cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Analysis of the Effects of Task Complexity on the Functional Role of Information

An important question in interactive information retrieval (IIR) is: How do task characteristics influence users' needs? In this paper, we investigate the effects of cognitive task complexity on the types of information considered useful for a task. We characterize information types from two perspectives. From one perspective, we classify task-related information items based on inherent characteristics (referred to as info-types): factual statements, concepts/definitions, opinionated statements, and insights---tips/advice related to the task domain. From a second perspective, we used Bystro m and J\"a rvelin's framework~\citebystrom1995 to define information types based on how the information might be used to complete the task (referred to as functional roles): (1) to help the task doer understand the task requirements (problem information); (2) to help the task doer strategize on how to approach the task (problem-solving information); and (3) to help the task doer learn about the task domain (domain information). Our results suggest that: (1) cognitive task complexity influences the functional roles of information items deemed useful for the task (RQ1); (2) certain info-types are more (or less) likely to play certain functional roles (RQ2); and task complexity influences the variety of functional roles played by info-types (RQ3).
A Practical Approach to Using Adjuvant Analgesics in Older Adults

The adjuvant analgesics are a large and diverse group of drugs that were developed for primary indications other than pain and are potentially useful analgesics for one or more painful conditions. The "adjuvant" designation reflects their early use as opioid co-analgesics for cancer pain. During the past 3 decades, their role in pain management has changed with the advent of many new entities, emerging data from numerous analgesic trials, and growing clinical experience. Many of these drugs are now used as primary analgesics for specific types of chronic pain. With proper patient selection and cautious administration, they can potentially contribute meaningfully to the management of chronic pain in older adults. A practical approach categorizes the many adjuvant analgesics by broad indications: multipurpose drugs and drugs that target neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, and cancer pain, respectively. This article reviews the status of the evidence supporting the analgesic potential of the adjuvant analgesics and discusses best practices in terms of drug selection and dosing. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:691-698, 2020.
The Impacts of Library Services on Interlibrary Loan Requests Canceled due to Local Availability

Interlibrary loan (ILL) services receive requests for resources that are available locally and form a major portion of canceled requests. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship be...
3D imaging for millimeter-wave forward-looking synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory (CCDC ARL) is investigating using 3-D millimeter-wave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology to provide navigation for aircraft through terrain and obstacles in a degraded visual environment (DVE). We have previously identified the key challenges and associated signal processing research problems that need to be addressed. In this paper, we focus on the first problem—the computationally prohibitive challenge associated with image formation. We present a fast version of back projection 3-D SAR image formation. The fast algorithm is implemented and benchmarked using both a CPU and GPU for real-time operation. We also suggest the operating parameters and demonstrate 3-D SAR image visualization of a large and realistic scene from near- to far-range using electromagnetic (EM) simulation data that illustrates the advantage and key features of 3-D SAR imagery.
Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Medication Advertisements and Use of Different Types of Media

The authors are not aware of any research for Internet social media direct-to-consumer prescription medication advertisements (DTCA) related to consumer behavior. The authors study (n=635) the association of traditional and digital media DTCA including Internet social media with the intentions to seek and behavior of obtaining additional information about a prescription medication after seeing a DTCA. This research found that advertisements seen on traditional/cable television were associated with decreased behavior. Advertisements seen on Internet television were associated with increased behavior. Seeking additional information of reading print content on the Internet was associated with increased behavior. No social media advertisements were associated with either intentions or behavior. Companies designing Internet and social media advertising platforms, pharmaceutical brand managers, and pharmaceutical marketers should consider these findings when tailoring their DTCA campaigns.
Real-time control of a remotely operated vessel

Research in aquatic environments such as estuaries, rivers, and coastal bays presents several challenges to the scientist. One of the pressing issues is how to efficiently and reliably gather data in shallow water areas. Obstacles that are encountered in such environments include difficulty in covering large territories and the presence of inaccessible areas due to a variety of reasons, such as soft bottoms or contamination. There is also a high probability of disturbing the test area while placing the sensors. This paper describes the development of a remotely operated boat and its control system that allows an autonomous operation.
James Whale: “A Britisher Who Thinks, Cinematically, Like an American”

This chapter discusses three Great War films directed by James Whale: Hell’s Angels (1930), Journey’s End (also 1930) and Waterloo Bridge (1931). Although Whale, who served in the conflict himself, is best known as an auteur of horror films, these three movies were key contributions to the portrayal of the war in the popular culture of the early 30s. Production histories and audience reaction in the United States and United Kingdom from the standpoint of Historical Reception Studies are included.
Human/computer interactive elucidation of reaction mechanisms: application to catalyzed hydrogenolysis of ethane

The computer program MECHEM is a tool for interactive elucidation of reaction mechanisms. Such programs confront severe combinatorial problems on complex multistep reactions, hence the practicality of these efforts is doubtful. We report the first evidence that MECHEM is successfully applicable to practical experimental problems, in this case, catalyzed hydrogenolysis of ethane.
Directionality eclipses agency: How both directional and social cues improve spatial perspective taking

Research on spatial perspective taking has suggested that including an agent in the display benefits performance. However, little research has examined the mechanisms underlying this benefit. Here, we examine how an agent benefits performance by examining its effects on three mental steps in a perspective-taking task: (1) imagining oneself at a location (station point) within in the array, (2) adopting a different perspective (heading), and (3) pointing to an object from that perspective. We also examine whether a non-agentive directional cue (an arrow) is sufficient to improve performance in an abstract map-like display. We compared a non-directional cue to two cues for position and orientation: a human figure (agentive, directional) and an arrow (non-agentive, directional). To examine the effects of cues on steps 2 and 3 of the perspective-taking process, magnitude of the initial perspective shift and pointing direction were varied across trials. Response time and error increased with the magnitude of the imagined perspective shift and pointing to the front was more accurate than pointing to the side, or back, but these effects were independent of directional cue. A directional cue alone was sufficient to improve performance relative to control, and agency did not provide additional benefit. The results overall indicate that most people adopt an embodied cognition strategy to perform this task and directional cues facilitate the first step of the perspective-taking process, imagining oneself at a location within in the array.
Lessons Learned from Minnesota Johne's disease Demonstration Herd Control Program

Six dairy cattle and three beef cattle herds in Minnesota have participated in a Johne's disease (JD) demonstration herd control program for the past six years. Objectives of this project were to 1) evaluate the longterm effectiveness and feasibility of management-related disease control on development of JD on dairy and beef cattle operations, 2) provide information and materials for education and training of public and private practice veterinarians and cattle producers and 3) develop and evaluate management, testing and monitoring strategies for use in control of JD in cattle herds.
In Silico Defined SARS-CoV2 Epitopes May Not Predict Immunogenicity to COVID19

SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. For the prevention and treatment of COVID19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, it has become increasingly apparent that T cell responses are equally, if not more important than humoral responses in mediating recovery and immune-protection. One of the major challenges in developing T cell-based therapies for infectious and malignant diseases has been the identification of immunogenic epitopes that can elicit a meaningful T cell response. Traditionally, this has been achieved using sophisticated in silico methods to predict putative epitopes deduced from binding affinities and consensus data. Our studies find that, in contrast to current dogma, 'immunodominant' SARS-CoV-2 peptides defined by such in silico methods often fail to elicit T cell responses recognizing naturally presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes.
Evolution of Model Checking into the EDA Industry

Today, the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) industry is making its second attempt to commercialize model checking tools for hardware verification. Its first attempt started about 6 years ago, in 1998. While this first attempt was only barely successful commercially, it resonated well enough with customers of the model checking tool vendors to motivate a second round of commercial offerings in 2004.
A General Approach to Incorporating Selectivity in a Model

• The impact on the conditional mean of the model of interest will not take the form of an inverse Mills ratio. That is specific to the linear model. (See Terza (1995) for a development in the context of the Poisson regression.) • The bivariate normality assumption needed to justify the inclusion of the inverse Mills ratio in the second model generally does not appear anywhere in the model. • The dependent variable, conditioned on the sample selection, is unlikely to have the distribution described by the model in the absence of selection. That would be needed to use this approach. Note that this even appears in the canonical linear case. The normally distributed disturbance in the absence of sample selection has a nonnormal distribution in the presence of selection. That is the salient feature of Heckman’s development.
The Golden Age of Software Architecture: A Comprehensive Survey

Abstract : This retrospective on nearly two decades of software architecture research examines the maturation of the software architecture research area by tracing the evolution of research questions and results through their maturation cycle. We show how early qualitative results set the stage for later precision, formality, and automation, how results have built up over time, and how the research results have moved into practice.
Studies on rabbit lymphocytes in vitro. XX. Demonstration of cells reactive to more than one mitogen by mixed sequential stimulation.

Abstract Rabbit peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures stimulated by ConA and then blocked by the addition of competing sugar or antiserum after 6–15 h of ConA prestimulation respond to restimulation by PHA or PWM to a much greater extent than to continuous stimulation or delayed stimulation with PHA or PWM. This effect of mixed lectin sequential stimulation indicates that many of the same PBLs will respond to more than one mitogen, but that some cells require preactivation by one mitogen in order to respond fully to another mitogen. Thus, the number of PBLs which respond to PHA or PWM alone is much less than the number which respond following pretreatment with ConA when the pretreatment effect of ConA alone is blocked. Rabbit PBLs do not respond to LPS and preactivation by ConA does not prepare rabbit PBLs to respond to LPS.
Activity of Plasmid Replicons in CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS : Rp4 and Cole1.

The RP4 replicon was detected as covalently-closed circular DNA in Caulobacter crescentus strains into which it had been transferred from Escherichia coli. RP4-mediated transfer of ColE1-associated markers into C. crescentus occurred, but only as the result of transposon-mediated events. Both transposition of a ColE1-associated marker onto RP4 and cointegration of ColE1 with RP4 were observed. Chimeric plasmids containing both a ColE1 and an RP4 origin of replication were stably maintained in C. crescentus , but similar plasmids lacking the RP4 origin of replication were not stably maintained in C. crescentus. Thus we show that the ColE1 replicon cannot be maintained in C. crescentus unless it is covalently linked to another replicon, such as RK2, that can be maintained.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: alterations in systemic and coronary hemodynamics.

This paper reviews the effects on myocardial contractility, left ventricular afterload and left ventricular distensibility induced by the following phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Enoximone, piroximone, RO 13-6438, amrinone and milrinone. For all these compounds, direct positive inotropic effects have been shown in experimental studies. For amrinone and milrinone, a direct stimulating effect on myocardial contractility has been demonstrated by an increase in dP/dtmax when intracoronary applications of the compounds were performed. A direct stimulating effect on the myocardium was also demonstrated for enoximone and piroximone by analyzing the systolic pressure versus end-systolic volume ratio.
Fatty Acid Synthase and Cancer: New Application of an Old Pathway

Fatty acid synthase (FAS), the sole mammalian enzyme capable of de novo fatty acid synthesis, is highly expressed in most human carcinomas. FAS is associated with poor prognosis in breast and prostate cancer, is elaborated into the blood of cancer patients, and its inhibition is selectively cytotoxic to human cancer cells. Thus, FAS and fatty acid metabolism in cancer has become a focus for the potential diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Effect of dietary GABA and protein on growth, food intake and GABA metabolism in the rat

Abstract GABA, when present as 4.5% of a 6% casein diet, decreased food intake and almost completely suppressed growth in young rats. Growth and food intake increased as dietary protein content increased; growth of rats receiving a 60% casein diet+GABA was 86% of that in the absence of GABA. Plasma, liver and kidney concentrations of GABA became lower as dietary protein content increased; brain GABA levels were unaltered by dietary GABA. GABA transaminase (GABA-T; E.C. 2.6.1.19) activity per mg tissue protein increased 2–3 fold in liver as dietary protein content increased but activity in brain and kidney did not change. Total hepatic enzyme activity in rats fed 80% casein was about 7 fold greater than in rats fed a protein-free diet. Rats fed 20% or 60% casein converted in 6 hrs about twice as much 14C-GABA to 14CO2 as did rats fed 6% casein. Urinary excretion of 14C-GABA was not altered by changes in dietary protein content. Relationships between the suppression of food intake and growth by dietary GABA and its neurotransmitter functions are not clear.
Type Z Organization: Stability in the Midst of Mobility

Aspects of the “ideal types” of American (Type A) and Japanese (Type I) forms of organization are compared and related to their socio-cultural roots. A hybrid organizational “ideal type” (Type Z), which is particularly appropriate for many situations in today's changing American society, is presented.
Consumption of blueberry polyphenols reduces exercise-induced oxidative stress compared to vitamin C

Abstract This study examined whether blueberries or vitamin C consumed for 7 days in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design would attenuate oxidative stress and cytokine changes versus placebo. Nine subjects ran at 70% VO 2max in a hyperthermic environment (35°C, 70% relative humidity [RH]) until a core temperature of 39.5°C was reached, and for an equivalent time and intensity in the two remaining treatments. Blood samples were drawn before exercise and immediately, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after exercise. Plasma samples were analyzed for F 2 -isoprostanes, lipid hydroperoxides, vitamin C, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, urate, interleukin-1ra, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10. The pattern of change between treatments was significant for lipid hydroperoxides but not for any other marker. Significant correlations were found between F 2 -isoprostanes, lipid hydroperoxides, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, and urate. This study indicates that blueberry supplementation may be beneficial for athletes exercising in hot environments.
Deposition of silicon oxide, nitride and oxynitride thin films by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

We discuss a novel approach to plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of silicon oxides, nitrides and oxynitrides in which: (a) only one of the reactant gases (O 2 , n 2 or NH 3 , generally diluted with He) is plasma excited and then mixed with the second gas phase reactant (in this instance, silane); and (b) the film is deposited outside of the plasma region. We have succeeded in minimizing bonded hydrogen incorporation in the silicon based dielectrics by preventing the generation of gas phase molecules and radicals, SiH 3 and SiH 2 , that can be produced via plasma excitation of silane.
Is knee radiography useful for studying the efficacy of a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug in humans?

Recent research on the radiographic imaging of knee OA has helped clarify the features of imaging protocols that contribute to accurate representation of disease severity--specifically, the thickness of articular cartilage--and to sensitive detection of disease progression. The absence of standards for reproducible positioning of the knee in the conventional standing AP view obscures the true rate and variability of JSN in knee OA. Moreover, the standing AP view is susceptible to systematic bias insofar as longitudinal changes in knee pain might lead to over- or underestimation of radiographic JSW depending on the direction of change in pain. More recent protocols for standardized knee radiography have been designed to achieve reproducible alignment of the medical tibial plateau and x-ray beam. As a group these protocols permit measurement of tibiofemoral JSW with remarkable precision--the sine qua non of sensitivity to change--however, only limited longitudinal data is available to permit a direct evaluation of the suitability of these protocols for use in clinical DMOAD trials. Longitudinal studies published to date suggest that fluoroscopic positioning methods are superior to nonfluoroscopic methods with respect to reproducing the position of the knee in serial examinations performed several years apart. Fluoroscopic methods also appear to be superior with respect to achieving parallel alignment of the medial tibial plateau and x-ray beam in serial radiographs, a positioning marker strongly associated with sensitive detection of JSN in knee OA. It is important to note that while the various standardization protocols described in this article perform with great success in short-term demonstrations of the reproducibility of positioning and radiographic JSW, differences clearly exist between protocols in the quality of performance over intervals relevant to clinical DMOAD trials. Over intervals of 2 to 3 years, changes in patient characteristics (e.g., severity of knee pain, body weight, load bearing, varus--valgus deformity) and uncontrollable events related to radiography (e.g., technologist turnover, equipment upgrades) have ample opportunity to affect the technical quality of a radiological knee examination. It is difficult, therefore, to conclude whether or not an apparent difference with respect to sensitivity to OA progression between specific radiographic protocols, implemented in separate locations with different cohorts, reflects a robust difference in technical quality or uncontrollable patient variables and events. The most informative recent studies have provided the results of head-to-head longitudinal comparisons of alternative standardization protocols or conventional examination methods performed concurrently in the same subjects [20,22]. Additional comparative studies of this nature are needed, however, to fully characterize the strengths and weaknesses of currently available alternatives in a way that will permit generalizable conclusions regarding the best radiographic methods for multicenter DMOAD trials.
New concepts in immunodeficiency diseases

The study of primary immunodeficiencies has, in the past, contributed greatly to knowledge of the intact immune system. More recently this process has been reversed, resulting in an explosion of new information on the nature of primary immune defects. In this summary of the Jeffrey Modell Symposium, Sudhir Gupta gives a syndrome-by-syndrome account of the latest developments.
Parent-Child Agreement of Anxiety Symptoms in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Abstract Best practice for assessment of anxiety symptoms in children suggests that child self-report is an important element to consider. Yet, it is not known if it is a reliable assessment method for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The present study examines the extent to which verbally fluent children with ASD and their parents agree on the child's symptoms of anxiety. Sixty-three children with ASD and their parents independently completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Intraclass correlations indicated moderate-to-strong agreement on several domains. Associations among child factors (e.g., verbal IQ, metacognitive ability) and parent–child agreement were explored. More advanced verbal ability was associated with better agreement on Separation, School Avoidance, and Total Anxiety; higher metacognitive skills were associated with better agreement on Social Anxiety. Implications for the use of child self-report are discussed.
A Tris(μ-hydroxy)tricopper(II) Complex as a Model of the Native Intermediate in Laccase and Its Relationship to a Binuclear Analogue

The reaction of a copper(I) complex with a sterically demanding secondary diamine ligand and O2 yields a tris(μ-hydroxy)tricopper(II) complex. This complex is a structural model of the proposed nat...
The synthesis of ceramide galacturonate

Ceramide galacturonate was synthesized from ceramide galactoside by the sequential treatment with galactose oxidase and hypoiodite oxidation. The sole water soluble hydrolysis product was galacturonic acid.
The Rocks : life in early Sydney

The Rocks is Sydney's earliest surviving neighbourhood. Grace Karskens builds up a vivid picture of the lives of its earliest white inhabitants. A wealth of historical documents, pictures, maps and archaeological evidence allows her to recover the words and gestures, tastes and habits, aspirations and fears, of the dealers, publicans, labourers, artisans, watermen, washerwomen, servants and prostitutes who lived there. What sort of town did these people make? What did it look like? How did they treat their neighbours? And what of other human relationsandmdash;how did men and women behave sexually? What did they think was 'moral' behaviour? What were their marriages like? How did they bring up their children? Grace Karskens shows it was a place very different from the usual images of a brutal 'gaol colony': it was, rather, a preindustrial town, a face-to-face society, marked more by movement and opportunity, dialogue and negotiation than by coercion, discipline and punishment.
Problems in the sampling and analysis of carbon particulate

Abstract Several thermal and wet chemical methods of separating organic from elemental carbon in particulate samples were examined. It is concluded that none of them represents an ideal separation procedure and that only a method-dependent operational definition of organic and elemental carbon is possible at this time. The best separation method appears to be a thermal procedure using 350°C air oxidation followed by pyrolysis in He at 950°C. There are also difficulties in sampling since dual filter techniques show that adsorption of organic compounds on various filter media accounted for at least 15 per cent of the total organic carbon collected during ambient sampling in Warren, MI. This adsorption further confuses the results and needs to be studied at other sampling sites.
The detection of melanocyte autoantibodies in the Smyth chicken model for vitiligo

Smyth line (SL) chickens are phenotypically characterized by a posthatch depigmentation (vitiligo) of the feathers. The destruction of melanocytes in the feather follicle as well as in other tissues such as the choroid is genetically determined. Previous studies have shown that bursectomy or treatment with immunosuppressive agents decreases the incidence and severity of SL depigmentation (1). These observations implicate a role for the immune system, specifically the humoral component, in melanocyte destruction. In this study we show that there are circulating melanocyte-specific autoantibodies in the sera of depigmented SL chicks which are not present in sera from Light Brown Leghorn (LBL) control chicks. By immunoblots and by immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled melanocyte proteins, SL autoantibodies were shown to bind to multiple melanocyte proteins between 65 and 80 kDa. These proteins are not detected in SL fibroblasts. By immunoblotting, the incidence of autoantibodies for these 65- to 80-kDa proteins was determined to be 95% in depigmented SL chicks (n = 20), 0% in normally pigmented SL chicks (n = 8), and 5% in LBL chicks (n = 20). Melanocyte autoantibodies are detectable in the sera of affected chicks at or several weeks prior to the expression of depigmentation. This information, plus previously published data, implicate melanocyte autoantibodies in the depigmentary phenomenon of vitiligo observed in Smyth line chickens.
DATA HANDLING WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL VLBI SERVICE

The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) is a globally operating service that coordinates and performs Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) activities through its constituent components. The VLBI activities are associated with the creation, provision, dissemination, and archiving of relevant VLBI data and products. The data and products are stored in dedicated IVS components called ‘Data Centers.’ The three Primary Data Centers provide identical data holdings. We give a brief overview of the organizational structure of the IVS and describe the general data flow among the various IVS components from preparing observational plans to creating the final products.
Right factorization of a class of time-varying nonlinear systems

A class of nonlinear continuous-time time-varying plants with a state-space description which has a uniformly completely controllable linear part is considered. For this class, a right factorization is obtained. For the case in which the state is available for feedback, a normalized right-coprime factorization is realized. >
PREVENTION OF EARLY NEONATAL HYPOCALCEMIA WITH 25 HYPOCALCEMIA WITH 25 HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL (25OHD3)

This study utilizes oral 250HD3 in an attempt to prevent early neonatal hypocalcemia in newborn rats and humans. Pregnant rats were fed a normal diet or one deficient only in vitamin D. Pups were divided into those litters treated with 250HD3 orally, 0.5μg/d, for the first five days of life, and those given sodium chloride as controls. Neonatal rat sera were obtained on the sixth day of life with samples from a single litter pooled for analysis. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M.: The significant decrease in serum levels of ionized calcium, magnesium and 250HD in the offspring of vitamin D deficient rats was corrected by treatment. Preliminary experience in human premature neonates treated for the first five days of life with oral 250HD3, 2μg/kg/d, revealed comparable data. Serum levels of ionized calcium increased over this period and urinary calcium: creatinine ratios remained low (< 0.1). These data indicate:1-oral 250HD3 is well absorbed; 2-oral 250HD3 in this dose does not cause hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria; and 3-most significantly, oral 250HD3 may prevent early hypocalcemia.
Effect of increased HoxB4 on human megakaryocytic development

In order to produce clinically useful quantities of platelets ex vivo we may need to firstly enhance early self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and/or megakaryocyte (Mk) progenitors. The homeodomain transcription factor HoxB4 has been shown to be an important regulator of stem cell renewal and hematopoiesis; however, its effect on megakaryopoiesis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of HoxB4 overexpression or RNA silencing on megakaryocytic development in the human TF1 progenitor cell line; we then used recombinant tPTD-HoxB4 fusion protein to study the effect of exogenous HoxB4 on megakaryocytic development of human CD34 positively-selected cord blood cells. We found that ectopic HoxB4 in TF1 cells increased the antigen expression of CD61and CD41a, increased the gene expression of thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR), Scl-1, Cyclin D1, Fog-1 and Fli-1 while it decreased c-Myb expression. HoxB4 RNA silencing in TF1 cells decreased the expression of CD61 and CD41a and decreased Fli-1 expression while it increased the expression of c-Myb. Recombinant tPTD-HoxB4 fusion protein increased the percentages and absolute numbers of CD41a and CD61 positive cells during megakaryocytic differentiation of CD34 positively-selected cord blood cells and increased the numbers of colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte (CFU-Mk). Adding tPTD-HoxB4 fusion protein increased the gene expression of TpoR, Cyclin D1, Fog-1 and Fli-1 while it inhibited c-Myb expression. Our data suggest that increased HoxB4 enhanced early megakaryocytic development in human TF1 cells and CD34 positively-selected cord blood cells primarily by upregulating TpoR and Fli-1 expression and downregulating c-Myb expression. Increasing HoxB4 expression or adding recombinant HoxB4 protein might be a way to expand Mks for the production of platelets for use in transfusion medicine.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus projections to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus of the rat

Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) projections to the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei were examined in the rat. Stereotaxic injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin-β subunit (CTb) were made in 12 different thalamic sites. These included individual midline thalamic nuclei (anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT), intermediodorsal, paratenial, rhomboid, or reuniens nuclei) and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (lateral parafascicular, central lateral, or central medial nuclei) as well as the mediodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei. After 10–14 days survival, the brains from these animals were processed histochemically and the distribution of retrogradely-labeled neurons was mapped throughout the rostralcaudal extent of the SCN. Within this collective group of midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the only region innervated by the SCN was the PVT. Approximately 80% of this projection arose from the dorsomedial SCN, and the remaining projection originated from the ventrolateral SCN which targeted mainly the anterior division of the PVT. Virtually no SCN neurons were labeled after CTb injections centered in any of the other midline thalamic nuclei, which includes the intermediodorsal, mediodorsal, paratenial, rhomboid, or reuniens thalamic nuclei. Similarly, no evidence for a SCN projection to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei was found. The discussion focuses on the role of SCN→PVT pathway in modulating cerebral cortical functions.
Physical limitations to efficient high-speed spin-torque switching in magnetic tunnel junctions

We have investigated the physical limitations to efficient high-speed spin-torque switching by means of write error rates both experimentally as well as through macrospin simulations. The spin-torque-induced write operations were performed on in-plane MgO magnetic tunnel junctions. The write error rates were determined from up to ${10}^{6}$ switching events as a function of pulse amplitude and duration (5 to 100 ns) for devices with different thermal stability factors. Both experiments and simulations show qualitatively similar results. In particular, the write error rates as a function of pulse voltage amplitude increase at higher rates for pulse durations below $\ensuremath{\approx}$50 ns. Simulations show that the write error rates can be reduced only to some extent by the use of materials with perpendicular anisotropy and reduced damping, whereas noncollinear orientation of the spin current polarization and the magnetic easy axis increases the write error rates. The cause for the write error rates is related to the underlying physics of spin-torque switching and the occurrence of the stagnation point on the magnetization switching trajectory where the spin-torque disappears and the device loses the energy needed to switch. The stagnation point can be accessed either during the initial magnetization distribution or by thermal diffusion during the switching process.
dialogic dreams: creative selves coming into life in the flow of time

This article discusses male Xavante youths' experience of subjectivity through exploration of dream-songs using, following Singer, a Peircian model of the semiotic self. Dreamed songs are shown to straddle the territory between the domains of individual subjectivity and publicly circulating discursive practice, mediating between the creativity and experience of individual selves and the experience of collectivity. Preinitiates construct images of the dream-song “type” through performance with seniors, then share dreamed compositions with a cohort to merge individual experience with collective experience in performance. Performance links participants to seniors, past performers, and, ultimately, to the ancestors. [dreams, song/dance, semiotics, expressive performance, Brazilian Indians]
Why Are Women Such Reluctant Economists? Evidence from Liberal Arts Colleges

Female undergraduates are less likely to take an introductory economics class, to continue in economics after completing the first introductory course, and to major in economics than are male undergraduates. Although these gender differences are well documented, the reasons why females are such reluctant economists are less well understood. Some have suggested that the mainstream economics curriculum excludes topics and methodology of interest to women, while others have focused on a classroom environment that is unfriendly to women. Other suspected reasons for the gender gap in economics classes are poorer math preparation of female students, poorer relative performance in economics classes, and less overall interest in the topic due to different career aspirations. Finally, the pedagogy and types of evaluative instruments traditionally used in economics classes may favor male learning styles, contributing to the large percentage of disinterested women.1 Using a large multi-school sample, we investigate how students' characteristics and attitudes interact with the instructor's pedagogy and certain departmental and college-level characteristics to influence students' decisions to continue in economics beyond the first semester. We find that, while attitudes formed prior to taking introductory economics affect students' decisions, experiences in the class also matter: those who receive higher grades in economics relative to their other classes, who are confident in their ability to understand economics, and who believe economics considers the ideas and issues in which they are interested are more likely to continue to study economics. To gain more insight into these relatively straightforward conclusions, we utilize our rich data set to examine which student and instructor characteristics influence the students' relative grades, their confidence, and their perception of relevance. Although we find many factors that an introductory economics teacher cannot influence directly (e.g., high-school math preparation or GPA), we are able to make some specific recommendations about factors that introductory teachers can affect.
Problems Associated with Estimation of Net Calcium Uptake During Enamel Formation Using 45Ca

45Ca uptake in mineralizing tissues may occur by net Ca uptake or by isotopic exchange. It is rarely possible to differentiate between these effects, making interpretation of the findings difficult. Unfortunately, this problem is not often considered, and 45Ca uptake is usually regarded as representative of only net calcium uptake. The study reported here was undertaken to estimate the extent to which 45Ca uptake in mineralizing enamel is due to net Ca deposition or to isotopic exchange, and to consider the implications.The enamel surfaces of the lower incisors of adult rats were notched at the gingival line, and the eruption distance over 16 hours was measured. This distance was used to establish the position of a 0.3-mm-wide increment of enamel at the beginning and end of the 16-hour period, during which it passed through the early-maturation stage of enamel formation. The rate of Ca uptake was determined by chemical assay. Other rats were injected with 45Ca, mean plasma specific activity values for the...
Outcome and management of pathological stage I endometrial carcinoma patients with involvement of the lower uterine segment.

Abstract Objective. The objective was to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of pathologic stage I endometrial carcinoma patients with lower uterine segment (LUS) involvement. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the characteristics and outcomes of pathologic stage I endometrial carcinoma patients treated with primary surgery at our institution between 1988 and 1998. The significance of LUS involvement was examined with univariate and multivariate analyses. Median patient follow-up was 37.3 months. Results. Of the 98 cases reviewed, 41 (42%) had LUS involvement. No differences were seen in the clinicopathologic features, extent of surgical staging, or adjuvant therapies between patients with and without LUS involvement. Univariate analysis revealed that grade, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), myometrial invasion (MI), and histology were correlated with recurrence. While the 5-year actuarial disease-free survival was worse in women with LUS involvement (80.3 vs 94.0%) compared to those without, this difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.14). Moreover, after controlling for pathologic features in a multivariate model, LUS involvement was not correlated with patient outcome ( P = 0.98; hazard rate 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.24, 4.0). LUS was also not correlated with pelvic recurrence. Of 25 low-risk patients (superficial MI and grade 1–2 disease) with LUS involvement, none recurred in the pelvis following surgery alone. In contrast, pelvic recurrence was common (5/12 or 41.6%) in high-risk patients (deep MI and/or grade 3 tumors) following surgery alone regardless of LUS involvement. Conclusion. LUS involvement is common in pathologic stage I endometrial carcinoma but is not correlated with a worse outcome. Moreover, in the absence of adverse pathologic features, LUS involvement is not associated with an increased risk of pelvic recurrence and should not be used as an indication for adjuvant radiation therapy.
Solution NMR Structure of Putidaredoxin–Cytochrome P450cam Complex via a Combined Residual Dipolar Coupling–Spin Labeling Approach Suggests a Role for Trp106 of Putidaredoxin in Complex Formation

Abstract The 58-kDa complex formed between the [2Fe–2S] ferredoxin, putidaredoxin (Pdx), and cytochrome P450cam (CYP101) from the bacterium Pseudomonas putida has been investigated by high-resolution solution NMR spectroscopy. Pdx serves as both the physiological reductant and effector for CYP101 in the enzymatic reaction involving conversion of substrate camphor to 5-exo-hydroxycamphor. In order to obtain an experimental structure for the oxidized Pdx–CYP101 complex, a combined approach using orientational data on the two proteins derived from residual dipolar couplings and distance restraints from site-specific spin labeling of Pdx has been applied. Spectral changes for residues in and near the paramagnetic metal cluster region of Pdx in complex with CYP101 have also been mapped for the first time using 15N and 13C NMR spectroscopy, leading to direct identification of the residues strongly affected by CYP101 binding. The new NMR structure of the Pdx–CYP101 complex agrees well with results from previous mutagenesis and biophysical studies involving residues at the binding interface such as formation of a salt bridge between Asp38 of Pdx and Arg112 of CYP101, while at the same time identifying key features different from those of earlier modeling studies. Analysis of the binding interface of the complex reveals that the side chain of Trp106, the C-terminal residue of Pdx and critical for binding to CYP101, is located across from the heme-binding loop of CYP101 and forms non-polar contacts with several residues in the vicinity of the heme group on CYP101, pointing to a potentially important role in complex formation.
Polymer blends containing poly(vinylidene fluoride). Part II: Poly(vinyl esters)

Blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVF2, with poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc; with poly(vinyl propionate), PVPr; and with poly(vinyl butyrate), PVBu, were prepared by solution blending. Solutions containing PVF2 with either PVPr or PVBu exhibited phase separation, and it was concluded that neither of these polymers are miscible with PVF2. Phase separation did not occur with solutions containing PVF2 and PVAc. Dried samples of this blend system were subjected to differential thermal analysis, dynamical mechanical testing, and visual observations of their melts. From these results, it was concluded that PVF2 and PVAc are miscible. The detailed results and the structural implications of these observations are discussed.
The two faces of nation‐building: developing function and identity

Nation‐building is an age‐old process being implemented in new ways. It consists of two separate aspects: state‐building implemented by external actors and identity‐building implemented by grassroots actors within the state itself. However, a functioning state is a necessary precondition for identity‐building because it allows for the development of a civic identity that can incorporate group identities and create a shared sense of community. When a unifying and legitimate state structure is absent, group identifications will remain strong and counteract internal efforts at nation‐building. Unfortunately, the record of nation‐building when understood as both state‐ and identity‐building is relatively poor. The failure of international efforts to create stable states inhibits development of a civic identity and reinforces fragmentation. That in turn brings the longevity of the state into question by raising the possibility that dissatisfied groups will again turn to violence. Learning how to develop both a...
PHASE SHIFT ANALYSIS OF THE ELASTIC SCATTERING OF PROTONS FROM OXYGEN

Abstract The elastic scattering of protons by O16 has been investigated in the range of bombarding energies from 3.5 MeV to 5.75 MeV; twelve excitation functions and four angular distributions have been measured. A phase shift analysis of the cross section data shows the existence of a broad (Γ lab = 0.220 MeV ) 3 2 − state at 4.60 MeV in F17 and a very broad (Γ lab = 1.0 MeV ) 3 5 + state at 4.97 MeV in F17. In addition the analysis indicates the possible existence of states with assignments 3 2 − , 7 2 − and 3 2 + at F17 excitations of 5.47, 5.67, and 5.84 MeV, respectively. The 3 2 − and 3 2 + states at 4.60 MeV and 4.97 MeV are shown to have a fairly large probability of being found in the two-body configuration p+O16.
Predicting Memory Training Response Patterns: Results From ACTIVE

Previous research suggests that there is a great deal of variability among older adults' response to memory training. Using latent class analysis, we examined data from the memory training arm of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Trial (ACTIVE), a large randomized controlled cognitive training trial, to determine if there were distinct patterns of responsiveness to training. Additionally, we examined whether baseline demographic and cognitive factors were predictive of these response patterns. The results indicate that among memory-trained participants, there are 3 distinct response patterns, suggesting that participants gravitate toward specific mnemonic techniques. Furthermore, baseline memory and speed of processing abilities, age, and education are predictive of these distinct response patterns. Taken together, the findings suggest that we can characterize and predict older adults' response to memory training.
Achieving Uniform Clamp Load in Gasketed Bolted Joints Using a Nonlinear Finite Element Model

A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model is developed for achieving a uniform clamp load in gasketed bolted joints. The model is used for both multiple and single pass tightening patterns. Geometric nonlinearity of the gasket is taken into account and plastic model parameters are experimentally determined. The effect of the tightening pattern, gasket loading and unloading history, and the preload level is investigated. The validity of the FEA methodology is experimentally verified. This study helps improve the reliability of gasketed bolted joints by minimizing the bolt-to-bolt clamp load variation caused by elastic interaction among the various bolts in the joint during initial joint-bolt-up.
The Urban Politics of Workfare: New York City's Welfare Reforms and the Dimensions of Welfare Policy Making

This article casts New York City's large, public-sector workfare program of the mid-1990s against political-economic, institutionalist, and culturalist explanations of welfare reform dynamics. It argues that the form and changes in welfare reform programs must increasingly be understood as intersecting with urban political dynamics. Synthesizing existing literatures on welfare and urban policy, the article urges explanations based on the intersection of urban labor-market and fiscal management, institutional rules, and analyses of multiscalar policy networks and urban regimes that (1) generate ideas about what constitutes policy success; (2) organize coalitions and disorganize potential opposition; and (3) import and export policy reform ideas to and from the local scale to larger scales of governance.