cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self‐Esteem, Achievement, and Career Choices of Rural Students

The current study investigated the self-esteem, achievement, and career choices of 218 high school students in a small rural school. The Self-Esteem Inventory Scores tended to be low. Most students selected occupations traditional for their sex, regardless of their self-esteem scores. Young women were more likely to consider nontraditional occupations.
Do Concerns about Labour Market Competition Shape Attitudes Toward Immigration? New Evidence

To what extent are voters' attitudes toward immigration determined by considerations of material self interest and fears about labor market competition? General equilibrium models predict that immigration has negligible effects on the wages and employment of most native workers, and these predictions are generally confirmed by the bulk of the empirical research on the labor market impacts of immigration flows. But several prominent studies have recently examined survey data on voters and argued that fears about labor market competition are actually a potent source of anti-immigrant sentiment. We address several measurement problems that plague the use of survey data in these previous studies by conducting a large targeted survey of current U.S. employees in 12 industries. These industries vary with respect to their exposure to key dimensions of globalization. We test potential relationships between the skill levels, industry locations, occupations, and mobility of these employees and their attitudes towards different types of immigrants. In contrast with previous studies, our tests indicate that fears about labor market competition do not have substantial effects on voter attitudes towards immigration.
Development of calcium reabsorption by the allantoic epithelium in chick embryos grown in shell-less culture.

Abstract The allantoic sac of the chick embryo functions as a primitive urinary bladder, storing and modifying the excretory fluid produced by the embryo. We have used chick embryos grown in shell-less culture to study the in situ handling of Ca2+ by the allantoic epithelium. Between Days 8 and 13 of incubation (38°C, 5% CO2), the [Ca2+] of the allantoic sac fluid declines from about 1.5 mM to less than 0.3 mM, with most of this Ca2+ reabsorption occurring between Days 10 and 11. In 13-day-old embryos, the allantoic epithelium reabsorbs within 24 hr 85–92% of 45Ca2+ injected into the allantoic sac, while in 9-day-old embryos 45Ca2+ reabsorption is less than 40% by 24 hr. This is evidence for the developmental onset of a Ca2+ reabsorption process in the allantoic epithelium. The allantoic fluid Ca2+ is reabsorbed into the embryo's blood in which the serum [Ca2+] is about 1.5 mM. Also, electrical potential profiles reveal that the serosal (mesenchymal) side of the allantoic epithelium is 15–30 mV positive compared to the mucosal (luminal) side. Thus, by electrochemical criteria this reabsorption process appears to be active.
Focusing in on T Cell Cross-Reactivity

To provide broad immunity to a vast array of foreign antigens with a limited number of T lymphocytes, each cell has to recognize many targets. By implementing a strategy to identify T cell receptor (TCR) ligands and investigating at a fine granularity their structure and sequence relationship, Birnbaum et al. demonstrate the surprisingly tight focus of such T cell cross-reactivity.
Food Deserts, Capabilities, and the Rectification of Democratic Failure

Food deserts include any area in the industrialized world in which reasonably priced, nutritious food is difficult to obtain. They constitute a pressing public health concern insofar as food desert inhabitants disproportionately suffer from a variety of diet-related conditions. Amartya Sen has written extensively about famine as a failure of functional governance. I draw on these considerations to defend two claims. First, the perpetuation of food deserts also constitutes a breakdown specifically of functional democracy. Second, this breakdown is best addressed by implementing programs and policies that reflect Sen's capabilities approach to justice. I challenge the proposition that resourcism or any other competing approach is preferable for this particular undertaking.
Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Irradiated Teflon: Effects of Various Gases

The radical produced by x‐ or γ‐irradiation of polyfluoroethylene (Teflon) in a high vacuum is shown to have five F atoms with nuclear coupling to the electron spin, four with equivalent coupling of 33 gauss each and a fifth with coupling of 92 gauss. The radical is probably of the form XCF2CFCF2Y, where X and Y represent the continuing Teflon chains with no significant electron spin density. Molecular oxygen was found to combine with undetectable radicals or ions in the irradiated Teflon to produce a new resonance. Carbon monoxide alters the latter resonance to a different one while H2, NO, and ionized air destroy it. The resonance of the fluorocarbon radical is also nullified by H2 and NO. When Teflon is irradiated under an atmosphere of NO gas, a triplet resonance structure apparently arising from N14 nuclear interaction is produced. The triplet can also be produced by admission of NO to a sample of Teflon previously irradiated in a vacuum.
Failure of Nicotine to Affect Development of Offspring When Administered to Pregnant Rats

Administration of nicotine to rats at any point in pregnancy has no apparent effect upon completion or duration of pregnancy, or upon body development, litter size, weight, or mortality of offspring. These results differ sharply from the effects in mice reported by others. The possible etiologic significance of anoxia in the malformations reported in mice is discussed.
Performance on phonological and grammatical awareness metalinguistic tasks by children who stutter and their fluent peers

Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the performance of 23 children who stutter (CWS) and 23 children who do not stutter (CWNS) on three metalinguistic tasks. These included two phonological awareness assessment procedures ( The Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test (LAC) and a Phoneme Reversal Task ) and one modified Grammar Judgments Task where syntactic and semantic appropriateness of sentences was evaluated. Differences between groups were significant for the grammar judgment task, where CWNS outperformed CWS in judging syntactically and semantically anomalous sentences. Group differences were not significant for the phonological awareness tasks. The results underscore the importance of examining metalinguistic abilities of CWS through a variety of tasks. Educational objectives: The reader will learn about and be able to: (1) recognize the relevance of examining metalinguistic abilities within the context of research on language-stuttering dynamics; and (2) identify measures of metalinguistic abilities that can be used to compare the performances of CWS and CWNS.
Ground and excited state infrared spectroscopy of jet-cooled radicals: exploring the photophysics of trihydronaphthyl and inden-2-ylmethyl.

The alkyl and aromatic CH stretch infrared spectra of inden-2-ylmethyl (I2M, C10H9) and trihydronaphthyl (THN, C10H11) radicals have been recorded under jet-cooled conditions in the ground (D0) and first electronically excited (D1) states using resonant ion-dip infrared (RIDIR) spectroscopy. Previously, the vibronic spectroscopy of a series of C10H9 and C10H11 hydronaphthyl radicals were investigated and their thermochemical properties were evaluated with isomer specificity [J. A. Sebree et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 11, 6255–6262 (2010)]. We show here that one of the m/z 129 spectral carriers characterized in that work was misidentified as 2-hydronaphthyl (2-HN) radical, appearing in a discharge of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene in close proximity to 1-hydronaphthyl radical. The D0-RIDIR spectrum in the alkyl CH stretch region positively identifies the m/z 129 isomer as I2M, whose two-color resonant two-photon ionization (2C-R2PI) spectrum was recently reported by Schmidt and co-workers [T. P. Troy et al., Chem. Sci....
Optical design of the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment for NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer

The conceptual design for a ten-band absolute filter photometer (the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment) to operate at 2 K and measure galactic and extragalactic infrared radiation in the 1 to 300-micron range and polarization in the 1 to 3.5-micron range is presented, as part of the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer. The telescope optical design, a Gregorian design incorporating bafffles and shades to provide high stray-light rejection, is described. Pupil nonuniformity in the detector-assembly optical design has been limited. It is determined that detector sensitiity requirements can be met, and that the problem of radiation-induced responsivity variations can be solved by minimizing detector-assembly size, providing for in situ thermal annealing, and allowing for frequent detector calibration. Limitations on mirror performance are to be met by fabricating mirrors and structure from the same aluminum 6061 ingot.
Formulated problem verification as an explicit requirement of model credibility

This paper deals with the formulation and formulation verifica tion of a class of problems to which "modeling solutions" are applied. Two main objectives are to develop a procedure for problem formulation and to propose indicators for the for mulated problem verification. The class of problems considered is analyzed in two categories as requiring prescriptive or descrip tive solutions. A detailed study of each category results in a pro cedure to guide the analyst during the problem formulation. This procedure is illustrated by a traffic intersection problem. The for mulated problem is measured by using indicators to accomplish an evalution for the formulated problem verification. Indicators are developed to measure (1) the probability of failing to solve the actual problem, (2) the acceptability of an alternative set of possible outcomes, and (3) how well the formulated problem is structured. An evaluation questionnaire, included in the Ap pendix, is employed in applying the proposed indicators.
Setting a Fair Performance Standard for Physicians’ Quality of Patient Care

Background Assessing physicians’ clinical performance using statistically sound, evidence-based measures is challenging. Little research has focused on methodological approaches to setting performance standards to which physicians are being held accountable.
The mechanism of the interaction of N-aryl-O-pivaloylhydroxylamines with reducing metal ions

Abstract Evidence which supports a stepwise electron transfer process for the reduction of 1 by Fe2+ and Cu+ is presented.
Robotics, programmable automation, and international competitiveness

Presents some foundations for policy analysis, including: the place of robotics within current and prospective advances in manufacturing technology; the effects of increasing robot utilization on productivity and costs and the resulting effects on international competitiveness. The author considers the problems and policy implications of seeking to accelerate the development of robotics and related advances in manufacturing technology to accelerate the diffusion of such advances within domestic manufacturing industries and to mitigate any potentially burdensome social and economic effects of such developments.
Religion and the Construction of Civic Identity

Studies of religion's public roles typically concern the ways in which religious frameworks justify opinions and actions. This article draws from participant-observation research to show how people also use religion to define the boundaries of group identities and relationships. Importantly, people do this in situation-specific ways that we cannot predict from people's religious reasons for public actions. Evidence comes from two religiously-based organizations sponsored by the same local religious coalition, studied during 1998 to 2000 in a midsized U.S. city. One group is an alliance of lay people representing different churches, who organized volunteering and community development projects with a low-income minority neighborhood. The other is an alliance of clergy, representing different churches, that organized public events against racism. In each case, group members used religious terms to argue sharply over civic identity despite sharing the same religious reasons for their goals. Resolving the dis...
Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of two-dimensional echocardiography in detecting coronary artery aneurysms in patients with kawasaki disease

Seventy-seven patients with Kawasaki disease were prospectively evaluated from 1978 to 1983 to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value for detecting coronary artery aneurysms with two-dimensional echocardiography. Seventy (91%) underwent selective coronary arteriography and are included in this report. The study was divided into two periods because of increased experience and the use of a systematic approach with two-dimensional echocardiography in the second period as compared with the first. Aneurysms were demonstrated in nine patients (13%). The coronary artery system was divided into six regions: proximal third of the main right coronary artery, distal right coronary artery, left main coronary artery, left anterior descending coronary artery, circumflex coronary artery and distal left coronary artery. The sensitivity and specificity were high when imaging the proximal regions, and improved from the first period to the second. Both sensitivity and specificity were lower for the more distal regions of the right and left coronary arteries. Overall, the sensitivity of two-dimensional echocardiography was 100% because there were no patients in our study who had isolated distal coronary artery aneurysms. Two-dimensional echocardiography is a sensitive and specific test for detecting aneurysms in the proximal portions of both the right and left coronary arteries, and is useful in selecting patients for invasive investigation with selective coronary arteriography.
Singlet-octet mixing of scalar mesons in a generalized Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model

We study the nonstrange scalar-isoscalar states of a generalized Nambu{endash}Jona-Lasinio model that includes the {close_quote}t Hooft interaction and a model of confinement. We also include coupling of the q{bar q} states to the two-pion continuum in our analysis. (Our study is limited to energies q{sup 2}{le}1.8GeV{sup 2}, since to go beyond q{sup 2}=2.0GeV{sup 2} we need to change our method of calculation.) After introducing octet-singlet mixing we find two states, {sigma}{sub 1} and {sigma}{sub 2}, at energies of 1.00 and 1.28 GeV, respectively. The first of these is predominantly a SU(3) singlet, while the second state is rather strongly mixed. Of particular interest for nuclear physics is the behavior of the quark-quark T matrix for small spacelike values of q{sup 2}. Because of a strong q{sup 2} dependence of the T matrix at the opening of the two-pion continuum at q{sup 2}=4m{sub {pi}}{sup 2}, the {ital effective} mass that parametrizes scalar-isoscalar exchange in the T matrix is about 520 MeV. Thus, in a model of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, whose ingredients are a T matrix for the interaction of off-mass-shell quarks and valence-quark nucleon form factors, we can provide a basis for the use of a low-mass {ital effective} {sigma} mesonmore » in nuclear physics. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Journalism's Layoff Survivors Tap Resources to Remain Satisfied

Hobfoll's (1989) conservation of resources theory contends that individuals work to gain and defend valued resources. During difficult times, workers will tap into reserves to ward off stress. This study examines job satisfaction among more than 2,000 newspaper layoff survivors and the resources of organizational trust, morale, perceived job quality, and organizational commitment. Results show that highly satisfied newspaper journalists have stockpiled the resources trust and morale (Hobfoll's conditions valued by individuals), perceived job quality (mastery of a skill), and commitment to the organization (self-esteem). There is a clear division between those who have adequate resources and those who do not. Journalists who have accumulated trust, morale, perception of job quality, and organizational commitment appear to have adapted to the new environment and maintained some semblance of job satisfaction. Those with lower levels of job satisfaction subsequently are experiencing lower resource levels and ...
The Emerging Use of Ketamine for Anesthesia and Sedation in Traumatic Brain Injuries

Traditionally, the use of ketamine for patients with traumatic brain injuries is contraindicated due to the concern of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). These concerns, however, originated from early studies and case reports that were inadequately controlled and designed. Recently, the concern of using ketamine in these patients has been challenged by a number of published studies demonstrating that the use of ketamine was safe in these patients. This article reviews the current literature in regards to using ketamine in patients with traumatic brain injuries in different clinical settings associated with anesthesia, as well as reviews the potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ketamine. Studies examining the use of ketamine for induction, maintenance, and sedation in patients with TBI have had promising results. The use of ketamine in a controlled ventilation setting and in combination with other sedative agents has demonstrated no increase in ICP. The role of ketamine as a neuroprotective agent in humans remains inconclusive and adequately powered; randomized controlled trials performed in patients undergoing surgery for traumatic brain injury are necessary.
Effective and circuit band widths

IN RECENT YEARS, the term “effective band width” has been used so frequently in the literature that it appears desirable to distinguish it from the more familiar band-width concept employed to specify the frequency discriminating properties of selective networks.
Progesterone metabolism in the ovaries and testes of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata)

In the present study we examined the metabolic fate of progesterone (P4) in homogenate and tissue minces of the ovaries and testes of Lytechinus variegatus. P4 was metabolized primarily into 5alpha-reduced metabolites including, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (DHP), 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3beta,20-one), 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol (3beta,20alpha-diol), 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20beta-diol (3beta,20beta-diol), and 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol (3alpha,20alpha-diol) by both the ovaries and testes. The capacity to metabolize P4 did not differ between the ovaries and testes. However, the relative quantity of Salpha-pregnane-3beta,20zeta-diol synthesized from ovary and testis tissue minces was about 3.3-fold higher than from homogenate preparations. Differences in the synthesis of 3beta,20-one and 3alpha,20alpha-diol in both ovary and testis minces were dependent on reproductive state. This study demonstrates the pathway of P4 conversion in the ovaries and testes of L. variegatus and indicates the rapid conversion of P4 into 5alpha-reduced metabolites in these tissues. Although P4 metabolism is not sex specific, sex-specific responses to P4 metabolites have been demonstrated previously. We hypothesize that the sex-specific responses of the ovaries and the testes to P4 may be associated with receptor-level regulatory processes.
Sufficiency, generalized likelihood function and exponential family

The problem of characterizing an exponential family by sufficiency of certain statistics is considered. In distinction to most of the papers on this subject we do not want to characterize an expone...
A Survey of Search Committee Chairpersons: Candidate Qualifications Preferred for Entry-Level Tenure-Track Health Education Faculty Positions

Abstract This study examined employment search dynamics and personal and professional qualifications that search committees seek in applicants for health education faculty positions. To be competitive in the job search process, candidates must not only be well-prepared academically, but also must understand criteria preferred by potential employers. The strong national job market for entry-level faculty positions in health education in 1997 and early 1998 provided a suitable environment for exploring employment criteria. Participants included all search committee chairs identified from tenure-track position announcements posted between June 1, 1997, and May 31, 1998, that required a doctorate in health education, health promotion, public health or a related field (N = 82). Data were collected using the Survey of Search Committee Chairpersons, a 47-item mailed, self-administered questionnaire. Based on data gathered, job candidates will best be served by concentrating on the following areas: (1) college te...
On the level of optimal capital import in a decentralized competitive economy

Abstract In a competitive economy, capital import will affect the distribution of income among domestic economic units. Our main aim is to determine the optimal level of capital import, given that the distribution of income among people is accounted for. In order to consider explicitly the effect of capital import on saving behavior, we shall adopt a simple, two-period life cycle growth model. It will be shown that in order to know if the government can increase everybody's long-run utility, the criterion of the golden rule is important.
Assessing military veterans for posttraumatic stress disorder: a guide for primary care clinicians.

Purpose: To educate primary care providers on the physical effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), explain why military veterans are at great risk, and describe how to identify PTSD in primary care clients. Data sources: Current scientific and psychiatric literature on PTSD. Conclusions: PTSD is prevalent in the military community because of the frequency and type of trauma seen in the combat zone. With the ongoing military deployments, assessment for the presence of PTSD is increasingly important for comprehensive and high-quality primary care. Clients with trauma histories, such as veterans, are at increased risk for physical disorders such as heart disease and psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Implications for practice: Primary care clinicians, including those outside the military health system, are essential in identifying trauma histories and directing clients to appropriate care.
Downscaling of Daily Rainfall Occurrence over Northeast Brazil Using a Hidden Markov Model

Abstract A hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to describe daily rainfall occurrence at 10 gauge stations in the state of Ceara in northeast Brazil during the February–April wet season 1975–2002. The model assumes that rainfall occurrence is governed by a few discrete states, with Markovian daily transitions between them. Four “hidden” rainfall states are identified. One pair of the states represents wet-versus-dry conditions at all stations, while a second pair of states represents north–south gradients in rainfall occurrence. The estimated daily state-sequence is characterized by a systematic seasonal evolution, together with considerable variability on intraseasonal, interannual, and longer time scales. The first pair of states are shown to be associated with large-scale displacements of the tropical convergence zones, and with teleconnections typical of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. A nonhomogeneous HMM (NHMM) is then used to downscale daily precipitation occurrenc...
Epilepsy in Literature

Literary accounts of epilepsy deserve our attention because they form part of the cultural history of the disease and reflect responses to it by society. Epilepsy has been reviewed, mainly in the British literature, from Shakespeare to contemporary fiction, and reveals a wide range of images from the objective to the bizarre, based on observation, empathy, or manifold prejudices about the disorder. Epilepsy has been used in the plot of detective stories and as a challenge to movie actors. Some authors are factual and are well-informed, whereas others emphasize a fascination with ancient beliefs relating seizures to prophecy and divinity. In contemporary literature physicians are often represented as only marginally involved, distant, and helpless. Epilepsy is rarely viewed as a treatable disorder.
The Clinical Validity of Normal Compression Ultrasonography in Outpatients Suspected of Having Deep Venous Thrombosis

Background: Ultrasonography using vein compression accurately detects proximal deep venous thrombosis in symptomatic outpatients. Repeated testing is required for patients with normal results at pr...
Sex differences in the magnocellular subdivision of the medial preoptic nucleus in Syrian hamsters

Exposure to pheromonal cues initiates male mating behavior. Pheromones are processed within a pathway that converges on the magnocellular subdivision of the medial preoptic nucleus. Lesions of this area eliminate male copulatory behavior, but do not affect anogenital investigation. Exposure to pheromones stimulates cells of the magnocellular subdivision of the medial preoptic nucleus in a sex-specific manner. In this study, we hypothesize that sex differences in cell number may underlie sex differences in pheromone-induced neural stimulation. The current study used unbiased stereological methods to identify sexual dimorphisms in the magnocellular subdivision of the medial preoptic nucleus. Sex differences were found in the number and density of neurons, but not in overall volume or neuron volume. Consequently, the total volume is not sexually differentiated because neurons are more densely packed within the male magnocellular subdivision of the medial preoptic nucleus. These results support the hypothesis that additional neurons in the magnocellular subdivision of the medial preoptic nucleus are critical for the expression of male copulatory behaviors in adulthood. Furthermore, they suggest that sexual differentiation of the magnocellular subdivision of the medial preoptic nucleus is an important process that forms the anatomical basis for sex-specific behavioral responses to pheromonal stimulation.
Genetic and physiological parameters associated with cadmium toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster.

Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster represent the extremes in resistance and sensitivity to the lethal effects of CdCl2. The strain containing the mutations vermilion and brown (v; bw) and the strain Austin had LC50's of 3.3 and 1.3mm CdCl2, respectively. The three major chromosomes from these two strains were assorted genetically into the six possible combinations. The measured LC50's for CdCl2 for these six genotypes fell into two groups according to the X chromosome; those containing the X chromosome from v; bw had LC50's 0.5–1.0mm greater than those in which the X chromosome was from Austin. Since the parent strains differed by 2mm, we suggest that the X chromosome is a major, but not the sole, site of genes to produce resistance to CdCl2. When 109Cd was in the diet the uptake by v; bw and Austin over 2 days was the same. After 4 days of uptake, the Austin strain excreted the 109Cd five times faster than v; bw but the six genotypes did not differ appreciably in excretion rate from one another and resembled the sensitive parent Austin more than the resistant one. Thus a second process is indicated that distinguishes resistance to CdCl2 that apparently is not associated with the X chromosome.
Primary Krukenberg tumor of ovary. Review of literature and case report.

The literature on primary Krukenberg tumors of the ovary is reviewed. Of 38 cases reported, 17 could be accepted. An additional case is presented. The possibility of histogenetic relationship of primary Krukenberg tumors with mucinous cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary is discussed and origin of primary Krukenberg tumors from germinal epithelium having Mullerian potentialities is favored. Data on survival of the patients showed that prognosis in primary Krukenberg tumor of ovary is variable. The patient described in the case report also had consumption coagulopathy leading to hemorrhage and death.
Application of cybernetic models to metabolic engineering: investigation of storage pathways

A cybernetic model is proposed to examine generic features of storage pathways. This model is capable of describing synthesis of carbon and non-carbon storage polymers. The effect of environmental conditions is evaluated using storage polymer level as a fraction of total biomass as a gauge of pathway performance. The base wild-type pathway is then analyzed to determine the effect of genetic alterations upon system performance. Proposed modifications are tested using the cybernetic model as a diagnostic tool to ascertain the ramifications of potential genetic alterations. A methodology is developed within the cybernetic framework to describe alterations of enzyme activity and over-expression of pathway enzymes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:282–291, 1998.
High-sensitivity sequence determination of proteins quantitatively recovered from sodium dodecyl sulfate gels using an improved electrodialysis procedure.

Abstract An improved electrodialysis procedure has been developed to recover quantitatively proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. The efficiency of the method has been demonstrated successfully on H-2Kk, β2-microglobulin, complement factor D, and viral structural protein p27. The results indicate that yields exceeding 93% are obtainable, and that extended amino acid sequences of the eluted proteins in microgram quantities can be obtained in the presence of SDS without intrinsic and/or extrinsic labeling with radioisotopes.
Detection of new dissociative electron attachment channels in NO.

Three dissociative electron attachment channels have been detected and identified in NO via measurement of the O minus (exp 2)P fragment energy. In addition to the known N((exp 2 D(exp 0)) + O minus (exp 2)P channel, two new channels N((exp 1 S(exp 0)) + 0 (2 P) and N(exp 2)P(exp 0) + O(exp 2)P were detected. Cross sections for each of the channels are reported by normalizing the scattering intensities to previously measured total cross sections. The experimental approach uses solenoidal magnetic confinement of the electrons and ions, and trochoidal energy analysis of the low-energy ions.
PDA: Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation for Information Collection

Providing efficient data aggregation while preserving data privacy is a challenging problem in wireless sensor networks research. In this article, we present two privacy-preserving data aggregation schemes for additive aggregation functions, which can be extended to approximate MAX/MIN aggregation functions. The first scheme---Cluster-based Private Data Aggregation (CPDA)---leverages clustering protocol and algebraic properties of polynomials. It has the advantage of incurring less communication overhead. The second scheme---Slice-Mix-AggRegaTe (SMART)---builds on slicing techniques and the associative property of addition. It has the advantage of incurring less computation overhead. The goal of our work is to bridge the gap between collaborative data collection by wireless sensor networks and data privacy. We assess the two schemes by privacy-preservation efficacy, communication overhead, and data aggregation accuracy. We present simulation results of our schemes and compare their performance to a typical data aggregation scheme (TAG), where no data privacy protection is provided. Results show the efficacy and efficiency of our schemes.
Surface oxidation of cis–trans polybutadiene

Uncrosslinked cis–trans polybutadiene films were prepared on ultraclean glass microscope slides by uniform dipping. The samples were stored in different environments prior to evaluation of surface oxidation by dynamic contact angle using the Wilhelmy plate method and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Storage conditions evaluated were: (1) laboratory air at 20°C and 30% relative humidity; (2) vacuum at 0.1 torr; (3) distilled water equilibrated with air; and (4) degassed distilled water. XPS and contact angle analysis indicate that samples exposed to air undergo significant surface oxidation within 8 h. Exposure of polybutadiene to air-equilibrated water results in slower oxidation. Samples stored in degassed water demonstrated less surface oxidation. Vacuum-stored samples demonstrated the least surface oxidation. Dynamic contact angle measurements demonstrated that receding contact angles are more sensitive to changes in surface oxidation than are advancing contact angles, as expected. Changes in surface wetting characteristics are readily observed after only 1 h in laboratory air, although XPS analysis does not show evidence of oxidation within 4 h of air storage.
Liquidity supply and volatility: futures market evidence

This article examines the provision of liquidity in futures markets as price volatility changes. We find that customer trading costs do not increase with volatility. However, for three of the four contracts studied, the nature of liquidity supply changes with volatility. Specifically, for relatively inactive contracts, customers as a group trade more with each other and less with market makers, on higher volatility days. By contrast, for the most active contract, trading between customers and market makers increases with volatility. We also find that market makers' income per contract decreases with volatility for one of the least active contracts in our sample, but is not significantly affected by volatility for the other contracts. These results are consistent with the idea that, for high-cost, inactive contracts, market makers react to temporary increases in volatility by raising their bid-ask spreads significantly, and customers provide increased liquidity through standing limit orders. An implication of our results is that electronic systems, where market maker participation is not required, are able to supply adequate liquidity during volatile periods. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1–17, 2001
Social justice pedagogy for all science learners

A few years ago, listening to the invited guest’s presentation on argumentation in science education at the Business Meeting of the AERA SIG for Science Teaching and Learning, a junior colleague pr...
Summary of experimental work

Abstract The size of this Conference proceedings is ample testimony to the amount and activity in this field. As an experimentalist I found three general areas which I think were truly unique to this Conference.
The complex coronal transient of 1980 March 23

The time evolution of the coronal transient of 1980 March 23 is described, which contains as substructures a dark loop and an area of depletion similar to those seen by Fisher, Garcia, and Seagraves. The mass ejection pushes aside preexisting streamers, giving rise to the characteristic dark area with bright flanks seen in difference images of depletion transients. Time-height plots for five identifiable features in the transient event are shown; these substructures have velocities interrelated in a way approximately consistent with the hypothesis of self-similar MHD propagation. This implies that the event as a whole may be a self-similar dynamical system, and that the substructure loops are not independent units. A scenario for the event is presented, in which it is considered as a large, complex system which evolves dynamically as a whole.
A STUDY OF NUCLEATE BOILING NEAR THE PEAK HEAT FLUX THROUGH MEASUREMENT OF TRANSIENT SURFACE TEMPERATURE

Abstract Measurements of transient surface temperature during nucleate boiling of water at high heat fluxes support the view of many investigators that a liquid film, herein called the macrolayer, exists beneath an agglomeration of vapor bubbles and is paramount in transferring heat. The macrolayer repeatedly dries out and reforms. Upon reforming, the surface temperature drops repeatedly for brief periods. This is apparently caused by microlayer evaporation beneath bubbles growing in the macrolayer. Sometimes, a brief quench precedes ebullition. Evaporation from the macrolayer just before it evaporates completely cools the surface effectively and evidence of nucleation then is absent.
Popular and Nonpopular Subtypes of Physically Aggressive Preadolescents: Continuity of Aggression and Peer Mechanisms During the Transition to Middle School

Using peer nominations of physical aggression and perceived popularity in the spring semester of fifth grade, we identified 54 popular aggressive and 42 nonpopular aggressive preadolescents in a diverse sample of 318 participants recruited from an urban school district. Physical aggression in the spring semester of sixth grade was included to determine the developmental continuity of aggression in these two subtypes. The popular aggressive subtype showed higher levels of aggression at sixth grade than did the nonpopular subtype. Popularity during the transition to middle school mediated the subtype differences in sixth-grade physical aggression, whereas affiliation with aggressive peers at fifth grade did not mediate the subtype differences. For the nonpopular aggressive subtype, affiliation with popular-aggressive peers helped maintain high levels of physical aggression in sixth grade. These results suggest that future prevention and intervention efforts should give special attention to different subtypes of aggressive youth and the peer social dynamics associated with high social status.
Cellulose Studies: X. Heterogeneous Degradation of Cellulose and Viscose Rayon in Organic Acid Solutions

On the basis of their experiments, Pacsu and Hiller have shown that the classical concept of the structure of cellulose as built up from glucose anhydride residues connected by 1,4-β- glycosidic li...
On the extent of plastic yielding surrounding a surface “inclusion” under remote tension

Abstract A mathematical model of a hemispherical inclusion in an elastic half-space is presented with the object of estimating the extent of plastic deformation surrounding the inclusion when the half-space is subjected to remote tension. The approach leads to an approximate determination of the full three-dimensional elastic field. The elastic field, in turn, is used to estimate the extent of yield by introducing the Hencky-von Mises yield function. Computed results display the three-dimensional character of the yield zone and are discussed in terms of the mechanics of a hard nonmetallic surface inclusion in an elastic material.
Nonuniform pulse quantization for multiplication-free correlation in ultra-wideband receivers

Ultra-WideBand (UWB) communication is an emerging technology with many applications in short range broadcasting such as wireless home entertainment, accurate positioning, etc. Digital implementation of UWB radio is very challenging task as data are processed at very high rates, about 500Mbs or more, which is beyond the capabilities of modern digital signal processors. Thus, computationally cost efficient techniques should be developed to enable digital implementations. This paper presents a complexity reduction method in the digital baseband of receivers for pulsed ultra wide band (UWB) communication. In such receivers incoming signals are correlated with local pulses (masks) for data recovery. We observed that the quantization techniques preserving mask tales have a bit error rate (BER) performances very close to nonquantized version. A simple tale preserving mask quantizer has non-uniformly spaced power-of-two levels for multiplier free correlations. Such a simple tales preservation technique drastically reduced complexity as only shifts, additions and substractions are used in correlations.
Structural identification of prosthetics/orthotics polymers using infrared spectral searching

The suitability of a combination of an infrared spectral search program and three commercially available infrared spectral data bases to structurally identify prosthetics/orthotics polymers was assessed. Five currently used prosthetics/orthotics polymers subjected to a simulated clinical fabrication heat treatment were examined using diffuse reflectance. The polymers selected were Durr-Plex (polyethylene terephthalate), polypropylene, Subortholen (polyethylene), Surlyn (ethylene methacrylate ionomer), and Uvex (cellulose acetate butyrate). The combination of a spectral search program and three commercially available data bases was inadequate for structural identification of these prosthetics/orthotics poly in their simulated clinical fabrication heat-treated condition and may be misleading. Benefits of creating effective combinations of spectral search software and appropriate and more comprehensive data bases with specific entries for prosthetics/orthotics polymers would be for: (1) quality control of batches of polymers, and (2) the development of standards, test methods necessary to evaluate the effects of environmental influences associated with long-term clinical service. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unexpected Enhancement in Biological Activity of a GPCR Ligand Induced by an Oligoethylene Glycol Substituent

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used, and many biologically active molecules are modified with oligoethylene glycol substituents to enhance their half-lives in circulation. The pervasive use of PEG substituents is partly due to their presumed inertness. Our investigation of formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-mediated chemotaxis reveals that oligoethylene glycol substitution can enhance the ability of the peptide chemoattractant N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLF) to activate signal transduction through FPR, a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor.
Isochromosome Yp and jumping translocation of Yq resulting in five cell lines in an infertile male: a case report and review of the literature

Background Jumping translocations are a rare type of mosaicism in which the same portion of one donor chromosome is translocated to several recipient chromosomes. Constitutional forms of jumping translocations are rare, and the 48 cases reported to date have been associated with both normal and abnormal phenotypes. Concurrence of isochromosome (i) of one arm and translocation of the other is also rare, with seven reported cases. We describe a unique case involving concurrence of i(Yp) and a jumping translocation of Yq to the telomere of chromosomes 12q and 17q, which resulted in five cell lines.
Digitonin Derivatives of low Toxicity: Potential Solubilizers for Lipophilic Compounds

Digitoxin was modified by condensation with propylene oxide or with 1,4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether in aqueous alkali, yielding products in which some of the CH2H groups of digitonin were converted to CH2OCH2CHOHCH3 or to CH2OCH2CHOHCH2O(CH2)4O‐CH2CHOHCH2OH groups, respectively. These modified digitonins were very soluble in water and chloroform and effectively solubilized lipophilic compounds into aqueous solutions; e.g., 2 mg of vitamin A or 0.6 mg of cholecalciferol could be dissolved per 1 mL of 5% aqueous solutions of modified digitonins. Compared with the toxicity of digitonin (LD50 4 mg/kg iv), the toxicity of modified digitonin was greatly reduced: doses of 500 mg/kg by intravenous infusion were not lethal for mice.
TRENDS AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FLUID POWER IN MOBILE MACHINERY

The development of fluid power systems for use in agricultural and construction machinery faced in the last years a substantial contribution due to the increasing role played by electronics. The scenario of the next years in agricultural and construction will be very much influenced by legislation constraints in terms of environmental compatibility, noise emission, energy usage and recyclability. The new set of requirements in terms of safety level for machines, described in documents like ISO 15998:2008 will change the boundary conditions for machine design, requiring a deep investigation at system level, which will force a change in the design perspective for fluid power components. The new possibilities given by an extensive use of embedded electronics, advanced architectures and system level design of machines will be investigated and described trying to highlight threats and opportunities for next generation of products.
Protective Role for TLR4 Signaling in Atherosclerosis Progression as Revealed by Infection with a Common Oral Pathogen

Clinical and epidemiological studies have implicated chronic infections in the development of atherosclerosis. It has been proposed that common mechanisms of signaling via TLRs link stimulation by multiple pathogens to atherosclerosis. However, how pathogen-specific stimulation of TLR4 contributes to atherosclerosis progression remains poorly understood. In this study, atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein-E null (ApoE−/−) and TLR4-deficient (ApoE−/−TLR4−/−) mice were orally infected with the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. ApoE−/−TLR4−/− mice were markedly more susceptible to atherosclerosis after oral infection with P. gingivalis. Using live animal imaging, we demonstrate that enhanced lesion progression occurs progressively and was increasingly evident with advancing age. Immunohistochemical analysis of lesions from ApoE−/−TLR4−/− mice revealed an increased inflammatory cell infiltrate composed primarily of macrophages and IL-17 effector T cells (Th17), a subset linked with chronic inflammation. Furthermore, enhanced atherosclerosis in TLR4-deficient mice was associated with impaired development of Th1 immunity and regulatory T cell infiltration. In vitro studies suggest that the mechanism of TLR4-mediated protective immunity may be orchestrated by dendritic cell IL-12 and IL-10, which are prototypic Th1 and regulatory T cell polarizing cytokines. We demonstrate an atheroprotective role for TLR4 in response to infection with the oral pathogen P. gingivalis. Our results point to a role for pathogen-specific TLR signaling in chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Symmetric Stable Processes on Unbounded Domains

Let \(X_{\,t}\) be a symmetric \(\alpha\)-stable process in \(\mathbb{R}^{d}\), \(d\geq2\), \(\alpha\in(0,2)\). We give necessary and sufficient condition under which the expectation of a very general function of the exit time from horns is finite. These domains include the symmetric domains given by increasing functions studied earlier by various authors. Our methods differ from those in earlier papers in that we obtain our results from estimates on the transition densities instead of harmonic measure. Some of this estimates are of independent interest.
The Rest of the Nonprofit Sector: Grassroots Associations as the Dark Matter Ignored in Prevailing "Flat Earth" Maps of the Sector

Many nonprofit scholars recognize and study only paid staff nonprofits. More general, research-based, statistical overview 'maps" of the nonprofit sector (NPS)follow this same 'flat earth" approach. The rest of the NPS consists mainly of grassroots associations, which have cumulative magnitudes greater than paid staff nonprofits in America on several dimensions circa 1990-numbers of groups, memberships, members, active volunteers, yearly hours of volunteer time, and full-time equivalents (FTEs) of annual work by associational (not program) volunteers. These figures, combined with better estimates of numbers of IRS-missing paid staff nonprofits, constitute the first comprehensive "round earth" statistical map of the NPS as presented here. IRS listings and prevailing flat earth statistical maps based on them ignore about 90% of all nonprofits in the nation as well as half of volunteers and their work time. Suggestions are made for improving future NPS map making and research.