cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photopolymerizable liquid encapsulants for microelectronic devices: Thermal and mechanical properties of systems with reduced in-mold cure times

Photopolymerizable liquid encapsulants (PLEs) for microelectronic devices may offer important advantages over traditional transfer molding compounds, including reduced in-mold cure times, lower thermal stresses, and reduced wire sweep. In this contribution, we discuss an encapsulation process based upon a low viscosity resin that cures rapidly upon exposure to UV light. These highly filled PLEs are comprised of an epoxy novolac-based vinyl ester resin (∼25 wt %), fused silica filler (70–74 wt %), photoinitiator, silane coupling agent, and, in some cases, a thermal initiator. We have characterized the material properties (flexural strength and modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion, glass transition temperature, and thermal stress parameter) of PLEs cured with UV illumination times of 60, 90, and 120 s, as well as, the thermal conductivity and adhesive peel strength of PLEs photocured for 90 s. In addition, we investigated the effect of the fused silica loading and the initiation scheme on these properties. The results indicate that the PLEs are very promising for microelectronic encapsulation. These liquid encapsulants cure (to an ejectable hardness) in 1 min for an initiating light intensity of 200 mW/cm2, and exhibit appropriate values for the thermal and mechanical properties listed above. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3449–3461, 2001
A high-resolution TOF detector—A possible way to compete with a RICH detector

Using two identical 64-pixel Burle/Photonis MCP-PMTs to provide start and stop signals, they have achieved a timing resolution of {sigma}{sub Single{_}detector} {approx} 7.2 ps for N{sub pe} {approx} 50 photoelectrons (N{sub pe}) with a laser diode providing a 1 mm spot on the MCP window. The limiting resolution achieved was {sigma}{sub Single{_}detector} {approx} 5.0 ps for N{sub pe} {approx} 180, for which they estimate the MCP-PMT contribution of {sigma}{sub MCP-PMT} {approx} 4.5 ps. The electronics contribution is estimated as {sigma}{sub Electrons} = 3.42 ps. These results suggest that an ultra-high resolution TOF detector may become a reality at future experiments one day.
Flow Regimes and Transient Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Stratified Flow over an Isolated Mountain Ridge

Abstract Four regimes are identified for two-dimensional, unstructured, nonrotating, continuously stratified, hydrostatic, uniform Boussinesq flow over an isolated mountain ridge: (I) flow with neither wave breaking aloft nor upstream blocking (F≥1.12, where F = U/ NH; U and N are upstream basic flow speed and Brunt-Vaisala frequency, respectively; and h is the mountain height), (II) flow with wave breaking aloft in the absence of upstream blocking (0.9 < F≤1. 12), (III) flow with both wave breaking and upstream blocking, but where wave breaking occurs first (0.6≤F≤0.9), and (IV) flow with both wave breaking and upstream blocking, but where blocking occurs first (0.3≤F≤0.6). In regime I, neither wave breaking nor upstream blocking occurs, but columnar disturbance does exist. The basic flow structure resembles either linear or weakly nonlinear mountain waves. It is found that the columnar disturbance is independent of the wave breaking aloft. In regime II, an internal jump forms at the downstream edge of t...
The Function of Chemo- and Mechanoreceptors in Lobster (Homarus Americanus) Feeding Behaviour

The behaviour of lobsters preying on live mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) was observed before and after chemosensory or chemosensory-mechanosensory deafferentation of different sensory appendages. Deafferentation of the antennules, leg tips, or maxillipeds (but not the carapace or proximal leg segments) interfered with feeding performance by causing an increase in the time necessary to crush a mussel after search initiation. In addition, deafferentation of the leg tips or the maxillipeds caused a decline in number of mussels crushed but for different reasons: leg-treated lobsters walked over the mussels without picking them up, whereas maxilliped-treated lobsters grasped the mussels as usual but either did not crush or did not eat them as readily as did normal lobsters. Deafferentation of leg chemoreceptors resulted in the same behavioural deficiencies as deafferentation of leg chemo-and mechanoreceptors, demonstrating that it is the leg chemoreceptors that are essential in releasing this grasping response. Chemoreceptors on different appendages of lobsters therefore fulfill different functional roles in their feeding behaviour.
Pediatric Psychopharmacological and Combined Interventions

Some pediatric disorders with biogenetic or neuropsychological causes may require medical treatments (Wilens, 2001). Most of these disorders, however, require multimodal treatments, where medication is used in combination with other psychosocial and behavioral interventions or therapies. A select list of common medications will be reviewed, including those designed to control ADHD, major depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, Tourette syndrome, and seizure disorders. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has funded a number of studies to investigate the safety and efficacy of medications and psychosocial interventions for common childhood and adolescent disorders. These will be briefly reviewed.
Aortic stenosis: it is a hot topic the link to coronary artery disease.

For the past 60 years the primary focus of our attention in aortic stenosis (AS) has been on the severity of left ventricular outflow obstruction as it related to symptoms, left ventricular function, longevity, and the proper timing of valve replacement. In developed nations rheumatic fever waned as
THE FALSE ALLURE OF GROUP SELECTION

Does the human mind include psychological adaptations that were selected because they fostered the competitive advantage of ancestral groups, even if they harmed the individuals that bore those adaptations? This notion of group selection is the default folk theory of evolution among most nonbiologists, and even among many biologists until the 1960s, when the theory was shown to be at best improbable and at worst incoherent. Nonetheless group selection refuses to die, and has recently been endorsed by a few prominent biologists and anthropologists. I show that the intuitive appeal of group selection is based on multiple confusions. First, group psychology—the phenomenon in which people identify and make sacrifices for their group—should not be equated with group selection. Second, the size, power, influence, or geographic spread of a group over the course of history (the loose analogue of fitness in cultural evolution) is not analogous to an increase in the number of copies of a replicator in biological evolution. Finally, the appeal of group selection rests on an unexamined and highly implausible assumption: that the groups most victorious in violent combat were those that practiced the greatest degree of kindness and generosity within their own societies. I conclude that the theory of natural selection should be invoked in its rigorous sense of the differential representation of replicators across generations, and that “group selection” is a pernicious concept in evolutionary psychology, guaranteed to confuse. Keywords: group selection; altruism; cultural evolution; individual selection; inclusive fitness
Modeling multi-attribute demand for sustainable cloud computing with copulae

As cloud computing gains in popularity, understanding the patterns and structure of its loads is increasingly important in order to drive effective resource allocation, scheduling and pricing decisions. These efficiency increases are then associated with a reduction in the data center environmental footprint. Existing models have only treated a single resource type, such as CPU, or memory, at a time. We offer a sophisticated machine learning approach to capture the joint-distribution. We capture the relationship among multiple resources by carefully fitting both the marginal distributions of each resource type as well as the non-linear structure of their correlation via a copula distribution. We investigate several choices for both models by studying a public data set of Google datacenter usage. We show the Burr XII distribution to be a particularly effective choice for modeling the marginals and the Frank copula to be the best choice for stitching these together into a joint distribution. Our approach offers a significant fidelity improvement and generalizes directly to higher dimensions. In use, this improvement will translate directly to reductions in energy consumption.
Tribological Properties of Ion Implanted Amorphous Fe50Ti50 Films

A surface layer of Fe50Ti50 on AISI 304 stainless steel was produced by ion beam mixing a Fe-Ti multilayer structure. Subsequently, the layer was implanted with C, N, or C+N ions. The dry sliding properties of these surfaces were tested using a ceramic pin as a rider in pin-on-disc measurements. Implantations produced significant improvements in the surface friction and wear properties. Samples implanted with C or C+N showed good tribological properties even under conditions where the Herzian peak pressure exceeded the yield strength of the substrate. As a result of different treatments the appearance of the wear tracks examined with a scanning electron microscope was also changed.
Oxide Superconductor Thin Films

Since the discovery of high Tc oxide superconductors, intensive studies have been made on forming thin films. Not only application for cryoelectronics but also physical study requires welldefined films with a smooth surface and the desired crystalline orientation. So far, several methods such as sputtering, vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition and chemical vapor deposition have successfully been used to produce oxide superconductor films with epitaxial growth. Oxidation is a critical condition to obtain good quality films. In addition, peripheral technologies such as etching, electrode formation and protection coating are considered to be important for devices such as Josephson junctions, SQUIDs and infrared radiation detectors.
Paget Disease of the Calcaneus: Findings on MR Imaging:

We present a case of Paget disease of the calcaneus with an emphasis on its magnetic resonance imaging features.
Lab-on-a-bubble: synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of buoyant gold nanoparticle-coated silica spheres.

This paper describes the development and preparation of a new class of materials for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) consisting of gold nanoparticles coated onto hollow, buoyant silica microspheres. These materials allow for a new type of molecular assay designated as a lab-on-a-bubble (LoB). LoB materials serve as a convenient platform for the detection of analytes in solution and offer several advantages over traditional colloidal gold and planar SERS substrates, such as the ability to localize and concentrate analytes for detection. An example assay is presented using the LoB method and cyanide detection. Cyanide binds to SERS-active, gold-coated LoBs and is detected directly from the corresponding SERS signal. The abilities of LoBs and a gold colloid to detect cyanide are compared, and in both cases, a detection limit of ∼170 ppt was determined. Differences in measurement error using LoBs versus gold colloid are also described, as well as an assay for 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) that ...
Movement without movement: ‘RAD kids’ as circulatory problems in United States adoption pipelines:

This article explores Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) diagnosis and early popular forms of the Evergreen model of attachment therapy popular in the 1990s. It argues that the Evergreen model oper...
Error tolerance: an evaluation of residents' repeated motor coordination errors

Abstract Background The study investigates the relationship between motor coordination errors and total errors using a human factors framework. We hypothesize motor coordination errors will correlate with total errors and provide validity evidence for error tolerance as a performance metric. Methods Residents' laparoscopic skills were evaluated during a simulated laparoscopic ventral hernia repair for motor coordination errors when grasping for intra–abdominal mesh or suture. Tolerance was defined as repeated, failed attempts to correct an error and the time required to recover. Results Residents (N = 20) committed an average of 15.45 (standard deviation [SD] = 4.61) errors and 1.70 (SD = 2.25) motor coordination errors during mesh placement. Total errors correlated with motor coordination errors (r[18] = .572, P = .008). On average, residents required 5.09 recovery attempts for 1 motor coordination error (SD = 3.15). Recovery approaches correlated to total error load (r[13] = .592, P = .02). Conclusions Residents' motor coordination errors and recovery approaches predict total error load. Error tolerance proved to be a valid assessment metric relating to overall performance.
Biosynthesis of gangliosides in tissues.

The presence of neuraminic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) in mammalian (1–5) and avian (6) tissues has been known for the last 40 years. Recently the chemical structures of 20 different gangliosides isolated from neural (7–9) and non-neural (10–12) tissues have been elucidated. In addition to the hexosaminefree and N-acetylgalactosamine-containing gangliosides, the structures of at least 3 different gangliosides (13–18) containing nLcOse4Cer (Gal(β1–4)G1cNAc(β1–3)Gal(β1–4) Glc-Ceramide) as the core structure have been reported by several laboratories.
An IC based self-oscillating mixer for telecommunications

This work presents the measurement results of a 2.5 GHz push-pull self-oscillating mixer (SOM) circuit with internal and external LC resonators. This SOM is used for injection locked phase locked loop (ILPLL) applications, where a separate phase detector (PD) circuit is not required. This SOM design was fabricated using an InGaP/GaAs HBT foundry process. Output power of about 0 dBm is attained over a large frequency tuning range. The power consumption of the SOM is typically about 60 mW using a 5 V supply. The voltage down-conversion gain and power up-conversion gain of up to 15 and 11.5 dB are measured for the circuit. It is also observed that there is a compromise between obtaining a high conversion gain and low close-in to carrier phase noise. It is demonstrated that a phase noise improvement of up to 6 dB can be achieved by implementing an external LC resonator.
The Official Visit Experience of NCAA Division I Recruited Student-Athletes

While examining the culture of intercollegiate athletics, one could confuse the criticisms of the past with those today. Since the 1800s, individuals calling for the reform of intercollegiate athletics have described improper recruiting of student-athletes, disorderly conduct promoted by sport, and the expense of intercollegiate athletics (U.S. House of Representatives, 2004; Welch, 1996). The desire to eliminate concerns about intercollegiate athletics and create fair competition has led to volumes of rules and regulations organized by various governing bodies. The most powerful of these governing bodies is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). NCAA rules govern behaviors ranging from when a college coach can first contact a high school athlete to how many meals a student-athlete is permitted to receive on the day of a competition (NCAA, n.d.). There are so many rules specific to recruiting that an entire section of the NCAA Manual is dedicated to it (NCAA). The media has often portrayed recruiting as a rogue affair with institutions of higher education having little regard for NCAA rules and local, state, and federal laws (Anderson & Dohrmann, 2004; Goral, 2004; Jacobson & Suggs, 2004; Wieberg, 2005). The purpose of this research was to explore the behaviors of NCAA Division I recruited student-athletes during their official recruiting visits.
Brains and Brawn: Toxoplasma Infections of the Central Nervous System and Skeletal Muscle

Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasitic pathogen that infects over a third of the world's population. Following an acute infection, the parasite can persist within its mammalian host as intraneuronal or intramuscular cysts. Cysts will occasionally reactivate, and - depending on the host's immune status and site of reactivation - encephalitis or myositis can develop. Because these diseases have high levels of morbidity and can be lethal, it is important to understand how Toxoplasma traffics to these tissues, how the immune response controls parasite burden and contributes to tissue damage, and what mechanisms underlie neurological and muscular pathologies that toxoplasmosis patients present with. This review aims to summarize recent important developments addressing these critical topics.
Predicting Delinquency through Psychosocial and Environmental Variables among Immigrant and Native-Born Adolescents

The present quantitative, cross-sectional study addressed a research gap regarding the differential influence of risk factors in predicting delinquency among immigrant and nonimmigrant adolescents. One research question was evaluated using a school-based sample of 2,091 U.S. adolescents (4% first-generation immigrants, 14% second-generation immigrants, 82% native-born) from the Second International Self-Reported Delinquency Study Dataset. Multiple regression analyses demonstrate that delinquency for each generational status group is predicted by different sets of variables. The findings indicate individual factors such as level of self-control for first-generation immigrants, self-control and environmental factors for second-generation immigrants, and a combination of psychosocial, individual, and environmental factors for native-born youth may serve as critical risk factors of delinquency. Implications of these findings for future research and enhancing the cultural responsiveness of interventions are discussed.
Millimeter Wave Plasma Formation Within a 2D Photonic Crystal

Experiments demonstrate gas breakdown within a single point defect in a 2D photonic crystal at millimeter wave frequencies (43.44 GHz) using only 1.5 W of continuous wave input power. We show that after formation of the plasma within the defect, the transmission of energy through the crystal is decreased by two to four orders of magnitude for gas pressures from 30 to 750 torr. Time domain measurements of the transmitted energy through the device show plasma formation times ranging from 800 ns at 45 torr to 180 ns at 400 torr of argon gas. Electron density of the plasma is 1018 m−3 at low pressures and up to 1020 m−3 at 750 torr.
FRAGMENTED QRS AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTION FOR ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Fragmented QRS (fQRS) reflects disturbances in the myocardium predisposing the heart to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Recent studies suggest that fQRS is associated with increased mortality in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients whounderwent percutaneous intervention (PCI). However,
A 112Gb/S 2.6pJ/b 8-Tap FFE PAM-4 SST TX in 14nm CMOS

The ongoing demand for higher data rates in wireline and optical communications has led to emerging standards in the 100Gb/s+ regime [1]. Although these standards are still in the definition phase they will rely on multi-level signaling such as PAM-4 along with an increasing amount of digital signal processing. In the foreseeable future, a high-performance TX will consist of a CMOS DSP frontend followed by a high sampling rate data converter [2,3], whose design remains a significant challenge. This paper presents a 112Gb/s PAM-4 SST Tx that is based on a quarter-rate 56GS/s 8b SST DAC along with a digital 8-tap FIR filter for channel equalization.
ASSESSMENT OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION BY GLOBAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN WITHIN 1 MONTH AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Assessment of global longitudinal strain (GLS) by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has demonstrated greater sensitivity compared to conventional echocardiographic measures in detecting changes in left ventricular (LV) function after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for patients
From Innovation to Firm Formation: Contributions by Sports Enthusiasts to the Windsurfing, Snowboarding & Skateboarding Industries

Teams of employees at firms innovate. Scientists and engineers at universities and research institutions innovate. Inventors at private labs innovate. Regular people consume. Wrong! Regular people innovate, too. Users have been the source of many large and small innovations across a wide range of product classes, industries, and even scientific disciplines. In this paper I describe the contributions made by user innovators in the windsurfing, skateboarding, and snowboarding industries.
Internal carotid origins of the middle meningeal artery. The ophthalmic-middle meningeal and stapedial-middle meningeal arteries.

The variations and inter-relationships between the middle meningeal artery and the ophthalmic and internal carotid arteries are discussed in terms of embryogenesis, roentgen-anatomical correlation and pathological significance. The pathological conditions cited include arterial occlusive disease, regional neoplasms and extradural hematomata. When the ophthalmic artery connection with the middle meningeal artery results in a large meningeal vessel, it is best called the ophthalmic-middle meningeal artery as opposed to the conventional middle meningeal artery. A less frequent variation in the middle meningeal artery origin is one in which this vessel arises from the petrosal portion of the internal carotid artery; this seems best named the stapedial-middle meningeal artery and occurs infrequently when compared with the ophthalmic middle meningeal artery.
Traveling salesman: a heuristic scaling analysis

In this paper, we analyze two heuristics that approximate the Traveling Salesman Problem: K-Opt search and ant colony optimization. Our goal was to explore how these heuristics perform when run in parallel on multiple CPU cores as well as using GPU computing. We found that the K-Opt search heuristic showed impressive performance scaling results, especially when executed on a GPU. We also parallelized portions of the ant colony optimization and found good scaling. We conjecture that the ant colony optimization could be greatly improved with the use of GPU computing.
Rooms Without Walls: Young Children Draw Objects But Not Layouts

Drawing is the epitome of uniquely human expression, with few known limits beyond those of our perceptual and motor systems and the cultures in and for which we draw. The present study evaluates whether the drawings of young children nevertheless reveal an early emerging bias in the depiction of 2 different foundational spatial categories: layouts and objects. Across 2 experiments following preregistered designs and analysis plans, 4-year-old children either sat in a colorful "fort" or looked at a small "toy" version of the fort and were asked to draw exactly what they saw. Children's drawings often omitted the walls composing the fort's layout but included the corresponding object parts for the toy. Symbolic representations of space in young children's drawings thus privilege small-scale objects over large and fixed layout geometry. A distinction between the intuitive geometries of layouts and objects leads to their differential treatment in both humans and other animals during everyday navigation. This distinction may also underlie the differential treatment of layouts and objects in children's drawings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation: Competency Assessment for Agency Nurses in Radiology

Abstract Agency (daily registry) nurses play a crucial role in health care. Agencies provide supplemental staffing for health-care organizations on an as-needed basis. Health-care organizations are required to apply the same standards for competency assessment for agency nurses as they would for their own staff. Radiology is a highly specialized area that demands a high level of competency for all staff nurses, permanent or temporary. This article outlines the process one organization used to assess and develop competency assessment of agency nurses in radiology.
Health continuity over mid-later years in enduring marriages: Economic pressure as couple- and individual-level mediator:

Health problems in midlife have been shown to continue into later adulthood. This continuity may be attributed to social selection and social causation, with longitudinal sequential associations be...
Behavioral Management of Laryngeal Complaints Caused by Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Medically Refractory Epilepsy.

Summary Objectives/hypothesis This study investigated behavioral management of dysphonia and laryngeal dyspnea secondary to use of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) in an individual with medically refractory epilepsy. Study design Retrospective chart review. Methods Medical records from a single patient were reviewed. The patient received treatment with the speech-language pathologist (SLP) and laryngologist to observe patterns of laryngeal hyperfunction using biofeedback, and treatment with the SLP to learn to perform rescue breathing techniques, relaxation techniques, and awareness of muscle tension to aid the control of symptoms during activation. Data collected included neurology and laryngology notes. Neurology notes were used to track VNS settings, tolerance, and incidence of seizures. Laryngology notes included documentation of diagnosis, treatment, and measures of patient perception of severity (ie, Voice Handicap Index, Dyspnea Index, Cough Severity Index). Results Prior to treatment, the patient was unable to receive benefits from VNS due to severe laryngeal adverse effects, such that the device remained off for eight months postimplantation. Following treatment, the patient effectively managed laryngeal side effects and was able to tolerate increases in VNS output current, signal frequency, and duration. Conclusions Voice therapy was effective in managing changes in vocal fold mobility and laryngeal tension. As the number of individuals receiving VNS for epilepsy and inflammatory conditions increases, the SLP and laryngologist may play a key role in interdisciplinary management of laryngeal side effects secondary to vagal nerve stimulation.
Girlfriend in a Coma: The Big Sick Resuscitates Romantic Comedy: by Director: Michael Showalter. Writers: Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani. Production companies: Apatow Films, FilmNation Entertainment, and Story Ink, 2017

I percolate on germane themes and concepts before I write a film analysis, so when I was asked to review this film, I Googled “women,” “medical illness,” and “cinema.” Ninety-five percent of the hi...
Taxis bold as love: the influence of aggressive calls on acoustic attraction of female gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor

We studied female phonotaxis in gray treefrogs to learn how male aggressive calling influences female choice of a mate from the perspective of the aggressive signaler and his male target. Although aggressive calls on their own attracted some females, when allowed to choose, all females preferred advertisement calls to aggressive calls. We wanted to ascertain also whether such calls could reduce the attractiveness of a nearby advertising male relative to an advertising male that was not close to a male giving aggressive calls. If so, it would be a good reason for a male to move away from a male giving aggressive calls. We found that females were indifferent to aggressive calls which were broadcast following and adjacent to a source of advertisement calls when the choice alternative was a more distant source of advertisement calls. However, this was not always the case when aggressive calls and advertisement calls overlapped. Angular separation from a source of overlapping aggressive calls did not improve the attractiveness of advertisement calls relative to advertisement calls adjacent to a source of such aggressive calls. In a final test, we simulated an aggressive exchange with a winner and a retreating loser. Females allowed to eavesdrop failed to discriminate. Thus, there may be no cost to moving away and a potential gain in terms of reduced acoustic interference. Loud calls or physical intrusions by conspecific males may cause male frogs to give aggressive calls. Although acoustic features of aggressive vocalizations may be well-described, we are largely ignorant of their utility and potential costs to producing and nearby males. We investigated whether the production of aggressive calls would compromise the attractiveness of male gray treefrogs to potential mates. Choruses of frogs may be especially suitable venues for eavesdropping, a phenomenon also ripe for investigation. Accordingly, we tested whether females exposed to simulated aggressive vocal exchanges would discriminate in favor of putative winners. We found that aggressive calling can reduce the signaler’s attractiveness but, lacking acoustic interference, not that of a neighbor. Females failed to discriminate between a simulated retreating loser and winner suggesting that such outcomes are irrelevant to females or that their ability to eavesdrop is limited.
Paying For Value From Costly Medical Technologies: A Framework For Applying Value-Based Payment Reforms.

Innovative medical products offer significant and potentially transformative impacts on health, but they create concerns about rising spending and whether this rise is translating into higher value...
The Decline of Factions: The Impact of Purge on Political Appointments in China

Scholars typically treat corruption crackdowns in authoritarian regimes as coup-prooﬁng purges to eliminate rivals, but purges extending beyond top powerholders have broader impact than this logic implies. Wide-reaching purges grossly raise the cost of political error, thereby increasing risk reduction in decisionmaking throughout the system. We analyze decisions on political appointments before and during a massive corruption crackdown in China. We estimate the purge impact by analyzing 2013--2017 prefecture-year panel data on political turnover of communist party secretaries. We expect party bosses of these ofﬁcials to reduce perceived career risk by biasing appointments against their own clients, to signal they are not building factions, with variation in bias reﬂecting heterogeneity in intensity of Beijing’s purges. We ﬁnd the conditional effect of purge intensity on anti-client bias statistically signiﬁcant and sizable during this great purge, but not in previous smaller-scale anticorruption crackdowns. This study contributes to knowledge about purges under authoritarianism.
Initiator Types and the Causal Question of the Prevalent New-User Design: A Simulation Study.

New user designs restricting to treatment initiators have become the preferred design for studying drug comparative safety and effectiveness using non-experimental data. This design reduces confounding by indication and healthy adherer bias at the cost of smaller study sizes and reduced external validity, particularly when assessing a newly approved treatment compared to standard treatment. The prevalent new user design includes adopters of a new treatment who switched from or previously used standard treatment (i.e. the comparator), expanding study sample size and potentially broadening the study population for inference. Previous work has suggested the use of time conditional propensity score matching to mitigate prevalent user bias. In this study, we describe three "types" of initiators of a treatment: new users, direct switchers, and delayed switchers. Using these initiator types, we articulate the causal questions answered by the prevalent new user design and compare them to those answered by the new user design. We then show, using simulation, how conditioning on time since initiating the comparator (rather than full treatment history) can still result in a biased estimate of the treatment effect. When implemented properly, the prevalent new user design estimates new and important causal effects distinct from the new user design.
Generalized cutaneous urticaria associated with Giardia infection in a five-month old puppy

Abstract Giardia cysts are commonly encountered in fecal examinations of dogs; intestinal infections can be asymptomatic or cause diarrhea but have not been previously associated with urticaria. A five-month old dalmatian puppy presented with a one-week history of cutaneous urticaria and pruritis. Wheals were most prominent on the head, abdomen, and inguinal region. A fecal flotation was performed to rule out internal parasites as a cause of hypersensitivity. Fecal float yielded many Giardia cysts, and treatment for giardiasis with fenbendazole was initiated. Urticaria improved drastically within a day after treatment initiation and completely resolved by the completion of the treatment regimen. No Giardia cysts were detected on the follow up fecal flotation three days later, and fecal Giardia antigen testing was negative at this time. No additional changes in management, housing, food, or environment were noted and the puppy has remained without additional clinical signs for three months following initial presentation.
In vitro studies of human tumor and embryonic tissue

Abstract Tumor tissue obtained from 79 patient as biopsy or surgical specimens has been cultured in vitro. Control studies were performed to identify the original tumor during several generations of passage and to assess viability and continued virulence during replication. The patient's tumor tissue cultures were categorized as to origin, cell type, and degree of differentiation. Chemotherapeutic agents in different concentrations and combinations were tested for efficacy on the various categories of tumors. Three salient findings were noted: (1) the almost consistent ability to culture human tumor tissue in the laboratory with reasonable assurance of maintaining its original characteristics as they were in vivo, (2) the variability of each patient's tumor in its response to chemotherapeutic agents (i.e., one patient's ovarian carcinoma culture will show greater susceptibility to the same drug than another patient's culture of identical cell type and grade of ovarian carcinoma), (3) the availability of a technique for taking individual patients' tumor specimens at operative procedures and using the laboratory for culture and sensitivity testing to anticancer drugs.
Integrated Building Design

The presentation is largely based on the enclosed paper, which will constitute Chapter 2 of a forthcoming monograph, Concurrent Computer-Integrated Building Design by S. Fenves, U. Hemming, C. Hendrickson, M. Maher, M. Terk, R. Quadrel and R. Woodbury (Prentice Hall, 1993). The presentation covers: motivation and history of the project; overview of the knowledge-based agents participating in the design process; overview of two successive system architectures for process, information and agent management; and a brief extrapolation to the future of integrated design environments.
Location of the dipteran specificity region in a lepidopteran-dipteran crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis.

Abstract Two highly related crystal protein genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1, designated cryIIA and cryIIB (previously named cryB1 and cryB2, respectively), were used to study host range specificity. Their respective gene products are 87% identical but exhibit different toxicity spectra; CryIIA is toxic to both mosquito and tobacco hornworm larvae, whereas CryIIB is toxic only to the latter. Hybrids of the cryIIA and cryIIB genes were generated, and their resultant gene products were assayed for toxicity. A short segment of CryIIA corresponding to residues 307 through 382 was shown to be sufficient for altering host range specificity-i.e., when this region replaced the corresponding segment of CryIIB, the resulting hybrid protein acquired toxicity against mosquitoes. The CryIIA and CryIIB polypeptides differ by only 18 amino acids in this region, indicating that very few amino acid changes can have a substantial effect on the toxicity spectra of these proteins.
Heat Transfer with Axial Conduction in Triangular Ducts Filled with Saturated Porous Materials

The study reports the contribution of axial conduction in heat transfer to flow passing through triangular porous passages. The problem under consideration uses the H2 boundary condition; that is, locally constant wall heat flux. Because of the geometrical asymmetry, nonorthogonal boundary conditions can exist and this makes the determination of heat transfer more demanding. The porous medium is fully saturated and the placement of porous materials can enhance the transfer of heat to a flowing fluid. A fully developed flow is considered for the velocity field in the presence of a thermally developing temperature field. The weighted residual method is used throughout the calculations.
Political Institutions: From Yeltsin to Medvedev

This paper deals with the evolution of the Russian political system statring from the collapse of the Soviet system.
Research on image super-resolution reconstruction based on sparse representation

Constructing an appropriate over-complete dictionary is the key problem of super-resolution reconstruction based on sparse representation. First, according to the maximum likelihood estimation principle, an isomorphic over-complete dictionary learning model based on mixture of Gauss is proposed. The model is described by the weight l 2 norm and the weight matrix is designed by the residual. And the isomorphic coupled dictionary learning problem is translated into the single dictionary learning problem. Then, the dictionary is learned by the alternate and iterative strategy using sparse coding and dictionary updating. Finally, the dictionary is utilized in the process of super-resolution reconstruction. The experimental results test the effectiveness of the algorithm.
A New Role for Horizontal Equity

While horizontal equity is an influential norm, its proper role in tax analysis is unclear. Policies that "treat equals equally" are generally not optimal. When taxpayers lobby, however, maintaining horizontal equity reduces the resources used to influence policy. If the reduction in influence costs is larger than the increased deadweight loss of taxation, then a norm of horizontal equity will enhance welfare according to standard criteria. Thus, there is a role for horizontal equity in reducing political conflict that does not accord it an independent ethical basis.
Minimal change nephropathy: An electrochemical disorder of the glomerular membrane

To investigate the mechanism of proteinuria in minimal change nephropathy, the renal handling of dextrans was studied in seven nephrotic patients with this disorder. Although the urinary excretion of albumin was greatly increased, the urinary excretion and fractional clearance of dextrans (Einstein-Stokes radius (ESR), range 20 to 48 A) were depressed relative to those in nonproteinuric healthy volunteers. This suggests that mean glomerular pore size or pore density was reduced. Uptake of colloidal iron by glomeruli obtained from these patients by needle biopsy was diminished, suggesting loss of glomerular polyanion. Since the fractional clearance of dextrans similar in size to albumin was depressed, not increased, it is proposed that the lack of electrostatic interaction between the glomerular capillaries and polyanionic plasma albumin (ESR = 36 A) accounts for the selective albuminuria which characterizes minimal change nephropathy.
Retailers as creatures and creators of the social order

Asserts that the goods which retailers sell and the way in which they sell them impact significantly on the cultural fabric and pattern of civil life. Provides perspectives from both the past and current retail environment. Considers various methods by which retail distributors make interventions in the social life of communities. Concludes that there is a need for those who study retailing to move beyond such aspects as immediate profit maximization to embrace the concepts of macro retailing and thus achieve a greater understanding of the retail environment.
Comment on David Leverenz's “The woman in hamlet”

(1981). Comment on David Leverenz's “The woman in hamlet”. Women's Studies: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 93-97.
The reaction of F atoms with acetaldehyde and ethylene oxide. Vibrational spectra of the CH3CO and CH2CHO free radicals trapped in solid argon

Abstract When the products of the reaction with acetaldehyde of F atoms produced in a microwave discharge are frozen in a large excess of argon at 14 K, infrared absorptions of the CH 3 CO and CH 2 CHO free radicals and of their hydrogen-bonded complexes with HF appear. The CH 2 CHO absorptions are also present in similar studies of the reaction of F atoms with ethylene oxide. The products of secondary F-atom reactions play minor roles under the conditions of these experiments. Detailed isotopic substitution studies support the free radical and HF complex identifications and demonstrate that the chemical bonding in the ground state of CH 2 CHO is appropriate to the formly methyl (H 2 C CHO) rather than the vinoxyl (H 2 CCHO) structure. The vibrational assignment of formyl methyl is compared with that of vinyl fluoride. The acetyl radical photodecomposes into CH 3 + CO in the visible spectral region. The photodecomposition threshold of the formyl methyl radical lies between 280 and 300 nm, with CH 3 and CO as the products.
Retinal projections in Iguana iguana and Anolis carolinensis

The retinal projections were studied experimentally in Iguana iguana and Anolis carolinensis using the Fink-Heimer and Roth modifications of the Nauta silver impregnation technique for degenerating fibers. The retinal projections were similar in the two species. The following results were obtained: (1) Retinal fibers project to nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis, of the thalamus. The fiber terminations are more dense in the medial half of the nucleus. (2) The nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis, receives retinal projections in the lateral neuropil and to a lesser extent in the medial cell plate. (3) Fibers of passage were seen in nucleus ventrolateralis, pars ventralis, of Senn, but fiber terminations in that nucleus could not be confirmed. (4) The nucleus dorsolateralis anterior was completely free of degeneration. (5) Pretectal nuclei which receive retinal projections are nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, nucleus geniculatus pretectalis, nucleus posterdorsalis, and nucleus pretectalis. (6) Retinal fibers project to layers 8–14 of Ramo´n in the optic tectum, the stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. (7) The nucleus opticus tegmenti receives retinal fibers via the basal optic tract; no projection to the ipsilateral nucleus was seen. (8) There is a sparse ipsilateral projection to the lateral half of the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis.
Orientation in two dimensions: chemosensory motile behaviour of Euplotes vannus

Abstract Most studies on chemosensory motile behaviour of protists apply to free-swimming species moving in 3-dimensional space. But many protists are associated with surfaces and this excludes the use of helical klinotaxis for orientation in chemical gradients. It is here shown that the predominantly surface-dwelling ciliated protozoon Euplotes vannus orients itself in chemical gradients by simple temporal gradient sensing (equivalent to the run and tumble mechanism described for bacteria) and they react only to a temporal decrease in attractant concentration. The motility of Euplotes can be described as a classical 2-dimensional random walk with Poisson distribution of run lengths punctuated by random changes in walking direction. The chemosensory motile behaviour allows cells that are distributed within about 1 cm 2 to accumulate at point sources of an attractant within 3–4 min.
Robust Simulation and Design using Parametric Interval Methods

Taking into account disturbance uncertainty is required to guarantee robust operation of chemical processes. Likewise, a model-based approach must be taken, inherently introducing model uncertainty, to allow engineers to make robustness guarantees for physical systems at the design stage. One such application of interest is in remote deep sea oil recovery technologies, where the hazards and costs associated with repairs to subsea processing units are extraordinarily high. Swaney and Grossman (1985) and Floudas et al. (2001) considered such robustness problems with steady-state process models expressed as equality constraints and performance specifications as inequality constraints in a bilevel optimization formulation. Due to problem complexity, the bilevel formulation is difficult to solve. A new approach is proposed in which the equality constraints are numerically solved for the process variables as implicit functions of the uncertainty parameters and controls and then formulated as a semi-infinite program (SIP) constrained only by the performance specifications as inequality constraints. Bhattacharjee et al. (2004) developed an interval approach to SIPs with explicit constraints. Stuber and Barton (2009) have applied interval Newton-type methods to parametric nonlinear problems to calculate valid bounds on the range of the implicit function solutions. These two ideas are coupled, resulting in an effective way to solve the implicitly constrained SIP formulation and give robust performance guarantees under uncertainty.
Allogeneic graft-versus-hepatoblastoma effect

Although the survival rate for pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma has improved, prognosis is still poor when the disease is unresectable and refractory to chemotherapy. Therefore, novel approaches are warranted. Herein, we describe a patient with recurrent metastatic hepatoblastoma who received a non-myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-matched unrelated donor. After withdrawal of immunosuppressant and establishment of full donor T-cell engraftment, the tumor regressed and serum alpha-fetoprotein level decreased in concurrence with the onset of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Her disease recurred when GVHD resolved. This patient's clinical course provides evidence for the probable existence of allogeneic graft-versus-hepatoblastoma effect.
Studying the Effect of Coupling Materials in Sonic IR Imaging

Sonic infrared (IR) Imaging employs a short ultrasonic pulse excitation and Infrared Imaging to detect defects in materials and structures. The ultrasound pulse, typically a fraction of a second, causes heating in the defects, which results in the change of IR radiation from the target. This change can be detected by infrared sensors, thus, defects can be identified. One key objective in developing this technology is to optimize the IR signal with minimum ultrasound excitation energy being applied to the target. We have learned that the ultrasonic frequency, coupling medium between the ultrasonic transducer and the target, the pressure from the transducer to the target, the characteristics of the target itself, etc. are all factors that affect the IR signals. In a previous paper at this conference, we presented the thermal energy computing tools developed for analyzing IR data. In this paper, we present the results of our study on the effect of different coupling materials on IR signal levels for different types of materials.
Monochromatic bremsstrahlung from thin crystals

It is shown that if the bremsstrahlung from a thin, perfect, single crystal is viewed with a small angle of acceptance (on the order of 1 mc/sup 2//E/ sub 0/, where E/sub 0/ is the incident electron energy and m is its mass), the bremsstrahlung spectrum is composed of a series of near-monoenergetic spikes, which have heights that decrease with photon energy (T.F.H.)