cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The treatment of iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy with intravenous iron.

Abstract 1. 1. Twenty-six patients were treated with intravenous saccharated oxide of iron. Nine had iron deficiency anemia with hemoglobins varying from 5.4 to 10 Gm. per 100 c.c. of whole blood. Eight patients had hemoglobins of 10.5 Gm. Nine patients had normal hemoglobin. 2. 2. Results indicate that in iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy, intravenous iron produces a greater total and a more rapid increase in hemoglobin than oral iron. The average increase in these patients was 1 Gm. hemoglobin per 100 c.c. of whole blood in one week, and 2 Gm. in two weeks, and as high as 4.05 Gm. in 4 to 6 weeks. The volume of packed red blood cells and serum iron levels substantiate these findings. 3. 3. Toxic reactions were significant. Doses varied from less than 100 mg. to as high as 1 Gm. of intravenous iron. Sixty-five per cent resulted in no reactions, 27 per cent mild, 6 per cent moderately severe, and 2 per cent severe. Most frequent reactions were light-headedness, suffusion, weakness, nausea, venospasm, headache, sacral backache. Thrombophlebitis and shocklike state occurred twice, both times with large doses. 4. 4. Following a test dose of 100 mg., up to 300 mg. of intravenous saccharated oxide of iron can be given daily without materially increasing toxic reactions. Doses of 100 to 200 mg. are recommended. 5. 5. The best method of injection is to dilute the saccharated oxide of iron solution in the patient's own blood. Injection should be done slowly and care taken to avoid subcutaneous injection of the material. 6. 6. Intravenous saccharated oxide of iron for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy is effective in those patients who cannot tolerate iron by mouth, who have excessive nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, who have failure of absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract, and who present themselves late in pregnancy with an existing anemia and insufficient time for response to oral therapy.
Successful treatment of a dog with massive 5-fluorouracil toxicosis.

Objective To describe the clinical presentation and successful treatment of a dog that ingested a lethal dose (approximately 330 mg/kg) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Case Summary A 1-year-old male intact German Shepherd dog was presented to the Emergency Service of the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center after ingesting 10 g of 5% 5-FU cream. The dog rapidly developed refractory seizures and was managed by inducing heavy sedation with phenobarbital, benzodiazepines, ketamine, and propofol, necessitating 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Seizure activity continued despite these treatments until IV administration of levetiracetam. The dog was discharged from the hospital 6 days after admission and remains neurologically normal currently, with no further seizure activity after 9 months. New Information Provided This report documents the first successful treatment of a dog that ingested > 43 mg/kg of 5-FU. In this case, the use of rapid decontamination, heavy sedation with anticonvulsant medications including levetiracetam to control seizures, and mechanical ventilation may have contributed to a positive outcome.
Role of the United States Federal Courts in Extradition Matters: The Rule of Non-inquiry, Preventive Detention, and Comparative Legal Analysis

This paper argues that applying the rule of non-inquiry to the issue of whether the requested person has been charged is analytically incorrect where the relevant treaty defines as extraditable persons who have been charged or convicted of certain offenses, thus requiring a judicial determination as to whether the person requested has been charged as part of the initial inquiry into extraditability. By contrast, the rule of non-inquiry is typically used to reject arguments of persons who are otherwise extraditable. This issue has not received much analysis perhaps because federal courts are reluctant to look beyond an arrest warrant issued by a foreign judge for fear that they lack the knowledge needed to evaluate such an order. This paper argues several reasons why courts should consider whether the person to be extradited will face trial proceedings. In addition to this procedural analysis regarding at what point the rule of non-inquiry is applicable, this paper also stresses why it is necessary for U.S. federal judges to understand the criminal justice systems of other countries, and to engage in an analysis of such systems.This paper first discusses the importance of understanding the criminal justice systems of other countries to explain why, as a matter of general policy, the rule of non-inquiry should not apply. Next, this paper briefly outlines the extradition process and asserts that as a matter of method of analysis, the question of whether the relator has been charged for purposes of the extradition treaty must be answered as a first step in determining whether the relator is extraditable at all, thus before the rule of non-inquiry enters the analysis. The focus of this paper then shifts to the meaning of the word charged in extradition treaties, and whether, as a matter of treaty interpretation, that term includes one who is sought by a foreign country for the purpose of preventive detention. The point of this paper is not necessarily to criticize the code provisions permitting preventive detention in certain countries, but rather to demonstrate that an order of preventive detention does not constitute a charge under U.S. extradition treaties, and further that U.S. federal courts should make an effort to examine the procedure of the requesting country to determine whether the requested person has been charged. Finally, this paper discusses some recent cases which indicate that federal courts might be beginning to seriously consider the issue raised in this paper.
Numerical Analyses of a Quantum-Theoretic Eight-Dimensional Yang-Mills Field

This paper has been superseded by math-ph/0102032, "Bures geometry of the three-level quantum systems. II".
Soft switched capacitively coupled DC-AC converter for high power

A capacitively coupled DC-AC power converter which is capable of zero current soft switching is presented. A form of amplitude modulation is introduced to provide a sinusoidal output waveform. Due to its favorable current stresses on the switches, this converter is suitable for high current high power inductive load applications. With this technique, switching losses can be reduced. The soft switching method is accomplished by the alternating voltage of the capacitor. The series inductive snubbers assure the zero current turn-on of the switches. Reduction of the switching losses implies that the switching frequency and the overall system efficiency can be increased for high-power gate-turn-off devices. Since this converter can operate at higher switching frequencies, the reactive component sizes can be decreased and the power density can be raised in high-power applications. The zero current soft switching method makes the capacitively coupled converter suitable for high-current, high-power inductive load applications, such as motor drives, without significantly increasing the conduction losses. >
A case of recurrent pseudolymphomatous folliculitis: A mimic of cutaneous lymphoma

Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis is a rare entity. We present a 62-year-old man with a recurrent solitary nodule on his nose requiring multiple excisions. Microscopic examination of the excisions showed a dense lymphocytic infiltrate containing numerous histiocytes and S100+, CD1a+ dendritic cells that surrounded and infiltrated hypertrophic hair follicles. Diffuse sheets of CD3+ T cells and nodular clusters of CD20+ B cells were also seen. There was normal reactive pattern of follicular centers. Light chain restriction was not detected. T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements by polymerase chain reaction revealed negative findings. A diagnosis of pseudolymphomatous folliculitis was made based on the hypertrophic hair follicles, periadnexal S100+ and CD1a+ dendritic cells, and negative clonal gene rearrangement study findings. This case of recurrent pseudolymphomatous folliculitis is instructive because of the resemblance to cutaneous lymphomas and cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasias, and the need for correct diagnosis to avoid overtreatment of this indolent condition.
Outlier detection in two-stage semiparametric DEA models

In the use of peer group data to assess individual, typical or best practice performance, the effective detection of outliers is critical for achieving useful results, particularly for two-stage analyses. In the DEA-related literature, prior work on this issue has focused on the efficient frontier as a basis for detecting outliers. An iterative approach for dealing with the potential for one outlier to mask the presence of another has been proposed but not demonstrated. This paper proposes using both the efficient frontier and the inefficient frontier to identify outliers and thereby improve the accuracy of second stage results in two-stage nonparametric analysis. The iterative outlier detection approach is implemented in a leave-one-out method using both the efficient frontier and the inefficient frontier and demonstrated in a two-stage semi-parametric bootstrapping analysis of a classic data set. The results show that the conclusions drawn can be different when outlier identification includes consideration of the inefficient frontier.
Direct measurement of local properties of interfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Spatially localized measurements of structure and properties using scanning probe techniques (scanning tunneling microscopy, tunneling spectroscopy, local conductance profile measurement, etc.) have, for the most part, been restricted to single crystal surfaces. The application of these techniques to the study of atomic bonding at interfaces, of which at least one material is an oxide, is explored here in three model experiments. The intrinsic limit of spatial resolution of STM on low conductivity semiconductors (oxides) is first discussed. Then, the local density of states at a metal-TiO 2 inteface is measured with tunneling spectroscopy and states associated with the metal-oxide bond identified. Local conductance profiles across individual grain boundaries in Si and SrTiO 3 are presented and space charge regions adjacent to oxide grain boundaries are directly detected. Finally, interface bonding is probed by characterizing topographic structure of gold-sapphire interface fracture surfaces.
Male-female differences in effects of parental absence on glucocorticoid stress response.

This study examines the family environments and hormone profiles of 316 individuals aged 2 months-58 years residing in a rural village on the east coast of Dominica, a former British colony in the West Indies. Fieldwork was conducted over an eight-year period (1988-1995). Research methods and techniques include radioimmunoassay of cortisol and testosterone from saliva samples (N=22,340), residence histories, behavioral observations of family interactions, extensive ethnographic interview and participant observation, psychological questionnaires, and medical examinations.Analyses of data indicate complex, sex-specific effects of family environment on endocrine function. Male endocrine profiles exhibit greater sensitivity to presence of father than do female endocrine profiles. Father-absent males tend to have (a) low cortisol levels during infancy, (b) high or abnormal cortisol profiles during childhood and adolescence, and (c) high cortisol and low testosterone levels during adulthood compared with those of males raised with a resident father. These results indicate that early family environment has significant effects on endocrine response throughout male life histories.
Spin Echoes in Terms of Spin Waves

A general theory of linearized spin echoes in an interacting Fermi liquid is developed by expressing the results of the usual type of echo experiment directly in terms of the spin-wave normal modes of the liquid as derived from the Landau theory. The possibility of obtaining further information by observing the echoes produced by a spatially nonuniform magnetization is briefly discussed.
Phase-coded LFMCW waveform analysis for short range measurement applications

The focus of this paper is to analyze a phase-coded linear frequency modulated continuous wave (PCLFMCW) radar waveform for short range measurement applications. Advances in direct digital frequency synthesis (DDFS) and integrated frequency synthesizer integrated circuits provide a means to generate repeatable complex modulation. The generation of complex modulation signal allows digital implementation of compound waveforms composed of sweeps of varying duration, direction, bandwidth and phase. A compound radar waveform consisting of a phase-code and a linear frequency modulated continuous wave carrier is analyzed. The waveform analysis is performed on a short range through-wall sensing application.
Radio-frequency optical double-resonance spectrum of SrF: The X2Σ+ state

Abstract The isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine constants of the ground X2Σ+ state of 88SrF and 86SrF are reported. Vibrational and rotational dependences are studied in a Dunham expansion analysis. Furthermore, the vibrational, rotational, and isotopic dependence of the spin-rotation constant is determined. The following values are obtained for X2Σ+, v = 0, in 88SrF: γ0 = 74.79485 MHz, γ1 = 5.752 × 10−5MHz, γ2 = −6.3 × 10−10MHz, b0 = 97.0834 MHz, b1 = −3.300 × 10−4MHz, c0 = 30.268 MHz, CI = 0.00230 MHz, where γ is the spin-rotation parameter, b and c are the Frosch and Foley hyperfine parameters, and CI is a nuclear spin-rotation correction.
Between the Subject and Sociology: Alfred Schutz's Phenomenology of the Life-World

In his writings Alfred Schutz identifies an artificiality in the concept of “life-world” produced by Edmund Husserl's method of reduction. As an alternative, he proposes to assume intersubjectivity as a given of everyday life. This eradicates Husserl's distinction between “life-world” and “natural attitude.” The subsequent phenomenological project appears to center upon sociological descriptions of the “structures of the life-world” rather than on a search for apodictic truth. Schutz, however, actually retains Husserl's emphasis on the subject. A tension then arises between the assumption of intersubjectivity and individual experience. Rather than clarifying the concept of intersubjectivity, this further problematizes it. Drawing upon Max Weber's work, Schutz responds by developing a rigorous methodology for studying the social world. But having rejected Husserl's reduction and conflated “life-world” and “natural attitude,” Schutz's analysis moves at the level of daily life itself. Consequently, the explanatory categories he proposes appear as abstractions rather than as a way of describing lived experience. Schutz, it is concluded, initiates a scientistic sociology in which the commonsense structures of the “natural attitude of everyday life” are subverted and replaced by the more rigorous knowledge of the “scientific attitude.” Schutz's version of phenomenology is ultimately untrue to the spirit of Husserl's original project; and deploying his work as a clear-cut alternative to scientistic tendencies within sociology is not as straightforward as it might at first seem.
Transcription Factors GATA4 and HNF4A Control Distinct Aspects of Intestinal Homeostasis in Conjunction with Transcription Factor CDX2

Distinct groups of transcription factors (TFs) assemble at tissue-specific cis-regulatory sites, implying that different TF combinations may control different genes and cellular functions. Within such combinations, TFs that specify or maintain a lineage and are therefore considered master regulators may play a key role. Gene enhancers often attract these tissue-restricted TFs, as well as TFs that are expressed more broadly. However, the contributions of the individual TFs to combinatorial regulatory activity have not been examined critically in many cases in vivo. We address this question using a genetic approach in mice to inactivate the intestine-specifying and intestine-restricted factor CDX2 alone or in combination with its more broadly expressed partner factors, GATA4 and HNF4A. Compared with single mutants, each combination produced significantly greater defects and rapid lethality through distinct anomalies. Intestines lacking Gata4 and Cdx2 were deficient in crypt cell replication, whereas combined loss of Hnf4a and Cdx2 specifically impaired viability and maturation of villus enterocytes. Integrated analysis of TF binding and of transcripts affected in Hnf4a;Cdx2 compound-mutant intestines indicated that this TF pair controls genes required to construct the apical brush border and absorb nutrients, including dietary lipids. This study thus defines combinatorial TF activities, their specific requirements during tissue homeostasis, and modules of transcriptional targets in intestinal epithelial cells in vivo.
The development of an aquatic bivalve model: evaluating the toxic effects on gametogenesis following 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) exposure in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica).

The objective of this study is to develop a gametogenesis protocol to serve as a model for evaluating the toxic effects of chemicals on oogenesis and spermatogenesis in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). The compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) was selected as a “proof of principle” toxicant to examine developmental toxicity in this invertebrate system. The studies were designed to: (1) test the model using 2,3,7,8-TCDD and (2) to use histopathological evaluations to characterize the effects on oocyte and sperm development during stages of gametogenesis. 2,3,7,8-TCDD at 10 pg/g resulted in significant histopathological gonadal lesions by day 14 of gametogenesis in both female and male oysters. These lesions resulted in complete inhibition of gonadogenesis. Studies also showed that a total body dose of 2 and 10 pg/g 2,3,7,8-TCDD caused adverse responses resulting in abnormal gametogenesis in female and male oysters, respectively, such as: (1) incomplete oocyte division, (2) inhibition of oocyte growth and maturation, (3) unsynchronized sperm development, and (4) inhibition of spermatogenesis. The eastern oyster is one of the most responsive invertebrate models tested to date for reproductive effects of chemicals. Therefore, the eastern oyster can be used as a sensitive toxicological model for examining the effects of dioxin-like compounds and other xenobiotics on gametogenesis. The reported studies show that environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (2–10 pg/g) have a significant adverse effect on oyster gametogenesis.
Enhanced diffusion and precipitation in Cu: In alloys due to low energy ion bombardment

Abstract The effects of low energy Ar + ion bombardment on supersaturated Cu: 10at%-In alloys at room temperature were investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Both 1 and 3 keV Ar + bombardment resulted in the preferential sputter removal of In. The surface and altered layer remained supersaturated however, and ion bombardment enhanced diffusion was sufficient to allow the precipitation of In-rich δ-phase (~30 at% In) particles in the near-surface region. The average precipitate size and number density in samples bombarded with 3 keV Ar + ions were ~200 A and 10 10 cm −2 as compared to 150 A and 10 9 cm −2 in samples bombarded at 1 keV. The ion bombardment induced precipitates nucleated within the grains rather than, as was observed for thermally induced precipitates, at grain boundaries.
COLOCALIZATION OF NADPH-DIAPHORASE ACTIVITY AND CERTAIN NEUROPEPTIDES IN THE ESOPHAGUS OF OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA)

Nitric oxide and various neuropeptides in the myenteric plexus regulate esophageal motility. We sought colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides in frozen sections of mid-portion of smoothmuscled opossum esophagus using NADPH-diaphorase activity to mark the synthase and immunoreactivity to detect peptides. The peptides, all with demonstrated physiological activity in this organ, were calcitonin generelated peptide, galanin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The ExtrAvidin Peroxidase immunostain for each peptide was carried up to the final peroxidase reaction with 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole. The NADPH-diaphorase reaction was applied with short incubation to provide light staining just before the peroxidase reaction was performed. We examined sections for the proportions of singly and dually labeled nerve cells in the myenteric plexus. NADPH-diaphorase activity was highly colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide (59%), galanin (54%), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (53%). It showed little colocalization with neuropeptide Y (10%) and substance P (8%). The proportions of all nerve cells containing each of the substances were: NADPH-diaphorase-33%, calcitonin gene-related peptide-30%, galanin-55%, neuropeptide Y-16%, substance P-35%, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-58%. We conclude that the nerves responsible for peristalsis in the esophagus may act by releasing nitric oxide along with other inhibitory substances, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but not excitatory substances, neuropeptide Y and substance P.
Applications of geometric algebra to the theory of molecular conformation 2. The local deformation problem

Abstract Geometric algebra is an elegant and practical merger of classical vector algebra with Hamilton's quaternions. In this paper we show how it can be used to solve the local deformation problem introduced by Gō and Scheraga in 1970. As a special case, this enables us to characterize the torsion angles in cyclic molecules that are consistent with the ring closure constraint.
A novel approach to fabricate high volume fraction nanocomposites with long aligned carbon nanotubes

Conventional micro-fiber-reinforced composites provide insight into critical structural features needed for obtaining maximum composite strength and stiffness: the reinforcements should be long, well aligned in a unidirectional orientation, and should have a high reinforcement volume fraction. It has long been a challenge for researchers to process CNT composites with such structural features. Here we report a method to quickly produce macroscopic CNT composites with a high volume fraction of millimeter long, well aligned CNTs. Specifically, we use the novel method, shear pressing, to process tall, vertically aligned CNT arrays into dense aligned CNT preforms, which are subsequently processed into composites. Alignment was confirmed through SEM analysis while a CNT volume fraction in the composites was calculated to be 27%, based on thermogravimetric analysis data. Tensile testing of the preforms and composites showed promising mechanical properties with tensile strengths reaching 400 MPa.
Prison, Nuisance, or Spectacle? The 2009 “Cell” Protests in Tbilisi, Georgia

For over three months in 2009 demonstrations took place in front of the Georgian Parliament on Rustaveli Avenue in Tbilisi, the capital of the Republic of Georgia. The protest involved a unique production of urban space as makeshift prison “cells” were placed in the landscape. The cells emerged following calls by the host of a popular reality television show, Cell #5. In order to illustrate the multiple meanings that people have of terrains of resistance, I highlight three dominant associations that people attributed to the cells: the prison metaphor; a public nuisance; and a spectacle. This case clearly exemplifies how popular culture will not only impact people's geopolitical understandings of the world but can directly alter the landscape and transform and encourage oppositional politics in a direct and immediate manner.
Modification of fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipid in hepatocyte monolayer with n-3, n-6 and n-9 fatty acids and its relationship to triacylglycerol production

The objective of these studies with rat hepatocytes in primary culture was to establish that: (a) membrane phospholipids would become enriched with the specific fatty acid supplemented to the media and (b) hepatocyte monolayer triacylglycerol synthetic rates were dependent on the type of fatty acid enrichment of the membrane phospholipids. Hepatocytes cultured in the absence of media lipid developed a phospholipid fatty acid composition which is indicative of an essential fatty acid deficiency. The extensive rise in 18:1(n - 9) content indicated that delta 9-desaturase was active. The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol in the microsomal- and mitochondrial-enriched fractions was highly dependent upon the type of fatty acid supplemented to the medium. Incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids was rapid, and a new steady-state in fatty acid composition was achieved within approx. 36 h. Changes in the fatty acid composition of these hepatocyte phospholipid subclasses resulting from media supplementation with 18:2/20:4(n-6) or 20:5(n-3) were similar, but not identical, to changes which occurred in vivo as a result of consuming diets rich in 18:2(n-6) or 20:5(n-3). Hepatocyte lipogenesis was highly dependent upon the type of fatty acid supplemented to the medium. Prior conditioning with 16:0 increased triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion. Secretion of triacylglycerol was reduced by polyenoic fatty acid enrichment with 20:5(n-3) greater than 20:4/18:2(n-6). The suppression of triacylglycerol synthesis by 20:5(n-3) was due to an increased (P less than 0.05) diacylglycerol specific activity, which indicates that 20:5(n-3) suppression of hepatic triacylglycerol production may be caused in part by the inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase.
Fractionation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA: Rates of hybridization and chrosomal distribution of reiterated sequences

Abstract The heterogeneous nuclear RNA formed by mammalian cells contains sequences that hybridize to DNA over a wide range of rates from 20 to 30 times faster than ribosomal RNA to considerably slower than ribosomal RNA. Exhaustive exposure of RNA to DNA results in progressive purification of the more slowly hybridizing species as unattached RNA. Recovery of hybrid RNA reveals that only molecules which hybridize faster or about as fast as ribosomal RNA were observed to hybridize under the present conditions. If the rapidly hybridizing sequences are recovered after hybridization to DNA from isolated large or small chromosomes, it is found by “cross-hybridization” (to the DNA of the opposite chromosome set) that the sequences are approximately equally distributed among chromosomes.
Specific heat of nanofluids synthesized by dispersing alumina nanoparticles in alkali salt eutectic

Abstract In this study, we report large enhancement in specific heat capacity of a eutectic salt mixture on dispersing alumina nanoparticles at 1% mass concentration. Eutectic of lithium carbonate and potassium carbonate (62:38 by molar ratio) was dissolved in distilled water with alumina nanoparticles at 1.0% mass concentration and with a nominal diameter of ∼10 nm. The specific heat capacity measurement was performed using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). An alternate model involving in situ phase transformation was proposed which was found to be in good agreement with the variations observed in the experimental data for the different types of nanomaterial samples used in this study. These salt nanofluids can lead to the development of efficient thermal energy storage systems which in turn can enable significant reduction in the cost of solar power.
Development of Duplex Specimens for Potential Application in Testing of Highly Irradiated Weld Metals

According to the German Safety Standard 3201.2 [1] of the Nuclear Safety Standards Commission (KTA) it must be proven that for cracks which may have initiated crack arrest will occur in the wall (of the RPV). This importance of crack arrest for the fracture mechanics concept requires reliable experimental data, especially regarding irradiated materials and testing techniques with appropriate specimens. The recently finished CARISMA (Crack initiation and ARrest of Irradiated Steel MAterials) [2] program shows some limitations to use Compact Crack Arrest (CCA) specimens manufactured from highly irradiated weld metals. The welding process to generate the brittle zone at the tip of the starter notch causes annealing effects which influences the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the brittle weld. These effects lead to a crack arrest in the HAZ after unstable crack initiation. During further loading the limits of the test equipment were reached, but no unstable crack initiation event occurred. The use of so-called Duplex specimens with a pre-hardened specimen part instead of using CCA specimens is a promising alternative which still needs further investigation. This type of specimen was already used successfully at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the “Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation” (HSSI) [4] program for two irradiated high copper welds. It should be noticed, that the Duplex specimens used in the HSSI program were first produced, and afterwards irradiated in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor. In the case presented, the material is already irradiated, so the specimens must be manufactured in that condition. This situation complicates the development of a successful crack arrest test with Duplex specimens. The objectives of the experimental study, the test matrix and the approach to find an optimized specimen design for crack arrest testing are described.© 2009 ASME
The Bureaucratic Iditarod: Navigating the Terrain of Social Policy and Research in Alaska and Beyond

This article explores the terrain of navigating the nexus of social policy and research with Alaska Natives serving as a case example in context of a larger sociohistorical framework. This article begins by discussing the global sociohistorical background of research with indigenous, Native communities in context of European colonization followed by a discussion of seminal research studies marked by Eurocentric colonizing practices. It also identifies a “people-policy-methods” confusion associated with conducting research with Alaska Natives in Alaska and beyond. Next, this article constructs three decision pathways with potential outcomes the researcher may choose in response to a “people-policy-methods” confusion: (1) Calling It Quits; (2) Gatekeeping the Gatekeepers; and (3) Making the Best Next Move and asserts that Making the Best Next Move is the more ethical decision pathway in the research enterprise. This article concludes with recommendations on navigating the terrain of social policy and resear...
A note on colinearity in dummy variables

A recently published article in this journal, by Marcus Felson, questioned the use of dummy variables on coded data, in structure-seeking models. While the point he makes is a valid one, he tends to overstate the case, as he presented what is almost the worst of all possible results. This is illustrated in this note.
Neuropsychiatry Sequelae of Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: A Review

Portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) is a common condition affecting individuals with chronic hepatic dysfunction. The clinical presentation of PSE often mimics a number of psychiatric disorders and, as discussed in the text, complicates the treatment of persons who suffer from both liver dysfunction and psychiatric illness. This review of the literature addresses the etiology, natural history and treatment of PSE. Special attention is devoted to clarifying the cognitive and affective manifestations of chronic low grade PSE.
Non‐Newtonian fluid‐particle mass transfer in granular beds

Etude de l'influence du comportement non newtonien de l'ecoulement a nombre de Reynolds eleve sur le transfert de matiere, au moyen du modele de la couche limite applique avec succes au cas des fluides newtoniens par Carberry (1960)
Oxidative Stress and Autophagy

Organisms respond to oxidative injury by orchestrating a stress response to prevent further damage. An increase in the intracellular levels of antioxidant agents, and at the same time the removal of already damaged components, are both part of the oxidative stress response. Lysosomes have been classically considered one of the main targets of the reactive oxygen species. In fact, the destabilization of the lysosomal membrane during oxidizing conditions promotes the leakage of the enzymes contained in these organelles and contributes to cellular damage. However, recent evidence supports a protective role of the lysosomal system, which can eliminate altered intracellular components through autophagy, at least in the first stages of oxidative injury. Consequently, activation of the main intracellular proteolytic systems, the ubiquitin/proteasome, and also the lysosomal/autophagic system occurs during the oxidative stress response. The opposing roles for the lysosomal system under oxidizing conditions are dis...
Power routing in channelless floorplan layouts

Abstract In a top-down design approach, a layout is decomposed into cells connected by abutment. The active cells contain transistors and interconnections, while passive cells are routing cells. This paper discusses the power routing of all active cells so that the total wire length and number of vias are minimized. The problem is considered as a special case of a Steiner tree, called a minimum power tree (MPT). We give a power routing algorithm and prove it to be optimal.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma in Immunosuppressed Patients

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive cutaneous malignancy. The infectivity of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), an apparent agent in MCC development, may be exacerbated with impaired immune responses. This paper reviews relevant data regarding the role of immunosuppression in the development of MCC and describes modes of immunodeficient states. Because of the inherently low incidence rate of MCC, several case studies and series are also briefly mentioned to provide a more comprehensive summary of MCC in the setting of immunosuppression. We describe immunosuppressed patients who have experienced excessive UV radiation, organ transplantation, human immunodeficiency virus infection/AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and lymphoproliferative disorders. Iatrogenic forms of immunosuppression are also highlighted. Studies that quantify risks consistently report that individuals with a history of solid organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, and/or lymphoproliferative diseases have a significantly elevated risk of developing MCC. Overall, immunocompromised patients also appear to have an early onset and more aggressive course of MCC, with poorer outcomes. Recommendations for multidisciplinary approaches are proposed to effectively prevent and manage MCC in these patients.
Multicultural Course Pedagogy: Experiences of Master's-Level Students of Color.

The author conducted a grounded theory study to examine multicultural training as experienced by 20 master's-level students of color enrolled in multicultural counseling courses. Findings revealed an emergent theory of student of color learning experiences and multicultural course pedagogy. Implications for counselor educators are discussed.
Development of a prognostic model for grading chronic graft-versus-host disease.

The disease-specific survival (DSS) of 151 patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was studied in an attempt to stratify patients into risk groups and to form a basis for a new grading of cGVHD. The data included the outcome and 23 variables at the diagnosis of cGVHD and at the primary treatment failure (PTF). Eighty-nine patients (58%) failed primary therapy for cGVHD. Nonrelapse mortality was 44% after a median follow-up of 7.8 years. The probability of DSS at 10 years after diagnosis of cGVHD (DSS1) and after PTF (DSS2) was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 39%, 60%) and 38% (95% CI = 28%, 49%), respectively. According to multivariate analysis, extensive skin involvement (ESI) more than 50% of body surface area; hazard ratio (HR) of 7.0 (95% CI = 3.6-13.4), thrombocytopenia (TP) (< 100 000/μL; HR, 3.6; 95% CI = 1.9-6.8), and progressive-type onset (PTO) (HR, 1.7; 95% CI = 0.9-3.0) significantly influenced DSS1. These 3 factors and Karnofsky Performance Score of less than 50% at PTF were significant predictors for DSS2. The DSS1 at 10 years for patients with prognostic factor score (PFS) at diagnosis of 0 (none), less than 2 (ESI only or TP and/or PTO), 2 to 3.5 (ESI plus either TP or PTO), and more than 3.5 (all 3 factors) was 82%, 68%, 34%, and 3% ( P = .05, < .001, < .001), respectively. The DSS2 at 5 years for patients with PFS at PTF of 0, 2 or less, 2 to 3.5, and more than 3.5 were 91%, 71%, 22%, and 4% ( P = .2, .005, and < .001), respectively. It was concluded that these prognostic models might be useful in grouping the patients with similar outcome.
A reaction cell with sample laser heating for in situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies under environmental conditions

A miniature (1 ml volume) reaction cell with transparent X-ray windows and laser heating of the sample has been designed to conduct X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of materials in the presence of gases at atmospheric pressures. Heating by laser solves the problems associated with the presence of reactive gases interacting with hot filaments used in resistive heating methods. It also facilitates collection of a small total electron yield signal by eliminating interference with heating current leakage and ground loops. The excellent operation of the cell is demonstrated with examples of CO and H2 Fischer–Tropsch reactions on Co nanoparticles.
Mechanistic Basis for the Emergence of Catalytic Competence against Carbapenem Antibiotics by the GES Family of β-Lactamases

A major mechanism of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, etc.) is the production of beta-lactamases. A handful of class A beta-lactamases have been discovered that have acquired the ability to turn over carbapenem antibiotics. This is a disconcerting development, as carbapenems are often considered last resort antibiotics in the treatment of difficult infections. The GES family of beta-lactamases constitutes a group of extended spectrum resistance enzymes that hydrolyze penicillins and cephalosporins avidly. A single amino acid substitution at position 170 has expanded the breadth of activity to include carbapenems. The basis for this expansion of activity is investigated in this first report of detailed steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetics of carbapenem hydrolysis, performed with a class A carbapenemase. Monitoring the turnover of imipenem (a carbapenem) by GES-1 (Gly-170) revealed the acylation step as rate-limiting. GES-2 (Asn-170) has an enhanced rate of acylation, compared with GES-1, and no longer has a single rate-determining step. Both the acylation and deacylation steps are of equal magnitude. GES-5 (Ser-170) exhibits an enhancement of the rate constant for acylation by a remarkable 5000-fold, whereby the enzyme acylation event is no longer rate-limiting. This carbapenemase exhibits k(cat)/K(m) of 3 x 10(5) m(-1)s(-1), which is sufficient for manifestation of resistance against imipenem.
Polystyrene nanocomposites based on an oligomerically-modified clay containing maleic anhydride

An oligomerically-modified clay containing maleic anhydride was used to prepare polystyrene-clay nanocomposites by melt blending and the effect of this modified clay on the thermal stability and fire performance was studied. These nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry. The results show a mixed immiscible/intercalated/delaminated morphology. The maleic anhydride modified clay improved the compatibility between the clay and the polystyrene.
Effects of Liquid Cooling Garments on Recovery and Performance Time in Individuals Performing Strenuous Work Wearing a Firefighter Ensemble

This study investigated the effects of body cooling using liquid cooling garments (LCG) on performance time (PT) and recovery in individuals wearing a fully equipped prototype firefighter ensemble (PFE) incorporating a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Six healthy male participants (three firefighters and three non-firefighters) completed six experimental sessions in an environmental chamber (35°C, 50% relative humidity), consisting of three stages of 15 min exercise at 75% VO2max, and 10 min rest following each exercise stage. During each session, one of the following six conditions was administered in a randomized order: control (no cooling, CON); air ventilation of exhaust SCBA gases rerouted into the PFE (AV); top cooling garment (TCG); TCG combined with AV (TCG+AV); a shortened whole body cooling garment (SCG), and SCG combined with AV (SCG+AV). Results showed that total PT completed was longer under SCG and SCG+AV compared with CON, AV, TCG, and TCG+AV (p < 0.01). Magnitude of core temperat...
The helix clock: a potential biomechanical cell cycle timer.

Abstract A model based upon helical geometry that provides cylindrically shaped cells with a means to measure their length during growth and to time cell cycle events is presented. The helix clock arises from the change in pitch angle that accompanies the parallel packing of strands on a cylinder surface. A single strand inserted into the cylinder surface nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the cylinder starts the clock running. As additional strands are inserted parallel to those in place, the pitch angle of all strands must reorient. A limit is reached when all strands lie parallel to the long axis of the cylinder. By sensing either the pitch angle or a physical ramification thereof, cells can measure their length during growth and time events of the cell cycle. The helix clock model is discussed in relationship to the bacterial cell cycle. The idea that bacterial cells use one helix hand for cylinder elongation, the other for septation is presented. The negative twist so generated apparently drives folding in the helical bacterial macrofiber system of Bacillus subtilis .
Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Effects of Perceived Moral Intensity and Personal Moral Philosophies

This study uses responses from a survey of marketing professionals in a structural equation model linking antecedents and consequences of two dimensions of personal moral philosophies (idealism and relativism) and perceived moral intensity (PMI). Mixed support is found for hypothesized effects of gender, religiosity, education, experience, salary, and corporate ethical values on idealism and relativism. Idealism increases and relativism decreases PMI in four ethical scenarios. PMI increases perceptions of ethical problems, which reduce intentions to act unethically. The study tests whether relationships between variables, revealing that PMI has direct as well as indirect effects on intentions. Intentions are also influenced by gender: women have more ethical intentions than men, on average, and this effect is not mediated by other variables in the model.
New insights into actin filament dynamics

Great progress has been made in advancing an atomic-level model for F-actin. A growing body of data shows, however, that any picture of F-actin must take into account allosteric interactions within subunits, long-range cooperative effects that occur between subunits, and the fact that several conformations of the filament can exist.
Plasmodium vivax: Correlation of circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) reaction with sporozoite-lnduced protective immunity in man

Abstract A volunteer was immunized with X-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax against a nonirradiated, infective sporozoite challenge of the same species and strain. Shortly before his first successful challenge, his serum was found to contain anti-sporozoite antibodies. Subsequent immunizations and challenges with another strain demonstrated that his protective immunity lasted 3–5 months and could be restored or boosted by challenge with a small number of nonirradiated, infective sporozoites. His CSP serum reaction paralleled his level of protective immunity.
Cannabinoid modulation of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex activation during experience of negative affect

Cannabinoids affect positive and negative affective experience and emotional perception, possibly by modulating limbic brain reactivity. In this double-blind crossover, placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans, an acute oral dose of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) attenuated subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) reactivity during the induction of negative affect. This observation extends prior findings implicating a cortico-limbic, emotion-related central mechanism underlying cannabinoid function.
Determination of offset between a fixed wavelength laser and an absorption line using frequency modulation spectroscopy

Abstract Frequency modulation spectroscopy is used as a new method to determine the detuning or optical frequency offset between a fixed laser line and the center of an adjacent absorption line. Because the offset is measured directly using high precision RF techniques, the accuracy is limited only by the laser linewidth. The method was demonstrated using (a) a dye laser set at a fixed frequency and an etalon resonance and (b) an infrared He-Ne laser and a methane absorption line.
Identification by physical means of organic moieties of conjugates produced from carbaryl by tobacco cells in suspension culture

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), labeled with14C in the C1-naphthyl, carbonyl, orN-methyl position, was introduced into the culture medium of tobacco cells in suspension culture. Following incubation, cells were homogenized in water, centrifuged, and supernatants hydrolyzed withΒ-glucosidase or HCl. Organic moieties (moieties) were characterized by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and many were subsequently identified by infrared and mass spectrometry. On the basis of the data obtained with14C1-naphthyl-labeled carbaryl, it appeared that 18.4% of the total characterized metabolites represented unconjugatedN-CH2OH- carbaryl [1-naphthylN-(hydroxymethyl)carbamate], excreted by the cells into the culture medium. The metabolites found in the cells primarily consisted of conjugates of 1-naphthol (73.6% of the total characterized metabolites) andN-CH2OH-carbaryl (2.5%). Conjugates of 7-hydroxycarbaryl (7-hydroxy-1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), 4-hydroxycarbaryl (4-hydroxy-1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), and 5-hydroxycarbaryl (5-hydroxy-1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) were also detected in small amounts. Of five unknown14C1-naphthyl-labeled carbaryl metabolites, three were tentatively characterized as:O-1-naphthylcholesterol (cholest-5-en-3Β-yl-1-naphthol; 3.0%); an unconjugated hydroxylated 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epiperoxynaphthalene (1.4%); and an acidlabile,Β-glucosidase-resistant conjugate of acis-dihydrodiol of 1-naphthol (0.3%; other than thetrans-5,6-dihydrodiol). The cholesterol derivative may represent a new “detoxification mechanism” in plants; the epiperoxide may help to elucidate plant oxidation mechanisms. A new TLC procedure was developed which successfully separated the acetate derivative ofN-hydroxycarbaryl (1-naphthylN-hydroxy-N-methylcarbamate) from 12 other common moieties of carbaryl metabolites and their acetate derivatives. A new two-dimensional TLC system was developed for the separation of underivatizedN-hydroxycarbaryl from 14 other moieties of carbaryl metabolites; two additional two-dimensional TLC systems were utilized for moiety separations. With these TLC procedures, no conjugated or unconjugatedN-hydroxycarbaryl could be detected in any tobacco cell culture fraction after incubation of cells in medium containing radiolabeled carbaryl. Authentic14C1-naphthyllabeledN-CH2OH-carbaryl was shown to be converted to desmethylcarbaryl (1-naphthylcarbamate) (97%) and 1-naphthol (3%) by 0.1N HCl hydrolysis.