cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Chance to Choice: WHY NOT THE BEST?

HAVING THE BEST CHILDREN WE CAN “Be All You Can Be,” the Army recruiting poster urges young men and women. Many parents share the sentiment. They want their children to be the best they can be. For many parents, their most important project in life is to pursue that goal, and they make sacrifices to see it happen. And why shouldn't parents aim to make their offspring the best they can be? Of course, means matter. That is why we consider in this chapter whether parents should be free to use genetic intervention techniques to produce the best offspring they can. Posed this way, the question immediately raises many antieugenic hackles: Won't screening and selective abortion mean we eliminate many lives that are worth living? And won't it devalue the lives of people with disabilities? Anyway, who is to say what is the “best” (some parents have peculiar ideas)? Won't the economically and socially privileged be those best placed to pursue the “best”? Doesn't “best” for some mean worse for others? Isn't it wrong for parents to think of their children as something they design? These objections deserve attention, and we will return to them shortly, but it is important to understand the presumption behind the original question. Shouldn't parents seek the best – even through genetics – for their offspring? Don't we expect them to? What Could Be More Natural Than Parents Seeking the Best? Parents are generally regarded as having permission, and some would say an obligation, to produce the “best” children they can.
Proliferative and malignant Brenner tumors. Review of 47 cases.

The Brenner tumor has been promoted as a relatively rare benign ovarian neoplasia. During the past three decades, the recognition of “malignant” and “proliferating” variants has produced controversy and conflict as to the histopathologic criteria for definite diagnosis of these lesions and, more importantly, as to their relationship to “the controversial ovarian tumor.” The opportunity to study 47 cases of malignant and proliferative Brenner tumors is the subject of this article. Histopathologic criteria for diagnosis, histogenesis, and clinical significance of these unique tumors are discussed.
Ontogenetic quinpirole treatment produces long-lasting decreases in the expression of Rgs9, but increases Rgs17 in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex

Ontogenetic treatment of rats with the dopamine D(2)-like receptor agonist quinpirole produces a significant increase in dopamine D(2) receptor sensitivity that persists throughout the animal's lifetime, a phenomenon known as D(2) priming. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of priming of the D(2) receptor on the expression of three different members of the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) family: Rgs4, Rgs9 and Rgs17. Male offspring were ontogenetically treated with quinpirole or saline from postnatal days (P)1-21 and raised to adulthood. On approximately P65, animals were given an acute quinipirole injection (0.1 mg/kg) and the number of yawns was recorded for 1 h after the injection. Yawning has been shown to be a behavioural event mediated by the dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor. Animals ontogenetically treated with quinpirole demonstrated a significant 2.5-fold increase in yawning as compared to controls. Rgs transcripts were analysed through in situ hybridization several weeks later. Rats ontogenetically treated with quinpirole demonstrated a significant decrease in Rgs9 expression in the frontal cortex, but a more robust decrease in the striatum and nucleus accumbens as compared to controls. Regarding Rgs17, ontogenetic quinpirole produced a modest but significant increase in expression in the same brain areas. There were no significant differences in Rgs4 expression produced by drug treatment in any of the brain regions analysed. This study demonstrates that ontogenetic quinpirole treatment, which results in priming of the D(2) receptor, results in significant decreases in Rgs9, which has been shown to regulate G-protein coupling to D(2) receptors.
Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis.

To The Editor: The interesting case featured in “Images in Cardiovascular Medicine” in the March 3, 1998, issue of Circulation 1 illustrates how elusive the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis can be and demonstrates how important it is to perform a comprehensive 2-dimensional/Doppler echocardiographic examination on all patients referred to the echocardiography laboratory. In patients with symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure, it does not suffice to simply report on the systolic function of the left and right ventricles. Comprehensive evaluation should include …
ON JOHN RAWLS'S A BRIEF INQUIRY INTO THE MEANING OF SIN AND FAITH

This essay challenges the view that John Rawls’s recently published undergraduate thesis A Brief Inquiry into the Meaning of Sin and Faith provides little help in understanding his mature work. Two crucial strands of Rawls’s Theory of Justice are its critique of teleology and its claims about our moral nature and its expression. These strands are brought together in a set of arguments late in Theory which are important but have attracted little sustained attention. I argue that the target of Rawls’s undergraduate thesis is a form of Christianity which rests on assumptions Rawls later came to think were fundamental to teleological views, and that the thesis defends an alternative form of religiosity that anticipates what Rawls says in Theory about the expression of our nature. Those sections of Theory also provide resources Rawls could have used to respond to a number of prominent and recurrent criticisms of his account of moral motivation. Seeing the continuities between Brief Inquiry and Theory of Justice shows how long Rawls wrestled with problems he took up in the neglected sections of Theory and thereby shows their importance to Rawls’s thought.
Managing Employee Compliance with Information Security Policies: The Critical Role of Top Management and Organizational Culture

We develop an individual behavioral model that integrates the role of top management and organizational culture into the theory of planned behavior in an attempt to better understand how top management can influence security compliance behavior of employees. Using survey data and structural equation modeling, we test hypotheses on the relationships among top management participation, organizational culture, and key determinants of employee compliance with information security policies. We find that top management participation in information security initiatives has significant direct and indirect influences on employees’ attitudes towards, subjective norm of, and perceived behavioral control over compliance with information security policies. We also find that the top management participation strongly influences organizational culture which in turn impacts employees’ attitudes towards and perceived behavioral control over compliance with information security policies. Furthermore, we find that the effects of top management participation and organizational culture on employee behavioral intentions are fully mediated by employee cognitive beliefs about compliance with information security policies. Our findings extend information security research literature by showing how top management can play a proactive role in shaping employee compliance behavior in addition to the deterrence oriented remedies advocated in the extant literature. Our findings also refine the theories about the role of organizational culture in shaping employee compliance behavior. Significant theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market: Evidence from Randomized Trials of Credit Card Solicitations

Using unique data from multiple large-scale randomized marketing trials of pre-approved credit card solicitations, we find that consumers responding to a lender’s inferior solicitation offers have poorer credit quality attributes. This finding supports the argument that riskier type borrowers are liquidity or credit constrained and thus have higher reservation loan interest rate. We also find that ex post the credit quality of cardholders with an inferior offer deteriorated more severely relative to those with a superior offer. After controlling for a cardholder’s observable risk attributes, demographic characteristics, and adverse economic shocks, we find that cardholders who responded to the inferior credit card offers are significantly more likely to default ex post. Our results provide evidence on the importance of adverse selection effects in the credit card market.
Infantile spasms. I, PET identifies focal cortical dysgenesis in cryptogenic cases for surgical treatment

Positron emission tomography (PET) of local cerebral glucose metabolism in 13 children with infantile spasms of undetermined cause (cryptogenic spasms) revealed unilateral hypometabolism involving the parieto-occipito-temporal region in 5 female infants. Cranial computed tomography showed normal findings in all infants. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a normal appearance in 4 of the 5 infants; in 1 infant, MRI revealed a subtle abnormality consisting of poor demarcation between occipital gray and white matter. Surface electroencephalography (EEG) in 4 showed hypsarrythmia at some time in the patients' courses, but at other times showed localized or lateralized abnormalities corresponding to areas of PET-detected hypometabolism. Because of poor seizure control, 4 infants underwent surgical removal of the cortical focus guided by intraoperative electrocorticography and were seizure free postoperatively. Neuropathological examination of resected tissue in each showed microscopic cortical dysplasia. Our findings indicate that in infants with cryptogenic spasms, PET can effectively identify those due to unsuspected focal cortical dysplasia, for which resective surgery offers improved prognosis.
Further results on the strain-energy function for anisotropic elastic materials

where the S O . . . . . S~i are polynomials in six functionally independent invariants K 1, K 2 . . . . . K s chosen from the. polynomial basis 11, I S . . . . . I , associated with the crystal class considered and where L 1 . . . . . L ,_ s are the remaining n 6 elements of this basis. I t will further be shown that W is u n i q u d y expressible in the form (t.2), i.e., there are no non-trivial relations of the form
Regulation of mechanical interactions between fibroblasts and the substratum by stretch-activated Ca2+ entry

Ca2+ ions have long been implicated in regulating various aspects of cell movements. We found that stretching forces applied through flexible substrata induced increases in both intracellular Ca2+ concentration and traction forces of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Conversely, application of gadolinium, an inhibitor of stretch-activated ion channels, or removal of extracellular free Ca2+ caused inhibition of traction forces. Gadolinium treatment also inhibited cell migration without affecting the spread morphology or protrusive activities. Local application of gadolinium to the trailing region had no detectable effect on the overall traction forces, while local application to the leading edge caused a global inhibition of traction forces and cell migration, suggesting that stretch-activated channels function primarily at the leading edge. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that gadolinium caused a pronounced decrease in vinculin and phosphotyrosine concentrations at focal adhesions. Our observations suggest that stretch-activated Ca2+ entry in the frontal region regulates the organization of focal adhesions and the output of mechanical forces. This mechanism probably plays an important role in sustaining cell migration and in mediating active and passive responses to mechanical signals.
THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES

A common approach to the evaluation of the standard of living is based on a function of real income. In the United States this often takes the form of CPI-deflated mean household income. Material well-being is more appropriately evaluated using a consumption-based index. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys we find that real mean income provides an inaccurate representation of the level and trend of the standard of living relative to real per equivalent total expenditure in the postwar United States. The differences between real income and real total expenditure per household equivalent member are found at all levels of aggregation.
The future of biologics: Applications for food allergy

Allergic diseases affect millions worldwide, with growing evidence of an increase in allergy occurrence over the past few decades. Current treatments for allergy include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and allergen immunotherapy; however, some subjects experience treatment-resistant inflammation or adverse reactions to these treatments, and there are currently no approved therapeutics for the treatment of food allergy. There is a dire need for new therapeutic approaches for patients with poorly controlled atopic diseases and a need to improve the safety and effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy. Improved understanding of allergy through animal models and clinical trials has unveiled potential targets for new therapies, leading to the development of several biologics to treat allergic diseases. This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to allergy, with an emphasis on future targets for biologics for the treatment of food allergy. These biologics include immunotherapy with novel anti-IgE antibodies and analogs, small-molecule inhibitors of cell signaling, anti-type 2 cytokine mAbs, and TH1-promoting adjuvants.
Attitudes of internal medicine residents regarding influenza vaccination.

Objective: To survey the attitudes of internal medicine residents regarding the influenza vaccine and their reasons for accepting or refusing the vaccine during a hospitalwide immunization campaign. Design and Participants: Internal medicine residents responded to a written survey. Setting: A university-owned, 891-bed, tertiary referral hospital and a 278-bed Veterans Administration hospital in Iowa. Results: Immediately following the immunization campaign, 51% of residents had received the vaccine. Of those residents who were not vaccinated, 42% never had time to go to the vaccine clinic, but only 8% worried about side effects of the vaccine. Residents whose clinics were staffed by infectious disease subspecialists were significantly more likely to be vaccinated (odds ratio = 2.55; CI95 = 1.01 to 6.42) than residents working with general internists or other subspecialists. Conclusions: Knowledge, vaccine availability, and social pressure all increase the likelihood that residents will be vaccinated. Faculty, particularly those interested in infectious diseases, may influence residents to accept the vaccine.
An Experiment in Training Teachers of English

(1970). An Experiment in Training Teachers of English. English in Education: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 90-106.
Authoritarianism, self esteem and insecurity.

The traits underlying the authoritarian syndrome suggest that high-authoritarian Ss are insecure and low in self esteem. The present study investigated this hypothesis employing several independent assessments of self esteem. Results tended to confirm this hypothesis but showed only moderate relationships among the several measures of self esteem.
Identification algorithm for systemic arterial parameters with application to total artificial heart control

A new algorithm for estimating systemic arterial parameters from systolic pressure and flow measurements at the root of the aorta is developed and tested through a systems identification approach. The resulting procedure has direct application to a total artificial heart (TAH) control system currently under development. Identification models, representing the systemic arterial system, are developed from existing work in the area of cardiovascular modeling. The resistive and compliance components of these models are physically significant, representing overall hydraulic properties of the systemic arterial system. A unique method of parameterizing the identification models is designed which operates on the basis of aortic pressure and flow measurements taken exclusively during systole. The estimator is a modified recursive least squares algorithm which utilizes covariance modification to track time-varying parameters and a dead-zone to improve the robustness. Performance of the estimation algorithm was tested on data generated by a higher-order distributed model of the systemic arterial bed using normal canine parameters. Results from model-to-model experiments verify the consistency of the estimates and the ability of the estimator to converge quickly and track dynamically varying parameters.
Modification to shock fitting program

A modified form of the Lepping-Argentiero single spacecraft, shock normal determination procedure is presented. The modified method incorporates a simple predictor-corrector algorithm which allows a faster convergence rate and the use of average values of the parameters for the starting vector.
Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis: an entity distinct from acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

The WHO criteria for diagnosing acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis are somewhat distinct from those for acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. However, clinical and hematopathologic findings partially overlap. This has raised questions as to whether these are indeed separate, definable entities. To determine the potential importance of bone marrow biopsy supplemented by immunohistochemistry in distinguishing between these two conditions, we studied 17 bone marrow biopsies of well-characterized cases of acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis (six cases) and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (11 cases). We compared blast frequency, reticulin content, CD34 expression, and the degree of megakaryocytic differentiation of the blast cells in these two conditions. Our results demonstrate important differences. Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis is characterized by a multilineage myeloid proliferation with a less numerous population of blasts than acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (P<0.01). In the former condition, blasts are always positive with CD34, while in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia they express CD34 in 60% of the cases. The blasts in acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis only rarely express megakaryocytic antigens. By contrast, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia has a significantly higher proportion of blasts expressing megakaryocytic antigens (P<0.01 with CD42b). Our results confirm that histology supplemented by immunohistochemistry permits the distinction of these conditions in routinely processed bone marrow biopsies.
Salt tolerance in a Juncus roemerianus brackish marsh: Spatial variations in plant water relations

Abstract Halophytes residing in tidal marshes are often subjected to intense and varying environmental demands. These variations may occur in a matter of hours, with tidal-induced changes in hydrology and soil chemistry (including soil oxygen status, redox potentials, and salinity). Juncus roemerianus has been shown to occupy three dissimilar marsh zones, including lower marsh with minimally diluted saline waters, mid-marsh which undergoes periodic freshwater dilutions of tidal waters, and upper marsh which is principally maintained by upland freshwaters. The purpose of this study was to discern spatial patterns in plant water status of J. roemerianus . Leaf water potentials ( ψ leaf ) were 1–2 MPa less than soil-osmotic potential ( ψ π soil ), with the greatest ψ leaf (i.e., most negative; ca. − 4 MPa) generated within the lower marsh as plants experienced the highest salinities (18 ppt; during low tide). There was a 3–12% increase in relative water content ( θ ) in mid-marsh plants, in comparison to both lower- and upper-marsh individuals. Pressure–volume isotherms showed that plants along the shoreline (i.e., lower-marsh) had lower osmotic potential at full saturation ( ψ π sat ), lower osmotic potential at turgor loss point ( ψ π tlp ), and elevated bulk modulus of elasticity ( ϵ ). Whereas, no spatial differences in water content at turgor loss point ( θ tlp ) and symplastic water fraction ( θ sym ) were observed among the three marsh zones. Additionally, morphological and plant mass characteristics, including stomatal size, stomatal density, leaf abundance, and above-ground biomass, were greater in lower marsh plants compared to other two marsh zones. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of soil–water salinity (as ψ π soil ) in shaping spatial variations in plant water status within a J. roemerianus brackish marsh.
Identifying Children at High Risk for a Child Maltreatment Report.

OBJECTIVE: To help professionals identify factors that place families at risk for future child maltreatment, to facilitate necessary services and to potentially help prevent abuse and neglect. METHOD: The data are from a prospective, longitudinal study of 332 low-income families recruited from urban pediatric primary care clinics, followed for over 10 years, until the children were approximately 12 years old. Children with prior child protective services involvement (CPS) were excluded. The initial assessment included sociodemographic, child, parent and family level variables. Child maltreatment was assessed via CPS reports. Risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression models. RESULTS: Of the 224 children without a prior CPS report and with complete data who were followed for an average of 10 years, 97 (43%) later had a CPS report. In a multivariate survival analysis, 5 risk factors predicted CPS reports: child's low performance on a standardized developmental assessment (RR=1.23, 95% CI=1.01-1.49, p=.04), maternal education≤high school (RR=1.55, CI=1.01-2.38, p=.04), maternal drug use (RR=1.71, CI=1.01-2.90, p Language: en
Quadratic degenerations of odd-orthogonal Schubert varieties

Abstract This paper is the second in a series leading to a type B n geometric Littlewood–Richardson rule. The rule will give an interpretation of the B n Littlewood–Richardson numbers as an intersection of two odd-orthogonal Schubert varieties and will consider a sequence of linear and quadratic deformations of the intersection into a union of odd-orthogonal Schubert varieties. This paper describes the setup for the rule and specifically addresses results for quadratic deformations, including a proof that at each quadratic degeneration, the results occur with multiplicity one. This work is strongly influenced by Vakil’s [14] .
Exploring users' video relevance criteria—A pilot study

Relevance is one of the most fundamental concepts in information science. However, among the large body of relevance literature, very little of the research studied users' relevance judgments when concerning video. The pilot study described in this paper conducted exploratory work in this direction. The time-line interviewing method proposed by Dervin (1992) was applied in the study due to its exploratory and descriptive nature. Four participants were interviewed in early 2003, including a professor in communication studies, an art professor, a news video librarian and a video editor. Using inductive content analysis methods, three categories of relevance judgment criteria were summarized: textual (e.g., topicality, recency, and nationality), visual (e.g., cinematography, objects/events, and style) and implicit (e.g., interest, familiarity, and appropriateness). Topicality was still considered the most important criteria for video relevance judgments, however, users also liked to see visual surrogates, especially those surrogates that contained motion. A more formal study is planned, and we expect that the results will not only enrich the relevance literature but also have implications for video indexing and retrieval research.
Mortality and Aberrant Development of the Sugarbeet Root Maggot (Diptera: Otitidae) after Exposure to Steinernematid Nematodes

Abstract Third instar larvae of the sugarbeet root maggot ( Tetanops myopaeformis von Roder) were challenged with three strains of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), two strains of S. feltiae (Filipjev), and one strain of S. glaseri (Steiner). Steinernema carpocapsae "SCANMASK" (1.3%) showed the lowest level of infectivity, followed in ascending order by S. carpocapsae "ALL" (2.8%), S. carpocapsae "252" (4.4%), S. glaseni "326" (5.5%), S. feltiae "SN" (6.4%), and S. feltiae "UK" (8.6%). In several of the nematode challenges of diapaused larvae, resulting pupae gave rise to adult flies with gross abnormalities. Microscopic examination of these pupae gave no indication of nematode infection or an ensuing septicemia. Overall, 24.4% of the imagos arising from nematode-challenged larvae gave rise to aberrant adults. We have attributed these aberrant adults to an accelerated metamorphosis. These aberrant flies did not produce eggs, although mating attempts were observed.
Breakout Session: Diversity, Cultural Competence, and Patient Trust

Background The patient population served by orthopaedic surgeons is becoming increasingly more diverse, but this is not yet reflected in our workforce. As the cultural diversity of our patient population grows, we must be adept at communicating with patients of all backgrounds.
Prototype integrated building model

Abstract This paper describes an integrated database facility model called CAEADS, now being developed for the US Army Corps of Engineers. The function of the facility model is to accept and store a description of any conventional building design in a structure so as to allow automatic preparation of data for a number of applications. Later stages of development will include a full design entry system and capabilities for production document preparation.
Nonlinear optical response of excitons in small ring clusters

Abstract The static second hyperpolarizability, γ(N) of interacting excitons on rings of up toN = 19 unit cells is investigated as the system evolves from a Frenkel to a photoconducting ring. Coulomb interactions are treated exactly in a complete basis set of one and two electron-hole pairs.
Aromatic Ring Currents at a Protein Surface: Use of 1H-NMR Chemical Shifts to Refine the Structure of a Naked β Sheet

Abstract The naked β sheet, a newly recognized motif of protein structure, exhibits ordered surfaces in the absence of a conventional hydrophobic core. A model is provided by an archaeal Zn ribbon homologous to eukaryotic RNA polymerase II subunit 9 (RPB9). This subunit, which regulates transcriptional start-site selection and downstream pausing, contains Zn2+-binding motifs similar to those of general transcription factors TFIIB and TFIIS. Interestingly, distance-geometry yields two models of the archaeal Zn ribbon differing in the orientation of a conserved tyrosine side chain on the well-ordered surface of the naked β-sheet. The models are equally consistent with conventional restraints and otherwise contain indistinguishable structural features, including a tetrahedral Cys4 Zn2+-binding sites, four antiparallel β-strands, and disordered loop. Due to the change in tyrosine orientation and correlated changes in the configuration of neighboring side chains, the two models predict inequivalent patterns of...
Multiple sclerosis and childhood infections

Migration from an area where MS is common to an area where it is rare (and vice versa) affects the risk of MS, provided migration occurs in childhood. A childhood infection might explain this effect. Therefore, the age pattern of infectious diseases in different regions was examined. A higher proportion of children showed positive titers to many viral diseases early in life in areas where MS is rare compared with those where MS is common. Also, mortality rates from a variety of infectious diseases correlated negatively with the MS mortality. Thus, infection early in life may “protect” against MS, and conversely, later infection, when the immune system has partially matured, may increase risk. MS may be an age-dependent, host-immune response to childhood infection.
A Computer Program for Calculating Subject-by-Subject Kappa or Weighted Kappa Coefficients:

This computer program calculates individual subject kappa or weighted kappa coefficients for each of the following three types of categorical data: (a) nominal (dichotomous/polychotomous), (b) ordi...
Measurement of thermoelectric power of β- and β″-alumina

Abstract Thermoelectric power of β- and β″-alumina has been measured as a function of temperature between 300K and 550K utilizing Na 2 O as electrode. The thermoelectric power is linear with the inverse temperature and the values for the heat of transport are 0.160 eV and 0.188 eV for β- and β″-alumina, respectively. The values are consistent with those for the activation energy of ionic conduction of these specimens.
Glucosinolate preservation in stored Brassicaceae seed meals

Abstract Limited profitability restricts expanded U.S. production of Brassicaceae oilseed crops despite their positive rotational benefits and capacity to provide biodiesel feedstocks. Improved profitability is possible if the seed meals remaining after oil removal are commercialized as biopesticides. Our objective was to determine storage stability of the precursor pesticidal compounds called glucosinolates within Brassica napus , Brassica juncea , and Sinapis alba seed meals. The seed meals were stored at temperatures of −20, 4, and 25 °C in paper bags, polyethylene containers, or under vacuum for 30 months after purging in a N 2 atmosphere. Glucosinolate concentrations measured every 6 months using HPLC-MS decreased only in meal samples stored at 4 °C, and to the greatest extent in samples stored within paper bags. Relative humidity averaged 80% at this temperature, thus promoting visually obvious fungal growth. Glucosinolate preservation within stored seed meals is possible for 30 months and possibly much longer providing the seed meals are protected from exposure to moisture conditions that promote microbial growth.
Angiogenic effects of low molecular weight heparin in patients with stable coronary artery disease : a pilot study

Objectives. The study was designed to assess the feasibility of conducting a trial to investigate whether exercise and low molecular weight heparin therapy with dalteparin sodium (Fragmin) would improve collateral function to the ischemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease. Background. The severity of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease is at least partly dependent on the status of the collateral circulation. Therefore, improvement in collateral function would potentially provide a unique way of alleviating myocardial ischemia. Because the combination of ischemia and heparin has previously been demonstrated to enhance collateral growth, we studied the anti-ischemic effects of combined treatment with dalteparin sodium and exercise-induced ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods. Twenty-three patients with stable coronary artery disease were randomized to receive either subcutaneous dalteparin sodium or placebo for a 4-week period. Patients received either placebo or 10,000 IU of dalteparin sodium by subcutaneous injection once daily for weeks 1 and 2 and 5,000 IU daily for weeks 3 and 4. During the 1st 2 weeks, patients were exercised to ischemia three times a day. At baseline and 4 weeks after treatment, treadmill exercise testing, exercise radionuclide ventriculography nd 48-h ambulatory ST segment monitoring were performed. Results. Eight (80%) of the 10 dalteparin sodium-treated patients compared with 4 (31%) of 13 placebo-treated patients (p < 0.02) had an increased rate-pressure product at the onset of 1 mm of ST segment depression. The duration of exercise to ischemia increased in all patients treated with low molecular weight heparin and in 62% of placebo-treated patients (p < 0.03). The number and duration of episodes of ST segment depression during ambulatory monitoring decreased by 30% and 35%, respectively (p < 0.05), in the dalteparin sodium group but were unchanged in the placebo group. The decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction with exercise was lower in 80% of dalteparin sodium-treated patients compared with 54% of placebo-treated patients (p = 0.06). When all five factors reflecting collateral function were considered together in a multivariate analysis of variance, there was a significant improvement in low molecular weight heparin-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients (p = 0.014). Conclusions. This study provides preliminary evidence suggesting that exercise and low molecular weight heparin therapy with dalteparin sodium lessen myocardial ischemia and that the improvement is likely to be mediated by enhanced collateral function.
Concentration in HFC telephony systems

Concentration in the telephony network has traditionally been done at the local digital switch and seldom done in the distribution portion of the network. With the availability of integrated digital loop carrier systems conforming to TR- 303 in the U.S. and V5.2 internationally, service providers have the choice of concentrating at the switch or in the distribution network. Concentration in the distribution portion of the network is particularly attractive in a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) network because it tends to drive the HFC telephony common equipment cost lower. This paper compares the different options and analyzes the benefits of concentration in the distribution.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interstellar Abundance Standards Revisited

We evaluate the stellar abundances often used to represent the total (gas plus dust) composition of the interstellar medium. Published abundances for B stars, young later type (F and G) stars, and the Sun are compared to the modeled dust-phase and measured gas-phase compositions of the interstellar medium. This study uses abundances for the five most populous elements in dust grains—C, O, Mg, Si, and Fe—and the cosmically abundant element, N. We find that B stars have metal abundances that are too low to be considered valid representations of the interstellar medium. The commonly invoked interstellar standard that is two-thirds of the solar composition is also rejected by recent observations. Young (≤2 Gyr) F and G disk stars and the Sun, however, cannot be ruled out as reliable proxies for the total interstellar composition. If their abundances are valid representations of the interstellar medium, then the apparent underabundance of carbon with respect to that required by dust models, i.e., the carbon crisis, is substantially eased. Subject headings: dust, extinction — ISM: abundances — ultraviolet: ISM
The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy

The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy. By Mark Clarence Walker. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 166p. $49.95. This book portrays the referendum as a consequence of elite bargaining. Mark Walker describes this electoral device as one that arises from an executive–legislative struggle where competing groups attempt to gain political legitimacy from the masses, even in nondemocratic states. Political elites thus use the referendum to settle disputes that appear irresolvable in the traditional chambers of the power, or, as E. E. Schattschneider indicated in The Semi-Sovereign People (1960), to expand the scope of the conflict to enhance one's political advantage. The referendum process is thus subject to manipulation—by the choice of wording, the timing of the vote, the subject matter, and even the interpretation of the results.
Liquid Crystal Orientational Distribution Functions And Third Harmonic Generation

Abstract Long range orientational order in a nematic liquid crystal phase is described by the orientation distribution function in the form of ascending Legendre functions of even order n that are experimentally determined by measurements of the tensor components of a corresponding nth rank tensor physical property. We report new formalism and experimentalresults that demonstrate relationships between , and the third harmonic suscepti- bility of liquid crystal phases. The experimental system studied i$$ he well -known nematic liquid crystal MBBA. The microscopic third order response X`3 (- 3w;w,w,w) ofaligned MBBA samples was determined by third harmonic generation using tl?e Maker fringe wedge method. The measured polarization and temperature dependence of x'3) are in goodagreement with theory and with independent results from separate experimental studies of and .Introduction Considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the nature of orientationalorder in liquid crystal phasesl. For the simplest case of a nematic phase, orientational
Proper Functions with the Baire Property

The problem of determining which functions with the Baire property have proper preimages of some open sets is dealt with.
Oncogenes and cancer suppressor genes

Abstract Cancer is caused by the malfunction of genes that regulate cell proliferation. Two kinds of regulatory genes have been discovered in the search for cancer genes: those that promote growth, called oncogenes, and those that suppress growth, called anti-oncogenes or cancer suppressor genes. The retroviruses that cause animal cancers contain oncogenes coding for growth-promoting signals. These retroviruses rarely cause human cancer but study of their oncogenes has allowed identification of many human cancer genes. These genes code for growth factors, growth factor receptors, cytoplasmic proteins, and nuclear proteins. The complete sequence of cellular growth control begins when a growth factor binds to its receptor and acts directly or indirectly through a G protein and second messenger to induce phosphorylation (activation) of an intracellular protein that ultimately alters the expression of the genes necessary to initiate cell division. At each step in the complex sequence that up-regulates cell division, there is an opposite down-regulating activity produced by the protein products of anti-oncogenes or cancer suppressor genes. These proteins do this by binding to and inactivating transcription factors that initiate DNA synthesis or by directly inactivating the molecules activated by the oncogene products. When this carefully orchestrated and regulated cell control process goes awry because one or more of the proteins in the sequence has been altered by a mutated gene, the cell divides in an uncontrolled manner and malignancy results. It is thought that most human cancers result from a combination of genetic changes that must include both the absence of the protein products of cancer suppressor genes and the presence of abnormal products of oncogenes. The work of Volgelstein and coworkers at Johns Hopkins University has provided the best insight so far into the complex pathogenesis of a common tumor, colon cancer. 44 44Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Vogelstein B, et al: Identification of a gene located at chromosome 5q21 that is mutated in colorectal cancers. Science 251:1366–1370, 1991. Carcinogenesis in colon cancer requires a sequence of events that involves more than five genes. Understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms should improve cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Production of Linguistic Prosody by Normal and Speech-Disordered Children.

Abstract Features associated with the production of linguistic prosody were investigated in seven speech-disordered children and seven children with age-appropriate speech abilities. All subjects were required to imitate 40 stimuli containing either a rising or falling terminal contour. Half of the stimuli were meaningful sentences whereas the other half were nonmeaningful repetitions of a single syllable. Both types of stimuli were produced with the same suprasegmental features. Acoustic analyses were used to measure a variety of prosodic features associated with the intonation ( Fo ) and timing characteristics of the imitated stimuli. The primary differences between the two groups of children focused on timing characteristics of the imitated responses. Differences in ( Fo ) characteristics also were identified, but in some instances interacted with timing deviations. Results are discussed in reference to potential physiologic and/or linguistic processes that might contribute to dysprosody in speech-disordered children.
First test runs of a dark-matter detector with interleaved ionization electrodes and phonon sensors for surface-event rejection

Abstract To improve surface event rejection for the SuperCDMS experiment, we have designed, fabricated and tested a new detector concept where ionization electrodes are interleaved with phonon sensors on both sides of the detector. This i-(interleaved)-ZIP concept has electrical fields tangential to all detector surfaces. A surface event will produce an ionization signal in one charge read out channel, whereas an event within the bulk of the crystal will cause a signal in both charge read out channels. In addition, the symmetric phonon channels on both sides of the crystal, two semicircles on one side for x and two on the other for y , allow three-dimensional reconstruction of event locations through time delays and relative energy collection between the four phonon channels. Preliminary results from a 100 g Si prototype are presented.
Retardation in the resonant interaction of two identical atoms

The problem considered is that of two identical two-level atoms a fixed distance $r$ apart, one of which is excited at $t=0$. A simple improvement on the usual on-shell approximation (which in the single-atom case is part of the Weisskopf-Wigner approximation) yields new solutions for the various probability amplitudes in the form of infinite series involving all the retardation times $\frac{\mathrm{nr}}{c}$. The truncated solutions involving only the single retardation time $\frac{r}{c}$ are compared with previously published results both when all photon modes are allowed and when only photons propagating along the interatomic axis are allowed. When the retardation times are neglected, the series are summed to give the well-known results of Stephen and others.
Evaluation of Aftereffects in Impatt Oscillators with Transient Ionizing Radiation

Aftereffects in IMPATT oscillators under transient ionizing radiation were evaluated using half watt Si and GaAs X-band IMPATT diodes in a resonant cap waveguide cavity. During the radiation testing, the RF impedance was varied by changing the length of a sliding short behind the diode and the bias impedance was varied independently by inserting lengths of coaxial cable between a fixed R-C bias network and the diode. From the experimental. results we conclude that: 1. the aftereffects are clearly related to a device-circuit interaction, which occurs in the resonant cap waveguide circuit only if the sliding short is one guide wavelength, rather than one-half guide wavelength, from the resonant cap diode structure; 2. the principal cause of the aftereffects is not improper bias circuit impedance resulting in bias circuit oscillations, although bias circuit oscillations can cause diode failure if they are allowed to occur; and 3. the GaAs Schottky diode is more prone to the aftereffects, occurring at power levels above 200 mW and dose rates above 2 x 109 rads/sec for the diode tested. The aftereffects appear to be triggered by a looping RF circuit impedance locus combined with the change in large signal IMPATT impedance with enhanced leakage current.
Speaking Your Mind Without Elections, Surveys, or Social Movements

WHEN Paul Lazarsfeld gave his 1950 presidential address to the American Association for Public Opinion Research, he made his topic "The Obligations of the 1950 Pollster to the 1984 Historian." In that characteristically wide-ranging talk, Lazarsfeld closed in on a simple but important point: Historians' explanations of social behavior often depend on imputations of attitudes to crucial actors, yet they usually have weaker evidence concerning attitudes than any other feature of their accounts. The pollster of 1950, said Lazarsfeld, being a specialist in the systematic documentation of attitudes, could greatly strengthen the position of future historians. "If for a given period we not only know the standard of living, but also the distribution of ratings on happiness and personal adjustment," he said, "the dynamics of social change will be much better understood" (Lazarsfeld, 1982:94). By 1984, Lazarsfeld thought, instead of the constant obliteration of the past described in George Orwell's totalitarian nightmare, we might have a kind of social bookkeeping that would integrate behaviors and attitudes into a better understanding of social change. The analysis of public opinion, he suggested, might even become a predictive science, a science of sentiments (Lazarsfeld, 1982:95).
The Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect: Pipe Dreams or Possibilities?:

A new interest in the prevention of child abuse and neglect has resulted in the development of home-based prevention programs in the USA. Several randomized trials comparing home visitation with st...
Transfer of Northern Hemisphere Fall-out to the Southern Hemisphere

THE detonation of a low-yield nuclear device in Western China at 1900 h, October 16, 1964 (New Zealand time), was reported, and tests for barium-140 were included in our routine investigations of fall-out at Gracefield, Wellington (41° 14′ S., 174° 55′ E.), to identify debris from this test. Barium-140 was detected in rainwater samples collected between December 1, 1964, and January 1, 1965, and the deposition was 50 ± 10 mc. per square mile. It would appear, therefore, that debris from this first Chinese bomb took between 45 and 76 days to reach Wellington.
Uranium-Cradle to Grave (P.C. Burns and G.E. Sigmon)

Uranium—Cradle to Grave. P.C. Burns and G.E. Sigmon 2013. Mineralogical Society of Canada, Short Course Series, v. 43. 437 Pp. ISBN 978-0-921294-53-5. Price $60 US. Uranium—Cradle to Grave is a much needed comprehensive volume written by internationally recognized experts on one of the more important and controversial elements in modern society: uranium. This volume examines topics including the origin and distribution of uranium ore deposits, mineralogy, chemistry, and nuclear waste disposal. The first chapter is short but well written, and presents an excellent introduction to the volume. The chapter summarizes the historical perspective on uranium, from the discovery in 1789 to the growing pains of the use of uranium, first in nuclear weapons (1945), then in nuclear reactors (1950), and the need to provide electricity for 30 countries. The author ends with a cautionary note that although there are 435 nuclear power plants in operation (at the end of 2011), worldwide demand for nuclear power will determine the role uranium will have in the world. The second chapter continues with the theme of the volume by describing some of the early uses of uranium as a coloring agent in …
Detoxification of rapeseed meal by extrusion with an added basic salt

ABSTRACT A commercial, high-glucosinolate, rapeseed meal with no added salt or mixed with 2, 5, or 10% NH4HCO3 was extruded under different processing conditions using the Wenger TX-52 twin-screw extruder. Male Wistar rats were fed 13 diets containing 15% rapeseed meals (including nonextruded) or a casein-based control diet. After six weeks, blood samples were taken, and serum was analyzed for thyroid hormones. Extrusion processing under all salt and steam conditions tested reduced glucosinolate levels in the meal, but no significant correlation was found between intensity of the treatment conditions and glucosinolate reduction. Higher weight gains, feed efficiencies, and thyroid hormone profiles were observed with use of the extruded meals; but no treatment completely detoxified the meal. Histopathological evaluation showed that thyroid and other tissue abnormalities occurred in all animals except those fed the casein diet. Antinutrients, including glucosinolates and probably volatile nitriles, in the me...