cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 6 – Delay Testing

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the common delay test approaches, with a focus on structural delay testing using two-pattern tests, where transitions are launched into the circuit and then the results are captured within the rated clock cycle time. The use of design-for-test features such as scan chains provides the controllability and observability to make structural testing practical. This is combined with a slow scan in of the initialization vector, then application of the test vector via launch-on-shift or launch-on-capture, and then capture of the results. With knowledge of the expected path delays, faster-than-at-speed testing can be used to increase detection of small delay defects. Traditional delay fault models, the transition fault, gate-delay fault, and path-delay fault, as well as newer models are also presented, including inline delay fault, propagation delay fault, segment delay fault, and defect-based delay fault models. The quality of tests in terms of test sensitization is discussed. Sensitization is particularly important when testing for small delay defects. An increasing challenge in delay testing is to achieve high coverage of small delay defects and good correlation to functional test results. A major part of it is to account for supply noise during delay testing. A further challenge is achieving this coverage in the presence of process variation, which increases the number of potentially longest paths in the circuit.
For the Sake of Family and Tradition: Honour Killings in India and Pakistan:

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that the annual worldwide number of honour killings is as high as 5,000 women and girls, though some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) estim...
Organically modified layered magnesium silicates to improve rheology of reservoir drilling fluids.

Petroleum well drilling fluids are one of the most significant constituents in the subterranean drilling processes to meet an increasing global demand for oil and gas. Drilling fluids experience exceptional wellbore conditions, e.g. high temperature and high pressure that adversely affect the rheology of these fluids. Gas and oil well drilling operations have to adjourn due to changes in fluid rheology, since the drilling fluids may lose their effectiveness to suspend heavy particles and to carry drilled cuttings to the surface. The rheological properties of drilling fluids can be controlled by employing viscosifiers that should have exceptional stability in downhole environments. Here, we have developed next-generation viscosifiers—organically modified magnesium silicates (MSils)—for reservoir drilling fluids where organic functionalities are directly linked through the Si–C bond, unlike the industry’s traditional viscosifier, organoclay, that has electrostatic linkages. The successful formation of covalently-linked hexadecyl and phenyl functionalized magnesium silicates (MSil-C16 and MSil-Ph) were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Identical drilling fluid formulations were designed for comparison using MSils and a commercial viscosifier. The rheological properties of fluids were measured at ambient conditions as well as at high temperatures (up to 150 °C) and high pressure (70 MPa). Owing to strong covalent linkages, drilling fluids that were formulated with MSils showed a 19.3% increase in yield point (YP) and a 31% decrease in apparent viscosity (AV) at 150 °C under 70 MPa pressure, as compared to drilling fluids that were formulated with traditional organoclay. The higher yield point and lower apparent viscosity are known to facilitate and increased drilling rate of penetration of the fluids and an enhanced equivalent circulation density (ECD), the dynamic density condition, for efficient oil and gas wells drilling procedures.
Contributions of psychology to research, treatment, and care of pregnant women with opioid use disorder

The number of women with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the United States has risen precipitously. Pregnant women with OUD are a particularly vulnerable subset of addicted women with unique characteristics and needs. Many of them are impoverished, have strenuous life circumstances, are affected by past and current trauma, and have high rates of psychiatric comorbidities. Their addiction can compromise their and their infant's health, particularly without sufficient treatment including prenatal care, medication-assisted treatment (MAT), and social and behavioral care. Furthermore, these women's needs are often undetected and untreated: They may not seek appropriate prenatal and addiction care, or if they do, may face barriers to comprehensive, evidence-based treatment. Theories, methods, tools, and existing knowledge from the field of psychology are needed to improve research, prevention, and treatment for pregnant women with OUD. Although a number of psychologists have made critical contributions to research on pregnant women with OUD, we demonstrate by a scoping review of scientific literature and by examining American Psychological Association (APA) Annual Convention proceedings that much research on this population has been communicated in areas and journals outside psychology and among audiences other than psychologists. We identify relevant theoretical frameworks and methods to facilitate psychological investigation as well as evidence-based intervention and care for this population. Our field is well positioned to examine, identify, and alleviate the needs of pregnant women with OUD to improve their health and the health of their children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Special issue: Siblings across the life course

Welcome to this special issue of JFSW on Siblings Across the Life Course. Special issues can be motivated by divergent rationales, such as catching a wave of new, expanding, or interesting research...
Urban Community College Department Chairs: A Status Report

Community colleges located in urban areas face unique challenges and opportunities. How leaders in these institutions respond to this unique setting requires an understanding of the skills that mig...
Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with transdermal alcohol concentration from the SCRAM biosensor among persons living with and without HIV.

BACKGROUND Transdermal alcohol biosensors can objectively monitor alcohol use by measuring transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC). However, it is unclear how sociodemographic and clinical factors that influence alcohol metabolism are associated with TAC. The main aim of this study was to examine how sociodemographic factors (sex, age, race/ethnicity) and clinical factors (body mass index, liver enzymes: alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST]), alcohol use disorder, and HIV status were associated with TAC while controlling for level of alcohol use. METHODS We analyzed data from a prospective study involving contingency management for alcohol cessation among persons living with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that used the Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) biosensor. Forty-three participants (Mage = 56.6 years; 63% male; 58% people living with HIV) yielded 183 SCRAM-detected drinking days. Two indices derived from SCRAM: peak TAC (reflecting level of intoxication) and TAC area under the curve (TAC-AUC; reflecting alcohol volume)-were the main outcomes. Self-reported alcohol use (drinks/drinking day) measured by Timeline Followback was the main predictor. To examine whether factors of interest were associated with TAC, we used individual generalized estimating equations (GEE), followed by a multivariate GEE model to include all significant predictors to examine their associations with TAC beyond the effect of self-reported alcohol use. RESULTS Number of drinks per drinking day (B = 0.29, p < 0.01) and elevated AST (B = 0.50, p = 0.01) were significant predictors of peak TAC. Positive HIV status, female sex, elevated AST, and number of drinks per drinking day were positively associated with TAC-AUC at the bivariate level, whereas only self-reported alcohol use (B = 0.85, p < 0.0001) and female sex (B = 0.67, p < 0.05) were significant predictors of TAC-AUC at the multivariate level. CONCLUSIONS HIV status was not independently associated with TAC. Future studies should consider the sex and liver function of the participant when using alcohol biosensors to measure alcohol use.
Characterizing Low-Risk Breast and Gynecological Cancer Patients for Transition into an Oncology/Primary Care Coordinated Care Model: Findings from a Survey of Diverse Survivors in a Rural U.S. State.

We conducted a survey to characterize the key attributes of racial/ethnic and geographically diverse low-risk breast and gynecologic cancer patients. We collected data regarding patients’ access to primary care (PC); compliance with screening recommendations; treatment for comorbidities; logistical barriers to clinic visits; and receipt of survivorship care documentation (SCD). Survey findings informed the development of an oncology/Primary Care Provider (PCP) care coordination intervention to improve care. We distributed a cross-sectional survey among a convenience sample of 150 cancer survivors. Responses were calculated using descriptive statistics and compared based on the distance participants traveled to their appointments at the cancer center (≤30 vs. >30 miles). Of the 150 respondents, 35% traveled >30 miles for follow-up care and 78% reported having one or more comorbid condition(s). PC utilization was high: 88% reported having a PCP, and 91% indicated ≤1 yearly follow-up visit. Participants traveling >30 miles reported higher rates of logistical challenges associated with cancer center visits compared to those traveling ≤30 miles. Nearly half of respondents (46%) had not received SCD. In conclusion, survey studies such as these allow for the systematic assessment of survivor behaviors and care utilization patterns to inform the development of care coordination interventions for diverse, low-risk cancer patients.
Direct Reconstruction of Crossing Muscle Fibers in the Human Tongue Using a Deep Neural Network

The human tongue is made entirely of muscle fibers that either group in a single direction or cross orthogonally in pairs. Reconstructing the muscle fiber orientations throughout the tongue can be beneficial for better understanding the tongue’s function in speaking, swallowing, and breathing. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) can quantify the anisotropic diffusion of water in muscle and has been used to image tongue muscles. To resolve crossing muscle fibers in the tongue, high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) can be used to capture the complex fiber configuration. However, existing fiber reconstruction methods, which primarily focus on white matter tracts in the human brain, do not account for the orthogonal nature of the crossing muscle fibers in the tongue. In this paper, we propose a deep convolutional neural network to directly reconstruct the crossing muscle fiber orientations in the tongue from HARDI. The network takes the spherical harmonics (SH) coefficients of the HARDI signals as input and estimates both the SH coefficients of the fiber orientation distribution function (fODF) and the fiber orientations as outputs. Signals from neighboring voxels are incorporated in each estimate to encourage spatial consistency and a novel separation loss is used to encourage orthogonality of the crossing fibers. The network predicts the fiber orientations in a fully automatic manner, without setting a threshold to extract peaks. The proposed method provides superior quantitative performance compared to two state-of-the-art methods when evaluated on synthetic tongue data with different noise levels. Application to post-mortem human tongue data revealed the complex muscle fibers of the human tongue and showed qualitative improvements over the competing methods.
Real Analysis: Sequences of Functions

Historical Background Unarguably, modern analysis was formed during the resolution of an important controversy (or, rather, controversies) concerning the representation of “arbitrary” functions. This controversy has unfolded slowly over the last two centuries and was put to its final rest only in our own time. The story begins in 1746 with the famous vibrating string problem . Briefly, an elastic string of length L has each end fastened to one of the endpoints of the interval [0, L ] on the x -axis and is set into motion (as you might pluck a guitar string, for example). The problem is to determine the position y = F ( x, t ) of the string at time t , given only its initial position y = f ( x ) = F ( x , 0) at time t = 0 where, for simplicity, we assume that the initial velocity F t ( x , 0) = 0. The function F ( x, t ) is the solution to d'Alembert's wave equation : F tt = a 2 F xx , where a is a positive constant determined by certain physical properties of the string. The initial data for the problem is F ( x , 0) = f ( x ), F t ( x , 0) = 0, and f (0) = 0 = f ( L ). The controversy, initially between d'Alembert and Euler, centers around the nature of the functions f that may be permitted as initial positions.
User expectations from dictation on mobile devices

Mobile phones, with their increasing processing power and memory, are enabling a diversity of tasks. The traditional text entry method using keypad is falling short in numerous ways. Some solutions to this problem include: QWERTY keypads on phone, external keypads, virtual keypads on table tops (Seimens at CeBIT '05) and last but not the least, automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology. Speech recognition allows for dictation which facilitates text input via voice. Despite the progress, ASR systems still do not perform satisfactorily in mobile environments. This is mainly due to the complexity of capturing large vocabulary spoken by diverse speakers in various acoustic conditions. Therefore, dictation has its advantages but also comes with its own set of usability problems. The objective of this research is to uncover the various uses and benefits of using dictation on a mobile phone. This study focused on the users' needs, expectations, and their concerns regarding the new input medium. Focus groups were conducted to investigate and discuss current data entry methods, potential use and usefulness of dictation feature, users' reaction to errors from ASR during dictation, and possible error correction methods. Our findings indicate a strong requirement for dictation. All participants perceived dictation to be very useful, as long as it is easily accessible and usable. Potential applications for dictation were found in two distinct areas namely communication and personal use.
Regulation of Hemoglobin Synthesis: EQUAL RATES OF TRANSLATION AND TERMINATION OF α- AND β-GLOBIN CHAINS

Abstract We find no difference in the rate of translation of α- and β-globin mRNA in cell-free extracts of rabbit reticulocytes (about 200 s per chain at 25°) nor in the rate of release of completed globin chains from polyribosomes (about 15 s per chain). In these reactions, as well as incubation of intact reticulocytes, each β-globin mRNA contains 30 to 40% more ribosomes than each α-mRNA. These results imply that each β-mRNA initiates synthesis of about 40% more β-globin than each α-mRNA initiates synthesis of α chains. Hence, reticulocytes must contain 30 to 40% more α-mRNA than β in order to synthesize equal numbers of the two hemoglobin chains. This conclusion is consistent with results of a previous indirect measure of the relative amounts of α- and β-globin mRNA (Lodish, H. F. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 7131).
Secondary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin: An immunohistochemical comparison with primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (“Merkel cell” carcinoma)

Since the initial clinical presentation of visceral neuroendocrine carcinoma is occasionally a cutaneous metastasis, diagnostic confusion with primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma) may ensue. In this study, seven cases of secondary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma were immunohistochemieally compared with twenty-one Merkel cell carcinomas for ten antigenic moieties that have been associated with endocrine tumors. Six of seven secondary tumors stained for bombesin, leucine enkephalin, methionine enkephalin, or β-endorphin, none of which was detected in the primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinomas. These data suggest that immunohistochemical study may be useful in separating primary from secondary neuroendocrine tumors of the skin and may assist in directing clinical attention to the most probable site of visceral neoplasia.
Feasibility of antiproton-boosted fission and inertial confinement fusion

Antiproton-induced fission of uranium or plutonium has been proposed as a method to assist the driver of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pellet or as a spark initiator. In past studies with one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics codes, factors that have reduced predicted yields in past ICF experiments were neglected or not discussed. In order to validate the feasibility of this concept with higher confidence, a three-phase program has been initiated. The first phase is an investigation of the theoretical aspects of antiproton-initiated fission/ICF by using more competent 2D and/or 3D codes and extensive data libraries that were not available for past studies. Next, a technology development project will include the design and construction of systems for accumulating, storing, and transporting antiprotons. Finally, three proof-of-principle implosion experiments will be conducted at the Shiva Star facility. An overview of this program is given, including a discussion of the justification. >
The Effect of Microphone Type on Acoustical Measures of Synthesized Vowels.

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to compare microphones of different directionality, transducer type, and cost, with attention to their effects on acoustical measurements of period perturbation, amplitude perturbation, and noise using synthesized sustained vowel samples. Study Design This was a repeated measures design. Method Synthesized sustained vowel stimuli (with known acoustic characteristics and systematic changes in jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio) were recorded by a variety of dynamic and condenser microphones. Files were then analyzed for mean fundamental frequency (f o ), f o standard deviation, absolute jitter, shimmer in dB, peak-to-peak amplitude variation, and noise-to-harmonics ratio. Acoustical measures following recording were compared with the synthesized, known acoustical measures before recording. Results Although informal analyses showed some differences among microphones, and analyses of variance showed that type of microphone is a significant predictor, t -tests revealed that none of the microphones generated different means compared with the generated acoustical measures. Conclusion In this sample, microphone type, directionality, and cost did not have a significant effect on the validity of acoustic measures.
Anisotropic magnetoresistance driven by surface spin-orbit scattering

In a bilayer consisting of an insulator and a ferromagnetic metal (FM), interfacial spin-orbit scattering leads to spin mixing of the two conducting channels of the FM, which results in an unconventional anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). We theoretically investigate the magnetotransport in such bilayer structures by solving the spinor Boltzmann transport equation with the generalized Fuchs-Sondheimer boundary condition that takes into account the effect of spin-orbit scattering at the interface. We find that the new AMR exhibits a peculiar angular dependence which can serve as a genuine experimental signature. We also determine the dependence of the AMR on film thickness as well as resistivity spin asymmetry of the FM.
Vaccinia virus morphogenesis is blocked by a temperature-sensitive mutation in the I7 gene that encodes a virion component.

The ts16 mutation of vaccinia virus WR (R. C. Condit, A. Motyczka, and G. Spizz, Virology 128:429-443, 1983) has been mapped by marker rescue to the I7L open reading frame located within the genomic HindIII I DNA fragment. The I7 gene encodes a 423-amino-acid polypeptide. Thermolabile growth was attributed to an amino acid substitution, Pro-344-->Leu, in the predicted I7 protein. A normal temporal pattern of viral protein synthesis was elicited in cells infected with ts16 at the nonpermissive temperature (40 degrees C). Electron microscopy revealed a defect in virion assembly at 40 degrees C. Morphogenesis was arrested at a stage subsequent to formation of spherical immature particles. Western immunoblot analysis with antiserum directed against the I7 polypeptide demonstrated an immunoreactive 47-kDa polypeptide accumulating during the late phase of synchronous vaccinia virus infection. Immunoblotting of extracts of wild-type virions showed that the I7 protein is encapsidated within the virus core. The I7 polypeptide displays amino acid sequence similarity to the type II DNA topoisomerase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Images
Magma fracture and hybrid earthquakes in the conduit of Augustine Volcano

[1] We exploit subtle but systematic shifts in seismic waveforms to examine a 2 h cluster of repeating hybrid volcanic earthquakes preceding the first magmatic explosions at Augustine Volcano in January 2006. We extract differential P wave traveltimes of <0.01 s to determine that the source locations migrated downward by approximately 35 m. Waveform characteristics, GPS observations, and visual reports of lava effusion at the summit suggest that the earthquakes were sourced by fracturing magma in the upper conduit. As the lava cooled and degassed at the surface, the conditions in the upper conduit changed causing the zone in which magma fracture could occur to move downward through the magma column. These changes may also have been the first indicators that the conduit was becoming choked, causing a buildup in pressure that resulted in the large magmatic explosions that followed 36 h later.
High temperature creep of ordered and disordered beta brass—I. Creep rate

Abstract The high temperature creep behavior and creep transient behavior after strain transient dip tests were investigated in ordered and disordered beta brass solid solution alloys. No primary creep is observed in ordered beta brass. A brief inverted primary creep is observed in disordered beta brass. The power law creep exponent for steady state creep is 3.5 in ordered beta brass and 3.2 in disordered beta brass. The instantaneous elongation and the instantaneous contraction for a given stress change are in good agreement in ordered and disordered beta brass. The dislocations observed in ordered beta brass show smoothly curved shapes with homogeneous distributions.
Parents’ expectations regarding their children’s eye care: interview results

Abstract Purpose To determine a relevant set of concerns that parents express as expectations regarding their children’s eye care. Design Qualitative, cross-sectional, pilot study. Methods A total of 48 interviews were conducted with parents of pediatric ophthalmology patients at Duke University Eye Center and the McGovern Davidson Children’s Health Center at Duke University to elicit parents’ expectations regarding their children’s eye care. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded for parent expectations. Results Content analysis of transcripts from the 48 interviews yielded 35 different expectation areas for eye care, which were further classified into six groups: (1) Communication, (2) Interpersonal Manner, (3) Doctor’s Skill, (4) Examination and Testing, (5) Logistics, and (6) Other. The six expectation areas most frequently identified by parents as the single “most important” expectation were the following: (1) Clinical Competence, (2) Interaction with Child, (3) Education/Training, (4) Explanation in Clear Language, (5) Information about Diagnosis, and (6) Personal Connection. Conclusions Parents of pediatric ophthalmology patients expressed expectation areas in the Communication group more frequently than any other group. However, when asked to identify their single most important expectation area, more than half of parents identified Clinical Competence.
An Unconventional Tack: Nontraditional Security Concerns and China's "Rise"

This essay assesses recent Chinese scholarship on nontraditional security (NTS) issues, develops a new conceptual approach to NTS, and identifies challenges facing the Chinese state with regard to three core NTS concerns.
Ovarian endodermal sinus tumor in a postmenopausal woman.

Abstract Background. Ovarian endodermal sinus tumor is rare in postmenopausal women. Case. We report the case of a 75-year-old woman with a pure endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. Conclusion. We believe this to be the oldest patient reported with an ovarian endodermal sinus tumor. The histogenesis of this entity in older patients may be different than when it occurs in young women.
Blocking despite changes in reinforcer identity

Rats were trained on a discriminated operant barpressing task according to a standard blocking design. In some conditions, the reinforcer was changed between the pretraining and compound conditioning phases; for other conditions, the reinforcer remained the same across phases. In three separate experiments using both between- and within-subject designs, strong blocking effects occurred regardless of the change in the reinforcer. In a fourth experiment, a multiple schedule of reinforcement was used in which response-independent reinforcers were superimposed on the schedule of response-contingent reinforcers. The degree of response suppression caused by the free reinforcer was greater when the free reinforcers were the same as the response-contingent reinforcers than when they were different. The role played by the reinforcer identity in contingency experiments thus appears to be different from the role it plays in blocking experiments.
Testicular Carcinoma in a Patient with Previously Demonstrated Testicular Microlithiasis

A 21-year-old man initially presented with a history of bilateral testicular pain and hematospermia. Ultrasound revealed a normal right testis and multiple echogenic foci throughout the left testis consistent with testicular microlithiasis (part A of figure). No focal masses were identified sonographically. Symptoms resolved after treatment for epididymitis. Three years later the patient presented to the emergency department because of increasing back pain. Computerized tomography of the retroperitoneum revealed multiple pulmonary nodules and lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound demonstrated multifocal solid left testicular masses i n addition to testicular microlithiasis (part B of figure). The right testis was sonographically normal. Testicular microlithiasis, and mixed embryonal cell carcinoma and seminoma of the left testis were noted on pathological examination.
Systemic Chemotherapy for Advanced Bladder Cancer: Update and Controversies

Despite improvements in surgical techniques and outcomes, 5-year survival rates for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer remain suboptimal. Almost 50% of patients will eventually progress and develop systemic disease. Although various single agents have shown activity in patients with advanced or metastatic disease, randomized trials have demonstrated the utility of cisplatin-based combinations regimens. Despite relatively high objective response rates, the impact on survival in patients with advanced disease has been quite limited. Surgical resection in selected patients achieving significant objective response to cytotoxic therapy can contribute to long-term survival rates. The role of salvage therapy in advanced disease remains undefined. Evaluation of several active compounds has yielded unimpressive results with low objective response rates and overlapping CIs. Recognition that the maximum benefit from conventional cytotoxics has been achieved has led to the recent initiation of a number of clinical trials evaluating targeted agents in the management of advanced urothelial cancer.
Role of nitrogen split interstitial defects in the magnetic properties of Cu-doped GaN

Cu-doped GaN thin films are grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. With nitrogen plasma only, films phase segregate into GaN and Cu-rich alloys. In contrast, when nitrogen-hydrogen plasma is used, the films are single-phased Ga${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Cu${}_{x}$N, with $x$ as high as 0.04. Contrary to earlier studies, however, these films are not ferromagnetic, but rather paramagnetic in nature. First-principles calculations indicate that although each substitutional Cu${}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$ exhibits a moment of 1 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$/Cu, it can be suppressed by neighboring intrinsic defects such as N split interstitials.
Efficient clustering of populations using a minimal SNP panel

The recent explosion in available SNP data requires exploration of satisfactory methods for efficiently clustering a set of individuals into their respective populations. As a practical matter, we describe a modified euclidean distance-based approach for successfully clustering 525 HapMap individuals into their 4 original populations; European, African, Japanese and Chinese. Our approach relies on the computation of the Fst estimator using 4 distinct methods, and shows that that the k-means clustering of the 10 highest Fst scoring SNPs is sufficient for producing an error-free description of the underlying population structure. A generalization of our approach represents a more "faithful" way of selecting the SNPs having the highest discriminating power and thus generating the most accurate population specific assignments of individuals, using the smallest possible SNP panel.
The Characteristics and Motivations Behind Female Prison Sex

Abstract Research on the topic of consensual same-sex sexual activities within female prisons has been sparse in sociological and correctional literature. The purpose of the present study was to examine the characteristics and motivations which affect a female inmate's decision to engage in same-sex sexual activity. The most significant and salient variables associated with the same-sex sexual activity among female inmates were age and amount of time served. Younger inmates and those who had served longer periods of time incarcerated were identified as more likely than older inmates and women who have served shorter periods of time to engage in homosexual activity. Race and religion also had a significant effect on selected same-sex sexual behavior in the female correctional facility. The present study finds equal, but limited support for both the deprivation and importation models.
History of infertility and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

Aims/hypothesis We sought to evaluate the relationship between delayed conception and type 2 diabetes risk, given that there are plausible underlying mechanisms linking the two, including inflammation and insulin resistance.
Speciation of 1-Alkyl-4-cyanopyridinium Iodide

The intensity of the charge-transfer band of 1-alkyl-4-cyanopyridinium iodides was used to estimate the contact ion pair (CIP) concentration in a number of solvents. In several nonhydroxylic solvents with dielectric constant between 4 and 6 the transition dipole moment is very similar, and these values have been averaged. This average value was then used to estimate the intrinsic molar intensity of the CIP in other solvents. The concentration dependence of the intensity of the charge-transfer band was used in a conventional equilibrium formulation to estimate the total ion pair concentration. The solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) concentration was determined by difference. The results were tested by comparison with conductance measurements. In 2-propanol and in acetonitrile the agreement of ion pair formation constants is within experimental uncertainty. However the agreement is poorer in triethyl phosphate and 2-butanol, with a discrepancy of a factor of 3 in the last solvent. CIP:SSIP concentration rati...
Lexical decision in sentences: Effects of syntactic structure

A lexical decision paradigm was used to examine syntactic influence on word recognition in sentences. Initial fragments of sentences were presented visually (CRT display) one word at a time (at reading speeds), from left to right. The string terminated with the appearance of a lexical decision target. The grammatical structure of the incomplete sentence affected lexical decision reaction time (RT). In Experiment 1, modal verb contexts followed by main verb targets and preposition contexts followed by noun targets produced lower RTs than did the opposite pairings (i.e., modal/noun and preposition/verb). In Experiment 2, transitive verb contexts followed by noun targets and subject noun phrase contexts followed by verb targets yielded lower RTs than did the opposite pairings. Similar contrasts for adjective targets did not yield comparable effects in Experiment 2, but did when the adjective was the head of a predictable phrase (Experiment 4). In Experiment 3, noun targets yielded lower RTs than did verb targets after contexts of a transitive verb followed by a prepositional phrase. An account of these effects is offered in terms of parsing constraints on phrasal categories.
The ASCA National School Counseling Research Center: A Brief History and Agenda.

In this article, the American School Counselor Association National School Counseling Research Center's history, development, and future goals are described.
A recombinant, infectious human parainfluenza virus type 3 expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein for use in high-throughput antiviral assays

The ability to rescue an infectious, recombinant, negative-stranded, RNA virus from a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone, has led to new opportunities for measuring viral replication from a viral expressed reporter gene. In this study, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was inserted into the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) antigenome and a recombinant, infectious virus was rescued. Maximum EGFP expression levels, measured by fluorescence, were seen at day 3. Comparison of a 3-day, viral expressed EGFP fluorescence assay to a 7-day, neutral red assay, based on complete cell destruction in virus infected MA-104 cells, yielded Z'-factor values of 0.83 and 0.70, respectively. A 3-day, endpoint EGFP-based antiviral assay and a 7-day, endpoint neutral red based antiviral assay were run in parallel to establish antiviral sensitivity profiles of 23 compounds based on selective index (SI) values. Using an SI threshold of 10, the EGFP-based antiviral assay had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 54%. Thus, the use of an EGFP-based antiviral assay for testing potential antiviral compounds against HPIV-3 in a high-throughput format may be justified.
Understanding Trip Misreporting in Household Travel Surveys by Comparing GPS-Assisted and Diary-Based Samples

Trip underreporting has been a persistent and well-known problem with household travel surveys. This paper's primary focus is on investigating the pattern and magnitude of trip underreporting behavior by comparing travel data from diary-based and global positioning system (GPS) assisted surveys. Detailed trip underreporting phenomenon (by trip purpose, mode, trip length, trip chaining, and time-of-day) is explored across various socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as person type, gender, household size, and household income. The results indicate that trip misreporting cannot be simply characterized as who under-reported or over-reported. It depends on the purpose, mode, duration and time of day of the trip making. This paper sheds lights on the multi-faceted dimension and the associated factors of trip misreporting.
Microwave lens matching by simulated quarter-wave transformers

The reflections from the surface of a dielectric lens may be cancelled by a quarter-wavelength layer of refractive index intermediate between that of air and the lens medium. The possibility of simulating a quarter-wave matching section by perturbing the boundary of the lens is described in this paper. Some of the configurations considered are corrugated surfaces, arrays of dielectric cylinders, and arrays of holes in the dielectric surface. In each case, a match may be obtained at a given frequency and angle of incidence by the proper adjustment of the depth of the perturbation, and of one other parameter such as the width of a groove.
The computational power of Benenson automata

The development of autonomous molecular computers capable of making independent decisions in vivo regarding local drug administration may revolutionize medical science. Recently Benenson et al. [An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression, Nature 429 (2004) 423-429.] have envisioned one form such a "smart drug" may take by implementing an in vitro scheme, in which a long DNA state molecule is cut repeatedly by a restriction enzyme in a manner dependent upon the presence of particular short DNA "rule molecules." To analyze the potential of their scheme in terms of the kinds of computations it can perform, we study an abstraction assuming that a certain class of restriction enzymes is available and reactions occur without error. We also discuss how our molecular algorithms could perform with known restriction enzymes. By exhibiting a way to simulate arbitrary circuits, we show that these "Benenson automata" are capable of computing arbitrary Boolean functions. Further, we show that they are able to compute efficiently exactly those functions computable by log-depth circuits. Computationally, we formalize a new variant of limited width branching programs with a molecular implementation.
Ubiquinone in four genera of protozoa

Abstract 1. 1. UQ was isolated from four genera of Protozoa and identified chromatography. 2. 2. The ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis , contains UQ 8 . 3. 3. The flagellates, Crithidia fasciculata, Strigomonas oncopelti and Astasia klebsii , contain UQ 9 . 4. 4. The nature of the UQ synthesized by an organism would appear to have no taxonomic significance.
LOW TEMPERATURE OZONOLYSIS OF METHYL O-METHYL PODOCARPATE

(1985). LOW TEMPERATURE OZONOLYSIS OF METHYL O-METHYL PODOCARPATE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 143-146.
Fluoro-pegylated (FPEG) Imaging Agents Targeting Aβ Aggregates

A novel approach of producing positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents through the formation of bioconjugates based on a pegylation-fluorination strategy resulting in fluoro-pegylated (FPEG) molecules is reported. This approach offers a simple and easy method by which to incorporate 18F in the target molecule without an appreciable increase in the lipophilicity. After 18F labeling, this convenient approach leads to PET imaging probes binding to Abeta aggregates in the brain (an important factor associated with Alzheimer's disease) using the known core structures, such as [2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-vinyl]-benzoxazol (3') or 2-phenylbenzothiazole (4). This approach appears to be effective in some core structures, but it cannot be uniformly applied to all structures.
A model-based approach for determining orientations of biological macromolecules imaged by cryoelectron microscopy

A polar Fourier transform (PFT) method is described that facilitates determination and refinement of orientations of individual biological macromolecules imaged with cryoelectron microscopy techniques. A three-dimensional density map serves as a high signal-to-noise model from which a PFT database of different views is generated and against which the PFTs of individual images are correlated. The PFT produces rotation-invariant data particularly well-suited for rapid and accurate determination of orientation parameters. The method relies on accurate knowledge of the center of symmetry and radial scale of both model and image data but is insensitive to the relative contrast and background values of these data. Density maps may be derived from a variety of sources such as computer-generated models, X-ray crystallographic structures, and three-dimensional reconstructions computed from images. The PFT technique has been particularly useful for the analysis of particles with icosahedral symmetry and could be adapted for the analysis of single particles of any symmetry for which a crude model exists or can be produced.
Amazing Grace: The Near-Death Experience as a Compensatory Gift

Paper illustrating the apparently providential timing and the healing character of near-death experiences (NDEs) and NDE-like episodes, through four case histories of persons whose lives, prior to their experiences, were marked by deep anguish and a sense of hopelessness.
Lymphokine factors inducing IgG production in human B-cell line ARH-77 and stimulatory effects of phorbol ester tumor promoter

Abstract Regulation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) was studied in human IgG B-cell line ARH-77, as assayed by reverse plaque formation. Numbers of ISC were stimulated by both lymphokine (stimulation index = 1.5–8.7) and phorbol myristic acetate (PMA) (stimulation index = 2.7–42). Incubation of ARH-77 with the two agents together caused additive or superadditive numbers of ISC, suggesting that they acted on this B cell via different mechanisms. B-cell-inducing factors stimulating IgG ISC in ARH-77 line were found at 20,000 and 40–60,000 molecular mass. The 20-KDa factor could be distinguished from IL-2 by affinity chromatography on blue agarose. Stimulated cells maintained their immunoglobulin class, and no evidence for isotype switching to IgM or IgA was detected using lymphokine or PMA. The cell line is a model for normal B lymphocytes which have been activated, for example, by Staphylococcus bacteria, to respond to T-cell factors.
Carrier electrochemistry of pertechnetate: Application to radiopharmaceutical labelling by controlled potential electrolysis at chemically inert electrodes

Abstract A method is reported for labelling radiopharmaceuticals with 99mTc by direct reduction of 99mTcO4− at chemically inert electrodes without contamination of the agent by any reducing agent. This is distinct from previous electrolytic labelling methods, in which reduction of TcO4− was mediated by chemically reactive tin or zirconium species produced from the electrode metal. From polarographic and voltammetric measurements using carrier concentrations of the long lived isotope 99Tc, appropriate ranges of electrode potential for electrolytic reduction were determined for platinum, gold, mercury and glassy carbon electrodes in a variety of complexing and non-complexing media. The reduction potentials proved to depend only on the pH and the electrode composition and not on the presence of complexing agents. Thus from polarograms or voltammograms of the substrate to be labelled in buffers of varying pH one can determine whether or not there exists a combination of electrode potential and pH for which pertechnetate is reduced but not the substrate. In alkaline media pertechnetate was reduced at approximately −0.8 V (referred to the saturated calomel electrode) for all four electrodes. In acid media reduction occurred more readily (at less negative potentials) at mercury than at gold, platinum, or glassy carbon. In acid media the reduction potential depended on pH for all four electrodes and reduction occurred concurrently with hydrogen evolution on platinum and gold. Mercury was found to have a much wider potential range for electrolytic reduction of technetium than did platinum, gold or glassy carbon at any pH. From these data reaction conditions were predicted and experimentally confirmed for the electrolytic labelling of tetracycline and EDTA with carrier free 99mTc.
Masters, slaves, and infant mortality: Language challenges for technical editing

In this article we explore how some contemporary language usage presents challenges for technical editing. Drawing on scholarship in the rhetoric of science and in critical linguistics, we argue that language does affect our perception of reality. Consequently, the language used in some technical documents needs to be reconsidered or even challenged by technical editors. Present textbooks on technical editing do not directly confront this issue, though some scholars have begun to challenge the use of terms such as “studgun.”; We conclude by demonstrating how a critical analysis of metaphors in everyday technical documents would help students question these language choices and draw attention to the consequences of using them.
Chlorpromazine alters outer hair cell electromotility.

OBJECTIVE: Outer hair cells (OHCs) of the inner ear rapidly convert electrical gradients into mechanical force, enhancing cochlear sensitivity and frequency selectivity. We investigated the effect of chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic medication that alters membrane biomechanics, on OHC electromotility.STUDY DESIGN: Isolated guinea pig outer hair cells were perfused with chlorpromazine under whole-cell patch-pipette recording conditions. Electromotile responses were measured.RESULTS: A dramatic, reversible, dose-dependent depolarization of voltage at peak capacitance (VpkCm) was seen with chlorpromazine treatment. The gain of the electromotile response was maximal near VpkCm both before and after chlorpromazine application. Unlike the 3 other agents that alter electromotility (salicylate, lanthanides, membrane tension), chlorpromazine did not change peak capacitance (Cmpk), which varies directly with maximal electromotile gain.CONCLUSION: Chlorpromazine changes the membrane voltage at which OHCs exhibit max...
Preparation of polyacrylate-clay nanocomposites by in-situ polymerization and heterocoagulation

Polyacrylate-clay nanocomposites were prepared by an in situ polymerization method followed by heterocoagulation. In the heterocoagulation method, a cationic polyacrylate emulsion was prepared by emulsion polymerization using a cationic initiator in the presence/absence of free surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), followed by mixing with an aqueous clay slurry. WAXD results and TEM images suggest that morphologies of these nanocomposites depend on preparation method, mixing method, and the amount of free surfactant. TG-DTG analyses demonstrate the improvement in thermal stability of these nanocomposites, while DSC results indicate no significant changes in glass transition temperature of these nanocomposites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3850–3855, 2006
Insights into secretory and endocytic membrane traffic using green fluorescent protein chimeras

Green fluorescent fusion proteins, which can be visualized in the unperturbed environment of a living cell, have become important reporter molecules for studying protein localization and trafficking within secretory and endocytic membranes of living cells. They have been used in a wide variety of applications, including time-lapse imaging, double-labeling and photobleach experiments. Results from such work are clarifying the steps involved in the formation, translocation and fusion of transport intermediates, are defining the roles for microtubules in membrane transport, and are providing insights into the mechanisms of protein retention and localization within organelles. In so doing, they have changed our thinking about the temporal and spatial relationships between subcellular membrane structures and the morphogenesis of secretory and endocytic organelles.