cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent significant U.S. court cases involving forensic activation analysis

The first U.S. court case involving forensic activation analysis (FAA) took place in March of 1964. During the subsequent five years, many other cases involving FAA results went to trial in the U.S., but these seldom involved any serious attempts by the defense to challenge the FAA testimony presented by the prosecution. During roughly the last three years, however, there have been a number of U.S. court cases in which activation analysis have appeared in court as expert witnesses-one or more for the prosecution and one or more for the defense, in opposition to one another. Some of these recent cases have been most interesting and significant-and they reveal some of the shortcomings and special problems of the present status of FAA, not from the standpoint of its use in the investigative stages of criminal cases, but rather from the standpoint of the proper presentation and interpretation of such results in court. The author has participated in some of the cases to be cited, either as an expert witness for the prosecution or for the defense, and has had close contact with the details of some of the other cases to be cited. Some hopefully useful conclusions have been drawn from studies of these cases, and these conclusions will be presented, along with some of the relevant details of the cases.
An Internal Vessel Occluder for Distal Limb Bypass

Abstract By making a simple modification to a coronary artery internal occluder, we are able to utilize this instrument in a technique for occlusion of tibial or peroneal vessels in distal bypass procedures. This atraumatic method of vessel occlusion has proved to be beneficial.
Science-policy intermediaries from a practitioner's perspective: The Lenfest Ocean Program experience

Scientists often lament their lack of influence on environmental policy-making. Some proposed solutions, like teaching scientists to communicate more effectively, can be helpful, but are not necessarily sufficient. Instead, connecting science and policy may often require a separate kind of expert: full-time intermediaries who facilitate the complicated exchange of information among scientists, policy-makers, and other stakeholders. In this paper, we describe intermediary efforts by the Lenfest Ocean Program, a grant-making program that funds peer-reviewed research and connects scientists and decision-makers who can take action on an issue. We present case studies of intermediary work on three topics: first, sustainable methods of harvesting bull kelp in the US Pacific Northwest; second, the design of catch share programs in US fisheries; and third, management of forage fish. These case studies suggest that science-policy intermediaries can help scientists make meaningful contributions to public discourse.
Proportional Reasoning Ability and Concepts of Scale: Surface area to volume relationships in science

The National Science Education Standards emphasise teaching unifying concepts and processes such as basic functions of living organisms, the living environment, and scale. Scale influences science processes and phenomena across the domains. One of the big ideas of scale is that of surface area to volume. This study explored whether or not there is a correlation between proportional reasoning ability and a student's ability to understand surface area to volume relationships. Students' knowledge of surface area to volume relationships was assessed pre and post to a one‐week instructional intervention involving investigations about surface area to volume as a limiting factor in biological and physical systems. Results showed that proportional reasoning scores of middle school students were correlated to pre‐test and post‐test assessment scores, and a paired‐sample t‐test found significant differences from pre‐test to post‐test for the surface area to volume assessment. Relationships between proportional reas...
VLF space transmitter

A practical operational system for communicating with submarines located at high latitudes, particularly those under the ice cap, is described. A 10-20-km dipole is deployed which utilized tether technology and which operated at 1-3 kHz. A pair of hollow-cathode-based plasma sources, establishing contact between the ends of the tether system and the ambient plasma, allows utilization of the natural dynamo effect of the tether. It is suggested that a 12-satellite constellation in quasi-polar orbit at 500-1000 km altitude could provide coverage for a 4 million sq km area at 75 percent duty cycle.
Ionic liquids as novel materials for energy efficient CO 2 separations

Abstract Large improvements in separations technology will require novel materials with enhanced properties and performance. The fundamental interlinks for success in merging synthesis and process incorporation are the structure, relevant physical/chemical properties, and performance of new materials. Specific materials with these interlinks are room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and their polymers and composites. As a chemical platform, RTILs have an enormous range of structural variation that can provide the ability to “tune” their properties and morphology for a given application. Introduction of chemical specificity into the structure of RTIL-based materials is an additional key component. Membrane separation is the focus as a process for implementation. There have not been new materials successfully developed for this process in thirty years. For CO 2 capture, the target improvement in productivity is two orders of magnitude or more compared to commercial materials currently available.
Effects of Questionnaire-Based Diagnosis and Training on Inter-Rater Reliability Among Practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether a training process that focused on a questionnaire-based diagnosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and developing diagnostic consensus, would improve the agreement of TCM diagnoses among 10 TCM practitioners evaluating patients with temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD). Design and setting: Evaluation of a diagnostic training program at the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona, and the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Subjects: Screened participants for a study of TCM for TMJD. Practitioners: Ten (10) licensed acupuncturists with a minimum of 5 years licensure and education in Chinese herbs. Methods: A training session using a questionnaire-based diagnostic form was conducted, followed by waves of diagnostic sessions. Between sessions, practitioners discussed the results of the previous round of participants with a focus on reducing variability in primary diagnosis and severity rating of...
Influence of a non-copper algicide on the cyanobacterium, Nostoc spongiaeforme, and the green alga, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, in field and laboratory experiments

Cyanobacteria and algae grow in California rice fields where they form large mats that may smother seedlings or cause them to dislodge, resulting in reduced rice stand establishment and potential yield loss. The most troublesome species of cyanobacteria is Nostoc spongiaeforme. It is very difficult to control using currently accepted methods, i.e., aerial applications of copper sulfate. A non-copper algicide, the mono (N,N-dimethylalkylamine) salt of endothall has been suggested as an alternative method for controlling nuisance cyanobacterial and algal growths in California rice fields. The purpose of the experiments described here was to evaluate the effect of the mono (N,N-dimethylalkylamine) salt of endothall on growth of N. spongiaeforme and the green alga, Hydrodictyon reticulatum. In laboratory experiments, the mono (N,N-dimethylalkylamine) salt of endothall reduced N. spongiaeforme growth at 0.3 mg L−1. This effect was removed when rice straw was added to the growth medium, indicating that the rice straw may have introduced bacteria capable of degrading the mono (N,N-dimethylalkylamine) salt of endothall. In outdoor experiments, which used rice field water containing decomposing rice straw, the mono (N,N-dimethylalkylamine) salt of endothall concentrations between 0 and 5 mg L−1 had little effect on N. spongiaeforme. In contrast, H. reticulatum exhibited injury symptoms at 1 mg L−1 or greater. However, H. reticulatum recovered by the end of the 7-day exposure. It is not clear how this algicide will be useful in the management of N. spongiaeforme or H. reticulatum in California rice fields.
Salting a wound or sugaring a pill: The pragmatic functions of ironic criticism

Recent investigations of the pragmatic functions of ironic criticism (e.g., saying “Nice shot” to condemn a fellow player for missing a free throw and losing a basketball game) have argued that ironic criticism is used to dilute condemnation. Dews and Winner (1995) and Dews, Kaplan, and Winner (1995) showed that, relative to literal criticism (e.g., Terrible shot”), ironic criticism expresses less condemnation. This article reports the results of four experiments to show that ironic criticism in many cases is used for just the opposite reason—to enhance rather than to dilute condemnation. These findings have significant implications for both pragmatic and processing theories of verbal irony.
A method for measuring the reaction rate of alkali metal with hydrogen gas

Abstract We present a simple, non-invasive optical technique that exploits collision-induced cross-fluorescence to monitor the amount of hydrogen in a sealed cell containing alkali metal, and reports its use in measuring the reaction rate of cesium with deuterium, both in the presence and absence of photo-excitation at 4555 A.
Evaluation of aortic distensibility with transesophageal echocardiography

Abstract Distensibility of the descending aorta was evaluated during routine transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in 50 subjects (16 to 80 years, average age 53). M-mode measurements of aortic systolic (SD) and diastolic diameter (DD) were taken distal to the left subclavian artery. Simultaneously, cuff brachial artery systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures were measured. Aortic pressure strain modulus (Ep), calculated as brachial artery pulse pressure/aortic strain, averaged 1.19 ± 0.95 10 6 dynes/cm 2 . Elasticity index β, defined as 1n (SBP/DBP)/aortic strain, averaged 3.77 ± 2.12. Both Ep and β were correlated with age ( r = 0.65, p r = 0.60, p r = 0.55, p
From dud to stud: Copulatory behavior elicited through conditioned arousal in sexually inactive male rats

Abstract Sexually inactive male rats were conditioned to associate tones with electric shock to the flanks. In subsequent tests, when only tones were presented in the presence of an estrous female, these males began to copulate, pacing their behavior to the tone presentations. Only one animal tested for sexual behavior without the tones mated. It is suggested that the momentary augmentation of nonspecific arousal can lead to the initiation and subsequent pacing of mating responses in noncopulators.
Correspondence analysis with MATLAB

Abstract A portable program MATCORS, for correspondence analysis is presented. To help understand the correspondence analysis method and computer algorithm, a detailed matrix algebraic description is used. Various diagnostic results are provided in the program to aid in interpreting the results, for example relative and absolute contributions, error profiles, and supplementary elementary projections. A series of graphs generated by this program is helpful for the analysis of the results. High-quality graphs are produced easily because the program operates within the user-friendly Matlab environment. Applications to soil sample data and precipitation data sets are given to verify and demonstrate this computer program.
Properties and operational propositions in quantum mechanics

In orthodox quantum mechanics, it has virtually become the custom to identify properties of a physical system with operationally testable propositions about the system. The causes and consequences of this practice are explored mathematically in this paper. Among other things, it is found that such an identification imposes severe constraints on the admissible states of the physical system.
Phosphorylation of enkephalins enhances their proteolytic stability

Abstract Pharmacological action of enkephalins as opioid peptides is limited because of their rapid degradation by endoproteases. A novel approach is used in this study to prolong the life of those peptides. Phosphorylation of N-terminal tyrosine residue is found to have a profound influence in improving the stability of [Met]enkephalin and [Leu]enkephalin against the action of aminopeptidase M. Whereas, breakdown of [Met]enkephalin and [Leu]enkephalin is essentially complete in less than one min when incubated at 37 °C with purified aminopeptidase M (EC3.4.11.2; substrate:enzyme = 1:0.1) in Tris buffer (pH 7.02), the corresponding phospho analogs are still detected 60 min after start of incubation. The rate of disappearance of phospho-[Met]enkephalin and phospho-[Leu]enkephalin follows first-order kinetics with half-lives of 7.3 and 8.8 min, respectively.
Design of NSLS undulator beamline U5 for spin-polarized photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract Beamline U5 of the vacuum ultraviolet storage ring at the National Synchrotron Light Source is being set up to conduct spin-polarized angle-resolved photoemission experiments. Ray tracing analysis including a realistic characterization of the undulator source is used to optimize the optical configuration of a 3-m toroidal grating monochromator, and to predict the monochromator performance.
Model of large volumetric capacitance in graphene supercapacitors based on ion clustering

Electric double-layer supercapacitors (SCs) are promising devices for high-power energy storage based on the reversible absorption of ions into porous conducting electrodes. Graphene is a particularly good candidate for the electrode material in SCs due to its high conductivity and large surface area. In this paper, we consider SC electrodes made from a stack of graphene sheets with randomly inserted spacer molecules. We show that the large volumetric capacitances $C\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{F}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ observed experimentally can be understood as a result of collective intercalation of ions into the graphene stack and the accompanying nonlinear screening by graphene electrons that renormalizes the charge of the ion clusters.
Evapoclimatonomy. III, The reconciliation of monthly runoff and evaporation in the climatic balance of evaporable water on land areas

Abstract The present study is the third in a sequel by Lettau and Baradas. The Evapoclimatonomy I model has been discussed and applied by various authors including Hare, Hay, Kutzbach, Pinker, and Corio. In the present study the semiempirical method of “watershed calibrations” proposed in Evapocilmatonomy II is replaced by a less subjective diagnostic scheme. Water storage on land areas is defined in terms of “evaporable water.” The climatic mean annual course of balanced monthly evaporation is reconciled with that of monthly runoff, where both are defined as functions of evaporable water. Model application is exemplified by three case studies, one each for a continental, a maritime, and a tropical climate. Two types of modifications are investigated., 1) the monthly balance of evaporable water in response to a simulated summer drought, for a continental or summer-rain climate in comparison with the less severe long-term reactions in a maritime or winter-rain climate; 2) the monthly balance of evaporable ...
Comparative analysis of the substrate preferences of two post-proline cleaving endopeptidases, prolyl oligopeptidase and fibroblast activation protein α

Post-proline cleaving peptidases are promising therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric conditions, metabolic disorders, and many cancers. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP; E.C. 3.4.21.26) and fibroblast activation protein α (FAP; E.C. 3.4.24.B28) are two post-proline cleaving endopeptidases with very similar substrate specificities. Both enzymes are implicated in numerous human diseases, but their study is impeded by the lack of specific substrate probes. We interrogated a combinatorial library of proteolytic substrates and identified novel and selective substrates of POP and FAP. These new sequences will be useful as probes for fundamental biochemical study, scaffolds for inhibitor design, and triggers for controlled drug delivery.
The management of aging in nuclear power plant concrete structures

In this paper, nuclear power plant concrete structures are described and their operating experience noted. Primary considerations related to management of their aging are noted: degradation mechanisms, damage modeling, and material performance; assessment and repair; and applications of structural reliability theory. Several topics are noted where additional research would be of benefit.
ATTITUDE TOWARD OLD PEOPLE: THE IMPACT OF AN INTERGENERATIONAL PROGRAM

The impact of a 1‐day, 5‐hr intergeneration workshop in changing elementary and high school students’ attitudes toward older persons was assessed. Results indicated that participation in the program significantly improved young people's personalized attitudes toward old people and their acceptance of old people. The association between age, gender, and attitudes is also examined. The implications of intergenerational programs for improving attitudes are discussed.
Dynamic topography and receptive fields in a model of auditory cortical plasticity

Self-organizing maps provide a useful framework for exploring the mechanisms of experience-dependent changes in auditory representations, including those induced by learning. Such models do a good job of explaining many of the changes in tonotopic structure and neural sensitivities produced by classical and operant conditioning involving pure tones [1], but are not able to account for several effects seen after cortical microstimulation, or after basal forebrain stimulation is repeatedly paired with presentations of sounds containing multiple frequencies. In particular, electrical stimulation of rat auditory cortex produces more changes in the responses properties of adjacent sites than they do at the site of stimulation [2], and these receptive field changes are not consistent with a process that makes the neighboring neurons more similar to the most strongly activated neurons. We developed a simple mapping network with a "center-surround" neighborhood function, and a cumulating training function, to assess whether such non-Hebbian learning could account for the kinds changes in cortical response properties seen after neurostimulation. The model exhibits many of the properties of self-organizing maps, but with more dynamic interactions between adjacent nodes that may better account for the variability in auditory cortical plasticity observed experimentally. Ongoing simulations with this model are providing new insights into how complex perceptual experiences restructure existing cortical representations.
Effect of dietary calcium deficiency on bone matrix-induced ectopic bone

Abstract The effect of dietary depletion of calcium on collagenous bone matrix-induced ectopic bone was studied, following thirty days of deficiency. While the molar ratio of phosphorus and calcium did not exhibit any significant differences between the control and experimental groups, individual concentrations of these minerals showed significant reduction in the ossicles derived from experimental rats. A concomitant decrease and increase in urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate was noted in the calcium deficient group; the serum levels of these parameters, however, were not affected. Both hexosamine and hydroxyproline levels appeared higher in calcium deficient ossicles. A significant elevation of alkaline and acid phosphatase as well as aryl sulfatase was observed in calcium deficient ossicles. There appeared to be no difference between control and experimental rats in the rate of calcification as measured by 45 Ca uptake. These results suggest that dietary deficiency induces significant resorption of ectopic bone without altering mineralization capacity. It is suggested that matrix-induced ectopic bone may be used as a suitable experimental model to study pathophysiology of bone loss under various experimental conditions.
PHOTOREACTIVATION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN DNA FROM THYROID CELLS OF THE TELEOST, POECILIA FORMOSA

— We have developed and used a simple technique to estimate the quantity of pyrimidine dimers in unlabeled cellular DNA. DNA is extracted from cells, treated with an endonuclease specific for dimers, and its molecular weight estimated by its electrophoretic mobility on alkaline agarose slab gels. The technique is used to show that cells from thyroid tissue of the fish Poecilia formosa have photoreactivating activity towards dimers in the cellular DNA.
Leveraging human behavior models to predict paths in indoor environments

One of the most powerful constraints governing many activity recognition problems is that imposed by the human actor. It is well known that humans have a large set of physical and cognitive limitations that constrain their execution of various tasks. In this article, we show how prior knowledge of these perception and locomotion limitations can be exploited to enhance path prediction and tracking in indoor environments for pervasive computing applications. We demonstrate an approach for path prediction based on a model of visually guided steering that has been validated on human obstacle avoidance data. Our approach outperforms standard motion models in a particle filter tracker during occlusion periods of greater than one second and results in a significant reduction in SSD tracking error.
Response pattern complexity of auditory cells in the cortex of unanesthetized monkeys

Abstract Complex temporal response patterns of neurons in auditory cortex were studied in unanesthetized, alert monkeys under controlled behavioral conditions. Responses to various frequencies and intensities of pure tones and various intensities of white noise stimuli were studied. Approximately 48% of the cells studied exhibited multiple, temporally discrete response components. In about one-third of these cells the temporally discrete components varied independently of one another in their response to changes in stimulus parameters. These observations bear on questions of the structural and functional organization of the auditory system and neural coding.
Development and validation of rear impact computer simulation model of an adult manual transit wheelchair with a seated occupant

It has been shown that ANSI WC19 transit wheelchairs that are crashworthy in frontal impact exhibit catastrophic failures in rear impact and may not be able to provide stable seating support and thus occupant protection for the wheelchair occupant. Thus far only limited sled test and computer simulation data have been available to study rear impact wheelchair safety. Computer modeling can be used as an economic and comprehensive tool to gain critical knowledge regarding wheelchair integrity and occupant safety. This study describes the development and validation of a computer model simulating an adult wheelchair-seated occupant subjected to a rear impact event. The model was developed in MADYMO™ and validated rigorously using the results of three similar sled tests conducted to specifications provided in the draft ISO/TC 173 standard. Outcomes from the model can provide critical wheelchair loading information to wheelchair and tiedown manufacturers, resulting in safer wheelchair designs for rear impact conditions.
Comparative TG-DTG oxidative profiles of selected American and Australian oil shales

Abstract The oxidative profiles for oil shale specimens of the U.S. Green River as well as the Australian Rundle, Glen Davis, and Alpha deposits obtained from microcomputer-controlled thermogravimetry in dynamic air atmospheres are reported. The oxidative behavior of these specimens is discussed relative to the organic maceral components and, in some cases, mineral matter content.
Cover Picture: Fabricating Microlens Arrays by Surface Wrinkling (Adv. Mater. 24/2006)

The unique lateral confinement of a swelling polymer network leads to surface wrinkles that define a multitude of surface structures, including microlens arrays (background). The versatility of this approach, which is reported on p. 3238 by Crosby and Chan, allows for the realization of a variety of functional devices on both planar and nonplanar surfaces, such as synthetic compound lens structures (see inset).
Diffusion, phase equilibria and partitioning experiments in the Ni-Fe-Ru system

The diffusion coefficient for Ru in Ni (D_(Ni)^(Ru)) was determined by the thin-film diffusion method in the temperature range of 1073 to 1673 K and is given by the expression: D^(Ru)_(Ni)(cm^2 sec^(−1))=5.0 (±0.7)·10^(−3) exp[−2.3(±0.1)·10^(12) erg mole^(−1)/RT] where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in K. Phase boundaries and tie lines in a Ni-Fe-Ru-rich system were determined at 1273, 1073 and 873 K. A wide miscibility gap is present at each temperature, separating a close-packed hexagonal ϵRu-Fe phase from a face-centered cubic γNi-Fe phase, The partitioning behavior of Pt and Ir between phases in a Ni-Fe-Ru-rich system and V between phases in a Ni-Fe-O-rich system was determined at 873 K. Pt partitions preferentially into the γNi-Fe phase, whereas Ir prefers the ϵRu-Fe phase. V partitions strongly into Fe oxides relative to γNi-Fe. The experimental results have applications in the fields of meteoritics, ore-deposit geology and materials science.
Observational and Theoretical Studies of Solar Radiation in Arctic Stratus Clouds

Abstract A series of clouds-radiation experiments was carried out in June 1980 in Arctic stratus clouds occurring over the Beaufort Sea using the NCAR Electra aircraft. This paper is an analysis of the hemispheric radiation fields obtained with Eppley pyranometers and silicon flux detectors, and the cloud microphysical data obtained with the Knollenberg FSSP and 200X probes. These data were collected in a series of 12 vertical profiles in a variety of boundary layer stratus and altostratus situations. The results are interpreted with the aid of a theoretical radiative transfer model developed by Slingo and Schrecker. The Knollenberg measurements indicated a wide range of cloud liquid water contents which generally increased from cloud base to cloud top. Values of the equivalent radius of the droplet size distribution are presented. Based on the agreement between the radiation measurements and the model calculations, it is concluded that the Knollenberg FSSP probe produced realistic liquid water concentrat...
Coping with diffraction effects in protein-based computing through a specialized approximation algorithm with constant overhead

One of the current research directions in biological nanotechnology is the use of bacteriorhodopsin in the fabrication of protein-based photonic devices. Bacteriorhodopsin, with its unique light-activated photocycle, nanoscale size, cyclicity (>107), and natural resistance to harsh environmental conditions, provides for protein-based memories that have a comparative advantage over magnetic and optical data storage devices. However, the construction of protein-based memories has been severely limited by fundamental issues that exist with such devices, such as unwanted diffraction effects. In this paper, we propose an approximation algorithm for coping with diffraction effects, that improves over previously proposed algorithms.
Analysis of corticosterone in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of corticosterone in rat plasma using dexamethasone as the internal standard is reported. Rat plasma (0.5 ml) is extracted with methylene chloride, washed with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and then with water. The extract is analyzed by HPLC on a C 18 column with ultraviolet absorbance detection at 254 nm. Pooled rat plasma was treated with activated decolorizing carbon to remove endogenous corticosterone, and was then used to prepare standards for the assay. Using 0.5 ml plasma for extraction, the detection limit of the assay is 10 ng/ml. The standard curve is linear over the concentration range 10–500 ng/ml. The recovery of corticosterone after extraction was independent of concentration and ranged from 87 to 95%. The coefficient of variation for intra-day and inter-day precision ranged from 2.4 to 7.4% and 2.1 to 8.7%, respectively. In addition, for concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ng/ml the accuracy is within 5% of the spiked standards. The assay was utilized to examine the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone, and to examine the effect of immobilization stress on corticosterone levels in rats.
Unit membrane structural changes following cell association in Dictyostelium.

Abstract 1. 1. A study of the plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum during development was conducted by freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy. 2. 2. The plasma membranes exhibited paniculate structures ranging from 41–188 A in diameter. The particles increase significantly in average size from the vegetative stage until mature spore formation at which time a decrease occurs. 3. 3. The increase in particle size during development has been attributed to the fusion of mobile particles within the matrix of the membrane. 4. 4. The possibility that cell differentiation is dependent upon an adhesive-stimulatory mechanism provided by the plasma membranes upon aggregation is discussed.
Malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant therapy for ovarian germ cell tumors. Methods: We reviewed records of women who had malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary from 1977–1997. Results: Seventy-two women had surgical resections of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors and most received adjuvant therapy. Fifty-six women (78%) presented with stage I disease, and 16 (22%) had more advanced disease. Tumor subtypes included dysgerminoma ( n = 20), yolk sac tumor ( n = 8), immature teratoma ( n = 29) and mixed germ cell tumor ( n = 15). Surgical management of the 56 with stage I disease consisted of total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and extensive surgical staging in ten women, whereas a conservative surgical approach, consisting of unilateral adnexectomy with or without comprehensive surgical staging, was adopted in later years ( n = 46). Fifty-six women were treated with postoperative chemotherapy, predominantly platinum-based regimens. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 93%. None of the 36 women who presented after 1984 have died of disease. Conclusion: These data confirmed that platinum-based adjuvant treatments allow most women with ovarian germ cell malignancies to have conservative surgery without compromising survival.
An Integrated Model of Consortium-Based E-Business Standardization: Collaborative Development and Adoption with Network Externalities

E-business standards are critical for electronic interorganizational transactions. In many industries, firms develop e-business standards collaboratively in a standard consortium. They can choose to become a leading developer, a passive adopter, or a nonadopter. To capture firms' strategic choices at the development stage and the adoption stage, which are related due to the double-sided interactions between the two stages, we propose an integrated model of consortium-based e-business standardization. We find that firms' payoffs from standard adoption increase with the intrinsic value of the standard, but developers' benefits increase faster than passive adopters' benefits. The model examines the value of passive adopters to the standard development via network externalities, even though passive adopters do not contribute directly in the consortium. We find that passive adopters do not always exist. There are two possible equilibria for the endogenous formation of the developer network and the adopter network, one without passive adopters and one with passive adopters. How external conditions affect the endogenous formation of the consortium depends upon whether there are passive adopters in the equilibrium. Based on our analysis, we recommend strategies to e-business standard consortia to motivate firms' participation and enhance social welfare created by the standard.
Using Two Languages when Learning Mathematics.

This article reviews two sets of research studies from outside of mathematics education to consider how they may be relevant to the study of bilingual mathematics learners using two languages. The first set of studies is psycholinguistics experiments comparing monolinguals and bilinguals using two languages during arithmetic computation (language switching). The second set of studies is sociolinguistic research on young bilinguals using two languages during conversations (code switching). I use an example of a mathematical discussion between bilingual students to illustrate how sociolinguistics can inform analyses of bilingual mathematical conversations.
On the relative stabilities of dodecahedron-shaped and bowl-shaped structures of C20

Abstract Purely carbonaceous aggregates, C20, were studied by the AM1 quantum-chemical method. In addition to one dodecahedron-shaped structure possessing C1 symmetry, another three-dimensional species was revealed, namely a bowl-shaped structure of C5v symmmetry. The temperature dependence of the relative stabilities of both structures is evaluated, showing that the fullerenic species prevails in the temperature region studied. However, at very high temperatures, a relative-stability interchange is predicted. In view of the absence of any symmetry in the dodecahedron-shaped structure, the species is treated both as an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers and as one pure optical form. The effects of the enantiomerism on the overall properties of C20 are briefly discussed.
Foreseeable Medical Consequences of Use of Nuclear Weapons

The first of a series of meetings, sponsored by Physicians for Social Responsibility, took place in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in February 1980, to consider the Medical Consequences of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War. It was followed by others elsewhere and led to the horrifying convictions that (1) it is highly unlikely that any nuclear war would be ‘limited’, and (2) no effective medical response can be conceived to deal with the human damage which would result from a nuclear attack. Consequently an organization entitled International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War has been established to hold further meetings and promote general enlightenment towards avoiding widespread—even global—human carnage and environmental destruction which would accompany a nuclear war involving even a small fraction of the weapons that now exist. The atomic bomb which was exploded over Hiroshima in August 1945 is estimated to have killed 75,000 of that city's population of 245,000 and to have destroyed two-thirds of the 90,000 buildings within the city limits. It had an explosive power equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT, whereas many of the thermonuclear devices now deployed at the ready are some 50 times more powerful than it although still far less destructive than the most devastating contemporary weapons. Consequently the world's leaders must be brought to their senses and these horrific weapons dismantled to avoid what could be ‘the last epidemic’. The magnitude of the problem can be gauged from the fact that at present more than 50,000 nuclear warheads are reported to be deployed and ready to launch—most of them being sufficient in destructive power to dwarf the bomb that was used against Hiroshima. Sufficient nuclear devices exist outside the United States to destroy totally every major American city. Six nations are now acknowledged possessors of nuclear weapons, and there are almost certainly others to increase the degree of instability. This situation is not so much ‘unthinkable’ as insufficiently realized or even thought about—hence the failure to reject nuclear war as a ‘viable option’ in the conduct of world affairs. Medically, any treatment programmes would be virtually useless and the costs quite staggering, so prevention becomes imperative.
Superplastic flow in a non-stoichiometric ceramic: Magnesium aluminate spinel

Abstract Tensile superplastic deformation of ceramics is often limited by their susceptibility to intergranular cavitation. However, we find that the grained magnesium aluminate spinel exhibits unusual superplastic ductility at strain rates of up to 5 × 10 −4 s −1 and at temperatures below 1280°C. The ductility is all the more remarkable because the flow stress of the spinel was in the range of several hundred MPa. We propose that the unusual cavitation resistance of interfaces in spinel is related to its non-stoichiometry. We further propose that the non-linear threshold stress like rheology which we have measured is related to an electrical double (barrier) layer which is postulated to form to compensate the net charge at interfaces of non-stoichiometric ceramics. We estimate that a boundary double layer potential, ψ b , of 5–50 mV can account for this threshold stress. The phenomenological characteristics of superplastic flow in the spinel are shared by other non-stoichiometric ceramics such as yttria stabilized zirconia, hydroxyapatite and zinc sulphide.
Interpreting Interpersonal Behavior: The Effects of Expectancies

Attempts to understand the personal characteristics of others, in interactions with them, are complicated by the fact that one tends to find what one expects. This happens not only because processing of information is selective, but also because expectancies cause one to act in ways that elicit behavior interpretable as confirming those expectancies, even when the expectancies might have been mistaken. Studies provide ample evidence of such self-fulfilling prophecies in social interaction and are beginning to spell out the crucial steps in the process for confirming expectancies. Such studies help link the psychology of first impressions to the psychology of long-term relationships by showing how expectancies are sustained or modified through behavioral sequences that are partially determined by initial expectancies.
Cutback management using information and research

The Massachusetts Department of Mental Health (DMH) has experienced dramatic budget reductions over the past few years. These cutbacks have been managed using a variety of management tools. This article describes the approaches used to handle the cuts, outlines specific strategies that were developed using information and research, and discusses priorities for future service system research.
Genes of human (strain Wa) and bovine (strain UK) rotaviruses that code for neutralization and subgroup antigens

Abstract Sixteen rotaviral reassortants recovered from mixed infection with a ts mutant of bovine rotavirus (UK strain) and noncultivatable or cultivatable human rotavirus (Wa strain) were genotyped by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the reassortants showed that the ninth RNA gene segment regularly segregated with the neutralization specificity and the sixth RNA gene segment regularly segregated with the subgroup antigenic specificity detected by immune adherence hemagglutination assay. This indicates that the ninth RNA segment codes for the protein that induces and reacts with neutralizing antibodies while the sixth RNA segment codes for the subgroup antigen. In addition, it appears that the fourth and/or fifth RNA segments may be responsible for restriction of growth of the noncultivatable human rotavirus in cell culture.
Generalized optical logic elements – GOLEs

Abstract A Generalized Optical Logic Element or GOLE is device that performs any of the 16 Boolean logic operations on signals in an optical beam with very fast switching among functions. The advantages of a generalized or universal gate in manufacturing are obvious. Extremely flexible functioning becomes possible if the GOLE functionality is switched in response to earlier computations. Likewise Field Programmable Gate Arrays or FPGAs can be used to fix the GOLE functions, making one of the most powerful and flexible processor units ever designed – called a Field GOLE. Such systems can be made in bulk optics to utilize Spatial Light Modulator or SLM capabilities, but integrated optics on silicon will be the choice for most applications. GOLEs can be generalized in several ways to become Fredkin gates and generalized Fredkin gates. They can also be cascaded similarly to electronic gates.
Ultrahigh-velocity resolution imaging of the microcirculation in-vivo using color Doppler optical coherence tomography

Color Doppler optical coherence tomography (CDOCT) is a method for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging of blood flow in vivo. In previous implementations, velocity estimates were obtained by measuring the frequency shift of discrete depth-resolved backscatter spectra, resulting in a velocity resolution on the order of 1 mm/s. We present a novel processing method that detects Doppler shifts calculated across sequential axial scans, enabling ultrahigh velocity resolution (~1 micron/s) flow measurement in scattering media. This method of sequential scan processing was calibrated with a moving mirror mounted on a precision motorized translator. Latex microspheres suspended in deuterium oxide were used as a highly scattering test phantom. Laminar flow profiles down to ~15 micron/s centerline velocity (0.02 cc/hr) were observed with a sensitivity of 1.2 micron/s. Finally, vessels on the order of 10 microns in diameter were imaged in living human skin, with a relative frequency sensitivity less than 4 x 10-5. To our knowledge, these results are the lowest velocities ever measured with CDOCT.
Performance modeling of the IDES framework

The IDES project at Sandia National Laboratories is developing a large scale portable parallel simulator for use in stockpile stewardship. IDES will use the Breathing-Time-Buckets synchronization protocol; to support IDES development, this paper studies a performance model and describes performance experiments on expected work load and architectural parameters. A new parallel algorithm for terminating the window quickly is also described and analyzed.
Sensitivity Analyses of a Population Projection Model of Ring-Necked Pheasants

Abstract A large literature exists on population dynamics of ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in North America, but there has not been an attempt to formulate a matrix model nor a sensitivity analysis of the relationships between vital rates and population finite growth rate (λ) that can be used to guide management. We summarized demographic data available from a 5-year field study in Iowa, USA, collected in Kossuth County (low composition of perennial habitat) and Palo Alto County (high composition of perennial habitat) into a 2-stage (young and adult) matrix projection model. We estimated λ1 (the dominant eigenvalue of the deterministic matrix), the stable age distribution (w), relative reproductive value vector (v), other demographic parameters, and λiid, a bootstrap estimate of growth that includes interannual variation in life history parameters. We analyzed the relative importance of vital rates on population growth rate using sensitivity and elasticity of both matrix elements and lower-le...
Modeling and optimization for the design of IMS networks

The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is envisioned as the solution for the next generation multimedia rich communication. Based on an open IP infrastructure, it enables convergence of data, speech, video and mobile network technology. The session initiation protocol (SIP) is the signaling protocol chosen by the 3GPP consortium for IMS. We propose to analyze the IMS network based on the SIP signaling delay and predict performance trends of the network, that allow us to choose parameter values optimally. The paper focuses on the formulation of queuing models for the IMS network and characterization of the SIP server workload, and on a methodology for the design of such networks for optimal performance. Our analysis is based on a careful study of real-life SIP network traffic.
Undergorund research and the acadenuc laboratory

The benefits of research experience for (he undergraduate students cannot be overestimated. Such an activity not only greatly enhances the students' academic peformance but also prepares them for their future career fields. On the other hand, research conducted by undergraduate engineering students is particularly dijficult to initiate because these students lack the experience to cary out scholarly work. To achieve rensonoblesuccess, we should make use of the background ofthe students, such as their familiarity with undergraduate-level laboratory exercises. When successfully performed, the students' research results not only in personal satisfaction but also in a practical contribution in the academic laboratory. This paper describes how we developed a research component for undergraduate students in Telecommunications Program at the New York City College of Technoloa, based on a program called the Alliance for Minority prticipation in Science, Mathematics, Enginecring and Technology WE describe the AMP program and activities this program supports. We also present the results of student research accumulated over several years. The paper concludes with a description of how the results ofstudent research have been implemented in the laboratory exercises of o regular
Measurement of the frequency dependent phase velocity and attenuation from the Fourier description of shear wave propagation: Addressing geometric spreading arising from spatially asymmetric Gaussian excitations

Observations of shear wave propagation in a viscoelastic (VE) tissue are typically analyzed by assuming the wave is described as a plane wave, or as the asymptotic form of a wave expanding radially from a cylindrically symmetric source. In this study we present an exact expression for the two dimensional Fourier transform (2D-FT) description of shear wave propagation in a VE material following an asymmetric Gaussian excitation. This expression is used to evaluate the bias in 2D-FT measurements obtained using the plane or cylindrical wave assumptions. A wide range of biases are observed depending on specific values of frequency and aspect ratio R of the source asymmetry. These biases can be reduced significantly by weighting the shear wave signal in the spatial domain to correct for the geometric spreading of the shear wavefront using a factor of xp. The optimal weighting power p is found to be near the theoretical value of 0.5 for the case of a cylindrical source with R = 1, and decreases for asymmetric sources with R > 1.
When did inequality rise in Britain and America

Abstract New information and new perspectives reveal three long periods in which the two most-studied economies had a widening in income and wealth gaps. First, income inequality rose in both Britain and America between 1977 and 1995. In America, it regained the old pre-1929 levels, contrary to the official figures. Second, wealth and earnings gaps widened sometime in America between 1774 and 1913. Third, inequality rose in Britain from 1740 to 1810, earlier than others have suspected. This early widening reflects the role of severe relative price movements, which have been missed by the usual measures of (nominal) income inequality.