cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 6: Computationally assisted target screening of STING agonist for immunologic therapy

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a receptor protein involved in the propagation of innate immune sensing of cytosolic DNA through the production of IFN-β. Mechanistic studies have shown IFN-β production within the tumor microenvironment can result in activation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity that can lead to tumor regression [1, 2]. STING activation by STING agonists should result in innate T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment and have significant potential as a cancer therapeutic. Conversely, inhibition of STING would lead to a decreased production of IFN-β which could have implications in the treatment of autoimmune disease such as lupus erythematosus. MD equilibrated crystal structures for human HAQ, REF, and WT alleles were clustered to find optimal conformations for diverse chemical library screening. Novel consensus docking protocols utilizing rigid receptor, induced fit, and quantum polarized ligand docking were applied for quantifying and refining proposed binding mechanisms of STING isoforms. Models for STING agonists and antagonists were developed. From directed virtual screening, a novel low-molecular-weight organic molecule (GF3-002) that is not based on a cyclic dinucleotide was found as a potential STING activator and is currently under investigation. GF3-002 and analogs were synthesized and structures were confirmed with LCMS and proton NMR. Both the HAQ and WT alleles, representing 78.3% of the human population were tested against compounds and controls. 2,3-cGAMP and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Microscale thermophoresis and SPR confirmed binding of GF3-002 to WT STING CTD with a kD of 3.2 ± 1.7 μM. IFN-dependent luciferase expression was measured by luminescence in THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells and found an EC50 of 29 ± 1.6 μM, compared to the native ligand 2,3-cGAMP EC50 of 42 ± 4.1 μM. Finally, qPCR was used quantify production of IFN-β via treatment of dendritic cells with GF3-002. 1. Sali, Characterization of a Novel Human-Specific STING Agonist that Elicits Antiviral Activity Against Emerging Alphaviruses. 2017. 2. Corrales, L., et al., Direct activation of STING in the tumor microenvironment leads to potent and systemic tumor regression and immunity. Cell reports, 2015. 11(7): p. 1018-1030. Citation Format: Grace A. Binder, Christine S. Gambino, Anna Kharitonova, Rainer S. Metcalf, Kenyon G. Daniel, Wayne C. Guida. Computationally assisted target screening of STING agonist for immunologic therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 6.
Blackface at the Andean Fiesta: Performing Blackness in the Danza de Caporales

This study assesses the deployment of blackface in a performance of the Danza de Caporales at La Fiesta de la Virgen de la Candelaria in Puno, Peru, by the performance troupe Sambos Illimani con Sentimiento y Devocion. Since blackface is so widely associated with the nineteenth-century US blackface minstrel tradition, this article develops the concept of “hemispheric blackface” to expand common understandings of the form. It historicizes Sambos’ deployment of blackface within an Andean performance tradition known as the Tundique, and then traces the way multiple hemispheric performance traditions can converge in a single blackface act. It underscores the amorphous nature of blackface itself and critically assesses its role in producing anti-blackness in the performance. Resumen Este ensayo analiza el uso de “blackface” (literalmente, cara negra: termino que designa el uso de maquillaje negro cubriendo un rostro de piel mas palida) en la Danza de Caporales puesta en escena por el grupo Sambos Illimani con Sentimiento y Devocion que tuvo lugar en la fiesta de la Virgen de la Candelaria en Puno, Peru. Ya que el “blackface” es frecuentemente asociado a una tradicion estadounidense del siglo XIX, este articulo desarrolla el concepto de “hemispheric blackface” (cara-negra hemisferica) para dar cuenta de elementos comunes en este genero escenico. El estudio analiza el uso de blackface dentro de una tradicion andina y puntualmente, en un baile que se llama el “Tundique” y luego rastrea diferentes tradiciones escenicas en las Americas que convergen en un mismo acto de cara-negra. Finalmente, este ensayo demuestra el caracter amorfo de los actos de cara-negra y establece criticamente el rol de estas manifestaciones escenicas en la produccion de un sentimiento anti-negro.
Synchronization Modulation of Na/K Pumps Induced Membrane Potential Hyperpolarization in Both Physiological and Hyperkalemic Conditions

The capability of the synchronization modulation (SM) technique in enhancing the function of Na/K pumps has been demonstrated in various cells and tissues, including cardiomyocytes, a monolayer of cultured MDCK kidney cells, peripheral blood vessels, and frog skeletal muscles. This study characterized the membrane potential hyperpolarization induced by SM in both physiological and high [K+]o conditions on single skeletal muscle fibers. The results showed that SM could consistently induce membrane potential hyperpolarization by a few millivolts, and this hyperpolarization was not possible in the presence of ouabain. In contrast, the same electrical pulses but with random frequencies, constant frequencies, or synchronization with backward-modulation could not hyperpolarize the membrane potential. Prolonged field application and higher field intensity enhanced the effects of SM-induced hyperpolarization. Finally, the effect of SM was tested on skeletal muscle fibers incubated in a solution with high external potassium. Results showed that the SM electric field could hyperpolarize the membrane potential even if the external K+ concentration was higher than the normal, which implied the therapeutic effects of the SM electric field on the hyperkalemic situation.
A perspective on triplet fusion upconversion: triplet sensitizers beyond quantum dots

The processes of singlet fission and triplet fusion could allow state-of-the-art photovoltaic devices to surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit by optimizing the utilized solar spectrum by reducing thermal relaxation and inaccessible sub-bandgap photons, respectively. Triplet fusion demands precise control of the spin-triplet state population, and requires a sensitizer to efficiently populate the triplet state of an acceptor molecule. In this perspective, we highlight the established field of sensitized upconversion and further examine alternative triplet sensitization routes, including the possibility of bulk solid-state semiconductors as triplet sensitizers, which provide a new avenue for charge transfer-based triplet sensitization rather than excitonic triplet energy transfer.
Energy Politics in the Public Sphere: Frames, Values, and Symbolic Power

The study examines the relationship between energy policy and values that appears in social movement mobilizations with respect to energy in the United States. As the social movement mobilizations include persons and groups located in disadvantaged or subordinate positions of the social structure, the analysis of social movements and values can bring out the linkages between structural inequality and values. Three policy fields are discussed: net metering, smart meters, and green economic development. Both challengers and incumbents link their strategic frames to broader cultural values to gain credibility in the public sphere. Both types of coalitions generally reference a similar group of widely shared values that are associated with institutional logics, but they engage in different strategies to make credible the linkages between their positions and the general values and to question the linkages posed by the frames of opponents. The study maps out the broad value categories that appear in the framing contests, develops a typology of counterframing strategies, and explores cross-cultural applicability and limitations.
Gap or prehistoric monster? A history of the humanitarian‐development nexus at UNICEF

Why has bridging the humanitarian-development divide been such a long-running endeavour, and why have so many frameworks to do so been proposed and picked apart over the years? Rather than contributing yet another 'mind the gap' approach, this paper seeks to articulate why such a lacuna emerged in the first place, and to explore how to exit a debate that has grown increasingly circular. To provide one possible answer to the questions above, the paper draws on the history of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) in working across the 'humanitarian-development' nexus. Suggesting that the gap is more artefact than fact, derived from the institutionalisation of aid, the paper argues that focusing on the challenges and the concepts that inherently transcend humanitarian-development silos may enhance understanding of what it means-and what is needed-to operate at the intersection of humanitarian and development action on behalf of children.
Data-Driven Method to Study the Impact of Utilizing Electric Ground Power Systems on Airport Electricity Demand Profile:

Gate electrification provides electricity and preconditioned air to stationary aircraft at airport gates as an alternative to the use of auxiliary power units. This includes a preconditioned air un...
Positive autofeedback regulation of Ptf1a transcription generates the levels of PTF1A required to generate itch circuit neurons

Peripheral somatosensory input is modulated in the dorsal spinal cord by a network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. PTF1A is a transcription factor essential in dorsal neural tube progenitors for specification of these inhibitory neurons. Thus, mechanisms regulating Ptf1a expression are key for generating neuronal circuits underlying somatosensory behaviors. Mutations targeted to distinct cis-regulatory elements for Ptf1a in mice, tested the in vivo contribution of each element individually and in combination. Mutations in an autoregulatory enhancer resulted in reduced levels of PTF1A, and reduced numbers of specific dorsal spinal cord inhibitory neurons, particularly those expressing Pdyn and Gal Although these mutants survive postnatally, at ∼3-5 wk they elicit a severe scratching phenotype. Behaviorally, the mutants have increased sensitivity to itch, but acute sensitivity to other sensory stimuli such as mechanical or thermal pain is unaffected. We demonstrate a requirement for positive transcriptional autoregulatory feedback to attain the level of the neuronal specification factor PTF1A necessary for generating correctly balanced neuronal circuits.
Comparison of Regional Anesthesia Timing on Pain, Opioid Use, and Postanesthesia Care Unit Length of Stay in Patients Undergoing Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Ankle Fractures

Regional nerve blocks are an effective method of managing acute pain associated with surgery. The relative benefit of preoperative versus postoperative peripheral nerve blocks is not entirely clear. The primary aim of this study was to determine differences in pain scores in patients undergoing preoperative block versus postoperative block versus no block. We hypothesized that patients receiving preoperative blocks would have reduced pain scores and decreased opioid use in the immediate postoperative period. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 302 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fracture under general anesthesia. We identified 3 groups: preoperative block, postoperative block, or no block. Data obtained from our electronic medical records included demographic information, postanesthesia care unit length of stay, pain scores obtained preoperatively, upon arrival to the postanesthesia care unit, and upon discharge from the postanesthesia care unit as well as intraoperative and postanesthesia care unit opioid utilization. Patients receiving preoperative block had significantly lower pain scores, less intraoperative or postanesthesia care unit opioid use, and shorter postanesthesia care unit dwell time compared with patients receiving postoperative block or no block. Preoperative popliteal sciatic and adductor canal blocks in patients undergoing ankle fracture surgery appears to be more effective than either postoperative block or no block.
Expectation adaptation during natural reading

Implicit expectations play a central role in sentence processing. These expectations are often assumed to be static or change only at relatively slow time scales. Some theoretical proposals, howeve...
Long-Term Vision For Rural Areas: Empirical Research Focusing on AKIS in Hungary

The European Commission initiated the preparation of a new long-term vision for rural areas. First step of this process was the launch of a public consultation to which also the Horizon 2020 SHERPA (Sustainable Hub to Engage into Rural Policies with Actors) project is making a contribution on behalf of 20 different Multi-Actor Platforms (MAPs). The Hungarian MAP - a group of science-society-policy actors - focuses on the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS), more precisely digitalization. The topic of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System - is a horizontal issue and it is embedded even into the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) strategic planning process. Being part of it, the development of AKIS requires close and intensive cooperation of policy makers, researchers and farmers or in broader context the society with various stakeholders. The aim of the Hungarian research was to identify the current and likely trends for the Hungarian rural areas and to point out key challenges, opportunities, enablers and hinderers in rural development in terms of the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) up until 2040. The methodology used was the Delphi technique. In the first phase, a review of key trends, main challenges and opportunities and a summary of existing foresight regarding digital agriculture was written. Then AKIS experts were asked to talk about their experiences and opinions in the framework of interviews, a focus group meeting and a survey. In the end, results of the survey were discussed in a consensus meeting. Among the results, it is worth mentioning that digitization and digitalization will fundamentally change the way rural areas operate including economic, environmental and social dimensions. The main enablers of a promising future vision are capacity building for knowledge transfer, adaptation for job creation and offering better quality of life, stronger community building for collaborations, deeper government involvement, and last but not least, strengthening the local identity in rural areas.
Preoperative Quadratus Lumborum Block Reduces Opioid Requirements in the Immediate Postoperative Period Following Hip Arthroscopy: A Randomized, Blinded Clinical Trial.

Purpose To examine acute postoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy and randomized to either receive a preoperative lateral quadratus lumborum block or sham injection. Methods This trial randomized 46 subjects undergoing hip arthroscopy with a single surgeon to receive a preoperative lateral quadratus lumborum block (40 mL, ropivacaine 0.25%) or sham injection. The primary outcome was postoperative opioid consumption in patients with and without a block. All opioid medications were converted to morphine milligram equivalents for comparisons. Categorical data were compared with χ2 tests and Fisher exact tests where appropriate. Continuous data were compared with 2-sided t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Forty-six subjects scheduled for elective hip arthroscopy were successfully consented and randomized. Demographic and clinical characteristics did not differ. Postoperative opioid consumption decreased 28.3% in patients who received a preoperative lateral quadratus lumborum block (P = .04). Total perioperative opioid consumption (intraoperative and postoperative combined) was reduced 20% in the block group; however, this did not achieve statistical significance (P = .05). Three subjects in the sham group (12.5%) required unblinding for a rescue block in the postoperative anesthetic care unit (PACU) for uncontrolled pain despite systemic analgesics. While cold sensation was decreased postoperatively over the abdomen (P Conclusions Opioid consumption was reduced in patients who received a preoperative lateral quadratus lumborum block combined with a standardized, multimodal protocol as compared with patients who did not receive a block. Our findings support the growing evidence that quadratus lumborum blocks are an effective component of multimodal analgesia options for patients undergoing elective hip arthroscopy. Level of Evidence Level I, randomized controlled trial.
Killing the golden goose? A framework for regulating disruptive technologies

Core precepts of the Silicon Valley technology culture include disruption, breaking things, and profiting from the results. As technologies run ahead of regulatory regimes, a great deal of attentio...
Stimulated One-Photon and Multiphoton Processes in Strongly Driven Multilevel Atomic Systems

We derive and discuss the behaviour of several multilevel atomic systems relevant to the problem of stimulated one-photon and multi- photon processes under the simultaneous action of strong laser fields and weak signal fields. The systems considered here consist of a single two-level atom, whose level degeneracies of the ground and excited states have been removed by internal process or by applying an external electric or magnetic field, respectively. In this system, one of the two ground state levels of the atom is a meta- stable one and its electron population is depleted through the action of either one laser field (three-level atom) or two laser fields (four-level atom), respectively. The strong laser fields deplete the metastable state by bringing the electrons into the excited states from where the electrons decay through the signal fields into the lower ground states of the system. For such systems, the fluorescent spectra of the signal field are described by the stimulated processes of one-photon, three-photon, and two-photon Raman, respectively. The dynamic aspects of such processes are discussed in detail. It is shown that the intensities of the sidebands for the processes in question take negative values indicating that a strong amplification of the signal field occurs at the corresponding frequencies. The computed spectra for the processes in question are presented graphically for different values of the Rabi frequencies and detunings. The derived results are discussed in detail and compared with the observed spectra.
Scattering from a three-dimensional dielectric hump above an impedance surface

A numerical solution of the scattering problem of a three-dimensional dielectric object above an impedance surface is sought. First, the dyadic Green's function of the problem which is amenable of numerical calculation is derived using an integral transformation. Then, the integral equation for the polarization current is cast as a matrix equation by employing the method of moments. Numerical results are presented. >
Basic Strengthening Mechanisms in Refractory Metals

Various mechanisms of strengthening refractory metals and alloys are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the microstructural features which can be varied to produce strengthening, and relevant illustrations are given. The general areas reviewed include: (a) strengthening by second phase particles, (b) solid solution strengthening, (c) strain hardening and grain size refinement, (d) retaining worked structures at high temperatures, (e) dynamic strengthening, and (f) fiber reinforcement.
Choice Architecture and Retirement Saving Plans

In this paper, we apply basic principles from the domain of design and architecture to choices made by employees saving for retirement. Three of the basic principles of design we apply are: (1) there is no neutral design, (2) design does matter, and (3) many of the seemingly minor design elements could matter as well. Applying these principles to the domain of retirement savings, we show that the design of retirement saving vehicles has a large effect on saving rates and investment elections, and that some of the minor details involved in the architecture of retirement plans could have dramatic effects on savings behavior. We conclude our paper by discussing how lessons learned from the design of objects could be applied to help people make better decisions, which we refer to as 'choice architecture.'
Response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from the (NZB/NZW)F1 mouse to phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract In view of the earlier occurrence and greater prevalence of autoimmune disease in the female New Zealand black/white ( NZB NZW )F 1 hybrid mouse, we have compared the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from male and female F 1 mice to phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA). Between the ages of 6 and 20 weeks, the response of lymphocytes from F 1 hybrid females was significantly greater than that of males. A peak in the response of the female occurred at 12 – 14 weeks of age. The response to PHA in both sexes began decreasing at 22 weeks of age, with the rate of decrease being greater in the female. Additional experiments showed that the plasma from ( NZB NZW )F 1 females enhanced the responsiveness of PBL from ( NZB NZW )F 1 males. In contrast, male plasma suppressed responsiveness of PBL from females. The age at which female mice begin to hyperrespond to PHA correlates with the time at which others have reported loss of suppressor T-cell function in these mice. Our data suggest a difference between the immunological responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes of male and female ( NZB NZW )F 1 mice.
Power optimization in mobile networks using genetic algorithm to guarantee qos

The increasing technological developments made in the area of mobile communications enable users to gain access to a wide variety of services. These developments have led researchers to address the issue of Quality of Service (QoS) based connectivity for mobile network users. It is important to design a control algorithm that can quickly manage and determine the minimum required signal power that achieves a certain data rate, to guarantee QoS. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm to determine the minimum required signal power to guarantee a specific data rate for a user. This approach is based on using a genetic algorithm to estimate the shadow and fading coefficients that correspond to the maximum interference at different points in the base station's domain. The estimated parameters at different point in the domain of the base station indicate that the proposed algorithm is both fast and accurate so it can be used in real-time applications.
Feedback Stackelberg Solutions of Infinite-Horizon Stochastic Differential Games

We present a sufficient condition for a feedback Stackelberg equilibrium of a stochastic differential game on an infinite horizon. This condition gives rise to a system of elliptic partial differential equations involving a static Stackelberg game at the level of Hamiltonian. As an example, we consider a linear quadratic problem, obtain the corresponding algebraic Riccati equation, and provide its solution in the scalar case.
Parameter estimation for linear multichannel multidimensional models of non-Gaussian discrete random fields

This paper is concerned with the problem of estimating the multichannel impulse response function of a 2-D multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system given only the measurements of the vector output of the system. Such models arise in a variety of situations such as color images (textures), or image data from multiple frequency bands, multiple sensors or multiple time frames. We extend the approach of Tugnait (see IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol.TP-3, p.109-27, 1994) (which deals with SISO 2-D systems) to MIMO 2-D systems. The paper is focused on certain theoretical aspects of the problem: estimation criteria, existence of a solution, and parameter identifiability. An iterative, inverse filter criteria based approach is developed using the third-order and/or fourth-order normalized cumulants of the inverse filtered data at zero-lag. The approach is input-iterative, i.e., the input sequences are extracted and removed one-by-one. The matrix impulse response is then obtained by cross-correlating the extracted inputs with the observed outputs.
Understanding and controlling wetting phenomena at the micro/nanoscale

The sections in this article are Introduction Wetting and Contact Angle Design and Creation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Design Parameters for a Robust Composite Interface Creation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Unitary Roughness Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Two-Scale Roughness Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Reentrant Structure Impact Dynamics of Water on Superhydrophobic Surfaces Impact Dynamics on Nanostructured MWNT Surfaces Impact Dynamics on Micropatterned Surfaces Electrically Controlled Wettability Switching on Superhydrophobic Surfaces Reversible Control of Wettability Using Electrostatic Methods Electrowetting on Superhydrophobic Surfaces Novel Strategies for Reversible Electrowetting on Rough Surfaces Electrochemically Controlled Wetting of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Polarity-Dependent Wetting of Nanotube Membranes Mechanism of Polarity-Dependent Wetting and Transport Potential Applications of Electrochemically Controlled Wetting and Transport Summary and Future Perspectives Future Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords: superhydrophobic; electrowetting; dewetting; carbon nanotube; contact angle; nanoengineering
Generalized Levinson and Schur algorithms for multi-dimensional random field estimation problems

Summary form only given. Fast algorithms for computing the linear least-squares estimate of a multidimensional random field from noisy observations inside a circle (2-D) or sphere (3-D) have been derived. The double Radon transform of the random field covariance is assumed to have to Toeplitz-plus-Hankel structure. The algorithms can be viewed as general split Levinson and Schur algorithms, since they exploit this structure in the same way that their one-dimensional counterparts exploit the Toeplitz structure of the covariance of a stationary random process. The algorithm are easily parallelizable, and they are recursive in increasing radius of the hypersphere of observations. A discrete form of the problem and a discrete algorithm for solving it was included. Numerical results on the performance of the algorithm have been obtained. A procedure for estimating a covariance of the desired form from a sample function of a random field (i.e. a multidimensional 'Toeplitzation plus Hankelization') and a one-dimensional discrete algorithm for arbitrary Toeplitz-plus-Hankel systems of equations. >
Representation of negative motivational value in the primate lateral habenula

An action may lead to either a reward or a punishment. Therefore, an appropriate action needs to be chosen on the basis of the values of both expected rewards and expected punishments. To understand the underlying neural mechanisms, we conditioned monkeys using a Pavlovian procedure with two distinct contexts: one in which rewards were available and another in which punishments were feared. We found that the population of lateral habenula neurons was most strongly excited by a conditioned stimulus associated with the most unpleasant event in each context: the absence of the reward or the presence of the punishment. The population of lateral habenula neurons was also excited by the punishment itself and inhibited by the reward itself, especially when they were less predictable. These results suggest that the lateral habenula has the potential to adaptively control both reward-seeking and punishment-avoidance behaviors, presumably through its projections to dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.
Features of an e-learning environment which promote critical and creative thinking: choice, feedback, anonymity, and assessment

I discuss features that are important for creative and critical thinking which should be recreated in e-learning applications. Anonymity maximises chances for development of creativity and for objective and accurate assessment. I also describe a ‘quadruple anonymity’ system implemented at Nowy Sacz Business School – National-Louis University in Poland, the goal of which is to improve objectivity of thesis evaluation by referees. E-learning environment is ideal for implementing functionalities which make choice, feedback, and controlled anonymity easily available to the users to be effective, feedback should be appropriately timed, incremental, impartial, and impersonal. Evaluation of student or employee performance or of proposed ideas or solutions should rely on explicitly stated quantitative criteria, developed along well thought-through measurement scales and utilising proper descriptive statistics and visualisation methods. A description of the nominal group heuristic method is provided as an example of a heuristic method which relies on creativity, anonymity and unbiased evaluation.
Haemoglobin Rainier : β145 (HC2) Tyrosine→Cysteine and Haemoglobin Bethesda: β145 (HC2) Tyrosine → Histidine

A biochemical analysis of the structural abnormalities of haemoglobins Bethesda and Rainier has located them in a dipeptide of the β-chains.
Queering the Map: The Productive Tensions of Colliding Epistemologies

Drawing on and speaking to literatures in geographic information systems (GIS), queer geography, and queer urban history, we chronicle ethnographically our experience as queer geographers using GIS in an action-research project. We made a map of sites of historical significance in Seattle, Washington, with the Northwest Lesbian and Gay History Museum Project. We detail how queer theory/activism and GIS technologies, in tension with one another, made the map successful, albeit imperfect, via five themes: colliding epistemologies, attempts to represent the unrepresentable, productive pragmatics, the contingencies of facts and truths, and power relations. This article thus answers recent calls in the discipline for joining GIS with social-theoretical geographies, as well as bringing a spatial epistemology to queer urban history, and a cartographic one to queer geography.
A pattern recognition interpretation of implications

Abstract This paper develops a model of natural human reasoning with linguistic information. The proposed model is based on a new interpretation for a generalized implication clause with linguistic variables [10, 17]. An implication clause along with the modus ponens rule of inference can be used to model a large class of human decision procedures. Here, an implication is interpreted as a rule of classification. Pattern recognition is basically classification of items into some equivalence classes. Thus, it is possible to develop a pattern recognition interpretation for implication clauses. Using the proposed interpretation, a new approach for automating decision procedures is presented. The new model of reasoning is computationally manageable. Moreover, it has the advantage that it enables application of well-known methods used in pattern recognition and clustering techniques to automate the process of human decision-making. One of these applications is a method of reducing the order of an implication clause, i.e., reducing the number of premises in the implication. This is based on feature selection, which is a stage implemented in many pattern recognition systems. The ideas discussed in this paper have been implemented in an expert system for the computer-aided design of men-machine interface. An overview of that system has appeared [13].
Monitoring Vaccine Cold Chains in Developing Countries

FoneAstra is a low-cost mobile-phone-based sensing system for monitoring national vaccine cold chains. In its first pilot deployment, the system successfully diagnosed several issues.
Hypertension, pyelonephritis and renal failure. Clinical interrelations.

Abstract We have tried to illustrate some of the relations between hypertension, pyelonephritis and renal failure, and have emphasized both that the hypertensive patient probably is more susceptible to pyelonephritis and that infection, when he contracts it, may be an important factor in the deterioration of his renal function and in the aggravation of his hypertension. Although the exact nature of the linkages and the timing of what comes first remain open to question, there would seem to be little doubt that in the hypertensive patient pyelonephritis should be vigorously treated in the hope of preventing further progression of the vascular disease, despite the fact that in some instances the impact of the antibiotics may not be obvious. Nor do we believe that it is safe to ignore low bacterial counts, particularly when obtained by catheter technic, but rather we should err on the side of “overtreatment”whenever there is suspicion of urinary tract infection in the severely hypertensive patient.
Total Reflection of X-Rays from Nickel Films of Various Thicknesses

The total reflection of x-rays ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.707\mathrm{A}$) is obtained from mirrors of sputtered nickel films having thicknesses from 0 to 3.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ cm. The measured critical angles were found to vary from a minimum value of 0.0016 radians, that of blank glass, to a maximum value of 0.00339 radians, which was obtained from the thickest nickel film. A satisfactory agreement between the maximum experimental value of the critical angle and that calculated by the Lorentz dispersion formula in which the density of nickel was placed at 8.75 gm/cc, is used as evidence for concluding that the density of the nickel is entirely normal and also that the thickness of sputtered metal films which are to be used in x-ray reflection phenomena must be sufficiently large or misleading results may be obtained. The critical angle from a thick silver sputtered mirror was found to be identical with that obtained from a chemically prepared silver mirror which indicates that the density of silver is independent of the method of deposition.
Dehydration despite drinking: beyond the BUN/creatinine ratio.

Of the common problems found in nursing homes, dehydration occupies a special place in the hearts of long-term care staff, a place of fear, and a profound sense of helplessness. To families and residents, the word brings forth concern that the most basic of human survival requirements—water— was withheld to the detriment of the resident. In many cases, the staff of the nursing home know that efforts to provide for this basic need were consistent and often the fluid intake unchanged. Why then, do they often see their residents return from the hospital with the label of “dehydration” attached? Diagnostic confusion first arises from a growing tendency to use the terms dehydration and volume depletion interchangeably, despite the extensive work done to differentiate these two conditions as separate and distinct. 2 The general definition of dehydration is a large loss of water from the body. 3 Significant dehydration is accompanied by an elevation in the serum osmolality. Many who receive the label of dehydration in acute care settings have no such abnormality, 4 and are not suffering from a loss of total body fluid volume. The discussion that follows will discuss the physiology of the laboratory and clinical findings of dehydration and illustrate common clinical problems in which these findings occur either not due to dehydration at all, or unrelated to the diligence of staff in providing sustenance. A basic physiologic principle critical to understanding dehydration is recognition that only 8% of the total body fluid volume is found within the vascular space. Important bedside tools often proposed to diagnose dehydration such as tachycardia, low supine blood pressure, and orthostatic change are related directly to intravascular volume, rather than body water. Clinical findings of common age-associated changes of dry mouth, tenting skin, and sunken eyes are often considered confirmatory, despite evidence that they are not at all specific for dehydration. 5 Mistakes in diagnosis can lead to mistakes in management: true dehydration is corrected by extra free water, while volume depletion needs treatment with isotonic saline solutions. The clinical diagnosis of dehydration is also often applied when the laboratory studies ordered show an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the BUN to creatinine (BUN/Cr) ratio. For reasons to be discussed below, this ratio is not specific for dehydration, and is abnormal when illness effects vascular volume as perceived by the kidney, regardless of the status of total body water. Although significant losses of body water will generally produce significant intravascular volume depletion, the reverse is not true. The elevation of the BUN/Cr ratio can occur due to three basic physiologic mechanisms: overproduction of urea, decreased elimination of urea relative to creatinine, and diminished levels of serum creatinine from decreased production.
Anomaly intrusion detection based upon an artificial immunity model

At the present intrusion detection systems are still immature and cannot be deployed as a complete defense considering the inability to detect new types of attacks and high false alarm. A large part of the problem is that current techniques are external, and not internal. On the other side, natural immune systems identify and protect the organism by distinguishing between self (i.e. normal organisms or behaviors) and non-self (i.e. abnormal or anomalous behavior). In this paper, we utilize a computer immunology model to detect anomaly intrusions from new/unknown attacks. In a computer system, self is defined as normal behavior patterns in the past, and non-self might be a masquerader, foreign code in the form of a virus, worm or Trojan horse. We introduce a finite state machine to build the behavior profile from sequences of system calls of privileged processes. New sequences are compared with the profile to determine the "self" and "non-self" for the immunology model. A fuzzy interference system is further applied to evaluate the overall threat. Experimental results show that the model can successfully detect most of the intrusion traces with a very low false alarm rate.
The thermal structure of the magnetized solar transition region

The detailed thermal structure of the magnetized solar transition region, as measured by itsdifferential emission measure [DEM(T)], is unknown. Proposals have been made that envision a significant lower-temperature contribution to the energy balance from cross-field (ion) heat flux. In this paper, we describe a self-consistent, 2-D, MHD simulation (including the full effects of anisotropic thermal conduction) of a conceptual model due to Athay (1990). We display the detailed, irregular, thermal and magnetic structure of the transition region, and demonstrate that the predicted DEM agrees with observations, particularly in theT < 105 K regime where previous theories had difficulty.
Satellite observations of circulation features associated with a bowhead whale feeding 'hotspot' near Barrow, Alaska

Abstract Satellite images, along with oceanographic, meteorological, and whale aerial survey data, are used to illustrate aspects of ocean circulation associated with a bowhead whale feeding ‘hotspot’ near Barrow, Alaska. In response to weak winds, a strong front forms near the shelf-break along the southern edge of Barrow Canyon when the Alaska Coastal Current flows adjacent to the southern flank of Barrow Canyon or intrudes onto the western Beaufort shelf. This front is of particular local interest because it is indicative of aggregation and retention of zooplankton on the western Beaufort shelf and, as a result, is a locus for bowhead whales pausing to feed during their westward fall migration. Groups (4 or more individuals) of bowhead whales are primarily seen on the western Beaufort shelf following wind conditions that promote the formation of this front.
Hand-held microprocessor implementation of heretofore large computer simulations

Abstract Quality control engineers in highway construction must decide when hot asphalt concrete construction can proceed in order to satisfy rigid specifications on the final density of the asphalt mat. To achieve the proper density, the hot asphalt mat must exceed an average temperature of 175°F during the compaction (rolling) process. The field engineer must be able to predict the time-temperature profile of the hot asphalt mat while considering environmental temperatures, solar flux, cloud cover, thermophysical properties of the asphalt and mat, air velocity, etc. Solution can be achieved on large computers using finite difference methods. Field implementation of large computer results has been impractical until recently. Practical implementation is achieved by using a little known finite difference method first proposed by Saul'yev. His method is unconditionally stable and uses very little memory. The Saul'yev method has been programmed for the HP 97 programmable calculator and gives excellent answers which reproduce those achieved on large scale computers. The new work to be reported includes the following: 1. 1. A practical finite difference method implemented on the HP 97 that predicts in 11 min the time-temperature profile for freshly placed asphalt. 2. 2. An heuristic analytical solution that predicts the desired results in less than 5 min. 3. 3. A laboratory tested method to circumvent the need to measure the thermophysical properties of the base material. 4. 4. The use of simulated least squares to infer the thermal conductivity of asphalt concrete and the heat transfer convection coefficient. The inferred results reproduce accurately laboratory measured properties. Computational results will be supported with laboratory measurements. The use of the HP 97 microprocessor (hand-held programmable calculator) has proved to be a very powerful tool for implementing decision rules which will extend the late construction season, improve quality control, speed highway construction and provide cost effective benefits for the public.
Ring-Opening Reactions of Aromatic N-Heterocycles by Scandium and Yttrium Alkyl Complexes

The C−N bond in aromatic N-heterocycles is a strong bond, its cleaving involving mostly examples of metal−element multiple bonds. We report on the C−C coupling of two molecules of an aromatic N-heterocycle mediated by scandium and yttrium benzyl complexes supported by a ferrocene 1,1′-diamide ligand. The reaction with 1-methylimidazole leads, ultimately, to the formation of a ring-opened imidazole coupled to a 1-methylimidazole fragment, a structure showing extended conjugation of double bonds. The experimental evidence agrees with involvement of only σ bonds in these transformations.
A simple, inexpensive circuit to add current balance to microiontophoresis apparatus.

Abstract A simple inexpensive circuit to automatically supply balance currents for experiments involving microiontophoresis is presented. The circuit may be easily adapted to existing iontophoresis units.
On multiset colorings of graphs

A vertex coloring of a graph G is a multiset coloring if the multisets of colors of the neighbors of every two adjacent vertices are different. The minimum k for which G has a multiset k-coloring is the multiset chromatic number χm(G) of G. For every graph G, χm(G) is bounded above by its chromatic number χ(G). The multiset chromatic numbers of regular graphs are investigated. It is shown that for every pair k, r of integers with 2 ≤ k ≤ r − 1, there exists an r-regular graph with multiset chromatic number k. It is also shown that for every positive integer N , there is an r-regular graph G such that χ(G)−χm(G) = N . In particular, it is shown that χm(Kn × K2) is asymptotically √ n. In fact, χm(Kn×K2) = χm(cor(Kn+1)). The corona cor(G) of a graph G is the graph obtained from G by adding, for each vertex v in G, a new vertex v and the edge vv. It is shown that χm(cor(G)) ≤ χm(G) for every nontrivial connected graph G. The multiset chromatic numbers of the corona of all complete graphs are determined. 138 F. Okamoto, E. Salehi and P. Zhang From this, it follows that for every positive integer N , there exists a graph G such that χm(G) − χm(cor(G)) ≥ N . The result obtained on the multiset chromatic number of the corona of complete graphs is then extended to the corona of all regular complete multipartite graphs.
Tooth geometry and bending stress analysis of conjugate meshing face-gear pairs:

The conjugate meshing face-gear pairs are implemented to high shaft angle intersecting axis gears such as the pericyclic transmission system. The meshing face-gear pair tooth surfaces are generated...
Revisiting the Relational Communication Perspective: Drawing upon Relational Dialectics Theory to Map an Expanded Research Agenda for Communication and Instruction Scholarship

Extant research utilizing the Relational Communication Perspective has provided important insights concerning the student–teacher relationship. However, we believe that there is a wider epistemological terrain for communication and instruction scholarship to explore than has been to date. This essay draws upon Relational Dialectics Theory (RDT) to highlight how studying the sociocultural and contextual elements of relational communication can complement existing research programs. We first review past instructional communication literature concerning immediacy, affinity-seeking strategies, and teacher misbehaviors and show how each relies primarily upon deterministic, efficient-cause, and teleological logics (respectively). Second, we describe praxiological, formal-cause, and indeterminate logics and explain how incorporating each can promote new ways of teaching through and researching about relational communication. Third, we offer that a holistic account of students' and teachers' relational communicat...
Syntheses and Characterization of Tin(II) Complexes Containing 10-π-Electron Ring Systems

The compounds [(i-Pr)2ATI]SnCl (1) and {[(i-Pr)2ATI]Sn}[η5-C5H5)ZrCl2(μ-Cl3)ZrCl2(η5-C5H5)] (2) in which [(i-Pr)2ATI] = N-isopropyl-2-(isopropylamino)troponimine have been prepared and characterized by 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 feature heterobicyclic C7N2Sn ring systems with basically three- and two-coordinate tin atoms, respectively. Solid state structures of 1 and 2 show weak Sn···Cl interactions. The 119Sn NMR signal of 2 appears at a significantly lower field compared to that of 1. This is consistent with the reduction in coordination number at the Sn center of 2. The 1H NMR data also provide evidence for the formation of a more symmetric solution species with the removal of Cl- from 1. X-ray structural features of C7N2Sn moiety in [(i-Pr)2ATI]SnCl and the {[(i-Pr)2ATI]Sn}+ cation are very similar. The Sn−N bond distances of {[(i-Pr)2ATI]Sn}+ cation are not indicative of any significant Sn−N multiple bonding. The π-electrons of the C7N2Sn ring s...
Orientational Ordering of 4-n-Alkyl-oxy-4′-Cyanobiphenyls Studied by 2D Carbon-13 NMR

Abstract The orientational ordering of four 4-n-alkyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyls (50CB, 60CB, 70CB and 80CB) in their nematic phase at TNI - T= 10K was studied by carbon-13 NMR. The technique used is a combination of separated local field spectroscopy (SLF) and variable angle spinning (VAS). Rapid sample spinning of these compounds causes the nematic director to align along the spinning axis, resulting in narrow peaks in the C-13 NMR spectra. The 2D method of SLF produces a first order splitting pattern for each carbon signal, from which C-H dipolar coupling constants can be determined. The order parameters for each phenyl ring and each aliphatic C-H segment can then be calculated. Results for the kOCB series are presented.