cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1221: Microscopy based high throughput screen for the mechanistic analyses of ErbB2 degradation in response to Hsp90-targeted therapeutics

ErbB2 expression is observed in 25 - 30 % of invasive breast cancers and is associated with reduced response to chemotherapy, and shorter time to relapse and reduced overall survival of breast cancer patients. Malignant mammary epithelial cells that overexpress ErbB2 exhibit enhanced proliferation, invasion of mammary tissue and metastasis. The stability of overexpressed mature ErbB2 at the plasma membrane of mammary epithelial cells is critically dependent on its interaction with the chaperone protein, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Thus, Hsp90 promotes the proliferation and survival of malignant mammary epithelial cells and interruption of this interaction is expected to inhibit the growth of ErbB2-overexpressing tumors. 17-AminoAllyl-Geldanamycin (17-AAG), an Hsp90 inhibitor, is a semi-synthetic ansamycin antibiotic currently in phase II clinical trials for breast cancer treatment (www.clinicaltrials.gov). Because it preferentially binds to Hsp90 of the chaperone complex in malignant mammary epithelial cells, treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer with 17-AAG is expected to destabilize ErbB2 and inhibit tumor growth. While a number of Hsp90 client proteins have been identified, ErbB2 is amongst the most sensitive to Hsp90 inhibition. These facts provide strong rationale for using 17-AAG as a part of the targeted therapy against ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. However the cellular machinery responsible for 17-AAG induced degradation of ErbB2 is not completely understood. At present it is unclear whether internalization of ErbB2 occurs via Clathrin-dependent or -independent endocytosis. Furthermore it is unresolved if the degradation of ErbB2 is dependent upon proteasomal or lysosomal proteolysis. And although C-terminus of Hsp70 Interacting Protein (CHIP) and Cullin 5 were identified as E3 ligases responsible for the ubiquitination of ErbB2, it is unknown if these ligases are the sole E3s responsible for the ubiquitnation of ErbB2. Also vague is if the rerouting of ErbB2 from the recycling pathway to the degradative pathway in response to 17-AAG is exclusively dependent upon ubiquitnation. In this current work we attempt to bridge these critical gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms of 17-AAG induced degradation of ErbB2 using an automated microscopy-based analysis to identify genes whose siRNA-dependent suppression reduces 17AAG-induced ErbB2 degradation. We expect that this work will identify additional targets for therapeutic intervention and potential biomarkers of response to breast cancer drug therapy with Hsp90 inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1221. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1221
Defect levels of SnO 2

A theory of the major chemical trends of impurity and vacancy levels in ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ is presented, based on a tight-binding Green's-function calculation. Our results account for the shallowness of levels associated with substitutional ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{\mathrm{Sn}}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{O}}$ centers and the unrelaxed oxygen vacancy. The behavior of defects in ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ is contrasted and discussed in terms of their bulk electronic structures and different coordinations.
Cross resistance to Rabón in the house fly pressured with diazinon in the field and in the laboratory.

Dose-mortality relationships were established for 2 strains of Musca domestica L. exposed as larvae and as adults to Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) and to diazinon. The W strain larvae, which had been pressured with diazinon in the field as both larvae and adults, had higher resistance to both diazinon and Rabon than did larvae of the L strain, which had been pressed as adults with diazinon in the laboratory. However, L strain adults were more resistant to diazinon than were W strain adults and were equally as resistant to Rabon.
True Uric Acid in Hyperuricemia of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia.

SummaryUsing the uricase method for the determination of blood uric acid from 89 to 96% of the hyperuricemia of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia consists of true uric acid.
The quantification of renin liberated in vitro from rat kidney slices.

SummaryA bioassay system for the determination of renin liberated in vitro from surviving rat kidney slices incubated in Warburg vessels is described. The system is based on zero-order enzyme kinetics obtained by incubating rat renin with concentrated dog renin substrate to obtain a K0 for the heterologous enzyme-substrate reaction. The method is accurate over a 1000-fold range of renin concentration from 0.03 to 0.00003 GU/ml which encompasses renin concentrations in incubation media and in rat kidney slices. Preliminary results indicate the liberation of renin in vitro is metabolically dependent and amounts to about 5% of the renin content of the slice during a 2-hr incubation period. The rate of liberation of renin from slices of rat kidneys obtained from rats on a sodium free diet was several times the rate found for slices taken from controls on a normal diet.
Computational Studies of Nucleotide Selectivity in DNA–Carbon Nanotube Hybrids

Using classical molecular mechanical techniques, we have investigated the morphological properties and interaction mechanisms of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) functionalized by DNA. Our simulations evidence sequence preference trends for the homogeneous single-strand DNA on the (6,5) vs the (9,1) SWNTs. The DNA–SWNT interaction strength is ordered as G ≳ A > C > T for (9,1) and A > C > G > T for (6,5) hybrids. This preference in a DNA sequence versus tube chiralities is accompanied by variations in wrapping geometries, demonstrating large wrapping angles (40–60°) for the (6,5) and two ranges of wrapping angles (10–30° and 45–60°) for the (9,1) systems. In addition, we found correlations between the most stable wrapping angles of SWNT–DNA hybrids and the most preferential DNA orientations on the graphene with respect to its lattice vectors, which could elucidate the sensitivity of SWNT–DNA structures to the DNA sequence.
Suicidal Behavior in Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness, with suicide being the second leading cause of death. In addition to frank suicide attempts (some of which are premeditated and some of which are impulsive), many individuals with eating disorders engage in other intentional forms of self-injury, especially those individuals with purging symptomatology. In fact, those who use multiple purging strategies are especially likely to attempt suicide. Prospective predictors of suicidality in this population include having a co-morbid substance use disorder and engaging in laxative abuse. In addition, multiple forms of impulsive behavior are common among those individuals with eating disorders who have attempted suicide. Clinicians working with an eating disordered population must be aware of the high risk of suicidality in order to appropriately assess for, and monitor this risk vigilantly throughout treatment, because we now know that heightened suicide risk may continue even after eating disorder symptoms begin to improve. Thus, careful assessment of suicidal ideation, as well as degree of lethality and intent to die, must be part of the initial, as well as ongoing assessment, in the treatment of individuals with eating disorders.
A Personal Account of How a Scientific Hypothesis Blooms into a Life of Its Own

It was Monday and I was headed for the airport. That weekend had been spent sweating out the data from six previous experiments where long-term brain hypoperfusion had been induced in young and aged rats. My own brain needed a rest and I was looking forward to sleeping for a few hours on the flight from Montreal to Paris where I was scheduled to give a talk the next day.
Youth helmet design in sports with repetitive low- and medium-energy impacts: a systematic review

Concussion awareness in youth sports has increased secondary to recent legislation, public health campaigns, and media coverage. The potential for long-term negative sequelae is now widely recognized and there have been a number of initiatives nationwide to prevent pediatric head injuries, including efforts to design more effective helmets for repetitive impact sports. The primary aim of this review is to systematically assess the literature regarding helmet design in youth sports specifically designed to mitigate repetitive low- and medium-energy impacts. Secondary aims include identifying areas for future research and opportunities for helmet design improvement. A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify articles relating to youth helmet design and biomechanical studies of concussion in youth sports. Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane Review and article citations were used to identify all pertinent English articles between 1971 and January 2016. A total of 14 studies met criteria for inclusion in this review, three of which included clinical outcomes (all Level of Evidence II) and eleven of which included biomechanical outcomes. The vast majority focused on adolescents playing football. Six of the biomechanical studies demonstrated improved biomechanical metrics in helmets with increasing foam thickness and number of foam layers. Two clinical studies also seem to support this concept, with significant caveats. To date, there are limited clinical and biomechanical data on youth helmet design. There is a need for further research in order to optimize helmet design and reduce the number and severity of pediatric sports-related head injuries.
Molecular Detection of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia: Innovations in Early Detection and Screening

Emerging molecular tools promise to extend the diagnostic reach of the endoscopist and open doors to population screening for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. This review briefly addresses biological considerations in marker detection and types of markers, highlights examples of tools under development at each organ site, and appraises the possibility of universal GI cancer screening. The outlook is positive, but further technical refinement and rigorous clinical validation are needed before most of these new approaches are ready for clinical application.
On Second Solutions to Second-Order Difference Equations

We investigate and derive second solutions to linear homogeneous second-order difference equations using a variety of methods, in each case going beyond the purely formal solution and giving explicit expressions for the second solution. We present a new implementation of d'Alembert's reduction of order method, applying it to linear second-order recursion equations. Further, we introduce an iterative method to obtain a general solution, giving two linearly independent polynomial solutions to the recurrence relation. In the case of a particular confluent hypergeometric function for which the standard second solution is not independent of the first, i.e. the solutions are degenerate, we use the corresponding differential equation and apply the extended Cauchy-integral method to find a polynomial second solution for the difference equation. We show that the standard d'Alembert method also generates this polynomial solution.
13 – What's Special about Development? Thoughts on the Bases of Experience-Sensitive Synaptic Plasticity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that development, adulthood, and aging represent a continuum, with many processes continuing throughout life, particularly those involved with the storage of extrinsically originating information. The term information storage is used in a very broad sense in the chapter to include events ranging from the effects of early developmental organizational processes, such as steroid hormone modification of hypothalamic organization, through later organization of sensory system function by use, to learning and memory of the very specific nature characteristic of the adult mammalian nervous system. While a basic mechanism of developmental brain organization appears to be carried forward for use in information storage in adulthood, the mechanisms governing its occurrence appear to be different. It is proposed that, in the case of expected experience in the developing organism, synaptogenesis is triggered largely independently of the event providing information to be incorporated, occurs on a system-wide basis, for example, primary visual cortex, and is restricted to a brief period, during or following which selection mechanisms operate to determine the pattern of organization that will survive. In the later experience-dependent process, as both the timing and character of the to-be-stored information is unpredictable, synaptogenesis is proposed to be triggered by the information providing event, to occur locally among activated neurons, and to occur throughout much, if not all, of the life of the organism.
Intra-system reliability of SICS: video-tracking system (Digital.Stadium®) for performance analysis in soccer.

BACKGROUND: The correct evaluation of external load parameters is a key factor in professional football. The instrumentations usually utilised to quantify the external load parameters during official matches are Video-Tracking Systems (VTS). VTS is a technology that records two- dimensional position data (x and y) at high sampling rates (over 25 Hz). The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra-system reliability of Digital.Stadium® VTS. METHODS: 28 professional male football players taking part in the Italian Serie A (age 24 ± 6 years, body mass 79.5 ± 7.8 kg, stature 1.83 ± 0.05 m) during the 2015/16 season were enrolled in this study (Team A and Team B). Video-analysis was done during an official match and data analysis was performed immediately after the game ended and then replicated a week later. RESULTS: This study reported a near perfect relationship between the initial analysis (analysis 1) and the replicated analysis undertaken a week later (analysis 2). R2 coefficients were highly significant for each of the performance parameters, p < 0.001. This study reported a mean TD = 8095 ± 3271 and 8073 ± 3263 m in analysis 1 and analysis 2, respectively. Players reported a mean distance covered over 25 w kg-1 equivalent to 1304 ± 673 m and 1294 ± 672 m, and they reported a mean metabolic power of 9.65 ± 1.64 w kg-1 and 9.58 ± 1.61 w kg-1, in analysis 1 and analysis 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reported in this study underlined that all data reported by Digital.Stadium® VTS showed high levels of absolute and relative reliability.
The Hermeneutics of the Natural Sciences

One of the most creative transitions in twentieth-century philosophy is explicitly recorded only in a footnote to an appendix to a translation into English of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s book, Wahrheit und Methode. The obscurity of this reference conceals the fact that this transition was the work of Patrick Heelan. It was he who succeeded in showing Gadamer, against the widespread academic opinion, that the intellectual operations of the natural sciences embody indispensable elements of interpretation that make them effectively “hermeneutic.” To this day, scholars of the Frankfurt School — I have in mind particularly Karl Otto Apel and Albrecht Wellmer, with whom I have debated this point at the New School of Social Research — assume the essential rightness of a naive positivism in the philosophy of natural science, and use it to support a hard line opposition between Physics on the one hand, and History, or Sociology, on the other. Patrick Heelan has always been careful to avoid that oversimplification, and my aim in this paper is to ask why, despite his good example, so many of our colleagues are still tempted to go down this cul-de-sac.
The Effects of Pay Differential on Social Undermining and Performance via Envy

Taking the self-evaluation maintenance model (Tesser, 1988) perspective, we develop a self-based model of pay differential effects. In this model, we show how emotion, specifically envy emotion, pl...
Liver Transplant for Unusually Large Polycystic Liver Disease: Challenges and Pitfalls

Patients with polycystic liver disease are described in the literature as both recipient and donor for liver transplant. Due to well-preserved liver function, it is often difficult for these patients to receive an organ. Livers of these patients are often large and heavier than a normal organ. We describe two cases who had exceedingly large livers, weighing 14 and 19 kg. To the best of our knowledge and search, these are some of the heaviest explanted livers, and one of the patients incidentally received a liver from a donor with ADPKD. The aim of this report is to discuss the challenges and pitfalls of evaluating and listing, technical aspect of the transplant, possibility of transplanting a liver from a donor with a genetic cystic disease to a cystic disease recipient, and the related literature with some highlights on the facts from UNOS/OPTN data.
Utility of Lithium in Rare-Earth Metal Reduction Reactions to Form Nontraditional Ln2+ Complexes and Unusual [Li(2.2.2-cryptand)]1+ Cations.

The utility of lithium compared to other alkali metals in generating Ln2+ rare-earth metal complexes via reduction of Ln3+ precursors in reactions abbreviated as LnA3/M (Ln = rare-earth metal; A = anionic ligand; M = alkali metal) is described. Lithium reduction of Cp′3Ln (Cp′ = C5H4SiMe3; Ln = Y, Tb, Dy, Ho) under Ar in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) forms new examples of crystallographically characterizable Ln2+ complexes of these metals, [Li(crypt)][Cp′3Ln]. In each complex, lithium is found in an N2O4 donor atom coordination geometry that is unusual for the cryptand ligand. Magnetic susceptibility data on these new examples of nontraditional divalent lanthanide complexes are consistent with 4fn5d1 electronic configurations. The Dy and Ho complexes have exceptionally high single-ion magnetic moments, 11.35 and 11.67 μB, respectively. Lithium reduction of Cp′3Y under N2 at −35 °C forms the Y2+ complex (Cp′3Y)1–, which reduces dinitrogen upon warming to room temperature to generate the (N2)2– com...
Confirmatory Analysis of an Ethics Instrument for Corrections

In this research, we quantify the difference in correctional officers’ ethical standards, as perceived by both officers and inmates. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and higher order modeling wer...
Predictors of DMPA-SC continuation among urban Nigerian women: the influence of counseling quality and side effects.

Abstract Objectives In 2015, private healthcare providers in Nigeria introduced DMPA-SC (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate administered subcutaneously) into the method mix. We aimed to [1] examine the sociodemographic predictors of continued DMPA-SC use after 3 months, and [2] characterize the additional influences of contraceptive counseling quality and experiences of side effects on continuation. Study design From March to August, 2016, we conducted phone interviews with a convenience sample of women obtaining DMPA-SC from selected providers to survey them about their experience obtaining an initial dose of DMPA-SC. Study coordinators contacted women again about 3 months later after when they were due for reinjection. We used logistic regressions to examine the likelihood of having obtained a subsequent dose of DMPA-SC at follow-up as predicted by sociodemographic characteristics, a quality of counseling indicator based on responses to a 14-item scale, and reports of side effects experienced. Results Of the 541 DMPA-SC users who completed the first survey, 311 were reached again via phone after 3 months to conduct a second survey. Multivariate results for sociodemographic predictors of continued DMPA-SC use show that those with some college education or more (OR=2.79; 95% CI: 1.09–7.14), and those with four or more children (OR=2.89; 95% CI: 1.09 0 7.67) were more likely to obtain another dose. Our summary quality measure showed that women overall rated the quality of their initial counseling session high. Logistic regressions indicated that higher quality during the initial counseling session is related to the likelihood of getting another dose of DMPA-SC (OR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.12–3.47) whereas experiencing more bleeding reduced the likelihood of continuation after 3 months (OR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.07–0.34). Conclusions Among urban Nigerian women, both counseling quality and experiencing side effects were important factors in predicting continued use of DMPA-SC after 3 months. These findings are consistent with previous studies of DMPA and injectable contraception continuation. Implications New contraceptive methods that are designed for increased access and ease of use, combined with high quality provision, have potential to increase contraceptive use in settings with low levels of contraceptive prevalence. Higher quality counseling can help encourage women's continuation of a new injectable contraceptive method at 3 months.
Learning from Different Teachers

We introduce a new model of a learner learning an unknown concept from examples with a teacher's help. In such models, “outright coding” refers to a situation in which the teacher sends the learner a representation of the concept, either directly or encoded via the examples. Previous models have used adversarial learners or adversarial teachers to try to prevent outright coding. Our model is an attempt to reflect more directly some of the reasons that outright coding is not a common mode of human learning. We model the learner as a Turing machine with oracle access to another programming system, called its “function box.” The programming system in its function box is initially unknown to the learner. The target concept is a partial recursive function and the goal of the learner is to find in its function box a function that is equal to or extends the target concept. We exhibit a class of learner/teacher pairs in which the learner can learn any partial recursive function, provided that the learner's function box is “not too much slower” than the teacher's. This result is shown not to hold if the learner's function box can contain an arbitrary acceptable programming system.
The Potential Benefits of Diet and Physical Activity Among Active Surveillance Patients with Low-Burden Prostate Cancer

There are limited studies to date evaluating the potential benefits of diet and lifestyle modifications on the risk of prostate cancer progression among men on active surveillance. Men electing active surveillance may have the most to gain from lifestyle modifications that reduce risk of progression given that they are not pursuing active treatment. In this chapter, we review and summarize current research reports focused on modifiable lifestyle risk factors for prostate cancer progression, with an emphasis on men electing active surveillance. Overall, current evidence suggests that there are several ways men with prostate cancer on active surveillance can minimize their risk of progression or other comorbidity, including obtaining a healthy weight; being physically active at least 30 min per day and including moderate to vigorous exercise if able; quitting smoking; consuming a diet rich in vegetables, especially cooked tomatoes and cruciferous vegetables; and limiting consumption of red meat, poultry with skin, saturated fat, or processed meat (including processed poultry). Men should also be cautious of vitamins or nutritional supplements that have unproven scientific benefits in humans. The usage of vitamin supplements among men with cancer will vary based on individual nutritional needs and other comorbidities; thus, it is recommended that men discuss nutritional supplement use with their doctors before consuming them. This practical advice is very similar to that which would be recommended for prevention of other common chronic diseases, such as heart disease or diabetes.
Vertebrate Visitors—Birds and Mammals

Different birds and mammals visit caves around the world but only some are cave-dwellers or cavernicoles. Except for those species that do not avoid caves but use them only sometimes, we recognize regional and regular cavernicoles restricted only to areas with caves. Caves are shelters for resting and mating, wintering and den sites, and roosting or nesting sites. In some cases caves are important habitat for some rare species. Several predators visit caves to find bats as prey. All cave visitors have an important impact on cave ecology. Some fruit bats and birds in caves are harvested by humans, and bat roosting sites are usually disturbed. In the past ancient man had to compete with some other mammals for den caves. “Artificial caves” created by humans are new shelters for some formerly cave-dwelling animals. Most of the cavernicolous bats and their droppings (guano) in caves are of direct economic importance, but some roosting sites and cave dens are problematic for public health.
Classes of Forces

The important long-term forces in rocks arise from gravity and from contact between parts of rock systems.
Lipid-dependent deposition of alpha-synuclein and Tau on neuronal Secretogranin II-positive vesicular membranes with age.

This report demonstrates insoluble alpha-synuclein (aSYN)+ aggregates in human sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD) midbrain that are linearly correlated with loss of glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity. To identify early protein-lipid interactions that coincide with loss of lipid homeostasis, an aging study was carried out in mice with age-dependent reductions in GCase function. The analysis identified aberrant lipid-association by aSYN and hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) in a specific subset of neurotransmitter-containing, Secretogranin II (SgII)+ large, dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) responsible for neurotransmission of dopamine and other monoamines. The lipid vesicle-accumulation was concurrent with loss of PSD-95 suggesting synaptic destabilization. aSYN overexpression in the absence of lipid deregulation did not recapitulate the abnormal association with SgII+ vesicles. These results show lipid-dependent changes occur with age in neuronal vesicular membrane compartments that accumulate lipid-stabilized aSYN and pTau.
Constraints on Recreation Among People of Color: Toward a New Constraints Model

This paper reports on the findings of a study that examined constraints on leisure experienced by African American, Latinx and Asian users and nonusers of recreation programs offered by a park dist...
Gender identity in childhood: A review of the literature:

We review theory and research on the assessment, development, and consequences of individual differences in gender identity, as studied among ordinary school children. Gender identity encompasses c...
Individual Differences in Emotional States

In the previous chapters, the issues of enduring emotional states, their developmental changes, and specific response measures were discussed. Scale construction and the internal properties of the scales were described. In this chapter, the results from the administration of the scales are discussed. Of particular interest are the individual differences in emotions observed when administering the scales.
Using the electromagnetic induction survey method to examine the depth to clay soil layer (Bt horizon) in playa wetlands

Sediment accumulation has been and continues to be a significant threat to the integrity of the playa wetland ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine the vertical depth to the clay soil layer (Bt horizon) and thus to calculate the thickness of sediments accumulated in playa wetlands. This study used the electromagnetic induction (EMI) survey method, specifically EM38-MK2 equipment, to measure the vertical depth to the clay soil layer at the publicly managed wetlands in the Rainwater Basin, Nebraska, USA. The results indicated that the depth to the clay soil layer ranges from 21 to 78 cm (n = 279) with a mean sediment thickness of 39 cm. The annual sediment deposition rate since human settlement in the 1860s was calculated to be 0.26 cm year−1. The results provided science-based data to support future wetland restoration planning and the development of decision support tools that prioritize conservation delivery efforts. Our research confirmed that the EMI technique is effective and efficient at determining the depth to the Bt horizon for playa wetlands. Additionally, these results supported previous studies and continue to indicate that a large amount of sediment has accrued in these playa wetlands within the Rainwater Basin area since settlement. Wetland restoration ecologists can use this information to prioritize future wetland restoration work that intends to remove culturally accumulated sediments above the clay soil layer. These findings provided a contemporary summary of wetland soil profile information that is typically used to develop restoration plans. This research also filled the critical knowledge gap about the thickness of the upper soils and the depth to Bt in publicly managed wetlands.
Concurrent atomistic-continuum modeling of crystalline materials

In this work, we present a concurrent atomistic-continuum (CAC) method for modeling and simulation of crystalline materials. The CAC formulation extends the Irving-Kirkwood procedure for deriving transport equations and fluxes for homogenized molecular systems to that for polyatomic crystalline materials by employing a concurrent two-level description of the structure and dynamics of crystals. A multiscale representation of conservation laws is formulated, as a direct consequence of Newton's second law, in terms of instantaneous expressions of unit cell-averaged quantities using the mathematical theory of distributions. Finite element (FE) solutions to the conservation equations, as well as fluxes and temperature in the FE representation, are introduced, followed by numerical examples of the atomic-scale structure of interfaces, dynamics of fracture and dislocations, and phonon thermal transport across grain boundaries. In addition to providing a methodology for concurrent multiscale simulation of transport processes under a single theoretical framework, the CAC formulation can also be used to compute fluxes (stress and heat flux) in atomistic and coarse-grained atomistic simulations.In this work, we present a concurrent atomistic-continuum (CAC) method for modeling and simulation of crystalline materials. The CAC formulation extends the Irving-Kirkwood procedure for deriving transport equations and fluxes for homogenized molecular systems to that for polyatomic crystalline materials by employing a concurrent two-level description of the structure and dynamics of crystals. A multiscale representation of conservation laws is formulated, as a direct consequence of Newton's second law, in terms of instantaneous expressions of unit cell-averaged quantities using the mathematical theory of distributions. Finite element (FE) solutions to the conservation equations, as well as fluxes and temperature in the FE representation, are introduced, followed by numerical examples of the atomic-scale structure of interfaces, dynamics of fracture and dislocations, and phonon thermal transport across grain boundaries. In addition to providing a methodology for concurrent multiscale simulation of transpo...
Unusual Ingredients: Gastronationalism, Globalization, Technology, and Zeppelins in the Lithuanian Imagination

This project focuses on a Lithuanian dish—a potato dumpling—known as the “zeppelin” to examine the construction of national food at two different historical moments—the turn of the 20 th and the 21 st centuries. In examining nation building as an everyday practice that is embedded in global cultural, economic, and technological transformations, this paper is an attempt to rethink a particular instance of East European nationalism beyond its current designation as agrarian, historical, and reactionary to understanding dynamic tensions surrounding its reproduction. First, I argue that the birth of national food in the 1920s and 1930s was deeply embedded in the processes of modernization and industrialization that allowed new ways to imagine the global, and, second, my research demonstrates that experiences of alterity continue to permeate national imaginaries in the Europeanising Baltics.
Accurate and Efficient Spectral Methods for Elliptic PDEs in Complex Domains

We develop accurate and efficient spectral methods for elliptic PDEs in complex domains using a fictitious domain approach. Two types of Petrov–Galerkin formulations with special trial and test functions are constructed, one is suitable only for the Poisson equation but with a rigorous error analysis, the other works for general elliptic equations but its analysis is not yet available. Our numerical examples demonstrate that our methods can achieve spectral convergence, i.e., the convergence rate only depends on the smoothness of the solution.
Growth disadvantage associated with centrosome amplification drives population-level centriole number homeostasis

The centriole duplication cycle normally ensures that centriole number is maintained at two centrioles per G1 cell. However, some circumstances can result in an aberrant increase in centriole number-a phenotype that is particularly prevalent in several types of cancer. Following an artificial increase in centriole number without tetraploidization due to transient overexpression of the kinase PLK4, human cells return to a normal centriole number during the proliferation of the population. We examine the mechanisms responsible for this return to normal centriole number at the population level in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. We find that the return to normal centriole number in the population of induced cells cannot be explained by limited duplication of centrioles, instability of extra centrioles, or by grossly asymmetric segregation of extra centrioles in mitosis. However, cells with extra centrioles display heterogenous phenotypes including extended cell cycle arrest, longer interphase durations, and death, which overall results in a proliferative disadvantage relative to normal cells in the population. Although about half of cells with extra centrioles in a population were able to divide, the extent of the disadvantages conferred by other fates is sufficient to account for the observed rate of return to normal centriole number. These results suggest that only under conditions of positive selection for cells with extra centrioles, continuous generation of such centrioles, or alleviation of the disadvantageous growth phenotypes would they be maintained in a population.
Molecular image-convolutional neural network (CNN) assisted QSAR models for predicting contaminant reactivity toward OH radicals: Transfer learning, data augmentation and model interpretation

Abstract In this study, we used molecular images as a representation for organic compounds and combined them with a convolutional neural network (CNN) to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for predicting compound rate constants toward OH radicals. We applied transfer learning and data augmentation to train molecular image-CNN models and the Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) method to interpret them. Results showed that data augmentation and transfer learning can effectively enhance the robustness and predictive performance of the models, with the root-mean-square-error (RMSE) values on the test dataset (RMSEtest) decreasing from (0.395–0.45) to (0.284–0.339) after applying data augmentation, and the RMSE on the training dataset (RMSEtrain) decreasing from (0.452–0.592) to (0.123–0.151) after applying transfer learning. The obtained molecular image-CNN models showed comparative predictive performance (RMSEtest 0.284–0.339) with the molecular fingerprint-based models (RMSEtest 0.30–0.35). Grad-CAM interpretation showed that the molecular image-CNN models correctly chose the molecular features in the images and identified key functional groups that influenced the reactivity. The applicability domain analysis showed that the molecular image-CNN models have a broader applicability domain than molecular fingerprints-based models and the reactivity of any new compounds with a maximum similarity of over 0.85 to the compounds in the training dataset can be reliably predicted. This study demonstrated that molecular image-CNN is a new tool to develop QSARs for environmental applications and can be used to build trustful models that make meaningful predictions.
Overcoming Borrowing Stigma: The Design of Lending-of-Last-Resort Policies

How should the lender of last resort provide liquidity to banks during periods of financial distress? During the 2008-2010 crisis, banks avoided borrowing from the Fed's long-standing discount window (DW), but actively participated in its special monetary program, the Term Auction Facility (TAF), although both programs had the same borrowing requirements. Using an adverse selection model with endogenous borrowing decisions, we explain why two programs suffer from different stigma and how the introduction of TAF incentivized banks' borrowing. Empirically, we combine several data sources to confirm our main theoretical predictions.
Loss Mitigation Techniques for a Novel Toroidal Permanent Magnet Motor

This paper analyzes the losses of a high torque density toroidal permanent magnet motor has. The motor has a rotor wrapping around the stator in a circular shape in order to maximize the electromagnetic interaction with in the motor volume. The toroidal motor is simulated using 3D finite element analysis and the results show that the proposed configuration can achieve torque densities higher than radial and axial flux permanent magnet machines. However, it also has high magnet eddy current losses that could potentially limit the machine efficiency and reliability. Several techniques for magnet loss reduction are proposed including magnet orientation, material composition, position, and segmentation as well as winding configuration. These modifications led to a high efficiency - high torque density toroidal motor with only 1.3% of the magnet eddy current loss of the original design.
Prediction of Child Competence from Maternal Beliefs and Behaviors During Infancy

Research on parental attitudes, beliefs, and values and observational studies of maternal behavior during infancy provide a basis for a longitudinal study of maternal predictors of child academic competence. A review of research on parent beliefs and values contributes to the development of a concept of parental modernity. Integration of previous factor analyses of observations of maternal behavior during infancy with the factor analyses of this research reveals two major dimensions that can probably be replicated in future studies. Factor analyses of teacher ratings of child adaptive behavior differentiate child academic competence from two major factors of child social-emotional adjustment. Longitudinal analyses reveal that modern parent beliefs and behaviors are significantly correlated with child academic competence. A discussion of relationships among constructs of parental modernity, individual modernity, and societal modernity and their probable relationship to historical increases in mental test scores supports an environmental interpretation of correlations between maternal behavior and child competence.
Systematic Enumeration of sp3 Nanothreads

Slow decompression of crystalline benzene in large-volume high-pressure cells has recently achieved synthesis of a novel one-dimensional allotrope of sp3 carbon in which stacked columns of benzene molecules rehybridize into an ordered crystal of nanothreads. The progenitor benzene molecules function as six-valent one-dimensional superatoms with multiple binding sites. Here we enumerate their hexavalent bonding geometries, recognizing that the repeat unit of interatomic connectivity (“topological unit cell”) need not coincide with the crystallographic unit cell, and identify the most energetically favorable cases. A topological unit cell of one or two benzene rings with at least two bonds interconnecting each adjacent pair of rings, accommodates 50 topologically distinct nanothreads, 15 of which are within 80 meV/carbon atom of the most stable member. Optimization of aperiodic helicity reveals the most stable structures to be chiral. We generalize Euler’s rules for ring counting to cover this new form of v...
Optimal information security investment with penetration testing

Penetration testing, the deliberate search for potential vulnerabilities in a system by using attack techniques, is a relevant tool of information security practitioners. This paper adds penetration testing to the realm of information security investment. Penetration testing is modeled as an information gathering option to reduce uncertainty in a discrete time, finite horizon, player-versus-nature, weakest-link security game. We prove that once started, it is optimal to continue penetration testing until a secure state is reached. Further analysis using a new metric for the return on penetration testing suggests that penetration testing almost always increases the per-dollar efficiency of security investment.
Low Drift Zener-based voltage reference

This paper presents an alternative architecture for a Monolithic IC Buried Zener-type voltage reference implemented on a 0.6μm BICMOS process. Low supply voltage, good power supply rejection, reduced process dependency, low Long Term Drift (LTD) with capability of an easy and effective Temperature Coefficient (TC) trim are all features of the presented architecture. Good simulated performance and very promising silicon results with standard deviation of 9.31mV, a mean value of 4.786V and temperature coefficient after trimming of less than 1.5ppm/°C were obtained for all tested parts.
Abstract 3571: mRNA spike-in control materials for cancer fusion gene detection assays

Oncogenic fusion genes underlie the mechanism of several common cancers and also constitute or encode important diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Studies using next-generation sequencing technologies, particularly RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), have revealed a growing number of recurrent fusions in a variety of cancers. As such, establishing analytic parameters, including the limit of detection, sensitivity, and specificity of detecting fusions in tumor RNA specimens is important. We have developed reference materials useful in assessing the ability to detect fusion events in RNA or DNA samples. These consist of a set of nine synthetic poly-adenylated RNA transcripts that correspond to common cancer fusion gene sequences. These synthetic fusion RNAs can be spiked at known concentrations into total RNA in the first stage of the mRNA sample prep and used as in-line controls to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of these mutations. As a demonstration of the utility of these controls, we performed a series of spike-in experiments to investigate performance characteristics of three commonly used fusion-detection software algorithms. Our results show all three algorithms to be capable of detecting fusions in a dose-dependent manner. The results also show differences in performance among the algorithms for detecting specific fusions. Citation Format: Winnie Liang, Stephanie JK Pond, Waibhav D. Tembe, Han-Yu Chuang, Christophe Legendre, Nancy Kim, Valerie Montel, Shukmei Wong, Timothy K. McDaniel, David Craig, John Carpten. mRNA spike-in control materials for cancer fusion gene detection assays. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3571. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3571
The effects of earthward directed interplanetary coronal mass ejections on near‐Earth S band signal links

[1] Human space exploration is expected to enter its next phase in the coming decades as the United States prepares to return to the Moon or perhaps venture even further with a crewed mission to a near-Earth asteroid. Both mission classes are viewed by NASA as precursors of eventual crewed missions to Mars. In anticipation of extensive robotic and human presence in the space environment beyond the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere, it is important to better quantify and bound effects of earthward directed solar storms not just on the human body but also on engineering signals. In this paper, we study the effects of solar storms on S band (∼2.3 GHz) radio links in the near-Earth environment, primarily for application to navigation. In particular, we are concerned with induced long-period signatures on Doppler tracking data that could be confused with the Earth's gravity signature, resulting in perturbed trajectory solutions of returning spacecraft during Earth entry targeting. We have quantified “worst-case” levels of such induced signatures on S band signal phase using model predictions based on measured in situ charged particle content from satellites and have compared these results with signatures seen in actual tracking data during periods of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME) and related geomagnetic storms. We show that induced Doppler can mask Earth gravity field effects in navigation trajectory solutions at S band, a commonly used frequency for near-Earth communications and navigation. Finally, we suggest a few ways that such effects can be identified, alleviated or eliminated in near real-time.
Learning-Based Driver Workload Estimation

A popular definition of workload is given by O’Donnell and Eggmeir, which states that “The term workload refers to that portion of the operator’s limited capacity actually required to perform a particular task” [1]. In the vehicle environment, the “particular task” refers to both the vehicle control, which is the primary task, and other secondary activities such as listening to the radio. Three major types of driver workload are usually studied, namely, visual, manual, and cognitive. Auditory workload is not treated as a major type of workload in the driving context because the auditory perception is not considered as a major requirement to perform a driving task. Even when there is an activity that involves audition, the driver is mostly affected cognitively. Lately, the advanced computer and telecommunication technology is introducing many new in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), which give drivers more convenient and pleasant driving experiences. Active research is being conducted to provide IVISs with both high functionality and high usability. On the usability side, driver’s workload is a heated topic advancing in at least two major directions. One is the offline assessment of the workload imposed by IVISs, which can be used to improve the design of IVISs. The other effort is the online workload estimation, based on which IVISs can provide appropriate service at appropriate time, which is usually termed as Workload Management . For example, the incoming phone call may be delayed if the driver is engaged in a demanding maneuver. Among the three major types of driver workload, cognitive workload is the most difficult to measure. For example, withdrawing hands from the steering wheel to reach for a coffee cup requires extra manual workload. It also may require extra visual workload in that the position of the cup may need to be located. Both types of workload are directly measurable through such observations as hands-off-wheel and eyes-offroad time. On the other hand, engaging in thinking (the so-called minds-off-road phenomenon) is difficult to detect. Since the cognitive workload level is internal to the driver, it can only be inferred based on the information that is observable. In this chapter, we report some of our research results on driver’s cognitive workload estimation. After the discussion of the existing practices, we propose a new methodology to design driver workload estimation systems, that is, using machine-learning techniques to derive optimized models to index workload. The advantage of this methodology will be discussed, followed by the presentation of some experimental results. This chapter concludes with discussion of future work.