cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purified apolipoprotein B gene regulatory factor‐3 is DNA topoisomerase I

Hepatic cell-specific expression of the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene is controlled by at least four cis-acting elements located between positions −128 and +122 [Chuang, S. S., & Das, H. K. (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.220, 553–562]. A negative cis-acting element (+20 to +40) is located in the first nontranslated exon of the human apoB gene, and apoB regulatory factor-3 (BRF-3) interacts with this. In this paper, we report the purification and characterization of BRF-3 from rat liver nuclear extracts. BRF-3 has been purified to apparent homogeneity by DEAE–cellulose, heparin–agarose, and DNA-specific affinity chromatography. Purified BRF-3 produced two polypeptide bands with apparent molecular masses of 70 kDa and 67 kDa in SDS/PAGE as detected by silver staining. Both 70-kDa and 67-kDa proteins have been found to hybridize specifically with labeled double-stranded oligonucleotide containing BRF-3 binding site in a South-Western blot. Double-stranded oligonucleotide containing mutations in the BRF-3 binding site was found to abolish DNA binding by these two proteins. Amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides derived from affinity purified 70-kDa and 67-kDa rat BRF-3 proteins were found to have 100% sequence homologies with DNA topoisomerase I. These data suggest that the 70-kDa and 67-kDa forms of BRF-3 are derived by proteolytic cleavage of topoisomerase I, and therefore, topoisomerase I may play an important role in transcriptional regulation of apoB.
Father involvement in early childhood programs: review of the literature

Father involvement in early childhood programs (ECPs) has increased rapidly during the past 10–15 years. This review of our understanding of the current state of father involvement in ECPs employs two theoretical frameworks: ecological perspective and situated fathering. We draw from the research and practice literature to understand the current levels of father involvement in early education programs, the factors that support this type of father involvement, the barriers to father involvement, and strategies for increasing father involvement in ECPs. Recommendations for future research on father involvement initiatives are also discussed.
Elevated Sweat Chloride Concentration in Children Without Cystic Fibrosis Who Are Receiving Topiramate Therapy

Background Topiramate, which is used as an anticonvulsant and for migraine prophylaxis in children, causes oligohydrosis as a side-effect, but its effect on sweat chloride concentrations has not been studied systematically. Methods Twenty-one children receiving topiramate and 20 healthy controls with no signs or symptoms of pulmonary or gastrointestinal disease and a negative family history for cystic fibrosis (CF) underwent bilateral pilocarpine iontophoresis and sweat collection via Macroduct® system. Results Adequate samples (>15 µl volume) were obtained from 17/19 topiramate subjects (89%), and 19/20 (95%) controls. The mean sweat chloride concentration was 37.7 ± 18.8 mmol/L for patients receiving topiramate, and 15.9 ± 6.9 mmol/L for controls (p = 0.0001). The mean sweat volume was 29.1 ± 17.4 µl for patients receiving topiramate, and 41.2 ± 17.5 µl for controls (p = 0.037). Overall 8/17 (47%) of patients on topiramate with a measurable sweat chloride had either an intermediate (>40 mmol/L but 60 mmol/L) sweat chloride test result, while 0/19 control subjects had elevated sweat chloride (p = 0.0008). Further analysis of the in vitro activity of topiramate on cultured human bronchial epithelial cells in modified Ussing chambers showed no differences in chloride conductance measured in cells exposed to 10 or 50 µg/ml of topiramate when compared to non-exposed cells. Conclusions This is the first report of a medication affecting sweat chloride values and shows that topiramate therapy can cause elevated sweat chloride concentrations in the absence of clinical manifestations of CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:429–433. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transient intermediates in the photochemistry of elemental sulphur in solution

Photolyse laser de S 8 en solution. Identification de S 3 et S 4 comme intermediaires importants de la photochimie de S 8 en solution
Prophylactic Mastectomy and Risk-Reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers

Women with either BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutations have a significantly elevated risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Approximately 60 %–70 % of BRCA1 carriers and 45 %–60 % of BRCA2 carriers will develop a breast cancer by age 70, and there is a lower but very significant risk of developing ovarian cancer in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. This review summarizes data from both retrospective and prospective studies examining the impact of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy on reducing the risk of developing breast and, for the latter, ovarian cancer. In addition, we review data on the mortality benefit from risk-reducing salpino-oophorectomy.
Dynamic Analysis Of The SIRTF One-Meter Mirror During Launch

The dynamic analyses and design criteria that lead to the design of a titanium flexure mount of the primary mirror of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) are presented. This flexure system passively accommodates the differential thermal contraction between the glass mirror and the aluminum structure of the telescope during cryogenic cooldown and supports the one-meter-diameter, 116-kg (258-1b) primary mirror during a severe space shuttle launch environment. Design criteria and procedures used to establish the required strength and radial compliance using computer programs NASTR AN and FRINGE are discussed. Several methods of combining modal responses resulting from a Displacement Response Spectrum analysis are given and the combination methods of Modified Root of Sum Squares (MRSS), Square Root Sum of the Squares (SRSS), and the Absolute Sum (ABS), are compared to the results of a Modal Frequency Response analysis.
Hepatitis B virus X protein via the p38MAPK pathway induces E2F1 release and ATR kinase activation mediating p53 apoptosis.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (pX) is implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis by an unknown mechanism. Deletions or mutations of genes involved in the p53 pathway are often associated with HBV-mediated HCC, indicating rescue from p53 apoptosis is a likely mechanism in HBV-HCC pathogenesis. Herein, we determined the mechanism by which pX sensitizes hepatocytes to p53-mediated apoptosis. Although it is well established that the Rb/E2F/ARF pathway stabilizes p53, and the DNA damage-activated ATM/ATR kinases activate p53, the mechanism that coordinates these two pathways has not been determined. We demonstrate that the p38MAPK pathway activated by pX serves this role in p53 apoptosis. Specifically, the activated p38MAPK pathway stabilizes p53 via E2F1-mediated ARF expression, and also activates the transcriptional function of p53 by activating ATR. Knockdown of p53, E2F1, ATR, or p38MAPKα abrogates pX-mediated apoptosis, demonstrating that E2F1, ATR, and p38MAPKα are all essential in p53 apoptosis in response to pX. Specifically, in response to pX expression, the p38MAPK pathway activates Cdk4 and Cdk2, leading to phosphorylation of Rb, release of E2F1, and transcription of ARF. The p38MAPK pathway also activates ATR, leading to phosphorylation of p53 on Ser-18 and Ser-23, transcription of pro-apoptotic genes Bax, Fas, and Noxa, and apoptosis. In conclusion, pX sensitizes hepatocytes to p53 apoptosis via activation of the p38MAPK pathway, which couples p53 stabilization and p53 activation, by E2F1 induction and ATR activation, respectively.
Hepatic Injury in Dogs Resulting from a Vitamin B Complex-Free Diet

ConclusionsFive dogs fed a vitamin complex-free diet showed a gradual loss of appetite which culminated in anorexia. Four of these dogs developed an abnormal liver function, as judged by an increased retention of bromsulphalein. The hepatic damage appeared before, or slightly after, the time that anorexia appeared, and as the period of anorexia continued the dye retention returned to normal in 2 dogs. Histologically, the liver of these dogs showed mainly a mild to a marked chronic passive congestion.
Nuwa: enhancing the pregnancy experience for expectant parents

Pregnancy is a complicated and special process with many bodily changes, discomforts, and possibilities of complications. Partners of expectant mothers share a close relationship and often play an important role during pregnancy. To support a better pregnancy experience, we present Nuwa, a system that enhances self-awareness of health condition and also facilitates the communication between expectant mothers and their partners. The system is based on expectant mothers' health conditions. It provides a way for expectant parents to track and understand the maternal health, and encourages the partners to provide better support. Our study results support our design ideas and argue for the feasibility and expandability of Nuwa in helping expectant parents to have better experiences during pregnancy.
Characteristics and management of large bowel injury in laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy

Abstract Study Objective To review laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomies (LAVH) for large bowel injuries. Design Retrospective review (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting University-affiliated hospital. Patients Two thousand eighty-four women. Intervention LAVH. Measurements and Main Results Indications for hysterectomy were myomata uteri, adenomyosis, intractable menorrhagia, endometriosis, severe pelvic adhesions, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, endometrial polyps, and hyperplasia. Large bowel injuries occurred in six women (2.9/1000), only one of which was recognized postoperatively. Colostomy was performed in four patients, simple repair in one, and laparoscopic repair in one. All these patients were discharged without sequelae. Conclusion In our experience, bowel injury during LAVH was not a common event.
Relationship of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activity to o-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Content in Melilotus alba

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was investigated in preparations representing various parts of sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) plants of CuCu and cucu genotypes. In contrast to other plant parts, very young leaves and stems of CuCu plants displayed high phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Initial leaf samples from CuCu plants were approximately 3 times as high in enzyme activity as leaves from cucu plants, but stems were only slightly higher in activity. Defoliation of the plants resulted in decreased enzyme activity, increased o-hydroxycinnamic acid content, and essentially no difference in enzyme activity between the genotypes. It appears that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in leaves is not primarily controlled by the Cu/cu alleles and that the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is not the limiting step in o-hydroxycinnamic acid synthesis.
Patulin Production in Apples Decayed by Penicillium expansum

Sixty isolates of Penicillium expansum were tested for patulin production in decaying apples. All the isolates were found to produce the mycotoxin patulin as determined by thin-layer chromatography. Since patulin is known to be stable in many apple products, the results indicate that apple products made partially from apples decayed by P. expansum will contain patulin which may present a health hazard. The results also suggest that patulin may be important in the decay of apples by P. expansum.
Impact of time to therapy and reperfusion modality on the efficacy of adenosine in acute myocardial infarction: the AMISTAD-2 trial.

Aims The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether the efficacy of adenosine vs. placebo was dependent on the timing of reperfusion therapy in the second Acute Myocardial Infarction Study of Adenosine (AMISTAD-II). Methods and results Patients presenting with ST-segment elevation anterior AMI were randomized to receive placebo vs. adenosine (50 or 70 µg/kg/min) for 3 h starting within 15 min of reperfusion therapy. In the present post hoc hypothesis generating study, the results were stratified according to the timing of reperfusion, i.e. ≥ or < the median 3.17 h, and by reperfusion modality. In patients receiving reperfusion <3.17 h, adenosine compared with placebo significantly reduced 1-month mortality (5.2 vs. 9.2%, respectively, P =0.014), 6-month mortality (7.3 vs. 11.2%, P =0.033), and the occurrence of the primary 6-month composite clinical endpoint of death, in-hospital CHF, or rehospitalization for CHF at 6 months (12.0 vs. 17.2%, P =0.022). Patients reperfused beyond 3 h did not benefit from adenosine. Conclusion In this post hoc analysis, 3 h adenosine infusion administered as an adjunct to reperfusion therapy within the first 3.17 h onset of evolving anterior ST-segment elevation AMI enhanced early and late survival, and reduced the composite clinical endpoint of death or CHF at 6 months.
Putting Hierarchy in Its Place

On the face of it, an exploration of the idea of the "native" in anthropological discourse may not appear to have much to do with the genealogy of the idea of hierarchy. But I wish to argue that hierarchy is one of an anthology of images in and through which anthropologists have frozen the contribution of specific cultures to our understanding of the human condition. Such metonymic freezing has its roots in a deeper assumption of anthropological thought regarding the boundedness of cultural units and the confinement of the varieties of human consciousness within these boundaries. The idea of the "native" is the principal expression of this assumption, and thus the genealogy of hierarchy needs to be seen as one local instance of the dynamics of the construction of natives. Although the term native has a respectable antiquity in Western thought and has often been used in positive and self-referential ways, it has gradually become the technical preserve of anthropologists. Although some other words taken from the vocabulary of missionaries, explorers, and colonial administrators have been expunged from anthropological usage, the term native has retained its currency, serving as a respectable substitute for terms like primitive, about which we now feel some embarrassment. Yet the term native, whether we speak of "native categories," or "native belief-systems" or "native agriculture," conceals certain ambiguities. We sense this ambiguity, for example, in the restricted use of the adjective nativistic, which is typically used not only for one sort of revivalism, but for revivalism among certain kinds of population. Who is a "native" (henceforth without quotation marks) in the anthropological usage? The quick answer to this question is that the native is a person who is born in (and thus belongs to) the place the anthropologist is observing or writing about. This sense of the word native is fairly narrowly, and neutrally, tied to its Latin etymology. But do we use the term native uniformly to refer to people who are born in certain places and, thus, belong to them? We do not. We have tended
The fate of nitric oxide in its reaction with the 14-valence-electron planar species [(tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2N]RuCl

Abstract The reaction of NO with highly unsaturated, triplet spin state (PNP)RuIICl (“PNP” = (tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2N) in benzene at 20 °C is reported. The reaction proceeds through three major intermediate species, ultimately forming [(PNP)Ru(NO)2+][Ru(NO)(OH)(NO2)2Cl2−], whose structure is determined by X-ray diffraction. The implications of PNP ligand loss, NO2− production, and partial oxidation of ruthenium to Ru(III) (the anion above) are discussed, together with the observed oxygen transfer which represents NO disproportionation. The two NO ligands in the cation are chemically inequivalent (one bent, NO−, and one linear, NO+), features which are studied by density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimization. Two isomers of (PNP)Ru(NO)2Cl, as well as (PNP)Ru(NO)Cl are evaluated as possible reaction intermediates by DFT geometry optimization.
Is there a superior occipitofrontal fasciculus? A microsurgical anatomic study

OBJECTIVE:Using a fiber-dissection technique, our aim was to expose and study the myelinated fiber bundles of the brain to achieve a clearer conception of their configurations and locations. During the course of our study, the superior occipitofrontal fasciculus became the focus of our interest. Man
New untwist on diastole what goes around comes back

Diastolic dysfunction contributes significantly to the clinical syndrome of congestive heart failure in the settings of both preserved and impaired left ventricular (LV) systolic function.1,2 Over the past 20 years, the clinical diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction has been based largely on echocardiographic Doppler parameters of LV filling.3 The most important limitation of these parameters is their dependence on loading conditions. New practical and comprehensive methods of evaluating diastolic function are critically needed not only for diagnosis but also for testing emerging new therapies. Article p 2524 Recent work has elucidated both intracellular and extracellular mechanisms that contribute to diastolic dysfunction, and some progress has been made in finding new treatments for diastolic heart failure. Additional research has evaluated the contribution of LV architecture and its role in maintaining the normal contraction sequence that optimizes mechanical efficiency. The importance of systolic twist and the subsequent recoil that leads to diastolic untwisting was examined in the article by Notomi et al4 using tissue Doppler techniques in both normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, at rest and during exercise. Leonardo DaVinci5 in the 16th century and Rushmore6 in the 1950s described the rotational motion of the left ventricle.7 In 1970, McDonald7 reported a study in which he placed radiopaque markers on the epicardium of patients undergoing closed mitral valvuloplasty. He demonstrated that the pre-ejection phase was characterized by descent of the base and a counterclockwise rotation of the epicardial surface of the left ventricle with a thrust of the apex toward the chest wall. In late systole, there was a slight clockwise rotation and apical retraction. Using blunt dissection, Torrent-Guasp et al8 demonstrated that the ventricles consist of a single myofiber band starting at the right ventricle just below the pulmonary valve and forming …
Stable isotope dilution negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of paroxetine in human plasma.

A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of paroxetine in human plasma is presented. After solvent extraction from plasma with hexane/ethyl acetate (1 : 1) at alkaline pH and derivatization to the pentafluorobenzyl carbamate derivative, paroxetine was measured by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The carboxylate anion at m/z 372 was obtained at high relative abundance. [2H6]-labeled paroxetine was used as an internal standard and its rapid and facile preparation from the unlabeled compound is described. Calibration graphs were linear within a range of 0.094-12.000 ng x ml(-1) using 1 ml of plasma and 0.469-60 ng x ml(-1) using 200 microl of plasma. Intra-day precision was 1.47% (0.375 ng x ml(-1)), 3.16% (3 ng x ml(-1)) and 1.37% (9 ng x ml(-1)) for the low-level method, and 3.37% (1.875 ng x ml(-1)), 2.72% (15 ng x ml(-1)) and 2.22% (45 ng x ml(-1)) for the high-level method. Inter-day precision was 1.65% (0.375 ng x ml(-1)), 2.13% (3 ng x ml(-1)) and 1.66% (9 ng x ml(-1)) for the low-level method, and 1.10% (1.875 ng x ml(-1)), 1.56% (15 ng x ml(-1)) and 1.90% (45 ng x ml(-1)) for the high-level method. At the limit of quantification (0.094 ng x ml(-1)), intra-day precision was 4.30% (low-level method) and 2.56% (high-level method), and inter-day precision was 3.23% (low-level method) and 3.00% (high-level method). The method is rugged, rapid and robust and has been applied to the batch analysis of paroxetine during pharmacokinetic profiling of the drug.
Enteric Coating of Mycophenolate Reduces Dosage Adjustments

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) are bioequivalent. However, the effectiveness of MMF may be limited by gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. This study assessed the relationship between the number of medication dosage adjustments and posttransplantation side effects. In a review of 109 kidney transplant patients, 65 initially received MMF and 44 initially received EC-MPS. The incidences of patient-reported GI complications were significantly different: MMF 45.5% vs EC-MPS 35.3% (P = .0194). The proportions of patients requiring dosage adjustment due to GI complications were MMF 5.9% and EC-MPS 2.3% (P < .0001). Patients receiving MMF were more likely to experience GI complications resulting in dosage adjustment (odds ratio = 9.9; P = .0306). The incidences of acute rejection, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and leukopenia resulting in dosage adjustment were not significantly different. Patients receiving MMF required more immunosuppressive medication adjustments, which may complicate care and decrease overall compliance.
From Hygeia To the Garden City Bodies, Houses, and the Rediscovery of the Slum in Manchester, 1875—1910

The rapid and widespread acceptance of germ theories of disease among domestic sanitarians during the 1870s—1980s was one of the roots of Progressivism. Their work as so-called house doctors helped shift reform from a moral to a social environmentalism. Germ theories of invisible microbes dissolved the boundaries between inside and outside the body, home, and city. Reformers gave less attention to changing destructive personal behavior and more to ameliorating harmful environmental conditions. In Manchester, a son of its worst slum of Ancoats, Charles Rowley, led a successful grassroots campaign for “healthy lives, healthy homes, and healthy surroundings.” Town hall became involved in removing substandard dwellings, redesigning neighborhoods, and building housing estates in the suburbs. Yet the limits of reform were soon reached when these projects challenged the private housing market. Environmental conditions improved and mortality rates went down, but the slums remained in place at the outbreak of the ...
The Political Life of the Rank and File: French Aircraft Workers During the Popular Front, 1934–38

Between 1934 and 1938, several million workers took part in the elections, strikes, and protests that made the popular front a pivotal moment in the recent history of France. Giant street demonstrations, the General Strike of November 1938, and above all the massive sit-down strikes of June 1936 made most workers at least momentary actors in the drama of national political life. Yet, for all that has been written about these events, little is known about how labor conflict during the popular front actually affected workers' views. The problem has been in large part one of sources: the speeches, newspapers, leaflets, and memoirs of the period reveal more about trade union leaders and local militants than about the ordinary men and women who made popular protest possible but whose opinions rarely found their way into print. As a result, a number of questions remain largely unanswered: How much of the ethos of the popular front, and how much of the ideology of the Socialist and Communist parties, did rank-and-file workers come to embrace? Which slogans spoke most poignantly to lathe operators at Renault, textile workers in Lille, or sales clerks at the Galeries Lafayette? Were the euphoria of June 1936 and the crushing defeat of the General Strike in November 1938 as important in the lives of these people as they were for labor leaders? How popular, in short, was the political experience of the popular front?
Temporal dynamics of the eye–voice span and eye movement control during oral reading

The distance between eye movements and articulation during oral reading, commonly referred to as the eye–voice span, has been a classic issue of experimental reading research since Buswell (1921). To examine the influence of the span on eye movement control, synchronised recordings of eye position and speech production were obtained during fluent oral reading. The viewing of a word almost always preceded its articulation, and the interval between the onset of a word's fixation and the onset of its articulation was approximately 500 ms. The identification and articulation of a word were closely coupled, and the fixation–speech interval was regulated through immediate adjustments of word viewing duration, unless the interval was relatively long. In this case, the lag between identification and articulation was often reduced through a regression that moved the eyes back in the text. These results indicate that models of eye movement control during oral reading need to include a mechanism that maintains a clo...
Proposed Design Of An Imaging Spectropolarimeter/Photometer For Remote Sensing Of Earth Resources

A design is presented for an imaging spectropolarimeter/photometer based on the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) for the wavelength range 0.5 to 1 .1 µm. The proposed scanner has essentially the same wavelength sensitivity, field of view, and scanning parameters of the original MSS except for the duplication of sensing and data systems for the determination of the amount of plane polarization. A unique nonpolarizing (i.e., polarization-com-pensated) scanning system is described, as well as a nonpolarizing beam splitter.
Cost of exposure to trematode cercariae and learned recognition and avoidance of parasitism risk by fathead minnows Pimephales promelas

Fathead minnows Pimephales promelas exposed to cercariae of the trematode Ornithodiplostomum sp. incurred a significant mass loss 17 days after exposure to 20 or 120 cercariae. Parasite-naive P. promelas showed no evidence of innate recognition or avoidance of cercariae. After a single exposure to cercariae, however, fish responded to chemical and visual cues of dead (thawed) cercariae with a reduction in activity. Encounter rate with cercariae, and hence infection rate, increased with fish activity. The data indicated that experienced P. promelas associated parasitism risk with novel chemical and visual cues that later triggered avoidance behaviour. Parallels and interactions between antiparasite behaviour and antipredator behaviour open new avenues for behavioural ecological research in risk-sensitive decision-making.
Herb–Drug Interactions: Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Predictions

Supported by a usage history that predates written records and the perception that “natural” ensures safety, herbal products have increasingly been incorporated into Western health care. Consumers often self-administer these products concomitantly with conventional medications without informing their health care provider(s). Such herb–drug combinations can produce untoward effects when the herbal product perturbs the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. Despite increasing recognition of these types of herb–drug interactions, a standard system for interaction prediction and evaluation is nonexistent. Consequently, the mechanisms underlying herb–drug interactions remain an understudied area of pharmacotherapy. Evaluation of herbal product interaction liability is challenging due to variability in herbal product composition, uncertainty of the causative constituents, and often scant knowledge of causative constituent pharmacokinetics. These limitations are confounded further by the varying perspectives concerning herbal product regulation. Systematic evaluation of herbal product drug interaction liability, as is routine for new drugs under development, necessitates identifying individual constituents from herbal products and characterizing the interaction potential of such constituents. Integration of this information into in silico models that estimate the pharmacokinetics of individual constituents should facilitate prospective identification of herb–drug interactions. These concepts are highlighted with the exemplar herbal products milk thistle and resveratrol. Implementation of this methodology should help provide definitive information to both consumers and clinicians about the risk of adding herbal products to conventional pharmacotherapeutic regimens.
Nuclear intergenic DNA sequence divergence in a Texas dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium divaricatum) population

Arceuthobium divaricatum is a species of dwarf mistletoe that parasitizes six species of pinyon pine (Pinus subsec. Cembroides). Previous phylogeographic research discovered a population of A. divaricatum in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas that had significant sequence divergence in intergenic regions of chloroplast DNA compared to all other populations. In this study, conserved regions of nuclear intergenic DNA from the same Guadalupe Mountains population and its two neighboring populations were amplified using PCR and then sequenced. The DNA sequences were edited and aligned to determine if there was a significant amount of nuclear sequence divergence. There is 3.8% nuclear sequence divergence between the Guadalupe Mountain population and its two neighboring populations, which is more than the 3.5% nuclear sequence divergence in two recognized subspecies of Arceuthobium vaginatum obtained from GenBank. Based on genetic information the divergent population may warrant further investigation to determine whether it might be better classified as its own subspecies.
An Apparent Relationship between Eurasian Snow Cover and Indian Monsoon Rainfall

Abstract A short record of year-to-year variations of summer monsoon rainfall over India is compared with that of winter snow cover over Eurasia as derived from satellite data. An inverse relationship between these two quantities is indicated, i.e., winters with extensive (little) snow cover over Eurasia tend to be followed by summers with less (more) rainfall over India.
Solid Nanosuspensions: The Emerging Technology and Pharmaceutical Applications as Nanomedicine

One of the foremost reasons for such a widespread interest in nanosuspensions as drug delivery systems is their ability to provide formulations of poorly soluble drugs with increased saturation solubility and higher dissolution rates. Nanosuspensions manifest these properties because of their small size and high surface area. The unique properties of the nanosuspensions along with their fast development times, low production costs, ease of manufacture and scale-up as well as their ability to extend the lifecycle of off-patent drugs have resulted in rapid commercialization. Nanosuspensions provide us with a useful tool for formulating an ever-increasing number of poorly water soluble drugs in pharmaceutical development programs.
Supporting Executive Function Skills in Early Childhood: Using a Peer Buddy Approach for Community, Confidence, and Citizenship

This article provides a descriptive overview of a peer buddy program designed to develop and support young children’s executive functioning in early childhood classrooms. The author defines and categorizes executive function skills and analyzes their development in early childhood and benefits in the continued academic success of young children. The steps in creating a peer buddy program are explained, and a framework is provided for teachers to help the entire class develop effective executive function skills while facilitating positive social skills for classroom community building and citizenship. By supporting young children in their efforts to develop stronger executive function skills, teachers build resilience and help them discover their strengths for facilitating social interactions, problem-solving skills, and confidence in cognitive decision making to be successful citizens at home and in school.
The nature of immune responses to urinary tract infections

The urinary tract is constantly exposed to microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, but generally the urinary tract resists infection by gut microorganisms. This resistance to infection is mainly ascribed to the versatility of the innate immune defences in the urinary tract, as the adaptive immune responses are limited particularly when only the lower urinary tract is infected. In recent years, as the strengths and weaknesses of the immune system of the urinary tract have emerged and as the virulence attributes of uropathogens are recognized, several potentially effective and unconventional strategies to contain or prevent urinary tract infections have emerged.
The Establishment Stifles Genius: Herapath and Waterston (1968, 1982)

That matter is composed of molecules in violent agitation, and that heat is a manifestation of that motion, are ideas of great age. The first definite measure of the heat of intestine motion was proposed by Hermann in 1716. He identified heat with the kinetic energy of the molecules, supposed to be in translatory motion. Euler in 1729 proposed a molecular model in which variously composed globular molecules, closely pressed together, whirled at a uniform linear speed upon their surfaces. From this assumption, which he revived and simplified fifty years later, he derived a simple “equation of state” that seemed to fit fairly well the facts then known. Daniel Bernoulli in his Hydrodynamica (1738) proposed a model of particles of random size undergoing purely translational motion. He, too, derived an equation of state that agreed with the Towneley-Power-[Boyle] Law for gases that are not too dense, and he remarked that for a dense gas deviations would be expected.
Current efforts to reduce the risk of syncope among young blood donors.

Purpose of review This review examines recent research on syncope after whole blood donation and efforts by blood centers to improve safety for young blood donors. Recent findings Young (16-18-year-old) volunteers contribute about 14% of the whole blood collected by the American Red Cross each year. Although quite safe, blood donation has some attendant risk, and syncopal reactions are more common among the youngest donors. Precautionary measures include predonation education, environmental controls, water ingestion shortly before phlebotomy, and distraction and muscle tension during collection. American Red Cross and Blood Systems, Inc. introduced new criteria to select donors with an estimated blood volume above 3.5 l. The changes led to about a 20% decrease in reactions among young blood donors, with the greatest benefit observed among the youngest, most susceptible donors. Summary Although the risk to blood donors cannot be eliminated, a systematic approach can achieve a significant and sustained improvement among vulnerable donor populations. Further research should explore novel ways to reduce the risk of syncope and prevent the uncommon, but potentially serious, associated injuries after whole blood donation.
Effects of incarceration as measured by the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis.

The Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis is receiving increasing attention as a counseling tool in the military, particularly in relation to deviant behavior. In evaluating 76 incarcerated soldiers upon entering a correctional training program and again the week they left the program, the inventory was administered. Those receiving dishonorable discharges during the 9-wk. program (N = 17 and those completing the program (N = 59) were compared using a one-way analysis of variance on each of 11 scales. Changes in scale scores are interpreted as indicative of Ss' increased apprehension and perception of more negative implications in themselves.
Greasing the Skids of the Musical Mind: Connecting Music Learning to Mind Brain Education.

Researchers suggest that musical training prepares the mind for learning; however, there are many obstacles to the implementation of research to practice in music education. The purpose of this art...
Robot Nonverbal Behavior Improves Task Performance In Difficult Collaborations

Nonverbal behaviors increase task efficiency and improve collaboration between people and robots. In this paper, we introduce a model for generating nonverbal behavior and investigate whether the usefulness of nonverbal behaviors changes based on task difficulty. First, we detail a robot behavior model that accounts for top-down and bottom-up features of the scene when deciding when and how to perform deictic references (looking or pointing). Then, we analyze how a robot's deictic nonverbal behavior affects people's performance on a memorization task under differing difficulty levels. We manipulate difficulty in two ways: by adding steps to memorize, and by introducing an interruption. We find that when the task is easy, the robot's nonverbal behavior has little influence over recall and task completion. However, when the task is challenging---because the memorization load is high or because the task is interrupted---a robot's nonverbal behaviors mitigate the negative effects of these challenges, leading to higher recall accuracy and lower completion times. In short, nonverbal behavior may be even more valuable for difficult collaborations than for easy ones.
Rhythm through Experience: Placido de Montoliu’s Instructional Approach to Dalcroze Eurhythmics in Pennsylvania in the Early Twentieth Century

This article provides a historical context for Placido de Montoliu’s Eurhythmics instruction at Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania, between 1913–1922 and 1930–1931, and it highlights pedagogical and p...
Cocaine cardiovascular effects and pharmacokinetics after treatment with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil

Background In rodents, cholinesterase inhibitors can cause sustained decreases in the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Nonetheless, cocaine is metabolized by butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), raising concerns that cholinesterase inhibition could increase its peripheral concentrations, perhaps augmenting toxicity. Although donepezil is approved for use in patients and selective for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase over BuChE, no studies have reported cocaine bioavailability in human subjects receiving donepezil. Methods Twelve cocaine-dependent veterans received three days of treatment with either oral placebo or 5 mg daily of donepezil, followed by cross-over to the opposite treatment. During both oral treatments, double-blind intravenous cocaine was administered at .0, .18, and .36 mg/kg in a laboratory setting, followed by determinations of heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma concentrations of cocaine and major metabolites. Results Intravenous cocaine produced dose-related increases in systolic blood pressure that were most pronounced over the initial 30 minutes after treatment. Oral donepezil attenuated drug-induced elevations of systolic blood pressure following low-dose cocaine (.18 mg/kg). No significant difference in blood pressure following treatment with placebo or donepezil after high-dose cocaine (.36 mg/kg). Peak values of blood pressure and heart rate were unaffected by donepezil. Plasma concentrations of cocaine and metabolites did not differ in donepezil- and placebo-treated participants. Conclusions and scientific significance We conclude that donepezil can attenuate drug-induced increases in systolic blood pressure following low-dose cocaine, but does not otherwise modify the cardiovascular effects of intravenous cocaine. Clinically significant changes in cocaine bioavailability and cardiovascular effects do not occur following this dose of donepezil. (Am J Addict 2016;25:392-399).
New Students' Peer Integration and Exposure to Deviant Peers: Spurious Effects of School Moves?

School moves during adolescence predict lower peer integration and higher exposure to delinquent peers. Yet mobility and peer problems have several common correlates, so differences in movers’ and ...
Terahertz compact SPICE model

The cutoff frequencies and maximum frequencies of operation of short channel transistors have reached the terahertz (THz) range. In such devices, the ballistic electron transport, which was first proposed nearly 40 years ago, affects all the device characteristics - from the linear region (dominated by the so-called “ballistic mobility”) to a high field region affected by the ballistic injection. The rectification of the resonant or overdamped waves of the electron density in the device channel (“plasma waves”) enables the detection of the THz radiation. Conventional SPICE models do not account for the electron inertia that is important at THz frequencies. The THz SPICE model is based on a distributive transmission line equivalent circuit incorporating incremental inductive, capacitive and resistive elements and the incremental transistors controlled by a joint gate and. This SPICE model was validated up to 4.5 THz for Si CMOS and InGaAs HEMTs.
Classification of dynamical vertical climbing gaits

While numerous gaits in the horizontal regime (e.g. walking or running) have been defined for legged systems on level ground, no dynamically grounded definitions have been developed for dynamic vertical running. Gaits have clear implications to robotic control strategy, efficiency, and stability. However, while several climbing robotic systems have been described as achieving ‘running’, the question of whether distinct dynamic gaits exist and what classifies these gaits has not been rigorously explored. In this paper, by applying definitions developed in the horizontal regime, we show evidence of three distinct gaits as well as discuss the implications of these gaits on the development of dynamic climbing systems.
The use of the neurologic exam to predict awareness and control of lower urinary tract function post SCI

Cross-sectional study. To assess whether T11–L2 sensation is significantly associated with perception of bladder filling and whether S3–S5 sensation is significantly associated with potential for voluntary voiding after spinal cord injury (SCI). Alabama, United States. A total of 79 men and women with SCI, and 40 able-bodied (AB) subjects, ages 19–60, seen in an outpatient academic medical center clinic, underwent International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI (ISNCSCI) assessment along with urodynamic testing to assess lower urinary tract (LUT) function. X2 test was performed to compare: (1) bladder sensation across T11–L2 groups classified by total sensory scores and (2) ability to voluntarily void across S3–S5 scores. Persons with greater ability to perceive pinprick and light touch sensation in the T11–L2 dermatomes were more likely to perceive bladder filling both via self-report and by urodynamics. However, persons with greater sensation at T6–T9 and S3–5 also had a greater likelihood of perceiving bladder filling. Subjects with greater preservation of sensation in S3–5 reported greater ability to initiate and control voiding. Findings suggest ISNCSCI results along with self-report can be used to predict potential for bladder control. National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research.
A Diné’s (Navajo) Perspective about Using Native Americans as Mascots

Institutions with engrained histories are particularly resistant to change. For instance, universities have held on to sports mascots for decades, and this study presents a narrative analysis of a ...
Acute Spinal Trauma

Injuries to the spinal column and spinal cord are a major cause of disability, affecting predominately young, healthy individuals. The majority of the spinal injuries (60%) affect young healthy males between 15 and 35 years of age, with important socioeconomic consequences, and the costs of lifetime care and rehabilitation are extremely high. As the longevity of the general population increases, there has been a concordant increase in the mean age of the typical spinal cord injury patient. The main cause for spinal injuries is blunt trauma, most commonly due to motor vehicle accidents (48%), followed by falls (21%) and sport injuries (14.6%). Assault and penetrating trauma account for approximately 10–20% of cases.
Blended Science Instruction

Any definition of instructional proposals that reach beyond a single domain such as biology must begin with a discussion of the concept of the discipline. Disciplines are unique “ways of knowing” with their own “rules” and traditions.
Considerations When Submitting Nanotherapeutics to FDA/CDER for Regulatory Review

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not, as yet, have specific guidances for products containing nanoscale materials. As announced in the report issued by the FDA Nanotechnology Task Force (July 2007), however, there are recommendations to various centers within the FDA to develop guidances for industry. Regardless of the lack of explicit FDA guidances, there are therapeutics currently on the market containing nanoscale materials, and additional novel nanomaterial-containing therapeutics are being developed with the hopes of being submitted for regulatory review and approval. While, for the most part, these novel nanomaterial-containing products are being evaluated using the same regulatory requirements as products that do not contain nanomaterials, it is increasingly evident that at least in the area of characterization of nanomaterials used in drug products, there may be areas where special focus is needed. Specific areas include the validity of applying small molecule principles and methodologies to nanomaterial-containing products, the effects the nanomaterial will impart to the rest of the formulation (or vice versa), and how the physicochemical properties may be impacted by biological settings. Similarly, for safety evaluation, biodistribution studies will be at the core of any evaluation of products containing nanomaterials. These biodistribution studies will, in effect, be indicative of where the nanoparticles are traveling and possibly accumulating, therefore subjecting those sites to increased likelihood of toxicological effects. This chapter focuses on questions and considerations that may arise for sponsors during product characterization, as well as considerations for the appropriate design and conduct of in vivo toxicology studies. This chapter will also review how current FDA guidances apply to nanotherapeutics.This chapter reflects the current thinking and experience of the authors. However, this is not a policy document and should not be used in lieu of regulations, published FDA guidances, or direct discussions with the agency.
Quantifying Coordination in Human Dyads via a Measure of Verticality

Working towards the goal of understanding complex, interactive movement in human dyads, this paper presents a model for analyzing motion capture data of human pairs and proposes measures that correlate with features of the coordination in the movement. Based on deep inquiry of what it means to partner in a motion task, a measure that characterizes the changing verticality of each agent is developed. In parallel a naive human motion expert provides a qualitative description of the features and quality of coordination within a dyad. Analysis on the verticality measure, the cross-correlation of verticality signals, and deviation of those verticality signals from the trend over time, provides quantitative insight that corroborates the naive expert's analysis. Specifically, the paper shows that, for four samples of dyadic behavior, these measures provide information about 1) whether two agents were involved in the same dyadic interaction and 2) the level of "resistance" found in these interactions. Future work will test this model over a larger dataset and develop human-robot coordination schemes based on this model.