cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diseases of the kidney in medieval Persia—the Hidayat of Al-Akawayni

The centralization of socioeconomic resources following the rise of the Islamic empire in the 7th century nurtured an initial gathering and translation into Arabic of extant medical texts in Greek, Syriac, Hindu and Chinese. As Arabic became the lingua franca of scholarship, there followed a second period of assimilation, original observations, commentary and systematization of medical knowledge in Arabic texts, which became the basis of revival and learned medicine in the West in the 12th century. However, not all medical texts of the period were written in Arabic. As central power eroded, provincial principalities arose, and regional cultures flourished, medical texts began to be written in local dialects, particularly in Persia. Notable amongst those and probably the oldest is the Hidayat al-Muallimin fi-al-Tibb (Learner's; guide to medicine) written by Abubakr al-Akawayni al-Bokhari in the closing decades of the 10th century. Written in Farsi and dedicated to his son and other students of medicine, the Hidayat is a relatively short and simplified pandect of medicine at the time and provides a glimpse of the teaching of medicine of the period. The present article is a translation of the sections of the Hidayat related to the kidney and urinary tract and their diseases. These early writings provide insight into the care of patients with kidney disease during the Middle Ages in general, and in Persia in particular.
Configurable two-dimensional linear feedback shifter registers for parallel and serial built-in self-test

A configurable two-dimensional (2-D) LFSR based test generator and an automated synthesis procedure are presented. Without storage of test patterns, a 2-D LFSR based test pattern generator can generate a sequence of precomputed test patterns (detecting random-pattern-resistant faults) and followed by random patterns (detecting random-pattern-detectable faults). The hardware overhead is decreased considerably through configuration. The configurable 2-D LFSR test generator can be adopted in two basic BIST execution options: test-per-clock (parallel BIST) and test-per-scan (serial BIST). Experimental results of test-per-clock and test-per-scan BIST of benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The configurable 2-D LSFR can also be adopted in chip-level and system-on-a-chip (SoC) BIST.
The why UI: using goal networks to improve user interfaces

People interact with interfaces to accomplish goals, and knowledge about human goals can be useful for building intelligent user interfaces. We suggest that modeling high, human-level goals like "repair my credit score", is especially useful for coordinating workflows between interfaces, automated planning, and building introspective applications. We analyzed data from 43Things.com, a website where users share and discuss goals and plans in natural language, and constructed a goal network that relates what goals people have with how people solve them. We then label goals with specific details, such as where the goal typically is met and how long it takes to achieve, facilitating plan and goal recognition. Lastly, we demonstrate a simple application of goal networks, deploying it in a mobile, location-aware to-do list application, ToDoGo, which uses goal networks to help users plan where and when to accomplish their desired goals.
Flavobacterium johnsoniae gldN and gldO Are Partially Redundant Genes Required for Gliding Motility and Surface Localization of SprB

Cells of the gliding bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae move rapidly over surfaces. Mutations in gldN cause a partial defect in gliding. A novel bacteriophage selection strategy was used to aid construction of a strain with a deletion spanning gldN and the closely related gene gldO in an otherwise wild-type F. johnsoniae UW101 background. Bacteriophage transduction was used to move a gldN mutation into F. johnsoniae UW101 to allow phenotypic comparison with the gldNO deletion mutant. Cells of the gldN mutant formed nonspreading colonies on agar but retained some ability to glide in wet mounts. In contrast, cells of the gldNO deletion mutant were completely nonmotile, indicating that cells require GldN, or the GldN-like protein GldO, to glide. Recent results suggest that Porphyromonas gingivalis PorN, which is similar in sequence to GldN, has a role in protein secretion across the outer membrane. Cells of the F. johnsoniae gldNO deletion mutant were defective in localization of the motility protein SprB to the cell surface, suggesting that GldN may be involved in secretion of components of the motility machinery. Cells of the gldNO deletion mutant were also deficient in chitin utilization and were resistant to infection by bacteriophages, phenotypes that may also be related to defects in protein secretion.
Functional Implications of Active Currents in the Dendrites of Pyramidal Neurons

The original analyses of the transformation of synaptic inputs into voltage deflections at the soma were based largely on studies of motoneurons (Coombs et al., 1957a, b) and suggested that motoneuron dendrites were electrically passive. The view was that synaptic inputs summed algebraically, with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) offsetting each other, and an output signal emitted if and only if the net summed voltage reached at a spike initiation zone at the axon hillock exceeded a threshold. The notion that the input-output transform accomplished by neurons was based upon the simple summation of inputs at a single integration point was so strongly embedded that when Eccles et al. (1958) found evidence for active dendritic spikes in axotomized motoneurons, they regarded the nonlinear boosting and multiple regions of integration implied by these events to be undesirable (further discussion in Sections 2 and 4 below).
Stereopsis and artistic talent: poor stereopsis among art students and established artists.

Stereopsis is the perception of depth generated from differences between the two eyes' views of a single image; this difference is termed disparity. When artists learn to draw, they are often instructed to close one eye; this defeats stereopsis and makes monocular depth cues—such as perspective, occlusion, and shading—more apparent. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that poor stereopsis might therefore be an asset to someone whose goal is to represent the three-dimensional world on two-dimensional surfaces (Livingstone & Conway, 2004).
Dressing Your IEPs for the General Education Climate Analysis of IEP Goals and Objectives for Students with Multiple Disabilities

THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAMS (IEPS) OF 46 STUDENTS FROM NINE DIFFERENT STATES IN KINDERGARTEN THROUGH GRADE 12 WHO HAVE MULTIPLE DISABILITIES AND RECEIVE ALL OR PART OF THEIR EDUCATION IN GENERAL EDUCATION CLASSES. THROUGH CATEGORICAL CODING OF THE STUDENTS' IEP GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, SEVERAL THEMES WERE IDENTIFIED THAT HIGHLIGHT PROBLEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IEPS. ALTERNATIVES ARE SUGGESTED THAT THE AUTHORS BELIEVE MAY MORE ADEQUATELY COMMUNICATE THE UNIQUE NEEDS OF INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS TO THEIR TEACHERS IN GENERAL EDUCATION CLASSES AND IMPROVE THE USEFULNESS OF IEPS.
Hacijan's Algorithm in VAXIMA: Improvements and Difficulties

Improvements to Hacijan's polynomial-time algorithm in linear programming are described. New iteration formulas are given and proved. The algorithm has been implemented in a version of the MACSYMA system on the VAX-11 known as VAXIMA. The implementation is described. Data from computer experiments are included and they indicate (a) the substantial improvement over the original algorithm and (b) the difficulty in making any Hacijan-type algorithm competitive with the simplex algorithm.
Periodic limb movements in sleep and iron status in children.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess potential relationships between serum iron and ferritin levels and the severity of periodic limb movement in sleep (PLMS) in a pediatric population, and to evaluate the response to supplemental iron therapy. DESIGN A prospective study of all consecutively diagnosed children with PLMS (periodic limb movement index [periodic limb movements per hour of total sleep time, [PLMI] > 5) who underwent overnight polysomnographic evaluation. In all patients, complete blood count and serum iron and ferritin levels were obtained. Patients with serum ferritin concentrations less than 50 microg/L were prescribed iron sulfate at 3 mg/kg of elemental iron per day for 3 months. At the end of treatment, serum iron and ferritin levels and sleep studies were repeated. SETTING Comprehensive Sleep Medicine Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, and Kosair Children's Hospital Sleep Medicine and Apnea Center. PATIENTS Twenty boys and 19 girls with PLMS with a mean age of 7.5 +/- 3.1 years. INTERVENTION Iron therapy. RESULTS Twenty-eight (71.8%) patients had ferritin levels less than 50 microg/L. There was no significant correlation between serum ferritin concentration and PLMS severity as indicated by the PLMI (r = -0.19). The PLMI in patients with serum ferritin levels less than 50 microg/L (29.9 +/- 15.5 PLM/h) was higher than in patients with serum ferritin levels greater than 50 microg/L (21.9 +/- 11.8 PLM/h); however, the difference did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.09). In contrast, serum iron was significantly correlated with PLMI (r = -0.43, P < 0.01). Indeed, patients with serum iron concentrations less than 50 microg/dL had a higher PLMI compared to patients with serum iron concentrations greater than 50 microg/dL (42.8 +/- 18.3 PLM/h and 23.1 +/- 10.1 PLM/h, respectively; P = 0.02). Twenty-five out of the 28 PLMS patients with serum ferritin levels less than 50 microg/L received treatment with iron sulfate, and 19 (76%) responded favorably. Among the responders to iron therapy, PLMI decreased from 27.6 +/- 14.9 PLM per hour to 12.6 +/- 5.3 PLM per hour after 3 months of iron supplements (P < 0.001) and coincided with increases in serum ferritin levels (pre: 40.8 +/- 27.4 microg/L vs post: 74.1 +/- 13.0 microg/L; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In children, the presence of PLMS is frequently associated with low serum iron and a tendency toward low serum ferritin levels. In addition, iron therapy is associated with clinical improvement in most of these patients.
One hour delayed static views are sufficient prior to sincalide stimulation in patients with chronic abdominal pain referred for gallbladder ejection fraction

1944 Objectives To determine if limited static spot views at 1 hour (SSV@1hr) post injection could replace continuous 1 hour dynamic imaging (1hrDI) prior to performance of the sincalide gallbladder ejection fraction test (SGBEFT) in patients with chronic abdominal pain (CAP). Methods 2 blinded readers reviewed 2 years of hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) cases, presented in 2 formats, separated by at least 2 weeks. SSV@1hr format contained anterior, left anterior oblique and right lateral images. The full set format contained 1hrDI and SSV@1hr. The readers were asked series of questions for each case format, including the 2 main questions: (1) was there gallbladder (GB) visualization (viz), and (2) would they proceed with SGBEFT? Kappa statistics were used to calculate agreement between the 2 formats. Results HBS was performed in 682 pts, including 431 pts for CAP who comprised the study cohort. Question (1): perfect agreement was found in 420 (97.5%, kappa = 0.90, p Conclusions The SSV@1hr agreed perfectly with the full set of images in over 97% of cases. The very few disagreements were insignificant and could be resolved by additional views. This investigation strongly suggests that 6-8 min spent on SSV@1hr could replace the 1hrDI. The saved camera time could be used to perform the recommended 1 hour of sincalide infusion. Research Support Bracco Diagnostics, Inc. unrestricted grant.
Comparative Actions of Dextro- and Levo-Epinephrine on Human Heart

Shortly after the synthesis of epinephrine, studies were carried out on the comparative actions of the synthetic and the natural substances. Chemically the artificial base was identical with the na...
Minimally Invasive Atrial Fibrillation Surgery: Hybrid Approach

Atrial fibrillation is a challenging pathologic process. There continues to be a great need for the development of a reproducible, durable cure when medical management has failed. An effective, minimally invasive, sternal-sparing intervention without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass is a promising treatment approach. In this article, we describe a hybrid technique being refined at our center that combines a thoracoscopic epicardial surgical approach with an endocardial catheter-based procedure. We also discuss our results and review the literature describing this unique treatment approach.
Maize rough dwarf and related viruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter shows that the time is ripe for the solution of many of the remaining problems concerning MRDV-like viruses. Recognition of these viruses should no longer be difficult and confusion with other agents is now avoidable. Purification of most members will still not be easy, but at least the objectives and possible methods are reasonably well defined. Biochemical work should also be able to progress rapidly, at least with maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV), fiji disease virus (FDV), and rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). The MRDV-like viruses are only just becoming recognized as the typical members of the reoviridae that are, however, quite distinct from wound-tumor virus (WTV) and rice dwarf virus (RDV) in a number of characteristics, notably their RNA segmentation, vectors, and capsid structure. A very interesting result to be expected shortly is firm information on the size distribution of the RNA segments of maize wallaby ear virus (MWEV). This should indicate at once whether MWEV resembles WTV or MRDV or perhaps neither, and may clarify the taxonomy of these viruses. Although this uncertainty remains at present, it seems appropriate to look for a suitable name to indicate “MRDV-like virus.” The name ACANTHOVIRUS has been proposed because of the spikes on both the outer and inner capsids, this combination being so far unique to these viruses.
Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America.

The orbiniid polychaetes chiefly from Antarctic and subantarctic seas and off South America are described based on collections of the National Museum of Natural History and new material from surveys conducted by the United States Antarctic Program and other federal and privately funded sources as well as participation in international programs. A total of 44 species of Orbiniidae distributed in 10 genera are reported from the Pacific Ocean and waters off South America and Antarctica. Twenty-one species are new to science; one species is renamed. Berkeleyia heroae n. sp. , B. abyssala n. sp., B. weddellia n. sp.; B. hadala n. sp., Leitoscoloplos simplex n. sp., L. plataensis n. sp., L. nasus n. sp., L . eltaninae n. sp., L. phyllobranchus n. sp., L . rankini n. sp., Scoloplos bathytatus n. sp., S . suroestense n. sp., Leodamas hyphalos n. sp., L. maciolekae n. sp. , L . perissobranchiatus n. sp., Califia bilamellata n. sp., Orbinia orensanzi n. sp., Naineris antarctica n. sp., N. argentiniensis n. sp. , Orbiniella spinosa n. sp. , and O. landrumae n. sp. are new to science. A new name, Naineris furcillata , replaces N. chilensis Carrasco, 1977, a junior homonym of N. dendtritica chilensis Hartmann‑Schroder, 1965, which is raised to full species status. Leodamas cochleatus (Ehlers, 1900) is removed from synonymy and redescribed. A neotype is established for Leodamas verax Kinberg, 1966, the type species. A general overview of Leodamas species is provided. The Leitoscoloplos kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885) complex is reviewed and partially revised. Definitions of the genera of the Orbiniidae are updated to conform to recently described taxa. Several new synonymies are proposed following a reexamination of previously described type specimens. The morphological characters used to identify and classify orbiniids are reviewed. The biogeographic and bathymetric distributions of the South American and Southern Ocean orbiniid fauna are reviewed.
The AIM2-like receptors are dispensable for activation of the interferon stimulatory DNA (ISD) pathway.

Detection of intracellular DNA triggers activation of the STING-dependent interferon-stimulatory DNA (ISD) pathway, which is essential for antiviral immune responses; on the other hand, inappropriate immune responses to self DNA result in autoimmunity. Multiple DNA sensors have been proposed to activate the ISD pathway, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and a family of DNA binding receptors called the AIM2-like receptors (ALRs). Analysis of cGAS-deficient mice has revealed that cGAS is a key DNA sensor that is required for activation of the ISD pathway; however, whether the ALRs contribute to this pathway remains unclear. Here, we generated mice lacking all 13 mouse ALR genes as a novel tool to explore the function of the ALRs. We show that all ALRs are dispensable for the type I interferon (IFN) response to transfected DNA ligands, DNA virus infection, and lentivirus infection. We also show that the DNA sensor cGAS, but not the ALRs, is required to drive autoimmune disease in the Trex1-deficient mouse model of Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome. Finally, we used CRISPR to disrupt the human AIM2-like receptor IFI16 in primary human fibroblasts and show that IFI16 is dispensable for the IFN response to transfected DNA ligands as well as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Thus, our data reveal that ALRs are dispensable for activation of the ISD pathway and demonstrate that cGAS is the primary DNA sensor that drives the IFN response to DNA.
Equidistribution of Eisenstein series on geodesic segments

Abstract We show an asymptotic formula for the L 2 norm of the Eisenstein series E ( z , 1 / 2 + i T ) restricted to a segment of a geodesic connecting infinity and an arbitrary real. For generic geodesics of this form, the asymptotic formula shows that the Eisenstein series satisfies restricted QUE. On the other hand, for rational geodesics, the Eisenstein series does not satisfy restricted quantum ergodicity. As an application, we show that the zero set of the Eisenstein series intersects every such geodesic segment, provided T is large. We also make analogous conjectures for the Maass cusp forms. In particular, we predict that cusp forms do not satisfy restricted quantum ergodicity for rational geodesics.
Reflections over Communicability in PaaS Environments

Platform as a Service (PaaS) has become an essential product for large technology companies. It is a way of delivering hardware, software tools and other resources for application development and hosting, as a service. Its users are developers who need to build and deploy new applications. Besides computational power, PaaS environments (PaaSE) offer services, development tools and even complete apps to be put together in web applications. These pieces of software can be developed by diverse groups of people, presenting a significant challenge from a Human-Centric Computer (HCC) perspective. We argue that the semiotic engineering (SemEng) theory, which views human-computer interaction as computer-mediated communication between designers and users at interaction time, may be applied to help creating knowledge in this context. In PaaSE, several designers communicate with PaaSE’s users (developers). In this paper, we apply SemEng concepts to analyze different software artifacts present in PaaSE, showing evidence of communication breakdowns between designers and users. Our goal is to provide a better understanding of existing metacommunication processes in such environments, offering specific suggestions to emphasize communication boundaries.
Using local correlation tracking to recover solar spectral information from a slitless spectrograph

The Multi-Order Solar EUV Spectrograph (MOSES) is a sounding rocket instrument that utilizes a concave spherical diffraction grating to form simultaneous images in the diffraction orders m=0, +1, and −1. MOSES is designed to capture high-resolution cotemporal spectral and spatial information of solar features over a large two-dimensional field of view. Our goal is to estimate the Doppler shift as a function of position for every MOSES exposure. Since the instrument is designed to operate without an entrance slit, this requires disentangling overlapping spectral and spatial information in the m=±1 images. Dispersion in these images leads to a field-dependent displacement that is proportional to Doppler shift. We identify these Doppler shift-induced displacements for the single bright emission line in the instrument passband by comparing images from each spectral order. We demonstrate the use of local correlation tracking as a means to quantify these differences between a pair of cotemporal image orders. The resulting vector displacement field is interpreted as a measurement of the Doppler shift. Since three image orders are available, we generate three Doppler maps from each exposure. These may be compared to produce an error estimate.
Histological Study of Tobacco Thrips Feeding on Peanut Foliage

Frankliniella fusca, tobacco thrips, were caged on peanut leaflets. Leaflets were embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained, and microscopically examined. Mouth cone imprints were visible in the epidermis and palisade tissue. Heavy salivation into the wound was observed. Feeding by larvae was less damaging than by adults Both caused scarification of the leaf surface. Because expanding leaflets are the feeding site of choice for larvae, even minor damage is visible due to growth of cells around the feeding site. Immunofluorescence of tomato spotted wilt virus in peanut leaves was attempted to correlate thrips feeding sites with virus infection sites.
Experiences with service-oriented middleware for dynamic instrumentation of enterprise DRE systems

This paper describes our experiences applying a test and evaluation (T&E) service-oriented middleware framework called the Open-source Architecture for Software Instrumentation Systems (OASIS) to the Unified SHIP platform, which is a representative system for next-generation shipboard computing systems. The OASIS service-oriented middleware framework discussed in this paper enables instrumenting distributed software systems, such as enterprise distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems, to collect and extract metrics without a priori knowledge of the metrics collected. The flexibility of OASIS's metametrics-driven approach to instrumentation and data collection increased developer and tester knowledge and analytical capabilities of end-to-end QoS in shipboard computing systems. This paper also discusses our strategy for deploying OASIS in a cloud environment.
Short-term climate trends and the Swiss needle cast epidemic in Oregon’s public and private coastal forestlands

Abstract Swiss needle cast (SNC) is a fungal disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) that is having important consequences on tree growth in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the USA. Once considered innocuous in PNW forests, SNC symptom expression has increased rapidly in extent and intensity in recent decades. Previous research has linked the disease epidemiology of SNC to climate, and observations indicate a link with forestry practices of the 20th century as well, particularly with the conversion of old growth and mature mixed-conifer forests to young monocultures of Douglas-fir on private forestlands. Given the sensitivity of SNC intensification to forestry practices and changing climatic conditions, it seems plausible that disease behavior response to short-term directional climate changes could differ between contrasting forest management regimes. We compared the relationship between trends in canopy energy and water flux parameters detected during the spring and summer months (May–August) along the Pacific Coast of Oregon from 2003 to 2012, and the distribution of SNC symptoms in 2012 on private and public lands. Canopy energy and water exchange parameters were calculated with MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST), and evapotranspiration (ET) data, and with Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) precipitation data. We found that a higher level of deviance in SNC presence/absence could be explained on private land compared with public land. Proximity to coast explained 9.3% of the deviance on private land and 6.7% on public land. Trends in LST during May and August emerged as important and explained 7% of the deviance in SNC symptom distribution on private land compared with 2% on public land. When combined with proximity to coast, May and August LST explained 14% of the deviance in SNC symptom expression on private land and 8.7% on public land. We found a significant difference between public and private ownership for the proportion of SNC (p = 0.0006), and a significant interaction between ownership and distance to coast (p = 0.0019), such that across public and private ownership, distance to coast has a different effect. LST may provide valuable information on leaf wetness, or thermal properties of the canopy, possibly capturing both early season and late season dynamics important to SNC epidemiology. We find evidence that recent short-term directional climate changes may have contributed to differences in symptom development in Douglas-fir forests on private and public land, with symptoms more prevalent on private land.
Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas

Ancient Ocean Crossings is a big book with a big mission. Its author, Stephen C. Jett, has a long career of advocacy of numerous and significant contacts between the eastern hemisphere and the west...
Accident investigation data: users' unrecognized challenges.

Abstract The purpose of this study report is to raise awareness among accident investigation data users about the differences in investigation and analysis methods used to produce that data, and the challenges this situation poses for any users. Accident investigation practitioners may utilize any of over 30 methods to produce reported data about an accident. When descriptions of these methods and investigators’ work products are compared, each method can be seen to differ from all the others, usually in several ways. Numerous samples of the foundational thinking about what accidents and investigations are, investigation purposes, and why accidents happen, show the diversity in that thinking, and indicate why so many investigation and analysis methods exist today. This report documents an experienced investigation practitioner’s observations and analysis of the consequences of using these different methods to produce the data in accident investigation reports, and the challenges that situation poses for accident data users. Responses to the situation are suggested for users, practitioners and academics.
Ligand-independent activation of the P2X7 receptor by Hsp90 inhibition stimulates motor neuron apoptosis:

Activation of the extracellular ATP ionotropic receptor P2X7 stimulates motor neuron apoptosis, whereas its inhibition in cell and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis can be protective. ...
The Angular Spectrum Representation of Pulsed Electromagnetic and Optical Beam Fields in Temporally Dispersive Media

A completely general representation of the propagation of a freely propagating electromagnetic wave field into the half-space z ≥ z0 > Z of a homogeneous, isotropic, locally linear, temporally dispersive medium is now considered. The term “freely propagating” is used here to indicate that there are no externally supplied charge or current sources for the field present in this half-space, the field source residing somewhere in the region z ≤ Z.
Pathways into college and away from crime: Perspectives of Black and Latino/a youth growing up in single-mother households in one of America’s most dangerous cities

Abstract While much of the extant literature on single-mother households describes a host of risks that these children experience, much less research addresses how youth raised by single mothers living in resource strained neighborhoods achieve successes. This investigation explores the methods single mothers of color utilize to foster resilience and academic and personal success among a sample of college students and recent graduates who grew up in a crime ridden city. Through in-depth retrospective interviews that are part of a larger multi-methods study, a subsample of respondents (n = 40) shared their perceptions of the strategies used by their single mothers to help them become academically successful while also protecting them from the crime, drugs, and poverty within their homes and neighborhoods. Both Black and Latina single mothers used restrictive parenting techniques, provided educational and emotional supports, and exemplified prowess and creativity in accessing resources to fulfill the financial needs of their children in remarkably similar ways.
Plasmodium chaperonin TRiC/CCT identified as a target of the antihistamine clemastine using parallel chemoproteomic strategy

The antihistamine clemastine inhibits multiple stages of the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria, but the molecular targets responsible for its parasite inhibition were unknown. Here, we applied parallel chemoproteomic platforms to discover the mechanism of action of clemastine and identify that clemastine binds to the Plasmodium falciparum TCP-1 ring complex or chaperonin containing TCP-1 (TRiC/CCT), an essential heterooligomeric complex required for de novo cytoskeletal protein folding. Clemastine destabilized all eight P. falciparum TRiC subunits based on thermal proteome profiling (TPP). Further analysis using stability of proteins from rates of oxidation (SPROX) revealed a clemastine-induced thermodynamic stabilization of the Plasmodium TRiC delta subunit, suggesting an interaction with this protein subunit. We demonstrate that clemastine reduces levels of the major TRiC substrate tubulin in P. falciparum parasites. In addition, clemastine treatment leads to disorientation of Plasmodium mitotic spindles during the asexual reproduction and results in aberrant tubulin morphology suggesting protein aggregation. This clemastine-induced disruption of TRiC function is not observed in human host cells, demonstrating a species selectivity required for targeting an intracellular human pathogen. Our findings encourage larger efforts to apply chemoproteomic methods to assist in target identification of antimalarial drugs and highlight the potential to selectively target Plasmodium TRiC-mediated protein folding for malaria intervention.
What do agile, lean, and ITIL mean to DevOps?

The value of learning skillsets within a trio of disciplines and the role each plays in DevOps.
Using simulation to understand the role of titration on the stability of a peptide-lipid bilayer complex

The pH-low insertion peptide (pHLIP) is an anionic membrane-active peptide with promising potential for applications in imaging of cancer tumors and targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics. The key advantage of pHLIP lies in its acid sensitivity: in acidic cellular environments, pHLIP can insert unidirectionally into the plasma membrane. Partitioning-folding coupling is triggered by titration of the acidic residues in pHLIP, transforming pHLIP from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic peptide. Despite this knowledge, the reverse pathway that leads to exit of the peptide from the plasma membrane is poorly understood. Our hypothesis is that sequential deprotonation of pHLIP is a prerequisite for exit of the peptide from the plasma membrane. We carried out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize the effect that deprotonation of the acidic residues of pHLIP has on the stability of the peptide when inserted into a model lipid bilayer of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-3-phosphocholine (POPC). Initiation of the exit mechanism is facilitated by a complex relationship between the peptide, bulk solvent, and the membrane environment. As the N-terminal acidic residues of pHLIP are deprotonated, localized loss of helicity drives unfolding of the peptide and more pronounced interactions with the bilayer at the lipid-water interface. Deprotonation of the C-terminal acidic residues (D25, D31, D33, and E34) leads to further loss of secondary structure distal from the C-terminus, as well as formation of a water channel that stabilizes the orientation of pHLIP parallel to the membrane normal. Together, these results help explain how stabilization of intermediates between the surface-bound and inserted states of pHLIP occur and provide insights into rational design of pHLIP variants with modified abilities of insertion.
THBS2/CA19-9 Detecting Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma at Diagnosis Underperforms in Prediagnostic Detection: Implications for Biomarker Advancement

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often diagnosed too late for effective therapy. The classic strategy for early detection biomarker advancement consists of initial retrospective phases of discovery and validation with tissue samples taken from individuals diagnosed with disease, compared with controls. Using this approach, we previously reported the discovery of a blood biomarker panel consisting of thrombospondin-2 (THBS2) and CA19-9 that together could discriminate resectable stage I and IIa PDAC as well as stages III and IV PDAC, with c-statistic values in the range of 0.96 to 0.97 in two phase II studies. We now report that in two studies of blood samples prospectively collected from 1 to 15 years prior to a PDAC diagnosis (Mayo Clinic and PLCO cohorts), THBS2 and/or CA19-9 failed to discriminate cases from healthy controls at the AUC = 0.8 needed. We conclude that PDAC progression may be heterogeneous and for some individuals can be more rapid than generally appreciated. It is important that PDAC early-detection studies incorporate high-risk, prospective prediagnostic cohorts into discovery and validation studies.Prevention Relevance: A blood biomarker panel of THBS2 and CA19-9 detects early stages of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at diagnosis, but not when tested across a population up to 1 year earlier. Our findings suggest serial sampling over time, using prospectively collected samples for biomarker discovery, and more frequent screening of high-risk individuals.
A randomized controlled trial of the impact of body-worn camera activation on the outcomes of individual incidents

Evaluate the impact of body-worn cameras (BWCs) on officer-initiated activity, arrests, use of force, and complaints. We use instrumental variable analysis to examine the impact of BWC assignment and BWC activation on the outcomes of individual incidents through a randomized controlled trial of 436 officers in the Phoenix Police Department. Incidents involving BWC activations were associated with a lower likelihood of officer-initiated contacts and complaints, but a greater likelihood of arrests and use of force. BWC assignment alone was unrelated to arrests or complaints; however, incidents involving officers who were assigned and activated their BWC were significantly more likely to result in an arrest and less likely to result in a complaint. Future researchers should account for BWC activation to better estimate the effects of BWCs on officer behavior. To maximize the effects of BWCs, police agencies should ensure that officers are complying with activation policies.
Nuclear Abl Drives miR-34c Transfer by Extracellular Vesicles to Induce Radiation Bystander Effects

Ionizing radiation (IR) activates an array of DNA damage response (DDR) that includes the induction of bystander effects (BE) in cells not targeted by radiation. How DDR pathways in irradiated cells stimulate BE in non-targeted cells is mostly unknown. We show here that extracellular vesicles from irradiated cells (EV-IR) induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage when internalized by un-irradiated cells. We found that EV-IR from Abl-NLS-mutated cells could not induce ROS or DNA damage, and restoration of nuclear Abl rescued those defects. Expanding a previous finding that Abl stimulates miR-34c expression, we show here that nuclear Abl also drives the vesicular secretion of miR-34c. Ectopic miR-34c expression, without irradiation, generated EV-miR-34c capable of inducing ROS and DNA damage. Furthermore, EV-IR from miR34-knockout cells could not induce ROS and raised γH2AX to lesser extent than EV-IR from miR34-wild type cells. These results establish a novel role for the Abl-miR-34c DDR pathway in stimulating radiation-induced bystander effects.
X-linked cellular mosaicism underlies age-dependent occurrence of seizure-like events in mouse models of CDKL5 deficiency disorder

Abstract CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is an infantile, epileptic encephalopathy presenting with early-onset seizures, intellectual disability, motor impairment, and autistic features. The disorder has been linked to mutations in the X-linked CDKL5, and mouse models of the disease recapitulate several aspects of CDD symptomology, including learning and memory impairments, motor deficits, and autistic-like features. Although early-onset epilepsy is one of the hallmark features of CDD, evidence of spontaneous seizure activity has only recently been described in Cdkl5-deficient heterozygous female mice, but the etiology, prevalence, and sex-specificity of this phenotype remain unknown. Here, we report the first observation of disturbance-associated seizure-like events in heterozygous female mice across two independent mouse models of CDD: Cdkl5 knockout mice and CDKL5 R59X knock-in mice. We find that both the prevalence and severity of this phenotype increase with aging, with a median onset around 28 weeks of age. Similar seizure-like events are not observed in hemizygous knockout male or homozygous knockout female littermates, suggesting that X-linked cellular mosaicism is a driving factor underlying these seizure-like events. Together, these findings not only contribute to our understanding of the effects of CDKL5 loss on seizure susceptibility, but also document a novel, pre-clinical phenotype for future therapeutic investigation.
Boarding of Psychiatric Patients in the Emergency Department

Since the peak of state-run mental health hospitals in 1955, which reached 344 beds per 100,000 population, there has been a steady decline. In 2014, the number was 11.7, with 5.4 beds filled with forensic patients [1]. As these public hospitals have declined in beds, patients have moved into the community. At first, this deinstitutionalization was thought to be preferable, but this change brought with it a rise in the mentally ill found in jails, prisons, or warehoused in emergency departments (ED) awaiting psychiatric hospitalization.
Unpredictable task demands and motor performance in individuals with neuromotor disability: a scoping review

Individuals with neuromotor disabilities demonstrate motor control patterns characterized by a decreased capacity to adapt to contextual change. Task-oriented training is one promising intervention...
Bockenheimer Disease is Associated With a TEK Variant.

Bockenheimer disease is a venous malformation involving all tissues of an extremity. Patients have significant morbidity and treatment is palliative. The purpose of this study was to identify the cause of Bockenheimer disease to develop pharmacotherapy for the condition. Paraffin-embedded tissue from 9 individuals with Bockenheimer disease obtained during a clinically-indicated operation underwent DNA extraction. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to screen for variants most commonly associated with sporadic venous malformations [TEK (NM_000459.5:c.2740C>T; p.Leu914Phe), PIK3CA (NM_006218.4:c.1624G>A; p.Glu542Lys and NM_006218.4:c.3140A>G; p.His1047Arg)]. ddPCR detected a TEK L914F variant in all 9 patients (variant allele fraction 2%-13%). PIK3CA E542K and H1047R variants were not identified in the specimens. Sanger sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion confirmed variants identified by ddPCR. A pathogenic variant in the endothelial cell tyrosine kinase receptor TEK is associated with Bockenheimer disease. Pharmacotherapy targeting the TEK signaling pathway might benefit patients with the condition.
Generating Adversarial Examples with Distance Constrained Adversarial Imitation Networks

Recent studies have shown that neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples that are designed by adding small perturbations to clean examples in order to trick the classifier to misclassify. Various approaches based on optimization have been proposed for generating adversarial examples with minimal perturbation. Model training based methods such as Adversarial Transformation Network (ATN) provide a fundamentally new way to directly transform an input into an adversarial example, which promises fast generation of adversarial examples. However, the adversarial examples may have suboptimal quality with significantly large perturbations or low attack success rate at small perturbations. In this paper, we propose a distance constrained Adversarial Imitation Network (AIN), which enhances ATN and is capable of generating both targeted and untargeted examples with an explicit distance constraint. AIN can not only generate large scale adversarial examples efficiently as achieved in ATN, but also imitate the behavior of state-of-the-art optimization-based methods, hence achieving improved quality. Extensive experiments show that AIN significantly outperforms ATN and other Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) based methods in the quality of generated adversarial examples, and is much more efficient than optimization based methods while achieving comparable quality.
Markedness in Linguistics

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by E. Battistella, volume 13, pp. 8945–8948, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Risk Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease

The role of specific risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is undefined. We compared medical histories in 259 patients with clinically diagnosed AD with those in cognitively intact patients (CI;n=36). The two groups were comparable in age (mean±SEM 73.3±0.6 in AD, 70.9 ±2.1 in CI), race (>95% white), and socioeconomic status, although they differed in male:female ratio (1:2 in AD; 1.6:1 in CI). Stroke was more common in CI (11.1% vs 1.5%, p=.006), presumably because demented patients with stroke tend to be diagnosed as multi-infarct dementia rather than AD. Family history for dementia was positive in 35.9% of AD patients, but only 5.6% of CI patients (p<0.001). Family history of other genetic disorders was more often positive in AD than in CI, but these differences were not statistically significant (thyroid disease in 1.5% vs 0%; Down’s in 0.8% vs 0%, and congenital malformations in 1.2% vs 0%). Other factors previously implicated in AD were not significantly more common in AD than in CI (head trauma in 4.2% vs 8.3%; peptic ulcers (presumably with aluminum-containing antacid use) in 5.8% vs 8.3%, alcoholism in 0.7% vs 0%, job-related toxic exposures in 1.5% vs 0%, and thyroid disease in 2.3% vs 0%). There were also no significant differences in prevalence of cancer; lung, biliary, or gastrointestinal disease; or arthritis. These data suggest that genetic factors are more important than environmental ones in the pathogenesis of AD, although case-control studies of large numbers of subjects are needed to determine if small differences in exposure to environmental factors are statistically significant.
Utilizing Scraps From Blue Crab and Calico Scallop Processing Plants

Blue crab and calico scallop processing plant scraps have been landfilled, creating waste management problems. Alternative methods of in-plant compacting, anaerobic bioconversion potential, composting, compost marketing, compost crop applications and nematode control using compost were examined. It is feasible to compost blue crab and calico scallop processing plant scraps and there appears to be uses for the final compost products. Compo sting is a viable alternative to landfilling these processing scraps. Composting is being used sllccessfully to compost blue crab and scallop processing scraps.
Effects of Caudal Elevation on Testicular Function in Rats Separation of Effects on Spermatogenesis and Steroidogenesis

A variety of biologic processes are perturbed when exposed to microgravity (space flight) for more than 7 days, including testicular function. Suspension of rats in a special harness (caudal elevation) to induce thoracic pooling of blood fluids and remove the support function of the hind limbs is used to mimic, on earth, the effects of microgravity encountered during space flight. Typically, this induces cryptorchidism in male rats. Three experiments were conducted to differentiate the effects of caudal elevation (30 deg angle) and anatomic location of testes on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Rats were subjected to caudal elevation for 7 days using either a tail harness or a whole-body harness. Testes of rats fell into the abdominal cavity when a tail harness was used, but ligation of the iguinal canal prevented this repositioning. For rats with abdominal testes, testicular weight was reduced (P less than 0.05) and histology of testes was abnormal; the number of spermatids per gram parenchyma was lower (P less than 0.05) in tail-suspended rats compared with control rats.
Photometric Light Sources

The sections in this article are 1 Blackbody Radiation 2 Luminescence 3 Measurement of Light Sources 4 Colorimetry 5 Visible Light Sources 6 Infrared and Ultraviolet Light Sources 7 Sources of X Rays
Synthesis of Di-2-Naphthylthiocarbazone — A Simplified Method

Abstract A simple, straightforward laboratory method is given for the preparation of di-2-naphthylthiocarbazone. The method requires no elaborate equipment and can be used for preparing this compound in a refined state, showing a molecular extinction coefficient of approximately 42,000 at wave length of 645 mμ. Since this compound is superior to dithizone when used for the determination of mercury in biological material (particularly urine) and since it is no longer commercially available, its preparation within the laboratory becomes a necessity. The starting compound, 2-naph-thylhydrazine hydrochloride, is readily available.