cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selection of Conditions for Cellulase and Xylanase Extraction from Switchgrass Colonized by Acidothermus cellulolyticus

Solid-state fermentation has been widely used for enzyme production. However, secreted enzymes often bind to the solid substrate preventing their detection and recovery. A series of screening studies was performed to examine the role of extraction buffer composition including NaCl, ethylene glycol, sodium acetate buffer, and Tween 80, on xylanase and cellulase recovery from switchgrass. Our results indicated that the selection of an extraction buffer is highly dependent on the nature and source of the enzyme being extracted. While a buffer containing 50 mM sodium acetate at pH 5 was found to have a positive effect on the recovery of commercial fungal-derived cellulase and xylanase amended to switchgrass, the same buffer had a significant negative effect on enzyme extraction from solid fermentation samples colonized by the bacterium Acidothermus cellulolyticus. Xylanase activity was more affected by components in the extraction buffers compared to cellulase. This study demonstrated that extraction followed by diafiltration is important for assessing enzyme recovery from solid fermentation samples. Reduction in activity due to compounds present in the switchgrass extracts is reversible when the compounds are removed via diafiltration.
ÜBER DIE KONFIGURATION DES 19‐NOR‐10ξ, 14β, 17α‐PROGESTERONS

Vergleiche von Rotationsdispersionskurven erlauben den Schlus, das beim 19-Nor-10ξ, 14β, 17α-progesteron und einer Reihe verwandter Verbindungen am Kohlenstoffatom 10 die „naturliche” Konfiguration vorliegt. In den entsprechenden Namen ist daher das bisher gebrauchte Zeichen „10ξ” wegzulassen.
Laser Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides one of the most sensitive techniques ever devised for the detection of free radicals such as OH, CH, HO2, and HCO. Paramagnetic molecules inside a laser cavity are Zeeman tuned into coincidence with the laser frequency and a decrease in laser power is detected. With this technique, the reaction rates of free radicals can be measured in a reaction flow system.
Beyond SIR-C/X-SAR

SAR data provide unique information about the health of the planet and its biodiversity, as well as critical data for natural hazards and resource assessments. Based on the success of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar and X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) missions, an evolving U.S. Flight program leading to long-term environmental monitoring and commercial applications is being developed to meet the needs of the science community and operational and commercial users. Requirements have been collected from a variety of sources, both nationally and internationally. The Committee on Earth Studies of the National Research Council Space Studies Board has provided recommendations on science priorities. An Interagency ad hoc working group on SAR has established requirements for the U.S. Operational user community, and an International SAR Working Group has the task of recommending an integrated approach to global SAR observations. Implementation approaches have been developed that focus on cost-effective means to meet these needs. Fundamental to the resulting program are the acquisition of a globally consistent digital topographic data base, continuity of calibrated multiparameter SAR data, support for airborne SAR campaigns, and infusion of new technology. In addition, international outreach programs have been initiated to increase the user base for SAR data. Mission concepts included in this scenario are a Shuttle Radar Topography Mapper (SRTM), a LightSAR Technology validation mission, and an International SAR (ISAR) constellation.
How Much Do We Know About Total Ankle Arthroplasty in 2014? Commentary on an article by Robin M. Queen, PhD, et al.: "Patient-Reported Outcomes, Function, and Gait Mechanics After Fixed and Mobile-Bearing Total Ankle Replacement".

Of the many procedures performed by orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons, few can rival the patient satisfaction, pain relief, and improvement in quality of life and function obtained from a successful total ankle arthroplasty. In stark contrast, some of the most devastating complications, including below-the-knee amputation, can result from failed/infected total ankle arthroplasties. When advising prospective patients about total ankle arthroplasty, we depend on peer-reviewed literature to help develop a treatment algorithm for procedures and implant selection. Queen et al. provide a well-written and designed prospective analysis of patients who received a mobile-bearing Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement (STAR) or fixed-bearing Salto Talaris implant. The authors concluded that, at the two-year follow-up evaluation, both groups had significant improvement in walking speed, results of functional tests, patient-reported outcomes, and vertical ground reaction forces. The authors described subtle significant differences between the fixed and mobile-bearing groups. Specifically, the fixed-bearing group had a greater increase in peak plantar flexion moment and the Short Form-36 …
Enhancing information technologies in public services

Categorizes and discusses the software, hardware and system lessons learned to date that could significantly enhance large-scale information systems: they include designing for an automated operations-oriented environment; developing a real-time system; building on a hardware-independent operating system; employing a modular software development approach; building on a distributed network of processors; employing a database management system; developing enhanced applications; considering a dedicated system; and building in a system evaluation component. Additionally, the paper suggests that current data systems should be upgraded to information systems, which in turn, should be upgraded to knowledge systems.
Prophylactic administration of Amifostine protects vessel thickness in the setting of irradiated bone

Summary Although often beneficial in the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC), radiation therapy (XRT) leads to the depletion of vascular supply and eventually decreased perfusion of the tissue. Specifically, previous studies have demonstrated the depletion of vessel volume fraction (VVF) and vessel thickness (VT) associated with XRT. Amifostine (AMF) provides protection from the detrimental effects of radiation damage, allowing for reliable post-irradiation fracture healing in the murine mandible. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prophylactic ability of AMF to protect the vascular network in an irradiated field. Sprague–Dawley rats ( n = 17) were divided into 3 groups: control (C, n = 5), radiated (XRT, n = 7), and radiated mandibles treated with Amifostine (AMF XRT, n = 5). Both groups receiving radiation underwent a previously established, human equivalent dose of XRT totaling 35 Gy, equally fractionated over 5 days. The AMF XRT group received a weight dependent (0.5 mg AMF/5 g body weight) subcutaneous injection of AMF 45 min prior to XRT. Following a 56-day recovery period, mandibles were perfused, dissected, and imaged with μCT. ANOVA was used for comparisons between groups and p p = 0.027). Interestingly, further analysis demonstrated no significant difference in VT between control mandibles and those treated with AMF (0.067 ± 0.016 mm versus 0.061 ± 0.011 mm, p = 0.633). AMF treatment also showed an increase in VVF, however those results were not statistically significant from VVF values demonstrated by the XRT group. Our data support the contention that AMF therapy acts prophylactically to protect vessel thickness. Based on these findings, we support the continued investigation of this treatment paradigm in its potential translation for the prevention of vascular depletion after radiotherapy.
Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror.

2we have now done a larger trial of mirror therapy on patients with hemiparesis following stroke. All patients were at least 6 months post-stroke proven by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (mean 4·8 years post-stroke, SD 8·2 years, range 6 months to 26·25 years), to preclude effects from spontaneous recovery. The patients gave written informed consent. The patients were randomly assigned to spend the first 4 weeks using a mirror or transparent plastic, and then crossed over to the other treatment for the next 4 weeks. We used mirrors sized 1824 inches (45 cm60 cm) made of plastic with a mirror coating, and transparent plastic sheets of the same size. Patients were put on a practice schedule of 15 min, twice a day, 6 days a week, moving both hands or arms symmetrically (moving the affected arm as best they could) while watching the good arm in the mirror, or the paretic arm through the clear plastic (figure). A “bootstrapping” approach was employed in designing regimens for patients, typically moving proximal to distal, working from movements patients could perform to those they could not. The patients were videotaped at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks making all of the cardinal movements of the upper limb. Subjective comments were obtained from the patients, and the patients’ progress was assessed from the videotape by two senior neurologists from our team who were unaware of which treatment the patients used first, or the patients’ subjective comments, assessing the change from baseline in patients’ movement ability in terms of range of motion, speed, and accuracy using a ‐3 to +3 scale with 0 representing no change. Subjectively, all the patients liked using a mirror more than the clear plastic and felt that the mirror was more helpful than the plastic. One patient said that while “all my other methods of therapy exercise my muscles, the mirror is the only one which exercises my brain and nerves”. Another said he liked using the mirror and thought it was helpful because while using the mirror “it looks like my bad arm is moving normally,” even though it was not. Another patient characterised working with the mirror as “a blessing.” Both graders found that substantially more patients improved on mirror than on control (7-1 and 4-1, table). The mirror provides patients with “proper” visual input— the mirror reflection of the moving good arm looks like the affected arm moving correctly—and perhaps “substitutes” for the often decreased or absent proprioceptive input. Use of the mirror may also help recruit the premotor cortex to help with motor rehabilitation. 3
Digitally addressable vertically aligned carbon nanofibers for implementation of massively parallel maskless lithography

Field emission (FE) of electrons from nanostructured graphitic carbon-based materials has been an area of intense investigation in recent years. Each field emitting device has control gates and an electron emitting cathode, which emits electron when a sufficient voltage is applied at the gate electrode. Recently, a technique for fabricating gated cathode structures that uses a single in situ grown vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) as a FE element has been reported. This paper presents digitally addressable VACNFs for implementation of massively parallel maskless lithography.
Two-dimensional periodic waves in shallow water

Experimental data are presented that demonstrate the existence of a family of gravitational water waves that propagate practically without change of form on the surface of shallow water of uniform depth. The surface patterns of these waves are genuinely two-dimensional and fully periodic, i.e. they are periodic in two spatial directions and in time. The amplitudes of these waves need not be small; their form persists even up to breaking. The waves are easy to generate experimentally, and they are observed to propagate in a stable manner, even when perturbed significantly. The measured waves are described with reasonable accuracy by a family of exact solutions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation (KP solutions of genus 2) over the entire parameter range of the experiments, including waves well outside the putative range of validity of the KP equation. These genus-2 solutions of the KP equation may be viewed as two-dimensional generalizations of cnoidal waves.
Soy and Whey Proteins Downregulate DMBA-Induced Liver and Mammary Gland CYP1 Expression in Female Rats

One possible mechanism by which diet may reduce cancer risk is through enhancement of metabolic systems that prevent activation of carcinogens or accelerate carcinogen inactivation. We studied the effects of diet and 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene (DMBA) on hepatic and mammary gland CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Diets (AIN-93G) were fed from conception to adulthood, and DMBA was given by oral gavage at age 48-50 d. The protein sources of diets were casein (CAS), soy protein isolate (SPI) or whey protein hydrolysate (WPH). The DMBA-induced hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase activities and CYP1A1 protein and mRNA expression were lower (P < 0.05) in SPI-fed rats compared with those fed casein. Differences in mammary gland CYP1 expression were also observed with decreased DMBA induction (P < 0.05) of all three CYP1 proteins and mRNAs in rats fed either SPI or WPH compared with those fed CAS. Most notable were the decreased constitutive and DMBA-induced mammary gland expression of CYP1B1 protein of 93 and 96%, respectively, in the SPI-fed rats relative to the CAS-fed controls. The diet-induced changes in CYP1 enzyme expression were consistent with changes in the AhR and ARNT transcription factors that regulate them. Decreased (P < 0.05) mammary constitutive AhR and ARNT proteins were measured in SPI-fed rats. There was also a 100% increase in constitutive AhR protein in the WPH-fed rats that paralleled a 100% increase in constitutive CYP1B1 protein in the mammary gland. These results demonstrate the importance of diet in regulation of phase I metabolism in liver and mammary gland, and suggest a potential mechanism by which soy or whey proteins reduce DMBA-induced mammary tumor incidence.
Digital Signal Processing for RF at 45-nm CMOS and Beyond

Having gained experience in developing the first ever all-digital transmitter and digitally-intensive receiver for mobile phones in 90-nm CMOS, the authors offering in this paper are view into the future of highly integrated RF circuits. First experimental designs in 45-nm CMOS reveal highly unfriendly environment for analog and RF circuits design. The radio architecture to be successful must further transform the conventional voltage domain into high-speed and high-precision operation of predominantly digital circuitry
Innovation in Mutual Fund Portfolios: Implications for Fund Alpha and Risk

This study introduces a new measure of portfolio holdings that has power to explain future fund abnormal returns. This measure is defined as "return on portfolio innovation." It is constructed as the return on completely new portfolio positions that a fund has not held before. I evaluate the return on newly added positions because their performance can signal the quality of managerial effort. On average, a one-standard deviation increase in the return on innovation increases the Carhart (1997) four-factor fund alpha by approximately 0.34 to 0.52 percent per year. In addition, although overall fund performance is inversely related to future risk-taking, higher returns on innovation are associated with greater risk. The results have important implications for fund performance and manager behavior.
Evidence of evolving carbaryl resistance in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in areawide-managed cornfields in north central Kansas.

Susceptibility of adult populations of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, to carbaryl was determined by a survey in 1996 before the implementation of an areawide management program near Scandia in north central Kansas. Subsequently, the susceptibility of western corn rootworm adults to carbaryl has been monitored throughout the program from 1997 to 2000 in both control and managed areas. In 1996, adults were highly susceptible to carbaryl with a mean LC50 value of 0.64 μg/vial. This value was comparable to those for adults collected from other regions within Kansas. However, adult susceptibility to carbaryl decreased rapidly within the managed area, where the cucurbitacin-carbaryl-based bait SLAM has been used as the primary tool to control adults in this project since 1997. In 1999, adults collected from the managed area were 9- and 20-fold less susceptible to carbaryl at the LC50 and LC90 levels, respectively, than those evaluated in 1996. In contrast, adults collected from the control area were only 2- and 3-fold less susceptible to carbaryl at the LC50 and LC90 levels, respectively, than adults evaluated in 1996. Although field adult populations of western corn rootworm were relatively low in 2000, evaluations showed trends similar to those in 1999 regarding their carbaryl susceptibility in the managed and control areas. These results provide evidence that western corn rootworm has been evolving carbaryl resistance rapidly in response to the use of SLAM in areawide-managed cornfields near Scandia.
Determinants of coronary flow and myocardial metabolism in the newborn lamb. Influences of hypoxia and acidosis.

Coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism are subjects which have received intensive investigative interest since early in the present century (1). This work has been confined largely to the adults of many species, including man, while scant attention has been given to these problems in the newborn. In the early neonatal period there are major changes in cardiac output (2), in the distribution of blood flow (3) and in pressure relations within the various vascular compartments (4) associated with the transition to extrauterine life. Some of these changes may be reflected in the heart by a revision in the ratio of right to left ventricular weight from near unity at birth to one in which the left ventricle may weigh more than twice as much as the right at two to four weeks of age. Active myocardial growth is reflected in a remarkable increase in RNA synthetic processes which are most pronounced in the left ventricular myocardium (5).
Descending Aorta Rupture During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

A 88-year-old woman with a permanent VDD pacemaker and severe aortic stenosis underwent elective transcatheter aortic valve replacement because of high surgical risk (logistic Euroscore of 35.3%). Aortic valve area was 0.5 cm2, mean gradient was 86 mm Hg, and left ventricular ejection fraction was 64% on transthoracic echocardiography. Aortic annulus sizing was 23.5 and 23.7 mm by transesophageal echocardiography and multidetector computed tomography, respectively. Femoral and iliac arteries evaluated by angiography and computed tomography were straight with mild calcification and had adequate internal diameters. Great tortuosity of the aorta was also observed in computed tomography, with the presence of a double angle in the descending thoracic aorta and a very pronounced curve in the distal part of the aortic arch (Figure 1). The procedure took place via right transfemoral access with the use of a percutaneous closure device. A self-expandable 29-mm Core Valve prosthesis (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) was advanced, encountering a high resistance at the level of the distal part of the aortic arch that precluded the progress. When advancement …
Introduction to Wald (1945) Sequential Tests of Statistical Hypotheses

Probability theory came of age with the advent of Kolmogorov’s axiomatics in 1933 and the subsequent developments in limit theorems and stochastic processes. Statistical inference came of age with the advent of the Neyman-Pearson theory in 1933 and the subsequent formalization of hypothesis testing, estimation, and decision theory. In the present paper, Wald unified the two seemingly dissimilar areas most elegantly. To probabilists, he offered gems of new results in random walks, martingales, stochastic processes, and limit theorems. He also pointed out indirectly how they can seek probability questions from statistical inference and use the latter area as a testing ground for their abstract theorems. To statisticians, he showed that statistical inference is not just the analysis or “significance” of an existing body of data; it also entails their entry into the very process of experimentation and a continual analysis of the data as they become available. The sequential probability ratio test embodies this aspect. Wald also showed them how results from “pure” areas of mathematics, particularly probability theory, can be adapted to put statistical inference, in general, on stronger footing without losing sight of its practical nature.
Spin transport and Hanle effect in silicon nanowires using graphene tunnel barriers

Spin-based devices offer non-volatile, scalable, low power and reprogrammable functionality for emerging device technologies. Here we fabricate nanoscale spintronic devices with ferromagnetic metal/single-layer graphene tunnel barriers used to generate spin accumulation and spin currents in a silicon nanowire transport channel. We report the first observation of spin precession via the Hanle effect in both local three-terminal and non-local spin-valve geometries, providing a direct measure of spin lifetimes and confirmation of spin accumulation and pure spin transport. The use of graphene as the tunnel barrier provides a low-resistance area product contact and clean magnetic switching characteristics, because it smoothly bridges the nanowire and minimizes complicated magnetic domains that otherwise compromise the magnetic behaviour. Utilizing intrinsic two-dimensional layers such as graphene or hexagonal boron nitride as tunnel contacts on nanowires offers many advantages over conventional materials deposited by vapour deposition, enabling a path to highly scaled electronic and spintronic devices. Graphene forms low-resistance tunnel barriers for spin injection from a ferromagnet into silicon. Here, the authors fabricate silicon nanowire non-local spin valves with graphene tunnel barriers, evidencing spin accumulation and transport via Hanle spin precession measurements.
Proteinuria: it is time to look beyond the proximal tubule

tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a prominent feature of end-stage kidney disease. However, the mechanism of tubulointerstitial injury preceding chronic kidney disease remains to be undetermined. The degree of proteinuria has been utilized as a surrogate marker for prognosis and response to medical
MULTIMODAL DAMPING OF PffiZO- COUPLED PLATE STRUCTURES

This paper further develops the new theory of piezoelectronic systems to investigate vibration and acoustic transmission through piezo-coupled plate structures. The first part of the paper develops procedures for multi-port modeling of dynamical systems whose behavior is governed by piezoelectric behavior. This framework is then employed to investigate control using fully coupled electricalmechanical models that include the energy and power considerations. The underlying theory demonstrates a new method of design of controllers for such systems termed admittance controllers. Admittance controllers will be shown to comprise of two subsystems or, in actual implementation, subcircuits, each of which is essential and unique The concatenated system or circuit replaces conventional heavy, bulky and energy inefficient control/filter/conditioning/drive design used for active feedforward/feedback control systems. These result will be further developed for multimodal control, which is of interest to acoustic transmission, for the situation of single and multiple piezoelectric elements attached to the plate. Numerical schemes are presented that determine the location of the elements, based upon the general theory, and reveal the obstruction to be a numerically computable uncontrollable subspace.
Use of peroxidatic-enzyme staining to enhance resolution of cultured mammalian cells under phase microscopy.

Staining of glutaraldehyde-fixed mammalian cells with peroxidatic enzymes (horseradish peroxidase or horse heart cytochrome c) greatly enhances resolution of their structure under phase microscopy. The topography of cell processes and regions of intercellular contact and overlapping is resolved precisely, even in dense cultures mounted in media which ordinarily do not permit clear demonstration of these areas. The technique is therefore a useful aid to the study of cultured cells with phase optics. Labeling depends on introducing free aldehydes into cells through the use of bi functional fixatives such as glutaraldehyde. Acetone or formaldehyde fixation prevents staining, and labeling intensity is greatly diminished by pretreatment with spermine, a polyamine that reacts with glutaraldehyde. Electron microscopy reveals that peroxidase tags membranes preferentially; some areas are labeled smoothly, others in a punctate manner. Ribosomes are sharply contrasted, but nuclei remain unstained. Cytochrome c label...
Multiscale Model Describing Bacterial Adhesion and Detachment

Bacterial surfaces are complex structures with nontrivial adhesive properties. The physics of bacterial adhesion deviates from that of ideal colloids as a result of cell-surface roughness and because of the mechanical properties of the polymers covering the cell surface. In the present study, we develop a simple multiscale model for the interplay between the potential energy functions that characterize the cell surface biopolymers and their interaction with the extracellular environment. We then use the model to study a discrete network of bonds in the presence of significant length heterogeneities in cell-surface polymers. The model we present is able to generate force curves (both approach and retraction) that closely resemble those measured experimentally. Our results show that even small-length-scale heterogeneities can lead to macroscopically nonlinear behavior that is qualitatively and quantitatively different from the homogeneous case. We also report on the energetic consequences of such structural...
Perspectives on The Rise and Fall of American Growth

Abstract This paper summarizes the book and assesses the reviews contained in the four contributed papers. Gregory Clark provides convincing arguments that extend the book's forecast that future technological change will be slower. Nicholas Crafts shows declining mortality and shorter work hours greatly increase welfare-augmented TFP growth during 1929-50. Benjamin Friedman points out that optimism about future technological change casts doubt on future employment growth, while technological pessimism implies employment optimism. Daron Acemoglu and co-authors emphasize the institutional environment that influences the timing and magnitude of innovation.
Depression and Autism

Depression is prevalent among persons within the autism spectrum. Individuals with Asperger’s syndrome, high-functioning autism, adolescents, and adults are particularly at risk. This chapter will review methods and procedure used to identify depression among persons with autism.
Increased concurrence of cirrhosis and bacterial endocarditis. A clinical and postmortem study.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a disease of cirrhotic patients in which preexisting ascites is infected, supposedly by blood-borne bacteria. If this hypothesis is correct, other susceptible sites, such as the cardiac valves, might be similarly vulnerable. Consequently, we compared the frequency of bacterial endocarditis in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients both at autopsy and in life. At autopsy bacterial endocarditis was found in 1.8% of 557 cirrhotic patients compared to 0.9 % of 3658 noncirrhotic patients (P
General partner and relational uncertainty as consequences of another person's jealousy expression

Because a relationship between jealousy expression and the experience of uncertainty has been consistently demonstrated, the current project proposes that general partner and relational uncertainty arise in one individual as a reaction to jealousy expression from that individual's partner. Specifically, the amount of uncertainty present after another person expresses jealousy is predicted to differ according to relational type and the way in which the jealousy is expressed. Hypothetical jealousy scenarios involving cross‐sex friends, siblings, dating partners, and negative, neutral, and positive jealousy expression are utilized to test these predictions. Findings reveal that cross‐sex friends are more uncertain than either siblings or daters after another person expresses jealousy. In addition, another person's use of negative affect expression (neutral jealousy expression) is related to greater uncertainty compared with another's use of integrative communication (positive jealousy expression). The import...
Socioeconomic Status and Poor Health Outcome at 10 Years of Follow-Up in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background/Objectives Predictors of healthy aging have not been well-studied using longitudinal data with demographic, clinical, subclinical, and genetic information. The objective was to identify predictors of poor health outcome at 10 years of follow-up in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Population-based sample from 6 U.S. communities. Participants 4,355 participants In the MESA Study. Measurements Poor health outcome at 10 years of follow-up was defined as having died or having clinical cardiovascular disease, depression, cognitive impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer. Absolute risk regression was used to estimate risk differences in the outcome adjusting for demographic variables, clinical and behavioral risk factors, subclinical cardiovascular disease, and ApoE genotype. Models were weighted to account for selective attrition. Results Mean age at 10 years of follow-up was 69.5 years; 1,480 participants had a poor health outcome, 2,157 participants were in good health, and 718 were unknown. Older age, smoking, not taking a statin, hypertension, diabetes, and higher coronary calcium score were associated with higher probability of poor health outcome. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the lowest income and educational categories had 7 to 14% greater absolute risk of poor health outcome at 10 years of follow-up compared to those in the next highest categories of income or education (P = 0.002 for both). Those in the lowest categories of both income and education had 21% greater absolute risk of poor health outcome compared to those in the highest categories of both income and education. Conclusions Low income and educational level predict poor health outcome at 10 years of follow-up in an aging cohort, independent of clinical and behavioral risk factors and subclinical cardiovascular disease.
Education: Physics takes centre stage

While particle physicists at CERN were holding heated discussions about the closure of the LEP accelerator, the European centre for particle physics also played host to its first educational conference. Over 400 physics teachers and education experts from 22 European countries descended on the lab to share ideas about innovative teaching techniques and to discuss ways of reversing the decline in the number of students studying physics across Europe. The event, called Physics on Stage, was part of the European Science and Technology Week, an initiative designed to raise the public awareness of science and technology, and to persuade young people to take up a career in science.
Love and work: a reading of John Williams’ Stoner

This article offers a close reading of the novel Stoner by John Williams. Stoner, and not the countless reports and jeremiads on teaching, helps us find what we are searching for: a way to live – a...
Fine-Scale Characteristics of Fluvial Bull Trout Redds and Adjacent Sites in Rapid River, Idaho, 1993–2007

From 1993 to 2007, we used single pass, September surveys to locate and measure fluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) redds in Rapid River, Idaho. Here we describe substrate sizes, redd dimensions, and water depths, velocities, and temperatures within and adjacent to 337 redds. Most (79%) spawning sites had fewer than 20% surface fines ( 60%) in redds. Bull trout altered channel water depths and velocities during redd construction; pits averaged 5 cm deeper, leading tailspill edges 1.2 cm shallower, and tailspill crests 6.2 cm shallower than adjacent, undisturbed sites. Conversely, pit velocities averaged 2.1 cm s-1 slower, tailspill edge velocities 2.3 cm s-1 faster, and tailspill crest velocities 10.1 cm s-1 faster than adjacent sites. Mean, annual pit water temperatures ranged from 4.5 to 7.7 °C. Water depths and water velocities over undisturbed sites adjacent to bull trout redds were significantly correlated with water depths and water velocities inside completed redds. Improving our understanding of fluvial bull trout redds will increase the accuracy of redd counts, especially in streams with sympatric, fall spawning salmonids. Data describing fine-scale characteristics of redds and adjacent sites will assist efforts to conserve and restore critical bull trout spawning habitats.
The Linguistic Wars

Publisher Summary This chapter gets its title from Paul Postal's apt term for the state of hostility that existed between the two rival camps of theoreticians in the late 1960s and early 1970s regarding generative semantics. It highlights the fall of generative semantics. In the 1970s, the generative semanticists began proposing grammatical mechanisms that far exceeded the power of global rules. This was necessitated by the steady expansion of the type of phenomena that generative semanticists felt required a grammatical treatment. As the scope of formal grammar expanded, so did the number of formal devices and their power. Around 1970 and 1971, many commentators saw generative semantics as being as important and dramatic a break from classical transformational grammar as the latter was from post-Bloomfieldian structural linguistics. George Lakoff traveled around the world speaking about why transformational grammar died and wrote with confidence about the crumbling foundations of Chomskyan syntax. Even by 1972, to judge from the quantity and tone of the papers that took sides in factional debate, generative semantics was on the defensive. Most significantly, its own adherents began to abandon ship. A dramatic indicator of this fact is a remarkable paper by generative semanticist Jerry Morgan (1973a), which demolished step by step many of the fundamental hypotheses of the model, hypotheses that Morgan himself had played a key role in fashioning.
High-Resolution Model-Based Investigation of Moisture Transport into the Pacific Northwest during a Strong Atmospheric River Event

AbstractA series of precipitation events impacted the Pacific Northwest during the first two weeks of November 2006. This sequence was punctuated by a particularly potent inland-penetrating atmospheric river (AR) that produced record-breaking precipitation across the region during 5–7 November. The precipitation caused destructive flooding as far inland as Montana’s Glacier National Park, 800 km from the Pacific Ocean. This study investigates the inland penetration of moisture during the event using a 4–1.33-km grid spacing configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system. A high-resolution simulation allowed an analysis of interactions between the strong AR and terrain features such as the Cascade Mountains and the Columbia River Gorge (CR Gorge).Moisture transport in the vicinity of the Cascades is assessed using various metrics. The most efficient pathway for moisture penetration was through the gap (i.e., CR Gap) between Mt. Adams and Mt. Hood, which includes the CR Gorge. W...
Monsoonal precipitation in the Paleo-Tethys warm pool during the latest Permian

Abstract Simulations of the late Permian (251 Ma) are analyzed with respect to the northern hemispheric Pangean monsoon. We find that the presence and spatial distribution of the warm pool, and not land-sea temperature differences, are the primary forcing agents for the monsoon. The land-sea temperature gradient, as a monsoonal mechanism, is tested by eliminating the Cathyasian peninsula and is found to have little impact on the spatial character of the monsoon. Furthermore, the response of the monsoon to the warm pool was tested by removing all Paleo-Tethys equatorial islands, which allows the warm pool to expand and migrate westward thus shifting the pattern of monsoonal precipitation. Given that paleogeography changes through time, these results have important implications for the migration and strength of the tropical monsoon over geologic time. Additionally, different CO2 regimes are presented, in which a 10-fold change in forcing produces diverging climates and therefore different warm pool and monsoon locales. Tropical and equatorial ocean currents impact the seasonal progression and location of the warm pool and atmospheric mass flux for the monsoonal regime is characterized and shown to change with warm pool movement. Experiments were conducted using the low-resolution version of Community Climate System Model, Version 3 (CCSM3) in both coupled and fixed sea surface temperature (SST) context. For validation purposes, a modern control is briefly presented with observations and is shown to represent both the spatial and seasonal progression of the Indian monsoon.
A surrogate regression approach for computing continuous loads for the tributary nutrient and sediment monitoring program on the Great Lakes.

Abstract Water quality (WQ) in many Great Lake tributaries has been degraded (increased nutrient and sediment concentrations) due to changes in their watersheds, resulting in downstream eutrophication. As part of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, specific goals were established for loading of specific constituents (e.g., phosphorus). In 2010, the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative was launched to identify problem areas, accelerate restoration efforts, and track their progress. In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey established a monitoring program on 30 tributaries to the lakes, representing ~ 46% of the U.S. draining area and the spectrum of land uses. Discrete measurements of nutrients and suspended sediment, and continuous measurements of flow and WQ surrogates (turbidity, temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen) are being collected in these tributaries to document their WQ and estimate continuous (5-min) loading. To estimate loadings, two regression models were developed for each constituent for each site: one using continuous flow and a seasonality factor; and one using flow, seasonality, and continuous surrogates. Variables included in the final models for each constituent were chosen from the explanatory variables that worked “best” for all sites. In computing loads, when continuous surrogate data were unavailable for short periods, loads were computed using the flow and seasonality models. Prediction intervals for all loads were calculated using results from both models. These results provide a better understanding of short-term variability and long-term changes in loading affecting the environmental health of the Great Lakes than traditional regression techniques that employ only flow and seasonality parameters.
HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS AND DIASTOLOGY OF PARADOXICAL LOW FLOW-LOW GRADIENT SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS WITH NORMAL EJECTION FRACTION PATIENTS UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Paradoxical low flow-low gradient aortic stenosis (PLF-LG AS) is characterized by low stroke volume and gradient despite a normal ejection fraction (EF), and is associated with poorer outcomes. The mechanism of low flow is incompletely understood and is presumed to be related to restrictive filling
Writing Non-Fiction Books

Writing non-fiction books related to your area of expertise can be an extraordinarily satisfying experience. However, such writing is best thought of as a supplement to your career, rather than a career in and of itself, since the financial rewards are typically small. In that sense, then, this chapter describes an activity that compliments the many careers discussed in this book. Writing books is not for the faint-hearted. It can often take years of meticulous attention and feedback from others to create a useful, readable volume. On the other hand, those who are fascinated by their work often find that writing books allows them to obtain a better overview of their area of interest or expertise. It also provides a mechanism for meeting many talented individuals who share the same interest. This can supply a valuable boost for any career.
Hydrogen Induced Fracture

The phenomenology and mechanisms of hydrogen-induced fracture in metals and alloys are briefly reviewed. As a stimulus for the workshop sessions, key unresolved issues are identified for each form of fracture that is discussed.
On the spectral domain method for solving field problems with edge singularities

This paper examines the constituents of the spectral domain method, namely Fourier transformation, moment method and Parseval's theorem. By using the theorems regarding the asymptotic expansion of Fourier integrals proposed in a previous paper, edge condition equivalent in the spectral domain is deduced directly. Some waveguide structures are discussed as application examples of these results. It is also indicated that, for edge configurations, the scalar product procedure in the space as well as in the Fourier transform domain may be incorrect in the conventional sense and that an applicable version of Parseval's therorem is needed for such cases. A version of this sort is given. Some general properties of the method are discussed.
Professional Self-Regulation in Medicine

It is important for young medical professionals to understand the many systems of professional regulation and their role in defining and enforcing standards of professional conduct.
Interband Magneto-Optics in Small Band Gap Semiconductors and Semimetals

In the past few years interband and intraband magneto-optical experiments have been successful in determining information about the electronic energy band structure of a variety of semiconductors and semimetals. Representative general reviews of this work have been given by Lax,1 Dresselhaus and Dresselhaus,2 and Smith.3 The two classes of experiments are complementary and both may be necessary for a complete picture: (i) Intraband free carrier experiments (such as cyclotron resonance or free carrier Faraday rotation) in general give direct information about the effective mass or curvature of a single populated band. (ii) Interband magneto-optical experiments give energy gaps directly, and reduced masses (and g-values) for valence to conduction band transitions over a wide energy range, at different symmetry points in the Brillouin zone. In particular the interband magnetoreflection technique is necessary for opaque materials such as metals and semimetals, where transmission experiments are not possible. It has the advantage that it can be used to probe both full and empty bands, inaccessible by Fermi studies of the de Haas van Alphen type.
Moving ions confined between graphene sheets

Permeation experiments and simulations show that the ion diffusion rate in confinement can be reversibly modulated and significantly enhanced with a potential of less than 0.5 V.
Plate tectonic cycling modulates Earth's 3He/22Ne ratio

Abstract The ratio of 3He and 22Ne varies throughout the mantle. This observation is surprising because 3He and 22Ne are not produced in the mantle, are highly incompatible during mantle melting, and are not recycled back into the mantle by subduction of oceanic sediment or basaltic crust. Our new compilation yields average 3He/22Ne ratios of 7.5 ± 1.2 and 3.5 ± 2.4 for mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle and ocean island basalt (OIB) mantle sources respectively. The low 3He/22Ne of OIB mantle approaches planetary precursor 3He/22Ne values; ∼1 for chondrites and ∼1.5 for the solar nebula. The high 3He/22Ne of the MORB mantle is not similar to any planetary precursor, requiring a mechanism for fractionating He from Ne in the mantle and suggesting isolation of distinct mantle reservoirs throughout geologic time. New experimental results reported here demonstrate that He and Ne diffuse at rates differing by one or more orders of magnitude at relevant temperatures in mantle materials. We model the formation of a MORB mantle with an elevated 3He/22Ne ratio through kinetically modulated chemical exchange between dunite channel-hosted basaltic liquids and harzburgite wallrock beneath mid-ocean ridges. Over timescales relevant to mantle upwelling beneath spreading centers, He may diffuse tens to hundreds of meters into wallrock while Ne is effectively immobile, producing a mantle lithosphere regassed with respect to He and depleted with respect to Ne, with a net elevated 3He/22Ne. Subduction of high 3He/22Ne mantle lithosphere throughout geologic time would generate a MORB source with high 3He/22Ne. Mixing models suggest that to preserve a high 3He/22Ne reservoir, MORB mantle mixing timescales must be on the order of hundreds of millions of years or longer, that mantle convection has not been layered about the transition zone for most of geologic time, and that Earth's convecting mantle has lost at least 96% of its primordial volatile elements. The most depleted, highest 3He/22Ne mantle may be best preserved in the lower mantle where relatively high viscosities impede mechanical mixing.
Doppelgangers and Lemke graphs

Abstract Let G be a connected graph. A configuration of pebbles on G is a function that assigns a nonnegative integer to each vertex. A pebbling move consists of removing two pebbles from one vertex and placing one pebble on an adjacent vertex. A configuration is solvable if after making pebbling moves any vertex can get at least one pebble. The pebbling number of G , denoted π ( G ) , is the smallest integer such that any configuration of π ( G ) pebbles on G is solvable. A graph has the two-pebbling property if after placing more than 2 π ( G ) − q pebbles on G , where q is the number of vertices with pebbles, there is a sequence of pebbling moves so that at least two pebbles can be placed on any vertex. A graph without the two-pebbling property is called a Lemke graph. Previously, an infinite family of Lemke graphs was shown to exist by subdividing edges of the original Lemke graph. In this paper, we introduce a new way to create infinite families of Lemke graphs based on adding vertices as well as subdividing edges. We also characterize the configurations that violate the two-pebbling property on these graphs and conjecture another infinite family of Lemke graphs that generalizes the original Lemke graph.
Osteotomy for Cervical Kyphosis

Etiologies of cervical kyphosis are diverse and may include neuromuscular, degenerative, post-traumatic, neoplastic, and iatrogenic conditions as well as systemic conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Defining the H3N2 Problem

Observational studies have consistently shown that influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is lower for H3N2 relative to H1N1pdm09 and type B, and this is not entirely explained by antigenic match. The triad of virus, vaccine, and host immunity provides a framework to examine contributing factors. Antigenic evolution facilitates H3N2 immune escape, and increasing glycosylation of the hemagglutinin shields antigenic sites from antibody binding. Egg passage adaptation of vaccine viruses generates mutations that alter glycosylation, impair the neutralizing antibody response, and reduce VE. Complex host immune factors may also influence H3N2 VE, including early childhood imprinting and repeated vaccination, but their role is uncertain. Of the triad of contributing factors, only changes to the vaccine are readily achievable. However, it is unclear whether current licensed non-egg-based vaccines generate superior protection against H3N2. The optimal strategy remains to be defined, but newer vaccine technology platforms offer great potential.