cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EARLY INVASIVE STRATEGY VERSUS INITIAL CONSERVATIVE STRATEGY IN WOMEN WITH NON-ST-ELEVATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: A PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHED NATIONWIDE ANALYSIS

Background: Studies have shown improved outcomes with an early invasive strategy in men with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). In contrast, data have been less conclusive in women, with some trials suggesting potential harm. This study aimed to assess if an early invasive strategy
Positive effects of neurofeedback intervention on radiation oncology physicians' workload during go/no-go performance test

Le but de cette etude etait de mesurer subjectivement et objectivement la charge de travail et le niveau de performance parmi des radiooncologues realisant une tache informatisee, avant et apres l’administration d’une session de neurofeedback. Huit participants ont ete recrutes pour cette etude pilote. La charge de travail etait evaluee subjectivement en utilisant le questionnaire NASA Task-Load-Index (NASA-TLX), et objectivement en utilisant l’analyse de donnees par electroencephalographie. Les performances ont ete evaluees subjectivement en utilisant un questionnaire d’etat de « flow », et objectivement en se basant sur le temps de completion du test et la performance basee sur les erreurs. Les differences statistiques entre les scores de la periode pre- et post-intervention du i) NASA-TLX, du temps de completion du test et de la performance basee sur les erreurs ont ete evalue en utilisant des test t pour des echantillons apparies ; ii) la performance percue telle que quantifiee par le questionnaire d’etat de flow a ete evaluee en utilisant le test de rangs signes de Wilcoxon ; iii) et les changements EEG pre- et post-intervention dans les lobes temporaux, acquis tout au long de la realisation de la tâche, ont ete mesures par l’analyse de variance (ANOVA). Les analyses ont indique une reduction significative dans le NASA-TLX (p=0.01) ; un accroissement significatif de la puissance spectrale Theta (p 0.05). Une future recherche est necessaire pour quantifier davantage l’impact du neurofeedback sur la charge de travail et la performance des radiooncologues.
Three-dimensional micromechanical modeling of concrete degradation under multiphysics fields

Abstract Concrete is a typical composite material including multiple phases. Concrete however is commonly treated as a homogeneous material in structural designs for the calculation of stress and strain. Moreover, concrete structures in service are subject to various mechanical and environmental loads. In design practices, these loads are handled separately without considering their interactions that could cause accelerated material degradation and unsafe designs. This work presents a finite element method (FEM) based model developed for studying concrete degradation by the synergistic interactions of applied mechanical and environmental loads with due consideration of the 3D microstructure of concrete that is reconstructed using the X-ray computed tomography (CT) technique. The degradation of a roadway concrete slab was simulated using the developed model. The results show that the microstructure of concrete matrix plays an important role in the distributions of stress and strain in concrete and that the effects of moisture and temperature in concrete are significant comparing to the effect of wheel load. This 3D microstructural multiphysics model can be used for design and non-destructive assessment of concrete structures of special shapes and needs, e.g., nuclear reactor vessels, which have high complexity and require high accuracy.
Gendering Social Capital and Population Health

Several authors pointed out that the gender dimension of social capital has been under-recognized in comparison with other demographic issues. Social capital was originally conceptualized gender-blind, and whenever gender issues have been highlighted, they have been raised by female scholars (e.g., Edwards 2004, Caiazza 2005, O’Neill and Gidengil 2006, van Emmerik 2006, Warr 2006). Gender was more or less disregarded by the Great Fathers of social capital, Bourdieu, Coleman and Putnam. While gender cannot be totally ignored in writing about the social capital theory, any observations concerning gender seem to remain rather superficial.
Effect of seasonal photoperiod on molting in Loxosceles reclusa and Loxosceles laeta spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae)

During the winter of 2014–15 in southern California, attempts were made to accelerate immature brown recluse spiders, Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940, to maturity for a pest control experiment in early spring. Despite food offerings, spiders stopped molting after October although they were maintained at 25° C and had swollen, well-nourished abdomens. It was surmised that decreased filtered daylight from a paper-covered window might be suppressing molting. Feeding was halted in January 2015; 88 spiderlings were checked weekly for molts. Molting resumed during late March 2015 and continued through May 2015 despite no feedings. To more thoroughly elucidate photoperiod effects on molting, during the week of the September 2015 equinox, three cohorts of 10 immatures of both brown and Chilean recluses, L. laeta (Nicolet, 1849), were exposed to three light regimes: 14:10 L:D, natural, 10:14 L:D. Through November 2015 to late March 2016 for brown recluses, there was no molting in the 10:14 regime, 3 of 10 spiders molted in the natural light regime, and 8 of 10 spiders molted in the 14:10 L:D regime. Additionally, fifteen newly-emerged brown recluse spiderlings split into three cohorts of 5 spiders each in November exhibited more molting in the 14:10 L:D compared to natural and 10:14 L:D light cycles. Chilean recluses showed no differences in molting across the three photoperiod regimes. This species difference may be explained in that brown recluses are native to temperate zones where winters can be fatal; Chilean recluses are tropical where short photoperiods may have little significance for survival.
Phase Behavior and Salt Partitioning in Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates

Polyelectrolyte complexes are omnipresent both in nature and in the technological world, including nucleotide condensates, biological marine adhesives, food stabilizers, encapsulants, and carriers for gene therapy. However, the true phase behavior of complexes, resulting from associative phase separation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, remains poorly understood. Here, we rely on complementary experimental and simulation approaches to create a complete quantitative description of the phase behavior of polyelectrolyte complexes that represents a significant advance in our understanding of the underlying physics of polyelectrolyte complexation. Experiments employing multiple approaches with model polyelectrolytes—oppositely charged polypeptides poly(l-lysine) and poly(d,l-glutamic acid) of matched chain lengths—led to phase diagrams with compositions of the complex and the supernatant that were in excellent agreement with simulation results. Contrary to the widely accepted theory for complexation, we...
Diagnosis of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses in U.S. Travelers Returning from Africa, 2007-2016.

African tick bite fever (ATBF), caused by infection with the bacterium Rickettsia africae and transmitted by Amblyomma hebraeum or Amblyomma variegatum ticks (Figure 1), is the most commonly diagnosed rickettsial disease among international travelers.1,2 Although the disease is primarily associated with travel to Africa, R. africae has been identified in A. variegatum ticks in other parts of the world, such as the Caribbean.3 Nearly 14% of all returned travelers from sub-Saharan Africa seeking health care are diagnosed with a spotted fever group rickettsiosis (SFGR), and of these infections, most are attributable to R. africae.1 Other tick-borne rickettsial pathogens endemic to the African continent include Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia aeschlimannii, Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae, and Rickettsia monacensis.4 Among patients presenting to GeoSentinel clinics, SFGR is the most common individual diagnosis for ill travelers returning from South Africa and the third most frequently reported diagnosis for travelers returning from Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, or Zambia.5 African tick-bite fever may exceed malaria as the most common vector-borne infection among short-term visitors to southern Africa.6,7 Unlike other well-known tick-borne rickettsioses, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever (caused by Rickettsia rickettsii) and Mediterranean spotted fever (caused by R. conorii), ATBF is typically a self-limited disease and there are no known deaths attributable to infection with R. africae.2,4 Nonetheless, some patients who do not receive appropriate antibiotic therapy may remain febrile for 1–3 weeks, and in rare cases, the illness may be associated with more severe manifestations that include convalescent-phase asthenia, reactive arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, or myocarditis.2,8,9 Open in a separate window Figure 1. Principal tick vectors of Rickettsia africae. Amblyomma hebraeum female (top left) and male (bottom left). Amblyomma variegatum female (top right) and male (bottom right). All feeding stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults) of both species demonstrate highly aggressive host-seeking behavior and a host is often attacked simultaneously by multiple ticks. Both species are distributed across much of southern Africa, including Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe. The distribution of A. variegatum is even broader and includes most countries of sub-Saharan Africa and eight islands of the Caribbean.2,3 Tick specimens were provided by Lorenza Beati, MD, PhD; images courtesy of James Gathany. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Function and Microstructure by Hyperpolarized Gas MRI

The ability to regionally assess lung function and/or microstructure has both scientific and diagnostic advantages, and yet the lung is notoriously difficult to image. New techniques and hardware are being developed that may allow pulmonary 1H MRI to rival CT for diagnostic value in the coming years, but hyperpolarized gas MRI via 3He or 129Xe provides exceptional detail in terms of real-time ventilation and quantification of microstructure and regional function. The purpose of this chapter is to detail some, but not all, of the aspects of hyperpolarized gas MRI that relate to regional function (ventilation imaging) and microstructure (diffusion imaging). Through an understanding of regional structure-function relationships, we can better understand the pathophysiology of lung disease and the potential for future therapeutic remedies.
BULK WAVE CHARACTERIZATION OF LAMINATED COMPOSITES

Composite materials are currently seeing wider use in the aerospace and automobile industries. Composites offer many advantages over conventional materials, such as a greater strength to weight ratio and the ability to engineer their mechanical properties to a specific task. The major problems associated with composites are cost and reliability. Like virtually all engineering materials, composites can have flaws which may compromise their strength and reliability. The ability to detect these flaws in a reliable, cost effective fashion is significantly essential in the utilization of composite materials in critical structural areas. Currently, nondestructive evaluation using ultrasonic wave amplitude analysis, is most often used to inspect materials for flaws. This method can detect gross macroscopic flaws such as delamination or cracks, but more subtle flaws in the individual layers of a composite such as incomplete cure or low fiber volume ratio, cannot be found using conventional inspection techniques. Full stiffness modulus reconstruction, using acoustic wave velocities, is an alternative way to nondestructively determine the exact mechanical properties of a given composite part. Much research has been done in the area of modulus reconstruction of single layered composites [1–3]. The objective of this paper is to develop schemes for modeling multi-layered composites commonly seen in practice. Two basic methods of modeling composites are presented here; the layered method and the averaged method. The layer method treats each ply as a separate material. The averaged method consists of taking all the layers and averaging their material properties together. This paper will look at the differences between these two methods and will show how the relationship between the wavelength and the ply thickness determines which theory will apply.
The Parainfluenza Viruses

The parainfluenza viruses are species of the paramyxovirus family. (3,43) They are exceeded only by respiratory syncytial virus as important causes of lower respiratory disease in young children, and they commonly reinfect older children and adults to produce upper respiratory illnesses. There is considerable diversity in both epidemiological and clinical manifestations of infections due to the parainfluenza viruses. Parainfluenza virus type 1 (Para 1) is the principal cause of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) in children, and parainfluenza virus type 3 (Para 3) is second only to RS virus as a cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants less than 6 months of age. Parainfluenza virus type 2 (Para 2) resembles type 1 in clinical manifestations, but serious illnesses occur less frequently; infections with parainfluenza virus type 4 (Para 4) are detected infrequently and associated illnesses are usually inconsequential.
Galfenol Thin Films and Nanowires.

Galfenol (Fe1−xGax, 10 < x < 40) may be the only smart material that can be made by electrochemical deposition which enables thick film and nanowire structures. This article reviews the deposition, characterization, and applications of Galfenol thin films and nanowires. Galfenol films have been made by sputter deposition as well as by electrochemical deposition, which can be difficult due to the insolubility of gallium. However, a stable process has been developed, using citrate complexing, a rotating disk electrode, Cu seed layers, and pulsed deposition. Galfenol thin films and nanowires have been characterized for crystal structures and magnetostriction both by our group and by collaborators. Films and nanowires have been shown to be largely polycrystalline, with magnetostrictions that are on the same order of magnitude as textured bulk Galfenol. Electrodeposited Galfenol films were made with epitaxial texture on GaAs. Galfenol nanowires have been made by electrodeposition into anodic aluminum oxide templates using similar parameters defined for films. Segmented nanowires of Galfenol/Cu have been made to provide engineered magnetic properties. Applications of Galfenol and other magnetic nanowires include microfluidic sensors, magnetic separation, cellular radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast, and hyperthermia.
CD38-targeted therapy in glioblastoma: A step forward.

e14030Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the primary malignant tumor of the brain with a dismal outcome. Current management includes maximal safe surgical resection, radiation therapy with concomita...
Temperature-dependent line parameter study of acetylene transitions near 3 µm

Abstract Knowledge of the acetylene spectrum is important for astrophysics, atmospheric, and combustion chemistry research. Twelve acetylene transitions across eleven bands have been studied between 3335.0 and 3336.5 cm−1 with a tunable interband cascade laser. Linestrengths and temperature-dependent lineshape parameters, including collisional broadening and narrowing, are reported through Voigt, Rautian, and Galatry lineshape fits to two strong cold band transitions. Measurements were made in pure acetylene, as well as with diluents argon, nitrogen, and methane, over a temperature range of 296–637 K and pressures of 5–90 Torr. Linestrengths and temperature-dependent self-broadening coefficients are also reported for ten weak hot band transitions through Voigt lineshape fits, measured between 296–513 K and 5–20 Torr. Line parameter measurements are found to be in good agreement with the literature and extend experimental lineshape studies of acetylene into new rovibrational bands, a sparsely-studied temperature regime, and a new perturber: methane.
RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Spatial and Sex Differences in Pectoralis Major Muscle of Broiler Chickens Contributing to Difference in Susceptibility to Wooden Breast Disease

Wooden breast disease (WBD) is a novel myopathy affecting the pectoralis major muscle of modern broiler chickens. The etiology of WBD is not currently known, but has been linked to increased feed efficiency, growth rate, and muscle yield in broiler chickens. Differential effect of WBD has been detected between regions of the p. major and between sexes of broilers—male birds and the cranial aspect of the muscle tend to be more severely affected by the disease than females and the caudal aspect. This study aimed to characterize biological differences in the p. major between regions of the muscle and sexes of birds. Samples were taken from the cranial and caudal aspects of p. major muscles of 3-week-old, unaffected male and female birds for RNA sequencing. RNA was extracted using the mirVana miRNA Isolation kit (ThermoScientific), and complimentary DNA (cDNA) libraries were prepared using the TruSeq Stranded mRNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina). Libraries were sequenced by the Delaware Biotechnology Institute (DBI) using HiSeq2500. Sequence reads were aligned to the chicken reference genome with HISAT, and genes were analyzed for differential expression between regions of the breast muscle and sexes of birds using CuffDiff. Functional analysis was performed on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between sex groups using DAVID and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). There were 12 DEGs between cranial and caudal samples, and 260 between male and female birds. Out of the 260 genes differentially expressed between sexes, 189 were upregulated in males. Of this subset, 103 genes (55%) were located on the Z-chromosome. There was increased expression of genes involved in fat metabolism and oxidative stress responses in the cranial region of the p. major, as well as increased expression of fat metabolism, oxidative stress response, antiangiogenesis, and connective tissue proliferation genes in male broilers. These results support a hypothesis that there are biological characteristics in male broilers and the cranial region of the breast muscle that make them more susceptible to WBD, as well as raising the possibility of a metabolic switch in modern broiler chickens that may be more prominent in males.
Why We All Should Be Bayesians: An Introduction to Bayesian Studies

The purpose of this symposium is to introduce management researchers to the opportunities of Bayesian statistics for empirical research in the management sciences. We will outline the fundamental f...
Human and pigeon suboptimal choice.

Many studies have shown that pigeons will sometimes behave suboptimally by choosing an option that provides food less frequently over one that provides food more frequently. The critical factor in driving suboptimal behavior in these procedures is that the delayed outcomes are differentially signaled on the suboptimal alternative, but not the optimal alternative. Although this procedure is frequently cited as potentially analogous to human gambling, there is little empirical data to evaluate this assertion. The present study tested both pigeon (Experiment 1) and human (Experiment 2) subjects with a suboptimal choice task. Subjects chose between a suboptimal alternative that provided a large reinforcer 20% of the time and an optimal alternative that always provided a small reinforcer. Stimuli presented during the delays signaled the outcomes on the suboptimal alternative in some conditions. When outcomes were signaled, pigeons chose the suboptimal alternative more frequently than did humans. When the outcomes were not signaled, pigeons’ choices became more optimal, but humans’ choices did not. Humans’ suboptimal choice was unrelated to performance on a probability discounting task. Overall, these findings suggest that although both pigeons and humans can choose suboptimally, more research is needed in order to determine whether non-human performance on this task can serve as a model for human gambling.
Why can't programming be like sketching?

Many people compare the labor of programming unfavorably with the freedom of artistic expression. Can a form of programming be developed that has some of this freedom, using sketching as a model of expression?
Extreme-scale load-aligning rotor: To hinge or not to hinge?

Abstract Load alignment, balancing the thrust moment with the centrifugal moment, is a promising innovation for extreme-scale wind turbines. Load alignment allows for longer blades, capturing more power, while maintaining similar blade moments. As blades lengthen, larger coning angles are required to balance increasing thrust moments with centrifugal moments. This yields a key question for such extreme-scale load-aligned rotors: should the blades hinge to actively vary coning or simply be fixed at a single coning angle? To answer this, steady and turbulent FAST simulations were conducted on a variety of downwind rotors with different blade lengths and coning angles. The longest rotor without a hinge increased the energy production by 13.4% compared to shortest rotor without an increase in peak blade moments. However, in turbulent wind there was an approximately 100% increase in fatigue loads. When the coning angle was allowed to change slowly as a function of wind speed (by means of a morphing hinge), the power increased by 19% and the peak moments increased under turbulent wind conditions, but only by 40%. Inclusion of teeter with the hinge decreased both the peak flapwise moments and the fatigue damage equivalent loads back to near baseline values while maintaining 12% power production increase. The results show that load alignment can be achieved with a fixed coning angle (pre-alignment) or by a morphing hinge. By enabling a larger swept area at lower wind speeds, a morphing hinge allows for up to a 4.6% power increase compared with a fixed coning angle.
Air-assisted devices reduce biomechanical loading in the low back and upper extremities during patient turning tasks.

Abstract This laboratory study evaluated different assistive devices for reducing biomechanical loading during patient turning tasks. Twenty caregivers (18 females and 2 males) performed standardized patient turning tasks with two simulated patients (body mass: 74 kg and 102 kg). The turning tasks were performed in two turning directions (toward vs. away relative to caregivers) using five device conditions: draw sheet, friction-reducing turning sheet, air-assisted transfer device, air-assisted turning device, and no assistive device. Low back and upper extremity muscle activity, trunk and shoulder postures, low back moment, and self-reported usability ratings were evaluated. While all assistive devices reduced trunk flexion, both air-assisted transfer and turning devices reduced the trunk flexion (p's
Synaptic communication in brain cancer.

Increasing evidence indicates that the nervous system plays a critical role in cancer progression. This is particularly true in cancers that occur within the central nervous system. Communication between neurons and cancer cells is a fundamental component of brain cancer pathophysiology, both for primary gliomas and for brain metastases. Neuronal activity drives growth of glial malignancies through secreted growth factors and through direct electrochemical synaptic communication. Reciprocally, brain cancers influence neuronal function, increasing neuronal activity and modulating the function of the circuits into which the cancer cells structurally and electrically integrate. Advancing understanding of neuron-cancer interactions will elucidate new therapeutic strategies for these presently lethal brain cancers.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty.

Introduction:Revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) is becoming a more common procedure due to the increasing volume of primary total hip arthroplasty. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently projected...
COVID-19, Civil Commitment, and Ethics

The declaration of a national emergency concerning the COVID-19 outbreak on March 13, 2020, has created new challenges for the ethical practice of involuntary civil commitment in psychiatry. For individuals with serious mental illness (SMI), the risks associated with psychiatric hospitalization, as
iFeliz: An Approach to Control Stress in the Midst of the Global Pandemic and Beyond for Smart Cities using the IoMT

Being able to live happily and peacefully should not be as difficult as it is in today’s world. There is always so much happening around with the global pandemic and other current events that every human being is affected one way or another. Having emotions and reacting to events is good as long as there is a healthy stress response. When a person does not know how to cope with stress, technology should be able to provide a solution. Often, people don’t realize that they are under stress until the very last moment. In order to avoid these mishaps, iFeliz a stress control system is proposed. iFeliz proposes different approaches to address on-spot or live sudden fluctuations in stress: a day-end method to allow the user understand the changes in daily physiological fluctuations, and weekly and monthly approaches to analyze the variations in stress for a certain period to predict any further health issues. Post traumatic disorder is a significant issue and life after COVID-19 will not be the same. Keeping this in mind, iFeliz is proposed to improve the smart healthcare domain thereby improving the smartness in smart cities.
Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History

Review of: Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History, Gary Clayton Anderson
Factors That Influence Quality of Life in People Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review.

Background:An emerging category of morbidity in research among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) is quality of life (QoL).Conceptual Framework:The Commission on Social Determinants of Health (...
Exploring Coupled Extreme Environments via In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

In-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides an avenue to explore time-dependent nanoscale material changes induced by a wide range of environmental conditions that govern material performance and degradation. The In-situ Ion Irradiation TEM (I3TEM) at Sandia National Laboratories is a JEOL 2100 microscope that has been highly modified with an array of hardware and software that makes it particularly well suited to explore fundamental mechanisms that arise from coupled extreme conditions. Examples pertaining to multibeam ion irradiation, rapid thermal cycling, and nanomechanical testing on the I3TEM are highlighted, along with prospective advancements in the field of in-situ microscopy.
Risky Driving Behaviors of Drivers Who Use Alcohol and Cannabis

Many drivers in the United States use alcohol or cannabis, including some who co-use both substances. Using data from a nationally representative survey, self-reported engagement in various risky d...
Enabling a circular economy in the built environment sector through blockchain technology

Abstract The concept of a circular economy (CE) encompasses a comprehensive approach to conscious design and material choice, in addition to keeping products at their utmost utility during production, operation, and reuse cycles through the implementation of closed loops. A blockchain allows for a fast, secure, and accessible information network by providing a decentralized ledger where materials and products can be traced to their sources. This paper investigates blockchain as a promising technology for the facilitation of a CE in the built environment. In support of this, a blockchain model is presented and tested through a synthetic case study to provide a proof of concept as to the feasibility of blockchain as an enabler of a CE in the built environment. With utilization of a blockchain, the current state of each material and component can be tracked, making the proactive planning for their reusability a tangible reality. The findings of the synthetic case study reveal that a blockchain can provide full material and energy traceability, enabling the user to make predictions for the recycling and reuse of materials and goods used in the built environment. Blockchain is shown to be a feasible and novel approach for employing CE concepts in the built environment domain. Additionally, the framework presented here could be beneficial for smart cities and communities, where a blockchain style of information flow can produce synergy with other aspects of a smart and connected community.
Racial Disparities in Potentially Avoidable Hospitalizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction Potentially avoidable hospitalizations are disproportionately experienced by racial and ethnic minorities and expose these groups to unnecessary iatrogenic harm (including the risk of nosocomial COVID-19) and undue financial burden. In working toward an overarching goal of eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities, it is important to understand whether and to what extent potentially avoidable hospitalizations have changed by race and ethnicity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This single-center pre–post study included patients admitted to any UCLA Health hospital for an ambulatory care–sensitive condition between March–August 2019 (prepandemic period) and March–August 2020 (postpandemic period). Investigators measured the change in the number of potentially avoidable hospitalizations (defined per the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guidelines) stratified by race and ethnicity and calculated the 95% CIs for these hospitalizations using a cluster bootstrap procedure. Results Between March 1, 2020 and August 31, 2020, 347 of 4,838 hospitalizations (7.2%) were potentially avoidable, compared with 557 of 6,248 (8.9%) during the same 6-month period in 2019. Potentially avoidable hospitalizations decreased by 50.3% (95% CI=41.2, 60.9) among non-Hispanic Whites but only by 8.0% (95% CI= −16.2, 39.9) among African Americans (50.3% vs 8.0%, p=0.015). Conclusions Racial disparities in potentially avoidable hospitalizations increased during the COVID-19 pandemic at a large urban health system. Given that the prepandemic rates of potentially avoidable hospitalizations were already higher among racial and ethnic minorities, especially among African Americans, this finding should cause alarm and lead to further exploration of the complex factors contributing to these disparities.
Chlorinated Phenols (other than those listed elsewhere)

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol and p-chloro-m-cresol are included in this category. 2-Chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol (q.v.) are listed elsewhere.
Effect of preflaring on canal transportation

Abstract This study evaluated the effect on canal transportation when acrylic canals were preflared with Peeso reamers before the use of ultrasonic, sonic, and hand instrumentation techniques. Twenty resin blocks with simulated curved root canals were shaped with each technique to a size 40 file 0.5 mm from the apical foramen. Ten of the canals were preflared in the cervical region with No. 1 and No. 2 Peeso reamers before instrumentation; 10 canals that were not preflared served as controls. Transportation was measured on the inside canal curvature 3 mm from the canal orifice and 8 mm cervical to the working length, and on the outside canal curvature 1 mm cervical to the working length. Statistical analysis with Student'sttest did not show a significant reduction in canal transportation for the preflared groups. In some areas the amount of transportation was less for the preflared groups; in other areas it was greater.
Educational Services for Children in Foster Care: Common and Contrasting Perspectives of Child Welfare and Education Stakeholders

ABSTRACT Most literature on the education of foster youth focuses on their individual outcomes and characteristics. A small body of literature documents a lack of collaboration between the child welfare and education systems. This study explores commonalities and differences in perspectives between child welfare and education system stakeholders. It draws on findings from a multi-county exploratory study on educational services for foster youth. The findings in this study identify several systemic barriers including placement instability within the child welfare system, limited financial resources of schools, and poor inter-agency communication. In addition, differences in the perceptions of school and child welfare agency personnel regarding the needs of foster children in school, problems encountered in enrolling children in school, and the role and motives of each agency in addressing these needs and problems are identified. These differences point to both the challenges involved in improving communica...
Alaska Native Art: Tradition, Innovation, Continuity

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Susan W. Fair Year: 2006 Pages: 312 Publisher: University of Alaska Press ISBN: 978-1-889963-79-8 (hard cover). Prices: $65.00 USD(hard cover).
Binding of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid to Ribosomes COMPARISON OF THE NONENZYMATIC BINDING OF AMINOACYLATED AND DEACYLATED TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID

Abstract Binding of deacylated transfer RNA to Escherichia coli ribosomes at 5 mm magnesium has been studied and compared with the nonenzymatic binding of Phe-tRNA in the same system. Deacylated tRNA was labeled in the 3'-terminal dinucleotide. Different ribosomal preparations containing 70 S ribosomes but no subunits were investigated and optimal conditions were established. Binding of deacylated tRNA to ribosomes increased with increasing magnesium concentrations and differed from binding of aminoacylated tRNA which showed a pronounced maximum between 4 and 8 mm magnesium. Binding of deacylated tRNA was more labile than binding of aminoacylated tRNA. The former was rather insensitive to changes of temperature and incubation time, whereas binding of aminoacylated tRNA was critically dependent on both conditions and decreased at temperatures higher than 24° and upon longer incubation. KCl stimulated the nonenzymatic binding of aminoacylated tRNA. However, at higher temperatures and upon longer incubation, KCl caused a displacement of aminoacyl-tRNA from ribosomes. Binding of deacylated tRNA was always inhibited by KCl at concentrations higher than 20 mm and by magnesium at 5 mm. Both NaCl and LiCl showed an effect similar to that of KCl on the binding of Phe-tRNA: a stimulation of binding at low concentrations and an inhibition of binding at higher concentrations. Both monovalent ions inhibited binding of deacylated tRNA to ribosomes. This suggests that the order in which monovalent ions act on the binding of both tRNAs is similar, but that they differ with respect to the concentration. This order is the same as the order of their hydrated atomic radius.
The Present Status of 3CR Identifications

This paper is a partial and preliminary report on a review of the optical and radio properties of 3CR sources (Kristian, 1977). It will treat the overall status of the identifications and a few of the optical properties of the identified sources, including evidence for a faint magnitude cutoff in the apparent brightness of 3CR quasars. A summary of the status of 3 CR identifications as of early 1976 has been prepared by Smith, Spinrad, and Smith (1976). The present work includes new data on several dozen sources, as well as a systematic reevaluation of previous identifications.
The Digital Transform Machine

The Digital Transform Machine, a massively parallel computer architecture based on a configurable hardware model of processing, is discussed. Some of the implications of this model of computing are examined, and the cellular structure and interconnection network of a proof-of-concept computer based on it are described. Areas that merit particular attention in future research are identified. >
Crossing the Chasm: From Adoption to Diffusion of a Telehealth Innovation

Telehealth innovations promise to provide extensive medical benefits by increasing access to healthcare services and lowering costs at the same time. However, many telehealth initiatives fail to go beyond the status of prototype applications despite being considered technically viable and medically relevant. Based on a longitudinal investigation of a successful telehealth program, we identify a chasm between the initial adoption mode of the innovation as a prototype within a network of hospitals and the subsequent diffusion mode of the innovation as a commercialized product. Subsequently, we analyze how key actors negotiated the chasm to successfully diffuse the innovation beyond the initial hospital setting. In terms of research, the paper presents a longitudinal, empirical investigation of a successful telehealth innovation. Drawing on the metaphor of “crossing the chasm,” we explain why many telehealth initiatives fail to go beyond prototype application status. In terms of practice, the paper provides lessons on how key actors can negotiate the chasm to transition from adoption mode to diffusion mode.
Computer decision support as a source of interpretation error: the case of electrocardiograms.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect that the computer interpretation (CI) of electrocardiograms (EKGs) has on the accuracy of resident (noncardiologist) physicians reading EKGs. Design: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a laboratory setting from February through June 2001, using a two-period crossover design with matched pairs of subjects randomly assigned to sequencing groups. Measurements: Subjects' interpretive accuracy of discrete, cardiologist-determined EKG findings were measured as judged by a board-certified internist. Results: Without the CI, subjects interpreted 48.9% (95% confidence interval, 45.0% to 52.8%) of the findings correctly. With the CI, subjects interpreted 55.4% (51.9% to 58.9%) correctly (p < 0.0001). When the CIs that agreed with the gold standard ( Correct CIs ) were not included, 53.1% (47.7% to 58.5%) of the findings were interpreted correctly. When the correct CI was included, accuracy increased to 68.1% (63.2% to 72.7%; p < 0.0001). When computer advice that did not agree with the gold standard ( Incorrect CI ) was not provided to the subjects, 56.7% (48.5% to 64.5%) of findings were interpreted correctly. Accuracy dropped to 48.3% (40.4% to 56.4%) when the incorrect computer advice was provided (p = 0.131). Subjects erroneously agreed with the incorrect CI more often when it was presented with the EKG 67.7% (57.2% to 76.7%) than when it was not 34.6% (23.8% to 47.3%; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Computer decision support systems can generally improve the interpretive accuracy of internal medicine residents in reading EKGs. However, subjects were influenced significantly by incorrect advice, which tempers the overall usefulness of computer-generated advice in this and perhaps other areas.
Science and application missions of the near future

A variety of missions under study for NASA at the Marshall Space Flight Center in support of space science, SEI, and the Mission to Planet Earth are discussed. These science and application payloads including the laser atmospheric wind sounder, inner magnetosphere imager, large lunar telescope, and lunar transit telescope will utilize the capabilities of the Space Station, the earth observing system, GEO, and SEI infrastructure. Attention is given to controls, astrophysics, and structures experiment in space.
Estimating the Angles of Arrival of Multiple Plane Waves

The problem of estimating the angles of arrival of M plane waves incident simultaneously on a line array with L + 1 (L?M) sensors utilizing the special eigenstructure of the covariance matrix C of the signal plus noise at the output of the array is addressed. A polynomial D(z) with special properties is constructed from the eigenvectors of C, the zeros of which give estimates of the angle of arrival. Although the procedure turns out to be essentially the same as that developed by Reddi, the development presented here provides insight into the estimation problem.
Effect of fructose feeding on insulin secretion and insulin action in the rat

Insulin secretion and insulin action were studied in rats fed either a diet containing (as percent of calories) 66% fructose, 22% protein, and 12% fat, or standard rat chow (60% vegetable starch, 29% protein, 11% fat) for 7 days. Plasma glucose concentration following either an oral glucose or fructose load (180 mg/100 g body weight) were slightly higher in the fructose-fed rats, and this was associated with a much greater elevation of plasma insulin concentrations. The ability of insulin to stimulate disposal of glucose load was determined during the continuous infusion of epinephrine, propranolol, glucose, and insulin. Under these condtions the steady state plasma insulin levels were the same in the two groups of rats, whereas the steady state plasma glucose levels were almost twice as high in the fructose fed rats. Thus, fructose feeding for 7 days resulted in an increase in the insulin response to an oral carbohydrate challenge, as well as to a loss of normal insulin sensitivity.
Surviving in the trenches: A narrative inquiry into queer teachers’ experiences and identity

Abstract This study, through the lens of narrative inquiry, examines the lived experiences of six lesbian and gay teachers working in primary and secondary school settings in the Midwest region of the USA. The heteronormative society in which we live has lead these individuals to keep their sexual identity separate from their identity as a teacher for a number of reasons. In addition to exploring these issues, this study aims to understand what it is like to be a queer teacher in the Midwest by focusing on how they construct and maintain their identities.
Effect of bovine bone constituents on broadband ultrasound attenuation measurements.

Abstract Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) has been found to correlate positively with bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. However, because there is a significant amount of unexplained variation in this correlation, it has been suggested that BUA might also provide information about bone structure. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of bone mineral and organic matrix to BUA and BMD measurements. The influence of sample length of the BUA and BMD was also investigated by normalizing these measurements to length. BUA (Walker Sonix, 575+) and BMD (Lunar DPX) values were obtained on bicortical cores removed from 12 bovine femoral necks. BMD and BUA measurements were repeated on the samples after: (1) mechanical removal of the cortices; (2) defatting using a 2:1 chloroform:methanol solution; and (3) decalcifying using formic acid. The data demonstrate that the cortical component of the bone contributes significantly to BMD. We found that 41.7% of the normalized BMD reflect cortical bone. Defatting the samples did not affect BUA. Decalcifying the trabecular bone while maintaining an intact collagenous structure significantly reduces BUA by 89% and BMD by 96% compared to the whole core samples. Normalizing BMD and BUA to sample length, in cases where large variation is present, does influence the correlation between the variables. We conclude that BUA is influenced mainly by the presence of bone mineral, whereas the presence of the organic matrix contributes very little to BUA.
Alterations in creatine kinase in fresh muscle and cell cultures in Duchenne dystrophy

Creatine kinase (CK) (total and isoenzymes) was measured in cultures obtained by dissociation and subsequent plating of cells from biopsied quadriceps muscle of 10 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 20 controls. The total cellular CK and CK-MM reached highest values around 21 days in both DMD and control cultures, suggesting that DMD cultures do not show delayed myoblast fusion. There was a significant decrease of total cellular CK in DMD cultures at all stages, but the maximum differences were noted for the peak values. The CK isoenzyme pattern in DMD cultures demonstrated a higher percentage of CK-BB and CK-MB and a lower percentage of CK-MM than was observed in cultures from the controls. Addition of cytosine arabinoside after myoblast fusion to muscle cell cultures did not induce significant changes of CK isoenzyme pattern. There was no difference in the CK levels in culture medium from controls and DMD patients. The alterations of cellular CK were similar in fresh muscle and cell cultures from DMD patients.
NI-38GLIOBLASTOMA SUBTYPES DEFINED BY QUANTITATIVE IMAGING MAP TO DIFFERENT CANONICAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS

We sought to discover subtypes of glioblastoma (GBM) defined by quantitative imaging features and to identify their canonical signaling pathways. Preoperative MR imaging from 121 Stanford patients with de novo, focal, unilateral GBM were analyzed. Two board-certified neuroradiologists and a neurosurgeon reached consensus in delineating Regions-of-Interest (ROIs) around areas of enhancement in each T1 post-contrast MR. We extracted 138 quantitative image features representing signal intensity and morphology of each lesion. We then used Consensus Clustering to define subtypes in the Stanford group. Next, Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM) and the In-Group Proportion (IGP) statistic were used to validate the reproducibility and robustness of our subtype classification in a second cohort of subjects from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 145). Finally, to map imaging subtypes to particular molecular signaling pathways, we performed Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) on pathway activity estimates derived from analysis of TCGA tumor copy number and RNA sequencing data with the PARADIGM algorithm. Consensus Clustering analysis of the training set identified three clusters whose validity was confirmed in the TCGA cohort (p < 0.0001, p< 0.0001, p = 0.015). Cluster sizes for the TCGA validation cohort (i.e. 45%, 21% and 35%) were similar to those in the Stanford training set (57%, 17% and 26%). Cluster 1 was associated with 49 overexpressed pathways (FDR < 5%) including Wnt, hypoxia, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis signaling pathways while Cluster 2 was characterized by downregulation of these pathways (FDR < 5%). No pathway was significantly associated with Cluster 3. We identified three distinct, robust clusters of focal, unilateral GBM defined by quantitative image signatures. Subtypes identified in a homogeneous Stanford training set were validated in the heterogeneous multi-institutional TCGA data set. Two of our three clusters had significant associations with canonical signaling pathways.
Clarifying and Re-Clarifying the Measurement of Death Attitudes: A Comment

Rigdon and Epting have challenged our factor analytic procedures, particularly our interpretation of the multidimensionality of several death scales. However, we believe our analysis and conclusions are justified and that the logic behind Rigdon and Eptings' alternate analysis is not compelling.
Developing a Programme for Soviet Managers

The sweeping changes in the Soviet Union under perestroika demand major changes in the way business is conducted internally and externally. The move to a more market‐based economy continues to cause confusion and places serious new demands upon Soviet managers. The jobs of Soviet managers before and since perestroika are discussed. Also discussed are the major changes they face as well as the needs which must be addressed if they are to function effectively in a more decentralised decision‐making system. Additionally, a programme is described which was developed at Northeastern University and offered for 16 senior Soviet executives from Aviaexport, a branch of the Soviet Ministry of Aviation.