cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling the fetoplacental circulation. II. Combined laparoscopy-fetoscopy in the pregnant ovine.

Induction of pneumoperitoneum, laparoscopy, and intrauterine endoscopy (fetoscopy) were successfully accompished in 23 pregnant sheep at 45 to 60 days' gestational age. The fetoscope, a conventional 2.7 mm. Hopkins straightforward wide-angle telescope (Stortz 27018A) encased in a prototype 3.1 mm. eccentric cannula, incorporates a 25 gauge needle channel. Multiple pregnancy was encountered in 11 animals. Forty-two separate fetoscopic trials were accomplished; a fetoplacental blood sample was obtained in 52 per cent of the trials. A mean interval of 19 +/- 9 days (+/- S.D., range 6 to 37 days) was allowed between fetoscopy trials. Fetal deaths occurred in nine animals (39 per cent). We believe that laparoscopy permits preselection of the proposed fetoscopy puncture site and will permit the operator to thereby avoid the placenta and/or uterine vessels.
“It’s Both What You Say and How You Say It”: Transgressive Language Practices Via Spoken Word Poetry

Marginalized youth of color manifest their imaginative and innovative utilization of language in a variety of ways. One area that has been understudied is how transgressive language practices allow youth to subvert and resist oppression. While these language practices are viewed as vulgar and inappropriate for school, for disenfranchised youth they are aligned with identity and agency. The author’s purpose is to highlight the creativity employed by alienated who engage in transgressive language practices within their spoken word poetry and how it can be leveraged as a pedagogical resource.
Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. Accurate definition of the antigenic site around the disulphide bridge 30–115 (site 3) by `surface simulation' synthesis

Abstract 1. Previous reports from this laboratory have shown that both Lys-33 and Lys-116 are parts of an antigenic site in native lysozyme. Similar studies of tyrosine derivatives indicated that one or both of Tyr-20 and Tyr-23 are located in or very close to an antigenic site in lysozyme. The site, which was located around the disulphide bridge 30–115, was recently shown unequivocally to include the residues Tyr-20, Arg-21, Lys-116, Asn-113, Arg-114, Phe-34 and Lys-33. This was confirmed by the `surface-simulation' synthetic approach that we have recently developed, in which the foregoing eight surface residues were directly linked via peptide bonds, with intervening spacers where appropriate, into a single peptide. The peptide does not exist in native lysozyme, but simulates a surface region of it. 2. In the present work several surface-simulation peptides were synthesized representing various parts of the region, to determine the minimum structural feature that retains full antigenic reactivity and to investigate if the spatially constructed antigenic site has a preferred direction. 3. The peptide Lys-Asn-Arg-Gly-Phe-Lys exhibited a remarkable inhibitory activity towards the immune reaction of lysozyme and accounted entirely for the maximum expected reactivity of the site in the native protein (i.e. about one-third of the total lysozyme reactivity). An immunoadsorbent of the peptide bound about one-third of the total antibody to lysozyme. 4. The residues Tyr-20 and Arg-21 are not part of the site. The previously reported immunochemical effect observed on nitration of Tyr-20 was due to a deleterious ionic effect exerted by the modified tyrosine residue on the adjacent Lys-96, which is in an entirely different antigenic site of lysozyme. Thus the modification of Tyr-20 impairs the reactivity of an adjacent antigenic site, even though the residue itself is not part of a site. The conformational and immunochemical implications of this finding are discussed. 5. The antigenic site therefore comprises the five spatially adjacent residues Lys-116, Asn-113, Arg-114, Phe-34, Lys-33. The antigenic site exhibited a preferred direction (Lys-116 to Lys-33), since the reverse surface-simulation synthetic sequence was immunochemically inefficient. The site describes a line which circumscribes part [2.1nm in C(α)–C(α) distance from Lys-116 to Lys-33] of the surface of the molecule.
Association of Escherichia coli ST131 lineage with risk of urinary tract infection recurrence among young women.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli of the sequence type 131 (ST131) lineage are more likely to recur than UTIs caused by other E. coli lineages. Methods Isolates from 221 young women with UTI caused by E. coli participating in a randomised controlled trial were used. Participants were followed for 6 months or until UTI recurrence. Results Sequence type was not associated with risk of recurrence. Isolates in the ST131 lineage were more resistant than other STs to quinolones (6.2% vs. 1.3%) but not trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (15.4% vs. 15.0%). Conclusions These results do not support an increased risk of recurrent UTI among otherwise healthy women with UTI caused by E. coli ST131.
Unsupervised classification of online community input to advance transportation services

The traditional approach taken by transit agencies to assess their performance is through regular rider surveys. The performance metrics include safety, timeliness, efficiency, and cleanliness. However, with the increased use of online social media by the public, including users of public transit, it has become possible to automatically summarize the riders’ opinions on the services provided by transit agencies by statistical analysis of the words used in the social media messages. This work describes a system based on machine learning to summarize text messages regarding transportation in California on online social media platforms. This tool is intended to reveal factors important to transportation users that may not be evident to transit agencies and hence will not be collected by rider surveys. The system uses an unsupervised statistical topic modeling algorithm (latent Dirichlet allocation) to cluster public messages related to transportation on the Twitter social media platform into distinct “topics.” Sentiment analysis was then utilized to assign a polarity (positive, negative, or neutral) to each message and then the sentiment is aggregated by topic. The system is thus able to summarize the sentiment towards each automatically identified topic. The approach was applied to a set of 10,400 tweets containing words related to transportation; these messages were downloaded over a period of three weeks in 2016. The proposed system was evaluated by varying topic modeling algorithm parameters and studying the effect of parameters on the interpretability of results. It was found that the quality of topic identification depends on the size of the dataset, the number of topics that has to be specified to the topic modeling algorithm, and the positive/negative thresholds for the sentiment analysis algorithm.
In Reply: White Blood Cell Count Improves Prediction of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation has long been implicated in the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship of inflammatory cell biomarkers with DCI. METHODS We evaluated 849 aSAH patients who were enrolled into a prospective observational cohort study and had a white blood cell (WBC) differential obtained within 72 h of bleed onset. RESULTS WBC count > 12.1 × 109/L (odds ratio 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9-11, P < 0.001) was the strongest Complete Blood Count (CBC) predictor of DCI after controlling for clinical grade (P < .001), thickness of SAH blood on admission computed tomography (P = .002), and clipping aneurysm repair (P < .001). A significant interaction between clinical grade and WBC count (odds ratio 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6-1.0, P = .02) revealed that good-grade patients with elevated WBC counts (49%: 273/558) had increased odds for DCI indistinguishable from poor-grade patients. Multivariable Cox regression also showed that elevated WBC counts in good-grade patients increased the hazard for DCI to that of poor-grade patients (hazard ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.2, P < .001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of good-grade patients revealed that WBC count (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.63) is a stronger DCI predictor than the modified Fisher score (AUC: 0.57) and significantly improves multivariable DCI prediction models (Z = 2.0, P = .02, AUC: 0.73; PPV: 34%; NPV: 92%). CONCLUSION Good-grade patients with early elevations in WBC count have a similar risk and hazard for DCI as poor-grade patients. Good-grade patients without elevated WBC may be candidates to be safely downgraded from the intensive care unit, leading to cost savings for both patient families and hospitals.
The Ethylene Binding Site of the ETR1 Protein

The simple olefin ethylene acts as a hormonal signal in plants. We feel comfortable saying these words because we know that low concentrations of applied ethylene alter plant development, and because endogenously produced ethylene induces these changes in ways that make biological sense to the observer. There is also some basis for considering that ethylene perception conforms to the classic receptor occupancy theory described by Michaelis-Menton kinetics (for a complete discussion see [7]). However, the very simplicity of the ethylene molecule raises questions as to how a proteinaceous receptor might interact with the signal with such a high apparent affinity and specificity. This problem was first addressed by Burg and Burg [5], who suggested that a transition metal at the receptor site could provide the appropriate mechanism for high affinity binding.
Application of the Homotopy Analysis Method to Fluid Flow Problems

The equations of viscous flow have been known for more than 100 years. In their complete form, these equations are very difficult to solve, even on modern digital computers. In fact, at high Reynolds numbers (turbulent flow), the equations are impossible to solve with present mathematical techniques, because the boundary conditions become randomly time-dependent. Nevertheless, it is very instructive to present and discuss these fundamental equations because they give many insights, yield several particular solutions, and can be examined for modeling purposes. Also, these equations can then be simplified, using Prandtl boundary-layer approximations. The resulting simpler system is very practical and yields many fruitful engineering solutions.
Screening for Second Primary Cancers

Significant improvements in early detection and advances in cancer treatment in the past few decades have resulted in increasing numbers of cancer survivors. Given the major improvements in survival rates and durations, identification and characterization of the late sequelae of cancer and its treatment have become critical.
Automated Writing Instruction and Feedback: Instructional Mode, Attitudes, and Revising:

This study evaluates high school students’ perceptions of automated writing feedback, and the influence of these perceptions on revising, as a function of varying modes of computer-based writing in...
Race and Social Boundaries: How Multiracial Identification Matters for Intimate Relationships:

While researchers have explored in detail how multiracial identification shapes symbolic boundaries (conceptual distinctions), they have paid less attention to its effects on social boundaries (how...
A qualitative analysis of interprofessional students’ perceptions toward patients with opioid use disorder after a patient panel experience

Background: Students from health professional schools participated in a half-day interprofessional education workshop centered on substance use disorder training. One component was a patient panel ...
Abstract 573: Mechanical Stress Alters Cell Signaling and Extracellular Matrix Genes in Fetal Cardiac Valves

Objective: Prenatal hypertension leads to mitral annular dilation and is linked to changes in valvular extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell cycle genes including TGFβ-1, BMPs and FGF. We hypothesize...
Serum Level of Musclin Is Elevated Following Severe Burn

Muscle wasting induced by severe burn worsens clinical outcomes is associated with hyperglycemia. A novel muscle-specific secretory factor, musclin, was reported to regulate glucose metabolism with a homologous sequence of natriuretic peptides. The purpose of the study was to investigate musclin expression in response to burn injury in both human and animal models. Serum was collected from 13 adult burn patients and circulating levels of musclin protein were measured via elisa. The cytokine profile was measured by Bio-Plex multiple immunoassay. Following the clinical study, we used a burn rat model with 40% TBSA to study the time course of musclin expression till day 14. Rat serum and muscle tissue sample were harvested. Finally, an in vitro study was applied to investigate whether the muscle cell C2C12 myoblast expressed musclin under 10% burn serum stimulation. Pearson analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation of musclin expression to total body surface area of burn in patients (P &= .038). Musclin expression was significantly positively correlated with IL-4, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-13 in burn patients' serum (P < .05). In the animal study, we found that the musclin level evaluated at 6 hours and 1 day in burn rat serum (P < .05). In vitro, musclin mRNA expression significantly increased with burn serum stimulation at 24 hours (P < .05). In conclusion, serum level of musclin elevated both in human patients and burn animals; musclin was correlated with the severity of burn injury as well as with an elevated cytokine profile in patients; burn serum-stimulated musclin expression in vitro further identified the resource of musclin expression after burn.
Prescription drug spending and hospital use among Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure.

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is a common cause of hospitalization in Medicare. Optimal medication adherence lowers hospitalization risk in HF patients. Although out-of-pocket spending can adversely affect adherence to HF medications, it is unknown whether medication spending ultimately increases hospital use for Medicare beneficiaries with HF. Objective To examine the association between out-of-pocket medication payments and HF-related hospital use among Medicare Part D subscribers. Methods Retrospective analysis of the 2010-12 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. The sample comprised community-dwelling respondents with fee-for-service Medicare, continuous Part D coverage, and self-reported HF (n = 819 participant-year records). The effects of average out-of-pocket payment for a 30-day HF-related prescription on odds and frequency of hospitalization and total inpatient days attributable to HF were estimated. Design-adjusted models adjusted for sociodemographic and health status variables, survey year and censoring, and included a pre-specified interaction of out-of-pocket payment with Medicaid co-eligibility. Results The interaction term was statistically significant in all the models. For beneficiaries without Medicaid, average out-of-pocket payment per prescription was not significantly associated with odds of HF-related hospitalization (odds ratio = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.98–1.05, P = .399). The association between out-of-pocket payment and hospitalization frequency was statistically significant (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.05, P = .048), as was the association between out-of-pocket payment and total inpatient days (IRR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.00–1.08, P = .041). For Medicaid co-eligible beneficiaries, the validity of model estimates is limited, because the range of actual out-of-pocket payments was negligible. Conclusions Fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries with Part D, self-reported HF, and no supplemental Medicaid tolerated out-of-pocket medication payments without elevated risk of HF-related hospital use, but medication spending modestly increased hospital use intensity. Therefore, Part D plans with higher out-of-pocket requirements for essential HF medications may warrant additional scrutiny.
Neurobiology for Clinical Social Work: Theory and Practice

Social workers in all areas of service are asking more questions about the science and biology that underpin human behavior. The second edition of Neurobiology for Clinical Social Work provides rea...
Das Verhalten des C-Reaktiven Protein beim Myokardinfarkt

Das C-reaktive Protein ist ein pathologischer Eiweiskorper, der im Blute als Folge entzundlicher, nekrotischer und neoplastischer Reaktionen entsteht. Es wird beim akuten transmuralen Myokardinfarkt in 88–100% der Falle (91% in unserer Serie) gefunden. Der Nachweis gelingt gewohnlich am 2., spatestens aber am 3. Krankheitstag. Im Laufe der 3. Woche verschwindet es meistens wieder aus dem Blut. Der CRP-Test ist der BSG insofern uberlegen, als CRP fruher nachweisbar ist als ein Anstieg der BSG und sich mit Abklingen der entzundlichen Erscheinungen schneller wieder normalisiert. Beide Teste sind jedoch unspezifisch fur den Myokardinfarkt. Vergleichende Beobachtungen von CRP, BSG, Leukocytenzahl und Serum-Glutamat-Oxalat-Transaminase (SGO-T) bei 59 Patienten mit akutem transmuralem und 43 Patienten mit nichttransmuralem Herzinfarkt werden vorgelegt.
Calculated molecular properties and microwave spectrum analysis for formamidinium formate

Abstract Formamidinium formate occurs in the gas phase as a doubly hydrogen-bonded dimer. New high-level calculations on formamidinium formate using various methods and basis sets are described. The calculated rotational constants and quadrupole coupling constants given here are reasonably consistent between the different methods and in reasonably good agreement with values obtained from the new analysis of the microwave data. In the revised fit 38 measured transitions are fit with a standard deviation of 30 kHz. The revised rotational, centrifugal distortion and quadrupole coupling constants determined from the spectra have values: A = 5890.39(8), B = 2148.731(1), C = 1575.0958(8), 1.5 χaa (N1) = 2.254(24), 0.25(χbb - χcc)(N1) = 1.747(12), 1.5χaa (N2) = -3.134(29), 0.25(χbb - χcc)(N2) = 0.553(10) MHz. The calculated rotational constants which agree best with experiment are from an M11 /def2-QZVPP calculation: A = 5785.29, B = 2143.25and C = 1563.88 MHz. The calculated quadrupole coupling constants which agree best with experiment are from a PBE0 aug-cc-pVQZ (uncontracted) calculation: 1.5 χaa (N1) = 1.78, 0.25(χbb - χcc)(N1) = 1.49, 1.5χaa (N2) = -3.41), 0.25(χbb - χcc)(N2) = 0.51 MHz. The calculated rotational constants agree within 2%, and quadrupole coupling constants within 11% or better with the experimental values.
A −105dB THD 88dB-SNDR VCO-Based Sensor Front-End Enabled by Background-Calibrated Differential Pulse Code Modulation

This paper presents a VCO-based sensor front-end utilizing differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) to substantially reduce the amplitude of the input signal to the VCO quantizer so that high linearity is achieved. Together with a background digital gain calibration and DEM, the techniques enable a high dynamic range (DR) using only 1st order noise-shaping and 32× oversampling. Fabricated in 65nm, the AFE consumes 3.2μW and achieves 1.18μV RMS input-referred noise in 500Hz BW. It also achieves an SNDR/DR/THD of 88/94/-105dB respectively with a NEF of 4 and Schreier FoM of 170dB.
Machine Learning Approach for Facial Expression Recognition

This paper outlines the effectiveness of several popular machine learning algorithms for facial expression recognition. The dataset used for this paper consists of 35887 images of size 48x48 pixels which are all depicting faces posed in one of seven expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad, surprise, neutral). This is a popularly used dataset for practice and exploration and there are many different approaches suggested in the literature. In this paper, the following algorithms are applied and tested: AdaBoost, Logistic Regression, Dense Neural Network (DNN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CNN is shown to provide the highest accuracy compared to other algorithms.
Joint Sensing Task Assignment and Collision-Free Trajectory Optimization for Mobile Vehicle Networks Using Mean-Field Games

With the increasing popularity of mobile vehicles, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile robots, it is foreseen that they will play an important role in Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks due to their high mobility and rapid deployment. Specifically, mobile vehicles equipped with sensors act as IoT devices and can be dispatched to several sensing regions to perform sensing tasks. In this article, we consider mobile vehicles for sensing applications and investigate the corresponding joint task assignment and collision-free trajectory optimization problem. This problem is challenging as the number of involved vehicles can be very large, and to tackle the problem efficiently, we reformulate the original optimization problem into a mean-field-game (MFG) problem by simplifying the interaction between vehicles as a distribution over their state space, known as the mean-field term. To solve the MFG problem efficiently, we propose a G-prox primal-dual hybrid gradient (PDHG) algorithm that transforms the MFG problem into a saddle-point problem by defining a Lagrangian functional with a proximal operator. The complexity of this algorithm is shown to be linear with the total number of grid points in the proposed MFG problem. We provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the proposed model and algorithm. Numerical results together with the practical implementation on real mobile robots show that our proposed system model and algorithm are of significant effectiveness and efficiency.
Consumer acceptance of products from carbon capture and utilization

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has been highlighted as one element of a climate mitigation strategy that aims to limit global warming. Yet, without broad consumer acceptance, there may not be a reliable end-market for CCU-based products, hindering the economic viability and potential mitigative benefits of CCU. Therefore, through an online survey of US adults, this study measured the influence of product type (carbonated beverages, plastic food storage containers, furniture made with foam or plastic, and shatterproof glass) and carbon capture method (Direct Air Capture or point source capture) on a consumer’s willingness to consume or use a CCU-based product. Compared to other products, participants were less accepting of carbonated beverages, particularly those containing carbon captured from point sources. At the same time, the majority of participants (approximately 69%) reported at least some openness to consuming or using a CCU-based product. Several other variables which also influenced consumer acceptance (and could inform future communication strategies surrounding CCU-based products) were identified.
Outcome of a bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a South Dakota herd including reproductive losses, persistent infection, and mortality data from PI animals

Infection of pregnant dams with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) during the first trimester of gestation can result in the establishment of a persistent infection in the fetus and BVDV is then constitutively shed by the persistently infected (Pl) calf. PI cattle have been identified as a major reservoir for the virus. BVDV control and eradication efforts focus on the detection and removal of PI animals from herds. This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of an isolated outbreak of BVDV infection in a South Dakota cattle herd in 2003.
Multi-Angled, Multi-Pulse Time-Resolved Thomson Scattering on Laboratory Plasma Jets

Streaked Thomson scattering measurements have been performed on plasma jets created from a 15 $\mu\mathrm{m}$ thick radial Al, Ti, or Cu foil load on COBRA, a 1 MA pulsed power machine. The streaked system enables collecting scattered light from two separate laser pulses separated in time by between 3 and 14 ns from two different scattering angles. The time separation is created by splitting the initial 2.2 ns full width half max duration, 10 J, 526.5 nm laser beam into two separate pulses, each with 2.5 J, and delaying one beam relative to the other. To collect streaked spectra from two angles simultaneously a split fiber bundle was used to couple light from the plasma to the spectrometer, and the size of the fibers, 100 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ diameter, was used as the effective spectral slit width. The 2.5 J laser pulse is shown to heat the plasma jet by inverse bremsstrahlung radiation, as measured by the streaked Thomson scattering system. Analysis of the streak camera image showed that the electron temperature of the Al jet was increased from 20 eV up to 50 eV within about 2 ns for both laser pulses when they were separated by 12 ns in time. Initial results from the Cu jets showed more heating then the Al jets while Ti jets showed the most heating of these three materials. In addition to this increased heating, the scattering profiles from Ti and Cu jets had ion-acoustic features that were more difficult to interpret then those from Al jets. Results from the two scattering angles showed reasonable agreement of the measured electron temperature, and implied that the electron density was at least $2\times 10^{18}\text{cm}^{-3}$ . Results will also be presented with the laser pulses separated by only 4 ns, creating a more continuous laser pulse. In addition, the effects of the current polarity in the radial foil on the measured electron temperature will be shown.
An investigation of quantitative methods for assessing intersectionality in health research: A systematic review

Abstract Intersectionality is a theoretical framework that investigates how interlocking systems of power and oppression at the societal level influence the lived experiences of historically and socially marginalized groups. Currently, there are no consistent or widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality theory. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the current landscape of quantitative methods used to assess intersectionality and to provide recommendations on analytic best practices for future research. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science in December 2019 to identify studies using analytic quantitative intersectionality approaches published up to December 2019 (PROSPERO CRD42020162686). To be included in the study, articles had to: (1) be empirical research, (2) use a quantitative statistical method, (3) be published in English, and (4) incorporate intersectionality. Our initial search yielded 1889 articles. After screening by title/abstract, methods, and full text review, our final analytic sample included 153 papers. Eight unique classes of quantitative methods were identified, with the majority of studies employing regression with an interaction term. We additionally identified several methods which appear to be at odds with the key tenets of intersectionality. As quantitative intersectionality continues to expand, careful attention is needed to avoid the dilution of the core tenets. Specifically, emphasis on social power is needed as methods continue to be adopted and developed. Additionally, clear explanation of the selection of statistical approaches is needed and, when using regression with interaction terms, researchers should opt for use of the additive scale. Finally, use of methods that are potentially at odds with the tenets of intersectionality should be avoided.
Evaluating the Potential Use of Functional Fibrosis to Facilitate Improved Outcomes Following Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury.

Abstract Volumetric muscle loss (VML) was defined as the frank loss of skeletal muscle tissue with associated chronic functional deficits. Significant effort has been dedicated to developing approaches for treating VML injuries, most of which have focused on stimulating regeneration of the affected musculature via a variety of approaches (e.g., biomaterials). VML injury induces a prolonged inflammatory response which causes fibrotic tissue deposition and is thought to inhibit de novo myofiber regeneration despite observed improvements in functional outcomes (i.e., functional fibrosis; FF). Recent approaches have sought to attenuate inflammation and/or fibrosis as a means to create a permissive environment for regenerative therapies. However, there are currently no clinically available interventions capable of facilitating full restoration of form and function following VML injury; thus, an unmet clinical need exists for a near-term interventional strategy to treat affected patients. FF could serve as an alternative approach to facilitate improved functional outcomes following VML injuries. We sought to investigate whether intentionally exploiting the concept of FF (i.e., induction of a supraphysiological fibrotic response via the delivery of a polypropylene mesh combined with TGFꞵ) would enhance the function of the VML affected musculature. We found that FF treatment induces enhanced fibrotic tissue deposition within the VML defect as evidenced by histological and molecular analysis. FF-treated animals exhibit improved in vivo muscle function compared to untreated control animals at 8 weeks post-injury, thus substantiating the concept that FF could serve as an efficacious approach for facilitating improved functional outcomes following VML injury. Statement of Significance VML injuries result in long-term functional impairments and reduced quality of life for affected individuals, namely combat injured US Service members, and no clinical interventions can restore the form and function of the injured limb. Extensive efforts have been aimed at developing therapeutics to address this critical gap; unfortunately, most interventions facilitate only modest regeneration. Interestingly, improved muscle function has been observed in VML studies following treatment with a therapeutic, despite a lack of myogenic tissue formation; a phenomenon termed Functional Fibrosis (FF). Herein we exploited the concept of FF to enhance the function of VML affected musculature. This finding is significant in that the commercially available interventions used to induce FF can be translated into the clinic near-term, thus improving the standard of care for VML injuries.
Radar for Rainfall Measurements and Storm Tracking

Use of radar for quantitative measurement of precipitation, detection and tracking of tornadoes, severe winds, and hailstorms; radar occasionally detects initiation of new precipitation area one to six hours before it reaches regular hourly reporting weather station; river forecaster, hydrologist, and meteorologist can use radar in short range forecasting of rainfall and river stages.
A Hybrid Numerical Method for Turbulent Mixing Layers

A hybrid method has been developed for simulations of compressible turbulent mixing layers. Such mixing layers dominate the flows in exhaust systems of modern day aircraft and also those of hypersonic vehicles currently under development. The method configurations in which a dominant structural feature provides an unsteady mechanism to drive the turbulent development in the mixing layer. The hybrid method uses a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) procedure to calculate wall bounded regions entering a mixing section, and a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) procedure to calculate the mixing dominated regions. A numerical technique was developed to enable the use of the hybrid RANS-LES method on stretched, non-Cartesian grids. Closure for the RANS equations was obtained using the Cebeci-Smith algebraic turbulence model in conjunction with the wall-function approach of Ota and Goldberg. The wall-function approach enabled a continuous computational grid from the RANS regions to the LES region. The LES equations were closed using the Smagorinsky subgrid scale model. The hybrid RANS-LES method is applied to a benchmark compressible mixing layer experiment. Preliminary two dimensional calculations are used to investigate the effects of axial grid density and boundary conditions. Vortex shedding from the base region of a splitter plate separating the upstream flows was observed to eventually transition to turbulence. The location of the transition, however, was much further downstream than indicated by experiments. Actual LES calculations, performed in three spatial directions, also indicated vortex shedding, but the transition to turbulence was found to occur much closer to the beginning of the mixing section. which is in agreement with experimental observations. These calculations demonstrated that LES simulations must be performed in three dimensions. Comparisons of time-averaged axial velocities and turbulence intensities indicated reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Speciation and transformations of sorbed Pu on geologic materials: Wet chemical and spectroscopic observations

Abstract The movement of dissolved plutonium (Pu) in the environment can be retarded by sorption and precipitation processes. The affinity of Pu for natural solid materials can vary greatly according to the properties of the sorbing material and the speciation of the Pu. Examples of natural materials in geologic media that sorb Pu are microbes, organic matter, colloids, clay minerals and Fe and Mn oxides. Wet chemical techniques such as sequential or selective extractions have customarily been used to define the geochemical associations of Pu in environmental systems and to identify the oxidation state of sorbed Pu species. Unfortunately, the investigation of sorption processes has been bound by limitations in analytical techniques and by the complex oxidation-state speciation of Pu. Micro-analytical techniques, such as microprobe synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) mapping and other techniques can be used to detect the spatial distribution of sorbed Pu and other co-associated elements on geologic surfaces. Once identified by micro-XRF mapping, small regions of Pu enrichment may be probed with microprobe X-ray absorption structure spectroscopic techniques to obtain information on the oxidation state speciation, coordination environment and bonding environment of Pu on individual mineral micro-phases on geologic materials. In this presentation, the results and interpretations of wet chemical analyses and spectroscopic studies on the speciation and spatial distribution of sorbed Pu on natural materials will be discussed. Observations from the open literature on Pu sorption behavior on natural surfaces and Pu coprecipitation with minerals will also be presented.
Design of Power and HOM Couplers for TESLA

The basic TESLA accelerating structure is a 1 m long, 9-cell superconducting cavity operating at a frequency of 1.3 GHz and an accelerating gradient of 25 MV/m. Each of these cavities has one fundamental mode power input coupler and two higher order mode (HOM) couplers. The rf requirement of the input coupler is a peak power of 200 kW for 1.3 ms at a 10 Hz repetition rate. The input coupler must also accommodate a 15 mm cavity motion during cryostat cool down and must minimize the cryogenic heat load with and without rf power present. The HOM couplers must extract from the cavities the beam induced HOM energy that does not propagate to the rf absorbers located at the end of each cryomodule. Two distinct input couplers and two distinct HOM couplers designs have been produced. Their design criteria and performance will be reported.
phi. pi. production by photons as a signature for four-quark states

$\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ production in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation and diffractive photoproduction are suggested as a signature for the production and decay of a vector $\mathrm{QQ}\overline{Q}\overline{Q}$ state. Rates are estimated and photoproduction in particular appears to give a reasonable signal.
A cooperative incentive mechanism for recurrent crowd sensing

Crowd sensing (CS) is an approach that consists of collecting many samples of a phenomena of interest by distributing the sampling process across a large number of individuals. In this work, we address the effect of cooperation among individuals by modeling a recurrent CS task as a repeated game. In this game, participants are the players of the corresponding game, and every round of the CS task is considered as a single-shot game which is repeated over time. In this model, participants compete and cooperate with each other in order to sell their samples. We represent the participants evolutionary behaviors by a graph network in which all the individuals make utilities in the long run. We show that although a pure competition approach faces problems such as the continuous drop-out of participants and the raise of prices of samples, this hybrid approach keeps the prices of samples low while maintaining the required number of participants.
Fluorescence of tetracyclines in bone. Absorption maximum, hydration shell and polarization effects.

Summary It is shown that the electronic oscillator responsible for tetracycline fluorescence is not polarized in space with reference to the long axis of the tetracycline molecule and is not polarized in space with reference to the ultrastructural regularities in fresh, undercalcified bone section which are in part responsible for the anisotropy of the latter. Fluorescence of tetracycline molecules is quenched in water and methanol but not in CCl4, indicating that dipole action is involved. This quenching is absent in bone or in dried spots of tetracycline solutions on inactive surfaces. A difference in the absorption spectrum of tetracycline associated with the presence or absence of dipole action and hydration shell is described.
CHAPTER 17 – Multivibrators

The word multivibrator means a circuit that can be switched all–the–way on and then all–the–way off; it is something like a relay. The chapter discusses astable multivibrators that operate at a low frequency and monostable multivibrators that generate a pulse. The chapter also discusses bistable flip–flop multivibrators and their uses.
Change and Continuity in the Tudor Constitution

TUDOR England, while effecting a great revolution in the social system, characteristically preserved the form and even the spirit of much that was old.' In the realm of constitutional thought the element of continuity is especially striking. The state of English constitutional theory of the sixteenth century is probably best indicated by the works of Sir Thomas Smith, one of Queen Elizabeth's secretaries of state. But roughly a hundred years before Smith gave us his analysis of the English Constitution, before the dawn of the Tudor era, the great Lancastrian lawyer and chief justice, Sir John Fortescue, had in his turn analyzed the Constitution. A comparison of these two analyses, each of them typical and authoritative of its century, will both show the continuity of the Tudor and Lancastrian Constitutions and bring out such changes as a century of Tudor rule had wrought.2 Between the Constitutions which Fortescue and Smith described there was but little essential change. Polity, writes Fortescue, in the Greek tongue is identical with plurality, which means a government administered by many. 'Manage therefore,' he exhorts the King, 'the Commonwealth by the rule of many.'3 A
Simultaneous Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Scattering Detection of Individual Particles Separated by Capillary Electrophoresis

This technical note describes a detector capable of simultaneously monitoring scattering and fluorescence signals of individual particles separated by capillary electrophoresis. Due to its nonselective nature, scattering alone is not sufficient to identify analyte particles. However, when the analyte particles are fluorescent, the detector described here is able to identify simultaneously occurring scattering and fluorescent signals, even when contaminating particles (i.e., nonfluorescent) are present. Both fluorescent polystyrene particles and 10-nonyl acridine orange (NAO)-labeled mitochondria were used as models. Fluorescence versus scattering (FVS) plots made it possible to identify two types of particles and a contaminant in a mixture of polystyrene particles. We also analyzed NAO-labeled mitochondria before and after cryogenic storage; the mitochondria FVS plots changed with storage, which suggests that the detector reported here is suitable for monitoring subtle changes in mitochondrial morphology that would not be revealed by monitoring only fluorescence or scattering signals.
Extraction of critical exponents from very small percolation lattices.

We show that it is possible to extract the critical exponents from small percolation lattices. The possibility of performing a similar analysis on data from exclusive nuclear fragmentation experiments is explored.
Electromagnetic properties of NiZn ferrite nanoparticles and their polymer composites

The magnetic properties of polycrystalline NiZn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized using a polyol-reduction and coprecipitation reaction methods have been investigated. The effects on magnetization of synthesis approach, chemical composition, processing conditions, and on the size of nanoparticles on magnetization have been investigated. The measured room-temperature magnetization for the as-prepared magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) synthesized via polyol-reduction and coprecipitation is 69 Am2 kg−1 and 14 Am2 kg−1, respectively. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm spinel structure of the particles with an estimated grain size of ∼80 nm obtained from the polyol-reduction and 28 nm obtained from these coprecipitation techniques. Upon calcination under atmospheric conditions at different temperatures between 800 °C and 1000 °C, the magnetization, M, of the coprecipitated MNP increases to 76 Am2 kg−1 with an estimated grain size of 90 nm. The MNP-polymer nanocomposites made from the synthesized MNP in various loading fraction and high density polyethylene exhibit interesting electromagnetic properties. The measured permeability and permittivity of the magnetic nanoparticle-polymer nanocomposites increases with the loading fractions of the magnetic nanoparticles, suggesting control for impedance matching for antenna applications.
DNA homologies among heterothallic species of Neurospora.

Highly purified DNA from three reference strains representing authentic heterothallic species: Neurospora crassa, Neurospora intermedia and Neurospora sitophila, and from several unidentified Neurospora isolates was characterized by spectrophotometry, and by DNA:DNA reassociation using hydroxyapatite chromatography. These known heterothallic species and isolates were closely related on the basis of morphology, physiology and DNA characteristics such as base composition, thermal denaturation profiles and occurrence of repeated DNA sequences. They were, however, distinguishable by DNA:DNA homology studies. It was concluded that N. crassa is closer to N. intermedia than to N. sitophila. Neurospora sp. Gianjor, a 4-spored pseudohomothallic species, was significantly different from N. crassa and N. intermedia, but had greater homology with N. sitophila. All of the Neurospora isolates which crossed readily with N. crassa, and produced 95% black ascospores, were indistinguishable from that species by DNA homology studies. It was possible to assign some of the unidentified isolates to species based on DNA homology studies.
Demography and behaviour of African mammals subject to exploitation

Behavioural and demographic changes in animal populations resulting from exploitation are of conservation significance if they affect population growth rates. In this study, demography and behaviour of 19 larger mammals in conservation areas where legal and illegal hunting occurred were compared to that in a fully protected non-hunted area in western Tanzania. Results showed that there were few differences in species' demography between exploited and unexploited areas, but that, in general, mammals were more flighty outside protected areas and that these tended to be species that were more heavily exploited. Nevertheless, there were few differences in other behaviour patterns between the two areas. These findings question the supposition that behaviour and demography of mammals necessarily changes in areas of exploitation, and that population growth rates or monitoring strategies need be affected in anthropogenically disturbed habitats.
Current Status of Small Bowel and Multivisceral Transplantation

Intestinal transplantation has shown exceptional growth over the past 20 years with remarkable progress. As with other solid organ transplants, intestinal transplantation has moved out of the experimental realm to become the stan dard of care for many patients with intestinal failure. Intestinal transplantation may soon be extended routinely to patients who, although not strictly meeting the criteria for intestinal failure, may benefit from intestinal transplantation, such as patients who have nonresectable indolent tumors or diffuse thrombosis of the portomesenteric system. As clinical experience has increased with intestinal transplantation, outcomes have improved. The currently reported 1-year graft and patient survival rate is 80%, which approaches that for other solid abdominal organs. Unfortunately, most of the gains in survival are seen in the first postoperative year, with long-term survival remaining basically unchanged since the early 1990s. With improved outcomes, more centers have entered into the intestinal transplant arena. In the United States alone, 20 centers performed at least one intestinal transplant in 2007. Increase in access to intestinal transplantation and more widespread awareness of this option likely will result in a consistent increase in the number of yearly transplants for the foreseeable future. Immunosuppressive regimens continue to evolve, with induction therapy being the major change in the past 5 years. Although rejection rates in the first year after transplant have been reduced by induction therapy, long-term side effects of heavy immunosuppression continue to weigh negatively on transplant outcomes. The future for immunosuppression lies in two areas: (1) individual monitoring of the immunosuppression level for each individual patient and (2) development of serum and tissue markers for the early identification of rejection. It is likely that a combination of technologies will allow immunosuppression to be tailored to each recipient. Development of these approaches to immunosuppression is necessary to predict graft dysfunction ahead of irreversible graft injury and allows adjustments in immunosuppression before the onset of rejection. Intestinal transplantation continues to be performed only in situations in which all other therapeutic modalities have failed. No randomized trials compare intestinal transplantation to long-term PN to establish guidelines for a timely referral for this treatment option. Late referral remains a crippling problem in the field of intestinal transplantation, with a great number of patients in need of simultaneous liver transplantation at the time of listing for intestinal transplantation. Early referral for isolated intestinal transplant will reduce the need for simultaneous multiorgan transplants and increase the residual organs available for patients in need of (primarily) liver transplantation.