cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Placobdella lamothei n. sp. (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae), sanguijuela nueva parásita de tortugas de agua dulce del Estado de México, México

SE DESCRIBE PLACOBDELLA LAMOTHEI N. SP. CON BASE EN EL ESTUDIO DE 10 EJEMPLARES RECOLECTADOS EN TONATICO, ESTADO DE MEXICO, MEXICO. LA NUEVA ESPECIE SE PARECE AL RESTO DE LAS ESPECIES DEL GENERO EN LA DISPOSICION DE LAS MANCHAS OCULARES Y EN LA PRESENCIA DE MICETOMAS QUE SE CONECTAN AL ESOFAGO Y SE PUEDE DISTINGUIR DE ELLAS PRINCIPALMENTE POR LOS PATRONES DE PIGMENTACION DEL CUERPO. ESTA ESPECIE ENDEMICA REPRESENTA EL SEGUNDO REGISTRO DEL GENERO EN MEXICO. SE DISCUTE SOBRE REGISTROS PREVIOS DE PLACOBDELLA SPP. EN MEXICO Y SE HACEN ACLARACIONES SOBRE REGISTROS APARENTEMENTE ERRONEOS.
Scared Yet Compassionate? Exploring the Order Effects of Threat Versus Suffering Messages on Attitude Toward Scary Victims:

The order in which individuals receive information about wildlife may influence their attitude toward wildlife differently. We explored order effects of a threat message that induced more fear vers...
Rheology of a coaxial shear zone in the Virginia Blue Ridge: Wet quartzite dislocation creep at 250-280 °C

Abstract Cambrian quartzite along the western margin of the Blue Ridge near Front Royal, Virginia records significant penetrative strain under subgreenschist-facies conditions. Strain analyses of the quartzite indicate general flattening and octahedral shear strain values up to 1.25 (X:Z up to 5.7:1). Samples with X:Z as low as 1.5:1 have crystallographic preferred orientations that record a dominance of basal slip and patterns consistent with coaxial flattening. In most samples quartz has undergone minor amounts of dynamic recrystallization with mean grain sizes ~4–5 μm. Locally, the quartzite is brittlely deformed, and subgrains and recrystallized bulges are present along fractures and extinction bands. Fluid-inclusion planes and fluid inclusions along deformation lamellae are abundant, and quartz FTIR analyses yield average H:106Si values of 1100–3300, indicating fluid flow and high intragranular water content during deformation. Higher strain samples generally record lower water contents, which may indicate that fluids migrated to grain boundaries during deformation. Dissolution microstructures are rare in high strain samples, and we interpret most strain to have been accommodated by dislocation creep. Thermal modeling of zircon low-temperature thermochronology data coupled with quartz c-axis opening angle thermometry suggest deformation temperatures were likely ~250–280 °C. These deformation temperatures are lower than what is typically considered the brittle-plastic transition in quartz. We attribute localization of this high strain zone and dislocation creep at these temperatures to hydrolytic weakening and a relatively low strain rate estimated to be ~10−15 s−1.
Associations of SARS-CoV-2 serum IgG with occupation and demographics of military personnel

BackgroundCountries across the globe have mobilized their armed forces in response to COVID-19, placing them at increased risk for viral exposure. Humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 among military personnel serve as biomarkers of infection and provide a basis for disease surveillance and recognition of work-related risk factors. MethodsEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen-specific IgG in serum obtained from N=995 US National Guard soldiers between April-June 2020. Occupational information, e.g. military operating specialty (MOS) codes, and demographic data were obtained via questionnaire. Plaque assays with live SARS-CoV-2 were used to assess serum neutralizing capacity for limited subjects (N=12). ResultsThe SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity rate among the study population was 10.3% and significantly associated with occupation and demographics. Odds ratios were highest for those working in MOS 2T-Transportation (3.6; 95% CI 0.7-18) and 92F-Fuel specialist/ground and aircraft (6.8; 95% CI 1.5-30), as well as black race (2.2; 95% CI 1.2-4.1), household size [≥]6 (2.5; 95% CI 1.3-4.6) and known COVID-19 exposure (2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.3). Seropositivity tracked along major interstate highways and clustered near the international airport and the New York City border. SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG+ serum exhibited low to moderate SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity with IC50s ranging from 1:15 to 1:280. In limited follow-up testing SARS-CoV-2 serum IgG levels remained elevated up to 7 months. ConclusionsThe data highlight increased SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among National Guard vs. the local civilian population in association with transportation-related occupations and specific demographics.
Side-to-Side Metacarpal Fusion for Reconstruction of Bone Loss in the Radial Carpometacarpal Joints

We present a unique case of side-to-side metacarpal fusion for reconstruction after an isolated gunshot wound to the right hand of a 19-year-old woman. There was a traumatic segmental loss of the proximal right second metacarpal base with considerable comminution of the trapezium and trapezoid. Reconstructive options were limited because of the destruction of the distal carpus and carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. Digital ray amputation was offered but deferred because of patient preference. The reconstruction was performed via metacarpal fusion of the second metacarpal remnant to the third metacarpal base, bypassing the previously destroyed second CMC joint. The fusion of the second and third metacarpals offers acceptable results when the radial CMC joints are traumatized with extensive bone loss.
Evaluating deep-learning models for debris-covered glacier mapping

Abstract In recent decades, mountain glaciers have experienced the impact of climate change in the form of accelerated glacier retreat and other glacier-related hazards such as mass wasting and glacier lake outburst floods. Since there are wide-ranging societal consequences of glacier retreat and hazards, monitoring these glaciers as accurately and repeatedly as possible is important. However, the accurate glacier boundary, especially the debris-covered glacier (DCG) boundary, which is one of the primary inputs in many glacier analyses, remains a challenge even after many years of research using conventional remote sensing methods or machine-learning methods. The GlacierNet, a deep-learning-based approach, utilized the convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation model to delineate DCG at a high level of accuracy. In this study, the performance of GlacierNet's CNN is compared with several advanced CNN segmentation models, including Mobile-UNet, Res-UNet, FCDenseNet, R2UNet, and DeepLabV3+, to identify the most salient features that could improve the DCG segmentation accuracy. The experimental evaluation shows the highest intersection over union (IOU) of 0.8623 for the DeepLabV3+ and, therefore, is recommended for the regional and large-scale DCG mapping. Moreover, GlacierNet's CNN with the second-highest IOU of 0.8599 is a suitable and light structure for regional DCG mapping.
Layered Systems Subjected to Surface Shears

The results of a numerical study of the stress and displacement fields for a layered system subjected to asymmetric surface shears are presented. The layered system is composed of an incompressible elastic layer supported on an incompressible elastic half space; loading consists of a surface shear uniformly distributed over a circular area. The interface condition is assumed to be continuous. Integral expressions for the stress and displacement components previously obtained, and within the scope of classical elastostatic theory, are numerically evaluated for locations and range of parameters of interest. In particular, surface displacements and interface stresses are considered. The results are presented in graphical form for values of 1/2, 1, 2 of the load concentration factor (layer thickness to load radius) and for ratios of 1/2, 1/10 of the shear moduli ratio (foundation to layer modulus).
Experimental Evaluation of a New Shortest Path Algorithm

We evaluate the practical efficiency of a new shortest path algorithm for undirected graphs which was developed by the first two authors. This algorithm works on the fundamental comparison-addition model.Theoretically, this new algorithm out-performs Dijkstra's algorithm on sparse graphs for the all-pairs shortest path problem, and more generally, for the problem of computing single-source shortest paths from ?(1) different sources. Our extensive experimentalanal ysis demonstrates that this is also the case in practice. We present results which show the new algorithm to run faster than Dijkstra's on a variety of sparse graphs when the number of vertices ranges from a few thousand to a few million, and when computing single-source shortest paths from as few as three different sources.
The Relatively Free Groups Satisfy Noncentral Commutative Transitivity

We prove that a free group, , relative to the variety, , of all groups simultaneously nilpotent of class at most and metabelian is such that the centralizer of every noncentral element is abelian. We relate that result to the model theory of such groups as well as a quest to find a relative analog in of a classical theorem of Benjamin Baumslag. We also touch briefly on similar considerations in the varieties of nilpotent groups.
Measuring Product Type with Dynamics of Online Product Review Variances: A Theoretical Model and the Empirical Applications

A significant body of literature in information systems, marketing, and economics has shown the important implication of the distinction between experience products and search products (âproduct typeâ) on consumer information search, marketplace design, and firm strategy. However, how to empirically measure product types remains a challenge, and this challenge is further complicated by the growth of online commerce and the increasing availability of online reviews that have transformed the nature of many products and altered the traditional perception of these products. The objective of this research is to propose an online product review-based measure that could accurately reflect consumersâ perception of a product, as search or experience dominated product. Based on the definitions of search and experience products â whether information can be easily transferred or not â we propose a data-driven method that can be used to infer product type from statistical analyses of online product reviews. Our theoretical analyses indicate that the variance of the ratings should decrease as more consumers rate a pure search product; for experience products however, the variance of the ratings may remain constant or increase depending on the importance of the experience attributes in determining consumer utility. We demonstrate the empirical applications of this approach at the category, product, and attribute levels using product reviews data from Amazon.com, Yelp.com, and Ctrip.com, respectively. In addition, a user study conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk shows our review-based measure to outperform Nelsonâs (1970) product classification, which historically has been the standard in determining product type. Overall, this new measure provides an easy to implement, less subjective and more accurate measure of product type. Therefore, researchers and practitioners can use this measure to better understand how consumers perceive products and to design strategies accordingly.
Business Dilemmas and Responsibilities

In this article I discuss the nature of ethical dilemmas and responsibilities. I begin by noting that there are two types of dilemmas, philosophical and behavioral. I distinguish between them, give examples, and explain why it is important to understand their differences. I also use the Prisoner's Dilemma to show why ethical dilemmas are difficult, highlighting the fact that dilemmas result from conflicts of interests and values. I then define what responsibility means, suggesting that there are two parts to responsibility. Like the Prisoner's Dilemma, I use the Contribution Game to show why it is less likely that someone will accept responsibility as problems become larger and why it is important to place emphasis on some entity, such as business, to take responsibility, thus giving rise to the importance of corporate social responsibility. I end with some words of caution about efforts to shift or assume responsibility by, for example, governments.
Histones in Chick Embryonic Erythropoiesis

Changes in histones from erythroid cells of the developing chick were examined. Basic proteins extracted from erythroid nuclei from embryos 2½ to 19 days old, from newly hatched chicks, and from adult chicks were characterized by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The same histone components are present throughout this period of development with only minor quantitative differences, except that histone V increases from a very low value to 13.5% of all histones by Day 19 of incubation and to 21% in the adult. Histone V (f2c) has been described by others as unique to nucleated red cells. No other histone component was apparently replaced by the new histone V. The increase of histone V corresponds in time to the transition from the primitive to the definitive erythroid cell line in the chick embryo and also to the terminal division of the primitive erythroid cells. Pulse-chase experiments in 5-day primitive erythroblasts with radioactive amino acids showed that histone V, and to a lesser extent histone III, were the most rapidly synthesized histones. A 2-hour chase showed these histones to be the final, stable protein product. This active synthesis of histone V appears to be temporally coordinated with the last cell division of the primitive series.
Laboratory evaluation of advanced battery technologies for electric vehicle applications

During 1988, battery technology evaluations were performed for the Department of Energy and Electric Power Research Institute at the Argonne Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory. Cells and multicell modules from four developers were examined to determine their performance and life characteristics for electric vehicle propulsion applications. The results provide an interim measure of the progress being made in battery RandD programs, a comparison of battery technologies, and a source of basic data for modeling and continuing RandD. This paper summarizes the performance and life characterizations of twelve single cells and six 3- to 24-cell modules that encompass four technologies (Na/S, Ni/Fe, lead-acid, and Fe/Air). 4 figs., 1 tab.
Architectural features of the i860-microprocessor RISC core and on-chip caches

The Intel i860 is a one-million-transistor, high-performance RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) microprocessor. The performance of the i860 CPU is derived using supercomputer architectural concepts such as parallel instruction execution and a 64-b architecture that provides the data and instruction bandwidth necessary to support multiple operations. The novel features of the i860 RISC integer core are explored. The on-chip cache architecture, which is optimized for large data and instruction bandwidth, is described. >
Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Containing the F Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Confers Protection without Pulmonary Disease by Modulating Specific Subsets of Dendritic Cells and Effector T Cells

There is no licensed vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) due to its vaccine-enhanced disease. We investigated immune correlates conferring protection without causing disease after intranasal immunization with virus-like particle vaccine containing the RSV fusion protein (F VLP) in comparison to FI-RSV and live RSV. Upon RSV challenge, FI-RSV immune mice showed severe weight loss, eosinophilia, and histopathology, and RSV reinfection also caused substantial RSV disease despite their viral clearance. In contrast, F VLP immune mice showed least weight loss and no sign of histopathology and eosinophilia. High levels of interleukin-4-positive (IL-4+) and tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive (TNF-α+) CD4+ T cells were found in FI-RSV immune mice, whereas gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ+) and TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells were predominantly detected in live RSV-infected mice. More importantly, in contrast to FI-RSV and live RSV that induced higher levels of CD11b+ dendritic cells, F VLP immunization induced CD8α+ and CD103+ dendritic cells, as well as F-specific IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that F VLP can induce protection without causing pulmonary RSV disease by inducing RSV neutralizing antibodies, as well as modulating specific subsets of dendritic cells and CD8 T cell immunity. IMPORTANCE It has been a difficult challenge to develop an effective and safe vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of respiratory disease. Immune correlates conferring protection but preventing vaccine-enhanced disease remain poorly understood. RSV F virus-like particle (VLP) would be an efficient vaccine platform conferring protection. Here, we investigated the protective immune correlates without causing disease after intranasal immunization with RSV F VLP in comparison to FI-RSV and live RSV. In addition to inducing RSV neutralizing antibodies responsible for clearing lung viral loads, we show that modulation of specific subsets of dendritic cells and CD8 T cells producing T helper type 1 cytokines are important immune correlates conferring protection but not causing vaccine-enhanced disease.
Developing Effective Clinical Trainers

1. Kevin Khamarko[1][1] 2. Kimberly A. Koester[1][1] 3. Jennifer Bie[1][1] 4. Robert B. Baron[1][1] 5. Janet J. Myers[1][1] 1. 1University of California San Francisco, USA 1. Kevin Khamarko, University of California San Francisco, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1300, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA Email: kevin.khamarko{at}ucsf.edu Continuing education and training provides a means to improve performance among health care professionals (HCP). Research shows, however, that continuing professional education activities have inconsistent effects on HCP competence, performance, and patient health outcomes. Furthermore, the trainer’s role as a facilitator of knowledge translation (KT) has been understudied. To understand how clinical trainers support their trainees in translating what they learned into practice, we conducted 16 in-depth interviews with expert trainers. These interviews yielded a variety of KT-enhancing strategies, including tailoring training activities to their trainees’ needs. In addition, participants recommended trainers familiarize themselves with their trainees’ work environments, be able to identify their knowledge deficits, and devote time to provide trainees with post-training support. Creating an effective training, one that leads to transfer, requires active planning, communication, and command of the training topic by skilled trainers. [1]: #aff-1
Infection Protection and Natural Selection

Why are infectious diseases still the major causes of animal mortality, despite the strong and ever-present evolutionary pressure to eliminate traits that make individuals susceptible to infection? Why hasn't natural selection weeded out weak immune systems? An emerging and rapidly growing field, known as ecological immunology or ecoimmunology, is trying to answer these questions by investigating how variation in immune response in free-living animal populations affects fitness. On page 662 of this issue, Graham et al. ( 1 ) provide an illuminating answer for feral sheep living on the Scottish island of Hirta in the St. Kilda archipelago. The sheep have varying blood levels of antibodies, and individuals with higher levels appear to confront a fitness trade-off: Although a strong immune response helps adult females survive harsh winters, it also reduces reproduction.
The lecithinase (alpha toxin) activity of strains of Clostridium perfringens.

SummaryLecithinase activity was determined for 8 strains of type A C. perfringens isolated from various sources. The 3 classical infectious strains of C. perfringens with spores of low heat resistance produced high lecithinase activity. In general, there was an inverse relationship between lecithinase activity and heat resistance of the spores. However, strains that produced high lecithinase activity had wider ranges and greater standard deviation values than strains with low levels of lecithinase.
Remotely Triggered Cisplatin Release from Carbon Nanocapsules by Radiofrequency Fields

The efficacy of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery is limited by its peri-vascular sequestration, thus necessitating a strategy to trigger drug release from such intra-tumoral nanocarrier-drug depots. In our efforts to explore remotely-activated nanocarriers, we have developed carbon nanocapsules comprised of an ultra-short carbon nanotube shell (US-tubes) loaded with cisplatin (CDDP@US-tubes) and covered with a Pluronic surfactant wrapping to minimize passive release. We demonstrate here that non-invasive radiofrequency (RF) field activation of the CDDP@US-tubes produces heat that causes Pluronic disruption which triggers cisplatin release in an RF-dependent manner. Furthermore, release-dependent cytotoxicity is demonstrated in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Efficacy of Low Concentration Iodophor Teat Dips Against Staphylococcus Aureus

Abstract Four teat dips formulated at different concentrations of iodine were evaluated by experimental challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305). Teat dip, iodine contents, and efficacies were: 1) .1, .3, and .5%; 73.0, 70.8, and 74.9%; 2) .25 and .5%; 55.8 and 64.6%; 3) .1 and .5%; 74.8 and 70.0%; and 4) .05, .1, .25, and 1.0%; 79.5, 82.6, 80.7, and 94.4%. Products with low concentration iodine were highly effective in reducing incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections with no significant differences within formulation from iodine content. The experimental challenge model provided an efficient method for evaluating efficacy of postmilking teat dips.
Protein release from dihydroxyacetone-based poly(carbonate ester) matrices

Abstract The release of therapeutics from solid polymer matrices is an important field of study in the area of controlled release. Here we report on the hydrolytic degradation of directly compressed discs comprised of statistically random polycarbonate esters based on lactic acid and dihydroxyacetone. The controlled release of two model proteins, bovine serum albumin and lysozyme, was explored using two percentage loadings (5 and 10 wt.%). A first order release pattern and a trend for faster protein release with increasing dihydroxyacetone content were observed over a time period ranging from 2.5 to 70 days. To analyze the effects of the internal polymer matrix environment on protein stability the enzymatic activity of released lysozyme was monitored. The results show a high level of enzyme activity for the polycarbonate ester ratios with more dihydroxyacetone in the backbone and at least 50% activity over the first month of release from the co-polymer ratios with more lactic acid in the backbone. Modeling of the release kinetics using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model showed a high correlation, indicating that the release of protein is a complex mechanism controlled by protein diffusion through, and erosion of, the co-polymer matrix. The outcomes show that these polycarbonate esters may be useful materials for extended controlled release of proteins.
Assuring our food supply — technology, resources and policy☆

Abstract This paper treats the problems of how to enhance agricultural output per unit of land area per unit of time — how to increase the productivity of the individual farmer. The author emphasizes the importance of combining a biophysical approach with a socio-politico-economic approach. He discusses new technologies related to food production, resources needed for crop and livestock production and policies required to achieve these new ‘frontiers’ of production, combining techniques with incentives.
Gender effects on social support provision and receipt

This study was conducted to examine the influence of gender on social support provision and receipt using both self-report and observational methodologies. In response to another person sharing a problem, we predicted that men would be more likely than women to provide advice, and women would be more likely than men to provide emotional support. We also predicted women would be more likely than men to receive emotional support, and men would be more likely than women to receive negative support. Sixty-one pairs of college students, same-sex and mixed-sex dyads, shared a problem with each other. Problem-sharing transactions were audiotaped and transcribed for content analysis. Opposite-sex providers offered more emotional support than did same-sex providers, whereas same-sex providers listened more than did opposite-sex providers. No gender differences were found for advice-giving. Men were more likely than women to receive negative support. These results suggest that gender composition of the dyad has a greater influence on support provision and receipt than provider or recipient gender alone.
Effect of Client Expectations on the Counseling Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect upon an initial interview of positive and negative client expectations for counseling. 30 subjects or clients were randomly assigned to 3 groups (1 positive expectation group, 1 negative expectation group, and a control group). Following a 30-minute counseling session, the counselors and clients were asked to evaluate the relationship that had been established. Despite pre-counseling differences in client expectations, no significant differences were found in the relationships established.
How long does it take? A study of student acquisition of scientific abilities

Most of the time, instructors of introductory physics limit their goals to students' acquisition of basic concepts and end-of-the-chapter problem solving efficiency. They overlook the development of students' science process abilities required for constructing scientific knowledge and approaching complex problems as scientists do. This goal is attainable and very valuable at the same time. This paper describes how learners improved their scientific abilities during the course of one semester and reports on the activities and facilitations that helped students in the process. We investigated how long it takes for novices to develop complex scientific abilities and whether the content and the context of the tasks affect the abilities that students demonstrate. We found that students need to conduct several cycles of scaffolded investigations to gain competence in the application of scientific abilities. Depending on the particular ability, a period of five to eight weeks of work is necessary to achieve it.
Contractile filament and series elastic work and power--II. Clinical correlations with left ventricular dysfunction.

Abstract Contractile element (CE) power per unit volume (defined as the product of wall stress and CE velocity) and series elastic (SE) power per unit volume (defined as the product of wall stress and SE velocity), and their corresponding work terms, have been determined over a complete cardiac cycle in 39 patients comprising 5 clinical groups, using pressure and volume data acquired from single-plane cineangiography. The results indicate that there are four characteristic power curves: power generated by the CE during systole, power stored by the SE during systole, power dissipated by the CE during diastole and power released by the SE during diastole. CE power is distributed as 43% internal and 57% external, while CE work is distributed as 16.5% internal and 83.5% external. For compensated volume overload, dissipated CE power is less negative (P
EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENT DENSITY AND PERMEABILITY

A pavement quality indicator device developed through an NCHRP project, the Corelok device, and laboratory and field permeability index devices were evaluated for their potential to improve the Virginia Department of Transportation's density specification or to be designated for use in a replacement specification. Fifteen samples were taken from six projects representing three nominal maximum aggregate sizes. Densities measured by a nuclear gauge correlated well with core densities measured in accordance with AASHTO T166 and by the Corelok device. Pavement quality indicator readings appeared to be repeatable but did not correlate with the densities measured in accordance with AASHTO T166 or with the Corelok device. A fair correlation was obtained for two projects. Laboratory permeability and field permeability indices were correlated with pavement density. A good correlation was found between the laboratory permeability and field permeability indices. The relationship appears to be linear in the range age...
Electrocatalysis for oxygen electrodes in fuel cells and water electrolyzers for space applications

In most instances separate electrocatalysts are needed to promote the reduction of O2 in the fuel cell mode and to generate O2 in the energy storage-water electrolysis mode in aqueous electrochemical systems operating at low and moderate temperatures (T greater than or equal to 200 C). Interesting exceptions are the lead and bismuth ruthenate pyrochlores in alkaline electrolytes. These catalysts on high area carbon supports have high catalytic activity for both O2 reduction and generation (1,2). Rotating ring-disk electrode measurements provide evidence that the O2 reduction proceeds by a parallel four-electron pathway. The ruthenates can also be used as self-supported catalysts to avoid the problems associated with carbon oxidation, but the electrode performance so far achieved in the research at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) is considerably less. At the potentials involved in the anodic mode the ruthenate pyrochlores have substantial equilibrium solubility in concentrated alkaline electrolyte. This results in the loss of catalyst into the bulk solution and a decline in catalytic activity. Furthermore, the hydrogen generation counter electrode may become contaminated with reduction products from the pyrochlores (lead, ruthenium). A possible approach to this problem is to immobilize the pyrochlore catalyst within an ionic-conducting solid polymer, which would replace the fluid electrolyte within the porous gas diffusion O2 electrode. For bulk alkaline electrolyte, an anion-exchange polymer is needed with a transference number close to unity for the Oh(-) ion. Preliminary short-term measurements with lead ruthenates using a commercially available partially-fluorinated anion-exchange membrane as an overlayer on the porous gas-fed electrode indicate lower anodic polarization and virtually unchanged cathodic polarization.
Ab initio study of the chair Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene

Abstract Ab initio calculations up to the MP4SDQ/6-31 G* level are reported for the chair Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene. These are consistent with a recent AM1 study, which showed the reaction to take place via a biradicaloid intermediate.
Cross-Cultural Rehabilitation: An International Perspective

(2001). Cross-Cultural Rehabilitation: An International Perspective. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 53-54.
Interactions Between Line Edge Roughness and Random Dopant Fluctuation in Nonplanar Field-Effect Transistor Variability

Investigations on device variability for three different emerging field-effect transistor (FET) technologies are performed to determine the statistical dependence or independence of line edge roughness (LER) and random dopant fluctuation (RDF) variability mechanisms. The device candidates include standard inversion-mode (IM) FinFETs, junctionless (JL) FinFETs, and tunnel FETs (TFETs) designed for sub-32-nm generations. Using technology computer-aided design simulations, extracted standard deviations in linear and saturation threshold voltages ( VT,lin and (VT,sat), ON-state current (ION), OFF-state current (IOFF), subthreshold swing (SS), and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) are compared for the cases: 1) when LER and RDF are separately modeled during device simulations and assumed to combine in an uncorrelated fashion, and 2) when LER and RDF are simultaneously modeled in device simulations and no assumption is made about their interaction. After performing the comparisons for each FET technology, we find that LER and RDF cannot be considered independent for IM-FinFETs and TFETs, but can be for JL-FinFETs. The different outcomes are related to local versus distributed variability dependencies in each transistor type. Our conclusions reinforce the need for more comprehensive treatment of variability effects to provide accurate estimations of expected device variability in junction-based FETs.
A method for preparing complementary halves of freeze-etch replicas of micro-organisms for transmission electron microscopy.

SUMMARY Freeze-etch replicas are frequently difficult to interpret because of uncertainties arising from various artifacts arising mainly from height differences and the plane of fracture. Some of this confusion has been clarified by the production of complementary replicas (Steere, 1969), and the use of stereography (McAlear et al., 1969; McAlear, Shatos & Veltri, 1969), which enable the relativeposition of structural elements to be determined more accurately. This report describes the application of stereography to freeze-etch replicas of both complementary halves of a fracture sample. A replica of each half is micrographed in stereo by tilting the specimen between micrographs (McAlear & Veltri, 1971). These are then displayed as adjacent complementary images which may be viewed in stereo.
Cannabinoid modulation of wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat by spinally administered WIN55,212-2

The effects of spinally administered cannabinoids on nociceptive responses of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the lumbar spinal cord were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to regions of the ipsilateral hindpaw corresponding to the receptive fields of isolated neurons. WIN55,212-2 (100 μg, i.t.), applied topically on the dorsal spinal surface, suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, responsiveness was unchanged following administration of either vehicle or WIN55,212-3, the receptor-inactive enantiomer. WIN55,212-2, administered intrathecally to separate rats, produced antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick test with a time course and efficacy that paralleled the suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity. These results suggest that cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing involves direct actions in the spinal dorsal horn and is related to the antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered cannabinoids.
New Species of Coccidia from the Meadow Mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria wenrichi n. sp., Isospora mcdowelli n. sp. and Caryospora microti n. sp. are described from the cecal contents of the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Pennsylvania. C. microti is the first member of the genus to be reported from mammals.
Terrain classification, climbing Exposure, and technical management

Better understanding terrain in mountainous environments can lead directly to improved communication and management during outdoor recreation, education, and leadership experiences. Theories of risk and spatial cognition help explain why terrain and exposure are inextricably connected. However, popular constructions of terrain in a wide variety of literature sources problematically conflate often unrelated determinations of climbing terrain difficulty and climbing exposure, a measure of both space beneath a climber and consequences of a fall. Explicitly separating these two constructs likely provides clearer and safer experiences during mountain travel, perhaps directly improving professional practice in outdoor recreation, education, and leadership. More concrete definitions of terrain classifications and levels of exposure are proposed, in addition to potential terrain management techniques.
Capacitive sensing of amino acids in molecularly imprinted nylon films

Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers are important for a variety of sensing applications. We have developed capacitive elements incorporating thin nylon films prepared by spin-casting and imprinted with amino acids, and report on their frequency dependent dielectric characteristics over the range 100 Hz to 10 MHz. We find significant shifts (one decade) in the dissipation factor peaks of these samples upon removal and reinsertion of the amino acids used in their preparation. Control films remained unchanged, and other amino acids showed little binding. The use of the nylon polymer allows imprinting without the need for cross-linking agents. These structures have been used to make sensors for glutamine and alanine; the glutamine sensor shows greater specificity.
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Suppresses Estradiol Production Independent of FSH-cAMP Stimulation in Rat Granulosa Cells

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure suppressed preovulatory granulosa cell estradiol production in adult cycling rats. The active metabolite of DEHP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), suppressed follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-stimulated cAMP and progesterone production in cultured rat granulosa cells. To examine how DEHP altered granulosa cell estradiol production, the effects of MEHP were studied in cultures of rat granulosa cells. Granulosa cells were obtained from DES-implanted 25-day-old female Fisher 344 rats and exposed in culture to various concentrations of MEHP (0 to 400 μm) in DMSO. Granulosa cells were stimulated with FSH, 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8br-cAMP), a stable cAMP analog, and various concentrations of testosterone. Estradiol production was measured by standard radioimmunoassays and normalized to cell protein. MEHP suppressed estradiol in a concentration-dependent manner whether granulosa cells were stimulated by FSH or 8-br cAMP. Therefore, MEHP suppressed estradiol independent of its suppression of the FSH-cAMP pathway and, thus, suppressed aromatase conversion of testosterone to estradiol. MEHP (100 μm) decreased the maximum velocity of aromatase in cells supplied with increasing concentrations of testosterone. However, MEHP did not alter the velocity or affinity of microsomal aromatase isolated from adult virgin Sprague-Dawley rat ovaries. Therefore, MEHP altered the absolute amount or availability of aromatase in granulosa cells. Decreased aromatase in granulosa cells would explain decreased estradiol concentrations from DEHP exposure in vivo.
Effects of reduced temperature on capillary flow and reactive hyperemia in red and white skeletal muscle

Abstract Tissue temperature was reduced 10° below normal body temperature in the red anterior (ALD) and white posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of the chicken. Temperature reduction for a 13-min period resulted in biphasic changes in ALD capillary velocity. Three minutes after temperature was decreased velocity was reduced to 33% of control. Ten minutes later, velocity had risen to 48% of control. Steady-state capillary velocities (measured 0.5 to 3 hr after temperature reduction) were reduced by 25% in the ALD and by 41% in the PLD. Reactive hyperemia peak velocity was unchanged in the ALD but was significantly reduced in the PLD. The duration of reactive hyperemia following 60-sec occlusions decreased by 52% in the ALD and by 43% in the PLD at low temperature. Excess flow decreased by 71% in both muscles following 60-sec occlusions at reduced temperature. Comparable reductions in percentage flow debt repayment occurred in both muscles. Therefore, temperature reduction decreased control capillary red cell velocity, hyperemia duration, excess flow, and percentage flow debt repayment following 60-sec occlusions; the changes were comparable in both red and white muscles. The reduced duration of reactive hyperemia at low temperature may be due to a decrease in vasodilator metabolite production during ischemia. The absence of a comparable effect on peak flow suggests that vascular sensitivity may be greater at low temperature.
Assessing Undergraduate Learning Outcomes Between Accelerated Degree and Traditional Student Populations

Abstract This study investigated learning outcomes in both traditional and accelerated degree populations. Using the National Survey of Student Engagement, outcomes were examined relating to critical thinking, oral and written communication, and cultural and global understanding. Literature from life stage development and degree delivery mode areas were used to craft directions for the research. Degree delivery mode literature suggested that accelerated degree students would engage in behaviors designed to achieve the learning outcomes with the same frequency as students in the traditional undergraduate program. The life stage development literature suggested that accelerated degree undergraduate students would be more likely than traditional undergraduate students to engage in behaviors designed to achieve the learning outcomes. The data suggested that, for all of the significant differences found in the study, accelerated degree program students were more likely to report engaging in the particular beha...
Lithium Information Center

Excerpt To the editor: I recently read Beatty's article about computerized medical information services (1). He mentions several computer data bases currently available to clinicians (MEDLINE, BIOS...
DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL EVALUATION OF A NOVEL UROLOGY CURRICULUM FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

Purpose: After the development and implementation of a novel urology curriculum for medical students we evaluated urological learning by medical students using a validated measure of learning in the 4 clinical areas of benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction, prostate cancer and prostate specific antigen screening. Materials and Methods: Third year medical students completed an online validated pre-test and post-test immediately before and after the mandatory 1-week clinical rotation in urology. Online pre-surveys and post-surveys were also administered. Overall student participation was 90% (37 of 41) with 63% of students (26 of 41) completing all 4 tests and surveys. Results: Student overall test scores improved significantly upon completion of the 1-week clinical rotation in urology (p 0.001). A trend toward increased learning by male students was identified (p 0.07). Significant variation in exposure to outpatient clinics and in the performance of physical examination skills was observed among the different teaching sites. Conclusions: This study demonstrates significant learning by medical students during their 1-week clinical rotation in urology. Further data are needed to confirm the trend toward increased learning by males and elucidate its etiology. Scheduling changes have been implemented to address the inconsistencies across clinical sites.
Theory for intermetallic phase growth between Cu and liquid Sn-Pb solder based on grain boundary diffusion control

Kinetics of phase formation during interdiffusion in solid-liquid diffusion couples are influenced by the morphology of the intermediate compound layer. In some cases, an intermediate compound layer is formed which has very fine grain size. This condition favors grain boundary diffusion as the predominant mechanism for transport through the layer. In systems where grain coarsening occurs, the coarsening kinetics will influence the interdiffusion kinetics. In addition, for some solid-liquid systems, a grain boundary grooving effect is observed which leads to a highly nonuniform layer thickness; the layer is thinner where the liquid phase penetrates the grain boundaries. As a consequence of the grooving effects, the diffusion path through the layer is shorter along the grain boundaries. This differs from standard interdiffusion models which assume that the diffusion distance is equal to the average layer thickness. A model for growth kinetics of an intermediate compound layer is presented for the case where grain boundary diffusion is the predominant transport mechanism. The model includes the geometric effects caused by grain boundary grooving. The model predicts layer growth which follows a t1/3 dependence on time t. Experimental data for intermetallic growth between copper and 62Sn-36Pb-2Ag solder exhibit a t1/4 dependence on time t. If experimental data are interpreted in terms of the grain boundary diffusion control model presented in this paper, the activation energy for grain boundary diffusion is 27 kJ/mole.
The Nomad as State Builder: Historical Theory and Material Evidence from Mongolia

Theory on nomadic political complexity has largely been based on twentieth century ethnography and numerous historical accounts of the military confederations of pastoral nomads. Over the past two decades, archaeologists have increasingly used material evidence to evaluate ideas about nomadic polities and have added indigenous and local-scale perspectives to an understanding of nomadic political process in many regions across the Old World. One of these is Mongolia, a major center of nomadic state and empire formation, where archaeologists have recently focused attention on an early regional polity that arose at the end of the first millennium BC and is known as the Xiongnu (also Hsiung-nu) state. This paper synthesizes the latest archaeological research on the Xiongnu state in order to evaluate historical models that explain state emergence among nomads on the far eastern steppe. The material record from Mongolia adds the detail and resolution needed to refine existing explanations for Xiongnu state emergence.
Knowledge codifiability, resources, and science‐based innovation

Industry descriptions often depict science‐driven industries as a single industry class, dominated by explicit knowledge in the form of patents, blueprints, diagrams, etc. This one‐dimensional view limits our ability to effectively manage the activities and routines across various stages of a science life cycle. The life cycle concept refers to the extent of development of the underlying scientific knowledge base. The knowledge in developed science fields (e.g. chemicals) is well codified, whereas in developing fields (e.g. biotechnology), it is less so. This variance creates interesting implications for innovation – product development routines will differ across developed and developing sciences. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the knowledge‐ and resource‐based requirements of developed and developing science industries and the link to competitive advantage.
Simulating QCD at finite density

Abstract Addition of a chemical potential to the standard lattice action for QCD results in a fermion determinant which is no longer a positive real number, making numerical computations of the path integral much more difficult. I present preliminary results for QCD on 44 lattices with four flavors of staggered quarks and discuss the technical problems encountered.
An Enhanced Geostationary Satellite–Based Convective Initiation Algorithm for 0–2-h Nowcasting with Object Tracking

AbstractThis paper describes an enhanced 0–2-h convective initiation (CI) nowcasting algorithm known as Satellite Convection Analysis and Tracking, version 2 (SATCASTv2). Tracking of developing cumulus cloud “objects” in advance of CI was developed as a means of reducing errors caused by tracking single satellite pixels of cumulus clouds, as identified in Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) output. The method rests on the idea that cloud objects at one time, when extrapolated forward in space and time using mesoscale atmospheric motion vectors, will overlap with the same actual cloud objects at a later time. Significant overlapping confirms that a coherent cumulus cloud is present and trackable in GOES data and that it is persistent enough that various infrared threshold–based tests may be performed to assess cloud growth. Validation of the new object-tracking approach to nowcasting CI was performed over four regions in the United States: 1) Melbourne, Florida; 2) Memphis, Tennessee; ...