cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Painting and Visual Culture in Early Republican Florence

Street corners, guild halls, government offices, and confraternity centers contained paintings that made the city of Florence a visual jewel at precisely the time of its emergence as an international cultural leader. This book considers the paintings that were made specifically for consideration by lay viewers, as well as the way they could have been interpreted by audiences who approached them with specific perspectives. Their belief in the power of images, their understanding of the persuasiveness of pictures, and their acceptance of the utterly vital role that art could play as a propagator of civic, corporate, and individual identity made lay viewers keenly aware of the paintings in their midst. Those pictures affirmed the piety of the people for whom they were made in an age of social and political upheaval, as the city experimented with an imperfect form of republicanism that often failed to adhere to its declared aspirations.
FlowTable pipeline misconfigurations in Software Defined Networks

Software Defined Networks (SDNs) are a promising network architecture for future computer networks because they enable more dynamic, fine-grained control over network traffic. OpenFlow is an open standard network protocol that provides specifications for managing network traffic. Permissible (and impermissible) network flows are defined by OpenFlow policies that are translated into network switch FlowTables. Like other network types, SDNs are susceptible to misconfiguration that can negatively affect SDN behavior by leading to the execution of unintended network flows. In this paper, we present a formal method-based framework to detect pipeline misconfigurations in network switch FlowTables. Our framework can be used to: (a) formally verify the consistency of different network switches and OpenFlow controllers across SDN infrastructures; (b) formally validate the correctness of the configuration synthesis; (c) debug reachability and security problems; and, (d) formally assess the consistency of SDN policies. Our framework can also be used as a foundational methodology to conduct “what-if” analysis to study the impact of the new SDN network configurations by simply changing the state in the FlowTables and then analyzing the effects.
Humanism: Experiential Approaches

Is change caused by outside influences or something that comes from within the person? Humanistic therapies take the phenomenological perspective that people choose to change rather than the scientific modernist perspective that change always reflects an external cause. The ability to choose is the basis of the human potential for growth or self-actualization. People consciously evaluate ideas and opportunities available in the environment, and after reflection, choose to act in ways they believe will meet their needs. This creative process involves risk-taking, new skills, and growth in the face of the uncertain outcome for any action.
Feature extraction in Q-learning using neural networks

Integrating deep neural networks with reinforcement learning has exhibited excellent performance in the literature, highlighting the ability of neural networks to extract features. This paper begins with a simple Markov decision process inspired from a cognitive task. We show that Q-learning, and approximate Q-learning using a linear function approximation fail in this task. Instead, we show that Q-learning combined with a neural network-based function approximator can learn the optimal policy. Motivated by this finding, we outline procedures that allow the use of a neural network to extract appropriate features, which can then be used in a Q-learning framework with a linear function approximation, obtaining performance similar to that observed using Q-learning with neural networks. Our work suggests that neural networks can be used as feature extractors in the context of Q-learning.
Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing

This handy reference guide makes it easier to access and understand histories written in Greek between 600 and 1480 CE. Covering classicizing histories that continued ancient Greek traditions of historiography, sweeping, fast-paced 'chronicle' type histories, and dozens of idiosyncratic historical texts, it distills the results of complex, multi-lingual, specialist scholarship into clear explanations of the basic information needed to approach each medieval Greek history. It provides a sound basis for further research on each text by describing what we know about the time of composition, content covered by the history, authorship, extant manuscripts, previous editions and translations, and basic bibliography. Even-handed explanations of scholarly debates give readers the information they need to assess controversies independently. A comprehensive introduction orients students and non-specialists to the traditions and methods of Byzantine historical writing. It will prove an invaluable timesaver for Byzantinists and an essential entry point for classicists, western medievalists, and students.
Histomorphological Effects of Nicotine on Selected Parts of the Brain of Adult Wistar Rats

Nicotine has been defined as a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid that accumulates in the roots and leaves of Nightshade family of plants Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of orally ingested nicotine in the histology of hippocampus, substantia nigra and cerebellum.Materials and Methods: Twenty four adult male Wistar rats (100g – 200g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (group 1 – group 4). Group 1 served as the control group, while groups 2 - 4 were the treated groups. Nicotine was diluted in water and 1ml of the different dosage (2mg/kg/day, 4mg/kg/day and 6mg/kg/day) were administered to the treated groups respectively with the aid of orogastric cannula for 42 days. Animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation at the end of 7, 21 and 42 days so as to demonstrate the dose and time dependant effect of this agent. Brain tissues were harvested, processed and stained using Haematoxylin and eosin according to standard histological techniques. Stained tissue images were captured using digital micrometer eyepiece and cell count was determined using stereological technique.Statistical analysis: Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis with the use of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 20). Significant differences were obtained using One Way Analysis of Variance with a probability of 0.05 (95% confidence limit) and Tukeys post hoc test was further used to determine the mean significant differences between specific groups.Results: Histological findings showed mild, moderate and severe hyperplasia in a dose and time dependant manner. However, observations from quantitative analysisalso revealed a dose and time dependant significant increase in neuronal cell count and cell diameter of the hippocampus, Substantia nigra and cerebellum.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that oral exposure of Nicotine in rats display proliferative adaptive changes on the hippocampus, substantia nigra and cerebellum in a dose/time dependent manner.
Humoral Immune Response to Salmonella typhi Outer Membrane Proteins

Typhoid is a febrile and bacteremic disease of intestinal origin characterized by low but persistent numbers of Salmonella typhi in the blood stream (Christie, 1987). The defervescence of the febrile disease in untreated typhoid coincides with the appearance of cell-mediated immunity, as manifested by the delayed type hypersensitivity phenomena of necrosis, intestinal perforation and hemorrhage (Christie, 1987; Hook, 1990). Experimental evidence obtained with S. typhimurium in mouse typhoid suggests that cell-mediated and humoral immunity play a role in the ability of the host to control and eradicate Salmonella infections (Collins and Mackaness, 1968; Saxen, et al, 1986; Brown and Hormaeche, 1989). However, the relevance of each arm of the immune response in the evolution and recovery from typhoid, as well as the S. typhi antigens responsible for these responses, remain uncharacterized (Edelman and Levine, 1986).
Virologic models of chronic relapsing demyelinating disease.

Several models of virus-induced demyelination have been described (1, 2). This presentation will focus on two murine models, one induced by the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus (3–6), the other caused by Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a picornavirus (7–10). Different pathogenic mechanisms are responsible for demyelination in these diseases. MHV-induced demyelination follows the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes occurring as early as 6–10 days after infection. The acute disease is enhanced by immunosuppressive measures suggesting that immune responses protect rather than mediate disease (5, 6). In contrast, demyelination following TMEV infection appears immune-mediated, since demyelination is first noted 18–21 days after infection, is associated with perivascular cellular infiltrates and can be prevented by immunosuppression (7–10). In both viral models, a persistent infection is established, with low levels of infectious virus noted for as long as one year after inoculation (2, 8, 11). In the present report, we demonstrate the expression of viral antigens within oligodendrocytes in both models, and suggest that demyelination occurs after lysis of the infected cells with or without participation of immune mechanisms.
The minimum size of complete caps in (Z/nZ) 2

A line in (Z=nZ) 2 is any translate of a cyclic subgroup of order n. A subset X (Z=nZ) 2 is a cap if no three of its points are collinear, and X is complete if it is not properly contained in another cap. We determine bounds on (n), the minimum size of a complete cap in (Z=nZ) 2 . The other natural extremal question of determining the maximum size of a cap in (Z=nZ) 2 is considered in [8]. These questions are closely related to well-studied questions in nite ane and projective geometry. If p is the smallest prime divisor of n ,w e prove that
The subarachnoid fluid space in achondroplastic spinal stenosis: the surgical implication.

The tragic outcome of decompressive laminectomy in patients with achondroplastic spinal stenosis has been reported (1, 2, 3, 4). Our experience at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions supports the observations in the literature. The poor outcome is caused mainly by the extremely stenotic canal, which makes adequate decompression difficult (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Furthermore, the degree and extent of the spinal stenosis were frequently not clearly delineated by conventional myelography. However, intrathecal enhanced CT provides not only superb bony detail but also delineation of the soft-tissue content of the spinal canal (12). The relationships between the spinal cord and its surrounding subarachnoid space are also well demonstrated. This paper reports the depth of the subarachnoid fluid space surrounding the spinal cord at the cervical and thoracic levels, measured from the intrathecal enhanced axial CT images of 11 adult achondroplastic patients. It describes a modified decompressive laminectomy technique devised by the authors (S.U.) that has been applied in over 20 cases of achondroplastic spinal stenosis. It has helped to prevent the infliction of undue trauma on the neural tissue during the surgical manoeuvers.
Robots on the Moon, and Their Role in a Future Lunar Economy

With the notable exception of NASA, which has already left a significant footprint-and recently has been driven by going to Mars and beyond-all prominent space agencies are focusing their near term efforts on the Moon. The Moon is more affordable, a lunar base provides a stepping stone from which to move to farther destinations, and it allows for validation of technologies and mechanisms of international collaboration. Furthermore, advances in robotics would permit teams of robots to collaborate on the lunar surface. Concepts such as that of the Moon Village, promoted by the European Space Agency (ESA), offer a vision of collaboration via assets owned (and operated) independently, by different nations, yet engaged in mutual support and assistance, in a robotic ecosystem. Yet, perhaps the most profound factor affecting the future exploration and use of the Moon comes from the imminent involvement of private companies. The Moon is gradually becoming interesting from a commercial point of view; and this is indeed a logical next phase of an emerging space economy, which, with Earth-orbiting satellites, has already proven that it can bring profits to investors. The talk will review current and planned lunar missions, illustrating the state-of the art in technologies and operations; then, it will take a leap into the future, presenting a vision of lunar robotic villages, robotic mining operations, and human presence, permanent colonies, and tourism and entertainment zones. It will point out what technologies need maturation, in order to make this future possible. Among those, perhaps within the next decade, and, if not, almost certainly before the end of the following one, exploration by robotic intelligence will exceed the capabilities of current human-driven exploration, and become the determining factor in conquering space. I discuss the consequences of such a disruptive technology.
Emulation of environmental models using polynomial chaos expansion

Abstract This paper investigates the applicability of model emulation to speed up simulation time of CPU intensive environmental models. Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) emulators are constructed for three case studies of increasing complexity. The level of emulator training and the order of polynomial necessary to sufficiently build accurate emulators for each model are investigated. Although the PCE emulators shown here do not approximate well the outputs of parameter rich models (80 + parameters), results demonstrate that the emulators mimic closely outputs of relatively simple, low dimensional, simulation models (15 parameters or less). Furthermore, the PCE emulators are tested with applications such as Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA). Results illustrate the advantages and drawbacks of using classical PCE emulators for treating computational limitation of complex environmental models.
A Cross-Species Analysis Reveals a General Role for Piezo2 in Mechanosensory Specialization of Trigeminal Ganglia from Tactile Specialist Birds

Summary A major challenge in biology is to link cellular and molecular variations with behavioral phenotypes. Here, we studied somatosensory neurons from a panel of bird species from the family Anatidae, known for their tactile-based foraging behavior. We found that tactile specialists exhibit a proportional expansion of neuronal mechanoreceptors in trigeminal ganglia. The expansion of mechanoreceptors occurs via neurons with intermediately and slowly inactivating mechanocurrent. Such neurons contain the mechanically gated Piezo2 ion channel whose expression positively correlates with the expression of factors responsible for the development and function of mechanoreceptors. Conversely, Piezo2 expression negatively correlates with expression of molecules mediating the detection of temperature and pain, suggesting that the expansion of Piezo2-containing mechanoreceptors with prolonged mechanocurrent occurs at the expense of thermoreceptors and nociceptors. Our study suggests that the trade-off between neuronal subtypes is a general mechanism of tactile specialization at the level of somatosensory system.
FP12 Montana Students Select More Vegetables and Fruits at School Lunch Using Smarter Lunchrooms Strategies

Objective Evaluate the impact of Smarter Lunchrooms strategies on student selection of vegetable subgroups and fruit in Montana Schools. Secondary objectives include student participation in the lunch program, collaboration with key partners, and menu variety. Description 10 Montana schools participated in the Smarter Lunchrooms intervention during the 2017-2018 school year. Schools were trained to select and implement at least three strategies from the Smarter Lunchrooms Scorecard, with at least one focusing on fruits or vegetables; engage students in the process; include taste testing; and use new recipes to increase menu variety. Schools followed the Four Step Path to Building a Smarter Lunchroom (Smarter Lunchrooms Movement, Cornell University) to select and implement strategies: Spot, Plan, Do, and Prove. Evaluation The project was evaluated by collecting data at pre and post intervention within 10 schools: average daily participation rates, Smarter Lunchrooms Scorecard, production records, weights (ounces) of fruit and vegetables available and amounts selected, photographs, and a survey. Conclusions and Implications Across the 10 participating schools, the project resulted in a significant increase in student's selection of fruits and the following vegetable subgroups with the use of Smarter Lunchrooms strategies: red/orange, dark green, and peas/beans/legume vegetables. Effective strategies included offering whole fresh fruit in an eye-appealing bowl or display; enhancing the appeal of the salad bar; incorporating colorful signage; and purposefully offering more vegetable choices. Post survey results of participating schools indicated 50% led taste tests; 60% stated that the project helped increase collaboration with key partners; 60% tried new vegetable recipes, and 100% of the schools indicated their willingness to continue using Smarter Lunchrooms techniques. This study implies that schools can nudge students to make healthier choices through simple behavioral economics techniques and purposeful menu planning. Grant Year 2016
Seasonal and Topographic Variations in Ecohydrological Separation within a Small, Temperate, Snow‐Influenced Catchment

2017 American Geophysical Union Horton Research grant; IGERT Cross-Scale Biogeochemistry and Climate Small grant
On Shortening the Numerical Transient in Time-Stepping Finite Element Analysis of Induction Motors Under Static and Dynamic Eccentricity Faults

Modeling induction motors under static and dynamic eccentricity faults, arising from bearing "wear and tear", through Time-Stepping Finite Element (TSFE) methods suffers from the resulting long numerical transient response before numerical convergence is achieved. In this paper, this lengthy transient phenomenon is substantially reduced through the so-called "Virtual Blocked Rotor (VBR)" approach implemented here. This approach starts with an initial calculation of the motor permeabilities and skin effect corresponding to the operating condition of the induction motor. Such calculations are performed in an FE Eddy-Current frequency-domain solver reflecting the voltage supply magnitude, value of slip, type and degree of eccentricity fault. The calculated permeabilities are imported into the TSFE simulation of the faulty induction motor and the performance characteristics of the faulty motor are extracted for further analysis. In this paper, static and dynamic eccentricities are applied to the induction motor under study. It is observed here that this approach successfully solves the problem of a lengthy numerical transient response and saves computational time in the analysis process.
Relationship Between Domain-Specific Cognitive Function and Speech-in-Noise Performance in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Hearing Pilot Study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between performance on a clinical speech-in-noise measure with a comprehensive neurocognitive battery of tests. Method A group of o...
Engineering lithium-ion battery cathodes for high-voltage applications using electromagnetic excitation

Microwave radiation (MWR), a type of electromagnetic excitation source, reduces the synthesis temperature and processing time for chemical reactions compared to traditional synthesis methods. Recently, we demonstrated that MWR can engineer ceramics with different crystal phases compared to traditional methods [Journal of Materials Chemistry A5, 35 (2017)]. In this study, we further apply the MWR-assisted technique to improve the electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 cathodes by engineering TiO2 and ZrO2 ceramic coatings. Electrochemical tests suggest that the TiO2 coating improves the rate capability of the LiCoO2 electrode. Both TiO2 and ZrO2 coatings improve the high-voltage (4.5 V) cycling stability of LiCoO2. The capacity remaining is improved from 52.8 to 84.4% and 81.9% by the TiO2 coating and the ZrO2 coating, respectively, after 40 cycles. We compare these results with existing studies that apply traditional methods to engineer TiO2/ZrO2 on LiCoO2, and find that the MWR-assisted method shows better performance improvement. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements suggest that the improved cycling stability arises from the formation of metal fluorides that protect the electrode from side reactions with electrolytes. This mechanism is further supported by the reduced Co dissolution from TiO2/ZrO2-coated LiCoO2 electrode after cycling. This study provides a new toolbox facilitating the integration of many delicate, low melting point materials like polymers into battery electrodes.
Marital quality, gender, and later-life depressive symptom trajectories.

We analyze six waves of data (2006–2016) from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 4,342) to examine how marital quality is associated with depressive symptom trajectories among a group of continuo...
US and EU Perspectives and Responses to China’s Strategic Challenge

The United States and European Union (EU) have both come to recognise how China’s growing economic and military power, in conjunction with its authoritarian domestic policies, poses a strategic threat not only to their own interests but also to the values of the post-war liberal international order. Nonetheless, they have been unable to present a cohesive response to this challenge as a result of troubled trans-Atlantic relations as well as growing divisions within the EU, fuelled in part by China’s expanding influence in Europe. This paper offers recommendations on how the United States and Europe might be able to repair trans-Atlantic relations and work to counter China’s state-driven technology policies, reform the WTO and establish standards for global infrastructure development. On the security front, they should uphold the 2016 international court ruling and directly challenge China’s maritime claims by conducting more frequent joint naval operations in the region. Finally, they need to work with NGOs to publicise China’s gross human rights violations while expanding ties with Taiwan to bolster its democracy against Chinese coercion. These efforts should underscore that China can no longer benefit from the current system by taking advantage of its rules and norms but should, instead, abide by and help to maintain and strengthen this rules-based order.
Impact of Intravenous Methadone Administered Intraoperatively on Postoperative Opioid Utilization

Background:Studies have shown that intravenous methadone intraoperatively can reduce opioid usage postoperatively.Objective:This study’s purpose was to evaluate the effect of intravenous methadone ...
Antibody Mediated Rejection of Unrelated Donor Lung

Introduction Living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) arose from the need to transplant patients deemed unlikely to survive the waitlist for a deceased organ donor. Since the initiation of the lung allocation score (LAS), the wait time for cadaveric organs has significantly decreased in the USA as has the need for LDLLT. According to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), there have been 253 recipients of LDLLT in the USA. Of these, 95 were children and only 20 of them had a biologically unrelated donor. We present a case of graft dysfunction in a 28-year-old man who underwent bilateral LDLLT at age 9 for pulmonary arterial hypertension. He received a right lower lobe from his mother and a left lower lobe from a family friend. Case Report The patient presented with new onset dyspnea, productive cough, and hypoxemia. He had a significant decline in lung function, new left lung consolidation, and required hospitalization for hypoxemic respiratory failure. Work-up was significant for undetectable immunosuppressant levels and a new DPB1 antibody. Bilateral transbronchial biopsies were negative for acute cellular rejection, however BAL cell count showed significant lymphocytosis and eosinophilia. He was treated with pulse dose IV steroids followed by plasmapheresis, IVIG, and Rituximab. Oxygen requirement decreased and he was discharged home. A lung ventilation-perfusion scan performed a few months later showed marked asymmetric reduction in perfusion to the left lung. Despite persistent volume loss in the left allograft and decreased lung function, he has remained clinically stable on monthly IVIG infusions and is now off supplemental oxygen. Donor HLA typing was not available to us as the transplant occurred in 2001 when DPs were not routinely typed. However, considering the overall presentation and the patient's response to therapy, we presume the DPB1 is a donor specific antibody (DSA). Summary Unilateral chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) has been described in bilateral LDLLT. The significance of HLA in the immune response of lung transplant recipients has gained recognition in recent years. Data suggest that the development of alloantibodies as a consequence of HLA mismatching has been shown to correlate with development of CLAD. This case illustrated a unique presentation of presumed antibody mediated rejection of unrelated donor lung in the setting of subtherapeutic immunosuppression.
τ-Cluster morphism categories and picture groups

τ-cluster morphism categories, introduced by Buan and Marsh, are a generalization of cluster morphism categories (defined by Igusa and Todorov). We show the classifying space of such a category is ...
Assessing financial insecurity among common eye conditions: a 2016-2017 national health survey study.

OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence and demographics of financial insecurity in individuals with eye disease in the United States. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed questions from the nationally representative 2016-2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) with the eye conditions macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract. Data was analysed as a whole and then further analysed by condition. Evaluated topics indicated financial insecurity such as individuals reporting difficulty paying bills among eye conditions studied and by demographics. RESULTS Survey responses estimated that the overall prevalence of reporting problems paying or unable to pay bills were 12.49% (95% C.I. 11.62-13.36%) among patients with eye conditions. The overall prevalence of patients delaying care was 6.77% (95% C.I. 6.17-7.36%) and 17.06% (95% C.I. 15.99-18.14%) of individuals with eye conditions reported worrying about housing payments. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that demographics who more frequently had difficulty paying medical bills include individuals age 45-64 (3.33 aOR, C.I. 2.79-3.98, p < 0.001), blacks (1.90 aOR, C.I., 1.48-2.45, p < 0.001), Hispanics (1.51 aOR, C.I. 1.07-2.12, p = 0.020), and those 100-200% of the federal poverty line (2.16 aOR, C.I. 1.76-2.66, p < 0.001) or below the poverty line (1.93 aOR, C.I. 1.48-2.53, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION There are several demographics with eye disease that self-report financial insecurity. There should be greater concern for financial insecurity among diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma patients. Ophthalmologists should consider engaging in proactive discussions with at-risk patients to reduce potential non-adherence secondary to financial insecurity.
Reaction paths of methane activation and oxidation of surface intermediates over NiO on Ceria-Zirconia catalysts studied by In-situ FTIR spectroscopy

Abstract Methane activation over NiO/Ce0.82Zr0.18O2 catalysts synthesized by combustion synthesis is studied by in-situ IR spectroscopy and correlated to the properties and oxygen speciation of the catalyst. Through XRD, H2-TPR, and pyridine adsorption followed by FTIR spectroscopy, the reducibility and Lewis acidity of the catalysts are assessed. In-situ FTIR spectroscopy is used to monitor the methane activation on catalyst surfaces. Complex IR features of methane-derived surface species are observed and are attributed to the formation of surface alkyl/alkoxy, aldehyde, formate/carbonate, and aromatic species. A data analysis algorithm is developed to evaluate the evolution of different surface species over time. The formation of formate and carbonate species is driven by adsorbed surface oxygen, while less reactive oxygen species associated with NiO allow for the production of aromatics and alkoxy intermediates. By tuning the reducibility and Lewis acidity of the catalyst, the selectivity to alkoxy intermediates can be improved.
On and beyond traumatic fallout: unsettling political ecology in practice and scholarship

Franz Fanon poignantly argued that trauma is both an act and a memory of wounding that haunts subjects of violence. Addressing geographies of trauma, and the way that trauma is treated in the discipline of geography, is a matter of both theoretical and practical importance for critical human-environment scholars. However, discussions about uneven and ongoing geographies of trauma and violence – particularly in ways that enroll researchers themselves as agents within these landscapes – have been limited among political ecologists. When broached, these conversations are sometimes short-circuited by post-racial liberalism, whiteness or Eurocentricity, and academic respectability politics. This risks the continuance of logics that separate "researchers" from "communities" and lionize representational commitments to justice over material practices of transformation. In this article, we interrogate some of the theoretical and personal implications for political ecologists working with the legacies of dispossession, disruption, displacement and death. We draw on a wide collective of scholarship on haunting, hope, and geographies of trauma as well as our current work as geographers and educators. In the process, we build an argument for an approach that encourages unsettling, uncomfortable, and generative conversations about and beyond trauma. We end with three suggestions for engaging more substantively with the traumatic fallout that has long been at the center of political ecology.
Design for a technology: Assessment of coal

Abstract The objective of the coal technology assessment is to compare the environmental, social, economic, and institutional consequences that may arise from development of various mixes of coal-based energy technologies to the year 2030. This article presents the assumptions behind the method, the experience from two forums with interested parties, the three scenarios constructed for the study, and the result of one issue analysis, namely the effects of global carbon-dioxide buildup from coal combustion.
LONG-TERM STUDY OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN INFANTS SURVIVING WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE (CLD)

Lung function was determined serially in 37 preterm infants with CLD (BW 1180±430g, GA 30.4±2.5 wks) during the first 24 mo. of life. All infants were mechanically ventilated after birth because of HMD, asphyxia, or pneumonia. CLD was diagnosed when the need for supplemental 02 and haziness with prominent interstitial markings on the chest radiograph persisted for >4 weeks. Tidal volume was measured by pneumotachography, esophageal pressure through a water filled feeding tube, and FRC by N2 washout.
Cluster-size dynamics: A phenomenological model for the interaction between coagulation and fragmentation processes.

We present a novel phenomenological modeling approach to describe the growth of clusters as the result of the interaction between cluster coagulation and fragmentation. The cluster-size growth (CSG) model tracks the evolution of cluster-sizes rather than the concentrations of clusters with different sizes as in the Smoluchowski and Becker-Doring coagulation-fragmentation equations. Our modeling perspective allows for a description of cluster growth in realistic systems by using a significantly smaller number of differential equations to describe their dynamics. We used dynamical system tools (phase-plane analysis) and numerical simulations to investigate the CSG model dynamics and to understand how the model parameters describing the coagulation and fragmentation processes determine balances between these two processes that create non-zero stationary cluster size distributions.
Basal bodies and centrioles: their function and structure.

Publisher Summary The centriole is a darkly staining dot at the center of each mitotic aster and near the nucleus in interphase cells. The staining is observed at the center of the differentiated cytoplasm termed the “centrosome.” This chapter discusses the structure and function of centrioles and basal bodies. Centrioles can interconvert to basal bodies, which are needed for the assembly of cilia or flagella. Several examples demonstrate that basal bodies and centrioles are interchangeable. Centrioles play an essential role in mitosis. The structure of centrioles in various cell types and organelles is discussed. The structure of basal bodies is similar to that of centrioles. Both structures are highly conserved in a wide range of organisms. Basal bodies and centrioles have several appendages that are associated with the microtubules. The basal body undergoes a transition to double microtubules. Several microtubule structures are associated with basal bodies. The structure of Chlamydomonas is described, along with the role of basal bodies in flagellar assembly and the organization of interphase Chlamydomonas cells. Some other associated structures discussed are centrin, assemblin, Bap 95, and Bap90. The function of basal bodies and centrioles revealed by mutational analysis is also described.
Commissioning and validation of BrainLAB cones for 6X FFF and 10X FFF beams on a Varian TrueBeam STx.

Small field dosimetry is a challenging task. The difficulties of small field measurements, particularly stereotactic field size measurements, are highlighted by the large interinstitution variability that can be observed for circular cone collimator commissioning measurements. We believe the best way to improve the consistency of small field measurements is to clearly document and share the results of small field measurements. In this work we report on the commissioning and validation of a BrainLAB cone system for 6 MV and 10 MV flattening filter-free (FFF) beams on a Varian TrueBeam STx. Commissioning measurements consisted of output factors, percent depth dose, and off-axis factor measurements with a diode. Validation measurements were made in a polystyrene slab phantom at depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm using radiochromic film. Output factors for the 6xFFF cones are 0.689, 0.790, 0.830, 0.871, 0.890, and 0.901 for 4 mm, 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and the 15 mm cones, respectively. Output factors for the 10xFFF cones are 0.566, 0.699, 0.756, 0.826, 0.864, and 0.888 for 4 mm, 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and the 15 mm cones, respectively. The full width half maximum values of the off-axis factors agreed with the nominal cone size to within 0.5 mm. Validation measurements showed an agreement of absolute dose between calculation and plan of < 3.6%, and an agreement of field sizes of ≤ 0.3 mm in all cases. Radiochromic film validation measurements show reasonable agreement with beam models for circular collimators based on diode commissioning measurements.
Torching the Fink Books and Other Essays On Vernacular Culture

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Archie Green Year: 2001 Pages: xxvii + 232 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Prices: $18.95
Colossal magnetoresistance in Fe 1-x Co x Sb 2

We review magnetic and transport properties of FeSb 2 and Fe 0.75 Co 0.25 Sb 2 . Single crystals of pure and Co-substituted FeSb 2 have been grown using molten metallic fluxes. Synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction confirms phase purity and orthorhombic Pnnm space group. Cobalt substitution drives system from temperature independent diamagnet to a ferromagnet at T=0 with very small ordered moment. Application of H=70kOe enhances resistivity [ρ(H)-ρ(0)]/ρ (0) more than two orders of magnitude at T=2K. Underlying physics and possible mechanisms for the colossal response of resistivity to magnetic field will be discussed.
Polar processing in a split vortex: Arctic ozone loss in early winter 2012/2013

Abstract. A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in early January 2013 caused the Arctic polar vortex to split and temperatures to rapidly rise above the threshold for chlorine activation. However, ozone in the lower stratospheric polar vortex from late December 2012 through early February 2013 reached the lowest values on record for that time of year. Analysis of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) trace gas measurements and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) data shows that exceptional chemical ozone loss early in the 2012/13 Arctic winter resulted from a unique combination of meteorological conditions associated with the early-January 2013 SSW: unusually low temperatures in December 2012, offspring vortices within which air remained well isolated for nearly 1 month after the vortex split, and greater-than-usual vortex sunlight exposure throughout December 2012 and January 2013. Conditions in the two offspring vortices differed substantially, with the one overlying Canada having lower temperatures, lower nitric acid (HNO3), lower hydrogen chloride, more sunlight exposure/higher ClO in late January, and a later onset of chlorine deactivation than the one overlying Siberia. MLS HNO3 and CALIPSO data indicate that PSC activity in December 2012 was more extensive and persistent than at that time in any other Arctic winter in the past decade. Chlorine monoxide (ClO, measured by MLS) rose earlier than previously observed and was the largest on record through mid-January 2013. Enhanced vortex ClO persisted until mid-February despite the cessation of PSC activity when the SSW started. Vortex HNO3 remained depressed after PSCs had disappeared; passive transport calculations indicate vortex-averaged denitrification of about 4 parts per billion by volume. The estimated vortex-averaged chemical ozone loss, ~ 0.7–0.8 parts per million by volume near 500 K (~21 km), was the largest December/January loss in the MLS record from 2004/05 to 2014/15.
Will massive online open courses (moocs) change education

As has been apparent for the past several months, MOOCs (Massive Online Open Courseware) have emerged as a powerful contender for the next new education technology. Yet the landscape of education technology is littered with the remains of previous technological breakthroughs that have failed to live up to their initial promise, or at least their initial rhetoric. This panel will present a lively debate about the promise, and realities, of MOOCs and whether they are transformative, or merely a faddish trend.
How western scrub-jays ( Aphelocoma californica ) select a nut: effects of the number of options, variation in nut size, and social competition among foragers

Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) often visually assess and handle several whole (unshelled) peanuts before selecting one to transport and cache; this behavior is a search for a preferred heavy nut. I repeatedly video-taped individually identifiable jays as they landed on a feeding platform and chose from presentations of peanuts that varied in the number of items or in the distribution of sizes. I examined how differences among these presentations and a bird’s social status affected the amount of assessment and the economic consequences of choice. I also examined the specific patterns of handling peanuts, called sampling, to quantify the degree to which sampling sequences were typified by repeated comparisons among sampled peanuts (retrospective sampling), or sequential assessment and rejection of peanuts (prospective sampling). Peanut assessment was more extensive and prospective when there were many options from which to choose than when there were few. Peanut assessment was more extensive and retrospective when options were similar in size than when they varied. Scrub-jays were more likely to make repeated comparisons immediately before selecting a peanut than elsewhere in a sampling sequence. Subordinate scrub-jays, who were at the greatest risk of pre-emption by competitors, assessed peanuts less extensively and were more prospective in their sampling than dominants. Unless peanuts were very similar in size, jays were more accurate at selecting a high-quality peanut and achieved a higher rate of food storage than if they had not assessed. These results show that scrub-jays can adaptively modify how they search to improve their rate of food storage, and also suggest some of the specific search tactics used by jays when assessing peanuts.
Cytotoxicity of cancer patients' macrophages for tumor cells: purification and characterization of plasma inhibitory factors obtained from colon cancer patients.

Abstract Monocyte derived macrophages from breast and gynecologic cancer patients generally do not acquire enhanced cytotoxicity for human tumor cells after incubation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whereas the macrophages isolated from colon and hematologic cancer patients are cytotoxic. However, it was also found that 75% of the patients possessing cytotoxic macrophages also had a plasma factor which suppressed macrophage mediated cytotoxicity. The plasma inhibitory factor obtained from a colon cancer patient was purified utilizing Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and 4 fractions (A,B,C and D) with inhibitory activity, were isolated. When a plasma sample obtained from a colon cancer patient found to be lacking the inhibitor of macrophage cytotoxicity was fractionated, 2 fractions were isolated with inhibitory activity. These fractions corresponded to fractions A and C of the inhibitory sample. Pooled AB + serum was also fractionated and no inhibitory fractions could be isolated. The inhibitory factors were further characterized and it was found that fractions A and B appear to be inhibitors of lysosomal enzyme activity and fraction C appears to be an inhibitor of protease activity. When the plasma from cancer patients known to possess an inhibitor of macrophage mediated cytotoxicity was examined for the presence of fraction A, B, C and D, it was found that every colon cancer patient studied possessed inhibitors A, B, C and D. Breast cancer patients possessed some combination of A, B, and C but all lacked fraction D and the gynecologic cancer patients possessed some combination of factors A, B and D but they all lacked inhibitor C.
Curriculum charts and time in undergraduate education

This paper examines the organization and representation of time in certain kinds of undergraduate programs, here represented by a sociology program in a US university. Written requirements for the major are analyzed as constituting a ‘chart’ that defines academic time in terms of units of before–after relationships. The paper shows how students ‘reuse’ these temporal units when charting paths through the university and reckoning their academic work to specific futures.
Recent Vegetation Changes along the Forest/Steppe Ecotone of Northern Patagonia

Abstract In northern Patagonia over a west-to-east distance of approximately 50 km, the vegetation changes from Nothofagus rainforests through woodlands of Austrocedrus chilensis to steppe dominated by bunchgrasses and shrubs. Analysis of tree population age structures and photographic comparisons of the forest/steppe margin over the past century indicate an expansion of trees into the steppe. Throughout northern Patagonia, Austrocedrus chilensis and other trees began invading the steppe 75 to 100 years ago. During the early decades of the twentieth century, there was also a shift in dominance from bunchgrasses towards spiny shrubs in the steppe near the forest margin. Cessation of frequent burning of the steppe by Indians hunting guanacos at the end of the nineteenth century appears to have permitted the tree invasion. Severe overgrazing by sheep and livestock during the early decades of the present century was the main factor in the shift in dominance from bunchgrasses towards shrubs. European settlemen...
The relationship between death anxiety and level of self-esteem: A reassessment

A total of 157 undergraduates (58 men, 99 women) completed self-esteem and death anxiety testing instruments. In agreement with previous research, it was found that women had higher death anxiety scores than men, and that subjects low in self-esteem had higher death anxiety scores than those high in self-esteem. Unlike previous research, the present data failed to yield a significant difference in level of self-esteem between men and women.
A Fighting Chance: How Acute Care Training Is Failing Patients With Chronic Disease

Watching the decline of two patients with kidney failure—one healthier and one frail—a doctor questions how well acute care medical training serves those with chronic disease.
Continuous filament wound composite concepts for aircraft fuselage structures

Design studies have been performed on continuous filament wound grid-stiffened composite structural concepts for aircraft fuselages. Stability equations based on a Donnell-type theory, which includes transverse shear deformation in the unidirectional composite ribs, have been developed for a general grid-stiffened circular cylindrical shell. Three candidate design concepts—isogrid, orthogrid, and generalized orthogrid were compared. The loading cases considered were uniaxial compression and combined axial compression and torsion. All three concepts are weight competitive. The isogrid concept, however, is the most attractive due to its demonstrated damage tolerance characteristics.
A ratio ergodic theorem in Archimedean Riesz spaces

Abstract In this paper (which can be thought of as a continuation of our previous article “On several types of convergence and divergence in Archimedean Riesz spaces”) we extend the Ornstein ratio ergodic theorem to a class of Archimedean Riesz spaces. Let E be an Archimedean Riesz space, let Ẽ be the Dedekind completion of E (we may and do think of E as being a Riesz subspace of Ẽ), and let T:E → E be a positive linear operator. Let u ϵ E, u ≠ 0, let I(T, u) be the ideal in Ẽ generated by the set {T n u ¦ n ϵ N ∪ {0}} , and let I 00 ∗ (T, u) be the Riesz space of all order continuous linear functionals on I(T, u). We say that u has property P if I 00 ∗ (T, u) separates the points of I(T, u). Now let ƒ, g ϵ E, ƒ ⩾ 0, g ⩾ 0 , and set u n = ∑ i = 0 n T i ƒ, v n = ∑ i = 0 n T i g for every n ϵ N ∪ {0} . Let B be the projection band in Ẽ generated by the set {T n g ¦ n ϵ N ∪ {0}} , let Bd(B) be the band of total ratio individual divergence of the sequence ((un, vn))n ϵ N ∪ {0} with respect to B, and assume that g has property P . The main result of the paper is that if the sequence ((un, vn))n ϵ N ∪ {0} does not ratio converge individually on B, then for every u ϵ Bd(B), u ≠ 0, there exist v ϵ B(u), v ≠ 0, and a sequence of modifications (ωn)n ϵ N of ƒ + g such that (ωn)n ϵ N diverges individually to ∞ on B(v) (where B(u) and B(v) are the bands in Ẽ generated by the singletons {u} and {v}, respectively).