cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application Aware Software Defined Flows of Workflow Ensembles

Computational science depends on complex, data intensive applications operating on datasets from a variety of scientific instruments. A major challenge is the integration of data into the scientist's workflow. Recent advances in dynamic, networked cloud resources provide the building blocks to construct reconfiguration, end-to-end infrastructure that can increase scientific productivity, but applications are not taking advantage of them. In our previous work, we introduced Dy-N amo, that enabled CASA scientists to improve the efficiency of their operations and effortlessly leverage capabilities of the cloud resources available to them that previously remained underutilized. However, the provided workflow automation did not satisfy all the operational requirements of CASA. Custom scripts were still in production to manage workflow triggering, while multiple layer2 connections would have to be allocated to maintain network QoS requirements. In this work, we enhance the DyNamo system with ensemble workflow management capabilities, end-to-end infrastructure monitoring, as well as more advanced network manipulation mechanisms. To accommodate CASA's operational needs we also extended the newly integrated Pegasus Ensemble Manager with file and time based triggering functionality, that improves managing workflow ensembles. Additionally, Virtual Software Defined Exchange (vSDX) capabilities have been extended, enabling link adaptation, flow prioritization and traffic control between endpoints. We evaluate the effects of the DyNamo's vSDX policies by using two CASA workflow ensembles competing for network resources, and we show that traffic shaping of the ensembles can lead to a fairer use of the network links.
Characteristics of Non-Punitive Employee Safety Reporting Systems for Public Transportation as Abridged from TCRP Report 218:

The objective of this research is to produce a compilation of best practices used in non-punitive employee safety reporting (ESR) systems at transit agencies, including examples of how ESR systems ...
Inducible Sbds Deletion Impairs Bone Marrow Niche Capacity to Engraft Donor Bone Marrow After Transplantation.

Bone marrow (BM) niche-derived signals are critical for facilitating engraftment after hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation (HSCT). HSCT is required for restoration of hematopoiesis in patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (iBMFS). Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare iBMFS associated with mutations in SBDS. Previous studies have demonstrated that SBDS deficiency in osteolineage niche cells causes bone marrow dysfunction that promotes leukemia development. However, it is unknown whether BM niche defects caused by SBDS deficiency also impair efficient engraftment of healthy donor HSC following HSCT, a hypothesis that could explain morbidity seen after clinical HSCT for patients with SDS. Here, we report a mouse model with inducible Sbds deletion in hematopoietic and osteolineage cells. Primary and secondary BM transplantation (BMT) studies demonstrated that SBDS deficiency within BM niches caused poor donor hematopoietic recovery and specifically poor HSC engraftment after myeloablative BMT. We have additionally identified multiple molecular and cellular defects within niche populations that are driven by SBDS deficiency and that are accentuated or develop specifically following myeloablative conditioning. These abnormalities include altered frequencies of multiple niche cell subsets including mesenchymal lineage cells, macrophages and endothelial cells; disruption of growth factor signaling, chemokine pathway activation, and adhesion molecule expression; and p53 pathway activation, and signals involved in cell cycle arrest. Taken together, this study demonstrates that SBDS deficiency profoundly impacts recipient hematopoietic niche function in the setting of HSCT, suggesting that novel therapeutic strategies targeting host niches could improve clinical HSCT outcomes for patients with SDS.
Challenges and opportunities of advanced gliomodulation technologies for excitation-inhibition balance of brain networks.

Recent neuroscience studies have highlighted the critical role of glial cells in information processing. This has increased the demand for technologies that selectively modulate glial cells that regulate the excitation-inhibition balance of neural network function. Engineered technologies that modulate glial activity may be necessary for precise tuning of neural network activity in higher-order brain function. This perspective summarizes how glial cells regulate excitation and inhibition of neural circuits, highlights available technologies for glial modulation, and discusses current challenges and potential opportunities for glial engineering technologies.
Spatial-mode-selective quantum frequency conversion in nonlinear waveguides

We investigate spatial-mode-selective frequency up-converters of quantum states from infrared to visible region, which could be useful not only for interfacing the optical fiber links with quantum memories and for increasing the photon detection efficiency, but also for classical demultiplexing of spatial modes that are otherwise difficult to discriminate in both spatial and spatial-frequency domains. We consider two approaches: first, based on sum-frequency generation (SFG) in 2D free space, and second, based on SFG in a multimode waveguide with 2D confinement. For the latter approach, we find that under proper quasi-phase-matching arrangement, several different pairs of signal and pump modes are converted to the same SFG mode. By adjusting the relative phases and magnitudes of the pump modes, any superposition of the corresponding signal modes can be selected for up-conversion without affecting other modes.
Modeling Motivational States Through Interpreting Physical Activity Data for Adaptive Robot Companions

This research aims to develop an adaptive human-robot interaction system that works with users over long periods of time to achieve a common goal that is beneficial to the user. The particular scenario I focus on is that of a robot companion interacting with adolescents, helping them succeed at achieving daily physical activity goals. To develop such a system, I propose a method of modeling the user’s motivational state and employing this model in order to adapt motivational strategies best suited for each user. The proposed system uses both physical activity data obtained from wearable sensors (such as wristband devices) and information acquired by the robot from its interaction partners.
Then and now : The perspective of the man who coined the term 'DSM'

Over the last decade, demand-side management (DSM) in the USA has transformed from a start up activity to a full blown industry. Annual DSM expenditures are now measured in billions of dollars, energy savings in billion kilowatt hours and peak load reductions in thousands of megawatts. While DSM still remains a significant part of many utilities' strategies to meet current and future customer needs, its image has been tarnished and with the industry facing competition, its future is in doubt.
Growing and Working with Spinal Motor Neurons

Abstract The chick embryo has a long tradition as a model organism in developmental biology as well as embryology. A year-round supply of fertilized eggs, accessibility to all stages of development, and the ease of manipulation of the embryo all contribute to the advantages of investigations using chick embryos. A plethora of culture systems have been developed over the past century allowing to culture intact embryos from as early as 2 days of development. Other culture systems include whole embryo slices, organotypic cultures, tissue explants, and dissociated cultures. Studies utilizing the chick embryo, and in particular spinal motor neurons, were crucial for our present knowledge of the development but also adult physiology, injury, and disease of the nervous system. Extensive studies on spinal motor neurons revealed many molecular mechanisms underlying fundamental events, such as neural induction, axon guidance, programmed cell death, and neuron–target interaction. Cultures of dissociated spinal motor neurons represent one important experimental paradigm. This chapter describes two alternative procedures to establish dissociated spinal motor neuron cultures with virtually no contamination by nonneuronal cells.
Wide-angle nonimaging concentrators principles and applications

Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of traditional optical design by instead developing techniques for maximizing the collecting power of illumination elements and systems. Nonimaging designs exceed the concentration attainable with focusing techniques by factors of four or more and approach the theoretical limit (ideal concentrators) allowing non-tracking solar concentrators to attain high temperature operation. Of special interest to the optics community is the deep connection between the “Hottel strings” introduced by MIT professor Hoyt C. Hottel and the flow-line algorithm of nonimaging optics design. We developed the XCPCs, which generate thermal energy by gathering and concentrating sunlight onto specially made collector tubes at the UC Solar Lab at UC Merced.
Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal carcinomas: target delineation, therapy delivery and stereotactic boost procedures with intensity-modulated/ image-guided radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy is a key component of the multidisciplinary treatment of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal carcinomas, which are ideal tumors for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) becaus
Whose Business is Your Pancreas?: Potential Privacy Problems in New York City's Mandatory Diabetes Registry

New York City authorities in 2006 formulated a policy requiring that medical data from all diabetics in the City be stored in a centralized registry. This diabetic registry is the first in the nation to require collection of personal testing data for the purpose of monitoring treatments for a noninfectious disease. The registry represents an important step on the path toward better understanding and managing of the disease. Nonetheless, establishment of the registry threatens privacy in a number of ways. Many individuals are open about their diabetes, but others prefer to keep that information to themselves, whether because of concerns for discrimination in the workplace or for ramifications in custody disputes. Although New York City's regulation includes a confidentiality provision, privately identifiable information may be divulged through the notification process set up by the City, under which both physicians and patients are notified when their hemoglobin tests are dangerously high; through subpoenas in criminal and family court actions, and through use of the information by public health researchers to conduct epidemiological research. Regulators have already indicated that, despite the confidentiality provision, they intend to use the registry to conduct public health research that can only be attained by combining registry information with other statistics about the individuals covered. Moreover, there is no confidentiality provision at all for physicians, and operation of the registry may intrude upon the sanctity of the physician/patient relationship by providing physicians with troubling incentives either to circumvent the reporting requirements or to ensure that their patients appear healthier than they really are. We conclude with a list of specific recommendations for both the NYC and future registries targeted at noninfectious diseases. In short, we recommend making the confidentiality provision more explicit, limiting secondary uses of the information obtained, protecting diabetics from adverse insurance consequences due to operation of the registry, and protecting the privacy of physicians.
Jordanian National Football "Muslimat" Players: Interrupting Islamophobia in FIFA's "Hijab" Ban.

Background: Though musli m females exclusion from physical activities and sports has concerned scholars for years, they are still being theorized out of context and out of history and not as agents in their own lives. Within the prevailing context of the ‘War on Terror,’ muslim females are becoming more racialized in sports and are unnecessarily constructed as needing protection and void of any agency. In 2010, a crisis emerged out of the International Federation of Association Football's (FIFA) erratic interpretation of Law 4 which excluded muslim females players with a head/cover gear deemed unsafe on the field. This crisis highlighted the importance of understanding not only the targeted exclusion of muslim female players but also the importance of working with muslim female national football players and the possibilities of them resisting the racializing and gendering logics of a mega-sport institution such as FIFA.Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to understand how five women football players on ...
Virtual reality and education

Five components of the virtual reality (VR) concept are analytically defined: 3-D perspective, dynamic rendering, closed loop interaction, inside-out perspective, and enhanced sensory feedback. It is argued on the basis of empirical data from a variety of sources that those components that improve performance by reducing effort may actually inhibit learning or long term retention. Closed loop interaction in contrast, while not reducing effort, appears to have a beneficial effect on retention. The importance for learning of directing users attention to the link between the VR perspective and a more artificial perspective is also highlighted. >
The nature of parental supervisory neglect.

The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether different types of supervision problems such as leaving a child alone and leaving a child with an inadequate caregiver have different correlates and consequences for children. A case-comparison design was used to compare four types of supervision problems. Data were extracted from child protective services investigative reports. The results showed that each type of supervision problem had a distinct set of characteristics. Recommendations for assessing and treating different types of supervision problems are addressed. Language: en
Bcl-2 expression in synovial fibroblasts is essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and cell viability.

The regulation of proliferation and cell death is vital for homeostasis, but the mechanism that coordinately balances these events in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains largely unknown. In RA, the synovial lining thickens in part through increased proliferation and/or decreased synovial fibroblast cell death. Here we demonstrate that the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, is highly expressed in RA compared with osteoarthritis synovial tissues, particularly in the CD68-negative, fibroblast-like synoviocyte population. To determine the importance of endogenous Bcl-2, an adenoviral vector expressing a hammerhead ribozyme to Bcl-2 (Ad-Rbz-Bcl-2) mRNA was employed. Ad-Rbz-Bcl-2 infection resulted in reduced Bcl-2 expression and cell viability in synovial fibroblasts isolated from RA and osteoarthritis synovial tissues. In addition, Ad-Rbz-Bcl-2-induced mitochondrial permeability transition, cytochrome c release, activation of caspases 9 and 3, and DNA fragmentation. The general caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk blocked caspase activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and DNA fragmentation, but not loss of transmembrane potential or viability, indicating that cell death was independent of caspase activation. Ectopically expressed Bcl-xL inhibited Ad-Rbz-Bcl-2-induced mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptosis in Ad-Rbz-Bcl-2-transduced cells. Thus, forced down-regulation of Bcl-2 does not induce a compensatory mechanism to prevent loss of mitochondrial integrity and cell death in human fibroblasts.
Accessibility of geometrically-rough (fractal) surfaces of natural sorbents to probe molecules

Abstract Vapor sorption of a series of probe molecules was studied to investigate the accessibility of surfaces for adsorption. The hypothesis was that the amount of probe molecules required to cover a surface with a monolayer (i.e., monolayer value, Nm, mmoles/g sorbent) is affected by the molecular level roughness of the surface. In particular, the applicability of the concept of fractal dimension was considered as the conceptual guideline. The experimental results indicated that the surface structure of simple sorbents, such as kaolinite and silica-gel, can be interpreted as fractal-like. However, several factors severely limited the accurate estimation of the fractal dimension from sorption data; these include 1) unknown surface configuration/packing of adsorbed molecule, 2) experimental difficulty (low vapor sorption) associated with large probe molecules, 3) unrealistic assumptions inherent in vapor sorption theory (B.E.T. theory), and 4) slow sorption/desorption kinetics and hysteresis. The result for Borden sand showed that sorption of various probe molecules by this medium could not be explained from fractal theory. For such a chemically heterogeneous natural system, the chemical nature (hydrophilicity) of the probe molecule seems to strongly influence the accessibility of the sorption domain to the probe molecule.
The Clinical Assessment of Lung Water

T he importance of the balance of lung fluid and pulmonary edema in experimental and clinical medicine explains the effort made in the last 30 years to measure lung water content and to develop clinically applicable methods. Pulmonary edema is an essential component ofthe spectrum oflung reactions to injury. As defined by the Starling equation,’ damage to the endothelium increases the permeability of the capillary membrane to water and solutes (protein) and represents the pathophysiologic basis of increasedpermeability edema (or noncardiogenic edema). An increase in pulmonary capillary pressure (due, for instance, to left ventricular failure) determines the
TALARIS project update: Overview of flight testing and development of a prototype planetary surface exploration hopper

Abstract The TALARIS (Terrestrial Artificial Lunar And Reduced GravIty Simulator) project is intended to test GNC (Guidance, Navigation, and Control) algorithms on a prototype planetary surface exploration hopper in a dynamic environment with simulated reduced gravity. The vehicle is being developed by the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in support of efforts in the Google Lunar X-Prize contest. This paper presents progress achieved since September 2010 in vehicle development and flight testing. Upgrades to the vehicle are described, including a redesign of the power train for the gravity-offset propulsion system and a redesign of key elements of the spacecraft emulator propulsion system. The integration of flight algorithms into modular flight software is also discussed. Results are reported for restricted degree of freedom (DOF) tests used to tune GNC algorithms on the path to a full 6-DOF hover-hop flight profile. These tests include 3-DOF tests on flat surfaces restricted to horizontal motion, and 2-DOF vertical tests restricted to vertical motion and 1-DOF attitude control. The results of tests leading up to full flight operations are described, as are lessons learned and future test plans.
Macroscopic fracture of fibrous composites

Abstract An improved model to predict the strength of a composite laminate containing a slit notch through crack is developed, assuming the material characteristic dimension to be an exponential function of crack size. A superposition method is developed which allows data for all composite material systems described by the developed model to be superimposed. A generalized notch sensitivity factor is introduced which allows quantitative characterization of the notch sensitivity of a given material with respect to a reference notch-insensitive material.
On the back of a motorbike: Middle‐class mobility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

“Mobility” is a key concept in understanding processes of globalization and class formation. In this article, I examine motorbike mobility in Ho Chi Minh City and its role in reordering social stratification in urban Vietnam. In the years following trade liberalization, motorbikes emerged as exemplary symbols of purchasing power, displaying both monetized and motorized power. In response to the exponential increase in the number of motorbikes, Vietnamese state agencies inscribed streets with divisions to separate different classes of vehicles and regulate the flow of traffic. Motorbikes, I argue, elude attempts to regulate their movement precisely because they embody the very mobility promised by economic reforms. [Vietnam, traffic, commodity, circulation, public space, mobility]
A new institutional approach to pro-poor agricultural development: Lessons from Asia

Abstract Dr. Naya has been one of only two instructors of a course unique to the University of Hawaii called, “The Economics of Cooperation.” He was an early observer of deliberation councils and other institutions whereby the investment coordination problem was partly solved by extra-market cooperation in the East Asian “miracle” countries. These insights contributed to The Economics of Cooperation (1992), which featured the role of government as facilitator—a theme of Hawaii State Development Planning when Dr. Naya served on the Governor’s cabinet. Reconsidering government as a facilitator, and not as a replacement for markets, is one of the primary contributions of the New Institutional Economics (NIE). This paper extends and applies the facilitation perspective to the problem of agricultural development. Policy failures are detailed and sourced to the fallacy of misplaced exogeneity. In contrast, the method of fundamental explanation, inherent in NIE, acts as a corrective to misguided interventionism that has prevented pro-poor rural development from taking place.
Coming full circle: A prominent education scholar returns to the start of school reform

There are several things you can count on when you pick up a book by Diane Ravitch. First, it is going to be framed within a meticulous historical context, so that nothing takes place in isolation....
Mammographic screening for breast cancer: 2010.

Recently, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines concerning analog screening mammography were revised. Despite the breast cancer death rate falling by 30% since 1990 and mammography receiving the lion's share of credit for the decrease, the USPSTF no longer advises routine screening mammography for women aged 40–49. Biennial screening is advised for those aged 50–74. The USPSTF did not make a recommendation regarding screening those aged ≥ 75. The recommendations do not cover digital mammography. It is necessary for primary care providers to understand the data so they can assist patients making decisions about breast cancer screening. Mt Sinai J Med 77:398–404, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Oxygen chemisorption on MoS2 and commercial hydrotreating catalysts

Abstract Oxygen Chemisorption on unsupported MoS 2 and commercial hydrotreating catalysts was studied as a function of adsorption pressure and temperature and as a function of measurement technique. Chemisorption measurements were made using conventional static adsorption and pulse-flow Chromatographic methods. Oxygen uptakes measured by either technique were found to be highly temperature dependent, while only slightly dependent on pressure. Static adsorption measurements at −78 °C and pulse-flow measurements at 25 °C were found to be reproducible, well correlated and the most suitable for avoiding bulk oxidation effects. The effects of preadsorbed H 2 S on oxygen uptake were investigated and found to be significant. In the case of the commercial HDS/HDN catalysts, the order of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity was predicted by the measured oxygen uptake while hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) activity was not.
Vulvovaginal melanoma: report of seven cases and literature review.

Abstract Five cases of primary vaginal melanoma were treated at UCLA Medical Center between 1976 and 1986. Two additional cases of melanoma arising at the junction of the vulva and vagina are presented. One of seven (13%) patients is alive, with a median time to recurrence of 7 months, and median survival of 31 months. Four of five vaginal melanomas were located in the distal vagina, and all were advanced at diagnosis (>3 mm depth). Mean size was 3 cm. Initial therapy was local excision in four patients and radical surgery in three. All patients had suboptimal surgical margins: two vaginal primaries had positive margins after local excision, both recurred vaginally within 5 months. Two patients had margins in situ at the surgical margins, and each had pelvic recurrences between 6 and 26 months. Five of seven cases developed local recurrence as the initial site of treatment failure. All five vaginal cases ultimately developed distant disease, but only two patients had distant disease without local-regional recurrence. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy enabled disease stabilization in three patients. The vulvovaginal junction at the introitus is a high risk site for vaginal and vulvar melanoma. Intraoperative management requires assessment of lateral and deep spread of invasive and in situ melanoma.
Use of the Personality Assessment Inventory as an efficacious and cost-effective diagnostic tool for nonepileptic seizures

Video electroencephalographic monitoring (VEEG) is considered the "gold standard" for making the differential diagnosis between epileptic seizures (ES) and nonepileptic seizures (NES), but is a costly, time-consuming procedure and not readily available in all communities. Of the various diagnostic techniques and measures that have been used, the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) has shown promise as an effective psychological screening tool to aid in the differential diagnosis of ES/NES. Using VEEG results as the outcome measure, this study examined the diagnostic effectiveness of the PAI in a group of adults with treatment-refractory seizures. Results indicated that, on psychological screening, patients with NES endorse significantly greater functional consequences of their seizure-like episodes than participants with ES. A "NES Indicator" score, calculated from the PAI Somatization subscales, provided a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 73% for the diagnosis of NES versus ES. The PAI appears to be a useful screening tool prior to hospital admission for VEEG.
Automated analysis of polysaccharide and protein in cartilage.

Abstract In summary, this paper offers a rapid and simple method for simultaneously determining hydroxyproline, amino acids, glucosamine, and galactosamine. It is an easy screening method which can provide useful data on cartilage composition and could supplement data obtained by other methods which have been used to investigate the microheterogeneity of cartilage (15). The method has permitted us to conclude that protein-polysaccharides, which are extractable from cartilage as a variable population of macromolecules, have indeed inherently widespread limits of composition in the tissues.
Predator prey modeling at the molecular level: Analytical considerations about the coupling of biochemical events during photo-chemo therapy and cell survival probability

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality in cancer treatment that involves localized photo-irradiation of dye sensitized tissue to kill cancer cells. A photosensitizer is administered to the patient either locally or systematically by one of several routes (e.g., topical, oral, intravenous) and after a predetermined (appropriate for optimal bio-distribution) time interval, the treatment site is irradiated with visible or near-infrared light. The light is absorbed by this photosensitizer which initiates photochemical reactions leading to the eradication of the tumor cells. Based on previous models of detailed molecular pathways and biochemical events induced by PDT treatment leading to cell death that can occur through a multiplicity of different mechanisms such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, a cell survival probability equation is introduced as a measure of the PDT tumor cell killing, which can be difficult to quantify through experimental verification of the molecular concentrations of the cytotoxic agents. This report is an attempt towards coupling the single cell survival probability to the molecular concentrations, which can be useful in the design of predictive treatment, with models such as cellular automata.
The α1-Helix in the Extra-Membranous Domain Contributes to the Stability of the Iron–Sulfur Protein of the Cytochrome bc1Complex

Abstract Previously, we reported that several charged amino acids located in the α1–β4 loop of the iron–sulfur protein are required to maintain the stability of the protein and its assembly into the cytochrome bc 1 complex. The current study extends this analysis to several amino acids localized in the single α-helix present in the extra-membranous domain of the protein. Three charged and two uncharged residues in the α1-helix were mutated and used to transform yeast cells (JPJ1) lacking the iron–sulfur protein gene. Mutants V132L and H124L grew at half the rate of the wild type in medium containing glycerol/ethanol, while E125Q grew more slowly than the wild type. The rates of growth of T122A and E128Q were identical to that of the wild-type cells. Activity of the cytochrome bc 1 complex was decreased 70, 40, and 80% in mutants H124L, E125Q, and V132L, respectively, while the activity of T122A and E128Q was decreased 30 and 20% relative to the wild type. Western blotting experiments revealed that the content of the iron–sulfur protein was decreased in mutants H124L and V132L; however, no decrease in the content of the iron–sulfur protein was observed in the other mutants. These results suggest that several amino acids located in the α1-helix of the protein are important in maintaining the stability and proper assembly of the iron–sulfur protein in the bc 1 complex.
II. The Simple Shadow Cone of Cosmic Radiation

The present paper is a brief summary of the results obtained from a study, by means of Bush's differential analyzer, of those trajectories of a charged particle in the field of a magnetic dipole which determine the simple shadow cone for all latitudes and energies.
Radiative/Turbulent Transfer Interactions in Layer Clouds

Abstract The differential absorption and emission of radiation with height inside clouds creates sources and sinks of buoyancy and thus can be an important factor in the turbulence-maintaining and dissipating processes of the clouds. This paper is concerned with the roles that solar and infrared radiation play in the turbulence budget of layer clouds, with primary emphasis on marine stratocumulus and inferential discussion of other layer cloud systems. Physically realistic parameterizations of solar and infrared (IR) fluxes are used to show how the turbulence generation by cloud-top IR cooling can be more than offset by stabilization due to absorption of sunlight, and how the role of cloud-base IR warming depends crucially on the height of the cloud base. In the context of a mixed-layer model, these effects can be cast entirely in terms of the height of the layer's center of mass relative to the net heating and/or cooling due to the radiative transfer. Implications for the diurnal cycle and for a thin-clo...
Attempts to use cyanide ion to trap imine intermediates in the microsomal N-dealkylation of propranolol: Formation of α-aminonitriles as artifacts when using ether for extraction

Cyanide anion was used to attempt to trap possible imine intermediates in the oxidative N-dealkylation of propranolol (1). Reaction of 3-(1-naphthoxy)-1-amino-2-propanol (desisopropylpropranolol, 2) with acetone provided this expected intermediate in an approximately 7:1 ratio of oxazolidine 6 to imine 5, as determined by 1H NMR. The mixture when treated with sodium cyanide gave the expected alpha-aminonitrile 7. Microsomal oxidation of propranolol in the presence of sodium cyanide gave two cyanide-containing adducts as shown by GC-MS (12a and 12b). Using specifically deuterated propranolols (8, 9, 10, and 11) as substrates showed both of these cyanide-containing adducts to have lost the N-isopropyl group. Compounds 12a and 12b were shown to be diastereomeric alpha-aminonitriles arising from the reaction of 2 with propionaldehyde, a contaminant from the ether used for extraction, and cyanide anion. Authentic 7, stable to derivatization and GC-MS conditions, rapidly decomposed under the conditions of the metabolic experiments.
l-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and naringenin glycoside accumulation in developing grapefruit

Abstract A direct relationship was observed between l -phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and the rate of naringenin glycoside accumulation in developing grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). The fruit tissues had potential PAL activity sufficient to account for the accumulated naringenin glycosides and still allow for turnover and synthesis of them and other cinnamate derived phenols. These results suggest that PAL is an element of an enzyme-regulator system that controls the synthesis of naringenin glycosides (and other cinnamate derived phenols) in grapefruit. Chalcone-flavanone isomerase activity was also present but l -tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity was not detected.
Heavy metal concentrations of duck tissues in relation to ingestion of spent shot.

Lead poisoning of waterfowl from dissolution of ingested lead shot has been recognized as a major problem in wildlife management for almost a century. However, lead shot also contains considerable amounts of other metals. The aims of this study were to determine if any of the additional components of lead or steel shot were accumulated upon shot ingestion as indicated by their concentrations in bones and features, and to determine the feasibility of heavy metal analysis of feathers to assess exposure to spent shot.
Strain differences in the distribution of N-methyl-d-aspartate and gamma (γ)–aminobutyric acid-A receptors in rat brain

Abstract Aims Previous studies have shown that the Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rat strain exhibits depressive symptoms such as anhedonia, psychomotor retardation, ambivalence and negative memory bias following exposure to stress. Given the involvement of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathways in influencing depressive behavior, the present study investigated strain differences in the distribution of central N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and GABA A receptor sites in WKY compared to their inbred counterpart, Wistar (WIS) rats. Main methods Quantitative autoradiographic analysis was used to map the binding and distribution of NMDA and GABA A receptors in various brain regions in WKY and WIS rats. Key findings Results indicated a significant difference between the two strains. Lower NMDA receptor binding was found in the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate putmen, nucleus accumbens, CA1 region of the hippocampus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in WKY compared to WIS rats. Conversely, higher GABA A receptor binding was found in the amygdala, caudate putmen, dentate gyrus, CA2 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus, periaqueductal grey and substantia nigra pars reticulata in WKY compared to WIS rats. Significance Given that these two rat strains differ in their behavioural, endocrine and neurochemical profile, the observed strain differences in NMDA and GABA A receptor binding suggest that these two neurotransmitter systems may be involved in the depressive and stress-sensitive phenotype of the WKY rat strain.
Effect of environment and formulation on the absorption and translocation of fenridazon in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Fenridazon [potassium 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxopyridazine-3-carboxylate] is a registered chemical hybridizing agent causing male floral sterility and is used for the production of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Foliar absorption and translocation of fenridazon to the floral primordia was decreased at 4°C compared to 24°C. At 24°C, an increase in relative humidity from 40% to 85% increased fenridazon absorption 2.5 and 1.7 times when surfactants A and B, respectively, were used. Because of the increased absorption of fenridazon with increased relative humidity, the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was similarly increased 2.2 and 1.5 times for surfactant A and B, respectively. Although the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was increased with increased relative humidity, fenridazon translocation rate was not altered by relative humidity. The effects of irradiance on fenridazon absorption were minimal, but its translocation was decreased with low irradiances.
Head position and parsing ambiguity

A strongly principle-based model of parsing seeks to employ principles of the competence grammar directly in language processing. Within grammatical theory, the Projection Principle holds that each level of syntactic representation is a uniform projection of the lexical properties of heads. With respect to parsing this suggests that a phrasal node cannot be projected until the occurrence of its head and thus constitutes a strong empirical hypothesis concerning the fundamental nature of human language processing. This paper contrasts some cross-linguistic predictions made by a specific Grammarderived parsing model against those of a well-known top-down model whose functional motivation is decidedly nonlinguistic. This latter Minimal Attachment model is found to predict significant difficulty with respect to the processing of languages such as Japanese, which display rather different surface properties than English. This problem is not encountered in a model which recognizes the crucial role of heads in licensing argument structure with respect to Processing as well as Grammar. Cross-linguistic parsing differences are attributed to the linear and structural positions of licensing heads which constitute the primary locus of the cross-linguistic variation which is therefore ultimately to be ascribed directly to the Projection Principle.
Factors associated with preterm delivery among pregnant adolescents

Abstract The purpose was to identify characteristics of pregnant adolescents associated with preterm delivery. We studied 126 poor, black, 12 through 18-year-old pregnant adolescents and compared the prevalence of potentially high-risk maternal characteristics and obstetric complications in those who bore preterm and term infants. Of the adolescents studied, 12 (9.5%) delivered prematurely. Five maternal characteristics—conception within 3 years of menarche, a low body mass index, a past history of physical or sexual abuse, a socially deviant father of the baby, and vaginal bleeding during the first 8 weeks of gestation—were associated with preterm delivery. A theoretical model is proposed and the therapeutic implication of the study findings
Nucleation in periodically driven electrochemical systems

We calculate both the exponent and the prefactor in the nucleation rate of a periodically driven system. Nucleation dynamics is described by the Fokker–Planck equation for the probability distribution of the nuclei over their size. This distribution is found using the concept of the most probable (optimal) nucleation path. The results apply in a broad range of driving force amplitudes, from weak to moderately strong forces where the nucleation rate is changed exponentially strongly, and also in the broad range of the driving frequencies, from low-frequency driving, where the system follows the force adiabatically, to high-frequency nonadiabatic driving. For strong driving forces, the time dependence of the nucleation rate changes from strongly nonsinusoidal to a weak with the increasing frequency of driving. The response of the nucleation rate to the driving force is described in terms of logarithmic susceptibility (LS), which can be obtained from the optimal nucleation path in the absence of the driving. LS is a smooth function of frequency, and therefore even a driving force with comparatively high frequency can change the modulation rate exponentially strongly. LS and the Faraday current are calculated for simple models of electrochemical systems, where the ac driving is produced by modulation of the electrode potential. We also suggest how to find LS from measurements of the average nucleation rate.
Iconoclasm and Iconophobia: Four Historical Case Studies

Iconophobia, literally the fear of religious images, usually occurs in proportion to the powers attributed to them by their believers. In the worst cases, these fears have led to, or coincide with, a cycle of violence that may involve the actual destruction of images (iconoclasm) and of human life. Semiotics helps interpret the interconnectedness of these seemingly separate events. Most iconoclasm involves confusion between the image or sign (such as a statue) and its referent (the actual subject), and a re-encoding of the signified (the meanings assigned to the sign). This article explores four case studies. In the aftermath of iconoclasm, fragments and ruins can be trans-valued as relics, and thus inspire hatred of the perpetrator and sympathy for the group whose sacred precincts have been violated. Or, broken statues may be preserved by a re-encoding as `art'. Yet not only do historical models warn of recurring conditions in which violence may be perpetrated against people and objects, but the more rec...
Relationship between light intensity and chlorophyll content in Myriophyllum spicatum L. in Canadice Lake (New York, U.S.A.)

Abstract Total chlorophyll content of samples of Myriophyllum spicatum L., collected at depths of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m from Canadice Lake was measured spectrophotometrically following pigment extraction by homogenizing 10-cm tips of plants in cold acetone. The content of both chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b was found to vary widely at each depth. No apparent correlation with depth was found for either chlorophyll, nor were the differences between any of the depths found to be statistically significant. However, a decrease in the ratio of chlorophyll-a to chlorophyll-b, from 2.27 at 1.5 m to 1.79 at 3.5 m, was observed.
State-of-the-Art: Hypo-responsiveness to Oral Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a global pandemic, associated with a high burden of cardiovascular disease. There are multiple platelet derangements in patients with diabetes, and antiplatelet drugs remain the first-line agents for secondary prevention as well as for high-risk primary prevention among patients with diabetes. This review provides a summary of oral antiplatelet drug hypo-responsiveness in patients with diabetes, specifically aspirin and clopidogrel resistance. Topics discussed include antiplatelet testing, definitions used to define hypo-response and resistance, its prevalence, association with clinical outcomes, and strategies to mitigate resistance. The role of prasugrel and ticagrelor, as well as investigational agents, is also discussed.
Metabolic and functional recovery of ischemic human myocardium after coronary angioplasty

Although revascularization of hypoperfused but metabolically active human myocardium improves segmental function, the temporal relations among restoration of blood flow, normalization of tissue metabolism and recovery of segmental function have not been determined. To examine the effects of coronary angioplasty on 13 asynergic vascular territories in 12 patients, positron emission tomography and two-dimensional echocardiography were performed before and within 72 h of revascularization. Ten patients underwent late echocardiography (67 +/- 19 days) and eight underwent a late positron emission tomographic study (68 +/- 19 days). The extent and severity of abnormalities of wall motion, perfusion and glucose metabolism were expressed as wall motion scores, perfusion defect scores and perfusion-metabolism mismatch scores. Angioplasty significantly increased mean stenosis cross-sectional area (from 0.95 +/- 0.9 to 2.7 +/- 1.4 mm2) and mean cross-sectional luminal diameter (from 0.9 +/- 0.6 to 1.9 +/- 0.5 mm) (both p less than 0.001). Perfusion defect scores in dependent vascular territories improved early after angioplasty (from 116 +/- 166 to 31 +/- 51, p less than 0.002) with no further improvement on the late follow-up study. The mean perfusion-metabolism mismatch score decreased from 159 +/- 175 to 65 +/- 117 early after angioplasty (p less than 0.01) and to 26 +/- 29 at late follow-up (p less than 0.001 vs. before angioplasty; p = NS vs. early after angioplasty). However, absolute rates of glucose utilization remained elevated early after revascularization, normalizing only at late follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recall of prose as a function of the structural importance of the linguistic units.

Verbal passages were objectively divided into linguistic subunits partitioned according to acceptable pausal locations. The linguistic units were then objectively ordered according to their importance to the structure of the larger prose passage. In three separate experiments, various samples of learners attempted verbatim recall of a single prose passage immediately after reading it or after a retention interval ranging up to 63 days. The structural importance of the linguistic units was shown to be related to their recall.
Sexual behaviour and interest in using a sexual health mobile app to help improve and manage college students' sexual health

Many US college students are reported to engage in risky sexual behaviour. Smartphone applications are a popular way to provide users with information in real time. We explored the potential for mobile technology to be used in promoting the sexual health of college students. Using findings from an online survey among a random sample of 5000 college students (15% response), we examined sexual behaviours and interest in a sexual health application in January 2012. The majority of students were female (73%) and owned a smartphone (74%). Twenty-nine per cent currently used health-related applications on their phone and 67% reported interest in using a free application that could improve/manage their sexual health. Interest in use varied based on gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, having an unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, smartphone ownership and past application use. The top most useful features for women included a period tracker (46%), birth control reminder (43%...
Call for Papers for the 1981 Annual Meeting of The American Dairy Science Association

s of research accepted for publication by a scientific journal before the annual meeting are not acceptable. The Program Committee favors the general policy that a person present only one paper. If the total number of papers submitted by the membership is too great to include in the program, the Committee will assign some papers to be read by title only. Stimulating the highest quality of applied and fundamental research is the goal of the Committee. Mathematical and statistical units should be rechecked to avoid costly corrections in final printing. Careful experimental design and interpretat ion of results are necessary prerequisities. Compliance with the instructions for preparation of abstracts will simplify tasks of the Program Committee and of the Editors ' offices. Careful editing of abstracts before submission is essential. Mimeographed copies (200) of pert inent details and data are desirable for distribution at the time of presentation. Projected material, such as 2 x 2 slides, should include large lettering for easy reading. Names and addresses of the chairman to whom abstracts should be sent are given below. If acknowledgment of the receipt of the abstract is not received by March 15, the appropriate chairman should be contacted. Dairy Foods Division G. P. Marley Celanese Plastics & Specialties Co. 1768 S. Johnson Ferry Road Atlanta, GA 30319