cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charitable Organizations and Commercial Activity: A New Era - Will the Social Entrepreneurship Movement Force Change?

It is no longer a new trend for charitable organizations to become involved in commercial activities. Thousands of nonprofit organizations have embraced the social entrepreneurial concept and have either created “commercial” type ventures as part of their nonprofits, have created spin-off organizations or subsidiary organizations, or have moved into the new area of hybrid organizations. Because there are no clear rules or guidelines for dealing with this issue, the third sector finds itself with rogue components and a spin-off group of hybrid organizations being loosely termed “social entrepreneurs.” Though these groups have grown in numbers in recent years, they have faced their own trials and tribulations, and success has been mixed. The purpose of this article is to take a broad look at where we are now as a result of the continuing confusion regarding the “commerciality doctrine,” the test being used by courts to interpret the operational test of IRC § 501(c)(3), which has pushed many an organization into these murky waters. It will focus on three areas influencing and defining organizations that are struggling with the law in this sector: 1) it will briefly define commercial activity in terms of social entrepreneurship and provide examples of organizations that have entered this hybrid sector as L3C Organizations and B Corporations; 2) it will give an overview of the law that has developed as the “commerciality doctrine”; and 3) it will discuss the unrelated business income tax and suggest that this test needs to be utilized by courts in conjunction with the “commerciality doctrine” for there to be any semblance of order. Finally, this article concludes by suggesting that changes within the system are overdue and proposes a three-part analysis to be used going forward.
El hispanismo dionisíaco

Literary history conveys the history of enthusiasm that some authors have experienced for others - Rousseau for Buffon, Zorrilla for Larra- but Dionysian passion has been tempered by Apollo's discipline, which has replaced admiration for knowledge, and conversation for examination. I suggest the need of retrieving the pleasure of literature and Dionysus's feast
Research issues in developing networked virtual realities: working group report on distributed system aspects of sharing a virtual reality

This is a report on the proceedings of the "Distributed System Aspects of Sharing a Virtual Reality" workshop at the 6/sup th/ WET-ICE Conference held June 18-20, 1997. The workshop's discussions focused on the research issues in the field of networked virtual reality, as well as the current methods used to address those issues. In those areas where the state of the art was felt to be lacking, we additionally report on the most promising technologies that the near future holds.
THE ROLE OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE ECONOMICS OF WILDLIFE DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Infected wildlife cannot be selectively harvested for most diseases, complicating disease control. Targeting harvests by sex improves efficiency because disease transmission and prevalence usually vary by sex. We present a bioeconomic model of optimal deer and disease management that incorporates a two-sex wildlife model and sex-specific disease transmission and prevalence.
BRAHMS: a workbench RDF store and high performance memory system for semantic association discovery

Discovery of semantic associations in Semantic Web ontologies is an important task in various analytical activities. Several query languages and storage systems have been designed and implemented for storage and retrieval of information in RDF ontologies. However, they are inadequate for semantic association discovery. In this paper we present the design and implementation of BRAHMS, an efficient RDF storage system, specifically designed to support fast semantic association discovery in large RDF bases. We present memory usage and timing results of several tests performed with BRAHMS and compare them to similar tests performed using Jena, Sesame, and Redland, three of the well-known RDF storage systems. Our results show that BRAHMS handles basic association discovery well, while the RDF query languages and even the low-level APIs in the other three tested systems are not suitable for the implementation of semantic association discovery algorithms.
Mantle convection and magma production on present-day Mars: Effects of temperature-dependent rheology

[1] Using recent volcanism on Mars as an important constraint, we explore the nature of present-day mantle convection using numerical simulations with temperature-dependent Arrhenius viscosity. Increasing the activation energy decreases both the magma production rate and the convective heat flux, while increasing the thermal Rayleigh number increases these quantities. For values of the activation energy inferred from lab studies of olivine, a thermal Rayleigh number (defined with a volume-averaged viscosity) exceeding 2 · 106 best fits the observational constraints, including the recent volcanism rate and the range of melt fractions in the shergottites. The heat flux out of the core is low enough to avoid a magnetic dynamo, an important improvement over prior work. These results indicate that present-day mantle convection on Mars remains relatively vigorous.
Scheduling task in-trees on distributed memory systems

Tree task structures occur frequently in many applications where parallelization may be desirable. We present a formal treatment of non-preemptively scheduling task trees on distributed memory multiprocessors and show that the fundamental problems of scheduling (i) a task tree in absence of any inter-task communication on a fixed number of processors and (ii) a task tree with inter-task communication on an unbounded number of processors are NP-complete. For task trees that satisfy certain constraints, we present an optimal scheduling algorithm. The algorithm is shown optimal over a wider set of task trees than previous works.
Teorías de la expansión educativa y la masificación escolar: para pensar la universidad pública en América Latina

Resumen es: En este trabajo se ofrece una sintesis critica de cuatro teorias sociologicas acerca del desarrollo de la escolaridad: teorias funcionalistas, teorias n...
Logarithmic singularities and maximally supersymmetric amplitudes

The dual formulation of planar N = 4 super-Yang-Mills scattering amplitudes makes manifest that the integrand has only logarithmic singularities and no poles at infinity. Recently, Arkani-Hamed, Bourjaily, Cachazo and Trnka conjectured the same singularity properties hold to all loop orders in the nonplanar sector as well. Here we conjecture that to all loop orders these constraints give us the key analytic information contained in dual conformal symmetry. We also conjecture that to all loop orders, while N = 8 supergravity has poles at infinity, at least at four points it has only logarithmic singularities at finite locations. We provide nontrivial evidence for these conjectures. For the three-loop four-point N = 4 super-Yang-Mills amplitude, we explicitly construct a complete basis of diagram integrands that has only logarithmic singularities and no poles at infinity. We then express the complete amplitude in terms of the basis diagrams, with the coefficients determined by unitarity. We also give examples at three loops showing how to make the logarithmic singularity properties manifest via dlog forms. We give additional evidence at four and five loops supporting the nonplanar logarithmic singularity conjecture. Furthermore, we present a variety of examples illustrating that these constraints are more restrictive than dual conformal symmetry. Our investigations show that the singularity structures of planar and nonplanar amplitudes in N = 4 super-Yang-Mills are strikingly similar. While it is not clear how to extend either dual conformal symmetry or a dual formulation to the nonplanar sector, these results suggest that related concepts might exist and await discovery. Finally, we describe the singularity structure of N = 8 supergravity at three loops and beyond.
Spinning Holes in Semiconductors

The electron spin is emerging as a new powerful tool in the electronics and optics industries. Many proposed applications--including quantum computers--require the creation of spin currents. However, such currents have so far proven difficult to produce in semiconductors. In his Perspective, Fertig highlights a new theoretical analysis by Murakami et al., who show how spin currents might be achieved. The authors propose using holes rather than electrons in semiconductors with substantial spin-orbit coupling.
An "Inflation Reports" Report

I was asked to evaluate the Riksbank’s Inflation Reports by Anders Vredin, head of the monetary policy group at Sveriges Riksbank. The assignment included drawing comparisons among the Reports issued by the Riksbank, the Bank of England, and the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. This constitutes the entirety of my instructions. The content of this report, therefore, reflects my own priorities and biases in monetary policy analysis. Although several staff members at the Riksbank have provided constructive comments, they had no influence over the report’s tone, criticisms, or recommendations.
OncoRep: an n-of-1 reporting tool to support genome-guided treatment for breast cancer patients using RNA-sequencing

Breast cancer comprises multiple tumor entities associated with different biological features and clinical behaviors, making individualized medicine a powerful tool to bring the right drug to the right patient. Next generation sequencing of RNA (RNA-Seq) is a suitable method to detect targets for individualized treatment. Challenges that arise are i) preprocessing and analyzing RNA-Seq data in the n-of-1 setting, ii) extracting clinically relevant and actionable targets from complex data, iii) integrating drug databases, and iv) reporting results to clinicians in a timely and understandable manner. To address these challenges, we present OncoRep, an RNA-Seq based n-of-1 reporting tool for breast cancer patients. It reports molecular classification, altered genes and pathways, gene fusions, clinically actionable mutations and drug recommendations. It visualizes the data in an approachable html-based interactive report and a PDF clinical report, providing the clinician and tumor board with a tool to guide the treatment decision making process. OncoRep is free and open-source ( https://bitbucket.org/sulab/oncorep/ ), thereby offering a platform for future development and innovation by the community.
3. Spectrographs and Monochromators Using Varied Line Spacing Gratings

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the advantages of using varied line spacing (VLS) gratings, in which the groove spacing varies across the ruled width. These include, but are not limited to, the simplification of focusing and scanning conditions. Rowland noted that, for a given wavelength, a theoretically perfect grating for one position of the entrance and exit slits could be ruled on any surface or plane. This result holds in general for only one wavelength, but it clearly applies to virtual and to real sources. This construction clearly requires a grating with nonuniform spacing. Interferometrically and numerically controlled ruling engines have made it possible to introduce such programmed variations in the spacing. This concept has led to a new family of designs for extreme ultraviolet (EUV)/soft x-ray spectroscopic instrumentation. The chapter presents the derivation of paraxial formulae for the grating variation required for point-to-point focusing with a plane VLS grating. “Paraxial” means that the results are valid for an infinitesimal pencil of rays near the optical axis. The VLS principle provides a powerful tool for the design of EUV and soft x-ray spectrographs, spectrometers, and monochromators, providing an extra degree of freedom to escape the restrictive focusing conditions of the constants-pacing plane or spherical grating.
Differentiating surface and bulk interactions in nanoplasmonic interferometric sensor arrays

We present a nanoplasmonic interferometric sensor platform that can differentiate the adsorption of a thin protein layer on the sensor surface from bulk refractive index changes, exploiting the different penetration depths of multiple SPPs.
Adjective Agreement in Noon: Evidence for a Split Theory of Noun-Modifier Concord

(1) Approaches to Noun-Modifier Agreement a. syntax-centric: Many researchers attempt to unify subject-predicate agreement and noun-modifier agreement under the umbrella of Agree in the syntax proper (Baker 2008b; Carstens 2001, 2011, 2013; Danon 2011; Toosarvandani and van Urk 2012). b. morphology-centric: Another position, advocated by Norris (2014), takes noun-modifier agreement to operate in the morphological component. This approaches splits noun-modifier concord from subject-predicate agreement derived by Agree.
Efficient decision-theoretic planning: techniques and empirical analysis

This paper discusses techniques for performing efficient decision-theoretic planning. We give an overview of the DRIPS decision-theoretic refinement planning system, which uses abstraction to efficiently identify optimal plans. We present techniques for automatically generating search control information, which can significantly improve the planner's performance. We evaluate the efficiency of DRIPS both with and without the search control rules on a complex medical planning problem and compare its performance to that of a branch-and-bound decision tree algorithm.
A review of public health syndromic surveillance systems

In response to the critical need of early detection of potential infectious disease outbreaks or bioterrorism events, public health syndromic surveillance systems have been rapidly developed and deployed in recent years. This paper surveys major research and system development issues related to syndromic surveillance systems and discusses recent advances in this important area of security informatics study.
The Facts of Economic Growth

Abstract Why are people in the richest countries of the world so much richer today than 100 years ago? And why are some countries so much richer than others? Questions such as these define the field of economic growth. This paper documents the facts that underlie these questions. How much richer are we today than 100 years ago, and how large are the income gaps between countries? The purpose of the paper is to provide an encyclopedia of the fundamental facts of economic growth upon which our theories are built, gathering them together in one place and updating them with the latest available data.
Linear bounds on matrix extremal functions using visibility hypergraphs

The 0-1 matrix A contains a 0-1 matrix M if some submatrix of A can be transformed into M by changing some ones to zeros. If A does not contain M , then A avoids M . Let e x ( n , M ) be the maximum number of ones in an n × n 0-1 matrix that avoids M , and let e x k ( m , M ) be the maximum number of columns in a 0-1 matrix with m rows that avoids M and has at least k ones in every column. A method for bounding e x ( n , M ) by using bounds on the maximum number of edges in bar visibility graphs was introduced in Fulek (2009). By using a similar method with bar visibility hypergraphs, we obtain linear bounds on the extremal functions of other forbidden 0-1 matrices.
Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Emphysema with bullae is a common feature of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Central to the pathophysiology of emphysema is the presence of airflow obstruction and lung and chest hyperinflation. Because of the increased ventilatory demand and the need to maintain gas exchange, patients with emphysema increase their work of breathing. This article reviews the adaptive and maladaptive consequences of these changes. A rationale is given as to the possible mechanism by which surgery aimed at resecting hyperinflated portions of the lungs may be effective.
Why trade matters after all

I show that accounting for cross-industry variation in trade elasticities greatly magnifies the estimated gains from trade. The main idea is as simple as it is general: while imports in the average industry do not matter too much, imports in some industries are critical to the functioning of the economy, so that a complete shutdown of international trade is very costly overall.
Handling faults in decentralized orchestration of composite web services

Composite web services can be orchestrated in a decentralized manner by breaking down the original service specification into a set of partitions and executing them on a distributed infrastructure. The infrastructure consists of multiple service engines communicating with each other over asynchronous messaging. Decentralized orchestration yields performance benefits by exploiting concurrency and reducing the data on the network. Further, decentralized orchestration may be necessary to orchestrate certain composite web services due to privacy and data flow constraints. However, decentralized orchestration also results in additional complexity due to absence of a centralized global state, and overlapping or different life cycles of the various partitions. This makes handling of faults arising from composite service partitions or from the failure of component web services, a challenging task. In this paper we propose a mechanism for handling faults in decentralized orchestration of composite web services. The mechanism includes a strategy for placement of fault handlers and compensation handlers, and schemes for fault propagation and fault recovery. The mechanism is designed to maintain the semantics of the original specification while ensuring minimal overheads.
Symbolic generalization for on-line planning

Symbolic representations have been used successfully in off-line planning algorithms for Markov decision processes. We show that they can also improve the performance of on-line planners. In addition to reducing computation time, symbolic generalization can reduce the amount of costly real-world interactions required for convergence. We introduce Symbolic Real-Time Dynamic Programming (or sRTDP), an extension of RTDP. After each step of on-line interaction with an environment, sRTDP uses symbolic model-checking techniques to generalizes its experience by updating a group of states rather than a single state. We examine two heuristic approaches to dynamic grouping of states and show that they accelerate the planning process significantly in terms of both CPU time and the number of steps of interaction with the environment.
A novel thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries using phase-change material

A novel thermal‐management system that incorporates phase‐change material (PCM) is proposed and investigated for electric vehicle (EV) applications. A commercial finite‐element (FE) software, PDEase2D™, was used to simulate the thermal behavior of EV battery modules with a PCM thermal management system. Simulation results show that the temperature profile of the cells integrated in the module design was substantially more uniform during discharge at different rates than without PCM. The PCM system is effective in thermally sensitive batteries such as Li‐ion and most Li‐polymer batteries with a significant reversible heat effect. The heat generated during discharge and stored as latent heat is then largely utilized during charge, and a smaller part of it is transferred to the surroundings. The stored heat will be rejected to the module when the battery is left to relax or when its temperature drops below the melting point of the PCM. This is an important advantage for EV operation under cold conditions or in space applications where the battery temperature drops significantly when an orbiting satellite moves from the light to the dark side of the earth. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Combinatorics of Realizations of Nilpotent Control Systems

Summary This article gives a very simple algorithm which allows to immediately write down a canonical nonlinear representation of a free nilpotent Lie algebra. Specifically, it defines a set of local coordinates and gives a formula for the components of a set of system vector fields in terms of these coordinates. The components of iterated Lie brackets of the system vector fields can also be read off easily without any further differentiation. The formulae given here are very close to Sussmann’s product expansion of the Chen-Fliess series and to the chronological calculus introduced by Agrachev and Gamkrelidze.
The Effect of Voluntary GAAP Compliance and Financial Disclosure on Governmental Borrowing Costs

State and local governments are not subject to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations requiring compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). It was only in 1980 that Standard & Poor's issued a policy statement indicating a failure to conform with GAAP would be considered a negative factor in establishing municipal bond ratings. Until May 1986, governmental GAAP was not even enforceable under Rule 203 of the AICPA code of ethics. While some state governments regulate the accounting practices of their local governments, the states themselves are exempt from all accounting regulations. In this unregulated environment, differential levels of financial disclosure by the states are observed. Differential disclosure is presumably the outcome of an economic decision based on the conventional equalization of the marginal costs and benefits of GAAP compliance. In this paper, we try to estimate the magnitude of one potential benefit accruing from differential GAAP compliance—the int...
A fuzzy logic approach to target tracking

This paper discusses a target tracking problem in which no dynamic mathematical model is explicitly assumed. A nonlinear filter based on the fuzzy If-then rules is developed. A comparison with a Kalman filter is made, and empirical results show that the performance of the fuzzy filter is better. Intensive simulations suggest that theoretical justification of the empirical results is possible.
The impact of inflation targeting: Testing the good luck hypothesis

Over the last twenty years the level and volatility of inflation decreased across industrial countries. The inflation behaviour can be explained by a shift in monetary policy or by a lucky period of low volatility in business cycle shocks. To test the ’luck hypothesis’ we examine the inflation experience of Canada, one of the earliest and most successful adopter of an inflation targeting monetary policy. We Kalman-filter the historical structural shocks consistent with an estimated DSGE model, but allow for part of the variance in the data to be explained by a vector of non-structural random innovations. The estimated DSGE model shocks are used to build counterfactual histories. Ex-ante the estimated model predicts inflation volatility to more than halve under inflation targeting. But conditional on the shocks, we show that the luck hypothesis can explain with a high probability Canada’s low inflation volatility since the early 1990s. Any inflation stabilization induced by the shift in policy is accounted for the most part by the impact on expectations. Counterfactuals built neglecting expectations would prove the inflation targeting policy irrelevant.
Manifestations of the Galactic Center Magnetic Field

Several independent lines of evidence reveal that a relatively strong and highly ordered magnetic field is present throughout the Galaxy’s central molecular zone (CMZ). The field within dense clouds of the central molecular zone is predominantly parallel to the Galactic plane, probably as a result of the strong tidal shear in that region. A second magnetic field system is present outside of clouds, manifested primarily by a population of vertical, synchrotron-emitting filamentary features aligned with the field. Whether or not the strong vertical field is uniform throughout the CMZ remains undetermined, but is a key central issue for the overall energetics and the impact of the field on the Galactic center arena. The interactions between the two field systems are considered, as they are likely to drive some of the activity within the CMZ. As a proxy for other gas-rich galaxies in the local group and beyond, the Galactic center region reveals that magnetic fields are likely to be an important diagnostic, if not also a collimator, of the flow of winds and energetic particles out of the nucleus.
A data- and workload-aware algorithm for range queries under differential privacy

We describe a new algorithm for answering a given set of range queries under e-differential privacy which often achieves substantially lower error than competing methods. Our algorithm satisfies differential privacy by adding noise that is adapted to the input data and to the given query set. We first privately learn a partitioning of the domain into buckets that suit the input data well. Then we privately estimate counts for each bucket, doing so in a manner well-suited for the given query set. Since the performance of the algorithm depends on the input database, we evaluate it on a wide range of real datasets, showing that we can achieve the benefits of data-dependence on both "easy" and "hard" databases.
How important is variability in consumer credit limits

Abstract Using a large panel this paper first demonstrates that individuals gain and lose access to credit frequently. The estimated credit limit volatility is larger than most estimates of income volatility and varies over the business cycle. Within a model, variable credit limits create a reason for households to hold both high interest debts and low interest savings at the same time. Using the estimated credit volatility, the model explains why around one third of American households engage in this credit card puzzle. The approach also offers an important new channel through which financial system uncertainty can affect household decisions.
Infrastructure in Latin America

An adequate supply of infrastructure services has long been viewed by both academics and policy makers as a key ingredient for economic development. Over the past quarter-century, the retrenchment of Latin America's public sector from its dominant position in the provision of infrastructure, and the opening up of these industries to private participation, have renewed the debate on the role of infrastructure in the region's development. The focus of this paper is three-fold. First, it documents, in a comparative cross-regional perspective, the trends in Latin America's infrastructure development, as reflected in the quantity and quality of infrastructure services and the universality of their access. Overall, this suggests the emergence of an infrastructure gap vis-a-vis other industrial and developing regions. Second, it provides an empirical assessment of the contribution of infrastructure development to growth across Latin America. Third, it examines the trends in the financing of infrastructure investment -- documenting the changing roles of the public and private sectors -- and analyzes how they have been shaped by macroeconomic policy constraints.
Recognizing contributors: an experiment on public goods

We experimentally investigate the impact of recognizing contributors on public good contributions. We vary recognizing all, highest or lowest contributors. Consistent with previous studies, recognizing all contributors significantly increases contributions relative to the baseline. Recognizing only the highest contributors does not increase contributions compared to not recognizing contributors, while recognizing only the lowest contributors is as effective as recognizing all contributors. These findings support our conjecture that aversion from shame is a more powerful motivator for giving than anticipation of prestige.
New directions in Quantum Chromodynamics

Ireview the light-cone Fock state represention and its associated light-cone factorization scheme as a method for encoding the flavor, momentum, and helicity properties of hadrons in the form of universal process-independent and frame-independent amplitudes. Discrete light-cone quantization (DLCQ) provides a matrix representation of the QCD Hamiltonian and a nonperturbative method for computing the quark and gluon bound state wavefunctions. A number of applications of the light-cone formalism are discussed, including an exact light-cone Fock state representation of semi-leptonic B decay amplitudes. Hard exclusive and diffractive reactions are shown to be sensitive to hadron distribution amplitudes, the valence Fock state hadronic wavefuctions at small impact separation. Semi-exclusive reactions are shown to provide new flavor-dependent probes of distribution amplituds and new types of deep inelastic currents. “Self-resolving” diffractive processes and Coulomb dissociation are discussed as a direct measure of the light-cone wavefunctions of hadrons. Alternatively, one can use Coulomb dissociation to resolve nuclei in terms of their nucleonic and mesonic degrees of freedom. I also discuss several theoretical tools which eliminate theoretical ambiguities in perturbative QCD predictions. For example, commensurate scale relations are perturbative QCD predictions based on conformal symmetry which relate observable to observable at fixed relative scale; such relations have no renormalization scale or scheme ambiguity. I also discuss the utility of the av coupling, defined from the QCD heavy quark potential, as a useful physical expansion parameter for perturbative QCD and grand unification. New results on the analytic fermion masses dependence of the α V coupling at two-loop order are presented.
Cytologic prognosis in cancer of the cervix.

T I-I E treatment of cancer of the cervix at present falls into two disciplines-surgery and radiotherapy. There are vocal and vigorous advocates of both methods of therapy. It has been difficult to show a clear advantage to either treatment. Brunschwig and Daniel1 report a 54.6 per cent five-year salvage rate in 348 cases treated by radical operation during the years from 1947 to 1952. The five-year salvage rate on 892 cases of cancer of the cervix treated by radiotherapy alone at the Koswell Park Memorial Institute during the same period of time was 53.7 per cent. These figures arc almost identical. Obviously, both methods are effective and both salvage about half the cases. The important cluestion to be answered is “Are radiation and operation saving the same patients or are they savin,g different patients?” If they are the same then there is little hope for a major improvement in the cure rate from this disease cxcept by earlier diagnosis. However, if the patients saved by operation are different from those saved by radiotherapy we may be able to make a substantial improvement in survival figures. Attempts to divide cases of cancer of the cervix into those with a good prognosis and those with a poor prognosis have been attempted for a long time. The most successful method of dividing ‘them is the clinical staging of the disease according to its gross
New calculations in Dirac gaugino models: operators, expansions, and effects

In this work we calculate important one loop SUSY-breaking parameters in models with Dirac gauginos, which are implied by the existence of heavy messenger fields. We find that these SUSY-breaking effects are all related by a small number of parameters, thus the general theory is tightly predictive. In order to make the most accurate analyses of one loop effects, we introduce calculations using an expansion in SUSY breaking messenger mass, rather than relying on postulating the forms of effective operators. We use this expansion to calculate one loop contributions to gaugino masses, non-holomorphic SM adjoint masses, new A-like and B-like terms, and linear terms. We also test the Higgs potential in such models, and calculate one loop contributions to the Higgs mass in certain limits of R-symmetric models, finding a very large contribution in many regions of the , where Higgs fields couple to standard model adjoint fields.
The intensity of knock in an internal combustion engine: An experimental and modeling study

From this knock intensity modeling study important initial results were obtained, as well as direction for future work, The detailed model study showed that knock intensity can be correlated to knock model results, thus future use of knock occurrence and intensity modeling for engine development appears viable. The detailed model`s predicted rate of carbon monoxide concentration change (@ 1100K) with time revealed that a linear correlation existed with the percent cycles knocking, while the rate of end-gas temperature change (@ 1000K) correlated approximately linearly with the fraction of cycles knocking. The reduced model shows a similar linear correlation of dT/dt with percent cycles knocking, but the correlation is much weaker than that observed with the detailed model. These results indicate that reactions which lead to products formation and the accompanying heat release must be taken into account in the reduced model. These reactions are of the type which consume aldehydes and olefins to produce carbon monoxide and thereby carbon dioxide.
Supernova neutrinos and the neutrino masses

Core-collapse supernovae emit of order $10^{58}$ neutrinos and antineutrinos of all flavors over several seconds, with average energies of 10--25 MeV. In the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), a future Galactic supernova at a distance of 10 kpc would cause several hundred events. The $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$ neutrinos and antineutrinos are of particular interest, as a test of the supernova mechanism. In addition, it is possible to measure or limit their masses by their delay (determined from neutral-current events) relative to the $\bar{\nu}_e$ neutrinos (determined from charged-current events). Numerical results are presented for such a future supernova as seen in SNO. Under reasonable assumptions, and in the presence of the expected counting statistics, a $\nu_\mu$ or $\nu_\tau$ mass down to about 30 eV can be simply and robustly determined. This seems to be the best technique for direct measurement of these masses.
Reed muller sensing matrices and the LASSO

We construct two families of deterministic sensing matrices where the columns are obtained by exponentiating codewords in the quaternary Delsarte-Goethals code DG(m, r). This method of construction results in sensing matrices with low coherence and spectral norm. The first family, which we call Delsarte-Goethals frames, are 2m - dimensional tight frames with redundancy 2rm. The second family, which we call Delsarte-Goethals sieves, are obtained by subsampling the column vectors in a Delsarte-Goethals frame. Different rows of a Delsarte-Goethals sieve may not be orthogonal, and we present an effective algorithm for identifying all pairs of non-orthogonal rows. The pairs turn out to be duplicate measurements and eliminating them leads to a tight frame. Experimental results suggest that all DG(m, r) sieves with m ≤ 15 and r ≥ 2 are tight-frames; there are no duplicate rows. For both families of sensing matrices, we measure accuracy of reconstruction (statistical 0-1 loss) and complexity (average reconstruction time) as a function of the sparsity level k. Our results show that DG frames and sieves outperform random Gaussian matrices in terms of noiseless and noisy signal recovery using the LASSO.
Super-resolution of mutually interfering signals

We consider simultaneously identifying the membership and locations of point sources that are convolved with different low-pass point spread functions, from the observation of their superpositions. This problem arises in three-dimensional super-resolution single-molecule imaging, neural spike sorting, multi-user channel identification, among others. We propose a novel algorithm, based on convex programming, and establish its near-optimal performance guarantee for exact recovery by exploiting the sparsity of the point source model as well as incoherence between the point spread functions. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The role of revenue recycling schemes in environmental tax selection : a general equilibrium analysis

This study examines the roles of revenue recycling schemes for the selection of alternative tax instruments (i.e., carbon-, sulphur-, energy- and output-tax) to reduce CO2 emissions to a specified level in Thailand. A static, single period, multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Thai economy has been developed for this purpose. This study finds that the selection of a tax instrument to reduce CO2 emissions would be significantly influenced by the scheme to recycle the tax revenue to the economy. If the tax revenue is recycled to finance cuts in the existing labour or indirect tax rates, carbon tax would be more efficient than the sulphur-, energy- and output-taxes to reduce CO2 emissions. On the other hand, if the tax revenue is recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer, sulphur and carbon taxes would be more efficient than energy and output taxes. The ranking between the sulphur and carbon taxes under the lump sum transfer scheme depends on substitution possibility of fossil fuels. Sulphur tax is found superior over carbon tax at the higher substitution possibility between fossil fuels; the reverse is found true at the lower substitution possibility. In all schemes of revenue recycling considered, the output tax is found to be the most costly (i.e., in welfare terms) despite the fact that it generates two to three times higher revenue than the other tax instruments.
Do South-South trade agreements increase trade? Commodity-level evidence from COMESA

South-South trade agreements are proliferating. Yet the impact of these agreements is largely unknown, as existing North-North and North-South micro-level studies are likely to yield misleading predictions for South-South trade agreements. This paper estimates the impact of COMESA on Uganda's imports between 1994 and 2003. Detailed import and tariff data at the 6-digit Harmonized System level are used for more than 1,000 commodities. Based on a difference-in-difference estimation strategy, the paper finds that – in contrast to evidence from aggregate statistics – COMESA's preferential tariff liberalization has not considerably increased Uganda's trade with member countries, on average, across sectors. The effect, however, is heterogeneous across sectors. Finally, the paper finds no evidence of trade-diversion effects. Resultats au niveau des biens pour le COMESA. Les accords commerciaux Sud-Sud proliferent. Or l'impact de ces accords reste largement inconnu, car les micro-etudes des accords Nord-Nord et Nord-Sud sont susceptibles de mener a des previsions trompeuses quand il s'agit d'accords Sud-Sud. Ce texte evalue l'impact de COMESA sur les importations de l'Ouganda entre 1994 et 2003. On utilise des donnees detaillees sur les tarifs et les importations au niveau des codes a six chiffres pour plus de 1000 biens. A l'aide d'un modele d'ecart dans les differences, on decouvre que – contrairement a ce que suggerent les statistiques agregees – la liberalisation des tarifs preferentiels de COMESA n'a pas accru considerablement le commerce avec les pays membres en moyenne dans tous les secteurs. L'effet est different selon les secteurs. De plus, il appert qu'il n'y a pas eu diversion du commerce.
Efficient maximum likelihood parameterization of continuous-time Markov processes

Continuous-time Markov processes over finite state-spaces are widely used to model dynamical processes in many fields of natural and social science. Here, we introduce a maximum likelihood estimator for constructing such models from data observed at a finite time interval. This estimator is dramatically more efficient than prior approaches, enables the calculation of deterministic confidence intervals in all model parameters, and can easily enforce important physical constraints on the models such as detailed balance. We demonstrate and discuss the advantages of these models over existing discrete-time Markov models for the analysis of molecular dynamics simulations.
A permutation approach for selecting the penalty parameter in penalized model selection

We describe a simple, computationally efficient, permutation-based procedure for selecting the penalty parameter in LASSO-penalized regression. The procedure, permutation selection, is intended for applications where variable selection is the primary focus, and can be applied in a variety of structural settings, including that of generalized linear models. We briefly discuss connections between permutation selection and existing theory for the LASSO. In addition, we present a simulation study and an analysis of real biomedical data sets in which permutation selection is compared with selection based on the following: cross-validation (CV), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), scaled sparse linear regression, and a selection method based on recently developed testing procedures for the LASSO.
Truncated Survival Times

Truncation of survival data arises when observation can only occur if the failure time (survival time) lies within a certain interval (l, r) where l or r may be infinite. When the failure time is outside the truncation interval, no information about the subject is available, so the subject is “sampled from a conditional distribution”. This feature distinguishes truncation from censoring. Left truncation (delayed entry) is relatively easily handled by minor modification of hazard-based survival analysis methods. Right truncation has been extensively studied in connection with latency times from HIV infection to onset of clinical AIDS. Keywords: survival analysis; truncation; censoring; delayed entry; AIDS
Semantically-Secure Functional Encryption: Possibility Results, Impossibility Results and the Quest for a General Definition

This paper explains that SS1-secure functional encryption (FE) as defined by Boneh, Sahai and Waters implicitly incorporates security under key-revealing selective opening attacks (SOA-K). This connection helps intuitively explain their impossibility results and also allows us to prove stronger ones. To fill this gap and move us closer to the (laudable) goal of a general and achievable notion of FE security, we seek and provide two "sans SOA-K" definitions of FE security that we call SS2 and SS3. We prove various possibility results about these definitions. We view our work as a first step towards the challenging goal of a general, meaningful and achievable notion of FE security.
Tailoring and cancelling dispersion of slow or stopped and subwavelength surface-plasmonodielectric-polaritonic light

United States. Army Research Office. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (Contract No. W911NF-07-D-0004)
Machine Learning with Lexical Features: The Duluth Approach to SENSEVAL-2

This paper describes the sixteen Duluth entries in the Senseval-2 comparative exercise among word sense disambiguation systems. There were eight pairs of Duluth systems entered in the Spanish and English lexical sample tasks. These are all based on standard machine learning algorithms that induce classifiers from sense-tagged training text where the context in which ambiguous words occur are represented by simple lexical features. These are highly portable, robust methods that can serve as a foundation for more tailored approaches.
An automated images-to-graphs framework for high resolution connectomics

Reconstructing a map of neuronal connectivity is a critical challenge in contemporary neuroscience. Recent advances in high-throughput serial section electron microscopy (EM) have produced massive 3D image volumes of nanoscale brain tissue for the first time. The resolution of EM allows for individual neurons and their synaptic connections to be directly observed. Recovering neuronal networks by manually tracing each neuronal process at this scale is unmanageable, and therefore researchers are developing automated image processing modules. Thus far, state-of-the-art algorithms focus only on the solution to a particular task (e.g., neuron segmentation or synapse identification). In this manuscript we present the first fully-automated images-to-graphs pipeline (i.e., a pipeline that begins with an imaged volume of neural tissue and produces a brain graph without any human interaction). To evaluate overall performance and select the best parameters and methods, we also develop a metric to assess the quality of the output graphs. We evaluate a set of algorithms and parameters, searching possible operating points to identify the best available brain graph for our assessment metric. Finally, we deploy a reference end-to-end version of the pipeline on a large, publicly available data set. This provides a baseline result and framework for community analysis and future algorithm development and testing. All code and data derivatives have been made publicly available in support of eventually unlocking new biofidelic computational primitives and understanding of neuropathologies.
Proton Structure Corrections to Hydrogen Hyperfine Splitting

The largest uncertainty in calculations of hydrogen ground-state hyperfine splitting comes from corrections due to proton stucture. We review these corrections, with special mention of the inelastic, or polarizability, corrections which have been recently re-evaluated. Summing up the arguably best current values for the calculated corrections leaves us 1-2 ppm short of the experimental data. We speculate how one may explain this shortfall, and along the way broadly outline the derivations of the relevant formulas, attempting to explain how certain terms come to appear and commenting on the use of unsubtracted dispersion relations.
RELATIVISTIC MHD SIMULATIONS OF COLLISION-INDUCED MAGNETIC DISSIPATION IN POYNTING-FLUX-DOMINATED JETS/OUTFLOWS

We perform 3D relativistic ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations to study the collisions between high-σ (Poynting-flux-dominated (PFD)) blobs which contain both poloidal and toroidal magnetic field components. This is meant to mimic the interactions inside a highly variable PFD jet. We discover a significant electromagnetic field (EMF) energy dissipation with an Alfvenic rate with the efficiency around 35%. Detailed analyses show that this dissipation is mostly facilitated by the collision-induced magnetic reconnection. Additional resolution and parameter studies show a robust result that the relative EMF energy dissipation efficiency is nearly independent of the numerical resolution or most physical parameters in the relevant parameter range. The reconnection outflows in our simulation can potentially form the multi-orientation relativistic mini jets as needed for several analytical models. We also find a linear relationship between the σ values before and after the major EMF energy dissipation process. Our results give support to the proposed astrophysical models that invoke significant magnetic energy dissipation in PFD jets, such as the internal collision-induced magnetic reconnection and turbulence model for gamma-ray bursts, and reconnection triggered mini jets model for active galactic nuclei. The simulation movies are shown in http://www.physics.unlv.edu/∼deng/simulation1.html.
Robust comparative statics of risk changes

The standard method for establishing the comparative statics of risk changes in optimization problems has been confined to comparing unique interior solutions, relying on strong assumptions about payoff functions and decision variables. We propose a simple and intuitive approach that hinges on considerably weaker assumptions. Merging insights from the monotone comparative statics literature with insights from the risk apportionment literature, we show that the ranking of simple lottery pairs is all that is needed for establishing the comparative statics of risk changes. We use this approach to analyze the comparative statics of Nth-degree stochastic dominance shifts in a general setting with one and with multiple decision variables, and we show how these results can be applied to generalize the classical theories of precautionary saving, self-protection, and others. This paper was accepted by James Smith, decision analysis.