cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Ordinal Peer Grading

Massive Online Open Courses have become an accessible and affordable choice for education. This has led to new technical challenges for instructors such as student evaluation at scale. Recent work has found ordinal peer grading}, where individual grader orderings are aggregated into an overall ordering of assignments, to be a viable alternate to traditional instructor/staff evaluation [23]. Existing techniques, which extend rank-aggregation methods, produce a single ordering as output. While these rankings have been found to be an accurate reflection of assignment quality on average, they do not communicate any of the uncertainty inherent in the assessment process. In particular, they do not to provide instructors with an estimate of the uncertainty of each assignment's position in the ranking. In this work, we tackle this problem by applying Bayesian techniques to the ordinal peer grading problem, using MCMC-based sampling techniques in conjunction with the Mallows model. Experiments are performed on real-world peer grading datasets, which demonstrate that the proposed method provides accurate uncertainty information via the estimated posterior distributions.
The use of Vis/NIR spectroscopy to predict the optimal root harvesting date of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Abstract The use of Visible/Near Infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated to determine the optimal harvesting date of chicory roots. Indirect maturity parameters, such as the foliage chlorophyll content, root dry matter, sugar and nitrogen content, were measured for two hybrids during the field growing season. The root harvest date, which resulted in the highest percentage of top quality chicory heads after forcing, was chosen as the optimal harvest date. A principal component analysis indicated the presence of both a time and hybrid effect. Partial least square models were constructed to predict the indirect maturity parameters and the number of days before optimal root harvest. Correlations for cross validation between 0.75 and 0.81 were obtained for the prediction of foliage chlorophyll content. For the first time, leaf spectra were used to predict chicory root characteristics with success: root dry matter percentage had a cross validation correlation of 0.81 for the ‘Mont Blanc’ and 0.88 for the ‘Vintor’ hybrids. The prediction of root sugar and nitrogen content was poor (cross validation correlation of 0.62 and 0.74). Predicting the number of days before optimal root harvest was done reasonably accurately, with prediction errors of 8.86 d and 10.61 d for ‘Mont Blanc’ and ‘Vintor’, respectively. The visual part of the spectrum is not required in these calibration models. Data of more years and hybrids should be taken into account to make the models more robust and applicable for farmer practice.
Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls reduces amphetamine behavioral sensitization in Long-Evans rats.

Abstract PCBs have long been known to affect dopamine (DA) function in the brain. The current study used an amphetamine behavioral sensitization paradigm in rats developmentally exposed to PCBs. Long–Evans rats were given perinatal exposure to 0, 3, or 6 mg/kg/day PCBs and behavioral sensitization to d -amphetamine (AMPH) was assessed in one adult male and female/litter. Non-exposed (control) males showed increasing locomotor activity to repeated injections of 0.5 mg/kg AMPH, typical of behavioral sensitization. PCB-exposed males showed greater activation to the initial acute AMPH injection, but sensitization occurred later and was blunted relative to controls. Sensitization in control females took longer to develop than in the males, but no exposure-related differences were observed. Analysis of whole brain and serum AMPH content following a final IP injection of 0.5 mg/kg revealed no differences among the exposure groups. Overall, these results indicated developmental PCB exposure can alter the motor-stimulating effects of repeated AMPH injections. Males developmentally exposed to PCBs appeared to be pre-sensitized to AMPH, but quickly showed behavioral tolerance to the same drug dose. Results also revealed the behavioral effect was not due to exposure-induced alterations in AMPH metabolism following PCB exposure.
Squirrel Springs Volcano-Tectonic Depression: A Buried Cauldron in Southwestern New Mexico

The Squirrel Springs depression is a 25-km-diameter structural basin in the northwest part of the Mogollon Plateau volcanic province, which is interpreted as the surface expression of a buried cauldron. Evidence for the buried cauldron includes (1) a shallow, terraced structural basin 25 km in diameter in which postcauldron volcanic rocks are ponded, (2) a circular fault pattern around the basin that is discordant with regional structural trends, (3) a porphyritic quartz latite dome complex centered within the basin, and (4) flow direction measurements showing flow of the Tularosa Canyon ash-flow tuff outward from the structure. The Squirrel Springs depression developed by (1) cauldron collapse accompanied by eruption of the Tularosa Canyon ash-flow tuff 30.7 m.y. ago, (2) burial of the cauldron by younger volcanic rocks, (3) reactivation of ring fractures forming a structural basin, and eruption of the John Kerr Peak Quartz Latite domes, and (4) arching of the northwest rim of the Mogollon Plateau, obscuring the western part of the Squirrel Springs depression.
High ice nucleation temperature of zebrafish embryos: slow-freezing is not an option.

Abstract Although fish embryos have been used in a number of slow-freezing cryopreservation experiments, they have never been successfully cryopreserved. In part this is because little is known about whether ice forms within the embryo during the slow-freezing dehydration process. Therefore, we examined the temperature of intraembryonic ice formation ( T IIF ) and the temperature of extraembryonic ice formation ( T EIF ), using a cryomicroscope. We used both unmodified zebrafish embryos and those with water channels (aquaporin-3 or AQP3) inserted into their membranes to increase permeability to water and cryoprotectants, examined at 100% epiboly to the 6-somite stage. In these experiments we examined: (1) the spontaneous freezing of (external) solutions; (2) the spontaneous freezing of solutions containing embryos; (3) the effect of preloading the embryos with cryoprotectants on T IIF ; (4) whether preloading the embryos with cryoprotectant helps in survival after nucleating events in the solution; and (5) the damaging effects of extracellular nucleation events versus solution toxicity on the embryos. The solutes alone (embryo medium—EM, sucrose culture medium, 1 M propylene glycol in EM, and 1 M propylene glycol in a sucrose culture medium) froze at −14.9 ± 1.1, −17.0 ± 0.3, −17.8 ± 1.0, and −17.7 ± 1.4, respectively. There was no difference amongst these means ( P > 0.05), thus adding cryoprotectant did not significantly lower the nucleation point. Adding embryos (preloaded with cryoprotectant or not) did not change the basic freezing characteristics of these solutes. In all these experiments, ( T EIF ) equaled ( T IIF ), and there was no difference in the freezing point of the solutions with or without the embryos ( P > 0.05). Additionally, there was no difference in the freezing characteristics of embryos with and without aquaporins ( P > 0.05). The formation of intraembryonic ice was lethal to the zebrafish embryos in all cases. But this lethal outcome was not related to solution injury effects, because 88–98% of embryos survived when exposed to a higher solute concentration with no ice present. Taken together, these data suggest that slow-freezing is not a suitable option for zebrafish embryos. The mechanism of this high temperature nucleation event in zebrafish embryos is still unknown.
A phylogeny of long-tongued horse flies (Diptera : Tabanidae : Philoliche) with the first cladistic review of higher relationships within the family

Long-tongued horse flies (Diptera : Tabanidae : Pangoniinae) have proboscis lengths at least as long as their heads, the longest belonging to the Old World genus Philoliche (Wiedemann, 1820). These long proboscides are used to probe for nectar in deep-throated flowers. For some flower species, these flies are the only known pollinators. Although horse flies are both vectors of disease and important pollinators, there has been no previous study of phylogenetic relationships below the subfamily level. The first comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for Philoliche (and consequently, Tabanidae) based on molecular data from one nuclear (CAD) and one mitochondrial (COI) gene is presented here. Using an exemplar approach, species from eight of nine tribes in all three subfamilies in Tabanidae were sampled, giving some of the first insights into relationships among the family as a whole. All nine subgenera of Philoliche, and multiple geographic representatives of the subgenus P. (Philoliche) (Wiedemann, 1820) in southern Africa were also sampled. Within the subgenus Philoliche, molecular support was found for a previously synonymised species. In general, these analyses sustain earlier intuitive classifications, but do not support the monophyly of all currently recognised subfamilies.
Development of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and human umbilical vein smooth muscle cell (HUVSMC) branch/stem structures on hydrogel layers via biological laser printing (BioLP)

Angiogenesis is one of the prerequisite steps for viable tissue formation. The ability to influence the direction and structure in the formation of a vascular system is crucial in engineering tissue. Using biological laser printing (BioLP), we fabricated branch/stem structures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMC). The structure is simple as to mimic vascular networks in natural tissue but also allow cells to develop new, finer structures away from the stem and branches. Additionally, we printed co-culture structures by first depositing only HUVECs, followed by 24 h incubation to allow for adequate cell–cell communication and differentiation into lumina; these cell printed scaffold layers were then removed from incubation and inserted into the BioLP apparatus so that HUVSMCs could be directly deposited on top and around the previously printed HUVEC structures. The growth and differentiation of these co-culture structures was then compared to the growth of printed samples with either HUVECs or HUVSMCs alone. Lumen formation was found to closely mimic the original branch and stem structure. The beginning of a network structure is observed. HUVSMCs acted to limit HUVEC over-growth and migration when compared to printed HUVEC structures alone. HUVSMCs and HUVECS, when printed in close contact, appear to form cell–cell junctions around lumen-like structures. They demonstrate a symbiotic relationship which affects their development of phenotype when in close proximity of each other. Our results indicate that it is possible to direct the formation and growth of lumen and lumen network using BioLP.
Parameter optimization in approximating curves and surfaces to measurement data

Abstract Curves and surfaces are often required to be approximated to the measurement data points in modeling industrial parts. A total approximation procedure involves assigning parameter values, least-squares fitting, and parameter optimization. In this article, a parameter optimization method is suggested based on the non-linear least-squares optimization procedure due to Levenberg-Marquardt. An explicit expression, for the sum of the squares of the fitting errors at each of the data points, is minimized treating the parameters as the variables. This optimization process has been compared with a number of published methods [Hoschek '88, Hoschek et al. '89, and Rogers & Fog '89] using cubic B-spline basis functions. Examples are provided for the approximation of curves and surfaces and their offsets.
A numerical force and stress analysis on a thin twin layer in TiAl

Abstract Distributions of forces and stresses along a thin twin layer in TiAl that was qualitatively described in a related paper were analysed using the experimentally measured locations of twinning dislocations in the thin twin layer. The results show that both the forward stress and the back stress are very large at the twin tip and they drop quickly as the distance from the twin tip increases. The forward stress and the back stress are equal to 1140 MPa and 1200 MPa respectively on the first twinning dislocation and 275 MPa and 300 MPa respectively on the sixteenth twinning dislocation. The external stress is found to be the residual stress in the matrix and it is uniformly distributed along the thin twin layer. The magnitude of residual stress is about 50 MPa. The internal friction stress on the first twinning dislocation is very large, near 765 MPa, but the internal friction stress on the second twinning dislocation is lower than on any twinning dislocations behind it. The high internal friction str...
The Effects of Prior Knowledge, Presentation Mode, and Visual Realism on Student Achievement.

This experiment was designed to determine whether all types of visuals are equally effective in facilitating student achievement of identical educational objectives, whether students’ level of entering behavior (prior knowledge of the content) affects their ability to profit from visualization and subsequently perform on criterion tests designed to measure achievement of different educational objectives, and whether externally paced and self-paced methods of presenting visualized instruction are equally effective in facilitating student achievement of immediate and delayed retention of the content. The results indicate that students with high entering behavior achieved equivalent or significantly higher scores on the criterion measures than students with low and medium entering behavior regardless of the type of visualization or method of instruction received; the use of visualization to complement instruction is an effective instructional technique for reducing differences in achievement on the criterion...
Design of Lossy Ladder Filters by Digital Computer

Nonavailability of ideal elements is a major drawback in the development of filters having some prescribed characteristic. In this paper, a method for designing lossy filters built with elements having unequal dissipation factors using a high-speed digital computer as the main tool is presented along with the results of a preliminary study of the method. The magnitude function, within the first order, is shown to be a multilinear function of the element values for very small change in the element values. The basic idea is to perturb the element values of the lossy filter with the aim of making the magnitude function of the lossy filter proportional to that of the ideal filter. An error function is defined as the sum of squared differences between the magnitude characteristic of the lossy filter and the same of the ideal filter (multiplied by a suitable constant factor) at some discrete frequencies in the passband and the stop band. The error function is then minimized by the steepest descent method of minimization. Results of using the suggested method in designing a lossy Tchebycheff filter of degree 9 are included. It is found that the minimization of the pass-band ripple is associated with a decrease in the stop-band attenuation. The paper also includes details on programming methods.
A nonlocal boundary-value problem for partial differential equations with constant coefficients belonging to smooth curves

We have investigated a nonlocal boundary-value problem in a cylindrical domain for partial differential equations with constant coefficients belonging to smooth curves. The solvability of this problem is connected with the problem of small denominators on smooth manifolds, which appear in constructing the solution. We have obtained the conditions of uniqueness and existence of solution of this problem. Finally, we have established the lower metric estimates of small denominators on smooth curves.
A comparative analysis of wind-tunnel and atmospheric air-flow patterns about single and successive barriers

Atmospheric wind velocities were measured aft of a single and a series of three successive snow fences and compared to velocities measured aft of models of the fences placed in a wind tunnel. Results indicate the wind-tunnel approach gives a reasonable estimate of the effectiveness of full-scale surface barriers under atmospheric conditions. It is also shown that a series of three successive barriers is not enough to obtain a beneficial accumulative ground effect. A general lessening of velocity with distance traveled over the successive barriers indicates, however, that an accumulative effect might be obtained in a system containing a larger number of successive barriers extending for a great length. The barriers are shown to increase the velocity fluctuations of the wind from two to nine times at different locations aft of a single barrier. Maximum fluctuations in a series of successive barriers were found to occur at the 0.5-ft elevation aft of the second barrier.
Scaling and parallelizing a scientific feature mining application using a cluster middleware

Summary form only given. As scientific simulations are generating large amounts of data, analyzing this data to gain insights into scientific phenomenon is increasingly becoming a challenge. We present a case study on the use of a cluster middleware for rapidly creating a scalable and parallel implementation of a scientific data analysis application. Using FREERIDE (framework for rapid implementation of data mining engines), we parallelize as well as scale to disk-resident datasets a feature extraction algorithm. We have developed a parallel algorithm for this problem which matches the communication and computation structure supported by the FREERIDE system. The main observations from our experimental results are as follows: 1) the overhead of using the middleware is quite small in most cases, 2) there is an overhead associated with breaking the datasets into more partitions or chunks, and 3) if the dataset is partitioned into the same number of chunks, the execution time stays proportional to the size of the dataset and inversely proportional to the number of nodes, i.e. the overhead of communication or reading disk-resident datasets is very small.
Developing Drugs for Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia

There are strong data suggesting that improvement in the cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia will contribute to enhanced functional outcomes for patients with this illness. Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia was established to provide a pathway for developing and registering potential cognitive-enhancing agents for this condition by addressing issues related to the content of the cognitive assessment battery and the clinical design features to be used in registration studies. This article examines key challenges related to the actual clinical development of cognitive-enhancing agents. These challenges include improving the probability of technical success and attrition rates of candidate molecules, establishing better animal models of human cognition, and developing biomarkers to decrease development costs and increase the speed of the clinical discovery process. Biomarkers are important for molecular target validation, dose selection, surrogate end points, and population segmentation. Examples of approaches for the development of agents for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia are discussed. It is concluded that close collaboration among academia, the National Institutes of Health, regulatory bodies, and industry will be important to advance the goal of developing drugs for this important condition.
Neural network architectures for artificial noses

The paper presents a review of electronic noses with emphasis of the usage of live olfactory receptor neurons as detectors interfaced with electronics. The paper focuses on the pattern recognition issue using artificial neural networks. The proposed architecture seems to be very simple and powerful at the same time. The architecture was verified in recognition of noisy images with characters where pixels are represented by analog values in the range 0 to 1. In the case of odor recondition instead of analog values only discrete 0 or 1 values were given to neural network inputs and the system proved to be equally reliable.
Rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability : a systematic review.

Background The rotator cuff plays a significant role in the static and dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint. Rotator cuff tears may occur after shoulder dislocations, whether in younger athletes or older patients with age-related tendon degeneration. Untreated tears may cause persistent pain, dysfunction, instability, and degenerative changes. A thorough understanding of when to look for rotator cuff tears after shoulder dislocations and how best to manage them may decrease patients’ pain and improve function.
Reply by Authors to F.R. Goldschmied

T HE Cebeci-Smith boundary-layer method is a numerical method which is found to give results which are satisfactory for most engineering problems. There is nothing special about it. The numerical scheme is an accurate and economical one, and the algebraic turbulence model has been correlated with available experimental data to produce reasonable results. This method is not expected to handle both the separation location and the resulting pressure distribution at separation, since such a capability will require an iteration between an inviscid and a viscous flow. What I mentioned in my paper was our observation of calculating the separation point by this method for a given pressure distribution. I am sure Mr. Goldschmied will agree with me, that flow separation changes the pressure distribution. So, to what extent the given inviscid pressure distribution for a flow with separation can be used is questionable. On the other hand, in using an inviscid pressure distribution I feel that one can locate the separation point for both laminar and turbulent flows by using zero-c/ criterion. Furthermore, I find it ridiculous to accept that the cf=Q criterion for separation depends on chordwise location only. Actually, neither the chordwise location nor the pressure drop should be used directly to predict separation. Separation is the result of boundary-layer development and occurs when the wall shear goes to zero. Chordwise location and pressure drop at separation are results and not prerequisites for predicting separation. Mr. Goldschmied ^claims that he and his associates have developed a method for predicting pressure distributions with massive separation. However, upon close examination, I find their method to be another self-predicting empirical correlation. Because the mystic Goldschmied separation criterion fails to predict the true separation pressure level, he adds a correction which also changes the separation location. So far, so good, but then he proceeds to test his method on cases which formed the basis for his empirical correlation! No independent test cases were presented. What else can one expect but good agreement? This is a good example of a circular argument.
Two-sex matrix models in assessing population viability: when do male dynamics matter?

Summary 1. While most demographic population models used in conservation rely on female vital rates, recent empirical evidence suggests that male dynamics should be included in population models used for assessing extinction risk. 2. Using California sea lions Zalophus californianus as an applied example, we demonstrate that there are situations in which two-sex models are more appropriate than the commonly used female-based model. 3. Two-sex models are relevant in cases where vital rates for sexes differ and for polygamous species such as sea lions. Vital rates targeted for management may therefore respond differently for males and females and for different assumptions about sex ratio. 4. Synthesis and applications. Conservation biologists should carefully consider the social structure and sex ratio of focal species in order to determine whether a two-sex matrix model will yield more accurate estimates of extinction risk than standard one-sex models.
Lifetime measurements of helium-like and lithium-like oxygen

Abstract A high resolution Bragg crystal spectrometer has been used to measure the decay times of the transitions: 1s2 – 1s 2p (1 1S–2 3P) and 1s2–1s 2s 2p (1 2S–2 4P). They are 1.47 ± 0.08 and 3.48 ± 0.08 ns, respectively. Delayed decay has been observed from states with much shorter lifetimes. These result in non-linear curves on a semilogarithmic graph that are all similar to each other. Thus, more than one delayed decay contributes to the formation of these states.
Wavelet transform and Non Local Means based super resolution

A novel wavelet domain approach based on nonlocal means filtering is presented to eliminate artifacts generated in discrete wavelet domain based super resolution techniques. These artifacts are generated due to shift variance of discrete wavelet transform. Objective analysis reveal superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional and state of art super resolution techniques.
A class of singular nonlinear boundary value problems

Abstract Variational methods are used in a weighted Sobolev space to prove the existence of solutions with any prescribed number of zeros, for a class of singular, nonlinear, second order differential equations.
Improved Serviceability Criteria for Steel Girder Bridges

Current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Service I deflection limits are in place with the purpose to prevent deformation-induced structural damage and psychological user discomfort from excess bridge vibration. Previous research has shown that deflection criterion alone is insufficient in controlling excess bridge vibrations and structural deterioration of the concrete deck. Previous research shows that natural frequency criteria better controls excess vibration than deflection criteria alone. In addition, previous research shows no significant correlation between deflection and structural deformation of the concrete deck slab. To better control excess bridge vibrations and deformation-induced structural deterioration, two new separate criteria formulations are proposed. The first formulation consists of a natural frequency criteria transformed into deflection-type terms familiar to the typical bridge engineer. The second proposed formulation directly controls the acting flexural strain in the concrete deck to control deformation-induced structural damage. The proposed serviceability criteria are applied to a database of 185 steel girder bridges. Both the as-built behavior and the design optimized behavior are examined and compared with current AASHTO serviceability criteria. The proposed user comfort and deformation-induced damage serviceability formulations are intended to be incorporated into ongoing Federal Highway Administration and bridge industry long-term bridge performance research where serviceability criteria is an important component.
Gain Stable Mixers and Amplifiers with Current Feedback

Narrow-band radio-frequency amplifiers and mixers may be stabilized by negative feedback without increasing the bandwidth excessively. A couple using current feedback is described. This couple requires only a simple resistive beta circuit and may be designed such that the band-pass characteristic is largely independent of the feedback. Consideration is given to the problem of input impedance and a design procedure is outlined. A discussion of the experimental results concludes the paper.
Studies on the Sensitivity to Catecholamines After Thyroidectomy

The present experiments have explored some effects of thyroidectomy on the response of alpha and beta adrenergic receptor mechanisms to catecholamines. The increase in diastolic pressure and the relaxation of an isolated duodenal loop in vivo have been used to assess the alpha adrenergic receptors. The increase in pulse pressure, the depletion of cardiac glycogen and the release of the free fatty acids from adipose tissue incubated in vitro have been used as the beta adrenergic receptor systems. Phentolamine was the alpha adrenergic blocking drug and nethalide or propranolol the beta adrenergic blocking drugs. The resting diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were unaffected by thyroidectomy. The increment in diastolic pressure following epinephrine was greater in the normal than in the hypothyroid rats, but there was no difference in the increments of pulse pressure or duodenal loop pressure after epinephrine. Isoproterenol did not increase diastolic pressure or decrease duodenal loop pressure. The...
Revolutionizing Ritual Interaction in the Classroom Constructing the Chinese Renaissance of the Twenty-First Century

Over the past decade, educational leaders in China have maintained that the pattern of social interactions in Chinese classrooms is not conducive to the cultivation of innovativeness and creativity and that this lack of creativity is a major barrier to China’s global competitiveness. One key response has been the implementation of the 2001 New Curriculum reforms in basic education. This article draws on qualitative classroom observation and in-depth interview data, as well as quantitative survey data, from Gansu province to investigate the extent to which classroom interactions differ substantially in Chinese primary school classrooms that are implementing the New Curriculum reforms compared with those that are not. To the extent that individuals are constructed by the interactions in which they participate, changes in classrooms could have far-reaching implications for contemporary youth socialized differently than those of previous generations, and for the future social, cultural, and political order of...
Pyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Down's syndrome. A Golgi study.

The neuronal organization of the motor cortex of a 19-month old child with Down's syndrome (mongolism) has been studied with the rapid Golgi method. This congenital syndrome, also known as 21 Trisomy is caused by a chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of an extra chromosome in the group 21. Various structural abnormalities have been found in the dendritic spines (postsynaptic structures) of the pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex of this child. The axo-spinous synapses of these neurons are considered to be altered by these spine abnormalities. In addition, a peculiar form of intrinsic vacuolar change affecting the dendrites and scattered neuronal fragmentation and necrosis have also been found. At least three different types of abnormality involving the spines — (the unusually long spine, the very short spine and a reduction in the number of spines) — are recognized among the pyramidal cells of the motor cortex. It is postulated herein: that a basic anomaly, possibly related to the genetic disorder affects primarily some cortical neurons which undergo progressive degenerative changes terminating in cell fragmentation and death. The different spine abnormalities are considered to represent various developmental stages of the common genetic anomaly. These changes might be structural correlates of the motor incoordination and mental retardation which are characteristic of this genetic disorder, but, final conclusions should await the investigation of other cases with this or similar methods capable of demonstrating the normal as well as the abnormal structural organization of the human cerebral cortex.
Reasons and Rational Motivational Access

Practical Internalism holds that an agent's reasons for acting are entirely determined by his rational desires. This account is thought to be preferable to externalism, on the grounds that internalism alone can guarantee that agents have ‘rational motivational access’ (RMA) to their reasons. Rachel Cohon has recently argued that (i) internalism fails to ensure this, and (ii) an externalist account, akin to relativism, can guarantee RMA. I suggest that both of these claims are mistaken. I argue that relativism is best understood as an internalist theory, and claim that one version of internalism can therefore guarantee RMA.
The water-gas-shift reaction at short contact times

Abstract We have examined the water–gas-shift reaction over noble metals and metals with ceria for catalyst contact times between 0.008 and 0.05 s for temperatures from 300 to 1000 °C. With reactants of CO, H 2 , and H 2 O at a 1/2/4 composition, the reaction approached equilibrium at these contact times for temperatures as low as 380 °C, which corresponds to a 50/1 H 2 /CO ratio. All results follow the equilibrium conversion versus temperature curve at high temperatures and then the rate decreases rapidly as temperature decreases. All metals show considerable promotion upon ceria addition, with Pt/ceria showing the most promise in terms of promotion, stability, and lack of methanation activity. A simple kinetic model that assumes first-order reversible reaction in all species fits all data at all temperatures from equilibrium to low conversions. The rate is nearly independent of surface area over a wide variation of parameters, and rates indicate that mass-transfer limitations are not dominant.
Long-Term Shoreline Change at Kailua, Hawaii, Using Regularized Single Transect

ABSTRACT Anderson, T.R.; Frazer, L.N., and Fletcher, C.H., 2015. Long-term shoreline change at Kailua, Hawaii, using regularized single transect. Traditional long-term (decadal) and large-scale (hundreds of kilometers) shoreline change modeling techniques, known as single transect, or ST, often overfit the data because they calculate shoreline statistics at closely spaced intervals along the shore. To reduce overfitting, recent work has used spatial basis functions such as polynomials, B splines, and principal components. Here, we explore an alternative to such basis functions by using regularization to reduce the dimension of the ST model space. In our regularized-ST method, traditional ST is an end member of a continuous spectrum of models. We use an evidence information criterion (EIC = −2 times the log of the prior predictive distribution) to select the optimal value of the regularization parameter, instead of the usual L-curve method, because the EIC can also be used to evaluate basis function models...
Chest Wall Toxicity After Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Malignant Lesions of the Lung and Liver

Purpose To quantify the frequency of rib fracture and chest wall (CW) pain and identify the dose–volume parameters that predict CW toxicity after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Methods and Materials The records of patients treated with SBRT between 2000 and 2008 were reviewed, and toxicity was scored according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 for pain and rib fracture. Dosimetric data for CW and rib were analyzed and related to the frequency of toxicity. The risks of CW toxicity were then further characterized according to the median effective concentration (EC 50 ) dose–response model. Results A total of 347 lesions were treated with a median follow-up of 19 months. Frequency of Grade I and higher CW pain and/or fracture for CW vs. non-CW lesions was 21% vs. 4%, respectively ( p p = 0.03 and p = 0.025, respectively). Volume of CW receiving 15 Gy - 40 Gy was highly predictive of toxicity ( R 2 > 0.9). According to the EC 50 model, 5 cc and 15 cc of CW receiving 40 Gy predict a 10% and 30% risk of CW toxicity, respectively. Conclusion Adequate tumor coverage remains the primary objective when treating lung or liver lesions with SBRT. To minimize toxicity when treating lesions in close proximity to the CW, Dmax of the CW and/or ribs should remain
Dynamic reprogramming of chromatin accessibility during Drosophila embryo development

The development of complex organisms is believed to involve progressive restrictions in cellular fate. Understanding the scope and features of chromatin dynamics during embryogenesis, and identifying regulatory elements important for directing developmental processes remain key goals of developmental biology. We used in vivo DNaseI sensitivity to map the locations of regulatory elements, and explore the changing chromatin landscape during the first 11 hours of Drosophila embryonic development. We identified thousands of conserved, developmentally dynamic, distal DNaseI hypersensitive sites associated with spatial and temporal expression patterning of linked genes and with large regions of chromatin plasticity. We observed a nearly uniform balance between developmentally up- and down-regulated DNaseI hypersensitive sites. Analysis of promoter chromatin architecture revealed a novel role for classical core promoter sequence elements in directing temporally regulated chromatin remodeling. Another unexpected feature of the chromatin landscape was the presence of localized accessibility over many protein-coding regions, subsets of which were developmentally regulated or associated with the transcription of genes with prominent maternal RNA contributions in the blastoderm. Our results provide a global view of the rich and dynamic chromatin landscape of early animal development, as well as novel insights into the organization of developmentally regulated chromatin features.
Embryonic osmoregulation: Consequences of high and low water loss during incubation of the chicken egg

The rates of water loss of domestic chicken eggs were varied during incubation to measure the osmoregulatory ability of the avian embryo. Egg water loss was increased by drilling holes in the eggshell over the airspace on day 13 (I = 21 days) and then placing these eggs in a low relative humidity (r.h.: 0–10%) incubator until hatch. Egg water loss was decreased by placing other eggs in a high-r.h. (85–90%) incubator on day 0. Eggs with low water loss (∼ 6% of initial fresh mass [IFM]) produced embryos and yolks that were not different in wet or dry mass when compared to control eggs that lost ∼ 12% of IFM. However, 1–4 gm of excess albumen were left in low-water-loss eggs on day 21. Hatching success was 71% and 89% for low and control eggs, respectively. Low egg water loss did not appear to disturb embryonic growth. The allantoic fluid volume and millimolar allantoic Na+ and Cl− ions declined faster with high and slower with low rates of water loss. Thus, excess water was lost as a result of increased movement of water out of allantoic fluid, which was due to increased active transport of Na+ ions by the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Eggs with high water loss had elevated Cl− levels after day 17 in plasma and amniotic fluid, which indicated a period of osmotic stress after depletion of allantoic fluid between day 18 and hatch. The decrease in wet embryo mass measured in embryos from high-water-loss eggs was due principally to dehydration of skin. Embryonic skin may serve as an emergency water reservoir during osmotic stress. Dehydrated chicks produced from high-water-loss eggs were 6 gm less in wet mass at hatch compared to controls. However, these chicks regained the water deficit 7 days after hatch and grew at a rate not different from control chicks through 6 weeks of age. Total egg water loss of 12% of IFM results in highest hatching success. However, water losses between 6% and 20% of IFM do not appear to affect adversely the growth or water content of the chick. Water losses above 20% of IFM cause early depletion of allantoic fluid, prolong the period of osmotic stress, and result in subsequent dehydration of blood, amniotic fluid, and embryonic skin. These results show that the regulation of allantoic fluid volume and ion content and the action of the CAM surrounding it are the integral components of the osmoregulatory system of the chick embryo.
Quantum Monte Carlo Studies of Nuclear Systems

Quantum Monte Carlo methods provide a powerful tool for exploring diverse quantum systems possessing large numbers of degrees of freedom, ranging from condensed matter, spin systems, atoms and molecules to nuclei and quantum chromodynamics. This talk will survey a range of problems in nuclear systems in which we are attempting to obtain new insight into the physics of the diverse nuclear and sub-nuclear degrees of freedom which arise in nuclear physics.
The Imprisoned, Unspeakable Self: Silenced Sexuality in Henry James

This essay analyzes Henry James’s The Bostonians (1886) as a novel, like several other works by James, that hints at but never fully articulates homosexual desire. The relationship between Boston feminist Olive Chancellor and her protege, Verena Tarrant, is a study in self-silencing and repression. In particular, James subtly explores Olive Chancellor’s struggle with an internal prison, her suppressed homosexuality, which was likely James’s own sexual struggle as well. In addition, James’s literary style, his famously imposing and dense walls of verbiage attempt to articulate secrets without ever stating what’s hidden. Paradoxically, James’s voluminous wall of words calls the reader’s attention to what is silent in his characters and in James himself.
Susceptibility of an Alfalfa Leaf cutting Bee to Residues of Insecticides on Foliage

Alfalfa leaf cutting bees, Megachile rotundata (F.), were exposed to leaves of alfalfa, Medicago Sativa L. (used in nest building), that had been treated with carbaryl, DDT, and azinphosmethyl in filed and greenhouse cages. The treated alfalfa leaves were the only nest-building material, and fiddle-neck, Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth, was the only source of pollen and nectar. Only 1 of the 2 plant species was sprayed in each test. Both adult females and larvae died when the alfalfa leaves were the only source of exposure to the insecticides. Larval mortality was at least as great when the contaminated alfalfa leaves were used to build cells as when the contaminated pollen and nectar were used to provision the cell. Adult mortality was greater when the insecticide was applied to the insecticide was applied to the fiddle-neck flowers than to the alfalfa leaves. Azinphosmethyl was hightly and DDT moderately toxic. Carbaryl was relatively nontoxic.
Monte Carlo Calculation of Gamma Radiation Field Due to Precipitation Washout of Radon Daughters from the Atmosphere to the Ground Surface

A one-dimensional Monte Carlo transport code for the propagation of gamma radiation in two medium geometry is developed to evaluate properties of the radiation field due to the washout of short-lived radon daughters from the atmosphere to the ground surface by precipitation. To assess the validity of the results provided by this code, the calculations on the radiation field from uniformly distributed terrestrial 238U source in the natural environment are compared with numerical calculations of other investigators. The comparison shows satisfactory agreement between them.The calculated data are presented on the height distribution and on the energy and angular distribution of flux density and exposure rate from an infinite plane isotropic RaB and RaC sources with known abundances on the ground-air interface.
Function-on-Function Linear Regression by Signal Compression

ABSTRACTWe consider functional linear regression models with a functional response and multiple functional predictors, with the goal of finding the best finite-dimensional approximation to the signal part of the response function. Defining the integrated squared correlation coefficient between a random variable and a random function, we propose to solve a penalized generalized functional eigenvalue problem, whose solutions satisfy that projections on the original predictors generate new scalar uncorrelated variables and these variables have the largest integrated squared correlation coefficient with the signal function. With these new variables, we transform the original function-on-function regression model to a function-on-scalar regression model whose predictors are uncorrelated, and estimate the model by penalized least-square method. This method is also extended to models with both multiple functional and scalar predictors. We provide the asymptotic consistency and the corresponding convergence rates...
The production of intestinal fluid by cholera toxin in the rat.

SummaryThe intestine of the rat can be used as a cholera model. The amount of fluid production in in vivo intestinal loops was dependent on the amount of toxin present. With increased fluid production HCO3 and Cl concentrations approached those in plasma. Acetazolamide did not minimize fluid production while it was uncertain whether cycloheximide had any effect. In in vitro everted sacs, prepared from intestines which were secreting fluid in response to cholera toxin in vivo, there was a net transport of fluid from the mucosal to serosal side.
Abstract 5427: Andrographolide is a novel inhibitor of interleukin-6 and suppresses prostate tumor growth

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6), a major mediator of the inflammatory response, has been implicated in androgen receptor (AR) activation, cellular growth and differentiation, plays important roles in the development and progression of prostate cancer, and is a potential target in cancer therapy. METHODS: In an attempt to identify potential inhibitors of IL-6, DU145 human prostate cancer cells that express IL-6 autocrine loop were treated with compounds from the Natural compound library (TimTec LLC, Newark, DE) for 24 hours. The Natural compound Library consisted of 440 natural compounds with minimal purity of 95%. The media were collected and used for measurement of IL-6 protein by ELISA. Compounds that decreased the levels of IL-6 protein by 50% were selected for further characterization. RESULTS: We found that andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional Chinese and Indian medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata, could inhibit IL-6 expression and suppress IL-6-mediated signals. Andrographolide inhibits IL-6 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Andrographolide suppresses both IL-6 autocrine- and paracrine-loop induced cell signaling including Stat3 and Erk phosphorylation. Furthermore, andrographolide inhibits cell viability and induces apoptotic cell death in both androgen-stimulated and castration-resistant human prostate cancer cells without causing significant toxicity to normal immortalized prostate epithelial cells. Moreover, treatment of andrographolide in mice bearing castration-resistant DU145 human prostate tumors that express constitutive IL-6 autocrine loop significantly suppresses tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results demonstrate that andrographolide could be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat both androgen-stimulated and castration-resistant prostate cancer possibly by suppressing IL-6 expression and IL-6-induced signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5427. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5427
Complement Fixation Antigens of * Influenza Viruses Type A and B.

SummaryAllantoic fluids infected with influenza A or B virus contain 3 antigenic fractions as measured by complement fixation technic: 1. sedimentable at relatively low speeds and directly linked with virus activity (600 S); 2. sedimentable at 90,000 g (30 S) possibly identical with the antigen observed in mouse lungs by Lennette and Horsfall;17 3. non-sedimentable at 90,000 g upon repeated centrifugation or in the presence of a sucrose density gradient (<30 S). The serological activity of fraction 2 and 3 appears to be based on one antigen, while the activity of fraction 1 is mainly due to another antigen distinct from fractions 2 and 3, as shown by serum absorption technic. The 30 S components of 2 strains of influenza A virus were found indistinguishable by serum absorption technic while the 600 S components revealed strain-specificity in addition to antigenic activity common to both strains.