cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burrowing behavior of freshwater mussels in experimentally manipulated communities

We experimentally manipulated mussel community structure and observed mussel burrowing behavior in mesocosms held in a greenhouse. Vertical positions, vertical movements, and horizontal movements of Actinonaias ligamentina, Amblema plicata, Fusconaia flava, and Obliquaria reflexa were recorded during five 11-d trials. Community structure was manipulated by constructing communities with 11 different diversity treatments crossed with 3 different density treatments. Vertical positions, vertical movements, and horizontal movements of mussels differed significantly among diversity treatments, and vertical movements differed among density treatments. Differences among diversity treatments were caused by differences in species composition because the burrowing activity of mussels in multispecies communities could be predicted additively from single-species communities. The species used in our study vary in body size, but differences among species were still significant after accounting for body length. We think that differences in species burrowing behavior might be a result of niche partitioning of vertical space, might be a result of differing effects of temperature between species, or might be related to mechanisms to avoid dislodgement during high flows. The burrowing behavior of freshwater mussels has implications for mussel sampling protocols, the sensitivity of mussels to zebra mussel attachment, and how mussels influence benthic ecosystems.
Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Delirium in the ICU

Delirium is a frequent yet underrecognized complication in the ICU that is characterized by fluctuating disturbances in cognition and consciousness. Rapid identification, investigation of possible ...
Alcohol Use in Adolescent Females: Correlates with Estradiol and Testosterone

This study investigated if self-reports of alcohol use correlated with estradiol and testosterone levels in adolescent females. Ninety-four female senior high school student volunteers from 2 schools completed a questionnaire regarding alcohol use. Twenty cc of blood was assayed for estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and FSH. Total estradiol levels were higher in females who reported current alcohol use (p < or = 0.05), and females with higher levels of both testosterone and estradiol were more likely to be using alcohol currently (p < or = 0.05). Hormonal relationships associated with adolescent alcohol use may be related to future health risks of alcohol use and/or increased risk of alcohol use.
Electric-field-directed assembly of biomolecular-derivatized nanoparticles into higher-order structures

Multilayered structures composed of biomolecule-derivatized nanoparticles can be fabricated by electric-field-directed self-assembly. A microelectrode-array device facilitates the rapid parallel electrophoretic transport and binding of biotin and streptavidin fluorescent nanoparticles to specific sites on the microarray. Control of the current, voltage, and activation time of each of the 400-microarray electrodes allows a combinatorial approach to optimize nanoparticle binding. Under optimal conditions, nanoparticle layers form within 15 s of microelectrode activation, and the directed assembly of more than 50 alternate layers of nanoparticles is complete within an hour. The final multilayered structures are removed from the support by a relatively simple lift-off process. The electric-field process allows the parallel patterned assembly of multilayer structures using extremely low concentrations of nanoparticles and produces minimal nonspecific binding to unactivated sites. These results are significant for the development of rapid, maskless nanofabrication and hierarchical integration of biomolecular-derivatized nanocomponents into higher-order materials and devices.
Do Political Ideologies Influence Education in the United States

This article is a preliminary consideration of the influence of political ideologies on education. Following a review of existing research on the politics of education, left-of-center and right-of-center influences are analyzed. The need for expanded research activity on the influence of political ideologies is posited and avenues for inquiry are explored.
Maze-arm length affects a choice criterion in the radial-arm maze

Male rats were tested in a 12-arm radial maze with 6 arms that were standard in length and 6 arms that were half the standard length. As previously reported by Brown (1990), revisits to short arms were more likely than revisits to long arms. Two explanations of this effect of mazearm length on choice accuracy were experimentally contrasted. The first attributes the effect to diminished discriminability of visited and unvisited arms when the arms are short. The second attributes the effect to a relatively lax choice criterion being applied to short arms. An analysis of the microstructure of choices, applying the logic of signal detection theory, provided evidence for the latter explanation.
Effects of low pH on nitrate reduction by iron powder

The effect of low pH (2-4.5) on nitrate reduction in an iron/nitrate/water system was investigated through batch experiments conducted in a pH-stat. The results showed that nitrate could be rapidly reduced to ammonium at pH 2-4.5. A black coating, consisted of both Fe(II) and Fe(III), was formed on the surface of iron grains as an iron corrosion product. X-ray diffractometry indicated that the black coating was poorly crystalline, and its spectrum could not be matched with commonly known iron oxides/hydroxides/oxide hydroxides or green rust I/II. The black coating does not inhibit the reactivity of Fe0 (at least at pH < 3). The black coating was unstable and evolved with time into other oxides under certain conditions. A kinetic model incorporating the effects of pH on nitrate reduction and Langmuir adsorption of nitrate was proposed, and the parameters were estimated by nonlinear curve fitting. Based on this model, the two major effects of pH on the kinetics of nitrate reduction are that: (a) H+ ions directly participate in the redox reaction of nitrate reduction following first-order kinetics; and (b) H+ ions affect the nitrate adsorption onto reactive sites.
Application of the HOAC II: An Episode of Care for a Patient With Low Back Pain

Background and Purpose. The HOAC II is a patient management algorithm designed, in part, to provide a conceptual framework for patient management for any type of patient seen by physical therapists. This case report illustrates how the HOAC II can be used in clinical practice. Case Description. The patient was a 47-year-old woman with low back pain. The report describes the patient's examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, and outcomes within the context of the HOAC II. Outcome. The patient had measurable improvements in impairments, functional limitation, and disability following an intervention designed to resolve her impairments and functional limitations. Discussion. This case report illustrates how the HOAC II can be used to assist in the management of a patient from admission to discharge. The report also demonstrates how use of a disablement model can add clarity to patient care.
Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Particle Size Distribution and Chain Length Distribution in a Semibatch Emulsion Copolymerization Reactor

A comprehensive model is developed to predict the relationship between the particle size distribution and molecular weights of particles in an emulsion copolymerization reactor. A full population balance equation is used for the particle size distribution and extended to the model for the molecular properties using a continuous reactor approach. The numerical prediction clearly distinguishes the characteristics of molecular properties of particles by homogeneous nucleation from those by mioeliar nucleation with the dependence on the particle size. Sensitivity analysis of the proposed model under a variety of conditions shows that the compartmentalized feature of the emulsion system should be considered for better prediction of molecular properties, and provides information on the manipulated variables and lumped parameters which effectively decompose the correlation of both properties. Finally, a control strategy utilizing a lumped parameters tracking method is suggested for the regulation of both the particle size distribution and molecular properties.
Histologic evaluation of periodontal healing in humans following regenerative therapy with enamel matrix derivative. A 10-case series.

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been developed as a stimulus of periodontal regeneration. Human histology following its use has not been evaluated on pathologically altered root surfaces. Methods: Ten intrabony defects in 8 patients were evaluated at 2 centers. Teeth with advanced adult periodontitis that were treatment planned for extraction were treated with sulcular incisions; full-thickness flap reflection; debridement of granulomatous tissue from the defect; placement of a notch in the root at the apical extent of calculus; mechanical root planing; conditioning with citric acid; application of EMD; wound closure with sutures; and placement of a periodontal dressing. Biweekly to monthly recalls were made until removal of small block section biopsies at about 6 months. The biopsies were fixed, decalcified, step-serial sectioned at 6µ to 8µ, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Masson's trichrome. Results: Histologic evaluation of the region coronal to the base of the calculus notch ...
Forward-Backward Approach for 3D Event Localization Using Commodity Smartphones for Ubiquitous Context-Aware Applications in Civil and Infrastructure Engineering

An inexpensive and robust 3D localization system for tracking the position of a user in GPS- or WLAN-denied environments offers significant potential for improving decision-making tasks for civil and infrastructure engineering applications. To this end, an infrastructure-free approach for 3D event localization on commodity smartphones is presented. In the proposed method, the position of the user is continuously tracked based on the smartphone sensory data the Forward approach until the user reaches a certain event. Here, an event location refers to the 3D location of a user conducting value-added activities such as tasks involved in emergency response and field reporting of operational issues. Once an event is observed, the motion trajectory of the user is backtracked from the postevent landmark to reestimate the location of the event the Backward approach. By integrating probability distributions of the Forward and Backward approaches together, the proposed method derives the most-likely location of the event. To validate the proposed approach, seven case studies are conducted in a multistory parking garage. The experimental results show that the probabilistic integration of the localization results from the Forward and Backward dead reckonings can produce more accurate 3D localization results when compared to a single best estimate from a one-way dead reckoning process. Lessons learned from several real-world case studies and open research challenges in improving localization accuracy are discussed in detail.
The cAMP binding domain: An ancient signaling module

cAMP-binding domains from several different proteins were analyzed to determine the properties and interactions of this recognition motif. Systematic computational analyses, including structure-based sequence comparison, surface matching, affinity grid analysis, and analyses of the ligand protein interactions were carried out. These analyses show distinctive roles of the sugar phosphate and the adenine in the cAMP-binding module. We propose that the cAMP-binding regulatory proteins function by providing an allosteric system in which the presence or absence of cAMP produces a substantial structural change through the loss of hydrophobic interactions with the adenine ring and consequent repositioning of the C helix. The modified positioning of the helix in turn is recognized by a protein-binding event, completing the allostery.
Some feasibility sampling procedures in interval methods for constrained global optimization

Three feasibility sampling procedures are developed as add-on acceleration strategies in interval methods for solving global optimization problem over a bounded interval domain subject to one or two additional linear constraints. The main features of all three procedures are their abilities to quickly test any sub-domain's feasibility and to actually locate a feasible point if the feasible set within the sub-domain is nonempty. This add-on feature of feasibility sampling can significantly lower upper bounds of the best objective function value in any interval method and improve its convergence and effectiveness.
Influence of Carbon Black on Processability of Rubber Stocks III. Extensional Viscosity

Abstract A new instrument for measurement of extensional viscosity was designed and employed in the evaluation of SBR compounds containing carbon black and other non-black fillers. It was shown that carbon black filled rubbers generally do not reach steady-state viscosity ; the stress continues to increase with increasing strain up to the point of rupture, due to rapid orientation of molecular chains during extensional flow. The data was evaluated in terms of the Denn-Marrucci equation, and the effect of carbon black on the two adjustable parameters was found. It was found that higher carbon black loading or structure increases only the viscosity coefficient, i.e., it changes the relative level of the flow curve without changing its shape. On the other hand, an increase in surface area increases both the viscosity coefficient and the relaxation time, i.e., it increases the upward curvature of the flow curve. A very good correlation was observed between Mooney viscosity values and calculated viscosity coef...
Dimethyl trisulfide A novel cyanide countermeasure

In the present studies, the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of a novel cyanide countermeasure, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), were evaluated. DMTS is a sulfur-based molecule found in garlic, onion, broccoli, and similar plants. DMTS was studied for effectiveness as a sulfur donor-type cyanide countermeasure. The sulfur donor reactivity of DMTS was determined by measuring the rate of the formation of the cyanide metabolite thiocyanate. In experiments carried out in vitro in the presence of the sulfurtransferase rhodanese (Rh) and at the experimental pH of 7.4, DMTS was observed to convert cyanide to thiocyanate with greater than 40 times higher efficacy than does thiosulfate, the sulfur donor component of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved cyanide countermeasure Nithiodote® In the absence of Rh, DMTS was observed to be almost 80 times more efficient than sodium thiosulfate in vitro The fact that DMTS converts cyanide to thiocyanate more efficiently than does thiosulfate both with and without Rh makes it a promising sulfur donor-type cyanide antidote (scavenger) with reduced enzyme dependence in vitro The therapeutic cyanide antidotal efficacies for DMTS versus sodium thiosulfate were measured following intramuscular administration in a mouse model and expressed as antidotal potency ratios (APR = LD50 of cyanide with antidote/LD50 of cyanide without antidote). A dose of 100 mg/kg sodium thiosulfate given intramuscularly showed only slight therapeutic protection (APR = 1.1), whereas the antidotal protection from DMTS given intramuscularly at the same dose was substantial (APR = 3.3). Based on these data, DMTS will be studied further as a promising next-generation countermeasure for cyanide intoxication.
Structural and functional considerations of the cholinergic brainstem

Cholinergic neurons of the brainstem have traditionally been associated with a role in wakefulness as part of the reticular activating system, but their function cannot be explained solely on the basis of their modulation of the brain state. Recent findings about their connectivity and functional heterogeneity suggest a wider role in behavior, where basal ganglia is at the center of their influence. This review focuses on recent findings that suggest an intrinsic functional organization of the cholinergic brainstem that is closely correlated with its connectivity with midbrain and forebrain circuits. Furthermore, recent evidence on the temporal structure of the activation of brainstem cholinergic neurons reveals fundamental aspects about the nature of cholinergic signaling. Consideration of the cholinergic brainstem complex in the context of wider brain circuits is critical to understand its contribution to normal behavior.
Multivariate Analysis of Orthogonal Tube Cutting Forces With 3-D Tool Wear Analysis of AISI 1020 Alloy Steel Using Cold Compressed Air Versus Liquid Nitrogen as Metal Working Fluids

The growing cost associated with insurance, handling and disposing of conventional metal working fluids (oil and water based) continues to drive a need for alternative metal working fluids.An orthogonal tube turning machining experiment on AISI 1020 alloy steel was conducted to study the performance of High Speed Steel (HSS) tool inserts and carbide tool inserts utilizing cold compressed air and liquid nitrogen environments as the metal working fluid of choice The use of both high speed steel and carbide inserts allowed for direct comparison of geometrically identical inserts in customized tool holders that were used to present the tools with the geometrically identical tool rake angle alpha. Tool holder stiffness was therefore common to all tool rake angles compared.AISI 1020 steel was used because of its commercially dominant availability and usage. Cold cryogenic cooling was selected because of its growing usage in high performance machining applications. The use of cold compressed air has been much less studied in the machining of metals than in the machining of plastics and composites where it is quite commonly used. The comparisons between these two methods represent the first published values comparing the current extremes of gaseous metal working fluid applications in a commercial steel.This statistically designed experiment produced a large amount of comparative data that focused on the wear of the tools in two different cutting environments allowing for multivariate analysis of variance and regressive curve fitting. The orthogonal tube turning was set up on a conventional two axis HAAS TL-2 CNC tool room lathe. Forces were collected utilizing a standard Kistler force dynamometer to record the force data in X, Y and Z axes. Two levels of uncut chip thickness, 0.002 and 0.004” per revolution were maintained with a constant feed and depth of cut of 0.125” at different tool rake angles of 0°, 7° and 15°, with no chip breaker installed in the tool. Tool rake angles and depth of cuts were selected to ensure maximum statistical power/decisiveness of the experiment. The experiment was carried out for duration of 1 minute while the force data was collected for the entire duration of cut. New tool insert was used for each factor level combination. The traditional force analysis results are provided for an orthogonal tube turning experiment. In addition, all tools were analyzed for 3-dimensional rake face wear using an innovative Keyence white light microscope. Surprisingly, the inexpensive, simple cold compressed air produced less wear than the more expensive liquid nitrogen for all cutting factor level combinations.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Lattice dynamics of α-quartz

The phonon dispersion curves, the temperature dependence of the Debye temperature, and the static elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ have been calculated from a modified rigid-ion model with an effective charge, with short-range central forces for the two Si-O interactions, for the four nearest-neighbor O-O interactions, for the four second-neighbor O-O interactions, and with three-body type angle-bending forces between nearest-neighbor O ions sharing a common Si-ion, and between Si-ions of adjacent tetrahedra and the linking O ion. The model involves 23 parameters which are reduced to 8 independent parameters by the six equilibrium conditions and by 15 constraints on the first and second derivatives of the interaction potential corresponding to the inner and outer O-O interactions. Using explicit expression for the elastic constants and for the optical modes at zero wave vector, the eight free parameters were determined from a least-squares fit of the six elastic constants and of the 16 Raman and transverse ir frequencies. The effective charge of the Si ion is found to be 0.96 electronic charges, indicating a strong degree of covalency and/or screening. The model gives good over-all agreement for the elastic and optical data, rough agreement for the dielectric constants, and the correct sign and order of magnitude of the peizoelectric constants. The dispersion curves along [001] and the temperature dependence of the Debye temperature agree well with available experimental data, with moderate discrepancies occurring for the two acoustic branches and at low temperatures, respectively.
Rethinking Safety-Net Access for the Uninsured

Beginning in 2014, most people currently served by U.S. programs providing access to care for the uninsured will have insurance, be eligible for it, or be undocumented immigrants. Safety-net programs must adapt their missions to suit post-reform conditions.
The Blood Serum Epidemiology Investigat in Processing Arises Suddenly in Hook end Spirochetosis's Application

Objective Searches the rope hook end spirochetosis to arise suddenly the characteristic, regularity of epidemic; For the predict that the early warning, the formulation prevention countermeasure and the measure provide the scientific basis..Methods Patient 21, healthy crowd 273 carry on the serology examination according to the GB15995 hook end helicoid etiology and the serological diagnosis method.Results 21 patient acute stages and the recovery period blood sample, the immune body assumes four time of growths 19 people, the diagnosis rate is 90.48%,273 healthy crowds, the immune body rate is 57.51%. The patient and the healthy crowd assume the multi-bacteria colony mixed type infection. Conclusions The investigation hooks the body epidemic focus widespread existence, the bacteria colony distributes has the multi-bacteria colony infection characteristic, by jaundice hemorrhage group primarily
Affine Diameters and the Critical Set

Let \(\mathcal{X}\) be a Euclidean space of dimension n. Recall that \(\mathfrak{B} = \mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{X}}\) denotes the space of all convex bodies in \(\mathcal{X}\) equipped with the Hausdorff metric d H . In Section 1.4, in an application of Helly’s theorem, we briefly encountered the concept of distortion ratio (Corollary 1.4.2). In the present section we will make a more elaborate analysis of this concept. Throughout, \(\mathcal{C}\in \mathfrak{B}\) will denote a convex body in \(\mathcal{X}\). The distortion ratio can be defined with respect to interior and exterior points of \(\mathcal{C}\). We split our treatment accordingly.
Securing online privacy

The current study identified the antecedents of being an Internet scam victim and how it impacts online privacy concerns and privacy protection behaviors. Structural equation modeling on data from a survey of 11,534 Internet users revealed that one indicator of weak self-control (i.e., willingness of risky investments) and two indicators of routine Internet activities (i.e., online shopping and opening emails from unknown sources) positively predicted being an Internet scam victim. Subsequently, being an Internet scam victim predicted increased online privacy concerns, which, in turn, predicted elevated privacy protection behaviors. Moreover, we found that being an Internet scam victim mediated the effects of routine Internet activities on privacy protection behaviors and that online privacy concerns mediated the effect of being an Internet scam on privacy protection behaviors. Unlike most Internet privacy studies using protection motivation theory only, the current study contributes to the understanding of the Internet scam victimization by incorporating three new theoriesextended parallel process model, self-control theory, and routine activity theory. The research findings provided valuable implications for theory and practice related to Internet scam processes and prevention. This study employs fear-based theorizing to explore online privacy concerns.Self-control was associated with the decreased Internet scam victimization.Routine Internet activities predicted increased Internet scam victimization.Internet scam victimization was associated with increased online privacy concerns.Online privacy concerns predicted elevated privacy protection behaviors.
Toward model-based requirement engineering tool support

The OpenOrbiter CubeSat Development Initiative is working to build a small spacecraft system using open source software and open hardware principles. Some important design considerations for the CubeSat are nonfunctional requirements. The key contribution of this work is presenting the design of a requirement engineering tool that can be used to speed up the requirement elicitation and specification of system-wide qualities such as availability, performance, and security based on the use of quality attribute scenarios. A prototype application, utilizing the concept of quality attribute scenarios which was originally proposed by the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI), was designed and implemented. These quality attribute scenarios are the equivalent of UML scenarios and use-cases. They are built specifically to document the nonfunctional requirements and use a quality scenario template.
Chapter 12 – Spirochetal infections

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of spirochetal infections. Syphilis is a multisystem infectious disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by T. pallidum triggers a prominent inflammatory response in the host that is mainly leptomeningeal and perivascular. Lymphocytes predominate in acute meningeal and meningovascular forms, and plasma cells predominate in paretic forms. The leptomeningeal and perivascular infiltrate extends to the Virchow–Robin spaces. Brain parenchyma microglia proliferate and activate from a rod-cell stage to a perivascular accumulation of round, fatty debris-filled cells. The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) are the standard nontreponemal tests. The RPR measures macroscopic agglutination of cardiolipin-coated charcoal particles by unheated serum; it is sensitive, but not specific, and more useful for screening and assessment of the adequacy of therapy. The VDRL measures microscopic agglutination of cardiolipin and lecithin-coated cholesterol particles by heat-inactivated serum into a slide.
Neoliberal Marketization of Global Contemporary Visual Art Worlds: Changes in Valuations and the Scope of Local and Global Markets

Neoliberal marketization has helped in the rise of a new art market as the influx of new money from both geographically new markets (i.e., Asian art markets) and a new group of art buyers (i.e., art investors) challenged key practices of the traditional art world in terms of valuation and consumption. This chapter illustrates how recent market change(s) in the contemporary art market expedite the reordering of status in contemporary art. Moreover, marketization, through commensuration and financialization, has made the cultural order in global art world less significant especially in newly emerging art markets. Focusing on the mechanisms and practice changes, the author shows how marketization has changed the conventional valuations and consumption practices in art markets, and created a growing interest in Asian contemporary art markets.
The flexible recreationist: The adaptability of outdoor recreation benefits to non-ideal outdoor recreation settings

Abstract An attractive element of benefits-based management is its potential to link outdoor recreation benefits to specific setting types. The assumption embedded in these linkages is that outdoor recreation benefits are tied to narrow setting types rather than being flexible to most setting types. To investigate the relationship between benefits and setting types, an experiment was conducted in which participants were randomly assigned to one of six distinct outdoor recreation settings, which were defined with digitally manipulated photos and select written statements. Benefit factors were based on a principal components analysis, and mean differences were assessed between the setting types through a MANOVA. Our data showed that outdoor recreationists on public lands are able to envision themselves as achieving their desired benefits across setting types. While some benefit factors are shown to be more flexible (e.g. physical) than others (e.g. interpersonal), none of the benefit factors measured in the survey significantly predicted participants’ satisfaction levels of their randomly assigned setting types. Instead, the ability of respondents to engage in preferred outdoor recreation activities is shown to be statistically significant in predicting satisfaction levels with randomly assigned setting types. Management implications ● The vision of a flexible outdoor recreationist whose benefit structure is adaptable to many setting types loosens, rather than constrains, land managers’ ability to manage their lands for benefits. ● Likewise, our finding that incompatibility of outdoor recreation activities to setting type impacts satisfaction levels constrains, rather than loosens, land managers’ ability to manage for activities. ● Despite loosening the strings of land management decisions for benefits, our findings do show that benefit factors are less compatible with setting types towards the ends of the spectrum (e.g. primitive and urban) and are generally most adaptable to backcountry setting types.
Structurally Tailored Macromolecules for Mobility Control in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Copolymer structure has a marked effect on solution properties and thus behavioral characteristics of water-soluble copolymers utilized in enhanced oil recovery. Perhaps the most critical property of a candidate polymer for mobility control is its ability to maintain a large hydrodynamic volume (HDV) in the presence of mono- and divalent electrolytes. Additionally the structure and HDV of the polymer must be tailored to allow permeation through the reservoir rock without entrapment, adsorption, or shear degradation.
Effect of Intestinal Microenvironment on Mucosal Immune Response to Viruses

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effect of intestinal microenvironment on mucosal immune response to viruses. The observations summarized in the chapter suggest that the gastrointestinal tract serves as an important interface between ingested elements of the external milieu and the internal environment. Exposure of the gut mucosal surfaces to a variety of infectious and noninfectious agents triggers a complex chain of immunological reactions. A combination of nonspecific and immunologically specific events ultimately determines the outcome of host-pathogen interaction. In most instances of viral or bacterial infection, the appearance of antigen-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) confers varying degrees of protection against subsequent reinfection challenges. In addition, cell-mediated immune responses evoked at mucosal levels provide major contributions to the mechanism of local protection. The intestine has been shown to be an important portal of entry for many viral infections. Development of natural infection through such mucosal routes in general confers immunity superior to just immunization via nonmucosal routes.
Long-circulating poly(ethylene glycol)-modified gelatin nanoparticles for intracellular delivery.

Purpose. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize long-circulating, biodegradable, and biocompatible nanoparticulate formulation as an intracellular delivery vehicle.
The Development of Chemotherapy Drugs as Radiosensitizers: an Overview

The last three decades have seen the development of chemotherapy from being a means of palliating cancer symptoms and occasionally prolonging survival times, to being a means of effecting a cure. However, even now, only 15% of patients with advanced cancer can be cured by the use of chemotherapy alone.
Computer Calculation of Vibrational Band Profiles in Liquids

Research on vibrational band profiles in condensed phases has as its goal an understanding of the way in which microscopic structure and dynamics manifest themselves in experimentally measured line shapes. Computer simulations can give insight into the interpretation of experimental line shapes and can test the assumptions and predictions of theories. Computer studies have two fundamental advantages: first, they are calculations on known systems so that uncertainties about the nature of intermolecular potentials in real liquids are avoided; second, they have great flexibility in that questions can be answered that are not directly accessible to experiment. Examples of the latter are: What effect does vibrational anharmonicity have? and: What is the relative importance of repulsive forces compared with attractive forces? Such questions can be answered through simulations simply by changing parameters, but would be much more difficult to answer unambiguously through experiment.
Magnetism and Magnetic Anisotropy in Exchange BIAS Systems

Magnetism in man made ultra-thin materials has become an area of intense activity and excitement, mainly driven by applications in magnetic recording. For the purpose of high-density magnetic recording, the understanding and control of the magnetic properties, such as complex magnetic ordering, enhanced magnetic moments, magneto-crystalline anisotropy and magnetostriction are desired. In this paper, we present results of magnetism and magnetic anisotropy in ferromagnetic NiFe thin film, antiferromagnetic NiMn and their interface determined from first-principles FLAPW (full-potential linearized augmented plane wave) calculations, and demonstrate how their properties behave sensitively on the environment (such as in bulk, at surfaces or interfaces). These results may be important for understanding exchange bias materials.
Improving Patient Outcomes through Customized Learning

Chronic diseases such as heart diseases, cancer, diabetes, and asthma continue to increase in general public these days. With monitoring of observed symptoms along with reasonable levels of knowledge on those diseases, those may be detected early and managed properly. For that to happen, the awareness of the symptoms and proper knowledge about the diseases need to be provided to each individual. In order to acquire related health knowledge, individuals may need to collect necessary health information from various sources such as the Internet, articles, or some type of e-learning systems. However, the available information is often overwhelming and is mostly unorganized. Patients or learners are then struggling to find a way to retrieve relevant health information from such unorganized chunks of collected information. In this study, we attempt to provide only the relevant learning materials specific to each individual's symptoms or clinical conditions through a carefully designed e-learning system that provides customized learning. In our approach, we utilized observed symptoms and vital signs to identify potential diseases of each patient. Such factors are used to build patient profiles that are used to provide specific sets of learning materials called study plans. Such customized learning enables patients to take control of their symptoms and potential diseases to help improve patient outcomes as a result.
Polymeric fluorescent heparin as one-step FRET substrate of human heparanase

Heparanase, an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, cleaves cell surface and extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) chains and plays important roles in cellular growth and metastasis. Heparanase assays reported to-date are labor intensive, complex and/or expensive. A simpler assay is critically needed to understand the myriad roles of heparanase. We reasoned that fluorescent heparin could serve as an effective probe of heparanase levels. Following synthesis and screening, a heparin preparation labeled with DABCYL and EDANS was identified, which exhibited a characteristic increase in signal following cleavage by human heparanase. This work describes the synthesis of this heparin substrate, its kinetic and spectrofluorometric properties, optimization of the heparanase assay, use of the assay in inhibitor screening, and elucidation of the state of heparanase in different cell lines. Our FRET-based assay is much simpler and more robust than all assays reported in the literature as well as a commercially available kit.
Bankruptcy policy and surface transportation public-private partnerships: A comparative analysis of the U.S. and Europe

Abstract This paper explores bankruptcy legal frameworks as an explanation for perceived differences in U.S. surface transportation PPPs (or PPPs) outcomes compared to the European market. Through seven U.S. and eleven European PPP bankruptcy cases, the study provides some evidence that the U.S. legal framework, either Chapter 9 or 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, favors continuous facility operation through debt restructuring rather than asset liquidation. The case studies also highlight how European countries, particularly France and Spain, have adopted new legal frameworks mimicking U.S. Chapter 11, promoting debt-restructuring procedures to diminish the fiscal impacts associated with asset liquidation.
Reaction Kinetics of Cyanide Binding to a Cobalt Schiff-Base Macrocycle Relevant to Its Mechanism of Antidotal Action.

The Co(II/III)-containing macrocycle, cobalt 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-[11.3.1]-heptadeca-1(17)2,11,13,15-pentaenyl cation, or CoN4[11.3.1], is a potential cyanide-scavenging agent. T...
Structured Theories and Institutions

Abstract Category theory provides an excellent foundation for studying structured specifications and their composition. For example, theories can be structured together in a diagram, and their composition can be obtained as a colimit. There is, however, a growing awareness, both in theory and in practice, that structured theories should not be viewed just as the “scaffolding” used to build unstructured theories: they should become firstclass citizens in the specification process. Given a logic formalized as an institution I , we therefore ask whether there is a good definition of the category of structured I -theories, and whether they can be naturally regarded as the ordinary theories of an appropriate institution S(I) generalizing the original institution I . We answer both questions in the affirmative, and study good properties of the institution I inherited by S ( I ). We show that, under natural conditions, a number of important properties are indeed inherited, including cocompleteness of the category of theories, liberality, and extension of the basic framework by free-ness constraints. The results presented here have been used as a foundation for the module algebra of the Maude language, and seem promising as a semantic basis for a generic module algebra that could be both specified and executed within the logical framework of rewriting logic.
Reactive Power Optimization for Flat Voltage Profiles in Distribution Networks

This paper considers achieving flat voltage profiles in a distribution network based on reactive power optimization (RPO) through voltage regulation devices (VRD). These devices include capacitor banks, load-tap-changing and regulating transformers, whose statuses can only assume pre-determined integer value levels, making this a non-convex problem. Two RPO-based algorithms are proposed, which can be applied to any initial states, node priority, topology and load model types. The first algorithm focuses on finding a practical solution by ensuring the VRD constraints are observed at each step. The second one focuses on finding the globally optimal solution by applying a convex relaxation technique and solving the resulting problem with the barrier interior point method. Here, the gradients are computed numerically, thus requiring no analytical functions of voltages in terms of VRDs. Numerical results and their analysis are examined on two test networks: 1) single feeder; and 2) network with laterals.
Readability of Patient Educational Materials for Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

This study aimed to evaluate patient education materials that are focused on total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using health literacy best practices and plain language principles as frameworks. Readability assessments were conducted on a sample of nine patient education documents that are commonly given to THA and TKA surgery patients. Mean readability scores were compared across the sample. The mean readability grade level for the nine arthroplasty educational documents analyzed in this study was 11th grade (10.5). The mean readability ranged from 9th to 12th grade. The documents in this study were written at levels that exceed recommendations by health literacy experts. Health literacy best practices and plain language principles were suggested to reduce the demands on patients so that the documents are easier to understand. Incorporating health literacy best practices into patient education materials for THA and TKA can contribute to improved communication with patients that is necessary for patient understanding and satisfaction. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 27(1):72-76, 2018).
Extending the Integrated Maturation Theory of Desistance from Crime to Childhood and Adolescence

Scholars have begun to use maturation as a framework for understanding why crime declines (e.g., desistance) after adolescence, but have largely not used the concept to understand antisocial behavior over the entire life-course. The Integrated Maturation Theory (IMT) brings this work together to demonstrate that as individuals develop into adulthood, they become less likely to engage in crime due to environmental and individual factors. This article demonstrates how IMT is also useful in explaining antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence. Utilizing the five domains of maturation within IMT (social role, civic, psychosocial, identity, and neurocognitive), the analysis shows how this perspective helps organize information on why individuals engage in crime and delinquency early in the life course in a more holistic manner, transforming the theory from a desistance from crime to a life-course perspective. As such, the theory helps organize information about risk factors for delinquency and crime throughout life, with clear implications for crime prevention and intervention.
Prostate Cancer Patients and PET/CT: Comparing and Contrasting 18F-FDG and18F-Fluciclovine

2142 Objectives: 18F-Fluciclovineis a medical imaging synthetic amino acid used in detecting recurrent prostate cancer which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 2016. 18F-Fluciclovine was developed to widen the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in the ways that 18F-FDG is limited. The purpose of the study is to compare and contrast18F-Fluciclovine to 18F-FDG in regards to the imaging and scheduling of prostate cancer. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the imaging protocols for both 18F-Fluciclovine and 18F-FDG from a single institution. The imaging protocols were reviewed to educate technologists about the differences and how the flow of patients may differ between the two radiopharmaceuticals. Results: The protocols for imaging and scheduling at this single institution are significantly different between 18F-FDG and 18F-Fluciclovine for patients with prostate cancer. 18F-FDG is used for staging and restaging all cancers for both genders and all ages because it is a radioactive glucose. 18F-FDG has an intense uptake in the brain, kidneys, and bladder. 18F-Fluciclovine has normal uptake in the liver, pancreas, with minimal kidney clearance. 18F-Fluciclovine is used for staging male prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence. The dose for 18F-Fluciclovine is 10 mCi for all patients rather than weight based (0.14 mCi/kg) like 18F-FDG. 18F-FDG has an uptake time of an hour and a half before imaging, whereas 18F-Fluciclovine has an uptake time of four minutes before imaging. Imaging time for both radiopharmaceuticals is about 30-45 minutes. At our institution, the schedule allows for 1-2 18F-Fluciclovine patients two days a week because they are several hours away from the radiopharmacy. The department can schedule 18F-FDG patients every 45 minutes, performing 10-12 studies per day. Conclusion: Our study showed that for this single institution, scheduling is more difficult for 18F-Fluciclovine since their radiopharmacy is several hours away. This department can perform more studies per day with 18F-FDG. If another institution is closer to a radiopharmacy that provides 18F-Fluciclovine, they may be able to accommodate more patients per day. 18F-Fluciclovine patients can be scheduled every 40-45 minutes without the hour and a half uptake time.
Neurotransmitter receptors: neuroanatomical localization through autoradiography.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses neurotransmitter receptors. To be considered a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator, a compound should (1) be released from the prejunctional nerve endings or its storage site when the nerve fibers are selectively stimulated, (2) be localized in a particular neuronal system or pathway, (3) produce an effect that can be mimicked by the exogenous application of the suspected neurotransmitter, such as by microiontophoresis or direct local injection, and (4) have the same pharmacological profile in terms of agonists and antagonists as the compound has when administered exogenously. Neurotransmitter receptors are specific sites on cells with which the neurotransmitters interact. There are two aspects to a receptor. The first is a molecule, probably at least partly protein in nature, located on the external surface of the cell that physically binds the neurotransmitter. The second part of the receptor is a transducer system that produces an effect in the cell containing the receptor. The neuroanatomical localization of neurotransmitter receptors through autoradiography has provided a wealth of new information about these receptors. The detailed analysis of receptor localization allows possible correlations to be drawn between receptor localization and the involvement of neurotransmitter systems in physiological processes. In addition, they point to possible sites of action of drugs that are known to interact with specific neurotransmitter systems.
Partition identities with mixed mock modular forms

Abstract There are countless partition identities of the type introduced by Basil Gordon. All the previously known ones were related to infinite products usually modular forms. In this paper we identify a further class of partition functions of the Basil Gordon genre that are in fact eta-products times Hecke-type series.