cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin)-Induced Cholecystokinin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Release in the STC-1 Enteroendocrine Cell Model Is Mediated by Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channel

Food refusal is a hallmark of exposure of experimental animals to the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), a common foodborne contaminant. Although studies in the mouse suggest that DON suppresses food intake by aberrantly inducing the release of satiety hormones from enteroendocrine cells (EECs) found in the gut epithelium, the underlying mechanisms for this effect are not understood. To address this gap, we employed the murine neuroendocrine tumor STC-1 cell line, a widely used EEC model, to test the hypothesis that DON-induced hormone exocytosis is mediated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated Ca(2+) signaling. The results indicate for the first time that DON elicits Ca(2)-dependent secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide (GLP-1), hormones that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis and that are products of 2 critical EEC populations--I cells of the small intestine and L cells of the large intestine, respectively. Furthermore, these effects were mediated by the GPCR Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) and involved the following serial events: (1)PLC-mediated activation of the IP3 receptor and mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, (2) activation of transient receptor potential melastatin-5 ion channel and resultant L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channel-facilitated extracellular Ca(2+) entry, (3) amplification of extracellular Ca(2+) entry by transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 channel activation, and finally (4) Ca(2+)-driven CCK and GLP-1 excytosis. These in vitro findings provide a foundation for future investigation of mechanisms by which DON and other trichothecenes modulate EEC function in ex vivo and in vivo models.
The paradigm of the science of management and of the management science disciplines

This essay explores C. West Churchman's contributions to the development of the paradigm of the science of management and of management science. No other contemporary thinker has contributed more than Churchman to the elaboration of the management paradigm. In his unique way, and throughout his professional life, he has raised our level of consciousness concerning the unfinished business of the discipline. Given the eclectic nature of Churchman's mind, it would be impossible to do him justice and make a complete list of the methodological and epistemological issues that he has studied. In this essay, we illustrate the ideas that, to our mind, will have the greatest impact on the future direction of the discipline. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results of Resistance Exercise on a Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A Case Report

The application of resistance exercise to the upper extremities of an individual with ALS resulted in improved static strength in 14 muscle groups and diminished strength in 4 after 75 days. Precise documentation of changes in static strength were possible because a precise measuring device was used. Whether multiple muscle groups of other patients with ALS can be strengthened merits similar documentation as does the ability of such exercises to improve functional performance.
Generation of Multi-Modal Interfaces for Hand-Held Devices Based on User Preferences and Abilities

There is a need for interfaces, including within a home environment, that make medical instrumentation more usable and accessible. One approach for addressing this need is to strive to design interfaces that are based more on the principles of universal design. An alternative is to create personalized interfaces, where the form of the interface is based on the preferences and abilities of a specific user. This research project studies a strategy for creating accessible and optimized handheld remote console user interfaces for certain classes of medical devices. The results of this study give a clear indication of the need as well as the preference of users for a personalized user interface over a default one
Waveform inversion of shallow repetitive long period events at Villarrica Volcano, Chile

[1] Villarrica volcano is presently characterized by an active lava lake in the summit crater, with mild strombolian style eruptions of basaltic-andesitic products. The lava lake acts as a permeable barrier where gas-rich magma releases volatiles and then descends through the process of conduit convection to a deep storage reservoir. We identified thousands of repetitive long-period (LP) seismic events within a three-year time period using a matched filter; each was discovered to be associated with an infrasonic emission, and hence outgassing from the lava lake. Using this catalog of events for timing, we stacked signals over the three-year deployment from 2010-2012 to produce representative seismic and infrasonic signatures, and performed a full-waveform seismic inversion using nine stations from the network. The data are well represented by a single horizontal force source-time function, oriented N75°E and dipping 7°W from horizontal, with a maximum amplitude of 34.4 MN. The source is stable in time, and can be explained by a force couple system produced by a bursting bubble in the lava lake and the responsive drag force of the lava sloshing to fill in the void produced by the gas emission in an asymmetrical crater. Path effects lengthen the coda of the events with increasing distance from the source, resulting in emergent tremor-like signals at distant seismometers. Since the occurrence of LP events correlates with tremor intensity, we suggest much of the tremor results from the superposition of discrete LPs.
Examining Student Perceptions of Flipping an Agricultural Teaching Methods Course.

To meet the needs of the 21st century student, college instructors have been challenged to transform their classrooms from passive to active, “minds-on” learning environments. This qualitative study examined an active learning approach known as a flipped classroom and sought to explore student perceptions of flipping a teaching methods course required in an agricultural teacher education program. Students offered mixed perceptions about this flipped class. The emergent themes included: (a) positive aspects of online lecture, (b) technological issues, (c) positive aspects of classroom learning activities, (d) negative aspects of classroom learning activities, and (e) student beliefs regarding the flipped classroom approach. Based on the findings from this study, a flipped classroom approach seems to have promise as a model for delivering a teaching methods class. As a result, we suggest other instructors of similar courses attempt a flipped classroom approach to test the model in other contexts.
Therapeutic Passes: Highlighting Caregivers' Attitudes and Beliefs Among the Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Population

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 21 (2015) S391eS397 S397 Findings & Interpretation: A total of 39 patients were evaluated from September 2013 to June 2014. Of these, 22 (56%) underwent allogeneic and 17 (44%), autologous HSCT. Twenty (51%) used double lumen catheters, which were inserted predominantly in the internal jugular vein (79%). CBSI was confirmed in 12 patients. In addition, there were three clinically overt infections, namely one case of tunnel infection and two cases of exit site infection. Of all catheterrelated infections, nine occurred in patients who underwent autologous transplantation. Gram-negative bacteriawere the main microorganisms, the most frequent being Klebsiella pneumonia, isolated in three cases. Discussion & Implications: CBSI occurred despite of the use of a dressing indicated to control local microbiota and prevent infections. Of note, the identified microorganisms were not natural of the skin reservoir. This finding, added to the infectious vulnerability of the studied population, instigates the development of experimental studies which aim to assess the efficacy and cost-benefit of CHXGID to reduce infection in patients submitted to HSCT. Moreover, prevention of infections cannot be solely associatedwith the use of a protective device, but with the adoption of a combination of recommended measures, such as hand hygiene before using a catheter.
Facilitation of Forensic Analysis Using a Narrative Template

Abstract Criminal forensic analysis involves examining a collection of clues to construct a plausible account of the events associated with a crime. In this paper, a study is presented that assessed whether software tools designed to encourage construction of narrative accounts would facilitate cyber forensic analysis. Compared to a baseline condition (i.e., spreadsheet with note-taking capabilities) and a visualization condition, subjects performed best when provided tools that emphasized established components of narratives. Specifically, features that encouraged subjects to identify suspected entities, and their activities and motivations proved beneficial. It is proposed that software tools developed to facilitate cyber forensic analysis and training of cyber security professionals incorporate techniques that facilitate a narrative account of events.
Micro and Nanoscale Studies of Shock Features within the Chelyabinsk LL5 Meteorite

Shock effects within meteorites are the products of impacts and collisions in the asteroid belt that eventually led to the ejection of the meteorite from its parent body. These collisions produce shock waves, which in turn lead to formation of high-pressure phases and deformation features within the host meteorite. The (P,T,t) history of the shock process can be deduced by studying these high-pressure phases which are produced either by solid state transformation or by crystallization of the shock melt [1]. Although detailed studies of shock effects within various highly shocked (S5-S6) L chondrites have been carried out in order to understand the P and T conditions during the impacts events [e.g., 1,2], very few studies have been done on LL and H chondrites [3,4]. Improved knowledge of shock effects on these other ordinary chondrites is desirable because of their different origin. Here, we present preliminary results from the Chelyabinsk meteorite that exploded over the Chelyabinsk area of Russia on February 15, 2013. Hundreds of fragments were collected subsequent to the airblast and were classified as LL5 ordinary chondrites [5] with impact melt rock clasts and shock-darkened lithologies. The LL5 classification was challenged by [6], who stated that Chelyabinsk is a complex genomict breccia that also contains LL6 lithologies. In this study we search for high pressure mineral phases in impact melt veins, found within a shock-darkened fragment.
Swarm Cell Ultrastructure in Ceratiomyxa Fruticulosa

Swarm cells of Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa consistently contain two basal bodies although both uniflagellate and biflagellate forms coexist. Basal body and flagellar ultrastructure are typical of eukar...
c-Myc is a novel target of cell cycle arrest by honokiol in prostate cancer cells

Honokiol (HNK), a highly promising phytochemical derived from Magnolia officinalis plant, exhibits in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity against prostate cancer but the underlying mechanism is not fully clear. This study was undertaken to delineate the role of c-Myc in anticancer effects of HNK. Exposure of prostate cancer cells to plasma achievable doses of HNK resulted in a marked decrease in levels of total and/or phosphorylated c-Myc protein as well as its mRNA expression. We also observed suppression of c-Myc protein in PC-3 xenografts upon oral HNK administration. Stable overexpression of c-Myc in PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells conferred significant protection against HNK-mediated growth inhibition and G0-G1 phase cell cycle arrest. HNK treatment decreased expression of c-Myc downstream targets including Cyclin D1 and Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), and these effects were partially restored upon c-Myc overexpression. In addition, PC-3 and DU145 cells with stable knockdown of EZH2 were relatively more sensitive to growth inhibition by HNK compared with control cells. Finally, androgen receptor overexpression abrogated HNK-mediated downregulation of c-Myc and its targets particularly EZH2. The present study indicates that c-Myc, which is often overexpressed in early and late stages of human prostate cancer, is a novel target of prostate cancer growth inhibition by HNK.
The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers Expand Your Universe

(1997). The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers Expand Your Universe. Journal of Geoscience Education: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 167-172.
Carnivoran Brains: Effects of Sociality on Inter- and Intraspecific Comparisons of Regional Brain Volumes

The social brain hypothesis posits that neural processing of complex social information selectively drives the evolution of large brains, particularly the frontal cortex. This idea is explored in selected carnivore species exhibiting social behaviors based on analysis of virtual endocasts created from computed tomographic scans of skulls. Overall, there is evidence to suggest that differences in sociality and life history influence regional brain volume including the frontal cortex in some carnivore species.
Precipitate–Coacervate Transformation in Polyelectrolyte–Mixed Micelle Systems

The polycation/anionic-nonionic mixed micelle, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-sodium dodecyl sulfate/Triton X-100 (PDADMAC-SDS/TX100), is a model polyelectrolyte-colloid system in that the micellar mole fraction of SDS (Y) controls the micelle surface charge density, thus modulating the polyelectrolyte-colloid interaction. The exquisite temperature dependence of this system provides an important additional variable, controlling both liquid–liquid (L–L) and liquid–solid (L–S) phase separation, both of which are driven by the entropy of small ion release. In order to elucidate these transitions, we applied high-precision turbidimetry (±0.1 %), isothermal titration calorimetry, and epifluorescence microscopy which demonstrates preservation of micelle structure under all conditions. The L–S region at large Y including precipitation displays a remarkable linear, inverse Y-dependence of the L–S transition temperature Ts. In sharp contrast, the critical temperature for L–L coacervation Tφ, shows nearly s...
Light Scattering Limitations to Interferometric Characterization of Foam Shells

Characterization of foam shells by optical interferometric techniques is limited by scattering caused by the foam structure. Such scattering reduces the transmitted light intensity and fringe contrast. Additionally, fringe position is not a sensitive detector of shell defects. Because of the low density of the foam, relatively large shell non-concentricity or local defects cause only slight changes in the fringe position. We have used model calculations to estimate foam parameters required to enable adequate foam shell characterization for a baseline shell.
Topological protection of coherence in a dissipative environment

One-dimensional topological insulators are characterized by edge states with exponentially small energies. According to one generalization of topological phase to non-Hermitian systems, a finite system in a nontrivial topological phase displays surface states with exponentially long lifetimes. In this work we explore the possibility of exploiting such non-Hermitian topological phases to enhance the quantum coherence of a fiducial qubit embedded in a dissipative environment. We first show that a network of qubits interacting with lossy cavities can be represented, in a suitable super-one-particle sector, by a non-Hermitian ``Hamiltonian'' of the desired form. We then study, both analytically and numerically, one-dimensional geometries with up to three sites per unit cell and up to a topological winding number $W=2$. For finite-size systems the number of edge modes is a complicated function of $W$ and the system size $N$. However, we find that there are precisely $W$ modes localized at one end of the chain. In such topological phases the qubit's coherence lifetime is exponentially large in the system size. We verify that for $Wg1$, at large times, the Lindbladian evolution is approximately a nontrivial unitary. For $W=2$ this results in Rabi-like oscillations of the qubit's coherence measure.
Studies of Physical Education in the United States Using SOFIT: A Review

ABSTRACTPurpose: An objective database for physical education (PE) is important for policy and practice decisions, and the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) has been identified as an appropriate surveillance tool for PE across the nation. The purpose of this review was to assess peer-reviewed studies using SOFIT to study K–12 PE in U.S. schools. Method: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses informed the review, and 10 databases were searched for English-language articles published through 2016. A total of 704 records identifying SOFIT were located, and 137 full texts were read. Two authors reviewed full-text articles, and a data extraction tool was developed to select studies and main topics for synthesis. Results: Twenty-nine studies that included direct observations of 12,256 PE lessons met inclusion criteria; 17 were conducted in elementary schools, 9 in secondary schools, and 3 in combined-level schools. Inconsistent reporting among studies was evid...
Socio-cultural risk factors impacting domestic violence among South Asian immigrant women: A scoping review

Abstract Domestic violence (DV) is a significant concern for the well-being of South Asian (SA) immigrant women. Although there have been empirical studies that discussed socio-cultural risk factors related to SA immigrant women's experience of DV, there have not been any efforts to summarize these factors in a single study. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize empirical studies that explored socio-cultural risk factors of DV among SA immigrant women in English speaking countries. 16 English language peer reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. The socio-cultural risk factors identified in the reviewed studies included lack of social support, low acculturation, high enculturation, patriarchal beliefs, economic control by the husband, traditional gender role attitudes, and stigma about divorce. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Restored pseudo heat flux (RPHF) algorithm for carbon fibre composite defect detection using thermography under uneven heating

Carbon fibre composite materials are widely used in high-value, high-profit applications – such as aerospace manufacturing and shipbuilding – due to their low density, high mechanical strength, and flexibility. However, existing techniques for non-destructive evaluation of composite materials are limited and not robust. Thermography has been demonstrated to be a promising technology; however, thermal diffusion and uncontrolled uneven heating considerably degrade its capacity to detect thin planar defects in carbon fibre composites. In this study, we have developed a method, restored pseudo heat flux (RPHF), for addressing this problem. Unlike many existing methods, RPHF does not require prior knowledge about defect depth. A numerical simulation was developed, and three sets of experiments were performed using a layered sample. Results suggest that in comparison with other existing methods, RPHF does not require an accurate value for its input, thermal diffusivity. It provides a good approximation ...
Techniques for thyroid cancer involving extreme superior thyroid pole

Standard operative techniques for thyroidectomy have become well refined and widely disseminated. However, special circumstances, such as superior pole thyroid cancers, can present unique difficulties for the unprepared surgeon. Appropriate workup and appreciation of the unique anatomical relationships in the superior-most extent of the thyroid gland is vital in surgical planning. The ability to anticipate and manage a variety of contingencies such as superior laryngeal nerve sacrifice, vascular isolation and repair, laryngectomy, and repair of pharyngeal defects are essential for safe surgery for cancers of the extreme superior thyroid pole.
Bioscience-scale automated detection of figure element reuse

Scientists reuse figure elements sometimes appropriately, e.g. when comparing methods, and sometimes inappropriately, e.g. when presenting an old experiment as a new control. To understand such reuse, automatically detecting it would be important. Here we present an analysis of figure element reuse on a large dataset comprising 760 thousand open access articles and 2 million figures. Our algorithm detects figure region reuse, while being robust to rotation, cropping, resizing, and contrast changes, and estimates which of the reuses have biological meaning. Then a three-person panel analyzes how problematic these biological reuses are using contextual information such as captions and full texts. Based on the panel reviews, we estimate that 9% of the biological reuses would be unanimously perceived as at least suspicious. We further estimate that 0.6% of all articles would be unanimously perceived as fraudulent, with inappropriate reuses occurring 43% across articles, 28% within article, and 29% within a figure. Our tool rapidly detects image reuse at scale, promising to be useful to a broad range of people that campaign for scientific integrity. We suggest that a great deal of scientific fraud will be, sooner or later, detectable by automatic methods.
Autophagy in the Tumor or in the Host: Which Plays a Greater Supportive Role?

Autophagy has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, one of the most lethal cancers, with few therapeutic options. Yang and colleagues successfully created a genetically engineered mouse model focused on the autophagy gene Atg4b that allows the study of therapeutic autophagy inhibition in fully formed tumors. Using this tool, they demonstrated that selective autophagy inhibition in either the tumor cells, normal host cells, or both suppresses tumor growth. Cancer Discov; 8(3); 266-8. ©2018 AACRSee related article by Yang et al., p. 276.
Map-based Algorithm Visualization with METAL Highway Data

We present the algorithm visualization capabilities of the METAL project. Using METAL's graph data which represents highway systems, a selection of interactive algorithm visualizations are performed. Progress of the algorithm is shown by changing the colors of the graph's vertices and/or edges overlaid on Google Maps and in color-coded tabular form, including contents of important data structures. Advantages include the real-world data set and the variety of data sizes available, enhancing student engagement. While many visualizations and visualization tools exist for graph and related algorithms, most focus on small, synthetic graphs. We describe our algorithm visualization capabilities, which include implementations of sequential search, graph traversals, Dijkstra's algorithm, and convex hulls. These can be executed on graphs ranging in size from a few vertices and edges to hundreds. We also present results of a survey of students who have used METAL's algorithm visualizations.
Quantifying spatiotemporal dynamics and noise in absolute microbiota abundances using replicate sampling

Metagenomic sequencing has enabled detailed investigation of diverse microbial communities, but understanding their spatiotemporal dynamics remains an important challenge. Here we present DIVERS, a widely applicable method based on replicate sampling and spike-in sequencing that quantifies the contributions of temporal dynamics, spatial sampling variability and technical noise to the variances and covariances of absolute bacterial abundances. Using high resolution time series profiling, we apply DIVERS to the human gut microbiome. Our method reveals complex spatiotemporal dynamics of individual gut bacteria and unmasks key features of their behavior hidden from previous analyses.
A Theorem on the Boundary Correspondence under Conformal Mapping with Application to Free Boundary Problems of Fluid Dynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a proof of a comparison theorem, which furnishes a Holder condition for the boundary correspondence determined by a conformai mapping normalized by the prescription of three boundary points and their images, when only a part of the boundary of the image domain is known. The proof of the theorem depends on two well-known theorems. The first of these is a theorem of Warschawski and the second is Lowner's theorem. These theorems are applied to establish immediately the a priori bounds referred to in the cases of infinite cavity, cusped cavity, and Riabouchinsky flows past symmetric obstacles.
Ivy League and Geography in the US

This article explore the history of geography in the Ivy League – eight of the oldest and most prestigious academic institutions in the United States. Each of these influential universities provided instruction in geography and most established undergraduate or graduate programs at one time or another. Although most Ivy League universities have geographers on their faculties or retain some aspects of the field in the guise of programs such as Urban Planning or Development Studies, Dartmouth College is the only one with a Department of Geography. The discipline has long struggled to establish itself as theoretically grounded and therefore worthy of membership in these universities. Geography’s fate in the Ivies, however, has also hinged on the activities of individual professors, the disposition of key administrators, trends within the discipline, and events outside the field itself.
Staphylococcus, not MRSA? A final report of carriage and conversion rates in nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and characterize staphylococcal carriage, possibly including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and conversion rates in nursing students across clinical semester rotations and to describe risk factors. DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal cohort design with six times of measurement. Data collected August 2010 to May 2012. Institutional Review Board approval (2010F5693) SETTING: Texas State University, San Marcos, TX PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-seven nursing students. INTERVENTIONS: A positive MRSA swab was considered an end point for participation. Intervention offered was bactroban (mupirocin) for nasal decolonization and an oral antibiotic, doxycycline; follow-up post treatment collection sample was done to verify decolonization prior to next clinical rotation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Screening for Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA identification; confirmation and antibiotic susceptibility by Vitek 2; self-administered questionnaires delineating demographics and risk factors; panel logistic regression models by Stata version 13 RESULTS: MRSA colonization did not increase. S. aureus incidence was 17.7 – 26.4%. Staphylococcal species incidence other than S. aureus increased (9.2 – 82.3%). The following odds ratio (OR) associations were found to be statistically significant: boil or skin infections with S. aureus (OR = 2.94, p CONCLUSIONS: MRSA colonization did not increase during longitudinal study. S. aureus colonization remained fairly stable throughout the study (17 – 26%). Species colonization with non S. aureus species (e.g. S. hominis, S. epidermis, S. haemolyticus) increased significantly (9.2 – 82.3%) during clinical rotations. Knowledge of infection control and compliance may have contributed to an absence of MRSA colonization; however, the colonization by other staphylococci has been shown to be a risk factor for MRSA acquisition. ABBREVIATIONS:MRSA = Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CA-MRSA = Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; HA-MRSA = Healthcare-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA = methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; CLS = Clinical Laboratory Science; OR = odds ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; HCWs = Healthcare Workers; HAIs = Healthcare Associated Infections
Editorial: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Blockchain and Robotics, MIT Media Lab, 5 December 2018

An introductory statement by the editors of the present proceedings, detailing the symposium itself as well as its peer-review process and acceptance rate, a summary of the included papers, and details on the editors themselves.
Acute parvovirus B19 infection diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy

A 57-year-old woman with a history of multiple sclerosis on glatiramer acetate presented with atypical chest pain and was noted to have worsening pancytopenia (haemoglobin 108 g/L, white blood cell (WBC) 1.0 x109/L, platelets 58 x109/L). Cardiac workup including cardiac catheterisation was
Do Drinking and Smoking Go Together

Heavy drinkers tend to be heavy smokers. Drinking appears to prompt smoking in real-life situations; whether smoking prompts drinking is uncertain. Alcohol-tobacco interactions are particularly important during attempts to achieve or maintain abstinence from either drug. Studies suggest that alcoholics who quit smoking are more likely to succeed in alcoholism treatment. However, data consistently demonstrate that alcohol consumption may precipitate smoking relapse.
Community-level obesity prevention is not associated with dieting behaviours and weight dissatisfaction in children: The Healthy Communities Study.

Background Within the context of high childhood obesity prevalence, there is a concern that community efforts intended to reduce childhood obesity may lead to unintended adverse outcomes. Objective This analysis examined relationships between community programs, policies, and environmental changes (CPPs) for obesity prevention with unhealthy dieting behaviours and body weight satisfaction in children. Methods Using the Healthy Communities Study 2013 to 2015 survey sample of 5138 US children aged 4 to 15 years old, multilevel models examined associations between standardized CPP intensity scores and child dieting behaviours and weight satisfaction, adjusting for community and child-level covariates and clustered study design. Results In fully adjusted models, higher total, physical activity, and nutrition CPP intensity scores were associated with lower odds of dissatisfaction with weight (1 year total CPP odds ratio [OR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-0.73; 6 year total CPP OR: 0.48, 0.29-0.80). Higher physical activity CPP intensity over the past year was associated with greater odds of weight satisfaction (OR: 1.77, 95% CI, 1.10-2.84). No associations were observed with dieting behaviours. Conclusions Results suggest that community efforts focusing on nutrition and physical activity to prevent childhood obesity may be associated with weight satisfaction and not with unhealthy dieting behaviours.
Reduced-Order Modeling of Composite Floor Slabs in Fire. II: Thermal-Structural Analysis

AbstractThis paper describes a reduced-order modeling approach for the thermal and structural analysis of fire effects on composite slabs with profiled steel decking. The reduced-order modeling app...
Early Detection of Velamentous Cord Insertion at the Eighth Week of Gestation

Velamentous cord insertion can be diagnosed at 8 weeks of gestation, earlier than previously reported. Fetal surveillance may be informed and prognosis may be impacted by early diagnosis once viability is reached.
Diagnosis of peanut allergy using continuous likelihood ratios

Abstract Background Peanut allergy (PA) is associated with an economic and psychological burden on patients and families. Its diagnosis includes tests for peanut specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), the values of which usually are categorized as positive or negative using a predefined cutoff (usually 0.35 kU/L). With the use of Bayes' theorem, this categorization can be replaced with a continuous interpretation of sIgE, which accounts for the prevalence of PA and history of ingestion. Objective To evaluate a method for estimating the likelihood ratio (LR) for each value of sIgE by performing a pilot investigation with the results of oral food challenges. The LR could be used to estimate the probability of PA. Methods The outcomes of oral food challenges and serum IgE values from 117 children seen in an allergy clinic between January 2017 and November 2019 were obtained. Polynomial regression of the receiver operation characteristics curve was used to determine an LR for each value of sIgE. Linear regression was used to estimate an LR for each value of sIgE. Results sIgE ranged from less than 0.1 kU/L to 35 kU/L. Bayes' theorem and a receiver operation characteristics curve were used to estimate LRs for each value of peanut sIgE. The value of IgE associated with an LR of 1 was 0.22 kU/L, which is comparable to other studies that used a value of 0.35 kU/L to separate positive from negative results. Conclusion When combined with estimates of pretest probability, this method should permit the development of computerized decision-making algorithms to estimate the probability that a patient has PA.
The bell versus gray telephone dispute: resolving a 144-year-old controversy [scanning our past]

On March 7, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted U.S. Patent No. 174,465 for the speaking telegraph, or telephone, one of the most valuable patents in history. Attorneys for Bell and Elisha Gray had submitted their respective ideas for the telephone to the U.S. Patent Office three weeks earlier, incredibly, on the same day, “Valentine’s Day, February 14.” (The year 1876 should be assumed hereafter unless otherwise designated.) Gray was a successful inventor and cofounder of Western Electric Manufacturing Company, whereas Bell was a part-time inventor, a part-time private speech teacher for the deaf, and a teacher of elocution at Boston University. Bell’s submission was a full patent application, however Gray’s was a caveat, a document designed to protect an idea for one year, with a full application required within that time. If filed before a competing patent application, a caveat could lead to an expensive and prolonged Patent Office interference hearing to determine which inventor conceived of the idea first. Although both submissions contained similar descriptions of a liquid telephone transmitter (an early microphone), the Patent Office ruled that Bell’s attorneys had filed a few hours before Gray’s on February 14, and hence the patent was granted to Bell.
Hyperbolic mass via horospheres

We derive geometric formulas of the mass for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds using large coordinate horospheres, and state relevant rigidity results. The formulas use the difference between the mean curvatures with respect to a given metric and the hyperbolic metric, so some rigidity results are stated in terms of the mean curvature inequality on a certain portion of horospheres. We also present a way to characterize the region near infinity that does not contribute to the mass as an application.
Endoscopic Approaches to Obesity Management.

The field of endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapy has rapidly evolved from offering endoscopic treatment of weight regain following bariatric surgery to providing primary weight loss options as alternatives to pharmacologic and surgical interventions. Gastric devices and remodeling procedures were initially designed to work through a mechanism of volume restriction, leading to earlier satiety and reduced caloric intake. As the field continues to grow, small bowel interventions are evolving that may have some effect on weight loss but focus on the treatment of obesity-related comorbidities. Future implementation of combination therapy that utilizes both gastric and small bowel interventions offers an exciting option to further augment weight loss and alleviate metabolic disease. This review considers gastric devices and techniques including space-occupying intragastric balloons, aspiration therapy, endoscopic tissue suturing, and plication interventions, followed by a review of small bowel interventions including endoluminal bypass liners, duodenal mucosal resurfacing, and endoscopically delivered devices to create incisionless anastomoses. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
The distribution of actin in non-muscle cells. The use of actin antibody in the localization of actin within the microfilament bundles of mouse 3T3 cells.

Abstract Living mouse 3T3 cells display a complex array of fibrous structures which are visible with phase contrast, Nomarski and polarized light optics. When cells are fixed and stained for indirect immunofluorescence with actin antibody, the same fibers show intense fluorescence indicating that they contain actin. Electron microscopy reveals that these fibrous structures consist of submembranous bundles of microfilaments located primarily on the attached side of the cells. The results are discussed in terms of the intracellular localization of a possible submembranous contractile system involved in motile activities such as cell locomotion.
Influence of Glutamic Acid on the Endogenous Respiration of Bacillus subtilis

Clifton, C. E. (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.), and John Cherry. Influence of glutamic acid on the endogenous respiration of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 91:546–550. 1966.—Amino acids serve as the major initial endogenous substrate for Bacillus subtilis. The endogenous activity of freshly harvested washed cells is high and falls off rapidly with time of shaking at 30 C to lower but still significant levels. The rate of O2 consumption after the addition of glutamic acid also decreases as the cells age, but more slowly than noted for endogenous respiration. When cells were fed glutamate as soon as possible after harvesting, an apparent stimulation of endogenous respiration was noted. However, endogenous activity was inhibited if the cell suspensions were shaken for at least 1 hr before addition of the glutamate. Similar results were obtained with glycerol or glucose as exogenous substrates. Variation in rates of respiration with age of the cells, inherent instability of B. subtilis, and possible utilization of substances initially excreted by the cells appear to account for the variations noted regarding the influence of an exogenous substrate on endogenous respiration.
Parallel Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems

This paper presents an overview of parallel algorithms and their implementations for solving large sparse linear systems which arise in scientific and engineering applications. Preconditioners constitute the most important ingredient in solving such systems. As will be seen, the most common preconditioners used for sparse linear systems adapt domain decomposition concepts to the more general framework of “distributed sparse linear systems”. Variants of Schwarz procedures and Schur complement techniques will be discussed. We will also report on our own experience in the parallel implementation of a fairly complex simulation of solid-liquid flows.
Because Computers Don't Compost

High Tech Trash. Digital Devices, Hidden Toxics, and Human Health. By Elizabeth Grossman. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2006. 351 pp. $25.95. ISBN 9781559635547. Grossman discusses the production by-products and post-consumer fate of electronic devices such as computers, cell phones, television sets, and iPods.
The effect of cross-section uncertainties on the derivation of source abundances from cosmic-ray composition observations

The abundance of a cosmic-ray nuclide observed near Earth is composed of two parts which we designate as ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’. The primary particles are those which were accelerated at the cosmic-ray ‘source’ and have survived their traversal of the interstellar medium without undergoing a nuclear interaction which would change their identity (i. e., either their number of protons or their number of neutrons). The secondary particles are the fragments produced in the break-up of heavier nuclides which have undergone destructive collisions with atoms in the interstellar gas. The derivation of source abundances from the composition observed near Earth requires that the secondary contribution to the observed nuclidic abundances be calculated from a model of cosmic-ray propagation.
Ice Ages, the California Current, and Devils Hole

At the end of an ice age, climate changes across the globe, but this response is not uniform. In some parts of the world, oceanic and atmospheric temperatures started to rise well before continental ice sheets began to melt. In his Perspective, [Lea][1] highlights the report by [ Herbert et al .][2], who show that ocean temperatures in the California Current led ice volume change by 10,000 to 15,000 years. The data support earlier results from a terrestrial record at Devils Hole, helping to reconcile them with the leading theory of ice age cycles. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5527/59 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/293/5527/71
Avoidance behavior in panic disorder : The moderating influence of perceived control

The relations among anxiety sensitivity, perceived control, and agoraphobia were examined in 239 patients diagnosed with panic disorder (PD). Most patients exhibited agoraphobia accompanying their PD (98% situational avoidance; 90% experiential avoidance; and 80% endorsed interoceptive fear and avoidance). Anxiety sensitivity and perceived emotional control were associated with agoraphobia, and perceived threat control was found to moderate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobia. Lower levels of perceived control were associated with a stronger relationship between anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobia. Results were consistent for self-reported and clinician-rated agoraphobia. Implications for the role of perceived control in agoraphobia development and treatment are discussed.
Behavioral Neurobiology: A Vibrating Gyroscope Controls Fly Steering Maneuvers

A clever 'virtual reality' experiment reveals that specialized mechanosensory organs, rather than the eyes, orchestrate the high-performance staccato turns that characterize the flight behavior of a fly.
The benefits of minimal land development regulation

In most developing country cities, the legal, formal sector is largely irrelevant in terms of meeting the basic shelter needs of lowand moderate-income households. Housing that is delivered within the confines of legally sanctioned procedures is normally affordable to those earning at or above the median household income. Thus, those households earning less are forced to look elsewhere for shelter. In virtually all cases, their search leads them to the informal sector, where government rules and regulations associated with formal housing production are, by necessity, ignored. In the most desperate cases, lowincome settlers invade land and no payment is made for plots. While squatting was prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s it is less widespread today. Nowadays it is more common for informal settlements to take place on illegally subdivided lands which are either rented or sold. The major outcome of these informal approaches is the relatively efficient production of low-cost shelter. For many years, governments and policy analysts viewed these informal settlements as slums needing eradication. Such programmes were based on numerous misconceptions about the slums (Hamer, 1985). A common belief is that informal settlements are chaotic, posing serious threats to public safety and health. While there are examples of precarious settlements on hillsides and in flood-plains, much informal development is planned, following quite acceptable standards. More recently, policies towards informal housing developments have been shifting. Now it is commonly recognised that informal housing is a valuable capital asset which should not be eradicated (Mayo et al., 1986). Also, and perhaps more importantly, there is a growing recognition that informal sector housing production is an important overall component of the housing supply system. In the past several years, researchers and policy analysts have stressed the importance of making housing markets work more efficiently by removing burdensome regulations. The relationship between the informal housing production sector and government regulations over housing and land development is direct and reciprocal. The informal sector exists because of government regulations. Remove them and you will eliminate the blemish of informality. What were one day informal settlements will the next day become low-cost housing subdivisions. Without regulations, the marketplace will determine what households are willing and able to purchase in terms of housing services.
Radiative transfer of ultrasound

A radiative transfer equation is used to model the diffuse multiple scattering of ultrasound in a medium containing discrete random scatterers. An assumption of uncorrelated phases allows one to write an equation of energy balance for the diffuse intensity. This ultrasonic radiative transfer equation contains single‐scattering and propagation parameters that are calculated using the elastic wave equation. Polarization effects are included through the introduction of an elastodynamic Stokes vector which contains a longitudinal Stokes parameter and four shear Stokes parameters similar to the four Stokes parameters used in optical radiative transfer theory. The theory is applied to a statistically homogeneous, isotropic elastic half‐space containing randomly distributed spherical voids illuminated by a harmonic plane wave. Results on the angular dependence of backscattered intensity are presented. It is anticipated that this approach may be applicable to materials characterization through the study of the ti...
Cardiac myofibril formation is not affected by modification of both N- and C-termini of sarcomeric tropomyosin

Although the role of tropomyosin is well-defined in striated muscle, the precise mechanism of how tropomyosin functions is still unclear. It has been shown that extension of either N- or C-terminal ends of sarcomeric tropomyosin do not affect cardiac myofibrillogenesis, but it is not known whether simultaneous extension of both ends affects the process. For studying structural/functional relationships of sarcomeric tropomyosin, we have chosen the Ambystoma mexicanum because cardiac mutant hearts are deficient in sarcomeric tropomyosin. In this study, we have made an expression construct, pEGFP. TPM4α.E-L-FLAG, that, on transfection into normal and mutant axolotl hearts in organ culture, expresses GFP. TPM4α.E-L-FLAG fusion protein in which both the N- and C-termini of TPM4α are being extended. TPM4α is one of the three tropomyosins expressed in normal axolotl hearts. Both confocal and electron microscopic analyses show that this modified sarcomeric tropomyosin can form organized myofibrils in axolotl hearts.
Cellular localization of tyrosine decarboxylase expression in transgenic opium poppy and tobacco

Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is cultivated for its alkaloid-rich latex. Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) is the first enzyme in poppy alkaloid biosynthesis and is encoded by a small gene family. A 2,060-bp promoter fragment of TyDC5 was translationally fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and introduced into poppy and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Transgenic seedlings were stained for GUS activity which localized to the xylem parenchyma in the shoots of poppy and tobacco. Roots of both species had similar expression patterns with staining in the vascular cylinder surrounding the xylem. No staining was observed in poppy laticifers suggesting that other TyDC genes may be expressed in latex or that alkaloid precursors are supplied to laticifers by adjacent cells.
Debauchery Next Door: The Boundaries of Shame in Abigail's Party

The play that became Abigail's Party began life as an experiment devised by director Mike Leigh with five actors—including his then-wife, Alison Steadman—at the Hampstead Theater in London. Given b...