cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Economic Screening of Improved Oil Recovery Methods with Emphasis on Injection Profile Control Including Waterflooding, Polymer Flooding and a Thermally Activated Deep Diverting Gel

The large volume of water produced during the extraction of oil presents a significant problem due to the high cost of disposal in an environmentally friendly manner. On average, an estimated seven barrels of water is produced per barrel of oil in the US alone and the associated treatment and disposal cost is an estimated $5-10 billion. Besides making oil-water separation more complex, produced water also causes problems such as corrosion in the wellbore, decline in production rate and ultimate recovery of hydrocarbons and premature well or field abandonment. Water production can be more problematic during waterflooding in a highly heterogeneous reservoir with vertical communication between layers leading to unevenness in the flood front, cross-flow between high and low permeability layers and early water breakthrough from high permeability layers. Some of the different technologies that can be used to counteract this involve reducing the mobility of water or using a permeability block in the higher permeability, swept zones. This research was initiated to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the latter method, known as deep diverting gels (DDG) to plug thief zones deep within the reservoir and far from the injection well. To evaluate the performance of DDG, its injection was modeled, sensitivities run for a range of reservoir characteristics and conditions and an economic analysis was also performed. The performance of the DDG was then compared to other recovery methods, specifically waterflooding and polymer flooding from a technical and economic perspective. A literature review was performed on the background of injection profile control methods, their respective designs and technical capabilities. For the methods selected, Schlumberger's Eclipse software was used to simulate their behavior in a reservoir using realistic and simplified assumptions of reservoir characteristics and fluid properties. The simulation results obtained were then used to carry out economic analyses upon which conclusions and recommendations are based. These results show that the factor with the largest impact on the economic success of this method versus a polymer flood was the amount of incremental oil produced. By comparing net present values of the different methods, it was found that the polymer flood was the most successful with the highest NPV for each configuration followed by DDG.
Activation of JNK and xanthine oxidase by TNF-α impairs nitric oxide-mediated dilation of coronary arterioles

Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, are associated with coronary artery disease. However, it is unclear whether vasodilator function of coronary resistance arterioles is susceptible to TNF. Herein, we examined whether TNF can affect endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated dilation of coronary arterioles to adenosine and whether inflammatory signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinases, ceramide sphingolipids, and oxidative stress are involved in the TNF-mediated effect. To eliminate confounding influences associated with in vivo preparations, coronary arterioles from porcine heart were isolated and pressurized without flow for in vitro study. Intraluminal treatment with TNF (1 ng/ml, 90 min) significantly attenuated the NO release and vasodilation to adenosine. This inhibitory effect was not observed in denuded vessels or in the presence of NO synthase inhibitor l-NMMA. Histochemical data showed that superoxide production and JNK phosphorylation in arteriolar endothelial cells was enhanced by TNF. Administration of superoxide scavenger or inhibitors of ceramide-activated protein kinase (dimethylaminopurine), JNK (SP600125 and dicumarol), and xanthine oxidase (allopurinol) reduced superoxide production as well as restored NO release and vasodilation to adenosine. Conversely, the effects of TNF were insensitive to inhibitors of p38 (SB203580), ERK (PD98059), NAD(P)H oxidase (apocynin), or mitochondrial respiratory chain (rotenone). These data indicate that TNF inhibits endothelium-dependent NO-mediated dilation of coronary arterioles by ceramide-induced activation of JNK and subsequent production of superoxide via xanthine oxidase. Because myocardial ischemia augments adenosine production and elevates TNF level, inhibiting adenosine-stimulated endothelial release of NO by TNF could contribute to inadequate regulation of coronary blood flow during the development of ischemic heart disease.
Activation of the cell stress kinase PKR in Alzheimer’s disease and human amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice

Accumulation of amyloid beta peptides (Abeta) in the brain, which is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is associated with progressive damage to neuronal processes resulting in extensive neuritic dystrophy. This process may contribute to cognitive decline, but it is not known how Abeta elicits neuritic injury. Our analysis of AD brains and related transgenic mouse models suggests an involvement of the interferon-induced serine-threonine protein kinase, PKR, which is best known for its activation upon binding to double-stranded RNA. PKR activation is a component of stress-activated pathways that mobilize somatic cell death programs, but its roles in neurological disease largely remain to be defined. An antibody specific to the activated form of PKR (phosphorylated at T451) was used to determine the pattern of PKR activation in postmortem brain tissues from humans or from transgenic mice that express high levels of familial AD-mutant human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) and hAPP-derived Abeta in neurons. In contrast to nondemented controls, AD cases showed prominent granular phospho-PKR immunoreactivity in association with neuritic plaques and pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and neocortex. The distribution of phospho-PKR matched the distributions of abnormally phosphorylated tau and active p38 MAP kinase in adjacent sections. Compared with nontransgenic controls, hAPP transgenic mice also showed strong increases in phospho-PKR in the brain, primarily in association with plaques and dystrophic neurites. These findings support a role for PKR activation in the pathogenesis of AD.
Generalizing Poisson Regression: Including Apriori Information Using the Method of Offsets∗

In a recent note in The Professional Geographer, Lovett and Flowerdew (1989) introduce the analysis of count data using Poisson regression. Concern here rests with generalizing their discussion to show how a priori information may be included into models that incorporate dependent variables enumerated as counts. These models can be calibrated using the OFFSET command in GLIM. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the applicability of the method of offsets to other problems in spatial analysis.
Huanghe Delta Sediment Study

In November 1984, Oregon State University and Shandong College of Oceanography, People's Republic of China (PRC) signed an agreement to undertake a joint 3-year study of the sediment dynamics associated with the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta and the adjacent Gulf of Bohai. The Yellow River discharges — 1.1 billion tons of sediment into the Bohai annually. Its sediment load is second only to that of the Ganges and is five times that of the Mississippi. The Huanghe's average annual suspended load concentration of about 25,000 mg/L exceeds that of the Amazon by 100 times; the flood stage concentrations of 200,000 mg/L are uniquely extreme.
Anodic oxidation of formic acid on platinum—I. Adsorption of formic acid, oxygen, and hydrogen in perchloric acid solutions

Abstract The coverage of bright platinum electrodes with formic acid molecules, oxygen atoms, and hydrogen atoms was determined as a function of potential and bulk concentration of formic acid in 1 N HClO4 during anodic and cathodic low-speed potential sweeps in the potential range between hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Anodic and cathodic charging curves were used. The techniques are discussed. The coverage with formic acid increases continuously below +0·4 V during the cathodic sweep and below +0·4 V during the anodic sweep. It decreases with increasing potential above 0·5 V and finally becomes negligibly small during the anodic sweep. The formation of the oxygen layer is slightly hindered in the presence of formic acid and starts at more anodic potentials than in 1 N HClO4. Hydrogen adsorption is decreased by about 75 per cent if a monolayer of formic acid molecules is present.
IDEMPOTENT POINTLIKE SETS

In this paper we answer a question posed by John Rhodes: "What are the aperiodic-idempotent-pointlike subsemigroups of S?" Answer: Precisely those aperiodic-pointlike subsemigroups that are idempotents, i.e. EPlA(S)={X|X≤E=E2∈PlA(S)}. In the proof we define, for a given variety V (closed under n-tuple expansion) and a given relation R:S-V∈V computing the V-pointlike subsets of S, an "improved" relation R(n):S-V(n) that computes the V-idempotent-pointlike subsemigroups of S. Consequently, for any W with decidable membership problem W ⓜ A is decidable.
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase is localized at the front of chemotaxing cells, suggesting a role for transmethylation during migration

Chemotaxis of bacteria requires regulated methylation of chemoreceptors. However, despite considerable effort in the 1980s, transmethylation has never been established as a component of eukaryotic cell chemotaxis. S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), the product formed when the methyl group of the universal donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is transferred to an acceptor molecule, is a potent inhibitor of all transmethylation reactions. In eukaryotic cells, this inhibition is relieved by hydrolysis of SAH to adenosine and homocysteine catalyzed by SAH hydrolase (SAHH). We now report that SAHH, which is diffuse in the cytoplasm of nonmotile Dictyostelium amoebae and human neutrophils, concentrates with F-actin in pseudopods at the front of motile, chemotaxing cells, but is not present in filopodia or at the very leading edge. Tubercidin, an inhibitor of SAHH, inhibits both chemotaxis and chemotaxis-dependent cell streaming of Dictyostelium, and chemotaxis of neutrophils at concentrations that have little effect on cell viability. Tubercidin does not inhibit starvation-induced expression of the cAMP receptor, cAR1, or G protein-mediated stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and actin polymerization in Dictyostelium. Tubercidin has no effect on either capping of Con A receptors or phagocytosis in Dictyostelium. These results add SAHH to the list of proteins that redistribute in response to chemotactic signals in Dictyostelium and neutrophils and strongly suggest a role for transmethylation in chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells.
Gill histopathology of two species of buffalo fish from a contaminated Swamp

Two species of buffalo fish, smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) and bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus), were collected from a contaminated (multiple metals and organic chemicals) Mississippi River Basin ecosystem, Devil's Swamp and a control site, Tunica Swamp, both near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. The buffalo fish were examined for general health and histopathological effects. This research consists of an analysis of the prevalence of infectious and non-infectious disease from the contaminated vs the relatively uncontaminated control site. Tissue burdens were also determined by chemical analysis of buffalo fish muscle (fillets) samples. Both bigmouth buffalo (BMB) and smallmouth buffalo (SMB) from Devil's Swamp accumulated metals in muscle tissue and generally had a higher prevalence of gill lesions than fish collected from the control site, Tunica Swamp. SMB from Devil's Swamp had higher prevalences of lesions than BMB from Devil's Swamp. The primary types of infectious gill lesions observed in the buffalo fish were protozoan infections in the gill filament cartilage and gill lamellae. Chondrolysis, chondritis and bronchitis were associated with parasitic infection. Eosinophils were the predominant cell type involved with bronchitis and chondritis. The proliferative lesions observed were chondroplasia, chloride cell hyperplasia, mucus cell hyperplasia, and epithelial cell hyperplasia and fusion. Based on these preliminary findings, SMB appeared to be a potentially sensitive biomarker of exposure.
Specific Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Cyclic AMP Synthesis by Dopamine in a Neuroblastoma × Brain Hybrid Cell Line NCB-20

Dopamine and dopamine receptor agonists were found to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity dose-dependently in a neuroblastoma X Chinese hamster brain explant hybrid cell line NCB-20. Apomorphine (with an IC50 value of 10 nM) was the most effective inhibitor, followed by 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthaline (ADTN), dopamine, and N-dipropyldopamine. The inhibition was potently reversed by sulpiride, butaclamol, and flupenthixol in a stereospecific manner, but was unaffected by yohimbine, except at high concentrations. Clonidine also inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in these cells and this was reversed by the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine, but not by sulpiride. [D-Ala2, D-Leu5] Enkephalin inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in NCB-20 cells at nanomolar concentrations; this was reversed by naloxone. All three inhibitory neurotransmitters were able to reverse the stimulation of cyclic AMP synthesis by serotonin or prostaglandin E1. The dopamine receptor that modulates cyclic AMP synthesis in NCB-20 cells is pharmacologically quite distinct from a high-affinity spiperone binding site identified in these cells, but shows the pharmacologic specificity of the "D2" receptor previously described in mammalian brain.
Heat Transfer During Melting and Solidification of Metals

Discussion relative aux processus de transfert de chaleur fondamentaux lors de la transformation de phase solide-liquide et comparaison entre donnees experimentales et previsions de modeles mathematiques numeriques. Role important joue par l'ecoulement du liquide induit par la poussee. Identification des problemes necessitant des recherches
Hominid divergence and speech evolution

Abstract Hominids evolved from a population which diverged from other hominoids during the Mio-Pliocene. This population was perhaps forced by ecological conditions and competitive exclusion to rely more on tools, gathering, hunting, vocal communication and memory, under whose mutually positively reinforcing effects the hominids diverged. The ape ancestors may have been forced into the forests (or they may have forced hominids onto the savanna), while hominids adapted to a plains, hunting econiche. Speech was selected for because verbal symbols served as retrieval cues for a large number of complex concepts and were transmissible, and thus could be used to influence food-getting and other behavior by the social group. Speech is dependent on three inherited entities: (1) anatomical and neurological adaptations which allow vocalization of a wide range of phonemes in rapid succession and which allow for (2) duality of patterning, thereby promoting a large number of words, and (3) encoding, which greatly increases the rate at which verbal information transfer can occur. Speech may have evolved through small hominid groups using progressively more phonemes in an increasingly blended manner, with encoding subsequently being selected for. Neandertals apparently could not encode speech and could speak only a restricted range of phonemes. Their expanded cranial capacity may have been selected for to store ambiguous and slowly transmitted verbal data.
Large scalp and skull defect in aplasia cutis congenita

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare disease, which may involve any site on the body but usually the vertex with scalp and even skull involvement. Superficial lesions may heal spontaneously and seldom result in morbidity or mortality. However, in patients with large scalp and skull defects, there are risks of infection and bleeding. Both surgical and conservative treatment have been proposed. We report a case of successful treatment of ACC by early debridement and wound closure with split-thickness skin graft (STSG) in the neonatal stage followed by replacement of the STSG with a hairy scalp flap by means of tissue expansion at the age of 3 years. The original skull defect, 7 x 10 cm in size, decreased to 1.2 x 1.2 cm after a 4.5-year follow-up. No complications, such as haemorrhage or meningitis, were encountered. The final result was satisfactory.
Placing Place: Speech in José María Arguedas’ The Foxes

Critical approximations carried out from the global south entail spatial and epistemological challenges to the hegemony of western modernity. This article argues that Jose Maria Arguedas’ The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below(1971) produces a language that embodies and transforms an Aris-totelian conception of speech. Written in an avant-garde vernacular, the novelcongeals a multiplicity of worldviews, utopias, and mercantile discourses that converge in Chimbote-Peru. Guided by Jacques Ran-ciere’s Disagreement(1998) and Dissensus(2010), the analysis is divided in two stages. The first stage examines the notion of speech and a constitutive wrong that establishes a community. The second stage addresses the symbiotic relationship of speech, its place of enunciation, and the conception of an alternate social order. The analysis places Arguedas incritical dialogue with Aristotelian speech, Ranciere’s notion of wrong, and the emergence or failure of claiming speech in canonical history.
Systemic and Pulmonary Vascular Effects of Selective Dopamine Receptor Blockade and Stimulation in Lambs

ABSTRACT: Vascular dopamine (DA1) receptors may modulate circulatory hemodynamics in lambs. We evaluated resting dopaminergic tone in lambs by pharmacologically manipulating peripheral DA1 receptors with i.v. SCH 23390, (a highly selective, competitive DA1 receptor antagonist) and i.v. fenoldopam, (a highly selective DA1 receptor agonist) in unanesthetized lambs, instrumented for circulatory studies, while measuring the systemic and pulmonary vascular changes that the manipulations induced. We examined both the independent effects of DA1 receptor stimulation and blockade as well as the effects of the agonist and the antagonist infused together (competitive interaction). SCH 23390, infused at 2.5 μg/kg·min−1, caused significant increases in left atrial, systemic, and pulmonary artery pressure, as well as an increase in systemic vascular resistance and a decrease in heart rate. Fenoldopam, infused at the dose of 60 μg/kg·min−1 caused significant decreases in mean systemic artery pressure and systemic vascular resistance while increasing cardiac index and mean pulmonary artery pressure. SCH 23390 blunted the fenoldopam-induced effects. Our data suggest that dopaminergic influence may be active in the maintenance of resting hemodynamics of the lamb.
A fast Kalman filter for time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography

For realistic data assimilation problems, the standard implementation of Kalman filter is computationally infeasible. Ensemble Kalman filter provides a cheaper alternative; however, to get accurate results a large sample size is required which greatly increases the computational costs. For random walk forecast model, an efficient representation of the state covariance matrix allows us to derive an update to the Kalman filter that is more accurate, and is cheaper by orders of magnitude.
Further PDE methods for weak KAM theory

We introduce and make estimates for several new approximations that in appropriate asymptotic limits yield the key PDE for weak KAM theory, namely a Hamilton–Jacobi type equation for a potential u and a coupled transport equation for a measure σ. We revisit as well a singular variational approximation introduced in Evans (Calc Vari Partial Differ Equ 17:159–177, 2003) and demonstrate “approximate integrability” of certain phase space dynamics related to the Hamiltonian flow. Other examples include a pair of strongly coupled PDE suggested by the Lions–Lasry theory (Lasry and Lions in Japan J Math 2:229–260, 2007) of mean field games and a new and extremely singular elliptic equation suggested by sup-norm variational theory.
Carbon isotope characterization of powder river basin coal bed waters: Key to minimizing unnecessary water production and implications for exploration and production of biogenic gas☆

Abstract Compared to other natural waters, water associated with biogenic natural gas is enriched in 13-carbon. Shallow coal seams regularly contain abundant resources of biogenic gas; as such water associated with biogenic gas in these coal beds is isotopically distinct from other waters. The production of gas from coal beds requires the removal of large volumes of produced water. Thus a method of discerning coalbed reservoir water from other natural waters (surface and groundwater) is important to both the coalbed natural gas (CBNG) industry and associated environmental and regulatory agencies. Although isotopic tracers have been employed to identify coalbed natural gas produced waters, the isotopic variability within the reservoir has not been documented and explained. In this study, we present the isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon, oxygen and hydrogen for water produced from 197 CBNG wells in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana. This extensive database allows us to distinguish variations in isotopic compositions that may occur by multiple processes. These include variations that identify efficient dewatering of coal beds, variations characterizing incomplete hydraulic isolation of coal beds from adjacent strata and the subsequent mixing of groundwaters, variations related to well completion design, and variations associated with geochemical and biogenic processes that occur along groundwater flow paths. These data suggest that little change in δ 13 C DIC occurs within the reservoir as a result of water and gas production; thus, the carbon isotopic composition informs other processes within the reservoir unrelated to coalbed natural gas recovery. The δ 13 C DIC and δD of groundwater vary along flow-path across the basin, reflecting different methanogenic pathways that are associated with different isotopic fractionations, and the pathways that dominate in different areas within the basin. In areas where several producing coal seams are present, the δ 13 C DIC and δD of produced waters from each seam are distinct. Therefore on a local scale, the isotopic composition of produced water can identify the particular coal seam from which water and gas are withdrawn. The methods and results presented in this case study provide examples that illustrate how water quality and isotopic data can be used to determine the hydraulic connectivity between coal and non-coal strata, identify and quantify water from individual coal horizons, as well as predict and understand the isotopic variability of the reservoir.
Increased Tobacco Exposure in Older Children and Its Effect on Asthma and Ear Infections

Abstract Purpose To examine selected social determinants of children's exposure to household tobacco use and smoking inside the home and to assess the effect of second-hand smoke exposure on asthma and ear infections across children's age groups. Methods A total of 90,961 parents of children aged 0–17 years from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health were included in the study. Results In all, 26.2% of parents reported that anyone in the household used tobacco products. Parents of children aged 6–11 and 12–17 years were 1.97 (adjusted OR; 95% CI, 1.65–2.36) and 2.93 (2.46–3.49) times more likely, respectively, to report that someone smoked inside the house than parents of younger children. Second-hand smoke exposure varied by children's race/ethnicity, and children from more disadvantaged circumstances were more likely to be exposed. For all children, they were more likely to ever have asthma if someone in their household used tobacco. Although young children's likelihood of recurrent ear infections did not increase with household tobacco use, children aged 12–17 were 1.67 (1.02–2.72) times more likely to have recurrent ear infections if someone smoked inside their home. Conclusion Family members are increasingly likely to smoke indoors as children age, which may increase adolescents' vulnerability to ear infections. Parents and health professionals should monitor second-hand smoke exposure at home and encourage a smoke-free environment.
Who's Teaching, Who's Learning? Analyzing the Professional Growth of Graduate Student Tutors

This qualitative study examined the professional growth of literacy teachers as they scaffolded students’ one‐to‐one literacy learning within a university reading clinic tutoring experience. These teachers – graduate students within a reading education program – documented both their own learning and that of their students through various venues. These included the data sources considered for this study: teaching videotapes, email correspondence with the university instructor, online discussions with colleagues, and final reflective essays. Findings suggested that substantive learning by these literacy teachers influenced not only their tutees but also their own professional growth, impacting their classroom practice and the wider educational community. Implications of such teacher learning within educational settings employing high‐stakes testing and accountability were considered.
Androgenetic vs. Gynogenetic Doubled Haploids of Tobacco

The ADH and MDH lines were significantly different for all characters measured. The MDH lines were agronomically superior to ADH lines and more closely resembled the cultivars. The ADHs and MDHs yielded 79.9% and 91.5%, respectively, of the cultivars. A second cycle of MDH line production resulted in no further yield reduction. A model of heterozygosity and inbreeding depression in the parental cultivars could explain the results for yield of the MDH lines; it would not account for differences between ADH and MDH lines
Ultralow concentrations of proenkephalin and [met5]-enkephalin differentially affect IgM and IgG production by B cells

Abstract Resting mouse splenic B cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide/dextran sulfate (LPS/DxS) to measure both B cell proliferation and IgM/IgG isotype production when increasing concentrations of [Met 5 ]-enkephalin (MENK) and proenkephalin (PENK) (10 −16 to 10 −8 M) were added at increasing times after B cell activation (0, 3, 6, or 24 h). Results show that proliferation was not affected by either peptide, but that IgM, IgG3 and IgG2a production were inhibited in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by MENK. IgG1 production was unaffected by MENK. In contrast, PENK induced no change in the production of Ig isotypes at any time point of addition, with the exception of IgG1 and IgG2a that were enhanced when PENK was added 6 h after cell activation. In the absence of LPS/DxS activation, no change in the level of any Ig isotype was induced by either peptide.
Characterization of the Variability of the Ocean Acoustic Environment

Great strides have been made in the ability to model and predict oceanography (temperature, salinity, currents, etc.) accurately and in a timely manner. There exists a need to characterize the variability of the ocean based on its acoustic propagation characteristics. That is, how and where does the evolution or variability of the environment significantly impact the acoustic propagation characteristics of an oceanographic waveguide? Due to the complexity of the acoustic propagation in a waveguide, variability in the oceanography is not always indicative of the variability in the acoustic propagation. For example, a significant change in temperature in an area may not significantly impact the acoustic propagation in the area. There is also a limit on the ability to sense the oceanography. Sensor availability and coverage, as well as time put constraints on efforts to measure a large ocean area. The work presented here shows that analysis of acoustic variability computed using predicted oceanography over an area provides a better insight into the oceanographic variability for the purposes of sensor placement. Acoustic coverage integrated over many source depths is a representation of how energy travels in a waveguide and can therefore provide a good estimate of the propagation properties of the environment over a large area. A method of estimating the acoustic variability over a period of time using this integrated acoustic coverage (IAC) computation, which is derived from estimated transmission loss is presented here. Two and three dimensional oceanographic model predictions of temperature and salinity (converted to sound velocity) over a time period are used as inputs to the acoustic model. The parabolic equation Range-dependent Acoustic Model (RAM, [Collins, M. D., "Applications and time-domain solution of higher-order parabolic equations in underwater acoustics," J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 86 (3), 1097-1102, 1989]) is used to compute the complex pressure and transmission loss (TL) for calculation of a range independent IAC. This quantity is computed for each time period and variability over time is computed for the ocean volume (longitude, latitude and depth). The RAM is then run for range dependent (RD) environments across user-selected, highly variable tracks for estimation of (range dependent) IAC variance. The acoustic computation is currently done over the whole area in a range independent mode to save computation time. The capability to compute along selected tracks adds a necessary RD evaluation of the areas with the most variability. Comparisons of the range independent (RI) IAC over the volume and RD over the highly variable track show that the use of the range independent IAC parameter is valid for acoustic variance estimation over an area. This work shows that the integrated range independent acoustic variability provides a better estimate of variability than does the oceanographic variability, for the purposes of sensor placement. As work continues, more capability can be added to include functionality such as range dependence.
Mechanistic aspects of the photooxidation of water at the n-titania/aqueous interface: optically induced transients as a kinetic probe

The method of optically induced photocurrent transients is a powerful tool for probing the mechanisms of photoinduced charge transfer at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Using this technique on the TiO/sub 2//aqueous interface, the authors conclude that water oxidation occurs via an outer-sphere process for electrolyte pH < 12 and an inner-sphere mechanism at more basic pH's. Hydrogen isotope effects on the observed transient substantiate this finding. These isotope effects along with selective poisoning studies suggest a Ti-OH surface species as the key intermediate for the inner-sphere channel, along with the cleavage of a hydrogen bond as the rate-limiting process (H/D kinetic isotope effect of approx. 10) in basic electrolyte. These studies further indicate a strong crystal face dependence on the observed photoelectrochemistry.
Learning to be reflective leaders: A case study from the NCCHC Hispanic leadership fellows program

Reflection can make community college leaders more effective. Reflection catalysts employed in a leadership development program helped to foster multiple levels of reflection and contributed to the development of participants' reflective dispositions.
Does Participation in Organized Sports Predict Future Physical Activity for Adolescents from Diverse Economic Backgrounds

Abstract Purpose To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between socioeconomic status (SES), gender, sports participation and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in adolescents. Methods Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), a population-based longitudinal study followed a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse sample of 1709 adolescents in 1998–1999 (Time 1) and 2003–2004 (Time 2). Mixed model regression analyses were used to examine longitudinal trends in MVPA as a function of SES and previous sports involvement. Results For both genders, participation in organized sports and weekly hours of MVPA were positively associated with SES. On average, MVPA decreased between high school and young adulthood for both genders. Adolescents who participated in sports during high school showed a steeper decline in weekly hours of MVPA than their non–sports-participating counterparts. SES had a significant moderating effect on the change in MVPA over time for boys who participated in organized sports, with low SES boys showing a steeper decline in MVPA between time periods than higher SES boys. Although on average, a statistically significant difference in MVPA between previous sports participants and nonparticipants remained at Time 2, for all SES groups and both genders, the gap between hours of MVPA was either overcome or significantly narrowed by young adulthood. Conclusions Increased dependence on organized sports for MVPA may be insufficient to meet the needs of youth following high school, especially for low SES youth. Designing physical activity promotions that reach and address the unique needs of lower SES youth and families is a public health priority.
CATALYTIC ACTIVATION OF VYCOR GLASS FOR THE H$sub 2$-D$sub 2$ EXCHANGE REACTION BY BETA IRRADIATION

Abstract The catalytic activity of Vycor glass tubes for the H 2 D 2 exhange reaction was found to be considerably increased by irradiation of the glass with beta radiation. This result is in general agreement with that of Kohn and Taylor (1) who found a marked increase in the catalytic activity of other SiO 2 -type materials as a result of gamma and neutron irradiation. However, the activation energy for the reaction on Vycor was not changed appreciably by beta irradiation. This is in contrast to the drastic reduction in activation energy observed by Kohn and Taylor (1) for gamma and neutron irradiated silica gel.
Factors associated with glycaemic control in Singapore children and young people with diabetes

Data from follow-up studies of DCCT (EDIC) [1,2] and UKPDS [3] suggest that tight glycaemic control in the early years after diagnosis of diabetes may delay the onset and development of diabetes-related complications. This phenomenon of “metabolic memory” [4] is particularly relevant for patients who are diagnosed during childhood and adolescence because of potentially longer lifetime duration of diabetes. We conducted the present study to identify the factors associated with glycaemic control in Singapore children and young people with diabetes. A cross-sectional analysis of data from our Paediatric Diabetes Service database as at the end of 2011 was performed. We included 125 patients (57 male; 46%), age 1 year duration, who had attended clinic at least twice during 2011, and whose mean HbA1c measured at their clinic attendances was either good (HbA1c 10%; Group 2, n=56). The following factors in the two groups were compared: patient characteristics (gender, ethnicity, current age, age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, type of diabetes, family history); medical treatment prescribed (insulin, oral agents, both); and extent of resource utilization (diabetes clinics, medical social worker (MSW) input, dietician reviews). Patients whose glycaemic control was intermediate (8% ≤ HbA1c ≤ 10%), and those with other types of diabetes (non-T1D and non-T2D), medical co-morbidities, or who had transitioned to the Adult Diabetes Service during 2011, were excluded. Compared to Group 1 (good control) patients, Group 2 (poor control) patients were more likely to be non-Chinese (52% vs 24%; p=0.01) and to have received MSW input (30% vs 9%; p=0.002) and attended more diabetes clinics in 2011 (4.4±1.3 vs 3.5±1.0 times; p<0.001) – see Table 1. Multivariate analyses found that these three factors remained independently predictive of poor glycaemic control. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in all the other factors examined. Ethnicity and utilization of healthcare and social services were factors associated with glycaemic control in Singapore children and young people with diabetes. These findings suggest that there are paediatric diabetes patient groups in which the desired outcome was not achieved despite providing higher levels of currently available support. Therefore, we need to devise new ways of improving the management of these at-risk patients.
Comparison of slow-tumbling ESR theories for completely asymmetric hyperfine centers undergoing orientational diffusion.

The results of our recent general analytical-theoretical treatment of completely asymmetric electron-spin-resonance (ESR) hyperfine centers undergoing slow Brownian orientational diffusion are compared with those of the Freed numerical-theoretical treatment based on the stochastic Liouville equation. In agreement with our theoretical results, the dependences of the slow-tumbling dynamic linewidth and line shift on the associated orientational motion correlation time \ensuremath{\tau} we deduced from the Freed theoretical spectra are found to be ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ for the ESR external magnetic field B parallel to the ESR principal (x,y,z) axes. The two theories also yield the same absolute signs or directions for various dynamic line shifts. In addition, the magnitudes of slow dynamic linewidths and shifts are in reasonable agreement between the two theories. Except for some unexplainable extra peaks in the Freed theoretical spectra, their overall slow-motional hyperfine structures are similar to those computed by our analytical-theoretical results. It is thereby established that the analytical-theoretical treatment of slow-tumbling anisotropic ESR centers is consistent with all other related slow-tumbling ESR theories, corroborating the general validity of the analytical-theoretical results.
A pilot study of lis-dexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX/SPD489) to facilitate smoking cessation in nicotine-dependent adults with ADHD.

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of lis-dexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) as an adjunct to nicotine replacement therapy in adult smokers with ADHD who were...
Structure, dynamics and ordering transition of solid C60

Abstract Solid C60 forms a face-centered-cubic structure at room temperature, in which the molecules exhibit dynamic orientational disorder. At 255 K the molecules develop orientational order via a first order phase transition, lowering the space group symmetry to Pa 3 in a simple cubic lattice. Even in the ordered phase, short-range disorder persists to the lowest temperatures. The Pa 3 structure is stabilized by both Lennard-Jones atomic pair potentials and by Coulombic forces arising from excess charge in the double bonds. The low temperature dynamics are primarily characterized by jump rotational diffusion between equivalent orientations superimposed on small amplitude librational oscillations. The behavior at the phase transition is strongly influenced by trace impurities and solvent. Similar effects are seen in C60O and in C70.
High Resolution Two-Degrees-Of-Freedom Angle Sensor With High Update Rate

The components and performance of a prototype high angle sensor with a measured angular resolution of 1 nanoradian at an update rate of 1 KHz are described and experimental results are presented. Calibration methods are discussed and the performance of a differential gas refractometer is presented.
A Two-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Program for Turbine Airfoil Heat Transfer Calculation

A two-dimensional boundary-layer program has been developed for the calculation of flow and heat transfer around turbine airfoils. The program is capable of carrying out the calculation from the forward stagnation point, and can account for such effects as compressibility, high inlet gas temperature, streamwise pressure gradient, transition, streamline curvature and freestream turbulence. Three comparisons with recent measurements are carried out. Two are with idealized wind tunnel data. One is with cascade data obtained at high gas-to-wall temperature ratio of 2.56–2.85, which compares with a normal range of 1.4 to 2.4 for real gas turbines. Good agreement is obtained with the wind tunnel data. As for the cascade data, good correlation on the suction surface of the turbine airfoil is achieved. However, discrepancy on the pressure surface is observed and is attributed to the occurrence of local separation and reattachment in the actual flow.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
PPPS-2013: Numerical simulations of ionic liquid electrospray thrusters

Summary form only given. An innovative model of an ionic liquid electrospray thruster based on Molecular Dynamics was developed. Two coarse-grained potentials1 (a simple coarse-grained and an effective-force coarse-grained (EFCG)) models were used, rather than an all-atom model, to model an entire electrospray thruster. First, the impact of the coarse-grained model on the ionic liquid EMIM-BF4 was studied. A system representing an electrospray capillary was then equilibrated for both CG potentials, and an extrusion model was developed based on a repulsive wall potential to simulate a constant mass flow inside the capillary. Multiple constant electric fields were applied to the system and the mass flow rate was also varied. Three ionic species, monomers (EMIM+), dimers ([EMIM-BF4]EMIM+) and trimers ([EMIM-BF4]2EMIM+), as well as droplets (charged clusters larger than 8 ions) were observed and their distributions were recorded at a distance 0.1 μm away from the center of the capillary at a virtual extractor ring. Current values were derived from the measured distributions. The formation of a Taylor cone was observed when the mass flow was sufficiently high. The EFCG potential replicated an experimental setup best for an electric field of 0.5 V/nm, where solvated ions and droplets were observed. The computed values provided a good match for the values measured by Romero et al.2, especially at low mass flow rates. When the mass flow rate increased, larger droplets tended to break apart and lead to an increase in the monomer current. Higher values of the electric field resulted in almost exclusively monomers being extruded and the prediction that the electrospray would operate in a multi-jet mode, hence over-estimating the measured current values. When the polarity was reversed, very similar results were obtained, paving the way for the use of EMIM-BF4 as an efficient propellant for arrays of emitters with switching polarities, that would require no neutralizing system. Thrust and specific impulses were estimated based on the exit velocities of charged clusters. The estimated thrust generally offered good agreement with measured values while the specific impulses were under-estimated. Finally, similar computations were done on a simple CG based potential model. The interatomic potential in the simple CG model required a higher external energy to extrude charged particles from the capillary, when compared to the EFCG model.
Extended pi-electron systems incorporating stabilized quinoidal bipolarons: anthracenyl polyene-polycarbonate composites

(alpha) , (omega) -Bis(9-anthracenyl) polyenes containing 3, 4, 5, and 6 ene repeat units have been synthesized. These polyenes can be oxidized to extremely stable bipolaronic charge states in solution by SbCl5. There is significant shift in oscillator strength attending the formation of these gap states with (lambda) max for the BP states shifting into the NIR. Stable polycarbonate composites of both the neutral polyenes and the bipolarons can be cast from solution to yield optical quality films for (chi) (3) characterization.
Correlation studies between the binding of aflatoxin B1 to chromatin components and the inhibition of RNA synthesis.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent inhibitor of rat liver nuclear and nucleolar RNA synthesis. However, since after activation AFB1 binds to both DNA and chromosomal proteins, the question is which form of binding is responsible for the inhibition of RNA synthesis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were given i.p. injections of 10, 50, 100, 300 and 500 micrograms AFB1 per 100 g body wt containing 50 microCi [3H]AFB1 (sp. act. 25 Ci/mmol), and the animals sacrificed 2 h later. Liver nuclei, nucleoli and P-3 (a transcriptionally active subnucleolar fraction that is 3.4-fold enriched in active rDNA) were isolated and the binding of AFB1 to DNA and protein of each fraction was determined by DNase I digestion and 5% trichloracetic acid (TCA) hydrolysis. We found that the binding of AFB1 to both nuclear and nucleolar DNA plateaus at 300 micrograms AFB1 per 100 g body wt with values around 100 and 400 pmol AFB1 per mg nuclear and nucleolar DNA, respectively. On the other hand, the binding to protein is linear, although with different slopes, for both nuclear and nucleolar fractions even at 500 micrograms AFB1 per 100 g body wt, the highest dose used. Since AFB1 inhibition of nuclear and nucleolar RNA synthesis plateaus respectively at 60% and 90% inhibition levels at the dose of 300 micrograms AFB1 per 100 g body wt, these results suggest the binding of AFB1 to DNA, but not to protein, is responsible for the inhibition of RNA synthesis. Further support for this contention is obtained by comparing the binding and the inhibition data between P-3 and nucleoli. P-3 is three times more transcriptionally active than nucleoli and, as a result, is more sensitive to AFB1 inhibition. This greater sensitivity is reflected by the specific binding activity of AFB1 to P-3 DNA, which is greater than 50% higher than to nucleolar DNA. In contrast, this effect is not reflected by the specific binding activity of AFB1 to protein which is exactly the same for both fractions.
Oxidation of Reduced Platinum Clusters in Pt-NaY

Abstract Raman spectroscopy and 129Xe NMR, in conjunction with hydrogen chemisorption and transmission electron microscopy, have been used to monitor the location and stability of metal clusters as a function of oxidation conditions for NaY-zeolite-supported platinum. After initial calcination and reduction of Pt-NaY, subsequent reoxidation at temperatures up to 873 K induces no additional agglomeration of the metal species. Different Pt-NaY systems exhibit cluster-size-dependent responses to reoxidation treatment, consistent with the greater reactivities expected for small metal particles compared to larger aggregates. We present a summary of platinum dispersal chemistry in NaY zeolite based on these and recent corroborative results.
Characterization of angiotensin-(1–7) receptor subtype in mesenteric arteries

Abstract Mesenteric arteries from male Sprague-Dawley rats were mounted in a pressurized myograph system. Ang-(1–7) concentration-dependent responses were determined in arteries preconstricted with endothelin-1 (10 −7 M). The receptor(s) mediating the Ang-(1–7) evoked dilation were investigated by pretreating the mesenteric arteries with specific antagonists of Ang-(1–7), AT 1 or AT 2 receptors. The effects of Ang-(3–8) and Ang-(3–7) were also determined. Ang-(1–7) caused a concentration-dependent dilation (EC 50 : 0.95 nM) that was blocked by the selective Ang-(1–7) receptor antagonist D-[Ala 7 ]-Ang-(1–7). Administration of a specific antagonist to the AT 2 receptor (PD123319) had no effect. On the other hand, losartan and CV-11974 attenuated the Ang-(1–7) effect. These results demonstrate that Ang-(1–7) elicits potent dilation of mesenteric resistance vessels mediated by a D-[Ala 7 ]-Ang-(1–7) sensitive site that is also sensitive to losartan and CV-11974.