cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging therapies in metastatic castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Purpose of review Therapeutic options for men with metastatic prostate cancer are expanding. Here we discuss the scientific progress in this disease that led to approval of several agents in the last decade and highlight ongoing clinical investigation. Recent findings In androgen-sensitive disease, trials are evaluating the role of intermittent androgen-deprivation therapy, early chemotherapy, and novel targeted and hormonal therapies. For chemotherapy-naive, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), abiraterone is effective. Trials with additional agents targeting androgen receptor (AR) signaling, such as TAK-700 and enzalutamide, are ongoing. Other agents in development target the endothelin pathway, angiogenesis, AR chaperones, and immune mechanisms. Docetaxel with prednisone remains the standard first-line chemotherapeutic regimen as trials incorporating novel agents with docetaxel have been negative. Postdocetaxel, enzalutamide improves survival. Early results with cabozantinib are encouraging, and phase III studies are ongoing. Denosumab and radium-223 reduce the risk of skeletal-related events (SREs), but only radium-223 improves survival. Summary Progress in understanding the disease biology and mechanisms of castration resistance led to significant therapeutic advancements, particularly in the setting of mCRPC in which several phase III trials, each incorporating agents with different mechanisms of action, have improved survival. As a result, new options exist, and the standard of care has changed significantly. Further advances are anticipated.
Control of cell multiplication in uninfected chicken cells and chicken cells converted by avian sarcoma viruses.

The increased multiplication of converted chicken cells in the presence of limited amounts of serum results from more efficient utilization of multiplication-stimulating activity rather than increased binding or uptake of this activity.
Calculated inversion barriers and proton affinities for P(CH3)3 and P(C6H5)3

Abstract The inversion barriers and proton affinities for trimethyl- and triphenyl-phosphine have been calculated using large basis set single-determinant ab initio calculations. The estimated inversion barrier for trimethylphosphine was calculated to be 47.5 kcal/mol, while the corresponding barrier in triphenylphosphine is estimated at 35.1 kcal/mol. The proton affinities for trimethylphosphine and triphenylphosphine were found to be 240.2 and 250.6 kcal/mol, respectively.
The fate of glucose, a low molecular weight compound of root exudates, in the belowground foodweb of forests and pastures

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that much of belowground, heterotrophic activity in terrestrial ecosystems is fueled by inputs of low molecular weight carbon compounds (LMWCCs). Root exudation (rhizodeposition) is a primary source of these inputs and will likely increase with rising atmospheric CO2. Yet the fates of these compounds belowground, as well as the environmental factors that influence them, are relatively unexplored. Using stable isotopes we track the fate of one dominant LMWCC, glucose, in three pasture and three forest sites located in South Carolina, USA. We resolve glucose-derived C in CO2, dissolved and soil organic C (DOC, SOC), microbial biomass, and microarthropods (Collembola, oribatid and mesostigmatid mites). After 72 h, the greatest proportions of glucose-C are in microbial biomass and SOC, followed by CO2, DOC, and microarthropods. Within this short time frame, glucose-C propagates through the foodweb to the highest trophic level, predatory mesostigmatid mites. The biomass of these predators is the only variable that explains the relative partitioning across sites of glucose-C, with higher biomass associated with reduced partitioning of glucose-C to respiration and hence greater retention belowground. Our results suggest that LMWCCs entering belowground systems may propagate through soil foodwebs rapidly, and that their partitioning belowground may potentially be determined by higher trophic levels.
The Pennsylvania Bridge Management System

A Bridge Management Work Group, as researchers for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, developed the engineering concepts and requirements and assisted the system contractor in the development of a total bridge management system (BMS). A contractor working for PennDOT provided system design, development, testing, implementation and training on the use of BMS software.
Segmentation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 24° N and 30°40' N

THE Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) extends for over 12,000 km from Iceland to the Bouvet Triple Junction in the south Atlantic. Most of our knowledge of the geology of this slow-spreading centre comes either from widely spaced low-resolution echo-sounding lines or from detailed studies of small areas using deep-towed instruments or submarines. High-resolution multibeam bathy-metry1,2 has been insufficient to define the variability of accretionary processes along this plate boundary. Here we present the results of a recent investigation of a ∼800-km-long section of the MAR carried out using the multibeam echo-sounder SeaBeam3. Analysis of these data reveals the scale and nature of the segmentation of the MAR between the Kane Fracture Zone (24° N) and latitude 30°40' N.
Hybrid glass and sol-gel integrated optical waveguides for absorption-based biosensing

A novel integrated optical planar waveguide platform for absorption-based biosensing is demonstrated. The platform integrates surface ion-exchanged channel waveguides with one-step UV patterned sol-gel structures to define the probing regions. Cytochrome c protein was utilized to characterize the device performance. Spectroscopically specific attenuation of approximately 2 dB in the guided signal occurred at 532nm for 1.4 cm long probing region. The estimated level of detection is about 1 pmol/cm 2 of surface adsorbed cytochrome c. The proposed structure enables environmentally stable, compact, and inexpensive sensing devices that can be applied to a wide range of biological and chemical species.
Relations among maternal, child, and demographic factors and the persistence of preschool language impairment.

This research used the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care database of 1,364 children to identify children at 3 years of age who could generally be ch...
Dynamic routing under recurrent and non-recurrent congestion using real-time ITS information

In just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing environments, on-time delivery is a key performance measure for dispatching and routing of freight vehicles. Growing travel time delays and variability, attributable to increasing congestion in transportation networks, are greatly impacting the efficiency of JIT logistics operations. Recurrent and non-recurrent congestion are the two primary reasons for delivery delay and variability. Over 50% of all travel time delays are attributable to non-recurrent congestion sources such as incidents. Despite its importance, state-of-the-art dynamic routing algorithms assume away the effect of these incidents on travel time. In this study, we propose a stochastic dynamic programming formulation for dynamic routing of vehicles in non-stationary stochastic networks subject to both recurrent and non-recurrent congestion. We also propose alternative models to estimate incident induced delays that can be integrated with dynamic routing algorithms. Proposed dynamic routing models exploit real-time traffic information regarding speeds and incidents from Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) sources to improve delivery performance. Results are very promising when the algorithms are tested in a simulated network of South-East Michigan freeways using historical data from the MITS Center and Traffic.com.
Mid-Tertiary Tectonic Transition in the Aleutian Arc

The present lack of volcanic activity in the Western Aleutian Arc correlates with the lack of underthrusting at the western Aleutian trench predictable by plate tectonic theory. A simple plate model allows one to predict that another plate (Kula plate) and a spreading ridge (Kula ridge) lay south of the arc in early Tertiary time and that the Aleutian trench consumed the ridge in the middle Tertiary. Early Tertiary volcanism in the Western Aleutians may be related to underthrusting by the Kula plate. A mid-Tertiary orogeny in the Central Aleutians and a late Tertiary orogeny in Alaska may be related to the subduction of the Kula ridge.
The Democratic, Anti-Racist Genome? Technoscience at the Limits of Liberalism

The opening decade of this millennium witnessed genome scientists, policy makers, critical race theorists and world leaders standing together to pronounce the anti-racist democratic potential of human genomics. Understanding and assessing this rise of ‘anti-racist, democratic genomics’ requires distinguishing between two problems of power and science: the first characterized by what Michel Foucault labeled states of domination; the second by what he described as relations of power. When states of domination exist, as in the case of Nazi science, liberal efforts to extend new powers of participation and autonomy to research subjects may play important roles in redressing power imbalances between researchers and their subjects. However, when distinctions between scientist and research subject blur, as in the case of much human genomics, efforts to extend liberal rights to subjects of genomic studies—or genomic liberalism—may produce novel problems, including: (1) human genome scientists' loss of capacity to...
The solubility of quartz in water in the temperature interval from 25° to 300° C

Abstract The solubility of quartz in water was investigated by three sets of experiments 1. (1) at 1000 atm PH2O and temperatures ranging from 45° to 300°C 2. (2) at water pressures appropriate for the coexistence of three phases, gaseous water, liquid, and quartz, at temperatures ranging from 69° to 240°C 3. (3) a long term study of the dissolution of quartz grains which were continuously tumbled in water at room temperature. Saturated silica solutions in equilibrium with quartz were obtained in a few days at temperatures above 100°C. Equilibrium is shown by reproducible results for runs of different durations and by the precipitation of quartz from initially supersaturated solutions. The differential heat of solution derived from the data obtained at 1000 atm pressure is 5.38 kcal/mole. At room temperature and pressure, highly supersaturated silica solutions were obtained by continuously rotating quartz grains and water in plastic bottles at 75 rev/min. In one run the amount of silica in solution increased to a maximum value of 395 p.p.m. after 370 days. Another run reached 80 p.p.m. silica after 386 days and then dropped to 6 p.p.m. silica. It is concluded that quartz was precipitated at room temperature from this supersaturated solution and that 6 p.p.m. is essentially the true solubility of quartz at 25°C. In contrast to the runs rotated at 75 rev/min, quartz grains, and also silica glass grains, continuously rotated in water at 1 2 rev/min, each contributed less than 1 p.p.m. colorimetric silica into solution after 1 year. Thus, vigorous agitation of the liquid is necessary to remove dissolved silica from the vicinity of surfaces of both quartz and glass. Two significant factors that may have contributed to the formation of supersaturated silica solutions in the runs rotated at 75 rev/min at room temperature are 1. (1) stresses and structural irregularities at the surfaces of the crushed quartz grains, which contributed silica into solution more readily than well crystallized quartz 2. (2) the very slow rate at which dissolved silica polymerizes to species appropriate to act as nuclei for quartz growth. At the termination of the runs rotated at 75 rev/min, spikelike projections were present on many of the quartz grains. These are interpreted as indicating that abrasion was not the dominant cause for the great supersaturations which were obtained.
Completeness and incompleteness of trace-based network proof systems

Most trace-based proof systems for networks of processes are known to be incomplete. Extensions to achieve completeness are generally complicated and cumbersome. In this paper, a simple trace logic is defined and two examples are presented to show its inherent incompleteness. Surprisingly, both examples consist of only one process, indicating that network composition is not a cause of incompleteness. Axioms necessary and sufficient for the relative completeness of a trace logic are then presented.
Sensitivity of Grain Mite Eggs to Gamma Radiation as Influenced by Does Rate and Treatment Age

Tests were made to determine the influence of radiation dose rate and age at treatment on some effects of gamma radiation on the eggs of Acarus siro L. Eggs of 5 ages were irradiated with 3 krad of gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 source at dose rates of 6, 18, and 43 rad/sec. Variations in egg mortality and hatching time resulted from treating eggs at different ages. Eggs irradiated at 3 days were the most sensitive, having the longest mean hatch time and the greatest mortality. The influence of dose rate was not significant. However, a consistently lower egg hatch resulted after the 43 rad/see treatments than after the other treatments.
A threat analysis of RFID passports

It’s a beautiful day when your plane touches down at the airport. After a long vacation, you feel rejuvenated, refreshed, and relaxed. When you get home, everything is how you left it. Everything, ...
A case for intergenerational distributed co-design: the online kidsteam example

As more children's technologies are designed to be used with a global audience, new tools need to be created to include more children's voices in the design process. However, working with those children who are geographically distributed as design partners is difficult because existing technologies either do not support distributed design, or are not child-friendly. Industries that produce items for children to consume have begun using traditionally academic co-design techniques in order to design new products and experiences for children. As these groups need to reach out to more diverse and global populations, they will begin using technologies that support distributed co-design. As child-computer interaction researchers, we have a duty to understand this concept and identify recommendations for others to use that incorporate the ideals of our field. In order to do this, this paper describes the design process of an online environment to support geographically distributed, intergenerational co-design. Within this environment, children can work together despite differences of time zones, geographic location, or availability. The online environment was deployed for eight weeks during the summer and was modified each week throughout that time to better support the participants. Based on the experiences of participants within the environment, we make suggestions for new technologies including user management tools, creative expression tools, and ad hoc team membership that encourage more voices in the design process.
Is Being There Enough? The Effects of Homestay Placements on Language Gain During Study Abroad

ABSTRACT The Second Language Acquisition community has long held the homestay environment as the sine qua non of language study abroad (Davidson 1995; Brecht, Frank, Rivers, 1998a). Implicit in this view of the homestay environment is that a continuous immersion environment provides far greater authentic Target Language input than dormitory placements with non-native speakers of the Target Language. In turn, this increased quality and quantity of input should lead to greater language gains during study abroad than those achieved by students in dormitory placements. An evaluation of these hypotheses is now possible: the 1976–1996 American Council of Teachers of Russian Student Records Data Base, which contains proficiency and background data on over 2500 study-abroad participants, in both dormitory and homestay placements. Standard statistical techniques were used to compare gains made in Speaking, Listening, and Reading by dormitory and homestay participants. The following results obtain: homestay participants were slightly less likely to gain in speaking proficiency (mean rankdorm-stay= 547; mean rankhomesty= 431; χ=27.26 p<0005), were likely to gain less in Listening (mean rankdom-stay= 969; mean rankhomestay= 1132; χ=21.585; p<0005) and more likely to gain in Reading (mean rankdormstay= 969; mean rankhomestay= 1128; χ=20.713; p< 0005) than dormitory participants. These results stand counter to the intuition that greater auditory Target Language input would result in greater gains in Listening and possibly Speaking. Recent ethnographic research aimed at a description of the homestay environment (Frank 1996) and at learner behavior during study abroad (Brecht and Robinson 1995; Pellegrino 1997) provides an initial explanation for the “Homestay Effect.” Student preparation has a particularly strong influence on learning behaviors: experienced language learners may be more adept at managing the ceaseless flow of Target Language input than inexperienced learners. The results of the current investigation, along with recent work in Self-Directed Language Learning and Immersion, suggest that students in homestay environments may benefit from training in the management of linguistic input.
Spin Label Spin Label Distance Measurements of Aligned Membrane Proteins

Both Manganin-2 and M2δ transmembrane segment of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR M2δ) are 23-amino acid peptides with strikingly different structural topologies. Manganin-2 is an antimicrobial peptide lying on the surface, whereas AchR M2δ forms a membrane-spanning neurotransmitter gated ion-channel. To determine the structural topology of these peptides, the spin label 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl piperidine-1 oxyl-4-amino-4 carboxylic acid (TOAC) was attached at different sites in these peptides via solid phase peptide synthesis. Since the TOAC spin label is rigidly coupled to the peptide backbone, it accurately reports on position, orientation, and dynamics of the peptide backbone. Amino acids Ser-8 and Lys-14 in Manganin-2 and Ile-7 and Gln-13 in AchR M2δ were singly and doubly replaced with the TOAC spin label. These peptides were cleaved, purified by reverse phase HPLC and then inserted into aligned DMPC lipid bilayers to study the spin label-spin label dipolar interaction by continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) spectroscopy. In aligned bilayers at higher temperatures, the anisotropic EPR spectra of the singly labeled peptides reveal unique lineshapes based upon the orientation of the peptides with respect to the membrane and the magnetic field. The EPR spectra of doubly labeled peptides in aligned bilayers contain unique information about the distance and orientation of the two labels. Thus, by using aligned CW-EPR spectroscopic techniques we can predict the structural topology of membrane proteins and measure the distance and orientation between two spin labels.
Moral accounts and membership categorization in primary care medical interviews.

Although the link between health and morality has been well established, few studies have examined how issues of morality emerge and are addressed in primary care medical encounters. This paper addresses the need to examine morality as it is (re)constructed in everyday health care interactions. A Membership Categorisation Analysis of 96 medical interviews reveals how patients orient to particular membership categories and distance themselves from others as a means of accounting (Buttny 1993; Scott and Lyman 1968) for morally questionable health behaviours. More specifically, this paper examines how patients use membership categorisations in order to achieve specific social identity(ies) (Schubert et al. 2009) through two primary strategies: defensive detailing and prioritizing alternative membership categories. Thus, this analysis tracks the emergence of cultural and moral knowledge about social life as it takes place in primary care medical encounters.
2,2′,4,4′,5,5′- and 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl Alteration of Uterine Progesterone and Estrogen Receptors Coincides with Embryotoxicity in Mink (Mustela vison)

Abstract Female mink ( Mustela vison ) are highly sensitive to organochlorine (OC)-induced reproductive impairment. However, mechanisms of this reproductive toxicity are unknown. We have investigated the possible role of steroid receptors in embryotoxicity and reduced neonate weights. Anestrous, juvenile female mink and pregnant adult mink were exposed to 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (3HCB), a coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), or 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (2HCB), a noncoplanar PCB congener. Both congeners impaired 17 beta-estradiol-stimulated (24 hr after ip administration of 100 μg E 2 β ip) up-regulation of uterine nuclear estrogen receptors (ERn) in anestrous mink. Embryotoxicity and reduced embryo growth were first observed 14 days after exposure to 0.4 mg 3HCB/kg > 0.8 mg 3HCB/kg > 20 mg 2HCB/kg. In pregnant mink, all 3HCB treatments significantly increased progesterone receptor dissociation constants (PR K d ). ER concentration and PR total receptor number ( R t ) were increased by 20 mg 2HCB/kg > 0.8 mg 3HCB/kg, but were unaffected by 0.4 mg 3HCB/kg. Serum E 2 β was below assay detection limits. Progesterone (P) concentrations were increased by 2HCB, decreased by 0.8 mg 3HCB/kg, and unchanged by 0,4 mg 3HCB/kg. Hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) was induced 1.8-fold in anestrous and 2.2-foId in pregnant mink by 3HCB. Ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase (EROD) was induced 13- and 4-fold in anestrous and pregnant mink, respectively. 2HCB exposure resulted in decreased P450 concentration in anestrous juveniles, but had no effect on P450 during gestation or EROD activity at any time. We propose that embryotoxicity and retarded embryo growth result from impairment of PR function and that differences in the efficacy of HCB treatments are a result of their dose-dependent, partial estrogenic actions which increase PR R t via up-regulation of ER.
The Effect of Storage on the Retention of Certain Members of the Vitamin B Complex

Summary Twenty-nine samples of plant products including hays and grains were assayed for thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid. These samples were stored in the dark at 20–25° C. for one year, ground and unground, with no apparent loss of the vitamins mentioned above.
Linking behavior in a virtual world environment

Linking between separate virtual world environments differs significantly from flat web linking, both in terms of technical challenges and user experience. Considering these differences, and the need for individual users to actually create links between locations, it is not clear to what extent the technical linking capability will lead to a truly interconnected world wide web of 3D environments. In order to study linking behavior in a current 3D environment, we examined explicit landmark links as well as implicit avatar pick links in Second Life to determine if linking patterns in a large virtual world corresponded to linking behavior in the flat web. To collect landmark and favorites data, we designed a multi-agent virtual world crawler system to collect publicly available landmarks and avatar picks. To compare the link graph structure of the virtual world link graph to the flat web link graph, we replicate the analysis performed on several flat web link graphs and compare the results. We also explore the correlation between location ranking based on link-based algorithms to internally tracked traffic rankings, which has only recently been done with flat web data sets. We find that although the virtual world link graph is more sparse than the flat web, the underlying structure is quite similar. That users have generated this link graph despite the relative difficulty of creating and following links in the Second Life environment indicates that linking is valued by users, and making linking easier would likely result in a richer user experience.
Association of prostate size with urinary morbidity following mixed conformal neutron and photon irradiation

Abstract Purpose: This study was designed to characterize the relationship between the observed rate of postradiation genitourinary (GU) complications and the prostate gland size. Methods and Materials: Two hundred seventy-three patients received conformal neutron and photon irradiation to the prostate seminal vesicles. Data on post-treatment urinary morbidity were collected and examined in relationship to a number of clinical and technical factors. Results: With a median follow-up of 30 months (range 7–61), the 4-year rate of Grade 2 or higher GU complications was 21%. On univariate analysis, the risk of complications was significantly associated with prostate size and neutron beam arrangement. On multivariate analysis, only the prostate size was significantly associated with the risk of GU morbidity. Patients with a preradiation prostate volume more than 74 cc had a two and a half fold increase in the risk of complications compared to patients with smaller glands. Conclusion: Patients with an enlarged prostate have a significantly higher risk of chronic GU complications. Although these data were obtained for patients receiving combined neutron and photon irradiation, it is likely that these data would also be applicable for those patients receiving photon irradiation as well. These observations may add an additional rationale for the study of preirradiation hormonal treatment.
US Navy battery requirements and development efforts

Under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) is the focal point for exploratory battery development within the United States Navy. During the 1993 survey, we identified four Navy systems requiring battery developments, namely sonobuoys, mines, underwater vehicles and torpedoes. Power supply inadequacies were found to be the result of two important factors, a shift in Navy focus from deep ocean waters to the more complex, littoral (coastal) environments, and an increased emphasis on the cost effectiveness of a system in an era of reduced military budgets. The survey revealed the following issues. (1) Future sonobuoys will require significantly greater power than the presently used lithium/sulfur dioxide batteries can provide. (2) There is concern in the mine community over the future availability of specific batteries. (3) In the case of underwater vehicles (including torpedo targets), there is a desire for a more cost-effective power source having a greater energy density than the presently used silver oxide/zinc cells. (4) Enhanced energy density was requested by the torpedo community to provide increased operational time. As expected, safety and environmental issues were of concern to participants responding to the survey. This paper will discuss the recommendations of the power needs survey and summarize efforts underway to implement them. >
Does Size Matter

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to ...
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for adrenal metastases: a retrospective review of a noninvasive therapeutic strategy.

Aims: The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of adrenal metastases has traditionally been a palliative one, achieving excellent pain control with very limited toxicity. Recent studies have focused on the potential role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with curative intent in limited metastatic disease, its potential to reduce tumor burden and to prevent symptomatic progression. This study reports the single-institution outcomes of SBRT utilizing both single fraction and hypofractionated regimens in the treatment of adrenal metastases. Methods: A total of seven patients with nine adrenal metastases treated with SBRT at the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute were retrospectively studied. The primary malignancies consisted of non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 4), small-cell lung cancer (n = 1) and hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 2). Results: Five lesions were treated in a single fraction to a median prescription dose of 16 Gy (range: 10–22 Gy) to the 80% isodose line. The remaining fo...
Vibrissal stimulation affects glucose utilization in the trigeminal/somatosensory system of normal rats and rats prenatally exposed to ethanol.

The effect of gestational ethanol exposure on stimulus-induced sensory activity in the trigeminal/somatosensory System was determined. The mature offspring of mothers fed an ethanol-containing diet (Et) or pair-fed a nutritionally matched control diet (Ct) were examined. The C-row mystacial whiskers were stimulated. Glucose utilization in the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (PSN), ventrobasal thalamus, and somatosensory cortex was determined with [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. In Ct- and Et-treated rats, whisker stimulation increased glucose utilization in C-row barrel(oid)s in the left PSN, the right ventrobasal thalamus, and the right somatosensory cortex. The rate of glucose utilization in the C-row barrel(oid)s and in nonstimulated regions was lower in the Et-treated rats than in controls. In the cortices of Ct-treated rats, the activity in the C-row barrels on the right side was greater than in the right nonbarrel somatosensory cortex. Et-treated rats also exhibited an increase in glucose utilization, albeit smaller than that in the Ct-treated rats. In contrast, the glucose utilization in the left B- and C-row barrels of Ct-treated rats was decreased. No such decrease was evident in the left cortices of Et-treated rats. Thus, stroking whiskers stimulates the activity of sites in the trigeminal/somatosensory system. In cortex, the definition of these sites is emphasized by depressed activity, i.e., “surround” inhibition, in sites connected via callosal or corticocortical projections. Prenatal exposure to ethanol depresses the metabolic activity regardless of the physiological state; however, the “surround” inhibition of cortical activity is eliminated by prenatal exposure to ethanol through an exuberant projection. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cardiac allograft arteriopathy: An ischemic burden of a different sort

As heart transplant recipients live longer, an accelerated and distinct form of coronary artery disease develops that adversely affects survival. Indeed, cardiac allograft arteriopathy may be detected in as many as 90% of heart transplant recipients after 5 years. The precise incidence is not easily determined because the disease can be difficult to recognize when noninvasive tests are used; even angiography has substantive limitations. The distinct characteristics of this type of coronary artery disease result in a different form of chronic ischemic syndrome. The angiographic hallmark of allograft arteriopathy is an extensive, diffuse, obliterative process that primarily involves distal, small, subendocardial arteries. Endothelial injury seems to trigger the disease process. The arteriopathy is likely immunologically mediated and promoted or exacerbated by traditional atherosclerotic disease risk factors. Viral infection may be involved as well. To gain a better understanding of allograft arteriopathy, it is worthwhile to review its incidence, pathophysiology, prognosis, prevention, and treatment.
Venous congestive myelopathy: a mimic of neoplasia

Venous congestive myelopathy is a progressive disorder frequently associated with arteriovenous fistulas, usually dural. By causing diffuse spinal cord enlargement and enhancement on imaging, it may simulate a neoplasm and prompt a biopsy. We evaluated the biopsy findings in seven such patients (M=5, F=2, mean age 59+/-11 years) who presented variably with progressive lower extremity weakness (86%), bowel and bladder dysfunction (86%), sensory changes (86%) or pain (29%). Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed spinal cord enlargement with T2-hyperintensity (86%) and contrast enhancement (57%) at the cervical (14%), thoracolumbar (57%), and/or conus medullaris (57%) level. Prebiopsy spinal angiogram, performed in two patients, was negative. Spinal cord biopsy showed architecturally distorted parenchyma with gliosis and thick hyalinized vessels (100%), variable myelin loss (71%), mild glial atypia (57%), hemosiderin deposition (71%), Rosenthal fibers (43%), vascular thrombosis (29%), and necrosis (29%), features highly suggestive of venous congestive myelopathy. Postbiopsy spinal angiograms were performed in five patients. A dural arteriovenous fistula was identified by selective angiography in three patients, including the two with a negative preoperative angiogram. Additional postbiopsy angiographic studies in two patients were negative, and two patients were followed up without angiography. Mean follow-up after biopsy was 13.6 months. Histologic changes characteristic of venous congestive myelopathy may be seen in spinal cord biopsies with or without an associated fistula. Recognition of this entity by surgical pathologists is important, leading to the correct identification of a non-neoplastic lesion as well as of a surgically treatable disease.
Optimal filtering for patterned displays

Displays with repeating patterns of colored subpixels gain spatial resolution by setting individual subpixels rather than by setting entire pixels. This paper describes optimal filtering that produces subpixel values from a high-resolution input image. The optimal filtering is based on an error metric inspired by psychophysical experiments. Minimizing the error metric yields a linear system of equations, which can be expressed as a set of filters. These filters provide the same quality of font display as standard anti-aliasing at a point size 25% smaller. This optimization forms the filter design framework for Microsoft's ClearType.
Quantitative microstructural deficits in chronic phase of stroke with small volume infarcts: A diffusion tensor 3-D tractographic analysis.

Abstract Background Non-infarct zone white matter wallerian degeneration is well-documented in large volume territorial infarctions. However to what extent these abnormalities exist in small volume infarction is not known, particularly since routine T2/FLAIR MR images show minimal changes in such cases. We therefore utilized DTI based quantitative 3D tractography for quantitative assessment of white matter integrity in chronic phase of small volume anterior circulation infarcts. Methods Eleven chronic stroke subjects with small anterior circulation large vessel infarcts (≤ 10 cm 3 volume of primary infarct) were compared with 8 age matched controls. These infarcts had negligible to mild gliosis and encephalomalacia in the primary infarct territory without obvious wallerian degeneration on conventional MRI. Quantitative Diffusion Tensor 3-D tractography was performed for CST, genu and splenium of corpus callosum. Tract based Trace and fractional anisotropy (FA) were compared with age matched controls. Results On univariate analysis, Chronic stroke subjects had significant elevation in Trace measurement in genu of corpus callosum (GCC), ipsilesional and contralesional CST, (p Conclusions Stroke subjects with small volume infarcts demonstrate significant quantitative microstructural white matter abnormalities in chronic phase, which are otherwise subthreshold for detection on routine imaging. Ability to quantify these changes provides an important marker for assessing non-infarct zone neuroaxonal integrity in the chronic phase even in the setting of small infarction.
Increased Autism Incidence: Is there a Single Cause?

The Quantitative Threshold Exposure (QTE) hypothesis proposes that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is triggered by the cumulative effects of high-level exposure to endogenous and environmental factors that act as antigens to impair normal immune system (IS) and associated central nervous system (CNS) functions during critical prenatal and early childhood developmental stages. The hypothesis predicts that the greater the number of risk factors and the quantitative amounts of each to which a child is exposed prenatally and in early postnatal life, the greater the likelihood the child will develop some form of ASD as a result of their effects on critically integrated IS and CNS pathways active during prenatal, neo-natal and early childhood brain maturation. These risk factors have been identified in extensive epidemiological studies to include genetic predisposition, maternal fetal exposure to infectious disease, inflammatory and autoimmune phenomena, as well as exposure to antigenic and proinflammatory environmental factors. The incidence rates of several potential risk factors for ASD correlates with observed increases in ASD incidence over the past several decades, including increased incidence of pediatric infectious disease, increased obesity/ diabetes type-2 in parents of child-bearing age and Increased use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during childbearing years. This model may be useful even when the individual contributions of specific risk factors cannot be quantified, as it proposes that the combined quantitative level of exposure to risk factors for ASD rather than exposure to any one risk factor per se defines threshold occurrence rates. The model has important predictive value, as it suggests that, rather than attempting to identify a specific causative agent linked to ASD, the combined risk factor profile should be evaluated in population studies in order to specify more accurately the limits of pre- threshold exposure.
Symptomatic Infratentorial Thrombosed Developmental Venous Anomaly: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are variations of normal transmedullary veins draining white and gray matter. In the vast majority of cases, DVAs are diagnosed incidentally and should be considered as benign entities. In extremely rare circumstances, DVAs may become symptomatic due to mechanical or flow-related etiologies. Thrombosis of the collector vein of a DVA is a rare type of a flow-related complication with only 29 cases reported in the literature, the majority of which are supratentorial. Infratentorial thrombosed DVAs are thus extremely rare and the few cases reported have typically caused symptoms due to venous ischemic infarctions. Summary: We report a case of an infratentorial DVA with a thrombosed drainage vein in a patient with nonhemorrhagic, noninfarcted venous congestive edema, which was successfully treated with high-dose glucocorticoids and short-term anticoagulation. We review the pertinent venous anatomy of the posterior fossa as well as the literature of symptomatic infratentorial thrombosed DVAs. Key Message: The presented case of an infratentorial thrombosed DVA with cerebellar and pontine venous congestive edema is extremely rare. A working knowledge of posterior fossa venous anatomy and possible pathomechanisms responsible for the rarely symptomatic lesion will aid in the timely and efficacious treatment of such lesions.
The I.Ae.S. Annual Meeting: Summaries of Some of the Papers Read to the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences

IN the same week, American technicians enjoyed the dual privilege of visiting the first Aviation Show to be held in New York City since 1929 or 1930, and of attending the Annual Meeting of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciencies.
EVALUATIVE VOTING BEHAVIOR: AN EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION

JOHN ANDERSON'S third-party candidacy for the presidency in 1980 has re-kindled interest in the behavior of the American voter when faced with more than two candidates. When more than two candidates are present, voters are forced from their normal pattern of straight preference voting to a more complex decision-making process. This process employs both the voters' preference ranking of the candidates and the voters' perception of each candidate's chance of winning. Furthermore, in multi-candidate races voters must contend not only with who they would like to see elected, but also with who they would not like to see elected. With three or more candidates present the voter cannot simply vote for his most preferred candidate particularly if this action in any way increases the likelihood of his least preferred candidate being elected.
The Vibroacoustics Analysis Package

The Vibroacoustics Analysis Package (VAP) has been developed to make available both textual information and computational tools on the subject of Vibroacoustics and the launch environment interaction with spacecraft. The VAP has been in development for the last four years at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) as part of it's knowledge capture mentor program. The VAP has been developed by GSFC's Engineering Directorate senior engineer Frank On and the student staff of the EnviroNET Project. The VAP consists of computer prediction models for Payload Fill Effect, Acoustic Vent Effect, Percentile Value, Random Vibration Extrapolation, Empirical Pyroshock Response and Vibroacoustic Specification Development. These models provide baseline and payload-unique vibroacoustic environmental information to support the design and test verification of spacecraft hardwares. The VAP also contains a two chapter textual database of information on Vibration & Acoustics and Mechanical Shocks. The VAP will continue to grow as new computational tools and textual information are added. The VAP is presently available via the WWW address: http://envnet.gsfc.nasa.govA/ibroacoustics.html
Danger of Occupational Exposure to Cooking Oil Fumes

Cooking oil fumes was the major pollutants in kitchen. This paper introduced briefly the formation of cooking oil fumes, form composition, the major components, health hazard and the impact of biomarkers. The purpose is to remind people to pay more attention to the hazards of cooking oil fumes and provide necessary preventive measures.
Study on the characteristics of fore-body separate flow at high angle of attack under plasma control

A new method of active flow control at high angle of attack is under developing.A pair of plasma actuators of horseshoe-shaped paced near the nose of the slender body is proposed for dynamic manipulation of forebody aerodynamic loads at high angles of attack.Surface pressure measurement was employed in wind tunnel test,and the pressure distribution on the model shows that asymmetric side force over the cone-cylinder model could be manipulated by activating the plasma actuators.A preliminary study was conducted to assess the control law of the side forces on the slender body at high angles of attack by adjustment of the excitation voltages of plasma actuators.
History of the development and use of biological weapons.

This article comments on the history of human use of biological agents in combat, and discusses the origin and development of the official US biological warfare program. It is based on the life experience of Dr. Robert Boyle. Addressed are the initial efforts for defense against germ warfare; development of offensive capabilities; how, why, and which biological agents were selected for use in the initial US offensive program; the munitions program; and the types of facilities required.
Maize Productivity for the 21st Century: the African Challenge:

Maize is a major food crop in southern and eastern Africa. It is widely grown by smallholders, and forms an important part of the transformation of smallholder agricultural systems that has taken p...
Supply risk sharing in a closed-loop supply chain

Abstract In closed-loop supply chains, the acquisition process of used products or materials often faces high volatility and results in both the uncertain quantity and quality of the recycled products. Such supply uncertainties happen in the reverse supply chain flows while the forward supply chain still faces market demand uncertainty. Managing these uncertainties while coordinating the reverse and forward supply chain flows is one of the many challenges faced by CLSC managers. Among different supply chain management approaches, supply chain contract design has been proven as an effective method for improving supply chain performance. Based on the supply chain contract design theories and focusing on the acquisition process in closed-loop supply chains, this paper analyzes different supply risk sharing contracts including under-supply risk sharing contract, over-supply risk sharing contract, complete supply risk sharing contract, and no risk sharing contract. With game-theoretical models, equilibrium between the recycling price decision (controlling the reverse flow) and the remanufacturing quantity decision (controlling the forward flow) are derived and analyzed. Further, numerical examples are used to demonstrate the managerial results. Based on both the theoretic results and the numerical example illustration, it is shown that different supply risk sharing contracts may result in both the recycling price decision and the remanufacturing production quantity decision to deviate from those decisions under centralized collection structure. Further, this paper investigates the impact of supply or demand risk reduction on the CLSC's financial and environmental performances. It is observed that supply risk reduction approaches may result in the alignment between the CLSC's financial and environmental goals while the demand risk reduction approaches cannot achieve such alignment.
Vegetation analogs and differences in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: a global comparison

Biogeographic comparisons help to identify similarities, differences, larger contexts, and useful hypotheses. Between the (extra-tropical) Northern and Southern Hemispheres taxonomy differs almost completely, but other useful bases for vegetation comparison include phenophysiognomy, form composition and vegetation architecture, subphysiognomic morphology, environmental limits of plant types, taxonomic richness, and some aspects of function. All major biome types occur in both hemispheres except the boreal forests and analogous montane coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Some vegetation and plant types appear clearly unique, including Eucalyptus, campo cerrado, and flat-cushions such as Azorella, all of these in the Southern Hemisphere. Different but parallel adaptations to different but analogous conditions include the tall submediterranean forests, temperate rainforests, and continental versus maritime temperate deserts. Climatic limits appear similar in the two hemispheres, but mechanisms for some differences remain unresolved. Per unit land area, the Southern Hemisphere has higher annual net primary productivity than the Northern. Dissimilar analogs continue to suggest hypotheses and research questions.
The Progressive Dialectic of Star Trek

The progressive dialectic was initially identified by Karl Marx and later acted upon by Leon Trotsky. The progressive dialectic is artistically represented in the United Federation of Planets—the fictional interstellar political entity in Star Trek that humans lead. The failure to speculate about the absolute and pursue the progressive dialectic is to precipitate disaster for humanity. Star Trek, in artistically conveying the progressive dialectic, makes the specific argument that if humanity/civilization is to survive/thrive, then capitalist values have to be abandoned and neoliberalism has to be replaced.