cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategy for employing unstabilized nucleophiles in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations.

We report a strategy for the employment of highly unstabilized anions in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations (AAA). The “hard” 2-methylpyridyl nucleophiles studied are first reacted in situ with BF3•OEt2; subsequent deprotonation of the resulting complexes with LiHMDS affords “soft” anions that are competent nucleophiles in AAA reactions. The reaction is selective for the 2-position of methylpyridines and tolerates bulky aryl and alkyl substitution at the 3-, 4-, and 5-positions. Investigations into the reaction mechanism demonstrate that the configuration of the allylic stereocenter is retained, consistent with the canonical outer sphere mechanism invoked for palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution processes of stabilized anions.
The origin of life on earth and elsewhere.

Excerpt The particular sequence of thoughts indicated by the title has its origin in my interest in the process of photosynthesis. It began when I asked myself the question: Which came first, the p...
Mean waiting time approximations in cyclic-service systems with exhaustive limited service policy

Abstract In this paper, we consider a cyclic-service system with exhaustive limited service policy (or k -limited). Under this policy, the server may serve up to a maximum of k customers during his visit at the queue. The major result here is a new approximation procedure to compute the individual mean waiting times. This approximation is based on the pseudo-conservation law and on the concept of conditional cycle times. Extensive numerical examples show that this new approximation is more accurate and robust than the two other heuristic models reported in the literature. Furthermore, its accuracy improves significantly as the number of queues increases and its performance does not seem to be affected by k . The overall performance characteristic, thus, allows this approximation to model token-passing network protocols.
The ghost and weak dimensions of rings and ring spectra

The primary object of this paper is to prove the conjecture of [HL09a] explaining how to recover the weak dimension of a ring from its derived category. In the process, we develop a theory of weak dimension, which we call ghost dimension, for the generalized rings, known as ring spectra, that arise in algebraic topology.
Host cell invasion by Staphylococcus aureus stimulates the shedding of microvesicles.

During severe sepsis, microvesicles that are positive for tissue factor (TF) are at increased levels within blood and in pulmonary lavage. These microvesicles potentially disperse TF, the major initiator of the coagulation cascade, throughout multiple organ systems, initiating fibrin deposition and resultant ischemia. The source of these microvesicles has remained incompletely defined. Although TF+ microvesicles are shed from cells that express nascent TF transcript in response to injury, recent findings revealed that circulating, full-length TF protein is detectable prior to these nascent transcripts. This finding suggested that the protein is released from constitutive sources as an acute response. We examined whether Staphylococcus aureus, the Gram-positive bacteria that is emerging as one of the most common etiologic agents in sepsis, is capable of stimulating the release of TF+ microvesicles from a pulmonary cell line that constitutively expresses TF protein. We found that host cell invasion stimulated an acute release of TF+ microvesicles and that these microvesicles mediated the transfer of the protein to TF-negative endothelial cells. We also found that transfer was inhibited by cholesterol-lowering simvastatin. Taken together, our findings reveal that S. aureus pathogenesis extends to the acute release of TF+ microvesicles and that inhibiting dispersal by this mechanism may provide a therapeutic target.
Nanocrystalline Zeolites and Zeolite Structures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Nanocrystalline zeolites are porous nanomaterials with crystal sizes of less than 100 nm that possess unique external and internal surface reactivity. Nanocrystalline zeolites, such as silicalite, ZSM-5 and Y, were synthesized and extensively characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy. Spectroscopic characterization of the nanocrystalline zeolites by FTIR and solid-state NMR provided detailed structural information about internal and external surface sites. The nanocrystalline zeolites were also used as building blocks to form larger, hollow zeolite structures with encapsulated metal or organic species. The surface properties of nanocrystalline zeolites and hollow zeolite structures were tailored through functionalization of surface silanol groups. Applications of nanocrystalline zeolites and zeolite structures in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx and the photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in aqueous solution were inv...
Reliable commit and optimistic concurrency control for dynamically reconfigurable distributed databases

This paper addresses the problem of maintaining high availability in a dynamically reconfigurable distributed database system. A dynamically reconfigurable distributed database system is one in which clients and/or servers may attach to or detach from the system at will. Reliable transaction management and commit protocols which handle both these absences and unexpected failures are presented.
An Implantable, Synchronous Pacemaker for the Long-Term Correction of Complete Heart Block

An implantable, synchronous cardiac pacemaker for long-term correction of complete heart block has been developed. It has been successfully used in dogs for periods up to eight months. The performance of the pacemaker during normal sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmias is illustrated with electrocardiograms. After implantation of the pacemaker, the dogs have returned to completely normal activity and have tolerated all physical exercises well. [see figure in the PDF file]
Load relaxation of helical extension springs in transient thermal environments

The load relaxation behavior of small Elgiloy helical extension springs has been evaluated by a combined experimental and modeling approach. Isothermal, continuous heating, and interrupted heating relaxation tests of a specific spring design were conducted. Spring constants also were measured and compared with predictions using common spring formulas. For the constant heating rate relaxation tests, it was found that the springs retained their strength to higher temperatures at higher heating rates. A model, which describes the relaxation behavior, was developed and calibrated with the isothermal load relaxation tests. The model incorporates both time-independent deformation mechanisms, such as thermal expansion and shear modulus changes, as well as time-dependent mechanisms such as primary and steady state creep. The model was shown to accurately predict the load relaxation behavior for the continuous heating tests, as well as for a complex stepwise heating thermal cycle. The model can be used to determine the relaxation behavior for any arbitrary thermal cycle. An extension of the model to other spring designs is discussed.
Results on finite wireless sensor networks: Connectivity and coverage

Many analytic results for the connectivity, coverage, and capacity of wireless networks have been reported for the case where the number of nodes, n, tends to infinity (large-scale networks). The majority of these results have not been extended for small or moderate values of n; whereas in many practical networks, n is not very large. In this article, we consider finite (small-scale) wireless sensor networks. We first show that previous asymptotic results provide poor approximations for such networks. We provide a set of differences between small-scale and large-scale analysis and propose a methodology for analysis of finite sensor networks. Furthermore, we consider two models for such networks: unreliable sensor grids and sensor networks with random node deployment. We provide easily computable expressions for bounds on the coverage and connectivity of these networks. With validation from simulations, we show that the derived analytic expressions give very good estimates of such quantities for finite sensor networks. Our investigation confirms the fact that small-scale networks possess unique characteristics different from their large-scale counterparts, necessitating the development of a new framework for their analysis and design.
A numerical study of ignition in the supersonic hydrogen/air laminar mixing layer

Abstract The ignition evolution in the supersonic nonpremixed hydrogen/air laminar mixing layer, consisting of a relatively hot, fast air stream next to a cold, slower hydrogen stream, was computationally simulated using detailed transport and chemical reaction mechanisms and compared with results from asymptotic analysis with reduced mechanisms. The study emphasizes identifying the controlling chemical mechanisms in effecting ignition, on the relative importance of external versus viscous heating as the dominant ignition source, on the roles of thermal versus kinetic-induced ignition in which heat release and hence nonlinear thermal feedback are not needed in initiating system runaway, and on the consequences of imposing the conventional constant property assumptions in analytical studies. Results show that the state of the hydrogen/oxygen second explosion limit has the dominant influence in the system response in that, for all practical purposes, ignition is not possible when the air-stream temperature is lower than the crossover temperature, even allowing for viscous heating. On the other hand, when the air-stream temperature is higher than the crossover temperature, the predicted ignition distance indicates that ignition is feasible within practical supersonic combustion engines. Furthermore, for the latter situations, the ignition event is initiated by radical proliferation and hence runaway instead of thermal runaway. Finally, it is shown that, while the present computed results qualitatively agree well with those from the asymptotic analysis with reduced mechanisms, the analytically predicted ignition distances are much shorter than the computed values because the analysis has overemphasized the viscous effect through the constant Chapman-Rubesin parameter ϱμ and unity Prandtl number assumptions.
Incorporating temporal EHR data in predictive models for risk stratification of renal function deterioration

Mulitask-Temporal approach to develop predictive models using temporal information in EHR data.Display Omitted We discuss methods to use temporal information in EHR data for predictive modeling.We propose a multitask learning based approach.We use our method to predict short-term progression of renal dysfunction.We show that the importance of different predictors vary over time.Our method was able to use temporal information in EHR data to improve performance. Predictive models built using temporal data in electronic health records (EHRs) can potentially play a major role in improving management of chronic diseases. However, these data present a multitude of technical challenges, including irregular sampling of data and varying length of available patient history. In this paper, we describe and evaluate three different approaches that use machine learning to build predictive models using temporal EHR data of a patient.The first approach is a commonly used non-temporal approach that aggregates values of the predictors in the patient's medical history. The other two approaches exploit the temporal dynamics of the data. The two temporal approaches vary in how they model temporal information and handle missing data. Using data from the EHR of Mount Sinai Medical Center, we learned and evaluated the models in the context of predicting loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the most common assessment of kidney function.Our results show that incorporating temporal information in patient's medical history can lead to better prediction of loss of kidney function. They also demonstrate that exactly how this information is incorporated is important. In particular, our results demonstrate that the relative importance of different predictors varies over time, and that using multi-task learning to account for this is an appropriate way to robustly capture the temporal dynamics in EHR data. Using a case study, we also demonstrate how the multi-task learning based model can yield predictive models with better performance for identifying patients at high risk of short-term loss of kidney function.
Mixed Pfair/ERfair scheduling of asynchronous periodic tasks

Pfair scheduling was proposed by Baruah, Cohen, Plaxton, and Varvel as a non-work-conserving way of optimally and efficiently scheduling periodic tasks on a multiprocessor. In this paper, we introduce a work-conserving variant of Pfair scheduling called "early-release" fair (ERfair) scheduling. We also present a new scheduling algorithm called PD2 and show that it is optimal for scheduling any mix of early-release and non-early-release asynchronous, periodic tasks. In contrast, almost all prior work on Pfair scheduling has been limited to synchronous systems. PD2 is an optimization of an earlier deadline-based algorithm of Baruah, Gehrke, and Plaxton called PD; PD2 uses a simpler tie-breaking scheme than PD to dis ambiguate equal deadlines. We present a series of counterexamples that suggest that, in general, the PD2 tie-breaking mechanism cannot be simplified. In contrast to this, we show that no tie-breaking information is needed on two-processor systems.
Homogenization of vibrating periodic lattice structures

The paper describes a homogenization technique for periodic lattice structures. The analysis is performed by considering the irreducible unit cell as a building block that defines the periodic pattern. In particular, the continuum equivalent representation for the discrete structure is sought with the objective of retaining information regarding the local properties of the lattice, while condensing its global behavior into a set of differential equations. These equations can then be solved either analytically or numerically, thus providing a model which involves a significantly lower number of variables than those required for the detailed model of the assembly. The methodology is first tested by comparing the dispersion relations obtained through homogenization with those corresponding to the detailed model of the unit cells and then extended to the comparison of exact and approximate harmonic responses. This comparison is carried out for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional assemblies. The application to three-dimensional structures is not attempted in this work and will be approached in the future without the need for substantial conceptual changes in the theoretical procedure. Hence the presented technique is expected to be applicable to a wide range of periodic structures, with applications ranging from the design of structural elements of mechanical and aerospace interest to the optimization of smart materials with attractive mechanical, thermal or electrical properties.
Miniature interferometer terminals for Earth Surveying

A system of miniature radio interferometer terminals is proposed for the measurement of vector baselines with uncertainties ranging from the millimeter to the centimeter level for baseline lengths ranging, respectively, from a few to a few hundred kilometers. Each terminal would have no moving parts, could be packaged in a volume of less than 0.1 m3, and could operate unattended. These units would receive radio signals from low-power (<10 w) transmitters on Earth-orbiting satellites. The baselines between units could be determined virtually instantaneously and monitored continuously as long as at least four satellites were visible simultaneously. Acquisition of the satellite signals by each terminal would require about one minute, but less than a second of signal integration, and the collection of only a few kilobits of data from two receiving units would suffice to determine a baseline. Different baseline lengths, weather conditions, and desired accuracies would, in general, dictate different integration times.
The M33 Metallicity Project: Resolving the Abundance Gradient Discrepancies in M33*

We present a new determination of the metallicity gradient in M33, based on Keck LRIS measurements of oxygen abundances using the temperature-sensitive emission line [O III] λ4363 in 61 H II regions. These data approximately triple the sample of direct oxygen abundances in M33. We find a central abundance of 12 + log (O/H) = 8.36 ± 0.04 and a slope of –0.027 ± 0.012 dex kpc^−1, in agreement with infrared measurements of the neon abundance gradient but much shallower than most previous oxygen gradient measurements. There is substantial intrinsic scatter of 0.11 dex in the metallicity at any given radius in M33, which imposes a fundamental limit on the accuracy of gradient measurements that rely on small samples of objects. We also show that the ionization state of neon does not follow the ionization state of oxygen as is commonly assumed, suggesting that neon abundance measurements from optical emission lines require careful treatment of the ionization corrections.
Globalization and domestic conflict

We examine how globalization aects trade patterns and welfare when conflict prevails domestically. We do so in a simple model of trade, in which a nat- ural resource like oil is contested by competing groups using real resources ("guns"). Thus, conflict is viewed as ultimately stemming from imperfect property-rights en- forcement. When comparing autarky with free trade in such a setting, the gains from trade have to be weighed against the possibly higher resource costs of conflict. We find that importers of the contested resource gain unambiguously. By contrast, exporters of the contested resource lose under free trade, unless the world price of the resource is suciently high. Regardless of what price obtains in the world market, countries tend to over-export the contested resource relative to what we would observe if there were no conflict; for some range of prices, the presence of conflict even reverses the country's comparative advantage. For an even wider range of prices, an increase in the international price of the contested resource reduces welfare, an instance of the "natural resource curse."
A ballistic similitude design criterion for artillery projectiles

Introduction T Note describes the analytically derived and experimentally verified ballistic similitude design criterion (BSDC) that was used to guide development of the M753 8-in. artillery-fired atomic projectile (AFAP) as a ballistically similar counterpart of the M65Q rocket-assisted (RA) 8-in. conventional high-explosive (HE) projectile. Large differences in internal configuration between an AfcAP and a conventional HE projectile of identical shape make it impossible to adjust all mass properties to match. Therefore, a BSDC was required to define the mass properties that must be matched. This BSDC, which is applicable to projectiles of identical external shape like the M753 and M650 (Fig. 1), also can be used to ballistically match conventional projectiles that carry different payloads. An AFAP meets Army ballistic similitude requirements with a conventional base projectile if its mean point of impact falls within the "precision error" region about the conventional projectile mean impact point (Fig. 2) when the projectiles are fired with identical propelling charges at conditions that can differ only by small differences in quadrant elevation (QE) and azimuth angles. A U.S. Army ballistic similitude definition establishes the corrections that are allowed to determine these differences. The corrections for the M753 were determined from data obtained during a ballistic similitude verification test conducted at Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Arizona, during fall 1979. The small range probable error (RPE) and deflection probable error (DPE) components of the M650 precision error, listed in Fig. 2 for maximum and minimum values of range and deflection, indicate how restrictive the ballistic similitude requirement is.
Elastic modulus measurements in plasma sprayed deposits

A commercial hardness indenter has been modified to record load displacement as a spherical ball is elastically loaded onto the surface of the material to be measured. The resulting data are used to calculate the elastic modulus. This technique has been used to characterize the elastic modulus of zirconium oxide-8% yttrium oxide plasma sprayed deposits. Moduli were measured both on the cross section and on the plan section, and the differences were correlated with the microstructure. Since relatively small areas of the material were sampled by the indenter, local mapping of elastic modulus variations on the size scale of the microstructure was possible. A periodic variation in modulus with position in the cross section was found on a length scale that corresponded to the average plasma spray pass thickness. Elastic modulus variations also have been found on a macro scale through the thickness of freestanding plasma sprayed deposits. These large scale variations were probably a result of self annealing during the production of these thick samples. Finally, significant increases in elastic modulus have been found in samples annealed for a total of 2.5 h at 1100 °C. These changes have been correlated with small angle neutron scattering measurements of void surface area.
Nanotechnology in carbon materials

This article reviews carbon materials from the standpoint of nanotechnology. The unusual features of carbon materials stem from the ability of carbon to form materials with vastly different structures and hence with vastly different proper ties. The major focus of this review is on the ability of carbon to form zero dimensional quantum dots of subnanometer dimensions in the form of fullerenes, and one-dimensional quantum wires in the form of carbon nanotubes. The struc ture and properties of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are reviewed in this article in the context of nanotechnology.
Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Hydrolysis of Anthraquinone Derivatives

Abstract Anthraquinone (AQ) derivatives, including members of the anthraquinone imide (AQI) family, have been synthesized to afford good candidates for electron-transfer studies in DNA. Electron-withdrawing groups on the AQ ring give a less negative reduction potential, as desired. As expected, the AQI derivatives have less negative reduction potentials than AQ derivatives. The AQI ring system has a half-life for hydrolysis of about 75 min in a 3:7 MeCN and 0.005 M K2CO3 in MeOH.
Integrated data processing with the Univac file computer

The Univac file computer is an intermediate computer which combines a large-capacity internally stored file of information with high-speed electronic computing. This information file is a "random access" file with sufficient speed and capacity to permit integrated data processing.
The effects of organizational sampling frame selection

Abstract This paper extends the work of prior researchers by empirically investigating the general hypothesis that biases in sample sources are sufficient to significantly alter the results of empirical research. Data were gathered from firms listed in one or more of the following three sample sources: Dun and Bradstreet's Regional Directory-Houston, the Directory of Texas Manufacturers, and the Texas State Sales Tax Files. A model of venture performance was adopted based largely on previous research. Results of the analysis indicate a strong presence of sample source bias in the data, despite the uniform manner in which the data were gathered and the variables constructed.
A MEMS controlled cavity optomechanical sensing system

We report a fully-integrated MEMS sensing platform enabled by cavity optomechanics. We demonstrate 4.6 fm/Hz1/2 displacement sensitivity for sub-μW input power, electrostatically-tunable readout gain, and feedback damping of mechanical response by a factor of >1000.
A theory of hierarchies based on limited managerial attention

Our purpose in this paper is to investigate the economics of managerial organizations by focusing on the decision problem of management. Ours is a "team theory" analysis, that is, it ignores the problem of conflicting objectives among managers and focuses instead on the problem of coordinating the decisions of several imperfectly informed actors. However, unlike classical team theory, we concentrate on the choice by managers of what to know, as well as what to do, and we allow the possibility that bounded rationality limits the managers' ability to understand subtle messages.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION BETWEEN ACTIVE REGION OUTFLOWS AND THE SOLAR WIND: ABUNDANCE MEASUREMENTS WITH EIS/HINODE

One of the most interesting discoveries from Hinode is the presence of persistent high-temperature high-speed outflows from the edges of active regions (ARs). EUV imaging spectrometer (EIS) measurements indicate that the outflows reach velocities of 50 km s–1 with spectral line asymmetries approaching 200 km s–1. It has been suggested that these outflows may lie on open field lines that connect to the heliosphere, and that they could potentially be a significant source of the slow speed solar wind. A direct link has been difficult to establish, however. We use EIS measurements of spectral line intensities that are sensitive to changes in the relative abundance of Si and S as a result of the first ionization potential (FIP) effect, to measure the chemical composition in the outflow regions of AR 10978 over a 5 day period in 2007 December. We find that Si is always enhanced over S by a factor of 3-4. This is generally consistent with the enhancement factor of low FIP elements measured in situ in the slow solar wind by non-spectroscopic methods. Plasma with a slow wind-like composition was therefore flowing from the edge of the AR for at least 5 days. Furthermore, on December 10 and 11, when the outflow from the western side was favorably oriented in the Earth direction, the Si/S ratio was found to match the value measured a few days later by the Advanced Composition Explorer/Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer. These results provide strong observational evidence for a direct connection between the solar wind, and the coronal plasma in the outflow regions.
Real-time segmentation of burst suppression patterns in critical care EEG monitoring.

Abstract Objective Develop a real-time algorithm to automatically discriminate suppressions from non-suppressions (bursts) in electroencephalograms of critically ill adult patients. Methods A real-time method for segmenting adult ICU EEG data into bursts and suppressions is presented based on thresholding local voltage variance. Results are validated against manual segmentations by two experienced human electroencephalographers. We compare inter-rater agreement between manual EEG segmentations by experts with inter-rater agreement between human vs automatic segmentations, and investigate the robustness of segmentation quality to variations in algorithm parameter settings. We further compare the results of using these segmentations as input for calculating the burst suppression probability (BSP), a continuous measure of depth-of-suppression. Results Automated segmentation was comparable to manual segmentation, i.e. algorithm-vs-human agreement was comparable to human-vs-human agreement, as judged by comparing raw EEG segmentations or the derived BSP signals. Results were robust to modest variations in algorithm parameter settings. Conclusions Our automated method satisfactorily segments burst suppression data across a wide range adult ICU EEG patterns. Performance is comparable to or exceeds that of manual segmentation by human electroencephalographers. Significance Automated segmentation of burst suppression EEG patterns is an essential component of quantitative brain activity monitoring in critically ill and anesthetized adults. The segmentations produced by our algorithm provide a basis for accurate tracking of suppression depth.
Crystal structure of bis(pyrrole-N-carbothioate)bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II), C46H38N2S2P2Ni

Abstract The crystal structure of Ni(C4H4NCOS)2[(C6H5)3P]2, Ni(ptc)2(Ph3P)2, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. This species exists as a square planar complex. The structure is monoclinic, P21/n, a=12.759(4), b=10.069(2), c= 16.158(6) A, and β=91.96(3)°. The unit cell contains 2 formula units with an observed density of 1.31 g cm−3 (1.34 calculated). The final R index= 0.047 (Rw=0.038) for 2618 non-zero reflections having I > 3 σ(I).
Accretionary dark rims in unequilibrated chondrites

Textural and qualitative EDX investigations of dark-rimmed particles in six low petrologic type chondrites indicate that the rims accreted on host particles over a wide range of temperatures prior to initial accumulation and lithification of the meteorites in which the rimmed particles are now contained. Many dark rims are enriched in moderately volatile trace elements such as Na, Cl, P, and K, relative to the host particles and matrix. The range of physical/chemical environments associated with hypervelocity impacts may have offered the setting for the formation of dark-rimmed particles early in solar system history.
When are anonymous congestion charges consistent with marginal cost pricing

Abstract There are constraints on pricing congestible facilities. First, if heterogeneous users are observationally indistinguishable, then congestion charges must be anonymous. Second, the time variation of congestion charges may be constrained. Do these constraints undermine the feasibility of marginal cost pricing, and hence the applicability of the first-best theory of congestible facilities? For an important class of congestible facilities, we show that if heterogeneous users behave identically when using the facility and if the time variation of congestion charges is unconstrained, then marginal cost pricing is feasible with anonymous congestion charges. If, however, the time variation of congestion charges is constrained, optimal pricing with anonymous congestion charges entails Ramsey pricing.
Development of quantitative structure-activity relationship and classification models for a set of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Mathematical models are developed to find quantitative structure−activity relationships that correlate chemical structure and inhibition toward three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes: CA I, II, an...
Supertough unsaturated polyester and its SMC

Toughened unsaturated polyesters were prepared by chemical reaction, physical blending, and block copolymerization method, respectively. Mechanical proper ties of thus formed unsaturated polyesters after curing were compared. The superior per formance of block copolymers was explained with dynamic test and morphology study. Mechanical properties of their sheet molding compounds were studied as well.
A Global Solution Curve for a Class of Free Boundary Value Problems Arising in Plasma Physics

We study the existence and multiplicity of solutions and the global solution curve of the following free boundary value problem, arising in plasma physics, see Temam (Arch Ration Mech Anal 60(1):51---73, 1975---1976), and Berestycki and Brezis (Nonlinear Anal. 4(3):415---436, 1980): find a function $$u(x)$$ u ( x ) and a constant $$b$$ b , satisfying $$\begin{aligned}&\Delta u+g(x,u)=p(x) \; \;\text{ in }\, D \\u \;\; \;\int \limits _{\partial D} \frac{\partial u}{\partial n} \, ds=0. \end{aligned}$$ Δ u + g ( x , u ) = p ( x ) in D u | ? D = b , ? ? D ? u ? n d s = 0 . Here $$D \subset R^n$$ D ? R n , is a bounded domain, with a smooth boundary. This problem can be seen as a PDE generalization of the periodic problem for one-dimensional pendulum-like equations. We use continuation techniques. Our approach is suitable for numerical computations.
A Linear-Time Algorithm for Isomorphism of Graphs of Bounded Average Genus

A structure theorem is proved for the class of graphs of bounded average genus, which leads to a linear-time algorithm for isomorphism of such graphs.
Interfacial storage of lithium in the nanostructure of SnO2 nanobaskets for capacities exceeding theoretical values

Abstract SnO 2 nanobasket electrodes sputtered onto templated copper substrates exhibit extremely high capacities, approximately 1480 mAh/g, compared to the theoretical capacity based on alloying, 781 mAh/g. This anomalous capacity is investigated via galvanostatic cycling and sample sintering. We determined that the capacity, which exceeds the theoretical value for this range, was due to interfacial charging of lithium at the phase boundaries of nanoparticles in the SnO 2 electrode. This phenomenon, which can only be observed in nanostructured electrodes of high interfacial surface area/volume ratios, shows great promise in fabrication of extremely high-capacity electrodes for lithium batteries.
Interferometric 12CO Observations of the Central Disk of NGC 4631: An Energetic Molecular Outflow

We present interferometric observations of CO J = 1-0 emission in the central regions of the edge-on galaxy NGC 4631, known for its extended gaseous halo and its tidal interactions. Previous single-dish observations revealed that almost all of the CO emission arises from a central ring or barlike structure of length ~4 kpc. We confirm this structure at higher resolution and find that it is bent at the center, reflecting the overall bend in this galaxy apparent from optical images. The kinematic evidence favors a rigidly rotating ring over a bar. The gaseous halo emission in several tracers is concentrated above and below this molecular structure. To the north of an emission peak at the eastern end of the structure is an extraplanar feature showing filamentary and shell-like properties we interpret as an energetic molecular outflow. The energies involved are difficult to estimate but are probably of order 1054 ergs or more. The CO concentration in the disk below this structure coincides with a bright H II region complex, a peak of radio emission, and the brightest X-ray feature in the inner disk of the galaxy seen in a ROSAT HRI map, all suggesting intense star formation. A filament of radio continuum emission may also have a footprint in this region of the disk. The origin of the outflow is unclear.
Electrochemical behavior of sodium 12-tungstodicobaltoate in aqueous and mixed solvent electrolytes

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of sodium 12-tungestodicobaltoate, Co2W12O428− (CoTA), on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) in aqueous and mixed solvent electrolytes containing 0.5 M H2SO4 has been studied. Three of tungeston's (W) reversible redox waves were identified between 0.0 and −0.6 V vs. Ag AgCl . The formal potentials of these three waves are electrolyte dependent. A reversible redox wave of Co 2+ Co 3+ was recorded between 0.75 and 0.90V, which was independent of those W's three waves. The formation of an insoluble film on the electrode surface was observed after scanning the potential between 0.0 and −0.80 V. An irreversible reduction wave was recorded between −0.6 and −0.8 V in aqueous and in mixed solvent acidic electrolyte solutions of CoTA corresponding to the deposition of this insoluble film. The electrocatalytic activities of these deposited films for H+ reduction were also investigated. Some electrochemical and physicochemical data are reported.
Manganese(II) Oxidation and Mn(IV) Reduction in the Environment—Two One-Electron Transfer Steps Versus a Single Two-Electron Step

Abstract The chemistry of electron transfer processes are reviewed using a knowledge of orbital properties and available experimental data. Fe(H2O)6 2+ and Mn(H2O)6 2+ oxidation with O2 are discussed and compared. Mn(H2O)6 2+ oxidation by O2 occurs via an inner sphere process after complexation with inorganic (e.g.; OH−, increase pH) or organic ligands that replace water; whereas Fe(H2O)6 2+ at circumneutral pH occurs via an outer sphere mechanism. An outer sphere electron transfer process is symmetry forbidden for Mn(H2O)6 2+ based on analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals of the reactants. At higher pH, an inner-sphere process is also available for Fe(H2O)6 2+ oxidation as hydroxide and organic ligands replace water and bind Fe(II). The bonding of O2 to Fe(H2O)6 2+ in the precursor complex results in faster electron transfer for the inner sphere process than occurs in the outer-sphere process which occurs at lower pH. The bonding between the reactants in an inner sphere process is likely “end on” b...
What can software engineers learn from manufacturing to improve software process and product

The purpose of this paper is to provide the software engineer with tools from the field of manufacturing as an aid to improving software process and product quality. Process involves classical manufacturing methods, such as statistical quality control applied to product testing, which is designed to monitor and correct the process when the process yields product quality that fails to meet specifications. Product quality is measured by metrics, such as failure count occurring on software during testing. When the process and product quality are out of control, we show what remedial action to take to bring both the process and product under control. NASA Space Shuttle failure data are used to illustrate the process methods.
The effectiveness of quantum operations for eavesdropping on sealed messages

A quantum protocol is described which enables a user to send sealed messages and that allows for the detection of active eavesdroppers. We examine a class of eavesdropping strategies, those that make use of quantum operations, and we determine the information gain versus disturbance caused by these strategies. We demonstrate this tradeoff with an example and we compare this protocol to quantum key distribution, quantum direct communication, and quantum seal protocols.
Transport mean free path for magneto-transverse light diffusion: an alternative approach

Abstract This paper presents a derivation of the transport mean free path for magneto-transverse light diffusion, l*⊥, in an arbitrary random mixture of Faraday-active and non-Faraday-active Mie scatterers. This derivation is based on the standard radiative transfer equation. The expression of the transport mean free path obtained previously from the Bethe–Salpeter equation, for the case where only Faraday-active scatterers are present, is recovered. This simpler formulation can include the case of homogeneous mixtures of Faraday-active and non-Faraday-active scatterers.
Simple Mechanistically Consistent Formulation for Volume-of-Fluid Based Computations of Condensing Flows

Numerous investigations have been conducted to extend adiabatic liquid-gas VOF flow solvers to include condensation phenomena by adding an energy equation and phase-change source terms. Some proposed phase-change models employ empirical rate parameters, or adapt heat transfer correlations, and thus must be tuned for specific applications. Generally applicable models have also been developed that rigorously resolve the phase-change process, but require interface reconstruction, significantly increasing computational cost and software complexity. In the present work, a simplified first-principles-based condensation model is developed, which forces interface-containing mesh cells to the equilibrium state. The operation on cells instead of complex interface surfaces enables the use of fast graph algorithms without reconstruction. The model is validated for horizontal film condensation, and converges to exact solutions with increasing mesh resolution. Agreement with established results is demonstrated for smooth and wavy falling-film condensation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Physics Needs for Future Accelerators

The title assigned to this talk, while certainly both eye-catching and pithy, does not make any literal sense in English. "Physics needs for future accelerators" is a phrase which could be interpreted in any number of ways, leading to very different sorts of talks. Let me begin, therefore, by briefly describing the roads not taken in my review. This will allow me to mention some important issues which, while not the focus of my talk, are worthy of serious high-minded discussion in international forums such as the Lepton-Photon meetings.
Metric of the multiply wound rotating string

Abstract We consider a string wrapped many times around a compact circle in space, and let this string carry a right-moving wave which imparts momentum and angular momentum to the string. The angular momentum causes the strands of the ‘multiwound’ string to separate and cover the surface of a torus. We compute the supergravity solution for this string configuration. We map this solution by dualities to the D1–D5 system with angular momentum that has been recently studied. We discuss how constructing this multiwound string solution may help us to relate the microscopic and macroscopic pictures of black hole absorption.
FRACTION OF CONTACT BINARY TROJAN ASTEROIDS

We present the results of an optical light-curve survey of 114 Jovian Trojan asteroids conducted to determine the fraction of contact binaries. Sparse sampling was used to assess the photometric range of the asteroids, and those showing the largest ranges were targeted for detailed follow-up observations. This survey led to the discovery of two Trojan asteroids, (17365) and (29314), displaying large light-curve ranges (~1 mag) and long rotation periods (<2 rotations day-1) consistent with a contact binary nature. The optical light curves of both asteroids are well matched by Roche binary equilibrium models. Using these binary models, we find low densities of ~600 and 800 kg m-3, suggestive of porous interiors. The fraction of contact binaries is estimated to be between 6% and 10%, comparable to the fraction in the Kuiper Belt. The total binary fraction in the Trojan clouds (including both wide and close pairs) must be higher.
A Generalization of Hawking's Black Hole Topology Theorem to Higher Dimensions

Hawking’s theorem on the topology of black holes asserts that cross sections of the event horizon in 4-dimensional asymptotically flat stationary black hole spacetimes obeying the dominant energy condition are topologically 2-spheres. This conclusion extends to outer apparent horizons in spacetimes that are not necessarily stationary. In this paper we obtain a natural generalization of Hawking’s results to higher dimensions by showing that cross sections of the event horizon (in the stationary case) and outer apparent horizons (in the general case) are of positive Yamabe type, i.e., admit metrics of positive scalar curvature. This implies many well-known restrictions on the topology, and is consistent with recent examples of five dimensional stationary black hole spacetimes with horizon topology S2 × S1. The proof is inspired by previous work of Schoen and Yau on the existence of solutions to the Jang equation (but does not make direct use of that equation).
Synthesis of o-(Dimethylamino)aryl Ketones, Acridones, Acridinium Salts, and 1H-Indazoles by the Reaction of Hydrazones and Arynes

A novel, efficient route to biologically and pharmaceutically important o-(dimethylamino)aryl ketones, acridones, acridinium salts, and 1H-indazoles has been developed starting from readily available hydrazones of aldehydes and o-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates. The reaction proceeds through arynes under mild conditions, tolerates a wide range of functional groups, and provides the final products in good to excellent yields.
Back to the future: the 'old-fashioned' way to new medications for neurodegeneration

Despite the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and less common neurodegenerative diseases—and despite the large amount of primary research that has been carried out into the causes and pathogenic features of these conditions—progress toward effective treatments has been remarkably slow. Why is this, and what can be done to accelerate it? There are a number of obstacles to effective drug discovery for neurodegeneration, but by considering these problems it is possible to identify lessons for the future.
Has Monetary Policy Become More Efficient? A Cross-Country Analysis

Over the past twenty years, macroeconomic performance has improved in industrialized and developing countries alike. In a broad cross-section of countries inflation volatility has fallen markedly while output variability has either fallen or risen only slightly. This increased stability can be attributed to either: 1) more efficient policymaking by the monetary authority, 2) a reduction in the variability of the aggregate supply shocks, or 3) changes in the structure of the economy. In this paper we develop a method for measuring changes in performance, and allocate the source of performance changes to these two factors. Our technique involves estimating movements toward an inflation and output variability efficiency frontier, and shifts in the frontier itself. We study the change from the 1980s to the 1990s in the macroeconomic performance of 24 countries and find that, for most of the analyzed countries, more efficient policy has been the driving force behind improved macroeconomic performance.
A dynamic analysis of an endogenous growth model with leisure

The main goal in this paper is to analyze an economic model of endogenous growth where human capital accumulation acts as the engine propelling economic activity. The added ingredient in our model is that agents derive utility from consumption and leisure, where leisure is defined as the amount of time devoted to those activities augmented by the level of education. Under regular conditions we show that there is a unique globally stable balanced growth path. We also provide a characterization of the behavior of our economic variables along the transition.
Multi-sensor system for simultaneous ultra-low-field MRI and MEG

Abstract Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-low fields (ULF MRI) are two methods based on the ability of SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) sensors to detect femtotesla magnetic fields. Combination of these methods will allow simultaneous functional (MEG) and structural (ULF MRI) imaging of the human brain. In this paper, we report the first implementation of a multi-sensor SQUID system designed for both MEG and ULF MRI. We present a multi-channel image of a human hand obtained at 46 μT field, as well as results of auditory MEG measurements with the new system.
Some conjectures on the maximal height of divisors of x n 1

Define B.n/ to be the largest height of a polynomial in ZTxU dividing x n 1. We formulate a number of conjectures related to the value of B.n/ when n is of a prescribed form. Additionally, we prove a lower bound for B.n/.
Catalytic Enantioselective Cyclization and C3-Fluorination of Polyenes

(Xylyl-phanephos)Pt2+ in combination with XeF2 mediates the consecutive diastereoselective cation-olefin cyclization/fluorination of polyene substrates. Isolated yields were typically in the 60–69% range while enantioselectivities reached as high as 87%. The data are consistent with a stereoretentive fluorination of a P2Pt-alkyl cation intermediate.
When Do TIPS Prices Adjust to Inflation Information

This event study of market efficiency found that prices of Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) adjust to inflation information without delay during the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) survey period and even before the beginning of the survey period. The cumulative effect of unexpected inflation on the TIPS holding period returns peaks at the end of the survey period. After the CPI announcement, there is no discernible price adjustment.