cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of GCxGC/TOF-MS metabolomics for use in ecotoxicological studies with invertebrates

The majority of metabolomic studies used in ecotoxicology have implemented (1)H NMR analysis. Despite constant improvement, major limitations of NMR-based techniques include relatively low sensitivity that results in an examination of a limited number of metabolites. An alternative approach is the use of liquid or gas chromatography (GC) for separation of metabolites and mass spectrometry (MS) for their quantification and identification. The objective of our study was to develop a two dimensional GC coupled with time of flight MS (GCxGC/TOF-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis to compare metabolite profiles of Diporeia under different environmental conditions. We compared metabolite profiles between Diporeia collected from Lake Michigan (declining populations) to those residing in Lake Superior (stable populations), and also between Diporeia exposed to a chemical stressor (atrazine) and controls. Overall, 76 and 302 total metabolites were detected from the lake comparison and atrazine studies, respectively. Many of the identified metabolites included fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, we observed unique and almost non-overlapping metabolite profiles in both studies. In conclusion, we established the feasibility of using GCxGC/TOF-MS for detecting metabolites as well as developed software to align and merge chromatographic peaks to compare metabolite differences between invertebrate groups sampled under different environmental conditions. This ability to detect unique metabolite profiles under different environmental conditions will increase our undertsanding on the physiological processes and whole-organism reponses occuring as a result of exposure to different environmental stressors.
Practice patterns of massage therapists.

Objectives: To describe the practice patterns of licensed massage therapists (LMTs). Design: Cross-sectional survey. Subjects: One hundred and twenty-six (126) massage practices randomly selected from the Greater Boston Area yellow pages. Outcomes Measures: Practitioner demographics, training, practice characteristics, and fees. Results: The response rate was 65%. Most respondents were Caucasian (95%) and female (80%). Their mean age was 41 years old. Half held a college degree; on average, practitioners received 1000 hours of training in massage therapy. The majority were in group practices (59%) and saw an average of 20 patients per week. The typical visit lasted 50–60 minutes; the cost was $60 and rarely covered by insurance (5%). Half of respondents offered sliding scales to patients, but only 11% accepted Medicaid patients. Respondents reported less than 1 visit per week from pediatric and adolescent patients (<21 years old). Conclusions: Most LMTs are female and Caucasian. The costs of massage thera...
Optimality conditions in power transactions in deregulated power pools

Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze transactions in deregulated power systems. Transactions are defined by an Independent System Operator using bids offered by participants. We show that the optimum schedule (namely, cost minimization) from the Pool's perspective does not coincide with the optimum solution from the perspective of one particular participant. In the paper, two methods are compared for the definition of transactions in deregulated environments and results are shown for an example system.
Integrated system for deposition of polysilicon and WSi x films

Abstract Solutions to problems encountered with today's methods for creating polycide structures are addressed with a multi-chamber single-wafer processing cluster tool.
Growth stimulation and inhibition of Candida albicans by metabolic by-products

Morphological mutants obtained from one strain ofCandida albicans were able to synthesize, from simple inorganic salts, glucose, and biotin a variety of complex organic molecules. The organic substances, detected in culture filtrates, were not identical for all the mutants or for the parental form from which they were derived. The substances were found to inhibit or stimulate cell growth, mycelium production, and also to influence the reductive and enzymatic abilities of other cells. Polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA were detected in the extracellular medium.
Boundary element analysis of crack growth for mixed-mode center slant crack problems

Abstract A boundary element analysis of crack growth for a linear mixed-mode center slant crack problem is presented in this article. The analysis was performed using multidomain boundary element scheme and quadratic quarter point boundary elements on each side of the crack. The crack growth direction is predicted by the maximum principal stress theory, however the Crack Surface Relative Displacement (CSRD) method is used to eliminate the calculation of the stress intensity factors which are normally required. The BEM results showed good agreement with the analytical and a very fine mesh FEM solutions.
Sphingolipids of animal nervous tissue I.A. Comparative study of polar lipid sphingosine bases

Abstract 1. 1. Sphingosine base distribution was studied in non-ganglioside polar lipids from whole brain of animals in five classes of phylum chordata: rat, chicken, turtle, frog and fish, and from brain and ventral cord of the crayfish of phylum arthropoda. 2. 2. Sphingosine bases were prepared from polar lipids by acid-catalyzed methanolysis. Sphingosine base mixtures were analyzed by periodate oxidation to aldehydes, followed by gas-liquid chromatography. 3. 3. Results obtained indicate trends, in the direction of lower species, towards lower total lipids and polar lipids and much lower glycosphingolipids. Sphingosine base distributions varied among the species, also demonstrating phylogenetic trends. Increased saturation and decreased chain length were observed in the direction of lower species. 4. 4. Possible relevance of these results to differences in myelin between homeothermic and poikilothermic animals are discussed.
Whither the Twain Shall Meet

Susan Strange, States and Markets: an Introduction to International Political Economy (London: Pinter, 1988) 263 pp., hardcover £22.00, paperback £8.95.
Some characteristics of children treated by subprofessionals at a novel therapeutic setting

Abstract This is an extnsion of a previously published description of a novel treatment program employing subprofessionals and directed at the alleviation of adjustment problems in school-aged children. Findings are reported on the chief complaints, nature of symptoms, type of aggressive behavior manifested, predominant mood, shcool adjustment, onset of symptoms, duration of disturbance, degree of impairment, and history of the adjustment failure, all as perceived by the child, family and teacher. Data are also given on clinicians' evaluations, treatment outcome, and the kind of population served.
Comparison of two grading methods to evaluate focal narrowing of retinal arterioles in glaucoma.

Abstract Background. Focal arteriolar narrowing has been reported to be more common in glaucoma eyes compared to normal eyes. The current study was performed to compare two methods for standardized assessment of focal arteriolar narrowing. Material and methods. Stereoscopic optic disc photographs (from one randomly selected eye per subject) of 48 normal subjects, 20 ocular hypertensive patients (OHT), and 29 glaucoma patients, were reviewed independently in a masked fashion by two graders. Focal arteriolar narrowing within one disc diameter from the rim edge was evaluated based on two different grading methods: (1) narrowing present if the arteriole was wider distal to the narrowing, and (2) narrowing present if the arteriole was wider both distal and proximal to the narrowing. Results. Focal arteriolar narrowing was observed with grading method 1 in 37.5% (18/48), 35.0% (7/20), and 65.5% (19/29) of normals, OHT, and glaucoma patients, respectively. It was observed with grading method 2 in 18.8% (9/48), 0% (0/22), and 48.3% (14/29) of normals, OHT, and glaucoma patients, respectively. With both grading methods, focal arteriolar narrowing was significantly more frequent in glaucoma versus normal eyes (chi-square test: grading method 1 P=0.03, and grading method 2 P=0.0001). The number of eyes with focal arteriolar narrowing was significantly more frequent with method 1 than with method 2 across all photographs and all subgroups (chi-square test: P=0.0001). The overall agreement between the two graders was kappa 0.77±0.06 for grading method 1, and 0.43±0.11 for grading method 2. Conclusions. The prevalence of focal arteriolar narrowing is highly dependent upon the grading method. A uniform grading method of focal arterial narrowing is needed to achieve comparable and reproducible results among studies.
From ARIES to MARS: transaction support for next-generation, solid-state drives

Transaction-based systems often rely on write-ahead logging (WAL) algorithms designed to maximize performance on disk-based storage. However, emerging fast, byte-addressable, non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies (e.g., phase-change memories, spin-transfer torque MRAMs, and the memristor) present very different performance characteristics, so blithely applying existing algorithms can lead to disappointing performance.This paper presents a novel storage primitive, called editable atomic writes (EAW), that enables sophisticated, highly-optimized WAL schemes in fast NVM-based storage systems. EAWs allow applications to safely access and modify log contents rather than treating the log as an append-only, write-only data structure, and we demonstrate that this can make implementating complex transactions simpler and more efficient. We use EAWs to build MARS, a WAL scheme that provides the same as features ARIES [26] (a widely-used WAL system for databases) but avoids making disk-centric implementation decisions.We have implemented EAWs and MARS in a next-generation SSD to demonstrate that the overhead of EAWs is minimal compared to normal writes, and that they provide large speedups for transactional updates to hash tables, B+trees, and large graphs. In addition, MARS outperforms ARIES by up to 3.7 x while reducing software complexity.
Some linguistic structures in the speech of a Broca's aphasic.

Summary A Story Completion Test for eliciting predetermined syntactic constructions is described, with a detailed report on one patient with Broca’s aphasia and agrammatism. The principal observations are that 1 The best preserved syntactic unit is the verb + object, the transition from subject to verb being more difficult. 2 There are several deviations from the theoretical order of linguistic complexity in that WH-questions are second only to the imperative in ease of production; the passive is more often correct than the indicative because the latter requires a verb inflection. 3 Auxiliary verbs and verb inflections are the elements most rarely produced. 4 There is a high degree of variability among successive trials of the same item, although the patient’s successive attempts on each trial usually improve the grammaticality of the output. It is concluded that the patient does not have a consistent simplified grammar, nor does his performance represent an economy of effort, but rather it is an effort to approximate his residual knowledge of standard English.
Parametric 1-D Modeling Study of a 5-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engine Concept for Increasing Engine Thermal Efficiency

University of Minnesota M.S.M.E. thesis. July 2016. Major: Mechanical Engineering. Advisor: William Northrop. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 46 pages.
An Interpretation of Zeno's Stadium Paradox

Two interpretations have dominated discussion of Zeno's paradox of the Moving Rows ("the Stadium"). According to one of these interpretations the paradox concerns relative motion, and according to the other it concerns indivisible magnitudes. In what follows I will argue that there are good reasons for rejecting both interpretations, and I offer an alternative which does not encounter the problems of either of the usual interpretations. According to this interpretation, which is based on the work of Professor D. J. Furley, the paradox of the Moving Rows turns on the unusual properties of the number zero. The paradox of the Moving Rows concerns three sets of rows, one stationary and the other two moving past the first in opposite directions. For simplicity I will discuss the paradox in terms of three single blocks (A, B and C) of equal size. Block A is stationary, and blocks B and C move past A in opposite directions at the same speed. According to Aristotle the conclusion of the paradox is that "one half the time is equal to the double."'
Calluses and callus-like growth in seaweeds: Induction and culture

Calluses of plants are masses of unorganized tissues formed as a result of injury. Some callus masses are soft, others are of harder consistency, and all are lumps of undifferentiated cells, an abnormal growth-form of the plant. This paper describes seaweed calluses, and similar abnormal growth-forms of seaweeds which produce mounds of undifferentiated tissues referred to here as callus-like growth.
Multisubband electron transport in GaAs-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As quantum wells

A general transport model for the conduction of electrons in square GaAs-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As quantum wells is described. The electrons are treated as an ideal two-dimensional system, while lattice scattering is treated through a regular three-dimensional phonon system. The electronic conduction of the well is considered to be a superposition of the conduction arising from the sheet carrier density of each of the individual subbands with allowance for scattering of carriers between different subbands. Balance equations for carrier number, momentum, and energy density are derived for each subband, and the relaxation times are calculated for the more common scattering processes. This balance-equation transport model provides a detailed description of the dynamics of a quantum well for the case where the subband structure is important, or where intersubband transitions or optical generation processes repopulate one subband at the expense of the others. >
Contract–Management Capacity in Municipal and County Governments

Under pressure to do more with less, governments across the country have moved from direct service provision to providing services by contract. Proponents argue that contracting can reduce costs and improve flexibility and customer satisfaction. Critics point to a growing number of failed contracts, arguing there are numerous pitfalls associated with contracting. Missing from these debates is a discussion of how governments’ managerial capacity can improve contract performance. In this article, we identify specific capacities that governments can use to harness the promise of contracting while avoiding its pitfalls. We present analyses of data on municipal and county government contracting activities that show how governments invest in contract– management capacity in response to several internal and external threats to effective contract performance. Because government investment in contract–management capacity is uneven—that is, some governments invest in less capacity even when circumstances would call for more—our analyses may help to explain why some contract arrangements are more successful than others.
Detrusor overactivity persisting at night and preceding nocturia in patients with overactive bladder syndrome: a nocturnal cystometrogram and polysomnogram study.

Purpose: Nocturia, a common symptom of overactive bladder syndrome, is associated with substantial adverse consequences and yet its pathophysiology has hardly been studied and the capacity to treat it remains limited. We established methods to study the physiology of overactive bladder associated nocturia and better understand this phenomenon.Materials and Methods: We recorded simultaneous, time aligned, nocturnal cystometrogram and polysomnogram data during a single night at a sleep laboratory in 9 patients with overactive bladder and detrusor overactivity on daytime cystometrogram, in 10 patients with insomnia and in 5 healthy controls.Results: We safely recorded simultaneous polysomnography/nocturnal cystometrography data accurately during the sleep period. Nocturnal detrusor overactivity occurred significantly less often in patients with insomnia and controls than in patients with detrusor overactivity plus overactive bladder (p = 0.02) and only in the 10 minutes before nocturia events in the latter (...
Decision making and decision analysis: Beneficence in medicine

Abstract Patient decision-making in the context of the doctor-patient relationship requires beneficence as a primary ethical principle of medicine, ruling out medical paternalism on one hand and pure patient autonomy on the other. Decision-analysis theory is examined to support this claim, especially decisions involving utilities (mixed benefits and risks), uncertainty, and incompetent patients. Neither substituted judgment nor reasonable persons criteria are considered adequate to make decisions on behalf of others. Further, enhancement of patient autonomy alone appears inadequate both in light of data about how patients actually make decisions and the principle of beneficence itself. This is especially true for critical care medicine.
Impact of Connecticut's graduated driver licensing system on teenage motor vehicle crash rates.

BACKGROUND: : In response to high rates of teen motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) many states have enacted graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems. GDL delays full licensure and allows beginners to obtain experience under lower risk conditions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact over the past 10 years to determine its effect on teen MVCs. METHODS: : Connecticut MVC data from 1999 to 2008 were analyzed. Percent change (1999 vs. 2008) in MVC rates per 10,000 registered drivers was calculated by age, gender, during the night restriction (11:00 pm and 5:00 am), and MVCs with passengers. Linear regression analysis estimated the decrease of MVC rates each year. RESULTS: : The MVC rate decreased by 40% for 16-year-old and 30% for 17-year-old drivers. In comparison, rates among 18-year-old, 19-year-old, 25- to 29-year-old, and 30- to 59-year-old drivers were reduced by 16%, 7%, 8%, and 11%, respectively. The MVC rate for 20- to 24-year-old drivers increased by 1%. During nighttime restricted driving times, MVC rates decreased by 54% among 16-year-old and 49% among 17-year-old drivers. The MVC rate with passengers decreased by 65% for 16-year-old and 53% for 17-year-old drivers. In comparison, rates of nighttime and with passenger MVCs among older drivers were significantly less. CONCLUSIONS: : Implementation of Connecticut's GDL system has resulted in significant reductions in MVC rates among novice drivers. This analysis provides a method for other states to examine the impact of their GDL system. Language: en
Surrogate end points and FDA approval: a tale of 2 lipid-altering drugs.

RISK FACTORS SUCH AS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, ELevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, and high blood glucose levels are strongly, consistently, and directly associated with the risk of major cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. Over the last several decades, the development and widespread use of drugs to reduce the level of these risk factors have been a mainstay of cardiovascular disease prevention efforts. For new drugs designed to treat these conditions, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) generally uses their treatment effects on the level of the risk factor to evaluate them for approval. Risk-factor levels serve as surrogate end points for the outcomes of primary interest—the incidence of cardiovascular disease. According to the FDA guidance on lipid-lowering therapy, “The objective of lipid-altering therapy is not merely to alter serum lipids but to diminish the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease and/or pancreatitis that is associated with abnormal serum lipid levels.” Because the “ability to extrapolate the value of any particular lipid-altering drug in accomplishing either of these objectives is limited . . . lipid altering agents should be shown to have a relatively low incidence of adverse effects prior to approval for marketing.” The primary advantage of the use of surrogate end points is the ability to evaluate drugs more quickly and in smaller trials than would be required for the demonstration of a reduction in the risk of major cardiovascular events. At the time of approval, however, information remains incomplete about uncommon risks and about the actual health benefits of drugs evaluated on the basis of surrogate end points. Drug effects on LDL cholesterol levels, for instance, are unlikely to provide useful information about off-target adverse effects such as rhabdomyolysis or about health benefits that involve other mechanisms. The public health advantages of rapid approval for drugs that turn out to be safe and effective need to be balanced against harms that might occur when drugs approved on the basis of surrogate end points turn out later either to have significant safety problems or to lack efficacy. Recent experience with 2 lipidaltering drugs, ezetimibe and torcetrapib, provides new evidence about surrogate end point approaches to the drug approval process.
Some computational considerations associated with discrete element modeling of cylindrical particles

Abstract In this short communication, an efficient coarse contact detection scheme for large aspect ratio particles is proposed for use in discrete element method (DEM) modeling of cylindrical particles. Also, minor corrections to the cylinder–cylinder contact criteria, developed by Kodam et al. [Chem. Eng. Sci. 65, 5852–5862 (2010)], are discussed. Lastly, a convenient procedure is put forth for the generation of a densely packed particle bed of large aspect ratio cylinders that are randomly and uniformly distributed in a specified computational domain.
Abnormal grain growth in copper films during magnetically enhanced plasma processing

The kinetics of grain growth in thin copper films during magnetically enhanced (ME) plasma processing is monitored. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results suggest microstructural evolution characteristic of abnormal grain growth in these films. The kinetics of abnormal grain growth appears to depend on gas pressure in the reactor.
The nature of the neuropsychological disability in autistic children.

After Kanner (1943) first described infantile autism, the basic biological intelligence of these children was regarded as potentially normal in most cases. The reasons for this belief were the presence of splinter skills, “intelligent” faces, few reports of motor dysfunction, and “refusal” to perform when age-appropriate items from intelligence tests were presented to them. One widely held theory advanced to explain these “facts” was that most if not all autistic (Aut) children had anatomically normal brains, and that relatively high splinter skills were a “true” reflection of their potential intelligence. If the right treatment key could be found, then the seriously delayed verbal intelligence would advance in an accelerated fashion to catch up with the splinter skills and with the norms for the child’s chronological age. Our research shows: 1. That the intelligence of Aut children can be measured reliably and validly. 2. That the IQ has good predictive power about the child’s eventual functioning. 3. That most Aut children have subnormal intelligence. 4. That in only a few children does the Verbal (Vb) IQ reach normal levels, no matter how intense the treatment and education.
Usefulness of Pindolol in neurocardiogenic syncope

We prospectively studied the efficacy of pindolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), for the prevention of syncope recurrences in 31 patients with recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope. Pindolol proved to be an effective treatment, even in patients who had previously failed treatment with conventional beta blockers, suggesting a clinical benefit from addition of ISA to beta blockade in this setting.
Morphine sulfate inhibits hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic mitogen, specific for endothelial cells. Hypoxia-induced VEGF in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes leads to autocrine and paracrine stimulation, respectively. During myocardial ischemia, VEGF is upregulated in the endothelium and myocardium, and may mediate angiogenesis. Morphine sulfate is commonly used in pain relief for patients with acute myocardial infarction. We investigated the effect of morphine sulfate on VEGF expression in cultured endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes subjected to hypoxia. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that morphine sulfate significantly inhibited hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in mouse heart microvascular endothelial cells (SMHEC4), primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in primary cultures of rat cardiac myocytes (P<0.05). Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that morphine treatment (100 ng/ml) of hypoxic HUVECs resulted in a significant reduction in mRNA levels of VEGF121and VEGF165isoforms. Transfection of HUVECs with a human VEGF promoter–luciferase construct showed that hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation of VEGF was markedly inhibited by morphine sulfate (P<0.05). Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C-mediated activation of the VEGF promoter was also inhibited by morphine. The opioid antagonist naloxone significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of morphine in endothelial cells suggesting the involvement of opioid receptors. Our results show that the inhibitory effects of morphine on hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes can lead to a decrease in the autocrine and paracrine stimulation and hence limit neovascularization of the ischemic myocardium.
Neuroplasticity of A-type potassium channel complexes induced by chronic alcohol exposure enhances dendritic calcium transients in hippocampus

Rationale Chronic alcohol-induced cognitive impairments and maladaptive plasticity of glutamatergic synapses are well-documented. However, it is unknown if prolonged alcohol exposure affects dendritic signaling that may underlie hippocampal dysfunction in alcoholics. Back-propagation of action potentials (bAPs) into apical dendrites of hippocampal neurons provides distance-dependent signals that modulate dendritic and synaptic plasticity. The amplitude of bAPs decreases with distance from the soma that is thought to reflect an increase in the density of Kv4.2 channels toward distal dendrites.
Quantitative analysis of a vulnerable subset of pyramidal neurons in Alzheimer's disease: I. Superior frontal and inferior temporal cortex.

Various cytoskeletal proteins have been implicated in the cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease. A monoclonal antibody (SMI32) that recognizes nonphosphorylated epitopes on the medium (168 kDa) and heavy (200 kDa) subunits of neurofilament proteins has been used to label and analyze a specific subpopulation of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices of normal and Alzheimer's disease brains. In Alzheimer's disease, the distribution of neuropathological markers predominates in layers III and V in these association areas. In these neocortical regions, SMI32 primarily labels the perikarya and dendrites of large pyramidal neurons, predominantly located within layers III and V. In Alzheimer's disease, a dramatic loss of SMI32-immunoreactive (ir) cells was observed, affecting particularly the largest cells (i.e., cells with a cross-sectional perikaryal area larger than 350 microns 2). The staining intensity of the largest SMI32-ir neurons was significantly reduced in Alzheimer's disease cases, suggesting that an inappropriate phosphorylation of these cytoskeletal proteins may take place in the course of the pathological process. In addition, the SMI32-ir neuron loss and total neuron loss were highly correlated with neurofibrillary tangle counts, whereas such a correlation was not observed with neuritic plaque counts. These quantitative data suggest that SMI32-ir neurons represent a small subset of pyramidal cells that share certain anatomical and molecular characteristics and are highly vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease. Other studies have suggested that SMI32-ir neurons are likely to furnish long corticocortical projections. Thus, their loss would substantially diminish the effectiveness of the distributed processing capacity of the neocortex, resulting in a neocortical isolation syndrome as reflected by the clinical symptomatology observed in these patients. Such correlations between the expression of a selective cellular pathology and specific elements of cortical circuitry will increase our understanding of the molecular and cellular characteristics underlying a given neuronal subclass vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative disorders.
The effects of the constituent's affirmation and the opposing negotiator's self-presentation in bargaining between unequal status groups

Abstract Many of the conflicts that organizations must resolve are between groups of unequal status. Sixty college students were induced to be representatives of a high-status (manager) group in order to study how the interaction patterns between unequal-status groups affect their resolution of conflict. During the bargaining, the subjects' group member either strongly or mildly affirmed their personal effectiveness. Confederates representing the low-status (worker) group either presented themselves as effective or as ineffective bargainers. The subjects whose effectiveness was strongly affirmed as compared to mildly affirmed described themselves in more positive terms and more often rejected the low-status bargainers' request for improved outcomes, regardless whether the low-status representatives presented themselves as effective or ineffective. Subjects perceived the ineffective in comparison to the effective low-status bargainers as both more dissimilar and undesirable, though they did indicate greater trust of them. Results were interpreted as suggesting that representatives who receive a strong affirmation of personal effectiveness from their group member resist compromising toward the other bargainer's position as a way of maintaining their image of competence. The data do not support the notion that low-status bargainers who present themselves as ineffective in conflict induce the representative from the high-status group to accept their requests.
Preschoolers select playmates on the basis of gender and race

Abstract Behavioral measures and playmate preferences were observed in all 90 children enrolled in an urban preschool. Patterns of play activities, social involvement, verbalization, and positive and negative acts were similar for boys and girls and black, white, and foreign-born Asian racial groups. Overall, all groups of children preferred playing dyadically with same-sex classmates. Girls showed a relative preference for same-race/same-sex playmates and greater relative avoidance for white boys than black or Asian boys. Boys showed a relative preference for white- race/same-sex playmates and least relative avoidance for same-race girls. The results with girls contradict implications from the racial attitudes literature. The overall pattern of results was explained on the basis of the interaction of two factors: children's responses to the higher status of white boys and the perceived physical attraction of same-race children.
A linear programming assessment of the profit from strategies to reduce the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis

Abstract We used a linear programming model to estimate the financial returns to a Staphylococcus aureus testing and control program over a 1-year period for a 100-cow herd, with a 8636-kg rolling-herd average. Six tests, which vary in sensitivity from 0.80 to 0.98 and specificity of 0.99, were examined in simulated herds with 10, 20 and 30% prevalence of S. aureus infection. Sensitivity of these results to a range of assumptions regarding rolling-herd average, milk price, somatic cell-count premium, and cost and cure rate of dry treatment were examined to determine the profits from the program. The profits of a control program are most dependent upon prevalence, cell-count premium, and cost of dry treatment. In our simulation for a 100-cow herd, a testing and control program appears to cost less than US$10 per cow per year, and pays for itself within 1 yr, except under the lowest prevalence and most-adverse conditions (low yield, high cost of dry treatment, or low SCC premium).
A Digital Collection Collaboration in an Academic Repository: A Case Study

Serving as a case study, this article discusses a collaborative project between Cornell University and Medical Center Archives of NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell to migrate a digital image database to a public online platform. The article discusses five components archivists need to consider when creating online digital collections: workflow, metadata, copyright review, photo reproduction requests, and marketing. In addition, the article will discuss the benefits of using a collaborative approach to meet the project goals in these five areas.
Conflict between relationally uncertain romantic partners: the influence of relational responsiveness and empathy

The management of conflict in close dating relationships was examined through a relational competence model. This model of competence emphasizes the need for appropriate and effective behaviors. The current study explored appropriateness by assessing relational messages that are prescriptively expected during conflict, the association between relational responsiveness and communication satisfaction, and the influence of empathic processes on relational responsiveness for couples who were relationally uncertain (i.e., contemplated breaking-up). Findings indicate that people expect their relational partners to convey messages of affiliation and non-dominance during disagreements of important issues. The results also reveal that behaving in ways that meet or positively exceed expectancies are associated with more satisfaction. This is especially true for dominance. Finally, the evidence suggests that empathy is not for everyone. Attempts at being more empathic can result in less relational responsiveness.
A model for the behavior of vesicles in density gradients: Implications for fractionation

Abstract The need for high resolution in the fractionation of membranous vesicles is addressed in terms of a simple theoretical model. We argue that the equilibrium buoyant density of a semipermeable vesicle reflects an osmotic balance between the shrinking forces exerted by non-penetrating gradient solutes and expanding forces engendered by the excess of Donnan ions associated with charges fixed within the vesicle. The mathematical formulation derived from these assumptions leads directly to explicit predictions of density gradient design optimal for separating vesicle species according to their fixed charge content. Briefly, resolution is favored in gradients whose osmotic and ionic activities are minimal, under conditions which also minimize the fixed charge on the membrane. Available experimental data affirm this hypothesis.
Response of a resistive wire detector to 240 MeV alpha particles

Abstract A detector using three resistive wires is shown to produce position resolution of 1 mm and angular resolution better than 0.2° FWHM with an almost Gaussian resolution function for 240 MeV alpha particles.
A Discrete Variable Approach to Machine Parameter Optimization

Abstract This paper presents a discrete variable form of the machine parameter optimization problem and shows how this model can be optimized expediently using a dynamic programming rationale. An example problem is given to illustrate the results of optimization using this approach.
Molecular (osmotic and electro-osmotic) backwash of cellulose acetate hyperfiltration membranes

Abstract A technique using osmosis and/or electro-osmosis was developed to clean and possibly decompact contaminated modified (asymmetric)cellulose acetate membranes. p]The rejuvenation technique developed is called “molecular backwash”. When contaminated with ferric hydroxide, the membranes (cured at 92°C) exhibited considerable flux decrease. After molecular backwashing, the hyperfiltration flux increased again. In some cases, molecular backwash also partially restored the salt rejection loss which had occurred during contamination. Flux loss recovered by molecular backwashing varied from 30% to over 100% (i.e. the flux of the compacted membrane was greater than before contamination, but not greater than the flux of a clean uncompacted membrane).
An Assessment of Layer Development at the Fuel/Cladding Interface During Irradiation of Metallic SFR Fuel Elements

To investigate fuel cladding chemical interaction in irradiated metallic nuclear fuels, diffusion couple experiments have been performed using prototypic metallic fuel alloys with additions of noble metal and lanthanide fission product components mated against stainless steel claddings. The developed interdiffusion zones have been characterized using SEM/EDS/WDS to determine the development of phases and the interdiffusion behavior of specific fuel, cladding, and fission product components. The formed diffusion structures have been compared to actual interaction zones that form in irradiated metallic SFR fuels. This paper discusses how the structures compare between the diffusion couple-generated interdiffusion zones and those that develop in irradiated metallic nuclear fuels. It was found that similarities exist between the phase development and interdiffusion behavior in the annealed diffusion couples and the irradiated fuels. Nd, Mo, and Ru, which were added to a fuel alloy to represent fission products that are present in irradiated metallic nuclear fuels, were found to exhibit interdiffusion behavior in annealed diffusion couples that was similar to what has been observed in actual irradiated metallic fuels. This was also true for the original fuel components U, Pu, and Zr, along with the cladding constituent Fe, Ni, and Cr.
The relation involving personality variables, problem relevance, rationality, and anxiousness among college women

Examination of Eysenck's personality variables showed that college women with more self-rated relevant problems were more neurotic. ANOVA revealed that high and low neurotics and extraverts became more irrational and increased in anxiety as problem relevance increased. Extraverts were more irrational on very relevant problems, while introverts reported more anxiety on middle and low relevant problems. The clinical usefulness of personality in assessment of emotional disturbance in rational-emotive therapy is discussed.
Wavelength division sensing RF vibrometer

A wavelength division sensing RF vibrometer which is implemented as a tunable carrier frequency Doppler radar sensor was used for the first time to accurately measure mechanical vibrations of complex patterns. The amplitude ratio of a pair of baseband harmonics under different carrier wavelengths was used to obtain the vibration patterns. A software-controlled PLL was built to generate carrier frequencies from 5.5 to 6.5 GHz. The accuracy of the recovered vibration pattern using the noncontact RF vibrometer rivals other contact measurement instruments, such as LVDT and accelerometer.
Effect of Early Availability of Feed and Water on Bobwhite Quail Chicks

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feed and water availability on newly hatched Bobwhite quail chicks. Treatments in Experiments 1 and 2 consisted of: 1) feed and water available at brooder placement (0 h); 2) feed at 0 h, water at 4 h; 3) water at 0 h, feed at 4 h; and 4) water at 0 h, feed at 8 h. Treatments in Experiment 3 were: 1) feed and water at 0 h; 2) water at 0 h, feed at 24 h; 3) held in brooder, feed and water at 24 h; and 4) held in chick boxes 24 h, feed and water at 24 h. All water contained a vitamin mixture for the first 14 days. Body weight at 24 h was decreased by an 8-h delay in providing feed (Experiments 1 and 2) and by a 4-h delay in providing feed or water (Experiment 2). Chicks could only partially compensate feed intake after 24 h but completely compensated water intake in that time. This resulted in differences in water: feed consumption ratios among treatments. Withholding feed or feed and water for 24 h resulted in reduced body weight to 21 days. Holding for 24 h without feed and water resulted in less mortality when the chicks were in chick boxes rather than in brooder pens.
Parametric scattering models for bistatic synthetic aperture radar

Parametric scattering center models match to radar scene attributes, aiding in automatic target recognition (ATR) and scene visualization. In this paper, we develop parametric models of canonical shapes for bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR).We generalize geometric theory of diffraction solutions for scattering mechanisms in a plane to develop three-dimensional models for six canonical shapes: a rectangular plate, dihedral, trihedral, cylinder, top-hat, and sphere. The proposed models provide physically relevant yet compact scattering solutions that are easily implemented for radar signal processing and ATR applications. The derived models are shown to agree with results obtained from high-frequency, asymptotic scattering simulations.
Clonazepam treatment of panic disorder in patients with recurrent chest pain and normal coronary arteries.

Objective:To examine the efficacy of clonazepam in chest pain patients with panic disorder and normal coronary arteries.Method:We conducted a placebo controlled, double blind, flexible dose (1–4 mg/d), six-week trial of clonazepam. All subjects (N = 27) had current panic disorder and a negative coronary angiogram or thallium exercise tolerance test within the previous year.Results:Analyses show modest improvements in the clonazepam and placebo groups over the first four weeks in both primary outcome measures. Eight of twelve (67%) clonazepam treated patients responded with reduction of panic attacks by week four to zero per week or half of initial frequency, while seven of fifteen (47%) placebo treated patients responded (not significant). When response was measured by 50 percent reduction in Hamilton Anxiety total score, however, seven of twelve (58%) clonazepam treated patients responded, while two of fifteen (14%) placebo treated patients responded, (p = .038) by Fisher's exact test. Within-subject imp...
Analysis of Clinical Supervisor Feedback in Speech-Language Pathology

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the interrater agreement of assessment and feedback among speech-language pathology clinical supervisors. Two questions were posed: (a) Does the us...
Red Queen hypothesis supported by parasitism in sexual and clonal fish

THE Red Queen hypothesis for the maintenance of biparental sexual reproduction suggests that, for species locked in revolutionary struggles with biological enemies, the production of variable progeny compensates for the genetic or ecological disadvantages of sex1–7. The advantage of sex and recombination under this hypothesis stems from the production of rare phenotypes, which are expected to be more likely to escape infection or predation by coevolved biological enemies. Like many evolutionary hypotheses, the Red Queen hypothesis is difficult to test directly, but its assumptions and predictions can be evaluated7–18. The most critical assumption is that biological enemies will disproportionately attack the most common phenotype19, 20. In this study of parasite loads of coexisting sexual and clonal fish, we find empirical support for this assumption.
Amorphous Soluble Cyclodextrins: Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Uses

Amorphous water soluble derivatives of cyclodextrins are potent, nontoxic solubilizers of drugs and lipids. Their use as excipients which enable effective oral administration of sex hormones is described. Furthermore, these com pounds were used intravenously as an active drug to assist an organism in unloading a toxic lipophile.
Proteomic and physiological responses of leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) to salinity change

Partially euryhaline elasmobranchs may tolerate physiologically challenging, variable salinity conditions in estuaries as a trade-off to reduce predation risk or to gain access to abundant food resources. To further understand these trade-offs and to evaluate the underlying mechanisms, we examined the responses of juvenile leopard sharks to salinity changes using a suite of measurements at multiple organizational levels: gill and rectal gland proteomes (using 2-D gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry), tissue biochemistry (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, caspase 3/7 and chymotrypsin-like proteasome activities), organismal physiology (hematology, plasma composition, muscle moisture) and individual behavior. Our proteomics results reveal coordinated molecular responses to low salinity - several of which are common to both rectal gland and gill - including changes in amino acid and inositol (i.e. osmolyte) metabolism, energy metabolism and proteins related to transcription, translation and protein degradation. Overall, leopard sharks employ a strategy of maintaining plasma urea, ion concentrations and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activities in the short-term, possibly because they rarely spend extended periods in low salinity conditions in the wild, but the sharks osmoconform to the surrounding conditions by 3 weeks. We found no evidence of apoptosis at the time points tested, while both tissues exhibited proteomic changes related to the cytoskeleton, suggesting that leopard sharks remodel existing osmoregulatory epithelial cells and activate physiological acclimatory responses to solve the problems posed by low salinity exposure. The behavioral measurements reveal increased activity in the lowest salinity in the short-term, while activity decreased in the lowest salinity in the long-term. Our data suggest that physiological/behavioral trade-offs are involved in using estuarine habitats, and pathway modeling implicates tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) as a key node of the elasmobranch hyposmotic response network.
Early Animal Evolution: Emerging Views from Comparative Biology and Geology

The Cambrian appearance of fossils representing diverse phyla has long inspired hypotheses about possible genetic or environmental catalysts of early animal evolution. Only recently, however, have data begun to emerge that can resolve the sequence of genetic and morphological innovations, environmental events, and ecological interactions that collectively shaped Cambrian evolution. Assembly of the modern genetic tool kit for development and the initial divergence of major animal clades occurred during the Proterozoic Eon. Crown group morphologies diversified in the Cambrian through changes in the genetic regulatory networks that organize animal ontogeny. Cambrian radiation may have been triggered by environmental perturbation near the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary and subsequently amplified by ecological interactions within reorganized ecosystems.