cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Promising New Energy-Based Fatigue Life Prediction Framework

An energy-based fatigue life prediction framework has been developed for prediction of axial and bending fatigue life at various stress ratios. The framework for the prediction of fatigue life via energy analysis was developed in accordance with the approach in our previous study which states: the total strain energy dissipated during a monotonic fracture process is a material property that can be determined by measuring the area underneath the monotonic true stress-strain curve. The framework consists of the following two elements: (1) Development of a bending fatigue criterion by observing the total strain energy of the effective volume, which is achieved by computing the total plastic strain energy with consideration of the stress gradient influence through the thickness of a specimen, in the fatigue area, during cyclic loading. A comparison between the prediction and the experimental results from 6061-T6 aluminum specimens was conducted and shows that the new energy-based fatigue criterion is capable of predicting accurate fully reversed bending fatigue life. (2) Development of a new life prediction criterion for axial fatigue at various stress ratios. The criterion was constructed by accounting for both the residual energy dissipated, monotonically, due to the mean stress, and the incorporation of the mean stress effect into the total strain energy density dissipated per cycle. The performance of the criterion was demonstrated by experimental results from 6061-T6 aluminum dog-bone specimens subjected to axial stress at various stress ratios. The comparison shows very good agreement, thus validating the capability of producing accurate fatigue life predictions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Organopalladium approaches to prostaglandins. 9. Synthesis of a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue by allylpalladation-ozonolysis of norbornene

Abstract Norbornene reacts with π-allylpalladium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (5), followed by triphenylphosphine and the optically active lithium acetylide of 3-tetrahydropyranyloxy-S-(-)-l-octyne to form the enyne 7. Selective ozonolysis, Wittig o1efination and deprotection afford prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue 4.
Melatonin's differential inhibition of FSH and LH release from hamster pituitary glands

Melatonin initially inhibited FSH secretion from superfused adult male hamster anterior pituitary glands obtained at 8:30 a.m. However, there was a gradual rebound during melatonin superfusion followed by an overshoot above baseline when melatonin was discontinued (morning response). Melatonin continuously inhibited FSH secretion during superfusion of hamster anterior pituitary glands obtained at 3:30 p.m., with a rebound evident only when melatonin was withdrawn (afternoon response). Melatonin continuously inhibited LH secretion from these superfused pituitaries, with a return to baseline levels only upon melatonin withdrawal. Prior pinealectomy or constant light could reverse the FSH morning response to an afternoon response, and late-morning melatonin injections could reverse the FSH afternoon response to a morning response. Neither prior pinealectomy, constant light nor melatonin injections affected melatonin inhibition of LH secretion from superfused pituitary glands. These results suggest that melatonin differentially inhibits FSH and LH secretion from isolated superfused hamster anterior pituitary glands.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Activated by a Transmembrane Mutation *

We constructed mutant receptors by mutating transmembrane Val922 of the human insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR). Assays of receptor kinase and autophosphorylation revealed constitutively augmented tyrosine kinase activity of V922E IGF-IR in both transient and stable expression. The constitutively active tyrosine kinase of this mutant was verified by promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in the absence of IGF-I. In CHO cells stably expressing V922E IGF-IR, both IRS-1 phosphorylation and the IRS-1-associated phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity were stimulated in the absence of IGF-I to the level attained by 1 nM IGF-I stimulation of wild-type IGF-IR, whereas the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was not activated under the same condition. In these CHO cells, V922E IGF-IR significantly stimulated glucose uptake but did not promote mitogenesis in the absence of IGF-I. We thus conclude that the V922E mutation of IGF-IR switches on the intrinsic tyrosine kinase and differentially activates the downstream pathways. This mutant is extremely useful in clarifying the turning-on mechanism of IGF-IR as well as the differential roles of individual downstream pathways of receptor tyrosine kinases.
Potentiation of eating associated with tricyclic antidepressant drug activation of α-adrenergic neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus

Abstract 1. 1. Tricyclic antidepressants (desipramine, protriptyline, and amitriptyline), which block presynaptic norepinephrine (NE) uptake and perhaps enhance its release, elicited eating behavior after injection into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of satiated rats. 2. 2. This eating effect of the antidepressant drugs was positively correlated in magnitude with the same effect observed with exogenous NE in the same animals. 3. 3. The eating response elicited by desipramine was selectively antagonized by central injection of α-adrenergic receptor blockers. 4. 4. Local pretreatment with NE synthesis inhibitors similarly blocked the desipramine eating response but had no effect on NE-elicited eating. 5. 5. It is suggested that the antidepressant drugs are stimulating eating through endogenous NE synthesized and stored within adrenergic neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic region.
Basal metabolic rate, tissue thermogenesis and sodium-dependent tissue respiration of rats during cold-acclimation and deacclimation

Abstract 1. 1.|After 6 days at an air temperature of 5°C rats exhibited similar basal metabolic rates (BMR) to controls; rats exposed to cold for 15 and 21 days showed a significantly higher BMR than controls. 2. 2.|During deacclimation from cold the attenuating BMR and tissue thermogenesis pattern are similar. 3. 3.|The major fraction of elevated tissue thermogenesis in the acclimated state and during deacclimation was attributed to enhanced Na + -dependent respiration. 4. 4.|These data support the suggestion of a direct relationship tissue calorigenesis, cell Na + pump activity. BMR and nonshivering thermogenesis during cold acclimation and deacclamtion.
ATOMIC CARBON IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE OF TITAN

The atomic carbon emission C I line feature at 1657 A (^(3)P^(0)_(J) -^(3)P_J ) in the upper atmosphere of Titan is first identified from the airglow spectra obtained by the Cassini Ultra-violet Imaging Spectrograph. A one-dimensional photochemical model of Titan is used to study the photochemistry of atomic carbon on Titan. Reaction between CH and atomic hydrogen is the major source of atomic carbon, and reactions with hydrocarbons (C_2H_2 and C_2H_4) are the most important loss processes. Resonance scattering of sunlight by atomic carbon is the dominant emission mechanism. The emission intensity calculations based on model results show good agreement with the observations.
MAGNETIC AND MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF CERAMIC GARNET PROCESSING

Thermomagnetic analysis and Mossbauer spectroscopy near Tc are useful and relatively unexploited tools for studying the formation of magnetic ceramics. The effect of processing and heat treatment on the extent of reaction and chemical homogeneity can be readily evaluated and related to final application performance.
PFG NMR Investigations of Tetraalkylammonium−Silica Mixtures

The results from PFG NMR studies of several tetraalkylammonium−silica mixtures are reported. pH data of these mixtures correlate well with previously reported literature. 1H NMR shows line broadening and shifting of resonances for hydrogen atoms on the periphery of the TAA cations as the silica content is increased. Transverse relaxation measurements show a strong correlation with the pH data in that T2 decreases strongly until the silica critical aggregation concentration (cac) is reached at which point the T2 plateaus. These results point to organocation−silica interactions, which were quantified by using pulsed-field gradient NMR. The self-diffusion coefficient of a series of TAA cations in the presence of silica were measured, and a systematic decrease of the diffusion coefficient is observed as the cation/silica ratio decreases. Subsequent analysis gives confidence that the diffusion behavior of the TAA cations can be described as a two-state system, where cations are either free in solution or bound...
Combat exposure, social relationships, and subjective well-being among middle-aged and older Veterans

Objectives: This study described the association of subjective well-being with combat exposure and social relationships among middle-aged and older Veteran men in the USA. The stress-buffering hypothesis, which predicts social relationships may moderate the association between combat exposure and subjective well-being, was also examined.Method: Data from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study (N = 2961) were used to estimate logistic regression models, focusing on three measures of subjective well-being: depression, life satisfaction, and self-reported health.Results: In the fully adjusted models, there were no statistically significant relationships between combat exposure and the three indicators of subjective well-being. However, compared to Veterans who had lower scores on the social relationship index, Veterans who had higher scores were less likely to be depressed and less likely to report poor or fair health. Veterans who had higher scores on the social relationships index reported higher levels of l...
Analysis of the harmonic gyrotron travelling wave amplifier

A single nonlinear differential equation is derived for describing the spatial evolution of the wave field in a gyrotron amplifier of the cylindrical guide geometry. This equation is then used to determine the efficiencies and the optimized interaction lengths for gyrotrons operated with TE N1 modes at the N-th cyclotron harmonic.
Market integration and convergence to the law of one price in the North American onion markets

The North American agricultural markets have become much more integrated; but the level of integration varies across sectors and over time. Differential tariff phasing-out periods and remaining trade disputes are two of many factors contributing to this. This article applies panel data unit root tests to study price convergence and market integration in the North American onion markets. Commodity and variety monthly base price data for the period of 1998 to 2006 are used. Empirical results decisively suggest the existence of price convergence across markets as well as onion varieties. A two-sample period analysis shows an increase in the speed of price convergence over time, suggesting deeper market integration as NAFTA was fully implemented. Further analysis based on a two-country-market basis found that U.S.–Canadian markets have experienced deeper market integration compared with U.S.–Mexican markets as well as Canadian–Mexican markets. [EconLit citations: F150, Q170]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CELL INVASION THROUGH BASEMENT MEMBRANE: THE ANCHOR CELL BREACHES THE BARRIER

Cell invasion through basement membrane (BM) is a specialized cellular behavior critical to many normal developmental events, immune surveillance, and cancer metastasis. A highly dynamic process, cell invasion involves a complex interplay between cell-intrinsic elements that promote the invasive phenotype, and cell–cell and cell–BM interactions that regulate the timing and targeting of BM transmigration. The intricate nature of these interactions has made it challenging to study cell invasion in vivo and model in vitro. Anchor cell invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as an important experimental paradigm for comprehensive analysis of BM invasion, revealing the gene networks that specify invasive behavior and the interactions that occur at the cell–BM interface.
Diabetes as an atherogenic factor

M ACROVASCULAR disease affecting large and medium sized arteries is the principal cause of mortality in diabetics in the western world.‘-5 Stroke, coronary heart disease, and especially peripheral arterial disease are more common in diabetics than in the general population and they occur at an earlier age (Table 1).677 In addition, diabetes substantially eliminates the relative protection possessed by women, and particularly by premenopausal women, from arterial disease.6’0 The principal cause of this arterial disease is atherosclerosis. I I-14 The acceleration of atherosclerosis in the diabetic is poorly understood although numerous mechanisms have been proposed.“-I9 The intent of this review is to examine some of these mechanisms, in light of cellular and extracellular events currently thought to be implicated in atherogenesis. Genetic, environmental, metabolic, and hormonal factors will be considered. In addition we will explore the possibility that atherosclerosis is not accelerated in all diabetics by a single mechanism; but that different factors predominate in different diabetic subgroups. The literature pertaining to the diabetes-atherosclerosis connection is extensive, and for this reason our approach will be somewhat selective. For a more comprehensive discussion of other aspects of this subject the reader is referred to the excellent reviews of Ganda,” Colwell et a1,16 and Jarrett et a1,13 and to two recent symposia.‘8*‘9
Prophylactic oophorectomy in surgery for large-bowel cancer

From 1968 to 1975, 201 women had prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of definitive large-bowel resection, while in 134 patients oophorectomy was not performed. Oophorectomy was performed more commonly in women with cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. More patients undergoing oophorectomy had Dukes' C primary carcinoma. Four patients undergoing synchronous oophorectomy (2.0 per cent) had ovarian involvement or metastases from large-bowel cancer. Three patients (2.2 per cent) developed subsequent ovarian disease: two cases of ovarian carcinoma and one case of ovarian metastases from primary breast cancer. No late ovarian recurrences of large-bowel cancer were seen during this study. No patient with ovarian involvement or metastases from large-bowel cancer survive five years nor was the overall survival of the group of women undergoing oophorectomy materially affected. While stage and site significantly influenced survival, oophorectomy, menopausal status, preoperative irradiation, tumor size, and degree of differentiation had no influence. The prevention of primary ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women is considered to be the main benefit of bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy. Selective recommendations for oophorectomy under other circumstances are discussed.
HR 756, a New Cephalosporin Active Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria

Abstract The in vitro activity of HR 756, 7-[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(Z)-(methoximino)acetamido] cephalosporanic acid, was investigated against 659 isolates. HR 756 inhibited Neisseria and Haemophilus species at concentrations similar to those needed with ampicillin. It inhibited β-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenzae. HR 756 was the most active compound tested against members of the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting most isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Shigella at concentrations of less than 0.1 μg/ml. It was twice as active as carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibited Bacteroides fragilis as well as cefoxitin. HR 756 killed E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and P. aeruginosa at rates similar to other β-lactam antibiotics.
Genome-Wide Mutant Fitness Profiling Identifies Nutritional Requirements for Optimal Growth of Yersinia pestis in Deep Tissue

ABSTRACT Rapid growth in deep tissue is essential to the high virulence of Yersinia pestis, causative agent of plague. To better understand the mechanisms underlying this unusual ability, we used transposon mutagenesis and high-throughput sequencing (Tn-seq) to systematically probe the Y. pestis genome for elements contributing to fitness during infection. More than a million independent insertion mutants representing nearly 200,000 unique genotypes were generated in fully virulent Y. pestis. Each mutant in the library was assayed for its ability to proliferate in vitro on rich medium and in mice following intravenous injection. Virtually all genes previously established to contribute to virulence following intravenous infection showed significant fitness defects, with the exception of genes for yersiniabactin biosynthesis, which were masked by strong intercellular complementation effects. We also identified more than 30 genes with roles in nutrient acquisition and metabolism as experiencing strong selection during infection. Many of these genes had not previously been implicated in Y. pestis virulence. We further examined the fitness defects of strains carrying mutations in two such genes—encoding a branched-chain amino acid importer ( brnQ ) and a glucose importer ( ptsG )—both in vivo and in a novel defined synthetic growth medium with nutrient concentrations matching those in serum. Our findings suggest that diverse nutrient limitations in deep tissue play a more important role in controlling bacterial infection than has heretofore been appreciated. Because much is known about Y. pestis pathogenesis, this study also serves as a test case that assesses the ability of Tn-seq to detect virulence genes. IMPORTANCE Our understanding of the functions required by bacteria to grow in deep tissues is limited, in part because most growth studies of pathogenic bacteria are conducted on laboratory media that do not reflect conditions prevailing in infected animal tissues. Improving our knowledge of this aspect of bacterial biology is important as a potential pathway to the development of novel therapeutics. Yersinia pestis, the plague bacterium, is highly virulent due to its rapid dissemination and growth in deep tissues, making it a good model for discovering bacterial adaptations that promote rapid growth during infection. Using Tn-seq, a genome-wide fitness profiling technique, we identified several functions required for fitness of Y. pestis in vivo that were not previously known to be important. Most of these functions are needed to acquire or synthesize nutrients. Interference with these critical nutrient acquisition pathways may be an effective strategy for designing novel antibiotics and vaccines.
Successful therapy of metastatic cancer using tumor vaccines in mixed allogeneic bone marrow chimeras

A frequent outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in the treatment of leukemia is the destruction of the host hematolymphoid compartment and, thus, the malignancy, through the combined action of high-dose chemoradiotherapy and a T-cell–mediated graft-versus-host effect. Unfortunately, alloSCT is frequently limited by toxicity, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and has not been successful in the treatment of tumors derived from solid organs. Here we report a novel cooperation between host and donor T cells in the response to a tumor cell vaccine given after a nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (NST) protocol that achieves stable mixed bone marrow chimerism. Treatment of animals with NST, posttransplantation donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs), and a vaccine, comprising irradiated autologous tumor cells mixed with a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)–producing bystander line, results in potent and specific antitumor immunity. This combined modality immunotherapy, administered after surgical removal of the primary tumor, cured metastatic mammary cancer in most animals without inducing GVHD. Cured animals contained tumor-specific T cells of both host and donor origin, but immunodeficient hosts could not be cured by NST, DLI, and vaccine administration. Thus, transfer of allogeneic donor T cells may help break functional tolerance of a host immune system to a solid tumor, thereby providing a rationale for the generation of mixed hematopoietic chimerism by NST prior to tumor cell vaccination.
Comparison of Tabu/2‐opt heuristic and optimal tree search method for assignment problems

A nonlinear cooperative control problem involving several vehicles is detailed and solved. The vehicles must be assigned to perform many tasks such that they obey constraints on the order of task completion and minimize a nonlinear objective function, the total time to finish all tasks. This is an example of a combinatorial task assignment problem. A novel heuristic is introduced that represents a new combination of two combinatorial optimization tools. The quality of the solutions produced by this heuristic is demonstrated through comparison with a branch and bound search method. The branch and bound method is a well-known procedure and finds optimal solutions to the constrained, nonlinear task assignment problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of tetrahydroxamic acid chelators for stable complexation of zirconium(IV).

Metals of interest for biomedical applications often need to be complexed and associated in a stable manner with a targeting agent before use. Whereas the fundamentals of most transition-metal complexation processes have been thoroughly studied, the complexation of Zr(IV) has been somewhat neglected. This metal has received growing attention in recent years, especially in nuclear medicine, with the use of (89) Zr, which a β(+) -emitter with near ideal characteristics for cancer imaging. However, the best chelating agent known for this radionuclide is the trishydroxamate desferrioxamine B (DFB), the Zr(IV) complex of which exhibits suboptimal stability, resulting in the progressive release of (89) Zr in vivo. Based on a recent report demonstrating the higher thermodynamic stability of the tetrahydroxamate complexes of Zr(IV) compared with the trishydroxamate complexes analogues to DFB, we designed a series of tetrahydroxamic acids of varying geometries for improved complexation of this metal. Three macrocycles differing in their cavity size (28 to 36-membered rings) were synthesized by using a ring-closing metathesis strategy, as well as their acyclic analogues. A solution study with (89) Zr showed the complexation to be more effective with increasing cavity size. Evaluation of the kinetic inertness of these new complexes in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution showed significantly improved stabilities of the larger chelates compared with (89) Zr-DFB, whereas the smaller complexes suffered from insufficient stabilities. These results were rationalized by a quantum chemical study. The lower stability of the smaller chelates was attributed to ring strain, whereas the better stability of the larger cyclic complexes was explained by the macrocyclic effect and by the structural rigidity. Overall, these new chelating agents open new perspectives for the safe and efficient use of (89) Zr in nuclear imaging, with the best chelators providing dramatically improved stabilities compared with the reference DFB.
Control of leu operon expression in Escherichia coli by a transcription attenuation mechanism

The DNA sequence of 306 base-pairs preceding and within the first structural gene of the leu operon of Escherichia coli, leuA, was determined. A prominent feature of this sequence is a signal for transcription termination. In vitro, transcription does terminate at this site, yielding a leader RNA of about 165 nucleotides. This leader RNA is potentially translatable into a peptide containing 28 amino acids, four of which are adjacent Leu residues. Several regions of base complementarity exist within the leader RNA. When the nucleotide sequences of the leu leaders of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium are compared these segments are conserved while other segments vary appreciably. The highly conserved regions are those thought to play a functional role in attentuation control of leu operon expression.
Vaginectomy with pelvic herniorrhaphy for prolapse

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to report our experience with vaginectomy and pelvic herniorrhaphy for vaginal prolapse. STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational study of patients undergoing vaginectomy (n = 41) or hysterovaginectomy (n = 13) for stage III/IV vaginal prolapse. Morbidity was compared with cohorts who had undergone transvaginal repair of prolapse, by using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Morbidity did not differ significantly (estimated blood loss) between the vaginectomy and hysterovaginectomy groups. There were no recurrent hernias (6-56 months). Operative time, estimated blood loss, and day of discharge were significantly greater for the posthysterectomy prolapse group compared with the vaginectomy group. Operative time was significantly greater for the uterovaginal prolapse group versus the hysterovaginectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginectomy with or without hysterectomy with pelvic herniorrhaphy is associated with a low rate of morbidity in a high-risk patient population. Hysterovaginectomy is not associated with a clinically significant difference in morbidity over vaginectomy alone. Vaginectomy with or without hysterectomy should be offered as a surgical option to selected patients with severe genital prolapse.
A technical implementation guide for multi-site videoconferencing

With the increased cost, time and potential risk or hassle involved in traveling, videoconferencing has become a popular alternative for meeting people from geographically distributed locations. Videoconferencing tools have also become widely available, and videoconferencing technologies have improved substantially over time. This paper provides a basic technical implementation guide for those involved in setting up videoconferencing in an organization. The technical infrastructure, the interaction between users and the technology, group dynamics, and the organization of the content of the videoconference, are the four key factors towards a participatory videoconferencing session. This paper examines one of the four variables, the technical infrastructure, which is a necessary condition for a successful session. This paper aims to provide a practical guide for those who are given the task to obtain, set up or improve a multi-site videoconference system. It outlines a list of required technical components and potential issues that need to be addressed when setting up a multi-site videoconference. This paper starts with a checklist of requirements, followed by an introduction of different types of videoconferencing systems, the basic technical components, and some related issues in selecting and implementing a multi-site videoconferencing system.
Collision versus collapse of droplets in coarsening of dewetting thin films

Thin films of viscous fluids coating solid surfaces can become unstable due to intermolecular forces, leading to break-up of the film into arrays of droplets. The long-time dynamics of the system can be represented in terms of coupled equations for the masses and positions of the droplets. Analysis of the decrease of energy of the system shows that coarsening, decreasing the number of droplets with increasing time, is favored. Here we describe the two coarsening mechanisms present in dewetting films: (i) mass exchange leading to collapse of individual drops, and (ii) spatial motion leading to droplet collisions and merging events. Regimes where each of mechanisms are dominant are identified, and the statistics of the coarsening process are explained.
Ror2 regulates branching, differentiation, and actin-cytoskeletal dynamics within the mammary epithelium

Wnt signaling encompasses β-catenin–dependent and –independent networks. How receptor context provides Wnt specificity in vivo to assimilate multiple concurrent Wnt inputs throughout development remains unclear. Here, we identified a refined expression pattern of Wnt/receptor combinations associated with the Wnt/β-catenin–independent pathway in mammary epithelial subpopulations. Moreover, we elucidated the function of the alternative Wnt receptor Ror2 in mammary development and provided evidence for coordination of this pathway with Wnt/β-catenin–dependent signaling in the mammary epithelium. Lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated depletion of Ror2 in vivo increased branching and altered the differentiation of the mammary epithelium. Microarray analyses identified distinct gene level alterations within the epithelial compartments in the absence of Ror2, with marked changes observed in genes associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Modeling of branching morphogenesis in vitro defined specific defects in cytoskeletal dynamics accompanied by Rho pathway alterations downstream of Ror2 loss. The current study presents a model of Wnt signaling coordination in vivo and assigns an important role for Ror2 in mammary development.
Proven commercial reactor types: An introduction to their principal advantages and disadvantages

This study deals with the principal advantages and disadvantages of the five types of proven commercial reactors. A description of each class of commercial reactor (light water, gas-cooled, and heavy water) and their proven reactors is followed by a comparison of reactor types on the basis of technical merit, economics of operation, availability of technology, and associated political issues.
Rebels at the Bar: The Fascinating, Forgotten Stories of America's First Women Lawyers Jill Norgren. New York: New York University Press, 2013.

Rebels at the Bar: The Fascinating, Forgotten Stories of America's First Women Lawyers Jill Norgren. New York: New York University Press, 2013.In the late nineteenth century, women who wanted to practice the law found that, first, they had to change it. Pioneers like Lavinia Goodell, Belva A. Lockwood, and Catherine Waugh McCullouch thus faced their most difficult trials before ever setting foot in a courtroom. In Rebels at the Bar: The Fascinating, Forgotten Stories of America's First Women Lawyers, historian Jill Norgren recounts the personal and professional hurdles faced by eight groundbreaking women who studied and practiced law in post-Civil War America. Through a series of interlocking biographical narratives, Norgren introduces the reader to a plucky, determined cohort whose belief in themselves and in the equal rights and abilities of women would not be deterred.Drawing from and expanding on historian Virginia Drachman's work on modern American "sisters-inlaw" ( Women Lawyers and the Origins of Professional Identity in America: The Letters of the Equity Club, 1887 to 1890 [1993]; Sisters In Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History [1998]), Norgren presents "the individual but interwoven stories" of some of the first female attorneys in the United States (x). The tales told here concern themselves with specific women - all of the lawyers featured are white, and they are all Christians, though they come from different walks of life and all corners of the country. The author does not address the struggles of African American women seeking entrance to the profession (Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers [2000]), nor does she attend to tales of civilian women who challenged the legal system during this era ("Clearing the Smoke-Filled Room: Women Jurors and the Disruption of an Old-Boys' Network in Nineteenth-Century America." Yale Law Journal 108.7 [1999]). Nevertheless, Rebels presents an influential cadre of women who challenged convention during a pivotal moment in American history. From Myra Bradwell, who used her ambition, legal knowledge, and business savvy to found and operate the Chicago Legal News (she also petitioned for and won the right to retain her earnings, a coup in 1868), to the wily, stalwart Clara Foltz, who became the first female deputy district attorney in California, years after teaching herself law in order "to reclaim a sewing machine seized to pay her husband's debts," all of these women blazed a trail (106). …
Boussinesq, Klein-Gordon and Liouville Equations

In the preceeding two chapters we examined the family of the KdV and the KdV-type of equations, where the first order partial derivative ut was involved in all these equations [1]. In this chapter, we will study the nonlinear evolution equations where each contains the second order partial derivative utt in addition to other partial derivatives. This family of nonlinear equations gained its importance because it appears in many scientific applications and physical phenomena.
Agricultural Geophysics: Past, Present, and Future

Geophysical methods are becoming an increasingly valuable tool for agricultural applications. Agricultural geophysics investigations are commonly (although certainly not always) focused on delineating small- and/or large-scale objects/features within the soil profile (~ 0 to 2 m depth) over very large areas. The three geophysical methods predominantly employed for agricultural applications, both past and present, are resistivity, electromagnetic induction (EMI), and ground penetrating radar (GPR). Some of the more important past developments for agricultural geophysics include: soil water content monitoring using resistivity methods beginning in the 1930s and 1940s; soil salinity assessment with resistivity and EMI methods beginning in the 1960s and 1970s; updates and improvements in U.S. national program soil survey mapping using GPR beginning in the late 1970s and on into the 1980s; and for precision farming purposes, the delineation of spatial variations in soil properties with resistivity and EMI methods beginning in the 1990s. There has been significant recent advancements in agricultural geophysics, with resistivity, EMI, GPR, and other geophysical methods presently being used or evaluated for applications ranging from soil hydrologic characterization, determination of clay-pan depth, soil nutrient monitoring at confined animal feeding operation sites, crop/tree root biomass surveying, subsurface drainage system infrastructure detection, identification of subsurface flow pathways, soil compaction evaluation, etc. However, before agricultural geophysics can reach its full potential, new developments are needed, such as: expanding possible agricultural applications for resistivity, EMI, and GPR methods; greater employment of geophysical methods that have not traditionally been applied to agriculture; construction of multi-sensor geophysical equipment platforms, perhaps integrated with agricultural machinery; development of agricultural geophysics expert system computer software; etc. Achieving these future advancements in agricultural geophysics will require close collaboration between those in both the agricultural and environmental/engineering geophysics communities.
Studies on efficient spectrum sharing in coexisting wireless networks.

STUDIES ON EFFICIENT SPECTRUM SHARING IN COEXISTING WIRELESS NETWORKS Guanying Ru June 13, 2014 Wireless communication is facing serious challenges worldwide: the severe spectrum shortage along with the explosive increase of the wireless communication demands. Moreover, different communication networks may coexist in the same geographical area. By allowing multiple communication networks cooperatively or opportunistically sharing the same frequency will potentially enhance the spectrum efficiency. This dissertation aims to investigate important spectrum sharing schemes for coexisting networks. For coexisting networks operating in interweave cognitive radio mode, most existing works focus on the secondary network’s spectrum sensing and accessing schemes. However, the primary network can be selfish and tends to use up all the frequency resource. In this dissertation, a novel optimization scheme is proposed to let primary network maximally release unnecessary frequency resource for secondary networks. The optimization problems are formulated for both uplink and downlink orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)-based primary networks, and near optimal algorithms are proposed as well. For coexisting networks in the underlay cognitive radio mode, this work focuses on the resource allocation in distributed secondary networks as long as the primary network’s rate constraint can be met. Global optimal multicarrier discrete distritbuted
New antibiotics clindamycin, cephaloglycin, carbenicillin.

Recently three new antimicrobial agents became available for general use: clindamycin, cephaloglycin and carbenicillin. Although all are chemically related to antibiotics familiar to most physicians, each has features that influence its proper use.
Influence of Tail Jet Temperature of Supercavitating Underwater Vehicle on Cavitation Configuration

In order to meet the hydrodynamic conditions for supercaviating underwater vehicles moving stable,the cavity closing on a vehicle must have a particular configuration to balance the vehicle′s gravity and the moment suffered.In this study,the influence of tail jet intensity on the steady supercavitating flow was analyzed,and a numerical simulation of ventilated cavitation and tail jet flow field of a 2D underwater vehicle model was performed by using calculation fluid dynamics(CFD).Supercavitating flow was analyzed at different tail jet temperature when the attack angle of the vehicle model was zero degree.The law of influence of tail jet temperature on supercavition was achieved,which agree with experimental result.
Single Phase Photovoltaic Grid Interconnection Control Strategy Based on PI Control and Repetitive Control

In order to reduce the steady state error of interconnection current,a compound type control strategy combined with PI control and repetitive control is adopted to control the current of photovoltaic interconnection. The transfer function of the inverter is derived based on the single phase photovoltaic grid system which introduced the PI correction controller and the section of repetitive control. Finally the matlab/simulink platform is used for the simulation verification and simulation results are analyzed and compared.Simulation study shows that the compound type current tracing control strategy combined with PI control and repetitive control can effectively reduce the error between the interconnection current and the ordered current,and at the same time improve the dynamic response speed and guarantee the synchronous relationship between the interconnection current and the voltage of power grid.
University students and faculty have positive perceptions of open/alternative resources and their utilization in a textbook replacement initiative

This is contribution no. 16-114-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. The Kansas State University Open/Alternative Textbook Initiative provides grants to faculty members to replace textbooks with open/alternative educational resources (OAERs) that are available at no cost to students. Open educational resources are available for anyone to access, while alternative educational resources are not open. The objective of this study was to determine the perceptions towards OAERs and the initiative, of students enrolled in, and faculty members teaching, courses using OAERs. A survey was sent out to 2,074 students in 13 courses using the OAERs. A total of 524 (25.3%) students completed the survey and a faculty member from each of the 13 courses using OAERs was interviewed. Students rated the OAERs as good quality, preferred using them instead of buying textbooks for their courses, and agreed that they would like OAERs used in other courses. Faculty felt that student learning was somewhat better and it was somewhat easier to teach using OAERs than when they used the traditional textbooks. Nearly all faculty members preferred teaching with OAERs and planned to continue to do so after the funding period. These results, combined with the tremendous savings to students, support the continued funding of the initiative and similar approaches at other institutions. Keywords: e-textbook; college; open educational resources; Kansas State; open textbook (Published: 8 June 2016) Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2016, 24: 29920 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v24.29920
The mechanics of brittle fracture

The study of brittle fracture of steel structures is hampered by the lack of a clear definition. A cleavage appearance does not preclude prior plastic deformation, nor is it completely free of shear. The lack of ductility is a doubtful criterion, because even the most brittle service failures show appreciable plastic deformation at the point of initiation. Finally the local stress magnitude at the point of initiation is always high and cannot serve as a distinguishing criterion. The problem of brittle failure becomes clearer only when the interdependence of local and overall behavior of the structure as a whole is considered. The notions of plastic deformation and limit analysis of structures have proved invaluable in this respect.
Normalization of NAD+ Redox Balance as a Therapy for Heart Failure.

Background:Impairments of mitochondrial function in the heart are linked intricately to the development of heart failure, but there is no therapy for mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods:We assessed ...
The Political Philosophies of the Two Extremes

In the eighteenth century, organized religion concerned itself with such worldly issues as man’s duty to support government and his right to resist duly constituted authority, although religious denominations differed in their interpretation of the proper balance between these two competing forces. In part, the struggle between patriots and loyalists during the American Revolution involved opposing philosophies about the nature of government and human obligations to support existing political institutions. From the contractualist character of God’s covenant with his people, Puritan ministers concluded that if the king violated God’s commands in a serious and sustained way, his people had a religious duty to resist the monarch. These principles, when adopted or modified by revolutionaries, provided a religious justification for rebellion.
The Future in Ovarian Cancer: Advances in Immunotherapies

Recent advances in understanding the role of the immune system in ovarian cancer have culminated in the introduction of multiple promising immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. These include the adoptive transfer of immune effectors such as monoclonal antibodies and T cells, vaccination, and immunomodulatory therapy. In this chapter, we discuss the various therapeutic strategies, their mechanisms of action, and their key clinical trials in ovarian cancer. We also highlight promising combinatorial treatment regimens and present the challenges that are being critically addressed by clinicians and researchers to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
The Italian American Table: Food, Family and Community in New York City

The Italian American Table traces the creation and reproduction of an Italian American collective identity through intimate family meals, community-oriented neighborhood food practices and national...
Monotone Matrix Functions

Let H be a bounded, self adjoint transformation on a Hilbert space with spectrum in the open interval (a, b) of the real axis. Suppose that f(x) is a real function defined on the interval (a, b). One then defines the operator f(H) from the spectral decomposition of H as follows: $$ifH = \int {\lambda d{E_\lambda }} thenf\left( H \right) = \int {f\left( \lambda \right)d{E_\lambda }}$$ and this definition makes sense provided f(λ) satisfies certain measurability conditions. However, in the special case when the Hilbert space is finite dimensional, no measurability conditions need be imposed, and the definition which we have given above can be put in a substantially simpler, but equivalent form. One then simply writes H as a diagonal matrix with eigenvalues λ i . displayed on the diagonal; f(H) then appears as another diagonal matrix, with the entry f(λ i ) in the i-th place. Thus, H and f(H) have the same eigenvectors, and if λ is an eigenvalue of H, then f(λ) is an eigenvalue of f(H).
Digest: Beating pathogens at their own game.

Absract In recent years, the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens has prompted searches for new ways to control them. While many studies have focused on discovering new antimicrobials, fewer have looked at the ecological interactions that control pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria are embedded in multi-species microbial communities where they interact with other bacterial species and their own parasitic enemies, bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria; also called phages). Interactions with these other microbes may hinder, benefit, or have no effect on the pathogen. In particular, species that interact antagonistically with the pathogen could be used to control its spread. Competing bacterial species, for example, may reduce the pathogen's growth by impeding access to space and nutrients, or by producing antimicrobial metabolites or other toxins that specifically target and harm the pathogen. Similarly, bacterial pathogens could be infected and killed by phages (Wang et al. 2017). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Dietary 5-demethylnobiletin inhibits cigarette carcinogen NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice

5-Demethylnobiletin (5DN) is a unique citrus flavonoid with various beneficial bioactivities. In this study, we determined the inhibitory effects of 5DN and its two major metabolites in the 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis mouse model as well as in human and mouse lung cancer cell models. In NNK-treated female A/J mice, dietary administration of 5DN (0.025% or 0.05% w/w in the diet) significantly decreased both lung tumor multiplicity and tumor volume. Immunohistochemical analysis showed strong anti-proliferative effects of 5DN in lung tumors. Two major metabolites of 5DN, named 5,3′-didemethylnobiletin (M1) and 5,4′-didemethylnobiletin (M2), were found in the lung tissue of 5DN-fed mice. Cell culture studies demonstrated that 5DN, M1 and M2 significantly inhibited the growth of human and mouse lung cancer cells by causing cell cycle arrest, inducing apoptosis and modulating key signaling proteins related to cell proliferation and cell death. Interestingly, the metabolites of 5DN, especially M1 produced much stronger inhibitory effects on both human and mouse lung cancer cells than those produced by 5DN itself. Our results demonstrated that dietary administration of 5DN significantly inhibited NNK-induced tumorigenesis in mice, and this effect may be partially associated with the metabolites of 5DN in lung tissues.