cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Report on the second annual BATAB users' meeting

Abstract On May 5 and 6, 1978 in Houston, Texas, more than sixty library directors, technical services administrators, acquisitions librarians and systems analysts attended the Second Annual BATAB Users' Meeting, which included panel and open discussions of issues of interest to acquisitions librarians. These issues included data entry methods, utilization of the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), interfacing BATAB with other locally automated systems and with remote cataloging databases, tips for quality control, use of BATAB in academic libraries, the BATAB statistical module, the forthcoming enhancements offered in version IV of the software, enhancements desired in future versions of BATAB and locally developed software enhancements interfacing with BATAB.
Assessing methodological quality of randomized and quasi-experimental trials: A summary of stuttering treatment research

The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed analysis of the methodological quality of experimental and quasi-experimental group designed studies in the area of stuttering intervention. A tot...
Orientation detectors in the primary somatosensory neocortex of the raccoon

Summary An analysis of response properties of single neurons in the forepaw region of the primary somatosensory neocortex (SI) of the raccoon was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the neural bases of tactile form discrimination. In the course of this investigation a new type of feature detector neuron which responded preferentially to tactile stimulus orientation was discovered. Within a sample of 110 neurons responding to light touch, two categories of cells were noted in terms of the type of stimulation able best to excite them. One category (linear units) was preferentially responsive to indentations of the skin using a narrow, elongated stimulus probe applied in a particular orientation. The other category (round field units) gave a maximum response to stimulation with a round stimulus probe applied anywhere within a roughly circular receptive field. The response pattern of some SI neurons to a maintained indentation of the skin consisted of early and late excitatory responses, separated by a depression in responding. The second excitatory response appeared to be more influenced by variations in stimulus parameters than was the first.
Division of the fistula in laparoscopic-assisted repair of anorectal malformations—are clips or ties necessary?

Abstract Background Laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty (LAARP) was introduced in 2000 by Georgeson ( J Pediatr Surg . 2000;35:927-930) and has gained interest because of improved visualization of the rectal fistula and the ability to place the pull-through segment within the levator muscle complex with minimal dissection. Currently, there is no consensus on how the fistula should be managed during LAARP. We postulated that the fistula could be managed with simple division and temporary diversion of urine through a Foley catheter without surgical ligation of the fistula similar to the management of a traumatic urethral injury. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with imperforate anus who underwent LAARP between January 2005 and September 2007. Results Eight patients were managed with a LAARP. Five male patients had the fistula simply divided. In these 5 patients, the location of the fistula was rectoprostatic (2) and rectobulbar (3). The Foley catheter was left in position until a retrograde urethrogram demonstrated no evidence of a leak (range, 6-40 days). There were no postoperative urethral strictures and one diverticulum. Follow-up has ranged from 10 to 19 months. Conclusion Male patients with a rectourethral fistula at or just below the prostate can be safely and successfully managed with simple division of the fistula.
Pimecrolimus cream 1%: A new development In nonsteroid topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of a family of inflammatory skin diseases (psoriasis, irritant contact dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis). Dermal inflammation and production of proinflammatory cytokines by activated T cells is a prominent and defining characteristic in all of these conditions. Corticosteroids, though effective and potent immunosuppressants, are associated with a number of systemic and local adverse effects. The ascomycin derivative pimecrolimus (formerly ASM 981) is a nonsteroid with topical anti-inflammatory activity. Pimecrolimus cream 1% is minimally absorbed into the circulation; thus, it has a low bioavailability-reducing the risk for systemic adverse effects. The efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% has been well shown in diverse patient populations with inflammatory skin diseases in several well-controlled trials. Significant and rapid amelioration of the signs and symptoms of AD was established in 3 studies lasting 6 weeks each, evaluating 589 pediatric patients. In a 1-year study, pimecrolimus was applied at the first signs and symptoms of eczema to prevent the progression of AD to flares. Flares were prevented in over 50% of patients who used pimecrolimus cream 1%, reducing or completely eliminating the need for topical corticosteroids during a 1-year treatment period. Results in pimecrolimus studies in chronic irritant hand dermatitis and chronic hand dermatitis of mixed causes indicate potential for use in these important diseases, and further study in these indications is warranted.
Hollow fiber membrane based on polyacrylonitrile with a high degree of polymerization and its properties

Abstract For the first time a hollow fiber membrane has been prepared based on polyacrylonitrile with a high degree of polymerization. From the examination of its microstructure using FE-SEM and UHR-FE-SEM microphotographs it was shown that the outer surface consists of a skin layer with a pore size of 10 to 30 nm and that the interior consists of a sponge-like layer without large voids. The pure water flux was 500 ml/hr-mmHg-m2 at 25°C. The rejection of polystyrene latex beads of uniform size with an average diameter of 38 nm was > 99% and that of dextran with an average molecular weight of 2 × 106 was approximately 70%. Although the differential pressure of the membrane gradually rose caused by the capture of particles on the membrane surface when water containing suspended iron compounds was fed to the hollow fiber, the pressure could be easily returned to its initial value using the backwash method.
Spectral decomposition of P50 suppression in schizophrenia during concurrent visual processing

article i nfo Reduced suppression of the auditory P50 event-related potential has long been associated with schizophre- nia, but the mechanisms associated with the generation and suppression of the P50 are not well understood. Recent investigations have used spectral decomposition of the electroencephalograph (EEG) signal to gain additional insight into the ongoing electrophysiological activity that may be reflected by the P50 suppression deficit. The present investigation extended this line of study by examining how both a traditional measure of sensory gating and the ongoing EEG from which it is extracted might be modified by the presence of concur- rent visual stimulation — perhaps better characterizing gating deficits as they occur in a real-world, complex sensory environment. The EEG was obtained from 18 patients with schizophrenia and 17 healthy control sub- jects during the P50 suppression paradigm and while identical auditory paired-stimuli were presented con- currently with affectively neutral pictures. Consistent with prior research, schizophrenia patients differed from healthy subjects in gating of power in the theta range; theta activity also was modulated by visual stim- ulation. In addition, schizophrenia patients showed intact gating but overall increased power in the gamma range, consistent with a model of NMDA receptor dysfunction in the disorder. These results are in line with a model of schizophrenia in which impairments in neural synchrony are related to sensory demands and the processing of multimodal information.
Got slogan? Guidelines for creating effective slogans

Abstract Slogans are a key element of a brand's identity, and contribute to a brand's equity. In today's marketplace, almost all brands employ slogans; they enhance a brand's image, aid in its recognition and recall, and help create brand differentiation in consumers' minds. While there is general consensus on the importance of the device itself, little agreement exists as to what constitutes a successful slogan. As such, although marketing managers use slogans extensively, they are often at a loss when it comes to creating them. In turn, this leads to ineffective use of slogans and, ultimately, the possibility of a surprisingly poor linkage between a brand and its slogan, even among the most well-known brands. To explore this phenomenon, we surveyed articles from a variety of academic streams related to slogans, and also looked at industry publications for relevant case studies. Based on our investigation, we propose in this article a series of guidelines for the strategy behind slogans, and on creation and utilization of effective slogans. In particular, our findings should be of use to business practitioners.
Transdermal methylphenidate system: old wine in a new bottle

Background: The methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) is a novel formulation of methylphenidate, a psychostimulant, in an adhesive-based matrix transdermal system (patch) that is applied to intact skin. This is deliverable in a transdermal patch for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Objective: This paper seeks to review the supporting data for the use of the MTS patch, including its efficacy, safety and other considerations in its use. Methods: Clinical studies using MTS are reviewed. Results/conclusion: The MTS patch shows similar levels of efficacy and safety as other methylphenidate formulations and stimulants, although the time to onset of effects may be longer. The patch delivery system allows for flexibility in the duration of effect and reduced reliance on oral administration.
Wobble dC.dA pairing 5' to the cationic guanine N7 8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 adduct: implications for nontargeted AFB1 mutagenesis.

The structure of 5'-d(ACATC(AFB)GATCT)-3'.5'-d(AGATCAATGT)-3', containing the C(5).A(16) mismatch at the base pair 5' to the modified (AFB)G(6), was determined by NMR. The characteristic 5'-intercalation of the AFB(1) moiety was maintained. The mismatched C(5).A(16) pair existed in the wobble conformation, with the C(5) imino nitrogen hydrogen bonded to the A(16) exocyclic amino group. The wobble pair existed as a mixture of protonated and nonprotonated species. The pK(a) for protonation at the A(16) imino nitrogen was similar to that of the C(5).A(16) wobble pair in the corresponding duplex not adducted with AFB(1). Overall, the presence of AFB(1) did not interfere with wobble pair formation at the mismatched site. Molecular dynamics calculations restrained by distances derived from NOE data and torsion angles derived from (1)H (3)J couplings were carried out for both the protonated and nonprotonated wobble pairs at C(5).A(16). Both sets of calculations predicted the A(16) amino group was within 3 A of the C(5) imino nitrogen. The calculations suggested that protonation of the C(5).A(16) wobble pair should shift C(5) toward the major groove and shift A(16) toward the minor groove. The NMR data showed evidence for the presence of a minor conformation characterized by unusual NOEs between T(4) and (AFB)G(6). T(4) is two nucleotides in the 5'-direction from the modified base. These NOEs suggested that in the minor conformation nucleotide T(4) was in closer proximity to (AFB)G(6) than would be expected for duplex DNA. Modeling studies examined the possibility that T(4) transiently paired with the mismatched A(16), allowing it to come within NOE distance of (AFB)G(6). This model structure was consistent with the unusual NOEs associated with the minor conformation. The structural studies are discussed in relationship to nontargeted C --> T transitions observed 5' to the modified (AFB)G in site-specific mutagenesis experiments [Bailey, E. A., Iyer, R. S., Stone, M. P., Harris, T. M., and Essigmann, J. M. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 1535-1539].
Neurophysiological changes in the in vitro rat hippocampus following chronic lithium administration

The effect of chronic lithium exposure on the electrophysiological responses of the Schaffer collateral-commissural (SCC) input to the CA1 pyramidal neurons in the in vitro hippocampus was investigated. Experimental animals were intubated intragastrically with lithium carbonate (150 mg/kg) for 3-4 weeks. This treatment produced lithium levels in serum and hippocampus of 0.3-1.3 mM. During the recording period, the hippocampal slice retained a stable lithium concentration of 53% of the initial value. Chronic lithium exposure had a depressive effect on input/output relationships, paired-pulse facilitation and strength of orthodromic inhibition. The antidromic inhibition was virtually intact. No obvious differences were found between control and lithium slices in amplitude, latency or waveforms, of synaptic and antidromic extracellular potentials. These findings are compatible with a major action of lithium on the excitability of SCC axons and synaptic terminals.
Community and team member factors that influence the operations phase of local prevention teams: the PROSPER Project.

This study examined the longitudinal predictors of quality of functioning of community prevention teams during the “operations” phase of team development. The 14 community teams were involved in a randomized-trial of a university-community partnership project, PROSPER (Spoth et al., Prevention Science, 5(1): 31–39, 2004b), that implements evidence-based interventions intended to support positive youth development and reduce early substance use, as well as other problem behaviors. The study included a multi-informant approach to measurement of constructs, and included data from 137 team members, 59 human service agency directors and school administrators, 16 school principals, and 8 Prevention Coordinators (i.e. technical assistance providers). We examined how community demographics and social capital, team level characteristics, and team member attributes and attitudes are related to local team functioning across an 18-month period. Findings indicate that community demographics (poverty), social capital, team member attitudes towards prevention, and team members’ views of the acceptability of teen alcohol use played a substantial role in predicting various indicators of the quality of team functioning 18 months later.
On the constancy of intermediate-degree p-mode frequencies during the declining phase of solar cycle 21

A comparison was made between two sets of frequencies of intermediate-degree solar p-mode oscillations obtained in late 1981 and mid-1984. Good agreement was found at the 0.02 microHz level despite the 2.6 yr interval separating the two sets of observations. In particular, a comparison was made between the frequencies of 573 modes obtained at the South Pole during December 24-25, 1981 and those of the same modes as observed at the Mount Wilson Observatory 60-ft Solar Tower during July 29-August 13, 1984. The present results are consistent with no change in intermediate-degree p-mode frequencies between late 1981 and mid-1985.
Occurrence of cluster roots on Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae) in water culture in relation to phosphorus nutrition

summary When Myrica cerifera was grown in a number of 1/1-strength Hoagland's solutions, each lacking one mineral nutrient, cluster roots formed only in solutions lacking phosphorus (P). In seedlings initially fertilized with various P concentrations, cluster root formation decreased with increasing P supply and was totally suppressed in solutions containing ≥ 1 mg P l−1. As total root weight did not vary significantly between P treatments, the proportion of the root system expressed as cluster roots or non-cluster roots varied with phosphorus supply. A similar response to increasing levels of foliar-applied P suggests that it may be internal P concentration in the plant that determines the initiation of cluster roots and not external P levels in the soil. Nitrogen, supplied as fixed dinitrogen or nitrate, did not have any effect on development of cluster roots and it appears that the capacity of actinorhizal plants to fix nitrogen by symbiotic association with a soil micro-organism is of no significance to cluster root formation. While abundant root hair development and extensive mycorrhizal mycelium distribution in the rhizosphere may represent more efficient morphological forms of improving plant P uptake, the significance of cluster roots in relation to P nutrition and the mechanisms involved in their development warrant further investigation.
Thermomechanical anomalies and polyamorphism in B 2 O 3 glass: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, based on a new coordination-dependent charge-transfer potential, were used to study the behavior of ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in response to various thermal and mechanical constraints. This interaction potential allows for the charges on atoms to redistribute upon the formation and rupture of chemical bonds, and dynamically adjusts to multiple coordination states for a given species. Our simulations reveal the structural origin of the anomalous thermomechanical behaviors of ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, such as the increase of mechanical moduli upon expansion of the structure. While this phenomenon has been experimentally observed in the glass just below ${T}_{g}$ and in the molten state above $800\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, our simulations predict for the first time that the mechanical moduli of ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ glass also increase upon expansion under tensile stress. These anomalous behaviors can be explained as the result of localized structural transformations between two motifs of different stiffness that are similar to those found in the material's crystalline counterparts. The mechanism we found for ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is analogous to the one we identified earlier as underlying the anomalous behaviors of $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, and appears to be universal for network-forming glasses. Furthermore, our simulations led us to the discovery of new low-density ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystals, which provide a key to understanding the anomalous thermomechanical behaviors of vitreous ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the crystallization anomaly of this compound.
Regulation of Angiogenesis in Vivo by Ligation of Integrin α5β1 with the Central Cell-Binding Domain of Fibronectin

Angiogenesis depends on the cooperation of growth factors and cell adhesion events. Although αv integrins have been shown to play critical roles in angiogenesis, recent studies in αv-null mice suggest that other adhesion receptors and their ligands also regulate this process. Evidence is now provided that the integrin α5β1 and its ligand fibronectin are coordinately up-regulated on blood vessels in human tumor biopsies and play critical roles in angiogenesis, resulting in tumor growth in vivo . Angiogenesis induced by multiple growth factors in chick embryos was blocked by monoclonal antibodies to the cell-binding domain of fibronectin. Furthermore, application of fibronectin or a proteolytic fragment of fibronectin containing the central cell-binding domain to the chick chorioallantoic membrane enhanced angiogenesis in an integrin α5β1-dependent manner. Importantly, antibody, peptide, and novel nonpeptide antagonists of integrin α5β1 blocked angiogenesis induced by several growth factors but had little effect on angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in both chick embryo and murine models. In fact, these α5β1 antagonists inhibited tumor angiogenesis, thereby causing regression of human tumors in animal models. Thus, fibronectin and integrin α5β1, like integrin αvβ3, contribute to an angiogenesis pathway that is distinct from VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, yet important for the growth of tumors.
People Versus Object Orientation in Preschool Children: Do Sex Differences Really Occur?

Summary Preschool boys are frequently described in the literature as more interested in objects, whereas preschool girls are described as more interested in people. The validity of this description is questioned in the present paper, first, by reviewing the relevant literature and, second, by reporting a study of individual differences in orientation to people versus objects. The review of the literature revealed few, if any, studies which provided clear empirical support for the notion of sex differences in orientation. A number of studies were found, however, which reported no differences between boys and girls in aspects of behavior related to orientation. The issue of sex differences was addressed directly in the present study. Relative preference for interacting with people versus objects (i.e, orientation) was observed in 38 children during nursery-school free play. No mean differences were found between boys and girls in orientation. A sufficient body of data has now been accumulated to warrant the...
Non-Abelian gauge theory: Mass spectrum and deconfining temperature. I

Abstract Using the small volume expansion the mass spectrum and deconfining temperature of 4 d non-Abelian gauge theory are evaluated. Including non-perturbative features by restoring symmetries which were broken in perturbation theory we obtain results which are valid up to intermediate volumes. The mass spectrum obtained is in good agreement with Luscher's small volume limit and with Monte Carlo Data for medium sized volumes. Asymmetric volumes enable us to calculate the deconfining temperature and we find reasonable agreement with Monte Carlo calculations. Paper I outlines the general concepts and presents results for the SU (2) gauge group. Paper II shall generalize the approach to SU (3).
Topcoat-less resist approach for high volume production and yield enhancement of immersion lithography

Double patterning (DP) is the first candidate for extension of ArF immersion lithography, and topcoat-less (TC-less) process is an attractive process candidate compared to a topcoat process because it can make DP process simpler and reduce the chip manufacturing cost. To make the DP process viable, TC-less process performance including defectivity, auto focus (AF) and overlay performance must be validated. Nikon's latest volume production immersion lithography tool (S620D), was used for TC-less process evaluation. While S620D shows good defectivity results with both topcoat and TC-less process at 700mm/s scan speed, TC-less process showed slight improvement in defectivity compared to topcoat process. One reason being that TC-less process can suppress topcoat originated defect such as topcoat blister. The second reason is that TC-less resist can attain higher hydrophobicity than topcoat. Higher hydrophobicity is advantageous for high speed scanning because of stable movement of water meniscus, resulting in better defectivity performance. Defectivity results showed clear correlation to dynamic receding contact angle (D-RCA). Blob defect reduction is one of the challenges with TC-less resist process, because hydrophobic surface repels rinse water applied during development rinse process hence generating blob defect. However, the recent material improvements of TC-less resist have overcome this challenge and showed excellent blob defect performance. The hydrophobicity control during development process is the key factor in defect reduction. Wafer edge process is also very important for immersion lithography. The preferable wafer edge treatment for both TCless and topcoat process is to maintain uniform hydrophobicity over the entire wafer including wafer edge. While topcoat can be removed perfectly by development, unexposed TC-less resist remains on the wafer edge. WEE (wafer edge exposure) process can remove the excess resist after exposure, it's effectiveness was confirmed through experimental results. AF and overlay repeatability was evaluated on both topcoat and TC-less process; similar and sufficient performance was obtained on both processes. Based on cost of ownership calculations it is believed a 30% material cost and 10% track hardware cost reduction is feasible. These evaluations provide convincing evidence that TC-less process is ready for 32nm generation and beyond.
Recovery from skeletal fluorosis (an Enigmatic, American case)

A 52-year-old man presented with severe neck immobility and radiographic osteosclerosis. Elevated fluoride levels in serum, urine, and iliac crest bone revealed skeletal fluorosis. Nearly a decade of detailed follow-up documented considerable correction of the disorder after removal of the putative source of fluoride (toothpaste). Introduction: Skeletal fluorosis, a crippling bone disorder, is rare in the United States, but affects millions worldwide. There are no data regarding its reversibility. Materials and Methods: A white man presented in 1996 with neck immobility and worsening joint pains of 7-year duration. Radiographs revealed axial osteosclerosis. Bone markers were distinctly elevated. DXA of lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and distal one-third radius showed Z scores of +14.3, +6.6, and −0.6, respectively. Transiliac crest biopsy revealed cancellous volume 4.5 times the reference mean, cortical width 3.2 times the reference mean, osteoid thickness 25 times the reference mean, and wide and diffuse tetracycline uptake documenting osteomalacia. Fluoride (F) was elevated in serum (0.34 and 0.29 mg/liter [reference range: <0.20]), urine (26 mg/liter [reference range: 0.2–1.1 mg/liter]), and iliac crest (1.8% [reference range: <0.1%]). Tap and bottled water were negative for F. Surreptitious ingestion of toothpaste was the most plausible F source. Results: Monitoring for a decade showed that within 3 months of removal of F toothpaste, urine F dropped from 26 to 16 mg/liter (reference range: 0.2–1.1 mg/liter), to 3.9 at 14 months, and was normal (1.2 mg/liter) after 9 years. Serum F normalized within 8 months. Markers corrected by 14 months. Serum creatinine increased gradually from 1.0 (1997) to 1.3 mg/dl (2006; reference range: 0.5–1.4 mg/dl). Radiographs, after 9 years, showed decreased sclerosis of trabeculae and some decrease of sacrospinous ligament ossification. DXA, after 9 years, revealed 23.6% and 15.1% reduction in LS and FN BMD with Z scores of +9.3 and +4.8, respectively. Iliac crest, after 8.5 years, had normal osteoid surface and thickness with distinct double labels. Bone F, after 8.5 years, was 1.15% (reference range, <0.1), which was a 36% reduction (still 10 times the reference value). All arthralgias resolved within 2 years, and he never fractured, but new-onset nephrolithiasis occurred within 9 months and became a chronic problem. Conclusions: With removal of F exposure, skeletal fluorosis is reversible, but likely impacts for decades. Patients should be monitored for impending nephrolithiasis.
Oxidation of olefins by palladium(II). Part XIV1. Product distribution and kinetics of the oxidation of ethene by PdCl3 (pyridine)− in aqueous solution in the presence and absence of CuCl2: a modified Wacker catalyst with altered reactivity

Abstract In the absence of CuCl2, ethene was oxidized to ethanal by PdCl3 (pyridine)− in aqueous solution by the rate expression: − d[C 2 H 4 ] d t = k′K′ [PdCl 3 (Py) − ][C 2 H 4 ] [H + ][Cl − ] 2 where K′ is the equilibrium constant for π-complex formation between ethene and PdCl3(Py)− (Py = pyridine). This rate expression is of the same form as that previously found for the oxidation of ethene by PdCl2−4 in aqueous solution (Wacker reaction). The value of K′ for PdCl3(Py)− was found to be 20.3 which is close to the value of 17.4 previously measured for π-complex formation between ethene and PdCl2−4. However, the value of k for PdCl2−4 was 750 times the value of k′ for PdCl3(Py)−. This result suggests that the hydroxypalladation adduct from PdCl3(Py)− is much more stable towards decomposition to ethanal than the corresponding one from PdCl2−4. A direct result of this higher stability is the expectation that the adduct from PdCl3(Py)− should be more readily intercepted by CuCl2 to produce 2-chloroethanol. At chloride concentrations as low as 0.2 M and [CuCl2] = 4 M, the product was almost 50% 2-chloroethanol. At [CuCl2] = 8 M, the product was 98% 2-chloroethanol. With PdCl2−4, a chloride concentration of 3 M is required before an appreciable amounts of 2-chloroethanol are produced at any cupric chloride concentration. For the reaction of ethene with PdCl2−4, these results are consistent with a mechanism involving cis addition at low [Cl−] and trans addition at high [Cl−]. The pathway for ethanal formation may be different with PdCl3(Py)− than it is with PdCl2−4.
MAPS: multi-algorithm parallel circuit simulation

The emergence of multi-core and many-core processors has introduced new opportunities and challenges to EDA research and development. While the availability of increasing parallel computing power holds new promise to address many computing challenges in CAD, the leverage of hardware parallelism can only be possible with a new generation of parallel CAD applications. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-algorithm parallel circuit simulation approach (MAPS) and its multi-core implementation to expedite one of the most fundamental CAD applications: transistor-level transient circuit simulation. MAPS starts multiple simulation algorithms in parallel for a given simulation task. By properly synchronizing these algorithms on-the-fly, we exploit the diversity in simulation algorithms to achieve possibly superlinear overall speedup in transient simulation. In addition, our unique multi-algorithm framework allows unique safe exploration of simulation methods that are conventionally discarded due to convergence concerns. As a coarse grained parallel simulation approach, the implementation of MAPS demands a minimum of parallel programming effort and allows for reuse of existing serial simulation codes.
Periodic Anderson model for four-site clusters.

The periodic Anderson model is applied to three different four-site clusters (square, rhombus, and tetrahedron) with periodic boundary conditions. We consider one extended orbital per site per spin with an interatomic transfer integral t and with the mean energy chosen to be zero. We also consider one localized f orbital per site per spin with energy ${E}_{f}$ with a Coulomb repulsion U between two electrons in the f orbitals in the same site. There is a positive hybridization term V between the localized and extended orbitals of same spin in different sites. The number of electrons is taken to be one per site and the interactions between different sites is restricted to nearest neighbors. The many-body eigenvalues and eigenstates are calculated exactly by constructing a computer program to diagonalize the Hamiltonian. The f-state occupation (${n}_{f}$) and the temperature dependence of specific heat (${c}_{v}$) and magnetic susceptibility (${X}_{f}$) of f electrons are calculated for a wide range of parameters.We find that the mixed-valent, Kondo, and magnetic regimes depend sensitively on ${E}_{f}$/\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert}, V/\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert}, and the geometry of the clusters (which simulate the band-structure effects), but not on U. When ${E}_{f}$/\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert} is large and negative, for small values of V/\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert} (${n}_{f}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}1), the many-body ground state is nonmagnetic but the next two excited states are magnetically ordered and nearly degenerate with the ground state. The next higher energy level is well separated from these states. Therefore the specific heat rises sharply at low temperatures and the system exhibits heavy-fermion behavior. In a few cases, the ground state is magnetically ordered but nearly degenerate with a nonmagnetic excited state and well separated from other states. This corresponds to heavy fermions with magnetically ordered ground state. In some cases, there is a transition from the Kondo lattice to a magnetic regime and subsequent reentry into either a Kondo-lattice or a mixed-valence regime as ${E}_{f}$ is gradually increased from large negative values. We also find that magnetic order and mixed valence can coexist for a very narrow range of ${E}_{f}$ for some choice of parameters.
Pain, stress and depression: Psychoneurophysiology and therapy

Depression is probably the most common illness in the world, and it is much maligned by patients and physicians as well as the insurance industry. We have found that all patients with depression have one or more chemical and neurochemical abnormalities. More importantly, we have found that 85 per cent of patients can be brought out of depression within 2 weeks without drug therapy. The therapy program consists of education, cranial electrical stimulation, music, photostimulation, insight meditation and magnesium supplements. Interestingly, videotaped education is more effective than live lectures
Peritoneal exudate cells. II. Kinetics of appearance of colony-forming cells.

A transient increase in the number of peritoneal colony-forming cells in agar (PCFC) was noted in the peritoneal cavity of mice given one intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate medium. This increase of PCFC was not accompanied by a similar degree of increase in the number of either pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells or committed hemopoietic stem cells for granulocytes and/or macrophages that are normally present in the peritoneal cavity in small numbers. Other substances, such as glycogen, starch, Freund's adjuvant, sheep red blood cells and lectins, were also capable of increasing PCFC, but to different degrees. The ability of thioglycollate medium as well as other stimulatory agents to increase PCFC appeared to be dose-dependent.
Morphological diversity among fishes in a Great Plains river drainage

Longitudinal succession of stream fish faunas is commonly related to increasing stream size and stability. However, effects of succession on assemblage morphology are seldom quantified. We used an ecomorphological approach to determine differences in faunal structure among distinct stream types of the Cheyenne River drainage in South Dakota, USA. During May–October 2004 we collected fishes monthly from five streams. We examined 28 morphological traits of the dominant fish species and compared morphological structure among faunas using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests and multivariate ordination and distance calculation techniques. Species richness and composition varied between smaller creeks and larger rivers. Morphological diversity increased with richness, but richer assemblages were also more tightly packed in morphospace, partly because of increased cyprinid richness. Some morphological differences were predicted by variation in mean discharge and discharge flashiness (flow stability). Fishes of more stable or larger river stations characteristically had smaller heads and mouths and longer intestines. Larger mean standard length was also associated with less flashy flow regimes and higher mean discharge. All assemblages were hyperdispersed in morphological space, consistent with the harsh zoogeographical history of the region and suggesting the presence of open niches. Increasing species and morphological diversity despite increasing discharge flashiness suggests higher niche diversity in Great Plains rivers compared to adjacent creeks.
Reasons for relocation to a continuing care retirement community

This study examines the reasons given for relocation to an upstate New York continuing care retirement community (CCRC) for 91 affluent adults ages 65 to 95 who subsequently moved to this CCRC. Rea...
Phase Transformations in Neutron-Irradiated Zircaloys

Microstructural evolution in Zircaloy-2 and -4 spent-fuel cladding specimens after approx.3 years of irradiation in commercial power reactors has been investigated by TEM and HVEM. Two kinds of precipitates induced by the fast-neutron irradiation in the reactors have been identified, i.e., Zr/sub 3/O and cubic-ZrO/sub 2/ particles approximately 2 to 10 nm in size. By means of a weak-beam dark-field ''2-1/2D-microscopy'' technique, the bulk nature of the precipitates and the surficial nature of artifact oxide and hydride phases could be discerned. The Zr(Fe/sub x/,Cr/sub 1-x/)/sub 2/ and Zr/sub 2/(Fe/sub x/,Ni/sub 1-x/) intermetallic precipitates normally present in the as-fabricated material virtually dissolved in the spent-fuel cladding specimens after a fast-neutron fluence of approx.4 x 10/sup 21/ ncm/sup -2/ in the power reactors. The observed radiation-induced phase transformations are compared with predictions based on the currently available understanding of the alloy characteristics. 29 refs.
Immunohistochemistry can be used to subtype acute myeloid leukemia in routinely processed bone marrow biopsy specimens. Comparison with flow cytometry.

Flow cytometry (FC) is the preferred method of immunophenotyping acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, there are situations in which FC is unavailable and in which immunohistologic staining of bone marrow biopsy specimens can be used to provide immunophenotypic information. To evaluate immunohistologic staining and to confirm its value, we selected 80 newly diagnosed cases of AML that were classified according to French-American-British (FAB) criteria and confirmed by flow cytometric analysis for this study. Paraffin-embedded bone marrow specimens were stained using a panel of antibodies that included CD34 (QBEND10), antimyeloperoxidase (anti-MPO), antihemoglobin, factor VIII-related antigen, and 3 epitopes of CD68 (HAM56, KP1, and PG-M1). Our findings suggest that with the use of the paraffin-reactive antibodies CD34 (QBEND10), MPO, CD68 (PG-M1), antihemoglobin, and factor VIII-related antigen, immunohistochemistry can be used to subclassify AML. Comparison of immunohistochemical results with FC immunophenotyping suggests that there is significant concordance in the results for markers that can be used with both techniques, indicating that the sensitivity and specificity of both methods is comparable (P > .53 in all cases).
Recuperation and behaviour of Pacific cod after barotrauma

A total of 624 Pacific cod was captured, tagged with data-storage tags, and released in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea from 2001 to 2003. Cod were captured with pot or jig gear at depths ranging from 32 to 127 m. As of January 2004, 272 tags (44%) were recovered, with fish at liberty from 2 days to 1.5 years. The tags, which collected time, depth, and temperature information, revealed behaviour patterns common to nearly all recaptured fish. Analysis of swimbladder function suggests that these patterns resulted from swimbladder ruptures and deflation. In most cases, fish immediately dived to the bottom and then, within hours, returned to shallower depths. Fish that subsequently descended back to the depth at which they were captured, did so at rates ranging from 4.9 to 23.2 m day −1 . Observations of bubbles being released from cod as they neared the surface during capture, indicated that cod swimbladders can rupture. A series of X-rays taken of live cod immediately after capture and subsequently at 24 h, revealed that ruptured swimbladders were sealed within 24 h. The loss of gas from the swimbladder, and the subsequent loss in buoyancy, inhibited most cod from remaining near the bottom. Their quick return to shallow water after an initial escape response indicates either a need or preference to reside at a depth at which they are more neutrally buoyant. Although rates of descent were highly variable among individuals, smaller individuals tended to descend faster than larger ones. Rates of descent were most likely limited by the secretion rate of gas into the swimbladder. Future tagging work for species such as Pacific cod need to recognize the recuperation period that is necessary before natural vertical or horizontal migrations can be evaluated.
Removal of traces of mercury from a carrier gas for analytical purpose

The analysis of mercury by cold vapor requires a gas, usually argon or helium, to transport elementary mercury to the gold trap or directly to the detector. When analyzing mercury in environmental matrices, a gas with a metal concentration as low as a few picograms per cubic meter is needed. Different sorbents have been used to purify the gas for a long time, but little information is available about them, mainly considering the analytical purpose. This paper presents results of the absorption capacity for solids and hypochlorite solutions that usually are used as mercury sorbents, giving technical information to the analyst to decide the best gas cleaning process to be used. The absorption capacities of different sorbents were tested using atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Among the tested solids, platinum presented the highest absorption capacity (13.04 pg Hg per gram of Pt). Interaction between sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, and EDTA in the absorption capacity was investigated by a 23 factorial design. Results showed a significant interaction between hypochlorite and chloride. A solution of 1.26 mmol L−1 sodium hypochlorite, 0.48 mol L−1 sodium chloride, and 0.6 mmol L−1 EDTA shows the highest absorption capacity (167.3 pg Hg) among the tested compositions. That solution has eliminated even traces of mercury from gases, resulting in a carrier free of mercury, what cannot be achieved using the solid sorbents tested, despite the use of solutions which is more tedious than the use of solids to clean gas. Anyway, the hypochlorite solution shows to be a good option to clean gases that have to be used in the analysis of mercury in samples with very low concentration.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Metal Nanoshells

Nanoshells are a new class of nanoparticles with tunable optical properties that have shown promise in a number of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Conceived of over 50 years ago [1] but not realized until the 1990’s [3, 25, 48], metal nanoshells consist of spherical dielectric nanoparticles surrounded by a thin, conductive, metallic layer. By varying the composition and dimensions of the nanoparticles, nanoshells can be designed and fabricated with plasmon resonances from the visible to the mid-infrared regions of the spectrum [26]. For a given composition of core and metal shell, the plasmon resonances of the nanoparticle, which determines the particle’s optical absorption and scattering, may be tuned by changing the ratio of the nanoparticle’s core size to its shell thickness. Essentially, for a core of given diameter, metal shells of diminishing thickness (or higher core:shell ratios) will result in red shifting of the peak plasmon frequency (Figure 9.1).
The Co-Production of Land Use and Livelihoods Change: Implications for Development Interventions

Abstract In a previous paper [McCusker, B., Carr, E.R., 2006. The co-production of livelihoods and land use change: Case studies from South Africa and Ghana. Geoforum 37 (5), 790–804], we argued that land use and livelihoods could best be understood as co-produced, where land use and livelihoods are not separate objects of knowledge related to one another through abstract processes, but different manifestations of social processes through which individuals and groups come to understand the challenges facing their everyday lives, the various resources available to them to negotiate these challenges, and the strategies by which they can conduct that negotiation. In this paper, we examine the theoretical basis for “co-production” with the goal of using this approach to inform development interventions.
Coincident Compton nuclear medical imager

A novel method is proposed for nuclear medical imaging. A high resolution Compton imager with large solid angle and high efficiency is used to detect multiple gamma rays from selected radionuclide decays. The direction cone of each gamma ray is re-constructed from the multiple Compton interactions in the detector array. The intersection of three Compton direction cones defines a limited number of positions, often a unique location within the region of interest, for each decay. For positron decay radionuclides that are accompanied by a coincident gamma ray (e.g. /sup 14/O) the location is determined from the intersection of the 511 keV interaction sites and the Compton direction cone of the third gamma ray. This technique has the advantages of 3-dimensional imaging with lower doses, and comparable or improved resolution compared to standard SPECT and PET techniques. The technique will be described, along with a discussion of alternative detectors configurations. Results of simulations showing the capability of this technique are presented.
Corporate Governance and Corporate Creditworthiness

We examine the relation between corporate governance and bankruptcy risk as an underlying force affecting a bond’s yield. The level of corporate governance is captured by the G-index, along with the explicit groups of governance provisions. We estimate bankruptcy risk by Z-score, by cash-flow-score, by O-score, through Merton structural model default probabilities, and by S&P credit ratings. After addressing endogeneity and while controlling for firm-specific factors, based on the four objective methodologies we find that corporate governance is inversely related to bankruptcy risk. Yet, rating agencies take a mixed approach towards this association likely because of the conflicting impact of different governance provisions.
Numerical simulation of subsurface radar for detecting buried pipes

A subsurface radar for the detection of dielectric or metal pipes buried in the ground is investigated numerically. The two dimensional transmission line matrix method was used to obtain images of buried pipes illuminated by electromagnetic pulses generated by a ground-penetrating radar. The present study is only applicable for two-dimensional cases as it assumes infinitely long pipes and sources. However, the technique may be used for three-dimensional cases as long as the antenna is parallel to the underground pipes and is not near the ends or the bends of the pipes. For the cases shown, 480 grid points in the x direction and 220 in the gamma direction were used. The required memory to run the simulation software was 1.1 Mb. With 6000 iterations, the total CPU time for the case was 218 s on a MicroVax II workstation. >