cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure of feline kidneys from six different storage diseases.

We have compared the pattern of lectin staining with the ultrastructural features of kidneys from normal cats and 19 cats with 6 different lysosomal storage diseases. The diseases studied include GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis, mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)-I and MPS-VI, sphingomyelinlipidosis (i.e., Niemann-Pick disease) and mannosidosis. Ten different biotinylated lectins were used as histochemical probes for carbohydrate residues and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex as visualant.Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A) stained mesangial cells in all storage diseases but GM1, epithelial cells in sphingomyelin-lipidosis and mannosidosis, endothelial cells in GM1 and mannosidosis and Bowman’s capsule cells in all but GM2.Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I (GS-I) stained the glomerular endothelium in all six diseases, but not in control kidneys.Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA-I) stained the glomerular epithelium only in GM1 and MPS-I. Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (SWGA) stained the glomerular endothelium and epithelium in mannosidosis, and the glomerular epithelium and Bowman’s capsule in MPS-I. Ultrastructure studies demonstrated an accumulation of oligosaccharides in cases of mannosidosis and GM1 gangliosidosis, a mixture of oligosaccharides and lipids in MPS-I, MPS-VI and GM2 gangliosidosis and only lipid storage in sphingomyelin lipidosis. These studies show that morphologic and histochemical changes are manifested in some kidney cell types in lysosomal storage diseases, even though the enzyme deficiency occurs in all cell types. Furthermore, we show that the nature of the undegraded stored material is complex and that other factors, such as rate of membrane turn over, membrane composition, and cell function may influence the amount and nature of the “stored” material.
6′-Methyl-5′-homoaristeromycin: A structural variation of the anti-orthopox virus candidate 5′-homoaristeromycin

The synthesis of 6'-methyl-5'-homoaristeromycin is described from a known 6'-ethyl ester. Antiviral analysis showed the (S)-6' stereoisomer retained the vaccinia activity of the parent 5'-homoaristeromycin (1) while the (R)-6' isomer was less active. Both were weaker than 1 towards cowpox. The diastereomers were equally active versus Epstein Barr virus while (S)-6' was three times more active toward vesicular stomatitis virus than (R)-6'. The diastereomers were inactive towards numerous other viruses. The CC50 for both diastereomers was >300μM.
A comparative study of osseointegration of titanium implants in autogenous and freeze-dried bone grafts.

Abstract Purpose: This study was undertaken to compare the rate and degree of osseointegration of dental implants when placed into either autogenous corticocancellous chip or freeze-dried corticocancellous chip bone grafts. Materials and Methods: The canine ilium was used as the model site. Thirty experimental and 15 control implants were placed in 15 dogs: autogenous versus freeze-dried corticocancellous chip bone grafts around the exposed implant surfaces. In addition to the placement of control implants, the apical portion of the grafted implants acted as their own control. The implants were harvested at 1, 2, and 3 months. The evaluation of the integration process was performed by means of light microscopy, microradiography, and histomorphometry. Results: Using this model, the results indicate that at 1 month there was no statistical difference in the degree of osseointegration in the two bone grafts. At 2 months, there was a statistically greater degree of osseointegration noted in the autogenous corticocancellous chip sites than in the freeze-dried bone grafts. At 3 months, the degree of osseointegration in the two groups was 70% and 33%, respectively. At 3 months, there was virtually 100% integration with trabecular bone at the control implant sites. Conclusion: The results indicate that at 2 months postoperatively implants placed in an autogenous bone chip graft osseointegrate to a significantly greater degree than implants placed in a freeze-dried bone chip graft, and this difference remains at 3 months.
Prospective comparison of auto and allograft hamstring tendon constructs for ACL reconstruction.

Although allograft use for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has continued to increase during the last 10 years, concerns remain regarding the long-term function of allografts (primarily that they may stretch with time) and clinical efficacy compared with autograft tendons. We attempted to address these issues by prospectively comparing identical quadrupled hamstring autografts with allograft constructs for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with a minimum followup of 3 years. Eighty-four patients (37 with autografts and 47 with allografts) were enrolled; the mean followup was 52 ± 11 months for the autograft group and 48 ± 8 months for the allograft group. Outcome measurements included objective and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores, Lysholm scores, Tegner activity scales, and KT-1000 arthrometer measurements. The two cohorts were similar in average age, acute or chronic nature of the anterior cruciate ligament rupture, and incidence of concomitant meniscal surgeries. At final followup, we found no difference in terms of Tegner, Lysholm, KT-1000, or International Knee Documentation Committee scores. Five anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions failed: three in the autograft group and two in the allograft group. Our data suggest laxity is not increased in allograft tendons compared with autografts and clinical outcome scores 3 to 6 years after surgery are similar.
Exact relations of the quasienergy functional and the exchange-correlation potential from the Floquet formulation of time-dependent density functional theory

Time-independent density functional theory ~DFT! of many-electron systems, based on the fundamental works of Hohenberg and Kohn @1# and Kohn and Sham @2#, is now a well established and practical tool in various branches of chemistry and physics @3#. Being a formalism of many-body theory in terms of the electron density r(r), DFT has proved to be accurate and computationally much less expensive than the ab initio wave functional methods, and this accounts for its great success in time-independent electronic-structure calculations of the ground states of many-electron systems. To study more interesting dynamical processes, one needs a time-dependent DFT ~TDDFT !@ 4‐7#. Runge and Gross @7# have developed a time-dependent Kohn-Sham theory by considering the action to be stationary with respect to the density variations. Several groups have also considered timedependent current density functional theory ~TDCDFT! recently @8‐10#, where the action needs to be stationary with respect to variations in paramagnetic current density as well as the density itself. The central result of the modern TDDFT and TDCDFT is a set of time-dependent Kohn-Sham ~TDKS! equations which are structurally similar to the timedependent Hartree-Fock ~TDHF! equations but include in principle exactly all many-body effects through a timedependent exchange-correlation potential. Recently we presented the Floquet formulation of TDDFT @11# and TDCDFT @12# for atoms and molecules in intense periodic and quasiperiodic ~multicolor !@ 13# time-dependent fields, allowing the reduction of TDKS equations to equivalent time-independent Floquet matrix eigenvalue problems. In the Floquet formulation of TDDFT, the main role is played by the quasienergy functional ~compare with the action functional in the general time-dependent formulation @7#!:
Lightning Strikes Predicted to Increase as Climate Warms

By the end of the 21st century, the frequency of lightning strikes in the United States may increase by 50% because of climate warming, up from an average 25 million lightning strikes per year, a paper published in the 13 November issue of Science reports.
Fluorescence microscopy of DNA-protein structures from osmotically lysed mitochondria of yeast and tobacco

The mitochondrial nucleoid is a compact structure composed of DNA and protein. By fluorescence microscopy, decondensation of the nucleoids was observed when yeast and tobacco mitochondria were osmotically lysed and subjected to an electric field. Structures stained with ethidium bromide were seen moving toward either the anode or the cathode. Since the movement of deproteinized DNA is toward the anode, the structures moving toward the cathode represent DNA-protein complexes with a net positive charge. Nucleoid decondensation and unfolding of the DNA probably resulted from the removal of weakly bound proteins; yet high-affinity basic proteins were evidently retained yielding cationic DNA-protein structures. Some of the positively charged structures were observed to break, presumably at single-stranded DNA regions, releasing negatively charged particles. The DNA-protein structures were complex branching forms larger than the unit genome, suggesting that multigenomic, concatemeric DNA is present within the mitochondria.
A proposal for a generalized “FOR” statement

Very high level languages are being developed to serve as a tool in the production of reliable software. One of the features of such languages is the ability programmers have of defining new data types. In this paper we define one such type, the domain, which, when coupled with a generalized FOR statement, can be a valuable aid to programming in high levels of abstraction. An application of generalized FOR statements in relational sublanguages is presented.
Dimethylsilylene transfer from hexamethylsilirane to olefins

Abstract The thermolysis of hexamethylsilirane in the presence of cis - and trans -4-octene, cyclooctene, propenyltrimethylsilane and trimethylethylethylene resulted in dimethylsilylene transfer and formation of the respective silacyclopropanes. In contrast, silacyclopentane derivatives were formed when such thermolysis was carried out in the presence of styrene and α-methylstyrene. This is believed to be a result of the interception of the intermediate diradical from hexamethylsilirane ring opening by the styrene.
Thermodynamics of bisphenol A polycarbonate: Maron interaction parameters in acetophenone

Abstract Osmotic pressures and intrinsic viscosity studies ware obtained on the system bisphenol A polycarbonate (M n = 2.6 × 104 g/mole) and acetophenone over a temperature range of 26–76°C. The results were analyzed according to the Maron theory of non-electrolyte solutions and indicate the Maron interaction parameter to be a linear function of temperature. The temperature coefficient of the interaction parameter has a value equal to 4.42 × 10−4°K−1 and is the parameter used in the theory to calculate heats of mixing. The heats of mixing as a function of temperature, as calculated from the Maron expression, agree well with microcalorimetrically measured heats of solution above the Tg of this polymer.
On the identification of creep processes at low stresses

A number of experimental observations, supported by some theoretical considerations, have suggested the existence of a threshold stress for deformation, which signifies that an effective stress, rather than the applied stress, is responsible for the observed creep rate. In addition, recent experimental evidence shows that under some conditions of deformation the threshold stress varies strongly with temperature. The effect of the temperature dependence of the threshold stress on the measured values of the activation energy and the stress exponent is examined and it is shown that this temperature dependence may complicate various creep plots. Also, consideration of the nature of the interaction between different creep processes suggests that under certain experimental conditions it may be difficult to distinguish the difference between the operation of two sequential mechanisms and the operation of a threshold stress process.
Clinical significance of early (< 20 weeks) vs. late (20-24 weeks) detection of sonographic short cervix in asymptomatic women in the mid-trimester.

Objective—The aim of this study was to determine whether the risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery (sPTD) in asymptomatic women with a sonographic cervical length ≤15 mm in the mid-trimester changes as a function of gestational age at diagnos Methods—This cohort study included 109 asymptomatic patients with a sonographic sonographic cervical length ≤15 mm diagnosed at 14–24 weeks of gestation. Women with a multifetal gestation, cerclage, and those with a cervical dilatation >2 cm were excluded. The study population was stratified by gestational age at diagnosis (<20 weeks vs. 20–24 weeks) and by cervical length (≤10 mm vs. 11–15 mm). The primary outcome variables were PTD <28 and <32 weeks’ gestation and the diagnosis-to-delivery interval. Results—1) The median gestational age at diagnosis of a short cervix before 20 weeks and at 20–24 weeks was 18.9 and 22.7 weeks, respectively; 2) women diagnosed before 20 weeks had a higher rate of sPTD at <28 weeks (76.9% vs. 30.9%; p<0.001) and at <32 weeks (80.8% vs. 48.1%; p=0.004), and a shorter median diagnosis-to-delivery interval (21 vs. 61.5 days, p=0.003) than those diagnosed at 20–24 weeks; 3) The rate of amniotic fluid “sludge” was higher among patients diagnosed at <20 weeks of gestation than those diagnosed between 20 and 24 weeks (92.3% vs. 48.2%;p<0.001). Conclusions—Asymptomatic women with a sonographic cervical length ≤15 mm diagnosed before 20 weeks have a dramatic and significantly higher risk of early preterm delivery than women diagnosed at 20–24 weeks. These findings can be helpful to physicians in counseling these patients, and may suggest different mechanisms of disease leading to a sonographic short cervix before or after 20 weeks of gestation.
Higher-order aberrations from the internal optics of the eye

Purpose To analyze the distribution of human higher-order wavefront aberrations (3rd- to 6th-order) from the internal optics (WAinternal) and the variations with age and to evaluate the degree of compensation that the internal optics provide for anterior corneal aberrations (WAcornea). Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods With assumption of a simple model for the eye, the WAinternal were obtained by direct subtraction of the WAcornea from the ocular aberrations (WAeye). The WAeye were measured using the WaveScan system (Visx, Inc.), and the WAcornea were computed from the topographic data (Humphrey Atlas) using the CTView program (Sarver and Associates, Inc.). In 144 eyes of 114 normal patients (age 20 to 69 years), WAinternal were calculated for a 6.0 mm pupil and a compensation factor (CF) was computed, with positive values representing compensation of WAcornea by WAinternal and negative values indicating that the internal surfaces add aberrations to those of the cornea. Results There was wide individual variation in WAinternal. The mean coefficient for 4th-order spherical aberration ( Z 4 0 ) was −0.145 μm ± 0.094 (SD) (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.160 to −0.130 μm); 95.1% of eyes had negative values. The mean root-mean-square value for HOAs was 0.334 ± 0.096 μm (95% CI, 0.319 to 0.350 μm). Moderate to high correlations were found between the right and left eyes in HOAs, 4th-order and 6th-order spherical aberration coefficients ( Z 4 0 and Z 6 0 ). With increasing age, the HOAs did not change, whereas the negative coefficients for Z 4 0 tended to become less negative. Only the term Z 4 0 had a CF significantly correlated with increasing age (r = −0.338, P Conclusion WAinternal varied widely among patients, and a moderate to high degree of mirror symmetry existed between the right and left eyes. Internal surfaces compensated at least partially for the HOA and Z 4 0 in most eyes, and this compensation decreased only mildly with increasing age.
Guided Multiview Ray Tracing for Fast Auralization

We present a novel method for tuning geometric acoustic simulations based on ray tracing. Our formulation computes sound propagation paths from source to receiver and exploits the independence of visibility tests and validation tests to dynamically guide the simulation to high accuracy and performance. Our method makes no assumptions of scene layout and can account for moving sources, receivers, and geometry. We combine our guidance algorithm with a fast GPU sound propagation system for interactive simulation. Our implementation efficiently computes early specular paths and first order diffraction with a multiview tracing algorithm. We couple our propagation simulation with an audio output system supporting a high order interpolation scheme that accounts for attenuation, cross fading, and delay. The resulting system can render acoustic spaces composed of thousands of triangles interactively.
Using computers to disseminate scientific information: The potential of optical disk based journals

Several potential advantages of computerized scientific journals delivered on erasable optical disks are explored, including the availability of hypertext functions; databases of evaluative peer ratings and comments, as well as of author responses; keyword, rating, and text searching; author revisions or retractions of articles; availability of original research data to other researchers; and the possibility of incremental construction of journal-based computer expert systems. Problems associated with current editorial review processes that are likely-to-be obviated or alleviated by computerized journals are also discussed.
InP-based AlInAs/GaAs 0.51 Sb 0.49 /GaInAs single Heterojunction Bipolar transistor for high-speed and RF wireless applications

The InP-based AlInAs-GaAsSb-GaInAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have been grown by solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy (SSMBE). Since the AlInAs-GaAsSb heterojunction has a type-II (staggered) band lineup, the conduction-band discontinuity is negligible at 300 K (10 meV). Thus, the turn-on voltage is significantly lower than that of an AlInAs-GaInAs HBT even without compositional grading of the emitter-base junction. A self-aligned process was used to fabricate large area devices. The measured turn-on voltage and collector-emitter offset were 0.36 V and 0.23 V, respectively, with a DC current gain of approximately 25 and ideality factors of ηC = 1.01 and ηB = 1.1 at JC = 10 kA/cm2 collector-current density.
Cell Toxicity Induced by Inhibition of Acyl Coenzyme A:Cholesterol Acyltransferase and Accumulation of Unesterified Cholesterol

Considerable evidence supports the involvement of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in the maintenance of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. A number of recently developed ACAT inhibitors may have potential use as pharmacological agents to reduce the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, however, reports arose describing cytotoxic effects following administration of a specific ACAT inhibitor to experimental animals. In order to address the specific intracellular mechanisms involved with the cytotoxic effect, we examined the consequences of ACAT inhibition in cholesterol-enriched mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cholesterol-enriched by incubation with acetylated low density lipoprotein and free cholesterol:phospholipid dispersions prior to the addition of an ACAT inhibitor, either Sandoz 58-035 or Pfizer CP-113,818. The adenine pool of the macrophages was radiolabeled prior to addition of the ACAT inhibitors, in order to monitor the release of radiolabeled adenine, a technique shown to be a sensitive method to monitor drug-induced toxicity. The ACAT inhibitors were added for up to 48 h and at concentrations up to 2 micrograms/ml. These conditions resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in adenine release. The increase in cell toxicity paralleled an increase in the cellular free cholesterol content. Reducing the cellular free cholesterol content, by the addition of extracellular acceptors, decreased the cytotoxic effects of the ACAT inhibitors. Addition of an intracellular cholesterol transport inhibitor, either progesterone or U18666A, together with CP-113,818 blocked the toxic effect of CP-113,818. These results suggest that ACAT inhibition of cholesterol-enriched macrophages increases cell toxicity due to the buildup of cellular free cholesterol. Removal of free cholesterol by the addition of extracellular cholesterol acceptors or by blocking intracellular sterol transport relieves the ACAT inhibitor-induced toxicity.
978-61 Prognostic Value of Radionuclide Cineangiography for Determining Benefit of Bypass Grafting in 3-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease

Previous research suggests that benefits of bypass grafting (CABG) for pts with 3-vessel (v) coronary artery disease (CAD) may be associated with pt selection factors. To determine whether CABG benefits are related to preop ischemia severity, we evaluated cardiac death (CD) and cardiac events (CD or infarction [MI]) in 105 consecutive clinically stable 3vCAD pts with ejection fraction (EF) rest ≥ 30% who underwent CABG 0.5 ± 1.2 yrs (range: 1 day -8.4 yrs) after index exercise (ex) radionuclide cineangiography (RNCA) vs 48 consecutive pts (MED) who remained free of CABG after RNCA. During av 9 yr event-free follow-up, initial events included 17 CD and 12 MI. For the entire population, CABG caused a marginal (p = 0.08) reduction in cardiac events (CE) but no significant decrease in CD. These findings masked important subgroup differences. Among pts with the most severe fall in EF with ex (ΔEF ≤ 5 – 8%). av annual risk (AAR) of CD and CE was 4.5% and 7.2%, respectively for MED pts vs 1.0% and 2.0% for CABG pts (p – 8%). We conclude that among pts with 3v CAD and normal or only modestly depressed LVEF at rest, marked fall in EF with ex predicts benefit from CABG. Pts with less severe or no ischemia derive no life-prolonging or event-reducing benefit from CABG, despite 3vCAD. Thus ex RNCA has value for selecting management strategy among pts with catheterization-proven 3v CAD.
Constructions of a Lynching

This paper examines the effects of white violence as carried out against a subordinate black community in a small southern town during 1900. The aftermath, as perceived by present-day residents, and the emergent constructions of the event are explored. It is suggested that the present reality constructions of blacks and whites continue to reflect the significance these historical events have had for group meanings and intergroup relations.
Preoperative radiation therapy in rectal cancer

Abstract This paper outlines progress being made in the use of preoperative irradiation as an adjunct to surgery in the management of cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Studies have shown that the normal rectal mucosa has a marked capacity for repair during fractionated radiation treatments. There is evidence that the use of preoperative irradiation reduces the number of involved lymph nodes found at operation. No marked interference with the ability of the surgeon to perform an abdominal perineal resection has been observed. In patients who subsequently undergo such a procedure, there are some data indicating that longevity may be increased when surgery is supplemented with preoperative irradiation, although further comparative studies are needed. Two studies are now under way by national clinical investigative groups.
Relationship of Cognitive Functioning, Whole Brain Volumes, and T2-Weighted Hyperintensities in Neurofibromatosis-1

Using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging morphometry, we report that the whole brain volumes of patients with neurofibromatosis-1 are significantly larger than normal, confirm the prevalence of macrocephaly as about 50%, and report that macrocephaly in patients with neurofibromatosis-1 does not appear to be related to the familial or sporadic origin of the neurofibromatosis-1 or to the presence or absence of T2-weighted hyperintensities. No strong relationship emerged between the extent of neurofibromatosis-1-associated impairment of cognitive functions and degree of macrocephaly; however, the macrocephalic neurofibromatosis-1 group did have a significant verbal impairment relative to the nonmacrocephalic neurofibromatosis-1 group in vocabulary (P < .009).
Assessing the Assessment: A Critical Look at the June 2003 Assessment of the United Kingdom`s Five Tests for Euro Entry

This paper provides a framework for evaluating the decision to enter a currency area, including the best timing for entry, and uses it to evaluate the assessment of the five tests for euro entry published by the U.K. Treasury in June 2003. The breadth and depth of its assessment is impressive by any standard. Nonetheless, this paper points at some areas that deserve to be explored further in future assessments. Covering these areas would not necessarily have changed the assessment`s conclusion, namely that the case for entry is not yet "clear and unambiguous," but it would have strengthened any conclusion reached. In addition, the paper highlights that in several areas relevant to the entry decision, the margin for uncertainty will remain significant, regardless of any reasonable attempt to reduce it.
n- and p-channel TaN/HfO 2 MOSFETs on GaAs substrate using a germanium interfacial passivation layer

Using a thin germanium interfacial passivation layer (IPL), for the first time we present surface channel n- and p-MOSFETs on GaAs substrate with TaN gate electrodes and HfO2 dielectric films. We used self-aligned and gate-last processes to fabricate MOSFETs on semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The electrical results from the buried channel and the surface channel-mode transistors are investigated. Both n- and p-channel transistors show excellent surface channel dc output characteristics, providing a good possibility of utilizing GaAs in CMOS technology.
MODELING THE INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHIC BARRIERS ON TREELINE ADVANCE AT THE FOREST-TUNDRA ECOTONE IN NORTHWESTERN ALASKA

The response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate warming has important implications to potential feedbacks to climate. The interactions between topography, climate, and disturbance could alter recruitment patterns to reduce or offset current predicted positive feedbacks to warming at high latitudes. In northern Alaska the Brooks Range poses a complex environmental and ecological barrier to species migration. We use a spatially explicit model (ALFRESCO) to simulate the transient response of subarctic vegetation to climatic warming in the Kobuk/Noatak River Valley (200 × 400 km) in northwest Alaska. The model simulations showed that a significantly warmer (+6 °C) summer climate would cause expansion of forest through the Brooks Range onto the currently treeless North Slope only after a period of 3000–4000 yr. Substantial forest establishment on the North Slope didnot occur until temperatures warmed 9 °C, and only following a 2000 yr time lag. The long time lags between change in climate and change in vegetation indicate current global change predictions greatly over-estimate the response of vegetation to a warming climate in Alaska. In all the simulations warming caused a steady increase in the proportion of early successional deciduous forest. This would reduce the magnitude of the predicted decrease in regional albedo and the positive feedback to climate warming. Simulation of spruce forest refugia on the North Slope showed forest could survive with only a 4 °C warming and would greatly reduce the time lag of forest expansion under warmer climates. Planting of spruce on the North Slope by humans could increase the likelihood of large-scale colonization of currently treeless tundra. Together, the long time lag and deciduous forest dominance would delay the predicted positive regional feedback of vegetation change to climatic warming. These simulated changes indicate the Brooks Range would significantly constrain regional forest expansion under a warming climate, with similar implications for other regions possessing major east-west oriented mountain ranges.
Alignment and Performance Considerations for Capacitive, Inductive, and Optical Proximity Communication

We present a comparative analysis of different physical approaches to chip-to-chip proximity communication, PxC, based on capacitive, inductive and optical signalling. Each method is modeled theoretically and the tolerances for packaging are identified. Analytical formulas for performance in terms of the pad size and pad spacing are derived and compared to reported experimental data. The tolerance of each communication method to misalignment is reported. The design space in terms of channel density and chip separation for capacitive and inductive proximity communication is explored for a specified bit-error-rate (BER) or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and transmitter power or voltage. The relative merits of each technology are discussed. A general conclusion is that capacitive proximity communication is advantageous for dense communication with small pads at low voltages and when low raw bit-error rates are required; however a hard requirement for vertical separation between chips is identified, independent of the area of the pads, and fixed by the supply voltage and the technology parameters. On the other hand, inductive communication provides a larger working range of chip separations, and is advantageous when larger pad sizes are used; however the minimum voltage is similarly constrained in order to maintain low bit-error rates. Optical proximity communication potentially provides the largest chip separations, but has low tolerance to in-plane misalignment.
Investigating the Dynamics of Political Compromise

Using data on party representation for the Rules, Appropriations, and Ways and Means Committees from the 47th–103rd Congresses, I test the implications of a recently developed theory by Dixit, Grossman, and Gul. Their theory predicts that, in any particular Congress, majority and minority party representation on committees should be a function of the maximum political strength enjoyed by the majority party during the entire period for which it has held majority status up to, and including, that Congress. I refute this hypothesis and find that for any given Congress, majority party representation on committees is determined, rather, by the current political strength of the majority party. These findings speak to broad questions about our understanding of the role of the minority party in legislative organization and lawmaking in legislative politics, and in the US Congress, in particular. The role of minority parties in legislative organization and the production of policy outputs is a chronically understudied topic in the American politics literature. Existing scholarship has either generally ignored the role of the minority party in legislative politics, or implicitly assumed that the minority party is inherently weaker than the majority party, and ineffectual in realizing its policy goals. Such neglect seems troublesome given that, in the US Congress, the minority party is not systematically shut out of the political process, as much of the scholarship would indicate. Members of the minority party consistently acquire a nontrivial proportion of committee seats; and their votes are often necessary to ensure passage of legislation deemed valuable to the majority party’s interest. On a similar note, Dixit, Grossman and Gul (2000) recently argue that ‘violent swings in policy are rarely observed in democratic politics’ (p. 531). When a new party (democratically) comes to power, it will often provide valuable offerings to the minority, such as striving to ‘make policy by consensus and consultation’ and ‘giving it significant representation on legislative committees’ (p. 532). Yet despite the pervasive finding of minority party involvement in legislative organization and lawmaking, we are at a loss for
C55-Isoprenoid Alcohol Phosphokinase: An Intrinsic Membrane Enzyme

C55-Isoprenoid alcohol Phosphokinase (ATP : C55-isoprenoid alcohol phosphotransferase) is one of a few intrinsic membrane enzymes which have been purified to homogeneity. This enzyme, referred to hereafter as the kinase, is isolated from Staphylococcus aureus membranes. It catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of C55-isoprenoid alcohols (C55-ficaprenol or bactoprenol).
Minimum mean bayes risk error quantization of prior probabilities

Bayesian hypothesis testing is investigated when the prior probabilities of the hypotheses, taken as a random vector, must be quantized. Nearest neighbor and centroid conditions for quantizer optimality are derived using mean Bayes risk error as a distortion measure. An example of optimal quantization for hypothesis testing is provided. Human decision making is briefly studied assuming quantized prior Bayesian hypothesis testing; this model explains several experimental findings.
Ethics in sports journalism: Tightening up the code

Many Americans don't hold journalists in very high regard these days, and sports journalists are often viewed in the least favorable light. The general public does not perceive any visible, unified, and concerted effort among sportswriters to practice their craft in a consistently ethical manner. Efforts to upgrade the craft include the Associated Press Sports Editors ethical guidelines, which cover freebies, moonlighting, community involvement by sports journalists, and commercial sponsors of sporting events. This study examines the APSE code and suggests additional, more specific, and enforceable guidelines in ten areas: freebies, moonlighting, newsgathering methods, news sources, direct quotes, privacy, gambling, special interests, self‐interests, and involvements. Sports journalists should be as ethically accountable as any other journalists, the author concludes.
Time with children: the impact of couples work-time commitments.

Using detailed time diaries of a 1981 national sample of 226 married couples with children, we analyze the extent of the trade-off between their time commitments to work and time with their children. Parents in single-earner families spend substantially more time with children than their dual-earner counterparts; the overall difference is largely accounted for by the lesser time of employed mothers in activities that involve children only peripherally, not in directly child-oriented activities. Dual-earner couples have lesser parental time with children for the simple fact that they work more as a unit than single-earner couples. Although the widespread employment of women has not led to a more directly participative male parental role, work time affects fathers' time with children more than mothers'.
Comparative Study of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.

This report describes correlations between the Pictorial Test of Intelligence and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as predictors of academic achievement of institutionalized educable mentally retarded children by comparing them with the Wide Range Achievement Test.
Tracing the history of plant traits under domestication in cranberries: potential consequences on anti-herbivore defences

The process of selecting certain desirable traits for plant breeding may compromise other potentially important traits, such as defences against pests; however, specific phenotypic changes occurring over the course of domestication are unknown for most domesticated plants. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) offers a unique opportunity to study such changes: its domestication occurred recently, and we have access to the wild ancestors and intermediate varieties used in past crosses. In order to investigate whether breeding for increased yield and fruit quality traits may indirectly affect anti-herbivore defences, the chemical defences have been examined of five related cranberry varieties that span the history of domestication against a common folivore, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Direct defences were assessed by measuring the performance of gypsy moth caterpillars and levels of phenolic compounds in leaves, and indirect defences by assaying induced leaf volatile emissions. Our results suggest that breeding in cranberry has compromised plant defences: caterpillars performed best on the derived NJS98-23 (the highest-yielding variety) and its parent Ben Lear. Moreover, NJS98-23 showed reduced induction of volatile sesquiterpenes, and had lower concentrations of the defence-related hormone cis-jasmonic acid (JA) than ancestral varieties. However, induced direct defences were not obviously affected by breeding, as exogenous JA applications reduced caterpillar growth and increased the amounts of phenolics independent of variety. Our results suggest that compromised chemical defences in high-yielding cranberry varieties may lead to greater herbivore damage which, in turn, may require more intensive pesticide control measures. This finding should inform the direction of future breeding programmes.
An experimental search for galactic axions.

Several groups in the United States and elsewhere have proposed building detectors sensitive to axions of the Dine-Fischler Srednicki (DFS) type that may have condensed into the galactic halo. These detectors are based on the principle, due to Sikivie [1], of conversion of axions to microwave photons in a magnetic field. We describe the device built by a Rochester-Brookhaven-Fermilab collaboration*, its sensitivity, and the motivation from astrophysics for attempting to observe axions.
Interleukin-7 mediates glucose utilization in lymphocytes through transcriptional regulation of the hexokinase II gene

The cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) has essential growth activities that maintain the homeostatic balance of the immune system. Little is known of the mechanism by which IL-7 signaling regulates metabolic activity in support of its vital function in lymphocytes. We observed that IL-7 deprivation caused a rapid decline in the metabolism of glucose that was attributable to loss of intracellular glucose retention. To identify the transducer of the IL-7 metabolic signal, we examined the expression of three important regulators of glucose metabolism, the glucose transporter GLUT-1 and two glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase II (HXKII) and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), using an IL-7-dependent T-cell line and primary lymphocytes. We found that in lymphocytes deprived of IL-7 loss of glucose uptake correlated with decreased expression of HXKII. Readdition of IL-7 to cytokine-deprived lymphocytes restored the transcription of the HXKII gene within 2 h, but not that of GLUT-1 or PFK-1. IL-7-mediated increases in HXKII, but not GLUT-1 or PFK-1, were also observed at the protein level. Inhibition of HXKII with 3-bromopyruvate or specific small-interfering RNA decreased glucose utilization, as well as ATP levels, in the presence of IL-7, whereas overexpression of HXKII, but not GLUT-1, restored glucose retention and increased ATP levels in the absence of IL-7. We conclude that IL-7 controls glucose utilization by regulating the gene expression of HXKII, suggesting a mechanism by which IL-7 supports bioenergetics that control cell fate decisions in lymphocytes.
Hypercapnic Acidosis Activates KATP Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscles

ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) couple intermediary metabolism to cellular activity, and may play a role in the autoregulation of vascular tones. Such a regulation requires cellular mechanisms for sensing O2, CO2, and pH. Our recent studies have shown that the pancreatic KATP isoform (Kir6.2/SUR1) is regulated by CO2/pH. To identify the vascular KATP isoform(s) and elucidate its response to hypercapnic acidosis, we performed these studies on vascular smooth myocytes (VSMs). Whole-cell and single-channel currents were studied on VSMs acutely dissociated from mesenteric arteries and HEK293 cells expressing Kir6.1/SUR2B. Hypercapnic acidosis activated an inward rectifier current that was K+-selective and sensitive to levcromakalim and glibenclamide with unitary conductance of approximately 35pS. The maximal activation occurred at pH 6.5 to 6.8, and the current was inhibited at pH 6.2 to 5.9. The cloned Kir6.1/SUR2B channel responded to hypercapnia and intracellular acidification in an almost identical pattern to the VSM current. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed expression of Kir6.1/SUR2B mRNAs in mesenteric arteries. Hypercapnia produced vasodilation of the isolated and perfused mesenteric arteries. Pharmacological interference of the KATP channels greatly eliminated the hypercapnic vasodilation. These results thus indicate that the Kir6.1/SUR2B channel is a critical player in the regulation of vascular tones during hypercapnic acidosis.
Promoting key interactions in a distance medicinal chemistry course

Abstract Objective To describe and document how key interactions in distance education are promoted in a medicinal chemistry course sequence. Design Factors cited in the literature to affect learner-content, learner-instructor, learner-learner and learner-interface interaction in a distance-based course were identified. Our asynchronous (distance education) infrastructure was built to promote interaction. Course design, content design, course activities and course delivery were organized/planned to promote the four interactions. Student performance on course examinations and the national licensure examination was assessed. Course and instructor evaluation tools were developed to assess student perceptions. Assessment Distance-students' perceptions of learning and overall course and licensure examination performance was consistent and comparable with campus students. Attrition rate for the distance students was low. Distance students indicated that they felt connected to their classmates and the course instructors, and that they were able to build a learning community. Further, the majority of the distance students indicated that technology was not an impediment to their learning. Conclusion Strategies to promote interactions in a distance-based course are important to enhance distance student learning and performance.
Functional neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia)

Converging evidence from a number of neuroimaging studies, including our own, suggest that fluent word identification in reading is related to the functional integrity of two consolidated left hemisphere (LH) posterior systems: a dorsal (temporo-parietal) circuit and a ventral (occipito-temporal) circuit. This posterior system is functionally disrupted in developmental dyslexia. Reading disabled readers, relative to nonimpaired readers, demonstrate heightened reliance on both inferior frontal and right hemisphere posterior regions, presumably in compensation for the LH posterior difficulties. We propose a neurobiological account suggesting that for normally developing readers the dorsal circuit predominates at first, and is associated with analytic processing necessary for learning to integrate orthographic features with phonological and lexical-semantic features of printed words. The ventral circuit constitutes a fast, late-developing, word identification system which underlies fluent word recognition in skilled readers.
Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri

1866–1936 French bacteriologist who discovered the louse transmission of typhus. Keywords: bacteriology; typhus; pasteur institute; nobel; tunisia
A mass-matrix solution based frequency-domain finite-element method

Compared to time-domain analyses, a frequency-domain analysis offers advantages when a few selected frequency points are of interest. However, different from a time-domain finite element method (FEM) that can solve the mass matrix only, the system matrix resulting from a frequency-domain FEM-based analysis is the sum of a mass and a stiffness matrix. There is no apparent way to decouple the stiffness matrix from the mass matrix. In this work, we propose an effective algorithm to use the solution of the mass matrix to construct the solution of the sum of the mass and the stiffness matrix. By doing so, we are able to fully utilize the nice properties of the mass matrix to significantly speed up the frequency-domain computation. The system matrix can then be efficiently solved by the orthogonal finite-element reduction-recovery (OrFE-RR) method [1]. To be specific, an arbitrary three-dimensional multilayered system such as an integrated circuit and package system can be reduced to a single-layer system with negligible computational cost. More importantly, the reduced single-layer system is diagonal, and hence can be solved readily. From the solution of the reduced system, the solution of the other unknowns can be recovered in linear complexity. Numerical and experimental results are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
Thoughts on k-Anonymization

k-Anonymity is a method for providing privacy protection by ensuring that data cannot be traced to an individual. In a k-anonymous dataset, any identifying information occurs in at least k tuples. To achieve optimal and practical k-anonymity, recently, many different kinds of algorithms with various assumptions and restrictions have been proposed with different metrics to measure quality. This paper presents the family of clustering based algorithms that are more flexible and even attempts to improve precision by ignoring the restrictions of user defined Domain Generalization Hierarchies. The main finding of the paper will be that metrics may behave differently through different algorithms and may not show correlations with some applications accuracy on output data.
Fast tree classifiers

An automated method is presented for the design of linear tree classifiers, i.e. tree classifiers in which a decision based on a linear sum of features is carried out at each node. The method exploits the discriminability of Tomek links joining opposed pairs of data points in multidimensional feature space to produce a hierarchically structured piecewise linear decision function. The corresponding decision surface is optimized by a gradient descent that maximizes the number of Tomek links cut by each linear segment of the decision surface, followed by training each node's linear decision segment on the data associated with that node. Experiments on real data obtained from character images suggest that the accuracy of the tree classifier designed by this scheme is comparable to those of the k-NN classifiers and the tree classifier of J.K. Mui and K.S. Fu (1980), while providing much greater decision speeds, and that the tradeoff between the speed and the accuracy in pattern classification can be controlled by bounding the number of features to be used at each node of the tree. >
Multi-decade, spatially explicit population studies of canopy dynamics in Michigan old-growth forests

Established in 1935, a regular grid of 256 permanent plots includes about 20% of a 100-ha old-growth forest at the Dukes Research Natural Area in northern Michigan, USA. Woody stems have been re-measured 3–7 times providing extensive quantitative records of population and community dynamics over periods of up to 72 years. Woody stems in upland hemlock–northern hardwood stands, about half of the study plots, have been mapped and individually tracked since about 1990. Remaining plots are in swampy stands dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Thuja occidentalis. Detailed, long-term demographic data for late-successional forests are rare in general; this data set is both of exceptional duration and unusual in spatial intensity and detail. Because sample plots are in a regular array over the stand, they can support analyses of spatiotemporal pattern at various scales. A major wind disturbance in 2002 provides a unique opportunity to compare disturbance response to baseline dynamics. Several publications based on this data set have already provided new insights into late-successional processes, but general availability of the data set with metadata should permit a range of further comparative and integrative analyses. The study is ongoing, and new measurements will be added to the archived data set. The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)