cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preschool teachers' use of discourse practices with Spanish-speaking dual language learners

Abstract Preschool teachers should use specific discourse strategies to meet the unique needs of dual language learners (DLLs). The absence of research on teachers' use of discourse strategies with DLLs is partially due to the lack of measurement tools. This study describes the discourse language environment of preschool classrooms. It tests the factorial structure of a child-level observational measure of teacher's discourse strategies – the DUALLS – and associations with bilingual receptive and expressive skills and self-regulation skills in a sample of four-and five-year-old DLL children (n = 152) across 38 classrooms. Factor analysis revealed two factors: (1) didactic and language modeling; and (2) elaborative and responsive. Preschool teachers' use of didactic and language modeling strategies were positively related to children's bilingual expressive vocabulary skills and negatively related to children's positive engagement. Preschool teachers' use of elaborative and responsive language was positively related to children's positive engagement.
Economic Evaluation of Antibiotic Therapy During the Treatment of Acute Coliform Mastitis

Mastitis is the most costly disease of dairy cattle. Traditionally, most of the cost of mastitis has been attributed to production losses from subclinical cases. Because of this, economic evaluations of the cost of mastitis have focused mainly on contagious mastitis. 1 The relative importance of acute coliform mastitis has recently increased. Acute coliform mastitis appears to be the major mastitis loss on many well managed dairies with a low incidence of contagious mastitis. The major impact of acute clinical coliform mastitis is production loss from udder and multiple organ system damage and deaths. Because of the sudden onset of severe clinical signs, most cases are generally treated aggressively and with great expense. Although a variety of drugs are used in the therapy of acute coliform mastitis, the economic impact and the efficacy of these treatments has received little research attention. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the economic impact of treating clinical cases of acute coliform mastitis with gentamicin or sodium ceftiofur and to examine the degree of therapeutic efficacy required for acute coliform mastitis to be treated economically.
Axo-axonic Synapses: Diversity in Neural Circuit Function.

The chemical synapse is the principal form of contact between neurons of the central nervous system. These synapses are typically configured as presynaptic axon terminations onto postsynaptic dendrites or somata, giving rise to axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synapses, respectively. Beyond these common synapse configurations are less-studied, non-canonical synapse types that are prevalent throughout the brain and significantly contribute to neural circuit function. Among these are the axo-axonic synapses, which consist of an axon terminating on another axon or axon terminal. Here, we review evidence for axo-axonic synapse contributions to neural signaling in the mammalian nervous system and survey functional neural circuit motifs enabled by these synapses. We also detail how recent advances in microscopy, transgenics, and biological sensors may be used to identify and functionally assay axo-axonic synapses.
A decision support framework to enhance user experiences in resource constrained devices

The last few decades have seen an exponential increase in the capability of computing devices with an equally substantial decrease in their form factors. The first wave was the ubiquitous mobile connectivity which gave way to the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm and its later incarnation: The Internet of Everything (IoE) wherein almost every device is endowed with network communication capabilities. However, from a singular device's resource standpoint, many of these devices may not be able to fulfill the requirements of applications that run on them. An effective way to achieve substantial computing capability is to offload the computation to devices over the network. In this work, we explore mechanisms to optimize offloading decisions while minimizing transmission power. Our simulations show that substantial gains can be achieved from this offloading mechanism.
Who Tweets About Politics?: Political Participation of Twitter Users During the 2011Gubernatorial Elections

Twitter has been lauded for its potential political value by academics, journalists, and politicians; yet, we know little about the citizenry's use of Twitter to engage in politics. Under the backdrop of the 2011 gubernatorial elections, we observed Twitter users' direct engagement in the electoral process by collecting usernames and tweets of anyone who mentioned a candidate. After the elections were called, we employed an original survey via Twitter of these political tweeters to answer the question, who tweets about politics? Unsurprisingly, the results of our logit analysis demonstrate that strong partisans and those exhibiting high levels of traditional political participation activity tweet about politics most often which supports those who argue that we can expect to find the same political activists online as offline. However, we also find evidence that racial minorities and secularists are engaged in the electoral conversation on Twitter suggesting that some marginalized groups may have found a political outlet.
Athletes’ narratives of caring coaches who made a difference

The purpose of this study was to explore athletes’ experiences with caring coaches who had influenced their lives. The researcher interviewed college students who were former high school athletes a...
Beyond Business: A Poster Contrasting CEO Activism on Social Media in India and the United States

We studied the Twitter activity of business leaders of top 250 companies in India and the US between January, 2019 and May, 2021 and looked for trends related to cause-related messaging through a topical analysis of their tweets. Using a Word2Vec bag of words model for textual classification, we quantified their engagement with socio-political messaging, using keywords related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). We found that messaging on themes that have widespread social purchase and are not politically sensitive is relatively comparable across the two countries, but that results differ vastly on issues of political sensitivity. Our results point at the complex relationship between business and politics in the two countries, and the growing importance of social media in signalling those. We conclude by pointing out the importance of these findings for political science and policy research and by highlighting the scope for future work in this area.
Nonmonotonic reasoning: semantics and applications to induction

This thesis is an investigation of the formalization of nonmonotonic reasoning in two important aspects of human and machine intelligence, namely, default reasoning and induction. Two logics of default reasoning are examined in particular: default logic and circumscription. A semantics for default logic is developed and completeness and soundness results are derived. The relationship between default logic and circumscription is examined in terms of circumscriptive extension of a default theory, which defines the extension of a default theory in the spirit of circumscription. Circumscriptive extension is shown to be a generalization of the original circumscription. It has also been shown that a circumscriptive extension of a default theory is equivalent to a default extension of the default theory, provided that the domain-closure assumption and the unique-names assumption hold. A form of induction, concept learning using the version space approach, is formalized as nonmonotonic reasoning. A consistent concept axiom is defined as a representation of a version space--a set of all the concept descriptions consistent with each of the training instances. Computation of the consistent concept axiom is also discussed. Specifically, for a frequently used syntactical bias, the conjunctive bias, it has been shown that the consistent concept axiom can be reduced to a first-order sentence.
Densitometry Devices Approved by the Food and Drug Administration

The devices discussed in this chapter are available in the United States for clinical use. The specifications were provided by the manufacturers and are subject to change without notice because devices are continually upgraded to reflect advances in the technology. The categories of information provided by each manufacturer may vary slightly. All categories are not relevant to every device. This listing of devices is not intended to reflect all devices in use in the United States. Every attempt was made to ensure the accuracy of the information. The manufacturer should be contacted for the latest specifications. The devices are grouped by type and listed alphabetically by model name.
The function of vitamin A in carbohydrate metabolism; its role in adrenocorticoid production.

Publisher Summary Rather than study the change in level of a particular metabolite, this chapter uses a more dynamic approach to the problem of vitamin A function by first searching for a metabolic block in the intact animal. In this search for possible leads as to where vitamin A might function in the general metabolic scheme, radioacetate was used as a general metabolic precursor and was administered to A-deficient and pair-fed normal rats. Pair-feeding was used throughout the intact animal work to avoid inanition effects. This work leads directly to a role of vitamin A in carbohydrate metabolism as indicated by a requirement of vitamin A for glycogen synthesis. This proves to be an indirect effect mediated by the glucogenic hormones of the adrenal gland, and it is principally this work which that is presented in the chapter. In many experiments to be reported, work was first done with very severely vitamin A-deficient animals, and at times the results obtained were later compared with those obtainable with more mildly deficient animals to rule out the changes due to general debility and morbidity. Only those changes observable also in the mildly deficient animal are thought to be indicative of a real metabolic function of vitamin A.
Primary structure of human thromboxane synthase determined from the cDNA sequence.

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction techniques have been used to isolate a cDNA clone containing the entire protein coding region of thromboxane A2 synthase (EC 5.3.99.5) from a human lung cDNA library. The cDNA clone hybridizes with a single 2.1-kilobase mRNA species in phorbol ester-induced human erythroleukemia and monocytic leukemia cell lines. A second cDNA, differing only by an insert of 163 base pairs near the 3'-end of the translated region, was also found to be present in the same library. The proteins predicted from both nucleic acid sequences include the three polypeptide sequences determined from amino acid sequencing of the purified human platelet enzyme, five potential sites for N-glycosylation, and a hydrophobic region that may serve to anchor the synthase in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The longer predicted protein, designated thromboxane synthase-I, contains 534 amino acids, with a Mr of 60,684, whereas the shorter protein, designated thromboxane synthase-II, contains 460 amino acids and has a Mr of 52,408. Although thromboxane synthase-II lacks the conserved cysteine that serves as the proximal heme ligand in the other cytochromes, significant sequence similarities exist among thromboxane synthase-I and -II and several P450s, particularly those in family 3. The overall amino acid identity is considerably less than 40%, making it likely that thromboxane synthase represents a previously undefined family of cytochrome P450.
Stigma by association: the effects of caring for HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa

The shortage of healthcare workers caring for South Africa's 5-6 million persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) calls for inquiry into workers' challenges and experiences. This exploratory study examines one little-studied challenge: stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS healthcare workers based on their association with PLHA. The authors tested the hypotheses that HIV/AIDS healthcare workers experience stigmatisation due to their association with PLHA, and that such association stigma is correlated with thoughts of leaving the HIV/AIDS field. A sample of 100 participants who provided direct care to PLHA was recruited from a variety of public and private HIV/AIDS care centres in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Participants attended one of 12 focus groups held between June and August, 2008. They completed a 17-item questionnaire and discussed each item. Findings exhibit the presence of an adverse differentiation and labelling of HIV/AIDS healthcare workers, leading to status loss and discrimination, creating an impetus for HIV/AIDS healthcare workers to leave AIDS work altogether. A significant relationship (χ(2) (TREND) = 3.86, df = 1, P = 0.049) was found between contemplation of leaving AIDS work and perception of others' responses to their work with PLHA. In addition, associations emerged between type of AIDS worker and contemplation of working in AIDS care outside of South Africa (Kruskal-Wallis χ(2) = 6.96, df = 2, P = 0.031), with doctors and nurses reporting higher frequency of contemplating leaving South Africa to work with PLHA elsewhere (Mann-Whitney z = -2.53, P = 0.011). The study lays the foundation for additional research on the effects of association stigma. In turn, increased efforts to retain and recruit new HIV/AIDS healthcare workers will expand the pool of healthcare personnel to PLHA.
Fast Arbitration in Dilated Routers

We present a technique, dynamic dilation, which reduces latency in dilated routing components without greatly affecting flexibility. Initially in order to achieve lower latency we limit dilation flexibility, extract parallelism from the arbitration process and pipeline the process into two cycles [ALM90].
Estimating changes in heat energy stored within a column of wetland surface water and factors controlling their importance in the surface energy budget

[1] Changes in heat energy stored within a column of wetland surface water can be a considerable component of the surface energy budget, an attribute that is demonstrated by comparing changes in stored heat energy to net radiation at seven sites in the wetland areas of southern Florida, including the Everglades. The magnitude of changes in stored heat energy approached the magnitude of net radiation more often during the winter dry season than during the summer wet season. Furthermore, the magnitude of changes in stored heat energy in wetland surface water generally decreased as surface energy budgets were upscaled temporally. A new method was developed to estimate changes in stored heat energy that overcomes an important data limitation, namely, the limited spatial and temporal availability of water temperature measurements. The new method is instead based on readily available air temperature measurements and relies on the convolution of air temperature changes with a regression-defined transfer function to estimate changes in water temperature. The convolution-computed water temperature changes are used with water depths and heat capacity to estimate changes in stored heat energy within the Everglades wetland areas. These results likely can be adapted to other humid subtropical wetlands characterized by open water, saw grass, and rush vegetation type communities.
The Swollen Optic Disc in Childhood

Because of its potentially ominous implications, the discovery of optic disc elevation in a child is a cause for urgent neuro-ophthalmologic referral. The nature of the underlying disorder can often be predicted from the wording of the referring physician’s telephone call. Bilateral optic disc elevation without visual loss in a child with headaches, nausea, and vomiting of several months duration creates a high index of suspicion for papilledema (i.e., swelling of the optic discs secondary to elevated intracranial pressure). Blurring of the nasal disc margins that is noted as an incidental finding in an otherwise healthy child is usually found to be pseudopapilledema (i.e., real or apparent elevation of the optic discs due to local structural factors that simulates swelling of the discs). Optic disc swelling in the setting of acute visual loss usually signifies optic neuritis.
Leibniz on Causation – Part 2

Leibniz is almost unique among early modern philosophers in giving final causation a central place in his metaphysical system. All changes in created substances, according to Leibniz, have final causes, that is, occur for the sake of some end. There is, however, no consensus among commentators about the details of Leibniz's views on final causation. The least perfect types of changes that created substances undergo are especially puzzling because those changes seem radically different from paradigmatic instances of final causation. Building on my more general discussion of efficient and final causation in ‘Leibniz on Causation – Part 1,’ I will examine and assess some of the rival interpretations of Leibniz's account of final causation.
The D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, induces signs of parkinsonism in African green monkeys

Systemic administration of the selective D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, caused significant motor changes in healthy African green monkeys. The effects included the parkinsonian signs of motor freezing, incoordination, bradykinesia, poverty of movement, tremor and depressed blink rate. SCH 23390 administered to MPTP-treated monkeys increased existing parkinsonism. The results are of particular interest in light of recent data that demonstrate the effectiveness of dihydrexidine, a full D1 agonist, in alleviating parkinsonism in MPTP-treated monkeys. These data implicate D1 receptors in the functions impaired by Parkinson's disease and suggest the possibility of parkinsonian side effects in the clinical use of this or similar D1 antagonists as treatments for psychiatric disorders.
Magnetic freeze-out of sub-accumulation conductance in InAs : 2D impurity-band behaviour ?

Abstract A peak in the transconductance of a n -InAs MOS device is observed below the conduction-band population threshold for accumulation. The freeze-out of the peak in an applied magnetic field is strongest when the field is oriented nornal to the accumulation layer and obeys a decay law consistent with that expected for the limit in which the magnetic energy is large compared to impurity binding energies in InAs. The data are interpreted in terms of a 2D impurity band in InAs and contrasted to observations of 2D impurity band behaviour in Si inversion layers and in GaAs quantum wells and δ-doping layers.
Luminescence in Ce(IV) polyoxometalate [Ce(W5O18)2]8-: a combined experimental and theoretical study.

Herein we describe the unique luminescent behavior observed in [CeIV(W5O18)2]8− clusters and examine the photophysical properties using density functional theory.
Some recent and new results on the maximum entropy distribution

Abstract This letter concerns the maximum entropy (ME) distribution proposed by Theil and Laitinen (1980); it summarizes some of the results obtained with this distribution and its explores the conditioning of the ME covariance matrix as the number of variables increases.
A post-processing method for feature sensitivity coefficients

An economical postprocessing method for estimating feature sensitivity coefficients is presented. This method uses precomputed elementary sensitivity coefficients calculated by standard methods to obtain a perturbed solution using a linear approximation to the Taylor series expansion. The perturbed solution is then used for simple feature sensitivity calculations. This approach avoids costly repetitive integrations for each model parameter and can be readily implemented with available computer codes which solve for species profiles and elementary sensitivities. The method was tested using a practical example of a CH flame profile and shown to be in good agreement with a brute-force sensitivity analysis performed for the same conditions. It is also suggested that the method can be readily extended to simultaneous sensitivity analysis of multiple responses or to sensitivity analysis with respect to a functional combination of model parameters. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pricing for retail electricity

A big unanswered question in the power industry is how the future demand for energy will be met. As the rate of energy usage increases at an average of 2.3 per cent per year, demand management is one means of dealing with the increasing demands for energy. Pricing that varies for critical peak demand periods and discounted the rest of the time is one means of dealing with the increasing demands for energy. The next frontier for the revenue management and pricing practice will be helping the retail energy providers develop more efficient rate designs or dynamic pricing programs.
The Domain Architecture of Cytochrome P450BM-3

Cytochromes P450 utilize redox partners to deliver electrons from NADPH/NADH to the P450 heme center. Microsomal P450s utilize an FAD/FMN reductase. The bacterial fatty acid hydroxylase, P450BM-3, is similar except the P450 heme and FAD/FMN proteins are linked together in a single polypeptide chain arranged as heme-FMN-FAD. Sequence comparisons indicate that the P450BM-3 FMN and FAD domains are similar to flavodoxin and ferredoxin reductase, respectively. Previous work has shown that the heme and FMN/FAD domains can be separately expressed and purified. In this study we have expressed, purified, and characterized the following additional domains: heme-FMN, FMN, and FAD. Each domain retains their prosthetic groups although the FMN domain is more labile. The FAD domain retains a high level of ferricyanide reductase activity but no cytochrome c reductase activity. In addition, we have deleted a 110-residue stretch in the FAD domain that is not present in ferredoxin reductase. This protein retains both FAD and heme but not FMN. We also have investigated the dimerization pattern of the individual domains that lead to the following conclusions. Holo-P450BM-3 appears to dimerize via interactions that do not involve disulfide bond formation, whereas the reductase and FAD domains form intermolecular disulfides. This indicates that the Cys residues not available for dimerization in holo-P450BM-3 are unmasked in the individual domains.
Automated cataloging and analysis of sky survey image databases: the SKICAT system

We describe the application of machine learning and state-of-the-art database management technology to the development of an automated tool for the reduction and analysis of a large astronomical data set. The 3 terabytes worth of images are expected to contain on the order of 5 x 10^7 galaxies and 5 x 10^8 stars. For the primary scientific analysis of these data, it is necessary to detect, measure, and classify every sky object. The size of the complete data set precludes manual reduction, requiring an automated approach. SKICAT integrates techniques for image processing, data classification, and database management. Once sky objects are detected, a set of basic features for each object are computed. The learning algorithms are trained to classify the detected objects and can classify objects too faint for visual classification with an accuracy level of about 941Z0. This increases the number of classified objects in the final catalog three-fold relative to the best results from digitized photographic sky surveys to date. The tasks of managing and matching the resulting hundreds of plate catalogs is accomplished using custom software and the Sybase relational DBMS. A full array of scientific analysis tools are provided for filtering, manipulating, plotting, and listing the data in the sky object database. We are currently experimenting with the use of machine discovery tools, such as the AUTOCLASS unsupervised classification program, on the data. SKICAT represents a system in which machine learning played a powerful and enabling role, and solved a difficult, scientifically significant problem. The primary benefits of our overall approach are increased data reduction throughput consistency of classification; and the ability to easily access, analyze, and create new information from an otherwise unfathomable data set.
Time‐domain electromagnetic soundings in the vicinity of Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska

A time-domain electromagnetic survey was conducted near the rhyolite dome Novarupta. We found a continuous (60 to 100 m thick) high-resistivity surface layer, which represents the unsaturated or unaltered tephra and whose base is probably the water table. This layer is thinnest near fumaroles; the largest thin areas lie under the tephra ring surrounding Novarupta, where the altered zones extend to a depth of more than 100 m. A deeper conductive layer is associated with the top of the underlying sedimentary rocks and is inferred to indicate the depth to the pre-eruptive surface.
Series capacitors in long transmission lines

ONE OF THE most important applications of scries capacitors in long-distance transmission is to increase power capability to the economic maximum. This involves an increase in transient as well as steady-state stability of the transmission facility.
Toward a Cultural Advancement of Tinto's Theory.

Despite the broad appeal of Tinto's (1993) theory, it is not well supported by empirical research, especially when applied to minority students. While prior critiques of the theory indicate the need to modify Tinto's concept of "breaking away" when applying the theory to diverse students, research suggests a need for additional refinements. In addition to recognizing the need for students to maintain cultural and familial connections to succeed at college, the author contends that the theory can be advanced by integrating research from social and cross-cultural psychology that has investigated relationships among cultural norms, motivational orientation, and academic achievement and persistence.
Toward a Postmethod Pedagogy

As a consequence of repeatedly articulated dissatisfaction with the limitations of the concept of method and the transmission model of teacher education, the L2 profession is faced with an imperative need to construct a postmethod pedagogy. In this article, I conceptualize the parameters of a postmethod pedagogy, offer suggestions for implementing it, and then raise questions and concerns that might come up in implementing it. Visualizing a three-dimensional system consisting of the parameters of particularity, practicality, and possibility, I argue that a postmethod pedagogy must (a) facilitate the advancement of a context-sensitive language education based on a true understanding of local linguistic, sociocultural, and political particularities; (b) rupture the reified role relationship between theorists and practitioners by enabling teachers to construct their own theory of practice; and (c) tap the sociopolitical consciousness that participants bring with them in order to aid their quest for identity formation and social transformation. Treating learners, teachers, and teacher educators as coexplorers, I discuss their roles and functions in a postmethod pedagogy. I conclude by raising the prospect of replacing the limited concept of method with the three pedagogic parameters of particularity, practicality, and possibility as organizing principles for L2 teaching and teacher education.
Understanding deformation mechanisms during powder compaction using principal component analysis of compression data

Abstract Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to pharmaceutical powder compaction. A solid fraction parameter (SF c/d ) and a mechanical work parameter ( W c/d ) representing irreversible compression behavior were determined as functions of applied load. Multivariate analysis of the compression data was carried out using PCA. The first principal component (PC1) showed loadings for the solid fraction and work values that agreed with changes in the relative significance of plastic deformation to consolidation at different pressures. The PC1 scores showed the same rank order as the relative plasticity ranking derived from the literature for common pharmaceutical materials. The utility of PC1 in understanding deformation was extended to binary mixtures using a subset of the original materials. Combinations of brittle and plastic materials were characterized using the PCA method. The relationships between PC1 scores and the weight fractions of the mixtures were typically linear showing ideal mixing in their deformation behaviors. The mixture consisting of two plastic materials was the only combination to show a consistent positive deviation from ideality. The application of PCA to solid fraction and mechanical work data appears to be an effective means of predicting deformation behavior during compaction of simple powder mixtures.
Quadratic Inference Functions for Varying‐Coefficient Models with Longitudinal Data

Nonparametric smoothing methods are used to model longitudinal data, but the challenge remains to incorporate correlation into nonparametric estimation procedures. In this article, we propose an efficient estimation procedure for varying-coefficient models for longitudinal data. The proposed procedure can easily take into account correlation within subjects and deal directly with both continuous and discrete response longitudinal data under the framework of generalized linear models. The proposed approach yields a more efficient estimator than the generalized estimation equation approach when the working correlation is misspecified. For varying-coefficient models, it is often of interest to test whether coefficient functions are time varying or time invariant. We propose a unified and efficient nonparametric hypothesis testing procedure, and further demonstrate that the resulting test statistics have an asymptotic chi-squared distribution. In addition, the goodness-of-fit test is applied to test whether the model assumption is satisfied. The corresponding test is also useful for choosing basis functions and the number of knots for regression spline models in conjunction with the model selection criterion. We evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed procedures with Monte Carlo simulation studies. The proposed methodology is illustrated by the analysis of an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) data set.
Reduction of REM sleep by a tryptophan-free amino acid diet.

Abstract The acute administration of a tryptophan-free amino acid diet to rats has previously been reported to produce a marked reduction in brain serotonin concentrations. The present study examined the effects of such a diet on electroencephalographic sleep measures. There was a decrease in REM sleep and a small increase in nonREM sleep, with no change in total sleep time. In view of these and other observations, the hypothesis that the serotonergic system plays an important role in the maintenance of nonREM sleep should be carefully reevaluated.
Decomposing differences in utilization of health services between depressed and non-depressed elders in Europe.

Utilization rates of non-psychiatric health services are often higher in depressed compared to non-depressed adults. We examine whether these differences can be explained by the increased prevalence or the increased impact of demographic, socioeconomic, geographic, and health-related factors. The sample was taken from The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (Wave 1 Release 2), a prospective observational study of 31,115 randomly selected people ages 50+ living in Austria, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, France, Denmark, Greece, Switzerland, Belgium, and Israel. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition methods for multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the influence of prevalence and impact of covariates on utilization among depressed and non-depressed participants. We find robust evidence that the gap in utilization between depressed and non-depressed can be accounted for by both prevalence (explained) and impact (unexplained) differences. The prevalence effect accounted for 57.7% whereas differences in the impact of covariates between depressed and non-depressed persons explained 42.3% of differences in utilization rates. Despite cross-national differences in quality and coverage of health services, in all countries, the prevalence effect was explained entirely by health measures, including: chronic diseases, functional mobility, painful symptoms, and self-reported health. The impact effect varied cross-nationally, but was largely explained by socioeconomic status and urbanicity. Hospitalization among depressed adults was twice that of non-depressed adults. Policies aimed at improving adherence and improving disease management among depressed adults should be explored.
The Internet and NGO–government relations: injecting chaos into order

In recent years, theory building on NGO–government relations has proliferated, but it has not accounted for changes in communications technology or for the quantitative and qualitative expansion of the NGO sector. In this article we look at relations between and among government and disease- and disorder-based NGOs. We draw on cases in which we study relations between traditional NGOs and new, more radical and more exclusively Internet-based health advocacy groups. We argue that, contrary to investigating NGO–government relations in isolation, our theories must account for antecedent variables including NGO delivery of benefits to members and supporters (including informational, purposive and solidary benefits) and the motivations for organizing. After summarizing how different kinds of health advocacy organizations use the Internet to organize and provide benefits to members and supporters, we show that these variables have important implications not only for the relations between NGOs, but between NGOs and government. Specifically, we conclude that theories that distinguish between ‘cooperation’ and ‘co-optation’ in NGO–government relations may need to be adjusted to reflect the realities as they are perceived by NGOs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Numerical Study of the Segregation Phenomenon in Granular Motion

Over the past decade, many studies have been carried out to investigate one of the unique phenomena in granular materials: the vibration-induced segregation in granular mixture, i.e., under vertica...
Conserved Variable Analysis of the Convective Boundary Layer Thermodynamic Structure over the Tropical Oceans

An analysis of FGGE dropwindsonde data using conserved thermodynamic variables shows mixing line structures for the convective boundary layer over the equatorial Pacific. Deeper boundary layers show a double structure. Reversals of the gradients of mixing ratio and equivalent potential temperature above the boundary-layer top are present in all the averages and suggest that the origin of the air sinking into the boundary layer needs further study.
NCI think tank concerning the identifiability of biospecimens and “omic” data

Purpose: On 11 and 12 June 2012, the National Cancer Institute hosted a think tank concerning the identifiability of biospecimens and “omic” data in order to explore challenges surrounding this complex and multifaceted topic. Methods: The think tank brought together 46 leaders from several fields, including cancer genomics, bioinformatics, human subject protection, patient advocacy, and commercial genetics. Results: The first day involved presentations regarding the state of the science of reidentification; current and proposed regulatory frameworks for assessing identifiability; developments in law, industry, and biotechnology; and the expectations of patients and research participants. The second day was spent by think tank participants in small breakout groups designed to address specific subtopics under the umbrella issue of identifiability, including considerations for the development of best practices for data sharing and consent, and targeted opportunities for further empirical research. Conclusion: We describe the outcomes of this 2-day meeting, including two complementary themes that emerged from moderated discussions following the presentations on day 1, and ideas presented for further empirical research to discern the preferences and concerns of research participants about data sharing and individual identifiability. Genet Med 15 12, 997–1003.
ITER: an integrated approcah to ignited plasmas

The programmatic objective of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) calls for it to demonstrate controlled ignition and extended burn of deuterium–tritium plasmas, to demonstrate essential fusion reactor technologies in an integrated system, and to perform integrated testing of high–heat flux and nuclear components. The ITER design, as embodied in the Final Design Report, and its physics basis are presented and the projections of plasma performance are summarized together with the assessment of ITER9s engineering feasibility and of the progress in validating technology R and D. The future prospects for ITER and its potential central role as an integrated physics and engineering experiment in the overall development of controlled fusion as a source of useful energy are discussed.
Updating the manager׳s toolbox: Mapping spatio-temporal trends in freshwater fishing

Abstract Wildlife-associated recreation is culturally and economically important, yet relative participation in the United States is declining. To address concerns of recreation managers, we present an innovative way to assess temporal trends and the spatial distribution of licensees in conjunction with demographic, economic, biophysical and social datasets. Geocoding license-based wildlife-associated recreation (i.e., fishing and hunting) provides a cost-effective strategy for monitoring spatio-temporal changes and learning about a community. We demonstrate this approach by calculating the retention, recruitment and loss of licensed freshwater recreational anglers in North Carolina between 2008 and 2010, and examining the demographic profile of areas with the greatest loss of anglers from 2008 to 2010. We describe how geocoding licenses can help assess the sustainability of a recreational fishery and the quality of fishing resources. Tracking trends in license purchases can provide recreation managers with insight to make informed decisions in recruitment strategies, and avert overuse or overcrowding. Management implications • Geocoding of license information provides a cost-effective, widely-available technology to monitor spatial and temporal changes of licensed wildlife-associated recreationists. • Changes in the spatial distribution of licensed anglers through time can provide insight into where recruitment and retention (e.g., outreach and advertising) are most needed. • Joining license data to biophysical, demographic and socioeconomic data in a spatial context can provide managers stronger information for strategic planning and investment
The Woman Friendly Hospital Initiative in Bangladesh: a strategy for addressing violence against women.

Y.A. Haque discusses the genesis, development, experiences and future of the Woman Friendly Hospital Initiative as an innovative strategy to address violence against women (VAW) in Bangladesh.
Androgen-binding proteins in rat epididymis: properties of a cytoplasmic receptor for androgen similar to the androgen receptor in ventral prostate and different from androgen-binding protein (ABP).

The cytoplasmic receptor (CR) in rat epididymal 105,000 g supernatant was separated from the androgen-binding protein (ABP) by gel electrophoresis following labeling with [1,2,6,7-3H]-testosterone in vivo. ABP disappeared from epididymal supernatants after castration 01 hypophysectomy, while CR remained unchanged. CR was evenly distributed between caput and cauda, while much more ABP was present in caput. Properties of CR in epididymis and prostate were similar and distinctly different from ABP. Binding to CR was destroyed by charcoal treatment (1 mg/mg protein) of supernatant at 0 °C for 6 h, heating at 50 °C for 30 min, or exposure to the sulfhydryl blocking reagent, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate (1 mM) at 25 °C for 30 min, while binding to ABP was unaffected. The isoelectric pH of CR (5.8) was higher than that of ABP (4.6). Dissociation of radioactive 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from CR and nuclear receptors was extremely slow (half-time at 0 °C >2 days), while dissociation from ABP was rapid (half-time at 0 °C ~ 6 min). Cyproterone acetate (250 mg/100g body weight) inhibited binding to CR both in epididymis and ventral prostate but did not affect binding to ABP. Nuclear uptake was inhibited by cyproterone to the same extent as binding to CR, indicating that nuclear uptake and binding are dependent on CR and independent of ABP. The time-course of uptake and binding in epididymal supernatant and nuclear fractions was essentially the same 1 day after bilateral castration when both CR and ABP were present or 8 days after castration when CR alone was present. It is concluded that the cytoplasmic receptor for androgen in rat epididymis has properties very similar to the androgen receptor in ventral prostate but different from ABP.
A Study of Students Perceived Computer Knowledge

Whereas several studies have examined a student’s perceived computer skills or objective computer knowledge, few studies have investigated a student’s perceived computer knowledge. Even though it may not always be accurate, a student’s perceptions of their computer knowledge can nevertheless still be beneficial. This information may be helpful in revealing any predictors that can be identified for student success and can also be used to provide student support for achieving technological mastery. This study looks at the computer knowledge students see themselves possessing, with the purpose of determining if there are any associations between the perceived knowledge and the student’s gender, age, use and knowledge of technology, employment status, and technology owned. The results of the study seem to indicate that there are a limited number of associations between gender and a student’s knowledge of specific computer topics but no significant associations exist between knowledge and age, current employment status, use/knowledge of technology, and technology owned.
Understanding outside collaborations of the Chinese Academy of Sciences using Jensen-Shannon divergence

Using Jensen-Shannon divergence to measure differences in collaboration patterns with outside collaborators makes it possible to understand the structure of those collaborations without direct information about how they collaborate with each other. Applying the approach to data on the outside collaborations of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and visualizing the results reveals interesting structure relevant for science policy decisions.
Tissue segmentation for three-dimensional display of human spines.

This paper presents a morphological tissue segmentation technique for the three‐dimensional visualization of the human spine. Magnetic resonanceimages of the human spine were obtained using motion‐compensated fast imaging with steady‐state free precession (FISP) pulse sequences. The images acquired with these sequences exhibit very high contrast between the bright cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the dark spinal cord and nerve roots. This phenomenon has enabled us to apply mathematical morphological processing techniques to extract the spinal nerve roots within the CSF space. The nerve roots were extracted from a set of slices and displayed in a three‐dimensional format.
Calculated One-Electron Reduction Potentials and Solvation Structures for Selected p-Benzoquinones in Water

The one-electron reduction of quinones is important not only in electrochemistry but also in biochemical energy storage, energy utilization, and organic chemcial reactions. Thermodynamic cycles are investigated to estimate aqueous one-electron reduction potentials for the redox indicators p-benzoquinone and p-duroquinone, as well as chloro-substituted p-benzoquinones. Gas-phase reduction free energy differences are approximated from electron affinities calculated by using the hybrid Hartree−Fock/density-functional B3LYP method, a semiempirical quantum chemical method that expresses a molecule's exchange-correlation energy as a weighted sum of Hartree−Fock, local, and gradient-corrected density-functional energies. Free energy perturbation theory was used with molecular dynamics simulations (at constant temperature, pressure, and number of atoms) to estimate hydration free energy differences. Calculated one-electron reduction potentials for the quinones are within 10−190 meV of experimental values. An exce...
Head and Neck Manifestations of Erythema Multiforme in Children

Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis are related disorders of skin and mucous membranes, which are typically associated with antecedent medication use or infection. We review 108 cases of erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis from Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, from 1981 to 1991, and illustrate the characteristic skin and mucosal lesions. In addition, we describe in detail two unusual cases requiring intensive airway management. Head and neck manifestations were present in 4 of 79 patients (5%) with erythema multiforme and 26 of 28 patients (93%) with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In Stevens-Johnson syndrome, mucosal involvement of the lip (93%), conjunctiva (82%), oral cavity (79%), and nose (36%) were most common. Antecedent medication use was identified in 59% of erythema multiforme patients and 68% of Stevens-Johnson syndrome patients. We note a striking increase in the number of cases in our series caused by cephalosporins. Fifty percent of Stevens-Johnson syndrome patients required supplemental hydration or alimentation because of the severity of the oral cavity involvement. The head and neck mucosal manifestations largely respond to local care, and the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics or systemic steroids is not recommended.
Lyman Break Galaxies: Their Progenitors and Descendants

We study the evolution of Lyman break Galaxies (LBGs) from z = 5 to z = 0 by tracing the merger trees of galaxies in a large-scale hydrodynamic simulation based on a Λ cold dark matter model. In particular, we emphasize the range of properties of the sample selected by rest-frame V-band luminosity, in accordance with recent near-IR observations. The predicted rest-frame V-band luminosity function agrees well with the observed one when dust extinction is taken into account. The stellar content and the star formation histories of LBGs are also studied. We find that LBGs intrinsically brighter than MV = -21.0 at z = 3 have stellar masses of at least 109 M☉, with a median of 1010 h-1 M☉. The brightest LBGs (MV -23) at z = 3 merge into clusters/groups of galaxies at z = 0, as suggested by clustering studies of LBGs. Roughly half the galaxies with -23 MV -22 at z = 3 fall into groups/clusters, and the other half become typical L* galaxies at z = 0, with stellar mass of ≈1011 M☉. Descendants of LBGs at the present epoch have formed roughly 30% of their stellar mass by z = 3, and half their current stellar population is 10 Gyr old, favoring the scenario that LBGs are the precursors of the present-day spheroids. We find that the most luminous LBGs have undergone a starburst within 500 Myr before z = 3, but also have formed stars continuously over a period of 1 Gyr before z = 3, when all the star formation in progenitors is coadded. We also study the evolution of the mean stellar metallicity distribution of galaxies and find that the entire distribution shifts to lower metallicity at higher redshift. The observed subsolar metallicity of LBGs at z = 3 is naturally predicted in our simulation.