cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface morphology and phase transitions in mixed NaCl/MgSO4 aerosol particles.

Probe molecule spectroscopy characterizes the surface environment of mixed NaCl/MgSO4 (0.01−50 wt % MgSO4) aerosol particles as a model for marine aerosol. Two complementary measurements, the probe’s excited state spectroscopy and photoionization efficiency, measure the electronic properties of the particle surface and monitor phase changes that are driven by changes in relative humidity (RH). The results illustrate that over a wide range of composition, these particles have a layered structure with NaCl in the core and primarily hydrated MgSO4 at the surface. Modeling the spectroscopic data reveals that the surface layer is not a uniform shell and that the coumarin 314 probe molecules partition selectively to the MgSO4 domains. The surface layer has a π* value of 1.7, indicative of a very high interfacial polarity. In cases where MgSO4 is a minor component (≤10 wt %), the NaCl component crystallizes at 44% RH, consistent with the single salt NaCl result. Deliquescence-mode experiments with these particle...
Thermomechanical Coupling in Oscillatory Systems With Application to Journal Bearing Seizure

A method for treating the thermomechanical interaction of bodies that undergo relative oscillatory motion is developed. The approach utilizes a combination of the transfer matrix and the finite element methods. The thermomechanical coupling process between the contacting bodies involves a transient solution scheme where the frictional heat is automatically partitioned between the contacting surfaces. The coupling between thermal and mechanical interactions is treated iteratively. An application of the proposed model in the study of thermomechanical behavior of journal bearings with oscillatory motion undergoing thermally induced seizure is presented. The results of a wide range of operating parameters are presented. The significance of applied load, contact clearance, friction coefficient, oscillation parameters, convective heat transfer, and variable load direction condition in the thermally induced seizure is discussed in light of the numerical results.
The Role of Metal Ion Polymerization in Beer's Law Deviations Using Extractive-Colorimetric Procedures

Abstract In the solvent extraction of metal chelates, the presence of polymerized metal ion in either the aqueous or organic layer, can cause the efficiency of extraction to vary throughout a range of metal ion concentrations. Should an extractive-colorimetric determination be employed, a deviation from Beer's Law can result in addition to other intrinsic causes. In this study, the nature of the deviation solely due to polymerization is demonstrated. The absorbances of the extracted metal complexes in the organic phases which are calculated from the analytically determined metal ion concentrations and molar absorptivities are plotted versus the initial metal ion concentrations for some 2,2′-pyridil-mono-and bis-2− and −2.6 in the plots of log D vs. log [M(II)]org. are found. At initial metal ion concentratiolns greater than 6 × 10−5 M, marked negative deviations from the straight line are observed.
A microstructure-dependent Timoshenko beam model based on a modified couple stress theory

Abstract A microstructure-dependent Timoshenko beam model is developed using a variational formulation. It is based on a modified couple stress theory and Hamilton's principle. The new model contains a material length scale parameter and can capture the size effect, unlike the classical Timoshenko beam theory. Moreover, both bending and axial deformations are considered, and the Poisson effect is incorporated in the current model, which differ from existing Timoshenko beam models. The newly developed non-classical beam model recovers the classical Timoshenko beam model when the material length scale parameter and Poisson's ratio are both set to be zero. In addition, the current Timoshenko beam model reduces to a microstructure-dependent Bernoulli–Euler beam model when the normality assumption is reinstated, which also incorporates the Poisson effect and can be further reduced to the classical Bernoulli–Euler beam model. To illustrate the new Timoshenko beam model, the static bending and free vibration problems of a simply supported beam are solved by directly applying the formulas derived. The numerical results for the static bending problem reveal that both the deflection and rotation of the simply supported beam predicted by the new model are smaller than those predicted by the classical Timoshenko beam model. Also, the differences in both the deflection and rotation predicted by the two models are very large when the beam thickness is small, but they are diminishing with the increase of the beam thickness. Similar trends are observed for the free vibration problem, where it is shown that the natural frequency predicted by the new model is higher than that by the classical model, with the difference between them being significantly large only for very thin beams. These predicted trends of the size effect in beam bending at the micron scale agree with those observed experimentally. Finally, the Poisson effect on the beam deflection, rotation and natural frequency is found to be significant, which is especially true when the classical Timoshenko beam model is used. This indicates that the assumption of Poisson's effect being negligible, which is commonly used in existing beam theories, is inadequate and should be individually verified or simply abandoned in order to obtain more accurate and reliable results.
The hypertrophic heart syndromes: A glance at the chromosome

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease of cardiac muscle characterized by marked thickening of the interventricular septum, mild to moderate thickening of the left ventricular free wall, and in some cases, obstruction to the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta. A variety of names has been used to describe this disorder such as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, asymmetric hypertrophy of the heart, Teare’s disease, and Brock’s syndrome. The diverse nomenclature reflects the way in which the disease has been studied more than actual differences in the disease process, however. Detailed pedigree studies have shown that the familial variety of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with almost complete penetrance.’ Affected first-degree family members generally have a much milder form of the disease, most having no evidence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and lesser degrees of interventricular septal thickening than the index case of the family. The etiology of the familial form is unknown, other than the fact that it is inherited. Some investigators have presented evidence that it results in utero from sustained isometric contraction in developing hearts. Another theory is that it results ontogenetically from an abnormality in the way in which the primitive bulbus cordis is incorporated into the developing septum. The nonfamilial form may be either idiopathic or produced by an unusual variety of pathologic hypertrophy in patients with severe systemic arterial hypertension, valvular aortic stenosis, valvular pulmonic stenosis, and other diseases that serve as a stimulus to myofiber hypertrophy. Myocardial hypertrophy is the sine qua non for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; not all cases appear to have disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum compared to the rest of the ventri-
Student-Invented Numeration Systems: Pattern-Analysis and Mathematical Understanding

Thirteen fifth graders were given an assignment to invent their own numeration systems, following a unit on bases and a look at early events in the history of numbers. The task presented options that required the students to make decisions (such as whether to use a base, which base to use, design of symbols, etc.), and build a rationale for the elements of their system. Analyses of patterns embedded in their invented systems provided an assessment of student understanding of numeration. The progression of more and less complex thinking related to the student's choice of a base other than 10, consistency of logic throughout the system in words and symbols, rationale for change, and perception of real life examples that would change if the system was adopted. The invention task is presented as another way to make connections.
Simulation Studies of Ideal Free Distribution and Competition

We use a simple Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition to show that density-dependent habitat selection may play a role in the classic study of intraspecific competition among flour beetles (Tribolium spp.). Then we quantify the potential fitness advantage of rapid emigration by red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) within a field experimental facility. Results in both cases were consistent with the ideal free distribution, and yet provided an alternative explanation for interactions among flour beetles and an evaluation of the relationship between differential fitness and individual behavior in a mobile population. These results demonstrate the utility of simulation models to gain novel insights of behaviors producing patterns of differential habitat use.
Characterization of the heme-histidine cross-link in cyanobacterial hemoglobins from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002

The recombinant product of the hemoglobin gene of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 forms spontaneously a covalent bond linking one of the heme vinyl groups to a histidine located in the C-terminal helix (His117, or H16). The present report describes the 1H, 15N, and 13C NMR spectroscopy experiments demonstrating that the recombinant hemoglobin from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, a protein sharing 59% identity with Synechocystis hemoglobin, undergoes the same facile heme adduct formation. The observation that the extraordinary linkage is not unique to Synechocystis hemoglobin suggests that it constitutes a noteworthy feature of hemoglobin in non-N2-fixing cyanobacteria, along with the previously documented bis-histidine coordination of the heme iron. A qualitative analysis of the hyperfine chemical shifts of the ferric proteins indicated that the cross-link had modest repercussions on axial histidine ligation and heme electronic structure. In Synechocystis hemoglobin, the unreacted His117 imidazole had a normal pK a whereas the protonation of the modified residue took place at lower pH. Optical experiments revealed that the cross-link stabilized the protein with respect to thermal and acid denaturation. Replacement of His117 with an alanine yielded a species inert to adduct formation, but inspection of the heme chemical shifts and ligand binding properties of the variant identified position 117 as important in seating the cofactor in its site and modifying the dynamic properties of the protein. A role for bis-histidine coordination and covalent adduct formation in heme retention is proposed.
Discovering New MAP Kinase Inhibitors

The current study by Kim et al. (in this issue of Chemistry & Biology) uses a genetic approach with the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe to identify a highly specific inhibitor of Spc1 MAP kinase that competes with protein substrates for Spc1 interactions, but not with ATP binding.
3-Ribosyluric acid and nucleotide content of erythroid cells in phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in cattle

Abstract 1. 1. Steers injected with phenylhydrazine became anemic accompanied by an increase in the number of reticulocytes. 2. 2. The concentration of 3-ribosyluric acid in the red cells decreased until at day 5 it was about 20% that of the initial concentration and remained at this level until day 12 when it began to increase and reached the original'level by day 19. 3. 3. The concentration of the nucleoside di- and triphosphates and the uridine diphosphate sugars was markedly elevated in the blood samples with high reticulocyte counts, the concentration of these intermediates returned to their initial level by day 12. 4. 4. Bovine reticulocytes appear to have higher concentrations of nucleoside di- and triphosphates and a lower concentration of 3-ribosyluric acid compared to bovine erythrocytes.
Knowledge management in decision support systems

Abstract This paper discusses a framework for knowledge management in a DSS. We assume decision making is based mainly on numerical data processing. Thus, we abstract data and knowledge as relations, and decision models as relators. Based on these two constructs, our framework allows a user to compose and experiment decision models interactively; it also provides decision information nonprocedurally through a knowledge processor.
Nephrotoxicity of a nonionic (iopamidol) versus an ionic (diatrizoate) contrast agent in the patient after cardiac transplant with moderate cyclosporine-induced renal insufficiency

Abstract It has been speculated that nonionic contrast agents may be less harmful to the kidney than ionic contrast agents. 1,2 Preexisting renal insufficiency has been shown to be a major risk factor for contrast-induced renal failure. 3 We therefore conducted a prospective study to evaluate the effects on renal function of an ionic and a nonionic contrast agent in cardiac transplant patients with impaired renal function secondary to cyclosporine therapy.
Sex differences in cocaine-induced behavioral responses, pharmacokinetics, and monoamine levels

Female rats display a more robust behavioral response to acute cocaine administration than do male rats. However, a clear understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying these differences remains elusive. The present study investigated whether sexual dimorphisms in cocaine-induced motor behavior might be based on monoaminergic levels and/or cocaine pharmacokinetics. An acute injection of cocaine (5, 15, 20 or 30 mg/kg) or saline was administered to male and female rats, and behavioral activity was monitored for 3 h. Following acute cocaine or saline administration motor behavior varied according to dose and sex; overall, female rats displayed greater rearing counts and stereotypic scores, greater total locomotor counts at 15, 20, and 30 mg/kg of cocaine, and greater ambulatory counts at 20 and 30 mg/kg of cocaine than did male rats. Neurochemical determinations in post-mortem tissue showed that both male and female rats had increases in total dopamine (DA) in the caudate putamen (CPu) 15 min following cocaine administration. Additionally, male rats had a decrease in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/DA turnover. Female rats showed significant reductions in total levels of DA, DOPAC, HVA, serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), and DOPAC/DA turnover in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Male rats displayed a reduction only in DOPAC/DA turnover and increases in 5-HT in the NAc following cocaine administration. Furthermore, sex differences in cocaine metabolism were observed where females had greater brain/blood levels of norcocaine and ecgonine methyl ester while male rats had higher blood levels of benzoylecgonine. These results suggest that sex differences in the behavioral responses to cocaine administration could be explained in part by intrinsic differences in both monoaminergic levels and metabolic processes.
Food choice, eating behavior, and food liking differs between lean/normal and overweight/obese, low-income women.

Abstract The higher rate of obesity among low-income women has widely been attributed to environmental barriers; however, many low-income women are still able to maintain a healthy weight despite obesogenic environments. To better understand personal and behavioral attributes related to food choice and weight, overweight/obese women and lean/normal weight women living in similar low-income environments, participated in focus groups, and taste testing sessions to investigate food liking ( n = 83). During focus groups, lean/normal weight participants reported that health was influential in food choice, while overweight/obese participants expressed cost as being more of a factor. Both BMI (kg/m 2 ) groups reported that taste was of greatest importance. Personal factors, like emotional eating, and overeating were also discussed with differences noted between BMI (kg/m 2 ) groups. Quantitative data also showed cost to be more important for overweight/obese women. Taste testing results revealed that overweight/obese participants had a higher overall liking for both healthy and less healthy foods, as well as other food categories. Additionally, these women had a higher liking of fat in the context of spreadable fats. Our results show that a variety of complex factors interact to influence eating behavior and present weight status of women living in similarly impoverished environments. However, findings from this exploratory study should be confirmed through further research.
Molecular targets of aspirin and cancer prevention

Salicylates from plant sources have been used for centuries by different cultures to treat a variety of ailments such as inflammation, fever and pain. A chemical derivative of salicylic acid, aspirin, was synthesised and mass produced by the end of the 19th century and is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Its cardioprotective properties are well established; however, recent evidence shows that it can also act as a chemopreventive agent. Its antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions occur through the inhibition of cyclooxygenases. The precise mechanisms leading to its anticancer effects are not clearly established, although multiple mechanisms affecting enzyme activity, transcription factors, cellular signalling and mitochondrial functions have been proposed. This review presents a brief account of the major COX-dependent and independent pathways described in connection with aspirin's anticancer effects. Aspirin's unique ability to acetylate biomolecules besides COX has not been thoroughly investigated nor have all the targets of its primary metabolite, salicylic acid been identified. Recent reports on the ability of aspirin to acetylate multiple cellular proteins warrant a comprehensive study to investigate the role of this posttranslational modification in its anticancer effects. In this review, we also raise the intriguing possibility that aspirin may interact and acetylate cellular molecules such as RNA, and metabolites such as CoA, leading to a change in their function. Research in this area will provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of this drug.
Asymptotic solutions for mixed mode loading of cracks and wedges in power law hardening materials

Abstract The effects of arbitrary loading on the asymptotic stress and strain fields in non-linear fracture for a stationary crack tip are investigated. The material behavior is modeled as pure power law hardening within the theory of J 2 -deformation plasticity. Of particular interest is the role of two-parameter higher order solutions in “mixed mode” fracture, where the first two terms in the expansion of the displacement field are variable-separable with real, but unequal eigenvalues. A displacement-based finite element method coupled with singular value decomposition, which is presented herein, is used to solve the non-linear higher order eigenvalue problem. The versatility of this method to account for arbitrary loading and geometry is used to investigate asymptotic crack solutions by studying the limit as a wedge becomes a crack. By using this approach it has been determined that in homogeneous plane strain and plane stress fracture, and also plane strain fracture of an interface crack between a hardening material and a rigid substrate, there are two distinct asymptotic solutions. These solutions are referred to as mode I dominant and mode II dominant. Each of the three fracture cases has one higher order solution, where the dominant term in the series is identical to the pure mode dominant term. In these solutions two asymptotic terms are necessary to account for the mixed nature of the far-field loading. In both plane strain fracture problems this higher order solution is mode I dominant, while for plane stress it is mode II dominant. The mode I dominant interface crack higher order solution was first presented by Sharma and Aravas [Int J Solids Struct 30 (1993) 695]. The “mode II dominant” solution for homogeneous plane strain fracture, first presented by Shih [Fract Anal, ASTM STP 560 (1974) 187], is a true mixed mode asymptotic solution governed by a single real eigenvalue, where the mixed nature of the loading enters into the leading term. Contrary to this mixed mode asymptotic solution, there is strong evidence that the mode II dominant plane strain interface crack solution is oscillatory, i.e., non-separable with a form similar to that of the compressible linear elastic case that results from a complex eigenvalue. The mode I dominant plane stress asymptotic solution could not be determined by the current approach.
Statistical Evaluation of Factors Affecting Indicator Bacteria in Urban Storm-Water Runoff

An urban watershed in Raleigh, North Carolina, was monitored for indicator bacteria during 20 rain events. Results showed elevated levels of E. coli, enterococci, and fecal coliform. Samples were compared based on seasonality and were found to be statistically different ( p<0.05 ) , with pairwise comparisons indicating significantly lower concentrations of E. coli and fecal coliform during the winter ( p<0.05 ) . Enterococci concentrations were substantially lower in the winter and fall, but no significant differences were found between seasons during pairwise comparisons ( p<0.05 ) . Correlation analyses showed multiple significant relationships between antecedent climate parameters, flow characteristics, and indicator bacteria concentrations. More detailed multiple linear regression yielded explanatory variables related to antecedent climate conditions. Variables were generally related to temperature and moisture conditions in the atmosphere and soil. The results of this study show indicator bacteria co...
Determination of cell wall carbohydrates in forages by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract The use of conventional techniques to analyze neutral sugar constituents of cell wall polysac-charides in forages has been time consuming and not suited for routine analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyze pectin, arabinose, xylose and glucose from forage cell walls. The concentration of pectin, arabinose, xylose and glucose was determined by conventional fractionation and quantification methods on whole-plant tissue from six cool season legumes, two cool season grasses and four warm season grasses commonly grown through the southeastern U.S.A. Forages were harvested at vegetative, first bloom or mature stages of growth. Calibration equations were obtained by multiple linear regression of conventional laboratory analysis values on NIR spectra from 72 randomly chosen spectra using a scanning monochromator NIR spectro-computer system. Calibration equations were verified with 24 additional samples from the original population. From four to eight wavelengths were needed to develop the best equation for the carbohydrate fractions. The coefficients of multiple determination ranged from 0.86 to 0.92. The standard errors of calibration were 0.98, 0.83, 2.48 and 2.21 for pectin, arabinose, xylose and glucose, respectively. Analysis of residuals indicated that error from NIRS prediction was associated with the experimental design. Forage × maturity interactions were significant for arabinose, xylose and glucose residuals. The precision of NIRS analysis was moderately high, but not as precise as previous reports using a single forage species. Better accuracy will probably be achieved by developing NIRS calibration equations for individual species or groups of similar forage species.
The Problem of Physical Explanation

Statements of the meaning and purpose of physical explanation are numerous. Every philosopher who has written on “Inductive Logic” has in some manner described or circumscribed the problem of physical explanation. The present paper is not a review of existing knowledge or opinions. It was written with an acute consciousness of the incapacity of most theories of explanation to provide grounds upon which modern hypotheses may stand, and it attempts to formulate a concept and an understanding of physical explanation which is, as far as logical principles permit, in conformity with modern views.
BLOOD FLOW AND INTRAVASCULAR VOLUME OF MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMA 13726A AND NORMAL TISSUES OF RAT DURING AND FOLLOWING HYPERTHERMIA

Abstract The effects of hyperthermia on blood flow and intravascular volume were studied in mammary adenocarcinoma 13762A growing subcutaneously in the leg of Fischer F344 rats. The blood flow was determined using microspheres labelled with 125 I, and the blood volume was determined using red blood cells labelled with 51 Cr. At the end of heating with water bath at 43.5°C for 1 hour, there was a marked elevation of 51 Cr in tumor. The 1251 content in tumor also was mildly elevated. Histologically there was a greater number of patent blood vessels per unit area, and they were dilated and hyperemic. In addition, widespread and diffuse hemorrhage could be seen. It appeared, therefore, that the increased 51 Cr and 125 I label in the tumors immediately after heating was, at least in part, a result of leakage of the labels to extravascular space in addition to possible vasodilation and increased blood flow. At 1 and 5 hours after heating, tumor blood flow was considerably reduced, and at 16 hours both tumor blood flow and blood volume were considerably reduced. Histological examination demonstrated that the tumor blood vessels remained dilated and hyperemic after heating. The effect of heat on blood flow and blood volume in the skin and muscle adjacent to the tumors was also investigated. Blood flow and blood volume in the surrounding normal tissues were significantly elevated at the end of heating. Blood flow was relatively unchanged at 1, 5 and 16 hours after heating, but blood volume was reduced to about one balf. These findings indicate that hyperthermia may induce greater damage to vasculature of tumors than normal tissues, and that vascular damage in tumors may take some time to express itself following moderate hyperthermia.
Los legados de "Writing culture" y el futuro cercano de la forma etnográfica: un boceto

Este articulo argumenta que el legado contemporaneo de mas vivo interes de las criticas de Writing Culture de los anos ochenta se situa afuera o mas alla de los textos convencionales, y mas bien, en las formas que son integrales al trabajo de campo mismo. El trabajo de campo actual requiere un tipo de trabajo de conceptos en colaboracion, lo cual estimula estudios, archivos, parasitios, y a su vez constituye las expresiones mas innovadoras de la etnografia, dificiles estas de captar en el genero tradicional (archivos, colaboracion, trabajo conceptual, parasitios, estudios).
Organization and Maintenance of Data in Employment Discrimination Litigation.

This chapter addresses the role of personnel data systems in addressing allegations of employment discrimination.
Implications of Genetic Testing in the Management of Colorectal Cancer

The prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer is impacted by various factors at the time of diagnosis, including location of the tumor, gender, age and overall performance status of the patient. Optimal postoperative management of patients who have undergone successful tumor resection involves the utilization of reliable determninants of prognosis to help select patients who would benefit from adjuvant treatment, while sparing others from drug-related adverse effects. Tailoring chemotherapy for patients with disseminated cancer, or for patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy, is also critical. Interpatient differences in tumor response and drug toxicity are common during chemotherapy. Genomic variability of key metabolic enzyme complexes, drug targets, and drug transport molecules is an important contributing factor. The identification of genetic markers of response and prognosis will aid in the development of more individualized chemotherapuetic strategies for cancer patients. Potential prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes involved in angiogenic and apoptotic pathways and cell proliferation, and those encoding targets of chemotherapy. Specifically, molecular markers such as deletion of 18q (DCC), p27 and microsatellite instability are promising as indicators of good or poor prognosis. Molecular determinants of efficacy and host toxicity of the most commonly used drugs in colorectal cancer, fluoracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin, are being investigated. Alterations in gene expression, protein expression and polymorphic variants in genes encoding thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, dUTP nucleotidehydrolase and thymidine phosphorylase (for fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy), uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 and carboxylesterase (for irinotecan therapy), and excision repair cross-complementing genes (ERCC1 and ERCC2) and glutathione-S-transferase P1 (for oxalilplatin-based regimens) may be useful as markers for clinical drug response, survival and host toxicity.
Options and the subjective ought

Determing what you ought to do can be broken down into two stages. The first stage is determining what your options are, and the second stage is ranking those options. While the second stage has been widely explored by philosophers of all stripes, from ethicists to decision theorists to epistemologists to action theorists, the first stage has gone largely unaddressed. And yet, without a theory of how to conceive of your options, the theory of practical rationality of how you ought to act will be incomplete. I will argue that the fact that what you ought to do depends on your uncertainty about the world ultimately forces us to conceive of your options as consisting of all and only the decisions you are presently able to make. In this way, oughts apply only to decisions, and not to the non-mental acts that we ordinarily evaluate for moral and rational permissibility. This change in our conception of your options is not of mere bookkeeping interest; it has substantive implications for first-order normative theorizing. First, it directly takes into account the potential costs and benefits of the decision itself in determining what you ought to do. Second, it provides a principled solution to Chisholm’s Paradox, in which your doubts about your own self-control seem to give rise to conflicting claims
Impact of uncertain terrain models on the weighted region problem

Outdoor navigation is characterized by motions through regions of varied terrain. The weighted region problem (WRP) is a generalization of the obstacle avoidance problem with 1/oo cost structure. By assigning indices to surface patches proportional to their traversability WRP seeks a path with the shortest length in the weighted sense. This work generalizes the WRP paradigm by stating that the traversability indices may only be available through a probability distribution. The reported indices therefore are not an exact description of the terrain rather they are an observation drawn from their respective distributions. Development of a decision basis directing the search is an objective of this paper.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE EFFECT OF DIURETIC THERAPY ON PORTAL PRESSURE IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT ASCITES.

Intensive diuretic therapy was effective in reducing portal pressure (as indicated by splenic pulp pressure) in 6 cirrhotic patients with ascites. Its effect in 5 cirrhotic patients without ascites was minimal. In 3 cirrhotic patients with ascites, the decrease in splenic pulp pressure was more closely related to the decrease in intra-abdominal pressure than to changes in plasma volume. The decrease in splenic pulp pressure correlated with the magnitude of the diuretic response.
Studies on the fine structure of muscle fibers and associated satellite cells in hypertrophic human deltoid muscle.

Electron microscopy of hypertrophic left deltoid muscle of a nineyear-old female diagnosed with neuro-ectodermal dysplasia and concomitant muscle hypertrophy was made. Satellite cells, similar in morphology to myoblasts, are found situated apposed to and beneath the basement lamina of muscle fibers. Satellite cells contain mitochondria, granular ER free ribosomes, polysomes and 50–100 A thick, randomly oriented filaments. Plasmalemmae of apposed satellite and muscle cells show varying numbers of caveolae and degrees of interdigitation similar to plasmalemmae between fusing myoblasts of embryonic muscle. Discontinuities in the muscle fiber plasmalemma and confluence, or overlie, of satellite cell and muscle fiber plasmalemmae are sometimes seen. One possible interpretation of the above evidence suggests that, in this example of muscle hypertrophy, satellite cells may assume myoblast-like properties and serve as focal points for muscle fiber enlargement during muscle hypertrophy.
Alterations of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Telomere Length With Early Adversity and Psychopathology

Background Telomere shortening and alterations of mitochondrial biogenesis are involved in cellular aging. Childhood adversity is associated with telomere shortening, and several investigations have shown short telomeres in psychiatric disorders. Recent studies have examined whether mitochondria might be involved in neuropsychiatric conditions; findings are limited and no prior work has examined this in relation to stress exposure.
Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase in complex with the feedback inhibitor CoA reveals only one active-site conformation

Phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT) catalyzes the penultimate step in the coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic pathway, reversibly transferring an adenylyl group from ATP to 4′-phosphopantetheine to form dephospho­coenzyme A (dPCoA). To complement recent biochemical and structural studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPAT (MtPPAT) and to provide further insight into the feedback regulation of MtPPAT by CoA, the X-­ray crystal structure of the MtPPAT enzyme in complex with CoA was determined to 2.11 A resolution. Unlike previous X-ray crystal structures of PPAT–CoA complexes from other bacteria, which showed two distinct CoA conformations bound to the active site, only one conformation of CoA is observed in the MtPPAT–CoA complex.
G382(P) Mind the gap! elevated anions secondary to paracetamol and sepsis

Aim Metabolic acidosis is a common finding in children presenting with sepsis. Hypovolaemia and hypoxia are the common causes for this derangement but sometimes there are other culprits. We aim to highlight the significance of correlating the anion gap with the biochemical picture and, when there are discrepancies, look for alterative diagnoses. An unusual case of transient pyroglutamic aciduria, presenting during an episode of severe sepsis and paracetamol use, will be used to outline the importance of examining the anion gap. Methods We illustrate the case of a 15 month old girl who presented with an 11 day history of diarrhoea and vomiting. She presented to the emergency department in a state of decreased consciousness. She was found to be hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and have a profound metabolic acidosis. She required mechanical ventilation and fluid resuscitation. Despite these interventions, she continued to have a profound metabolic acidosis with a very high anion gap (30.5). The levels of lactate and ketones were insufficient to explain the clinical picture. Results Metabolic investigations for the child were instigated. Whilst a majority of these were normal, examination of the patient’s organic acid profile revealed large peaks of pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline) and paracetamol. Termination of paracetamol use, administration of N-acetylcysteine to replenish the glutathione stores and haemofiltration caused resolution of the patient’s acidaemia. Subsequent testing of the infants urine revealed no further evidence of pyroglutamate. Conclusions Pyroglutamic aciduria (5-oxoprolinuria) is usually reported in children in the context of inherited errors of metabolism. The transient form that we describe here, whilst reported in the adult population, has rarely been described in children. Various pharmaceutical interventions, most commonly paracetamol, in combination with severe sepsis have been linked with this transient phenomenon. When the lactate and ketone levels don’t correlate with the anion gap, it is important to pursue further diagnostic testing as illustrated by this case. In addition, scrutiny of the child’s medication may give a clue to the diagnosis.
Observation of eliminative cationic polymerization within van der Waals clusters

We report the first observation of eliminative cationic polymerization within van der Waals (vdW) clusters following electron impact ionization at pressures of 10−8 Torr. The elimination reactions of C2H3Cl+ within the clusters terminate after three successive steps, each involving elimination of HCl or Cl. The results provide a mechanism for the early stages of gas phase cationic polymerization of vinyl chloride and demonstrate the feasibility of using vdW clusters as a means of studying gas phase cationic polymerization.
Do beta adrenergic agents directly stimulate gastrin secretion

Isoproterenol if given during methacholine stimulation in dogs neither depresses gastric secretion nor elevates serum gastrin. Therefore, we conclude that β adrenergics (isoproterenol) are unlikely to be direct liberators of gastrin, but raise serum gastrin indirectly only if they inhibit gastric secretion.
Relationships among handedness, intelligence, sex, and reading achievement of school age children.

The present study sampled 277 boys and girls, Grades 3 to 12, to determine the interaction among handedness, sex, intelligence, and reading achievement. When controlling for IQ, grade level, handedness, and sex there were no significant differences in mean reading achievement. When controlling for sex, handedness, and grade level there were no significant differences in mean IQs. Significant interaction was found between IQ and reading achievement, correlations between IQ and reading achievement among left-handers were significantly lower than among right-handers.
A Variation of the Method of Translation to Generate Bivariate and Multivariate Survival Distributions with Competing Risk or Reliability Applications

In the present paper, a variation of the methode of translation is discussed to generate bivariate or multivariate survival distributions starting a given bivariate or multivariate distribution which is not necessarily a life distribution. The new distribution has been called the dual of the given distribution. The duals of several bivariate and multivariate families of distributions are obtained, such as FRECHET'S, FARLIE-GUMBEL-MORGENSTERN'S, MARDIA'S and PLACKETT'S, among others. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a bivariate distribution to be its own dual. Thus the present paper generates several survival distributions in addition to what are already available in the literature. These have important applications in competing risk theory or reliability of engineering systems.
Verb Choices and Emotional Disturbance in Latency Age Children

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an instrument employing verb choices, in a forced choice sentence completion format, for identifying disturbed and normal Ss among latency age children. Ten scales were identified from the test items and four personality types were identified for the normal and disturbed Ss. Correct classification of 70.9% of the normal Ss and 93.1% of the disturbed Ss was found in a cross-validation procedure.
Covalent Binding of Flavins to RnfG and RnfD in the Rnf Complex from Vibrio cholerae

Enzymes of the Rnf family are believed to be bacterial redox-driven ion pumps, coupling an oxidoreduction process to the translocation of Na+ across the cell membrane. Here we show for the first time that Rnf is a flavoprotein, with FMN covalently bound to threonine-175 in RnfG and a second flavin bound to threonine-187 in RnfD. Rnf subunits D and G are homologous to subunits B and C of Na+-NQR, respectively. Each of these Na+-NQR subunits includes a conserved S(T)GAT motif, with FMN covalently bound to the final threonine. RnfD and RnfG both contain the same motif, suggesting that they bind flavins in a similar way. In order to investigate this, the genes for RnfD and RnfG from Vibrio cholerae were cloned and expressed individually in that organism. In both cases the produced protein fluoresced under UV illumination on an SDS gel, further indicating the presence of flavin. However, analysis of the mutants RnfG-T175L, RnfD-T278L, and RnfD-T187V showed that RnfG-T175 and RnfD-T187 are the likely flavin ligands. This indicates that, in the case of RnfD, the flavin is bound, not to the SGAT sequence but to the final residues of a TMAT sequence, a novel variant of the flavin binding motif. In the case of RnfG, flavin analysis, followed by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry, showed that an FMN is covalently attached to threonine-175, the final threonine of the S(T)GAT sequence. Studies by visible, EPR, and ENDOR spectroscopy showed that, upon partial reduction, the isolated RnfG produces a neutral semiquinone intermediate. The semiquinone species disappeared upon full reduction and was not observed in the denatured protein. A topological analysis combining reporter protein fusion and computer predictions indicated that the flavins in RnfG and RnfD are localized in the periplasmic space. In contrast, in NqrC and NqrB the flavins are located in a cytoplasmic loop. This topological analysis suggests that there may be mechanistic differences between the Rnf and Na+-NQR complexes.
Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of Li0.5Fe2.5O4 and Li0.5Al2.5O4 from 5 to 545 K

Abstract The heat capacities of Li 0.5 Fe 2.5 O 4 and Li 0.5 Al 2.5 O 4 were measured by adiabatic calorimetry from 5 to 545 K and no transitions or thermal anomalies were found. The lowtemperature heat capacity of Li 0.5 Fe 2.5 O 4 shows the T 3 2 dependence expected for a ferrimagnetic substance. Lattice and spin-wave contributions to the heat capacity were calculated and compared with Pollack's values. The heat capacities of both compounds above 300 K are in good agreement with values obtained by Kopp's rule based on the component oxides. At 298.15 K, the heat capacity at constant pressure C p , the entropy S o , and the function [ {G o (T) − H o (0)} T ] are 34.43, 29.20, and −11.811 cal th K −1 mol −1 for Li 0.5 Fe 2.5 O 4 ; 26.79, 17.899, and −6.246 cal th K −1 mol for Li 0.5 Al 2.5 O 4 . For the latter compound at 298.15 K ΔH f o = −(541 ± 2) kcal th mol −1 and ΔG f o = −(535 ± 2) kcal th mol −1 .
Chemical Kinetics Models for Complex Reacting Flows

Analytical models for complex reacting flows require coupling of the transport equations with an appropriate model for the chemical source term. In this paper, various approaches for incorporating chemical kinetics into complex flow models are discussed. A hierarchy of kinetics models of increasing complexity are presented, beginning with simple one-parameter models based on local chemical equilibrium and ending with multi-parameter detailed models, comprising many elementary chemical reactions. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the different modelling approaches are illustrated by quantitative comparisons of model predictions with experimental data. The complexity of the chemical kinetics model which can be incorporated into a flow model decreases as the complexity of the flow situation increases; hence, systematic methods for the reduction of the size of reaction mechanisms are required. Several strategies for this reduction are presented, and the effects of the reduction on model predictions are described.
Wavelets: what kind of signal processing is that?

We introduce fundamentals of wavelet signal processing. We review the wavelet transform and multiresolution analysis. We illustrate their properties by simple examples.
A 1924 pioneer looks at behavior therapy

THE CITY of Philadelphia is about to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the founding of our country. We are here to observe 50 yr of behavior modification therapy. It is appropriate for us to review the spirit of the times when the basic theoretical model for this movement germinated. I t was in 1913 that John B. Watson, the founder of behaviorism, published in the Psychological Review what Woodworth termed "the Behaviorist Manifesto". The same year Watson's Psychology from the Standpoint o f a Behaviorist appeared. Art article in the Scientific Monthly, coauthored in 1921 by Watson and his wife, Rosalie Rayner Watson, first described his observations and experiments with children. What was going on outside the psychological laboratory at this time? Henry Ford put in his first assembly line for the model T in 1913. World War I broke out in Europe in 1914. In 1917 the United States joined what Woodrow Wilson termed the crusade to make the world safe for democracy. Young women rejected corsets, shortened their skirts, shingled their hair, smoked cigarettes, joined men in mixedgroup drinking at speakeasies, were frank about their petting, and advocated more tolerance toward divorce (Allen, 1952). Their mothers worried about the Freudian influence.
Binding of viral attachment protein to host-cell receptor: the Achilles heel of infectious viruses.

Abstract Viruses attach to cells as a result of binding of a viral attachment protein to a site on a host-cell receptor. Unlike other portions of viral polypeptides, the attachment protein is likely to be highly conserved among strains of viruses that bind to the same receptor. Thus, it may represent the Achilles heel at which therapeutic agents can be targeted . Thomas Lentz reviews the nature of binding domains on viral attachment proteins and on their cellular receptors and discusses the types of agent that act by competing binding of virus to receptors. Characterization of virus-receptor interactions at a molecular level will permit the rational design and production of agents that prevent virus attachment. Of particular promise are designed analogs of the binding site of the receptor (receptor-mimics) that have the ability to bind to the- viral attachment protein .
Cranial osteology and morphology of the type specimen of Maiasaura peeblesorum (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae), with a discussion of its phylogenetic position

ABSTRACT Maiasaum peeblesorum has a number of primitive characteristics, including an elongated facial region, restricted nares, deflected premaxillae, and an apparent remnant of the supraorbital fenestra, all of which are more common to the iguanodonts than to other hadrosaurs. It also has an incipient crest similar to that of Prosaurolophus, and posterior skull elements similar to Brachylophosaurus. The anterior premaxillary foramina may have served the function of vocalization or possibly for passage of olfactory organs. Growth stages of the dentary teeth indicate that the “budding teeth” were small enough to have been introduced into the alveoli through “special foramina.” Individual tooth growth, from implantation to occlusion, occurred with initial growth of the apex and continued backward. Disregarding the nasal/frontal crest as a feature warranting separate subfamilial status, and thus following Steinberg's classification of hadrosaurs, Maiasaura is placed into the subfamily Hadrosaurinae. Western...
Bit reverse unscrambling for a radix-2 M FFT

The traditional Cooley-Tukey and the prime factor FFT algorithms either produce the output in scrambled order or the input data order must be prescrambled. Several methods for scrambling and unscrambling the DFT are presented. The new result in this paper is the observation that the radix-4, radix-8, or any radix-2mFFT can be modified to give the output in the same bit-reversed order as the radix-2 FFT.