cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Use of Camera Traps and Farmer Reports to Study Crop Feeding Behavior of Moor Macaques ( Macaca maura )

Investigating crop feeding patterns by primates is an increasingly important objective for primatologists and conservation practitioners alike. Although camera trap technology is used to study primates and other wildlife in numerous ways, i.e., activity patterns, social structure, species richness, abundance, density, diet, and demography, it is comparatively underused in the study of human–primate interactions. We compare photographic (N = 210) and video (N = 141) data of crop feeding moor macaques (Macaca maura) from remote sensor cameras, functioning for 231 trap days, with ethnographic data generated from semistructured interviews with local farmers. Our results indicate that camera traps can provide data on the following aspects of crop feeding behavior: species, crop type and phase targeted, harvesting technique used, and daily and seasonal patterns of crop feeding activity. We found camera traps less useful, however, in providing information on the individual identification and age/sex class of crop feeders, exact group size, and amount of crops consumed by the moor macaques. While farmer reports match camera trap data regarding crop feeding species and how wildlife access the gardens, they differ when addressing crop feeding event frequency and timing. Understanding the mismatches between camera trap data and farmer reports is valuable to conservation efforts that aim to mitigate the conflict between crop feeding wildlife and human livelihoods. For example, such information can influence changes in the way certain methods are used to deter crop feeding animals from damaging crops. Ultimately, we recommend using remote-sensing camera technology in conjunction with other methods to study crop feeding behavior.
The New B-Theory of Language

Having shown that tensed sentences cannot be translated without meaning loss by either date-sentences or token-reflexive analyses, Richard Gale concluded that there must be tensed facts which are conveyed by tensed discourse: “That a statement containing an A-expression cannot be translated into a B-statement without loss of factual or informative content suggests that A-expressions are used to convey factual information, namely information about the A-determination of an event or state of affairs.”1 New B-theorists, while conceding the untranslatability of tensed sentences by tenseless sentences, deny this implication. They argue that the ineliminability of tense from language has no implications for the objectivity of ontological tense. Thus, New B-theorist Nathan Oaklander explains, ...the old tenseless theory of time assumed that a logical analysis of ordinary language that eliminates tensed discourse, supported an ontological analysis of time that rejects transient temporal properties. The tenser shared that assumption, but argued that since no tenseless translations were successful, temporal becoming... is necessary in any adequate account of time. Tensers, claim, in other words, that because tensed discourse is ineliminable, the detenser is mistaken and tensed properties and acts must exist. For a variety of reasons,... recent defenders of the tenseless view have come to embrace the thesis that tensed sentences cannot be translated by tenseless ones without loss of meaning. Nevertheless, recent detensers have denied that the ineliminability of tensed language and thought entails the reality of temporal properties. According to the new tenseless theory of time, our need to think and talk in tensed terms is perfectly consistent with its being the case that time is timeless. Tensed discourse is indeed necessary for timely action, but tensed facts are not, since the truth conditions of tensed sentences can be expressed in a tenseless meta-language that describes unchanging temporal relations between and among events.2
Prospective evaluation of BRCA mutations in a large triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) registry: Implications for germline testing.

1026 Background: Although current NCCN guidelines recommend genetic testing (GT) for all TNBC patients aged <60 years (regardless of family history) however due to the lack of prospective information on prevalence of mutations in unselected TNBC patients, these guidelines have not been widely adopted by clinicians and insurance carriers (including Medicare). Data on BRCA mutations from unselected TNBC cohorts are lacking. Aims: In a large TNBC registry, to prospectively determine the 1) prevalence of germline BRCA mutations and 2) validity of current NCCN guidelines for GT. Methods: Patients with stage I-III TNBC presenting for treatment at an academic and surrounding community practices were approached for participation in a prospective registry. All patients underwent comprehensive BRACAnalysis (Myriad). Detailed FH was collected. Mutation prevalence in the entire cohort and in subgroups stratified by FH and age were calculated. A significant family history (SFH) was defined as 1st-/2nd-degree relatives...
Public Perceptions of Service Dogs, Emotional Support Dogs, and Therapy Dogs.

As service dogs, emotional support dogs, and therapy dogs have become more prevalent in the USA, so too has the controversy surrounding their legitimacy. Yet, there is a lack of objective data regarding the public’s understanding of the role played by each of these types of animals, as well as their perceptions regarding the legitimacy of their integration. An anonymous, online survey was distributed to examine the perceptions of US adults who do not own any type of assistance animal. A total of 505 individuals responded to the online survey, yielding 284 usable responses. Results suggest widespread misconceptions about definitions, rules, regulations, and rights associated with each type of assistance dog. In general, service dogs are more likely to be perceived as helping with a legitimate need, and their access to public spaces is viewed favorably. While there are some concerns about the legitimacy and necessary access rights for emotional support dogs, members of the public correctly identified the roles and rights of therapy dogs. Despite the media’s focus on abuses and false representation of these dogs, most participants reported feeling the majority of people are not taking advantage of the system.
Structural and Functional Impacts of ER Coactivator Sequential Recruitment

Nuclear receptors recruit multiple coactivators sequentially to activate transcription. This "ordered" recruitment allows different coactivator activities to engage the nuclear receptor complex at different steps of transcription. Estrogen receptor (ER) recruits steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) primary coactivator and secondary coactivators, p300/CBP and CARM1. CARM1 recruitment lags behind the binding of SRC-3 and p300 to ER. Combining cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure analysis and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that there is a close crosstalk between early- and late-recruited coactivators. The sequential recruitment of CARM1 not only adds a protein arginine methyltransferase activity to the ER-coactivator complex, it also alters the structural organization of the pre-existing ERE/ERα/SRC-3/p300 complex. It induces a p300 conformational change and significantly increases p300 HAT activity on histone H3K18 residues, which, in turn, promotes CARM1 methylation activity on H3R17 residues to enhance transcriptional activity. This study reveals a structural role for a coactivator sequential recruitment and biochemical process in ER-mediated transcription.
Telehealth for Dysphagia Rehabilitation: The Present and the Future

Dysphagia affects about nine million adults and half a million children annually in the United States alone, and its prevalence is only projected to increase as the baby boomer generation grows old...
Shareholder Coordination, Information Diffusion and Stock Returns

We show that the quality of information‐sharing networks linking firms’ institutional investors has stock return predictability implications. We find that firms with high shareholder coordination experience less local comovement and less post‐earnings announcement drift, consistent with the notion that information‐sharing networks facilitate information diffusion and improve stock price efficiency. In support of the view that coordination acts as an information diffusion channel, we document that the stock return performance of firms with high shareholder coordination leads that of firms with low shareholder coordination.
Pink toenails and princess boys: contemporary discourses of boys’ gender-fluidity in USA television news

This article analyzes four national soft news stories about boys’ gender-fluid expression that aired between 2010 and 2012. In each of these stories, boys’ feminine-identified actions received expl...
The effect of oxygen on nitrosamine formation in bacon.

Bacon has been cooked in air and in nitrogen atmospheres and the effect on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine has been studied. Under nitrogen, reductions of 50%–90% were obtained in the concentrations of both nitrosamines in the cooking vapour. The results are discussed in terms of the likely role of nitric oxide in nitrosamine formation in cooking bacon.
Personality: a biologic system.

The personality of man is a biologic system structured on the individual’s genetic and anatomic-physiologic potentials for species-specific adaptations. The system also projects him into a social and physical environment. His relationship with this environment is as integral to his being as the unity of his organ parts are to the function of his body. His personality is the end product of all the processes inherent in this biosocial interaction. It is the final statement of his biologic presence on this planet.
Structure and function of a novel cap-independent translation element in the 3' untranslated region of a viral RNA

iv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION I CHAPTER 2. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A CAP-INDEPENDENT TRANSLATION ELEMENT THAT FUNCTIONS IN EITHER THE 3' OR 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION 16 CHAPTER 3. A CAP-INDEPENDENT TRANSLATION ELEMENT FUNCTIONING IN THE 3' UTR REQUIRES LONG-DISTANCE INTERACTION WITH THE 5' UTR... 43 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 71 APPENDIX. THE CAP-INDEPENDENT TRANSLATION ELEMENT IN VIVO COINCIDES WITH THE SEQUENCE OF sgRNA2 84 REFERENCES 91
Meeting the Measurement Challenges of the 1990s and Beyond New Assessment Models and Methods

Since the publication of Lord and Novick’s (1968) Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores, an event that marked the beginning of modern test theory and testing practices, testing developments have been extensive and their applications have been widespread. Item response theory, criterion-referenced measurement, generalizability theory, computer-adaptive testing, examinee-item matrix sampling, and performance testing are among the main advances (see Linn, 1989). Perhaps the most important of these advances in the last twenty-five years has been item-response theory (IRT) models, and their applications to a wide variety of educational testing topics (see, for example, reviews by Hambleton, 1989; Hambleton & Swaminathan, 1985; Hambleton, Swaminathan & Rogers, 1991; Wright & Stone, 1979). The purposes of this chapter are (1) to describe several shortcomings of classical test models, (2) to introduce item-response theory, related models, and approaches to model fit, (3) to describe optimal test design, one of the important applications of item response theory, and finally (4) to consider future IRT directions in view of important expected changes in assessment practices.
Effects of tDCS-like electrical stimulation on retinal ganglion cells.

Purpose Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been studied in humans for its effects on enhancement of learning, amelioration of psychiatric disorders, and modification of other behaviors for over 50 years. Typical treatments involve injecting 2 mA current through scalp electrodes for 20 minutes, sometimes repeated weekly for two to five sessions. Little is known about the direct effects of tDCS at the neural circuit or the cellular level. This study assessed the effects of tDCS-like currents on the central nervous system by recording effects on retinal ganglion cell responsiveness using the rabbit retina eyecup preparation. Materials and methods We examined changes in firing to On and Off light stimuli during and after brief applications of a range of currents and polarity and in different classes of ganglion cells. Results The responses of Sustained cells were consistently suppressed during the first round of current application, but responses could be enhanced after subsequent rounds of stimulation. The observed first round suppression was independent of current polarity, amplitude, or number of trials. However, the light responses of Transient cells were more likely to be enhanced by negative currents and unaffected or suppressed by first round positive currents. Short-duration currents, that is, minutes, as low as 2.5 µA produced a remarkable persistency of firing changes, for up to 1.5 hours, after cessation of current. Conclusion The results are consistent with postulated tDCS alteration of central nervous system function, which outlast the tDCS session and provide evidence for the isolated retina as a useful model to understand tDCS actions at the neuronal level.
IP3 generation increases rod outer segment phagocytosis by cultured Royal College of Surgeons retinal pigment epithelium.

PURPOSE: To measure outer segment phagocytosis in cultures of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that have been treated with carbachol. Carbachol treatment of RCS RPE results in an increase in the second messenger inositol triphosphate, which mimics that observed in normal RPE after interaction with rod outer segments (ROS). METHODS: Cultures of RCS RPE were phagocytically challenged with isolated rat ROS for 2 hours. Carbachol (1 mM) was added to some cultures to stimulate inositol triphosphate synthesis, and incubation continued for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. Inositol triphosphate concentration was measured by radioreceptor assay. Bound and ingested outer segments were quantified by double immunofluorescent staining. Ingestion of outer segment membranes was confirmed by electron microscopy and immunogold staining. RESULTS: Carbachol treatment was associated with a rapid and temporary increase in inositol triphosphate levels. Royal College of Surgeons rat RPE phagocytically challenged with outer segments and treated with carbachol showed significantly higher ingestion (34%) compared to untreated RCS RPE (9%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of cultured RCS RPE to carbachol increases the intracellular concentration of inositol triphosphate and enhances phagocytosis of bound ROS. These results support the hypothesis that the phagocytic defect in RCS RPE is related to an abnormality in the generation of inositol triphosphate as a second messenger after outer segment recognition and binding.
Cortisol awakening response and additive serotonergic genetic risk interactively predict depression in two samples: The 2019 Donald F. Klein Early Career Investigator Award Paper.

BACKGROUND The serotonin system and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis are each implicated in the pathway to depression; human and animal research support these systems' cross-talk. Our work implicates a 5-variant additive serotoninergic multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) and separately the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in the prospective prediction of depression; other work has shown that the serotonin transporter polymorphism 5HTTLPR predicts CAR and interacts with the CAR to predict depression. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that a 6-variant MGPS (original plus 5HTTLPR) would interact with CAR to predict prospective depressive episode onsets in 201 emerging adults using four annual follow-up interviews. We also tested whether MGPS predicted CAR. We attempted replication of significant findings in a sample of 77 early adolescents predicting depression symptoms. RESULTS In sample 1, MGPS did not significantly predict CAR. MGPS interacted with CAR to predict depressive episodes; CAR slopes for depression steepened as MGPS increased, for risk or protection. No single variant accounted for results, though CAR's interactions with 5HTTLPR and the original MGPS were both significant. In sample 2, the 6-variant MGPS significantly interacted with CAR to predict depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Higher serotonergic MGPS appears to sensitize individuals to CAR level-for better and worse-in predicting depression.
Amyloid PET imaging in cardiac amyloidosis: a pilot study using 18 F-flutemetamol positron emission tomography

Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare disease characterized by amyloid heart deposits and is usually a part of systemic amyloidosis, in relation to systemic light chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR wild-type or genetic) amyloidosis. Several recent studies suggest a promising role of amyloid PET imaging to image cardiac amyloidosis, and several PET tracers are now available for in vivo detection of amyloid deposits. The aim of this study was to evaluate 18F-flutemetamol in diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis. We performed a pilot study using 18F-flutemetamol (Vizamyl™) in 12 patients, 3 control subjects without cardiac amyloidosis, and 9 subjects with documented cardiac amyloidosis. Mean standardized uptake value (SUV) in the left ventricular myocardium and blood pool was determined and semi-quantitative parameter as target to background ratio (TBR, myocardial/blood pool mean SUV ratio) between 10th and 30th minutes was calculated. Uptake of 18F-flutemetamol in the left ventricular myocardium was noted in all patients with cardiac amyloidosis except one and none in control patient. The TBR was significantly higher in amyloidosis patients than in control subjects: 1.46, interquartile range (IQR) 1.32–2.06 versus 1.06, IQR 0.72–1.1 (p = 0.033). Only one patient in our study had light chain amyloidosis and showed higher TBR than patients with transthyretin amyloid: TBR 3.0 versus TBR median 1.44, IQR 1.33–1.69. Amyloid PET tracers such as 18F-flutemetamol could be a promising tool in diagnosing and in therapy response assessment for patients with cardiac amyloidosis.
How Engaged Are Family Physicians in Addressing the Social Determinants of Health? A Survey Supporting the American Academy of Family Physician's Health Equity Environmental Scan.

Abstract Purpose: Public health leaders have advocated for clinical and population-based interventions to address the social determinants of health (SDoH). The American Academy of Family Physicians...
MetaRibo-Seq measures translation in microbiomes

No method exists to measure large-scale translation of genes in uncultured organisms in microbiomes. To overcome this limitation, we develop MetaRibo-Seq, a method for simultaneous ribosome profiling of tens to hundreds of organisms in microbiome samples. MetaRibo-Seq was benchmarked against gold-standard Ribo-Seq in a mock microbial community and applied to five different human fecal samples. Unlike RNA-Seq, Ribo-Seq signal of a predicted gene suggests it encodes a translated protein. We demonstrate two applications of this technique: First, MetaRibo-Seq identifies small genes, whose identification until now has been challenging. For example, MetaRibo-Seq identifies 2,091 translated, previously unannotated small protein families from five fecal samples, more than doubling the number of small proteins predicted to exist in this niche. Second, the combined application of RNA-Seq and MetaRibo-Seq identifies differences in the translation of transcripts. In summary, MetaRibo-Seq enables comprehensive translational profiling in microbiomes and identifies previously unannotated small proteins.
Frequency of violence towards healthcare workers in the United States' inpatient psychiatric hospitals: A systematic review of literature.

The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the frequency of violent or aggressive behaviour towards healthcare workers in inpatient psychiatric settings in the United States. To achieve this aim, five databases were searched to find English-language quantitative studies reporting prevalence or incidence data of violence or aggression directed towards staff members in inpatient psychiatric settings. No limitations were set based on publication date, and intervention studies were included only if baseline data were provided. Of 335 total studies found, 38 full-text articles were suitable for full-text analysis based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 14 were included in the final review. Years of data collection ranged from 1986 to 2018, and a range of psychiatric facilities were represented, from small, private hospital units to large forensic institutions. Researchers utilized surveys, real-time incident reporting tools, and government databases, or a combination of strategies, to collect data related to workers' experiences on the job. Included research indicates that workplace violence in the U.S. inpatient psychiatric setting is a widespread problem, with 25-85% of survey respondents reporting an incident of physical aggression within the year prior to survey, and statewide workers' compensation findings indicating 2-7 claims due to assault per 100 000 employee hours. There are substantial differences between findings based on measurement strategy, making it difficult to arrive at a single estimate of prevalence nationally. As management of this persistent problem receives continued attention from stakeholders, it becomes increasingly important to define and measure the problem with the most appropriate tools.
Pediatric Melanoma-Diagnosis, Management, and Anticipated Outcomes

Melanoma is the most common skin cancer in children, often presenting in an atypical fashion. The incidence of melanoma in children has been declining. The mainstay of therapy is surgical resection. Sentinel lymph node biopsy often is indicated to guide therapy and determine prognosis. Completion lymph node dissection is recommended in selective cases after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy. Those with advanced disease receive adjuvant systemic treatment. Because children are excluded from melanoma clinical trials, management is based on pediatric retrospective data and adult clinical trials. This review focuses on epidemiology, presentation, surgical management, adjuvant therapy, and outcomes of pediatric melanoma.
Secondary metabolites, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the leaf extracts of Acacia rigidula benth. and Acacia berlandieri benth.

The use of plants as sources for novel antimicrobial as well as antioxidant agents offers advantages. Plants are readily accessible and inexpensive, extracts or compounds from plant sources often demonstrate high level of biological activities. Previous studies have reported antibacterial and antifungal activities within the Fabaceae family that included Acacia species. This study aims to determine presence of antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, and the secondary metabolites of sequential solvent extracts (acetone, methanol, and acetic acid) of Acacia berlandieri and Acacia rigidula leaves. The antibacterial activity was investigated using a disc diffusion assay. The ferric thiocyanate method was used to assess the ability of all extracts to prevent oxidation. Qualitative phytochemical tests, NMR, IR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy were done to identify potential secondary metabolites. P. alcalifaciens (p < 0.001), E. faecalis (p < 0.01), S. aureus (p < 0.001), and Y. enterocolitica (p < 0.001) were significantly inhibited by A. rigidula extracts when compared to A. berlandieri extracts. A. rigidula’s acetone extract exhibited the significantly (p < 0.001) highest inhibition of peroxidation, 42%. Qualitative phytochemical tests showed positive results for presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and tannins. NMR, IR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed chemical structures found in flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and tannins, supporting the results of qualitative phytochemical tests. A. berlandieri and A. rigidula leaf extracts have revealed presence of medicinally valued bioactive components. The results of this study provide a basis for further investigations of the A. rigidula leaf extracts. A. rigidula leaf extracts have the potential to serve as a source of novel antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD IN HIGH SPEED STEEL COMPOSITE ROLL DURING CONTINUOUS POURING PROCESS FOR CLADDING I. Graphite Mould Method

The effects of original preheating temperature of core, casting speed, preheating power and supplement heat power on unsteady state temperature field in high speed steel composite roll billet and the parameters match relationship during graphite mould continuous pouring process for cladding have been numerically simulated by use of interface and user-defined functions based on Ansys 10.0 and Fluent 6.3 software. The results indicate that the required induced preheating power increases with increasing casting speed and decreasing original preheating temperature of core when the finishing preheating temperature of core-surface is constant. The higher temperature zone only lies in the surface layer of core and the temperature in mostly zone of core is not affected by inducing coil when the core moves off the preheating coil. The highest temperature of core-surface and duration above its solidus increase with increasing supplement heating power and decreasing casting speed. When the casting speed matched with supplement heat power, the high speed steel can tightly bond with core to form the composite roll.
Modeling lives saved from extreme heat by urban tree cover

Urban tree cover contributes to human well-being through a variety of ecosystem services. In this study, we focus on the role that trees can play in reducing temperature during warm seasons and associated impacts on human health and well-being. We introduce a method for quantifying and valuing changes in premature mortality from extreme heat due to the changes in urban tree cover and apply this method to Baltimore City, Maryland. The model i-Tree Cool Air uses a water and energy balance to estimate hourly changes in air temperature due to alternative scenarios of tree cover applied across 653 Census Block Groups. The changes in temperature are applied to existing temperature–mortality models to estimate changes in health outcomes and associated values. Existing tree cover in Baltimore is estimated to reduce annual mortality by 543 deaths as compared to a 0% tree cover scenario. Increasing the area of current tree cover by 10% of each Census Block Group reduced baseline annual mortality by 83 to 247 deaths (valued at $0.68 –2.0 billion applying Value of Statistical Life estimates). Over half of the reduced mortality is from the over 65 year age group, who are among the most vulnerable to extreme heat. Reductions in air temperature due to increased tree cover were greatest in downtown Baltimore where tree cover is relatively low and impervious cover is relatively high. However, the greatest reductions in mortality occurred in the outskirts of Baltimore where a greater number of people who are over 65 years in age reside. Quantifying and valuing the health benefits of changes in air temperatures due to increased tree cover can inform climate adaptation and mitigation plans by decision makers. Developing adaptation strategies to effectively address these issues will become increasingly important in the future under changing climates and an aging population.
Solvent absorption rate of perfluorosulphonic acid membranes towards understanding direct coating processes

Abstract Here we present a method for measurement of the rate of solvent absorption by perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes using a force tensiometer. The method presented here can be used as a tool to understand solvent absorption and should provide a rationale for designing catalyst inks for direct coating processes since it is necessary to understand how the absorption rate – on a time scale of seconds to minutes – compares to the time scales of the coating process in order to minimize membrane swelling. This method allows for rapid screening of the absorption and swelling behavior of different solvents and mixtures. Using this method, the absorption of water/1-propanol mixtures were measured for three thicknesses of Nafion PFSA membrane – Nafion 1135, Nafion 115, and Nafion 117. We find that the absorption rate is dependent on the ratio of the solvents as well as the thickness of the membrane. The analysis indicates that the highest absorption rate occurs when the mass percentage of 1-propanol in the mixture is 50%, whereas the lowest rates are for pure water and 1-propanol. In addition, membrane distortion also occurs most quickly for the 50% 1-propanol mixture. Our results suggest that catalyst inks that are highly rich (≥90%) in water or 1-propanol are likely best for direct coating as such formulations will minimize absorption and swelling.
RCT examining the effect of treatment intensity for a psychosocial treatment for high-functioning children with ASD

Abstract This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of treatment intensity (high intensity vs. lower intensity) on the feasibility and efficacy of a comprehensive psychosocial treatment for 47 high-functioning children, ages 7–12 years with ASD (HFASD). All participants received the comprehensive 5-week summer treatment (summerMAX), with half receiving the previously validated high-intensity (HI) program (2:1 child-to-staff ratio) and half receiving a lower intensity (LI) version of the same program (4:1 child-to-staff ratio). Results of the primary analyses indicated significant improvements on non-literal language and emotion recognition (decoding) child testing and parent ratings of targeted and broad social skills, ASD-related symptoms, withdrawal, and behavioral symptoms for the overall group (HI and LI combined) and no significant difference between the conditions (HI vs. LI). Secondary staff clinician ratings corroborated parent ratings. No significant cross-condition differences were observed in fidelity of implementation or in parent, child, or staff clinician satisfaction ratings indicating no reduction in feasibility for the LI group. Overall, results suggested that similar positive outcomes can be achieved when the summerMAX program is administered at a lower intensity level.
Effect of lymph node metastasis size on breast cancer-specific and overall survival in women with node-positive breast cancer.

We investigated whether increasing size of lymph nodes (LN) metastases is associated with lower breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) independent of the number of positive LNs. Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry data, we identified 8791 women diagnosed between 1990 and 2003 with node-positive, non-metastatic invasive breast cancer treated with surgery and axillary LN dissection. Size of the largest involved LN metastasis was categorized as ≤2 mm, >2 mm to 2 mm to 2 mm to <2 cm, and ≥2 cm was 82.9, 75.5, 64.8 %, respectively (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, large (≥2 cm) LN size was significantly associated with worsened BCSS (HR: 1.169; p = 0.026) and OS (HR: 1.169; p = 0.006) in addition to age, race, grade, PR status, adjuvant radiation, T-stage, and number of positive LNs. Large (≥2 cm) LNs metastases were associated with lower BCSS and OS after controlling for other known prognostic factors including number of positive LNs. LN size could be useful to risk-stratify patients for adjuvant therapy if these results are validated in future prospective studies.
Multiple cutaneous leiomyomas: Report of a case

Multiple cutaneous leiomyomas usually appear as painful nodules of the skin. Historically these have been treated by surgical excision, however, because they are often numerous, surgery may be an impractical approach. This article reports on a patient with multiple leiomyomas of the face treated by excision as well as a discussion of alternative treatments such as pharmacologic agents that may be used when surgical excision is not feasible.
Chapter 5 – Orbital maneuvers

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some special flight paths that are of particular interest for a number of space missions. The chapter describes cases where the spacecraft center of mass motion is one of merely coasting without thrust as well as cases of flight paths where intervals of coasting are separated by short, quasi-instantaneous bursts of thrust. In the planning of space vehicle trajectories, it is often of interest to find the minimum-energy path that leads from a prescribed point of departure to a prescribed target point. Both points, as well as the center of attraction, are assumed to be fixed in the same inertial reference system, for instance, the heliocentric system. Transfer trajectories other than Hohmann transfers are frequently used. The choice is often dictated by the need to match the impulse of solid-propellant motors to the mission requirement. These motors must burn to completion and may have excess impulse for the intended spacecraft mass. The type of transfer orbit that is optimal depends significantly on the radius ratio or semimajor axis ratio of the final orbit relative to the initial one.
Cystine requirement for normal poliovirus action on monkey kidney tissue cultures.

SummaryThe cytopathogenic action of the poliovirus strains Akron. Brooks, and Mabie on either tube or Petri plate cultures of monkey kidney cells is considerably delayed when cystine is omitted from the maintenance medium. Omission of all the vitamins or of any one of the 12 other amino acids except glutamine normally present in the maintenance medium resulted in no delay in the appearance of the cytopathogenic effect of Akron PP1. Omission of glutamine resulted in a short delay or no delay. It has further been shown that the propagation of Akron is slower in the absence of cystine. The lowest concentration of L-cystine which will give optimal or near-optimal cytopaithogenic action by Akron is about 10-4 M. Glutathione and L-cysteine hydrochloride can replace cystine at about the same concentration; DL-homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride and DL-cystathionine can replace also but only at higher molar concentrations. None of 13 other compounds was found to replace cystine. The adsorption of Akron onto mo...
Migraine is Associated With Altered Processing of Sensory Stimuli

Migraine is associated with derangements in perception of multiple sensory modalities including vision, hearing, smell, and somatosensation. Compared to people without migraine, migraineurs have lower discomfort thresholds in response to special sensory stimuli as well as to mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli. Likewise, the environmental triggers of migraine attacks, such as odors and flashing lights, highlight basal abnormalities in sensory processing and integration. These alterations in sensory processing and perception in migraineurs have been investigated via physiological studies and functional brain imaging studies. Investigations have demonstrated that migraineurs during and between migraine attacks have atypical stimulus-induced activations of brainstem, subcortical, and cortical regions that participate in sensory processing. A lack of normal habituation to repetitive stimuli during the interictal state and a tendency towards development of sensitization likely contribute to migraine-related alterations in sensory processing.
Adenoviral-Mediated Gene Transfer of Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein–13 Does Not Improve Rotator Cuff Healing in a Rat Model

Background: Rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing occurs by formation of a scar tissue interface after repair, which makes it prone to failure. Bone morphogenetic protein–13 (BMP-13) has been implicated in tendon and cartilage repair, and thus may augment rotator cuff repairs. The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transduced with BMP-13 could improve regeneration of the tendon-bone insertion site in a rat rotator cuff repair model.Hypothesis: Mesenchymal stem cells genetically modified to overexpress BMP-13 will improve rotator cuff healing based on histologic and biomechanical outcomes.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Sixty Lewis rats underwent unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon and 10 rats were used for MSC harvest. Animals were randomized into 2 groups (30 animals/group). The experimental group received 106 MSCs transduced with adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human BMP-13 (Ad-BMP-13). The second grou...
Use of High-Nitrogen Feedstuff Made from Whey in the Rations of Dairy Animals,

Summary Feeding trials have been conducted to evaluate a high-nitrogen whey derivative as a feedstuff for dairy cattle. Preliminary trials indicated that the product was not toxic and appeared to support growth of 6-mo.-old calves. In one trial, two groups of eight lactating Holstein cows were used in a single-reversal experiment consisting of two 8-wk. periods. All cows were fed grass silage, timothy hay, and a concentrate mixture according to body weight and milk production. The experimental variable consisted of the presence or absence of the whey product in the concentrate mixture at the 10% level. Milk and butterfat production by cows fed the whey product was lower than that of controls, especially during the first period of the experiment. While receiving the whey product, the cows lost significantly more body weight than while on the control ration. Feed refusals by cows fed the whey product were significantly greater than those of control cows, and nutrient intakes of cows fed whey products were below requirements, due to the unpalatable nature of the product. Variations between individuals were noted, with regard to acceptance. It is believed that the portion of the feedstuff actually consumed was well-utilized. No significant differences were noted in blood glucose or blood lactic acid concentrations. In a second trial, 15 male Holstein calves were fed from six days to 20 wk. of age on calf starters which contained 0, 5, or 8% of the whey product. Growth by the three groups of calves was similar, those receiving the 5% level weighing slightly more at 20 wk. than did the other two groups. Consumption of the 5% starter was good, but the 8% mixture apparently lacked in palatability.
Twenty years of trauma:Psychological Abstracts 1970 through 1989

The present study represents an objective assessment of the growth in trauma literature, and of the thematic trends which have been part of its historical evolution. For these purposes a systematic, manual search ofPsychological Abstracts from 1970 to 1990 was conducted to identify literature on trauma-related topics. Fifteen hundred and ninety-six (1596) citations between 1970–1990 were identified, and a trend showing increasing numbers of trauma publications was in evidence. This increase was most apparent in literature involving war- and sexual abuse-related traumatization, but not in publications about natural and technological disaster. These findings reflect a dynamic and growing field, and will provide an important benchmark for assessing the changing status of the PTSD literature.
Decreased incidence of epithelial defects during laser in situ keratomileusis using intraoperative nonpreserved carboxymethylcellulose sodium 0.5% solution

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the incidence of epithelial defects that occur with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using nonpreserved carboxymethylcellulose sodium 0.5% solution (Refresh Plus®) intraoperatively. Setting Community-based refractive center. Methods This retrospective study comprised 105 patients (210 eyes) who had primary bilateral LASIK by 1 of 2 surgeons between October 1 and December 1, 2000. The 114 eyes treated subsequent to November 1, 2000, received Refresh Plus intraoperatively, and the 96 eyes treated before this date did not. The incidence of epithelial defects and diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) in both groups was recorded. The preoperative keratometry measurements of all cases were also recorded. Results There was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of epithelial defects in the group that received Refresh Plus intraoperatively ( P = .02). No statistically significant between-group difference in the incidence of DLK was detected. Analysis of the keratometry measurements revealed no statistically significant association between the amount or axis of astigmatism and the incidence of epithelial defects or DLK. Conclusion The intraoperative use of nonpreserved Refresh Plus significantly decreased the rate of epithelial defects that occurred during LASIK.
Production of superoxide during the metabolism of nitrazepam.

1. Nitrazepam is metabolized in both humans and rats to 7-amino-nitrazepam indicating that this drug is reduced to a number of metabolic intermediates including several free radical species.2. When rat-hepatic microsomes are incubated with NADPH in the presence of nitrazepam, its nitro anion free radical was observed under anaerobic conditions. In the presence of oxygen, this free radical reduced oxygen giving nitrazepam and superoxide.3. 7-Nitroxyl-nitrazepam was produced by the chemical oxidation of 7-amino-nitrazepam using m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Reaction of this reactive free radical with hepatic microsomes led to the covalent spin labelling of microsomal protein. This phenomenon was also observed by the enzymic oxidation of 7-amino-nitrazepam with hepatic microsomes, obtained from a phenobarbital-induced rat, in the presence of a NADPH-generating system.4. With the generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (arising from the dismutation of superoxide), it is not surprising that nitrazepam-enhanc...
Preparation and characterization of polyimide alternating copolymers incorporating N,N′‐bis‐(4‐anilino)‐1,2,4,5‐benzene bis(dicarboximide)

N,N'-Di-(4-anilino)-1,2,4,5-benzene bis(dicarboximide) was prepared in a three-step synthesis and purified by heating the resulting solid to 200°C. Condensation of the diamino-diimide with several dianhydrides (BPDA, BTDA, and 6-FDA) yielded polyamic acid-imides that could be either thermally or chemically cured to the corresponding alternating copolyimides. Imidization of the polyamic acid-imide to the final polyimide was monitored by FTIR for samples coated on silicon wafers before being thermally cured. Polyimides prepared by chemical imidization were found by thermogravimetric analysis to be stable to temperatures of 600°C.
The IQ Caste and Gifted Education.

The purpose of this article is to examine some of the implicit social and political assumptions that underlie The Bell Curve and to discuss the social implications of its authors’ recommendations to increase funding allocation to gifted and talented young people. Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray suggest that an IQ caste system is developing in our country and that there is increasing stratification between the “IQ haves” and the “IQ have nots.” Based on an examination of their construct from a race and ethnicity, sex and gender perspective, it is suggested that the authors’ obscure the social construction of reality in their schema. Finally, further collaboration is needed between sociologists and gifted educators in creating a social environment in which gifted children's needs are met.
Written consent - a prospective audit of practices for ENT patients.

INTRODUCTIONIt is very important that patients are given sufficient time to consider the implications of surgical treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODSThe authors audited the consenting practices for patients undergoing surgery in a busy ENT unit. RESULTSThe first cycle demonstrated that 15% of patients were providing written consent for surgery on the same day as their operation. Subsequent to a simple change in departmental policy, this was reduced to 2%. The medicolegal implications of this audit are discussed with reference to current recommendations. CONCLUSIONSThis simple policy change not only protects the hospital trust from potential litigation but also provides a smooth journey for the patients from diagnosis to making the decision to operate and finally to undergoing surgery.
Teaching Old Indicators New Tricks: A Colorimetric Chemosensing Ensemble for Tartrate/Malate in Beverages

The competition between tartrate and a common indicator (1) for a synthetic host (2) has been used to quantitate tartrate in beverages derived from grapes. The approach demonstrates a general method for the development of colorimetric assays in highly competitive media.
Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells in primary culture.

The trace fatty acid conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits rat mammary carcinogenesis when fed prior to carcinogen during pubertal mammary gland development or during the promotion phase of carcinogenesis. The following studies were done to investigate possible mechanisms of these effects. Using a physiological model for growth and differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cell organoids (MEO) in primary culture, we found that CLA, but not linoleic acid (LA), inhibited growth of MEO and that this growth inhibition was mediated both by a reduction in DNA synthesis and a stimulation of apoptosis. The effects of CLA did not appear to be mediated by changes in epithelial protein kinase C (PKC) since neither total activity nor expression nor localization of PKC isoenzymes alpha, beta II, delta, epsilon, eta, or zeta were altered in the epithelium of CLA-fed rats. In contrast, PKCs delta, epsilon, and eta were specifically upregulated and associated with a lipid-like, but acetone-insoluble, fibrillar material found exclusively in adipocytes from CLA-fed rats. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that CLA can act directly to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of normal MEO and may thus prevent breast cancer by its ability to reduce mammary epithelial density and to inhibit the outgrowth of initiated MEO. Moreover, the changes in mammary adipocyte PKC expression and lipid composition suggest that the adipose stroma may play an important in vivo role in mediating the ability of CLA to inhibit mammary carcinogenesis.
A generalization of the Boltzmann superposition principle to polymer networks undergoing scission

Methods reported by Moacanin et al. (1975) and Moacanin and Aklonis (1971) are generalized with the objective to include strains (or stress) applied in an arbitrary manner to linearly viscoelastic materials. An imposition of changes in both the strain and the density of elastically effective chains in discrete increments is considered. In accordance with the Boltzmann superposition principle, each strain increment may be treated as a new independent experiment which adds linearly to the total response of the system.