cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All-day fresh water harvesting by microstructured hydrogel membranes

Solar steam water purification and fog collection are two independent processes that could enable abundant fresh water generation. We developed a hydrogel membrane that contains hierarchical three-dimensional microstructures with high surface area that combines both functions and serves as an all-day fresh water harvester. At night, the hydrogel membrane efficiently captures fog droplets and directionally transports them to a storage vessel. During the daytime, it acts as an interfacial solar steam generator and achieves a high evaporation rate of 3.64 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun enabled by improved thermal/vapor flow management. With a homemade rooftop water harvesting system, this hydrogel membrane can produce fresh water with a daily yield of ~34 L m−2 in an outdoor test, which demonstrates its potential for global water scarcity relief. Solar steam water purification and fog collection are two independent processes that could enable abundant fresh water generation. Here, the authors develop a hydrogel membrane that contains microstructures and combines both functions and serves as an all-day fresh water harvester.
Eubicarbonatemic Hydrogen Ion Retention and CKD Progression.

Small-scale trials in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3-5 have shown that hypobicarbonatemic metabolic acidosis promotes progression of CKD. Accordingly, the 2012 KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guideline suggests base administration to patients with CKD when serum bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3ˉ]) is
Corporate Dividend Policies: Lessons from Private Firms*

We compare the dividend policies of publicly and privately held firms in order to help identify the forces shaping corporate dividends, and shed light on the behavior of privately held companies. We show that private firms smooth dividends significantly less than their public counterparts, suggesting that the scrutiny of public capital markets plays a central role in the propensity of firms to smooth dividends over time. Public firms pay relatively higher dividends that tend to be more sensitive to changes in investment opportunities than otherwise similar private firms. Ultimately, ownership structure and incentives play key roles in shaping dividend policies. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
A comparison of the IgM and IgT repertoires reveals the structure of B cell communities in rainbow trout is a consequence of mechanistic and evolutionary forces

In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), three classes of antibodies have been identified: IgM, IgD, and IgT, which differ in their abundance and effector functions. Though the process of VDJ recombination that creates these antibodies is often described as a stochastic process, recent findings in mammals suggest that there are biases in antibody construction. Because class switching is absent in teleosts, studying the IgM and IgT communities of rainbow trout provides the opportunity to see how evolution has differentially shaped the IgM and IgT repertoires. Even though it has not yet been demonstrated that biases exist in variable region construction for trout immunoglobulins, it seems reasonable that both natural and artificial selection have driven preferential gene-segment usage and pairing biases in rainbow trout. In this study, we sequenced the heavy chain variable regions of membrane IgM and IgT from multiple fish and predicted that given the more generalist role of the abundant IgM there would be less pressure to bias V gene segment usage and DJ pairings; rather, natural selection would have favored diversity and the ability to respond to a plethora of pathogens. Conversely, as IgT is substantially less abundant in the serum than IgM and specialized in its function, there would be selective pressure to make the most out of a little, thus favoring biased V segment usage and preferential DJ pairings. In support of our hypotheses, for IgT, over 70% of DJ pairs were biased and over 60% of antibodies were constructed with just two V gene segments. These biases were not prevalent in the IgM repertoire, where only 4% of DJ pairs were biased and no single V gene segment was utilized in more than 10% of antibodies. We found that these biases have profound influences in the richness and evenness of the repertoires, with the IgM repertoire investing more equitably in nearly double the number of VDJ combinations compared with IgT.
Surveys, Achievement and Enrollment: Strengthening and Sustaining Catholic Schools

U.S. Catholic school enrollment has declined significantly from a peak in the 1960s. Schools attempting to reverse that trend have relied on marketing and promotion. We use survey data from Chicago...
Magnetic Structure of antiferromagnetic high-pressure phases of dysprosium

Abstract Dysprosium (Dy) has been studied using neutron diffraction under high pressures and low temperatures at a spallation neutron source by employing a large-volume diamond anvil cell. Companion measurements at different central wavelengths allow the collection over extended reciprocal space with momentum transfer Q covering the range from 0.5 A-1 to 5.5 A-1. Upon cooling to 15 K, magnetic ordering was observed in the hexagonal close-packed (hcp), alpha-samarium (α-Sm), and double hexagonal close packed (dhcp) phases of Dy to 22 GPa. We report on previously undetected magnetic superlattice reflections signaling antiferromagnetic transition for both the α-Sm and dhcp phases of Dy. Magnetic structure refinements for the α-Sm phase shows a complex phase comprising two magnetic propagation vectors k = (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) and k = (1/2, 0, 0). Magnetic structure refinements for the dhcp phase yield a single magnetic propagation vector k = (1/2, 0, 1/3) and a possible magnetic space group Pbnma. The refined magnetic structures are provided to the highest pressure of 22 GPa.
Perioperative Care of Elderly Patients

Aging is associated with a loss of physiologic reserve and a consequent increase in perioperative risk. Comorbidities and age strongly interact to increase the rate of perioperative complications with the effect of comorbidities becoming more pronounced with increasing age. Despite major advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques and perioperative optimization, elderly patients continue to shoulder the burden of complications, longer hospital stays, and institutionalization after surgery.
Monocrotaline-induced cardiopulmonary injury in rats. Modification by the neutrophil elastase inhibitor SC39026.

Abstract Rats were killed after 6 weeks of continuous ingestion of the pneumotoxic alkaloid monocrotaline (2.2mg/kg/day), the neutrophil elastase inhibitor SC39026 (60mg/kg/day), or both. Pulmonary reactions were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Lung endothelial function was monitored by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity, plasminogen activator (PLA) activity, and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) and thromboxane (TXA 2 ) production. Lung hydroxyproline content was measured as an index of interstitial fibrosis. Cardiac right ventricular hypertrophy was determined by the right ventricle to the left ventricle plus septum weight ratio (RV/LV + S). Rats receiving SC39026 alone did not differ significantly from untreated control animals with respect to any of the quantitative endpoints, although rarefaction of Type I pneumocytes was observed in the electron micrographs of these animals. Monocrotaline-treated rats, in contrast, developed a significant increase in RV/LV + S, and exhibited pulmonary edema, inflammation, fibrosis, and muscularization and occlusive mural thickening of the pulmonary small arteries and arterioles. These monocrotaline-induced structural changes were accompanied by decreased lung ACE and PLA activities, and increased PGI 2 and TXA 2 production, and by an increase in lung hydroxyproline content. Cotreatment with SC39026 ameliorated the monocrotaline-induced pulmonary vascular wall thickening and the cardiac right ventricular hypertrophy. These data suggest that inappropriate neutrophil elastase activity contributes to monocrotaline pulmonary vasculopathy and hypertension. On the other hand, cotreatment with SC39026 had no significant effect on the severity of the monocrotaline-induced lung inflammatory reaction, the pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, or the increase in lung hydroxyproline content.
Diversity in Western Constitutionalism: Chartered Rights, Federated Structures, and Natural Law Reasoning in Burke's Theory of Empire

This article examines the writings of the eighteenth century Parliamentary statesman and thinker Edmund Burke as a source of constitutional thinking during the formative years of the British Empire. Burke’s theory of empire is presented as based in three essential foundations: the need to respect the chartered rights of the various peoples and political entities contained within the empire; the need to preserve British constitutional rights within Britain itself; and the importance of recognizing and protecting the more general rights and duties embedded in natural law within the structure of empire. Examining Burke’s responses to Britain’s troubled relationship with India, its attempts to govern Ireland, and its failed attempts to keep its American colonies, the article finds a consistent call to maintain the limited sovereignty inherent in an empire that was in important ways federal in its structure and purpose. That structure sought constitutional mechanisms maintaining British dominance in areas of military action and trade while respecting the customs, expectations, and governments of colonial peoples.
Practical and Intuitive Basis for Tensor Field Processing with Invariant Gradients and Rotation Tangents

Abstract Recent work has outlined a framework for analyzing diffusion tensor gradient and covariance tensors in terms of invariant gradient and rotation tangents, which span local variations in tensor shape and orientation, respectively. This chapter hopes to increase the adoption of this framework by giving it a more intuitive conceptual description, as well as providing practical advice for its numeric implementation. Example applications are described, with an emphasis on decomposing the third-order gradient of a diffusion tensor field.
A methodology to assess the impact of hidden failures in protection schemes

Protection systems play an important role in the sequence of events of wide area disturbances. The impact or consequences of the unwanted disconnection of power system elements caused by hidden failures in the power system is considered in this paper by an index of severity, intended to help in prioritizing the areas of the system for which mechanisms should be developed to protect against hidden failures. A hidden failure monitoring and control systems HFMCS, would be capable of preventing the contingency caused by hidden failure that would increase the security of the power system. The approach includes system protection, planning and operation and can be effectively applied for the evaluation of electric transmission system.
Thickness influence on ballistic impact behaviors of GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminated beams: Experimental and numerical studies

Abstract This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on ballistic impact behaviors of GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminated (FML) beams of various thicknesses. A high-speed camera was used to measure impact and residual/rebound velocities and also to assess damage evolution in the FMLs. The incident projectile impact velocity versus the residual velocity ( V I – V R ) was plotted and numerically fitted according to the classical Lambert–Jonas equation for the determination of ballistic limit velocity, V 50 . The results showed that the V 50 varied in a parabolic trend with respect to the metal volume fraction (MVF) and specimen thickness. The interfacial debonding as well as bending and stretching in aluminum layers played the significant roles in dissipating the impact energy in the GLARE 5 FML beams. The 3D finite element (FE) code, LS-DYNA, was used to model and validate the experimentally obtained results. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results was achieved. It was found that for a given specimen configuration, by increasing the projectile incident velocity up to its V 50 , the maximum contact force increased. By further increasing the projectile velocity above its V 50 , the maximum contact force was relatively invariant with respect to an increase in the projectile incident velocity.
Serum cholinesterase assay using a reagent-free micro pH-stat.

Abstract Enzyme activities in body fluids are often used as diagnostic markers for physiological conditions and diseases. Common enzyme assays use optical methods that often require the use of pseudosubstrates and associated dyes. Here we introduce a reagent-free micro pH-stat that can determine absolute enzyme activity without the need for exogenic reagents. This approach employs electrolysis for precise dosing of the requisite acid or base titrant to stat the pH of the sample. The micro pH-stat is based on the rotating sample system (RSS), a convection platform for microliter drops. Activities of serum cholinesterase in fetal bovine serum and human serum were analyzed with this approach. The performance of this system is comparable to that of standard techniques ( r 2 = 0.99), yet it offers a broader range of detection. The reagent-free micro pH-stat has potential to be developed as a miniaturized device for point-of-care testing.
Prognostic value of intraoperative blood flow measurements in vascular access surgery.

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to correlate intraoperative blood flow measurements with outcome in vascular access surgery. Methods: In 303 patients, 389 vascular access operations were performed. Intraoperative blood flow measurements were made immediately following construction of 227 autogenous and 162 prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) using a handheld flowprobe. Blood flow measurements were stratified by demographic variables such as age, race, sex, and presence of diabetes and were correlated with primary and secondary (assisted) patency. Statistical methods included life-table analysis and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Blood flow increased progressively from distal to proximal access sites and was not significantly affected by age, race, sex, or presence of diabetes. Autogenous AVFs with flow rates at or below 320 mL/min and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts with flow rates at or below 400 mL/min had significantly worse primary and secondary patency rates compared to their higher flow counterparts at all sites. Using hazard analysis flow rate was the single most important determinant of primary and secondary patency. PTFE grafts with flow rates at or below 400 mL/min also required more interventions (1.58 per patient-year) and failed sooner (median time, 0.5 ± 4.7 months) than grafts with flow rates above 400 mL/min (1.08 interventions per patient-year; P =.03; median time, 1.6 ± 5.0 months; P =.003). Conclusions: Intraoperative measurements of access blood flow provide objective, reliable data that correlate with outcome. Routine use of this technology might lead to more efficient management of patients undergoing hemodialysis access surgery. (Surgery 1998;124:729-38.)
Ventilatory Support During Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ventilatory support during magnetic resonance imaging is difficult because metallic objects on ventilatory support devices can interfere with the imaging field and/or become magnetized and move inside the patient or become flying projectiles. We report the successful MRI examination of an intubated respirator-dependent pediatric patient. Ventilatory support was carried out with a plastic ambu bag, exhalation valve circuit, and tubing.
Recidivism Rates of Sexual Offenders up to 7 Years Later: Does Treatment Matter?

This article critically reviews the evidence on sex offender treatment and subsequently provides new estimates on short-term recidivism among sexual offenders released from prison in New Jersey. Th...
Large-Scale Hydrodynamic Brownian Simulations on Multicore and Manycore Architectures

Conventional Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations with hydrodynamic interactions utilize 3n×3n dense mobility matrices, where n is the number of simulated particles. This limits the size of BD simulations, particularly on accelerators with low memory capacities. In this paper, we formulate a matrix-free algorithm for BD simulations, allowing us to scale to very large numbers of particles while also being efficient for small numbers of particles. We discuss the implementation of this method for multicore and many core architectures, as well as a hybrid implementation that splits the workload between CPUs and Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors. For 10,000 particles, the limit of the conventional algorithm on a 32 GB system, the matrix-free algorithm is 35 times faster than the conventional matrix based algorithm. We show numerical tests for the matrix-free algorithm up to 500,000 particles. For large systems, our hybrid implementation using two Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors achieves a speedup of over 3.5x compared to the CPU-only case. Our optimizations also make the matrix-free algorithm faster than the conventional dense matrix algorithm on as few as 1000 particles.
Four-dimensional transcatheter intraarterial perfusion MR imaging for monitoring chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results.

Purpose Angiographic endpoints for chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are subjective, and optimal endpoints remain unknown. Transcatheter intraarterial perfusion (TRIP) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, when performed in a combined MR/interventional radiology (MR-IR) suite, offers an objective method to quantify intraprocedural tumor perfusion changes, but was previously limited to two spatial dimensions. This study prospectively tested the hypothesis that a new volumetric acquisition over time, four-dimensional TRIP MR imaging, can measure HCC perfusion changes during chemoembolization. Materials and Methods Seven men (mean age, 53 years; range, 42–65 y) with eight tumors (mean size, 2.5 × 2.4 cm 2 ; diameter range, 1.5–5.2 cm) underwent chemoembolization in an MR-IR suite between February and December 2007, with intraprocedural tumor perfusion reductions monitored with four-dimensional TRIP MR imaging. Microcatheter chemoembolization was performed with a 1:1 mixture of chemotherapy agent and emulsifying contrast agent, followed by the administration of gelatin microspheres. Pre- and post-chemoembolization time–intensity curves were generated for each tumor. Semiquantitative measures of tumor perfusion, including area under the curve (AUC), peak signal intensity (SI), time to peak SI, and maximum upslope (MUS), were calculated, and mean differences before and after chemoembolization were compared with paired t tests. Results Four-dimensional TRIP MR imaging–monitored chemoembolization was successful in all cases. Calculated AUCs before and after chemoembolization (439 vs 221, P = .004, 50% reduction), peak SI (32 vs 19, P = .012, 41% reduction), and MUS (11 vs 3, P = .028, 73% reduction) showed significant reductions after chemoembolization. Time to peak SI did not significantly change (23 sec vs 36 sec, P = .235, 57% increase). Conclusions Four-dimensional TRIP MR imaging can successfully measure semiquantitative changes in HCC perfusion during MR-IR–monitored chemoembolization. Future studies may correlate changes in these objective functional parameters with tumor response.
Will both spouses have careers?: Predictors of preferred traditional or egalitarian marriages among university students

Abstract This study examined the significance of work preference variables, family preference variables, socialization influences, and needs for achievement and affiliation in predicting preferred traditional versus egalitarian marriages among university students. Results showed that, overall, male university students preferred traditional marriages while female university students preferred egalitarian marriages. Sex also interacted significantly with the following variables: desired family task involvement, desired job task involvement, and mother's family involvement. The data suggest that a perspective encompassing a wide variety of variables (including work, family, and socialization considerations) may be useful for conceptualizing individuals' preferences for traditional or egalitarian marriages. Implications of the results for management and career counseling are discussed.
Optogalvanic and optopotential signals in a glow discharge reveal electrode coupling effects

Abstract This study considers the coupling effect between the cathode and anode regions-the two most important regions in a glow discharge. Cathode and anode processes are tightly coupled by electron and ion coupling effects. Both electron and ion coupling effects were observed by studying excited Ar atoms in the cathode and anode regions and observing laser-induced space charge variations and the optogalvanic effect. Laser-induced space charge variations in the glow discharge were observed by the change in potential of an electrical probe. This signal, called the optopotential signal, provides useful information about the cathode and anode processes, and may become another useful spectroscopic detection method.
5-Alkylresorcinols from Merulius incarnatus

Two new, 5-heptadeca-8'Z,11'Z,16-trienylresorcinol (1) and 5-heptadeca-9'E,11'Z,16-trienylresorcinol (2), and six known 5-alkylresorcinols (3-8) were isolated from the mushroom Merulius incarnatus. Compound 2 is the first 5-alkylresorcinol derivative that contains a trans-cis conjugated double bond system. Compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were found to inhibit methacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with IC(50) values of 2.5, 15, 9.5, 8.0, 5.0, and 6.5 microg/mL, respectively. Compound 1 was also active against leishmania, with an IC(50) value of 3.6 microg/mL, and showed no cytotoxicity in our Vero cell test up to a concentration of 25 microg/mL. The structures of these isolates were determined by spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR.
The moderating role of brand familiarity in reference price perceptions

Abstract This article examines the moderating role of brand familiarity in the relationship between reference prices and transaction utility, shop-around saving, and shopping intention. An experiment was conducted in which levels of reference price and brand familiarity were manipulated in a MANOVA design. Results show that brand familiarity exerts a strong influence on consumer price perceptions. As hypothesized, subjects in the low familiarity condition perceived higher transaction utility, lower shop-around saving, and higher shopping intention when exposed to an implausible reference price than subjects in the high familiarity condition. Further, this study replicates recent findings on the effects of implausible reference prices.
TRID Cervical Analysis During Rear Impact Simulation With MADYMO

Early studies of cranial kinematics were primarily limited to sagittal plane assessments of motion secondary to impact in volunteers, models, anthropometric dummies and human specimens [1]. With advances in instrumentation and imaging technology, more relevant studies of three dimensional (3-D) motion began to emerge. More complex 3-D head kinematics were first quantified with arrays of precisely positioned multi-axis accelerometers [1]. This evolution in quantitative ability has continued to the present time with the application of high speed motion capture systems and more sophisticated mathematical models.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Advantages of Combining Hydrocortisone and Oxytetracycline Topically1

The ideal of a specific remedy for a disease process comes ever closer to attainment. This is especially so in the realm of infectious diseases where the most notable progress has developed. In situations other than those of the bacteria and virus infections notable improvements, too, have been attained in our capacity and ability to suppress inflammation, dampen the effects of allergy and tide over life in shock and toxemia. Progress in the therapeutic fields has been rapid and shows every sign of continuing at even greater speeds.
WHAT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS ARE REPORTED IN ALZHEIMER'S PATIENTS?

Purpose. To ascertain the nature of depression-related symptoms in AD. Method. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) was administered as a semi-structured interview to 30 consecutive Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients who also underwent independent psychiatric evaluation. The HAM-D was also administered with a caregiver as the informant. Results. There was no relationship between the number of symptoms reported by patients or caregivers and patients' level of cognitive impairment. Symptom reports by caregivers living in the same household did not differ significantly from symptom reports by caregivers living elsewhere. Caregivers rated AD patients as having significantly more depressive symptoms than did patients themselves. The items most frequently endorsed by caregivers were psychic anxiety (77%), suspiciousness (50%), low energy (50%) and depression (43%). The items most frequently endorsed by AD patients were weight loss (36%), psychic anxiety (33%) and somatic anxiety (33%). Depression was endorsed by 20% of patients. Caregiver-respondent HAM-D scores suggested clinically significant depression in 27% of cases, but AD patients' scores suggested clinically significant depression in only 7% of cases. No case of major depression was found on psychiatric examination. Conclusions. Depressive symptoms seemed more an executive function loss than of primary mood disturbance in that guilt, suicidal rumination and self-perceived loss of interest were uncommon, suggesting that simple environmental measures might be the most appropriate treatment of these symptoms.
The effect of prolonged euglycemic hyperinsulinemia on lean body mass after severe burn

Abstract Background. The hypermetabolic response to burn increases protein catabolism. Euglycemic hyperinsu-linemia with exogenous insulin maintains muscle protein by continued stimulation of net protein synthesis. Our aim was to determine the effect of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia over the entire hospitalization on muscle anabolism by investigating lean body mass (LBM) as the primary endpoint. Methods. Eighteen subjects between the ages of 2 and 18 with burns of more than 40% were prospectively randomized into 2 groups, a control (n = 9) and a treatment group (n = 9). The treatment group was given continuous intravenous insulin at a rate of at least 1.5 μU/kg/min to maintain serum glucose levels between 100 to 140 mg/dL. Treatment was instituted 24 to 48 hours after arrival and continued until the patient's injury was 95% healed. All patients received continuous enteral feeding. Patients underwent body composition studies by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan on postoperative day 6 after initial burn excision and when 95% healed. Results. Nutritional intakes were not different between groups. In the control, subjects continued catabolism resulted in peripheral muscle wasting and centripetal obesity with diminished truncal LBM. The treatment group had improvement in lean body mass (P =.004) and bone mass (P =.025). The treatment group also had less peripheral muscle wasting with overall increases in upper/lower extremity LBM (P =.005). Hospital length of stay in days per percent of total body surface area burned was decreased in the insulin group (control = 1.03 ± 0.1 vs 0.7 ± 0.9 for insulin patients; P
Interdigitated hetero InGaAs/GaAs n-i-p-i modulators

Abstract Interdigitated hetero InGaAs n-i-p-i InGaAs/GaAs modulators have been grown and fabricated by a shadow mask technique for selectively making contacts to n- and p-layers. Manipulations of exciton peak positions and intensities by external electrical bias and incident optical power have been demonstrated.
Human serum albumin adsorption study on 62-MHz miniaturized quartz gravimetric sensors.

We have designed and fabricated 25-μm-thick quartz resonators operating at a fundamental resonance frequency of ∼62 MHz. The results show a substantial increase in the mass sensitivity compared to single monolithic commercial resonators operating at lower frequencies in the ∼5−10-MHz range. The overall performance of the micromachined resonators is demonstrated for the example of human serum albumin protein adsorption from aqueous buffer solutions onto gold electrodes functionalized with self-assembled monolayers. The results show a saturation adsorption frequency change of 6.8 kHz as opposed to 40 Hz for a commercial ∼5-MHz sensor under identical loading conditions. From the analysis of the adsorption isotherm, the equilibrium adsorption constant of the adsorption of the protein layer was found to be K = 8.03 × 10^6 M^−1, which is in agreement with the values reported in the literature. The high sensitivity of the miniaturized QCM devices can be a significant advantage in both vapor and solution adsorpti...
Children's use of psychological and behavioral traits: a forced-choice assessment

Two studies were conducted to investigate differences in the types of traits used to describe familiar people. In the first study, adults were asked to make judgments about a variety of traits. This resulted in the identification of two types of traits, psychological (based on internal beliefs and abilities) and behavioral (based on behavioral characteristics). In Study 2, subjects (74 children aged 8 to 11) were asked to describe one liked and one disliked individual by circling 6 descriptors from a list of 30, including 10 psychological traits and 10 behavioral traits. Fourth and fifth graders, but not third graders, preferred psychological traits over behavioral traits. The use of behavioral traits decreased with age, while the use of psychological traits remained constant. Children preferred psychological traits when describing a liked other.
LITTLE SCIENCE, BIG SCIENCE REVISITED

One of the basic dependent variables in the sociology of science is the rate at which scientific knowledge advances. Sociologists of science have in the past assumed that the rate of scientific advance was a function of the number of talented people entering science. This assumption was challenged by Derek Price who argued that as the number of scientists increased the number of “high quality” scientists would increase at a slower rate. This paper reports the results of an empirical study of changes in the size of academic physics in the U. S. between 1963 and 1975. In each year we count the number of new Assistant Professors appointed in Ph. D.-granting departments. During the early 1960s there was a sharp increase in the size of entering cohorts followed by a sharp decline. A citation analysis indicates that the proportion of each cohort publishing work which was cited at least once in the first three years after appointment was relatively constant. This leads to the conclusion that the number of scientists capable of contributing to the advance of scientific knowledge through their published research is a linear function of the total number of people entering science.
Polyimide foams prepared from homopolymer/copolymer mixtures

A new route has been developed for the synthesis of thermally stable polymer foams with high glass transition temperatures. Compositionally asymmetric microphase-separated block copolymers were prepared where the minor component, poly(α-methylstyrene), is thermally labile and the major component, polyimide, is thermally stable. The minor component can unzip, to its monomer upon heating, and the decomposition products diffuse out of the film leaving behind pores embedded in a matrix of the thermally stable component. The addition of homopolymer of the thermally labile component to the block copolymer offered one means to increase the volume fraction of voids while maintaining a discrete cell structure. Mild decomposition conditions were required to avoid rapid depolymerization of the α-methylstyrene and subsequent plasticization of the polyimide matrix. The foams showed pore sizes with diameters ranging from 40 nm to just over 1 μm, depending on the copolymer used in the mixture, along with the expected increase in porosity.
The dynamics of phase locking and points of resonance in a forced magnetic oscillator

Abstract We report data on an experimental system: a forced symmetric oscillator containing a saturable inductor with magnetic hysteresis. It displays a Hopf bifurcation to quasiperiodicity, entrainment horns, and chaos. We study in detail the bifurcations and hysteresis occurring near points of resonance (particularly “ strong resonance ”) and show how the observed behavior can be understood using Arnold's theory. Much of the behavior relating to the entrainment horns is explored: period doubling and symmetry breaking bifurcations; homoclinic bifurcations; and crises and other bifurcations taking place at the horn boundaries. Important features of the behavior related to symmetry properties of the oscillator are studied and explained through the concept of a half-cycle map . The system is shown to exhibit a Hopf bifurcation from a phase-locked state to periodic “islands”, similar to those found in Hamiltonian systems. An initialization technique is used to observe the manifolds of saddle orbits and other hidden structure. An unusual differential equation model is developed which is irreversible and generates a noninvertible Poincare map of the plane . Noninvertibility of this planar map has important effects on the behavior observed. The Poincare map may also be approximated through experimental measurements, resulting in a planar map with parameter dependence. This model gives good correspondence with the system in a region of the parameter space.
Atomic Force Microscopy and Particle Clustering Reveal Altered Photosystem II Organization in the Suppressor of Quenching 1 Mutant of Arabidopsis

Plants are exposed to fluctuations in light and therefore need to balance productive photochemistry and dissipative photoprotection. This is achieved by regulation of the structure and organization of pigment-proteins throughout the thylakoid membrane. In particular, photosystem II (PSII) and its closely associated light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) form supercomplexes within the grana that undergo reversible molecular modifications and large-scale rearrangements to conserve such equilibrium. Photoprotection is achieved by triggering a series of dissipative or repairing reactions denominated non-photochemical quenching, NPQ. A variation of NPQ has been unveiled during the discovery of a new thylakoid protein, a suppressor of quenching, SOQ1.Using atomic force microscopy, we characterized the structural attributes of grana thylakoids from plants lacking SOQ1 to correlate them with its role in NPQ. We developed a novel image analysis methodology that allowed us to interrogate each detected protein complex and assign its unique identity as part of a densely packed membrane. Our algorithms not only discriminate between crystalline and non-crystalline complexes, they also cluster crystalline particles in different categories. SOQ1 induces protein rearrangements that favor larger separations between photosynthetic complexes in the majority (disordered) phase, and reshapes the PSII crystallization landscape during photoprotection (high-light exposure). It is thought that SOQ1 suppresses quenching directly or indirectly within the LHCII complex. Our structural data indicate that removal of SOQ most likely weakens interactions among light-harvesting antenna complexes, consequently, the separation among supercomplexes increases while the complexes' density decreases. The structural light-induced rearrangements that we detect are distinct from known protein organizations associated with the typical heat dissipation mechanisms (qE) providing further support for a role of SOQ1 in a novel NPQ pathway.
The National Practitioner Data Bank: An Annual Update

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with an update on the National Practitioner Data Bank over the past year. The previous 5 years (2008-2012) will be compared with the current 6 years (2008-2013) relative to the number of cases that have been settled against nurse practitioners (NPs). Additionally, the manuscript will provide the reader with a comparison of the malpractice settlements among NPs, physician assistants, and allopathic physicians. These data provide insights into the most common causes of malpractice litigation and offer some strategies for avoiding malpractice.
Catecholamine binding by adrenal medullary protein can interfere with a sensitive radioenzymatic assay for norepinephrine.

Abstract Norepinephrine (NE) binds extensively to protein that copurifies with phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) prepared from bovine adrenal medulla. This binding interferes with a NE assay that employs PNMT to catalyze the transfer of a tritiated methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the amine group of NE. It was discovered that the protein binding of endogenous NE is reversed by dialysis at pH 6.0. Preparations of PNMT intended for use in radioenzymatic assays should involve one or more purification steps at pH 6.0
Magnesium in biological samples by spectrophotometric measurement of the 8-quinolinolate extract

Abstract Conditions for the simple, rapid and sensitive determination of magnesium in biological samples have been determined. Commercially available solvents and reagents are used without further purification. Magnesium is separated and converted to a form which may be measured spectrophotometrically in a single extraction as the 8-quinolinolate in 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The extraction of other 8-quinolinolates is prevented by the addition of tartrate and cyanide to the buffer solution. Adequate sensitivity is obtained (absorbance of 0.4 for 20 μg of magnesium), and even greater sensitivity is possible by reducing the volumes of both aqueous and organic phases.
‘Mutual Hurting Stalemates’, ‘Ripe Moments’ and Third-party Intervention: Implications for the ‘Southern Cameroons' Restoration of Statehood’ Conflict

Abstract This paper explores ex-British Southern Cameroons' restoration of independence and statehood conflict with the Republic of Cameroon from the perspective of Zartman's ‘mutual hurting stalemates’ and ‘ripe moments’ framework in the timing of peace initiatives by third-party interveners. In analysing the conflict, the argument in the article is that powerful third parties need to use their power to intervene in deep-rooted conflicts whether or not they are violent, because violent or not, such conflicts remain destructive. The article traces the conflict from the independence-by-joining concept of the United Nations against the background of the incompatibility theory of plural societies. It provides an exploration of the dynamics involved in Zartman's framework, including its criticisms. The discussion of the implications of the concept highlights the vested interests of international mediating powers in play in international mediations, especially in post-colonial settings involving power imbalanc...
K+ channel expression in primary cell cultures mediated by vaccinia virus.

Abstract A recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) was used to express functional Drosophila Shaker H4 K + channels in primary cell cultures from rat heart (atrial and ventricular myocytes, fibroblasts), autonomic ganglia (SCG neurons) and CNS (hippocampal neurons, cerebral astroglia). In most cells the expressed currents possessed the typical characteristics of the native Drosophila muscle A currents; a few cells showed evidence of hetero-oligomers with new properties. The maximum current density corresponded to a channel density of 2–3/μm 3 . Voltage recordings in heart cells showed altered action potential waveforms after successful infection. VV vectors thus are useful for studying altered excitability and cell-specific processing of ion channel proteins.
Heavy-ion emission from short-pulse laser-plasma interactions with thin foils

A Thomson parabola ion spectrometer, implemented on the Laboratory for Laser Energetics Multi-Terawatt laser facility, has been used to study heavy-ion acceleration from ultra-intense laser-plasma interactions. These studies were conducted using 20 μm-thick flat foil targets with on-target intensities of 4−5×1019 W-cm−2. Several charge states of energetic heavy ions were accelerated from the rear of Al and Cu foils in the presence of hydrocarbon contaminants. In contrast to previous work, we show that the mean and maximum energies of each heavy-ion species scale linearly with only the charge of the ion, and not the charge-to-mass ratio, implying that the space-charge is not readily depleted as ions expand. It has been shown previously and observed here that the maximum heavy-ion energies are lower than that of protons, though a fundamental explanation for this discrepancy has not been provided. We show how a two-temperature electron distribution, observed in these experiments, explains these observations.
Discrete Event Simulation Model of Sudden Cardiac Death Predicts High Impact of Preventive Interventions

Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) is responsible for at least 180,000 deaths a year and incurs an average cost of $286 billion annually in the United States alone. Herein, we present a novel discrete event simulation model of SCD, which quantifies the chains of events associated with the formation, growth, and rupture of atheroma plaques, and the subsequent formation of clots, thrombosis and on-set of arrhythmias within a population. The predictions generated by the model are in good agreement both with results obtained from pathological examinations on the frequencies of three major types of atheroma, and with epidemiological data on the prevalence and risk of SCD. These model predictions allow for identification of interventions and importantly for the optimal time of intervention leading to high potential impact on SCD risk reduction (up to 8-fold reduction in the number of SCDs in the population) as well as the increase in life expectancy.
Fluorescent Green Plaques: Light at the End of the Catheter?

The field of vascular molecular imaging is searching for the "holy grail" of an imaging technique that will quantitatively and reliably assess vulnerable coronary plaques. Fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green specifically identifies lipid-rich plaques in rabbits and in humans and represents a promising, though invasive, approach.
California Civilization: Beyond the United States of America?

Although California is often regarded as a regional civilization within the United States of America, this article argues that California justifies being considered a major civilization in itself, indeed the only genuinely 21stcentury civilization, if only because of its top ranking among world economies. The article traces the varied facets of California natural and social history to show the overriding importance of biodiversity as a perennially unifying theme for an understanding of that civilization, and it confronts the varied challenges to this biodiversity that constitute more recent California history and politics.
Dislocation of carpometacarpal joint of the little finger.

Abstract A case is reported of late ulno-volar carpometacarpal dislocation of the left finger, treated by open reduction and internal fixation.
Quantitative spatiotemporal image analysis of fluorescein angiography in age-related macular degeneration

Interpretation and analysis of retinal angiographic studies has been largely qualitative. Quantitative analysis of pathologic fundus features will facilitate interpretation and potentiate clinical studies where precise image metrology is vital. Fluorescein angiography studies of patients with age-related macular degeneration were digitized. Sequential temporal images were spatially-registered with polynomial warping algorithms, allowing for the construction of a three-dimensional (two spatial and one temporal) angiogram vector. Temporal profiles through spatially-registered, temporally-sequential pixels were computed. Characteristic temporal profiles for fundus background, retinal vasculature, retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, and choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes were observed, allowing for pixel assignment and fundus feature quantitation. Segmentation and quantitation of fundus features including geographic atrophy and CNV is facilitated by spatio-temporal image analysis.
Inhibition of mycoplasma cell division by cytochalasin B

Abstract Mycoplasma gallisepticum has subcellular organelles which may function as a primitive "mitotic-like" apparatus. To investigate these further, we have studied the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on M. gallisepticum. We found that CB inhibits cell division; this is the only procaryote thus far reported to be inhibited by CB. CB does not inhibit glucose or macromolecule precursor uptake. It stops cellular DNA synthesis, however, although RNA and protein synthesis continue (at a reduced rate). CB removal results in a resumption of DNA synthesis, followed by cell division. There appears to be some degree of cell synchrony in this first division after CB removal. These results, together with morphological data, indicate that CB blocks at two points in the cell cycle: at the time "mitotic-like" structures are formed and at the time of cell division. It is suggested that the CB blocks may result from a disruption of actin-like protein structures required at these points in the cell cycle.
Improving Lifetime in Maximum Residual Energy Routing With Increased Transmission Distance and Retransmission

In low power ad hoc wireless networks such as sensor network where nodes in the network are powered by battery with limited energy, it becomes critically important to improve the energy efficiency in the routing task in order to prolong the system lifetime. We propose a new model for energy utilization in wireless sensor networks by considering the tradeoff between increased transmission radius and retransmission energy cost to maintain a high level of successful packet reception rate. This model can be solved by a modified Maximum Residual Energy Path (MREP) algorithm. Based on this model, our simulation results show that lifetime is prolonged by increasing transmission radius while maintaining high reception rate through retransmission. Compared with the original model, the network energy usage distribution is more uniform in the new model and the result is an increase of 22% in system lifetime.
Evolution of the Hemifused Intermediate on the Pathway to Membrane Fusion

The pathway to membrane fusion in synthetic and biological systems is thought to pass through hemifusion, in which the outer leaflets are fused while the inner leaflets engage in a hemifusion diaphragm (HD). Fusion has been proposed to be completed by lysis of the expanded HD that matures from a localized stalklike initial connection. However, the process that establishes the expanded HD is poorly understood. Here we mathematically modeled hemifusion of synthetic vesicles, where hemifusion and fusion are most commonly driven by calcium and membrane tension. The model shows that evolution of the hemifused state is driven by these agents and resisted by interleaflet frictional and tensile stresses. Predicted HD growth rates depend on tension and salt concentration, and agree quantitatively with experimental measurements. For typical conditions, we predict that HDs expand at ∼30 μm2/s, reaching a final equilibrium area ∼7% of the vesicle area. Key model outputs are the evolving HD tension and area during the growth transient, properties that may determine whether HD lysis occurs. Applying the model to numerous published experimental studies that reported fusion, our results are consistent with a final fusion step in which the HD ruptures due to super-lysis HD membrane tensions.