cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocean Acidification Induces Subtle Shifts in Gene Expression and DNA Methylation in Mantle Tissue of the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Early evidence suggests that DNA methylation can mediate phenotypic responses of marine calcifying species to ocean acidification (OA). Few studies, however, have explicitly studied DNA methylation in calcifying tissues through time. Here, we examined the phenotypic and molecular responses in the extrapallial fluid and mantle (fluid and tissue at the calcification site) in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to experimental OA over 80 days. Oysters were reared under three experimental pCO2 treatments (‘control’, 580 μatm; ‘moderate OA’, 1000 uatm; ‘high OA’, 2800 μatm) and sampled at 6 time points (24 hours - 80 days). We found that high OA initially induced changes in the pH of the extrapallial fluid (pHEPF) relative to the external seawater, but the magnitude of this difference was highest at 9 days and diminished over time. Calcification rates were significantly lower in the high OA treatment compared to the other treatments. To explore how oysters regulate their extrapallial fluid, gene expression and DNA methylation were examined in the mantle-edge tissue of oysters from day 9 and 80 in the control and high OA treatments. Mantle tissue mounted a significant global molecular response (both in the transcriptome and methylome) to OA that shifted through time. Although we did not find individual genes that were significantly differentially expressed to OA, the pHEPF was correlated with the eigengene expression of several co-expressed gene clusters. A small number of OA-induced differentially methylated loci were discovered, which corresponded with a weak association between OA-induced changes in genome-wide gene body DNA methylation and gene expression. Gene body methylation, however, was not significantly correlated with the eigengene expression of pHEPF correlated gene clusters. These results suggest that in C. virginica, OA induces a subtle response in a large number of genes, but also indicates that plasticity at the molecular level may be limited. Our study highlights the need to re-assess the plasticity of tissue-specific molecular responses in marine calcifiers, as well as the role of DNA methylation and gene expression in mediating physiological and biomineralization responses to OA.
Frobenius–Schur indicators for near-group and Haagerup–Izumi fusion categories

Ng and Schauenburg generalized higher Frobenius-Schur indicators to pivotal fusion categories and showed that these indicators may be computed utilizing the modular data of the Drinfel'd center of the given category. We consider two classes of fusion categories generated by a single non-invertible simple object: near groups, those fusion categories with one non-invertible simple object, and Haagerup-Izumi categories, those with one non-invertible simple object for every invertible object. Examples of both types arise as representations of finite or quantum groups or as Jones standard invariants of finite-depth Murray-von Neumann subfactors. We utilize the Evans-Gannon computation of the tube algebras to obtain formulae for the Frobenius-Schur indicators of objects in both of these families.
Critical point multiplicities and multiplicity fluctuations in heavy ion collisions

Abstract An exactly solvable thermodynamic model of nuclear fragmentation exhibiting a phase transition is shown to lead to a simple connection between the critical point multiplicity 〈 m 〉 c and the critical point exponent τ. This transition is characterized by large multiplicity fluctuations and the sudden appearance of very large clusters. The model agrees in many respects with the critical properties recently extracted experimentally by the EOS collaboration from the behavior of the reduced moments. Parallels of our model with percolation theory and Bose-Einstein condensation are discussed.
Dual D-brane actions☆

Dual super Dp-brane actions are constructed by carrying out a duality transformation of the world-volume U(1) gauge field. The resulting world-volume actions, which contain a (p - 2)-form gauge field, are shown to have the expected properties. Specifically, the D1-brane and D3-brane transform in ways that can be understood on the basis of the SL(2,Z) duality of type IIB superstring theory. Also, the D2-brane and the D4-brane transform in ways that are expected on the basis of the relationship between type IIA superstring theory and 11D M-theory. For example, the dual D4-brane action is shown to coincide with the double-dimensional reduction of the recently constructed M5-brane action. The implications for gauge-fixed D-brane actions are discussed briefly.
The Chandra Deep Field-North Survey. XI. X-Ray Emission from Luminous Infrared Starburst Galaxies

Using the 1 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North and 15 μm ISOCAM Hubble Deep Field-North surveys, we find a tight correlation between the population of strongly evolving starburst galaxiess discovered in faint 15 μm ISOCAM surveys and the apparently normal galaxy population detected in deep X-ray surveys. Up to 100% of the X-ray-detected emission-line galaxies (ELGs) have 15 μm counterparts, in contrast to 10%-20% of the X-ray-detected absorption-line galaxies and AGN-dominated sources. None of the X-ray-detected ELGs are detected in the hard band (2-8 keV), and their stacked-average X-ray spectral slope of Γ ≈ 2.0 suggests a low fraction of obscured AGN activity within the X-ray-detected ELG population. The characteristics of the z = 0.4-1.3 X-ray-detected ELGs are consistent with those expected for M82- and NGC 3256-type starburst galaxies; these X-ray-detected ELGs contribute ≈2% of the 0.5-8.0 keV extragalactic X-ray background. The only statistical difference between the X-ray-detected and X-ray-undetected 15 μm-selected ELGs is that a much larger fraction of the former have radio emission.
The cost of swimming in generalized Newtonian fluids: experiments with C. elegans

Numerous natural processes are contingent on microorganisms’ ability to swim through fluids with non-Newtonian rheology. Here, we use the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and tracking methods to experimentally investigate the dynamics of undulatory swimming in shear-thinning fluids. Theory and simulation have proposed that the cost of swimming, or mechanical power, should be lower in a shear-thinning fluid compared to a Newtonian fluid of the same zero-shear viscosity. We aim to provide an experimental investigation into the cost of swimming in a shear-thinning fluid from (i) an estimate of the mechanical power of the swimmer and (ii) the viscous dissipation rate of the flow field, which should yield equivalent results for a self-propelled low Reynolds number swimmer. We find the cost of swimming in shear-thinning fluids is less than or equal to the cost of swimming in Newtonian fluids of the same zero-shear viscosity; furthermore, the cost of swimming in shear-thinning fluids scales with a fluid’s effective viscosity and can be predicted using fluid rheology and simple swimming kinematics. Our results agree reasonably well with previous theoretical predictions and provide a framework for understanding the cost of swimming in generalized Newtonian fluids.
Nanosecond spin relaxation times in single layer graphene spin valves with hexagonal boron nitride tunnel barriers

We present an experimental study of spin transport in single layer graphene using atomic sheets of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a tunnel barrier for spin injection. While h-BN is expected to be favorable for spin injection, previous experimental studies have been unable to achieve spin relaxation times in the nanosecond regime, suggesting potential problems originating from the contacts. Here, we investigate spin relaxation in graphene spin valves with h-BN barriers and observe room temperature spin lifetimes in excess of a nanosecond, which provides experimental confirmation that h-BN is indeed a good barrier material for spin injection into graphene. By carrying out measurements with different thicknesses of h-BN, we show that few layer h-BN is a better choice than monolayer for achieving high non-local spin signals and longer spin relaxation times in graphene.
Correlations, dynamics, and interferometry of anyons in the lowest Landau level

In this article, we present a systematic study of quantum statistics and dynamics of a pair of anyons in the lowerst Landau level (LLL), of direct relevance to quasiparticle excitations in the quantum Hall bulk. We develop the formalism for such a two-dimensional setting of two charged particles subject to a transverse field, including fractional angular momentum states and the related algebra stemming from the anyonic boundary condition, coherent state descriptions of localized anyons, and bunching features associated with such anyons. We analyze the dynamic motion of the anyons in a harmonic trap, emphasizing phase factors emerging from exchange statistics. We then describe non-equilibrium dynamics upon the application of a saddle potential, elaborating on its role as a squeezing operator acting on LLL coherent states, and its action as a beam splitter for anyons. Employing these potential landscapes as building blocks, we analyze anyon dynamics in a quantum Hall bulk interferometer. We discuss parallels between the presented LLL setting and other realms, extensively in the context of quantum optics, whose formalism we heavily borrow from, and briefly in that of black hole phenomena.
Accelerated Reliability Growth Testing and Data Analysis Method

Traditionally, a reliability growth test was performed at the levels of various operational and environmental stresses, often at a level equal to that expected in use. Other than formal failure modes and effects analysis, reliability growth tests were often the only practical means for identification and mitigation of failure modes of a newly designed product.With the present high reliability requirements and long product useful life, the length of reliability growth tests may become cost and schedule prohibitive; therefore, accelerated testing is taking the place of prior testing at the use levels. This practice, however, does not address the dilemma of possibly unrealistically skewed test results highly dependent on the sequence of individually applied stresses as, unfortunately, it is often difficult to impossible to apply all of the environmental and operational stresses simultaneously. An example of this problem would be a case where the majority of failure modes in a product are a result of or are r...
A PUBLIC SET OF SYNTHETIC SPECTRA FROM EXPANDING ATMOSPHERES FOR X-RAY NOVAE. I. SOLAR ABUNDANCES

X-ray grating observations have revealed great detail in the spectra of novae in the Super Soft Source (SSS) phase. Notable features in the SSS spectra are blueshifted absorption lines, P-Cygni line profiles, and the absence of strong ionization edges, all of which are indicators of an expanding atmosphere. We present, and make publicly available, a set of 672 wind-type (WT) synthetic spectra, obtained from the expanding NLTE SSS models introduced in Van Rossum & Ness with the PHOENIX stellar atmosphere code. The set presented in this paper is limited to solar abundances with the aim to focus on the basic model parameters and their effect on the spectra, providing the basis upon which abundance effects can be studied using a much bigger non-solar set in the next paper in this series. We fit the WT spectra to the five grating spectra taken in the SSS phase of nova V4743 Sgr 2003 as an example application of the WT models. Within the limits of solar abundances we demonstrate that the following parameters are constrained by the data (in order of decreasing accuracy): column density N H, bolometric luminosity L bol, effective temperature T eff, white dwarf radius R, wind asymptotic velocity v ∞, and the mass-loss rate . The models are also sensitive to the assumed white dwarf mass M WD but the effect on the spectra can largely be compensated by the other model parameters. The WT spectra with solar abundances fit the data better than abundance optimized hydrostatic models.
Fast and Robust Curve Skeletonization for Real-World Elongated Objects

We consider the problem of extracting curve skeletons of three-dimensional, elongated objects given a noisy surface, which has applications in agricultural contexts such as extracting the branching structure of plants. We describe an efficient and robust method based on breadth-first search that can determine curve skeletons in these contexts. Our approach is capable of automatically detecting junction points as well as spurious segments and loops. All of that is accomplished with only one user-adjustable parameter. The run time of our method ranges from hundreds of milliseconds to less than four seconds on large, challenging datasets, which makes it appropriate for situations where real-time decision making is needed. Experiments on synthetic models as well as on data from real world objects, some of which were collected in challenging field conditions, show that our approach compares favorably to classical thinning algorithms as well as to recent contributions to the field.
Some sums over irreducible polynomials

We prove a number of conjectures due to Dinesh Thakur concerning sums of the form $\sum_P h(P)$ where the sum is over monic irreducible polynomials $P$ in $\mathbb{F}_q[T]$, the function $h$ is a rational function and the sum is considered in the $T^{-1}$-adic topology. As an example of our results, in $\mathbb{F}_2[T]$, the sum $\sum_P \tfrac{1}{P^k - 1}$ always converges to a rational function, and is $0$ for $k=1$.
CompRess: Self-Supervised Learning by Compressing Representations

This material is based upon work partially supported by the United States Air Force under Contract No. FA8750-19-C-0098, funding from SAP SE, and also NSF grant number 1845216. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Air Force, DARPA, and other funding agencies. Moreover, we would like to thank Vipin Pillai and Erfan Noury for the valuable initial discussions. We also acknowledge the fruitful comments by all reviewers specifically by Reviewer 2 for suggesting to use teacher’s queue for the student, which improved our results.
Predictions for energy correlators probing substructure of groomed heavy quark jets

We develop an effective field theory (EFT) framework to perform an analytic calculation for energy correlator observables computed on groomed heavy-quark jets. A soft-drop grooming algorithm is applied to a jet initiated by a massive quark to minimize soft contamination effects such as pile-up and multi-parton interactions. We specifically consider the two-particle energy correlator as an initial application of this EFT framework to compute heavy quark jet substructure. We find that there are different regimes for the event shapes, depending on the size of the measured correlator observable, that require the use of different EFT formulations, in which the quark mass and grooming parameters may be relevant or not. We use the EFT to resum large logarithms in the energy correlator observable in terms of the momentum of a reconstructed heavy hadron to NLL′ accuracy and subsequently match it to a full QCD $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (αs) cross section, which we also compute. We compare our predictions to simulations in Pythia for e+e− collisions. We find a good agreement with partonic simulations, as well as hadronic ones with an appropriate shape function used to describe nonperturbative effects and the heavy quark hadron decay turned off. We also predict the scaling behavior for the leading nonperturbative power correction due to hadronization. Consequently, we can give a prediction for the energy correlator distribution at the level of the reconstructed heavy hadron. This work provides a general framework for the analysis of heavy quark jet substructure observables.
Electron impact ionization of stored highly charged ions

Accurate cross section data for electron impact ionization (EII) are needed in order to interpret the spectra of collisionally ionized plasmas both in astrophysics and in the laboratory. Models and spectroscopic diagnostics of such plasmas rely on accurate ionization balance calculations, which depend, in turn, on the underlying rates for EII and electron-ion recombination. EII measurements have been carried out using the TSR storage ring located at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik in Heidelberg, Germany. Storage ring measurements are largely free of metastable contamination, resulting in unambiguous EII data, unlike what is encountered with other experimental geometries. As it is impractical to perform experiments for every ion, theory must provide the bulk of the necessary EII data. In order to guide theory, TSR experiments have focused on providing at least one measurement for every isoelectronic sequence. EII data have been measured for ions from 13 isoelectronic sequences: Li-like silicon and chlorine, Be-like sulfur, B-like magnesium, and F-like through K-like iron. These experimental results provide an important benchmark for EII theory.
The irreducibility of the generalized Severi varieties

We give an inductive proof that the generalized Severi varieties -- the varieties which parametrize (irreducible) plane curves of given degree and genus, with a fixed tangency profile to a given line at several general fixed points and several mobile points -- are irreducible.
The physics of disk winds, jets, and X-ray variability in GRS 1915+105

We present new insights about accretion and ejection physics based on joint RXTE/Chandra HETGS studies of rapid X-ray variability in GRS 1915+105. For the first time, with fast phase-resolved spectroscopy of the rho state, we are able to show that changes in the broadband X-ray spectrum (RXTE) on timescales of seconds are associated with measurable changes in absorption lines (Chandra HETGS) from the accretion disk wind. Additionally, we make a direct detection of material evaporating from the radiation-pressure-dominated inner disk. Our X-ray data thus reveal the black hole as it ejects a portion of the inner accretion flow and then drives a wind from the outer disk, all in a bizarre cycle that lasts fewer than 60 seconds but can repeat for weeks. We find that the accretion disk wind may be sufficiently massive to play an active role in GRS 1915+105, not only in quenching the jet on long timescales, but also in possibly producing or facilitating transitions between classes of X-ray variability.
Anthropogenic influences on groundwater in the vicinity of a long‐lived radioactive waste repository

The groundwater flow system in the Culebra Dolomite Member (Culebra) of the Permian Rustler Formation is a potential radionuclide release pathway from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), the only deep geological repository for transuranic waste in the United States. In early conceptual models of the Culebra, groundwater levels were not expected to fluctuate markedly, except in response to long-term climatic changes, with response times on the order of hundreds to thousands of years. Recent groundwater pressures measured in monitoring wells record more than 25 m of drawdown. The fluctuations are attributed to pumping activities at a privately-owned well that may be associated with the demand of the Permian Basin hydrocarbon industry for water. The unprecedented magnitude of drawdown provides an opportunity to quantitatively assess the influence of unplanned anthropogenic forcings near the WIPP. Spatially variable realizations of Culebra saturated hydraulic conductivity and storativity were used to develop groundwater flow models to estimate a pumping rate for the private well and investigate its effect on advective transport. Simulated drawdown shows reasonable agreement with observations (average Model Efficiency coefficient = 0.7). Steepened hydraulic gradients associated with the pumping reduce estimates of conservative particle travel times across the domain by one-half and shift the intersection of the average particle track with the compliance boundary by more than two kilometers. The value of the transient simulations conducted for this study lie in their ability to (i) improve understanding of the Culebra groundwater flow system and (ii) challenge the notion of time-invariant land use in the vicinity of the WIPP.
Density functional theory for a confined Fermi system with short-range interaction

Abstract Effective field theory (EFT) methods are applied to density functional theory (DFT) as part of a program to systematically go beyond mean-field approaches to finite many-body systems. A system of fermions with short-range, natural interactions and an external confining potential (e.g., fermionic atoms in an optical trap) serves as a laboratory for studying DFT/EFT. An effective action formalism leads to a Kohn–Sham DFT by applying an inversion method order-by-order in the EFT expansion parameter. Representative results showing the convergence of Kohn–Sham calculations at zero temperature in the local density approximation (LDA) are compared to Thomas–Fermi calculations and to power-counting estimates.
Energy conservation and hawking radiation

The conservation of energy implies that an isolated radiating black hole cannot have an emission spectrum that is precisely thermal. Moreover, the no-hair theorem is only approximately applicable. We consider the implications for the black hole information puzzle.
Learning Convolutional Text Representations for Visual Question Answering.

Visual question answering is a recently proposed artificial intelligence task that requires a deep understanding of both images and texts. In deep learning, images are typically modeled through convolutional neural networks, and texts are typically modeled through recurrent neural networks. While the requirement for modeling images is similar to traditional computer vision tasks, such as object recognition and image classification, visual question answering raises a different need for textual representation as compared to other natural language processing tasks. In this work, we perform a detailed analysis on natural language questions in visual question answering. Based on the analysis, we propose to rely on convolutional neural networks for learning textual representations. By exploring the various properties of convolutional neural networks specialized for text data, such as width and depth, we present our "CNN Inception + Gate" model. We show that our model improves question representations and thus the overall accuracy of visual question answering models. We also show that the text representation requirement in visual question answering is more complicated and comprehensive than that in conventional natural language processing tasks, making it a better task to evaluate textual representation methods. Shallow models like fastText, which can obtain comparable results with deep learning models in tasks like text classification, are not suitable in visual question answering.
Recovery of the Starting Times of Delayed Signals

We present a new method to locate the starting points in time of an arbitrary number of (damped) delayed signals. For a finite data sequence, the method permits to first locate the starting point of the component with the longest delay, and then - by iteration - all the preceding ones. Numerical examples are given and noise sensitivity is tested.
Deconstructing holographic liquids

We argue that there exist simple effective field theories describing the long-distance dynamics of holographic liquids. The degrees of freedom responsible for the transport of charge and energy–momentum are Goldstone modes. These modes are coupled to a strongly coupled infrared (IR) sector through emergent gauge and gravitational fields. The IR degrees of freedom are described holographically by the near-horizon part of the metric, whereas the Goldstone bosons are described by a field-theoretical Lagrangian. In the cases where the holographic dual involves a black hole, this picture allows for a direct connection between the holographic prescription where currents live on the boundary and the membrane paradigm where currents live on the horizon. The zero-temperature sound mode in the D3–D7 system is also re-analyzed and re-interpreted within this formalism.
Controlling interactions between highly magnetic atoms with Feshbach resonances

This paper reviews current experimental and theoretical progress in the study of dipolar quantum gases of ground and meta-stable atoms with a large magnetic moment. We emphasize the anisotropic nature of Feshbach resonances due to coupling to fast-rotating resonant molecular states in ultracold s-wave collisions between magnetic atoms in external magnetic fields. The dramatic differences in the distribution of resonances of magnetic (7)S3 chromium and magnetic lanthanide atoms with a submerged 4f shell and non-zero electron angular momentum is analyzed. We focus on dysprosium and erbium as important experimental advances have been recently made to cool and create quantum-degenerate gases for these atoms. Finally, we describe progress in locating resonances in collisions of meta-stable magnetic atoms in electronic P-states with ground-state atoms, where an interplay between collisional anisotropies and spin-orbit coupling exists.
Singularities of locally acyclic cluster algebras

We show that locally acyclic cluster algebras have (at worst) canonical singularities. In fact, we prove that locally acyclic cluster algebras of positive characteristic are strongly F-regular. In addition, we show that upper cluster algebras are always Frobenius split by a canonically defined splitting, and that they have a free canonical module of rank one. We also give examples to show that not all upper cluster algebras are F-regular if the local acyclicity is dropped.
A comprehensive multivariate model of biopsychosocial factors associated with opioid misuse and use disorder in a 2017-2018 United States national survey.

Few studies have comprehensively and contextually examined the relationship of variables associated with opioid use. Our purpose was to fill a critical gap in comprehensive risk models of opioid misuse and use disorder in the United States by identifying the most salient predictors. A multivariate logistic regression was used on the 2017 and 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which included all 50 states and the District of Columbia of the United States. The sample included all noninstitutionalized civilian adults aged 18 and older (N = 85,580; weighted N = 248,008,986). The outcome of opioid misuse and/or use disorder was based on reported prescription pain reliever and/or heroin use dependence, abuse, or misuse. Biopsychosocial predictors of opioid misuse and use disorder in addition to sociodemographic characteristics and other substance dependence or abuse were examined in our comprehensive model. Biopsychosocial characteristics included socioecological and health indicators. Criminality was the socioecological indicator. Health indicators included self-reported health, private health insurance, psychological distress, and suicidality. Sociodemographic variables included age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, sexual identity, education, residence, income, and employment status. Substance dependence or abuse included both licit and illicit substances (i.e., nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, methamphetamine, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives). The comprehensive model found that criminality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.98–3.37, p < 0.001), self-reported health (i.e., excellent compared to fair/poor [AOR = 3.71, 95% CI = 2.19–6.29, p < 0.001], good [AOR = 3.43, 95% CI = 2.20–5.34, p < 0.001], and very good [AOR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.90–3.98, p < 0.001]), no private health insurance (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.55–2.89, p < 0.001), serious psychological distress (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.55–2.89, p < 0.001), suicidality (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.17–2.14, p = 0.004), and other substance dependence or abuse were significant predictors of opioid misuse and/or use disorder. Substances associated were nicotine (AOR = 3.01, 95% CI = 2.30–3.93, p < 0.001), alcohol (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02–1.92, p = 0.038), marijuana (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.40–3.58, p = 0.001), cocaine (AOR = 3.92, 95% CI = 2.14–7.17, p < 0.001), methamphetamine (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.96–5.64, p < 0.001), tranquilizers (AOR = 16.72, 95% CI = 9.75–28.65, p < 0.001), and stimulants (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.03–5.87, p = 0.044). Biopsychosocial characteristics such as socioecological and health indicators, as well as other substance dependence or abuse were stronger predictors of opioid misuse and use disorder than sociodemographic characteristics.
Contracting boundaries of CAT(0) spaces

As demonstrated by Croke and Kleiner, the visual boundary of a CAT(0) group is not well-defined since quasi-isometric CAT(0) spaces can have non-homeomorphic boundaries. We introduce a new type of boundary for a CAT(0) space, called the contracting boundary, made up rays satisfying one of five hyperbolic-like properties. We prove that these properties are all equivalent and that the contracting boundary is a quasi-isometry invariant. We use this invariant to distinguish the quasi-isometry classes of certain right-angled Coxeter groups.
A categorification of the Burau representation at prime roots of unity

We construct a p-DG structure on an algebra Koszul dual to a zigzag algebra used by Khovanov and Seidel to construct a categorical braid group action. We show there is a braid group action in this p-DG setting.
Duoquest: A Dual-Specification System for Expressive SQL Queries

Querying a relational database is difficult because it requires users to be familiar with both the SQL language and the schema. However, many users possess enough domain expertise to describe their desired queries by alternative means. For such users, two major alternatives to writing SQL are natural language interfaces (NLIs) and programming-by-example (PBE). Both of these alternatives face certain pitfalls: natural language queries (NLQs) are often ambiguous, even for human interpreters, while current PBE approaches limit functionality to be tractable. Consequently, we propose dual-specification query synthesis, which consumes both a NLQ and an optional PBE-like table sketch query that enables users to express varied levels of domain knowledge. We introduce the novel dual-specification Duoquest system, which leverages guided partial query enumeration to efficiently explore the space of possible queries. We present results from user studies in which Duoquest demonstrates a 62.5% absolute increase in query construction accuracy over a state-of-the-art NLI and comparable accuracy to a PBE system on a limited workload supported by the PBE system. In a simulation study on the Spider benchmark, Duoquest demonstrates a >2x increase in top-1 accuracy over both NLI and PBE.
Helium Absorption at 1083 nm from Extended Exoplanet Atmospheres: Dependence on Stellar Radiation

Strong absorption signatures in the helium line at 1083 nm have recently been detected in transmission spectra of several close-in exoplanets. This absorption line originates from neutral helium atoms in an excited, metastable 2$^3$S state. The population of helium atoms in this excited state is governed by the spectral shape and intensity of the incident stellar radiation field. We investigate what kind of stellar environments are most favorable for populating the metastable helium state in extended planetary atmospheres. Our results suggest that planets orbiting at close separations from late-type stars, particularly K stars, are the most promising candidates for transit absorption signals at 1083 nm. This result is supported by observations, as all four exoplanets with currently reported helium detections orbit K-type stars. In general, conditions for exciting helium atoms become more favorable at closer orbital separations, and around stars with higher levels of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flux, which ionizes the helium ground state, and lower levels of mid-ultraviolet (mid-UV) flux, which ionizes the helium metastable state.
Quantum reality filters

An anhomomorphic logic is the set of all possible realities for a quantum system. Our main goal is to find the 'actual reality' for the system. Reality filters are employed to eliminate unwanted potential realities until only a remains. In this paper, we consider three reality filters that are constructed by means of quantum integrals. A quantum measure μ can generate or actualize a if μ(A) is a quantum integral with respect to for a density function f over events A. In this sense, μ is an 'average' of the truth values of with weights given by f. We mainly discuss relations between these filters and their existence and uniqueness properties. For example, we show that a quadratic reality generated by a quantum measure is unique. In this case we obtain the unique actual quadratic reality.
Decays of b hadrons and a possible new four-quark interaction

A possibility is considered of explaining the low experimental value of the ratio of the lifetimes τ(Λb)/τ (Bd) by a new "centiweak" four-quark interaction, i.e. with a strength on the order of 10-2GF. It is noted that the considered interaction can also improve agreement with the data on low semileptonic branching ratio Bsl(B) in B meson decays with a simultaneous slight decrease in the prediction for the average charm yield in those decays. The proposed new interaction modifies within the present experimental limits the predictions for differences of lifetimes among B mesons, and can thus be probed by more precise data on these differences. A sample model is briefly discussed, where the new interaction arises through a weak SU(2) singlet scalar field with quantum numbers of a diquark.
COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY

Requiring all massless elementary fields to have conformal scaling symmetry removes the conflict between gravitational theory and the quantum theory of elementary particles and fields. Extending this postulate to the scalar field of the Higgs model, dynamical breaking of both gauge and conformal symmetries determines parameters for the interacting fields. In uniform isotropic geometry a modified Friedmann cosmic evolution equation is derived with nonvanishing cosmological constant. Parameters determined by numerical solution are consistent with empirical data for redshifts z ≤ z* = 1090, including luminosity distances for observed type Ia supernovae and peak structure ratios in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The theory does not require dark matter.
"You are no Jack Kennedy": On Media Selection of Highlights from Presidential Debates

Political speeches and debates play an important role in shaping the images of politicians, and the public often relies on media outlets to select bits of political communication from a large pool of utterances. It is an important research question to understand what factors impact this selection process. To quantitatively explore the selection process, we build a three- decade dataset of presidential debate transcripts and post-debate coverage. We first examine the effect of wording and propose a binary classification framework that controls for both the speaker and the debate situation. We find that crowdworkers can only achieve an accuracy of 60% in this task, indicating that media choices are not entirely obvious. Our classifiers outperform crowdworkers on average, mainly in primary debates. We also compare important factors from crowdworkers» free-form explanations with those from data-driven methods and find interesting differences. Few crowdworkers mentioned that "context matters", whereas our data show that well-quoted sentences are more distinct from the previous utterance by the same speaker than less-quoted sentences. Finally, we examine the aggregate effect of media preferences towards different wordings to understand the extent of fragmentation among media outlets. By analyzing a bipartite graph built from quoting behavior in our data, we observe a decreasing trend in bipartisan coverage.
Feynman’s proof of the commutativity of the Calogero integrals of motion

Abstract During his last year of life Feynman became interested in integrable models. In the course of his study of one dimensional particles with inverse square potentials (the Calogero model) he came up with a field theory-inspired proof of the commutativity of the integrals of motion of the system, which remained unpublished. I present an exact transcript of the proof together with a scan of the first page of Feynman’s original manuscript and some historical background.
A Gap Principle for Subvarieties with Finitely Many Periodic Points

Let $f:X\rightarrow X$ be a quasi-finite endomorphism of an algebraic variety $X$ defined over a number field $K$ and fix an initial point $a\in X$. We consider a special case of the dynamical Mordell-Lang Conjecture, where the subvariety $V$ contains only finitely many periodic points and does not contain any positive-dimensional periodic subvariety. We show that the set $\{n\in \mathbb{N}~|~f^n(a) \in V \}$ satisfies a strong gap principle.
Boosting template-based SSVEP decoding by cross-domain transfer learning.

Objective: This study aims to establish a generalized transfer-learning framework for boosting the performance of steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) by leveraging cross-domain data transferring. Approach: We enhanced the state-of-the-art template-based SSVEP decoding through incorporating a least-squares transformation (LST)-based transfer learning to leverage calibration data across multiple domains (sessions, subjects, and EEG montages). Main results: Study results verified the efficacy of LST in obviating the variability of SSVEPs when transferring existing data across domains. Furthermore, the LST-based method achieved significantly higher SSVEP-decoding accuracy than the standard task-related component analysis (TRCA)-based method and the non-LST naive transfer-learning method. Significance: This study demonstrated the capability of the LST-based transfer learning to leverage existing data across subjects and/or devices with an in-depth investigation of its rationale and behavior in various circumstances. The proposed framework significantly improved the SSVEP decoding accuracy over the standard TRCA approach when calibration data are limited. Its performance in calibration reduction could facilitate plug-and-play SSVEP-based BCIs and further practical applications
Tensor Entropy for Uniform Hypergraphs

In this paper, we develop the notion of entropy for uniform hypergraphs via tensor theory. We employ the probability distribution of the generalized singular values, calculated from the higher-order singular value decomposition of the Laplacian tensors, to fit into the Shannon entropy formula. We show that this tensor entropy is an extension of von Neumann entropy for graphs. In addition, we establish results on the lower and upper bounds of the entropy and demonstrate that it is a measure of regularity for uniform hypergraphs in simulated and experimental data. We exploit the tensor train decomposition in computing the proposed tensor entropy efficiently. Finally, we introduce the notion of robustness for uniform hypergraphs.
MASSES AND INTERACTIONS OF q-FERMIONIC KNOTS

The q-electroweak theory suggests a description of elementary particles as solitons labeled by the irreducible representations of SUq(2). Since knots may also be labeled by the irreducible representations of SUq(2), we study a model of elementary particles based on a one-to-one correspondence between the four families of fermions (leptons, neutrinos, (-1/3) quarks, (2/3) quarks) and the four simplest knots (trefoils). In this model the three particles of each family are identified with the ground and first two excited states of their common trefoil. Guided by the standard electroweak theory, we calculate conditions restricting the masses of the fermions and the interactions between them. In its present form the model predicts a fourth generation of fermions as well as a neutrino spectrum. The same model with q ≅ 1 is compatible with the Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix. Depending on the test of these predictions, the model may be refined.
Protofold II: Enhanced Model and Implementation for Kinetostatic Protein Folding

A reliable prediction of 3D protein structures from sequence data remains a big challenge due to both theoretical and computational difficulties. We have previously shown that our kinetostatic compliance method (KCM) implemented into the Protofold package can overcome some of the key difficulties faced by other de novo structure prediction methods, such as the very small time steps required by the molecular dynamics (MD) approaches or the very large number of samples needed by the Monte Carlo (MC) sampling techniques. In this article, we improve the free energy formulation used in Protofold by including the typically underrated entropic effects, imparted due to differences in hydrophobicity of the chemical groups, which dominate the folding of most water-soluble proteins. In addition to the model enhancement, we revisit the numerical implementation by redesigning the algorithms and introducing efficient data structures that reduce the expected complexity from quadratic to linear. Moreover, we develop and optimize parallel implementations of the algorithms on both central and graphics processing units (CPU/GPU) achieving speed-ups up to two orders of magnitude on the GPU. Our simulations are consistent with the general behavior observed in the folding process in aqueous solvent, confirming the effectiveness of model improvements. We report on the folding process at multiple levels; namely, the formation of secondary structural elements and tertiary interactions between secondary elements or across larger domains. We also observe significant enhancements in running times that make the folding simulation tractable for large molecules.
Disentangling Planets from Photoelectric Instability in Gas-rich Optically Thin Dusty Disks

Structures in circumstellar disks such as gaps and rings are often attributed to planets. This connection has been difficult to show unequivocally, as other processes may also produce these features. Particularly, a photoelectric instability (PEI) has been proposed, operating in gas-rich optically thin disks, that generates structures predicted by planet--disk interactions. We examine the question of how to disentangle planetary effects on disk structure from the effects of the PEI. We use the Pencil Code to perform 2D global hydrodynamical models of the dynamics of gas and dust in a thin disk, with and without planetary perturbers. Photoelectric heating is modeled with an equation of state where pressure is proportional to dust surface density. The drag force on grains and its backreaction on the gas are included. Analyzing the situation without PEI, we find that gas--dust interactions alter the shape of the planetary gap from the dust-free case when the local dust-to-gas ratio $\varepsilon$ approaches unity. This result applies also to primordial disks, because dust drifting inwards accumulates at the edge of the planetary gap, and any initial dust-to-gas ratio eventually achieves $\varepsilon=1$ if the dust reservoir is sufficient. We find a result particular to high dust-to-gas ratio disks as well: as dust drifts inwards, the dust front becomes a sharp transition, and the backreaction triggers the Rossby wave instability. When PEI is included, we find that it obscures structures induced by planets unless the planet's mass is sufficiently large to carve a noticeable gap. Specifically, the instability generates arcs and rings of regular spacing: a planet is discernible when it carves a dust gap wider than the wavelength of the PEI.
Digit sums and generating functions

We connect a primitive operation from arithmetic—summing the digits of a base-B integer—to q-series and product generating functions analogous to those in partition theory. We find digit sum generating functions to be intertwined with distinctive classes of “B-ary” Lambert series, which themselves enjoy nice transformations. We also consider digit sum Dirichlet series.
Radiative rare $B$ decays revisited

We reexamine contributions of higher K-resonances to the radiative rare decays b → sγ in the limit where both the b- and s-quark are considered heavy. Using form factor definitions consistent with the HQET covariant trace formalism, we find significant disagreement with previous work and excellent agreement with experimental results. In particular, the two largest fractions of the inclusive b → sγ branching ratio are found to be (16.8 |+- 6.4)% for B → K∗ (892)γ and (6.2 ± 2.9)% for B → K2∗ (1430)γ decays. We also compare the contribution from the radiative decays into the eight K-meson states to the inclusive experimental b → sγ mass distribution.
Chandra Observations of the Lensing Cluster EMSS 1358+6245: Implications for Self-interacting Dark Matter

We present Chandra observations of EMSS 1358+6245, a relaxed cooling flow cluster of galaxies at z = 0.328. We employ a new deprojection technique to construct temperature, gas, and dark matter profiles. We confirm the presence of cool gas in the cluster core, and our deprojected temperature profile for the hot component is isothermal over 30 kpc < r < 0.8 Mpc. Fitting the mass profile to a Navarro-Frenk-White model yields rs = 153 kpc and c = 8.4. We find good agreement between our dark matter profile and weak gravitational lensing measurements. We place an upper limit of 42 kpc (90% confidence limit) on the size of any constant-density core. We compare this result to recent simulations and place a conservative upper limit on the dark matter particle-scattering cross section of 0.1 cm2 g-1. This limit implies that the cross section must be velocity-dependent if the relatively shallow core mass profiles of dwarf galaxies are a direct result of dark matter self-interaction.
Linear systems over join-blank algebras

A central problem of linear algebra is solving linear systems. Regarding linear systems as equations over general semirings (V, ⊕, ⊗, 0,1) instead of rings or fields makes traditional approaches impossible. Earlier work shows that the solution space X(A, w) of the linear system Av = w over the class of semirings called join-blank algebras is a union of closed intervals (in the product order) with a common terminal point. In the smaller class of max-blank algebras, the additional hypothesis that the solution spaces of the 1 × 1 systems A ⊗ v = w are closed intervals implies that X(A, w) is a finite union of closed intervals. We examine the general case, proving that without this additional hypothesis, we can still make X(A, w) into a finite union of quasi-intervals.
Discovering Network Structure Beyond Communities

To understand the formation, evolution, and function of complex systems, it is crucial to understand the internal organization of their interaction networks. Partly due to the impossibility of visualizing large complex networks, resolving network structure remains a challenging problem. Here we overcome this difficulty by combining the visual pattern recognition ability of humans with the high processing speed of computers to develop an exploratory method for discovering groups of nodes characterized by common network properties, including but not limited to communities of densely connected nodes. Without any prior information about the nature of the groups, the method simultaneously identifies the number of groups, the group assignment, and the properties that define these groups. The results of applying our method to real networks suggest the possibility that most group structures lurk undiscovered in the fast-growing inventory of social, biological, and technological networks of scientific interest.