cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition

The exact cause of the anxiety disorders is unknown. There is, however, considerable evidence that a deep brain structure, the amygdala, is intricately involved with the development of anxiety behavior. The amygdala is thought to mediate the fear response in the brain when an individual is confronted with real or perceived danger [2]. The response of the amygdala to a threat is to create the “fight or flight” response, which includes adrenal catecholamine release, increased heart rate, glycogenolysis, and shunting of blood from the gut. Theory holds that the inappropriate activation or dysregulation of the “fight or flight” response leads to autonomic discharge, which, in turn, produces the symptom complex common to many anxiety disorders. It is frequently recognized that many medical illnesses and conditions are associated with a certain degree of anxiety. The uncertainty surrounding the experience of illness and its treatment can elicit anxiety in many patients, much of which is expected and natural. Exaggeration of the patient’s symptoms, as well as a
Bent Subcutaneous Peritoneal Catheter Shape for Regular Dialysis Treatment in Children

A permanent bowing of the subcutaneous part of the Tenckhoff-type catheter (bent neck -Qulnton, and swan neck -Accurate Surgical Instruments) enables the catheter to turn from an upward direction o...
Monetary Policy in an Imperfect Information World

The widespread development of models of imperfect information has provided a wealth of new perspectives for investigating the impact of monetary policy on both long-term economic growth and cyclical fluctuations.1 This body of work describes a number of new theoretical mechanisms which may affect the role of monetary policy. Indeed, a complete enumeration of the potential monetary effects in question is beyond the scope of any single paper of manageable length, and this chapter does not attempt to provide such a summary. Instead it analyses monetary policy in the context of a single particular model. Nevertheless, the focused model presented in this chapter has broad implications which capture many of the general features of the new imperfect-information-based monetary models, particularly the ways in which they differ from traditional classical and Keynesian alternatives. Monetary policy in this model does have consistent real effects on output, but it operates as much by reducing business risk and by redistributing resources to the business sector as it does by stimulating aggregate demand through interest rate reductions. Moreover, these effects do not depend on many of the familiar price-rigidity and closed-economy features which drive other models of monetary policy effectiveness.
Selection of Cutting Speeds Based on Uncertain Data

This paper considers how the sensitivity of the cost or time response to deviations in speed, from the theoretical optimum speed, decreases as the value of Taylor’s exponent n increases, and evolves some clear, practical rules.
Polyimide-based magnetic microactuators for biofouling removal

Here we report on the development of novel polyimide-based flexible magnetic actuators for improving hydrocephalus shunts. The static and dynamic mechanical responses of the thin-film magnetic microdevices were quantitatively measured. The bacteria-removing capabilities of the microfabricated devices were also evaluated. Although additional evaluations are necessary, the preliminary results show promising potential for combatting bacteria-induced biofouling. Lastly, the thin-film microdevices are integrated into a single-pore silicone catheter to demonstrate a proof-of-concept, MEMS-enabled self-clearing, smart catheter.
The coronal transient of 16 June 1972

On 16 June 1972, the Naval Research Laboratory's coronagraph aboard OSO-7 tracked a huge coronal cloud moving outward from the Sun. Concurrent observations of the inner corona made by the High Altitude Observatory at Mauna Loa showed bifurcation of the underlying coronal structure. Together, these observations can be interpreted as evidence for the stretching of the closed fields into a ‘magnetic bottle’, extending to at least eight radii from the center of the Sun.
Aerogels and Sol–Gel Composites as Nanostructured Energetic Materials

In the last 10 years there have been a significant number of investigations of the application of aerogels and sol–gel-derived materials and methods to the field of energetic materials (e.g., explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics) specifically through the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured energetic composites. Aerogels have unique density, composition, porosity, and particle sizes as well as low temperature and benign chemical synthetic methods all of which make them attractive for energetic nanomaterials candidates. The application of these materials and methods to this technology area has resulted in three general types of sol–gel energetic materials (1) sol–gel inorganic oxidizer/metal fuel pyrotechnics (thermite-like composites); (2) sol–gel-derived porous pyrophoric metal powders and films; and (3) sol–gel organic fuel/inorganic oxidizer nanocomposites (propellant and explosive-like composites). This chapter details results from synthesis and characterization research in all three areas. General trends are detailed, analyzed, and discussed. In general, all sol–gel nanostructured energetic material behaviors are highly dependent on several factors including surface area, degree of mixing between phases, the type of mixing (sol–gel or physical mixing), solids loading, and the presence of impurities. Sol–gel methods are attractive to the area of nanostructured energetics because they offer a great deal of many processing options such as monoliths, powders, and films and have broad compositional versatility. These attributes coupled with strong synthetic control of the microstructural properties of the sol–gel matrix enable the preparation of energetic nanocomposites with tunable performance characteristics. Various aspects of the present literature work are reviewed and future challenges for this technological area are presented and discussed.
Evaluating the Cancellability Test

Abstract This paper considers four lines of objection to the efficacy or worth of Grice's cancellability test for conversational implicatures – the coherence objection, the entailment objection, the sarcasm objection, and the ambiguity objection. I argue that the test survives these objections relatively unscathed; and hence conclude that the cancellability test is still a significant, useful, reliable indicator at the semantics/pragmatics interface.
Brain-Computer Interface with Inhibitory Neurons Reveals Subtype-Specific Strategies

Summary Brain-computer interfaces have seen an increase in popularity due to their potential for direct neuroprosthetic applications for amputees and disabled individuals. Supporting this promise, animals—including humans—can learn even arbitrary mapping between the activity of cortical neurons and movement of prosthetic devices [1–4]. However, the performance of neuroprosthetic device control has been nowhere near that of limb control in healthy individuals, presenting a dire need to improve the performance. One potential limitation is the fact that previous work has not distinguished diverse cell types in the neocortex, even though different cell types possess distinct functions in cortical computations [5–7] and likely distinct capacities to control brain-computer interfaces. Here, we made a first step in addressing this issue by tracking the plastic changes of three major types of cortical inhibitory neurons (INs) during a neuron-pair operant conditioning task using two-photon imaging of IN subtypes expressing GCaMP6f. Mice were rewarded when the activity of the positive target neuron (N+) exceeded that of the negative target neuron (N−) beyond a set threshold. Mice improved performance with all subtypes, but the strategies were subtype specific. When parvalbumin (PV)-expressing INs were targeted, the activity of N− decreased. However, targeting of somatostatin (SOM)- and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing INs led to an increase of the N+ activity. These results demonstrate that INs can be individually modulated in a subtype-specific manner and highlight the versatility of neural circuits in adapting to new demands by using cell-type-specific strategies.
Computational study of turbulent flow interaction between twin rectangular jets

Abstract Turbulent jets are commonly used in engineering applications. Systems of multiple parallel jets have an important flow structure that could accomplish rapid and efficient mixing. The mixing feature of parallel jets has several engineering applications, such as its application in Generation IV very-high-temperature nuclear reactors, where the coolants merge in the upper or lower plenum after passing through the reactor core. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are extensively employed in the study of the mixing phenomenon of parallel jets. Therefore, the validation of various turbulence models is of great importance to the process of ensuring that the numerical results are trustworthy and that they serve as a guide for future designs. In this study, an open source CFD library, namely OpenFOAM, was utilized to conduct the numerical simulation of the twinjets. This work consists of two parts; one part focuses on steady-state simulations, and the other on transient simulations. In the first part, the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models, such as the realizable k–e and the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω, were used for the steady-state validation study. Steady-state simulations showed that with proper boundary conditions at the inlets, the mean velocity data agreed with the experimental data well within an engineering accuracy (14%). In the second part, the partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) models were implemented in the code, and were utilized to conduct transient simulations. Experimental fluctuating inlet boundary conditions were employed. The results obtained from the PANS and the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) models were compared with the experimental data. The PANS model presented good agreement in terms of the merging point (4.3%). In addition, the k–e PANS model was compared with the k–e URANS model. Power spectrum density (PSD) analysis was performed based on the velocity at four sample locations to compare resolved frequencies between the PANS and the URANS models. It was observed that PANS model presented better capabilities in resolving higher turbulence flow frequencies compared with the URANS, based on the PSD analysis.
Opinions on the role of brachytherapy boost in management of high-risk prostate cancer: A survey of North American genitourinary expert radiation oncologists.

373Background: Three randomized clinical trials have established brachytherapy (BT) boost in combination with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as superi...
Acute Myocardial Infarction Mortality During Dates of National Interventional Cardiology Meetings

Background Previous research has found that patients with acute cardiovascular conditions treated in teaching hospitals have lower 30‐day mortality during dates of national cardiology meetings. Methods and Results We analyzed 30‐day mortality among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (overall, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction, and non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction) from January 1, 2007, to November 31, 2012, in major teaching hospitals during dates of a major annual interventional cardiology meeting (Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics) compared with identical nonmeeting days in the ±5 weeks. Treatment differences were assessed. We used a database of US physicians to compare interventional cardiologists who practiced and did not practice during meeting dates (“stayers” and “attendees,” respectively) in terms of demographic characteristics and clinical and research productivity. Unadjusted and adjusted 30‐day mortality rates were lower among patients admitted during meeting versus nonmeeting dates (unadjusted, 15.3% [482/3153] versus 16.7% [5208/31 556] [ P =0.04]; adjusted, 15.4% versus 16.7%; difference −1.3% [95% confidence interval, −2.7% to −0.1%] [ P =0.05]). Rates of interventional cardiologist involvement were similar between dates (59.5% versus 59.8% of hospitalizations; P =0.88), as were percutaneous coronary intervention rates (30.2% versus 29.1%; P =0.20). Mortality reductions were largest among patients with non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction not receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (16.9% versus 19.5% adjusted 30‐day mortality; P =0.008). Compared with stayers, attendees were of similar age and sex, but had greater publications (18.9 versus 6.3; P P P P Conclusions Hospitalization with acute myocardial infarction during Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics meeting dates was associated with lower 30‐day mortality, predominantly among patients with non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction who were medically managed.
Las cuatro etapas históricas de la ecología urbana en Costa Rica

La ecologia urbana inicio en Costa Rica en la decada de 1950 con el estudio de los parasitos urbanos, seguido en la decada de 1960 por la ecologia de arboles urbanos y en la de 1990 por la ornitologia de ciudad. En 2008, con la creacion del primer centro en el mundo dedicado a la ecologia de asentamientos tropicales, el Laboratorio de Ecologia Urbana de la UNED, se entro en la etapa institucional de la disciplina. Entre los pioneros del campo en Costa Rica se encuentran Roger Bolanos, Luis Fournier, Gary Stiles y Zaidett Barrientos.
Dysphagia Screening in Neurologic Populations: Selection, Implementation, and Multidisciplinary Collaboration

Selection and implementation of a dysphagia screening tool has become an important component of successful management of individuals with neurologic conditions across the continuum of care. Many fa...
Air Space Disease

The purpose of this unit is to demonstrate the appearance of air space disease in the lungs.The pulmonary acinus is the basic structural unit of the lung involved in gas exchange. It consists of a terminal bronchiole and the alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli distal to it.
Arbitrary operators: Two Operators

In the previous chapters, we studied the association of the variables (x, p) with an operator where the individual correspondences of x and p are associated with the operators X and D. In this chapter, we consider the generalization to arbitrary operators [21, 22, 79]. A theory analogous to the (X,D) case has not been developed for arbitrary operators but special cases have been studied and we discuss some of these.
Structure of 593-1593-1593-1hexafluorophosphate, [Co(C5H4COOMe)2](PF6)

Crystals of [Co(C5H4COOMe)2](PF6) are triclinic, spacegroup $$P\bar 1$$ witha=6.854(3),b=7.367(4),c=9.430(4) A, α=69.12(3), β=86.56(4), γ=67.20(4)°,Z=1. The cation and anion both lie on crystal inversion centers. The Co−C bond lengths are in the range 2.030–2.041(3) A. The COOMe groups are twisted 5.4° from the cyclopentadienyl ring planes. Refinement with 1574 data [I>3σ(I)] converged atR 0.041.
Defining Leadership: The Critical Role of Definition Making

Consistent definition making has been missing from much of leadership scholarship. This chapter makes a case for defining leadership terms and then using these definitions consistently to explain, teach, and research effectively. In the process, a typology of leadership is presented to deal with confusion points that continue to plague ongoing discussions of leadership. The goal is to make leadership and servant leadership concepts understandable, observable, and measurable realities that can be practiced effectively and taught to and developed in leaders. The chapter presents and then seeks to answer seven key questions to address confusion points in the understanding of leadership terms. Terms defined are leader, leadership, follower, management, and servant leadership. Criteria and a definition-making process are presented and utilized.
Sociodemographic, health behavioral, and clinical risk factors for anotia/microtia in a population-based case-control study.

Abstract Objective Anotia and microtia are congenital malformations of the external ear with few known risk factors. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of a wide range of potential risk factors using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a population-based case-control study of non-chromosomal structural birth defects in the United States. Methods Mothers of 699 infants with anotia or microtia (cases) and 11,797 non-malformed infants (controls) delivered between 1997 and 2011 were interviewed to obtain information about sociodemographic, health behavioral, and clinical characteristics. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with logistic regression. Results Infants with anotia/microtia were more likely to be male (aOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.10–1.50) and from a multifetal pregnancy (aOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.16–2.42). Cases were also more likely to have parents of Hispanic ethnicity (maternal aOR, 3.19; 95% CI, 2.61–3.91; paternal aOR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.54–2.88), and parents born outside the United States (maternal aOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06–1.57; paternal aOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.53–2.41). Maternal health conditions associated with increased odds of anotia/microtia included obesity (aOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.06–1.61) and pre-pregnancy diabetes (type I aOR, 9.89; 95% CI, 5.46–17.92; type II aOR, 4.70; 95% CI, 2.56–8.63). Reduced odds were observed for black mothers (aOR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38–0.85) and mothers reporting daily intake of folic acid-containing supplements (aOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.46–0.76). Conclusion We identified several risk factors for anotia/microtia, some which have been previously reported (e.g., diabetes) and others which we investigate for perhaps the first time (e.g., binge drinking) that warrant further investigation. Our findings point to some potentially modifiable risk factors and provide further leads toward understanding the etiology of anotia/microtia.
Substance Use in Adolescents and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Exploratory Cluster Analysis.

Objectives Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with chronic illnesses use substances at similar, if not greater, rates compared to healthy peers. The present study aimed to examine rates and patterns of tobacco use, marijuana use, and binge drinking in AYAs with inflammatory bowel diseases. We expected that substance use would be associated with poorer physical health, psychosocial functioning, and disease management. Methods One hundred thirty-two AYAs completed a single set of surveys assessing demographics, disease activity, healthcare utilization, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), inflammatory bowel disease-specific self-efficacy, adherence barriers, disease management skills, and substance use in the last 30 days (eg, tobacco use, marijuana use, binge drinking). Exploratory cluster analyses, followed by chi-square tests and analyses of variance examined patterns of substance use and correlates of cluster membership. Results Four patterns emerged from the sample: Global Users (n = 17), Marijuana Users Engaging in Binge Drinking (n = 18), Exclusive Binge Drinkers (n = 21), and Global Abstainers (n = 76). Groups differed by age, gender, disease activity, healthcare utilization, HRQoL, self-efficacy, and adherence barriers with medium and large effect sizes (P Conclusions Older age, male gender, active disease, at least 1 hospitalization in the past year, low self-efficacy, low HRQoL, and high adherence barriers were significantly more likely for those reporting multisubstance use. In addition, all those reporting both marijuana use and binge drinking also reported tobacco use. Future research ought to examine these associations longitudinally and throughout the transition to adult care.
The impact of geographic targeting of oral cholera vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: a modeling study

Abstract Background In May 2018, the World Health Assembly committed to reducing worldwide cholera deaths by 90% by 2030. Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) plays a key role in reducing the near-term risk of cholera, although global supplies are limited. Characterizing the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of mass OCV deployment strategies is critical for setting expectations and developing cholera control plans that maximize chances of success. Methods We compared the projected impacts of vaccination campaigns across sub-Saharan Africa from 2018 through 2030 when targeting geographically according to historical cholera burden and risk factors. We assessed the number of averted cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years, and cost-effectiveness with models that account for direct and indirect vaccine effects and population projections over time. Findings Under current vaccine supply projections, an approach that balances logistical feasibility with targeting historical burden is projected to avert 620,000 cases cumulatively (9-26% of cases annually). Targeting by access to improved water and sanitation prevents one-half to one-seventh as many cases as targeting by burden. We find that effective geographic targeting of OCV campaigns can have a greater impact on cost-effectiveness than improvements to vaccine efficacy and moderate increases in coverage. Conclusions Oral cholera vaccines must be targeted strategically in order for campaigns to be cost-effective and impactful. While OCV campaigns will improve cholera control in the near-term, we need a greater supply of vaccines and rapid progress in developing safely managed water and sanitation services in order to achieve the 2030 goals.
Challenges with verification, repeatability, and meaningful comparison in genetic programming: gibson's magic

This paper examines some of the reporting and research practices concerning empirical work in genetic programming. We describe several common loopholes and offer three case studies—two in data modeling and one in robotics—that illustrate each. We show that by exploiting these loopholes, one can achieve performance gains of up two orders of magnitude without any substantiative changes to G P. We subsequently offer several recommendations.
Directed in vitro evolution of bacterial expansin BsEXLX1 for higher cellulose binding and its consequences for plant cell wall-loosening activities

Expansins are cell wall-loosening proteins found in all land plants and many microbial species. Despite homologous structures, bacterial expansins have much weaker cellulose binding and wall-loosening activity than plant expansins. We hypothesized stronger cellulose binding would result in greater wall-loosening activity and used in vitro evolution of Bacillus subtilis BsEXLX1 to test this hypothesis. Mutants with stronger binding generally had greater wall-loosening activity, but the relationship was nonlinear and plateaued at ~ 40% higher than wild-type. Mutant E191K exhibited stronger cellulose binding but failed to induce creep, evidently due to protein mistargeting. These results reveal the complexity of interactions between plant cell walls and wall-modifying proteins, an important consideration when engineering proteins for applications in biofuel production and plant pathogen resistance.
TRANSITION DENSITIES WITH ELECTRON SCATTERING

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the measurement of ground state charge densities via elastic electron scattering. Electrons are an outstanding spectroscopic tool in nuclear physics. The transition charge and current densities are defined by taking the charge or current operator between two different nuclear states. Because of the different spins of the initial and final nuclear states, these densities have an angular dependence and a radial dependence. For magnetic transitions, only the current density contributes for reasons of spin and parity selection rules. Similar to the electric case, the magnetic transition probability is given by the radial integral. The chapter discusses the extraction of densities using experimental data; this is done because densities reflect all information. The electron scattering cross section in addition to the transition probability is the major source of information. In magnetic transitions, only the magnetic factor contributes and measures the Fourier transforms of the current density. The interpretation of collective densities is done by assuming incompressible irrotational flow. In this treatment, the transition density becomes the derivative of the ground state density. This results in a large-surface peaked density with essentially no structure in the interior because the densities are generally constant inside the nucleus.
How Does Communication Anxiety Influence Well-Being? Examining the Mediating Roles of Preference for Online Social Interaction (POSI) and Loneliness

I proposed a conceptual model that assumes communication anxiety leads to preference for online social interaction (POSI), which in turn leads to loneliness, resulting in a negative influence on well-being. I collected data from college students ( N = 336) taking an introductory communication course at a public university in the U.S. and analyzed the model using PROCESS. Findings revealed that communication anxiety increases POSI and loneliness but reduces well-being; POSI is positively associated with loneliness but is not associated with well-being. The one-mediator path from communication anxiety to well-being via POSI is not significant, but the one-mediator path from communication anxiety to well-being via loneliness is significant. The two-mediator path from communication anxiety to well-being through POSI and then through loneliness is also significant. I also conducted path analyses to examine the fit indices of a modified optimal model and an alternative model and found that the former is superior to the latter. Thus, I concluded that the mediation path from communication anxiety to well-being is more likely to be first through POSI and then through loneliness.
Analysis of pedotransfer functions to predict the effects of salinity and sodicity on saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils

Abstract Soil sodicity and salinity are global issues associated with irrigated and non-irrigated land management. The combination of high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and low electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil solution decreases the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils. Unfortunately, there have been few attempts to model the changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity in response to EC and SAR. The objectives of this study was to analyze previously developed functions to predict changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) with EC and SAR and to develop new simple functions to predict changes in Ksat with EC and SAR. The performance of previously developed functions were analyzed on 10 different soils. New pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were developed to predict the effects of EC and SAR on relative saturated hydraulic conductivity. The developed PTFs were able to predict the changes in relative Ksat with a geometric root mean squared error (GMRMSE) of 1.80 compared to 3.38 cm day−1 from the semiempirical function used as a module implemented by the Hydrus hydrological modeling application. A PTF was developed to predict the change in relative saturated hydraulic conductivity in soils with swelling clay minerals that does not require X-ray diffraction to quantify clay mineralogy and has the same prediction parameters used for every soil. The developed PTF can easily be used by agricultural and irrigation managers to predict the effects of irrigation water chemistry on relative saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Neo-Pentoxide Precursor Synthesis, Solution Preparation, and Electronic Properties of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Thin Films Derived from a Solution Route

We have recently isolated the neo-pentoxide (HOCH2CMe3, ONp) derivatives of Ba, Sr, and Ti as Ba4(ONp)8(HONp)6(py)2, Sr5(O)(ONp)8(Solv)5 (Solv = solvent), and Ti2(ONp)8, respectively. The combination of these precursors were found to be readily soluble in a wide range of solvents and thus were excellent candidates for preparation of barium strontium titanate ((Ba,Sr)TiO3 or BST) thin films using spin-cast deposition techniques. The highest quality BST films for this system were generated from ternary mixtures dissolved in either pyridine or pyridine/toluene. By in situ VT-GIXRD analysis it was determined that the perovskite phase of BST was readily formed at 650°C. The electronic properties of films crystallized at 700°C indicated that the thin films (300 nm) possessed a dielectric constant of 120 (tan δ = 0.03) with a tunability of 29% at ±10 V. 300 nm films (700°C) which had been generated from a standard BST solution modified with a novel tridentate ligand, had a higher dielectric constant of 180 and a tunability of 35% at ±10 V. The collective characteristics of these precursors offer an attractive alternative to the more complex, less stable sol-gel precursors currently in use.
Systematic Review of Methemoglobinemia in Acetaminophen Poisoning.

Background Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, paracetamol, (APAP) toxicity is one of the commonly encountered poisonings by emergency physicians. Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon association and rarely seen in APAP poisoning. Methods Retrospective analysis of all the published reports on APAP induced methemoglobinemia from 1968 to 2019. Results In total there were 14 cases with 9 females and 6 males. The median age of the study cohort was 59 years. The most common presenting feature was altered mentation (9 patients) followed by cyanosis (3 patients). The intent of consumption was therapeutic (7 cases) versus suicidal (5 cases) attempt.In most cases, the dose of APAP consumption was not known. Aspirin, sulfasalazine, benzocaine spray, nitrate preservative, contaminated water, detergents, etc. where the other agents consumed by the patients in addition to APAP before developing methemoglobinemia. The median MethHb level of the study cohort was 15.85% Patients were treated with NAC, hemodialysis, methylene blue, and ascorbic acid and CRRT in various combinations. Full recovery was seen in 9 patients while 4 patients died. Conclusion APAP toxicity is a well-known and common entity with multiple sequelae that presents with a variable spectrum of mild to fulminant multiorgan failure. Awareness of non-classical presentations like methemoglobinemia is essential to ensure timely intervention.
Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation With Incidentally Discovered Masses on Computed Tomography.

Routine preprocedural chest and abdomen computed tomography is done prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), which, in turn, have led to the discovery of radiographic potentially malignant incidental masses (pMIM). It is largely unknown whether pMIM impact the outcomes of patients undergoing TAVI. In this retrospective cohort study from a single center, 1,081 patients underwent TAVI from 2012 to 2016, who had available computed tomographies, survived the index hospitalization, and also had 1 year follow-up data for review. Machine learning (backward propagation neural network)—augmented multivariable regression for mortality by pMIM was conducted. In this cohort of 1,081 patients, the mean age was 79.1 (± 9.0), 48.8% were females, 16.8% had a history of prior malignancy, and 21.1% had pMIM. One-year mortality for the entire cohort was 12.6%. The most common prior malignancies were prostate, breast, and lymphoma and the most common pMIM were present in the lung, kidneys, and thyroid. In a fully adjusted regression analysis, neither prior malignancy nor pMIM increased mortality odds. However, having both was associated with a higher 1-year mortality (odds ratio 4.02, 95% confidence interval 1.50 to 10.73, p = 0.006). In conclusion, presence of pMIM alone was not associated with an increased 1-year mortality among patients undergoing TAVI. However, the presence of pMIM and a history of prior malignancy was associated with a significant increase in 1-year mortality.
Risk assessment and risk stratification for perioperative complications and mitigation: Where should the focus be? How are we doing?

Various risk stratification tools are used to predict patients’ risk of adverse outcomes. Most of these tools are based on type of surgery and patient comorbidities. Accuracy of risk prediction is improved when additional factors such as functional capacity are included. However, these tools are limited because data are obtained from specific patient populations, are simplified to aid ease of use, and do not account for improved treatment modalities that occur over time. Risk estimation allows for shared decision-making among the perioperative care team and the patient, for perioperative planning, and for opportunity for risk mitigation. Technological advancement in data collection will likely improve existing risk assessment and allow development of new options. Future research should focus on establishing and standardizing perioperative outcomes that include meaningful patient-centric considerations such as quality of life. We review available stratification tools and important risk assessment biomarkers that address the most common causes of adverse outcomes.
Low intrinsic emittance in modern photoinjector brightness

Reducing the intrinsic emittance of photocathodes is one of the most promising routes to improving the brightness of electron sources. However, when emittance growth occurs during beam transport (for example, due to space charge), it is possible that this emittance growth overwhelms the contribution of the photocathode, and, thus, in this case source emittance improvements are not beneficial. Using multiobjective genetic optimization, we investigate the role intrinsic emittance plays in determining the final emittance of several space-charge-dominated photoinjectors, including those for high-repetition-rate free electron lasers and ultrafast electron diffraction. We introduce a new metric to predict the scale of photocathode emittance improvements that remain beneficial and explain how additional tuning is required to take full advantage of new photocathode technologies. Additionally, we determine the scale of emittance growth due to point-to-point Coulomb interactions with a fast tree-based space-charge solver. Our results show that, in the realistic high-brightness photoinjector applications under study, the reduction of thermal emittance to values as low as $50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pm}/\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ (1 meV mean transverse energy) remains a viable option for the improvement of beam brightness.
NFκB-Activated COX2/PGE2/EP4 Axis Controls the Magnitude and Selectivity of BCG-Induced Inflammation in Human Bladder Cancer Tissues.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is commonly used in the immunotherapy of bladder cancer (BlCa) but its effectiveness is limited to only a fraction of patients. To identify the factors that regulate the response of human BlCa tumor microenvironment (TME) to BCG, we used the ex vivo whole-tissue explant model. The levels of COX2 in the BCG-activated explants closely correlated with the local production of Treg- and MDSCS attractants and suppressive factors, while the baseline COX2 levels did not have predictive value. Accordingly, we observed that BCG induced high levels of MDSC- and Treg-attracting chemokines (CCL22, CXCL8, CXCL12) and suppressive factors (IDO1, IL-10, NOS2). These undesirable effects were associated with the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NFκB, induction of COX2, the key enzyme controlling PGE2 synthesis, and elevation of a PGE2 receptor, EP4. While NFκB blockade suppressed both the desirable and undesirable components of BCG-driven inflammation, the inhibitors of PGE2 synthesis (Celecoxib or Indomethacin) or signaling (EP4-selective blocker, ARY-007), selectively eliminated the induction of MDSC/Treg attractants and immunosuppressive factors but enhanced the production of CTL attractants, CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10. PGE2 blockade allowed for the selectively enhanced migration of CTLs to the BCG-treated BlCa samples and eliminated the enhanced migration of Tregs. Since the balance between the CTLs and suppressive cells in the TME predicts the outcomes in patients with BlCa and other diseases, our data help to elucidate the mechanisms which limit the effectiveness of BCG therapies and identify new targets to enhance their therapeutic effects.
Assessment of Pathology Learning Modules With Virtual Microscopy in a Preclinical Medical School Curriculum.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of pathology modules to promote learning of pathology-related course content in a preclinical medical education curriculum. METHODS Pathology modules were created for the "Hematology/Oncology" and "Women's Health" (WH) courses. Students were recruited over 2 consecutive academic years; cohorts 1 and 2 refer to 2 separate groups of students in years 1 and 2, respectively, of the study. Course performance data were collected. RESULTS Use of pathology modules resulted in a statistically significant higher correlation between performance on the final examination and pathology-related questions in the Hematology/Oncology course and written examination and pathology-related questions in cohort 1 in the WH course. There was statistically significant improvement (P = .026) on pathology-related laboratory practical examination questions in the WH course for cohort 1, and no other statistically significant improvement for the other cohorts and examinations. The percentage of students completing all or part of the modules was highest in the WH course for cohort 1 (60%) compared with WH course cohort 2 (33%) and Hematology/Oncology cohort 1 (30%) and cohort 2 (39%). CONCLUSIONS Pathology modules may improve acquisition and retention of pathology-related course content when used appropriately.
Injuries related to electric scooter and bicycle use in a Washington, DC, emergency department.

E-scooter use has grown rapidly in the United States. Its rise in popularity has coincided with the promotion of cycling in many cities, but more needs to be known about how these transportation mo...
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A Gender Perspective

Based on extensive fieldwork, this book demonstrates how gender is an organizing principle of entrepreneurial ecosystems and makes a difference in how ecosystem resources are assembled and how they can be accessed. By bringing visibility to how ecosystem actors are heterogeneous across identities, interactions and experiences, the book highlights the role and complexity of individual, organizational, and institutional factors working in concert to create and maintain gendered inequities. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems provides research-driven insights around effective organizational practices and policies aimed at remedying gendered and intersectional inequalities associated with entrepreneurship activities and economic growth. Proposing a typology of four ecosystem identities, it highlights how some might be more amenable and organized towards gender inclusion and change, while others may be much more difficult to change, reorganize and restructure. It offers scholars, students, practitioners and policymakers insights about gender in relation to analyzing entrepreneurial ecosystems and for fostering inclusive economic development policies.
Teaching Macroeconomics Through Music

By using popular and relatively recent songs, this paper demonstrates music as a useful form of media to teach macroeconomic concepts, such as economic growth, unemployment or inflation. While economists and educators have explored the relationship between economics and music, the focus has been on microeconomic concepts rather than macroeconomics. The purpose of this article is to establish a database to connect music directly to course content. The database provides educators a sample set of relevant lyrics, along with a list of core macroeconomic concepts to use in the classroom. This paper shows how instructors can use music as a pedagogical tool, along with suggested discussion questions.
Flexible and wet stable starch films crosslinked with sugar-based aldehydes

Abstract Starch films always suffer from brittleness and poor wet stability. Besides, numerous reinforcements have enormous limitations. Because of the high reactivity, sugar aldehydes should have substantially improved properties of starch products. However, sugar-aldehydes not only had limited property improvement of starch products but also contained a significant amount of formaldehyde. Various saccharides were oxidized under different conditions to evaluate the generation of formaldehyde and crosslinking performance. Mechanical properties of starch films were controlled by length and concentrations of crosslinkages from formyl-saccharides. Via engineering crosslinkages of formyl-saccharides, tensile strength and breaking elongation of starch films were improved from 7 MPa and 5%–25 MPa and 28 %, respectively. Formyl-saccharide crosslinkages also ensured 93 % weight retention of starch film in water and unchanged cytocompatibility. Less than 2% of crosslinkages formed by formyl-saccharides were damaged at 50 °C for 7 days at various pHs. This work demonstrates that starch films with desirable tensile strength, flexibility, wet stability and cytocompatibility can be developed via structure-controlled formaldehyde-free formyl-saccharide crosslinkages.
An epidemiologic approach to the causes and control of the nutritional anemias.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a systematic scheme for examining the multiple possible causes of nutritional anemia in a population. Such an approach identifies the preventive measures most feasible, efficient, and effective for the protection of a particular population. For nutritional diseases, the epidemiological approach is especially useful in understanding their occurrence and devising measures for their prevention and control. In deficiency diseases, the “agent” is the absence rather than the presence of a factor, but the other two elements of the epidemiological triad remain equally pertinent. In some nutritional diseases, such as scurvy, beri beri, and ariboflavinosis, the agent is a single factor—vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin, respectively. For the nutritional anemias, specific agents are as numerous as in all the other major nutritional syndromes combined, because the unavailability of any one of at least a dozen nutrients or a variety of inherited metabolic defects can result in anemia. Almost any combination of the nutrients required can be deficient simultaneously. There are many kinds of anemia, each related to the deficiency of a specific nutrient, and several of these may exist concurrently in the same individual or populations, depending on the circumstances.
Chapter 4 Invariant measures for hyperbolic dynamical systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theory of Gibbs measures for Anosov and Axiom A diffeomorphism. It gives the classical theory of Gibbs measures for one-dimensional lattices in statistical mechanics. Based on this, the modern theory of Gibbs measures for Anosov and Axiom A maps are developed. The chapter describes many properties of Gibbs measures–statistical, topological, and others (some of them very recent). It focuses on one special Gibbs measure—the so-called Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen (SRB) measure. The theory of Gibbs measures is presented in the chapter in detail and with complete proofs. The chapter discusses Anosov and Axiom A flows and their Gibbs measures, including SRB measures. It also discusses recent results on the decay of correlations. The chapter presents a discussion on nonuniformly hyperbolic diffeomorphism and recent studies of the leakage of mass near Axiom A basic sets and Anosov diffeomorphism with holes, including the escape-rate formula and conditionally invariant measures.
The big climate amplifier ocean circulation-sea ice-storminess-dustiness-albedo

Regardless of their origin, the abrupt and large shifts in climate associated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger and Younger Dryas cold events must involve a large amplifier. In this paper, I propose that this amplifier involves the lofting of dust and sea salt into the atmosphere and in turn the Earth's albedo. Further, I postulate that the delivery of these substances to the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the magnitude of the wintertime latitudinal thermal gradient, the stronger the gradient, the higher the frequency of intense storms. It is further proposed that the thermal gradient is geared to the position of the ice front and that, at least in the sea, the position of this front is modulated by the bipolar seesaw. During glacial time, this alternation in the strength of the conveyor circulation leads to sizable changes in the position of the sea-ice front and in so doing provides the needed amplification. During interglacials, when sea-ice coverage is small, the power of this amplifier is greatly reduced.
Effects of Energy Metabolism on in Vivo Distribution of Hexokinase in Brain

Abstract Hexokinase partitioning between the soluble and mitochondrial fractions of brain has been observed to vary according to the energy status of the brain. Ischemia, between 0.5 and 2.5 min, in chick brain led to an increased hexokinase activity in the mitochondrial fraction of cerebellar homogenates from 4.4 ± 0.84 to 7.6 ± 0.66 µmoles per min per g fresh weight; correspondingly, the activity in the soluble fraction decreased from 3.9 ± 0.60 to 1.6 ± 0.28 µmoles per min per g fresh weight. Feeding galactose to chicks, which is known to decrease adenine nucleotide energy charge and the levels of several glycolytic intermediates, resulted in a redistribution of hexokinase in both cerebellum and cerebrum, mimicking the changes that occur during ischemia. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose into chicks fed galactose caused increases in brain ATP and glucose 6-phosphate to those levels observed in control animals. Concomitantly, soluble and mitochondrial hexokinase activities readjusted toward those values observed in control chicks. A regional difference was observed in hexokinase distribution in control animals. The percentage of soluble hexokinase in the cerebellum was 47% as compared with 53% in the mitochondrial form, whereas in the cerebrum, the corresponding hexokinase activities were 31 and 69%. These distributions correlate with differences in ATP content. Cerebellar levels of ATP were 2.51 ± 0.39 µmoles per g, while cerebral levels were 1.91 ± 0.17. In vitro studies indicated that hexokinase solubilization was most sensitive at these concentrations of ATP. These observations indicate an in vivo soluble ⇄ mitochondrial equilibrium responsive to the energy posture of the brain and are consistent with the involvement of such an equilibrium in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.