cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellulosic ethanol: progress towards a simulation model of lignocellulosic biomass

A CHARMM molecular mechanics force field for lignin is derived. Parameterization is based on reproducing quantum mechanical data of model compounds. Partial atomic charges are derived by the examination of methoxybenzene: water interactions. Dihedral parameters are optimized by fitting to critical rotational potentials, and bonded parameters are obtained by optimizing vibrational frequencies and normal modes. The force field is validated by performing a molecular dynamics simulation of a crystal of a lignin fragment molecule and comparing simulation-derived structural features with experimental results. Together with the existing force field for polysaccharides, this work will enable full simulations of lignocellulose.
Direct visualization of the co-transcriptional assembly of a nuclear body by noncoding RNAs

The cell nucleus is a highly compartmentalized organelle harbouring a variety of dynamic membraneless nuclear bodies. How these subnuclear domains are established and maintained is not well understood. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism of how one nuclear body, the paraspeckle, is assembled and organized. Paraspeckles are discrete ribonucleoprotein bodies found in mammalian cells and implicated in nuclear retention of hyperedited mRNAs. We developed a live-cell imaging system that allows for the inducible transcription of Men ɛ/β (also known as Neat1; ref. 12) noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the direct visualization of the recruitment of paraspeckle proteins. Using this system, we demonstrate that Men ɛ/β ncRNAs are essential to initiate the de novo assembly of paraspeckles. These newly formed structures effectively harbour nuclear-retained mRNAs confirming that they are bona fide functional paraspeckles. By three independent approaches, we show that it is the act of Men ɛ/β transcription, but not ncRNAs alone, that regulates paraspeckle maintenance. Finally, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analyses supported a critical structural role for Men ɛ/β ncRNAs in paraspeckle organization. This study establishes a model in which Men ɛ/β ncRNAs serve as a platform to recruit proteins to assemble paraspeckles.
Speciation of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite using kiloelectronvolt energy atomic and polyatomic and megaelectronvolt energy atomic projectiles with secondary ion mass spectrometry

The negative-ion mass spectra produced by kiloelectronvolt energy (CsI)nCs+ (n = 0−2) and megaelectronvolt energy 252Cf fission fragment projectile impacts on NaNO3 and NaNO2 were collected and compared. The mass spectra generated by impacts of the kiloelectronvolt polyatomic primary ions on NaNO3 were markedly different from those derived from the fission fragment impacts, featuring higher relative intensities of nitrate (NO3-) specific secondary ions (those that reflect the sample stoichiometry). The most prominent secondary ion (SI) peaks produced from NaNO3 by the kiloelectronvolt energy projectiles were NO3- and Na(NO3)2-, both of which relate directly back to the chemical composition of the starting material. Likewise, the most prominent peaks produced by the kiloelectronvolt energy polyatomic projectile impacts on NaNO2 were NO2- and Na(NO2)2-. The fission fragment projectiles produced SI spectra from NaNO3 that were dominated by signals characteristic more of NaNO2, indicating that the megaelectro...
Glucose dehydrogenase in teleosts: tissue distribution and proposed function

Abstract 1. 1. Tissue extracts of skeletal muscle, heart, eye, brain, liver, kidney, gill and stomach were electrophoretically examined for glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47) activity in 21 species of marine teleost fishes. 2. 2. Glucose dehydrogenase expression was detected only in liver extracts. 3. 3. Considerable interordinal variation was found in levels of enzymatic activity. 4. 4. Available data support the hypothesis that glucose dehydrogenase provides NADPH for the mixed-function oxidase system in teleosts.
Development of olfactory and thermal responsiveness in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rat pups

Hypo- and hyperthyroid rat pups were tested for their responsiveness on an olfactory and a thermal gradient in an attempt to evaluate the effects of perinatal thyroid manipulation on the ability of the pups to use these cues in orientation. Hypothyroid pups showed a delay and hyperthyroid pups an acceleration in the development of orientation along the olfactory gradient, relative to controls. None of the pups was able to utilize a thermal gradient in directed orientation but pups moved less at the warm end of the gradient than at the cool end. This differential responsiveness was strongest in the hypothyroid pups, suggesting that these pups could utilize thermal cues in an orthokinetic orientation.
Linear elastic constitutive relation for multiphase porous media using microstructure superposition: Freeze–thaw soils

Abstract The constitutive relation derived in our previous work based on the microstructure superposition technique is implemented here for three-phase microstructure configuration to study the mechanical behavior of freeze–thaw soils. Three scenarios were considered for the frozen soils: frozen soil consisting of only two solids, soil skeleton and ice; frozen soil with soil skeleton, ice, and void; and frozen soil consisting soil skeleton, ice and pores saturated with fluid. The frozen soil studied is Alaska frozen soil mainly consisting of clay and silt particles at temperature about −10 °C. The effective elastic constants were calculated for the media under each scenario using two sets of elastic constants of soil skeleton (clay mineral). The modeled results were compared with Hashin–Shtrikman's upper bound solution and the experimentally measured data. In addition to be able to model the mechanical behavior of freeze–thaw soils, the derived constitutive relation, as indicated in the results of this study, could also be used as a tool in determining the microstructure of freeze–thaw soils by measuring the elastic constants of soil skeleton, the elastic properties and unfrozen water content of the media.
Implementation of sensitivity calculations on a monte carlo experiment

A new approach to the optimization of discrete-event dynamic systems has recently been developed (Refs. 1---4). The implementation of this approach requires answering the following question: given an observed value of the outcome of a random variable, what would have been the outcome if the parameters of the random variable had been different? The answer to this question would traditionally involve the value of an outcome in an underlying sample space. However, this underlying value cannot normally be observed. In this note, we give a framework for answering this question, in terms of the observed value alone. This point had not been considered rigorously in the new approach of Refs. 1---4, and our note derives a basic equation required for that approach.
Immunological quantitation of glutamic acid decarboxylase in developing mouse brain.

—l-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was isolated from bovine cerebellum and purified approx 32-fold by a combination of DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration. This preparation was purified electrophoretically. Rabbit antiserum against the electrophoretically purified bovine GAD was found to react with the decarboxylase of bovine cerebellum and mouse brain. Examination of GAD enzyme specific activity at various postnatal ages of developing mouse brain showed that an initial rise in GAD activity occurs at 6 days postnatally. followed by a rapid increase in enzymatic activity which reaches a maximum at 28 days postnatally. Quantitative immunoprecipitation of mouse GAD by rabbit anti-GAD antisera indicated that the amount of GAD per brain increases 10-fold over the period between 1 and 28 days postnatally. This increase coincides closely with the GAD enzyme activity profile. Therefore, the increase in GAD enzyme specific activity during the postnatal development of mouse brain represents an increase in the absolute amount of GAD enzyme protein.
Development and validation of a GC method for quantitative determination of enantiomeric purity of a proline derivative.

Enantioselective HPLC, SFC and GC methods were evaluated for separation and quantitative determination of chiral purity of (2R,4R)-1-(1-tert-butoxyvinyl)-4-methoxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid [(2R,4R)-TBMPCA], a common building block in organic synthesis. All three separation methods can provide baseline resolution of (2R,4R)-TBMPCA and its enantiomer (2S,4S)-TBMPCA; however, both enantioselective HPLC and SFC are unsuitable for quantitation of low levels of the undesired enantiomer in (2R,4R)-TBMPCA. Comparatively, the enantioselective GC method not only separates the derivatized enantioselective pair with resolution as high as 4, but also was shown to be sufficiently linear, precise, and accurate to enable quantitation of derivatized (2S,4S)-TBMPCA down to 2.4 μg/ml (0.04% of nominal concentration). The sample derivatization procedure is simple, and no sample clean-up is needed before injecting samples for enantiomeric GC analysis. Compared to the enantioselective HPLC and SFC methods, the enantioselective GC method is advantageous because of its high efficiency and high sensitivity.
Comparisons of the Competitive Position of Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. Suppliers

SUMMARY Data from 514 Canadian and U.S. purchasing professionals were collected and analyzed to compare Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. suppliers' performance on important competitive dimensions. U.S. purchasing professionals rated Canadian suppliers lower on the dimensions of cooperation, cost, and quality than they rated U.S. suppliers. Canadian purchasing professionals rated U.S. suppliers low on cooperation. Both Canadian and U.S. suppliers rated Mexican suppliers relatively low on all competitive dimensions. These results are discussed and recommendations for future research are offered.
An application of Fishbein and Ajzen's attitudes-subjective norms model to the study of drug use.

Summary The present investigation examined the applicability of Fishbein and Ajzen's attitudes-subjective norms model to the study of drug use for four substances. Participants in the study were 349 male and female undergraduates at a large Southeastern university in the United States in 1977. Results strongly supported the model, with multiple R's of .69, .66, .51, and .70 for marijuana, amphetamines, minor tranquilizers, and beer, respectively. In all but one case (minor tranquilizers), both a measure of attitude toward the act and of subjective norm were significant predictors of frequency of use. An additional measure—attitude toward outcomes of use—did not significantly increase the predictability of any of the drugs studied.
Enhanced fed-batch production, partial purification, characterization of jenseniin P, and discovery of a new bacteriocin-like substance produced by Propionibacterium jensenii B1264

Propionibacterium jensenii B1264 was discovered to inhibit various Propionibacterium, Lactobacilli, and Lactococcus strains based on a deferred agar spot-on-lawn detection method in previous research, in which Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis ATCC 4797 was the most susceptible one. The antimicrobial substance(s) was named jenseniin P and L. delbrueckii ssp. lactis ATCC 4797 was thereafter used as the indicator strain in subsequent research. In current study, production of jenseniin P was significantly enhanced via an improved fed-batch fermentation method and was partially purified using reverse phase silica gel (C18). This partially purified jenseniin P was inactivated by trypsin, pronase, and proteinase K. The molecular weight of jenseniin P was determined to be between 4.5 and 5 kDa. Jenseniin P was characterized as being pH stable with partial inactivation at 100 °C. Jenseniin P was determined to be bactericidal, causing 2.38 log reduction within 60 min at room temperature. A new bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by P. jensenii B1264 was discovered in this study. The new BLIS inhibited the growth of Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 but not the previously used indicator strain L. lactis ATCC 4797. The new discovered BLIS was recovered from the 30 % acetonitrile elution fraction of C18 resin silica column purification process. This new BLIS might present new potential application in the pharmaceutical industry for acne treatment.
Introduction to Rethinking the Patient Experience

Several months ago, as our colleagues gathered at a weekend retreat for faculty members in the Johns Hopkins Department of Radiology, ideas were being tossed around the room for improving the department in one way or another. Finances, academics, research, clinical work, and mentorship were all discussed in great detail, and the different attendees separated into smaller groups to discuss different aspects of the department’s functioning. One of these small groups, asked to consider the experience of patients in our department, had a few questions the other attendees at the retreat had never really considered: What are we, as a department, doing to improve the experience of patients who come to John Hopkins or its affiliates for their imaging? Having worked our entire careers in an industry in which little thought has been given to the daily experiences of patients, do we as radiologists really understand what patients as consumers expect and demand of us? Each of us has spent years training in the nuances of diagnostic or interventional imaging, but how many of us have sat down and considered the experiences of patients in areas such as making an appointment, parking, waiting for a study, and speaking with a technologist, receptionist, or nurse? The points raised by the patient experience subgroup, which everyone in the room readily agreed with, was that improving the patient experience is critical to the long-term mission of the department but is outside of the traditional expertise of radiologists and radiology administrators.
Effect of intensive glycemic control on levels of markers of inflammation in type 1 diabetes mellitus in the diabetes control and complications trial

Background— Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is not fully explained by conventional risk factors. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) showed that intensive diabetes therapy reduced levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides but increased the risk of major weight gain, which might adversely affect CVD risk. The present study examined the effect of intensive therapy on levels of several markers of inflammation that have been linked to risk of CVD. Methods and Results— We measured levels of inflammatory biomarkers in stored baseline and 3-year follow-up serum specimens from a random sample of 385 participants in the DCCT, a multicenter trial in which 1441 subjects aged 13 to 39 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus were randomized to intensive or conventional diabetes treatment. The markers included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesi...
Eating Disorders and Addiction

SUMMARY Eating disorders show some similar features to substance abuse and dependence, but this does not justify viewing them as an addiction. Neither tolerance nor withdrawal reactions to food have been demonstrated. Evidence for “carbohydrate craving” is lacking, and other ostensibly common features (e.g., loss of control over eating, preoccupation with food) have biobehavioral explanations that do not invoke addiction. While not an addiction, eating disorders have been reliably linked to substance abuse and dependence in clinical and community samples. However, the association is not a specific one, and the mechanisms that explain it are unknown. Independent familial transmission of eating and substance use disorders indicates that they do not derive from a single, shared etiological mechanism. Clinicians should routinely screen for substance abuse in eating disorder patients and vice versa.
Being and Becoming in Urban Geography

(2005). Being and Becoming in Urban Geography. Urban Geography: Vol. 26, The City of Transition and the Transition of Cities II, pp. 257-260.
A Case Study of Phonological Development in Language Delayed Twins Not Enrolled in Therapy

The purpose of this report was to document phonological changes in a pair of identical twin boys diagnosed as language delayed. The boys were not enrolled in direct treatment, but were evaluated four times between the ages of 3;5 and 4;9. Speech samples were analyzed for phonetic inventories, phonological process use, and syllabic shapes. Observed changes in their speech generally followed normal developmental patterns.
Tailoring complex weld geometry through reliable heat-transfer and fluid-flow calculations and a genetic algorithm

Systematic tailoring of weld attributes based on scientific principles is an important goal in fabricating reliable welds. What is needed, and is not currently available, is the ability to systematically determine multiple welding-variable sets to achieve a target weld feature such as geometry. Here, we show how the transport phenomena-based models can be completely restructured to achieve this goal. First, the reliability of the heat-transfer and fluid-flow model predictions is increased by optimizing the values of uncertain input variables such as the arc efficiency from a limited volume of experimental data. Next, after the model predictions are made reliable, the numerical heat-transfer and fluid-flow model is coupled with a genetic algorithm (GA) to achieve bidirectionality of the model and to determine multiple pathways to achieve a specified weld attribute such as the weld geometry. The proposed approach is demonstrated in complex gas metal-arc (GMA) fillet welding of low-alloy steel, for which various sets of welding variables are computed to achieve a specified weld geometry. The model predictions are compared with appropriate independent experimental results. The modeling results, apart from providing definitive insight regarding the complex physics of welding, also provide hope that weld attributes can be tailored reliably through multiple routes based on heat-transfer and fluid-flow calculations and evolutionary algorithms.
Effect of strain path on texture and annealing microstructure development in bulk pure copper processed by simple shear

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of strain path on the annealing behavior and texture development of severely plastically deformed oxygen free high conductivity copper. The material was deformed via equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) to strains of 4.6 following three routes (A, B and C). Nucleation sites after recrystallization heat treatment start in shear bands with subsequent growth in the direction of slip lines. Processing that causes intersection of shear planes creates more sites for nucleation and leads to a shifting of the recrystallization curve to lower temperatures. The texture after multipass processing via route A is found to be similar to a rolling texture. An intermediate rotation of the billet of ±90° during processing (route B) is found to produce a partial fiber texture. Route C processing leads to the formation of a sheet texture which is not eliminated when a reversal strain is applied.
Central poststroke pain: current diagnosis and treatment

Central post-stroke pain syndrome (CPSP) is a debilitating sequel that can follow thalamic sensory stroke. Less well recognized, CPSP follows lateral medullary stroke and parietal cortical stroke and may develop anywhere along the spinothalamic or trigemino-thalamic pathways. Patients describe sharp, stabbing, or burning pain and experience hyperpathia and especially allodynia. Although CPSP was first described over 100 years ago, CPSP is too frequently under-recognized. It is treatable disorder. Pharmacological therapy, magnetic stimulation, and invasive electrical stimulation are reviewed and recommendations made.
Alloreactive T-cell clones. Ly phenotypes predict both function and specificity for major histocompatibility complex products.

We have studied the association of Ly phenotype with function and specificity for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products by examining the properties of 21 T-cell clones derived from B10 anti-B 10.D2 and B10.A anti-B10.D2 mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). T cells were selected after MLC solely on the basis of Ly phenotype, cloned by limiting dilution, and tested for stability of Ly phenotype, function and specificity for class I or class II MHC products. Sixteen Ly-1+2− and five Ly-1−2+ T-cell clones were tested. The clones selected for the Ly-1 +2− phenotype maintained this phenotype, expressed helper but not lytic function, and recognized class II MHC products (I-Ad or I-Ed). All Ly-1−2− clones maintained this phenotype, possessed cytolytic but not helper activity, and recognized class I MHC products (Dd and Ld). Our data therefore confirm at the clonal level the original observations of a remarkably consistent correlation between Ly markers, MHC specificity, and. function. They suggest that the expression of Ly antigens on T-cell clones forms part of a genetic program for each of these specialized cells that also determines their function and MHC specificity.
Acetate and pyruvate in cell wall polysaccharides of Propionibacterium acnes, P. avidum , and P. granulosum

Pyruvate and acetate residues were detected in hydrolysates of the cell wall polysaccharides of six strains ofPropionibacterium granulosum, whereas the wall polysaccharides ofP. acnes (three strains) andP. avidum (two strains) contained only acetate. In all strains, acetate appeared to be present only as N-acetyl, since it was alkali resistant.
Predicted Response to Selection for Early Growth in Tilapia nilotica

Abstract Heritability estimates and genetic and phenotypic correlations were determined for length and weight at 45 and 90 days in the Auburn strain of Tilapia nilotica. Heritability estimates were determined by half-sib analysis from an experiment that contained 16 paternal half-sib families or 32 full-sib families, that is, two full-sib families nested in each of 16 paternal half-sib families. Average length and weight were 63 mm and 4.9 g at 45 days, and 99 mm and 18.6 g at 90 days. Sire heritability estimates ranged frown 0.04 to 0.10, and dam heritability estimates ranged from −0.02 to 0.54. Dam heritability for length at 45 days was the only heritability estimate that was significantly different frown zero (P = 0.05). At 45 days, environmental and dominance genetic variance were the major contributors to phenotypic variance, while at 90 days environmental variance accounted for virtually all of the phenotypic variance. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between length and weight at 45 and 90 days r...
The 5′-limit of transposition and upstream barren region of a trypanosome VSG gene: tandem 76 base-pair repeats flanking (TAA)90

Abstract We have cloned and sequenced a portion of the region upstream of an expressed VSG gene of Trypanosoma brucei. This "expression-linked copy" arose through the duplication and transposition of a silent, "basic copy" of the gene to an expression site. Comparison of the sequences surrounding the 5'-end of the transposed segment in the two loci indicates the 5'-limit of transposition lies within the first (3'-most) of three repeated segments found at this position in the basic copy locus. These highly conserved repeat segments which average 76 base-pairs in length are also found tandemly repeated upstream of the transposed segment in the expression site. In this latter site, however, they are more numerous (at least 17 repeats) and they are interrupted, within the middle of one repeat, by a 270 base-pair region consisting of (TAA)90. The possible roles of these unusual sequences in transposition and in a model proposing discontinuous transcription of VSG genes are discussed.
Life history of the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

The field life history of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) was studied in North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Illinois, particularly as associated with black walnut ( Juglans nigra L.), and the number of instars was determined. The beetle was also reared in the laboratory on artificial diet. Galleries are excavated by the females and are composed of entrance tunnels, brood chambers where eggs are laid and larval development begins, and one to three branch tunnels where development continues. The species is bivoltine and overwinters as adults, primarily females, in galleries of its host plants. The number of progeny per gallery averaged 16.5; the sex ratio was 10 females to 1 male. Flight activity began in late March to early April and continued until late August and early September. Average seasonal flying heights of adult females ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 m. On artificial diets in the laboratory, X. germanus laid an average of 1 egg per day and an average of 18.0 eggs per female. Development time from egg to adult was 24.9 days at 24°C. X. germanus has three instars. Behavior during mating, and brood production and rearing, is discussed.
Audio Computer‐Based Tests (CBTs): An Initial Framework for the Use of Sound in Computerized Tests

Are there important aspects of human ability that we have not been measuring? What are the purposes and types of audio that are possible in computerized tests? Will the use of audio in computer-based tests lead to more valid and reliable measurement?
Nonlinear feedback deployment and retrieval of tethered satellite systems

The Lyapunov approach for controller design is applied to the tethered subsatellite deployment and retrieval problem. The tether dynamic model includes tether mass as well as in-plane and out-of-plane librations. The nonlinear feedback tension control law developed guarantees stability of the closed-loop system and is used in combination with out-of-plane thrusting during retrieval. Simulation results show the tension and the combined tension and thruster control laws perform well for deployment and retrieval, respectively, even when aerodynamic drag is considered.
Correlated Exciton Fluctuations in Cylindrical Molecular Aggregates

Femtosecond electronic relaxation dynamics of a cylindrical molecular aggregate are measured with transient grating (TG) and two-dimensional Fourier transform photon echo (PE) spectroscopies. The aggregates are double-walled cylindrical structures formed by self-assembly of amphiphilic cyanine dye molecules in water. The diameters of the inner and outer cylinders are approximately 6 and 10 nm. The linear absorption spectrum of the aggregate exhibits four spectrally resolved single exciton transitions corresponding to excited states localized on particular regions of the structure: (1) an excited state localized on the inner cylinder corresponds to the lowest energy transition at 16670 cm(-1); (2) a transition at 17150 cm(-1) represents a state localized on the outer cylinder, (3) whereas an overlapping peak found at 17330 cm(-1) is more closely associated with the inner cylinder; (4) an excited state delocalized between the inner and outer cylinder is assigned to a transition in the linear absorption spectrum at 17860 cm(-1). TG spectra show a series of resonances reflecting the electronic structure of both the single and double exciton manifolds. In addition, PE spectra reveal coherent modulation of both diagonal and cross-peak amplitudes persisting for 100 fs, where the coherence frequency matches the energy gap between transitions 1 and 4 in the linear absorption spectrum. PE line shapes suggest correlated energy level fluctuations for the exciton states associated with these two transitions, which is consistent with this fairly long-lasting coherence at room temperature in aqueous solution. The impact of these correlations on Forster energy transfer efficiency is discussed. The observations imply fairly long-range correlations between the molecular sites (>0.6 nm), which in turn reflects the length scale of the environmental motion inducing the fluctuations. We suggest that this environmental motion is most likely associated with water confined inside the cylinder and/or fluctuations of the dye's aliphatic functional groups.
Power system adequacy assessment with probabilistic cyber attacks against breakers

Modern power systems heavily rely on the associated cyber network, and cyber attacks against the control network may cause undesired consequences such as load shedding, equipment damage, and so forth. The behaviors of the attackers can be random, thus it is crucial to develop novel methods to evaluate the adequacy of the power system under probabilistic cyber attacks. In this study, the external and internal cyber structures of the substation are introduced, and possible attack paths against the breakers are analyzed. The attack resources and vulnerability factors of the cyber network are discussed considering their impacts on the success probability of a cyber attack. A procedure integrating the reliability of physical components and the impact of cyber attacks against breakers are proposed considering the behaviors of the physical devices and attackers. Simulations are conducted based on the IEEE RTS79 system. The impact of the attack resources and attack attempt numbers are analyzed for attackers from different threats groups. It is concluded that implementing effective cyber security measures is crucial to the cyber-physical power grids.
A displacement gradient BEM for accurate stress computation near boundaries in 2-D anisotropic problems

A displacement gradient method for 2D anisotropic elasticity problems is presented, which effectively minimizes the boundary layer effect through a two-step procedure. First, the boundary integral equations are solved for the unknown boundary displacements and tractions. Second, a direct integral equation for displacement gradients is developed in terms of boundary tractions. Three methods based on different evaluation procedures and locations for determining the displacement gradients are proposed. In the first method the displacement gradients are averaged at nodes common to adjacent elements. The second method stores the gradients element-wise. In the third method, the gradients are evaluated at the nodes of discontinuous elements. The three methods are applied to near-isotropic plates with circular and elliptic cutouts. It is concluded that all three methods can yield accurate stress distributions.
Donor disposition dependent dimensionality and in situ racemization in luminescent cadmium camphorate coordination polymers with dipyridylamide ligands

Hydrothermal reaction of cadmium nitrate, d-camphoric acid (H2d-cam), and either 3-pyridylnicotinamide (3-pna) or 3-pyridylisonicotinamide (3-pina) afforded coordination polymers whose dimensionality, topology, and chirality depend on the specific dipyridylamide isomer used. [Cd(d-cam)(3-pna)(H2O)2]n (1) displays a simple 1-D coordination polymer chain structure, anchored into a supramolecular 3-D lattice by inter-chain hydrogen bonding. In the case of the 3-pina dipyridylamide isomer, in situ racemization of d-cam occurred, producing [Cd(dl-cam)(3-pina)]n (2). Compound 2 has d-cam and l-cam ligands disordered over two sets of crystallographic positions. Compound 2 has 2-D (4,4) grid coordination polymer layer motifs in contrast to the 1-D structure of 1. Compounds 1 and 2 emit blue-violet light upon excitation with ultraviolet radiation, via π–π∗ molecular orbital transitions within the pyridyl rings of the dipyridylamide ligands. Thermal decomposition behavior is also discussed.
Determination of the average orientation of DNA in the octopus sperm Eledone cirrhossa through polarized light scattering

The coupled-dipole approximation has been used to model polarized light-scattering data obtained from the sperm of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa. Mueller scattering-matrix elements (which describe how a sample alters the intensity and degree of polarization of scattered light) were measured as a function of angle. The sample was modeled as a helical fiber believed to correspond to a DNA protein complex. It was necessary to propose an inherent anisotropy in the polarizability of the fiber in order to fit the data. The direction of the principle axes of the polarizability were determined by comparing the model with experimental data. The results suggest that the 2-nm DNA fibers are perpendicular to the thick fiber that defines the helical geometry of the octopus sperm head.
New multi-bridged cryptands: Polyazamacrocyclic schiff bases formed in a tetrapode capping reaction

Abstract Multi-bridged cryptands were formed in one step by condensation of two moles of a tetraaldehyde with four moles of a triamine. This is the first example of a tetrapode capping reaction.
Placemarks and waterlines: Racialized cyberscapes in post-Katrina Google Earth

Abstract Google Earth was released a few months prior to Hurricane Katrina and became an important tool in distributing information about the damage occurring in New Orleans, albeit not to all parts of society. While Google Earth did not create the economic and racial divides present in society, its use in the post-Katrina context reflect this gulf and have arguably reinforced and recreated it online. This paper has three main objectives. The first is to provide a clear empirical case study of how race remains relevant to the way people use (or do not use) the internet and internet based services. The second is highlighting the power of new online and interactive mapping technologies and demonstrating how these technologies are differentially adopted. The third and final objective is illustrating how any divide in accessing digital technology is not simply a one time event but a constantly moving target as new devices, software and cultural practices emerge. Thus, in addition to highlighting the racial inequalities in US society in general, Hurricane Katrina provides an important window on the way in which race remains a key factor in the access and use of emerging digital technologies.
Off-the-shelf Adenoviral-mediated Immunotherapy via Bicistronic Expression of Tumor Antigen and iMyD88/CD40 Adjuvant

Recent modest successes in ex vivo dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy have motivated continued innovation in the area of DC manipulation and activation. Although ex vivo vaccine approaches continue to be proving grounds for new DC manipulation techniques, the intrinsic limits of ex vivo therapy, including high cost, minimal standardization, cumbersome delivery, and poor accessibility, incentivizes the development of vaccines compatible with in vivo DC targeting. We describe here a method to co-deliver both tumor-specific antigen (TSA) and an iMyD88/CD40 adjuvant (iMC), to DCs that combines toll-like receptor (TLR) and CD40 signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that simple TSA delivery via adenoviral vectors results in strong antitumor immunity. Addition of iMC delivered in a separate vector is insufficient to enhance this effect. However, when delivered simultaneously with TSA in a single bicistronic vector (BV), iMC is able to significantly enhance antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses and inhibit established tumor growth. This study demonstrates the spatial-temporal importance of concurrent DC activation and TSA presentation. Further, it demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo molecular enhancement of DCs necessary for effective antitumor immune responses.
The Locale Map of Honey Bees: Do Insects Have Cognitive Maps?

Whereas higher vertebrates are able to construct a mental "map" of their home area and so use their knowledge of the spatial relations between landmarks to navigate along novel routes, invertebrates have been thought able to use landmarks in their navigation only as a familiar, route-specific series. Experiments with honey bees show that these insects have and use landmark maps thus invalidating this presumed invertebrate-vertebrate dichotomy.
Peru‐Ecuador 1995: The evolution of military tactics from the conflict of 1981

The military tactics employed by Ecuador and Peru in the 1995 Cenepa River Valley conflict evolved directly from the experiences of both countries during their previous clash in the same general region during 1981. The Peruvian generals, thinking that they could conduct a brief campaign tried to evict the Ecuadorans from their border posts using the tactics that had proved successful 14 years previously. The Ecuadorans had carefully reviewed the clash of 1981, and on this basis built infrastructure, acquired equipment and trained their soldiers in new tactics. This paid off in 1995 and resulted in victory for Ecuador. However, it was a hard won victory as the Peruvians showed their mettle and proved to be tenacious foes despite their disadvantages. Spencer provides a detailed description of the battles, tactics, and equipment between the 1981 and 1995 clashes. He also describes how terrain and logistical infrastructure played a role in the conflict.
Modeling and Simulation of Cross-Flow Induced Vibration in a Multi-Span Tube Bundle

Flow-induced vibration in steam generator and heat exchanger tube bundles has been a source of major concern in nuclear and process industry. Tubes in a bundle are the most flexible components of the assembly. Flow induced vibration mechanisms, like fluid-elastic instability, vortex shedding, turbulence induced excitation and acoustic resonance results in failure due to mechanical wear, fretting and fatigue cracking. The general trend in heat exchanger design is towards larger exchangers with increased shell side velocities. Costly plant shutdowns have been the motivation for research in the area of cross-flow induced vibration in steam generators and process exchangers. The current paper focuses on the development of a computer code (FIVPAK) for the design (natural frequencies, variable geometry, tube pitch & pattern, mass damping parameter, reduced velocity, strouhal and damage numbers, added mass, wear work rates, void fraction for two-phase, turbulence and acoustic considerations etc.) of tube bundles with respect to cross flow-induced vibration. The code has been validated against Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers (TEMA), Flow-Induced Vibration code (FIV), and results on an actual variable geometry exchanger, specially manufactured to simulate real systems. The proposed code is expected to prove a useful tool in designing a tube bundle and to evaluate the performance of an existing system.© 2004 ASME
Unity in action.

In 2013, Barbara Gilchrest, Editor of the JID, invited Editorials on the theme of “The Year of Unity,” which encouraged our many different constituencies to move beyond paying lip service to working together. She also discussed the importance of avoiding fragmentation of our efforts and thereby losing needed synergies to move the science of skin biology and skin diseases forward (Gilchrest, 2013). This year she has chosen “Unity in Action” as the theme (Gilchrest, 2014). I interpret this to mean how we get where we want to be by not only aspiring to work together but also proactively using all of our combined efforts and resources to achieve our goal. She has specifically asked me to write about my own actions and experiences in promoting unity in our specialty and in fostering interactions that have positively impacted the fields of skin biology and skin disease.
Phosphate transport in fertilized sea urchin eggs. II. Effects of metabolic inhibitors and studies on differentiation

Metabolic inhibitors were applied after the transport system was fully developed in concentrations sufficient to block cleavage. 0.5–1.0 × 10−4 M cyanide and anaerobiosis caused from negligible to moderate (40%) inhibition of phosphate uptake. The inhibition occurred late in the breeding season, and the inhibitory action of cyanide on uptake was associated with irreversible developmental effects. Azide (3 × 10−3 M) did not inhibit uptake when the chamber method was used, but the aliquot and Hopkins' tube methods gave considerable inhibition. Purified preparations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 × 10−4 M) did not inhibit uptake. Sodium iodoacetate (up to 0.05 M) and phlorizin (0.005 M) exerted no effect. Calculations of the minimal work requirement for the transport process reveal that this amounts to only a small fraction (0.24% at an external phosphate concentration of 2 μM) of the total available metabolic energy. Exposure of eggs at five minutes after insemination (lag phase) to cyanide (5 × 10−5 M), anaerobic conditions, or azide (3 × 10−3 M) blocked the expected increase of phosphate uptake. Removal of the inhibitors led to resumption of development and the appearance of the phosphate transport system in an essentially normal pattern. Exposure of eggs to 1.4–2.0 × 10−4 M p-chloromercuribenzoate (p-CMB) during the accumulation phase severely depressed phosphate uptake, but cleavage was not inhibited nor delayed; recovery from the inhibition was accelerated by 1 × 10−3 M cysteine. Exposure to p-CMB during the lag phase blocked the appearance of the transport system; cleavage proceeded normally. After the removal of p-CMB little reversal occurred until the addtion of 1 × 10−3 M cysteine, when the phosphate transport system developed in an essentially normal manner. Trypsin (0.001–0.01%) neither activates the transport system in unfertilized eggs, nor inactivates it in denuded fertilized eggs by removal of surface proteins. The data are consistent with the conclusion that (1) the phosphate transport system is newly synthesized at fertilization in energy dependent reactions, and (2) phosphate transport is a carrier mediated process not directly dependent on metabolic energy.
The effects of chronic gamma irradiation on the apical meristem and bud formation of Taxus media

Abstract Four-year-old plants of Taxus media cv. Hatfieldii were exposed to chronic gamma radiation from Co 60 at daily dose rates of 2·5, 3·75, 7·5, 15 and 30 r/20-hr day. A dose response curve shows that dose rates as low as 3·75 r/day will reduce significantly the frequency of bud formation. At 12·5 r/day bud formation was reduced to 0·5 per cent of the controls. Histological examination reveals that complete disorganization of the shoot apex occurs after an accumulation of 187·5 r at this low dose rate. Evidence for a pattern of differential sensitivity in the stem apex is presented. The decreasing order of radiosensitivity of the apical regions is: the apical initial layer, lateral initial layer, central mother-cell zone, transition zone, axillary cells and the pith meristem region. This pattern of radiation damage can be described as “outer to inner”, i.e. the outer cells are the first and the inmost cells are the last to show radiation damage. This response occurs at all dose rates studied above 2·5 r/day. A recovery mechanism frequently is observed at the lower dose rates (2·5 and 3·75 r/day) which leads to the occasional regeneration of a new operative apex from cells in or near the axillary regions. It is apparent from our data that T. media cv. Hatfieldii is one of the most radiosensitive of the higher plants yet studied.
Learning to Recommend Related Entities to Search Users

Over the past few years, major web search engines have introduced knowledge bases to offer popular facts about people, places, and things on the entity pane next to regular search results. In addition to information about the entity searched by the user, the entity pane often provides a ranked list of related entities. To keep users engaged, it is important to develop a recommendation model that tailors the related entities to individual user interests. We propose a probabilistic Three-way Entity Model (TEM) that provides personalized recommendation of related entities using three data sources: knowledge base, search click log, and entity pane log. Specifically, TEM is capable of extracting hidden structures and capturing underlying correlations among users, main entities, and related entities. Moreover, the TEM model can also exploit the click signals derived from the entity pane log. We further provide an inference technique to learn the parameters in TEM, and propose a principled preference learning method specifically designed for ranking related entities. Extensive experiments with two real-world datasets show that TEM with our probabilistic framework significantly outperforms a state of the art baseline, confirming the effectiveness of TEM and our probabilistic framework in related entity recommendation.
Heterologous immunity and homeostatic proliferation as barriers to tolerance.

The different threshold of activation for memory T cells compared to that of naive T cells makes them resistant to immunomodulation, thus representing a barrier to tolerance. Recently it has been demonstrated that homeostatic proliferation and heterologous immunity represent two naturally occurring and distinct processes that can generate memory T cells. Homeostatic proliferation refers to the process by which, in a lymphodeficient host, normal T cells 'spontaneously' proliferate in response to self-MHC-peptide complexes. Heterologous immunity refers to a process in which a response to one or more infectious agents generates effector/memory T cells with cross-reactive specificities. Recent new studies have defined the importance of these processes in transplantation models and implicated strategies to induce transplantation tolerance.
Numerically intensive computing in Japanese financial institutions

Two major sophisticated services are needed by Japanese financial institutions. They are fund management and the development of new financial products. These are needed because of the increase of fund to be managed and deregulation. This paper will first, explain the current situation in Japanese financial institutions and, second, introduce the use of numerically intensive computing to provide these new services.
An Energy Efficient Parallel Architecture Using Near Threshold Operation

Subthreshold circuit design, while energy efficient, has the drawback of performance degradation. To retain the excellent energy efficiency while reducing performance loss, we propose to investigate near subthreshold techniques on chip multiprocessors (CMP). We show that logic and memory cells have different optimal supply and threshold voltages, therefore we propose to allow the cores and memory to operate in different voltage regions. With the memory operating at a different voltage, we then explore the design space in which several slower cores clustered together share a faster LI cache. We show that an architecture such as this is optimal for energy efficiency. In particular, SPLASH2 benchmarks show a 53% energy reduction over the conventional CMP approach (70% energy reduction over a single core machine). In addition we explore the design trade-offs that occur if we have a separate instruction and data cache. We show that some applications prefer the data cache to be clustered while the instruction cache is kept private to the core allowing further energy savings of a 77% reduction over a single core machine.
Anthropology in the middle

During the last decade and a half, anthropologists have increasingly given up grand theoretical debates to pursue mid-level articulations that effectively cross many of the discipline’s received divides and oppositions. In the process, a middle ground of increasing connections cross-cuts and cross-fertilizes academic theory and applied practice, regional and local scales of analysis, world areas, general structures and specific events, ethnography and history, and objectivism vis-a-vis reflexive or experimental genres of representation and analysis. Amid continuing challenges of anthropological method and representation, these post-paradigmatic articulations have opened sociocultural anthropology to important new ranges of perspective, topical fields, and critical interventions.