cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Texting at the light and other forms of device distraction behind the wheel

Cell phones are a well-known source of distraction for drivers, and owing to the proliferation of text messaging services, web browsers and interactive apps, modern devices provide ever-increasing temptation for drivers to take their eyes off the road. Although it is probably obvious that drivers’ manual engagement of a device while their vehicles are in motion is potentially dangerous, it may not be clear that such engagement when the vehicle is at rest (an activity broadly labeled “texting at the light”) can also impose risks. For one thing, a distracted driver at rest may fail to respond quickly to sudden changes in road conditions, such as an ambulance passing through. In addition, texting at the light may decrease so-called “situational awareness” and lead to driving errors even after the device is put down. To our knowledge, the direct comparison of the rate of device usage by drivers at rest with the rate of device usage by drivers in motion has not been reported. We collected information on 2000 passenger vehicles by roadside observation. For the first group of 1000 passenger vehicles stopped at a traffic light, device usage (“texting”, “talking”, “none”), gender of the driver, vehicle type, seatbelt usage and presence of front seat passengers were recorded. For a second set of 1000 vehicles in motion, device usage alone was noted. Statistical significance for differences in rates was assessed with the chi-square test. We found that 3 % of drivers in motion were texting and 5 % were talking. Among the stopped drivers, 14.5 % were texting and 6.3 % were talking. In the stopped-vehicle set, gender and vehicle type were not associated with significant differences in device usage, but having a front seat passenger and using seatbelts were. Device usage is markedly higher among drivers temporarily at rest compared with those in motion, and the presence of a front seat passenger, who may help alleviate boredom or reprimand bad behavior, is associated with lower device usage rates among vehicles stopped at a light. These observations may help identify suitable steps to decrease distracted driving and thereby minimize traffic trauma.
CARBON DYNAMICS ALONG A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF SLASH PINE PLANTATIONS IN NORTH FLORIDA

To determine factors controlling the carbon dynamics of an intensively man- aged landscape, we measured net CO2 exchange with the atmosphere using eddy covariance and soil CO2 fluxes using static chambers along a chronosequence of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) plantations consisting of a recent clearcut, a mid-rotation (10-yr-old) stand, and a rotation-aged (24-yr-old) stand. Daytime net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEEday) at the clearcut was not significantly different than zero during the growing season of the first year following harvest and reached levels that were -40% of those at the older stands during the second growing season. NEEday was similar at the mid-rotation and ro- tation-aged sites, reflecting the similar leaf areas of these stands. Nighttime net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEEnight) was an exponential function of air or soil temperature at all sites. However, low decomposition rates of litter and flooding of the site following harvest likely constrained NEEnight at the clearcut, and drought affected rates at the mid-rotation site. Annual net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEEyr) was estimated at -1269 and -882 g C.m-2-yr-1 at the clearcut, and 576 and 603 g C.m-2.yr-1 at the mid-rotation stand in 1998 and 1999, respectively. For comparison, NEEyr was 741 and 610 g C-m-2.yr-~ at the rotation- aged stand in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In contrast, annual ecosystem respiration (Reco) was similar in magnitude at all sites during all years. Although Reco is similar in magnitude, NEEyr is highly dynamic across this intensively managed landscape, with a maximum range of -2000 g C.m-2.yr-1. This range exceeds that across all the sites in both the Ameriflux and Euroflux networks and illustrates the need to include the range of stand ages and disturbance histories in landscape- to regional-scale flux estimates.
Application of dn/dc data for the determination of partial specific volumes of dissolved macromolecules

Abstract The principles of a method are outlined whereby one can determine the partia specific volume of a solute, V, by means of measurements of dn/dc using a suitable pair of equations and a simple graphical interpolation procedure. The method yields V data which compare well with densitometrically obtained V data if the polarizability of both solvent and solute molecules is unaffected by the solution process. It is tested successfully on solutions of polystyrene in various solvents. The method appears to be particularly attractive for measurements of the change of V with temperature and also for conveniently following the time rate of changes in V such as during the coil → helix transition.
Scientific-technical workers: education supplies, occupational demands

Recent studies by the National Science Foundation document the shortage of qualified scientific and engineering workers in the US. Because the demand for such workers is relatively insensitive to salaries, there is an emerging scholarly consensus that, rather than further subsidizing demand (and salaries), the US needs to subsidize supply. This paper argues that with regard to the Associate and Bachelors' level degrees, this consensus may be mistaken. A new data set compiled for this study relates educational supply to occupational demand for related job "clusters" within 47 US states and Washington, DC. The supply of scientific and engineering workers is far more salary sensitive, at least at the lower degree levels, than demand. Increased market demand, if it can be more closely targeted to these degree levels, is likely to meet with an encouraging supply response.
The myelodysplastic syndromes

The myelodysplastic syndrome(s) (MDS), bone marrow stem cell malignancies that share pathogenetic overlap with acute myeloid leukemia, are characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias and, in more advanced subtypes, varied degrees of maturation arrest. Premature apoptosis of bone marrow cellular elements contributes to ineffective hematopoiesis, which is exacerbated by stromal production of inflammatory cytokines. Abrogation of the effects of these cytokines represents an area of active clinical research, particularly in the treatment of low-risk MDS. In high-risk MDS, the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes predominate over inhibitory cytokines as proliferation predominates over apoptosis. Agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide and the hypomethylating drugs 5-azacytidine and decitabine have shown promising efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials, and may represent a springboard for future treatment combinations.
Measuring the Vocabulary Spurt: A Reply to Mervis & Bertrand.

We reply to Mervis & Bertrand's report of three children (aged 1;6-1;8 at the start of the study) who evidenced a 'late' vocabulary spurt. Differences in assessing productive vocabulary, and the questionable inference that size of the lexicon is a reliable indicator of the vocabulary spurt, make it inappropriate to compare these children to previous studies that directly measure change in rate of word learning. Further work using continuous records of lexical development and controls for repeated cognitive assessments is needed to test hypotheses about the spurt and related cognitive and linguistic achievements.
Development of a community-based diabetes management program for Pacific Islanders.

PURPOSEhis study examined the perception of diabetes among a sample of Pacific Islanders in Honolulu, Hawaii. All 23 participants were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, ranged in age from 21 to 70 years, and had glycosylated hemoglobin levels of 5.8% to 13.9%.METHODSFour focus groups were held in English and audiotaped. Outreach workers served as translators and comoderators. The content of transcripts was analyzed with Ethnograph software by investigators. The priority issues were confirmed by the comoderators and participants.RESULTSParticipants perceived diabetes as full of complications, emotions, symptoms, and behavior changes. Responses to hyperglycemia were fear, frustration, and uncertainty. Barriers to staying on the prescribed diet were habit, cultural ritual, ideal body image, and limited budget.CONCLUSIONSParticipants suggested that helpful activities would include walking/support group, cooking class, community healthy food store, translated material, and family participation. A community-based...
BIRD ASSEMBLAGES IN PATCHY WOODLANDS: MODELING THE EFFECTS OF EDGE AND MATRIX HABITATS

As habitats become more fragmented, understanding landscape-level effects on habitat quality becomes increasingly important. These effects include factors intrinsic to the habitat fragments, such as vegetation cover and structure, and extrinsic factors, such as the modifying influences of surrounding (matrix) habitats. We develop a spatial model, the Effective Area Model (EAM), that predicts the effects of matrix habitats on species abundances in habitat patches. Model predictions are based on two sets of parameters: measures of species abundances at various distances from habitat edges ("edge responses") and measures of the size and shape of the habitat fragments. We test model predictions for bird assemblages occupying fragmented habitats in central coastal California. Predictions of the relative abundances of birds, based on results from previous studies at nearby sites, are made for six small (<3 ha) patches of oak woodland habitat, three surrounded by grassland and three surrounded by chaparral. Results from field studies of these patches show significant differences between the two groups, indicating that the type of habitat surrounding a patch influences the composition and structure of the bird assemblage it supports. The rank order of species abundances correlated more closely with predictions of the EAM than with those of a null model that did not account for edge and matrix effects. The EAM is an improvement over models that do not account for the influence of surrounding habitats on the distribution and abundance of animals in small habitat patches, and over those that assume a consistent response, for a given species or taxon, at all types of edges. This approach may prove useful in attempts to understand and predict the effects of habitat fragmentation and restoration on the organization of animal assemblages.
Eliminating remote message passing in optimistic simulation

This paper introduces an algorithm for parallel simulation capable of executing the critical path without a priori knowledge of the model being executed. This algorithm is founded on the observation that each initial event in a model causes a stream of events to be generated for execution. By focusing on the parallelization of event streams, rather than logical processes, we have created a new simulation engine optimized for large scale models (i.e., models with 1 million LPs or more).
RHEED-controlled unit-cell by unit-cell layer-growth of high-Tc cuprate films with laser-ablation technique

Thin films of PrBa2Cu3O7 and in-situ superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 were grown on (100)-oriented SrTiO3 substrates by laser ablation under molecular beam epitaxial condition. The unit-cell by unit-cell growth of these high-Tc cuprate materials has been indicated by RHEED-oscillations and further confirmed by cross-sectional TEM (X-TEM) and small angle X-ray. Superconductivity with Tc (R = 0) at 35 K was observed for samples with one unit-cell YBa2Cu3O7 layers sandwiched between PrBa2Cu3O7 layers. TC varies with the number of YBa2Cu3O7 unit-cell layers. An eight unit-cell thick YBa2Cu3O7 film is superconducting at 86 K. Substrate temperature is found to be the most crucial parameter in determining the growth mode and superconducting properties.
Ion concentrations in the CO2-NH3-H2O system from 13C NMR spectroscopy

A method was developed to determine the concentrations of the ionic species present in the CO2−NH3−H2O system. The 13C NMR spectra of these solutions contain two peaks, one for the carbamate and one for the carbonate and bicarbonate. The method uses the area ratio and the position of the latter peak to determine concentrations. Ion concentrations were determined at 17 different concentrations for total NH3 and CO2 and at two different temperatures, 25 and 35 °C. All measurements were for solutions in which the total concentration of NH3 was greater than that of CO2. A comparison of three different thermodynamic models showed that although the models overpredicted the amount of carbonate, all were in reasonable agreement with experiment when the total ammonia concentration was less than 3 mol/L of solvent. At the higher concentrations, all the models badly underpredicted the amount of carbamate formed and overpredicted the amount of carbonate.
Early prediction of reading disability using machine learning.

This paper presents application of machine learning methods on a 356 sample dataset for early prediction of reading disability among first graders. A wide array of classifiers consisting of Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees (CART and C4.5), Linear Discriminant Analysis, k Nearest Neighbor and Naive Bayes Classifiers were used in this study. Markov Blanket based feature selection algorithms (HITON-PC and HITON-MB) and wrapper based feature selection algorithms (forward, backward, forward and backward wrapping algorithm and support vector machine recursive feature elimination) were used to select the most relevant features for classification. The results indicate that an AUC score greater than 0.9 can be achieved using SVM classifiers even with a small set of demographics and screening variables. Moreover, a method for generating expert interpretable decision tree models from the high accuracy SVM models is also presented.
Parsimony-based genetic algorithm for haplotype resolution and block partitioning

This dissertation proposes a new algorithm for performing simultaneous haplotype resolution and block partitioning. The algorithm is based on genetic algorithm approach and the parsimonious principle. The multiloculs LD measure (Normalized Entropy Difference) is used as a block identification criterion. The proposed algorithm incorporates missing data is a part of the model and allows blocks of arbitrary length. In addition, the algorithm provides scores for the block boundaries which represent measures of strength of the boundaries at specific positions. The performance of the proposed algorithm was validated by running it on several publicly available data sets including the HapMap data and comparing results to those of the existing state-of-the-art algorithms. The results show that the proposed genetic algorithm provides the accuracy of haplotype decomposition within the range of the same indicators shown by the other algorithms. The block structure output by our algorithm in general agrees with the block structure for the same data provided by the other algorithms. Thus, the proposed algorithm can be successfully used for block partitioning and haplotype phasing while providing some new valuable features like scores for block boundaries and fully incorporated treatment of missing data. In addition, the proposed algorithm for haplotyping and block partitioning is used in development of the new clustering algorithm for two-population mixed genotype samples. The proposed clustering algorithm extracts from the given genotype sample two clusters with substantially different block structures and finds haplotype resolution and block partitioning for each cluster.
Electrical Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing for Measuring Cellular Transformation, Migration, Invasion, and Anticancer Compound Screening

The first step in cancer development is the transformation of a primary cell into an immortalized state. Characteristics of a transformed cell include increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition and attachment, and the ability to form tumors in mice. Electrical cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is the measurement of resistance and reactance across an electrode containing the growing cells. As they grow, the characteristics of transformed cells can be evaluated including migration and invasion. This chapter will review the current uses of ECIS and speculate on its future uses in cancer biology. ECIS has allowed the experimental evaluation of compounds that induce cellular transformation (i.e. potential carcinogens) and individual pathways involved in aspects of cellular transformation. Also explored is the possibility of using ECIS as a high throughput screen of anti-cancer compounds. In the future, ECIS could be used to evaluate “personalized” anti-­cancer treatments where anticancer compounds are tested on an individual’s cancer cells in order to design personalized anti-proliferation or anti-metastasis treatments.
Upstream-propagating acoustic waves interacting with a compressible cascade

Phase-locked, unsteady, surface-pressure measurements were made on the vanes of a compressible cascade, for inlet Mach numbers up to 0.5, which resulted in Mach numbers through the vanes of up to 0.73. Flow unsteadiness was produced by shedding from circular cylinders positioned at a distance of 80 percent chord downstream of the vane row (rearward forcing). When the unsteady pressure response from this rearward forcing was compared with the response from forward forcing, rearward forcing resulted in the same order of unsteady surface pressure response as forward forcing. Decomposition of the ensembled, phase-locked signals for rearward forcing demonstrated unambiguous position-vs-phase curves that showed that the unsteady disturbances originate from downstream and propagate forward through the vane row at acoustic speeds into the oncoming flow. These acoustically-radiated disturbances appear to have elicited two previously-unexpected response amplification mechanisms: a possible trailing-edge singularity; and a Mach number-related amplification that may be evidence of acoustic blockage. (Author)
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Ring-Constrained Novobiocin Analogues as Hsp90 C-Terminal Inhibitors

Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors represent a novel and alternative chemotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. Novobiocin was the first natural product identified as an Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitor; however, it manifests poor antiproliferative activity. In contrast to N-terminal inhibitors, novobiocin does not induce the pro-survival heat shock response. Structural investigations on novobiocin have elucidated some structure–activity relationships and several promising compounds. On the basis of structure–activity relationships and computational studies, a library of ring-constrained novobiocin analogues was designed, synthesized, and evaluated in antiproliferative assays. Results obtained from these studies provide insights into the Hsp90 C-terminal binding site, and new analogues that were developed manifest low micromolar to mid-nanomolar antiproliferative activity resulting from Hsp90 inhibition.
Abstract 3269: Basal VEGF protein expression in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and mammary tumors of PyMT mice

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Obesity is associated with the overall risk of certain cancers, including breast cancer. The prevailing view is that metabolic alterations associated with obesity result in the production of excess vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) thereby establishing a local and systemic environment that favors the development and progression of breast cancer. We need to understand how VEGF from adipose is integrated with mammary tumor growth and vascular activity to modulate tumor progression. The MMTV-PyMT mouse is a clinically-relevant model for studying breast cancer progression as mammary tumors grow spontaneously over time; however, little is known about the distribution of VEGF between various organs. We sought to compare the basal VEGF protein expression in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and mammary tumors from MMTV-PyMT mice and compared these levels against background nontransgenic FVB/N mice. Normal expression of VEGF protein was 69.4 ± 2.1 pg/mL in skeletal muscle and 59.0 ± 7.3 pg/mL in adipose tissue of wild-type (FVB background) control mice. The average expression level of VEGF protein in mammary tumors of MMTV-PyMT mice was 61.8 ± 31.3 pg/mL. Adipose tissue of MMTV-PyMT exhibited 324% greater (191.2 ± 37.6 pg/mL, p<0.01) VEGF protein expression compared to adipose tissue of control FVB mice, and 309% greater (p<0.05) VEGF protein compared to tumor VEGF expression. These data imply that stromal expression of VEGF may be a critical determinant regulating the angiogenic phenotype in breast cancer, and further suggests that cross-talk between the stromal environment and tumor is likely to be essential in promoting tumor growth and progression. NIH 5T32-[HL090610][1], AHA 10BGIA3630002, ACS 116837IRG0906101 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3269. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3269 [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=HL090610&atom=%2Fcanres%2F72%2F8_Supplement%2F3269.atom
Variants of human dihydrofolate reductase with substitutions at leucine-22: effect on catalytic and inhibitor binding properties

We investigated the enzyme kinetic and antifolate inhibitory properties of human dihydrofolate reductase enzyme with mutations at position 22. Leu-22 was changed to isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine to generate the various mutant enzymes. The overall catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for methionine and phenylalanine mutants was reduced approximately 3-fold and >6-fold for isoleucine and tyrosine mutants. An arginine mutant (L22R) was also expressed but had a dramatically reduced catalytic potential (kcat>250-fold lower than wild-type) and therefore was not studied in detail. The Ki for antifolates, methotrexate, aminopterin, and trimetrexate are more dramatically affected (increased) than the Km for dihydrofolate, particularly for phenylalanine and tyrosine mutants. One remarkable feature is that the phenylalanine mutant is as potently inhibited by piritrexim as is the wild-type human enzyme, although the Ki values for methotrexate and aminopterin were increased 88- and 118-fold, respectively. This is likely related to different positioning of the methoxyphenyl side chain of piritrexim relative to the side chains of other compounds tested. A Chinese hamster cell line harboring the L22F mutant also demonstrated an increased sensitivity of piritrexim relative to antifolates.
Academic and Behavioral Outcomes for Students at Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

The purpose of this study is to describe academic and behavioral outcomes for adolescents who were identified when they were in kindergarten and first grade as being at risk for developing emotional and behavioral disorders. Results indicated that primary school academic achievement and teacher ratings of academic competence were highly predictive of middle school reading achievement and moderately predictive of math achievement. Teacher ratings of behavior across time were consistent and reliable, and behavioral ratings by primary school teachers were predictive of students' behavioral ratings by middle school teachers. These findings suggest that young students with academic and behavioral problems continue to display problems into adolescence, placing them at serious risk for school failure and dropping out. Results have implications for early identification and prevention/intervention programs for at-risk students.
Microbiological Quality of Commercial Tofu.

A study was done to investigate the microbiological quality of commercial tofu available in local retail outlets. A sampling method was first developed to obtain accurate and representative microbial counts of individual pieces of tofu. Plate count determination of total aerobic organisms, psychrotrophs, coliforms, sporeformers, yeasts and molds, and staphylococci were made on 60 tofu samples (representing three lots each of four different brands) obtained within 24 h after delivery to the retail store. In addition, for two brands that provided manufacturer's pull dates, the same microbial counts were obtained for samples stored in the laboratory at 10°C until the pull date. Of the tofu sampled immediately after purchase, 83% of the lots tested had total counts greater than 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/g and psychrotrophic counts greater than 104 CFU/g. In addition, 67% of the lots tested had confirmed coliform counts greater than 103 CFU/g. Very low levels (less than 10 CFU/g) of all other microbial groups tested for were found in the majority of lots. Samples held until the manufacturer's pull date contained higher total and psychrotrophic counts but lower or stable counts of other organisms compared with samples tested immediately after purchase. To improve the microbiological quality of tofu, processors need to reduce initial loads by improving sanitation and processing techniques, and retailers should provide more consistent and colder refrigerated storage.
FGF14 is a regulator of KCNQ2/3 channels

KCNQ2/3 (Kv7.2/7.3) channels and voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are enriched in the axon initial segment (AIS) where they bind to ankyrin-G and coregulate membrane potential in central nervous system neurons. The molecular mechanisms supporting coordinated regulation of KCNQ and VGSCs and the cellular mechanisms governing KCNQ trafficking to the AIS are incompletely understood. Here, we show that fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14), previously described as a VGSC regulator, also affects KCNQ function and localization. FGF14 knockdown leads to a reduction of KCNQ2 in the AIS and a reduction in whole-cell KCNQ currents. FGF14 positively regulates KCNQ2/3 channels in a simplified expression system. FGF14 interacts with KCNQ2 at a site distinct from the FGF14-VGSC interaction surface, thus enabling the bridging of NaV1.6 and KCNQ2. These data implicate FGF14 as an organizer of channel localization in the AIS and provide insight into the coordination of KCNQ and VGSC conductances in the regulation of membrane potential.
Toward digital transmitters with Amplitude Shift Keying and Quadrature Amplitude Modulators implementation examples

This paper presents new methods of implementing different kinds of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signal modulators using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The implemented ASK modulators are On-Off Keying (OOK), Binary ASK (BASK), and 4ASK while the implemented QAM modulators are 4QAM and 16QAM. The targeted board for implementation was a ZYBO board which has a Zynq-7000 FPGA. One of the main tasks in implementing any digital transmitter including ASK is the generation of the sine wave carrier. In order to do that, a 24-bit phase accumulator and Look Up Table (LUT) has been used based on Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) technique. After getting the carrier generated, the ASK modulated signal is nothing more than the carrier signal itself at different amplitudes. For the implementation of QAM modulators, two sinusoidal carriers are needed. To get the two carriers with 90-degree phase shifts, two 24-bit accumulators working on the rising and falling edge of the main system clock were used. These two carriers were used as inputs to the multiplexer circuit which used the binary information data as a selector. Based on the incoming data, different combinations of the carriers are generated. The resultant combinations represent the QAM modulated signal. The implementation of the entire systems was done in Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) without the help of Xilinx System Generator or DSP Builder Tools. The implemented systems were downloaded onto the ZYBO board in order to evaluate the utilization of available resources. Low utilizations were achieved in all implemented examples.
A framework for tool path optimization in fused filament fabrication

First, we propose a meshing technique using a heuristic circle packing algorithm which generates meshes suitable for 3D printing. Second, we propose a discrete optimization approach to identify the optimal tool path in the mesh. Our approach is motivated by the Miller-Tucker-Zemlin formulation to the traveling salesman problem, and allows us to specify many additional constraints tailored to the AM problem. We present several simulations and also prints on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Big Area Additive Manufacturing printer as experimental results.
Congenital Heart Disease: Atrioventricular Septal Defects

Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC) constitute 4–5% of congenital heart disease. AVC are a spectrum of malformations, characterized by a defect in the atrial septum, a defect in the ventricular septum and a defect in one or both atrioventricular (AV) valves. They are often referred to as “mixing lesions.” Depending on the size of the septal defects and the vascular resistances in the pulmonary and systemic circulations, deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart and oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart will mix within the heart and determine the arterial oxygen saturation. AV septal defects are commonly associated with other major cardiac or extracardiac abnormalities. A thorough preoperative evaluation including a detailed physical examination, an echocardiogram, EKG, a chest X-ray, and possibly a catheterization is a must. Major postoperative complications include residual VSD or ASD, residual mitral regurgitation, complete heart block, and right ventricular dysfunction. The overall mortality for primary repair of a complete AV septal defect is <5%. Long-term survival is excellent and, in most cases, there is no need for further surgery.
William James’ psychology, radical empiricism, and field theory: recent developments

William James is celebrated as a founder of American psychology, and his book The Principles of Psychology (1890) is regularly cited as the seminal text in launching experimental psychology in the United States. However, it is a mistake to take this book as James’ final statement on psychology. Shortly after its publication, James abandoned its provisional dualism and formulated a psychology that begins inquiry with a field of immediate experience that is neither objective nor subjective. This shift in his thinking results in his philosophy of radical empiricism which takes the immediacy of a knower-known relational field as primary, and embraces the view that knowing is fundamentally a process of direct engagement with the surround. James’ radical empiricism remains unfamiliar to most contemporary psychologists because attention to it has been deflected by much of the secondary literature. In the hands of the latter, James is often read from the perspective of the very meta-theory that he rejected, and the field theoretic, radical empiricist framework that shapes his later psychology is missed. Two criticisms of radical empiricism during James’ day are examined, James’ initial responses to those critics are considered, and those responses are expanded in light of recent contributions in ecological psychology.
Keeping Creativity Downtown: Policy Learning from San Francisco, Seattle, and Vancouver for Municipal Cultural Planning in Toronto

I examine Toronto's interest in the policy learning process regarding possible solutions to development pressure downtown though understanding policies from San Francisco, Seattle, and Vancouver. G...
The Constriction Ring of Amniotic Band Syndrome Reveals Idiosyncrasies of Wound Repair in Infancy

We hypothesized that the constriction rings in Amniotic Band Syndrome (ABS) are the sequelae of localized mechanical injury. Typical scarring pattern was examined in skin tissue of ABS origin, containing an amniotic band constriction, for collagen and elastin distribution, and the ratio of collagen I to collagen III (CI:CIII). A skin sample from an extra finger was the control. In the ABS specimens, sub-epidermal structures were intact and present throughout, and collagen I exhibited a normal basket-weave pattern. At the site of constriction in both ABS samples, reticular dermis elastin fibers were fragmented and papillary dermis elastin fibers were absent. In the control tissue, the reticular dermis contained relatively thick, branching fibers of elastin, and papillary dermis elastin was present. The elastin fragmentation at the constriction ring indicates localized elastin remodeling in response to injury. The absence of elastin in the papillary dermis of the constriction likely indicates a localized disruption in elastin formation. The formation and deposition of collagen and the presence of sub-epidermal structures favor a non-scarring phenotype, while the organization of elastin favors that of localized scarring.
Review of Lifestyle and CAM for Miscellaneous Urologic Topics (OAB and/or Incontinence, Pediatric Urology, Peyronie’s Disease, Premature Ejaculation, UTIs, Miscellaneous): Part Two

Multiple lifestyle changes have the ability to prevent OAB and incontinence, including the ability to go beyond Kegel exercises for improvement utilizing more rigorous weight loss and core abdominal exercises. Even side effects of primary prostate cancer treatments appear to be greatly attenuated with these methods and with overall improvement in cardiovascular health. Pediatric urology is beginning to feel the impact of obesity, and methods to curb this epidemic could be derived from urology. Cranberry for UTI prevention in pediatrics appears to have some data, but as with adults the caloric contribution and compliance are concerning, and perhaps concentrated low-calorie supplements are emerging as a better alternative. Peyronie’s disease has several CAM options to be utilized with conventional treatment. Over-the-counter anesthetics are an option for some men with premature ejaculation as well as several SSRI-like CAM mimics that need more research. UTIs apart from cranberry supplements are being inundated by a variety of probiotics claiming success, but few can be recommended right now with good confidence. In the meantime, the impacts of lifestyle changes on most of urologic conditions are arguably profound enough to garner a Nobel Prize if they were truly appreciated.
Improvement in Uncertainty of Tuning Fork-Based Force Sensor Stiffness Calibration via the Indentation Method Using Direct Determination of Contact and Machine Compliance

Noncontact-atomic force microscopy (NCAFM) combines atomic resolution imaging with the ability to measure forces at the atomic scale. Despite burgeoning applications for this method to measure force at the atomic scale, the metrology necessary to interpret the frequency shifts occurring in NCAFM sensors from tip-sample interactions is still in a very early stage of development. A key parameter in this measurement is the stiffness of the sensor being used in the measurement. Here we outline an improvement in the procedure for measuring the spring constant of a tuning fork-type sensor using an instrumented indenter. Instead of using models and materials properties to estimate the effect of contact and machine compliance, these quantities are directly measured by indenting the base of the tuning fork. This decreases the uncertainty in the measurement by nearly a factor of two.
Conformational Stability of Chloromethyl Silyl Chloride from Temperature-Dependent FT-IR Spectra of Krypton Solutions

The Raman spectra (3200–30 cm−1) of liquid and solid, and infrared spectra of gaseous and solid chloromethyl silyl chloride, ClCH2SiH2Cl, have been recorded. Variable temperature (−105–−150°C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton have been carried out. From these data, the enthalpy difference is 177 ± 35 cm−1 (2.12 ± 0.42 kJ/mol), with the more stable form being the trans conformer, which is consistent with the prediction from ab initio calculations at both the Hartree–Fock level and with electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order. It is estimated that 56% of the sample is in the trans form at ambient temperature. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both the trans and gauche conformers based on infrared band contours, relative intensities, depolarization values, and group frequencies, which is supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing the force constants from the ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. The optimized geometries have also been obtained from ab initio calculations utilizing several different basis sets with full electron correlation by the perturbation method up to MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p). The results are discussed and compared to some corresponding results for several related molecules.
Effect of an Imposed 21 Hour Sleep-Wake Cycle upon the Rhythmicity of Human Plasma Thyrotropin

Though nycthohemeral variation in the plasma concentration of human thyrotropin (TSH) initially proved difficult to demonstrate (1–6), its occurrence now appears to be fairly well established (7–14). However, an unusual degree of variation in the clocktime of occurrence of these daily maxima across the night exists in these reports in which peaks were found in the 2100–0000 hr (10, 11, 14); 0000–0400 hr (7, 8, 10); or 0300–0700 (9, 12, 13) intervals. In earlier work (15), we presented evidence confirming the existence of nychtohemeral variation in plasma TSH concentrations, and showed that it was rhythmically repetitive over several nights. Our results further indicated that nycthohemeral maxima most consistently occurred prior to the onset of sleep in the 2100–0100 hr interval across usual normal sleep-wake cycles that were well maintained. We could find no convincing evidence in support of any sleep-related enhancement in TSH release (8–10, 14). Instead, a unique occurrence amongst nightly patterns of human anterior pituitary hormones was seen in which diminished TSH release characterized the course of undisrupted sleep of normally maintained sleep-wake cycles. Shifts in the time of entering polygraphic sleep were associated with alteration in the concentration and timing of resultant TSH maxima in a way that suggested the presence of an inhibitory influence in sleep upon a circadian mechanism for TSH release.
Ultra-low-noise Monolithic Mode-locked Solid-state Lasers

We demonstrate GHz repetition-rate, monolithic mode-locked lasers, with a short-term, free-running phase noise performance rivalling actively stabilized lasers at a fraction of the system complexity. These lasers are robust and quick to assemble.
Laser damage of Yb:YAG active mirrors under atmospheric, vacuum, and cryogenic conditions (Conference Presentation)

The demonstration of a Yb:YAG chirped pulse amplification laser producing 1 J, 5 ps pulses at 500 Hz repetition rate [1] and recently 1 J pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate [2] relied on efficient thermal management and high performance multilayer dielectric coatings on the laser amplifier active mirrors. In the active mirror configuration, the Yb:YAG amplifier crystals use HfO2/SiO2 multilayer dielectric anti-reflection (AR) and high reflection (HR) coatings. The Joule-level amplifier is operated in vacuum and at liquid nitrogen boiling temperature (77 K) with 1030 nm, 220 ps duration laser pulses making four reflections from each HR coating and 8 passes through each AR coating. The LIDT performance of these coatings is crucial to the future scaling of these amplifiers. In this work we describe results of an investigation of the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of Yb:YAG active mirror laser amplifier disks at atmospheric, vacuum and cryogenic temperature conditions. The measurements were conducted for 220 ps pulses, the typical pulse duration of stretched pulses we are using to implement kW-class average power CPA laser amplifiers [1,2]. We measured the 1-on-1 (single-shot) and 3000-on-1 LIDT on Yb:YAG crystals with and without the coatings. The results show that the LIDT for single shot damage occurs near 20 J/cm2, and 100% damage probability occurs near 29 J/cm2 for either the uncoated or coated Yb:YAG crystal at atmospheric conditions. Similar results were obtained in the vacuum and cryogenic temperatures tests. This leads to the conclusion that the Yb:YAG material itself, and not the coatings, is the limiting factor in the LIDT. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, Accelerator Stewardship Program under Award DE-SC0016136. References [1] C. Baumgarten, M. Pedicone, H. Bravo, H. Wang, L. Yin, C. S. Menoni, J. J. Rocca, and B. A. Reagan, Optics Letters 41, 3339 (2016). [2] Brendan A Reagan, Cory Baumgarten, Elzbieta Jankowska, Han Chi, Herman Bravo, Kristian Dehne, Michael Pedicone, Liang Yin, Hanchen Wang, Carmen S Menoni, Jorge J Rocca, High Power Laser Science and Engineering 6, e11 (2018).
Retreatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel for recurrent endometrial cancer: A retrospective study of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience.

Abstract Women with endometrial cancer (EC) frequently receive adjuvant paclitaxel and carboplatin (PC) chemotherapy. There is no standard first line chemotherapy at disease recurrence. Data extrapolated from ovarian cancer has suggested that patients with recurrent EC may benefit from further platinum-based chemotherapy. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who were retreated with PC chemotherapy for recurrent EC at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between January 2000 and December 2014. The median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. Twenty patients were included in the analysis. Patients were re-treated with PC a median of 25 (8–79) months from their original PC. There were no complete responses, 10 (50%) patients had partial response (PR), 3 (15%) had stable disease, 2 (10%) had progression at best response and 5 (20%) were not evaluable by RECIST. A median of 6 cycles of PC were administered (2–9). Four patients (20%) transitioned to paclitaxel only due to carboplatin allergy. At the data cut off, one patient continued PC, and another was off therapy with PR. The remainder (N = 18, 90%) received a median of 2.5 (1–6) further lines of treatments. Median PFS and OS from re-treatment were 10 and 27 months respectively. Median OS from original diagnosis was 74 months. In this small retrospective study, selected patients with recurrent EC who are >6 months from completion of PC derive benefit from retreatment with PC with a response rate of 50%.
Conducting a study to assess the long-term impacts of injury after 9/11: participation, recall, and description.

The World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11) resulted in over 2700 fatalities and thousands injured. Injury on 9/11 has been identified as a risk factor for physical and mental health conditions, but the reasons for this are not well understood. In a population exposed to 9/11 and since followed, an in-depth study on the impacts of injury on 9/11 was conducted to identify factors that contribute to long-term functional issues. This report sought to examine factors influencing participation, participant recall of injury status over time, and determinants of injury severity. Enrollees from the World Trade Center Health Registry who completed all surveys between 2003 and 2016 and initially reported being injured (N = 2699) as well as a sample of non-injured (N = 2598) were considered to be eligible for the Health and Quality of Life 15 Years after 9/11 (HQoL) Study. Predictors of study non-participation and inconsistent recall of injury over time (i.e., discrepant reports) were identified through fitting log binomial models. Participation rates were high overall (76.1%) and did not vary by initially reported injury status, although younger (vs. older), non-White (vs. White), and less educated (vs. more educated) enrollees were less likely to participate in the HQoL Study. Discrepant reporting of 9/11 injury status was much more common among enrollees who initially reported being injured on 9/11 (49.6%) compared with those who did not (7.3%). However, those who incurred more severe injuries on 9/11 were less likely to have discrepant reporting over time compared with those with more minor injuries (broken bone vs. sprain: risk ratio = 0.33, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.19, 0.57). Among those who consistently reported that they were injured on 9/11, most injuries occurred as a result of descending down stairs (31.5%) or by tripping and falling (19.9%); although being hit by a falling object was most often associated with high severity injuries (63.2%) compared with other modes of injury. These findings highlight the methodological issues involved in conducting a study on the long-term impact of injury more than a decade after the initial incident and may be relevant to future investigators. Factors affecting participation rates, such as demographic characteristics, and those related to discrepant reporting over time, such as injury severity, may affect both the internal and external validity of studies examining the long-term impact of injury.
1534-P: Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome Score and Insulin Resistance

Metabolic syndrome (MS) identifies previously unrecognized individuals at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although MS is defined as requiring ≥3 of 5 categorical factors, a continuous MS score (using race/ethnicity modified Z-scores) has been proposed to better predict outcomes and track changes with interventions. As insulin resistance (IR) may link the 5 MS factors and their risk to outcomes, we hypothesized that MS score may reflect IR and its change with different therapies. We therefore determined MS score and IR by steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) during the Insulin Suppression Test in persons without diabetes at baseline (n=611) and before and after 3 interventions: weight loss (WL; n=29), pioglitazone (PIO; n=32), and atorvastatin (ATR; n=36). Baseline MS score correlated (r value) with SSPG (0.58), similar to the correlations of BMI with SSPG (0.54) and MS score (0.55). MS score and SSPG, respectively, correlated with HDL-C (-0.63 vs. -0.33), triglycerides (TG; 0.82 vs. 0.38), systolic BP (0.38 vs. 0.22), fasting glucose (0.46 vs. 0.38), and TG/HDL-C ratio (0.87 vs. 0.42); P In conclusion, MS score correlates modestly with SSPG, but strongly with TG and TG/HDL-C ratio. Changes in MS score in response to IR-modifying therapies do not appear to reflect changes in IR but rather changes in TG. This may limit use of MS score to evaluate change in IR or disease risk. Disclosure F. Abbasi: None. P. Reaven: Advisory Panel; Self; Boston Heart Diagnostics. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk Inc. J. Knowles: None. Funding Doris Duke Charitable Foundation