cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative fasting: will the evidence ever be put into practice?

OVERVIEW Decades of research support the safety and health benefits of consuming clear liquids, including those that are carbohydrate rich, until a few hours before elective surgery or other procedures requiring sedation or anesthesia. Still, U.S. clinicians routinely instruct patients to fast for excessively long preoperative periods. Evidence-based guidelines, published over the past 25 years in the United States, Canada, and throughout Europe, recommend liberalizing preoperative fasting policies. To improve patient safety and health care quality, it's essential that health care professionals abandon outdated preoperative fasting policies and allow available evidence to guide preanesthetic practices.
State-sector shrinkage and workforce reduction in China

Abstract Restructuring of the state sector in China in the late 1990s reduced the workforce by an estimated 30 to 40 million. This paper uses firm-level data from a survey of 800 enterprises in China to test various explanations for job loss and firm exit among state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The results, based on OLS and binary logistic regression models, suggest that small firms (by output and tax remissions) in labor-intensive sectors, and those in coastal Jiangsu province, had greater likelihoods of firm exit and of workforce decline during the late 1990s. Surviving SOEs continued to report only small reductions in payroll size in comparison to firms under other forms of ownership.
SPIKE: A parallel environment for solving banded linear systems

Abstract The hybrid banded linear solver SPIKE is proposed as a parallel environment for solving banded systems that are either dense or sparse within the band. The SPIKE algorithm is a domain decomposition technique that allows performing independent calculations on each subdomain or partition of the original linear system. The interface problem leads to a reduced linear system of much smaller size than that of the original system. Three different members of the SPIKE family are described. Each handles the reduced system in a different way depending on the characteristics of the system and the architecture of the high-end parallel computing platform. Numerical experiments are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of our parallel scheme. Comparison with the corresponding algorithms of ScaLAPACK are also provided for those banded systems that are dense within the band. A SPIKE scheme with multi-level parallelism is also introduced for solving large banded systems that are sparse within the band.
Effect of prostaglandin on luteinizing hormone-stimulated proliferation of theca externa cells from chicken prehierarchical follicles

Abstract The effect of prostaglandin (PG) on proliferation of chicken theca externa cells from prehierarchical small yellow follicles (SYF) was evaluated and involved signaling pathways as well as mRNA expression of cAMP response element binding protein ( CREB1 ), cyclins ( CCND1 and CCNE1 ) and cyclin-dependent kinases ( CDKs ) were investigated. Results showed that PGE 1 (1–100 ng/ml) manifested a similar proliferating effect as LH on theca externa cells, and this stimulating effect was restrained by the prostaglandin receptor antagonist SC19220 at 10 −7 to 10 −5 M. Moreover, prostaglandin synthase inhibitor indomethacin (10 −7 to 10 −5 M) suppressed LH-induced increase in the cell number. In addition, PGE 1 -stimulated cell proliferation was also predominantly hindered by H 89 (PKA inhibitor) instead of H 7 (PKC inhibitor). Meanwhile, BrdU incorporation experiment displayed similar changes with the cell number. Furthermore, H 89 , SC19220 and indomethacin abolished the PGE 1 -stimulated increase in the expression of CREB1 , CCND1 / CDK6 and CCNE1 / CDK2 mRNAs, indicating that cAMP/PKA/CREB1 signaling cascade was involved in PGE 1 -stimulated DNA synthesis. In conclusion, PG could promote proliferation of theca externa cells from prehierarchical follicles through changes in cyclin D1/ CDK6 , cyclin E1/ CDK2 and CREB1 mRNA expression via cAMP/PKA and CREB1 signaling cascade. These results suggest that PG may promote development of chicken prehierarchical follicles and is related to dominant follicle selection in laying hens.
Cuplength estimates on lagrangian intersections

On demontre l'estimation suivante sur des intersections lagrangiennes: si L est une sous-variete lagrangienne de P avec π 2 (P,L)=0 et L' est obtenue a partir de L par un diffeomorphisme exact de P, alors le nombre d'elements de L∩L' est superieure ou egale a la longueur de calotte de P
Promoting Charitable Behaviour with Compliance Techniques

Pour comparer l'impact de trois techniques d'acquiescement sur l'incitation au comportement charitable, on a demandea 409 personnes de verser $2 a l'American Cancer Society. Cette requete fut immediatement presentee dans trois groupes controle et precedee dans neuf groupes experimentaux d'une demande preliminaire correspondant a une procedure d'acquiescement a requete multiple. On a d'abord demande aux sujets soumis a la technique “pied dans la porte” de repondre a un questionnaire compose 10, 35 ou 60 items. On sollicitait d'abord $10, 25 ou 50 de la part de ceux confrontes a la situation “porte dans la figure”; et $0,50, 1 ou 1,50 de la part des sujets “ras des pâquerettes”. Les resultats montrent que les methodes $10 et 25 “porte dans la figure” furent les plus rentables. Les sujets controle et “ras des pâquerettes” donnerent a peu pres la meme chose et les conditions “pied dans la porte” furent les moins productives. On discute, a partir de ces decouvertes, de la valeur pratique et des inconvenients virtuels de l'application des techniques d'acquiescement a requete multiple pour stimuler le comportement charitable.
Persistence of silver nanoparticles in the rat lung: Influence of dose, size, and chemical composition

AbstractIncreasing silver nanoparticle (AgNP) use in sprays, consumer products, and medical devices has raised concerns about potential health effects. While previous studies have investigated AgNPs, most were limited to a single particle size or surface coating. In this study, we investigated the effect of size, surface coating, and dose on the persistence of silver in the lung following exposure to AgNP. Adult male rats were intratracheally instilled with four different AgNPs: 20 or 110 nm in size and coated with either citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg doses. Silver retention was assessed in the lung at 1, 7, and 21 d post exposure. ICP-MS quantification demonstrated that citrate-coated AgNPs persisted in the lung to 21 d with retention greater than 90%, while PVP-coated AgNP had less than 30% retention. Localization of silver in lung tissue at 1 d post exposure demonstrated decreased silver in proximal airways exposed to 110 nm particles compared with 20 nm AgNPs. In terminal b...
Crowdsourced enumeration queries

Hybrid human/computer database systems promise to greatly expand the usefulness of query processing by incorporating the crowd for data gathering and other tasks. Such systems raise many implementation questions. Perhaps the most fundamental question is that the closed world assumption underlying relational query semantics does not hold in such systems. As a consequence the meaning of even simple queries can be called into question. Furthermore, query progress monitoring becomes difficult due to non-uniformities in the arrival of crowdsourced data and peculiarities of how people work in crowdsourcing systems. To address these issues, we develop statistical tools that enable users and systems developers to reason about query completeness. These tools can also help drive query execution and crowdsourcing strategies. We evaluate our techniques using experiments on a popular crowdsourcing platform.
Glutaminase activity of L-asparagine amidohydrolase.

Relatively high concentrations of 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) and azaserine, potent specific inhibitors of many enzymes using glutamine as substrate, do not have an appreciable effect on the activity of Escherechia coliL-asparagine amido-hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.1) when either asparagine or glutamine is used as substrate. Glutamine acts as a competitive inhibitor when asparagine hydrolysis is measured, and asparagine inhibits glutamine hydrolysis. These observations, together with the fact that no one has been able to separate these two activities of the E. coli enzyme, point strongly to the presence of a single enzymatic site. However, the two activities have different pH dependencies. The glutaminase activity shows a 6-fold increase from pH 5 to pH 8·7; the asparaginase activity is almost constant over this pH range. The measured Michaelis constants and maximum velocities for the glutaminase and asparaginase activities at pH 8·7 are as follows KmG = 1·3 × 10−2M; KwA = 1·3 × 10−3M;VmaxG = 0·080 μmoles pei min per i.u. of asparaginase activity; VmaxA = 1·1 μmoles per min per i.u.The inhibition dissociation constant for glutamine acting as inhibitor of asparaginase in 1·2 × 10−2.
Interspecific perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology.

Dimensions of the supraorbital torus, postorbital bar, and postorbital septum were collected in an ontogenetic series of Macaca fascicularis and compared with expectations based on models that attribute morphological variation in these features to spatial factors, allometry, anterior dental loading, and neurofacial torsion. Each model was evaluated using correlation, partial correlation, and regression techniques (model I/least squares; model II/reduced major axis) applied to log-transformed and size-corrected data. Results indicate clearly that face or skull size is the primary determinant of variation in circumorbital structures. Strong support is found for the influence of spatial influences on anteroposterior supraorbital torus development (Moss and Young, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 18:281-292, 1960). Only minor support is noted for the neurofacial torsion model of Greaves (J. Zool. 207:125-136, 1985), and no support is indicated for the anterior dental loading model. The sexes do not differ significantly in any relevant comparisons of ontogenetic trajectories.
Simple inhibitors of histone deacetylase activity that combine features of short-chain fatty acid and hydroxamic acid inhibitors

Butyric acid and trichostatin A (TSA) are anti-cancer compounds that cause the upregulation of genes involved in differentiation and cell cycle regulation by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. In this study we have synthesized and evaluated compounds that combine the bioavailability of short-chain fatty acids, like butyric acid, with the bidentate binding ability of TSA. A series of analogs were made to examine the effects of chain length, simple aromatic cap groups, and substituted hydroxamates on the compounds' ability to inhibit rat-liver HDAC using a fluorometric assay. In keeping with previous structure-activity relationships, the most effective inhibitors consisted of longer chains and hydroxamic acid groups. It was found that 5-phenylvaleric hydroxamic acid and 4-benzoylbutyric hydroxamic acid were the most potent inhibitors with IC50's of 5 microM and 133 microM respectively.
Similarities and Differences Between the Concepts of Operability and Flexibility: The Steady-State Case

This article presents a comparative review on the operability and flexibility concepts and their application to process design and control. First, the operability and flexibility methodologies are summarized. Then the application of the operability framework to steady-state and dynamic systems is illustrated through the examination of several example categories such as linear and nonlinear, square and non-square systems. The flexibility approach based on the active set strategy is used to study the same examples from the flexibility point of view. The discussed results show that the operability and flexibility approaches examine a process from different perspectives and provide valuable complementary information.
Lagrangian chaos and correlated Lévy flights in a non-Beltrami flow: transient versus long-term transport.

Long-range transport is studied numerically in a time-independent, three-dimensional (3D) fluid flow composed of the superposition of two chains of alternating vortices, one horizontal and the other vertical. Tracers in this flow follow chaotic trajectories composed of correlated L\'evy flights with varying velocities. Locations of the chaotic regimes in the flow are compared with recent theories of chaos in non-Beltrami 3D flows. Growth of the variance of a distribution of tracers is divided into transient and long-term regimes, each with different growth exponents.
Abstraction and microarchitecture scaling in early-stage power modeling

Early-stage, microarchitecture-level power modeling methodologies have been used in industry and academic research for a decade (or more). Such methods use cycle-accurate performance simulators and deduce active power based on utilization markers. A key question faced in this context is: what key utilization metrics to monitor, and how many are needed for accuracy? Is there a systematic way to select the “best” markers? We also pose a key follow-on question: is it possible to perform accurate scaling of an abstracted model to enable exploration of new microarchitecture features? In this paper, we address these particular questions and examine the results for a range of abstraction levels. We highlight innovative insights for intelligent abstraction and microarchitecture scaling, and point out the pitfalls of abstractions that are not based on a systematic methodology or sound theory.
Mass Value Assignment of Total and Subclass Immunoglobulin G in a Human Standard Anthrax Reference Serum

An anti-Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (anti-AVA) standard human reference serum pool, AVR414, has been prepared, and the total and protective antigen (PA)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were quantified. AVR414 was prepared by plasmapheresis of healthy adults who had received a minimum of four subcutaneous injections of AVA. Mass values (in milligrams per milliliter) for total IgG and IgG subclasses 1 to 4 were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Anti-PA-specific IgG assignment (in micrograms per milliliter) was done by consensus of two complementary approaches: homologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with affinity-purified anti-PA IgG as a calibrator and summation of mean PA-specific IgG subclass concentrations determined by IgG subclass-specific ELISA using the United States National Reference Preparation for Human Serum Proteins as a standard. The total IgG concentration assigned to AVR414 reference serum was 8.33 mg/ml. IgG subclass concentrations were the following: for IgG1, 4.48 mg/ml; for IgG2, 3.35 mg/ml; for IgG3, 0.37 mg/ml; and for IgG4, 0.30 mg/ml. The assigned mass value for total anti-PA-specific IgG was 141.2 microg/ml. Anti-PA-specific IgG subclass concentrations were the following: for IgG1, 79.6 microg/ml; for IgG2, 35.3 microg/ml; for IgG3, 3.2 microg/ml; and for IgG4, 25.3 microg/ml. Human reference serum pool AVR414 will have direct application in the standardization of anthrax serological assays, in reagent qualification, and as a standard for quantification of PA-specific IgG in humans who have been vaccinated with or otherwise exposed to Bacillus anthracis PA.
Changes in integrin expression are associated with altered homing properties of Lin−/loThy1.1loSca-1+c-kit+ hematopoietic stem cells following mobilization by cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Abstract Objective Although migration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is essential for normal hematopoiesis and successful hematopoietic cell transplantation, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie this movement. We have sought to characterize the factors that regulate HSC migration by analyzing changes in expression of particular adhesion receptors associated with cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Cy/G-CSF)–induced HSC mobilization. Methods Expression by Lineage − /lo Thy1.1 lo Sca-1 + c-kit + HSC of members of the β1 integrin family of adhesion molecules was assessed in untreated or Cy/G-CSF–treated mice by multiparameter flow cytometry. In parallel, the in vivo homing properties of normal and mobilized HSC were compared following intravenous transfer of fluorescently marked HSC. Results Normal adult HSC express high levels of several β1 integrin family members. Following Cy/G treatment, bone marrow HSC selectively downregulate α2 integrin expression and upregulate α5 expression. HSC found in the blood following Cy/G-CSF treatment express significantly lower levels of multiple integrins than their bone marrow and/or splenic counterparts. Changes in integrin expression by blood-borne HSC correlate with a 50% decrease in their ability to home to the bone marrow in short-term assays, and with previously observed defects in competitive engraftment by these HSC. Similar reductions in bone marrow (BM) homing are observed for BM HSC treated with α4 integrin function blocking mAb prior to injection. Modulation of integrin expression induced by mobilization was not associated with cell-cycle progression. Conclusion Changes in integrin expression and function are associated with HSC mobilization and likely significantly affect the engraftment potential of hematopoietic stem cells.
Copolarized and cross-polarized incoherent specific intensities for waves at oblique incidence upon layers of finitely conducting particles with rough surfaces

Optical and infrared electromagnetic scattering and depolarization by layers of randomly distributed particles of irregular shape and finite conductivity are determined through the use of the equation of transfer. The irregularly shaped particles are characterized by their random rough-surface height spectral density function or autocorrelation function. The extinction cross section and the elements of the scattering matrix in the equation of transfer are evaluated by using a full-wave approach, which accounts for specular point and diffuse scattering in a self-consistent manner. Both single-scatter and multiple-scatter incoherent specific intensities are evaluated for particles with smooth and rough surfaces.
“You Are Such a Disappointment!”: Negative Emotions and Parents’ Perceptions of Adult Children’s Lack of Success

Objectives. Parents’ perceptions of their adult children’s successes (or lack thereof) may be associated in different ways with discrete negative emotions (e.g., guilt, anger, disappointment, and worry). Furthermore, mothers and fathers may vary in their reactions to children’s success in different domains. Method. Participants included 158 mothers and fathers from the same families (N = 316) and their adult child. Mothers and fathers evaluated their adult children’s successes in (a) career and (b) relationship domains. Mothers and fathers also reported on several negative emotions in the parent–child tie: guilt, anger, disappointment, and worry. Results. For fathers, perceptions of children’s poorer career success were associated with disappointment, anger, and guilt. Mothers’ perceptions of children’s lack of career success were associated with disappointment and worry. Mothers’ perceptions of children’s poorer success in relationships were associated with each of the negative emotions, with the exception of anger. Discussion. Parents experience emotions associated with unmet goals and future concerns in relationships with less successful children. Mothers may respond emotionally to career and relationship success, whereas fathers may respond emotionally primarily to their child’s career success. Findings underscore the importance of considering the context of parents’ negative emotional experiences in ties to adult children.
Arctic sea ice and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO)

Arctic sea ice responds to atmospheric forcing in primarily a top-down manner, whereby near-surface air circulation and temperature govern motion, formation, melting, and accretion. As a result, concentrations of sea ice vary with phases of many of the major modes of atmospheric variability, including the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation, and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. However, until this present study, variability of sea ice by phase of the leading mode of atmospheric intraseasonal variability, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), which has been found to modify Arctic circulation and temperature, remained largely unstudied. Anomalies in daily change in sea ice concentration were isolated for all phases of the real-time multivariate MJO index during both summer (May–July) and winter (November–January) months. The three principal findings of the current study were as follows. (1) The MJO projects onto the Arctic atmosphere, as evidenced by statistically significant wavy patterns and consistent anomaly sign changes in composites of surface and mid-tropospheric atmospheric fields. (2) The MJO modulates Arctic sea ice in both summer and winter seasons, with the region of greatest variability shifting with the migration of the ice margin poleward (equatorward) during the summer (winter) period. Active regions of coherent ice concentration variability were identified in the Atlantic sector on days when the MJO was in phases 4 and 7 and the Pacific sector on days when the MJO was in phases 2 and 6, all supported by corresponding anomalies in surface wind and temperature. During July, similar variability in sea ice concentration was found in the North Atlantic sector during MJO phases 2 and 6 and Siberian sector during MJO phases 1 and 5, also supported by corresponding anomalies in surface wind. (3) The MJO modulates Arctic sea ice regionally, often resulting in dipole-shaped patterns of variability between anomaly centers. These results provide an important first look at intraseasonal variability of sea ice in the Arctic.
PSKA: Usable and Secure Key Agreement Scheme for Body Area Networks

A body area network (BAN) is a wireless network of health monitoring sensors designed to deliver personalized healthcare. Securing intersensor communications within BANs is essential for preserving not only the privacy of health data, but also for ensuring safety of healthcare delivery. This paper presents physiological-signal-based key agreement (PSKA), a scheme for enabling secure intersensor communication within a BAN in a usable (plug-n-play, transparent) manner. PSKA allows neighboring nodes in a BAN to agree to a symmetric (shared) cryptographic key, in an authenticated manner, using physiological signals obtained from the subject. No initialization or predeployment is required; simply deploying sensors in a BAN is enough to make them communicate securely. Our analysis, prototyping, and comparison with the frequently used Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol shows that PSKA is a viable intersensor key agreement protocol for BANs.
Cultural Tourism as an Economic Development Strategy for Ethnic Neighborhoods

Many ethnic inner city neighborhoods in US cities are rich in traditions, history, art, and cuisine but are also suffering from disinvestment, high poverty rates, and deterioration. In the face of ...
Prediction of Transmission Loss Through the Treated Inlet Duct of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit

Results are presented for a computational study of noise propagation through the treated inlet duct of an Auxiliary Power Unit, for which extensive test data were available. The acoustic treatment in the tested duct consisted of locally-reacting panels of different thicknesses. Measured impedance data were also available for the treatment panels. Several duct and treatment configurations were analyzed using the ACTRAN/DGM program. Predictions of transmission loss for these configurations were compared with measured data. The ACTRAN/DGM analyses correctly predicted the qualitative trends in transmission loss for the different duct treatment configurations. Although peak levels of transmission loss tended to be overpredicted, results indicated that ACTRAN/DGM could be used to assess the relative performance of different treatment designs.
Using puzzles in teaching algorithms

This paper advocates a wider use of puzzles and puzzle-like problems in teaching design and analysis of algorithms. It discusses a variety of puzzles and classifies them according to the general algorithm design techniques. Pedagogic issues are explored.
Reproductive strategies of female butterflies: variation in and constraints on fecundity

. 1 This study first examines the reproductive strategy of female Speyeria mormonia Edwards (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): 2 Egg weight and number laid per day decrease with age. 3 Survival and daily egg number may be affected by temperature; mean daily egg weight is not affected by temperature. 4 Daily egg number is not correlated with body size. In the central range of body size, egg weight is also not correlated with body size. However, exceptionally large or small females lay respectively heavier or lighter eggs than average. 5 A simple trade-off between offspring size and number does not occur within females on a daily basis, or among females averaged over their lifespans. 6 Fat body resources are depleted at a rate independent of body size. 7 Females are essentially monogamous. 8 Age-specific fecundity data reported here for S.mormonia are next compared with data for other Lepidoptera with different adult feeding habits and egg maturation patterns, and hence different possibilities for adult feeding to play a role in egg production. Based on these comparisons, I propose that the shape of the age-specific fecundity curve for each species under optimal conditions is constrained by the potential importance of adult nutrients in egg production.
Lantibiotics: Peptides of Diverse Structure and Function

The current need for antibiotics with novel target molecules has coincided with advances in technical approaches for the structural and functional analysis of the lantibiotics, which are ribosomally synthesized peptides produced by gram-positive bacteria. These peptides have antibiotic or morphogenetic activity and are structurally defined by the presence of unusual amino acids introduced by posttranslational modification. Lantibiotics are complex polycyclic molecules formed by the dehydration of select Ser and Thr residues and the intramolecular addition of Cys thiols to the resulting unsaturated amino acids to form lanthionine and methyllanthionine bridges, respectively. Importantly, the structural and functional diversity of the lantibiotics is much broader than previously imagined. Here we discuss this growing collection of molecules and introduce some recently discovered peptides, review advances in enzymology and protein engineering, and discuss the regulatory networks that govern the synthesis of the lantibiotics by the producing organisms.
Direct assessment of renal microvascular responses to P2-purinoceptor agonists

Studies were performed to determine the responsiveness of rat juxtamedullary afferent arterioles to receptor-selective P2-purinoceptor agonists. Experiments were performed in vitro using the blood perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique, combined with videomicroscopy. Renal perfusion pressure was set at 110 mmHg and held constant. Basal afferent arteriolar diameter averaged 22.0 ± 0.6 μm (n = 69). Stimulation with 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 μM ATP (n = 10) elicited a concentration-dependent vasoconstriction averaging 8 ± 2, 17 ± 2, 21 ± 4, and 23 ± 5%, respectively. A nearly identical afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction was observed in response to the P2X-selective agonist β,γ-methylene ATP (n = 10); however, another P2X agonist, α,β-methylene ATP, evoked marked receptor desensitization (n = 10). Vessel diameter decreased by ∼7 ± 2, 16 ± 2, 23 ± 3, and 22 ± 3%, respectively, over the same concentration range. The P2Y-selective agonist, 2-methylthio-ATP, evoked only a modest vasoconstriction, whereas UTP and...
Easy, realistic GUIs with Java in CS1

Instructors who use Java as a teaching language are faced with a dilemma: either use terminal I/O and miss the excitement and relevance of graphical user interfaces and event-driven programming, or use Java's Abstract Windowing Toolkit and distract students from the fundamental concepts of computer science. This paper introduces a third alternative, the use of a toolkit, BreezyGUI, that enables students to develop realistic GUIs and event-driven programs easily while still focusing on traditional computer science concepts.
Loss of cyclin D1 in concert with deregulated estrogen receptor alpha expression induces a DNA damage response and interrupts mammary gland morphogenesis

A108 Although cyclin D1 is not required for pubertal mammary gland development, introduction of deregulated and increased Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα)expression in the mammary gland in concert with cyclin D1 deficiency resulted in upregulation of cyclin E and DNA damage checkpoint activation leading to p53-dependent apoptosis. Proliferative rates were dramatically reduced indicating that loss of cyclin D1 in conjunction with deregulation of ERα resulted in a novel and absolute dependency upon cyclin D1 for mammary epithelial cell proliferation. Thus, an imbalance between proliferative and apoptotic rates in conjunction with remarkable structural defects in the terminal end buds interrupted ductal morphogenesis. Interestingly, the structure of the mammary fat pad was fundamentally altered by the consequences of overexpressing ERα in the epithelial cells in the absence of cyclin D1 illustrating how alterations in the epithelial compartment can impact surrounding stromal composition. Transplantation of embryonic ERα-overexpressing and cyclin D1-deficient mammary epithelium into the cleared fat pad of wild type mice did not rescue the aberrant phenotype indicating that it was intrinsic to the mammary epithelial cells. In conclusion, although cyclin D1 is dispensable for proliferation of normal mammary epithelial cells, absence of cyclin D1 in abnormal ERα-overexpressing epithelial cells interrupted proliferation and led to apoptosis. These results demonstrate that normal and abnormal mammary epithelial cells can have differential sensitivity to loss of cyclin D1 and support the application of cyclin D1 inhibitors as therapeutic interventions. Our studies suggest that ERα-overexpressing breast cancers are good candidates for anti-cyclin D1 therapy.
Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design [Book Reviews]

The first section of the text gives an overview of sensors and systems involved in the field. Presents a great introduction to what follows, covering lab-on-a-chip technologies and their use with consumer electronic devices (CEDs) (aka smartphones, etc.) with and without modification of same. Several examples and discussions of sensing technologies are given, and the chapter concludes with 82 references, completing this overview. The next four chapters give specific information on the chapter authors’ current efforts involving lab-on-a-cell-phone, the phone oximeter, transepidermal waterloss sensors, and ultrasound imaging system design. Three chapters comprise the “Information Processing and Implementation” section. Chapter 6 covers the application of CEDs for blood-smear analysis for mobile malaria diagnosis. It is a good overview of current efforts and the roadblocks to a widespread implementation. Chapter 7 covers usability engineering for mobile point-of-care devices and addresses U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and International Electrotechnical Commission usability codes; furthermore, it could serve as a good generic chapter for design considerations for this field. Chapter 8 (“Translating Sensor Technology into the Medical Device Environment”) concludes the text with a nice overview of the FDA approval process and discusses some example technologies. Taken as a whole, this text could be a useful introduction to the field of point-of-care technologies for the student or professional considering development of globally useful, inexpensive diagnostic technologies for the betterment of health care worldwide. While the primary base device for much of this text is the smartphone, the text is generic enough in approach that other areas of endeavor could be attempted.
Abstract ED04-03: Genetic variation among populations

Modern humans evolved in Africa and spread around the rest of the world only within the past 80 to 100 thousand years. During that process and subsequently allele frequency differences among the populations arose and those differences have great biomedical implications. The overall genetic pattern reflects the original expansion pathways out of Africa, but individual loci can vary greatly from that pattern. In contrast to the belief in distinct biological races, we see nearly continuous genetic variation across the globe among indigenous populations. While variation occurs, it is impossible to draw a line separating “races”. Examples of population variation in alleles relevant to cancer risk and therapeutic outcomes illustrate the global differences that do exist. Populations arising more recently with ancestry from geographically separated parts of the world have a mosaic pattern of ancestral DNA along their chromosomes such that an overall level of admixture is a poor predictor of the ancestral origins of alleles at any specified locus. These considerations become important in more personalized medicine. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):ED04-03.
Inter-Channel Crosstalk Cancellation by MAP Detection for Nyquist-WDM Superchannel

A novel maximum a posteriori (MAP) inter-channel interference (ICI) cancellation algorithm for the Nyquist-WDM system is proposed and demonstrated with improved system performance.
A Woman's Challenge (A Tribute to the Honorable Judith Kaye)

A brief essay about the late Honorable Judith Kaye and her capacity to confound gender stereotypes.
Readiness for interprofessional learning among healthcare professional students.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate attitudes toward interprofessional learning among first year medical, nursing, and physician associate students at an American university at the start of their training.
Urinary Mutagenicity and Colorectal Adenoma Risk

We investigated urinary mutagenicity and colorectal adenoma risk in a clinic-based, case-control study of currently nonsmoking cases (n = 143) and controls (n = 156). Urinary organics were extracted by C18/methanol from 12-h overnight urine samples, and mutagenicity was determined in Salmonella YG1024 +S9 (Ames test). Adenoma risk was 2.4-fold higher in subjects in the highest versus the lowest quintile of urinary mutagenicity (95% confidence interval = 1.1-5.1). Combining urinary mutagenicity with intake of meat-derived mutagenicity (from our earlier analysis) resulted in a 5.6-fold increase in adenoma risk (95% confidence interval = 2.2-13.9, comparing the highest with the lowest quintile). In our study population, diet may have contributed to mutagenic exposure, which was positively associated with colorectal adenoma risk.
Tale of Two Protecting Groups—Boc vs SEM—for Directed Lithiation and C–C Bond Formation on a Pyrrolopyridazinone Core

The importance of the “SEM” group, or the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl group, as an N-protecting group for special class of pyrrolopyridazinones is reported. Our studies indicate that standard Boc protection on the nitrogen of a pyrrolopyridazinone results in significant decomposition during the incorporation of biaryl groups via Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. However, on using the SEM group, the resulting cross coupling reaction gives excellent yields with no decomposition products, enabling the synthesis of a variety of compounds that were targeted for their antitumor activity.
Defending against the attack of the micro-clones

Micro-clones are small pieces of redundant code, such as repeated subexpressions or statements. In this paper, we establish the considerations and value toward automated detection and removal of micro-clones at scale. We leverage the Boa software mining infrastructure to detect micro-clones in a data set containing 380,125 Java repositories, and yield thousands of instances where redundant code may be safely removed. By filtering our results to target popular Java projects on GitHub, we proceed to issue 43 pull requests that patch micro-clones. In summary, 95% of our patches to active GitHub repositories are merged rapidly (within 15 hours on average). Moreover, none of our patches were contested; they either constituted a real flaw, or have not been considered due to repository inactivity. Our results suggest that the detection and removal of micro-clones is valued by developers, can be automated at scale, and may be fixed with rapid turnaround times.
Total Parenteral Nutrition and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Indications, Long term Outcomes, and Complications

Intestinal failure is associated with the inability to maintain protein, energy, electrolyte, fluid, or micronutrients balance while receiving a conventional diet. Subsets of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients require total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as a result of extensive small bowel damage, obstruction, or resection that prevents adequate enteral nutrition. In these patients, TPN represents an essential modality to hasten further nutritional deficiency, restore nutritional homeostasis, and prevent long term complications of nutritional deficiency. Specific indications for TPN in IBD include supportive therapy, life sustaining therapy, volume and calorie replacement, perioperative nutritional support, and gut rest. Patients being treated with TPN have been shown to benefit the most from a home parenteral nutrition treatment plan due to its success in avoiding hospitalization and associated costs.
Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers

Socioeconomic health disparities research may benefit from further consideration of dispositional factors potentially modifying risk associated with low socioeconomic status, including that indexed by systemic inflammation. This study was conducted to investigate interactions of SES and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits in predicting circulating concentrations of the inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Using a sample of middle-aged and older adults from the Midlife in the United States Survey (MIDUS) biomarker project (N = 978), linear regression models tested interactions of each FFM trait with a composite measure of SES in predicting IL-6 and CRP, as well as the explanatory role of medical morbidity, measures of adiposity, and health behaviors. SES interacted with conscientiousness to predict levels of IL-6 (interaction b = .03, p = .002) and CRP (interaction b = .04, p = .014) and with neuroticism to predict IL-6 (interaction b = −.03, p = .004). Socioeconomic gradients in both markers were smaller at higher levels of conscientiousness. Conversely, the socioeconomic gradient in IL-6 was larger at higher levels of neuroticism. Viewed from the perspective of SES as the moderator, neuroticism was positively related to IL-6 at low levels of SES but negatively related at high SES. Interactions of SES with both conscientiousness and neuroticism were attenuated upon adjustment for measures of adiposity. Conscientiousness may buffer, and neuroticism amplify, excess inflammatory risk associated with low SES, in part through relationships with adiposity. Neuroticism may be associated with lower levels of inflammation at high levels of SES.
Factors impacting the variability of effectiveness of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) in Minnesota

Abstract. In the development of nutrient reduction strategies for agricultural watersheds in the TMDL process, effectiveness values are frequently used from the Agricultural BMP Handbook for Minnesota. However, BMP effectiveness is highly variable due to differences in hydrologic pathways, biogeochemical cycles, landscape position and management. In the updated manual the objective was to describe the primary causes and relative amounts of variability for managers so more realistic TMDLs goals are set. A database of BMP effectiveness studies was used to compare variability of effectiveness values by BMP type, landscape position and target nutrient, nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment, with; n = 17-100. The coefficient of variation (c.v.) was used to compare between studies. There were no significant differences in variability by landscape position or flow path. However there was a significant difference in the c.v of dissolved vs. particulate pollutant efficiency. Dissolved phosphorus had the highest variability with a c.v. of 1.98 for 31 studies while sediment and particulate phosphorus had c.v. values
Risk stratification and definitive hemostasis of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding with blood flow detection and combination techniques

Abstract Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal (UGI) hemorrhage remains a significant health and economic burden. As the use of urgent endoscopy for UGI hemorrhage has increased, there has been a decline in associated mortality. Endoscopic hemostasis is based on risk stratification of stigmata of recent hemorrhage. A Doppler endoscopic probe can provide further risk stratification by detecting arterial blood flow under the lesion and as a guide to successful endoscopic treatment. Standard treatment options for endoscopic hemostasis include submucosal injection therapy usually in combination with either thermal coagulation or through-the-scope clips. A large over-the-scope clip, which has been used to close fistulas and perforations, has been shown to be effective in cases of refractory nonvariceal UGI hemorrhage, and might also be useful in other types of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Grain Refinement of Steels. A General Review of Grain Refinement of Carbon, Low-, and High-Alloy Steels

The possible advantages and mechanisms of obtaining grain refinement in carbon, low-, and high-alloy steels are reviewed. The role of vibration and the addition of materials to provide heterogeneous nuclei formation and grain growth inhibition are discussed. The effect of composition on the solidification of steels is described. The pertinent work reported in the literature on the application and results of the various procedures for grain refining cast steels are reviewed.
Long-term outcome with lenalidomide and dexamethasone therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

8096 Background: The combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Len-Dex) is a commonly used initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. While the short-term outcomes with respect to r...
PHENOMENA AFFECTING IMPROVEMENT OF THE LOWER COLUMBIA ESTUARY AND ENTRANCE

This paper describes work undertaken to improve the lower Columbia Estuary and Entrance for navigation and discusses past concepts of phenomena controlling the regimen of this area as related to these improvements. Recent advances in technology have given birth to a new concept of tidal hydraulic phenomena which emphasizes the relation of salinity intrusion and littoral movement to the degree of shoaling experienced in estuarine areas. The findings of prototype measurements undertaken in 1959 along the lower Columbia, and other endeavors to expand the knowledge of controlling phenomena, including statistical wave studies, analyses of offshore changes, studies of attrition and accretion of adjacent shorelines, and comprehensive investigations of the distribution of Columbia River sediments are reviewed in the light of this new concept. Authorization, construction and verification of the comprehensive lower Columbia Estuary hydraulic model are discussed, as well as tests proposed for identification of controlling phenomena and for development of the most effective and economical plan of improvement. Finally, the paper summarizes the extent of present knowledge and outlines considerations for the future under conditions of controlled upland discharge resulting from contemplated headwater reservoir operation.
Effect of a pan anti-human alpha-v integrin antibody, CNTO95, on the adhesion, migration and growth of prostate cancer cells in culture and in a mouse model of human prostate cancer bone metastasis

1168 Introduction and Objective: Integrins αv and β3 or β5 are known to express on the cell surface of cancer and neovascular endothelial cells and are mediating the adhesion, migration, growth and survival of cancer and the growth and tubular formation of the vascular endothelial cells. By targeting αv integrin with a monoclonal pan anti-human αv antibody, CNTO95, it is expected that the growth, adhesion, migration and survival of cancer cells and the new blood vessel formation around cancer tissues must be impaired. Methods: Integrin-dependent adhesion and migration of androgen independent human prostate cancer C4-2B was investigated on vitronectin-coated wells in the presence and absence of CNTO95. The effects of CNTO95 on C4-2B growth (by MTS assay), cell cycle progression and apoptosis (by FACS analysis) were investigated. To evaluate in vivo effect, we inoculated C4-2B into the tibia of athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice and began to treat mice with i.p. injection of CNTO95 at 10mg/kg 3 times per week for 12 weeks. We monitored the growth of C4-2B tumors by measuring serum PSA. Tumor specimens were analyzed by measuring tumor and bone areas. Results: CNTO95 effectively blocked the adhesion and migration of C4-2B cells in a dose-dependent manner. CNTO95 also inhibited the growth of these C4-2B on vitronectin-coated subtratum. FACS analysis demonstrated that CNTO95 arrested cell cycle progression at the G2 interphase and substantial apoptosis was found. Mice experiment showed modest inhibition of serum PSA (AV ±SEM), 201.7±151.5, 294.9±183.7 in treated and control group, respectively (n=5, P=0.36). However, upon histomorphologic analysis, we found a significant reduction of tumor area with a concomitant increase of cortical bone in mice treated with CNTO95. Conclusions: ECM-integrin interaction mediated by αvβ3 or αvβ5 is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastasis in men. In an experimental mouse model, we have shown that a pan anti-human αv antibody, CNTO95, was effective in blocking the growth of prostate tumors in bone and prevented the loss of cortical bone. Because of the low toxicity observed using this antibody therapy, targeting ECM-integrin interaction can be used in conjunction with other cytotoxic therapy, for the treatment of men with hormone refractory prostate cancer bone metastasis.