cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coagulation disorders in cancer. III. Fibrinolysis and inhibitors

In a group of 100 unselected patients with disseminated malignancies, marked disturbances in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were found. Mean silicone coagulation time was shortened, and fibrinogen levels were markedly elevated. Fibrinolysis activation, as manifested by plasma clot lysis, euglobulin lysis, or the presence of fibrin degradation products, was noted in 9 cases. Mean plasminogen levels were normal. There was a significant elevation of urokinase inhibitor, but other inhibitors of fibrinolysis were normal.
The Funki Buniz Playground: facilitating multi-cultural affective collaborative play

The Funki Buniz Playground is an environment where children can interact with each other simultaneously in both a virtual world -- through their avatars -- and the real world, which we built to study cross cultural affective responses and multi-cultural empathy. This paper describes some of the interaction design challenges we encountered while implementing the Funki Buniz Playground, as well as the constraints and solutions we discovered.
Cardiac Rate of the Rat under a DRL and a Non-Contingent Temporal Schedule of Reinforcement

Two experiments were conducted in an attempt to produce conditioning of the rat's heart-rate response to periodic presentations of a positive reinforcer. In the first study, milk was presented once every 60 sec. to 2 Ss and once every 240 sec. to 2 other Ss. The unconditioned cardiac response to the milk was an increase in cardiac rate, and, while it was shown that the increase became conditioned to auditory stimulation which accompanied the milk, no evidence of temporal conditioning was found. In the second study, heart rates were observed during a DRL reinforcement schedule for lever pressing. Once again, no evidence of temporal conditioning was found, although there was an indication that heart rate increases following reinforced lever press responses were greater than following unreinforced presses.
Outcome analysis of urethral wall stent insertion with artificial urinary sphincter placement for severe recurrent bladder neck contracture following radical prostatectomy

Purpose: We present outcome and quality of life analyses for the treatment of post-radical prostatectomy bladder neck contracture with urethral wall stent insertion and subsequent artificial urinary sphincter placement.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis from June 2001 to September 2007 identified 25 consecutive men who underwent urethral wall stent placement for severe, recurrent bladder neck contracture despite aggressive transurethral resection after radical prostatectomy. Assessment of symptoms and quality of life impact from urinary incontinence was conducted with a self-administered, standardized questionnaire. Nonparametric testing was used for comparing covariates among groups. Univariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess predictors of treatment failure. P values are double-sided and are considered statistically significant if ≤0.05.Results: Etiology of recurrent bladder neck contracture was radical prostatectomy in all patients. Concurrent severe stress incontinence...
Influence of localized imperfection on the instability of isotropic/cross-ply cylindrical shells/rings under external pressure

Compressive response of two extreme cases of cylindrical shell type structures weakened by the presence of localized imperfections is investigated. These two extreme cases are (i) thin metallic cylindrical shells, which are characterized by the absence of transverse shear deformation, and (ii) thick laminated advanced fiber reinforced composite rings (very long cylindrical shells), whose response is dominated by the interlaminar or transverse (primarily shear) deformation. A fully nonlinear finite element analysis, that employs a cylindrically curved 16-node layer-element, and is based on the assumption of layerwise linear displacements distribution through thickness (LLDT) or linear displacements distribution through thickness (LDT), is utilized in the analysis of afore-mentioned cross-ply ring or thin homogeneous isotropic cylindrical shell, respectively. Hitherto unavailable numerical results pertaining to the two cases are also presented.
Measurement of biophysical properties of red blood cells by resistance pulse spectroscopy: volume, shape, surface area, and deformability

Abstract This paper presents a simple, new approach to the determination of size, shape, surface area, and deformability information for cells, notably red blood cells. The results are obtained by combining experimental measurements from resistive pulse spectroscopy (an extension of electronic cell-sizing methodology) with theoretical calculations for model systems. Assuming constancy of surface area and approximating red cell shapes by both prolate and oblate ellipsoids of revolution, values are determined for cell shape factor and volume under a variety of conditions. For red blood cells under low-stress conditions, shape factor, volume, and surface area results are found to be consistent with those available from the literature, when the oblate model is used. Tha applicability of this approach for determination of red cell properties under altered conditions is demonstrated by results for cell volume, at varying osmotic pressure and mechanical shear (tensil) stress. By qunatitating the change in cell shape with stress, a new numerical scale for measuring cell deformability is also obtained, and data are presented on its variation for red cells at different osmolalities, over the range of 140 to 500 mOsm.
Assessment of cross-resistance potential to neonicotinoid insecticides in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Laboratory bioassays were carried out with four neonicotinoid insecticides on multiple strains of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) to evaluate resistance and cross-resistance patterns. Three imidacloprid-resistant strains and field populations from three different locations in the southwestern USA were compared in systemic uptake bioassays with acetamiprid, dinotefuran, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. An imidacloprid-resistant strain (IM-R) with 120-fold resistance originally collected from Imperial Valley, California, did not show cross-resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran or thiamethoxam. The Guatemala-resistant strain (GU-R) that was also highly resistant to imidacloprid (RR=109-fold) showed low levels of cross-resistance when bioassayed with acetamiprid and thiamethoxam. However, dinotefuran was more toxic than either imidacloprid or thiamethoxam to both IM-R and GU-R strains as indicated by low LC50s. By contrast, a Q-biotype Spanish-resistant strain (SQ-R) of B. tabaci highly resistant to imidacloprid demonstrated high cross-resistance to the two related neonicotinoids. Field populations from Imperial Valley (California), Maricopa and Yuma (Arizona), showed variable susceptibility to imidacloprid (LC50s ranging from 3.39 to 115 microg ml(-1)) but did not exhibit cross-resistance to the three neonicotinoids suggesting that all three compounds would be effective in managing whiteflies. Yuma populations were the most susceptible to imidacloprid. Dinotefuran was the most toxic of the four neonicotinoids against field populations. Although differences in binding at the target site and metabolic pathways may influence the variability in cross-resistance patterns among whitefly populations, comparison of whitefly responses from various geographic regions to the four neonicotinoids indicates the importance of ecological and operational factors on development of cross-resistance to the neonicotinoids.
CELLULAR PHARMACOKINETICS OF araCTP DURING THERAPY OF REFRACTORY ACUTE LEUKEMIA WITH araC: EFFECT OF m-AMSA: 163

CELLULAR PHARMACOKINETICS OF araCTP DURING THERAPY OF REFRACTORY ACUTE LEUKEMIA WITH araC: EFFECT OF m-AMSA: 163
A Rural Society after the Black Death: Essex 1350-1525

A Rural Society after the Black Death is a study of rural social structure in the English county of Essex between 1350 and 1500. It seeks to understand how, in the population collapse after the Black Death (1348–1349), a particular economic environment affected ordinary people's lives in the areas of migration, marriage and employment, and also contributed to patterns of religious nonconformity, agrarian riots and unrest, and even rural housing. The period under scrutiny is often seen as a transitional era between 'medieval' and 'early-modern' England, but in the light of recent advances in English historical demography, this study suggests that there was more continuity than change in some critically important aspects of social structure in the region in question. Among the most important contributions of the book are its use of an unprecedentedly wide range of original manuscript records (estate and manorial records, taxation and criminal-court records, royal tenurial records, and the records of church courts, wills etc.) and its application of current quantitative and comparative demographic methods.
Transmission of high-power electron beams through small apertures

Abstract Tests were performed to pass a 100 MeV, 430 kWatt c.w. electron beam from the energy-recovery linac at the Jefferson Laboratory's FEL facility through a set of small apertures in a 127 mm long aluminum block. Beam transmission losses of 3 p.p.m. through a 2 mm diameter aperture were maintained during a 7 h continuous run.
2-(Fluoromethyl)-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and its 2,3-epoxide. Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase

2-(Fluoromethyl)-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (7) was synthesized from the known compound 2-bromo-3-methyl-1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene by N-bromosuccinimide bromination of the 3-methyl group, conversion to the corresponding 3-fluoromethyl compound with silver fluoride, attachment of the 3-phytyl substitutent via the lithium diaryl cuprate and phytyl bromide, and then silver oxide oxidation to 7. Epoxidation with basic hydrogen peroxide gave the corresponding 2,3-oxide (1) in a very low yield. Compound 1 was not a time-dependent inhibitor of beef liver microsomal vitamin K epoxide reductase, but it was a competitive, reversible inhibitor. It was not possible to determine if 1 was a substrate for the enzyme because the expected product of reduction, namely 7, rapidly decomposed under the assay conditions.
Coupled reaction channels compared with coupled channels array

Abstract It is argued that the coupled reaction channels approach to rearrangement reactions consistently solves the Schrodinger equation for the system in a truncated Hilbert space. A formulation of the coupled channels array approach in the same severely truncated space bears no consistent relation to the Schrodinger equation.
Insulin-like growth factor-I expression during early conceptus development in the pig.

Porcine conceptuses (embryo and associated membranes) in utero undergo developmental morphological transformations coincident with structural and biochemical changes in the uterine endometrium during early gestation. To elucidate a possible role for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in these events, porcine endometrial (Days 8,10,11,12,14, and 30) and conceptus (Days 12,14, and 16) tissues were characterized for the presence of IGF-! peptide and mRNAs. The corresponding uterine luminal fluids (ULF) at these stages of pregnancy were also analyzed for immunoreactive IGF-J concentration. ULF IGF-I was lowest on Day 8, highest on Day 12, and declined by Day 14. In contrast, endometrial tissue IGF-I content remained constant during this period. Conceptus tissues contained less IGF-I than endometrial tissues; however, conceptus IGF-1 values were maximum on Day 12 coincident with peak values for ULF IGF-1. Dot-blot hybridization analyses revealed temporal variation in steady-state levels of IGF-I mRNAs in endometrium. Highest levels of endometrial IGF-I mRNA were detected on Day 12 and were about 4-fold greater than on Day 30 of pregnancy. IGF-1 mRWA expression in conceptus tissues on Days 12,14,and 16was the same and was sigiuficantly less than that in endometrium on Day 12.These results demonstrate the temporal variation of IGF-I mRNA abundance in uterine endometrium and of immunoreactive IGF-1 in ULF and in conceptus tissues, with the developmental processes occurring in the conceptuses at early pregnancy. Thus IGF-! may act with other peptide growth factors present in ULF, through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, to mediate uterine and conceptus growth and differentiation.
Anomalies in Economics Enrollment: 1991-1992 to 1995-1996.

Abstract This paper presents data and empirical models to explain the causes of the decline in the enrollment of economics majors during the 1991–1992 to 1995–1996 academic years. It first discusses the theoretical bases for a qualitative analysis of this type. It then discusses a sample survey methodology used to obtain cross-sectional information from colleges and universities in the US for those sample periods. Finally, it explores data analysis suggested in the literature on Factor, Probit, and Regression techniques, to decide on an appropriate model to explain and advise policy measures for the near future. We found that a Weighted-Least-Squares Technique (WLS), taking care of heteroscedastic variance in the data and adjustments for multicollinearity and the dummy variable trap, in a recursive set of equations environment, explained the data best. The results, disaggregated by B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees, are for the most part supportive of hypotheses in the literature. In particular, hypotheses of a declining national trend in enrollment associated with market boom phenomena, relative peak enrollment periods, budget cuts, lack of job opportunities, and poor teaching methods, gain validation. We posit these issues within the policies that are currently confronted in the national arena.
On the use of genetic male sterility in screening for cytoplasmic-genetic sterility in barley

A method is outlined for using genetic male sterility to screen for cytoplasmic-genetic sterility in barley. Since the method utilizes genetic male sterile plants as females, a very large number of crosses can be made. The critical cytoplasmic-genetic interaction will occur in the F1 generation, further minimizing time and effort required in the screening process. The method was put to test with materials from a breeding program. The desired cytoplasmic-genetic interaction was not observed. Since only ten male stocks were tested, it is suggested that further studies with stocks of more diverse origin might prove successful. {fx350-1}
Dynamic Pore-Pressure Fluctuations in Rapidly Shearing Granular Materials

Results from two types of experiments show that intergranular pore pressures fluctuated dynamically during rapid, steady shear deformation of water-saturated granular materials. During some fluctuations, the pore water locally supported all normal and shear stresses, while grain-contact stresses transiently fell to zero. Fluctuations also propagated outward from the shear zone; this process modifies grain-contact stresses in adjacent areas and potentially instigates shear-zone growth.
Balancing cell numbers during organogenesis: Six1a differentially affects neurons and sensory hair cells in the inner ear

While genes involved in the differentiation of the mechanosensory hair cells and the neurons innervating them have been identified, genes involved in balancing their relative numbers remain unknown. Six1a plays a dual role by promoting hair cell fate while inhibiting neuronal fate in these two lineages. Genes homologous to six1a act as either transcriptional activators or repressors, depending on the partners with which they interact. By assaying the in vivo and in vitro effects of mutations in presumptive protein-protein interacting and DNA-binding domains of Six1a, we show that, in the developing zebrafish inner ear, Six1a promotes hair cell fate by acting as a transcriptional activator and inhibits neuronal fate by acting as a transcriptional repressor. We also identify several potential partners for Six1a that differ between these two lineages. The dual role of Six1a in the developing otocyst provides a mechanism for balancing the relative number of hair cells and neurons during organogenesis of the inner ear.
The behavior of apatite during crustal anatexis: Equilibrium and kinetic considerations

The solubility and dissolution kinetics of apatite in felsic melts at 850°–1500°C have been examined experimentally by allowing apatite crystals to partially dissolve into apatite-undersaturated melts containing 0–10 wt% water. Analysis of P and Ca gradients in the crystal/melt interfacial region enables determination of both the diffusivities and the saturation levels of these components in the melt. Phosphorus diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting factor in apatite dissolution. Results of four experiments at 8 kbar run in the virtual absence of water yield an activation energy (E) for P diffusion of 143.6 ± 2.8 kcal-mol−1 and frequency factor (D0) of 2.23+2.88−1.26 × 109cm2-sec−1. The addition of water causes dramatic and systematic reduction of both E and D0 such that at 6 wt% H2O the values are ~25 kcal-mol−1 and 10−5 cm2-sec−1, respectively. At 1300°C, the diffusivity of P increases by a factor of 50 over the first 2% of water added to the melt, but rises by a factor of only two between 2 and 6%, perhaps reflecting the effect of a concentration-dependent mechanism of H2O solution. Calcium diffusion gradients do not conform well to simple diffusion theory because the release of calcium at the dissolving crystal surface is linked to the transport rate of phosphorus in the melt, which is typically two orders of magnitude slower than Ca. Calcium chemical diffusion rates calculated from the observed gradients are about 50 times slower than calcium tracer diffusion. Apatite solubilities obtained from these experiments, together with previous results, can be described as a function of absolute temperature (T) and melt composition by the expression: In Dapatite/meltP = [(8400 + ((SiO2 − 0.5)2.64 × 104))/T] − [3.1 + (12.4(SiO2 − 0.5))] where SiO2 is the weight fraction of silica in the melt. This model appears to be valid between 45% and 75% SiO2, 0 and 10% water, and for the range of pressures expected in the crust. The diffusivity information extracted from the experiments can be directly applied to several problems of geochemical interest, including I) dissolution times for apatite during crustal anatexis, and 2) pileup of P, and consequent local saturation in apatite, at the surfaces of growing major-mineral phases.
Latching‐On and Suckling of the Healthy Term Neonate: Breastfeeding Assessment

Increasing breastfeeding duration and exclusivity is an acknowledged public health priority. Breastfeeding problems, especially with the healthy term neonate latching-on or feeding with a suboptimal latch, are common reasons for early breastfeeding termination when they result in inadequate breastfeeding, poor milk transfer, and sore nipples. This article describes clinical strategies for systematic latch-on and suckling assessment with the goal of improving the skills of clinicians who provide care for breastfeeding women.
A Zeta Function for the BTZ Black Hole

For the three-dimensional BTZ black hole we consider a Selberg type zeta function. We indicate how special values of its logarithm correspond to certain thermodynamic quantities associated with the black hole.
Continuous robust control for a class of uncertain MIMO nonlinear systems

In this paper, a continuous robust feedback control is designed for a class of high-order multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems with two degrees of freedom containing unstructured nonlinear uncertainties in the drift vector and parametric uncertainties in the high frequency gain matrix, which is allowed to be non-symmetric in general. Given some mild assumptions on the system model, a singularity-free continuous robust tracking control law is designed that is shown to be semi-globally asymptotically stable under full-state feedback through a Lyapunov stability analysis.
Mannitol as an osmotic antagonist to dimethyl sulfoxide.

Abstract Canine kidneys frozen with dimethyl sulfoxide at −10 ° or −50 °C for 24 to 144 hr and then autotransplanted have shown uniform ureteral survival and preservation of numerous tubules and glomeruli without apparent function. This success has been achieved with the intravascular administration of mannitol on vascularization of the transplant and is compared with a previously reported series in which there was 45% ureteral survival and rare survival of tubular cells when mannitol was not used.
Cohort Default Rates Predicting the Probability of Federal Sanctions

This study examines the institutional factors associated with student loan default. When a college has more than 30% of its students default on their loans, then the institution faces federal sanctions that could make them ineligible from participating in the federal student loan program. Using Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) data from 2008 (N = 4,488), and applying logistic regression, this study finds for-profit colleges, those accredited by vocational education programs, and those serving diverse student bodies are most at risk of federal sanctions. It concludes that accreditation reform and improving graduation rates could be long-term solutions to addressing the default problem.
FROM FIELD TO OFFICE: THE POLITICS OF CORPORATE ETHNOGRAPHY

Critical corporate ethnography does not stop at the field or our reports but extends into our day-to-day work in the office. Using the example of internal research conducted for next generation internet Cafe (Cafe) product development in the PRC, we will argue that corporate ethnographers must go beyond self-reflexive fieldwork to tackle the organizational and cultural politics of our domain expertise. In this latter context, we become conflated with “the field” and, indeed, our corporate value is equated with the veracity of our field representations. The situation becomes eminently more complex in MNCs where in-depth ethnographic research is analyzed and acted on in multinational teams and where internal cultural differences and professional disagreements parade as divergent corporate interests.
The subnivium: a deteriorating seasonal refugium

For many terrestrial organisms in the Northern Hemisphere, winter is a period of resource scarcity and energy deficits, survivable only because a seasonal refugium – the “subnivium” – exists beneath the snow. The warmer and more stable conditions within the subnivium are principally driven by snow duration, density, and depth. In temperate regions, the subnivium is important for the overwintering success of plants and animals, yet winter conditions are changing rapidly worldwide. Throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the impacts of climate change are predicted to be most prominent during the winter months, resulting in a shorter snow season and decreased snow depth. These climatic changes will likely modify the defining qualities of the subnivium, resulting in broad-scale shifts in distributions of species that are dependent on these refugia. Resultant changes to the subnivium, however, will be spatially and temporally variable. We believe that ecologists and managers are overlooking this widespread, crucia...
Static and Cine CT Imaging to Identify and Characterize Mediastinal Adhesions as a Potential Complication for Patients Underdoing “Redo Sternotomy”

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the image acquisition, identification, and reporting of postoperative adhesions in patients undergoing CT for “redo sternotomy” surgical planning. CONCLUSION. Adhesions appear as linear fibrous bands that join structures in the mediastinum viewed on static images. Confirmation by cine imaging shows deformation of mediastinal structures. Identification and reporting of adhesions will likely guide surgeons to safer interventions.
Pharmacokinetics of liposome-entrapped cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum(II) and cisplatin given i.v. and i.p. in the rat.

The pharmacokinetics of liposome-entrappedcis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum(II) (L-NDDP) and cisplatin (CDDP) were studied after i.v. and i.p. administration of an equimolar dose (11 and 5 mg/kg for L-NDDP and CDDP, respectively) in the rat. The systemic absorption following i.p. administration was faster in rats receiving CDDP than in those receiving L-NDDP. Peak serum platinum (Pt) levels were observed at 30 min and 12 h after the i.p. administration of CDDP and L-NDDP, respectively. Administration by the i.v. route did not significantly alter the serum Pt levels for either compound. However, serum Pt levels were 2–3 times greater in animals treated with L-NDDP than in those treated with CDDP. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters for each drug were independent of the route of administration, except for the clearance (Cl) of CDDP, which increased 2-fold following i.p. administration. In addition, significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between drug-treatment groups that were independent of the route of administration: the serum Pt area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was higher and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was lower in rats receiving L-NDDP. Pt levels measured at 6 h in the peritoneal fluid, peritoneal tissue, and intestine of rats receiving i.p. L-NDDP were higher than those observed in rats receiving either i.v. L-NDDP or CDDP by either route. Pt levels measured in the liver and spleen of rats receiving L-NDDP were independent of the route of administration and were significantly higher than those determined in rats treated with CDDP. In contrast, kidney Pt levels were lower in rats receiving L-NDDP than in rats receiving CDDP by either route. These results suggest that the prolongation of the mean retention time of L-NDDP in the peritoneum achieved after i.p. administration without compromising the systemic distribution of the drug may result in a significant enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy of L-NDDP against malignancies confined to the peritoneal cavity as compared with that of i.p. CDDP.
High-resolution light microscopy of nanoforms

We developed a high resolution light imaging system. Diffraction gratings with 100 nm width lines as well as less than 100 nm size features of different-shaped objects are clearly visible on a calibrated microscope test slide (Vainrub et al., Optics Letters, 2006, 31, 2855). The two-point resolution increase results from a known narrowing of the central diffraction peak for the annular aperture. Better visibility and advanced contrast of the smallest features in the image are due to enhancement of high spatial frequencies in the optical transfer function. The imaging system is portable, low energy, and battery operated. It has been adapted to use in both transmitting and reflecting light. It is particularly applicable for motile nanoform systems where structure and functions can be depicted in real time. We have isolated micrometer and submicrometer particles, termed proteons, from human and animal blood. Proteons form by reversible seeded aggregation of proteins around proteon nucleating centers (PNCs). PNCs are comprised of 1-2nm metallic nanoclusters containing 40-300 atoms. Proteons are capable of spontaneous assembling into higher nanoform systems assuming structure of complicated topology. The arrangement of complex proteon system mimics the structure of a small biological cell. It has structures that imitate membrane and nucleolus or nuclei. Some of these nanoforms are motile. They interact and divide. Complex nanoform systems can spontaneously reduce to simple proteons. The physical properties of these nanoforms could shed some light on the properties of early life forms or forms at extreme conditions.
Halo statistics in non-Gaussian cosmologies: the collapsed fraction, conditional mass function and halo bias from the path-integral excursion set method

Characterizing the level of primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) in the initial conditions for structure formation is one of the most promising ways to test inflation and differentiate among different scenarios. The scale-dependent imprint of PNG on the large-scale clustering of galaxies and quasars has already been used to place significant constraints on the level of PNG in our observed Universe. Such measurements depend upon an accurate and robust theory of how PNG affects the bias of galactic halos relative to the underlying matter density field. We improve upon previous work by employing a more g eneral analytical method the path-integral extension of the excursion set formalism - which is able to account for the non-Markovianity caused by PNG in the random-walk model used to identify halos in the initial density field. This non-Markovianity encodes infor mation about environmental effects on halo formation which have so far not been taken into account in analytical bias calculations. We compute both scale-dependent and -independent corrections to the halo bias, along the way presenting an expression for the conditional collapsed fraction for the first time, and a new expression for the conditional halo mass function. To leading order in our perturbative calculation, we recover the halo bias results of Desjac ques et. al. (2011), including the new scale-dependent correction reported there. However, we show that the non-Markovian dynamics from PNG can lead to marked differences in halo bias when next-to-leading order terms are included. We quantify these differences here. We fi nd that the next-to-leading order corrections suppress the amplitudes of both the scale-dependent and -independent bias by � 5 10% for massive halos with M � 10 15 M⊙/h, and � 30 40% for halos with M � 10 14 M⊙/h. The corrections appear to be more significant as the halo mas s is lowered, though we caution that the apparently large effects we observe in the low-mass regime likely signal a breakdown of the perturbative approach taken here.
Using a population growth model to simulate response of Plodia interpunctella Hübner to temperature and diet

Response to temperature and diet are major factors in the potential population growth of Plodia interpunctella Hubner, a damaging pest of many stored products. A population growth model was used to simulate population development on an optimal wheat-based diet and a sub-optimal diet of raisins at 20–35°C, using different starting values for initial density and life stage. Predicted population development on the two diets increased with temperature and growth patterns were similar regardless of starting population levels at temperatures over 20°C. The predicted population levels on raisins were much less than those predicted for wheat diet, with the same general patterns of increasing populations with temperature at each starting density level or life stage. Results show that the intrinsic population dynamics for P. interpunctella even on a sub-optimal diet and at sub-optimal temperatures are such that density can increase rapidly to levels that would cause extensive economic damage. The ability to predict population growth is a valuable tool to aid pest managers in decision making.
Positional accuracy of the Wide Area Augmentation System in consumer-grade GPS units

Global Positioning System devices are increasingly being used for data collection in many fields. Consumer-grade GPS units without differential correction have a published horizontal positional accuracy of approximately 10-15m (average positional accuracy). An attractive option for differential correction for these GPS units is the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). Most consumer-grade GPS units on the market are WAAS capable. According to the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA), the WAAS broadcast message provides integrity information about the GPS signal as well as accuracy improvements, which are reported to improve accuracy to 3-5m. Limited empirical evidence has been published on the accuracy of WAAS-enabled GPS compared to autonomous GPS. An empirical study was conducted comparing the horizontal and vertical accuracy of WAAS-corrected GPS and autonomous GPS under ideal conditions using consumer-grade receivers. Data were collected for 30-min time spans over accurately surveyed control points. Metrics of median, 68th and 95th percentile, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and average positional accuracy in the horizontal and vertical dimensions were computed and statistically compared. No statistically significant difference was found between WAAS and autonomous position fixes when using two different consumer-grade units. When using WAAS, a third unit type exhibited a statistically significant improvement in positional accuracy. Analysis of data collected for a 27-h time span indicates that while WAAS is altering the estimated position of a point compared to an autonomous position estimate, WAAS augmentation actually appears to decrease the positional accuracy.
Mechanisms of conspecific sperm precedence in Drosophila.

Abstract The postmating, prezygotic isolating mechanism known as conspecific sperm precedence (CSP) may play an important role in speciation, and understanding the mechanism of CSP is important in reconstructing its evolution. When a Drosophila simulans female mates with both a D. simulans male and a D. mauritiana male, the vast majority of her progeny are fathered by D. simulans, regardless of the order of mating. The dearth of hybrid progeny does not result from inviability of eggs fertilized by heterospecific sperm or from the relative inviability of heterospecific larvae. Instead, CSP apparently results from a prefertilization obstacle to heterospecific sperm. We identified two independent barriers to heterospecific fertilization, sperm displacement and incapacitation, whose action depends on the order of mating. When a D. simulans female mates first with a conspecific male, the seminal fluid from this mating incapacitates heterospecific sperm transferred two days later. This sperm incapacitation occu...
Daily rhythm of plasma insulin in Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) fed ad libitum.

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma levels of immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) of 6 groups of 5-week-old quail, held on a 16L:8D photoregime, were measured every 4hr, for 24 hr. 2. 2. Concentrations of plasma IRI varied during the 24 hr period (Anova, P 3. 3. IRI concentrations at 6a.m., 10a.m., 2 p.m. and 6p.m. were significantly different from values at 2a.m. and 10p.m. by Waller grouping. 4. 4. Low IRI levels at light offset (10 p.m.—when the birds had full crops and were in an absorptive state) and high levels at light onset (6 a.m.—before feeding resumed) indicate that feeding does not fully account for the IRI rhythm.
Structure of spontaneously broken local gauge supersymmetry

Abstract The structure of gauge supersymmetry (with field equations RAB=λgAB) before and after spontaneous breakdown is analysed. The gauge group of the vacuum metric, after the breakdown is examined. For real gravitational interactions, a metric is constructed which is covariant with respect to Einstein and local vierbein transformations. For the case λ ≠ 0 cancellation of all cosmological terms at the tree level in the gravitational equations that arise from the Bose-Bose sector, Rμν = λgμν, and the Bose-Fermi sector, Rμα = λgμα, of the superspace equations is exhibited. The field equations arising from the two sectors are shown to be consistent. For the general case the relationship of the broken gauge and internal symmetry, fictitious Goldstone particles (Goldstone bosons as well as germions) and mass growth for high-spin particles (such as spin 3 2 , spin 2 etc.) is discussed. An expansion of the Lagrangian quadratic in fields (e.g. kinetic energy and mass matrices) needed for diagonalization of the theory is given. Details of superspace Riemannian geometry are discussed.
Risk factors and secondary prevention in women with heart disease.

We were disappointed by Vittinghoff and col-leagues’ evaluation of secondary prevention in the Heart and Estro-gen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) (1). We believe concernsof undertreatment of women are important but were not supportedby the data presented and were misinterpreted in the accompanyingeditorial (2) and press reports (3).Treatment rates were presented with the assumption that allpatients should be treated and that shortfalls represented poor-qual-ity care. This assumption is incorrect because the authors did notaccount for treatment ineligibility or contraindications that may havejustiﬁed nonuse of some therapies. Without this information, it isnot possible to draw inferences about the quality of care. For exam-ple, the authors presented rates of angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitor use, but HERS lacked the information needed todevelop a denominator of patients who had an indication for ACEinhibitors or to exclude patients with a contraindication to ACEinhibitors. As a result, it is not possible to interpret the rate asevidence of undertreatment, overtreatment, or appropriate care.Treatment contraindications may substantially inﬂuence quality-of-care evaluations. For example, if conservative criteria are used, 23%of Medicare patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction (MI) hadabsolute or relative contraindications for aspirin, 52% for -blockers,and 51% for ACE inhibitors (4).We have no doubt that opportunities to improve care exist.Nevertheless, studies of quality of care must employ rigorous meth-odologic approaches to convey meaningful information about treat-ment rates. Unfortunately, the authors placed their point about hav-ing limited data on contraindications in the last sentence of theirsecond-to-last paragraph, while the accompanying editorial (2) andassociated press coverage (3) omitted this important detail in theinterest of the more sensational claim that “we are undertreating ourmothers and sisters.” Ultimately, addressing treatment shortfalls willrequire an understanding of the differences between simple treat-ment rates and accurate measures of quality of care.
Radiographic assessment of the infiltrating retropharyngeal lipoma.

658 Neoplasms of the retropharyngeal space (RPS) are uncommon tumors that frequently remain asymptomatic until they reach a critical size that induces a mass effect on surrounding structures. Consequently, these neoplasms often remain undiagnosed until they are quite large, resulting in dysphagia or airway obstruction. The retropharyngeal lipoma is an extremely rare neoplasm. Although 31 cases of retropharyngeal lipoma have been described in the literature since the late 1800s, only 1 case of an infiltrating retropharyngeal lipoma has previously been documented.1 Because the recurrence rate of the infiltrating lipoma has been reported to be as high as 62.5%, preoperative determination of infiltration would allow the surgeon to widely resect the neoplasm in order to minimize the chance for recurrence.2 We present a patient in which preoperative diagnostic imaging was predictive of an infiltrating retropharyngeal lipoma and detail the patient’s management and follow-up. CASE REPORT A 49-year-old African American female presented to the Medical College of Ohio with a history of progressive dysphagia, increased upper airway resistance, loud snoring, and frequent nighttime awakening, as well as daytime somnolence. The patient had undergone polysomnography that demonstrated an apnea-hypopnea index of 14 events per hour of sleep, consistent with mild obstructive sleep apnea. On physical examination, the patient demonstrated no evidence of airway restriction or alteration in vocal quality. Inspection of the oropharynx demonstrated a submucosal prominence of the posterior pharyngeal wall that on palpation was homogeneous and doughy. The overlying mucosa was normal. Laryngoscopy documented the posterior pharyngeal prominence with extension caudally behind the larynx, compressing the laryngeal inlet anteroposteriorly. The larynx and hypopharyngeal region were otherwise normal and no masses were appreciated on palpation of the neck. A CT scan was performed on the basis of the patient’s examination findings that demonstrated a radiolucent mass involving the retropharyngeal space that compressed and displaced the larynx, trachea, and esophagus anteriorly and the left carotid sheath laterally (Fig 1A). There was also radiographically evident destruction of the prevertebral musculature posteriorly and the irregular interface between the mass and the prevertebral muscles suggested infiltration of the mass into the prevertebral musculature. To better define the radiographic extent and quality of
Human Cathepsin F MOLECULAR CLONING, FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION, TISSUE LOCALIZATION, AND ENZYMATIC CHARACTERIZATION

A cDNA for a novel human papain-like cysteine protease, designated cathepsin F, has been cloned from a λgt10-skeletal muscle cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence encoded a polypeptide of 302 amino acids composed of an 88-residue propeptide and a 214-residue mature protein. Protein sequence comparisons revealed 58% homology with cathepsin W; about 42–43% with cathepsins L, K, S, H, and O; and 38% with cathepsin B. Sequence comparisons of the propeptides indicated that cathepsin F and cathepsin W may form a new cathepsin subgroup. Northern blot analysis showed high expression levels in heart, skeletal muscle, brain, testis, and ovary; moderate levels in prostate, placenta, liver, and colon; and no detectable expression in peripheral leukocytes and thymus. The precursor polypeptide of human recombinant cathepsin F, produced in Pichia pastoris, was processed to its active mature form autocatalytically or by incubation with pepsin. Mature cathepsin F was highly active with comparable specific activities toward synthetic substrates as reported for cathepsin L. The protease had a broad pH optimum between 5.2 and 6.8. Similar to cathepsin L, its pH stability at cytosolic pH (7.2) was short, with a half-life of approximately 2 min. This may suggest a function in an acidic cellular compartment. Transient expression of T7-tagged cathepsin F in COS-7 cells revealed a vesicular distribution of the gene product in the juxtanuclear region of the cells. However, contrary to all known cathepsins, the open reading frame of the cathepsin F cDNA did not encode a signal sequence, thus suggesting that the protease is targeted to the lysosomal compartment via an N-terminal signal peptide-independent lysosomal targeting pathway.
Time to Fight Government Type and Conflict Initiation in Parliamentary Systems

Democratic peace arguments make compelling claims about the importance of regime type for explaining conflict but do not explain the variation in conflict propensity among states that share a common regime type. The authors develop a veto-player approach to capture the effects of executive constraint and argue that in parliamentary democracies, cabinet structure and allies influence states' conflict behavior. A hazard analysis is used to examine the time before a government's first initiation of force in 569 cabinets in 18 countries from the end of World War I to 1990 (N = 25,238 cabinet months). Results show that minority governments have a smaller hazard for initiating a conflict than either coalition or majority cabinets. However, the likelihood of conflict initiation for coalition and majority cabinets is the same. States with allies are less likely to initiate force. Across states of relatively uniform political culture, institutional measures of constraint effectively predict variation in conflict b...
Lagrangian Functions and Schrödinger's Rule.

In a recent paper Schrodinger(1) has extended a rule, used by writers in the theory of gravitation, for deriving a stress energy tensor from a Lagrangian function and has illustrated its application in the case of the tensor which he has associated with the system of equations proposed by Gordon.(2)
Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight Is Paramount

Among those without MetS, the hazard ratios were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.00-1.61) in overweight and 1.88 (95% CI, 1.34-2.63) in obese participants, compared with normal weight participants without MetS. Using the same comparison group, the hazard ratios among those with MetS were 1.39 (95% CI, 0.96-2.02) in normal weight, 1.70 (95% CI, 1.35-2.15) in overweight, and 2.33 (95% CI, 1.81-3.00) in obese participants. The components that compose MetS are established consequences of excess adiposity, as well as established cardiovascular disease risk factors, so these results seem unexpected. Indeed, much of the impact of obesity is mediated through components of MetS. Hence, one might expect overweight individuals without MetS not to be at increased risk. However, in this and other studies, MetS is defined as a dichotomy, but physiologically it should be thought of as continuous, as are all of its components. Given the continuum, it is plausible that the “metabolically healthy overweight or obese” phenotype may be transient and that those with this phenotype are likely eventually to develop the risk factors that make up MetS. Thus, the overweight or obese individuals with diagnosed MetS seem to include individuals at more advanced stages along the continuum of the pathological process. For example, in this study, the overweight and obese individuals who did not meet the criteria for MetS had worse levels of component parameters and were closer to the higher end within BMI categories, which implies that they were closer to MetS on the continuum than their leaner counterparts. Supporting this concept, a recent prospective cohort
INSTRUMENTATION TO MEASURE THE RATIO OF NEUTRON CAPTURE TO FISSION CROSS SECTIONS AT keV NEUTRON ENERGIES.

Abstract Instrumentation for measurement of α (the ratio of the neutron capture cross section to the fission cross section) was designed, assembled, and calibrated, and measurements were made for 239 Pu, 233 U, and 235 U at neutron energies from 10 to 600 keV. The detector consisted of eight photomultiplier tubes located around the periphery of a 210-gal tank of gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator. The time resolution of the system was 6.5 × 10 −9 sec under operating conditions. The energy resolution at the 2.5-MeV sum peak of 60 Co was 35%. Neutron energies were measured by time-of-flight techniques using a flight path of 1 meter. Fission events were distinguished from capture events by the detection of thermalized fission neutrons following the primary events. Measurement of the relative efficiency of the large scintillator tank for detecting capture and fission events was made by simultaneously compiling the background and foreground pulse-height spectra for both the capture and fission events. Typical spectra for the neutron time-of-flight for capture and fission events along with the background and foreground spectra for both types of events are shown. The techniques and adjustments used to obtain the timing resolution on the large tank are discussed. The logic necessary for distinguishing fission events and the foreground and background pulse-height spectra associated with both types of events are described.