cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Residue and Soil Moisture Affect Fertilizer Loss in Simulated Runoff on a Heavy Clay Soil

age systems. These systems are known to be very effec- tive in reducing erosion and limiting the amount of The potential for non-point-source pollution of surface waters from nutrients that leave the field in sediment (McDowell agricultural lands continues to be a concern. Our objective was to and McGregor, 1984; Angle et al., 1984; Romkens et determine the effect of surface residue management and fertilizer application timing in regards to soil moisture conditions on nutrient al., 1973). Potter et al. (1995) found that maintaining a losses in runoff. Studies were conducted using a rainfall simulator residue cover on a heavy clay soil with no-tillage systems that applied 125 mm h2 1 for 3 h to an Austin (Udorthentic Haplustoll) preserved infiltration rates and controlled erosion. The clay soil. Soil surface residue treatments were chisel tillage with no sediment component of runoff generally has been shown added corn (Zea mays L.) residue (CT-NAR), chisel tillage with to carry most of the plant nutrients off the field (An- added corn residue (CT-AR), and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon draski et al., 1985; Barisas et al., 1978; Owens and Ed- (L.) Pers.) sod (sod). Rainfall simulation was made following fertilizer wards, 1993). (16-9-0 N-P-K) application to relatively dry (350 g kg 21 moisture) While the nutrient concentration in the sediment por- and relatively wet (500 g kg 21 ) soil on each of the residue treatments. tion of runoff is greatly reduced with surface residue Runoff samples collected from a 1-m 2 area were analyzed for NO 2 3 cover, several studies have shown that the concentration -N, NH 1 4 -N, and PO 2 4 -P concentration and amount (kg ha 21 ). When fertilizer was applied to relatively dry soil, nutrient losses from both in the solution phase is often increased with conserva- wet and dry runs combined were less than the losses with fertilizer tion tillage (Torbert et al., 1996; Alberts and Spomer, applied to relatively wet soil. For wet runs, the CT-AR treatment 1985; Romkens et al., 1973; McDowell and McGregor, reduced total PO 2
Thermally conducting polymer-matrix composites containing both AIN particles and SIC whiskers

Aluminum nitride particles (size 4 [µa.) and silicon carbide whiskers (diameter 1.4 (µm, length 18.6 µm) were used as fillers in a polyimide polymer matrix. Aluminum nitride in the amount of 50 vol.% decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion from 81 x 10-6 to 11.3 x lO-6/dgC and increased the thermal conductivity from 0.128 up to 1.76 W/(m.°C). Silicon carbide in the amount of 50 vol.% decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion from 81 x 10-6 to 18.1 x 10-6°C and increased the thermal conductivity from 0.128 up to 1.26 W/(m.°C). When both SiC whiskers and A1N particles in the 1:3 volume ratio and in the total amount of 50 vol.% were added to the polymer, the thermal conductivity increased from 0.128 to 2.23 W/(m.°C). These effects are attributed to the large aspect ratio of the SiC whiskers, which tended to bridge adjacent A1N particles and also act as a reinforcement to improve the toughness of the composite. On the other hand, the SiC whiskers in the mixed fillers also enhanced the toughness of the composites. The composite containing 50 vol.% A1N particles alone had a lower dielectric constant (7.1 at 100 kHz) than the composite containing 50 vol.% SiC whiskers alone (15.9 at 100 kHz). The composites containing a mixture of A1N particles and SiC whiskers at different ratios and in the total amount of 50 vol.% had lower values of the dielectric constant than the composite containing SiC whiskers alone.
The glmS Riboswitch Integrates Signals from Activating and Inhibitory Metabolites In Vivo

The glmS riboswitch belongs to the family of regulatory RNAs that provide feedback regulation of metabolic genes. It is also a ribozyme that self-cleaves upon binding glucosamine-6-phosphate, the product of the enzyme encoded by glmS. The ligand concentration dependence of intracellular self-cleavage kinetics was measured for the first time in a yeast model system and unexpectedly revealed that this riboswitch is subject to inhibition as well as activation by hexose metabolites. Reporter gene experiments in Bacillus subtilis confirmed that this riboswitch integrates positive and negative chemical signals in its natural biological context. Contrary to the conventional view that a riboswitch responds to just a single cognate metabolite, our new model proposes that a single riboswitch integrates information from an array of chemical signals to modulate gene expression based on the overall metabolic state of the cell.
Secrets of the Academy: The Drivers of University Endowment Success

In this paper, we have sought to understand what has been the performance of university endowments, and what drives the observed pattern of performance. Our key observations are as follows: (a) the endowments of elite universities have grown dramatically faster than endowments overall; (b) initial endowment size, size of student population, student SAT scores, and membership in the Ivy Plus group are significantly correlated with endowment growth and endowment returns, but endowment returns for public and private schools are very similar; (c) there is considerable persistence of returns across the endowments, particularly among underperforming schools; and (d) alternative investments appear to play an important part in the success of the highest-return endowments, but this strategy cannot be emulated with ease. We also identify a number of unanswered questions. Three gaps in our understanding seem particularly interesting from an academic perspective, as well as practically relevant for those who run or oversee university endowments and other investment pools: the ways in which endowment offices are organized, and how these choices contribute to their success or failure; the viability of the strategies pursued by endowments going forward; and the challenges of imitation.
Adult ciliary epithelial stem cells generate functional neurons and differentiate into both early and late born retinal neurons under non-cell autonomous influences

The neural stem cells discovered in the adult ciliary epithelium (CE) in higher vertebrates have emerged as an accessible source of retinal progenitors; these cells can self-renew and possess retinal potential. However, recent studies have cast doubt as to whether these cells could generate functional neurons and differentiate along the retinal lineage. Here, we have systematically examined the pan neural and retinal potential of CE stem cells. Molecular and cellular analysis was carried out to examine the plasticity of CE stem cells, obtained from mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the influence of the promoter of the rod photoreceptor-specific gene, Nrl, using the neurospheres assay. Differentiation was induced by specific culture conditions and evaluated by both transcripts and protein levels of lineage-specific regulators and markers. Temporal pattern of their levels were examined to determine the expression of genes and proteins underlying the regulatory hierarchy of cells specific differentiation in vitro. Functional attributes of differentiation were examined by the presence of current profiles and pharmacological mobilization of intracellular calcium using whole cell recordings and Fura-based calcium imaging, respectively. We demonstrate that stem cells in adult CE not only have the capacity to generate functional neurons, acquiring the expression of sodium and potassium channels, but also respond to specific cues in culture and preferentially differentiate along the lineages of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and rod photoreceptors, the early and late born retinal neurons, respectively. The retinal differentiation of CE stem cells was characterized by the temporal acquisition of the expression of the regulators of RGCs and rod photoreceptors, followed by the display of cell type-specific mature markers and mobilization of intracellular calcium. Our study demonstrates the bonafide retinal potential of adult CE stem cells and suggests that their plasticity could be harnessed for clinical purposes once barriers associated with any lineage conversion, i.e., low efficiency and fidelity is overcome through the identification of conducive culture conditions.
head start children’s transition to kindergarten: evidence from the early childhood longitudinal study

It has been acknowledged that children from poverty begin school missing many of the prerequisites for school success. The 1963 US initiative, Head Start, is the major federal program aimed at providing children in poverty the experiences necessary to start school on an equal footing with their same-age peers. This article uses data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) to examine the reading and math assessment scores of Head Start children as compared to their same-age peers at kindergarten entry. The data suggests that while Head Start children score higher than their same-age peers when compared to non-Head Start children from the same socio-economic status, there is still a gap between Head Start children and their peers in schools with higher social economic standing. The article brings an interdisciplinary focus to the issue of how ‘peer’ is defined for disadvantaged children when examining achievement gaps and relative program effectiveness.
Increased adrenal secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine after endotoxin and its reversal with corticosteroids.

Abstract Two groups of dogs were subjected to an LD60 of E. coli endotoxin. Group II animals were pretreated with 30 mg/kg of methyl prednisolone sodium succinate before the intravenous endotoxin. All animals had hypotension and diminished cardiac index after endotoxin administration. The nonsteroid dogs, Group I, demonstrated increased adrenal secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Arterial plasma catecholamines were comparable. Group II steroid-treated animals demonstrated lower adrenal secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine when compared to Group I, nonsteroid animals. These results demonstrate that pretreatment with pharmacologic doses of synthetic corticosteroids exerts a specific effect on the adrenal medulla in endotoxin shock that profoundly limits adrenal catecholamine release.
The State of Reading Professionals in the United States

The authors conducted an informal survey to assess the current state of reading professionals in the United States. They wanted to find out The different job titles used for reading professionals across the states The requirements for becoming a reading professional The typical roles and duties of these reading professionals The findings of the survey suggest that reading professionals may not be adequately prepared for their specific jobs. This situation is particularly reflected in the lack of information at the state department level regarding reading coaches.
Characterization of a HeLa cDNA clone encoding the human SII protein, an elongation factor for RNA polymerase II

We present the cloning and sequence characterization of a HeLa cDNA encoding the SII transcription elongation factor. This cDNA clone is distinct from those previously isolated from a human kidney cDNA library [Yoo et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (1991) 1073-1079]. Southern analysis suggests that more than one gene may exist for SII in the human genome. A comparison of deduced amino acid sequences for SII-related proteins from a variety of eukaryotes demonstrates very high similarity, especially within the C-terminal domain.
Highly swellable ultrathin poly(4-vinylpyridine) multilayer hydrogels with pH-triggered surface wettability

We report on the synthesis of a novel type of ultrathin hydrogel with remarkably high, fast and reversible swelling/shrinkage and sharp surface wettability transitions in response to pH changes. The poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) hydrogels are produced by the selective cross-linking of PVP copolymer layers in PVP/poly(methacrylic acid) (PVP/PMAA) layer-by-layer (LbL) films assembled by a spin-assisted method on surfaces. These multilayer hydrogels exhibit drastic and reversible 10-fold swelling when pH is switched from neutral to acidic. Importantly, hydrogels at pH > 5 collapse to the thickness of dry films, evincing sharp hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transitions. The swelling amplitude of these multilayer hydrogel coatings is controlled by varying cross-link densities within the hydrogel. Further, the pH-triggered swelling properties of PVP hydrogels are significantly affected by the multilayer assembly method. PVP films produced using the spin-assisted method experienced almost a 4-fold greater swelling enhancement over their conventionally “dipped” counterparts. Finally, PVP hydrogels dehydrated from basic and acidic solutions show drastically different surface morphology and wettability properties. The hydrogel contact angles vary from 70° to 20° for the films dried from neutral and acidic solutions, respectively. Our study provides better understanding of regulated volume and surface wettability transitions in polymer networks which is critical for developing novel materials for a wide variety of applications including sensing, transport regulation, and self-cleaning coatings.
Integrating fly-by-light/power-by-wire flight control systems on transport aircraft

The ever increasing performance and economy of operation requirements placed on transport aircraft are resulting in very complex, highly integrated digital aircraft control systems. Despite the great increase in complexity mandated by these integrated aircraft control and management systems, substantial improvements in reliability, maintainability, weight savings, manufacturability, and survivability are also required. Fly-By-Light (FBL) and Power-By-Wire (PBW) technologies and their integration offer the potential of providing lightweight, highly capable, flexible, and robust aircraft control and power systems to meet the demanding requirements placed on future transport aircraft. This paper discusses FBL/PBW technologies and integration on transport aircraft. >
Androgen receptor CAG repeats and body composition among Ariaal men

Summary To determine the population variation in the androgen receptor (AR) and its association with body composition in a subsistence population, we sampled 87 settled and 65 nomadic males ages 20+ among the Ariaal of northern Kenya. Anthropometric measures included height, body mass index, fat-free mass (FFM), upper arm muscle plus bone area (AMPBA), % body fat (%BF), suprailliac skinfold (SISF), and waist-to-hip ratio. Salivary testosterone (T) was determined from both morning (Am T) and afternoon (Pm T) samples. Hair roots were obtained for genotyping AR CAG repeat length. AR CAG repeat length did not vary between the two sub-groups (overall value = 22.6 ± 3.1). Multiple regression models, controlling for age and residence, indicate that Pm T was positively associated with all measures of body composition. AR CAG repeat length was a significant positive predictor of height, FFM, %BF, SISF and waist circumference. There was a significant negative Pm T by AR CAG repeat length interaction in predicting all anthropometric measures but AMPBA. These findings provide evidence for population variation in AR CAG repeat length and suggest that both T and AR CAG length play a role in body composition in this extremely lean population.
Volume tracking using higher dimensional isosurfacing

Tracking and visualizing local features from a time-varying volumetric data allows the user to focus on selected regions of interest, both in space and time, which can lead to a better understanding of the underlying dynamics. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to track time-varying isosurfaces and interval volumes using isosurfacing in higher dimensions. Instead of extracting the data features such as isosurfaces or interval volumes separately from multiple time steps and computing the spatial correspondence between those features, our algorithm extracts the correspondence directly from the higher dimensional geometry and thus can more efficiently follow the user selected local features in time. In addition, by analyzing the resulting higher dimensional geometry, it becomes easier to detect important topological events and the corresponding critical time steps for the selected features. With our algorithm, the user can interact with the underlying time-varying data more easily. The computation cost for performing time-varying volume tracking is also minimized.
Traditions, Identity and Security: The Legacy of Neutrality in Finnish and Swedish Security Policies in Light of European Integration

The militarily non-allied members of the European Union, Austria, Finland, Ireland and Sweden, have undergone rapid changes in security policies since 1999. Looking at two states, Finland and Sweden, this paper traces states' contemporary responses to the rapid development of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) to their historical experiences with different types of neutrality. It is argued that by looking at the legacies of different types of neutrality on identity and domestic rules, traditions, norms, and values, we can better explain how change occurred, and why states have pursued slightly different paths. This broadly enhances our understanding of the role of domestic institutions in accounting for policy variation in multilateral regional integration, and particularly in the EU. In the process, this study also addresses a question recently raised by other scholars: The role of neutrality in Europe.
Post-translational modification of cardiac proteasomes: functional delineation enabled by proteomics

Proteasomes are ubiquitously expressed multicatalytic complexes that serve as key regulators of protein homeostasis. There are several lines of evidence indicating that proteasomes exist in heterogeneous subpopulations in cardiac muscle, differentiated, in part, by post-translational modifications (PTMs). PTMs regulate numerous facets of proteasome function, including catalytic activities, complex assembly, interactions with associating partners, subcellular localization, substrate preference, and complex turnover. Classical technologies used to identify PTMs on proteasomes have lacked the ability to determine site specificity, quantify stoichiometry, and perform large-scale, multi-PTM analysis. Recent advancements in proteomic technologies have largely overcome these limitations. We present here a discussion on the importance of PTMs in modulating proteasome function in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology, followed by the presentation of a state-of-the-art proteomic workflow for identifying and quantifying PTMs of cardiac proteasomes.
Serum Group I Pepsinogens in Children with Recurrent Abdominal Pain

Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) is a common, frustrating problem in childhood. A commonly mentioned cause has been acid hypersecretion without evidence of actual ulceration. Recently, a radioimmunoassay specific for group I pepsinogens (PgI), one of two immunochemically distinct groups of human pepsinogens or precursor zymogens of pepsin, has been developed. Serum PgI levels have been demonstrated to reflect the acid secretory capacity of gastric mucosa, specifically the maximal and peak acid outputs (MAO, PAO), as well as the basal acid output (BAO), thus providing an accurate, tubeless determination of acid secretion. The present study of children with and without RAP has revealed no significant difference in serum PgI levels in these groups. These results suggest that acid hypersecretion cannot be demonstrated in RAP: therefore its relationship to RAP is questionable.
ATP-stimulated Release of Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 Requires Priming by Lipopolysaccharide and Is Independent of Caspase-1 Cleavage *

Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 are structurally similar proteins that require caspase-1 processing for activation. Both proteins are released from the cytosol by unknown pathway(s). To better characterize the release pathway(s) for IL-1β and IL-18 we evaluated the role of lipopolysaccharide priming, of interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE) inhibition, of human purinergic receptor (P2X7) function, and of signaling pathways in human monocytes induced by ATP. Monocytes rapidly processed and released both IL-1β and IL-18 after exogenous ATP. Despite its constitutive cytosolic presence, IL-18 required lipopolysaccharide priming for the ATP-induced release. Neither IL-1β nor IL-18 release was prevented by ICE inhibition, and IL-18 release was not induced by ICE activation itself. Release of both cytokines was blocked completely by a P2X7 receptor antagonist, oxidized ATP, and partially by an antibody to P2X7 receptor. In evaluating the signaling components involved in the ATP effect, we identified that the protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG126, produced a profound inhibition of both ICE activation as well as release of IL-1β/IL-18. Taken together, these results suggest that, although synthesis of IL-1β and IL-18 differ, ATP-mediated release of both cytokines requires a priming step but not proteolytically functional caspase-1.
The partitioned dynamic-priority scheduling of sporadic task systems

A polynomial-time algorithm is presented for partitioning a collection of sporadic tasks among the processors of an identical multiprocessor platform. Since the partitioning problem is NP-hard in the strong sense, this algorithm is unlikely to be optimal. A quantitative characterization of its worst-case performance is provided in terms of resource augmentation.
“You Give Me Idea!”: Collaborative Strides Toward Bilingualism, Biliteracy, and Cross-Cultural Understanding in a Two-Way Partial Immersion Program

This study analyzes the nature of spontaneous bilingual peer interactions across Spanish/English integrated learning contexts, as well as the roles played by Spanish-dominant and English-dominant peers in mediating each others' bilingual, biliteracy, and cross-cultural learning in a two-way partial immersion (TWpI) program. Implications for designing and implementing effective language, literacy, and cross-cultural learning environments for bilingual children from minority- and majority-language backgrounds are addressed.
Increasing Student Participation in IEP Meetings: Establishing the Self-Directed IEP as an Evidenced-Based Practice:

This study examined the effectiveness of the Self-Directed IEP to teach individualized education program (IEP) meeting skills. One hundred and thirty secondary students were randomly assigned to the treatment or control group. Observations of 130 meetings and 764 IEP team members were performed using 10-s momentary time sampling to determine the percentage of intervals team members talked and the percentage of time they discussed transition. Special education teachers completed a pre/post ChoiceMaker self-determination student skill and opportunity assessment, and meeting participants answered postmeeting surveys. The Self-Directed IEP had a strong effect on increasing the percentage of time students talked, started, and led the meetings. This was verified by survey results. These findings add to the growing literature demonstrating the effectiveness of the Self-Directed IEP.
In vivo evidence of D3 dopamine receptor sensitization in parkinsonian primates and rodents with l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias.

Long-term dopamine (DA) replacement therapy in Parkinson’s disease (PD) often leads to development of abnormal motor response and dyskinesia (Olanow et al., 2004) through poorly understood mechanisms. DA modulates the basal ganglia output through opposite effects on the postsynaptic DA receptors: D1 facilitation and D2-like (D2 and D3) inhibition (Beaulieu et al., 2005). Anatomically, D1 and D2-like receptors are partially segre- gated into the striatonigral (“direct”) and striatopallidal (“indirect”) projections or pathways (Gerfen et al., 1990). However, there is evidence of substantial co-localization of functional D1- and D2-like receptors on striatal medium spiny projection neurons (Aizman et al., 2000; Pollack, 2004) implying that cross-talk may occur both at circuitry and intracellular levels. DA receptors are 7 transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors: D1 receptors are coupled to G αs/olf, increase cAMP levels and phosphorylation of DARPP-32 and proteins downstream (Bonci and Hopf, 2005). D2 are linked to Gαi, inhibit adenyl cyclases and activate G-protein-coupled inward-rectifying potassium channels (Girk) and phosphatases (Bonci and Hopf, 2005). D3 have no net effect on cAMP levels and may couple to both Gs and i proteins (Ilani et al., 2002). Notably, D1 and D2/D3 agonists induce opposite hemodynamic changes in the striatum measured by functional pharmacologic (ph)MRI; D1 agonists increase relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) while D2 and D3 agonists decrease it (Chen et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2006). Pramipexole, a D3-preferring agonist, has been shown to reduce cerebral blood flow in cingulate and orbitofrontal areas in monkeys in a PET study (Black et al., 2002). These opposite effects correlate well with the D1-mediated facilitation and D2 gating roles on glutamate transmission in the striatum. While D3 receptors are not highly expressed in the motor regions of the striatum (Murray et al., 1994; Sokoloff et al., 1990), there is compelling evidence from postmortem studies, of L-DOPA induction of ectopic D3 receptor expression in D1-expressing medium spiny neurons in the striatum of parkinsonian rats (Bordet et al., 1997; Bordet et al., 2000) and macaques (Bezard et al., 2003; Quik et al., 2000). Furthermore, both the presence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in primates (Bezard et al., 2003) and sensitization to L-DOPA in rats (Bordet et al., 1997; Bordet et al., 2000; Guillin et al., 2003) have been correlated with changes in D3 receptor expression in postmortem analyses. In this study we examined in vivo hemodynamic changes in response to D3 activation using ph MRI and (7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2 aminotetralin) 7-OHDPAT, in naive, parkinsonian and L-DOPA-treated rats and primates. 7-OHDPAT has a 10-fold higher affinity for the D3 (Missale et al., 1998; Sokoloff et al., 1990) compared to the D2 receptor.
Electronic Health Record Patient Portals in CKD and Hypertension Management: Meaningfully Used?

Providing patients access to their personal health records by means of web-based portals to facilitate patient engagement has been well established for various chronic conditions, including diabetes and congestive heart failure ([1][1]–[3][2]). The most successful of these interventions have been
Fate of simazine in a drip-irrigated Vitis vinifera vineyard

Abstract To determine simazine movement and dissipation in a drip-irrigated Vitis vinifera vineyard under two irrigation schedules [ grower standard (GS) and current evaporation/transpiration (CET)], field experiments were conducted in a Hanford fine sandy loam, a soil type prone to leaching. In experiment 1, simazine was surface-applied in a 1.7-m swath down the vine row, and chloride was applied as a tracer. Total recovery of simazine was 45 cm deep. In experiment 3, which was conducted in the absence of irrigation, total recovery of simazine was 30% when shel...
Gallium(III) Trifluormethanesulfonate: A Water-Tolerant, Reusable Lewis Acid Catalyst for Friedel-Crafts Reactions

The application of gallium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, OTf) in Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions is described. Gallium triflate was found to be an excellent catalyst for the adamantylation of toluene with 1-bromoadamantane, where its activity was compared to that of well-known rare earth metal triflates. As Ga(OTf)3 does not decompose in the presence of water the isopropylation of aromatics can be carried out with isopropyl alcohol in moderate to excellent yields. While acetylation provides moderate yields in selective reactions, benzoylation of aromatics takes place in good yields in a catalytic and non-stoichiometric reaction. The catalyst can easily be recovered from the reaction mixture and can be reused without loss of activity, demonstrating its effective and environmentally friendly recyclable character.
Spearman, Charles (1863–1945)

Charles Edward Spearman (1863–1945) was arguably the leading psychometrician of the early twentieth century. He was the founder and head of the “London school” of psychology at University College London (UCL) where he and his many students combined an experimental with a psychometric approach to the study of cognitive ability. He became Reader in Experimental Psychology at UCL in 1907 and was made the Grote Professor of Mind and Logic at UCL in 1911. This professorship was eventually (1928) renamed the “Professorship of Psychology.” He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1924. Although officially retiring from UCL in 1931, he continued an active research career for the rest of his life. Spearman's contributions to reliability theory, factor analysis, and the theory of “g” or general intelligence continue to influence psychometric and intelligence research more than 100 years later. Keywords: factor analysis; intelligence; psychometric testing; psychometric theory; Spearman, Charles; statistical methods in psychology
Surging in Laboratory Pipeline with Steady Inflow

Surges of head and discharge were studied experimentally in a laboratory pipeline which had check structures spaced at equal distances along the pipe. Surges developed when the downstream portion of the check structures did not flow full. The surges were initiated by the release of air entrained in the downstream leg of the check structures, and the surges were amplified as the flow passed through the successive pipe reaches. The experiments were made for various inflows which were steady at the upstream end of the pipe. Plots of surge magnitude vs. inflow rate show two peaks. One peak apparently corresponds to surges initiated by air release through the vent downstream of the check structures; the other peak, to surges initiated by air release through the downstream part of the check structure. The nonlinear momentum equation was integrated numerically to predict the growth of the discharge surge from one pipe reach to the next. The general character of the results is presented. The results were in good agreement with the experiments.
Abstract A103: Risk of breast cancer with plasma prolactin concentrations by phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT5 status

A103 Prolactin, a lactogenic hormone, has been associated with risk of breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Prolactin may act by influencing transcription factors in the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway. In particular, STAT3 and STAT5 appear to be important in breast carcinogenesis; prolactin is known to activate STAT5 via phosphorylation. To determine whether prolactin may act through STAT signaling, we examined whether prediagnostic prolactin levels were differentially associated with risk of breast tumors based on their expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and STAT5 (pSTAT5). Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed from 3,093 breast cancers from women enrolled in the Nurses Health Study. Of these, 443 cases had matching plasma prolactin levels drawn at diagnosis; one or two controls were matched to each case by age, menopausal status/hormone use, and characteristics of the blood draw. Immunohistochemical studies with pSTAT3 and pSTAT5 were performed on the TMAs. Tissue cores were scored from 0-3 based on intensity and quantity of nuclei staining. Relationships between expression of pSTAT3 or pSTAT5 and clinicopathologic features were examined by Chi-squared tests. Polytomous logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between prolactin and risk of breast tumors by staining expression, adjusting for matching factors and breast cancer risk factors. Interpretable tissue cores were available for 309 subjects. Of these, 195 (63%) and 114 tumors (37%) showed negative/weak (0-1) and moderate/strong staining (2-3) respectively for pSTAT3. 178 (58%) and 131 (42%) tumors showed negative/weak and moderate/strong staining respectively for pSTAT5. Absence of expression of pSTAT3 was significantly associated with high grade (p=0.04) and invasiveness (p=0.04). Though not statistically significant, pSTAT3- status also was associated with lymph node involvement and larger tumor size. pSTAT5 was not associated with other tumor characteristics. Prolactin levels were similarly associated with pSTAT3+ (RR, top vs. bottom quartile=1.7, 95% CI=1.1-2.8) and pSTAT3- tumors (comparable RR=1.8, 95%CI=1.0-3.3). However, high versus low prolactin levels were more strongly associated with pSTAT5+ tumors (RR=2.3, 95%CI=1.3-4.2) compared to pSTAT5- tumors (RR=1.5, 95%CI=0.9-2.4), although the p-heterogeneity was not statistically significant (p=0.28). Our findings suggest that prolactin may influence breast cancer risk via activation of STAT5. On-going analyses are exploring the combined role of pSTAT3 and pSTAT5 presence as well as other hormones thought to modulate or reflect STAT activity including IGFs, CRP, and adiponectin. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A103.
English-Spanish, Spanish-English Electrical and Computer Engineering Dictionary / Diccionario de Ingenieria Electrica y de Computadoras Ingles-Espanol, Espanol-Ingles

This paperback edition of the popular bilingual dictionary provides over 95,000 entries, nearly 50,000 in each language. Designed for quick reference and clarity, the user-friendly format directs the reader instantly to the precise equivalent.
Serials Conversion:: LSU's Experience

Louisiana State University was the recipient of a grant to convert serial records to machine-readable form. The article discusses the project and the grant and examines some of the qucstions a library must face in conversion projects-staffing, meshing local cataloging decisions with national standards, etc.
A community research partnership to improve the diet of African Americans

OBJECTIVE To describe a community research partnership in which a national parent education organization collaborated with academic institutions to develop a dietary change program for underserved African American parents. METHODS Qualitative methods were used to characterize issues that impacted partnership operations. RESULTS Data are reported on partnership activities including program development and implementation with African American parents. Lessons learned and strategies for improving the partnership are presented. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing assessment and evaluation of how a partnership operates, especially in the context of multiple sites, are important to sustaining successful functioning.
Current Concepts in Rectal Cancer

The history of rectal cancer management informs current therapy and points us in the direction of future improvements. Multidisciplinary team management of rectal cancer will move us to personalized treatment for individuals with rectal cancer in all stages.
Arithmetic Research of Calculating Longitude-latitude and Eliminating Errors of Aerial Image

The arithmetic of calculating longitude-latitude of aerial image acquired by SAR,infrared,CCD equipments in the air is introduced.The arithmetic,which based on the aviation parameters accompanying with the image,calculates the longitude-latitude of each pixel on the aerial image by means of the analytical geometry of three dimensions.The possibilities of errors generating are analyzed,and the methods of errors eliminating are introduced.The arithmetic had been applied in the real project.
[Influence of ethylbenzene on the levels of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine, ultrastructure and the expressions of Mitochondrial apoptotic-related proteins in the rat nephridial tissues].

Objective To investigate the influnence of ethylbenzene on the levels of mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) in urine, the ultrastructure and the expressions of mitochondrial apop-totic-related genes in the rat nephridial tissues. Methods Four groups of I0 males of Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated randomly into four groups: control (C) group, low (L) group, moderate (M) group and high(H) group, and inhaled daily with different doses of ethylbenzene: 0, 433.5 mg/m~3, 4335 mg/m~3, and 6500 mg/m~3 6 h per day, 5 days per week for 13 weeks. The mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in the urine was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The uhrastructure of nephridial tissue was observed via electron microscope. The protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome C, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 in nephridial tissues were measured by Western blot, respectively. Results The levels of MA [(0.303±0.148) mg/L, (0.404±0.154) mg/L] and PGA [(0.168±0.104) mg/L, (0.174±0.092) mg/L] in the urine of M and H groups were signifi-cantly higher than that in the control and L group[(0.084±0.070) mg/L,(0.041±0.029) mg/L](P<0.05, respective-ly). It has been shown a dose-effect relationship between the contents of MA, PGA and MA+PGA and inhaled etbylbenzene, respectively. The mitochondria of rat nephridial tissue of H group became a compact and vacuo-lar structure with disorder and loss of cristae. The expression levels of Bax in mitochondria of nephridial tissues of M and H groups were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Caspase-3 expression level in H group was remarkably higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression levels of cytochrome C and Caspase-9 were enhanced, while the expression levels of Bcl-2 were re-strained in all ethylbenzene-treated groups (P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively). The expression levels of Caspase-3 in M and H groups were significantly higher than that in the control group and L group (P<0.05). Conclusion Ethylbenzene can induce apoptosis in the cells of nephridial tissues. The apoptotic mechanism might be in-volved with up-regulation of Bax, cytochrome C, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, as well as restraint of Bcl-2. The level of MA and PGA in the rat urine could be a parameter of biological dose in vivo after ethylbenzene inhala-tion. Key words: Ethylbenzene; Rat; Pathology
Bowel cleansing before colonoscopy: Balancing efficacy, safety, cost and patient tolerance

Effective colorectal cancer screening relies on reliable colonoscopy findings which are themselves dependent on adequate bowel cleansing. Research has consistently demonstrated that inadequate bowel preparation adversely affects the adenoma detection rate and leads gastroenterologists to recommend earlier follow up than is consistent with published guidelines. Poor preparation affects as many as 30% of colonoscopies and contributes to an increased cost of colonoscopies. Patient tolerability is strongly affected by the preparation chosen and manner in which it is administered. Poor tolerability is, in turn, associated with lower quality bowel preparations. Recently, several new developments in both agents being used for bowel preparation and in the timing of administration have brought endoscopists closer to achieving the goal of effective, reliable, safe, and tolerable regimens. Historically, large volume preparations given in a single dose were administered to patients in order to achieve adequate bowel cleansing. These were poorly tolerated, and the unpleasant taste of and significant side effects produced by these large volume regimens contributed significantly to patients' inability to reliably complete the preparation and to a reluctance to repeat the procedure. Smaller volumes, including preparations that are administered as tablets to be consumed with water, given as split doses have significantly improved both the patient experience and efficacy, and an appreciation of the importance of the preparation to colonoscopy interval have produced additional cleansing.
A Food Variety Index for Toddlers (VIT): development and application.

Abstract Objective To develop a variety index based on the Food Guide Pyramid that is specific to toddlers and is indicative of dietary adequacy. Design Subjects' mothers were assigned randomly to two in-home interviews with a registered dietitian at four possible collection periods: 24, 28, 32, or 36 months. Three days of dietary information were collected at each period. A Variety Index for Toddlers (VIT) was developed to assess variety within and among food groups based on the number of servings from the food groups in the Food Guide Pyramid. Subjects White children aged 24 to 36 months (n=124) and their mothers who were participants in an ongoing longitudinal study. Statistical analyses Descriptive statistical procedures were performed on VIT scores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) scores were calculated for all subjects and compared with VIT scores. Results Bread group scores were consistently the highest of the individual food groups (mean score=0.94 to 0.96 on the 0.0 to 1.0 scale); the vegetable and meat groups were generally the lowest (mean score=0.68 to 0.73 and 0.73 to 0.76, respectively). Mean VIT scores (an average of the five food group scores) over the four collection periods ranged from 0.79±0.14 to 0.81±0.15; a score of 1.00 represented intake of at least the minimum number of recommended servings from each food group. VIT scores were strongly correlated to the MAR score of nutrient adequacy ( r =+.74, P Applications The VIT can provide a numeric description of dietary variety specific to toddlers. VIT scores can be compared with other characteristics of children, and this index has the potential to be adapted for use with other age groups and populations. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97: 1382-1386.
Code cache management in managed language VMs to reduce memory consumption for embedded systems

The compiled native code generated by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler in managed language virtual machines (VM) is placed in a region of memory called the code cache. Code cache management (CCM) in a VM is responsible to find and evict methods from the code cache to maintain execution correctness and manage program performance for a given code cache size or memory budget. Effective CCM can also boost program speed by enabling more aggressive JIT compilation, powerful optimizations, and improved hardware instruction cache and I-TLB performance. Though important, CCM is an overlooked component in VMs. We find that the default CCM policies in Oracle’s production-grade HotSpot VM perform poorly even at modest memory pressure. We develop a detailed simulation-based framework to model and evaluate the potential efficiency of many different CCM policies in a controlled and realistic, but VM-independent environment. We make the encouraging discovery that effective CCM policies can sustain high program performance even for very small cache sizes. Our simulation study provides the rationale and motivation to improve CCM strategies in existing VMs. We implement and study the properties of several CCM policies in HotSpot. We find that in spite of working within the bounds of the HotSpot VM’s current CCM sub-system, our best CCM policy implementation in HotSpot improves program performance over the default CCM algorithm by 39%, 41%, 55%, and 50% with code cache sizes that are 90%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of the desired cache size, on average.
Effects of nonparabolicity on gain and current density in lead salt semiconductor quantum-well lasers

The quantum-well structure investigated is the lattice-matched PbSe0.78Te0.22,-EuSe system, where the lead salt alloy is the well material. The effects of nonparabolicity in the well bands on the gain carrier density and gain current density relationships are investigated. We considered separately nonparabolicity bands in the xy directions and in the z direction. Comparisons are made to the parabolic approximation in the xyz directions.
Sea of Sand: A History of Great Stand Dunes National Park and Preserve. By Michael M. Geary

Sea of Sand: A History of Great Stand Dunes National Park and Preserve. Public Lands History Series. By Michael M. Geary (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. xvi + 280 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95). Author Michael Geary took a drink of 30,000 year old water from a spring on the west side of the Great Sand Dunes. Later he reminisced, “In this wild and windswept place, a paradoxical landscape that includes an abundant source of freshwater in the very midst of vast stretches of arid sand” (p.210) not only is there a vast human history, but also a tightly woven aeolian ecology which he unravels in this seminal book Sea of Sand . Geary chronicles the expeditions of Lt. Zebulon … gulliford_a{at}fortlewis.edu
Intraoperative neurophysiology of the peripheral nervous system

Abstract The surgical management of peripheral nerve pathology is facilitated with the addition of information describing the functional status of the nerve at the region of pathology and at the time of surgery. Intraoperative recordings of compound nerve action potentials (CNAPs) can provide quick, reliable information on the functional status of peripheral nerves at the time of surgery. The technique is straightforward and can be easily used by those without a lot of previous experience monitoring peripheral nerves. It requires no unusual instrumentation and is very cost-effective. It does not compromise routine surgical exploration of a peripheral nerve injury. The information provided by these studies is very useful in determining the best course of action to deal with a particular peripheral nerve injury. The indications of early, successful peripheral nerve regeneration observed in these studies cannot be obtained in any other way. Thus the method should not be viewed as a “monitor” of peripheral nerve activity—the information is diagnostic and essential. We will not consider peripheral nerve “monitoring” in this chapter but rather focus on the operative evaluation of peripheral nerve function. We encourage the use of this technique as a means of evaluating a peripheral nerve injury and deciding the best way to deal with it. To facilitate the application of intraoperative recordings, this chapter will include a description of the methodology, an interpretation of the findings of intraoperative recordings, some background in the pathophysiology of nerve injury and regeneration, and a practical section on troubleshooting to assist those who are just beginning to use this technique.
ON SITE BUILDING MATERIALS: A SOLUTION TO THE CONFLICT BETWEEN FOOD, SHELTER & ENERGY, WITH RAPID POPULATION & CITY GROWTH

ABSTRACT The problem in doubling the world's population in the next three decades is more than shelter; it is also food, fiber and energy. These needs are in conflict with the growth of populations, cities and shelter. The proposed solution combines the use of underground space created by water jet mining equipment, and lower cost housing constructed from the on-site building material, building blocks removed as a free by-product when creating underground space, and the locating of new cities on rocky sites, rather than on the fertile agricultural row croplands, with highly significant savings of energy both initially and long term.