cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pacific Islands, Archaeology of

The Pacific Islands, comprising Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia, were explored and settled by humans over a long period beginning in Near Oceania during the late Pleistocene and ending in eastern Remote Oceania c . AD 1000–1200. This article reviews recent archaeological, human biological, and linguistic evidence for these complex migrations. Two other major topics of interest to Pacific archaeologists – the evolution of complex societies and human impacts on island ecosystems – are also considered.
Automated cryo-electron microscopy

Cryo-electron microscopy is widely viewed as a uniquely powerful method for the study of membrane proteins and large macromolecular complexes - subjects that are viewed as extremely challenging or impossible to study using x-ray or NMR methods. Although the methodology of molecular microscopy has enormous potential, it is time consuming and labor intensive. Our group has done extensive work to automate image acquisition and processing for cryo-EM. In this paper we will provide an overview of our automated system, called Leginon, and present results where we used tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a proof of concept.
Relativistic Electron Flux Enhancements During Strong Geomagnetic Activity

Long-term studies of energetic electron fluxes in the Earth's magnetosphere have revealed many of the temporal occurrence characteristics and their relationships to solar wind drivers. Early work showed the obvious and powerful role played by solar wind speed in producing subsequent highly relativistic electron enhancements. More recent work has also pointed out the key role that the north-south component of the IMF plays: In order to observe relativistic electron enhancement, there must typically be a significant interval of southward IMF along with a period of high (V SW ≥500 km/s) solar wind speed. This has led to the view that enhancement in geomagnetic activity (e.g., magnetospheric substorms) is normally a key first step in the acceleration of magnetospheric electrons to high energies. A second step is suggested to be a period of powerful low-frequency waves that is closely related to high values of V SW . Hence, substorms provide a seed population, while high-speed solar wind drives the acceleration to relativistic energies in this two-step geomagnetic storm scenario. This picture seems to apply to most storms examined whether associated with high-speed streams or with CME-related events. In this paper, we also discuss the storm-substorm relationships as they pertain to high-energy electron acceleration and transport. We discuss various models of electron energization that have recently been advanced and we show how such electron energization relates more broadly to overall magnetospheric dynamical processes.
Acute Splenic Sequestration in a 2-Month-Old Infant With Sickle Cell Anemia

Acute splenic sequestration crisis is a potentially fatal complication of sickle cell anemia. It is characterized by acute splenic enlargement, with trapping of erythrocytes, causing increasing anemia and the potential for circulatory failure. The development of newborn screening programs aimed at identifying children with clinically significant hemoglobinopathies, combined with early parental education and careful follow-up, has decreased the overall mortality due to acute splenic sequestration crisis and other complications during the early years of life. The purpose of this paper is to report the case of an 8-week-old infant with sickle cell anemia and acute splenic sequestration crisis.
Visual Field Progression in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study : The Impact of Treatment and Other Baseline Factors

Purpose To evaluate factors associated with visual field (VF) progression, using all available follow-up through 9 years after treatment initiation, in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS). Design Longitudinal follow-up of participants enrolled in a randomized clinical trial. Participants Six hundred seven newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Methods In a randomized clinical trial, 607 subjects with newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma initially were treated with either medication or trabeculectomy. After treatment initiation and early follow-up, subjects were evaluated clinically at 6-month intervals. Study participants in both arms of the CIGTS were treated aggressively in an effort to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) to a level at or below a predetermined, eye-specific target pressure. Visual field progression was analyzed using repeated measures models. Main Outcome Measures Visual field progression, measured by Humphrey 24-2 full-threshold testing and assessed by the change in the mean deviation (MD), and an indicator of substantial worsening of the VF (MD decrease of ≥3 dB from baseline), assessed at each follow-up visit. Results Follow-up indicated minimal change from baseline in each initial treatment group's average MD. However, at the 8-year follow-up examination, substantial worsening (≥3 dB) of MD from baseline was found in 21.3% and 25.5% of the initial surgery and initial medicine groups, respectively. The effect of initial treatment on subsequent VF loss was modified by time ( P P = 0.03), and diabetes ( P = 0.01). Initial surgery led to less VF progression than initial medicine in subjects with advanced VF loss at baseline, whereas subjects with diabetes had more VF loss over time if treated initially with surgery. Conclusions The CIGTS intervention protocol led to a lowering of IOP that persisted over time in both treatment groups. Progression in VF loss was seen in a subset, increasing to more than 20% of the subjects. The findings regarding initial surgery being beneficial for subjects with more advanced VF loss at presentation, but detrimental for patients with diabetes, are noteworthy and warrant independent confirmation. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Designing and evaluating meeting capture and access services

Many work practices consist of repeated discussions among teams of people: status is discussed, decisions are made, alternatives are considered, and details are explained. A large amount of this rich, but informal, information that is generated during these discussions often does not get recorded in formal documentation. Yet this information is later useful for providing additional context, details, and decisions surrounding a project. One of the themes in ubiquitous computing is the capture, integration, and access of everyday activities. By applying automated capture techniques to work activities, we can potentially record a large amount of information for later use, some of which may not otherwise get recorded. Meeting capture has been a common subject of research in the ubiquitous computing community for the past decade. However, the majority of the research has focused on technologies to support the capture but not enough on the motivation for accessing the captured record and the impact on everyday work practices based on extended authentic use of a working capture and access system. In this thesis, we are designing and implementing capture and access prototypes for several domains. We are evaluating these prototypes in realistic use to gain an understanding of the motivations for using these prototypes, the patterns of reviewing meetings, and the effect of capture on the meeting.
Dental Fear Among University Employees: Implications for Dental Education.

We surveyed 350 University of Washington permanent employees chosen randomly from among both faculty and staff. The aim was to determine the extent and nature of dental anxiety in the university population potentially available for teaching clinics. In addition, the relationship of fears to self-reported dental health, utilization of dental care, and other general and mental health issues was examined. Dental anxiety was prevalent in this population; 13 percent of subjects reported high dental fear. In contrast to respondents with lower dental fear, subjects with clinically significant fear reported poorer perceived dental health, a longer interval since their last dental appointment, a higher frequency of past fear behaviors, more physical symptoms during last dental injection, and higher percentage of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Dental anxiety was not associated with poorer perceived general health or a longer interval since the last dental injection. University employees are a rich source of potential teaching patients for achieving curricular requirements for managing anxious patients. Student clinicians need guidance to be able to recognize fearful patients; they also need instruction about psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression in order to be able to better manage and prevent dropouts in their patient roster.
An Analysis of the Determinants of Student E-Mail Use

Abstract This article uses survey data from different economic principles courses to examine two related questions. First, the impact of certain variables is analyzed, including both student-specific characteristics and those of the student's economic principles course, regarding the frequency of e-mail use. Second, the article considers whether students view e-mail as a substitute for or complement to other methods of contacting faculty. No matter the frequency of use, e-mail appears to be a viable substitute. Only infrequent users, however, appear to view e-mail as a complement to existing means of contact.
Cardiovascular hyporesponsiveness to norepinephrine, propranolol and nitroglycerin in portal-hypertensive and aged rats.

Most studies testing vasoactive agents in portalhypertensive rats have been performed in young animals. To assess age-related changes in hemodynamic responses to adrenergic stimuli, we examined (a) responsiveness to norepinephrine (0.14 to 12.0 μg ˙ kg−1 ˙ min−1) in young (3-mo-old) and aged (9-mo-old) sham-operated and portal-hypertensive rats and (b) response to propranolol (2 and 10 mg ˙ kg−1 body wt), nitroglycerin (3.6 mg ˙ kg−1 ˙ min−1) or saline solution in aged portal-hypertensive rats. Aged rats exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) smaller responses to norepinephrine with regard to increases in mean arterial pressure and superior mesenteric arterial vascular resistance, irrespective of portal hypertension. Portal hypertension alone potentiated this reduced response in aged animals and was associated with cardiovascular hyporesponsiveness to norepinephrine in young rats. Portal pressure was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in aged sham-operated rats than in young sham-operated rats over a wide range of norepinephrine doses. Portal-hypertensive aged rats showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower heart rates. Furthermore, systemic and splanchnic cardiovascular responses to propranolol and nitroglycerin mediated by the sympathetic nervous system were decreased or negligible in aged rats, compromising the portal-hypotensive effects of these drugs. In summary, aged rats express diminished cardiovascular responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli. Therefore age should be considered an important factor in studies evaluating pharmacological agents for the treatment of portal hypertension. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:128–136).
18FDG-PET/CT Definition of Clinical Target Volume for Robotic Stereotactic Body Radiosurgery Treatment of Metastatic Gynecologic Malignancies.

The objective of the current article was to evaluate 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) as measured by positron emission tomography for delineation of abdominopelvic gross tumor volumes (GTV) for stereotactic body radiosurgery treatment (SBRT) of metastatic gynecologic cancers. A retrospective review of SBRT was conducted in 27 women with stage IV gynecologic cancers recurring in para-aortic lymph nodes. Robotic SBRT involved 2400 cGy in 3 consecutive 800 cGy daily fractions prescribed to a 3.0 mm expanded planning tumor volume (PTV) defined by both CT-based and 18F-FDG-based GTVs. In this study, 18F-FDG-based GTVs led to significantly larger PTVs in all 27 women, than if they had been based on CT GTVs alone (P < 0.001). Enlarged PTVs may have resulted from the breathing-induced target motion during the time of 18F-FDG image acquisition smearing 18F-FDG signal over a greater anatomic dimension. Ultimately, SBRT-target local control, based on the RECIST 1.1 criteria, was 96% (26 of 27), and associated with minor reversible toxicity. The use of 18F-FDG to define SBRT target volumes warrants further interrogation in SBRT clinical trials.
Search for new room temperature liquids for use in ionization chambers

Abstract Ionization currents and free ion yields have been measured as a function of applied electric field for ten room temperature liquids containing silicon, germanium, or tin atoms. The highest free ion yields measured are for those liquids having small spherical molecules; tetramethylsilane, tetramethylgermanium, and tetramethyltin. We have updated our earlier measurements for tetramethyltin with a much reduced systematic uncertainty obtained by calculating the contribution to the ionization current from the photoelectric absorption of low energy photons. Tetramethylgermanium and tetramethyltin both have free ion yields similar to tetramethylsilane, making them interesting candidates for use in ionization chambers.
Evidence for sub-3 nanometer neutralized particle detection using glycerol as a condensing fluid

Abstract A two-step condensation process was utilized, with glycerol introduced via an initial precondenser step, with secondary condensation and detection occurring within a traditional n -butanol operated condensation nucleus counter. Experimental results suggested that the size-threshold for detection by condensation nucleation was decreased by using glycerol versus n -butanol. Based on the predictions from particle size distributions, the smallest particles that could be detected were estimated to have diameters somewhere in the 0.55–1.7 nm range. Potential interferences due to incomplete droplet desolvation or penetration loss differences were predicted to have negligible impact on this estimation. A direct comparison of the capability of the precondenser system and the TSI UCPC 3025A to detect small particles was made, showing that the precondenser system could detect smaller particles (estimated as having diameters as small as 1.6–1.7 nm) than the UCPC 3025A when both systems were compared close to conditions of critical supersaturation in the respective condensers.
The treatment of alcoholic methadone patients: A review

Alcoholism is a major problem among methadone maintenance patients. Although alcoholism in the methadone patient is recognized as a problem, few treatment studies have been conducted. Treatment studies have examined abstinence oriented and controlled drinking therapies, voluntary disulfiram treatment, and combined behavioral-pharmacological treatment. The first three treatments were shown to be ineffective in impacting alcohol consumption. The ineffectiveness reported by these studies was attributed to patients' lack of motivation. However, the combined behavioral-pharmacological treatment, which made methadone treatment contingent on antabuse consumption, resulted in decreases in both alcohol consumption and arrests, with increases occurring in employment. Future research should examine the generality of the findings from combined treatment as well as examine whether other contingency management procedures may reduce alcohol consumption in the alcoholic methadone patient.
Unions and Employment Growth: Evidence from State Economic Recoveries

We test the hypothesis that in an economic recovery, unionization negatively affects job creation. We examine state-level job growth following two recent recessions, those with troughs in November 1982 and March 1991. In the five years following the troughs, we assess whether variations across states in union membership and right-to-work laws affect the rate of job growth. We find evidence that links union influence to slower job growth during an economic recovery, a finding consistent with previous studies reporting that unions negatively affect average employment and employment growth.
Long range electron transfer in helical polyproline II oligopeptides

Abstract A series of binuclear donor-acceptor complexes with helical polyproline bridges [(bpy) 2 Ru II L-(Pro) n -apy-Ru III (NH 3 ) 5 ] 5+ , n = 6, 7, 9, where L = 4-carboxy-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine, bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine, and apy = 4-aminopyridine, were synthesized and characterized by absorption spectra, electrochemistry and HPLC. The CD spectra of the complexes confirm that they exist in the helical polyproline II structure. Intramolecular electron transfer within these complexes was studied by generating the [(bpy) 2 Ru I L · -(Pro) n -apy-Ru III (NH 3 ) 5 ] intermediate from the reaction of e aq (from pulse radiolysis) with the [(bpy) 2 Ru II L-(Pro) n -apy-Ru III (NH 3 ) 5 ] species in aqueous solution. The driving force for this reaction is estimated to be |Δ G 0 | ≈ 1.5 V. The rates ( k , 25°C) and activation parameters (Δ H ‡ (kcal/mol), Δ S ‡ (eu)) for the intra molecular electron transfer were found to be: 1.08×10 5 s −1 , 5.6, −17; 6.40 × 10 4 s −1 , 5.1, −19; 1.91 × 10 4 s −1 , 4.0, and −26 for n = 6, 7, 9 respectively. The rate ( k , 25°C) and activation parameters (Δ H ‡ (kcal/mol), Δ S ‡ (eu)) for the inter molecular reaction between [(bpy) 2 Ru I L · ] and [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru III -apy-Pro] were found to be 2.1 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 , 3.3 and −5. This series extends our studies of the distance dependence of rate versus the number of helical prolines bridging a donor and acceptor ruthenium site to a metal-to-metal distance ≈ 40 A. The weak dependence of rate versus the number of prolines observed for n = 6, 7, and 9 is very similar to that observed earlier for [(bpy) 2 Ru II L-(Pro) n -Co III (NH 3 ) 5 ], n = 4–6. The rapid rates observed at these long distances show that long range electron transfer can be observed between an appropriate donor and acceptor directly connected to the proline bridge via peptide bonds at distances similar to the diameter of a small protein.
Potentiation by thiopurines and sulfhydryl-reactive agents of the inhibition by 3-deazaadenosine of mononuclear phagocytes.

Abstract Combination effects of 3-deazaadenosine (c 3 Ado) on antibody-dependent phagocytosis in mouse resident peritoneal cells and human peripheral blood monocytes precultured with cytotoxic thiols, azathioprine (AZA) or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and thiol-reactive agents, 2-cyclohexene-1-one (2-CH) or ethacrynic acid (ETA), are described. In the mouse cell preparations, a non-inhibitory concentration of 10 μM AZA or 6-MP potentiated the inhibition by 5 and 10 μM c 3 Ado of phagocytosis. Higher concentrations of AZA or 6-MP (50, 100 μM) and c 3 Ado (40, 50 μM) were needed to achieve similar effects in human monocytes. Both 2-CH (50 μM) and ETA (25 μM) inhibited mouse cell phagocytosis and acted synergistically with c 3 Ado. Precultivation of mouse cells with an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 50 μM) caused no inhibition of phagocytosis and no potentiation of the inhibition by c 3 Ado, although BSO potentiated the inhibition by 2-CH (50 μM). In human monocytes, non-inhibitory concentrations (10 and 25 μM) of gold sodium thiomalate (GST), AZA, and c 3 Ado, but not 6-MP, potentiated the inhibition by 2-CH (25–37.5 μM) of phagocytosis. Results are discussed in connection with the possible modulation by endogenous sulfhydryl-reactive metabolites of phospholipid turnover of the effects of c 3 Ado.
Redox initiated cationic polymerization: The unique behavior of alkyl glycidyl ethers

Redox systems composed of a diaryliodonium or a triarylsulfonium salt together with a silane bearing SiH groups were used for the in situ generation of strong Bronsted acids at room temperature in the presence of alkyl glycidyl ether monomers. Secondary oxiranium intermediates are generated with lifetimes from minutes to hours at room temperature. These systems undergo rapid, exothermic cationic chain polymerization when the temperature is raised. Metastable monomer-redox initiator systems were also observed to undergo frontal polymerizations when a localized heat source is applied to the sample. The application of these delayed cationic ring-opening polymerization systems for the development of one-component structural adhesives that undergo rapid thermosetting at low temperatures are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Comparative analysis of acute and chronic corticosteroid pharmacogenomic effects in rat liver: transcriptional dynamics and regulatory structures.

Comprehensively understanding corticosteroid pharmacogenomic effects is an essential step towards an insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms for both beneficial and detrimental clinical effects. Nevertheless, even in a single tissue different methods of corticosteroid administration can induce different patterns of expression and regulatory control structures. Therefore, rich in vivo datasets of pharmacological time-series with two dosing regimens sampled from rat liver are examined for temporal patterns of changes in gene expression and their regulatory commonalities. The study addresses two issues, including (1) identifying significant transcriptional modules coupled with dynamic expression patterns and (2) predicting relevant common transcriptional controls to better understand the underlying mechanisms of corticosteroid adverse effects. Following the orientation of meta-analysis, an extended computational approach that explores the concept of agreement matrix from consensus clustering has been proposed with the aims of identifying gene clusters that share common expression patterns across multiple dosing regimens as well as handling challenges in the analysis of microarray data from heterogeneous sources, e.g. different platforms and time-grids in this study. Six significant transcriptional modules coupled with typical patterns of expression have been identified. Functional analysis reveals that virtually all enriched functions (gene ontologies, pathways) in these modules are shown to be related to metabolic processes, implying the importance of these modules in adverse effects under the administration of corticosteroids. Relevant putative transcriptional regulators (e.g. RXRF, FKHD, SP1F) are also predicted to provide another source of information towards better understanding the complexities of expression patterns and the underlying regulatory mechanisms of those modules. We have proposed a framework to identify significant coexpressed clusters of genes across multiple conditions experimented from different microarray platforms, time-grids, and also tissues if applicable. Analysis on rich in vivo datasets of corticosteroid time-series yielded significant insights into the pharmacogenomic effects of corticosteroids, especially the relevance to metabolic side-effects. This has been illustrated through enriched metabolic functions in those transcriptional modules and the presence of GRE binding motifs in those enriched pathways, providing significant modules for further analysis on pharmacogenomic corticosteroid effects.
Who Gets What? Gender Differences in “Spendable” Income

SUMMARY Feminist policy makers need accurate measures of inequality in the economic well-being of men and women. In this paper, we explain why the wage gap by gender gives a misleading measure of women's relative economic well-being in the United States, emphasizing the effects of income pooling within households. We construct a household-level index of women's “spendable” income relative to men's that builds on Randy Albelda's (1988) “PAR index.” We improve on the PAR index in three ways. First, we account for economies of scale associated with additional household members. Second, we utilize the Current Population Survey to capture the impact of government taxes and transfers, providing an indicator of “spendable,” rather than “money,” income. Finally, as a step toward redefining the concept of “spendable” income, we deduct a lower-bound estimate of child care costs.
Smart Teaching Matters! Applying the Research on Learning to Teaching RCR

Requirements for educating the next generation of scientists in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) were published approximately 25 years ago. Over the years, an extensive collection of research ethics educational resources have been developed, most of which are available to the scientific community. We can use these resources to effect change in student learning about responsible and ethical research practices; however, research on RCR educational effectiveness reveals mixed results. Rather than assume ethics education is ineffective, perhaps we should examine whether we are making the best use of these training tools and resources when teaching RCR. Connecting the body of knowledge on how people learn with how we teach research ethics may be a solution to improving student-learning outcomes associated with research ethics education. This essay provides a brief review of the research on human learning and introduces practical tips for connecting evidence-based principles to RCR teaching. Next steps involve RCR educators planning empirical research to support the application of research-informed practices to teaching research ethics.
γ-Tubulin Plays an Essential Role in the Coordination of Mitotic Events

Recent data from multiple organisms indicate that gamma-tubulin has essential, but incompletely defined, functions in addition to nucleating microtubule assembly. To investigate these functions, we examined the phenotype of mipAD159, a cold-sensitive allele of the gamma-tubulin gene of Aspergillus nidulans. Immunofluorescence microscopy of synchronized material revealed that at a restrictive temperature mipAD159 does not inhibit mitotic spindle formation. Anaphase A was inhibited in many nuclei, however, and after a slight delay in mitosis (approximately 6% of the cell cycle period), most nuclei reentered interphase without dividing. In vivo observations of chromosomes at a restrictive temperature revealed that mipAD159 caused a failure of the coordination of late mitotic events (anaphase A, anaphase B, and chromosomal disjunction) and nuclei reentered interphase quickly even though mitosis was not completed successfully. Time-lapse microscopy also revealed that transient mitotic spindle abnormalities, in particular bent spindles, were more prevalent in mipAD159 strains than in controls. In experiments in which microtubules were depolymerized with benomyl, mipAD159 nuclei exited mitosis significantly more quickly (as judged by chromosomal condensation) than nuclei in a control strain. These data reveal that gamma-tubulin has an essential role in the coordination of late mitotic events, and a microtubule-independent function in mitotic checkpoint control.
Prediction of Drug Residence Times in Regions of the Human Respiratory Tract Following Aerosol Inhalation

A mathematical model was developed for predicting drug residence kinetics in various regions of the human respiratory tract (RT). The model allows for regional deposition of different dose fractions (following mouth inhalation of various particle sizes according to four popular breathing regimes). Predicted alveolar deposition was dependent on the mode of inhalation and breath-holding. Deposition in the ciliated airways, however, was largely unaffected by breath-holding and was at a maximum for aerodynamic diameters between 5–9 μm (slow inhalation) and 3–6 μm (fast inhalation). Selected mucociliary and absorption rate constants determined the durations (T) taken to deplete the initial deposition in a chosen lung region to a selected minimum dose fraction (MDF). Values of T for an MDF of 0.01 in the ciliated airways were dependent on aerosol size, mode of inhalation, and rate of dissolution. In the case of rapidly dissolving solutes, the maximum duration was short (1–2 h) and occurred at particle sizes and modes of inhalation which maximized deposition in the conducting airways. For less soluble particles, however, T in the same airways could approach 12 h due to a prolonged supply of particles from the alveolar regions. The optimal size distribution and the mode of inhalation for maximum duration differed substantially in each case. The model enables formulation of testable hypotheses relating to the extension of local drug residence in the RT following inhalation of therapeutic aerosols.
Interpretation of low-field galvanomagnetic effects☆

Abstract Analysis of the conductivity of metals at low magnetic fields yields a sufficient condition that the high-field magnetoresistance should saturate.
Mössbauer study of transformations of pyrite under conditions of coal liquefaction

Abstract The Mossbauer effect is used to study in-situ transformations of pyrite under conditions of coal liquefaction based on Illinois No. 6 coal from St. Clair County. A marked reduction is observed at high temperatures in the isomer shift of the iron sulphides during coal liquefactions. By contrast the pure sulphides do not show such a strong effect in the presence of solvent and hydrogen. This reduction in the isomer shift may result from covalent bonding between the iron on the pyrrhotite surfaces and the coalderived liquid and gases. Marked broadening of the linewidth of Fe 1 − x S occurs above 300 °C in the presence of solvent and hydrogen. The stoichiometries of the pyrrhotites formed in the different runs were determined and a correlation was observed between the total amount of sulphur in the coal and the iron deficiency in Fe 1 − x S . Coal-derived liquids are more active in enhancing pyrite decomposition than tetralin. Both H 2 S and Fe 1 − x S seem to be actively involved in the liquefaction process.
Women of Color in State Legislatures: Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Legislative Office Holding

SUMMARY This article investigates the puzzle of women of color's proportionately higher percentage of office holding in state legislatures compared to white women legislators by testing the predictive capacity of variables commonly used to explain percentages of women at the state level. Using an original dataset that includes characteristics for all 50 U.S. states, the results suggest that standard indicators of women's office holding do not work equally well for all groups of women. The study demonstrates that race and ethnicity do make a difference in regards to women's office holding at the state level when the racial and ethnic characteristics of female legislators are considered.
Relaxation and transport in 3He-B at low temperature “spin fluctuation dominance model”

Abstract The spin relaxation time and spin diffusion tensor of 3 HeB are found to increase like T c / T at low temperature. The viscosity tends to a constant almost twice η( T c ) and the thermal conductivity diverges like (1/ T ). As these coefficients decrease at T c they must go through minima at intermediate temperatures.
The growth of large scales at defect sites in the plane mixing layer

The evolution of vortex structure in the vicinity of a pattern defect or dislocation, generated experimentally by forcing a high Reynolds number mixing layer, is studied using a new two-dimensional wavelet transform called Arc. This transform localizes spectral information in physical space – as all wavelets do – but is not direction-specific in wavenumber space. Various types of forcing, including forcing at the fundamental and subharmonic wavenumbers, produce a range of mixing-layer responses. The most significant finding is that a dislocation site acts as a nucleus and initiates a rapid, localized evolution to larger scales. The area of the localized ‘patch’ grows approximately as the square of downstream distance. Defect-initiated patches bear generic similarities to the disturbed regions in cylinder wakes – commented upon recently by many researchers – and in particular to the Λ-structures described by Williamson (1992).
Acute effect of ethanol on hepatic reticular G6Pase and Ca2+ pool.

Background Hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) via glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) enlarges the reticular Ca(2+) pool of the hepatocyte. Exposure of liver cells to ethanol (EtOH) impairs reticular Ca(2+) homeostasis. The present study investigated the effect of acute EtOH administration on G6P-supported Ca(2+) accumulation in liver cells. Methods Total microsomes were isolated from rat livers acutely perfused with varying doses of EtOH (0.01, 0.1, or 1% v/v) for 8 minutes. Calcium uptake was assessed by (45) Ca redistribution. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) formation was measured as an indicator of G6Pase hydrolytic activity. Results G6P-supported Ca(2+) uptake decreased in a manner directly proportional to the dose of EtOH infused in the liver, whereas Ca(2+) uptake via SERCA pumps was decreased by ~25% only at the highest dose of alcohol administered. The reduced accumulation of Ca(2+) within the microsomes resulted in a smaller inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-induced Ca(2+) release. Kinetic assessment of IP(3) and passive Ca(2+) release indicated a faster mobilization in microsomes from EtOH-treated livers, suggesting alcohol-induced alteration of Ca(2+) releasing mechanisms. Pretreatment of livers with chloromethiazole (CMZ) or dithiothreitol (DTT), but not 4-methyl-pyrazole prevented the inhibitory effect of EtOH on G6Pase activity and Ca(2+) homeostasis. Conclusions Liver G6Pase activity and IP(3) -mediated Ca(2+) release are rapidly inhibited following acute (8 minutes) exposure to EtOH, thus compromising the ability of the endoplasmic reticulum to dynamically modulate Ca(2+) homeostasis in the hepatocyte. The protective effect of CMZ and DTT suggests that the inhibitory effect of EtOH is mediated through its metabolism via reticular cyP4502E1 and consequent free radicals formation.
Human Apolipoprotein B: Chromosomal Mapping and DNA Polymorphisms of Hepatic and Intestinal Species

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is the major protein component of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins. We have recently isolated nonoverlapping cDNA clones for apoB and confirmed their identity by sequence comparisons. We now report the mapping of the human apoB gene (APOB)to the p23–p24 region of chromosome 2 by examination of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids and by in situ hybridization to human chromosomes. Thus, APOBis unlinked to members of the dispersed gene family encoding other apolipoprotein species or to the gene encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Hybridization analysis with genomic DNA and liver and intestinal mRNA suggests that APOBencodes both the high-molecular-weight form of apoB (apoB100) incorporated into very-low-density lipoproteins in liver and the lower-molecular-weight form (apoB48) incorporated into chylomicrons in intestine. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of APOBhave been identified and should prove useful in examining the possibility that genetic variations of APOBare involved in dyslipoproteinemias and atherosclerosis.
Identifying Excesses and Deficits in Chinese Industrial Productivity (1953-1990): a Weighted Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Abstract The paper investigates excesses and deficits in Chinese industrial productivity for the years (1953–1990), by combining data envelopment analysis (DEA) with other management science approaches. Improvement factors are examined with the incorporation of a priori information through Delphi, AHP and assurance region (AR) techniques. Various multiple input and multiple output sets are selected to study overall performance, industrial development, and product-related efficiency of Chinese industry. The application also identifies factors that affect the productivity of China’s industry in a positive or negative way, i.e., simultaneously identifies both excesses and deficits. Furthermore, the impact of economic reforms and five-year plans is discussed. The current study demonstrates that DEA can be combined with other methods to yield more valid results, insights and recommendations such as: (1) Chinese industrial productivity increased as a result of the five-year plans; (2) the economic reforms changed the behaviour of the enterprises; (3) efficient and effective targets within the industrial development plans can be set, and corrections and revisions can be made; and (4) enterprises should be given more decision-making autonomy in production as well as investment.
Fluorescence microscopy and computer simulation studies of the mechanisms of reorientation of DNA molecules undergoing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

The mechanisms of reorientation of individual DNA molecules undergoing Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) have been studied using T2 DNA molecules labeled with acridine orange and visualized with a fluorescence microscope. It is shown that molecules undergoing PFGE and conventional electrophoresis often get trapped in hook conformations (narrow U-shapes) that play an important role in determining the mobility of the molecules. It is found that the mechanism of formation of hooks require the previous generation of a kink (in which parts of the molecule double up inside a pore). Computer simulation experiments are presented to clarify the role of hook and kink formation in the size-dependent separation observed in PFGE experiments.
Estrous synchrony and its mediation by Airborne chemical communication (Rattus norvegicus)

Abstract The estrous cycles of a group of female laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) who live together become significantly more synchronized than either the cycles of solitary female rats (P ⩽ 0.01) or the cycles of female rats randomly selected from different living groups (P ⩽ 0.01). Airborne chemical communication between otherwise isolated groups of female rats is sufficient to produce the same level of estrous synchrony found among female rats that are actually living together.
Financial Literacy: Building Economic Empowerment with Survivors of Violence

The purpose of this paper is to outline key constructs including financial literacy, economic self-efficacy, economic self-sufficiency, and economic empowerment, and then present findings from an exploratory study that sought to understand the relationship among these variables in a sample of abused women. The results revealed positive and significant relationships between financial literacy with economic empowerment, economic self-efficacy and economic-self sufficiency. Results also indicated that financial literacy, race, and economic self-sufficiency were significant predictors of economic empowerment. By focusing this research on abused women, it is our intention to raise awareness about the importance of financial literacy curricula with advocates, policy-makers and researchers, so more focus can be given to economically empowering IPV survivors.
A simple procedure for high efficiency counting of labeled protein bands in polyacrylamide slab gels

A simple procedure is described for counting labeled protein bands after polyacrylamide slab gel electsrophoresis. Proteins labeled with radioisotopes are separated on conventional polyacrylamide slab gels. After fiction and staining, the slab gels are dried onto filter papers under vacuum. The labeled protein patterns are recorded by autoradiography or fluorography. The sample tracks are separated from each other by cutting the dried slab gel lengthwise. Each sample track is cut into predetermined sections by making parallel cuts with a film cutter. The sections are deposited into scintillation vials and digested with 50% hydrogen peroxide. The digested samples are counted in an aqueous scintillator. This procedure provides a direct quantitation of 3h and 14C-labeled protein bands by reproducibility counting. The results also show that both high resolution and excellent reproducibility are obtainable by this relatively fast and inexpensive method.
Solar Mass Ejection Imager 3-D reconstruction of the 27-28 May 2003 coronal mass ejection sequence

[1] The Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) has recorded the inner-heliospheric response in white-light Thomson scattering for many hundreds of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). Some of these have been observed by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Large-Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO) instruments and also in situ by near-Earth spacecraft. This article presents a low-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the 27–28 May 2003 halo CME event sequence observed by LASCO and later using SMEI observations; this sequence was also observed by all in situ monitors near Earth. The reconstruction derives its perspective views from outward flowing solar wind. Analysis results reveal the shape, extent, and mass of this ICME sequence as it reaches the vicinity of Earth. The extended shape has considerable detail that is compared with LASCO images and masses for this event. The 3-D reconstructed density, derived from the remote-sensed Thomson scattered brightness, is also compared with the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and Wind spacecraft in situ plasma measurements. These agree well in peak and integrated total value for this ICME event sequence when an appropriately enhanced (∼20%) electron number density is assumed to account for elements heavier than hydrogen in the ionized plasma.
On the efficiency of spectral deferred correction methods for time-dependent partial differential equations

Many physical and biological systems involve the interactions of two or more processes with widely-differing characteristic time scales. Previously, high-order semi-implicit and multi-implicit formulations of the spectral deferred correction methods (denoted by SISDC and MISDC methods, respectively) have been proposed for solving partial differential equations arising in such model systems. These methods compute a temporally high-order approximation by means of a first-order numerical method, which solves a series of correction equations to increase the temporal order of accuracy of the approximation. MISDC methods also allow several fast-evolving processes to be handled implicitly but independently, allowing for different time steps for each process while avoiding the splitting errors present in traditional operator-splitting methods. In this study, we propose MISDC methods that use second- and third-order integration and splitting methods in the prediction steps, and we assess the efficiency of SISDC and MISDC methods that are based on those moderate-order integration methods. Numerical results indicate that SISDC methods using third-order prediction steps are the most efficient, but the efficiency of SISDC methods using first-order steps improves, particularly in higher spatial dimensions, when combined with a ''ladder approach'' that uses a less refined spatial discretization during the initial SDC iterations. Among the MISDC methods studied, the one with a third-order prediction step is the most efficient for a mildly-stiff problem, but the method with a first-order prediction step has the least splitting error and thus the highest efficiency for a stiff problem. Furthermore, a MISDC method using a second-order prediction step with Strang splitting generates approximations with large splitting errors, compared with methods that use a different operator-splitting approach that orders the integration of processes according to their relative stiffness.
THE COST OF LIVING FOR INFANTS ≤1000 GMS. AT BIRTH

In the 2½ year period between Jan. 1973 and June 1975, 75 infants weighing ≤1000 gms. at birth were cared for at CSMC. Thirty infants (40%) survived. Nineteen of 27 Infants tested (70%) appear to be neurologically and developmentally (Gesell) “normal” at 1-2½ years of age. Records of hospital charges were available for analysis on 59 of 75 infants (79%). All charges were adjusted to Sept. 1976 rates and corrected for a 94% collection rate. Physician charges represented <5% of the total bill and were not included. Average length of survival for the 45 infants who died was 17 days (range 1-165). Average daily cost for these infants was $879; average total cost $15,145 (range $72-$124,627). Average length of hospital stay for the 30 surviving infants was 89 days (range 51-194). Average daily cost for these infants was $479; average total cost $40,287 (range $10,744-$106,050). Percentage breakdown of total cost for all infants was as follows: room charges-43%, ventilator and 02 support-19%, blood gases-11%, pharmacy-9%, laboratory-8%. central supply-5%. x-ray-4%. miscellaneous-l%. If the total cost for all 75 infants is used as the basis on which to calculate the cost of survival, then the average total cost per surviving infant was $61,641. Average total cost per “normal” surviving infant was $88,059. It is our belief that the outcome justifies this expense. Society, however, must be the ultimate judge.
Identification of Residues in Chromodomain Helicase DNA-Binding Protein 1 (Chd1) Required for Coupling ATP Hydrolysis to Nucleosome Sliding

Chromatin remodelers are ATP-dependent machines responsible for directionally shifting nucleosomes along DNA. We are interested in defining which elements of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1 (Chd1) remodeler are necessary and sufficient for sliding nucleosomes. This work focuses on the polypeptide segment that joins the ATPase motor to the C-terminal DNA-binding domain. We identify amino acid positions outside the ATPase motor that, when altered, dramatically reduce nucleosome sliding ability and yet have only ∼3-fold reduction in ATPase stimulation by nucleosomes. These residues therefore appear to play a role in functionally coupling ATP hydrolysis to nucleosome sliding, and suggest that the ATPase motor requires cooperation with external elements to slide DNA past the histone core.
THE EFFECT OF THYROXINE ON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN PARABIOTIC RATS1

Numerous reports in the literature have demonstrated that experimentally induced hyperthyroidism may exert definite inhibitory effects on the female reproductive system. A decrease in the number of ovarian follicles after large dosages of desiccated thyroid has been observed in rats by Da Costa and Carlson (1933) and in rabbits by Chu and You (1945). Irregularity in or total cessation of the estrous jcycle in hyperthyroid rats has been noted by Cameron and Amies (1926), Reiss and Pereny (1928), Weichert and Boyd (1933), Van Horn (1933) and Halpern and Hendryson (1935). The effectiveness of various injected gonadotrophins in stimulating the ovaries of immature rats has been markedly reduced by thyroid feeding or thyroxine injection (Fluhman 1934; Tyndale and Levin, 1937; Tolksdorf and Jenson, 1939). An increase in the gonadotrophic potency of the hyperthyroid rat pituitary gland as indicated by assays in immature animals of the same species has been demonstrated by Evans and Simpson (1930), Cohen (1935), a...
Predicting brain organization from dichotic listening performance: cortical and subcortical functional asymmetries contribute to perceptual asymmetries.

Abstract The patterns of perceptual asymmetry elicited by dichotic speech and complex pitch stimuli were evaluated in a group of 28 normal, right-handed subjects. As in previous studies, between 70 and 75% of the subjects showed a right-ear advantage for speech and left-ear advantage for pitch. However, less than half of the subjects (46%) showed the expected pattern on both tests. It is argued that the assumption of symmetrical, contralateral auditory pathway superiority during dichotic stimulation is only appropriate in roughly half of the dextral population. In the remaining half, significant subcortical asymmetries and/or a lack of contralateral advantage appear to be present. The assessment of complementary cortical functions should provide a way to reduce the confounding of cortical and subcortical contributions to auditory perceptual asymmetries, and thus provide a more accurate behavioral index of brain organization.