cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on utilization of sulfate sulfur for growth of the chicken.

Summary1. Addition of 0.5% sodium sulfate to a diet low in sulfur stimulated growth of the young chicken. 2. When Na2S35O4 was fed for a period of 1 week, approximately 23% of the S35 ingested was incorporated into the tissues. Most of the S35 was recovered as sulfate-S35. However, about 19% was present as taurine-S35, 6.6% as unknown organic compounds and barely detectable amounts as sulfur amino acids. Two weeks after Na2S35O4 feeding a larger proportion of S35 was present in the carcasses as taurine and unidentified organic compounds and 1.5% of the S35 in the chickens was accounted for as cystine and methionine. It was concluded that there is a physiological requirement for sulfate per se and that dietary sulfate promotes growth primarily by providing sulfur for this purpose. 3. Taurine was found to be the major sulfur constituent of the water-soluble portion of feathers.
Analysis on Affection Factor of Power Energy Loss of Overhead Ground Wire of Double Circuit Transmission Line on the Same Tower

For reducing power energy loss of overhead ground wire,this paper establishes calculation model for induced current of overhead ground wire of transmission line by using the alternative transient program-electromagnetic transient program and carries out simulated analysis on affection on induced current and power energy loss of the overhead ground wire by factors including conductor phase sequence,current of the line,degree of unbalance of the current,length of the line,span,average height of the earth wire,phase spacing of the conductor and space between the ground wire.It draws a conclusion that when the double circuit transmission line arranges with the same phase sequence,the induced current of ground wire mainly takes ground wire-earth as circulation loop and the power energy loss is the largest at this time,while when arranges with inverse phase sequence,the induced current takes ground wire-ground wire as the circulation loop and the power energy loss is the lowest.
Laser-Induced Spectral Hole-Burning through a Broadband Distribution of Au Nanorods

Nanorods are amenable to laser-induced reshaping, a process that can dramatically modify their shape and therefore their plasmonic properties. Here we show that when a broadband spectral distribution of nanorods is irradiated with a femtosecond-pulsed laser, an optical transmission window is formed in the extinction spectrum. Surprisingly, the transmission window that is created does not occur at the laser wavelength but rather is consistently shifted to longer wavelengths, and the optical extinction on the short-wavelength side of the transmission window is increased by the hole-burning process. The laser irradiation results in a wavelength-dependent partial reshaping of the nanorods, creating a range of unusual nanoparticle morphologies. We develop a straightforward theoretical model that explains how the spectral position, depth, and width of the laser-induced transmission window are controlled by laser irradiation conditions. This work serves as an initial example of laser-based processing of speciall...
Pneumococcal vaccine: a preventive care winner.

guidelines from the US Preventive Services Task Force.JAMA 1993;269:2678. 8. Glotzer DE, Bauchner H, Freedberg KA, Palfrey S. Screening for childhood lead poisoning: a cost-minimization analysis. Am J Public Health 1994;84: 110-2. 9. Harvey B. Should blood lead screening recommendations be revised? Pediatrics 1994;93:201-4. 10. Pirkle ]L, Brody D], Gunter EW, Kramer RA, Paschal DC, Flegal KM, et a1. The decline in blood lead levels in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). JAMA 1994;272:284-91.
Aflatoxins M 1 and M 2 and parasiticol: thin layer chromatography and physical and chemical properties.

The best system for determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 on TLC plates was isopropyl alcohol-acetone-chloroform (5 + 10 + 85). The max. resolution of M1 and M2 was achieved with n-amyl alcohol-acetone-chloroform (10 + 10 + 80). Good resolution of the water-addition derivatives of B1, G1, parasiticol and M1 was achieved with the first system.
A high-fat diet impairs cooling-evoked brown adipose tissue activation via a vagal afferent mechanism

In dramatic contrast to rats on a control diet, rats maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) failed to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) during cooling despite robust increases in their BAT activity following direct activation of their BAT sympathetic premotor neurons in the raphe pallidus. Cervical vagotomy or blockade of glutamate receptors in the nucleus of the tractus solitarii (NTS) reversed the HFD-induced inhibition of cold-evoked BAT activity. Thus, a HFD does not prevent rats from mounting a robust, centrally driven BAT thermogenesis; however, a HFD does alter a vagal afferent input to NTS neurons, thereby preventing the normal activation of BAT thermogenesis to cooling. These results, paralleling the absence of cooling-evoked glucose uptake in the BAT of obese humans, reveal a neural mechanism through which consumption of a HFD contributes to reduced energy expenditure and thus to weight gain.
The Pine Mountain window of Alabama: Basement-cover evolution in the southernmost exposed Appalachians

The Pine Mountain window is the most southern and internal Grenville basement massif in the Appalachian Mountain chain that retains its primary miogeoclinal stratigraphic cover. Previously metamorphosed billion-year-old granite gneisses have a modified stratigraphic contact with a younger metasedimentary sequence interpreted to correspond with either the upper Precambrian Ocoee Supergroup or Cambrian Weisner-Shady sequence of the Blue Ridge. Middle to upper amphibolite-facies assemblages in cover rocks sharply contrast with granulite-facies assemblages reported for basement units, which were retrograded to amphibolite-facies assemblages possibly as a result of thrust emplacement of the Inner Piedmont terrane during the middle to late Paleozoic. Late Paleozoic right-slip faulting, characterized by midcrustal-level mylonites with subvertical foliations and shallow NE-plunging elongation lineations, was pervasive throughout the basement/cover complex in Alabama and apparently overprinted earlier thrust zones. Right-slip faulting, possibly aided by ramping along lower, as yet unroofed thrusts, elevated the basement/cover contact to its present-day high structural level. It is unknown at present how far displaced the Pine Mountain window is from its original paleogeographic position along the ancient Laurentian margin.
Peripheral Nerve Graft-Mediated Axonal Regeneration

Axon regeneration by adult mammalian neurons in the central nervous system was firmly established in the early 1980s in elegant experiments carried out by Albert Aguayo, Sam David, Peter Richardson, and colleagues when they transplanted segments of peripheral nerve as a substrate for axons to “crossover” or bypass a central nervous system (CNS) injury site. In the following 30+ years extensive use of these peripheral nerve grafts has led to the observation of extensive regeneration by acute and chronically injured neurons, the long-distance regrowth of injured axons to specific targets, the detection of physiologically active synaptic contacts between regenerating axons and target neurons (with some behavioral improvements), and a better understanding of the role (and potential modulation) of structural and chemical components of the injured CNS that greatly influence the extent of regeneration beyond the supportive substrate. This transplantation approach to repairing the injured spinal cord represents a viable option for future clinical applications, though it should be emphasized that a greater understanding of the cell and molecular signals responsible for promoting and guiding the regeneration of injured axons must be forthcoming before there is successful translation of this intervention.
Neurologic Sequelae of Bacterial Meningitis

The occurrence of chronic neurologic sequelae including late seizures or epilepsy was determined in a nine year follow-up study of 185 infants and children with bacterial meningitis at the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO and the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Criminal Crews, Codes, and Contexts: Differences and Similarities across the Code of the Street, Convict Code, Street Gangs, and Prison Gangs

ABSTRACTWe use 16 characterizations of crews, codes, and contexts to determine if offender subcultures (code of the street, convict code, street and prison gangs) converge, complement, or are independent of one another. We find extensive overlap across offender subcultures with “belief” subcultures in street and prison settings mirroring the “group” subcultures in those respective settings. Findings generate a call for comparative research on the convergences and divergences across subcultures on the street and in prisons with a specific emphasis on the impact that importation, deprivation, and exportation have on policy and programming importation for both the street and prison settings.
Optimal Source Beam Shaping for Digital Holographic Lithography

The effects of illuminating beam profile (Gaussian, tophat) and fill-factor (underfill or overfill) on digital holographic image contrast and modulation transfer function are evaluated by numerical simulation and compared with experimental measurements.
Costimulatory molecule profiles and NK cell recovery after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients.

8089 Background: Increased immune responses post autologous HCT may be of benefit in long term disease control. Responses may be mediated by NK cell function and possibly other alternate pathways, including costimulatory molecule pathways. This pilot study assesses the expression of inhibitory (PD-1 and CTLA-4) and stimulatory (OX-40, ICOS, 4-1BB, and CD28) molecules on NK cells after auto-HCT in MM patients and evaluates the effect of lenalidomide treatment on these pathways. Methods: 17 patients with MM undergoing HCT, median age 56.7 years (36 – 67), were included in the study. Peripheral blood samples were taken 3 days prior to HCT and 14, 30, 60, 90, 180 days after HCT. At d180 post-HCT, 13/17 patients were receiving lenalidomide with d91 as median start date. NK cells and their costimulatory molecules were evaluated by flowcytometry using 2 six color panels of antibodies. One way ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis test (non-parametric) were applied to analyze the data using the Graphpad Software. Results...
On the capacity of cloud radio access networks

Uplink and downlink cloud radio access networks are modeled as two-hop K-user L-relay networks, whereby small base-stations act as relays and are connected to a central processor via orthogonal links of finite capacity. Simplified versions of noisy network coding and distributed decode-forward are used to establish inner bounds on the capacity region for uplink and downlink communications, respectively. Through a careful analysis, the uplink inner bound is shown to achieve the cutset bound on the capacity region universally within O (log L) bits per user. The downlink inner bound achieves the cutset bound with a slightly looser gap of O(log(KL)). These tight per-user gap results are extended to the situations in which the nodes have multiple antennas.
Abstract 14303: Chronic Inhibition of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II by KN-93 Causes Regression of Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats With isoproterenol-induced Heart Failure

Background: Recent evidence indicates that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is upregulated in heart failure (HF), contributing to electric, structural and functional remodeling....
Functional and Metabolic Aspects of DNA-Associated Proteins

Many of the proteins associated with DNA in the chromosomes of higher organisms may be presumed to influence both the structure and the function of the genetic material. The aim of this chapter is to summarize some of the recent evidence relating histones and other types of nuclear proteins to the control of DNA-dependent biosynthetic reactions—with particular attention to the problem of selective DNA transcription in RNA synthesis.
Non-additive effects of air and water warming on an intertidal predator–prey interaction

Climate change alters multiple physical drivers that act concurrently on ecological communities. Evidence suggests widespread non-additive effects between multiple drivers; most of this evidence, however, is based on species-level responses, which is problematic because community responses to environmental change also depend on species interactions. To address this knowledge gap, this study experimentally manipulated two physical drivers and examined the responses of a predator–prey interaction. The two drivers tested are fundamental in intertidal systems: air and water temperatures. The two species were the intertidal dogwhelk, Nucella ostrina, and its barnacle prey, Balanus glandula. The objective was to test alternative hypotheses that air and water warming have additive vs. non-additive effects on the whelk-barnacle interaction. A 14-day mesocosm experiment was conducted in which animals were subjected to one of four temperature treatments: ambient (no temperature manipulation; water 12 °C, air 13 °C), warm water (15 °C), warm air (27 °C), or combined (water 15 °C, air 27 °C). There were two key findings. First, air and water warming non-additively affected interaction strength: warm water mitigated a 35% decrease in mean whelk feeding rate caused by warm air. Second, air warming had contrasting effects on individual growth rates of predator and prey. While whelk growth decreased by ~ 60% in warm air, barnacle growth increased by 47%. These findings suggest that combined air and water warming will benefit barnacle populations more than their whelk predators. This study highlights the value of integrating species performances and interactions to understand how multiple physical drivers may affect community structure.
Impact of Age on Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia.

Background. There is little published literature regarding the impact of age on outcomes amongst hospitalized HHT (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia) patients. Methods. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to obtain data on all hospital discharges occurring in HHT patients from 2000 to 2012. The association between admission age and HHT-related complications and outcomes were studied. Results. 10293 hospitalizations in HHT patients from 2000 to 2012 were included. Patients > 50 accounted for 77% of all admissions with 30% of admissions occurring in the 51–65 age group. Bleeding related complications were the most frequent (62.7%, hospitalizations), followed by cardiovascular (41%, ), neurological (12.4%, ), and hepatobiliary (6.4%, ) complications. Patients older than 50 accounted for 83% of bleeding events, 90% of cardiovascular events, 58% of neurologic events, and 81% of hepatobiliary events. The vast majority (83%) of medical and surgical procedures were performed in those older than 50 years of age. Older patients also experienced higher rates of death. Conclusion. Aging has significant adverse impacts on rates of hospitalization, complications, and outcomes amongst HHT patients in the United States. Except for neurologic complications, the vast majority of this disease burden is borne by patients older than 50 years.
The Benefits of Introducing the Use of Nitrous Oxide in the Pediatric Emergency Department for Painful Procedures.

Image 1Contribution to Emergency Nursing Practice •The current literature on nitrous oxide indicates that it is safe and effective for use in minimal to moderate sedation for painful procedures in children. •The article reviews the action and administration of nitrous oxide as well as nursing implications and considerations. •Key implications for emergency nursing practice: Nitrous oxide has rapid onset, relative safety and quick recovery, and can decrease patient length of stay in the emergency department.
Dielectric spectroscopy analysis using viscoelasticity-inspired relaxation theory with finite element modeling

We demonstrate the formulation of frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity by superposition of Debye functions inspired by viscoelastic relaxation theory. With multiple relaxation times and permittivity strength, a viscoelastic Prony Series is adapted to construct an expression of dielectric permittivity for polymer dielectric materials, which can be successfully matched with experimental data. We then develop a finite element modeling approach with explicit microstructure dispersion and inclusion of filler-matrix interphase using functionalized silica-epoxy nanocomposite samples as a testbed. The interphase relaxation behavior is expressed using the bulk polymer properties modified by frequency and magnitude shift factors that adjust the shape of the simulated dielectric spectrum to mimic changes in relaxation time due to the polymer/filler interaction. Finally, the influence of interphase thickness and dispersion state is investigated with parametric studies. It is found that total interphase area in the composite has a critical influence over the composite property, and by varying interphase layer and dispersion within a reasonable range, as much as 20% difference can be obtained in the simulated composite property. Our simulation results provide insights into the underlying relaxation mechanism in the interfacial region.
Isolation and Sequence Analysis of Porcine Relaxin

The fetuses of a sow would have to be as long as the width of a man’s fist before the ovaries would contain significant amounts of relaxin. About 100 kg of ovaries collected under contract in an abattoir had to be discarded because the collectors had ignored the order to do this rough measurement on the fetuses. A little inconvenience had turned them into endocrinologists which made them decide that the large yellow cysts that often occurred in pig ovaries were a better sign of pregnancy. This costly mistake leaves something to be said for specialization.
Navigating the Labels: Appropriate Terminology for Students with Disabilities.

Navigating the acronyms and labels when working in schools can be challenging and overwhelming. But knowing the appropriate terminology when working with students with disabilities is an important ...
The Quantitative Analysis of Space Policy: A Review of Current Methods and Future Directions

Abstract Decades of space policy research have yielded an eclectic, multidisciplinary research agenda replete with findings that are relevant for theory and policy. Absent from the literature, however, is a systematic review and discussion of the data and research methods used to ascertain these findings. This is important for research progress because data and method choice have implications for the validity of the findings, potential contributions to theory, and efficacy of suggested policy prescriptions. Motivated by advances in computational social science, this article reviews the quantitative space policy literature and finds scope for further development with respect to data sources, method selection, and substantive topics of inquiry. Given these findings, two methodological areas are introduced, namely text and network analysis, and their utility is illustrated through an extension of a previous public opinion study, as well as a novel application regarding state support for international space law. This review might be relevant to scholars and practitioners interested in the empirical study of space policy.
Thermodynamics of Reactions Affected by Medium Reorganization

We present a thermodynamic analysis of the activation barrier for reactions which can be monitored through the difference in the energies of reactants and products defined as the reaction coordinate (electron and atom transfer, enzyme catalysis, etc.). The free-energy surfaces along the reaction coordinate are separated into the enthalpy and entropy surfaces. For the Gaussian statistics of the reaction coordinate, the free-energy surfaces are parabolas, and the entropy surface is an inverted parabola. Its maximum coincides with the transition state for reactions with zero value of the reaction free energy. Maximum entropic depression of the activation barrier, anticipated by the concept of transition-state ensembles, can be achieved for such reactions. From Onsager’s reversibility, the entropy of equilibrium fluctuations encodes the entropic component of the activation barrier. The reorganization entropy thus becomes the critical parameter of the theory reducing the problem of activation entropy to the pr...
Development of an In Vivo Retrodialysis Calibration Method Using Stable Isotope Labeling to Monitor Metabolic Pathways in the Tumor Microenvironment via Microdialysis

Abstract Microdialysis is a technique that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to sample analytes present within tissue interstitial fluid. Analyte-specific calibration is required for quantitative microdialysis, but these calibration methods are tedious, require significant technical skill, and often cannot be performed jointly with the experimental measurements. Here, we describe a method using retrodialysis with stable-isotope-labeled analytes that enables simultaneous calibration and quantification for in vivo tumor microdialysis. Isotope-labeled amino acids relevant to immuno-metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (tryptophan, kynurenine, glutamine, and glutamate) were added to the microdialysis perfusate, and microdialysis probes were inserted in subcutaneous CT26 and MC38 tumors in mice. The levels of both the endogenous and isotope-labeled amino acids in the perfusate outlet were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Plasma and tumor tissue samples were also collected from the same mice and amino acid levels quantified using LC-MS/MS. Amino acids which showed statistically significant differences between the CT26-bearing and MC38-bearing mice in tumor lysate (tryptophan, kynurenine, and glutamine) and plasma (glutamate) were not the same as those identified as significantly different in tumor interstitial fluid (kynurenine and glutamate), underscoring how microdialysis can provide unique and complementary insights into tumor and immune metabolism within the tumor microenvironment.
Estimation of a Non-Parametric Principal-Agent Model with Hidden Actions

The design of performance-based incentives -- commonly used in online labor platforms -- is naturally posed as a moral-hazard principal-agent problem. A key input in this setting is the dependence of agent output on effort, which is unlikely to be known in practice. In this paper, we consider the estimation of a principal-agent model, with a focus on the parameters that link agent output and effort. We first present an estimator for a non-parametric agent model and show it to be statistically consistent. To circumvent computational challenges with solving the estimation problem exactly, we approximate it as an integer program, which we solve through a column generation algorithm that uses hypothesis tests to select variables. We show that our approximation scheme and solution technique both preserve the estimator's consistency and combine to dramatically reduce the computational time required to obtain competitive parameter estimates. To demonstrate our approach, we conducted a randomized experiment on a crowdwork platform (Amazon Mechanical Turk), where incentive contracts were randomly assigned among a pool of workers completing the same task. We present numerical results illustrating how the proposed estimator combined with experimentation can shed light on the efficacy of performance-based incentives.
Laparoscopic splenectomy for secondary cytoreduction of ovarian cancer in a woman with localized splenic recurrence.

Abstract Objective/background Laparoscopic splenectomy is a potential surgical option for the treatment of isolated gynecologic cancer recurrence to the spleen [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [5] , [6] , [7] ]. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate a step-by-step approach for laparoscopic splenectomy in the setting of recurrent, oligometastatic ovarian cancer. Methods We present the case of a 47-year-old female with recurrent, platinum-sensitive high-grade serous ovarian cancer. A computer tomographic scan demonstrated an isolated 1.5 × 1.0 cm recurrence in the splenic hilum. A laparoscopic secondary cytoreduction with splenectomy was planned. The surgical procedure was recorded via the video camera tower, and the key steps for a laparoscopic splenectomy were identified and highlighted. Results The indications for secondary cytoreductive surgery, the appropriate candidates for minimally invasive surgery, patient positioning principles to set the surgeon up for success, and left upper quadrant anatomy are reviewed. In the surgical case and in the setting of hilar disease, the technique and rationale for ligating the major splenic ligaments in a particular order are reviewed. The procedure for isolating and ligating the dominant vascular structures – the splenic artery and vein – are reviewed. Finally, perioperative and oncologic outcomes, including an estimated blood loss of 100 cc, operative time of 3 h, a disease-free interval and “no evidence of disease” status after chemotherapy at 14 months, are emphasized. Conclusions In this video, both anatomical references and the surgical technique for a laparoscopic splenectomy in the setting of recurrent ovarian cancer are illustrated. We demonstrate that laparoscopic splenectomy is feasible and safe with proper patient selection and positioning as well as meticulous surgical technique.
Shakespeare for Freedom: Why the Plays Matter

Shakespeare is political. For centuries, his works, and indeed the idea of the man himself, have been adopted by groups discussing and claiming their own freedoms. In his book Shakespeare for Freed...
Trust and Privacy: How Patient Trust in Providers is Related to Privacy Behaviors and Attitudes

Healthcare today requires extensive sharing and access to patient health information. The use of health information technology (health IT) exacerbates patients' privacy concerns because it expands the availability of patient data to numerous members of the healthcare team. Patient concerns about the privacy of their data may be associated with nondisclosure of their information to providers. Patient trust in physicians, a multi-dimensional perception influenced by patient, physician, and situational factors, can facilitate disclosure and use of health IT. Previous work has done little to explore how specific dimensions of trust in physicians are related to patient information-sharing concerns or behavior. Using data from a nationally-representative survey, we show that patients with higher trust in provider confidentiality have significantly lower likelihood of reporting having ever withheld important health information and lower likelihood of thinking it is important to find out who has looked at their medical records. Patient trust in physician competence is related to higher likelihood of thinking it is important for health care providers to share information electronically This work sheds light on the importance of considering multiple dimensions of trust for patient behavior and attitudes related to their information sharing with health care providers.
Clinical analysis of neonatal pertussis in 68 cases

Objective To study the clinical characteristics of neonatal pertussis. Method From January 2011 to December 2015, clinical data of newborns with pertussis treated in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed, including the general information, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, treatment and prognosis. Result A total of 68 newborns with pertussis were found during the study period, including 1 case in 2011, 5 cases in 2012, 1 case in 2013, 18 cases in 2014 and 43 cases in 2015. The time needed for diagnosis was 7 to 35 days after onset of symptoms, and 80.9% (55/68) in 14 days. The predominant manifestation was paroxysmal cough ( 68 cases, 100%). Other common symptoms included flushing in 45 cases (66.2%) and cyanosis with coughing in 40 cases (58.8%). The uncommon symptoms included whooping cough (20 cases, 29.4%), wheezing (10 cases, 14.7%), fever (3 cases, 4.4%) and apnea with decreased heart rate during cough(2 cases, 2.9%). 12 patients (17.6%) had elevated peripheral white blood cells or lymphocytes. The clinical manifestations didn′t disappear despite erythromycin therapy, and the whooping cough continued for 12 to 42 days during the course of disease.22 cases (32.4%) had complications, including pneumonia in 12 cases, myocardial damage in 10 cases, heart failure in 2 cases, respiratory failure in 1 case, atrial tachycardia in 1 case and lung consolidation in 1 case. Conclusion Neonatal pertussis is not uncommon and has a tendency to increase year by year, and it′s challenging for early diagnosis. The patients who have a whooping cough without fever should be considered of pertussis until otherwise ruled out. Leukocyte and lymphocyte count are of little value in the diagnosis of this disease. Key words: Whooping cough; Diagnosis; Therapy; Infant, newborn
Reversible Room-Temperature Fluoride-Ion Insertion in a Tunnel-Structured Transition Metal Oxide Host

An energy storage paradigm orthogonal to Li-ion battery chemistries can be conceptualized by employing anions as the primary charge carriers. F-ion conversion chemistries show promise but have limi...
Interplay Between Cation Distribution and Magnetic Properties in MgM 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (M = Al, Ga) and Al 1.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 Spinels

The polycrystalline samples of Al1.5Mn1.5O4, MgAl0.5Mn1.5O4 and MgGa0.5Mn1.5O4 were prepared using a standard ceramic method and characterized by X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. The cationic distributions were determined by the combination of the Rietveld refinement and the tabulated cation-oxygen distances in spinel compounds. The results obtained were compared with those calculated using a thermodynamic calculation according to the O’Neill model. The Al1.5Mn1.5O4 compound is characterized by its cationic distribution with a high occupancy rate of the magnetic ions Mn2+ in the A sites, in agreement with the experimental magnetic moment. This compound presents a ferrimagnetic behavior at T < 23.5 K. The MgAl0.5Mn1.5O4 and MgGa0.5Mn1.5O4 compounds have almost the same distribution of magnetic manganese cations in both A and B sites, with a weak presence of the magnetic ions Mn2+ in the A sites, justified by the refinement Rietveld, thermodynamic calculation and the hyperbolic form of the inverse magnetic susceptibility above 23.2 K. Both compounds have almost the same magnetic behavior at low temperature T < 23.2 K, typical of a spin glass. This behavior is attributed to the strong presence of diamagnetic ions on the A sites and the magnetic disorder in B sites.
Microbial Influences of Mucosal Immunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis

This review will summarize recent data defining the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the microbiome at mucosal sites throughout the body. It will highlight what is known, what is speculated, and current knowledge gaps regarding the microbiome in RA. An extensive relationship between the microbiome and immune cell function can influence RA-related inflammation and T cell and B cell biology. Studies are beginning to characterize microbial changes in individuals who are at risk for RA, which is a critical element needed to understand the influence of the microbiome on RA pathogenesis. Expanding our understanding of the microbiome in RA beyond the bacteria at the gut and oral mucosae into the lung and urogenital surfaces, including viral and fungal components, and establishing the relationship across mucosal sites will be critical in future work. Importantly, approaches to manipulate the microbiome could lead to novel therapeutic and preventive strategies.
APOE4 Lowers Energy Expenditure and Impairs Glucose Oxidation by Increasing Flux through Aerobic Glycolysis

Abstract Cerebral glucose hypometabolism is consistently observed in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as in young cognitively normal carriers of the E4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE), the strongest genetic predictor of late-onset AD. While this clinical feature has been described for over two decades, the mechanism underlying these changes in cerebral glucose metabolism remains a critical knowledge gap in the field. Here, we undertook a multi-omic approach by combining single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and stable isotope resolved metabolomics (SIRM) to define a metabolic rewiring across astrocytes, brain tissue, mice, and human subjects expressing APOE4. Single-cell analysis of brain tissue from mice expressing human APOE revealed E4-associated decreases in genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, particularly in astrocytes. This shift was confirmed on a metabolic level with isotopic tracing of 13C-glucose in E4 mice and astrocytes, which showed decreased pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle and increases in lactate synthesis. Metabolic phenotyping of E4 astrocytes showed elevated glycolytic activity, decreased oxygen consumption, blunted oxidative flexibility, and a lower rate of glucose oxidation in the presence of lactate. Together, these cellular findings suggested an E4 associated increase in aerobic glycolysis (i.e. the Warburg effect). To test whether this phenomenon translated to APOE4 humans, we analyzed the plasma metabolome of young and middle-aged human participants with and without the E4 allele, and used indirect calorimetry to measure whole body oxygen consumption and energy expenditure. In line with data from E4-expressing mice, young female E4 carriers showed a striking decrease in energy expenditure compared to non-carriers. This decrease in energy expenditure was primarily driven by a lower rate of oxygen consumption, and was exaggerated following a dietary glucose challenge. Further, the stunted oxygen consumption was accompanied by markedly increased lactate in the plasma of E4 carriers, and a pathway analysis of the plasma metabolome suggested an increase in aerobic glycolysis. Together, these results suggest astrocyte, brain and system-level metabolic reprogramming in the presence of APOE4, a ‘Warburg like’ endophenotype that is observable in young humans decades prior to clinically manifest AD.
Pain Management following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures.

Background Distal radius fractures (DRF) are commonly treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Few studies address perioperative and postoperative pain control for this procedure. Questions/Purpose We attempt to demonstrate efficacy of pain management modalities during the perioperative and acute postoperative period after ORIF. Specifically, does the type of perioperative anesthesia used during fixation of DRF affect pain control postoperatively? Does the quantity of narcotic pain medication prescribed or type of pain medication given postoperatively affect pain management? Methods We retrospectively reviewed 294 adult (≥18 years old) patients who underwent outpatient ORIF of acute DRF between December 2012 and December 2014. All procedures were performed with a standard volar plating technique through a flexor carpi radialis approach. Patient demographics, fracture laterality, severity of fracture, type of operative anesthesia, and details regarding postoperative oral pain medications were recorded. We reviewed the number and timing of patient phone calls regarding postoperative pain and refills of pain prescriptions. Results Two-hundred ninety-four patients (average age 48.7 years) were included. One-hundred twenty-two injuries were right-sided (41.5%), 168 were left-sided (57.1%), and four were bilateral (1.4%). One-hundred fifty-one patients (51.4%) received regional anesthesia prior to surgery. Average number of narcotics tablets prescribed was 58. There were 66 patients who called the orthopaedic patient hotline regarding pain-control issues at a median of 7.0 days postoperatively. One-hundred twenty-nine (43.9%) patients required refills of narcotic pain medication postoperatively. There was no significant difference in the number of calls or refills given with regard to the type of anesthesia used or postoperative pain regimen prescribed. Conclusions More than one-fifth of patients who underwent ORIF experienced pain severe enough to call our institution's orthopaedic hotline to ask for help at a median of 7 days after fixation. Clinical Relevance Our study demonstrates poor pain control regardless of intraoperative anesthesia or utilization of varying postoperative pain regimens.
Resource utilisation among patients with syncope presenting to the emergency department.

BACKGROUND Syncope is a common problem encountered in the emergency department (ED) and a significant source of ED resource utilisation, including advanced imaging modalities. Current guidelines do not recommend routine Computed Tomography (CT) imaging of the head for patients seen in the ED due to syncope. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigate resource allocation in the ED for syncope-related visits, including advanced imaging modalities using a large national database. OUTCOMES ANALYSIS Data from the CDC's National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) for years 2008-2017 were compiled and analysed. Intrinsic survey and constructed variables were utilised to identify and investigate all syncope-related ED visits in the United States during the study period that met study criteria. Appropriate bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied in order to identify and compare the resource utilisation, demographics, and ED visit dynamics of syncope and non-syncope-related ED visits. RESULTS During the study period, there were over 15 million ED visits for syncope. A high percentage of syncope visits received head CT compared with non-syncope visits (34% vs. 4.5%, P > .001). When investigated by age-grouping utilisation of head CT ranged from 26.5 (95% CI 18.9-27.5) for ages 18-40 to as high as 40.2% (95% CI 33.8-47.1) for ages 80 and higher. Compared with non-syncope ED visits, syncope-related ED visits were older and more likely to have Medicare or private insurance. CONCLUSION Syncope continues to be a large and growing share of visits to US EDs. Despite well-supported, evidence-based recommendations that do not recommend routine utilisation of head CT in syncope-related ED visits, these data suggest that emergency physicians routinely over-utilise this modality. More specific guidelines may be required to help reduce the use of imaging studies for patients who present to the ED with syncope.
Nuclear NAD+-biosynthetic enzyme NMNAT1 facilitates survival of developing retinal neurons

ABSTRACT Despite mounting evidence that the mammalian retina is exceptionally reliant on proper NAD+ homeostasis for health and function, the specific roles of subcellular NAD+ pools in retinal development, maintenance, and disease remain obscure. Here, we show that deletion of the nuclear-localized NAD+ synthase nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase-1 (NMNAT1) in the developing murine retina causes early and severe degeneration of photoreceptors and select inner retinal neurons via multiple distinct cell death pathways. This severe phenotype is associated with disruptions to retinal central carbon metabolism, purine nucleotide synthesis, and amino acid pathways. Furthermore, large-scale transcriptomics reveals dysregulation of a collection of photoreceptor and synapse-specific genes in NMNAT1 knockout retinas prior to detectable morphological or metabolic alterations. Collectively, our study reveals previously unrecognized complexity in NMNAT1-associated retinal degeneration and suggests a yet-undescribed role for NMNAT1 in gene regulation during photoreceptor terminal differentiation.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Host Galaxies: Morphologies, Offsets, and Local Environments

We present the first comprehensive analysis of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of short-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies. These observations allow us to characterize the galactic and local environments of short GRBs as a powerful constraint on the nature of their progenitors. Using the HST data for 10 short GRB hosts, we determine the host morphological properties, measure precise physical and host-normalized offsets relative to the galaxy centers, and study the locations of short GRBs relative to their host light distributions. We find that most short GRB hosts have exponential disk profiles, characteristic of late-type galaxies, but with a median size that is twice as large as that of long GRB hosts, commensurate with their higher luminosities. The observed distribution of projected physical offsets, supplemented by ground-based measurements, has a median of 5 kpc, about five times larger than that for long GRBs, and in good agreement with predicted offset distributions for neutron star-neutron star (NS-NS) binary mergers. For the short GRB population as a whole, we find the following robust constraints: (1) 25% have projected offsets of 10 kpc; and (2) 5% have projected offsets of 20 kpc. We find no clear systematic trends for the offset distribution of short GRBs with and without extended soft emission. While the physical offsets are larger than those for long GRBs, the distribution of host-normalized offsets is nearly identical due to the larger size of short GRB hosts. Finally, unlike long GRBs, which are concentrated in the brightest regions of their host galaxies, short GRBs appear to under-represent the light distribution of their hosts; this is true even in comparison to core-collapse and Type Ia supernovae. Based on these results, we conclude that short GRBs are consistent with a progenitor population of NS-NS binaries, but partial contribution from prompt or delayed magnetar formation is also consistent with the data. Our study underscores the importance of future HST observations of the larger existing and growing sample of short GRB hosts, which will allow us to delineate the properties of the progenitor population.
How Institutional Pressures and Managerial Incentives Elicit Carbon Transparency in Supply Chains

Carbon transparency, once a niche practice, is increasingly becoming institutionalized. Firms are now required to report not only their operations’ carbon emissions but also their suppliers’. This research explores the institutional pressures emanating from buyers and industry peers driving supplier firms to disclose high-quality carbon emission publicly — our concept of carbon transparency. Many firms are increasingly adopting incentives to engage their employees in corporate climate change programs. Thus, we study the impact of three institutional pressures — coercive, mimetic, and normative — and examine when these pressures are more (or less) effective for driving supplier carbon transparency depending on the presence of climate change incentives. We used Carbon Disclosure Project’s supply chain program (CDP-SCP) as our research context. To gain deeper insight into the CDP-SCP as well as the drivers and challenges of suppliers’ carbon transparency, we conducted interviews with three CDP officials, three CDP-SCP members (i.e., buyers), and six CDP-SCP participants (i.e., suppliers). To test our hypotheses, we used a unique dataset from CDP-SCP and complemented it with four other archival datasets for a sample of 835 suppliers operating in 41 countries during the 2013-2015 period. The results show that suppliers without climate change incentives are more vulnerable to coercive and mimetic pressures, whereas suppliers with climate change incentives are more receptive to normative pressure in terms of how much carbon transparency they exhibit. Thus, our study proposes an extensive concept of supplier carbon transparency, provides a comprehensive analysis of its external/internal drivers, and reveals when institutional pressures are more/less effective in eliciting supplier carbon transparency. This research also provides strategies for how buyers, suppliers, and CDP can foster more carbon transparency in supply chains.
Pasture and Forages

Publisher Summary The world's most abundant renewable source of energy is that of pastures and forages. Forage has been an important component of beef cattle diets. Several important factors affecting the nutritive value of pastures and forages are described in this chapter. These include type of plants, grasses versus legumes and warm-season versus cool-season grasses; plant maturity; temperature, water stress and soil fertility. Types of pastures include permanent pastures, rotation pastures, temporary pastures, winter wheat pastures and harvested crop residue material. One method of categorizing pasture crops is to divide them into legumes and grasses. Legumes used in cattle feed include alfalfa, bur clover and spotted bur clover, red clover, alsike clover, ladino and other white clovers, lespedezas, birdsfoot trefoil and vetches. Grasses used in cattle feed include bluegrasses, bromegrasses, reed canarygrass, timothy, orchardgrass, bermudagrass, dalligrass and bahiagrass, fescue, wheatgrasses and sorghum. Residues are the by-products of grain and seed production. Normally, they are left to decay in the field. Residues tend to have low feeding values for cattle, although the potential for much greater value exists.
New Sign of Middle Ear Disease

To the Editor.— For years I have observed children pulling on their ears "in sickness and in health." Now, my 11-month-old daughter has introduced me to a new symptom of middle ear disease that was not described during my medical school or residency training. In addition, I have never observed it in my patients. She developed a right purulent otitis media and was treated with antibiotics. Following ten days of antibiotic therapy, she developed a persistent middle ear effusion for about 2 months.
The Human Factors of Aging and the Micro-Environment

Abstract This article discusses how the body of knowledge designers call human factors must integrate aging as a construct for the development of environments and products. M. Powell Lawton, who developed a significant body of knowledge about the relationship of behavior to environment, provides insight regarding this integration of an aging “dynamic” with the characteristics of a general population. In essence, the fit of aging with generalized human characteristics is difficult. As age changes, disability and the onset of memory loss occur, older adult populations grow increasingly diverse. Special requirements require special product and environmental design. A literature that depicts some of this change is cited as consistent with Lawton's philosophy and research.
An OC-12 ATM switch adapter chipset

This paper describes the architecture synthesis and implementation of an OC-12 chipset for ATM switches based on the PRIZMA switch chip. It consists of an ATM receive chip, ATM transmit chip and an ATM switch interface chip, which have been realized in a O.8-micron CMOS technology and run at 800 Mbit/sec. A cost-effective architecture is described based on speeding up the switch port speed over the link speed and cut-through cell processing. As a result, a large inbound cell buffer memory is avoided. The chipset meets switch adapter requirements for a WAN rather than for workstation or PC adapters. One chipset supports OC-12 speed at 16 thousand connections with the full VPi/VCi field, VP and VC switching, policing, OAM flows, performance monitoring, policing and outbound traffic shaping. Various counters per connection are available to support bandwidth management and accounting functions. Inbound and outbound control traffic insertion and extraction to a high-performance microprocessor interface are supported. The realized chipset demonstrates that a cut-through architecture at high speed is feasible and yields a cost-effective implementation. Furthermore, adapter performance is not dependent on software as all data functions are fully performed in hardware. Requirements for a follow-on version of the chipset due to evolving standards and further cost reduction are described.