cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the AUGMENT system

For a period of nine months the author used AUGMENT, an electronic office support system. This paper is an evaluation of that system. AUGMENT is a commercially available, time-shared system marketed by TYMSHARE. In an integrated manner, AUGMENT supports functions needed in any electronic office support system. These functions include word processing, electronic mail, computer conferencing and file sharing. It also supports a powerful and unique method of structuring and viewing a file.The author was a member of a group of six people who used the system in their daily activities. Many of the major functions of AUGMENT were regularly used during that period. The author found the system to be extremely supportive in his daily activities and believes that it allowed him to materially increase his productivity. The functions that were supported are reviewed and the strengths and weaknesses of AUGMENT as seen by the author are examined.
Techniques for reducing the reverse short channel effect in sub-0.5 μm CMOS

Experimental evidence is presented demonstrating that the reverse short channel effect (RSCE) is initiated by damage from the source-drain implants which, in turn, causes defect-enhanced diffusion of the channel dopants toward the gate oxide interface. Several process options that attempt to modify the diffusion of the channel implants, such as channel doping profile engineering, vacancy injection into the silicon substrate through sputter-etch damage, and TEOS depositions on silicon followed by rapid thermal annealing, are described which reduce the magnitude of the reverse short channel effect. This often results in an increase in device short channel margin of as much as 50 nm and a concomitant increase in the n-channel drive current of as much as 10%. >
Nonlinear Response of a Premixed Combustor to Forced Acoustic Oscillations

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the response of the flame in a lean, premixed combustor to imposed acoustic oscillations. It presents further analysis and discussion of data first presented at the 2003 Aerospace Sciences Meeting. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop capabilities for predicting the amplitude of combustion instabilities in gas turbines. Simultaneous measurements of CH* and OH* chemiluminescence, pressure, and velocity were obtained over a range of forcing amplitudes and frequencies. These data indicate that the flame chemiluminescence response to imposed oscillations saturates at pressure and velocity amplitudes on the order of p’/po~0.02 and u’/uo~0.3. This CH*’/CH*o saturation amplitude grows linearly with the linear gain of the u’-CH*’ transfer function. Interactions between the nonlinear heat release and the linear combustor acoustics were characterized by sweeping the driving frequency through a resonant combustor frequency. With increasing driving amplitude, the resulting frequency response curves began to saturate in amplitude and bend over toward lower frequencies. Similar to the classical nonlinear Duffing oscillator, this bending of the frequency response curves manifests itself as a subcritical bifurcation in combustor pressure response, whose gain and phase exhibited jumps and hysteresis. The disturbance amplitudes where this behavior occurs exactly coincide with the point where the heat release response begins to saturate.
English in advertising in Colombia

The aim of this study is to show and analyze the presence of English on commercial signs in Colombia, a predominantly Spanish-speaking country from the Expanding Circle (Kachru 1985). It also explores the use of pop culture and social media images and references, as well as the proliferation of copycats or quasi clones in commercial ads (Kasanga 2010; Bolton 2012). The analysis and two small surveys reveal that the presence of English seems to have mainly a decorative and symbolic function, accompanied on occasion with whimsical humor. This paper aims to contribute to the documentation of English in advertising in the Colombian and South American context.
Developing recovery and monitoring strategies for the endemic Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) in Arizona

An important challenge in conservation biology is extracting pertinent information from the available data for endangered species. Rarely do we have enough information to precisely determine an organism’s risk of extinction and other factors that affect its management. How, then, can we use limited information to make responsible conservation decisions on controversial species such as the Mount Graham red squirre? We use several analytical approaches to examine 15 years of abundance data for the Mount Graham red squirrel, in order to propose recovery criteria and to evaluate alternative conservation strategies. We analysed the historical population dynamics using a diffusion approximation model and showed that the main threat to the population was not the overall growth rate (which may well be greater than 1) but rather the wide range of variation in annual growth rates. We have used information on the distribution of growth rates and abundance to classify the species as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). We have then presented a simple demographic model to examine the effects of proportional changes in vital rates on the population growth rate (λ). The elasticity values obtained for Mount Graham red squirrels indicate that the population is far more sensitive to changes in survival rates (particularly adult survival) compared to reproduction. Our analyses suggest that management should focus on refining monitoring techniques, reducing sources of variability, improving the survival of adult animals and filling the gaps in the currently available data.
Force balance in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn

Spacecraft measurements of the plasma populations and magnetic fields near Jupiter and Saturn have revealed that large magnetospheres surround both planets. Magnetic field measurements have indicated closed field line topologies in the dayside magnetospheres of both planets while plasma instruments have shown these regions to be populated by both hot and cold plasma components convected azimuthally in the sense of planetary rotation. By using published data from the Voyager Plasma Science (PLS), Low Energy Charged Particle (LECP), and Magnetometer (MAG) instruments, it is possible to investigate the validity of the time stationary MHD momentum equation in the middle magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. At Saturn, the hot plasma population is negligible in the dynamic sense and the centrifugal force of the cold rotating plasma appears to balance the Lorentz force. At Jupiter, the centrifugal force balances about 25 percent of the Lorentz force. The remaining inward Lorentz force is balanced by pessure gradients in the hot, high-beta plasma of the Jovian magnetodisk.
Mechanisms of Reduced Trillium Recruitment along Edges of Old-Growth Forest Fragments

Studies of plants in fragmented habitats have focused on single ecological processes, such as seed production or seed dispersal, that may be altered by increased fragmentation and that operate as the mecha- nism(s) that increase extinction probability. We examined a suite of potential mechanisms to explain demo- graphic shifts toward extinction in populations of Trillium ovatum , a long-lived herbaceous perennial found in the understory of western North American conifer forests. Past work has shown that populations of T. ova- tum found within z 65 m of forest-clearcut edges in southwestern Oregon have had almost no new recruit- ment since the edges were formed. We hypothesized that changes in abiotic conditions and biotic interactions present along edges are responsible for reduced recruitment. In eight populations in eight separate fragments, we evaluated the relationship of distance of the populations to the forest edge with respect to six processes: flowering phenology (timing), seed production, pollination- and resource-limitation of seed set, seed dis- persal, seed predation, and germination. Those factors that showed a significant relationship with edge dis- tance were then compared with recruitment of younger age classes. Two processes were significantly different near edges and were highly correlated with decreased recruitment: decreased seed production due to changes in pollination and increased seed predation by rodents. Our study (in conjunction with previous studies) sug- gests that several ecological processes show no significant relationship with edge distance and can be elimi- nated as possible mechanisms of reduced recruitment: flowering phenology, resource-limitation of seed set, seed dispersal, germination, herbivory, and survivorship of established plants. Edges influence some but not all components of a plant's life history. Thus, determining shifts in only one part of a life history will be inad- equate for testing the prediction of increasing extinction probabilities in fragmented landscapes. Future stud- ies should include enough information to conduct comprehensive analyses, such as matrix projections and sensitivity analyses.
Collaborative games: lessons learned from board games

Collaborative mechanisms are starting to become prominent in computer games, like massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs); however, by their nature, these games are difficult to investigate. Game play is often complex and the underlying mechanisms are frequently opaque. In contrast, board games are simple. Their game play is fairly constrained and their core mechanisms are transparent enough to analyze. In this article, the authors seek to understand collaborative games. Because of their simplicity, they focus on board games. The authors'present an analysis of collaborative games. In particular, they focus on Reiner Knizia's LORD OF THE RINGS, considered by many to be the quintessential collaborative board game. Our analysis yields seven observations, four lessons, and three pitfalls, that game designers might consider useful for designing collaborative games. They reflect on the particular opportunities that computers have for the design of collaborative games as well as how some of the issues discussed apply to the case of computer games.
The effect of positioning on hemodynamics and gas exchange in the critically ill: a review

Positioning of critically ill patients affects hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary outcomes. A review of clinical studies indicates that backrest elevations up to 60 degrees do not affect measurement of intracardiac pressures or cardiac output, but PaO2 may diminish in sitting positions following surgical procedures. In lateral positions, measurement of intracardiac pressures and cardiac output is not recommended, since a uniform reference point has not been identified for lateral positions. In patients with unilateral lung disease, PaO2 increases with the unaffected lung in the dependent position. Despite widespread use, the Trendelenburg position has not been shown to provide consistent beneficial effects. Prone positioning may be beneficial in adult respiratory distress syndrome and in weaning of mechanically ventilated patients. When planning positioning maneuvers, critical care nurses should consider these effects in relation to the specific needs of each patient. Hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary responses to positioning should be evaluated in conjunction with other therapeutic modalities such as those designed to preserve skin integrity and improve comfort.
Gradually Worsening Tattoo Lesion

A 37-year-old woman who had had a tattoo placed on her left arm in a tattoo parlor 2 weeks previously presented with gradually worsening swelling and itching in the red ink area of the tattoo (Figure). Topical hydrocortisone cream (1%) applied for 1 week had provided no benefit. She had no fever or any other systemic symptoms. She was otherwise in excellent health, with no history of allergies, no recent travel, and no animal exposure or trauma to her arm. On examination, the patient was afebrile and appeared healthy. Marked swelling and keloid formation within the red ink area of the tattoo were noted. There was no drainage, local warmth or tenderness, or pustule formation. Notably, there was no swelling or discoloration over the black ink area of the tattoo. Laboratory tests showed a white blood cell count of 10 000 cells/μL (60% neutrophils, 33% lymphocytes, and 6% eosinophils), normal hemoglobin level, and normal platelet count. Quiz at jama.com Figure. Swelling and keloid formation within red ink area of tattoo.
Polyamine depletion delays apoptosis of rat intestinal epithelial cells.

The polyamines spermidine, spermine, and their precursor putrescine are essential for cell growth and the regulation of the cell cycle. Recent studies suggest that excessive accumulation of polyami...
Federalism, Welfare Reform and the Minority Poor: Accounting for the Tyranny of State Majorities

The ideals of federalism contributed significantly to the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, which repeakd the AFDC entitlement program and devolved broad authority to the states to design and administer programs for welfare reform. Professor Cashin challenges the federalist, a priori assumption that states are the natural situs of policy authority concerning the poor. She argues that the Act is likely to yield harmful consequences for the poor?especially the minority poor?because the political economy of state decisionmaking is more hostile to redistributive aims than is that of national decisionmaking. The Article tests the conventional normative theories in support of feder? alism against the empirical reality of state decisionmaking, and concludes that such broad decentralization is not normatively justified. Marshaling empirical evidence of the risk of a utyranny of the majority, " by which local prejudices go unchecked, Professor Cashin argues that if Congress wants to ensure that welfare reform is pursued in a manner that actually meets its core purpose of reducing welfare dependency, it will need to be more interventionist in directing state action. Thus, the Article offers an alternative vision of decentralization, arguing for a more aggressive framework of national stan? dards or incentives that would insulate the disadvantaged poor from the tyranny of the advantaged majority. At the same time, however, the Article endorses giving states free reign on all policy design decisions beyond this level of fundamental national standards, arguing that, as regards these remaining issues, the potential benefits of decentralization outweigh its poten? tial risks to the poor.
Nitrate Uptake, Reduction and Transport in the Whole Plant

The major form of inorganic nitrogen available to higher plants in most soils is nitrate because fertilizer N and ammonia from ammonification of organic matter are readily oxidized to nitrate-N through nitrification by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. It is estimated that only about 50% of the fertilizer N that is applied to crops is normally recovered by the crop during the year of application (1–4).
Fallstudie: Portefeuille-Analyse als Instrument zur Planung einer Beteiligungsinvestition eines internationalen Baukonzerns

Ein internationaler Baukonzern ermoglichte dem Autor die konzerninterne Planung einer Beteiligungsinvestition anhand von Gesprachsunterlagen, Vorstandssitzungsprotokollen und Aufsichtsratvorlagen sowie durch Interviews mit den befasten Planern und Entscheidungstragern nachzuvoll-ziehen. Weiters wurden dem Autor Informationen und Datenmaterial zur Verfugung gestellt, die es erlauben, die konzernintern durchgefuhrte Entscheidungsaufbereitung durch die Anwendung einer Portefeuille-Analyse zu erganzen. Ziel dieser Fallstudie ist es, zu uberprufen, ob der im nachhinein erarbeitete Ansatz der Portefeuille-Analyse ebenfalls zur Entscheidung des Konzernvorstandes gefuhrt hatte, die Beteiligungsinvestition vorzunehmen, oder ob diese Entscheidung als unvorteilhaft bewertet worden ware. Eine Interpretation der erzielten Ergebnisse soll die Relevanz sowie die Einsatzmoglichkeiten der Portefeuille-Theorie zur Investitionsplanung des Bauunternehmens aufzeigen.
High performance passive devices for millimeter wave system integration on integrated fan-out (InFO) wafer level packaging technology

High performance passive devices for millimeter wave (MMW) system, including inductor, ring resonator, power combiner, coupler, balun, transmission line, and antenna, are first realized using integrated fan-out (InFO) wafer level packaging technology. The inductors has quality factor over 40; the power combiner, coupler, and balun show lower transmission loss than on-chip passives; antenna has the efficiency of over 60%. These devices on InFO enable low noise and power MMW system for mobile communication and IoT applications.
Inadequacy of certain natural diets for guinea pigs.

SummaryGuinea pigs fail to grow on a corn-soybean oil meal-alfalfa ration even when adequate amounts of vitamins A, D, E, and C are supplied. The survival and blood picture of the animals are improved by the addition of a mixture of crystalline water soluble vitamins of which niacin appears to be an important, but not the only, active component. Linseed oil meal, soybean oil meal, and casein supplements promote growth and blood formation approaching that of animals on stock ration. The potency of these substances is proportional to their tryptophane content and may be replaced in part by pure tryptophane.
Effects of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Tunneling and Drought Stress on Field Corn Gas Exchange Parameters

The influence of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibner), larval tunneling on corn ( Zea mays L.) gas exchange parameters was examined in a 2-yr field study. Manual larval infestations were established in corn (two planting dates per year) grown on a soil moisture gradient. Larval tunneling significantly reduced the corn photosynthetic rate compared with uninfested plants by 11.4 and 22.1% in 1987 for 3 and 5 larvae per plant infestations, respectively, whereas the 1 larva per plant infestation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate. In 1988, when the drought stress was not as severe as in 1987, only the high infestation rate affected the photosynthetic rate (an 11.7% reduction). Other consequences of larval tunneling were reduced stomatal conductance (up to 28.1%), decreased inter cellular CO2, concentration, and increased leaf temperature (up to 1.8°C). The interactions with soil moisture level were not significant. In all four planting dates, once the larval tunneling ceased, i.e., pupation occurred, the effect on photosynthetic rate waned, even though the vascular obstruction (tunnel) was still present. The plants appeared to have some mechanism to compensate for the injury. These results suggest that European corn borer tunneling directly affected plant physiology, possibly through disturbing the source-sink relationship (upper photosynthesizing leaves-developing ear). Compared with adequately watered soils, water deficit conditions resulted in reduced photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductances, and inter cellular CO°C, concentrations (1988 only), and in increased leaf temperatures; however, the effects were not transient as were the effects from the larval tunneling.
Tension-Type and Other Primary Headaches

A review of the literature on tension-type and other “nonmigrainous” primary headaches is presented from Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA.
Scalar Valued Mappings of Square Matrices

(1963). Scalar Valued Mappings of Square Matrices. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 163-169.
DNA computation: a photochemically controlled AND gate.

DNA computation is an emerging field that enables the assembly of complex circuits based on defined DNA logic gates. DNA-based logic gates have previously been operated through purely chemical means, controlling logic operations through DNA strands or other biomolecules. Although gates can operate through this manner, it limits temporal and spatial control of DNA-based logic operations. A photochemically controlled AND gate was developed through the incorporation of caged thymidine nucleotides into a DNA-based logic gate. By using light as the logic inputs, both spatial control and temporal control were achieved. In addition, design rules for light-regulated DNA logic gates were derived. A step-response, which can be found in a controller, was demonstrated. Photochemical inputs close the gap between DNA computation and silicon-based electrical circuitry, since light waves can be directly converted into electrical output signals and vice versa. This connection is important for the further development of an...
Determination of 15 volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in drinking water by purge-and-trap gas chromatography

Objective:To set up a practical method for determination of the trace amounts of fifteen volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in drinking water.Methods: Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatography was used.Results: The fifteen volatile halogenated hydrocarbons had been separated successfully.The recoveries of the method was 87.9%～101.4% and the relative standard deviations was 1.09%～5.45%.Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid,sensitive and accurate,it is suitable for detection and analysis of volatile hydrocarbons in drinking water.
Polyurethane foam material's gap effects

To protect personnel effectively from the hurt of shockwave,it's important to research the gap testing of the polyurethane foam.In light of the attenuated characteristic of the polyurethane foam for the shockwave,a physical model of gap testing was set up.By adjusting the thickness of the polyurethane foam and air-pillar's length and calculating the parameters of the shockwave attenuation,the gap distances were attained under the influence of only polyurethane foam or both air and polyurethane foam.The comparism of the calculation parameters and the experimental results,indicates that when the thickness of polyurethane foam is more than 30 millimeters,the air-pillar is longer than 50 millimeters and the sum of them is more than 130 millimeters,the gap testing equipment is satisfied.
Site of inhibition of leydig cell testosterone synthesis by delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol.

The lowering of testosterone levels in both humans and experimental animals is apparently one of the effects caused by exposure to marihuana or certain of its components. This effect could be produced either by an indirect action on the central nervous system or by a direct action on the testes, specifically the Leydig cells. Using isolated murine Leydig cells as a model, a stepwise examination of the steroidogenic pathway was carried out to locate the site of action of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol in this system. The evidence points to the release of "precursor" cholesterol from its ester storage form as the point of inhibition. Generally, the pharmacological effects of marihuana have been difficult to link to a specific biochemical process. The findings reported here provide an example where such a correlation may be possible.
Survivorship of Extensor Mechanism Allograft Reconstruction After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Extensor mechanism disruption remains a devastating complication after total knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes of extensor mechanism allograft (EMA) reconstruction in a large single-center case series. Methods Consecutive patients with a previous total knee arthroplasty undergoing extensor mechanism reconstruction using a fresh-frozen EMA tensioned in full extension were identified retrospectively from single-center institutional database (N = 25 patients, 26 knees; mean follow-up 68 months [range 22-113 months]). The primary outcome was initial allograft failure, defined as removal of the allograft or extensor lag >30 degrees at most recent follow-up. Results Sixty-nine percent (18/26) of knees had retained their initial allograft reconstruction at their latest follow-up despite reoperation rates of 58% (15/26). A younger age was significantly associated with failure of the initial allograft reconstruction. Knee Society Scores increased from 101 (38 standard deviation [SD]) to 116 (40 SD) at most recent follow-up for the group as a whole ( P = .4). Patients undergoing a reoperation for any cause had lower Knee Society Scores (101 [SD 38] vs 138 [SD 32], respectively; P = .04) at most recent follow-up. Conclusion EMA reconstruction shows adequate overall intermediate-term survival; however, reoperation rates were high and associated with worse functional outcomes.
Ibudilast attenuates expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine in male and female rats.

There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for cocaine use disorder, indicating a need to identify novel reagents with therapeutic potential. Ibudilast is an anti-inflammatory glial attenuator and non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor currently undergoing clinical evaluations for methamphetamine, opiate, and alcohol abuse disorders. We previously showed that twice daily (b.i.d.) ibudilast reduces the development of methamphetamine sensitization in male mice. However, nothing is known about the ability of ibudilast to modulate the expression of sensitization that occurs after drug re-exposure during abstinence, effects on cocaine-mediated behaviors, or potentially sexually dimorphic effects. Male and female rats were administered cocaine for 7 days and expression of sensitization was assessed by cocaine challenge after 21 days abstinence. On test days, 15 mg/kg i. p. cocaine was evaluated, whereas 30 mg/kg was administered on intervening days. Lower test doses avoid competition of non-motor behaviors with locomotion. In all measures where sensitization was expressed, ibudilast (7.5 and 10 mg/kg, i. p., b. i.d. for 3 days and once on test day) reversed this behavior to levels seen after acute exposure, but not below. There were some intriguing sexually dimorphic effects that were not a function of estrous cycle. Specifically, distance travelled in the center of the test arena and rearing only sensitized in male rats, and ibudilast reversed these behaviors to levels seen after acute cocaine exposure. In females, center distance travelled was reduced below acute cocaine levels by 7.5 mg/kg ibudilast. Increased distance travelled in the center versus periphery is thought to model anxiolytic-like behavior due to increased predation risk. Taken together, these data suggest that the clinical evaluation of ibudilast could be extended to cocaine use disorder.
Postoperative Imaging after Surgical Repair for Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

Pelvic floor dysfunction encompasses an extremely common set of conditions, with various surgical and nonsurgical treatment options. Surgical options include injection of urethral bulking agents, native tissue repair with or without bioabsorbable or synthetic graft material, placement of synthetic midurethral slings or use of vaginal mesh kits, and mesh sacrocolpopexy procedures. Numerous different synthetic products with varied imaging appearances exist, and some of these products may be difficult to identify at imaging. Patients often present with recurrent or new symptoms after surgery; and depending on the presenting complaint and the nature of the initial intervention, imaging with ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, voiding cystourethrography, or computed tomography (CT) may be indicated. US and MR imaging can both be used to image urethral bulking agents; US is often used to follow potential changes in bulking agent volume with time. Compared with MR imaging, US depicts midurethral slings better in the urethrovaginal space, and MR imaging is better than US for depiction of the arms in the retropubic space and obturator foramen. Mesh along the vaginal wall may be depicted with both US and MR imaging; however, the distal arms of the mesh traversing the sacrospinous ligaments or within the ischiorectal fossae (ischioanal fossae) are better depicted with MR imaging. Scarring can mimic slings and mesh at both US and MR imaging. MR imaging is superior to US for depiction of sacrocolpopexy mesh and associated complications. Voiding cystourethrography and CT are used less commonly because they rarely allow direct depiction of implanted material. Online supplemental material is available for this article. (©)RSNA, 2016.
On-chip implementation of ECoG signal data decoding in brain-computer interface

Brain-computer interface (BCI) has been extensively studied as a means of restoring sensorimotor functions. The BCI enables individuals to use their own brain electrical activity signals recorded by electrodes to control an external device through decoding, translating, and actuating. While most state of the art decoding techniques rely on offline analysis, in this work, we showed that brain signal decoding can be performed efficiently using on-chip implementation, which serves as a pathway to development of a real-time BCI system capable of predicting volitional movement intentions. The main building blocks of our decoding architecture are a hardware friendly version of principle component analysis (PCA) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP). Experimental results using an FPGA and publicly available electrocorticography (ECoG) data show that our proposed architecture can predict single finger movements with more than 80% accuracy.
Reliability of Process Control Software

Abstract One of the most urgent problems in the design and development of modern digital systems is the reliability of computer software. Many system failures occur due to the excitation of residual errors in the software when a particular combination of inputs occurs. These residual errors endure into operation because of the impossibility of testing more than a fraction of the hugh number of input combinations. The random occurrence of the inputs and the unknown location of the errors make this a probabilistic problem. This paper introduces some of the simpler software reliability models which are used in the field. These result in a reliability function which predicts the probability of failure free operation for a specified time period and the mean time between system failures due to software errors. Evidence is presented showing that the models work well when used with complete and accurately gathered data. More advanced models are referenced. The appropriate data needed to support the models are discussed along with suggestions for the creation of a software reliability data base.
A compiler for throughput optimization of graph algorithms on GPUs

Writing high-performance GPU implementations of graph algorithms can be challenging. In this paper, we argue that three optimizations called throughput optimizations are key to high-performance for this application class. These optimizations describe a large implementation space making it unrealistic for programmers to implement them by hand. To address this problem, we have implemented these optimizations in a compiler that produces CUDA code from an intermediate-level program representation called IrGL. Compared to state-of-the-art handwritten CUDA implementations of eight graph applications, code generated by the IrGL compiler is up to 5.95x times faster (median 1.4x) for five applications and never more than 30% slower for the others. Throughput optimizations contribute an improvement up to 4.16x (median 1.4x) to the performance of unoptimized IrGL code.
DECIMAL: A requirements engineering tool for product families

Today, many software organizations are utilizing product lines as a way of improving productivity, improving quality and reducing development time. When a product family evolves (a new member is added to it), there must be a way to verify whether the new member’s specific requirements are met within the reuse constraints of its product family. The contribution of this paper is to demonstrate such a verification process by describing a requirements engineering tool called DECIMAL. DECIMAL is an interactive, automated, GUI driven verification tool that automatically checks for completeness (checking to see if all commonalities are satisfied) and consistency (checking to see if dependencies between variabilities are satisfied) of the new member’s requirements with the product family’s requirements. DECIMAL also checks that variabilities are within the range and data type specified for the product family. The approach is to perform the verification using a database as the underlying analysis engine. Finally, a pilot study of a virtual reality device driver product family is described which investigates the feasibility of this approach by evaluating the tool.
Prescription drug therapies for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the changes in bone mass with age in women and men, explain the physiology and pathophysiology of the bone remodeling process, identify the targets for prescription osteoporosis drugs in this process, and provide details about the uses, efficacy, safety, and economics of prescription drug therapies for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. BACKGROUND: Preventing accelerated bone loss and decreasing age-related decreases in bone density are the primary goals of prescription drug therapy for osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates are the drugs of choice for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. Alternatives for patients who cannot take bisphosphonates include raloxifene and calcitonin salmon. SUMMARY: Menopause is accompanied by a rapid loss in bone mass that is followed by annual losses due to aging in women, which are similar to age-related bone mass decreases in men. Most prescription drug therapies for osteoporosis prevention or treatment reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activation and activity, with only one medication class able to increase bone formation by stimulating osteoblasts. Denosumab, an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits nuclear factor κB ligand, would be a new class of antiresorptive medications. Bisphosphonates currently are the drugs of choice for preventing and treating osteoporosis, with 7- and 10-year safety data available for risedronate and alendronate, respectively. Weekly and monthly regimens of bisphosphonates improve patient acceptance. Recently, an injectable form of ibandronate received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for once every 3 months administration. Raloxifene and calcitonin salmon are alternatives for patients who cannot take bisphosphonates because of contraindications or adverse effects. Teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone fragment, not only increases bone mineral density but also increases bone connectivity. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoporosis medications are usually safe, especially if used correctly with proper patient education. Treating osteopenia has not been found to be cost effective in women. However, obtaining a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan and treating osteoporosis has resulted in cost savings in senior women living in community and nursing home residences. Pharmacists have multiple opportunities for preventing and treating osteoporosis.
Designing sensor networks to protect primary users in spectrum access systems

In response to increasing demand on the radio frequency spectrum, regulators are implementing new spectrum access systems to share spectrum among diverse users. These systems leverage cognitive radio concepts to automatically identify suitable spectrum for users, avoiding harmful interference with higher priority users. An infrastructure of spectrum sensors is a key component of the spectrum access system, providing the means for the system to identify necessary protections. The geolocation precision of the sensing system will be limited in practice due to privacy concerns of the priority users as well as cost limitations. In this work, we examine the design options for the sensing component of a spectrum access system in terms of user performance and privacy. We apply machine learning techniques to treat the problem of estimating the priority users' state from sensor measurements, finding that the geolocation precision is closely tied to the density of the sensor deployment, and that the secondary user performance degrades rapidly if the density is too low, highlighting a tradeoff between priority user privacy and secondary user performance.
The Research Question and the Hypothesis

Clinical trial design starts with the development of a focused, concise, answerable primary research question. The time spent defining this question up front is as valuable as the time that will be spent conducting the trial itself. Start simple with real ideas that are meaningful to your clinical practice and specialty. Refine your ideas into a more defined research question. This research question needs to be relevant, needs to translate to the primary hypothesis to be tested, needs to set the steps in motion to define the research methodology and analytic plan for the trial, needs to be answerable, and ultimately needs to offer promise that this answer will provide critical new knowledge that will change clinical practice for the better and improve patient outcomes.
Effects of strain energy on the recrystallization within narrow metallization

Elastic strain energy within materials due to recrystallization of grains with a specific orientation, or texture, can be calculated through the use of Eshelby inclusions, where a recrystallized grain can be treated as an elastically anisotropic inclusion in an elastically isotropic matrix. The evolution of texture that minimizes elastic strain energy is shown to be dependent on the specific strain state. The interaction strains generated by this elastic incompatibility and corresponding strain energy have been derived for grains with cubic symmetry for general forms of the applied strain tensor. For uniaxial and isotropic, biaxial strain tensors, the interaction strain tensor and corresponding elastic strain energy density are proportional to the orientation parameter, Γ, which relates the Miller indices of the recrystallized grain to the loading direction: either parallel to the uniaxial strain direction or perpendicular to the plane in which isotropic biaxial strain is applied. It is rigorously proven ...
Thalamocortical Mechanisms and Smell: Insight from Amnesia

In 1963, Powell, Cowan, and Raisman described a pathway from the pyriform lobe to the mediodorsal nucleus (MDn) of the thalamus. Although previous reports had provided evidence of direct olfactory projections to frontal neocortex in dogs and rabbits (cf. Allison, 1953), this report revolutionized thinking about central olfactory processes by emphasizing the importance of thalamocortical projections in olfaction. Powell et al. (1963), pg. 712, states: “First, it shows that the thalamus is related to the olfactory system in much the same way as it is to other sensory pathways, and from this it follows that part, at least, of the orbitofrontal area of the cortex may be thought of as a sensory projection field for olfaction - - although clearly not in the same way as the primary sensory areas.”
Active DNA Demethylation and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine

Cytosine C5-methylation (5mC) is the best characterized epigenetic modification in eukaryotic cells. In the mammalian nervous system, both DNA methylation and demethylation have been shown to play important roles in dynamic regulation of gene expression programs under normal and pathological conditions. In this chapter, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying active DNA demethylation, with a focus on the role of the recently identified DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in this process. We also discuss the potential role of active DNA demethylation in the nervous system.
METAL-CONTAINING POLYMERS: AN INTRODUCTION

The classical polymer chemist concentrates on polymers containing only about eight elements (C, H, N, O, S, P, Cl, Br) while the number of readily available metals is well over forty. Many of these metals have several oxidation numbers and form several types of compounds with organic moieties. Thus the number of new polymers potentially available is large and often only limited by our own intentions and imaginations. This chapter is intended to present a general framework which allows the reader to place the remainder of the book into perspective. It provides an overview of organometallic polymers. We hope it helps the reader appreciate the unique opportunities which metal-containing and organometallic polymer science offers in supplying materials for the coming decades, materials in a multitude of areas, performing numerous tasks in diverse areas.
Behavioral, clinical, and physiologic analysis of mice used for ascites monoclonal antibody production.

Background and purpose The effects of pristane inoculation, ascites accumulation, peritoneocentesis, and analgesics on the well-being of mice used in monoclonal antibody (MAb) production protocols were investigated. Methods Four experiments, each containing 17 to 21, 6- to 8-week-old male Balb/c mice, were conducted. Each experiment involved a period in which baseline data were collected, followed by intraperitoneal injections of pristane or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) inoculations into each mouse. One week later mice received intraperitoneal inoculations of either hybridoma cells or PBS. Parameters used to assess well-being throughout each of these periods included: wheel-running activity, food and water consumption, open-field box activity, clinical observation, and plasma corticosterone concentration. Results Compared to controls, pristane inoculation had slight to no affect on mice. There was no evidence of distress in cell-inoculated mice prior to their gaining 25% of their baseline body weight. The number of times (up to three) that peritoneocentesis was performed did not have a significant impact on mice's well-being, but ascites yields were greater when multiple harvests were performed. Cell-inoculated mice that gained weight slowly or developed high-particulate ascites were at higher risk of being distressed. Conclusion Ascites yields can be maximized by performing multiple harvests; however, the well-being of mice used in such protocols should be closely monitored, as suggested here.
SynchronizAR: Instant Synchronization for Spontaneous and Spatial Collaborations in Augmented Reality

We present SynchronizAR, an approach to spatially register multiple SLAM devices together without sharing maps or involving external tracking infrastructures. SynchronizAR employs a distance based indirect registration which resolves the transformations between the separate SLAM coordinate systems. We attach an Ultra-Wide Bandwidth~(UWB) based distance measurements module on each of the mobile AR devices which is capable of self-localization with respect to the environment. As users move on independent paths, we collect the positions of the AR devices in their local frames and the corresponding distance measurements. Based on the registration, we support to create a spontaneous collaborative AR environment to spatially coordinate users' interactions. We run both technical evaluation and user studies to investigate the registration accuracy and the usability towards spatial collaborations. Finally, we demonstrate various collaborative AR experience using SynchronizAR.
Stretchable and transparent ionic diode and logic gates

Abstract Inspired by the asymmetric ion transport phenomenon commonly seen in biology, in this article, we develop transparent and stretchable hydrogel-based ionic diode and logic gates. The ionic diode is made up of polyacrylamide hydrogel doped by two different polyelectrolytes with opposite fixed charges. Due to the asymmetric distribution of the fixed charges, the hydrogel diode shows ion rectification capability. Our experiments further show that large rectification ratio of the diode can be maintained when the diode is under moderate stretch. Using the ionic diode, we further successfully construct two types of ionic logic gates: OR gate and AND gate, which can perform logic operations on binary inputs and produce a single output. We hope the transparent and stretchable ionic diode, as well as the logic gates, can be used as the basic functional elements for advanced and integrated stretchable ionic circuit system.
Looks can mean achieving: understanding eye gaze patterns of proficiency in code comprehension

The research proposes four hypotheses that focus on deriving helpful insights from eye patterns, including hidden truths concerning programmer expertise, task context and difficulty. We present results from a study performed in a classroom setting with 17 students, in which we found that novice programmers visit output statements and declarations the same amount as the rest of the program they are presented other than control flow block headers. This research builds upon insightful findings from our previous work, wherein we focus on gathering statistical eye-gaze effects between categories of various populations to drive the pursuit of new research. Ongoing and future work entails using the iTrace infrastructure to capture gaze as participants scroll to read code pages extending longer than what can fit on one screen. The focus will be on building various models that relate eye gaze to comprehension via methods that realistically capture activity in a development environment.
Endolithic microbial communities as model systems for ecology and astrobiology

Abstract Microbial communities play a critical role in all key nutrient cycles on Earth and even more so in deserts where plants are scarce or even totally absent. In the most arid deserts, microbial communities find refuge inside translucent rocks (endoliths) as a survival strategy. Since the work of E. Imre Friedmann on microbial communities in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, lithic communities have been described from most hot and cold hyperarid deserts around the world, and from multiple substrates. Yet, their diversity, metabolic activities, and interactions with their rocky habitat remain vastly unexplored. Here, we discuss the lithic habitat and explore the colonization strategies evolved by lithic microorganisms. We report that while recent studies have revealed the exceptional taxonomic and functional diversity of these highly adapted microbial communities, little is known about their in situ metabolic activities, interactions between community members, and the role of viruses in community dynamics. To address what factors impact the assembly of endolithic communities, we present the concept of “rock architecture,” that is, the space available for colonization, which, linked to light penetration and water retention, is ultimately a driver of community diversity and composition. Finally, we discuss how the study of microbial communities from hyperarid deserts can further our understanding of the dry limits for life as we know it and provide insights into the habitability of extraterrestrial environments.
Soccer Injuries in Children and Adolescents

Participation in youth soccer in the United States continues to increase steadily, with a greater percentage of preadolescent participants than perhaps any other youth sport. Despite the wide-ranging health benefits of participation in organized sports, injuries occur and represent a threat to the health and performance of young athletes. Youth soccer has a greater reported injury rate than many other contact sports, and recent studies suggest that injury rates are increasing. Large increases in the incidence of concussions in youth soccer have been reported, and anterior cruciate ligament injuries remain a significant problem in this sport, particularly among female athletes. Considerable new research has identified a number of modifiable risk factors for lower-extremity injuries and concussion, and several prevention programs have been identified to reduce the risk of injury. Rule enforcement and fair play also serve an important role in reducing the risk of injury among youth soccer participants. This report provides an updated review of the relevant literature as well as recommendations to promote the safe participation of children and adolescents in soccer.