cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty Displays Using Quantile Dotplots or CDFs Improve Transit Decision-Making

Everyday predictive systems typically present point predictions, making it hard for people to account for uncertainty when making decisions. Evaluations of uncertainty displays for transit prediction have assessed people's ability to extract probabilities, but not the quality of their decisions. In a controlled, incentivized experiment, we had subjects decide when to catch a bus using displays with textual uncertainty, uncertainty visualizations, or no-uncertainty (control). Frequency-based visualizations previously shown to allow people to better extract probabilities (quantile dotplots) yielded better decisions. Decisions with quantile dotplots with 50 outcomes were(1) better on average, having expected payoffs 97% of optimal(95% CI: [95%,98%]), 5 percentage points more than control (95% CI: [2,8]); and (2) more consistent, having within-subject standard deviation of 3 percentage points (95% CI:[2,4]), 4 percentage points less than control (95% CI: [2,6]).Cumulative distribution function plots performed nearly as well, and both outperformed textual uncertainty, which was sensitive to the probability interval communicated. We discuss implications for real time transit predictions and possible generalization to other domains.
Impact of a Composite Valved RV-PA Graft After Stage 1 Palliation.

Background The use of a valved right ventricular to pulmonary artery shunt (RVPAS) has been reported by some to improve pulmonary artery growth after stage 1 palliation (S1P). Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing an S1P with an RVPAS between January 2013 and May 2017, stratified by RVPAS type: a ring-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft or a composite graft that included a distal valved femoral or saphenous vein homograft. We examined the association of RVPAS type on postoperative hemodynamics, time to reintervention, pulmonary artery growth, and survival. Results Among 94 infants, 56 (60%) underwent PTFE-only shunt, 24 (25%) underwent femoral vein homograft, and 14 (15%) underwent saphenous vein homograft, and no relevant risk factor differences were found between the groups. Arterial saturation was 2.3% higher (p = 0.014) and serum lactic acid was 1.24 mg/dL lower (p = 0.03) in the femoral vein homograft group than in the PTFE-only group, although venous saturation was similar. By 60 days, 50% of patients with saphenous vein homograft had a reintervention compared with 5% with PTFE graft (p Conclusions The use of an interposition femoral vein homograft into the RVPAS may enhance perioperative stability, but it does not substantially improve interstage growth of the pulmonary arteries. Use of saphenous vein homograft is associated with earlier time to reintervention after S1P.
Psychosocial Aspects of AIDS Prevention among Heterosexuals

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a frightening disease that has captured the attention of the world during the current decade. It is controversial, partly because of the groups within which it initially was spread, and it is deadly. Moreover, there is no cure for AIDS once someone has it and no vaccine to prevent people from being infected by the AIDS virus. Consequently, other methods must be used to curb its spread and prevent healthy people from infection. We know that the disease is spread primarily from sexual contact or exposure to contaminated blood; casual contact does not appear to spread the disease, but sexual intercourse with individuals who have been infected or exchange of bodily fluids are the major routes of transmission. Behavior change directed at minimizing these risks hold the greatest promise of preventing the spread of AIDS and controlling the epidemic.
The Theory of Spinors

The concept of a “spinor” emerged from the work of E. Cartan on the representations of simple Lie algebras. However, it was not until Dirac employed a special case in the construction of his relativistically invariant equation for the electron with “spin” that the notion acquired its present name or its current stature in mathematical physics. In this chapter we present an elementary introduction to the algebraic theory of spinors in Minkowski spacetime and illustrate its utility in special relativity by recasting in spinor form much of what we have learned about the structure of the electromagnetic field in Chapter 2. We shall not stray into quantum mechanics and, in particular, will not discuss the Dirac equation (for this, see the encyclopedic monograph[PR] of Penrose and Rindler). Since it is our belief that an intuitive appreciation of the notion of a spinor is best acquired by approaching them by way of group representations, we have devoted this first section to an introduction to these ideas and how they arise in special relativity. Since this section is primarily motivational, we have not felt compelled to prove everything we say and have, at several points, contented ourselves with a reference to a proof in the literature.
Microbiological Quality of Beef Carcasses and Vacuum-Packaged Subprimals: Process Intervention during Slaughter and Fabrication.

Beef carcass sides (n = 9 per replicate) were sprayed with water (W), 200 ppm chlorine (C), or 3% (vol/vol) lactic acid (L) immediately after rail inspection and at the end of an 8-h spray-chill cycle, resulting in a total of nine different spray combinations. All treatment combinations involving chlorine and/or lactic acid reduced carcass contamination. The reductions in mean log 10 CFU/cm 2 for carcass aerobic plate count (APC) data ranged from 0.4 to 1.8. The treatment combination using lactic acid at both spray times (L+L) resulted in the greatest reduction. Additionally, treatment combinations involving lactic acid at either time and in combination with water or chlorine tended to reduce APCs more than those treatment combinations without acid. Browning of blood splashes was observed on carcasses sprayed with lactic acid and persisted until fabrication at 72 h postmortem. A companion study was designed, in conjunction with the carcass decontamination study, to evaluate effect of carcass treatment on the microbiological quality of subprimal subdivisions derived from treated carcasses. A facet of the subprimal study evaluated chlorine spray (200 ppm) and microwave radiation as approaches to improving subprimal shelf life and safety. Cuts taken from sprayed carcasses were vacuum packaged with or without intervention treatments, stored at 1 to 2°C and evaluated for both APC and pathogen populations at specified intervals of up to 120 days. These results demonstrated that neither carcass nor intervention treatment had any significant (P > 0.05), beneficial effect on the microbiological quality of subprimal cuts.
Cardiovascular Imaging in Global Health Radiology

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death globally, and morbidity and mortality are highest in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to unavailability and unaffordability of medical resources for diagnosis and management of CVD. This has led to disastrous economic consequences on the individual, household, and societal level in these regions. Cardiovascular imaging is essential to the care of patients with CVD; however, access to cardiovascular imaging is very limited in low- and middle-income countries due to expense of equipment and challenges in training healthcare personnel to correctly order, acquire, and interpret studies. The state-of-the-art tools for cardiac imaging include echocardiography, coronary angiography and left ventriculography, nuclear imaging, cardiac computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Of the available cardiac imaging modalities, echo is the most widely used in LMICs because it is safe, portable, relatively inexpensive, and able to diagnose a variety of CVDs. Additionally, inexperienced practitioners can be trained to perform a focused cardiovascular exam by echo, for example, in screening for rheumatic heart disease, in a relatively short period. Handheld or pocket-sized echo machines are particularly useful, and the images can be interpreted locally or uploaded for remote interpretation by expert cardiologists. Instituting the infrastructure for cardiovascular imaging alone is not sufficient. Clinicians in LMICs must be trained to properly refer patients and interpret the results. Additionally, patients must have access to and be able to afford necessary medicines and surgeries for treatment of CVDs. In the future, the gap to CVD treatment in LMICs may be closed further by use of telemedicine and mobile cardiovascular imaging tools as well as continued international efforts to lower infrastructure costs and train local providers in its use.
Projective Algebraic Geometry VI: Tangents, Differentials, Simple Subvarieties

We recall (I.20) that if V a is an affine variety and ξ ∈ V a , then the (Zariski) tangent space to V a at ξ, T V a,ξ, is given by any of the following: (i) \( V(\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{\partial f(\xi )}}{{\partial {x_i}}}} ({X_i} - {\xi _i})) \) where f runs through p = I(V a ); (ii) Der k (k[V a ], k ξ); (iii) \( De{r_k}({o_\xi },{V_a},{k_\xi }) \); and, (iv) \( ({m_{\xi ,{V_a}}}/m_{\xi ,{V_a}}^2)*. \)
A variation in the arterial supply to the first and second digits - case report

In the anatomical literature, arteries to the thumb are classically described as branches of the deep palmar arterial arch. However, some authors report variants where this arterial supply stems fr...
Postproduction Energy Conservation

We have already examined agricultural energy input for crop and livestock production. These segments of agriculture together account for 18% of the energy utilized in the food system. The remaining energy usage, 82%, occurs beyond the farm gate. Postproduction energy is needed for transportation, processing, marketing, and preparation of food. At least 75% of U.S. crops and livestock are processed in some way before marketing to consumers.
Social and Cultural Context: Healthy Eating and Physical Activity

Healthy eating and physical activity are major lifestyle behaviors that can reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases. Within nations and communities, broad social, political, and economic trends interact with local culture to create unique and dynamic contexts for these behaviors. This chapter reviews the sociocultural and environmental context of healthy eating and physical activity. We first review the self-regulation and the explanatory models of illness to illustrate how cultural context shapes an individual’s beliefs and behaviors. We then describe the proximal and distal influences on individuals and populations using an ecological framework. We conclude with a review of key concepts related to healthy eating and physical activity with evidence from studies conducted in developed and developing countries, drawing on both descriptive and intervention research. Timely, targeted research that takes place in communities that reach large numbers of participants will provide the best evidence for practices, programs, and policies that create a more supportive context for healthy eating and physical activity for people worldwide.
When to start digitalis

The two major clinical applications of digitalis therapy are in the treatment of arrhythmias and heart failure. The beneficial effects of digitalis in atrial arrhythmias have remained undisputed since Mackenzie observed that digitalis slows ventricular response in the presence of atrial fibrillation (22). However, the role of digitalis therapy in the management of patients with heart failure who remain in sinus rhythm has remained controversial. A large number of studies have been performed to ascertain whether digitalis therapy is desirable in patients with acute or chronic heart failure in view of its low therapeutic/toxic ratio. It is apparent from these studies that it is difficult, if not impossible, to derive a conclusive general indication and recommendation for digitalis therapy for all patients with heart failure of different severity and diverse etiology. In any given patient, the response to the question, “When to start digitalis?” should depend on several considerations, including the type of functional abnormality causing heart failure and whether such functional abnormality can potentially be corrected by digitalis given its expected physiologic and pharmacologic effects.
Effect of altered nitrogen partial pressure on Chlorellaceae for spaceflight applications

Abstract Algal-based photobioreactors offer a promising bioregenerative technology that can perform the functions of air revitalization, water recycling, and food production in a human spacecraft life support system. In order to assess their performance in this context, this study exposed a non-axenic green algal culture (Chlorellacea) to an atmospheric pressure of 8.2psia [56.5 kPa] with an oxygen concentration of 34%, which are currently proposed cabin atmosphere conditions for future space exploration missions. Growth and metabolism of green algae were compared to a control experiment kept at 14.7psia [101.3 kPa] with oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure maintained at constant levels of 3.1 and 0.147psia [21.3 and 1.0 kPa], respectively, which represent concentrations of 21 and 1% at standard sea level pressure. To conduct the evaluation, a flow-through photobioreactor was developed that can precisely control atmospheric compositions such as partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and set the total pressure solely by altering the nitrogen partial pressure. Algal performance was measured by daily cell counts and optical density measurements. Additionally, continuous measurements of dissolved oxygen and pH in the liquid phase, as well as evolved oxygen and absorbed carbon dioxide in the gaseous phase, were collected. A metagenomic analysis was conducted on the algal culture to assure the composition of the algal culture remained consistent during the experimental phase, as well as to characterize the nature of coexisting contaminants in the non-axenic culture. The performance of the algal culture was compared to related, previously published literature values. The hypothesized increase in performance of the algal culture under reduced pressures was not verified, rather it was shown that the nitrogen partial pressure neither benefits nor inhibits algal growth under the tested conditions.
Self-reported physical health of women who did and did not terminate pregnancy after seeking abortion services a cohort study

Background Research demonstrates worse short-term morbidity and mortality associated with childbirth than with abortion, but little research has examined long-term physical health in women with unwanted pregnancies after abortion versus childbirth. Objective To examine the physical health of women who seek and receive or are denied abortion. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting 30 U.S. abortion facilities from 2008 to 2010. Participants Of 1132 women seeking abortion who consented to participate, 874 were included in this analysis (328 who had first-trimester abortion, 383 who had second-trimester abortion, and 163 who gave birth). Measurements Self-reported overall health; chronic abdominal, pelvic, back, and joint pain; chronic headaches or migraines; obesity; asthma; gestational and nongestational hypertension and diabetes; and hyperlipidemia were assessed semiannually for 5 years. Mortality was assessed by using verbal autopsy and public records. Results No significant differences were observed in self-rated health or chronic pain after first-trimester versus second-trimester abortion. At 5 years, 27% (95% CI, 21% to 34%) of women who gave birth reported fair or poor health compared with 20% (CI, 16% to 24%) of women who had first-trimester abortion and 21% (CI, 18% to 25%) who had second-trimester abortion. Women who gave birth also reported more chronic headaches or migraines and joint pain, but experienced similar levels of other types of chronic pain and obesity. Gestational hypertension was reported by 9.4% of participants who gave birth. Eight of 1132 participants died during follow-up, 2 in the postpartum period. Maternal mortality did not differ statistically by group. Limitation Self-reported outcome measures, uncertain generalizability, and 41% loss to follow-up at 5 years. Conclusion Although some argue that abortion is detrimental to women's health, these study data indicate that physical health is no worse in women who sought and underwent abortion than in women who were denied abortion. Indeed, differences emerged suggesting worse health among those who gave birth. Primary Funding Source An anonymous foundation.
Infectious Disorders of the Duodenum and Small Bowel

Infectious agents causing infection of the small bowel include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. This chapter covers histopathology of small bowel infections of the duodenum and small intestine (jejunum and ileum). Infectious agents which cause disease that may result in a biopsy to obtain a diagnosis are covered in this chapter. Clinical features, histopathologic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment and prognosis are covered for each infectious entity. Parasites encompass the largest group of infectious agents leading to small intestinal disease. The nematodes Strongyloides, Anisakis, and Angiostrongylus are discussed, as is Giardia, the most common intestinal protozoan worldwide. Intestinal disease due to the coccidian parasites Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora is also described. A description of adenoviral disease and comparison of cytopathic effects of other viruses common to the intestine is provided. Whipple disease due to Tropheryma whipplei is also discussed, and a histologic differential diagnosis of this disease is provided. Finally, microsporidial small intestinal disease in immunocompromised hosts is discussed.
I was once a world famous magician: Using improv to improve performance in the classroom

A wise improv actor once told me that when students come to class, they expect to be bored. Unfortunately for information literacy instructors, there may be no place where this is more true than our own classrooms. Research has shown that the confidence students have in their research-related skills often does not match their proficiency with those skills. For some students, this means that they enter our classrooms believing that they already know how to effectively find, evaluate, and use information as part of the research process. As a result, they are not open to the idea that there might be more to learn. So they expect to be bored.
Healthcare and Life Sciences

Blockchain is suitable for any kind of digital data where shared write access for a number of parties is necessary and where authentication and consensus about data integrity are important. As publicly accessible ledgers, blockchain can make all kinds of recordkeeping more efficient and provides a solution to recordkeeping problems in the healthcare industry. Blockchain technology is being considered for securing healthcare records, DNA data, personal information, and, essential medical history information. Big hospitals can use blockchain to store details about patients’ records. This way, patients and doctors can directly check those records anytime, anywhere through the network (Finasko 2017).
The power frequency voltage divider calibration device and its uncertainty

Abstract The power frequency high voltage divider is widely used to measure the power frequency high voltage and it is an important measuring instrument for high voltage test. Whether it is accurate or not directly affects the insulation monitoring level of power equipment closely related to the safety of power production, and it is of vital importance for power enterprises to ensure the measurement accuracy of power frequency high-voltage divider. The newly implemented JJG496-2016 recommended three measurement methods: difference comparison, equal power bridge method and voltage ratio method. At present, only some literatures have introduced the measurement method using voltage ratio method and the measurement uncertainty evaluation procedure. This paper introduces a calibration device and measuring method of power frequency high voltage divider using the difference comparison method, and gives the uncertainty of the ratio difference and phase difference of power frequency high voltage divider obtained under the standard test environment.
Two for one with split- or co-ventilation at the peak of the COVID-19 tsunami: is there any role for communal care when the resources for personalised medicine are exhausted?

The international pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has caused unprecedented strain on healthcare systems worldwide and threatens to deplete the available supply of mechanical ventilators. In addition to ventilator allocation protocols, a potential way of addressing this problem is ventilator sharing, also termed split- or co-ventilation, a concept that has gained recent attention in anticipation of dire equipment shortages. Co-ventilation was initially proposed by Neyman and Irvin in 2006 as a method of increasing surge capacity needs during disasters resulting in mass casualty respiratory failure. They demonstrated the technical feasibility of using one ventilator on four mechanical lungs, and proposed use as a last resort only after depletion of ventilators and staff available for manual ventilation to temporarily bridge to the arrival of disaster relief.1 Similar circuits have since been used in both sheep models and more sophisticated mechanical lung models.2 3 Tonetti and colleagues describe a simple circuit which can be used to ventilate two patients with one ventilator and report on its use in mechanical lung models of differing compliance and resistance.4 While this report again demonstrates the technical feasibility of ventilating multiple patients with a single ventilator, there are many areas of caution to consider before widespread implementation of this technique in the current pandemic. Tonetti and colleagues, as well as the protocol recently published by New York Presbyterian Hospital, have attempted to address many of the technical challenges of co-ventilation, although many still remain.4 5 Front and centre among these problems is the inability to titrate mechanical ventilation to the individual patient physiology. Close matching of ventilatory settings—such as minute ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen—to patient characteristics such as pulmonary mechanics (static compliance, resistance); oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production; acid-base balance; and haemodynamics—is necessary to optimise …
Development of the locomotor system—Chick embryo

Abstract The chick embryo has been used extensively for centuries in order to understand several different fundamentally important developmental topics that are associated with the locomotor system. In this chapter, I examine several different discoveries that have taken advantage of the chick embryo model system. Advances have been made in the molecular specification of spinal interneurons and motoneurons, and in motoneuron migration and motoneuron axon pathfinding choices into the periphery. The chick embryo has also been critical for the recognition that different components of the motor system undergo a naturally occurring cell death early in development and led to the neurotrophic hypothesis. Once these processes take place, the embryonic spinal cord generates a network activity that drives movements, which have been extensively studied over the course of embryonic development. An increased understanding of homeostatic plasticity mechanisms has been due to our ability to observe the homeostatic regulation of spinally generated movements. All of these advances were possible because of the access that the chick embryo affords. It is possible to open a window in the shell of the egg and observe embryonic movements, record from the spinal or muscle tissue in ovo, and introduce drugs or genetic material. This has made the chick embryo one of the most important tools in understanding the developmental process.
Hydrazine Formation via Coupling of a Nickel(III)-NH2 Radical.

M(NHx ) intermediates involved in N-N bond formation are central to ammonia oxidation (AO) catalysis, an enabling technology to ultimately exploit ammonia (NH3 ) as an alternative fuel source. While homocoupling of a terminal amide species (M-NH2 ) to form hydrazine (N2 H4 ) has been proposed, well-defined examples are without precedent. Herein, we discuss the generation and electronic structure of a NiIII -NH2 species that undergoes bimolecular coupling to generate a NiII2 (N2 H4 ) complex. This hydrazine adduct can be further oxidized to a structurally unusual Ni2 (N2 H2 ) species; this releases N2 in the presence of NH3 , thus establishing a synthetic cycle for Ni-mediated AO. Distribution of the redox load for H2 N-NH2 formation via NH2 coupling between two metal centers presents an attractive strategy for AO catalysis using Earth-abundant, late first-row metals.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Component of Evidence-Based Education

Including cost-effectiveness data in the evaluation of programs is the next step in the evolution of evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice is grounded in three complementary elements: be...
Conformal Multi-Service Antenna Arrays: Hybrid In Situ & Signal of Opportunity (SoOP) Calibration

Current day commercial aircrafts are equipped with numerous communications and navigation systems that are considered in isolation, leading to a stove-pipe design. Antennae supporting these services, protrude from the aircraft's body increasing drag and, as a result, fuel consumption. Therefore, we redesign deployment of the antennae to support multiple services with shared physical elements that conforms to the exterior of an aircraft to mitigate drag. Conformal arrays are, however, susceptible to structural changes in the fuselage that manifest as pointing errors and side lobe degradation. We propose an on-line calibration algorithm that leverages cooperative satellites in direct line-of-sight of the aircraft to optimally steer beams. These external calibration sources supplement an in situ source placed on the aircraft's tail. We establish models for potential sources of mismatch and demonstrate the hybrid calibration method via simulations.
Hemodynamic molecular imaging of tumor-associated enzyme activity in the living brain

Molecular imaging could have great utility for detecting, classifying, and guiding treatment of brain disorders, but existing probes offer limited capability for assessing relevant physiological parameters. Here we describe a potent approach for noninvasive mapping of cancer-associated enzyme activity using a molecular sensor that acts on the vasculature, providing a diagnostic readout via local changes in hemodynamic image contrast. The sensor is targeted at the fibroblast activation protein (FAP), an extracellular dipeptidase and clinically relevant biomarker of brain tumor biology. Optimal FAP sensor variants were identified by screening a series of prototypes for responsiveness in a cell-based bioassay. The best variant was then applied for quantitative neuroimaging of FAP activity in rats, where it reveals nanomolar-scale FAP expression by xeno-grafted tumor cells. The activated probe also induces robust hemodynamic contrast in nonhuman primate brain. This work thus demonstrates a translatable strategy for ultrasensitive functional imaging of molecular targets in neuromedicine.
Advancing emergency department-initiated buprenorphine

Opioids are the main driver of drug overdose deaths in the United States, and there has been a marked increase in opioid-related overdoses during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Many emergency departments (EDs) across the country are implementing ED-initiated buprenorphine programs, and this is a method to address and prevent opioid overdoses. Resources are available to overcome barriers and take action.
Response to Violence in the Healthcare Setting

On February 9th of this year (2021), a man entered the Allina Health Clinic – Buffalo Crossroads (in Buffalo, MN) and began shooting. One employee lost her life and four others were injured. Later ...
A next generation of studies: Heterosis and inbreeding depression

Heterosis or hybrid vigor is a phenomenon in which the F1 progeny is superior in characteristics than its inbred parents. Inbreeding depression refers to the reduced vigor in the offspring from matings involving related parents. The world’s most important grain crop, Zea mays exhibits significant heterosis and inbreeding depression, and despite billions of dollars of sales and investments in hybrid maize, the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for inbreeding depression and heterosis still remain unknown. We used next generation sequencing technologies and a sample of the most elite publicly available germplasm to explore the role of gene expression in hybrids vs. inbreds. A comparison of transcript counts from inbred parents and their hybrids revealed additive gene action to be the most prevalent among differentially expressed genes. Gene expression that deviated from additivity showed high parent dominance, suggesting that the alleles from the high parent affected the expression in the hybrid more than the alleles from the low parent. Most differentially expressed genes were inconsistent among families, however at a higher level of organization these sets of genes belonged to the same metabolic pathways and were up-regulated in different parents and hybrids, indicating that organisms often utilize compensatory/complementary genetic networks to perform the same task. Allele-specific expression analysis for all inbred-hybrid combinations showed that a majority of alleles that were preferentially expressed in the hybrids also were expressed differentially between its inbred parents. Cis-trans statistical tests revealed that although most alleles exhibit conserved expression, cis-regulation was found to affect alleles more than trans-regulation. Cis regulation was found to be strongly correlated with additive gene action identified from the
Abstract P286: Disparities in Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines in Asian Americans in Los Angeles and in New York City

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) levels in Asian American (AA) adults appear to be lower than other racial/ethnic groups, but have only been described in a few studies. New York City and Los Angeles County together consist of 10% of the country’s AA population. Due to physical and geographic differences, LA and NYC provide differing opportunities for PA. These differences provide a natural experimental design to elucidate whether the observed disparity in AAs for meeting PA guidelines is similar and thus potentially driven by cultural norms that supersede structural differences, or dissimilar across the two areas. Hypothesis: To test the hypothesis that AAs are less likely to meet PA guidelines than US-born whites regardless of location of residence. Methods: The LA County Health Survey (2011) and the NYC Community Health Survey (2010, 2012) are cross-sectional, telephone surveys (LA: n=8,036; NYC: n=17,462). The 2008 PA Guidelines of America for aerobic activity recommend that adults should perform 2.5 hours/week of moderate-intensity, 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity PA, or an equivalent combination. The primary outcome of meeting PA guidelines was calculated using self-reported moderate or vigorous minutes/week. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of AAs in total and by subgroup (i.e., Chinese, Asian Indian, etc.) meeting PAGA recommendations for exercise compared to US-born whites. Multivariable regression models adjusting for age, sex, poverty level, and education were run. All data were weighted to be representative of their respective geographies, and analyzed in SUDAAN 10.0. Results: The prevalence of meeting PA guidelines was similar between LA and NYC overall (LA: 61.8; NYC: 57.9). In both areas, AAs were less likely than U.S.-born whites to meet guidelines, with the observed disparity larger in NYC than in LA (LA Asians: 55.8 [51.2-60.2]; LA US-born whites: 65.7 [63.4-67.9]; NYC Asians: 42.7, [39.2-46.3]; NYC US-born whites: 62.3 [60.3-64.3]). The Asian/US-born white disparity persisted after adjustment for covariates (LA: OR 0.61 [0.49, 0.76]; NYC: OR 0.56 [0.46, 0.68]). By Asian subgroup, the lowest prevalence of meeting guidelines was observed in Chinese Americans (LA: 52.2; NYC: 29.8). Conclusions: AAs were less likely to meet PA guidelines compared to US-born whites in both LA and NYC, areas that provide different structural opportunities for PA. Given the consistency of results across these locations, cultural and ethnic norms are implicated as a potential explanation for these differences. The low prevalence of meeting PA guidelines in Chinese Americans may be driving these effects, given they comprise the largest proportion of AAs in both places (LA: 36.5; NYC: 67.1). In conclusion, future work should introduce opportunities for PA in AA communities, with a targeted focus on Chinese Americans using culturally tailored strategies.
A Gaggle of Googles: Limitations and Defects of Electronic Access as Panacea

In recent years, Google has expanded at a furious rate and so have its competitors. While these sources are important to libraries and play an important role within the library, they are neither a substitute nor a panacea to information access as is often thought. Serious weaknesses exist in Google and the rest, and librarians should resist the hype of enthusiasts who believe libraries are no longer important, or are becoming obsolete.
The Need for Automated System Specifications and Designs

The development of system specifications and functional and implementation designs for one chemistry system at the National Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati is discussed. An emission spectrometer for the determination of metals in water samples is studied. Technical details are presented to illustrate the form and context of these three phases of the laboratory automation project. The principles used for this work are the same as those being followed by ASTM Committee E-31 in the development of ''guidelines and recommended practices.'' (auth)
The Best Evidence of the Effect of Products Liability Law on the Accident Rate: Reply

The differences between Professor Whitford's views' and mine are of crucial importance to the law of products liability. Our objectives-indeed, the objectives of all interested in the field-are similar: to identify policies that, other things equal, will reduce the seriousness and frequency of injuries suffered by consumers. Professor Whitford and I differ sharply, however, in our predictions of the empirical effects of modern products liability policy. According to Professor Whitford, the policy adopted by courts over the last twenty years-the expansion of manufacturer liability beyond that undertaken in warranties-is likely to have reduced the rate of product defects.2 According to my investment theory,3 on the other hand, if consumer and manufacturer investments in safety are substitutes at the margin, the expansion of manufacturer liability is likely to have increased the rate of defects and the rate of consumer injuries.4 The vast number of product-related injuries compels us to examine these different implications very carefully. It is estimated that in 1977 alone, for example, consumers in the United States suffered 36 million product-related injuries.5 Professor Whitford's criticism of my article rests upon a misunderstanding of the nature of scientific reasoning. Whitford demands that my investment theory, as a "complete" theory, explain every phenomenon associated with product warranties and directly refute every conceivable alternative warranty theory.6 These requirements allow Whitford to confer
Toxicology of ozone as characterized by laboratory animals and extrapolated to humans

Abstract The adverse effects of ozone have been amply demonstrated in animal toxicology, human clinical, and epidemiology studies. Each of these research approaches has various strengths and weaknesses, but together the coherence is remarkable. This paper interprets the effects of ozone as demonstrated and inferred from laboratory animal toxicology studies. The major classes of ozone effects are: decrements in pulmonary function and symptoms, respiratory morbidity, inflammation, alterations of host defenses, and chronic effects on lung structure and function. All have been observed in laboratory animal studies, except for those calling for ‘uniquely’ human events (e.g., the reporting of symptoms or admission to hospitals). However, the findings in animals are often more extensive because a wider range of endpoints can be used. This raises the issue of whether such findings can be quantitatively extrapolated to humans. Most experts accept the premises supporting the qualitative extrapolation. That is, if ozone causes the effect in several animal species, it likely could cause the effect in humans, albeit at an unknown exposure. The quantitative extrapolation (i.e., the estimate of exposure that is likely to cause the effects in humans) is more controversial. This paper discusses the principal results of animal inhalation toxicology studies that greatly expand our understanding of the effects of ozone and provides a preliminary estimate of the potential for humans to experience chronic effects. The predominant topics relate to the impacts of several days of exposure and chronic exposure for months to years. Human clinical studies suggest that the pulmonary function of people accommodates to repeated intermittent ozone exposure. A similar pattern of attenuation of pulmonary function is shown in laboratory animals; however, cellular damage continues. This has been confirmed in humans. Chronic exposures of rats and monkeys result in structural remodeling of the lung, especially in the region where the conducting airways and gas exchange region meet. Various changes are involved, which many experts interpret as being consistent with incipient peribronchiolar fibrogenesis within the interstitium of the lung. In both rats and monkeys, such structural changes persisted after exposure ceased. Furthermore, seasonal exposure caused equivalent or sometimes greater effects than continuous exposure in both species. Using an extrapolation model with numerous assumptions and exposure data from a hypothetical child who plays outdoors and an outdoor worker exposed to ozone over a 214-day season in New York city, rat and monkey lung structural studies suggest potential chronic health effect of ozone. The combined use of animal and human data as linked by quantitative extrapolation has not only refined the assessment of the health impact of ambient ozone exposure but has established a viable paradigm to assess the health effects of other potentially harmful air pollutants.
Facebook Therapy? Why Do People Share Self-Relevant Content Online?

Why do people use online social networking sites (e.g., Facebook) and what are the implications of this behavior for well-being? While emotionally unstable individuals experience emotions more intensely, they are less adept at regulation. Consequently, we suggest they may rely on others more to help them deal with their emotions. Further, given they tend to be socially apprehensive they may be particularly likely to rely on online expression because it is less threatening. Consistent with this perspective, we find that emotional unstable individuals are more likely to post self-relevant information online and write about their emotions when doing so – a tendency not observed offline. Further, such emotional writing, paired with the potential to receive social support helps them repair well-being after negative experiences. These results shed light on a motivator for, and benefit of, online social networking, while also demonstrating how the social sharing of emotion can boost well-being.
Immediate Enteral Feeding in Burn Patients Is Safe and Effective W.S. MCDONALD, C.W. SHARP, E.A. DEITCH Annals of Surgery 213:177-183, 1991

Traditionally, it has been taught that a period of ileus occurs after significant burn injury, thus clinicians avoided use of the gut as the primary mode of administering nutrients in patients with major burns. Several studies have suggested early aggressive enteral support may be beneficial. One hundred six patients with burns involving 40 ± 21% of the total body surface area were entered into a study where gastric feeding was begun within 6 hours from the onset of injury. Feedings were administered as boluses and consisted of an intact protein diet. Eighty-two percent of the patients absorbed at least part of their tube-fed diet on the day of injury and this reached 95% by hospital day 4. Vomiting was the most frequent complication, occurring in 16 of 106 patients. No patient developed stress gastritis/ulcers and H-2 blockers were not used. Among those patients who were unable to tolerate early enteral feeding, the mortality rate was significantly higher (38.5% us 9.3%, p < 0.004); these patients also h...
Overcoming Drug Resistance Through Elevation of ROS in Cancer

Drug resistance is the most devastating problem in treating cancer and drug-resistant cells are harder to kill with the same drug. The mechanism of drug resistance is believed to differ in various cancers for different anticancer drugs. Most of the anticancer agents induce the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) to kill cancer cells by apoptosis. However, prolonged treatment with the same drug reduces the ROS level and this reduced ROS level causes drug-sensitive cancer cells to become drug-resistant. Exogenous ROS in conjunction with the same drug resensitizes these drug-resistant cells. Thus, the apoptosis of cancer cells by inducing ROS generation or drug resistance by lack of ROS could be the principle mechanisms of drug sensitivity or drug resistance in various cancer cells. The genetic mechanism of ROS-induced drug sensitivity and ROS depletion leading to drug resistance in various cancer cells with most of the anticancer drugs could involve ‘common molecular pathways’. Understanding the molecular mechanism of ROS generation and maintenance could identify distinct targets for subsequent manipulation to elevate ROS levels in cancer cells. Thus, a ‘combinational chemotherapy’ could be designed using an anticancer drug while maintaining an elevated level of ROS in the cell during the drug treatment for developing a successful chemotherapy.
3D analysis of the peritalar complex using MR imaging in live patients

The purpose of this work is to characterize and classify the 3D architecture and kinematics of the joints of the foot, in live patients from 3D MR images. In the first part of this work we define a set of architectural parameters to describe the 3D relationships among the peritalar components and propose a new tool to automatically classify normal and pathological feet based on their architectural features. In the second part we extend the architectural method to the kinematics of the foot. Each image data set utilized in this study consists of 60 longitudinal slices of the foot acquired on a 1.5 T commercial MR system in each of 8 positions from extreme pronation to extreme supination. In the first part of this work, we developed a graphical representation of these parameters that provides useful and specific information for the clinician, and also developed a simple pattern classification method to select the most characteristic parameters for each pathological group. In the second part of this work, we show how these specific parameters vary during motion. The results presented characterize the normal architectural features of the foot. They show how each foot can be automatically classified into one of three pathological groups based on its architecture and its variations. They also present the normal features of motion, and show how normal and abnormal motions can be distinguished. We conclude that 3D MR image and analysis is a unique and powerful technique to study and follow normal and pathological feet in living patients.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-data-rate error correcting coding

Applications such as high resolution image transmission and the aggregation of multiple bit streams have increased the interest in very high speed (Gbit/s) data communications for space applications. The ability to perform error correction on a data link can yield significant improvements in channel efficiency and can mitigate the effects of various bit error rate (BER) impairments afflicting many communications systems. A codec integrated circuit (IC) has been constructed which is capable of supporting up to 2 Gbit/s of data throughput. The device has been demonstrated in two optical communications systems, a 1 Gbit/s binary optically preamplified OOK system at 1.5 Â´m and an 800 Mbit/s FSK MOPA system at 0.98 Â´m. At a BER of 10-9, this coding provided a 3.7 dB sensitivity improvement for the OOK system, and a 6.2 dB improvement with the FSK system. The measured sensitivity of the coded OOK system was 37 photons/bit, which is better than could be realized with an ideal uncoded system. The viability of applying error correcting coding to higher data rate systems is discussed and a method of utilizing these ICs to provide four Gbit/s operation is shown.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DYE BINDING PROCEDURE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT OF MEAT COMPONENTS AND SAUSAGE EMULSIONS

The dye binding technique was investigated for its ability to determine the protein content in a processed meat product. Frankfurter emulsions were prepared with varying protein content by adjusting the fat content of the emulsions. The unprocessed (raw) emulsion and the processed (cooked, smoked) emulsion were tested with the dye binding technique using Acid Orange 12 (C.I. 15870). In both the processed and in processed emulsion products it was found that the bound dye parameter alone could be used to monitor the protein content. A regression equation containing two variables, the reciprocal of the dye binding capacity and the bound dye, would account for over 90% of the variation in the protein content of a processed emulsion product.
Adolescent Egocentrism, Risk Perceptions, and Sensation Seeking among Smoking and Nonsmoking Youth:

A survey compared adolescents (ages 14 to 18) who have never tried smoking, smoke infrequently, or smoke regularly on three characteristics: adolescent egocentrism, risk perceptions, and sensation seeking. Sensation seeking exhibited the expected result by increasing with smoking experience. Contrary to past research findings, perceptions of sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism were not related. Relations among egocentrism and evaluation of certain smoking risks varied by the level of smoking. Results are interpreted to suggest that egocentrism’s invulnerability component affects risk perceptions at the stage where adolescents decide whether to take up smoking; teens who smoke regularly appear to have put invulnerability aside and are more realistic about the risk.
Absorption Processes

Several extensions of Blomqvist's absorption process are presented. Inherent in some of the associated distributions is a method for establishingq-identities ranging from properties of Gaussian polynomials to product expansions of basic hypergeometric series to extensions of results on Mahonian statistics. One process links the comajor index to Russian roulette. Also given are examples involving the Rogers?Ramanujan identities that demonstrate howq-expressions may be modeled with absorption processes.