cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of canine kidney cortex slice volume and ion distribution at hypothermia by impermeable anions

Abstract Hypothermia induces swelling of dog kidney cortex slices. Swelling of cells during hypothermia is related to a number of factors including the permeability of Cl − . By substituting lactobionate for Cl − , while maintaining isoosmotic conditions, swelling is prevented. Lactobionate is an impermeable anion and its presence in the suspending fluid prevents swelling of dog kidney cortex slices in salts of Na + , K + or combinations of Na + and K + even in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. By maintaining a ratio of 80 m M lactobionate: 60 m M chloride and an appropriate ratio of Na + :K + (80 m M :60 m M ), both the total tissue H 2 O and ratio of intracellular K + /Na + are kept within normal ranges during hypothermic incubation of tissue slices. Kidney cortex slices suspended in this medium at 30 °C respire at a rate 30–40% slower than that of control slices suspended in saline. A similar result is obtained by adding ouabain to slices suspended in saline. This suggests that the Na + -pump activity is suppressed under these conditions and results in a reduced energy demand on the cell. These results are discussed in relation to utilizing this type of solution for long-term perfusion preservation of kidneys for transplantation.
Modern Concepts of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Necrotizing Fasciitis

Abstract Background: Necrotizing fasciitis is a potentially fatal infection involving rapidly progressive, widespread necrosis of the superficial fascia. Objectives: The purpose of this collective review is to review modern concepts of the treatment and diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Discussion: Necrotizing fasciitis is characterized by widespread necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and the fascia. Although the pathogenesis of necrotizing fasciitis is still open to speculation, the rapid and destructive clinical course of necrotizing fasciitis is thought to be due to multibacterial symbiosis. During the last two decades, scientists have found that the pathogenesis of necrotizing fasciitis is usually polymicrobial, rather than monomicrobial. Although there has been no published well-controlled, clinical trial comparing the efficacies of various diagnostic imaging modalities in the diagnosis of necrotizing infections, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred technique to detect soft tissue infection. MRI provides unsurpassed soft tissue contrast and spatial resolution, has high sensitivity in detecting soft tissue fluid, and has multiplanar capabilities. Percutaneous needle aspiration followed by prompt Gram's staining and culture for a rapid bacteriologic diagnosis in soft tissue infections is recommended. Surgery complemented by antibiotics is the primary treatment of necrotizing fasciitis. Conclusion: Wide, extensive debridement of all tissues that can be easily elevated off the fascia with gentle pressure should be undertaken. Successful use of intravenous immunoglobulin has been reported in the treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The use of adjunctive therapies, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, for necrotizing fasciitis infection continues to receive much attention.
Influence of certain nutrients and light on growth and morphogenesis of the synnema of Ceratocystis ulmi.

Vegetative growth, whether mycelial or yeast phase, of mating strain A of Ceratocystis ulmi required exogenous pyridoxal and was stimulated by both biotin and thiamine. Growth occurred when glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, L-arabinose, sucrose, mannitol, L-rhamnose, xylose, cellobiose, sorbitol or starch was the sole carbon source. Slight amount of growth occurred on citrate, L-glutamate, DL-malate, maltose and succinate. Growth did not occur by 12 days on lactose, dulcitol, D-tartrate, oxalate, acetate, or cellulose. The low respiration of citrate was not enhanced by providing it as the undissociated form and disrupting cell structure by sonication did not lead to increased respiration in presence of citric acid. Growth occurred when ammonium ion, L-asparagine, glycine, L-glutamate, urea or DL-valine was the sole nitrogen source. Nitrate would not support growth. Optimal pH for rapid growth was approximately 6.3 with no growth occurring at 7.8. Vegetative growth but not synnematal growth took place at 30 C. Synnemata formed on all media which favored abundant spreading colony growth. Illumination at approximately 1,500 ft-c prevented growth because of pyridoxal destruction. Synnematal formation does not require light and synnemata are not phototropic.
Validation of sick role rights for mental illness.

The rights and obligations of the sick role model are postulated as fundamental elements in the social control of illness behavior (2). However, after more than 25 yr. of research on the sick role, most dealing with individual sociodemographic variations and exceptions (1, 5), many questions still remain unanswered (4). The present exploratory study determined the effects of severity of mental illness and presence of a prescription medication (as validating mechanism) on individual evaluar~on of rwo rights components of the sick role, exemption from normal duties and obl~gat~ons and freedom from blame for one's illness condition. A convenience sample of 100 university students was given forms containing three vignettes, each describing an individual with a typical mental disorder: personality disorder, neurosis and psychosis. These were conceptualized to represent three major categories of mental illness along a severity dimension. Half of the students received the additional information that the subject had received a prescription medication for his condition. Severicy was significant for both the question of exemption from normal duties (PC.? = 14.87, p < .001) and the question of freedom from responsibility for one's condition (Fn.3 = 14.94, p < .001). Medication was also significant for both questions (K.1 = 4.31, p < .05; K.1 = 14.45, p < ,001). There was no significant interaction. The findings, if they were supported by larger, more representative studies, would lead us two directions. First, the lay public seems to be able to discriminate among levels of severity for mental disorders and is more likely to grant sick role rights accordingly (to those with more severe disorder). Second, patients who receive a prescription medication are ceteris paribus more likely to be granted these rights (3). This study suggests the importance of society's influences over the mechanisms of social control for illness behavior.
Synthesis of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (−)-A58365A via an Cycloaddition Reaction

The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (−)-A58365A (1) was synthesized by a process based on the [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction of a phenylsulfonyl-substituted intermediate. The starting mater...
CREST - a large and diverse superfamily of putative transmembrane hydrolases

A number of membrane-spanning proteins possess enzymatic activity and catalyze important reactions involving proteins, lipids or other substrates located within or near lipid bilayers. Alkaline ceramidases are seven-transmembrane proteins that hydrolyze the amide bond in ceramide to form sphingosine. Recently, a group of putative transmembrane receptors called progestin and adipoQ receptors (PAQRs) were found to be distantly related to alkaline ceramidases, raising the possibility that they may also function as membrane enzymes. Using sensitive similarity search methods, we identified statistically significant sequence similarities among several transmembrane protein families including alkaline ceramidases and PAQRs. They were unified into a large and diverse superfamily of putative membrane-bound hydrolases called CREST (alkaline ceramidase, PAQR receptor, Per1, SID-1 and TMEM8). The CREST superfamily embraces a plethora of cellular functions and biochemical activities, including putative lipid-modifying enzymes such as ceramidases and the Per1 family of putative phospholipases involved in lipid remodeling of GPI-anchored proteins, putative hormone receptors, bacterial hemolysins, the TMEM8 family of putative tumor suppressors, and the SID-1 family of putative double-stranded RNA transporters involved in RNA interference. Extensive similarity searches and clustering analysis also revealed several groups of proteins with unknown function in the CREST superfamily. Members of the CREST superfamily share seven predicted core transmembrane segments with several conserved sequence motifs. Universal conservation of a set of histidine and aspartate residues across all groups in the CREST superfamily, coupled with independent discoveries of hydrolase activities in alkaline ceramidases and the Per1 family as well as results from previous mutational studies of Per1, suggests that the majority of CREST members are metal-dependent hydrolases. This article was reviewed by Kira S. Markarova, Igor B. Zhulin and Rob Knight.
Comparisons Between Prediction and Experiment for Lift Force and Heel Moment for a Planing Hull

Even in calm water, high-speed vessels can display unstable behaviors such as chine walking, sudden large heel, and porpoising. Large heel results from the loss of transverse stability at high forward speed. When a planing craft begins to plane, the hydrodynamic lift forces raise the hull out of the water. The available righting moment resulting from the hydrostatic buoyancy is, therefore, reduced. As the righting moment resulting from hydrostatic buoyancy is reduced, the righting moment resulting from dynamic effects becomes important. These hydrodynamic righting effects are related to the hydrodynamic lift. This article explores the relationship between the hydrostatic lift and righting moment, the hydrodynamic lift and righting moment, and the total lift and heel-restoring moment of a planing craft operating at planing speeds. A series of tow tests using a prismatic hull with a constant deadrise of 20 measured the lift force and righting moment at various angles of heel and at various model velocities. The model was completely constrained in surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch, and yaw. The underwater volume is determined from the known hull configuration and the underwater photography of the keel and chine wetted lengths. The results presented include the total lift and righting moment with the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic contributions for various model speeds at two model displacements.
Redefining supply management׳s contribution in services sourcing ☆

Abstract The services economy is growing in magnitude and impact. As purchased services contribute as both a source of cost and as a source of performance improvement, services spend is gaining the attention of practitioners and academics interested in improving the purchase and management of services. In-depth case study research shows that purchasing services differ from purchasing goods in several important ways. When a company procures services, SM׳s involvement does not necessarily grow over time. SM׳s involvement is not a “given” so SM must often be “invited” based on the perception that it will contribute favorably to the outcome. Because meaningful involvement may require very different types of involvement, varying from primary control to a consultative role, this research offers a modified definition of SM meaningful involvement. Finally, a managerial framework is developed to help guide decision-making for more efficient and effective purchase of services.
Neuroscience: waiting for serotonin

Serotonin dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders yet the precise behavioral functions of this neuromodulator are not well understood. A new study employs optogenetic methods to activate serotonin neurons during an effort-demanding waiting behavior and demonstrates that serotonin release increases patience, the capacity for self-control.
Hemagglutinin Fusion Peptide Mutants in Model Membranes: Structural Properties, Membrane Physical Properties, and PEG-Mediated Fusion

While the importance of viral fusion peptides (e.g., hemagglutinin (HA) and gp41) in virus-cell membrane fusion is established, it is unclear how these peptides enhance membrane fusion, especially at low peptide/lipid ratios for which the peptides are not lytic. We assayed wild-type HA fusion peptide and two mutants, G1E and G13L, for their effects on the bilayer structure of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine/1,2-dioleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine/Sphingomyelin/Cholesterol (35:30:15:20) membranes, their structures in the lipid bilayer, and their effects on membrane fusion. All peptides bound to highly curved vesicles, but fusion was triggered only in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol). At low (1:200) peptide/lipid ratios, wild-type peptide enhanced remarkably the extent of content mixing and leakage along with the rate constants for these processes, and significantly enhanced the bilayer interior packing and filled the membrane free volume. The mutants caused no change in contents mixing or interior packing. Circular dichroism, polarized-attenuated total-internal-reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, and membrane perturbation measurements all conform to the inverted-V model for the structure of wild-type HA peptide. Similar measurements suggest that the G13L mutant adopts a less helical conformation in which the N-terminus moves closer to the bilayer interface, thus disrupting the V-structure. The G1E peptide barely perturbs the bilayer and may locate slightly above the interface. Fusion measurements suggest that the wild-type peptide promotes conversion of the stalk to an expanded trans-membrane contact intermediate through its ability to occupy hydrophobic space in a trans-membrane contact structure. While wild-type peptide increases the rate of initial intermediate and final pore formation, our results do not speak to the mechanisms for these effects, but they do leave open the possibility that it stabilizes the transition states for these events.
Immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients at risk for AIDS.

Abstract HIV-seropositive homosexuals, narcotic addicts and hemophiliacs develop a new syndrome of immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) which is clinically indistinguishable from classic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) with respect to increased megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, peripheral destruction of antibody-coated platelets, negative serology for SLE, response to treatment with prednisone and/or splenectomy. Eleven of 79 homosexual patients have developed AIDS 2 to 43 months after the diagnosis of ITP (mean, 22 months). The mechanism of the ITP appears to be different in homosexuals and narcotic addicts when compared to classic ATP. Homosexuals and narcotic addicts have markedly elevated platelet-bound IgG and C3C4 (2.5-4-fold ATP levels), PEG-precipitable circulating immune complexes and anti-F(ab′)2 antibodies (absent in ATP). There is no inverse relationship between platelet-bound IgG and platelet count and platelet antibody is usually not elutable from washed platelets as is the case with classic ATP. Homosexual patients do not have 7S platelet antibody in their sera as do classic ATP patients, but appear to have immune complex deposition on their platelets, possibly due to the presence of anti-F(ab′)2 antibodies. Narcotic addict patients do have detectable 7S platelet antibody but also appear to have immune complex deposition on their platelets, possibly due to anti-F(ab′)2 antibodies. The anti-F(ab′)2 antibodies are of the IgG class. They react with autologous, homologous patient and healthy control F(ab′)2 fragments. Some anti-F(ab′)2 antibodies have broad reactivity, others are more limited. It is postulated that some of the anti-F(ab′)2 antibodies may be responsible for the thrombocytopenia.
Guidewires, catheters, and sheaths used for thoracic endografting procedures.

Abstract Background: Endovascular repair represents an option becoming progressively more integral to the treatment of thoracic aortic pathology. Effective use by practitioners of the most appropriate endovascular equipment is essential to the continued growth of this treatment modality. This article aims to provide an overview of the guidewires, catheters, and sheaths employed in the practice of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Methods: We reviewed our current utilization of guidewires, catheters, and sheaths in TEVAR. Concurrently, we conducted a survey of the present medical literature with regard to the materials and methods used in this procedure by other cardiothoracic surgeons, vascular surgeons, and interventional radiologists. Results: Fundamental principals of the guidewires, catheters, and sheaths used in TEVAR are consistent across the spectrum of specialists performing this procedure. However, considerable variation exists in the specific products used by practitioners. Conclusions: The importance of proper training and experience with the endovascular equipment used in TEVAR cannot be understated. We believe the endovascular tools discussed in this article offer a proper selection for safe and effective performance of these procedures.
Beyond the Syllabus: Using the First Day of Class in Physical Chemistry as an Introduction to the Development of Macroscopic, Molecular-Level, and Mathematical Models

The initial interaction among student, instructor, and content on the first day of class is critical in setting the stage for the remainder of the semester. While many students would like to ease into the semester, experienced faculty realize that the first day of class provides a one-time opportunity to shape the students’ first impression of a subject area. In this paper, a process is outlined for introducing the physical chemistry course in such a way that students expect that much of the course will be about developing models to describe physical and chemical processes and that those models may be macroscopic, molecular-level, or mathematical in nature.
A Triad Model for Preparing Preservice Teachers for the Integration of Technology in Teaching and Learning.

Abstract This article provides a model for preparing preservice teachers for the integration and implementation of technology in teaching and learning. The technology integration approach implemented focuses on a triad model that identifies three areas of technology infusion: communication, productivity, and research/instruction. This triad model demonstrates one approach for designing curriculum and appropriate experiences in a teacher preparation program that provides hands-on experience with technology as supported by the vision of the National Educational Technology Standards (ISTE, 2000). Descriptions are given of specific assignments, projects, and learning experiences designed to engage preservice teachers in enriching technological experiences to enhance their own learning while at the same time serving as a model for teaching.
The Long-Term Effects of Stress on Partner Weight Characteristics

Background: Recent experimental evidence suggests that stressed males find heavier women more attractive than nonstressed males. The aim of this study is to examine whether these results also appear in actual mating patterns of adults from a national sample. Methods: Regression analysis linking partner weight measures to own measures of childhood stress, as measured by mistreatment. Cross-sectional data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Romantic Partners Sample is used to measure partner weight, childhood stressful events, and socio-demographic characteristics. Childhood experiences of adult mistreatment are retrospectively collected. Results: Men who experienced childhood mistreatment are more likely to have obese female partners during young adulthood. The results are strongest for interactions with social services, adult neglect and physical abuse. We also present novel evidence of the opposite association in similarly stressed women whose male partners are more likely to be thin. Conclusions: These results suggest that preferences for partner characteristics are sensitive to histories of stress and that previously hypothesized patterns occur outside the experimental setting.
Characterization of maximum critically 2-connected graphs

A graph G is critically 2-connected if G is 2-connected but, for any point p of G, G — p is not 2-connected. Critically 2-connected graphs on n points that have the maximum number of lines are characterized and shown to be unique for n ⩾ 3, n ≠ 11.
Interactive Sites in the MyD88 Toll/Interleukin (IL) 1 Receptor Domain Responsible for Coupling to the IL1β Signaling Pathway

Myeloid differentiation factor MyD88 is the essential adaptor protein that integrates and transduces intracellular signals generated by multiple Toll-like receptors including receptor complex for interleukin (IL) 1β, a key inflammatory cytokine. IL1β receptor complex interacts with MyD88 via the Toll/IL1 receptor (TIR) domain. Here we report structure-function studies that help define the MyD88 TIR domain binding sites involved in IL1β-induced protein-protein interactions. The MyD88 TIR domain, employed as a dominant negative inhibitor of IL1β signaling to screen MyD88 TIR mutants, lost its suppressing activity upon truncation of its Box 3. Accordingly, mutations of Box 3 residues 285–286 reversed the dominant negative effect of the MyD88 TIR domain on IL1β-induced and NFκB-dependent reporter gene activity and IL6 production. Moreover, mutations of residues 171 in helix αA, 195–197 in Box 2, and 275 in βE-strand had similar functional effects. Strikingly, only mutations of residues 195–197 eliminated the TIR-TIR interaction of MyD88 and IL1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAcP), whereas substitution of neighboring canonical Pro200 by His was without effect. Mutations in Box 2 and 3 prevented homotypic MyD88 oligomerization via TIR domain. Based on this structure-function analysis, a three-dimensional docking model of TIR-TIR interaction between MyD88 and IL1RAcP was developed.
Identifiability of Classes of Input-Output Systems

Abstract The identifiability of abstract classes of input-output systems from a finite set of input-output experiments is considered. Both exact and approximate identifiability are addressed. Here, "system" means a function from an input space to an output space. With only linear structure on the output space and on the class of unknown systems, it is shown that a finite-dimensional class of systems is always exactly identifiable, and the identified systems have the form of interpolations on the input-output data. With linear and topological structure on the input space, output space, and space of unknown systems we state conditions under which a class of unknown systems can be identified to within a specified tolerance by interpolative identification models.
Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XI. A new species of Alseia (Calycophylleae) from central America and notes on the morphology of this neotropical genus

The Neotropical tree genus Alseis is unusual in the Rubiaceae in having a typically deciduous habit and protogynous flowers that are produced just before or with the new leaves. Alseis costaricensis C. M. Taylor shares characteristics with both A. hondurensis Standley and A. blackiana Hemsley of Panama and adjacent Colombia, but is allopatric to and differs morphologically from both of these species.
Rangeland and pasture monitoring: an approach to interpretation of high-resolution imagery focused on observer calibration for repeatability

Collection of standardized assessment and monitoring data is critically important for supporting policy and management at local to continental scales. Remote sensing techniques, including image interpre- tation, have shown promise for collecting plant community composition and ground cover data efficiently. More work needs to be done, however, evaluating whether these techniques are sufficiently feasible, cost-effective, and repeatable to be applied in large programs. The goal of this study was to design and test an image-interpretation approach for collecting plant community composition and ground cover data appropriate for local and continental-scale assessment and monitoring of grassland, shrubland, savanna, and pasture ecosystems. We developed a geographic infor- mation system image-interpretation tool that uses points classified by experts to calibrate observers, including point-by-point training and quantitative quality control limits. To test this approach, field data and high- resolution imagery (∼3 cm ground sampling distance) were collected concurrently at 54 plots located around the USA. Seven observers with little prior experience used the system to classify 300 points in each plot into tencovertypes(grass,shrub,soil,etc.).Goodagreement among observers was achieved, with little detectable bias and low variability among observers (coefficient of variation in most plots 0.9), suggesting regression-based adjustments can be used to relate image and field data. This approach could extend the utility of expensive-to-collect field data by allowing it to serve as a validation data source for data collected via image interpretation.
The Park as a Determinant of Property Values

THIS PAPER is the result of a three year study conducted in Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, to determine the impact of parks of various types upon the values of residential properties.1 The proxy for value which was used was assessed value for properties in both cities as developed by the two City Assessors. The study of the situation in Dallas was undertaken first with the study in Ft. Worth a kind of followup on the results in Dallas to see if these results were applicable to another community. The analysis in the present study was limited to the impact that the individual park might have on property values of properties near or within the use area of the park. Thus, the park may be an external value determining factor on the values of properties near or adjacent to it. Parks might cause either an increase or a decrease in the values of such properties. The limitations to the property analysis include the fact that data was collected only on properties quite near the park (within about 5 blocks) and included only about 700 properties around each of the parks analyzed. This meant that the property analysis did not extend as far as did the zone of park use (service area). Thus the relations measured may not be taken as a complete analysis of the functional relationship between park proximity and property value. It is known that a segment of relationship was measured, but there were not sufficient means nor sufficient data collected to determine the extent of the total dimension or geographic area around each park in which property values are affected. Another limitation to the analysis was that there appeared to be no logical way to relate the study of property values to areas which were not primarily residential. Assessment data on housing in most communities is of considerably higher quality than assessment data on commercial properties. An additional problem was that logically, commercial properties themselves can be a significant determinant of the value of nearby residences; thus, the zone of use of a given park might well extend into a mixed residential and commercial area. In trying to eliminate all the value factors of an external nature except the influence of the park, the segment around each park was necessarily small, homogeneously residential in character.
Bewältigung im Modell der Frame-Selektion

Wo das formalisierte Challenge und Response Modell (Sackmann 2010, 2008) endet, setzt das Modell der Frame-Selektion (MdFS; Esser 2011, Esser/Kroneberg 2011 und Kroneberg 2011, 2010, 2006, 2005) an.1 Sein Ziel ist eine Theorie, „welche die (…) Einflussgrosen und Formen des Handelns zu berucksichtigen und das handelnde Zusammenwirken mehrerer Akteure zu analysieren erlaubt“ (Kroneberg 2011: 11).2
Robust controller design for active vision systems

Recent hardware developments have rendered controlled active vision a viable option for a broad range of problems, spanning applications as diverse as intelligent vehicle highway systems, MEMS microassembly and assisting individuals with disabilities. However, realizing this potential requires having a framework for synthesizing robust active vision systems, capable of moving beyond carefully controlled environments. In this paper we show how recently developed robust identification and control synthesis techniques can be brought to bear on the problem. These results are experimentally validated using a Bisight robotic head.
Using OMG IDL to write OODCE applications

The Object Management Group's Interface Definition Language (OMG IDL) provides a standard for specifying object-oriented interfaces for distributed applications. This paper describes a compiler that allows specification of object interfaces using OMG IDL and implementation using the Open Software Foundation's Distributed Computing Environment (OSFDCE). Using this approach application developers are able to use OMG IDL to define their distributed object interfaces while using the facilities of OSF DCE for remote communications, including the DCE Security Service and DCE's object location service (CDS). This provides a very low-cost infrastructure for the development and deployment of (CORBA-based) object oriented distributed applications.
A Shld1-Controlled POT1a Provides Support for Repression of ATR Signaling at Telomeres through RPA Exclusion

We previously proposed that POT1 prevents ATR signaling at telomeres by excluding RPA from the single-stranded TTAGGG repeats. Here, we use a Shld1-stabilized degron-POT1a fusion (DD-POT1a) to study the telomeric ATR kinase response. In the absence of Shld1, DD-POT1a degradation resulted in rapid and reversible activation of the ATR pathway in G1 and S/G2. ATR signaling was abrogated by shRNAs to ATR and TopBP1, but shRNAs to the ATM kinase or DNA-PKcs did not affect the telomere damage response. Importantly, ATR signaling in G1 and S/G2 was reduced by shRNAs to RPA. In S/G2, RPA was readily detectable at dysfunctional telomeres, and both POT1a and POT1b were required to exclude RPA and prevent ATR activation. In G1, the accumulation of RPA at dysfunctional telomeres was strikingly less, and POT1a was sufficient to repress ATR signaling. These results support an RPA exclusion model for the repression of ATR signaling at telomeres.
THE INNERVATION OF THE AVIAN HYPOPHYSIS

NUMEROUS investigations have indicated that certain visual stimuli modify the gonadotropic functions of the anterior lobe of the avian hypophysis. It has often been observed that regularly increased periods of daily illumination activates the dormant avian gonads during periods when they are normally quiescent. Excellent reviews of the literature regarding the effects of light upon birds are those of Bissonnette (1938) and of Brooks (1940). Most investigators have concluded that the eyes are the sole receptors for the light stimuli and have reasoned that nerve impulses pass by way of the optic nerves and hypothalamus to influence the pars distalis of the hypophysis. However, few reports concerning the innervation of the avian pituitary gland are in the literature. Considerable disagreement exists as to the question of whether nerve fibers of the hypothalamico-hypophyseal system innervate the pars distalis of any species.
A Sweeping Neutral and Positive Ion Mass Spectrometer for Atmospheric Composition at Satellite Altitudes

Accurate in situ measurements of atmospheric composition are difficult because of the locally disturbed environment resulting from the presence of the vehicle and its instruments. The quadrupole mass spectrometer described here was designed to be immersed directly into the atmosphere with minimal modification of the local environment from ambient conditions. This design represents a first attempt to develop a sweeping mass spectrometer which performs both neutral particle and positive ion concentration measurements aboard an earth satellite. An open ion source design is utilized to adapt, with minimum degradation, both kinds of particles for the filtering action of the quadrupole field. Six linear ranges of sensitivity are provided to permit complete compositional analysis between altitudes of 300 and 1000 km. The mass range is 0-50 u, and maximum sensitivities are 105 neutral particles per cm3 per volt output and 10 positive ions per cm3 per volt output. Neutral particle and positive ion measurements are made sequentially each requiring approximately 36 seconds to complete using a sweep duration of approximately six seconds. On OGO-IV this sweep duration provided a spatial resolution of 0.8 km per mass unit of sweep. Preliminary results show that the spectrometer is operating within design specifications and the signal-to-noise ratio is excellent. Geophysical interpretations of these data should aid in the formation of more definitive model atmospheres which are important in such diverse fields as weather prediction, manned space flights, and radio propagation.
Assessing the benefits of a geropsychiatric home-visit program for medical students.

Objective Authors assessed the benefit of including medical students on geropsychiatric home-visits.
Effects of a Multiple Linguistic and Prescriptive Approach to Spelling Instruction A Case Study

Current research in spelling development emphasizes specific linguistic factors that provide the foundation for spelling abilities. These factors are addressed in the case of a fifth-grade student ...
Influence of the Arctic oscillation on central United States summer rainfall

[1] Effects of the Arctic oscillation (AO) on summer rainfall variability in the central United States are examined in order to improve understanding and prediction of the interannual variation in the summer rainfall. Major results show persistent AO effects that resulted in less summer rainfall in the central United States during the positive phase of the AO and more rainfall during the negative AO phase. These effects are most prominent at the interannual time scale. The key physical processes connecting the AO with the rainfall variations are shown in changes in latitudinal location of the midlatitude upper tropospheric westerly jet over North America, the transverse circulation around the jet, and the low-level moisture flux divergence in the central United States. Diagnostic analyses show that the change of the jet stream location may have resulted from the AO-induced eddy heat and momentum forcing on the mean zonal flow in the upper troposphere. The eddy-mean flow interactions caused a northward shift of the jet in the positive phase of the AO. The associated anomalies of downward motion and moisture divergence in the lower troposphere over the central United States suppressed rainfall development. A set of reversed anomalies developed in the negative phase of the AO, encouraging summer rainfall.
The Influence of GaSb Layer Thickness on the Band Gap of InAs/GaSb Type-II Superlattices for Mid-Infrared Detection

The effect of small changes in GaSb layer thickness on the photoresponse spectrum of InAs/GaSb superlattices (SLs) designed for mid-infrared detection was systematically investigated. The samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with precisely calibrated growth rates. The basic SL used for this study consisted of 40 periods of InAs (20.5 A)/GaSb (X A), where the nominal value for X was adjusted from 18 to 27 A in four different samples. An InSb-like interface (IF) was inserted between the layers to balance the SL strain. By decreasing the GaSb width, the photoresponse cut-off wavelength (λ c ) was adjusted from 4.03 μm to 4.55 μm, i.e., the SL energy band gap is being decreased. This decrease in the energy separation between the first heavy hole band (HH1) and the first conduction band (C1) as the GaSb layer is narrowed is counter intuitive. However, this experimental trend can be explained by a modified envelope function approximation (EFA) calculation that includes the effect of in-plane asymmetry at InAs/GaSb interfaces. As expected, the HH band is pushed away from the top of the GaSb valence band as the GaSb layer width becomes narrower. However, at the same time the C1 band is significantly broadened by the increased wave function overlap of the electron states in the InAs layer. The trend to smaller band gap with narrower GaSb layers and other effects of the design changes on the photoresponse spectrum are discussed.
Treatment of hyperkalemia in a patient with unrecognized digitalis toxicity

Cardiac glycoside toxicity is frequently associated with hyperkalemia and dysrhythmias in patients with renal insufficiency. Two common therapeutic options for these complications (calcium and transvenous cardiac pacing) are considered contraindicated in the setting of cardiac glycoside toxicity. We present the case of a patient presenting with a pronounced bradydysrhythmia and hyperkalemia who was treated with intravenous calcium and transvenous cardiac pacing and later found to have digitalis toxicity and acute renal failure. There were no adverse events associated with the therapies. The patient received digoxin-specific Fab fragments and hemodialysis as definitive therapeutic modalities. The case and the relevant literature evaluating the interaction of calcium salts and cardiac pacing in the setting of cardiac glycoside toxicity are discussed.
The Iodine Requirements of Young Chickens

ABSTRACT KERNKAMP (1925) and Welch (1928) were the first to describe goiter in poultry in the United States. Hamilton and Kirk (1930), Forbes (1932), and Holmes et al. (1934) were unable to increase growth rate by iodine supplementation of the chick diet; the diet used by Forbes contained 1,000 p.p.b. iodine, while that of Holmes contained 500 p.p.b. No analyses are quoted by Hamilton and Kirk, but their diet undoubtedly contained considerable iodine because of the high content of meat products used. In 1939 Patton, Wilgus and Harshfield produced goiter in White Leghorn chicks by feeding a corn-soybean oil meal basal ration containing 145 p.p.b. iodine. Thyroid weights were 130, 240 and 294 percent of the control-fed 500 p.p.b.—at 6, 12, and 18 weeks respectively. In extreme cases the thyroids were enlarged to 20 times the normal weight. Histological examinations of the enlarged glands showed an absence of colloid and . . .
Inclusion Body Myositis as a Cause of Respiratory Failure

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a slowly progressive myopathy that has not been reported to affect respiratory muscles. It is often refractory to treatment and a muscle biopsy specimen is necessary for the diagnosis. This is a report of a patient with IBM who quickly progressed to respiratory muscle failure requiring intubation.
Temporal selectivity in midbrain electrosensory neurons identified by modal variation in active sensing.

Mormyrid weakly electric fish actively sense their surroundings by continuously emitting discrete pulses of electricity separated by varying intervals of silence. The temporal pattern of this pulsing behavior is related to context. While resting in the absence of an overt stimulus, baseline interpulse intervals (IPIs) mostly range 200–450 ms, and sequential variation is relatively high. Spontaneously, or following the presentation of a novel stimulus, IPIs transiently shorten during the performance of an electromotor “burst” display. We made intracellular whole cell recordings in vivo from neurons in the lateral nucleus of the torus semicircularis while the fish's dynamic pulsing behavior modified the temporal pattern of stimulation. Stimulation was designed to simulate the spatial patterns of AM that occur during the electrolocation of a resistive object. We discovered that toral neurons selectively respond to stimulation during a particular mode of electromotor activity. Two types of temporally selective neurons were discovered: baseline-selective neurons that displayed significantly higher postsynaptic potential (PSP) amplitude and spike count per electric organ discharge (EOD) during baseline electromotor activity and burst-selective neurons that displayed significantly higher PSP amplitude and spike count per EOD during electromotor burst displays. Interval-dependent changes in the strength of excitation and inhibition contributed to their selectivity.
Automatic processing of audio lectures for information retrieval: vocabulary selection and language modeling

This paper describes our initial progress towards developing a system for automatically transcribing and indexing audio-visual academic lectures for audio information retrieval. We investigate the problem of how to combine generic spoken data sources with subject-specific text sources for processing lecture speech. In addition to word recognition experiments, we perform audio information retrieval simulations to characterize retrieval performance when using errorful automatic transcriptions. Given an appropriately selected vocabulary, we observe that good retrieval performance can be obtained even with high recognition error rates. For language model training, we observe that the addition of spontaneous speech data to subject-specific written material results in more accurate transcriptions, but has a marginal effect on retrieval performance.
Vaginal innate immunity: alteration during pregnancy and its impact on pregnancy outcomes

The vaginal innate immune system represents the first line of defense against foreign organisms and pathogenic microbes. Through its major components, a natural balance is maintained and disease is averted. Many recent advances have furthered our knowledge of this intricate equilibrium and the contribution of each element to the final homeostasis. Various adverse obstetric and gynecologic conditions have been traced to abnormalities in the vaginal environment. This article highlights the importance of this subject in future interventions and opens the venue for future research.
MOPP or radiation in addition to ABVD in the treatment of pathologically staged advanced Hodgkin's disease in children: results of the Children's Cancer Group Phase III Trial.

PURPOSEA randomized trial designed to compare mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP)/doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and daccarbazine (ABVD) (regimen A) with ABVD plus low-dose regional (extended-field) radiation therapy (EF RT) (regimen B) for the treatment of children and adolescents with stages III and IV Hodgkin's disease was conducted by the Children's Cancer Group (CCG-521) from 1986 until 1990.PATIENTS AND METHODSOne hundred eleven eligible patients were randomized, 57 to regimen A and 54 to regimen B. All patients had pathologically verified stage III or stage IV Hodgkin's disease.RESULTSOverall survival (S) is 87% at 4 years and event-free survival (EFS) is 82%. Patients randomized to ABVD plus EF RT have a 4-year EFS of 87% compared with 77% for patients randomized to MOPP/ABVD (P = .09, two-sided). Patients randomized to ABVD plus EF RT have a 4-year S of 90% compared with 84% for patients randomized to MOPP/ABVD (P = .45, two-sided). Significant prognostic facto...
Orbital Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

The authors describe the CT and plain film appearance of orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in a 21-year-old woman and 28-year-old man, ie, large expansile masses with «heavy» or «stippled» calcifications and no evident erosion of bone
Decapod and stomatopod crustaceans from mass mortality Lagerstatten: Turonian (Cretaceous) of Colombia

Mass mortality surfaces and bioclastic lags in Turonian siliceous shales of the San Rafael and La Frontera formations in Colombia have yielded two species of decapod crustaceans, Opthalmoplax spinosus new species and Pinnotheres? species indeterminate, as well as one stomatopod. Sculda sp. All represent first records for the country. Remains of the swimming carcineretid crab, Opthalmoplax spinosus, in association with fish fragments and pelagic ammonites, cover mass mortality surfaces. The occurrence suggests that the high density living population of the crabs, exploiting abundant food resources in areas of topography-controlled upwelling, was periodically reduced catastrophically, perhaps by advection of toxic trace elements or by oxygen starvation. Two other taphofacies, characterized by current oriented appendage fragments and scattered skeletal elements represent normal accumulations of fossil material in the San Rafael and La Frontera formations.
Photon-neutrino-anti-neutrino coupling in rho(0) ---> neutrino anti-neutrino decay

The decay ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is postulated. The decay width is calculated by two different methods. One method involves the neutrino electromagnetic form factor and the other involves a direct $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ vertex since it has been proposed that photons can interact weakly with neutrino-anti-neutrino pairs with coupling strength $g$. For the case of muon neutrinos after setting the cut-off $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ equal to various values of the spin-one boson mass ${M}_{W}$, we estimate $g_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$.
International Outsourcing and the Supply Side Productivity Determinants

A service provider firm in an outsourcing relationship is distinct from a typical firm because it is not a stand alone organization and fits somewhere in between the value chain of its client's business. Thus, conventional factors like wages, capital, rent, energy consumption cannot appropriately determine a Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) firm's productivity. Academic research is silent on the factors that influence the performance of a BPO firm even though the issue is pertinent from the perspective of the host country, the sourcing firm, the global outsourcing industry and of course the service provider firm. In this paper, we embark on to explore these factors.
Nature of endogenous substrates used to support contractility of isolated rat atria.

SummaryIn the absence of exogenous substrate, bicarbonate-free medium produced a marked depressant effect on the force of contraction of isolated rat atria which was not reversed by 20 mM glucose. Since the negative inotropic effects of bicarbonate-free medium are due to an inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK) this indicates that endogenous substrate above the PFK step, probably glycogen, is very important for the contractile process, at least in the absence of exogenously supplied substrate. Citrate, another inhibitor of PFK, also produced a marked depressant action on the force of contraction in the absence of exogenous substrate. The nature of its inhibitory effect was different from that produced by bicarbonatefree medium since depression by citrate was partially overcome with 20 mM glucose. Since bicarbonate-free medium did not completely suppress the contractility of the atria, endogenous substrates below the PFK step, probably lipid and/or lactate, besides glycogen, can serve as a source of fuel...
Laser performance and frequency doubling of Nd3+-doped CaWO4 at 1.06 μm

Absorption and fluorescence spectra of neodymium-doped calcium tungstate and strontium tungstate are presented. A Ti:sapphire-pumped Nd3+(2%): CaWO4 laser at 1058 nm has been demonstrated. Intracavity frequency doubling of the fundamental wavelength generated more than 100 mW of green radiation at 529 nm. A maximum infrared output power at 1058 nm of up to 810 mW was achieved using a laser diode as pump source. Intracavity second harmonic generation was also obtained under laser diode pumping the 1058 nm transition in Nd3+: CaWO4.
A Shortcut in Partial Fractions

(1991). A Shortcut in Partial Fractions. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 413-415.