cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced humidity-sensing response of metal oxide coated carbon nanotube

Abstract In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT)-yarn humidity sensors were fabricated using either a MnO 2 -coated CNT yarn or a pure CNT yarn as the sensing material. The results of this study showed that an increase in humidity causes a decrease in the hole density of p-type nanotubes, which in turn results in an increase in the resistance of the sensors. Here, the MnO 2 -coated sensor showed better sensitivity than the uncoated sensor. Active MnO 2 coated on a CNT yarn serves as a catalyst for promoting charge transfer between the H 2 O molecules and the CNTs by forming a p–n heterojunction; this charge transfer plays an important role in realizing a composite sensor with high sensitivity. Further, these CNT-yarn sensors are flexible, bendable, and durable. These sensors can also be used as gas and vapor sensors, as well as for the construction of flexible sensing materials.
Convergence of quantum random walks with decoherence

In this paper, we study the discrete-time quantum random walks on a line subject to decoherence. The convergence of the rescaled position probability distribution $p(x,t)$ depends mainly on the spectrum of the superoperator ${\mathcal{L}}_{kk}$. We show that if 1 is an eigenvalue of the superoperator with multiplicity one and there is no other eigenvalue whose modulus equals 1, then $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{P}(\frac{\ensuremath{\nu}}{\sqrt{t}},t)$ converges to a convex combination of normal distributions. In terms of position space, the rescaled probability mass function ${p}_{t}(x,t)\ensuremath{\equiv}p(\sqrt{t}x,t)$, $x\ensuremath{\in}Z/\sqrt{t}$, converges in distribution to a continuous convex combination of normal distributions. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a U(2) decoherent quantum walk that satisfies the eigenvalue conditions. We also give a complete description of the behavior of quantum walks whose eigenvalues do not satisfy these assumptions. Specific examples such as the Hadamard walk and walks under real and complex rotations are illustrated. For the O(2) quantum random walks, an explicit formula is provided for the scaling limit of $p(x,t)$ and their moments. We also obtain exact critical exponents for their moments at the critical point and show universality classes with respect to these critical exponents.
A Geographic Information System-based modeling system for evaluating the cost of delivered energy crop feedstock

Abstract The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for understanding the geographic context of bioenergy supplies is discussed and a regional-scale, GIS-based modeling system for estimating potential biomass supplies from energy crops is described. While GIS models can capture geographic variation that may influence biomass costs and supplies, GIS models are not likely to handle uncertainty well and are often limited by the lack of spatially explicit data. The presented modeling system estimates the costs and environmental implications of supplying specified amounts of energy crop feedstock across a state. The system considers where energy crops could be grown, the spatial variability in their yield, and transportation costs associated with acquiring feedstock for an energy facility. The modeling system was used to estimate potential switchgrass costs and supplies in eleven US states. Transportation costs increased with increased facility demand and were lowest in Iowa, North Dakota and South Dakota and highest in South Carolina, Missouri, Georgia, and Alabama. Farmgate feedstock costs were lowest in Alabama, North Dakota and South Dakota and highest in Iowa and Nebraska. Across the eleven states, delivered feedstock costs ranged from $33 to $55/dry tonne to supply a facility requiring 100,000 tonne/yr. Delivered feedstock costs for a 630,000 tonne/yr facility ranged from $36 to $58/dry tonne.
Use of Bone Compaction in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract This study compared the effects of bone preparation on tibial stem stability in total knee arthroplasty. Six pairs of fresh-frozen tibias underwent implantation of an 18 × 75-mm press-fit stem (minus the tibial tray). The standard press-fit technique was performed creating a cavity 17 mm in diameter. For the bone compaction technique, stainless-steel dilators were machined ranging in diameter from 6 to 16 mm in 2-mm increments. The technique consisted of using the dilators and a mallet to create a compacted tunnel in a sequential manner to 16 mm in diameter followed by implantation of the stem. The specimens were mounted on a materials testing machine and loads were applied in both planes: anteroposterior and mediolateral. A preconditioning load of 100 N was applied followed by a second 100-N load from which the stiffness (N/mm) of implantation was calculated. The stability of the tibial stems implanted by compaction averaged 84.7% greater when compared with the press-fit stems ( P
Urocanic acid photobiology. Purine-assisted photooxidation to 1H-imidazole-4(5)-carboxaldehyde

Abstract Urocanic acid undergoes photooxidative cleavage at the acrylic acid side chain to afford imidazole carboxaldehyde. The reaction is accelerated in the presence of purines. Evidence is presented that the photooxidation involves a reaction of the UA radical cation and ground state molecular oxygen.
EFFECTS OF IRRADIANCE ON GROWTH AND WINTER BUD PRODUCTION BY VALLISNERIA AMERICANA AND CONSEQUENCES TO ITS ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION

Abstract Number, total biomass, and individual mass of winter buds of Vallisneria americana was significantly related to the depth of the 1% of surface irradiance (Z) and the photosynthetic photon irradiance calculated for each shading treatment imposed during this study. Between the range of 23.8 and 111.2 cm depth for the 1% Z, total biomass of winterbuds produced ranged from 0.63 to 0.01 g, counts ranged from 3.5 to 0.1, and mass of individual winterbuds ranged from 0.18 to 0.04 g. Total biomass of winter buds produced was reduced when plants were exposed to a 14-day period without irradiance during the middle of the growing season. Applying the results of the culture experiments to conditions found in Navigation Pool 8 of the Upper Mississippi River suggests that irradiance may indeed limit the distribution and abundance of Vallisneria americana by reducing the number and size of winter buds.
Social Cognition, Prosocial Behavior and Emotion in Preschoolers: Contextual Validation.

DENHAM, SUSANNE A. Social Cognition, Prosocial Behavior, and Emotion in Preschoolers: Contextual Validation. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 194-201. Relations among young preschoolers' social cognitive abilities, expression of emotions, and prosocial responses to others' emotions were investigated. 3 types of measures were employed with 27 2and 3-year-olds: structured social cognitive, structured assessment of response to emotion, and observational coding of response to emotion displays. Results suggested that subjects' social cognitive acuity and differential responding to emotion have heretofore been underrated. Moreover, affective knowledge was significantly related to prosocial behavior in semistructured situations. Prevalent affect was related to expression of prosocial behavior (e.g., frequent expressions of anger were associated with low levels of affective knowledge and prosocial behavior). Thus this investigation benefited from broader conceptual definitions and contextualized measures.
The intrinsic critical velocity near T λ

We present preliminary measurements of the intrinsic critical velocity for vortex production due to flow through a submicron aperture at temperatures from 1.65K toT λ−T=3×10−3 K and fluid drive pressures (Josephson frequencies) from 0.5mPa (f j=35Hz) to 250mPa (f j=17kHz). The critical velocity is probed using a constant pressure drive technique which maintains a constant phase slip nucleation rate for several minutes. The measured critical velocity qualitatively agrees with a model of thermally activated vortex half rings.
Cooking, recipe use and food habits of college students and nutrition educators

The purpose of this study was to revisit Lewin's gatekeeper theory to observe current food role patterns (cooking experience, recipe sources, and both daily food consumption choices and eating out) with contemporary groups of college students (n = 292) and of nutrition educators (n = 26). Male college students equalled female students in cooking ability, use of family as a prime recipe source, and frequency of eating out, while exhibiting different food consumption excesses and deficiencies. Package labels and the Internet were most frequently identified as recipe sources by college students. Nutritionists surpassed both male and female college students in most attributes.
High-brightness laser diode arrays

brightness laser diode arraysC. W. Trussell, V. King, L. R. CondiffNight Vision & Electronic Sensors DirectorateFt. Belvoir, Va 22060ABSTRACTThere are many applications where incoherent laser diode arrays are useful ifhigh brightness can be maintained. The light emitted from the facet in high powerindividual devices is approximately 5 MW/cm2/steradian, but methods are needed tomaintain this brightness when a number of devices are combined. The typical outputis asymmetric in beam divergence and in source size. Several approaches are beingevaluated at NVESD to combine linear and 2-D arrays and produce a beam divergence ofa few milliradians with a nearly symmetrical output. The approaches beingexplored include turning mirrors, combinations of refractive and diffractive optics,and novel heat sink packages. In preliminary experiments, micro-optics anddiffractive optical elements have been used to colliminate the output from a 20 wattCw linear array and produce a 4 X 6 milliradian beam. Brightnesses of more that 1MW/cm2/steradian are projected with improved components.Keywords: Laser Diode Array, Diffractive Optical Elements, micro-optics,INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDIncoherent laser diode arrays are high power, high efficiency, compact lasersources useful for many applications including illumination, solid state laser pumpsand laser radar. These applications and other applications will be enhanced if theinherent brightness can be conserved while scaling to higher powers. Linear laserdiode arrays or "bars" have become the industry standard for higher power devices of20 watts CW or greater output. However, these are highly asymmetric in both beamdivergence (450 x 100 )
Vehicle Design Influences Whole Body Vibration Exposures: Effect of the Location of the Front Axle Relative to the Cab

Using a repeated measure design, this study compared differences in whole body vibration (WBV) exposures among 13 drivers who drove a truck with the cab over the front axle (cab-over design) and a truck with the cab situated behind the front axle (non-cab-over design). The drivers drove both trucks over a standardized route that comprised three distinct segments: a freeway segment, a city street segment with stop-and-go driving (traffic lights), and a city street segment without traffic lights. A portable WBV data acquisition system collected tri-axial time-weighted and raw WBV data per ISO 2631-1 and 2631-5 standards. Simultaneous global positioning system (GPS) data were also collected to compare vehicle speeds. The GPS data indicated that there were no speed differences between the two vehicles. However, average and impulsive z-axis vibration levels were significantly higher for the cab-over design than for the non-cab-over design. In addition, significant WBV exposure differences between road types we...
The non-uniform transformation strain problem for an anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusion

The problem of an anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusion which undergoes a stress-free transformation strain (in the sense of J. D. Eshelby) is considered, and the following theorem is proved: if an ellipsoidal region in an infinite anisotropic linear elastic medium undergoes, in the absence of its surroundings, a stress-free transformation strain which is a polynomial of degree M in given position coordinates, then the final stress and strain state in the transformed inclusion, when constrained by its surroundings, is also a polynomial of degree M in those position coordinates.
Ultra wideband (0.5-16 kHz) MR elastography for robust shear viscoelasticity model identification

Changes in the viscoelastic parameters of soft biological tissues often correlate with progression of disease, trauma or injury, and response to treatment. Identifying the most appropriate viscoelastic model, then estimating and monitoring the corresponding parameters of that model can improve insight into the underlying tissue structural changes. MR Elastography (MRE) provides a quantitative method of measuring tissue viscoelasticity. In a previous study by the authors (Yasar et al 2013 Magn. Reson. Med. 70 479?89), a silicone-based phantom material was examined over the frequency range of 200?Hz?7.75?kHz using MRE, an unprecedented bandwidth at that time. Six viscoelastic models including four integer order models and two fractional order models, were fit to the wideband viscoelastic data (measured storage and loss moduli as a function of frequency). The ?fractional Voigt? model (spring and springpot in parallel) exhibited the best fit and was even able to fit the entire frequency band well when it was identified based only on a small portion of the band. This paper is an extension of that study with a wider frequency range from 500?Hz to 16?kHz. Furthermore, more fractional order viscoelastic models are added to the comparison pool. It is found that added complexity of the viscoelastic model provides only marginal improvement over the ?fractional Voigt? model. And, again, the fractional order models show significant improvement over integer order viscoelastic models that have as many or more fitting parameters.
A theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields

Abstract Careful calculations using classical field theory show that if a macroscopic ball with uniform surface charge (say, a billiard ball with 1E6 excess electrons) is released near the surface of the earth, it will almost instantaneously accelerate to relativistic speed and blow a hole in the ground. This absurd prediction is just the macroscopic version of the self-force problem for charged particles [1]. Furthermore, if one attempts to develop from electromagnetism a parallel theory for gravitational [2], the result is the same, self-acceleration. The basis of the new theory is a measure of energy density for any wave equation [3–5]. Given any solution of any four-vector wave equation in spacetime (for example, the potentials (c-1φA)=(A0,A1,A2,A3) in electromagnetism), one can form the 16th first order partial derivatives of the vector components, with respect to the time and space variables (ct,x) = (x0, x1, x2, x3). The sum of the squares of the 16 terms is a natural energy function [6, p. 283] (satisfying a conservation law ∂u ∂t = −▿ λ · S) . Such energy functions are routinely utilized by mathematicians as Lyapunov functions in the theory of stability of waves with boundary conditions. A Lagrangian using this sum leads to a new energy tensor for electromagnetic and gravitational fields, an alternative to that in [7].
Beam-induced modifications of TCNQ multilayers

Abstract We report on the investigation of electron and ion-beam-induced modifications of multilayer quantities of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) adsorbed on a metal substrate. X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal desorption spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been used to study the beam-induced chemistry. The changes induced by electron or ion-beam exposure include: (i) stabilization against thermal decomposition as indicated by TDS, (ii) changes in the UPS and Raman spectra, (iii) binding energy shifts in the XPS carbon and nitrogen peak position as well as changes in the chemical reactivity of the beam exposed film. In particular the beam modified material is stable to temperatures of 625 K at which point the onset of decomposition is observed with evolution of HCN, H 2 and N 2 . In comparison, unmodified TCNQ multilayers sublime at 350 K leaving behind a few layers which decompose beginning at 475 K. The integrity of the modified material below the decomposition temperature is verified by temperature dependent UPS measurements. The work function, derived from the UPS, increases upon modification. As the multilayer is modified the Raman spectrum characteristic of molecular TCNQ converts into a broad, featureless spectrum. The Raman and XPS spectra have been used to follow the effect of beam dosage. The N 1s peak of the XPS spectrum broadens and becomes a doublet with beam dosage while the carbon peaks narrow to become a singlet. These changes appear to be consistent with beam induced polymerization of TCNQ.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A complication of neuroleptics and cocaine abuse

One hundred and sixty psychiatric patients on Neuroleptics, with and without a history of substance abuse were daily monitored in order to establish the incidence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in these two groups. Four (5.1%) of the cocaine abusers and none of the non-cocaine abusers developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome when treated with neuroleptics. Thus we argue that psychiatric patients with a history of cocaine abuse may be more at risk of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome when treated with neuroleptics, possibly associated with the blockade of dopamine (D2-receptors) by neuroleptics and the activation of dopamine/5-HT receptors by cocaine-induced dopamine.
Temperature dependence of azimuthal X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction (XPD) from Cu2p32 core level of Cu(001): Experiment and single scattering cluster calculations☆

Abstract The temperature dependence of X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) affects in azimuthal distributions of Cu 2p 3 2 core level intensities from a clean copper (001) single crystal has been measured in the range from ambient to 1010 K and for polar angles of emission relative to the surface of θ = 7° (corresponding to very high surface sensitivity) and θ = 45°. The XPD anisotropy ΔI/Imax at θ = 7° shows a decrease of 42.5% between ambient temperature and 1010 K while that for θ = 45° shows a 22.7% decrease over the same temperature range. Single scattering cluster calculations including Debye-Waller factors very well predict the variation of anisotropy with temperature at θ = 7°, while at θ = 45° theory significantly underestimates the decrease in ΔI/Imax, probably due to multiple scattering effects. The effective surface Debye temperature of 202 K deduced from theory and experiment for θ = 7° agrees well with prior determinations. The 7° XPD data give no evidence for surface melting effects on Cu(001) at temperatures up to T/Tmelting = 0.74.
Chemical contents of stinging trichomes of Cnidoscolus texanus

Plants known as nettles bear trichomes that deliver a painful sting when touched. Studies of members of the Urticaceae have suggested that their trichomes may contain histamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. We report investigations using TLC, HPLC, and UV-VIS spectrophotometry to analyze the hair fluids ofCnidoscolus texanus, a member of the Euphorbiaceae, along with standards of known histamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. Of these, only serotonin was detected in hair extracts. Up to four other compounds were detected and partially characterized, but they have not been identified.
Social behavior recognition in continuous video

We present a novel method for analyzing social behavior. Continuous videos are segmented into action ‘bouts’ by building a temporal context model that combines features from spatio-temporal energy and agent trajectories. The method is tested on an unprecedented dataset of videos of interacting pairs of mice, which was collected as part of a state-of-the-art neurophysiological study of behavior. The dataset comprises over 88 hours (8 million frames) of annotated videos. We find that our novel trajectory features, used in a discriminative framework, are more informative than widely used spatio-temporal features; furthermore, temporal context plays an important role for action recognition in continuous videos. Our approach may be seen as a baseline method on this dataset, reaching a mean recognition rate of 61.2% compared to the expert's agreement rate of about 70%.
Margolis on Remembering

In this note I will suggest that a part of J. Margolis' discussion of memory (in 'Remembering', Mind, April I977, pp. I86-205) is obscure because he adopts an illegitimate distinction between past and present knowledge. The distinction, which Margolis sometimes refers to as the distinction between original knowledge and knowledge by reason of memory or knowledge by virtue of remembering, may be seen to be bogus from the following considerations. James once learned when his sister's birthdate is, let us say, and has never forgotten it. The question is: to what would one be referring if he spoke of James' 'past knowledge' and his 'present knowledge' of his sister's birthdate? Surely his knowledge is just that which he has learned, that which he has always known-it is not ever different nor is it the same. There is no way of making a distinction between 'past' and 'present' knowledge except by saying that 'one' is past and the 'other' is present. And that is like saying that the only difference between the white horse and the black horse is that one is white and the other black. There is no distinction between what James learned and what he remembers, nor between James' original knowledge and his knowledge by virtue of remembering, as Margolis sometimes phrases it. James' 'present' knowledge is not distinguished by having been acquired by remembering, nor by anything else. There is only a clue as to how we are to make sense of such a distinction. Margolis suggests that we in fact assign to a 'state of mind' the status of knowledge on suitable criteria, if this state of mind is suitably congruent to an original state of mind (upon learning something). One can then speak of James' present knowledge or past knowledge or yesterday's knowledge, etc., referring to a present or past state of mind. On this basis, then, various questions can be raised. For example, Margolis discusses the question: if James forgets how he learned when his sister's birthday is, does James have any grounds for his present knowledge of his sister's birthday, or are his grounds 'his unsupported belief that he remembers'? (p. I95). One would have to have a fuller account of this theory of knowledge to deal with such questions since it is not yet clear that they make any sense. As I have tried to show, any question about or involving a distinction between past and present knowledge is suspect. It is not even clear, on Margolis' account of knowledge, what it would mean to say that James has always known what his sister's birthdate is. We would certainly want to say that James knows this and countless other things even though James is asleep when we say it, but if James is not in a particular state of mind one cannot ascribe a status to it. The obscurity of Margolis' discussion of these points becomes evident when one tries to understand the question that Margolis is concerned
Selected clinicopathologic changes associated with experimentally induced Fascioloides magna infection in white-tailed deer.

Six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), less than one year of age, were divided into two groups of three each and administered 50, or 500 metacercariae of Fascioloides magna. All six deer became infected. Three additional deer of the same age were uninoculated controls. All deer were monitored for up to 43 weeks after inoculation to investigate changes in weight, selected hematologic values, and blood chemistry values. Although clinical disease was not evident in the infected deer, a significant reduction (p .05) were detected in the serum calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus levels, or in body weights between infected and uninfected control groups.
Visual acuity: Its relation to the form sense and the application of this relationship to medicolegal problems

Abstract Vision is a light and form sense. From the ability of the eye to discriminate detail of form is evolved the function of resolving power. The problem in medicolegal cases is the determination of the percentage loss of functional values. To determine these percentage functional disabilities, the relation between visual acuities and the associated functional losses must be established on a mathematical basis. The term “visual acuity” does not include the concept of function. Acuity notations are not fractions of vision nor are they fractional equivalents of resolving power. Comparing the successive gradations of acuity notations in the geometrical progression of Green and assuming that acuity notations express fractional ability of the form sense, it is shown that the better the acuity the poorer is functional ability—when vision is good it has relatively poor resolving power. This disproves the assumption. A method for computing the functional and proportionate value for acuity notations has been established. By this method each equal increase in the visual angle reduces visual resolving power (efficiency) by the same percentage. By application of this method to the medicolegal problem of evaluating visual disabilities, for identical degrees of damage to function identical percentage losses are established.
A High-resolution Atlas and Statistical Model of the Vocal Tract from Structural MRI.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool in the study of muscle anatomy and functional activity in the tongue. Objective assessment of similarities and differences in tongue structure and function has been performed using unnormalised data, but this is biased by the differences in size, shape and orientation of the structures. To remedy this, we propose a methodology to build a 3D vocal tract atlas based on structural MRI volumes from 20 normal subjects. We first constructed high-resolution volumes from three orthogonal stacks. We then removed extraneous data so that all 3D volumes contained the same anatomy. We used an unbiased diffeomorphic groupwise registration using a cross-correlation similarity metric. Principal component analysis was applied to the deformation fields to create a statistical model from the atlas. Various evaluations and applications were carried out to show the behaviour and utility of the atlas.
Cancer chemotherapy following adrenalectomy in breast cancer patients.

Nineteen patients with metastatic breast cancer progressing after adrenalectomy were treated with cyclophosphamide (13 pts.), Mitomycin C (3 pts.), or vincristine (3 pts.). The maintenance dose of corticoids did not have to be increased over that required by adrenalectomized patients not receiving chemotherapy. Toxicity was not greater than that observed in nonadrenalectomized patients. Chemotherapeutic responses were seen in 4 of 13 patients treated with cyclophosphamide. Chemotherapy is not prohibitively toxic in adrenalectomized patients and may be effective in inducing remissions.
Verifying identity via keystroke characteristics

Abstract This paper reports on an experiment that was conducted to assess the viability of using keystroke digraph latencies (time between two successive keystrokes) as an identity verifier. Basic data are presented and discussed that characterize the class of keystroke digraph latencies that are found to have good potential as static identity verifiers as well as dynamic identity verifiers. Keystroke digraph latencies would be used in conjunction with other security measures to provide a total security package.
Human Development Competencies in Preservice Home Economics Teacher Education

The influence of human development content in the preservice education of home economics teachers can be viewed from three perspectives: (1) as subject matter to be taught; (2) as those concepts of development which teachers need to know in order to plan, teach, and evaluate educational experiences for their students; and (3) as a means by which students can gain a better understanding of their own behavior and attitudes and the behavior and at titudes of others. From these perspectives, using guidelines developed by the researcher, a list of 105 competencies in human development was developed. The initial 105 competencies were submitted to human development specialists who were requested to scale each competency as related to its importance in the education of prospective home economics teachers. The list was then reduced, using response means and spread of distribution, to 40 competencies. The final list of 40 competencies was then submitted to home economics teacher educators who were requested to rank the importance of each competency in the preservice education of home economics teachers on a scale 1 = important, 7 = unimportant. The mean responses by human development specialists to the 40 competencies ranged from 1.213 to 2.794. The range of mean response by home economics teacher educators was 1.375 to 2.500; t-test results showed a significant difference of assigned mean values for nine of the competencies. The pattern of responses by human development specialists indicated greater importance being placed upon competencies related to individual development than those related to family development while home economics teacher educators reversed this pattern.
Adolescents' secondary attachments to celebrity figures

This study examined the influence of age, gender, and pubertal development on the personality attributions that adolescents make to age-appropriate celebrities. Sixty male and female 5th, 8th, and 11th graders completed a series of questionnaires describing the perceived maturity, attractiveness, and personality of six male and six female age-appropriate celebrities. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed that (a) adolescent found opposite-sex celebrities more attractive than same-sex celebrities; (b) the perceived attractiveness of opposite-sex celebrities increased with grade, particularly among adolescent females; (c) androgynous celebrities were seen as more attractive than either sex-typed or cross-sex celebrities; and (d) adolescents' preference for androgynous celebrities increased with grade. Contrary to prediction, adolescent pubertal development was unrelated to celebrity attractiveness ratings. For 5th-grade girls, however, pubertal development positively correlated with the perceived maturity of all female celebrity figures, regardless of the celebrity's sex type (i.e., sex typed vs. androgynous vs. cross sex). These findings provide convergent support for the hypothesized role of secondary attachments in adolescent identity development.
The reflection method of line intercept sampling to eliminate boundary bias

When a line transect overlaps the boundary of the sampled region, it can be reflected back on top of itself into the region, thereby making it possible to include elements near the edge twice from the same transect. A practical advantage of doing so is the reduction of field time and effort compared to the customary procedure of folding the transect back into another part of the region. An estimator is presented which accounts for this procedure in a way that preserves design-unbiased estimation.
Proposal for modification of the ENSAT staging system for adrenocortical carcinoma using tumor grade.

Purpose Various staging systems for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) have been proposed. We hypothesized that incorporating tumor grade into the current European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) staging system would improve the ability to more accurately predict time to recurrence and death.
Torus Form Inspection Using Coordinate Sampling

Flatness, circularity, and straightness have been studied quite extensively in literature. Forms such as torus are seldom studied. Yet, parts such as ball bearings and Toroidal-CVT have torus features that must be inspected for three-dimensional (3D) form. This research studies the torus form tolerances, herein termed torisity. Mathematical representation for coordinate form verification and fitting methods are each developed for torus forms for the very first time through this research. Three known sampling methods (Hammersley, Aligned systematic, and Random), 3 sample sizes (40, 80, and 120), 2 analysis approaches (horizontal and vertical), and 2 fitting algorithms (least squares and linear optimization) are developed and studied within a designed experiment for torus verification. Analysis shows that different combinations of the above factors lead to different outcomes. It is hoped that this analysis provides the foundation for the development of a future decision support system that can further lead to standards and solutions.
Epicureanism About Death and Immortality

In this paper I discuss some of Martha Nussbaum’s defenses of Epicurean views about death and immortality. Here I seek to defend the commonsense view that death can be a bad thing for an individual against the Epicurean; I also defend the claim that immortality might conceivably be a good thing. In the development of my analysis, I make certain connections between the literatures on free will and death. The intersection of these two literatures can be illuminated by reference to my notion of a Dialectical Stalemate.
Improved power hardware in the loop interface methods via impedance matching

The power hardware in the loop (PHIL) method is a reliable simulation and validation technology. It can be utilized to augment the test of electrical, mechanical or electromechanical components or subsystems with high power ratings. In addition, it can also be used to characterize their behavior when connected to some complex electrical networks or mechanical environment. Reliable and safe performances are paramount in a PHIL system. Thus, the proper PHIL modeling and power interface validation precedes any experimental implementation. In this paper, we focus on the stability and accuracy of the damping impedance method (DIM) and we propose the modified DIM method which increases the accuracy and the stability of the PHIL through dynamic impedance matching of the load and the linking impedance component. Different cases are introduced in order to study the parameters which have effects on the PHIL system. First, the basic DIM method and the modified DIM architecture are introduced, and then two cases consisting of a constant load and a variable load will be presented, respectively.
Legendrian circular helix links

Examples are given of legendrian links in the manifold of cooriented contact elements of the plane, or equivalently, in the 1-jet space of the circle which are not equivalent via an isotopy of contact diffeomorphisms. These examples have generalizations to linked legendrian spheres in contact manifolds diffeomorphic to ℝn×Sn−1. These links are distinguished by applying the theory of generating functions to contact manifolds.
An Integrated Control and Simulation Environment for Mobile Robot Software Development

In order to expedite the research and development of robotic systems and foster development of novel robot configuration, it is essential to develop tools and standards that allow researchers to rapidly develop, communicate, and compare experimental results. This paper describes the Mobility Open Architecture Simulation and Tools Framework (MOAST). The MOAST framework is designed to aid in the development, testing, and analysis of robotic software by providing developers with a wide range of open source robotic algorithms and interfaces. The framework provides a physics-based virtual development environment for initial testing and allows for the seamless transition of algorithms to real hardware. This paper details the design approach, software architecture and specific module-to-module interfaces.
Screening for breast cancer.

To be successful, screening procedures must have certain properties: simplicity, acceptability, reasonable costs, and adequate sensitivity. The evolution of mammography over the past 10 years has allowed the examination to fall within accepted standards for these properties, and it has become a widely accepted procedure. Its expanded use has resulted in an increase in the detection of early stage disease with a profound effect upon the treatment of the disease. Survival continues to correlate with cancer size and nodal involvement, and the increase in the number of early cases diagnosed eventually should be reflected in a decreasing mortality rate
Satellite-Sized Planetesimals and Lunar Origin

Exploratory calculations using accretionary theory are made to demonstrate plausible sizes of second-largest, third-largest, etc., bodies at the close of planet formation in heliocentric orbits near the planets, assuming asteroid-like size distributions at the start of the calculation. Many satellite-sized bodies are found to be available for capture, cratering, or collisional fragmentation. In the case of earth-sized planets, the models suggest second-largest bodies of 500 to 3000 km radius, and tens of bodies larger than 100 km radius. Many of these interact with the planet before suffering any fragmentation events with each other. Collision of a large body with earth could eject iron-deficient crust and upper mantle material, forming a cloud of refractory, volatile-poor dust that could form the moon. Other satellite systems may have been affected by major capture or collision events of chance character.
Theory of crossed-beam diffraction gratings

The operation of crossed-beam gratings is analyzed in terms of diffraction efficiency and beam quality, following Solymar's method's General solutions for arbitrary beam widths, general beam profiles, and illumination with two beams are derived. A scheme for improving the beam quality of these gratings is proposed. The analysis should be useful in integrated optics for designing beam expanders, beam contractors, and mirrors, and for analyzing waveguide interferometers.
Behavior in Hydra: Inhibition of the Contraction Responses of Hydra pirardi

Hydra pirardi contracts spontaneously and in response to external stimuli of light and mechanical agitation. Inhibition of these contractions occurs when the animal feeds on Artemia salina or when reduced glutathione is present in the environment. Such inhibition demonstrates the control of one receptor-effector system by another in hydra.
Metastatic ganglioneuroblastoma. Ultrastructural, histochemical, and virological studies in a case.

The ultrastructure of lymph node and bone marrow tissue invaded by metastatic ganglioneuroblastoma was studied. Numerous unmyelinated axon-like cytoplasmic processes were seen among the tumor cells. These processes contained dense-cored, membrane-bound structures measuring from 70 to 110 mμ. in diameter. It has been suggested that such structures might represent catecholamine granules13, 15 but other possibilities such as oncogenic viruses should be considered. Inoculation into cell cultures, hemagglutination, and complement fixation studies failed to reveal any evidence for viral activity in the tumor tissue. Lymph node tumor cells exposed to paraformaldehyde vapor developed an intense green fluorescence. Lymph node sections stained by the ferroferricyanide and the tetrazolium reduction techniques gave a positive reaction in the tumor cells. It was felt that catecholamines, very probably norepinephrine, were present in the tumor cells and that the dense-cored, membrane-bound granules could represent storage granules. Their definite nature, however, could not be established with these studies.
The utility of general purpose versus specialty clinical databases for research: Warfarin dose estimation from extracted clinical variables

There is debate about the utility of clinical data warehouses for research. Using a clinical warfarin dosing algorithm derived from research-quality data, we evaluated the data quality of both a general-purpose database and a coagulation-specific database. We evaluated the functional utility of these repositories by using data extracted from them to predict warfarin dose. We reasoned that high-quality clinical data would predict doses nearly as accurately as research data, while poor-quality clinical data would predict doses less accurately. We evaluated the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in predicted weekly dose as a metric of data quality. The MAE was comparable between the clinical gold standard (10.1mg/wk) and the specialty database (10.4mg/wk), but the MAE for the clinical warehouse was 40% greater (14.1mg/wk). Our results indicate that the research utility of clinical data collected in focused clinical settings is greater than that of data collected during general-purpose clinical care.
Microfabricated thermal conductivity detector for the micro-ChemLab™

This work describes the design, computational prototyping, fabrication, and characterization of a microfabricated thermal conductivity detector (μTCD) to analyze the effluent from a micro-gas chromatograph column (μGC) and to complement the detection efficacy of a surface acoustic wave detector in the micro-ChemLab™ system. To maximize the detection sensitivity, we designed a four-filament Wheatstone bridge circuit where the resistors are suspended by a thin silicon nitride membrane in pyramidal or trapezoidal shaped flow cells. The geometry optimization was carried out by simulation of the heat transfer in the devices, utilizing a boundary element algorithm. Within microfabrication constraints, we determined and fabricated nine sensitivity-optimized geometries of the μTCD. The nine optimal geometries were tested with two different flow patterns. We demonstrated that the perpendicular flow, where the gas directly impinged upon the membrane, yielded a sensitivity that is three times greater than the parallel flow, where the gas passed over the membrane. The functionality of the μTCD was validated with the theoretical prediction and showed a consistent linear response to effluent concentrations, with a detection sensitivity of 1 ppm, utilizing less than 1 W of power.
Emergency department surgical experience in an inner city hospital

A survey of patients with surgical problems was conducted in an inner city hospital emergency department during eight equally spaced weeks in 1969 and again in 1972. Among 8,776 patients there was little change in the incidence of the commonest types of injury, lacerations and fractures. Infections and dental problems showed a modest decline. Over this same period the number of patients annually dead on admission from violence and drug abuse rose from 259 to 321. Patients admitted with injuries inflicted by others also rose, from 718 to 884. The pattern of surgical problems and injury reflects the socio-economic problems of the city. Some progress has occurred in those areas amenable to preventive medicine but problems requiring social as well as medical intervention are still on the increase.
Inhalation exposure-rate of ethylene oxide affects the level of DNA breakage and unscheduled DNA synthesis in spermiogenic stages of the mouse.

Abstract The effect of ethylene oxide (EtO) inhalation-exposure rate on the induction of DNA breakage in late spermatids and on unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in early spermatids was studied. The exposures were 450 parts per million (ppm) for 4 h, 900 ppm for 2 h, and 1800 ppm for 1 h. Thus, the total exposure was always 1800 ppm-h. Both DNA breakage and UDS were found to increase by a factor of ∼ 3 in going from the low to high EtO concentration, suggesting that the molecular dose of EtO to the testis had increased by a similar factor. Our results are consistent with the EtO exposure-rate effect found by Generoso et al. (1986) for induction of dominant-lethal mutations in late spermatids and early spermatozoa.
Waiting to Inhale: HIF-1 Modulates Aerobic Respiration

The hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1 is known to promote anaerobic respiration during low oxygen conditions (hypoxia). In this issue, Fukuda et al. (2007) expand the range of HIF-1's functions by showing that it modulates aerobic respiration as well.
Framing Faculty Agency inside Striving Universities: An Application of Bourdieu's Theory of Practice

Drawn from a qualitative study and framed with Bourdieu's theory of practice, I present a three-pronged framework to describe how tenure-line professors assumed agency as their university strove to establish itself as a national research institution. Implications for practice and future research are offered.
Purification and properties of the light-activated hydrogenase of Proteus vulgaris

Abstract The light activation of the hydrogenase of Proteus vulgaris previuosly observed in whole cells has been demonstrated in cell-free extracts and in the particulate hydrogenase obtained from such extracts. The particulate hydrogenase was solubilized by treating it with deoxycholate at pH 8.0 and was further purified by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation, by heating at 60° and by Sephadex chromatography. This procedure afforded a 65-fold purification, and all fractions exhibited light activation of the hydrogenase, suggesting that light directly affects the hydrogenase. A comparison of the light-activated purified enzyme and the one active in the dark showed that there was no difference in the molecular weight (115 000), in the mechanism of hydrogen activation or in the K m for hydrogen, while v max was greater for the light-activated enzyme. The mechanism of light activation is discussed in terms of these findings.
Analysis of Periodic Structure in Model Subcellular Macromolecular Arrays by Fourier Processing of Single Line Video Signals in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Fourier processing of single line video signals in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is a convenient and relatively objective method for the demonstration and characterization of the periodic structure present in thick sections of biological material where order cannot be readily determined by methods such as optical diffraction of transmission electron micrographs (TEM). Following alignment of the STEM scan vector with a prominent specimen axis, the video line signals, as visualized and focused in y-mode on the video monitor, were usually recorded on a digital signal processor for evaluation. The STEM line was frequency filtered, amplified, digitized, and subjected to fast forward Fourier transformation (FFT). Frequency space was examined by producing a power spectrum. Reverse Fourier transformations of the FFT, with appropriate frequency windowing, allowed separation of inherent specimen periodicities from background noise arising from various irregularities in the specimen and other sources. Pursuant to our studies on the neuroplasmic lattice of axons in neural tissue, we present here the results obtained with three model systems having spacings in the range of most interest with respect to subcellular macromolecular arrays (5-100 nm). Systems chosen were: 1) the lamellar structure of myelin sheath in cross section, 2) the lattice structure of tropomyosin crystals in thin sections, and 3) the cross-bridge lattice in longitudinal sections of squid mantle muscle fibers. These model tests show that information regarding periodic structure of materials can be obtained from economical single line scans rather than whole picture analysis.