cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON METABOLISM. VI. THE ROLE OF TRYPTOPHAN PYRROLASE IN RESPONSE OF MICE TO ENDOTOXIN.

Cortisone is known to protect mice against the lethal effects of endotoxin. It also elevates liver tryptophan pyrrolase (TP) activity, an enzyme that converts tryptophan into an intermediate which, in turn, is transformed in a series of reactions into nicotinamide, a component of the pyridine nucleotides. In the present report, results of experiments attempting to link the prophylactic action of cortisone in endointoxication to metabolism of tryptophan are described. It was shown first that both nicotinamide and diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), compounds along the pathway initiated by TP, are each as effective as cortisone in protecting mice against lethality of different amounts of endotoxin. L-Tryptophan, which alone results in an increase in liver TP, fails to protect against endotoxin when it is given either 4 hours before or concurrently with the toxin while it potentiates the toxin when administered 4 hours later. Cortisone, nicotinamide, and DPN all fail to protect mice against lethality when given 4 hours after endotoxin but they do not potentiate it as does tryptophan. Additional evidence linking tryptophan metabolism to endotoxin poisoning was derived from assays for TP. Activity of the enzyme in livers of mice 17 hours after injecting an LD50 of endotoxin is less than one-half the control value. It remains below normal for 48 hours. In adrenalectomized mice, TP activity is about the same as in mice 17 hours after endotoxin. Animals protected against lethality of endotoxin by cortisone have normal levels of TP but if the cortisone is given 4 hours after the toxin, TP activity is the same as in mice given endotoxin alone. Tryptophan is unable to maintain a normal level of TP when it is given concurrently with endotoxin. TP activity is not depressed when mice made tolerant to endotoxin are given an injection of endotoxin at the LD50 level for normal animals. Normal activity of the enzyme was always observed in livers of mice protected against endotoxin but not in those where protection failed. The total amount of oxidized pyridine nucleotides (PN+) in livers of mice 17 hours after an LD60 of endotoxin is about two-thirds the normal level. Animals injected with either cortisone or nicotinamide at the same time as endotoxin maintain the PN+ level in liver. Mice exposed to 5°C during the postinjection period can be protected with cortisone or nicotinamide against lethality of endotoxin but not with DPN. Changes in TP activity do not parallel those found in mice kept at 25°C. The toxic manifestations of endotoxin appear to be different, therefore, in animals stressed by cold.
Better When It Was Smaller? Community Content and Behavior After Massive Growth

Online communities have a love-hate relationship with membership growth: new members bring fresh perspectives, but old-timers worry that growth interrupts the community’s social dynamic and lowers content quality. To arbitrate these two theories, we analyze over 45 million comments from 10 Reddit subcommunities following an exogenous shock when each subcommunity was added to the default set for all Reddit users. Capitalizing on these natural experiments, we test for changes to the content vote patterns, linguistic patterns, and community network patterns before and after being defaulted. Results support a narrative that the communities remain high-quality and similar to their previous selves even post-growth. There is a temporary dip in upvote scores right after the communities were defaulted, but the communities quickly recover to pre-default or even higher levels. Likewise, complaints about low-quality posts do not rise in frequency after getting defaulted. Strong moderation also helps keep upvotes common and complaint levels low. Communities’ language use does not become more like the rest of Reddit after getting defaulted. However, growth does have some impact on attention: community members cluster their activity around a smaller proportion of posts after the community is defaulted.
Modeling shade tree use by beef cattle as a function of black globe temperature and time of day

Increasing temperatures associated with global climate change threaten to disrupt agricultural systems such as beef production, yet relatively little is known about the use of natural tree shade to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on beef cattle. In this study, we evaluated how temperature and time of day influenced the utilization of tree shade in relation to coloration, orientation, and behavior of beef cattle in a pasture system. Temperatures in shade and direct sunlight were measured using black globe temperature (BGT) data loggers. Time-lapse images from game cameras were used to obtain counts of shade usage, coloration, orientation, and behavior of cattle throughout the daytime hours. In general, we found that shade utilization and most of the predominating orientations and behaviors differed significantly (P < 0.05) by both time of day (Hour) and BGT in direct sunlight (BGTsun), while interactions between these two effects (Hour × BGTsun) were often nonsignificant. The mean percentage of the herd using shade was highest in mid-morning (87–96%) and early afternoon (97%), but also increased with BGTsun regardless of the time of day; these trends were similar for both dark- and light-colored cattle. Lying down was the dominant behavior exhibited in the shade, while foraging was the most prevalent behavior in the sun. When herd shade usage was lowest in mid- to late-afternoon (<1%) we also observed an increase in the use of heat-mitigating orientations in the sun (37–47%). We discuss some practical implications of these results, including the potential use of temperature thresholds to interpret cattle behaviors and shade usage.
The Pill Problem, Lattice Paths, and Catalan Numbers

We define the pill tree, which is a rooted, binary tree consisting of different sequences of whole and half pills from a problem posed by Knuth and McCarthy. We observe some connections among the p...
pH-dependent speciation and hydrogen (H2 ) control U(VI) respiration by Desulfovibrio vulgaris.

In situ bioreduction of soluble hexavalent uranium U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) (as UO2 ) has been proposed as a means of preventing U migration in the groundwater. This work focuses on the bioreduction of U(VI) and precipitation of U(IV). It uses anaerobic batch reactors with Desulfovibrio vulgaris, a well-known sulfate, iron, and U(VI) reducer, growing on lactate as the electron donor, in the absence of sulfate, and with a 30-mM bicarbonate buffering. In the absence of sulfate, D. vulgaris reduced >90% of the total soluble U(VI) (1 mM) to form U(IV) solids that were characterized by X-ray diffraction and confirmed to be nano-crystalline uraninite with crystallite size 2.8 ± 0.2 nm. pH values between 6 and 10 had minimal impact on bacterial growth and end-product distribution, supporting that the mono-nuclear, and poly-nuclear forms of U(VI) were equally bioavailable as electron acceptors. Electron balances support that H2 transiently accumulated, but was ultimately oxidized via U(VI) respiration. Thus, D. vulgaris utilized H2 as the electron carrier to drive respiration of U(VI). Rapid lactate utilization and biomass growth occurred only when U(VI) respiration began to draw down the sink of H2 and relieve thermodynamic inhibition of fermentation.
Selective CO Production by Photoelectrochemical Methane Oxidation on TiO2.

The inertness of the C–H bond in CH4 poses significant challenges to selective CH4 oxidation, which often proceeds all the way to CO2 once activated. Selective oxidation of CH4 to high-value industrial chemicals such as CO or CH3OH remains a challenge. Presently, the main methods to activate CH4 oxidation include thermochemical, electrochemical, and photocatalytic reactions. Of them, photocatalytic reactions hold great promise for practical applications but have been poorly studied. Existing demonstrations of photocatalytic CH4 oxidation exhibit limited control over the product selectivity, with CO2 as the most common product. The yield of CO or other hydrocarbons is too low to be of any practical value. In this work, we show that highly selective production of CO by CH4 oxidation can be achieved by a photoelectrochemical (PEC) approach. Under our experimental conditions, the highest yield for CO production was 81.9%. The substrate we used was TiO2 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD), which features hi...
The Effect of Seasonal Maternal Employment on Young Senegalese Children’s Behavior*

The research described in this report focuses on the effect of maternal employment on 3-5-year-olds play and social behavior in a rural village in Senegal West Africa. The study took place in Dene Malick Gueye a village of about 700 people 45 miles from Dakar Senegal. Traditionally all the people in this area had been predominantly subsistence farmers with principal crops of corn grain and peanuts. All the families in the village who had children aged 3-5 were selected to be included in the research. Of the 37 children 6 were dropped due to sickness or absence. In order to answer the question concerning the effect of maternal employment on childrens behavior a 3-way quasi-experimental design was used. Mothers work status and sex of child were 2 independent variables. In addition children were observed both during the agricultural work period work period 1 (January - May) and during the subsequent nonwork period work period 2 (May - July). Lists of children were observed in a random order and at a randomly selected time of day. Each child was observed on the average for 7 different half-hour observation periods during the work period 1 and during 5 different half-hour observation periods during the work period 2. In each 30-minute observation 30 separate rounds of data were obtained using a point sampling observation technique. Some study results follow. 1) In general employed mothers children were no more responsible or nurturant toward others than unemployed mothers children; despite this more general finding females of employed mothers did engage in more nurturant behavior than boys and other girls during the 2nd work period when all mothers were unemployed and at home. 2) Children of mothers employed during work period 1 did engage in more independent behavior than children of unemployed mothers did; children of employed mothers spent a greater % of their total time alone when their mothers were at the agribusiness than other children. Children of employed mothers particularly girls spent more time in highly engaged activities when their mothers were employed in work period 1 than unemployed mothers children did. Employed mothers children and unemployed mothers daughters reduced their high engagement activities in work period 2. 3) There is some indication that employed mothers children were more disobedient to their mothers at times than unemployed mothers children were to their mothers. 4) Children of employed and unemployed mothers were equally sociable with their peers during both work periods. There were no differences in the amount of normal peer play or in the use of negative behavior between the 2 groups.
Approach to the Patient With a Respiratory Disorder

Patients with respiratory illness typically present with characteristic symptoms. The most common symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath) and cough. Less common symptoms include hemoptysis (coughing up blood) and chest pain. Regardless of which symptoms may be present, a stepwise approach must be taken so that an underlying etiology may be determined. A proper approach always begins with a detailed history regarding the nature of present symptoms, followed by information regarding the patient’s past medical, family, and social history, on which a differential diagnosis can be entertained. A careful physical examination and appropriate diagnostic testing can help narrow the differential so that a diagnosis can be made and a plan for therapy initiated.
Radiation Torque on a Sphere Illuminated with Circularly Polarized Light

Measurements of the radiation torque on a birefringent plate1 provided early macroscopic evidence that the angular momentum per photon in a pure circularly polarized state is ℏ. Recently, the spin-up of small particles illuminated by circularly polarized light was observed.2 Spin-up was apparently due to radiation torques; however, details of the experiment were not given. We calculate the torque on isotropic spheres illuminated by a circularly polarized plane wave. The formulation of the other fundamental cross sections by Mie (1908) and Debye (1909) for homogeneous isotropic spheres give the well-known efficiency factors3 for scattering, absorption, extinction, and radiation pressure usually designated by Qsca, Qabs. Qext, and Qpr, respectively.
Formal Design, Implementation and Verification of Blockchain Languages (Invited Talk)

This invited paper describes recent, ongoing and planned work on the use of the rewrite-based semantic framework K to formally design, implement and verify blockchain languages and virtual machines. Both academic and commercial endeavors are discussed, as well as thoughts and directions for future research and development.
Entanglement entropy and Wilson loop

Abstract We study both entanglement and the Renyi entropies for the 2 dimensional massless Dirac fermions in the presence of topological Wilson loops, which are qualitatively different from those with a chemical potential and a current source. In the language of Z n orbifold theories, the Wilson loop is interpreted as an electric operator while the orbifold twist operator as a magnetic operator. Topological transitions for the generalized entropies are driven by both electric and magnetic parameters via the restriction on the operator's conformal weight. By adapting different normalizations for different topological sectors, we achieve two goals: entanglement entropy can be obtained with a smooth limit from the generalized Renyi entropy, and the entropies are continuous across the different topological sectors that include general Wilson loops winding sectors. We provide exact results for the entropies in infinite space, which depend only on the topological Wilson loops, independent of the chemical potential and the current source.
State of the Science in Deceased Organ Donor Management

Research in deceased organ donor management offers an opportunity to increase the quantity and quality of organs available for transplantation. This article aims to appraise the current literature with a focus on reviewing deceased donor intervention trials. Aggressive critical care management after determination of brain death resulting in meeting of a donor management goal bundle has consistently demonstrated an association with significantly more organs transplanted per donor as well as improved graft outcomes. Although there is a dearth of experience with randomized donor intervention studies, dopamine and targeted mild therapeutic hypothermia have been found to significantly reduce delayed graft function in kidney recipients. Progress in understanding the ethical, legal, regulatory, policy, and organizational elements of organ donor research has provided a mechanism that allows for the endorsement of potentially impactful donor management studies. Ongoing trials should incorporate methods to ensure safety to all organs donated from donors enrolled in interventional trials.
Characterization of dynamics and mechanism in the self-assembly of AOT reverse micelles

Reverse micelles (RMs) are recognized as a paradigm of molecular self-assembly and used in a variety of applications, such as chemical synthesis and molecular structure refinement. Nevertheless, many fundamental properties including their equilibrium size distribution, internal structure, and mechanism of self-assembly remain poorly understood. To provide an enhanced microscopic understanding of the assembly process and resulting structural distribution, we perform multiple nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) RM assembly, quantifying RM size, water core structure, and dynamics. Rapid assembly of smaller RM from a random mixture is observed to establish a constant AOT water loading within a nanosecond consistent with a diffusion-adsorption mechanism validated through the Monte-Carlo simulation of a model system. The structure of RM water cores and RM molecular volume during RM assembly is characterized during the AOT assembly process. A moment-closure equation is developed from a novel master equation model to elucidate the elementary events underlying the AOT self-assembly process. The resulting kinetic model is used to explore the role of monomer addition and dissociation, RM association and dissociation, and RM collision-induced exchange, all dependent on average RM size, which provides fundamental insight regarding the mechanisms and time scales for AOT RM self-assembly. The nascent dynamics that rapidly establish water loading, intermediate time scales of RM fusion, and longer time scale dynamics of inter-RM exchange essential in establishing the equilibrium condition are quantified through these kinetic models. Overall, this work provides insight into AOT RM self-assembly and provides a general theoretical framework for the analysis of the molecular self-assembly dynamics and mechanism.
Identification and targeting of M-phase progression downstream of HER2 in trastuzumab-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer cell lines.

612 Background: It is generally accepted that therapeutic response to HER2-targeted therapy involves both immunological and cell autonomous (signaling) events. We have used a genomic approach to de...
Elegance in Software

Elegance in software is widely recognized by professionals, but not well articulated. Program elegance rests on not only efficiency, as widely acknowledged, but other features that reflect the notion in other creative endeavors where artifacts are built under constraints, such as architecture. We suggest a compendium of minimality, accomplishment, modesty, and revelation, discussion of which reveals some subtleties. Programming experience enhances appreciation of these features, especially the last. Together, they can viewed as a program’s degree of “fit” to the task, raising other questions in common with any problem of the philosophy of aesthetics.
Undergraduate Research Teams That Build Bridges, Produce Publishable Research, and Strengthen Grant Proposals.

Engaging undergraduates in the research process is one of the most rewarding aspects of being a professor because it more deeply connects us to our work and helps shape the professional futures of students by immersing them in the culture of research (including peer-to-peer mentoring and authoring publications; Russell et al., 2007). But there is a real trick to working with undergraduates in a way that both shapes students' futures and produces high-quality, publishable research because mentors must invest a great deal of time developing undergraduates' technical and writing abilities, and this effort is time not spent on the research itself. In this article, we describe a powerful, flexible approach that makes the production of publishable research possible. For context, we teach and conduct research at a small liberal arts college with a population of just over 2,000 undergraduates. Research at primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs) does not benefit from a system of graduate students, post-docs, and paid research staff, so we have found it necessary to develop a structured, team-based approach to faculty-student research that provides excellent mentorship and produces publishable research (see Detweiler-Bedell and Detweiler-Bedell, 2013). Importantly, this team-based model can be put into practice with a broad array of students, including underrepresented and first-generation students. What we have learned in adopting this approach reflects a deeper appreciation of why certain details of faculty-student research (i.e., systematically laddering students' experiences to foster a sense of belonging and increase the efficiency of research) matter as much as they do, as well as the importance of best practices in designing and managing effective teams. Specifically, the most effective teams, according to Hackman (2002): (1) have clear boundaries, interdependence, and stability of membership (yet are semi-permeable) over time; (2) are given and share a compelling direction; (3) utilize a structure that enables teamwork; (4) have a supportive social context; and (5) receive competent coaching to help navigate challenges and take advantage of opportunities. Although it is beyond the scope of this short article to describe every aspect of our approach to structuring and mentoring undergraduate research teams, the value of this approach to a few key aspects of producing publishable research stand out: enhancing students' sense of belonging in order to build bridges to more diverse student populations, teaching collaborative writing, and securing funding for one's research.
Abstract WMP120: Does ICH Volume Affect Onset to Arrival Time?

Background: ICH is a disease of high mortality. Increased hematoma volume has been associated with increased NIHSS severity and worse outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine if hematoma...
VIRTUAL AND AUTHENTIC TENNIS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THREE COMMON TENNIS STROKES PERFORMED BY COLLEGIATE PLAYERS

The purpose of this study was to compare the similarities and differences of three common tennis strokes (i.e., forehand, backhand, and serve) performed by National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I tennis players in an authentic and motion-based video game (MBVG) environment. Moreover, through qualitative focus groups, the perceived effectiveness of using MBVGs as a pedagogical tool was also examined. Video and statistical analyses revealed several positives and negatives of utilizing MBVGs when teaching sports skills, particularly in reference to beginner and experienced tennis athletes. Implications of these findings for physical educators, sport coaches, and sport video game developers are discussed.
Ovine luteinizing hormone: isoforms in the pituitary during the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle and during anestrus.

Pituitaries were collected from late follicular phase (n = 5), mid-luteal phase (n = 5), and anestrous ewes (n = 4) to assess changes in intrapituitary LH heterogeneity at selected reproductive states. After homogenization, an aliquot of each pituitary extract was desalted by flow dialysis against water and chromtofocused on a pH 10.5 to 4.0 gradient. Concentrations of LH in pituitary extracts and chromatofocusing fractions were determined by RIA. The LH in pituitary extracts resolved into 13 isoforms during chromatofocusing, which were coded with letters beginning with the most basic isoform. Follicular and mid-luteal phase ewes exhibited similar distributions of intrapituitary LH among its isoforms. Relative to follicular and luteal phase ewes, anestrous ewes had lower percentages of isoforms D and E as well as higher percentages of isoforms G, H, J and K. Isoform F, the predominant molecular form of LH, constituted a similar percentage in all treatment groups (P > .05). Thus, the distribution of intrapituitary LH among its isoforms did not change significantly between the mid-luteal and follicular phases of the estrous cycle, but higher percentages of the weakly basic and acidic forms of LH were present during anestrus. These observations suggest that intrapituitary LH heterogeneity changes minimally throughout the estrous cycle of ewes during the breeding season.
Impact of asymptomatic bacteriuria incidence and management post-kidney transplantation.

Objective Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most commonly occurring infectious complication following kidney transplantation. Questions remain regarding whether asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) should be treated. The aim was to evaluate the incidence and management of ASB in kidney transplant recipients at a large academic medical center. Methods All subjects receiving an isolated kidney transplant between September 2012 and October 2016, and with at least one ASB episode were included. Demographics, symptomatology, and urine culture data were collected on subjects with bacteriuria in the first year post-transplant. Cultures were classified by symptoms, ASB treatment trends were analyzed, and ASB-to-UTI progression was compared between ASB treatment and non-treatment. Results A total of 527 subjects were transplanted with 64 developing at least one ASB episode. The incidence of ASB was 12.1% and treated 74.6% of the time. Neither lack of ASB treatment (P = 0.463) nor ASB within the first month post-transplant (P = 0.303) were associated with ASB-to-UTI progression. Conclusion Despite high ASB treatment rate, this was not found to be protective against ASB-to-UTI progression. ASB within the first month post-transplant also did not correlate with increased progression risk. These results suggest minimization of ASB treatment in kidney transplant recipients remains an important antimicrobial stewardship target.
Issues of Authenticity in Small Scale Tourism: a Study of the McDisney Experience

The small scale tourist industry began as a rejection of mass tourism and the consumerist ideals associated with it. The search for authentic experience and authentic culture has become synonymous with small scale tourism and backpacker culture. The rejection of mass tourism typically results in a more culture centered approach to tourism which entails more interactions with locals in hopes of an authentic cultural experience. However, in this article I will discuss the issues that arise with the commoditization of culture and the people of that culture when the search for authenticity is informed by western ideals in the case of Central America and the Caribbean. The inequality between tourist and local plays a role in the commoditization. I will also discuss the impact of western culture on tourist destinations which often manifests in inauthentic McDisney towns, stripped of culture and instead cater to the tourist demands. Ultimately, the search for authenticity has too many contradictions embedded in it making it nearly impossible to attain.
Quantifying GPCR allostery and biased signaling

Abstract Drugs and natural ligands induce conformational changes in receptors by selecting for natural active and inactive states of receptors. This process can be modeled by a Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model, which includes in its scheme of equilibriums an isomerization constant for the unoccupied receptor. The isomerization constant typically has a small value that represents the spontaneous activation of the receptor in the absence of ligands (constitutive activity). Allosteric ligands have an effect on the response to an agonist that is indistinguishable from an increase or decrease in the isomerization constant. The nature of allosteric interactions at the GABAA receptor and other ligand-gated ion channels is consistent with the consequences of a MWC model. Many of the allosteric ligands for these receptors act on sites located on interfaces between adjacent subunits or on the transmembrane helices that are distinct from those of the orthosteric site. By contrast, the M2 muscarinic receptor has an allosteric site in the extracellular vestibule that acetylcholine must pass through before entering the orthosteric site. Allosteric interactions at the M2 muscarinic receptor are more complicated than that predicted by the MWC model probably because of the close proximity of the orthosteric and allosteric sites. The affinities of ligands for the active and inactive receptor states provide an unequivocal estimate of ligand bias because these parameters provide the most fundamental measure of how well a ligand induces receptor activation or inhibition. These estimates can be made for ligands interacting with GPCRs by measuring agonist-induced receptor function in the presence of an allosteric agonist or by using both wild type and constitutively active mutant receptors.
MicroArchitectural events and image processing-based hybrid approach for robust malware detection: work-in-progress

To thwart the detection of malware through traditional and emerging approaches, malware development has seen a paradigm of embedding the malware into benign applications. This calls for a localized feature extraction scheme for detecting stealthy malware with more robustness. To address this challenge, we introduce a hybrid approach which utilizes the microarchitectural traces obtained through on-chip embedded hardware performance counters (HPCs) and the application binary for malware detection. The obtained HPCs are fed to multi-stage machine learning (ML) classifier for detecting and classifying the malware. To overcome the challenge of detecting the stealthy malware, image processing based approach is applied in parallel. In this approach, the malware binaries are converted into images, which is further converted into sequences and fed to recurrent neural networks to recognize patterns of stealthy malware. Based on the localized patterns, sequence classification is further applied to perform binary classification and further discover the variation of the identified malware family. Our proposed framework exhibits high resilience to popular obfuscation techniques such as code relocation.
Mechanisms of Anthracycline-Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Metabolism in Tumor Cells.

In this investigation, we examined the effect of anthracycline antibiotics on oxygen radical metabolism in Ehrlich tumor cells. In tumor microsomes and nuclei, doxorubicin increased superoxide anion production in a dose-dependent fashion that appeared to follow saturation kinetics; the apparent and for superoxide formation by these organelles was 124.9 μM and 22.6 nmol/min/mg, and 103.4 μM and 4.8 nmol/min/mg, respectively. In both tumor microsomes and nuclei, superoxide formation required NADPH as a cofactor, was accompanied by the formation of hydrogen peroxide, and resulted from the transfer of electrons from NADPH to the doxorubicin quinone by NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH:ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.4). Anthracycline antibiotics also significantly enhanced superoxide anion production by tumor mitochondria with an apparent and for doxorubicin of 123.2 μM and 14.7 nmol/min/mg. However, drug-stimulated superoxide production by mitochondria required NADH and was increased by rotenone, suggesting that the proximal portion of the electron transport chain in tumor cells was responsible for reduction of the doxorubicin quinone at this site. The net rate of drug-related oxygen radical production was also determined for intact Ehrlich tumor cells; in this system, treatment with doxorubicin produced a dose-related increase in cyanide-resistant respiration that was enhanced by changes in intracellular reducing equivalents. Finally, we found that in the presence of iron, treatment with doxorubicin significantly increased the production of formaldehyde from dimethyl sulfoxide, an indication that the hydroxyl radical could be produced by intact tumor cells following anthracycline exposure. These experiments suggest that the anthracycline antibiotics are capable of significantly enhancing oxygen radical metabolism in Ehrlich tumor cells at multiple intracellular sites by reactions that could contribute to the cytotoxicity of this class of drugs.
Combined Tibial Tubercle Fracture and Patellar Tendon Avulsion: Surgical Technique and Case Report.

Introduction Isolated tibial tubercle fractures or patellar tendon ruptures are common injuries in adolescents. However, combined tubercle fractures with patellar tendon ruptures are rare, and hence, there are no definitive methods of surgical fixation or post-operative protocols. Case report A 13-year-old healthy girl sustained an extensor mechanism injury after the left knee hyperflexion during a fall from skateboarding. On examination, the extensor mechanism was not functional against gravity. Radiographic imaging revealed a displaced tibial tubercle fracture with patella alta, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a concomitant patellar tendon avulsion from the tubercle. From a supine position on a radiolucent table, under general anesthesia and a femoral nerve block, the tibial tubercle fracture was fixed using two fully-threaded cortical screws. The patellar tendon was repaired with Fiber Wire through the Krakow method and secured through a tibial transosseous tunnel. A supplemental Fiber Wire was passed through a patellar tunnel and into a tibial tunnel to mitigate tension on the tendon repair. Post-operative knee motion was limited for 1 week to 60° of passive flexion, and full weight-bearing was permitted in a knee immobilizer. Conclusion Given the rarity of this combined extensor mechanism injury in adolescents and despite several different fixation methods reported in the literature, there is no clearly superior surgical technique. This case demonstrates a technique allowing for stability of the tubercle fracture and robust repair of the patellar tendon that permits early range of motion and weight-bearing.
Comparison of US Federal and Foundation Funding of Research for Sickle Cell Disease and Cystic Fibrosis and Factors Associated With Research Productivity

Importance Sickle cell disease (SCD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) are severe autosomal recessive disorders associated with intermittent disease exacerbations that require hospitalizations, progressive chronic organ injury, and substantial premature mortality. Research funding is a limited resource and may contribute to health care disparities, especially for rare diseases that disproportionally affect economically disadvantaged groups. Objective To compare disease-specific funding between SCD and CF and the association between funding and research productivity. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study examined federal and foundation funding, publications indexed in PubMed, clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, and new drug approvals from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018, in an estimated US population of approximately 90 000 individuals with SCD and approximately 30 000 individuals with CF. Main Outcomes and Measures Federal and foundation funding, publications indexed in PubMed, clinical trial registrations, and new drug approvals. Results From 2008 through 2018, federal funding was greater per person with CF compared with SCD (mean [SD], $2807 [$175] vs $812 [$147];P Conclusions and Relevance The findings show that disparities in funding between SCD and CF may be associated with decreased research productivity and novel drug development for SCD. Increased federal and foundation funding is needed for SCD and other diseases that disproportionately affect economically disadvantaged groups to address health care disparities.
Shear induced supercritical pitchfork bifurcation of pre-buckled bands, from narrow strips to wide plates

Abstract We combine discrete differential geometry (DDG)-based models and desktop experiments to study supercritical pitchfork bifurcation of a pre-compressed elastic plate under lateral end translation, with a focus on its width effect. Based on the ratio among length, width, and thickness, the elastic structures in our study fall into three different structural categories: rods, ribbons, and plates. In order to numerically simulate the mechanical response of these structures, we employ two DDG-based numerical frameworks — Discrete Anisotropic Rods method and Discrete Elastic Plates method. Even though the multi-stability and bifurcation of a narrow strip can be precisely captured by a naive one dimensional rod model, it fails to match with experiments as the ribbon increases in width. A two dimensional approach using a plate model, on the other hand, accurately predicts the geometrically nonlinear deformations and the supercritical pitchfork points for plate even when the width is as large as half of the length. Exploiting the efficiency and robustness of the simulator, we perform a systematic parameter sweep on plate size and lateral displacement to build a phase diagram of different configurations of the elastic plates. We find that the deformed configuration of the nearly developable strips can be described, up to a very good approximation, using the bending and twisting of the centerline. This indicates that a one dimensional energy model for the simulation of nearly developable strips can potentially be developed in the future. The results can serve as a benchmark for future numerical investigations into modeling of ribbons. Our study can also provide guidelines on the choice of the appropriate structural model – rod vs. ribbon vs. plate – in simulation of thin elastic structures.
Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (formally known as acute renal failure) is a common problem in the ICU. AKI is a syndrome characterized by the rapid loss of the kidney’s excretory function and is typically diagnosed by the accumulation of the end products of nitrogen metabolism (urea and creatinine) or decreased urine output or both [1, 2]. Although serum creatinine (Scr) is not a perfect marker of GFR, it is frequently used as a surrogate to estimate GFR. Currently, additional biomarkers are undergoing investigation as more sensitive indicators of AKI (cystatin C, IL-18, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule 1, etc.) [2, 3]. AKI is defined as a twofold or greater increase in Scr, a GFR decrease of >50 % or urine output of <0 mls/kg/h for 12 h [2]. AKI represents a spectrum from risk to kidney injury to kidney failure to complete loss of kidney function. The RIFLE criteria have been used to define and classify AKI (see Table 41.1) [4]. In critically ill patients AKI is usually the result of extrarenal insults, most commonly sepsis, trauma, hypovolemic “shock”, and rhabdomyolysis. The pathophysiology of AKI in patients with sepsis is complex and poorly understood; however decreased renal blood flow does not appear to play a role [2]. AKI occurs in up to two-thirds of ICU patients and that increasing severity of AKI is associated with increasing mortality [5]. Even modest degrees of AKI not resulting in dialysis treatment increase the risk of death approximately fivefold [6]. Coca and colleagues demonstrated that elevations of the Scr less than used in the RIFLE classification are associated with a twofold risk of short-term death [7]. In this study patients with a 10–24 % increase in Scr had a relative risk of death of 1.8 (95 % CI, 1.3–2.5). The mortality of patients who require dialysis has remained in excess of 50 % despite improvements in renal-replacement therapy and aggressive supportive care [8]. It is therefore essential that all efforts be made to avoid this complication; i.e. appropriate fluid resuscitation and avoidance of potentially nephrotoxic drugs. The therapeutic intervention of choice in patients with intravascular volume depletion and oliguria is fluid resuscitation and not furosemide/Lasix™. However, as discussed in Chap. 9, excessive volume resuscitation with a high central venous pressure will “paradoxically” impair renal function (see Chap. 8). A rational evidence-based approach to fluid resuscitation is therefore essential to reduce the risk of renal dysfunction in critically ill patients.
The Multiple Forms of Mushroom Tyrosinase STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE ISOZYMES

The four isozymes of mushroom tyrosinase can be partially resolved by analytical electrophoresis on acrylamide gel. Three of the four have similar sedimentation coefficients around 7.2 S, while that of α-tyrosinase is 6.7 S. The molecular weight of β-tyrosinase, calculated from sedimentation velocity and diffusion data, is 123,800, in good agreement with other published values for mushroom tyrosinase. β-, γ-, and δ-Tyrosinase show similar amino acid compositions, while that of α-tyrosinase is different in several respects. Comparison of tryptic peptide maps point to a close similarity among the isozymes, though the α-isozyme displays some differences. The number of tryptic peptides from each of the isozymes, 22 to 25, is consistent with a tetrameric structure composed of very similar or identical subunits, each containing a total of about 23 base (lysine and arginine) residues. Only one NH2-terminal amino acid, isoleucine, is detected from each isozyme by the dansylation procedure and only one COOH-terminal amino acid, valine, by carboxypeptidase A digestion. Ion exchange chromatography of a tryptic digest of β-tyrosinase has led to the isolation and analysis of 28 peptide fragments, among them the presumed COOH-terminal tripeptide, phenylalanine-alanine-valine.
Lightning leader stepping, K changes, and other observations near an intracloud flash

[1] An intracloud lightning flash in central New Mexico began with the initiation of a negative stepped leader at an altitude of 8.2 km above sea level. As this leader propagated eastward and upward, at 9.1 km above sea level it passed about 200 m to the north of a balloon-borne, electric field-change instrument (Esonde). After the first leader stopped, a second negative stepped leader began near the point of origin of the first leader, but it propagated away from the Esonde. From the changes in the electric vectors and the locations of impulsive radio frequency sources detected by a lightning-mapping array (LMA), we conclude the following: (1) The first negative stepped leader was not preceded by any significant charge rearrangement due to positive leaders. (2) Each step of the first negative leader had both a forward-going wave and a step recoil wave that propagated simultaneously backwards away from the leader tip along the existing channel. The presence of a step recoil wave during each step leads to an explanation for the existence of stepping. (3) After the first (nearby) leader stopped, step recoil waves from the second (distant) leader may have found their way onto the channel formed by the first leader. (4) After the second leader stopped, waves carrying negative charge propagated along the channel of the first leader, producing strong K changes in the electric field at the Esonde and providing a good record of the wavefront shapes.
Threshold based selective survivability for optical WDM mesh networks

This paper presents survivability mechanisms that attempt to improve the overall restoration efficiency of dynamic link restoration in optical WDM mesh networks. The proposed mechanisms make use of network state information such as link load in order to identify critical network sections (such as links or segments) that are subsequently protected by selectively assigning backup capacity ahead of failures. The first approach, termed "threshold based selective link restoration", utilizes existing link load information to identify critical links, and the second approach, termed "threshold based selective segment restoration", employs data-analysis techniques to identify critical segments. The overall goal of the proposed algorithms is to improve the restoration efficiency by providing a trade-off between proactive protection and reactive restoration. The experimental results indicate that under high loads, the proposed approaches maintain a consistent restoration efficiency that is at least 10% when compared to dynamic restoration.
Recontextualizing YouTube: From Macro–Micro to Mass‐Mediated Communicative Repertoires

In this article, I deconstruct the macro–micro dichotomy by arguing that the very same mass-media messages that appear culturally homogenizing (like catchy tunes and phrases) also invite creative recontextualizations (Bauman and Briggs 1990). Moreover, the more widely circulated and mass-produced a message is, the more highly diverse the interactions with it will be. This is because these widely circulating forms become incorporated into individuals' communicative repertoires (Rymes 2010), to be deployed in indeterminate variation. I illustrate this point by first looking at the meteoric rise of the pop artist “Soulja Boy” and his hit, “Crank Dat.” Following the illustration of the circulation and recontextualization of Soulja Boy's hit, I apply this method of analysis to a less seemingly trivial mass-mediated movement—Obama's first presidential campaign. By tracing the pathway of semiotic forms as recontextualized and circulated via YouTube, I demonstrate an empirical approach for studying how widely circulating cultural emblems become incorporated into individual-level communicative repertoires. This approach is important to scholars of Anthropology and Education because, unlike micro–macro approaches, which often rely on a priori demographic or interactional categories for analysis, a repertoire approach provides a nonessentializing way of investigating difference in and out of classrooms.[communicative repertoire, popular culture, discourse analysis, mass media]
Adler’s Menschenkenntnis

Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Viennese physician and founder of individual psychology, proclaimed loudly to Abraham Maslow in 1934 that he had never been a student of Freud’s. Jung said the same thing, but the Encyclopedia Britannica, Ernest Jones, and most of the Freudians who followed Freud said otherwise. Are we to believe the protagonist when he talks about himself? After all, that is what Ernest Jones asked the world to do in his three-volume life of Freud whenever Jones referred to himself. Or should we rely on the allegedly more objective opinion of others? Either is, of course, dangerous if you do not ask about motive, point of view, and precisely when such statements were made. There is no doubt, however, that Adler’s individual psychology is nothing like Freud’s psychoanalysis or Jung’s complex psychology. For himself, Adler focused on Menschenkenntnis, the intuitive, practical understanding of human beings in their natural and social context, and the ways in which the individual developed with regard to social feeling (gemeinschaftsgefuhl). As a result, his theories had a completely different life of their own than any of the other depth psychologies.
Atomistic Origin of Brittle Failure of Boron Carbide from Large-Scale Reactive Dynamics Simulations: Suggestions toward Improved Ductility

Ceramics are strong, but their low fracture toughness prevents extended engineering applications. In particular, boron carbide (B_4C), the third hardest material in nature, has not been incorporated into many commercial applications because it exhibits anomalous failure when subjected to hypervelocity impact. To determine the atomistic origin of this brittle failure, we performed large-scale (∼200 000 atoms/cell) reactive-molecular-dynamics simulations of shear deformations of B_4C, using the quantum-mechanics-derived reactive force field simulation. We examined the (0001)/⟨101¯0⟩ slip system related to deformation twinning and the (011¯1¯)/⟨1¯101⟩ slip system related to amorphous band formation. We find that brittle failure in B_4C arises from formation of higher density amorphous bands due to fracture of the icosahedra, a unique feature of these boron based materials. This leads to negative pressure and cavitation resulting in crack opening. Thus, to design ductile materials based on B_4C we propose alloying aimed at promoting shear relaxation through intericosahedral slip that avoids icosahedral fracture.