cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Against Theories of Punishment: The Thought of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen

This paper reflects critically on what is the near-universal contemporary method of conceptualizing the tasks of the scholar of criminal punishment. It does so by the unusual route of considering the thought of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, a towering figure in English law and political theory, one of its foremost historians of criminal law, and a highly prominent public intellectual of the late Victorian period. Notwithstanding Stephen’s stature and importance, there has as yet been no sustained effort to understand his views of criminal punishment. This article attempts to remedy this deficit. But its aims are not exclusively historical. Indeed, understanding Stephen’s ideas about the nature of punishment serves two purposes, one historical and the other theoretical. The historical aim is to elucidate Stephen’s own thought, a subject which has been thoroughly contested and, unfortunately, deeply misunderstood. The primary culprit has been exactly the effort to pin down Stephen’s ideas about punishment as retributivist, or consequentialist, or a specific hybrid. The drive to systematize Stephen’s thought has had the regrettable effect of flattening it, in some cases unrecognizably. Though he followed Kant, Hegel, Beccaria, and Bentham, Stephen wrote at a time that preceded the full flowering of the philosophy of punishment by roughly a century, and his assumptions and arguments about the nature and purposes of punishment are an uncomfortable fit within the modern hard-edged methodology of punishment theory. The theoretical aim concerns whether punishment theory might learn from its serious misunderstanding and misrepresentation of Stephen, whether and to what extent its own methodological assumptions ought to be adjusted in light of the paper’s historical reconstruction. The article claims that that they might be, and arguably should be. Perhaps more than any other writer on the subject, Stephen poses a powerful challenge to the methodology of systematization in punishment theory; his ideas are an extended argument that an allegiance to system renders thought about the reasons for punishment less rich and more monolithic than they otherwise might be. The article suggests, first, that punishment theorists ought to open themselves to historical scholarship as a source of illumination in fashioning, and perhaps modifying, their sophisticated normative accounts; and second, the theoretical perspective that is most capable of internalizing historical studies and ideas would adopt a pluralistic view of the justification of punishment. The reason for examining neglected historical views is that one may actually improve one’s theory by beclouding and complicating it with perspectives that do not match one’s existing prescriptive views. And the reason for inclining toward pluralistic theoretical accounts is that it is precisely their untidy and unsystematic methodological commitments which make it possible for theory to learn from history.
An adaptive locality-conscious process scheduler for embedded systems

A critical component of a real-time operating system (RTOS) is its process scheduler. While the prior research on process scheduling focuses mostly on meeting hard/soft deadlines, preemption and priory assignment related issues, problems arise from existence of cache memories are largely ignored. Focusing on data accesses and a cache based embedded system, this paper proposes an adaptive locality-conscious process scheduling algorithm. The main goal of the proposed algorithm is to exploit (reuse) the contents of the on-chip cache memory to the highest extent possible. The algorithm tries to achieve its goal by determining the order in which the processes get scheduled such that the successively-executing processes share a large number of data elements. We implemented our scheduler within a customized simulation platform and simulated it using a set of benchmark codes. Our experimental results reveal that the proposed scheduling algorithm is very successful in practice, and reduces process completion times significantly for both rate-monotonic scheduling (RMS) and earliest-deadline-first scheduling (EDF). We also explain how process code transformations can be used for increasing the savings achieved by the locality-conscious scheduler, and show how the proposed approach operates with a base scheduler such as RMS and EDF.
Molecular characterization of a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene from mulberry (Morus alba L.)

The genus Morus consists of trees and shrubs, which are distributed in temperate and subtropical regions. Commonly known as mulberry, a few of the Morus species are valued for their foliage, which constitutes the chief feed for mulberry silkworms. Steroids and isoprenoid compounds present in the foliage not only add nutritive factors to the feed but also contribute greatly to silkworm health and silk production. Mevalonate synthesis, which is the first step in isoprenoid biosynthesis, is catalyzed by the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoAreductase (HMGR). A genomic clone, Mahmg1, was isolated from Morus alba and its expression characterized in mulberry and transgenic tobacco. In mulberry, Mahmg1 transcripts were highest in young leaves and flowers. The promoter region of the Mahmg1 gene was fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and the fusion introduced into tobacco. In imbibed embryos, GUS expression was limited to the cotyledons, epicotyl, and root elongation zone. Later, GUS staining was observed in floral tissues, guard cells, and the heads of trichomes on the stem and petioles. Mahmg1::GUS activity increased 3-4-fold by treatment with 100 microM abscisic acid and 15-80-fold in dark-grown versus light-grown seedlings. These results show that expression of the Mahmg1 gene is differentially regulated by developmental and environmental cues, suggesting that its HMGR isozyme a may provide a precursor for synthesis of specific isoprenoids during mulberry growth and development.
Variability in surface ozone background over the United States: Implications for air quality policy

average) may be unattainable. We show that a 3-D global model of tropospheric chemistry reproduces much of the observed variability in U.S. surface O3 concentrations, including the springtime high-O3 events, with only a minor stratospheric contribution (always 2 km). It declines from spring to summer and further decreases during O3 pollution episodes. The 40 ppbv background assumed by EPA thus actually underestimates the risk associated with O3 during polluted conditions. A better definition would represent background as a function of season, altitude, and total surface O3 concentration. Natural O3 levels are typically 10– 25 ppbv and never exceed 40 ppbv. International controls to reduce the hemispheric pollution background would facilitate compliance with an AOT40-type standard (cumulative exposure to O3 above 40 ppbv) in the United States. INDEX TERMS: 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 9350 Information Related to Geographic Region: North America; KEYWORDS: background ozone, air quality, hemispheric pollution
Distributed authorization using delegation with acyclic paths

We present a new trust management scheme for distributed authorization which can be easily implemented using X.509-based certificate chains, but does not require globally unique role names. A principal proves that he has authorization for a particular action by demonstrating the existence of an acyclic chain of bindings from a specified principal to himself where the sequence of labels in the chain matches a template. This template is in an easily-computed subset of regular path expressions. Our restrictions to acyclic paths and to a subset of path expressions enable us to permit controlled delegation, relax the requirement of global agreement on role names, and provide an intuitive abstraction. We show that some useful security properties can be determined in polynomial time. Our scheme has been used in practice to secure a management framework for distributed components: we give an overview of the implementation.
Self-Assessment of Trauma Competencies among Army Family Nurse Practitioners

The objective of this descriptive study was to determine whether Army family nurse practitioners perceive themselves as competent in providing trauma care. Using an adaptation of trauma competency outcomes from various trauma courses, all Army family nurse practitioners were asked to evaluate self-perceived level of trauma competence and self-perceived importance of trauma skills. Results (n = 96) indicate a general agreement that all skills identified in the questionnaire were important in the management of a trauma patient. The respondents considered themselves trained/somewhat competent or higher in 50% of the skills identified. Mann-Whitney U analysis was used to compare various groups within the sample. Significant differences on self-perceived competency were noted with intensive care/emergency room, Advanced Trauma Life Support, and deployment experience. Trauma Nursing Core Course experience was not significant to self-perceived trauma competency. Findings support the need for additional trauma training, such as Advanced Trauma Life Support and hands-on trauma experience.
Apium wild species: novel sources for resistance to late blight in celery.

Screening of 144 varieties of celery A. graveolens L. for late blight (Septoria apiicola Speg.) resistance resulted in the detection of significant differences for disease reaction. However, each accession displayed greater than 25 % leaf necrosis area due to the disease pathogen. Hence the magnitude of infection in the least susceptible plants was still too great to use them as a valuable source for resistance. The wild species A. chilense and A. panul exhibited a few discrete yellow spots with very little, if any, pycnidial development. This type of resistance was not observed in any accession of celery screened. The degree of resistance was intermediate in the F1 hybrids between A. graveolens × A. chilense and A. graveolens×A. panul, indicating incomplete dominance. The resistance to late blight found in these wild species and their ability to cross with celery provides a novel germplasm source for breeding celery lines with improved resistance to late blight.
Differences in binding of platelet factor 4 to vascular endothelium in vivo and endothelial cells in vitro.

Differences in binding of platelet factor 4 to vascular endothelium in vivo and endothelial cells in vitro.
Hyperautomobility, the Social Organization of Space, and Health

The development of hyperautomobility in the US is having considerable impact on the social organization of space, on social life, and on public health. The geographic sprawl of urban areas, combine...
Neuropeptide Y improves myocardial perfusion and function in a swine model of hypercholesterolemia and chronic myocardial ischemia

Pharmacologically induced angiogenesis could be a promising option in clinical situations with diffuse inoperable coronary artery disease e.g. metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. The failure of focused cytokine, stem cell and gene therapies to achieve both perfusion and functional improvement in clinical trials suggests a more centralized control mechanism. Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) is one such natural neurotransmitter that is known to exert a multifaceted role during neo-angiogenesis and can possibly act as the central control. To date, the ability to harness the 'master switch' nature of NPY in a specific experimental model of metabolic syndrome and chronic myocardial ischemia has not been conclusively demonstrated. We hypothesized that infiltration of NPY into an area of chronic ischemia in a metabolic syndrome swine model would induce angiogenesis and improve myocardial perfusion and function. An osmotic pump was inserted three weeks after surgical induction of focal myocardial ischemia. We delivered either NPY or placebo for five weeks, after which the myocardial tissue was harvested for analysis. Assessments of myocardial perfusion and function were performed at each stage of the experiment. Local infiltration of NPY significantly improved collateral vessel formation, blood flow and myocardial function. We believe activation of NPY receptors may be a potential target therapy for patients with diffuse coronary artery disease.
A Numerical Investigation of the Severe Thunderstorm Gust Front

The structure of the thunderstorm gust front is investigated by a nonhydrostatic, two-dimensional (x,z) numerical model. In the model, which is dry, the production of negatively buoyant air by evaporation is parameterized via an externally imposed, local-cooling function. This parameterization sustains a steady cold downdraft, which drives the surface outflow and associated gust front. It is shown that two dominant factors influencing gust front structure in the vertical plane are the solenoidal field coincident with the front and surface friction, modeled by means of a simple bulk aerodynamic drag formulation. The circulation theorem is invoked to illustrate how solenoidal accelerations oppose the deceleration by surface friction. After the onset of a downdraft in the model, these opposing tendencies soon reach a balance. Thus, following a brief transient stage, the model gust front exhibits a persistent configuration as it propagates rapidly forward. The essential features of this configuration are examined and compared with both tower observations of gust fronts and laboratory models of gravity currents.
HIP1 and HIP1r stabilize receptor tyrosine kinases and bind 3-phosphoinositides via epsin N-terminal homology domains.

Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related (HIP1r) is the only known mammalian relative of huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1), a protein that transforms fibroblasts via undefined mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that both HIP1r and HIP1 bind inositol lipids via their epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domains. In contrast to other ENTH domain-containing proteins, lipid binding is preferential to the 3-phosphate-containing inositol lipids, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate. Furthermore, the HIP1r ENTH domain, like that of HIP1, is necessary for lipid binding, and expression of an ENTH domain-deletion mutant, HIP1r/ΔE, induces apoptosis. Consistent with the ability of HIP1r and HIP1 to affect cell survival, full-length HIP1 and HIP1r stabilize pools of growth factor receptors by prolonging their half-life following ligand-induced endocytosis. Although HIP1r and HIP1 display only a partially overlapping pattern of protein interactions, these data suggest that both proteins share a functional homology by binding 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids and stabilizing receptor tyrosine kinases in a fashion that may contribute to their ability to alter cell growth and survival.
On the optimality conditions of water utilization systems in process plants with single contaminants

This paper introduces necessary conditions of optimality for water-using networks in refineries and process plants. These necessary conditions correspond to the optimal water allocation planning (WAP) problem that considers wastewater reuse on the basis of a single contaminant and where the objective is to minimize the total water intake. The conditions under which degenerate solutions are possible are also identified. Examples are discussed.
ELITE TOLERANCE OF NAZI RIGHTS

This article reports an effort to assess the extent and causes of inconsistency in the political tolerance attitudes of elites, based on the conflict in Skokie, Illinois, over the right of American Nazis to hold demonstrations. Relying on data from a survey of the membership and leadership of the American Civil Liberties Union and of Common Cause, the degree of congruence between abstract civil liberties attitudes and specific opinions on the Skokie dispute is assessed. We conclude that among the members of these elite groups, abstract commitments to democratic norms played a very significant role in structuring responses to the conflict. Thus, this analysis suggests that the attitudes of the democratic elite are vitally important to the protection of the civil liberties of minority political groups.
Axial (Spinal) Gout

Gout is a common metabolic disorder resulting from supersaturation of uric acid in extracellular fluid and deposition of monosodium urate crystals in tissues. Gouty arthritis typically affects the peripheral joints of the appendicular skeleton, especially the feet and hands. Gouty involvement of the spine, however, is not as rare as generally perceived. Although it may be asymptomatic, tophaceous axial gout is also a well-documented cause of acute back pain, radiculopathy, and frank cord compression. As with the appendicular skeleton, it takes several years of gout before radiological evidence of erosive change or tophi is apparent in the axial skeleton. This is best detected by CT imaging. The sequelae of cord compression can be reversed with timely surgical intervention and maintenance of uric acid–lowering therapy. The long-term effects of urate-lowering therapies on axial gout have not been studied.
Assignments of normally unoccupied orbitals to the temporary negative ion states of several lanthanide NMR shift reagents and comments on resonance involvement in electron circular dichroism.

We have measured the total electron scattering cross sections of several NMR shift reagent molecules X(hfc)3, where X = Yb, Er, Eu and Pr, by means of electron transmission spectroscopy (ETS) to determine their vertical attachment energies. A strong low-energy resonance (<1 eV) is observed in all of the compounds except for Yb(hfc)3. We explain this anomaly in terms of the ground-state electron configuration of each molecule. Also, with the aid of restricted open-shell Hartree−Fock (ROHF) calculations on analogous molecules with truncated fluorocarbon chains, we have assigned specific normally unoccupied orbitals to the resonances observed in ETS. To our knowledge, these molecules are the largest for which this procedure has been successfully completed. Nolting et al. (J. Phys. B 1997, 30, 5491) have demonstrated that the above NMR shift reagents exhibit electron circular dichroism (ECD) between 1 and 10 eV. Using our new total cross section data, we comment on the possibility of resonance involvement in ...
STUDIES ON CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT AND REPLICATION IN EUGLENA : I. Vitamin B12 and Chloroplast Replication

When Euglena gracilis is grown under vitamin B(12) deficiency conditions, the amount of protein and of chlorophyll per cell increase with decrease of B(12) in the medium and consequently in the cell. The increase in cell protein is proportional to and precedes an increase in the number of chloroplasts per cell. This replication of the chloroplasts under deficiency conditions is not accompanied by nuclear or cell division. It is concluded that chloroplast replication in Euglena gracilis is independent of nuclear and cellular replication, at least under B(12) deficiency conditions. We established a graph of the growth of Euglena under different concentrations of vitamin B(12) added to the growth medium, which permitted us to calculate that at least 22,000 molecules of vitamin B(12) per cell are required to give normal growth.
Hacking the Body and Posthumanist Transbecoming: 10,000 Generations Later as the mestizaje of Speculative Cyborg Feminism and Significant Otherness

This essay gives a situated introduction to body hacking, an underground surgical process that seeks to transform the body’s architecture, offering an ethnographic account of the affects that drive this corporeal intervention for performance artist Cheto Castellano, and later, for the author. A brief history of recent body modification movements is offered. Through these situated stories of corporeal transformation there is an exploration of Eva Hayward’s concept of transbecoming, exploring the perpetual change of the body in transition, particularly in relation to posthumanistic transformations. The article closes with a speculative cyborg feminist body modification project titled 10,000 Generations Later, which explores how a subdermal archive of silicone implants stored under the author’s skin may assist her in a posthumanist transbecoming after the death of her companions species toy poodle Luk Kahlo, and perhaps even in a distant future. The author argues that this project becomes an apparatus of mestizaje between speculative cyborg feminism and significant otherness.
Anomalous photon diffusion at the threshold of the Anderson localization transition.

Microwave transmission through a random mixture of aluminum and Teflon spheres at a metal filling fraction of 0.30 is found to fall initially as 1/${\mathit{L}}^{2}$ in agreement with predictions of the scaling theory of localization. The renormalized diffusion coefficient is determined from measurements of transmission and of the spectral intensity correlation function. This function is found to be an expansion in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, where \ensuremath{\delta} is the product of the width and density of states in the medium. From these results we find the Ioffe-Regel criterion for photons to be ${\mathit{kl}}_{\mathit{c}}$=1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4.
Left-sided CHILD syndrome caused by a nonsense mutation in the NSDHL gene.

Congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform nevus and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome is a rare X-linked dominant malformation syndrome characterized by unilaterally distributed ichthyosiform nevi, often sharply delimited at the midline, and ipsilateral limb defects. At least two-thirds of cases demonstrate involvement of the right side. Mutations in an essential enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, NAD(P)H steroid dehydrogenase-like [NSDHL], have been reported in five unrelated patients with right-sided CHILD syndrome and in a sixth patient with bilaterally, symmetric nevi and mild skeletal anomalies, but not with CHILD syndrome as originally defined. Although all of the molecularly diagnosed cases with the CHILD phenotype to date have had right-sided disease, we report here a novel nonsense mutation (E151X) of NSDHL in an infant with left-sided CHILD syndrome. This result demonstrates that both right- and left-sided CHILD syndrome can be caused by mutations in the same gene.
Computed tomography of low periesophageal focal fat collections

Focal fat collections in the middle compartment of the lower mediastinum are reported in the literature. However, this explanation for a mass in that location is not widely recognized. We found four cases of focal fat collections on routine computed tomography. We then reviewed 100 consecutive computed tomography scans and found another four examples.
Noise Source Localization on a Small Wind Turbine Using a Compact Microphone Array with Advanced Beamforming Algorithms: Part II — A Study of Mechanical Noise from Nacelle Using a Wind Turbine Drive Train Simulator

The main goal of this study was to separate and evaluate the noise contribution of each sub-component of a small scale wind turbine drive train that contributes to the overall mechanical noise inside the nacelle of a small (8 kW) wind turbine. The experiments were performed in a drive train simulator that housed the drive train of a Viryd 8000 wind turbine. Different wind speeds were simulated on the test stand through a drive system consisting of a motor, gearbox and flywheel. In order to evaluate the overall sound generation single microphone acoustic measurements were made. The frequency of sound generation was observed to be the same as that of vibrations of the drive train measured using two accelerometers. Sound radiated by each component of the drive train was evaluated through acoustic beamforming using a compact microphone array in conjunction with advanced beamforming algorithms. A strong relationship between the drive train power generation, and sound emitted by various mechanical components wa...
Subsonic Aerodynamics and Performance of a Smart Vortex Generator System

A new system for active flow control using smart vortex generators (SVG) is presented. Increments in C/max from modern vortex generators (VGs) are determined through wind-tunnel testing on a two-dimensional wing section. Using an optimized VG configuration, a system was built with 1) a shear-flow sensor that detected the onset and depth of stall, 2) a series of shape-memory-alloy VGs, and 3) a lift-todrag (L/D) maximizing controller. The system demonstrated a 14% increase in C /inax, a 2.7-deg rise in a,*,,, a 42% jump in L/D through the stall, and a low a C M penalty of less than 0.1%. Further testing demonstrated that the system consumed only 9.2 W of power, responded hi less than 0.8 s, and was capable of unstalling an airfoil that had exceeded o^,, by up to 3 deg.
Gender differences in the association between family conflict and adolescent substance use disorders

Abstract Purpose The objectives of this study were (1) to examine whether the association between childhood family conflict and the risk of substance use disorders (SUDs) in adolescence differs by gender, and (2) to determine whether anxious/depressive symptoms and conduct problems explain this association among adolescent males and females. Methods Data were obtained from 1,421 children aged 10–16 years at the time of enrollment in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. We assessed gender differences in the association between childhood family conflict and adolescent SUDs by fitting a logistic regression model that included the interaction of gender and family conflict. We also investigated whether conduct problems and anxious/depressive symptoms explained the association between family conflict and SUDs differently for males and females through gender-specific mediation analyses. Results The association between childhood family conflict and SUDs in adolescence differed by gender ( p = .04). Family conflict was significantly associated with SUDs among females (OR: 1.61; CI: 1.20–2.15), but not among males (OR: 1.00; CI: .76–1.32). The elevated risk of SUDs among females exposed to family conflict was partly explained by girls' conduct problems, but not by anxious/depressive symptoms. Conclusions Females living in families with elevated levels of conflict were more likely to engage in acting out behaviors, which was associated with the development of SUDs. Future epidemiologic research is needed to help determine when this exposure is most problematic with respect to subsequent mental health outcomes and the most crucial time to intervene.
Short-time linear response with reduced-rank tangent map

The recently developed short-time linear response algorithm, which predicts the response of a nonlinear chaotic forced-dissipative system to small external perturbation, yields high precision of the response prediction. However, the computation of the short-time linear response formula with the full rank tangent map can be expensive. Here, a numerical method to potentially overcome the increasing numerical complexity for large scale models with many variables by using the reduced-rank tangent map in the computation is proposed. The conditions for which the short-time linear response approximation with the reduced-rank tangent map is valid are established, and two practical situations are examined, where the response to small external perturbations is predicted for nonlinear chaotic forced-dissipative systems with different dynamical properties.
Single Electron Reduction of Xenobiotic Compounds by Glucose Oxidase from Aspergillus niger

Various species of fungi express glucose oxidase that catalyzes formation of gluconolactone from glucose with concomitant, direct divalent reduction of molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. A physiological function ascribed to this extracellular enzyme is production of hydrogen peroxide for use in lignin degradation catalyzed by lignin peroxidases. Herein, we show that glucose oxidase can catalyze one-electron reduction of several different classes of xenobiotic compounds resulting in generation of free radical products. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to visualize the one-electron reduction products of 4-nitropyridine-N-oxide (4NPO), 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4NQ), and dichlorophenolindolphenol (DCPIP). Hyperfine splitting constants were used to generate computer simulations of the spectra confirming the presence of free radical products.
Hitless recovery from link failures in networks with arbitrary topology

Link failures in wide area networks are common. To recover from such failures, a number of methods such as SONET rings, protection cycles, and source rerouting have been investigated. Two important considerations in such approaches are the recovery time and the needed spare capacity to complete the recovery. Usually, these techniques attempt to achieve a recovery time less than 50 ms. In this paper we introduce an approach that provides link failure recovery in a hitless manner, or without any appreciable delay. This is achieved by means of a method previously introduced, named diversity coding. We present an algorithm for the design of an overlay network to achieve hitless recovery from single link failures in arbitrary networks via diversity coding. This algorithm is designed to minimize spare capacity for recovery. We compare the spare capacity performance of this algorithm against conventional techniques from the literature via simulations. Based on these results, we conclude that the spare capacity requirements of the proposed technique are favorably comparable to existing techniques, while its recovery time performance is much better, since it can provide hitless recovery.
TRYPSIN UPTAKE AND INHIBITION IN NEWBORN AND ADULT RATS

We previously demonstrated increased trypsin levels and trypsin-α2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) complexes in human newborns. In this study, we studied intestinal trypsin uptake and inhibition in 2-week old and adult rats. Plasma was obtained 2 hrs. after oral bolus bovine trypsin and analyzed for trypsin activity using P-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) and for trypsin-α2-MG complexes using gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and scanning densitometry. Plasma samples were also separated by column chromatography, reconcentrated and subjected to TAME. Finally, plasma before and after column separation was exposed to increasing concentrations of trypsin and analyzed for α2-MG complexes. TAME activity (ΔOD/h/ml) was increased in 2-week old compared to adult rats (p<0.01). Using PAGE, we could not demonstrate the presence of α2-MC complexes in either group. Trypsin added in vitro did not form α2-MG complexes until α2-MG was separated from smaller proteins by column chromatography. Finally, the majority of TAME activity in both 2-week and adult rats was found in the plasma fraction corresponding to proteins of 200kD. The α2-MG fraction accounted for <10% of plasma TAME activity. Conclusions: 2-week old rats have increased trypsin uptake compared to adults. Unlike humans, the increased uptake is not accompanied by increased α2-MG complexes. In rats, inter-α-inhibitor (200kD) appears to be responsible for a major portion of TAME activity and also prevents trypsin binding to α2-MG.
Housework, children, and women's wages across racial-ethnic groups.

Abstract Motherhood affects women’s household labor and paid employment, but little previous research has explored the extent to which hours of housework may explain per child wage penalties or differences in such penalties across racial–ethnic groups. In this paper, I use longitudinal Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data to examine how variations in household labor affect the motherhood penalty for White, Black, and Hispanic women. In doing so, I first assess how children affect hours of household labor across these groups and then explore the extent to which this household labor mediates the relationship between children and wages for these women. I find that household labor explains a portion of the motherhood penalty for White women, who experience the most dramatic increases in household labor with additional children. Black and Hispanic women experience slight increases in housework with additional children, but neither children nor housework affects their already low wages.
Development of new drill geometry and its performance evaluation

A new type of drill, namely, the crankshaft multifacet drill, has been developed for crankshaft drilling. Thrust has been selected as a main index for the development of this drill geometry. The crankshaft multifacet drill can reduce the thrust by 25.2% under operating conditions identical to those of the conventional split point drill. This indicates that drill life could be increased. Under accelerated life test conditions, this new drill is capable of producing at least 25% more oilholes than would be produced by the conventional split point drill. Test results for radial force measurements, chip breaking capability, exit burr evaluation, and drill wear comparison have also been evaluated. This drill yields much better performance in all aspects than the drill currently used in industry. The crankshaft multifacet drill can not only enhance productivity but also improve hole quality as compared to the conventional split point drill.
Effects of temperature and soil moisture on methyl halide and chloroform fluxes from drained peatland pasture soils

A series of laboratory-based incubations using a stable isotope tracer technique was applied to measure the net and gross fluxes of CH3Cl and CH3Br as well as the net fluxes of CHCl3 from surface soils of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California. Annually averaged flux measurements show that these mineral/oxidized peat soils are a net source of CH3Cl (140 ± 266 nmol m−2 d−1) and CHCl3 (258 ± 288 nmol m−2 d−1), and a net sink of CH3Br (−2.3 ± 4.5 nmol m−2 d−1). Gross CH3Cl and CH3Br fluxes are strongly influenced by both soil moisture and temperature: gross production rates of CH3Cl and CH3Br are linearly correlated with temperature, whereas gross consumption rates exhibit Gaussian relationships with maximum consumption at soil moisture levels between 20 and 30% volumetric water content (VWC) and a temperature range of 25 to 35 °C. Although soil moisture and soil temperature strongly affect consumption rates, the range of gross consumption rates overall is limited (−506 ± 176 nmol m−2 d−1 for CH3Cl and −12 ± 4 nmol m−2 d−1 for CH3Br) and is similar to rates reported in previous studies. CHCl3 fluxes are not correlated with methyl halide fluxes, temperature, or soil moisture. The annual emission rates of CHCl3 from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are found to be a potentially significant local source of this compound.
Antinuclear and antiphospholipid antibodies in healthy women with recurrent spontaneous abortion.

PROBLEM: To determine the presence or absence of subclinical autoimmunity in healthy women with first trimester recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), the sera of 72 healthy women with a history of three or more consecutive abortions were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to phospholipid and nuclear antigens. METHOD: Lupus anticoagulant was determined, as were antibodies to cardiolipin. An indirect immunofluorescent antinuclear test was performed and specific antinuclear antibodies to double-stranded DNA, ribonucleoprotein, Smith antigen, and Sjogren's syndrome A and B antigens were tested. RESULTS: Nine women (13.2%) had low levels of antinuclear antibodies, none of which were specific. Four women (5.6%) had moderate to high levels of aCL antibodies. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the prevalance of aCLs and antinuclear antibodies in healthy women with first trimester RSA is low. Subclinical autoimmunity is not a common cause of first trimester RSA.
A FM subcarrier method for optical frequency measurement and synthesis

Abstract A simple technique for optical to rf or rf to optical frequency conversion is described. The proposed FM subcarrier method uses two frequency locked servo loops to lock a reflecting optical cavity to an optical source, and then an rf oscillator to the optical cavity thus converting optical to rf frequency or vice versa by reversing the servo loops.
The relationship of age to canine cerebral metabolic rate

Abstract In 15 unpremedicated dogs, an inverse relationship between age and cerebral metabolic rate (CMR O 2 ) was observed. In dogs estimated to be 0.5 to 1.5 and 1.5 to 3 years of age, the mean CMR O 2 values (5.27 and 4.85 ml./100 gm./min.) were significantly greater than that value of dogs more than 3 years old (4.22 ml./100 gm./min.). No difference in metabolic pathways between the groups was observed. The relative magnitude of the effect of age on CMR O 2 is similar to that reported for man (assuming a 1:7-year ratio). Such an effect provides a significant potential source of error when comparing individual cerebral metabolic studies in animals of a different or an unknown age.
A simple beam-direction stabilizer system☆

Abstract Using inexpensive operational amplifiers and a lamp photoresistor, a relatively simple feedback system with negligible loading effect can be realized.
Sensitivity enhancement and second-dimensional information from solid phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis of entire high-performance liquid chromatography fractions

A novel separation technique is demonstrated for peptide analysis of entire 100 microL high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions in a single, low pH, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation. The method employs a hybrid capillary consisting of a removable inlet section containing a reverse-phase packing and a standard CZE bare-fused silica separation capillary. The packed tip allows sample to be concentrated at flow rates greater than 20 microL/min and released in a controlled manner for CZE separation. Separations are comparable to standard CZE with minor modifications in selectivity. Using a mixture of model peptides, the hybrid capillary is shown to effect enhancement in sensitivity of > or = 100-fold. Five fractions from the HPLC separation of peptides obtained from the digestion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were analyzed by the solid phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE) method which was shown to provide rapid second-dimensional information. Practical concentration limits of detection for peptides are calculated to be 1-10 ng/mL with this technology.
Natural asexual reproduction in fourwing saltbushAtriplex canescens(Pursh) Nutt.

Abstract Native populations of fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., are generally naturally seeded. Two populations were found in New Mexico that are asexually propagated by underground stems. The ratios of female to male plants in asexually produced populations differed from naturally seeded populations. This trait appears to be under genetic control and would be valuable in improving fourwing saltbush for revegetation of rangelands.
SENSITIVITY OF EFFICIENCY CLASSIFICATIONS IN THE ADDITIVE MODEL OF DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

In contrast to existing sufficient conditions for preservation of efficiency under special perturbations and matrix structural assumptions, sensitivity of the additive model's classifications in data envelopment analysis (DEA) is investigated by means of new DEA formulations focusing on the stability (sensitivity) of an organization's classification (whether efficient or inefficient). The formulations for the additive model are linear programming problems whose solutions yield a particular region of stability, a ‘cell’, in which an organization's classification remains unchanged. The largest such cell can always be easily computed for each organization and additionally theoretically characterized simply as optimal solutions of particular linear programming problems.
Parent and adolescent expectancies: individual and relational significance.

The authors propose a model of change in parent-adolescent relationships involving recurring violations and realignment of interpersonal expectancies. Recent findings are consistent with this view of gradual dyadic adaptation to individual developmental change.
Auditory and visual retention in poor and normal readers when verbal encoding is disrupted

Abstract Second and sixth grade poor and normal readers attempted to retain auditorily and visually presented target letters for 0, 4, or 10 seconds while they were shadowing letter names presented auditorily in rapid succession. Target letters sounded either similar or dissimilar to shadowing letters. Since shadowing presumably disrupted phonological encoding of the target stimuli, it was possible to evaluate reader groups' auditory and visual retention ability when they could not rely on such encoding. Consistent with the phonological coding interpretation of individual differences in reading ability, normal readers were less accurate than poor readers in auditory target letter recall when phonological encoding was disrupted. Normal readers were inferior to poor readers in visual target recall as well. As expected, differences between reader groups in phonological encoding were more strongly indicated in second than sixth grade, suggesting that older poor readers' sensitivity to phonological information is more like that of normal readers. Post hoc analyses suggested that normal readers, especially sixth graders, were disrupted more than poor readers by concurrent tasks used in the study.
Rapid Bulk Fractionation of Maltenes into Saturates, Aromatics, and Resins by Flash Chromatography

Flash chromatography was used to fractionate the maltenic portion of bitumen. The method uses a dry chromatographic support rather than a chromatographic gel. The development of the method is described along with the effect of a number of parameters on the purity of the fractions, namely, the effect of bitumen concentration, settling time in n-heptane, filter size, support type, and mesh size. The method was used to fractionate the maltenes within 45 min to provide milligram to gram quantities of saturates, aromatics, and resins with greater than 83% purity, as determined by Iatroscan. The accessibility of such quantities of relatively pure bitumen fractions will allow for easier study of their composition and characteristics.
A Goal Programming Model for Effective Segment Determination: A Comment and Application

This note presents a model for the effective market segment determination problem. The integer goal programming model was developed for a nonprofit health care organization. The approach is an alternative application of a model presented by McClure and Wells [7]. The model includes input from the organization's clients as well as the organization's decision makers. A distinctive element is the simultaneous development of market segments and the consideration of management, institutional, and resource constraints. The purpose of the model was to aid the decision makers in determining if effective market segments exist which can be reached with information and educational materials concerning infant nutrition and breastfeeding. The model was tested and found to be effective in helping the decision makers segment their clients.
Does sense of humor moderate the impact of life stress on psychological and physical well-being?

Abstract Traditional belief holds that a sense of humor protects us from the deleterious psychological and physical effects of life stress. In the only research supporting that belief, R. A. Martin and H. M. Lefcourt (1983, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1313–1324) found that sense of humor moderated the relation between negative life events and mood. The present study attempted to replicate their findings with a more adequate sample, and to determine whether humor also moderates the impact of life stress on physical illness. Ninety-five male and 125 female undergraduates completed questionnaires measuring sense of humor, negative life events, and depressive and physical symptomatology. Contrary to expectations, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed no evidence that humor moderates the impact of negative life events on either depression or physical illness. Instead, the results suggested that sense of humor directly mitigates depression only, independent of the effects of life stress. It is concluded that the ability of sense of humor to buffer life stress has yet to be demonstrated with confidence.
Production of monoclonal antibodies against human growth hormone releasing hormone and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Abstract Two murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for human growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH-44-NH 2 ) were produced from a fusion of spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with GHRH-conjugated BSA with SP 2/0 myeloma cells. The antibodies were of the IgG1κ, and IgG2b-κ isotypes. The binding of both antibodies to GHRH-coated plates was inhibited by a 30–44 amino acid fragment but not by a 1–26 fragment. Thus, both antibodies are directed against the carboxy terminus of the peptide. Furthermore, both antibodies bind to the same epitope on the 30–44 amino acid portion since they cross-inhibit each other's binding to intact GHRH. Using these mAbs, a direct binding GHRH enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed which had at least detectable dose of 0.3 pg. The availability of these antibodies and their use in ELISA methodology permits consistent and specific detection of GHRH in a non-isotope assay. They should prove of value in screening acromegalic patients for ectopic sources of GHRH secretion and in studies of ontogenic analysis of GHRH production.
Appendicitis-pediatric surgeons versus general surgeons.

To the Editor — In the present era of concern about children’s access to pediatric subspecialists, 1 empirical research such as that presented by Kokoska et al, 2 comparing the efficiency of pediatric surgeons with general surgeons in the care of children with acute appendicitis, is commendable. Its application on a statewide basis goes beyond previous evidence in support of surgical specialists limited to a single institution, 3 enhancing this study’s generalizability as well as its statistical power. The main finding of the study was that hospital length of stay was shorter, leading to lower total costs, for young children cared for by pediatric surgeons compared with general surgeons. The authors subsequently conclude that care delivered by pediatric surgeons was more “cost-effective.” This is a misuse of the term. Cost-effectiveness analysis requires examination of both costs and outcomes, which were not jointly analyzed by Kokoska and colleagues. In fact, it could be argued …
Esmolol-digoxin drug interaction.

An open-label baseline-controlled study was conducted in 11 healthy male subjects to study the possible interaction between the cardioselective, short-acting beta blocker esmolol and digoxin when administered concurrently under steady-state conditions. Steady-state concentration, elimination half-life, and the total body clearance of esmolol were not changed significantly (P greater than .05) by digoxin. Digoxin peak concentration and the time to reach the peak concentration were not affected by esmolol. However, the digoxin AUC during the six-hour esmolol infusion increased from 2.60 +/- 0.59 to 2.88 +/- 0.75 ng.hr/mL (P less than .05). There were no clinically significant changes in the heart rate and blood pressure during this drug interaction study. The PR intervals were similar between digoxin monotherapy and esmolol plus digoxin combined treatment. Although digoxin did not influence the kinetics of esmolol, the small increase seen in digoxin serum concentration during the combination therapy warrants that caution be exercised during concurrent administration of esmolol and digoxin to patients.