cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenolysis of Benzyl Esters with Palladiumon-Carbon Catalysts

Further studies to demonstrate the possibility of substrate and stereospecific sites on palladized charcoal hydrogenation catalysts have been made. The rates of hydrogenation of the benzyl esters of (+), (−), (±), and meso -tartaric acids, (±) malic acid, d -, l -, and dl -aspartic acids were measured. The rates were observed to be identical for the benzyl esters of the tartaric acids and the malic acid, indicating the possibility that these five substrates can utilize the same catalytic sites for debenzylation. A hydroxy group and the two carbobenzyloxy groups are postulated as being involved in the catalyst–substrate complex. The dibenzyl aspartates when compared to one another undergo debenzylation at the same rates. The rate of hydrogenolysis of dibenzyl succinate was found to be significantly different when compared to the rates of these other substances. Dibenzyl succinate, being devoid of a hydroxy group or an amino group, would not be expected to utilize the same sites as the dibenzyl esters of tartaric, malic, and aspartic acids.
Energetic ions in dipolarization events

We investigate ion acceleration in dipolarization events in the magnetotail, using the electromagnetic fields of an MHD simulation of magnetotail reconnection and flow bursts as basis for test particle tracing. The simulation results are compared with “Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms" (THEMIS) observations. We provide quantitative answers to the relative importance of source regions and source energies. Flux decreases at proton energies up to 10-20 keV are found to be due to sources of lobe or plasma sheet boundary layer particles that enter the near tail via reconnection. Flux increases result from both thermal and suprathermal ion sources. Comparable numbers of accelerated protons enter the acceleration region via cross-tail drift from the dawn flanks of the near-tail plasma sheet and via reconnection of field lines extending into the more distant tail. We also demonstrate the presence of earthward plasma flow and accelerated suprathermal ions ahead of a dipolarization front. The flow acceleration stems from a net Lorentz force, resulting from reduced pressure gradients within a pressure pile-up region ahead of the front. Suprathermal precursor ions result from, typically multiple, reflections at the front. Low-energy ions also become accelerated due to inertial drift in the direction of the small precursor electric field.
Anatomical basis for congenital deformities of the lower extremities. Part I. The hip and thigh.

The congenital etiology of many malformations of the lower extremities is undisputed. This study uses cryomicrotomy of the knees and legs of midterm fetuses to establish the best anatomical representations of lower extremity parts, as they are developing, in a partially microscopic form. Adequate treatment plans of congenital defects require a knowledge of the normal status of development, and this investigation provides these data in a unique way. A comprehensive review of current therapeutic philosophies is related to morphology, which is discussed in light of the various congenital abnormalities of the knee and leg.
SUPPRESSION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE IN AMORPHOUS RICH KEROGEN --A MAJOR UNRECOGNIZED PROBLEM

Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) is regarded as one of the most, if not the most, powerful tools available to petroleum organic geochemistry. Yet major recognized and unrecognized problems exist concerning use of the technique. One such unrecognized problem is a major suppression of Ro by significant concentrations of exinite macerals (Type I and Type II kerogen) in association with vitrinite macerals.
A Noisy-Channel Approach to Question Answering

We introduce a probabilistic noisy-channel model for question answering and we show how it can be exploited in the context of an end-to-end QA system. Our noisy-channel system outperforms a state-of-the-art rule-based QA system that uses similar resources. We also show that the model we propose is flexible enough to accommodate within one mathematical framework many QA-specific resources and techniques, which range from the exploitation of WordNet, structured, and semi-structured databases to reasoning, and paraphrasing.
ABCs of ABGs: A Guide to Interpreting Acid-Base Disorders

PurposeThis objective of this article is to provide a useful resource on the assessment of arterial blood gasses (ABGs) for clinical pharmacists, pharmacy residents, and students.SummaryAcid-base p...
High time resolution by use of the 26Al chronometer in the multistage formation of a CAI

The Allende calcium-rich inclusion (CAI) 5241 has been found to contain distinct initial ^(26)Al/^(27)Al in the three consecutive igneous zones that have been identified by extensive petrogenetic studies to have formed in three distinct crystallization events. The zones in order of sequence of formation from the petrologic observations are: (1) spinel-free islands (SFI) included in (2) a pyroxene–spinel-rich core (SRC) which in turn is included in (3) a melilite mantle (MM). The initial (^(26)Al/^(27)Al) values of these zones are respectively (4.6–5.0)×10^(−5), 4.3×10^(−5), and 3.3×10^(−5). It is argued that these distinct (^(26)Al/^(27)Al)0 values are not the result of metamorphism but reflect the relative times of formation by crystallization from melts. Relative to the canonical value of (^(26)Al/^(27)Al)0=5×10^(−5), we find the following chronology: t_(SFI)≈0, t_(SRC)≈10^5 yr and t_(MM)≈4×10^5 yr. The three-layer CAI is inferred to have sampled a reservoir with an initial uniform ^(26)Al/^(27)Al ratio that decreased in value due to radioactive decay. From these observations we conclude that we have resolved time differences of a few hundred thousand years at the very early stages of formation of the solar system. The SFI, SRC, and MM zones reflect sequential addition of molten CAI material which crystallized rapidly without seriously metamorphosing the previously formed material. These additions took place over a time of about 400 000 years. We believe that these sequential events are not compatible with condensation in a hot region of the solar nebula. It is proposed that a scenario involving stages of protoplanetary accretion and of melt generation in protoplanetary sites heated by ^(26)Al might provide a possible source for CAIs and chondrules.
Resolvin E1 analog RX-10045 0.1% reduces corneal stromal haze in rabbits when applied topically after PRK.

Purpose To perform a masked study to determine whether resolvin E1 (RvE1), a lipid-derived immunomodulator, could regulate the development of corneal haze and opacity-related myofibroblasts after opacity-generating high correction photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in rabbits. Methods Three groups of eight rabbits each were included in the study. Nine diopter (D) PRK for myopia was performed in each test cornea, and the eyes were treated with 30 µl of topical solution every 4 h (six times a day) for 5 days starting immediately after PRK. Group 1 was treated with 0.1% RX-10045, a prodrug of an RvE1 analog; group 2 was treated with 0.01% RX-10045; and group 3 was treated with vehicle control solution. At 1 month after PRK, haze was graded at the slit-lamp by a masked observer. Immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) was performed on the central cornea of each test eye to determine the anterior stromal myofibroblast density. Results Corneal opacity was significantly lower in the 0.1% RX-10045 group, but not the 0.01% RX-10045 group, compared to the vehicle control group (p=0.029), at 1 month after -9.0D PRK. At 1 month after -9.0D PRK, SMA+ myofibroblast densities in the anterior stroma were not statistically significantly different among the three groups, although a trend toward lower myofibroblast generation was noted in the 0.1% RX-10045 group. Conclusions Topical 0.1% RX-10045, a prodrug of an RvE1 analog, reduces corneal opacity after haze-generating PRK in rabbits. Further studies are needed to determine the precise points at which RvE1 decreases corneal opacity after injury.
Ionising radiation in the workplace

Low risk but not no risk Information on radiation risk for cancer has come from several sources,1 in particular the Japanese atomic bomb survivors that comprise the Life Span Study cohort.2 It remains a controversial question whether there is a risk at low doses and low dose rates; although some have suggested the existence of thresholds below which there is no excess radiation risk or even beneficial (hormetic) effects of radiation exposure,3 this evidence has been disputed.4 The International Commission on Radiological Protection5 assumes, for regulatory purposes, that cancer risks can be linearly extrapolated from high radiation doses and high dose rates to low radiation doses and low dose rates by applying a dose and dose rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) of 2. However, the use of DDREF is controversial, and there is some evidence to suggest that excess cancer risks per unit dose do not fall in the lowest ranges of dose rate.6 In a linked article,7 the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS) suggests significant risks associated with low dose rate occupational exposure to radiation in a combined cohort of 308 297 radiation workers from France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This important study extends the follow-up of parts of a previous pooled analysis of nuclear …
Broad Bandwidth or High Fidelity? Evidence from the Structure of Genetic and Environmental Effects on the Facets of the Five Factor Model

The Five Factor Model of personality is well-established at the phenotypic level, but much less is known about the coherence of the genetic and environmental influences within each personality domain. Univariate behavioral genetic analyses have consistently found the influence of additive genes and nonshared environment on multiple personality facets, but the extent to which genetic and environmental influences on specific facets reflect more general influences on higher order factors is less clear. We applied a multivariate quantitative-genetic approach to scores on the CPI-Big Five facets for 490 monozygotic and 317 dizygotic twins who took part in the National Merit Twin Study. Our results revealed a complex genetic structure for facets composing all five factors, with both domain-general and facet-specific genetic and environmental influences. For three of the Big Five domains, models that required common genetic and environmental influences on each facet to occur by way of effects on a higher order trait did not fit as well as models allowing for common genetic and environmental effects to act directly on the facets. These results add to the growing body of literature indicating that important variation in personality occurs at the facet level which may be overshadowed by aggregating to the trait level. Research at the facet level, rather than the factor level, is likely to have pragmatic advantages in future research on the genetics of personality.
Rationale for Identification and Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria

Anaerobic bacteria are involved in a wide variety of human infections. In recent years there have been major refinements in technical materials used for transporting specimens, growing and identifying anaerobic bacteria and performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Because of the major importance of anaerobic bacteria and their changing susceptibility patterns, it has become increasingly important to identify these organisms and, in certain situations, to determine susceptibilities. The commercial availability of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized systems for identification has been helpful. However, the recent development of rapid identification systems based on tests for preformed enzymes has been a major advance. Finally, the commercial availability of broth microdilution susceptibility systems makes routine testing feasible. Guidelines for using these procedures are presented.
Emergency Department Management of Pediatric Asthma at a University Teaching Hospital

Background:Asthma is a major health problem and the most frequent cause of chronic illness and emergency department (ED) visits in children. Limited data examining the ED management of pediatric asthma within university teaching hospitals across the US exist.Objective:To compare the ED management of children (aged 1–17 y) with asthma at a university teaching hospital using National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) guidelines.Methods:All cases of pediatric asthma that presented to the University ot California, San Francisco, Medical Center ED between October 1, 2003, and October 31, 2004, were included. Patients who required hospital admission were excluded. Data pertaining to patient demographics, primary diagnosis, pharmacologic management, diagnostic tests performed, and follow-up plans were abstracted and compared with NAEPP guidelines issued in 1997 and updated topics released in 2002.Results:A total of 141 cases were Identified. Mean patient age was 5.8 years. Most (61.7%) patients wer...
Bradykinin B2 Receptor Modulates Renal Prostaglandin E2 and Nitric Oxide

Bradykinin and lys-bradykinin generated intrarenally appear to be important renal paracrine hormones. However, the renal effects of endogenously generated bradykinin are still not clearly defined. In this study, we measured acute changes in renal excretory and hemodynamic functions and renal cortical interstitial fluid levels of bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, and cGMP in response to an acute intrarenal arterial infusion of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (icatibant), cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) given individually or combined in uninephrectomized, conscious dogs (n=10) in low sodium balance. Icatibant caused a significant decrease in urine flow, urinary sodium excretion, and renal plasma flow rate (each P<.001). Glomerular filtration rate did not change during icatibant administration. Icatibant produced an unexpected large increase in renal interstitial fluid bradykinin (P<.0001) while decreasing renal interstitial fluid prostaglandin E2 and cGMP (each P<.001). Both indomethacin and L-NMMA when given individually caused significant antidiuresis and antinatriuresis and decreased renal blood flow (each P<.001). Glomerular filtration rate decreased during L-NMMA administration (P<.001) and did not change during indomethacin administration. Combined administration of icatibant and indomethacin or L-NMMA caused significant decreases in renal excretory and hemodynamic functions, which were not different from changes observed with icatibant alone. The failure of icatibant to change renal function after inhibition of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase activity suggests that the effects of kinin B2 receptor are mediated by intrarenal prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide generation. The increase in renal interstitial fluid bradykinin during icatibant requires further study of possible alterations in kinin synthesis, degradation, or clearance as a result of B2 receptor blockade.
Reconciling conflict: The role of accounting in the American Indian Trust Fund debacle

In 1887, the United States Congress broke American Indian Tribal lands into allotments which it held and controlled “on behalf” of individual American Indians in trust funds. The following century has been marked by allegations of fraud, mismanagement and accounting failures prompting repeated calls for reform, none very successful. As a result, neither the federal government nor trust holders themselves are sure whether the account balances are $7 or $100 billion currently. In 1994, Congress passed yet another attempt to reconcile the American Indian Trusts. This time, legislation spelled out the responsibility of the Secretary of the Interior (the department in charge of the trust accounts) to provide a complete “historical” accounting including accurate reports of balances, and to ensure that future payments of principal and interest were accurate and timely. More than 10 years later, the Interior reported its progress in a 24-page brochure that defended the Interior’s narrowed definition of “historical” and its decision to limit its reconciliation to accounts that were open on 1994 or later. In the brochure, the Interior argued that its limited definition of historical and any other shortcoming in the Interior’s efforts were acceptable given the cost of a more complete accounting. Finally, the brochure argued that the Interior Department had fulfilled its role as trustee and, as such, is the good guy in the conflict over these accounts. It is the Interior’s American Indian Trust holders who are unreasonable troublemakers. In this paper, we examine the Interior’s brochure and locate it within the larger conflicted relations between American Indians and the federal government. We are interested in the Interior’s narrow vision of historical accounting, and the role this narrowness might play in deepening or resolving centuries long conflicts. We argue that the brochure provides an example of how parties in dispute over economic resources may attempt to frame or control the accounting process itself as a way to control those conflicts and limit the possible meanings that could be accorded to accountability within a particular set of relations. This episode illustrates how the ability to frame accounting definitions, formulations, and boundaries becomes a powerful means of controlling the final allocation of both dollars and political privilege. We conclude by accentuating the limitations of accounting in restoring a sense of justice and “balance” to relationships that embody uneven access to power and long-standing conflicts over economic claims.
Dune Vegetation and Insect Communities Vary with Barrier Beach Geomorphic Setting on Sapelo Island, United States

Mallinger, R., 2014. Dune vegetation and insect communities vary with barrier beach geomorphic setting on Sapelo Island, USA. Journal of Coastal Research, 30(6), 1210–1217. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal geomorphic processes, including shore disturbance events, shape coastal landforms and sand dune ecosystems. The magnitude and frequency of shore disturbance can affect dune vegetation diversity, community composition, and succession. Furthermore, these processes might impact higher trophic levels, such as insects, either directly or indirectly through changes in dune vegetation. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in vegetation and insect communities along sand dunes varying in geomorphic setting and exposure to shore disturbance. Vegetation and insects were sampled along Nannygoat Beach, Sapelo Island, Georgia, United States, in areas historically documented to differ in erosion rates and in exposure to storm surges and overwash. Dune height and beach berm width were measured to describe geomorphic setting. The north end of Nannygoat Beach had taller sand dunes and a shorter beach berm width, indicating less overwash but greater rates of erosion compared to the south end. Plant diversity was significantly greater on the north end of Nannygoat, while insect richness was significantly greater on the south end of Nannygoat beach. Both plant and insect community composition were significantly different between the north and south ends of the beach. Furthermore, the plant community composition was significantly related to the abiotic variables, while the insect community composition was significantly related to the plant community. These results suggest that vegetation communities of barrier islands are strongly influenced by geomorphic processes, while insect communities are, in turn, shaped by the vegetation communities.
Methylphenidate abuse in Texas, 1998-2004

Methylphenidate is a stimulant used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and is subject to abuse. This study describes the patterns of methylphenidate abuse and drug identification (ID) calls received by several poison control centers in Texas. Cases were calls involving methylphenidate received by Texas poison control centers during 1998–2004. Drug ID and drug abuse calls were assessed by call year and geographic location. Drug abuse calls were then compared to all other human exposure (nonabuse) calls with respect to various factors. Of 6798 calls received involving methylphenidate, 35% were drug IDs and 56% human exposures. Of the human exposures, 9% involved abuse. The number of drug ID calls and drug abuse calls received per year both declined during the first part of 7-yr period but then increased. Male patients accounted for approximately 60% of both drug abuse and nonabuse calls. Adolescent patients comprised 55% of drug abuse calls and children less than 13 yr ...
Stimulation of fecal bacteria in ambient waters by experimental inputs of organic and inorganic phosphorus

Fecal microbial pollution of recreational and shellfishing waters is a major human health and economic issue. Microbial pollution sourced from stormwater runoff is especially widespread, and strongly associated with urbanization. However, non-point source nutrient pollution is also problematic, and may come from sources different from fecal-derived pollution (i.e. fertilization of farm fields, lawns and gardens, and ornamental urban areas). Fecal bacteria require nutrients; thus the impact of such nutrient loading on survival and abundance of fecal coliform bacteria in ambient waters was experimentally investigated in a constructed wetland in coastal North Carolina, USA. A series of nutrient-addition bioassays testing impacts of inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus demonstrated that additions of neither organic nor inorganic nitrogen stimulated fecal coliform bacteria. However, phosphorus additions provided significant stimulation of fecal coliform growth at times; on other occasions such additions did not. Dilution bioassays combined with nutrient additions were subsequently devised to assess potential impacts of microzooplankton grazing on the target fecal bacteria populations. Results demonstrated grazing to be a significant bacterial reduction factor in 63% of tests, potentially obscuring nutrient effects. Thus, combining dilution experiments with nutrient addition bioassays yielded simultaneous information on microzooplankton grazing rates on fecal bacteria, fecal bacterial growth rates, and nutrient limitation. Overall, when tested against a non-amended control, additions of either organic or inorganic phosphorus significantly stimulated fecal coliform bacterial growth on 50% of occasions tested, with organic phosphorus generally providing greater stimulation. The finding of significant phosphorus stimulation of fecal bacteria indicates that extraneous nutrient loading can, at times, augment the impacts of fecal microbial pollution of shellfishing and human contact waters.
Mood fluctuations, projection bias, and volatility of equity prices

This paper focuses on the potential e2ects of small $uctuations in investors’ subjective preferences (speci5cally, their discount factors and attitudes towards risk) on the volatility of equity prices. We brie$y summarize some of the arguments and evidence regarding the $uctuations in subjective preferences. Our analysis indicates that such $uctuations may have signi5cant implications for understanding the volatility of the prices of 5nancial assets. We derive a closed-form expression for equilibrium equity prices, and use this expression to map the $uctuations in investors’ subjective preferences to the $uctuations in equity prices. Our analysis suggests that small $uctuations in the discount factor have potentially large e2ects on the latter. For example, if the standard deviation of the $uctuations in the discount factor is of the order of 1=10th of one percent, then this by itself can induce a 3– 4% standard deviation in the $uctuations in equity prices. The $uctuations in the attitude towards risk have a smaller, but nevertheless non-negligible e2ect. We present the intuition underlying our conclusions. c � 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: an emerging treatment for diabetic macular edema.

Editor’s comment: From time to time, treatments for diabetes and its complications are promulgated, which seem to have sufficient nonrandomized clinical data to support their consideration for use in our patients. Rather than wait for randomized clinical trials to be published (and in some cases, this is unlikely to occur), descriptions of these treatments, their effectiveness, and their side effects will be published in Diabetes Care as a Commentary. In many situations, these therapeutic approaches would only be considered after more conventional therapy has been ineffective. Intraocular injections of glucocorticoids for macular edema fit these criteria. Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of visual impairment in the U.S. (1–3). Diabetic macular edema is a manifestation of diabetic retinopathy that produces loss of central vision and is commonly diagnosed by ophthalmologists. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy estimated that after 15 years of known diabetes, the prevalence of diabetic macular edema is ∼20% in patients with type 1 diabetes, 25% in patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking insulin, and 14% in patients with type 2 diabetes who do not take insulin (1). Diabetic macular edema, because of the frequency with which it is seen, is a condition that has considerable public health importance. Currently, the only demonstrated means to reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic macular edema are intensive glycemic control, as demonstrated by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) (4) and the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (5), and laser photocoagulation, as demonstrated by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) (6). In the DCCT, intensive glucose control reduced the risk of onset of diabetic macular edema by 23% compared with conventional treatment. Long-term follow-up of patients in the DCCT show a sustained effect of intensive glucose control, with a 58% …
Otolaryngologic critical care.

Intensivists collaborate with otolaryngologists to care for critically ill patients in several ways. Patients undergoing otolaryngologic surgical procedures may require postoperative monitoring. Perioperative morbidity may require admission to the intensive care unit. Conditions necessitating critical care may require otolaryngologic evaluation and intervention, and critically ill patients may also develop complications that require otolaryngology evaluation and intervention. In this article, we provide an overview of otolaryngologic critical care, including such issues as the impact of comorbid conditions frequently found in patients undergoing otolaryngologic surgery, complications, and resource use. Several specific procedures and diagnoses associated with otolaryngology are reviewed.
Wisconsin Supreme Court and Legislative History

Legislative history has been directly mentioned more than 1,800 times in the body of Wisconsin Supreme Court opinions. In 1927, the Wisconsin Legislature established the Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB) to maintain files of drafting records for each proposed bill. Since the late 1990s, the files have been available electronically to make the information more accessible to lawyers appearing in Wisconsin courts.
Vision-Based Proportional Navigation for UAS Collision Avoidance

This paper develops and presents simulation results for a proportional navigation based guidance law for UAV collision avoidance. It is assumed that the location of one or more collision threats is provided by an image processing algorithm, which provides the bearing angles to each threat, but not the range. The motion of each tracked threat in the image plane is then used to estimate the rate of change of the horizontal and vertical line-of-sight angles to the aircraft, which is in turn used in a proportional navigation based guidance law to minimize the probability of a collision. The principle of proportional navigation, which is pervasively used for missile intercept guidance laws, states that two vehicles are on a collision course if the rate of change of the line-of-sight angles is zero. The guidance law first determines if a collision avoidance maneuver is required based on the measured line-of-sight rates. If it is determined that the line-of-sight rates are small enough to indicate the risk of a collision, the guidance law then commands a maneuver to increase the magnitude of the line-of-sight rate to reduce the probability of a collision. This paper extends previous results, which considered the implementation of this guidance law for a single threat in two dimensions, to multiple threats in a three-dimensional environment. Simulation results using this guidance law are presented using a full six degree-of-freedom model representative of the dynamics of a medium-scale UAV.
Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine in the ventral pallidum but not in the globus pallidus: a dual-probe microdialysis study.

Alcohol Stimulates the Release of Dopamine in the Ventral Pallidum but not in the Globus Pallidus: A Dual-Probe Microdialysis Study
Finite roughness effect on modal growth of a hypersonic boundary layer

Numerical simulation of roughness effect on modal growth is conducted on a hypersonic flat-plate at Mach 5.92. The steady base flow is firstly simulated by solving compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Stability characteristics of boundary-layer waves are analyzed by linear stability theory (LST). In stability simulations, two-dimensional disturbances corresponding to mode S or mode F at a frequency of 100 kHz are introduced near the leading edge of the flat-plate. Roughness with adjustable height is placed into four locations with respect to the disturbance synchronization point. It is found that upstream of synchronization point, disturbance is amplified by roughness with a stronger strength for taller roughness. On the other hand, disturbance is damped when the roughness is placed at or downstream of synchronization point. Different from upstream cases, tall roughness damps disturbance instead of amplifying it. We believe the relative location of synchronization point and roughness is a candidate to explain roughness delay transition as previous experiments have shown. Our results also show that roughness effect on mode S and mode F are very alike. In addition, a disturbance with a wide bandwidth is planned and will be imposed in the future.
On ‘Uniformly Filled’ Determinants

(1990). On ‘Uniformly Filled’ Determinants. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 135-137.
The electrotonic structure of regular-spiking neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus may determine their response properties

1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons in parasagittal brain slices of the guinea pig ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). The principal neurons of the VCN can be parceled into two categories. Regular-spiking (Type I) neurons have a linear current-voltage (I-V) relationship over a large range of intracellularly injected currents and fire tonically in response to suprathreshold depolarizing currents. Phasically spiking (Type II) neurons have a nonlinear I-V relationship and fire only phasically at the onset of a depolarizing current or offset of a hyperpolarizing current. Regular-spiking neurons have been shown to be of the stellate morphological type, whereas phasically spiking neurons have been shown to be bushy cells. 2. The electrotonic structure of regular-spiking neurons was studied by applying previously developed modeling techniques based on the somatic shunt model. In these techniques, physiological data are used to determine the set of parameters best describing the neuron. As predicted from previous theoretical investigations, the use of an anatomic constraint (somatic surface area) reduces the variance in estimates of model parameters, especially for the dendritic membrane time constant tau D. 3. Model representations of regular-spiking cells fall into two categories: those with (passive) somatic membrane properties that are nearly identical to those of the dendrite (8/15 cases), and those with a significant amount of somatic shunt (7/15). Estimates of tau D (mean = 7.7 ms) are lower than those often described in the literature. We argue that this low value of tau D may be related to the need of neurons in the auditory brainstem to operate at high firing rates and/or to encode audio-frequency temporal fluctuations. 4. Dendritic transfer functions were calculated as functions of synaptic location using somatic shunt representations of regular-spiking neurons. These transfer functions allow us to predict that mid-range auditory frequencies (approximately 1 kHz) are greatly attenuated, even for synapses near the soma. Thus it is suggested that the electrotonic architecture of regular-spiking cells creates sufficient low-pass filtering of synaptic inputs to reduce the synchronization of firing of these neurons to mid-frequency auditory stimuli.
Metaphoric and Metonymic Symbolism: A Development from Paul Ricoeur’s Concepts

Roman Jakobson’s metaphoric and metonymic principles apply to all of language; with these categories Jakobson achieved a self-conscious generalization in the light of the Sausurrean model. That such a broadening contributed valuably to the understanding of language is indicated by the extent of the existing metaphoric-metonymic commentary and analysis. However, Jakobson’s principles have not been extensively applied to symbolism. I suggest that this is because of a Catch-22 that this theory has reached: (1) the best way to envision a metaphoric symbolism would be by analogy to figurative metaphor, and the best way to envision a metonymic symbolism would be by analogy to figurative metonymy; but (2) after broadening, Jakobson’s principles apply to much more than metaphor and metonymy as distinct figures. Ideas of Paul Ricoeur and David Lodge can be used to refocus on figurative metaphor and figurative metonymy so that these figures can be used to define metaphoric and metonymie symbolism, without abandoning or radically changing Jakobson’s valuable system.1
Bitter Melon Enhances Natural Killer–Mediated Toxicity against Head and Neck Cancer Cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells are one of the major components of innate immunity, with the ability to mediate antitumor activity. Understanding the role of NK cell mediated tumor killing in controling of solid tumor growth is still in the developmental stage. We have shown recently that bitter melon extract (BME) modulates the regulatory T cell (Treg) population in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the role of BME in NK cell modulation against HNSCC remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether BME can enhance the NK cell killing activity against HNSCC cells. Our results indicated that treatment of human NK cell line (NK3.3) with BME enhances ability to kill HNSCC cells. BME increases granzyme B accumulation and translocation/accumulation of CD107a/LAMP1 in NK3.3 cells exposed to BME. Further, an increase in cell surface expression of CD16 and NKp30 in BME treated NK3.3 cells was observed when co-cultured with HNSCC cells. Collectively, our results demonstrated for the first time that BME augments NK cell mediated HNSCC killing activity, implicating an immunomodulatory role of BME.
An investigation of proteomic data for application in precision medicine

The majority of cancer drug sensitivity models are built utilizing genomic data measured before drug application to predict the steady state sensitivity of an applied drug. Restricting models to this type of data is limiting and can only explain one small piece of the puzzle. Better characterization of cancer cells can be accomplished through the use of proteomic data as this more directly corresponds to cellular activity. We have implemented models that predict cell viability utilizing protein expression measured post drug application. These models are built utilizing the Random Forest, Elastic Net, Partial Least Square Regression and Support Vector Regression algorithms in addition to stacked models. We have also utilized these same algorithms to predict the average protein inhibition of a cancer drug utilizing cell viability screens as input. Protein expression and cell viability data is taken from the HMS-LINCS database. We have shown that cell viability can be effectively predicted utilizing proteomic data and that we can estimate cancer drug protein inhibition utilizing a small number of cell line screens.
Adjustable-Loop Femoral Cortical Suspensory Fixation for Patellar Tendon Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Time Zero Biomechanical Comparison With Interference Screw Fixation.

Background:Adjustable-loop cortical buttons for femoral fixation of bone-tendon-bone grafts have potential advantages over interference screw fixation; however, these devices have not been benchmar...
Homestead and Other Legal Protections of the Home.

In many legal contexts, homes are given more legal protection than other types of property. This additional protection can be divided into three categories. First, possessory rights in a home might be given more protection than possessory rights in another kind of property. For example, a legal system might make it more difficult for a creditor to force the sale a home to satisfy a debt than it would be for the creditor to force the sale of another type of property (say, a commercial office building) to satisfy that same debt. Second, a legal system might economically favor ownership or possession of a home over ownership or possession of another type of property. For example, ownership of a home might be subsidized where ownership of other types of property is not. Third, a home might be given special treatment when issues of privacy, freedom, or security are at stake. For example, a legal system might require the government to have a stronger justification for searching a home than is required for searching a commercial property.This short encyclopedia entry focuses on the first category – those legal protections that give special protection to possessory rights in a home. It first elaborates on the distinction between rules favoring possession and the other two types of special legal protections given to homes. It then discusses various types of legal rules that give additional protection to possession of a home, including homestead rules favoring homeowners over creditors and tenure rules favoring renters over their landlords. Finally, it discusses theoretical issues related to the protection of possessory rights in homes, and considers open questions about whether this special protection is justified.
Measurement of Chloroplast ATP Synthesis Activity in Arabidopsis

There are numerous options for monitoring ATP synthesis in chloroplasts using isolated thylakoid membranes, intact chloroplasts, and even whole leaves. Currently, the most commonly used method employs isolated thylakoids coupling the synthesis of ATP to light emission from luciferin in a reaction catalyzed by luciferase. The luciferin-luciferase assay can be highly sensitive and is a direct measure of ATP. Another direct measurement of ATP is the incorporation of 32P into ATP, which, while more technically difficult, has the advantage over the luciferin-luciferase assay of being able to distinguish newly synthesized from total ATP. The phosphorylation of ADP results in a net decrease in pKa (acid disassociation constant) between the reactants and the product ATP, resulting in an increase in the pH of the assay media, which can be used as a convenient, continuous measurement of ATP synthesis. The formation of ΔμH+ across the thylakoid membrane and its concomitant dissipation as ATP is synthesized can be measured by an electrochromic absorption band shift (ECS) of thylakoid pigments measured at 518 nm (Witt, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 505:355-427, 1979; Petty and Jackson, Biochim. Biophys. Acta: Bioenergetics 547:463-473, 1979). The first-order decay time of the ESC can be used to estimate the rate of ATP synthesis providing a noninvasive, indirect method for measuring ATP synthase activity that can be used with intact leaves.
New title VII reports, with proposals for better research

The author of this review is consultant on Educational Communications in the New York State Education Department. At one time a research fellow with the Instructional Film Research Program at the Pennsylvania State University, Dr. Twyford later was project officer for the program that the U. S. Naval Training Device Center sponsored. As an engineer, psychologist, and educator, he is a well-equipped student of the new technological aids to education.
Implementation of a Locally Conservative Numerical Subgrid Upscaling Scheme for Two-Phase Darcy Flow

We present a locally mass conservative scheme for the approximation of two-phase flow in a porous medium that allows us to obtain detailed fine scale solutions on relatively coarse meshes. The permeability is assumed to be resolvable on a fine numerical grid, but limits on computational power require that computations be performed on a coarse grid. We define a two-scale mixed finite element space and resulting method, and describe in detail the solution algorithm. It involves a coarse scale operator coupled to a subgrid scale operator localized in space to each coarse grid element. An influence function (numerical Greens function) technique allows us to solve these subgrid scale problems independently of the coarse grid approximation. The coarse grid problem is modified to take into account the subgrid scale solution and solved as a large linear system of equations posed over a coarse grid. Finally, the coarse scale solution is corrected on the subgrid scale, providing a fine grid representation of the solution. Numerical examples are presented, which show that near-well behavior and even extremely heterogeneous permeability barriers and streaks are upscaled well by the technique.
Fiber, whole grains, and disease prevention.

Publisher Summary Despite much research on the role of plant foods and their key components, such as whole grains and Dietary Fiber (DF), in preventing or treating a number of disorders, there is still controversy regarding the connection of dietary fiber and whole grains with health and disease prevention. Epidemiological studies showing many positive relationships between DF and whole grains and disease are also subject to confounding factors. The subsequent intervention studies that were undertaken to give greater clarity as to the role of fiber in disease and health also resulted in greater confusion. This lack of clarity leaves many questions regarding the role of DF and whole grains in health promotion and disease prevention. Some of these questions are: (1) what the physiological benefit of DF is, (2) whether a purified fiber have greater or less benefit than when it is in a natural food matrix and delivers a combination of nutrients and phytochemicals, such as in a whole grain food, (3) whether the source of fiber, such as that from whole grain, offer something unique and different than that offered by fruits and vegetables, whether various fibers have differing effects and whether, when studies lump these together as a single entity, it adds to confusion regarding results of various studies, and (5) whether the inclusion of DF and whole grain foods in the diet is merely a marker for a constellation of other healthful behaviors. This chapter attempts to answer some of these questions, reviewing the recent evidence about the role of DF and whole grains in weight control, cardiovascular disease, and gut health.
When Outpatient Care Is Not Enough: Successful Use of an Inpatient Behavioral Intervention for a Child With ARFID:

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is characterized by restrictive eating in the absence of body image disturbance or drive for thinness, resulting in the persistent failure to meet ...
Prisoners’ Personal Networks in the Months Preceding Prison: A Descriptive Portrayal:

This study examined personal networks of adult male prisoners (N = 250) during a high-risk period prior to their incarceration. We present a descriptive portrait of network size, density, and relat...
Amide Bond Activation of Biological Molecules

Amide bonds are the most prevalent structures found in organic molecules and various biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, DNA, and RNA. The unique feature of amide bonds is their ability to form resonating structures, thus, they are highly stable and adopt particular three-dimensional structures, which, in turn, are responsible for their functions. The main focus of this review article is to report the methodologies for the activation of the unactivated amide bonds present in biomolecules, which includes the enzymatic approach, metal complexes, and non-metal based methods. This article also discusses some of the applications of amide bond activation approaches in the sequencing of proteins and the synthesis of peptide acids, esters, amides, and thioesters.
Explicit Formulas for the Weight Enumerators of Some Classes of Deletion Correcting Codes

We introduce a general class of codes which includes several well-known classes of deletion/insertion correcting codes as special cases. For example, the Helberg code, the Levenshtein code, the Varshamov–Tenengolts code, and most variants of these codes including most of those which have been recently used in studying DNA-based data storage systems are all special cases of our code. Then, using a number theoretic method, we give an explicit formula for the weight enumerator of our code which in turn gives explicit formulas for the weight enumerators and for the sizes of all the aforementioned codes. We also obtain the size of the shifted Varshamov–Tenengolts code. Another application which automatically follows from our result is an explicit formula for the number of binary solutions of an arbitrary linear congruence which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first result of its kind in the literature and might be also of independent interest. Our general result might have more applications/implications in information theory, computer science, and mathematics.
Identifying and assessing matrix effect severity in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry using non-analyte signals and unsupervised learning.

Abstract An unsupervised data-driven methodology is used to quantify matrix effects caused by carbon and easily ionizable elements (EIEs) in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Background signals from nine plasma naturally-occurring species of Ar, H and O are used with principal component analysis (PCA) and affinity propagation (AP) clustering to evaluate the effects of complex matrices on ionic emission lines of Cd, Co, Cr and Pb. Matrix effect severity is then quantified based on Euclidean distance in principal component space from an average calibration curve point. The method has been applied to spiked solutions of Mediterranean Sea and Dead Sea water samples, and a significant correlation (- 0.997) was found between Euclidean distance and analyte recoveries. For sea water analysis, accurate results are found using external standard calibration (EC) when Euclidean distance
The Poetics and Politics of Afro-Cuban Carnival

Thomas F. Anderson’s nuanced and meticulously researched study adds to recent scholarship on Afrocubanismo as it sheds new light on a previously unexplored group of texts: poems dealing with Cuban carnival celebrations. By looking at poems about comparsas published between 1916 and 1950, Anderson’s book illuminates the ways in which race and national identity were being negotiated – both on the page and in the street – during Cuba’s first decades as a nation. Even as these poems about comparsas chronicle the arrival and development of Afrocubanismo as an artistic movement, they also reveal the reservations and inconsistencies in writers’ attitudes towards Afro-Cuban culture.