cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Two pachyosteomorph arthrodires are described from the Upper Devonian of North America, Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. and Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus sp. nov. (from the Appalachian and the Michigan basins, respectively). Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. is found stratigraphically below the only other species within the Ohio Shale Formation (Famennian), and is characterized by the retention of a primitive dermal ornamentation, and shares with Dunkleosteus terrelli (Newberry, 1873) the possession of articular facets on the parasphenoid. Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus sp. nov. (Kettle Point Formation, Upper Devonian), known only from incomplete nuchal, paranuchal, and parasphenoid plates, also retains dermal tuberculation, and is characterized by tapering articular facets on the parasphenoid. The current study reviews three North American species of Dunkleosteus (Du. terrelli, Du. raveri sp. nov., and Du. amblyodoratus sp. nov.). Formerly, two subgroups were recognized within the Dinichthyidae, the terrelli and herzeri groups, which are shown here to be members of distinct clades. Dinichthys herzeriNewberry, 1868 (the namesake member of the herzeri group) is now the sole member of the family Dinichthyidae comb. nov., and is assigned to the Aspinothoracidi sensuMiles & Dennis, 1979. HeintzichthysWhitley, 1933 and GorgonichthysClaypole, 1892 (additional members of the herzeri group) were previously placed among the aspinothoracid arthrodires. Likewise, Holdenius holdeniDunkle & Bungart, 1942 (the final member of the herzeri group) and Hadrosteus rapaxGross, 1932 are now placed within the Aspinothoracidi. The remaining taxa, formerly assigned to the Dinichthyidae (i.e. DunkleosteusLehman, 1956; EastmanosteusObruchev, 1964; GolshanichthysLelievre, Janvier, & Goujet, 1981; and WestralichthysLong, 1987), are united within the Dunkleosteidae Stensio, 1963. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 159, 195–222.
Dietary energy balance modulation of epithelial carcinogenesis: a role for IGF-1 receptor signaling and crosstalk.

Obesity affects more than one third of the U.S. population and is associated with increased risk and/or disease severity for several chronic diseases, including cancer. In contrast, calorie restriction (CR) consistently inhibits cancer across species and cancer types. Differential effects on globally active circulatory proteins, particularly insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for the energy balance–cancer link. Diet-induced changes in circulating IGF-1 modulate IGF-1R/EGFR activation and downstream signaling to Akt and mTOR. These dietary energy balance effects on signaling ultimately modulate the levels and/or activity of cell cycle regulatory proteins, regulating proliferation, and modulating susceptibility to tumor development. Selective targeting of mTORC1 potently inhibits tumorigenesis in several model systems producing CR mimetic effects. Targeting this and other pathways modulated by dietary energy balance may lead to the development of strategies for cancer chemoprevention and for reversing the effects of obesity on cancer development and progression.
Integrated visible to near infrared, short wave infrared, and long wave infrared spectral analysis for surface composition mapping near Mountain Pass, California

We have developed new methods for enhanced surface material identification and mapping that integrate visible to near infrared (VNIR, ~0.4 – 1 μm), short wave infrared (SWIR, ~1 – 2.5 μm), and long wave infrared (LWIR, ~8 – 12 μm) multispectral and hyperspectral imagery. This approach produces a single map of surface composition derived from the full spectral range. We applied these methods to a spectrally diverse region around Mountain Pass, CA. A comparison of the integrated results with those obtained from analyzing the spectral ranges individually reveals compositional information not exhibited by the VNIR, SWIR or LWIR data alone. We also evaluate the benefit of hyperspectral rather than multispectral LWIR data for this integrated approach.
Yes Virginia, It Will Scale: Using Data to Personalize High-volume Reference Interactions

Abstract This examination of an on-going embedded partnership between Penn State University Libraries business librarians and an instructor in the Smeal College of Business confronts the question of scalability for one-on-one reference consultations for high-enrollment classes. Through these in-person interactions off-site and in the library, the librarians hope to build student confidence in librarians as information resources as well as increasing business literacy through research using established, authoritative sources. This article documents the first four semesters of this evolving project to demonstrate the logistics of managing a high volume of student interactions using library data as support for decision-making and action.
Bulk acoutic wave mediated multiferroic antennas near ferromagnetic resonance

A one dimensional finite-difference time-domain (1D FDTD) method is proposed to analyze the performance of a planar strain-mediated multiferroic antenna. The FDTD code simulates the interaction between electromagnetic radiations and acoustic waves through piezoelectricity and magnetostriction by modeling electrodynamics, ferromagnetic dynamics and dynamic mechanics in a cross-coupled fashion. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is plotted, as well as the mechanical-magnetic figure of merit. The interactions between the bulk acoustic resonance (BAWR) and the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) are observed in the frequency domain. It is concluded that the interactions between the FMR and BAWR can be optimized to obtain enhanced radiation efficiency or to broaden the bandwidth.
In Candida albicans, White-Opaque Switchers Are Homozygous for Mating Type

The relationship between the configuration of the mating type locus (MTL) and white-opaque switching in Candida albicans has been examined. Seven genetically unrelated clinical isolates selected for their capacity to undergo the white-opaque transition all proved to be homozygous at the MTL locus, either MTLa or MTLα. In an analysis of the allelism of 220 clinical isolates representing the five major clades of C. albicans, 3.2% were homozygous and 96.8% were heterozygous at the MTL locus. Of the seven identified MTL homozygotes, five underwent the white-opaque transition. Of 20 randomly selected MTL heterozygotes, 18 did not undergo the white-opaque transition. The two that did were found to become MTL homozygous at very high frequency before undergoing white-opaque switching. Our results demonstrate that only MTL homozygotes undergo the white-opaque transition, that MTL heterozygotes that become homozygous at high frequency exist, and that the generation of MTL homozygotes and the white-opaque transition occur in isolates in different genetic clades of C. albicans. Our results demonstrate that mating-competent strains of C. albicans exist naturally in patient populations and suggest that mating may play a role in the genesis of diversity in this pernicious fungal pathogen.
‘Glocalization’ of television: Programming strategies of global television broadcasters in Asia

(2003). ‘Glocalization’ of television: Programming strategies of global television broadcasters in Asia. Asian Journal of Communication: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-36.
Cyclic prefix and intra-fix insertion for multi-h CPM based on tilted phase transformation

This paper addresses the problem of cyclic prefix insertion for multi-h CPM waveforms. Like single-h CPM, the memory inherent in a multi-h CPM waveform, and its continuous nature, requires the use of an intra-fix in each transmitted block. We identify the structure of the block, the constraints on its length, and the symbols of the intra-fix. A procedure is proposed for finding the symbols of the intra-fix using the tilted phase transformation. The procedure ensures that the overhead due to the intra-fix is minimized. Bounds on the intra-fix length are also presented in terms of parameters of the modulation scheme. The proposed procedure is applied on a dual-h CPM scheme for illustration of analytical results.
EMS agenda for the future: Virginia providers' perspectives.

Objective. Revolutionary changes in the health care system necessitate subsequent changes in emergency medical services (EMS). The development and dissemination of the EMS Agenda for the Future focus attention on awareness and attitudes of field providers. This study attempted to measure awareness of and agreement with concepts set forth in the agenda. Methods. Through a unique cooperative partnership between state government and two health services research students, researchers were able to describe and explore the attitudes of EMS providers about the future direction of the profession. A representative sample of participants, chosen from the Commonwealth of Virginia in fall 1997, responded to a mailed researcher-developed questionnaire based on the EMS Agenda for the Future. Results. A cover letter written by the state EMS director and the enclosure of self-addressed, stamped envelopes yielded a 47% response rate. Paramedic-level providers and paid personnel were more likely to agree with the concepts ...
Hedging price risk when no direct hedge vehicle exists: the case of silicon

Silicon has wide applications in the electronic, ferrous foundry and chemical industries but does not possess a well-developed forward or futures market. Here we investigate potential candidates to cross-hedge silicon’s price risk. Our results show that a proxy for a newly introduced Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) ferrous contract, iron and steel scrap, explains close to 60% of the variation in silicon price changes. Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) estimations of hedge ratios are shown to produce more consistent hedge-effectiveness over OLS counterparts. Thus, it appears that the ferrous contract could fulfil this role.
Effect of fathers' absence on delinquent boys: dependency and hypermasculinity.

40 male delinquents, comprising four matched groups with fathers present or absent, and Negro or white, were studied to estimate the effect these variables had on the development of covert and over...
The effects of multi-component, assessment-based curricular modifications on the classroom behavior of children with emotional and behavioral disorders.

In this study, academic task assignments were modified in an effort to improve the conduct and task performance of three students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Functional assessments, including interviews and direct observations, were conducted to identify variables that affected the performance of each student during problematic assignments. The assessments implicated several variables for each student. These variables were then used as guides to modify the problematic tasks. The modifications resulted in reduced levels of problem behaviors and increased rates of task engagement, work productivity and accuracy for each of the students. The effects were demonstrated within ongoing academic activities and replicated through the use of reversal designs. The findings are discussed in relation to the practical process of functional assessment and the relevance of curricular and instructional arrangements to the occurrence of disruptive behavior.
Clonidine reversal of increased norepinephrine metabolite levels during morphine withdrawal

Abstract The production of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphethylenglycol (MHPG) in brain regions innvervated by the locus coeruleus was increased during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from chronic morphine treatment. This MHPG increases was reversed by subcutaneous administration of clonidine. Changes in MHPG levels paralleled the electrophysiological changes found by Aghajanian (1978) in locus coeruleus firing rate with similar treatments, demonstrating the usefulness of MHPG changes as an index of central noradrenergic function.
Stability of supported transition metal catalysts in the hydrogenation of nitriles

Abstract Gas phase hydrogenation of acetonitrile and butyronitrile over supported transition metal catalysts was carried out in a gas phase microflow reactor at 1 and 10 bar; butyronitrile was also hydrogenated in a stirred autoclave at an initial pressure of 24 bar. Catalyst stability is higher in the liquid phase than in the gas phase operation, suggesting desorption of site blocking molecules into the liquid. Agglomeration of metal particles has been detected by TEM and EDX, with Pt/NaY it starts at 110°C, with Ru/NaY it is obvious at 160°C. Metal agglomeration and formation of an overlayer contribute to catalyst deactivation. Ru/zeolite catalysts are more active than Ru/Al 2 O 3 , both in the gas and the liquid phase. No significant effect of support acidity on the selectivity of the reaction has been detected; the results give no indication of carbide or nitrile formation as major causes of catalyst deactivation.
Cultural influences on workplace safety: An example of hospital workers’ adoption of patient lifting devices

Abstract Aims A sociological and anthropological view of culture was used to investigate how work culture, independent of “safety culture”, may affect safety in the workplace. We explored how work cultures of nurses and physical/occupational therapists (PT/OTs) in two acute care hospitals are related to the adoption of patient lifting devices. Methods Focus groups were conducted between 2006 and 2009, seven with nurse staff (n = 39) and two with PT/OT staff (n = 17), to explore issues concerning a Minimal Manual Lift Environment policy, initiated in 2004, and subsequent use of patient lift equipment. Audio recordings of the sessions were transcribed; text data were analyzed using N6-QSR. Cultural facilitators and barriers to the adoption of patient lift equipment were examined. Results Data revealed cultural similarities and differences between these healthcare professions. Both displayed a “patient first” approach to care-giving which may promote lift device use for patients’ benefits, not necessarily for staff safety. Also, the implied purpose of patient lifting devices clashes with the nurses’ cultural emphasis on compassion, and with PT/OTs’ cultural emphasis on independence except when use increases patients’ independence. Conclusions Cultural expressions regarding the nature of care-giving among healthcare professionals may affect the propensity to adopt safety measures in complex ways. The workers’ understanding of the purpose of their work, and acceptable means of conducting it, should be understood before implementing safety interventions. The utilization of lift assist teams, who are not socialized into the cultures of nursing or PT/OT, may be one means of circumventing cultural barriers to lift equipment use.
Optical analysis of a membrane photon sieve space telescope

This paper focuses on recent progress in designing FallconSAT-7, a 33U CubeSat solar telescope designed to image the Sun from low Earth orbit. The telescope system includes a deployable structure that supports a membrane photon sieve under tension as well as secondary optics. To satisfy mission requirements to demonstrate diffraction limited imaging capability of this collapsible, f/2 diffractive primary we have completed studying a number off effects on membrane material that can affect system imaging quality.
Platelet-associated IgG is a specific protein.

Abstract The immunoglobulin binding to normal human platelets (PaIgG) was isolated on cell columns in which platelets or their membranes were attached via concanavalin A to an inert support matrix. Normal human IgG isolated from pooled serum was applied to the cell columns. The absorbed material which was eluted at low pH with a buffer of high ionic strength was immunologically and biochemically pure IgG. When the nonadherent IgG of the first passage through the platelet cell column was reapplied a second time virtually no IgG was retained. Isoelectric focusing on urea SDS polyacrylamide gels revealed only 2 major bands with pIs of 8.2 and 8.4 whereas the precolumn IgG contained a wide range of molecular species with pIs ranging from
Expression of introduced genetic sequences in hematopoietic cells following retroviral-mediated gene transfer.

ABSTRACT The use of retroviral vectors allows efficient transfer of genes into a variety of mammalian cells. A focus of research over the past 6 years has been the use of retroviral vectors to effe...
Sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for ureteral colic: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Abstract Study Objective: We evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single dose of hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for the reduction of pain in emergency department patients with ureteral colic. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind study at 2 EDs with residency programs in emergency medicine. Patients were at least 18 years old and presented to the ED with an initial history and physical examination consistent with ureteral colic. Patients received a single intravenous dose of 30 mg of ketorolac tromethamine given over a 1-minute period with either a single sublingual dose of 0.125 mg of hyoscyamine sulfate or a placebo. If inadequate analgesia was noted after 30 minutes, a standard dose of meperidine could be administered for rescue. All other treatments including intravenous fluids and antiemetics were standardized. The main study outcome was change in visual analog scale pain score from baseline to 30 minutes. Results: Seventy-two patients were evaluated for inclusion. Thirteen patients who had self-administered pain medications within 4 hours of presentation were excluded before randomization. Sixteen patients who did not have a renal calculus confirmed by either intravenous urogram or helical computed tomography were also excluded from efficacy analysis. There did not appear to be any clinically important differences in the baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. The repeated-measures analysis of the remaining 43 patients showed no clinically important difference in pain score using the visual analog scale at any time point. There were no clinically important differences between the 2 study groups for amount of rescue meperidine administered or end-of-study global satisfaction scores. Conclusion: Hyoscyamine sulfate did not provide any additional pain relief from ureteral colic when administered with ketorolac tromethamine. There was no clinically important difference in change of pain scores at 30 minutes in patients with ureteral colic receiving supplemental hyoscyamine sulfate. [Jones JB, Giles BK, Brizendine EJ, Cordell WH. Sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for ureteral colic: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. February 2001;37:141-146.]
Effects of Family Risk Factors on Dosage and Efficacy of a Family-centered Preventive Intervention for Rural African Americans

This study was designed to test hypotheses about family risk factors and their links to dosage and efficacy of a family-centered preventive intervention. Participants were 172 families with an 11 year-old child randomly assigned to the intervention condition in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF). Two family risk factors, ratio of adults to children in the household and youth unconventionality, were negatively related to dosage, defined as number of intervention sessions attended. Dosage, in turn, was associated with changes in targeted parenting behavior across the 7 months between pretest and posttest. The effect of family risk factors on the link between program dosage and changes in parenting behavior was stronger for families experiencing more risks. The results highlight the need for engagement strategies for recruiting and retaining high-risk families in preventive interventions.
Union Mergers: The New Interest and Some Old Questions

When the merged union UNITE HERE was recently torn apart by internal dissent, the labor movement’s attention turned to some longstanding questions about how union mergers are negotiated, why some fail and others succeed, how members are affected by merger, and how the big, diverse unions created by mergers—the super-unions—manage to stay intact. This article addresses these questions, arguing throughout that little is actually known about the union merger process and outcomes. In doing so, it also suggests that some union mergers, such as the one forming UNITE HERE, may not always make sense and that bigger unions created by mergers are not necessarily better unions.
OTHER ERGOGENIC AGENTS

Amid the surrounding chaos of the supplement blitz, athlete, coach, and physician alike must step back and place the issue of supplements into perspective. There is no legal supplement that can substantially alter performance to date in the same way as illegal drugs. Effectiveness, safety, legality, and purity of compounds are all issues that should be addressed when approaching the use of any supplement. Education about the validity of the claims of supplements is important. Research is lending useful and helpful information despite the many new products continually appearing on the market. Because there is no mechanism for investigations to adequately research every supplement, many of the supplements should be approached with caution and skepticism. In addition, supplements in and of themselves should not be viewed as the sole answer to performance improvement. There is some promise to an extremely small number of supplements that appear to enhance performance, yet they do so in the realm of complete athletic training, including hard work, sports-specific training and strength training, psychological preparedness, and good nutritional intake.
Life changes scaling for the 1990s

Three decades ago, results from a proportionate scaling study of life change events was published in this journal. The events, listed by rank order of their mean life change values, comprised the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Ten years later, 42 of the 43 original events were rescaled. In this second study, an additional 44 events were added to the original list. In the present report, the original plus the later-developed events were scaled once again by persons chosen to closely approximate subjects enrolled in the initial study. Comparing the average life change intensity scores across 30 years, a 45% increase in mean values was seen. These recently derived life change magnitudes, for both the original list of events plus the later-developed events, provide values appropriate for use in the 1990s. In the original study, effects of subjects' demographic characteristics were noted briefly in a table. In the present investigation, varying influences of gender, age, marital status, and education were explored in more detail. Several significant differences were discovered, with gender showing a very pronounced influence on scaling results. Discussion of these results included composition requirements for a life changes questionnaire.
The Study of RBC Deformation in Capillaries With a Lattice Boltzmann Method for Surfactant Covered Droplets

This study aims at analyzing the shape change of red blood cells in the process of streaming through a capillary smaller than the red blood cell diameter. The characteristics of its shape change and velocity can potentially lead to an indicator of a variety of diseases. We approach this problem with considering red blood cells as surfactant covered droplets. This assumption is justified by the fact that the cell membrane liquefies under high pressure in small capillaries, and this allows the marginalization of the mechanical properties of the membrane. The red blood cell membrane is in fact a macro-colloid containing lipid surfactant. When liquefied, it can be treated as a droplet of immiscible hemoglobin covered with lipid surfactant in plasma surrounding. The merit is to analyze the effect of the flow condition and domain geometry on the surfactant concentration change over the droplet interface, and the effect of this change on the surface tension of the droplet. The distribution of the surfactant is calculated by enforcing conservation of the surfactant mass concentration on the interface, leading to a convection diffusion equation. The equation takes account of the effects of the normal and Marangoni stresses as a boundary condition on the interface between the immiscible fluids. The gradient in the surface tension adversely determines the droplet shape by effecting a local change in the capillary number, and influences its velocity by retarding the local surface velocity. The choice of the Gunstensen model is motivated by its capability of handling incompressible fluids, and the locality of the application of the surface tension. We used the same concept to investigate the dynamic shape change of the RBC while flowing through the microvasculature, and explore the physics of the Fahraeus, and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Free Workshop for Teachers at the 2013 AGU Fall Meeting

In keeping with its commitment to fostering the next generation of Earth and space scientists, AGU is partnering with the National Earth Science Teachers Association to hold the annual Geophysical Information for Teachers (GIFT) workshop at the 2013 AGU Fall Meeting. GIFT allows K–12 science educators (both classroom and informal) to hear from scientists about their latest Earth and space science research, explore new classroom resources for engaging students, and visit exhibits and technical sessions during the Fall Meeting.
Participant recruitment and retention in rehabilitation research.

ABSTRACT Bell KR, Hammond F, Hart T, Bickett AK, Temkin NR, Dikmen S: Participant recruitment and retention in rehabilitation research. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:330–338.
Her2-positive breast cancer: Herceptin and beyond

Breast cancer accounts for approximately 30% of all new cancer cases each year, with an annual incidence of approximately 200,000. Additionally, almost 25% of breast cancers are noted to overexpress Her2, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor. Overexpression of Her2 has been associated with a more aggressive phenotype with decreased survival. Trastuzumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody against the Her2 receptor, is the only FDA-approved targeted agent for treatment of Her2-overexpressing breast cancer. However, despite the great success achieved with trastuzumab, many women will either not respond or eventually progress despite trastuzumab treatment. As a result, significant efforts have been applied to finding other therapies besides trastuzumab for the treatment of Her2-positive breast cancer. Work has been directed at trying to elucidate the exact mechanism of resistance to trastuzumab and identifying ways to overcome them, at increasing the efficacy of trastuzumab by combining it with other therapeutic agents and at investigating other novel agents.
Identifying the antecedents of coping with an organizational acquisition: a structural assessment

This study used Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) cognitive–phenomenological model of coping and Lazarus's (1991) theory of emotions to develop and test a model of how individuals cope with an organizational acquisition. The model identifies the origins and process used to select both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Covariance structure analysis of data from 172 individuals indicated that problem-focused coping was directly influenced by primary appraisal and negative emotion, while only certain types of emotion-focused coping were directly related to negative emotion. All coping strategies were impacted by social support. Furthermore, negative emotion was predicted by primary appraisal, which in turn was related to perceived control, coping efficacy, and environmental conditions. Recommendations for future research and applications are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lead Diversification through a Prins-Driven Macrocyclization Strategy: Application to C13-Diversified Bryostatin Analogues

The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel class of C13-diversified bryostatin analogues are described. An innovative and general strategy based on a Prins macrocyclization-nucleophilic trapping cascade was used to achieve late-stage diversification. In vitro analysis of selected library members revealed that modification at the C13 position of the bryostatin scaffold can be used as a diversification handle to regulate biological activity.
Nonandrogenic mediators of prostatic growth

Prostate growth and development are primarily under the control of androgens; however, other factors can also influence prostatic growth through alternative pathways. This article discusses some of the major nonandrogenic mediators of prostate growth. Information on the pathways by which these factors exert their effects is also reviewed.
Integrated approach to yield enhancement

As integrate circuit geometries, capital for defect detection equipment, and process cycle time decrease simultaneously, prioritizing continuous yield improvement activities becomes essential. One approach for achieving this goal is to integrate yield enhancement resources. The resources available for integration have been failed bit map analysis, inline defect monitoring, molecular contamination detection, and failure analysis. The analytical systems chosen to support these activities have included a scanning electron microscope (JEOL 840FE), an energy dispersive x-ray system (EDAX), a focused ion beam mill (Micrion), a secondary ion mass spectrometer (Cameca IMS3F) -- as well as inspection systems equipped with laser based scanning for pattern anomalies and surface contamination (Tencor Surfscan 7XXX). Combining these techniques and tools facilitates efficient manufacturing process partitioning and root cause analysis leading to continuous improvement.
The Ethiopian wolf – an endangered endemic canid

The Ethiopian wolf is a social canid endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia. Today perhaps only 500 individuals survive, making it the world's rarest and probably most endangered canid. Its range has already been reduced and it is threatened by further loss of habitat to high-altitude subsistence agriculture and overgrazing by livestock. Today it survives in only six locations, with the largest and probably only genetically viable population being found in the Bale Mountains National Park. The most immediate threats for the survival of Ethiopian wolves are disease, domestic dogs and human persecution. Improved management in Bale and Simien Mountains National Parks and the establishment of a captive-breeding programme are urgently needed to prevent the extinction of this species.
Arctic Inversion Strength in Climate Models

Recent work indicates that climate models have a positive bias in the strength of the wintertime low-level temperature inversion over the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere. It has been argued this bias leads to underestimates of the Arctic’s surface temperature response to anthropogenic forcing. Here the bias in inversion strength is revisited. The spatial distribution of low-level stability is found to be bimodal in climate modelsandobservationalreanalysis products,withlow-levelinversionsrepresentedbyastableprimarymode over the interior Arctic Ocean and adjacent continents, and a secondary unstable mode over the Atlantic Ocean. Averaging over these differing conditions is detrimental to understanding the origins of the inversion strength bias. While nearly all of the 21 models examined overestimate the area-average inversion strength, conditionally sampling the two modes shows about half the models are biased because of the relative partitioning of the modes and half because of biases within the stable mode.
Racial and Gender Disparities Among Patients with Gout

Gout affects 8.3 million Americans according to NHANES 2007–2008, approximately 3.9 % of the US population. Gout has substantial effect on physical function, productivity, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and health care costs. Uncontrolled gout is also associated with significant use of emergency care services. Women are less likely to have gout than men, but in the postmenopausal years the gender difference in disease incidence decreases. Compared with whites, racial and/or ethnic minorities, especially blacks, have higher prevalence of gout. Blacks are also less likely to receive quality gout care, leading to disproportionate morbidity. Women are less likely than men to receive allopurinol, and less likely to undergo joint aspirations for crystal analysis to establish diagnosis, but those on urate-lowering therapy are as likely as, or more likely than, men to undergo serum urate check within six months of initiation. Although a few studies provide the knowledge related to gender and race and/or ethnicity disparities for gout, several knowledge gaps exist in gout epidemiology and outcomes differences by gender and race and/or ethnicity. These should be investigated in future studies.
Hyperoxia-Induced Modulation of Pulmonary and Hepatic Cytochrome P4501A Expression in the Rat

Hyperoxia-Induced Modulation of Pulmonary and Hepatic Cytochrome P4501A Expression in the Rat
Relation between the heat of immersion and the initial water content of Li-, Na-, and K-montmorillonite

Abstract The heat of immersion, Q, and the interlayer spacing, λ, of Li-, Na-, and K-montmorillonite were determined at several values of the mass ratio of water to montmorillonite, mw/mc, by microcalorimetry and X-ray diffraction, respectively. For Li-montmorillonite, Q decreased and λ increased monotonously with increasing mw/mc. However, for Na- and K-montmorillonite, Q decreased rapidly from positive to negative values, passed through a minimum, increased to positive values again, passed through a maximum, and then decreased gradually to 0. Concurrently, λ increased continuously with mw/mc to a specific value, jumped to an appreciably higher value, and increased continuously thereafter. Comparison of the curves of Q vs mw/mc with those of λ vs mw/mc showed that the minimum in Q occurred at the same mw/mc as the jump in λ, that the depth of the minimum correlated with the magnitude of the jump in λ, and that its width correlated with the range of mw/mc over which the jump in λ occurred. The minimum in Q was deeper and wider for the K-montmorillonite than for the Na-montmorillonite. With all of the three homoionic montmorillonites, Q remained measureable until mw/mc exceeded 6.0 g/g. These results were interpreted to mean that Q is governed by the energy required to dissociate the exchangeable cations and expand the montmorillonite layers and by the energy released in hydrating these cations and the surfaces of the layers but that it does not become negligible until the layers are far apart.
Translating Research for Professional Development and Effective Clinical Practice With Older Adults

Abstract This paper offers a commentary on the articles in the special series on cognitive behavior therapy with older adults ( Carmin, 2012-this issue ), noting the commonalities found across discussions of diagnostic interviewing and cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment for late-life insomnia, depression and suicide risk, PTSD, and OCD. These case studies demonstrate best practices in the application of cognitive-behavioral strategies for assessment and intervention with a diverse range of older adults. Clinicians can improve the effectiveness of their work with aging clients by expanding their skills in assessment and managing interprofessional relationships in integrated health-care settings. Reflected by the papers in this series, ongoing professional development and research attention are both essential as clinicians from the mental health disciplines increase provision of CBT with older adults. Treatments for specific disorders and problems will also benefit from the growing literature on successful aging, and the application of positive psychology in our future collaborations with older adults and their care partners.
Evaluation of a Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampler for Rock Outcrops in Rivers

ABSTRACT We developed a new method for sampling benthic macroinvertebrates on rock outcrops that would: (1) sample a small area of habitat in which organisms were very dense, (2) provide reasonable precision for estimates of mean densitiis of dominant individual taxa, and (3) be usable in flowing water up to 75 cm deep. The Rock Outcrop Community Sampler (ROCS) is a tall box (0.01 m2 bottom area x 80 cm high) that is used by scraping macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates from the area of rock outcrop contained within the sampler and then pumping the contents into a net. We found that the ROCS enabled us to obtain more precise estimates of mean densities than has been reported for other commonly used sampling devices. The ROCS proved to be effective for studies in which it would be appropriate to sample in a narrowly defined habitat, take small samples, and emphasize selected taxa.
Assessment of attitudes toward mass screening for colorectal cancer and polyps.

Abstract At the University of New Mexico outpatient clinics, 202 consecutive patients were asked by a bilingual medical student to complete a questionnaire and to indicate interest in volunteering for a Hemoccult colorectal cancer screening program. Only 70 (34%) agreed to undergo screening. Hispanics were less likely to volunteer than Anglos. Nonvolunteers were significantly more likely to object to specific aspects of the screening protocol and to deny that they could have cancer. Use of only 5 of the 15 items in the questionnaire gave maximal discrimination between volunteers and nonvolunteers.
Ontogeny of phototaxis and metamorphic competence in larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda : Opisthobranchia)

Abstract Temporal changes in phototaxis, metamorphic competence, and swimming patterns were studied in lecithotrophic larvae of the aeolid nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh. Separate horizontal and vertical tests of phototaxis showed young larvae (Days 5–7 post-fertilization = Days 0–2 post-hatching) to be highly photopositive. Positive phototaxis decreased with age, showing greatest change in larvae 8–9 days post-fertilization (3–4 days post-hatching). Positive phototaxis also decreased with increasing exposure time to light (vertical tests, 60 min maximum exposure). Young larvae displayed a decreased photopositive response to high intensity vertical, but not horizontal, light. Older larvae (Days 9–11 post-fertilization Days = 4–6 post-hatching) showed increased photopositive swimming in horizontal, but not vertical, high intensity light regimes. Young larvae swam in mostly straight paths toward a light, and the frequency of stops and circling increased with age, while distance travelled and vertical swimming speed decreased. The data indicate that ontogenetic changes in photic behavior and the onset of metamorphic competence follow independent time courses, and may reflect a balance between selection pressure associated with dispersal and settlement, and developmental constraints associated with physiological and morphological development.
Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 : Sensitivities impacting model performance Part I-Ozone

Abstract This study examines ozone (O 3 ) predictions from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 and discusses potential factors influencing the model results. Daily maximum 8-h average O 3 levels are largely underpredicted when observed O 3 levels are above 85 ppb and overpredicted when they are below 35 ppb. Using a clustering approach, model performance was examined separately for several different synoptic regimes. Under the most common synoptic conditions of a typical summertime Bermuda High setup, the model showed good overall performance for O 3 , while associations have been identified here between other, less frequent, synoptic regimes and the O 3 overprediction and underprediction biases. A sensitivity test between the CB-IV and CB05 chemical mechanisms showed that predictions of daily maximum 8-h average O 3 using CB05 were on average 7.3% higher than those using CB-IV. Boundary condition (BC) sensitivity tests show that the overprediction biases at low O 3 levels are more sensitive to the BC O 3 levels near the surface than BC concentrations aloft. These sensitivity tests also show the model performance for O 3 improved when using the global GEOS-CHEM BCs instead of default profiles. Simulations using the newest version of the CMAQ model (v4.6) showed a small improvement in O 3 predictions, particularly when vertical layers were not collapsed. Collectively, the results suggest that key synoptic weather patterns play a leading role in the prediction biases, and more detailed study of these episodes are needed to identify further modeling improvements.
The role of etoposide in the treatment of poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown primary site

Patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDC) or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (PDA) of unknown primary site comprise 25% to 35% of the patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Some of these patients have neoplasms that are highly responsive to combination chemotherapy, and a minority have potentially curable tumors. Between 1978 and 1982, 68 patients were treated with combination chemotherapy (most received cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin [PVB] with or without doxorubicin). Thirty-eight patients (56%) responded to treatment, with 15 (22%) complete responder (CR) and 9 (13%) long-term, disease-free survivors. Since that time, we have incorporated etoposide into the treatment of these patients because of its synergism with cisplatin and its great activity against several other neoplasms, including germ cell tumors. Seventeen patients with PDC of unknown primary site received salvage therapy with etoposide and cisplatin after failing PVB. Ten of these patients had partial responses (PR), with a median response duration of 5 months (range, 2 to 12 months). Thirty-two previously untreated patients with PDC received etoposide and cisplatin combinations as initial treatment. Eighteen of 30 evaluable patients (60%) responded to therapy, and 11 patients (37%) had CR. Seven patients remain disease-free 39 to 63 months after the completion of therapy. Etoposide is an active drug in the treatment of PDC of unknown primary site. Preliminary results indicate that initial treatment with etoposide and cisplatin combinations produces results equivalent to or superior to those achieved with PVB.
Enhanced membrane binding of autoantibodies to cultured keratinocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients after ultraviolet B/ultraviolet A irradiation.

Abstract Although sunlight is known to induce skin lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to exacerbate systemic manifestations, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We report experiments that show enhanced binding of IgG autoantibodies to the cell surface membrane of ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiated (200-1,600 J/m2) cultured SLE keratinocytes in 10 out of 12 such cell strains. The autoantibody probes showing increased binding were directed against the soluble intracellular antigens, Sm, RNP, SSA/Ro, SSB/La, whereas serum with anti-dsDNA activity did not demonstrate such binding. Control keratinocytes from several sources shared low level binding of autoantibodies after ultraviolet light exposure. In addition, 4/6 UVB-sensitive SLE strains showed increased autoantibody binding to the surface of SLE keratinocytes after UVA exposure (50-150 kJ/m2), but of lower magnitude. When UVB-sensitive nonirradiated SLE strains were exposed to autologous serum, 3/8 sera demonstrated a striking increase in IgG binding, which increased further after UVB exposure. Enhanced expression of saline-soluble intracellular antigens on the cell surface membrane of patient, but not control, keratinocytes may, in part, explain the photosensitivity of patients with SLE.
Influence of AKT on Progesterone Action in Endometrial Diseases

Progesterone plays an essential role in the maintenance of the endometrium; it prepares the endometrium for pregnancy, promotes decidualization, and inhibits estrogen-dependent proliferation. Progesterone function is often dysregulated in endometrial disease states. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is often overactive in endometrial pathologies and promotes the survival and proliferation of the diseased cells. Understanding how AKT influences progesterone action is critical in improving hormone-based therapies in endometrial pathologies. Here, we summarize recent studies investigating the crosstalk between the AKT pathway and progesterone receptor function in endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
Blood in Our Streets: The Status and Evolution of Trauma Care Systems

• Injury is our nation's leading public health problem. Victims of violence need expert and immediate medical attention. A model exists for optimal care of the injured patient—the trauma care system. This article outlines the history of trauma care, the components of the ideal, inclusive trauma care system, its efficacy, and the challenges and opportunities facing those who advocate such systems. ( Arch Surg . 1992;127:677-681)
Influences of water vapor on Cr(VI) reduction by gaseous hydrogen sulfide.

In Situ Gaseous Reduction (ISGR) using hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a technology developed for soil remediation by reductive immobilization of contaminants such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Deploying the technology requires us to obtain a much-improved understanding of the interactions among the contaminants, H2S, and various soil components. In this study, Cr(VI) reduction by gaseous H2S was examined under various relative humidities (0−96.7%), concentrations of Cr(VI) (127−475 μg/g of solid), and H2S (0−800 ppmv) and by using Cr(VI) compounds with different solubilities. Glass beads with various average diameters (GA = 0.600 mm; GB = 0.212−0.300 mm; and GC = 0.106 mm) and silica (SA = 0.075−0.150 mm) were used as matrices to support K2CrO4, CaCrO4, PbCrO4, or BaCrO4, and reduction of these compounds by gaseous H2S was monitored by Cr(VI) analysis following extractions with distilled water or hot alkali solution. The results showed that Cr(VI) reduction relied on both the relative humidity of the gaseou...
Partitioning of reduced nitrogen derived from exogenous nitrate in maize roots: Initial priority for protein synthesis

When roots of five day-old maize seedlings were exposed to 15N-nitrate, a constant (25–29%) proportion of the reduced 15N derived from the entering 15N-nitrate accumulated as insoluble 15N nitrogen. Constancy was established by two hours and lasted through 12 hours at ambient 15N-nitrate concentrations of 0.05 mM to 20.0 mM. Even when little 15N nitrate had been reduced (> 2μmoles), there was a linear relationship between accumulation of insoluble 15N (but not accumulation or translocation of soluble reduced 15N) and total reduced 15N. It is proposed that protein synthesis from the entering nitrate occurs in close association with nitrate reduction.