cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Dimensional Imaging with the Lick Observatory Image Dissector Scanner

While the Image Tube, Image Dissector Scanner (ITS) has been used for 8 years to take spectra of faint objects, the image tube gain is sufficient to support a larger number of pixels than is currently being used for spectroscopy. We have recently built a 32K memory and sweep control circuitry that can provide up to 128 scan lines, although only 64 have been used as yet. Initial tests of the two-dimensional capability of the ITS are encouraging; the system seems to be linear and has a wide dynamic range. Planned applications include broad band photometry and near simultaneous recording of two 64 x 256 pixel fields for polarization measurements. The equipment has been used to date to take multiple spectra from a polarimeter and of extended objects. Because the ITS outputs data continuously, the data can be used to generate error signals for telescope guiding. The ability to analyze the data in real time makes it feasible to record images in small fields in such a way that data are only stored during moments of good seeing.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prototype 3D optoelectronic neural system

We report the implementation of a prototype 3-D optoelectronic neural system that combines free-space optical interconnects with silicon-VLSI-based hybrid optoelectronic circuits. the prototype system consists of a 16-pixel input, 4-neuron hidden and a single-neuron output layer, where the denser input-to-hidden layer connections are optical. The input layer uses PLZT light modulators to generate optical outputs which are distributed to an optoelectronic analog neural network chip through space invariant holographic optical interconnects. Optical interconnections provide fan-out with negligible delay and allow the use of compact, purely on-chip electronic H-tree fan-in structures. The scalable prototype system achieves 8-bit electronic fan-in precision and a maximum speed of 640 million interconnections per second. The system was tested using synaptic weights learned off-system and applied to a simple line recognition task.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A model for justification production by expert planning systems

Although explanation capability is one of the distinguishing characteristics of expert systems, the explanation facilities of most existing systems are quite primitive. This paper describes an architecture for production of explanations that justify reasoning that is based on the premises that (1) the task of justifying expert decisions is an intelligence-requiring activity and (2) the appropriate model for machine-produced justifications should be explanations written by people. The architecture consists of (1) a processing strategy for an Augmented Phrase Structured Grammar (APSG) for the purpose of structuring text, (2) a special language designed for writing text structuring grammars, and (3) a Justification Grammar (JG) representing the structure of justification texts. A prototype justification production system is presented to demonstrate how the model can be used to synthesize knowledge from a variety of sources and produce coherent, multisentential text similar to that produced by a domain expert.
Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and conductivity studies of gel electrolytes based on stereocomplexed poly(methyl methacrylate)

Abstract Thermally reversible ionically conducting gel electrolytes, comprising blends of atactic and isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), lithium salt and an organic solvent, have been prepared and characterized. Due to association between isotactic PMMA (i-PMMA) and syndiotactic sequences of atactic PMMA (a-PMMA) strong gels are formed in solvents which ordinarily do not form gels with high molecular weight a-PMMA, namely, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC). The plot of the dependence of the elastic moduli on the fraction of i-PMMA passes through a maximum at ∼1:1 molar ratio between isotactic and syndiotactic fractions of a-PMMA. However, the conductivity of the gels is invariant to the ratio of i-PMMA and a-PMMA. Thus, a gel with a typical polymer content of 15–20 wt%, 1 M lithium salt, and a ratio of i-PMMA to a-PMMA of about 1:3 has an ionic conductivity in the range of 1×10 −3 –4×10 −3 S cm −1 and possesses a dynamic elastic modulus one order of magnitude higher than the electrolytes containing only atactic PMMA. This modulus is obtained at values of the frequency between 0.01 and 100 radians, so that even under static conditions the gels do not flow and exhibit reversible elasticity to approximately 100% elongation. Thermal mechanical analysis and calorimetry of these gels show that the physical crosslinks formed by stereocomplexed syndiotactic and isotactic triads melt in the range of 65–85°C depending on the nature of the solvent and lithium salt. The fact that these gel electrolytes are thermoreversible makes them readily processable. After melt casting they form transparent dimensionally stable, self supporting films.
The computation of bivariate normal and t probabilities, with application to comparisons of three normal means

A novel method for the computation of the bivariate normal and t probability is presented. With suitable transformations, the probability over sets can be easily computed using exact one-dimensional numerical integration. An important application includes computing the exact critical points for the comparisons of three normal means for either the known or unknown variance problem. The critical points by one-dimensional integration can be computed using elementary numerical methods and are more accurate than those by the approximation methods and two-dimensional integration methods. The comparisons of reliability measurements from three populations are presented as an example of a known variance case.
Generalized System for Relaxed Cocoercive Variational Inequalities and Projection Methods

Let K be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H. The approximate solvability of a system of nonlinear variational inequality problems, based on the convergence of projection methods, is discussed as follows: find an element (x*, y*)źK×K such that $$\begin{gathered} \left\langle {\rho {\rm T}(y^* ,x^* ) + x^* - y^* ,x - x^* } \right\rangle \geqslant 0,{\text{ }}\forall x \in K{\text{ and }}\rho > 0, \hfill \\ \left\langle {\eta {\rm T}(x^* ,y^* ) + y^* - x^* ,x - x^* } \right\rangle \geqslant 0,{\text{ }}\forall x \in K{\text{ and }}\eta > 0, \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ where T: K×KźH is a nonlinear mapping on K×K.
PCAC consistency. II. Charmed meson two- and three-body nonleptonic weak decays

We extend the notion of PCAC (partial conservation of axial-vector current) consistency to calculate eight two-body weak decays {ital D}{r arrow}{ital {bar K}}{pi}, {ital {bar K}K}, {pi}{pi} and seven three-body weak decays {ital D}{r arrow}{ital {bar K}}{pi}{pi}, {ital {bar K}K}{pi},{pi}{pi}{pi}. Most of the fifteen predicted amplitudes are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
Child Occupant Protection: A Summary of Current Safety Recommendations

In 1998, 140 children younger than 1 year of age were killed in motor vehicle crashes, and nearly half of those children killed were restrained. Used correctly, child safety seats dramatically reduce a child's risk of death in a motor vehicle crash, but unfortunately, incorrect use of child seats is widespread. Obstetricians and gynecologists have a unique opportunity to counsel parents on the correct restraint for their infants and to provide recommendations for the proper restraint of older children as well. The recommendations for child occupant protection are updated with new information constantly. This article will provide an overview of the current recommendations for restraining children in motor vehicles and identify sources for up-to-date information for physicians and families.
Implementation of a multirule, multistage quality control program in a clinical laboratory computer system

We developed a computer subsystem that permits users to implement multirule, multistage quality control procedures. The subsystem runs as a task in the RelationaLABCOM™ information system and permits the collection of data from on-line instruments, as well as through manual (keyboard) entry. The choices of control rules and their combinations are at the discretion of each laboratory section, with the system automatically administering the chosen protocols for all the technologists working with the computer. Retrospective data analysis and statistics are available for review by laboratory personnel. The subsystem provides a significant improvement in the availability of real-time quality control at the bench.
State codification of federal regulatory ambiguities in biobanking and genetic research.

Federal regulations, primarily the Common Rule 1 and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule, 2 govern the collection, storage, and use of biological specimens ...
Catalyst rotation, twisting, and bending during multiwall carbon nanotube growth

Internal crystalline structure of cementite catalyst particles located inside the base of multiwall carbon nanotubes was studied using nanoprobe convergent-beam electron diffraction. The catalyst particles are single crystalline but exhibit combinations of small-angle (∼1°–3°) rotations, twists, and bends along their axial length between adjacent locations. Distortions are most severe away from the base up into the nanotube where the number of walls is large. Near the attachment point to the substrate, however, where few, if any graphene walls exist, particles remain undistorted. This suggests that the stresses generated by the surrounding nanotube distort the catalyst particle during growth.
Activation of Myosin Light Chain Kinase Requires Translocation of Bound Calmodulin

A novel translocation step is inferred from structural studies of the interactions between the intracellular calcium receptor protein calmodulin (CaM) and one of its regulatory targets. A mutant of CaM missing residues 2–8 (ΔNCaM) binds skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase with high affinity but fails to activate catalysis. Small angle x-ray scattering data reveal that ΔNCaM occupies a position near the catalytic cleft in its complex with the kinase, whereas the native protein translocates to a position near the C-terminal end of the catalytic core. Thus, CaM residues 2–8 appear to facilitate movement of bound CaM away from the vicinity of the catalytic cleft.
Oncologic outcomes following radical prostatectomy with intraoperative cell salvage

Purpose To evaluate oncologic outcomes following the use of intraoperative cell salvage (IOCS) as a blood loss management strategy during open radical prostatectomy (RP).
Gas tank fill-up in globally minimum time: Theory and application to hydrogen

Abstract The process of filling-up high-pressure gas storage vessels consists of a gas source tank, an isenthalpic (Joule–Thomson or J–T) valve, a cooling system, and a gas storage vessel. These units are assumed to be thermally insulated. The fill-up process is formulated as a minimum time optimal control problem. Despite the nonlinear nature of the aforementioned optimal control problem, its global solution is obtained analytically. A novel transformation technique is employed, to decompose the problem into a process simulation problem independent of time, and a simpler minimum time control problem that only depends on the final molar density value and the maximum allowable feed mass flowrate. The feasibility of the fill-up is uniquely determined by the process simulation problem, and upon fill-up feasibility, the minimum time control problem is then globally solved. Two fill-up case studies, involving two different system configurations are analyzed. In Case 1, the fill-up process has a constant molar enthalpy feed, and no cooling system. Case 2 considers a fill-up process with a constant temperature feed, delivered by an efficient cooling system. It was demonstrated that the optimal control strategy to achieve minimum fill-up time is to have the mass flowrate at its maximum allowable value during the entire duration of the fill-up. The presented problem formulation is general and can be applied to the fill-up of other gases, such as compressed natural gas.
“Social movement”;: Phenomenon or meaning?

“Social movement”; is a set of meanings and not an objective phenomenon. We therefore require explanations of “movement”; in rhetoric, not explanations of persuasion in allegedly discrete and objective situations.
A NEW SPECIES OF STREPTANTHUS (BRASSICACEAE) FROM THREE PEAKS IN LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT Streptanthus vernalis is a newly described species inhabiting serpentine rock outcrops in the Three Peaks area in Lake County, California. Morphological and allozyme data indicate that this taxon is related to the S. morrisonii complex.
Stability of U-500 regular insulin in prefilled syringes

Abstract Objective To evaluate the stability of U-500 regular insulin in prefilled syringes stored under refrigeration for up to 28 days. Methods U-500 regular insulin was drawn up in 1 mL insulin syringes in a clean, nonsterile environment to emulate conditions of a patient's home. Samples were assayed using a stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method immediately after preparation (day 0) and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days under refrigeration. Before evaluation, all samples were diluted to a concentration of 40 units/mL in the starting mobile phase. Stability was determined by evaluating the percentage of the initial concentration remaining at each time point. Results At least 93.3% of the initial U-500 insulin concentration remained throughout the 28-day study period, with no statistically significant changes in the amount remaining. The percent of initial concentration remained above 97% for the first 21 days of the study. Conclusion A prefilled syringe with U-500 regular insulin is stable for at least 28 days when stored under refrigeration. These data are similar to those reported for U-100 regular insulin, indicating that prefilling syringes with U-500 insulin is a safe and effective practice for patients who are unable to accurately draw up their own point-of-care doses.
Implicit methods for two-dimensional unsteady free-surface flows

Beam and Warming implicit Unite difference schemes are introduced to integrate the equations describing the two-dimensional unsteady free-surface flows. These schemes are second-order accurate in space and time, allow sharp discontinuous initial conditions, and do not require isolation of a bore. Subcritical and supercritical flows may be present indifferent parts of the channel or they may occur in sequence. Depending upon the Courant number used in the computations, sharp discontinuities may be slightly smeared since they are not isolated. Different procedures for incorporating the boundary conditions are discussed. The analysis of two-dimensional unsteady free-surface (lows resulting from the breaking of a dam are presented to illustrate the aplication of the methods.
PETRARCA OKADAI, A NEW CRUSTACEAN (MAXILLOPODA: ASCOTHORACICA) FROM THE GREAT BARRIER REEF, THE FIRST SHALLOW-WATER RECORD OF THE GENUS

Petrarca okadai, new species, an ascothoracican crustacean from Lizard Island, Australia, endosymbiotic within the solitary coral Heteropsammia michelina Milne-Edwards, is described. It is compared to its only described congener, P. bathyactidis Fowler. Discussions of internal anatomy, sexuality, and ecology are included. The biogeographic importance of this new species, in light of its shallow habitat and other recent finds of Petrarca-infested corals, is notable. Ascothoracica is a small group of maxillopodan crustaceans, variously considered an order within the Cirripedia or an independent subclass, whose members are parasites or commensals of various coelenterates and echinoderms. The most recent reviews are those of Newman et al. (1969) and Wagin (1976). Petrarca Fowler, the sole genus in the family Petrarcidae, has previously included a single described species, P. bathyactidis Fowler, 1889 (refigured and reinterpreted by Okada, 1938), an endosymbiont of the fungiid coral Fungiacyathus (=Bathyactis) symmetricus (Pourtales) or F. marenzelleri (Vaughan) (see Cairns, 1979, for explanation of taxonomic confusion within this genus), from a depth of 4,200 m off Japan. An unnamed species from 835-1,000 m off the Azores is also known (Lopez, 1974). It was collected during the "Jean Charcot" Biacores Expedition in 1971 and inhabits porous galls on the dendrophylliid coral Enallopsammia rostrata (Pourtales). A photograph of an infested coral has been published (Cairns, 1979, PI. XXXVII, fig. 6), and Zibrowius (1980) discusses Petrarcainduced galls on this coral and F. marenzelleri. The present species of Petrarca, from Lizard Island on the Australian Great Barrier Reef, is significant because it is the first of its genus from shallow water (18 m). It is also the smallest ascothoracican known.
From discrete to continuous time

Abstract A general metatheorem is proved which reduces a wide class of statements about continuous time stochastic processes to statements about discrete time processes. We introduce a strong language for stochastic processes, and a concept of forcing for sequences of discrete time processes. The main theorem states that a sentence in the language is true if and only if it is forced. Although the stochastic process case is emphasized in order to motivate the results, they apply to a wider class of random variables. At the end of the paper we illustrate how the theorem can be used with three applications involving submartingales.
A schema based paradigm for facile description and control of amulti-component parallel, coupled atmosphere-ocean model

Multidisciplinary Earth System science applications involve coupling interacting components over differing time scales and varying spatial locations. Each individual Earth System model component is, in itself, a complex high-performance application that involves considerable user expertise in setting up both at build-time and at runtime. The added complexity of running in a coupled fashion presents domain science experts with additional hurdles as they end up handling the configuration of codes they are not intimately familiar with.Seeing the need to free the domain scientists from a lot of this complexity at the programming level and encourage interdisciplinary code development, component frameworks (e.g. ESMF, CCA) have emerged over the past few years with considerable success. But in order to facilitate the build and runtime configuration of the existing and emerging coupled component applications we need to extend the individual component definitions beyond interface syntax to an encapsulation of the build- and runtime configurations and augment that with the respective coupler component configuration.We have previously successfully employed an XML Schema based language to comprehensively describe modifiable build- and runtime options of complex ocean modeling systems. In this paper we examine extending our approach to cover a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The result is that we can present the end-user with an automatically generated, semantically rich and validating, GUI to setup and run the coupled system in parallel on different architectures and in the future on Grid systems as well. This paradigm allows scientists using the coupled model to more rapidly comprehend a coupled system, avoid technical and physical configuration errors and concentrate more on coupled model results and analysis.
Fluid inclusions in high pressure/low temperature rocks from the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy): the burial and exhumation history of the subduction-related Diamante-Terranova unit

The Diamante-Terranova Unit (DIATU), in the Calabrian Arc of southern Italy, is part of an ophiolitic sequence involved in a high pressure/low temperature event (P=8 kbar; T =400 °C) followed by re-equilibration at greenschist facies conditions (P=3 kbar; T =300 °C). The rocks contain two types of quartz–calcite veins – an earlier generation of deformed, folded and faulted veins formed during or before subduction, and a later set of planar, undeformed veins formed during exhumation of the DIATU. The earlier folded quartz–calcite veins contain regularly shaped aqueous inclusions as well as inclusions with a highly irregular dendritic texture. The later planar veins contain only regularly shaped aqueous inclusions similar to those in the earlier veins. In both vein types, all inclusions are demonstrably secondary in origin. Regularly shaped inclusions from both vein types are low salinity (0–5 wt% NaCl). Most contain liquid and vapour and homogenize to the liquid (Th 135–180 °C), whereas others contain only liquid at room temperature. Both the two-phase and monophase inclusions occur in the same fractures and are thought to record the same trapping event, with the monophase inclusions remaining metastable liquid at room temperature. No microthermometric data could be obtained from the dendritic inclusions in the earlier folded veins. Inclusions with the highly irregular dendritic texture found in the earlier veins are similar to those produced experimentally during laboratory-induced deformation of synthetic inclusions in quartz under conditions of internal underpressure, simulating either isobaric cooling or isothermal compression. The occurrence of inclusions with the dendritic texture in the earlier folded veins, and their absence from the later planar veins, suggests that the earlier veins formed before or during subduction and were folded and faulted in a compressional environment and their contained fluid inclusions were modified to produce the dendritic texture. During later uplift of the DIATU, planar veins containing regularly shaped aqueous inclusions formed and some of the fluids forming these veins were also trapped as secondary inclusions in the earlier folded veins. The results of this study provide convincing evidence that inclusions with a highly irregular dendritic morphology represent early inclusions that have survived prograde conditions in a high pressure/low temperature metamorphic environment (but have been texturally modified). The high pressure/low temperature ‘implosion’ texture is preserved over geological time, even after being overprinted by internal overpressure conditions generated during retrograde decompression. We suggest that inclusions that have survived prograde metamorphism are common in high pressure/low temperature rocks, but are often not identified as such due to their morphology which makes their recognition difficult.
High-frame-rate display system for brief presentation of static images

We have developed a high frame rate image display system to study attentional control and information capacity limitations for perception of static objects in a visual display. The system presents images at 114.4 frames/sec using the stereo mode of a video display monitor and the Datacube MV200 image processing system. The proposed experimental paradigm is an extension of previous work where numeric icons were displayed at `Stimulus Onset Asynchrony' (SOA) of as low as 16.7 msec/icon. With our high frame rate display system, we can achieve lower SOAs of 8.7 msec/icon and hence further examine the perceptual capabilities for short duration displays of static objects.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New regional localisations for HAGH and PGP on human chromosome 16

The chromosomal locations for the electrophoretic markers hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (HAGH) and phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) were examined using a human-mouse hybrid panel of chromosome 16. The assignment for HAGH was confirmed to chromosome 16 using a cell line with chromosome 16 as the only human chromosome. Both HAGH and PGP were present only in cell lines containing human 16p13. This localisation for PGP indirectly places the tightly linked genes for the alpha-globin cluster and adult polycystic kidney disease on 16p13.
Relation of atmospheric CO2 to tropical sea and air temperatures and precipitation

Associations between the season-to-season changes in CO 2 concentration and the sea-surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the tropospheric air temperature, and the precipitation in the tropics are explored. The CO 2 records at Mauna Loa and the South Pole from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the GMCC/NOAA program, as well as the GMCC records at Barrow, Alaska and American Samoa were used after the annual cycle and the growth due to fossil fuel emission has been removed. We find that the correlation between CO 2 changes and each of the other variables changes with time. In particular, the period from about 1968 to about 1978 was the period of highest correlation, which was also the period when the climate variables were best correlated with each other. The air temperature and the precipitation were as well correlated with CO 2 changes as was SST. Also, there are individual seasons when the CO 2 changes are much better correlated with the climate variables than at other seasons. Furthermore, El Nino events, while the source of the largest signal in the CO 2 record, are by no means the same from one event to the next. We take these results as further confirmation that the apparent effect of SST on the CO 2 record comes less from changes in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean than from climate changes throughout the globe. Climate effects on the terrestrial biosphere seem a likely source of much of the interannual variation in atmospheric CO 2 . DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.00009.x
Carbon-13 spectra of some insect pheromones and related compounds of the 6-8-dioxabicyclo (3.2.1)octane system

Abstract The carbon resonances were assigned for the bark beetle pheromones frontalin, exo -brevicomin, endo -brevicomin, α-multistriatin, and for the γ and δ isomers of multistriatin. The chemical shift changes that occurred with changes in orientation of the various alkyl substituents of the 6,8-dioxabicyclo (3.2.1)octane system were noted for carbons α, β, γ, and δ to the substituent in question. The γ effects observed for the ring carbons of the multistriatin isomers confirmed the relative stereochemistry of these compounds. Several small but significant δ effects were also observed. Only γ effects involving a changing relationship with one carbon can be considered reliable for stereochemical inferences in such sterically crowded ring systems.
HERBIVORY IN GINGERS FROM LATEST CRETACEOUS TO PRESENT: IS THE ICHNOGENUS CEPHALOLEICHNITES (HISPINAE, COLEOPTERA) A ROLLED-LEAF BEETLE?

TI Ssuggested that rolled-leaf hispine beetles (Hispinae, Coleoptera) and plants from the order Zingiberales maintained a highly specialized plant-herbivore interaction for 60 My. The evidence supporting this old and conservative interaction are herbivory marks found on leaves of the genus Zingiberopsis (Zingiberaceae) from the latest Cretaceous and early Eocene. This fossil herbivory was described as the ichnotaxon Cephaloleichnites strongii (Hispinae, Coleoptera), based on the assumption that this type of herbivory can be solely attributed to extant rolledleaf beetles. This ichnotaxon has been a key element in several analyses on the origin, radiation and diversification of tropical insect herbivores. In this paper we report feeding patterns equivalent to those described in Zingiberopsis fossils but produced by larvae of Pyralidae and Choreutidae (Lepidoptera) and Anopsilus weevils (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) in four families of extant Zingiberales. We discuss the implications of C. strongii not being a rolled leaf beetle and how this may affect the current knowledge of the co-diversification of rolled-leaf beetles and their host plants from the order Zingiberales.
Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of the β Regulatory Subunit of Human Methionine Adenosyltransferase (MAT II)

MAT II, the extrahepatic form of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), consists of catalytic alpha(2)/alpha(2') subunits and a noncatalytic beta subunit, believed to have a regulatory function. The full-length cDNA that encodes the beta subunit of human MAT II was cloned and found to encode for a 334-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 37,552. Analysis of sequence homology showed similarity with bacterial enzymes that catalyze the reduction of TDP-linked sugars. The beta subunit cDNA was cloned into the pQE-30 expression vector, and the recombinant His tagged protein, which was expressed in Escherichia coli, was recognized by antibodies to the human MAT II, to synthetic peptides copying the sequence of native beta subunit protein, and to the rbeta protein. There is no cross-reactivity between the MAT II alpha(2) or beta subunits. None of the anti-beta subunit antibodies reacted with protein extracts of E. coli host cells, suggesting that these bacteria have no beta subunit protein. Interestingly, the rbeta subunit associated with E. coli as well as human MAT alpha subunits. This association changed the kinetic properties of both enzymes and lowered the K(m) of MAT for L-methionine. Together, the data show that we have cloned and expressed the human MAT II beta subunit and confirmed its long suspected regulatory function. This knowledge affords a molecular means by which MAT activity and consequently the levels of AdoMet may be modulated in mammalian cells.
Emerging therapies for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis.

Introduction: Oral mucositis remains a common, symptomatically devastating toxicity of common drug and radiation regimens used to treat cancer. The current limited treatment options are likely to be supplemented by an active pipeline in which innovative compounds are being developed which target the underlying biological pathways associated with the condition.Areas covered: A systematic literature search to identify English-language articles published from January 1995 to December 2013 was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE and Google databases. A supplemental search was conducted of the ClinTrials database. Searches were driven by the following keywords: oral mucositis, mucositis, stomatitis, radiation therapy toxicity, chemotherapy toxicity, and risk prediction.Expert opinion: Discovery and implementation of effective interventions for oral mucositis have been difficult. To date, in the U.S. only palifermin (Kepivance) have been approved and its use is currently confined to patients undergoing stem cell...
CDw78 Defines MHC Class II-Peptide Complexes That Require Ii Chain-Dependent Lysosomal Trafficking, Not Localization to a Specific Tetraspanin Membrane Microdomain

MHC class II molecules (MHC-II) associate with detergent-resistant membrane microdomains, termed lipid rafts, which affects the function of these molecules during Ag presentation to CD4 + T cells. Recently, it has been proposed that MHC-II also associates with another type of membrane microdomain, termed tetraspan microdomains. These microdomains are defined by association of molecules to a family of proteins that contain four-transmembrane regions, called tetraspanins. It has been suggested that MHC-II associated with tetraspanins are selectively identified by a mAb to a MHC-II determinant, CDw78. In this report, we have re-examined this issue of CDw78 expression and MHC-II-association with tetraspanins in human dendritic cells, a variety of human B cell lines, and MHC-II-expressing HeLa cells. We find no correlation between the expression of CDw78 and the expression of tetraspanins CD81, CD82, CD53, CD9, and CD37. Furthermore, we find that the relative amount of tetraspanins bound to CDw78-reactive MHC-II is indistinguishable from the amount bound to peptide-loaded MHC-II. We found that expression of CDw78 required coexpression of MHC-II together with its chaperone Ii chain. In addition, analysis of a panel of MHC-II-expressing B cell lines revealed that different alleles of HLA-DR express different amounts of CDw78 reactivity. We conclude that CDw78 defines a conformation of MHC-II bound to peptides that are acquired through trafficking to lysosomal Ag-processing compartments and not MHC-II-associated with tetraspanins.
Native Perennial Grasses Show Evolutionary Response to Bromus tectorum (Cheatgrass) Invasion

Invasive species can change selective pressures on native plants by altering biotic and abiotic conditions in invaded habitats. Although invasions can lead to native species extirpation, they may also induce rapid evolutionary changes in remnant native plants. We investigated whether adult plants of five native perennial grasses exhibited trait shifts consistent with evolution in response to invasion by the introduced annual grass Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass), and asked how much variation there was among species and populations in the ability to grow successfully with the invader. Three hundred and twenty adult plants were collected from invaded and uninvaded communities from four locations near Reno, Nevada, USA. Each plant was divided in two and transplanted into the greenhouse. One clone was grown with B. tectorum while the other was grown alone, and we measured tolerance (ability to maintain size) and the ability to reduce size of B. tectorum for each plant. Plants from invaded populations consistently had earlier phenology than those from uninvaded populations, and in two out of four sites, invaded populations were more tolerant of B. tectorum competition than uninvaded populations. Poa secunda and one population of E. multisetus had the strongest suppressive effect on B. tectorum, and these two species were the only ones that flowered in competition with B. tectorum. Our study indicates that response to B. tectorum is a function of both location and species identity, with some, but not all, populations of native grasses showing trait shifts consistent with evolution in response to B. tectorum invasion within the Great Basin.
Soliton Solutions for Seventh-Order Kawahara Equation with Time-Dependent Coefficients

In this work, a generalized seventh-order Kawahara equation characterized by time-dependent coefficients will be examined. The solitary wave ansatz will be used to obtain soliton solutions for this equation. The necessary conditions for the existence of the soliton solutions will also be derived.
Who Benefited More from the North American Free Trade Agreement: Small or Large Farmers? Evidence from Mexico

This paper measures the impact of increasing trade openness between Mexico and the USA resulting from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the income of small versus large farmers in Mexico. Benefits resulting from higher prices of export goods as well as losses incurred from greater import competition are considered. First, relating NAFTA cuts in trade restrictions to border prices of Mexican exports and imports, it is found that NAFTA-induced tariff reductions decreased the border price of corn, Mexico’s main agricultural import, and increased the border prices of tomatoes and melons, Mexico’s main agricultural exports. Then, it is shown that the rise in fruit and vegetable prices benefited small farmers more than large farmers; while the drop in corn prices hurt large farmers more. Finally, the results from the regional-level analysis suggests that the effects are stronger in the central states than in the northern and southern states.
Practical Considerations in the Design and Operation of Superconducting Structures

During the past few years considerable experience has been gained in the operation of prototype superconducting accelerators under beam line conditions. As a result of this experience, important aspects of structure design and important questions related to the long term operation of superconducting structures have been brought into sharper focus. For applications where low power loss and high duty factor, or exceptional beam quality and stable operation, are essential properties, and where modest energy gradients can be tolerated, superconducting structures are distinctly superior to conventional room temperature structures.
Localization of the ribosome-releasing factor gene in the Escherichia coli chromosome.

Abstract The ribosome-releasing factor (RRF) gene was localized at a position between 2 and 6 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome by measuring the gene-dosage-dependent production of RRF in various E. coli F' merozygotes. This position was confirmed and refined by using a nucleotide probe corresponding to a 16-amino-acid sequence in RRF. It was found that the RRF gene was contained in pLC 6-32 of the Clark-Carbon Gene Bank. Restriction enzyme mapping of E. coli genomic DNA with the above probe led us to conclude that the RRF gene is situated in the 4-min region, somewhere downstream (clockwise) of the elongation factor Ts gene, tsf. A pLC 6-32-derived DNA fragment which carries the RRF gene was found to contain a partial sequence of tsf. The exact location of the translational initiation site of the RRF gene was determined to be 1.1 kilobases downstream from the translational termination site of tsf. The RRF gene is designated frr.
House-dust community (Fungi, mites) in different climatic regions.

House-dust flora and fauna were compared in the maritime cool temperate climate (in three degrees of continentality), the mediterranean warm temperate climate, the arctic climate and the tropical climate.
The Problem of Informant Accuracy: The Validity of Retrospective Data

Lee Sailer Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 "A measurement whose accuracy is completely unknown has no use whatever" [Wilson ( 1 07. p. 232)]. "A serious obstacle in the use of replications for increasing accuracy is the tendency to get closely agreeing repetitions for irrelevant reasons" [Wilson (107. p. 253)1. "My people don't lie to me" (Anonymous Anthropologist).
How much are urban residents in Mexico willing to pay for cleaner air

We estimate the marginal willingness-to-pay for PM10 abatement in the three largest Mexican cities. We use a unique data set with actual market transactions at the household level from January 2003 to May 2004 and observed PM10 concentrations. We follow an instrumental variable approach to mitigate bias from omitted variables. We exploit the seasonality in PM10 concentrations due to rainfall patterns in those cities to construct a valid instrument for PM10. We find the house price–pollution elasticity to be around − 0.07 for Mexico City, − 0.05 for Guadalajara, and − 0.07 for Monterrey, implying that one unit reduction in PM10 levels is valued at US$41.73, 36.34 and 43.47, respectively. Our results indicate that urban residents of Mexico are willing to pay for cleaner air.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm and a horseshoe kidney.

A 60-year-old man presented with a 5-cm abdominal aortic aneurysm and a horseshoe kidney. On 3-month followup CT scan (A), the aneurysm had expanded to 5.5 cm. Operative repair with preoperative angiography was recommended. Flush aortagram (B) demonstrated a solitary right renal artery (B1), two left renal arteries (B2, B3), and an artery to the isthmus arising from a nonaneurysmal left common iliac artery (B4). Selective views of the right (C), left main (D), left accessory (E), and accessory isthmus (F) renal arteries were obtained. Operative repair was performed through a midline laparotomy with reflection of the left and sigmoid colon to the patient’s right, allowing full mobilization of the leftsided renal parenchyma and isthmus. Aneurysmorrhaphy was performed with aortobiiliac reconstruction. To minimize risk of injury to nerves crossing over the left common iliac artery with subsequent retrograde ejaculation, the artery to the isthmus was ligated close to the kidney, rather than reimplanted. Postoperatively, the patient’s creatinine and sexual function remained unchanged.
Identification, Mapping and Linkage Analysis of Randomly Amplified DNA Polymorphisms in Tetrahymena thermophila

Using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique and exploiting the unique genetics of Tetrahymena thermophila, we have identified and characterized 40 DNA polymorphisms occurring between two inbred strains (B and C3) of this ciliated protozoan. These RAPD markers permit the PCR amplification of a DNA species using template DNA from SB1969 (B strain) but fail to do so using DNA from C3-368-5 (C3 strain). Polymorphisms were mapped to chromosomes using a panel of monosomic strains constructed by crossing B strain-derived nullisomic strains to inbred strain C3. They map to all five chromosomes and appear to be evenly distributed throughout the genome. Chromosomal groups were then analyzed for linkage using meiotic segregants; four linkage groups were identified in chromosomes 1R 2L, 3 and 5. The RAPD method appears useful for the construction of a genetic map of the Tetrahymena genome based on DNA polymorphisms.
Equality, Clumpiness and Incomparability

The incomparability of two items is thought to pose a problem for making justified choices and for consequentialist theories that rely on comparing states of the world to judge the goodness of a particular course of action. In response, it has been argued that items thought incomparable by one of the three standard relations, ‘better than’, ‘worse than’ and ‘equally good’, are instead comparable by some fourth relation, such as ‘roughly equal’ or ‘on a par’. Against such accounts, this article argues that values in virtue of which comparisons are made can be ‘clumpy’ and that in comparisons involving clumpy values, we have no reason to accept ‘roughly equal’ or ‘on a par’ as distinct from ‘equally good’. The article supports the possibility of incomparability by arguing for an interpretation of incomparability as an instance of incommensurability.
Virtual Recording of Lichen Species: Integrating Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Gis Techniques

Rock outcrops along ridgelines, in block fields, and on cliff faces of Shenandoah National Park (SNP) provide unique habitats for numerous rare and endemic biotas. However, there are recent concerns about the long-term sustainability of these populations because of increased park usage (e.g., hiking, rock climbing) and environmental change (e.g., air chemistry, quality). Analysis of lichen-population dynamics provides insight into the rate at which these habitats are being degraded. As such, there is a need to develop a method to rapidly and accurately assess changes in lichen communities through space and over time. This study presents a new approach designed to record lichen species on rock outcrops. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) offers a new technique for recording individual lichen species (e.g., abundance, spatial distribution, extent, size, shape). An automated process is described to extract the lichen extent and shape in a standard GIS environment. These data are used to examine size classes, f...
A moderated mediation analysis of children’s physical activity enjoyment

Grounded in expectancy value theory (EVT), a moderated mediation model predicting children’s physical activity (PA) enjoyment was tested. Ability beliefs and subjective task value were initially investigated as mediating the relationship between social support from friends and PA enjoyment. It was hypothesized that children play an active role in this socialization process with support seeking self-efficacy moderating the mediated relationships. Findings revealed PA social support from friends and PA enjoyment was mediated by PA ability beliefs, but this mediated relationship was conditional on children having average-to-high levels of support seeking self-efficacy. The mediated relationship between PA social support from friends and PA enjoyment through subjective task value was not moderated by support seeking self-efficacy. Results support the importance of instilling confidence in children to seek out PA support in order to maximize opportunities for PA enjoyment and suggest pathways may be more compl...
Distribution of tritium in precipitation and surface water in California

Summary The tritium concentration in the surface hydrosphere throughout California was characterized to examine the reasons for spatial variability and to enhance the applicability of tritium in hydrological investigations. Eighteen precipitation samples were analyzed and 148 samples were collected from surface waters across California in the Summer and Fall of 2013, with repeat samples from some locations collected in Winter and Spring of 2014 to examine seasonal variation. The concentration of tritium in present day precipitation varied from 4.0 pCi/L near the California coast to 17.8 pCi/L in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Concentrations in precipitation increase in spring due to the ‘Spring Leak’ phenomenon. The average coastal concentration (6.3 ± 1.2 pCi/L) in precipitation matches estimated pre-nuclear levels. Surface water samples show a trend of increasing tritium with inland distance. Superimposed on that trend, elevated tritium concentrations are found in the San Francisco Bay area compared to other coastal areas, resulting from municipal water imported from inland mountain sources and local anthropogenic sources. Tritium concentrations in most surface waters decreased between Summer/Fall 2013 and Winter/Spring 2014 likely due to an increased groundwater signal as a result of drought conditions in 2014. A relationship between tritium and electrical conductivity in surface water was found to be indicative of water provenance and anthropogenic influences such as agricultural runoff. Despite low initial concentrations in precipitation, tritium continues to be a valuable tracer in a post nuclear bomb pulse world.
Apologies in Law

In 2008 I published I Was Wrong: The Meanings of Apologies with Cambridge University Press. I Was Wrong provides a nuanced framework for the ethical meanings of apologies from individuals and collectives, considering along the way the historical and cultural traditions that inform modern acts of contrition. I have discussed I Was Wrong on NPR (an hour-long interview with Diane Rehm), CNN, BBC, CBC, Philosophy Talk, and various other national and international programs.I am now working on the follow-up book, tentatively titled Apologies in Law and also under contract with Cambridge University Press. Apologies in Law will apply the framework for the ethical meanings of apologies from I Was Wrong to acts of contrition in civil and criminal law. As a recently tenured J.D./Ph.D. experienced as a litigator in a major Manhattan law firm and as a staff attorney for the U.S. Court of Appeals, I hope to use my upcoming sabbatical to complete a draft of Apologies in Law. I will revise and polish the draft during the summer of 2009.