cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drivers of hiring discrimination for individuals with disabilities.

Introduction Hiring discrimination in the workplace is defined as failure or refusal by an employer to engage a qualified applicant as an employee due to the existence or consequence of disability. The specific intent of this study is to determine what differentiates an allegation (perception of discrimination) from an actual discriminatory event (Merit Resolution). Methods Researchers used a data-mining approach, the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), to examine 19,527 resolved allegations of hiring discrimination in order to differentiate between Merit Resolution and Non-Merit Resolution outcomes. Results CHAID analysis confirmed that hiring discrimination is a complex matter with a variety of influences. Primary among these is the age of the Charging Party, with younger applicants (16–34) prevailing in their allegations 34% of the time. Within this subgroup, the sequence of predictor variables involves the Charging Party’s impairment, followed by the Employer’s industry classification. Behavioral disabilities, even among the young, result in generally lower Merit Resolution rates in hiring discrimination. Conclusions Providers of training and technical assistance regarding hiring and disability may be able to adjust their services accordingly on the basis of findings such as these.
An assessment of the sharpness of carotid artery tissue boundaries with acquisition voxel size and field strength.

Abstract A measure of the sharpness of vessel wall interfaces in carotid artery MRI may be useful for assessing the conspicuity of the wall's features. An edge detection technique was used to measure the signal intensity gradients in 2D time-of-flight (2D-TOF) and double-inversion recovery black-blood (DIR-BB) carotid artery images of normal subjects that were acquired at 1.5 T with 0.55×0.55×2.0-mm (0.6 mm3) acquisition voxels and zero filled to reduce the in-plane reconstructed voxel size by one half in each dimension as well as with 0.27×0.27×2.0-mm (0.15 mm3) acquisition voxels and at 3.0 T with 0.27×0.27×2.0-mm (0.15 mm3) acquisition voxels using surface coils. The gradient intensities of the lumen-to-background interface varied closely with the contrast-to-noise ratio of the 2D-TOF imaging. For the DIR-BB imaging, in which higher spatial frequency artery structures are visible, the gradient intensities at the interfaces were higher than theoretically predicted at both field strengths with smaller acquisition voxels. The use of acquisition voxels smaller than those previously used at 1.5 T can improve the visualization of carotid artery structures at 1.5 and 3.0 T with surface coil reception.
A Method to Evaluate the Vertical Distribution of VOCs in Ground Water in a Single Borehole

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in multiple water-bearing zones beneath and downgradient of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This area is composed of interfingering unconsolidated alluvial sediments with hydraulic conductivities ranging over four orders of magnitude. The more permeable sediments exhibit moderate hydraulic interconnection horizontally and less interconnection vertically, and appear to consist largely of interconnected stream channel deposits. To optimize selection of monitoring well screened intervals in this complex environment, a technique that enables collection of saturated formation samples from each water-bearing zone without contamination from other VOC-containing zones was developed, tested, and implemented. The technique utilizes a wireline punch-coring system that allows the drill bit to be replaced with a core barrel without removing the drill rod from the borehole. To help ensure that a sample from one water-bearing zone is not contaminated by VOCs from another zone, the drilling fluid is replaced with new fluid before each sampling run. Overnight chemical analysis by gas chromatography enables field personnel to know the vertical distribution of VOCs as drilling proceeds. Since its first use in 1985, the technique has successfully characterized the presence or absence of VOCs in ground water in 123 of 140 wells, many with concentrations in ground water in the low parts-per-billion range. Our sampling technique is a cost-effective and rapid method of evaluating the vertical distribution of VOCs in ground water in a complex hydrogeologic environment.
How Indians Got to Be Red

SCHOLARS WORKING ON THE HISTORY OF RACE AS AN IDEA assume that Europeans were the sole inventors of it. 1 Undeniably, race (the belief that people can be categorized by observable physical differences such as skin color) flourished with the early modern European slave trade. Sometime in the eighteenth century, race outpaced the older categories of Christian and pagan to become the primary justification for expropriating the land and labor of others. As a system of categorizing people, race fulfilled Europe's ideological needs by creating the illusion that human difference was biologically ordained.2 But, as Europeans spun their web of racial hierarchies, what were non-Europeans thinking about race? Historians have yet to tackle this question in depth, instead focusing on how whites constructed images of others.3 This approach to the historical emergence of race as a system for categorizing people replicates what it purports to critique, since the emphasis on European image-making consigns American Indians and other non-white peoples to a passive role in the construction of knowledge. They exist only as the objects of white observation, and the power to label or name resides with Europeans. One example of this tendency is the standard explanation for how Indians got to be "red": European explorers saw that Indians wore red paint and so called them
Ammonia Production in Muscle: The Purine Nucleotide Cycle

Experiments are reported which throw new light on the problem of ammonia production by muscle and, probably, by other tissues.
Interstimulus interval and startle response habituation with a “;control”; for total time during training

Three groups of rats were exposed to either 1,000 tones at a 2-sec or a 16-sep ISI or 8,000 tones at a 2-sec ISI. Following this, all Ss were given a test session involving presentation of various tone intensities at a 1-min ISI. Test-session performance revealed that, despite the fact that 8,000 tones produced more habituation than 1,000 tones at a 2-sec ISI, 1,000 tones at a 16-sec ISI still produced the most habituation. This result could not be attributed to a difference in the time spent in the experimental situation prior to testing and lends strong support to the conclusion that habituation may be greater the longer the ISI during training.
Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogenesis in the retina and breast

Mice lacking cyclin D1 have been generated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Cyclin D1-deficient animals develop to term but show reduced body size, reduced viability, and symptoms of neurological impairment. Their retinas display a striking reduction in cell number due to proliferative failure during embryonic development. In situ hybridization studies of normal mouse embryos revealed an extremely high level of cyclin D1 in the retina, suggesting a special dependence of this tissue on cyclin D1. In adult mutant females, the breast epithelial compartment fails to undergo the massive proliferative changes associated with pregnancy despite normal levels of ovarian steroid hormones. Thus, steroid-induced proliferation of mammary epithelium during pregnancy may be driven through cyclin D1.
Effectiveness of (R, Q) policies in one-warehouse multiretailer systems with deterministic demand and backlogging

Consider a distribution system with a central warehouse and multiple retailers. Customer demand arrives at each of the retailers continuously at a constant rate. The retailers replenish their inventories from the warehouse which in turn orders from an outside supplier with unlimited stock. There are economies of scale in replenishing the inventories at both the warehouse and the retail level. Stockouts at the retailers are backlogged. The system incurs holding and backorder costs. The objective is to minimize the long-run average total cost in the system. This paper studies the cost effectiveness of (R, Q) policies in the above system. Under an (R, Q) policy, each facility orders a fixed quantity Q from its supplier every time its inventory position reaches a reorder point R. It is shown that (R, Q) policies are at least 76% effective. Numerical examples are provided to further illustrate the cost effectiveness of (R, Q) policies. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 47: 422–439, 2000
The effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus on cardiac structure and function in adolescents and young adults

Aims/hypothesis We sought to evaluate the effects of obesity and obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus on cardiac geometry (remodelling) and systolic and diastolic function in adolescents and young adults.
1989 Bowie Medal to Walter H. Munk

The Bowie Medal is the highest honor the American Geophysical Union can bestow. It is given for unselfish cooperation in research. No one fits this theme better than Walter Munk. His entire career has been spent in generous cooperation with other scientists, both his students, his contemporaries, and his seniors.
Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing Fasting Serum Adiponectin in Hispanic Children

Context: Because of its antiinflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, adiponectin may play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Objectives: The aims of these analyses were: 1) to estimate the heritability of fasting serum adiponectin; 2) to evaluate the effects of age, sex, and body composition on fasting serum adiponectin; 3) to test for associations between fasting serum adiponectin and diet, fitness, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation; and 4) to determine the relationships between fasting serum adiponectin, insulin and lipids, and blood pressure in Hispanic children. Design: Genetic and environmental factors influencing fasting serum adiponectin were investigated in a cohort of children participating in the VIVA LA FAMILIA Study in 2000–2005. Setting: This study was performed at the Children’s Nutrition Research Center. Participants: The study participants were 805 Hispanic nonoverweight and overweight children, ages 4–19 yr. Main Measure: The main measure ...
Thin Film Oxides Of Vanadium, Niobium, And Tantalum For Integrated Optics

Thin films of V2O5, Nb2O5, and Ta2O5 have been grown under a variety of conditions including reactive rf sputtering, reactive bias sputtering, and post deposition oxidation. The refractive index and guided-wave attenuation have been measured for both as-grown and annealed films. Except for V205, where low losses were not achieved, general guidelines were established for optimal growth conditions resulting in high refractive index low loss films. Films of Nb2O5 and Ta2O5 have been used in the fabrication of guided wave Bragg cells and waveauidp Lunphura lenses.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of disorder on the optical properties of NaNO2

Abstract The band structure and the optical properties of NaNO2 in the disordered paraelectric phase are studied by the self-consistent OLCAO method. Calculations are performed on several disordered models and the configurational average is taken. The results show that the effect of polarization reversal on the electronic structure is minimal. NaNO2 basically retains the insulating properties of the ferroelectric phase with a reduction in the band gap of only 0.3 eV. The optical calculation reveals a decrease in the optical anisotropy. The disorder also leads to a normal decrease in the dielectric function, showing the dielectric screening by electrons is weakened by disorder scattering.
Thanks? Gratitude and well-being over the Thanksgiving holiday among college students

This study examined the interaction of the Thanksgiving holiday with gratitude in relation to well-being using a three-week long, daily diary design with a sample of 172 undergraduate students. Multilevel modeling revealed that without controlling for gratitude, people reported higher levels of positive affect on Thanksgiving holiday than during other days of the study. Reports of life satisfaction, meaning in life, and negative affect did not differ during the holiday. When within-person and between-person levels of gratitude were included, negative relationships were revealed between Thanksgiving and life satisfaction and positive affect. The results from this study sustain the argument that holidays impact people’s well-being depending on certain individual psychological characteristics. In the case of Thanksgiving, gratitude was critical for understanding whether the holiday appeared to positively or negatively influence life satisfaction and positive affect. The present study also supported an import...
Impact of urinary catheterization on dosimetry after prostate implant brachytherapy with palladium-103 or iodine-125

Abstract Purpose Postoperative dosimetry is integral to quality assurance for prostate brachytherapy. Images on Day 0 are typically obtained with a contrast-filled urinary catheter in place for urethral dose calculations. However, expansion of the urethra and perhaps the prostate by the catheter may affect target coverage. We assessed the effect of urinary catheterization on target dosimetry after implantation with palladium-103 ( 103 Pd) or iodine-125 ( 125 I) seeds. Methods and Materials Patients were 29 consecutive men with postimplant dosimetry calculated with and without a urinary catheter after brachytherapy seed implantation; 19 patients received 103 Pd seeds and 10 patients received 125 I seeds. In each case, 14-French caude tip urinary catheters were placed before implantation, and axial CT slices of the pelvis were obtained before and after catheter removal for postimplant dosimetry. Dosimetric parameters were measured and compared with paired Student’s t tests. Trends were assessed by linear regression with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Removal of the urinary catheter significantly improved V 100 and D 90 for 103 Pd implants (mean ± standard deviation (SD), 2.7% ± 4.2%; range, −0.4% to 15%; p = 0.011 and mean ± SD, 4.0% ± 3.4%; range, −0.1% to 13.8%; p 125 I implants, catheter removal improved D 90 (mean ± SD, 1.5% ± 1.8%; range, −1.3% to 4.2%; p = 0.027). For the 103 Pd group, the magnitude of change in V 100 correlated with prostate size ( R 2 = 0.16) and source number ( R 2 = 0.15). Conclusions Urinary catheterization can artificially reduce target coverage after prostate implant brachytherapy. The patients undergoing 103 Pd implantation with smaller ( 3 ) prostates and fewer ( D 90 and V 100 when a urinary catheter is present.
High glass transitions of high-performance thermoplastics

Abstract Demand of high-performance engineering thermoplastics in industrial countries drives the development of this class of materials in over 30 years. They display high heat distortion temperature, high modulus and strength, dimensional stability, chemical resistance, inherent flame retardancy and share the commonality of high glass transition. The observed variations of T g with composition are compared with the postulated using Van Krevelen's structural group contribution theory. The predicted T g does not differentiate the variations affected by moisture and crystallinity. The `wet' T g 's are determined by modulated temperature-DSC (MT-DSC), while the `dry' or the constained T g due to orientation and/or annealing is detectable by standard DSC. The glass transitions of the constrained domains in highly crystalline polymers can be followed by DMA, DEA and thermal expansibility.
Encoding Operations and the Next-in-Line Effect

In a verbal interaction, people take turns speaking. Later, they may have difficulty remembering certain parts of the interaction. In particular, they may not recall what was said just before they began to speak. Previous research indicates that this next-in-line memory deficit reflects a failure at encoding, rather than retrieval. The current study assessed two explanations for the next-in-line encoding failure. One explanation locates the failure in a peripheral encoding operation, eye contact; the other locates it in a central operation, elaborative rehearsal. In the current study, verbal elaboration eliminated the next-in-line effect, and eye contact did not. As these results suggest, the next-in-line memory deficit reflects a failure at elaborative rehearsal.
Discontinuous agarose electrophoretic system for the recovery of stained proteins from polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract This paper describes two simple and efficient methods for the recovery of proteins from polyacrylamide gels stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Both methods use ionic detergents to dissociate the stain from the protein, coupled with a discontinuous buffer system which concentrates the protein as it electrophoreses into an agarose tube gel. After electrophoresis, the piece of agarose containing the concentrated protein band is soaked in acetone which removes the salts and detergents, leaving the protein band precipitated in agarose. The sample may be used as is or may be removed from the agarose for further processing. The more general of the two methods uses SDS at alkaline pH and is useful for proteins that migrate into SDS gels. The second method uses CTAB at acid pH and is useful for histones and other proteins that migrate into acetic acid-urea-CTAB gels. A large number of different samples, as well as a large number of slices of the same spot from many polyacrylamide gels, can be processed simultaneously. A variety of proteins of different molecular weights can be purified and concentrated using this technique. Proteins recovered in this way have been used for tryptic peptide analysis.
Optical linewidths of Frenkel excitons in weakly disordered three-dimensional systems

Abstract A calculation of the optical linewidth of a Frenkel exciton in a weakly disordered, three-dimensional array is presented. The disorder is reflected in a random distribution of transition frequencies with variance σ 2 . An analysis based on the coherent potential approximation leads to a linewidth proportional to σ 3 . The predictions of the theory are in quantitative agreement with the numerical simulation data of Schreiber and Toyozawa.
Trajectory-based Flow Feature Tracking in Joint Particle/Volume Datasets

Studying the dynamic evolution of time-varying volumetric data is essential in countless scientific endeavors. The ability to isolate and track features of interest allows domain scientists to better manage large complex datasets both in terms of visual understanding and computational efficiency. This work presents a new trajectory-based feature tracking technique for use in joint particle/volume datasets. While traditional feature tracking approaches generally require a high temporal resolution, this method utilizes the indexed trajectories of corresponding Lagrangian particle data to efficiently track features over large jumps in time. Such a technique is especially useful for situations where the volume dataset is either temporally sparse or too large to efficiently track a feature through all intermediate timesteps. In addition, this paper presents a few other applications of this approach, such as the ability to efficiently track the internal properties of volumetric features using variables from the particle data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique using real world combustion and atmospheric datasets and compare it to existing tracking methods to justify its advantages and accuracy.
The effects of infusions of CART 55-102 into the basolateral amygdala on amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

Rationale The affective aspects of d-amphetamine (AMPH) may be mediated, in part, by cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The formation of context-drug associations produces either conditioned place preference (CPP) or conditioned place aversion (CPA).
Evaluation of Strategic Plans in Academic Medical Libraries

Abstract A multicase approach was used to explore evaluation methods being used in academic medical libraries that are engaged in strategic planning, including where in the planning and implementation process evaluation is being incorporated and how the evaluation data are collected, analyzed, and incorporated into future strategic planning processes. Data collection included document review (strategic plans, memos, Web sites) and interviews (semistructured individual interviews and focus groups). The strategic planning process used at each institution varied yet could be mapped to Bryson's process for strategic planning. Strategic planning was found to serve as a management tool, providing libraries in the study with direction and focus; however, there remains a strong need for leaders to communicate the importance of incorporating evaluation into the planning process.
Cramer-Rao bounds for deterministic signals in additive and multiplicative noise

Abstract We derive expressions for the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for the estimates of the parameters of a deterministic signal observed in additive and multiplicative noise which may be i.i.d. non-Gaussian or colored Gaussian. General expressions for the CRB are derived, and are then applied to the specific case of polynomial phase signals for which closed-form expressions are obtained under certain assumptions. We also develop bounds on the CRB; these bounds are tight at low SNR.
Exploiting locality for low-power design

We propose a new high-level synthesis technique for the low-power implementation of real-time applications. The technique uses algorithm partitioning to preserve locality in the assignment of operations to hardware units. This results in reduced usage of long high-capacitance buses, fewer accesses to multiplexers and buffers, and more compact layouts. Experimental results show average reductions in bus and multiplexer power of 62.9% and 38.5%, respectively, resulting in an average reduction of 18.5% in total power.
ESTIMATING DEPTHS OF BACTERIAL PENETRATION INTO POST‐RIGOR CARCASS TISSUE DURING WASHING

A method for predicting the depth of penetration of bacteria into various beef tissues was developed. Blue Lake, an insoluble dye, was used to simulate bacteria on the meat surface because movement of the Blue Lake into the meat tissue during spray washing could be easily visualized. The beef tissue surfaces studied were: (1) exterior lean, (2) exterior fat, (3) interior body cavity (peritoneum) and (4) cut tissue. The model indicated that many bacteria not removed during washing are driven into the beef tissue by the washing process. Interior body cavity tissue was most resistant to penetration followed by exterior lean and fat tissues, which were about equal in resistance. Cut surfaces were the most susceptible to Blue Lake penetration.
Cloaked in Ubiquitin, a Killer Hides in Plain Sight: The Molecular Regulation of RIPK1

In the past decade, studies have shown how instrumental programmed cell death (PCD) can be in innate and adaptive immune responses. PCD can be a means to maintain homeostasis, prevent or promote microbial pathogenesis, and drive autoimmune disease and inflammation. The molecular machinery regulating these cell death programs has been examined in detail, although there is still much to be explored. A master regulator of programmed cell death and innate immunity is receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), which has been implicated in orchestrating various pathologies via the induction of apoptosis, necroptosis, and nuclear factor-κB-driven inflammation. These and other roles for RIPK1 have been reviewed elsewhere. In a reflection of the ability of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to induce either survival or death response, this molecule in the TNF pathway can transduce either a survival or a death signal. The intrinsic killing capacity of RIPK1 is usually kept in check by the chains of ubiquitin, enabling it to serve in a prosurvival capacity. In this review, the intricate regulatory mechanisms responsible for restraining RIPK1 from killing are discussed primarily in the context of the TNF signaling pathway and how, when these mechanisms are disrupted, RIPK1 is free to unveil its program of cellular demise.
Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes

Abstract Objective: To determine whether graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems and nighttime curfews reduce motor vehicle crashes, fatalities, or injuries among young drivers. Methods: We used Cochrane Collaboration search strategies to locate studies of graduated licensing or night driving restrictions. Studies were selected if they examined the effects of either (1) a comprehensive graduated driver licensing system including well-integrated components, or (2) nighttime driving restrictions/curfews that could affect young persons’ nighttime driving, on a clearly defined crash or injury outcome. Seven studies met inclusion criteria. Results: Two independent studies of the New Zealand graduated licensing program found a sustained 7%–8% reduction in teen driver crash injuries attributable to the program. No other full graduated licensing system has been evaluated to date. Four studies of either a general curfew or a nighttime driving restriction for teens, a key element of graduated licensing, found substantial crash reductions during restricted hours, with 23%–25% lower crash injury and fatality rates for curfews beginning prior to midnight. One study found no change in late night crashes before and after a 1 a.m.–6 a.m. night driving restriction took effect. Conclusions: The logic and empirical bases for graduated licensing are sound. Moreover, there is evidence that one central element, a restriction on nighttime driving by novices, reduces young driver crashes. However, a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of GDL systems for reducing motor vehicle crashes or crash-related injuries must await examination of other GDL systems. This should be possible within the next few years, as several states and Canadian provinces have recently enacted GDL programs.
Neurocognitive and familial moderators of psychiatric risk in velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome: a longitudinal study.

Background Although risk for psychosis in velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome (VCFS) is well established, the cognitive and familial factors that moderate that risk are poorly understood. Method A total of 75 youth with VCFS were assessed at three time points, at 3-year intervals. Time 1 (T1) psychiatric risk was assessed with the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Data reduction of BASC scores yielded avoidance–anxiety and dysregulation factors. Time 2 (T2) neuropsychological and family function and time 3 (T3) prodromal/overt psychosis were assessed. Poisson regression models tested associations between T3 positive prodromal symptoms/overt psychosis and T1 psychiatric risk, T2 cognitive and familial factors, and their interactions. Results T1 avoidance–anxiety ratings predicted T3 prodromal/overt psychosis. T2 verbal learning scores moderated this association, such that individuals with low avoidance–anxiety scores and stronger verbal learning skills were the least likely to demonstrate prodromal/overt psychosis at T3. Low scores on a T2 visual vigilance task also predicted T3 prodromal/overt psychosis, independently of the effect of T1 avoidance–anxiety scores. T1 dysregulation scores did not predict T3 prodromal/overt psychosis in a linear manner. Instead, the association between dysregulation and prodromal/overt psychosis was amplified by T2 levels of family organization, such that individuals with low dysregulation scores and low family organization scores were the most likely to exhibit T3 prodromal/overt psychosis. Conclusions Significant moderators of psychiatric risk in VCFS include verbal learning skills as well as levels of family organization, carrying implications for early identification and preventative treatment of youth with VCFS at highest risk for psychosis.
Asymmetric information, ownership and quality of care: an empirical analysis of nursing homes

Theoretically, when asymmetric information exists, nonprofit organizations, due to the attenuation of the property right, provide better quality of service than do the for-profits. Despite extensive theoretical examination of the behavior of nonprofits, there has been very little empirical testing of the plausibility of these theories. This article addresses the effect of ownership type on the quality of service in the nursing home industry, an environment particularly conducive to identifying the existence of asymmetric information. The study shows that the differences between for-profit and nonprofit homes do become manifest when asymmetric information is present.
Incorporating invariants in Mahalanobis distance based classifiers: application to face recognition

We present a technique for combining prior knowledge about transformations that should be ignored with a covariance matrix estimated from training data to make an improved Mahalanobis distance classifier. Modern classification problems often involve objects represented by high-dimensional vectors or images (for example, sampled speech or human faces). The complex statistical structure of these representations is often difficult to infer from the relatively limited training data sets that are available in practice. Thus, we wish to efficiently utilize any available a priori information, such as transformations or the representations with respect to which the associated objects are known to retain the same classification (for example, spatial shifts of an image of a handwritten digit do not alter the identity of the digit). These transformations, which are often relatively simple in the space of the underlying objects, are usually nonlinear in the space of the object representation, making their inclusion within the framework of a standard statistical classifier difficult. Motivated by prior work of Simard et al. (1998; 2000), we have constructed a new classifier which combines statistical information from training data and linear approximations to known invariance transformations. When tested on a face recognition task, performance was found to exceed by a significant margin that of the best algorithm in a reference software distribution.
Risk-Risk Analysis

Constraints on the use of benefit-cost tests have generated increased interest in risk-risk analysis as a regulatory test. The effect on individual mortality of the income losses arising from regulatory expenditures can be determined from direct empirical estimates, which this article surveys. The article proposes an alternative formulation based on information on the value of life and the marginal propensity to spend on health, which implies a loss of one statistical life for every $50 million in expenditures. Occupational injury and fatality costs caused by expenditures represent another type of risk tradeoff that could be considered within risk-risk analysis or, more generally, a benefit-cost test.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE: HOW LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT AFFECTS SOCIAL GROWTH

Given the research that suggests the social use of language is the latest developing aspect of language, it was hypothesized that children with speech/language impairment (SLI) are particularly susceptible to social interaction difficulties, resulting in diminished social competence. This hypothesis was explored with SLI and non-language-impaired (NLI) 4- and 5-year-old children by gathering measures of social problem solving ability (as rated by teachers, parents, and peers), emotion knowledge, and language development. Results provided partial support for the hypothesis above. Speech/language-impaired children were rated significantly lower on parent ratings of self-control and higher in internalizing behaviors, and lower on teacher ratings of assertiveness, than the NLI controls. There were no differences noted on peer sociometric ratings or mutual friendships. However, SLI children scored lower on a stereotypical test of emotional knowledge, while scoring similarly to NLI controls on a nonstereotypical test. A test of language development (TELD-2) differentiated the SLI and NLI groups, both expressively and receptively. In addition, the TELD-2 indicated a significant difference in semantic processing errors, but not syntax errors, between the two groups. The differential effects of speech/language impairment on the development of social competence were explored. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 313–321, 2004.
Conflict Management and Clinical Supervision

Conflict is an integral, necessary part of daily life which often fosters aggression, alienation, cessation of routines and habits, discomfort, and hostility. However, it is also possible for conflicts to inspire greater efforts and warmer, stronger interpersonal relationships. Productive conflict management can be accomplished through the education/training of clinical supervisors and supervisees. This paper explores current assumptions concerning conflict and applies them specifically to the supervision process. Theories of conflict, verbal and nonverbal dimensions of intra- and interpersonal conflict communication are discussed. The process of analyzing and working with conflict styles, power, structure, goaL/issues, interventton tactics and techniques is presented.
Plasma Membrane-Associated SCAR Complex Subunits Promote Cortical F-Actin Accumulation and Normal Growth Characteristics in Arabidopsis Roots

The ARP2/3 complex, a highly conserved nucleator of F-actin polymerization, and its activator, the SCAR complex, have been shown to play important roles in leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, the intracellular site(s) and function(s) of SCAR and ARP2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization in plant cells remain unclear. We demonstrate that putative SCAR complex subunits BRK1 and SCAR1 are localized to the plasma membrane at sites of cell growth and wall deposition in expanding cells of leaves and roots. BRK1 localization is SCAR-dependent, providing further evidence of an association between these proteins in vivo. Consistent with plasma membrane localization of SCAR complex subunits, cortical F-actin accumulation in root tip cells is reduced in brk1 mutants. Moreover, mutations disrupting the SCAR or ARP2/3 complex reduce the growth rate of roots and their ability to penetrate semi-solid medium, suggesting reduced rigidity. Cell walls of mutant roots exhibit abnormal structure and composition at intercellular junctions where BRK1 and SCAR1 are enriched in the adjacent plasma membrane. Taken together, our results suggest that SCAR and ARP2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization promotes processes at the plasma membrane that are important for normal growth and wall assembly.
Benign glial cysts of the pineal gland: unusual imaging characteristics with histologic correlation.

PURPOSE To describe the spectrum of MR and CT findings in clinically symptomatic pineal cysts and to determine whether there are certain diagnostic imaging features that allow one to distinguish a benign pineal cyst from other neoplasms of the pineal region. METHODS MR and CT scans of 19 patients with clinically symptomatic pineal cysts were retrospectively reviewed. Age range was 15 to 46 years with a mean age of 28 years. There were five male and 14 female patients. RESULTS Presenting features included headache (15 patients), diplopia (four), nausea and vomiting (four), papilledema (four), seizure (three), Parinaud syndrome (two), ataxia (one), and hemiparesis (one). All cysts were resected or biopsied to provide histopathologic confirmation of the diagnosis. Preoperative diagnoses included pineal neoplasm (14 of 19), pineal cyst (3 of 19), and dermoid cyst (2 of 19). The lesions ranged from 0.8 to 3.0 cm, with a mean diameter of 1.6 cm. Three cysts showed fluid/fluid levels consistent with hemorrhage. Slightly less than half (9 of 19) had evidence of hydrocephalus. The MR signal changes were variable but typically demonstrated low signal on T1-weighted images and high signal on T2-weighted images. More than half (7 of 12) demonstrated enhancement with gadolinium. Calcification of the cyst wall was observed in only four of nine patients who had CT studies but identified histologically in all cases. CONCLUSION The MR appearance of benign pineal cysts is variable, ranging from that of an uncomplicated cystic mass to a mass associated with hemorrhage, enhancement, or hydrocephalus. This variability may make them indistinguishable from other pineal-region tumors.
MST1/2 and Other Upstream Signaling that Affect Hippo Pathway Function

The Hippo signaling pathway is a conserved regulator of proliferation and cell survival in metazoans. The core of the pathway consists of a kinase cascade with the tumor suppressor Hippo (and its mammalian orthologues, MST1 and MST2) as the upstream kinase. Hippo activation is coupled to diverse stimuli, including cell contact, cell stress, and growth factor receptor signaling. These stimuli engage the Hippo pathway via multiple different signaling mechanisms that are cell type and cell context dependent. Notably, distinct mechanisms that control Hippo signaling have been uncovered in hematopoietic, epithelial, and mesenchymal lineages, and in cells exposed to strong inducers of apoptosis. Here we provide an overview of the signaling processes controlling mammalian Hippo pathway function, focusing on the direct regulation of MST1 and MST2 activity.
Nuclear matrix elements in the first-forbidden β-decay of 125Sb

Abstract Nuclear matrix elements in the 7 2 + (444 keV β − ) 9 2 − (177 keV γ) 11 2 − β-γ cascade in have been extracted from the available experimental data. A significant cancellation in the Coulomb-enhanced matrix element combination permits good limits of error to be placed on the individual matrix elements, even though there is not a large amount of experimental data available.
Inhibition of the appearance of phenol red in frog kidney tubules in vitro.

SummaryCinchoninic acid and nine of its derivatives have been studied with respect to the inhibition of the appearance of phenol red color in the lumina of the tubules of frog kidney slices in vitro. Three of these have been found more active in this respect than is caronamide and one equally active.
Localization and imaging of gangliosides in mouse brain tissue sections by laserspray ionization inlet

A new ionization method for the analysis of fragile gangliosides without undesired fragmentation or salt adduction is presented. In laserspray ionization inlet (LSII), the matrix/analyte sample is ablated at atmospheric pressure, and ionization takes place in the ion transfer capillary of the mass spectrometer inlet by a process that is independent of a laser wavelength or voltage. The softness of LSII allows the identification of gangliosides up to GQ1 with negligible sialic acid loss. This is of importance to the field of MS imaging, as undesired fragmentation has made it difficult to accurately map the spatial distribution of fragile ganglioside lipids in tissue. Proof-of-principle structural characterization of endogenous gangliosides using MSn fragmentation of multiply charged negative ions on a LTQ Velos and subsequent imaging of the GD1 ganglioside is demonstrated. This is the first report of multiply charged negative ions using inlet ionization. We find that GD1 is detected at higher levels in the mouse cortex and hippocampus compared with the thalamus. In LSII with the laser aligned in transmission geometry relative to the inlet, images were obtained in approximately 60 min using an inexpensive nitrogen laser.
Effect of European Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Injury on Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Four Cultivars of Apples

Effect of European red mites (ERM), Panonychus ulmi (Koch), on nonbearing spur-type and standard ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Stayman’ apple trees was compared over a 3-yr period. Mite population levels ranged from ca. 0–2,000 mite-d, with each tree receiving about the same amount of mite-days each year. Shoot length, leaf numbers, and trunk girth were little affected by mite damage, but early defoliation occurred on ‘Golden Delicious’ and standard ‘Delicious’. Flowering was reduced on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Stayman’, but not on either of the ‘Delicious’ types. In general, ‘Delicious’ appeared to be more tolerant of ERM damage.
Perceptual Mechanisms (Psychological, Biological, and Artificial): An Introduction

The ability to recognize and categorize objects and events, from the continuously changing patterns of environmental stimulation, is necessarily a fundamental aspect of human and animal behavior: in order to make an appropriate-adaptive response, an organism must first analyze and recognize the particular stimulus encountered. Given the complexity of environmental stimulation, and the essentially infinite number of discriminably different patterns of stimulation, one is naturally left to wonder how such sensory information processing is made possible.
Role of thyroxine in coordinate control of corticosterone and CBG in postnatal development

The role of thyroxine (T4) in the ontogeny of serum corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and corticosterone has been studied in the rat. Daily injection of T4 (0.1 micrograms/g body wt) resulted in the precocious appearance of both CBG and corticosterone. A dose-response study revealed an increase in both CBG and corticosterone at thyroxine doses greater than 0.02 micrograms/g body wt. In propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid pups, the developmental rise of both CBG and corticosterone was suppressed. To determine whether T4 elevation of CBG was mediated by corticosterone, serum CBG was measured in corticosterone-injected pups (10 micrograms/g body wt). No increase in CBG was detected on days 8 and 10. A slight increase, only one-eighth that elicited by T4, occurred on day 12. There was also no synergistic effect between T4 and corticosterone. We conclude that the postnatal increase in serum T4 concentrations cues the developmental rise of both CBG and corticosterone in the rat.
A restatement of the optimum synthesis of function generators with planar four-bar and slider-crank mechanisms examples

The problem of optimum synthesising of a mechanism to best approximate a function, while simultaneously ensuring good motion transmission characteristics is discussed. Distinction is made between the design variables that determine the shape of the input-output (I/O) function of the mechanism, and the design variables that affect the degree of overlap between this I/O function and the function to be mechanised, through scaling, mirroring and rotations in 90o increments. Examples are given of designing the planar four-bar and slider-crank linkages of a logarithmic scale, and that of a tangent-function generator. These are performed on modified mechanisms with an added degree-of-freedom, which substantially simplify the synthesis problem.
Reexamining fund manager skill from a new angle

– The purpose of this paper is to examine managerial skill of US equity mutual funds in the context of both abnormal return and risk. , – The authors evaluate manager skill based on the outperforming probability and cumulative distribution function of the actual funds and the bootstrapped funds. And the authors recognize the role of fund life cycle and use different evaluation horizons to control for fund age and the overall state of the market. , – The authors find that a small percentage of equity funds can beat the market, and the percentage is overall higher than what the control group would predict. The authors find no evidence of persistence. The authors also document that the chance of underperformance is much higher than what the authors had expect from the control group. Taking the risk-return tradeoff into account, any performance advantage of actual funds over bootstrapped funds is correlated with tail risk, and a robustness check confirms this finding. , – The authors find that the outperforming probability itself is not enough to confirm the existence of manager skill. The complete story of mutual fund alpha, should it exist, would not be complete without incorporating both risk and luck.
Security Requirements Embedded in MS Programs in Information Sciences and Technologies

This paper reviews and assesses the current coverage of security topics in the master's programs and proposes the best method for educating students in an Information Sciences and Technologies curriculum at Rochester Institute of Technology. We start by describing a case study of student projects in a data-warehousing course to motivate the need to cover security topics in our curriculum. We then discuss security topics related to the modern computing landscape, which we plan to cover in our MS programs: Internet of Things, Big Data and Cloud Computing. We describe a multi-threaded approach to introduce security into our programs by spreading the topics across core and elective courses that have related topics.
Determining a Structural Distortion and Anion Ordering in La2Si4N6C via Computation and Experiment

A structural instability in the orthorhombic carbonitridosilicate La2Si4N6C arises when calculating the ab initio phonon dispersion curves. The presence of imaginary modes indicates the compound reported in space group Pnma is dynamically unstable with the eigenvectors showing a monoclinic distortion pathway leading to space group P21/c. Synthesizing La2Si4N6C using a high-temperature route and conducting a co-refinement with high-resolution synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction shows the predicted peak splitting confirming the predicted lower symmetry crystal structure. Further, the combination of ab initio computation, neutron diffraction, and a total scattering analysis based on a neutron pair distribution function analysis supports that the anions are fully ordered and that carbon is only found on the central position of a star-shaped C(SiN3)4 unit. These results illustrate the power of combining computation and experiment to unequivocally solve crystal structures from polycrystalline powders.
Lifestyle Cardiovascular Risk Score, Genetic Risk Score, and Myocardial Infarction in Hispanic/Latino Adults Living in Costa Rica.

BackgroundA lifestyle cardiovascular risk score (LCRS) and a genetic risk score (GRS) have been independently associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in Hispanics/Latinos. Interaction or joint a...
Summary and Closing Remarks

I have the simple task of summarizing nearly three days of discussions and the presentations of 46 speakers in roughly five minutes. Either the conference organizers did not expect that we would say very much or figured that I could speak very quickly. As will become clear, it is certainly the latter. Before turning to my remarks, I think that we should all express our deep gratitude to George Kaufman, Curt Hunter, and Joe Bisignano for organizing such a timely and important conference and the Bank for International Settlements and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago for cospon-soring the event.