cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial and antibiofouling clay nanotube–silicone composite

Introduction Invasive medical devices are used in treating millions of patients each day. Bacterial adherence to their surface is an early step in biofilm formation that may lead to infection, health complications, longer hospital stays, and death. Prevention of bacterial adherence and biofilm development continues to be a major healthcare challenge. Accordingly, there is a pressing need to improve the anti-microbial properties of medical devices. Materials and methods Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was doped with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and the PDMS-HNT composite surfaces were coated with PDMS-b-polyethylene oxide (PEO) and antibacterials. The composite material properties were examined using SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, tensile testing, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The antibacterial potential of the PDMS-HNT composites was compared to commercial urinary catheters using cultures of E. coli and S. aureus. Fibrinogen adsorption studies were also performed on the PDMS-HNT-PEO composites. Results HNT addition increased drug load during solvent swelling without reducing material strength. The hydrophilic properties provided by PEO were maintained after HNT addition, and the composites displayed protein-repelling properties. Additionally, composites showed superiority over commercial catheters at inhibiting bacterial growth. Conclusion PDMS-HNT composites showed superiority regarding their efficacy at inhibiting bacterial growth, in comparison to commercial antibacterial catheters. Our data suggest that PDMS-HNT composites have potential as a coating material for anti-bacterial invasive devices and in the prevention of institutional-acquired infections.
Introduction to Fluorescence Diagnosis

The fluorescence phenomenon offers many possibilities for visual and instrumental aid to diagnosis at the solution and cellular levels. This chapter will focus on some aspects of the fluorescence phenomenon exhibited by the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO), which already gives strong promise of clinical usefulness and can serve as the basis for many additional applications. Though AO is dealt with specifically, the methodology utilized for determining some basic properties of the complexes it forms with various biopolymers is applicable to other fluorescent dyes chosen for use as biologic stains.
Mechanistic Aspects of Solar Energy Storage Reactions Involving Polynuclear Rhodium Isocyanide Complexes. Preparation of New Binuclear Isocyanide Complexes of Iridium, Cobalt, Nickel, and Ruthenium

We have found1 that 546 nm irradiation of solutions of the binuclear Rh(I) complex Rh2(bridge)4 2+ (bridge = 1, 3-diisocyano- propane), or Rh2 2+, in 12 M HCl(aq) results in clean conversion to H2 and a Rh(II) complex. The Rh(II) complex can also be prepared by Cl2 oxidation and has been structurally characterized.2 Recent work in our laboratory has shown that a thermal reaction generates the blue photoactive species, Rh4C12 4+, as follows: Open image in new window Notably, the photochemical step is uphill, as H2 reacts slowly with Rh2C12 2+ to regenerate Rh4C12 4+.
Information Effect, Risk Arbitrage and Effectiveness of Short Selling Ban: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions During Globe Short Selling Bans

Information effects hypothesis and price pressure hypothesis are two major theories when explaining negative market reaction on acquiring firms’ stock prices during stock financed mergers and acquisitions. However, it is difficult to hold the information effects constant and to distinguish between these two competing hypotheses. In this paper, I propose a methodology to investigate the information effects on stock financed mergers and acquisitions by studying acquiring firms’ abnormal returns during short selling ban period between 2008 and 2013. This paper may also provide some evidence on effectiveness of short selling ban around the world by studying worldwide risk arbitrage activates during short selling ban period.
Tunable Reversible Ionic Liquids: Structurally Determined Property Manipulation

The tunability of silylamine reversible ionic liquid (RevIL) for use as switchable electrolytes in electrochemical applications was investigated. RevILs can have dramatic property changes when switched from a molecular liquid (ML) state to an ionic liquid-like (IL) state. This switch is reversible with the introduction of heat to the system. The properties as switchable electrolytes including conductivity and viscosity were investigated as a function of silylamine structure. As the hydrocarbon chains around the silicon atom increased in length, the conductivity decreased and viscosity increased. The relationship between conductivity and viscosity for these systems was found to not follow a Walden-type relationship. These switchable electrolytes hold promise as battery electrolyte safety switches and for use as recyclable electrolytes in electrochemical reactions.
An Efficient Model for Designing Medical Countermeasure Just-in-Time Training During Public Health Emergencies

Rapidly training numerous staff and volunteers to distribute and dispense medical countermeasures is challenging because of limited resources and evolving information during public health emergenci...
The influence of Hall physics on power-flow along a coaxial transmission line

Extended-MHD simulations of a coaxial transmission line are performed in axisymmetric cylindrical geometry, in particular, in examining the influence of Hall physics on a plasma layer initialized against the anode versus the cathode, for which an MHD model is insensitive. The results indicate that Hall physics is required in order to model an electron E × B drift current in the electrode plasma, which is parallel to the anode current and opposite the cathode current. This results in confinement of the electrode plasma when initialized against the cathode and expansion of the plasma layer when initialized against the anode. The expansion in the anode-initialized case results in filaments of plasma bridging the gap, causing substantial power-flow losses. These results represent the first fluid simulations of power-flow, to our knowledge, that, by including Hall physics, recover fundamental aspects of anode and cathode dynamics predicted by kinetic theory while simulating over a dynamic range (nine orders of magnitude density variation from solid-density electrodes down to low-density electrode plasma) which is prohibitive for Particle-In-Cell (PIC) codes. This work demonstrates the need for further development of extended-MHD and two-fluid modeling of power-flow dynamics, which, possibly through hybridization with a PIC code, will eventually culminate in a code with reliable predictive capability for power-flow coupling and energy losses in pulsed-power systems.
Surface functionalization of carbon cloth with cobalt-porphyrin-based metal organic framework for enhanced electrochemical sensing

Abstract Here, a novel synthetic strategy for functionalizing the surface of carbon cloth is demonstrated by introducing a cobalt-porphyrin-based metal organic framework (MOF), Al-TCPP-Co, onto the substrate. The deposition of the rationally designed Al-TCPP-Co layer was achieved in situ by a two-step method – evaporation/transformation procedure. The structural features of the obtained MOF/carbon composite were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), small/wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), FT-IR spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption. Compared to the pristine carbon cloth, Al-TCPP-Co functionalized carbon composite exhibited a substantially enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. The great sensing performance based on the Al-TCPP-Co treated carbon electrode renders the method of coating metalloporphyrin-based MOF layers a promising technique to improve the surface properties of carbon materials.
A Darling® of the beauty trade: race, care, and the imperial debris of synthetic hair:

This article pushes for a postcolonial geography of care, through hair. Working with the ‘imperial debris’ of care as a disciplinary racial logic, we show how it is renewed, remade, and resisted in...
Average and time-specific maternal prenatal inflammatory biomarkers and the risk of labor epidural associated fever.

Background The use of labor epidural analgesia has been associated with intrapartum fever, known as labor epidural associated fever (LEAF). LEAF is most commonly non-infectious in origin and associated with elevated inflammatory cytokines. Methods The LIFECODES pregnancy cohort was designed to prospectively collect data to evaluate the association of maternal inflammatory biomarkers with preterm birth in women who delivered between 2007 and 2008 at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Our secondary analysis of the data from the cohort identified 182 women for whom inflammatory biomarkers (i.e. interleukin-10, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and C-reactive protein) collected longitudinally over four prenatal visits was available. Maternal temperature and other clinical variables were abstracted from medical records. The primary outcome, the presence of LEAF, was defined as oral temperature ≥ 38°C (≥100.4°F) after epidural analgesia initiation. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the association between inflammatory biomarker concentrations and the odds of developing an intrapartum fever after adjusting for a number of potential confounders. Results Women who developed LEAF were more likely to have a longer duration of epidural analgesia, whereas women who did not develop LEAF were more likely to have induced labor and positive or unknown Group B Streptococcus colonization status. However, no differences were seen by nulliparity, mode of delivery, white blood cell count at admission, baseline temperature, length of rupture of membranes and number of cervical exams performed during labor. Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression models did not provide evidence for or exclude an association between individual maternal inflammatory biomarkers and the odds of developing LEAF, regardless of visit time-period. Conclusion The predictive value of maternal inflammatory biomarkers measured during early- and mid-pregnancy for the risk of developing LEAF cannot be excluded.
Voice Restoration after Radiation and Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy by Injection Augmentation of the Arytenoid.

Abstract Supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) is an organ-preserving surgical technique intended to achieve oncologic control of laryngeal cancer while maintaining laryngeal functions. Most patients who undergo SCPL achieve a serviceable voice. However, several factors can affect the function of the neoglottis after SCPL. We report the case of a 53-year-old male referred for near aphonia after undergoing SCPL for recurrent laryngeal carcinoma initially treated with radiation. Calcium hydroxylapatite injection augmentation of the right arytenoid was performed to assist neoglottic closure. Flexible laryngoscopy demonstrated greatly improved neoglottic closure postoperatively, and the patient's voice was successfully restored. This case demonstrates a novel technique for voice restoration in patients who have undergone partial laryngectomy.
Weed-suppressive bacteria have no effect on exotic or native plants in sagebrush-steppe

Abstract Approaches and techniques for control of exotic annual grasses are a high priority in rangelands including sagebrush steppe. Strains of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens have been proposed to be selectively pathogenic to multiple species of exotic annual grasses (“Pf,” weed-suppressive bacteria, “WSB”). However, defensible tests of the target and nontarget effects of these WSB strains in the field are needed. We evaluated the effects of D7 and MB906 strains of Pf WSB in sagebrush steppe invaded by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L), medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae L. Nevski), and other exotic annual grasses. We evaluated the WSB strains with and without herbicides (imazapic, rimsulfuron) or discing to mix surface-spray of the WSB into deeper soils, and we replicated these tests in three ecoregions that differed in soils and climate. Over 3 yr after treatment, neither WSB strain affected cover of exotic annual grasses, perennial bunchgrasses, or the total community, either with WSB alone or in combination with herbicides or discing. WSB has received considerable attention and is being applied across large rangeland areas, but the WSB strains and methods applied here were ineffective. We recommend any future use of WSB be applied in an experimental fashion, with experimental design and measurement of responses, until its effects can be proven.
Hydroxy-epoxide and keto-epoxide derivatives of linoleic acid activate trigeminal neurons.

Abstract Endogenous lipid mediators are proposed to contribute to headache and facial pain by activating trigeminal neurons (TN). We recently identified 11-hydroxy-epoxide- and 11-keto-epoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (LA) that are present in human skin and plasma and potentially contribute to nociception. Here we expand upon initial findings by examining the effects of 11-hydroxy- and 11-keto-epoxide-LA derivatives on TN activation in comparison to LA, the LA derivative [9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE)] and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 11-hydroxy- and 11-keto-epoxide-LA derivatives elicited Ca2+ transients in TN subpopulations. The proportion of neurons responding to test compounds (5 μM, 5 min) ranged from 16.2 ± 3.8 cells (11 K-9,10E-LA) to 34.1 ± 2.4 cells (11H-12,13E-LA). LA and 9-HODE (5 μM, 5 min) elicited responses in 11.6 ± 3.1% and 9.7 ± 3.4% of neurons, respectively. 11H-12,13E-LA, 11K-12,13E-LA, and 11H-9,10E-LA produced Ca2+ responses in significantly higher proportions of neurons compared to either LA or 9-HODE (F (6, 36) = 5.12, P = 0.0007). 11H-12,13E-LA and 11H-9,10E-LA increased proportions of responsive neurons in a concentration-dependent fashion, similar to PGE2. Most sensitive neurons responded to additional algesic agents (32.9% to capsaicin, 40.1% to PGE2, 58.0% to AITC), however 20.6% did not respond to any other agent. In summary, 11-hydroxy-epoxide derivatives of LA increase trigeminal neuron excitability, suggesting a potential role in headache or facial pain.
The Risk of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis in Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy that is precipitated by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. A few studies reported a higher incidence of pancreatitis in the CD population. Using a large US database, we sought to describe the epidemiology, risk, and outcomes of acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) in CD patients. We queried a multiple health system data analytics and research platform (Explorys Inc, Cleveland, OH, USA). A cohort of patients with a diagnosis of CD was identified. Subsequently, individuals who developed a new diagnosis of AP and CP after at least 30 days of being diagnosed with CD were identified. A multivariate regression model was performed to adjust for multiple confounding factors. Of the 72,965,940 individuals in the database, 133,400 (0.18%), 362,050 (0.50%), and 95,190 (0.13%) had CD, AP, and CP, respectively. New diagnosis of AP and CP after at least 30 days of CD diagnosis was 1.06%, 0.52%, respectively, compared to non-CD patients with 0.49% for AP and 0.13% for CP, P < .0001. In multivariate regression analysis, patients with CD were at higher risk of developing AP [OR 2.66; 95% CI 2.55–2.77] and CP [OR 2.18; 95% CI 2.04–2.34]. Idiopathic AP was the most common etiology among CD patients [OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.34–1.77]. In this largest US population database and after adjusting for several confounders, patients with CD were at increased risk of developing AP and CP. Celiac disease patients had worse outcomes and higher medical burden compared to non-CD patients. Recurrent abdominal pain that suggests pancreatic etiology, idiopathic pancreatitis, or elevation of pancreatic enzymes should warrant investigation for CD as a potential cause of pancreatic disease.
The G-protein βγ subunits regulate platelet function.

Abstract Aims G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) tightly regulate platelet function by interacting with various physiological agonists. An essential mediator of GPCR signaling is the G protein αβγ heterotrimers, in which the βγ subunits are central players in downstream signaling. Herein, we investigated the role of Gβγ subunits in platelet function, hemostasis and thrombogenesis. Methods To achieve this goal, platelets from both mice and humans were employed in the context of a small molecule inhibitor of Gβγ, namely gallein. We used an aggregometer to examine aggregation and dense granules secretion. We also used flow cytometry for P-selectin and PAC1 to determine the impact of inhibiting Gβγ on α -granule secretion and αIIbβ3 activation. Clot retraction and the platelet spreading assay were used to examine Gβγ role in outside-in platelet signaling, whereas Western blot was employed to examine its role in Akt activation. Finally, we used the bleeding time assay and the FeCl3-induced carotid-artery injury thrombosis model to determine Gβγ contribution to in vivo platelet function. Results We observed that gallein inhibits platelet aggregation and secretion in response to agonist stimulation, in both mouse and human platelets. Furthermore, gallein also exerted inhibitory effects on integrin αIIbβ3 activation, clot retraction, platelet spreading and Akt activation/phosphorylation. Finally, gallein's inhibitory effects manifested in vivo, as documented by its ability to modulate physiological hemostasis and delay thrombus formation. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that Gβγ subunits directly regulate GPCR-dependent platelet function, in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, these data highlight Gβγ as a novel therapeutic target for managing thrombotic disorders.
Stabilization of Catalytic Surfaces through Core–Shell Structures: Ag–Ir/Al2O3 Case Study

To solve the challenges of catalyst stability and activity at high temperatures, catalyst composition and method of preparation are critical. In this context, the well-established methods of strong...
An Approach to Incorporate Subsampling Into a Generic Bayesian Hierarchical Model

The goal of this paper is to provide a way for Bayesian statisticians to incorporate subsampling directly into the Bayesian hierarchical model of their choosing without imposing additional restrict...
From Law’s Existence to Law’s Rule: Reflections on Kramer’s Understanding of the Rule of Law

Matthew Kramer accepts Lon Fuller’s eight standards articulates the core of the rule of law. These standards, he agrees, are internal to law and, taken together, they constitute a “morally cherishable” ideal. But, against Fuller, he insists that the respect in which they are internal to law is not the respect in which they speak the language of moral ideals. The two conceptions offer separable ways of articulating the significance of Fuller’s eight standards. These distinct accounts, Kramer argues, pivot on the shared assumption that individual legal subjects are rational, self-directing agents. Lawgivers acknowledge and assume for their purposes, that legal subjects are rational, self-directing agents, because law’s fundamental function is to guide behavior through addressing rules to them. And, from the liberal-democratic moral point of view, this feature of legal subjects is a fact of fundamental moral importance, demanding our respect. Building on Kramer’s analysis, this essay argues that, understood in a particular way, the pivotal assumption provides a reasonably solid bridge between these two conceptions. It argues, further, that (1) the Fuller-Kramer account of legality needs the notion of fidelity, which plays a crucial role in the realization of the rule of law, and (2) that Kramer’s plausible individualist account of the rule of law’s grounding value must be embedded in a broader notion of membership that makes room for dignity and equality understood as relational values.
Microtubular PEDOT-Coated Bricks for Atmospheric Water Harvesting

Atmospheric water harvesting is a promising technology for alleviating global water scarcity. Current water sorption materials efficiently capture water vapor from ubiquitous air; however, they are difficult to scale up due to high costs, complex device engineering, and intensive energy consumption. Fired red brick, a low-cost masonry construction material, holds the potential for developing large-scale functional architectures. Here, we utilize fired red brick for atmospheric water harvesting by integrating a microtubular coating of the conducting polymer PEDOT within its inorganic microstructure. This microtubular polymer coating affords hygroscopicity and high surface area for water nucleation, enables capillary forces to promote water transport, and enhances the water harvesting efficiency. Our brick composite achieves a maximum water vapor uptake of ∼200 wt % versus polymer mass at 95% relative humidity, decreasing to ∼15 wt % at 40% relative humidity. Facile water release is demonstrated via thermal, electrical, and illuminative heating. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of masonry construction materials for large-scale atmospheric water harvesting.
The Joint Effect of Institutional Profile and National Innovation System on the types of Entrepreneurship

While prior research has uncovered the impact of some national institutions on the general level of entrepreneurship in a country, there is still limited knowledge about the role of the institutional arrangements of a country on specific types of entrepreneurial activities, namely necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship. To address this gap, we conduct a multilevel analysis using a sample of 10776 individuals from 55 diverse countries to examine how institutional factors (i.e., countries’ institutional profile and national innovation system) impact entrepreneur’s choice of pursuing a specific type of entrepreneurship. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling, the findings indicate that neither institutional profile nor national innovation system (NIS) elements solely determine the choice between opportunity motivated entrepreneurship (OME) and necessity motivated entrepreneurship (NME); however, OME tends to be higher in instances when supportive institutional arrangements (regulatory, normative, and cognitive) toward entrepreneurship get coupled with national innovation system factors. The study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of embedded agency within the institutional logics perspective. It bridges the literature on individual and institutional antecedents of entrepreneurship. Further implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Communication Challenges Faced by Spanish-Speaking Caregivers of Children with Medical Complexity: a Qualitative Study.

Communication between caregivers and healthcare providers is important in the delivery of high-quality healthcare for children with medical complexity (CMC). Hispanic children face many challenges in access to healthcare services. Our objective was to describe the communication challenges faced by Spanish-speaking parents with limited English proficiency (SSP-LEP). This was a qualitative study of 70 children of Spanish-speaking caregivers, enrolled in a complex care program of a tertiary care children’s hospital in North Carolina. Secondary source data were abstracted logs of care coordination tasks maintained by the program’s two bilingual care coordinators for a median observation period of 45 months, and complemented by data from care coordinator interviews. Data were entered and coded in ATLAS.ti. Using thematic content analysis and an iterative process, we identified recurrent themes related to communication challenges of Spanish-speaking caregivers. Median age of children was 5 years; 51% were girls; 97% had Medicaid; and 3% were uninsured. Seven children died during the observation period. Three major themes were identified as follows: (1) caregivers faced many communication challenges primarily because of language barrier. (2) Multiple factors at caregiver, provider, and system levels, in addition to language barrier, contributed to communication challenges. (3) Communication challenges had serious consequences for CMC. These consequences were lessened by bilingual coordinators. SSP-LEP face unique communication challenges resulting in negative impact on the healthcare of their CMC. Bilingual coordinators can help improve communication between SSP-LEP and their healthcare providers. Interventions to address communication challenges of Spanish-speaking caregivers are warranted.
Effect of extreme in-plane and transverse stiffness ratios on frequencies and load transfer between face sheets and core of rectangular sandwich plates

Abstract Challenging issues for sandwich structures include accurately finding their frequencies and how the load transfers from face sheets to the core when their material stiffness ratio (FCSR) in either the axial or the transverse directions varies from 1 to 1 0 7 . Here we use both the equivalent single layer and the layer wise shear and normal deformable plate theories to analyze problems for rectangular plates of different thickness/length ratios. The Ritz method with Jacobi polynomials as basis functions is employed to numerically solve three-dimensional linear elasticity theory equations. Transverse stresses are calculated using a one-step stress recovery scheme. It is found that the FCSR in the transverse direction determines the minimum degree of complete polynomials in the thickness coordinate needed to accurately compute the lowest six frequencies and the transverse stresses. New results include the following: (i) the FCSR in the transverse direction has a greater influence than that in the axial direction on the computed frequencies and transverse stresses, and (ii) whereas both transverse normal and shear stresses in the core contribute to transmitting loads between the two face sheets for FCSR 3, however, only the former is effective for FCSR ≥ 105.
Slit-lamp studies of the rhesus monkey eye. I. Survey of the anterior segment.

Slit-lamp photographic studies of 144 caged rhesus monkeys, aged 2 months to 35 years, show age-related changes in anterior-chamber depth, lens thickness, anterior and posterior curvatures of the lens, and location of the posterior lens surface relative to the anterior corneal surface. For these parameters, as well as for those measured by other techniques, a difference in slope magnitude and (or) slope sign was found between the growth phase which lasts for 5–6 years, and the adult phase (greater than 5–6 years). Age-related changes in the adult rhesus eye are qualitatively similar in almost all aspects to those observed in the human eye, indicating that the rhesus is a good animal model for the study of human loss of accommodative amplitude.
A probing algorithm for MINLP with failure prediction by SVM

Bound tightening is an important component of algorithms for solving nonconvex Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programs. A probing algorithm is a bound-tightening procedure that explores the consequences of restricting a variable to a subinterval with the goal of tightening its bounds.We propose a variant of probing where exploration is based on iteratively applying a truncated Branch-and-Bound algorithm. As this approach is computationally expensive, we use a Support-Vector-Machine classifier to infer whether or not the probing algorithm should be used. Computational experiments demonstrate that the use of this classifier saves a substantial amount of CPU time at the cost of a marginally weaker bound tightening.
Complexity analysis for information visualization design and evaluation

In this paper, we present a method for analyzing the complexity of information visualization. We have identified a number of factors that influence the efficiency of visual information read-off and integration. Here the complexity is measured in terms of visual integration, number of separable dimensions for each visual unit, the complexity of interpreting the visual attributes, and the efficiency of visual search. These measures are derived from well established psychological theories. Together they indicate the amount of cognitive load for comprehending a visualization design. This method is particularly useful for developers to quickly evaluate multiple design choices. Finally, we demonstrate our method through a complexity analysis on a computer security visualization program.
Evidence for a Methionine-controlled Homoserine Dehydrogenase in Salmonella typhimurium

Evidence is presented for the existence of a second homoserine dehydrogenase in Salmonella typhimurium. The formation, but not the activity, of this enzyme is controlled by methionine. Two distinct homoserine dehydrogenases were separated from wild-type cells by diethylaminoethyl (cellulose) column chromatography. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation gave molecular weight estimates for the threonine-regulated enzyme (HSD I) of 220,000 to 240,000 and for the methionine controlled enzyme (HSD II) of 130,000 to 140,000. Approximately 12% of the total HSD activity in wild-type cells was accounted for by HSD II. A threonine-requiring strain of S. typhimurium was found to lack HSD I but not HSD II. Under certain conditions, this mutant grew rapidly in minimal medium. Rapid growth in minimal medium was correlated with the appearance of an enzyme with similar characteristics to HSD I. The possible origins of this HSD I-like enzyme are presented.
Models identify hidden assumptions

It is not only theorists who make models. All biologists work with explicit or implicit 'word models' that describe their vision of how a system works. One of the most important functions of theoretical and computational neuroscience is to translate these word models into more rigorous statements that can be checked for consistency, robustness and generalization through calculations and/or numerical simulations.
Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated Measures Models

This new book provides a unified, in-depth, readable introduction to the multipredictor regression methods most widely used in biostatistics: linear models for continuous outcomes, logistic models for binary outcomes, the Cox model for right-censored survival times, repeated-measures models for longitudinal and hierarchical outcomes, and generalized linear models for counts and other outcomes. Treating these topics together takes advantage of all they have in common. The authors point out the many-shared elements in the methods they present for selecting, estimating, checking, and interpreting each of these models. They also show that these regression methods deal with confounding, mediation, and interaction of causal effects in essentially the same way. The examples, analyzed using Stata, are drawn from the biomedical context but generalize to other areas of application. While a first course in statistics is assumed, a chapter reviewing basic statistical methods is included. Some advanced topics are covered but the presentation remains intuitive. A brief introduction to regression analysis of complex surveys and notes for further reading are provided. For many students and researchers learning to use these methods, this one book may be all they need to conduct and interpret multipredictor regression analyses. The authors are on the faculty in the Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, and are authors or co-authors of more than 200 methodological as well as applied papers in the biological and biomedical sciences. The senior author, Charles E. McCulloch, is head of the Division and author of Generalized Linear Mixed Models (2003), Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models (2000), and Variance Components (1992). From the reviews: "This book provides a unified introduction to the regression methods listed in the title...The methods are well illustrated by data drawn from medical studies...A real strength of this book is the careful discussion of issues common to all of the multipredictor methods covered." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 2005 "This book is not just for biostatisticians. It is, in fact, a very good, and relatively nonmathematical, overview of multipredictor regression models. Although the examples are biologically oriented, they are generally easy to understand and follow...I heartily recommend the book" Technometrics, February 2006 "Overall, the text provides an overview of regression methods that is particularly strong in its breadth of coverage and emphasis on insight in place of mathematical detail. As intended, this well-unified approach should appeal to students who learn conceptually and verbally." Journal of the American Statistical Association, March 2006
Social Context Effects in the Display of Emotion: Accountability in a Simulated Organization1

Emotional labor involves employees’ displays of appropriate emotions done to comply with emotional display rules created to attain organizational goals. This study examined whether display rules operationalized as process accountability (being held accountable for the quality of emotional displays during social interactions) and as outcome accountability (being held responsible for producing desired outcomes in others) would affect participants’ emotional labor. In a simulated job interview, process accountability increased emotional labor; this occurred only in the absence of outcome accountability. The findings imply that display rules that encourage attention to sustaining quality interactions are likely to be more successful in achieving organizational goals than are rules that focus directly on producing predetermined outcomes. jasp_768 1371..1398
Transference as a means of building trust in World Wide Web sites

This paper uses cognitive balance theory (Heider 1958) to develop the proposition that transference is a means by which initial trust in unknown organizations doing business on the World Wide Web (WWW) may be established. Trust transfer across hypertext links and from physical to virtual stores is explored. Hypotheses are developed to suggest that consumers’ willingness to buy from a web site is an outcome of both trust in that web site and perceived systemic (i.e., WWW-related) risk. An experiment to test the hypotheses is described. Expected contributions, limitations, and possibilities for future research are noted.
TFEC, a basic helix-loop-helix protein, forms heterodimers with TFE3 and inhibits TFE3-dependent transcription activation.

Abstract We have identified a new basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH) DNA-binding protein, designated TFEC, which is closely related to TFE3 and TFEB. The basic domain of TFEC is identical to the basic DNA-binding domain of TFE3 and TFEB, whereas the helix-loop-helix motif of TFEC shows 88 and 85% identity with the same domains in TFE3 and TFEB, respectively. Like the other two proteins, TFEC contains a leucine zipper motif, which has a lower degree of sequence identity with homologous domains in TFE3 and TFEB than does the BHLH segment. Little sequence identity exists outside these motifs. Unlike the two other proteins, TFEC does not contain an acidic domain, which for TFE3 mediates the ability to activate transcription. Like the in vitro translation product of TFE3, the in vitro-translated TFEC binds to the mu E3 DNA sequence of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene enhancer. In addition, the product of cotranslation of TFEC RNA and TFE3 RNA forms a heteromeric protein-DNA complex with mu E3 DNA. In contrast to TFE3, TFEC is unable to transactivate a reporter gene linked to a promoter containing tandem copies of the immunoglobulin mu E3 enhancer motif. Cotransfection of TFEC DNA and TFE3 DNA strongly inhibits the transactivation caused by TFE3. TFEC RNA is found in many tissues of adult rats, but the relative concentrations of TFEC and TFE3 RNAs vary considerably in these different tissues. No TFEC RNA was detectable in several cell lines, including fibroblasts, myoblasts, chondrosarcoma cells, and myeloma cells, indicating that TFEC is not ubiquitously expressed.
A Digital Data Handler for Pulsed Particle Accelerators

This paper described a digital data handler for storing information in a magnetic core memory during the pulse of a synchrotron and transferring it to a slow memory during the dead time. Digital measurements of trajectory, pulse height, time of flight, run number, etc., are typical data. The magnetic core memory provides capacity for storing 32 words (events) of 96 bits during a burst. The information contained in the core memory is then transferred to one inch magnetic tape during the dead time of the accelerator. Thence the information may be fed to a computer for future study. For economy, the data handler has one buffer which serves as the input, output and shift register.
Diagenetic replacement controlled by force of crystallization

Many diagenetic replacements in sedimentary rocks occur along thin solution films between the authigenic and host phases. Rather than conventionally invoking bulk pore-water undersaturation for host-phase dissolution, we propose that many diagenetic replacements occur by a force of crystallization-controlled replacement mechanism whereby nonhydrostatic stresses resulting from authigenic crystal growth are principally responsible for host-phase dissolution. This model explains diagenetic features such as the restriction of host-phase dissolution to authigenic-host crystal contacts and euhedral authigenic crystal faces in planar contact with unreplaced host phases, as well as the relative replacement tendencies of some common authigenic minerals.
TU-EE-A3-01: CT Number Accuracy of Simulated Lung Nodules Imaged with a Multi-Detector CT Scanner

Purpose: To investigate the accuracies of the CT♯'s of simulated lung nodules for a QCT technique. Method and Materials: Spherical balls of 4 diameters (3.2,4.8,9.5 and 16‐mm) and 2 compositions (50mg/cc and 100mg/cc CaCO 3 ) were employed as simulated lung nodules. All were scanned in a liquid water‐filled container at the center of a 20‐cm diameter water‐equivalent‐plastic phantom using GE multi‐detector CTscanners. A subset of the nodules and some 6.2‐mm diameter acrylic balls were also scanned in a simulated lung region within a thorax section phantom that was bolused on both sides with water‐equivalent slabs. Based on initial results that showed a significant decrease in the CT♯ of a nodule when scanned in the thorax section, additional studies were performed with 2 size air cavities at the center of the water phantom. Results: The CT♯'s of the nodules in water were fairly independent of nodule size (average CT♯'s of 50mg/cc=59–66HU and 100mg/cc=108–115HU). The CT♯ of a 50mg/cc nodule scanned at the center of the water phantom was 66HU in water, 51HU in a 2‐cm air cavity and 36HU in a 4.9‐cm air cavity. The CT♯'s of the acrylic balls ranged from about 79 to 96HU within the lung section and had poor‐to‐good reproducibility on repeat scans (CT♯ changes of +19HU, −17HU and 1HU for 3 different balls). Conclusion: The CT♯ of a nodule is highly dependent upon the amount of air or low‐density lungtissue near the nodule. We believe this error is due to the assumed all‐water composition of the patient/phantom in the scanner's beam hardening correction algorithm. The unusual reproducibility of the CT♯'s of nodules in the thorax phantom is likely a combined effect of sub‐millimeter air gaps between the phantom sections and variability in helical scanning interpolation. Further studies and possible solutions will be discussed.
Silica-coated gold nanostars for surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy mapping of integrins in breast cancer cells

Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (SERRS) has great potential for improving cancer research and diagnosis. Capable of sub-femtomolar detection, and a high degree of multiplexing, SERRS is an attractive new technique for studying cancer biology. We have developed PEGylated silica-coated gold nanostars that can be tuned to match the Raman laser-light source wavelength, providing high-level SERRS/SERS enhancement when combined with various reporter molecules. Furthermore, the particles were conjugated with cyclo-RGDf/k peptide to investigate integrin expression of breast cancer cells using high-speed Raman mapping. We propose that this may provide a better understanding of the role of integrins in breast cancer invasiveness.
Aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma: Report of two teenage cases

Transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma is an unusual condition of the palms that has been characterized by symmetric, hypopigmented, flat-topped papules and plaques with eccrine duct prominence that becomes more pronounced on exposure to water. Histopathologically, hyperkeratosis and dilated eccrine ostia are seen. Two teenagers with papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma are described. We propose the term aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma, which accurately describes the appearance after exposure to water and the prominent eccrine ducts seen clinically and histologically in the setting of acrokeratoderma.
Tunicamycin inhibits the expression of functional thrombin receptors on human T-lymphoblastoid cells.

Abstract N-linked glycosylation plays an important role in intracellular trafficking and the surface expression of many membrane-associated proteins. In the present report we investigated the effect of tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, on the expression and function of the thrombin receptor on human T-lymphoblastoid cells. We found that tunicamycin selectively inhibited thrombin-induced Ca2+ mobilization in a dose-dependent manner while the same response triggered by anti-CDS antibody was unchanged in these cells. Surface expression of the thrombin receptor, as assessed by immunofluorescence staining using two different antibodies, was strongly decreased in the presence of tunicamycin. These findings indicate a role for N-linked glycosylation in the surface expression of the thrombin receptor in T lymphoid cells.
Increased Sensitivity of Infrared Absorption Measurements by Computer Averaging

Current infrared instrumentation permits the measurement of low concentrations or small quantities of material by electronic amplification of the signal and/or by utilizing infrared microscopes, beam condensers, and micro cells. It is now possible to achieve further sensitivity than permitted by these techniques. Using a computer of average transients (CAT) in conjunction with the spectrophotometer, a signal masked by noise can be increased with respect to the noise by a summation or averaging technique. In this method a region of the spectrum is scanned repetitively and the recorder input signal of each scan fed to the computer. A trigger circuit is utilized to synchronize the instrument and computer scans and provide a reference signal to the computer. The portion of the recorder input signal due to sample absorption is phase-locked to the reference signal, while the random component due to noise is not. When a number of input signals are added together, the phase-locked portions of the signal add arithmetically while the random noise adds out of phase and, therefore, tends to average out to zero. The improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio is proportional to the √N, where N is the number of scans summed. This technique has been applied recently to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance and election spin resonance measurements (1).
Some difficulties for Clifton, Redhead, and Butterfield's recent proof of nonlocality

Clifton, Redhead, and Butterfield have recently produced a generalization of the new non-locality proof due to Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger. Their proof is intended to have certain advantages over the standard Belltype arguments. One of these is that, although the proof allows for causally relevant apparatus hidden variables, it avoids the need for making certain standard locality assumptions about those parameters. On closer inspection, the part of the proof which supposedly removes the need for such assumptions is shown to rest on a fallacy. This renders the proof invalid. Two other, related difficulties are explored along the way.
Necessary and sufficient condition for L to have property C

Abstract Let L =∑m|j|=0aj∂j be a formal differential operator with constant coefficients in R n, n ⩾ 2, j is a multi-index. We say that L has property C iff, for any bounded domain D⊂ R n , the set of products {uw} ∀u, w∈ND( L )≔{u: L u=0 in D, {u ϵ Hm(D)} is complete in L2(D). Here Hm(D) is the Sobolev space. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for L to have property C.
The Wired Family Living Digitally in the Postinformation Age

As a nation, we are supersaturated with technology and our families are truly wired. This article reviews what we know about the extent to which the newest communication technologies have become part of the family landscape and how these technologies may be altering aspects of family life. It examines who studies the effects of technology on the family; what we know and what is missing; why there may be a paucity of research on technology effects, especially empirical research; and why it is urgent we increase our focus on technologies and families. The article is divided into four sections that discuss (a) tracking the data and reports, (b) family effects of new media technologies, (c) children and media technologies, and (d) what the future holds.
SWIR Geiger-mode APD detectors and cameras for 3D imaging

The operation of avalanche photodiodes in Geiger mode by arming these detectors above their breakdown voltage provides high-performance single photon detection in a robust solid-state device platform. Moreover, these devices are ideally suited for integration into large format focal plane arrays enabling single photon imaging. We describe the design and performance of short-wave infrared 3D imaging cameras with focal plane arrays (FPAs) based on Geigermode avalanche photodiodes (GmAPDs) with single photon sensitivity for laser radar imaging applications. The FPA pixels incorporate InP/InGaAs(P) GmAPDs for the detection of single photons with high efficiency and low dark count rates. We present results and attributes of fully integrated camera sub-systems with 32 × 32 and 128 × 32 formats, which have 100 μm pitch and 50 μm pitch, respectively. We also address the sensitivity of the fundamental GmAPD detectors to radiation exposure, including recent results that correlate detector active region volume to sustainable radiation tolerance levels.
Non-Fermi liquid regimes with and without quantum criticality in Ce1−xYbxCoIn5

One of the greatest challenges to Landau’s Fermi liquid theory—the standard theory of metals—is presented by complex materials with strong electronic correlations. In these materials, non-Fermi liquid transport and thermodynamic properties are often explained by the presence of a continuous quantum phase transition that happens at a quantum critical point (QCP). A QCP can be revealed by applying pressure, magnetic field, or changing the chemical composition. In the heavy-fermion compound CeCoIn5, the QCP is assumed to play a decisive role in defining the microscopic structure of both normal and superconducting states. However, the question of whether a QCP must be present in the material’s phase diagram to induce non-Fermi liquid behavior and trigger superconductivity remains open. Here, we show that the full suppression of the field-induced QCP in CeCoIn5 by doping with Yb has surprisingly little impact on both unconventional superconductivity and non-Fermi liquid behavior. This implies that the non-Fermi liquid metallic behavior could be a new state of matter in its own right rather than a consequence of the underlying quantum phase transition.