cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting wireless channel randomness to generate keys for automotive cyber-physical system security

Modern automotive Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are increasingly adopting wireless communications for Intra-Vehicular, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) protocols as a promising solution for challenges such as the wire harnessing problem, collision detection, and collision avoidance. Regrettably, this new trend results in new security vulnerabilities that can put the safety and privacy of the automotive CPS and passengers at great risk. In addition, automotive wireless communication security is constrained by strict energy and performance limitations of Electronic Controller Units (ECUs) and sensor nodes. As a result, the key generation and management for secure automotive CPS wireless communication is an open research challenge. This paper aims to help solve these security challenges by presenting a practical key generation technique based on the reciprocity and high spatial and temporal variation properties of the automotive wireless communication channel. To validate the practicality and effectiveness of our approach, we have conducted separate real- world experiments with automobiles and with RC cars. Lastly, we demonstrate through simulations that we can generate keys with high security strength (keys with 67% min-entropy) with up to 10X improvement in performance and 20X reduction in code size overhead in comparison to the state- of-the-art security techniques.
Management of Spinal Implants in Acute Pediatric Surgical Site Infections: A Multicenter Study

Abstract Study Design A retrospective review of patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) and returned within 90 days with an acute infection. Objectives The study motive is to identify and understand the risk factors associated with failure of retaining spinal implants and failure to treat acute infection. Background The natural history of early surgical site infection (SSI) (less than 3 months) after PSF is not known and removing the implants early after PSF risks pseudarthrosis and deformity progression. Methods Patients ranging from 1999 to 2011 with surgical site infections (SSIs) who required irrigation and debridement within 3 months of PSF were identified from 4 institutions. Univariable and multivariable regression analysis were used to identify risk factors associated with failure of acute infection treatment. Results Eighty-two patients (59 female, 23 male) with a mean age of 13.6 years were identified. Median follow-up after initial surgery was 33 months (range: 12–112 months). Sixty-two (76%) were treated successfully with acute treatment and did not return with recurrent infection (cleared infection, group C); 20 (24%) returned later with chronic infection (recurrent infection, group R). Multivariable analysis indicated that patients with stainless steel implants (OR = 6.4, 95% CI = 1.7–32.1; p = .009) and older subjects (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.6; p = .03) were more likely to present with recurrent infection. There was no difference between the groups with regard to the initial time of presentation post fusion, proportion of non-idiopathic diagnosis, rate of positive cultures, culture species, presence of fusion to pelvis, and time on antibiotic treatment. Conclusions Seventy-six percent of patients presenting with an SSI less than 3 months after PSF did not require implant removal to clear their infection. Early postoperative SSIs can be treated with retention or implant exchange. Older patients and patients with stainless steel instrumentation are more likely to present with a late recurrent infection compared to other metals. Level of Evidence Level III.
TU-H-CAMPUS-JeP1-01: Characterization of a Parameterized Image Similarity Cost Function for Automated Patient and Site Specific DIR Accuracy Optimizations

Purpose: Clinical deformable image registration (DIR) accuracy is difficult to quantify, making validation and verification manual and time consuming. It has also been seen that DIR accuracy can be improved by patient and site specific optimization. We previously investigated a cost function to parameterize image similarity metrics (ISMs) and provide a quantifiable comparison of DIR performance. In this abstract, we characterize and optimize the cost function response (CFR) and correlation to target registration error (TRE) in a dense registration parameter space. Methods: A validated head-and-neck biomechanical model was used to induce clinical deformations in patient kVCT data (source), outputting known ground truth deformation vector fields (DVFs) and simulated CTs of deformed anatomy (target). The source and target were registered repeatedly using an in-house optical flow DIR, systematically sampling the registration parameter space, and producing TREs and data volumes deformed according to the DIR DVF (warp). Normalized mutual information (NMI) was chosen as the test ISM. The cost function variables (CFV) were also systematically sampled to characterize their effect on the CFR. Sub-volume analysis was performed on the data, defined by structures of interest in the head-and-neck region. Results: Strong inverse correlation was observed between the TRE and CFR when the data was subdivided around specific structures like the PTV, parotids, and mandible, reaching values of −0.95. The CFR slope changed by an order of magnitude by manipulating the CFV. Response and correlation were improved by adjusting on a structure specific basis. The CFR achieved a predominantly convex response, which should facilitate its use as an energy term in an optimization scheme. Conclusions: Replacing the time consuming, manually placed landmark assessment methodology is necessary for patient and site specific registration optimization to be clinically feasible. The proposed cost function is a promising alternative for fast, fully automated DIR performance quantification.
A father to love: eros and identification in boys – an emendation of Freud on the male oedipal drama

ABSTRACTThe relationship between a son and his father is usually characterized as primarily one of rivalry. In this emendation of classic oedipal theory, what has traditionally been referred to as the ‘negative oedipal relation’ is given prominence as a boy’s first emotionally significant relationship in which he initiates affection with another human being, his father. Such love is in the service of identification but is also as important as the template for a male’s later relationships with women (sexual), other men, and his children. A peculiarity of Freud’s relationship with his own father is suggested as the source of oversight of this element of the oedipal drama. A boy’s emotional reactive response to his mother is primarily one of gratitude in response to her love. Proactive loving is first experienced with his father.
AGE accumulation contributes to synaptic dysfunction

Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are members of a heterogeneous class of molecules. AGEs accumulate with aging, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Excess AGE accumulation is progressive factor accelerating and exacerbating neuronal dysfunction, contributing to cognitive decline in normal aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. Synaptic dysfunction is an early pathological feature associated with aging and neurodegeneration. Whether and how AGEs are involved in alterations in synaptic structure and function are not well understood. We have demonstrated that application of AGEs to brain slices impaired hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP), a maker for synaptic function and transmission. The treatment of AGEs causes loss of synapses as shown by significant reduction in synaptic density. Deficiency of neuronal RAGE or dominant-negative RAGE (DN-RAGE) rescues synaptic function and structure. RAGE-deficiency or DN-RAGE blocks AGE-induced activation of p38 signaling. RAGE deficiency also affords a protective effect on diabetes-induced synaptic dysfunction and impairment in learning and memory. These results suggest that AGEs contribute importantly to synaptic and cognitive dysfunction associated with neurodegeneration in aging and diabetes.
Structural basis underlying viral hijacking of a histone chaperone complex

The histone H3.3 chaperone DAXX is implicated in formation of heterochromatin and transcription silencing, especially for newly infecting DNA virus genomes entering the nucleus. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can efficiently establish stable latent infection as a chromatinized episome in the nucleus of infected cells. The EBV tegument BNRF1 is a DAXX-interacting protein required for the establishment of selective viral gene expression during latency. Here we report the structure of BNRF1 DAXX-interaction domain (DID) in complex with DAXX histone-binding domain (HBD) and histones H3.3-H4. BNRF1 DID contacts DAXX HBD and histones through non-conserved loops. The BNRF1-DAXX interface is responsible for BNRF1 localization to PML-nuclear bodies typically associated with host-antiviral resistance and transcriptional repression. Paradoxically, the interface is also required for selective transcription activation of viral latent cycle genes required for driving B-cell proliferation. These findings reveal molecular details of virus reprogramming of an antiviral histone chaperone to promote viral latency and cellular immortalization.
Towards Comprehensive Repositories of Opinions

Despite the popularity of recommendation services (such as Yelp, Healthgrades, and Angie’s List), for a majority of entities listed on these services, one has to rely on opinions shared by a few users. We argue that this paucity of reviews for most entities stems from the fact that the vast majority of users largely consume opinions shared by others but seldom post reviews themselves. Therefore, leveraging the trend that services are increasingly accessed from a client-side app rather than over the Web, we propose augmenting recommendation services to implicitly infer any user’s opinions based on observations of the user’s activities. Implicit inference of many of a user’s recommendations are feasible due to the rich sensory capabilities of smartphones and wearables as well as the digital footprints left behind by many activities in the physical world. However, implicit inference of opinions is inherently uncertain and automated sharing of inferences raises significant privacy and security concerns. In this paper, we discuss how to tackle these challenges so that users looking for recommendations can draw upon a more comprehensive set of opinions than is the case today.
Fungicidal Seed Coatings Exert Minor Effects on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Nutrient Content

Seed-applied fungicides have become standard on commodity crop seed to control pathogenic fungi prior to germination. However, fungicidal seed coatings containing multiple systemic ingredients targeting multiple metabolic processes may inhibit non-target soil fungi such as obligate plant symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Our experimental objectives were to: (i) determine if seed-applied fungicidal formulations containing one or more systemic fungicides inhibit colonization of plant roots by AM fungi, plant development, or plant nutrient content during early vegetative stages of several commodity crops; (ii) identify interactions between fungicide and plant genotype. We evaluated seed-applied fungicides labeled for use with corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and oat (Avena sativa L.). Three corn hybrids, three soybean varieties, and two oat varieties were raised in the greenhouse for 6 wk. Three commercial fungicides containing mixtures of locally systemic, xylem-mobile systemic, and contact active ingredients were compared to an untreated control. Plant development, plant nutrient concentration, and percent of root colonized by AM fungi (mixed species) were measured. Fungicidal seed coatings did not significantly reduce AM root colonization or P content of any plant compared to the control. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among fungicides in AM fungal colonization or plant nutrient content for all three plants. Plant genotype significantly affected (P < 0.05) AM root colonization for corn, soybean, and oat. We conclude that contemporary, seed-applied fungicidal formulations have minimal effect on AM colonization and nutrient status of corn, soybean, and oat which were more affected by host genotype.
Using Models to Represent Reality

In this paper I develop a unified interpretation of the nature and role of models in science. Central to this interpretation is an understanding of the relationships between models and other elements of an understanding of science, particularly theories, data, and analogy. I begin by criticizing a standard interpretive or instantial view of models, derived from mathematical logic, as not being adequate for empirical science. I then go on to develop a representational view of models which, I argue, is much more adequate to the needs of empirical science. I conclude that scientific reasoning is to a large extent model-based reasoning. It is models almost all the way up and models almost all the way down.
We are losing the climate change mitigation challenge; Is it too late to recover?

We are losing the climate change mitigation challenge. The task now before us: minimize the impacts. The status of the climate change mitigation challenge is analyzed and summarized. Pressures spawned by industrialization and population growth have driven unsustainable growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yielding global warming. Such warming has accelerated over the last three years and for 2016 was 1.3 °C over pre-industrial levels. Serious climate change induced impacts have already occurred and more serious ones are projected. The recent UN Paris COP agreement is only a small step toward meaningful mitigation. It will only slow emission growth and will not lead to near term aggressive annual emission decreases, which are needed to avoid warming of 2 °C or more. We are losing the battle to protect the planet from unacceptable climate change impacts. To minimize the impacts, the following is needed: more aggressive communication of the seriousness of the problem to national leaders and the public, a serious adaptation program, a dramatically expanded RD&D program to accelerate the development of low cost low C technologies, with a focus on potentially transformational technologies, and a serious commitment to peak global emissions as soon as possible and drastically reduce such emissions annually from that point on. A global agreement to set a price on carbon (C) could be effective in helping to achieve such an aggressive emission reduction trajectory.
Recent Research in Science Teaching and Learning

The Current Insights feature is designed to introduce life science educators and researchers to current articles of interest in other social science and education journals. In this installment, I highlight three diverse research studies: one addresses the relationships between active learning and teaching evaluations; one presents an observation tool for documenting metacognition in the classroom; and the last explores things teachers can say to encourage students to employ scientific reasoning during class discussions.
Exogenous ketone salts do not improve cognitive responses after a high-intensity exercise protocol in healthy college-aged males

This study examined the effects of a dl-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) containing beverage on cognitive and performance measures during a bout of repeated Wingates. Fifteen healthy, college-aged males (me...
Comparison of K Samples Involving Variables or Attribute Data Using the Analysis of Means

A computer program is presented which will perform a one-way analysis of means and provide plots of the resulting analysis for variables, fraction defective, or defects data. As a check on homogene...
Photon Pair Generation on a Silicon Chip Using Nanophotonic Periodically-Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides

We present a new class of photon pair sources on a silicon chip. The source is based on nanophotonic periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides and presents MHz rate pair generation.
Abstract 3930: Chemoprevention of metastatic colon cancer by a novel small molecule

Introduction: Colon cancer is a one of the leading cause of death in both men and women. Metastatic colon cancer is responsible for mortality due to resistance to conventional therapies. Our group has previously reported that activation of AKT and Notch1 plays an important role in metastasis of colon cancer cells. As Notch1 and AKT regulates cell proliferation and are upstream of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) cascade, it seems interesting to explore their inhibition for pharmacological intervention. In the present study we identified a sesquiterpene molecule, Verrucarin J (VJ), that inhibited Notch1 expression and downregulated AKT mediated EMT transition in colon cancer cells. Methods: The anticancer effect of VJ was assessed on both colon cancer cells and stably AKT overexpressing colon cells by cell proliferation, apoptosis and Western blot analysis. For xenograft studies, pCMV/HCT-116 or AKT/HCT-116 cells (1.5 × 106) in a 50-μl final volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected subcutaneously into separate flanks of the mice. Also effects of VJ were determined in mouse model of colorectal cancer i.e. APC min+/ _ mice. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired Student9s t-test and one way ANOVA,*p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001. Results: Molecular analysis of VJ treatment on colon cancer cells revealed that it inhibited colon cancer growth by down regulating AKT and Notch1 signaling. Western blot analysis revealed that VJ inhibits AKT/NF-κβ/ Bcl2- signaling axis in colon cancer cells. VJ also Inhibited migration and invasion of colon cancer cells that corresponds with downregulation of mesenchymal marker expression. In addition, VJ treatment induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells as well as AKT overexpressing cells. Intraperitoneal administration of VJ in pCMV/HCT116 and AKT/HCT-116 xenograft mice revealed decrease in tumor volume in comparison with control mice. We also examined the in vivo efficacy of VJ in ApcMin/+ mouse model. Treatment of ApcMin/+ with VJ (0.5 mg/kg/IP/twice a week) over 12 weeks significantly reduced the number of intestinal polyps (distal 84%; Middle 63% and Proximal 2%) as compared vehicle treated mice. In addition, we also observed 50% reduction in number of colon tumors in VJ treated mice. Conclusion: In conclusion, our studies suggest that VJ inhibits both AKT and Notch1 signaling and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells. In vivo studies revealed significant reduction in tumor formation in mice models of colon cancer. Hence VJ could be a viable therapeutic agent for treating patients with metastatic colon cancer. Citation Format: Deeksha Pal, Balaji Chandrasekaran, Ashish Tyagi, Becca Von Baby, Houda Alatassi, Murali Ankem, Chendil Damodaran. Chemoprevention of metastatic colon cancer by a novel small molecule [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3930.
Managing the NREN: Issues in Moving towards a Global Distributed Environment

One of the nice things about giving luncheon talks is that their function is primarily entertainment. I will therefore try to entertain you, while discussing an issue of critical importance — the evolution of the Internet. The theme of this workshop is that of network management and what I will try to do is emphasize some of the issues involved in managing the NREN.
Recent Research on the Centromedian and Parafascicular Nuclei

The basal ganglia, by strict definition, are “large subcortical nuclear masses classically considered to be telencephalic derivatives” (Carpenter, 1983). However, there are other regions of the brain, such as the substantia nigra, that are closely related to the basal ganglia, but which lie outside of the telencephalon. It has been known for a long time that the centromedian (CM) and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei are intimately associated with the basal ganglia. These nuclei are part of the thalamus and represent the caudal group of intralaminar nuclei. The present paper will concentrate on recent evidence from other laboratories, as well as from data generated by my associates and I, about these nuclei in the cat.
What Is Expected of a Facilitator in a Virtual Learning Environment

Online teaching and learning significantly differs from traditional teaching and learning [1] because of the change of context. How to facilitate students via web-based information delivery systems is fundamentally imperative. However, there is a dearth of literature regarding facilitation across online interaction [2]. Therefore, the heart of this paper will focus on responsibilities and accountabilities expected of an e-facilitator.
A computational approach to the relationship between radiation induced double strand breaks and translocations

A theoretical framework is presented which provides a quantitative analysis of radiation induced translocations between the ab1 oncogene on CH9q34 and a breakpoint cluster region, bcr, on CH 22q11. Such translocations are associated frequently with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The theory is based on the assumption that incorrect or unfaithful rejoining of initial double strand breaks produced concurrently within the 200 kbp intron region upstream of the second abl exon, and the 16.5 kbp region between bcr exon 2 and exon 6 interact with each other, resulting in a fusion gene. for an x-ray dose of 100 Gy, there is good agreement between the theoretical estimate and the one available experimental result. The theory has been extended to provide dose response curves for these types of translocations. These curves are quadratic at low doses and become linear at high doses.
The Fission Converter-Based Epithermal Neutron Irradiation Facility at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor

A new type of epithermal neutron irradiation facility for use in neutron capture therapy has been designed, constructed, and put into operation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research...
Paid Family Leave to Enhance the Health Outcomes of Preterm Infants

Prematurity is the largest contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preterm infants and their families are a significant vulnerable population burdened with limited resources, numerous health risks, and poor health outcomes. The social determinants of health greatly shape the economic and psychosocial resources that families possess to promote optimal outcomes for their preterm infants. The purposes of this article are to analyze the resource availability, relative risks, and health outcomes of preterm infants and their families and to discuss why universal paid family leave could be one potential public policy that would promote optimal outcomes for this infant population. First, we discuss the history of family leave in the United States and draw comparisons with other countries around the world. We use the vulnerable populations conceptual model as a framework to discuss why universal paid family leave is needed and to review how disparities in resource availability are driving the health status of preterm infants. We conclude with implications for research, nursing practice, and public policy. Although health care providers, policy makers, and other key stakeholders have paid considerable attention to and allocated resources for preventing and treating prematurity, this attention is geared toward individual-based health strategies for promoting preconception health, preventing a preterm birth, and improving individual infant outcomes. Our view is that public policies addressing the social determinants of health (e.g., universal paid family leave) would have a much greater impact on the health outcomes of preterm infants and their families than current strategies.
Lower Genitourinary Foreign Bodies: An Institutional Experience and Description of a Novel, Minimally-invasive Extraction Technique for Anterior Urethral Objects.

Abstract Objective To describe our experience with management of lower genitourinary foreign bodies (FBs); to introduce our novel, but simple and minimally-invasive retrieval method compared with standard techniques for anterior urethral FBs; and to propose a derived, practical management algorithm. Methods We reviewed all male patients presenting with inserted urethral and/or bladder FBs between January2000 and October 2018. Patient characteristics and number of episodes were identified. Episodes were stratified by FB type, FB location, diagnostic modality, and removal method. We performed a subgroup analysis of anterior urethral FB management techniques comparing retrieval outcomes using our novel Retrieval of Anterior urethral Materials Safely (RAMS) technique which utilizes urethral hydrodistension via retrograde injection of lidocaine jelly to expel FBs vs forceps extraction. Cost analyses were performed, and a management algorithm was then derived. Results We identified 116 episodes. Eighty-seven of 116 (75%) episodes involved items located within the anterior urethra. A subset of episodes (14/116, 12%) was managed using the RAMS technique. There was no difference in FB extraction success rates between RAMS (13/14, 92.9%) and forceps extraction (37/40, 92.7%), P = 1.00. FBs were successfully removed using RAMS when utilized for nonembedded FBs located entirely within the anterior urethra. Among FBs located within the anterior urethra, the median total hospital cost was nearly 10 times less with utilization of RAMS compared with cystoscopic extraction ($379.09 v s$3,214.21, P Conclusion Because an overwhelming majority of FBs are located within the anterior urethra, the RAMS technique represents a simple, cost-conscious, and minimally-invasive strategy with low risk and potentially high-yield for initial extraction in the emergency department.
Convergent Neural Correlates of Empathy and Anxiety During Socioemotional Processing.

Empathy is characterized by the ability to understand and share an emotional experience with another person and is closely tied to compassion and concern for others. Consequently, this increased emotional awareness and sensitivity may also be related to increased anxiety. Taken from another perspective, higher general anxiety may translate into increased concern for others, or concern for how one’s actions might affect others, and therefore may be linked to increased empathy. Furthermore, self-reflection is positively related to perspective-taking and empathic concern, while rumination is closely tied to anxiety, thus providing an additional connecting point between empathy and anxiety through enhanced internally generated thought. While previous literature suggests a relationship between empathy and anxiety, this has yet to be empirically studied using neuroimaging tools aimed at investigating the underlying neural correlates that may support these convergent responses. We therefore conducted an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (N = 49) in which participants viewed fearful and neutral human faces and rated how the faces made them feel, to promote introspection. Participants also completed questionnaires assessing empathy Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), trait anxiety State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), worry Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and rumination Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS). Behaviorally, empathy positively correlated with worry, worry and rumination positively correlated with anxiety, and significant indirect relationships were found between empathy and anxiety through worry and rumination. Using the neuroimaging face processing task as a backdrop on which the neurobiological mechanisms of empathy and anxiety may interact, regressions of questionnaires with brain activations revealed that empathy related to activation in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), anxiety related to bilateral insula activation, and worry related to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activation, while rumination showed increased engagement of all three aforementioned regions. Functional connectivity (FC) analyses showed increased communication between the left amygdala and insula related to higher empathy, worry and rumination. Finally, whole-brain analysis using median split groups from questionnaires revealed that the lower halves of anxiety, worry and rumination exhibited increased activation in top-down attentional networks. In sum, empathy, worry and rumination related to enhanced bottom-up processing, while worry, rumination and anxiety exhibited decreased top-down attentional control, suggesting an indirect relationship between empathy and anxiety through the ruminative tendencies of worry.
Metaethics and Mental Time Travel: a Reply to Gerrans and Kennett

In “Neurosentimentalism and Moral Agency” (Mind 2010), Philip Gerrans and Jeanette Kennett argue that prominent versions of metaethical sentimentalism and moral realism ignore the importance, for moral agency and moral judgment, of the capacity to experientially project oneself into the past and possible futures – to engage in ‘mental time travel’ (MTT). They contend that such views are committed to taking subjects with impaired capacities for MTT to be moral judgers, and thus confront a dilemma: either allow that these subjects are moral agents, or deny that moral agency is required for moral judgment. In reply, we argue for two main claims. First, it is implausible that moral agency is required for moral judgment, and Gerrans and Kennett give us no good reason for thinking it is. Second, at least some of the subjects in question seem able to make moral judgments, and Gerrans and Kennett give us no good reason to doubt that they can. We conclude that they have not shown a problem for any of the metaethical views in question.
Designing User Interface Elements to Improve the Quality and Civility of Discourse in Online Commenting Behaviors

Ensuring high-quality, civil social interactions remains a vexing challenge in many online spaces. In the present work, we introduce a novel approach to address this problem: using psychologically "embedded'' CAPTCHAs containing stimuli intended to prime positive emotions and mindsets. An exploratory randomized experiment (N = 454 Mechanical Turk workers) tested the impact of eight new CAPTCHA designs implemented on a simulated, politically charged comment thread. Results revealed that the two interventions that were the most successful at activating positive affect also significantly increased the positivity of tone and analytical complexity of argumentation in participants' responses. A focused follow-up experiment (N = 120 Mechanical Turk workers) revealed that exposure to CAPTCHAs featuring image sets previously validated to evoke low-arousal positive emotions significantly increased the positivity of sentiment and the levels of complexity and social connectedness in participants' posts. We offer several explanations for these results and discuss the practical and ethical implications of designing interfaces to influence discourse in online forums.
Vertical characteristics of posterior teeth in untreated malocclusions

Abstract Objective Understanding the influence of tooth eruption on skeletal growth patterns can contribute to development of timely and effective orthodontic treatment protocols. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, our objective was to use a previously published cephalometric method to measure the maxillary and mandibular molar and premolar dentoalveolar heights from an untreated sample of Class II and Class III subjects and compare them to untreated Class I normodivergent. Materials and Methods A total of 218 subjects with full permanent dentition that met the defined inclusion, exclusion, and grouping criteria were analyzed. The sample of 13- to 56-year-old subjects was diverse in ethnic backgrounds and representative of an urban practice setting. Using cephalometric grouping criteria, subjects were assigned to one of five groups: Class I normodivergent (control), Class II or Class III hyperdivergent or hypodivergent. Cephalometric images were traced and data were analyzed using independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni post hoc tests (P Results The study showed strong trends of short maxillary dentoalveolar heights in Class II hypodivergent subjects and short mandibular dentoalveolar heights in Class III hyperdivergent subjects. Statistically significant differences ranged from 1.11 mm to 4.55 mm. The results of this study indicate gender dimorphism. Conclusions This study suggests that posterior dentoalveolar characteristics differ among the established malocclusions. There is likely an interplay between tooth eruption and vertical growth of the jaws. One factor can influence the severity of another, as the dentition and skeleton develop simultaneously. Clinical treatment approaches to minimize divergence from the normal skeletal pattern can be established for growing patients.
Assessing the effects of a vegetation management standard on distribution grid outage rates

Abstract Enhanced Tree Trimming (ETT) is a vegetation management standard consisting in the trimming or removal of trees in proximity of overhead lines. We quantify the effects of this practice, designed to improve the resiliency of the overhead electrical power grid, using two independent methodologies. The first approach is a statistical study of the change of frequency of outage-free locations. The second approach uses an Outage Prediction Model (OPM) as a vulnerability assessment tool to evaluate the change in the number of outages before and after ETT. The OPM is a machine learning based framework that relates weather, soil, vegetation and electric grid characteristics to storm-related power outages. The two methods introduced in this work are compared against a straightforward assessment of the ETT impact on the number of outages. Applying both methods, the occurrence of power outages is studied for varying tree trimming amounts, for 144 storms occurred between 2005 and 2017 in the Northeastern United States. From the statistical approach we find a reduction of the outage-free grid cells during storms between 49% and 65% due to tree trimming. The OPM based analysis suggests that the number of outages during storms are reduced between 16% and 48% after performing ETT.
Reviewing the Demographic, Prognostic, and Treatment Factors of Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder: A SEER Population-based Study.

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to characterize the demographic, prognostic, and treatment factors for patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder by analyzing the impact of histologic subtype in a large sample size and interpreting newly released Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) chemotherapy data. Materials and Methods The SEER 18 Registry was utilized to identify cases of primary adenocarcinoma diagnosed from 1973 to 2015. Demographic data, tumor and disease characteristics, treatment information, and survival outcome data were collected. Overall survival and disease-specific survival were determined using Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were then completed using SAS JMP. Results A total of 2305 cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder were identified. Overall survival at 2-, 5- and 10-year intervals was 54.8%, 36.1%, and 25.4%, respectively. Disease-specific survival at 2-, 5- and 10-year intervals was 62.0%, 47.1%, and 40.1%, respectively. Patients were treated with surgery (86.4%), chemotherapy (21.9%), and radiation (15.0%) (P Conclusion This study utilized a population-based analysis to showcase the utility of various prognostic features in primary bladder adenocarcinoma cases. In characterizing treatments, we find the prevailing treatment remains surgical intervention, whereas a sizable minority receives chemotherapy and/or radiation, often in combination with surgery.
Children With Special Health Care Needs on Supplemental Security Income for Disability Have More Health Impacts and Needs Than Other Children With Special Health Care Needs on Medicaid.

ABSTRACT Objective The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program for children with disabilities has come under recent public and political scrutiny. We sought to determine if children with special health care needs (CSHCN) on Medicaid/SCHIP who receive SSI for disability were more severely impacted by their health conditions compared to other CSHCN on Medicaid/SCHIP by comparing their health service utilization, markers of quality health care, and family impacts. Methods Using the 2009-10 National Survey of CSHCN, we divided the population of CSHCN on Medicaid/SCHIP into two groups: CSHCN on SSI for disability and other CSHCN. We compared these two groups on measures of health condition severity, health service need and unmet need, health system quality measures, and family impact. Results CSHCN on SSI had significantly higher adjusted odds of being affected by their health conditions, aOR=4.33 (3.33-5.9) and having two or more functional difficulties, AOR=3.38 (2.83-4.03). CSHCN on SSI had significantly higher health care needs but not higher unmet needs. The families of CSHCN on SSI experienced more work loss, aOR=3.01 (2.52-3.59) and more financial problems, aOR=1.68 (1.38-2.04). Conclusion This study indicates higher severity and extensive health service needs among CSHCN receiving SSI, compared to other low income children. CSHCN receiving SSI experience substantially more difficulty related to their health conditions and their conditions have considerably more impact on the daily lives of their parents.
Ideal cardiovascular health and resting heart rate in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Abstract Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but little is known about its association with cardiovascular health (CVH), assessed by the Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics. We explored whether ideal CVH was associated with RHR in a cohort free from clinical CVD. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data (2000−2002) of 6457 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants in 2018. Each LS7 metric (smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose) was scored 0–2. Total score ranged from 0 to 14. Scores of 0–8 indicate inadequate, 9–10 average, and 11–14 optimal CVH. RHR was categorized as
The nuances of emotion regulation difficulties and mindfulness in food addiction

With increasing rates of obesity, preventing and treating problematic eating behavior is critical. Food addiction (FA) is one variable associated with the development and maintenance of obesity. FA...
LILRB4 expression in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome based on response to hypomethylating agents

LILRB4 is expressed in AML M4/M5 cells and negatively regulates immune cell activation via T-cell suppression. Its expression and role in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and myelodysplastic ...
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the adult mouse spinal cord

The spinal cord is a fascinating structure responsible for coordinating all movement in vertebrates. Spinal motor neurons control the activity of virtually every organ and muscle throughout the body by transmitting signals that originate in the spinal cord. These neurons are remarkably heterogeneous in their activity and innervation targets. However, because motor neurons represent only a small fraction of cells within the spinal cord and are difficult to isolate, the full complement of motor neuron subtypes remains unknown. Here we comprehensively describe the molecular heterogeneity of motor neurons within the adult spinal cord. We profiled 43,890 single-nucleus transcriptomes using fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting to enrich for spinal motor neuron nuclei. These data reveal a transcriptional map of the adult mammalian spinal cord and the first unbiased characterization of all transcriptionally distinct autonomic and somatic spinal motor neuron subpopulations. We identify 16 sympathetic motor neuron subtypes that segregate spatially along the spinal cord. Many of these subtypes selectively express specific hormones and receptors, suggesting neuromodulatory signaling within the autonomic nervous system. We describe skeletal motor neuron heterogeneity in the adult spinal cord, revealing numerous novel markers that distinguish alpha and gamma motor neurons, cell populations that are specifically affected in neurodegenerative disease. We also provide evidence for a novel transcriptional subpopulation of skeletal motor neurons. Collectively, these data provide a single-cell transcriptional atlas for investigating motor neuron diversity as well as the cellular and molecular basis of motor neuron function in health and disease.
Understanding Parental Engagement in Early Childhood Education in Ethiopia: Perceptions, Practices, and Challenges

Ethiopia has made significant investments in early education programs since 2010. A national goal set by the government of Ethiopia aimed to enroll 80% children below the age of 6 years in kindergarten-level “O-classes.” However, effective partnerships with communities and families are required to achieve this goal. This study explores parental engagement in early education initiatives and how parents engage in early learning activities at home. The study involved in-depth interviews of parents (n = 20) from the Tigray region of Ethiopia. The interviews were conducted in Tigrinya and later translated into English. Interviews were textually analyzed to identify themes and patterns in the data. While parents acknowledged early learning as important, their own playful engagement with children was low. Parents reported limited engagement was largely a result of time and money constraints as well as perceptions of learning as a strictly academic process. Additionally, parents reported limited knowledge of child-appropriate stories, songs, and games to use with their young children. Major barriers for attendance at the center-based early education programs identified by parents included issues of road safety, distance to the preschool center, and the hygiene conditions at the preschool centers.
At-level allodynia after mid-thoracic contusion in the rat

Abstract The rat mid-thoracic contusion model has been used to study at-level tactile allodynia after spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the more common types of allodynia. An important advantage of this model is that not all animals develop allodynia and, therefore, it could be used to more clearly examine mechanisms that are strictly related to pain development separately from mechanisms related to the injury itself. However, how to separate those that develop allodynia from those that do not is unclear. The aims of the current study were to identify where allodynia and spasticity develop and use this information to identify metrics that separate animals that develop allodynia from those that do not in order study difference in their behavior. To accomplish these aims, a standardized grid was used to localize pain on the dorsal trunk and map it to thoracic dermatomes, providing for the development of a pain score that relied on supraspinal responses and separated subgroups of animals. Similar to human studies, the development of allodynia often occurred with the development of spasticity or hyperreflexia. Moreover, the time course and prevalence of pain phenotypes (at-, above-, or below level) produced by this model were similar to that observed in humans who have sustained an SCI. However, the amount of spared spinal matter in the injured cord did not explain the development of allodynia, as was previously reported. This approach can be used to study the mechanism underlying the development of allodynia separately from mechanisms related to the injury alone.
Exploring Alcohol Use and Social Connection Among Older Latinxs: A Brief Report:

Research exploring alcohol use among older adults is relatively sparse, particularly among racial minoritized individuals. The current study aimed to address this gap in the literature by exploring...
A general strategy to optimize the performance of aza-BODIPY-based probes for enhanced photoacoustic properties

Abstract In this chapter, we describe a generalizable strategy to obtain a high PA output platform that is optimized for ratiometric imaging. Our approach entails conformationally restricting pendant aryl rings on the aza-BODIPY core to enhance orbital overlap which consequently increases the extinction coefficient. This strategy can potentially be applied to other dye platforms to enhance their signal intensity. We provide detailed protocols for the synthesis, in vitro characterization, and in vivo application.
Intruding male red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, immediately dominate members of established communities of smaller, mixed-sex conspecifics

The effects of competing asymmetries (intruder size advantage vs. prior residence) on dominance relationships were investigated in a laboratory setting. Sexually mature (Form I) male red swamp crayfish, 25%-27% larger than the average member of several mixed-sex communities of 20-25 sexually mature conspecifics, individually intruded upon these communities on successive days. Each community was invaded once a day, with each of these large intruders invading every community once during the experiment. Five days after the last large intruder invasion, novel intruder group males, approximately the same size as the average community member, individually invaded the same communities, all communities being invaded once during a single day of testing. These novel intruders were used to differentiate the effects of intruder size from those effects of being put into a novel environment. During each intrusion, the frequencies of dominance, submission, aggressive standoffs, and nonaggressive interactions between the intruder and members of the community were recorded. The large intruders on each day immediately and virtually completely dominated all encountered community members, and the large intruders were significantly more dominant than the novel, smaller-sized intruders. The size advantage of the large intruders overwhelmed prior residence in influencing dominance outcomes, even in these well established communities.
Association of origin binding protein and single strand DNA-binding protein, ICP8, during herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA replication in vivo.

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) origin binding protein (UL9 protein) interacts specifically with the HSV-1 encoded single strand DNA-binding protein ICP8 (Boehmer, P.E. and Lehman, I.R. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8444-8448). A UL9 mutant protein (UL9DM27) that lacks the C-terminal 27 amino acids shows normal origin-specific DNA binding and retains its DNA-dependent ATPase and helicase activities, but has a greatly reduced affinity for ICP8. The extreme C-terminal portion of the UL9 protein is therefore required for ICP8 binding. The helicase activity of the UL9DM27 protein is approximately 8-fold greater than that of the wild type UL9 protein and is not stimulated by ICP8. The UL9DM27 protein has a reduced ability to replicate origin-containing plasmids in vivo. Consequently, the interaction between the UL9 protein and ICP8 is likely to be important for origin-dependent DNA replication in vivo, presumably to promote efficient unwinding of the DNA at an HSV-1 origin of DNA replication.