cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-Scheduling Scientific Workflows in Elastic Optical Networks

E-science supports inter-disciplinary research that requires processing highly data-intensive workflows. These workflows require compute resources for processing, and storage resources to save data generated on computation. Additionally, there may be a need to make this data available to researchers at distinct and disparate locations, which requires network resources. Current-generation networks cannot scale to meet the demands of tomorrow's unpredictable application workflow scenarios. Elastic Optical Network (EON) is a cutting-edge technology which supports more data and faster data, without the need to construct larger networks. The challenge of joint scheduling of computational, storage and EON network resources to e-science workflows is a complex problem known as co-scheduling. In this paper, heuristics are proposed to investigate sequential and parallel co-scheduling. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Atypical Histopathological Features and the Risk of Treatment Failure in Nonmalignant Meningiomas: A Multi-Institutional Analysis.

Background Histopathological grading of meningiomas is insufficient for optimal risk stratification. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prognostic value of atypical histopathological features across all nonmalignant meningiomas (World Health Organization [WHO] grade I-II). Methods The data from 334 patients with WHO grade I (n = 275) and grade II (n = 59) meningiomas who had undergone surgical resection from 2001 to 2015 at 2 academic centers were pooled. Progression/recurrence (P/R) was determined radiographically and measured from the date of surgery. Results The median follow-up was 52 months. The patients were stratified by the number of atypical features: 0 (n = 151), 1 (n = 71), 2 (n = 66), 3 (n = 22), and 4 or 5 (n = 24). The risk of P/R increased with an increasing number of atypical features (log-rank test, P = 0.001). The 5-year actuarial rates of P/R stratified by the number of atypical features were as follows: 0, 16.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.7–24.4); 1, 21.7% (95% CI, 12.8–35.2); 2, 28.2% (95% CI, 18.4–41.7); 3, 30.4% (95% CI, 13.8–58.7); and 4 or 5, 51.4% (95% CI, 31.7–74.5). On univariate analysis, the presence of high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (P = 0.007), prominent nucleoli (P = 0.007), and necrosis (P Conclusions An increased number of atypical features, ≥4 mitoses per 10 high-power fields, subtotal resection, and the lack of adjuvant radiotherapy were independently associated with P/R of WHO grade I-II meningiomas. Patients with these features might benefit from intensified therapy.
Quantitative analysis of Anaplasma marginale acquisition and transmission by Dermacentor andersoni fed in vitro.

In this study, we describe a new in vitro tick feeding system that facilitates the study of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. To optimize the system, we used Dermacentor andersoni and Anaplasma marginale as a tick-pathogen interaction model. Ticks were fed on bovine blood containing 10-fold dilutions of the pathogen to determine the effect of dose on tick infection rate. After feeding on infected blood, ticks were transferred to uninfected blood to stimulate bacterial replication within the tick vector. During stimulation feeding, blood samples were collected daily to determine if infected ticks secreted viable A. marginale. The results demonstrated similar attachment rates between the first and second tick feeding. Tick midgut and salivary glands were infected with A. marginale. However, salivary gland infection rates decreased as the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes decreased during tick acquisition feeding. Bacteria recovered from the in vitro system were able to infect a naive bovine host. Using the highly transmissible A. marginale St. Maries strain, we demonstrated that the artificial tick feeding system is a suitable tool to study tick-pathogen interactions and that A. marginale tick salivary gland infection is dose dependent. This work demonstrates the utility of an artificial tick feeding system to directly study the association between the number of acquired pathogens and transmissibility by ticks.
Intention to be screened for Alzheimer’s disease in nondemented older adults: Integrated behavioral model and self-efficacy as mediation effect

The study explored factors associated with intention to be screened for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study also examined whether self-efficacy mediates the relationship between knowledge about scr...
An Economic Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Providing Comprehensive Supports to Students in Elementary School.

There is growing evidence that out-of-school factors, such as physical and mental health, family support, and social and emotional development, significantly affect student learning (Berliner 2009). To address challenges related to poverty, schools are being charged with serving as a focal point in providing and coordinating support services for students and their families (Adelman and Taylor 2002; Dryfoos 2002). In many schools these support services are provided in fragmented ways that do not address the needs of all students or engage teachers in connecting these services to the academic mission of the school (Walsh and DePaul 2008). An emerging school-based model, broadly termed “comprehensive student support” (Walsh et al. 2016), is designed to overcome such fragmentation. In this paper, we build upon previous effectiveness work with an economic evaluation of a successful support model, City Connects. We find that the benefits of the program exceed the costs, indicating that the program is a sound investment and should be considered an option to address the needs of students and to prevent future crises from disrupting their learning.
The Association of Executive Functioning With Academic, Behavior, and Social Performance Ratings in Children With ADHD.

This study investigated the association of a performance-based measure of executive functioning (EF) with academic, social, and behavioral performance ratings in a convenience sample of 153 childre...
Discovering the Molecular Determinants of Phaeobacter inhibens Susceptibility to Phaeobacter Phage MD18

ABSTRACT Bacteriophages have immense potential as antibiotic therapies and in genetic engineering. Understanding the mechanisms that bacteriophages implement to infect their hosts will allow researchers to manipulate these systems and adapt them to specific bacterial targets. In this study, we isolated a bacteriophage capable of infecting the marine alphaproteobacterium Phaeobacter inhibens and determined its mechanism of infection. Phaeobacter virus MD18, a novel species of bacteriophage isolated in Woods Hole, MA, exhibits potent lytic ability against P. inhibens and appears to be of the Siphoviridae morphotype. The genomic sequence of MD18 displayed significant similarity to another siphophage, the recently discovered Roseobacter phage DSS3P8, but genomic and phylogenetic analyses, assessing host range and a search of available metagenomes are all consistent with the conclusion that Phaeobacter phage MD18 is a novel lytic phage. We incubated MD18 with a library of barcoded P. inhibens transposon insertion mutants and identified 22 genes that appear to be required for phage predation of this host. Network analysis of these genes using genomic position, Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment, and protein associations revealed that these genes are enriched for roles in assembly of a type IV pilus (T4P) and regulators of cellular morphology. Our results suggest that T4P serve as receptors for a novel marine virus that targets P. inhibens. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages are useful nonantibiotic therapeutics for bacterial infections as well as threats to industries utilizing bacterial agents. This study identified Phaeobacter virus MD18, a phage antagonist of Phaeobacter inhibens, a bacterium with promising use as a probiotic for aquatic farming industries. Genomic analysis suggested that Phaeobacter phage MD18 has evolved to enhance its replication in P. inhibens by adopting favorable tRNA genes as well as through genomic sequence adaptation to resemble host codon usage. Lastly, a high-throughput analysis of P. inhibens transposon insertion mutants identified genes that modulate host susceptibility to phage MD18 and implicated the type IV pilus as the likely receptor recognized for adsorption. This study marks the first characterization of the relationship between P. inhibens and an environmentally sampled phage, which informs our understanding of natural threats to the bacterium and may promote the development of novel phage technologies for genetic manipulation of this host.
Editorial Comment on “Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy in Adrenocortical Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus in Inferior Vena Cava: One Step Further in Minimally Invasive Endocrine Surgery,” by Walz et al.

Abstract Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is one of the most aggressive cancers with a 5-year survival of less than 15% among patients with advanced disease. Though the management is greatly influenced ...
Global Insolvency Proceedings for a Global Market: The Universalist System and the Choice of a Central Court

In this time of relative prosperity, large multinational companies are filing insolvency proceedings all over the world. Restructuring is now part of the daily routine of global business — back then a bit more, at the moment a bit less, but always a stream of needed repairs. The overall challenge is to manage damaged enterprises across borders in a world governed by nation-states. In this paper, I suggest that we should enlarge our perspective to embrace not only the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (Model Law), but also the larger system of modified universalism that it both presupposes and anticipates.
The affective consequences of threats to masculinity

Abstract Three experiments (N = 1083) explored whether masculinity threats (vs. assurances) led to emotions that have been linked to well-being, social connection, and the expression of aggression, including (a) increases in feelings of shame and guilt (Experiment 1) and (b) decreases in perspective-taking and empathy (Experiment 2). In addition, we explored whether masculinity assurances (vs. threats) had a positive effect on men's feelings of pride. To determine whether the affective responses to masculinity threats were unique to gender identity, we replicated the findings in comparison to a second social identity threat (Experiment 3). Consistent with predictions, and replicating prior work, men but not women expressed more public discomfort and anger following a gender threat (vs. assurance), as well as more shame and guilt when their masculinity was threatened than when their masculinity was assured (Experiment 2). Importantly, these affective responses were unique to men experiencing gender threats (Experiment 3). Interestingly, consistent with empathy avoidance predictions, when threatened, men reported lower dispositional levels of other focused empathy (Experiment 2), but these effects were not specific to gender threats (Experiment 3). Findings revealed empathy reductions, but not diminished reports of perspective taking, in threat conditions. No consistent evidence of effects of gender feedback on men's pride (authentic or hubristic) emerged. The implications of findings are discussed.
Body Contouring in Massive Weight Loss Patients Receiving Venous Thromboembolism Chemoprophylaxis: A Systematic Review.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) events are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in plastic surgery. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the use of VTE chemoprophylaxis in the context of the risk for bleeding following specific body contouring procedures. Furthermore, there is increasing popularity of these procedures in the massive weight loss (MWL) patient population, who may be at higher risk due to multiple risk factors. The purpose of this study was to stratify the incidence of VTE and bleeding events among individual, specific body contouring procedures in MWL patients receiving chemoprophylaxis. Methods A systematic review was designed according to PRISMA guidelines. We screened all articles published between 1988 and 2018 reporting chemoprophylaxis status, VTE, and bleeding events in MWL patients undergoing body contouring procedures. Results Thirty-one publications were reviewed. The VTE incidence for any procedure was too low to reach significance. Overall, hematoma incidence in single-procedure patients (8.7%) was significantly higher than concomitant-procedure patients (4.2%, P < 0.01). However, when stratified into operative and nonoperative hematomas, no significant difference between single- and concomitant-procedure groups overall was demonstrated for either category. Individually, only thighplasty patients had a higher rate of operative hematomas when undergoing thighplasty alone (5.3%) compared with thighplasty with concomitant procedures (0.6%, P < 0.05). Conclusions Overall, MWL patients undergoing single body contouring procedures (among abdominoplasty, belt lipectomy, thighplasty) were found to have a higher risk of hematoma compared with those undergoing combined contouring procedures. However, stratified hematoma data revealed no differences in overall risk between single- and multiple-procedure operations.
Background and Description of E-Cigarette Products and Solutions

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most popular tobacco product among youth in the United States. The function of all e-cigarettes and other vaping products is similar: to heat a liquid to produce an aerosol for inhalation. The act of inhaling aerosols generated from e-cigarettes is commonly referred to as vaping. The overall structure of e-cigarettes, common to all generations of the product, includes a battery, atomizer, and a reservoir containing liquid. However, there is significant variability in product design and customizability. Liquids used in e-cigarettes are usually (but not always) composed of nicotine, as well as at least one solvent, usually propylene glycol (PG) and/or vegetable glycerin (VG), flavorings (tobacco, menthol, candy or beverage themed, and more), and additives (e.g., sweeteners). While e-cigarettes have become highly effective in delivering nicotine, these products have also been used to vaporize other psychoactive substances, including cannabis products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). In this chapter, we describe the basic structure of e-cigarettes and the significant differences among the different generations of products. We highlight what is known about the liquids and substances used in these devices, including nicotine, cannabinoids, flavorings, and potentially toxic chemicals.
Social network connections and increased preparation intentions for a disaster

Abstract The present research examined the role of social context—social network structure and composition—in people's intentions to prepare for a hurricane. We examined whether social network structure and composition would relate to hurricane threat responses. We randomly assigned 300 Florida resident homeowners to either a hypothetical Category 1 or 3 hurricane condition. Participants also provided information about 30 alters (other people) from their real-life social networks via an online interview, which yielded information on 130,500 total dyads (435 dyads per participant). People with more dense social networks and more emotionally close network compositions were more likely to prepare for a hurricane regardless of its severity. People with dense networks and people who perceived an evacuation norm in their network also reported being more likely to evacuate regardless of the severity. These results suggest that interventions that strengthen human connections may effectively increase people's preparedness.
Simplifying Assumptions: How Might the Politics of Consumption Tax Reform Affect (Impair) the End Product?

One of the main advantages of consumption taxation that its advocates, including me, have claimed is simplification. However, the extent to which simplification actually would result from a major consumption-based tax reform would depend not only on the compliance and administrative issues raised by the structure of the hypothetical new system, but also by the politics of enactment. This paper, commissioned for a conference concerning consumption-based reform, asks the inevitably speculative question of how the politics of such a reform, if it occurred, would affect (or impair) the end product. The conclusions reached are not very optimistic.
Analysis of performance impact of drill-down techniques for web traffic models

The performance of Web sites continues to be an important research topic. Such studies are invariably based on the access logs from the servers comprising the Web site. A problem with existing access logs is the coarse granularity of the timestamps, e.g., arrival times. In this study we demonstrate and quantify the significant differences in performance obtained under diverse assumptions about the arrival process of user requests derived from the access logs, where the corresponding user response times can differ by more than an order of magnitude. This motivates the need for a general methodology to construct accurate representations of the actual arrival process of user requests from existing coarse-grained accesslog data. Our analysis of the access logs from representative commercial Web sites illustrates self-similar behavior of the arrival process, and we exploit the properties of these self-similar processes as a theoretical foundation for constructing the arrival process at finer time scales. The advantage of our approach is that it maintains consistency between the properties of the arrival processes at both coarser and finer time scales. In addition, our analysis of the request size distribution from commercial Web sites demonstrates a subexponential, but not heavy-tail (power-law) distribution. Through simulations, we investigate the impact of these different traffic models on the user request response times.
Social Stratification and Inequality

Systems of stratification produce mental health disparities. This chapter examines the evidence for two general processes that produce those disparities: the distribution of life conditions and social evaluations. Proximate life conditions depend on four generic resources: economic resources, social capital, power and authority, and civil rights. Evidence regarding the contributions of these resources to mental health disparities is mixed. Although the positions people occupy in stratification hierarchies are strongly associated with resources, not all resources are equally relevant to all dimensions of stratification or to mental health. Social evaluation processes involve comparisons of one’s accomplishments or experiences to those of others. Research on social comparisons, relative deprivation, subjective status, and justice and equity demonstrates that people who occupy lower status positions perceive themselves as disadvantaged relative to others, but those perceptions depend on several contingencies. Challenges for developing a conceptual model that takes these complex findings into account are discussed.
Broadening Federal Circuit Jurisprudence: Moving Beyond Federal Circuit Patent Cases

Federal Circuit patent jurisprudence has typically focused on Federal Circuit law and Federal Circuit precedent. However, recent Supreme Court decisions such as eBay v. MercExchange, MedImmune v. Genentech, MGM v. Grokster, and KSR Intl. v. Teleflex cases have challenged that default position. These cases represent a directive from the Supreme Court that the interpretation of patent law doctrine requires a consideration of history and doctrines that arise from other areas of law. In this essay, I examine the recent Federal Circuit decision of SEB v. Montgomery Ward and consider whether the case represents a shift in Federal Circuit jurisprudence toward an increased influence of non-patent considerations when deciding patent cases and patent issues.
Comparison of the New Millipore HC with Conventional Membrane Filters for the Enumeration of Fecal Coliform Bacteria

Fecal coliform recoveries were determined for six types of membrane filters using 65 nonchlorinated water samples. Results showed that the membranes could be ranked in order of decreasing recovery as follows: Millipore HC > Gelman > Johns-Manville ∼ Sartorius > Millipore HA > Schleicher & Schuell.
Application and Evaluation of Entomopathogens in Crucifers and Cucurbits

Cruciferous and cucurbitaceous vegetable row crops are comprised of many species and varieties and are cultivated worldwide in many climates. In this chapter, we present a brief overview of selected pests and microbial control agents that are effective against some of them. We confine our remarks primarily to crops grown in open field settings. Management of pests of crops grown in protected environments (e.g., under glass) is covered in Chapter VII-8. Using lepidopterous pests of crucifers and whitefly pests of cucurbits as examples, we will present protocols for the application and evaluation of microbial control agents, with emphasis on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and the fungus Beauveria bassiana.
Is There an Immortal Memory

Today's technologies for storing data have vexing limitations: Dynamic random access memory chips only retain data for short times, hard disk drives are slow relative to processor speed, and "flash" memory (like that in digital cameras) is expensive. Researchers are thus searching for a fast, inexpensive memory technology that retains data even when the power is off. As [Scott][1] discusses in his Perspective, the search has identified several interesting avenues that are being actively pursued. But the real-world challenges are severe, and proponents of nonvolatile memory need to take a hard look at the practical realities before declaring success. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5667/62
Broadband sector zone base station antennas

With the continuous growth of commercial communications systems, such as cellular communications systems, the need for low-cost antennas has increased. This paper presents printed strip dipole antennas over plane or shaped reflectors that have acceptable impedance matching and radiation patterns over a frequency range of more than 30 percent. The radiating element used for these antennas represents a series-fed array of two closely spaced printed strip dipoles, which have been shown to have broadband capability. We show that such antennas can be designed to have broadband capabilities when placed above a conducting reflector. To achieve a desired beamwidth, the reflector can be shaped, resulting in an antenna that is well-matched and has acceptable radiation patterns over a wide frequency range. Since constructional simplicity and low manufacturing cost are retained, the antenna is very well-suited to being used as a radiating element in sector zone base stations of cellular communications systems. Design examples of broadband antennas with H-plane half-power beamwidths of 120/spl deg/, 90/spl deg/, and 60/spl deg/, suitable for 3-sector, 4-sector, and 6-sector zone use, respectively, are shown.
A Critical Perspective on the Role of Psychotropic Medications in Mental Health Courts

Mental health courts represent an opportunity for individuals diagnosed with a mental illness and involved in the criminal justice system to participate in community-based treatment in lieu of incarceration. Individuals who agree to participate also agree to court-ordered mental health treatment that often includes a requirement to take prescribed psychotropic medications. Despite controversies concerning medications’ efficacy and growing evidence of long-term harms, a critical discussion of medications’ role in mental health courts remains absent in the literature. We review current research findings related to psychotropic medications and pose legal and ethical questions of their mandated status in mental health courts. We offer recommendations for mental health courts to adopt evidence-based policies that prioritize participant self-determination in regard to medication-taking and discuss challenges to implementing our recommendations.
Anisotropic mixing in Kondo systems

Abstract We take account of the anisotropy of the mixing interaction in the Anderson Hamiltonian to lift the degeneracy of the local state. Without introducing new parameters we are able to calculate the crystal field splittings and linewidths of the local f states in Kondo-type cerium compounds.
A high-accuracy dilatometer for the range −20 to 700°C

We have constructed a linear-thermal expansion apparatus that employs a potassium-loaded heat pipe to provide a homogeneous temperature environment for the sample and utilizes the Merritt-Saunders (optical interferometric) method of observing its expansion. The apparatus is similar in many respects to one described previously. Temperature regulation and measurement are accomplished through the use of a dedicated laboratory microcomputer operating with a simple program. Two platinum resistance thermometers, read automatically by a digital resistance bridge, provide, on command, both the temperature of the heat pipe and that of the sample chamber. Changes in sample length are determined from measurements of the corresponding changes of optical fringes from a Fizeau interferometer as recorded on film. The coefficients of thermal expansion of two Pt-Rh alloy samples determined using the present apparatus agree at the±2 ppm level with those determined for a similar sample using the previous apparatus.
Disease mechanism: Unravelling Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome

Abstract The gene responsible for Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, a disease affecting platelets and lymphocytes, has been cloned and its protein product (WASp) found to interact with the GTPase Cdc42. WASp seems to provide a link between Cdc42 and the actin cytoskeleton, perhaps explaining the cellular defects underlying the disease.
H-gene (histocompatibility) mutations induced by triethylenemelamine in the mouse

Abstract Based on a simple dermal-graft procedure, the H-test for histo-compatibility mutations screens the mouse “H-system” of not less than 29 and perhaps considerably more than 100 loci that are scattered throughout the genome. Graft-tests with normally heterozygous or hemizygous loci permit scoring mutations as gains, losses, and gains+losses. Tests with normally homozygous loci screen only for gains, but further analysis can detect accompanying losses. Assayed by the H-test, triethylenemelamine (TEM) increased the spontaneous mutation rate per generation by approximately four- to five-fold in the case of BALB/c spermatogonia and F1 hybrid oocytes (BALB/c females × C57BL/6 males), but had a much smaller effect, if any, on the rate of C57BL/6 spermatogonia. Single intraperitoneal doses of 2.4–4.0 mg/kg were given.
An investigation of the partial reinforcement extinction effect in humans and corresponding changes in physiological variables

Human subject’s heart rate and skin conductance were monitored during periods of acquisition and extinction. During acquisition, subjects received either 100% or 50% reinforcement for correct responses. The behavioral data indicated that subjects exposed to partial reinforcement were more persistent than subjects exposed to continuous reinforcement. Significant increases in skin conductance were observed at the start of acquisition and extinction, but there were no differences between the two reinforcement groups. These data are reviewed with respect to Amsel’s frustration-mediation hypothesis of persistence.
Rhodium carbenoid mediated cyclizations. Intramolecular cyclopropanation and C-H insertion reactions derived from type II o-alkynyl substituted α-diazoacetophenones

Abstract The Rh(II) catalyzed reaction of alkynyl substituted diazo ketones gives rise to products derived from migration of the metal to the remote acetylenic carbon atom.
Vibrational dephasing of arsine in the liquid and plastic crystalline states

Raman spectra of the v 1 bands of AsH 3 and AsD 3 have been obtained for the liquid state and for phase I of the solid state. It is shown that phase I is a plastic crystalline phase. A modeling procedure applied to the vibrational autocorrelation function shows that the modulation of the vibrational frequency is fast and that the vibrational dephasing is probably caused by the rotations. Evidence for a v 1 -v 3 Coriolis-coupling effect is also presented
Controls on mercury and methylmercury deposition for two watersheds in Acadia National Park, Maine

Throughfall and bulk precipitation samples were collected for two watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, from 3 May to 16 November 2000, to determine which landscape factors affected mercury (Hg) deposition. One of these watersheds, Cadillac Brook, burned in 1947, providing a natural experimental design to study the effects of forest type on deposition to forested watersheds. Sites that face southwest received the highest Hg deposition, which may be due to the interception of cross-continental movement of contaminated air masses. Sites covered with softwood vegetation also received higher Hg deposition than other vegetation types because of the higher scavenging efficiency of the canopy structure. Methyl mercury (MeHg) deposition was not affected by these factors. Hg deposition, as bulk precipitation and throughfall was lower in Cadillac Brook watershed (burned) than in Hadlock Brook watershed (unburned) because of vegetation type and watershed aspect. Hg and MeHg inputs were weighted by season and vegetation type because these two factors had the most influence on deposition. Hg volatilization was not determined. The total Hg deposition via throughfall and bulk precipitation was 9.4 μg/m2/year in Cadillac Brook watershed and 10.2 μg/m2/year in Hadlock Brook watershed. The total MeHg deposition via throughfall and bulk precipitation was 0.05 μg/m2/year in Cadillac Brook watershed and 0.10 μg/m2/year in Hadlock Brook watershed.
A Theoretical Criterion for Dynamic Extinction of Solid Propellants Fast Depressurization

Abstract Dynamic extinguishment of solid propellants by rapid depressurization is examined with heat losses from the flame as the extinction mechanism. A theoretical extinction criterion is given and its implications are discussed. Based on this criterion alone, several trends of the dynamic extinction problem can be predicted and they are in good agreement with the experimental results of Park, Ryan and Baer (1973)
p24 and p26, structurally related cell surface molecules identified by monoclonal antibody BA-2

Abstract This paper describes additional structural analyses of the p24 cell surface molecule recognized by monoclonal antibody BA-2. Since BA-2 is broadly reactive with a variety of normal and malignant lymphohematopoietic and nonlymphohematopoietic cells, we examined the structure of p24 expressed on different cell types. Tryptic peptide mapping and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis of p24 isolated from colon carcinoma cells, fresh leukemic cells, leukemic cell lines, and activated T-cells indicated that p24 exhibits no structural polymorphism within the cells examined. As has recently been demonstrated with several other cell surface molecules, p24 is shown 10 possess a covalently-attached fatty acid, based on the incorporation of [ 3 H]palmitate. We have also identified an additional protein, designated p26, that is coprecipitated with p24. The p26 molecule is not disulfide-linked to p24, and can be immunoprecipitated from a variety of 125 I- or [ 35 S]methionine-labeled cells. V8 protease peptide mapping indicated that p24 and p26 are structurally homologous. Pulse-chase analysis using [ 35 S]methionine and digestion with endoglycosidase-F indicated that p24 and p26 are probably derived from a p23 precursor, but no precursor-product relationship exists between p24 and p26. Based on this data we propose that p24 and p26 are most likely differentially-processed protein products of the same gene.
‘Causes’ in Chemical Explanations

: Chemists talk about causes and make frequent use of the verb ‘to cause.’ They use the verb ‘to cause’ for its generality in identifying causal chains, whether all the details of those chains are established or some remain unclear. Most of these causal chains bottom out in attractions and repulsions. Attractions and repulsions are causal relations that are chemically basic; chemistry has no further story to tell about why attraction and repulsion are causal. If there is some further story to tell about the causal status of attraction and repulsion, it is left to physics to tell it, but it is not obvious that the absence of such a story would prevent chemists from using attractions and repulsions in their causal explanations.
The equivalent ellipsoid of a magnetized body

The equivalent ellipsoid for magnetized bodies of arbitrary shape can be determined by imposing the equality between the demagnetization factors of the two shapes of equal volume. It is shown that the 'commonsense' criterion for mapping two different shapes by imposing the equality of the demagnetization factors for equal aspect ratios often results in large errors. We propose a general method for the rigorous determination of the equivalent ellipsoid. The cases of the exact equivalent ellipsoids for discs, cylinders with elliptical cross section and prisms are worked out and discussed.
Regulation of central nervous system autoimmunity by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

The ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor controls the activity of several components of the immune system, many of which play an important role in neuroinflammation. This review discusses the role of AhR in T cells and dendritic cells, its relevance for the control of autoimmunity in the central nervous system, and its potential as a therapeutic target for immune-mediated disorders.
A kinetic study on the degradation of erythromycin A in aqueous solution

The pH is a critical factor determining the rate of the degradation of erythromycin A in aqueous solutions. However, the kinetics of the acid- and base-catalyzed degradation is still uncertain. This study used a sensitive coulometric detection method to determine concentrations of erythromycin A and its degradation products. To determine the buffer-independent rate constants, sodium acetate (0.05-0.2 M) and Tris-HCl (0.1-0.5 M) were used in a pH range of 3.5-5.5 and 7.0-9.0, respectively. In acidic conditions, anhydroerythromycin A appeared to be produced directly through an internal dehydration of erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal which simultaneously established an equilibrium with erythromycin A enol ether on the other hand. In weakly alkaline conditions, hydroxide ion appeared to catalyze the hydrolysis of the lactonyl ester bond of erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal by the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the C13 --> C11 translactonization and internal dehydration reactions subsequently occurred to form pseudoerythromycin A enol ether. We suggest here a predictive model for reasonable interpretation of the kinetics of erythromycin A degradation in aqueous solutions, in which the observed rate constant was expressed by the sum of the partial reaction rate constants for the acid- and base-catalyzed degradation of erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal as a function of pH in a range of 3.0-10.0.
Benchmark study of metal core thermal laminates

New applications such as the use of High Brightness Light Emitting Diodes (HB-LED's) for general lighting have brought about significant demand for thin dielectric materials laminated to metal substrates such as aluminum and copper. Conventional FR-4 printed wiring laminates have limited thermal performance due to the poor thermal conductivity. To maximize thermal performance, it is necessary to minimize the thermal resistance of the laminate structure. To accomplish this, the thermal conductivity of the dielectric must be maximized and the dielectric thickness must be minimized. This paper summarizes the results of a benchmark study comparing the thermal performance of DuPont CooLam™ and three competitive structures measuring Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance (RΘ jc ) and using thermal impedance as a figure of merit for comparing thermal performance of substrates, a primary metric commonly used in the LED packaging industry. To ensure uniform and unbiased results all test samples were fabricated by the same PWB fabricator and the testing was conducted by an independent laboratory.
Role of oxidative stress in the ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes

Ammonia is a neurotoxin that has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and other neurological disorders, and astrocytes are thought to be the principal target of ammonia toxicity. While the precise mechanisms of ammonia neurotoxicity remain to be more clearly defined, altered bioenergetics and oxidative stress appear to be critical factors in its pathogenesis. It has recently been demonstrated that pathophysiological concentrations of ammonia induce the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in cultured astrocytes, a process associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and frequently caused by oxidative stress. This study investigated the potential role of oxidative stress in the induction of the MPT by ammonia. Accordingly, the effect of various antioxidants on the induction of the MPT by ammonia in cultured astrocytes was examined. Astrocytes were subjected to NH4Cl (5 mM) treatment for 2 days with or without various antioxidants. The MPT was assessed by quantitative fluorescence imaging for the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), employing the potentiometric dye TMRE; by changes in mitochondrial calcein fluorescence and by 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2-DG-6-P) changes in mitochondrial permeability. Astrocytes treated with ammonia significantly dissipated the DeltaPsim, which was blocked by the MPT inhibitor, cyclosporin A, caused a decrease in mitochondrial calcein fluorescence and increased 2-DG-6-P permeability into mitochondria. All of these findings are consistent with induction of the MPT. Pretreatment with SOD, catalase, desferroxamine, Vitamin E, PBN and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), completely blocked the ammonia-induced MPT. These data provide strong evidence that oxidative stress is involved in the induction of the MPT by ammonia, and suggest that oxidative stress and the subsequent induction of the MPT contribute to the pathogenesis of HE and other hyperammonemic disorders.
Impact on health-related quality of life in kidney transplant recipients with late posttransplant anemia administered darbepoetin alfa: results from the STRATA study.

Posttransplant anemia (PTA) is a common, multifactorial condition that has a substantial negative impact on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Erythropoietin-stimulating agents are an effective treatment for PTA, but there is little research on HRQOL in posttransplant patients. This multicenter, prospective study enrolled adults with PTA (hemoglobin [Hb] 5 points) were observed in six subscales: physical functioning, limitations due to physical health, limitations due to emotional health, bodily pain, social functioning, and vitality. Darbepoetin alfa in kidney transplant recipients with PTA significantly increased Hb concentrations and improved HRQOL scores.
Is intracytoplasmic sperm injection safe

Abstract Objective: To review the pregnancy and birth outcomes of patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Design: Selective review of the literature. Setting: Couples undergoing either conventional IVF or ICSI and their resulting offspring. Patient(s): None. Main outcome measure(s): None. Intervention(s): None. Result(s): These observational studies are unfortunately inherently biased. Regardless, the information and experiences from these large centers cannot be ignored. These experiences reveal that birth weight may be decreased by an amount that is generally not clinically relevant. Chromosomal and genetic abnormalities are increased probably only as a direct corollary to the underlying parental risk. Congenital malformations reveal no clustering of any single specific abnormality. Developmental assessment is available for up to 2 years, and no major delays have been identified in either motor or mental function. Conclusion(s) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection appears to be a safe alternative for couples who otherwise would be unable to achieve pregnancy. The inherent risks associated with these genetically "at risk" couples mandate thorough evaluation and counseling before undertaking ICSI.
Colony-stimulating factor-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 chemotaxis for monocytes in the rat dental follicle

Tooth eruption requires the influx of mononuclear cells (monocytes) into the dental follicle to form osteoclasts that resorb the alveolar bone to form an eruption pathway. Candidate molecules to attract these monocytes are colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) which is produced in the dental follicle, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), which is known to be a chemoattractant for monocytes. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques, it was shown that the follicle cells of the first mandibular molar of the rat transcribe MCP-1 with maximal expression in vivo at day 3 postnatally, the time of peak expression of CSF-1 as well. This is also the day of peak influx of monocytes into the follicle. To determine if these molecules that were produced by the dental follicle were chemotactic, a chemotactic assay using a mouse monocyte cell line was conducted. CSF-1 or MCP-1 alone were found to be chemotactic for the monocytes and conditioned medium from the cultured follicle cells also was chemotactic. Incubating the conditioned medium with antibodies against either CSF-1 or MCP-1 reduced the chemotaxis. The results demonstrate that both CSF-1 and MCP-1 produced by the dental follicle are chemotactic for monocytes and that these chemoattractants might be responsible for the influx of monocytes into the follicle necessary to initiate tooth eruption.
Epidermal prostaglandins after topical application of a tumor promotor

Summary The topical application of the promotor, 12- O -tetradecanoyl-13-acetate, on the shaved backs of mice was attended by a striking increase in the PGE concentration within epidermis as early as 1 h later. This increase peaked at 24 h but the prostaglandin value remained elevated for at least 48 h. PGF, on the other hand, showed only a modest increase in epidermis with a maximum at 12 h. By 48 h, the PGF concentration returned to normal.
Top 10 Greatest “Hits” Important Findings and Future Directions for Intimate Partner Violence Research

In this article, the author highlights her choice of the 10 most important recent findings from the intimate partner violence research literature, which include (a) the creation of the Conflict Tactics Scale; (b) the finding that violent acts are most often perpetrated by intimates; (c) a series of findings that indicate that women also engage in intimate partner violence; (d) the finding that intimate partner violence typically evolves out of relationship dissatisfaction; (e) the finding that there are different subtypes of domestically violent men; (f) physiological measures that have added to our knowledge of intimate partner violence; (g) the evolving intergenerational transmission of violence theory; (h) the finding that verbal abuse, neglect, and psychological abuse need to be studied alongside physical violence; (i) research on leaving abusive relationships that may inform policy about sheltering battered women; and (j) the finding that alcohol plays an important role in the production of intimate partner violence. In the conclusion, the author describes a dyadic cycle of violence that may characterize some abusive couples. She also argues for a multimodal theory that links findings obtained from individual, relationship, intergenerational, gender-specific, and cultural perspectives.
Firm size and the information content of bank loan announcements

Abstract We examine share price responses to announcements of bank credit agreements for exchange listed and NASDAQ firms and test whether there are systematic differences between large and small capitalization firms. For small firms both renewals and initiations of loan agreements generate significantly positive share price effects. In contrast, for large firms there is little evidence that bank credit announcements convey information to the capital market. Our results are consistent with arguments of Fama and Diamond that it is primarily small, less prestigious firms that receive benefits from screening and monitoring services associated with bank loans.
Performance modeling and analysis of parallel Gaussian elimination on multi-core computers

Gaussian elimination is used in many applications and in particular in the solution of systems of linear equations. This paper presents mathematical performance models and analysis of four parallel Gaussian Elimination methods (precisely the Original method and the new Meet in the Middle -MiM- algorithms and their variants with SIMD vectorization) on multi-core systems. Analytical performance models of the four methods are formulated and presented followed by evaluations of these models with modern multi-core systems' operation latencies. Our results reveal that the four methods generally exhibit good performance scaling with increasing matrix size and number of cores. SIMD vectorization only makes a large difference in performance for low number of cores. For a large matrix size (n?16K), the performance difference between the MiM and Original methods falls from 16i? with four cores to 4i? with 16K cores. The efficiencies of all four methods are low with 1K cores or more stressing a major problem of multi-core systems where the network-on-chip and memory latencies are too high in relation to basic arithmetic operations. Thus Gaussian Elimination can greatly benefit from the resources of multi-core systems, but higher performance gains can be achieved if multi-core systems can be designed with lower memory operation, synchronization, and interconnect communication latencies, requirements of utmost importance and challenge in the exascale computing age.
Flame dynamics in sub-millimetre combustors

This paper describes experimental observations of flame dynamics within an alumina non-premixed combustor with a sub-millimetre (0.75 mm) minimum size. These flame dynamics occur within a total combustor volume of 130 mm 3 and are imaged through a sapphire window. The confined flames are surveyed using visual still-frames, high-speed flame imaging, measurement of external wall temperatures, and recordings of acoustic emissions from the combustor. The observed flame dynamics are characterised by an oscillating edge-flame that is anchored at the combustor inlet and is accompanied by ignition/extinction events leading to the eventual formation of a stable edge- flame and distinct cellular structures along the reaction channel. This paper investigates the unstable and unsteady flame dynamics within the non- premixed sub-millimetre combustors from ignition to the formation of stable flame structures.