cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Important Contributions to Geo-Sociology

A number of location-specific spatial theories of human and societal organization have developed over the past century. Theories of location and population organization have long been formally documented, complete with supporting empirical facts and well-developed theoretical propositions from a number of related disciplines. In some of the earliest theories on the understanding of the role of place, economic maximization was the driving force. These theories focused on places as central nodes as being interdependent and or providing a spatialized context to economic and social regions. While most of these theories were developed in the field of economics, they laid the groundwork for later work that is still thought of as foundational in the field of sociology (i.e. the Concentric Zonal Model of the Chicago School). At the time of publication, the most complete set of “classics” in the development of our current state of location theory known to the authors is the website of the Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (or CSISS; see www.csiss.org). The CSISS has not only proven to be an important source of information concerning the documentation of contributions to the use of location-specific theories in the social sciences but also important in its own unique contributions which will be introduced in a later chapter. From the early economic models of location to the recent unification of spatial thinking at the CSISS, a foundational understanding of geographic context in the field of sociology has been laid and provides the framework from which this book moves forward.
Meyer's topology and brownian motion in a composite medium

On associe au probleme de propagation de la chaleur dans un milieu composite un processus de diffusion qui est une semimartingale. On etudie surtout le probleme de Stefan.
The International Trade In Toxic Waste: A Selected Bibliography Of Sources

A bibliography focusing on how strict environmental protection in the West is contributing to a buildup of the dangerous waste in the Third World.
Sex differences in DEK expression in the anterior cingulate cortex and its association with dementia severity in schizophrenia

Abstract DEK is a chromatin-remodeling phosphoprotein found in most human tissues, but its expression and function in the human brain is largely unknown. DEK depletion in vitro induces cellular and molecular anomalies associated with cognitive impairment, including down-regulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. ToppGene analyses link DEK loss to genes associated with various dementias and age-related cognitive decline. To examine the role of DEK in cognitive impairment in severe mental illness, DEK protein expression was assayed by immunoblot in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of subjects with schizophrenia. Cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia and cognitive function in subjects was assessed antemortem using the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale. DEK protein expression was not significantly altered in schizophrenia (n = 20) compared to control subjects (n = 20). Further analysis revealed significant reduction in DEK protein expression in women with schizophrenia, and a significant increase in expression in men with schizophrenia, relative to their same-sex controls. DEK protein expression levels were inversely correlated with dementia severity in women. Conversely, in men, DEK protein expression and dementia severity were positively correlated. Notably, there was no sex difference in DEK protein expression in the control group, suggesting that this sex difference is specific to schizophrenia and not due to inherent differences in DEK expression between males and females. These results suggest a novel, sex-specific role for DEK in cognitive performance and highlight a putative sex-specific link between central nervous system DEK protein expression and a neuropsychiatric disease that is commonly associated with cognitive impairment.
Managing Information Security via Transactive Memory Systems: An IT-HR Collaboration Perspective

Human factors are increasingly recognized as real culprits of failures in Information Security Management (ISM). Thus, the roles of Human Resource Management (HRM) become more salient with ISM. Unlike practitioners, researchers appear reluctant to acknowledge such emergence. Prior literature has not attempted to link ISM with HRM theoretically. ISM literature suggests that both technical and non-technical aspects be simultaneously considered. Similarly, HRM literature recommends that practices such as staffing and training be treated as a bundle. Evidently, both ISM and HRM teams require a pool of specialized knowledge and skills to manage each of their aspects. Moreover, both teams should collaborate in order to improve the ISM performance of the firm. However, the amount of the knowledge may become overloading to both teams. This paper posits that Transactive Memory System (TMS) can support not only knowledge coordination when each team operates independently, but also alleviate the knowledge overload when both teams collaborate. Furthermore, this paper proposes that such collaboration via TMS enables an organization to not only manage its ISM more effectively but ultimately produce sustainable competitive advantage. Implications are then discussed.
High goal conflict and low goal meaning are associated with an increased likelihood of subsequent religious transformation in adolescents

Abstract Adolescence is one of the most common periods during which people report religious transformations (Regnerus & Uecker, 2006), but few studies have examined what variables might precipitate a transformation during this time. Based on early writings of James (1902) and Starbuck (1911), we tested the hypotheses that adolescents are more likely to experience a religious transformation when they have (a) lower global meaning, (b) lower goal meaning, and (c) higher goal conflict. Participants (N = 137) were adolescents living in Western Europe involved in a service trip with Young Life, an evangelical Christian organization. Participants with lower strivings meaning and higher strivings conflict before the trip were more likely to experience a religious transformation during the trip.
Testing Cold and Hot Cognitive Control as Moderators of a Network of Comorbid Psychopathology Symptoms in Adolescence

Comorbidity is pervasive across psychopathological symptoms, diagnoses, and domains. Network analysis is a method for investigating symptom-level associations that underlie comorbidity, particularly through bridge symptoms connecting diagnostic syndromes. We applied network analyses of comorbidity to data from a population-based sample of adolescents (n = 849). We implemented a method for assessing nonparametric moderation of psychopathology networks to evaluate differences in network structure across levels of intelligence and emotional control. Symptoms generally clustered by clinical diagnoses, but specific between-cluster bridge connections emerged. Internalizing symptoms demonstrated unique connections with aggression symptoms of interpersonal irritability, whereas externalizing symptoms showed more diffuse interconnections. Aggression symptoms identified as bridge nodes in the cross-sectional network were enriched for longitudinal associations with internalizing symptoms. Cross-domain connections did not significantly vary across intelligence but were weaker at lower emotional control. Our findings highlight transdiagnostic symptom relationships that may underlie co-occurrence of clinical diagnoses or higher-order factors of psychopathology.
REAVER: Improved Analysis of High-resolution Vascular Network Images Revealed Through Round-robin Rankings of Accuracy and Precision

Alterations in vascular networks, including angiogenesis and capillary regression, play key roles in disease, wound healing, and development. Imaging of microvascular networks can reveal their spatial structures, but effective study of network architecture requires methods to accurately quantify them using a variety of metrics. We present REAVER (Rapid Editable Analysis of Vessel Elements Routine), a freely available open source tool that researchers can use to analyze and quantify high resolution fluorescent images of blood vessel networks, and assess its performance compared to alternative state-of-the-art image analysis software programs. Top performing programs for each metric are identified by assigning a rank based on statistical multiple comparisons of accuracy and precision, modeled as matches in a round-robin style tournament. This comparison method yields a clearly defined and consistent standard for characterizing program performance, avoiding the use of non-standard ad hoc interpretations of multiple comparisons between programs. Using this comparison method and a dataset of manually analyzed images as a ground-truth, we show that REAVER was the top ranked program for both accuracy and precision for all metrics quantified, including vessel length density, vessel area fraction, mean vessel diameter, and branchpoint count. REAVER can be used to quantify differences in blood vessel architectures between study groups, which makes it particularly useful in experiments designed to evaluate the effects of different external perturbations (e.g. drugs or disease states).
Advances in Financial Machine Learning: Numerai's Tournament (seminar slides)

Machine learning (ML) is changing virtually every aspect of our lives. Today ML algorithms accomplish tasks that until recently only expert humans could perform. As it relates to finance, this is the most exciting time to adopt a disruptive technology that will transform how everyone invests for generations. In this course, we discuss scientifically sound ML tools that have been successfully applied to the management of large pools of funds. This material is part of Cornell University's ORIE 5256 graduate course at the School of Engineering.
Construction and Field Evaluation of Electrically Isolated Tendons in a Prestressed Concrete Spliced Girder Bridge

Abstract This paper describes the first application of Electrically Isolated Tendon (EIT) technology in the United States. These systems have been developed to provide a level of quality assurance ...
Perceived health after adult traumatic brain injury: a Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM) analysis

To provide nationally representative estimates of adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and identify clusters of individuals with TBI who follow similar perceived health trajectories using group...
Heroes Sung and Unsung: Explorers’ Narratives of Mongolia, 1890s to the 1930s

Petr Kuzmich Kozlov and Roy Chapman Andrews were well known figures in the world of popular culture, exploration, and science of their respective homelands, Imperial Russia and America. In the early years of the twentieth century, both were famous for spectacular discoveries in the deserts of Mongolia – Kozlov in archeology and Andrews in paleontology. Both were celebrity explorers in their native countries when they met in Mongolia in 1922, and both kept field journals and notes from which they produced popularly published accounts of their travels and exploits. Like all the great explorer-adventurers, Andrews and Kozlov made themselves the hero of their own narratives (Maclulich 1977). And yet, neither could have achieved what he did, nor likely have met, had it not been for a third individual, one who was indispensable to both explorers, but an individual who has nearly disappeared from the historical record. Tsokto Garmaevich Badmazhapov, a native of Buryatia, in Siberia, acted as an intermediary for both Kozlov and Andrews. He played a central role in the stories of the two explorers, the unsung hero in their narratives, but he was a remarkable individual in his own right – a successful and polyglot commercial agent, a go-between, an explorer, and a Mongolian government official. In the early 1920s all three individuals were prominent figures in Mongolia, and yet by the mid-1930s, all three had been excluded from the lands that drew them. This article explores the interaction of these three, the visions of Inner Asia that motivated and separated each, and the circumstances – scientific, geo-political, and personal – that both produced and then discarded these remarkable people.
The Hippocratic Oath: A Radiologic Perspective.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to revisit the Hippocratic Oath, the oldest extant document of medical ethics, and refamiliarize ourselves with the foundation of our profession of radiolo...
Etiology and prognosis for dogs with abnormal blood glucose concentrations evaluated in an emergency room.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of glucose abnormalities in nondiabetic dogs presenting to a veterinary emergency room (ER) and their association with underlying disease processes, previous glucocorticoid administration, and overall mortality. DESIGN Single-center, retrospective study from January 2013 to December 2014. SETTING University Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS A total of 660 dogs presenting to an ER with a blood glucose concentration measured within 6 hours of presentation. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Medical records from dogs with a blood glucose concentration measured within 6 hours of hospital admission were reviewed. Medications administered prior to blood sampling, the presence of shock, final clinical diagnosis, and survival were recorded. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia were defined as a blood glucose 6.7 mmol/L (120 mg/dL), respectively. Diabetic patients were removed from analysis. Hyperglycemia was found in 40.1% of dogs, whereas hypoglycemia was present in 9.0%. Hyperglycemia was most often associated with gastrointestinal disease, trauma, neoplasia, and respiratory disease. The most common diseases associated with hypoglycemia were sepsis, gastrointestinal disease, and neoplasia. Dogs in shock or with hyperlactatemia had higher blood glucose values than dogs with normal perfusion and plasma lactate concentrations (P = 0.016 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Mortality was higher in dogs with hyperglycemia (33.2%, P = 0.03) or hypoglycemia (44.6%, P = 0.0024) compared to those with normoglycemia (24.9%). CONCLUSION Dysglycemia in nondiabetic dogs evaluated in an ER was associated with a higher mortality rate than dogs in the same population with normoglycemia. Hyperglycemia in this population was common and may represent a stress response.
Jobs and Kids: Female Employment and Fertility in Rural China

Data on 2,355 married women from the 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey are used to study how female employment affects fertility in China. China has deep concerns with both population size and female employment, so the relationship between the two should be better understood. Causality flows in both directions. A conceptual model shows how employment prospects affect fertility. Then a well-validated instrumental variable isolates this effect. Female employment reduces a married woman's preferred number of children by 0.35 on average and her actual number by 0.50. Ramifications for China's one-child policy are discussed.
On the Backs of Tortoises: Darwin, the Galápagos, and the Fate of an Evolutionary Eden: Elizabeth Hennessy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019. 336 pp., illustrations. $30.00 cloth (ISBN 9780300232745).

You take the blue pill, the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill, you stay in wonderland, and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes...
Body Image and Disordered Eating Among LGBTQ+ University Students and Recent Graduates in Rural Appalachia: A Thematic Analysis

LGBTQ+ university students and recent graduates of a large rural Appalachian institution were interviewed for an exploratory thematic analysis on body image and disordered eating behaviors. While participants noted an overall sense of comfortability in the university setting, there were varying obstacles associated with navigating intersecting identities and physical presentation that were noted in the data. Excerpts from participant interviews were coded into five unique themes: (1) feeling “othered”/different from peers as well as fellow LGBTQ+ community members, (2) seeking comfortability with body/self, (3) facing stereotypes and image expectations based on presumed gender identity and/or sexual/affectional orientation, (4) general experiences as an LGBTQ+ community member in a rural university town, and (5) seeking increased support from the university. This study concludes that significant challenges related to body image are exacerbated by common experiences as a person in the LGBTQ+ community.
Anti-HPV16 Antibody Titers Prior to an Incident Cervical HPV16/31 Infection.

The goal of this study was to investigate the serological titers of circulating antibodies against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 (anti-HPV16) prior to the detection of an incident HPV16 or HPV31 infection amongst vaccinated participants. Patients were selected from a prospective post-HPV vaccine longitudinal cohort at Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center in Manhattan, NY. We performed a nested case–control study of 43 cases with incident detection of cervical HPV16 (n = 26) or HPV31 (n = 17) DNA who had completed the full set of immunizations of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV). Two control individuals whom had received three doses of the vaccine (HPV16/31-negative) were selected per case, matched on age at the first dose of vaccination and follow-up time in the study: a random control, and a high-risk control that was in the upper quartile of a sexual risk behavior score. We conducted an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific to anti-HPV16 virus-like particles (VLPs). The results suggest that the average log antibody titers were higher among high-risk controls than the HPV16/31 incident cases and the randomly selected controls. We show a prospective association between anti-HPV16 VLP titers and the acquisition of an HPV16/31 incident infection post-receiving three doses of 4vHPV vaccine.
Curcumin Inhibition of TGFβ signaling in bone metastatic breast cancer cells and the possible role of oxidative metabolites

TGFβ signaling promotes progression of bone-metastatic (BMET) breast cancer (BCa) cells by driving tumor-associated osteolysis, a hallmark of BCa BMETs, thus allowing for tumor expansion within bone. Turmeric-derived bioactive curcumin, enriched in bone via local enzymatic deconjugation of inactive circulating curcumin-glucuronides, inhibits osteolysis and BMET progression in human xenograft BCa BMET models by blocking tumoral TGFβ signaling pathways mediating osteolysis. This is a unique antiosteolytic mechanism in contrast to current osteoclast-targeting therapeutics. Therefore, experiments were undertaken to elucidate the mechanism for curcumin inhibition of BCa TGFβ signaling and the application of this finding across multiple BCa cell lines forming TGFβ-dependent BMETs, including a possible role for bioactive curcumin metabolites in mediating these effects. Immunoblot analysis of TGFβ signaling proteins in bone tropic human (MDA-SA, MDA-1833, MDA-2287) and murine (4T1) BCa cells revealed uniform curcumin blockade of TGFβ-induced Smad activation due to down-regulation of plasma membrane associated TGFβR2 and cellular receptor Smad proteins that propagate Smad-mediated gene expression, resulting in downregulation of PTHrP expression, the osteolytic factor driving in vivo BMET progression. With the exception of early decreases in TGFβR2, inhibitory effects appeared to be mediated by oxidative metabolites of curcumin and involved inhibition of gene expression. Interestingly, while not contributing to changes in Smad-mediated TGFβ signaling, curcumin caused early activation of MAPK signaling in all cell lines, including JNK, an effect possibly involving interactions with TGFβR2 within lipid rafts. Treatment with curcumin or oxidizable analogs of curcumin may have clinical relevancy in the management of TGFβ-dependent BCa BMETs.
Citation Patterns in Chemistry Dissertations at a Mid-sized University: An Internal Citation Analysis and External Comparison

This study analyzes the references cited in 34 chemistry dissertations and compares the results with an earlier study of citations in American Chemical Society journals. The dissertations cite more...
Revisiting Mild Asthma: Current Knowledge and Future Needs.

Asthma is a common chronic airways disease with significant impact on patients, caregivers, and the health-care system. Although most research and novel interventions mainly have focused on patients with uncontrolled severe asthma, most patients with asthma have mild disease. Epidemiologic studies suggest that many patients with mild asthma report frequent exacerbations of the disease and uncontrolled symptoms. However, despite its impact, mild asthma does not have either a uniformly agreed on definition for or a consensus on its clinical and pathophysiologic progression. More recently, the approach to treatment of patients with mild asthma has undergone significant changes primarily based on emerging evidence that airway inflammation in this population is important. This led to clinical research studies that explored the efficacy of as-needed inhaled corticosteroids along with the rescue medications that traditionally have been the mainstay of treatment. Despite some advancement in the field in recent years, many controversies and unmet needs remain. In this review, we examine the current understanding of the pathophysiologic features and management of mild asthma. In addition, we outline unmet needs for future research. We conclude that mild asthma contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality of asthma and should be the focus of future research.
Hole superconductivity xOr hot hydride superconductivity

Under the spell of BCS-electron–phonon theory [M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, 2nd ed. (McGraw Hill, New York, 1996)], during the last 6 years experimentalists have purportedly discovered a plethora of high temperature conventional superconductors among pressurized hydrides [Pickard et al., Ann. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 11, 57 (2020) and R. F. Service, Science 373, 954 (2021)], and theorists have been busy predicting and explaining those findings [Lv et al., Matter Radiat. Extremes 5, 068101 (2020); Flores-Livas et al., Phys. Rep. 856, 1 (2020); and Boeri et al., J. Phys. Condens. Matter. (to be published)]. The alternative theory of hole superconductivity (see https://jorge.physics.ucsd.edu/hole.html for a list of references) predicts instead that no superconductivity can exist in these materials. In this Tutorial, I will first argue that, unclouded by the prejudice of BCS’s validity, the existing experimental evidence for superconductivity in pressurized hydrides does not withstand scrutiny. Once it is established that superconductivity in pressurized hydrides is a myth and not a reality, the claim to validity of BCS-electron–phonon theory as a descriptor of superconductivity of real materials will be forever shattered, and an alternative theory will become imperative. I will explain the fundamentals of the theory of hole superconductivity, developed over the past 32 years [see https://jorge.physics.ucsd.edu/hole.html and J. E. Hirsch, Phys. Lett. A 134, 451 (1989)], and why it is compelling. Crucially, it explains the Meissner effect, that I argue the conventional theory does not. It applies to all superconducting materials and provides guidelines in the search for high temperature superconductors that are very different from those provided by BCS-electron–phonon theory. Light elements are predicted to be irrelevant to warm superconductivity because according to this theory the electron–phonon interaction plays no role in superconductivity.
Recognition of human melanoma cells by HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by at least six shared peptide epitopes

HLA-A2.1-associated peptides were extracted from human melanoma cell lines and used to study epitopes for melanoma-specific HLA-A2.1-restricted CTL. CTL were generated from tumor-involved nodes by in vitro stimulation, initially with autologous melanoma cells and subsequently with allogeneic A2.1+ melanoma cells. These CTL lysed autologous melanoma plus four allogeneic HLA-A2.1+ melanomas, including an HLA-A2.1-transfected melanoma. K562, HLA-A2- melanomas and HLA-A2+ nonmelanomas were not lysed. HLA-A2.1 molecules were purified from human melanoma cell lines by immunoaffinity column chromatography of detergent-solubilized cell pellets. Peptides bound to the MHC molecules were acid eluted and fractionated by reversed phase HPLC. Individual fractions were assessed for their ability to reconstitute melanoma-specific epitopes by addition to the HLA-A2.1+ Ag-processing mutant, 721.174XCEM.T2 (T2). Five peaks of reconstitution were observed. Second dimension HPLC separations of reconstituting fractions revealed evidence for two distinct reconstituting peptides within one of these peaks. Based on these data, a minimum of six distinct peptides associated with HLA-A2.1 and recognized by melanoma-specific CTL are present on these different melanoma lines. These data document the presence of multiple peptide-defined CTL epitopes that are shared by at least three unrelated human melanoma cell lines.
I/O Efficient Scientific Computation Using TPIE

In recent years, I/O-efficient algorithms for a wide variety of problems have appeared in the literature. Thus far, however, systems specifically designed to assist programmers in implementing such algorithms have remained scarce. TPIE is a system designed to fill this void. It supports I/O-efficient paradigms for problems from a variety of domains, including computational geometry, graph algorithms, and scientific computation. The TPIE interface frees programmers from having to deal not only of explicit read and write calls, but also the complex memory management that must be performed for I/O-efficient computation. In this paper, we discuss applications of TPIE to problems in scientific computation. We discuss algorithmic issues underlying the design and implementation of the relevant components of TPIE and present performance results of programs written to solve a series of benchmark problems using our current TPIE prototype. Some of the benchmarks we present are based on the NAS parallel benchmarks, while others are of our own creation. We demonstrate that the CPU overhead required to manage I/O is small and that even with just a single disk the I/O overhead of I/O-efficient computation ranges from negligible to the same order of magnitude as CPU time. We conjecture that if we use a number of disks in parallel this overhead can be all but eliminated.
Dual thermal time constant electrothermal modeling of PIN diode protection circuits

A study of the temperature change in PIN diode protection circuits is presented using a dual time constant thermal model with a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging receive coil as the application. Simulations using the model show dual time constant behavior with a rapid temperature rise and corresponding cool off in the PIN diode with application and removal of an MR transmit pulse and for low duty cycle MR pulse sequences. This new electrothermal model allows MR coil designers the ability to include packaging and mounting thermal properties as part of their coil design.
The Greenwood Library of American Folktales

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2006 Pages: 1592 Publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN: 0-313-33772-1 (hard cover). Prices: $299.95 USD(hard cover).
INTERTWINING VERTEX OPERATORS AND CERTAIN REPRESENTATIONS OF $\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}(n)}$

We study the principal subspaces, introduced by Feigin and Stoyanovsky, of the level 1 standard modules for with l ≥ 2. In this paper, we construct exact sequences which give us a complete set of recursions that characterize the graded dimensions of the principal subspaces of these representations. This problem can be viewed as a continuation of a new program to obtain Rogers–Ramanujan-type recursions, which was initiated by Capparelli, Lepowsky and Milas. In order to prove the exactness of the sequences, we use intertwining vertex operators and we supply a proof of the completeness of a list of relations for the principal subspaces. By solving these recursions we recover the graded dimensions of the principal subspaces, previously obtained by Georgiev using a different method.
Transport and settling of organic material in a deep-sea hydrothermal plume: evidence from particle flux measurements

Abstract Results of time-series experiments using moored sediment traps to quantify the settling hydrothermal particle flux above Endeavour Ridge suggest that the oceanic effects of carbon production associated with mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems are not limited to the area immediately surrounding seafloor vents. We hypothesize that particulate organic material is entrained, possibly generated in, and removed from the hydrothermal plume at least 2 km from a site of active venting. More than 95% of the organic carbon collected 21 m directly above a site of hydrothermal fluid discharge has a near-bottom, chemosynthetic source. Up to 62% of the total organic carbon flux measured 100–200 m above bottom and ≈2 km northeast of the vent field (47°57.05′N, 129°06.30′W, depth ≈ 2200 m) is chemosynthetic. Despite injectionof organic carbon at plume depths, perplexing minima in the fluxes of biogenic and inorganic detrital particles are observed at plume-depth 1900 m traps. Possible explanations for the attenuated particle fluxes include removal of material from the laterally advecting plume by zooplankton feeding, biologically mediated particle breakdown, and the effect of currents on particle collection. Patterns of particle flux we observed indicate simultaneous addition and removal of organic material at plume depths (i.e. nutrient cycling), and support the hypothesis that laterally dispersing hydrothermal plumes are three-dimensional, biologically active zones in the deep sea.
Kinesin Walks Hand-Over-Hand

Kinesin is a processive motor that takes 8.3-nm center-of-mass steps along microtubules for each adenosine triphosphate hydrolyzed. Whether kinesin moves by a "hand-over-hand" or an "inchworm" model has been controversial. We have labeled a single head of the kinesin dimer with a Cy3 fluorophore and localized the position of the dye to within 2 nm before and after a step. We observed that single kinesin heads take steps of 17.3 +/- 3.3 nm. A kinetic analysis of the dwell times between steps shows that the 17-nm steps alternate with 0-nm steps. These results strongly support a hand-over-hand mechanism, and not an inchworm mechanism. In addition, our results suggest that kinesin is bound by both heads to the microtubule while it waits for adenosine triphosphate in between steps.
Interactions of Acetylcholine Mustard with Acetylcholinesterase

The hydrolysis of acetylcholine and acetylcholine mustard by acetylcholinesterase was compared over a substrate concentration range of 1–10 mM. Reactions were allowed to proceed for 2 min at 25°. Results of these experiments reveal that the substrates have similar affinities for the enzyme, whereas the maximum velocity for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine mustard was significantly lower than for acetylcholine. These findings suggest that acetylcholine mustard has the ability to inactivate acetylcholinesterase.
Optical resonances in dielectric microspheres for transverse magnetic wave

Abstract Optical resonances for Transverse Magnetic (TM) wave based on Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM) have been presented with comprehensive mathematical formulations. The present study is characterized both theoretically and experimentally by considering the fact that the size parameter of the dielectric microspheres is very large at optical wavelengths. An asymptotic expression has been developed based on electromagnetic theory for large size parameter. The developed expressions for optical resonance condition of TM wave are very simple and can accurately characterize resonances in dielectric microspheres. The theoretical development is mathematically robust and significantly less complicated than existing approaches based on quantum physics presented in the literatures. The theoretical result of size parameter for consecutive morphology dependent resonance (MDR) peaks is validated by experimental data. The comparisons are shown to be very accurate for large size parameters.
The Effect of Noise Cross-Coupling on Time-Interleaved Delta-Sigma ADCs

An analysis of the quantization noise in symmetric coupled time-interleaved delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters (TI-DS-ADCs) is presented. Sufficient conditions are derived that ensure that the quantization noise is asymptotically uniformly distributed and independent of delayed versions of itself and the input. Application of the conditions is illustrated in example TI-DS-ADCs.
Short baseline neutrino oscillations and MiniBooNE

Abstract This report describes the state of neutrino oscillation studies in the LSND signal (high Δm2) region. Prospects for the Fermilab experiment, MiniBooNE, which is intended to verify or refute the LSND signal, will be discussed.
Distribution of schistosome genetic diversity within molluscan intermediate hosts

Naturally infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails were collected at two sites near Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae isolated from single snails were used to infect individual mice. Genetic comparison of single worm DNA was accomplished by hybridization of Southern blots to a polymorphic repetitive DNA element. Genetic profiles of parasite individuals revealed a diverse array of parasite genotypes in naturally infected intermediate hosts. The observed distribution of schistosome genotypes among intermediate hosts indicates that over half of the infected snails harbour multiple miracidia. Snails were more likely to carry multiple infections than expected by chance. This degree of overdispersion combined with high levels of genetic variability facilitates multi-genotype transmission and helps maintain parasite genetic diversity.
The size of positive ion droplets in helium vapor

Abstract The charged droplet radius can be obtained from measured mobilities if one assumes a particular model for the scattering of a vapor atom by the drop. Results for two such models are described and compared with the predictions of the Thomson equation.
Correcting for confounding in analyzing receiver operating characteristic curves

A method is described for modeling a receiver operating curve as a function of confounding covariates when the outcome of the screening test is a continuous variate. A parametric survival model is proposed for modeling the distribution of the screening test outcome as a function of true disease status and other confounding covariates. The sensitivity and specificity of the screening test at any “cut-point” along the range of the screening test outcome may be estimated easily from the estimated survival distribution. Confidence intervals and an estimate of the area under the curve are derived.
PVSS1. Long-term Functional Outcomes of Brachio-Basilic Arterio-Venous Fistulas

OBJECTIVES: According to NKF-DOQI guidelines, brachiobasilic fistulas (bbfs) are the next best alternative if a radioor brachio-cephalic fistula cannot be successfully created. However, there are few current, large series in the literature examining their outcomes. Our objective was to review our experience with bbfs, including the factors affecting functional patency. METHODS: We reviewed 134 consecutive bbfs performed over a period of 5 years. We recorded demographics, comorbidities, time to access, and functional patency. Data were analyzed by chi-square, life-table, and proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: 15 patients were either lost to initial follow up (n=6), died (n=8), or received transplant (n=1) before dialysis was attempted. Among the remaining 119, mean follow-up was 22 months. Three bbfs were ligated early due to steal and 25 failed to mature. 91 bbfs (76%) matured to successful dialysis. Of these, median time to first access was 6 weeks (mean 6.4 weeks). By life-table analysis, median functional primary patency was 41 months, while median primary assisted patency was 49 months. The only significant factor predicting increased primary patency was female gender (figure). Diabetic patients exhibited a non-significant trend toward shorter patency. BMI, age, and smoking were not predictors of time to failure. CONCLUSIONS: This large series shows that bbfs can yield acceptable long-term functional outcomes with maturation rates higher than those generally reported for forearm fistulas. The procedure appears to be especially valuable in females, and outcomes are not adversely affected by elevated age or BMI.
Challenging Authority in Cyberspace: Evaluating Al Jazeera Arabic Writers

Abstract: The Arab Spring has been widely branded as a social media revolution. Evidence has shown that many Arab citizens consider Al Jazeera one of the most popular and credible Arab news networks, making it important to explore the manner and the extent to which this media network may have impacted the Revolution. One way to do so is by examining the meaning, configuration, and providers of the Al Jazeera network’s news content. This exploration seems to raise important questions: what are the contents of Al Jazeera’s Arabic politico-religious articles? Are political writers revolutionaries in their views? Do they identify with the Arab mainstream or with a political/ideological group, or do they court the interests of Arab states? To what extent are writers affected by their country of origin, their ideological affiliations, or the country in which Al Jazeera is based—Qatar? This article attempts to answer these questions by analyzing the fluidity and the complexities of a sample of articles collected...
HIV-based vectors for therapeutic angiogenesis in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia

Abstract Purpose: Although numerous medical and surgical therapeutic options exist for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease, there are patients who fail or cannot tolerate these interventions, thereby stimulating investigation into novel treatment modalities. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of lentiviral-delivered vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) on vessel collateralization in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia. Methods: Self-inactivating HIV-based vectors were constructed by standard recombinant molecular biology methods with or without vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) cDNAs driven off a CMV promoter. These vectors were co-transfected along with the envelope glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus into 293T cells, and vector supernatants harvested. Titers were typically 5 × 107 IU/ml post-concentration. New Zealand white rabbits (n = 19) weighing 3–5 kg underwent ligation of either the right or left external iliac artery and excision of the ipsilateral femoral artery via lower midline and inner thigh incisions. Ten days later, empty vector supernatant (n = 6), VEGF vector (n = 6), or VEGF+Ang-2 vector (n = 7) was injected intramuscularly into the ipsilateral thigh (total 1 ml). On POD 40, as a terminal procedure, run-off angiography was performed. Vessel collateralization scores were determined by blinded observers using the circular grid overlay technique. Scores represented the ratio of crossing opacified arteries to the total number of circles in a defined area of ischemic thigh. Results: Collateralization scores were similar between the control group and VEGF+Ang-2 group (9.3% ± 0.04% vs. 10.7% ± 0.04%; p = 0.4); whereas, increased scores occurred in animals receiving VEGF alone (9.3% ± 0.04% vs. 17.2% ± 0.06%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: A significant increase in vessel collateralization was observed following VEGF administration, and the addition of Ang-2 vector did not synergistically influence vessel growth in this rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia. Future experiments will involve the quantification of vector efficacy and the addition of other angiogenic factors in conjunction with VEGF.
Anthocyanin Synthesis in Corn Endosperm Tissue Cultures. II. Effect of Certain Inhibitory and Stimulatory Agents.

In a previous paper (7), the advantages of corn endosperm tissue cultures as an experimental tool in attacking the problem of anthocyanin synthesis were pointed out. The general culture conditions, the identity of the pigments, and the requirement for light were reported in the same paper. Thimann and Radner (11, 12) have shown that anthocyanin synthesis in Spirodela is inhibited by purine and pyrimidine antagonists, by certain sulfurcontaining compounds and certain amino acids. They also demonstrated (13) that riboflavine reverses the inhibition caused by many of these substances, and further that riboflavine substitutes for the light reaction involved in anthocyanin production by Spirodela. When work on the current problem was begun, it was expected that the effect of various chemicals on anthocyanin synthesis in both the endosperm cultures and Spirodela would prove to be similar. As this report will indicate, however, data obtained so far show that pigment synthesis in the two systems is affected differently by certain of the same compounds tested.
Increased Signs of Acute Rejection With Ischemic Time in a Rat Musculocutaneous Allotransplant Model

Background. Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) may restore a variety of tissue defects, but carries the potential risks of graft failure and/or immunosuppression-related complications. Ischemia-reperfusion injury has been documented in CTA is known to contribute to acute rejection of solid organ grafts. This study describes the influence of subcritical ischemic time (ie, ischemia sufficient to generate reversible cell damage) on signs of rejection of musculocutaneous allograft components of subcritical ischemic time, namely, ischemia sufficient to generate reversible cell injury. Although skin is considered the most antigenic component of a composite allograft and is currently used for rejection surveillance, muscle and adipose are more susceptible to ischemia-related injury. Methods. Vascularized epigastric flaps were transplanted from WKY to Fisher 344 rats after 1 or 3 hours of ischemia. Biopsies taken on postoperative day 6 were graded for signs of acute rejection according to criteria modified from previously published grading systems for CTA rejection. Results. Skin and muscle exposed to 3 hours of ischemia showed significantly higher rejection scores than after 1 hour of ischemia, as evidenced by a more aggressive diffuse lymphocytic infiltration with disruption of tissue architecture. The rejection score in skin with 3-hour ischemia was 5.0 ± 0.1 versus 3.7 ± 0.2 with 1-hour (Mann-Whitney U test; P <.05). The rejection score in muscle exposed to 3-hour ischemia was 3.6 ± 0.3 versus 2.5 ± 0.1 with 1-hour (P <.05). Conclusions. Muscle and skin demonstrated increased acute rejection of allotransplants with increased subcritical ischemic time. This study supports the use of aggressive methods to reduce subcritical ischemic injury during allotransplantation of composite tissue and inclusion of muscle in postoperative biopsies in this early investigational period of CTA.
The Correlation of Internal Spermatic Vein Palpability With Ultrasonographic Diameter and Reversal of Venous Flow

A gold standard that defines the presence of a subclinical varicocele does not exist. No one has accurately demonstrated at what diameter an internal spermatic vein becomes palpable. We correlated the clinical examination of the scrotum with ultrasonographic measurements of internal spermatic vein diameter and reversal of venous flow in 156 testicles. The internal spermatic vein became palpable at diameters of 3.0 to 3.5 mm. Reversal of flow was found in all veins larger than 3.5 mm. and did not occur in any veins smaller than 2.5 mm. In veins with diameters of 2.5 to 3.5 mm. neither palpability nor internal spermatic vein diameter correlated with the reversal of flow by duplex Doppler color ultrasound. If the internal spermatic vein is nonpalpable during the diagnostic evaluation of the infertile man we do not advocate further radiographic studies. If the palpability of the internal spermatic vein is questionable duplex Doppler color ultrasound is indicated.
An integrated approach to sequence-independent local alignment of protein binding sites

Accurate alignment of protein-protein binding sites can aid in protein docking studies and constructing templates for predicting structure of protein complexes, along with in-depth understanding of evolutionary and functional relationships. However, over the past three decades, structural alignment algorithms have focused predominantly on global alignments with little effort on the alignment of local interfaces. In this paper, we introduce the PBSalign ( P rotein-protein B inding S ite align ment) method, which integrates techniques in graph theory, 3D localized shape analysis, geometric scoring, and utilization of physicochemical and geometrical properties. Computational results demonstrate that PBSalign is capable of identifying similar homologous and analogous binding sites accurately and performing alignments with better geometric match measures than existing protein-protein interface comparison tools. The proportion of better alignment quality generated by PBSalign is 46, 56, and 70 percent more than iAlign as judged by the average match index (MI), similarity index (SI), and structural alignment score (SAS), respectively. PBSalign provides the life science community an efficient and accurate solution to binding-site alignment while striking the balance between topological details and computational complexity.
Sythesis of methylene-bridged polyarenes

Abstract Methylene-bridge polyarenes are a relatively rare class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons whose chemistry is relatively unexplored. Although thet are suspected carcinogenic environmental pollutants, few hydrocarbons of this class are known, and general synthetic approaches are lacking. Convenient syntheses of a series of methylene-bridge polyarenes are now described. These syntheses are based upon the prototype hydrocarbon cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene (1) which contains a pre-existing methylene bridge. Polyarenes prepared include 13H-dibenz[bc,l]aceanthrylene (3), 4H-cyclopenta[pqr]picene (5) 4H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[mno]chrysene (6), 13H-indeno[2,1,7-qra]naphthacene (7), and 4H-cyclopenta[def]dibenz[a,c]anthracence (8), of all which were previously unknown. Attempts to prepare 4H-benzo[c]cyclopenta[mno]chrysene (4) by catalytic or chemical dehydrogenation of its hexahydro precursor failed. This is likely due to steric crowding in the fjord region of 4 coupled with resistance to deformation from planarity caused by the methylene bridge. Preliminary findings from mutagenesis assays support the hypothesis that the active mutagenic metabolites of methylene-bridged polyarenes are sulfate esters of alcohol metabolites in the bridge sites.