cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Distal Radius Fracture: PAF Analysis

PAF stands for Patient, Accident and Fracture. This new system of analysis of acute distal radius fractures was built because there is no agreement so far for any classification of these injuries. AAOS and Cochrane recent reports found no evidence for any treatment recommendations despite the huge amount of literature devoted to this topic. This may be due to heterogenecity of many series in terms of patient distribution. The PAF system provides a chart analysis which is self explanatory; patient's characteristics is the first item, taking into account not only age and sex, but more importantly his or her functional needs from a personal interview. Accident's energy is a second item which could be a clue to look for hidden associated injuries. Fracture is the third component. The AO classification system is used along with a number of factors which have proven to be important in terms of prognosis. The PAF system may have an impact on epidemiologic knowledge, clinical research (more homogeneous groups of patients) and teaching (checklist for residents and fellows). Those surgeons who are interested to participate in a multicenter international database may send their filled forms (Form 1) to guillaume.herzberg@chu-lyon.fr for inclusion. Form 1 PAF Analysis Form.
Perinatal hypothyroidism in rats: Persistent motivational and metabolic effects

Five groups of female rats which were exposed to thiouracil for varying periods around the time of birth were compared with a 6th group of untreated controls in motivational, metabolic, and hormonal test situations during adolescence and adulthood. The thiouracil-treated rats displayed reduced fearfulness in lever-touching and lever-pressing tasks in operant conditioning chambers and in their initial adaptation to activity-wheel and maze apparatuses. These rats also showed hyperactivity in asymptotic running-wheel performance, increased spontaneous recovery of extinguished lever-pressing, and elevated responding in lever-pressing for variable-interval food reinforcement. A supplemental study revealed significantly greater ad libitum food and water intake and oxygen consumption in male thiouracil-treated rats and elevated serum thyroxine levels in thiouracil-treated females. In general the results indicate that perinatal thyroid deficiency engenders a chronic hypermetabolic state in both sexes which may be associated with a persistent, mild hyperthyroid condition in the case of female rats.
Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related death in both men and women in the United States. Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for approximately 85% of these cases. Despite complete resection, longterm survival for patients with operable disease remains poor. Studies exploring postoperative chemotherapy have not shown improved survival. Preoperative chemotherapy has shown promise in stage III disease and is currently under investigation for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer.
Preparation of [18O]-chlorocarbonylsulfenyl chloride

[18O]-Chlorocarbonylsulfenyl chloride with an isotopic purity of 92% was prepared in three steps starting with the [18O]-hydrolysis of 2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane to [18O]-propanal, which was then converted to [18O]-O-1-methylpropyl S-methyl dithiocarbonate, which was then chlorinated to give the title compound. Distilled yields for the three steps were 57%, 49%, and 40% respectively.
Development of memory for events

Abstract The development of event memory is examined here to determine how personally experienced events with two types of structure are reported by kindergartners and adults. Subjects participated individually in two standardized events involving making and playing with clay. The first was organized causally; the second, temporally. Descriptions of these events were examined in interviews conducted for some subjects immediately after the event and for all, a week later. The reports of both children and adults suggested use of a goal-based hierarchical structure to remember events, although use of the structure seemed more fragile for children than adults. The causal structure of the events influenced the amount of information reported. These results were discussed with respect to possible developmental paths in the formation of generalized event representations, or scripts.
Orwellian Language and the Politics of Tribal Termination (1953-1960)

From 1953 to 1960, the federal government terminated sovereign recognition for 109 American Indian nations. Termination was a haphazard policy of assimilation that had disastrous consequences for Indian land and culture. Nonetheless, termination cloaked latent motivations for Indian land within individual rights rhetoric that was at odds with Indian sovereignty. Termination highlights the rhetorical features of social control under capitalism portrayed in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), in which opposing principles are fused and inverted. This essay critiques termination's Orwellian language to show how ideographs of social liberation are refashioned by the state to subvert Indian sovereignty and popular dissent.
Doctrinal orthodoxy, religious orientation, and anthropocentrism.

Anthropocentrism is a construct that may be defined as a dualistic worldview or set of ideals in which the individual views humanity as superior to other species within the environment and to nature, as a whole. A measure of anthropocentrism has been introduced as a means to assess the varying degrees of anthropocentric beliefs among individuals. In the initial validation studies of this scale, no significant differences in anthropocentrism were found to exist as a function of religion. The purpose of this investigation was to further examine the relationship between religion and anthropocentrism. More specifically, this study focused on doctrinal orthodoxy and religious orientation (Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest) as possible correlates of anthropocentrism. Within the obtained sample of undergraduates (N=144), significant correlations were found to exist between anthropocentrism and the religious variables of interest, thus expanding the nomological network of related constructs, adding support to the construct validity of the Anthropocentrism Scale.
A flexible magnetically-controllable fluid transport system

The goal of this study is to understand the mechanics of a flexible magnetically-controllable fluid transport system. A two-dimensional time-dependent model using a coupled fluid-solid and magnetic model is developed. The flow of fluids through sinusoidal wall is modeled, numerically analyzed and compared with an analytical solution, for the passive case (i.e., zero applied magnetic field). The modeling and analysis are extended to include a magnetic field that is applied to the wall of the flexible tube in order to produce the one-way forward movement of the fluid. Results demonstrate the fluid transportation capabilities of the one-way transport system.
Mechanical stresses and endochondral ossification in the chondroepiphysis

In 1911, Gebhardt used a photoelastic model to relate mechanical stresses to the ossification pattern of the chondroepiphysis. Pauwels later conducted a photoelastic study using the same model geometry to develop a theory that the secondary ossific nucleus originates at a position of high-magnitude hydrostatic pressure where the shear stresses are zero. We conducted two-dimensional finite element analyses of the model used by Gebhardt and Pauwels. We demonstrate that Pauwels's photoelastic results are correct but are based on the imposition of incorrect boundary conditions. When more realistic boundary conditions were used, the finite element results changed dramatically. These results suggest that (a) the ossific nucleus appears in an area of high shear (deviatoric) stresses; (b) the edge of the advancing ossification front (zone of Ranvier or ossification grove) also experiences high shear stresses; and (c) the joint surface, where articular cartilage forms, is exposed to high-magnitude hydrostatic compression. These findings support the theory proposed by Carter and associates that intermittently applied shear stresses (or strain energy) promote endochondral ossification and that intermittently applied hydrostatic compression inhibits or prevents cartilage degeneration and ossification.
Laying the groundwork: using relational databases for serials review decisions

Explains how an academic library gathered data for and then used relational databases of faculty information and journals data to make purchasing decisions and how it plans to build on these databases for future serials reviews. Describes the survey process and lists database fields and criteria used in making purchasing decisions.
ClaimPerfect: an application case study of machine learning techniques towards a fraud management system for warranty claims processing

The paper presents the application of Machine Learning techniques towards addressing one of the most pressing issues of the business/industry i.e., Fraud Detection. The multiple algorithms made available through ClaimPerfect empower a decision maker towards a better and dependable decisions relating to claims and their processing by quickly identifying potential fraud claims. ClaimPerfect also takes advantage of the Cloud Computing and could be offered 'as a service on demand'
A late-Holocene bird community from Hispaniola: Refining the chronology of vertebrate extinction in the West Indies

We report 4800+ late-Holocene, non-passerine avian fossils from Trouing Jean Paul, a high-elevation limestone sinkhole in the Morne La Visite region, Massif de la Selle, Haiti. The fossils represent prey remains of two extant owls, the widespread Tyto alba and the Hispaniolan endemic T. glaucops. Among 23 species of birds, only one is extinct (an undescribed woodcock, Scolopax new sp.). Two other species (the petrel Pterodroma hasitata, and the Hispaniolan endemic pauraque Siphonorhis brewsteri) are rare today, the latter now found mainly in dry forest at lower elevations. Two other species (the doves Zenaida aurita and Columbina passerina) are widespread and common today on Hispaniola (and elsewhere) but no longer occur at high elevations. The age of the bone deposit at Trouing Jean Paul (c. 1600–600 cal. BP) is based on six radiocarbon dates from individual bones of the extinct woodcock. The only other extinct Hispaniolan vertebrate with multiple direct radiocarbon dates is the sloth Neocnus comes, with...
Effect of non-uniform heat flux on wall friction and convection heat transfer coefficient in a trapezoidal channel

Abstract Turbulent wall friction and forced convection heat transfer in a water-cooled trapezoidal channel were experimentally investigated. The parameter ranges were: Reynolds number=10 4 –8.6×10 4 , and Prandtl number=2.2–5.5. The channel hydraulic diameter was 1.14 cm, and its total and heated lengths were 139.4 and 60.9 cm, respectively. The Colebrook correlation predicted the unheated channel friction factors well. It, however, systematically over predicted the measured friction factors obtained with the test section non-uniformly heated. Perimeter-average convective heat transfer coefficients for laterally non-uniform imposed heat fluxes were compared with the predictions of three widely-used correlations for turbulent flow in circular channels. All the correlations under predicted the data, typically by 11–28%.
Spin dependent electron transmission through ferromagnetic thin films

Spin-polarized electron spectroscopies are used to probe the nature of magnetism in surfaces and thin films. Strong inelastic scattering of the electron from particle-hole and collective excitations results in short mean free paths that can be spin dependent. A quantitative understanding of the spin dependence of the inelastic mean free path is critical to the interpretation of results from spin-polarized electron spectroscopies such as spin-polarized low energy electron diffraction, spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy, and spin-polarized photoemission. Substantial spin asymmetry of the photocurrent has been observed and interpreted as being due to the spin-dependence of the photoelectron inelastic mean free path. We have examined such spin dependent behavior of electrons transmitted though magnetic films with higher kinetic energy in order to reduce complications due to spin-flip scattering, which are more prevalent at lower kinetic energy. We present clear evidence of a spin filter effect for the Ag 3d photoelectrons through a ferromagnetic Fe film at 720 eV (kinetic energy).
High C-Reactive Protein Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality Independent of Nocturnal Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background Sleep disruption is common in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, studies demonstrating a similar prevalence in irritable bowel syndrome suggest that nighttime disruption due to diarrhea and abdominal pain may be key drivers of poor sleep quality. Whether inflammation is associated with poor sleep independently has not been examined previously.
Determination of neodymium-fulvic acid binding constants by capillary electrophoresis inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS)

Capillary electrophoresis inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) has been used to study neodymium–Suwannee river fulvic acid (FA) interaction at pH 6–9 and 0.001–0.1 mol L−1 ionic strength. The use of a strong ligand (EDTA) competition method allowed us to succesfully manipulate a bimodal species distribution of NdFA and NdEDTA. These two species have sufficiently different charge and shape characteristics to be easily separable by CE, even in the presence of nebulizer induced siphoning. The NdFA and NdEDTA complexes were found to be stable on the timescale of a CE separation and quantitative artifacts due to complex dissociation were therefore negligible. A method development scheme for quantitative CE-ICP-MS addresses metal–ligand dissociation specifically and is oulined in this study. Siphoning induced laminar flow was optimized and used to our advantage by speeding up separations. Log values of conditional binding constants for Nd–FA complexation at 0.1 mol L−1 ionic strength varied gradually from 9.1 to 12.5 over the pH range 6–9. Detection limits for Nd speciation were 500 pM.
Cultural Context, Sexual Behavior, and Romantic Relationships in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods

When culture is invoked to understand the consequences of growing up in disadvantaged neighborhoods, the isolation of ghetto residents from mainstream institutions and mainstream culture is often emphasized. This article attempts to reorient current theorizing about the cultural context of disadvantaged neighborhoods, particularly when it comes to adolescent decision making and behavior. I argue that rather than being characterized by the dominance of “oppositional” or “ghetto-specific” cultures, disadvantaged neighborhoods are characterized by cultural heterogeneity: a wide array of competing and conflicting cultural models. I apply this conception to sexual behavior and romantic relationships among adolescents using survey data from Addhealth. Analyses show that disadvantaged neighborhoods exhibit greater heterogeneity in cultural frames and scripts and that, in more heterogeneous neighborhoods, adolescents' frames and scripts are poorly predictive of their actual behavior.
Role of the 5′-untranslated region in regulating translational efficiency of specific mRNAs in adult cardiocytes

It has been hypothesized that translational efficiency is determined by the amount of secondary structure in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of mRNA. Here, we examined whether specific 5′-UTRs ...
Lightning Protection for Cement Plants Part I: Surge Voltages on the Power System

Lightning, shorted conductors, line switching, and flashovers create voltage surges on the power lines serving an industrial plant. Electrical equipment in the plant, particularly high-voltage motors, can be damaged by these surges. The resulting loss of production, plus repair or replacement costs, make it imperative that adequate protection be provided against surges.
Plant stem cells: divergent pathways and common themes in shoots and roots

Stem cells in plant shoot and root meristems are maintained throughout the life of the plant and produce somatic daughter cells that make up the body of the plant. Plant stem cells can also be derived from somatic cells in vivo and in vitro. Recent findings are refining our knowledge of signaling pathways that define stem cell fate and specify either shoot or root stem cell function. New evidence also highlights a role for epigenetic mechanisms in controlling stem cell fate.
Characterization of effects of copper, cadmium and nickel on the growth of Nitrosomonas Europaea

The effects of copper, cadmium and nickel on Nitrosomonas europaea were characterized by growth response. Copper inhibition caused a decrease in the growth rate of N. europaea that occurred immediately after inoculation. Cadmium inhibition caused a sharp decrease in the growth rate that occurred after a certain time period, yielding two distinctive growth rates. Nickel inhibition was characterized by an extended lag phase. The combined effects of copper and nickel affected both growth rate and lag. Combined effects of cadmium and nickel were also observed. The combined effect of nickel and copper was antagonistic with respect to both the growth rate and the lag period. Nickel and cadmium acted synergistically to depress the specific growth rate, but the combined effect was either antagonistic or additive (depending upon substrate concentration) with respect to duration of the lag.
RNA Polymerases and Transcriptive Specificity in Eukaryotic Organisms

Selective gene transcription implies an intriguing modality in specificity of the transcriptive system which is uncommon in most enzymatically catalyzed reactions (Fig. 1). For specific gene selection, recognition of initiator DNA sequences by the transcribing unit is required. On the other hand, transcription itself involves an indiscriminate copying of the DNA template. Finally a mechanism for termination probably involves some sensing of DNA sequence. These initiating, transcribing, and terminating modes of the transcriptive system require specificity-determining elements either in the chromosomal template, the RNA polymerase, or in another component of the transcribing system. Three models to explain the specificity are immediately apparent. In the template restriction model, the non-transcribed portions of the DNA are essentially sequestered from an indiscriminate RNA polymerase. Alternatively, one can envision multiple RNA polymerases with inherent specificity for initiating and terminating sequences. In this instance, the polymerases could exist in initiating transcribing, and terminating modes. This would probably require at least two conformational states (the initiating and terminating modes could be equivalent). Finally, the specificity of initiation and termination could be provided by specific external factors which would aid an indiscriminate polymerase in selecting sites for transcription.
A hierarchical simulation framework for application development on system-on-chip architectures

We propose a hierarchical simulation methodology to assist application development on System-on-Chip architectures. Hierarchical simulation involves simulation of a SoC based system at different levels of abstraction. Thus, it enables a system designer to exploit simulation speed vs. accuracy of results trade-offs. Vertical simulation is a special case of hierarchical simulation, where a feedback mechanism between the different simulation levels helps in "interpreting" the results of stand-alone simulations in the system-wide context. The paper presents an approach to perform vertical simulation of a class of applications under a simplified scenario.
Primary care practitioners survey of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background. The rising incidence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mirrors the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Primary care practitioners (PCPs) are central to management of patients with NAFLD, but data on knowledge and attitudes of PCPs towards NAFLD are lacking. Material and methods. We conducted a statewide, stratified survey of 250 PCPs to examine knowledge, practices and attitudes regarding NAFLD and the barriers to providing care for this condition. Results. NAFLD was perceived as an important health problem by 83% of PCPs. Eighty five percent of PCPs underestimated the population prevalence of NAFLD. Although the association of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome was identified by 91% of PCPs, only 46% screened diabetic obese patients for NAFLD. Only 27% of PCPs referred NAFLD patients to a hepatologist for evaluation. PCPs who reported seeing more than 5 NAFLD patients annually, referred to hepatology less frequently (P = 0.01). The majority of PCPs (58%) recommended weight loss and a calorie restriction. Only 8% of PCPs would recommend Vitamin E. The major perceived barrier in managing NAFLD was lack of confidence in understanding of the disease (58% of PCPs). Discussion. An overwhelming majority of PCPs perceived NAFLD as an important health issue in their practice. However, screening rates for NAFLD among obese diabetics were low. A major barrier to managing these patients was self-reported lack of knowledge about NAFLD. Development of guidelines should emphasize strategies for screening vulnerable populations (obese, diabetics), evidence based management and barriers to providing care.
Selection of universal features for image classification

Neuromimetic algorithms, such as the HMAX algorithm, have been very successful in image classification tasks. However, current implementations of these algorithms do not scale well to large datasets. Often, target-specific features or patches are “learned” ahead of time and then correlated with test images during feature extraction. In this paper, we develop a novel method for selecting a single set of universal features that enables classification across a broad range of image classes. Our method trains multiple Random Forest classifiers using a large dictionary of features and then combines them using a majority voting scheme. This enables the selection of the most discriminative patches based on feature importance measures. Experiments demonstrate the viability of this method using HMAX features as well as the tradeoff between the number of universal features, classification performance, and processing time.
Measurement of drinking, alcoholism and loss-of-control over alcohol

Four patterns of alcohol consumption, differing by degree, were made available for study by arbitrarily sub-dividing groups of alcoholics and social drinkers into subjects who spread consumption over a four-hour, free-choice drinking session (completors) and those who terminated consumption a minimum of 35 minutes prior to its end (non-completors). In defining loss-of-control drinking as progressive increases in sip size accompanied by decrease in number of sips, per hour, it was found that both groups of alcoholics exhibited loss-of-control, particularly during the third hour. Of the social drinkers only the non-completors exhibited any similar style of drinking, and this only in the fourth hour despite consuming significantly less total alcohol than the other groups. Demographic variables were of no predictive value as to who would complete or not complete the session.
Chronotropic Incompetence as a Predictor of Death Among Patients With Normal Electrograms Taking Beta Blockers (Metoprolol or Atenolol)

Chronotropic incompetence, or an inability to increase heart rate during exercise, independently predicts death in patients not taking β blockers. Whether it predicts death in patients taking β blockers is not known. Consecutive patients (n = 3,736; mean age 58 ± 11 years; 68% men), who were taking either metoprolol tartrate or atenolol and were referred for symptom-limited exercise testing from 1990 to 2002 at a major academic medical center, formed the prospective study cohort. None had heart failure, pacemakers, atrial fibrillation, or any electrocardiographic abnormalities. Patients were followed for a median of 4.5 years for all-cause mortality. Chronotropic response was defined as the percentage of heart rate reserve used. A value of ≤62%, which was noted in 813 patients (22%), was considered abnormal, meaning that chronotropic incompetence was present. There were 173 deaths. After adjusting for age, gender, heart rate at rest, standard risk factors, other medications, Duke treadmill score, and heart rate recovery, chronotropic incompetence predicted death (adjusted hazard ratio 1.94, 95% confidence interval 1.43 to 2.64, p
Insight Into the Mechanism of Nucleosome Reorganization From Histone Mutants That Suppress Defects in the FACT Histone Chaperone

FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription/Transactions) plays a central role in transcription and replication in eukaryotes by both establishing and overcoming the repressive properties of chromatin. FACT promotes these opposing goals by interconverting nucleosomes between the canonical form and a more open reorganized form. In the forward direction, reorganization destabilizes nucleosomes, while the reverse reaction promotes nucleosome assembly. Nucleosome destabilization involves disrupting contacts among histone H2A-H2B dimers, (H3-H4)2 tetramers, and DNA. Here we show that mutations that weaken the dimer:tetramer interface in nucleosomes suppress defects caused by FACT deficiency in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutating the gene that encodes the Spt16 subunit of FACT causes phenotypes associated with defects in transcription and replication, and we identify histone mutants that selectively suppress those associated with replication. Analysis of purified components suggests that the defective version of FACT is unable to maintain the reorganized nucleosome state efficiently, whereas nucleosomes with mutant histones are reorganized more easily than normal. The genetic suppression observed when the FACT defect is combined with the histone defect therefore reveals the importance of the dynamic reorganization of contacts within nucleosomes to the function of FACT in vivo, especially to FACT’s apparent role in promoting progression of DNA replication complexes. We also show that an H2B mutation causes different phenotypes, depending on which of the two similar genes that encode this protein are altered, revealing unexpected functional differences between these duplicated genes and calling into question the practice of examining the effects of histone mutants by expressing them from a single plasmid-borne allele.
Bioremediation of a Petroleum-Contaminated Cryic Soil: Effects of Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Temperature

Abstract Bioremediation has been shown to be an effective means of treating petroleum‐contaminated soils in cold areas, although the conditions required to maximize bioremediation in cold region (cryic) soils are not well documented. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus levels and temperature on petroleum bioremediation. A cryic entisol contaminated with diesel fuel was treated with nitrogen (0, 400, 800, or 1200 mg/kg of soil) and phosphorus (0, 60, 120, or 180 mg/kg of soil) and incubated at two temperatures (10 and 20°C). At 10°C, bioremediation rates were not affected by fertility treatments. At 20°C, reaction rates were increased by the addition of P, but unaffected by N. Regardless of fertility regime, the rate of diesel loss was much greater in soil incubated at 20°C than in soil incubated at 10°C.
The effects of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of trait anger on the alcohol-aggression relation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of trait anger on alcohol-related aggression in men and women. METHODS: Subjects were 300 (150 men and 150 women) healthy social drinkers between 21 and 35 years of age. Trait anger was measured using the ABC Anger Inventory. Following the consumption of either an alcohol or a placebo beverage, subjects were tested on a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm in which mild electric shocks were received from, and administered to, a fictitious opponent during a competitive task. Aggressive behavior was operationalized as the shock intensities administered to the fictitious opponent under conditions of low and high provocation. RESULTS: Results indicated that alcohol increased aggression only for men with higher behavioral and cognitive anger scores and only for women with higher behavioral anger scores. Results also showed that when all anger components were taken into account, behavioral anger was the only factor that put one at risk for intoxicated aggression. CONCLUSIONS: Two recent studies demonstrated that the trait of "general" anger is a risk factor for intoxicated aggression (Giancola, 2002a; Parrott and Zeichner, 2002). The present investigation confirmed and extended these findings by examining the role of three different components of anger. The results highlight the fact that alcohol consumption does not increase aggression in all persons and in all situations. An important goal for future research is to identify which individual difference and contextual factors are most important in determining who will, and will not, behave in an aggressive manner when intoxicated. Language: en
The measurement of standing balance after stroke

Standing balance is defined as ‘the ability to stand and move in an upright position’ (Hill, Vandervoort and Kramer, 1990). Following a stroke, this skill is often impaired and physiotherapy interventions aimed at improving balance may be required. Effective approaches for clinical measurement of standing balance are yet to be developed. This paper provides therapists with a review of the commonly used measurement tools (both simple and sophisticated) and discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of each. Therapists need to be aware of such measures in order to identify balance deficits and to evaluate the effectiveness of their intervention. It is concluded that further research into the reliability and validity of simple, relevant clinical measures of standing balance, such as the 10-metre walking test, is required.
Cytœcetes microti , n.g., n.sp., a parasite developing in granulocytes and infective for small rodents.

The morphology of a micro-organism, Cytœcetes microti, new genus, new species, which invades the granulocytes and occasionally the lymphocytes, is described. It occurs naturally in the vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, is transmissible to white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus eremicus, the common tame mouse, the white rat, but inoculations of guinea-pigs. domestic rabbits, a kitten and young chickens have resulted negatively. The only pathological effect attributable thus far to this organism is an increase in the number of granulocytes found in certain organs such as the spleen and adrenals, and degenerative changes in the individual cell invaded. Splenectomy performed soon after the microscopic disappearance of Cytœcetes from the circulating blood may result in its reappearance, when it may occur in a considerable proportion of the granulocytes, but nevertheless in smaller numbers than at the height of early infection. Overwhelming infections have in no instance followed splenectomy. The probable relationship of the organism to AEgyptianella pullorum (Carpano, 1928) is pointed out, but grounds for placing it in a separate genus are presented.
Dyssimulation: Reflexivity, Narrative, and the Quest for Authenticity in “Living History”

"Living history" has been defined as "the simulation of life in another time." That definition is taken from Jay Anderson (1985:3, 459), a folklorist who has aimed both to document the existence of a living-history "movement" (principally in North America, but also in Europe) and to legitimate living history as a scholarly subdiscipline. Under the term living history Anderson (1984) groups three types of historical simulation, associated with museums, archeology, and reenactments. Though it was in Anderson's work that we first learned of the term living history (Handler 1987), the present article will neither treat living history as a bounded movement or discipline, nor pass judgment as to what should be included under that term. Rather, our concern with so-called living history is part of an ongoing exploration of how people currently use a discourse drawn from the human sciences to make sense of their lives and experiences. The present article develops three interpretive observations concerning living history. First, a dominant concern of all living-history practitioners whom we have studied is authenticity. Living historians explicitly define authenticity as isomorphism between a living-history activity or event, and that piece of the past it is meant to re-create. In other words, the natives consciously understand authenticity as perfect simulation. However, our analysis shows the relevance of a second conception of authenticity, one that permeates living history but is not consciously understood by practitioners as central to the task of historical simulation. This implicit conception of authenticity concerns the privileged reality of individ-
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain-Reaction Assay Allows Characterization of Pneumocystis Infection in Immunocompetent Mice

Pneumocystis causes pneumonia in immunodeficient hosts but also likely causes infection in healthy hosts. To characterize infection in healthy mice, we developed and validated a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitation of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris. In healthy mice exposed to Pneumocystis-infected animals, organisms were first detected at 2-3 weeks, peaked at 5-6 weeks, and were cleared by 7-9 weeks. The peak organism load in healthy animals was 2-3 logs lower than that in immunodeficient animals. This approach should facilitate studies of anti-Pneumocystis immune mechanisms in healthy hosts and provide insights into the development of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunodeficient hosts.
Gender Ideology and Perceptions of the Fairness of the Division of Household Labor: Effects on Marital Quality

Under what circumstances will married women perceive inequalities in the division of household labor as unfair? This research develops and tests a model based on relative deprivation theory that suggests that gender ideology functions as a moderator variable in a process through which inequalities in the division of household labor come to be seen as inequities. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, three empirical tests of the model provide evidence that inequalities in the division of household labor are more strongly related to perceptions of inequity for egalitarian than for traditional wives, and that perceptions of inequity are more strongly related to perceived quality of the marital relationship for egalitarian than for traditional wives. The findings suggest that researchers studying the division of household labor need to shift their focus away from analyses of objective inequalities and toward the study of perceived inequity.
Memory, uncertainty and industrial ruination : Walker Riverside, Newcastle upon Tyne

This article examines how local people's memories relate to processes of industrial decline and ruination in Walker Riverside, Newcastle upon Tyne, based on site observations and 30 semi-structured interviews conducted between June 2005 and March 2006, with a range of local people. Much of the recent literature concerning the relationships between memory and place focuses on the contrast between social reconstructions of official and unofficial collective memory. This article explores a different dynamic between memory and place through the case study of Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, an area where shipbuilding has long been in decline, but at the time of interviewing, the ‘last shipyard of the Tyne’ had yet to close. In Walker, local accounts of the industrial past represent ‘living memories’, embodying complex relationships with the industrial past: many people who have lived through processes of industrial ruination focus on imminent regeneration rather than mourning or celebrating the industrial past. The strength of community solidarity in Walker represents another form of living memory, echoing family and community bonds formed in the industrial era despite the fact that a direct connection with shipbuilding has all but disappeared. This article argues that living memories relate to the particular social and economic processes of industrial ruination in Walker, where the decline of shipbuilding over the past 30 years has been protracted, leaving a profound sense of uncertainty for people who occupy the precarious transitional spaces of post-industrial change.
Interaction of rootstock and applied water amounts at various fractions of estimated evapotranspiration (ETc) on productivity of Cabernet Sauvignon

Background and Aims: It is commonly thought that grapevine rootstocks vary in their tolerance to drought. This study examined the interaction between various applied water amounts and productivity of Cabernet Sauvignon grafted onto five rootstocks. Methods and Results: The commercial vineyard used in this study was located along the central coast of California. The rootstocks used were Teleki 5C, 110 Ricter, 140 Ruggeri, 1103 Paulson and Freedom. Irrigation amounts ranged from 0.25 up to 1.25 of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration. Midday leaf water potential (Ψl), was significantly affected by irrigation treatment but not by rootstock. There was a significant effect of irrigation treatment and rootstock on berry weight, number of bunches per vine and yield but no interaction between those two factors. The rootstock 5C had the lowest yield compared with the other rootstocks. Yield at the 0.25 irrigation level was approximately 62% of the yield at the 1.25 irrigation level across rootstocks. Irrigation treatment was the only factor that significantly affected soluble solids in the fruit. There was a significant interaction between rootstock and irrigation amount on pruning weights. Berry weight, yield and pruning weights were linearly correlated with midday Ψl across rootstock and year. Conclusions: The results indicate that the rootstocks producing greater yields at the highest applied water amounts also produced greater yields when deficit irrigated. Significance of the Study: Under both stressed and non-stressed conditions, the rootstocks with the highest yield were those with the greatest number of bunches.
Genetic dissection of the Mom5 modifier locus and evaluation of Mom5 candidate genes

Germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene cause familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a hereditary colon cancer syndrome in which affected individuals may develop 100–1000s of colonic adenomas. In families affected by FAP, adenoma number can vary markedly between individuals, despite the fact that these individuals carry the same APC mutation. In at least some FAP pedigrees, evidence suggests that these phenotypic differences are caused by segregating modifier alleles that impact adenoma number. However, identifying these modifiers in the human population is difficult, therefore mouse models are essential. Using the Apc Min/+ mouse colon cancer model, we previously mapped one such modifier, Mom5, to a 25 Mbp region of chromosome 5 that contains hundreds of genes. The purpose of the present study was to refine the Mom5 interval and evaluate candidate genes for the Mom5 modifier of intestinal neoplasia. Recombinant mice were used to narrow the Mom5 interval to 8.1 Mbp containing 70 genes. In silico and gene expression analyses were utilized to identify and evaluate potential candidate genes that reside within this interval. These analyses identified seven genes within the Mom5 interval that contain variants between the B6 and 129P2 strains. These genes represent the most likely candidates for the Mom5 modifier.
When sources become sinks: migrational meltdown in heterogeneous habitats.

Abstract We consider the evolution of ecological specialization in a landscape with two discrete habitat types connected by migration, for example, a plant-insect system with two plant hosts. Using a quantitative genetic approach, we study the joint evolution of a quantitative character determining performance in each habitat together with the changes in the population density. We find that specialization on a single habitat evolves with intermediate migration rates, whereas a generalist species evolves with both very low and very large rates of movement between habitats. There is a threshold at which a small increase in the connectivity of the two habitats will result in dramatic decrease in the total population size and the nearly complete loss of use of one of the two habitats through a process of “migrational meltdown.” In some situations, equilibria corresponding to a specialist and a generalist species are simultaneously stable. Analysis of our model also shows cases of hysteresis in which small tra...
Distribution skew-based binning: Towards mining highly discriminative patterns from EEG/EMG time series

Discovering useful patterns in medical time series data such as EEG and EMG recordings is an important step for gaining useful insights into the data and medical problem under investigation, and for building accurate classifiers. However, pattern mining algorithms often require a binning step, which maps the time series data into a representation in terms of discretized values, in order to discover patterns. How the intervals are constructed has a significant impact on the quality of the mined patterns. We propose a novel binning technique, called Distribution Skew-based Binning (or DS Binning), which uses the distribution of the classes associated with the numerical attribute values to construct the intervals. Experiments show that this method outperforms existing binning methods in facilitating the discovery of high quality patterns from multivariate EEG/EMG time series data, leading to higher classification accuracy. Our experiments demonstrate that DS binning can provide approximately a 5–10% improvement in classification accuracy over other binning methods in multiple scenarios.
Decreased Stress Levels in Nurses: A Benefit of Quiet Time

BACKGROUND The benefits of quiet time, a therapeutic method of improving the health care environment, have been evaluated in patients, but only a few studies have examined the effects of quiet time on intensive care nurses. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of implementing quiet time in a medical-surgical intensive care unit on levels of light, noise, and nurses' stress. METHODS Quiet time consisted of turning down the unit lights for a designated time. Levels of light, noise, and nurses' stress were measured. Nurses' stress levels were measured by using a 100-point visual analog scale; unit noise, by using a digital sound level meter (model 407736, Extech Instruments); and unit light, by using an illumination light meter (model 615, Huygen Corporation). Measurements were obtained 30 minutes before and 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after implementation of quiet time. RESULTS Analysis of variance and comparisons of means indicated that both light levels and nurses' stress levels were significantly decreased after quiet time (both P < .001). Noise levels were also decreased after quiet time, but the decrease was not significant (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS Use of quiet time resulted in decreased light levels and decreased stress levels among nurses. Quiet time is an easily performed energy-saving intervention to promote a healthy work environment.
Survivorship and Development of Noctuid Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Irrigated and Dryland Soybean

Survivorship and development rates were determined for cohorts of noctuid larvae caged on irrigated and dryland ‘Braxton’ soybean plants in the Delta of Mississippi. In September 1985, larval survival of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was higher in irrigated than in dryland soybean, although no differences were observed for rate of larval development. In July 1986, survival of fall armyworm and soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), was higher and development faster in irrigated than in dryland soybean, whereas no differences were observed for corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), during a period of high temperatures. In September 1986, survival and development rates were similar for these three species. In a study conducted with soybean planted in a nursery in July 1987, survival and rate of larval development of soybean looper, but not beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), were positively correlated with canopy closure. Irrigation of soybean resulted in a cooler canopy environment or higher leaf water content or both. Irrigation increased survival (in the absence of predators) and optimized larval development of some noctuids, whereas the lack of irrigation had no effect or was favorable for larval development of other noctuid species.
Engineering the respiratory membrane-bound hydrogenase of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and characterization of the catalytically active cytoplasmic subcomplex

The archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus grows optimally at 100°C by converting carbohydrates to acetate, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas (H2), obtaining energy from a respiratory membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH). This conserves energy by coupling H2 production to oxidation of reduced ferredoxin with generation of a sodium ion gradient. MBH is classified as a Group 4 hydrogenase and is encoded by a 14-gene operon that contains hydrogenase and Na(+)/H(+) antiporter modules. Herein a His-tagged 4-subunit cytoplasmic subcomplex of MBH (C-MBH) was engineered and expressed in P. furiosus by differential transcription of the MBH operon. It was purified under anaerobic conditions by affinity chromatography without detergent. Purified C-MBH had a Fe : Ni ratio of 14 : 1, similar to the predicted value of 13 : 1. The O2 sensitivities of C-MBH and the 14-subunit membrane-bound version were similar (half-lives of ∼15 h in air), but C-MBH was more thermolabile (half-lives at 90°C of 8 and 25 h, respectively). C-MBH evolved H2 with the physiological electron donor, reduced ferredoxin, optimally at 60°C. This is the first report of the engineering and characterization of a soluble catalytically active subcomplex of a membrane-bound respiratory hydrogenase.
Inhibition of Pigment Deposition in Incisor Teeth of Rats Deficient in Vitamin E from Birth.

SummaryFourteen normal female rats, in the presence of their offspring, were maintained for 60 days from delivery on vitamin E-deficient rations containing no fat, 20% cod liver oil, and 20% lard respectively. Production of normal pigment failed to occur in the enamel of the incisor teeth of the young of animals receiving cod liver oil and lard.
Coherent Frequency Multiplication from 10 GHz to 140 THz

We generate a frequency comb via laser electro-optic modulation. Nonlinear spectral broadening increases the 4nm bandwidth to 1150nm. With the broadened comb, we demonstrate frequency measurements across 140THz and detection of the comb’s offset frequency.
Hepatic Clearance of Endotoxin Absorbed from the Intestine.

SummaryData are presented showing that endotoxins absorbed from the intestine are present in the blood, and in much higher incidence in portal than in systemic vein blood. The incidence of endotoxemia in portal vein blood varies with the size of the intraintestinal pool of endotoxin. A reduced capacity of the R.E. system in the liver for extracting endotoxin allows endotoxin in the portal vein blood to traverse the liver and enter the general circulation.