cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobilizing at the Frontier: Framing Social Justice Claims in a Natural Resources Management Project in Rondônia, Brazil

Drawing on critical development studies and social movements literatures, this article analyzes how civil-society actors used practical and ideological resources to frame their situations in mobilizing for change. Focusing on a case study of a World Bank-sponsored natural resources management project in Rondoˆnia, Brazil, I examine how the discourse and policies promoting “participatory, sustainable development” have been used to achieve resource conservation, and to promote social justice aims within the current neo-liberal policy framework. Based on document analysis and in-depth interviews with civil-society actors, I argue that Rondoˆnia nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and grass-roots movements successfully mobilized by effectively framing their demands and by forming strong “movement webs” with national and transnational civil-society actors. The case study also explores the divergence in approach and objectives between local NGOs and grass-roots movements, illustrating the practical and politic...
Diagnosis of Erectile Dysfunction

The consensus panel definition of erectile dysfunction, formerly termed impotence, is as follows: Erectile dysfunction is the persistent or repeated inability for 3 months duration or more to attain and/or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.* * The definition is based upon the patient’s self-report in conjunction with medical, psychosocial, and sexual history assessments. * Duration criteria may be modified under special circumstances (e.g., post-prostatectomy). * The differential diagnosis of male sexual dysfunction includes: erectile dysfunction and disorders of libido, ejaculation (premature/delayed), and orgasm. Men with other sexual dysfunctions, such as premature ejaculation, may meet the criteria for erectile dysfunction.
Trochanteric bone mineral density is associated with type of hip fracture in the elderly

Hip fractures can be separated into femoral neck (cervical or intracapsular) or trochanteric (extracapsular). Trochanteric fractures have been associated with up to twice the short-term mortality of cervical fractures in the elderly. Fracture type may be influenced by the fall direction and local differences in proximal femur strength properties. We previously demonstrated that fall characteristics and body habitus, in addition to femoral bone mineral density, play a dominant role in the prediction of hip fracture in elderly fallers. To examine the association of these determinants with hip fracture type, we assessed fall characteristics, body habitus, and site-specific bone mineral density measurements in 112 elderly hip fracture patients (85 women and 27 men, mean age 85 years) 1 week after an acute hip fracture. Trochanteric BMD was 13% lower in women and 11% lower in men for patients with trochanteric fracture than in those with femoral neck fracture (p < 0.01). A stepwise multiple logistic regression indicated that trochanteric BMD (decrease of 1.0 SD, adjusted OR 4.6, 95% Cl 2.0-9.5, p < 0.0001) and femoral neck BMD (increase of 1.0 SD, adjusted OR 3.0, 95% Cl 1.6-5.9, p = 0.0003) were independently associated with trochanteric fracture. Fall characteristics, body habitus, gender, and age were not associated with hip fracture type. We conclude that a relatively low trochanteric BMD or a high femoral neck BMD was associated with a trochanteric hip fracture and that site-specific trochanteric BMD determinations should be measured when assessing risk of trochanteric hip fractures in the elderly.
DIRECT TESTS OF THE DIVERGENCE OF OPINION HYPOTHESIS IN THE MARKET FOR RACETRACK BETTING

The “divergence of opinion” hypothesis suggests predictable pricing effects in markets where assumptions of homogeneous investor expectations and unrestricted short selling do not hold. Direct tests of the hypothesis in traditional financial markets do not exist apparently because of the severity of several requirements, including that measurement of divergent ex-ante expectations be unambiguously paired with associated ex-post results. This and remaining conditions are met in direct tests of the hypothesis in a pricing arena where divergence of opinion influences are likely to be present: racetrack betting. Results provide no statistically significant support for the divergence of opinion hypothesis.
The role of Trastuzumab Emtansine as a novel-targeted therapy for HER2+ breast cancer: A systematic review

Trastuzumab is the first humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), tyrosine kinase receptor, that has displayed excellent clinical activity in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Despite this, the majority of patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer who initially demonstrate good clinical responses to trastuzumab within the first year of initiation of treatment start to develop resistance within 1 year of initiation of treatment. Even patients on trastuzumab-based chemotherapy regimens have been shown to progress within 1 year of therapy. The antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) was designed to combine the biological activity of trastuzumab with the targeted delivery of a highly potent antimicrotubule agent, DM1 (N-methyl-N-[3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl]-l-alanine ester of maytansinol), a maytansine derivative, to HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Phase I and II clinical trials of T-DM1 as a single agent and in combination with paclitaxel, docetaxel, and pertuzumab have shown clinical activity and a favorable safety profile in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. The EMILIA study, a randomized phase III trial, has shown that T-DM1 provided objective tumor responses and significantly improved progression free survival and overall survival compared to lapatinib and capecitabine combination in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients treated with a prior taxane and trastuzumab regimen. Based on these results, T-DM1 has been indicated in the management of patients with advanced and early stage HER2-positive breast cancer. In this review, we summarize evidence from clinical studies and aim to discuss the potential clinical and therapeutic implications of T-DM1 therapy in the management of HER2-positive breast cancer.
Analysis of spontaneous early embryonic lethality in mice.

Abstract The incidence of spontaneously occuring deciduomata is considerably higher in T-stock than in (C3H×C57BL)F1 females. The basis for this difference was studied in vivo, by means of embryo transplantation procedure, and in vitro, by means of short-term embryo culture. Both studies indicate that strain differences in the incidence of spontaneous deciduomata may be largely, if not wholly, accounted for by genetic differences between embryos themselves expressed in terms of the rate of development during the preimplantation period and in the ability to survive the preimplantation and early implantation environment.
Incidence of Testicular Ascent in Boys With Retractile Testes

Purpose: The incidence of testicular ascent of a previously descended but retractile testis is reported to be between 2% and 45%. It has been our bias that only a small percent of retractile testes ascend and ultimately require orchiopexy.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all retractile testes diagnosed by any of 4 pediatric urologists at our institution from 1996 to 2005. A retractile testis was defined as one that could be brought to at least the mid scrotum without tension despite a history of maldescent or a retractile nature. Patients were excluded if followup was less than 6 months or they had a history of ipsilateral inguinal surgery. A followup telephone survey was done in patients not reexamined at resolution.Results: A total of 172 patients met our inclusion criteria and were followed to resolution. A total of 274 retractile testes were initially identified, including 26% unilateral and 74% bilateral testes. A total of 19 testes ascended and ultimately required orchio...
Natural History of Clinical Recurrence Patterns of Lymph Node–Positive Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy

Abstract Background Patients with lymph node (LN)-positive prostate cancer (PCa) at radical prostatectomy (RP) face a high risk of cancer recurrence. Nevertheless, recurrence patterns of LN-positive PCa and their prognostic significance remain understudied in the literature. Objective To analyze a large single-institution series with long-term follow-up to elucidate the various clinical recurrence patterns of LN-positive PCa and their association with oncologic outcomes. Design, setting, and participants Years 1987–2012 of a prospectively maintained institutional RP registry were queried for men with LN-positive PCa at RP. Clinical recurrences were categorized as local, nodal, skeletal, or visceral. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis In addition to descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to predict recurrence and to quantify the impact of recurrence patterns on cancer-specific mortality (CSM). Results and limitations Data from 1011 men with LN-positive PCa at RP were analyzed with 17.6 yr of median follow-up. The 15-yr clinical recurrence rate was 33% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31–35%) for all patients and 52.2% (95% CI, 47.3–57.1%) for patients with biochemical recurrence. The solitary locations were skeletal ( n =94, 55%), nodal ( n =59, 34%), local soft tissue ( n =29, 17%), and visceral ( n =8, 5%). Significant multivariable predictors of recurrence were Gleason score 8–10, number of positive nodes, pathologic Gleason score, and more recent year of surgery. The 15-yr CSM after clinical recurrence was 80%, with a mean overall survival of 30 mo after recurrence. On multivariable analysis, recurrences after 5 yr from RP (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.05), multiple recurrences (HR: 1.97), skeletal (HR: 3.13), and visceral metastases (HR: 7.43) were independently associated with CSM (all p Conclusions Recurrences after RP for LN-positive PCa are heterogeneous in terms of time from RP, location, and number of concomitant lesions. Patient summary We found that impact of recurrence patterns on cancer-specific mortality varies significantly and allows these patients to be stratified for purposes of prognostication, follow-up, and therapy.
Molecular chaperones in mammary cancer growth and breast tumor therapy

Heat shock protein (HSP) levels are elevated in breast cancer and are molecular targets for novel therapies. HSPs were first observed as proteins induced in massive amounts in normal cells exposed to stresses that lead to protein denaturation. Their expanded expression in mammary carcinoma appears to be largely due to the proliferation of malfolded mutant proteins and overexpressed oncoproteins that trigger transcription of HSP genes. HSPs play major roles in malignant transformation and progression mediated through their intrinsic molecular chaperone properties. These permit the emergence of new malignant traits through the facilitated accumulation of altered oncoproteins. The elevation of HSP concentrations in mammary carcinoma is at least partially dependent on heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), a protein that responds to unfolded proteins and leads to HSP transcription. HSF1 activation has additional downstream activities, crucial for emergence of the breast cancer phenotype and these include activated cell signaling, HSP-mediated ability to evade apoptosis and senescence and an HSF1-dependent bias in transcriptional activity towards a metastatic phenotype. The HSPs are currently being targeted in breast cancer therapy and effective drugs for Hsp90 have been synthesized and evaluated in clinical trial. Mammary carcinoma cells also contain abundant quantities of HSP–tumor antigen complexes and these complexes are being used to develop effective tumor vaccine approaches that provide personalized therapy for each individual's cancer.
The changing urban landscape of the continental United States

The hallmark of development in the United States has been sprawling urbanisation. However, most of the analyses about urbanisation have focused on specific regions or metropolitan areas. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the changing urban landscape patterns between 2001 and 2006. Using the land cover data from the US Geological Survey for these 2 years, I characterise the landscape metrics for each county in the continental United States. The changes in these metrics are correlated with the drivers of urbanisation including socioeconomic variables. Uneven and heterogeneous patterns of growth in a country this large are not surprising. However, the metrics reveal that while urban counties are becoming less fragmented, some rural counties in the Southern and Western United States are experiencing significant leapfrog development.
The Influence of Composition and Microstructure on the Corrosion Behavior of Two AlLiX Alloys

Abstract The corrosion behavior of two AlLiCuZrGe alloys, with and without Mg, was studied. The types of corrosion tests conducted included exfoliation corrosion, crevice corrosion, constant immers...
Evaluation of three unstructured multigrid methods on 3D finite element problems in solid mechanics

Multigrid has been a popular solver method for finite element and finite difference problems with regular grids for over 20 years. The application of multigrid to unstructured grid problems, in which it is often difficult or impossible for the application to provide coarse grids, is not as well understood. In particular, methods that are designed to require only data that are easily available in most finite element applications (i.e. fine grid data), constructing the grid transfer operators and coarse grid operators internally, are of practical interest. We investigate three unstructured multigrid methods that show promise for challenging problems in 3D elasticity: (1) non-nested geometric multigrid, (2) smoothed aggregation, and (3) plain aggregation algebraic multigrid. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of these three methods on several unstructured grid problems in 3D elasticity with up to 76 million degrees of freedom. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Bayesian interpretation of a P-value depends only weakly on statistical power in realistic situations

Abstract Objective It is often repeated that a low P -value provides more persuasive evidence for a genuine effect if the power of the test is high. However, this is based on an argument which ignores the precise P -value in favor of simply observing whether P is less than some cut-off, and which oversimplifies the possible effect sizes. In a non-Bayesian framework, there are good reasons to think that power does not affect the evidence of a given P -value. Here I illustrate the relationship between pre-study power and the Bayesian interpretation of a P -value in realistic situations. Study Design and Setting A Bayesian calculation, using a conventional prior distribution for the effect size and a normal approximation to the sampling distribution of the sample estimate, where the datum is the precise P -value. Results Over the range of pre-study powers typical in published research, the Bayesian interpretation of a given P -value varies little with power. Conclusion A Bayesian analysis with reasonable assumptions produces results remarkably in line with a more simple, non-Bayesian intuition—that the evidence against the null hypothesis provided by a precise P -value should not depend on power.
An Algorithm for the Chebyshev Problem---With an Application to Concave Programming

The Chebyshev problem is to determine a point xα which solves maxα min i = 1,..., N{gix}. By exploiting generalized inverses an algorithm is developed for determining xα. It is also shown that in a certain sense the Chebyshev problem is equivalent to the concave programming problem. Moreover, for the programming problem generated by the Chebyshev problem, the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are proven to be sufficient even though the feasible region may not be convex.
Regional Contrast of Mesoscale Convective System Structure prior to and during Monsoon Onset across South America

Inthisstudy,a10-yr(1998‐2007)climatologyofobservationsfromtheTropicalRainfallMeasuringMission (TRMM) satellite is used to study regional mechanisms of monsoon onset across tropical and subtropical South America. The approach is to contrast regional differences in the structure, intensity, and rainfall of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) prior to and after onset, in the context of thermodynamic conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. This is accomplished by analyzing the mean annual cycle time series, 10-yr frequency histograms, and 3-month-averaged values prior to and following onset in four regions of distinct rainfall variability. Observed MCS metrics and NCEP variables include lightning flash rate, convective rain fraction, height of the 30-dBZ isosurface, minimum 85-GHz polarization corrected temperature, and the fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The west-central Amazon region had a distinct maximum of MCS intensity 2 months prior to the monsoon onset date of each region, which was well correlated with surface sensible heat flux, despite the observation that thermodynamic instability was greatest after onset. At the mouth of the Amazon, the dry season rainfall minimum, the premonsoon maximum in MCS intensity metrics, and monsoon onset were all delayed by 2‐3 monthsrelativetothewest-centralAmazon.Thisdelayintheannualcycleandcomparativelylargedifference in pre- versus postonset MCSs, combined with previous work, suggest that the slow migration of the Atlantic Ocean intertropical convergence zone controls onset characteristics at the mouth of the Amazon. All metrics of convective intensity in the tropical regions decreased significantly following onset. These results, in the context of previous studies, are consistent with the hypothesis that thermodynamic, land surface, and aerosol controls on MCS intensity operate in concert with each other to control the evolution of precipitation system structure from the dry season to the wet season. The other two regions [the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) and the south], associated with the well-documented dipole of intraseasonal rain variability, have a weaker and more variable annual cycle of all MCS metrics. This is likely related to the strong influence of baroclinic circulations and frontal systems in those regions. In the south, fewer but larger and more electrified MCSspriortoonsettransitiontomore,smaller, andlesselectrifiedMCSsafteronset,consistentwithprevious climatologies of strong springtime mesoscale convective complexes in that region.
Protein Quality of Cheddar Cheese Compared with Casein and Fabricated Cheese in the Rat

The protein quality of freeze-dried cheddar cheese, spray-dried cheddar cheese, freeze-dried fabricated cheddar cheese (with casein as the main protein source), and sodium caseinate was evaluated in rats using the protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay (AOAC procedures) in two feeding experiments with casein as the control. Biological evaluation of the products showed that PER values for freeze-dried cheddar cheese were significantly higher than casein (3.7 vs 2.5). Freeze-dried cheddar also had a PER value significantly higher than spray-dried cheddar cheese (3.7 vs 3.0). Freeze-dried fabricated cheddar cheese and sodium caseinate had PER values not significantly different from the casein control.
The United States Patent System: An Essential Role in Engineering Design Education

The patent system has long been a neglected tool in the education of American engineers. Four propositions are presented which support the notion that an understanding of patents should be an integral part of the education of every engineer who practices in the United States. The essay lays a philosophical and historical foundation explaining the role of the patent system in a competitive free-market society, and how it influences the behavior of those who seek to innovate. An upper-level design course offered at The George Washington University, which heavily utilizes the patent literature and provides a foundation for understanding the role of patents in American industry, is discussed in detail. Ethical dilemmas facing engineers in the heat of competition are analyzed in the course, and the essay discusses some of these. This essay concludes with a discussion of why the role of patents in engineering education should increase in the twenty-first century.
Metabolic responses of Zucker fatty and lean rats fed carbohydrate diets ad libitum or in meals.

In order to study the metabolic effects of dietary sucrose on Zucker rats, young male fatty and lean rats were fed ad libitum or in meals (2 hours/day) for 4 weeks. Diets contained 54% carbohydrate as either sucrose, invert sugar or cooked cornstarch. A genotype effect (fatty versus lean) occurred with the activities of liver and adipose tissue lipo- genic enzymes, relative total fat pad size and soluble adipose tissue protein levels in both ad libitum- and meal-fed rats, whereas a genotype effect occurred with food intake and relative liver size only in meal-fed rats and with body weight gain only in ad libitum-fed rats. The significance of diet effects varied with genotype and feeding pattern. The sucrose effect (sucrose versus starch) occurred with food efficiency and body weight gain, activities of liver lipogenic and gluconeogenic enzymes, relative liver size, relative total fat pad size and soluble adipose tissue protein levels in both ad libitum- and meal-fed rats, and with adipose lipogenic enzyme activities in meal-fed rats. The disaccharide effect (sucrose versus invert sugar) occurred with the activities of liver lipogenic enzymes, relative total fat pad size and soluble adipose tissue protein levels in ad libitum- fed rats and was greater in lean than in fatty rats. The data demonstrate that the Zucker fatty and lean rat can be used as sensitive models to study differential effects of dietary carbohydrate. J. Nutr. 110: 1409-1420,
Secondary sensitivities and stability of ultrasensitive silicon pressure sensors

Experimental results on the characterization of secondary effects in boron-doped silicon membranes are presented. Capacitive pressure sensors were fabricated with and without a variety of dielectrics on the diaphragms and were tested over pressure and temperature. The temperature coefficient of sensitivity (TCS) and zero pressure temperature coefficient of offset (TCO) were found to be as much as an order of magnitude higher than previously reported values; this is due to the strong dependence of pressure sensitivity on internal stress and the large mismatches in thermal expansion coefficients between silicon and dielectrics. Creep and fatigue affected the offset by >
Multiple alignment using hidden Markov models

A simulated annealing method is described for training hidden Markov models and producing multiple sequence alignments from initially unaligned protein or DNA sequences. Simulated annealing in turn uses a dynamic programming algorithm for correctly sampling suboptimal multiple alignments according to their probability and a Boltzmann temperature factor. The quality of simulated annealing alignments is evaluated on structural alignments of ten different protein families, and compared to the performance of other HMM training methods and the ClustalW program. Simulated annealing is better able to find near-global optima in the multiple alignment probability landscape than the other tested HMM training methods. Neither ClustalW nor simulated annealing produce consistently better alignments compared to each other. Examination of the specific cases in which ClustalW outperforms simulated annealing, and vice versa, provides insight into the strengths and weaknesses of current hidden Markov model approaches.
Modified Kasami sequences for CDMA

Kasami sequences yield a set of sequences that have low cross correlation and are applicable in CDMA (code-division multiple-access) communication systems. A Kasami set of sequences is a set of 2/sup L/ binary sequences of length N=2/sup L/-1 where L is the degree of the higher order primitive polynomial used to generate the set and is even. The degree of the second primitive polynomial used to generate the Kasami set is L/2. Modified Kasami sequences that are obtained from primitive polynomials of degree L and M are presented. The length of these modified Kasami sequences is the least common multiple of 2/sup L/-1 and 2/sup M/-1 (M >
Automatic Medical Image Annotation and Retrieval Using SECC

The demand for automatically annotating and retrieving medical images is growing faster than ever. In this paper, we present a novel medical image annotation method based on the proposed Semantic Error-Correcting output Codes (SECC). With this annotation method, we present a new semantic image retrieval method, which exploits the high level semantic similarity. For example, a user may query the system using an image of arm while he/she expects images of hand. This cannot be realized by traditional retrieval methods. The experimental results on the IMAGECLEF 2005 annotation data set clearly show the strength and the promise of the presented methods.
ALCOVE: design and implementation of an object-centric virtual environment

We present a new interaction metaphor for object-centric tasks in the form of a prototype VR system, ALCOVE. Through analytic calculations, we quantitatively demonstrate the benefits of restructuring the interaction volume offered by current systems. Our metrics show that many applications' interaction volume increases by 1.5 to 2.6 times when using the ALCOVE system. We also offer an informal user task analysis and evaluations of previous VR systems that qualitatively support this improved interaction volume as well as demonstrate the need for a shift from room and desk-sized systems to desktop units. We present some testbed applications which benefit from this object-centric design and discuss some of the advantages and shortcomings of our system.
The biosynthesis of erucic acid in developing embryos of Brassica rapa

The prevailing hypothesis on the biosynthesis of erucic acid in developing seeds is that oleic acid, produced in the plastid, is activated to oleoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) for malonyl-CoA-dependent elongation to erucic acid in the cytosol. Several in vivo-labeling experiments designed to probe and extend this hypothesis are reported here. To examine whether newly synthesized oleic acid is directly elongated to erucic acid in developing seeds of Brassica rapa L., embryos were labeled with [14C]acetate, and the ratio of radioactivity of carbon atoms C-5 to C-22 (de novo fatty acid synthesis portion) to carbon atoms C-1 to C-4 (elongated portion) of erucic acid was monitored with time. If newly synthesized 18:1 (oleate) immediately becomes a substrate for elongation to erucic acid, this ratio would be expected to remain constant with incubation time. However, if erucic acid is produced from a pool of preexisting oleic acid, the ratio of 14C in the 4 elongation carbons to 14C in the methyl-terminal 18 carbons would be expected to decrease with time. This labeling ratio decreased with time and, therefore, suggests the existence of an intermediate pool of 18:1, which contributes at least part of the oleoyl precursor for the production of erucic acid. The addition of 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluromethyl)-2-pyridinyloxyphenoxy] propanoic acid, which inhibits the homodimeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase, severely inhibited the synthesis of [14C]erucic acid, indicating that essentially all malonyl-CoA for elongation of 18:1 to erucate was produced by homodimeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Both light and 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluromethyl)-2-pyridinyloxyphenoxy]-propanoic acid increased the accumulation of [14C]18:1 and the parallel accumulation of [14C]phosphatidylcholine. Taken together, these results show an additional level of complexity in the biosynthesis of erucic acid.
The light at the end of the tunnel for chemical-specific biomarkers: daylight or headlight?

Chemical-specific biomarkers: the challenge and goals The use of chemical-specific biomarkers for identifying stages in the progression of development of the toxic effects of environmental agents has the potential for providing important information for critical regulatory, clinical and public health problems (1,2). Since the development of a paradigm for molecular biomarkers by a committee of the National Research Council over a decade ago, some progress has been made in applying such chemical biomarkers to specific environmental situations that may be hazardous to humans, as exemplified by the study of aflatoxins discussed in detail below. As in many areas of science, however, the initial excitement at being able to measure a specific entity has been replaced by the challenge of how to interpret the results. This dilemma is exacerbated by the complexities introduced through the interactions between genes and environmental factors that underlie most human disease. For a molecular biomarker paradigm to guide public health issues, molecular epidemiologists must devise and follow careful strategies for validation, application and dissemination of information about these biomarkers to the public. The major goals of environmental chemical-specific biomarker research are to develop and validate biomarkers that reflect specific exposures and predict disease risk in individuals. Presumably after environmental exposure each person has a unique response to both dose and time to disease onset. These responses will be affected both by intrinsic (genetic) and by extrinsic (such as dietary) modifiers. It is assumed that biomarkers that reflect the mechanism of action of an environmental chemical will be strong predictors of an individual’s risk of disease. It is also expected that these biomarkers can more clearly classify the status of exposure of individuals, local communities and larger populations. Misclassification of exposure status is a major contributor to the insensitivity of many epidemiological investigations. Further, biomarkers should provide an objective measure for determining the effectiveness of interventions to lower exposure and risk. These studies should help elucidate the molecular processes of chemically induced human disease and underlying susceptibility factors. Finally, biomarkers should help sort out the interactions of multiple agents and multiple exposures and their relation to disease outcomes. These overall goals are summarized in Table 1.
Initial ISEE magnetometer results - Magnetopause observations

The magnetic field profiles across the magnetopause obtained by the ISEE-1 and -2 spacecraft separated by only a few hundred kilometers are examined for four passes. During one of these passes the magnetosheath field was northward, during one it was slightly southward, and in two it was strongly southward. The velocity of the magnetopause is found to be highly irregular ranging from 4 to over 40 km s-1 and varying in less time than it takes for a spacecraft to cross the boundary. Thicknesses ranged from 500 to over 1000 km.
If there were no free will.

Electrophysiological findings in humans who are performing voluntary acts, indicate that the intention to act, follows brain activity rather than preceding it. This has implications for voluntary behavior and the doctrine of free will. This essay reviews the fields of human behavior, including medicine, in which this new thesis might have far-reaching significance.
Directions for Nursing Theory Development in the 21st Century

The development of the discipline of nursing has gone through four stages: theorizing, developing a syntax, concept development, and philosophical debate. These stages helped in shaping the characteristics of the discipline as a human science, a practice science, a science with social goals to empower nurses to provide effective and quality care, and one in which gender differences and the need for understanding minorities are areas of primary concern. Further theoretical development in the discipline will be driven by population needs and will be characterized by reaching out to meet the integrative and interdisciplinary nature of these needs. Sources of theories of the future are practice, theory and research. It is anticipated that two models will evolve to guide the development of phenomenon-driven theories in the future and that third generation theorists will utilize these models.
Thermal factors influencing the reliability of GaN HEMTs

Gallium Nitride high-electron mobility transistors (HEMT) devices show great promise in their ability to tolerate the high temperature environments of advanced radar systems. This paper examines how GaN HEMT junction temperature determination can vary, owing to factors such as packaging variability, measurement error, and uncertainty in material property data. To demonstrate the impact of these variables, this paper uses practical examples of infrared thermography, micro-Raman thermography, device transient electro-thermal response analysis on GaN HEMT devices, and finite element analysis (FEA). These variations in temperature are combined into a probability model to estimate how life prediction will change as a function of these various factors.
Reshaping of a Divergent Elliptical Gaussian Laser Beam Into a Circular, Collimated, and Uniform Beam With Aspherical Lens Design

In this paper, we present a specific optical system of two aspherical lenses designed to circularize, collimate, and expand an edge-emitting semiconductor laser beam and transform its irradiance distribution from Gaussian to a uniform-square distribution for possible application in light detection and ranging sensors. It is verified that the diffraction effects are negligible so that geometrical ray optics is used to design this optical system. To accomplish the design, the source beam profile is decoupled into two independent beam profiles represented in two transverse directions. Analytical equations specific to this lens system are derived and MATLAB is used to solve these equations and simulate a design example. Results are presented for a specific example.
Platform-dependent code generation for embedded real-time software

Code generation for embedded systems is challenging, since the generated code (e.g., C code) is expected to run on a heterogeneous set of target platforms with different characteristics, such as hardware/software architectures and programming interfaces. We propose a code generation framework that provides the flexibility to generate different source code that is executable on each target platform. In our framework, the platform-dependent characteristics of a target platform are explicitly specified by an Architectural Analysis Description Language (AADL) model and a code snippet repository. The AADL model captures hardware/software architectural aspects of the platform, such as periodic/aperiodic threads and their interactions with sensors and actuators. The code snippet repository contains platform-dependent code snippets that are categorized according to the functions required to implement the components of the AADL model. These two elements of the platform capability are then used by the code generation algorithm to generate platform-dependent code for the given platform. We demonstrate the applicability of our framework using a case study of code generation for two infusion pump systems.
Resonant Raman scattering of coherent picosecond pulses by one and two longitudinal-optical phonons in GaN film grown on silicon (111) substrate

We have observed resonance-enhanced Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering of coherent picosecond pulses by one as well as two longitudinal-optical phonons in GaN film grown on Si (111) substrate.
Liner velocity, current, and symmetry measurements on the 32 megamp flux compression generator experiment ALT-1

A flux compression generator pulse power system, designed, built and fielded by a Russian team at the All Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF), was used to successfully drive an aluminum liner to velocities greater than 12 km/sec. The experiment objective was to demonstrate performance of a precision liner implosion at an Atlas current of 30 MA or greater. Diagnostics to measure liner performance were an essential part of the experiment. An experimental team from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) provided a suite of diagnostics to measure liner performance. Three diagnostics were fielded: (1) a velocity interferometer (VISAR) to continuously measure the liner inner-surface velocity throughout the entire range of travel; (2) two Faraday rotation devices to measure liner current during the implosion; and (3) sixteen fiber optic impact pins to record liner impact time and provide axial and azimuthal symmetry information. All diagnostics performed very well. Major results are maximum current: 32.3 MA, velocity at impact: greater than 12 km/s, symmetry: the impact pins indicated that the liner was smooth, solid and axially symmetric upon arrival at the diagnostic package. The LANL team fabricated, installed and recorded the three diagnostics presented here. All necessary equipment was brought to the site in Russia. The VNIIEF team fielded other diagnostics to measure machine performance.
Wheat production in controlled environments

Conditions are optimized for maximum yield and quality of wheat to be used in a controlled environment life support system (CELSS) in a Lunar or Martian base or a spacecraft. With yields of 23 to 57 g/sq m/d of edible biomass, a minimum size for a CELSS would be between 12 and 30 sq m per person, utilizing about 600 W/sq m of electrical energy for artificial light. Temperature, irradiance, photoperiod, carbon dioxide levels, humidity, and wind velocity are controlled in growth chambers. Nutrient solutions (adjusted for wheat) are supplied to the roots via a recirculating system that controls pH by adding HNO3 and controlling the NO3/NH4 ratio in solution. A rock-wool plant support allows direct seeding and densities up to 10,000 plants sq m. Densities up to 2000 plants/sq m appear to increase seed yield. Biomass production increases almost linearily with increasing irradiance from 400 to 1700 micromol/sq m/s of photosynthetic photon flux, but the efficiency of light utilization decreases over this range. Photoperiod and temperature both have a profound influence on floral initiation, spikelet formation, stem elongation, and fertilization.
Bringing Isolated Dark Matter Out of Isolation: Late-time Reheating and Indirect Detection

In standard cosmology, the growth of structure becomes significant following matter-radiation equality. In nonthermal histories, where an effectively matter-dominated phase occurs due to scalar oscillations prior to big bang nucleosynthesis, a new scale at smaller wavelengths appears in the matter power spectrum. Density perturbations that enter the horizon during the early matter-dominated era (EMDE) grow linearly with the scale factor prior to the onset of radiation domination, which leads to enhanced inhomogeneity on small scales if dark matter (DM) thermally and kinetically decouples during the EMDE. The microhalos that form from these enhanced perturbations significantly boost the self-annihilation rate for dark matter. This has important implications for indirect detection experiments: the larger annihilation rate may result in observable signals from dark matter candidates that are usually deemed untestable. As a proof of principle, we consider binos in heavy supersymmetry with an intermediate extended Higgs sector and all other superpartners decoupled. We find that these isolated binos, which lie under the neutrino floor, can account for the dark matter relic density and decouple from the standard model early enough to preserve the enhanced small-scale inhomogeneity generated during the EMDE. If early forming microhalos survive as subhalos within larger microhalos, the resulting boost to the annihilation rate for bino dark matter near the pseudoscalar resonance exceeds the upper limit established by Fermi-LAT's observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. These DM candidates motivate the $N$-body simulations required to eliminate uncertainties in the microhalos' internal structure by exemplifying how an EMDE can enable Fermi-LAT to probe isolated dark matter.
Fibroblast-mediated collagen remodeling within the tumor microenvironment facilitates progression of thyroid cancers driven by BrafV600E and Pten loss

Contributions of the tumor microenvironment (TME) to progression in thyroid cancer are largely unexplored and may illuminate a basis for understanding rarer aggressive cases of this disease. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the TME and thyroid cancer progression in a mouse model where thyroid-specific expression of oncogenic BRAF and loss of Pten (Braf(V600E)/Pten(-/-)/TPO-Cre) leads to papillary thyroid cancers (PTC) that rapidly progress to poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC). We found that fibroblasts were recruited to the TME of Braf(V600E)/Pten(-/-)/TPO-Cre thyroid tumors. Conditioned media from cell lines established from these tumors, but not tumors driven by mutant H-ras, induced fibroblast migration and proliferation in vitro Notably, the extracellular matrix of Braf(V600E)/Pten(-/-)/TPO-Cre tumors was enriched with stromal-derived fibrillar collagen, compared with wild-type or Hras-driven tumors. Further, type I collagen enhanced the motility of Braf(V600E)/Pten(-/-)/TPO-Cre tumor cells in vitro In clinical specimens, we found COL1A1 and LOX to be upregulated in PTC and expressed at highest levels in PDTC and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Additionally, increased expression levels of COL1A1 and LOX were associated with decreased survival in thyroid cancer patients. Overall, our results identified fibroblast recruitment and remodeling of the extracellular matrix as pivotal features of the TME in promoting thyroid cancer progression, illuminating candidate therapeutic targets and biomarkers in advanced forms of this malignancy. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1804-13. ©2016 AACR.
Super-resolution optical profilometry using maximum likelihood estimation

We present a volume holographic imaging profilometry technique with multiplexing holograms and maximum likelihood estimation based post-processing. It can resolve eight object slices with four times super-resolution with one exposure.
Bering Glacier and Bagley Ice Valley surge 2011: crevasse classification as an approach to map deformation stages and surge progression

The dynamics of a surge is manifested in the crevasse patterns: literally, deformation state frozen in ice. This basic observation is utilized as the concept of an automated approach to map and analyze deformation stages and progression of surge kinematics. The classification method allows imagery to be used as geophysical data and is applied to aerial observations (photographic and video imagery, GPS data) collected in September 2011 during the surge of the Bering Glacier–Bagley Ice Valley system, Alaska, USA. As the third dimension that complements two-dimensional imagery, ice-surface elevation is observed using aerial laser altimetry. The classification method builds on concepts from signal processing, geostatistical data analysis and neural networks. Steps include calculation of generalized directional vario functions from image data and composition into feature vectors. The vario function operates as an information filter that retains spatial characteristics at an intermediate scale that captures crevasse spacing, anisotropy and other generalized roughness properties. Association of feature vectors to crevasse classes and hence deformation types employs a connectionist algorithm. In general, the connectionist–geostatistical classification allows the mapping of kinematic changes in crevassed glaciers. Dedicated to the memory of Austin Post
Religious Belief as a Dependent Variable

The author examines (1) the conditions under which religion is most likely to perform its comfort and challenge functions and (2) the extent to which religion today tends to perform these two functions. Evidence from Baptists and Methodists in two Indiana communities indicates that the comfort function is positively related to the maintenance of "vertical" beliefs, but is not associated with "horizontal" beliefs; the prophetic function is positively related to "horizontal" beliefs, but is negatively related to "vertical" beliefs. Finally, the data indicate that religion tends to provide comfort and support more than it inspires social protest and change.
Large flat apricotTissue CultureBasic medium And Culture conditions of Optimization

Large flat apricot Longwangmao were used to study the explant disinfection,basic medium,based on location and culture conditions and other factors on growth of plantlets.The results show that the 1 g/L HgCl2and20 g/L NaHCO3 Mixed by volume ratio of 1:1 mixture of disinfection treatment Explant8 min,Sterilization success rate of up to 98%;to modified MS(1/2NH4NO3) medium as the basic medium,Suitable for large flat apricot cultivate differentiation;the most suitable for shoot tip explants,the best culture conditions for the temperature 25～27 ℃,light intensity 2 000～3 000 lx,illumination time 16 h / d,PH 5.6～5.8.
Analysis of results in monitoring of dengue fever in Qingshan area Wuhan city

Objective To understand the prevalent trend of dengue fever by sentinel monitoring and provide scientific evidence for preventing the occurrence of the disease and formulating control measures.Methods The data concerning Aedes vector monitoring and in the local population of sentinel monitoring sites were collected and analyzed in 2010-2012.Results 268 specimens of Aedes mosquitoes were collected for detection of dengue virus without positive results.Conclusion The population density of Aedes albopictus in Qingshan area is high and there is the possibility of outbreak of dengue fever.So monitoring work should be strengthened to prevent from importing pathogen in this area from outside and the outbreak of the disease.
Surface electronic structure of Ce in the. alpha. and. gamma. phase

The surface electronic structure of Ce in the {alpha} and {gamma} phase has been calculated using a film linearized-muffin-tin-orbitals method. The bonding in Ce is found to be mainly metallic in character. The width of the 4{ital f} band in {alpha}-Ce is found to be about 0.7 eV both in the bulk and at the surface; in {gamma}-Ce it is slightly narrower, about 0.6 eV. The calculated work function of {alpha}-Ce is in good agreement with experimental data. Cross sections for the bremsstrahlung isocromat (BIS) processes have been calculated in a fully relativistic framework, and good agreement with experiment is obtained for the itinerant peak in the BIS data near {ital E}{sub {ital F}}. We find our results consistent with an itinerant {ital f}-electron picture for {alpha}-Ce, and thereby consistent with a picture for the {gamma}{r arrow}{alpha} transition that is from localized (and magnetic) to itinerant (bonding and nonmagnetic) {ital f}-electron behavior, i.e., a Mott transition, as opposed to a Kondo volume collapse picture involving a transition between localized states of the {ital f} electrons. We also predict that the surface of {alpha}-cerium is {gamma}-like.