cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional phase resolution of frequency-resolved optical gating across the midinfrared

Spectrally and temporally heterodyned four-wave mixing (FWM) signals in silver thiogallate are reported over a wavelength range of 3-10μm. We (1) expose the usefulness of the strong nonresonant FWM in optimizing an apparatus for heterodyned 2D infrared experiments and (2) use heterodyning to measure the 2D phase of a frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) signal. We report the phase of the 2D FROG signal, as opposed to the 1D phase of the excitation pulses routinely determined from conventional FROG analysis. The 2D FROG phase complements the 2D FROG magnitude in providing intuitive visual analysis of the spectral and temporal phases of femtosecond pulses.
Professionalism: Etiquette or Habitus?

The past decade has witnessed an outburst of interest and scholarship about medical professionalism. The professionalism movement has a strong presence in medical education, including efforts to define, measure, and instill professionalism as a core competency of medical practice. As these efforts continue, there has been a shift toward emphasizing measurable behaviors while downplaying theinternalizationofvaluesandvirtues.Assuch, wehaveconcernsregardingtheabilityofmedical students and physicians to display outward professional behavior in a sustainable way without actually internalizing the values of the medical profession. Kahn 1 argues for an “etiquette-based medicine,”whichstressesbehaviormasteryovercharacterdevelopment.Heproffersalistofbehaviors that include actions such as shaking hands with a patient, smiling at a patient, and explaining one’s role on the medical team. This emphasis on deportment is attractive for those who wish to approach trainee comportment as a checklist. Just as checklists are used in intensive care units to reduce central catheter infections, Kahn explicitly endorses etiquette checklists for physician trainees in an attempt to reduce negative patient encounters. This raises the question, though,ofhowKahn’saccountdistinguishesthe physician-patient relationship from any other customerserviceprofession.Kahnacknowledges
Enhanced wide area monitoring system

This paper focuses on the design of a wide area monitoring system (WAMS) in a multimachine power system with enhanced reliability, integrity and security. A two-area four-machine power system is considered for the studies. The voltage and speed deviation information coming from the generators is used by the WAM to feed useful information to the wide area control system (WACS), which will then send control signals back to the power system. The proposed WAM uses current and past information from the generators to predict their future values. By combining features such as missing sensor fault tolerance, intrusion detection system and integrity check at the receiving end, the proposed method is more reliable and secured. The proposed EWAMS is capable of overcoming communication delays, mitigating attacks and surviving faults. Results for some modules of the system are shown in support of the proposition.
Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Proteins carry out crucial tasks in organisms by exerting functions elicited from their specific three dimensional folds. Although the native structures of polypeptides fulfill many purposes, it is now recognized that most proteins can adopt an alternative assembly of beta-sheet rich amyloid. Insoluble amyloid fibrils are initially associated with multiple human ailments, but they are increasingly shown as functional players participating in various important cellular processes. In addition, amyloid deposited in patient tissues contains nonproteinaceous components, such as nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These cofactors can facilitate the formation of amyloid, resulting in the generation of different types of insoluble precipitates. By taking advantage of our understanding how proteins misfold via an intermediate stage of soluble amyloid precursor, we have devised a method to convert native proteins to amyloid fibrils in vitro. This approach allows one to prepare amyloid in large quantities, examine the properties of amyloid generated from specific proteins, and evaluate the structural changes accompanying the conversion.
Magnetoresistance in Bilayer Graphene Hybrid Structures for Spintronic Applications

A drastic modification of electronic band structure leading to potential spin device applications is predicted in bilayer graphene (BLG) when it is placed between two ferromagnetic insulators. The composite resembles a ferromagnet-metal hybrid structure that has a giant magneto-resistance owing to the spin-dependent conductivity. The bottom ferromagnetic dielectric layer (FDL) possesses the magnetization M1 that can be pinned along the direction of the x-axis by an anti-ferromagnetic substrate. The top FDL may be constructed from the same material but its magnetization vector M2 can be rotated on the x-y plane (by an external magnetic field) forming an angle with M1. The influence of FDL magnetization on BLG electronic structure can be realized through either the direct exchange interaction with magnetic ions (assuming an overlap between the carbon pi-orbitals and unfilled shells of the magnetic ions in FDLs) or an indirect interaction via the ligands of FDLs. The structure is modeled.
αA-crystallin R49Cneo mutation influences the architecture of lens fiber cell membranes and causes posterior and nuclear cataracts in mice

Background αA-crystallin (CRYAA/HSPB4), a major component of all vertebrate eye lenses, is a small heat shock protein responsible for maintaining lens transparency. The R49C mutation in the αA-crystallin protein is linked with non-syndromic, hereditary human cataracts in a four-generation Caucasian family.
A novel fermentation process for calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) production from cheese whey

A novel, anaerobic fermentation process is developed to produce calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) from cheese whey. CMA can be used as a noncorrosive road deicer. It poses no environmental threats and has many advantages over road salt. A coculture consisting of homolactic and homoacetic bacteria was used to convert whey lactose to lactate and then to acetate in a continuous, immobilized cell bioreactor. The acetate yield from lactose was ~95% (wt/wt) in this homofermentative process. The acetic acid produced from fermentation was recovered in a concentrated CMA solution by using an energyefficient extraction process. The development of a novel, extractive fermentation process to reduce product inhibition and to further increase reactor productivity is also discussed.
Arms, Alliances, and Security Tradeoffs in Enduring Rivalries

Recent work on alliances, notably Walt (1987, 1988), emphasizes that states form alliances to balance against threats. In this article, I construct a constrained optimization model to demonstrate that a mix of arms and alliance is a better characterization of states' security policies. States choose the mix according to the relative costs associated with each approach, as well as the level of their allies' military capabilities. I test the predictions of the model using econometric analysis of data on France and Austria prior to World War I and Israel and Syria in the contemporary period. The empirical results illustrate states' tendencies to rely on their allies' arms when allied support is relatively cheap and their allies are militarily strong; whereas they tend to rely on their own capabilities when allied support is relatively costly and their allies are militarily weak. Research on alliances tends to emphasize states' desires to balance against security threats (Walt, 1987, 1988) and receive the benefits of allies' arms at a low cost (Olson and Zeckhauser, 1966). Both of these arguments beg the question of why states often rely on their own capabilities, even when they face serious and immediate threats. In this article, I construct and test a formal, theoretical model of security choices in which states sometimes add arms and sometimes make concessions to their allies in order to acquire greater external support. Both Walt and Olson and Zeckhauser overlook-or, at least, understate-the potential costs of relying on allies' promises of military support. My model demonstrates the central importance of these costs; the empirical analysis supports my theoretical hypotheses. The result of this paper is a clearer understanding of the relationship among arms, alliance ties, and security. Much of the literature on alliances is imprecise about definitions, which leads authors to overstate their conclusions. For example, many cases that Walt (1987) refers to as alliances, including Israel's relationship with the United States, are actually patron-client relationships (Efrat and Bercovitch, 1991; Quandt, 1993; Schoenbaum, 1993). In these cases, the small state uses ties to its patron to acquire its own arms. This situation differs from Olson and Zeckhauser's (1966) description of a free riding alliance in that the state actually offers its own deterrent, instead of relying on the deterrent value of its ally's arms. But it has many of the same advantages because the security the state receives from its
Thermodynamic analysis of nonelectrolyte permeation across the toad urinary bladder.

Permeability coefficients (P's) and apparent activation energies (E a ′s) for nonelectrolyte permeation across the toad urinary bladder have been analyzed in terms of the thermodynamics of partition between membrane lipids and water. Particular attention has been paid to the contributions made by −CH2− and −OH groups: on the average, the addition of one −CH2− group to a molecule increasesP fourfold, while the addition of one −OH group reducesP 500-fold. Using these changes inP, we have calculated the incremental free energies (δΔF), enthalpies (δΔH), and entropies (δΔS) for partition, hydration, and solution in membrane lipids. The results for toad bladder have been compared and contrasted with those extracted from the literature for red blood cells, lecithin liposomes, and bulk phase lipid solvents. The partition of −CH2− groups into toad bladder and red cell membranes is dominated by entropy effects, i.e., a decrease in entropy of the aqueous phase that “pushes” the group out of water, and an increase in entropy of the membrane lipid that “pulls” the group into the membrane. This process resembles that in “frozen” liposome membranes. In “melted” liposomes and bulk lipid solvents the free energy of solution in the lipid is controlled by enthalpy of solution. Partition of −OH groups in all systems is governed by hydrogen bonding between the −OH group and water. However, the solution of the −OH group in toad bladder membranes is complex, and processes such as dimer and tetramer formation in the lipid phase may be involved. The results presented in this and the previous paper are discussed in terms of the structure of phospholipid bilayer membranes. Attention is drawn to the possible role of structural defects in the quasi-crystalline structure of the lipid (so-called 2gl kinks) in the permeation of small molecules such as water, urea, methanol and acetamide.
“Universal” effective mobility of empirical local mobility models for n- and p-channel silicon MOSFETs

Abstract Several experimental investigations have shown that the measured effective mobility falls on one common curve (the Universal Mobility Curve) independent of the substrate doping density and the source-to-substrate bias if the effective mobility is plotted vs the effective field. This paper reports on the relationship between the effective field (a non-local electric field mobility model) and the local mobility models employed in drift-diffusion device simulators. Using a drift-diffusion device simulator which implements several mobility models in the same simulator, we show that not all local mobility models agree with the empirical universal mobility behavior for both n -channel and p -channel MOSFETs when the simulated results are interpreted as “experimental” data. Furthermore, some local mobility models do not agree with the universal mobility behavior if the device has compensated channel doping (such as a typical CMOS p -channel device).
Systematics of the Neotropical Snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), With Descriptions of Two New Species from Western Colombia and Ecuador and Supplementary Data on D. brunneum

Abstract Dendrophidion percarinatum (Cope) is redefined on the basis of standard and new characters to distinguish it from two new South American species with which it has previously been confused. The redefined D. percarinatum is distributed from Honduras through Central America to western Colombia, with a seemingly outlying locality in extreme western Venezuela. One new species, D. prolixum, is sympatric with D. percarinatum at a few localities in central western Colombia and the distribution of the new species continues southward into northwestern Ecuador. A second new species, D. graciliverpa, occurs throughout western Ecuador, where its distribution extensively overlaps that of D. brunneum (Gunther). Hemipenes of the two new species are unusually long and slender (gracile morphotype), a morphology distinct from other described Dendrophidion hemipenes, which are shorter and more robust (robust morphotype). Additionally, the new species differ from D. percarinatum in color patterns but not in standard ...
Viscous effects in liquid encapsulated liquid bridges

Abstract An analytical derivation of the surface deflections and the streamfunctions for the flow inside a liquid encapsulated liquid bridge has been derived using an asymptotic expansion about a small capillary number. The model assumes an initially flat and cylindrical interface under the assumption that the densities of both fluids are equal. To simplify the analysis, the top and bottom walls are assumed to be stress-free and the Reynolds number is assumed to be negligible. Flow is generated either by a moving outer wall (shear-driven flow) or by applying a temperature difference across the top and bottom walls (Marangoni-driven flow). The resulting equations show that for the shear-driven flow, as the viscosity ratio increases, the surface deflections increase monotonically. For the Marangoni-driven flow there exist values of the viscosity ratio where the surface deflections reach a minimum and then switch signs. This investigation shows that it may be possible in more realistic systems to use an outer encapsulating liquid of the proper viscosity ratio to stabilize the liquid–liquid interface during float zone crystal growth.
Precise holograms using complex light modulation

Our objective is precise wavefront reconstruction using complex modulation of light. A high precision amplitude beam shaper based on a digital micromirror device is used to image a shaped beam onto a phase-only spatial light modulator. To achieve our goal, a significant first step is deriving an efficient backwards propagation algorithm for hologram design that does not degrade the image by truncating high spatial frequencies or by aliasing. In addition, we show that reconstruction fidelity also depends on spatial bandwidth of the amplitude modulation. Thus, a minimum in error is found by considering both factors. Simulation verifies that the target image can be successfully reconstructed by using the proposed method.
Temporal Aspects of Information Technology Use: Increasing Shift Work Effectiveness

The dynamic nature of organizations and technologies require a comprehensive understanding of how organizational forms and information technology interact. While previous research and theories of information technology have investigated aspects such as organizational structure, individual and group behavior, and inter-organizational relationships, shift work, an important temporal aspect often found in service organizations, is surprisingly absent in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect that shift work has on employee use and satisfaction with information technology. The results of a field study of a police organization indicate that information technology systems are valued differently by workers on different shifts. The authors discuss how this research helps advance theories of technology use and effectiveness (such as task-technology fit and technology acceptance model) and present important practical implications of this study for strategic alignment of technology in the areas of systems design, implementation, addressing the needs of peripheral workers, and resource management.
Patient response datasets: Challenges and opportunities

As the field of bioinformatics has grown in importance, more and more studies have investigated the use of gene microarray datasets to understand cancer. Although much of this research has focused on which genes are differently-expressed between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues, an equally important question is which genes are most useful for predicting the success of cancer treatment. How well a patient will respond to a given treatment depends on the specifics of their cancer, and biopsies alone cannot detect genetic markers; thus, gene chips are an increasingly valuable research tool in this field. The problem of identifying which gene markers are predictive of successful response to treatment differs from more general cancer-identification and cancer-classification problems due to the expected similarities among all patients (since they share a cancer type), and thus it is important to understand this collection of datasets as a group separate from other cancer-related microarray datasets. The present work surveys research using gene microarray datasets for the task of patient response prediction, in particular research which uses this data to discover the best genes for predicting patient response. We discuss the methods and procedures of the surveyed papers and which approaches were used for gene selection, and present ideas and strategies for future work which further explores how to best identify gene signatures which can be used clinically to help select the best treatment for a given cancer.
Comparison of Immediate-Release and Controlled-Release Paroxetine Ingestions Reported to Texas Poison Control Centers between 2002 and 2008

Background:Controlled-release (CR) paroxetine was created to improve the tolerability of immediate-release (IR) paroxetine while maintaining therapeutic benefits. There is limited information comparing the toxicity of the 2 paroxetine formulations.Objective:To compare the toxicity and management of paroxetine IR and paroxetine CR ingestions reported to poison control centers.Methods:Cases of ingestion of paroxetine that were reported to Texas poison control centers between 2002 and 2008, in which the final medical outcome and dose were known, were retrospectively reviewed. The rates for selected variables were determined for paroxetine IR and paroxetine CR and comparisons between the 2 were made by calculating the ratio of the drug's CR rate to the IR rate and 95% confidence interval. Compliance with simplified algorithms of triage management guidelines was determined for both formulations.Results:Included in the analysis were 405 cases of paroxetine IR ingestion and 169 cases of paroxetine CR ingestion f...
A downscaling method for simulating deep current interactions with topography – Application to the Sigsbee Escarpment

Abstract A nesting approach is applied to dynamically downscale the deep circulation from a basin-scale model in regions of complicated topography where deep dynamics may be poorly resolved. The method is applied to nest a high vertical and horizontal resolution Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) domain covering the north-central Gulf of Mexico within a HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) Gulf of Mexico domain. The northwestern Gulf of Mexico has a very steep topographic feature, the Sigsbee Escarpment, over which localized bottom-intensified currents with short cross-isobath length scales have been observed in water depths between 1500 m and 3000 m. It has been hypothesized that these intense currents are related to the presence of the Loop Current or Loop Current Eddies, strong upper ocean mesoscale circulation features in the Gulf. A modeling system is required that can resolve the short length scales of topography and the currents, resolve the vertical trapping of the currents, and realistically simulate the mesoscale upper and deep ocean circulation features. The multi-model nesting approach described here simulates these intense currents with characteristics very similar to observations, and demonstrates the connectivity to the larger scale ocean circulation features.
Poetry of the Black Panther Party: Metaphors of Militancy

The Black Panther Party existed as Black America's contemporary revolutionary organization for over a decade. Founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby G. Seale, the Black Panther Party directly formed to challenge police brutality against American Blacks. As the antithesis of nonviolence, the original Black Panther Party for Self-Defense advocated weaponry use against police aggression. To bring attention to the organization and to expose injustices against Black people, they began publishing The Black Panther newspaper on April 25, 1967. Along with articles on the American and international political arenas, the newspaper included poetry by Panther members and sympathizers. In this article, I plan to analyze the poetry of the Panther, primarily from the early years. I will determine its relationship to the Black Arts and Black Aesthetics manifestoes and its relationship to the political philosophy of the party itself.
The Community Land Trust as a Highway Environmental Impact Mitigation Tool

ABSTRACT: The proposed Newtown Pike Extension in Lexington, Kentucky, has the potential to cause significant displacement of low-income residents. Following Executive Order 12898, federal agencies have been required to consider environmental justice impacts of their policies and activities. Highway planners in Lexington have crafted a mitigation strategy that includes a community land trust, which is intended to provide permanent protection for the low-income community to be affected by the highway extension. Although the community land trust may be an attractive option for maintaining housing affordability and community cohesion, the idea must overcome some significant hurdles if it is going to be useful as an environmental impact mitigation tool. One problem is selling the idea of communal land ownership to African American and low-income households. Part of the challenge is to design a method for sharing capital gains that gives an adequate return to home buyers while maintaining affordability. Another difficulty concerns renters who are eligible for only limited relocation subsidies that in many cases will not be enough to cover the cost of new rental housing.
Predicting Maximal Exercise Ventilation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Shortness of breath is a chief complaint of many individuals with cardiopulmonary diseases. Exercise testing is often used to help differentiate cardiac from pulmonary involvement. In assessing pulmonary dysfunction during exercise it is essential to know the point at which ventilatory limitation will occur. Numerous authors have presented regression equations based on the FEV1 for predicting either MVV or VEmax. Resting pulmonary function studies were obtained from 53 patients with COPD. Symptom-limited maximal exercise testing was completed on a cycle ergometer using increments of 10 watts/min. Each regression equation for predicting MVV or VEmax was then applied to the data set. Results showed that the FEV1 correlated with the measured VEmax (r = .81) as did PEF (r = .81), MVV (r = .78), IC (r = .78), DCO (r = .68), VA (r = .67), VE (r = .65) and FVC (r = .64). Single post-bronchodilator FEV1 measurements ranged from 0.56 to 1.64 L (mean 1.0 L) while VEmax ranged from 16 to 78 L/min (mean 37.69 L/min). The equation VEmax = 37.5 X FEV1 was the most robust equation found in the literature for predicting VEmax in this sample. This equation was not statistically different from the line of identity when predicted VEmax was plotted against the measured VEmax. The intercept was 0.91 with a slope of 0.98. In addition, this equation had a smaller mean square error in predicting VEmax than those of the other equations investigated.
CUPRI observations of pre‐sunrise vertical type‐I echoes from the equatorial electrojet above Alcântara, Brazil

The Cornell University Portable Radar Interferometer (CUPRI) made high resolution vertical radar measurements of the equatorial electrojet above Alcântara, Brazil from mid-August to mid-October, 1994, as part of the Guara Dip Equator Campaign. Spectra obtained during the period of a few hours before sunrise show the usual nighttime persistence asymmetry wherein there is a preponderance of downward type-I phase velocities as a function of time. These are the first high resolution measurements in South America of this effect at a location other than Jicamarca, Peru. Furthermore the CUPRI interferometer phase data clearly indicate that when changes in the sign of the dominate type-I peaks occur, they are tied to the normal phase progressions of the large scale waves. No reversal of the asymmetry (as does occur in the daytime) was seen in this nighttime period.
Extreme-ultraviolet observations of a surge.

Observation of a flare surge at the limb in C III 977 A by the Harvard OSO 6 spectroheliometer. The kinematic behavior of the surge is the same in C III and in H alpha. The amount of C III emission is consistent with a model in which the C III ions occupy sheaths with a thickness of about 100 km surrounding the cooler H alpha-emitting threads. The mass of the material containing C III ions is about 0.01 times that emitting H alpha.
A discrete-time adaptive nonlinear system

A new least-squares estimator with nonlinear data weighting is developed and used to adaptively control a simple discrete-time nonlinear system. A global stability result is obtained through Lyapunov analysis without assuming any growth conditions on the nonlinearities. >
Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation measurements in small superconducting aluminum particles

The 27Al nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times T 1 have been measured in the normal and superconducting states of small aluminum particles with average particle diameters ranging from 170 to 750 ». Experiments were performed in magnetic fields between 0 and 1200 Oe and at temperatures between 0.5 and 4.2 K. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T 1 at zero and low magnetic fields is characterized by a sum of a Korringa rate (due to conduction-electron spin-flip scattering) and an additional rate, which is attributed to a cross-relaxation process involving nuclei near the particle surfaces. At the highest field (1200 Oe), where the Zeeman energy either dominates in larger particles or plays an important role in smaller particles, measured rates for all three samples are in good agreement with the microscopic theory of Sone. At low fields (H ≤ 150 Oe) our T 1 results, which show a strong field dependence and less effect of superconducting fluctuations near T c, are in disagreement with Sone. We suggest that the theory has overestimated the effects of fluctuations on quasiparticle excitations at these low fields.
Bimetallic Janus nanostructures via programmed shell growth.

We report the synthesis of compositionally asymmetric, core–Janus shell plasmonic nanostructures comprised of Au and Ag. Kinetic control was employed to achieve asymmetric shell growth on Au nanoparticles acting as cores. Subsequent differential surface functionalization of these nanostructures enabled programmed shell growth resulting in core–Janus shell nanostructures. UV/vis extinction spectra reveal that the localized surface plasmon resonance of the nanostructures depends on the composition and distribution of the components, providing additional handles to tune the optical properties of metal nanostructures. The core–Janus shell nanostructures demonstrated here are highly Raman-active making them attractive candidates for Raman-based biosensing and bioimaging applications.
IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP- AND STRAIN-SPECIFIC GENETIC MARKERS FOR GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED ALEXANDRIUM (DINOPHYCEAE). I. RFLP ANALYSIS OF SSU rRNA GENES1

Two distinct small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rDNAs), termed the “A gene” and “B gene,” were recently found in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense Balech. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was developed to rapidly detect the A and B genetic markers. SSU rDNA from 58 cultures with species designations of A. tamarense (Lebour) Balech, A. catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech, A. fundyense, A. affine (Fukuyo et Inoue)Balech, A. minutum Halim, A. lusitanicum Balech, and A. andersoni Balech were screened. These cultures represent toxic and non-toxic isolates from North America, western Europe, Thailand, Japan, Australia, and the ballast water of several cargo ships. The RFLP assay revealed five distinct groups. Three subdivided the A. tamarense/catenella/fundyense“species complex” into clusters defined by geographic origin, not by morphospecies designations. The fourth group consisted of A. affine, whereas the fifth group was represented by A. minutum, A. lusitanicum, and A. andersoni. The B gene was only found in A. tamarense, A. catenella, and A. fundyense, but not in all isolates. However, all North American isolates of this closely related group harbored this gene, and it also was found in some A. tamarense from scattered locations in Japan and in the ballast water of one ship that operated exclusively between Japan and Australia. Isolates without the B gene appeared to have only a single class of SSU rDNA. The B sequence was not essential for toxin production, but thus far those organisms harboring it were toxic. The A. tamarense/catenella/fundyense complex is composed of genetically distinct populations, within which may exist two or all three of the mophotypically defined species. The B gene is a promising taxonomic and biogeographic marker and may be useful for tracking the regional and/or global dispersal of particular populations.
Caecum (typhlon) with ascending colon and part of transverse colon considered as a chamber: Superior colic ventriculus (holotyphlon)

Having shown, in man, and in comparative animal types, the area which may be called that of the Superior Colic Ventriculus (Holotyphlon) it is evident that the Physiology and the Pathology of this portion of the alimentary canal is a very important matter ; (to surgeons, dealing with the “acute abdomen,” less immediate interest in previous conditions is possible).
Observations of solitary waves in a viscously deformable pipe

We have made simple observations of the ascent of a buoyant fluid through a pipe formed in a denser and more viscous fluid that can deform viscously and allow the pipe radius to change. There is no wall between the two fluids, and the Reynolds number is small in both fluids. If the buoyant fluid is supplied at a uniform rate, the system exhibits uniform Poiseuille flow. The response of the system to fluctuations in the rate of supply of the buoyant fluid is to form local maxima in the pipe radius that ascend as solitary waves. Larger-amplitude waves can catch up and collide with smaller waves and, to a good approximation, both waves recover their original form and amplitude after such a collision. Periodic wavetrains are formed when the supply of fluid to the pipe is increased and sustained at a higher rate. These observations gain significance because the system is analogous to that of one-dimensional buoyancy-driven porous flow in a viscous matrix. The experiment may be regarded as a laboratory analogue for studying some aspects of the equations governing porous flow. The observed behaviour is consistent with recent theoretical and computational studies, which have focused on the problem of magma migration in the Earth. The behaviour we observe will, however, arise in other systems governed by the same mechanics. The existence of solitary waves in such systems means that the responses to transient changes in the porosity or the supply of fluid could be long-lived.
Cortical unit responses to chemical stimulation of the oral cavity in the rat

The gustatory sensitivity of individual cortical neurons in the rat was examined using a wide range of chemical stimuli. Several subsets of cortical taste cells were identified based on similarities in their response profiles. Although adjacent cortical neurons can differ in their responsiveness to individual tastants, some overlap in taste sensitivities is usually observed.
Dependence of Tg and Tll on tacticity of PMMA by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) investigation (heating rate 10 K/min) is presented on the multiple transition (relaxation) spectra of PMMA: Tβ Tg; and Tlρ > Tll, as a function of tacticity. Specimens are characterized by fractional triad content: isotactic (it-), Xii; syndiotactic (st-), Xss; and atactic (at-), Xis. Values for the seven specimens are it-, 1.0;, at-, 0.495 to 0.750; st-, 0.958. Results on Tβ were inconclusive. Our Tg results clarify some discrepancies in the prior literature. Linear least squares regression analyses give: Tg (°C) = 56.6 + 76.6 Xss (our data) Tg (°C) = 49.1 + 87.3 Xss (our data plus selected literature data) Extrapolated Tg 's for Xss = 1 are 133.2°C and 136.1°C, respectively, in contrast to Thompson's extrapolated value of 160°C. Similarly Tg(°C) = 99.5 + 71.6 (1−Xii) for our DSC data. The extrapolated Tll for Xss = 1 is 171.1°C. The intensity of Tll is high for st-and it-, with a broad minimum over the at-region. A second liquid state pr...
Characteristics of the sound systems of monolingual Vietnamese-speaking children with phonological impairment.

There has been little or no research on Vietnamese phonological development, let alone on phonological disorders of Vietnamese‐speaking children. The goal of this study is to evaluate the sound sys...
Amino-Terminal Palmitate or Polybasic Domain Can Provide Required Second Signal to Myristate for Membrane Binding of P56lck

Recent work has shown that several members of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are modified by palmitoylation, including p56lck and p59fyn but not p60src. Mapping of the sites of palmitoylation in p56lck identified cys3 as the major site and cys5 as a minor site of palmitoylation. A non-palmitoylated p56lck(cys3,5-->ser) mutant was localized exclusively in the cytoplasm despite the presence of amino-terminal myristoylation, thus indicating that palmitoylation of p56lck was necessary for membrane binding. The addition of a domain of six lysine residues to a non-palmitoylated p56lck mutant was sufficient to re-establish membrane binding but not to target the non-palmitoylated p56lck to caveolae. These results establish that two signals, myristoylation plus either palmitoylation or a polybasic domain, are necessary for membrane binding of src family PTKs.
Privacy preserving actions of older adults on social media: Exploring the behavior of opting out of information sharing

Social media are being fast adopted by older adults for extending their social relationships. However along with the adoption, there have been concerns about risky issues regarding privacy leakages and information sharing hazards. Such risks are partially due to the fact that seniors (knowingly or unknowingly) share private information that may be misused by others. In this paper we explore the privacy-preserving actions regarding information sharing for this demography on one social media platform - Facebook. Facebook is the largest social networking platform today and many of its privacy related practices have been in the news recently. More specifically, we study the information sharing behavior of the elderly by observing the extent to which they opt out of sharing information publicly about themselves on their profile pages. In addition, we also observe how much overlap exists between these older Facebook users and their respective friends in terms of their public information sharing habits and explore the differences across gender. Finally for comparative purposes we also collect data on a sample of younger Facebook users and conduct an analysis.
The Near Infrared Absorption Spectra of Some Halogen Derivatives of Methane

The infrared absorption spectra of C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$Cl, C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$Br, and C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$I, in vapor form, were measured from 1.5\ensuremath{\mu} to 3.0\ensuremath{\mu}. The fine structure of bands in the 2.3\ensuremath{\mu} region was resolved in the first order. The fine structure of bands in the 1.6\ensuremath{\mu} region was resolved in the second order, but not in the first. Seven bands were found.
Agriculture Policy Is Health Policy

The Farm Bill is meant to supplement and secure farm incomes, ensure a stable food supply, and support the American farm economy. Over time, however, it has evolved into a system that creates substantial health impacts, both directly and indirectly. By generating more profit for food producers and less for family farmers; by effectively subsidizing the production of lower-cost fats, sugars, and oils that intensify the health-destroying obesity epidemic; by amplifying environmentally destructive agricultural practices that impact air, water, and other resources, the Farm Bill influences the health of Americans more than is immediately apparent. In this article, we outline three major public health issues influenced by American farm policy. These are (1) rising obesity; (2) food safety; and (3) environmental health impacts, especially exposure to toxic substances and pesticides.
Attitude Behavior of a Variable Mass Cylinder

This paper examines the attitude motion of a cylindrical body with mass loss. It is found that mass variation can have a substantial influence on the behavior of such a system. Specifically, the initial dimensions as well as the manner in which mass loss affects system inertia are found to be key factors in the determination of the characteristics of the lateral motion of the system. In great contrast to the attitude behavior of spinning rigid bodies, oblate variable mass cylinders exhibit divergent transverse attitude motion, while the transverse motion of prolate variable mass cylinders is found to be bounded in general.
The built environment, maintenance of the public sphere and connections to others and to place: an examination of 10 international cities

Using surveys collected from 10 major metropolitan cities across the world, this article examines the factors that affect the extent to which people feel connected to others who live in their neighborhood and feel proud and satisfied with life in their cities. The cities included in the analysis are: New York, London, Paris, Stockholm, Toronto, Milan, Berlin, Seoul, Beijing and Tokyo. We find that certain aspects of the built environment, the conditions of the public sphere, and the extent of positive social networks in the city are critically important for understanding residents’ connections to each other and to their cities. Our findings provide insights for policy makers and planners concerned with making cities viable and livable.
Local gene knockdown in the brain using viral-mediated RNA interference

Conditional mutant techniques that allow spatial and temporal control over gene expression can be used to create mice with restricted genetic modifications. These mice serve as powerful disease models in which gene function in adult tissues can be specifically dissected. Current strategies for conditional genetic manipulation are inefficient, however, and often lack sufficient spatial control. Here we use viral-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) to generate a specific knockdown of Th, the gene encoding the dopamine synthesis enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, within midbrain neurons of adult mice. This localized gene knockdown resulted in behavioral changes, including a motor performance deficit and reduced response to a psychostimulant. These results underscore the potential of using viral-mediated RNAi for the rapid production and testing of new genetic disease models. Similar strategies may be used in other model species, and may ultimately find applications in human gene therapy.
The effect of DG using fuel cell under deregulated electricity energy markets

The electricity supply industry is undergoing deregulation around the world. A free market approach to buying and selling electricity is forecasted to drop the cost and introduce choice into what has been a monopoly industry. Deregulation has accelerated the development of smaller generators and fuel cells will gradually become more attractive to mainstream electricity users as they improve in capability and decrease in cost. Some of the operating conflicts and the effect of distributed generation (DG) on power quality are addressed. Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) stack dynamic model was developed to analyze a spectrum of dynamic responses from slow to fast transients and a simplified process flow diagram (PFD) of the Santa Clara Demonstration Project is presented. The integration of direct carbonate fuel cell (internally reformed carbonate fuel cell) with a gas turbine is an emerging technology. Fuel cell-microturbine hybrid power plant can be interfaced with the utility grid via a three-phase inverter, controlling active and reactive power.
Alternative Crop Insurance Indexes

Three index-based crop insurance contracts are evaluated for representative south Georgia corn farms. The insurance contracts considered are based on indexes of historical county yields, yields predicted from a cooling degree-day production model, and yields predicted from a crop-simulation model. For some of the representative farms, the predicted yield index contracts provide yield risk protection comparable to the contract based on historical county yields, especially at lower levels of risk aversion. The impact of constraints on index insurance choice variables is considered and important interactions among constrained, conditionally optimized, choice variables are analyzed.
Display of Vector Fields Using a Reaction-Diffusion Model

Effective visualization of vector fields relies on the ability to control the size and density of the underlying mapping to visual cues used to represent the field. In this paper we introduce the use of a reaction-diffusion model, already well known for its ability to form irregular spatio-temporal patters, to control the size, density, and placement of the vector field representation. We demonstrate that it is possible to encode vector field information (orientation and magnitude) into the parameters governing a reaction-diffusion model to form a spot pattern with the correct orientation, size, and density, creating an effective visualization. To encode direction we texture the spots using a light to dark fading texture. We also show that it is possible to use the reaction-diffusion model to visualize an additional scalar value, such as the uncertainty in the orientation of the vector field. An additional benefit of the reaction-diffusion visualization technique arises from its automatic density distribution. This benefit suggests using the technique to augment other vector visualization techniques. We demonstrate this utility by augmenting a LIC visualization with a reaction-diffusion visualization. Finally, the reaction-diffusion visualization method provides a technique that can be used for streamline and glyph placement.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CAPITAL GAINS TAX FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS

THE MAJOR PURPOSE of this paper is to provide investors with a basis for considering the question: To what extent, if any, should the investor be "locked in" because of the capital gains tax? In an effort to communicate the ideas in this paper as clearly as possible, the following dialogue between an investor, age fifty, and one of the authors is offered as a prologue. INVESTOR: "Sure, I think the market is high now and my stocks are priced at a level which is rather hard to justify in view of their prospective earnings or dividends. But I hate to sell them when it means I'm going to lose about 15 per cent of their value in capital gains tax. I don't see why I should do that unless I expect the market to drop 15 per cent." AUTHOR: "Are you willing at this time to commit yourself to hold your present stocks for the rest of your life?" INVESTOR: "I don't know exactly how long I'll hold them, nor how long I'll live, but probably I won't keep the present holdings for the rest of my life. At least I prefer to keep my investment decisions fairly flexible." AUTHOR: "Then you probably aren't avoiding the capital gains tax by refusing to sell now, you are only postponing it, and the extra annual return you get from postponing the capital gains tax is probably about one and eight-tenths of 1 per cent (15 per cent X 12 per cent). Isn't it likely that your stocks could fall enough in value in the next year to more than offset the benefit of postponing the tax?" INVESTOR: "Well, that's true if I intended to sell by next year anyway, but what if I hold for a longer period? Or what if I should die unexpectedly while I am holding my stocks and avoid the capital gains tax altogether?" AUTHOR: "Your questions begin to introduce some of the aspects
Hard X-Ray Free Electron Lasers: How They Work, Photon Characteristics Important to Biology and Possibilities for the Future

Accelerator based photon sources have played a key role in the understanding of protein structures at the atomic scale. The next generation of these sources, free electron lasers, now operate with Angstrom scale wavelengths and open unique opportunities for biophysics. How these lasers work, the photon properties they yield and a look toward future upgrades will be discussed using LCLS, the world's first operating hard x-ray free electron laser as an example.
Effects of Heat Shock Proteins (Mr 70,000) on Protein and DNA Synthesis at Elevated Temperatures in Vitro

The protective effect of Mr 70,000 heat shock protein (HSP-70) during thermotolerance has been previously observed. However, it is not known what cellular processes or components may be protected by this protein during the tolerance state. In the studies reported here, the protective effects of purified HSP-70, the nonspecific heat-stable proteins fetuin and trypsin inhibitor (ovomucoid), and other proteins and agents such as bovine serum albumin, D2O, or glycerol on protein and DNA synthesis during heating were investigated in vitro. In vitro protein synthesis at 30, 40, and 42 degrees C was measured by globin mRNA translation. Protein synthesis was inhibited 40 to 70% when incubated for 60 min at 40 and 42 degrees C. However, protein synthesis was protected when either fetuin or ovomucoid was present during protein synthesis at elevated temperatures. The protection was concentration dependent. The HSP-70 purified from Chinese hamster (HA-1) cells was also able to confer protection to the translation system, but at much lower concentrations than either fetuin or ovomucoid. Other proteins, such as bovine serum albumin, or other agents, such as D2O or glycerol which are known protectors of cellular survival during heating, did not protect the translation system. Similar experiments were performed with DNA synthesis in vitro. Purified DNA polymerase alpha was added to the activated calf thymus DNA in an in vitro replication system. A temperature of 46 degrees C for 60 min inhibited replication by 40%. Addition of heat-stable proteins, purified HSP-70, bovine serum albumin, D2O, or glycerol did not confer protection to the replication system. These studies provide new evidence that HSP-70 may confer protection to a component of the protein synthesis machinery during thermotolerance.