cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Unsteady Tip and Endwall Heat Transfer in a Highly Loaded Transonic Turbine Stage

In a previous study, vane-rotor shock interactions and heat transfer on the rotor blade of a highly loaded transonic turbine stage were simulated. The geometry consists of a high pressure turbine vane and downstream rotor blade. This study focuses on the physics of flow and heat transfer in the rotor tip, casing and hub regions. The simulation was performed using the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) code MSU-TURBO. A low Reynolds number k-epsilon model was utilized to model turbulence. The rotor blade in question has a tip gap height of 2.1 percent of the blade height. The Reynolds number of the flow is approximately 3x10(exp 6) per meter. Unsteadiness was observed at the tip surface that results in intermittent "hot spots". It is demonstrated that unsteadiness in the tip gap is governed by inviscid effects due to high speed flow and is not strongly dependent on pressure ratio across the tip gap contrary to published observations that have primarily dealt with subsonic tip flows. The high relative Mach numbers in the tip gap lead to a choking of the leakage flow that translates to a relative attenuation of losses at higher loading. The efficacy of new tip geometry is discussed to minimize heat flux at the tip while maintaining choked conditions. In addition, an explanation is provided that shows the mechanism behind the rise in stagnation temperature on the casing to values above the absolute total temperature at the inlet. It is concluded that even in steady mode, work transfer to the near tip fluid occurs due to relative shearing by the casing. This is believed to be the first such explanation of the work transfer phenomenon in the open literature. The difference in pattern between steady and time-averaged heat flux at the hub is also explained.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLYURIDYLATE-TERBIUM(III) COMPLEX

Summary Upon irradiation with 240–300nm light a photochemical reaction occurs in Tb3+ complexes of polyuridylate and oligouridylate. The reaction is monitored by the appearance of a fluorescence excitation band which does not exist in non-irradiated samples. The photochemical reaction is not observed in uridine nucleotides, dinucleoside phosphates, or when polyuridylate forms a double stranded helix with polyadenylate.
Human p32: a coactivator for Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1-mediated transcriptional activation and possible role in viral latent cycle DNA replication.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) is required for the maintenance of the viral chromosome in latently infected, proliferating cells and plays a role in latent cycle DNA replication. EBNA-1 also functions as a positive and negative regulator of EBV gene expression. We have investigated the interaction of EBNA-1 with p32, a host mitochondrial protein that associates with EBNA-1 in EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we found that a fraction of p32 localizes to the viral latent cycle origin of DNA replication oriP in vivo. p32 binds EBNA-1 independently of other proteins or DNA. EBNA-1 variants lacking one of two p32 binding elements did not interact stably with p32 in cultured cells and were defective for both transcriptional activation of a reporter gene linked to oriP FR and replication and/or maintenance of a plasmid bearing oriP. These results support a role for p32 in transcriptional activation by EBNA-1 and suggest that p32 plays a role in EBV latent cycle DNA replication.
Intracellular distribution of vitamin A esterase activity in rat liver.

IN 1949, Ganguly1 observed the presence of an enzyme in pig pancreas capable of hydrolysing vitamin A ester. Recently, McGugan and Laughland2 have demonstrated vitamin A esterase activity in rat-liver homogenates. Observations in this laboratory fully confirm this report, and show that the activity is located in the microsomal fraction of the homogenate.
On The Hardness of Approximating the Min-Hack Problem

We show several hardness results for the Minimum Hacking problem, which roughly can be described as the problem of finding the best way to compromise a target node given a few initial compromised nodes in a network. We give several reductions to show that Minimum Hacking is not approximable to within $$2^{(\log n)^{1-\delta}}$$ where δ = 1− $$\frac{1}{{log}{log}}$$ c n, for any c < 1/2. We also analyze some heuristics on this problem.
Aromatic lipophilic spin traps effectively inhibit RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity

We previously showed that RPE65 does not specifically produce 11-cis-retinol only but also 13-cis-retinol, supporting a carbocation or radical cation mechanism of isomerization. The intrinsic properties of conjugated polyene chains result in facile formation of radical cations in oxidative conditions. We hypothesized that such radical intermediates, if involved in the mechanism of RPE65, could be stabilized by spin traps. We tested a variety of hydrophilic and lipophilic spin traps for their ability to inhibit RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity. We found that the aromatic lipophilic spin traps such as N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN), 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2H-imidazole-1-oxide (DMPIO), and nitrosobenzene (NB) strongly inhibit RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity in vitro.
Orbiting transmission source for positron tomography

Accidental suppression and effective data rates have been measured for the orbiting transmission source as implemented in the Donner 600-crystal positron-emission tomograph (PET). A mechanical description of the orbiting source and a description of the electronics used to discard scattered and accidental events are included. Since accidental coincidences were the rate-limiting factor in transmission data acquisition, this method allows sufficient transmission data to be acquired in a shorter time with a more-active transmission source. >
Motion perception prominence alters anticipatory slow eye movements

Perceived motion may be a stimulus for anticipatory slow eye movements. To test this possibility, the production of anticipatory slow eye movements in humans was studied using apparent motion stimuli. Short range apparent motion was produced with random dot stimuli and the anticipatory slow eye movements were isolated from the smooth pursuit responses by occasionally including trials in which the random dot stimulus did not appear. Long range apparent motion was produced with subjective contour stimuli. Both short range and long range apparent motion were found to be effective stimuli for anticipatory slow eye movements. The prominence of perceived motion was altered by changing the spatiotemporal displacement intervals in the short range apparent motion stimuli. Changing the subjective contours also changed the motion percepts of the long range apparent motion stimuli. With both stimuli, the peak anticipatory slow eye velocities that were achieved decreased as the prominence of the motion percepts decreased, while the time-course of the anticipatory responses were similar under the different conditions. These findings indicate that the expectation of perceived motion is necessary for anticipatory slow eye movements.
Evaluation and management of HIV-infected women

The rate of newly diagnosed AIDS in the United States is increasing fastest in women, who are infected with HIV primarily through heterosexual transmission. Approximately 60% of these women are African American, and 18% are Latina. A gynecologic infection is the most common symptom that leads to initial medical evaluation. Specific studies at baseline should include CD4 lymphocyte count, HIV-1 RNA level, and gynecologic examination with Papanicolaou smear. Decisions about initiation of antiretroviral therapy depend on the patient's clinical diagnoses, her willingness to adhere to treatment, and CD4 lymphocyte and HIV-1 RNA levels. Levels of HIV-1 RNA may be somewhat lower in women than in men at the same CD4 count, whereas women have higher CD4 lymphocyte counts at the time of AIDS diagnosis. However, prospective trials have not yet indicated the need to change the threshold CD4 lymphocyte counts or HIV-RNA levels for initiation of therapy in women. The efficacy of antiretroviral therapy appears to be similar in men and women, although women are more likely to experience toxicities. Abnormal Papanicolaou smears occur in approximately 40% of women at baseline, and 58% are infected with human papillomavirus. The prevalence of both conditions increases with lower CD4 lymphocyte counts and higher HIV-1 RNA levels. Precursor lesions to cervical cancer may be effectively treated, but almost 50% recur within 1 year, mandating careful follow-up. Referral should be sought for specialized gynecologic care and for issues related to HIV itself, since survival is prolonged in patients treated by physicians who are experienced in treating HIV. When they are provided the same access to care, HIV-infected women have similar prognoses as HIV-infected men.
Collagenase synthesis by cloned rabbit pulp cells—Molecular and immunological identity of pulp cell and fibroblast enzyme☆

Abstract Cultures of cloned rabbit pulp (RP) cells without stimulation produced collagenase of a concentration as high as reference rabbit skin fibroblast cultures which were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 100 ng/ ml). The RP cell collagenase was compared with reference fibroblast collagenase in Western blot analysis using monoclonal antibodies prepared against RP cell collagenase and a polyclonal antibody prepared against rabbit fibroblast collagenase. Both enzyme preparations revealed, with either antibody, identical bands of approximate molecular masses 57,000, 52,500, and 45,000. These antibody preparations variously inhibited RP cell collagenase activity. Intracellular collagenase in RP cells in culture was demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody technique using polyclonal anti-fibroblast collagenase antibody. RNA samples from RP cells hybridized with rabbit fibroblast collagenase cDNA (clone H9) and showed a distinct band at 2.7 kb. Both control and PMA-stimulated RP cells and PMA-stimulated reference skin fibroblasts demonstrated strong cytoplasmic hybridization between H9 and collagenase mRNA. The results indicate that RP cell collagenase is identical to rabbit fibroblast collagenase, and that the RP cell line provides a useful in vitro reference system for the study of collagenolysis in the rabbit model.
Termite Trail-Following Substance, Isolation and Purification from Reticttlitermes virginicus and Fungus-Infected Wood

The termite trail-following substance was isolated and purified from Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) and wood infected by the fungus Lenzites trabea Pers. ex Fr. The purification procedures that gave the most consistent result with high yields were, in the order of successive steps: extraction in n -pentane, acid and alkaline washing, co-distillation with pure hydrocarbon mixture, column, thin-layer and 2 gas chromatographic steps. Judged by the results of chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, the active principle of the trail-following substance from the termite appeared to be identical to that from the wood infected by L. trabea .
An algorithmic framework for the matching problem in some hypergraphs

The matching problem in bipartite graphs can be solved by an elegant primal-dual algorithm. The purpose of this paper is to introduce concepts which make it possible to generalize this algorithm to some classes of hypergraphs. We illustrate the approach by providing a polynomial primal-dual algorithm for the matching problem in hypergraphs without odd cycles.
A Single Pitx1 Binding Site Is Essential for Activity of the LHβ Promoter in Transgenic Mice

Reproduction depends on regulated expression of the LHbeta gene. Tandem copies of regulatory elements that bind early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) are located in the proximal region of the LHbeta promoter and make essential contributions to its activity as well as mediate responsiveness to GNRH: Located between these tandem elements is a single site capable of binding the homeodomain protein Pitx1. From studies that employ overexpression paradigms performed in heterologous cell lines, it appears that Egr-1, SF-1, and Pitx1 interact cooperatively through a mechanism that does not require the binding of Pitx1 to its site. Since the physiological ramifications of these overexpression studies remain unclear, we reassessed the requirement for a Pitx1 element in the promoter of the LHbeta gene using homologous cell lines and transgenic mice, both of which obviate the need for overexpression of transcription factors. Our analysis indicated a striking requirement for the Pitx1 regulatory element. When assayed by transient transfection using a gonadotrope-derived cell line (LbetaT2), an LHbeta promoter construct harboring a mutant Pitx1 element displayed attenuated transcriptional activity but retained responsiveness to GNRH: In contrast, analysis of wild-type and mutant expression vectors in transgenic mice indicated that LHbeta promoter activity is completely dependent on the presence of a functional Pitx1 binding site. Indeed, the dependence on an intact Pitx1 binding site in transgenic mice is so strict that responsiveness to GnRH is also lost, suggesting that the mutant promoter is inactive. Collectively, our data reinforce the concept that activity of the LHbeta promoter is determined, in part, through highly cooperative interactions between SF-1, Egr-1, and Pitx1. While Egr-1 can be regarded as a key downstream effector of GnRH, and Pitx1 as a critical partner that activates SF-1, our data firmly establish that the Pitx1 element plays a vital role in permitting these functions to occur in vivo.
Statistical Procedures for Bioassays When the Condition of Similarity Does Not Obtain

Well-established statistical procedures are available for the analysis of dilution parallel line or slope ratio assays for which the condition of similarity obtains. Research scientists have long been aware that this condition is commonly violated, in log-dose response assays, for example, divergent rather than parallel lines may be obtained. The deviation cannot always be traced to deficient experimental techniques. In fact, as indications of differences in the response processes of the standard and test preparations, or as indications of impure test preparations, such findings may provide the most important inference from an assay experiment and immediately suggest further investigation into the causes of the differences. Statistical procedures have been developed to describe the phenomena in quantitative terms and, especially, to permit potency comparisons. The procedures may also have merit even in dilution assay situations where the condition of similarity may apparently be violated if appreciable differences between the responses of the standard and test preparations result from poorly matched doses.
The sacred meanings of money

Abstract Contemporary money retains sacred meanings, as suggested in expressions such as ‘the almighty dollar’ and ‘the filthy lucre’. Drawing on ethnographic data, the authors find that the interpretation of money as either sacred or profane depends on its sources and uses and that traversing the boundaries between the sacred and the profane is possible only with attention to proper context and ritual. In order to better understand people's use of money, it is necessary to consider the non-economic sacred functions that money may well have originally served and often continues to serve in modern economies. The thesis that modern money can be sacred and that it is sacralized by certain processes offers insight into some of the more puzzling ways in which people behave toward money.
The Master and Marguerite: Godfrey of Fontaines' praise of The Mirror of Simple Souls*

This article examines the evidence for the intellectual and practical relationship between Marguerite Porete and the secular master of theology Godfrey of Fontaines. It analyses the nature, timing, and importance of Godfrey's response to The Mirror of Simple Souls, and argues that considering the interaction between these two figures has important consequences for our understanding of both of their careers.
Coupled carbon isotopic and sedimentological records from the Permian system of eastern Australia reveal the response of atmospheric carbon dioxide to glacial growth and decay during the late Palaeozoic Ice Age

Abstract Proxy geochemical records from high-latitude, ice-proximal deposits have the potential to provide key insights into past icehouse climates, but such records are rare. The Permian System of eastern Australia contains a rich record of environmental and climatic changes that occurred in areas proximal to glaciation during the acme and waning stages of the late Palaeozoic ice age. Within this succession, a wealth of fine-grained, organic matter-rich facies provides an opportunity to construct a bulk δ13Corg record that records changes in atmospheric CO2 through the Permian. Fluctuations in δ13Corg track changes in climate determined independently on the basis of sedimentological criteria in the same strata. These patterns are also broadly consistent with multiple proxy records derived from palaeoequatorial sites. The results of this geochemical investigation 1) support recent studies using the high-latitude, ice-proximal, sedimentologic and stratigraphic record and palaeoequatorial geochemical proxies that document highly variable climatic conditions within the overall Permian icehouse-to-greenhouse transition, and 2) confirms that the sedimentary record of glaciation from eastern Australia reflects global changes in atmospheric CO2 on several m.y.-order timescales.
LUM filters for smoothing and sharpening

We introduce the LUM filter for both smoothing and sharpening. The LUM filter is a moving window estimator that does the following: it finds the order statistics by sorting the samples in the window, and it compares a lower order statistic, an upper order statistic, and the middle sample. The two order statistics define a range of 'normal' values. If smoothing is desired, the LUM filter outputs the middle sample if it is between the two order statistics; otherwise, it outputs the closest of the two order statistics. If sharpening is desired, the roles are reversed. The LUM sharpener outputs the middle sample if it is outside the two order statistics; otherwise it outputs the closest of the two order statistics. Furthermore, both characteristics can be achieved at the same time. We compare the LUM filter against common alternatives such as linear smoothers and sharpeners, moving medians, and sharpeners such as the CS filter. In summary, we believe the LUM filter is widely applicable and has good performance in a wide range of applications.
RATIONALISM VERSUS INCREMENTALISM IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING

Rationalism in management science tends to mean attempting to determine the benefits and costs of the alternative decisions under consideration, and then picking the one that is best on benefits minus costs. Incrementalism tends to mean determining the decisions that actually get made under various circumstances, and then working with those existing decision rules as the basis for making adjustments to consider special or changing circumstances. Those two approaches can be well illustrated with the problem of attempting to determine what criminal sentences should be legislated to cover given crimes and prior records. The analysis tends to show that a rationalist approach is more effective in achieving societal goals when (1) alternative policies can be meaningfully related to those goals, and (2) existing decisions reflect individual goals which are generally in conflict with societal goals. An incrementalist approach is more effective when either of those criteria is absent, which is so when seeking to arrive at legislatively determined nondiscretionary criminal sentencing.
EMMPRIN Is Secreted by Human Uterine Epithelial Cells in Microvesicles and Stimulates Metalloproteinase Production by Human Uterine Fibroblast Cells

Endometrial remodeling is a physiological process involved in the gynecological disease, endometriosis. Tissue remodeling is directed by uterine fibroblast production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Several MMPs are regulated directly by the protein extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and also by proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)1-α/β. We hypothesized that human uterine epithelial cells (HESs) secrete intact EMMPRIN to stimulate MMPs. Microvesicles from HES cell-conditioned medium (CM) expressed intact EMMPRIN protein. Treatment of HES cells with estradiol or phorbyl 12-myristate-13-acetate increased the release of EMMPRIN-containing microvesicles. The HES CM stimulated MMP-1, -2, and -3 messenger RNA levels in human uterine fibroblasts (HUFs) and EMMPRIN immunodepletion from HES-cell concentrated CM reduced MMP stimulation (P < .05). Treatment of HUF cells with low concentrations of IL-1β/α stimulated MMP production (P < .05). These results indicate that HES cells regulate MMP production by HUF cells by secretion of EMMPRIN, in response to ovarian hormones, proinflammatory cytokines as well as activation of protein kinase C.
Classes, estates, and order in early modern Brittany

Introduction 1. The Breton economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 2. Elements of Breton society 3. Institutional structures of political control - financial and judicial organisation 4. The Estates of Brittany and the Crown, 1532-1626: the Crown and the Pays d'Etats 5. The Estates of Brittany and the Crown, 1626-1675 6. The burden of Breton taxation 7. The problem of order Conclusion Tabular appendices.
Bed‐load transportation and the stable‐channel problem

Recent studies [see 1 of references at end of paper] seem to indicate that there is no definite oasis for selection of a design formula for a non-silting and non-scouring channel. One reason for this lack is the failure or inability, except in the case of the Lacey formula, to include the effect of the size or mechanical composition of the bed-material and the solids load, as well as the magnitude of the load. In connection with certain studies dealing with the Imperial Desilting Works of the All-American Canal, it was necessary to determine the maximum size of material that might be delivered to the desilting works by the Colorado River and also what sizes could be carried in the channels beyond the canal-intake. Various formulas or experience data were considered, but only those judged after careful analysis to be relevant, usable, and most reliable were employed. Since, as will be shown immediately below, these formulas yield a definite particle-size criterion for a stable channel in erodible material, in that they correlate the maximum transportable size and certain hydraulic channel characteristics, they are presented here together with a comparison of the results obtainable with them.
Corticosterone promotes increased heme oxygenase-2 protein and transcript expression in the newborn rat brain.

Abstract Heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) is the predominant heme oxygenase isozyme in neurons in the brain, the enzyme cleaves the heme molecule at the a-meso carbon bridge to form CO, Fe and biliverdin. Recently, in the promotor region of the HO-2 gene a consensus sequence of the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) has been identified. Presently, we have investigated the potential relevance of the GRE to the expression of the isozyme, at the transcript and protein levels, in the 14 day old rat brain, by examining the effect of postparturition corticosterone treatment (4 days, starting 24–36 h after birth) on the developmental pattern of HO-2 expression. Northern blot analysis showed that HO-2 transcripts (∼ 1.3 and ∼ 1.9 kb) in brain increase with age. In many brain nuclei, HO-2 protein, as visualized by immunohistochemistry, was detected at low levels in neurons in the 14 day old rat brain. Postparturition exposure to corticosterone resulted in a marked enhancement of HO-2 immunoreactivity in several neuronal populations, including, among others, the cerebellum, the hippocampal formation, and the oculomotor and red nuclei. The response to elevated levels of corticosterone was particularly striking in the Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. This was linked to an increase in gene transcription, as indicated by in situ hybridization analysis, which revealed an increase in the signal for HO-2 transcripts in these regions. Elevated levels of heme oxygenase activity and HO-2 protein were consistent with an increase in catalytically active protein expression. These data point to the intimate involvement of the adrenal steroids in developmentally-linked HO-2 expression in the neurons involved in motor function and cognition, and hence, identify a potentially important aspect of the adrenal steroids' effect on brain growth and differentiation.
Fault detection and identification in dynamic systems with noisy data and parameter/modeling uncertainties

Abstract A probabilistic approach is presented which can be used for the estimation of system parameters and unmonitored state variables towards model-based fault diagnosis in dynamic systems. The method can be used with any type of input–output model and can accommodate noisy data and/or parameter/modeling uncertainties. The methodology is based on Markovian representation of system dynamics in discretized state space. The example system used for the illustration of the methodology focuses on the intake, fueling, combustion and exhaust components of internal combustion engines. The results show that the methodology is capable of estimating the system parameters and tracking the unmonitored dynamic variables within user-specified magnitude intervals (which may reflect noise in the monitored data, random changes in the parameters or modeling uncertainties in general) within data collection time and hence has potential for on-line implementation.
Osteoporosis Health Beliefs and Self-Care Behaviors: An Exploratory Investigation

ABSTRACT Objectives (1) To determine whether women could be segmented into meaningful subgroups with similar profiles of osteoporosis health beliefs; (2) to explore associations among osteoporosis belief profiles and calcium/vitamin D and soy supplement use. The associations between group membership and three other self-care behaviors (cigarette smoking, weight-bearing exercise, and limiting alcohol intake) that may influence bone health also were explored. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Minnesota. Participants 990 community-dwelling women aged 45 and older living in Minnesota. Interventions Mailed survey. Main Outcome Measures Measures of osteoporosis health beliefs and proportions of respondents using calcium/vitamin D supplements, soy-containing products, smoking cigarettes, exercising fewer than three times weekly, and drinking alcohol more than three times weekly. Results Cluster analysis revealed three distinct subgroups of respondents. Members of the first believed they were susceptible to osteoporosis and perceived many benefits and few barriers to using calcium or soy supplements. Women comprising the second group believed they were susceptible to osteoporosis and that its consequences were serious, but also perceived significant barriers and few benefits associated with calcium or soy supplements. Members of the third group perceived a lack of susceptibility to osteoporosis, strong general health beliefs, and had few opinions regarding calcium or soy supplement use. Members of group 1 were most likely to use calcium/vitamin D supplements. Women comprising groups 1 and 3 were more likely than those in group 2 to use soy supplements. Conclusion Women can be segmented into groups based upon osteoporosis belief profiles. These profiles are associated significantly with calcium and soy supplement use, as well as other self-care behaviors that may have an effect on bone health. Pharmacists could use this information to tailor interventions in this population.
Heat and Momentum Transfer Analogies for the Transitional and Turbulent Flow of a Non- Newtonian Power-Law Fluid in a Heated Pipe

A model is proposed for the transfer of heat to non-Newtonian power-law fluids flowing in heated horizontal pipes. Comparisons with the existing models, based on the absolute-percent-arithmetic-average-deviation and the percent-standard-deviation, show that under the transitional and turbulent flow regimes the proposed correlation fits the experimental data more accurately over a wide range of flow behavior index and there are no restrictions for its use when applied to pseudoplastic fluids.
Searching for a Frame: News Media Tell the Story of Technological Progress, Risk, and Regulation

How are the news media framing nanoscale science and technology? Primary concerns in the literature have been how news media weigh risks and benefits and how they classify nano with respect to news...
Screening for potential hemolytic responses to environmental agents using a bioactivation system: Evaluation of six pesticides

Abstract Six pesticides were examined for oxidan stressor effects on Dorset sheep erythrocytes, an animal model with low glucose‐6‐ phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) activity. The pesticides tested were aldicarb, carbaryl, dluron, glyphosate, malathion and metolachlor. A liver microsomal enzyme system was used to generate metabolites of the parent compounds. The blood parameters examined for oxidant stressor effects were reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation. Acetylchol inesterase (ACHE) activity was measured after aldlcarb, carbaryl and metolachlor exposure. The results indicated that the parent compounds of all the pesticides and the metabolites of all pesticides except diuron were not oxldant stressor agents towards G‐6‐PD deficient erythrocytes, in vitro. Metabolites of dluron caused statistically significant increases In MEtHb levels of G‐6‐PD deficient erythrocytes. Significant reduction in erythrocyte ACHE levels were noted for metabolized and non‐metabolized aldicarb,...
Chronobiological considerations in shiftworker sleep and performance and shiftwork scheduling

The time shifts imposed on workers by shiftwork schedules affect both worker sleep and performance. Associated disruptions of circadian rhythms can result in performance decrements during night (third) shift hours. These decrements can be worsened by the effects of sleep deprivation secondary to the biological rhythm disruption experienced by night workers. Chronobiological considerations should be included in shift scheduling to minimize the potentially detrimental effects of shiftwork on sleep and performance.
Electronic structure of molybdenum-oxide films and associated charge injection mechanisms in organic devices

We report on the electronic structure of freshly evaporated and air-exposed Molybdenum tri-oxide (MoO3) and the energy-level alignment between this compound and a hole-transport material [e.g., N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis (1-naphthyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (α-NPD)]. Ultraviolet and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy show that freshly evaporated MoO3 exhibits deep-lying electronic states with an electron affinity (EA) of 6.7 eV and ionization energy (IE) of 9.7 eV. Air exposure reduces EA and IE by ∼1 eV, to 5.5 and 8.6 eV, respectively, but does not affect the hole-injection efficiency, which is confirmed by device studies. Thus, MoO3 can be applied in low-vacuum environment, which is particularly important for low-cost manufacturing processes. Our findings of the energy-level alignment between MoO3 and α-NPD also leads to a revised interpretation of the charge-injection mechanism, whereby the hole-injection corresponds to an electron extraction from the organic highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level via the MoO3 conduction band.
The Decision to Receive Influenza Vaccination Among Nurses in North and South Dakota

Objectives: We examined the relationships between factors (intention, habit, facilitating conditions, and social, cognitive, and affective factors) and nurses' decisions about influenza vaccinations to understand why some get vaccinated while others do not. Design and Sample: In a descriptive correlational design, the Triandis model of interpersonal behavior was used to examine the decision of nurses to receive influenza vaccinations. Participants were a random sample (N=193) of registered nurses in North and South Dakota drawn from the respective state nursing licensing board lists. Measures: Instrument construction and mail survey procedures followed Dillman's tailored design method. Results: The response rate exceeded 80%. The findings revealed significant, positive correlations among all model variables. Item analysis showed that false beliefs about influenza disease and vaccinations were prevalent and that there was a wide variation in employer support for nurses getting vaccinated. Conclusions: Educational and social marketing strategies may improve nurse's knowledge about influenza disease and vaccine and increase vaccine uptake. Employers should be encouraged to promote and improve influenza vaccine accessibility in the workplace. Additional study is needed to understand how best to strengthen the influence of intention and habit on the decision of nurses to receive influenza vaccinations.
Activity-dependent regulation of dendritic spine density on cortical pyramidal neurons in organotypic slice cultures

In order to examine the effects of activity on spine production and/or maintenance in the cerebral cortex, we have compared the number of dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons in slices of P0 mouse somatosensory cortex maintained in organotypic slice cultures under conditions that altered basal levels of spontaneous electrical activity. Cultures chronically exposed to 100 microM picrotoxin (PTX) for 14 days exhibited significantly elevated levels of electrical activity when compared to neurons in control cultures. Pyramidal neurons raised in the presence of PTX showed significantly higher densities of dendritic spines on primary apical, secondary apical, and secondary basal dendrites when compared to control cultures. The PTX-induced increase in spine density was dose dependent and appeared to saturate at 100 microM. Cultures exhibiting little or no spontaneous activity, as a result of growth in a combination of PTX and tetrodotoxin (TTX), showed significantly fewer dendritic spines compared to cultures maintained in PTX alone. These results demonstrate that the density of spines on layers V and VI pyramidal neurons can be modulated by growth conditions that alter the levels of spontaneous electrical activity.
Fast image registration with non-stationary Gauss-Markov random field templates

Non-stationary Gauss-Markov random fields are required in modeling images with complex patterns. In this paper, we propose a framework for registering images to a non-stationary Gauss-Markov random field template in an M×M lattice, with a complexity of order M2 logM, considering only global translations. We simplify the likelihood computation by expressing it as a scalar product and we estimate the maximal likelihood translation using 2-D FFTs. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by applying it to image registration in a wavelet-domain template learning application. Results reveal that significant complexity reduction is achieved in image registration compared to straightforward registration in the wavelet domain.
Air Permeability and Linting of Woven, Nonwoven, and Coated Fabrics for Cleanroom Garments

Linting and air permeability properties of commercially available fabrics used in protective cleanroom garments were studied to determine fabric performance. Fabrics tested varied widely as to air permeability, with coated membrane con structions and two types of nonwovens having the lowest air permeability values and allowing less air passage than wovens and other nonwoven fabrics. Results from linting tests indicated that coated membrane fabrics produced the least lint and nonwovens produced the most. Woven fabrics fell in the mid-range of lint produced. Of the three construction types, coated fabrics were found to be the least linting and the most effective in inhibiting air passage. Cleanroom garment manufacturers should explore the use of other coated constructions as fabrics for protective clothing in cleanrooms. These coated constructions are examples of the latest in fabric coating technology and are similar to the coated membrane fabrics analyzed in this study with respect to limited air passage and low linting properties.
Effect of Hypophysectomy on the Fatty Acids and Lipid Classes of Rat Testes

The effect of hypophysectomy on fatty acids and lipid classes of the testicular lipids of adult male rats 21 days after the operation is reported. Hypophysectomy resulted in an 80% loss in total weight, a 65% decrease in lipids of the testes and changes in the amount and percentage composition of fatty acids and lipid classes. The amounts of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (C), cardiolipin (DPG), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), sulfatide (SU), glycosyl glycerides and sphingomyelin (SP) decreaseddecreased following the operation; the amount, well as the percentage, of cholesteryl ester (CE), glyceryl ether diester (GEDE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) increased. The most significant changes in fatty acid composition occurred CE and GEDE, characterized by a marked increase in the percentage of 22:5 and decreases palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids in The results indicate that the hypophyseal hormones play an important role in the metabolism of the tes...
A critical role of autophagy in plant resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens

Autophagy is a pathway for degradation of cytoplasmic components. In plants, autophagy plays an important role in nutrient recycling during nitrogen or carbon starvation, and in responses to abiotic stress. Autophagy also regulates age- and immunity-related programmed cell death, which is important in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens. Here we show that autophagy plays a critical role in plant resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. ATG18a, a critical autophagy protein in Arabidopsis, interacts with WRKY33, a transcription factor that is required for resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Expression of autophagy genes and formation of autophagosomes are induced in Arabidopsis by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Induction of ATG18a and autophagy by B. cinerea was compromised in the wrky33 mutant, which is highly susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens. Arabidopsis mutants defective in autophagy exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens B. cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola based on increased pathogen growth in the mutants. The hypersusceptibility of the autophagy mutants was associated with reduced expression of the jasmonate-regulated PFD1.2 gene, accelerated development of senescence-like chlorotic symptoms, and increased protein degradation in infected plant tissues. These results strongly suggest that autophagy cooperates with jasmonate- and WRKY33-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of plant defense responses to necrotrophic pathogens.
Diploid males and their triploid offspring in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus

Although the hymenopteran sex-determining mechanism generally results in haploid males and diploid females, diploid males can be produced via homozygosity at the sex-determining locus. Diploid males have low fitness because they are effectively sterile or produce presumably sterile triploid offspring. Previously, triploid females were observed in three species of North American Polistes paper wasps, and this was interpreted as indirect evidence of diploid males. Here we report what is, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence: four of five early male-producing Polistes dominulus nests from three populations contained diploid males. Because haploid males were also found, however, the adaptive value of early males cannot be ignored. Using genetic and morphological data from triploid females, we also present evidence that both diploid males and triploid females remain undetected throughout the colony cycle. Consequently, diploid male production may result in a delayed fitness cost for two generations. This phenomenon is particularly relevant for introduced populations with few alleles at the sex-determining locus, but cannot be ignored in native populations without supporting genetic data. Future research using paper wasp populations to test theories of social evolution should explicitly consider the potential impacts of diploid males.
Measurements of spatial coherence, beamforming gain and diversity gain for underwater acoustic communications

In this paper, we report the measurements of the signal vertical coherence, beamforming array gain and diversity gain as a function of the number of receivers used (or the array aperture) and the receiver separation using data collected during the ASCOT01 experiment off the coast of Massachusetts.
A simple analytical solution to the three-compartment pharmacokinetic model suitable for computer-controlled infusion pumps

The disposition of many drugs following an intravenous bolus injection can be described by a biexponential or triexponential equation. Computer-controlled infusion pumps have been developed which dose intravenous drugs based on models of drug disposition. These pumps can maintain steady plasma drug concentrations and facilitate controlled increases and decreases in drug concentration, enhancing titration of intravenous drugs. Several investigators have proposed analytical solutions to the biexponential and triexponential disposition functions for use in computer-controlled infusion pumps. Because of the complexity of these analytical solutions, other investigators have used numerical techniques to approximate the analytical solution. The authors have derived an extremely simple analytical solution to polyexponential disposition functions. This solution simplifies both the prediction of the plasma drug concentration by a computer-controlled infusion pump and the stepwise calculation of the infusion rate required to maintain constant plasma drug concentrations. >
SATELLITE FORMATION FLYING USING AN INNOVATIVE AUTONOMOUS CONTROL SYSTEM (AUTOCON) ENVIRONMENT

This paper describes the formation of a partnership between two competing technologies with very different approaches to the problem of enhanced formation flying (EFF) on the New Millennium Program (NMP) Earth Orbiter (EO)-l mission. This includes a brief description of the two approaches that were independently proposed by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/Stanford University and JPL teams. The actual mission combines these two approaches within a single autonomous control architecture called AutoCon™. The software is designed so that a control mode switch can be set by the ground flight operations team to invoke either EFF algorithm. The advantage of this approach is that both EFF technologies can be incorporated onboard EO-1 within the AutoCon™ framework. In addition, the details of each proposed algorithm need not be divulged provided that the algorithms conform to the specifications of AutoCon™. Forming a partnership between two competing technologies represents a significant programmatic challenge. This paper discusses the programmatic issues and several of the technologies that have been developed to perform the EFF mission. In the process, several recommendations are provided that should streamline similar partnerships on future NMP missions.
The Use of Franchising by U.S.‐Based Retailers

The question of whether to franchise or to own has received much research interest in recent years. Two popular approaches used to explain the proportion of franchising (PF) in the franchisor's system are resource-scarcity and agency theories. This study combines both theories to explain the proportion of franchised outlets in the U.S. retailing sector between 1990 and 1997. The findings show mixed results with regard to both previous studies and hypothesized relationships. The study shows that the proportion of franchising used by retailers is positively related to size (number of outlets) and geographical scope, and negatively related to the rate of growth and the level of investment. Age and royalty rates are not found to be significant to the proportion of franchising.
Fatty acid–mediated effects on the glutathione redox cycle in cultured endothelial cells

Endothelial barrier dysfunction after exposure to fatty acids may be mediated by disturbances in antioxidant protection. To evaluate this hypothesis, components of the glutathione redox cycle such as total, reduced, and oxidized glutathione and glutathione reductase and peroxidase were measured in cultured porcine endothelial cells exposed to 90 mumol/L of stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1 omega-9), linoleic acid (18:2 omega-6), linolenic acid (18:3 omega-3), and/or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). Treatment with fatty acids caused an initial decrease in glutathione concentrations, which was followed by an increase at later time points. The most marked changes in glutathione redox cycle components were induced by 18:2. BSO increased susceptibility of fatty acid-mediated injury to endothelial monolayers. The results indicate a fundamental role of the glutathione redox cycle in protection against fatty acid-mediated injury to the vascular endothelium.
Multiple-Choice Random Network for Server Load Balancing

In many networking applications such as file sharing, structured peer-to-peer networks are increasingly used in dynamic situations with fluctuating load, which require proper load balancing. The relationship between the network structure and its load-balancing properties has not been fully understood. In this paper, we focus on the Plaxton-type networks, which are broad enough to include Pastry, Tapestry, and hypercube. We first use hypercube as an example and demonstrate that replicating files at nodes in decreasing order of the length of the common prefix with the original server leads to perfectly balanced load, and does so fast and efficiently. Moreover, this replication strategy coincides with a simple on-demand replication/caching strategy based on the observed load. One of our main contributions is to show that such desirable properties also exist for a large class of random networks, which are less restrictive and more practical than the hypercube. More importantly, we have discovered a multiple-choice random network, which drastically reduces the statistical fluctuation of the load: The maximum load over all replication servers is at most three times the average load for systems of practical sizes. The main insight is that this algorithm is related to a variant of the multiple-choice balls-in-bins problem.