cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Next Steps in Modeling the Tricuspid Valve.

In an era where cardiovascular imaging has allowed us to develop robust models of the aortic and mitral valves that guide cardiac interventions, our attention has now been drawn to the tricuspid valve. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding, present in many normal patients. However, moderate or worse TR is associated with a poor prognosis independent of left ventricle systolic function or the presence of pulmonary hypertension.1 See Article by Utsunomiya et al Functional TR is the result of uncoupling the right heart valvulo-ventricular complex. Although the leaflets are normal, the regurgitant orifice develops from annular dilatation (>40 mm) and valvular deformation or leaflet tenting (>8 mm).2 Patients experiencing right ventricular dilatation and dysfunction will have functional TR primarily because of tenting. Those without significant ventricular remodeling from left heart disease or pulmonary hypertension, but significant tricuspid annular dilatation as seen with atrial fibrillation, will have functional TR primarily because of annular dilatation. In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging , Utsunomiya et al3 were able to achieve structural differentiation of atrial fibrillation TR and left heart TR while demonstrating how 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography can be used to model the tricuspid valve. They were …
Music and materials: Art and science of organ pipe metal

Historical pipe organs offer rich insights into the relationships between materials and music in the past, and they represent a laboratory for contemporary materials science. Recent cross-disciplinary research has explored problems of conservation and corrosion in old organ pipes. The ability of some notable European Baroque organs to produce sound is threatened by atmospheric corrosion of their lead-tin alloy pipes. Organic acids emitted from the wood of organ cases are corrosive agents for lead-rich pipes. Laboratory exposure experiments were used to study the roles of humidity and alloy composition in the susceptibility to organic acid attack. The rates of growth, as well as the compositions and morphologies of the corrosion products were studied using gravimetry, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy of surfaces and cross sections. This interdisciplinary project provides one model for the interplay of scientific and humanities research in addressing materials problems in cultural heritage.
A multi-agent approach for performance based architecture: Design exploring geometry, user, and environmental agencies in façades

Abstract This paper presents research on the use of multi-agent systems (MAS) in architectural design with the goal of both improving and partially automating the design process as well as the design outcomes in terms of geometry and environmental performance. The work is based upon research on agent based modeling and simulation techniques (ABMS), and the combination of analytical and optimization methods with geometric modeling and user centered design. The motivation is to render more accessible the exploration of the generative aspect of bottom up design techniques when coupled with optimization and performance criteria. The objective of the work is to develop and test a design methodology, which enables designers to explore larger sets of informed solutions by coupling design requirements and generative design techniques with validated simulations (i.e., environmental analysis) based partly on the inclusion of user light preferences early in the design process. The development of the proposed methodology and the implementation of the design system for a building facade are described, while the robustness and validity of the framework is initially tested by applying it to the generation and optimization of facade panel configurations of an office building. The results show that the MAS for design system can generate unique design configurations that perform environmentally (daylight factor analysis) better than a facade with normative facade shading.
High frequency ultrasound imaging using Fabry-Perot optical etalon

An etalon is an optical resonator where light is confined to a thin transparent layer having reflecting coatings on the sides. Optical reflection from this structure is highly sensitive to local mechanical perturbation. This is the basic principle allowing these devices to act as 2D ultrasound detector arrays. Optical probing of the etalon surface defines the array geometry and detection size of each element in the array. Element size on the order of several microns is easily realized. The detection bandwidth is limited primarily by the acoustic propagation time thru the layer thickness. We have developed etalon structures optimized for high frequency ultrasound detection using thin polymer layers (less than 10 μm). The detection bandwidth of these devices is typically 100MHz. The sensitivity of the etalon detector was demonstrated to be comparable to that of a piezoceramic detector. The etalon was integrated into a photoacoustic imaging system. High resolution images of phantom targets and biological tissue (nerve cord) were obtained. The additional information of optical absorption obtained by photoacoustic imaging, along with the high resolution detection of the etalon, offer unique advantages for intravascular and neurological imaging applications.
Stimulating Fracture Healing in Ischemic Environments: Does Oxygen Direct Stem Cell Fate during Fracture Healing?

Bone fractures represent an enormous societal and economic burden as one of the most prevalent causes of disability worldwide. Each year, nearly 15 million people are affected by fractures in the United States alone. Data indicate that the blood supply is critical for fracture healing; as data indicate that concomitant bone and vascular injury are major risk factors for nonunion. However, the various role(s) that the vasculature plays remains speculative. Fracture stabilization dictates stem cell fate choices during repair. In stabilized fractures stem cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts and heal the injury by intramembranous ossification. In contrast, in non-stable fractures stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes and the bone heals through endochondral ossification, where a cartilage template transforms into bone as the chondrocytes transform into osteoblasts. One suggested role of the vasculature has been to participate in the stem cell fate decisions due to delivery of oxygen. In stable fractures, the blood vessels are thought to remain intact and promote osteogenesis, while in non-stable fractures, continual disruption of the vasculature creates hypoxia that favors formation of cartilage, which is avascular. However, recent data suggests that non-stable fractures are more vascularized than stable fractures, that oxygen does not appear associated with differentiation of stem cells into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, that cartilage is not hypoxic, and that oxygen, not sustained hypoxia, is required for angiogenesis. These unexpected results, which contrast other published studies, are indicative of the need to better understand the complex, spatio-temporal regulation of vascularization and oxygenation in fracture healing. This work has also revealed that oxygen, along with the promotion of angiogenesis, may be novel adjuvants that can stimulate healing in select patient populations.
Exosomes in Toxicology: Relevance to Chemical Exposure and Pathogenesis of Environmentally Linked Diseases

Chronic exposure to environmental toxins has been known to initiate or aggravate various neurological disorders, carcinomas and other adverse health effects. Uptake by naive cells of pathogenic factors such as danger-associated molecules, mRNAs, miRNAs or aggregated proteins leads to disruption in cellular homeostasis further resulting in inflammation and disease propagation. Although early research tended to focus solely on exosomal removal of unwanted cellular contents, more recent reports indicate that these nano-vesicles play an active role in intercellular signaling. Not only is the exosomal cargo cell type-specific, but it also differs between healthy and dying cells. Moreover, following exosome uptake by naive cells, the contents from these vesicles can alter the fate of recipient cells. Since exosomes can traverse long distances, they can influence distantly located cells and tissues. This review briefly explores the role played by environmental toxins in stimulating exosome release in the context of progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, as well as certain cancers such as lung, liver, ovarian, and tracheal carcinomas.
Are subjective ratings of metaphors a red herring? The big two dimensions of metaphoric sentences

What makes some metaphors easier to understand than others? Several psycholinguistic dimensions have been identified as candidate answers to this question, including appeals to familiarity and aptness. One way to operationalize these dimensions is to collect ratings of them from naive participants. In this article, we question the construct validity of this approach. Do ratings of aptness actually reflect the aptness of the metaphors? Are ratings of aptness measuring something different from ratings of familiarity? With two experiments and an analysis of existing datasets, we argue that ratings of metaphoric sentences are confounded by how easily people are able to understand the sentences (processing fluency). In the experiments, a context manipulation was designed to affect how fluently people would process the metaphors. Experiment 1 confirmed that the manipulation affected how quickly people understood the sentences in a response time task. Experiment 2 revealed that the same manipulation influenced ratings of such dimensions as familiarity and aptness. Finally, factor analyses—on the ratings data from Experiment 2 and from several existing datasets—revealed two underlying sources of variance in sentence-level ratings of metaphors (the “big two” dimensions of metaphoric sentences): processing fluency and figurativeness. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of figurative-language processing by emphasizing more careful treatment of subjective ratings of metaphoric sentences, and by suggesting the use of alternative methods to manipulate and measure such dimensions as familiarity and aptness.
A Smartphone-Based Approach for Triage of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Sub-Saharan African Women: A Prospective Study

Background: Sub-Saharan African countries are marked by a high incidence of cervical cancer. Madagascar ranks 11th among the countries with the highest cervical cancer incidence worldwide. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the performances of digital smartphone-based visual inspection with acetic acid (D-VIA) and Lugol’s iodine (D-VILI) for diagnosing cervical precancer and cancer. Methods: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive women recruited through a cervical screening campaign had D-VIA and D-VILI examinations with endocervical curettage (ECC) and cervical biopsy. Three images were captured for each woman (native, D-VIA, D-VILI) using a smartphone camera. The images were randomly coded and distributed on 2 online databases (Google Forms). The D-VIA form included native and D-VIA images, and the D-VILI form included native and D-VILI images. Pathological cases were defined as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+). Physicians rated the images as non-pathological or pathological. Using the ECC and cervical biopsy results as references, the sensitivity and specificity of D-VIA and D-VILI examinations for each and all physicians were calculated. Results: Altogether, 15 clinicians assessed 240 images. Sensitivity was higher for the D-VIA interpretations (94.1%; 95% CI 81.6-98.3) than for the D-VILI interpretations (78.8%; 95% CI 54.1-92.1; P=.009). In contrast, the specificity was higher for the D-VILI interpretations (56.4%; 95% CI 38.3-72.9) than for the D-VIA interpretations (50.4%; 95% CI 35.9-64.8; P=.005). Conclusion: Smartphone-based image for triage of HPV-positive women is more accurate for detecting CIN2+ lesions with D-VIA than D-VILI, although with a small loss of specificity. [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017;5(5):e72]
Role for the Ventral Posterior Medial/Posterior Lateral Thalamus and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Affective/Motivation Pain Induced by Varicella Zoster Virus

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects the face and can result in chronic, debilitating pain. The mechanism for this pain is unknown and current treatment is often not effective, thus investigations into the pain pathway become vital. Pain itself is multidimensional, consisting of sensory and affective experiences. One of the primary brain substrates for transmitting sensory signals in the face is the ventral posterior medial/posterior lateral thalamus (VPM/VPL). In addition, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be vital in the affective experience of pain, so investigating both of these areas in freely behaving animals was completed to address the role of the brain in VZV-induced pain. Our lab has developed a place escape avoidance paradigm (PEAP) to measure VZV-induced affective pain in the orofacial region of the rat. Using this assay as a measure of the affective pain experience a significant response was observed after VZV injection into the whisker pad and after VZV infusion into the trigeminal ganglion. Local field potentials (LFPs) are the summed electrical current from a group of neurons. LFP in both the VPM/VPL and ACC was attenuated in VZV injected rats after inhibition of neuronal activity. This inhibition of VPM/VPL neurons was accomplished using a designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug (DREADD). Immunostaining showed that cells within the VPM/VPL expressed thalamic glutamatergic vesicle transporter-2, NeuN and DREADD suggesting inhibition occurred primarily in excitable neurons. From these results we conclude: (1) that VZV associated pain does not involve a mechanism exclusive to the peripheral nerve terminals, and (2) can be controlled, in part, by excitatory neurons within the VPM/VPL that potentially modulate the affective experience by altering activity in the ACC.
Smoke Detector: Cross-Product Intrusion Detection With Weak Indicators

The central task of a Security Incident and Event Manager (SIEM) or Managed Security Service Provider (MSSP) is to detect security incidents on the basis of tens of thousands of event types coming from many kinds of security products. We present Smoke Detector, which processes trillions of security events with the Random Walk with Restart (RWR) algorithm, inferring high order relationships between known security incidents and imperfect secondary security events (smoke) to find undiscovered security incidents (fire). By finding previously undetected incidents, Smoke Detector's RWR algorithm is able to increase the MSSP's critical incident count by 19% with a 1.3% FP rate. Perhaps equally importantly, our approach offers significant benefits beyond increased incident detection: (1) It provides a robust approach for leveraging Big Data sensor nets to increase adversarial resistance of protected networks; (2) Our event-scoring techniques enable efficient discovery of primary indicators of compromise; (3) Our confidence scores provide intuition and tuning capabilities for Smoke Detector's discovered security incidents, aiding incident display and response.
Wealth and Poverty: Classical Economic Thought

This chapter examines the views of the classical economists on the topic of wealth and poverty, in addition to the views of the philosophers of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. In particular, we examine the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, and Adam Smith, and the lasting impact such views had on the subsequent intellectual discourse. The chapter highlights the great departure that occurred in the modern intellectual view of wealth and poverty from the earlier Greek and Christian traditions.
Improved parameter estimation of Time Dependent Kernel Density by using Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract Time Dependent Kernel Density Estimation (TDKDE) used in modelling time-varying phenomenon requires two input parameters known as bandwidth and discount to perform. A Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) procedure is commonly used to estimate these parameters in a set of data but this method has a weakness; it may not produce stable kernel estimates. In this article, a novel estimation procedure is developed using Artificial Neural Networks which eliminates this inherent issue. Moreover, evaluating the performance of the kernel estimation in terms of the uniformity of Probability Integral Transform (PIT) shows a significant improvement using the proposed method. A real-life application of TDKDE parameter estimation on NASDQ stock returns validates the flawless performance of the new technique.
Marktposition und Rentabilität

Nachdem wir im vierten Kapitel erortert haben, wie wichtig die Auswahl des richtigen Marktes ist, wenden wir uns einer anderen Frage zu: wir wollen bestimmen, in welcher Beziehung die Rentabilitat Ihres Unternehmens zu der auf dem Markt erreichten Wettbewerbsposition steht. Ein groser Marktanteil ist sowohl der Lohn dafur, das Sie Ihrem Kunden ein besseres Preis-Leistungsverhaltnis bieten, als auch ein Mittel niedrigere Stuckkosten zu erreichen. In den meisten Fallen verzeichnen Unternehmen mit hohen Marktanteilen eine wesentlich hohere Rentabilitat als ihre Wettbewerber mit geringerem Marktanteil. Fuhrungskrafte und Unternehmensberater haben diese Beziehung zwischen Marktanteil und Rentabilitat klar erkannt. Sie schlagt sich ebenfalls deutlich in den Ergebnissen unserer Forschungsarbeiten der letzten funfzehn Jahre nieder.
Rigorous Microscopic Drift-Diffusion Theory and its Applications to Nanostructures

A recently proposed approach [1] to describe rigorously diffusion and diffusion-related reactions on arbitrary networks in terms of elementary jumps has been extented to include drift-diffusion capability. The method is based on combined density function approach to diffusion and on an adjacency matrix concept used in graph theory. The new method allows flexible and selective mixing of drift and diffusion on any two-dimensional domain of arbitrary outer and inner geometry. In particular, partial identity rank 4 tensors are introduced to allow preservation of results of previous operations not affected by the subsequent mechanisms. As an application it is shown that switching-off behavior of currents depends sensitively on the domain geometry.
A Recommender System for Rural and Urban Learners

In Educational data mining, learning process evaluation reveals the students’ involvement in learning. It leads to improve the quality and success rate of the students in educational environment. Students’ intellectual performance varies in learning environment and evaluated by different criteria. This study helps to find out the intelligent quotient level of the student and their performance, which are dissimilar in a classroom. Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and Criterion Reference Model are used to evaluate the intelligence and performance of the students. Machine learning techniques are employed to find the intelligent quotient and performance of rural and urban students using students’ dataset. Model based clustering technique is used to determine the similarity in the students’ dataset based on the nature of the intelligent quotient and performance. Each cluster reveals the identity based on students intelligence level. The performance also categorized on descriptive modeling. Multilayer Perceptron technique classifies the intelligent level of the students and their performance. The study determines the association between intelligent level of the rural and urban students and performance through descriptive and predictive modeling. This analysis recommends the teaching community to provide right training to the rural students for their improvement of academic competence.
Topological states in A15 superconductors

Superconductors with the A15 structure are prototypical type-II $s$-wave superconductors which have generated considerable interest in early superconducting material history. However, the topological nature of the electronic structure remains unnoticed so far. Here, using first-principles band structure calculations based on density-functional theory, we show that the A15 superconductors (${\mathrm{Ta}}_{3}\mathrm{Sb}$, ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{3}\mathrm{Sn}$, and ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{3}\mathrm{Pb}$) have nontrivial band topology in the bulk electronic band structures, leading to the formation of topological surface states near the Fermi energy. Due to the bulk superconductivity, the proximity effect in the topological surface states would induce topological superconductivity even without heterostructure of a topological insulator and an $s$-wave superconductor. Our results indicate that the A15 superconductors are promising candidates for the realization of the topological superconductivity and the Majorana fermion.
A Knowledge-based System for Redundant and Multi Sensing in Intelligent Robots

An intelligent robot is considered as consisting of five components: mechanisms, computer planner, computer controller, sensory systems, and knowledge-base systems. This paper discusses various aspects of robotic sensing and the need for sensor science, and introduces the design of sensory knowledge base and the knowledge-based system approach to redundant and multi sensing. The top level of the knowledge base consists of sensors, algorithms, processor, integration, and analysis. The goals for redundant and multi sensing are explained. The architecture for redundant and multi sensing system is discussed. For achieving information integration in systems with redundant sensors, we suggest Boolean fusion, probabilistic fusion, and Markov renewal analysis in addition to geometrical fusion.
What Is the Consensus about Managing Health Risks Associated with Type-A Personality?

Science attempts to explain how different types of personalities manage stress and what stress-management style might mean for the health of highly competitive people. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Sharing Positive Experiences Boosts Resilient Thinking: Everyday Benefits of Social Connection and Positive Emotion in a Community Sample

The influence of shared enjoyment and positive affect (PA) on resilient thinking was examined in 191 middle-aged adults (40-65 years), participating in a study of resilience. Participants completed diaries assessing positive events, shared enjoyment, PA, and resilient cognitions (RC). Multilevel structural equation modeling was utilized to examine when and who engages in RC. Participants reported more RC on days they experienced more positive experiences. This relationship was explained by shared enjoyment and PA. Level-1 proportional reduction of variance (PRV) for shared enjoyment, PA, and RC was 9%, 10%, and 35%, respectively. Individuals reporting more positive experiences trended toward a more resilient mindset; PA accounted for this relationship. Shared enjoyment mediated the relationship between interpersonal events and PA. These findings suggest PA is integral to having a resilient mindset, and shared enjoyment is a potential mechanism that may influence PA. Level-2 PRV for shared enjoyment, PA, and RC was 22%, 21%, and 55%, respectively. RC were associated with less depression and anxiety; and greater well-being, vitality, and physical functioning at follow-up.
Classical Predicate Semantics and Proof Systems

Propositional languages are also called zero order languages, as opposed to predicate languages that are called first order languages. The same applies to the use of terms propositional and predicate logic; they are often called zero order and first order logics and we will use both terms equally.
Characterizing the Deployment and Performance of Multi-CDNs

Pushing software updates to millions of geographically diverse clients is an important technical challenge for software providers. In this paper, we characterize how content delivery networks (CDNs) are used to deliver software updates of two prominent operating systems (Windows and iOS), over a span of 3 years. We leverage a data set of DNS and ping measurements from 9,000 RIPE Atlas clients, distributed across 206 countries, to understand regional and temporal trends in the use of multiple CDNs for delivering OS updates. We contrast two competing methodologies for distributing OS updates employed by Microsoft and Apple, where the majority of Microsoft clients download Windows updates from their local ISP. But, 90% of Apple clients access iOS updates from Apple's own network. We find an approximate improvement of 70 ms in the latency observed by clients in Asia and Africa when accessing content from edge caches in local ISPs. Additionally, Microsoft provides lower latencies to its clients in developing regions by directing them to Akamai's rich network of edge caches. We also observe that clients in developing regions accessing Windows updates from Level 3 get poor latencies arising from the absence of Level 3's footprint in those regions.
Frank Springer and New Mexico: From the Colfax County War to the Emergence of Modern Santa Fe

Review of: "Frank Springer and New Mexico: From the Colfax County War to the Emergence of Modern Santa Fe," by David L. Caffey.
EPIC: Efficient Privacy-Preserving Scheme With EtoE Data Integrity and Authenticity for AMI Networks

In this paper, we propose EPIC, an efficient and privacy-preserving data collection scheme with EtoE data integrity verification for advanced metering infrastructure networks. Using efficient cryptographic operations, each meter should send a masked reading to the utility such that all the masks are canceled after aggregating all meters’ masked readings, and thus the utility can only obtain an aggregated reading to preserve consumers’ privacy. The utility can verify the aggregated reading integrity without accessing the individual readings to preserve privacy. It can also identify the attackers and compute electricity bills efficiently by using the fine-grained readings without violating privacy. Furthermore, EPIC can resist collusion attacks in which the utility colludes with a relay node to extract the meters’ readings. A formal proof and probabilistic analysis are used to evaluate the security of EPIC, and ns-3 is used to implement EPIC and evaluate the network performance. In addition, we compare EPIC to existing data collection schemes in terms of overhead and security/privacy features.
A Cross Sectional Study Evaluating Psychosocial Job Stress and Health Risk in Emergency Department Nurses

Nurses experience psychosocial work stress that may negatively affect physical and mental health over time. In this cross-sectional study we investigated prevalence of job stress and oxidative stress in nurses, and determined if significant relationships exist between higher job stress scores and demographic factors and working conditions. Emergency department nurses (n = 42) were recruited from a University Hospital following Institutional Review Board approval. Job stress indicators, effort–reward ratio and overcommitment were evaluated from survey questionnaires using the effort–reward imbalance model, and associations with age, sex, body mass index, and working conditions were measured by logistic regression analysis. Oxidative stress biomarkers, 8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant levels were measured from urine specimens. Job stress was prevalent with effort–reward ratio > 1 in 93% and overcommitment > 50 in 83% of the study participants. Age, body mass index, years of experience, weekend work, work hours per week, and shift work showed strong associations with effort–reward ratio and overcommitment scores. Malondialdehyde was higher in participants with high overcommitment. We report that psychosocial job stress is prevalent among nurses, as revealed by the high effort–reward and overcommitment scores. Job stress may be reduced through implementation of appropriate stress reduction interventions.
Design and Characterization of Monolithic Microring Resonator based Photodetector in 45nm SOI CMOS

This paper presents a characterization and a compact model of microring resonator based photodetector designed in a monolithic silicon-photonic platform. As these detectors are inherently wavelength selective they can potentially enable fully integrated DWDM optical receivers. The detector makes use of resonance enhancement in a microring by integrating 30 interleaved lateral P-N junctions along a 5µm radius microring cavity. The performance measurements reveal a peak responsivity of 0.6 A/W at 1270nm with <1nA dark current and <20fF junction capacitance at -7.5V reverse bias.
Ionospheric conjugate point science: Hemispheric coupling

Abstract Ionospheric conjugate point science offers a way to approach global ionospheric variability within the context hemispheric regions linked by the same magnetic field lines. Examples range from plasma instabilities and waves found in the low- and middle-latitude ionosphere to morphology patterns of the aurora and their impact upon technological systems.
Characterizing the weight-glycemia phenotypes of type 1 diabetes in youth and young adulthood

INTRODUCTION Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) present with diverse body weight status and degrees of glycemic control, which may warrant different treatment approaches. We sought to identify subgroups sharing phenotypes based on both weight and glycemia and compare characteristics across subgroups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants with T1D in the SEARCH study cohort (n=1817, 6.0-30.4 years) were seen at a follow-up visit >5 years after diagnosis. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering was used to group participants based on five measures summarizing the joint distribution of body mass index z-score (BMIz) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) which were estimated by reinforcement learning tree predictions from 28 covariates. Interpretation of cluster weight status and glycemic control was based on mean BMIz and HbA1c, respectively. RESULTS The sample was 49.5% female and 55.5% non-Hispanic white (NHW); mean±SD age=17.6±4.5 years, T1D duration=7.8±1.9 years, BMIz=0.61±0.94, and HbA1c=76±21 mmol/mol (9.1±1.9)%. Six weight-glycemia clusters were identified, including four normal weight, one overweight, and one subgroup with obesity. No cluster had a mean HbA1c <58 mmol/mol (7.5%). Cluster 1 (34.0%) was normal weight with the lowest HbA1c and comprised 85% NHW participants with the highest socioeconomic position, insulin pump use, dietary quality, and physical activity. Subgroups with very poor glycemic control (ie, ≥108 mmol/mol (≥12.0%); cluster 4, 4.4%, and cluster 5, 7.5%) and obesity (cluster 6, 15.4%) had a lower proportion of NHW youth, lower socioeconomic position, and reported decreased pump use and poorer health behaviors (overall p<0.01). The overweight subgroup with very poor glycemic control (cluster 5) showed the highest lipids and blood pressure (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS There are distinct subgroups of youth and young adults with T1D that share weight-glycemia phenotypes. Subgroups may benefit from tailored interventions addressing differences in clinical care, health behaviors, and underlying health inequity.
Detection of plague IgM antibody in the serum of herding dogs by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Objective To establish a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of plague IgM antibody in herding dogs.Methods ELISA plates were coated with serum IgM antibody against dogs and F1 antibody to plague in the serum of herding dogs was detected by a sandwich ELISA.Results A total of 216 serum samples of herding dogs were tested,26 were positive for plague F1 antibody and the positive rate was 12.03％ (26/216); 14 were positive for plague IgM antibody and the positive rate was 6.48％ (14/216); IgM positive accounted for 53.8％(14/26) of all positive samples.Conclusions Serum plague IgM antibody of herding dogs can be used to predict the prevalent time and distribution of recent animal plague in plague foci indirectly,and to provide reference information for timely implementation of control measures. Key words: Plague; Immunoglobulin M; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Mindfulness and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in Urban African-American High School Students

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to examine the relations among mindfulness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, and stressful life events (SLEs) in African-American urban adolescents. Another aim was to examine mindfulness as a moderator of the relation between SLEs and PTSD symptom severity in this population. Method: Eighty-eight African-American high school students from a low-income urban community completed measures of demographics, PTSD symptom severity, SLEs, and mindfulness. Results: Mindfulness was significantly negatively related to PTSD symptom severity, r(86) = −.70, p < .001, 95% CI [−.58, −79], and SLEs were significantly positively related to PTSD symptom severity, r(86) = .29, p = .003, 95% CI [.09, .47]. Mindfulness was an independent predictor of PTSD symptom severity after accounting for SLEs, B = −1.16, t(84) = −9.06, p < .001, 95% CI [−1.41, −0.90], and SLEs were an independent predictor of PTSD symptom severity after accounting for mindfulness, B = 0.49, t(84) = 2.92, p = .004, 95% CI [0.16, 0.82]. Mindfulness did not moderate the relation between SLEs and PTSD symptom severity, B = −.003, t(84) = −0.15, p = .89, 95% CI [−.04, .03]. Implications: This study has implications for both mindfulness as a potential protective factor against PTSD symptom severity and SLEs as a potential risk factor for increased PTSD symptom severity in African-American urban adolescents.
In vitro and in vivo studies of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) metabolism in humans

Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a volatile but powerful explosive that appeals to terrorists due to its ease of synthesis from household items. For this reason, bomb squad, canine (K9) units, and scientists must work with this material to mitigate this threat. However, no information on the metabolism of TATP is available. In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were performed on TATP and TATP-OH for metabolite identification and enzyme phenotyping. Enzyme kinetics for TATP hydroxylation were also investigated. Urine from laboratory personnel collected before and after working with TATP was analyzed for TATP and its metabolites. While experiments with flavin monooxygenases were inconclusive, those with recombinant cytochrome P450s (CYPs) strongly suggested that CYP2B6 was the principle enzyme responsible for TATP hydroxylation. TATP-O-glucuronide was also identified and incubations with recombinant uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) indicated that UGT2B7 catalyzes this reaction. Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for TATP hydroxylation, with Km = 1.4 µM and Vmax = 8.7 nmol/min/nmol CYP2B6. TATP-O-glucuronide was present in the urine of all three volunteers after being exposed to TATP vapors showing good in vivo correlation to in vitro data. TATP and TATP-OH were not observed. Since scientists working to characterize and detect TATP to prevent terrorist attacks are constantly exposed to this volatile compound, attention should be paid to its metabolism. This paper is the first to elucidate some exposure, metabolism and excretion of TATP in humans and to identify a marker of TATP exposure, TATP-O-glucuronide in urine.
Motivation to enter the police profession in the post-Ferguson era: an exploratory analysis of procedural justice

The process-based model of regulation has become a dominant framework for understanding why people obey the law. Grounded in past and present research, the current study explores how the process-ba...
Cardiovascular responses to rhythmic handgrip exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

The current study identified, for the first time, an attenuation in exercising muscle blood flow during handgrip exercise in individuals with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) ...
Surgically induced astigmatism made easy: calculating the surgically induced change in sphere and cylinder for corneal incisional, corneal laser, and intraocular lens-based surgery

Net cylinder and spherocylinder formats characterize individual keratometries and prescriptions but must be converted to dioptric vectors to allow for calculations and statistical analyses. Naeser's polar value system was specifically developed for the analysis of the surgically induced refractive change along the surgical meridian. This study provides a short description together with a practical manual and a computer program for the use of this dioptric vector method. Measurement techniques, vector equations, statistical methods, and terminology are reviewed. The analysis is identical for corneal and refractive measurements and for corneal incisional, corneal laser, and intraocular lens-based surgery. The choice of appropriate surgical reference meridians for standard surgical procedures is demonstrated. The Excel file may be used by the reader for future studies.
Standardization of electrolyte leakage data and a novel liquid nitrogen control improve measurements of cold hardiness in woody tissue.

A variety of basic and applied research programs in plant biology require the accurate and reliable determination of plant tissue cold hardiness. Over the past 50 years, the electrolyte leakage method has emerged as a popular and practical method for quantifying the amount of damage inflicted on plant tissue by exposure to freezing temperatures. Numerous approaches for carrying out this method and analyzing the resultant data have emerged. These include multiple systems for standardizing and modeling raw electrolyte leakage data and multiple protocols for boiling or autoclaving samples in order to maximize leakage as a positive control. We compare four different routines for standardization of leakage data and assess a novel control method—immersion in liquid nitrogen in lieu of traditional autoclaving—and apply them to woody twigs collected from 12 maple (Acer) species in early spring. We compare leakage data from these samples using each of four previously published forms of data analysis and autoclaving vs. liquid nitrogen controls and validate each of these approaches against visual estimates of freezing damage and differential thermal analysis. Through presentation of our own data and re-analysis of previously published findings, we show that standardization of raw data against estimates of both minimum and maximum attainable freezing damage allows for reliable estimation of cold hardiness at the species level and across studies in diverse systems. Furthermore, use of our novel liquid nitrogen control produces data commensurate across studies and enhances the consistency and realism of the electrolyte leakage method, especially for very cold hardy samples. Future leakage studies that relativize data against minimum and maximum leakage and that employ our updated liquid nitrogen control will contribute generalizable, repeatable, and realistic data to the existing body of cold hardiness research in woody plants. Data from studies conducted using a liquid nitrogen (and not an autoclaving) control can still be compared to previously published data, especially when raw data are standardized using the best-performing approach among those we assessed. Electrolyte leakage of woody twigs emerges as a useful technique for quickly assessing the probability of tissue death in response to freezing in dormant plants. Differential thermal analysis may provide different and complementary information on cold hardiness.
CNVpytor: a tool for copy number variation detection and analysis from read depth and allele imbalance in whole-genome sequencing.

BACKGROUND Detecting copy number variations (CNVs) and copy number alterations (CNAs) based on whole-genome sequencing data is important for personalized genomics and treatment. CNVnator is one of the most popular tools for CNV/CNA discovery and analysis based on read depth. FINDINGS Herein, we present an extension of CNVnator developed in Python-CNVpytor. CNVpytor inherits the reimplemented core engine of its predecessor and extends visualization, modularization, performance, and functionality. Additionally, CNVpytor uses B-allele frequency likelihood information from single-nucleotide polymorphisms and small indels data as additional evidence for CNVs/CNAs and as primary information for copy number-neutral losses of heterozygosity. CONCLUSIONS CNVpytor is significantly faster than CNVnator-particularly for parsing alignment files (2-20 times faster)-and has (20-50 times) smaller intermediate files. CNV calls can be filtered using several criteria, annotated, and merged over multiple samples. Modular architecture allows it to be used in shared and cloud environments such as Google Colab and Jupyter notebook. Data can be exported into JBrowse, while a lightweight plugin version of CNVpytor for JBrowse enables nearly instant and GUI-assisted analysis of CNVs by any user. CNVpytor release and the source code are available on GitHub at https://github.com/abyzovlab/CNVpytor under the MIT license.
THE LAGOMORPH INDEX: RETHINKING RABBIT RATIOS IN HOHOKAM SITES

The Lagomorph Index, a calculation of the relative proportions of cottontail rabbits and jackrabbits, is one of the most widely used analytical tools in Hohokam zooarchaeology. It is only a useful tool, however, if it has a clearly understood relationship to phenomena of archaeological interest. This is not the case, since a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors can affect values of the Lagomorph Index. Using a large database of Hohokam faunal assemblages, this study examines the influence of local vegetation, prehistoric dietary needs, and hunting methods on the Lagomorph Index. Any or all of these factors can affect index values. Independent data must be used to establish which of the many possible influences is primarily responsible for the values of the Lagomorph Index at a particular site.
Residential surface soil guidance applied worldwide to the pesticides added to the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and 2011.

Abstract Due to the widespread use of agricultural and residential pesticides, the potential for pesticide soil contamination is a worldwide concern. In response, regulatory jurisdictions in at least 54 nations have promulgated guidance values to specify the maximum allowable concentration of pesticides in soils. Guidance values may be found for more than 700 pesticides. A previous analysis examined the values applied to the original “dirty dozen” persistent organic pollutant (POP) pesticides that were addressed in the 2001 Stockholm Convention (Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Mirex, and Toxaphene). Results are presented here for the “new POP” pesticides that were added to the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and 2011 (isomers of Hexachlorocyclohexane, Chlordecone, and isomers of Endosulfan). The guidance value extremes used worldwide for these pesticides vary by as much as 8.5 orders of magnitude and the randomness in their distributions resembles that of lognormal random variables. However, there are nonrandom value clusters in some distributions that may identify values around which consensuses are forming. The current value distributions imply that a wide range of human health risks are being accepted. Hopefully, the results presented will help regulatory jurisdictions and the regulated communities identify values that should be revised to be adequately protective of human health.
Human deoxycytidine kinase. Sequence of cDNA clones and analysis of expression in cell lines with and without enzyme activity.

Abstract Deoxycytidine kinase (dC kinase) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the anabolism of important anticancer and retroviral nucleoside derivatives. Its activity is often decreased in resistance to these drugs. To analyze the structure, function, and control of this clinically important enzyme we isolated 15 cDNA clones for human deoxycytidine kinase from lambda gt11 thymus and Molt 4 libraries. Four clones were sequenced. The largest clone is 2.9 kilobases and codes for a 626-amino acid open reading frame. The DNA and deduced amino acid sequence of the human dC kinase clones are homologous with a previously unidentified murine cDNA clone p3.4J (EMBL:MM34j) reported to be related to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Deoxycytidine kinase also has cysteine-rich regions that are homologous with thioredoxin, the beta subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, thyroid hormone-binding protein, and protein disulfide isomerase. No differences were seen in the amount and size of deoxycytidine kinase protein and mRNA between CCRF/CEM and L1210 leukemic cell lines that express and do not express enzyme activity. Genomic restriction fragments were similar between the active and inactive CCRF/CEM cell lines. These data suggest that the cells deficient in dC kinase activity have a small defect in the structural gene.
Samuel Adams and the Foundations of the Fourth Amendment

This brief Article discusses the role of Samuel Adams –- an eighteenth century leader in the American struggle for independence from England –- in developing the legal and philosophical arguments against general warrants and unreasonable searches. Adams’ arguments paved the way for the Fourth Amendment.
Empirical Assessment of a Software Metric: The Information Content of Operators

This paper presents an empirical case study that predicted faults in modules based on the total information content of the operators. This metric is closely related to Harrison's average information content classification (AICC), which is the entropy of the operators. Most information theory-based metrics proposed in the literature have not been subjected to empirical predictive studies of real-world software systems. In contrast, this study shows that a simple information theory-based metric can be more useful for prediction of software quality than comparable metrics based on counts in the context of a commercial software development organization. Three models were considered, all based on operators as an abstraction of software. The model based on information content of the operators made more accurate predictions than two similar models based on the number of operators and the number of unique operators. The purpose of this paper is a fair comparison of the three metrics, rather than developing an optimal model. We have long advocated multivariate models for industrial use. The case study considered three large commercial systems, written in assembly language, and developed consecutively by professional programmers. The first system was used to estimate parameters of the models. The subsequent two were used to evaluate the accuracy of model predictions.
Community‐Based and Family Support Mental Health Services

Community-based and family support mental health services make up a system of care in which social and clinical resources in the community are the primary sources of care for people with mental illness. These services provide care for people with mental illness in the community instead of in psychiatric hospitals. Community-based and family support mental health services encompass a broad range of therapeutic and psychosocial services, treatments, and practices. Such services promote illness management, encourage independent living, and enhance life skills, with the ultimate goal of helping people recover from mental illness and engage in community life in a meaningful and productive way. Keywords: community; community mental health; family support services; mental health; mental illness; services; social exclusion