cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What constitutes effective coping and efficient physiologic regulation following psychosocial stress depends on involuntary stress responses

This study utilized a random-assignment experimental design to examine the interactive contributions of youth-reported trait involuntary stress responses (ISRs) and effortful coping on physiologic reactivity and recovery patterns in preadolescent boys and girls. Fourth- and fifth-grade child-parent dyads (N=126) participated in this study. Children were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-C) and then to one of two randomly-assigned experimental coping conditions: behavioral distraction and cognitive avoidance. Children's ISRs were examined as predictors of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA) reactivity as well as moderators of the effect of coping condition on cortisol and sAA recovery trajectories. Multi-level modeling analyses did not link ISRs to physiologic reactivity patterning. ISRs and coping condition interacted to predict differential physiologic recovery trajectories. In the distraction condition, children reporting high ISR levels displayed less efficient cortisol and sAA recovery than children reporting low ISR levels. Surprisingly, the opposite was found for children reporting high ISR levels in the avoidance condition. These children displayed more efficient physiologic recovery relative to their high ISR level peers in the distraction condition. Findings suggest that the efficiency of preadolescents' physiologic recovery following stress may depend on regulatory fit between children's ISR levels and cues from their coping environment.
Neurodevelopmental Anomalies and Malformations

Neuropsychologists frequently work with patients who have specified brain lesions that produce well-documented cognitive or behavioral effects. However, for those clinicians working with children or adolescents who suffer developmental disorders, the pathogenesis of cognitive and behavioral deficits may be poorly understood. This chapter reviews the anomalies of neurological development that not infrequently are seen in children and adolescents with developmental disorders. Most typically the neuropsychological manifestations of these anomalies impact on widely distributed functional systems, thus producing generalized and severe impairment. However, there are exceptions, especially with regard to anomalies of neuronal migration. Some basic understanding of these effects should aid neuropsychologists in a better conceptualization of how disorders of neurological development produce different effects than do discrete lesions of the central nervous system.
Delta-Like Ligand 4-Notch Signaling in Macrophage Activation

The Notch signaling pathway regulates the development of various cell types and organs, and also contributes to disease mechanisms in adults. Accumulating evidence suggests its role in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Notch signaling components also control the phenotype of immune cells. Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) of the Notch pathway promotes proinflammatory activation of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Dll4 blockade attenuates chronic atherosclerosis, vein graft disease, vascular calcification, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in mice. The Dll4–Notch axis may, thus, participate in the shared mechanisms for cardiometabolic disorders, serving as a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating these global health problems.
Imaging Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis-Endocytosis with pH-Sensitive Fluorescent Proteins

The introduction of pHluorin, a pH-sensitive GFP, by Miesenbock and colleagues provided a versatile tool to studies of vesicle trafficking, in particular synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis. By tagging pHluorin to the luminal region of the synaptic vesicular protein synaptobrevin (also called VAMP, vesicle-associated membrane protein) or other synaptic vesicle-specific proteins such as the vesicular glutamate transporter-1, we are able to directly track synaptic vesicle endocytosis in response to stimuli in a molecularly specific manner. Here, we describe the process of imaging synaptic vesicle endocytosis in response to extracellular stimulation in dissociated neuronal cultures of hippocampal neurons obtained from rats-also applicable to mice-using pHluorin-tagged vesicular glutamate transporter-1 as a reporter.
Patient with Hydrocephalus and SCA15 (ITPR1) Variant (P6.397)

Background: Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of hereditary movement disorders. Alterations in the ITPR1 gene have been associated with SCA15/16 and SCA29. SCA15/16 is characterized by adult onset slowly progressive gait ataxia while SCA29 presents earlier with non-progressive ataxia. Compared to other SCAs, affected individuals with SCA15/16 and SCA29 spectrums are more likely to have tremor and nystagmus while visual, neuromuscular, and autonomic dyscrasias are less common. For these patients, neuroimaging consistently reveals cerebellar atrophy. Case Report: We report on a patient with chronic progressive cerebellar ataxia and a similarly affected father in both of whom whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed through collaboration with the Mayo Center for Individualized Medicine in Florida. WES uncovered a missense variant, c.4402G>A (p.Val1468Ile), in exon 34 of the ITPR1 gene of both patients. While the significance of this variant is currently unclear, it encodes a highly conserved residue within the ARM2 domain of ITPR1 that binds carbonic anhydrase 8 (CA8) and is predicted to bind protein kinase A (PKA), thus strengthening the case for pathogenicity. Furthermore, the proband and possibly her father suffered from normal pressure hydrocephalus. We show video evidence of the proband’s significant gait ataxia that resolved after placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt enabling her to ambulate without assistance. Although there is considerable phenotypic heterogeneity among SCA15/16 and SCA 29 spectrum disorders there are no reports of SCA15/16 or SCA29 associated with hydrocephalus. Conclusions: Our case suggests that there is additional phenomenology associated with spinocerebellar ataxia that may be related to this gene variant. Further functional studies on this variant are in progress. Disclosure: Dr. Tipton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Blackburn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Guthrie has nothing to disclose. Dr. Strongosky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Parker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reimer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wszolek has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Parkinsonism & Related Disorders and the European Journal of Neurology. Dr. Wszolek has received royalty payments for the discovery of LRRK2 gene mutations.
Civic Engagement and Economic Opportunity Among Low-Income Individuals: An Asset-Based Approach

This study uses an asset-based approach to examine the ways social and human capital accessed through civic engagement may serve as a pathway toward economic opportunity for low-income individuals. Using a qualitative approach, this study draws on interviews with 31 low-income individuals who are civically engaged in a range of activities, including community organizing, giving money, informal engagement, religious participation, and volunteering. Findings contribute to the literature suggesting that study participants were often able to mobilize and deploy the social and human capital assets accumulated through different types of civic engagement into employment and education opportunities. However, embedded within social and human capital assets are also examples of the ways structural factors influenced whether study participants could transfer social and human capital assets acquired through civic engagement into economic opportunities.
SURGERY FOR PATIENTS WITH BICUSPID AORTOPATHY: VALIDATION OF THE 2016 ACC/AHA GUIDELINES CLARIFICATION

Objective: In regard to bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) aortopathy, 2016 ACC/AHA guideline clarifications suggest replacement at >4.5cm in patients undergoing AVR and >5.0cm for asymptomatic patients at low surgical risk (<4%) in experienced centers (Class IIa). The purpose of this study was to report
Healthy Options in Food Pantries—A Qualitative Analysis of Factors Affecting the Provision of Healthy Food Items in St. Louis, Missouri

In 2015, 15.8 million households experienced food insecurity at some point during the year. One out of every 8 American households utilizes a food bank or food pantry to meet their food needs during the year. Understanding the factors that influence whether food pantries provide healthy options to clients can lead to opportunities to improve the health of food insecure individuals. Telephone interviews were conducted with food pantry staff (n = 12) in the greater St. Louis area. Using focused coding, interviews were analyzed for factors that facilitate or hinder increasing access to healthy options in food pantries. Pantry staff described barriers (e.g., perishable food storage) and facilitators (e.g., donor relationships) that affected their ability to provide clients with healthy food options. The results of this study will inform interventions aimed at improving the delivery of healthy food options to food pantry clients.
Management of hypertension in patients undergoing surgery.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for causing coronary events, stroke, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, dissecting aneurysm, chronic kidney disease, and mortality (1-4). Hypertension in the perioperative and postoperative period increases cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events, bleeding, and mortality and should be controlled prior to major elective noncardiac surgery and cardiac surgery (5-7). The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 observational studies found that hypertension increased perioperative cardiovascular complications by 35% (8). As much as 25% of patients having major non-cardiac surgery have perioperative hypertension (9). As much as 80% of patients having cardiac surgery have perioperative hypertension (6,7). Hypertensive comorbidities associated with adverse perioperative outcomes include occult coronary artery disease (Q waves on the electrocardiogram), heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, serum creatinine higher than 2.0 mg/dL, and cerebrovascular disease (10).
Data assimilation using noisy time-averaged measurements

Abstract We study the synchronization of chaotic systems when the coupling between them contains both time averages and stochastic noise. Our model dynamics – inspired by the partial differential equations which govern the atmosphere – are given by the Lorenz equations which are a system of three ordinary differential equations in the variables X , Y and Z . Our theoretical results show that coupling two copies of the Lorenz equations using a feedback control which consists of time averages of the X variable leads to exact synchronization provided the time-averaging window is known and sufficiently small. In the presence of noise the convergence is to within a factor of the variance of the noise. We also consider the case when the time-averaging window is not known and show that it is possible to tune the feedback control to recover the size of the time-averaging window. Further numerical computations show that synchronization is more accurate and occurs under much less stringent conditions than our theory requires.
Auditory cortical activity drives feedback-dependent vocal control in marmosets

Vocal communication is a sensory-motor process requiring auditory self-monitoring to correct errors and to ensure accurate vocal production. When presented with altered speech feedback, humans rapidly change their speech to compensate. Although previous evidence has demonstrated suppression of auditory cortex during both speech and animal vocalization, the specific role of auditory cortex in such feedback-dependent control is unknown. Here we show the relationship between neural activity in the auditory cortex and feedback-dependent vocal control in marmoset monkeys. We demonstrate that marmosets, like humans, exhibit feedback control of vocal acoustics. We further show that feedback-sensitive activity of auditory cortex neurons predict such compensatory vocal changes. Finally, we demonstrate that electrical microstimulation of auditory cortex rapidly evokes similar changes in vocal production. These results are evidence for a causal role of auditory cortex in vocal self-monitoring and feedback-dependent control, and have implications for understanding human speech motor control. During vocalization, mammals change their vocal production to compensate for altered auditory feedback. Here, Eliades and Tsunada show that neural activity in the marmoset’s auditory cortex mediates this effect, and that stimulation of the auditory cortex evokes similar changes in vocalization.
Michael Lester at Lachlan Consulting

Michael Lester, a consultant with Lachlan, was frustrated by his client's unwillingness to provide key data for an important presentation. Lester must decide how best to confront Nadine Robert, his client, knowing that his personal success and the reputation of his consulting firm hinge on his ability to build and sustain a strong relationship. How firm should he be with the client? What type of feedback would help this situation? Learning Objective: To explore the process of providing feedback and coaching for a client. Provides opportunity for role-playing and experimentation.
Restricted Utilization of Germ-Line VH Genes in Rabbits: Implications for Inheritance of VH Allotypes and Generation of Antibody Diversity

The presence of inherited VH region allotypic specificities, al, a2 or a3, on nearly all rabbit immunoglobulins has presented a paradox. We know the germline contains hundreds of VH genes, and if we assume that most of these are used in the generation of antibody diversity, then we must ask how have the a allotype-encoding regions been maintained over time? On the other hand, if we assume that only one (or a small number) of these VH gene(s) is (are) used in VDJ gene rearrangements, then, how is antibody diversity generated? To address these questions, we have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of the 3′-most germ-line VH genes from the al, a2 and a3 chromosomes and shown in each case that the 3′-most H gene, VHl-al, VHl-a2, or VHl-a3, encodes an al, a2 or a3 VH region, respectively. Analysis of rearranged VD1 genes from leukemic B cells showed that VH1 was utilized in these rearrangements. Based on these data, we propose that the allelic inheritance of the VH allotypes is explained by the preferential usage of the VH1 gene in VDJ rearrangements. Support for this hypothesis was obtained from analysis of the mutant rabbit Alicia in which most serum Ig molecules do not have VHa allotypic specificities, but instead have so-called VHa-negative Ig molecules. In this rabbit, VH1 is not expressed as it has been deleted. Analysis of cDNA clones from spleen of Alicia rabbits suggests that the expressed VHa-negative molecules also are encoded by a single germline VH gene. Thus, we suggest that nearly all rabbit VH regions are encoded by one to two germline VH genes and that antibody diversity is generated primarily by somatic hypermutation and gene conversion.
A Method of Determining Concentration of Albumin in the Living Eye

A noninvasive method of measuring the concentration of plasma protein in the anterior chamber is described. Fluorescein is applied to the cornea. After the aqueous humor becomes fluorescent, the polarization of fluorescence is measured. The concentration of plasma protein, mainly albumin, can be calculated from the polarization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:133-137,1988 Several invasive methods are available for measuring the concentration of protein in aqueous humor. Observation of Rayleigh scattering is a noninvasive semiquantitative method which is used clinically. Dyster-Aas and Krakau 1 and Krakau and Ohman 2 have described an apparatus which can quantify the backscatter from proteins in the anterior chamber. Polarization of fluorescence is a phenomenon which depends on the interaction of a small fluorescent molecule and a nonfluorescent colloid to which it binds; this property of fluorescence has been used to study the fluorescein-albumin system. 3 The properties of the interaction between fluorescein and albumin permit the former to be employed as a probe to measure the concentration of the latter. This paper describes the technique of measuring polarization of fluorescence of fluorescein in the anterior chamber of the eye. We report preliminary results in rabbit and human eyes.
Iron Transport in Bacteria

Iron Transport in Bacteria, a survey of research conducted over the past 50 years, examines the advances in technology and the recent availability of sequences of microbial genomes that have led to an explosion of knowledge in the field of iron transport systems. Analysis of genomes has identified new systems, and new models for transport have been suggested by crystallography and structural determinations of the membrane transport proteins. Providing an overview of up-to-date information available on iron and microbial virulence, Iron Transport in Bacteria offers insight into development and future directions that will fascinate graduate and advanced undergraduate students and equip instructors in pathogenesis and infectious diseases. The book comprises five concise sections; the first discusses the structures, chemical properties, and biosynthesis of the microbial products, such as siderophores and hemophores used by these organisms to acquire iron. The second section explores the transport of these compounds into gram-negative bacteria. The remaining sections cover iron transport in the prototype, E. coli K-12; iron transport systems in selected pathogenic microorganisms; and iron transport in ecology. Hardcover, 499 pages, full-color insert, illustrations, index.
Cone beam computed tomography-guided thin/ultrathin bronchoscopy for diagnosis of peripheral lung nodules: a prospective pilot study

Background: Despite advances in bronchoscopy, its diagnostic yield for peripheral lung lesions continues to be suboptimal. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) could be utilized to corroborate the accuracy of our bronchoscopic navigation and hopefully increase its diagnostic yield. However, data on radiation exposure and feasibility of CBCT-guided bronchoscopy is scarce. Methods: Prospective pilot study of bronchoscopy for peripheral lung nodules under general anesthesia with thin/ultrathin bronchoscope, radial-probe endobronchial ultrasound (RP-EBUS), and CBCT. Main objective was to estimate radiation dose and secondary objective was the additional value of CBCT in terms of navigational and diagnostic yield. Results: A total of 20 patients were enrolled. Median lesion size was 2.1 (range, 1.1–3) cm and distance from pleura was 2.1 (range, 0–2.8) cm. “Bronchus sign” was present in 12 (60%) of the lesions. Totally, 12 lesions (60%) were invisible on fluoroscopy. CBCT identified atelectasis obscuring the target in 4 cases (20%). Eleven patients (55%) underwent 1 CBCT scan and 9 patients (45%) 2. The mean estimated effective dose (E) to patients resulting from CBCT ranged between 8.6 and 23 mSv, depending on utilized conversion factors. Both pre-CBCT navigation and diagnostic yield were 50%. Additional post-CBCT maneuvers increased navigation yield to 75% (P=0.02) and diagnostic yield to 70% (P=0.04). One patient developed a pneumothorax. Conclusions: CBCT-guided bronchoscopy is associated with an acceptable radiation dose. CBCT may potentially increase both navigation and diagnostic yield of thin/ultrathin bronchoscopy for peripheral lung nodules. The above findings as well as the incidental but relevant finding of intra-procedural atelectasis need to be confirmed in larger prospective studies. Trial registration: This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as number NCT02978170.
Hamlet (RSC, 2016) and representations of diasporic blackness

In 2016 Paapa Essiedu, a British actor of Ghanaian ancestry, starred as Hamlet in Simon Godwin’s lauded Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) production, set in a post-colonial African state whose non-sp...
Can Instructors Use Social Media to Enhance Learning in a Smart Course Room and Foster a Culture of Academic Integrity

This paper presents the initial results of a 2018 survey of instructors focused on their use of smart technology and their evaluations of the efficacy of selected social media as smart pedagogy. The survey also queried their experience with students misusing smart technology in their courses. The purpose of this study was two-fold. Researchers were interested in learning how and to what extent instructors had used smart technology-that is, social media - in their courses and how effective they felt that selected social media was for enhancing student learning. The second focus was on learning whether and to what extent instructors had encountered examples of students using social media to cheat in their courses; and, what measures they had taken and found to be effective in fostering a culture of academic integrity. Ninety-eight instructors of law and business studies participated in the study. Results were inconclusive as instructors’ use of social media for instruction was limited. Of those who did use some smart technology in their courses, YouTube and Google Docs were the most effective for enhancing student learning. To foster a culture of academic integrity, instructors most often cited teaching the importance of ethics and following through on violations
Neuroanatomic substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions.

Abstract Recent anatomical studies have identified a network of central neural circuits that appear to integrate vestibular and autonomic information. Like vestibulo-ocular and vestibulospinal circuits, these pathways appear to be under inhibitory modulation by distinct regions in the medial aspect of the cerebellar cortex. These central circuits have the potential to explain the known influence of vestibular stimulation on autonomic motor responses through descending effects on brain stem autonomic regions. In a more global context, the extensive convergence of vestibular and autonomic information in both vestibular and autonomic brain regions is consistent with the concept that vestibular and visceral information (for example, blood pooling and visceral proprioception) are used to form a central representation of gravitoinertial parameters during movements. This representation can influence neural circuitry involved in postural control, cardiovascular control, perception of the spatial vertical and emotional or affective responses.
Sharing the Monopoly on Violence? Shall-Issue Concealed Handgun License Laws and Responsibilization:

Although research has examined if concealed handgun licensing laws may affect crime rates by enabling gun carry in public, the determinants of these policies have received less attention. Drawing o...
Optimal Resource Allocation for Parallel Reservoir Simulation

Over the past few decades, the oil and gas (O&G) industry has become heavily dependent on parallel scientific computing. The turnaround time of such applications depends heavily on the amount of resources dedicated to the task. Increasing the number of compute processes for the same job tends to produce diminishing returns, and does not always guarantee an increase in performance of a justified impact. This point describes scalability limits, which this work aims to avoid surpassing. An algorithm is presented in which a reservoir simulation run automatically adjusts and finds the optimal resources, which leads to improved performance, and the efficient utilization of compute resources, resulting in significant cost savings.
Intimate Partner Violence among Immigrants

Intimate partner violence in the immigrant household may have begun in the country of origin or it may have started upon arrival to the United States. Numerous problems arising in conjunction with immigration may contribute to the initiation or continuation of intimate partner violence, including unemployment, role changes between the intimate partners, disintegration of extended family networks, and lack of English-speaking ability (Jang, Lee, & Morello-Frosch, 1990).
Aspectual phase heads in Muskogee verbs

Current phasal models of words differ from one another in two main ways: which heads are phasal and whether a phase head allows higher heads to access its complement. Through an investigation of verbs in Muskogee, this paper argues that in some languages, words have functional phase heads that divide them into two domains and that block all higher heads from access to morphemes. Specifically, Muskogee verbs contain aspectual phase heads (Asp0), which separate the verb into a sub-aspectual, VP-level domain—Phase One (Φ1)—and a superaspectual, InflP-level domain—Phase Two (Φ2). As previous work on Muskogee has shown, Φ1 (the ‘Stem’ in previous literature) and Φ2 form separate domains both in phonology, affecting stress and tone patterns, and in temporal semantics. This paper makes the novel observation that morphemes in Φ1 and Φ2 do not interact with each other in rules of allomorphy or allosemy, despite widespread interaction within each domain. An Asp0 phase head that follows the strong PIC1 accounts for the lack of interaction between Φ1 and Φ2. Categorizers, which are typically taken to be phase heads, behave differently from Asp0 in Muskogee, though their phasal status is unclear.
Ultra-sensitive broadband “AWESOME” electric field receiver for nanovolt low-frequency signals

Longwave (defined here as 500 Hz–500 kHz) radio science drives many scientific and engineering applications, including lightning detection and geolocation, subsea and subsurface sensing and communications, navigation and timing, and ionospheric and magnetospheric remote sensing. The hardware performance (i.e., sensitivity and bandwidth) of the receivers that detect long waves determines the maximum amount of information that can be extracted from the acquired data. In this paper, we present and describe an ultra-sensitive electric field receiver that enables broadband radio reception from near-DC up to 470 kHz, augmenting the legacy of the “Atmospheric Weather Electromagnetic System for Observation Modeling and Education” (AWESOME), a state-of-the-art magnetic field receiver completed previously. The AWESOME electric field receiver uses capacitive coupling with a dipole antenna to detect the electric field components of long waves and attains a sensitivity of 0.677 nV/(mHz). This sensitivity allows the detection of natural radio atmospherics and man-made beacon emissions at a global range. The AWESOME electric field receiver can also be integrated with a magnetic field sensor for simultaneous electric and magnetic field reception. In this paper, we detail the design of the receiver, including the receiver architecture, its working principles, design methodology, and trade-offs. We showcase the receiver performance characterized through both numerical models and empirical measurements. We demonstrate a novel calibration method that is quick and straightforward, suitable for deployments in the field. Finally, we demonstrate some novel applications enabled by this receiver’s excellent sensitivity and simultaneous reception capability of electric and magnetic field components of long waves.
Algebraic Number Theory, A Survey

Publisher Summary This chapter explains algebraic number fields and its discreteness, factoring polynomials, valuation theory, unit theorem, and finiteness of class group and their proofs. Number theory is a good test for constructive mathematics as it applies to both discrete and continuous constructions; the constructive development brings to light constructive difficulties that were not at all apparent. The ability to decide whether a polynomial is irreducible or it has a nonconstant factor is used repeatedly in classical expositions of algebraic number theory. The algebraic number theory appears prima facie constructive, and it is common for authors to give routines for the construction of the objects that occur in the subject. The chapter describes the early work by some of the researchers who gave a systematic constructive exposition of the algebraic number fields. However, the development using recursive function theory is also there and is in progress.
Express lightpaths and shared protection in optical mesh networks

A Pan-European network designed with hybrid all-optical express path routing and OEO-switched shared mesh restoration required 31% fewer transceivers than an all-OEO-switched network and a 60% lower bandwidth-distance product than a 1+1 protected all-optical network
Associations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with all-cause mortality in Blacks and Whites: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on all-cause mortality in Blacks and Whites from four US communities. METHODS We determined prospectively the risk of death through December 2004 in relation to baseline (1987-1989) COPD status in 10,333 Black and White participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of 15 years (maximum 18 years), 462 deaths occurred in Blacks and 1221 deaths occurred in Whites. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality among Blacks and Whites were similar (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.74 in Blacks and HR = 1.59 in Whites), indicating a 59%-74% greater risk of mortality for those with COPD. However, for both those with and without COPD, crude death rates were approximately double in Blacks compared to Whites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that given COPD, Blacks and Whites have the same proportionate increase in mortality and that the difference in death rates between Blacks and Whites cannot be explained by COPD status. The public health burden of COPD is enormous, and strategies to reduce COPD and smoking could have a large impact on total mortality rates of both Blacks and Whites.
Avian tumor virus proteins and RNA in uninfected chicken embryo cells.

The content of proteins P19 and P15 (mol wt 19,000 and 15,000, respectively) of avian leukovirus in various types of uninfected chicken embryos has been determined by radioimmunoassay. All chicken embryos examined, including embryos which have thus far been classified as group specific (gs) antigen negative by complement fixation tests, contained these viral proteins as well as P27 as previously reported. The embryos known as “gs antigen-positive” type contained about five times as much of these viral proteins as did the “gs antigen-negative” type. The ratio of the three viral proteins was similar for all types of embryos, suggesting that the genes for these proteins are coordinately controlled. In contrast to the relatively high levels of viral internal proteins in gs antigen-negative cells, the amounts of virus-specific RNA detectable by molecular hybridization were extremely low. The levels of helper activity, which presumably reflect the level of viral envelope glycoprotein, were also generally low or undetectable in these cells. Thus, the expression of the gene for envelope glycoprotein does not appear to be controlled coordinately with the genes for viral internal proteins.
Trade and Treaties

Trade and Environment in the Americas: The effectiveness of the environmental safeguards in CAFTA and in Free Trade Agreements between the United States and Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Panama, depends on adequate implementation and funding of the oversight and enforcement mechanisms and of the environmental cooperation initiatives.
Bringing Down a Legend: How an 'Independent' Grand Jury Ended Joe Paterno's Career

A grand jury “presentment” is a document that reflects the results of an investigatory grand jury’s investigation. Abandoned by the federal system in 1946, several states continue to rely on presentments in their grand jury practice. One such state is Pennsylvania. On November 5, 2011, a Pennsylvania investigating grand jury issued a presentment targeted toward former Penn State assistant football coach, Jerry Sandusky. The twenty-three-page document was released to the public on the same day and, in it, the presentment included a handful of statements relevant to former Penn State head football coach Joe Paterno. Although Paterno was not the subject of the state’s criminal investigation against Sandusky, that did not satisfy the court of public opinion. And, although Paterno was denied the opportunity to legally respond — there existed no venue for him to file any kind of response or seek to strike portions of the Sandusky presentment — Penn State fired him on November 9 and he died just sixty-four days later. This Article argues that the Supreme Court’s current view of the grand jury allowed a Pennsylvania investigative grand jury to needlessly and unfairly include Paterno, practically accusing him of a crime. But Paterno’s story simply makes for an outstanding illustration of the Supreme Court’s problematic view of the grand jury as an independent body. The absence of consistent regulation over that body, a byproduct of the Supreme Court’s approach, allowed a grand jury presentment investigating one person to improperly accuse an uninvestigated third party of impropriety. That, the Article contends, is a clear abuse of the grand jury system.
Abstract 3593: Examining the role of tumor cell secreted factors in intravasation and enhancing paracrine loop invasion

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The interaction of breast cancer cells with other cells in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in metastasis. Invasion and intravasation, two critical steps in the metastatic process, are thought to be influenced by these interactions in addition to their intrinsic invasive properties. Macrophages are of particular interest when it comes to studying tumor cell invasiveness. Previous studies have shown that there is paracrine loop signaling between breast cancer cells and macrophages in which colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) produced by tumor cells stimulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) production by macrophages. This EGF, in turn, stimulates invasion of the tumor cells. In addition to the classically described paracrine loop, it has been seen that tumor cell expression of ErbB3, a member of the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases, may play a role in facilitating tumor cell intravasation. Overexpression of ErbB3 in breast cancer patients correlates with decreased survival. We show that using a blocking antibody against ErbB3 results in a significant decrease in macrophage-induced transendothelial migration of breast cancer cells. Tumor cell secretion of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a ligand of the ErbB3 receptor, may also play a role in the tumor cell- macrophage paracrine interaction. We show that stimulation of macrophages with NRG1 upregulates mRNA expression of JAG1, a ligand of the Notch receptor. Activation of the Notch receptor pathway has been shown to be involved in the process of tumor cell invasion. Overall, our studies look to examine this interaction between tumor cells and macrophages and these observations indicate that ErbB3, NRG1, and JAG1 could serve as novel targets in metastasis and the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Ramon M. Cabrera, Zhen N. Zhou, Minna Roh-Johnson, John Condeelis, Dianne Cox, Jeffrey E. Segall. Examining the role of tumor cell secreted factors in intravasation and enhancing paracrine loop invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3593. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3593
Epistemic Islamophobia and Colonial Social Sciences

This article explores how epistemic racism shapes contemporary discussions on Islamophobia. Epistemic Racism is an underestimated aspect of racism. The first part is a discussion about epistemic racism in the world-system. The second part is on the Western male hegemonic identity politics and the fundamentalist responses to it. The third part is on epistemic Islamophobia and the social sciences.
TEAR APART THIS SPEECH! A BURKEAN ANALYSIS OF RONALD REAGAN’S “TEAR DOWN THIS WALL” SPEECH

“Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” (par. 14) resonated from President Ronald Reagan to the people of West Berlin, of East Berlin, and of the world. Reagan’s speech, delivered on June 12, 1987, at the Brandenburg Gate, became one of the capstone events in the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. The end of this decade signaled the collapse of the Berlin Wall, but it was at this defining moment in 1987 that the United States once more urged the people of Berlin and of all Eastern nations to assess their lives and rally for freedom. There is no doubt that Reagan was one of the most effective communicators the presidency had ever seen. As William E. Pemberton claims, Reagan had a gift, probably deriving from both his acting background as well as the fact that he had lived out the “American dream.” White House speechwriters, although necessary, were to play by the “Great Communicator’s” rules: the shorter the sentence, the better; if one syllable will do, there’s no need for two; do not strive for eloquence but, throughout, increase the difficulty of comprehension; use striking images as a framework; avoid negatives as much as possible, give more examples, fewer sermons. He often revised and edited his own speeches, adding little phrases or whole pages as he deemed necessary. Undeniably, he held America in highest esteem and felt that it was continually improving as a world power (204). Reagan’s rhetorical style was fundamental in defining him as a president. In fact, many hold that his speech was directly responsible for the collapse of communism. To determine if this is so, it is essential to critically examine his rhetorical strategies. During “Tear Down This Wall,” Reagan was not providing merely his own voice but the voice of a nation. He was not directing his speech to the people directly in front of him but to the people battling communism everywhere. Hence, his “Tear Down This Wall” speech stands as a rallying cry for democratic action. Reagan’s speech begins with a favorable tone, complimenting all Berliners about their culture, their landscaping, and their positive personality traits. He relates himself to former presidents who have also been enamored with the city, thus creating a common past between the United States presidency and Berlin. Reagan then opens his speech up to the East Berliners, addressing them especially and inviting them to listen as he creates a symbol out of the Berlin Wall––a symbol that transcends cultures and ideologies. To Reagan, “standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men” (par. 5). Reagan continues on to forge the
Early Hearing Detection and Intervention by Telepractice

Early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) refers to a system of care to ensure that infants who are deaf or hard of hearing receive early diagnosis and intervention. Components of this system include newborn hearing screening (NBS), follow-up diagnostic audiological evaluation (DAE), medical/otological assessment and treatment, audiological habilitation such as hearing aid fitting, and enrollment in early intervention services (EI). A significant barrier to achieving prompt diagnosis of and EI for every baby is lack of access to audiologists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) with specific expertise in diagnosis, (re)habilitation, and intervention for infants who are deaf or hard of hearing. To improve access to services, clinicians are exploring the use of telepractice for specific components of the EHDI system. At Children's Hospital Colorado, we developed telepractice services that include two components of EHDI, DAE, and speech-language EI services. We discuss the development, implementatio...
Warfarin-induced skin necrosis: report of four cases

Four cases of warfarin-induced skin necrosis are reported, and previous reports of this adverse drug reaction are summarized. A 53-year-old man experienced two episodes of skin necrosis on his left flank and buttock, following the initiation of warfarin therapy for acute thrombophlebitis and after a dose adjustment. The lesion formed multiple hemorrhagic bullae that ruptured, and an eschar formed that did not heal and eventually required skin grafting. Seven days after the initiation of warfarin therapy, an area of erythema surrounded by a halo was noted on the left thigh of a 79-year-old woman. Following the typical pattern, the erythematic area turned to a blue-black color and rapidly formed an eschar deep into the subcutaneous tissue that required debridement. A 70-year-old man was given a warfarin dose of 10 mg daily that was reduced to 2.5 mg daily. It was discontinued when bullous violaceous lesions were discovered on his lower left leg and foot. His prothrombin times never exceeded 20 seconds with a control of 10.6 seconds. A 37-year-old woman was admitted with an erythematous area on her right thigh that turned blue-black and subsequently formed an eschar. Her prothrombin time was 21 seconds with a control of 10.6 seconds. Of the 50 reports of warfarin-induced skin necrosis in the literature (including the four here), 74% of the cases involved women. The mean age of the patients was 54 years, and 60% of the lesions occurred on the thigh, breast, or buttock. Usually the onset of the lesion was noted on days 3--5 of warfarin therapy. Sixty percent of the patients were hypocoagulated. The etiology of warfarin-induced skin necrosis has not been definitively established. In the event of this unusual complication, warfarin therapy should be discontinued, vitamin K should be administered to reverse the effects of warfarin, and heparin should be used to provide anticoagulation.
Altered rate of fibronectin matrix assembly by deletion of the first type III repeats

The assembly of fibronectin (FN) into a fibrillar matrix is a complex stepwise process that involves binding to integrin receptors as well as interactions between FN molecules. To follow the progression of matrix formation and determine the stages during which specific domains function, we have developed cell lines that lack an endogenous FN matrix but will form fibrils when provided with exogenous FN. Recombinant FNs (recFN) containing deletions of either the RGD cell-binding sequence (RGD-) or the first type III repeats (FN delta III1-7) including the III1 FN binding site were generated with the baculovirus insect cell expression system. After addition to cells, recFN matrix assembly was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence and by insolubility in the detergent deoxycholate (DOC). In the absence of any native FN, FN delta III1-7 was assembled into fibrils and was converted into DOC-insoluble matrix. This process could be inhibited by the amino-terminal 70 kD fragment of FN, showing that FN delta III1-7 follows an assembly pathway similar to FN. The progression of FN delta III1-7 assembly differed from native FN in that the recFN became DOC-insoluble more quickly. In contrast, RGD- recFNs were not formed into fibrils except when added in combination with native FN. These results show that the RGD sequence is essential for the initiation step but fibrils can form independently of the III1-7 modules. The altered rate of FN delta III1-7 assembly suggests that one function of the missing repeats might be to modulate an early stage of matrix formation.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of an Inertance Type Pulse Tube Refrigerator

A numerical study is reported here for the investigation of the fundamental flow and heat transfer processes found in an inertance type pulse tube refrigerator (IPTR). The general design of an IPTR incorporates a pressure wave generator, a transfer line, an aftercooler, a regenerator, a pulse tube, a pair of heat exchangers for the cold and hot ends of the pulse tube, an inertance tube and a reservoir. The performance of the IPTR system is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using cylindrical co-ordinates (r–z) and applying the axisymmetric assumption. The IPTR is driven by a cyclically moving piston at one end of the system operating at a fixed frequency with helium as the working fluid. Both constant temperature and convective heat transfer boundary conditions are examined along the external walls of the hot heat exchangers. The simulations reveal interesting steady-periodic flow patterns that develop in the pulse tube due to the fluctuations caused by the piston and the presence of the inertance tube. The secondary-flow recirculation patterns in the pulse tube reduce the heat pumping effect from the low-temperature heat exchanger to the high-temperature heat exchangers.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The effect of time-under-tension and weight lifting cadence on aerobic, anaerobic, and recovery energy expenditures: 3 submaximal sets

We examined the aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditures of weight lifting (bench press); submaximal work was kept constant among protocols. Ten male subjects (age, 23.2 ± 3.1 years; height, 177.3 ± 5.3 cm; weight, 82.1 ± 11.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 lifting sessions of 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) using 3 lifting cadences: 1.5 s down and 1.5 s up (15 s per set), 4 s down and 1 s up (25 s per set), and 1 s down and 4 s up (25 s per set). No differences were found among the aerobic exercise energy expenditures for each lifting cadence. However, anaerobic energy expenditure was significantly different among protocols: 1.5 down-1.5 up, 16.5 ± 8.1 kJ; 4 down-1 up, 21.6 ± 8.1 kJ; and 1 down-4 up, 26.7 ± 7.2 kJ (p = 0.001). Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC; after each set) was lower for 1.5 down-1.5 up, 38.6 ± 17.8 kJ; versus 4 down-1 up, 50.2 ± 23.5 kJ; and 1 down-4 up, 50.0 ± 22.6 kJ (p = 0.002). Total energy expenditure also was significantly less for 1.5 up-1.5 down, 60.2 ± 23.8 kJ; versus 4d own-1 up, 80.0 ± 27.7 kJ; and 1 down-4 up, 84.2 ± 28.3 kJ (p = 0.001). Differences in EPOC and total energy expen- diture with submaximal lifting were based not on the amount of work performed or with a particular eccentric-concentric cadence, but on the time to completion of the weight lifting exercise - time-under-tension; longer submaximal lifting times had greater energy expenditure.