cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutations at Histidine 211 of the Yeast F1-ATPase β-Subunit Affect the Stability and Assembly of the ATPase and the Structure of the Active Site

Abstract The role of H211 of the yeast F 1 -ATPase β-subunit was investigated by site-specific mutagenesis and characterization of the resulting enzymes. Five amino acids (N, D, I, K, and A) were substituted for H211 of the ATP2 gene. The mutated genes were expressed in an atp2::LEU2 host, and only yeast expressing H211N respired aerobically. The respiratory phenotypes of the other four mutants were suppressed by a second site mutation (L203F). The ATPases from the single mutant strains were unstable when removed from the mitochondrial inner membrane, preventing purification. Submitochondrial particles were prepared from each strain and the activities were stable under a variety of conditions, allowing determination of V max and K m for ATP hydrolysis. Mutations of H211 caused increases in K m of 3.7- to 7.4-fold, while L203F had little effect. The suppressive effect of the L203F mutation was also expressed in the K m values of the double mutant strains. The ATPases from the H211 mutants had diminished sensitivity to oligomycin, and their pH optima were 1.5–2.0 units less than the wild-type optimum. Values of p K a for the groups involved in catalysis were estimated for the wild-type enzyme and three H211 mutants (N, D, and K). Each mutant enzyme showed a substantial decrease in the p K a of the group(s) which serves as a base in acid–base catalysis. The results of this study demonstrate that H211 is important in maintaining the structure of the wild-type enzyme complex and also contributes to the structure of the active site. L203 is also required for the stability of the enzyme complex and may have a structural or functional interaction with H211. Neither H211 nor L203 is required for catalysis by F 1 .
Gays and Lesbians Older and Wiser (GLOW): A Support Group for Older Gay People

Gays and Lesbians Older and Wiser (GLOW), a support group sponsored by a geriatric medical clinic in the midwest, is described. GLOW has been meeting monthly for 7 years. Scheduling, professional involvement, and special attention to social support seem critical for the group's success. Older gay men and lesbians often have unique support needs that may not be met by either general services to the elderly or by gay organizations, which typically cater to a younger population. We conclude that carefully designed support groups can meet some support needs for this older population.
Evaluating probability forecasts for GDP declines using alternative methodologies

Abstract Evaluation methodologies for rare events from meteorology, psychology and medical diagnosis are used to examine the value of probabilistic forecasts of real GDP declines during the current quarter (Q0) and each of the next four quarters (Q1–Q4) using data from the Survey of Professional Forecasters. We study the quality of these probability forecasts in terms of their calibration, resolution and odds ratio, as well as the relative operating characteristic (ROC) and alternative variance decompositions. Only the shorter-term forecasts (Q0–Q2) are found to possess significant skill in terms of all measures considered, even though they are characterized by an excess of variability and a lack of calibration. The battery of diagnostic statistics cataloged in this paper should be useful for evaluating regression models with binary dependent variables, particularly when the event of interest is relatively uncommon.
Adaptive estimation of power system frequency deviation and its rate of change for calculating sudden power system overloads

A novel Kalman filtering-based technique is presented for estimating power system frequency deviation and its average rate of change during emergency operating conditions that may require load shedding. This method obtains the optimal estimate of the power system frequency deviation from noisy voltage samples and the best estimate of the mean system frequency deviation and its rate of change while accounting for low-frequency synchronizing oscillations which occur during large disturbances. The proposed technique is a two-stage algorithm which uses an adaptive extended Kalman filter in series with an adaptive linear Kalman filter. The extended Kalman filter calculates the frequency deviation, magnitude, and phase angle of the voltage phasor, which may change during the time period covered by the estimation window. Both the measurement noise variance and the system noise covariance associated with the voltage samples are calculated online. The instantaneous frequency deviation is used as the input to a linear Kalman filter, which models the frequency deviation as a random walk plus a random ramp process. The estimated average rate of frequency decay is represented by the slope of the random ramp. Results for both single and multiple measurements are reported. >
WLC21-5: Universal Space-Time Serially Concatenated Trellis Coded Modulations

In this paper, we propose serially concatenated trellis coded modulations (SCTCMs) that perform consistently close to the available mutual information for the 2-by-2 compound matrix channel. The proposed SCTCMs use universal SCTCMs for the period-2 periodic fading channel in order to deliver consistent performance over eigenvalue skew. Within the family of channels having the same eigenvalue skew, a time-varying linear transformation (TVLT) is used to mitigate the performance variation over different eigenvectors. The proposed SCTCMs of 1, 2 and 3 bits per transmission require excess mutual information in the ranges 0.11- 0.15, 0.23-0.26 and 0.35-0.53 bits per antenna, respectively. Because of their consistent performance over all channels, the proposed codes will have good frame-error-rate (FER) performance over any quasi- static fading distribution. In particular, the codes provide competitive FER performance in quasi-static Rayleigh fading.
Irony and Language Expectancy Theory: Evaluations of Expectancy Violation Outcomes

Language expectancy theory (LET) provides the basis for a study of the relationship of ironic and literal messages in terms of persuasiveness and expectedness. The experimental design was a 2 (literal vs. ironic) × 2 (compliment vs. criticism) factor design. The expectation was that literal messages would be more expected and criticisms less preferred to compliments. The results indicated that the ironic messages tended to be negative, unexpected, and attributed to the situation as opposed to the sender. Compliments were associated with fewer behavioral intentions than were criticisms. The interaction also revealed that the ironic messages were a safe middle ground between literal criticisms and compliments in terms of fostering behavioral changes.
The need for command and control instant message adaptive interfaces: lessons learned from Tactical Tomahawk human-in-the-loop simulations.

In the recent development of a human-in-the-loop simulation test bed designed to examine human performance issues for supervisory control of the Navy's new Tactical Tomahawk missile, measurements of operator situation awareness (SA) and workload through secondary tasking were taken through an embedded instant messaging program. Instant message interfaces (otherwise known as "chat"), already a means of communication between Navy ships, allow researchers to query users in real-time in a natural, ecologic setting, and thus provide more realistic and unobtrusive measurements. However, in the course of this testing, results revealed that some subjects fixated on the real-time instant messaging secondary task instead of the primary task of missile control, leading to the overall degradation of mission performance as well as a loss of SA. While this research effort was the first to quantify command and control performance degradation as a result of instant messaging, the military has recognized that in its netwo...
Robust Dynamic Continuous Network Design Problem

A robust optimization model is presented for the dynamic traffic assignment-based continuous network design problem, which accounts for a bilevel objective and long-term origin-destination demand uncertainty. The model also embeds Daganzo's cell transmission model. The objective minimizes the trade-off between expected total system travel time (TSTT) and expected risk. As such, the robust model provides the optimal solution that is least sensitive to the variation of travel demand, given the degree of robustness by transportation planners. The new robust model is compared with the existing network design models on a simple cell transmission test network. The robust model with greater degree of robustness yields less expected risk with the sacrifice of higher expected TSTT. The robust model yields the most robust solution, and no other model provides a satisfactory solution across the budget range. In addition, how a visualized graph may be used to elicit the preference information from transportation plan...
Sufficiency and completeness in the linear model

Abstract This paper provides further contributions to the theory of linear sufficiency and linear completeness. The notion of linear sufficiency was introduced by Baksalary and Kala (1981 , Ann. Statist. 9 , 913–916) and Drygas (in press, Sankhya ) with respect to the linear model Ey = Xβ , var y = V . In addition to correcting an inadequate proof of [8], the relationship to an earlier definition and to the theory of linear prediction is also demonstrated. Moreover, the notion is extended to the model Ey = Xβ , var y = δ 2 V . Its connection with sufficiency under normality is investigated. An example illustrates the results.
Granular cell myoblastoma: rare localization in the trachea. Report of a case and review of the literature

Granular cell myoblastoma is an uncommon tumor in the respiratory tract. It usually occurs in the tongue, skin, breast, or subcutaneous tissue. When it occurs in the respiratory tract, it is usually located in the bronchus or larynx. Primary tracheal location is rare with only nine such cases reported in the literature. This report describes a 26-year-old woman with granular cell myoblastoma of the trachea. She presented with a four-year history of bronchial asthma. The tumor was surgically excised by tracheal resection and reconstruction. The patient has remained well and free of obstructive airway symptoms, without recurrence of the tumor for more than one year.
A Model Of Myocardial Inflammation And Dysfunction In Burn Complicated By Sepsis

ABSTRACT Numerous studies have described that an initial injury alters immune function, disposing the injured subject to infectious complications. The mechanisms by which an initial injury primes the subject, exacerbating the responses to a second injury, remain unclear; however, inflammatory cytokines have been implicated. The development of "2-hit" models has allowed investigators to determine the role of inflammatory mediators in susceptibility to infection after injury. A high incidence rate of pneumonia after burn injury and a significant increase in postburn mortality led us to develop models of either Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) or Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) sepsis after burn injury on 40% of total body surface area in rodents. In this present model, we used adult Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate cardiac function in vitro (using Langendorff method) and myocardial inflammation (myocyte secretion of cytokines measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) after burn complicated by sepsis. Either burn injury alone or sepsis alone produced myocardial inflammatory responses and contractile dysfunction. Either Gram-negative or Gram-positive infection exacerbated the myocardial inflammation (increased myocyte secretion of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6) above that which occurred with burn alone or with infection alone. Burn complicated by sepsis exacerbated the myocardial contraction and relaxation defects observed with either sepsis alone or burn alone. Inasmuch as sepsis, which occurs after a previous injury, increases myocardial inflammation/dysfunction and mortality, the development of therapeutic strategies that either decrease inflammatory response to the initial injury or provide cardiac support during the postinjury period may improve the outcome in injured patients who are at risk for developing sepsis.
Myofiber angle distributions in the ovine left ventricle do not conform to computationally optimized predictions

Recent computational models of optimized left ventricular (LV) myofiber geometry that minimize the spatial variance in sarcomere length, stress, and ATP consumption have predicted that a midwall myofiber angle of 20 degrees and transmural myofiber angle gradient of 140 degrees from epicardium to endocardium is a functionally optimal LV myofiber geometry. In order to test the extent to which actual fiber angle distributions conform to this prediction, we measured local myofiber angles at an average of nine transmural depths in each of 32 sites (4 short-axis levels, 8 circumferentially distributed blocks in each level) in five normal ovine LVs. We found: (1) a mean midwall myofiber angle of -7 degrees (SD 9), but with spatial heterogeneity (averaging 0 degrees in the posterolateral and anterolateral wall near the papillary muscles, and -9 degrees in all other regions); and (2) an average transmural gradient of 93 degrees (SD 21), but with spatial heterogeneity (averaging a low of 51 degrees in the basal posterior sector and a high of 130 degrees in the mid-equatorial anterolateral sector). We conclude that midwall myofiber angles and transmural myofiber angle gradients in the ovine heart are regionally non-uniform and differ significantly from the predictions of present-day computationally optimized LV myofiber models. Myofiber geometry in the ovine heart may differ from other species, but model assumptions also underlie the discrepancy between experimental and computational results. To test the predictive capability of the current computational model would we propose using an ovine specific LV geometry and comparing the computed myofiber orientations to those we report herein.
Lymphocystis Virus: Isolation and Propagation in Centrarchid Fish Cell Lines

A virus from fish with lymphocystis disease was isolated in fish cell cultures. Eleven serial transfers were made and the pathognomonic lymphocystis cells were produced in vitro in each transfer. Fish inoculated with 6th- and 9th-passage material developed the disease, and virus was reisolated front them.
Perpetual randomness in evolutionary economics

How can players learn to coordinate ? Will they play Nash? If so, which equilibrium? Traditional studies applying evolutionary game theory have used either static notions of evolutionary stability or deterministic dynamics to try to answer these questions. The motivation for these studies is that behavior should be robust to a one-time perturbation. Recent work, first by Foster and Young (1990) and then by Kandori et al. (1993), has shown, however, that models with perpetual perturbations (even if small) can give very different results from models with one-time perturbations. Suppose there is a population of players that is randomly paired to play the following symmetric game:
"A More Curious, and More Compleat Piece"

Compte-rendu de l'etude des procedures de verification du catalogue dans dix departements de taille tres variable et reconnus pour la qualite de leur catalogage
Ultrashort-pulse Ti:sapphire laser system pumped by frequency-doubled Nd:glass lasers

We report on the development of a Chirped Pulse Amplification system in which the final amplifier is a large Ti:Sapphire disk pumped by a frequency doubled Nd:Glass laser. Using this amplifier we have produced near diffraction limited 120 fs pulses with energies in excess of 1 J. Focusing of these pulses results in peak irradiances exceeding 5 X 1019 W/cm2. The scalability of this amplifier to the 10 - 20 J level is also discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some comparisons of the multiple-factor and the bi-factor methods of analysis

Bi-factor and multiple-factor analyses of the same data are compared in two respects. First, two criteria are suggested for determining when the factorization is adequate. This problem being more acute for the centroid method than for the bi-factor method, the latter is used primarily for comparison only. It is shown also that the omission from the simple structure of entries smaller than .10 yields a pattern which is a poorer fit to the original correlations than is the bi-factor pattern. Second, the second-order general factor obtained from the intercorrelations of the primaries is found to be highly correlated with the general factor of the bi-factor pattern.
Positive Teacher Morale— The Principal's Responsibility:

It is a well-known fact that teacher morale has a direct reflection on the operation of the school. Yet, the authors state, teacher morale is too often placed at the bottom of the list of administr...
The adverse effect of pregnancy on macrophage activation

Abstract Recently a remarkable decrease in the resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant mice was demonstrated. Since activated macrophages are important in the resistance against these organisms, studies were performed to determine whether pregnancy has an adverse effect on the activation of macrophages and effector functions of these macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages from normal pregnant and virgin mice or from pregnant and virgin mice previously injected with Corynebacterium parvum to activate peritoneal macrophages were challenged with EL-4 tumor cells to test for macrophage cytotoxicity or with T. gondii to test for the capacity to kill an intracellular pathogen. There was no consistent difference between the enhanced cytotoxic capacity of activated macrophages from pregnant and virgin mice. Macrophages from C. parvum-treated pregnant mice were deficient in their ability to kill or inhibit multiplication of T. gondii when compared to macrophages from C. parvum-treated control mice (P
The 3 Essential Responsibilities: A Leadership Story

The 3 fundamental and essential responsibilities of leadership—setting a compelling and appealing direction (vision), selecting the right people (talent), and creating and embracing the right set of guiding core values (culture)—are reviewed in the context of the many contributions and leadership legacy of Dr Stanley J. Dudrick, one of the giants of American surgery. Critical success factors which enable the development of leadership as an organizational capacity in any department or unit are emphasized. They include building a team of faculty and residents who are aligned on mission, vision, and values; forging a climate where people are willing to have difficult conversations rather than avoiding complex problems; and the establishment of an esprit d’corps where people experience that they are contributing to a purpose larger than themselves.
Cell cycle exit upon myogenic differentiation

Myogenic precursor cells withdraw irreversibly from the cell cycle as they differentiate into mature myotubes. Cell cycle exit occurs early during the differentiation program and is required for normal expression of the contractile phenotype. Differentiated myocytes also display a decreased propensity to undergo apoptotic cell death. The upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) appear to be critical regulatory events for the establishment of both the postmitotic and apoptosis-resistant states. The coordinated regulation of cell proliferation and death provides the developing embryo with a mechanism for controlling muscle mass and thereby the size of individual motor units.
Physical and chemical factors affecting sporulation of Hymenula cerealis

The optimum temperature for sporulation of Hymenula cerealis Ell. & Ev. was 15°, but abundant sporulation could occur from 10–22°. Maximum sporulation occurred at −4 bar water potential and declined with lower water potentials. Some sporulation could occur at −31 bar, but none at −68 bar. Light provided a moderate stimulation of sporulation. Abundant sporulation could occur in a simple medium of glucose, NaNO 3 and K 2 HPO 4 . Glucose was a better carbon source for sporulation than was sucrose or fructose.
Chemisorption of C2H2 on Pd(111) and Pt(111): formation of a thermally activated olefinic surface complex☆

Abstract Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy studies indicate that acetylene chemisorbs on Pd(111) and Pt(111) as π-bonded acetylene for T≲ 180 K but upon warming (or room temperature exposure) forms a new surface species. We identify the electronic structure of this new phase as being characteristic of an olefinic C2H2 surface species - the result of rehybridization of the initially chemisorbed molecule. These results are discussed relative to previous work on Ni(111).
Hypoplastic external genitalia in association with X;autosome chromosome translocation.

Background X; autosome translocation usually presents with phenotypic features similar to Turner syndrome. We present three female siblings with X;autosome translocation and hypoplastic external genitalia. Methods Case presentation. Results Three female siblings, ages 14, 16, and 18 years, presented for routine check up. All had been seen in the past for short stature, primary amenorrhea, and other features similar to those seen in Turner syndrome. On genital exam, each was found to have hypoplastic external genitalia with absent clitoris and labia minora. Pelvic ultrasound in all subjects shows normal but prepubertal uterus and ovaries. Two subjects have unbalanced translocations with karyotype 46.X, der(9)t(9;X)(q11.2;q22.3). This abnormal chromosome complement results in the loss of the short arm of the X chromosome and the gain of an extra copy of the long arm of chromosome 9. The third subject and her mother have balanced translocations with the karyotype 46, X.t (9;X)(qI1.2;q22.3). X-inactivation studies show skewed inactivation of the normal X chromosome, while the two girls with the unbalanced karyotype had skewed inactivation of the translocation product. All subjects have growth hormone deficiency. The two older siblings were able to gain height and to menstruate regularly after growth hormone and estrogen/progesterone therapy. The youngest patient is still receiving growth hormone. Conclusion X;autosome translocations may be associated with hypoplastic external genitalia but normal internal genitalia. Balanced carriers can be fertile. To our knowledge. the presence of hypoplastic external genitalia in association with a X;autosome translocation has not been previously reported. This should be added to the possible causes of hypoplastic external genitalia.
Optical switching with photorefractive polarization holograms.

A switching technique that uses the polarization sensitivity of photorefractive holograms in crystals is experimentally demonstrated. The design is capable of handling a large number of 2 × 2 switching channels with only four holograms. The concept is applicable to either synchronous or asynchronous switching and also to a variety of photorefractive materials.
Nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves for stress monitoring in prestressing tendons for post-tensioned concrete structures

Many bridges, including 90% of the California inventory, are post-tensioned box-girders concrete structures. Prestressing tendons are the main load-carrying components of these and other post-tensioned structures. Despite their criticality, much research is needed to develop and deploy techniques able to provide real-time information on the level of prestress in order to detect dangerous stress losses. In collaboration with Caltrans, UCSD is investigating the combination of ultrasonic guided waves and embedded sensors to provide both prestress level monitoring and defect detection capabilities in concrete-embedded PS tendons. This paper presents a technique based on nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves in the 100 kHz - 2 MHz range for monitoring prestress levels in 7-wire PS tendons. The technique relies on the fact that an axial stress on the tendon generates a proportional radial stress between adjacent wires (interwire stress). In turn, the interwire stress modulates nonlinear effects in ultrasonic wave propagation through both the presence of finite strains and the interwire contact. The nonlinear ultrasonic behavior of the tendon under changing levels of prestress is monitored by tracking higher-order harmonics at (nω) arising under a fundamental guided-wave excitation at (ω). Experimental results will be presented to identify (a) ranges of fundamental excitations at (ω) producing maximum nonlinear response, and (b) optimum lay-out of the transmitting and the receiving transducers within the test tendons. Compared to alternative methods based on linear ultrasonic features, the proposed nonlinear ultrasonic technique appears more sensitive to prestress levels and more robust against changing excitation power at the transmitting transducer or changing transducer/tendon bond conditions.
Validation of a pneumonia prognostic index using the MedisGroups comparative hospital database

Abstract Purpose: Our purpose was to validate a previously developed pneumonia-specific prognostic index in a large, multicenter population. Patients and methods: We developed a pneumonia-specific prognostic index in a prospective, multicenter study of 346 patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia admitted to 3 Pittsburgh hospitals (the derivation cohort), and validated the index in 14,199 patients with a principal ICD-9-CM diagnosis of pneumonia admitted to 78 hospitals in the 1989 Medis-Groups Comparative Hospital Database (the validation cohort). The prognostic index classified patients into five ordered risk classes based on six predictors of mortality: age greater than 65 years, pleuritic chest pain, a vital sign abnormality, altered mental status, neoplastic disease, and high-risk pneumonia etiology. Each patient in the validation cohort was assigned to a risk class by obtaining values for the index's six predictors in the MedisGroups population. The performance of the prognostic index in the derivation and validation cohorts was assessed by comparing hospital mortality rates within each of the index's five prognostic risk classes. Results: The hospital mortality rate was 13.0% in the derivation cohort, and 11.1% in the validation cohort (p = 0.26). The agreement in the risk class-specific mortality rates was striking with the exception of class V: in class I, mortality was 0% in the derivation cohort versus 1% in the validation cohort; in class II, 0% versus 1.1%; class III, 10.9% versus 8.6%; class IV, 21.8% versus 26.2%; and class V, 73.7% versus 37.7%. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality rates within the first four risk classes, which represented the vast majority of patients in the derivation (94%) as well as the validation (98%) cohorts. Conclusion: These data support the generalizability of a pneumonia-specific prognostic index. This index, which performs exceptionally well in classifying low-risk patients, may help physicians identify patients with community-acquired pneumonia who could safely be managed in the ambulatory setting, or if hospitalized, the patients that could be treated with abbreviated inpatient care.
Estradiol suppresses type I collagen synthesis in mesangial cells via activation of activator protein-1

Estradiol suppresses type I collagen synthesis in mesangial cells via activation of activator protein-1. Background Estradiol suppresses the synthesis of type I collagen by murine mesangial cells. However, neither the α 1 (I) nor the α 2 (I) collagen gene contains an estrogen-response element. Because estradiol modulates the transcription of several genes that lack an estrogen-response element but contain a regulatory activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding motif, we hypothesized that AP-1 may mediate estradiol-induced suppression of type I collagen synthesis. Methods We measured type I collagen synthesis in murine mesangial cells exposed to estradiol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (an activator of AP-1), or curcumin (an inhibitor of AP-1). We also assessed the effects of estradiol on the steady-state level of c- fos and c- jun mRNA and on the binding of mesangial cell nuclear extracts to an AP-1 consensus binding site oligonucleotide. Results Estradiol (10 -10 m to 10 -7 m) suppressed type I collagen synthesis by murine mesangial cells in a dose-dependent manner (10 -7 m, 43.7 ± 8.2% of control values, P fos mRNA twofold at 30minutes, with a return to basal levels at one hour. This was associated with a greater than threefold increase in the binding of nuclear extracts from estradiol-treated mesangial cells to an AP-1 consensus binding site oligonucleotide. Estradiol-enhanced binding of nuclear extracts to the AP-1 oligonucleotide was reversed by cycloheximide. Conclusions These data suggest that estradiol suppresses collagen I synthesis by murine mesangial cells via enhanced AP-1 activity.
INSIGHTS INTO SURFACE HYDROGENATION IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: OBSERVATIONS OF METHANIMINE AND METHYL AMINE IN Sgr B2(N)

Multiple observations of methanimine (CH{sub 2}NH) and methyl amine (CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2}) have been performed toward Sgr B2(N) at 1, 2, and 3 mm using the Submillimeter Telescope and the 12 m antenna of the Arizona Radio Observatory. In the frequency range 68-280 GHz, 23 transitions of CH{sub 2}NH and 170 lines of CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2} have been observed as individual, distinguishable features, although some are partially blended with other lines. For CH{sub 2}NH, the line profiles indicate V{sub LSR} = 64.2 {+-} 1.4 km s{sup -1} and {Delta}V{sub 1/2} = 13.8 {+-} 2.8 km s{sup -1}, while V{sub LSR} = 63.7 {+-} 1.6 km s{sup -1} and {Delta}V{sub 1/2} = 15.1 {+-} 3.0 km s{sup -1} for CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2}, parameters that are very similar to those of other organic species in Sgr B2(N). From these data, rotational diagrams were constructed for both species. In the case of CH{sub 2}NH, a rotational temperature of T{sub rot} = 44 {+-} 13 K and a column density of N{sub tot} = (9.1 {+-} 4.4) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 14} cm{sup -2} were determined from the analysis. For CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2}, T{sub rot} = 159 {+-} 30 K and N{sub tot} = (5.0 {+-}more » 0.9) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 15} cm{sup -2}, indicating that this species is present in much warmer gas than CH{sub 2}NH. The fractional abundances for CH{sub 2}NH and CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2} were established to be f (H{sub 2}) Almost-Equal-To 3.0 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -10} and f (H{sub 2}) Almost-Equal-To 1.7 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -9}, respectively. It has been proposed that CH{sub 2}NH is formed on grains via hydrogenation of HCN; further hydrogenation of CH{sub 2}NH on surfaces leads to CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2}. However, given the dissimilarity between the rotational temperatures and distributions of CH{sub 2}NH and CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2} in Sgr B2, it is improbable that these species are closely related synthetically, at least in this source. Both CH{sub 2}NH and CH{sub 3}NH{sub 2} are more likely created by neutral-neutral processes in the gas phase.« less
TCP veto: A novel network attack and its Application to SCADA protocols

TCP veto is a detection-resistant variation of the TCP connection hijacking attack. While not limited to SCADA protocols, Modbus TCP, the Ethernet Industrial Protocol (EtherNet/IP), and the Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3) each meet the necessary assumptions of the attack. Experimental results reveal that the integrity of messages transmitted using each of the three SCADA protocols are vulnerable to TCP veto. Additionally, TCP veto produces up to 600 times less network traffic during its attack than connection hijacking. This work underscores the vulnerability of current SCADA protocols that communicate over TCP/IP to network attack. A method to definitively identify TCP veto requires a detection system to perform deep packet inspection on every TCP packet of a monitored connection. Methods for mitigating the attack through message authentication include implementing DNP3 with Secure Authentication, tcpcrypt, or Internet Protocol Security (IPsec).
Surface and interface depletion corrections to free carrier-density determinations by hall measurements

Errors in the determination of (ND-NA) for semiconductor epitaxial layers by the Hall method can result if corrections for carrier depletion are omitted in the calculations. Simple practical procedures are discussed to correct for carrier depletion that occurs in epitaxial layers at their free surfaces, and their interfaces with semi-insulating substrates. Theoretical estimates of carrier depletion in GaAs indicate that depletion regions can extend several microns into high purity epitaxial layers, and can cause (ND-NA) to be considerably underestimated. Experimental evidence is presented in support of the theory.
Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease seen in patients with or without systemic lupus erythematosus. The management of CLE includes treatment and prevention of lesions as well as routine assessment for systemic disease. Treatment options include topical and systemic therapies. Topical therapies include corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors. Systemic therapies generally fall under one of three categories: antimalarials, immunomodulators (eg, dapsone and thalidomide), and immunosuppressives (eg, methotrexate and mycophenolate). Evidence for the treatment of CLE has been limited by few prospective studies and the lack of a validated outcome measure (until recently). There is good evidence to support the use of topical steroids and calcineurin inhibitors, although most of these trials have not used placebo or vehicle controls. There have been no randomized, placebo-controlled trials evaluating systemic therapies in the treatment of CLE.
Direct measurements of transient structures by means of time-resolved x-ray diffraction

Nanosecond x-ray pulses have been used for time resolved x- ray diffraction to measure the transient structure of Pt and GaAs crystals caused by laser pulse heating. A direct imaging x-ray CCD system with high spatial resolution allows the detection for the lattice deformations of the order of 10-4 A, induced by a laser pulse energy of a few millijoules.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Moving from outside to inside : High school students' use of apprenticeships as vehicles for entering the culture and practice of science

The purpose of this study was to investigate how research apprenticeships shaped students' views of the culture and practice of science. Twenty-seven 11th and 12th graders from across the United States and American Samoa participating in a summer research program were interviewed individually three times over 7 weeks. Seven students were selected as a representative focus group, and in addition to interviews, their journals, entrance questionnaires, and exit questionnaires were analyzed for what they revealed about students' ideas of what constituted scientific work, of the research process, of the existence and importance of communities in which they participated, and of the roles they played in these communities. Based on the pattern of student comments and perspectives, we identified four dimensions of scientific practice and culture whose salience and complexity increased and became articulated over the 7-week period. These dimensions included technical language, collaboration, uncertainty, and inquiry. The learning that took place with regard to these dimensions took place within three program-embedded communities, which we identified as laboratory-centered, program-centered, and peer-centered. The roles students played in these communities and the degree to which they could make use of resources within them contributed to students' view of scientific practice and culture, and to the development of the identity kits they began to construct of themselves as scientists. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 677–697, 1999
A boundary integral equation technique for the calculation of weld pool shapes in thin plates

Weld pool shapes are computed via numerical solution of a boundary integral equation used as a model for the autogenous full penetration welding of pure materials. Numerical results show that for a given value of the heat input from the arc, the latent heat of fusion provides a substantial correction for the shape of the weld pool compared to solutions that neglect the latent heat. Moreover, results confirm that the aspect ratio of the weld pool is larger when increasing either the value of the latent heat or the heat input from the arc, and is smaller for higher values of surface convective heat losses. The magnitude of the curvature of the weld pool at the centerline of the trailing edge is increased as the latent heat, the arc velocity or the plate preheat is increased, which may promote weld pool shape transition and/or defect formation.
Electroporation and EGFP labeling of gastrulating quail embryos

Labeling embryonic cells to trace their motion is a classical experimental approach with a host of techniques being used to mark live cells and tissues. Genetically engineered fluorescent protein vectors (DNA plasmids) are a recent technology well suited to time-resolved studies of cellular motion in live embryos. DNA plasmids encoding fluorescent proteins can be introduced into cells using several methods, including electroporation, a technique used widely for analysis of tissue culture and embryonic cells. Here we describe a technique designed to introduce DNA plasmids into early gastrulation stage quail embryos, ex ovo. The method is effective, and with practice enables an investigator to direct the vectors to relatively confined regions of gastrulating embryos. The required electroporation chamber can be fabricated from common laboratory materials. We anticipate that using this method of labeling cells in a warm-blooded embryo, during gastrulation, will be a fruitful means of studying subsequent embryogenesis.
Gas Diffusion During Containerless Hot Isostatic Pressing of Liquid‐Phase Sintered Ceramics

Diffusion and dissolution of gases are considerably higher in glasses than in most crystalline materials. Thus, materials with a glassy grain-boundary phase are susceptible to gas permeation when they are containerless hot isostatic pressed. Annealing of sinter-hot isostatic pressed alumina—magnesium aluminosilicate glass (3 to 10 vol%) composites and pure glass samples at 1200° to 1600°C results in dedensification by matrix bloating and swelling. The degree of dedensification increases with the hot isostatic pressing pressure, temperature, and time and increasing annealing temperature. A theoretical prediction of high-pressure gas permeation is developed based on a diffusion model. The analysis allows a satisfactory explanation for the gas diffusion effect on hot isostatic press densification. The analysis is also useful for developing design criteria for the hot isostatic press schedule and encapsulation materials. Annealing of hot isostatic pressed samples at 1100°C prior to high-temperature annealing results in no dedensification as a result of out-diffusion of the internal gases.
Acid Mobility in Chemically Amplified Photoresists

In a chemically amplified resist the exposure energy is used to generate a catalytic species, which promotes a solubility-switching reaction during a post exposure processing step. Using an absorbed photon to generate a catalyst, instead of using it to directly cause a solubility-switching photochemical reaction, allows for much lower exposure doses to be used for patterning since the catalytic species can eventually promote multiple solubility-switching events instead of just one. Some level of catalyst mobility is necessary to achieve the amplification effect as the catalyst must move from reaction site to reaction site, but any catalyst mobility creates the possibility of movement from exposed regions into unexposed regions causing image blur or line width spreading. As the catalyst diffuses in the resist, it promotes chemical reactions; these chemical reactions complicate analyses of catalyst diffusion by changing the chemical environment of the diffusant. Thus, the material properties of the surrounding resin are changing, sometimes drastically, as the catalyst diffuses. In addition to simple changes in material type, the chemical reaction also generates a transient material state as reaction by-products either remain in the resist film or desorb. The variation in lifetime of this transient state is another factor that must be considered in a full analysis. This work reports a method to separate reaction effects from catalyst diffusion effects. Acid diffusion in polymers which are close structural analogues to poly(4-t-butyloxycarbonyloxystrene) (TBOCST), while being unreactive to diffusing acidic molecules, was studied. Specifically, the diffusion properties of photogenerated perfluorobutanesulfonic acid in the unreactive TBOCST analogues poly(4-isopropyloxycarbonyloxystyrene) and poly(4-neopentyloxycarbonyloxysytrene) are reported. Measuring and understanding diffusion in these analogue polymers provides insight into the more complicated, and more important, reaction-diffusion processes of TBOCST.
Three-dimensional scapulothoracic motion during active and passive arm elevation

Background. Scapulothoracic muscle activity is believed to be important for normal scapulothoracic motion. In particular, the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles are believed to play an important role in the production and control of scapulothoracic motion. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of muscle activity (active versus passive arm elevation) on three-dimensional scapulothoracic motion. Methods. Twenty subjects without a history of shoulder pathology participated in this study. Three-dimensional scapulothoracic motion was determined from electromagnetic sensors attached to the scapula, thorax and humerus during active and passive arm elevation. Muscle activity was recorded from surface electrodes over the upper and lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior and posterior deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles. Differences in scapulothoracic motion were calculated between active and passive arm elevation conditions. Findings. Scapular motion was observed during the trials of passive arm elevation; however, there was more upward rotation of the scapula, external rotation of the scapula, clavicular retraction, and clavicular elevation under the condition of active arm elevation. This was most pronounced for scapular upward rotation through the mid-range (90–120� ) of arm elevation. Interpretation. The upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles have an important role in producing upward rotation of the scapula especially throughout the mid-range of arm elevation. Additionally, it appears that capsuloligamentous and passive muscle tension contribute to scapulothoracic motion during arm elevation. Assessment of the upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles and upward rotation of the scapula should be part of any shoulder examination. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Behavioral management of childhood diabetes

This chapter focuses on the behavioral aspects of managing childhood diabetes, describing innovative and traditional roles for the behavioral scientist.
Stent-Assisted Coiling Versus Balloon Remodeling of Wide-Neck Aneurysms: Comparison of Angiographic Outcomes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stent-assisted coiling and balloon-assisted coiling are 2 well-established techniques for treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms. A direct comparative analysis of angiographic outcomes with the 2 techniques has not been available. We compare the angiographic outcomes of wide-neck aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling versus balloon-assisted coiling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on 101 consecutive patients treated at our institution, 69 with stent-assisted coiling and 32 with balloon-assisted coiling. Two multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of aneurysm obliteration and predictors of progressive aneurysm thrombosis at follow-up. RESULTS: The 2 groups were comparable with respect to all baseline characteristics with the exception of a higher proportion of ruptured aneurysms in the balloon-assisted coiling group (65.6%) than in the stent-assisted coiling group (11.5%, P CONCLUSIONS: Stent-assisted coiling may yield lower rates of retreatment and higher rates of aneurysm obliteration and progression of occlusion at follow-up than balloon-assisted coiling with a similar morbidity rate.
Behavioral Detection of Electrical Microstimulation in Different Cortical Visual Areas

The extent to which areas in the visual cerebral cortex differ in their ability to support perceptions has been the subject of considerable speculation. Experiments examining the activity of individual neurons have suggested that activity in later stages of the visual cortex is more closely linked to perception than that in earlier stages [1-9]. In contrast, results from functional imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and lesion studies have been interpreted as showing that earlier stages are more closely coupled to perception [10-15]. We examined whether neuronal activity in early and later stages differs in its ability to support detectable signals by measuring behavioral thresholds for detecting electrical microstimulation in different cortical areas in two monkeys. By training the animals to perform a two-alternative temporal forced-choice task, we obtained criterion-free thresholds from five visual areas--V1, V2, V3A, MT, and the inferotemporal cortex. Every site tested yielded a reliable threshold. Thresholds varied little within and between visual areas, rising gradually from early to later stages. We similarly found no systematic differences in the slopes of the psychometric detection functions from different areas. These results suggest that neuronal signals of similar magnitude evoked in any part of visual cortex can generate percepts.
Ribosomal Protein S6 Associates with Alphavirus Nonstructural Protein 2 and Mediates Expression from Alphavirus Messages

Although alphaviruses dramatically alter cellular function within hours of infection, interactions between alphaviruses and specific host cellular proteins are poorly understood. Although the alphavirus nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) is an essential component of the viral replication complex, it also has critical auxiliary functions that determine the outcome of infection in the host. To gain a better understanding of nsP2 function, we sought to identify cellular proteins with which Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nsP2 interacted. We demonstrate here that nsP2 associates with ribosomal protein S6 (RpS6) and that nsP2 is present in the ribosome-containing fractions of a polysome gradient, suggesting that nsP2 associates with RpS6 in the context of the whole ribosome. This result was noteworthy, since viral replicase proteins have seldom been described in direct association with components of the ribosome. The association of RpS6 with nsP2 was detected throughout the course of infection, and neither the synthesis of the viral structural proteins nor the presence of the other nonstructural proteins was required for RpS6 interaction with nsP2. nsP1 also was associated with RpS6, but other nonstructural proteins were not. RpS6 phosphorylation was dramatically diminished within hours after infection with alphaviruses. Furthermore, a reduction in the level of RpS6 protein expression led to diminished expression from alphavirus subgenomic messages, whereas no dramatic diminution in cellular translation was observed. Taken together, these data suggest that alphaviruses alter the ribosome during infection and that this alteration may contribute to differential translation of host and viral messages.