cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar array orientations for a space station in low earth orbit

A large portion of the drag of a space station in LEO is generated by its solar array; for a baseline 25-kW solar array in 334-km orbit, 1800 kg of reboost propellant/year is needed to counteract solar array drag. A study is conducted of the drag reduction potential of three possible solar array orientations: sun-pointing, sun-pointing during illumination/edge-on during eclipse, and edge-on during entire orbit. An 18.5-percent drag-makeup propellant reduction is found to be obtainable with the sun-pointing/edge-on eclipse orientation technique.
On the intercalation and deintercalation mechanisms for ammoniated titanium disulfide

Abstract The redox mechanism associated with ammonia intercalation of TiS 2 has been clearly demonstrated, with essentially the only reaction products being (NH 4 + ) y ′ (NH 3 ) y ″ TiS 2 y ′ - and N 2 , (NH 4 + ) y ′ (NH 3 ) y ′(NiS 2 y ′ - undergoes thermal deintercalation by the sequential removal of NH 3 and “NH 4 + ” at progressively higher temperatures. Only small amounts of polysulfides and H 2 S were observed during intercalation and deintercalation, respectively, indicating the near quantitative nature of the above mechanisms.
Relationship of hepatic uptake of free fatty acids to plasma concentration.

SummaryBehavior of liver to changes in portal concentration of FFA was studied. Rapid infusion of serum containing large amounts of FFA into portal veins of dogs caused increased hepatic uptakes of this metabolite. Uptake of FFA was a function of portal concentration. Liver cells behave in a passive manner to fluctuations in serum FFA concentration, and local hepatic mechanisms are responsible for changing degree of FFA uptake.
Transverse Myelitis Associated with Probable Cat-Scratch Disease in a Previously Healthy Pediatric Patient

We evaluated a pediatric patient for transverse myelitis associated with Bartonella henselae infection. There was no adenopathy in our patient, but the diagnosis was made serologically. It is necessary to keep cat-scratch disease in mind even in the absence of typical findings. Cat-scratch disease is caused by the organism Bartonella henselae and is classically described as self-limited regional lymphadenitis. Neurological complications are rare, with estimated reports of 0.17%‐3% of patients developing these manifestations [1]. The most common CNS manifestations of cat-scratch disease are coma and the acute onset of seizures [1]. A case of recurrent encephalopathy associated with cat-scratch disease was recently reported, suggesting that the diagnosis be considered for children with unexplained recurrent seizures and altered mental status [1‐4]. We recently evaluated a patient who developed transverse myelitis associated with probable B. henselae infection. A case of transverse myelitis as a CNS complication of cat-scratch disease was described in an adult patient before the development of specific serology to confirm infection [2]. Our case demonstrates this entity in a pediatric patient in the era of serology-based diagnosis of the disease. A 7-year-old male was admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at West Virginia University Children’s Hospital (Morgantown) for evaluation of lower-extremity weakness. Two days before admission, he complained of gradually worsening pain in his neck, lower back, and below his knees. This pain awakened him from sleep. The evening before admission, he was unable to stand or use his right hand. This weakness progressed to involve his entire right side and eventually his left lower extremity. On the morning of his admission, the patient described decreased sensation in both lower extremities and urinary incontinence. His parents denied periods of altered mental status, and he denied headache, blurred vision, or hearing loss. His parents also denied recent travel, skin rash, tick bite, fever, cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, ill contacts, or recent viral illness. His medical history revealed no chronic medical conditions and up-to-date immunization status. He lived in Spencer, West Virginia, with his parents and a healthy 6-year-old brother. The family lived in a 2-story house, had gas heat, and city water. The patient’s grandmother was the owner of 2 indoor cats and 1 dog. The ages of the cats were 8 months and 6 years. The patient spent 3 days per week at his grandmother’s home and
Single-Molecule and Superresolution Imaging in Live Bacteria Cells

Single-molecule imaging enables biophysical measurements devoid of ensemble averaging, gives enhanced spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit, and permits superresolution reconstructions. Here, single-molecule and superresolution imaging are applied to the study of proteins in live Caulobacter crescentus cells to illustrate the power of these methods in bacterial imaging. Based on these techniques, the diffusion coefficient and dynamics of the histidine protein kinase PleC, the localization behavior of the polar protein PopZ, and the treadmilling behavior and protein superstructure of the structural protein MreB are investigated with sub-40-nm spatial resolution, all in live cells.
Thiol-stimulated secretion of riboflavin and porphyrins by Escherichia coli

Under aerobic conditions, thioglycerol, dithiothreitol and cysteine stimulated stationaryphase Escherichia coli to secrete riboflavin. Thioglycerol also enhanced the secretion of porphyrins and unidentified yellow pigments. Under anaerobic conditions, thiols failed to stimulate riboflavin secretion, but 5 out of 8 thiols tested caused increased porphyrin excretion. Secretion of these substances is a manifestation of the pleiotropic response of E. coli to reductive stress.
Experimental constraints on Mercury's core composition

Abstract The recent discovery of high S concentrations on the surface of Mercury by spacecraft measurements from the MESSENGER mission provides the potential to place new constraints on the composition of Mercury's large metallic core. In this work, we conducted a set of systematic equilibrium metal–silicate experiments that determined the effect of different metallic compositions in the Fe–S–Si system on the S concentration in the coexisting silicate melt. We find that metallic melts with a range of S and Si combinations can be in equilibrium with silicate melts with S contents consistent with Mercury's surface, but that such silicate melts contain Fe contents lower than measured for Mercury's surface. If Mercury's surface S abundance is representative of the planet's bulk silicate composition and if the planet experienced metal–silicate equilibrium during planetary core formation, then these results place boundaries on the range of possible combinations of Si and S that could be present as the light elements in Mercury's core and suggest that Mercury's core likely contains Si. Except for core compositions with extreme abundances of Si, bulk Mercury compositions calculated by using the newly determined range of potential S and Si core compositions do not resemble primitive meteorite compositions.
The capitalist political economy and human rights: cross-national evidence

Abstract In a growing empirical literature on the determinants of human rights violations, the variable economic system has been untried as an independent variable in multivariate models. More theoretical treatments suggest that capitalism is more of a destructive force in the community, and thus more problematic for the observance of human rights, than it is helpful in the maintenance of human rights. An alternative consideration is that capitalism, through it encouraging the development of democratic institutions, has an indirect positive effect on human rights practices. This manuscript tests three models of human rights using variables common to the literature (political, economic, cultural, demographic), and the uncommon variable capitalism, using OLS regression. The negative capitalism–human rights violations theoretical perspective finds more support, though the parameter estimates generally lack statistical significance. The conclusion at this stage of the research is that hypotheses of capitalism’s relationship to political repression will have to be more strongly articulated if capitalism is to be included as an independent variable in models of political repression.
Better audio performance when video stream is monitored by TCP congestion control

Conventional wisdom holds that the TCP like congestion control is unsuitable for real-time multimedia conferencing. However, our results clearly show that an audio and video conferencing system that transmits video over TCP (and audio over RTP/UDP) can provide significantly better audio quality to the end user than one built on RTP/UDP alone. We measured audio quality in terms of packet loss, packets arriving too late (for real time play out), average packet delay, and jitter. Our results also clearly indicate that sending video over TCP does not introduce any additional delay in the arrival time of video packets in comparison to RTP/UDP.
Cemented Glenohumeral Fixation: Standard of Care—Opposes

There are certain scenarios in shoulder arthroplasty in which cementless fixation has a widely accepted role, including glenosphere fixation in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and humeral head surface replacement arthroplasty. However, there has been some debate regarding fixation of humeral components, especially in total shoulder arthroplasty, because early prosthetic designs and surgical techniques showed inferior results when cementless humeral component fixation was used. Recent advances in implant design and surgical techniques have led to improved clinical results with uncemented humeral components. Thus, there is an established role of cementless fixation of humeral components in total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty.
A randomized algorithm to optimize over certain convex sets

This paper presents a randomized polynomial time algorithm to nearly minimize a linear function over an up-monotone convex set in the positive orthant given only by a membership oracle. Our original motivation for this is a stochastic optimization problem called the component commonality problem in the literature.
Significance of Elastic Properties in Physics-Based Nonrigid Motion Modeling, A Numerical Sensitivity Analysis

Parameters used in the physical models for nonrigid motion simulation are often not known with high precision. It has been recognized that the commonly used assumptions about the parameters may have adverse effects on the modeling quality. We present an efficient sensitivity analysis method to assess the impact of those assumptions by examining the models response to the parameter perturbation. Numerical experiments with both synthetic and real models show that (1) the normalized sensitivity distribution can help determine the relative importance of different parameters; (2) the dimensional sensitivity is useful in the assessment of a particular parameter assumption; (3) the model is more sensitive at the property discontinuity (heterogeneity). The proposed sensitivity analysis method is general and can also be applied to the assessment of other types of assumptions such as nonlinearity and anisotropy.
The Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes to Parameterized Cloud Microphysics

Abstract The sensitivity of modeled radiative fluxes to the specification of cloud microphysical parameterizations of effective radius and fallout are investigated using a single-column model and measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. The single-column model was run with data for the 3-month period of June–August 2000 at the ARM Southern Great Plains site forced with operational numerical weather prediction data. Several different packages of cloud microphysical parameterizations were used in the single-column model. The temporal evolution of modeled cloud amount as well as surface radiative fluxes from a control run compare well with ARM measurements. Mean ice particle fall speeds varied significantly with respect to the assumed ice particle habit. As particle fall speeds increased, the overall cloud fraction, cloud height, and grid-averaged ice water path decreased. The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) differs by up to 4 W m−2 over the range of fall speeds examined, whil...
Automated Voxel-Wise Brain DTI Analysis of Fitness and Aging

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has become a widely used MR modality to investigate white matter integrity in the brain. This paper presents the application of an automated method for voxel-wise group comparisons of DTI images in a study of fitness and aging. The automated processing method consists of 3 steps: 1) preprocessing including image format converting, image quality control, eddy-current and motion artifact correction, skull stripping and tensor image estimation, 2) study-specific unbiased DTI atlas computation via diffeomorphic fluid-based and demons deformable registration and 3) voxel-wise statistical analysis via heterogeneous linear regression and a wild bootstrap technique for correcting for multiple comparisons. Our results show that this fully automated method is suitable for voxel-wise group DTI analysis. Furthermore, in older adults, the results suggest a strong link between reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) values, fitness and aging.
Measuring Perceptions of Engagement in Teamwork in Youth Development Programs

The literature regarding teamwork has supported the idea that the key to improving team performance is to understand team processes. Early work within the realm of teamwork focused on quantifiable ...
New Frontiers in Surgical and Medical Management of Voice

Rapid technological innovation, a growing interest in voice care, and evolving scientific discovery have helped catalyze rapid advances in the surgical care of voice patients. In this article, I wi...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of C2F6 Effects on Gramicidin A: Implications of the Mechanisms of General Anesthesia

It was recently postulated that the effects of general anesthetics on protein global dynamics might underlie a unitary molecular mechanism of general anesthesia. To verify that the specific dynamics effects caused by general anesthetics were not shared by nonanesthetic molecules, two parallel 8-ns all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed on a gramicidin A (gA) channel in a fully hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine membrane in the presence and absence of hexafluoroethane (HFE), which structurally resembles the potent anesthetic molecule halothane but produces no anesthesia. Similar to halothane, HFE had no measurable effects on the gA channel structure. In contrast to halothane, HFE produced no significant changes in the gA channel dynamics. The difference between halothane and HFE on channel dynamics can be attributed to their distinctly different distributions within the lipid bilayer and consequently to the different interactions of the anesthetic and the nonanesthetic molecules with the channel-anchoring tryptophan residues. The study further supports the notion that anesthetic-induced changes in protein global dynamics may play an important role in mediating anesthetic actions on proteins.
Evaluation of a 4D cone-beam CT reconstruction approach using a simulation framework

Current image-guided navigation systems for thoracic abdominal interventions utilize three dimensional (3D) images acquired at breath-hold. As a result they can only provide guidance at a specific point in the respiratory cycle. The intervention is thus performed in a gated manner, with the physician advancing only when the patient is at the same respiratory cycle in which the 3D image was acquired. To enable a more continuous workflow we propose to use 4D image data. We describe an approach to constructing a set of 4D images from a diagnostic CT acquired at breath-hold and a set of intraoperative cone-beam CT (CBCT) projection images acquired while the patient is freely breathing. Our approach is based on an initial reconstruction of a gated 4D CBCT data set. The 3D CBCT images for each respiratory phase are then non-rigidly registered to the diagnostic CT data. Finally the diagnostic CT is deformed based on the registration results, providing a 4D data set with sufficient quality for navigation purposes. In this work we evaluate the proposed reconstruction approach using a simulation framework. A 3D CBCT dataset of an anthropomorphic phantom is deformed using internal motion data acquired from an animal model to create a ground truth 4D CBCT image. Simulated projection images are then created from the 4D image and the known CBCT scan parameters. Finally, the original 3D CBCT and the simulated X-ray images are used as input to our reconstruction method. The resulting 4D data set is then compared to the known ground truth by normalized cross correlation(NCC). We show that the deformed diagnostic CTs are of better quality than the gated reconstructions with a mean NCC value of 0.94 versus a mean 0.81 for the reconstructions.
Incidence of Acromioclavicular Joint Complications After Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression

We performed a chart and radiograph review of 173 patients (183 shoulders) who underwent arthroscopic subacromial decompression between 1991 and 1994 and had preoperative and postoperative radiographs. The study focused on the presence of preoperative acromioclavicular joint pathology, intraoperative violation of the acromioclavicular joint, extent of distal clavicle excision, and subsequent development of acromioclavicular joint symptoms. The 183 surgical procedures were divided into three groups: shoulders with subacromial decompression without acromioclavicular joint violation (103 of 183; 56%; group A); shoulders with subacromial decompression with acromioclavicular joint violation and partial distal clavicle resection (36 of 183; 20%; group B); and shoulders with subacromial decompression with complete distal clavicle resection (44 of 183; 24%; group C). Groups A and C had no postoperative sequelae in reference to the acromioclavicular joint. In contrast, 14 of the 36 shoulders (39%) in group B with a documented acromioclavicular joint violation and a partial distal clavicle resection developed acromioclavicular joint symptoms at an average of 8.4 months (range, 1.8 to 19 months) after surgery. This finding was statistically significant (P=.0001). The results of this study suggest that any violation of the acromioclavicular joint in the course of an arthroscopic subacromial decompression may jeopardize the result. The degree of violation is not helpful in predicting outcome. As a result of this study, we suggest an all-or-none surgical approach to the acromioclavicular joint and distal clavicle resection.
Volume of Distribution as a Function of Time

Abstract A single definition for all volume terms in pharmaco‐kinetic modeling is proposed; this parameter is considered as a function of time. This definition will represent the kinetic nature of pharmacokinetic models and will provide a highly sensitive parameter for correlation with pharmacological responses.
Endosomal lipid accumulation in NPC1 leads to inhibition of PKC, hypophosphorylation of vimentin and Rab9 entrapment

Background information. Within the group of lysosomal storage diseases, NPC1 [NPC (Niemann-Pick type C) 1] disease is a lipidosis characterized by excessive accumulation of free cholesterol as well as gangliosides, glycosphingolipids and fatty acids in the late E/L (endosomal/lysosomal) system (Chen et al., 2005) due to a defect in late endosome lipid egress. We have previously demonstrated that expression of the small GTPase Rab9 in NPC1 cells can rescue the lipid transport block phenotype (Walter et al., 2003), albeit by an undefined mechanism. Results. To investigate further the mechanism by which Rab9 facilitates lipid movement from late endosomes we sought to identify novel Rab9 binding/interacting proteins. In the present study, we report that Rab9 interacts with the intermediate filament phosphoprotein vimentin and this interaction is altered by lipid accumulation in late endosomes, which results in inhibition of PKC (protein kinase C) and hypophosphorylation of vimentin, leading to late endosome dysfunction. Intermediate filament hypophosphorylation, aggregation and entrapment of Rab9 ultimately leads to transport defects and inhibition of lipid egress from late endosomes. Conclusions. These results reveal a previously unappreciated interaction between Rab proteins and intermediate filaments in regulating intracellular lipid transport.
Improving Impact Analysis of the Eagle Ford Shale Oil and Natural Gas Production on Regional Rural Communities

The Eagle Ford Shale, a formation located in South Texas, is 80 kilometers wide by 640 kilometers long. It was traditionally considered to be economically unfeasible as a potential natural gas- and oil-producing formation. Since the onset of hydraulic fracturing of the non-porous rock, the Shale has rapidly become one of the highest producing areas of natural gas and oil, with a positive economic impact on the communities located over it. Previous studies have shown both direct and indirect impacts of the Shale development on the regional communities. The intent of this study is to re-evaluate the overall impact of the Eagle Ford Shale development in consideration of a set of extended components, in addition to the production, drilling, and related activities that have traditionally been considered. This paper presents the preliminary findings for Cotulla, Texas. The findings will provide more evidence supporting the importance of considering all extended factors to better illustrate the impact of shale development on rural communities.
Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration: In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo

The amount of drug achieved and maintained in the brain after systemic administration is determined by the agent's permeability at blood-brain barrier (BBB), potential involvement of transport systems, and the distribution, metabolism and elimination properties. Passive diffusion permeability may be predicted by an in silico method based on a molecule's structure property. In vitro cell culture is another useful tool for the assessment of passive permeability and BBB transports (e.g. PGP, MRP). In situ or in vivo techniques like carotid artery single injection or perfusion, brain microdialysis, autoradiography, and others are used at various stages of drug discovery and development to estimate CNS penetration and PK/PD correlation. Each technique has its own application with specific advantages and limitations.
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring during Intraarterial Papaverine Infusion for Cerebral Vasospasm

PURPOSE Intraarterial papaverine infusions are performed to reverse cerebral arterial vasospasm resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage, but such infusions may lead to increases in intracranial pressure (ICP). This study was undertaken to determine when ICP monitoring is indicated during papaverine treatment. METHODS Seventy-eight vessels were treated in 51 sessions in 28 patients with symptomatic vasospasm. ICP, papaverine doses, and infusion rates were recorded during treatment sessions. The procedural data, Hunt and Hess scores, Fisher grades, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and ages for all subjects were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Baseline ICP ranged from 0 to 34 mm Hg. With typical papaverine doses of 300 mg per territory and infusion times ranging from 5 to 60 minutes per vessel, ICP increases above baseline during papaverine infusion ranged from 0 to 60 mm Hg. Significant (> or = 20 mm Hg) ICP increases during therapy were observed even in patients with low baseline ICP and with papaverine infused at the slowest rate. Patients with a baseline ICP of more than 15 mm Hg were much more likely to have significant ICP increases than were patients with a baseline ICP of 0 to 15 mm Hg. Hunt and Hess scores, Fisher grades, age, and Glasgow Coma Scale scores on admission and immediately before treatment did not correlate with ICP increases during papaverine infusion. Patients with ICP increases of more than 10 mm Hg during therapy were more likely to experience adverse clinical events than were patients with ICP increases of < or = 10 mm Hg. Reduction in the rate of papaverine infusion, or termination of infusion, resulted in reversal of drug-induced ICP elevation. CONCLUSION ICP monitoring during intraarterial papaverine infusions for cerebral vasospasm is recommended for all patients and is particularly important for patients with elevated baseline ICP. Continuous ICP monitoring facilitates safe and time-efficient drug delivery.
Deciding to place a relative in long-term care: "we really don't do that".

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANSchool of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USAThe decision to place a loved one in institutional care is often fraught with...
A Comparison of Function-Based Replacement Behaviors for Escape-Motivated Students

Individuals who engage in problem behavior should be taught an appropriate behavior that meets the same function and replaces the problem behavior. Often, there are several appropriate replacement ...
Clinical outcomes following coronary CT angiography are comparable to radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging for ethnically diverse intermediate risk acute chest pain inpatients.

Commentary on: Levsky JM, Spevack DM, Travin MI, et al. Coronary computed tomography angiography versus radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with chest pain admitted to telemetry. Ann of Internal Med 2015;163:174–84[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2]. Since the evolution of 64-multidetector CT in the early 2000s, use of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has experienced rapid expansion due to excellent sensitivity to exclude obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in low to intermediate risk chest pain patients.1 Prior studies of acute chest pain patients have demonstrated a diagnostic strategy using CCTA to have comparable safety to usual care evaluation, generally radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), with the potential for more rapid triage but an increased rate of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and revascularisation.2 Prior CCTA trials, like most cardiovascular studies, have enrolled predominantly Caucasian men. At a … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnn%2Bof%2BInternal%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D163%26rft.spage%253D174%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.7326%252FM14-2948%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.7326/M14-2948&link_type=DOI
Design and Implementation of Satellite Software to Facilitate Future CubeSat Development

The OpenOrbiter project is a campus-wide effort at the University of North Dakota to design and build a low-cost CubeSat-class satellite. The intent is to create a publicallyavailable framework that allows a spacecraft to be built with a parts cost of less than USD $5,000 (excluding mission payload-specific costs). This paper focuses on OpenOrbiter’s software system methodology and implementation. Current work seeks to create a generalized framework that other CubeSat developers can use directly or alter to suit their mission needs. It discusses OpenOrbiter’s overall design goals with an emphasis on software design. The software architecture is divided into three main components: operating software, ground station software and payload software. Each component is discussed along with the requirement for efficient and effective communication between the components. A communication standard that fulfills these goals is discussed herein. The paper also discusses several challenges encountered and their resolution, including the creation of heuristics to optimally schedule tasks, handling the uncertainty that is inevitable in satellite operations, defining useful standards for all components of the software, communicating between components effectively and testing software to ensure proper operation in an orbital environment. Then, the current state of each software component and its implementation is presented. Finally, the significance of OpenOrbiter is discussed and plans for future work are presented.
Abstract 2720: Glycosylation of Mucins Expressed in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Glycosylation of mucins expressed by pancreatic adenocarcinoma There were an estimated 42,470 new cases and 35,240 deaths due to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) for 2009, ranking PA as the third leading cause of cancer related death. Virtually all long term survivors are diagnosed early but only 7% are detected in the early stages of disease thus highlighting the need for an early diagnostic test. CA19-9, the only current clinical serum-based assay used to monitor PA, detects an oligosaccharide blood group antigen Sialyl Lewis a (sLeA) with the structure (Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3[Fucα1-4]GlcNAc), which can be present on glycolipids or as an O-linked oligosaccharide on glycoproteins, and is expressed at relatively low levels on the surfaces of normal epithelial cells. The full spectrum of proteins on which the CA19-9 epitope is expressed has never been defined. CA19-9 is differentially expressed on mucins, which are extensively glycosylated. The CA19-9 test lacks high specificity for PA, as CA19-9 is commonly elevated in patients with benign chronic pancreatitis and other malignant diseases. Different epithelial tissues and cell types produce distinct combinations of mucin-type core proteins, and the expression patterns of these are generally altered during different disease processes including malignant transformation. Mucin expression is deregulated in cancer, which results in aberrant expression and glycosylation of mucin core proteins. We employed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to show the unique mucin and glycosylation patterns seen in tissue specimens from patients diagnosed with PA. Deglycosylation of samples immunoprecipitated from cancer cell lines and pancreatic cancer patient tissue specimens was used to enable detection of mucin core proteins. Immunoaffinity chromatography was used to isolate CA19-9 from patient ascites and serum samples and mass spectrometry was used to analyze the core proteins. Results show that pancreatic cancers expressing the mucin core proteins MUC1, MUC4 and MUC5AC carry the CA19-9 epitope. Preliminary results suggest that a strategy to detect the CA19-9 tumor antigen and its cognate mucin core protein(s) will improve the performance characteristics of this assay. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2720.
The advantages of velocity control for reactive robot motion

At the hardware level, servo drives are traditionally controlled in the position or velocity domain. Frequently, roboticists do not recognize the significance of selecting one control domain over the other. This paper argues that velocity control is the clear choice for reactive trajectory modification and online motion planning. Velocity control provides smoother motion, is more suitable for low control frequencies, more robust to control signal variation, and it reduces collision forces more effectively. The primary advantage of position control is inherent safety with regards to signal delays. To support these points, this paper presents mathematical, graphical and experimental evidence. New experimental results explore the robustness of velocity control with regards to low-frequency control signals and signal delay. The experiment is based on a cooperative manipulation task performed with stiff industrial manipulators. Position and velocity control are also directly compared using a one-DOF linear actuator force control task using total work performed as a performance metric.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Cavity-enhanced absorption measurements across broad absorbance and reflectivity ranges.

Cavity-enhanced spectrometry constitutes an important and highly sensitive technique for absorbance measurements. The current practice generally involves very high reflectivity mirrors and hence intense light sources (typically lasers) to have enough light transmitted. Available theory describes the situation only for high-finesse cavities (high-reflectance mirrors) and generally for systems with very low absorbances. We develop the general expression for absorbance regardless of mirror reflectivity or the absorbance and show that in the limit of high reflectivities and low absorbances it predicts the same numerical values as that derived by O’Keefe (Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 293, 331−336; Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999, 307, 343–349). Signal to noise in any photometric system is also dependent on the amount of light reaching the detector because of shot noise limitations. We show that a small aperture in the entrance mirror greatly improves light throughput without significant departure from the theoretically pred...
Coupled Fluid Flow and Radiation Modeling of a Cylindrical Small Particle Solar Receiver

This research expands on previous work by coupling the in-house Monte Carlo Ray Trace (MCRT) radiation model with the more sophisticated fluid dynamics modeling capabilities of ANSYS FLUENT. This allows for the inclusion of more realistic inlet and outlet geometries in the receiver, as well as a turbulence model and much finer grid sizing. Taken together, these features give a more complete picture of the heat transfer, mixing, and temperature profiles within the receiver than previous models. This flow solution is coupled to the MCRT code, by using the in-house MCRT radiation solver to provide the source term of the energy equation. The temperature data output from FLUENT is then fed back into the FORTRAN MCRT code, via a User Defined Function written in C#, and the two models iterate until convergence. The solar input has been modified from the previous model to provide a Gaussian fit to a calculated flux distribution, which is more realistic than a uniform flux. Initial results for a 5 MW solar input agree with the trend identified in Ruther’s work regarding the influence of particle mass loading on heating in the receiver. The maximum outlet temperature reached is 1430K, which is on target for driving a Brayton cycle gas turbine. Cylinder wall temperatures are consistently below those of the gas boundary layer, and significantly below the maximum gas temperature in the receiver cavity.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Virulence Gene Regulation in Escherichia coli

Escherichia colicauses three types of illnesses in humans: diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and meningitis in newborns. The acquisition of virulence-associated genes and the ability to properly regulate these, often horizontally transferred, loci distinguishes pathogens from the normally harmless commensal E. coli found within the human intestine. This review addresses our current understanding of virulence gene regulation in several important diarrhea-causing pathotypes, including enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic,enterotoxigenic, and enteroaggregativeE. coli-EPEC, EHEC, ETEC and EAEC, respectively. The intensely studied regulatory circuitry controlling virulence of uropathogenicE. coli, or UPEC, is also reviewed, as is that of MNEC, a common cause of meningitis in neonates. Specific topics covered include the regulation of initial attachment events necessary for infection, environmental cues affecting virulence gene expression, control of attaching and effacing lesionformation, and control of effector molecule expression and secretion via the type III secretion systems by EPEC and EHEC. How phage control virulence and the expression of the Stx toxins of EHEC, phase variation, quorum sensing, and posttranscriptional regulation of virulence determinants are also addressed. A number of important virulence regulators are described, including the AraC-like molecules PerA of EPEC, CfaR and Rns of ETEC, and AggR of EAEC;the Ler protein of EPEC and EHEC;RfaH of UPEC;and the H-NS molecule that acts to silence gene expression. The regulatory circuitry controlling virulence of these greatly varied E. colipathotypes is complex, but common themes offerinsight into the signals and regulators necessary forE. coli disease progression.
"The Art of Hook & Snivey": Political Culture in Upstate New York during the 1790s

Early American historians have written much about candidates, parties, and election results, but ordinarily they have taken the forms and mechanics of elections for granted. This essay reconstructs the rituals of election in upstate New York during the 1790s, with particular attention paid to the campaigns conducted in New York's western congressional district.' I reexamine electoral campaigns in detail to seek the patterns of political language and behavior that were widespread and routine-the shared values and assumptions manifest in electioneering practices. Rather than attending to the great men of systematic ideas who have received so much scholarly attention, my focus here is on the middle managers of the political process: the leading men of towns and counties who, as the "friends" of candidates, conducted their campaigns. They were practical men, and their letters reveal scant attention to ideology or to public policy. They considered politics to be, in their recurrent phrase, the business of "making interest," or, as William Cooper put it, "the art of Hook & Snivey" (trickery and deceit). The essay presents a detailed, descriptive case study rather than a national synthesis, but evidence from other states strongly suggests that the practices of "making interest" extended far beyond rural New York to most of the American countryside, at least until the Jeffersonian revolution of 1800.2
A randomized clinical trial of Motivational Interviewing to reduce alcohol and drug use among patients with depression.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing (MI) to reduce hazardous drinking and drug use among adults in treatment for depression. METHOD: Randomized controlled trial based in a large outpatient psychiatry program in an integrated health care system in Northern California. The sample consisted of 307 participants ages 18 and over who reported hazardous drinking, drug use (primarily cannabis) or misuse of prescription drugs in the prior 30 days, and who scored ≥5 on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Participants were randomized to receive either 3 sessions of MI (1 in person and 2 by phone) or printed literature about alcohol and drug use risks (control), as an adjunct to usual outpatient depression care. Measures included alcohol and drug use in the prior 30 days and PHQ-9 depression symptoms. Participants completed baseline in-person interviews and telephone follow-up interviews at 3 and 6 months (96 and 98% of the baseline sample, respectively). Electronic health records were used to measure usual care. RESULTS: At 6 months, MI was more effective than control in reducing rate of cannabis use (p =.037); and hazardous drinking (≥4 drinks in a day for women, ≥5 drinks in a day for men; p =.060). In logistic regression, assignment to MI predicted lower cannabis use at 6 months (p =.016) after controlling for covariates. Depression improved in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS: MI can be an effective intervention for cannabis use and hazardous drinking among patients with depression. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Über Veränderungen des Säurebasenhaushalts im alimentären Fieber und Kochsalzfieber

Bei einem Saugling wurde das klinische Bild der alimentaren Intoxikation (Anhydramie) nach Verabreichung einer kalorisch stark vermehrten Nahrung unter gleichzeitiger Wassereinschrankung beobachtet. Die dabei auftretenden Veranderungen im Saurebasenhaushalt wurden verfolgt. Sie zeigten eine starke Konzentration des Plasmas, Verminderung des Bicarbonates und betrachtliche Erhohung des Chlorkonzentration im Plasma an.
Clinal variation, heterochrony, and facies in the Trentonian Sowerbyella lineage (Ordovician, New York State)

Clinal variation is systematic, morphologic variation within a species along a geographic or ecologic gradient. While common among today's biotas, it has rarely been well documented in the fossil record. It is, however, clearly displayed among the large populations of the Trentonian brachiopod genus Sowerbyella. In general, shallow agitated waters were populated by specimens with flat or round pedicle valve exteriors and ornately sculptured brachial valve interiors. Deeper, quieter facies were populated by forms with medial folds on pedicle valve exteriors and plain brachial valve interiors. This clinal variation was apparently the product of heterochrony with either the shallow-water forms having been peramorphic or the deeper water forms having been paedomorphic.The distributions of the Sowerbyella clines are directly related to the facies developed within approximately eight million years of continuously deposited strata of the Trenton Limestone. Evolution of the Trentonian species of Sowerbyella appears to have been phyletic and locally adaptive. New clinal variants evolved by orthoselection during episodes when new environments were becoming available for occupation. The lower Trentonian transgression and the middle Trentonian shallowing were the major examples. Some clinal variants were eliminated when they failed to pass through facies bottlenecks in the lower and upper Trentonian. Thus, the history of the Sowerbyella lineage of the Trenton Group is the product of the facies-controlled production and selection of clinal variants. Clinal variation appears to be a central factor of phyletic evolution.Sowerbyella kayi n. sp. is described.
Bayesian Multiresolution Variable Selection for Ultra-High Dimensional Neuroimaging Data

Ultra-high dimensional variable selection has become increasingly important in analysis of neuroimaging data. For example, in the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) study, neuroscientists are interested in identifying important biomarkers for early detection of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using high resolution brain images that include hundreds of thousands voxels. However, most existing methods are not feasible for solving this problem due to their extensive computational costs. In this work, we propose a novel multiresolution variable selection procedure under a Bayesian probit regression framework. It recursively uses posterior samples for coarser-scale variable selection to guide the posterior inference on finer-scale variable selection, leading to very efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. The proposed algorithms are computationally feasible for ultra-high dimensional data. Also, our model incorporates two levels of structural information into variable selection using Ising priors: the spatial dependence between voxels and the functional connectivity between anatomical brain regions. Applied to the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) data in the ABIDE study, our methods identify voxel-level imaging biomarkers highly predictive of the ASD, which are biologically meaningful and interpretable. Extensive simulations also show that our methods achieve better performance in variable selection compared to existing methods.
Timing and periodicity of influenza epidemics

Although the annual cycle of summers and winters is a long-resolved mystery of astronomy, the annual antipodal waxing and waning of influenza epidemics is still an unresolved question in epidemiology. In 1981, R. E. Hope-Simpson, an astute British physician who maintained and analyzed detailed records of his patients and their diseases for more than three decades, observed that “Influenza outbreaks are globally ubiquitous and epidemics move smoothly to and fro across the surface of the earth almost every year in a sinuous curve that runs parallel with the ‘midsummer’ curve of vertical solar radiation…” (1). In PNAS Deyle et al. (2) combine convergent cross-mapping with empirical dynamic modeling to elucidate the nonlinear roles of absolute humidity and temperature in explaining influenza’s “sinuous curve that runs parallel with the ‘midsummer’” across the globe (1).
Optimality of beamforming for secrecy capacity of MIMO wiretap channels

A Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wiretap channel model is considered, where there exists a transmitter, a legitimate receiver and an eavesdropper each equipped with multiple antennas. The optimality of beamforming for secrecy capacity subject to sum power constraint is studied, and two sufficient conditions for beamforming to be globally optimal are given. The first sufficient condition states that when the difference between the Gram matrices of legitimate and eavesdropper channel matrices has exactly one positive eigenvalue, then beamforming is globally optimal. An alternative sufficient condition, which involves convex optimization, is also provided. For the case in which beamforming is globally optimal, the secrecy capacity is obtained. Otherwise, an upper bound of the difference between the secrecy capacity and beamforming secrecy rate is provided.
Use of personal protective equipment among health care personnel: Results of clinical observations and simulations.

Background Very little is known about how health care personnel (HCP) actually use personal protective equipment (PPE). Methods The clinical PPE practices of 50 HCP from selected units at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Presbyterian Hospital were videotaped with HCP consent. For 2 PPE simulation sessions (simple and full-body sets), 82 HCP were recruited throughout the UPMC system. Simulation practices were videotaped and examined using fluorescent powder with ultraviolet lighting. All participants completed an electronic survey. For a follow-up evaluation simulation, 12 HCP were recruited among simulation participants. Results Among 130 total sessions from 65 participants, contamination occurred in 79.2% of simulations during the doffing process with various PPE items: simple set (92.3%) and full-body set (66.2%). Among 11 follow-up evaluation participants, contaminations still occurred in 82% after receiving individual feedback, but the overall contamination level was reduced. Using the contamination information gained during the simulation analysis, 66% of potential contamination was estimated for the clinical observation. Concerns and barriers in PPE use from HCP survey responses were as follows: time-consuming, cumbersomeness, and PPE effectiveness. Conclusions Although HCP knew they were being videotaped, contamination occurred in 79.2% of the PPE simulations. Devising better standardized PPE protocols and implementing innovative PPE education are necessary to ensure HCP safety.
Using a Fusion Center Model to Manage and Improve Border Security

ABSTRACTRecent civil wars have led to a mass migration movement of people attempting to escape their homeland. This has left many nations scrambling to devise not only how they are going to manage the considerable influx of refugees, but also how to secure the borders so that criminals do not take advantage of this situation to enter states at a vulnerable time. The following article examines one of the most well-researched borders, the southwest border of the United States to argue that countries can use a U.S. fusion center model to improve border security and thus gather information to analyze from a variety of sources in order to develop more targeted intelligence that better assesses the threats each country faces at the border. We begin with a background and discussion of the challenges facing the southwest border in the United States, the origins and evolution of the fusion center and finally, the prospects and challenges of using the model in a more global border security setting.