cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cis- and trans-membrane control of cell surface topography.

The topographic distributions of cell surface components can be modified by perturbations from the cell membrane exterior (cis-membrane effect) or by perturbations from the cell interior that are transferred across the membrane (trans-membrane effect). Using the human erythrocyte ghost as a model system, cis-membrane effects on the topography of anionic sites were produced in B+ ghosts with anti-B sera (but not with anti-A), R. communis agglutinin and concanavalin A (but not with D. biflorus agglutinin). Cis-membrane linkage was monitored by the state of aggregation of membrane-bound colloidal iron hydroxide particles which bind almost exclusively to neuraminidase-sensitive N-acetylneuraminic acid residues on the outer surface. Trans-membrane effects were observed when purified antibodies against an inner surface membrane protein, spectrin, were sequestered inside the ghosts. The sequestered antispectrin bound to spectrin at inner membrane surface and caused aggregation of the anionic sites on the outer membrane surface. The trans-membrane effects of antispectrin required intact γG antibodies (Fab would not substitute) and was time- and concentration-dependent.
Procedural Change and the Sources of Ex Ante Constraints in EU Legislation

With 27 member states using a variety of administrative practices and institutions to implement European Union (EU) policy, the EU has been widely used as a natural laboratory for analyzing administrative politics and institutions. This research has largely focused on the institutional relationships as they are at the time of the analysis. However, the EU has used several legislative procedures. Furthermore, there has been little attention given to the administrative and delegatory consequences of changes in the EU’s legislative procedures. This article examines how legislative institutions’ preferences for limits to the implementing discretion of the Commission and the member states have changed with the shift from the cooperation procedure to the codecision procedure. I find that the European Parliament (EP) responded to the codecision procedure by increasing the share of its amendments that expand the implementing discretion of member states. Furthermore, the Council significantly changed its attitude toward EP amendments restricting Commission discretion. Much of the research on European integration has focused on questions of institutional choice and institutional change. During its existence, the European Union (EU) has used a variety of legislative procedures to harmonize the regulatory policies of its member states. At the same time, much of the research on institutions has focused on how the relationships between legislators and implementers have implications for administrative politics and, in turn, on the incentives to restrict the discretion of administrative agents (Bawn 1995; Huber and Shipan 2002; Huber, Shipan,
Who Has Failed Africa? IMF Measures or the African Leadership ?

Numerous writers have suggested that International Monetary Fund (IMF) Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa have not only damaged growth prospects for many countries, but have further worsened an already badly skewed income distribution. The main purpose of this paper is to argue that of all the feasible alternatives for solving Africa's current economic problems, IMF Programs are the most promising. First, the paper examines the main reasons for the region's dismal economic performance over several decades. Secondly, it evaluates the evidence that has been used to reach the conclusion that IMF programs have had a deleterious effect on Africa's economic performance. Thirdly, it presents a case for the attractiveness of IMF programs, and a discussion of some specific prescriptions in IMF programs.
Regarding Chilcott's “Structural Functionalism as a Heuristic Device” Heuristically

Chilcott's attempt to resurrect stuctural functionalism, even in the guise of a heuristic device, may surprise more than a few who welcomed its demise nearly thirty years ago. Does it portend a nostalgia for a consensual theory to bolster the applied anthropologists' position in the world of educational research? To mine a theory whose import, at least for professional educators, may not have been exhausted? To provide usable knowledge of the "functions" of school practices, a goal that postmodern approaches to school ethnography have thus far been unable to meet? Chilcott's short piece jars: It calls us to question the lack of historical grounding in current work in educational anthropology. Contemplating the criticism of structural functionalism enables us to frame a number of
A comparative study of the autonomic innervation of the eye in monkey, cat, and rabbit

The autonomic innervation to the eye of monkey, cat and rabbit was studied using a sensitive histofluorometric method for adrenergic nerves and the acetylcholinesterase technique for cholinergic nerves. In the monkey cornea adrenergic nerves are absent while they are numerous in both the cat and rabbit. There is marked species variation in the amount of autonomic innervation to the filtration area. The iris sphincter and the ciliary muscle have a dual innervation but the relative amount of the adrenergic component to these structures varies widely. The ciliary process in every case has a plentiful adrenergic nerve supply. In the choroid a heavy adrenergic innervation apparatus approaches the choriocapillaris. A layer of fluorescent terminals is found in the retina at the junction of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers in all three species. In the adjoining part of the inner nuclear layer lie scattered catecholamine-containing amacrine cells.
Matrix vesicles and calcification

Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular, 100 nM in diameter, membrane-invested particles selectively located at sites of initial calcification in cartilage, bone, and predentin. The first crystals of apatitic bone mineral are formed within MVs close to the inner surfaces of their investing membranes. Matrix vesicle biogenesis occurs by polarized budding and pinching-off of vesicles from specific regions of the outer plasma membranes of differentiating growth plate chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts. Polarized release of MVs into selected areas of developing matrix determines the nonrandom distribution of calcification. Initiation of the first mineral crystals, within MVs (phase 1), is augmented by the activity of MV phosphatases (eg, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and pyrophosphatase) plus calcium-binding molecules (eg, annexin I and phosphatidyl serine), all of which are concentrated in or near the MV membrane. Phase 2 of biologic mineralization begins with crystal release through the MV membrane, exposing preformed hydroxyapatite crystals to the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid normally contains sufficient Ca2+ and PO4 3- to support continuous crystal proliferation, with preformed crystals serving as nuclei (templates) for the formation of new crystals by a process of homologous nucleation. In diseases such as osteoarthritis, crystal deposition arthritis, and atherosclerosis, MVs initiate pathologic calcification, which, in turn, augments disease progression.
Searching for sleep mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

The functions of sleep are still unknown, but are probably related to cellular and molecular aspects of neural function. To better understand the benefits that sleep may bring at the cellular level, recent studies have employed Drosophila melanogaster as a model system and shown that fruit flies share the fundamental features of mammalian sleep. As in mammals, sleep in Drosophila is characterized by increased arousal threshold and by changes in brain electrical activity. Fly sleep is homeostatically regulated independent of the circadian clock, is modulated by stimulants and hypnotics, and is affected by age. Also, fly sleep is associated with changes in brain gene expression similar to those observed in mammals. While Drosophila neurobiology is sufficiently complex to permit meaningful generalizations to mammals and humans, Drosophila genetics is simple enough to allow a rapid mutagenesis screening. An ongoing mutagenesis study has screened approximately 5000 mutant Drosophila lines and found that sleep amount, sleep pattern, and the homeostatic regulation of sleep are highly conserved phenotypes in flies. So far, this study has identified 10 short sleeper lines and 4 lines that show no sleep rebound after sleep deprivation. Ultimately, the characterization of these lines should help identifying crucial cellular pathways involved in the regulatory mechanisms of sleep and its functional consequences.
Back to the Future of Women's Health and Perinatal Nursing in the 21st Century

Trends in women's health and perinatal nursing practice in the 21st century can be projected through looking back at our profession's history. Highlighted in this preview of nursing's future are the societal influences predicted to promote the essence of professional practice, influence our educational processes, and guide our research investigations. Most important among these influences is that of ritual‐busting nursing research, which is predicted to elucidate outcomes of practice and provide the groundwork for change. However, research‐driven change endorses the shedding of an antiquated maternity nurse image and practice. A call is made for accountability, ethical thinking, and reciprocal nurse trust for professional survival in the future.
Effect of Synthetic Pheromone Permeation on Captures of Male Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Pheromone and Virgin Female Moth-Baited Traps at Different Tree Heights in Small Orchard Blocks

A 3-yr study conducted in small apple blocks (≤0.4 ha) examined the effect of synthetic sex pheromone permeation on trap catches of male codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L. l. at different tree heights. Traps (Pherocon 1CP) were placed above upper canopy, at upper canopy edge, in middle canopy, at lower canopy edge, and below lower canopy. Traps were baited with either a 1-mg or 10-mg codlemone-loaded rubber septum lure (Pherocon), a mating disruption dispenser (Isomate-C), or in some casescaged virgin female codling moths. In the blocks receiving commercially recommended insecticide cover sprays and considering all lure types, the upper canopy edge traps always captured the greatest numbers of male moths, significant in 11 of 18 trials. Similarly, in the presence of mating disruption dispensers (at rates of 1,000 and 2,000 dispensers per hectare) and considering all lure types, the upper canopy edge traps nearly always captured the greatest numbers of male moths, significant in 24 of 28 trials. In the insecticide-treated blocks, the 1-mg lure was the most attractive, but in the pheromone-treated blocks, traps loaded with the 10-mg lure captured the most moths.
A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE OF WOLFRAM'S NEW KIND OF SCIENCE. PART II: UNIVERSAL NEURON

Wolfram’s celebrated three-input Cellular Automata is further developed and extended from the perspective of neural networks .As ingleexplicit formula involving two nested absolute-value functions and eight adjustable parameters called synaptic weights, is presented. Such a neuron is proved to be universal by specifying the synaptic weights of all 256 local rules. Applying the nonlinear dynamics concepts developed from Part I of this multipart series of papers, we present the rational for partitioning the entire set of 256 local rules into 16 distinct gene families, each composed of 16 gene siblings. Such a partitioning allows us to explain, if not predict, the pattern features generated from each local rule. Finally, these 16 gene families of Cellular Automata rules are encoded onto a new compact and insightful representation called the “double-helix torus.”
Multi-Relational Latent Semantic Analysis

We present Multi-Relational Latent Semantic Analysis (MRLSA) which generalizes Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). MRLSA provides an elegant approach to combining multiple relations between words by constructing a 3-way tensor. Similar to LSA, a lowrank approximation of the tensor is derived using a tensor decomposition. Each word in the vocabulary is thus represented by a vector in the latent semantic space and each relation is captured by a latent square matrix. The degree of two words having a specific relation can then be measured through simple linear algebraic operations. We demonstrate that by integrating multiple relations from both homogeneous and heterogeneous information sources, MRLSA achieves stateof-the-art performance on existing benchmark datasets for two relations, antonymy and is-a.
Wildland Fire Patch Dynamics in the Chaparral of Southern California and Northern Baja California

Inecosystems where fire occurrence has signifi- cant time-dependence, fire sequences should exhibit sys- tem-regulation that is distinguished by nonrandom (nonstationary), self-organizing patch dynamics related to spatially constrained fire probabilities. Exogenous factors such as fire weather, precipitation variability, and terrain alter the flammability of vegetation and encourage ran- domness in fire occurrence within pre-existing patch struc- ture. In Californian chaparral, the roles of succession/fuel build-up and exogenous factors is examined by taking advantage of a 100 yr "natural experiment" in southern California (SCA) and northern Baja California, Mexico (BCA), where factors influencing fire occurrence have been systematically altered by divergent management sys- tems. In SCA, suppression has been practiced since 1900. In BCA, fire control was not official policy until the 1960s and has not been effectively practiced. Fire perimeter histories for 1920-1971 in SCA and BCA, reconstructed from fire history records and repeat aerial photographs, are compared for fire frequency (eventslarea), size, rotation periods, stand age structure, ignition rates, weather, burn- ing season, and drought. Landscape-scale fire rotation periods are long (=70 yr) regardless of management poli- cies because fire occurrence is driven by the gradual development of fire hazard during succession, produced by small annual increments of growth and litterfall, as well as by high fuel moisture in evergreen shrubs. Without fire control frequent fires establish fine-grained mosaics. Fire control reduces fire frequencies, increases fire size, and encourages coarse-scale patch structure. Patch dynamics exhibit evidences of nonrandom turnover. Fire size distri- butions reflect the nearest-neighbor distances between patches below some age-dependent combustion threshold (CT) in the patch mosaic that resist the spread of fires in stands older than CT. Regional burn rates are poorly related to fire frequency, ignition rates, drought, and ter- rain. The small size of fires in BCA may be reinforced by interactions between fire and pre-existing, fine-grained patch structure, and by random fire occurrence in the probability distributions of fire weather and climate. In SCA, fires are nonrandomly restricted by fire control to extreme weather.
Panoramic imaging reveals basic mechanisms of induction and termination of ventricular tachycardia in rabbit heart with chronic infarction: implications for low-voltage cardioversion.

Background Sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmia in the settings of chronic myocardial infarction (MI) is an important clinical problem. Arrhythmic risk post-MI continues indefinitely even if heart failure and acute ischemia are not present due to the anatomic substrate of the scar and border zone (BZ) tissue. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine mechanisms of arrhythmia initiation and termination in a rabbit model of chronic MI. Methods Ligation of the lateral division of the left circumflex artery was performed 72 ± 29 days before acute experiments (n = 11). Flecainide (2.13 ± 0.64 μM) was administered to promote sustained arrhythmias, which were induced with burst pacing or a multiple shock protocol (four pulses, 140–200 ms coupling interval). Results Panoramic optical mapping with blebbistatin (5 μM) revealed monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) maintained by a single mother rotor (cycle length [CL] = 174.7 ± 38.4 ms) as the primary mechanism of arrhythmia. Mother rotors were anchored to the scar or BZ for 16 of the 19 rotor locations recorded. Cardioversion thresholds (CVTs) were determined at various phases throughout the VT CL from external shock electrodes. CVTs were found to be phase dependent, and the maximum versus minimum CVT was 7.8 ± 1.9 vs. 4.1 ± 1.6 V/cm, respectively ( P = .005). Antitachycardia pacing was found to be effective in only 2.7% of cases in this model. Conclusions These results indicate that scar and BZ tissue heterogeneity provide the substrate for VT by attracting and stabilizing rotors. Additionally, a significant reduction in CVT may be achieved by appropriately timed shocks in which the shock-induced virtual electrode polarization interacts with the rotor to destabilize VT.
Molecular and functional evidence for Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter expression in rat skeletal muscle

Doubt has been raised about the expression of a functional Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter in rat skeletal muscle. In this study we present molecular and functional evidence for expression of a protein ha...
SEDIMENT PERMEABILITY AND THE PRESERVATION OF SOFT-TISSUES IN CONCRETIONS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Sediment permeability is hypothesized to affect soft tissue fossilization within concretions through its effects on organic decay and concretion growth. The role of permeability was tested in a series of experiments in which cod tissue was decayed in glass beads of varying permeabilities. Decay was measured using infrared gas analysis (IRGA), and mineral precipitation within the beads (a proxy for concretion growth) was measured using micro CT scanning. The interactions of the three variables—sediment permeability, decay, and mineralization—were assessed with MANOVA and with linear regressions of decay and precipitation per unit decay on permeability. These two linear regressions were combined into a more general, nonlinear expression of the relationship between permeability and total mineral precipitation. The results show that sediment permeability has two competing effects on precipitation, the strength of each varying dynamically depending on permeability. Low permeability environments inhibit decay, thus enhancing fossilization but inhibiting overall precipitation because a build-up of decay products is necessary to promote mineral formation (the “decay effect”). However, low permeability environments can also increase precipitation per unit decay by inhibiting the diffusion of decay products away from the carcass, allowing for a faster build-up of decay products (the “mineralization effect”). At low permeabilities, the decay effect dominates (decay controlled), and precipitation is positively correlated with permeability. At higher permeabilities, the mineralization effect dominates (permeability controlled), and precipitation is negatively correlated with permeability. The experiments show that fossilization within concretions is promoted by decay inhibition (at low permeabilities) and rapid concretion growth (at intermediate permeabilities). Thus, the effects of permeability on fossilization are complex, and influence the mechanism of fossilization.
A binuclear molybdenum oxyfluoride: μ-oxido-bis­[(2,2′-bipyrid­yl)fluoridodioxidomolybdenum(VI)]

The title compound, [Mo2F2O5(C10H8N2)2], is a centrosymmetric binuclear molybdenum(VI) species with the metal atoms in a distorted octa­hedral environment. The coordination geometries of the symmetry-equivalent molybdenum sites are defined by the cis-terminal oxide groups and the N-atom donors of the bipyridyl ligand in the equatorial plane with axial F and bridging O atoms. The bridging O atom occupies a center of symmetry. The mol­ecules stack in the a-axis direction, and the crystal packing is stabilized by weak intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds.
Effects of alcohol and fixation-task difficulty on choice reaction time to extrafoveal stimulation.

Alcohol and concurrent foveal-task difficulty increased choice reaction time to extrafoveal stimulation; in combination their influence was additive.
Carbon Metabolism in a PEP-carboxykinase C4 Plant

The aim of this work was to discover the fate of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) generated via PEP carboxykinase in the bundle sheath of the cool-temperate PEP-carboxykinase C4 plant Spartina anglica (Smith et al., 1982). Three alternative fates for this PEP in PEP-carboxykinase C4 plants have been proposed. First, it could be converted via pyruvate kinase or a phosphatase to pyruvate. Pyruvate and/or alanine would move to the mesophyll where pyruvate would be converted back to PEP via pyruvate, Pi dikinase (Hatch and Kagawa, 1976; Hatch, 1979). Second, it could be converted via enolase and phosphoglyceromutase to 3-phosphoglycerate. This would move to the mesophyll where it would be converted back to PEP via the same enzymes (Huber and Edwards, 1975). Third, PEP itself could move to the mesophyll (Rathnam and Edwards, 1977).
Hollow Rotating Detonation Combustor

A continuous, azimuthally rotating, detonation wave propagating between the confines of a narrow annulus has been the essence of the Rotating Detonation Combustor (RDC) mechanics, till date. This research, however, focuses on the incipient RDC concept that utilizes a hollow combustor for the sustained rotating detonation, instead of the conventional annular combustor. Hydrogen-Air operation is demonstrated in a hollow RDC (H-RDC). The concomitant detonation wave speeds are upwards of 90% of the ideal Chapman-Jouguet speed at rich conditions of operation. While the H-RDC is prone to two wave operation for all the air flow rates tested, highly rich conditions produce solely single wave operation. High-speed video imaging of the H-RDC exit highlights the presence of a complex detonation structure comprising a relatively faster detonation wave that moves along the combustor wall, and a sectoral region of intense combustion that rotates with the same angular velocity. The pressure profile of the operating points is analyzed to reveal three different waveform shapes which are further analyzed using ensemble averaging. A peculiar instability observed for select operating conditions is discussed.
Addressing Treatment Fear and Worry Among Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Date Presented 4/18/2015 Head and neck cancer patients (N = 41) completed in-depth interviews regarding fear and worry about treatment. Changes in appearance, resources, or relationships as well as pain, suffering, and exacerbation of other health concerns were cited as the most feared or worrisome aspects of treatment.
New Distribution Record for Dermacentor Hunteri Bishopp (Acari: Ixodidae)

The tick Dermacentor hunteri Bishopp has never been recorded from Baja California Norte, Mexico. From 22 March to 27 March 1975, 8 male and 7 female adults of D. hunteri were collected in Cantil Canyon approximately 32 km south of La Rumorosa in the Sierra de Juarez. Several ticks were collected crawling on various person's skin and others were found on clothing. None was attached to the skin. In addition, 1 tick was seen questing and was collected from the desert lavender bush ( Hyptis emoryi Torrey), approximately 30 cm above the ground. Another was collected on the ground under this same bush. It is presumed that the Bighorn Sheep, Ovis canadensis Shaw, which is the type-host, is the host for this tick at this locality. The host has been reported from the Sierra de Juarez (Hall & Kelson, 1959, The Mammals of North America , Vol. II, The Ronald Press Company, New York, p. 547–1083).
Overpaid? Public Service Delivery and City Manager Compensation in California

City manager compensation has received heightened scrutiny in the media and in public debate. High salaries for city managers are sometimes compared with the salaries of elected officials, but this...
Good Quality Hybrid Rice Combination of Yuyou1351 Breeding and Supporting the Cultivation Technique

The yuyou 1351 is high-quality high-yielding hybrid rice combination of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Chongqing Ratooning Rice Instite Center,with the own breeding form the restorer yuhui1351 and the CMS Yuyou802A equipped,The combination of good plant type,good quality,high yield and wide adaptability,in February 2010,it was released by Chongqing Crop Variety Apprasisal Committee.
Problems of Fire Safety of High-Rise Buildings in Nanjing and Solution

Nowadays,most of high-rise buildings are shared by a number of households.However,no distinctive responsibility is assumed among households.Moreover,some high-rise buildings find it difficult to collect property management fees,making it difficult to raise sufficient funds for daily maintenance.In addition,some property management companies only focus on making money,and have no rules to run.What is worse,some companies even appropriate and skimp maintenance fees.The approval procedure for special maintenance funds is complicated and time-consuming.As a result,some potential problems fail to be addressed in due course.Besides,the security administration level is low and no supervision of fire fighting can be found.To approach such problems,it is necessary to invest more funds in fire fighting,to buy fire fighting equipments used for high-rise buildings,to establish aerial fire stations,to perfect relevant systems,and to simplify the approval procedure for maintenance funds.Furthermore,it is critical to clarify the responsibilities of fire fighting among developers,property management companies,property owners,real estate users and real estate sectors.
Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B infection in Daxing district of Beijing in 2002-20011

Objective To better understand the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of HBV infection among residents in Daxing district of Beijing from the year of 2002 to 2011.Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze the data of hepatitis B cases.Results A total of 2 339 cases of hepatitis B were reported in 10 years with the annual incidence rates ranging from 58.30 to 9.60(average of 28.47) per 100,000 population,which showed a downward trend.There was no obvious change in terms of number of hepatitis B cases versus total hepatitis ones.The majority of patients were between 20 to 50 years old,with fewer under 20 and almost none under 10.Farmers were more vulnerable to HBV infection followed by housekeepers and unemployed or migrant workers.There was no seasonal peak of patients.Conclusions A big change has been noticed regarding the epidemiological features of HBV infection in Daxing ever since the application of HBV vaccine.In order to further reduce the incidence of HBV infection,adults and migrating population should not be ignored.
The Posterior Pituitary Gland and Disorders of Vasopressin Metabolism

The posterior pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis, shares a name with the anterior pituitary but has indirect connection to the brain as the posterior pituitary contains the nerve endings of the vasopressin and oxytocin neurons which originate in the periventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Vasopressin is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland as is oxytocin. Disorders of vasopressin metabolism may cause increased or decreased urine formation and subsequent abnormalities in body water and serum osmolality and electrolytes. Rather than being controlled by secretions of the median eminence of the hypothalamus through the hypophyseotrophic portal system, these nerve endings in the posterior pituitary directly secrete their product into the general circulation. These neurons may be interrupted by trauma or surgery and the level of the interruption determines the outcome. If the pituitary stalk section is low some intact vasopressin neurons will remain as some terminate at the top of the pituitary stalk and diabetes insipidus may be mild or not occur. If the stalk section is high it is more likely that all vasopressin neurons will be affected and that diabetes insipidus will be permanent.
Social Media and Value Creation: The Role of Interaction Satisfaction and Interaction Immersion

Abstract This research examines the effects of social media brand–consumer interactions on three types of customer value: customer lifetime value (CLV), customer influencer value (CIV) and customer knowledge value (CKV). By examining the differential effects of consumers' satisfaction and immersion with social-media brand interactions on CLV, CIV and CKV, the authors identify conditions under which interaction satisfaction and interaction immersion create value for brands. Results suggest that whereas interaction satisfaction positively influences both CLV and CIV, interaction immersion impacts both CIV and CKV. The authors identify social media strategies for brands related to interaction satisfaction and immersion that are based on the three types of customer value studied. The findings reported offer important managerial and theoretical implications with respect to the effects of discrete social media interactions on customer value creation.
Development Status of High Speed Ball Pull for Pb-Free BGA Characterization

Current methods for characterizing the integrity of BGA solder ball attachment include both ball shear and ball pull. These are currently limited to slow speeds, 5 mm/second for pull and 0.6 mm/second for shear. The results from these tests are of limited use in predicting brittle failures that are sometimes seen early in product lifetime. This paper will discuss the status of our work on implementing the highspeed ball pull test that should be of much greater utility in highlighting brittle failure modes. A JEDEC standard, JESD 22-B115, has recently been published that governs solder ball pull test methods. In this paper, the software and hardware set-up for high speed ball pull will be described and its limitations and operating window will be discussed. The various failure modes for high speed pull will be illustrated along with set-up issues that can impact the failure mode. The response variables for this test include peak force and fracture energy. Force-distance plots will also be shown and correlated test hardware / set-up issues. Finally issues associated with using this test as a process monitor will be discussed.
Design for Manufacture and Template-Based Process Planning

The engineer today is unaware of the impact that design changes will have on manufacturing functions when the part is only designed and tested for functionality. When the product engineer has met the program objective, the design is released to the manufacturing engineer for a feasibility review and manufacturability study. This is a sequential process and does not allow for trade-off analysis during the initial stages of the design process. This results in a number of iterations between product and manufacturing engineering, which is time consuming and error prone.
Effects of Differing Levels of Inclusion on Preschoolers with Disabilities

This study compared three levels of inclusion (special education-only, integrated special education, and mainstream placements) on cognitive and language development of preschool children with disa...
Flipping the Oxidation State Formalism: Charge Distribution in Organometallic Complexes As Reported by Carbon Monoxide

A desktop means of estimating the distribution of charge among the ligands in an organometallic complex is developed. An iron charge state of cFe = +2.0 is chosen as a reference, and by correlation of ν(CO) with charge, cCO, in a set of carbonyl complexes, an equation of charge is generated. Application of this equation to the periodic table affords each transition metal a single charge, cM, thereby flipping the oxidation state formalism. Ensuing investigations of carbonyl/L/X compounds leads to estimates of charge distributions among classes of ligands. Deemed charge distribution via reporters (CDVR), the method provides a means of assessing the stability of ligand combinations about metal centers within seconds and numerically supports common pedagogical intuition.
Are You Here to Tell a Story

Reality television shows, with their claims to represent real-life experiences, have a bad reputation. They are accused of being scripted and therefore not really real, of negatively impacting the business of television because they cost less to produce than other shows, and of depicting extreme examples of human behavior. Since all texts, whatever their truth-claims, are grounded in specific ideologies, educational researchers must pay attention to how these films and television shows are constructed and for what purposes.
Bifurcation from Infinity in Hilbert Spaces

In this chapter, we shall consider the problem of bifurcation from infinity of the variational inequality (3.1), $$\left\{ \begin{gathered} \left\langle {u - B(u,\;\lambda ),\;\upsilon - u} \right\rangle \underline > \;0,\;\forall \upsilon \in K, \hfill \\ u \in K, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right.$$ where K is a closed, convex subset of V (again V is a real Hilbert space with norm ║•║ and inner product , as in Chapter 3), i.e., we consider the problem of the existence of solutions of large norms of (3.1) and, as before, global properties of such solution sets.
Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A study of the explanatory roles of the interpersonal theory variables among military service members and veterans.

Objective Research has identified non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) as a robust correlate of suicidal thoughts and behaviors; however, little is known regarding why these constructs may be related. Consistent with the interpersonal theory of suicide, this study investigated thwarted belongingness (TB), perceived burdensomeness (PB), and capability for suicide (CS) as explanatory links in the association between NSSI, ideation, and suicide attempt history. Method Military service members and veterans (N = 973; agemean = 29.9 years, 78.8% male, 63.8% Caucasian/White) completed measures of lifetime NSSI and suicide attempts; current suicidal ideation; TB, PB, and CS; and related psychiatric symptoms. Bootstrap moderated mediation analyses were employed to examine whether (a) TB moderated the mediating effect of PB on NSSI and ideation, (b) PB moderated the mediating effect of TB on NSSI and ideation, and (c) CS moderated the mediating effect of TB and PB on NSSI and attempts. Results TB and PB significantly accounted for the relationship between lifetime NSSI and current ideation. TB did not moderate the mediating effect of PB on NSSI and ideation, and PB did not moderate the mediating effect of TB. However, CS significantly moderated the mediating effects of TB and PB on NSSI and attempt history. Conclusions The interpersonal theory of suicide hypotheses were partially supported. Consistent with the theory, the interaction of TB and PB only explained NSSI and attempt history among service members with high levels of CS. TB and PB only individually explained the association between lifetime NSSI and recent suicidal ideation. Prospective studies are warranted to replicate these findings across other military samples. (PsycINFO Database Record
Exploration of anion transport in a composite membrane via experimental and theoretical methods

Abstract The conductivity of polymerized ionic liquid graft copolymers (PILGCs) is usually three orders of magnitude lower than ionic liquids (ILs); researches are being performed actively to improve ion transport in PILGCs. In the research, the composite membrane of poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium-acetate) (poly([BVIM]-[OAc])) PILGC and NPs filled with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM]-[OAc]) IL was developed. Ion transport in the composite is a combination of that in PILGC and IL and mechanisms underlying anion transport in the PILGC and the IL should both be explored in order to obtain profound knowledge of ion transport (mechanism) in the composite. Researchers still have discrepancy in the mechanisms of ion transport in PILGCs. We explored the mechanisms and time scales of ion transport in the PILGC and compared the differences in ion transport phenomena and mechanisms in the PILGC and the IL. 2D-IR experiments were performed and the results show that the peak-shape of the spectra of SCN− in the PILGC changes on a much slower time scale than that in the IL, indicating that the IL completes structure decay in a way significantly faster than the PILGC. Anion diffusivities in the composite, PILGC and IL at various temperatures were measured and calculated. Subdiffusion phenomena are caused by hindrance influence of surrounding units on anion motion. Therefore exploring subdiffusive regime gives mechanisms underlying ion transport: the subdiffusion phenomena of anion transport in the IL are caused by the coupling between anion motion and the motion of ions around, while that in the PILGC are caused by the trap of anions in cages composed of the PILGC chains before they get the opportunities to hop to cages nearby. According to our analysis, van der Waals (VDW) interactions play a more significant role than electrostatic interactions, including ion association interactions, in influencing the magnitude of anion diffusivities in the PILGC. It is wrong to explore ion transport mechanism via only analyzing electrostatic interactions between ions; anion transport is along PILGC chains most probably in successive steps and between PILGC chains most probably in separate steps, depending on jumping between neighboring cages. The trap time of an anion inside a cage, instead of ion association time, gives the time scale that associates with anion transport. The anion transport mechanism in the composite is a combination of fast structural relaxation in the IL and slow hopping between cages in the PILGC.
Modeling purposeful adaptive behavior with the principle of maximum causal entropy

Predicting human behavior from a small amount of training examples is a challenging machine learning problem. In this thesis, we introduce the principle of maximum causal entropy, a general technique for applying information theory to decision-theoretic, game-theoretic, and control settings where relevant information is sequentially revealed over time. This approach guarantees decision-theoretic performance by matching purposeful measures of behavior (Abbeel & Ng, 2004), and/or enforces game-theoretic rationality constraints (Aumann, 1974), while otherwise being as uncertain as possible, which minimizes worst-case predictive log-loss (Grunwald & Dawid, 2003). We derive probabilistic models for decision, control, and multi-player game settings using this approach. We then develop corresponding algorithms for efficient inference that include relaxations of the Bellman equation (Bellman, 1957), and simple learning algorithms based on convex optimization. We apply the models and algorithms to a number of behavior prediction tasks. Specifically, we present empirical evaluations of the approach in the domains of vehicle route preference modeling using over 100,000 miles of collected taxi driving data, pedestrian motion modeling from weeks of indoor movement data, and robust prediction of game play in stochastic multi-player games.
RELIGIÃO, TEOLOGIA, FILOSOFIA

O autor mostra a necessidade de uma nova reflexao sobre a relacao entre teologia, filosofia e religiao nos tempos atuais. Para isso, define, primeiramente, esses tres fenomenos, para depois apresentar a resposta, tanto no nivel descritivo quanto no normativo, a pergunta sobre a relacao entre essas tres esferas.
Cytoprotective agents for anthracyclines

Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is believed to be related to the generation of reactive oxygen species by at least two mechanisms: enzymatic reduction of the quinone with subsequent redox cycling and/or formation of an iron-anthracycline complex capable of intramolecular reduction and redox cycling. Both pathways may lead to the production of superoxide anions and highly reactive metabolites, such as hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. As a result, membrane lipid peroxidation may ensue, producing damage in tissues like the heart, which have low antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase glutathione and especially, glutathione-peroxidase). Pharmacologic methods of interrupting this cycle have involved numerous antioxidants, such as the sulfhydryls N-acetylcysteine and cysteamine, and the lipophilic vitamin alpha tocopherol. Unfortunately, none of these compounds has been proven to be cardioprotective in patients receiving doxorubicin. In contrast, the water-soluble d-isomer of the iron chelator razoxane, dexrazoxane or ICRF-187, has been shown to reduce doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. This has afforded greater cumulative doses of doxorubicin to be safely administered. The cytoprotective effect is apparently limited to the heart since there is no effect on antitumor efficacy and, unfortunately, no reduction in gastrointestinal toxicity, and with a slight increase in myelosuppression. More recent preclinical studies have also demonstrated cardioprotective activity for the aminothiol amifostine (WR-2721). In vitro, this agent has been shown to scavenge superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, the latter effect mediated by the active (dephosphorylated) metabolite, WR-1065. In tumor-bearing mice, amifostine reduces the lethality of high doses of doxorubicin without affecting antitumor activity. Finally, in vitro studies in neonatal rat heart cells have shown direct evidence of anthracycline cardioprotection for both amifostine and WR-1065. Cytoprotective drug levels of either agent were limited to 2.0 microg/mL, which is one tenth of the achievable peak plasma levels in humans. At this concentration, a 15-minute sulfhydryl pretreatment significantly prevented doxorubicin-induced depressions of myocyte adenosine triphosphate levels. Overall, these studies suggest that amifostine may have cytoprotective activity against doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage. Animal studies in a chronically dosed doxorubicin model are indicated; if positive, clinical trials testing this hypothesis will be warranted.
THE STATUS OF ERP INTEGRATION IN BUSINESS SCHOOL CURRICULA: RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF BUSINESS SCHOOLS

Although a growing number of business graduates are involved in the selection, implementation, and use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, many schools are slow in adopting and integrating these systems into their business curricula. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many schools perceive the integration of ERP software into curricula to be too complex, and the resulting costs to outweigh the benefits derived. Other schools question the relevance of ERP skills and knowledge to students. However, an increasing number of schools are joining ERP vendor alliance programs, offering ERP tracks in various departments or even building their business programs around ERP software. The apparent divergence of opinions regarding incorporating ERP into business curricula lends itself to a fruitful area of inquiry. The current study presents the results of a survey administered to information systems faculty at 94 colleges and universities that examines the current status of ERP integration in the classroom. All but three of these schools are in the US. Topics addressed in the survey include extent of ERP use in the classroom, reasons why schools did not adopt ERP for teaching purposes, implementation issues, and pedagogical uses. In addition, based on the authors’ recent experiences in implementing ERP for classroom use, benefits and challenges of ERP integration into curricula are discussed. The study’s results are informative to those schools wanting to benchmark their efforts against other schools, as well as to non-adopting schools that are considering undertaking this initiative.
Abstract 1945: Degradation of ERG transcription factor as a targeted therapy in B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) occurs in children and adults and is one of the most common forms of pediatric cancer. The ideal individualized therapy for B- and T-cell ALL heavily depends on the present molecular drivers. However, even with the success of ALL therapy, only a few strategies target disease-specific molecular lesions. Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) ALL, which harbors the BCR:ABL1 rearrangement, are sensitive to tailored inhibitors. Unfortunately, most ALL cases in both children (97-98%) and adults (70-80%) are Ph-; therefore, agents designed to directly target other molecular lesions are urgently needed. ERG, an ETS-family transcription factor, plays a key role in hematopoietic differentiation, megakaryopoiesis, and megakaryoblastic leukemia associated with Down syndrome. ERG overexpression is predictive of a poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and T-ALL. Transgenic expression of ERG causes T-ALL in mice and knockdown of ERG reduces human T-ALL cell proliferation. We have previously identified a consensus peptide (EIPs) that specifically binds to and leads to the proteosomal degradation of the ERG protein in prostate cancers having the TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion. Here, we demonstrated that wild type ERG was overexpressed at the mRNA and protein levels in a subset of B- and T-cell ALLs, but not in precursor CD4+, CD8+, or CD19+ cells. Pull-down assay found that streptavidin-linked beads were enriched for ERG proteins. Treatment of EIPs induced proteolytic degradation of ERG protein in Hal-01 cells, and therefore selectively inhibited ERG-driven cell growth and proliferation. More importantly, structure-based optimization created the next generation of ERG degraders (EIPv2). EIPv2 treatment significantly decreased ERG protein in Hal-01 cells starting from 3 hrs and nearly depleted ERG proteins at 48 hrs, resulting in 10-fold more potency than EIPs (IC50=2.3µM vs 25.7µM for EIPv2 and EIPs, respectively). Together, our results validate the development of peptidomimetics for ERG depletion as a targeted therapy for ALL. Unlike small-molecule antagonists, which require continuous dosing that eventually induces drug resistance, most protein degraders have relatively higher and longer pharmacological effects without requiring continuous exposure to high doses. Such an approach can abolish the presence of an oncoprotein, which, in theory, can overcome resistance to target inhibitors. Citation Format: Xiaoju Wang, Caleb Cheng, Yuanyuan Qiao, Lanbo Xiao, Cynthia Wang, Abhijit Parolia, Arul Chinnaiyan. Degradation of ERG transcription factor as a targeted therapy in B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1945.
Comparison of bubble generating devices for column flotation of fine coal from refuse

Column flotation testing was conducted on the flotation feed slurry obtained from a preparation plant located in the Southern Illinois coal basin. The column flotation tests were conducted using three different bubble generating devices: a static sparger, a gas saver and a foam jet. Each of these devices was tested with three different types of frother and various column operating variables to provide maximum combustible recovery, minimum product ash and maximum pyrite rejection. The results show that column flotation provided improved flotation performance, in terms of combustible recovery as well as ash and pyrite rejection, for each of the bubble generating devices. However, the effectiveness of each bubble generating device was dependent on the type of frother used. Alcohol frothers were most effective for use with the static sparger, somewhat less effective for the foam jet and ineffective for the gas saver. Glycol frothers were effective for all three bubble generating systems, providing high combustible recovery (>90%); low clean-coal ash (4–6% ash) and high pyrite rejection (70–80%).