cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins.

Substantial data are available to indicate that the diet influences serum levels of cholesterol and lipoproteins. These data are derived from studies in laboratory animals, from epidemiologic studies, and from human investigations. Most research has focused on effects of diet on serum total cholesterol concentrations. In recent years, however, attention has shifted to individual lipoproteins, i.e., low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Three nutritional factors have been identified that raise serum LDL levels; these are saturated fatty acids, cholesterol itself, and excess caloric intake leading to obesity. The major cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in the diet is palmitic acid. Several nutrients can be substituted for saturated fatty acids to produce a reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels. These are polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, and even one saturated fatty acid, stearic acid. The latter appears to be converted rapidly into a monounsaturated fatty acid in the body. Any of these nutrients can be used for replacement of cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids in the diet. However, their relative effects on other metabolic processes remain to be determined fully. At present it appears that carbohydrates and monounsaturated fatty acids represent the preferred replacements for saturated fatty acids, although modest increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid, at the expense of cholesterol-raising saturates, probably are safe and may provide for greater variety in the diet.
Understanding public complacency about climate change: adults’ mental models of climate change violate conservation of matter

Public attitudes about climate change reveal a contradiction. Surveys show most Americans believe climate change poses serious risks but also that reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sufficient to stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations can be deferred until there is greater evidence that climate change is harmful. US policymakers likewise argue it is prudent to wait and see whether climate change will cause substantial economic harm before undertaking policies to reduce emissions. Such wait-and-see policies erroneously presume climate change can be reversed quickly should harm become evident, underestimating substantial delays in the climate’s response to anthropogenic forcing. We report experiments with highly educated adults – graduate students at MIT – showing widespread misunderstanding of the fundamental stock and flow relationships, including mass balance principles, that lead to long response delays. GHG emissions are now about twice the rate of GHG removal from the atmosphere. GHG concentrations will therefore continue to rise even if emissions fall, stabilizing only when emissions equal removal. In contrast, most subjects believe atmospheric GHG concentrations can be stabilized while emissions into the atmosphere continuously exceed the removal of GHGs from it. These beliefs – analogous to arguing a bathtub filled faster than it drains will never overflow – support wait-and-see policies but violate conservation of matter. Low public support for mitigation policies may arise from misconceptions of climate dynamics rather than high discount rates or uncertainty about the impact of climate change. Implications for education and communication between scientists and nonscientists (the public and policymakers) are discussed.
A comparison of four sedation techniques for pediatric dental surgery.

Summary Background: We prospectively assessed the efficacy and side effects of four sedation techniques in our dental clinic: oral midazolam, intranasal (IN) midazolam, IN midazolam combined with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC), and IN midazolam combined with IN sufentanil. Materials & Methods: With IRB approval, a nonrandomized open label study of moderate sedation in children undergoing dental surgery was administered during a 6 -month period. The sedation regimen was rotated daily at the anesthesiologist’s discretion. Each sedation was monitored by a research nurse who assessed the quality of sedation and the frequency of complications. All children were monitored during the procedure and recovery for at least 20 min, before discharge based on the University of Michigan Sedation and Ohio State behavior rating scores. Results: One hundred and two children were sedated in the dental clinic during this period. The sedation was successful in 73% (range 64% to 88%) of the children. The time to onset was greatest with OTFC (37 min) and least with IN midazolam (17 min) compared with the other two groups (20 and 30 min). Recovery after OTFC was prolonged (39 min) significantly compared with the other three groups (26.5–30 min). Efficacy of sedation and frequency of complications (9% incidence of nausea and 6% of mild hemoglobin desaturation) were similar among the groups. Conclusions: All four sedation regimens were equally effective in this cohort of healthy children. The onset and recovery with OTFC was significantly delayed compared with the other regimens. The frequency of side effects was small; there were no side effects in the PO midazolam group.
Myelodysplastic syndromes in children: a critical review of issues in the diagnosis and classification of 887 cases from 13 published series.

CONTEXT: Pediatric myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are uncommon disorders, which may be difficult to diagnose, particularly in the absence of increased blasts. Pediatric MDSs have several unique features including their association with inherited/constitutional disorders in approximately one third of patients. The classification of pediatric MDSs has undergone significant evolution in the past 20 years. OBJECTIVE: To critically review existing classifications of pediatric MDSs and to evaluate their applicability on previously published large series. DATA SOURCES: Previously published pediatric MDS series containing more than 10 patients from the English literature between 1982 and 2005. CONCLUSIONS: Data were available on 887 patients from 13 published series. Most cases (68.7%) were idiopathic/de novo, 23.9% were associated with constitutional/inherited disorder, and 7.4% were therapy related. Approximately 10% of cases could not be classified by the French-American-British classification. Eighty-seven percent of unclassified cases were appropriately classified using the World Health Organization classification (2001), whereas 96% of them were classified with the modified World Health Organization classification for pediatric MDSs (2003). The impact of cytogenetics and constitutional/inherited disorders on the biology and outcome of the disease needs to be studied further.
A parallel reaction-transport model applied to cement hydration and microstructure development

A recently described stochastic reaction-transport model on three-dimensional lattices is parallelized and is used to simulate the time-dependent structural and chemical evolution in multicomponent reactive systems. The model, called HydratiCA, uses probabilistic rules to simulate the kinetics of diffusion, homogeneous reactions and heterogeneous phenomena such as solid nucleation, growth and dissolution in complex three-dimensional systems. The algorithms require information only from each lattice site and its immediate neighbors, and this localization enables the parallelized model to exhibit near-linear scaling up to several hundred processors. Although applicable to a wide range of material systems, including sedimentary rock beds, reacting colloids and biochemical systems, validation is performed here on two minerals that are commonly found in Portland cement paste, calcium hydroxide and ettringite, by comparing their simulated dissolution or precipitation rates far from equilibrium to standard rate equations, and also by comparing simulated equilibrium states to thermodynamic calculations, as a function of temperature and pH. Finally, we demonstrate how HydratiCA can be used to investigate microstructure characteristics, such as spatial correlations between different condensed phases, in more complex microstructures.
DDAVP in acquired hemophilia a: Case report and review of the literature

One patient with an acquired factor VIII inhibitor is reported in which an acute lower intestinal hemorrhage was successfully managed using Desmopressin (DDAVP). The patient initially had a factor VIII level of 10% with a inhibitor titer of 1.9 Bethesda units. Following administration of DDAVP the factor VIII level rose to 86% and there was a decrease in the number and volume of bloody stools. The inhibitor disappeared following treatment with corticosteroids, however the patient ultimately expired due to complications of ischemic colitis. This case and 21 previously reported cases of acquired hemophilia treated with DDAVP are reviewed. The data support a role for DDAVP in the treatment of non life threatening hemorrhage in patients with acquired hemophilia and low titer factor VIII inhibitors (<5 Bethesda units or factor VIII ≥5%)
ON DETECTING CHANGE IN LIKELIHOOD RATIO ORDERING

This article studies the problem of testing and locating changepoints in likelihood ratios of two multinomial probability vectors. We propose a binary search procedure to detect the changepoints in the sequence of the ratios of probabilities and obtain the maximum likelihood estimators of two multinomial probability vectors under the assumption that the probability ratio sequence has a changepoint. We also give a strongly consistent estimator for the changepoint location. An information theoretic approach is used to test the equality of two discrete probability distributions against the alternative that their ratios have a changepoint. Approximate critical values of the test statistics are provided by simulation for several choices of model parameters. Finally, we examine a real life data set pertaining to average daily insulin dose from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program and locate the changepoints in the probability ratios.
An Applicative Control-Flow Graph Based on Huet's Zipper

We are using ML to build a compiler that does low-level optimization. To support optimizations in classic imperative style, we built a control-flow graph using mutable pointers and other mutable state in the nodes. This decision proved unfortunate: the mutable flow graph was big and complex, and it led to many bugs. We have replaced it by a smaller, simpler, applicative flow graph based on Huet's [Huet, Gerard, 1997. The Zipper. Journal of Functional Programming, 7(5):549-554. Functional Pearl] zipper. The new flow graph is a success; this paper presents its design and shows how it leads to a gratifyingly simple implementation of the dataflow framework developed by [Lerner, Sorin, David Grove, and Craig Chambers. 2002. Composing dataflow analyses and transformations. Conference Record of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, in SIGPLAN Notices, 31(1):270-282].
Reovirus Nonstructural Protein μNS Recruits Viral Core Surface Proteins and Entering Core Particles to Factory-Like Inclusions

Mammalian reoviruses are thought to assemble and replicate within cytoplasmic, nonmembranous structures called viral factories. The viral nonstructural protein mu NS forms factory-like globular inclusions when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins and binds to the surfaces of the viral core particles in vitro. Given these previous observations, we hypothesized that one or more of the core surface proteins may be recruited to viral factories through specific associations with mu NS. We found that all three of these proteins--lambda 1, lambda 2, and sigma 2--localized to factories in infected cells but were diffusely distributed through the cytoplasm and nucleus when each was separately expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. When separately coexpressed with mu NS, on the other hand, each core surface protein colocalized with mu NS in globular inclusions, supporting the initial hypothesis. We also found that lambda 1, lambda 2, and sigma 2 each localized to filamentous inclusions formed upon the coexpression of mu NS and mu 2, a structurally minor core protein that associates with microtubules. The first 40 residues of mu NS, which are required for association with mu 2 and the RNA-binding nonstructural protein sigma NS, were not required for association with any of the three core surface proteins. When coexpressed with mu 2 in the absence of mu NS, each of the core surface proteins was diffusely distributed and displayed only sporadic, weak associations with mu 2 on filaments. Many of the core particles that entered the cytoplasm of cycloheximide-treated cells following entry and partial uncoating were recruited to inclusions of mu NS that had been preformed in those cells, providing evidence that mu NS can bind to the surfaces of cores in vivo. These findings expand a model for how viral and cellular components are recruited to the viral factories in infected cells and provide further evidence for the central but distinct roles of viral proteins mu NS and mu 2 in this process.
Using the Internet to provide support for distributed interactions

While technologies like group support systems have been shown to improve the interaction process of face-to-face meetings, organizations search for ways to improve the interaction process for individuals at different locations. One solution to this problem may be the use of Internet. As access to the Internet becomes more readily available, organizations are seeking ways to take advantage of the existing Internet services and capabilities to support distributed interactions such as meetings. This paper discusses how the Internet could be used to support distributed, or virtual, interactions. A discussion of the Internet, its evolution, capabilities and the services provided is followed by issues that the use of this technology raises, potential applications and their implications, and directions for future research in this area. >
A hybrid system approach to contact stability and force control in robotic manipulators

Force control and manipulation involving contacts are essentially hybrid control problems because of the inherent switching present in the dynamic behavior when the manipulator comes in contact with and leaves a surface. In this study, the game theoretic approach of hybrid control design is used to synthesize the least restrictive control law for a robotic manipulator to establish and maintain contact with a surface while keeping interaction forces within specified bounds.
Social interaction experiences of adults with Moebius Syndrome: A focus group

This focus group study explored the social interaction experiences and strategies of 12 adults with Moebius Syndrome, a rare congenital condition characterized by facial paralysis. Content analysis revealed five themes of social functioning: social engagement/disengagement; resilience/sensitivity; social support/stigma; being understood/misunderstood; and public awareness/lack of awareness of Moebius Syndrome. Participants used compensatory expressive strategies such as vocal tone, gestures, and humor. The combination of being unable to express oneself with the face, having a facial difference, and having a rare disease is particularly stigmatizing. Increasing public awareness and developing social skills programs for people with facial paralysis could facilitate social functioning.
Modeling sub-nanosecond pulsed laser dynamics using the exponential time difference method

The authors show that the exponential time difference method is orders of magnitude faster than the standard finite difference time domain method to model the dynamics of longitudinally pumped sub-nanosecond pulsed dye lasers.
Gamma/X-ray linear pushbroom stereo for 3D cargo inspection

For evaluating the contents of trucks, containers, cargo, and passenger vehicles by a non-intrusive gamma-ray or X-ray imaging system to determine the possible presence of contraband, three-dimensional (3D) measurements could provide more information than just 2D measurements. In this paper, a linear pushbroom scanning model is built for such a commonly used gamma-ray or X-ray cargo inspection system. Three-dimensional (3D) measurements of the objects inside a cargo can be obtained by effectively constructing a pushbroom stereo system using two such scanning systems with different scanning angles. A simple but robust calibration method is proposed to find the important parameters of the linear pushbroom sensors. Then, a fast stereo matching algorithm is developed to obtain 3D measurements of the objects under inspection. This algorithm is fully automatic based on free-form deformable registration. An interactive user interface is designed for 3D visualization of the objects of interest. Using the interactive tool, the automatic algorithm is also compared with a very simple semi-automatic algorithm based on point correlation. Experimental results of sensor calibration, stereo matching, 3D measurements and visualization of a 3D cargo container, and the objects inside, are presented.
What's “Up”? A Critical Look at the Basic Terms of Canopy Biology1

Abstract The lack of recent critiques about terminology has led to the frequent misuse or confusingly varied use of the words that are more or less specific to the field of terrestrial canopy biology. I provide definitions for ca 170 terms and subterms, with translations into four languages. Rather than limit coverage to tree crowns, I define canopy biology as the study of life within any aboveground parts of all plant communities, temperate and tropical. This broadened perspective enables ecologists to consider the entire range of challenges faced by organisms living in aboveground plant life, from just above the rhizosphere to the outer limits of plant growth into the atmosphere. Further, this redefinition may reduce the potential for anthropocentric biases in interpreting life on trees or other plants; encourage the use of alternative ecosystems for hypotheses that may be difficult to address in treetops; and promote more general conceptual thinking about life on vegetation, most notably the importance...
SPATIAL CLUSTERING OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA

Numerous investigations of time-space clustering in Hodgkin's disease, designed to investigate its communicability, have produced equivocal results. Few studies have considered the spatial clustering reflecting a broader range of exposures despite sporadic evidence of such groupings of Hodgkin's disease cases. This project examined spatial (residential) patterns among 741 white Hodgkin's disease cases from the San Francisco-Oakland, California, area using 1969-1977 cancer registry incidence data and 1970 population counts. Two types of distances between cases were evaluated using new statistical methods that adjust for population density. Hodgkin's disease cases lived closer to their nearest case neighbors than expected in four of five study counties. Significant clustering of this type occurred among case subgroups defined by sex, age, and social class. There was little evidence of larger-scale clustering around a single point-source exposure. The small, widely dispersed clusters detected here suggest late exposure to a ubiquitous environmental agent involved in Hodgkin's disease etiology. These case aggregations are consistent both with prior reports of spatial clustering in this lymphoma and with evidence implicating viral or other factors in its pathogenesis.
Important Factors in Achieving Arthrodesis of the Charcot Knee

1. Ten cases of arthrodesis of the knee in nine patients for neuropathic joint disease have been presented. One patient died soon after the arthrodesis. Another patient had a bilateral arthrodesis. All of the eight patients (nine knees) available to follow-up showed successful arthrodesis. 2. The degenerated and hypertrophied synovium has been indicated as a significant factor in preventing successful arthrodesis of the neuropathic knee. Evidence in support of this contention is presented. 3. The rate of fusion of the Charcot knee will improve if adequate bone resection, complete synovectomy, and firm internal fixation are combined with early diagnosis and adequate postoperative care.
Variational estimates of internal interface perturbations and a new variational functional for inhomogeneous transport problems

Variational perturbation theory is applied to internal interface perturbations in neutral-particle inhomogeneous transport problems. The leakage from a radioactive system is the quantity of interes...
On Cartan's theoremsA andB in several complex variables

New proofs ofCartan's fundamental theorems are given here, based on the notion of a syzygetic sheaf of modules over a sheaf of rings; the latter is a sheaf admitting a finite resolution by free sheaves.
Hospital industry consolidation--still more to come?

The Affordable Care Act has unleashed a hospital-merger frenzy that could lead to substantial health care price increases with little or no countervailing benefit. Unless new initiatives are developed to discourage consolidation, most mergers will proceed unchallenged.
The Remarkable [ReH9]2– Dianion: Molecular Structure and Vibrational Frequencies

The equilibrium geometries and vibrational frequencies of the extraordinary [ReH9]2– dianion (D3h symmetry) are investigated using Hartree–Fock (HF) theory, coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD), and coupled cluster theory with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)]. The new generation of energy-consistent relativistic pseudopotentials and correlation consistent basis sets [cc-pVXZ-PP (Re) and cc-pVXZ (H) (X = D, T, Q)] are used. Anharmonicity was considered using second-order vibrational perturbation theory. The predicted geometries and vibrational frequencies generally agree with experimental findings. In order to stabilize the [ReH9]2– dianion, the M2ReH9 (M = Na, K) sandwich complexes (D3h symmetry) are studied at the CCSD(T)/VTZ (VTZ = cc-pVTZ-PP (Re) and cc-pVTZ (H, Na, K)) level of theory. Compared to the [ReH9]2– dianion, the predicted vibrational frequencies involving Re–H stretching modes are improved, indicating the importance of considering cou...
Mood Disorders in Middle-Aged and Older Veterans With Multimorbidity.

Objective: This study identified the prevalence of and relationship between mood disorders and multimorbidity in middle-aged and older veterans. Method: Cross-sectional data were obtained from vete...
The laboratory diagnosis of 180 cases with the syndromes of encephalitis and meningitis in Gansu province

Objective:To use different diagnosis methods to study the pathogens and distributions of encephalitis and meningitis in Gansu province.Methods: 180 cerebrospinal fluid samples of the patients with the syndromes of encephalitis and meningitis were collected from four regions of Gansu province.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA) was used to detect the IgM of Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV).Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) were used to detect the specific genes of JEV,Varicella-Zoster virus(VZV),Human enterovirus,Epstein-Barr virus(EBV),Cytoegalovirus(CMV),Human herpes virus 6(HHV6),Herpes simplex virus 1/2(HSV 1/2) and five bacteria(S.pneumoniae,H.influenzaetype b,N.meningitidis,Group B Streptococcus,L.monocytogenes).Results: 30 cases of 180 were positive(16.67%).IgM of JEV is 13 cases(7.22%).VZV is 7 cases(3.89%),Human enterovirus is 3 cases(1.67%),EBV is 3 cases(1.67%),CMV is 1 case(0.56%),S.pneumoniae is 2 cases(1.12%),N.meningitidis is 1 case(0.56%).Other pathogens were not found out.Conclusion: JEV was the main pathogen of encephalitis in Gansu,followed by VZV,Human enterovirus,EBV,S.pneumoniae and N.meningitidis.
Effect of magneto-hydrodynamics and radiation pressure on the reionization of dwarf galaxies

During the reionization period, from 100 million to 1 billion years after the big bang, radiation pressure and magneto-hydrodynamics helped shape the primordial dwarf galaxies that ionized the neutral intergalactic medium. Dwarf galaxies are important to study because they help understand the formation and behavior of early galaxies in our universe. Through computational techniques, astrophysical simulations were created to model the formation of primordial galaxies, which were investigated to produce synthetic observations by numerical analysis. The brightness of dwarf galaxies were calculated and compared to observed data obtained from Hubble. The star formation rate was found to be regulated by magneto-hydrodynamics, in accordance with increased ionization fraction and clumping factor. These parameters are thought to have contributed to the enhanced luminosities of the dwarf galaxies.
Contrast-Induced Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) can occur after radiologic procedures involving administration of contrast agents for angiography, intravenous urography (IVU), oral cholecystography, cholangiography and computerized tomography (CAT). However, the true incidence of this untoward effect is unknown.Large retrospective reviews, indicate that the incidence of contrast induced acute renal failure in the general population is low, being probably, greater for angiography (0.53%) than for IVU or CAT (0.15%) (1). In some series, the incidence of ARF after angiographic studies was as high as 13% (2–3). The greater incidence of renal complications following angiography may be the result of higher intrarenal concentration of contrast agent or of cholesterol embolization. These retrospective analysis, however, tend to underestimate the true incidence of this complication, since they include only the more serious cases requiring further medical attention but not the majority of cases with only mild and transitory rise in serum creatinine.
The Role of Excretory Urography in Patients with Hypospadias

The routine use of excretory urography in asymptomatic patients with hypospadias is still a subject of controversy. In 169 patients with hypospadias we reviewed the indications for urographic evaluation and the radiographic results. Of the boys 67 had signs or symptoms of urological disorders, and 102 were asymptomatic and screened prospectively. Abnormalities in those patients with symptoms were significant, which supports the need to continue evaluating patients in this group radiographically. In those boys screened prospectively the incidence of upper tract abnormalities was low. Reflux was discovered in 10 per cent of these patients, although in the majority it was mild and of no surgical consequence. Over-all, reflux remains the single most common urographic abnormality in boys with hypospadias with or without symptoms.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WAIST-HIP RATIO WITH LONG-TERM CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: A POPULATION-BASED HISTORICAL COHORT STUDY

Background: Central obesity leads to increased cardiovascular events. However, it is unknown whether the same occurs in individuals with established coronary artery disease (CAD). We ascertained whether patients with established CAD and central obesity, as defined as an elevated waist-to-hip ratio (
Spectroscopic and neutron detection properties of rare earth and titanium doped LiAlO2 single crystals

Abstract In this study, LiAlO2 crystals doped with rare-earth elements and Ti were produced by the CZ method and spectroscopic and neutron detection properties were investigated. Photoluminescence revealed no clear luminescent activation of LiAlO2 by the rare-earth dopants though some interesting luminescence was observed from secondary phases within the crystal. Gamma-ray pulse height spectra collected using a 137Cs source exhibited only a Compton edge for the crystals. Neutron modeling using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code revealed most neutrons used in the detection setup are thermalized, and while using natural lithium in the crystal growth, which contains 7.6% 6Li, a 10 mm O by 10 mm sample of LiAlO2 has a 70.7% intrinsic thermal neutron capture efficiency. Furthermore, the pulse height spectra collected using a 241Am-Be neutron source demonstrated a distinct neutron peak.
Delivery of dsRNA through topical feeding for RNA interference in the citrus sap piercing-sucking hemipteran, Diaphorina citri.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful means to study functional genomics in insects. The delivery of dsRNA is a challenging step in the development of RNAi assay. Here, we describe a new delivery method to increase the effectiveness of RNAi in the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Bromophenol blue droplets were topically applied to fifth instar nymphs and adults on the ventral side of the thorax between the three pairs of legs. In addition to video recordings that showed sucking of the bromophenol blue by the stylets, dissected guts turned blue indicating that the uptake was through feeding. Thus, we called the method topical feeding. We targeted the abnormal wing disc gene (awd), also called nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), as a reporter gene to prove the uptake of dsRNA via this method of delivery. Our results showed that dsRNA-awd caused reduction of awd expression and nymph mortality. Survival and lifespan of adults emerged from treated nymphs and treated adults were affected. Silencing awd caused wing malformation in the adults emerged from treated nymphs. Topical feeding as a delivery of dsRNA is highly efficient for both nymphs and adults. The described method could be used to increase the efficiency of RNAi in D. citri and other sap piercing-sucking hemipterans.
RAILROAD AUDITS: SOME ARRIVED AHEAD OF SCHEDULE

ABSTRACT Through 1975, the shareholder annual reports of publicly-owned U.S. railroads were exempt from the Securities and Exchange Commission's accounting regulations, audit and disclosure rules because railroads were common carriers subject to the rules and regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). Publicly-owned Class railroads voluntary began to away from ICC-type towards GAAP-type accounting and disclosures in their shareholder reports just after World War II.1 This paper reviews early industry practices with respect to internal and external audits. Using a sample of major Class I railroads from 1946 to 1975, the paper shows: the extent to which certain railroads voluntarily presented audited financial statements before being required, the extent to which particular CPA firms were involved with the railroad industry, and the types of audit reports that issued to these railroads during this period.
Websites most frequently used by physician for gathering medical information.

Physicians’ use of the Internet to gather medical information has increased in recent years. Several studies have been conducted to explore the implications of this use on patient education, the physician-patient relationship, and diagnosis/decision making. In order to better understand the current and future implications of Internet use on patient care activities, it is important to know the Internet sources physicians prefer to consult. The objective of this study was to determine the Internet sources of information physicians most often use to gather medical information. This study demonstrated that the vast majority of physicians indicate they access a targeted site rather than utilize a search engine (such as Google©) to gather medical information. Of the targeted site types, most physicians indicate they use 1) edited/secondary data sources as their primary medical information data retrieving, 2) about one quarter of the physicians surveyed indicated research databases which provide access to medical journal publications 3) a minority of physicians use sites dedicated to their specialized area and 4) a small percentage use medical web site portals.
Understanding Student Learning in Undergraduate Information Studies Internships

A case study of undergraduate information studies (IS) interns was undertaken to improve the understanding of the learning that takes place during their required internship experience. Three sources of data - written objectives, written evaluations, and post-internship interviews - were analyzed for three primary issues relating to (1) learning objectives, (2) factors influencing the internship, and (3) transfer of learning experiences. The interviews allowed a unique, in-depth look at the interns' experiences by giving them the opportunity to tell the story of not only what they did in their internship but also what they thought and felt about their experiences. Results indicated the high value that interns and their supervisors ascribe to doing the tasks associated with information work. In addition, it was clear that the interns were well aware of the worth of well-developed interpersonal communication skills to their success in the information workforce. This suggests that IS programs should prepare their graduates for their careers by providing education and development in human interaction as well as a set of specific skills, which can then be polished and refined during their internship. Toward understanding and improving the IS internship experience, it is suggested that IS students not only complete a written evaluation but also discuss their experiences with IS educators.
Mobile instant messaging for professional learning: Educators' perspectives on and uses of Voxer

Abstract Voxer is a messaging tool that allows for voice, text, image, and video communication. To explore Voxer's role in education, we surveyed 240 educators. Heutagogy served as the theoretical framework for the study. Results indicated that participants used Voxer to communicate with educators from diverse roles and from beyond their schools, districts, and regions. Respondents employed Voxer more for professional learning than with students and/or families. The majority of respondents reported that what they learned through Voxer had impacted their practice as educators. We discuss implications of our findings for educators in an era of ubiquitous social media.
Deep sequencing analysis of CRISPR-escaping plasmid transconjugants inEnterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that natively colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract and opportunistically causes life-threatening infections. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. faecalis strains have emerged that are replete with mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Some E. faecalis strains possesses CRISPR-Cas systems, which reduce the conjugation frequency of pheromone-responsive plasmids. However, many transconjugants still arise, and we have demonstrated in previous studies that E. faecalis can transiently maintain both a functional CRISPR-Cas system and a CRISPR-Cas target. In this study, we used serial passage and deep sequencing to analyze CRISPR array dynamics over time in transconjugants which possess both a functional CRISPR-Cas system and a CRISPR-Cas target. In the presence of antibiotic selection for the plasmid, we found that plasmids ultimately escape CRISPR defense via the emergence of compromised CRISPR-Cas defense in host populations. As a consequence, these populations have enhanced abilities to acquire a second antibiotic resistance plasmid. In the absence of antibiotic selection, plasmids are lost from wild-type but not Δcas9 host populations over time. We conclude that the adaptive immune system of E. faecalis becomes compromised under antibiotic selection for MGEs, generating populations with enhanced abilities to undergo horizontal gene transfer.
Effects of turbulence exposure on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) larval survival

To more accurately predict recruitment of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in waterbodies downstream of a source population, factors that control the successful transport of zebra mussel larvae need to be quantified. Turbulence has been identified in previous studies as a likely factor in larval morality in rivers and streams where turbulent energy dissipation can be orders of magnitude greater than in lakes. To investigate the impact of turbulent energy dissipation on zebra mussel larval mortality, we conducted a series of experiments using lake water collected from Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota containing veligers in a jar test device. Results indicate that zebra mussel larval mortality is a function of veliger size, turbulent energy dissipation, and exposure time. The mortality at 24 h of turbulence exposure was fit to a function of d*, the ratio of shell size to Kolmogorov length scale, to develop a dose–response curve. Mortality rate constants were estimated by fitting mortality data from specified turbulence regimes to a first-order model. The mortality rates ranged from 0.09 to 1.71 day−1 and were correlated to energy dissipation.
Case 14-2018: A 68-Year-Old Woman with a Rash, Hyponatremia, and Uveitis

A Woman with a Rash, Hyponatremia, and Uveitis A 68-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a rash, hyponatremia, and anterior uveitis. The illness had begun 14 days earlier, during a trip to India. Diagnostic tests were performed.
Focused multi-document summarization: human summarization activity vs. automated systems techniques

Focused Multi-Document Summarization (MDS) is concerned with summarizing documents in a collection with a concentration toward a particular external request (i.e. query, question, topic, etc.), or focus. Although the current state-of-the-art provides somewhat decent performance for DUC/TAC-like evaluations (i.e. government and news concerns), other considerations need to be explored. This paper not only briefly explores the state-of-the-art in automatic systems techniques, but also a comparison with human summarization activity.
Hormonal Processes in the Development and Expression of Aggressive Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter characterizes hormonal processes involved in the development and expression of conspecific offensive aggressive behavior. It discusses the areas where there are gaps in knowledge, and an appreciation for issues in need of experimental analysis. The development of regulatory systems in males has been characterized in various models concerning hormonal requirements and timing issues. Neuroanatomical sexual dimorphisms induced by perinatal hormonal environment have also been defined, although their specific relationship to offensive aggression has not yet been ascertained. Newer lines of inquiry concerning the cellular and molecular effects of gonadal hormones during central nervous system (CNS) differentiation, including the role of receptor coactivators and corepressors as well as how steroid receptors may influence chromatin organization, appear to represent important steps in delineating the relationship between the genomic effects of testosterone (T) and the establishment of male-typical regulatory pathways. Developmental processes linked to female-typical systems are an open issue, although it may be that the absence of masculinization and defeminization represent sufficient conditions.
Freud, Rogers, and Ellis: A Comparative Theoretical Analysis

Albert Ellis, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Rogers are widely recognized as the three most influential psychotherapists of the twentieth century. In the present article, it is argued that the striking differences in their therapeutic systems, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), psychoanalysis, and person-centered therapy, respectively, are rooted in more fundamental theoretical differences concerning the essential nature of client personality. The positions of Freud, Rogers, and Ellis on three critical issues in personality theory especially relevant for the practice of psychotherapy are examined and comparatively analyzed. The critical issues are: (1) nature vs. nurture as the foundations of personality; (2) the potency of reason in human behavior; and (3) the possibility of fundamental personality change. For each critical issue the treatment implications are also briefly explored with a view toward illustrating how the theorists' positions directly translate into therapeutic practice. The basic intent of this comparative analysis is to strengthen and further clarify the personality theory underlying REBT.
Current Status and Limitations of Single Photon Emission Imaging

Single photon tomography dates from the early 1960’s when the first transverse section tomographs were presented by Kuhl and Edwards (1) using a rectilinear scanner and simple back-projection methods. With the availability of computer systems and the impetus of computer assisted tomography using transmitted X-rays, nuclear medicine instruments were modified and a number of mathematical approaches to tomographic reconstruction were developed in the early 1970’s (2–8). Major activities of the past few years have been in three distinct approaches to instrumentation and methodology: 1. The use of specialized tomographic devices which give single transverse sections with potentially good resolution or multiple noncontiguous sections (9–22); 2. The use of single or dual gamma cameras for acquisition of multiangular data (23–31); 3. The use of limited angular range devices involving special collimators for commercial gamma cameras, e.g., time coded aperture methods (32); multiple pinhole apertures (33–35); Fresnel aperture (36,37); and the rotating quadrant slant hole collimator (38).
Role of intercellular communication in modifying the consequences of mutations in somatic cells.

While there is little question that mutations could play a role in several somatic disease states, it is hard to understand how a mutation in a single cell per se could affect the organism. In the context of these proceedings, prevention of the production of mutations seems to be one approach to the problem of eliminating mutation-dependent diseases. Another approach, which is the aim of this analysis, might be the prevention of the physiological impact of the mutated cell.
SYNCHRONIZED PULSE COUNTER

ABSTRACT Sensory nerve fibers response to stimulation is in general pulses with constant amplitude and variable frequency. The frequency of these pulses depends on the intensity of the stimulus. It is believed that the information carried to the brain is supplied by the frequency of these pulses. In the course of study concerning the auditory information transmitted to the brain through the auditory nerve, it became apparent that an instrument is required to enable counting the auditory nerve firing to speech like sounds. This paper reports on the design of an instrument capable of counting and displaying sensory nerve firings within a specified time frame. An equivalent “neurogram” is obtained for a specific stimulus from the displayed recording.
Quantum Effects in Hydrogen Bonded Liquids

Discretized path integral simulation methods, supplemented by a wavefunction-based representation, has been applied to the determination of aspects of the structure and spectroscopy in two quantum mechanical aqueous systems. The first of these applications is the determination of the consequences of quantizing the molecular degrees of freedom of the water molecules in the pure room temperature liquid. The results provide a quantitative estimate of the significance of approximating such a system as classical and also of the size of isotope effects on the liquid structure. The latter exhibit quantitative differences from recent experiments, indicating limitations in the model used for the solvent. Second, aspects of the structure and spectroscopy of the hydrated electron are considered. Here, we treat the water classically but treat the electron quantum mechanically. The excess electron density and solvent distribution are shown to exhibit structural similarities to ionic solvation. However, it is found that the electronic state fluctuates in response to the fluid, and that these fluctuations have essential consequences for the spectroscopy of the species. In both examples, the high frequency librational motions, and the associated fluctuating fields, that are manifestations of the light hydrogen mass, polarity, and strong restoring forces characteristic of molecular displacements in hydrogen bonded liquids are found to be key ingredients in the description of the phenomena.
Intercity Passenger Rails: Facilitating the Spatial Spillover Effects of Population and Employment Growth in the United States, 2000–2010

AbstractThis research examines the association that intercity passenger rails have with population and employment growth at the county level in the continental United States from 2000 to 2010. This...
Retailer Dominance and Quality Variation: Observations and a Theoretical Explanation

Abstract A number of consumer and business reports suggest that slightly lower quality (or feature) versions of products are being sold through dominant retailers, while higher quality versions continue to be sold through weaker retailers and, customers are uninformed about such subtle differences. We study two intriguing questions based on this phenomenon namely (1.) why are lower quality-lower priced versions sold primarily through dominant retailers and not the weaker retailers? (2.) Why do sometimes the weaker retailers not inform customers about these quality differences? Using a game theoretic model, we find that when quality is noncontractible an increase in retail dominance leads to a decrease in quality offered by the dominant retailer vis-a-vis the weaker retailer. However, we show that the weaker retailer does not have an incentive to advertise its higher quality if quality differences are not too high. This situation arises endogenously when the dominant retailer is not too powerful as compared to the weaker retailer or when retail differentiation is high. The motivation for this result is traced to the threat of increased competition in the event of such advertising.
Maintaining the Integrity of Home Linguistic Varieties

Many young African American children use a linguistic variety commonly referred to as Black English Vernacular (BEV) that is different from the linguistic standard expected and required in schools....
Frameless Robot-Assisted Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: An Initial Experience.

BACKGROUND Modern robotic-assist surgical systems have revolutionized stereotaxy for a variety of procedures by increasing operative efficiency while preserving and even improving accuracy and safety. However, experience with robotic systems in deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is scarce. OBJECTIVE To present an initial series of DBS surgery performed utilizing a frameless robotic solution for image-guided stereotaxy, and report on operative efficiency, stereotactic accuracy, and complications. METHODS This study included the initial 20 consecutive patients undergoing bilateral robot-assisted DBS. The prior 20 nonrobotic, frameless cohort of DBS cases was sampled as a baseline historic control. For both cohorts, patient demographic and clinical data were collected including postoperative complications. Intraoperative duration and number of Microelectrode recording (MER) and final lead passes were recorded. For the robot-assisted cohort, 2D radial errors were calculated. RESULTS Mean case times (total operating room, anesthesia, and operative times) were all significantly decreased in the robot-assisted cohort (all P-values < .02) compared to frameless DBS. When looking at trends in case times, operative efficiency improved over time in the robot-assisted cohort across all time assessment points. Mean radial error in the robot-assisted cohort was 1.40 ± 0.11 mm, and mean depth error was 1.05 ± 0.18 mm. There was a significant decrease in the average number of MER passes in the robot-assisted cohort (1.05) compared to the nonrobotic cohort (1.45, P < .001). CONCLUSION This is the first report of application of frameless robotic-assistance with the Mazor Renaissance platform (Mazor Robotics Ltd, Caesarea, Israel) for DBS surgery, and our findings reveal that an initial experience is safe and can have a positive impact on operative efficiency, accuracy, and safety.