cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Government Regulation vs. The Free Society

Over the years I have been persistent in my criticism of petty tyrannies such as government regulation of business, government licensing of professions, and so on.1 My central objection is that they all involve prior restraint, the coercive intervention in people's conduct that does not have anything to do with defending individual rights, the only goal that justifies the use of force in human affairs. Very recently, and finally, someone in mainstream circles has chosen to address my argument. Edward Soule, of Georgetown University's McDonough School of Business, wrote a book, Morality and Markets, The Ethics of Government Regulation, in which he spends some time addressing the essentially libertarian, natural rights case I have made against this widespread practice. It is a very respectful, civilized criticism the tone of which is unobjectionable. Given that the position I have defended is quite radical, some would even call it extreme, I am very pleased that someone of such distinction as Soule has chosen to address it. Let me now get to the substance of Soule's critique. First of all, he argues against the libertarian argument against regulation I put forth by claiming that ifit were consistently applied, such a very practical institution as central banking would have to be abolished. As he puts it,
Oxidation of Slurry Aluminide Coatings on Cast Stainless Steel Alloy CF8C-Plus at 800 °C in Water Vapor

A new, cast austenitic stainless steel, CF8C-Plus (CF8C-P), has been developed for a wide range of high temperature applications, including diesel exhaust components, turbine casings and turbocharger housings. CF8C-P offers significant improvements in creep rupture life and creep rupture strength over standard CF8C steel. However, at higher temperatures and in aggressive environments such as those containing significant water vapor, an oxidation-resistant protective coating will be necessary to extend service life. The oxidation behavior of alloys CF8C and CF8C-P with various aluminide coatings were compared at 800 °C in air plus 10 vol% water vapor. Due to their affordability, slurry aluminides were the primary coating system of interest, although chemical vapor deposition and pack cementation coatings were also compared. Additionally, a preliminary study of the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of aluminized CF8C-P was conducted at 800 °C. Each type of coating provided substantial improvements in oxidation behavior, with simple slurry aluminides exhibiting very good oxidation resistance after 3,000 h testing in water vapor. Preliminary LCF results indicated that thicker aluminide coatings degraded high temperature fatigue properties of CF8C-P, whereas thinner coatings did not. Results suggest that appropriately designed slurry aluminide coatings are a viable option for economical, long-term oxidation protection of austenitic stainless steels in water vapor.
Fetal Hippocampal Cells Grafted to Kainate-Lesioned CA3 Region of Adult Hippocampus Suppress Aberrant Supragranular Sprouting of Host Mossy Fibers

Abstract Selective lesion of the rat hippocampus using an intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid (KA) represents an animal model for studying both lesion recovery and temporal lobe epilepsy. This KA lesion leads initially to loss of CA3 hippocampal neurons, the postsynaptic target of mossy fibers, and later results in aberrant mossy fiber sprouting into the dentate supragranular layer (DSGL). Because of the close association of this aberrant mossy fiber sprouting with an increase in the seizure susceptibility of the dentate gyrus, delayed therapeutic strategies capable of suppressing the sprouting of mossy fibers into the DSGL are of significant importance. We hypothesize that neural grafting can restore the disrupted hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry in this model through the establishment of appropriate mossy fiber projections onto grafted pyramidal neurons and that these appropriate projections will lead to reduced inappropriate sprouting into the DSGL. Large grafts of Embryonic Day 19 hippocampal cells were transplanted into adult hippocampus at 4 days post-KA lesion. Aberrant mossy fiber sprouting was quantified after 3–4 months survival using three different measures of Timm's staining density. Grafts located near the degenerated CA3 cell layer showed dense ingrowth of host mossy fibers compared to grafts elsewhere in the hippocampus. Aberrant mossy fiber sprouting throughout the dentate gyrus was dramatically and specifically reduced in animals with grafts near the degenerated CA3 cell layer compared to “lesion only” animals and those with ectopic grafts away from the CA3 region. These results reveal the capability of appropriately placed fetal hippocampal grafts to restore disrupted hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry by attracting sufficient host mossy fibers to suppress the development of aberrant circuitry in hippocampus. Thus, providing an appropriate postsynaptic target at early postlesion periods significantly facilitates lesion recovery. The graft-induced long-term suppression of aberrant sprouting shown here may provide a new avenue for amelioration of hyperexcitability that occurs following hippocampal lesions.
Energy Partitioning and Attenuation of Guided Waves in a Radially Layered Borehole

Recently published results (Tubman et al., 1984; Baker,. 1984) indicate that synthetic full waveform acoustic logs generated in cased or damaged boreholes differ significantly from those generated in an open hole with the same formation parameters. In particular, the guided waves appear to be the most affected by such radial layering. In order to gain some understanding of these effects, the amplitude response and energy distribution of the pseudo-Rayleigh and Stoneley waves are studied for the cased and invaded borehole models. The expressions derived by Cheng et al. (1 982) are used to calculate partition coefficients (partial derivatives of phase velocity with respect to body wave velocities) for the guided wave modes. The attenuation of the guided wave can then be represented by the sum of the layer attenuation values weighted by their respective partition coefficients. The results indicate that the attenuation of the Stoneley wave is dominated by the fluid attenuation at all frequencies in fast formations, both in the open hole geometry and in the presence of casing or invaded zones. In a slow formation, the Stoneley wave attenuation becomes more sensitive to the shear wave attenuation of the formation at higher frequencies in both the open and cased hole situations. For the pseudoRayleigh wave, the introduction of casing reduces the effect of the fluid attenuation, while the presence of an invaded zone reduces the effect of the formation shear attenuation. Plots of the partition coefficients indicate that the casing and invasion layers are most important over a limited frequency range which is related to the thickness of the layer. Radial displacement curves illustrate the depth of penetration of the various frequency components of the pseudo-Rayleigh wave. INTROpUCTION Recent interest in the field acquisition of Full Waveform Acoustic Logs (FWALs) has resulted in many studies of wave propagation in a cylindrical borehole (Cheng and Toksaz, 1981; Tsang and Rader, 1979; Paillet and White, 1982). The majority of these "have addressed the simple case of a homogeneous, Isotropic, infinite solid surrounding a fluid filled cylindrical borehole. Several recent papers (Tubman et aI., 1984; Baker, 1984; Chan and Tsang, 1983; Shoenberg et al., 1981) have addressed the more complex problem of solid radial layers surrounding a fluid filled borehole. The common occurrence of drilling induced formation damage or the presence of steel casing and associated cement justify the need to treat this more complicated geometry. The results of Tubman et al. (1984) indicate that synthetic FWALs generated in cased or damaged boreholes can differ significantly from those 57
Computation of permeability and dispersivities of solute or heat in periodic porous media

We describe the numerical computations of permeability and dispersivities of solute and heat for a periodic porous medium by solving certain boundary value problems for a unit cell. These cell problems are derived from the asymptotic theory of homogenization which systematically accounts for the effects of micro(pore) scale mechanics on the macroscale processes. Variational principles are devised to replace the cell boundary value problems and are then used for finite-element computations. The geometry chosen consists of a cubic array of uniform grains of Wigner-Seitz shape. Comparisons of numerical results with available experimental data and with other theories are discussed.
A phenomenological model of the perceived intensity of single odorants.

Abstract The response of a model olfactory system to a single odorant is quantified by interconnecting three separate stimulus-response relationships. Together, these relationships encompass the deposition of odorant molecules onto an olfactory organ, their movement to the dendrite of the olfactory receptor neuron, their subsequent induction of action potentials, and the processing of induced and spontaneous action potentials by the central nervous system, resulting in perception and a behavioral response. Phenomena discussed within the context of the model include the behavioral threshold, central summation of responses from a number of olfactory neurons, and the effect of organ shape on olfactory detection. The intent of the model is to provide a quantitative conceptual framework for designing and interpreting experiments relating sensory input to perception and behavior. Its utility is particularly evident for insect olfaction since it enables insect sex pheromone behavioral thresholds to be estimated from the literature when bioassays or electrophysiological studies are not possible. It also derives a physiologically meaningful method for comparing behavioral thresholds among different animals, and permits comparisons of different kinds of behavioral responses in the same species. Vertebrate olfaction is treated briefly in a discussion of the effect of sniffing on the threshold of detection.
Theoretical transducer properties of piezoelectric insulator FET transducers

An oriented piezoelectric film incorporated in the insulator region of a silicon insulated-gate field-effect transistor (FET) results in a sensitive high-frequency strain transducer. Theory governing the transducer properties of the piezoelectric insulator FET transducer is presented. Equations are developed which relate the drain current of the device to induced polarizations of the piezoelectric layer. The highest frequency of surface strains to which the FET transducer can respond is determined by the FET frequency response - ultimately by the channel transit time. This frequency can extend to the GHz range. The low-frequency response to applied strain is determined by the dielectric relaxation frequency of the piezoelectric layer.
Scripture, structure and the formation of Catholic parties: The case of Venezuela:

What accounts for the virtual absence of new Catholic parties in Latin America over the past four decades? From the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, Catholic activists organized a variety of political parties in the region. Yet since the 1970s, despite the dramatic expansion of political opportunities in Catholic-majority countries, Catholicism has played only a marginal role in the formation of new parties. This article develops a novel interpretation of this phenomenon, arguing that changes in the structure of religious communities and church–society relations resulting from the reforms of the Second Vatican Council account for the absence of new Catholic parties. Empirically, it explores this topic through the structured, focused comparison of two periods of social and political upheaval in Venezuela.
Nontraditional grazing incidence optics for x-ray astronomy

All focussing x-ray telescopes that have been in orbit (Einstein, EXOSAT, and ROSAT) or are currently being developed (e.g., ASTRO-D, SAX, AXAF, and XMM) are based upon the same type of optics, the Wolter Type I system or a conical approximation of it. With funding, weight, and volume now being severely limited, new investigations in x-ray astronomy will have to specialize on a particular study, e.g., wide field surveys, spectroscopy, broad band measurements, and should have significantly more capability than the current missions in that study. Several novel approaches to broad band and wide field optics have been described in the literature that may be able to satisfy certain specific objectives better than the Wolter I.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Macroinvertebrate production estimates in the Kanawha River, West Virginia

We calculated secondary production estimates for 13 macroinvertebrate taxa from a site in the sixth-order Kanawha River, a system regulated by locks and dams. Production was calculated by the size-frequency method for Hexagenia limbata (Ephemeroptera), Tricorythodes sp. (Ephemeroptera), Stenacron interpunctatum (Ephemeroptera), Argia translata (Odonata), Strophopteryx fasciata (Plecoptera), Cheumatopsyche sp. (Trichoptera), Cyrnellus fraternus (Trichoptera), and the Chironomidae (Diptera) tribes Tanytarsini, Chironomini, Orthocladini, Pentaneurini, Procladiini, and Corynoneurini. Total annual production and total annual biomass estimates based on benthic large-cobble basket samplers were higher than those based on multiplate samplers and gravel basket samplers in the water column, but these differences were not significant. Estimates of annual production and annual biomass of H. limbata and Procladiini were highest for the large-cobble basket samplers. Annual production and annual biomass of A. translata were highest for the gravel basket samplers. Annual production and annual biomass of the remaining 10 taxa were highest for the multiplate samplers. Average annual P/B ratios were 4.7 for the seven univoltine taxa and 11.5 for the one bivoltine species studied.
Isolation and characterization of mutants affecting functional domains of ColE1 RNAI

Abstract The control of DNA replication initiation in the plasmid ColE1 is mediated by RNAI, a 108 nucleotide plasmid-encoded RNA that is entirely complementary to the 5′-terminal region of the replication primer RNA. RNAI acts in trans to inhibit primer maturation. Previously, we constructed a plasmid in which the ColE1 RNAI was separated from the primer and placed under transcriptional control of the Serratia marcesens tryptophan promoter. This plasmid provides RNAI in trans in vivo and mediates ColE1-type incompatibility. To determine the critical structural and functional domains of RNAI, we have undertaken a mutational analysis of the RNAI gene carried by this plasmid. We have selected mutants that no longer mediate ColE1-type incompatibility in trans . From the DNA sequences of 18 mutants we have identified mutations at nine new sites in RNAI. In addition, we have determined the secondary structural features of several mutant RNAI species and compared them to wild-type RNAI. Analysis of these mutations has revealed several key features of RNAI secondary structure and function. The domains of RNAI identified in this work which are essential for its function are: (1) the single-stranded loop regions; (2) the integrity of the double-stranded stems; and (3) the single-stranded 5′ terminus.
Counteractive Balancing of Transcriptome Expression Involving CodY and CovRS in Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]) responds to environmental changes in a manner that results in an adaptive regulation of the transcriptome. The objective of the present study was to understand how two global transcriptional regulators, CodY and CovRS, coordinate the transcriptional network in S. pyogenes. Results from expression microarray data and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the global regulator CodY controls the expression of about 250 genes, or about 17% of the genome of strain NZ131. Additionally, the codY gene was shown to be negatively autoregulated, with its protein binding directly to the promoter region with a CodY binding site. In further studies, the influence of codY, covRS, and codY-covRS mutations on gene expression was analyzed in growth phase-dependent conditions using C medium, reported to mimic nutritional abundance and famine conditions similar to those found during host GAS infection. Additional biological experiments of several virulence phenotypes, including pilin production, biofilm formation, and NAD glycohydrolase activity, demonstrated the role that both CodY and CovRS play in their regulation. Correlation analysis of the overall data revealed that, in exponentially growing cells, CodY and CovRS act in opposite directions, with CodY stimulating and CovRS repressing a substantial fraction of the core genome, including many virulence factors. This is the first report of counteractive balancing of transcriptome expression by global transcription regulators and provides important insight into how GAS modulates gene expression by integrating important extracellular and intracellular information.
Heavy quarks on anisotropic lattices: The Charmonium spectrum

We present results for the mass spectrum of $c\overline{c}$ mesons simulated on anisotropic lattices where the temporal spacing ${a}_{t}$ is only half of the spatial spacing ${a}_{s}.$ The lattice QCD action is the Wilson gauge action plus the clover-improved Wilson fermion action. The two clover coefficients on an anisotropic lattice are estimated using mean links in the Landau gauge. The bare velocity of light ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{t}$ has been tuned to keep the anisotropic, heavy-quark Wilson action relativistic. Local meson operators and three box sources are used in obtaining clear statistics for the lowest lying and first excited charmonium states of ${}^{1}{S}_{0},$ ${}^{3}{S}_{1},$ ${}^{1}{P}_{1},$ ${}^{3}{P}_{0}$ and ${}^{3}{P}_{1}.$ The continuum limit is discussed by extrapolating from quenched simulations at four lattice spacings in the range 0.1--0.3 fm. Results are compared with the observed values in nature and other lattice approaches. Finite volume effects and dispersion relations are checked.
Assignment of the 13C NMR resonances in trialkylphosphines from spin-lattice relaxation time measurements

Abstract Analysis of the 13C NMR chemical shift and coupling constant data for a number of straight-chain aliphatic trialkylphosphines and their transition metal carbonyl complexes suggests that complexation leads to: (1) a deshielding of C(1) and an increase in 1J(13C31P), (2) a slight shielding of C(2) and a decrease in 2J(13C31P), and (3) little or no change in the chemical shift for C(3) and a slight increase in 3J(13C31P). Application of these rules to the assignment of the 13C NMR spectrum of P(butyl)3 led to conflict with prior work. A study of segmental motion in these derivatives via spin-lattine (T1) relaxation time measurements was therefore performed, and these data are in complete agreement with the proposed assignments. These generalizations must be applied with care, however, since the presence of either unsaturation or branching near the phosphorus can interfere with this pattern.
Police Stress: A Structural Model

A number of existing studies have identified various factors that contribute to stress among police officers. This analysis is unique among these insofar as it employs structural equation modeling to specify, in path model format, the influence of participation in workplace decision-making and other variables on employee stress levels. The findings of this analysis provide new as well as confirmatory statistical evidence regarding the mitigating and direct effects of certain variables on physical stress. This study poses important implications by lending itself to meaningful future comparative research across occupations such as corrections and probation / parole.
Permeability of the squid giant axon to organic cations and small nonelectrolytes.

The permeability of the Na channel of squid giant axon to organic cations and small nonelectrolytes was studied. The compounds tested were guanidinium, formamidinium, and14C-labeled urea, formamide, thiourea, and acetone. Permeability was calculated from measurements of reversal potential and influx on internally perfused, voltage clamped squid axons. The project had two objectives: (1) to determine whether different methods of measuring the permeability of organic cations yield similar values and (2) to see whether neutral analogs of the organic cations can permeate the Na channel. Our results show that the permeability ratio of sodium to a test ion depends upon the ionic composition of the solution used. This finding is consistent with the view put forward previously that the Na channel can contain more than one ion at a time. In addition, we found that the uncharged analogs of permeant cations are not measurably permeant through the Na channel, but instead probably pass through the lipid bilayer.
Copper Deprivation Potentiates Oxidative Stress in HL-60 Cell Mitochondria:

Cytochrome-c oxidase is the copper-dependent terminal respiratory complex (complex IV) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain whose activity in a variety of tissues is lowered by copper deficiency. Because inhibition of respiratory complexes increases the production of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria, it is possible that copper deficiency increases oxidative stress in mitochondria as a consequence of suppressed cytochrome-c oxidase activity. In this study, the activities of respiratory complex I + III, assayed as NADH:cytochrome-c reductase, complex II + III, assayed as succinate:cytochrome-c reductase, complex IV, assayed as cytochrome-c oxidase, and fumarase were measured in mitochondria from HL-60 cells that were grown for seven passages in serum-free medium that was either unsupplemented or supplemented with 50 n M CuSO4. Fumarase activity was not affected by copper supplementation, but the complex I + III:fumarase and complex IV:fumarase ratios were reduced 30% and 50%, respectively, in mitochondria from cells grown in the absence of supplemental copper. This indicates that copper deprivation suppressed the electron transfer activity of copper-independent complex I + III as well as copper-dependent complex IV. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) content was also increased 49% overall in the cells grown in the absence of supplemental copper. Furthermore, protein carbonyl groups, indicative of oxidative modification, were present in 100-kDa and 90-kDa proteins of mitochondria from copper-deprived cells. These findings indicate that in cells grown under conditions of copper deprivation that suppress cytochrome-c oxidase activity, oxidative stress in mitochondria is increased sufficiently to induce MnSOD, potentiate protein oxidation, and possibly cause the oxidative inactivation of complex I.
Estimating building airflow using CO2 measurements from a distributed sensor network

An accurate estimate of airflow rates within a building, namely the infiltration and interzonal airflow, is needed when determining energy use and indoor air quality and for detecting contaminants. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the feasibility of estimating airflow in a commercial building using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tracer. In this article, development of the proposed building airflow network inverse models (both deterministic and stochastic) is presented along with the methods used to test their performance. It is shown that the proposed inverse models would be able to determine the airflow for a one-story building of any size, as long as the rank of the known-information matrix is greater than or equal to the number of unknown airflow rates. Synthetic perfect and imperfect steady-state and transient CO2 measurements are used to test the performance of the proposed building airflow network inverse models.
Increase in Jc of BiPbSrCaCuO superconductors by hot-pressing

Abstract The 105 K phase with a nominal composition of Bi 0.85 Pb 0.15 Sr 0.8 CaCu 1.4 O y was changed to a phase with T c 2 , which was an order of magnitude higher than that of a normal sintered sample.
Harmonic interactions of multiple distributed energy resources in power distribution networks

Abstract The harmonics generated by DER devices can cause distortion in power system voltages and currents. In addition to the power quality issues, loss, and component failures harmonics can have an economic impact on distribution networks. In this paper the authors analyze harmonics produced from multiple sources such as solar, wind and energy storage systems. The aim is simulating harmonic interactions that can lead to concern in distribution networks. Accordingly, a new index for harmonic analysis is proposed to simultaneously consider magnitude and angle of waveform. The effect of generated harmonics from DER is evaluated quantitatively on distribution circuits with the help of data visualization approaches. Harmonic propagation is simulated in a detailed distribution network model to analyze how circuit topology varies harmonics effects. Due to the interaction of different harmonic sources, the sensitivity analysis is conducted to show the impact of each harmonic source magnitude and angle on the overall distribution network total harmonic distortion. Phase balancing impact on harmonic distortion in distribution networks is also considered.
Solubility and fractionation of lipides in sulfur dioxide

The solubilities of several fatty acids and their methyl esters in SO2 have been determined as a function of temperature. SO2 dissolves much smaller amounts of acid than the organic solvents commonly used with lipides. In this respect it resembles solvents of high polarity, such as nitromethane, acetonitrile, or furfural. Methyl esters are more than a hundred times more soluble in SO2 than are the acids. Acids, methyl esters, and glycerides can be fractionated efficiently in this solvent.
Effects of neonatal alcohol dose and exposure window on long delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in juvenile rats

Abstract Classical eyeblink conditioning has been used to assess learning and memory impairments in both humans and animal model studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Gestational exposure to alcohol in humans and its equivalent in rats severely impairs various eyeblink conditioning tasks, but less is known about how these effects are influenced by variables, such as the timing and dose of alcohol exposure. In a series of four experiments, we systematically examine how varying the timing and dose of alcohol exposure impact long delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in juvenile rats, tasks that both depend on a brainstem-cerebellar circuit but differ in that trace conditioning additionally recruits the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Using a “third-trimester-equivalent” alcohol exposure model, rats were exposed to a high binge dose of alcohol at one of two alcohol doses over postnatal days (PD) 4–9 or PD 7–9, windows of exposure thought to differentially target the cerebellum and hippocampus. Sham-intubated and untreated rats served as controls. As juveniles, rats from each treatment condition were trained in either a long delay or trace eyeblink conditioning task. Alcohol-exposed rats demonstrated general conditioning impairments compared to controls during long delay conditioning, with more robust impairments in rats exposed to the higher alcohol dose (5.25 g/kg/day) than those that received the lower dose (4.66 g/kg/day). Alcohol-exposed rats showed trace conditioning impairments compared to controls only when the high dose of alcohol was administered over PD 4–9 or PD 7–9. These findings indicate significant learning and memory impairments following neonatal alcohol exposure at both PD 4–9 and PD 7–9. The pattern of impairments across delay and trace conditioning suggest that alcohol disrupts processes that are common to both tasks. These findings are consistent with studies of delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in children with FASD. Future studies of the mechanisms underlying these deficits will further our understanding of brain injury and memory impairments resulting from developmental alcohol exposure.
Shear/defocus sensitivity of the mid-infrared channel (MIR) of the composite infrared spectometer (CIRS) for the Cassini mission to Saturn

The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) of the Cassini mission to Saturn has two interferometers covering the far infrared and mid infrared wavelength region. The mid infrared wavelength interferometer has a focal plane consisting of a germanium focus lens and HgCdTe array. System level calibration of the CIRS Flight Unit indicated a discrepancy between the expected and actual signal levels. Testing on the CIRS breadboard and Engineering Unit indicated that defocus of the germanium lens could significantly reduce the modulation efficiency of the interferometer in the presence of a moderate degree of wavefront shear. Defocus of the lens in the focal plane was of concern because of the temperature dependence of the index of refraction of germanium and our nominal operation temperature of 170 K. The shear/defocus interaction was extensively investigated and correlated to a newly developed analytical model, It was eventually determined that the CIRS instrument was in focus, had no appreciable wavefront shear and was operating near theoretical limits. The shear/defocus effect is however, of considerable interest, since it has not been described in previous literature on interferometers.
Compressive-Sensing-Based Approach for NBI Cancellation in MIMO-OFDM

We propose two novel algorithms based on compressive sensing theory to estimate and cancel narrow band interference (NBI) and estimate the channel in the presence of NBI for multiple-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. We also consider the case of multiple asynchronous NBI signals experiencing unknown independent frequency- selective fading channels. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in mitigating NBI and approaching the interference-free performance limit over practical ranges of NBI power and spectral widths.
Electric-field-induced resonances in the photoionization of excited krypton

We have observed electric-field-induced resonances riding on a strong autoionizing resonance in the photoionization of excited krypton. We measured the variation of the spacings and strengths of the resonances as a function of their quantum numbers. Our results indicate that up to 3.5 kV/cm, the Stark interaction and the non-Coulombic short-range interaction leading to the autoionizing structure are independent.
Studies on an activator of the (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPAse of human erythrocyte membranes

Abstract 1. 1. An activator of the (Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ )-stimulated ATPase present in the human erythrocytes (membrane) has been isolated in soluble form from hemolysates of these cells. Partial purification has been achieved through use of carboxymethyl-Sephadex chromatography. The resulting activator fraction contained no hemoglobin and only 0.3% of the total adenylate kinase activity of the cell. 2. 2. Whereas the activator was released from erythrocytes subjected to hemolysis in 20 miosM buffer at pH 7.6 or at pH 5.8 only the membranes prepared at pH 7.6 were affected by it. 3. 3. When (Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ )-ATPase activity was measured by 32 P i release from [γ- 32 ]ATP, freeze-thawed erythrocytes, as well as membranes prepared at pH 5.8 and at pH 7.6, expressed lower values than noted by assay for total P i release. When ADP instead of ATP was used as substrate, significant amounts of P i were released by these erythrocyte preparations. Further study revealed (a) production of ATP and AMP from ADP with membranes and hemolysate alone, and (b) exchange of the γ- and β-position phosphate on [γ- 32 P]ATP in the presence of membranes plus hemolysates. These observations established the presence of adenylate kinase activity in the (membrane-free) hemolysates and in membranes. It further supports the conclusion that P i release from ADP by human erythrocytes (freeze-thawed) and by their isolated membranes is due to formation of ATP by adenylate kinase and hydrolysis of this generated ATP by (Ca 2+ +Mg + )-ATPase. 4. 4. The following points were also established: (a) absence of an ADPase in human erythrocytes: (b) the (Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ )-ATPase activator enhanced cleavage only of the γ-position of ATP and (c) the (Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ )-ATPase activator is neither adenylate kinase nor hemoglobin.
Excessive Image Concern and Willingness to Incur Personal Cost in the Experience and Perception of Vanity

Vanity has been defined traditionally as excessive pride. We propose that vanity is a negatively viewed social behavior fueled by excessive concern over one's public image, characterized by a willi...
Failure Analysis Techniques and Failure Mechanisms Utilizing a Plasma Etcher

The utilization of plasma etching for selective layer removal of semiconductor device passivation films, polysilicon or substrate silicon, is playing a more and more significant role in delineation of specific failure mechanisms or process introduced anomalies. The advantages of selective removal of materials without destroying the failure site or its morphology are discussed, as well as complementary techniques used in performance of the various analyses. Analysis results are given involving bipolar and FET structures that identify 1. Sites of metal alloy penetration causing excessive leakage currents in bipolar logic circuitry. 2. Opens in test site double level metal interconnection vias due to current stress. 3. Corrosion sites on interconnection metallurgy. 4. FET gate oxide quality after polysilicon gate electrode removal. 5 Test site C-4 terminal interconnection via opens.
Degeneration of sieve element plastids in sugar beet infected with curly top virus

Abstract Plastids in sieve elements of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) infected with curly top virus show ultrastructural changes, particularly in vascular bundles from older leaves. These changes include compaction of internal membranes, disruption of the proteinaceous fibrous band, and appearance of rodlike structures, granular material, and large amounts of osmiophilic material. Ultrastructural changes in sieve element plastids indicate that the curly top virus is detrimental to the sieve elements in which it moves.
Advanced Techniques for Detection and Identification of Microbial Agents of Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis persists as a worldwide problem, responsible for approximately 2 million deaths annually. Traditional diagnostic methods used in the clinical microbiology laboratory include a myriad of tests, such as culture, microscopy, and immunodiagnostics, which can be labor intensive and suffer from long turnaround times and, in some cases, poor sensitivity. [corrected]. This article reviews recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies that have been applied to the detection and identification of gastrointestinal pathogens. These methods simplify and speed up the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, and their implementation in the clinical microbiology laboratory has potential to revolutionize the diagnosis of gastroenteritis.
Gettering in high resistive float zone silicon wafers for silicon detector applications

An intrinsic gettering technique for float-zone highly resistive silicon using TCA+O/sub 2/ has been described. The capacitance-voltage technique was used to determine the flat-band voltage and stretch-out of MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) structures made on various oxides. It has found that this intrinsic getting process improves minority-carrier-generation lifetime and SiO/sub 2//Si interface properties, leading to the reduction of leakage current in the p-i-n detector configuration. Direct comparisons of intrinsic gettering and extrinsic gettering using As ion-implantation have been made. Intrinsic gettering has been found to be the dominant process. >
Molecular orbital treatments of hydrogen bonded systems. 2. Dimers of water and HCN

Calculations were performed to investigate the reliabilities of the CNDO/2, PRDDO, and MNDO approximate molecular orbital methods. Systems selected for study included the linear, cyclic, and bifurcated dimers of water as well as the linear and cyclic dimers of HCN. The PRDDO method was found to provide the most consistently accurate reproduction of ab initio and experimental data. CNDO/2 performed fairly well in a number of cases but yielded extremely poor results for the cyclic dimers of both H2O and HCN. Hydrogen bond strengths were consistently underestimated by MNDO which also furnished erroneously large intermolecular separations. In addition, MNDO calculations indicate the bifurcated water dimer to be most stable in contrast to other quantum mechanical and experimental information.
Unclassed matrix shading and optimal ordering in hierarchical cluster analysis

A method is presented for the graphic display of proximity matrices as a complement to the common data analysis techniques of hierarchical clustering. The procedure involves the use of computer generated shaded matrices based on unclassed choropleth mapping in conjunction with a strategy for matrix reorganization. The latter incorporates a combination of techniques for seriation and the ordering of binary trees.
Development and implementation of an electronic interface for complex clinical laboratory instruments without a vendor-provided data transfer interface

Background: Clinical pathology laboratories increasingly use complex instruments that incorporate chromatographic separation, e.g. liquid chromatography, with mass detection for rapid identification and quantification of biochemicals, biomolecules, or pharmaceuticals. Electronic data management for these instruments through interfaces with laboratory information systems (LIS) is not generally available from the instrument manufacturers or LIS vendors. Unavailability of a data management interface is a limiting factor in the use of these instruments in clinical laboratories where there is a demand for high-throughput assays with turn-around times that meet patient care needs. Materials and Methods: Professional society guidelines for design and transfer of data between instruments and LIS were used in the development and implementation of the interface. File transfer protocols and support utilities were written to facilitate transfer of information between the instruments and the LIS. An interface was created for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy instruments to manage data in the Sunquest® LIS. Results: Interface validation, implementation and data transfer fidelity as well as training of technologists for use of the interface was performed by the LIS group. The technologists were familiarized with the data verification process as a part of the data management protocol. The total time for the technologists for patient/control sample data entry, assay results data transfer, and results verification was reduced from approximately 20 s per sample to <1 s per sample. Sample identification, results data entry errors, and omissions were eliminated. There was electronic record of the technologist performing the assay runs and data management. Conclusions: Development of a data management interface for complex, chromatography instruments in clinical laboratories has resulted in rapid, accurate, verifiable information transfers between instruments and LIS. This has eliminated manual data entry that is prone to errors and enabled technologists to focus on analytical applications on the instruments.
A rapid and simple MTT-based spectrophotometric assay for determining drug sensitivity in monolayer cultures

A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric assay for determining viability in monolayer cultured cell lines, with specific applications in normal and drug resistant cell line determinations, is described. The assay involves conversion of the tetrazolium salt MTT by viable proliferating cells to an insoluble product, purple formazan. The chief advantage of this assay is that it requires fewer cells than standard cytotoxicity assays. In addition, it allows for multiple sample concentrations on a single 96-well plate which is then rapidly quantitated using an automated spectrophotometric microplate reader.
Issue system protection mechanisms

Multi-core microprocessors require reducing the FIT (failures-in-time) rate per core drastically to enable a larger number of cores within a FIT budget. Since large arrays like caches and register flies are typically protected with either ECC or parity, the issue system becomes as one of the largest contributors to the core's FIT rate. Soft-errors are an important concern in contemporary microprocessors. Particle hits on the components of a processor are expected to create an increasing number of transient errors in each new microprocessor generation. In addition, the number of hard-errors in the field is expected to grow as burn-in becomes less effective. Moreover, the continuous device shrinking increases the likelihood of in-the-field failures due to rather small defects exacerbated by degradation. This paper proposes on-line mechanisms to detect and recover to a consistent state, classify and confine in-the-field errors in the issue system of both in-order and out-of-order cores. Such mechanisms provide high coverage at a small cost.
Increased radiant exposures during cutaneous laser therapy: a mathematical model based on histology

Increasing radiant exposures offer a means to increase laser treatment efficacy of cutaneous hypervascular malformations; however, excessive radiant exposure results in increased heat generation within the epidermis and collateral damage to perivascular tissue. Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) has been used to cool the skin surface during laser therapy. The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model of laser irradiated tissue to study the effects of laser heating of melanin in conjunction with CSC. Model predictions show that CSC can protect perivascular tissue as well as the epidermis in light to moderately pigmented skin; however, current CSC protocols are not effective in preventing epidermal injury in dark skin.
Regulation of transepithelial phosphate transport by PTH in chicken proximal tubule epithelium

The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) on transepithelial Pi transport was examined in monolayers of chick proximal tubule cells...
Propagation of weak shocks through a random medium

The propagation of weak shock waves (M_s = 1.007, 1.03 and 1.1) through a statistically uniform random medium has been investigated experimentally in a shock tube. The wave-from geometry, rise time and amplitude of initially plane shocks which have propagated through a random mixture of helium and refrigerant 12 are measured. The effect of shock propagation on the properties of the random medium is visualized with schlieren and shadow photography. The pressure histories of the distorted shock waves reflecting from a normal end wall are observed to be both peaked and rounded. In the rounded case the perturbed shock is found to be made up of a succession of weak, slightly curved fronts with a total effective rise time orders of magnitude greater than the classical Taylor thickness. The radius of curvature of the weakest shocks after propagating through the random medium is inferred from observations at two downstream stations to be about 7 times the integral scale of the gas inhomogeneities. It is concluded that the observed distortions of the wave fronts can best be explained in terms of random focusing and defocusing of the front by the inhomogeneities in the medium. A ray-tracing calculation has been used to interpret the experimental observations. It is found that geometrical considerations are sufficient to account for many of the effects observed on the shocks.
Predictive Utility of Alcohol Use Disorder Symptoms Across Race/Ethnicity

Research has shown differences in alcohol use and problems across race/ethnicity. This study examines whether there are differential effects of alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms on drinking outcomes across race/ethnicity. Data from 1483 patients admitted to a hospital for treatment of an injury were utilized (19% Black, 45% non-Latino White, and 36% Latino). AUD symptoms and race/ethnicity reported at baseline and their interaction were the predictor variables. Drinking patterns and associated problems measured at the 6- and 12-month follow-up were the outcome variables of interest. Linear regression was the analytic method employed. Endorsement of “spending a great deal of time to obtain, use, or recover from effects of drinking,” “craving,” “failure to fulfill major role obligations,” and “alcohol use in physically hazardous situations” at baseline was associated with greater levels of subsequent alcohol use and alcohol-related problems at both 6- and 12-month follow-ups, regardless of race/ethnicity. Endorsement of “important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up because of drinking” was differentially associated with greater alcohol-related problems at both 6- and 12-month follow-ups dependent on race/ethnicity. Follow-up analyses indicated that this symptom was a significant predictor of alcohol problems among Latino and Black participants, but not non-Latino White participants. Brief interventions targeting these AUD symptoms could increase the effectiveness of brief motivational interventions among different racial/ethnic groups.
Pulsed Ultrasound Differentially Stimulates Somatosensory Circuits in Humans as Indicated by EEG and fMRI

Peripheral somatosensory circuits are known to respond to diverse stimulus modalities. The energy modalities capable of eliciting somatosensory responses traditionally belong to mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and photonic domains. Ultrasound (US) applied to the periphery has also been reported to evoke diverse somatosensations. These observations however have been based primarily on subjective reports and lack neurophysiological descriptions. To investigate the effects of peripherally applied US on human somatosensory brain circuit activity we recorded evoked potentials using electroencephalography and conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to fingertip stimulation with pulsed US. We found a pulsed US waveform designed to elicit a mild vibration sensation reliably triggered evoked potentials having distinct waveform morphologies including a large double-peaked vertex potential. Fingertip stimulation with this pulsed US waveform also led to the appearance of BOLD signals in brain regions responsible for somatosensory discrimination including the primary somatosensory cortex and parietal operculum, as well as brain regions involved in hierarchical somatosensory processing, such as the insula, anterior middle cingulate cortex, and supramarginal gyrus. By changing the energy profile of the pulsed US stimulus waveform we observed pulsed US can differentially activate somatosensory circuits and alter subjective reports that are concomitant with changes in evoked potential morphology and BOLD response patterns. Based on these observations we conclude pulsed US can functionally stimulate different somatosensory fibers and receptors, which may permit new approaches to the study and diagnosis of peripheral nerve injury, dysfunction, and disease.