cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropy production and optimum device design

Abstract The problem of optimum design is analyzed in this paper by considering the relation between efficiency or coefficient of performance and the local entropy production at each temperature within the device. A general design is considered, assuming that the volume of the device may be divided into a finite number of regions such that within each region the material properties are continuous and differentiable functions of position. Thermal contact resistance is neglected at the boundary between two regions; if there is current flow between two regions, electrical contact resistance at the boundary is neglected. The results of the calculations are presented graphically. Application of these results to various well-known semiconductors is discussed.
Leptin, neuropeptide Y, and peptide YY in long-term recovered eating disorder patients

Abstract Background: Disturbances of leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and peptide YY (PYY) have been found in women who are ill with anorexia or bulimia nervosa. It is not certain whether peptide disturbances are cause or consequence of eating disorders. Methods: Plasma leptin and cerebrospinal fluid leptin, NPY, and PYY concentrations were measured in women who were recovered from anorexia or bulimia nervosa to determine whether alterations persisted after recovery. Results: NPY, PYY, and leptin concentrations were similar across all diagnostic groups. Conclusions: Alterations in NPY, PYY, and serum leptin concentrations are probably secondary to pathological eating behaviors. Alterations of these peptides are unlikely to be trait-related disturbances that contribute to the etiology of eating disorders.
Extreme twisting of the retinoid side-chain: 11-tert-butyl retinoids by catalyzed isomerization of β-allenic retinals

Abstract The base-catalyzed isomerization of 11-tert-butyl-11,12-allenic retinal (7) afforded 11-tert-butylretinals with fixed 11- cis geometry. Similar treatment of the 13-tert-butyl-11,12-allenic retinal ( 8 ) provided the analogues with fixed 13- cis geometry. The extreme twisting of the retinal polyene chain in the 11-tert-butylretinals 6a,b is reflected by the observation of their dramatically blue shifted absorption maxima (~270 nm).
A wild blueberry-enriched diet (Vaccinium angustifolium) improves vascular tone in the adult spontaneously hypertensive rat.

The effect of a wild blueberry-enriched diet on vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation was examined in the adult, 20-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) after 8 weeks of a control (C) or an 8% wild blueberry (WB) diet. Nitric oxide (NO)- and cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated aortic responses were examined ex vivo with the agonists l-phenylephrine (Phe) and acetylcholine (Ach), in the absence or presence of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NG-monomethyl arginine (l-NMMA) or the COX inhibitor mefenamic acid (MFA). The vasoconstriction elicited by Phe was reduced in the WB group, attributed to the NO pathway, favoring a lower vascular tone under basal conditions. Acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation in the WB group was possibly mediated through the COX, but not the NO pathway. These findings document the potential of wild blueberries to modify major pathways of vasomotor control and improve the vascular tone in the adult SHR with endothelial dysfunction.
Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic changes after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract SAH was produced in baboons by injecting 10 ml of arterial blood into the subarachnoid space in the vicinity of the circle of Willis. Measurements were made in acute and chronic preparations 24 to 48 hr after SAH of CBF, arterial and cerebral venous P CO 2 , pH, oxygen content, serotonin content, intracranial pressure and systemic arterial pressure together with EEG and EKG recordings. During and immediately after SAH, CBF and CMR O 2 increased in spite of a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure and the occurrence of vasospasm in the larger cerebral arteries demonstrated angiographically. Results obtained following subarachnoidal injection of 10 μg of serotonin were similar to those following injection of blood into the subarachnoid space. Twenty-four to 48 hr after the injection of blood into the subarachnoid space, CBF and CMR O 2 decreased and CVR increased. EEG activity became slow. Arterial spasm was still present. Electron microscopic studies revealed perivascular edema with swelling of astrocytes. This edema was believed to compress the small vessels and to reduce CBF.
An examination of nursing attitudes and pain management practices.

Purpose The purpose of this evaluation is to examine the relationship among nurses' pain management attitudes and pain management practices and to begin to explore the theoretical underpinnings that may influence this relationship. Description of study A convenience sample of 29 female registered nurses working in hospice or home health settings participated in an educational program 1 day per week for 6 weeks. All participants were asked to complete the Cancer Pain Knowledge Inventory and Survey of Expectations and Pain Assessment Questionnaire 5 weeks before, immediately before, immediately after, 6 months after, and 12 months after the program. Seventeen participants completed all questionnaires at the 6-month follow-up; 16 participants completed all questionnaires at the 1-year follow-up. Personal beliefs about pain were evaluated in relation to the dimensions and treatment of pain. Intentions and expectations to perform specific activities were evaluated in relation to in-depth assessments, equianalgesic conversions, demonstration of new ideas, and communication. Results Nurses' attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and expectations about pain and pain management influenced nurses' patient care and educational activities. Nurses who believed that patients should be pain free and nurses who focused on both the dimensions and treatment of pain implemented more pain management activities. In general, nurses who had high intentions and expectations performed more pain management activities. Clinical implications Although nurses reported change in attitude, and high expectancy for change, feelings of increased credibility, and increased motivation as advocates for new approaches to practice, nurses sometimes found it difficult to implement new practices because of constraints in time and collaborative efforts. To implement new knowledge and achieve individualized goals for change, nurses must be allowed adequate time to analyze the relationships between their beliefs about pain and the ways that they solve patients' pain problems. In addition, more support for multidisciplinary collaboration is needed.
Queering temporality and the gender binary in Flamenca

The thirteenth-century Occitan novas Flamenca seems to insist that discourse is anterior to the subject’s ‘natural’ desires; it therefore manifests important similarities with much poststructuralist thought. Close readings of the novas, however, suggest that it sets out not to reverse the precedence of nature over culture, but instead to question the more general viability of binary logic, via emphatically presenting all signs, both the seemingly ‘material’ or ‘natural’ and the more ‘figurative’ or ‘cultural,’ as codependent. Such interpenetration calls into question notions of self-sufficient presence, along the lines of Derrida’s concept of differance. In fact, as it regards temporality, we may better understand the novas as continuing and developing the troubadour queering of time, rather than as opposing a diachronic time characteristic of narrative to the synchronic of the lyric. Finally, drawing on Butler’s work, I argue for the more general importance of queerness to understanding Flamenca’s particular strategies of subversion.
PROMOTORAS DE SALUD AND PORTION CONTROL: A COMMUNITY INTERVENTION AIMED AT WEIGHT LOSS IN LOW-INCOME MEXICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN

Purpose: To pilot test a brief intervention in portion control. Research Question: Does portion control intervention, in a community of low-income Mexican-American women, lead to significant weight loss? Hypothesis: Low-income Mexican-American women will have significant weight loss after an intervention in portion control. Significance/Background: Traditional approaches to care have done little to narrow the gap of health disparities. A significant health disparity is the rising rates of overweight and obesity in Mexican-American women. Methods: A 20-week randomized control trial in 19 low-income Mexican-American women. The intervention consisted of four 2-hour classes. The control group received routine care. Both groups were led by a certified nurse-midwife (CNM) and a promotora de salud (lay health advisor) team. Findings: Women in the intervention group lost more weight than women in the standard care group. The mean weight loss in the intervention group was 6.57 pounds (2.9 kg) compared to a mean weight loss of 2.8 pounds (1.3 kg) in the standard care group (P = .47). Mean weight loss, regardless of group, was greater when participants stated that they exercised 2 or more days a week (P = .35) and when participants reported self-weighing (P = .02). Discussion: A community-based partnership in portion control led by promotoras de salud in partnership with CNMs is an effective intervention for weight loss in low-income Mexican-American women that merits further study.
An improved method of optimality criteria for structural optimization

Abstract Several modifications to the classical method of optimality criteria in structural optimization are proposed in this paper. These include selection of critical constraints and robust algorithm for adjusting relaxation factors for each design variable. The proposed algorithms have been applied successfully to the minimum weight design of framed structures using both sizing and geometric (shape) design variable with natural frequency and static response constraints. Several examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed new approach.
Implications of discordance between clinical impression and toxicology analysis in drug overdose.

• Two hundred nine cases of intentional drug overdose were reviewed to determine the importance of discordance between drugs identified by toxicology analysis and those suspected clinically. The laboratory agreed exactly with the clinical impression in 47% of cases. Clinically unsuspected drugs were identified by the laboratory in 27% of cases; the characteristics of these patients did not differ significantly from those of other patients. Unexpected toxicology findings led to changes in therapy in only three cases, and none of these changes appeared to have a major impact on outcome. Although routine comprehensive toxicology screening frequently may identify unsuspected drugs, it is likely that a policy of more selective use of the laboratory would not compromise the care of patients with drug overdose. ( Arch Intern Med 1988;148:437-441)
A cosmic clock for the classroom

Teachers who watched the first episode of Carl Sagan's Cosmos show on the Public Broadcasting System may have been impressed by his use of the "Cosmic Calendar" to dramatically introduce the evolutionary time scale of the universe. In this calendar, which Sagan first represented in The Dragons of Eden, the 15 billion year history of the universe is compressed into a single year. Each month represents 1.25 billion years, each day 40 billion years, and each second 500 years. At this scale the entire recorded history of mankind flashes by during the final 10 seconds of the cosmic year. [excerpt]
The foreign TA problem from an acquisition-theoretic point of view

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to relate research on second language acquisition and research on the language problems of foreign teaching assistants and their remediation. On the one hand, SLA findings could improve the specific instructional programs required for foreign teaching assistants. On the other hand, second language acquisition research has not addressed specific data of this type. I argue that several vogue models of second language acquisition cannot explain the specific data without amendments. In particular, the psychological construct of attention is an important factor in determining whether or not the specific language use expected of college teachers will be attained by foreign students.
The origins of U.S. safety standards for microwave radiation

An analysis is made of the scientific research and values influencing the policy decisions that led to the adoption of the 1966 U.S. standard for exposure to microwave radiation. This analysis is used as a tool for understanding the problems faced by those who set standards. An effort is made to unravel the complex motivations that lay behind the adoption of the microwave standard. Based on the past record, it is suggested that standard setting remain distinct from basic scientific research and that adversary procedures be used only as a last resort in seeking consensus over a proposed standard.
ImageSieve: exploratory search of museum archives with named entity-based faceted browsing

Over the last few years, faceted search emerged as an attractive alternative to the traditional "text box" search and has become one of the standard ways of interaction on many e-commerce sites. However, these applications of faceted search are limited to domains where the objects of interests have already been classified along several independent dimensions, such as price, year, or brand. While automatic approaches to generate faceted search interfaces were proposed, it is not yet clear to what extent the automatically-produced interfaces will be useful to real users, and whether their quality can match or surpass their manually-produced predecessors. The goal of this paper is to introduce an exploratory search interface called ImageSieve, which shares many features with traditional faceted browsing, but can function without the use of traditional faceted metadata. ImageSieve uses automatically extracted and classified named entities, which play important roles in many domains (such as news collections, image archives, etc.). We describe one specific application of ImageSieve for image search. Here, named entities extracted from the descriptions of the retrieved images are used to organize a faceted browsing interface, which then helps users to make sense of and further explore the retrieved images. The results of a user study of ImageSieve demonstrate that a faceted search system based on named entities can help users explore large collections and find relevant information more effectively.
RFI Characterization and Mitigation for the SMAP Radar

The Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission will launch in late 2014 and will carry a combined L-band radiometer/radar instrument for the retrieval of global soil moisture and surface freeze-thaw state. Radio frequency interference (RFI) is a known challenge for Earth remote sensing in the L-band portion of the spectrum. This paper addresses efforts to characterize and mitigate RFI for the SMAP radar. A model for the RFI environment due to surface-based emitters is developed, and is shown to agree well with the observations of currently operating L-band radar systems. An analysis of the environment due to space-based emitters is also presented. Techniques to mitigate RFI in the radar band are described, and are shown to perform sufficiently well to meet the stringent SMAP measurement requirements. A companion paper addresses the different issues encountered with RFI in the radiometer band.
Angular momentum states for three relativistic particles

Abstract A complete set of angular momentum states for three free relativistic particles is described, the main purpose being to write formulas which are simple and explicit enough to be used in detailed calculations. The three particles may have arbitrary masses and spins. The scheme is a generalization of the states introduced by Dalitz in the study of τ-meson decay. An angular-momentum recoupling coefficient is computed explicitly.
Digital deterministic control of slow light in photonic crystal waveguide membranes through atomic layer deposition

We present for the first time digital and deterministic control of slow-light in photonic crystal silicon membranes through atomic layer deposition. Supported by ab initio calculations and our earlier advancements, the tuning of the slow group indices and higher-order dispersion characteristics are observed in the chip-scale Mach-Zehnder interferometers, along with control of the surface-state coupling. This deterministic control is a CMOS process that unambiguously tunes the slow-light dispersion for ultrahigh-bandwidth delay lines and nonlinear nanophotonics.
Principles of multienzyme purifications by affinity chromatography

Recently in our laboratory, up to 20 different enzymes and their genetic variants have been purified from mouse andDrosophila by affinity chromatography. By virtue of the specific coenzyme requirements, up to ten different enzymes could be copurified from a single tissue extract either by biospecific elutions with different coenzymes or inhibitors, or by sequential passages of the extract through several cofactor-related affinity columns. Important principles were developed to purify enzymes exhibiting low affinity to the affinity columns. By “affinity filtration” of the extract through the affinity column, enzymes of low affinity can be retarded and separated effectively from strongly bound and nonadsorbed proteins. By the “saturation readsorption” procedure, enzymes of low affinity could be effectively separated from those of high affinity by overloading of the extracts on the affinity columns. Readsorption of the leaked low affinity enzymes to a second affinity column often results in better enzyme purification because of the elimination of competitive high affinity enzymes. With the application of these principles, the following enzymes and their genetic variants were highly purified via a single- or two-step affinity column procedure: lactate dehydrogenase-A, lactate dehydrogenase-B, lactate dehydrogenase-X, phosphoglycerate kinase-A, phosphoglycerate kinase-B, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, phosphoglucose isomerase and pyruvate kinase from mouse tissues; alcohol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, α-glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase fromDrosophila.
Desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry of lipids in rat spinal cord

Imaging mass spectrometry allows for the direct investigation of tissue samples to identify specific biological compounds and determine their spatial distributions. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry has been used for the imaging and analysis of rat spinal cord cross sections. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, as well as fatty acids, were detected in both the negative and positive ion modes and identified through tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) product ion scans using collision-induced dissociation and accurate mass measurements. Differences in the relative abundances of lipids and free fatty acids were present between white and gray matter areas in both the negative and positive ion modes. DESI-MS images of the corresponding ions allow the determination of their spatial distributions within a cross section of the rat spinal cord, by scanning the DESI probe across the entire sample surface. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were mostly detected in the white matter, while the free fatty acids were present in the gray matter. These results show parallels with reported distributions of lipids in studies of rat brain. This suggests that the spatial intensity distribution reflects relative concentration differences of the lipid and fatty acid compounds in the spinal cord tissue. The “butterfly” shape of the gray matter in the spinal cord cross section was resolved in the corresponding ion images, indicating that a lateral resolution of better than 200 μm was achieved. The selected ion images of lipids are directly correlated with anatomic features on the spinal cord corresponding to the white and the gray matter.
Reaching African-American and Native-American women: Evaluation of local breast cancer screening initiatives

The Texas Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (BCCCP) provides services to older, low-income women, who are a medically underserved population. How-ever, reaching African-American and Native-American women challenges local health care providers. To address this need specifically, BCCCP funded local breast cancer screening initiatives in 1996 to increase service delivery to these women. Nine health care providers located in Dallas, Houston, East Texas, Central Texas, and Lubbock participated in this 8-month initiative, which targeted older, low-income women, specifically, African Americans and Native Americans. At their screening visit, women completed a survey regarding utilization of health care services. Providers were surveyed to identify issues affecting outreach to the priority population after the campaign ended. According to Healthy People 2000 goals, at least 80% of women 40 years of age and older should receive a mammogram. However, only 60% of women involved in this campaign had received mammography prior to the campaign, demonstrating that an unmet screening need continues to exist. Of the 679 women 40 years of age or older screened, 55% were African American. Health care providers who reached African-American women successfully worked with outreach coordinators and partner organizations that had experience sening this priority population. Less successful providers underestimated the time and effort needed to establish these relationships, and future initiatives should emphasize these points. Less than 1% of the women tested were Native American, demonstrating that outreach to these women was unsuccessful. Only one provider established a partnership to reach Native-American women, but it was found that these women had been receiving screening services elsewhere. Establishing partnerships with these communities and determining their screening needs requires additional effort. This short term campaign funded seven providers who were new to BCCCP. To allow time for these providers to establish the necessary infrastructure for data collection, billing, and quality assurance, more time and communication with the State office is necessary. Outreach initiatives require time and effort. For a short term screening campaign, experience with the priority population is critical. In addition, project management should allow time for data collection, billing, and quality-assurance components to be established before service delivery, particularly for a short term campaign.
Gynecological cancer: More evidence supporting human papillomavirus testing

Clinical trials have consistently demonstrated the superior sensitivity of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing compared with cytology (Pap) testing for identifying women at risk of cervical cancer. Rijkaart et al. have now shown that adding HPV testing to routine cervical cancer screening can further reduce the risk of cervical cancer compared to Pap testing alone.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of Novel Fluorides with A7B6F31 (A = Na, K, NH4, Tl; B = Ce, Th) Compositions

Two new monovalent metal thorium fluorides and three new monovalent metal cerium fluorides have been synthesized hydrothermally and structurally characterized. The structures of the five compounds are described in space group $${\text{R}}\bar{3}$$ : Tl7Th6F31 with a = 15.598(2) and c = 10.893(2), (NH4)7Th6F31 with a = 15.5979(2) and c = 10.952(2), K7Ce6F31 with a = 15.013(2) and c = 10.295(2), (NH4)7Ce6F31 with a = 15.232(2) and c = 10.749(2), and Na7Ce6F31 with a = 14.567(2) and c = 9.6921(19). Comparison of these materials was made based on their structures and synthesis conditions. The formation of these species in hydrothermal fluids appears to be largely dependent upon the concentration of the monovalent fluoride mineralizer solution and thus, the ratio of monovalent ions to thorium or cerium in the system. The crystal chemistry of the A7B6F31 (A = Na+, K+, Rb+, Tl+, NH4 +; B = Zr4+, Ce4+, Th4+) structure type is described by examining the title compounds alongside other isomorphs to gain a broader understanding of the crystallization of complex fluorides. Structural subtleties are also discussed, including substitutional disorder of Na+ and Ce4+ cations in Na7Ce6F31. The hydrothermal synthesis of fluorides having compositions A7B6F31 (A = Na, K, NH4, Tl; B = Ce, Th) is described. Structural comparisons are made to discuss the crystal chemistry within this family of compounds in terms of the combinations of A and B cations supported by the structure type. The study introduces Tl+ and NH4 + as new A-site building blocks, and Ce4+ as a new B-site building block for this structure type.
Statistical Analysis of Degradation in Scanned Image Systems

Spatial frequency response techniques have been used in the past for the evaluation and design of image processing systems. In this paper, these techniques are extended to permit a statistical analysis of degradation in scanned image systems. The analytical techniques used have been developed by engineers for the statistical analysis of sampled data systems. The use of these techniques allows an evaluation of the average degradation of the actual images to be processed, rather than the degradation of hypothetical test images. In addition, the statistical figure of merit used to measure degradation appears to be a good measure of human readability of degraded images. General expressions for degradation in terms of scan density, the system transfer functions, and statistical parameters of the images are derived in this paper for several classes of linear scanned image systems.
Group composition in the treatment of obesity: does increasing group homogeneity improve treatment results?

Abstract Seventy-two women and 67 men were assigned at random to one of nine weight-loss treatment groups defined by either homogeneity or heterogeneity with respect to gender and degree of overweight at baseline. The hypothesis tested was that individuals in groups whose members were similar on one or more characteristics would be more successful in weight loss than those with dissimilar group members. Results did not confirm the experimental hypothesis. Although men lost more absolute weight than women and heavier individuals more than lighter, treatment group composition was not related to treatment success. Moreover, analyses controlling for initial body weight showed no gender or initial weight-status differences. The only variable predicting outcomes in the latter analysis was whether or not participants had previously been in a weight-loss program. Those with prior unsuccessful experiences were less successful than those for whom the current study was their first formal weight-loss attempt.
Culture of conducting airway epithelial cells in serum-free medium

Reproducible techniques for the isolation and culture of conducting airway epithelial cells from various species including human are described. Tissues recovered after necropsy or surgery are treated with 0.1% protease at 4°C overnight. The epithelial lining cells are liberated from adventitia by flushing with ice-cold minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The resulting suspension of single cells and cell clusters is centrifuged and then plated on type 1 collagen gel substratum in a serum-free F12 medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor, cholera toxin, hydrocortisone (or dexamethasone), bovine hypothalamus extract, and retinol. Increased calcium concentration in the medium to 1 to 3 mM augments in vitro mucous cell differentiation. Both a squamouslike and mucociliary differentiation of the cultured epithelium can be identified by biochemical, immunohistologic, and morphologic means. The polarity of epithelial cell cultures is promoted by use of biphasic culture methods, in which epithelial cells are fed basally and are in direct contact with the air phase.
Identification, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the Metabolites of 3-Amino-6-(3′-aminopropyl)-5H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-(6H)dione (AM6–36), a Promising Rexinoid Lead Compound for the Development of Cancer Chemotherapeutic and Chemopreventive Agents

Activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, is a strategy for cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention, and 3-amino-6-(3'-aminopropyl)-5H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-(6H)dione (AM6-36) (3) is among the few RXR ligands known. The presently reported studies of 3 include its binding to human plasma proteins, metabolic stability using human liver microsomes, metabolism by human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, and in vivo disposition in rat serum, liver, and mammary tissue. Compound 3 was 75% bound to human plasma proteins, and its metabolic stability was much greater than propranolol. One phase I metabolite was formed by human liver microsomes, seven phase I and II metabolites were formed by human hepatocytes, and five metabolites were detected in rat serum and liver after oral administration. The putative metabolites predicted using LC-MS-MS were synthesized to confirm their structures and to provide sufficient material for investigation of induction of RXRE transcriptional activity and inhibition of NFκB.
Changes in d-amphetamine reactivity resulting from septal forebrain injury

Abstract The effects of d-amphetamine sulfate on spontaneous activity level and food intake were studied weekly over an 8 week span in 2 groups of 6 rats each. One group was subjected to bilateral radio frequency septal lesions and the other group was composed of operated and unoperated controls. The septal lesion group differed from the controls in their reactivity to the effects of amphetamine on both activity and food intake. These effects were stable over the 8-week test period and were not the result of an effect of the lesion on the behavioral baseline established with saline.
Depressive symptoms are related to higher ambulatory blood pressure in people with a family history of hypertension.

ObjectiveWe investigated whether parental history of hypertension (FH+) enhances the impact of depressed mood, indexed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP).MethodsTwenty-four–hour ABP, urinary norepinephrine (NE), and cortisol were obtained in 314 unmedicated normot
wingless signaling acts through zeste-white 3, the drosophila homolog of glycogen synthase kinase-3, to regulate engrailed and establish cell fate

Summary Intrasegmental patterning in the Drosophila embryo is regulated by cell-cell communication. One of the signaling pathways that operates to specify positional information throughout the segment is mediated by the wingless (wg) protein, which is the homology of the proto-oncogene Wnt-1 . The early role of wg is to stabilize engrailed ( en ) expression by initiating a phase of en autoregulation in the adjacent more posterior cells. Here, we report that the segment polarity gene zeste-white 3 ( zw3 ; also known as shaggy ) acts as a repressor of en autoregulation. Genetic epistasis experiments indicate that wg signaling operates by inactivating the zw3 repression of en autoactivation. In addition, we demonstrate that zw3 encodes the Drosophila homolog of mammalian glycogen synthase kinase-3.
The clinical impact of coronavirus infection in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Abstract Background Compared to other respiratory viruses, relatively little is known about the clinical impact of coronavirus (CoV) infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) or in patients with hematologic malignancies. Objectives To characterize the role of CoV in respiratory tract infections among HSCT and hematologic malignancy patients. Study design We conducted a retrospective review of all cases of CoV infection documented by polymerase chain reaction, (PCR)-based testing on nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples between June 2010 and 2013. Cases of CoV infection occurring in HSCT and hematologic malignancy patients were identified and the clinical characteristics of these cases were compared to other respiratory viruses. Results CoV was identified in 2.6% ( n = 43) of all samples analyzed ( n = 1661) and in 6.8% of all samples testing positive for a respiratory virus ( n = 631). 33 of 38 (86.8%) of patients in whom CoV was identified were HSCT and hematologic malignancy patients. Among these patients, CoV was detected in 9.7% of unique infection episodes, with only rhinovirus/enterovirus (RhV/EnV) infection being more common. Group I CoV subtypes accounted for 76.3% of cases, and 57% of infections were diagnosed between December and March. CoV infection was associated with upper respiratory tract symptoms in most patients, similar to other respiratory viruses. Possible and proven lower respiratory tract disease was less common compared to other respiratory viruses except RhV/EnV. Conclusions CoV is frequently detected in HSCT and hematologic malignancy patients in whom suspicion for a respiratory viral infection exists, but is less likely to progress to lower respiratory tract disease than most other respiratory viruses.
F -Band Shape in the CsCl Structure Under Pressure

Color centers have been formed by x irradiation of RbCl above the polymorphic transition pressure, and the shape of the new $F$ band at 509 m\ensuremath{\mu} in this CsCl-type structure has been examined under a pressure of 6200 atm at liquid-helium temperature. The band shows no evidence of the multiplet structure observed in the cesium halides, thus indicating that the lattice structure is not responsible for this effect. The $F$ band in CsCl has also been formed and studied under pressure at helium temperature, and the triplet components show the usual relative intensity and the characteristic $F$-band shift. No evidence of ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ bands was observed for these hydrostatic pressures.
Resistance to extinction, generalization decrement, and conditioned reinforcement

Abstract This study investigated generalization decrement during an extinction resistance-to-change test for pigeon key pecking using a two-component multiple schedule with equal variable–interval 3-min schedules and different reinforcer amounts (one component presented 2-s access to reinforcement and the other 8 s). After establishing baseline responding, subjects were assigned to one of the two extinction conditions: hopper stimuli (hopper and hopper light were activated but no food was available) or Control (inactive hopper and hopper light). Responding in the 8-s component was more resistant to extinction than responding in the 2-s component, the hopper stimuli group was more resistant to extinction compared to the Control group, and an interaction between amount of reinforcement, extinction condition, and session block was present. This finding supports generalization decrement as a factor that influences resistance to extinction. Hopper-time data (the amount of time subjects spent with their heads in the hopper) were compared to resistance-to-change data in an investigation of the role of conditioned reinforcement on resistance to change.
Transient changes in spinal cord glial cells following transection of preganglionic sympathetic axons.

Abstract Following peripheral nerve injury, retrograde signals originating from the injury site may activate intrinsic factors in the injured neurons, possibly leading to regenerative growth. Retrograde influences from peripheral injury sites may lead to the activation of glial cells in the vicinity of the centrally located cell bodies of the injured neurons. Few studies have examined changes in the spinal cord intermediolateral cell column (IML), which houses sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies, following injury to distal axons in the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST). The goal of the present study was to determine if transection of the CST results in plasticity in glial cells in the IML. At 1 day following injury, changes in the expression of microglial marker Iba1 were observed and the typical oligodendrocyte–neuronal relationship was altered. By 7 days, astrogliosis, microglial aggregation, and increased numbers of oligodendrocytes, as well as enhanced glial–glial and glial–neuronal relationships were present. The majority of cases were similar to controls at 3 weeks following injury and no changes were observed in any cases at 10 weeks following the injury. These results revealed changes in astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord following transection of preganglionic axons comprising the CST, indicating their ability to respond to distal axonal injury.
Beta track autoradiography and infrared spectroscopy bearing on the solubility of CO 2 in albite melt at 2 GPa and 1450° C

Albite glasses with 0.5–2.0 wt.% CO2 synthesized at 2 GPa and 1450° C, previously analyzed by beta track autoradiography (Tingle 1987), have been analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Values of CO2 concentration determined by the beta track technique are 10–50% greater than the amount of CO2 added to the sample. Values determined by infrared spectroscopy match the loaded CO2 contents, substantiating the existence of a previously unrecognized error in the beta track technique. Concentrations, and hence solubilities, in albite determined by infrared spectroscopy are more accurate than those determined by beta track autoradiography. Values obtained by the beta track technique for diopside are 10% lower than the loaded CO2 contents (Tingle 1987) and suggest that the systematic error may be dependent on composition and/or density.
A Thermodynamic Framework for Describing Solidification of Polymer Melts

A thermodynamic framework is presented that can be used to describe the solidification of polymer melts, both the solidification of atactic polymers into an amorphous elastic solid and the crystallization of other types of polymer melts to semi-crystalline elastic solids. This framework fits into a general structure that has been developed to describe the response of a large class of dissipative bodies. The framework takes into account the fact that the natural configuration of the viscoelastic melt and the solid evolve during the process and that the symmetries of these natural configurations also evolve. Different choices are made as to how the material stores energy, produces entropy, and for its latent heat, latent energy, etc., that lead to models for different classes of materials. The evolution of the natural configuration is dictated by the manner in which entropy is produced, how the energy is stored etc., and it is assumed that the constitutive choices are such that the rate entropy production is maximized, from an allowable class of constitutive models. Such an assumption also determines the crystallization kinetics, i.e., provides equations such as the Avrami equation. Using the framework, a model is developed within which the problem of fiber spinning is studied and we find that the model is able to predict observed experimental results quite well.
Structured Advance Planning: Is It Finally Time for Physician Action and Reimbursement?

IF THERE is one striking thing about the advance directives movement, it is the contrast between the overwhelming endorsement of advance directives from all corners of society and their virtual nonuse. Why do they meet with simultaneous deference and diffidence? One possible explanation is that the whole paradigm is wrong—perhaps the autonomy model that motivates the advance directives movement is mistaken. Another possible explanation is that the basis for the movement is right but too much was expected too fast. Perhaps "doing advance directives" is not so simple, and like other medical interventions, advance planning has to develop and find its appropriate place before it is trustworthy. An Argument for Slow Ripening There is not much ground for the more radical explanation that the model of autonomy on which advance directives are founded is flawed. Recently, commentators have pointed out that people are not atomistic. Certainly, if people are like
An interior point algorithm to solve computationally difficult set covering problems

We present an interior point approach to the zero–one integer programming feasibility problem based on the minimization of a nonconvex potential function. Given a polytope defined by a set of linear inequalities, this procedure generates a sequence of strict interior points of this polytope, such that each consecutive point reduces the value of the potential function. An integer solution (not necessarily feasible) is generated at each iteration by a rounding scheme. The direction used to determine the new iterate is computed by solving a nonconvex quadratic program on an ellipsoid. We illustrate the approach by considering a class of difficult set covering problems that arise from computing the 1-width of the incidence matrix of Steiner triple systems.
New Insights into the Combined Cockayne/Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complex: Human XPG Protein Can Function in Transcription Factor Stability

A new study provides evidence supporting a function for XPG protein in maintaining the integrity and function of TFIIH (Ito et al. [2007], this issue of Molecular Cell). This observation likely explains some of the clinical features of individuals with both defective DNA repair and development.
How changes in the tilt angle of the geomagnetic dipole affect the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system

[1] The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field has changed dramatically during the geological past. We have investigated the effects of changes in dipole tilt angle on the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere, using the Coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere (CMIT) model. The dipole tilt angle modulates the efficiency of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling, by influencing the diurnal variation in the angleμ between the dipole axis and the GSM z axis. This influences how much Joule heating occurs at high magnetic latitudes. The dipole tilt angle also controls the geographic distribution of the Joule heating, as it determines the geographic latitude of the magnetic poles. Changes in the amount and distribution of Joule heating with tilt an`gle produce further changes in temperature and neutral winds. The latter affect the O/N2 ratio, which in turn modifies the peak electron density of the F2 layer, NmF2. All these effects are most important when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) is southward, while being almost negligible under northward IMF. However, a change in dipole tilt also changes the inclination of the magnetic field, which affects the vertical component of ionospheric plasma diffusion along the magnetic field, regardless of the IMF direction. Changes in vertical plasma diffusion are responsible for ∼2/3 of the changes in NmF2 and most of the low to midlatitude changes in hmF2under southward IMF and for most of the changes in both variables under northward IMF. Thermal contraction may be responsible for high-latitude decreases in hmF2 with increasing tilt angle under southward IMF.
Bile acids XXXVI. Synthesis of 5α-Cholestan-26-oic acids☆

Abstract To assist in the identification of acidic metabolites intermediate in the formation of allo bile acids from cholestanol, several substituted 5α-cholestan-26-oic acids were prepared and characterized. Anhydro-5α-cyprinol derived from the alkaline hydrolysis of carp bile was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to 5α-cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 26-tetrol. By partial hydrolysis of the derived tetraacetate 3α, 7α, 12α-triacetoxy-5α-cholestan-26-ol was obtained and was oxidized to the corresponding triacetoxy acid. Hydrolysis afforded 3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxy-5α-cholestan-26-oic acid. This acid was acetylated at positions 3 and 7, oxidized at C-12 and the resulting carbonyl oxygen removed by the Huang-Minion method to provide 3α, 7α-dihydroxy-5α-cholestan-26-oic acid. Results from studies by mass spectrometry, thin layer, gas liquid and partition chromatography of these acids, their esters and derivatives are compatible with the assigned structure.
Comparison of midvelocity fragment formation with projectilelike decay

The characteristics of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs: 3 Z 20) produced in midperipheral and central collisions are compared. We compare IMFs detected at midvelocity with those evaporated from the excited projectilelike fragment (PLF ∗ ). On average, the IMFs produced at midvelocity are larger in atomic number, exhibit broader transverse velocity distributions, and are more neutron rich as compared to IMFs evaporated from the PLF ∗ . These characteristics of midvelocity fragments are consistent with the low-density formation of the
Visible Light Induced Photocleavage of DNA by a Mixed-Metal Supramolecular Complex: [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2]5+

The mixed-metal supramolecular complex, [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5 (bpy ) 2,2′-bipyridine and dpp ) 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) coupling two ruthenium light absorbers (LAs) to a central rhodium, has been shown to photocleave DNA. This system possesses a lowest lying metal to metal charge transfer (MMCT) excited state in contrast to the metal to ligand charge transfer states (MLCT) of the bpm and Ir analogues. The systems with an MLCT excited state do not photocleavage DNA. [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5 is the first supramolecular system shown to cleave DNA. It functions through an excited state previously unexplored for this reactivity, aR uf Rh MMCT excited state. This system functions when irradiated with low energy visible light with or without molecular oxygen.
Thymosin β4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair

Immobilized patients, diabetics, and the elderly suffer from impaired wound healing. The 43-amino acid angiogenic peptide thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has previously been found to accelerate dermal wound repair in rats, aged mice, and db/db diabetic mice. It also promotes corneal repair in both normal rats and mice. Because proteinases are important in wound repair, we hypothesized that Tβ4 may regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in cells that are involved in wound repair. Analysis by RT-PCR of whole excised mouse dermal wounds on days 1, 2, and 3 after wounding showed that Tβ4 increased several metalloproteinases, including MMP-2 and -9 expression by several-fold over control on day 2 after wounding. We further analyzed the metalloproteinases secreted in response to exogenous Tβ4 by cells normally present in the wound. Western blot analysis of cultured keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts that were treated with increasing concentrations of Tβ4 showed increases in the levels of MMP-1, -2, and -9 in a cell-specific manner. Tβ4 also enhanced the secretion of MMP-1 and MMP-9 by activated monocytes. The central actin-binding domain, amino acids 17–23, had all of the activity for metalloproteinase induction. We conclude that part of the wound healing activity of Tβ4 resides in its ability to increase proteinase activity via its central actin-binding domain. Thus, Tβ4 may play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix remodeling during wound repair. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.