and stored in the object-oriented database. The integration of the knowledge base with the software quality framework provides a wide range of support to the development of large-scale software systems. >
Influence of a liquid crystalline block on the microdomain structure of block copolymers

We report on the phase behavior and microdomain structure of two types of diblock copolymers containing a liquid crystal (LC) block joined to a flexible coil block. Consideration of the symmetry groups of the liquid crystalline phases and of the block copolymer microdomain structures provides a rationale for predicting the possible types of liquid crystalline block copolymer morphologies. Both previously reported and newly discovered structural types are identified. Possible organizational schemes are developed for the mesogens and periodic disclination defects with respect to the intermaterial dividing surfaces separating the liquid crystalline and flexible coil domains. The first type of copolymer investigated has a rod-like LC block whereas the second type copolymer has a side chain LC block. Five different rod-coil diblocks based on poly(hexyl isocyanate-b-styrene) P(HIC-b-S) were synthesized by anionic polymerization. Wavy lamellae, zig-zag and arrowhead microdomain morphologies corresponding to smectic-C and smectic-O structures were observed depending on the composition. These layered phases have the director (PHIC chain axis) tilted at various orientations with respect to the layer normal. Side chain LC diblocks based on functionalized poly(isoprene-b-styrene) P(I-b-S) were also investigated. These polymers were synthesized using polymer analogous chemistry from P(I-b-S) precursors. Three different mesogenic groups were attached to the PI blocks: one based on biphenyl benzoate and two based on azobenzene. The microdomain structures found for the functionalized poly(isoprene side-chain LC-b-styrene) P(ILC-b-S) diblocks are typical of traditional coil-coil diblocks (lamellae and cylinders). However, these morphologies possess an additional smectic layering of the mesogens within the microdomains of the LC block. In the case of the rod-coil diblocks, the transformation from an initially isotropic state to the final microphase separated solid state occurs via nematic and then smectic liquid crystalline states, whereas for the side-chain LC-coil cases, the microphase separation transition occurs prior to development of orientational order. The long-range microdomain order of LC block-coil block copolymers can extend over very large distances due to the influence of the orientational ordering of the LC block.