cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T10-L3 Cystic Lesion of the Ventriculus Terminalis Presenting as Conus Medullaris Syndrome

Background Intramedullary spinal cord cysts are benign, rare, fluid-filled lesions that can present anywhere along the craniospinal axis. However, when present at the level of the ventriculus terminalis, conus medullaris syndrome may occur. Radical resection of the cyst wall and evacuation of the cyst content are the 2 surgical procedures of choice. Case Description We present the case of a 54-year-old woman with a long-lasting history of left lower-extremity weakness and recent onset of bladder dysfunction. On further assessment, magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic and lumbar spine showed a T10-L3 intramedullary cystic lesion. Surgical fenestration of the cyst was rendered, but no biopsy was taken due to the highly functional tissue along the full extension of lesion. Conclusions Cystic lesions of the ventriculus terminalis are rare entities with a common presentation of severe, progressive neurologic impairment. Our case matches the classic presentation of conus medullaris syndrome. We describe and demonstrate through an operative video novel surgical techniques used to achieve successful fenestration of the cyst wall with remarkable neurologic symptom improvement. Moreover, the present case does not correlate with the classic radiographic characteristics available in current literature, such as involvement of 5 spinal segments.
Chapter 7 – Dysthymia

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of dysthymia. Dysthymia is a major, non-bipolar, non-psychotic mood disorder, generally viewed as less severe than major depressive disorder (MDD). It is described in the current nosologic system as a form of chronic depression, with symptom free periods permitted for no longer than two months during the minimum duration specified. Developmental distinctions should be noted for assessment of mood disturbance. Whereas adults with MDD are expected to be depressed all or most of the day, and those with dysthymia are described by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as depressed most of the day, more days than not, younger children may rarely meet such stringent time requirements, even when taking into account the mood equivalence of irritability. Dysthymia is more likely to be untreated and is sometimes viewed as characteristic of the individual suffering from it, rather than as an atypical or pathologic presentation. However, dysthymia, may be quite impairing, is a risk factor for subsequent MDD and is often comorbid with it. Taken together, the cumulative data on dysthymia in children and adolescents suggest a clinically significant psychopathologic state, capable of interfering with the mastery of educational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal maturational milestones expected during this phase of growth.
Inflammatory licensing alters MSC metabolism of exogenous fatty acids and preserves immunomodulatory potency in lipid-rich environments

Background & Aim MSC immunomodulation has been central to the expanded use of MSCs within clinical trials. Inflammatory cytokine licensing of an anti-inflammatory MSC phenotype has emerged as a promising driver of enhanced MSC immunosuppressive capacity, however, the mechanism(s) that facilitate this enhancement, as well as critical modifiers of this licensing process are only beginning to emerge. Recent research has demonstrated that metabolic adaptations displayed by MSCs in response to inflammatory licensing are critical to the enhanced immunomodulatory profile of MSCs after licensing. In our previous work, we found that naive, non-licensed MSCs became pro-inflammatory within lipid-rich environments. However, inflammatory licensing allowed MSCs to remain immunosuppressive and non-inflammatory within these same environments. In our current study, we hypothesize that alterations in the underlying metabolic programs elicited by inflammatory licensing are critical to the preservation of MSC immunomodulatory potency within lipid-rich environments. Methods, Results & Conclusion To test our central hypothesis, we performed a metabolomic screen using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to identify metabolic programs through relative abundance analyses within four MSC groups: naive MSCs, naive MSCs exposed to the fatty acid palmitate, licensed MSCs, and licensed MSCs exposed to palmitate. Palmitate alone was used as a representative fatty acid because it is the fatty acid in highest abundance within human serum and elevated serum levels are associated with the development of metabolic pathologies including type 2 diabetes. Six umbilical cord MSC donors were used and a total of 80 metabolites covering several critical nodes of central metabolism were assayed. Each treatment condition elicited a unique metabolic profile, with at least 5 or more metabolites showing significant differences in between-group comparisons. Interestingly, in response to palmitate exposure, naive MSCs show less adaptation than their paired licensed counterparts, suggesting that licensing may enhance metabolic adaptability (A). Additionally, metabolites within the distal aspect of the TCA cycle [Aspartate (B), Malate (C), Fumarate (D), and Succinate (E)] showed differential regulation between naive and licensed groups, indicating that this may be a critical pathway elicited by licensing that aids in the preservation of MSC immunomodulation within lipid-rich environments.
Affective Pragmatics Extended: From Natural to Overt Expressions of Emotions

I first distinguish between five ways to express emotions: through involuntary muskoskeletal displays, through involuntary autonomic displays, through intentional bodily displays, through instrumental actions and through displaced actions. I then summarize my Theory of Affective Pragmatics (TAP), introduced in Scarantino (Psychol Inq 28(2–3):165–185, 2017a), and explain how it applies to these five domains of emotional expressions. The take-home message of my chapter is that emotional expressions, whether they are involuntarily expressed by means of bodily movements or intentionally expressed through speech acts, are a means of manifesting what’s inside, representing what the world is like, directing other people’s behavior, and committing to future courses of action. Since these are the main illocutionary acts made possible by language, TAP draws a key analogy between what can be said about the world and what can be shown about the world.
Preclinical Efficacy of a Novel Omacetaxine-Based Therapy for AML Expressing Somatic or Germline Mutant RUNX1

RUNX1 is the DNA-binding subunit of the core-binding factor complex and a master-regulator transcription factor (TF), which is involved in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Somatic mutations in RUNX1 commonly occur in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), as well as in secondary (s) or de novo AML (~10%). The germline, intragenic mutations and deletions in RUNX1 cause the highly penetrant (~40%), autosomal dominant, Familial Platelet Disorder (RUNX1-FPD) by the median age of 33 years with a propensity to evolve into myeloid malignancy (FPD-MM), i.e., MDS or AML. Majority of mutant (mt) RUNX1 are missense, large deletions or truncation-mutations, behaving mostly as loss of function (LOF) mutations. Lack of specific targeted therapy, coupled with resistance to standard chemotherapy, may account for poorer outcome observed in AML or FPD-MM expressing somatic or germline mutant (mt) RUNX1, respectively. We previously reported that knockdown (KD) of RUNX1 (wild type and mtRUNX1) is significantly more lethal toward AML blasts progenitor cells (BPCs) expressing mt versus wild type (wt) RUNX1 or normal hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), indicating greater dependency on the residual wtRUNX1. Based on higher occupancy of the BET protein BRD4 at the RUNX1 super-enhancer/enhancer (SE/E) and other SE-driven AML-relevant oncogenes, the BET inhibitor OTX015 evicted BRD4 from the chromatin and repressed RUNX1 and SE-driven oncogenes, mediating efficacy against AML BPCs expressing mtRUNX1. Utilizing the RNA-Seq signature of RUNX1-depleted (by shRNA) AML cells and conducting LINCS (Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures) 1000-CMap (Connectivity Mapping) analysis, we discovered several expression mimickers (EMs), including the top-ranking protein-translation inhibitor homoharringtonine (HHT), or its semi-synthetic analogue omacetaxine mepesuccinate (OM). We tested the pre-clinical efficacy of HHT or OM against AML cell lines (OCI-AML5 and Mono-Mac-1) and patient-derived primary AML BPCs expressing somatic mtRUNX1 or wtRUNX1. Treatment with HHT or OM (5 to 100 nM) induced significantly more lethality in OCI-AML5 and Mono-Mac-1, as well as primary AML BPCs expressing mutant versus wtRUNX1, or in normal bone marrow progenitor cells (p Disclosures DiNardo: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Syros: Honoraria; Jazz: Honoraria; Agios: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; ImmuneOnc: Honoraria; MedImmune: Honoraria; Calithera: Research Funding; Notable Labs: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy.
Machine Learning Based Stress Monitoring in Older Adults Using Wearable Sensors and Cortisol as Stress Biomarker

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of a wearable physiological stress monitoring system in distinguishing between stressed and non-stressed state in older adults using machine learning techniques. This system utilizes EDA and BVP signal to detect occurrence of stress as indicated by salivary cortisol measurement which is a reliable objective measure of physiological stress. Data of 19 healthy older adults (11 female and 8 male) with mean age 73.15 ± 5.79 were used for this study. EDA and BVP signals were recorded using a finger tip sensor during the Trier Social Stress Test, which is a well known experimental protocol to reliably induce stress in humans in a social setting. 39 statistical measures of the peak characteristic of EDA and BVP signal were extracted. A supervised feature selection algorithm is used to select important features as an input to the machine learning model. Four machine learning algorithms were evaluated based on their performance in classifying between stressed and non-stressed states. Results indicate that the logistic regression performed the best among Random Forest, κ-NN, and Support Vector Machine achieving an macro-average and micro-average f1-score of 0.87 and 0.95 respectively and an AUC score of 0.81. We also evaluated the effectiveness of a novel deep learning Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based classifier in distinguishing between stressed and non-stressed state. Results on test data shows that LSTM based classifier achieved an improvement of 6.7% and 2% in terms of macro-average f1-score and micro-average f1-score respectively. Also the AUC score for LSTM classifier is found to be 0.9 which is about 11% higher than the best performing logistic regression model. This work can be used to design a convenient unobtrusive wearable device to monitor stress levels in older adults in their home environment, thereby facilitating aging in place and improving the quality of life.
Sweetpotato Root Development Influences Susceptibility to Black Rot Caused by the Fungal Pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata.

Black rot of sweetpotato, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, is an important reemerging disease threatening sweetpotato production in the United States. This study assessed disease susceptibility of...
What are the factors associated with neighborhood park visits and health in Alabama? A cross-sectional study using a path model.

This study seeks to examine the effect of the characteristics of park users, park characteristics, and the neighborhood environment on park visits and the resultant perceived health status of resid...
Musicking a different possible future: the role of music in imagination

Across the globe, many countries are at a nexus of multiple crises The COVID-19 pandemic, structural racism, the climate crisis, and a severe economic downturn have all converged These crises have wreaked havoc on minoritized communities in particular This moment requires imagination to write a different future–to not return to the status quo Imagination becomes crucial for fathoming a different world Musicking–the different ways of making music that include listening, performing, creating, and beyond–may allow us to engage in such imagining Musicking offers a vehicle for dreaming and provides a vision for the future In this paper, I explore movements in education that inform this political moment including critical reconstructionism, abolitionism, and critical pedagogy from the perspectives of people who theorise these movements Subsequently I consider the role the arts might play in imagining I engage in particular the work of Bettina Love and Maxine Greene Ultimately, I examine potential ways that different facets of musicking, including listening, performing, and creating may enable children and youth to engage in what I call the dual roles of imagination © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
Sex Bias in Maternal Immune Activation-Induced Neurodevelopmental Disorder Begins at the Placenta

Systemic maternal inflammation during pregnancy is increasingly thought to be a risk factor for development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is diagnosed at a rate 4-fold higher in males than in females. Administration of the viral mimic polyI:C to pregnant mice at mid-gestation leads to ASD-related phenotypes in offspring, consisting of deficits in communication and socialization, as well as repetitive behaviors. In this model of maternal immune activation (MIA), elevated production of maternal serum cytokines is known to promote alterations in fetal neurodevelopment. Although male and female littermates are exposed to the same maternal inflammation, we show that behavioral deficits can be elicited preferentially in the male offspring, mirroring the sex bias observed in human ASD. Because the placenta is partially derived from fetal cells and is the first site of fetal exposure to hematogenous maternal inflammation, we hypothesized that sex-specific reactions to MIA may originate at the placenta and that characterization of these sex differences may offer new insights into the orgins of neurodevelopmental disorders. To characterize responses to MIA at the maternal-fetal interface, we conducted bulk RNA sequencing of the placenta from polyI:C- and saline-treated embryos at several time points post-injection. We identified male-biased elevation in the expression of inflammatory signatures involving neutrophils, innate immune signaling, and antigen presentation. Placental transcriptomics analysis also identified male-specific downregulation of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis as well as a gene signature suggesting failing placental health. Interestingly, we found that MIA induced the differential expression of a large percentage of high-risk autism genes at the placenta. These findings shed new light on how sex and maternal inflammation interface to shape placental responses and may help to reveal new molecular players underpinning sex differences in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Green Ham and Eggs: What's the Policy Recipe for Feeding a Growing Population on a Warming Planet?

This article provides an overview of the sustainability and food security challenges posed by escalating meat demand globally with attention to developing countries and resource constraints. The paper then explores current strategies for addressing the complex issues of global food security given growing population, climate change, and increasing demand for high quality protein. Given the nature of such a complex social problem, there is no magic bullet solution. Rather, use of different strategies tailored to specific conditions are necessary to address the challenge of mounting demands for protein worldwide in a manner that respects human needs and planetary limits.
Worth the Risk? A Comparison of Student Managed Investment Programs

Student Managed Investment Programs (SMIP) have grown in popularity at U.S. colleges and universities. Previous research has shown that these SMIPs vary in structure and operation. This comparative study analyzes such differences between large and small institutions to study the questions of student participation and investment risk. The results show that SMIPs have been in operation at both large and small schools for the same period of time, and that while large schools restrict student participation likely out of necessity, investment restrictions to control risk do not differ across institutions of different size.
Uncertainty analysis of rework predictors in post-hurricane reconstruction of critical transportation infrastructure

Abstract The aims of this study are to identify the factors that contribute to occurrence of reworks in the reconstruction of transportation infrastructure following hurricanes, develop a model for predicting the costs associated with these reworks. In addition, this study determined the robustness and fragility of each rework predictor. Therefore, the stepwise multiple regression and extreme bound analysis (EBA) methods were adopted. The results demonstrated that the influential predictors are distance from highly-populated areas, shortage of laborers, logistics management, frequency of inspections, information management, coordination, environmental/safety issues, work suspensions, regulatory requirements, and temporary pathways. The outcomes provide accurate information that will be helpful in preventing/mitigating the cost of reworks in reconstruction of transport infrastructure.
On not eating onions and grains: conspicuous non-consumption in the new Vietnamese religion of Caodaism

The conspicuous consumption of luxurious foods and goods is a way to display an elite standing in the material world. In Asian religions, the conspicuous non-consumption of certain foods can mark a...
Modeling annual elevated blood lead levels among children in Maryland in relation to neighborhood deprivation.

Abstract Estimating environmental lead exposure using ecologic risk models is an inexpensive strategy to inform public health departments and to develop location-based intervention strategies such as targeted screening and mitigation. Importantly, studies in this area have not assessed temporal and spatio-temporal lead exposure risk trends. Due to lead abatement efforts and targeted screening efforts, it is anticipated that lead exposure risk has decreased over time. However, it is unknown if decreases have occurred, and if the decreases are evenly distributed across neighborhoods. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood deprivation and risk of elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) in both temporal and spatio-temporal contexts within the US state of Maryland in 2005–2015. To consider the temporal dimension of lead risk, we used a novel extension of Bayesian index models to estimate time-varying neighborhood deprivation indices along with time-varying index effects. The results showed that overall EBLL proportion decreased over time, from a high of 0.11 in 2006 to a low of 0.02 in 2015. The association between neighborhood deprivation and EBLL risk was positive and significant annually, but generally diminished over time. The most important variables in the neighborhood deprivation index were percent of houses built before 1940 and median household income. In summary, using Bayesian index models that can account for both temporal and spatio-temporal contexts is a promising approach to inform public health efforts to remediate lead and focus testing efforts and may be useful in studies in other geographic areas and times.
Public Awareness of a Plant-Based Diet Following the Release of “Game Changers” and “What The Health” Documentaries:

Background: Poor diet is a leading cause of premature death and thus diet and lifestyle changes are needed; yet, no consensus exists regarding diets that provide the greatest benefit. One of these ...
X-ray Spectra of Young Pulsars and Their Wind Nebulae: Dependence on Spin-down Energy

An observational model is presented for the spectra of young rotation-powered pulsars and their nebulae based on a study of nine bright Crab-like pulsar systems observed with the Chandra X-ray observatory. A significant correlation is discovered between the X-ray spectra of these pulsars (PSRs) and that of their associated pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), both of which are observed to be a function of the spin down energy, Edot . The 2 - 10 keV spectra of these objects are well characterized by an absorbed power-law model with photon indices, Gamma, in the range of 0.6 < Gamma_PSR < 2.1 and 1.3 < Gamma_PWN < 2.3, for the pulsars and their nebulae, respectively. A linear regression fit relating these two sets of indexes yields, Gamma_PWN = 0.86 +/- 0.20 + (0.72 +/- 0.13) X Gamma_PSR, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.96. The spectra of these pulsars are found to steepen as Gamma = Gamma_max + alpha / sqrt(Edot), with Gamma_max providing an observational limit on the spectral slopes of young rotation-powered pulsars. These results reveal basic properties of young pulsar systems, allow new observational constraints on models of pulsar wind emission, and provide a means of predicting the energetics of such systems when lacking detected pulsations.
Business Telephone System Demand, Total-Bill, and Socio-Demographic Effects

This chapter completes the review of the empirical literature on telecommunications demand by collecting together several miscellaneous topics, all of interest but none with a literature large enough to warrant a separate chapter. The topics to be discussed include the business demand for telephone systems, total-bill effects, and socio-demographic effects.
For I Will Consider Harold

For he is fortunate cat Geoffrey is not David Lodge for he would lose all his groupies. For groupies more than tenure are power. For normative is a curse word to him; which of a truth it is. For his desire would be upon the fanatical and upon the fundamentalist; for he secretly wishes the world to be saved through K; for lacking that, the great German tradition will do. For he itches to write an introduction, then writes a preface, then a commentary; for then he "enfolds" author, and does "imagining" of same.
A comparative, process-effectiveness evaluation of VA substance abuse treatment.

Over 3,000 patients from 15 VA inpatient, substance abuse treatment programs showed considerable improvement from intake to a one-year follow-up. Patients in 12-step programs, as opposed to cognitive-behavioral (CB) or eclectic programs, and those with more extended continuing outpatient mental health care and 12-step self-help group involvement, were more likely to be abstinent and free of substance use problems at follow-up. Consistent with their better one-year outcomes, patients in 12-step programs improved more between intake and discharge than CB patients on proximal outcomes assumed to be specific to 12-step treatment (e.g., disease model beliefs) and as much or more on CB proximal outcomes. Proximal outcomes assessed at treatment discharge and follow-up were, at best, modestly related to one-year substance use and other outcomes. No evidence was found that CB or 12-step treatment is more beneficial for certain types of patients.
The "Endothelialized Muscularis Mucosae": A Case Report Describing a Large Cavernous Hemangioma at the Terminal Ileum and a New Histologic Clue for Preoperative Diagnosis from Endoscopic Biopsy.

Cavernous hemangiomas of the gastrointestinal tract are quite rare and, until now, have been difficult to diagnose preoperatively due their nonspecific presentations and imaging features, as well as a lack of histologic description pertaining to small superficial biopsies such as those obtained endoscopically. We report a unique case of a 4 cm transmural cavernous hemangioma in the terminal ileum with literature review and describe a new histologic finding—the “endothelialized muscularis mucosae,” which was discovered upon review of the endoscopic biopsy and could potentially facilitate preoperative diagnosis of these lesions from endoscopic biopsies in the future. These lesions have classically required surgical resection in order to make a definitive diagnosis and rule out malignancy, with which they share many historical and radiographic features. Due to their potential to cause bowel obstruction, intussusception, perforation, and hemorrhage, these lesions may ultimately require surgical resection to relieve symptoms or prevent or treat complications—however, surgical planning and patient counseling could be greatly improved by a preoperative diagnosis. Therefore, gastroenterologists, pathologists, and surgeons should be aware of the “endothelialized muscularis mucosae” which can be very helpful in diagnosing GI cavernous hemangiomas from endoscopic biopsies.
Interferon β-1b effects on cytokine mRNA in peripheral mononuclear cells in multiple sclerosis:

IFN-β reduces the number and severity of exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (MS), presumably by modifying immune regulation. We used semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure ...
The work of the family physician

Family practice is seen as having two dimensions: the job and the work" At the level of the job the doctor is assured of an income; at the level of work his input and his reward come indirectly and involve a great deal mare. The changes in American medicine are discussed, considering the costs involved, the role of hospitals, the excess of physicians, the influence of competition and corporate capitalism in medical care. Finally it is argued that medicine should, continue to be a moral discipline; else it becomes the exercise of raw power, ultimately inhuman and demonic.
Effect of UCS Duration on Classical Avoidance Learning of the Bar-Press Response

It was found that rats perform better in a classical avoidance situation when the maximum duration of the UCS on no-response trials is long than when it is short. Although this effect was significant, it cannot account for the generally poor performance obtained. A competing response interpretation is proposed.
LCAO-MO Formulation of Pseudopotential Theory

Abstract Pseudopotential Theory replaces the requirement that valence orbitals be orthogonal to core ones by an effective potential in the computation of the valence orbitals. Instead of the usual differential equation or perturbation treatments, the appropriate secular equation for the expansion of the valence molecular orbitals in a nonorthogonal atomic orbital basis is obtained. It takes the famillar form with the diagonal elements of the energy matrix significantly modified and with corrections to the overlap matrix and off-diagonal energy matrix elements that may normally be disregarded in semiempirical molecular orbital calculations.
Innovative Roles for Pharmacy Technicians: Developing and Implementing a Unit-Based Clinical Support Pharmacy Technician Model:

INTRODUCTION The role of the pharmacy technician is vital in developing a patient-centered pharmacy service. In a pharmacy department, each member of the staff plays a role in promoting quality and efficiency. Examples of this include processing missing doses, providing patient medication education, and preparing life-saving chemotherapy. In previous Director’s Forum columns, focus was placed on pharmaceutical care programs and their development, as well as on real-life examples of how these programs can be started. This article focuses on an innovative role for pharmacy technicians in supporting a unit-based pharmaceutical care model. Changing the role of the pharmacy technician is critical for a variety of reasons. As a result, training programs for pharmacy technicians are becoming more sophisticated, with many community colleges offering an associate degree program in this field. The focus of these programs is more patient centered; technician students are taught that their roles directly impact the quality of patient care. Subsequently, pharmacy technicians entering the workforce are motivated to obtain employment in pharmacy departments that provide a more patientcentered focus, and they have expectations for advancement and challenge. Failure to provide these progressive, challenging environments may decrease employee retention and satisfaction. Thus, changing the role of the pharmacy technician to one that is more patient centered will ultimately improve technician satisfaction. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of how the role of a pharmacy technician can be incorporated into the pharmaceutical care process. Throughout the text, the patient care model at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) is used as a guide for pharmacy directors in changing the role of the pharmacy technician.
Reaction and bonding of Hf and Zr containing alloys to alumina and silica

Abstract We have investigated the wetting and reaction behavior of two less common transition element additives to braze alloys to learn more about their reaction and bonding mechanisms. Alloys of Ag with different amounts of Hf or Zr were reacted in a controlled atmosphere furnace with sapphire, alumina of 99.6 and 96% purity, and fused silica. We determined contact angles during heating and examined cross sections after cooling using electron analytical techniques. Different interfacial microstructures were obtained when the active metal was varied in an otherwise constant system. The Hf-containing alloys reacted with polycrystalline Al2O3 and had a dispersion of Hf-containing particles near the interface. If there were a reaction layer with the Al2O3 it was below the resolution of the analysis. By contrast, Zr reaction products were more evident and appeared to have diffused away from the interface into the alloy. The microstructural observations are interpreted using available thermodynamic data and known phase relations.
A service/learning model for interdisciplinary teamwork in health and aging.

An interdisciplinary team approach to the delivery of health services to the elderly has received widespread recognition, yet the development of educational experiences to foster the attitudes and skills required to function in this setting has been slow. A service/learning model using students to deliver health education workshops to the elderly is one approach to interdisciplinary training which has important implications for understanding how students are transformed from "team members" into "team players."
Ontology and the nature of the literary work

Poems, novels, and other works of literature have long provided prime examples for the ontology of art. Theorists have made many attempts to identify the ontological kind or kinds into which such works, or their major or standard sorts, fall. Familiar suggestions for such kinds include, among others, sequences of word types, norm kinds, and verbal entities essentially linked to the authors and historical processes involved in their creation. These suggestions have been of great philosophical interest, but in my view they all are deficient. Numerous examples, and also more general considerations, show that it is not possible, in any informative, general way, to fix an ontological kind such that, necessarily, all works of literature fall into that kind. Literary works-and, I believe, works of the other arts-do not form such a kind. As interpreters and theorists, we would do well to recognize that fact.
USE OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TO STUDY DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN PHARMACOKINETICS IN CHILDREN

The detailed study of the kinetics of the anticonvulsant, diphenylhydantoin (DPH), in small children has been difficult with conventional gas chromatographic (GLC) methods. A new radioimmuno-assay (RIA) developed by Cook and Christensen (Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharmacol. 5: 767, 1973) was duplicated in our laboratory and some of the characteristics of the assay defined. The sensitivity of this assay allowed DPH levels to be determined accurately in 20 μl of plasma. The antibody is highly specific for DPH and the assay correlates well with GLC. In several infants being treated for seizures with a commonly used dose, plasma DPH levels were found to be low. The RIA method facilitated monitoring their plasma levels. When plasma levels were measured following an IV dose of DPH, the infants were found to metabolize the drug more rapidly than did adolescents and adults.
Electrostatic free energy and its variations in implicit solvent models.

A mean-field approach to the electrostatics for solutes in electrolyte solution is revisited and rigorously justified. In this approach, an electrostatic free energy functional is constructed that depends solely on the local ionic concentrations. The unique set of such concentrations that minimize this free energy are given by the usual Boltzmann distributions through the electrostatic potential which is determined by the Poisson−Boltzmann equation. This approach is then applied to the variational implicit solvent description of the solvation of molecules [Dzubiella, Swanson, McCammon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, 087802; J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 124, 084905]. Care is taken for the singularities of the potential generated by the solute point charges. The variation of the electrostatic free energy with respect to the location change of solute−solvent interfaces, that is, dielectric boundaries, is derived. Such a variation gives rise to the normal component of the effective surface force per unit surface area tha...
Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quasirelativistic DFT Studies of ThS and ThS2

Laser-ablated thorium atoms react with discharged sulfur vapor during co-condensation in excess argon at 7 K. The ThS fundamental is observed at 474.7 cm-1, and the ν1 and ν3 modes for ThS2 are observed at 451.4 and 431.5 cm-1, respectively, based on sulfur-34 substitution and infrared spectra of sulfur 32, 34 mixtures. Sulfur isotopic ν3 vibrational frequencies for ThS2 indicate a 112 ± 5° upper limit for the S−Th−S bond angle. Quasirelativistic DFT calculations performed on ThS and ThS2 find that ThS has the 1Σ+ ground state, and ThS2 has the 1A1 ground state with a bond angle of 111.6°. Calculated vibrational frequencies are in excellent agreement with the observed values, and support this first identification of molecular thorium sulfides.
Instability of granular superconductivity

It is shown that bulk superconductivity of a three-dimensional granular metal can become unstable with respect to the diverging zero-point phase fluctuations which result from grain charging. A model of Josephson-coupled superconducting grains is used to calculate the effect of charging energy on the average order parameter at $T=0$. In the mean-field approximation this system exhibits a second-order transition to normal state at a certain critical value of the ratio of the Josephson-coupling constant to the charging energy. The self-consistent harmonic approximation is shown to yield a spurious first-order transition.
Polygon nesting and robustness

Abstract We consider the polygon nesting problem for a set of m simple, nonintersecting, planar polygons with n vertices and N notches. We give an O( n + ( m + N )log( m + N )) timealgorithm which uses exact arithmetic and give an O( n (log n + m + N )) time, robust algorithm which uses floating point arithmetic.
A variance decomposition in the evaluation of the effects of educational policies in economic education

A student's grade is decomposed into a part due to ability plus a part due to random guessing. Holding the variance of the ability distribution constant, we show that the introduction of a positive educational policy will increase the mean but decrease the variance of the grade distribution.
Does Studying Political Science Make Any Difference

Abstract This study examines the effect of majoring in political science on students' political knowledge, attitudes, and participation. Survey research was carried out in 1979 and 1982, which compared a cohort of full-time undergraduates in their freshmen and senior years, controlling for political science as an independent variable. The findings suggest that the study of political science clearly increases political cognition and possibly political efficacy and liberalism. Although increases in political participation exist, they were not directly attributable to the major. Finally, there was little evidence to support the “self-selection” hypothesis, which argues that political science does not make people more politically aware but rather that those more politically aware major in political science.
Enteric oxalate secretion is not directly mediated by the human CFTR chloride channel.

The secretion of the oxalate anion by intestinal epithelia is a functionally significant component of oxalate homeostasis and hence a relevant factor in the etiology and management of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. To test the hypothesis that human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (hCFTR) can directly mediate the efflux of the oxalate anion, we compared cAMP-stimulated 36Cl−, 14C-oxalate, and 35SO42− efflux from Xenopus oocytes expressing hCFTR with water-injected control oocytes. hCFTR-expressing oocytes exhibited a large, reversible cAMP-dependent increase in whole cell conductance measured using a two-electrode voltage clamp and a 13-fold increase in rate of cAMP-stimulated 36Cl− efflux. In contrast, the rate constants of oxalate and sulfate efflux were low and unaffected by cAMP in either control or hCFTR-expressing oocytes. We conclude that the human CFTR gene product does not directly mediate oxalate efflux in secretory epithelia and hence is not directly involved in oxalate homeostasis in humans.
A Drosophila gene regulated by rough and glass shows similarity to ena and VASP

Abstract rough (ro) encodes a homeobox transcription factor required for proper specification of photoreceptor cells R2 and R5 in Drosophila eye development. To identify the transcriptional targets through which ro acts to specify the R2/R5 neuronal sub-type, we screened enhancer trap lines expressed in developing photoreceptors for those whose expression patterns were altered when ro function was inactivated. In this way we identified two potential ro targets, which are also targets of the zinc finger transcription factor glass (gl) . We also identified an enhancer trap line that exhibits altered morphogenetic furrow expression in a ro mutant background. Finally, we have molecularly characterized an enhancer trap line, AE33, that was identified in earlier screens as a target of both ro and gl (Freeman et al., 1992; Treisman and Rubin, 1996). The transcript interrupted by AE33 shares similarity with the mammalian vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein ( VASP ), a substrate for cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases that is associated with actin filaments, focal adhesions, and dynamic membrane regions (Haffner et al., 1995) with enabled (ena), a substrate of the Drosophila Abl tyrosine kinase (Gertler et al., 1995) and with two human Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs).
Enhanced spatial resolution in third-harmonic microscopy through polarization switching

Enhanced spatial resolution in third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy is demonstrated through manipulation of the polarization state across the focal field of a microscope. Enhancements in resolution of up to a factor of 2 are observed for a focal field linearly polarized at the center and switched to circularly polarized at the beam edges. As THG scattering is suppressed for circular polarization, the THG signal diameter is reduced, improving spatial resolution.
Relationships among category semantics, perceptions of term utility, and term length and order in a social content creation system

While there are increased efforts to extend existing controlled vocabularies through harvesting socially created image metadata from content creation communities (e.g., Flickr), questions remain about the quality and reuse value of this metadata. Data from a controlled experiment was used to examine relationships among categories of image tags, tag assignment order, and users' perception of usefulness of preassigned image index terms. Preliminary findings indicate that, on average, "Group" category terms were assigned first, and were also rated highest in usefulness. Other broad tag categories that were assigned earlier and rated more useful were Human Attributes and People, but others were more variable. However, the study found no correlation between tag length and assignment order, or term length and its perceived usefulness. The study's findings can inform the design of controlled vocabularies, indexing processes, and retrieval systems for images.
Rings whose zero-divisor graphs have positive genus

It is shown that, for a fixed positive integer g, there are finitely many isomorphism classes of rings whose zero-divisor graph has genus g. The proof can then be modified to yield an analogous result for nonorientable genus.
Nanoscale Abrasive Wear of CoCrMo in In Situ TEM Sliding

The mechanical behaviour of materials at nanometre dimensions has been a major recent topic of research. In this study, the wear properties of a ~60-nm thin foil made of the ductile fcc phase of a CoCrMo alloy were examined using in situ sliding test in a transmission electron microscope by sliding a silicon AFM tip on the fcc matrix under an applied normal load of 416–1,279 nN. The material near the surface was deformed plastically, forming dislocations and dislocation cells at the surface. The wear process was found to be strongly dependent on extrinsic factors, namely the attack angle between the tip and the CoCrMo surface. At an attack angle of 64°, the surface was removed by continuous fractures 40–73 nm below the surface. At a lower attack angle of 24°, the abrasive wear switched to ploughing.
An approximate string matching approach for handling incorrectly typed urls

In this paper we approach the problem of providing corrections for incorrectly typed URLs. This problem is significantly different from the classical spelling correction problem. We describe our contribution - building a custom data structure and a search algorithm that can find approximate matches for incorrect URLs. We evaluate the quality of our results through experiments with analysts. Our system is now being used in the Google search engine.
Kinetics of the growth of austenite grains during isothermal induction heating

1. In carbon steels heated rapidly to the temperature of isothermal heating, the change in the size of austenite grains with time is step-like and remains constant for a given period of time. 2. The number and the duration of the stability intervals (steps) depend on the temperature of the isotherm and on the properties of the steel. Along the high temperature isotherm (950°C) there are several stability intervals; along the low temperature isotherm (820°C) there is only one. The time during which the grain size is stable depends on the temperature of the isotherm: the higher the temperature of the isotherm, the shorter the time in which the grain size is stable. This result is due to the effect of the heating temperature on the dissolution and coagulation processes of low-solubility phases. 3. The size of the smallest stable grains is independent of the temperature of the isotherm and, consequently, is related to the distribution of particles of low solubility in the initial steel. 4. The time in which the grains grow from the initial size to the first stable grain size increases with decreasing temperatures of the isotherm.
Lacunarity indices as measures of landscape texture

Lacunarity analysis is a multi-scaled method of determining the texture associated with patterns of spatial dispersion (i.e., habitat types or species locations) for one-, two-, and three-dimensional data. Lacunarity provides a parsimonious analysis of the overall fraction of a map or transect covered by the attribute of interest, the degree of contagion, the presence of self-similarity, the presence and scale of randomness, and the existence of hierarchical structure. For self-similar patterns, it can be used to determine the fractal dimension. The method is easily implemented on the computer and provides readily interpretable graphic results. Differences in pattern can be detected even among very sparsely occupied maps.
EPR: Evidence and fallacy

The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) of nanoparticles in tumors has long stood as one of the fundamental principles of cancer drug delivery, holding the promise of safe, simple and effective therapy. By allowing particles preferential access to tumors by virtue of size and longevity in circulation, EPR provided a neat rationale for the trend toward nano-sized drug carriers. Following the discovery of the phenomenon by Maeda in the mid-1980s, this rationale appeared to be well justified by the flood of evidence from preclinical studies and by the clinical success of Doxil. Clinical outcomes from nano-sized drug delivery systems, however, have indicated that EPR is not as reliable as previously thought. Drug carriers generally fail to provide superior efficacy to free drug systems when tested in clinical trials. A closer look reveals that EPR-dependent drug delivery is complicated by high tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), irregular vascular distribution, and poor blood flow inside tumors. Furthermore, the animal tumor models used to study EPR differ from clinical tumors in several key aspects that seem to make EPR more pronounced than in human patients. On the basis of this evidence, we believe that EPR should only be invoked on a case-by-case basis, when clinical evidence suggests the tumor type is susceptible.
Attitude-control rocket exhaust plume effects on spacecraft functional surfaces

An analytical and experimental program was conducted to identify the contaminants that form during the pulse-mode operation of a liquid-bipropellant, attitude-control rocket engine to establish whether the trace metals found in the propellants exist in sufficient quantity to cause physical damage to spacecraft functional surfaces, and to attempt to show quantitatively the geometric boundaries of the continuum and free-molecular flow regimes found in the control-rocket exhaust plume. It was found that the principal contaminant produced was monomethylhydrazine nitrate. Analysis also indicated that the trace metals found in the propellants are capable of causing severe damage to spacecraft functional surfaces, particularly to Vycor optical windows. The phase of the study devoted to flowfield analysis indicated that the interface between the continuum and free-molecular flow regimes can be quantitatively identified through a determination of the rotational and translational freezing surfaces.
Do these prisons make me look fat?: Moderating the USA’s consumption of punishment

Various observers have raised the question of how our penal appetite relates to broader patterns of consumption in western societies. Most recently, Ian Loader (2009) has suggested that our appetite for punishment, much like our appetite for ice cream and other high-calorie foods, has been accelerated by broad cultural and policy developments and queried how we might develop strategies to moderate it. The relationship is not simply metaphorical. The prison boom and the food binge, along with the housing bubble, constitute parallel developments in advanced liberal societies. While they may all be reflections of the kind of deeper structural change in these societies often labeled ‘neo-liberalism’, I would suggest their relationships are often more direct—and that they can possibly be analytically reversed, yielding insights as to how restraint in one domain might be mobilized within another. This essay seeks to back out some ideas about moderation in punishment from emerging strategies to fight obesity.