cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow over bedforms in a large sand-bed river: A field investigation

An experimental field study of flows over bedforms was conducted on the Missouri River near St. Charles, Missouri. Detailed velocity data were collected under two different flow conditions along bedforms in this sand-bed river. The large river-scale data reflect flow characteristics similar to those of laboratory-scale flows, with flow separation occurring downstream of the bedform crest and flow reattachment on the stoss side of the next downstream bedform. Wave-like responses of the flow to the bedforms were detected, with the velocity decreasing throughout the flow depth over bedform troughs, and the velocity increasing over bedform crests. Local and spatially averaged velocity distributions were logarithmic for both datasets. The reach-wise spatially averaged vertical-velocity profile from the standard velocity-defect model was evaluated. The vertically averaged mean flow velocities for the velocity-defect model were within 5% of the measured values and estimated spatially averaged point velocities we...
Strong correlations produce the Curie-Weiss phase of Na x CoO 2

Within the $t\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}J$ model we study several experimentally accessible properties of the 2D-triangular lattice system ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$, using a numerically exact canonical ensemble study of 12 to 18 site triangular toroidal clusters as well as the icosahedron. Focusing on the doping regime of $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.7$, we study the temperature dependent specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and the dynamic Hall coefficient ${R}_{H}(T,\ensuremath{\omega})$ as well as the magnetic field dependent thermopower. We find a crossover between two phases near $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.75$ in susceptibility and field suppression of the thermopower arising from strong correlations. An interesting connection is found between the temperature dependence of the diamagnetic susceptibility and the Hall coefficient. We predict a large thermopower enhancement, arising from transport corrections to the Heikes-Mott formula, in a model situation where the sign of hopping is reversed from that applicable to ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$.
Densities of Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 liquids: New measurements and derived partial molar properties

The densities of 27 liquids in the system Na2O-K2O-MgO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 have been measured using the double-bob Archimedean technique. These results indicate that multicomponent silicate liquid volumes have a linear dependence on composition with the exception of the TiO2 component. The equation: V(T) = ∑Xi(T)Vi(T) + XNa2OXTiO2VNa2O-TiO2 was used to derive values of the oxide partial molar volumes (Vi) by the method of least squares. Regressions were made separately at 1573, 1673, 1773 and 1873 K (as liquid ferric-ferrous ratios change with temperature) with relative standard errors for each fit of 0.38%, 0.32%, 0.30% and 0.32%, respectively. Derived dVi/dT values by separate least squares regression for each oxide component reproduce the measured dV/dT of the experimental liquids by 20.21% on average. The effects of iron redox state on the density of a variety of natural liquids are demonstrated and at most amount to a variation of 1%. These new data on silicate liquid volumes were used to re-derive oxide partial molar compressibilities, dVi,T/dP and \gbiT, at 1 bar from ultrasonic velocity and calorimetric data from the literature. The fits for dVi,T/dP and \gbi,T at 1673 K have relative standard errors of 3.9% and 1.8%, respectively, which represent substantial improvements over previous fits. Two applications of these volume data are given: firstly, the fusion curve of diopside is calculated up to 95 kbr using an equation of state for liquid volume expressed as: V(T, P) = V(T) exp ∝ -β(T)(1 − bP+cP2)dP (where β = K−1 and therefore dK/dP = K′ = −β−2dβ/dP); secondly, using a range of K′ appropriate to a komatiite liquid, the pressure-temperature conditions where the density of the liquid equals that of its olivine phenocrysts are calculated.
Symbolic description of periodic orbits for the quadratic Zeeman effect

The organization of the periodic orbits of a hydrogen atom in a uniform magnetic field is studied. It is shown that the dynamics is qualitatively different from that for weak fields and negative energies. The orbits can be mapped one-to-one onto a ternary symbolic tree, an organization which turns out to be applicable for all values of energy and field strength. The results indicate that the field-free hydrogen atom has a purely chaotic limit for positive energies.
Women and AIDS

Abstract This article describes the epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in women in the United States. Comparisons of female and male transmission categories are made and emphasis is placed on the heterosexual transmission and undetermined risk categories for women. Since its onset in 1981, AIDS has affected males predominantly and female AIDS cases have not received as much attention. AIDS education efforts have not targeted women as much as men, despite women's vulnerability to infection, especially through heterosexual transmission. AIDS tends to generate many issues that concern women's sexuality—contraception, pregnancy and abortion among them. Some of the special problems that women with AIDS face are discussed. Women's role as caregiver for persons with AIDS also is examined. Attention is directed to the ways in which AIDS is associated with the traditional female role.
Order in Diacetylenic Microstructures

Abstract Polymerizable diacetylenic lipids form a long, hollow tubular bilayer microstructure that has been characterized by microscopy, spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The lipid monomers are highly ordered at the molecular level, and at high density the microstructures themselves align giving macroscopic order.
Argon ion beam and electron beam-induced damage in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films

Abstract Ar ion beam and electron beam-induced damages in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films are investigated by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. We find that a high-energy Ar ion beam can cause severe damage in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 surface regions by preferentially depleting Se and In. The depletion can occur with an Ar ion beam at energy as low as 0.5 keV. High-energy electron beams also cause damage in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films by preferentially depleting In and Ga. Our results imply that special care must be taken for measurements involving surface treatments using high-energy Ar ion beams or electron beams.
Effects of starvation on liver microsomal P450 activity in juvenile Pleuronectes americanus.

Abstract Recent work has produced evidence to support the existence of a cytochrome P450 CYP2E1-like isoform in the marine fish, Pleuronectes americanus (winter flounder) (Wall K, Crivello JF. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998;151:98–104). Starvation has been previously demonstrated to induce CYP2E1 activity (assayed as chlorzozazone-6-hydroxylase activity) in mammals and this study was undertaken to determine the effects of starvation on liver chlorzozaxone-6-hydroxylase and ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase activity (a CYP1A1 activity) in juvenile winter flounder liver microsomes. A 2-week starvation period resulted in a statistically significant increase in liver microsomal protein, and a decrease in liver lipid and liver glycogen. Ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase activity (pmol/min/mg microsomal protein) was reduced with starvation, chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase activity (pmol/min per mg microsomal protein) initially decreased but then increased over controls. When these activities were expressed per gm/liver (to account for the starvation-induced changes in liver microsomal protein), chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase activity doubled over control during starvation but ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase was not significantly changed. The effects of starvation on liver microsomal chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase and ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase activities are discussed in the context of the impact of physiological states on the ability of fish to detoxify marine xenobiotics.
Advanced Turbine Systems Program and Coal Applications

The US Department of Energy (DOE) is conducting a program to develop ultra high-efficiency, cost-effective, environmentally benign gas turbine systems for industrial and utility applications. The Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) Program, jointly managed by the DOE`s Office of Fossil Energy (DOE/FE) and Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (DOE/CE), will lead to the commercial offering by industry of systems meeting full program goals by the years 2000--2002. It is expected that some advanced technology will already have been commercialized in intermediate systems before that time. Teams, led by US turbine manufacturers, will conduct most of the development work in the ATS Program. However, a substantial technology base element of the program see universities and others conduct significant research and development (R&D) on generic technology issues relevant to the program. The program is primarily aimed at developing natural gas-fired turbine systems. Although the conversion of ATS to firing with coal or biomass fuels will be addressed in the analysis of ATS, tests will not be conducted in the program to verify conversion to alternate fuel firing. The program will however, include work to transfer advanced technology to the coal- and biomass-fueled systems being developed in other DOE programs.
Exploiting the analyticity of Schrödinger operators: Theory and the computation of partial cross sections

The idea of dilation, or dilatation, analyticity with respect to complex scaling of the interparticle distances for nonrelativistic atomic or molecular electronic Hamiltonians is now over 20 years old and the first major reviews are just over 10. The method continues to be a fruitful source of new theoretical and computational results. Under the scale transformation r reiθ, the usual “spectrum” of bound states is exactly preserved, and scattering continua are “rotated” off the real axis by an angle of −2Re(θ) about their respective thresholds. Useful features of this transformation are (1) that resonances are exposed, and, thus, (complex) resonance eigenvalues are easily calculated as the wave functions are L2, and standard results of Kato-type perturbation theory can thus be applied to them; (2) that utilization of this technique to study atoms in ac and dc fields was an early, and still evolving extension of the original theory; and (3) the fact that the “continua” are rotated off the real energy axis allows scattering information to be extracted from computations carried out entirely L2 in bases as the usual resolvents of scattering theory are no longer singular on the real axis. After a brief survey of the technique and its applications, these ideas are illustrated by discussion of positive energy-bound states and resonances, the extension of the theory to include the dc Stark effect, and a review of the resolution of the initially perplexing problem of atomic and molecular bound states in continua. These theoretical results are followed by a discussion of some very recent computational results, allowing computation of atomic partial photoionization cross sections with no specific coordinate space enforcement of boundary conditions, a highly advantageous situation for calculation of the partial cross section for three-body breakup, as in the process ℏ ω + He He2+ + e− + e−. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document Management in Construction: Practices and Opinions

AbstractPrevious surveys on document management (DM) have focused on certain aspects such as the adoption of electronic methods by construction firms and the important features of electronic document management systems. This study presents the results of a survey of practitioners on various aspects of DM, including document storage, classification, search, and transmittal. The survey aims to identify practices that are implemented in large firms in the industry and the opinions of practitioners regarding such practices. Statistical models were used to map the relations between DM practices, characteristics of firms, and opinions of practitioners. The results indicate elaborate interactions between the different components, in which traditional and advanced methods are used simultaneously. The metadata approach for organizing documents is dominant; however, the use of text content is also common, especially for document search and retrieval. The results are considered to be a snapshot to benchmark the deve...
Phytoplankton bloom dynamics of the western Ross Sea ice edge—II. Mesoscale cycling of nitrogen and silicon

In the austral summer of 1983 we examined the spatial distributions of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass, nutrient assimilation rates and phytoplankton growth rates in an intense diatom bloom associated with a receding ice edge in the western Ross Sea. There was significant near-surface depletion of nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid within the bloom, but at almost all stations their concentrations remained higher than those generally considered limiting to phytoplankton growth. Ammonium concentrations within the bloom were frequently below detection limits (>0.1 μM in this study), and nearly always >0.25 μM. Rates of nitrate uptake were high enough to satisfy approximately 65% of the phytoplankton nitrogen demand estimated from 14C-primary productivity and particulate organic carbon: nitrogen ratios. Growth rates estimated for the overall phytoplankton assemblage based on 15N uptake, and the diatom assemblage based on 30Si uptake, were generally between 0.07 and 0.4 divisions per day. The mean rate of biogenic silica production within the bloom was 38 mmol Si m−2 day−1, which is an order of magnitude higher than previous estimates of silica production in the Southern Ocean, and comparable to rates observed in coastal upwelling systems at low latitudes. Accumulation of biogenic silica within the surface layer very nearly matched the depletion of dissolved silicic acid (i.e. the sum of these two quantities was very nearly conservative). The observed high rates of nitrate uptake and biogenic silica production imply that ice-edge phytoplankton blooms are a quantitatively important net source of organic and siliceous biogenic material within the Ross Sea.
Role of pediatric and internist rheumatologists in treating children with rheumatic diseases.

Objective. To quantify and describe the role of internist and pediatric rheumatologists in the care of children with rheumatic diseases and identify factors associated with internist rheumatologists’ willingness to treat children. Methods. We surveyed physician members of the American College of Rheumatology who currently practice in California ( n = 589). Bivariate and logit analyses were used to examine the effects of training, provider, practice, and distance to the nearest pediatric rheumatologist on the likelihood that an internist rheumatologist treated children. Results. Our effective response rate was 51%. More than one third of internist rheumatologists who practice in California reported treating pediatric patients. On average, internist rheumatologists who treated children saw 3.1 patients younger than 18 years weekly; half of these patients were 16 and 17 years of age. In logistic regression analysis, internist rheumatologists who treat pediatric patients were significantly more likely to practice in a multispecialty clinic (adjusted odds ratio: 3.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.9–9.7) and to live >50 miles from a pediatric rheumatologists (adjusted odds ratio: 6.8; 95% confidence interval: 2.1–22.7). In aggregate, we estimate that pediatric rheumatologists and internist rheumatologists provide care to 550 and 419 patients younger than 18 years per week, respectively. Conclusions. A substantial number of California internist rheumatologists are involved in the care of children, especially adolescents. The heavy involvement of internist rheumatologists in the care of children suggests that additional pediatric rheumatologists may be needed in select areas. Our findings have important implications for the size and distribution of the pediatric rheumatology workforce, the content of fellowship training for internist rheumatologists, and future studies of the relative quality of pediatric rheumatology care offered by internist rheumatologists. Furthermore, the role of internist subspecialists in caring for children with other chronic illness should be assessed.
Nonverbal Images of Criminality and Deviance: Existence and Consequence

This paper reviews the literature relating physical appearance to perceptions of criminality or deviance. The content focuses on characteristics of the perceived but includes some data relative to the influence ofperceiver characteristics in the perception process. Methodological procedures are analyzed along with the subject matter of the literature reviewed. The research settings of studies range from college classrooms to juvenile reformatories. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions and implications of the existing research for visual identification procedures utilized in police and court settings. One suggestion which emerges from this literature review, for example, is to monitor police lineups and other identification procedures to help offset the influence of physical appearance on the identification process.
Antibodies to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Status of Matuzumab and Panitumumab

Matuzumab and panitumumab are antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that are being evaluated in several malignancies including non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In phase I trials of single-agent matuzumab in patients with EGFR-positive cancer, three tumor responses were documented in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma as well as colorectal carcinoma. A phase I trial of matuzumab in combination with paclitaxel has been reported in 18 patients with EGFR-positive advanced NSCLC. Objective responses were seen in 4 of 18 (23%) patients. A randomized phase II trial is currently ongoing in second-line NSCLC with matuzumab in combination with pemetrexed. A large dose/schedule trial of single-agent panitumumab enrolled 96 patients with EGFR-positive solid tumors. No responses were seen in the 14 lung cancer patients evaluated; 5 of 39 patients with colorectal cancers had objective responses. A randomized phase II trial of carboplatin/paclitaxel with or without panitumumab in 166 patients with previously untreated advanced stage IIIB/IV NSCLC did not find any benefit for the panitumumab arm compared with the chemotherapy alone arm with regard to response rates, time to disease progression, or median survival time. The lack of a biomarker to identify a subset of NSCLC patients who may derive benefit from this agent limits any potential enthusiasm for further trials of panitumumab at this time in NSCLC.
Selective constraint in intergenic regions of human and mouse genomes

We aligned and analyzed 100 pairs of complete, orthologous intergenic regions from the human and mouse genomes (average length approximately 12 000 nucleotides). The alignments alternate between highly similar segments and dissimilar segments, indicating a wide variation of selective constraint. The average number of selectively constrained nucleotides within a mammalian intergenic region is at least 2000. This is threefold higher than within a nematode intergenic region and at least twofold higher than the number of selectively constrained nucleotides coding for an average protein. Because mammals possess only two- to threefold more proteins than Caenorhabditis elegans, the higher complexity of mammals might be primarily because of the functioning of intergenic DNA.
An assessment of on-line engineering design problem presentation strategies

This paper describes the assessment of three on-line learning modules in engineering design for first-year students developed at Columbia University. The assessment includes results from more than 200 students who used test and control versions of each module during the 1996-1997 academic year. The goal of the assessment was to identify presentation formats and strategies for on-line engineering design problems that improved student performance on the design problem or on a short paper and pencil follow-up quiz taken immediately after module use. Students nearly unanimously preferred modules that incorporated animation and interactive design tools over those with static snapshots of the same material. Interactive design tools also improved performance on the design problems. However, performance on the follow-up quizzes did not vary among student cohorts regardless of presentation format. Similarly, although students generally enjoyed and valued group work activities, and although these experiences frequently increased students' confidence in their answers, follow-up quiz performance was not enhanced by group work activities. In an unanticipated result, students were twice as likely to sketch their answers when the module itself contained animated illustrations rather than static graphic material. This result suggests that computer-based learning tools can significantly affect the character and texture of students' representation of their own ideas in manners that do not emerge from traditional performance measures.
Effect of blood soluble clotting factors on coagulation profile.

Objective: Recently, mechanical thrombolytic therapy has been introduced as an alternative or adjunct to pharmaceutical thrombolytic therapy in removing thrombus from vascular system. Recurrent thrombosis has been a challenge for thrombolytic therapies. We hypothesize that soluble clotting factors released during a mechanical thrombectomy procedure may be responsible for creating a localized hypercoagulable state and could be one of the underlying causes of recurrent thrombosis. Method: Blood samples were obtained from 20 participants with no history of hypertension, vascular disease, and antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy. For each whole blood (WB) sample, we measured activated clotting time (ACT) and clotting rate (CR) at the baseline and then with added agitated and nonagitated clot serums. The same set of measurements was performed on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) samples of each participant. We tested for changes in coagulation profile between baseline samples and those with added supernatant serums o...
Pharmacokinetics and derivation of an anticancer dosing regimen for PAC-1, a preferential small molecule activator of procaspase-3, in healthy dogs

PAC-1 is a preferential small molecule activator of procaspase-3 and has potential to become a novel and effective anticancer agent. The rational development of PAC-1 for translational oncologic applications would be advanced by coupling relevant in vitro cytotoxicity studies with pharmacokinetic investigations conducted in large mammalian models possessing similar metabolism and physiology as people. In the present study, we investigated whether concentrations and exposure durations of PAC-1 that induce cytotoxicity in lymphoma cell lines in vitro can be achievable in healthy dogs through a constant rate infusion (CRI) intravenous delivery strategy. Time- and dose-dependent procaspase-3 activation by PAC-1 with subsequent cytotoxicity was determined in a panel of B-cell lymphoma cells in vitro. The pharmacokinetics of PAC-1 administered orally or intravenously was studied in 6 healthy dogs using a crossover design. The feasibility of maintaining steady state plasma concentration of PAC-1 for 24 or 48 h that paralleled in vitro cytotoxic concentrations was investigated in 4 healthy dogs. In vitro, PAC-1 induced apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The oral bioavailability of PAC-1 was relatively low and highly variable (17.8 ± 9.5%). The achievement and maintenance of predicted PAC-1 cytotoxic concentrations in normal dogs was safely attained via intravenous CRI lasting for 24 or 48 h in duration. Using the dog as a large mammalian model, PAC-1 can be safely administered as an intravenous CRI while achieving predicted in vitro cytotoxic concentrations.
Study of intragastric administration of doxycycline: pharmacokinetics including body fluid, endometrial and minimum inhibitory concentrations

The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of doxycycline after repeated intragastric administration, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for equine pathogenic bacteria. In experiment 1, 2 mares received a single intragastric dose of doxycycline hyclate (3 mg/kg bwt). Mean peak serum concentration was 0.22 microg/ml 1 h postadministration. In experiment 2, 5 doses of doxycycline hyclate (10 mg/kg bwt), dissolved in water, were administered to each of 6 mares via nasogastric tube at 12 h intervals. The mean +/- s.e. peak serum doxycycline concentration was 0.32+/-0.16 microg/ml 1 h after the first dose and 0.42+/-0.05 microg/ml 2 h after the fifth dose. The mean trough serum concentrations were > 0.16 microg/ml. Highest mean synovial concentration was 0.46+/-0.13 microg/ml and highest mean peritoneal concentration was 0.43+/-0.07 microg/ml, both 2 h after the fifth dose. Highest urine concentration was mean +/- s.e. 145+/-25.4 microg/ml 2 h after the last dose. Highest endometrial concentration was mean +/- s.e. 1.30+/-0.36 microg/ml 3 h after the fifth dose. Doxycycline was not detected in any of the CSF samples. Mean +/- s.e. Vd(area) was 25.3+/-5.0 l/kg and mean t1/2 was 8.7+/-1.6 h. In experiment 3, minimum inhibitory concentrations of doxycycline were determined for 168 equine bacterial culture specimens. The MIC90 was < or = 1.0 microg/ml for Streptococcus zooepidemicus and 0.25 microg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. Based on drug concentrations achieved in the serum, synovial and peritoneal fluids and endometrial tissues and MIC values determined in the present study, doxycycline at a dose of 10 mg/kg bwt per os every 12 h may be appropriate for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible (MIC < 0.25 microg/ml) gram-positive organisms in horses.
Lymphangiogram-assisted lymph node target delineation for patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Purpose: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for gynecologic malignancies requires proper knowledge of the volumes to be irradiated and accurate delineation of these volumes on a three-dimensional projection. In this study, assisted by lymphangiography (LAG), we derived guidelines for delineating nodal target volumes on CT. Methods and Materials: Sixteen patients with cervical cancer who underwent radiotherapy between 1995 and 1999 at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology were enrolled in the study. The initial 6 patients underwent bipedal LAG as part of the staging workup. Cross-sectional CT images were acquired and analyzed, and lymph node locations were described relative to the aorta, vena cava, common iliac, external iliac, and femoral vessels. The greatest distance from lymph node to vessel wall and pelvic sidewall was determined for each nodal group. This served as a guideline from which the clinical target volume (CTV) definitions were developed. This proposed CTV was then applied to CT scans of 10 patients to determine the amounts of normal tissues encompassed. Results: Nodal CTV guidelines were derived to cover 100% of LAG-avid lymph nodes. This CTV definition encompassed an average of 58.1 ± 22.8 cm 3 (6.8% ± 2.8% of total volume) small bowel, 28.4 ± 19.2 cm 3 (4.2% ± 3.2%) large bowel, 8.6 ± 8.6 cm 3 (3.2% ± 2.6%) bladder, and 1.6 ± 3.1 cm 3 (1.0% ± 1.7%) rectum. The absolute volume and fraction of normal tissues encompassed by CTV plus 1- or 2-cm margins were calculated. Conclusion: This study presents the first time that three-dimensional lymph node mapping with the aid of LAG has been used to generate a nodal CTV guideline. This information may assist radiation oncologists in properly determining nodal target volumes and selecting a margin around the CTV for intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
Probability density adjoint for sensitivity analysis of the Mean of Chaos

Sensitivity analysis, especially adjoint based sensitivity analysis, is a powerful tool for engineering design which allows for the efficient computation of sensitivities with respect to many parameters. However, these methods break down when used to compute sensitivities of long-time averaged quantities in chaotic dynamical systems. This paper presents a new method for sensitivity analysis of ergodic chaotic dynamical systems, the density adjoint method. The method involves solving the governing equations for the system's invariant measure and its adjoint on the system's attractor manifold rather than in phase-space. This new approach is derived for and demonstrated on one-dimensional chaotic maps and the three-dimensional Lorenz system. It is found that the density adjoint computes very finely detailed adjoint distributions and accurate sensitivities, but suffers from large computational costs.
Recent developments in first-principles force fields for molecules in nanoporous materials

There is a great need to identify high-performance nanoporous materials for gas storage, separation and catalysis to solve a wide range of industrially relevant challenges. Molecular simulations have become an important complement to experiments in the screening and selection of suitable porous materials. Successful implementation of molecular simulations requires accurate force fields (FFs) to describe the interactions of guest molecules with porous frameworks. However, developing accurate and transferable FFs for porous materials can be extremely challenging. While generic FFs and experimentally-derived FFs work well for many simple systems, they often fail to describe interactions in more complex porous materials. Since first-principles quantum mechanical (QM) approaches are capable of accurately predicting intermolecular interactions, deriving FFs from QM data without experimental input is a promising solution. In this paper, we review recent developments in deriving first-principles FFs for molecules in a variety of nanoporous materials. We summarize and classify the methodologies used in these studies, and discuss the factors that are responsible for the accuracy and reliability of FFs. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion of current challenges and future directions for this rapidly growing field.
Software for graph processing

Special purpose programming languages or software packages to facilitate the programming of graph algorithms are being developed at several places. The reports described below have come to my attention. I would appreciate hearing of any other similar efforts.
The hash history approach for reconciling mutual inconsistency

We introduce the hash history mechanism for capturing dependencies among distributed replicas. Hash histories, consisting of a directed graph of version hashes, are independent of the number of active nodes but dependent on the rate and number of modifications. We present the basic hash history scheme and discuss mechanisms for trimming the history over time. We simulate the efficacy of hash histories on several large CVS traces. Our results highlight a useful property of the hash history: the ability to recognize when two different non-commutative operations produce the same output, thereby reducing false conflicts and increasing the rate of convergence. We call these events coincidental equalities and demonstrate that their recognition can greatly reduce the time to global convergence.
Early orthotopic liver transplantation in urea cycle defects: follow up of a developmental outcome study.

Patients with neonatal urea cycle defects (UCDs) typically have high mortality and poor neurological outcome unless they receive liver transplantation. Neurologic outcome may be better with liver transplantation before age 1 year. We report on a follow up on an initial prospective study performed to assess developmental outcome after early liver transplant using the Griffiths scales. Developmental testing up to 7 years after transplantation showed average developmental quotients (DQs) of 69 for four children who underwent transplantation before one year of age (latest DQs were 47, 63, 95 and 96), and 80 for a patient who underwent transplantation at three years of age (latest DQ was 88). We conclude that a combination of early liver transplantation, aggressive metabolic management and early childhood intervention improve the neurologic outcome of children with UCDs.
Collaborative Change Detection of DDoS Attacks on Community and ISP Networks

A community network often operates within the same ISP (Internet Service Provider) domain or the network is administered by a virtual organization spanning across multiple network domains with an established trust relationship. To counter DDoS (distributed denial-of-service) attacks in such a federated network environment, the routers can work cooperatively to raise early warning to avoid catastrophic damages. This paper proposes a collaborative architecture to detect DDoS flooding attacks. The scheme appeals, in particular, to protect networked resource centers that work as a collaboration Grid. By monitoring the distribution of suspicious traffic changes over a number of attack-transit routers, we developed a new Change-Aggregation Tree (CAT) mechanism to enable early detection of DDoS attacks on community networks. We want to detect flooding attacks as early as possible. Here, we report preliminary NS-2 simulation results on a singledomain ISP core network to prove the effectiveness of the new collaborative CAT architecture for DDoS defense. The simulated system achieved a detection rate as high as 95% with less than 1% of false positive alarms. Extensions of this architecture to cross-domain DDoS defense are discussed with further research challenges identified.
Does living in a female-headed household lower child mortality? The case of rural Nigeria.

A B S T R A C T Introduction: The high infant and child morbidity and mortality in most sub-Saharan African countries, and Nigeria in particular, is a prominent global concern. The objective of this study was to assess factors influencing, and the prevalence of, the experience of child death among rural Nigerian mothers, with the specific aim to investigate whether household headship had an impact on child death. Methods: Using data from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, multivariate logistic regression methods were used to assess the influence of household headship and other associated variables among rural women who experienced child death (n=13 203) in the 5 years preceding the survey. Results: A total of 5632 women (43%) whose most recent birth occurred in the 5 years preceding the survey had reported the death of a child. Women who utilized health services were less likely to report child death than those who never utilized health services. Women who delivered their most recent child at home were more likely (46%; n=4565) to report child death compared with those who delivered in a health facility (32%; n=997). The women who resided in male-headed households had a significantly higher (43%; n=5143) prevalence of child death than women from female-headed households (37%; n=489). After controlling for all covariates in the multivariate logistic regression models, women from female-headed households were 17% less likely to experience child death (odds ratio=0.83; 95% confidence interval 0.71, 0.98) than women from male-headed households. Conclusions: The occurrence of child death is not unusual in rural Nigeria. Multiple frameworks are needed to account for differentials in child mortality. After controlling for other explanatory variables such as age, wealth status, region and place of delivery of recent birth, this study found that household headship remained a strong predictor of child mortality. Recommendations
High-Resolution Atmospheric Sensing of Multiple Atmospheric Variables Using the DataHawk Small Airborne Measurement System

AbstractThe DataHawk small airborne measurement system provides in situ atmospheric measurement capabilities for documenting scales as small as 1 m and can access reasonably large volumes in and above the atmospheric boundary layer at low cost. The design of the DataHawk system is described, beginning with the atmospheric measurement requirements, and articulating five key challenges that any practical measurement system must overcome. The resulting characteristics of the airborne and ground support components of the DataHawk system are outlined, along with its deployment, operating, and recovery modes. Typical results are presented to illustrate the types and quality of data provided by the current system, as well as the need for more of these finescale measurements. Particular focus is given to the DataHawk's ability to make very-high-resolution measurements of a variety of atmospheric variables simultaneously, with emphasis given to the measurement of two important finescale turbulence parameters, (the...
Results from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/U.S. Food and Drug Administration collaborative study on complication rates and drug use during gastrointestinal endoscopy

We used data from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy's computer-based management system to compare the rates of serious cardiorespiratory complications and death associated with the use of midazolam and diazepam. Data were analyzed from 21,011 procedures. Midazolam was used in 15,061 of these procedures, diazepam in 4,302, and neither in 1,648. We assessed benzodiazepine dose, concomitant drug administration, type of procedure, and selected patient characteristics in each of these three groups. No significant difference between these three groups were noted other than the fact that certain clinical centers tended to exclusively use midazolam, whereas others used both benzodiazepines. Reports of serious cardiorespiratory complications and death were uncommon, occurring in 5.4 and 0.3 per thousand procedures, respectively. Midazolam did not seem to place patients in this sample at greater risk for cardiorespiratory complications than diazepam. Concomitant use of narcotics and urgent and emergent procedures, however, did increase the risk of serious cardiorespiratory events.
Influence of weather on reproduction

Laboratory investigations suggest that the effects of weather on avian reproduction could be manifest via a “stress” response resulting in an elevation of circulating levels of corticosterone and a depression of reproductive hormone secretion. However, field investigations indicate that additional endocrine responses also occur. Inclement weather early in the breeding season, i.e., before the nesting phase has begun, is generally not stressful in terms of plasma levels of corticosterone but does result in a delay of gonadal maturation and decreases in circulating levels of LH and sex steroid hormones. Conversely, storms that strike after the nesting phase has begun and when adults are feeding young do appear to be stressful, resulting in an increase in corticosterone and loss of body weight, but do not affect plasma levels of LH and sex steroid hormones. This latter fact is thought to be highly adaptive because the reproductive apparatus is maintained in a functional state so that renesting can begin immediately when environmental conditions improve. These data indicate that two endocrine mechanisms may be important for regulating responses to inclement weather under natural conditions.
Depression during exacerbations in multiple sclerosis: the importance of uncertainty.

The following correlates of depression were examined in a sample of 166 patients with clinically definite relapsing-remitting (n=140) or secondary progressive (n=26) multiple sclerosis: (a) the present state of the patients' illness (i.e., whether or not they were currently experiencing an exacerbation of their symptoms); (b) their level of uncertainty concerning their illness; and (c) their strategies for coping with their illness. A current exacerbation in symptoms, greater uncertainty of illness, and greater use of emotion-centered forms of coping were all related to depression. Multivariate analyses revealed that uncertainty of illness played a pivotal role as a mediating variable. Exacerbations in illness appeared to heighten patients' levels of uncertainty, and it was largely through this heightened uncertainty that the increases in depression came about.
An interactive graphic interface to illustrate sparse matrix/vector methods

An interactive and color graphical front-end package to assist in the study of sparse matrix/vector methods is presented. The package is written in C and can be installed on any 286 PC machine. It is designed using an open software architecture. With this package, students can study the sparse matrix/vector methods in a portable and highly user friendly environment. A description of the package, a detailed demonstration of the user interface capabilities, and the hardware requirements are provided. >
A 17-Gb/s low-power optical receiver using a Ge-on-SOI photodiode with a 0.13-&#956;m CMOS IC

We report the fastest (17Gb/s) and lowest-voltage (1.8V) all-silicon CMOS optical receiver to date, based on a germanium-on-SOI photodiode. The 12.5-Gb/s sensitivity at 850nm is -12.7dBm (BER=10-12), with a power consumption as low as 50mW.
A highly configurable cache architecture for embedded systems

Energy consumption is a major concern in many embedded computing systems. Several studies have shown that cache memories account for about 50% of the total energy consumed in these systems. The performance of a given cache architecture is largely determined by the behavior of the application using that cache. Desktop systems have to accommodate a very wide range of applications and therefore the manufacturer usually sets the cache architecture as a compromise given current applications, technology and cost. Unlike desktop systems, embedded systems are designed to run a small range of well-defined applications. In this context, a cache architecture that is tuned for that narrow range of applications can have both increased performance as well as lower energy consumption. We introduce a novel cache architecture intended for embedded microprocessor platforms. The cache can be configured by software to be direct-mapped, two-way, or four-way set associative, using a technique we call way concatenation, having very little size or performance overhead. We show that the proposed cache architecture reduces energy caused by dynamic power compared to a way-shutdown cache. Furthermore, we extend the cache architecture to also support a way shutdown method designed to reduce the energy from static power that is increasing in importance in newer CMOS technologies. Our study of 23 programs drawn from Powerstone, MediaBench and Spec2000 show that tuning the cache's configuration saves energy for every program compared to conventional four-way set-associative as well as direct mapped caches, with average savings of 40% compared to a four-way conventional cache.
California Serogroup Viruses

Bunyaviruses are enveloped viruses containing a single stranded RNA genome which consists of three separate segments of negative polarity. The virion contains 4 major proteins, an RNA polymerase, a nucleocapsid protein, and two glycoproteins.
Examining the Relationship between Faculty-Librarian Collaboration and First-Year Students’ Information Literacy Abilities

Using surveys, interviews, and a rubric-based assessment of student research essays, the St. Mary’s College of Maryland Assessment in Action team investigated the relationship between faculty-librarian collaboration in a First Year Seminar (FYS) course and students’ demonstrated information literacy (IL) abilities. In gathering information on the experiences, attitudes, and behaviors of faculty, librarians, and first-year students, the project team uncovered additional questions about the integration of IL in the FYS, the ways in which faculty and librarians work towards educational goals, and just what should be expected from students in their first year of college.
Pseudomembranous colitis associated with an unidentified species of Clostridium.

A 66-year-old white woman, treated two and a half years for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, developed recurrent episodes of sepsis and pneumonia. She died despite antibiotic and supportive therapy. An unidentified species of Clostridium was isolated from her blood culture. The same organism was found in lesions of pseudomembranous colitis involving her ascending colon, in necrotic mesenteric lymph nodes, and in exudate in the lungs.
Occupational heat strain in a hot underground metal mine.

Objective:In a hot underground metal mine, this study evaluated the relationship between job task, physical body type, work shift, and heat strain.Methods:Thirty-one miners were evaluated during 98 shifts while performing deep shaft-sinking tasks. Continuous core body temperature, heart rate, pre- a
Patterns of Menopause: A Study of Certain Medical and Physiological Variables Among Caucasian and Japanese Women Living in Hawaii

Comparisons were made between menopausal women and nonmenopausal controls among Caucasians and Japanese living in Honolulu, to investigate the extent of physical changes and clinical symptoms associated with menopause. The analysis was conducted using the multiphasic screening records of 170 menopausal cases and 162 nonmenopausal controls in Caucasians, and of 159 menopausal women and 187 nonmenopausal controls in Japanese. Discriminant function analysis was employed with relevant anthropometric, medical, and physiological variables. After adjusting for the linear and non-linear effects of age, only surgery and medication were retained as significant discriminant variables. Discriminant functions for Caucasian and Japanese groups were not found to be significantly heterogeneous. With regard to the discrimination of the menopausal and nonmenopausal groups, the data suggested that, while no clinical conditions other than those attributable to the effects of aging were significantly associated with the menopausal state, medication and surgical procedures for female disorders were significantly related to menopause.
Responsive Neurostimulation System (RNS) in setting of cranioplasty and history of multiple craniotomies

Abstract Introduction Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) and subdural grids (SDG) are both effective options for localizing the ictal onset zone in patients with frequent seizures. The choice of intracranial monitoring technique utilized depends upon several factors, including the patient's clinical presentation and history. This article addresses a rare instance in which SEEG was not an option due to patient's morphology. Case report A 36-year-old man with history of medically intractable epilepsy and multiple craniotomies complicated by infection and subsequent cranioplasty was presented for possible surgical evaluation. Initially, SEEG was attempted but ultimately terminated because of difficulty related to prior cranioplasty and scarring to the brain. Eventually, a subdural grid system was placed to establish the patient's ictal onset zones after which RNS implantation was performed. Discussion The SDG placement was successful and localized the patient's ictal onset to the hand-motor region of the left hemisphere. RNS was then implanted and postoperatively the patient had a significant decrease in his seizure burden. Conclusion The case illustrates a possible limitation of SEEG placement, particularly in patients with a history of cranioplasty and multiple prior craniotomies. We also describe the first placement of an RNS generator and system in the setting of prior cranioplasty.