cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the relationship between pheromone component emission from commercial lures and captures of Helicoverpa zea (boddie) in bucket and cone traps

Male corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), were captured in conical Texas pheromone traps (cone traps) and bucket traps baited with four different commercial lures manufactured by three different manufacturers. Because significant numbers were captured in bucket traps baited with some of the lures, and none with others, the volatile emissions from all of the lures were sampled and analyzed by gas chromatographic methods. The numbers of males captured in two types of trap were compared with bait emissions in an endeavor to define a more effective lure for bucket traps. The lure from one manufacturer captured the same numbers of males in both trap types; one captured more in bucket traps than in cone traps, and another captured only a small number in bucket traps. The emission rate of all active compounds from each of the different lures was approximately linear for the duration of the assays. A gas-liquid chromatographic peak associated with a third compound, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, which reduces behavioral responses, was observed in the emissions from all lures evaluated. The effectiveness of the Hercon (Emmigsville, PA) lure in capturing males in both types of trap was associated with a lower emission of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal than from the other lures.
Identities on fractional integrals and various integral transforms

In this work we will introduce theorems relating the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral and the Weyl fractional integral to some well-known integral transforms including Laplace transforms, Stieltjes transforms, generalized Stieltes transforms, Hankel transforms, and K-transforms. As applications of the theorems and their results, a number of infinite integrals of elementary functions and special functions are evaluated and some illustrative examples are presented.
Readability of patient and health care professional targeted dietary supplement leaflets used for diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess readability of patient and health care professional targeted dietary supplement (DS) leaflets used for diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with a novel measurement tool and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). Methods: Patient and professional leaflets for DS used to treat DM and CFS from the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (NMCD) and Natural Standard (NS) databases were evaluated. Leaflets were analyzed using FKGL and the author-developed health information readability analyzer (HIReA). HIReA integrates lexical, semantic, syntactic, cohesion, and style features and yields values of −1 (very hard) to 1 (very easy). Results: Patient-targeted leaflets substantially exceeded the consensus readability level (6th grade) as assessed by both FKGL (grade 13.0767) and HIReA (−0.2360). Professional leaflets were similarly more difficult to read as scored by HIReA (−0.7065) and FKGL (grade 14.7429). Most and least difficult-to-...
Note on the Scope of Truth-functional Logic

A plausible and popular rule governing the scope of truth-functional logic is shown to be indequate. The argument appeals to the existence of truth-functional paraphrases which are logically independent of their natural language counterparts. A more adequate rule is proposed.
Structured Forensics Examination Planning with Domain Modeling: A Report of Three Experiment Trials

In any forensic investigation, planning and analysis activities are required in order to determine what digital media will be seized, what types of information will be sought in the examination, and how the examination will be conducted. Existing literature and suggested practices indicate that such planning should occur, but few tools provide support for such activities. Planning an examination may be an essential activity when investigators and technicians are faced with unfamiliar case types or unusually complex, large-scale cases. This article reports the results of empirical studies that evaluate two planning methods for planning computer forensics examinations: an experimental methodology that includes domain modeling and a typical planning method that does not include domain modeling. These studies were conducted to evaluate two research questions: Will the domain modeling of a computer forensics case during the planning phase result in an increased amount of evidence found in a digital forensics examination? Will an experimental “case domain modeling” methodology require a significant amount of additional effort when compared to a typical approach? Three experiment trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of case domain modeling on simulated case scenarios. Analysis of the experiments indicates that case domain modeling in forensics planning requires an additional time investment and it can result in more evidence found during an examination and more effective keyword searches. Additionally, experimental data indicates that case domain modeling is most useful when the evidence disk has a relatively high occurrence of text-based documents and when vivid case background details are available.
Productivity of management information systems researchers: does Lotka's law apply?

Abstract By examining 899 Management Information Systems (MIS) research articles published in ten journals between 1975 and 1987, it is shown that while Lotka's inversesquare law relating the number of authors of papers to the number of papers written by each author does not apply, a generalized version of Lotka's law referred to as the inverse-power law fits remarkably well.
Multilingual sentence generation

This paper presents an overview of a robust, broad-coverage, and application-independent natural language generation system. It demonstrates how the different language generation components function within a multilingual Machine Translation (MT) system, using the languages that we are currently working on (English, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese). Section 1 provides a system description. Section 2 focuses on the generation components and their core set of rules. Section 3 describes an additional layer of generation rules included to address application-specific issues. Section 4 provides a brief description of the evaluation method and results for the MT system of which our generation components are a part.
Adenoviral vectors for gene therapy

Vectors based on human adenovirus serotypes 2 (Ad2) and 5 (Ad5) of species C possess a number of features that have favored their widespread employment for gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo. However, the use of recombinant Ad2- and Ad5-based vectors for gene therapy also suffers from a number of disadvantages. These vectors possess the tropism of the parental viruses, which infect all cells that possess the appropriate surface receptors, precluding the targeting of specific cell types. Conversely, some cell types that represent important targets for gene transfer express only low levels of the cellular receptors, which lead to inefficient infection. Another major disadvantage of Ad2- and Ad5-based vectors in vivo is the elicitation of both an innate and an acquired immune response. Considerable attention has therefore been focused on strategies to overcome these limitations, thereby permitting the full potential of adenoviral vectors to be realized.
“Mum effect”: principals' reluctance to submit negative feedback

Purpose – Submitting negative feedback is a stressful experience which both superiors and subordinates try to avoid. Do principals adapt to the mum effect and hide their (negative) thoughts and feelings, or do they confirm Weening et al. hypothesis about the existence of facilitating conditions.Design/methodology/approach – About 40 elementary school principals described in semi‐structured interviews cases of poor performing teachers whom they had to inform about their shortcomings.Findings – Four consecutive stages, which escalated in directedness and criticism were found. Each stage depended on the outcomes of the previous one. Initially, half of the principals preferred first to ignore, but later 88 percent held a soft negative feedback and problem‐solving oriented discussions. When these discussions did not bring the expected results, about 80 percent criticized the worker orally. Only 30 percent criticized in writing. That process was accompanied with mixed feelings, mainly those of anger and compass...
Loss of Myoferlin Redirects Breast Cancer Cell Motility towards Collective Migration

Cell migration plays a central role in the invasion and metastasis of tumors. As cells leave the primary tumor, they undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrate as single cells. Epithelial tumor cells may also migrate in a highly directional manner as a collective group in some settings. We previously discovered that myoferlin (MYOF) is overexpressed in breast cancer cells and depletion of MYOF results in a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and reduced invasion through extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the biomechanical mechanisms governing cell motility during MYOF depletion are poorly understood. We first demonstrated that lentivirus-driven shRNA-induced MYOF loss in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (MDA-231MYOF-KD) leads to an epithelial morphology compared to the mesenchymal morphology observed in control (MDA- 231LTVC) and wild-type cells. Knockdown of MYOF led to significant reductions in cell migration velocity and MDA- 231MYOF-KD cells migrated directionally and collectively, while MDA-231LTVC cells exhibited single cell migration. Decreased migration velocity and collective migration were accompanied by significant changes in cell mechanics. MDA-231MYOF-KD cells exhibited a 2-fold decrease in cell stiffness, a 2-fold increase in cell-substrate adhesion and a 1.5-fold decrease in traction force generation. In vivo studies demonstrated that when immunocompromised mice were implanted with MDA- 231MYOF-KD cells, tumors were smaller and demonstrated lower tumor burden. Moreover, MDA- 231MYOF-KD tumors were highly circularized and did not invade locally into the adventia in contrast to MDA- 231LTVC-injected animals. Thus MYOF loss is associated with a change in tumor formation in xenografts and leads to smaller, less invasive tumors. These data indicate that MYOF, a previously unrecognized protein in cancer, is involved in MDA-MB-231 cell migration and contributes to biomechanical alterations. Our results indicate that changes in biomechanical properties following loss of this protein may be an effective way to alter the invasive capacity of cancer cells.
Teaching Technology Literacy: An Opportunity for Design Faculty?

The National Academy of Engineering (NAE), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and various prominent engineering faculty and administrators have pleaded over the last decade that technological literacy is a topic which engineering faculty ought to provide for non-technical majors. We explore here the notion that design faculty are well qualified, perhaps uniquely so, to teach such courses for non-technical majors, i.e., to represent engineering and technology to the non-technical campus population. Engineering design instruction is universally present on the more than 300 campuses hosting an engineering school. Since each engineering department has at least one design instructor, in excess of 1,000 faculty are identified from which to recruit future technology literacy instructors for non-engineering students. We propose that this novel activity as a logical component of design instruction. Further, such novel participation will accomplish a second goal, long sought by design instructors, namely that their profession will have an increased, and more public, visibility and appreciation. In sum, involvement of design instructors as teachers of technology literacy will both assist a national need and simultaneously satisfy a professional goal. Our presentation is structured as follows. We first consider the definition of technological literacy, noting its many dimensions and its need to represent technology through a variety of lenses including historical context, technical content, and device dissection and assembly. We then cite the similarity of activities undertaken by both design instructors and teachers of technological literacy, in particular the broad range of issues (historical, economic, technical, social) inherent in design instruction and problem solving. In consequence, we propose instruction in technological literacy as a new opportunity for appropriately inclined design faculty. Through this activity, these faculty will be among the first to be viewed by non-engineering students, not just the last instructors to be encountered by undergraduate engineers. This situation could provide design instructors with a new and professionally rewarding territory for representation of both the design process and designers themselves.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Operating Characteristics of a 60- and 10-cm Electric Arc-Driven Shock Tube-Part 11: The Driven Section

This is the second part of a two-part paper describing the operating characteristics of the electric arc-driven shock-tube facilities at NASA Ames Research Center. This part discusses the performance of the driven sections when the facility is used as a tool to produce a low-density nonequilibrium flow and when used as a shock tunnel. Specifically, the paper discusses the cleanliness of the driven flow at low densities, and the deviation from the equilibrium conditions at the test section of the shock-tunnel flow.
45 EFFECT OF ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE ON THE HORMONE RELEASE IN SUPERFUSED RAT PITUITARY CELLS

45 EFFECT OF ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE ON THE HORMONE RELEASE IN SUPERFUSED RAT PITUITARY CELLS
Nitrous Oxide: A Natural Source of Stratospheric NO

Abstract Supersonic transport planes currently under development will cruise in the stratosphere and there is concern about possible environmental effects. In particular, NO emitted by these aircraft may catalytically affect atmospheric ozone. Here we investigate an important natural source of NO, the reaction O(1D) + N2O → 2NO, and compare the natural source with estimates for the source due to a fleet of 500 planes cruising for an average of 7 hr a day. The natural and artificial inputs above 15 km are of comparable magnitude. The natural source corresponds to a net production of NO, averaged over the globe, of about 2 × 107 molecules cm−2 sec−1, and offers a yardstick for judging the possible significance of any artificial input. Additional sources of stratosphere NO, due to downward diffusion from the ionosphere and upward transport from the earth's surface, are discussed but have not been quantitatively estimated at this time.
Perinatal pharmacokinetics of azithromycin for cesarean prophylaxis

Objective Postpartum infections are polymicrobial and typically include Ureaplasma , an intracellular microbe that is treated by macrolides such as azithromycin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perinatal pharmacokinetics of azithromycin after a single preincision dose before cesarean delivery. Study Design Thirty women who underwent scheduled cesarean delivery were assigned randomly to receive 500 mg of intravenous azithromycin that was initiated 15, 30, or 60 minutes before incision and infused over 1 hour. Serial maternal plasma samples were drawn from the end of infusion up to 8 hours after the infusion. Samples of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, placenta, myometrium, and adipose tissue were collected intraoperatively. Breast milk samples were collected 12-48 hours after the infusion in 8 women who were breastfeeding. Azithromycin was quantified with high performance liquid chromatography separation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated with the use of noncompartmental analysis and compartmental modeling and simulations. Results The maximum maternal plasma concentration was reached within 1 hour and exceeded the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC 50 ) of 250 ng/mL of Ureaplasma spp in all 30 patients. The concentrations were sustained with a half-life of 6.7 hours. The median concentration of azithromycin in adipose tissue was 102 ng/g, which was below the MIC 50 . The median concentration in myometrium was 402 ng/g, which exceeded the MIC 50 . Azithromycin was detectable in both the umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid after the single preoperative dose. Azithromycin concentrations in breast milk were high and were sustained up to 48 hours after the single dose. Simulations demonstrated accumulation in breast milk after multiple doses. Conclusion A single dose of azithromycin achieves effective plasma and tissue concentrations and is transported rapidly across the placenta. The tissue concentrations that are achieved in the myometrium exceed the MIC 50 for Ureaplasma spp.
Regulation of bradykinin receptor level by cholera toxin, pertussis toxin and forskolin in cultured human fibroblasts

1. The effect of bacterial toxins on bradykinin-triggered release of arachidonic acid was studied in serum-deprived human foreskin (HSWP) fibroblasts prelabelled with [3H]-arachidonic acid. An 18-h exposure of HSWP cells to cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, or forskolin enhanced the bradykinin-stimulated release of arachidonic acid and metabolites. 2. Prolonged treatment of HSWP cells with these agents also caused a 3 to 4 fold rise in cell surface [3H]-bradykinin binding. The rise was inhibited by concurrent incubation with cycloheximide or actinomycin D. In addition, cholera toxin and foreskolin increased [3H]-bradykinin binding in wildtype PC12 cells, but not in mutant PC12 cells with reduced cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase type II activity. 3. In conclusion, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin and forskolin enhanced arachidonic acid release in response to bradykinin, and increased the number of bradykinin receptors in HSWP fibroblasts. A cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism appears to mediate the actions of the toxins and forskolin.
Manufacturing setup cost reduction under variable lead times and finite opportunities for investment

Abstract Previously, economic order quantity (EOQ) and economic manufacturing quantity (EMQ) models were extended to include the option of investing in setup cost reduction where the setup costs varies as a function of capital expense. Most of the earlier research on this issue has assumed that demand and lead times are deterministic. Recently, there has been investigations into an EOQ model which considers setup cost reduction in the variable lead time environment. This paper extends the previous research in two areas. First, the EOQ model with setup cost reduction in the variable lead time environment has been extended to the EMQ model which increases the applicability tremendously. Second, most of the previous research with setup cost reduction assumes that there is some form of continuous relationship between the amount of investment and the reduction in setup costs. This paper investigates a more realistic situation where there is only a finite number of opportunities for setup cost reduction investment.
Cultural Transformation, Art, and Collective Action in Polity Building:

Data coded from a worldwide sample of 30 premodern states demonstrate that collective action was an important social force in political regime building across civilizational traditions, regions, and time periods. Collectivity brought advantages, for example, overall increases in material standard of living, but also entailed the potential for cooperation problems such as free riding and agency. These problematic aspects of collectivity were addressed, in part, through cultural innovation aimed at developing new ways to understand the roots of moral capacity and the nature of the morally virtuous person. Here, I analyze one aspect of cultural innovation by investigating figural representation in the coded societies. From this comparative study, I propose that two artistic processes were concomitants of collective governance: the emergence of naturalism, including portraiture, and representation that highlights the commoner and the quotidian elements of commoner life ways.
Neighborhood aware source routing

A novel approach to source routing in ad hoc networks is introduced that takes advantage of maintaining information regarding the two-hop neighborhood of a node. The neighborhood aware source routing (NSR) protocol is presented based on this approach, and its performance is compared by simulation with the peformance of the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. The simulation analysis indicates that NSR requires much fewer control packets while delivering at least as many data packets as DSR.
A cross-species comparison of status in small established groups.

Seven status characteristics of small established human groups are listed and then compared to the characteristics of a chicken pecking order. Chickens and humans share, at most, three of the seven characteristics. Problems of comparing human and nonhuman behavior are discussed, and a method is suggested which compares behaviors along this series of primates: tree shrew, lemur, squirrel monkey, baboon and macaque, gorilla and chimpanzee, man. The successive primates in the series are increasingly physically similar to man. The seven original status characteristics either appear throughout the primate series or emerge as we move along the series toward man. The cross-species comparison serves as a basis for criticizing several sociological theories of status.
Targeting blood-brain barrier sphingolipid signaling reduces basal P-glycoprotein activity and improves drug delivery to the brain

P-glycoprotein, an ATP-driven drug efflux pump, is a major obstacle to the delivery of small-molecule drugs across the blood-brain barrier and into the CNS. Here we test a unique signaling-based strategy to overcome this obstacle. We used a confocal microscopy-based assay with isolated rat brain capillaries to map a signaling pathway that within minutes abolishes P-glycoprotein transport activity without altering transporter protein expression or tight junction permeability. This pathway encompasses elements of proinflammatory- (TNF-α) and sphingolipid-based signaling. Critical to this pathway was signaling through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1). In brain capillaries, S1P acted through S1PR1 to rapidly and reversibly reduce P-glycoprotein transport activity. Sphingosine reduced transport by a sphingosine kinase-dependent mechanism. Importantly, fingolimod (FTY720), a S1P analog recently approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis, also rapidly reduced P-glycoprotein activity; similar effects were found with the active, phosphorylated metabolite (FTY720P). We validated these findings in vivo using in situ brain perfusion in rats. Administration of S1P, FTY720, or FTY729P increased brain uptake of three radiolabeled P-glycoprotein substrates, (3)H-verapamil (threefold increase), (3)H-loperamide (fivefold increase), and (3)H-paclitaxel (fivefold increase); blocking S1PR1 abolished this effect. Tight junctional permeability, measured as brain (14)C-sucrose accumulation, was not altered. Therefore, targeting signaling through S1PR1 at the blood-brain barrier with the sphingolipid-based drugs, FTY720 or FTY720P, can rapidly and reversibly reduce basal P-glycoprotein activity and thus improve delivery of small-molecule therapeutics to the brain.
Theory and Practice of Pollution Credit Trading in Water Quality Management

We compare the theory of pollution credit trading and its application in the Tar-Pamlico nutrient-trading program in North Carolina. Five such programs exist in the United States, but trades are not being made. Six concepts for a successful program were identified from twenty-five years of literature on marketable permits, including: transaction costs, number and relative discharge of participants, abatement costs, enforcement costs, trading ratio, and loading limits. Comparing these concepts to implementation highlighted several factors that encourage or discourage trades. The program reduced transaction costs by trading at a fixed rate. However, this eliminated the marginal cost benefits crucial for efficient trading. In addition, safety-netted trade ratios raised trading costs. Allowable emissions exceed expected emission levels. Better monitoring and evaluation by economists will reveal where research or communication must be improved and ensure that the fruits of our labors are not unharvested.
A gain of function mutation causing skeletal overgrowth in the rapunzel mutant

Mechanisms that regulate the growth and form of the vertebrate skeleton are largely unknown. The zebrafish mutant rapunzel has heterozygous defects in bone development, resulting in skeletal overgrowth, thus identification of the genetic lesion underlying rapunzel might provide insight into the molecular basis of skeletogenesis. In this report, we demonstrate that the rapunzel mutant results from a missense mutation in the previously uncharacterized rpz gene. This conclusion is supported by genetic mapping, identification of a missense mutation in rapunzelc14 in a highly conserved region of the rpz gene, and suppression of the rapunzel homozygous embryonic phenotype with morpholino knockdown of rpz. In addition, rpz transcripts are identified in regions correlating with the homozygous embryonic phenotype (head, pectoral fin buds, somites and fin fold). This report provides the first gene identification for a mutation affecting segment number in the zebrafish fin and development of both the fin ray (dermal) and the axial skeleton.
Self-assembly of Photofunctional Siloxane-Based Calix[4]arenes on Oxide Surfaces

The synthesis of photofunctional calix[4]arenes and the formation and characterization of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) made from them is described. Two identical 4-(N-piperidinyl)naphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide or perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) chromophores were covalently attached to the upper rim of calix[4]arene at the 1- and 3-positions, whereas the lower rim was functionalized with four reactive silane groups to ensure strong, covalent multisite binding to hydrophilic oxide surfaces such as quartz and silicon wafers. This strategy allows spatially proximate chromophoric dimers to be attached to surfaces, while offering the flexibility of isolating or diluting these dimer units on the surface. Homo- and heterogeneous nanoscale thin films (1.2−2.1-nm thick) were assembled from solution and characterized using synchrotron X-ray specular reflectivity, advancing contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Optical spectroscopy of the fi...
Exercise training enhances endogenous fibrinolysis in peripheral arterial disease.

Purpose Acute clinical events resulting from atherosclerosis (myocardial infarction, stroke) are associated with impaired endogenous fibrinolysis, the system by which the body lyses inappropriately formed thrombus. Endurance exercise training improves fibrinolysis in normal subjects and those with coronary artery disease. The hypothesis of this study was that exercise training would improve fibrinolysis in subjects with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods and results Twenty-one men with intermittent claudication (IC-EX) underwent treadmill exercise training for 6 months. Twenty age-matched male subjects with IC were followed for the same period (IC-NONEX). Fibrinolytic activity was measured prior to entry into exercise or "usual care," and at the completion of the study period. Fibrinolysis was quantified by measurement of the activity levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, the activator of fibrinolysis) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), using an amidolytic method. Fibrinolysis, quantified as increased PAI-1 activity, was reduced in both claudicant groups relative to healthy controls at baseline.After 6 months of exercise, subjects in the IC-EX group experienced significant improvements in fibrinolytic activity, manifested as a 23% decrease in PAI-1 activity and a 28% increase in tPA activity. No changes occurred in the IC-NONEX group. In the IC-EX group, subjects with the highest initial PAI-1 values experienced the greatest decreases in PAI-1 activity and thus the greatest benefit from exercise. Conclusions Patients with PAD have impaired fibrinolytic activity, manifested primarily as increases in the inhibitor of fibrinolysis, PAI-1. Six months of exercise training reduced these impairments, and may serve as an intervention to reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in these patients.
A 2-year follow-up of bedwetters treated by dry-bed training and standard conditioning.

Abstract Sixty nocturnally-enuretic children treated by Dry-Bed Training (DBT) and 35 children treated by standard conditioning were followed-up over a 2-yr period. Results showed that after achieving the initial success criterion of 14 consecutive dry nights, 39% of the DBT group and 41% of the standard-conditioning group relapsed during the follow-up period. Renewed bedwetting was arrested in 14 out of 15 cases re-treated by DBT and in all 10 cases re-treated by standard conditioning. Children who relapsed following initial treatment were compared with those who remained dry in respect of the child's age and sex, bedwetting frequency prior to treatment, the number of bedwets (and consequent conditioning trials) during treatments, a history of primary or secondary enuresis and a history of diurnal micturitional difficulty. Children who had a history of day-time wetting accidents beyond the age of 4 were found to be more likely to suffer a relapse in bedwetting following either DBT or standard conditioning. None of the other variables examined was found to be significantly associated with proneness to relapse.
Sexual harassment: Rights and responsibilities

This article briefly reviews the development of a philosophy about sexual harassment at work and legal protection for victims of harassment. It then focuses on the rights and responsibilities of three groups affected by sexual harassment: the target of harassment, the alleged harasser, and the employing organization. A discussion follows regarding the current status of the rights and responsibilities of the relevant parties as well as opportunities for abuse of rights and abnegation of responsibilities.
Die Unterschiedsschwelle der Kalt- und Warmempfindung in Abhängigkeit von der absoluten Luft- bezw. Hauttemperatur

Wegen der bestehenden Diskrepanzen zwischen den klassischen Theorien der Temperaturempfindung und einigen wesentlichen Tatsachen der Warmeregulation wurden Versuche unternommen, in denen die Unterschiedsschwellen fur Warm- und Kaltempfindung des Menschen in Abhangigkeit von der Luft- bzw. Hauttemperatur, und zwar durch Messung des zur Erzeugung einer Warm- oder Kaltempfindung notwendigen Energieaustausches bestimmt wurde. Dabei ergab sich folgendes: 1. Wahrend bei konstanter Luft- bzw. Hauttemperatur die Unterschiedsschwelle fur die Kaltempfindung (im Energiemas) mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit des Energieaustausches und zunehmender Flache abnimmt, steigt sie mit ansteigender Luft- bzw. Hauttemperatur an. 2. Dieses Ergebnis ist mit derWeberschen Theorie der Temperaturempfindung unvereinbar, steht jedoch in voller prinzipieller Ubereinstimmung mit dem vonHensel mit anderer Methodik erhobenen Befunden. Es beweist wie diese die Bedeutung der absoluten Hauttemperatur als Reizfaktor fur die Thermoreceptoren. 3. Der Verlauf der Kurven, die die Beziehungen zwischen Kaltschwellen und Hauttemperatur wiedergeben, sowie die Beziehungen zwischen Kaltschwellen und Warmedurchgang durch die Haut lassen vermuten, das die Hohe der Kaltschwelle auch von der Starke der Hautdurchblutung — und zwar unabhangig von dem indirekten Einflus uber die Hauttemperatur — mitbestimmt wird. 4. Eine entsprechende Veranderung der Unterschiedsschwellen fur die Warmempfindung mit der Luft- bzw. Hauttemperatur hat sich nicht nachweisen lassen, doch wird angenommen, das dieser negative Befund durch den gewahlten Bereich der Versuchstemperaturen und die besonderen Eigenschaften der gereizten Hautstellen zu erklaren ist. 5. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde fur die Beseitigung der bestehenden Diskrepanzen zwischen den theoretischen Vorstellungen uber die Temperaturempfindung und denen uber die Auslosung thermoregulatorischer Reaktionen wird diskutiert.
Estimation of apparent quadrupolar coupling constants for complexes of magnesium ions with mono- and dicarboxylic acid ligands. Applications to magnesium ion: protein interactions.

Abstract 25Mg+2 ion NMR studies of complexes of magnesium ions with acetate and malonate ligands have yielded apparent quadrupolar coupling constants, χ , of approximately 1.5 MHz. The aquo magnesium ion yields a smaller χ value of 0.12 MHz, consistent with its expected higher symmetry. χ values for magnesium ion:acetate and magnesium ion:malonate complexes are utilized to calculate observed linewidths for magnesium ion:bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and magn These calculated values are compared with observed values and implications of the agreement are discussed.
Adverse health effects of lead at low exposure levels: trends in the management of childhood lead poisoning.

Abstract An extensive database has provided a direct link between low-level lead exposure during early development and deficits in neurobehavioral-cognitive performance evident late in childhood through adolescence. These consistent studies have demonstrated the presence of a constellation of neurotoxic and other adverse effects of lead at blood lead (BPb) levels at least as low as 10 μg/dl). Federal agencies and advisory groups have redefined childhood lead poisoning as a BPb level of 10 μg/dl. Before discussing some of these studies in greater detail, the pervasiveness of this entirely preventable disease today in millions of American children must be recognized.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an infection of the lungs caused by the opportunistic fungal genus Pneumocystis. In humans, PCP is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection occurring in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those who have AIDS, or following immune suppression from malignancy, organ transplantation, or therapies for inflammatory diseases. Several recent studies have contributed to understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of the organism yielding new diagnostic approaches and therapeutic targets. Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the mainstay of prophylaxis and treatment, ongoing concerns for emerging Pneumocystis resistance supports the continuing investigation for novel therapeutic agents.
The utilization of formate by human erythrocytes

Abstract The incorporation of radioactive formate into an acid-stable non-volatile form by human erythrocytes is dependent upon the addition of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside. The formate-incorporating activity of human erythrocytes varies widely among normal individuals and the values obtained are characteristic of the erythrocytes obtained from these individuals. The variation is unrelated to the total folate levels of the erythrocytes as measured by the growth response of Lactobacillus casei but is roughly correlated with the quantity of folate forms in the erythrocytes which support the growth of Steptococcus faecalis . The activities of several enzymes involved in the metabolism of the folate coenzymes has also been measured in extracts of erythrocytes. Extracts from all the individuals contained 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthase, 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide transformylase, and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. None of the extracts contained detectable quantities of either 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase. These data support the conclusion that 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is not in metabolic equilibrium with the other forms of folate in the erythrocyte and the uptake of formate by intact erythrocytes is a function of those forms of the folate coenzymes which can be converted to tetrahydrofolate.
Transient solution of a spin exchange model: Correspondence between cidep and relaxation

Abstract A procedure for relating CIDEP and relaxation in a Heisenberg spin exchange (HSE) model is presented which considers all the spin states of a radical pair. The method relies on an exact (transient) solution of the radical pair density matrix under realistic assumptions and is illustrated for the simple ·RH spin case. The results are cast in the form of Bloch-type equations and are suitable for describing time-resolved ESR experiments.
Surface modification and chemical sputtering of graphite induced by low-energy atomic and molecular deuterium ions

The surface morphology, and chemical/structural modifications induced during chemical sputtering of ATJ graphite by low-energy (<200 eV/D) deuterium atomic and molecular ions are explored by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) diagnostics. At the lowest impact energies, the ion range may become less than the probe depth of Raman and AES spectroscopy diagnostics. We show that such diagnostics are still useful probes at these energies. As demonstration, we used these surface diagnostics to confirm the characteristic changes of surface texture, increased amorphization, enhanced surface reactivity to impurity species, and increased sp{sup 3} content that low-energy deuterium ion bombardment to steady-state chemical sputtering conditions produces. To put these studies into proper context, we also present new chemical sputtering yields for methane production of ATJ graphite at room temperature by impact of D{sub 2}{sup +} in the energy range 10-250 eV/D, and by impact of D{sup +} and D{sub 3}{sup +} at 30 eV/D and 125 eV/D, obtained using a Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy (QMS) approach. Below 100 eV/D, the methane production in ATJ graphite is larger than that in HOPG by a factor of {approx} 2. In the energy range 10-60 eV/D, the methane production yield is almostmore » independent of energy and then decreases with increasing ion energies. The results are in good agreement with recent molecular dynamics simulations.« less
Sialomucin complex (rMuc4) expression during development of the rat cornea.

Purpose. To determine changes in sialomucin complex (SMC, rat Muc4) expression in rat ocular surface tissue during development from birth to adult. Methods. Immunoblot and immunocytochemical analyses were performed on isolated corneal tissue and rat eyes, respectively, from animals at days 1, 9 and 15 after birth. Adult animals were used for comparison. Results. SMC was detected by immunoblotting at all ages (day 1-adult) and increased into adulthood. Immunocytochemical localization also showed steadily increasing amounts of SMC to adulthood. The SMC was located at the apical surface of the corneal epithelium and in the superficial layers of the stratified corneal epithelium. Conclusions. SMC at the corneal surfaces steadily increases during development to adulthood, but does not exhibit a marked transition in expression at the time of eye-opening.
Boundary Formulations for Three-Dimensional Continuum Structural Shape Sensitivity Analysis

The direct, singular, boundary element analysis formulation is shown to provide a basis for a computationally efficient and accurate shape design sensitivity analysis approach for the structural response of three-dimensional solid objects. The theoretical formulation for surface displacement and traction component sensitivities, and all components of the stress tensor is presented along with a formulation for the recovery of displacement and stress components in the interior of the object under consideration. Discussion of computational issues related to the overall efficiency of these formulations is given, along with numerical results to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this approach.
Effect of phencyclidine (PCP) on adrenergic responses to spinal cord stimulation in pithed rats.

Abstract The effect of PCP (1 mg/kg i.a.) on sympathetic and cardiovascular responses were studied in conscious rats and pithed intact and adrenalmedullectomized rats (MEDX). Also, we examined the effect of Pencyclidine (PCP) (3 mg/kg s.c.) on the uptake and disposition of [3H]norepinephrine [3H]NE in rat heart and plasma. In conscious rats, PCP significantly increased blood pressure (PB), heart rate (HR) and plasma catecholamine (CA). Sympathetic stimulation in pithed intact and MEDX rats elicited increases in PB, HR and plasma CA. A dministration of PCP (1 mg/kg i.v.) prior to stimulation potentiated the pressor responses to stimulation in both intact and MEDX rats. The HR response to stimulation was reduced significantly in MEDX rats, suggesting it was largely related to epinephrine release. PCP (3 mg/kg s.c.) failed to alter significantly [3H]NE uptake by the heart after i.v. administration of labelled catecholamine nor prolong the presence in plasma of infused [3H]NE. These results suggest that, in conscious rats, PCP enhances sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. The enhancement by PCP of stimulation-induced NE release in pithed rats suggests that the drug also has a presynaptic effect which enhances NE release from the sympathetic nerve endings. The enhancement by PCP of stimulation-induced increases in plasma NE cannot be attributed to differences in sympathetic outflow nor inhibition of uptake, suggesting a presynaptic effect leading to enhanced NE release.
A study of HIV seroprevalence in a group of homeless youth in Hollywood, California.

The objective of this descriptive-exploratory study was to examine the HIV seroprevalence rate among a sample of homeless youth in Hollywood, California. A total of 96 respondents (age 14–24) were administered a questionnaire and had their blood drawn to test for the presence of HIV antibodies, during nightly street outreach activities conducted by Covenant House California. The HIV seroprevalence rate was 11.5% for the sample. Chi-square analysis showed strong correlation between HIV status and sexual risk behavior but not for HIV status and drug-related risk behavior.
An algorithm for computing plethysm coefficients

Abstract The plethysm of two Schur functions can be expressed as a sum of Schur functions with nonnegative integer coefficients. Current algorithms for computing plethysms are designed to compute the whole expansion. However, in some applications only a few coefficients are of interest. In this work, we develop an algorithm for calculating individual plethysm coefficients. We also give a simple result concerning the zero coefficients which is obtained from the combinatorial properties of the Kostka and the inverse Kostka numbers.
Oromonte, a chipping potato for Colorado

Oromonte is a chipping potato which has produced very well in Colorado. It has consistently exceeded Kennebec in specific gravity and chip color. It is resistant to potato virus Y and to internal discoloration caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. tuberosi. It is more resistant to storage diseases and mechanical harvesting injury than Kennebec.
Totally tubular: the mystery behind function and origin of the brain ventricular system

A unique feature of the vertebrate brain is the ventricular system, a series of connected cavities which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounded by neuroepithelium. While CSF is critical for both adult brain function and embryonic brain development, neither development nor function of the brain ventricular system is fully understood. In this review, we discuss the mystery of why vertebrate brains have ventricles, and whence they originate. The brain ventricular system develops from the lumen of the neural tube, as the neuroepithelium undergoes morphogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this ontogeny are described. We discuss possible functions of both adult and embryonic brain ventricles, as well as major brain defects that are associated with CSF and brain ventricular abnormalities. We conclude that vertebrates have taken advantage of their neural tube to form the essential brain ventricular system.
Robust H∞ glucose control in diabetes using a physiological model

A robust H∞ controller was developed to deliver insulin via a mechanical pump in Type I diabetic patients. A fundamental nonlinear diabetic patient model was linearized and then reduced to a third-order linear form for controller synthesis. Uncertainty in the nonlinear model was characterized by up to ± 40% variation in eight physiological parameters. A sensitivity analysis identified the three-parameter set having the most significant effect on glucose and insulin dynamics over the frequency range of interest ω = [0.002, 0.2] (rad/min). This uncertainty was represented in the frequency domain and incorporated in the controller design. Controller performance was assessed in terms of its ability to track a normoglycemic set point (81.1 mg/dL) in response to a 50 g meal disturbance. In the nominal continuous-time case, the controller maintained glucose concentrations within ± 3.3 mg/dL of set point. A controller tuned to accommodate uncertainty yielded a maximum deviation of 17.6 mg/dL for the worst-case parameter variation.
Reliability of the Ahlbäck classification of knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Objective : The aim of the study was to assess the inter-observer reliability and intra-observer reproducibility of the Ahlback radiographic classification for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design : Ninety-six knee radiographs of patients with clinical signs of arthritis were evaluated and classified into five grades of Ahlback classification by three observers with different experience. The evaluation was repeated after 1 month. The inter- and intra-rater agreements were assessed by statistical analysis (k and k w coefficients). Results : The inter-observer agreement was statistically significant, but with low or medium values of the coefficients. The intra-rater agreement was less significant than the inter-rater. Inter- and intra-rater agreement coefficients decreased when the cases of stage V arthritis were excluded from the analysis. The evaluations were influenced by the age and working experiences of each observer. Conclusions : The authors stress that the Ahlback classification, as routinely applied, should not be used in orthopaedic surgery without the support of clinical and/or arthroscopic examinations, because of its poor reliability.
ANHYDROHYDROXY-PROGESTERONE IN DYSMENORRHEA

DYSMENORRHEA is a gynecological condition apt to respond with most startling and brilliant results to therapy and also is liable to give most disappointing responses. As Plass (1) states, “dysmenorrhea is a purely subjective complaint and therefore most difficult to evaluate.” The psychogenie status of the patient deserves the deepest consideration. Mathieu (2) notes that the pain of dysmenorrhea has to do with the uterus … and it is quite certain that the pain is due to contraction of an irritable uterus provoked by the presence of blood in its cavity. The ‘psychogenic woman’ feels these physiological contractions as severe spasmodic pain, whereas the average woman notes the same degree of contraction as mild distress or not at all. Certain authors have overemphasized the psychic factors in the diagnosis and treatment just as others have actually and decidedly neglected this important phase of the subject.
An extended genetic linkage map and an "index" map for human chromosome 17.

Abstract Our previous genetic map for chromosome 17 has been expanded to include 72 loci defined by 90 RFLP markers and four microsatellite markers assayed by the polymerase chain reaction. Forty-one of these loci were ordered with odds greater than 1000:1 against local inversion, and the other 31 were ordered within 95% confidence limits. From the set of 41 unambiguously mapped loci, 14 well-spaced "index markers" can be extracted for efficient, genetic studies. The complete map spans 173 cM (136 cM in males and 214 cM in females); average spacing between markers is 4.2 cM.