cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image-guided thermal ablation with MR-based thermometry

Thermal ablation techniques such as radiofrequency, microwave, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and laser have been used as minimally invasive strategies for the treatment of variety of cancers. MR thermometry methods are readily available for monitoring thermal distribution and deposition in real time, leading to decrease of incidents of normal tissue damage around targeted lesion. HIFU and laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) are the two widely accepted tumor ablation techniques because of their compatibility with MR systems. MRI provides multiple temperature dependent parameters for thermal imaging, such as signal intensity, T1, T2, diffusion coefficient, magnetization transfer, proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS, including phase imaging and spectroscopy) as well as frequency shift of temperature sensitive contrast agents. Absolute temperature mapping techniques, including both spectroscopic imaging using metabolites as a reference and phase imaging using fat as a reference, are immune to susceptibility effects and are not dependent on phase differences. These techniques are intrinsically more reliable than relative temperature measurement by phase mapping methods. If the limitation of low temporal and spatial resolution could be overcome, these methods may be preferred for MR-guided thermal ablation systems. As of today, the most popular MR thermal imaging method applied in tumor thermal ablation surgery is, however, still PRFS based phase mapping technique, which only provides relative temperature change and is prone to motion artifacts.
Upper extremity trauma resulting from agricultural accidents: mechanism and severity for patients with and without upper extremity injury

Background: Farming remains the most dangerous occupation in the United States and upper extremity (UE) injuries occur frequently in agricultural accidents. The purpose of this study is to describe...
Mathematical Modeling of Tumor Organoids: Toward Personalized Medicine

Three-dimensional organoid and organoidal cell cultures can recreate certain aspects of in vivo tumors and tumor microenvironments, and thus can be used to test intratumoral interactions and tumor response to treatments. In silico organoid models, when based on biological or clinical data, are an invaluable tool for hypothesis testing, and provide an opportunity to explore experimental conditions beyond what is feasible experimentally. In this chapter, three different approaches to building in silico organoids are described together with methods for integration with experimental or clinical data. The first model will be used to determine the mechanisms of development of breast tumor acini, based on their in vitro morphology. The second model will be used to predict conditions for the most effective cellular uptake of therapies targeting pancreatic cancers that incorporate intravital microscopy data. The third model will provide a procedure for assessing patients’ response to chemotherapeutic treatments, based on the biopsy data. For each of the models, a protocol will be proposed indicating how it can be used to generate testable hypotheses or predictions. These models can help biologists in determining what experiments should be performed in the laboratory. They can also assist clinicians in assessing cancer patients’ response to a given therapy and their risk of tumor recurrence.
Special Consideration: Female Athlete and ACL Injury Prevention

With well over 16,000 published research studies and countless news stories, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been a heavily emphasized topic in research, academic, and popular media for over 30 years. This popularity is somewhat surprising given the relatively low rate of ACL injuries compared to more common ankle injuries. Several reasons exist for the continued interest in ACL injuries, including their impact on sports participation, the disproportionate ACL injury rates based on age and gender, and the many “ACL injury prevention” programs that exist. This chapter will cover the rationale for strategies to reduce ACL injury risk, briefly summarize the risk factors for ACL injury, the evidence to support ACL injury prevention programs, and discuss in detail the steps used to design an ACL injury prevention program to reduce the relative risk attributed to modifiable risk factors.
Arterialized Collateral Capillaries Progress From Nonreactive to Capable of Increasing Perfusion in an Ischemic Arteriolar Tree

Objective CCA, outward remodeling of capillaries that anastomose 2 arteriolar trees with different parent feed arteries, may represent a therapeutic target for patients who lack collaterals. ACCs can reperfuse an ischemic tree, but their functional capacity is unknown. Therefore, we determined whether ACCs mature into resistance vessels that regulate blood flow following arterial occlusion. Methods We ligated the lateral spinotrapezius feed artery in Balb/C mice, which induces CCA. At days 7 and 21 following occlusion, we measured vasodilation of ACCs using intravital microscopy and blood flow in the ischemic tree using LSF. We determined the presence of ACCs and neurovascular alignment with immunofluorescence. Results At day 7, ACCs do not vasodilate following muscle contraction and have reduced responses to endothelial- and smooth muscle-dependent agents. By day 21, ACCs exhibit normal vasodilation, accompanied by normalized increases in relative blood flow to the ischemic zone. Although functioning as resistance vessels by regulating blood flow, ACCs do not appear to be innervated. Conclusions ACCs mature into resistance vessels that regulate blood flow to the downstream tissue. Therefore, induction of mature ACCs may be a target for reducing ischemia in patients who lack collateral networks.
Videotape: A Practical Technique for Training Intramural Officials

(1977). Videotape: A Practical Technique for Training Intramural Officials. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 7, pp. 52-53.
The Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disease

To review recent updates in our understanding of the microbiome and its relationship to neurodegenerative disease. Recognition of the microbiome’s role in health and disease continues to expand. Recent techniques have focused on delineating the function and metabolism of resident organisms, which may correlate more directly with human physiology than identification of species. The role of the microbiome may be of particular importance in certain neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, among others. The microbiome influences brain function and may play a role in neurodegenerative disease. Potential mechanisms include immunologic activation and promotion/attenuation of inflammation, as well as direct effects on induction and/or exacerbation of protein aggregation. The microbiome also has increasingly well-documented effects on the metabolism of therapeutic medications. Future studies will need to work through complex methodologic issues in order to identify which changes are truly disease-specific. Nevertheless, manipulation of the microbiome may soon improve our ability to treat neurodegenerative disease.
The IIHR Fluids Workshop, A Community of Scholars

The IIHR Fluids Workshop is a laboratory designed for undergraduate research and open-­‐ ended course projects. This nascent laboratory – established in the fall of 2012 – is unique in that it is based on a model in which students have access to dedicated state-­‐of-­‐the art research facilities, and are supported by a growing community of students who interact directly to provide tutorials, assistance, and a supportive environment in which students can engage in their work. We strive to bring students to a high level of productivity within the span of a typical undergraduate project. This interaction is facilitated through a non-­‐competitive project application which requires students to consider the objectives and anticipated outcomes of their project, expected needs from the lab and community and, finally, a contribution that they can make back to the lab. Such contributions are typically in the form of a tutorial or reference document, or hands-­‐on training of another member of the community. The physical facilities within the laboratory include a low-­‐turbulence water channel, which is designed and built in-­‐house to provide high flow quality and is optimized for optical access to the flow, since flow visualization is a particularly intuitive means by which to interrogate the flow. Therefore experiments in this facility can provide students with immediate feedback on the dynamics of the flow being investigated. The flow field can be interrogated qualitatively using dye injection using a custom-­‐built apparatus for control of multiple dye streams; or quantitatively, using particle image velocimetry (PIV). To facilitate both of these methods, a high-­‐speed camera, continuous-­‐wave laser, and timing electronics are available to students. Other instrumentation consists of National Instruments LabVIEW-­‐based data acquisition systems, and a student-­‐built force balance for aerodynamic load measurements in the water channel. Motion of experimental models can also be incorporated using a three-­‐axis motion control system. The laboratory has impacted courses and undergraduate research, in some way, within all engineering departments at the University of Iowa, and has supported federally-­‐ and internally-­‐funded research projects in which undergraduates have participated. The laboratory has also provided a platform for outreach to K-­‐12 students. The full paper will discuss challenges faced in achieving sufficient student collaboration and strategies to enhance this important aspect of the laboratory, as well as the results of early attempts to assess the impact of the laboratory on academic programs and student learning. The long-­‐term plan for the laboratory will also be explained in further detail, including efforts currently underway to introduce intuitive and powerful computational tools into the laboratory to augment and complement the experimental facilities.
Effect of Organic Acids and Temperature on Survival of Shigella flexneri in Broth at pH 4

The survival of bacterial pathogens in acidified foods depends not only on the hydrogen ion concentration, but also on the type of acid and the storage temperature. Shigella flexneri is a foodborne pathogen that is acid tolerant. The survival of S. flexneri 5348 in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 0.04 M acetic, citric, lactic, malic, or tartaric acid and adjusted to pH 4 with HCI or NaOH was studied. The control medium was brain heart infusion broth adjusted to pH 4 with HCI. Stationary-phase cells were inoculated into media at initial populations of 6 to 7 log10 CFU/ml and incubated at 4, 19, 28, and 37 degrees C. A two-phase linear inactivation model was applied to plate count data to derive lag times (tL) and slopes of the curves, from which D-values and time required for a 4-log10 decrease in population (T4D) were calculated. In all cases, survival increased with decreasing temperature. For each acid, tL, the D-value, and T4D increased with decreasing temperature. All acids inhibited S. flexneri to some extent but to differing degrees as follows: lactic acid, acetic acid > citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid > HCl. The T4D values for the control medium and for media containing acetic, citric, lactic, malic, and tartaric acids were 64, 47, 50, 34, 58, and 52 h, respectively, at 37 degrees C and 2,607, 1,498, 1,905, 1,346, 1,726, and 2,134 h, respectively, at 4 degrees C. The results of this study indicate that organic acids may aid in the inactivation of Shigella. However, these data also suggest that foods stored at or below room temperature containing low levels (< 1%) of acids could cause illness if contaminated with Shigella.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pediatric Liver Benign and Malignant Masses

Hepatic neoplasms constitute approximately 5% to 6% of all pediatric intra-abdominal masses, most of which are malignant. When compared with traditional multiphase computed tomography protocols that are often used in adults, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is particularly desirable for evaluating liver lesions in children because of the lack of ionizing radiation and superb soft tissue contrast resolution. The goal of this article is to discuss common benign and malignant pediatric hepatic lesions and their key MR imaging findings. Particular emphasis is placed on the utility of new hepatocyte-specific contrast agents to narrow the differential diagnosis.
Yeltsin vs Putin (1999–2008)

This chapter provides an analysis of the domestic and international policy indicators in Russia from 1999–2008 to explain the basis of Putin’s popularity and contrasts these indicators with Yeltsin era domestic and international policy and approval ratings.
Near-field radiative heat transfer enhancement using natural hyperbolic material

Abstract Hyperbolic materials have been newly discovered that can enhance near-field radiative transfer. Multilayer and three-dimensional hyperbolic materials require challenging fabrication techniques. From a practical point of view, natural hyperbolic materials serve better in applications requiring near-field radiative transfer enhancement. In this study, we investigate enhancement of near-field radiative transfer using natural hyperbolic material – calcite, and compare with that from (also natural) polar dielectric materials, SiC, where phonon polaritons are responsible for enhanced near-field heat transfer. Spectral analyses of enhanced near-field radiative transfer from hyperbolic modes in hyperbolic materials and surface phonon polaritons in polar dielectric materials are carried out and compared, which determine the origin and amount of near-field radiative transfer enhancement in these materials.
Immuno-Oncology in Lung Cancer: A Focus on Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy in NSCLC

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma has evolved significantly during the past decade with the emergence of immunotherapy ushering in a new era in the fight against this disease. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promise as both front- and second-line therapies. Ongoing trials are investigating the value of combining checkpoint inhibitors with standard chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapies. This chapter reviews the most recent data available regarding the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating non-small cell lung cancer.
Smart food policy for healthy food labeling: Leading with taste, not healthiness, to shift consumption and enjoyment of healthy foods

Abstract Smart food policy models for improving dietary intake recommend tailoring interventions to people's food preferences. Yet, despite people citing tastiness as their leading concern when making food choices, healthy food labels overwhelmingly emphasize health attributes (e.g., low caloric content, reductions in fat or sugar) rather than tastiness. Here we compared the effects of this traditional health-focused labeling approach to a taste-focused labeling approach on adults' selection and enjoyment of healthy foods. Four field studies (total N = 4273) across several dining settings in northern California in 2016–2017 tested whether changing healthy food labels to emphasize taste and satisfaction rather than nutritional properties would encourage more people to choose them (Studies 1–2), sustain healthy purchases over the long-term (Study 3), and improve both the perceived taste of and mindsets about healthy foods (Study 4). Compared to health-focused labeling, taste-focused labeling increased choice of vegetables (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.26), salads (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.06, 4.06), and vegetable wraps (OR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.73, 5.65) in Studies 1–2. In Study 3, taste-focused labeling sustained vegetarian entree purchases over a two-month period, while health-focused labeling led to a 45.1% decrease. In Study 4, taste-focused labeling significantly enhanced post-consumption ratings of vegetable deliciousness and improved mindsets about the deliciousness of healthy foods compared to health-focused labeling. These studies demonstrate that taste-focused labeling is a low-cost strategy that increased healthy food selection by 38% and outperforms health-focused labeling on multiple smart food policy mechanisms.
The Lamplighter Group L2

The Lamplighter group L2 can be realized in different ways. We construct several groups whose elements are very different, yet which can be considered the same group, L2, because they are isomorphic and they can all be presented in the same way. We give a description of L2 as a dynamical system, as a group using an infinite direct sum in its definition and as a self-similar group generated by a 2-state automaton, as shown by R. Grigorchuk and A. Żuk.
NITROGEN CAN LIMIT OVERSTORY TREE GROWTH FOLLOWING EXTREME STAND DENSITY INCREASE IN A PONDEROSA PINE FOREST

Extreme stand density increases have occurred in ponderosa pine forests throughout the western U.S. since the early 20th Century, with adverse implications for growth, physiological functioning, and mortality risk. Identifying primary stressors on large, old overstory trees in dense forests can inform management decisions to promote resilience and survival. We tested the impact of stand density increase on overstory tree-ring growth, and the relative influence of water and nitrogen, in an old-growth ponderosa pine forest in northern New Mexico subject to variable density increase. We measured annual tree-ring growth and carbon discrimination in trees before stand density increased, in a climatically-similar period post-density increase, and in recent transition to drought. We expected density-driven water stress to drive reduced tree-ring growth in overstory trees in dense stands. We found reduced growth and higher mortality in dense stands, but nitrogen rather than water constrained growth, as determined by carbon isotope discrimination in tree rings, leaf nitrogen concentration, and soil nitrogen supply. In dense stands, less available nitrogen limited photosynthetic rate, leading to reduced assimilation of intracellular 13 C and higher discrimination with low tree-ring growth and a reduced relationship with climate. This unexpected result illustrates that a variety of limiting factors can influence forest dynamics, as density-driven nitrogen limitation interacts with water stress to influence tree growth and physiological functioning.
Mary Berenson and The Guide to the Italian Pictures at Hampton Court

The Guide to the Italian Pictures at Hampton Court is the first book published in 1894 by Mary Berenson under the pseudonym of Mary Logan. In the same year Bernard Berenson published The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, his first important contribution to connoisseurship. This article aims to demonstrate that the two works, as well as other writings of the same period, were the result of a collaboration between the two art historians, testified by letters, diaries, and annotations kept in the Berenson Papers held at I Tatti, Florence.
A Calculational Study of Benchmark Critical Experiments on High-Enriched Uranyl Nitrate Solution Systems

Criticality calculations on minimally reflected, concrete-reflected, and plastic-reflected single tanks and on arrays of cylinders reflected by concrete and plastic have been performed using the KENO-IV code with 16-group Hansen-Roach neutron cross sections. The fissile material was high-enriched (93.17% /sup 235/U) uranyl nitrate (UO/sub 2/(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/) solution. Calculated results are compared with those from a benchmark critical experiments program to provide the best possible verification of the calculational technique. The calculated k/sub eff/'s underestimate the critical condition by an average of 1.28% for the minimally reflected single tanks, 1.09% for the concrete-reflected single tanks, 0.60% for the plastic-reflected single tanks, 0.75% for the concrete-reflected arrays of cylinders, and 0.51% for the plastic-reflected arrays of cylinders. More than half of the present comparisons were within 1% of the experimental values, and the worst calculational and experimental discrepancy was 2.3% in k/sub eff/ for the KENO calculations.
Institutional Arsenals for Democracy? The Postcoup Effects of Conscript Militaries:

Recent years have seen increased study of military coups. While this generally emphasizes coups as a dependent variable, there is a growing debate as to how coups influence a country’s long-term po...
Side-Specificity of Pleural Effusions

Side-specificity of pleural effusions is discussed, including some specific causes of both bilateral and unilateral pleural effusions. Pathophysiology is touched upon.
Burial Practices Expose Identity Formation: Muerte y figura hasta la sepultura

An examination of identity formation and its performative qualities or ways in which one enacts identity emerged as a result of a study of racially segregated cemeteries in a rural South Texas town, a practice that continues to dictate how burials are carried out, according to race. Fieldwork, archives, and platicas, made visible the historical origins of funerary practices for the primary author—whose family lives in Nixon, Texas. Along with documenting funerary practices, this study explores the ways in which Pantoja Perez’s ancestors creatively camouflaged ethnicity to disidentify with their Mexican identity, in the context of an ideology of Americanization. It was found that cultural, as well as funerary practice veiled and protected Mexicans by class, thus not having to enact a racialized ethnicity while rejecting culture and language practices associated with being Mexican in public spaces.
Disaggregate Network Effects on Two-Sided Platforms

This paper empirically explores the mechanisms through which software variety affects hardware purchases in markets with a hardware-software structure. Variety may provide value to consumers because (i) it allows them to find a product better matched to their preference (heterogeneity), and (ii) it may satisfy one’s need for different products across consumption occasions (within person variety-seeking). Using household-level coffee purchase data, I first build and estimates a consumer demand model for coffee allowing both within-consumer variety-seeking and consumer heterogeneity. Repeated purchases and trip-level variations in product prices and availabilities allow me to identify household preferences. With the preference estimates, I estimate the expected option value of Keurig's coffee pods (K-Cups) for each household. I then directly link the option values to their Keurig machine adoption decisions via a dynamic discrete choice model. Results indicate brand variety in K-Cups increases the option values, and variety seeking is an important mechanism. The increased option value, in turn, increases machine adoption. In counterfactual analyses, I show without third-party brands, (i) Keurig adoptions would have been lower by more than 50% at the end of 2013; and (ii) the median consumer welfare loss conditional on adoption is 33% of their spending on coffee with substantial heterogeneity. Further, Keurig-owned K-Cups revenue would have been much lower without third-party brands.
Case 8-2020: An 89-Year-Old Man with Recurrent Abdominal Pain and Bloody Stools

A Man with Recurrent Abdominal Pain and Bloody Stools An 89-year-old man was evaluated for recurrent abdominal pain and bloody stools. During the previous 4 months, he had been hospitalized three t...
Unwitting Accomplices: Endocrine Disruptors Confounding Clinical Care.

Burgeoning evidence over the last 25 years has identified myriad synthetic chemicals with the capacity to alter various aspects of hormone synthesis and action. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been linked to various diseases, including reproductive disorders, metabolic diseases, and developmental abnormalities among others. Exposure to EDCs arises from industrial activity, use of personal and home care products, and consumption of contaminated food and water; however, the role of healthcare in exposing individuals to EDCs is grossly underappreciated. Indeed, through the use of medications as well as medical equipment and devices, healthcare providers are unknowing mediators of exposure to EDCs, chemicals that might not only promote disease but that may also antagonize the efficacy of treatments. The ethical implications of provider-dependent exposure are profound. A failure to disclose the endocrine-disrupting properties of medical interventions violates core principles of non-maleficence, patient autonomy, and justice as well as the practice of informed consent. Furthermore, physicians' lack of knowledge regarding EDCs in medical practice artificially skews risk-benefit calculations that are fundamental to informed medical decision-making. To combat this underappreciated ethical challenge, urgent action is required. Healthcare providers must be educated about endocrine disruption. Known EDCs, defined by endocrinologists, should be clearly labeled on all medical products, and all medication components and devices should be screened for endocrine-disrupting properties. Finally, communication strategies must be devised to empower patients with knowledge about these risks. Providing ethically-competent care requires an open acknowledgment of endocrine risks imposed by the medical community that have heretofore been ignored.
Impaired Mitochondrial Mobility in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a progressive, peripheral neuropathy and the most commonly inherited neurological disorder. Clinical manifestations of CMT mutations are typically limited to peripheral neurons, the longest cells in the body. Currently, mutations in at least 80 different genes are associated with CMT and new mutations are regularly being discovered. A large portion of the proteins mutated in axonal CMT have documented roles in mitochondrial mobility, suggesting that organelle trafficking defects may be a common underlying disease mechanism. This review will focus on the potential role of altered mitochondrial mobility in the pathogenesis of axonal CMT, highlighting the conceptional challenges and potential experimental and therapeutic opportunities presented by this "impaired mobility" model of the disease.
Decreased Sleep Is an Independent Predictor of In-Season Injury in Male Collegiate Basketball Players:

Background:Although decreased sleep has been associated with decreased performance, increased illness risk, and impaired well-being in athletes, the relationship between sleep and injury risk in co...
Family, Time, and Meaning toward the End of Life in Japan

In contrast to media images of lonely deaths, stereotypes of Japanese calm acceptance of dying, and the “naturalness” of dependency in old age or illness, this paper explores the complex ways that changing perceptions of time refocus people on the question of how to live. Time both narrows to the level of medication schedules and bodily functions, and expands to more immediate engagement with others in the past and future. The idea of a moral timeline of such changes builds on recent work in the anthropology of morality by recognizing these shifts in the ideas and actions people take to retain agency through suffering. People near the end of life in Japan commonly employ cultural idioms of effort, reciprocity, and gratitude to express their continued striving to be moral persons in a social world. Ultimately such efforts determine not only how they see themselves and are seen by others through their final days, but whether theirs will be judged to be a “good death,” and thus the nature of the person’s continued social existence in spirit and memories after death. Ethnographic data on which this article is based come from a participant-observation study of adults of all ages with life-threatening illnesses and from an interview study of frail elderly and their family caregivers in the late 20 th and early 21 st century in urban and rural settings.
Edge Node Data Classification Method For Power Internet Of Things

Under the background of electric power Internet of things (P-IoT), the traditional cloud computing operation mode with centralized processing of data center is difficult to adapt to the rapid expansion of data scale. In this paper, based on the construction of power Internet of things data processing architecture based on edge computing, a new sensing adaptive data processing method is proposed. Firstly, an adaptive sensing mechanism of edge node data type based on counting bloom filter is designed to automatically identify the data types of power Internet of things. Secondly, a plug-in processing method including the general portable file tail (GPFT) is designed to realize the effective classification of power IOT data. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the classification performance of massive P-IoT t data.
Information Diffusion Effects in Individual Investors' Common Stock Purchases: Covet Thy Neighbors' Investment Choices

We study the relation between households' stock purchases and stock purchases made by their neighbors. A ten percentage point increase in neighbors' purchases of stocks from an industry is associated with a two percentage point increase in households' own purchases of stocks from that industry. The effect is considerably larger for local stocks and among households in more social states. Controlling for area sociability, households' and neighbors' investment style preferences, and the industry composition of local firms, we attribute approximately one-quarter to one-half of the correlation between households' stock purchases and stock purchases made by their neighbors to word-of-mouth communication.
Review of The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect

Book review published as: Aronow, Peter M. and Fredrik Savje (2020), "The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 115: 482-485.
Prediction of hematoma expansion in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Our institutional experience.

Abstract Background Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a disease process with high morbidity and mortality. In particular, hematoma expansion (HE) is a feared complication of sICH. With 15–40% of patients experiencing HE, it has become increasingly important to predict which sICH will remain stable and which will expand. Objective With new treatment options being developed, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to predict which hemorrhages are at high versus low risk for expansion. The authors of this study hope to reexamine variables associated with hematoma expansion in hopes of generating newer data on risk factors for expansion. Methods A retrospective analysis identified 334 patients who presented with sICH. The primary outcome was HE on follow up head CT. HE was defined as a greater than 33% increase or an absolute increase in 6 mL or more in overall volume between the two sets of CT images. Analysis was performed using unpaired t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate. Results Of the 334 patients, 247 (74.0%) did not experience an expansion of their ICH while 87 (26.0%) did. Multivariable logistic regression was performed demonstrating ICH score of 3 or greater (4.76 (95% CI 2.60–8.72, p Conclusions Our study found that fluid–fluid levels on non-contrast CT, an ICH score 3 or greater, and lobar sICH were all more likely to expand.
Beyond the One-Way Wave Equation

The basic properties of finite-difference methods were explored in Chapter 2 by applying each scheme to a simple prototype problem: the one-way wave equation (or, equivalently, the one-dimensional constant-wind-speed advection equation). The equations governing wave-like geophysical flows include additional complexities. In particular, the flow may depend on several unknown functions that are related by a system of partial differential equations, the unknowns may be functions of more than two independent variables, and the equations may be nonlinear. It may also be necessary to account for weak dissipation, sources, and sinks. In this chapter we will examine some of the additional considerations that arise in the design and analysis of finite-difference schemes for the approximation of these more general problems.
NetSTAT: a network-based intrusion detection system

Network-based attacks are becoming more common and sophisticated. For this reason, intrusion detection systems are now shifting their focus from the hosts and their operating systems to the network itself. Network-based intrusion detection is challenging because network auditing produces large amounts of data, and different events related to a single intrusion may be visible in different places on the network. This paper presents a new approach that applies the State Transition Analysis Technique (STAT) to network intrusion detection. Network-based intrusions are modeled using state transition diagrams in which states and transitions are characterized in a networked environment. The target network environment itself is represented using a model based on hypergraphs. By using a formal model of both the network to be protected and the attacks to be detected the approach is able to determine which network events have to be monitored and where they can be monitored, providing automatic support for configuration and placement of intrusion detection components.
MD explores hidden history of Captain Cook‚s journey to Newfoundland

As a specialist in internal medicine, Brian Harley explores the intricate terrain of the human body. But as a writer and amateur historian, he turns his attention to the rugged landscape of the place he calls home. Harley, 76, lives and practises medicine part time in Corner Brook, a small city on
Atmospheric correction for Landsat 8 over case 2 waters

The most interaction between humankind and water occurs in coastal and inland waters (Case 2 waters) at a scale of tens or hundred of meters, but there is not yet an ocean color product at this spatial scale. Landsat 8 is a promising candidate to address the remote sensing of these kinds of waters due to its improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), spectral resolution, 12-bit quantization, and high spatial resolution. Standard atmospheric correction algorithms developed for heritage ocean color instruments (e.g. MODIS, SeaWiFS) require a sufficient SNR in two bands where the water-leaving signal is negligible, which is not always possible, particularly for Landsat 8's bands. The model-based empirical line method (MoB-ELM) atmospheric algorithm for Landsat 8 imagery does not rely on this assumption. In this work, we evaluate the performance of this algorithm. We compare the MoB-ELM algorithm with in situ data and with three standard atmospheric correction algorithms. The results from our algorithm are comparable with the standard algorithms in some bands when comparing remote-sensing reflectances. When compared with in situ remote-sensing reflectance, the MoB-ELM perform similar to the standard algorithm in most cases. A comparison of retrieved chlorophyll-a concentration was perform as well, showing that the MoB- ELM outperforms the rest at high concentrations commonly found in Case 2 waters. These results show that our atmospheric correction algorithm allows one to use Landsat 8 to study Case 2 waters as an alternative to heritage ocean color satellites.
The Nature of Science and the Role of Knowledge and Belief

In everyday language we tend to think of ‘knowledge’ as reasoned belief that a proposition is true and the natural sciences provide the archetypal example of what it means to know. Religious and ideological propositions are the typical examples of believed propositions. Moreover, the radical empiricist worldview so often associated with modern science has eroded society's meaningful sense of life. Western history, however, shows that knowledge and belief have not always been constructed separately. In addition, modern developments in the philosophy and history of science have seriously undermined the radical empiricist's excessive confidence in scientific methods. Acknowledging in the science classroom the parallel structure of knowledge and belief, and recognizing that science requires a presuppositional foundation that is itself not empirically verifiable would re introduce a valuable discussion on the meaning of science and its impact on life. Science would less likely be taught as a `rhetoric of conclusions'. The discussion would also help students to gain a firmer integration of science with other important knowledge and beliefs that they hold.
Immunologic competence of mouse placental cells in irradiated hosts.

Abstract Evidence for the presence of immunologically competent cells in placenta was obtained in studies involving the injection of placental cells from C57B1/6J mice into irradiated CBA mice. The possibility that these cells were contributed by contaminating maternal tissue or circulating fetal blood was excluded by appropriate control experiments.
VIII. On the size of molecules

(1879). VIII. On the size of molecules. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 8, No. 46, pp. 74-75.
Crawford v. Washington, Revisited Confrontation Or Not, Dont Forget To Duck, Man

Picture this: It’s Friday afternoon, the day after Thanksgiving, Black Friday for those in retail. You are relaxed and confident. Your tenure application at the university has so far sailed through without a hitch. It seems that all that publishing you have done has kept you from perishing, academically, that is. A knock comes to your faculty office door, and two suits flashing tin enter. They are from the Organized Commission for Reparations in Academic Plagiarism, otherwise known as: OCRAP. A somewhat obscure quasi-federal agency set up under the Carter Administration, a visit from them often spells academic doom. It seems that they have received a bevy of unsolicited e-mails accusing you of the academically unforgivable offence of using other researchers’ material without attribution. You ask the key question: “WHO?” Their response is that that information is confidential, and unavailable to you. They serve you with a notice that a hearing will be held before Christmas, at the U. S. Courthouse, Foley Square, New York, N. Y. Your first reaction is that you need to contact a lawyer. Ironically, you quickly realize, that you are a lawyer. Something in the back of your mind tells you that you have to have the ability to confront your accusers; something perhaps in the Constitution? Maybe the time is ripe to go back and revisit the “confrontation” aspect of your present situation.
Probability and Program-Size for Functions

We show that unlike the general case of the relationship between algorithmic probability and program-size for enumerating sets, in the case of the graphs of total functions these two quantities are closely related.
MPC: A Massively Parallel Compression Algorithm for Scientific Data

Due to their high peak performance and energy efficiency, massively parallel accelerators such as GPUs are quickly spreading in high-performance computing, where large amounts of floating-point data are processed, transferred, and stored. Such environments can greatly benefit from data compression if done sufficiently quickly. Unfortunately, most conventional compression algorithms are unsuitable for highly parallel execution. In fact, it is generally unknown how to design good compression algorithms for massively parallel systems. To remedy this situation, we study 138,240 lossless compression algorithms for single-and double-precision floating-point values that are built exclusively from easily parallelizable components. We analyze the best of these algorithms, explain why they compress well, and derive the Massively Parallel Compression (MPC) algorithm from them. This novel algorithm requires almost no internal state, achieves heretofore unreached compression ratios on several data sets, and roughly matches the best CPU-based algorithms in compression ratio while outperforming them by one to two orders of magnitude in throughput.
Exploring the behavior of POY, a program for direct optimization of molecular data.

The performance of the computer program for phyloge netic analysis, POY, and its two implemented methods, “optimization alignment” and “fixed-states optimization,” are explored for four data sets. Four gap costs are analyzed for every partition; some of the partitions (the 18S rRNA) are treated as a single fragment or in increasing fragments of 3, 10, and 30. Comparisons within and among methods are undertaken according to gap cost, number of fragments in which the sequences are divided, tree length, character congruence, topological congruence, primary homology statements, and computation time.
Advances in Pleural Disease Management Including Updated Procedural Coding

Over 1.5 million pleural effusions occur in the United States every year as a consequence of a variety of inflammatory, infectious, and malignant conditions. Although rarely fatal in isolation, pleural effusions are often a marker of a serious underlying medical condition and contribute to significant patient morbidity, quality-of-life reduction, and mortality. Pleural effusion management centers on pleural fluid drainage to relieve symptoms and to investigate pleural fluid accumulation etiology. Many recent studies have demonstrated important advances in pleural disease management approaches for a variety of pleural fluid etiologies, including malignant pleural effusion, complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema, and chest tube size. The last decade has seen greater implementation of real-time imaging assistance for pleural effusion management and increasing use of smaller bore percutaneous chest tubes. This article will briefly review recent pleural effusion management literature and update the latest changes in common procedural terminology billing codes as reflected in the changing landscape of imaging use and percutaneous approaches to pleural disease management.
Utilizing fast spin echo MRI to reduce image artifacts and improve implant/tissue interface detection in refractory Parkinson's patients with deep brain stimulators.

Introduction. In medically refractory Parkinson's disease (PD) deep-brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapeutic tool. Postimplantation MRI is important in assessing tissue damage and DBS lead placement accuracy. We wanted to identify which MRI sequence can detect DBS leads with smallest artifactual signal void, allowing better tissue/electrode edge conspicuity. Methods. Using an IRB approved protocol 8 advanced PD patients were imaged within MR conditional safety guidelines at low RF power (SAR ≤ 0.1 W/kg) in coronal plane at 1.5T by various sequences. The image slices were subjectively evaluated for diagnostic quality and the lead contact diameters were compared to identify a sequence least affected by metallic leads. Results and Discussion. Spin echo and fast spin echo based low SAR sequences provided acceptable image quality with comparable image blooming (enlargement) of stimulator leads. The mean lead diameters were 2.2 ± 0.1 mm for 2D, 2.1 ± 0.1 mm for 3D, and 4.0 ± 0.2 mm for 3D MPRAGE sequence. Conclusion. Low RF power spin echo and fast spin echo based 2D and 3D FSE sequences provide acceptable image quality adjacent to DBS leads. The smallest artifactual blooming of stimulator leads is present on 3D FSE while the largest signal void appears in the 3D MPRAGE sequence.
The Significance of "Chymical Atomism"

The historical treatment of atomism and the mechanical philosophy largely neglects what I call "chymical atomism," namely a type of pre-Daltonian corpuscular matter theory that postulated particles of matter which were operationally indivisible. From the Middle Ages onwards, alchemists influenced by Aristotle's Meteorology , De caelo , and De generatione et corruptione argued for the existence of robust corpuscles of matter that resisted analysis by laboratory means. As I argue in the present paper, this alchemical tradition entered the works of Daniel Sennert and Robert Boyle, and became the common property of seventeenth-century chymists. Through Boyle, G.E. Stahl, and other chymists, the operational atomism of the alchemists was even transmitted to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, where it became the basis of his claim that elements are simply "the final limit that analysis reaches."
Home production and sticky price models: Implications for monetary policy

Abstract I analyze the consequences of including home production in a New Keynesian model with staggered price setting. Home production amplifies responses to technology and monetary policy shocks. Compared to a model without home production, the model generates close to twice the output response to a monetary policy shock. I consider the implications of several nominal interest rate rules and show that a traditional Taylor rule lacks its usual attractive properties. Alternatively, strict inflation targeting implements the constrained efficient allocation.
Science, technology, and potential applications of therapeutic cloning

In theory, although ethically debatable, females can now propagate without males and still conceive fertilized (not cloned) embryos by using oocytes and sperm derived through these mechanisms. Another alternative to the cloning technology, which attempts to avoid the current debate on ethics and policy, is the artificial haploidization of somatic cells As reproductive gametes or sex cells (sperm and eggs) are haploid (have half the number of chromosomes), but somatic cells are diploid (chromosomes are doubled), effort has been made to create artificial gametes via reducing the diploid somatic cells into haploid gamete-like cells. Theoretically, these "haploid" cells can subsequently be combined in a fashion similar to fertilization and develop into an embryo. Obviously, this approach may potentially create more ethical debate than therapeutic cloning.
The nature of the erythrocyte receptor site for Robinia pseudoaccacia phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract Normal human erythrocytes bind approximately 210,000 molecules of Robinia phytohemagglutinin with an apparent association constant of 2.7 × 10 6 m −1 . Neuraminidase treatment of the cells increased Robinia PHA binding by 50–60% while trypsin treatment of the cells decreased the amount of PHA bound by about 35%. A highly purified glycopeptide derived from the trypsin released glycopeptides was shown to have potent Robinia PHA haptene inhibitory activity. The specificity for binding to Robinia PHA residues in the oligosaccharide portion of the glycopeptide with the determinant sugars being the galactose residues of the outer branches and the mannose residues of the core. Competitive binding studies indicate that the Robinia PHA binding sites on human erythrocytes also serve as Ph. vulgaris PHA receptor sites while at least half of the Ph. vulgaris PHA binding sites are inaccessible to Robinia PHA.