cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of evaluative context on performance: The roles of social and self-evaluations

In this study it was proposed that evaluative situations influence individual performance by raising concerns about self- and social evaluations. When an individual performs a task, the individual’s performance may be subject to 2 types of evaluation: self-evaluation and evaluation by others. Often, the basis of evaluation is the performance of others, i.e., social comparison. In such cases, an individual may increase performance to protect self- and social-esteem. Further, the individual’s sensitivity to esteem threats, as measured by identity orientation, may moderate the performance increase. In this study performance was examined in 2 evaluative situations: peer groups and goal setting. Experimental results support the proposed theory in the case of peer evaluations. Regarding goals, results suggest that self-evaluation may not contribute to performance increases associated with goal setting.
Spectral comparison principles for the Cahn-Hilliard and phase-field equations, and time scales for coarsening

We initiate a study of the instability properties of steady solutions of the Cahn-Hilliard (CH) equation and the phase field (PF) system in terms of the coarseness of those solutions. Other spectral results are obtained as well. Steady state solutions for the CH equation with no flux or periodic boundary conditions are also stationary states for the bistable reaction-diffusion equation and the PF system (with constant temperature). Thus, it is meaningful to linearize each of these equations about a common stationary solution and discuss the stability of this state in each dynamical process. Converting the linearized operators to self-adjoint form and expressing eigenvalues in terms of modified Rayleigh quotients enables us to relate the spectra of the three operators. In particular we relate the indices of instability with respect to the three processes. We also discuss the change in the spectrum of the linearized CH operator in one dimension when we change the stationary solution at which it is linearized. We conjecture that the eigenvalues increase with the number of oscillations of the steady state for a given mass, and prove that this is so in certain cases. This lends credence to the idea that motion of these dynamical systems near coarse solutions takes place on longer time scales.
Twelve Advantages of Stationary Satellite Systems for Point-to-Point Communication

With the exception of those systems which are intended to satisfy special military requirements, passive satellite communication systems will not be economically competitive with high-capacity, active satellite systems because of greater terminal costs. There are twelve reasons why stationary orbit systems should become the backbone of future global communications, and these are discussed in detail. Seven of these are based on economic and system advantages, while the remaining five arise from interference coordination advantages in frequency sharing among satellite systems and with surface services. Stationary satellites present space technology and propagation delay problems, but these are rapidly being overcome. It is therefore recommended that more planning and regulatory emphasis be focused on stationary satellite communication systems, since nonstationary, nonmilitary systems will only be interim or supplementary systems.
Association of the course of collagen-induced arthritis with distinct patterns of cytokine and chemokine messenger RNA expression

Objective To quantitate changes in cytokine and chemokine messenger RNA (mRNA) levels during the development and progression of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods Mice with CIA were scored for arthritis and killed at weekly intervals. Cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels were determined by RNase protection assays of total paw RNA. Results Arthritic paws exhibited mRNA levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), TNFbeta, MIP-1alpha, IL-11, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3 that were increased above mRNA levels in paws of normal, unimmunized mice and that exhibited distinct temporal patterns of mRNA expression. Clinically uninvolved paws also exhibited an increase in mRNA levels of IL-11, RANTES, TNFalpha, TNFbeta, and MIP-1alpha. Conclusion The observed differential temporal cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression patterns suggest that specific cytokines and chemokines have defined roles at various times during the course of autoimmune arthritis. Since most of these cytokines and chemokines are found in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium and synovial fluids, these findings may have relevance to RA.
Function associated molecules on nonspecific cytotoxic cells: Role in calcium signaling, redirected lysis, and modulation of cytotoxicity

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for a putative antigen receptor (function associated molecule, FAM) on fish NCC were tested for their ability to initiate signal transduction responses. Anti-FAM hybridoma target cells were significantly lysed by NCC when tested by redirected lysis (RL). Redirected lysis was enhanced by 1-h pretreatment of the NCC with anti-FAM mAb; however, 18-h pretreatment produced significant inhibition. The effects of the calcium ionophore A23187 on RL were also examined: 10−4M but not 10−5M A23187 significantly increased RL. Purified NCC were treated with mAb and cellular DNA synthesis was determined. Significant increases in NCC incorporation of tritiated thymidine were measured 72 h after treatment with mAb. Experiments were also conducted to determine levels of free cytosolic calcium in NCC following mAb binding. Anti-FAM mAb binding produced a rapid rise in cytosolic calcium (200–500 nM) determined by Fura-2/AM fluorescence. Calcium ionophore A23187, PHA, and Con-A treatment of NCC also produced significantly increased [Ca2+]i. Target cell binding by NCC caused a three-fold increase in [Ca2+]i. These data suggest that triggering of the FAM may initiate a signal(s) that activates cytotoxicity, increases cytosolic free calcium concentrations, and initiates DNA synthesis.
PERSONALITY STUDY OF NOCTURNAL TEETH-GRINDERS

30 nocturnal teeth grinders (bruxists) and 30 matched controls randomly selected from a university student population were compared on the basis of histories of emotional disturbance and responses ...
A compliant-mechanism approach to achieving specific quality of motion in a lumbar total disc replacement.

Background The current generation of total disc replacements achieves excellent short- and medium-term results by focusing on restoring the quantity of motion. Recent studies indicate that additional concerns (helical axes of motion, segmental torque-rotation behavior) may have important implications in the health of adjacent segments as well as the health of the surrounding tissue of the operative level. The objective of this article is to outline the development, validation, and biomechanical performance of a novel, compliant-mechanism total disc replacement that addresses these concerns by including them as essential design criteria.
Temporal Stability Patterns in Fish Species Richness, Diversity, and Evenness in Otter Creek, Vigo County, IN

We used abundance data from fish-population studies (1962-2010) on Otter Creek at Markle's Dam, Vigo County, IN, to examine temporal variation in stream-fish as- semblages. Species-richness variation showed a declining trend during the 50 year study period with a mean of 49 ± 8.8 species per decade (range = 39-62 species). Cumulative study species richness comprised 76 fish species with a mean of 21.3 ± 6.1 species collected per sampling event. Dominant species, based on relative abundance during the 50 year period, included Cyprinella spiloptera (Spotfin Shiner), Pimephales notatus (Bluntnose Minnow), Hybognathus nuchalis (Mississippi Silvery Minnow), and Luxilus chrysocepha- lus (Striped Shiner). Relative abundance of Spotfin Shiner showed an increasing trend during the 50-year study period, whereas Bluntnose Minnow relative abundance showed a decreasing trend. Cumulative frequency-distribution of species richness normalized by decade showed no significant difference, with the exception of the 1970s, which showed a steep decline in the number of species. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no significant differences in species diversity (H') or evenness (Pielou's J) over the 5-decade study period. Eleven cool-water species including Chrosomus erythrogaster (Southern Red- belly Dace), Perca flavescens (Yellow Perch), Catostomus commersonii (White Sucker), and Ambloplites rupestris (Rock Bass), and lithophilic spawning species such as Nocomis micropogon (River Chub) and Hybopsis amblops (Bigeye Chub) were extirpated during the study period. Potential changes in sedimentation and thermal gradients may have contrib- uted to these observed extirpations.
Intramedullary arthrodesis of the knee in the treatment of sepsis after TKR.

Infection is a devastating complication following total knee replacement (TKR). In the majority of cases, single- or two-stage revision has excellent results in eradicating infection and restoring function. Rarely, recurrent infection requires alternative treatments such as resection, amputation, or arthrodesis. A review of infections following TKR treated at two joint replacement centers identified 29 cases of resistant knee sepsis treated with a long intramedullary fusion nail. Clinical outcome and radiographs were reviewed at an average follow-up of 48 months (13–114). After the initial intramedullary arthrodesis union occurred in 24 of 29 patients (83%). The average time to fusion was 6 months (3–18 months). Failures included two cases of nail breakage, one of which subsequently achieved fusion following revision nailing, and three cases of recurrent infection requiring nail removal and permanent resection. At a minimum 2-year follow-up, 28% of the patients that achieved fusion complained of pain in the fused knee, 28% complained of ipsilateral hip pain, and two patients complained of contralateral knee pain. Four of the 25 fused patients (16%) remained nonambulatory after fusion, 17 required walking aids (68%) and only four ambulated unassisted. There was no association between age, number of previous procedures, the use of two-stage versus single stage technique, or infecting organism and failure of arthrodesis. Intramedullary arthrodesis is a viable treatment for refractory infection after TKR. Patients undergoing fusion should be informed of the potential for nonunion, recurrence of infection, pain in the ipsilateral extremity, and the long-term need for walking aids.
Emission Spectrographic Analysis of Tantalum Thin Films

A dc-arc technique is described for the analysis of impurities in tantalum thin films. Films are sputtered directly on ultrapure graphite substrates, heat oxidized, and removed mechanically. Graphite is employed as the buffer, and samples are compared to standards of similar composition. The graphite-substrate technique has been applied to films of other metals produced by sputtering, resistance-heating evaporation, and electron-beam evaporation. Only portions of the spectrographic procedure are modified for different metallic films.
Cascade generation of zonal flows by the drift wave turbulence

The purpose of this research is to investigate the formation of zonal flows that can lead to the enhanced confinement of plasma in tokamaks. We show that zonal flows can be effectively formed by resonance triad interactions in the process of the inverse cascade. We discuss what energy sources are more effective for the formation of zonal flows.
Unfulfilled hopes in education for equity: redesigning the mathematics curriculum in a US high school

Mathematics education aimed at empowering students for economic and democratic participation must address two critical issues: the long‐standing function of mathematics as a gatekeeper, and the complicated nature of designing and implementing systematic reform at the school department level. The study reported here examines a curricular redesign implemented by teachers in one US high school department. The department was redesigning its curriculum to remedy high failure rates in targeted courses disproportionately populated by students of colour. Using a case‐study methodology, this study examines the process of curricular redesign and its influence on these students’ access to more advanced mathematics courses. It describes redesigned courses and department characteristics that aided or challenged the redesign process, and discusses the significance of the identified challenges in constructing placement policies that did little to increase students’ likelihood of taking additional, and more advanced‐ lev...
Using the internet for financial reporting

Why are companies using the Internet to distribute financial reports? What kinds of information are they reporting, compared to traditional paper financial statements? How are they doing it? And, finally, what problems and legal obstacles must companies handle? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microsomal metabolism of the carcinogen, N-2-fluorenylacetamide, by the mammary gland and liver of female rats. I. Ring- and N-hydroxylations of N-2-fluorenylacetamide.

We determined ring- and N-hydroxylations of a systemic mammary gland carcinogen, N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA), by microsomal fractions of liver and mammary gland of female rats and the effects of in vivo and/or in vitro modifiers of these oxidations. Pretreatment of lactating rats with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) and non-lactating (50-day old virgin) rats with beta-NF showed similar effects in that the formation of 3-, 5-, 7-, 9- and N-hydroxy-2-FAA by hepatic microsomes was increased manyfold and the formation of 1-hydroxy-2-FAA was induced. In mammary gland microsomes, the formation of 3-, 5- and 7-hydroxy-2-FAA was likewise increased, but of 9-hydroxy-2-FAA was unaffected. Only mammary microsomes of lactating rats had capacity for N-hydroxylation which was increased approximately 3 times by pretreatment of rats with 3-MC or beta-NF. All of the induced increases of metabolites of 2-FAA in hepatic and mammary microsomes were inhibited by 0.1 mM alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF) in vitro. Pretreatment of non-lactating rats with phenobarbital increased only the formation of 7-hydroxy-2-FAA in hepatic microsomes which was further stimulated by alpha-NF in vitro. The latter also stimulated the formation of 7- and 9- hydroxy-2-FAA by hepatic microsomes of the uninduced rats, but had no effects in mammary microsomes, in which 9-hydroxy-2-FAA was a major metabolite. Hence, the data showed qualitative and quantitative differences between lactating and non-lactating rats in metabolism of 2-FAA by mammary microsomes which may result from differences in the levels (e.g., of cytochrome P-450) and activities of microsomal enzymes determined herein. In hepatic microsomes of these rats, differences in quantities of metabolites of 2-FAA (3-, 7-, 9- and N-hydroxy-2-FAA) were found in corn oil-treated rats only. The solvent (methanol or acetone) used for addition of 2-FAA to the incubation mixtures altered quantitatively the metabolite profiles in hepatic and mammary microsomes of 3-MC or beta-NF treated rats. The formations of 1- and 3- or 5- and 7-hydroxy-2-FAA were greater in the presence of acetone or methanol, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the formation of phenolic and N-hydroxy metabolites of 2-FAA in both hepatic and mammary microsomes of lactating rats is catalyzed by similar form(s) of cytochrome P-450 induced by pretreatment with 3-MC or beta-NF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Interactions of Ions and Ion Pairs with Crown Ethers and Their Polymers

Abstract The interactions of ions and ion pairs with crown ethers (macrocyclic polyethers) and their vinyl polymers were studied in aqueous and non aqueous media by using optical spectroscopy, distribution equilibria, conductance, and viscosity. The polymers, poly(vinylbenzo-15-crown-5) and poly(vinylbenzo-18-crown-6), were found to be considerably more efficient than their monomeric analogs in binding those cations which have diameters larger than that of the crown cavity and which tend to form 2:1 crowncation complexes. The stoichiometries of the complexes were determined by spectroscopy for fluorenyl ion pair salts in ethereal solvents and by conductance for inorganic salts in solvents such as acetone. The viscosity behavior of the polymers in the presence of salts resembles that of poly electrolytes, with the reduced viscosity being strongly enhanced at low polymer-salt concentrations.
Analysis of HSF-1 phosphorylation in A549 cells treated with a variety of stresses

In the absence of stress, heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSF-1) exists as a monomer. After the treatment of cells with variety of stresses, HSF-1 forms a trimer and binds to the heat shock element (HSE), a motif consisting of three consecutive NGAAN sequences located in an inverted orientation upstream of the heat shock genes. HSF-1 is then phosphorylated causing transactivation of heat shock mRNAs. Treatment of cells with some of the stresses has been shown to increase HSF binding to HSE without detectably increasing the synthesis of heat shock mRNAs. Here we used antibody specific to HSF-1 to detect its phosphorylation status following exposure of A549, a human lung carcinoma cell line to a variety of stresses in order to correlate HSF-1 phosphorylation with its transactivation ability. Our studies show that HSF-1 is phosphorylated following heat shock (43 degrees C for 1 h), hypoxia (5 h exposure to 0.02% oxygen), 8% ethanol (1 h exposure at 37 degrees C), or 200 microM sodium arsenite (1 h exposure at 37 degrees C). All such stresses have previously been shown to increase the synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsps). However, there are no detectable increases in HSF-1 phosphorylation after the treatment of cells with X-irradiation (2-8 Gy) or 100 microM canavanine, an amino acid analogue (1 h exposure at 37 degrees C). Treatment of cells with X-irradiation increases HSF binding to HSE without increasing the synthesis of hsps, while treatment of cells with canavanine has been shown to increase the synthesis of hsps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Orofacial Pain and Neurosensory Disorders and Dysfunction in Cancer Patients

Orofacial pain and altered nerve sensation may be the initial sign of oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal cancer. This article focuses on the most common orofacial pain conditions and neurosensory alterations that affect cancer patients, such as neuropathic pain, muscle spasm or contractures, mucositis, and increased or decreased sensory discrimination in the affected area. The various pharmacotherapeutic modalities for cancer pain management ranging from non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for mild pain to opioids for severe pain are discussed in detail.
FATHERS DURING LABOR: DO WE EXPECT TOO MUCH?

Childbirth classes emphasize fathers' active participation in labor and delivery (L&D), but how well do fathers fulfill this role? We compared fathers' behavior during L&D to trained labor companions' (doulas) by time-sampling behavior of 12 low-risk nullipara couples for 1 hour during early and/or late labor and behavior of 3 doulas with 27 mothers in another population. During mothers' contractions, fathers differed strikingly from doulas: In early labor, fathers watched fetal monitors more (15.5 vs 2.3%*), were more often >3 ft. from mother (58 vs 17%*), and stroked and held (S&H) mothers less (16 vs 75%*) .In late labor, fathers were more often >3 ft. from (88 vs 13%*), offered fewer comfort items (2 vs 9%*), and S&H less (11 vs 75%*). Surprisingly, in a survey of 51 couples, including our 12 observed couples, we found very few correlations between an individual mother's expectations and perceptions of L & D and those of her partner. Fathers and mothers were unable to gauge the effects of their behavior on one another or to accurately perceive their partners' emotional state. In spite of fathers' passivity during L&D, both partners felt the father's presence during L&D was vital. Should the father be expected to provide more than emotional support for his partner during L&D, or can a doula and the father work together to make the experience less stressful for the couple? *P<.001
Regulation of Xanthine Oxidase by Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a central mechanism of oxidative injury as occurs following ischemia. During the early period of reperfusion, both nitric oxide (NO(*)) and superoxide (O-*(2)) generation are increased leading to the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)); however, questions remain regarding the presence and nature of the interactions of NO(*) or ONOO(-) with XO and the role of this process in regulating oxidant generation. Therefore, we determined the dose-dependent effects of NO(*) and ONOO(-) on the O-*(2) generation and enzyme activity of XO, respectively, by EPR spin trapping of O-*(2) using 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide and spectrophotometric assay. ONOO(-) markedly inhibited both O-*(2) generation and XO activity in dose-dependent manner, while NO(*) from NO(*) gas in concentrations up to 200 microM had no effect. Furthermore, we observed that NO(*) donors such as NOR-1 also inhibited O-*(2) generation and XO activity; however, these effects were O-*(2)-dependent and blocked by superoxide dismutase or ONOO(-) scavengers. Finally, we found that ONOO(-) totally abolished the Mo(V) EPR spectrum. These changes were irreversible, suggesting oxidative disruption of the critical molybdenum center of the catalytic site. Thus, ONOO(-) formed in biological systems can feedback and down-regulate XO activity and O-*(2) generation, which in turn may serve to limit further ONOO(-) formation.
Global patterns in cloud forms on Mars

Mariner 9 images and all Viking orbiter images through July 1979 were searched for cloud forms. A computer-accessible catalog was assembled, consisting of a classification of cloud type (lee wave, for example) and properties (directionality, wavelength, for example). Lee wave directionality shows a pattern and seasonal variation at high latitudes which is consistent with predictions of theoretical modeling. Fog and haze occurrence shows no obvious correlation with water abundance or any other simple causal factor. Lee waves are rare at equatorial latitudes. Plumes (probably dust) occur preferentially at locations where strong boundary layer convection is expected.
METHADONE-INDUCED QTC PROLONGATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CYP2C19 GENOTYPE AND WITH PLASMA ETHYLIDENE-1,5-DIMETHYL-3,3-DIPHENYLPYRROLIDENE (EDDP) CONCENTRATION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISTIC LINK

Methadone-associated sudden arrhythmic death is due to polymorphic ventricular fibrillation arising from QT prolongation associated with perturbations in the delayed potassium rectifier current. Risk for QT prolongation has been independently associated with both increased formation of the methadone
Outbreeding depression in hybrids between odd- and even-broodyear pink salmon

Abstract Fewer F 2 hybrids between even- and odd-broodline pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ), which are lines that are genetically isolated by their strict two-year life cycle, survived than did F 2 controls, indicating outbreeding depression. Cryopreserved sperm of 40 broodyear 1990 males and of 40 broodyear 1991 males fertilized equal subsamples of eggs from 40 broodyear 1992 females. Return rates of F 1 hybrids (1.73%) and controls (1.63%) in 1994 did not differ significantly ( P =0.30). F 2 hybrid and control crosses were made from 40 males and 40 females selected at random from each return group. Offspring were differentially marked and released. In 1996, returns differed significantly ( P =0.011) between hybrids ( n =34, 0.34%) and controls ( n =44, 0.42%). The low rate of return of the control fish was similar to the measured return of a much larger group of tagged Auke Creek pink salmon, and probably not an artifact of the experiment. Although no increase in fluctuating asymmetry of paired meristic counts was observed in either F 1 or F 2 hybrids, size and some meristic counts of hybrids exceed measurements of controls, suggesting heterosis for those traits. The observations of decreased survival in F 2 hybrids confirm previous work [Gharrett, A.J., Smoker, W.W., 1991. Two generations of hybrids between even- and odd-year pink salmon ( O. gorbuscha ). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 48(9) 1744–1749]. Although genetic divergence between pink salmon broodlines is large and outbreeding depression might be expected in such unlikely hybrids, the results document the occurrence of outbreeding depression in salmon and signal caution in making management and aquacultural decisions that may create the possibility of outbreeding depression in self-sustaining or cultured populations.
Analysis of lipid rafts in T cells.

Abstract The plasma membrane of T cells is made of a combination of glycosphingolipids and protein receptors organized in glycolipoprotein microdomains termed lipid rafts. The structural assembly of lipid rafts was investigated by various physical and biochemical assays. Depending on the differentiation status of T cells, the lipid rafts seclude various protein receptors involved in T cell signaling, cytoskeleton reorganization, membrane trafficking, and the entry of infectious organisms into the cells. This review article summarizes the most common methods, and their limits and advantages for analyzing the composition and assembly of lipid rafts with protein receptors into lipid rafts microdomains in plasma membrane of T cells. It also includes new methods such as ELISA/Polysorp and flow cytometry, and a combined sucrose gradient centrifugation–FPLC–Western blot strategy developed in our laboratory to study non-covalent interactions between the GM1 glycosphingolipid and protein receptors in plasma membrane of T cells.
Pilot–pivotal trials for average bioequivalence

Before carrying out a full scale bioequivalence trial, it is desirable to conduct a pilot trial to decide if a generic drug product shows promise of bioequivalence. The purpose of a pilot trial is to screen test formulations, and hence small sample sizes can be used. Based on the outcome of the pilot trial, one can decide whether or not a full scale pivotal trial should be carried out to assess bioequivalence. This article deals with the design of a pivotal trial, based on the evidence from the pilot trial. A two-stage adaptive procedure is developed in order to determine the sample size and the decision rule for the pivotal trial, for testing average bioequivalence using the two one-sided test (TOST). Numerical implementation of the procedure is discussed in detail, and the required tables are provided. Numerical results indicate that the required sample sizes could be smaller than that recommended by the FDA for a single trial, especially when the pilot study provides strong evidence in favor of bioequivalence.
A double regularity in the acquisition of English verb morphology

Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant GN-534.1 from the Office of Science Information Service to the Computer and Information Science Research Center, The Ohio State University.
Fc fusion as a platform technology: potential for modulating immunogenicity

The platform technology of fragment crystallizable (Fc) fusion, in which the Fc region of an antibody is genetically linked to an active protein drug, is among the most successful of a new generation of bioengineering strategies. Immunogenicity is a critical safety concern in the development of any protein therapeutic. While the therapeutic goal of generating Fc-fusion proteins has been to extend half-life, there is a critical mass of literature from immunology indicating that appropriate design of the Fc component has the potential to engage the immune system for product-specific outcomes. In the context of Fc-fusion therapeutics, a review of progress in understanding Fc biology suggests the prospect of engineering products that have an extended half-life and are able to modulate the immune system.
Effects of Ceratomyxosis on Population Dynamics of Klamath Fall-Run Chinook Salmon

Abstract Animal populations are frequently infected by pathogens, but it is not always easy to determine the importance of pathogens to overall population dynamics. It is especially difficult to detect the effects of disease in population time series data because the effects are often local while overall population dynamics are also affected by larger-scale environmental factors. We overcame this difficulty by applying multivariate time series analysis to extract local effects from spawning abundance data and by comparing the survival rate of juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from two locations in the Klamath River basin of California, one of which is affected by a high concentration of the myxozoan parasite Ceratomyxa shasta. To assess the effect of the disease (ceratomyxosis) caused by C. shasta on the population dynamics, we analyzed spatially structured abundance data for naturally spawning salmon and survival data for hatchery-released salmon for associations with exposure to ...
Bridging the information gap: collaborative technology design with low-income at-risk families to engender healthy behaviors

The leading cause of death in the United States is cardiovascular disease. Formative studies have shown that technological interventions may help effect lifestyle changes, however there has been minimal research to ascertain appropriate interventions for at risk, low-income populations. We conducted two participatory-based design workshops with nine caregivers and thirteen children to help determine suitable interventions for an at-risk low socioeconomic population. The major themes that emerged from the workshop for caregivers were their need for assistive systems that would help with everything from parenting to budgeting time and resources. Researchers in human computer interaction would benefit from our findings by developing a holistic sense of barriers encountered by low-income families to improve their health. We conclude the paper with a discussion of design implications.
On the relation of temperature and RNA content to the specific growth rate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The protein synthesis capacity of a cell is determined by its number of ribosomes and their activity. If protein synthesis is the rate-limiting step in cell replication, the growth rate can be varied by altering the activity of the existing ribosomes via a change in the cultivation temperature, and by altering the size of the biosynthetic machinery by changing the RNA content. The first alternative seems to be the case when the temperature is changed in batch culture, while the second occurs at constant temperature in nutritional shiftup and shiftdown batch experiments and in continuous cultures at different dilution rates. In the present communication, the authors report on the effects of temperature and RNA content on the specific growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in batch and continuous cultures
Aerodynamic design optimization of a fuel efficient high-performance, single-engine, business airplane

A design study has been conducted to optimize a single-engine airplane for a high-performance cruise mission. The mission analyzed included a cruise speed of about 300 knots, a cruise range of about 1300 nautical miles, and a six-passenger payload (5340 N (1200 lb)). The purpose of the study is to investigate the combinations of wing design, engine, and operating altitude required for the mission. The results show that these mission performance characteristics can be achieved with fuel efficiencies competitive with present-day high-performance, single- and twin-engine, business airplanes. It is noted that relaxation of the present Federal Aviation Regulation, Part 23, stall-speed requirement for single-engine airplanes facilitates the optimization of the airplane for fuel efficiency.
Heat Generation and Transport in SOI and GOI Devices

This paper surveys recent progress in our understanding of heat generation and transport in nanoscale transistors. Monte Carlo simulations show that under quasi-ballistic transport conditions, most Joule heat is generated in the device drain. Measurements and modeling find the device thermal resistance scales inversely with device size, reaching well over 100 K/mW for sub-100 nm transistors. This trend is partly also driven by decreased thermal conductivity of ultra-thin films, as well as the increased role of boundary thermal resistance. Somewhat surprisingly, the analysis shows that well-behaved GOI transistors ought to outperform SOI from a thermal viewpoint as well, highlighting the importance of electrothermal co-design at device length scales approaching 10 nm.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pt Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles: Effect of the Template on Nanoparticle Formation

In this article, we provide a detailed description of the synthesis and properties of Pt dendrimerencapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) prepared using sixth-generation, hydroxyl-terminated, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers (G6-OH) and three different PtCl4 2- /G6-OH ratios: 55, 147, and 240. Results obtained from UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and high-energy X-ray diffraction show that only a fraction of the Pt 2+ /dendrimer precursors are reduced by BH4 - and that the reduction process is highly heterogeneous. That is, after reduction each Pt 2+ /dendrimer precursor complex is either fully reduced, to yield a DEN having a size and structure consistent with the original PtCl4 2- /dendrimer ratio used for the synthesis, or the precursor is not reduced at all. This result is consistent with an autocatalytic process that entails slow formation of a nascent catalytic Pt seed within the dendrimer, followed by rapid, catalytic reduction of nearby Pt 2+ ions. Details concerning the formation of the Pt 2+ /dendrimer precursor are also discussed.
Diverse thalamic projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey

We studied the sources of thalamic projections to prefrontal areas of nine rhesus monkeys with the aid of retrograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase or fluorescent dyes). Our goal was to determine the proportion of labeled neurons contributing to this projection system by the mediodorsal (MD) nucleus compared to those distributed in other thalamic nuclei, and to investigate the relationship of thalamic projections to specific architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex. We selected areas for study within both the basoventral (areas 11, 12, and ventral 46) and the mediodorsal (areas 32, 14, 46, and 8) prefrontal sectors. This choice was based on our previous studies, which indicate differences in cortical projections to these two distinct architectonic sectors (Barbas, '88; Barbas and Pandya, '89). In addition, for each sector we included areas with different architectonic profiles, which is also relevant to the connectional patterns of the prefrontal cortices. The results showed that MD included a clear majority (over 80%) of all thalamic neurons directed to some prefrontal cortices (areas 11, 46, and 8); it contributed just over half to some others (areas 12 and 32), and less than a third to area 14. Clusters of neurons directed to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal areas were largely segregated within MD: the former were found ventrally, the latter dorsally. However, the most striking findings establish a relationship between thalamic origin and laminar definition of the prefrontal target areas. Most thalamic neurons directed to lateral prefrontal cortices, which are characterized by a high degree of laminar definition (areas 46 and 8), originated in the parvicellular and multiform subdivisions of MD, and only a few were found in other nuclei. In contrast, orbital and medial cortices, which have a low degree of laminar differentiation, were targeted by the magnocellular subdivision of MD and by numerous other limbic thalamic nuclei, including the midline and the anterior. Thus topographic specificity in the origin of thalamic projections increased as the laminar definition of the target area increased. Moreover, the rostrocaudal distribution of labeled neurons in MD and the medial pulvinar also differed depending on the degree of the laminar definition of the prefrontal target areas. The rostral parts of MD and the medial pulvinar projected to the eulaminate lateral prefrontal cortices, whereas their caudal parts projected to orbital and medial limbic cortices. Selective destruction of caudal MD is known to disrupt mnemonic processes in both humans and monkeys, suggesting that this thalamic-limbic prefrontal loop may constitute an important pathway for memory.
The developmental origins of externalizing behavioral problems: parental disengagement and the role of gene-environment interplay.

Abstract A line of research has revealed that the influence of genes on behavioral development is closely tied to environmental experiences. Known as gene–environment interaction, research in this area is beginning to reveal that variation in parenting behaviors may moderate genetic influences on antisocial behaviors in children. Despite growing interest in gene–environment interaction research, little evidence exists concerning the role of maternal disengagement in the conditioning of genetic influences on childhood behavioral problems. The current study is intended to address this gap in the literature by analyzing a sample of twin pairs drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Analysis of the ECLS-B provided evidence that maternal disengagement moderates genetic influences on the development of externalizing problems.
Videolyzer: quality analysis of online informational video for bloggers and journalists

Tools to aid people in making sense of the information quality of online informational video are essential for media consumers seeking to be well informed. Our application, Videolyzer, addresses the information quality problem in video by allowing politically motivated bloggers or journalists to analyze, collect, and share criticisms of the information quality of online political videos. Our interface innovates by providing a fine-grained and tightly coupled interaction paradigm between the timeline, the time-synced transcript, and annotations. We also incorporate automatic textual and video content analysis to suggest areas of interest for further assessment by a person. We present an evaluation of Videolyzer looking at the user experience, usefulness, and behavior around the novel features of the UI as well as report on the collaborative dynamic of the discourse generated with the tool.
Diffusion-limited aggregation and the Saffman-Taylor problem

A random-walk model is proposed to simulate Darcy-law two-dimensional flows in hydrodynamics in the limit of zero-surface tension. The simulation is compared with the analytic and numerical results of the latter in steady-state and dynamic cases, respectively. The instabilities of the model in a flat interface are studied in the linear region. It is clear that the mean-field .limit of diffusion-limited aggregation is a Saffman-Taylor problem.
SU-GG-T-185: Eliminating Errors in Setup and Positioning for Patient-Specific IMRT QA

Purpose: In patient‐specific IMRTquality assurance (QA), measured planar dose distributions are usually compared to calculated planar dose distributions. Any discrepancies between the two distributions can be due to: 1. Uncertainties in the linac delivery system. 2. Uncertainties in beam modeling in the treatment planning system. 3. Uncertainties in positioning the QA device/dosimeter. The purpose of this study is to develop and implement a method to eliminate all positioning uncertainties that affect the QA results, including the dosimeter or device positioning and MLC positioning errors, and thereby determine residual errors that are attributed to beam modeling and non‐positioning delivery system uncertainties.Method and Materials: Measured and calculated dose distributions are usually compared using a similarity measure such as gamma test or DTA/dose difference (composite) test based on which a pass percentage is determined. We have developed an efficient algorithm that eliminates the affect of setup and positioning errors on the gamma or composite pass percentages. The algorithm is designed to be optimal and fast so as to operate on high resolution (1 mm) dose distributions for misalignments (typically up to 10 mm). Results: An algorithm to align high resolution dose distributions using translation has been implemented in C++ and executes within a few seconds on a PC. The algorithm has been rigorously tested on randomly generated matrices for known misalignments and it is able to predict the shifts very accurately. Conclusion: We have developed a method that eliminates the impact of setup and positioning uncertainties on pass rates for IMRT QA. Any residual discrepancies between measured and calculated planar dose distributions can then be truly attributed to beam modeling and machine output variations.
Colchicine-induced polyploidy in phalaenopsis orchids

Colchicine can induce polyploidy in phalaenopsis orchids. When young protocorms are treated in liquid culture with 50 mg/l colchicine, about 50% of the protocorms develop into tetraploids.
Management of chylothorax by percutaneous catheterization and embolization of the thoracic duct: prospective trial.

Purpose To prospectively assess the efficacy of percutaneous transabdominal thoracic duct catheterization and embolization in the management of patients with high-output chylothoracic effusions. Materials and Methods Eleven consecutive patients (four women and seven men; mean age, 53 years) were referred with chylothorax secondary to esophagectomy ( n = 4), lobectomy ( n = 1), lung transplant ( n = 1), coronary artery bypass ( n = 1), aortic graft ( n = 2), lymphangioleiomyomatosis ( n = 1), and gunshot wound ( n = 1). Two patients were brought by ambulance and referred back to their hospital on the same day. Pedal lymphography was used to opacify the cisterna chyli or major retroperitoneal lymphatic trunks. When patent, these were punctured under local anesthesia with a fine needle and the thoracic duct was catheterized over a microguide wire with use of a 3-F catheter; the duct was embolized with platinum coils. Patients were followed up for decrease in thoracic drainage output and morbidity. Results There were no retroperitoneal ducts suitable for catheterization in six patients because of previous abdominal surgery, trauma, or lymphangioleiomyomatosis; the thoracic duct was successfully catheterized in five patients, a 45% technical success rate. Thoracic duct embolization was performed in four patients, with cure of effusion in two. In the other two patients, one with lymphangioleiomyomatosis and the other with nonchylous pleural fluid, continued effusion was successfully treated by means of pleurodesis. Of two patients with previous thoracic duct ligation, one was found to have the duct incompletely tied. The authors were surprised to find that previous major abdominal surgery, chronic aortic dissection, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis could obliterate major retroperitoneal lymphatic ducts and the cisterna chyli. Percutaneous study of the thoracic duct with aqueous contrast medium was more sensitive than lymphography with iodinated oil. There was no morbidity. Conclusions Catheterization of the thoracic duct was possible in all patients who had patent major retroperitoneal lymphatic trunks. Thoracic duct embolization was curative in patients with demonstrable duct leakage. Previous abdominal surgery, aortic dissection, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis can lead to silent occlusion of retroperitoneal lymphatic trunks. Percutaneous thoracic duct catheterization and embolization is safe and can replace surgical ligation in some patients.
Psychiatry and Emergency Medicine: Medical Student and Physician Attitudes Toward Homeless Persons

Objective The purpose of the study was to explore changes in medical students ’ attitudes toward homeless persons during the Psychiatry and Emergency Medicine clerkships. Simultaneously, this study explored attitudes toward homeless persons held by Psychiatry and Emergency Medicine residents and faculty in an attempt to uncover the “hidden curriculum” in medical education, in which values are communicated from teacher to student outside of the formal instruction.
The Silwood Circle: A History of Ecology and the Making of Scientific Careers in Late Twentieth-Century Britain

As readers of Annals of Science have surely noticed, the eco-prefix can be found everywhere from the mundane to the exotic. You can study ecophilosophy, pray to an eco-religion, vote in favour of e...
The reflection coefficient in stimulated parmetric backscattering

The step-function approximation of the anomalous reflection coefficient in laser-induced parametric backscattering currently used in the theory of nonlinear laser plasma interactions is improved using a simple exponential derived from elliptic functions. The validity of the single-reflection analysis is reaffirmed.
Transgenic Mice Over-Expressing the C-99 Fragment of βPP with an α-Secretase Site Mutation Develop a Myopathy Similar to Human Inclusion Body Myositis

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common muscle disease in the elderly. Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) has been shown to accumulate abnormally in the vacuolated fibers and to localize to amyloid-like fibrils in muscles from IBM patients. We studied the skeletal muscles from a line of transgenic mice over-expressing the carboxyl-terminal 99 amino acids (C99) of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βPP) with a substitution of lysine-612 to valine (K612V), intended to abolish α-secretase recognition and to preserve the Aβ domain of C99. The majority (87%) of the 24-month-old transgenic mice showed myopathic changes, and approximately one-third of them had degenerating fibers with sarcoplasmic vacuoles and thioflavin-S-positive deposits. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions were aggregates of short thin amyloid-like fibrils, 6 to 8 nm in diameter. These features are similar to those of human IBM. Immunocytochemistry using an antibody against Aβ showed membranous staining in most muscle fibers of transgenic mice, as well as granular or vacuolar cytoplasmic staining in the atrophic fibers. Western blots showed a high level of accumulation of carboxyl-terminal fragments of βPP in the muscles of the transgenic mice with the most severe IBM-like lesions. The expression of IBM-like lesions was age dependent. These transgenic mice provide a model for the study of IBM and for the peripheral expression of a key element in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.