cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carl Schmitt : An occasional nationalist ?

Etude de la critique du parlementarisme, du concept de politique et de l'idee de nationalite dans la theorie constitutionnelle developpee par C. Schmitt. Soulignant le role peripherique du nationalisme dans son interpretation de la modernite en terme de neutralisations successives, et dans sa theorie du grand espace definie pendant la Republique de Weimar, l'A. montre que l'occasionnalisme de Schmitt releve d'une implusion anti-universaliste et d'une insistance sur l'homogeneite substantielles des unites politiques discretes
Phase transitions of magnetic nanoclusters in metals and semiconductors

Abstract The interactions and phase transitions of magnetic nanoclusters embedded in nonmagnetic metals and semiconductors are investigated theoretically. As a consequence of the temperature dependence of the indirect interactions, it is shown that for semiconductors several ferromagnetic phase transitions are possible depending on the size of the nanoclusters, whereas for metals a single ferromagnetic phase transition occurs independently of the size of the nanoclusters. The spontaneous magnetization is evaluated in all cases.
Impact of predation by the robber fly Proctacanthus milbertii (Diptera: Asilidae) on grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) populations

The impact of predation by the robber fly Proctacanthus milbertii Macquart on populations of adult grasshoppers from grasslands of the Nebraska sandhills was estimated. Densities of P. milbertii were estimated at 437 individuals per hectare (2 se=122). Overall densities of 23 species of grasshoppers were estimated to be 64,000 individuals per hectare with the most abundant species (Ageneotettix deorum) having a population size of approximately 15,000 individuals per hectare. Based on three estimates of predation level (ranging from 0.5 to 2 prey per day per robber fly), P. milbertii may take from 0.5% to 2% of the adult grasshoppers per day. Species of grasshoppers were taken by P. milbertii in about the same proportion in which they occurred at the study site and no size-selective component of predation was detectable.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain and spinal cord by means of signal enhancement by extravascular protons

A review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal changes in spin-echo image data is presented. Spin-echo fMRI data from the human brain and spinal cord show a consistent departure from that expected with blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Studies to investigate this finding demonstrate fMRI signal changes of 2.5% in the spinal cord and 0.7% in the brain at 1.5 T. which is extrapolated to an echo time of zero, Consistent evidence of a non-BOLD contrast mechanism arising from a proton-density change at sites of neuronal activation is demonstrated. A mathematical model and physiological explanation for signal enhancement by extravascular protons is also presented.
Photon echoes and related four-wave-mixing spectroscopies using phase-locked pulses

The use of phase-locked pulses in various spectroscopic techniques related to the third-order polarization P (3) is analyzed. Using correlation function expressions for the nonlinear response function, we clarify the interrelationship among several photon echo, pump-probe, and spontaneous light emission techniques, without alluding to any specific model for the material system. By combining phase-locked pulses and heterodyne detection it becomes possible to probe separately the real and imaginary parts of the nonlinear response function. Combining two phase-locked pulse excitation with time-resolved detection of the spontaneous light emission allows direct separation of the Raman and fluorescence contributions.
Genistein Increases Estrogen Receptor Beta Expression in Prostate Cancer via Reducing its Promoter Methylation

Genistein has protective effects against prostate cancer (PCa) but whether this protection involves an estrogen receptor (ER) β dependent mechanism has yet to be elucidated. ER-β has a tumor suppressor role in PCa and its levels decline with cancer progression which was linked to ER-β promoter hypermethylation. Genistein has been suggested to have demethylating activities in cancer. However, the ability of genistein to reverse ER-β promoter hypermethylation in PCa has not been studied. In addition, there are great discrepancies among studies that examined the effect of genistein on ER-β gene expression. Therefore, we sought to explore effects of genistein on ER-β promoter methylation as a mechanism of modulating ER-β expression using three PCa cell lines, LNCaP, LAPC-4 and PC-3. We also examined the role of ER-β in mediating the preventive action of genistein. Our data demonstrated that genistein at physiological ranges (0.5-10 μmol/L) reduced ER-β promoter methylation significantly with corresponding dose-dependent increases in ER-β expression in LNCaP and LAPC-4 but not in PC-3 cells, which could be attributed to the low basal levels of ER-β promoter methylation in PC-3 cell line. Genistein induced phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of ER-β in all three PCa cell lines. Inhibitory effects of genistein on LAPC-4 and PC-3 cell proliferation were diminished using a specific ER-β antagonist. In conclusion, genistein and ER-β act together to prevent PCa cell proliferation; genistein increases ER-β levels via reducing its promoter methylation and ER-β, in turn, mediates the preventive action of genistein.
New perspectives in sexology: From rigor (mortis) to richness 1

“Rigor” is a term which has been used in sexology to imply that there is a hierarchy of methodologies and approaches to sex research. This paper argues that “rigor” is actually a term used rhetorically in an attempt to achieve professional legitimacy in a field perennially threatened because of its politically relevant subject matter. Rather than worry about a seat at the table, we need to look more towards the postmodern richness of diverse and even contradictory standards and approaches to sex research to reveal the range and depth of our subject matter. Recent issues of JSR introducing feminist perspectives offer examples of the range of work which should be acceptable to those interested more in intellectual challenge and quality than traditional respectability.
Human in the Loop: Predicted Likelihood of Vehicular Mission Success and Safety

A double-exponential probability distribution function of the extreme value distribution type is introduced to quantify the likelihood of the failure of a human to perform his/her duties when operating a vehicle: an aircraft, a spacecraft, a boat, a helicopter, a railroad vehicle, etc. Such a failure, if any, is attributed to the insufficient human capacity factor when there is a need to cope with a high-level (extraordinary and offnormal) mental workload. The suggested probability distribution function is applied to a situation when an imperfect human, imperfect equipment/ instrumentation, and an uncertain and possibly harsh environment contribute jointly to the likelihood of a vehicular mission failure and/or insufficient safety.While the human’s performance is characterizedby thedouble-exponential probability distribution function, the performance of the equipment/instrumentation (which includes, in the analysis, the performance of both the hardware and the software) is characterized by the Weibull distribution, and the role of the uncertain environment is considered by the probability of the occurrence of harsh environmental conditions of an anticipated level of severity. It is believed that the suggested mental-workload/human-capacityfactor model and its possible modifications and generalizations can be helpful, after appropriate sensitivity analyses are carried out, when developing guidelines for personnel selection and training, when choosing the appropriate simulation conditions, and/or when there is a need to decide if the existing level of automation and the employed equipment/instrumentation are adequate in offnormal, but not impossible, situations. If not, additional and/or more advanced, and perhaps more expensive, equipment or instrumentation should be developed and installed.
CAP3: A Cloud Auto-Provisioning Framework for Parallel Processing Using On-Demand and Spot Instances

Cloud computing has drawn increasing attention from the scientific computing community due to its ease of use, elasticity, and relatively low cost. Because a high-performance computing (HPC) application is usually resource demanding, without careful planning, it can incur a high monetary expense even in Cloud. We design a tool called CAP3 (Cloud Auto-Provisioning framework for Parallel Processing) to help a user minimize the expense of running an HPC application in Cloud, while meeting the user-specified job deadline. Given an HPC application, CAP3 automatically profiles the application, builds a model to predict its performance, and infers a proper cluster size that can finish the job within its deadline while minimizing the total cost. To further reduce the cost, CAP3 intelligently chooses the Cloud's reliable on-demand instances or low-cost spot instances, depending on whether the remaining time is tight in meeting the application's deadline. Experiments on Amazon EC2 show that the execution strategy given by CAP3 is cost-effective, by choosing a proper cluster size and a proper instance type (on-demand or spot).
Digestible and metabolizable energy of crude glycerol for growing pigs.

The apparent DE and ME values of crude glycerol for growing pigs were determined in 5 experiments using crude glycerol (86.95% glycerol) from a biodiesel production facility, which used soybean oil as the initial feedstock. Dietary treatments were 0, 5, or 10% glycerol addition to basal diets in Exp. 1; 0, 5, 10, or 20% glycerol addition to basal diets in Exp. 2; and 0 and 10% crude glycerol addition to the basal diets in Exp. 3, 4, and 5. Each diet was fed twice daily to pigs in individual metabolism crates. After a 10-d ad- justment period, a 5-d balance trial was conducted. Dur- ing the collection period, feces and urine were collected separately after each meal and stored at 0°C until anal-
An amphioxus winged helix/forkhead gene, AmphiFoxD: insights into vertebrate neural crest evolution

During amphioxus development, the neural plate is bordered by cells expressing many genes with homologs involved in vertebrate neural crest induction. However, these amphioxus cells evidently lack additional genetic programs for the cell delaminations, migrations, and differentiations characterizing definitive vertebrate neural crest. We characterize an amphioxus winged helix/forkhead gene (AmphiFoxD) closely related to vertebrate FoxD genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the AmphiFoxD is basal to vertebrate FoxD1, FoxD2, FoxD3, FoxD4, and FoxD5. One of these vertebrate genes (FoxD3) consistently marks neural crest during development. Early in amphioxus development, AmphiFoxD is expressed medially in the anterior neural plate as well as in axial (notochordal) and paraxial mesoderm; later, the gene is expressed in the somites, notochord, cerebral vesicle (diencephalon), and hindgut endoderm. However, there is never any expression in cells bordering the neural plate. We speculate that an AmphiFoxD homolog in the common ancestor of amphioxus and vertebrates was involved in histogenic processes in the mesoderm (evagination and delamination of the somites and notochord); then, in the early vertebrates, descendant paralogs of this gene began functioning in the presumptive neural crest bordering the neural plate to help make possible the delaminations and cell migrations that characterize definitive vertebrate neural crest. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling susceptibility versus resistance in allergic airway disease reveals regulation by Tec kinase Itk.

Murine models of allergic asthma have been used to understand the mechanisms of development and pathology in this disease. In addition, knockout mice have contributed significantly to our understanding of the roles of specific molecules and cytokines in these models. However, results can vary significantly depending on the mouse strain used in the model, and in particularly in understanding the effect of specific knockouts. For example, it can be equivocal as to whether specific gene knockouts affect the susceptibility of the mice to developing the disease, or lead to resistance. Here we used a house dust mite model of allergic airway inflammation to examine the response of two strains of mice (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) which differ in their responses in allergic airway inflammation. We demonstrate an algorithm that can facilitate the understanding of the behavior of these models with regards to susceptibility (to allergic airway inflammation) (Saai) or resistance (Raai) in this model. We verify that both C57BL/6 and BALB/c develop disease, but BALB/c mice have higher Saai for development. We then use this approach to show that the absence of the Tec family kinase Itk, which regulates the production of Th2 cytokines, leads to Raai in the C57BL/6 background, but decreases Saai on the BALB/c background. We suggest that the use of such approaches could clarify the behavior of various knockout mice in modeling allergic asthma.
Appearance of hierarchical structure in hyper-dilation model: model of generalized measurement process

We show the appearance of emergent hierarchical structure by a generalized system based on hyper-dilation (P.-Y. Gunji, S. Toyoda, Biosystem 38 (1996) 127-133), that is a new approach for complex systems. Hyper-dilation comprises a measurement problem hidden in any formal system. In hyper-dilation, the measurement process is expressed as the interface between an infinite lattice, which is an infinite loop of a rule, and a finite lattice, which is a tree structure of a rule. Hyper-dilation shows two intrinsic properties, one is degeneracy of a Cantor set in return map, and the other is generation of 1/f noise. We present various versions of hyper-dilation and suggest that to generate 1/f noise, it is required that the rules of the system are changed through a coherent process and that the system is closed for information. From these two properties of hyper-dilation, we discuss that the degeneracy is regarded as the model of emergence of a new hierarchy, and in hyper-dilation, actually we show the motion of a system that can be regarded as the appearance of a new hierarchy.
Fabrication of microcoil/microsprings for novel chemical and biological sensing

Abstract This paper reports the fabrication of a novel microsensor structure using inductively coupled plasma source (ICP) dry etching process. The novel sensor is based on a SiO 2 /Si/SU-8 trilayered microcoil/microspring structure. The diameter of the microcoil was approximately 600 μm. The ICP process and SU-8 exposing time are discussed. The SiO 2 layer can be conveniently modified according to typical silica surface modification procedures. The microcoils could expand or contract upon interaction of specific species in the environment with receptors on the SiO 2 surface due to the surface stress or energy applied on the SiO 2 surface of the microcoil. This microcoil device may be widely used in biomedical and chemical sensing applications.
A software-based eye tracking system for the study of air-traffic displays

This paper describes a software-based system for offline tracking of eye and head movements using stored video images, designed for use in the study of air-traffic displays. These displays are typically dense with information; to address the research questions, we wish to be able to localize gaze within a single word within a line of text (a few minutes of arc), while at the same time allowing some freedom of movement to the subject. Accurate gaze tracking in the presence of head movements requires high precision head tracking, and this was accomplished by registration of images from a forward-looking scene camera with a narrow field of view.
Measuring the chirp of an ultrashort laser pulse at the noise floor

We extract the chirp of an ultrashort laser pulse accurately in real-time using a simple modified auto-interferometric correlation (MOSAIC) technique. Through the use of our newly developed time-domain algorithm, chirp information is accessible with signal-to-noise levels approaching unity. Correction algorithms have been developed to accommodate signal distortions due to bandwidth limitations, autocorrelator misalignment, and non-quadratic detector response.
Can product cycles explain skill upgrading

Since the late 1970s, both developed and developing countries have experienced skill upgrading; that is, a rise in skilled labor’s share of employment and payroll. In this paper, I examine the extent to which skill upgrading can be explained by product cycles, that is, by U.S. innovation and the subsequent relocation of production to U.S. trading partners. The following conclusions obtain. (i) Product-cycle trade is strongly and positively correlated with skill upgrading in a large panel of industries and countries. (ii) No such correlation is apparent for conventional trade measures that do not differentiate between product-cycle goods and non-product-cycle goods. (iii) Product-cycle trade is at least as important as other previously identified domestic sources of skill upgrading such as capital deepening. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Perturbation of fibrinolysis inhibitors in progressive systemic sclerosis.

Abstract Significance of fibrinolysis in pathophysiology of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) has been the subject of much speculation. Renal disease in PSS was associated with significant depression of an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, antithrombin III (ATIII), independent of general disease activity. Association of ATIII depression with plasminogen consumption supports an active role for plasmin or another ATIII-inhibitable enzyme in the pathophysiology of renal disease in PSS, and may explain the thrombotic tendency and propensity for fibrin deposition.
Thoughts on Hierarchical Modeling Methods for Complex Structures

AbstractHierarchical modeling refers to the modeling of parts with solid geometry, material composition, and possibly distributions of properties at multiple scales. Typical solid and heterogeneous models represent geometry at one scale but do not contain geometric information about features at scales that are orders of magnitude smaller. In this paper, the related topics of heterogeneous and hybrid modeling, subdivision methods, and level of detail approaches are surveyed. The capabilities of these technologies are compared against the requirements for modeling cellular materials and other structures with complex geometric and material constructions. A specific hierarchical modeling method is proposed. Three 2D examples are used to illustrate the application of the proposed modeling method.
From cyberbullying to well-being: A narrative-based participatory approach to values-oriented design for social media

This study looks at mean and cruel online behavior through the lens of design, with the goal of developing positive technologies for youth. Narrative inquiry was used as a research method, allowing two focus groups—one composed of teens and the other of undergraduate students—to map out 4 cyberbullying stories. Each cyberbullying story revealed 2 subplots—the story that “is” (as perceived by these participants) and the story that “could be” (if the participants' design recommendations were embedded in social media). The study resulted in a user-generated framework for designing affordances on social media sites to counter acts of cyberbullying. Seven emergent design themes are evident in the participants' cyberbullying narratives: design for hesitation, design for consequence, design for empathy, design for personal empowerment, design for fear, design for attention, and design for control and suppression. We conclude with a typological analysis of the values present in the participants' design recommendations, applying Cheng and Fleischman's values framework (2010).
On the Fluctuating Component of the Sun’s Large-Scale Magnetic Field

The Sun's large-scale magnetic field and its proxies are known to undergo substantial variations on timescales much less than a solar cycle but longer than a rotation period. Examples of such variations include the double activity maximum inferred by Gnevyshev, the large peaks in the interplanetary field strength observed in 1982 and 1991, and the 1.3-1.4 yr periodicities detected over limited time intervals in solar wind speed and geomagnetic activity. We consider the question of the extent to which these variations are stochastic in nature. For this purpose, we simulate the evolution of the Sun's equatorial dipole strength and total open flux under the assumption that the active region sources (BMRs) are distributed randomly in longitude. The results are then interpreted with the help of a simple random walk model including dissipation. We find that the equatorial dipole and open flux generally exhibit multiple peaks during each 11 yr cycle, with the highest peak as likely to occur during the declining phase as at sunspot maximum. The widths of the peaks are determined by the timescale τ ~ 1 yr for the equatorial dipole to decay through the combined action of meridional flow, differential rotation, and supergranular diffusion. The amplitudes of the fluctuations depend on the strengths and longitudinal phase relations of the BMRs, as well as on the relative rates of flux emergence and decay. We conclude that stochastic processes provide a viable explanation for the "Gnevyshev gaps" and for the existence of quasi periodicities in the range ~1-3 yr.
Professionals' Attitudes and Accuracy on Child Abuse Reporting Decisions in New Zealand

Without mandatory child abuse reporting laws in New Zealand, professionals'decisions to contact child protective services must often reflect subjective and situational factors. This study examined abuse reporting decisions of 255 New Zealand health, education, and mental health professionals on 12 abuse scenarios. Certainty ratings on reporting decisions and eight attitudes about reporting were also obtained. Accuracy of professionals'decisions was compared to judgments by child protective services. Mental health professionals were less accurate in reporting decisions than were teachers or doctors. Across occupations, those opposed to mandatory reporting were least accurate but most certain in their reporting decisions. Accuracy was lowest for child neglect and highest for sexual abuse cases. Continued efforts to clarify influences on reporting behavior will enable a review of public policy initiatives and the efficacy of mandatory reporting laws.
Preferences and attitudes toward approaches to depression relapse/recurrence prevention among pregnant women

Patient preferences are increasingly recognized as important in clinical research and the delivery of evidence based practice in psychology. Although the prevention of depressive relapse/recurrence among perinatal women is an important public health goal, little is known about pregnant women's preferences and attitudes toward relapse/recurrence prevention interventions. Such information is important given low rates of care seeking among this population, and the potential for a relapse/recurrence prevention to avert negative outcomes among both vulnerable women and their offspring. Pregnant women seeking routine prenatal care in obstetric clinics (n = 200) were surveyed to assess their preferences for and attitudes about psychotherapy and pharmacological approaches to relapse/recurrence prevention. Women preferred psychotherapy (mindfulness based cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy) more so than pharmacotherapy and reported significantly more favorable perceptions of the psychotherapy as compared to pharmacotherapy approaches to depression relapse/recurrence prevention. Results suggest also that depression history is important to consider in evaluating women's preferences and attitudes. Clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
In-situ sensors for intelligent process control for fabrication of polymer-matrix composite materials

The key to reducing processing costs, improving product yield, and optimizing material properties in composite materials fabrication is the use of intelligent process control (IPC). IPC completes the processing feedback loop by obtaining in situ sensor information, analyzing this information to make processing decisions, and then applying control parameters to the process in real-time. Information for IPC sensors must go beyond the traditional measurements of temperature and pressure, and include data such as resin viscocity, resin position within the mold, resin gelation-point, degree-of-cure of the composite, types of polymerization reactions taking place, presence of moisture, and the like. Two light-based sensors are described which have been utilized to obtain this information: (1) a novel infrared (IR) fiber-optic sensor, developed at BIRL, and (2) a commercially available index of refraction sensor. The information provided by these sensors relates directly to material performance. This paper also describes how neural networks were used to interpret the data collected by the IR fiber-optic sensor.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalizations of the neumann system—a curve theoretical approach part III: Order n systems

The Neumann system is a well-known algebraically completely integrable Hamiltonian system. Its geometry has roots in hyperelliptic curve theory and the isospectral deformation theory of Hill's operator. In this paper generalizations of the Neumann system are found for n-sheeted Riemann surfaces and the isospectral deformation theory of operators of order n. Trace formulas, Lax pairs, and constants of motion are found. The new systems are shown to be algebraically completely integrable.
Teaching the Calculus

Methods of teaching the Calculus are presented in honour of Sir Isaac Newton, by discussing an extension of his original proofs and discoveries. The methods, requested by Newton to be used that reflect the historical sequence of the discovered Fundamental Theorems, allow first-time students to grasp quickly the basics of the Calculus from its original foundation. It is necessary to present the information along with other methods one might employ now in common use; avoiding these principles of the Calculus can cloud its simplicity. The nature and significance of integration and differentiation are clarified, including the power and chain rules, logarithmic differentiation, and the fundamental relationships between integrals and derivatives. By considering in detail the graphical areas covered by a thin thread under a continuous smooth function along its course, the Fundamental Theorems of the Calculus may be proven. Any function f(x) is both the derivative of and the integrand of its integral F(x). The area traced out by any f(x) has ordinal values that are the slopes of F(x) because the function is the derivative of the integral. Differences in ordinal values of an integral, F(b) � F(a), calculate the total of all dyvariations along the integral and equal the exact net area of thin vertical f(x)dxthreads between the derivative function and the horizon from a to b. Unique features of the sine function, including its line integral arc length and its area, demonstrate the power of the Fundamental Theorems of the Calculus.
GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNIT POLYPEPTIDES INCREASE IN PARALLEL BUT EXHIBIT DISTINCT DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE DEVELOPING RAT CEREBELLUM

The GABAA receptor, a multisubunit ligand-gated ion channel, plays a central role in cell-cell communication in the developing and adult nervous system. Although the developmental expression of mRNAs encoding many subunit isoforms has been extensively characterized throughout the central nervous system, little is known concerning the relationship between subunit mRNA and polypeptide expression. To address this issue, we examined the developmental expression of the alpha 1, beta 2/3, and gamma 2 subunit polypeptides, subunits that are thought to coassemble in many brain regions. Western blot analysis using subunit-specific antibodies revealed that the levels of these polypeptides in both the cerebral cortex and cerebellum increased severalfold during the second postnatal week. Whereas polypeptide expression in the cerebellum paralleled that of the corresponding subunit mRNAs, increases in beta 2/3 and gamma 2 polypeptide expression in the cerebral cortex occurred in the absence of detectable changes in the mRNA levels. To determine whether the increases in subunit polypeptide expression in the cerebellum were accompanied by changes in distribution, immunohistochemistry was performed. These studies demonstrated that the subunits exhibited different but partially overlapping distributions that remained constant throughout postnatal development. Our findings suggest that although GABAA receptor subunit polypeptide expression may be regulated primarily at the level of the mRNA, additional regulatory mechanisms may play a role. Furthermore, the observation that subunit distribution remains constant in the cell bodies of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, which express the alpha 1, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma 2 subunit mRNAs exclusively, suggests that GABAA receptor subunit composition in this cell population does not change during postnatal maturation.
Gland Cells and Fungi Associated with Prothoracic Mycangium of Dendroctonus adjunctus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Thin sections and fresh preparations of the female and male Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford prothorax revealed a well-developed mycangium in the female and a pseudomycangium in the male. Two types of gland cells were associated with the mycangium: a cell with an efferent cuticular tubule previously unreported with mycangia but similar to Tenebrionidae defensive gland cells, and a columnar cell found previously with other mycangia. The structure and location of the 1st type suggest it may regulate fungus species composition in the mycangium. Fungi were growing in sectioned mycangia but not in the pseudomycangia. Sixty percent of the female mycangia contained a Verticicladiella sp. near huntii , but it was not associated with pseudomycangia. Penicillium decumbens, P. spinulosum , and yeasts were associated with both females and males.
Radar signature analysis using information theory

The ability to make radar signature databases portable for use within similar sensor systems is critical to the affordability of airborne signature exploitation systems. The capability to hybridize measured and synthetic signature database components will maximize the impact of the investment required to build complex radar signature databases. Modal mutual information is developed as a measure of similarity to compare measured field data to modeled synthetic data. The approach is demonstrated using synthetic signature sets comprised of both ldquosimilar targetsrdquo and ldquodissimilar targetsrdquo.
Corrosion fatigue crack growth of steels in aqueous solutions I: Experimental results and modeling the effects of frequency and temperature

Abstract The objective was to develop a model for the effects of stress intensity factor range ΔK , cyclic loading frequency f , and temperature T on the enhancement of the crack growth rate (ECGR) for medium to high strength steels in aqueous environments. An experimental study was performed to determine the crack growth (CG) response of a HY-130 steel in de-aerated 3.5% NaCl solution, as a function of ΔK, f , and T. The results show that the crack growth rate (CGR) exhibited an exponential-like dependence on 1/ f , with saturation occurring as the frequency decreased. Increases in temperature shifted the CG response curve to higher frequencies, with an apparent activation energy of ≈ 30 kJ mol −1 , while increases in ΔK increased the saturation CGR and shifted the data to lower frequencies. A heuristic model was developed to link the chemical and mechanical processes occurring at the crack tip. ECGR was assumed to result from hydrogen embrittlement and was controlled by the rate of the electrochemical surface reactions. The CG response was related to the charge transferred during the transient reactions, which explained the frequency and temperature dependence in terms of reaction kinetics and time.
Transcription inhibition using modified pentanucleotides.

Abstract Inhibition of gene expression was recently achieved by targeting the transcriptionally competent open complex using relatively short, pentameric modified oligonucleotides at ∼60 μM. Corroborative affinity cleavage experiments using the copper complex of a phenanthroline conjugate provided the impetus to synthesize additional analogues containing substituents at the 2′-position of uridine in a derivative of 5′-GUGGA (−4 to +1), with the purpose of inhibiting transcription at lower concentrations. Conjugates of 5′-GUGGA modified at the 2′-position of uridine were convergently synthesized using a recently reported method. Seven analogues based upon the 5′-GUGGA scaffold were tested for their ability to inhibit transcription of the lac UV-5 operon. The conjugate containing a tethered pyrene showed 70% inhibition at 20 μM, and modest inhibition at as low as 5 μM. This is a significant improvement over previously tested pentanucleotides and provides direction for the preparation of a next generation of inhibitors.
Calcium antagonists for Prinzmetal's variant angina, unstable angina and silent myocardial ischemia: Therapeutic tool and probe for identification of pathophysiologic mechanisms

The calcium antagonists provide a unique tool to reduce myocardial oxygen demand and prevent increases in coronary vasomotor tone. For patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina, diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil are extremely effective in preventing episodes of coronary vasospasm and symptoms of ischemia. Unstable angina pectoris is a more complex pathophysiologic syndrome with episodes of ischemia due to increases in coronary vasomotor tone, intermittent platelet aggregation or alterations in the underlying atherosclerotic plaque. Each of the calcium antagonists is effective as monotherapy in decreasing the frequency of angina at rest. Nifedipine is the only calcium antagonist that has been studied in a combination regimen with beta blockers and nitrates for patients with unstable angina, and control of angina is better with the combination regimen than with either form of therapy alone. Although symptoms of myocardial ischemia in unstable angina are reduced by calcium antagonists, these agents do not seem to decrease the incidence of adverse outcomes. Antiplatelet therapy appears to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with unstable angina, suggesting that thrombus formation may play a central role in that disorder. Episodes of silent or asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, identified by ST-segment monitoring, occur in a variety of disorders of coronary disease. Among patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina and unstable angina, episodes of silent ischemia appear to be as frequent as episodes of angina and the calcium antagonists are effective in decreasing episodes of ischemia regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. Persisting episodes of silent ischemia among patients with unstable angina despite maximal medical therapy identify patients at high risk for an early unfavorable outcome. Among patients with stable exertional angina, episodes of silent ischemia may be up to 5 times as frequent as episodes of angina, and may be due to increases in coronary vasomotor tone, transient platelet aggregation or increases in myocardial oxygen demand. Preliminary experience suggests that calcium antagonists and beta blockers are effective in decreasing episodes of silent ischemia in patients with stable exertional angina and that a combination regimen may be more effective than either form of therapy alone.
Assessment guidelines and clinical implications for therapists working with couples in sexually open marriages

Over time, there has been a significant population that adheres to non-traditional relationship constructions. Whether this is seen as polyamory, swinging, or open marriage, these couples have been marginalized by their monogamous peers and risk being ostracized if they reach out for help from professionals. As therapists, there is a lack of information about non-monogamous couple dynamics and assessment. Additionally, there is a disparity in the training that clinicians receive to be competent in working with couples in non-monogamous relationships. The authors begin by reviewing current literature about the population of interest and define sexually open marriage, as it will be understood throughout the writing. The authors then go on to suggest assessment guidelines, clinical implications for working with couples in sexually open marriages and finally explore limitations and issues that therapists could face when working with this population.
Boussinesq-type model for energetic breaking waves in fringing reef environments

Abstract The steep offshore slope and abrupt transition to a shallow lagoon are conducive to formation of energetic breaking waves in fringing reef environments. This paper describes an extension of a one-dimensional, shock-capturing Boussinesq-type model to account for these processes in two dimensions and the numerical formulation to facilitate adaptive time integration and code parallelization. The governing equations contain the conservative form of the nonlinear shallow-water equations to capture shock-related hydraulic processes. The finite volume method with a Godunov-type scheme provides a compatible, conservative numerical procedure. A two-dimensional TVD (Total Variation Diminishing) reconstruction procedure evaluates the flow variables on either side of the cell interface, while a Riemann solver supplies the flux and bathymetry source terms at the interface. A well-balanced scheme eliminates depth-interpolation errors in the domain and preserves continuity across moving boundaries over irregular topography. Time integration of the governing equations evaluates the conserved variables, which in turn provide the horizontal velocity components through systems of linear equations corresponding to series of one-dimensional problems. The application of the model to fringing reef environments is validated with laboratory experiments performed at Oregon State University as well as field data collected in Hawaii. The model describes the flux-dominated wave breaking processes through the Riemann solver without predefined empirical energy dissipation and reproduces transitions between sub and supercritical flows as well as development of dispersive and infra-gravity waves in the processes.
Stabilization of amorphous calcium phosphate by Mg and ATP.

A synergistic effect has been demonstrated when magnesium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are used together in solution to delay the conversion of a slurry of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA). Conversion is delayed in some instances more than 10 times as long as with either ATP or Mg alone. In all experiments conversion did not begin until ATP in solution had decreased through hydrolysis to an undetectable level. The effect of Mg is to decrease substantially the rate at which ATP hydrolysis occurs. Once conversion began it proceeded more slowly in the presence of both Mg and ATP than with Mg or ATP alone. ATP was also found to prevent the formation of HA from metastable solutions of calcium and phosphate which did not contain any solid phase. Over the time period of these experiments, ATP hydrolyzed to a negligible extent in Tris-HCl buffer and in solutions containing Ca, PO4, and Ca plus PO4 ions. Hydrolysis of ATP does occur in the presence of ACP or HA, presumably by transphosphorylation on the surface of the solid calcium phosphate phase. It was concluded that ATP stabilized ACP, not by affecting its dissolution, but either by poisoning heteronuclear growth sites, or by poisoning the growth of embryonic HA nuclei (formed heterogeneously or homogeneously) before their critical size is reached, or by poisoning both. In the case of embryonic HA nuclei, the poisoned nuclei would go back into solution preventing HA crystal formation. In addition, it was found that the neutral Ca9(PO4)6 clusters, which are believed to be the basic structural unit of ACP, break down into individual Ca and PO4 ions when ACP dissolves in aqueous medium.
Dipole Moments and Selection Rules for Raman Scattering from Helical Molecules: The Higgs Rules as a Special Case Subset

Abstract An anharmonic potential-effective charge approach is employed to treat Raman scattering from a helical molecule. Equations of motion are set up and solved. General expressions of dipole moments for various incident and scattered polarizations are derived. Raman selection rules are deduced there from and shown to form a set including, but larger than, the set derived by Higgs. Far from resonance, expressions of dipole moments are obtained and selection rules are shown to reduce to the Higgs ones. The symmetry of differential polarizability tensor is examined far from resonance and also under the additional assumption of weak coupling.
Light scattering from dielectric targets composed of a continuous assembly of circular disks.

A technique for computing the electromagnetic fields scattered by spheres, cylinders, spheroids, spirals, toroids, and other targets which can be subdivided into circular disks is given. First-order calculations are performed for targets the size and refractive index of which preclude the creation of standing waves within the target. It is found that the scattering signatures of these various shapes are distinguishable for wavelengths larger than the target, but the differences rapidly diminish, as expected, with increasing wavelength. Finite cylinders are compared to prolate spheroids of equal volume, toroids are compared with oblate spheroids of equal volume, and calculations of the CIDS ratio for a spiral target are made for various wavelengths. It is found, on comparing these spiral calculations to other work on essentially 1-D spirals, that giving the spiral wire even a very small radius significantly affects the CIDS pattern for backscattering.
The PPVT-R as a measure of psycholinguistic functioning: a caution.

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the use of the PPVT-R as a measure of psycholinguistic functioning. The sample included 75 school-aged children referred for evaluation. The mean PPVT-R standard score (94.59, SD = 15.85) was not significantly different (p less than .01) than the WISC-R Full Scale IQ (95.36, SD = 16.29), Verbal IQ (94.36, SD = 16.17), or Performance IQ (97.75, SD = 15.61), or the mean ITPA PLQ. The PPVT-R correlated positively and significantly with the WISC-R Full Scale IQ (.77), Verbal IQ (.71) and Performance IQ (.74) and the WISC-R subtests, with coefficients that ranged from .42 (object assembly) to .69 (vocabulary). In addition, the PPVT-R correlated positively and significantly with the ITPA Psycho-Linguistic Quotient (PLQ) (.72) and the ITPA) subtests, with coefficients that ranged from .38 (auditory sequential memory) to .72 (grammatic closure). Regression analyses determined that the ITPA PLQ and the PPVT-R standard score were not predictive of one another. The data are interpreted to suggest that the PPVT-R is not more appropriately used as a measure of receptive language ability than as a screen for intellectual functioning.
Profiles in Science: John Bennett Fenn

“Don't ever try to be a scientist or engineer!” Had John Bennett Fenn listened to this advice given by his ninth-grade teacher, he might not have gone on to pursue a career in analytical chemistry that would culminate in the attainment of the Nobel Prize in 2002. Gathered from interviews, publication analyses, glowing tributes, and his reminiscences, this article outlines the academic and professional life of John Bennett Fenn from childhood through the end of his career in 2010.
The effects of crossing interconnections on signal propagation on the GaAs‐based integrated circuits

We have analyzed the effects of embedded crossing interconnections on signal propagation in the top-level driven interconnection on GaAs-based integrated circuits. The algorithm has been used to study the dependences of the cross talk and propagation delays on the various crossing interconnection parameters. Results can be utilized for optimization of the high-speed circuits. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a common and frequently disabling neurological disease of young adults. It is characterised by recurrent areas of focal inflammation (plaques) in the CNS which give rise to episodic neurological signs and symptoms. According to the hygiene (microbial deprivation) hypothesis, evolutionarily abnormal high levels of sanitation in the environment of the developed world may contribute to disordered immunoregulation in this and other putative autoimmune disorders. Helminths have been shown to augment immunoregulation. On this basis, the possibility of treating multiple sclerosis with live helminths or helminth products has been explored in animal models, natural human infections and phase 1 clinical trials. To date helminth therapy appears safe and preliminary clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and immunological outcomes have generally been favourable. Nevertheless, serious adverse effects are always possible, particularly with live parasitic administration. Follow up studies with safety monitoring, regulatory oversight and objective outcome measures will be required to definitively assess safety and efficacy for this novel class of potential immunological therapies in multiple sclerosis.
Ileoanal procedures: acute and long-term management issues.

Abstract The pelvic pouch procedure has become the preferred surgical treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Even though this operation removes the diseased colon and allows defecation through the anus, the outcome is not “perfect.” Rather, ongoing management issues occur that require attention. This article reviews acute and chronic management issues related to the creation and management of the pelvic pouch.