cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortisol enhances citrulline synthesis from proline in enterocytes of suckling piglets.

There are marked decreases in plasma concentrations of cortisol and arginine (an essential amino acid for neonates) as well as intestinal citrulline synthesis in piglets during the first 14 days of life. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that increasing plasma cortisol concentrations by cortisol administration may prevent the decline in intestinal citrulline and arginine synthesis from proline, thereby possibly increasing plasma arginine concentration in suckling piglets and their growth. Seven-day-old pigs reared by sows received daily intramuscular injections of hydrocortisone 21-acetate (25 mg/kg) or vehicle solution (saline) (n = 10/group). At 14 days of age, piglets were used to prepare jejunal enterocytes. Cells were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in oxygenated Krebs buffer containing 5 mM glucose, 2 mM [U-14C]proline, and 2 mM glutamine. Cortisol treatment increased plasma cortisol concentration, mitochondrial proline oxidase and N-acetylglutamate synthase activities, cytosolic argininosuccinate lyase activity, and the intracellular concentrations of N-acetylglutamate and carbamoyl phosphate for citrulline and arginine synthesis. However, cortisol treatment induced the expression of intestinal arginase-II for arginine hydrolysis, resulting in no change in plasma arginine concentration. Administration of cortisol had no effect on milk consumption or the whole-body growth rate of piglets, but increased villus height in the jejunum and ileum. Collectively, these results suggest an important role for proline oxidase and N-acetylglutamate in regulating citrulline and arginine synthesis from proline in pig enterocytes. Because proline catabolism plays an important role in modulating protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and arginine production, our findings may have important implications for understanding the role of proline oxidase in the growth and health of the mammalian small intestine.
Creating Lightbulb Moments: Developing Higher-Order Thinking in Family Law Classrooms Through Court Observations

This article fills a critical gap in the family law literature by arguing that teaching doctrinal family law in conjunction with the application of established learning theory and pedagogy yields a deeper engagement with the subject matter and leads to more practice-ready lawyers. ABA Standards 301, 303, and 304 do not clearly articulate the distinction between experiential education and experiential earning, doctrinal law classrooms are often bereft of experiential learning activities. By incorporating active learning and inclusive pedagogy in the doctrinal classroom and following recommendations from the MacCrate Report and Family Law Education Reform Project, students will be better prepared to address issues of professionalism and equity in their future practice. In particular, this paper reports on an experiential learning assignment in my Family Law class in which students visited domestic relation court settings to “marry” theory and doctrine with the practice of family law. I describe how incorporating a courtroom observation activity in Family Law stimulates higher-order thinking as categorized by Bloom’s Taxonomy. I discuss trends in learning theory, share the questions students answered in the assignment, and explore some of the students’ observations of and reflections on the family law courtroom, including the effects on litigants, children, and lawyers. I conclude that courtroom observations and written reflections can better prepare students for their future experiences in legal clinics and initial law practice and can be implemented in other doctrinal courses as well. Providing law students with an opportunity to observe court settings helps them integrate theory and practice in doctrinal classes, supports robust learning outcomes, is relatively easy to implement, and is highly rewarding for the student and legal education as a whole.
The Effects of Inverter Clipping and Curtailment-Inducing Grid Support Functions on PV Planning Decisions

Recent trends in PV economics and advanced inverter functionalities have contributed to the rapid growth in PV adoption; PV modules have gotten much cheaper and advanced inverters can deliver a range of services in support of grid operations. However, these phenomena also provide conditions for PV curtailment, where high penetrations of distributed PV often necessitate the use of advanced inverter functions with VAR priority to address abnormal grid conditions like over- and under-voltages. This paper presents a detailed energy loss analysis, using a combination of open-source PV modeling tools and high-resolution time-series simulations, to place the magnitude of clipped and curtailed PV energy in context with other operational sources of PV energy loss. The simulations were conducted on a realistic distribution circuit, modified to include utility load data and 341 modeled PV systems at 25% of the customer locations. The results revealed that the magnitude of clipping losses often overshadows that of curtailment but, on average, both were among the lowest contributors to total annual PV energy loss. However, combined clipping and curtailment loss are likely to become more prevalent as recent trends continue.
Viscous Fluid Flow and Laminar Boundary Layers

Viscous stresses are important in studying aerodynamics and calculating the forces. So far, we have ignored the viscous stresses compared to the pressure and acceleration in the so called inviscid flow in the region outside the viscous layers (around the body and in the wake).
Myeloid Zinc Finger 1 (MZF-1) Regulates Expression of the CCN2/CTGF and CCN3/NOV Genes in the Hematopoietic Compartment.

Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CCN2/CTGF) and Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (CCN3/NOV) execute key functions within the hematopoietic compartment. Both are abundant in the bone marrow stroma, which is a niche for hematopoiesis and supports marrow function. Roles for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and all-trans retinoic acid in the bone marrow have also been elucidated. Interestingly, some of the annotated roles of these vitamins overlap with established functions of CCN2 and CCN3. Yet, no factor has been identified that unifies these observations. In this study, we report the regulation of the CTGF and NOV genes by Myeloid Zinc Finger-1 (MZF-1), a hematopoietic transcription factor. We show the interaction of MZF-1 with the CTGF and NOV promoters in several cell types. Up-regulation of MZF-1 via calcitriol and vitamin A induces expression of CTGF and NOV, implicating a role for these vitamins in the functions of these two genes. Lastly, knockdown of MZF1 reduces levels of CTGF and NOV. Collectively, our results argue that MZF-1 regulates the CTGF and NOV genes in the hematopoietic compartment, and may be involved in their respective functions in the stroma. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: 2634–2639, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aquifex aeolicus 3-Deoxy- d - manno -2-Octulosonic Acid 8-Phosphate Synthase: A New Class of KDO 8-P Synthase?

The relationship between 3-deoxy-d-manno2-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate (KDO 8-P) synthase and 3-deoxy-d-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAH 7-P) synthase has not been adequately addressed in the literature. Based on recent reports of a metal requiring KDO 8-P synthase and the newly solved X-ray crystal structures of both Escherichia coli KDO 8-P synthase and DAH 7-P synthase, we begin to address the evolutionary kinship between these catalytically similar enzymes. Using a maximum likelihood-based grouping of 29 KDO 8-P synthase sequences, we demonstrate the existence of a new class of KDO 8-P synthase, the members of which we propose to require a metal cofactor for catalysis. Similarly, we hypothesize a class of DAH 7-P synthase that does not have the metal requirement of the heretofore model E. coli enzyme. Based on this information and a careful investigation of the reported X-ray crystal structures, we also propose that KDO 8-P synthase and DAH 7-P synthase are the product of a divergent evolutionary process from a common ancestor.
Distributed Contour Trees

Topological techniques provide robust tools for data analysis. They are used, for example, for feature extraction, for data de-noising, and for comparison of data sets. This chapter concerns contour trees, a topological descriptor that records the connectivity of the isosurfaces of scalar functions. These trees are fundamental to analysis and visualization of physical phenomena modeled by real-valued measurements.
Group invariant inferred distributions via noncommutative probability

One may consider three types of statistical inference: Bayesian, frequentist, and group invariance-based. The focus here is on the latter method. We consider the Poisson and binomial distributions in detail to illustrate a groupinvariance method to obtain inferred distributions on the parameter spaces conditional upon observed results. The families are constructed according to group theoretic methods involving so-called coherent states . These particular inferred distributions coincide with Bayesian posteriors. In that sense, this context provides a method for obtaining noninformative prior measures. The proposed method yields uniform priors on the canonical parameters for both the Poisson and binomial distributions.
Role of the Shell Gland in Determination of Albumen Quality

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the crude ovomucin contents of eggs at various stages of egg formation. The total ovomucin content was greatest in eggs obtained from the isthmus four and one-half hours after oviposition of the previous egg. It was unchanged at six hours, after the egg had entered the shell gland, but declined precipitously during the first few hours in the shell gland, remaining relatively constant thereafter until oviposition. The rapid decline in ovomucin content of eggs in shell gland corresponded to the period of rapid egg white plumping. Fresh eggs which differed in albumen quality also differed in crude ovomucin content. Hens which were selected for differences in albumen quality of fresh eggs did not differ in the total ovomucin content of eggs obtained from the isthmus. However, the differences in ovomucin content associated with egg quality were apparent in eggs obtained from the shell gland within eight hours after oviposition of the previous egg. Hens fed a diet supplemented with 2% ammonium chloride in an attempt to increase albumen quality also did not differ in ovomucin content of isthmal eggs. Ovomucin was markedly increased in eggs of this group after oviposition; however, variations in ovomucin content among hens selected for differences in egg quality were not due to differences in the dilution of egg white by plumping fluid in the shell gland. High and low quality groups contained comparable amounts of albumen in eggs at all stages of formation. Thus, variations in albumen quality among hens within a strain become differentiated during the first few hours in the shell gland and are probably related to chemical interactions between plumping fluid and preformed albumen.
Pharmacogenetics of the 5‐lipoxygenase pathway in asthma

It is now well appreciated that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways; among the inflammatory cells that have been implicated in the asthmatic lesion are eosinophils and mast cells. Although these cells have the capacity to produce a number of distinct chemical mediators, the cysteinyl leukotrienes have recently been identified as important mediators of the asthmatic response. The leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipases. The archidonic acid so released in the presence of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activating protein becomes a substrate for the enzyme 5-LO. This enzyme catalyses the stereo-specific addition of molecular oxygen to arachidonic acid to form the product known as leukotriene A4. Leukotriene A4 subsequently becomes a substrate for one of two enzymes, leukotriene A4 epoxide hydrolase or LTC4 synthase. The former catalyses the formation of LTB4 while the later catalyses the formation of the cysteinyl leukotrienes. Thus the enzyme 5-LO is critically posed to serve as a regulator of leukotriene synthesis. 5-LO action is known to be regulated at a number of levels; the mechanisms include regulation of action of the mature protein and regulation of 5-LO gene transcription and translation; there is good reason to believe that all forms of 5-LO regulation are highly interdependent. In this regard we describe the presence and functional consequences of a series of naturally occurring mutations in 5-LO core promoter. These mutations modify gene transcription in vitro, and may have functional consequences in vivo.
Oscillations and chaos in the dynamics of a perennial grass

ECOLOGICAL models describe the conditions required for chaotic population dynamics1–7, but there are few studies with which to test these predictions4,8–10, and none for perennial plants. In a five-year experiment, a perennial grass exhibited numerous traits associated with chaotic dynamics. Biomass oscillations were greater on more productive soils, with plots on the richest soils exhibiting a 6,000-fold crash. Curves relating the biomass one year to that in the previous year had the peaks and steep slopes associated with chaos, and the dependence of plant biomass on productivity became fuzzy over time. These dynamics resulted from the time-delayed inhibitory effect of plant litter on subsequent growth. A model incorporating litter inhibition predicts oscillations and chaos as productivity increases.
Age-related differences in response to acute cold challenge (−10°C) in male F344 rats

Abstract Male F344 rats, 3, 12, and 24 months of age, were acclimated to either 5°C (CA) or 23°C (non-CA). At the end of acclimation, all CA rats exhibited higher basal oxygen uptake than the non-CA when measured at 28°C. When challenged by a 3-hour exposure to −10°C, significant difference in tolerance to cold was observed not only between the CA and non-CA rats but among the different age groups. The 3-month-olds tolerated cold better than 12-month-olds, and the 12-month-olds did better than the 24-month-olds. The ranking order for cold tolerance in −10°C was: 3-month CA > 12-month CA > 3-month non-CA = 12-month non-CA = 24-month CA > 24-month non-CA. Total 3-hour O 2 uptake decreased progressively with advancing age. Heat productions were doubled in −10°C in all age groups, and all CA rats had higher heat production than non-CAs. The increase of heat production in −10°C was insufficient to maintain body temperature in all animals. All animals had loss of body heat content, the loss becoming greater with advancing age. Non-CA rats had greater loss of heat content or faster decline of colonic temperature than the CAs. Significant strain-related difference in cold tolerance was noted between the F344 and Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats, because 24-month-old non-CA male F344 rats still exhibited a better tolerance to −10°C than 3-month-old CA S-D rats.
PNA-based RNA-triggered drug-releasing system.

A three-component sequence-specific RNA-triggered drug-releasing system is described that consists of an 8-mer PNA linked to a coumarin ester (the prodrug component) and a 14-mer PNA linked to hist...
NorValley : A white-skinned chipping cultivar with cold-sweetening resistance

NorValley is a multi-purpose, high-yielding, whiteskinned cultivar suitable for processing into chips, dehydrated flakes, or for table stock use. It chips directly from long-term storage at 6 C without reconditioning. NorValley has wide adaptability and is suitable for production on irrigated or non-irrigated land and has a low incidence of hollow heart. NorValley was released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station on August 22,1996.
Enacting the Role of Management Professor: Lessons From Athena, Prometheus, and Asclepius

We explore how management professors define their roles as educators, and we explore the implications this has for what we teach, how we teach, and how we relate to students. Based upon a qualitati...
CCL25-CCR9 interaction modulates ovarian cancer cell migration, metalloproteinase expression, and invasion.

Ovarian carcinoma (OvCa) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among women and its poor prognosis is mainly due to metastasis. Chemokine receptor CCR9 is primarily expressed by a small subset of immune cells and its only natural ligand, CCL25, is largely expressed in the thymus, which involutes with age. Other than the thymus, CCL25 is expressed by the small bowel. Interactions between CCL25 and CCR9 have been implicated in leukocyte trafficking to the small bowel, a frequent metastatic site for OvCa cells. The current study shows OvCa tissue and cells significantly express CCR9, which interacts with CCL25 to support carcinoma cell migration and invasion. RT-PCR and flow cytometry techniques were used to quantify the expression CCR9 by OvCa cells. OvCa tissue microarrays (TMA) was used to confirm CCR9 expression in clinical samples. The Aperio ScanScope scanning system was used to quantify immunohistochemical staining. Cell invasion and migration assays were performed using cell migration and matrigel invasion chambers. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNAs were quantified by RT-PCR and active MMPs were quantified by ELISA. Our results show significantly (p < 0.001) higher expression of CCR9 by mucinous adenocarcinoma, papillary serous carcinoma, and endometriod ovarian carcinoma cases, than compared to non-neoplastic ovarian tissue. Furthermore, CCR9 expression was significantly elevated in OvCa cell lines (OVCAR-3 and CAOV-3) in comparison to normal adult ovarian epithelial cell mRNA. OvCa cells showed higher migratory and invasive potential towards chemotactic gradients of CCL25, which was inhibited by anti-CCR9 antibodies. Expression of collagenases (MMP-1, -8, and -13), gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9), and stromelysins (MMP-3, -10, and -11) by OvCa cells were modulated by CCL25 in a CCR9-dependent fashion. These results demonstrate both biological significance and clinical relevance of CCL25 and CCR9 interactions in OvCa cell metastasis.
Citricola Scale (Homoptera: Coccidae) Abundance on Chinese Hackberry and Scale Control with Spray Oil or Acephate Trunk Implants

Citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana), infesting Chinese hackberry, Celtis sincmis Persoon, was studied during 1991-1994 in Davis, CA. Female scale and crawler densities on untreated trees increased each year in comparison with previous years; populations of this introduced subtropical species were recovering from a population decline possibly induced by cold temperatures in northern California during the winter of 1990-1991. In California, European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium comi (Bouche), P. pruinosum (Coquillett), and Calico scale, Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell), also infest Chinese hackberry. However, citricola scale was 5-25 times more abundant than the Parthenolecanium species combined, and no calico scale were found on sample branches. Citricola scale was more abundant in the east and north tree canopy in comparison with the sunnier south canopy; abiotic mortality from hot, dry conditions may help to reduce scale populations. Transparent sticky tape traps helpl’d monitor scale crawler populations and were used to time foliar-season (control actions. The Humber of crawlers trapped depended on scale density, not sticky trap size. Crawler density peaked at 353 DD (SD = 43) above 11°C accumulated from 1 March, but laboratory development rate and threshold temperature data and sampling from other locations are needed to validate this empirical model. Three control methods were equally effective: a single foliar spray of 2% superior oil, acephate implants during the foliar season, or a single application of 3% supreme oil to bark during the dormant season. Each method reduced scale populations by ≈ 50% during the season of treatment, but there was no difference among treatments 1 yr after control actions. Apparent parasitism of female citricola scale ill Davis, CA, was only ≈ 1%. Parasitism was significantly lower on treated trees.
The Political Economy of Farm-Food Policy: Who Gets the Wheat and Who Gets the Shaft?

D. Gale Johnson, ed., Food and Agricultural Policy for the 1980s. Washington, D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981. Pp. 220. $15.25 hardbound; $7.25 softbound. Don F. Hadwiger and Ross B. Talbot, ed., Food Policy and Farm Programs. New York: The Academy of Political Science, 1982. Pp. 254. $3.50.
Symptom Patterns in Late Luteal-Phase Dysphoric Disorder

The symptom patterns of 180 women with prospectively confirmed late luteal-phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD) were examined using a careful application of factor and cluster analytic techniques. Factor analysis of premenstrual change scores on 33 common premenstrual syndrome symptoms yielded four orthogonal factors that were consistent across two sets of menstrual cycle data. These were a negative affect dimension with concomitant behavioral changes, physical symptoms, agitation, and positive arousal. Cluster analysis of factor scores grouped patients into one of five symptom patterns, the most common of which is a general distress cluster, characterized by symptoms across all dimensions. The LLPDD symptom groups identified are remarkably consistent with those of earlier studies using both normative and clinic samples, and consideration of symptom pattern differences in future research may greatly increase our understanding of this disorder.
The mechanism of action of psychotherapy.

Colom F. The mechanism of action of psychotherapy. Bipolar Disord 2002: 4(Suppl. 1): 102. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002
Promoting leadership behaviors in low performance‐self‐esteem women in task‐oriented mixed‐sex dyads1

Methods for promoting leadership behaviors in low performance-self-esteem women were explored in two studies. Female undergraduates were paired with male peers who had either very similar or much higher scores on the Performance-Self-Esteem Scale. The mixed-sex dyads in Study 1 were given either no leader, chance-based leader, or ability-based leader instructions. Study 2 included only the latter two conditions and allowed subjects preparation time between leader appointment and the dyadic interaction. All leader appointments were given to the female dyad member. Members' influence was measured by verbal interaction counts, decision outcome scores, and members' ratings. Both leader conditions were successful in promoting female leadership behavior in Study 2, as measured by verbal interactions, but neither was successful in Study 1. Results indicated that Study 2 females exercised a helpful leadership style and that Study 2 males were satisfied with their partners' role in the interaction.
Finite element formulation for modelling large deformations in elasto-viscoplastic polycrystals

Anisotropic, elasto-viscoplastic behaviour in polycrystalline materials is modelled using a new, updated Lagrangian formulation based on a three-field form of the Hu-Washizu variational principle to create a stable finiteelement method in the context of nearly incompressible behaviour. The meso-scale is characterized by a representative volume element, which contains grains governed by single crystal behaviour. A new, fully implicit, two-level, backward Euler integration scheme together with an efficient finite element formulation, including consistent linearization, is presented. The proposed finite element model is capable of predicting non-homogeneous meso-fields, which, for example, may impact subsequent recrystallization. Finally, simple deformations involving an aluminium alloy are considered in order to demonstrate the algorithm.
B74-11 Abstract Automata 1

With the increasing interest in automata theory, the number of books on this subject has been steadily increasing since the early 1960's. Depending on the audience, one can now choose books in the graduate level as well as in the introductory junior-senior level. Depending on the emphasis, one can also choose books that approach the subject from different angles. This book, Abstract Automata, by P. H. Starke of Germany is certainly a welcome addition to this collection.
An architecture for complex clinical question answering

We present the software architecture for a coming commu­nity resource, the Multi-source Integrated Platform for An­swering Clinical Questions (MiPACQ). This system is de­signed to capitalize on state-of-the-art semantic annotation of text to answer complex clinical practice questions and to enable clinical investigators to perform pioneering data min­ing tasks. The architecture allows easy customization to fa­cilitate integration with different electronic medical records systems and data sources, to retrain machine learning (ML) classifiers to handle domain-specific details, to utilize new annotators and ML algorithms as they become available, and to enhance, replace or add new core system components.
TCP- and Phthalimide-Protected n-Pentenyl Glucosaminide Precursors for the Synthesis of Nodulation Factors As Illustrated by the Total Synthesis of NodRf-III (C18:1, MeFuc)

TCP- and phthalimide-protected n-pentenyl glucosaminide (NPG) precursors have been utilized in a convergent stereocontrolled synthesis of the nodulation factor NodRf-III (C18:1, MeFuc) produced by Rhizobium fredii USDA257, 2. Nodulation factors are lipooligosaccharides that are secreted by bacteria which trigger the early steps in the formation of root nodules in leguminous plants. This symbiotic relationship between plant and bacteria plays a major role in the global nitrogen cycle. Key to our synthetic approach was the use of the TCP (tetrachlorophthaloyl) group to provide for N-differentiation of the linear glucosamine backbone and the use of FeCl3 for the removal of benzyl protecting groups from the tetrasaccharide. The saccharide skeleton was assembled via the NPG-based coupling of a linear β(1→4) glucosamine disaccharide to a 6-O-fucosylated glucosamine acceptor. Significant yield enhancements for NPG couplings were observed at lower temperatures. Subsequent exchange of benzyl to tert-butyldimethyls...
Distributed sequential detection for Gaussian binary hypothesis testing: Heterogeneous networks

This paper studies the problem of sequential Gaussian binary hypothesis testing in a distributed multi-agent heterogeneous network. A distributed sequential detection algorithm of the consensus+innovations form is proposed, in which the agents update their decision statistics by simultaneously processing latest observation samples (innovations) and neighborhood information. For each pre-specified set of error probabilities, algorithm parameters are derived which ensure that the algorithm achieves the desired error performance and finite time termination almost surely. The expected stopping time for the proposed algorithm is evaluated and its dependance on network connectivity quantified. Finally, simulation studies are presented which illustrate the analytical findings.
Occurrence of aging pigment (Lipofuscin) in the nuclei and cortices of the canine brain.

Abstract The occurrence of lipofuscin pigment in fifteen nuclear and cortical areas of brain of dogs ranging from one day old to sixteen years of age was studied. Histological and autoflorescence techniques showed that the lipofuscin pigment was present in the brain of young adult and old dogs, increasing in ascending order of age. Localisation of the pigment, in apparently healthy dogs, revealed its presence as the only neurocytological change in neurons of different areas. It was observed that the motor nuclei and areas developed the pigment at an early age; the increase was rapid with age when compared with that in the sensory and associative nuclei. The nuclei related with autonomic functions developed the pigment relatively late.
Velocity depending effect in FPS isolators

Abstract In order to understand the velocity depending effect in an FPS isolator and to verify its ability to achieve the desired dynamic friction coefficient, individual FPS isolators, both 1/4 and full size model, were tested. In addition, a two‐story frame model was tested on a shaking table [10] to investigate the feasibility of FPS connections. The characteristics of the friction coefficient of FPS bearing were studied and it was confirmed that FPS connections are able to achieve seismic isolation by dissipating the earthquake input energy during sliding. An analytical model of the test structure containing the mathematical expressions of the velocity depending effects is employed in the analysis, and the theoretical results agree strongly with the experimental results.
The Empowerment of Minority Students: Implications of Cummins' Model for Teacher Education

(1992). The Empowerment of Minority Students: Implications of Cummins' Model for Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 14, Linking Teachers, Schools, Families and Communities, pp. 38-45.
Posttranslational processing of progonadotropin-releasing hormone (PROGnRH) in ewes

Abstract Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from hypothalamic neurons into the hypophyseal-portal blood system following enzymatic cleavage of the decapeptide from a large precursor (proGnRH) molecule. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the ability of GnRH-producing neurons to synthesize and/or process proGnRH differed during physiological states associated with a suppressed and enhanced release of GnRH in ewes. Tissues were collected from ovariectomized ewes (OVX, n=4), OVX-estradiol treated ewes (OVX-E, n=5), and ewes (n=7) slaughtered 5 d after parturition (PP). Following euthanasia and exsanguination, stalk-median eminence (SME), medial-basal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic areas (POA) were collected. Concentrations of GnRH and proGnRH were determined by radioimmunoassay using specific antisera. Concentrations of GnRH in the SME did not differ (P>.05) between OVX-E and OVX ewes, but both groups contained less (P .05) from those in OVX ewes (.34 ± .34 vs 3.76 ± 1.53 and 1.7 ± .78 fmol/mg, respectively). In the MBH, OVX-E ewes had greater (P .05) in concentrations of GnRH in the POA were detected among groups. Concentrations of proGnRH in MBH and POA were not different (P>.05) among groups. In summary, proGnRH is present in the SME which contains nerve terminals of GnRH-producing cells. Although concentrations of proGnRH and GnRH in the SME and MBH were affected by physiological state, ratio's of the prohormone:mature decapeptide remained constant. Therefore, alterations in posttranslational processing of the prohormone leading to formation of the mature GnRH-decapeptide were not demonstrated.
Vascular malformations of the brain stem

✓ Vascular malformations of the brain stem are unusual lesions that may pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Seven patients with vascular malformations involving the brain stem were evaluated; six were treated surgically, with complete obliteration of the lesion in five patients. In five patients symptoms developed only after a hemorrhage had occurred, and three of these suffered a rebleed before appropriate treatment was given. Angiography failed to demonstrate lesions in three cases, which did not appear to protect from repeat hemorrhage since two of the three rebled. There were no operative deaths, and no patients were made permanently worse after surgery. Useful recovery occurred commonly after appropriate treatment and appeared to be possible even in patients who had suffered a catastrophic neurological deficit at the time of presentation. These data indicate that surgical removal of the lesion may be warranted in some patients with symptomatic brain-stem vascular malformation.
Hadron bubble evolution into the quark sea.

A solution is presented for the evolution of hadron bubbles which nucleate in the quark sea if there is a first-order quark-hadron phase transition at a temperature ${T}_{c}$ on the order of 100 MeV. We make three assumptions: (1) the dominant mechanism for transport of latent heat is radiative, e.g., neutrinos; (2) the distance between nucleation sites is greater than the neutrino mean free path; and (3) the effects of hydrodynamic flow can be neglected. Bubbles nucleate with a characteristic radius $\frac{1 \mathrm{fm}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is a dimensionless parameter for the undercooling (we take $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\ge}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, so that the expansion of the Universe can be neglected). We argue that bubbles grow stably and remain spherical until the radius becomes as large as the neutrino mean free path, $l\ensuremath{\simeq}10$ cm. The growth then becomes diffusion limited and the bubbles become unstable to formation of dendrites, or finger-like structures, because latent heat can diffuse away more easily from long fingers than from spheres. We study the nonlinear evolution of structure with a "geometrical model" and argue that the hadron bubbles ultimately look like stringy seaweed. The percolation of seaweed-shaped bubbles can leave behind regions of quark phase that are quite small. In fact, one might expect the typical scale to be ${L}_{Q}=l\ensuremath{\simeq}10$ cm. Protons can easily diffuse out of such small regions (and neutrons back in). Thus, these instabilities can lead to important modifications of inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis, which requires ${L}_{Q}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1$ m.
Variceal transformation of the subendocardial microvasculature in regions of chronic myocardial ischemia.

Abstract The nature and cause of the striking regional dilatation of the microvasculature of the subendocardial myocardium seen in some patients with ischemic heart disease are unknown. To examine this question, we reviewed nine patients in whom regions of the left ventricular free wall had marked prominence of subendocardial vasculature on postmortem arterlography. All hearts had severe diffuse atherosclarosis of major epicardial coronary arteries. Histologic findings, including serial transmural sections, showed extreme dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the subendocardial third of the myocardium. In this same region myocytes showed atrophy, vacuolization (a marker of chronic ischemis), and small foci of necrosis and fibrosis. The generalized small-vessel dilatation with adjacent ischemic myocytes makes it improbable that the vascular changes are caused by collateral flow. Previous anatomic studies have shown artery-vein arrangements in the myocardium providing for countercurrent regulation of regional blood flow. This mechanism, which produces vascular enlargement on the basis of metabolic need, may explain the regional variceal transformation of the subendocardial microvasculature seen with chronic ischemia.
A simple rule for the cwsolidation of allowance lists

The problem of consolidating certain sections of the allowance list is stated and discussed. A practical consolidation rule is proposed and illustrated by numerical examples. The validity of this consolidation rule is established for normally distributed demands, and its general usefulness is outlined.
Enzyme induction and acute endocrine effects in prepubertal female rats receiving environmental PCB/PCDF/PCDD mixtures.

Air, subsurface soil, and superficial dust from a National Priorities List landfill located in southern Illinois were sampled to determine their potential toxicities. The major components of these ...
Flux transfer events on the magnetopause: Spatial distribution and controlling factors

The spatial distribution of flux transfer events (FTE) of magnetic flux tubes pulled from the earth's magnetopause is analyzed using ISEE 1 and 2 data from 1977-82. Attention is given to interplanetary conditions influencing different observed FTE polarities. FTEs were observed on nearly 25 percent of the passes near the dayside magnetopause. Direct FTEs were located mainly in the northern dawn sector and reverse FTEs appeared in the southern dusk sector. The distribution indicated an origin in the equatorial sector, and data correlate the appearance of FTEs only when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) had southward or nearly horizontal orientation. The presence of a southward component in the IMF was coincident with the appearance of an FTE 45 percent of the events. E-W components in the IMF exhibited no connections with the occurrence of an FTE.
Relationship Quality and Changes in Depressive Symptoms Among Urban, Married African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites

Bivariate analyses showed that continuously married urban African American, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic fathers and mothers reporting greater marital support and less relational control experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Multiple regression showed a stronger association between concurrent marital support and decreased depressive symptoms for mothers than fathers. African American and Hispanic fathers reporting higher levels of spousal relationship support when children were infants reported a larger decrease in depressive symptoms when children were age 3 compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Relationship control at age 3 was positively related to increased depressive symptoms among all groups except African American fathers and White mothers. African American and Hispanic fathers with marital problems may need additional support services.
The reinforcers for drug abuse: Why people take drugs

Abstract Drug-abuse behavior may be maintained by reinforcement of the following types: (1) primary positive; (2) primary negative (a) by termination of withdrawal; (b) by reducing attention to, or discrimination of, aversive stimuli); (3) secondary positive (a) social and unrelated to drug effects; (b) social and related to drug effects; (c) chaining; and (4) secondary negative. Which type of reinforcement functions to maintain drug-abuse behavior appears to depend partly upon the class of drugs employed. The following drug classes are discussed in terms of the reinforcers maintaining their abuse: narcotics, stimulants, sedative-hypnotics and alcohol, hallucinogens and marijuana, and placebo. Different treatment modalities are aimed at different types of reinforcement. Using narcotic abuse as an example, methadone maintenance, detoxification, and traditional psychotherapy are discussed in terms of their effect on each of the types of reinforcement maintaining the drug habit.
Modeling High-Current Electrical Arcs: A Volt-Ampere Characteristic Perspective for AC and DC Systems

The development of models used to represent electrical arcs has been the focus of numerous research studies through the years. A variety of models, ranging from the simplistic to the elaborate, have been proposed by the international scientific community for DC, single-phase AC, and three-phase AC system calculations. This paper features volt-ampere characteristics of high-current electrical arcs, compiling information and providing an appraisal of some of the different models that utilize this approach. Given the highly chaotic and non-linear behavior of arcing phenomena, as well as the number of variables involved, the models summarized in this paper provide consistent results.
Altered cytoplasmic domains affect intracellular transport of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein

We have altered the structure of the COOH-terminus of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein (G) by introducing deletions into a cDNA clone encoding G protein. We examined the effects of these deletions on intracellular transport of G protein after expression of the deleted genes in eucaryotic cells under control of the SV40 late promoter. To prevent readthrough of translation into vector sequences, we introduced synthetic DNA linkers containing translation stop codons at the site of the deletion. G proteins that lacked the cytoplasmic domain and most of the transmembrane domain were secreted slowly from the cells. Deletion mutants affecting the structure of the cytoplasmic domain fell into two classes. The first class completely arrested transport of the protein to the cell surface at a stage prior to acquisition of complex oligosaccharides. The second class showed severely reduced rates of complex sugar addition although the proteins were eventually transported to the cell surface. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy suggested that mutant proteins in both classes may accumulate in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Influencing the Conversion Efficiency of Second Harmonic Generation Using Counterpropagating Light

We have observed modulation of the conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation by 1-2% of the spectral intensity using a single counterpropagating pulse to locally disrupt the phase of the nonlinear polarization wave.
Regulation of receptor expression by agonists: transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls

Abstract The molecular cloning of certain members of several distinct classes of receptors has opened up new avenues by which the regulation of signal-transducing proteins can be investigated. The information derived from molecular cloning permits not only studies of functional domains via mutagenesis, but also the study of gene regulation and the cell biology of these receptors by the use of molecular probes. All receptors are bifunctional, possessing domains for ligand binding as well as for signal propagation through binding to other protein(s), DNA or ion channels. Regulation of receptor expression and function in response to agonist stimulation is a central feature of receptor biology. In this article, Drs Hadcock and Malbon focus on the regulation of receptor expression by agonists at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Regulation of the expression of three classes of receptors central to neurobiology is highlighted: namely, steroid hormone receptors (estrogen receptor), G protein-coupled receptors (β 2 -adrenergic receptor) and tyrosine kinase receptors (epidermal growth factor receptor). The emerging idea of cross regulation between receptors is also discussed in order to demonstrate the complexities of studying receptor expression.
Evaporation/Boiling in Thin Capillary Wicks (II)—Effects of Volumetric Porosity and Mesh Size

Presented here is the second of a two-part investigation, designed to systematically identify and investigate the parameters affecting the evaporation from and boiling within, thin capillary wicking structures with a range of volumetric porosities and mesh sizes. The experimental studies were investigated under steady-state conditions at atmospheric pressure. Part I of the investigation described the wicking fabrication process and experimental test facility, and focused on the effects of the capillary wick thickness (ASME J. Heat Transfer, 128, pp. 1312-1319). In Part II, we examine the effects of variations in the volumetric porosity and the mesh size. The experimental results presented here indicate that the critical heat flux (CHF) was strongly dependent on both the mesh size and the volumetric porosity; while the evaporation/boiling heat transfer coefficient was significantly affected by mesh size, but not strongly dependent on the volumetric porosity. The experimental results further illustrate that the menisci at the CHF are located in the corners, formed by the wire and the heated wall and between the wires in both the vertical and horizontal directions. The minimum value of these three menisci determined the maximum capillary pressure generated through the capillary wick. The experimental results and observations are systematically presented and analyzed, and the local bubble and liquid vapor interface dynamics are examined theoretically. Based on the relative relationship between the heat flux and superheat, classic nucleate boiling theory, and the visual observations of the phase-change phenomena, as well as by combining the results obtained here with those obtained in Part I of the investigation, the evaporation/boiling heat transfer regimes in these capillary wicking structures are identified and discussed.
Determination of laminar flame speeds using digital particle image velocimetry: Binary Fuel blends of ethylene, n-Butane, and toluene

The atmospheric laminar flame speeds of mixtures of air with ethylene, n-butane, toluene, ethylene-n-butane, ethylene-toluene, and n-butane-toluene were experimentally and computationally investigated over an extended range of equivalence ratios. Binary fuel blends with 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 molar ratios were examined. Experimentally, the laminar flame speeds were determined using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Since the use of DPIV enables the mapping of the two-dimensional flow field adhead of the flame, the reference speed based on the minimum axial velocity point as well as the imposed strain rate can be identified simultaneously. The latter can now be unambiguously determined by the radial velocity gradient at the minimum velocity point. By systematically varying the imposed strain rate, the corresponding laminar flame speed was obtained through nonlinear extrapolation to zero strain rate. The associated experimental accuracy of the DPIV measurements was also assessed and discussed. Computationally, the laminar flame speeds were simulated for all single-component fuel/air and binary fuel blend/air mixtures with a detailed kinetic model. Comparison of experimental and computed flame speeds shows generally good agreement. A semiempirical mixing rule was developed. The mixing rule which requires only the knowledge of the flame speeds and flame temperatures of the individual fuel constituents, is shown to provide acurate estimates for the laminar flame speeds of binary fuel blends under the conditions tested.
The nature of the helix-random coil transition of biological macromolecules attached to a surface.

The effect of the presence of a surface on the helix–random coil transition is investigated. It is found that a grand canonical ensemble formation used previously to solve exactly the problem of a polymer between two plates can be used to solve approximately the problem of DNA near a plane surface. The formalism is applied to the homogeneous perfect-matching model of infinite molecular weight. A crucial part of the calculation for double-stranded molecules involves the evaluation of the entropy of the loops connecting the helical portions of the double-stranded chains. One obtains as a measure of the configurational freedom of a loop Asi/jc where c has the following values: for a loop connecting two helical regions both off the surface c = 3/2; for a loop connecting a helical region on the surface to a helical region off the surface c = 5/2; for a loop connecting helixes both on the surface c = 4. Corresponding values for an n-stranded molecule are c = (3n − 3)/2, c = (4n − 3)/2, c = (5n − 2)/2. In all cases, the effect of the surface is to sharpen the transition. In the case of double-stranded molecules, the transition becomes first order. We take the view that self-assembly of biological macromolecules can be considered as a sharp thermodynamic phase transition. Thus, the above systems become models of self-assembling systems. They are also relevant to the problem of surface-induced enzymatic activity.
Errors reading the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates made by observers with normal colour vision.

Background: Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates are one of the best screening tools for red‐green colour vision deficiencies. Although a majority of persons with normal colour vision read all plate...