cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P145 Feasibility and Acceptability of a Soy-Fiber-Maize Blend Complementary Food for Children Aged 6-36 Months in Malawi

Background Commonly used, maize-based complementary foods provide little fiber to support gastrointestinal and general wellness of children in limited resource settings. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of soy-fiber-maize blend complementary food for children aged 6-36 months. Study Design, Settings, Participants Mother/caregiver-child pairs were recruited for an interventional study conducted in Malawi from June to December 2018. Children were randomized in a 7:1 ratio to consume 40g of porridge from flour composed of ground soybean, maize and soy hull fiber or a maize-only porridge twice a day for six months. At the end of the study, a focus group discussion was conducted with mothers/caregivers to assess the feasibility of using added soy hull fiber in complementary foods. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Mother/caregiver's perceptions of the flour's appearance, taste, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability using a 5-point hedonic scale was assessed. Wilcoxon rank sums test was used to test for differences between groups. Focus group themes regarding feasibility and acceptability of the soy-fiber-maize blend were developed. Results Of 79 mother/caregiver-child pairs recruited, 35 pairs completed the study. Mothers/caregivers rated the appearance of soy-fiber-maize blend (n = 26) higher than the maize only (n = 9)(4.9 ± 0.4 vs. 3.7 ± 1.1, P Conclusion Adding soy hull fiber to complementary foods was acceptable and feasible, and may offer gastrointestinal and health benefits to children receiving such foods. Funding USAID.
Using the van Noordwijk and de Jong Resource Framework to Evaluate Glucocorticoid-Fitness Hypotheses

Ten years ago, two reviews clarified the need to tie glucocorticoid (GC) levels directly to survival and reproductive measures. Three primary hypotheses emerged from that work: the CORT-Fitness hypothesis, the CORT-Adaptation hypothesis, and the CORT-Tradeoff hypothesis. The two reviews have since been cited nearly 900 times, but no clear consensus has emerged supporting one hypothesis over another. We propose that resource availability may be a major confound across studies. Life-history investment is determined by both allocation and acquisition, but current literature testing among the three GC-fitness hypotheses rarely incorporate metrics of resource availability. In 1986, van Noordwijk and de Jong (vN and dJ) proposed the acquisition/allocation Y-model to explain positive versus negative correlations between reproduction and survival across individuals. Their model elevated resources as critical to evaluating individual allocation strategies (favoring reproduction vs. survival), and therefore provides the ideal framework for testing across the three CORT hypotheses. Here, we review the three hypotheses in light of the last 10 years of data, introduce the vN and dJ framework as a model for fitness/GC hypothesis testing, and discuss best practices for using this framework. We believe incorporation of resource availability will reduce unexplained variability in GC-fitness tests, clarify support among the three hypotheses, and allow for greater power in testing across other context dependencies (e.g., life-history strategy) that likely regulate differential allocation to reproduction versus survival as GCs increase.
Activities of the Committee on Examinations

(1945). Activities of the Committee on Examinations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 173-176.
Exact solution of stagnation point flow of MHD Cu-H 2 O nanofluid induced by an exponential stretching sheet with thermal conductivity

This study presents the stagnation point boundary layer flow of copper-water based nanofluid subject to the applied magnetic field. The flow is caused by the presence of an exponentially stretching porous wall. Heat transfer analysis is also taken into account along with the thermal radiation and Joule heating effects. Mathematical modeling is performed to convert the physical system into a set of mathematical equations which are further simplified by using suitable variables. Exact solutions for the velocity and temperature profiles are computed and interpreted for various physical parameters of interest. It is observed that by increasing the magnitude of the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles, the velocity profile is accelerated. The results also indicate an increment in the Eckert numbera#13; increases the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness.a#13;
Cannabinoids in the descending pain modulatory circuit: Role in inflammation

The legalization of cannabis in some states has intensified interest in the potential for cannabis and its constituents to lead to novel therapeutics for pain. Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying cannabinoid actions in the brain have lagged behind opioids; however, the current opioid epidemic has also increased attention on the use of cannabinoids as alternatives to opioids for pain, especially chronic pain that requires long-term use. Endogenous cannabinoids are lipid signaling molecules that have complex roles in modulating neuronal function throughout the brain. In this review, we discuss cannabinoid functions in the descending pain modulatory pathway, a brain circuit that integrates cognitive and emotional processing of pain to modulate incoming sensory inputs. In addition, we highlight areas where further studies are necessary to understand cannabinoid regulation of descending pain modulation.
Control of ATRIAS in three dimensions: Walking as a forced-oscillation problem:

In this article, we present a new controller for stable and robust walking control of ATRIAS, an underactuated bipedal robot designed based on the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model. We p...
A Qualitative Study on Friends and the Social Context of Sexual Victimization: Implications for Campus-Based Interventions.

Sexual victimization (SV) risk can begin in social contexts, ones where friends are present, though it is unclear how friends might be integrated into SV prevention. Using focus groups, female coll...
Exploring Officer Arrest Discretion Following State Policy Changes in Intimate Partner Violence.

In 2015, South Carolina passed the Domestic Violence Reform Act giving officers increased arrest discretion and rescinding mandatory arrest laws for intimate partner violence (IPV). Analyses using ...
Robust State-of-Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Over Full SOC Range

Safe and reliable management of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries relies on accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. SOC estimation algorithms developed based on the conventional state-space model can be inaccurate when the slope of the battery SOC to open-circuit voltage ( $V_{\text{OC}}$ ) profile is close to zero, where the observability matrix of the conventional battery state-space model is ill-conditioned. This ill-conditioned observability issue is usually overlooked and results in unreliable SOC estimations. This article proposes a robust state-space model using a set of carefully selected states, making the proposed model well-conditioned over the full SOC range and insesitive to the slope of the SOC- $V_{\text{OC}}$ profile. The proposed model, therefore, solves the observability issue and improves the SOC estimation accuracy. To examine the performance of the proposed state-space model over the full SOC range, the battery is discharged using a standard electric vehicle driving profile. Experiments are further carried out in various environmental temperature conditions to validate the robustness of the proposed model. The results show that the proposed state-space model is robust against the change of the slope of the SOC- $V_{\text{OC}}$ profile and significantly improves the SOC estimation accuracy, rendering more than 30% improvement in various temperature conditions.
Multigenerational immigrant trajectories and children's unequal exposure to fine particulate matter in the US.

Abstract Fine particulate matter is a serious health threat and exposures are particularly damaging for children. The environmental justice (EJ) literature shows that racial/ethnic minority communities experience disproportionate exposure to particulate pollution in the US. While important, those EJ studies tend to neglect people's complex identities, including their nativity and their families' generational histories of residence in the US. Yet there is growing interest in the intersection of immigrant populations and EJ. Our use of individual-level data enables examination of immigrant generational status by race/ethnicity, which provides insights on the intergenerational persistence of environmental injustice. We pair data on 12,570 US third graders (from 2013 to 2014) collected through the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey with PM2.5 concentrations for the census tracts of their home and school locations. We apply generalized estimating equations to test for intergenerational disparities in exposure and to examine how those disparities vary between racial/ethnic groups. Independent of race/ethnicity, first- and second-generation children have greater PM2.5 exposure than 2.5- and third-generation children. However, generational status disparities in exposures vary based on race/ethnicity. First-generation White children face greater exposure than White children of later generational statuses, with inequalities attenuating by the second generation. In contrast, Hispanic/Latinx children experience no significant drop in exposure until the third generation. Among Asian and Black children, generational status was not a significant determinant of exposure. Results quantify the intergenerational persistence of environmental injustices for persons of color while showing the amelioration of inequalities for Whites after just one generation is born in the US, reflecting another facet of White privilege in the US.
What Is an Innovation Article? A Systematic Overview of Innovation in Health Professions Education Journals.

Purpose Innovation articles have their own submission category and guidelines in health professions education (HPE) journals, which suggests innovation might be a unique genre of scholarship. Yet, the requirements for innovation submissions vary among journals, suggesting ambiguity about the core content of this type of scholarship. To reduce this ambiguity, the researchers conducted a systematic overview to identify key features of innovation articles and evaluate their consistency in use across journals. Findings from this review may have implications for further development of innovation scholarship within HPE. Method In this systematic overview, conducted in 2020, the researchers identified 13 HPE journals with innovation-type articles and used content analysis to identify key features from author guidelines and publications describing what editors look for in innovation articles. The researchers then audited a sample of 39 innovation articles (3/journal) published in 2019 to determine presence and consistency of 12 innovation features within and across HPE journals. Audit findings informed the researchers' evaluation of innovation as a genre in HPE. Results Findings show variability of innovation feature presence within and across journals. On average, articles included 7.8 of the 12 innovation features (SD 2.1, range 3-11). The most common features were description of: how the innovation was implemented (92%), a problem (90%), what was new or novel (79%), and data or outcomes (77%). On average, 5.5 (SD 1.5) out of 12 innovation features were consistently used in articles within each journal. Conclusions The authors identified common features of innovation article types based on journal guidelines, but there was variability in presence and consistency of these features, suggesting HPE innovations are in an emerging state of genre development. The authors discuss potential reasons for variability within this article type and highlight the need for further discussion among authors, editors, and reviewers to improve clarity.
Jurisprudential Regime Theory

Jurisprudential regime theory is a comprehensive theory of Supreme Court decision-making that provides a coherent framework for incorporating attitudinal, strategic and jurisprudential factors. In this chapter, I provide a detailed look at this theory, and show how it builds on, challenges and contributes to the Supreme Court decision-making literature. I explain how political jurisprudence and neoinstitutionalism provide the theoretical underpinnings for jurisprudential regime theory. I elucidate how and why the justices use jurisprudential regimes. I conclude with a discussion of the main criticisms and limitations of the theory. Although jurisprudential regime theory is not suitable for explaining every area of Supreme Court decision-making, it does have the advantage of testing for a wider variety of factors than the attitudinal model does. In particular, it is well suited for explaining the justices’ freedom of expression decision-making, because it incorporates attitudes, jurisprudence and strategic factors into a single framework. An attitudinal approach which left out the content-neutrality jurisprudence would be an incomplete explanation, so jurisprudential regime theory guides the statistical and interpretive analyses I perform in subsequent chapters.
A Right to Leave but Nowhere to Go: Reconciling an Emigrant's Right to Leave with the Sovereign's Right to Exclude

* J. D. Candidate 2008, University of Miami School of Law; B.A. in Politics & Latin American Studies 2005, New York University. This article is dedicated to my parents whose lives spent in public service have inspired me to pursue a career serving the underrepresented. I would like to thank Professor JoNel Newman for her invaluable mentorship and instruction and Professor David Abraham for his thoughtful comments and generous guidance in writing this article. 1. See Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A(III), U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess., 183d plen. mtg., U.N. Doc A/810 (Dec. 10, 1948). The Declaration does not
Efficient Plan Formulation and Organization for Robotic Assemblies and Intelligent Robotic Systems

An efficient planning technique for the organization and formulation of complete plans applicable to both Robotic Assemblies and Intelligent Robotic Systems is proposed. Constraints are introduced to facilitate and optimize the organizer operations. An example demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of the proposed methodology.
Feeding, growth, and food conversion of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus helgolandicus1

Food intake, growth rate, and food conversion of nauplii, copepodids, and adult females of Calanus helgolandicus were investigated experimentally at 15/sup 0/C. The diatom Lauderia borealis and the dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polyedra, Gymnodinium splendens, and Prorocentrum micans were offered separately as food at concentrations ranging from 41 to 101 ..mu..g C liter/sup -1/. Amounts of food ingested differed with concentration and species. Daily exponential growth rates were highest for nauplii and young copepodids (k = 0.29 to 0.41) and decreased gradually with increasing age of the copepods to k = 0.02. Gross growth efficiency changed during the different juvenile life periods of the copepod with maximum values for the period CdI to CIII. Feeding on L. borealis at lower food concentrations resulted in an increase in gross growth efficiency. (auth)
Learning to be interpretive : Hermeneutics and personal texts

This paper presents my reflections as a graduate student writing a qualitative dissertation. The lessons learned in the process of hermeneutic interpretive research changed the way I investigate nearly everything. The power of positivism was deeply embedded in my beliefs about what real research looks like, my thinking about why and how research is done, and my language about how research is expressed and communicated to others. Because hermeneutic study seeks to make meaning of words and narrative and to gain understanding, it is a powerful tool to study intact texts. This article poses questions that may be helpful to novice and veteran researchers undertaking interpretive research.
Intermediates in the folic acid biosynthetic pathway are incorporated into molybdopterin the yeast, Pichia canadensis

Biosynthesis of molybdopterin was followed in the yeast, Pichia canadensis, using labeled precursors. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of extracts from cells labeled with [U-14C]guanosine showed that the label was incorporated into the molybdopterin oxidation product, dephospho Form A. Dephospho Form A isolated from cells labeled with [U-14C,5'-3H]guanosine was devoid of tritium, indicating partial loss of the ribose moiety of guanosine during the synthesis of molybdopterin. In vivo labeling of P. canadensis using [7-14C]neopterin and [6,7,1-14C]hydroxymethylpterin led to label from both compounds appearing in dephospho Form A as well as in folic acid in wild type cells. When these labeled precursors were incubated with P. canadensis mutants blocked in molybdopterin synthesis, only folic acid was labeled. These results suggest a shared pathway in the biosyntheses of molybdopterin and folic acid. [6-14C]Glucose labeling experiments led to exclusive incorporation into the 4'-position of dephospho Form A but not in folic acid. It is proposed that molybdopterin synthesis branches from the folic acid biosynthetic pathway at dihydrohydroxymethylpterin and that a 3-carbon phosphorylated compound such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate may condense with dihydrohydroxymethylpterin to form the 4-carbon side chain precursor to molybdopterin.
Content-based routing: different plans for different data

Query optimizers in current database systems are designed to pick a single efficient plan for a given query based on current statistical properties of the data. However, different subsets of the data can sometimes have very different statistical properties. In such scenarios it can be more efficient to process different subsets of the data for a query using different plans. We propose a new query processing technique called content-based routing (CBR) that eliminates the single-plan restriction in current systems. We present low-overhead adaptive algorithms that partition input data based on statistical properties relevant to query execution strategies, and efficiently route individual tuples through customized plans based on their partition. We have implemented CBR as an extension to the Eddies query processor in the TelegraphCQ system, and we present an extensive experimental evaluation showing the significant performance benefits of CBR.
On the Use of Discrete Light-Cone Quantization to Compute Form Factors

Techniques for the field-theoretic calculation of a form factor are described and applied to a dressed-fermion state of a (3+1)-dimensional model Hamiltonian. Discrete light-cone quantization plays the crucial role as the means by which Fock-state wave functions are computed. An ultraviolet infinity is controlled by Pauli-Villars regularization.
Using Python modules in CS0 topics

There is a wealth of Python modules for most any normal use. Some of these modules provide easy access for CS0 students to start exploring various topics in a breadth-first Introduction to Computer Science course. For example, the Python socket module allows simple client and server networking applications to be created. Sample methods and/or functions of representative, interesting modules will be demonstrated as examples of what can be done easily with the assistance of Python modules.
Miniature imaging plasma spectrometer: A new approach with large geometric factor and wide field of view

Silicon micro-fabrication enables new imaging plasma spectrometers that are small, consume little power, and maintain the performance level of conventional spectrometers; /spl times/10 to /spl times/100 mass reduction can be achieved, depending on application. Arrays of narrow collimator channels (1/spl deg/ divergence) with high transmission (> 70%) allow energy analysis of electrons/ions without the need for focusing, giving effective aperture areas about 20% of detector pixel footprint. With this approach, a 1/spl times/1 cm/sup 2/ pixel may be fabricated having about 2/spl times/10/sup 6/ collimator channels, 50 energy selector slots, a single field of view, and a single detector anode. A typical spectrometer consists of a set of pixels with common energy scan, each pixel with its own field of view. The energy analyzers operate with relatively small voltage/energy factors. For example, it is possible to have a spectrometer made up of a square array of pixels laid out in a flat configuration with a net field of view 60/spl deg//spl times/60/spl deg/, each pixel with its own viewing angle with energy range 10 eV to 40 keV.
Tooth Atlas 3D, version 6.3.0.

Cupertino, CA: eHuman, 2008. [www.ehuman.com][1] Tooth Atlas 3D V. 6.3 is a software application designed primarily for education in dental anatomy. The program contains three-dimensional models of teeth and supporting bone, anatomy and morphology of dental structures, an X-ray database, and
Intrusion detection using sequences of system calls

A method is introduced for detecting intrusions at the level of privileged processes. Evidence is given that short sequences of system calls executed by running processes are a good discriminator between normal and abnormal operating characteristics of several common UNIX programs. Normal behavior is collected in two waysc Synthetically, by exercising as many normal modes of usage of a program as possible, and in a live user environment by tracing the actual execution of the program. In the former case several types of intrusive behavior were studieds in the latter case, results were analyzed for false positives.
Faith and Physics

A revolution is going on that far surpasses the material changes wrought by science in the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs. It is a revolution in fundamental relations of science and religion. The historic conflict between religion and science has driven scientists underground, rocked the foundations of churches, corrupted governments and sired interminable theological disputes. It has always come about because religion speculates about the universe, its beginning and its end, and this overlaps the domain of natural science. In many realms of thought, contradictions within religious expression are tolerated as honest differences of opinion. Such consideration is rarely applied to the conflict between science and religion.
Metallicity and Planet Formation: Models

Planets typically are considerably more metal-rich than even the most metal-rich stars, one indication that planet formation must differ greatly from star formation. There is general agreement that terrestrial planets form by the collisional accumulation of solids composed of heavy elements in the inner regions of protoplanetary disks. Two competing mechanisms exist for the formation of giant planets, core accretion and disk instability, though hybrid combinations are possible as well. In core accretion, a higher metallicity in the protoplanetary disk leads directly to larger core masses and hence to more gas giant planets. Given the strong correlation of gas giant planets detected by Doppler spectroscopy with stellar metallicity, this has often been taken as proof that core accretion is the mechanism that forms giant planets. Recent work, however, implies that the formation of gas giants by disk instability can be enhanced by higher metallicities, though not as dramatically as for core accretion. In both scenarios, the ongoing accretion of planetesimals by gas giant protoplanets leads to strong enrichments of heavy elements in their gaseous envelopes. Both scenarios also imply that gas giant planets should have significant solid cores, raising questions for gas giant interior models without cores. Exoplanets with large inferred core masses seem likely to have formed by core accretion, while gas giants at distances beyond 20 AU seem more likely to have formed by disk instability. Given the wide variety of exoplanets found to date, it appears that both mechanisms are needed to explain the formation of the known population of giant planets.
Pd-leaching and Pd-removal in Pd/C-catalyzed Suzuki couplings

Abstract Pd-leaching in Pd/C-catalyzed Suzuki couplings was investigated using the model coupling reaction of biphenylacetic acid. The filtration test was used to prove that oxidative addition of aryl-bromides is the main cause for Pd-leaching, which is independent of the reaction solvent and temperature. In addition, the oxidative addition of aryl-borates is another cause for Pd-leaching. PVPy adsorption studies suggest that the activity of Pd/C is mainly due to leached Pd. Furthermore, PVPy was proven to be a good reagent for complete removal of Pd-residuals from the reaction mixture. Excess PVPy (3 equiv. to Pd) is sufficient to carry out the removal within 2 h. The influence of oxygen on reactions was also investigated. The kinetic results suggest that exclusion of oxygen is not necessary. The presence of water in the solvent is required to promote the reaction. Water may stabilize Pd-nanoparticles, which can act as a reservoir for active Pd species.
Cscan: A Correlation-based Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Dynamic scheduling management in wireless sensor networks is one of the most challenging problems in long lifetime monitoring applications. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel data correlation-based stochastic scheduling algorithm, called Cscan. Our system architecture integrates an empirical data prediction model with a stochastic scheduler to adjust a sensor node's operational mode. We demonstrate that substantial energy savings can be achieved while assuring that the data quality meets specified system requirements. We have evaluated our model using a light intensity measurement experiment on a Micaz testbed, which indicates that our approach works well in an actual wireless sensor network environment. We have also investigated the system performance using Wisconsin-Minnesota historical soil temperature data. The simulation results demonstrate that the system error meets specified error tolerance limits and up to a 70 percent savings in energy can be achieved in comparison to fixed probability sensing schemes.
Fracture toughness of 5 Cr-Mo-V high-strength sheet steel

Abstract The critical fracture toughness parameter, Kc, of H-11 sheet steel reflected a degree of independence of specimen thickness, in the instance of the intermediate yield strength level (σYS = 205 ksi), when considered in terms of any particular test temperature within the range −300 to 300°F. The Kc parameter generally followed the trend established by increasing proportion of shear fracture, regardless of the existence of individual or collective effects of sheet thickness, tempering temperature or test temperature. Fracture appearance transition temperature, FATT, of H-11 steel was observed to increase, generally, with increasing sheet thickness for σYS = 205 and 243 ksi. FATT was essentially independent of thickness for σYS = 174 ksi. The effect of increasing sheet thickness was relatively more pronounced in elevating FATT than was the effect of decreasing tempering temperature.
Aspirin and human platelets: from clinical trials to acetylation of cyclooxygenase and back

Aspirin has been convincingly shown to reduce the incidence of vascular occlusive events in a wide range of patients at risk of thrombotic complications. These beneficial effects are currently linked to suppression of thromboxane A2-dependent platelet aggregation. This in turn reflects permanent loss of the cyclooxygenase activity of platelet prostaglandin G/H synthase, through acetylation of Ser530. Progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of aspirin and definition of the clinical pharmacology of its platelet effects has been associated with a downward trend in its daily dosage. This has been reduced by a factor of ten over the last decade, substantially reducing gastrointestinal toxicity, while leaving antithrombotic efficacy virtually unchanged. Carlo Patrono reviews the biochemical, pharmacological and clinical data that form the basis of the present consensus and provide a rationale for clinical trials of low-dose aspirin.
High-pressure studies of rotational isomerism of triphenylmethane dye molecules

Abstract Hydrostatic pressures to 120 kbar have been used to examine rotational isomerism in the hydrogen, methyl and ethyl derivatives of triphenylmethane dye molecules in solution at room temperature. Peak locations of the A and B isomers generally red-shift with increasing pressure. However, steric interactions in the B isomer of the ethyl derivative result in a blue-shift with pressure. The partial molar volume of the system is found to increase on isomerization from the A to the B form for all three derivatives; the largest Δ V is for the ethyl derivative and the smallest for the hydrogen.
Neurologic development of children with severe chronic renal failure from infancy.

A literature review was conducted to summarize current understanding of the effects of severe chronic renal failure (CRF), when present from infancy, on neurologic development. Data were obtained from the results of 95 examinations performed in 85 patients, most of whom had been studied after 12 months of age, or following initiation of maintenance dialysis or successful transplantation. CRF was diagnosed at birth or during the neonatal period in 71.7% of these patients; serum creatinine concentrations or calculated clearances were ≥2.0 mg/dl (177 μmol/l) or 2 standard deviations below the mean for age in 33 of 51 (64.7%) patients. Developmental delay was identified in 63.2% of all cases, and in 29 of 48 (60.4%), 16 of 19 (84.2%), and 4 of 13 (30.7%) patients studied while receiving conservative management or maintenance dialysis, or following successful transplantation, respectively. Moderate to severe delays were commoner for gross motor and language development. No significant relationships could be identified between age or severity of CRF at diagnosis and either the prevalence or severity of developmental delay. Other factors that may have contributed to observed developmental delays are also discussed, including aluminum loading, hyperparathyroidism, undernutrition, and psychosocial problems. New data are presented and discussed, and recommendations for future studies provided.
Surface composition of alloys via BFS atomistic Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract We have computed, via Monte Carlo atomistic simulation, the heats of segregation for the (1 0 0) surface of bcc binary alloys, including all combinations of V, Cr, Fe, Nb, Ta and W. Energetics are computed using the Bozzolo–Ferrante–Smith method for alloys, with and without atomistic relaxation. We discuss segregation trends in the context of the mechanisms believed to drive the segregation, and examine in more detail specific binaries in which the effects of these mechanisms are particularly evident.
Swarm intelligence based dynamic object tracking

This paper presents a new object tracking algorithm by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO), which is a bio-inspired population-based searching algorithm. Firstly the potential solutions of the problem are projected into a state space called solution space where every point in the space presents a potential solution. Then a group of particles are initialized and start searching in this solution space. The swarm particles search for the best solution within this solution space using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. An accumulative histogram of the object appearance is applied to build up the fitness function for the interested object pattern. Eventually the swarming particles driven by the fitness function converge to the optimal solution. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed PSO method is efficient and robust in visual object tracking under dynamic environments.
Biodegradation of gasoline ether oxygenates

Ether oxygenates such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) are added to gasoline to improve fuel combustion and decrease exhaust emissions. Ether oxygenates and their tertiary alcohol metabolites are now an important group of groundwater pollutants. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the microorganisms, enzymes and pathways involved in both the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of these compounds. This review also aims to illustrate how these microbiological and biochemical studies have guided, and have helped refine, molecular and stable isotope-based analytical approaches that are increasingly being used to detect and quantify biodegradation of these compounds in contaminated environments.
DSC ANALYSIS OF FOODBORNE BACTERIA

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is applicable to studying the thermal properties of bacteria when treated with heat, cold, or antibiotics. Foodborne pathogens are inactivated by heat, and denaturation transitions observed by DSC indicate potential sites of cellular injury. Ribosomes, which are the sites for messenger RNA translation, are one critical component of thermal damage as evidenced by characteristic denaturation transitions in the 66-74°C range. These transitions disappear when cells of Clostridium perfringens are subjected to heat, suggesting structural or conformational changes to ribosomal proteins, and when cells of Listeria monocytogenes are cold-shocked by refrigeration, indicating ribosomal dissociation. DSC can be used to show that refrigeration followed by heat treatment improves the killing of dangerous microorganisms.
The social motivations of reversal: Raised bought in New York City English

This article presents a variationist analysis of the bought vowel in New York City English (NYCE) and finds that it has reversed the trajectory of change outlined in Labov (1966). An acoustic analysis of production data from sixty-four native residents of the Lower East Side demonstrates that bought is lowering in apparent time, a change led by young people, white and Jewish speakers, and the middle classes. A second source of data comes from perceptions of raised bought gathered from a matched guise experiment, which highlights an indexical field (Eckert 2008) of social meanings for raised bought that comprise a ‘classic New Yorker’ persona: an older, white ethnic New Yorker from the outer boroughs who is mean and aloof. Taken together, the data suggest that bought's reversal is motivated by its contemporary social meanings. (bought, New York City English, dialectology, variationism, sound change, social meaning, perception, sociophonetics)*
Overview of guidelines for screening.

Controlled trials of screening for breast cancer have proven that (1) for women older than 50 years of age, screening with single-view or two-view mammography, at intervals of 1 to 3 years, with or without clinical examination reduces mortality; (2) annual screening with two-view mammography and clinical examination and emphasis on breast self-examination (BSE) can reduce mortality for women from 40 to 49 years of age; (3) screening this age group with single-view mammography, at intervals of 20 months or longer, without clinical or BSE results in excess mortality in women screened; (3) screening this age group annually with poor quality mammography, weakly interpreted, with same clinical examination results in excess deaths in screened women. If screening women 40 to 49 years of age is to be suggested there is no reason to suggest a model that has been proven to be counterproductive.
Underground technologies for livable cities

Abstract This report is the result of a study by The Warren Centre for Advanced Engineering at The University of Sydney of the potential of underground space use to create and maintain more liveable cities in Australia and the role that advanced technologies could play in assisting the effective use of underground space. The study was conducted from mid 1995 to mid-1996 and involved more than 100 participants from a variety of professional disciplines in industry, academia and government. Ten working groups were convened to study and report on the following topics: strategic planning; environmental implications; planning issues; case studies in Australia and overseas; transport; financing; legal aspects; geotechnical aspects; underground technology; and research and development. This paper summarizes the results of the study.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Al, Ga, In, and Tl Atoms with Hydrogen Cyanide in Excess Argon. Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Theory Calculations on New Cyanide and Isocyanide Products

Laser-ablated Al, Ga, In, and Tl atoms react with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of excess argon to produce matrix-isolated linear cyanides and isocyanides, MCN and MNC, respectively. Similar to the products of alkaline earth reactions with hydrogen cyanide and unlike the corresponding boron reactions, no products containing hydrogen are formed. Experiments with H13CN generate MN13C shifted 40 cm-1 from MN12C in the C⋮N stretching mode, and this isotopic shift is virtually independent of the group 13 element. Similarly, the MCN molecules exhibit a carbon-13 shift of 45 cm-1, with the isotopic shift approximately the same for each metal. As the mass of M increases, the C⋮N frequency decreases for MCN and remains nearly constant for MNC. Group 13 reactions with HCN produce significant amounts of MCN, in contrast to the corresponding alkaline earth reactions. For aluminum, this disparity suggests that an insertion mechanism plays at least a partial role in product formation. For the heavier elements, photo...
Multiple scattering in small-angle neutron scattering measurements on polymers

Abstract Multiple scattering corrections in small-angle neutron scattering experiments on polymers have been examined. Numerical calculations show that, for typical experimental conditions, the second-order scattering is less than 2% of the first-order scattering for QR g up to 10.0. An approximate expression is also given for obtaining a rough estimate of the second-order scattering without numerical calculation.
BIOMIMETIC MICROACTUATOR POWERED BY POLYMER SWELLING

We propose novel biomimetic polymer microactuators. The actuation mechanism is inspired by nastic movement of the moving plant, Mimosa pudica, which folds its leaves upon external stimulus by regulating turgor pressure of cells in specific location. Photo-cured poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) microactuator is fabricated using projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) capable of complex 3D micro fabrication. The swelling effect of PEG in water and organic solvent is exploited as an actuation mechanism of the device. Stress relaxation in the structure due to solvent absorption is controlled locally by delivering solvent through microfluidic channels embedded in the actuator, thereby generating a net movement in the device. Timescale of the motion derived from analytical swelling model suggests that actuation speed can be effectively increased by scaling down the actuator because the characteristic swelling time depends on the length as L2 , which is verified experimentally.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Glucose and streptozotocin stimulate p135 O-glycosylation in pancreatic islets.

Streptozotocin has been widely used to create animal models of diabetes. Structurally, streptozotocin resembles N-acetylglucosamine, with a nitrosourea group corresponding to the acetate present in N-acetylglucosamine. Streptozotocin has recently been shown to inhibit O-GlcNAc-selective N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase, which removes O-linked N-acetylglucosamine from proteins. Compared to other cells, beta-cells express much more of the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase, which catalyzes addition of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine to proteins. This suggests why beta-cells might be particularly sensitive to streptozotocin. In this report, we demonstrate that both streptozotocin and glucose stimulate O-glycosylation of a 135 kD beta-cell protein. Only the effect of glucose, however, was blocked by inhibition of fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, suggesting that glucose acts through the glucosamine pathway to provide UDP-N-acetylglucosamine for p135 O-glycosylation. The fact that both glucose and streptozotocin stimulate p135 O-glycosylation provides a possible mechanism by which hyperglycemia may cause streptozotocin-like effects in beta-cells and thus contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.
A comparison of software engineering knowledge gained from student participation in humanitarian foss projects

This poster reports on student opinion of the Software Engineering knowledge gained by students exploring a Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software project. Eight students in a non-majors class and eleven more-advanced software development students were surveyed pre- and post-course on their opinions of technical and professional knowledge gained.
Contamination, Collaboration, Remediation, and Restoration: Lessons on First- and Next-Generation Environmental Policy Approaches from the St. Paul Waterway Superfund Site in Tacoma, Washington

The 1980 U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensations, and Liability Act, also known as Superfund, is an archetypal “first-generation” environmental policy characterized by a “command-and-control” regulatory framework, isolating and addressing one aspect of environmental harm, with an inflexible and adversarial bureaucratic process. In 1990 the St. Paul Waterway in Tacoma, Washington became the first marine Superfund site to achieve completed remediation, the first to combine hazardous waste remediation with habitat restoration, and to adopt an adaptive management approach. Long term monitoring has proven the remediation/restoration project successful. Remarkably, the remediation/restoration was achieved without litigation, by an innovative collaboration between industry, state and federal regulatory agencies, native tribes, community leaders and environmental groups. This unique process and successful outcome under Superfund provides lessons on aspects of “first-generation” policy approaches ...
Patterns of development in fetal breathing activity in the latter third of gestation of the baboon

Patterns of fetal breathing activity were examined in a longitudinal study of the fetal baboon over the latter third of gestation. More than 1400 h of recorded tracheal fluid pressure in 16 or 24 h records from seven fetuses over a range in gestation from 121 to 172 days (term, 175-180 days) were analyzed. In these 81 records, there was a high degree of variability in the percent of time spent breathing by the fetuses (range, 14-83%) with no apparent influence of gestational age (mean +/- S.D., 45.6 +/- 17.6%). Nonetheless, the mean amplitude of fetal breaths increased with gestation from absolute values of about 5-10 mmHg (r = 0.73, P < 0.001) and the mean inspiratory time interval increased from about 0.45-0.55 s (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). During epochs of breathing, the mean rate decreased from about 42-36 breaths per min (r = -0.54, P < 0.001) and the indices of both short term (r = -0.54, P < 0.001) and long term (r = -0.73, P < 0.001) variability in rate decreased. These results demonstrate a clearly defined pattern of development in the breathing activity of the fetal baboon which is comparable to the pattern described for the human fetus in the third trimester of gestation. These similarities suggest that the progressive functional maturation of the mechanisms generating respiratory patterns are comparable among primate species.
A statistical study of large‐amplitude parallel electric fields in the upward current region of the auroral acceleration region

[1] We present a survey of 64 direct observations of large-amplitude parallel electric fields E∥ in the upward current region of the southern auroral acceleration zone, obtained by the three-axis electric field experiment on Polar. These E∥ events range in amplitude from about 25 to 300 mV/m and represent a significant fraction of the total electric field strength (E∥/E⟂ ranges from ∼0.25 to O(10)). The E∥ structures, which tend to occur at the edges of oppositely directed (converging) pairs of perpendicular electric field structures (electrostatic shocks), have transverse (to the magnetic field) widths of ∼1.0–20 km at altitudes ranging from 0.8RE to 1.5RE, assuming the structures are stationary. The parallel potential drops associated with these large-amplitude parallel electric fields are highly localized in altitude (e.g., tens of kilometers as opposed to thousands of kilometers). The amplitude of the parallel electric field shows a strong anticorrelation with the plasma density inferred from spacecraft potential measurements. We find no apparent correlation between the amplitude of the parallel electric field and altitudes sampled (between 0.8RE and 1.5RE), current density, and Kp, though there is a suggestion that the largest E∥/E⟂ ratios are confined to lower altitudes. Taking sampling biases into consideration, we find that the large parallel electric fields occur preferentially at higher values of Kp and within a thin layer centered about 1.28RE. A detailed analysis favors ambipolar effects over electron inertial effects as an explanation for the parallel electric field signatures.
Serum composition of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith

Inorganic and organic constituents were studied on blood serum collected from a living specimen of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. Inorganic electrolytes determined included sodium (196.7 mM/l), potassium (5.78 mM/l), magnesium (5.30 mM/l), calcium (4.94 mM/l), chloride (186.7 mM/l), bicarbonate (9.60 mM/l), phosphate (5.08 mM/l), and sulfate (4.80 mM/l). Serum urea (377 mM/l) and trimethylamine oxide (122 mM/l) were high as previously reported, and accounted for the bulk of the total non-protein nitrogen (1199 mg%); total amino acids added a small but not insignificant fraction (21.9 mg%). High serum lactate (16.5 mM/l) and glucose (6.57 mM/l) levels were probably indicative of stress; glucose was the only carbohydrate present in appreciable amounts in the serum, although traces of glucuronic acid and rhamnose were found. Serum total cholesterol was 3.91 mM/l, organically bound phosphorus 1.99 mM/l and total proteins 2.84 g%. Three major protein fractions were evident from cellulose acetate electrophoresis and at least 11 peaks were demonstrable by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Latimeria serum lacks a protein component with a mobility approaching that of human serum albumin. Serum osmolarity (932 mOsm/l) was somewhat lower than that of sea water collected at the site of capture of the specimen (1035 mOsm/l). Evolutionary implications of the similarity of Latimeria serum chemistry to that of other marine fishes are discussed.