cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Stages of Development in the Embryology of the Horned Passalus Beetle, Popilius Disjunctus Illiger

The horned passalus beetle, Popilius disjunctus Illiger (the Passalus cornutus Fabricius of many authors), possesses many interesting characteristics which make this widespread species especially desirable for developmental studies. One of these advantageous characteristics is the large size of the eggs compared to those of other common insects. When laid, the egg measures 3.0 by 2.4 mm. and when ready to hatch, the egg has increased to 3.7 by 3.2 mm. This large size makes the eggs very easy to manipulate. A second advantageous feature is the fact that the incubation period of sixteen days is long enough to enable the investigator to collect many transition stages in the development of the egg and allows for more convenient and accurate studies than if the embryological course were exceedingly rapid. Lastly, this large beetle completes its whole life history from egg to imago in a single summer, and similarly, this favors developmental studies.
Differential expression and functions of microRNAs in liver transplantation and potential use as non-invasive biomarkers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in many biologic processes and have been implicated in the control of genes relevant to acute rejection and liver functions. Here we review the miRNAs specifically expressed in allografts during acute rejection and discuss potential roles for these miRNAs in liver dysfunction. We focus on miRNAs dysregulated both in the liver and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and include a discussion of the potential for these miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers to reflect liver status posttransplant.
LATE HOLOCENE STAND-SCALE INVASION BY HEMLOCK (TSUGA CANADENSIS) AT ITS WESTERN RANGE LIMIT

The movement of plant range limits in the past has been clearly documented as a response to changing climate, but the pattern and timing of local invasions that result from these plant migrations are not well understood. Sedimentary evidence from small forest hollows is used here to reconstruct the pattern of stand-scale invasion by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) at its current range limit in Wisconsin. Pollen records from lakes show a slowly increasing regional hemlock population over the past 2500 yr, as its range expanded from the east in response to cooler, wetter climate. In contrast, hemlock pollen in each of the forest hollows increased abruptly within the past 500 yr, demonstrating stand-scale dynamics at a time when regional changes were small. Moreover, this abrupt rise in hemlock is part of a two-phase sequence of local invasion. First, stands were initially colonized as much as 2000 yr ago, but the size of these local populations remained low for as long as 1800 yr. This pattern suggests that scattered, small populations grew beyond the continuous range limit of hemlock, which was tens of kilometers to the east. Second, these small hemlock populations expanded in size between 100 and 500 yr ago during a time of cooler, wetter climate, which was apparently limiting population growth. These results illustrate contrasting patterns of change between local and regional populations, and the importance of outlying colonies as sources of rapid population expansion when environmental conditions become favorable.
V-band monolithically integrated four-arm spiral antenna and beamforming network

A V-band four-arm spiral antenna with monolithically integrated feed bundle and modified Butler matrix beamforming network designed and fabricated utilizing surface micro-machining is discussed. Basic layout and fabrication are shown for both the feed network and the spiral itself. Measurements are compared with simulations for both the impedance and co-polarized far-field radiation patterns. A VSWR &#60; 2∶1 for modes 1 and 3 (−1), realized gain between 0 and 5dBic, and axial ratio &#60; 2dB are demonstrated across the 50 to 75GHz range.
Controlled release of bioactive agents

Abstract The use of polymer carriers for the controlled release of bioactive agents including polypeptides is discussed. This paper reviews release mechanisms from polymers, examines applications of these systems, explores approaches to control drug delivery in response to physiological needs, and discusses the impact of controlled drug release with respect to biotechnology.
Geostatistical evaluation of integrated marsh management impact on mosquito vectors using before-after-control-impact (BACI) design.

In many parts of the world, salt marshes play a key ecological role as the interface between the marine and the terrestrial environments. Salt marshes are also exceedingly important for public health as larval habitat for mosquitoes that are vectors of disease and significant biting pests. Although grid ditching and pesticides have been effective in salt marsh mosquito control, marsh degradation and other environmental considerations compel a different approach. Targeted habitat modification and biological control methods known as Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) had been proposed as a viable alternative to marsh-wide physical alterations and chemical control. However, traditional larval sampling techniques may not adequately assess the impacts of marsh management on mosquito larvae. To assess the effectiveness of integrated OMWM and marsh restoration techniques for mosquito control, we analyzed the results of a 5-year OMWM/marsh restoration project to determine changes in mosquito larval production using GIS and geostatistical methods. The following parameters were evaluated using "Before-After-Control-Impact" (BACI) design: frequency and geographic extent of larval production, intensity of larval production, changes in larval habitat, and number of larvicide applications. The analyses were performed using Moran's I, Getis-Ord, and Spatial Scan statistics on aggregated before and after data as well as data collected over time. This allowed comparison of control and treatment areas to identify changes attributable to the OMWM/marsh restoration modifications. The frequency of finding mosquito larvae in the treatment areas was reduced by 70% resulting in a loss of spatial larval clusters compared to those found in the control areas. This effect was observed directly following OMWM treatment and remained significant throughout the study period. The greatly reduced frequency of finding larvae in the treatment areas led to a significant decrease (~44%) in the number of times when the larviciding threshold was reached. This reduction, in turn, resulted in a significant decrease (~74%) in the number of larvicide applications in the treatment areas post-project. The remaining larval habitat in the treatment areas had a different geographic distribution and was largely confined to the restored marsh surface (i.e. filled-in mosquito ditches); however only ~21% of the restored marsh surface supported mosquito production. The geostatistical analysis showed that OMWM demonstrated considerable potential for effective mosquito control and compatibility with other natural resource management goals such as restoration, wildlife habitat enhancement, and invasive species abatement. GPS and GIS tools are invaluable for large scale project design, data collection, and data analysis, with geostatistical methods serving as an alternative or a supplement to the conventional inference statistics in evaluating the project outcome.
Differential effects of the enantiomers of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine (3-PPP) at dopamine receptors sites

Abstract The agonist actions of 3-PPP at central dopamine (DA) autoreceptors were found to reside mostly in its (+) enantiomer. (+)-3-PPP also reduced striatal content of DOPAC and HVA, whereas (-)-3-PPP elevated HVA levels. Only (-)-3-PPP antagonized DA stimulation of DA-receptor linked adenylate cyclase. It was more effective than (+)-3-PPP at inhibiting [3H]DA binding to striatal membranes. The results suggest that (+)-3-PPP may act predominantly at DA autoreceptors, while (-)-3-PPP exhibits weak affinity for presynaptic and postsynaptic DA receptors.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of a five-generation family with a novel form of myotonic dystrophy (DM2)

Abstract We report the clinical and genetic characteristics of a five-generation family (MN1) with an unusual form of myotonic dystrophy (DM). Affected individuals have clinical features that are similar to DM including myotonia, distal weakness, frontal balding, polychromatic cataracts, infertility and cardiac arrhythmias. Genetic analyses reveal that affected individuals do not have the CTG expansion associated with DM, nor is the disease locus linked to the DM region of chromosome 19. We have also excluded the MN1 disease locus from the chromosomal regions containing the genes for the muscle sodium (α- and β-subunits) and chloride channels, both of which are involved in other myotonic disorders. We have recently mapped the disease locus (DM2) in this family to a 10 cM region of chromosome 3q [Ranum LPW, Rasmussen PF, Benzow KA, Koob MD, Day JW. Nat Genet 1998;19:196–198]. The genetically distinct form of myotonic dystrophy in the MN1 kindred shares some of the clinical features of previously reported families with proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM). The size of the MN1 family (25 affected individuals) makes it a unique resource for both clinical and genetic studies. This second form of myotonic dystrophy may help resolve the confusion that remains about how the CTG repeat expansion in the 3′ untranslated portion of the myotonin protein kinase gene causes the multisystem involvement of DM.
Cystic verruciform xanthoma.

Verruciform xanthoma (VX) is a rare, benign entity of uncertain origin; it was first described by Shafer 1 in 1971 as a lesion localized in the oral mucosa. More than 139 cases of oral cavity involvement have been reported. Similar lesions have also been reported on extraoral mucosae and on the skin. VXs may be multifocal and may occur in association with a variety of cutaneous and mucosal disorders. 2-7 This report constitutes the first description of a VX as a keratinous cyst
New patterns of infecting organisms in late bleb-related endophthalmitis: A ten year review

New patterns of infecting organisms in late bleb-related endophthalmitis: A ten year review
The Competitiveness of Joint Bidding in Multiple-Units Uniform-Price Auctions.*

Recent literature on joint bidding in a single-unit, Common-Value (CV) auction argues that the inference and precision that emerges from pooling information by joint bidders enhances competition. Such information pooling mitigates adverse selection and results in more aggressive bidding and may even increase revenue despite the reduction in the number of bidders. We analyze here, for the first time, joint bidding in a simple CV, uniform-price auction with multi-unit demand. This introduces an opposite force due to (increased) monopsony power of the joint bidders, called demand reduction (DR). We show that the pro-competitive benefit from joint bidding in single unit auctions does not generalize to a multi-unit environment, even when DR is disallowed. With DR, the scope for improved competition is further eroded.
PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES : A MODEL FOR OVERCOMING BARRIERS BETWEEN MANAGED CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Abstract Context: The growth of managed care has spurred re-evaluation of the roles and responsibilities of public health agencies and private health plans for providing public health services. Although rates of curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States are the highest in the developed world, many clinicians and managed care organizations are not systematically providing high-quality, comprehensive STD-related services to their patients and the community. Objective: To examine issues around managed care and STD prevention as a model for overcoming barriers that impede managed care organizations from providing comprehensive public health services and collaborating with health agencies. Setting: Two-day invitational workshop. Participants: Representatives from 18 health plans, 10 public health agencies, 6 academic institutions, 1 purchasing coalition, and 5 other health organizations. Results: Major obstacles include: turnover and heterogeneity in the health care system; deficiencies in clinical knowledge and skills; differences in organizational culture and language; low priority of STDs; inadequate public health surveillance data and performance measures; confidentiality concerns; and lack of coverage for sex partners. Conclusions: Potential approaches for addressing these barriers include: requiring that STD-related services be covered by Medicaid managed care programs; implementing performance measures; requiring collaborative activities; promoting education of and outreach to stakeholders; funding of pilot projects; and researching the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of STD-related services for various populations.
Effects of practice on reversals of incomplete necker cubes.

The theory of Ammons (1954) in conjunction with that of Ammons, Ulrich, and Ammons (1959) is that practice (perceptual learning) in reversing Necker cubes reduces the latency of form recognition. I...
Integrin-associated Protein Is a Receptor for the C-terminal Domain of Thrombospondin

The C-terminal "cell-binding domain" (CBD) of thrombospondin-1 (TS1) is a binding site for many cell types. Cell-binding peptides based on the sequence RFYVVM from the CBD of TS1 affinity label a 52-kDa cell surface glycoprotein, which we show is integrin-associated protein (IAP or CD47). IAP associates with alpha v beta 3 and thereby modulates the activity of several integrins. Cells that express IAP bind strongly to TS1, the CBD, and its active cell-binding peptides while IAP negative cells do not. The 52-kDa protein is affinity labeled on IAP-positive but not IAP-negative cells, and monoclonal antibodies against IAP specifically immunoprecipitate the affinity-labeled 52-kDa protein from lysates of IAP-positive cells. Consistent with the association of IAP with alpha v beta 3 integrin, the labeled 52-kDa protein is immunoprecipitated by an anti-alpha v beta 3 antibody. Endothelial cells exhibit chemotaxis toward TS1 (at concentrations above 10 nM) and RFYVVM peptides. Chemotaxis to both agents is specifically inhibited by a function blocking anti-IAP monoclonal antibody. These data establish IAP (CD47) as a receptor for the CBD of TS1 and suggest a mechanism for the well established effects of the CBD on cell motility.
Ionic channels in excitable membranes. Current problems and biophysical approaches

Ionic channels are gated aqueous pores whose conformational changes are driven by the electric field in the membrane. Gating may be studied by three electrical methods: ionic current transients, ionic current fluctuations, and "gating current," and probably occurs through a series of conformational changes in the channel leading to an all-or-nothing opening of the pore. When the potential is held constant, the gating steps come to equilibrium rather than reaching an energy-dissipating, cyclic steady state. The kinetic models now in use eventually need to be changed to correct disagreements with several recent studies. Diffusion of ions through open channels is very fast but involves many interactions of ions, pore, and solvent that lead to ionic selectivity, saturation, block, and flux coupling. Our description of the ionic fluxes can be improved by abandoning continuum models in favor of more structured ones. Problems to be solved include determining how many ions occupy a channel at once and what to be solved include determining how many ions occupy a channel at once and what kind of energy barriers they must cross in traversing the membrane. Ultimately we will need to know the chemical structure of the whole system to understand how it functions.
Wearable information devices

There is an important distinction between wearable devices and those that are merely portable, the classic example being the pocket watch and wristwatch. The difference is simple: You have to pull out the pocket watch and open it to see the time,while the wristwatch enables you to see the time instantly, even while working with both hands.
Repressive/defensive coping, blood pressure, and cardiovascular rehabilitation.

The emotional style of repressive coping in relation to blood pressure and cardiovascular disease has received increasing attention during the past 25 years. Repressive coping describes the capacity to render events and feelings inaccessible to consciousness. Intrapsychic conflicts involving unacceptable wishes, fantasies, and impulses can be hidden from conscious awareness. Repressive (or “defensive”) coping has been associated with elevated blood pressure levels, essential hypertension, and paroxysmal hypertension. Cardiovascular patients who use a repressive style have shown mixed results during recuperation. The repressive coping style is easily assessed with two pencil-and-paper measures, which clinicians could administer. Knowledge that a patient uses repressive emotional coping could help physicians better treat this unique group. For patients recovering from cardiovascular events, intervention styles can be adopted that fit the repressive personality. More research in this area will be a challenge to psychologists and internal medicine specialists.
Giant positive and negative Goos-Hänchen shift on dielectric gratings caused by guided mode resonance

Giant positive and negative Goos-Hanchen shift more than 5000 times of the operating wavelength is observed when a beam is totally reflected from a substrate decorated by a dielectric grating. Different to the former studies where Goos-Hanchen shift is related to metamaterials or plasmonic materials with ohmic loss, here the giant shift is realized with unity reflectance without the loss. This is extremely advantageous for sensor applications. The Goos-Hanchen shift exhibits a strong resonant feature at the frequency of guided mode resonance, and is associated to the energy flow carried by the guided mode.
Species Associations and Habitat Use of Stream Fishes: the Effects of Unaggregated-Data Analysis

ABSTRACT Fish species in several families were collected in microhabitat quadrats during warmer seasons of 1989–1990 in the upper Roanoke River (URR), a midsized stream of southwestern Virginia. The quadrats were visually classified into five mesohabitat types (medium and shallow pools, runs, and slow and fast riffles) before sampling. Uni-, bi-, and multivariate statistical analyses on fish-abundance data were used to establish species associations, fish-habitat relations, and habitat-use guilds. This included examination of coefficients of variation for species densities across quadrats, ANOVAs for species densities across different habitat types, and factor analyses of species associations. Although these analyses were generally concordant, they enabled only crude segregation of fishes by habitat niche, namely rheophilic, limnophilic, or generalized. These analyses also showed that fish species were largely independent of each other in their habitat use at smaller spatial resolutions (quadrat-level) an...
Electrochemically Assisted Photocatalysis. 2. The Role of Oxygen and Reaction Intermediates in the Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol on Immobilized TiO2 Particulate Films

The electrochemically-assisted photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) using immobilized TiO[sub 2] particulate films has been investigated by analyzing reaction intermediates under a variety of experimental conditions. The degradations were carried out in both nitrogen- and oxygen-saturated solutions to explore the role of reduced oxygen species and molecular oxygen in the formation of reaction intermediates and in the mineralization of 4-CP. The degradation rate can be greatly improved even in a nitrogen-saturated atmosphere by applying an anodic bias to the TiO[sub 2] film electrodes. 4-Chlorocatechol (4-CC) is the predominant intermediate observed in oxygen-saturated solutions, whereas hydroquinone (HQ) is the primary intermediate in nitrogen-saturated solutions. Molecular oxygen plays an important role in the enhancement of the electrochemically assisted photocatalytic decay rate of 4-CP and the subsequent degradation of reaction intermediates, viz., 4-CC and HQ. 37 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
Lower bound to the free energy of an anisotropic linear Heisenberg chain

Abstract A lower bound to the free energy of an anisotropic linear Heisenberg chain is obtained at nonzero temperatures by using a variational principle involving only the two particle density matrix.
The effect of the administration of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone to rats on in vivo steroidogenesis and on the reduction cytochrome P-450 in adrenal mitochondria.

Abstract It is shown that there is excellent agreement between the ACTH-induced increase in blood corticosterone and the increase in the rate of reduction of cytochrome P -450 in the isolated mitochondria and that both of these effects are inhibited by the administration of cycloheximide prior to that of ACTH. The rate of reduction of adrenodoxin is not affected by either ACTH or cycloheximide.
On the origin of numbers

The swashbuckling adventures of Francis Galton sparked a hunt for the roots of human mathematics that continues 100 years after his death, Historian of science Michael Barany explains why
Intrinsic cellular resistance to oxazaphosphorines exhibited by a human colon carcinoma cell line expressing relatively large amounts of a class-3 aldehyde dehydrogenase

Abstract A cultured human colon carcinoma cell line, viz. colon C, exhibiting intrinsic cellular resistance to mafosfamide mediated by relatively elevated levels of a cytosolic class-3 aldehyde dehydrogenase was identified. Colon C cells were found to be much less sensitive/more resistant (about 10-fold as judged by lc 90 values) to mafosfamide than were two other cultured human colon carcinoma cell lines, viz. RCA and HCT 116b, and, as compared to the barely detectable dehydrogenase activity (NADP-dependent enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid) in RCA and HCT 116b cells, that in colon C cells was about 200-fold greater. The three cell lines were equisensitive to phosphoramide mustard. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was confined to the cytosol in colon C cells (as well as in the other two cell lines) and, on the basis of its physical, immunological and catalytic characteristics, the operative enzyme was judged to be a Type-1 ALDH-3 identical to the Type-1 ALDH-3 expressed in methylcholanthrene-treated human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7/0 cells and very nearly identical to the Type-1 ALDH-3 expressed in human normal stomach mucosa. Class-1 and class-2 aldehyde dehydrogenases were not found in these cells. The relative insensitivity to mafosfamide on the part of colon C cells was not observed when exposure to mafosfamide was in the presence of benzaldehyde or 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde, each a relatively good substrate for ALDH-3, whereas it was retained when exposure to mafosfamide was in the presence of acetaldehyde, a relatively poor substrate for this enzyme. Sensitivity to mafosfamide on the part of HCT 116b and RCA cells, and to phosphoramide mustard on the part of all three cell lines, was unaffected when drug exposure was in the presence of any of the three aldehydes. Together with earlier reports from our laboratory, these observations demonstrate that intrinsic, as well as stable and transient acquired, resistance to oxazaphosphorines, such as mafosfamide and cyclophosphamide, can be mediated by relatively increased levels of cytosolic class-3 aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Leadership — The essential of engineering management

Abstract What is the difference between a manager and a leader? Is this distinction an important one to the field of engineering management? If so, do engineering managers face different or more difficult problems in practicing effective leadership than other managers? And finally, what is the most effective way for an engineering manager to improve his or her leadership skills? These are the basic questions which this paper addresses. The author's experience indicates that the lack of effective leadership (that important segment of management that has to do with influencing the behavior of other people by means of the manager's own behavior), is or should be of major concern to engineering managers, that engineering professionals are extremely sensitive to their manager's leadership style, and that they tend to be significantly demotivated by unskillful or insensitive leaders. To this extent, an awareness of his or her own leadership patterns might be viewed as more critical to a technical manager than to many other types of manager because of the heavy impact of his or her interpersonal actions on both the rational/logical and the emotional/sensitive sides of an engineer's consciousness. The author reviews several current leadership models as potential tools for leadership training and concludes that to be fully effective, the learning process must include a role-model (master-and-apprentice) relationship between a junior and a senior manager, such as exists in many Japanese firms.
Science and policy implications of defining environmental justice.

Although 'environmental justice' is an increasingly important issue for policy makers and researchers, it remains for many a vague and abstract notion that is hard to define in practical, real-world terms. Part of the problem is that environmental justice is a complex, multidimensional construct that cannot easily be defined. Our aim in this article is to identify fundamental dimensions of environmental justice and highlight the resulting questions that are an inherent part of putting principles into practice. We argue that to have a constructive and informed debate about this emotionally charged topic, it is necessary to have a clear and workable definition of environmental justice. We do not propose our own definition, but instead point out that there are many possible legitimate definitions depending on one's beliefs, opinions, and values. The central point is not that a particular definition is right or wrong, but rather that choosing a definition has distinct implications for the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of both policy and science. These critical choices should be made explicit so that public dialogue can focus on the substance of this important policy issue.
Combination Immunotherapy and Antifungal Chemotherapy

Historical clinical observations suggested that cellular immunity is central in the outcome of deep fungal infections, and experimental observations later proved this. Unstimulated effector cells interact synergistically with antifungal drugs. Recombinant cytokines, of which interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) is the most prominent, stimulate several host-effector cells (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils) for antifungal activity. Effector cells stimulated by such molecules (data with macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with azoles are presented as examples) also have enhanced synergistic activity with antifungals. A tilt toward a type 1 T-helper (Th1) cell pathway seems essential in antifungal host defenses. Cytokines (and anticytokines) that promote this pathway can be protective in vivo and act cooperatively with antifungal drugs. Observations with interleukin (IL)-12, IFN-gamma, and anti-IL4 illustrate this. The clinical applications of these strategies are just beginning.
Tight Binding Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase-1 by Phosphatidic Acid SPECIFICITY OF INHIBITION BY THE PHOSPHOLIPID

Abstract Phosphatidic acid (PA) has been identified as a bioactive lipid second messenger, yet despite extensive investigation, no cellular target has emerged as a mediator of its described biological effects. In this study, we identify the γ isoform of the human protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit (PP1cγ) as a high affinity in vitro target of PA. PA inhibited the enzyme dose-dependently with an IC50 of 15 nm. Mechanistically, PA inhibited the enzyme noncompetitively with the kinetics of a tight binding inhibitor and aK i value of 0.97 ± 0.24 nm. Together, these data describe one of the most potent in vitro effects of PA. To further elucidate the interaction between PA and PP1cγ, structure/function analysis of the lipid was carried out using commercially available and synthetically generated analogs of PA. These studies disclosed that the lipid-protein interaction is dependent on the presence of the lipid phosphate as well as the presence of the fatty acid side chains, because lipids lacking either of these substituents resulted in complete loss of inhibition. However, the specific composition of the fatty acid side chains was not important for inhibition. Using 1-O-hexadecyl,2-oleoyl-PA, it was also shown that the carbonyl group of the sn-1 acyl linkage is not required for the lipid-protein interaction. Finally, using a lipid-protein overlay assay, it was demonstrated that PP1cγ specifically and directly interacts with phosphatidic acid while not significantly binding other phospholipids. These results identify PA as a tight binding and specific inhibitor of PP1, and they raise the hypothesis that PP1cγ may function as a mediator of PA action in cells. They also argue for the existence of a specific high affinity PA-binding domain on the enzyme.
Resistance distribution function for fluctuating variable-range hopping conduction.

On montre que la fonction de distribution du logarithme de la resistance pour la conduction par sauts a distance variable dans des filaments finis a une dimension, peut etre ajustee soit par une distribution gaussienne inverse, soit par une distribution log-normal. On explique egalement les fortes fluctuations, de filament a filament, de la variance des logarithmes de la resistance en termes de statistiques d'echantillonnage
Pulmonary Vascular Manifestations of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) refers to a disease process with combined clinical features characteristic of systemic lupus erythematous, scleroderma, and polymyositis-dermatomyositis. This article focuses on the pulmonary vasculature manifestations of MCTD. We briefly discuss associations between MCTD and interstitial lung disease, pleural disease, and alveolar hemorrhage.
The teratogenicity of cadmium chloride in two stocks of Wistar rats.

The teratogenicity of cadmium chloride (16/μM/kg Cd++) was studied in Wistar rats from two commercial sources. Subcutaneous cadmium was not teratogenic. Intraperitoneal cadmium was highly teratogenic in both stocks when given on day 9, 10, or 11 of gestation. There were marked differences between the two stocks in fetal mortality and the incidence and types of malformations produced. Cadmium on day 9 produced an attenuation of the abdominal wall in 13–16% of the term fetuses. In one stock of rats, cadmium on day 10 produced reduction deformities of one forelimb similar to the previously reported acetazolamide syndrome in rats.
Mobility of water in various sugar-water systems as studied by oxygen-17 NMR

Abstract Proton decoupled oxygen-17 NMR transverse relaxation rates ( R 2 , s −1 ) were used to measure the mobility of water in three sugar solutions, lactose (L), sucrose (S) and fructose (F), and their solution combinations, L : S, L : F and S:F, as a function of concentration and combination ratio (1:9, 1:1 and 9:1). The behavior of R 2 as a function of concentration for the single sugar solutions was similar at low concentrations. However, at high sugar concentrations deviations for sucrose and fructose were observed. The R 2 of the sugar solution combinations (L:S, L:F and S:F) at low concentrations was not influenced by sugar type or combination ratio, but only by the total concentration of the sugars present. A mass balance approach was used to predict the R 2 of the sugar solution combinations; however only at low total sugar concentrations did the equation adequately predict the experimentally obtained R 2 values.
Development and evaluation of a macropore flow component for LEACHM

(Leaching Estimation And Chemistry Model) and a modified LEACHM were used to predict NO3-N and atrazine transport in two Kansas soils. NO3-N and atrazine concentration data obtained from two monolith weighing lysimeters containing two different Kansas soils were used to calibrate and validate the nitrogen and pesticide versions of LEACHM. Since LEACHM (ver. 3.0) does not include any means to deal with macropore flow, the macropore flow subroutine from RZWQM (Root Zone Water Quality Model) was incorporated into LEACHM. Measured concentrations of NO3-N and atrazine were compared with those predicted by LEACHM with and without the macropore flow subroutine. In general, concentrations predicted by both models tend to follow the trend of measured concentrations. Addition of the macropore flow subroutine improved the predictions a little, especially for atrazine transport in silty clay loam soil. However, no such improvement was observed in sandy loam soil. Overall, the results of this study showed that addition of the macropore flow component had potential for improving prediction capability of LEACHM in silty clay loam soils. The use of more site specific macroporosity data is likely to improve the model predictions.
Three-dimensional Doppler velocimetry of flow jets

A closed-form solution is derived of the Doppler equation for the magnitude and angle to the three-dimensional velocity vector. The resultant solution is more general than previous formulations and, since it is based on multiple conventional transmit-receive Doppler probes, it can be readily applied by adapting existing Doppler units. Turntable experiments demonstrated that the three-dimensional angle-independent theory correctly predicted velocity within average 32% over a 26. degrees -range of Doppler angles. Experiments with a flow phantom showed general agreement with the angle-independent theory in the more demanding setting of an actual flow stream. Experiments utilizing a jet stream which modeled the clinically important conditions that exist in stenotic vessels, valvular abnormalities, and septal defects within 1.4-3.8% of the actual velocity, over an 18 degrees range of Doppler angles. >
Future climate change and upwelling in the California Current

[1] Observations show that wind-driven upwelling along the California coast has increased over the past 30 years. Some have postulated that the increase in wind-driven upwelling is due largely to increased greenhouse gas forcing, but such an association has been speculative. Since global and regional simulations of future wind-driven upwelling do not exist for the California coast, we used a regional climate model (RCM) to estimate changes in wind-driven upwelling under increased CO2 concentrations. Here we show in both equilibrium and transient climate experiments that there is an intensified upwelling season, with some changes in seasonality of upwelling. This intensification may lead to enhanced productivity along the coast of California and possibly ameliorate increases in sea surface temperature due to greenhouse gas forcing.
Walter Moxon, MD, FCRP (1836–1886): The Cerebro-Vascular System and the Syndrome of “Congestion of the Brain”: An Analysis of His 1881 Croonian Lectures

Walter Moxon, MD, FRCP lived, practiced medicine, taught and wrote in the mid- to late- nineteenth-century Victorian England, mostly at Guy's Hospital, London. He was widely informed in the “Art of Physic,” writing on a range of issues from cerebral lateralization of articulate speech to angina pectoris. The present paper will trace briefly his contributions to the newly discovered asymmetry of articulate speech in the left frontal lobe (1866) and will in more detail trace and analyze his 1881 Croonian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians on a medical shibboleth referred to as “congestion of the brain.” In a series of ingenious and rhetorically creative arguments with imaginative tropes, demonstrations, evolutionary accounts of cognition and blood metabolism for human/biped cognition, and cogent citations from the medical literature of the day, Moxon skillfully instructs his medical audience against the misleading notion of cerebral “congestion” as an underlying pathology for cognitive, motor, and ...
The Effect of Mesoscale Heterogeneity on the Genesis and Structure of Mesovortices within Quasi-Linear Convective Systems

Abstract This study examines the structure and evolution of quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) within complex mesoscale environments. Convective outflows and other mesoscale features appear to affect the rotational characteristics and associated dynamics of these systems. Thus, real-data numerical simulations of two QLCS events have been performed to (i) identify and characterize the various ambient mesoscale features that modify the structure and evolution of simulated QLCSs; and then to (ii) determine the nature of interaction of such features with the systems, with an emphasis on the genesis and evolution of low-level mesovortices. Significant low-level mesovortices develop in both simulated QLCSs as a consequence of mechanisms internal to the system—consistent with idealized numerical simulations of mesovortex-bearing QLCSs—and not as an effect of system interaction with external heterogeneity. However, meso-γ-scale (order of 10 km) heterogeneity in the form of a convective outflow boundary is su...
Histological assessment of follicular development and its applicability to risk assessment

The objective of this article is to describe histological methods currently used to study ovarian physiology that may have applicability to reproductive toxicology. Histologic techniques are, for the most part, inexpensive and easy to perform. Many of these techniques require little equipment and can be readily implemented in small laboratories. The resulting histological preparations are permanent, can be used over again for several different types of analyses, and provide objective, quantifiable endpoints. These techniques have been extremely useful for studying the ovary.
High-Order Flux Reconstruction Schemes with Minimal Dispersion and Dissipation

Modal analysis of the flux reconstruction (FR) formulation is performed to obtain the semi-discrete and fully-discrete dispersion relations, using which, the wave properties of physical as well as spurious modes are characterized. The effect of polynomial order, correction function and solution points on the dispersion, dissipation and relative energies of the modes are investigated. Using this framework, a new set of linearly stable high-order FR schemes is proposed that minimizes wave propagation errors for the range of resolvable wavenumbers. These schemes provide considerably reduced error for advection in comparison to the Discontinuous Galerkin scheme and benefit from having an explicit differential update. The corresponding resolving efficiencies compare favorably to those of standard high-order compact finite difference schemes. These theoretical expectations are verified by a comparison of proposed and existing FR schemes in advecting a scalar quantity on uniform as well as non-uniform grids.
Functional role of collateral flow in the ischaemic dog heart

Studies were carried out in four different canine preparations to determine the effect of collateral flow on early changes induced by acute segmental ischaemia. The results of these experiments indicated that collateral flow provided a limited and variable amount of protection. When collateral flow was eliminated, myocardial cell injury was more severe and less variable.
Interaction of protein SRP19 with signal recognition particle RNA lacking individual RNA-helices

Derivatives of human SRP-RNA were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and tested for their ability to interact with protein SRP19. An RNA missing helix 6 barely interacts with SRP19, while the helix 8-deletion mutant retains much binding capability. A mutant RNA consisting just of helix 6 also binds the protein, but not as well as the unaltered molecule. SRP19 interacts to a full extent with the fourth mutant RNA composed of helices 6, 7, 8 and a portion of helix 5. It is concluded that helix 6- and not helix 8- is the major SRP19 binding site. Helices 7, 8 and portions of helix 5 contribute to the formation of a functional site. These results agree with data suggesting a proximity of helix 6 and the conserved part of SRP-RNA.
Performance of the community earth system model

The Community Earth System Model (CESM), released in June 2010, incorporates new physical process and new numerical algorithm options, significantly enhancing simulation capabilities over its predecessor, the June 2004 release of the Community Climate System Model. CESM also includes enhanced performance tuning options and performance portability capabilities. This paper describes performance and performance scaling on both the Cray XT5 and the IBM BG/P for four representative production simulations, varying both problem size and enabled physical processes. The paper also describes preliminary performance results for high resolution simulations using over 200,000 processor cores, indicating the promise of ongoing work in numerical algorithms and where further work is required.
Estimation of phosphorus-containing impurities in organophosphorus extractants and their distribution coefficients from the total phosphorus content of the phase in equilibrium with the extractant phase

Abstract The total phosphorus content of stripping solutions after their equilibration with organophosphorus extractants in successive contacts with fresh strip solution was employed to estimate the concentrations of phosphorus-containing hydrolysis (or degradation) products in the extractant phase and their distribution coefficients. Aqueous solutions and ethylene glycol were used as stripping agents. The procedure is especially useful for estimates of the concentrations of phosphorus-containing impurities that are originally present in the extractant or that are generated in separations processes. The utility of the method was demonstrated for separations processes that employ the following extractants: di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate, and dihexyl-N, N-diethylcarbamylmethylenephosphonate.
Model generation and partial matching of left ventricular boundaries

Recently, the problem of automatic left ventricular boundary detection has yielded to methods that rely on the matching of the image data to a model of the heart. The problem of matching such a model to data is further complicated by the fact that heart position, orientation and size can vary widely for various patient studies. In this paper, we propose a method for generation of the left ventricular boundary model for both normal or abnormal (interior and inferior) shapes based on a general notion of the average shape, size and orientation of the left ventricular boundary obtained from a clinical data set with 30 patients in each category. The general description is invariant to position and contains the mean and limits of the size and orientation of the heart boundaries as well as descriptors for different shapes. A total of 100 frames/cycle is assumed for a global model with the ES frame being at frame 50. The descriptor of each frame of the 100 samples is obtained by interpolation between adjacent original frames. A particular model for a patient cycle with known number of frames and known position of ED and ES is carried on by an interpolation over the global model. This general model is employed for the partial matching against boundary fragments derived from Canny edge detection. The mean square error between the slope angle (shape descriptor) of the model and that of the boundary provides a cost function. The minimum of the function, corresponding to the best match, is obtained by varying the size of the model and the relative offset between the beginning of the model and the boundary fragment. After the parameters of the model are determined, it can be placed in the x-y plane to select more boundary fragments from the edge image, or it can be used for ranking the boundary fragments or complete boundaries. This matching is specially useful for open contours with preferences on their size and/or on their orientation, or even bounds on those values.
A Study of Hydrocarbon Releases in the Gulf of Mexico, 1996 Thru 2010

The events surrounding the Deepwater Horizon (Macondo) disaster have changed the face of deepwater operations. Safety and environmental systems (SEMS) plans and capping or containment capabilities are required to meet current Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) permitting requirements for the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). More generally, industry must identify the operational risks associated with future deepwater operations and specify their plans for responding to those risks, in order to maximize the effectiveness of methods to prevent and respond to potential future releases of hazardous, polluting hydrocarbons. This paper describes a study of public BSEE (previously MMS and BOEMRE) data on incidents involving releases of formation fluids to the environment. The purpose of this study was to provide a factual basis for identifying the operational risk of hydrocarbon releases in offshore operations as a starting point for additional work on identifying opportunities to reduce the frequency, severity, and consequences of such releases, especially for deepwater operations.Incidents reported over the past 15 years were reviewed and organized in a spreadsheet. A total of 90 non-pipeline incidents were identified as including enough description to be useful. Most of these incidents were spills greater than 50 barrels (bbls), but blowouts, fires, and explosions are important and included. To the extent possible, the review determined: the flow path taken from the formation to the point in the well or production system where the fluids were released, the release point, the barriers that were used to reestablish control, and what can these events tell us about potential future deepwater events.It is notable that most of these releases occurred in shelf operations rather than deepwater (water depth ≥ 1,000 ft), which was expected due to the much larger number of wells on the GOM shelf. Nearly two-thirds of the releases happened during active drilling, completion, workover, or well-servicing operations. The remaining events occurred during other operations, particularly production, and include two spills after the wells were plugged and abandoned (P&A’d). The number of blowouts per year was relatively small, varying from 2 to 9 for the 15 year period. The number of blowouts has remained roughly constant despite the recent decrease in the rig activity level. Similarly, the size of most spills was relatively small, if the Macondo event is excluded. Nevertheless, the data gives a factual basis for identifying the kinds of events that could lead to future catastrophes if not prevented or identified and controlled successfully.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Seasonal variability and parameterization of the Pacific North equatorial current

Abstract Observations from a grid of oceanographic stations between 10 and 26·5°N lat, at 148, 151, 154, and 157°W long, obtained at approximately monthly intervals from February 1964 to June 1965 permit an investigation of the temporal changes in the geostrophic flow of the North Equatorial Current. Baroclinic eddies obscure the large-scale distribution of dynamic height anomaly of the current and its seasonal variability. The eddy-related spatial variability is filtered by fitting sinusoidal curves to the meridional distribution of dynamic height anomaly. The resulting smooth distributions show the core of the current in the central Pacific to be near 15 or 16°N lat. The northern boundary of the current lies at 20 to 23°N lat. At the core of the current the smoothed, geostrophic surface speeds vary seasonally from about 5 cm s−1 during spring to about 15 cm s−1 during fall. The eddy-induced spatial variability appears to increase with increasing smoothed current speeds.