cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The immediate management of overdose.

Success in reviving victims of overdose may be achieved by careful attention to cardiovascular and respiratory support and a high urinary output. In addition to these general principles, special measures may be indicated in cases of specific drug overdose. Such measures are outlined for various drugs, including acetaminophen, aspirin, phencyclidine, barbiturates, and organophosphates. Language: en
Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Patients with AIDS

Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii are the commonest protozoans causing infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). P. carinii is almost exclusively a pulmonary pathogen and caused the commonest serious infection experienced by AIDS patients. The clinical findings are those of progressive pneumonia. Diagnosis requires microscopic examination of lower respiratory secretions or lung tissue. Pentamidine or combinations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are equally effective (85% recovery), but about one-half of patients thus treated experience severe toxicity. T. gondii infections occur primarily in the brain; patients present with focal seizures or neurologic deficit and have focal abnormalities as assessed by computed tomography. Serologic tests for toxoplasmosis are rarely diagnostic in AIDS patients, and most patients are treated empirically with a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfonamide. Less invasive diagnostic tests and better chemotherapeutic agents are required for both pneumocystosis and toxoplasmosis.
Aqueous Epitaxial Growth of ZnO on Single Crystalline Au Microplates

Epitaxial ZnO thin films were grown on single crystalline Au microplates from an aqueous solution at 90 °C. The composite structures were approximately 100 μm wide. The epitaxial ZnO films were smooth, continuous, and several micrometers thick. We examined the epitaxial relationship between the ZnO and Au through scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction and demonstrated control over the resulting film morphology through the kinetics of growth. An epitaxial relationship of ZnO[1100](0002)∥Au[211](111) was dominant in the structures.
Audiologist Practices: Parent Hearing Aid Education and Support.

Background: Early identification of hearing loss has led to routine fitting of hearing aids in infants and young children. Amplification provides opportunities to optimize child development, although it also introduces challenges for parents to navigate. Audiologists have a central role in providing parents with support to achieve effective management strategies and habits. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore current practices of pediatric audiologists who work with children birth to 5 yr of age, regarding their support of parent learning in achieving effective hearing aid management, identify existing gaps in service delivery, and to determine if audiologists were receptive to receiving training related to effective approaches to provide counseling and support to parents. Research Design: A cross-sectional, population-based survey was used. Study Sample: Three hundred and forty-nine surveys were analyzed from pediatric audiologists who provided services to children birth to 5 yr of age. Responses were received from 22 states in the United States. Data Collection and Analysis: Responses were collected through the mail and online. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the information. Results: More than half (61%) of the audiologists in the study had been providing pediatric hearing aid services to children birth to 5 yr of age for >10 yr. Of the audiologists who reported monitoring hours of hearing aid use, the majority reported that they used data logging (90%). More than half of the audiologists (57%) who shared data logging with parents reported that they encountered defensiveness from parents when addressing hearing aid use. Information and skills that were not routinely provided by one-third to one-half of the audiologists included the following: how to get access to loaner hearing aids (30%), available hearing aid options/accessories (33%), available financial assistance (36%), how to teach hearing aid management to other caregivers (38%), how to do hearing aid maintenance (44%), and how to do a Ling 6 sound check (52%). Many audiologists reported they did not frequently collaborate with speech-language pathologists (48%), early interventionists (47%), or physicians (68%). More than half of the audiologists indicated a desire for more training in counseling skills, for all 14 items queried, to support parents with hearing aid management (53–79%), regardless of their previous training experience. Conclusions: For young children with hearing loss to achieve optimal benefit from auditory experiences for speech and language development, they need evidence-based, comprehensive, and coordinated hearing aid management. Audiologists have an important role for teaching information and skills related to hearing aids, supporting parent learning, and collaborating with other providers. Pediatric audiologists in this study recognized and desired the need for further training in counseling skills that can better prepare them to meet the emotional needs of parents in the hearing aid management process.
More than Prejudice: Restatement, Reflections, and New Directions in Critical Race Theory

Racism has always been “more than prejudice,” but mainstream social analysts have mostly framed race matters as organized by the logic of prejudice. In this paper, I do four things. First, I restat...
Docetaxel in the management of advanced or metastatic urothelial tract cancer

Phase II studies of single-agent docetaxel (Taxotere) yielded promising results in advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelium. Antitumor responses have been demonstrated in previously treated and chemotherapy-naive TCC patients, as well as in a subgroup of patients with renal impairment unable to receive traditional cisplatin-based regimens. Investigations of docetaxel-containing doublet and triplet drug combinations in the first-line setting have been pursued. When combined with cisplatin in previously untreated patients, response rates of 52% to 60% have been achieved, with median overall survival of 8 to 13.6 months. Triplet drug combinations of the docetaxel/platinum base have been investigated, when the addition of an anthracycline (doxorubicin or epirubicin [Ellence]) or of gemcitabine (Gemzar) has proven feasible, and has resulted in favorable efficacy findings. Non-platinum-containing regimens such as docetaxel/gemcitabine are also being studied. Randomizedphase III trials of a docetaxel-containing regimen in comparison with established regimens are ongoing, and additional studies are warranted to determine if overall long-term survival of TCCpatients can be improved.
Investigation the Stability of Oblique Fracture Fixation of Long Bone Using Different Screw Angle

Orthopedic surgery still hosts a number of known problems. Screw loosening and implant failure are common and pose a major issue for successful bone fracture fixation. Research shows that optimal screw fixation depends on the number and placement of screws or using bone cement as an adjunct. There is a lack of focus and attention to the biomechanical effects of screw angle placement into the bone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the biomechanical effects of placing screws at different angles with respect to the fracture plane on the stability of the fixation of oblique fractures of long bone. The 45° angle oblique fracture was investigated. Twenty one porcine femurs were harvested, cleaned, measured for dimensions, and randomly divided into three groups of seven (N=7 per group). The fracture model was 1 mm oblique osteonomy at midshaft. The method was screw fixation only using 2 cortical screws at different angles. The three different screw angle fixations of interest were perpendicular (45° group), 45° angle (T group) and 70° angle (70° group) with respect to the fracture plane. Compression testing to failure was performed at a constant rate of 3 mm/min using a servo-hydraulic MTS 858 Bionix testing machine. The load and displacement were collected through LabVIEW then being processed to obtain average maximum load and stresses. One-way unstacked ANOVA comparison test was conducted to determine the significant difference between the group data. The T group demonstrated superiority in both maximum compressive load and maximum normal stress as compared to the other groups. Statistical analysis shows a significant different between the T group and 45° group (p < 0.05) but no significant different between the 90° group and 70° group for the maximum normal stress.
Evaluation of Human Response to Building Vibration Caused by Transit Buses

The International Standardization Organization and several countries have published standards that provide guidance on evaluation of human response to vibration in buildings, e.g. ISO 2631-2:1989, ...
Neutron activation analysis of total diet food composites for iodine

The iodine content of Total Diet food composites was measured using neutron activation analysis. The interfering element chlorine was separated using a modified combustion and gas phase procedure. The average recovery was 94.8% (standard deviation 2.9) for the 10 matrices that were tested. In addition, iodine was measured in National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Materials, which have no certified values for this element. Preliminary findings of iodine content of adult Total Diet market baskets collected during Fiscal Year 1980 in different regions of the United States ranged from 292 to 901 ..mu..g/day for a 2900 kcal intake.
Does the Internet Improve Health Behaviors and Health Outcomes? Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey

Does access to information change health behaviors or improve health outcomes? This study is among the first to analyze whether Internet health-related information (i.e., eHealth) influences individuals' health behaviors (e.g., doctor visits; doctor type visits; HIV tests) and health outcomes (e.g., emergency room visits; hospitalizations; hospital stays). A unique data set of healthcare information from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) over 2012-2014 is used to examine these questions. We first identify the characteristics that are associated with searching for health information online. We then examine the impact of eHealth on individuals' health behaviors and outcomes, utilizing several econometric methods that account for selection bias. The first-stage results indicate that individuals who are younger, more educated, face a health issue (e.g., pregnancy, chronic disease, physical limitation), or cannot afford healthcare are more likely to search for health information online. The second-stage results indicate that individuals' access to eHealth: (1) promotes precautionary care (e.g., more doctor visits; more doctor type visits) over acute care; and (2) achieves superior health outcomes (e.g., shorter hospital stays). The second-stage results, moreover, suggest complementarities between eHealth and individuals' education levels in improving health behaviors and outcomes. The public policy implications that arise from these empirical analyses are highlighted and discussed.
The Effects of Fuel Characteristics on Stoichiometric Spark-Assisted HCCI

The characteristics of fuel lean HCCI operation using a variety of fuels are well known and have been demonstrated using different engine concepts in the past. In contrast, stoichiometric operation of HCCI is less well documented. Recent studies have highlighted the benefits of operating at a stoichiometric condition in terms of load expansion combined with the applicability of three way catalyst technology to reduce NOx emissions. In this study the characterization of stoichiometric HCCI using gasoline-like fuels was undertaken. The fuels investigated are gasoline, a 50 vol% blend of iso-butanol and gasoline (IB50), and an 85% vol blend of ethanol and gasoline (E85). A single cylinder engine operating with direct injection and spark assist combined with a fully variable hydraulic valve actuation system allowed a wide range of operating parameters to be studied. The resultant fuel properties which differed in terms of octane rating, fuel oxygenation and heat of vaporization show that stoichiometric HCCI is possible using a range of fuels but that these fuel characteristics do have some effect on the combustion characteristics. How these fuel properties can enable an increased engine operating envelope to be achieved, in comparison with both fuel lean HCCI and conventional spark ignited combustion,more » is then discussed.« less
Assessment of Surface Water Contamination from Coalbed Methane Fracturing-Derived Volatile Contaminants in Sullivan County, Indiana, USA

There is a growing concern over the contamination of surface water and the associated environmental and public health consequences from the recent proliferation of hydraulic fracturing in the USA. Petroleum hydrocarbon-derived contaminants of concern [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)] and various dissolved cations and anions were spatially determined in surface waters around 15 coalbed methane fracking wells in Sullivan County, IN, USA. At least one BTEX compound was detected in 69% of sampling sites (n = 13) and 23% of sampling sites were found to be contaminated with all of the BTEX compounds. Toluene was the most common BTEX compound detected across all sampling sites, both upstream and downstream from coalbed methane fracking wells. The average concentration of toluene at a reservoir and its outlet nearby the fracking wells was ~2× higher than other downstream sites. However, one of the upstream sites was found to be contaminated with BTEX at similar concentrations as in a reservoir site nearby the fracking well. Calcium (~60 ppm) and sulfates (~175 ppm) were the dominant cations and anions, respectively, in surface water around the fracking sites. This study represents the first report of BTEX contamination in surface water from coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing wells.
Willingness to pay for forest restoration as a function of proximity and viewshed

Abstract While numerous studies investigate the non-market value of wildfire suppression and ecological restoration, less research exists examining the spatial dimension of Willingness to Pay (WTP) for forest restoration, including distance to restoration and changes in viewshed. We estimate WTP for forest restoration in Flagstaff, AZ, US (pop. 70,000) using dichotomous-choice Contingent Valuation. Flagstaff, AZ is in a high-altitude, arid region in the Southwestern US surrounded by publicly managed forests with views of mountain peaks. Large-scale forest restoration is proposed within proximity to Flagstaff’s city limits. We explicitly model distance to potential treatment area as a determinant of WTP to examine the impact of distance to forest restoration. We further incorporate viewshed into our WTP estimates by controlling for whether a respondent has a mountain peak view. After controlling for viewshed, we find policy-relevant results associated with distance and viewshed. WTP increases as distance to proposed treatment area decreases. However, holding distance constant, respondents with prime mountain peak views are less likely to be WTP for forest restoration. Our results indicate that careful consideration of the complex relationship between distance, viewshed, and WTP is necessary for efficient restoration management decisions.
Sleepless in seattle no longer

In enterprise networks, idle desktop machines rarely sleep, because users (and IT departments) want them to be always accessible. While a number of solutions have been proposed, few have been evaluated via real deployments. We have built and deployed a lightweight sleep proxy system at Microsoft Research. Our system has been operational for six months, and has over 50 active users. This paper focuses on providing a detailed description of our implementation and test deployment, the first we are aware of on an operational network. Overall, we find that our lightweight approach effected significant energy savings by allowing user machines to sleep (most sleeping over 50% of the time) while maintaining their network accessibility to user satisfaction. However, much potential sleep was lost due to interference from IT management tasks. We identify fixing this issue as the main path to improving energy savings, and provide suggestions for doing so. We also address a number of issues overlooked by prior work, including complications caused by IPsec. Finally, we find that if certain cloud-based applications become more widely adopted in the enterprise, more specialized proxy reaction policies will need be adopted. We believe our experience and insights will prove useful in guiding the design and deployment of future sleep solutions for enterprise networks.
A Dynamical Systems Approach to Traveling Wave Solutions for Liquid/Vapor Phase Transition

We study the existence of liquefaction and evaporation waves by the methods derived from dynamical systems theory. A traveling wave solution is a heteroclinic orbit with the wave speed as a parameter. We give sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence of such heteroclinic orbit. After analyzing the local unstable and stable manifolds of two equilibrium points, we show that there exists at least one orbit connecting the local unstable manifold of one equilibrium point to the local stable manifold of another equilibrium point. The method is known as the shooting method in the literature.
Structural Colours in Nature

Bright, intense, pure colours play a vital role in flora and fauna. Animals often use colours to communicate with individuals of their own species. In this context colours can serve for agonistic behaviour between males fighting for the attention of a female or generally as a visually obvious criterion for sexual selection [1]. Colours also have a function in the interaction between different species. They can serve as camouflage (cryptic coloration) or as a warning sign (aposematic coloration) [2, 3, 4]. Many plants display strong and distinct colours on their blossoms to attract specific pollinators [5]. Some flowering plants also use particular reflecting structures to protect their blossoms and leaves against damaging UV light [6]. Nature offers an amazing variety of organisms which make use of structures to create bright colour and iridescence.
Natural Selection and the Evolution of Morality in Human Societies

Morality is enshrined in cultural codes, such as values, ideologies, and moral norms. These cultural codes would have no teeth, however, unless they could arouse intense emotions. Those behaving improperly must experience guilt and shame if morality is to operate as an effective mechanism of social control, while those observing improper actions must be sufficiently aroused by negative emotions like righteous anger and disappointment that they are willing to incur the costs of imposing negative sanctions on others. Humans are probably the only animal to organize itself through morality, and so, an important question is why and how this moral capacity evolved. Indeed, understanding the evolution of primates in general and apes in particular can help explain why and how the hominin ancestors of humans became more emotional and, in turn, how this emotionality allowed for the development of morality as a primary mechanism of social control in human societies. The story of morality, then, is not so much about the growth of the human neocortex where moral codes are stored as about what evolved in the subcortical areas of the brain, where emotions are generated. Long before the neocortex grew to human proportions, the subcortical areas of the hominid and eventually human brain were rewired to make humans the most emotional and, hence, most (and perhaps only) moral animal on earth.
Computational Modelling of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Dynamics

Experimental investigation of human metabolism, nutrition, and body composition over the past century has produced a wealth of quantitative data on how the body dynamically adapts in response to diet changes. Our current physiological understanding is sufficiently detailed to develop mechanistic computational models that can quantitatively integrate past data, help identify important knowledge gaps, generate novel hypotheses, design key new experiments, and predict their results. This chapter provides an overview of our computational modeling efforts in the fields of nutrition and metabolism and their application to understanding and treating obesity from a variety of perspectives including pharmacological approaches.
Oregon State University Statistics Department

The events leading to the formation of the Oregon State University Statistics Department in 1957 began with the first pair of redundant statistics courses offered in 1919 and culminated with the demands of the Agricultural College for a strong and centralized statistical service and teaching unit after World War II. The joint residence of the department in the Colleges of Agriculture and Science, and the emphasis of early chairman, Lyle Calvin, on research tied to practical problems played, and continue to play, key roles in the character of the department.
Teacher Leaders as Change Agents: Scaling Up a Middle School Reading Initiative

We investigated teacher leadership in 18 middle schools in one district engaged in an initiative to scale up Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR). This mixed-methods analysis found variability in ...
Noninfectious transfusion-associated adverse events and their mitigation strategies

Blood transfusions are life-saving therapies; however, they can result in adverse events that can be infectious or, more commonly, noninfectious. The most common noninfectious reactions include febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions, allergic transfusion reactions, transfusion-associated circulatory overload, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. These reactions can be asymptomatic, mild, or potentially fatal. There are several new methodologies to diagnose, treat, and prevent these reactions. Hemovigilance systems for monitoring transfusion events have been developed and demonstrated decreases in some adverse events, such as hemolytic transfusion reactions. Now vein-to-vein databases are being created to study the interactions of the donor, product, and patient factors in the role of adverse outcomes. This article reviews the definition, pathophysiology, management, and mitigation strategies, including the role of the donor, product, and patient, of the most common noninfectious transfusion-associated adverse events. Prevention strategies, such as leukoreduction, plasma reduction, additive solutions, and patient blood management programs, are actively being used to enhance transfusion safety. Understanding the incidence, pathophysiology, and current management strategies will help to create innovative products and continually hone in on best transfusion practices that suit individualized patient needs.
A Practice Based Chronic Pain Management Registry (CPMR): Structure and Content of Proposed Patient and Patient/Provider Platforms.

Previous commentaries in the Formulary Evaluation section of INNOVATIONS in Pharmacy have pointed to the difficulties of establishing the credibility of trial-based and modeled claims for therapy interventions. Claims for interventions in the management of chronic pain are no exception. To meet this challenge, the Chronic Pain Management Registry (CPMR) has been designed to provide an evidence base for physician practices and health care decision makers to evaluate the impact of pain management interventions. The purpose of this commentary is to detail the development, structure and content of the CPMR in two versions: (i) a patient response version and (ii) a combined patient/provider response version. The CPMR has a potentially critical role to play in providing a framework for the effective auditing of practice compliance in the prescribing and monitoring of opioids in the management of chronic pain. The CPMR tracks, with on-line input from the patient and the treating physician, the process and outcomes of therapy interventions. These reports cover the overall pain experience of patients as well as pain intensity and functional status by eleven specific pain locations, covering both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Prior to each practice visit patients complete reports which are entered to the CPMR with a summary transmitted to the physician practice. Over time, these reports track the cumulative response to therapy as well as the perception of the patients as to whether or not the therapy has led to any substantive improvement in activity limitations, symptoms and quality of life. A particular focus of the CPMR is on monitoring and evaluating the experience with, and impact of opioid medications, to include the effectiveness of opioid formulations on reducing pain intensity and improving functional status, including an intensive assessment of the potential for and experience of opioid substance abuse for individual patients. The CPMR can also support monthly reports to the practice to summarize patient throughput, the response to care by target pain patients and profiles of opioid use and abuse. The CPMR can be customized to meet the needs of individual practices. Article Type: Commentary
Comment on “Does the Likely Demographics of Affordable Housing Justify NIMBYism?”

Wassmer and Wahid (2019) ask whether not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) attitudes are justified given the “likely demographics” of affordable housing. Given the extensive history of racial and class exclus...
The Ghost Ship of Brooklyn: An Untold Story of the American Revolution. By Robert P. Watson. (New York, NY: Da Capo Press, 2017. Pp. xiv, 288. $17.99.)

In The Toll of Independence: Engagements & Battle Casualties of the American Revolution (1974), Howard H. Peckham provided the striking estimate that during the Revolutionary War, the British kille...
Optimal power source sizing of fuel cell hybrid vehicles based on Pontryagin's minimum principle

Abstract Hydrogen fuel consumption, battery lifetime, and battery energy loss are important performance indicators for fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs). Prior research into FCHV power source sizing has focused on minimizing fuel consumption and lowering powertrain cost, but has largely neglected to address the challenge of improving battery performance (e.g., prolonging battery lifetime). This study develops a power source sizing model that applies Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) as the power management strategy to optimize battery lifetime while reducing battery energy loss, fuel consumption, and powertrain cost. Battery current and SOC constraints are applied as control objectives to both reduce battery energy loss and prolong battery lifetime. In addition, fuel consumption is included as a control objective to minimize the operating cost (i.e., hydrogen consumption) of FCHVs. The developed model is applied under the driving conditions outlined by EPA Federal Test Procedure 72 (FTP-72). The simulation results of battery current, battery energy loss, battery state of charge (SOC), battery lifetime, as well as fuel consumption are compared under conditions with and without the battery current constraint. Simulation results with the battery current constraint applied show the range of SOC and the battery energy loss to be 0.23% and 5.6% lower, respectively, than those without the current constraint. Additionally, battery lifetime and fuel consumption are seen to be 0.417% and 0.068% higher, respectively, when the current constraint is applied.
Micromechanical behavior of ultraviolet-exposed polyurea

Abstract The present study focuses on the microstructural characterization of polyurea after extended UV exposure using a mechanics-based, atomic force microscope (AFM) investigation. Extended exposure to UV radiation resulted in photo-degradation with subsequent photo-oxidation reactions causing an increase in the surface roughness associated with crack nucleation. The crack opening and length were found to increase considerably with the rise in UV exposure duration. The crack growth was modeled using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) since the mechanical properties of the surface degraded layer were found to be within the limits of applicability of the theory. Force-distance measurements performed on the surface of the samples revealed a significant increase in the local modulus after 4.5 weeks of exposure. The local modulus was found to reach a steady limit after 7.5 weeks of UV radiation. The adhesive tip-sample forces resolved from the AFM force-displacement measurements indicated a drastic decrease after 3 weeks of exposure due to embrittlement of photo-oxidized exposed surface. Radiation effect; Microstructure; Polymers; LEFM
High-Risk, High-Reward Genetics in ASD

In a recent issue of Cell, Satterstrom et al. leverage de novo high-impact variants to identify 102 genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Most of these genes have roles in regulation of gene expression or neuronal communication, implicating both developmental and functional changes in ASD.
Use of the Rainbow Trout Hepatoma Cell Line, RTH-149, in a Cytotoxicity Assay:

The rainbow trout hepatoma cell line, RTH-149, was evaluated for use as a bioindicator cell type in the neutral red cytotoxicity assay. The cells were exposed for six days to various polycyclic aro...
Ultrafast investigation and control of Dirac and Weyl semimetals

Ultrafast experiments using sub-picosecond pulses of light are poised to play an important role in the study and use of topological materials and, particularly, of the three-dimensional Dirac and Weyl semimetals. Many of these materials’ characteristic properties—their linear band dispersion, Berry curvature, near-vanishing density of states at the Fermi energy, and sensitivity to crystalline and time-reversal symmetries—are closely related to their sub- and few-picosecond response to light. Ultrafast measurements offer the opportunity to explore excitonic instabilities and transient photocurrents, the latter depending on the Berry curvature and possibly quantized by fundamental constants. Optical pulses may, through Floquet effects, controllably and reversibly move, split, merge, or gap the materials’ Dirac and Weyl nodes; coherent phonons launched by an ultrafast pulse offer alternate mechanisms for similar control of the nodal structure. This Perspective will briefly summarize the state of research on the ultrafast properties of Dirac and Weyl semimetals, emphasizing important open questions. It will describe the challenges confronting each of these experimental opportunities and suggest what research is needed for ultrafast pulses to achieve their potential of controlling and illuminating the physics of Dirac and Weyl semimetals.
Religious Subjectivities and Digital Collectivities on Social Networking Sites in India

This article analyses how the infrastructural architecture of social networking sites (SNS) is conducive to the emergence of religious subjects and digital collectivities. I argue that SNS enable s...
An Exploratory Investigation of Parental Incarceration, Emotional Independence, and Adult Children's Criminal Activity.

Although research suggests that parental incarceration is associated with intergenerational continuity in crime, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Using multi-population structural equation modeling and data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 1207), the current study explored specific experiences associated with labeling as well as internalizing labels, including experiencing corporal punishment during childhood, criminal arrests during adolescence, and identifying as a troublemaker/partier in young adulthood (measured with reflected appraisals), as potential mechanisms linking parental incarceration and young adults’ offending. We assessed whether this association differed by young adults’ level of emotional independence, that is, freedom from the need for parental approval. We found that parental incarceration indirectly influenced criminal activity particularly through identifying as a troublemaker/partier during young adulthood but only for those who sought parental approval. Overall, we concluded that high emotional independence, or not seeking parental approval, may be a protective factor that facilitates intergenerational discontinuities in crime.
I Like What You Like: Social Norms and Media Enjoyment

People consume and enjoy similar media entertainment as their friends and close others do. Yet the underlying psychological processes driving selection and consumption of entertainment considered “...
The Impact of Highly Effective CFTR Modulators on Growth and Nutrition Status

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at increased risk of malnutrition and growth failure due to multiple factors as a result of suboptimal or absent function of the CFTR chloride channel protein. Dysfunctional CFTR contributes to increased energy expenditure, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency causing impaired dietary macronutrient digestion and absorption, intestinal dysbiosis, and impaired bile acid homeostasis. Poor nutritional status as a result of these mechanisms is associated with decreased lung function, worse clinical outcomes, and ultimately, increased mortality. Nutritional interventions addressing these mechanisms, such as pancreatic enzyme-replacement therapy and enteral caloric supplementation, have improved nutritional status and, by association, clinical outcomes. In the last decade, the advent of medications targeting defective CFTR proteins has revolutionized the care of patients with CF by reducing the overall impact of CFTR dysfunction. Below, we summarize the effects of highly effective CFTR modulators on nutritional status overall as well as specific factors including bile acid metabolism, pancreatic function, energy expenditure, and intestinal dysbiosis. The future of CF nutrition care will require a paradigm shift away from focusing on methods addressing CFTR dysfunction such as excess calorie provision and toward an individualized, holistic approach in the context of specific mutations and CFTR-directed therapy.
Robust Peacekeeping? Panacea for Human Rights Violations

This paper examines the conviction that robust peacekeeping—a strong and forceful peacekeeping force—works better than traditional UN peacekeeping mechanisms in reducing human rights violations, specifically, civilian killing, in areas of deployment. I seek to analyze both the operational and internal characteristics of UN peacekeeping operations in an effort to understand the hindrances to achieving the objective of protecting human rights. Specifically, the study examines the contributions of key structural variables, including the mission type, weapon type, rules of engagement, mission strength, and major power participation controlling for other intervening variables using negative binomial and logit regression models. The empirical results indicated that the core variable ―robust peacekeeping‖ has impact on civilian killings, namely that it lowers civilian killings. The key factor seems to be strength of mission size associated with lower numbers of civilian killings. Great power participation, peacekeeper diversity and affinity with the host state, along with identity conflicts and at least proto-democratic status of the host state appear to be harbingers of potentially higher deliberate civilian killing totals. The findings thus have both theoretical and policy implications in the field of peacekeeping. Author Bio(s) Kofi Nsia-Pepra is an Assistant Professor of Political Science (International Relations/Comparative Politics) at Ohio Northern University. Kofi was a former Air Force Officer of the Ghana Air Force (1990-1999). He served with the United Nations‘ Assisted Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR). He also served with the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) as the Ghana Air Force detachment commander during the Sierra Leonean War. His research interests are conflict analysis and resolution, international security, human rights, international organizations and governance. His article, ―Official and Illicit Arms Transfer Data in Southeast Asia‖ was published in the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development in 2009. Email: k-nsia-pepra@onu.edu. This article is available in Peace and Conflict Studies: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol18/iss2/4 Peace and Conflict Studies
House Beautiful's “Victory Home” as Propaganda Tool

ABSTRACTThis article aims to contribute to the understanding of the significant power of home life as a patriotic ideal in the USA in the face of the difficulties, deprivations, and immediate aftermath of the Second World War. In particular, it focuses on how housing was used by the shelter magazine House Beautiful as a prescriptive tool for a range of gender- and consumer-oriented emotions and behaviors. The analysis focuses on how within the magazine the presentation of housing, interior furnishings and finishes, as well as attitudes towards domesticity shifted during and after the war. Detailed examination of articles from each period, including both assessment of images and emotional tenor of text will provide a clearer picture of the ideology and “emotionology” House Beautiful conveyed to its readers regarding changes in the American culture of emotions surrounding the war. This study concludes that in the magazine the single-family house and everything within it became a symbolic “Victory Home,” a c...
Exact boundary controllability of Galerkin approximations of Navier-Stokes system for soret convection

We study the exact controllability of finite dimensional Galerkin approximation of a Navier-Stokes type system describing doubly diffusive convection with Soret effect in a bounded smooth domain in Rd (d = 2, 3) with controls on the boundary. The doubly diffusive convection system with Soret effect involves a difficult coupling through second order terms. The Galerkin approximations are introduced undercertain assumptions on the Galerkin basis related to the linear independence of suitable traces of its elements over the boundary. By Using Hilbert uniqueness method in combination with a fixed point argument, we prove that the finite dimensional Galerkin approximations are exactly controllable.
Chern Classes and Stiefel-Whitney Classes

We consider Chern classes, Stiefel-Whitney classes, and the Euler class from an axiomatic point of view. The uniqueness of the classes follows from the splitting principle, and the existence is derived using the bundle of projective spaces associated with a vector bundle and the Leray-Hirsch theorem. These results could be obtained by using obstruction theory or the cohomology of the classifying space. Finally, we consider the relation between characteristic classes and the Thorn isomorphism.
Biosynthesis of the Actinomycin Chromophore: Incorporation of 3-Hydroxy-4-Methylanthranilic Acid into Actinomycins by Streptomyces antibioticus

Actinomycin synthesis by washed mycelia of Streptomyces antibioticus has been conducted in the presence of 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilate-(carboxyl-14C). Incorporation of this compound into actinomycins has been observed, which constitutes further evidence that 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilate is an intermediate in actinomycin biosynthesis. The position of the incorporated label has been determined to be within the actinomycin chromophore, and the label appears to be equally distributed between both halves of the chromophore. Incidental to these findings was the observation that the 14C-labeled actinomycins were subject to rapid reabsorption by the organism with actinomycin V taken up preferentially to actinomycin IV.
In vitro apolipoprotein E protects human red blood cells against lysis induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) fragment 25-35

Mattson et al.9 demonstrated lysis of human red blood cells (RBC) exposed to amyloid peptide Aβ25-35′ a new experimental model for amyloid-beta toxicity. Lysis resulted from pore formation in the RBC membranes and was completely prevented by concurrent exposure to Congo red. We demonstrate that human serum, purified ApoE from human plasma, and recombinant isoforms of ApoE neutralize the Aβ25-35 cytotoxicity: the E2 and E4 isoforms were marginally more effective than E3. Second, we demonstrate that Aβ25-35 forms fibrils in the reaction mixtures using electronmicroscopy. Together these results suggest that the RBC model might be useful in preliminary identification of natural and synthetic substances able to protect against amyloid-beta cytotoxic effects due to fibrillar Aβ25-35. Such compounds would be candidate molecules for testing in neuronal systems.
Development of Li/MnO/sub 2/ pouch cell batteries for man-portable military communications-electronics equipment

The US Army is continuously striving to improve the effectiveness and capabilities of the soldier in the battlefield. To successfully accomplish these goals an increased emphasis has been placed on the use of lightweight high power demanding communications and electronics devices. These devices require go-to-war power sources (primary batteries) that provide increased power and energy without substantially affecting weight, volume, and cost. This paper provides a description of the Army's current primary battery development efforts in Li/MnO/sub 2/ pouch cell batteries, as well as a technology comparison with currently fielded Li/SO/sub 2/ batteries.
Post-translational incorporation of actin into myofibrils in vitro: evidence for isoform specificity.

The incorporation of actin into myofibrils has been examined in a cell-free system [Bouche et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 107:587-596, 1988; Goldfine et al.: Cellular and Molecular Biology of Muscle Development, 1989]. Actin was translated in a reticulocyte lysate in the presence of 35S-methionine (35S-actin) or purified from muscle and labeled with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC-actin). Myofibrils were incubated with either 35S-actin or FITC-actin and then analyzed by gel electrophoresis or fluorescence microscopy. When myofibrils were incubated with FITC-actin monomer in the reticulocyte lysate buffer, strong fluorescent labeling was observed in Z-band regions and less so in I-bands. No fluorescence was detected in non-overlap regions of A-bands. Confocal microscopic analysis of these myofibrils indicated that FITC-actin was distributed evenly across the diameter of the myofibrils. These observations suggest that actin incorporation in the reticulocyte lysate buffer occurred at sites in the sarcomere which contain actin. In contrast, FITC-actin showed a variety of non-physiological incorporation patterns when incubated with myofibrils in the presence of an isotonic buffer (I-buffer). However, when ATP was added to I-buffer, FITC-actin showed a pattern of incorporation into myofibrils similar to that seen in the reticulocyte lysate buffer. Immunoblots indicated that actin of native size was released from myofibrils during incubation in the reticulocyte lysate buffer. No actin release was detected when the myofibrils were incubated in I-buffer lacking ATP. We used this system to compare the incorporation of actin isoforms into myofibrils. Both alpha- and beta-actins exhibited incorporation into the myofibrils but there was a three-fold greater incorporation of the alpha isoform. We propose that the differential affinities of actin isoforms for myofibrils and other cytoskeletal structures could provide a mechanism for actin isoform targeting within the cytoplasm.
Child Care Changes, Home Environment Quality, and the Social Competence of African American Children at Age 3

Research Findings: Recent work has demonstrated that the changes young children experience in their child care settings before age 5 may be related to subsequent development, especially social development. Several of these studies have included samples of middle-class children, with almost no emphasis on understanding these processes for low-income and/or African American children. This study examined a rural African American sample of children from birth to 3 years of age to understand not only the role of child care changes in children's social development but, in addition, the role played by children's home environment quality. Results suggested that more changes in child care up to age 3 (defined as “big changes” in provider, location, or quantity of care) were associated with lower child care provider ratings of children's social competence. Furthermore, this link appeared to be stronger for children whose home environment was of low quality. Practice or Policy: Policy, practice, and research implica...
Integrated hydrologic and hydrochemical observations of Hidden Creek Lake jökulhlaups, Kennicott Glacier, Alaska

[1] Hidden Creek Lake (HCL), an ice-marginal lake impounded by Kennicott Glacier, Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, fills annually to ∼20 to 30 × 106 m3 and then drains subglacially within 2 to 3 days. During the 1999 and 2000 jokulhlaups, we carried out a series of planned observations around the lake and in the Kennicott River, which drains the glacier. Approximately 20% of the lake volume was contained within a subglacial water “wedge” beneath the ice dam. The entire volume of the lake drains through the wedge; hydraulic head loss through this constriction may be responsible for the fairly symmetrical shape of the HCL outflow hydrographs, deduced from lake level records, basin hypsometry, and collapse of the ice dam. The flood hydrographs in the Kennicott River are similar in shape to the outflow hydrographs, and within error, lake volume matched the river flood volume in both years. Up to 12 × 106 m3 of water was temporarily stored within the glacier during the 2000 jokulhlaup. During the 2000 jokulhlaup the background flow in the Kennicott River shifted to a dilute chemical composition. As the HCL jokulhlaup progressed, Donoho Falls Lake filled with water whose chemistry was closer to that of the background flow in Kennicott River than to HCL water. Comparison of these chemical signals with typical summer variations in Kennicott River chemistry suggests that the jokulhlaup created high subglacial water pressure that impeded normal drainage of solute-rich water from a distributed drainage system into a conduit system at the glacier bed and even caused flow direction locally to reverse.
Far-field approximation for hydrodynamic interactions in parallel-wall geometry

A complete analysis is presented for the far-field creeping flow produced by a multipolar force distribution in a fluid confined between two parallel planar walls. We show that at distances larger than several wall separations the flow field assumes the Hele-Shaw form, i.e. it is parallel to the walls and varies quadratically in the transverse direction. The associated pressure field is a two-dimensional harmonic function that is characterized by the same multipolar number m as the original force multipole. Using these results we derive asymptotic expressions for the Green's matrix that represents Stokes flow in the wall-bounded fluid in terms of a multipolar spherical basis. This Green's matrix plays a central role in our recently proposed algorithm [Physica A 356 (2005) 294] for evaluating many-body hydrodynamic interactions in a suspension of spherical particles in the parallel-wall geometry. Implementation of our asymptotic expressions in this algorithm increases its efficiency substantially because the numerically expensive evaluation of the exact matrix elements is needed only for the neighboring particles. Our asymptotic analysis will also be useful in developing hydrodynamic algorithms for wall-bounded periodic systems and implementing acceleration methods by using corresponding results for the two-dimensional scalar potential.