cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superimposed Promoter Sequences of the Adenoviral E2 Early RNA Polymerase III and RNA Polymerase II Transcription Units

The human adenovirus type 2 E2 early (E2E) transcriptional control region contains an efficient RNA polymerase III promoter, in addition to the well characterized promoter for RNA polymerase II. To determine whether this promoter includes intragenic sequences, we examined the effects of precise substitutions introduced between positions +2 and +62 on E2E transcription in an RNA polymerase III-specific, in vitro system. Two noncontiguous sequences within this region were necessary for efficient or accurate transcription by this enzyme. The sequence and properties of the functional element proximal to the sites of initiation identified it as an A box. Although a B box sequence could not be unambiguously located, substitutions between positions +42 and +62 that severely impaired transcription also inhibited binding of the human general initiation protein TFIIIC. Thus, this region of the RNA polymerase III E2E promoter contains a B box sequence. We also identified previously unrecognized intragenic sequences of the E2E RNA polymerase II promoter. In conjunction with our previous observations, these data establish that RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III promoter sequences are superimposed from approximately positions -30 to +20 of the complex E2E transcriptional control region. The alterations in transcription induced by certain mutations suggest that components of the RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III transcriptional machines compete for access to overlapping binding sites in the E2E template.
Reliability and Validity of the SCL-90-R PTSD Subscale

Two studies examined the psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subscale of the SCL-90-R. Study 1 examined SCL-90-R responses from 2,361 college women to determine whether this subscale can appropriately assess the three dimensions of PTSD. Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha suggest that this subscale is best conceptualized as a unidimensional index of PTSD symptomatology. Study 2 confirmed these results in a sample of 1,044 college men and women. Findings in the second sample also supported the subscale's validity, as it correlates well with the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and with trauma frequency and can discriminate between individuals with and without PTSD diagnoses. Results suggest that the SCL-90-R PTSD subscale is a reliable, but unidimensional, measure for screening for distress associated with PTSD. Although there is some support for the usefulness of this scale, especially with women, it should only be considered a general indicator of distress with limited use for men.
Functional Coupling between the Kv1.1 Channel and Aldoketoreductase Kvβ1

The Shaker family voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kv1) assemble with cytosolic beta-subunits (Kvbeta) to form a stable complex. All Kvbeta subunits have a conserved core domain, which in one of them (Kvbeta2) is an aldoketoreductase that utilizes NADPH as a cofactor. In addition to this core, Kvbeta1 has an N terminus that closes the channel by the N-type inactivation mechanism. Point mutations in the putative catalytic site of Kvbeta1 alter the on-rate of inactivation. Whether the core of Kvbeta1 functions as an enzyme and whether its enzymatic activity affects N-type inactivation had not been explored. Here, we show that Kvbeta1 is a functional aldoketoreductase and that oxidation of the Kvbeta1-bound cofactor, either enzymatically by a substrate or non-enzymatically by hydrogen peroxide or NADP(+), induces a large increase in open channel current. The modulation is not affected by deletion of the distal C terminus of the channel, which has been suggested in structural studies to interact with Kvbeta. The rate of increase in current, which reflects NADPH oxidation, is approximately 2-fold faster at 0-mV membrane potential than at -100 mV. Thus, cofactor oxidation by Kvbeta1 is regulated by membrane potential, presumably via voltage-dependent structural changes in Kv1.1 channels.
Genetics of aging: Current animal models

Studies are summarized for three organisms-Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Drosophila melanogaster-utilizing three distinct approaches to the identification of longevity-determining genes: the analysis of mutations that affect life span, the use of transgenic animals to assess the effects of specific gene expression on longevity, and selective breeding to identify naturally occurring allelic variations between strains that have differential effects on life span. Correlative studies of age-dependent changes in physiology, or in cellular and molecular constituents, generally cannot discern cause from effect. In contrast, analyses of genetic influences on longevity can permit underlying mechanisms to be reliably inferred; because genotype remains essentially constant throughout life, longevity comparisons of animals differing only in genetic constitution must reflect the effects of genes on long-term survival. Understanding the genetic regulation of life span may thus lead to methods of intervention in age-associated deterioration and disease.
Performance of Rainbow Trout Fry Fed Supplemental Soy Lecithin and Choline

Abstract Three feeding experiments were conducted with early-feeding fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; initial mean weight, 0.10–0.12 g) to determine their need for lecithin contained in soy lecithin (SL), with and without supplemental choline. The source of assay protein was an isoelectric form (RP 100) of isolated soy protein (ISP) in experiment 1, a sodium protein ISP (RP 101) in experiment 2, and an ether-extracted herring meal in expenment 3. Duration of the feeding trials was 20 weeks for experiment 1 and 16 weeks for experiments 2 and 3. Analysis of variance showed that supplemental SL and choline each increased body weight gain, survival, and body fat, and improved feed conversion (amount fed/weight gain). The extent of beneficial effects varied with type of diet fed. Fish fed either of the ISPs needed at least 4% supplemental SL, either with or without 0.3% choline, for highest survival, but survival of all fish fed extracted herring meal was high. Although choline alone enhanced growth,...
Consumers' awareness and attitude towards repricing

Supermarkets have repriced products on their shelves upward for the past few years. Since this cannot be accepted as fair, a study was designed to determine consumers' awareness and attitudes. Findings revealed that the majority of respondents were aware of the repricing practice, considered it unfair, and wanted it controlled.
Fetishism and social creativity, or fetishes are gods in process of construction

Originally, the term ‘fetishes’ was used by European merchants to refer to objects employed in West Africa to make and enforce agreements, often between people with almost nothing in common. They thus provide an interesting window on the problem of social creativity - especially since in classic Marxist terms they were surprisingly little fetishized. Starting with an appreciation and critique of William Pietz’s classic work on the subject, and reconsidering classic cases of Tiv spheres of exchange and BaKongo sculpture, this article aims to reimagine African fetishes, and fetishes in general, as ways of creating new social relations.
Nucleotide sequence of a macronuclear gene for actin in Oxytricha fallax.

The hypotrichous ciliated protozoan Oxytricha fallax possesses a mechanism for processing its genome into a collection of small, gene-sized, transcriptionally active sections. Macronuclear DNA is arranged as short achromosomal sections, 0.5–22 kilo-base pairs (kbp) long, while micronuclear DNA has a typical chromosomal organization1,2. Macronuclear DNA is derived from micronuclear DNA by a process of polytene chromosome fragmentation with a resultant decrease in DNA sequence complexity3,4. The isolation of intact macronuclear DNA sections enables the study of specific structural units of genetic material that occur naturally in the organism. We have previously described5 the construction of a recombinant plasmid, pOfACT (1.6), which contains an intact 1.6-kb length of macronuclear DNA (Fig. 1) homologous to a yeast actin gene6. We now present the complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned DNA molecule and the derived sequence of the actin protein which it encodes. As the sequence is that of a complete, naturally occurring DNA molecule, it shows all cis-active regulatory regions in addition to the coding region. The actin protein encoded differs considerably from other known actins.
Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 6. A comparison of pindolol and propranolol in treatment of patients with angina pectoris. The role of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

Abstract Pindolol, a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and propranolol were given in increasing equipotent doses (pindolol: 2.5 to 10 mg. every 6 hours; propranolol: 10 to 40 mg. every 6 hours) over 12 weeks in a double-blind randomized trial to 41 patients with angina pectoris. The drugs were then gradually withdrawn over a two week period. With maximum doses, both pindolol and propranolol increased exercise capacity, compared to control, on multistage treadmill testing (pindolol: 8.0 ± 0.4 to 9.7 ± 0.3 mets, p −1 with pindolol (p −1 (p −1 in contrast to propranolol, which reduced both (heart rate: 70.5 ± 2.2 to 62.2 ± 2.4, p −1 , p
Evaluation of seeing-induced cross talk in tip-tilt-corrected solar polarimetry

We reanalyze the effects of atmosphere-induced image motions on the measurement of solar polarized light using a formalism developed by Lites. Our reanalysis is prompted by the advent of adaptive optics (AO) systems that reduce image motion and higher-order aberrations, by the availability of liquid crystals as modulation devices, and by the need to understand how best to design polarimeters for future telescopes such as the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope. In this first attempt to understand the major issues, we analyze the influence of residual image motion (tip-tilt) corrections of operational AO systems on the cross talk between Stokes parameters and present results for several polarization analysis schemes. Higher-order wave-front corrections are left for future research. We also restrict our discussion to the solar photosphere, which limits several important parameters of interest, using some recent magnetoconvection simulations.
The Chloride Corrosion of Low-Gold Casting Alloys

Potentiodynamic polarization measurements have indicated that the so-called 'low-gold' casting alloys are characterized by decreased chloride corrosion resistance, when compared with ADA Type III and Type IV gold alloys. This decrease in chloride corrosion resistance results apparently from the presence of Ag-rich microsegregations with a possible minor contribution from Cu-rich segregations or precipitates.
Broadband optical cooling of molecular rotors from room temperature to the ground state

Laser cooling of atoms is now routine, but cooling molecules is more difficult due to the larger number of transition frequencies involved. Here, the authors show that a broadband laser can be used to provide cooling of a molecule into its ground rotational-vibrational state.
Lawrence J. Friedman, The Lives of Erich Fromm: Love’s Prophet . New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, 410 pp. $29.95. ISBN: 978-0231531061; paper, $19.95. ISBN 9780231162593

Erich Fromm was a highly successful popular author and psychoanalyst who played an important role as a twentieth-century social activist and public intellectual. Friedman’s biography reveals Fromm’s fascinating “lives” as a psychoanalyst, social theorist, cosmopolitan activist, and “prophet” of love who significantly influenced American thought and politics.
Congruence or genuineness.

Congruence or genuineness is a relational quality receiving renewed interest in recent years. This article offers a description of the conceptual nature of this construct as well as a selective review of the empirical literature documenting its relationship to outcome and other therapy change proces
Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction

Higher-order multiple pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and fetal complications. Multifetal pregnancy reduction is one option for women with a higher-order multiple pregnancy. Various aspects of multifetal pregnancy reduction are discussed, including the background, options, risks, benefits, techniques, results, and appropriate physical and psychosocial support.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperglycemia Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Associated Vascular Dysfunction

Abstract Background: The higher incidence of cardiovascular complications and the unfavorable prognosis among diabetic individuals who develop such complications has been correlated to the hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress (OS) and associated endothelial dysfunction (ED). Additionally, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress response, otherwise known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), has been implicated in hyperglycemia associated ED. However, the role of OS in hyperglycemia induced ER stress associated ED remains unclear. Objective: The present study evaluated the role of OS in hyperglycemia induced ER stress associated ED and whether antioxidant treatment could aid in the reversal the adverse effects hyperglycemia induced ER stress and ED. Methods: Endothelial cells (ECs) were exposed to normal (NG) and high glucose (HG) for 24 and 48hrs in the presence and absence of the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). The level of oxidative stress in the cells was analyzed by DCFDA fluorescence staining...
A phosphoribosyl-enzyme covalent intermediate in the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis.

Abstract Evidence is presented that the mechanism of phosphoribosyl-adenosine triphosphate: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis) proceeds through a covalent phosphoribosyl-enzyme intermediate. The intermediate has been demonstrated after incubating the enzyme with 14 C-PRPP under both “native” and denaturing conditions. The intermediate also forms from the reverse direction as demonstrated by an initial burst phenomenon when the enzyme is mixed with its product, PR-ATP. Thus, exchange data coupled with specificity requirements appears to provide sound evidence for a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate.
Advances in the management of acute spinal cord injury

Numerous secondary neurologic and systemic complications can occur in the face of a spinal cord injury. The goal of immediate treatment is early spine immobilization and realignment, stabilization of hemodynamic and pulmonary status, prompt radiographic evaluation, and prevention of medical complications. These measures should optimize the chances for neurologic recovery.
Nanotribological characterization of hydrogenated carbon films by scanning probe microscopy

Abstract Mechanical and tribological properties of hydrogenated carbon films were evaluated using three newly developed nanotribological characterization techniques based on scanning probe microscopy, including nano-hardness tests and nano-wear tests using a point contact microscope and nano-friction tests using a friction force microscope. It was found that the nanoindentation hardness decreases with increase of hydrogen content in the films, and the substrate influence on the hardness values is not significant for indentation depths less than a quarter of the thickness of the carbon films. The critical load for wear on the friction force versus loading force curve also decreases with hydrogen concentration, whereas the nano-wear depth and the nano-friction coefficient increase. Our results show that the three characterization methods are very effective in determining mechanical or tribological properties of ultrathin films and optimizing the fabrication process parameters.
The organization of state and local government employees: Reply

Joseph D. Reid, Jr. and Michael M. Kurth (hereinafter R-K) raise interesting questions concerning the assumptions made and the explanatory variables used in my model of the organization of state and local government employees. I assert that models of private sector unionization are not directly transferable to the public sector because public employees participate in the hiring of their own employer. R-K believe that my regressions do not address this issue. The regressions were designed to explain the growth of public labor organizations, not the difference in sectors of the economy. In developing a model, economists typically make certain assumptions about the conditions surrounding the area under consideration and proceed to test within these parameters. We do not test each assumption, but make what seems to be reasonable assumptions. R-K employ the same logic when they exclude state employees from their regressions because "state employees are less likely to strike and are more supportive of civil service commissions than are local government employees." Their regression does not test for this condition. R-K are concerned with the dates of the variables used. "... if analyzing levels, make sure that the times for generation of these levels are normalized appropriately." The dependent variable and three independent variables are for 1977, while the law variables and percentage of nonagricultural employees organized are for 1976. These are the dates for which the data are published. Unless substantial changes occur within one year, which seems doubtful, the results would not seem to be biased by using the available data. R-K would substitute percentage change in average salaries from 1957 to 1972 for the current level of earnings. My use of the level of current income to measure how much of union services employees will buy is meant to be in accordance with standard economic theory. Higher income results in a larger quantity purchased of normal goods. In some sections of the country union membership may be considered an inferior good. To avoid using Two Stage Least Squares, they used as a wage variable the "change in wages from 1957 to 1972, which is unaffected by union growth in the following decade." This implies that union growth from 1972 to 1980 is unaffected by changes in wages from 1972 to 1980. I question this implication. R-K use their earnings variable as a measure of satisfaction with compensation.
Invasive group A streptococcal disease and intensive care unit admissions.

Abstract Objective. To determine the clinical epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal disease (IGASD) and identify predictors of admissions into an intensive care unit (ICU). Design. A cross-sectional study. Setting. Retrospective review of data. Patients. A total of 204 patients hospitalized throughout the state of Florida, United States, between August 1996 and August 2000 for IGASD. Intervention. None. Measurements and results. Prevalence odds ratios for ICU admissions were calculated for several demographic and clinical variables. The prevalence of ICU admissions was lower among patients 69 years of age or older compared to younger patients (odds ratio=0.43, 90% confidence interval: 0.23–0.83). The odds ratio associated with the presence of necrotizing fasciitis was 6.98 (90% confidence interval: 3.13–15.58). Conclusion. In this analysis of patients hospitalized for IGASD, the presence of necrotizing fasciitis was the strongest factor associated with admissions into an ICU.
A Paradigm Shift for the Amino Acid Editing Mechanism of Human Cytoplasmic Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase

Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) has been identified as a target for a novel class of boron-containing small molecules that bind to its editing active site. When the 3′ end of tRNALeu binds to the editing active site, the boron cross-links to the cis-diols of its terminal ribose. The cross-linked RNA−protein complex blocks the overall aminoacylation activity of the enzyme. Similar to those of other LeuRSs, the human cytoplasmic enzyme (hscLeuRS) editing active site resides in a discrete domain called the connective polypeptide 1 domain (CP1), where mischarged tRNA binds for hydrolysis of the noncognate amino acid. The editing site of hscLeuRS includes a highly conserved threonine discriminator and universally conserved aspartic acid that were mutationally characterized. Substitution of the threonine residue to alanine uncoupled specificity as in other LeuRSs. However, the introduction of bulky residues into the amino acid binding pocket failed to block deacylation of tRNA, indicating that the architecture o...
Organocobalt cluster complexes X. Evidence for the methylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl radical

The azobisisobutyronitrile-initiated addition of HCCo3(CO)9 to the CC bonds of allyl acetate and allyl ethyl ether to give (OC)9Co3C(CH2)3O2CCH3 and (OC)9Co3C(CH2)3OC2H5, respectively, demonstrated the accessibility of the ·CCo3(CO)9 radical.
Loss of differentiative potential of the mammary gland in ovariectomized mice: identification of a biochemical lesion.

The differentiative functions, lactose synthetase activity and casein synthesis, can be induced in mammary gland explants from intact mice when insulin, cortisol, and PRL are present in the medium. By contrast, the tissue from mice castrated for 1–2 months does not differentiate in vitro. Explants from these ovariectomized animals retain their sensitivity toward insulin, as evidenced by the ability of this hormone to stimulate DNA synthesis, α-aminoisobutyric acid accumulation, and glucose-6-phosphate/gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. This tissue also remains sensitive to cortisol, as evidenced by the ability of this steroid to stimulate NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. However, the tissue from ovariectomized mice has lost biological responsiveness to PRL. Such insensitivity may be due to a deficiency of PRL receptors, which are reduced in the glands from castrated mice to 20–25% of control values. However, a second defect between the receptor and the genome is also likely, since PRL un...
Fullerene (C60) forms stable complex with nucleic acid base guanine

Abstract Interaction of C 60 with nucleic acid base guanine was investigated at the DFT-B3LYP, MP2 and ONIOM(MP2:B3LYP) levels of theory using the 3-21G(d), 6-31G(d) and 6-31G(d,p) basis sets. It was found that C 60 forms a stable complex with guanine through stacking interaction with binding energy of 8.1 kcal/mol at the MP2/6-31G(d) level. The ONIOM(MP2/6-31G(d):B3LYP/6-31G(d)) approach was found to be the most cost-effective method for such investigation. Neither the B3LYP method nor MP2 level with smaller basis set such as 3-21G(d) are found suitable for such investigation.
ON THE TABLETOP IMPROVEMENT EXPERIMENTS OF JAPAN

Originally conceived by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, the “tabletop improvement experiments” have been used in Japan since 1925 to teach important principles of continuous improvement. The experiments, designed for classroom use, communicate their lessons in a striking and memorable way. The work-related experiments categorize the sources of resistance to change and show how to neutralize them. The process-related experiments sharpen understanding of where the biggest opportunities for process improvement usually lie. Surprisingly, the experiments are hardly known in the West. We describe all of them and document their history for the first time.
Abstract B115: Use of a genome-wide loss-of-function screen to identify novel mechanisms of resistance to TRAIL induced apoptosis.

A biological approach to combat cancer is to define and specifically target signaling pathways involved in tumor progression and metastasis. One such target is the TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) signaling pathway. Importantly, TRAIL kills tumor cells selectively without inducing apoptosis in normal tissue. Recombinant TRAIL and agonistic antibodies against the receptors DR4 and DR5 are in early-phase clinical trials as an anti-cancer treatment in breast cancer. However, since cancer cells must evade tumor surveillance, it is not surprising that many tumors are TRAIL-resistant. We are interested in the molecular basis of acquired resistance to TRAIL induced apoptosis as a result of long-term exposure to the drug. Our goal is to gain an increased understanding of how cancer cells can become resistant to TRAIL and how this resistance can be predicted and circumvented, ultimately leading to more efficient TRAIL-based therapy. To this end, we utilized the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line BJAB-LexR that has been made naturally resistant to TRAIL through long-term culture in the presence of increasing concentrations of the drug Lexatumumab, an anti-DR5 antibody. We performed a genome wide loss-of-function screen using the GeneNet lentiviral shRNA library containing 200 000 shRNAs with sequencing tags, allowing for high throughput deep sequencing. After selection for a particular phenotype, in this case TRAIL resistance, the shRNAs that promote or prevent this phenotype can be deduced from the frequency in which the shRNA is present in the selected (TRAIL-treated) population versus the unselected population. Bioinformatic analysis yielded a list of putative resistance genes that were validated in the BJAB system and also in other cell lines that have been made resistant to TRAIL in a similar fashion. With this unbiased approach, we have identified novel genes associated with TRAIL resistance that may provide targets for combination therapy that could improve the response to TRAIL. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B115. Citation Format: Lina Y. Dimberg, Joshua Cabrera, Christina Menke, Jihye Kim, Christopher C. Porter, Aik-Choon Tan, Kian Behbakht, Andrew Thorburn, Heide L. Ford. Use of a genome-wide loss-of-function screen to identify novel mechanisms of resistance to TRAIL induced apoptosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B115.
Exploring the mechanisms underlying surface-based stimulus selection

Valdes-Sosa, et al. (2000) introduced a transparent-motion design that provides evidence of surface-based processing of visual motion. We show that this design suffers from a motion-duration confound that admits an alternative explanation based on neuronal adaptation and competition. We tested this explanation by reversing the relationship between motion duration and which perceptual surface was "cued". We also examined the role of color duration. Our findings support the surface-based account and, more specifically, demonstrate that this type of surface-based selection involves selective spatial processing at the scale of the texture elements that define the transparent surfaces.
The Role of Alpha-Hemoglobin Stabilizing Protein in Redox Chemistry, Denaturation, and Hemoglobin Assembly

Abstract Hemoglobin biosynthesis in erythrocyte precursors involves several steps. The correct ratios and concentrations of normal alpha (α) and beta (β) globin proteins must be expressed; apoproteins must be folded correctly; heme must be synthesized and incorporated into these globins rapidly; and the individual α and β subunits must be rapidly and correctly assembled into heterotetramers. These events occur on a large scale in vivo, and dysregulation causes serious clinical disorders such as thalassemia syndromes. Recent work has implicated a conserved erythroid protein known as Alpha-Hemoglobin Stabilizing Protein (AHSP) as a participant in these events. Current evidence suggests that AHSP enhances α subunit stability and diminishes its participation in harmful redox chemistry. There is also evidence that AHSP facilitates one or more early-stage post-translational hemoglobin biosynthetic events. In this review, recent experimental results are discussed in light of several current models describing glo...
PROMIS® Parent Proxy Report Scales for children ages 5-7 years: an item response theory analysis of differential item functioning across age groups.

Objective The objective of the present study is to describe the extension of the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) pediatric parent proxy-report item banks for parents of children ages 5–7 years, and to investigate differential item functioning (DIF) between the data obtained from parents of 5–7-year-old children with the data obtained from parents of 8–17 year-old children in the original construction of the scales.
Corticocortical fiber connections of the rabbit visual cortex: a fiber degeneration study.

Corticocortical fiber projections of the striate and occipital cortex of the rabbit, as defined by Rose ('31) have been determined by fiber degeneration methods following the production of cortical lesions within each of 24 rabbits. We have assumed that the striate and occipital cortices correspond respectively to the visual cortical areas 1 and 2 (V1 and V2) which have been demarcated electrophysiologically by Thornpson et al. ('50). A study of the ipsilateral fiber projections of the striate and occipital cortex of the rabbit reveals three distinct sets of associational corticocortical connections.(1) Neurons located in layers I-III of all regions of the striate cortex and the occipital cortex send fibers to terminate predominantly in layer V, but also in layers IV and VI, immediately beneath the cells of origin; however, the cells in the supragranular layers have not been found to send fibers to any other region of cerebral cortex. (2) The binocular portions of V1 and V2 appear to be interconnected ipsilaterally since cells in layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex have been shown to project to all layers of a restricted, adjacent portion of the medial occipital cortex; and the cells in layers TV-VIof medial occipital cortex send a similar, restricted projection to the adjacent lateral striate cortex. (3) Nerve cells in layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex (binocular Vl) send a restricted projection to the lateral portion of the occipital cortex. (4) After all lesions of the striate and/ or occipital cortices, degenerating fibers are seen radiating away from the lesion in layer I; the origin of these degenerating fibers could not be determined. The following observations have been made concerning the origins and terminations of commissural corticorticalfihers. (1) After ablation of most of the visual cortex of one side, commissural fibcrs are secn to terminate in all cortical layers in two narrow bands of visual cortex: one band occupies both sides of the striate-occipital boundary; the second band is found in the lateral portion of occipital cortex. (2) More punctate lesions reveal that commissural fibers arise from layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex and medial occipital cortex (binocular portions of V1 and V2 respectively) and end in hornotopic areas of the contralateral cortex.
What's in a name? The future of drug-resistant tuberculosis classification.

Summary Due to a recent resurgence in tuberculosis research focused on drug development, several new antituberculosis drugs are in the pipeline, and the standard of care for tuberculosis might soon change. If new drugs replace the current first-line treatment, then existing classifications of resistance, including multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, might become less relevant. When much needed new drugs reach the market, a new classification system for resistance might need to be devised to describe resistance to these novel agents. Many options for such a system exist, each with its own inherent benefits and challenges. The adoption of new terminology for resistance should be guided by outcomes data from clinical trials in progress, and should be accompanied by increased support for drug susceptibility testing in developing countries to be clinically useful. Consideration of these issues now will hopefully help foster an informed approach to the classification of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the era of new drugs.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY STUDIES IN A CLOSELY BRED COLONY OF DOGS : I. INFLUENCE OF LEUKOCYTE GROUP ANTIGENS UPON RENAL ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL IN THE UNMODIFIED HOST

The establishment of a closely bred colony of beagles with known leukocyte group phenotypes has permitted an assessment of the role of leukocyte group antigens in conditioning the survival of renal allografts in the unmodified host. 22 kidney transplants obtained from leukocyte group-compatible donors were accorded a mean survival time of 25.5 days, as compared with 13.1 days for 27 transplants obtained from incompatible donors. Donor-recipient coefficients of correlation and Swisher erythrocyte group incompatibilities did not appear to affect the observed results. The mean survival time of 21 renal allografts performed in randomly selected mongrel dogs was 9.5 days. Availability of a carefully characterized and phenotyped canine population may be useful in further studies of the comparative immunogenicity of the major transplantable organs, and of methods designed to facilitate prolonged organ transplant survival in the mammalian host.
Quantitative Literacy at Michigan State University, 1: Development and Initial Evaluation of the Assessment

Development, psychometric testing, and the results of the administration of a quantitative literacy (QL) assessment to undergraduate students are described. Three forms were developed covering a wide range of skills, contexts, and quantitative information presentation formats. Following item generation and revision based on preliminary testing and cognitive interviewing, a total of 3,701 consented undergraduate students at Michigan State University completed one of the three forms. Two of the forms contained 14 multiple-choice items, and one form contained 17 multiple-choice items. All forms were completed by students in less than 30 minutes. Evidence of validity and reliability were obtained for the three forms. Unidimensionality of the underlying construct was established using confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations with ACT and university mathematics placement test ranged from .41 to .67, and correlations with the Lipkus numeracy scale ranged from .40 to .45. Cronbach’s alphas for the three forms were near or exceeded .70. Comparison of student QL performance according to demographic characteristics revealed gender differences, with males scoring higher than females. These gender differences persisted even after controlling for ACT composite scores. Race/ethnicity differences were significant in unadjusted analysis, but did not persist over and above ACT composite scores in the adjusted analyses. The three newly developed forms of QL assessment will need to be further tested in the future to determine if they capture the effects of interventions that aim to improve
Subjective Strains, Conditioning Factors, and Juvenile Delinquency: General Strain Theory in Taiwan

Agnew’s [Agnew, R. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319–361, 2001, 2006a, 2006b] general strain theory (GST) argues that subjective strain and objective strain should be distinguished from each other, and that subjective strain should be related more strongly to delinquency. In addition, GST suggests that the strain–delinquency relationship is conditioned by certain conditioning factors, and that research should treat these conditioning factors as a whole, i.e., the individual’s “overall” standing regarding these conditional factors. The present study uses a random sample of Taiwanese adolescents (13–17 years old) to study these two issues. The results suggest that strain as measured in this study is related positively to delinquency; however, subjective strain does not differ from objective strain in predicting delinquency. Additionally, the “overall standing” conditioning factors interact differently with subjective strain and objective strain but in the expected direction.
Speciation of silver in cementitious environment

Abstract Speciation of silver in cementitious environments has been investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The results of this study have delineated that Ag 2 O, Ag 2 CO 3 and AgCl are formed in highly alkaline environments in the cement system. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the hydrated cement treated with Ag + (OPC-V/Ag) revealed the presence of clusters of AgCl in the Ag-doped sample. The mechanisms of formations of these compounds are discussed.
Sex pheromone of the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor).

Sex pheromone activity from female mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor) may be extracted and quantified by fractional population response of virgin adult males, which attempt copulation with any pheromone-treated object. Extracts of mature males can be shown to elicit identical behavioral activity, although at lower individual concentration. Since response to the pheromone is sex-specific, its apparent production by both sexes of T. molitor is especially noteworthy. It has been shown that the presence of pheromone in males cannot be due to contamination by females. Both pheromone production and the male response are undetectable in newly-emerged adults; both rise to their maximum extent within one week of eclosion.
Short-Time Dynamics of Solvation: Relationship between Polar and Nonpolar Solvation

The microscopic details of how a solution responds to changes in a solute are now becoming experimentally accessible at the kinds of times that should allow us to follow even the earliest events in solvation. For time scales this short there is a genuine chance that one can identify actual elementary events in the solvation process, meaning that one can begin to think about explicit solvation mechanismsthe specific molecular motions that comprise the crucial steps in the process. Most of the current theories of solvation dynamics, however, try to resolve this early-time dynamics by looking at finer and finer details of the dielectric response of the bulk solvent, an approach which not only seems to be starting from the opposite extreme of the behavior one is trying to understand, but which erects an artificial conceptual barrier between the solvation processes of polar and nonpolar liquids. We suggest that, at least at the times of interest for questions of solvation mechanism, the distinction between pol...
Employee assistance program liability and workplace privacy

Privacy protection is an essential part of any credible Employee Assistance Program (EAP). This article describes how invasion of privacy, defamation, and emotional distress claims can occur in EAPs. Practical guidelines are recommended to ensure that company managers and EAP staff protect troubled employees' privacy rights at all times.
Effects of p-aminodiphenylamine on electrochemical polymerization of aniline

A new method for electrochemical polymerization of aniline is presented in which a small amount of p-aminodiphenylamine is added to the polymerization system. In the presence of p-aminodiphenylamine, the rate of polymerization increases greatly, the lower potentials can be applied to generate polyaniline with probably improved quality owing to fewer side reactions, and the more uniform polyaniline films can be prepared.
Differential Support for Women in Higher Education and Politics Cross-Nationally

Attitudes towards women in the workforce, politics, and higher education are often combined in a composite measure of gender ideology. However, cross-national attitudes and influences on them may vary by each domain. Structural measures and the 2005–2008 World Values Survey are used to examine factors that influence attitudes towards women in education and politics across 52 nations. Findings show individuals are more supportive of women in education and structure has a greater impact on attitudes towards women in politics. Counter to findings that Muslim societies are less gender egalitarian, this study finds no impact of Muslim affiliation or residence in a Muslim society on attitudes towards women’s education, although these factors reduce support for women in politics.
TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM OF THE EARLY (HADRON) UNIVERSE.

For nonzero baryon number, the theory of Huang and Weinberg discussed an unrealistic limit for the baryonic chemical potential. In a more realistic limit, the temperature approaches Hagedorn's ${T}_{0}\ensuremath{\simeq}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}$ K much more closely than previously estimated ($1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{0}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ instead of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$).
Mechanism of nitrogen-13-labeled ammonia formation in a cryogenic water target

Methods for producing N-13 ammonia via the 16O(p,alpha)13N nuclear reaction utilizing a cryogenic target have been investigated. These targets included frozen carbon dioxide and pure frozen water. Results from these targets were compared with the more traditional liquid water target with and without additives. A very dramatic difference was found between the pure water target in the frozen state when compared with the liquid state. When frozen, more than 95% of the nitrogen-13 activity is in the chemical form of ammonia at all radiation doses. In contrast, the liquid water target yielded predominately nitrates and nitrites at high radiation doses. When frozen carbon dioxide was irradiated under these conditions, more than 95% of the nitrogen-13 activity was in the form of nitrate and nitrite. The nitrogen oxides remained on the surface of the target and could be easily removed from the surface with pure water. The wash solution was converted to [13N]ammonia using the DeVarda's alloy method for reduction. It was determined that levels of [13N]ammonia sufficient for diagnostic medical procedures could be produced directly using the frozen water targets or from frozen carbon dioxide with a wet chemical reduction. These results have significance particularly in the design of targetry for low-energy, high-beam current accelerators, because targets of this design can be used with either no vacuum isolation window or a very thin window. The substitution of carbon-13-enriched carbon dioxide for natural carbon dioxide gives access to the 13C(p,n)13N nuclear reaction, which allows protons energies as low as 6 MeV to be used to produce useable quantities of N-13 ammonia. The mechanism of these reactions has been explored to determine why there are such dramatic differences in the product distribution between the frozen state and the liquid or gaseous state.
Modeling, Forming, Modal Analysis, and Gauge Optimization of Sheet Metal Parts

CAE tools can be used to study the characteristics and reduce the cost of sheet metal parts that are used in products. Using an instrument panel that is used in a car as an example which is made up of sheet metal components the basic process of analyzing the components and assembly to optimize its design is discussed. The paper is mostly educational in the sense that the integrated procedures and analysis presented here can be adapted in a senior level course and at a university that has state-of-the-art CAE tools as discussed in this paper. Several tutorials have been developed that are user-friendly and show how the subsequent analysis can be conducted. To the best of the knowledge of the authors, no such tutorials exist, or are available to students at a university. To start out, solid modeling of the individual sheet metal components using different CAD programs is discussed. Then a discussion on how these solid models can be imported to different CAE programs to be meshed and then subsequently exported to high end solvers like LS-Dyna or MSC Nastran is presented. The integrated analysis that was conducted for this paper was forming analysis of the individual components, followed by modal analysis and gauge optimization of the entire instrument panel assembly. Also, a design of experiments based on Taguchi method is discussed which was done to determine the effects that the input factors have on the results of the forming simulations that were conducted. It is believed that the contents of this paper serve as an educational tool to the students and the instructors involved in understanding and/or teaching sheet metal forming simulation. Sample tutorials will be presented at the conference meeting.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Victory Misunderstood: What the Gulf War Tells Us about the Future of Conflict

tions of the Gulf War‘s outcome are wrong. The orthodox view explains the war’s one-sidedness in terms of the Coalition’s strengths, especially its advanced technology, which is often held to have destroyed the Iraqis’ equipment or broken their will without exposing Coalition forces to extensive close combat on the ground.’ The main rival explanation emphasizes Iraqi shortcomings, such as their weak morale, poor training and leadership, or numerical inferiority in the theater of war.2 Both schools appeared within a few months of the cease-fire, and have changed surprisingly little since then.3 The information
EUK-207 protects human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) against irradiation-induced apoptosis through the Bcl2 pathway.

Aim To elucidate the signaling mechanisms involved in the protective effect of EUK-207 against irradiation-induced cellular damage and apoptosis in human intestinal microvasculature endothelial cells (HIMEC).
A time dependent micro-mechanical fiber composite model for inelastic zone growth in viscoelastic matrices

In this work, a fiber composite model is developed to predict the time dependent stress transfer behavior due to fiber fractures, as driven by the viscoelastic behavior of the polymer matrix, and the initiation and propagation of inelastic zones. We validate this model using in situ, room temperature, micro-Raman spectroscopy fiber strain measurements. Multifiber composites were placed under constant load creep tests and the fiber strains were evaluated with time after one fiber break occurred. These composite specimens ranged in fiber volume fraction and strain level. Comparison between prediction and MRS measurements allows us to characterize key in situ material parameters, the critical matrix shear strain for inelastic zones and interfacial frictional slip shear stress. We find that the inelastic zone is predominately either shear yielding or interfacial slipping, and the type depends on the local fiber spacing.
Emergency left colon resection with primary anastomosis.

Thirteen cases of emergency left colon resection with primary anastomosis are presented. Production of an empty bowel and use of parenteral hyperalimentation, to delay oral intake until healing is evidenced by bowel function, are absolutely necessary, The “elective environment,” assuring primary healing of the left colon anastomosis, consists of several factors: an empty decompressed bowel with adequate lumen, an antibiotic-depressed colon bacterial flora, assured blood supply, healthy bowel wall, and absence of anastomotic tension. The importance of not extraperitonealizing the anastomosis and the danger of long-term drains are emphasized.
Post-marketing studies of drug efficacy: why?

This report reviews the 100 most recently approved drugs in order to quantify the frequency with which post-marketing studies of drug efficacy can be performed experimentally and non-experimentally. These drugs represent 131 potential drug uses. Of them, the absolute efficacy of 89 (68 percent) could be evaluated from clinical observations. Of the remaining 42, six (14 percent) could be studied experimentally or non-experimentally, six (14 percent) only experimentally, one (2 percent) only non-experimentally, and 29 (69 percent) by neither technique. Answers to all questions of relative efficacy required formal research. Of these, 94 (72 percent) could be studied using either experimental or non-experimental techniques. The remaining 37 (28 percent) could be studied experimentally only. Thus, clinical observations and non-experimental research can contribute a large proportion of the information about drug efficacy still needed after marketing.