cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of lipids on enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films

The effect of various lipids on the enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films was studied using the subphase exchange technique described previously. Surface pressure-surface area (pi-A) curves of mixed films of enzyme with dipalmitoyllecithin, egg lecithin, cholesterol, and phospholipids extracted from pig hearts showed that the enzyme interacted with all of the lipids and that the enzyme remained in the film at pressures well above the collapse pressure of malate dehydrogenase in the absence of lipid. The surface enzyme activity was dependent on surface pressure for each lipid; in all cases, the lipids greatly broadened the range of surface pressures where surface enzyme activity was observed. The pi-A and enzyme activity data showed good correlation. Although the simple model system employed does not simulate the complexity of the biological membrane, it gives some evidence for the role of lipids in the stability of membrane-bound enzymes.
Polypropylene mesh: evidence for lack of carcinogenicity

Tumors related to the implantation of surgical grade polypropylene in humans have never been reported. In this commentary we present a balanced review of the information on what is known regarding the host response to polypropylene and provide data as to why the potential for carcinogenicity of polypropylene mesh is exceedingly small.
Charge Effects in the Adsorption of Polyacrylamides on Sodium Kaolinite and Its Flocculation

Abstract Adsorption of relatively high molecular weight non-ionic and anionic polyacrylamides on sodium kaolinite has been studied simultaneously with various flocculation responses (per cent solids settled, settling rate and supernatant clarity) under controlled conditions of ionic strength, temperature and agitation. Flocculation properties are correlated with polymer adsorption and particle zeta potential, and mechanisms of flocculation are examined as a function of the charge of the polymer and clay.
Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment II (SOLSTICE II): Instrument Concept and Design

The Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment II (SOLSTICE II) is one of four experiments launched aboard the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) on 25 January, 2003. Its principal science objectives are to measure solar spectral irradiance from 115 to 320 nm with a spectral resolution of 1 nm, a cadence of 6 h, and an accuracy of 5% and to determine solar variability with a relative accuracy of 0.5% per year during a 5-year long nominal mission. SOLSTICE II meets these objectives using a pair of identical scanning grating monochromators that can measure both solar and stellar irradiance. Instrument radiometric responsivity was calibrated to ∼3% absolute accuracy before launch using the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF) at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD. During orbital operations, SOLSTICE II has been making daily measurements of both the Sun and an ensemble of bright, stable, main-sequence B and A stars. The stellar measurements allow the tracking of changes in instrument responsivity with a relative accuracy of 0.5% per year over the life of the mission. SOLSTICE II is an evolution of the SOLSTICE I instrument that is currently operating on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). This paper reviews the basic SOLSTICE concept and describes the design, operating modes, and early performance of the SOLSTICE II instrument.
Mutual properties of exact and certain approximate forms of the dynamic structure function S ( k , ω )

A simple formula for $S(k,\ensuremath{\omega})$ which was originally established only as an approximation applicable to a boson system is found to hold exactly for any uniform macroscopic system of bosons or fermions. This is deduced by making elementary substitutions in equations written down by Huang and Klein several years ago. A general formula for moments of $S(k,\ensuremath{\omega})$ is derived, and examined for several special cases. The utility of some of these relations in specific perturbation treatments of $S(k,\ensuremath{\omega})$ for liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ is discussed. They are also used here to derive a new approximate formula for the kinetic energy per particle in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ in terms of the density and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ liquid-structure fnction. A procedure for applying the formulas in semiphenomenological theories is also outlined.
An integrated model of formal and informal housing sectors

Many cities in developing countries are characterized by a striking juxtaposition of formal and informal housing, where these sectors coexist in close proximity. This paper develops a model of urban land markets where both the formal and informal sectors are endogenously and mutually determined. More specifically, the informal market arises as a kind of residual effect of decisions made in the formal sector. The model posits a fixed number of rich and of poor households, all of whom are competing in the marketplace for a place to live. Rich households enact formal land use regulations in the form of minimum lot size requirements that directly reflect their preferences. The impacts of these regulations on the informal sector depend upon relative incomes and populations of poor and rich households, as well as on housing preferences. In order to assess these impacts empirically, the paper formulates a set of stylized case studies. The model results illustrate that the formal and informal sectors do not exist independently from one another, but are instead dual aspects of a single market phenomenon. In particular, an insufficient absorptive capacity of the formal sector results directly in informality.
The course of mauthner axons in Janus-headed Xenopus embryos†

Several studies have demonstrated that rotated segments of the embryonic hindbrain will repolarize to conform with the host gradients, and that the developing Mauthner (M-) axons reorient accordingly, tending to follow a normal course. To investigate the response of these axons to an irreversibly antagonistic polarity, we prepared Janus-headed telobionts in which initially descending M-fibers would begin to ascend upon entering the opposite head. About one-third of the fibers became disoriented within the graft region, evidently as a result of inadequate healing. The remaining two-thirds traversed the graft and continued to ascend the opposite head past the medulla and into the midbrain and forebrain. The apparent ease with which these M-axons made their way upgradient may have been enhanced by (1) inability of growth cones to respond to head-on gradients; (2) selective fasciculation; (3) weakening of the rostrocaudal (longitudinal) gradients as a result of birostral telobiosis; and (4) growth through intact tissue. Most of these M-axons negotiated a rostrocaudal polar inversion in much the same way as commissural fibers normally do in passing from lateral to medial, then from medial to lateral. We suggest that crossing fibers may be impeded by their encounter with the contralateral antagonistic gradient, and that for this reason the rostrocaudal directional tendencies of decussating axons are expressed only after the midline has been crossed. This hypothesis does not require assumptions of right-left specificity or intricately coordinated timing of developmental events to explain decussation.
The potential of porous silicon gas sensors

Abstract Recent developments in porous silicon gas sensors have been reviewed. Monitored species detection levels, and the mechanisms of sensing for different sensor designs are also discussed. Porous silicon surface modification methods have been employed for detecting different gas molecules; H2O, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, COx, NOx, NH3, O2, H2, HCl, SO2, H2S and PH3.
On the joint behavior of types of coupons in generalized coupon collection

The ‘coupon collection problem’ refers to a class of occupancy problems in which j identical items are distributed, independently and at random, to n cells, with no restrictions on multiple occupancy. Identifying the cells as coupons, a coupon is ‘collected’ if the cell is occupied by one or more of the distributed items; thus, some coupons may never be collected, whereas others may be collected once or twice or more. We call the number of coupons collected exactly r times coupons of type r . The coupon collection model we consider is general, in that a random number of purchases occurs at each stage of collecting a large number of coupons; the sample sizes at each stage are independent and identically distributed according to a sampling distribution . The joint behavior of the various types is an intricate problem. In fact, there is a variety of joint central limit theorems (and other limit laws) that arise according to the interrelation between the mean, variance, and range of the sampling distribution, and of course the phase (how far we are in the collection processes). According to an appropriate combination of the mean of the sampling distribution and the number of available coupons, the phase is sublinear, linear, or superlinear. In the sublinear phase, the normalization that produces a Gaussian limit law for uncollected coupons can be used to obtain a multivariate central limit law for at most two other types — depending on the rates of growth of the mean and variance of the sampling distribution, we may have a joint central limit theorem between types 0 and 1, or between types 0, 1, and 2. In the linear phase we have a multivariate central limit theorem among the types 0, 1,…, k for any fixed k .
Middle School Reading Assessment: Measuring What Matters Under a RTI Framework

This article presents a prototype reading assessment designed to measure and support component and integrated reading skills. The work is motivated by the need to create a new generation of assessments that are better aligned with the research in cognitive science, reading and learning. An assessment that synthesizes advances in these areas may prove to be more useful for educators to make informed decisions about who needs help, what help is needed, and whether the help is effective. This article describes our initial efforts to conceptualize, prototype, and test aspects of our framework in light of Response to Intervention.
Information on Conversion Coefficients from Coulomb Excitation and Lifetime Measurements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the information on conversion coefficients from coulomb excitation and lifetime measurements. Several investigators have pointed out that information on total internal conversion coefficients for E2 transitions can be obtained from the comparison of B(E2)s found from lifetime measurements with those obtained from Coulomb excitation results. Comparisons between theory and experiment are made for the rare-earth nuclei and for the heavy nuclei. The extraction of β(E2)s from lifetime measurements is an important problem for the heavy nuclei because there are only a few suitable targets in this region for making Coulomb excitation measurements. Taking all the information on the determination of α values by the indirect methods for rare-earth nuclei, least squares analyses are carried out to see how the total set of experimental values compared with the set of theoretical values. A direct measurement of the inelastically scattered particles that result from Coulomb excitation allows the extraction of a β(E2), which does not depend on the knowledge of α.
Traitement endovasculaire de deux anévrysmes thoraciques rompus chez des nonagénaires

Rationnelle Les anevrysmes aortiques thoraciques rompus (rTAA) sont un evenement catastrophique et mortel. La reparation aortique endovasculaire thoracique (TEVAR) a emerge comme une alternative therapeutique. Nous rapportons les deux premiers TEVAR reussis pour rTAA chez des nonagenaires. Methodes et resultats Le patient 1 etait un homme de 92 ans avec des comorbidites multiples avec un anevrysme aortique thoracique de 5,6 cm admis pour une anticoagulation pour embolie pulmonaire. Douze heures plus tard, il etait hypotendu et la radio montrait un hemi-thorax gauche opaque ( Fig. 1 ). Un stentgraft Gore TAG de 40 mm × 20 cm de (W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ, USA) etait deploye pour exclure avec succes la rupture. Les suites postoperatoires etaient simples permettant la sortie a J 9 vers un service de soins de suite. Le 2eme patient etait un homme de 94 ans avec une histoire de comorbidites multiples et de reparation endovasculaire pour anevrysme aortique abdominal rompu 3 ans plus tot, admis en salle d'urgence en choc hemorragique. Le scanner montrait un hemomediastin et un hemothorax gauche suggerant une rupture de l'aorte thoracique ( Fig. 2 A). En urgence, un stentgraft Gore TAG de 34 mm x 30 cm etait deploye ( Fig. 2 B). Un drain thoracique gauche etait mis en place. Les suites postoperatoires etaient brievement marquees par une insuffisance renale aigue et pneumonie et a J 14, le patient partait dans un centre de rehabilitation. Conclusion TEVAR pour rTAA est une option efficace et l'âge avance seul ne devrait pas decourager le traitement de l'aorte thoracique.
The Jacobsen Reaction

The migration of an alkyl group or a halogen atom in a sulfonic acid derived from a polyalkylbenzene, a halogenated polyalkylbenzene, or a polyhalogenated benzene is known as the Jacobsen reaction. The migrations of the Jacobsen reaction may be divided into two general types, intramolecular in which the migrating group moves from one position to another in the same molecule; and intermolecular in which there is a transfer of one or more groups from one molecule to from one molecule to another. In most cases migration of both types occur simultaneously. An important characteristic of the reaction is the migration of the alkyl groups to vicinal positions. Keywords: Jacobsen reaction; polyalkylbenzenes; halogenated polyalkylbenzenes; halogenated benzenes; experimental conditions
Dentin phosphophoryn activates Smad protein signaling through Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.

Dentin phosphophoryn (DPP) is a major noncollagenous protein in the dentin matrix. In this study, we demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells such as C3H10T1/2 and human bone marrow cells can be committed to the osteogenic lineage by DPP. Treatment with DPP can stimulate the release of intracellular Ca2+. This calcium flux triggered the activation of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Activated CaMKII induced the phosphorylation of Smad1 and promoted nuclear translocation of p-Smad1. Inhibition of store Ca2+ depletion by 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) or down-regulation of CaMKII by KN-62, a selective cell-permeable pharmacological inhibitor or a dominant negative plasmid of CaMKII, blocked DPP-mediated Smad1 phosphorylation. Activation of Smad1 resulted in the expression of osteogenic markers such as Runx2, Osterix, DMP1, Bone sialoprotein, Osteocalcin, NFATc1, and Schnurri-2, which have been implicated in osteoblast differentiation. These findings suggest that DPP is capable of triggering commitment of pluripotent stem cells to the osteogenic lineage.
Intranuclear Distribution and Local Dynamics of RNA Polymerase II during Transcription Activation

Transcription activation causes dramatic changes in a gene's compaction and macromolecular associations and, in some cases, triggers the translocation of the gene to a nuclear substructure. Here, we evaluate the location, movement, and transcriptional dynamics of Drosophila heat shock (HS) genes both by two-photon microscopy in live polytene nuclei and by FISH in diploid nuclei. The different HS loci occupy separate nuclear positions. Although these loci decondense upon HS, they do not undergo a detectable net translocation nor are they preferentially localized to the nuclear periphery or interior. Additionally, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching reveals that, shortly after HS, newly recruited RNA polymerase II (Pol II) enters elongation via an "efficient entry" mode, which is followed by the progressive establishment of transcription "compartments" at Hsp70 loci where concentrated Pol II is used in a "local recycling" mode. Pol II at highly transcribed developmental loci exhibits dynamics resembling combinations of these Hsp70 transcription modes.
Relationship between low bone mineral density and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and ischemic heart disease and exercise capacity, as assessed by stress testing. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed entries in the echocardiography database for 28,048 consecutive patients who underwent exercise echocardiography for standard clinical indications between August 1, 1998, and October 1, 2003, to determine which of these patients had also undergone dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure femoral neck BMD before the procedure. Of the 1194 patients meeting both criteria, 28 were excluded because of missing data and 24 because they were tested with an exercise protocol other than the Bruce protocol, leaving 1142 patients to be included. RESULTS Of the included study patients, 643 (56%) had a T score of -1.0 or less (mean age ± SD, 67±10 years; 87% women), and 499 (44%) had a T score greater than -1.0 (60±10 years; 90% women). For every 1-unit decrease in femoral neck T score, a 0.23 minute decrease in treadmill exercise duration was observed, once values had been adjusted for age and other patient characteristics (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.35; P CONCLUSIONS Lower BMD is associated with myocardial ischemia and decreased exercise capacity during exercise echocardiography. Persons with low BMD who present with symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular disease are more likely to have myocardial ischemia than are those with normal BMD.
Scope of the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reaction of 1-substituted cyclobutenes.

The reactivities of a series of 1-substituted cyclobutene derivatives (carboxylate esters, carboxamides, and carbinol esters) were investigated as substrates for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with [(H2IMes)(3-Br-pyridine)2(Cl)2Ru═CHPh]. Both the secondary amides of 1-cyclobutenecarboxylic acid and the esters of 1-cyclobutene-1-methanol undergo polymerization. The secondary amides provide translationally invariant polymers (E-olefins). Although the carbinol esters yield stereo- and regiochemically heterogeneous polymers, the 1-cyclobutenecarboxylic acid esters and tertiary amides undergo ring-opening metathesis (ROM) but not ROMP. The regio- and stereochemical outcomes of these ROMP and ROM reactions were analyzed at the B3LYP/6-31G* and LANL2DZ levels of theory. Calculations suggest that the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the addition to the propagating carbene to form the metallocyclobutane intermediate depend on both charge distribution and steric interactions.
Collaborative Teaching: School Implementation and Connections With Outcomes Among Students With Disabilities

Collaborative teaching is a widely used method of including and supporting students with disabilities to provide all students equal access to education. Yet, there is a dearth of research on its implementation and outcomes, and the few existing studies are limited to academic and testing outcomes. This study assesses the degree to which schools are implementing co-teaching practices and the relation between co-teaching and student psychosocial outcomes using a mixed method design. Data from 12 schools, which included 16 school leaders and staff, 13 teachers, and 56 students with disabilities, were examined. Schools achieved 0-75% of the co-teaching best-practices criteria, with the majority achieving 25%-50% of the criteria. Higher levels of teacher-reported co-teaching were related to higher levels of student-reported school belonging, school satisfaction, and self-efficacy for new experiences. The benefits and challenges of co-teaching, as well as implications for intervention and research are addressed.
Salivary gland sparing and improved target irradiation by conformal and intensity modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer.

The goals of this study were to facilitate sparing of the major salivary glands while adequately treating tumor targets in patients requiring comprehensive bilateral neck irradiation (RT), and to assess the potential for improved xerostomia. Since 1994 techniques of target irradiation and locoregional tumor control with conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) have been developed. In patients treated with these modalities, the salivary flow rates before and periodically after RT have been measured selectively from each major salivary gland and the residual flows correlated with glands’ dose volume histograms (DVHs). In addition, subjective xerostomia questionnaires have been developed and validated. The pattern of locoregional recurrence has been examined from computed tomography (CT) scans at the time of recurrence, transferring the recurrence volumes to the planning CT scans, and regenerating the dose distributions at the recurrence sites. Treatment plans for target coverage and dose homogeneity using static, multisegmental IMRT were found to be significantly better than standard RT plans. In addition, significant parotid gland sparing was achieved in the conformal plans. The relationships among dose, irradiated volume, and the residual saliva flow rates from the parotid glands were characterized by dose and volume thresholds. A mean radiation dose of 26 Gy was found to be the threshold for preserved stimulated saliva flow. Xerostomia questionnaire scores suggested that xerostomia was significantly reduced in patients irradiated with bilateral neck, parotid-sparing RT, compared to patients with similar tumors treated with standard RT. Examination of locoregional tumor recurrence patterns revealed that the large majority of recurrences occurred inside targets, in areas that had been judged to be at high risk and that had received RT doses according to the perceived risk. Tangible gains in salivary gland sparing and target coverage are being achieved, and an improvement in some measures of quality of life is suggested by our findings. Additional reduction of xerostomia may be achieved by further sparing of the salivary glands and the non-involved oral cavity. A mean parotid gland dose of ≤ 26 Gy should be a planning objective if significant parotid function preservation is desired. The pattern of recurrence suggests that careful escalation of the dose to areas judged to be at highest risk may improve tumor control.
Relationship between geomorphic settings and unsaturated flow in an arid setting

Because geomorphology can readily be mapped, our ability to characterize unsaturated flow over large areas would be greatly enhanced if relationships between geomorphic settings and unsaturated flow could be identified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between geomorphic settings and spatial and temporal variability in unsaturated flow at a field site in the Chihuahuan Desert of Texas. This study differs from most previous studies in the variety of geomorphic settings studied, including drainage areas (Blanca Draw and Grayton Lake playa) and interdrainage areas (basin-fill deposits, eolian sheets, alluvial fans, and a fissure), density of data (∼50 sampled boreholes 3–31 m deep), and variety of techniques (physical, chemical, and electromagnetic) used to quantify unsaturated flow. Spatial variability in unsaturated flow parameters is related to geomorphic settings. The various geomorphic settings form distinct groups on a plot of chloride versus water potential. Interdrainage areas have low water potentials and high chloride concentrations, indicating low water fluxes. Mean water fluxes estimated from chloride data ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 mm yr−1. In contrast, localized topographic depressions (fissure, gully, and borrow pit) have high water potentials and low chloride concentrations which indicate high mean water flux (∼100 mm yr−1). These topographic depressions occupy <1% of the basin area. Drainage areas have low water potentials, which indicate low water fluxes and low to moderate chloride concentrations, which indicate higher water fluxes in the past (≤40 mm yr−1). Short-term variability in response to precipitation events was only monitored in topographic depressions. The age of the pore water in the interdrainage areas spanned paleoclimatic variations (≤136,000 years at 25 m depth); however, most interdrainage profiles show negligible response to past climate fluctuations. Some profiles in eolian sheets showed increased water flux in response to Pleistocene climate change. The findings from this study indicate that geomorphology can provide valuable information on unsaturated flow and underscore the importance of localized topographic depressions for focusing unsaturated flow.
Choice, Free Will, and Religion

Although free will has been defined in multiple, conflicting ways, the present approach analyzes it as a psychological capacity subsuming self-control, effortful choice, planning, and initiative. These capabilities are useful for making human social life and culture possible, but they depend on a limited resource and therefore often fall short of optimal levels. Religion may be helpful to individuals and society in part because it supports both the exercise of free will and the belief in it.
Left-handedness as a risk factor for fractures

Left-handedness has been associated with increased fracture risk in a small number of previous studies. This study reports risks for fractures at the proximal humerus, distal forearm, pelvis, foot, and shaft of the tibia/fibula according to handedness in a case-control study conducted from October 1996 to May 2001 among members of Northern California Kaiser Permanente. Handedness was assessed by questionnaire for 2,841 cases and 2,192 controls, and subjects were categorized as left-handed, right-handed, ambidextrous, or forced to switch from the left to the right hand. Compared to right-handedness, left-handedness was most strongly associated with an increased risk for proximal humerus fractures (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33 to 3.01) and less definitively with fractures of the distal forearm (adjusted OR=1.28, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.80), foot (adjusted OR=1.17, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.65), and pelvis (adjusted OR=1.40, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.74). Ambidextrous individuals had elevated risks for fractures of the distal forearm (adjusted OR=2.99, 95% CI 1.42 to 6.30), foot (adjusted OR=2.59, 95% CI 1.13 to 5.97), shaft of the tibia/fibula (adjusted OR=3.91, 95% CI 1.01 to 15.17), and proximal humerus (adjusted OR=2.37, 95% CI 0.85 to 6.65) when compared with right-handed individuals. Those individuals forced to use the right hand demonstrated no increased risk for fractures at any site. These results suggest that handedness does influence fracture risk, but the reasons for this increased risk are unclear.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Primary, Recurrent, and Metastatic Tumors in the Head-and-Neck Region

Purpose To determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), also known as radiosurgery, in patients with head-and-neck cancers. Methods and Materials Patients with pathologically proven malignant lesions in the head-and-neck region were treated using single-dose SBRT (S-SBRT) or fractionated SBRT (F-SBRT). Radiation doses were either single-fraction 13–18 Gy for S-SBRT or 36–48 Gy in five to eight fractions for F-SBRT. Response evaluation was based on clinical examinations and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging scans. Pre- and post-SBRT tumor dimensions were measured in three axes, and tumor volumes were calculated. Response evaluation also was performed using World Health Organization criteria. Results Fifty-five lesions were treated in 44 patients (25 men, 19 women). There were three groups of patients: those with primary ( n = 10), recurrent ( n = 21), and metastatic tumors ( n = 13). The predominant histologic type was squamous cell carcinoma ( n = 33). The majority of lesions were treated using F-SBRT ( n = 37). Based on radiographic and clinical assessment, a 77% (complete + partial response) response rate was noted. Percentage of reduction in tumor volume was 52% ± 38% based on follow-up scans in 24 patients. Tumor control rates at 1 year were 83.3% and 60.6% in the primary and recurrent groups, respectively. Median overall survival was 28.7, 6.7, and 5.6 months for the primary, recurrent, and metastatic groups, respectively. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 1–2 mucositis was noted in all patients treated for oropharyngeal or laryngeal lesions. Conclusions The SBRT in single or fractionated doses offers a viable treatment option for selected patients with primary, recurrent, and metastatic head-and-neck cancers with functional preservation.
Identification of lower arm motions using the EMG signals of shoulder muscles

This investigation explored pattern recognition of EMG signals produced by shoulder area muscles to identify the performance of a select number of lower arm motions. The signals were modelled as fourth-order autoregressive processes with the parameters of the models used to classify the different motions. The recorded EMG signal was bandpass filtered for each individual to improve discrimination between signals. The method was shown to detect and identify EMG signatures produced by at least two, and sometimes three, different arm motions. Discrimination between the signal models for the motions was not affected by load variation or muscle fatigue.
The Disclosure to Families of Same-Sex Attractions by Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths.

Developmental psychologists generally have ignored the processes by which sexual-minority adolescents come to recognize themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual and to disclose that information to others. One of the most critical events for sexual-minority adolescents is disclosing their sexual identity to family members. In this article, empirical research is addressed that documents the percentage of youths who disclose to their families, the time during the "coming-out" process that youths disclose to family members, and the manner in which disclosure occurs. Mother-father differences are explored, and, when applicable, data on disclosure to siblings and extended family members are reviewed. The implications of these findings for youths, parents, and the family system are summarized and future research needs are suggested.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus in early childhood: glycemic control and associated risk of hypoglycemic reactions.

Objective To assess the level of glycemic control and to determine whether more normal glycemic control, as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin, leads to frequent hypoglycemic episodes in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods We undertook a retrospective review of the medical records of 59 children with type 1 diabetes diagnosed at age 9 years or younger, who underwent follow-up at our institution for at least 2 years. For each follow-up, insulin requirements, levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, and frequency of hypoglycemic reactions were analyzed for three age-groups—0 to 2 years, 2 to 5 years, and 5 to 9 years old. Results The mean glycosylated hemoglobin for the first 2 years after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes was higher in children 0 to 2 years old in comparison with the other agegroups. This increased glycosylated hemoglobin occurred despite increased administration of insulin, expressed in units per kilogram daily, to these children ( P 45% ) than in children from 5 to 9 years old (13%). In all agegroups, the mean glycosylated hemoglobin value closest to a hypoglycemic event and the mean glycosylated hemoglobin value for the 2- year study period were similar but were both less than 8% (the standard established by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial). Most reactions had no clear cause in the youngest age-group, whereas a specific reason could usually be determined in children 2 to 5 years old. Conclusion Tight glycemic control is achievable in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Such tight control, however, may lead to an increase in the frequency of severe hypoglycemic reactions in this patient population. Our data support the guideline that children younger than 5 years should have a higher goal for premeal plasma glucose levels.
Birth-Related Injury to the Head and Cervical Spine in Neonates

Birth-related injury is defined as any traumatic or ischemic event sustained during the process of delivery. Perinatally acquired disease processes secondary to birth-related injury can be traumatic or ischemic in nature. In this article, the authors focus on traumatic/mechanical injuries. Other diseases of the perinatal time period, including germinal matrix hemorrhages and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, are beyond the objective of this review.
Silicon Micro-Photonic Structure for Ultra-Sensitive Biosensing

We demonstrate a micron-size planar silicon photonic device that is able to detect low concentrations of metal nano-particles approaching single particle detection. This sensitivity is achieved by using strong light confining structures that enhance the extinction cross-section of metal nano-particles by orders of magnitude. Structures were fabricated and measurements of the transmission spectra of the devices demonstrate the detection of 10 nm diameter gold particles resting on the device with a density of fewer than 2 particles per 104 nm2 (the area of the sensing region surface). Using such a device, in a fluidic platform, one could detect the presence of a single metal nano-particle specifically bound to various analytes, enabling ultrasensitive detection of analytes including DNA, RNA, proteins, and antigens.
An electronic health record-based intervention to improve tobacco treatment in primary care: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Background To improve the documentation and treatment of tobacco use in primary care, we developed and implemented a 3-part electronic health record enhancement: (1)smoking status icons, (2) tobacco treatment reminders, and (3) a Tobacco Smart Form that facilitated the ordering of medication and fax and e-mail counseling referrals. Methods We performed a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the enhancement in 26 primary care practices between December 19, 2006, and September 30, 2007. The primary outcome was the proportion of documented smokers who made contact with a smoking cessation counselor. Secondary outcomes included coded smoking status documentation and medication prescribing. Results During the 9-month study period, 132 630 patients made 315 962 visits to study practices. Coded documentation of smoking status increased from 37% of patients to 54% (+17%) in intervention practices and from 35% of patients to 46% (+11%) in control practices ( P P P P = .40). Conclusion This electronic health record–based intervention improved smoking status documentation and increased counseling assistance to smokers but not the prescription of cessation medication. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00383461
The world viewed from outside

Abstract Simple models of the cosmos are given by space-forms of a stretched 3-sphere. The isometric embedding of these manifolds into higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces is an unsolved problem that has yielded some partial solutions of bizarre beauty.
Cognitive links between fear of failure and perfectionism.

This study investigated links between three forms of perfectionism and beliefs associated with fear of failure (FF). College students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory in a single session. After controlling for other forms of perfectionism, only socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) was strongly associated with beliefs that failure led to aversive interpersonal consequences (i.e., important others losing interest, upsetting important others). Other-oriented perfectionism (OOP) exhibited a weak negative relation with beliefs that failure would lead to devaluation of one’s self-estimate; individuals who held the highest standards for others’ behavior had the weakest beliefs that failure would lead to them devaluing their self-estimate. Self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) was not associated with any beliefs that failure led to aversive consequences; however, when SOP and OOP were simultaneously elevated, they contributed positively to fears of experiencing shame and embarrassment (above and beyond main effects of SPP). Collectively these findings indicated that FF was not ubiquitous with all forms of perfectionism because the specific beliefs about the consequences of failure that underlie different forms of perfectionism varied tremendously.
Cue integration outside central fixation: A study of grasping in depth

We assessed the usefulness of stereopsis across the visual field by quantifying how retinal eccentricity and distance from the horopter affect humans' relative dependence on monocular and binocular cues about 3D orientation. The reliabilities of monocular and binocular cues both decline with eccentricity, but the reliability of binocular information decreases more rapidly. Binocular cue reliability also declines with increasing distance from the horopter, whereas the reliability of monocular cues is virtually unaffected. We measured how subjects integrated these cues to orient their hands when grasping oriented discs at different eccentricities and distances from the horopter. Subjects relied increasingly less on binocular disparity as targets' retinal eccentricity and distance from the horopter increased. The measured cue influences were consistent with what would be predicted from the relative cue reliabilities at the various target locations. Our results showed that relative reliability affects how cues influence motor control and that stereopsis is of limited use in the periphery and away from the horopter because monocular cues are more reliable in these regions.
Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding Characteristics of N,N-Bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)methylamine, A Benzoxazine Dimer

The X-ray crystal structure of N,N-bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)methylamine as a model dimer for benzoxazine-based phenolic resins is presented, and a hydrogen-bonding scheme involving both inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding is proposed. Hydrogen bonding of this model dimer is further studied with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in crystalline, quenched, and molten phases as well as in solution. Additional hydrogen-bonding schemes are proposed. These results are compared to results obtained from molecular modeling using a model dimer with a tert-butyl functionality. The preferred conformations of methyl functional trimers are modeled based on preferred dimer conformations.
Authenticated multiparty secret key sharing using quantum entanglement swapping

In this paper we propose a new protocol for multiparty secret key sharing by using quantum entanglement swapping. Quantum Entanglement swapping is a process that allows two non-interacting quantum systems to be entangled. Further, to increase the security level and to make sure that the users are legitimate, authentication for both parties will be required by a trusted third party. In this protocol, a trusted third party will authenticate the sender and the receiver and help them forming a secret key. Furthermore, the proposed protocol will perform entanglement swapping between the sender and the receiver. The result from the entanglement swapping will be an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair that will help them in forming and sending the secret key without having the sender to send any physical quantum states to the receiver. This protocol will provide the required authentication of all parties to the trusted party and it will provide the required secure method in transmitting the secret key.
Role of the Motor-Vehicle Industry in a Sustainable Transportation System

A sustainable transportation system is one in which fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, safety, congestion, and access to social and economic opportunity are of such levels that they can be sustained into the indefinite future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own transportation needs. Each of the stakeholders in the transportation system—local, state, and federal governments; the fuel and motor-vehicle industries; and public-transportation providers, users, and others—will have roles to play in moving toward sustainability. The motor-vehicle industry, as manufacturers of the vehicles that are used for 99 percent of the personal ground veh-km of travel, will need to participate proactively with all of the stakeholders in the transportation system as it addresses the challenges and opportunities in the areas of fuel consumption, emissions, congestion, safety, and access.
Optimisation of photorefractive multiple quantum wells for biomedical imaging

A novel method has been proposed and tested to optimize the photorefractive multiple quantum wells device for biomedical imaging. The device acts as a dynamic holographic beam combiner in a holographic optical coherence imaging. By choosing an appropriate duty cycle of the external electric field, the Joule heat limit and saturation of exciton are decreased. We examine several characteristics that govern the use of the device.
Benthic‐pelagic coupling in a temperate inner continental shelf fish assemblage

The hypothesis that demersal finfish production dependence on pelagic food webs decreased with seabed habitat affinity and fish size was tested using stable isotope and stomach contents data from 17 finfish species collected during summer months from the inner continental shelf of the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. Trophic dependence on pelagic prey was generally lower among species with higher affinities for bottom habitats, but even species morphologically adapted for bottom feeding benefited from pelagic production via diel vertical migration of prey. There was a consistent pattern of declining reliance on pelagic food webs with increasing fish size, although the relationship between size and trophic sources varied among functional groups within the fish community. Overall, pelagic primary production during the summer was an important basal energy source for the demersal finfish community in this coastal ocean habitat (d 20 m depth), particularly during juvenile life phases. These results suggest that these fish communities are sensitive to climate-related changes in contemporaneous pelagic primary production in addition to the timing and magnitude of spring phytoplankton blooms.
“Now I Am a Man and a Woman!”: Gendered Moves and Migrations in a Transnational Mexican Community

Scholars have suggested that migration from Mexico to the United States benefits women by challenging often rigid gender norms. The results of ethnographic field research in San Luis Potosi and New...
Acid and aluminum effects on the survival of littoral macro-invertebrates during acute bioassays

Six common macro-invertebrates were exposed to soft water at pH 4.5, with or without 200 microg liter(-1) Al added. Survivals were determined at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h and compared with neutral pH, Al-free controls. The order of acid-sensitivity among the test animals, from greatest to least (with mean 24/48 h survivals in the pH 4.5, low Al treatment in parentheses), was: Caenis sp. (2%) > Hyalella azteca (12%) > Enallagma sp. (20%) > Gyraulus sp. (55%) > Chironomidae (94%) > Hydracarina (99%). Aluminum significantly reduced the survivals of Gyraulus, Hyalella and Chironomidae. The latter group experienced no significant mortality at pH 4.5 except when Al was present. In contrast, the Hydracarina were unaffected by both acid and acid plus Al exposure, and the survivals of Enallagma and Caenis at low pH were enhanced by Al. These differential responses to the treatments indicate that both acid and Al stress may control the structure of the littoral macroinvertebrate community in acid lakes.
Entrapment of pulmonary artery catheter in a suture at the inferior vena cava cannulation site

Entrapment of a pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter) in the heart, vena cava, or pulmonary artery is a very rare and serious complication that may lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiac rupture, pulmonary artery rupture, cardiac tamponade, among others, if not recognized and treated early. We report entrapment of a Swan-Ganz catheter in the purse-string suture at the inferior vena cava cannulation site for a patient undergoing aortic valve replacement. This situation required a repeat sternotomy to release the pulmonary artery catheter.
Geologic controls on porosity development in the Maynardville Limestone, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Understanding the geologic controls of porosity development and their relationship to the karst aquifer system in the Cambrian Maynardville Limestone is important in determining possible contaminant transport pathways and provides essential data for hydrologic models within the Oak Ridge Reservation of east Tennessee. In the Maynardville Limestone, several important factors control porosity development: (1) lithologic controls on secondary microporosity and mesoporosity are related to dissolution of evaporite minerals and dedolomitization in supratidal facies; (2) depth below the ground surface controls the formation of karst features because the most active portion of the groundwater system is at shallow depths, and karst features are rare below ≈35 m; and (3) structural controls are related to solution enlargement of fractures and faults.
Changes in rat cervical collagen during gestation and after antiprogesterone treatment as measured in vivo with light-induced autofluorescence.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate use of light-induced autofluorescence for measuring changes in collagen of cervical connective tissue during gestation. STUDY DESIGN: In a conventional laboratory setting light-induced autofluorescence from the cervix of Charles-Dawley timed pregnant rats was measured in vivo. Eight distinct groups at various times of gestation were examined. Measurements were also performed on rats at day 17 of gestation 24 hours after treatment with RU 38486. RESULTS: The amount of light-induced autofluorescence decreases significantly as pregnancy approaches term (means of the arbitrary total counts per spectrum on day 19 vs day 21 = 2.8 × 105 vs 1.9 × 105, p < 0.01) and reaches its lowest point when the pups are engaged in the cervix (day 19 vs day 22 = 2.8 × 105 vs 0.95 × 105, p < 0.001) and during delivery (day 19 vs delivery = 2.8 × 105 vs 0.83 × 105, p < 0.001). Preterm treatment with RU 38486 also caused a significant decrease in the native fluorescence compared with vehicle-injected controls (day 17 control vs day 17 RU 38486 = 2.8 × 105 vs 1.5 × 106, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Significant decreases in cervical collagen at parturition parallel the results of previous studies that used various indirect methods to analyze collagen content. These data support the use of light-induced autofluorescence for detecting and studying the changes in cervical and uterine connective tissue during gestation in vivo.