cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mining the botulinum research literature

The literature search section (botXminer) in the botulinum resource database (BotDB; http://botdb.abcc.ncifcrf.gov) contains a new query tool - 'Batch Search'. In basic mode, a user can submit a list of words or phrases that are used to conduct a sequential search of the titles, abstracts and MEDLINE contents of clostridial neurotoxin citations. A table of results is returned that contains the numbers of citations found for each query term that are, in turn, linked to information from PubMed and MEDLINE for each citation. In matrix mode, a user can join two lists of user-defined terms in which all of the results from the combinatorial pairs are returned in a matrix. Each matrix element is linked to a citation list. In both modes, searches can be refined by selecting a range of publication years. Examples of 'Batch Search' matrices are statistically analysed for their quality by calculating their recall and precision values.
A Comment on “The Appeals Process as a Means of Error Correction,” by Steven Shavell

In his most recent article, “The Appeals Process as a Means of Error Correction,” Steven Shavell asks a very important question: Why do we use a hierarchical court structure? The flip side of this inquiry is whether we might not be better off simply making our trial courts more efficient (in the sense of making them less error-prone). Although I certainly applaud the recent efforts of Shavell and other law and economics scholars to examine issues of institutional design, this particular attempt suffers from two major flaws. The first involves the asymmetric treatment of litigants before trial courts and appeals courts: Appellants can choose to either appeal cases or not, but the population of cases before the trial courts is assumed to be exogenous. This severely limits the ability to improve the efficiency of trial courts, leading to an overestimation of the value added from an appeals process. The second problem involves the behavior of judges, who are assumed to behave as automatons. Allowing judges to behave rationally dramatically changes the nature of the model's results, most fatally leading to the elimination of the separation equilibrium that Shavell wishes to achieve.
Testicular plasmacytoma: Appearance on gray‐scale and power Doppler sonography

A case of testicular plasmacytoma, a very rare neoplasm, is presented. The gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic findings are illustrated. The lesion appeared as a hypoechoic, intratesticular mass that was markedly hypervascular. When marked hypervascularity is present in a testicular mass in a patient unlikely to have orchitis on clinical grounds, plasmacytoma should be considered in the differen- tial diagnosis. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 27:345-346, 1999.
Future directions of sickle cell disease research: the NIH perspective.

Efforts to enhance therapy for children and adults with sickle cell disease have proven more challenging than might have been predicted from the fact that an understanding of the underlying pathogenesis antedated that of many other diseases for which good treatments presently exist. The multi-organ injury that occurs with sickle cell disease certainly contributes to this clinical reality. Research over decades indicates that the primary defect in hemoglobin that results in polymerization of the protein under low oxygen conditions and resultant cellular deformity of the red blood cell initiates a complex downstream pathogenesis associated with vascular injury and organ ischemia. Deciphering this in a manner that informs successful therapies that improve all target organs continues to challenge hematologists. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is dedicated to support research across the basic science, translational a clinical spectrum to achieve these clinical outcomes. The following provides a brief summary of the research strategies which NHLBI is presently supporting and will support in the future to enhance care and ultimately, to effect cure of this hemoglobin disease that causes such suffering to those who inherit this monogenic disease.
Ethnic Politics, Risk, and Policy-Making: A Cross-National Statistical Analysis of Government Responses to HIV/AIDS

What explains country policy responses to the AIDS pandemic? The author highlights ethnic politics as a negative influence on AIDS-related expenditures and other policies. When societies are ethnically divided and fragmented, elites are less likely to mobilize around the idea of risk from a stigmatized condition, fearing that their group will suffer reputational consequences. They are more likely to emphasize that the risks are contained within other groups, or that the threat is exaggerated. In turn, governments are less likely to provide policies because of lower demand and the potential for political resistance to actions viewed as unwelcome and/or unnecessary. A series of cross-national statistical analyses consistently reveal negative effects of ethnic fractionalization on AIDS policy. As compared with analogous analyses, it is possible to rule out the potential endogeneity concern that ethnic political competition might be a consequence as much as it was a cause of bad public policy and underdevelop...
Detecting data and schema changes in scientific documents

Data stored in a data warehouse must be kept consistent and up-to-date with respect to the underlying information sources. By providing the capability to identify, categorize and detect changes in these sources, only the modified data needs to be transferred and entered into the warehouse. Another alternative, periodically reloading from scratch, is obviously inefficient. When the schema of an information source changes, all components that interact with, or make use of data originating from that source must be updated to conform. The change detection problem is the problem of detecting data and schema changes by comparing two versions of the same semi-structured document. We present an approach to detecting data and schema changes for scientific documents. Scientific data is of particular interest because it is normally stored as a semi-structured document, and suffers frequent schema updates. This paper demonstrates the use of graphs to represent scientific documents in particular and semi-structured documents in general as well as their schema. It also demonstrates an approach to efficiently detect data and schema changes by merging the detection with parsing the document.
Atlantoaxial subluxation with recurrent consciousness disturbance in a boy with Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome

UNLABELLED Deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) may cause various clinical entities such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS). A 9.5-y-old boy with the phenotypic features of LNS, including hyperuricaemia, choreoathetosis, self-mutilation and profound neurological dysfunction, was found to have HPRT deficiency. Normocytic anaemia, hyperuricaemia (uric acid 594.8 micromol/l) and microscopic haematuria with uric acid crystals were noted. Ultrasonography showed bilateral nephrocalcinosis and urinary bladder stones. In addition, he presented with three episodes of consciousness disturbance with limb paresis, possibly caused by atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) with compression myelopathy. The diagnosis was made by the amount of residual enzyme activity and a single nucleotide substitution on the acceptor site region of intron 5 (IVS5-1 G-->C) of the HPRT gene, inherited from his asymptomatic mother. CONCLUSION Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a devastating sex-linked recessive disorder resulting from almost complete deficiency of the activity of HPRT. This report highlights the unusual AAS in a boy with LNS presenting recurrent consciousness change. The mutation described herein is a hitherto unreported splicing error leading to exon 6 skipping of the HPRT gene.
The winds of change

The practice of orthodontics is changing at what appears to be an almost alarming rate. The changes that have occurred during the last 45 plus years, when I first entered orthodontic practice are staggering. Who would have conceived brackets being bonded directly to the enamel surfaces of teeth? At that time, all bands were custom-made from gold strips. Brackets and rotation eyelets were hand-soldered to the bands that were then malleted into position to ensure a snug fit. This, together with the separation of teeth before banding, followed by 8 1-hour appointments a week apart were experiences not particularly relished by patients. Later, stainless steel band material and arches replaced gold. Brackets and eyelets were spot-welded at the office to the steel bands that were still being custom made. Preformed bands sized to fit all teeth subsequently became available, soon to be followed by a variety of brackets prewelded to them. Prescription brackets eliminated second and third order archwire bending. Bonding of brackets directly to teeth was the next revolutionary breakthrough. The more esthetic mono- and polycrystalline brackets, lingual brackets, and advances in orthognathic surgical procedures prompted many adults to seek treatment. Add to this computers in the workplace, in cephalometry and digital photography, and the staffing requirements from perhaps a single chairside assistant to the multistaffed and equipped offices of today, and the contrast from yesteryear becomes even more dramatic. While these evolutionary changes were taking place, there were many episodes of concern by orthodontists, sometimes overly so, about general dentists infringing on their fields of expertise. The most significant period coincided with the dramatic reduction in caries as a consequence of fluoridation causing many generalists to explore other areas of dentistry, one of which was ortho
Lymphovascular invasion of urothelial cancer in matched transurethral bladder tumor resection and radical cystectomy specimens.

Purpose: Lymphovascular invasion is an independent predictor of nodal invasion and survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. When assessed in transurethral bladder tumor resection specimens, lymphovascular invasion could predict tumor behavior and guide treatment decisions. However, the reliability of assessing lymphovascular invasion in such specimens has not been systematically evaluated. We examined the agreement of lymphovascular invasion status in matched transurethral bladder tumor resection and cystectomy specimens.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients undergoing transurethral bladder tumor resection within 6 weeks of cystectomy. Tumor stage and lymphovascular invasion status were assessed in transurethral bladder tumor resection specimens and compared to those in corresponding cystectomy specimens. Agreement of lymphovascular invasion status was determined using McNemar's test.Results: A total of 75 patients were eligible for study. In transurethral bl...
Reinforcement Learning Agents for Traffic Signal Control in Oversaturated Networks

An application for traffic signal control using reinforcement learning agents was implemented for small traffic networks with volumes close to saturation. The state observed by the agents and the rewards included information from the intersection being controlled and also from adjacent intersections. Communication between neighboring agents resulted in emergent coordination between agents and ultimately in better handling of traffic. Lower average, maximum and minimum delay values were found for the two tested networks compared to optimal pre-timed settings. Trends indicate that if the minor intersecting streets are one way, increased organization and coordination of traffic are expected as the network size increases. There is potential for reinforcement learning agents in traffic control applications as they can provide control in real time with flexible timing settings. Further research is being conducted with variable volume, bigger networks, and adjusting the agents' parameters.
Induction and Regulation of Th1-Inducing Cytokines by Bacterial DNA, Lipopolysaccharide, and Heat-Inactivated Bacteria

Th1 immune responses, characterized by production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), are associated with protective immunity to viruses and intracellular bacteria. Heat-killed Brucella abortus promotes secretion of Th1-inducing cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IFN-γ and has been used as a carrier to induce Th1 responses to vaccines. To explore which bacterial constituents could mediate this response and how it is regulated, murine spleen cells were cultured with B. abortus derived DNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or whole killed organisms. Each constituent induced similar, substantial amounts of IL-10. However, only B. abortus and B. abortus DNA induced high levels of IFN-γ and IL-12. B. abortus and B. abortus DNA-stimulated IL-12 production was maximal by 6 to 18 h, while IL-10 production steadily accumulated over this time period. These kinetics suggested that IL-10 may eventually downmodulate the Th1-like cytokine response to B. abortus and B. abortus DNA, which was confirmed by using neutralizing antibody. In the absence of IL-10, B. abortus LPS induced strong IFN-γ responses, but IL-12 p70 levels were still undetectable from BALB/c spleen cells. LPS induced IL-12 if the spleen cells were primed with IFN-γ and IL-10 was neutralized, indicating that LPS can stimulate IL-12 production under the most favorable conditions. Responses to Escherichia coli LPS and DNA mirrored the responses to B. abortus components, suggesting that immune effects observed with these constituents may be generalizable to many microbial species. In vivo experiments demonstrated the same hierarchy of responses for IL-12 production. These findings support the likelihood that microbial components, if used as carriers or adjuvants, can differ substantially in their ability to effect a Th1 response.
Relaxation modes of point defect pairs in ionic crystals: Approximate solutions for the threeshell model

Abstract A perturbation technique is used to obtain first-order expressions for the relaxation frequencies for the relaxation modes of the three-shell model of pairs of coupled defects moving on the same fcc lattice (e.g. divalent cation-cation vacancy in the rocksalt structure) or on interpenetrating fcc lattices (vacancy pairs in the rocksalt structure, or interstitial anion—excess valency cation in the fluorite structure). For the dielectrically-active T lu modes, expressions are given for the relaxation intensities in the zero-order approximation. These results are then used to discuss experimental data for NaCl and KCl containing divalent cations and for alkaline earth fluorides containing trivalent rare earth ions.
Fast Syntactic Analysis for Statistical Language Modeling via Substructure Sharing and Uptraining

Long-span features, such as syntax, can improve language models for tasks such as speech recognition and machine translation. However, these language models can be difficult to use in practice because of the time required to generate features for rescoring a large hypothesis set. In this work, we propose substructure sharing, which saves duplicate work in processing hypothesis sets with redundant hypothesis structures. We apply substructure sharing to a dependency parser and part of speech tagger to obtain significant speedups, and further improve the accuracy of these tools through up-training. When using these improved tools in a language model for speech recognition, we obtain significant speed improvements with both N-best and hill climbing rescoring, and show that up-training leads to WER reduction.
Something Was Rotten At Garden Fresh: Tax Evasion And Accounting Fraud At A Produce Wholesaler

Most fraud cases prepared for use in auditing and fraud examination courses involve theft-ofasset or financial statement misstatement types of frauds. Based on an actual case, we present a situation where the owner of a wholesale produce business, Garden Fresh, adjusted accounting records to evade taxes. Changes in the produce industry were threatening Garden Fresh’s business, and the owner used funds generated from the tax-evasion fraud to support purchases from the company’s buyers. In the end, the fraud and business could not be sustained, and Garden Fresh failed. An important learning objective of the case is to illustrate how journal entries can be used to conceal a fraud, and how understanding accounting is essential for uncovering some frauds. The Garden Fresh case has been used in an undergraduate auditing class, and assessment results indicate that the case is effective for meeting identified learning objectives. The case would also be appropriate for use in taxation, fraud examination, forensic accounting, and small business courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
In Vitro Formation of Ammonia in Blood of Dog and Man

A significant (p <0.001) difference was found in the rate of ammonia formation and the amount formed in heparinized dog and human blood at 4°C. The initial ammonia concentration and the increase in ammonia formation with time were correlated for human blood. This in vitro ammonia formation was not prevented by certain enzyme inhibitors, but it continued after cells and plasma were exhaustively dialyzed against water or saline, suggesting that it originates from enzyme action.
Landmark Case at 40

On June 17, 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. that Congress had the power to outlaw private housing discrimination. It based its decision on the 13th Amendment, which empowered Congress to "pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States." Today, its holding is worth re-examining. The court found that 42 U.S.C. 1982 clearly extended to private action, and Congress had the constitutional power to enact such a statute.
Drug-Induced Delayed Multi-organ Hypersensitivity Syndrome

Drug-induced delayed multi-organ hypersensitivity syndrome (DIDMOHS), also known as drug reaction (or rash) with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), or drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) is a rare, potentially fatal, drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction characterized by cutaneous eruption, fever, lymphadenopathy, hematologic abnormalities, and visceral manifestations. Anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital as well as allopurinol and sulfonamides, are the most common causes of DIDMOHS. Impaired drug detoxification and herpes virus reactivation play a key role in DIDMOHS pathogenesis. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes also contribute. Early cutaneous findings generally include a morbilliform eruption characterized by diffuse, erythematous, pruritic macules across the face, upper trunk, and upper extremities with later extension to the lower extremities. Rapid confluence and progression are characteristic. DIDMOHS frequently involves the lymphatic, hematologic, and hepatic systems. Renal, pulmonary, and cardiac dysfunction may also ensue.
Legislating Forgiveness: A Study of Post-Conviction Certificates as Policy to Address the Employment Consequences of a Conviction

Mass incarceration in America is creating an employment paradox that is the result of three facts: an estimated 65 million Americans have a criminal record, a criminal record significantly impairs job opportunities, and a job is a critical component of living a crime-free life. This paradox is perpetuated by thousands of legal and administrative barriers to employment and by employers’ unwillingness to hire someone with a criminal record.States have recently started addressing the employment paradox with legislation. This legislation authorizes an administrative relief mechanism – often a certificate of some kind – that is intended to lift employment barriers and encourage employers to consider applicants with a criminal record. Such legislation is on the rise: of the ten states that have certificate legislation, eight passed such legislation in the last five years. This passage comes without an understanding of the impact of certificates. The accessibility and relevance of certificates to employment has – until now – been assumed, but not examined.New York State has the oldest and most robust certificate system, and is a model for much of the recent certificate legislation. This paper contains the first comprehensive research on New York’s certificates. The research asks whether New York’s certificates are accessible and relevant to employment. It combines statutory analysis with qualitative research. It is a study of how certificate legislation is supposed to work – and how it actually does. It examines a statutory scheme that is recently replicated but empirically empty. Through interviews with judges, people with certificates or those eligible but without one, attorneys, current and former probation officials, service providers, and advocates, this paper provides insights into the use of certificates, their challenges, and examines how legislating more of the same can effectively address the employment paradox.
Exercise headcount: what do you do with 800 scientists who cannot return to the building they have just evacuated?

Annual fire drills serve a valuable purpose in ensuring familiarity with evacuation procedures. However, the limited duration of these exercises may be far from the reality of a real incident. In this situation, the ability to return back into a building may be restricted for hours or days. As an emergency manager, this raises a number of questions, including what to do with the evacuated colleagues, how to provide welfare support and how to identify those people who require the most immediate assistance. This paper focuses on these questions through a case study of 'Exercise Headcount'. Developed in response to the situation Pfizer faced as a result of the 2007 New York steam-pipe explosion, the paper provides an overview of the post-evacuation mustering and triage system that was developed for the Pfizer Research & Development site at Sandwich, UK. Language: en
List of Symbols

This first part of the list contains some general symbols which are more or less standard. The special symbols of Graph and Matroid Theory will be treated in the next section.
Trace Chemistry Modelling with DSMC in Chemically Reacting Plasmas

The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is a powerful method for modelling chemically reaction flows. It is a statistical method which simulates the Boltzmann equation by interacting computational particles which represent a large number of a single species type. A statistical problem can occur when trace concentrations are required to be accurately modelled; the traditional strategy is to use more computational particles per cell or simply obtain lower statistics and thus have higher uncertainty for the trace concentrations. We will present a method, based on an integral detailed balancing concept, which allows trace species chemistry to be efficiently modelled in the framework of DSMC. The test problem is a chemically reacting glow discharge plasma; the ion concentrations typically are at a 0.1% mole fraction but which dominant the physical mechanism for the system. Comparisons will be made to a chlorine plasma in a Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) reference cell with an inductive coil at approximately 20 mtorr system pressure.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease in children : clinical evaluation of antisecretory vs antibacterial therapy

The charts of 54 children diagnosed with antralH. pylori were reviewed, to establish the incidence of gastroduodenal inflammation and compare therapeutic efficacies of antisecretory vs. antibacterial therapy. Histology demonstrated normal mucosa in three cases (6%) and gastric/duodenal inflammation (≥ Whitehead grade 3) in 51 biopsies (94%). 23/43 children (53%) initially responded to H2-blockers; however, by 10 mo, 13 had relapsed clinically. All of these patients subsequently responded to amoxicillin plus bismuth subsalicylate. Of the 20 children who failed to enter remission after an initial course of H2-blockers, all became symptom-free after treatment with amoxicillin/bismuth. Compared to antisecretory agents, antibacterial treatment induced clinical remission in 11/11 patients (p<0.001), who remained symptom-free for 10±0.2 mo. Clinical remissions were maintained in significantly more patients following amoxicillin/bismuth vs. H2-blockers (44/54 vs. 10/43 courses,p<0.001); and, the cumulative probability of remaining asymptomatic was significantly greater in the antibiotic group (p<0.001). These data suggest that gastric colonization byH. pylori is highly predictive of mucosal pathology in children. Initial therapy should be directed toward achieving bacterial eradication, as opposed to gastric acid suppression.
A consumer-perceived consumer-based brand equity scale

Brand equity is an essential concept in marketing academia and practice. The term came into use during the late 1980s, and the importance of conceptualizing, measuring and managing brand equity has grown rapidly in the eyes of practitioners and academics alike. Despite the importance of the concept, and the need for brand equity measures, the literature lacks an empirically based consumer-perceived brand equity scale. This article develops a brand equity conceptualization and scale determined by dimensions that consumers perceive. This consumer-perceived consumer-based brand equity scale is made up of four dimensions: quality, preference, social influence and sustainability. This new robust scale contributes to the theoretical understanding of consumer-based brand equity measurement, and assists brand managers in measuring brand equity and understanding how consumers value brands in order to develop successful brand strategies.
Equilibrium and transient climate response to anthropogenic forcing:The impact of atmospheric feedback processes

Coupled ocean-land-atmospheric general circulation models are the only tools to quantitatively attribute past climate change in response to human activities and to predict the magnitude of future climate change.These models are known to differ considerably in their equilibrium sensitivities to external forcing,largely because of differences in atmospheric feedbacks,especially in cloud-climate feedbacks.Yet,all models that participated in the IPCC(Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change) Assessment Report(AR4) showed very similar simulations of the 20th century climate by these models.This paper investigates the causes and implications of this similarity.It shows three equally important physical mechanisms acting together to reduce the sensitivity of transient climate change to model differences.These include the longer time delay of climate response to forcing,more heat exchange with the deep ocean,and larger impact of oceanic upwelling in models with larger atmospheric feedbacks,but inter-model differences will show up at longer time scales.
Mucosal immunity and tolerance in neonatal rabbits.

It has been known for many years that neonatal rabbits are made tolerant by the feeding or injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (1–3). On the other hand, older (20+ days) orally immunized rabbit kits respond with anti-BSA production (4), primarily of the IgG subclass (5). Under some conditions, 20 d old kits from orally immunized dams are suppressed in their immune responses to either orally or parenterally administered BSA (4). A study of possible factors in milk that affect the responsiveness of neonates shows that anti-BSA of the IgG isotype is readily transferred into milk by the dam and subsequently is absorbed through the gut into the circulation of nursing kits (6). We now present further studies on the maternal regulation of the immune responses of rabbit kits to BSA and the factors involved.
Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange: Prediction of Multicomponent Equilibria from Binary Data

The elementary principles of ion exchange are covered in the excellent monograph by Helfferich [5]. Solid materials such as zeolites and resins are used to capture ions from solution by adsorption. However, the requirement of electroneutrality means that the solid must release one ion equivalent for every one captured. A typical cation exchange is: $$2NaX(s) + CaC{1_2}(aq) = Ca{X_2}(s) + 2NaC1(aq)$$ (1) where NaX is a solid ion exchanger containing exchangeable Na+ ions.
Immunovirotherapy with measles virus strains in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody blockade enhances antitumor activity in glioblastoma treatment

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis. Measles virus (MV) therapy of GBM is a promising strategy due to preclinical efficacy, excellent clinical safety, and its ability to evoke antitumor pro-inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that combining anti- programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) blockade and MV therapy can overcome immunosuppression and enhance immune effector cell responses against GBM, thus improving therapeutic outcome. Methods In vitro assays of MV infection of glioma cells and infected glioma cells with mouse microglia ± aPD-1 blockade were established to assess damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule production, migration, and pro-inflammatory effects. C57BL/6 or athymic mice bearing syngeneic orthotopic GL261 gliomas were treated with MV, aPD-1, and combination treatment. T2* weighted immune cell-specific MRI and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of treated mouse brains was used to examine adaptive immune responses following therapy. Results In vitro, MV infection induced human GBM cell secretion of DAMP (high-mobility group protein 1, heat shock protein 90) and upregulated programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). MV infection of GL261 murine glioma cells resulted in a pro-inflammatory response and increased migration of BV2 microglia. In vivo, MV+aPD-1 therapy synergistically enhanced survival of C57BL/6 mice bearing syngeneic orthotopic GL261 gliomas. MRI showed increased inflammatory cell influx into the brains of mice treated with MV+aPD-1; FACS analysis confirmed increased T-cell influx predominantly consisting of activated CD8+ T cells. Conclusions This report demonstrates that oncolytic measles virotherapy in combination with aPD-1 blockade significantly improves survival outcome in a syngeneic GBM model and supports the potential of clinical/translational strategies combining MV with αPD-1 therapy in GBM treatment.
Evaluation of Evacuation Corridors and Traffic Big Data Management Strategies for Short-Notice Evacuation

The chapter presents a simulation study of the large-scale traffic data under a short-notice emergency evacuation condition due to an assumed chlorine gas spill incident in a derailment accident in the Canadian National (CN) Railway’s railroad yard in downtown Jackson, Mississippi by employing the dynamic traffic assignment simulation program DynusT. In the study, the effective evacuation corridor and traffic management strategies were identified in order to increase the number of cumulative vehicles evacuated out of the incident-affected protective action zone (PAZ) during the simulation duration. An iterative three-step study approach based on traffic control and traffic management considerations was undertaken to identify the best strategies in evacuation corridor selection, traffic management method, and evacuation demand staging to relieve heavy traffic congestions for such an evacuation.
Utility of polysomnography in determination of laryngomalacia severity

Abstract Objective To examine the efficacy of polysomnography in determining the severity of laryngomalacia in pediatric patients. Methods Prospective cohort study. Pediatric patients referred to our pediatric otolaryngology department with a polysomnogram already performed for a presumptive diagnosis of laryngomalacia were enrolled in the study. Patients with concurrent airway lesions or neuromuscular disorders were excluded. Patients underwent history, physical exam, and flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy. These results were used to calculate a total laryngomalacia severity score. Results 25 pediatric patients (n = 25) with an average age of 3.9 months at time of initial evaluation met criteria for enrollment in our study. 100% of patients had obstructive sleep apnea by definition. 80% of these patients underwent supraglottoplasty. The average AHI of those who underwent surgery (57.26) was not significantly different in those who underwent surgery vs. those that did not (55.43) (p = 0.41). In comparison, the average laryngomalacia severity score based from history, physical exam and flexible laryngoscopy was significantly greater in the patients that required supraglottoplasty (11.16) vs. those who did not (5.33) (p = 0.03). In addition a higher laryngomalacia severity score was not correlated with a higher AHI (p = 0.81, r = 0.08, CI: −0.5197 to 0.6235). Conclusion In our cohort, polysomnography was not useful in determining the severity of laryngomalacia, did not correlate with the clinical evaluation, and alone was not predictive of the patients that would require surgical intervention. History, physical exam, and endoscopic findings remain reliable predictors of disease severity and need for operative intervention.
Graft nephrectomy in children

Kidney transplantation is recognised as the gold standard treatment of end-stage renal disease in most children, with excellent graft survival rates. When graft failure occurs, renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have the option of removal of the transplant (graft nephrectomy [GN]), or leaving the failed transplant in situ. The aims of this review are to discuss the indications for GN, surgical techniques, outcomes after GN (including risks of allosensitisation and the impact on subsequent transplants), and the possible role of routine GN in the asymptomatic RTR with a failed renal allograft. Literature in both the pediatric and adult renal transplant fields is reviewed. We also discuss how future research in this area could advance our knowledge of which patients to select for GN, and the most appropriate surgical approach.
Bringing in a New Perspective: Interdisciplinary Student Presentations

Fields with ever-increasing content make establishing curricula with both breadth and depth difficult (Buckley & Jakovljevic, 2013; King, 1970; Jones, 2010; Densen, 2011). The assignment of student...
Doctoral Degrees Granted in Foreign Languages in the United States: 2004

This article presents information on doctoral degrees granted in foreign languages in the U.S. in 2004 published by The Modern Language Journal. The compilers contact each doctoral degree-granting department in languages, literatures and education and request individual chairpersons to identify in writing the author, title, and director of each dissertation completed during the last calendar year. The chairperson is also asked to indicate the type of doctoral degree granted. The order of entries is a major field or area of specialization, institution granting the degree, author of dissertation, title of dissertation and directors/supervisors of dissertation. Only those comparative literature and cinema doctorates dealing at least in part with languages other than English are included. Because the first classification preference is given to the language, users of this compilation who wish to learn the full breadth of titles reported should check several categories of entry.
Mortality of Two Lepidopterans in Response to Selected Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner

Five commercial granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner marketed for controlling the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were compared for insecticidal activity using...
Permutations and the Mathieu Groups

The Mathieu groups are five remarkable simple groups discovered by E. Mathieu in 1861 and 1873; they belong to no infinite family of simple groups, as do all the simple groups we have so far exhibited, and they arc the first examples of what arc nowadays called sporadic simple groups. This chapter is devoted to proving their existence and displaying some of their interesting properties.
Analysis of dermoscopy teaching modalities in United States dermatology residency programs

The use of dermoscopy in dermatology residency programs is on the rise (over 94% of chief residents reported using a dermatoscope in 2013) [1]. Despite increased use (100% of our surveyed residents reported using a dermatoscope), dermoscopy training is one of the aspects of United States dermatology residency training with the lowest resident satisfaction [2]. Diagnostic accuracy with dermoscopy is highly correlated with the amount of dermoscopy training the user has undertaken [3]. We sought to analyze dermoscopy use in US Dermatology residencies to better understand resident dermoscopy utilization and teaching modalities. We found residents learn dermoscopy via multiple teaching modalities. The most commonly reported dermoscopy teaching modality was didactic lectures, followed by time in clinic with a dermoscopy expert. Of the different teaching modalities, time in the clinic with a dermoscopy expert was reported to be the most effective. We also found that the majority of dermatology residents receive didactic dermoscopy lectures and clinical dermoscopy training on the differentiation of benign nevi from melanoma using dermoscopy, the detection of basal cell carcinoma, and the identification of seborrheic keratosis. However, few residents receive dedicated training on the use of dermoscopy in the evaluation of inflammatory dermatoses and skin infections despite dermoscopy's demonstrated value in both areas [4-7].
What Intelligent Team Tutoring Systems Can Learn from Human-Agent Teams

Intelligent tutoring systems, having been relatively successful at emulating the results of human tutors for certain learning domains, are now being developed for team tutoring. With the addition of multiple humans in the system, modeling the communication and coordination between the humans and the tutoring agent grows combinatorically and present significant challenges to team tutor development. Some answers to these challenges can be found in the research field of human-agent teamwork, which is not typically followed by the intelligent tutoring systems research community. This paper applies common concepts in human-agent team literature, such as task allocation, adaptive automation triggers, and behavior modeling, to steps used to author a team tutor. This research should enable developers of intelligent team tutoring systems (ITTSs) to draw more efficiently on research from two otherwise siloed research areas.
The Effect of Strain Localization on Galvanic Corrosion Pitting in AA7050

Corrosion is the primary failure mechanism for sea-based structures, as it plays an important role in material degradation and structural integrity. The localized corrosion behavior is affected by the micromechanics and the electrochemistry of the material; however, there are very limited studies where both mechanisms are studied jointly, let alone relative to microstructural attributes, i.e., at the mesoscale. High-resolution strain maps are created on pre-loaded AA7050 in the transverse-short orientation via digital image correlation to identify strain accumulation with respect to the microstructure. Afterward, this material is subjected to a galvanic corrosion environment. In order to investigate the driving force for localized corrosion, the microstructure, the cathodic particles, the localized strain, and the evolution of surface topology caused by corrosion pitting are spatially characterized in the region of interest. The evolution of the corroded surface is tracked every 24 h throughout the 20 d o...
Acute Mental Status Change

Acute mental status changes in children and adolescents can often be a harbinger of a medical or psychiatric illness that requires an urgent and timely assessment. Acute mental status changes in a child can accompany acute changes in vital signs, which indicate need for an expedited evaluation. This chapter gives examples of presentations of acute mental status changes and their management. The interface between delirium and psychosis can be difficult to delineate, and examples of these conditions are given.
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION IN VITRO OF HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA ADULTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents environmental requirements for growth and differentiation in vitro of Hymenolepis diminuta ( H. diminuta ) adults. Methods developed for the in vitro cultivation of H. diminuta , and subsequently for H. nana , showed that supplying the organisms with essential nutriments was not sufficient for growth and development. In experiments with this di-phasic system, aside from the nutrient medium, an anaerobic or near-anaerobic environment was essential. It was observed that H. nana had a redox tolerance of −50 MV to −190 MV and optimal redox value was −130 MV. While it appeared that there was a relatively wide range for both species, microscopical examination showed otherwise. In H. nana , no differences in cell types were observed throughout the tested redox range. The results show that with the three redox values, there was an increase in subcuticular cells, muscle cells, cuticle, fibers and connective tissue, excretory canals, and cell type 1.
Cryopreserved cell-laden alginate microgel bioink for 3D bioprinting of living tissues

Cell-laden microgels have been used as tissue building blocks to create three-dimensional (3D) tissues and organs. However, traditional assembly methods can not be used to fabricate functional tissue constructs with biomechanical and structural complexity. In this study, we present directed assembly of cell-laden dual-crosslinkable alginate microgels comprised of oxidized and methacrylated alginate (OMA). Cell-laden OMA microgels can be directly assembled into well-defined 3D shapes and structures under low-level ultraviolet light. Stem cell-laden OMA microgels can be successfully cryopreserved for long-term storage and on-demand applications, and the recovered encapsulated cells maintained equivalent viability and functionality to the freshly processed stem cells. Finally, we have successfully demonstrated that cell-laden microgels can be assembled into complicated 3D tissue structures via freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) 3D bioprinting. This highly innovative bottom-up strategy using FRESH 3D bioprinting of cell-laden OMA microgels, which are cryopreservable, provides a powerful and highly scalable tool for fabrication of customized and biomimetic 3D tissue constructs.
Gastric cancer staging in the era of neoadjuvant therapy and its prognostic implications.

22Background: Increasingly patients are undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer. The relationship between stage-based prognostic information available prior to treatment (cStage), after s...
Design of Ferritic High Temperature Alloys

ABSTRACT The coarsening kinetics of β' in Fe-Ni-Al-Mo alloys was investigated with special attention being given to the effects of the lattice parameter mismatch δ and the volume fraction f v of precipitates. Variation in δ was achieved by varying the content of Mo. In alloys with low f v , the alloy with smallest δ (0.06%) shows the slowest coarsening rate. In alloys with high f v the effect is more subtle. The size distributions of particles in alloys with high f v show good agreement with the theoretical models proposed by Brailsford et al. and Voorhees et al.; however, the ratios of kinetic constants for high and low f v are off by as much as 50%.
Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption

Abstract Delivery of therapeutic molecules into the central nervous system (CNS) is hampered by the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Various methods have been developed to allow passage of agents into the CNS, and translational studies in BBB research attempt to evaluate toxicity and efficacy of global CNS delivery of chemotherapeutics. Osmotic BBB disruption is a safe and effective means of delivering agents to the CNS when clinicians practice strict adherence to safety guidelines. The studies that have been conducted by participating BBB Consortium institutions have paved the way for safe delivery of agents to the CNS, with minimum local and systemic toxicities. Advances in the two-compartment model concept of pharmacokinetics suggest options for increasing therapeutic benefit and mitigating systemic toxicities for agents delivered to the CNS. The concept has proved beneficial in situations where drugs can be used in combination and with proper timing to act as chemoprotectants. Further development of BBB techniques will improve monitoring of therapeutic responses, as suggested by iron nanoparticles.
Metagenomic Taxonomical Analysis of Soil Microbial Colonies Via qPCR [Dordt College]

A novel metagenomics method was produced for taxonomic analysis of a community of soil bacteria via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Taxonomies were confirmed via phylum-specific primers targeting various regions of the 16S DNA gene. Through this method, the effects of common herbicides on soil bacterial communities were determined. This method was verified by direct comparison to shotgun sequencing of the same DNA library used for qPCR. Taxonomic analysis of a similar accuracy as metagenomic shotgun sequencing was achieved. The novel method improves the ability to taxonomically analyze soil bacterial communities without specialized equipment for DNA sequencing.
Family Poultry Systems on the Southern Pacific Coast of Guatemala: Gender, Livelihoods, and Food Security

Small-scale poultry rearing provides a livelihood for many households around the globe and is a means for women to contribute to household income while raising children. We present an ethnozoological and ethnographic case study of smallholder Guatemalan fisher-farmers of two villages in which ethnic Ladino residents are increasingly reliant on raising birds. Data comes from direct and participant observation of all families in both villages, as well as from multiple in-depth informal and semi-formal interviews with 13 key consultants and a total of 48 semi-structured ethnographic interviews with village poultry raisers. We found that women are the primary caretakers of poultry in the villages and that poultry provide a source of extra income for women, when needed, and an important source of nutrients for the household. In addition, the consumption of poultry has high sociocultural value for celebrations and holidays. The greatest constraints on family poultry systems in the villages are reoccurring diseases (including Newcastle) that devastate flocks and that have been increasing in frequency over time. However, access to effective and appropriate treatment for poultry disease is limited in the area. We suggest village vaccination campaigns led by women as a means to decrease loss of poultry flocks and, thus, assure livelihood and food security for poultry-rearing households.