cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid Water Oceans in Ice Giants

Aptly named, ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune contain significant amounts of water. While this water cannot be present near the cloud tops, it must be abundant in the deep interior. We investigate the likelihood of a liquid water ocean existing in the hydrogen-rich region between the cloud tops and deep interior. Starting from an assumed temperature at a given upper tropospheric pressure (the photosphere), we follow a moist adiabat downward. The mixing ratio of water to hydrogen in the gas phase is small in the photosphere and increases with depth. The mixing ratio in the condensed phase is near unity in the photosphere and decreases with depth; this gives two possible outcomes. If at some pressure level the mixing ratio of water in the gas phase is equal to that in the deep interior, then that level is the cloud base. The gas below the cloud base has constant mixing ratio. Alternately, if the mixing ratio of water in the condensed phase reaches that in the deep interior, then the surface of a liquid ocean will occur. Below this ocean surface, the mixing ratio of water will be constant. A cloud base occurs when the photospheric temperature is high. For a family of ice giants with different photospheric temperatures, the cooler ice giants will have warmer cloud bases. For an ice giant with a cool enough photospheric temperature, the cloud base will exist at the critical temperature. For still cooler ice giants, ocean surfaces will result. A high mixing ratio of water in the deep interior favors a liquid ocean. We find that Neptune is both too warm (photospheric temperature too high) and too dry (mixing ratio of water in the deep interior too low) for liquid oceans to exist at present. To have a liquid ocean, Neptune s deep interior water to gas ratio would have to be higher than current models allow, and the density at 19 kbar would have to be approx. equal to 0.8 g/cu cm. Such a high density is inconsistent with gravitational data obtained during the Voyager flyby. In our model, Neptune s water cloud base occurs around 660 K and 11 kbar, and the density there is consistent with Voyager gravitational data. As Neptune cools, the probability of a liquid ocean increases. Extrasolar "hot Neptunes," which presumably migrate inward toward their parent stars, cannot harbor liquid water oceans unless they have lost almost all of the hydrogen and helium from their deep interiors.
A Genealogical Approach to Organizational Life Chances: The Parent-Progeny Transfer among Silicon Valley Law Firms, 1946–1996

Data on Silicon Valley law firms over a 50-year period were used to study the genealogy of organizational populations and its consequences for organizational life chances when a member of an existi...
Sex differences in comparison and decision processes when matching strings of symbols

The speeded matching of strings of digits and letters was studied in three experiments with college students to determine the influence of memory load and encoding on sex differences in performance. In Experiment 1 (49 males, 48 females), short digit strings (two, three, and four digits) to reduce the load on working memory, resulted in significant (p < .01) sex differences showing that memory demands are not critical for observing the sex difference. Experiment 2 (50 males, 49 females) using longer strings (eight, ten, and 12 digits), significant (p < .05) sex differences were found with horizontally arranged strings, but not with vertically arranged strings. This result was interpreted as due to a change in the type of encoding used with the vertical arrangement. In Experiment 3 (90 males, 91 females), significant (p < .01) sex differences were found on letter strings with both horizontal and vertical arrangements. Results were interpreted in terms of a sex difference in comparison processes that are influenced by the type of code used in making the comparisons.
Superwet anesthesia redefines large-volume liposuction.

Superwet anesthesia is a method of regional anesthesia for liposuction surgery that uses an evenly distributed, rapidly infused solution under pressure, until tissue blanching and moderate tension are achieved, in a ratio of 0.5 to 1.5 ml per milliliter of injectate to lipoaspirate. It is accompanied by systemic anesthesia and supplemented with intravenous hydration. The efficacy of superwet formulation for regional anesthesia was evaluated in a consecutive series of 20 patients who underwent large-volume (>1500 ml) liposuction. The average volume of injectate was 2285 ml and fat aspirate was 2437.5 ml. The average fluid volume fractionated from the aspirate infranatant was 507.5 ml, and the amount of injectate absorbed was 1775.5 ml. The mean “pure fat” fractionation was 1930 ml. Approximately 21% to 22% of injected fluid is not absorbed, so the ratio of fat removed to fluid absorbed by hypodermoclysis is in the range of 11. Consequently, this requires an alteration in traditional fluid replacement levels. This also alters the threshold of what has been traditionally considered “large”-volume liposuction so that the traditional 1500 ml defining large-volume aspirate may no longer be applicable. To achieve consistency in reporting, all liposuction data should be standardized to routinely include the volumes of injectate, aspirate, and infranatant fluid fractionation.
Collisions and encounters in simulations of receptor/GTP-binding protein interactions via simple diffusion.

Abstract In two intact cell systems in which GTP-binding protein (G) activity is initiated by the presence of agonist-bound receptors (R), it has been demonstrated that the rate of G activation is influenced by the rate of turnover of agonist occupancy among the receptor population. G activity is reduced when a low concentration of agonist-occupied receptors comprised by low fractional occupancy of a large receptor population is replaced by the presence of the same concentration of 100%-occupied receptors. This effect has been proposed to be due to a time interval of interaction between R and G (an encounter) that is long compared to the time of a single collision between R and G and long compared to the lifetime of an agonist-receptor complex. In a recent simulation study of R-G interaction via diffusion, the effect of agonist occupancy turnover was observed but it was assumed that long encounters were not operative. In this study, encounter intervals in simulations of R-G interaction by simple diffusion were measured in order to address that difference. The results demonstrate that relatively long encounters comprised of multiple, separate collisions are an inherent part of R-G interaction as modelled by diffusion. The implications for further implementation of simulation studies of R-G interaction are discussed.
Distribution of visual and saccade related information in the monkey inferior colliculus

The inferior colliculus (IC) is an essential stop early in the ascending auditory pathway. Though normally thought of as a predominantly auditory structure, recent work has uncovered a variety of non-auditory influences on firing rate in the IC. Here, we map the location within the IC of neurons that respond to the onset of a fixation-guiding visual stimulus. Visual/visuomotor associated activity was found throughout the IC (overall, 84 of 199 sites tested or 42%), but with a far reduced prevalence and strength along recording penetrations passing through the tonotopically organized region of the IC, putatively the central nucleus (11 of 42 sites tested, or 26%). These results suggest that visual information has only a weak effect on early auditory processing in core regions, but more strongly targets the modulatory shell regions of the IC.
British Imperialism, French charity and the changing behaviour of Italian Franciscan missionaries in Shanxi Province, 1800–1850

Abstract Prior to the Opium War the Italian missionaries in Shanxi were dependent on the local Chinese population both for their safety and their funding. This meant that only missionaries who were willing to conform to Chinese customs could succeed and thus it was impossible to implement the rulings against various Chinese customs made by the papacy in the eighteenth century. The treaties that followed the war greatly reduced the penalties on missionaries discovered in the interior and made it possible for French charitable funding to reach them. Once the missionaries were no longer dependent on the Chinese but on sponsors in Europe those with much more hostile attitudes to Chinese customs were able to enforce them, leading to a century of alienation and hostility between them and the Chinese Catholics.
The influence of time scale and gain on criteria for servomechanism performance

THE mathematical synthesis problem in linear servomechanism design is to find the description of the system when the desired output response to a given input is specified. The desired output, however, is often defined as the best that can be obtained, where the word ?best? has several connotations which include fastest transient response, minimum overshoot, and minimum tendency toward persistent oscillations. Under the assumption that there are no restrictions on the values that a sufficient number of system parameters may take, it is possible to apply suitable criteria and select the optimum response in a normalized time scale. The optimum response may then, theoretically at least, be reproduced, by adjustment of the system parameters, to an arbitrary time scale.
High-order methods as an alternative to using sparse tensor products for stochastic Galerkin FEM

Solutions of random elliptic boundary value problems admit efficient approximations by polynomials on the parameter domain. Each coefficient in such an expansion is a spatially dependent function, and can be approximated within a hierarchy of finite element spaces. If the finite elements are of sufficiently high order, using just a single spatial mesh is predicted to achieve the same convergence rate with respect to the total number of degrees of freedom as sparse tensor product constructions and other multilevel stochastic Galerkin approximations. Numerical computations for an elliptic two-point boundary value problem confirm this and indicate no loss of accuracy for a single-level method compared to using a sparse tensor product with the same total number of degrees of freedom.
Measurement of Optical Absorption in Very Thin Low-Loss SiO2 Films

While low levels of optical absorption are easily measured in SiO2 bulk samples or optical fibers, we present here a method of determining low levels of absorption in thin films of SiO2. Films are deposited on top of high reflectivity multi-layer mirrors, and absorption is derived from the time decay in a resonant cavity of three mirrorsat 633 nm. Absorption coefficients on the order of 1 cm−1 (k = 10−5) can be measured in films as thin as 100 Angstroms. With this method, we find that absorption at 633 nm can be induced in SiO2 films by exposing them to a He-Ne plasma discharge. Although the plasma radiation (>10 eV) is absorbed near the SiO2 surface, the plasma-induced absorption is uniform within the SIO2 film. This was shown by plasma irradiation of SiO2 films of varying thickness, together with computer calculation of the optical properties of multilayer thin films. Similar absorption behavior has been reported in SiO2 optical fibers and may be due here to DIA (Drawing-Induced Absorption) centers or NBOHCs (Non-Bridging Oxygen Hole Centers).
Evaluation of disk approximation and agar dilution induction tests for demonstration of in vitro antagonism of cefotaxime by cefoxitin in Enterobacter species.

Cefoxitin-resistant clinical isolates ofEnterobacter spp. demonstrated inducibleβ-lactamase activity in 31 of 47 (65.9%) disk approximation tests and in 32 of 52 (63.5%) agar dilution induction tests. Agreement between the two results was only 72.3%, and 80.9% of the strains were positive in at least one induction test. Lack of valid interpretive criteria preclude their routine use in the clinical laboratory.
Oversimplification in housing analysis, with reference to land markets and mobility

Abstract Market empowerment is an important means toward better urban housing conditions but is not a universal solution to housing problems. Policy should not blindly aim at a progressive phasing out of government intervention because problems that markets cannot solve at all are likely to gain, not lose importance in the course of development. The complexity of housing and urban communities naturally leads to a number of such environmental, social, and equity problems. Land availability is particularly difficult. The Philippine case, among others, suggests that government intervention may also be needed early in the course of development to ensure that the right kind of market develops. Forward-looking, creative buying, selling, investing, and contracting are not a bottled up resource that just has to be uncorked. Markets have to be nurtured and guided in very specific and adapted ways. Simplifying housing analysis for developing countries has often led to the omissions and distortions that retard progress.
A moving cohesive interface model for fracture in creeping materials

We present a new cohesive interface model for quasi-static creep crack growth that is implemented within a moving-grid finite element model. A pseudo crack tip separates the cohesive process zone from the free surfaces of the crack. The moving-grid formulation models continuous crack advance by describing relative motion between the pseudo crack tip and the material. This eliminates the need for extensive mesh refinement away from the current crack-tip location and supports both transient and direct steady-state solutions. A traction-separation law determines the energetic properties of the decohesion process and generates a simple criterion for crack advance. The new formulation remedies a problem in earlier models which permit a crack to heal on unloading. Numerical examples demonstrate the moving cohesive interface model in studies of steady-state crack growth. Adaptive grid refinement is used to control the accuracy of the solution.
An Experimental Comparison of a Windowed vs a Non-Windowed Operating System Environment

Despite the pervasiveness of window-management systems in the marketplace, little is known about how these systems affect the way computer users do their work. This paper describes the results of an experiment which compared user performance in a windowed vs a non-windowed operating environment. In this experiment, users performed tasks more accurately but slower in the windowed environment, indicating that there can be both positive and negative factors introduced by window-management systems.
Social Interaction Observed: Some Approaches to the Analysis of Behavior Streams

Systematic observation of social interaction, noting the presence or absence of predefined behaviors in an ongoing stream of behavior, can result in an overwhelming mass of data. The central thesis of this report is that a few simple conceptual and analytic tools greatly facilitate the handling of such data. Various ways of representing observational data are discussed, and implications are included showing analyses of mother-infant, monkey- monkey, and human adult-adult interaction.
Control of expression of the gene for the arginine transporter Cat-1 in rat liver cells by glucocorticoids and insulin

Hepatic arginine and lysine uptake is partly regulated by changes in the transport activity of a group of cell surface proteins exhibiting properties of the transport system y+. TheCat-1 gene encodes a sodium-independent high-affinity cationic amino acid transporter of the y+ system which is nearly undetectable in the quiescent liver. In this paper we investigate the regulation of expression of Cat-1 in the quiescent rat liver by glucocorticoids and insulin, two hormones which play a critical role in amino acid dependent pathways of hepatic metabolism. Injection of insulin and glucocorticoids resulted in a rapid (15–30min, 4–5 fold) increase in transcription which returned to basal levels within 4 hours. In contrast to the rapid single peak of transcriptional induction of theCat-1 gene, the accumulation of the Cat-1 mRNAs occurred transiently with two peaks, the first at 30 minutes and the second at 2–4 hours following hormone treatment. These data indicate that expression of theCat-1 gene in the quiescent liver can be transiently induced by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. In FTO2B rat hepatoma cells, expression of the gene is constitutive and accumulation of Cat-1 mRNAs in response to dexamethasone and insulin was dependent on transcription and protein synthesis. Furthermore, the accumulation of the basal level of the Cat-1 mRNAs was reduced by 70%, upon treatment of cells with inhibitors of protein synthesis for 6h, when the transcription rate of the gene did not decrease significantly. We conclude the following: (i) under normal physiologic conditions, expression of theCat-1 gene in the quiescent liver is negligible, propably to prevent unnecessary transport and metabolism of arginine by the hepatic arginase in the hepatocytes. (ii) in the cases when hepatic cationic amino acid transport is needed, such as following feeding, cellular growth and illness, glucocorticoids and insulin induce expression of theCat-1 gene in liver cells through induction of transcription and stabilization of the mRNA. (iii) constitutive Cat-1 mRNA accumulation in rat hepatoma cells depends on protein synthesis through a labile regulated factor. Overall, constitutive expression of Cat-1 is associated with hepatic cellular growth and transformation.
Intracardiac ultrasonic suture welding for knotless mitral valve replacement.

Objective: The difficulty in tying multiple knots with endoscopic instruments constitutes a technical obstacle to the development of closed-chest valve surgery. The following set of experiments was undertaken to ascertain the in-vivo feasibility of using an intracardiac ultrasonic welding device for knotless suture fixation during mitral valve replacement (MVR). Methods: Five adult sheep weighing 48‐52 kg underwent MVR with a commercially available mechanical prosthesis, using pledgetted interrupted polypropylene sutures. An ultrasonic suture welder designed for intracardiac use was used to adjust suture tension and fuse strands together without knots. Echocardiographic assessment of the mitral prosthesis was carried out at baseline and after maintenance of supraphysiologic arterial pressures for 60 min. Subsequently, the animals’ explanted hearts were assessed under sustained left ventricular (LV) pressurization to 180 mmHg in an ex-vivo pressure-loop system. Results: MVR was successfully performed in all animals and welds reliably completed in less than 1 s. One sheep could not successfully be weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass; however, a normal prosthetic valve implant was confirmed at post-mortem examination. Echocardiographic assessment prior to and during LV pressurization revealed normal seating and function of the prosthesis in all cases. At post-mortem examination all valves were adequately implanted, suture tails laid flat on the surface of the prosthesis’ sewing ring, welded suture strands were intact and accurately point-fused together, and no evidence of perivalvular leak was found around any of the prostheses despite sustained LV pressurization. Conclusions: This new modality proved reliable in an acute sheep model of MVR and could constitute a promising avenue towards facilitation of total endoscopic valve procedures in humans. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Estimation of Continental Precipitation Recycling.

The total amount of water that precipitates on large continental regions is supplied by two mechanisms: 1) advection from the surrounding areas external to the region and 2) evaporation and transpiration from the land surface within the region. The latter supply mechanism is tantamount to the recycling of precipitation over the continental area. The degree to which regional precipitation is supplied by recycled moisture is a potentially significant climate feedback mechanism and land surface-atmosphere interaction, which may contribute to the persistence and intensification of droughts. Gridded data on observed wind and humidity in the global atmosphere are used to determine the convergence of atmospheric water vapor over continental regions. A simplified model of the atmospheric moisture over continents and simultaneous estimates of regional precipitation are employed to estimate, for several large continental regions, the fraction of precipitation that is locally derived. The results indicate that the contribution of regional evaporation to regional precipitation varies substantially with location and season. For the regions studied, the ratio of locally contributed to total monthly precipitation generally lies between 0. 10 and 0.30 but is as high as 0.40 in several cases.
Neurofibrillary tangles have no obligatory predilection for acetylcholinesterase-rich neurons

Parts of the brain that are prone to NFT formation normally contain many neurons that are intensely acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive. In this study, we used thioflavin-S immunofluorescence, AChE histochemistry, and AChE immunocytochemistry to investigate the possibility that intense AChE positivity may act as a perikaryal marker for the vulnerability to NFT formation. Our observations in entorhinal and motor cortices and in the subthalamic nucleus demonstrate major mismatches between the distribution of AChE-rich neurons in normal brains and the distribution of NFT in AD. There is therefore no obligatory relationship between intense AChE positivity in the premorbid period and subsequent vulnerability to tangle formation.
Signal Peptide Increases the Efficacy of Angiogenic Gene Transfer for Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia

We have previously shown that intracoronary delivery of recombinant adenoviruses encoding angiogenic proteins that contain signal peptides (fibroblast growth factor-4 and fibroblast growth factor-5) ameliorate myocardial ischemia. In the present paper, we test the hypothesis that the presence of the signal peptide is an important element in the favorable effects that transgene expression has on regional flow and function in an animal model of myocardial ischemia. We performed intracoronary delivery of two different recombinant adenoviruses encoding a fibroblast growth factor-2 variant, one with a signal peptide, FGF-2LI(+sp), and one without a signal peptide, FGF-2LI(-sp). In a model of stress-induced myocardial ischemia, intracoronary injection of these recombinants resulted in mRNA and protein expression of the transferred gene. Two weeks after gene transfer, regional abnormalities in stress-induced function and blood flow were improved after delivery of FGF-2LI containing the signal peptide. In the absence of the signal peptide, perfusion was not improved, and function was improved to a lesser degree than with FGF-2LI containing the signal peptide. These studies indicate that the presence of a signal peptide increases the efficacy of treatment and may reduce the required recombinant adenovirus dose for a given effect, and thereby provide an important safety margin for clinical application.
What Makes Writing Good? An Essential Question for Teachers.

The question of what makes writing “good” touches several important areas of classroom writing instruction: assessment and evaluation, instruction, and teacher response during one-on-one conferences. The current paper examines contemporary views of what makes writing “good,” along with the classroom implications and limitations of these views. In addition, a research study investigating different perspectives on what makes writing “good” is reported. The study included 60 classroom teachers from urban high-needs schools as well as suburban schools, preservice teachers, and professional writers. A Q methodological analysis identified three perspectives. Participants expressing perspective 1 defined good writing as good thinking and communication. In Perspective 2, structure and clarity were considered most essential to good writing. In Perspective 3, purpose, voice, and conventions were emphasized. Participants' views differed greatly on the need for predictable organization in writing, the value of surprise, and the necessity of correct conventions. Classroom implications are discussed.
Tenure and the Future of the University

The fundamental rationale for the tenure system has been to promote the long-term development of new ideas and to challenge students’ thinking. Proponents argued more than 60 years ago that tenure is needed to provide faculty the freedom to pursue long-term risky research agendas and to challenge conventional wisdom (1). Those arguments are still being made today (2) and are still valid. However, a 30-year trend toward privatization is creating a pseudo–market environment within public universities that marginalizes the tenure system. A pseudo–market environment is one in which no actual market is possible, but marketlike mechanisms (such as benchmarking and rankings based on research dollars, student evaluations, or similar attributes) are used to approximate a market.
Coarse and fine tuning of the electronic energies of triimineplatinum(II) square-planar complexes.

[Pt(tbtrpy)X]Y complexes (tbtrpy = 4,4‘,4‘ ‘-tBu3-2,2‘;6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine) exhibit charge-transfer absorption bands that can be drastically red-shifted to long-wavelength visible absorptions with arylthiolates as X. Further extension to the near-IR (NIR) region is achieved with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ-) as Y-, resulting in black absorbers with continuous UV−vis−NIR absorptions and opening up potential applications in energy research.
Very-high-risk localized prostate cancer: definition and outcomes.

Outcomes in men with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) can vary substantially—some will have excellent cancer-specific survival, whereas others will experience early metastasis even after aggressive local treatments. Current nomograms, which yield continuous risk probabilities, do not separate high-risk PCa into distinct sub-strata. Here, we derive a binary definition of very-high-risk (VHR) localized PCa to aid in risk stratification at diagnosis and selection of therapy. We queried the Johns Hopkins radical prostatectomy database to identify 753 men with NCCN high-risk localized PCa (Gleason sum 8–10, PSA >20 ng ml−1, or clinical stage ⩾T3). Twenty-eight alternate permutations of adverse grade, stage and cancer volume were compared by their hazard ratios for metastasis and cancer-specific mortality. VHR criteria with top-ranking hazard ratios were further evaluated by multivariable analyses and inclusion of a clinically meaningful proportion of the high-risk cohort. The VHR cohort was best defined by primary pattern 5 present on biopsy, or ⩾5 cores with Gleason sum 8–10, or multiple NCCN high-risk features. These criteria encompassed 15.1% of the NCCN high-risk cohort. Compared with other high-risk men, VHR men were at significantly higher risk for metastasis (hazard ratio 2.75) and cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio 3.44) (P<0.001 for both). Among high-risk men, VHR men also had significantly worse 10-year metastasis-free survival (37% vs 78%) and cancer-specific survival (62% vs 90%). Men who meet VHR criteria form a subgroup within the current NCCN high-risk classification who have particularly poor oncological outcomes. Use of these characteristics to distinguish VHR localized PCa may help in counseling and selection optimal candidates for multimodal treatments or clinical trials.
Carrageenan stimulates reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by human neutrophils without membrane depolarization, myeloperoxidase secretion, or increased oxygen consumption

Carrageenan, a sulfated polyanionic polysaccharide, is commonly used to induce inflammation in experimental animals, and this model is used to screen for the effectiveness of antiinflammatory drugs. Carrageenan-induced inflammation has been attributed to a variety of autocoids including histamine, bradykinin, complement, Superoxide, and prostaglandins. This study examines the effects of carrageenan on human PMN in a serum-free system. Carrageenan was found to stimulate the reduction of NBT by PMNs without stimulating membrane depolarization, oxygen consumption, H2O2 production, or myeloperoxidase secretion. Carrageenan stimulates a heat-labile, NBT-reducing system which is unassociated with the usual stimulus-response coupling seen with other PMN activators such as PMA, FMLP, and zymosan.
A Flame Drying Method for the Investigation of Insect Chromosomes

A minor modification of a mammalian cytogenetic technique allows excellent cytologic preparations of chromosomes and nuclei from either the gonads or somatic cells of both large and small insects. This method can also be used for autoradiographic investigations.This communication describes a method for excellent cytological preparations of both chromosomes and nuclei from the gonads of grasshoppers and from the brain tissue of mosquito larvae without recourse to manual squashes or histological sections. The method was developed with a slight modification of the techniques used in mammalian chromosome preparation (Hsu and Pomerat 1953; Rothfels and Siminovitch 1958, Moorhead, Nowell, Mellman, Battips and Hungerford 1960, and Tarkowski 1966). This procedure can be applied to study all stages of meiosis in both testes and ovaries of grasshoppers and locusts; as well as mitosis from the brain cells of fourth instar mosquito larvae (prepupae) and is readily adaptable for autoradiographic investigations.
A Pilot Study of a Novel TCSC Scheme for the UHV Transmission Lines

To solve the problem that the existing thyristor valves may not meet the requirements of the UHV TCSC, a new TCSC is proposed in this paper. The novel TCSC consists of a capacitor and two parallel branches of thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Obviously, the current over the whole controlled branch is shared by two parallel TCR branches. In the paper, the steady-state mathematical model is derived, and the control strategy is also discussed. The results of the digital simulation verify that the new TCSC model can satisfy the engineering application.
Measurements of jet shape in 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions with CMS

Abstract The fragmentation properties of inclusive jets produced in PbPb collisions at a center of mass energy of s N N = 2.76 TeV are characterized by measuring differential jet shapes. The jet shape is defined as the fractional jet transverse momentum carried by charged particles emitted at a distance r from the jet axis, with jets reconstructed using the anti- k T clustering algorithm. The jet shapes are measured for reconstructed jet p T , jet > 100 GeV / c and charged hardons with p T > 1 GeV / c . Different background subtraction methods are employed to remove the contribution from the underlying events. The results obtained for PbPb collisions as a function of collision centrality are compared to reference distributions from pp data collected at the same collision energy. For the most central collisions, the jet shapes are found to be modified at large distance from the jet axis.
Estimators of percentiles based on absolute loss

Estimators of percentiles of location and scale parameter distributions are optimized based on Pitman closeness and absolute risk. A median unbiased (MU) estimator and a minimum risk (MR) estimator are shown to exist within a class of estimators, and to depend upon the medians of two completely specified distributions.
Vibrational Intensities. XI. CO2 and the Wilson‐Wells Method

The Wilson‐Wells‐Penner‐Weber method of determining absorption‐band intensities in the infrared has been critically reviewed. This technique has been used to redetermine the intensity of the 670 cm—1 band system of carbon dioxide. The present result, A=241 cm—1/cm atmos at STP agrees well with the curve‐of‐growth value, A=240 cm—1/cm atmos at STP and demonstrates that, with proper precautions, both methods are capable of producing reliable intensity data.
Describing, diagnosing, and naming psychopathy: how do youth psychopathy labels influence jurors?

Previous studies have reached opposing conclusions regarding how psychopathy assessment influences the court's response to a juvenile defendant. This study sought to clarify the apparent discrepancies across studies by distinguishing among three key variables: history of antisocial behavior (substantial versus minimal), psychopathic personality traits (present versus absent), and diagnostic label (no diagnosis, conduct disorder, psychopathy, or “is a psychopath”). We systematically manipulated these variables in vignettes describing expert testimony, and then distributed these vignettes to 891 jury-pool members. Descriptions of the antisocial behavior and psychopathic personality traits underlying diagnoses tended to have stronger effects than did the diagnostic labels (i.e. psychopathy or conduct disorder). However, labeling juvenile defendants with the colloquial term “psychopath” led jurors to believe that they posed greater risk for future crime and deserved greater punishment compared with juveniles described as meeting diagnostic criteria for psychopathy or conduct disorder. Results should influence the language forensic evaluators use in practice. Results should also inform research that investigates diagnostic labeling effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chlorophyll-water interactions. Hydration, dehydration and hydrates of chlorophyll.

Abstract The interaction of water with chlorophyll may have far-reaching effects on the spectral properties of chlorophyll. We have devised a vapor phase chromatographic procedure for the determination of water in chlorophyll. The dehydration, hydration, and hydrates of chlorophylls a and b have been explored with the aid of this analytical procedure. Absorption spectra in the visible and infrared are presented for chlorophyll-water systems of known composition.
Using Engineered Scaffold Interactions to Reshape MAP Kinase Pathway Signaling Dynamics

Scaffold proteins link signaling molecules into linear pathways by physically assembling them into complexes. Scaffolds may also have a higher-order role as signal-processing hubs, serving as the target of feedback loops that optimize signaling amplitude and timing. We demonstrate that the Ste5 scaffold protein can be used as a platform to systematically reshape output of the yeast mating MAP kinase pathway. We constructed synthetic positive- and negative-feedback loops by dynamically regulating recruitment of pathway modulators to an artificial binding site on Ste5. These engineered circuits yielded diverse behaviors: ultrasensitive dose response, accelerated or delayed response times, and tunable adaptation. Protein scaffolds provide a flexible platform for reprogramming cellular responses and could be exploited to engineer cells with novel therapeutic and biotechnological functions.
Phosphorylation of proteoglycans from human articular cartilage.

Previous studies have shown that sulfated proteoglycans from human articular and epiphyseal cartilage were phosphorylated. These macromolecules contribute to the stiffness and resiliency of this tissue. We demonstrate here that the phosphate moieties are an integral part of proteoglycan subunits. Specifically, evidence is presented which indicates that proteoglycan monomers contain 3 to 4 phosphate moieties per core protein and that these appear to exist as phosphoserine residues. Furthermore, the data illustrate that human articular cartilage also contains more than 20 different phosphoproteins, some of which are closely associated with proteoglycan aggregates. Proteoglycan subunits were purified from extracts of articular cartilage or from media fractions which had been used to label tissue specimens with 32P-orthophosphate. Chemical and radiographic analyses revealed that the phosphate concentration with respect to sulfate and uronic acid content remained constant when purified proteoglycan monomers were subjected to equilibrium ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography. That the phosphate moieties were bound to proteoglycan monomers via monoester linkages was indicated by the release of 32P-orthophosphate from proteoglycan subunits incubated under mild alkaline conditions or reacted with acid or alkaline phosphatases. Identification of serine residues in the core protein as the sites of phosphorylation was made by autoradiography of thin layer platesmore » on which hydrolyzed samples of purified 32P-proteoglycan subunits had been subjected to 2-dimensional electrophoresis/chromatography. Quantification of 3 to 4 phosphate moieties per core protein of 200,000 daltons was made by chemical analysis of inorganic phosphate released from proteoglycans by acid hydrolysis.« less
Analytical solution for transient partitioning and reaction of a condensing vapor species in a droplet

We present the exact analytical solution of the transient equation of gas-phase diffusion of a condensing vapor to, and diffusion and reaction in, an aqueous droplet. Droplet-phase reaction is represented by first-order chemistry. The solution facilitates study of the dynamic nature of the vapor uptake process as a function of droplet size, Henry's law coefficient, and first-order reaction rate constant for conversion in the droplet phase.
Long-term results of St. Jude medical valve in the tricuspid position

Little is known of the St. Jude Medical heart valve's long-term clinical performance in the tricuspid position. Fourteen patients underwent tricuspid valve replacement between 1981 and 1984. Ages of the patients ranged from 32 to 81 years. Eight patients (68%) were in New York Heart Association class IV preoperatively. Twelve patients had other concomitant cardiac operations. One patient (8%) died within 30 days after operation, due to cerebrovascular accident. Postoperatively, all patients were anticoagulated with warfarin sodium and showed improvement in functional class. There were no mechanical valve failures or thromboses in patients on the anticoagulation regimen. Follow-up in all patients extended over 7 to 10 years with a mean of 8 years. There were six late deaths unrelated to valve function. The actuarial survival curve with these patients is 50% over 10 years. In conclusion, the St. Jude Medical valve is a good mechanical substitute in the tricuspid position, and we recommend its use when reconstruction is not possible and there is no contraindication for anticoagulation.
Diagnosis and Management of DNA Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal tumors exhibiting defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR-D)/microsatellite instability (MSI-H) form a distinct subgroup of CRCs associated with important clinical and pathologic features. The identification of MMR-D/MSI-H may impact CRC prognosis, prediction of response to chemotherapeutic agents, and may necessitate the need for genetic assessment for Lynch syndrome. Oncologists remain at the forefront of diagnosing, treating, and managing patients with MMR-D/MSI-H CRC and ensuring that the clinical care of these patients reflect our evolving understanding of this unique CRC subtype.
Technological change and elasticities of substitution in Korean agriculture

Abstract In this paper, by using the translog cost function, two issues are investigated concerning the Korean agricultural sector during the prewar (1918 to 1938) and postwar (1949 to 1971) periods. First, characteristics of the technology used and the process of technical innovation are analyzed. Second, an attempt is made to determine the partial elasticities of substitution for various pairwise combinations of land, labor, fixed capital, and working capital. We find that the technological innovations in Korean agriculture were land and labor saving, fixed capital neutral, and working capital using. Further, we find that working capital was a strong substitute for land and labor in the prewar period and a weak substitute in the postwar period. Fixed capital was a weak substitute for land and labor in the prewar period and a weak complement to land and labor in the postwar period. Finally, working capital and fixed capital were weak substitutes in the prewar period and strong complements in the postwar period.
Cuban Immigrants in Jamaica, 1868–1898

Throughout the nineteenth century, political migration within the Caribbean coincided with large-scale labour migration. This essay reconstructs the long-overlooked experience of political refugees who fled from Cuba to Jamaica during the Wars for Independence, focusing on their early reception and their eventual assimilation. Despite the official position of neutrality, white and brown elites, anxious to increase the number of Europeans, welcomed the Cubans who were mainly white. The similarities in the socio-economic structures in both countries facilitated the integration of the newcomers. Although most refugees left Jamaica after 1898, the long-term economic impact of their fleeting presence was the establishment of tobacco as a viable export staple and the modernisation of the island's sugar industry.
Structure and Dynamics of the Global Economy: Network Analysis of International Trade 1965–1980

Author(s): Smith, DA; White, DR | Abstract: This article reports results from a quantitative network analysis of international commodity trade flows designed to measure the structure of the world economic system and to identify the roles that particular countries play in the global division of labor. It improves on previous network-analytic studies of the world-economy in two ways. First, by using a newly developed measure of regular equivalence, this operationalization of a nation's roles in the international system is methodologically superior to previous work. Second, we have built a dynamic aspect into the analysis by examining international trade networks at more than one point in time (1965, 1970, and 1980). This allows us to answer questions about change both in the overall structure of the world-economy and in the positions of particular countries in the system. Our findings generally conform to the theoretically expectations of the world-system perspective as well as qualitative descriptions of recent changes in the international division of labor. © 1992 The University of North Carolina Press.
Analysis of variation in charges and prices paid for vaginal and caesarean section births: a cross-sectional study

Objective To examine the between-hospital variation of charges and discounted prices for uncomplicated vaginal and caesarean section deliveries, and to determine the institutional and market-level characteristics that influence adjusted charges. Design, setting and participants Using data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), we conducted a cross-sectional study of all privately insured patients admitted to California hospitals in 2011 for uncomplicated vaginal delivery (diagnosis-related group (DRG) 775) or uncomplicated caesarean section (DRG 766). Outcome measures Hospital charges and discounted prices adjusted for each patient9s clinical and demographic characteristics. Results We analysed 76 766 vaginal deliveries and 32 660 caesarean sections in California in 2011. After adjusting for patient demographic and clinical characteristics, we found that the average California woman could be charged as little as US$3296 or as much as US$37 227 for a vaginal delivery, and US$8312–US$70 908 for a caesarean section depending on which hospital she was admitted to. The discounted prices were, on an average, 37% of the charges. We found that hospitals in markets with middling competition had significantly lower adjusted charges for vaginal deliveries, while hospitals with higher wage indices and casemixes, as well as for-profit hospitals, had higher adjusted charges. Hospitals in markets with higher uninsurance rates charged significantly less for caesarean sections, while for-profit hospitals and hospitals with higher wage indices charged more. However, the institutional and market-level factors included in our models explained only 35–36% of the between-hospital variation in charges. Conclusions These results indicate that charges and discounted prices for two common, relatively homogeneous diagnosis groups—uncomplicated vaginal delivery and caesarean section—vary widely between hospitals and are not well explained by observable patient or hospital characteristics.
Acclimation of photosynthesis to temperature in eight cool and warm climate herbaceous C3 species: Temperature dependence of parameters of a biochemical photosynthesis model

To determine how parameters of a Farquhar-type photosynthesis model varied with measurement temperature and with growth temperature, eight cool and warm climate herbaceous crop and weed species were grown at 15 and 25 °C and single leaf carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange rates were measured over the range of 15 – 35 °C. Photosynthetic parameters examined were the initial slope of the response of assimilation rate (A) to substomatal carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), A at high Ci, and stomatal conductance. The first two measurements allow calculation of VCmax, the maximum rate of carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and Jmax, the maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport, of Farquhar-type photosynthesis models. In all species, stomatal conductance increased exponentially with temperature over the whole range of 15 – 35 °C, even when A decreased at high measurement temperature. There were larger increases in conductance over this temperature range in the warm climate species (4.3 ×) than in the cool climate species (2.5 ×). The initial slope of A vs. Ci exhibited an optimum temperature which ranged from 20 to 30 °C. There was a larger increase in the optimum temperature of the initial slope at the warmer growth temperature in the cool climate species than in the warm climate species. The optimum temperature for A at high Ci ranged from 25 to 30 °C among species, but changed little with growth temperature. The absolute values of both the initial slope of A vs. Ci and A at high Ci were increased about 10% by growth at the warmer temperature in the warm climate species, and decreased about 20% in the cool climate species. The ratio of Jmax — VCmax normalized to 20 °C varied by more than a factor of 2 across species and growth temperatures, but differences in the temperature response of photosynthesis were more related to variation in the temperature dependencies of Jmax and VCmax than to the ratio of their normalized values.
Capture and Culture: Organizational Identity in New York Blue Cross

This article explores the changing corporate culture of New York's Blue Cross and Blue Shield plan in its first fifty years. As the plan grew, corporate culture evolved over four sequential phases: the plan first had the character of an experiment, then that of a movement, a business, and, most recently, a corporate agglomerate. Accompanying this evolution has been an identity crisis, as the need to adapt to a turbulent environment has challenged the plan's settled understanding of its core values, namely, voluntarism, community, and cooperation.
Unique optical networking facilities and cross-layer networking

The future global network will have a number of characteristics, enabled by novel optical technologies, that make it distinct from today's network: optical domain will likely become part of the convergence layer and service provisioning will involve explicit cross-layer interactions and flexible optical spectrum management. These will be tied together by intelligent cross-layer protocol software. In order to enable this transition, we need a new networking protocol architecture and network facilities that allow experimentation across all networking layers at scale.