cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Interprofessional Collaborative Practices and Outcomes in Adults With Diabetes and Hypertension in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance Interprofessional collaborative practice (ICP), the collaboration of health workers from different professional backgrounds with patients, families, caregivers, and communities, is central to optimal primary care. However, limited evidence exists regarding its association with patient outcomes. Objective To examine the association of ICP with hemoglobin A1C(HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels among adults receiving primary care. Data Sources A literature search of English language journals (January 2013-2018; updated through March 2020) was conducted using MEDLINE; Embase; Ovid IPA; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials: Issue 2 of 12, February 2018; NHS Economic Evaluation Database: Issue 2 of 4, April 2015; Clarivate Analytics WOS Science Citation Index Expanded (1990-2018); EBSCOhost CINAHL Plus With Full Text (1937-2018); Elsevier Scopus; FirstSearch OAIster; AHRQ PCMH Citations Collection; ClinicalTrials.gov; and HSRProj. Study Selection Studies needed to evaluate the association of ICP (≥3 professions) with HbA1c, SBP, or DBP levels in adults with diabetes and/or hypertension receiving primary care. A dual review was performed for screening and selection. Data Extraction and Synthesis This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guideline for data abstractions and Cochrane Collaboration recommendations for bias assessment. Two dual review teams conducted independent data extraction with consensus. Data were pooled using a random-effects model for meta-analyses and forest plots constructed to report standardized mean differences (SMDs). For high heterogeneity (I2), data were stratified by baseline level and by study design. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes included HbA1c, SBP, and DBP levels as determined before data collection. Results A total of 3543 titles or abstracts were screened; 170 abstracts or full texts were reviewed. Of 50 articles in the systematic review, 39 (15 randomized clinical trials [RCTs], 24 non-RCTs) were included in the meta-analyses of HbA1c(n = 34), SBP (n = 25), and DBP (n = 24). The sample size ranged from 40 to 20 524, and mean age ranged from 51 to 70 years, with 0% to 100% participants being male. Varied ICP features were reported. The SMD varied by baseline HbA1c, although all SMDs significantly favored ICP (HbA1c Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis found that ICP was associated with reductions in HbA1cregardless of baseline levels as well as with reduced SBP and DBP. However, the greatest reductions were found with HbA1clevels of 9 or higher. The implementation of ICP in primary care may be associated with improvements in patient outcomes in diabetes and hypertension.
Caregiver Status and Diet Quality in Community-Dwelling Adults.

Objective: We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of diet quality with middle-aged caregiver status. Methods: Caregiving in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (57.7% women, 62% African American (AA)) was measured at waves 3 (2009–2013) and 4 (2013–2017) (mean follow-up time 4.1 years). Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) derived from two separate 24 h diet recalls. Multivariable ordinary least square regression was performed for cross-sectional analyses of the association of wave 4 caregiving with wave 4 HEI-2010. Wave 3 caregiving was examined both cross-sectionally and with annual rate of change in HEI using mixed-effects linear regression Models. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, and poverty status. Results: Cross-sectional analyses at wave 4 demonstrate an inverse association of frequent caregiving (“Daily or Weekly” vs. “Never”) for grandchildren with HEI-2010 total score (i.e., lower diet quality) among Whites (β = −2.83 ± 1.19, p = 0.03, Model 2) and AAs (β = −1.84 ± 0.79, p = 0.02,). The “cross-sectional” analysis pertaining to grandchildren caregiving frequency suggested that frequent caregiving (i.e., “Daily or Weekly” vs. “Never” (β = −2.90 ± 1.17, p = 0.04)) only among Whites was inversely related to HEI-2010 total score. Total HEI-2010 score was also related to caring (Model 1), for the elderly over “5 years vs. Never” among Whites (−7.31 ± 3.54, p = 0.04, Model 2). Longitudinally, we found slight potential improvement in diet quality over time (“Daily or Weekly” vs. Never by TIME interaction: +0.88 ± 0.38, p = 0.02) with frequent caregiving among Whites, but not so among AAs. Conclusions: Frequent caring for grandchildren had an inverse relationship with the diet quality of White and AA urban middle-aged caregivers, while caring for elderly was inversely linked to diet quality among Whites only. Longitudinal studies should address the paucity of research on caregivers’ nutritional quality.
Two Methods for Predicting Air Loads on a Wing in Accelerated Motion

Aircraft taking off over a distance of 25 chord lengths or less are shown to experience an appreciable loss of lift due to unsteady flow effects. Two methods, the first based on Laplace-transformation solution of the integral equation and the second a simplified approximate iterative approach, are presented for evaluating the two-dimensional lift build-up during a maneuver involving changing forward speed and angle of attack. These schemes are applied to a number of examples, including Wagner's problem, which permit numerical comparisons. The effect of head wind on the unsteady lift deficiency is discussed.
On nonlinear structural equation analysis

Interest in considering nonlineax structural equation models is well documented in the social and behavioral sciences as well as in the business literature. This paper considers estimation of polynomial structural models. .\n existing method is shown to possess a deficiency that the produced estimator is inconsistent for most practical situations. .A new procedure is introduced and defined for a general model using products of observed indicators. The resulting estimator is consistent without assuming any distributional form for the underlying factors or errors. Identification assessment and standard error estimation are discussed. A simulation study addresses statistical issues including comparisons of discrepancy functions and the choice of appended product indicators.
Visual learning in intelligent tutors for programming

Visual learning is the use of graphics, images and animation to enable and enhance learning. Given the research already done in the field of visual learning, the evidence suggests that superimposing text onto code could promote better understanding of the concepts of computer programming and the logic behind the code in introductory computer science courses. These tools are in addition to the usual visual tools such as color, font type, font size etc.
Is Parental Love Colorblind? Allocation of Resources within Mixed-Race Families

Recent studies have shown that dierences in wage-determinant skills between blacks and whites are likely to emerge during a child’s infancy. These findings highlight the role of parental investment decisions and suggest that dierences in labor income tend to persist across generations, either because minority parents are limited in their choices, or because they have relatively negative expectations regarding the rewards attached to investments in skills. Exploring the genetics of skin-color determination and the widespread incidence of mixed-race families in Brazil, I present evidence that, controlling for observed and unobserved parental characteristics, light-skinned children are more likely to receive investments in formal education than their dark-skinned siblings. Even though not denying the importance of borrowing constraints (or other ancestry eects), this suggests that parental expectations regarding dierences in the
Demonstration of Energy Efficient Steam Reforming in Microchannels for Automotive Fuel Processing

A compact, energy-efficient microchannel steam reforming system has been demonstrated. The overall volume of the reactor is 4.9 liters while that of the supporting network of heat exchangers is 1.7 liters1. The reactor contains alternating reaction and combustion gas channels, arranged in crossflow, to provide heat to the reaction. Use of a microchannel configuration in the steam reforming reactor produces rapid heat and mass transport which enables fast kinetics for the highly endothermic reaction. The microchannel architecture also enables very compact and highly effective heat exchangers to be constructed. A network of microchannel heat exchangers allows recovery of heat in the reformate product and combustion exhaust streams for use in vaporizing water and fuel, preheating reactants to reactor temperature and preheating combustion air. As a result of the heat exchange network, the system exhaust temperatures are typically ∼50°C for the combustion gas and ∼130°C for the reformate product while the reactor is operated at 750°C. While reforming isooctane at a rate sufficient to supply a 13.7 kWe fuel cell, the system achieved 98.6% conversion with an estimated overall system efficiency after integration with WGS and PEM fuel cell of 44% (electrical output / LHV fuel). The efficiency estimate assumes integration with a WGS reactor (90% conversion CO to CO2 with 100% selectivity) and a PEM fuel cell (64% power conversion effectiveness with 85% H2 utilization for an overall 54% efficiency) and does not include parasitic losses for compression of combustion air.
Comorbidity-polypharmacy score predicts readmission in older trauma patients

BACKGROUND: Hospital readmissions are considered to be a measure of quality of care, correlate with worse outcomes, and may soon lead to decreased reimbursement. The comorbidity-polypharmacy score (CPS) is the sum of the number of preinjury medications and comorbidities, and may estimate patient frailty more effectively than patient age. This study evaluates the association between CPS and readmission. METHODS: Medical records for trauma patients ≥45 y evaluated between January 1 and December 31, 2008, at our American College of Surgeons-verified level 1 trauma center were reviewed to obtain information on demographics, injuries, preinjury comorbidities, and medications, and occurrences of readmission to our facility within 30 d of discharge. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis testing was used to evaluate differences between readmitted and nonreadmitted patients, with multiple logistic regression used to evaluate the contribution of independent risk factors for readmission. RESULTS: A total of 879 patients were included; their ages ranged from 45-103 y (median 58), injury severity scores from 0-50 y (median 5), and CPS from 0-39 y (median 7). A total of 76 patients (8.6%) were readmitted to our facility within 30 d of discharge. The readmitted cohort had higher CPS (median, 9.5, range 0-32, P = 0.031) and injury severity score (median, 9, range 1-38, P = 0.045), but no difference in age (median, 59.5, range 47-99, P = 0.646). Logistic regression demonstrated independent association of higher CPS with increased risk of readmission, with each CPS point increasing readmission likelihood by 3.5% (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: CPS appears to correlate well with readmissions within 30 d. Frailty defined by CPS was a significantly stronger predictor of readmission than was patient age. Early recognition of elevated CPS may improve discharge planning and help guide interventions to decrease readmission rates in older trauma patients. Language: en
Exercise intensity does not affect depression of resting metabolic rate during severe diet restriction in male Sprague-Dawley rats

This study examined the effects of high and low intensity exercise on the resting metabolic rate during severe dietary restriction. We hypothesized that exercise would attenuate and/or offset the decline in resting metabolic rate during energy-deficit conditions. Thirty-two male 90-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, diet restriction only, diet restriction plus high intensity exercise, and diet restriction plus low intensity exercise. The body weights of the diet-restricted groups were rapidly reduced over 5 wk until rats in these three groups weighted 64% of control weight, and this difference in body weight was maintained for the last 5 wk of the study. The high and low intensity exercise groups ran 5 d/wk at 75 and 37.5%, respectively, of maximal running speed for 45 and 90 min/d, respectively. Resting metabolic rate (23-h oxygen uptake) was measured during wk 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Resting metabolic rate for the three diet-restricted groups was significantly lower (25-37%) than for the controls for all measurements. Exercise training had no effect on the diet-induced depression of resting metabolic rate, with the diet-restricted groups differing among each other by < 2% during the measurement periods. During severe diet-restriction, exercise-induced elevations of resting metabolic rate seem to be greatly reduced or eliminated. This absence of an exercise effect on resting metabolic rate persisted through 5 wk of reduced body weight maintenance. We conclude that during severe diet restriction, exercise offers no "protective" or enhancing effect on resting metabolic rate.
[(1S)‐3,3′‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐5,5′,6,6′‐tetramethyl[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2,2′‐diolato(2‐)‐O,O′][2,5‐bis(1‐methylethyl)benzenaminato(2‐)](2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropylidene)molybdenum [(S)‐Schrock‐Hoveyda catalyst]

[205815-80-1] C46H61MoNO2, (MW 755.92) C42H53MoNO2, (MW 699.82) C76H93MoNO3, (MW 1164.50) InChI = 1S/C24H34O2.C12H17N.C10H12.Mo/c1-13-11-17(23(5,6)7)21(25)19(15(13)3)20-16(4)14(2)12-18(22(20)26)24(8,9)10;1-8(2)10-6-5-7-11(9(3)4)12(10)13;1-10(2,3)9-7-5-4-6-8-9;/h11-12,25-26H,1-10H3;5-9H,1-4H3;1,4-8H,2-3H3;/q;;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = YLWIQLXPHIAIEN-UHFFFAOYSA-L (chiral Mo-centered alkylidene catalyst for asymmetric ring-clos-ing, ring-opening, and cross metathesis) Solubility: soluble in diethyl ether, benzene, n-pentane, dichloro-methane, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: dark red crystals. Racemic catalyst is supplied as an orange powder. Purification: recrystallized under an inert atmosphere from n-pentane at −30 °C. The n-pentane is generally made ‘olefin’ free by stirring over sulfuric acid repeatedly until the acid no longer discolors, followed by distillation and degassing. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture sensitive. The catalyst should be stored at or below −20 °C and under an inert atmosphere. Solvents should be distilled and degassed prior to use. For long-term storage, the catalyst must be kept in the solid state to avoid decomposition.
The gap between ‘is’ and ‘should’

It has often been held that ethical statements cannot follow from premises consisting exclusively of statements of fact. Thus Karl Popper once said: Perhaps the simplest and most important point about ethics is purely logical. I mean the impossibility to derive [sic] nontauto« logical ethical rules — imperatives; principles of policy; aims; or however we may describe them — from statements of facts. Only if this fundamental logical position is realized can we begin to formulate the real problems of moral philosophy, and to appreciate their difficulty.1
Highly efficient phosphors in cancer sensing and PDT

Highly efficient upconverting phosphors (NaYF4) doped with erbium ions are bio-conjugated and used for cancer imaging and photodynamic therapy. Once they are conjugated, the particles are injected into mice to demonstrate that cancer imaging with a near-infrared excitation source is possible. Finally, the particles are also conjugated with a photosensitive molecule with strong absorption near the upconversion emission peak (~ 550nm). The upconversion energy causes the photosensitive molecule to create highly reactive oxidative species, which puncture and kill the cell to which it is attached. These particles are then used in a mouse model, and the size of the tumors is modeled as a function of the dosage and duration of the photodynamic therapy.
Incest and exogamy: A sociobiological reconsideration

Abstract Incest and exogamy, though often confused in the social science literature, are two distinct phenomena. Incest avoidance, despite the fact that it is often expressed in humans through incest taboos, has an ancient phylogeny which antedates the development of human culture. Exogamy, on the other hand, is a cultural invention which appeared a few thousand years ago, together with unilineal descent and the domestication of plants and animals. It does not necessarily foster outbreeding because it is often combined with a rule of cross-cousin marriage. Anthropological alliance theory and sociobiological kin selection theory are complementary rather than conflicting analyses of human kinship systems. Humans, like other social animals maintain an optimum balance between inbreeding and outbreeding. For many horti-cultural societies, that balance seems to be produced by rules of marriage encouraging kin to mate if r≤18, but forbidding marriage when r≥14. Through unilineal descent, clan exogamy, and preferential cross-cousin marriage, many horticultural societies maximize the benefits of both kin selection and reciprocity by marrying cousins (r≤18) and establishing matrimonial alliances between exogamous clans, while reducing the genetic load of inbreeding through incest taboos against close kin (r≥14). In effect, the kinsmen "lost" through the principle of unilineal descent are regained as spouses and in-laws.
Vigilance monitoring for operator safety: A simulation study on highway driving.

Abstract Introduction Alertness of individuals operating vehicles, aircrafts, and machinery is a pre-requisite for safety of the individual and for avoiding economic losses. In this paper, we present a new technique for determining the alertness level of the operator and elaborate the methodology for the specific case of highway driving Method Our hypothesis is that the time derivative of force exerted by the driver at the vehicle-human interfaces can be used to construct a signature of individual driving styles and to discern different levels of alertness Results In this study, we present experimental results corroborating this hypothesis and introduce a parameter, ‘spikiness index,’ for the time series data of the force derivative to quantify driver alertness Impact on Industry The low cost, ruggedness, and low-volume data processing requirements of the proposed technique give it a competitive edge over existing predominantly image processing based vigilance monitoring systems.
Assembly dimensional prediction for self-piercing riveted aluminum panels

Self-piercing riveting (SPR) is a high-speed mechanical fastening technique for joining sheet components. It has drawn more attention in recent years because it can join some advanced materials that are dissimilar, coated and hard to weld, such as aluminum sheets. Research results have shown that SPR improves joint properties in aluminum and steels. However, there has been concern that there might be dimensional issues due to relatively large material flows at SPR joint configurations. This paper presents the latest research progress in the assembly dimensional prediction area, using experimental data and finite element analysis results. It is found that the joint distortion of SPR as tested is much larger than that from resistance spot welding (RSW), and the inclusion of SPR joint distortion is generally needed for accurate global assembly predictions. To include the local SPR effect, a new algorithm to represent the SPR distortion has been developed. The new algorithm can be incorporated into special finite element analysis codes such as EAVS (elastic assembly variation simulation) to efficiently predict body assembly dimensions where spot joining processes are involved.
Self Gravitating Fundamental Strings

We study the configuration of a typical highly excited string as one slowly increases the string coupling. The dominant interactions are the long-range dilaton and gravitational attraction. In four spacetime dimensions, the string slowly contracts from its initial (large) size until it approaches the string scale where it forms a black hole. In higher dimensions, the string stays large until the coupling reaches a critical value, and then it rapidly collapses to a black hole. The implications for the recently proposed correspondence principle are discussed.
Evidence that Human Growth Hormone Is a Potent Lactogen in Primates

To help determine if human GH (hGH) plays a physiological role in normal mammary function or diseases of the human breast, a study was undertaken to examine the lactogenic potency of hGH in a subhuman primate system. hGH was previously considered a relatively weak lactogen when tested in avian crop sac and rodent mammary assays. The effect of hGH on the production of alpha-lactalbumin in organ cultures of primate mammary tissue was compared with the effect of equal concentrations of ovine PRL (oPRL). Mammary tissues from seven adult rhesus monkeys were maintained in culture for 9 days (medium changed every 3 days) without and with oPRL or hGH in doses ranging from 30-1000 ng/ml. hGH was consistently more effective than oPRL in the stimulation of alpha-lactalbumin production in over 90% of the cases. For example, mean (+/- SEM) alpha-lactalbumin production at the 6-day time period in response to 1000 ng/ml hormone was 12.9 +/- 3.3 ng/ml for oPRL and 61.9 +/- 18 ng/ml for hGH. Overall, it was calculated that hGH had 328% the potency of oPRL in adult rhesus monkey mammary tissue. In pigtail macaques, hGH was also a more potent stimulant of alpha-lactalbumin production than oPRL, but the differences wer not as great as in rhesus monkeys. alpha-Lactalbumin in medium was higher in hGH-containing dishes than in those containing oPRL in over 85% of the cases. It was calculated that the lactogenic potency of hGH in macaque tissue was 160.5% that of oPRL. The differences between species were significant. These results indicate that hGH is a more effective lactogen in subhuman primates than oPRL and suggest the possibility of GH may be a lactogen which has physiological importance.
On the map theorem

Abstract This paper is an introduction to the work of Spencer-Brown on the Four-Color Theorem.
Insertion reactions of dimethylsilylene: relative reactivity towards oxygenz.sbnd;hydrogen, siliconhydrogen, and siliconz.sbnd;alkoxy bonds

Abstract Photochemically-generated dimethylsilylene is found in competition experiments to insert preferentially into oxygenhydrogen bonds of alcohols compared to either siliconhydrogen bonds of silanes or siliconoxygen bonds of alkoxysilanes. This selectivity for OH bonds compared to SiH bonds is quite high in tetrahydrofuran and in dilute hydrocarbon solutions. However, it decreases in more concentrated hydrocarbon solutions. These effects are discussed in terms of aggregation of alcohols, hydrogen bonding, and solvent-mediated dimethylsilylene reactivity.
Cerebral asymmetry in time perception

Eighteen right-handed male subjects estimated the duration of dot patterns of varying numerosity which were briefly flashed to the left and right visual fields. The mean judged duration of patterns flashed to the left visual field was significantly less than the mean judged duration of patterns flashed to the right visual field. However, the duration of all patterns was underestimated, regardless of visual field. In addition, apparent duration increased linearly when plotted as a function of log duration and increased monotonically when plotted as a function of stimulus numerosity. Overall accuracy was nearly equivalent in both visual fields, but there were interactions between actual durations and visual field and between numerosity and visual field. Thomas and Weaver’s [1975) model for time perception is applied to the data, and it is suggested that the left hemisphere relies on a timer to estimate duration, while the right hemisphere relies on a visual information processor to estimate duration. nt]mis|The author would like to thank A. B. Kristofferson, S. F. Witelson, an anonymous referee, Mary Kay Fortman, and Allen Gouse for their helpful comments. Some of these data were presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological
Detection of feline coronaviruses in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues using polymerase chain reaction

Feline coronavirus infections in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues were detected using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Cell cultures were inoculated with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) or sham inoculum. The tissue samples of liver, kidney and spleen were taken from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats that were inoculated intranasally with 10(3) TCID50 of FIPV 79-1146 (n = 10), FIPV UCD1 (n = 3) or sham inoculum (n = 3), from clinical cats (n = 43), and from formalin-fixed archived feline tissues (n = 49), respectively. Additional tissue samples were taken from the FIPV-inoculated cats (n = 6) and were kept at 4 degrees C, room temperatures (20-24 degrees C) and 37 degrees C respectively for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours before frozen (-70 degrees C) for PCR to evaluate the effects of the ambient temperatures and post-mortem intervals on the test. The samples were also fixed in 10% neutrally buffered formalin, 95% ethanol, and Bouin's solution respectively to evaluate the effects of the fixatives on the test. Positive PCR results were obtained from the cell cultures that were inoculated with FIPV and FECV and from the FIPV-inoculated cats (13/13). Negative PCR results were obtained from the sham-inoculated cell cultures and cats (3/3). Of the 92 clinical cats, 7 of the 8 FIP-suspected cats (87.5%) and 51 of the 84 non-FIP-suspected cats (60.7%) were shown to be virus-positive in at least one of the tissue samples. There was no significant difference in the PCR results between the fresh and the formalin-fixed tissues of the clinical cats (P > 0.05). Of the FIPV inoculated cats, the virus was detectable equally well in fresh and formalin-, Bouin's solution- or ethanol-fixed tissues. However, the amounts of total RNA extracted from the fixed tissues were significantly less than those from fresh tissues (P < 0.01). In tissues that were kept at 4 degrees C, the virus was detectable up to 96 h; at room temperatures, up to 48 h; and at 37 degrees C, up to 24 h, respectively.
EFFECT OF PITRESSIN INFUSION ON PLASMA FREE FATTY ACID LEVELS IN MAN.

SummaryThe infusion of 0.01 pressor units Pitressin® per kilogram per hour produced a decrease in plasma FFA concentrations in healthy young men without changing blood glucose concentration. The effect was evident after 40 minutes of infusion and progressed to a value equal to 80% of baseline in one hour. These findings support the hypothesis that vasopressin may have contributed to the decreasing plasma concentrations of FFA of man noted concurrently with hypotension during a passive tilt after water immersion.The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. I. Arthur Mirsky for his helpful suggestions.
Gestational diabetes screening with the new IADPSG guidelines: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Objective This study investigates the cost effectiveness of gestational diabetes mellitus screening using the new International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) guidelines. Study Design A decision analytic model was built comparing routine screening with the 2-hour (2h) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) vs the 1-hour glucose challenge test. All probabilities, costs, and benefits were derived from the literature. Base case, sensitivity analyses, and a Monte Carlo simulation were performed. Results Screening with the 2h OGTT was more expensive, more effective, and cost effective at $61,503/quality-adjusted life year. In a 1-way sensitivity analysis, the more inclusive IADPSG diagnostic approach remained cost effective as long as an additional 2.0% or more of patients were diagnosed and treated for gestational diabetes mellitus. Conclusion Screening at 24-28 weeks' gestational age under the new IADPSG guidelines with the 2h OGTT is expensive but cost effective in improving maternal and neonatal outcomes. How the health care system will provide expanded care to this group of women will need to be examined.
Formation of carbene radical anions: gas-phase reaction of the atomic oxygen anion with organic neutrals

Abstract The gas-phase ion/molecule reactions of the atomic oxygen anion with a series of substituted methanes have been examined using the flowing afterglow technique. For very non-acidic methanes, the only product ion is that from H atom transfer. For more acidic compounds, molecules whose gas-phase acidities are within about 20 kcal mol −1 of that of acetonitrile, a mixture of products is found. The product ions are those that result from H + transfer H + 2 transfer and H atom transfer. For example, acetonitrile, which gives the most H + 2 transfer product, yields 78% HCCN − , 16% CH 2 CN − , and 6% HO − . For other molecules examined, if a good leaving group is present, nucleophilic substitution is observed to compete with the above channels. If a carbonyl group is present, an addition-radical displacement channel is also observed. As the acidity of the substituted methane increases beyond that of acetonitrile, the proton transfer channel becomes the dominant pathway. The quantitative measurements of the branching ratio also allowed the further reactions of primary product ions with additional molecules of the parent compound to be resolved. For example, both HCCN − and HO − , produced in the O − + CH 3 CN reaction, react with additional CH 3 CN by proton transfer. Finally, the gas-phase acidity of CH 2 CN has been bracketed to be 374 ± 3 kcal mol −1 .
Phenyl-bonded phase liquid chromatography of styrene oligomers

Styrene oligomers can be separted isocratically on phenyl-bonded phases using tetrahydrofura—water, tetrahydrofuran—hexane and acetonitrile—water eluents. The retention of the styrene oligomers follows Snyder' capacity factor formulation. An equation which incorporated the Martin and the Snyder relations between log k' and degree of polymerization and solvent composition can be used to estimate the isocratic retention of styrene oligomers.
Engineering sulfotransferases to modify heparan sulfate

The biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) involves an array of specialized sulfotransferases. Here, we present a study aimed at engineering the substrate specificity of different HS 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms. Based on the crystal structures, we identified a pair of amino acid residues responsible for selecting the substrates. Mutations of these residues altered the substrate specificities. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of tailoring the specificity of sulfotransferases to modify HS with desired functions.
Temporal variation in properties of an uncropped, ploughed Miamian soil in relation to seasonal erodibility

Knowledge of seasonal variation in soil structural and related properties is important for the determination of critical periods during which soil is susceptible to accelerated erosion and other degradative processes. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the magnitude of seasonal variations in selected soil and deposited sediment properties in relation to soil erodibility for a Miamian silt-loam soil (Typic Hapludalf) in central Ohio. Erosion plots (USLE-type) were established on a 4·5% slope and maintained under bare, ploughed conditions from 1988 to 1991. Particle size distribution, bulk density(ρb), percentage water stable aggregates (WSA), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total soil nitrogen (TSN) of both soil and sediment samples were monitored between Autumn 1989 and Spring 1991. The soil and sediment particle size distributions followed no clear seasonal trends. Soil ρb increased following tillage (1·20 Mg m−3) and was highest (1·45 Mg m−3) during the autumn owing to soil slumping and consolidation upon drying. Low winter and spring values of ρb and %WSA (20–50% lower than in autumn) were attributed to excessive wetness and freeze–thaw effects. Both SOC and soil TSN contents progressively declined (from 2·18 to 1·79% and 1·97 to 1·75 g kg−1, respectively) after ploughing owing to maintenance of plots under bare, fallow conditions. Spring highs and autumn lows of sediment SOC (3·12 vs. 2·44%) and TSN (2·70 vs. 1·96 g kg−1) contents were a result of the combined effects of soil microbial activity and rainfall erosivity. Soil properties such as bulk density, SOC and WSA, which vary seasonally, can potentially serve as predictors of seasonal soil erodibility, which, in turn, could improve the predictive capacity of soil erosion prediction models. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Study of Music Listening Behavior in a Smartphone Context

Context-based services have attracted increasing attention because of the prevalence of sensor-rich mobile devices such as smartphones. The idea is to recommend information that a user would be interested in according to the user’s surrounding context. Although remarkable progress has been made to contextualize music playback, relatively little research has been made using a large collection of real-life listening records collected in situ. In light of this fact, we present in this article a quantitative study of the personal, situational, and musical factors of musical preference in a smartphone context, using a new dataset comprising the listening records and self-report context annotation of 48 participants collected over 3wk via an Android app. Although the number of participants is limited and the population is biased towards students, the dataset is unique in that it is collected in a daily context, with sensor data and music listening profiles recorded at the same time. We investigate 3 core research questions evaluating the strength of a rich set of low-level and high-level audio features for music usage auto-tagging (i.e., music preference in different user activities), the strength of time-domain and frequency-domain sensor features for user activity classification, and how user factors such as personality traits are correlated with the predictability of music usage and user activity, using a closed set of 8 activity classes. We provide an in-depth discussion of the main findings of this study and their implications for the development of context-based music services for smartphones.
A Hilbert Space Approach to Bounded Analytic Interpolation

We generalize several results on bounded analytic interpolation of Fitzgerald and Horn, which work by majorization by positive definite kernels, to the cases of several complex variables and operator-valued interpolation. Using a lemma of Kolmogorov, we complement a simplification due to Szafraniec in the proofs of the theorems.
Boccaccio and the doctors: medicine and compassion in the face of plague

This article proposes that Boccaccio’s descriptions in the introduction to the Decameron which describe the activities of Florentines during the plague of 1348 are repetitions of medical advice present in plague tractates or consilia of Gentile da Foligno and Giovanni della Penna, written in Italy during the epidemic. Boccaccio’s introduction can be read as a condemnation of doctors’ advice to flee the sick, since to follow their advice for the preservation of one’s own health would lead to the destruction of society. It is a call to compassion, which is precisely how Boccaccio begins the Proem (‘To take pity on people in distress is a human quality…’), and an example of the influence of doctors’ advice during the Black Death. Recent scholarship, most notably that of Samuel Kline Cohn, Jr., has repeated Boccaccio’s portrayal of the doctors during the Black Death as futile and helpless. This is an erroneous interpretation, as there is indisputable evidence of professionalism and practicality in the tractat...
The effects of refuges on predator-prey interactions: A reconsideration

Prey refuges are widely believed to prevent prey extinction and damp predator-prey oscillations. A review of the empirical evidence suggests that refuges are indeed capable of playing the former role. But the conditions under which they do so are not understood, nor is there any solid evidence for an effect on population fluctuations. The intuitive view that refuges act to stabilize equilibria and damp predator-prey oscillations is based in several theoretical studies of extremely simple models. Using a more realistic model, I show that several kinds of refuges can exert a locally destabilizing effect and create stable, large-amplitude oscillations which would damp out if no refuge was present. This finding contrasts sharply with the usual view. I argue that current evidence is tol weak, and the range of theoretically possible effects is too broad, to justify any simple characterization of refuge effects in nature. Manipulative empirical studies are an important first step toward correcting this situation, and I discuss some important factors to consider in their design.
Prointerleukin-16 contains a functional CcN motif that regulates nuclear localization.

The immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-16 (IL-16) represents the secreted C-terminus of a larger precursor, pro-IL-16. Following cleavage by caspase 3, the residual N-terminal domain translocates into the nucleus, inducing G 0 /G 1 cell cycle arrest. We have previously identified a classical bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) in the N-terminal domain of pro-IL-16. We now show that N-terminal to the NLS domain of pro-IL-16 are protein kinase CK2 substrate and cdc2 kinase substrate sites which, along with the NLS, constitute a dual phosphorylation-regulated CcN motif which regulates nuclear localization of pro-IL-16. In addition, we demonstrate that mutation of either site is associated with impairment of the N-terminal domain's ability to induce G 0 /G 1 cell cycle arrest. This is the first description of a functional CcN motif in a cytokine precursor.
Prolongation of Hyperglycemic Effect of Epinephrine in Rabbits by Addition of Zinc Chloride

Summary1. The hyperglycemic effect of epinephrine in rabbits can be prolonged and increased by the admixture of Zn++ (in the form of ZnCl2). 2. The prolonging effect of Zn++ depends on the concentration of the injected solution and the site of the injection. 3. Optimal results were obtained when the Zn++ concentration of the injected solution was 1.2% and the injections were made in the subcutis of the gluteal region.
Optimum energy for high resolution low voltage electron beam lithography - Monte Carlo simulations and experiments

The electron backscattering coefficients of thin tri-level-process layer systems in the energy range from 2.5 to 40.0 keV have been calculated by Monte Carlo simulations. The results show a significant variation of the backscattering with the primary electron energy and the atomic number of the materials used in the layer systems. A local backscattering minimum in the region of 4-5 keV has been found for the investigated multilayer systems. Its stability to variations of the layers' parameters has been investigated. First high resolution experiments at 5.0 keV primary electron energy were carried out to determine the minimal achievable grating period with line-to-space ratio of 1:1. Using ZEP-7000 and hexaacetate p-methylcalix[6]arene resist gratings with 60 and 50 nm minimum period, respectively, were manufactured.
Predictors of Latent Trajectory Classes of Physical Dating Violence Victimization

This study identified classes of developmental trajectories of physical dating violence victimization from grades 8 to 12 and examined theoretically-based risk factors that distinguished among trajectory classes. Data were from a multi-wave longitudinal study spanning 8th through 12th grade (n = 2,566; 51.9 % female). Growth mixture models were used to identify trajectory classes of physical dating violence victimization separately for girls and boys. Logistic and multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify situational and target vulnerability factors associated with the trajectory classes. For girls, three trajectory classes were identified: a low/non-involved class; a moderate class where victimization increased slightly until the 10th grade and then decreased through the 12th grade; and a high class where victimization started at a higher level in the 8th grade, increased substantially until the 10th grade, and then decreased until the 12th grade. For males, two classes were identified: a low/non-involved class, and a victimized class where victimization increased slightly until the 9th grade, decreased until the 11th grade, and then increased again through the 12th grade. In bivariate analyses, almost all of the situational and target vulnerability risk factors distinguished the victimization classes from the non-involved classes. However, when all risk factors and control variables were in the model, alcohol use (a situational vulnerability) was the only factor that distinguished membership in the moderate trajectory class from the non-involved class for girls; anxiety and being victimized by peers (target vulnerability factors) were the factors that distinguished the high from the non-involved classes for the girls; and victimization by peers was the only factor distinguishing the victimized from the non-involved class for boys. These findings contribute to our understanding of the heterogeneity in physical dating violence victimization during adolescence and the malleable risk factors associated with each trajectory class for boys and girls.
Purification and Culture of Central Nervous System Endothelial Cells

Blood vessels are critical for delivering oxygen and nutrients to all tissues in the body. This is especially important in the central nervous system, which is extremely sensitive to hypoxia and ischemia. Blood vessels are made of two main cell types: endothelial cells and mural cells. Endothelial cells form the walls of the blood vessels that generate a lumen through which blood flows. Mural cells are support cells thought to be involved in vessel contractility, vascular remodeling, and regulation of endothelial permeability. On large vessels, including arteries and veins, mural cells are termed vascular smooth muscle cells. On the small vessels of the capillary bed, they are called pericytes. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the methods for purification of endothelial cells, including an immunopanning method that we developed for isolating these cells from the rodent brain and optic nerve.
On processing lexical meanings in aphasia and Alzheimer's disease: some (re)considerations.

Abstract The time course of lexical inferences during language comprehension is discussed according to a Lexical Inference Model (LIM). It distinguishes among three types of lexical inferences, respectively generated from semantic, conceptual, and strategic representations. Following discussion of the model, data from lexical priming studies conducted with aphasic patients as well as with Alzheimer's Disease patients are (re)considered in light of the LIM. The view that “word-level priming” (WLP) is not a sufficient task to tap in the time course of lexical activation during online processing is favored. Since most lexical priming studies on aphasia and Alzheimer's Disease used the WLP paradigm with an interstimulus interval larger than 100 ms, initial claims regarding automatic or modularized lexical processing are shown to be premature. However, the deficient lexical access or integration processes found in aphasias of the Broca and Wernicke types and in the dementia of the Alzheimer type are predicted by the LIM.
Ultralow-noise mode-locked laser with coupled optoelectronic oscillator configuration

We describe simultaneous generation of ultralow-noise optical pulses and microwave signal with a mode-locked fiber laser in a coupled optoelectronic oscillator configuration. We demonstrate 9.2-GHz optical and microwave signals with the measured phase noise of −140 dBc∕Hz at 10-kHz offset frequency. We show that the mode-locked laser in the photonic oscillator serves as a high-Q filter and is responsible for the observed low phase noise.
A study of transverse and longitudinal momentum correlations in proton diffraction dissociation at 14 GeV/c☆

Abstract We present data on momentum correlations both in and out of the production plane for the reactions π + p→ π f + ( π + n) and π − p→ π f − ( π − Δ ++ ). The dissociation products show strikingly similar transverse momentum distributions which in terms of exchange models suggest an equal amount of pion and baryon exchange. For both reactions, we find an approximate factorization in the projectile frame between the transverse momentum of π f and the longitudinal momenta of the dissociation products. Exchange models predict this result equally in both reactions, but it appears much more clearly in the Δ reaction. Finally, we relate the observed longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions in a way suggested by an isotropic decay model.
Optimization of responsivity in millimeter and submillimeter glow discharge detectors

A simplified theory that allows determining optimum gas composition and pressure needed to maximize the responsivity of millimeter and submillimeter glow discharge detectors at a given spectral frequency is presented together with experimental verification.
Electron microscopy of mycoplasma-like bodies associated with insect and plant hosts of peach Western X-disease☆

Abstract Preparations of the leafhopper, Colladonus montanus (Van Duzee) and celery, Apium graveolens L., were examined in the electron microscope. Mycoplasma-like bodies ranging from 200 to 400 nm in diameter were found in the tissues of leafhoppers and in the phloem cells of celery infected with Western X-disease. The Western X mycoplasma-like bodies (WXM) were found in the intestine of the leafhopper 19 days after acquisition feeding on diseased celery, and in the brain 20 days after injection with diseased leafhopper extract; WXM were also found in the phloem cells of celery 20 days after inoculation. Large, electron transparent bodies, either spherical or pleomorphic in form, and small, electron transparent bodies of WXM were commonly observed during the early stages of WXM multiplication, whereas the spherical dense bodies of WXM were observed at the later stage of multiplication. A second mycoplasma-like body, apparently unrelated to Western X-disease, was found in both healthy and diseased leafhoppers, but never in celery.
Parenting Styles as Perceived by Vietnamese American Adolescents

This study explored the impact of parenting styles, as perceived by Vietnamese adolescents, on their mental health. Although the aim was to compare the styles between fathers and mothers, the data showed that most adolescents (83%) chose to focus on fathers in their responses when filling out the Parental Authority Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics showed that mothers tended to have a lower education level, lower income, and a lower acculturation score when compared to fathers. Also, the adolescents’ responses were shown to reflect similar perceptions that most parents, both fathers and mothers, use a punishment-oriented authoritarian parenting style. Those adolescents who chose to focus on mothers in their responses (the mother group) tended to report a higher self-esteem and a lower depression score than those in the father group.