cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activities of phosphomonoesterases as influenced by goethite and pyrite

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the activity of phosphomonoesterases in various zones of a geological outcrop. The outcrop contained an Entisol and partially weathered carbonaceous shales of Paleozoic age with differentiating zones rich in pyrite and goethite. Goethite is the most commonly occurring iron oxide in soils, and pyrite is often found in reconstructed soils of coal surface mines. The activity of acid phosphatase was significantly elevated in goethite‐rich zones compared to zones where pyrite was present. Alkaline phosphatase activity was reduced significantly in the presence of goethite but was not affected by pyrite. Experiments with pure pyrite and synthetic goethite substantiated the results obtained from the outcrop samples. The enhancing effect of goethite at lower pH values is probably due to chemisorption and removal of mineralized P, which increases the mineralization of organic P. At higher pH values goethite surfaces are negatively charged and repel phosphate...
Muscle Invasion in Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma as a Predictor of Nodal Status and Local Recurrence: Just as Effective as Depth of Invasion?

Tumor depth of invasion (DOI) is a histologic feature that consistently correlates with lymph node metastasis; however, there are many difficulties with accurately assessing DOI. The aim of this study was to identify a simpler and more reproducible method of determining DOI, by using skeletal muscle invasion as a surrogate marker of depth. Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage T1 cases were identified in the Emory University Department of Pathology database. 61 cases, with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up, were included in the study. Cases were examined histologically to assess muscle invasion and DOI. The two methods of measurement were analyzed to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of DOI or muscle invasion for both nodal disease and local recurrence. Cases with muscle invasion had a 23.3% PPV of occult lymph node metastasis. Cases with DOI of greater than 3 mm had a 29.7% PPV of occult lymph node metastasis. Cases with muscle invasion had a 43.7% PPV of local tumor recurrence. Cases with maximum DOI of greater than 3 mm had a 40.4% PPV of tumor recurrence. Although the PPV of muscle invasion in regards to nodal status was slightly less than DOI, it represents a more easily reproducible parameter which could guide surgeons in determining if the case warrants an elective neck dissection in a cN0 (clinically negative) neck. Interestingly, the PPV of local recurrence was higher with muscle invasion than DOI, and may represent an important indicator for extent of resection.
Selenium mediated dose-inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced transformation of mammary cells in organ culture

Influence of selenium (sodium selenite, Na2SeO3) on transformation of mammary cells, induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was assessed in organ culture of the whole mammary glands from BALBc female mice. Transformation was determined by the presence of nodule-like alveolar lesions (NLAL) induced by DMBA in the glands in vitro. Selenium at concentrations of 10−8 M and 10−7 M enhanced the transformation frequency of the glands, acting both at the ‘initiation’ and ‘promotional’ stages. The enhancement was notable both by scoring the frequency of glands with NLAL and the number of NLAL per gland. At selenium concentration of 10−5 M a modest 18% inhibition of the frequency of transformed glands was detectable at the initiation stage. At promotional stage 10−6 M selenium caused a 37% inhibition of the frequency of transformed glands and at the same stage, an 84% inhibition was present at 10−5 M concentration of selenium in the medium. The concentration of 10−4 M was toxic to the glands in vitro. The inhibition of the frequency of the transformed glands was accompanied by a pronounced reduction of the number of NLAL per gland. Thus, selenium is capable of causing a dose-dependent inhibition of transformation of mammary epithelial cells in organ culture, acting mostly at the promotional stage of the process. Selenium appears to act by preventing expression of the transformed cells as ‘high risk’, potentially neoplastic lesions in the glands in vitro. The present findings thus provide an in vitro model for future studies on the mechanism of selenium mediated chemoprevention of the neoplastic process.
Forbidden fruit: Does thinking about a prohibited food lead to its consumption?

Objective The phenomenon of overeating the very foods that one is trying to resist is potentially consistent with both an ironic process account of overeating and a reactance account of the desire for “forbidden fruit.” These two models are tested. Method Participants in two studies were prohibited or not prohibited from eating a food, or they were encouraged to “choose” to avoid it. Food consumption, thoughts, and desire were assessed before and after the food was forbidden. Results Consistent with an ironic process account, participants' thoughts about the food increased, regardless of whether they were required to or chose to avoid it. Consistent with a reactance account, participants' desire for the food increased if they were required to avoid it, but not if they chose to avoid it. Participants did not, however, ultimately overeat the forbidden food. Discussion Neither increased thoughts nor enhanced desire for a food necessarily leads to overindulgence. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 319–327, 2001.
Radioimmunoassay of the anabolic agent zeranol. V. Residues of zeranol in the edible tissues, urine, faeces and bile of steers treated with Ralgro

Two trials were conducted on steers implanted with zeranol (Ralgro) to determine the edible tissue residues and the secretion pattern in faeces, urine and bile of zeranol residues throughout and beyond the recommended withdrawal period (70 days) for this drug. In the first trial there was considerable variation in the zeranol residue concentration in all edible tissues, the highest concentrations found in the liver being significantly above the control values (P less than 0.05). In the other tissues, only fat sampled 14 days after implanting was significantly above the control value (P less than 0.05). The zeranol concentration in bile samples obtained at slaughter [70 days (18), 90 days (5) and 120 days (2)] were all higher than the apparent concentration in the bile of untreated steers. The mean concentration of zeranol in the faeces and urine varied from day to day and between animals sampled on the same day following implantation. The highest mean concentrations were observed during the first 40 days following implanting, declining steadily to approach the control values 70 days after implantation. The second trial using steers prepared with bile duct re-entrant cannulae resulted in a similar pattern of zeranol excretion in bile, faeces and urine. The highest concentrations of zeranol were observed in bile and ranged from 24 to 34 micrograms/l; there was considerable variation between animals and within animals sampled on successive days. Although the concentration declined steadily, zeranol was still readily detectable 120 days after implanting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Augmented analgesic effects of enkephalinase inhibitors combined with transcranial electrostimulation.

The analgesic effects of very low current transcranial electrostimulation are naloxone-reversible and thus presumably mediated by endogenous opioid activity. The present experiments indicate that blocking enkephalinase activity by i.c.v. thiorphan or i.p. acetorphan results in an increased analgesic effect of electrostimulation as measured by the 50 degrees C wet tail flick test. In the case of each drug, rats receiving both drug and electrostimulation displayed significantly more analgesia than rats receiving electrostimulation and injection vehicle alone, rats receiving drug and sham stimulation or rats receiving vehicle and sham stimulation.
Intermittently aerated EMMC-Biobarrel (entrapped mixed microbial cell with Bio-barrel) process for concurrent organic and nitrogen removal.

Abstract The PEMMC-Biobarrel (packed-bed of entrapped mixed microbial cells with Bio-barrel) process and MEMMC-Biobarrel (moving EMMC-Biobarrel) process were investigated for enhancing concurrent organic and nitrogen removal with applied intermittent aeration. For the PEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers were employed at a packing ratio of 20%. In the MEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers with a packing ratio of 10% were added along with the activated sludge (AS) in the bioreactor. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 9, 6 and 4 h were applied. Aeration was provided intermittently at time schedules of 1 h air on/1 h air off, 1 h on/1.5 h off and 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal in the PEMMC-Biobarrel system was not improved by increasing the intermittent non-aeration time period. On the other hand, the MEMMC-Biobarrel process enhanced nitrogen removal with increasing non-aeration time even though the SCOD/NTIN ratio decreased from 6 to 4. Significant denitrification during the aeration cycle was observed in the MEMMC-Biobarrel process. The MEMMC-Biobarrel process demonstrated the most efficient organic and nitrogen removal at an HRT of 6 h with an intermittent aeration time schedule of 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal of 80% was achieved, which was about 15% higher compared to the AS system. TCOD and SCOD removal efficiencies were 80% and 75%, respectively.
Molecular simulation of amorphization by mechanical alloying

Mechanical alloying is studied through molecular statics simulations, focusing on the process of amorphization of a binary system through extensive plastic straining. We identify a broad range of compositions that demonstrate full amorphization after sufficient plastic straining. We also develop dimensionless variables to describe the microstructural length scale, as well as the degree of atomic-level mixing, and show that data for many compositions and layer geometries can be described by a simple scaling law. This analysis reveals that amorphization occurs concurrently with the attainment of a perfectly mixed alloy, which in turn occurs when all elemental phases have been refined to the length scale of a single atom. All of these results agree with mechanical alloying experiments described in the literature, and suggest new approaches to better compare independent experiments.
The function of hemoglobin in the arcid clam Noetia ponderosa--II. Oxygen uptake and storage.

Abstract 1. Hemoglobins of Noetia ponderosa are responsible for 20–52% of total oxygen uptake at 23°C and 60–65% at 10°C, depending on ambient PO 2 . 2. Oxygen extraction from the ventilatory stream is 55–75%, depending on ambient PO 2 . Ventilation rate, which is independent of ambient PO 2 , is 100 ml/g dry wt-hr. 3. Hemoglobins function as oxygen transport substances under both high and low oxygen conditions in the environment. They may function as an oxygen store for brief periods when the animal cannot ventilate.
SU‐FF‐I‐76: Accuracy of Quality Control Measurements with Solid‐State Detectors in Diagnostic Radiology

Purpose: Recently, solid‐state detectors have been increasingly adopted as diagnostic physics survey equipment due to their compact size and convenience. A single piece of equipment can be used to measure many quantities, including “exposure”, kVp, and half‐value layer (HVL), with only a single irradiation. While these detectors perform well in certain beam qualities, they can deliver inaccurate results in others. Materials and methods: Diagnostic physics measurements including exposure, HVL, and entrance exposure rate were made on several types of equipment, including mammographic, standard radiographic, fluoroscopic, and angiographic systems. Measurements on the angiographic system were made with various amounts of added filtration, ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 mm Cu. Exposure and exposure rate were measured using both a 6 cc ionization chamber and a solid state dosimeter, and HVL was measured using both a 6 cc ionization chamber with Al 1100 and a solid‐state dosimeter.Results: While measurements made on mammographic (0.35 mm Al HVL) and standard radiographic systems (3.1 mm Al HVL) were in good agreement between traditional survey equipment and the solid‐state dosimeter, measurements made in X‐ray beams of other qualities differed between the two types of survey equipment. The solid‐state dosimeter reported a lower HVL than measured with the ionization chamber for beam qualities ranging from 3.8 mm Al HVL to 6.8 mm Al HVL, including measurements performed on commonly‐used fluoroscopic systems. For X‐ray beams with HVL greater than 6.8 mm Al, results were again in agreement between the two types of survey equipment. Also, entrance exposure rate measurements can be inaccurate if the device is used improperly. Conclusions: Caution should be used when making diagnostic physics measurements using solid‐state dosimeters. Proper positioning of the device is critical for accurate entrance exposure rate measurements, and accurate measurements may not be possible in certain X‐ray beam qualities.
Robust position estimation of a mobile vehicle

The ability to estimate the position of a mobile vehicle is a key task for navigation over large distances in complex indoor environments such as nuclear power plants. Schematics of the plants are available, but they are incomplete, as real settings contain many objects, such as pipes, cables or furniture, that mask part of the model. The position estimation method described in this paper matches 3-D data with a simple schematic of a plant. It is basically independent of odometry information and viewpoint, robust to noisy data and spurious points and largely insensitive to occlusions. The method is based on a hypothesis/verification paradigm and its complexity is polynomial; it runs in (Omicron) (m4n4), where m represents the number of model patches and n the number of scene patches. Heuristics are presented to speed up the algorithm. Results on real 3-D data show good behavior even when the scene is very occluded.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estimates for sequences biorthogonal to certain complex exponentials and boundary control of the wave equation

A solution to the problem was given by RUSSELL in [12] for the case where S is the SOBOLEV space ~0(G) of all functions with first partials in L2(q) which vanish in F, ~ = L2(~) and the boundary condition in (1.4) is the DIRICHLET boundary condition (B = 0) under the condition that the pair (~,P) should be star-complemented. Leaving aside some technical requirements (to be found in [12]) this means that there must exist a region ~ , star-shaped with respect to one of its points x such that
Transcriptional Analysis of the Bacillus anthracis Capsule Regulators

ABSTRACT The poly-d-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis is essential for virulence. Control of capsule synthesis occurs at the level of transcription and involves positive regulation of the capsule biosynthetic operon capBCAD by a CO2/bicarbonate signal and three plasmid-borne regulators: atxA, acpA, and acpB. Although the molecular mechanism for control of cap transcription is unknown, atxA affects cap expression via positive control of acpA and acpB, two genes with partial functional similarity. Transcriptional analyses of a genetically complete strain indicate that capB expression is several hundred-fold higher during growth in 5% CO2 compared to growth in air. atxA was expressed appreciably during growth in air and induced only 2.5-fold by CO2. In contrast, expression of acpA and acpB was induced up to 23-fold and 59-fold, respectively, by CO2. The 5′-end mapping of gene transcripts revealed atxA-regulated and atxA-independent apparent transcription start sites for capB, acpA, and acpB. Transcripts mapping to all atxA-regulated start sites were increased during growth in elevated CO2. The acpA gene has one atxA-regulated and one atxA-independent start site. acpB lies downstream of capBCAD. A single atxA-independent start site maps immediately upstream of acpB. atxA-mediated control of acpB appears to occur via transcriptional read-through from atxA-dependent start sites 5′ of capB. One atxA-independent and two atxA-regulated start sites map upstream of capB. Transcription from the atxA-regulated start sites of capBCAD was reduced significantly in an acpA acpB double mutant but unaffected in mutants with deletion of only acpA or acpB, in agreement with the current model for epistatic relationships between the regulators.
Is Aspirin Really Effective for Primary Cardiovascular Prevention

Aspirin is widely used for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Although the evidence supporting the use of aspirin for secondary prevention is strong, its role in primary prevention in less clear. Nonetheless, recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) continue to support the use of aspirin for primary cardiovascular prevention in select patients. This article will review current recommendations for primary prevention with aspirin, recent studies that have generated considerable controversy, and implications for clinical practice.
Employers’ Perspectives about Employing People with Disabilities A Comparative Study across Industries

A comparison of managerial hiring intentions and attitudes toward people with disabilities between service businesses and goods-producing industries found that service firms are more likely to recr...
Ultrafast diffraction and structural dynamics: the nature of complex molecules far from equilibrium.

Studies of molecular structures at or near their equilibrium configurations have long provided information on their geometry in terms of bond distances and angles. Far-from-equilibrium structures are relatively unknown---especially for complex systems---and generally, neither their dynamics nor their average geometries can be extrapolated from equilibrium values. For such nonequilibrium structures, vibrational amplitudes and bond distances play a central role in phenomena such as energy redistribution and chemical reactivity. Ultrafast electron diffraction, which was developed to study transient molecular structures, provides a direct method for probing the nature of complex molecules far from equilibrium. Here we present our ultrafast electron diffraction observations of transient structures for two cyclic hydrocarbons. At high internal energies of approx 4 eV, these molecules display markedly different behavior. For 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, excitation results in the formation of hot ground-state structures with bond distances similar to those of the initial structure, but with nearly three times the average vibrational amplitude. Energy is redistributed within 5 ps, but with a negative temperature characterizing the nonequilibrium population. In contrast, the ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene is shown to result in hot structures with a C---C bond distance of over 1.7 A, which is 0.2 A away from any expected equilibrium value. Even up to 400 ps, energy remains trapped in large-amplitude motions comprised of torsion and asymmetric stretching. These studies promise a new direction for studying structural dynamics in nonequilibrium complex systems.
Formation of dioxygen complexes of transition metal chelates in oxygen saturated aprotic solvents. Cyclic voltammetric evidence at a micro glassy carbon disk electrode

Cyclic voltammetry at a micro electrode of Co(II) salen, Fe(II) salen, electrode generated Fe(II)(acac)2, Fe(II) (salicylaldehyde)2, Fe(II) (salicylaldoxime)2, Fe(II) (bipy)3, Fe(II) (bipy)2, Co(II) (bipy)3, Co(II) (benzacac)2, and electrode generated Co(acac)2 in oxygen saturated aprotic solvents show positive shift of the O2 sigmoidal wave, as well as enhancement of the limiting current in the case of the first five compounds. In the case of Co(II) (bipy)3 the slope of the sigmoidal wave due to O2 becomes more positive, while for the other two Co(II) complexes there is no change except a small decrease in the wave height. The data are used to correlate and predict the O2 binding properties of the chelates in solution. The data for the diketone complexes of Co(II) indicate absence of any direct association, which is in line with the interpretation offered in the literature on the mechanism of their catalytic role in the O2 oxidation of substrates. The mechanism of the autoxidation of dimethylformamide in the presence of Fe(III) (bipy)3 and Cu(II) (bipy)2 is elucidated by the observation that these higher valent compounds are reduced to their next lower oxidation state by DMF.
Off-axis expansion solution of Laplace's equation: Application to accurate and rapid calculation of coil magnetic fields

A flexible algorithm for the accurate computation of off-axis magnetic fields of coils in cylindrical geometry is presented. The method employs a partial power series decomposition of Laplace's equation about the symmetry axis where the series coefficients are derivatives of the field along the axis. A method for computing high order analytic derivatives for four "basic" coil types (loop, annular disk, thin solenoid, and full coil) will be demonstrated. Utilizing these derivatives, highly accurate off-axis fields can be calculated for the basic coil types. For ideal current loops, field errors of less than 0.1% of the exact elliptic integral solution can be obtained out to approximately 70% of the loop radius. Accuracy improves substantially near the symmetry axis and is higher than normally achievable with mesh-based or integral solvers. The simplicity, compactness and speed of this method make it a good adjunct to other techniques and ideal as a module for incorporation into more general programs.
Fluorescence laser tracking microrheology

Microrheology allows for the characterization of a material stress-strain relationship in sample volumes of less than a milliliter that are particularly adapted to biological studies. It enables one to elucidate the mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton of the cell, which are crucial for understanding biological responses such as cell migration and structural dynamics. To gain insight in this field, we choose to monitor the frequency-dependent complex shear modulus G*(/spl omega/) by a nondestructive method that does not incorporate any foreign body into the cell. This method of laser tracking extracts information from the Brownian motion of individual spherical particles embedded in the viscoelastic cytoskeletal mesh. We will use a differential detection system in a novel laser device to ascertain the trajectory of the particle with subnanometer and near-microsecond resolution, information that can be related to G*(/spl omega/). This technique provides a way to quantify the viscoelastic behavior of the cell with wide bandwidth (five decades of frequencies). Additionally, incorporating fluorescence in this assay will allow us to discriminate organelles or cellular locations of interest.
Branching ratios for electron-volt positrons at a Cu(110) surface

The branching ratios for free-positron emission, positronium formation and surface annihilation have been measured for positrons of energies in the range 0-40 eV incident on a clean Cu(110) surface at room temperature, 773 K and 1073 K, on the same surface after bombardment by Ar+ ions, and after oxidation. For the clean surfaces a pronounced decrease in positron emission is observed for incident energies less than 20 eV, with corresponding increases in the other two channels. This effect, which has not been directly observed before, is much less pronounced for the sputtered surface and essentially nonexistent for the oxide. A model is proposed in which the probability of surface state trapping or positronium formation is enhanced at low energies as a consequence of the presence of the positron surface potential well. The possible relevance of these results to earlier experimental and theoretical work on the slow-positron emission process is discussed.
Diabetes Education in a Mexican-American Population: Pilot Testing of a Research-Based Videotape:

A diabetes education videotape was designed and pilot tested in a sample of 30 Spanish-speaking Hispanic diabetic adults in a rural Texas-Mexico border community. The videotape provided an overview of diabetes, with emphasis on the concept of blood glucose; relationships between food, medications, exercise, and blood glucose levels; and blood glucose monitoring. Outcomes of videotape effectiveness were based on a 20-item knowledge test and interview data to assess acceptability of videotapes as a learning tool. Comparison of the knowledge test scores of the experimental group (those who viewed the tape before taking the knowledge test) with the control group (those who took the test before viewing the tape) produced a positive, moderate effect size of 0.61. Interviews with subjects indicated enthusiastic acceptance of the videotape as a means of transmitting diabetes information.
Treatment Foster Care: Toward Development of Community-Based Models for Adolescents with Severe Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

Currently, there is a severe lack of midrange community-based treatment models for adolescents with severe emotional and behavioral disorders (SED) (Wells&Whittington, 1990). The Treatment Foster C...
A novel audio watermarking technique based on low frequency components

In this paper, we present a novel audio watermarking technique that utilizes the low frequency components (LFCs) of an audio signal to identify the location of the embedded watermarks. The embedding takes place by modifying the amplitude of selected samples determined by the LFCs of the audio signal. The amount of modification to the amplitude is determined by the amount of distortion detected by the human ear. This technique is blind where the decoder does not need the original audio file to extract the watermarks. In this technique, we use a novel data recovery scheme to recover any watermarks that were lost because of an intentional or unintentional attempt of watermark removal (attack). Experimental results show that this technique is highly robust against single and double attacks with watermark recovery rates greater than 90%.
Polysomnography during critical illness.

48-year-old man with necrotizing fasciitis, acute renal failure, and post-operative from multiple surgical debridement of bilateral lower extremities underwent polysomnography as part of a research protocol. The patient was undergoing mechanical ventilation and was receiving continuous infusion of sedatives and narcotics for comfort. Intravenous midazolam at 5 mg per hour and fentanyl at 75 micrograms per hour were being administered with a Ramsay sedation level of 2. On examination, the patient had anasarca; he appeared sedated and calm while breathing with the assistance of the ventilator. Cardiovascular examination revealed normal heart sounds and no murmurs, while respiratory examination revealed coarse crackles in the base of the lungs. Abdominal examination was benign except for abdominal wall edema and both legs were in surgical dressings. The patient was arousable but was unable to follow commands. Laboratory examination was abnormal with elevated white cell count and serum creatinine levels, and a metabolic acidosis. A representative segment of his polysomnogram is shown below (figure 1).
Non-Gaussianities and the stimulated creation of quanta in the inflationary universe

Cosmological inflation generates a spectrum of density perturbations that can seed the cosmic structures we observe today. These perturbations are usually computed as the result of the gravitationally induced spontaneous creation of perturbations from an initial vacuum state. In this paper, we compute the perturbations arising from gravitationally induced stimulated creation when perturbations are already present in the initial state. The effect of these initial perturbations is not diluted by inflation and survives to its end, and beyond. We consider a generic statistical density operator $\ensuremath{\rho}$ describing an initial mixed state that includes probabilities for nonzero numbers of scalar perturbations to be present at early times during inflation. We analyze the primordial bispectrum for general configurations of the three different momentum vectors in its arguments. We find that the initial presence of quanta can significantly enhance non-Gaussianities in the so-called squeezed limit. Our results show that an observation of non-Gaussianities in the squeezed limit can occur for single-field inflation when the state in the very early inflationary Universe is not the vacuum, but instead contains early-time perturbations. Valuable information about the initial state can then be obtained from observations of those non-Gaussianities.
University student understanding of cancer: analysis of ethnic group variances.

Traditional university and college students ages 18–24 are traversing an important period in their lives in which behavioral intervention is critical in reducing their risk of cancer in later years. The study's purpose was to determine the perceptions and level of knowledge about cancer of white, Hispanic, and black university students (n = 958). Sources of student information about cancer were also identified. The survey results showed all students know very little about cancer and their perceptions of cancer are bad with many students thinking that cancer and death are synonymous. We also discovered university students do not discuss cancer often in their classrooms nor with their family or friends. Moreover, university students are unlikely to perform monthly or even yearly self-examinations for breast or testicular cancers; black students have the lowest rate of self-examinations.
Freshwater mussel die‐off attributed to anticholinesterase poisoning

In 1990, we investigated a die-off of freshwater mussels in north-central North Carolina. An estimated 1,000 mussels of several species were found dead or moribund, including about 111 Tar spinymussels (Elliptio steinstansana) a federally listed endangered species. The die-off occurred during a period of low flow and high water temperature in a stream reach dominated by forestry and agriculture. Pathological examinations did not show any abnormalities and indicated that the die-off was an acute event. Chemical analyses of mussels, sediments, and water revealed no organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides. Cholinesterase activity in adductor muscle from Eastern elliptios (Elliptio complanata) collected at the kill site and downstream was depressed 73 and 65%, respectively, compared with upstream reference samples. The depression is consistent with a diagnosis of anticholinesterase poisoning. This is the first documented case in which cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds have been implicated in a die-off of freshwater mussels.
Participation of cholinergic circuits in renin induced drinking.

Summary Pharmacological analysis of the drinking response produced by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of renin in the intact and bilaterally nephrectomized rat revealed that peripherally administered atropine sulfate ( 5 mg/kg s.c. ) produced a highly significant block of renin-induced drinking, while alpha and beta-adrenergic blockade with tolazoline (8.5 mg/kg s.c. ) and propranolol ( 6.0 mg/kg s.c. ), respectively, were without effect. In the nephrectomized rat inhibition of the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine with i.p., alpha methyl-p-tyrosine had likewise no effect on renin-induced water intake, whereas injection of the dopaminergic blocking agent, haloperidol ( 0.05 mg/kg s.c. ), reduced the drinking response by about one third. However, doubling the dose of haloperidol caused no further reduction. It is concluded that cholinergic pathways are importantly involved in renin-induced drinking behavior.
Abstract 231: Decreased Parasympathetic Activity in the Ovulatory Phase of the Menstrual Cycle

The Heart rate variability (HRV) power spectrum is a non-invasive index of parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Sex hormone oscillations may affect autono...
Use of a Spinal Model to Quantify the Forces and Motion That Occur During Therapists' Tests of Spinal Motion

Background and Purpose. Despite the widespread use of spinal mobilization, little is known about the forces used or the accuracy of therapists in estimating the forces they use in administering the technique. The purposes of this study were to quantify the forces used and to determine the accuracy of therapists in applying forces on a mechanical model. Subjects. Ten physical therapists participated. Methods. A spinal model was used to measure applied force and displacement under different conditions of stiffness. The therapists applied oscillatory posteroanterior mobilizations to the model under three different conditions of stiffness. Results. Mean peak forces across grades and stiffness levels ranged between 57.59 and 178.27 N. The forces were generally lower in the least stiff condition. Displacement varied with stiffness and mobilization grade. In the least stiff condition, the mean displacement varied between 2.25 and 3.45 mm for grades 1 to 4, respectively. Conclusion and Discussion. Intertherapist variability was high, and there was a systematic bias in underestimating the magnitude of applied force and in overestimating motion. The variability in force application and the general overestimation of motion detection may explain the poor reliability of measurements obtained with clinical tests based on motion palpation.
Function of Caveolin-1 in sensitivity to taxanes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4656 Taxanes are potent anti-tumor agents that bind to the beta subunits of tubulin and repress the dynamic instability of spindles leading to cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Taxanes are widely used as chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of metastatic breast lung, ovarian, and digestive cancers. Discovery of predictive biomarkers for drug efficacy is essential for lowering non-specific toxicity and for understanding how cells gain resistance to taxanes. Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a putative regulator of cell transformation in many cancers. In lung cancer cells, exposure to the taxane Paclitaxel (Taxol) was shown to increase cav-1 expression, suggesting a role of cav-1 in the cytotoxic response to this group of microtubule disrupting agents. However, the mechanism of cav-1 function in taxane-mediated cell death remains unknown. To elucidate the role of this complex signaling protein in response to taxanes in breast cancer, we explored cav-1 function in mediating the cytotoxic effects of Paclitaxel (Pac) and Docetaxel (Doc) in MCF-7 breast cancer adenocarcinoma cells. At low concentrations (10 nM), overexpression of the full-length wild-type cav-1 in MCF-7 (MCF-7/WT-Cav1) cells increased both Pac and Doc mediated growth inhibition compared to cells expressing the empty vector (MCF-7/EV). Treatment of cells with either drug for 24 h, significantly increased cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in the MCF-7/WT-Cav1 relative to control cells. Additionally, in comparison to MCF-7/EV cells, treatment of MCF-7/WT-Cav-1 cells with Pac or Doc also increased phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Jnk1/2, which are known downstream regulators of taxane-mediated cell death. In this study, we investigate how cav-1 sensitizes breast cancer cells to taxanes. Results from our study could be useful in predicting tumor responsiveness to these drugs.
A General Approach to Chord Length Distributions Applied to a Hemisphere

General formulas for chord and related joint density distributions of convex volumes are derived and applied to the hemisphere. The resulting single integral for the joint chord length and beam angle distribution is evaluated analytically. The chord length distribution is obtained by the same methods by evaluating a double integral. Both results are presented graphically, and accurate agreement with norm and average chord length is exhibited. The chord distribution agrees with previous work. While not new, the general approach used here appears to be of more extensive applicability than current methods, potentially applying to all chord and related distributions of all convex volumes.
Association Between Affective-Cognitive Symptoms of Depression and Exacerbation of Crohn's Disease.

Association Between Affective-Cognitive Symptoms of Depression and Exacerbation of Crohn’s Disease
Ligand and Coligand Effects on Ion Association in Magnesium Amides

We report here the examination of the effect of ligand bulk and coligand influence on ion association in a family of magnesium amides. Use of the sparsely employed, sterically demanding coligand HMPA (hexamethylphosphoramide, O═P(N(Me)2)3, in conjunction with four different silylamides [N(SiMe3)(R)]− (R = SiMe3, C6H5 (Ph), 2,4,6-MesC6H2 (Mes), 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3 (Dipp)) provides unique insight into factors governing ion association. To this effect, we report three contact molecules, along with one example of a rare ion-association state with one amido group metal-bound, whereas the other is unassociated.
Negative phototactic activity used to determine larval toxicity of insecticides to Diabrotica virgifera.

A technique to obtain objective mortality data for larvae of the western corn rootworm treated with diazinon, Bux® [ m- (l-ethylpropyl) phenyl methylcarbamate mixture with m- (l-methylbutyl) phenyl methylcarbamate], and phorate is detailed. The use of negative phototactic larval activity following insecticide treatment was more consistant than determining death by observation. For diazinon, the percentage differences in LD50 values between larvae and adults (phototactic technique) for 1974 was 1.04. Differences in LD50 values (observation) between larvae and adults for 1962 and 1969 were 51.6 and 17.0, respectively.
The Petrographic Microscope.Daniel E. Kile (2003) Supplement to the Mineralogical Record, Publication Number One. 96 pp. The Mineralogical Record, Tucson, AZ. $20.

It’s a rare student who is not captivated by the first sight of a thin section under crossed polarizers with a petrographic microscope. Many students who are ultimately captured by petrography develop a relationship with microscopy that is one of continuous fascination. More modern analytical instrumentation has revolutionized petrology, but the enduring role of optical petrography calls directly to one of our most powerful senses, with a direct feed to the analytical brain in ways that remote inspection of samples crushed, vaporized, or loaded in vacuum chambers cannot claim. Optical petrography is old but it retains a unique and fundamental role in mineralogy and petrology. Daniel Kile’s monograph on The Petrographic Microscope is at first glance a piece devoted to beautiful old brass instruments. This impression is excusable because of the 93 color photographs that he has compiled, many of which …
Power Quality Features of Different Industry Loads

The power supply quality is deteriorated due to a large number of non-linear load operations,which causes threats to the safety of the power system and equipment in power system.To understand features of power quality of different load has significance in evaluating the power quality effect caused by the load after being connected to the network and formulating treatment measures accordingly.In this paper,the features of power quality of different load are summarized based on managing the experience of such power quality,which provides valuable reference for evaluating power quality of similar load due to connecting to the network.
Determination of Glyphosate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography

Objective To study the determination of glyphosate in drinking water by using ion chromatography.Methods With the flow rate of 1.0ml/min,an eluent of mixed solution of 6.4 mmol/L NaCO3 and 3.2 mmol/L NaHCO3 was used in the anion-exchange separation;the determination was performed by an electric conductivity detector.Results The standard curve average correlation coefficient was 0.9997 with glyphosate concentration in the range of 0.05～3.0μg/ml,the detection limit for glyphosate was 0.014μg/ml.Under determination of confecting water samples with the concentration of 0.976μg/ml glyphosate,the relative standard deviations of concentration and retention time were 0.38% and 0.17% respectively.The sample recovery rate in the standard addition test was between 98.0% and 102.5%.Conclusions The method is simple,quick,and low cost,with satisfactory testing results,which can be used for the detection of glyphosate in water samples.
Effects of supplemental biotin during gestation and lactation on reproductive performance of sows: a cooperative study.

A cooperative experiment to evaluate biotin addition to sow diets was conducted at three research stations using 303 litters. Primiparous and multiparous sows (overall average parity 2.8) were fed a 14% CP corn-soybean meal diet (140 micrograms/kg biotin), with or without supplemental biotin (330 micrograms added biotin per kg feed), throughout gestation and lactation. As many sows as possible were fed their respective diets through three successive parities. During gestation, sows were given from 1.82 to 2.27 kg of feed per day, depending on environmental conditions; during lactation sows had ad libitum access to feed. Supplemental biotin had no effect (P greater than .35) on sow weights at breeding, at d 109 of gestation, at farrowing or at weaning. No differences were found in litter size at birth (P greater than .18), but at d 21 of lactation, sows fed the diet containing supplemental biotin had larger litters than sows fed the unsupplemented diet (9.4 vs 8.7 pigs, respectively; P = .01). Pig weights at birth and d 21 of lactation were not affected (P greater than .20) by dietary treatment. Biotin supplementation did not affect (P greater than .28) the length of the interval from weaning to estrus. No evidence was found that feet cracks or bruises were reduced by biotin supplementation. The results indicate that biotin supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet during gestation and lactation increased the number of pigs at d 21 of lactation, but it did not decrease the incidence of foot lesions.
Simulating the dust content of galaxies: successes and failures

We present full-volume cosmological simulations, using the moving-mesh code AREPO to study the coevolution of dust and galaxies. We extend the dust model in AREPO to include thermal sputtering of grains and investigate the evolution of the dust mass function, the cosmic distribution of dust beyond the interstellar medium and the dependence of dust-to-stellar mass ratio on galactic properties. The simulated dust mass function is well described by a Schechter fit and lies closest to observations at z = 0. The radial scaling of projected dust surface density out to distances of 10 Mpc around galaxies with magnitudes 17 < i < 21 is similar to that seen in Sloan Digital Sky Survey data, albeit with a lower normalization. At z=0, the predicted dust density of dust ≈1.3×10^(−6) lies in the range of dust values seen in low-redshift observations. We find that the dust-to-stellar mass ratio anticorrelates with stellar mass for galaxies living along the star formation main sequence. Moreover, we estimate the 850 μm number density functions for simulated galaxies and analyse the relation between dust-to-stellar flux and mass ratios at z = 0. At high redshift, our model fails to produce enough dust-rich galaxies, and this tension is not alleviated by adopting a top-heavy initial mass function. We do not capture a decline in dust from z = 2 to 0, which suggests that dust production mechanisms more strongly dependent on star formation may help to produce the observed number of dusty galaxies near the peak of cosmic star formation.
Preventing Growth of Potentially Toxic Molds Using Antifungal Agents1

Mold inhibitors such as sorbates, propionates and benzoates have been used commercially for some time. Recently these and other potential inhibitors have been studied from the standpoint of their effects on growth of potentially toxic molds and mycotoxin production. In addition, other substances such as the antifungal antibiotic natamycin (pimaricin) and plant-derived products such as components of the essential oils of certain herbs and spices have recently been studied for their antifungal properties and effects on mycotoxin production. Some of these inhibitors inhibit mycotoxin production by greater than 70%, while only inhibiting growth of the mold by 25% or less. Of the organic acids, sorbic, propionic and benzoic, sorbic and its sorbate salts seems to be most effective over the widest range of conditions in preventing mold growth and mycotoxin production. Potassium sorbate is effective against toxic molds at levels of 0.10 to 0.15%. The antibiotic natamycin is very effective in preventing mold growth and toxin production at very low (0.001 to 0.005%) concentrations. A number of herbs and spices possess antifungal activity. At a level of 2.0%, in YES agar, cloves, cinnamon, mustard, allspice, garlic and oregano all completely inhibit mycotoxin production by a number of mycotoxigenic molds. Cloves, cinnamon and mustard seem to be the most effective of those tested, with complete inhibition occurring with amounts of spice less than 1%. Essential oils of orange and lemon also have antifungal properties at levels of 0.2 % and higher. Certain insecticides and fumigants also inhibit mold growth and mycotoxin production. The organophosphates naled and dichlorvos are both effective inhibitors at relatively low concentrations (0.002 to 0.01%). Phenolic antioxidants, particularly BHA, also inhibit toxic molds in concentrations of 0.025% and above. Naturally occurring methylxanthines, such as caffeine and theophylline, inhibit growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus in concentrations of 0.1% and above. Chlorine, a commonly used sanitizer, will inactivate spores of toxic Aspergillus and Penicillium species at levels of residual chlorine commonly achieved with most sanitation procedures. Even though considerable information is available on inhibitory effects of a number of substances on mold growth and mycotoxin production, more work is needed to further define the conditions under which commercial antifungal agents are most effective in preventing growth of toxic molds and mycotoxin production.
Science Vs Engineering

The word, science, is replacing the word, engineering, in common usage. This article explores the reasons for this, the effects it is having, and what is being done to restore the status of engineering.