cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer-Learning Spaces: A Staple in English Language Learners' Tool Kit for Developing Language and Literacy.

Abstract Children from linguistically and culturally diverse homes are faced with the ongoing challenge of performing well academically. Research suggests that children perform better when academic tasks are meaningful and culturally relevant. This study examines the ways in which English language learners claim their home and peer cultures in the classroom's unofficial space in order to create written texts that are meaningful. In our study, we found that within peer-learning spaces for writing, children asked for clarification, information, and task content, and this interaction helped them to produce written artifacts. This qualitative study suggests the need to plan peer-learning spaces for children to interact in during writing, which foster and advance their understanding of classroom writing practices. Peer-learning spaces allow teachers to encourage dialogue that weaves multiple home resources into school discourses.
The Historical Ideal-Type as a Heuristic Device for Academic Storytelling by Sport Scholars

The goal of this research endeavor is to take the previous calls of sport scholars to expand into alternative research approaches (e.g., history, case study, law reviews, philosophy, etc.) and to show how storytelling can be an effective tool through the use of a heuristic device. The present analysis attempts to focus on the usage of the historical ideal-type as a heuristic device for academic storytelling so that scholars within sport studies can possibly become more comfortable in other methodological approaches. To support this goal, an example of a sport-focused historical ideal-type is reviewed along with an ideal-type activity practiced in other disciplines. Finally, the contribution and employment of academic storytelling and historical ideal-types will be promoted as an important tactic to enhance the impact of a scholar’s academic findings and overall writing potential.
Electronic structure of complex bismuth chalcogenides and other narrow-gap thermoelectric materials

There is considerable current effort to discover new thermoelectric materials with a high figure of merit Z. Some of these new materials are narrow-gap semiconductors with rather complex crystal structures. In this paper we discuss the results of electronic structure calculations in two classes of such systems. The first class consists of BaBiTe3, a structural and chemical derivative of the well-studied Bi2 Te3. Similarities and differences in the band structures of these two systems are discussed. The second class consists of half-Heusler or “stuffed”-NaCl compounds MNiX, where M is Y, La, Lu, Yb, and X is a pnictogen; As, Sb, Bi. To understand the physical reason behind the energy gap formation, we compare the electronic structure of YNiSb with that of an isoelectronic system ZrNiSn, another isostructural compound of thermoelectric interest. These calculations were carried out within density functional theory (in generalized gradient approximation) using self-consistent full-potential LAPW method. Energy gaps and effective masses associated with the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum have been calculated and these quantities have been used to estimate transport properties. Large room temperature thermopower values in Bi2 Te3 and BaBi Te3 can be understood in terms of multiple conduction and valence band extrema whereas similar large values in ZrNiSn and other half-Heusler compounds can be ascribed to large electron and hole effective mass.
The Zoogeography of the Southern Cold Temperate Zone

The only part of the southern cold temperate zone that I know personally is Tasmania, where I collected insects from December 1956 to April 1957. Tasmania lies south of Australia at the latitude of central New Zealand. According to the new Australian Encyclopaedia (1958) the climate of Tasmania resembles that of the South Island of New Zealand. Temperatures are cool to cold, but without the extremes that occur in continental areas. Rainfall is from about 20 to 60 in. in different places at low altitudes and much more than 100 in. on some mountains. Snow rarely falls at sea level, but during the southern winter it lies deep on the higher mountains, which are 4000 to 5000 ft. high.
Properties of Ca2+ currents in acutely dissociated neurons of the chick ciliary ganglion: Inhibition by somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28

Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made from acutely dissociated neurons obtained from the embryonic chick ciliary ganglion. Recording pipettes were filled with salines containing 120 mM CsCl or 120 mM tetraethylammonium-Cl. Application of depolarizing voltage commands evoked L-type Ca2+ currents and, at voltages positive to 0 mV, an unidentified cationic conductance. The unidentified cationic conductances made the Ca2+ currents appear to undergo voltage-dependent inactivation and made a large contribution to tail currents present during repolarizing voltage steps. Ca2+ Ca2+ currents showed little or no sign of inactivation and did not reverse at voltages up to +60 mV. Application of somatostatin-14 or somatostatin-28 produced a reversible inhibition of Ca2+ currents in virtually all cells, regardless of size. Somatostatin-28 (1-14) was inactive. The effects of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 were attenuated by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, suggesting a role for G-proteins in mediating the response. Somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 had no effect on voltage-dependent K+ currents. The results suggest that somatostatin peptides modulate the motor output of the chick ciliary ganglion.
How Contemporary Publics Understand and Experience Happiness: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

How do contemporary publics understand happiness? What makes them experience it? Do conceptions and sources of their happiness vary across culturally different societies? This paper addresses these questions, utilizing the 2008 round of the AsiaBarometer surveys conducted in six countries scattered over four different continents. Analyses of these surveys, conducted in Japan, China, and India from the East; and the United States, Russia, and Australia from the West, reveal a number of interesting cross-cultural differences and similarities in the way the people of the East and West understand and experience happiness. Specifically, the former are much less multidimensional than the latter in their conceptions of happiness. Yet, they are alike in that their sense of relative achievement or deprivation is the most pervasive and powerful influence on happiness.
System-of-systems iso-performance search to inform multi-actor policymaking to reduce aviation life cycle carbon emissions

This paper presents a system-of-systems formalism for modeling and analyzing multi-actor policy-making to achieve a global system objective. In contrast to a single optimal solution that aggregates objectives of actors, the concept of iso-performance is employed to illuminate multiple global solutions and hence the ‘space’ for actors to compromise. A case in a policymaking to reduce aviation emissions is presented to demonstrate the approach.
Studies on dark adaptation. VII. Effect of pre-exposure color on foveal dark adaptation.

The effect of pre-exposure color on foveal dark adaptation was investigated. Monocular absolute threshold curves were obtained for two observers with white, red, green, and blue test patches after white, red, green, and blue pre-exposures. All combinations of pre-exposure and test-patch color were measured for each of two sizes of centrally fixated test patch: 48 min; and 2 deg 16 min. The pre-exposure field was centrally fixated and subtended 10 deg. The pre-exposure luminance and duration was 100 ft-L for 100 sec prior to threshold determinations with the smaller test patch, and 10 ft-L for 10 sec prior to threshold determinations with the larger test patch. The duration of the test flash was 0.033 sec. The results indicated the absence of pre-exposure color effects in the rod-free fovea, with the exception that pre-exposure to red light reduced subsequent sensitivity to the long-wavelength part of the spectrum to a slightly greater degree than did pre-exposure to any of the other colors tested. The results for the larger rod-populated foveal area demonstrated effects consistent with the scotopic luminance of the pre-exposure colors which were used.
Complications of positioning holes in posterior chamber intraocular lenses

We report our experience with five patients in whom the positioning holes of posterior chamber lenses appeared to cause various complications. The complications included iris chafing with resultant hyphema and pigment loss, iris adhesion to a positioning hole, fibrotic ingrowth into a positioning hole, and fine white deposits of unknown etiology on the lens surface. The possible causes and significance of these findings are discussed.
Toll-like receptor-5 and the innate immune response to bacterial flagellin.

The innate immune system identifies the presence of infection by detecting structures that are unique to microbes and that are not expressed in the host. The bacterial flagellum (Latin, a whip) confers motility on a wide range of bacterial species. Vertebrates, plants, and invertebrates all have evolved flagellar recognition systems that are activated by flagellin, the major component of the bacterial flagellar filament. In mammals, flagellin is recognized by Toll-like receptor-5 and activates defense responses both systemically and at epithelial surfaces. Here, we review the role for Toll-like receptor-5 in mediating the mammalian innate immune response to flagellin, and how this provides for defense against infections caused by many different species of flagellated bacteria.
The naturally occurring cytochrome P450 (P450) 2B6 K262R mutant of P450 2B6 exhibits alterations in substrate metabolism and inactivation.

The polymorphic human cytochrome P450 (P450) 2B6 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of several clinically relevant drugs including bupropion, cyclophosphamide, propofol, and efavirenz. Although a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found in the P450 2B6 gene, the influence of these variants on the metabolism of substrates and on the response to known inactivators of P450 2B6 has not been examined. We have compared the metabolism of different substrates of P450 2B6 (P450 Δ2B6) and the effects of mechanism-based inactivators with that observed with the polymorphic P450 Δ2B6 K262R in a reconstituted monooxygenase system (reconstituted system). Metabolism of bupropion by P450 Δ2B6 K262R resulted in increased production of hydroxybupropion compared with P450 Δ2B6. However, production of formaldehyde from the metabolism of benzphetamine by the P450 Δ2B6 K262R mutant was significantly less than that of the wild-type isozyme. P450 Δ2B6 K262R formed fewer benzphetamine metabolites compared with the wild type. N,N′,N″ -Triethylenethiophosphoramide (tTEPA) and bergamottin decreased the ability of both enzymes to hydroxylate bupropion and to O -deethylate 7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-EFC). Incubation with 17-α-ethynylestradiol decreased bupropion hydroxylation and 7-EFC O -deethylation with the wild-type enzyme but had no effect on the mutant. The kinetics for inactivation of the variant by tTEPA and bergamottin were determined using 7-EFC. The K I values for inactivation of the variant were significantly greater than those determined for the wild-type enzyme. These data demonstrate a functional difference between P450 Δ2B6 and the allelic variant P450 Δ2B6 K262R.
Some exponentially decreasing error bounds for a numerical inversion of the Laplace transform

Abstract Convergence properties of a class of least-squares methods for finding approximate inverses of the Laplace transform are obtained by using reproducing kernel Hilbert space techniques (or, alternatively, related minimization techniques) and some classical interpolation results.
The Phenomenology of Failed Humor: Implications for Interpersonal Affect Regulation

Studies of interpersonal affect regulation often focus on the ability of individuals to successfully regulate other people’s emotions. However, inadequate attention has been paid to failed interper...
Geochemistry of low-temperature springs northwest of Yellowstone caldera: Seeking the link between seismicity, deformation, and fluid flow

A comprehensive geochemical survey of springs outside the northwest margin of the Yellowstone caldera was undertaken in 2003 and 2004. This survey was designed to detect: (1) active leakage from a huge reservoir of CO2 gas recently postulated to extend from beneath the caldera into this area; and (2) lingering evidence for subsurface flow of magmatic fluids into this area during the 1985 seismic swarm and concomitant caldera subsidence. Spring temperatures are low (<15°C), but two large-discharge springs contain 14 C-dead carbon that can be identified as magmatic from calculated end-member values for δ 13 C(dead) and 3 He/ C(dead) of −4‰ and 1×10 −10 , respectively, similar to values for intra-caldera fumarolic and hot-spring gases. However, the combined discharge of magmatic C is only 5.4 tonnes/day, <0.1% of the total output from Yellowstone. The two springs have slightly elevated 3 He/ 4 He ratios near 1RA and anomalous concentrations of Cl, Li, and B, and appear to represent minor leakage of gas-depleted, thermal waters out of the caldera. The small CO2 signal detected in the springs is difficult to reconcile with a large underlying reservoir of gas in faulted and seismically active terrain. When considered with analyses from previous decades, the results provide no evidence to associate the ten-year period of caldera deflation that began in 1985 with expulsion of magmatic fluids through the caldera rim in this area. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Preparing Teachers for the Next Millennium: Secondary School Administrators Have Their Say.

If schools are to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century, teach ers must be prepared. The following questionnaire and responses, orig inally completed by a group of school administrators on Long Island, may hetp other administrators who wish to evaluate their schools and teachers and make informed changes.
Targeted cell-cell interactions by DNA nanoscaffold-templated multivalent bispecific aptamers

Cell-cell interactions are essential for multicellular organisms, playing important roles in their development, function, and immunity. Herein a bottom-up strategy to construct self-assembled DNA nanostructures is reported, consisting of multivalent, bispecific, cell-targeting aptamers to specifically induce cell-cell interactions. Various DNA nanoscaffolds are rationally designed to assemble aptamers with different valencies and flexibilities, and their cellular binding capabilities are tested. Multivalent aptamers, assembled on more rigid scaffolds, display higher binding activities. Further, multivalent bispecific aptamer fusion molecules are constructed based on this configuration, and successfully link two types of cells. Using cell-targeting aptamers, the presented strategy eliminates the need to chemically modify cell surfaces and offers excellent cell specificity, binding efficiency, and stability. This proof-of-concept study establishes that multivalent bispecific aptamers linked on DNA-nanoscaffolds can mediate cellular engagement, which could lead to their use in directing or guiding cell-cell interactions in many biological events.
A comparison of the horizontal and vertical vestibulo‐ocular reflexes of the rabbit

1. The gain and phase of the horizontal (H.v.o.r.) and vertical (V.v.o.r.) vestibulo-ocular reflexes were measured in rabbits. The V.v.o.r. was evoked by sinusoidal rolls about the longitudinal axis of the rabbit. This axis was maintained at different orientations with respect to the earth horizontal axis: V.v.o.r. 0 degrees , prone; V.v.o.r. 90 degrees , ;nose-up'; V.v.o.r. 180 degrees , supine; V.v.o.r. 0 degrees L, left side down.2. In contrast to the H.v.o.r., the V.v.o.r. 0 degrees had a higher gain (eye velocity/head velocity) and a smaller phase lead (eye position + 180 degrees with respect to head position) at low frequencies of sinusoidal vestibular stimulation (+/- 10 deg, 0.005-0.05 Hz). At higher frequencies (0.05-0.8 Hz), the H.v.o.r. and V.v.o.r. 0 degrees were equivalent in both gain and phase.3. The low-frequency gain of the V.v.o.r. was smallest in the ;nose-up' orientation. The V.v.o.r. 90 degrees was equivalent in both gain and phase to the H.v.o.r. over the entire range of frequencies tested (0.005-0.8 Hz). Threshold angular accelerations for the H.v.o.r. and V.v.o.r. 90 degrees were below 0.04 deg/sec(2).4. The compensatory eye movements of the H.v.o.r. were frequently interrupted by anticompensatory re-setting eye movements. These anticompensatory re-setting eye movements were present in the V.v.o.r. 90 degrees , but not in the V.v.o.r. 0 degrees .5. An estimate gain and phase of the otolithic component of the V.v.o.r. 0 degrees was derived by subtraction of the V.v.o.r. 90 degrees (semicircular canal signal) from the V.v.o.r. 0 degrees (semicircular canal signal+otolith signal). This procedure was based on the assumption that the signals from the otolith organs and vertical semicircular canals combine linearly.6. The V.v.o.r. 180 degrees provided an interesting test of the assumption of linear combination of otolithic and semicircular canal signals by reversing the phase of the modulated otolithic signal. The data indicated that the V.v.o.r. 180 degrees is non-linear.
Small Changes Can Streamline the Handoff Process in a Staff-Driven Process Improvement Project

Professional Issues Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program There were inconsistencies with patient handoffs between the labor and birth unit and the maternity unit that contributed to dissatisfaction between units and potential patient care errors. A review of the literature related to best practice for perinatal handoffs was presented to the Women's Services staff nurse cluster. Proposed Change The Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR) transfer template was revised to reflect a complete yet succinct comprehensive overview of the patient's plan of care. Specifics were included regarding screens of the medical record to be reviewed within a given time frame. Although all staff members are TeamSTEPPS trained, barriers to the safe and seamless handoff were identified. Those barriers fell into one of our "3 Cs bucket": collaboration, consistency, and communication. Audits were designed to identify the degree to which those inconsistencies existed, and input was solicited from both units for ways to improve the handoff transfers. The goals were to improve communication and teamwork among staff, improve patient satisfaction, and support our responsibility to Service Excellence. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The process improvement project was carried out over a period of 10 months with a total of 235 audit tools collected over three audit cycles. Staff members were educated about the key points identified by the cluster following the initial audit cycle. The second audit cycle represented the process improvements following the implementation of the handoff strategies and the final audit cycle confirmed that these strategies were hardwired. These strategies included using the SBAR transfer tool, contact numbers for the transferring and the receiving nurse located in the patient's medical record, timeliness of the initial and secondary call from the transferring nurse to the receiving nurse, involvement of the business associate in the transfer process, room readiness, direct handoff in the patient's room, verification of the patient's identification, specific screens reviewed during handoff, and verification of intravenous (IV) fluids and site. Implications for Nursing Practice Although all of the strategies were simplistic and revolved around communication and consistency, there was a marked improvement in the timeliness and direct communication between staff that contributed to a greater degree of satisfaction between units. This project exemplified that process improvement projects do not have to be complex to directly affect patient safety and staff satisfaction. This service line shared governance cluster that worked as a team to overcome challenges faced at handoff with measurable improvements.
Ca2+–calmodulin and protein kinase Cs: a hypothetical synthesis of their conflicting convergences on shared substrate domains

Evidence is accumulating that suggests that Ca2+-calmodulin (Ca2+-CaM) and the protein kinase Cs (PKCs) obstruct each other's actions because of the embedding of PKC phosphorylation sites in CaM or Ca2+-CaM-binding domains of a growing number of crucial substrates in neurons (and other cells). These substrates include the CaM storage proteins (neurogranin, neuromodulin), the membrane-associated MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate) protein, the NMDA receptor RI subunit and the autoinhibitory domain of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump. In this review, the emerging data are woven into a hypothetical picture of the conflicting, timing-dependent convergence of two major signalers on neuronal functions.
A Real World Perspective: Employee Perspectives of Employer Sponsored Personal Health Record (PHR) Systems

Many employers now provide electronic personal health records (PHR) to employees as part of a free or low cost health benefit program. This paper reports findings from a survey distributed to employees of a large U.S. corporation. The survey focused on identifying employee concerns and expectations from an employer sponsored PHR system and to help understand the utilization and adoption of PHR systems sponsored by the employer. Despite some past research showing significant demand for PHR products across the general public, especially those that are offered for free, responses indicated many barriers. Participants responded with their concerns and expectations prior to using the system as well as their difficulty or ease of use. Key issues are discussed, including current and future role of employers in the PHR marketplace, including the need to tether these offerings to larger health care provider networks in order for employees to realize the value added.
Performance evaluation of an automated material handling system for a machining line using simulation

In the evaluation of a material handling system, multiple factors should be considered, including the plant's facilities, the machinery, the material handling equipment, and of course, the people involved. Simulation techniques can be effectively used in all the phases of this process in order to understand the behavior of manufacturing systems, from the material handling concept definition throughout the system's final implementation In this paper, an automated material handling system for a cylinder block machining line is proposed and evaluated by means of discrete event simulation using the ProModel simulator. Initially, the machining line is modeled with manual material handling to get an estimate of the true line capacity. Then the proposed conveyor system is modeled, and the systems are compared by means of confidence intervals. The results revealed that the automated material handling system causes a slight decrease in the system throughput, while gaining the benefits of a Just in Time based system.
A Large Outbreak of Water-Borne Typhoid Fever Attributed to Contaminated Well in a Coastal City, China

Background: On October 15, 2006, the China information system for disease control and prevention revealed typhoid fever (TF) cases increasing greatly from October 7, comparing with the same period of the previous year, in a coastal city, P.R. China. Objective: To identify its epidemiological cause, and develop its control measures. Methods: TF case was defined as any case involving onset of fever between October 7 and December 15, 2006, plus the following: high fever (>38.5 ◦C), headache, malaise, intestinal hemorrhaging, myalqia, or rose-colored spots on the skin, and with the laboratory result of the decreasing Eosinophil cell or Widal test (+) in Jiaojiang district. The first 25 cases from October 7 and 100 controls randomly chosen from neighborhood of each case, age referring to +5 year old, were selected to carry out a case-control study, through questionnaire. Well water was randomly selected to detect the total bacteria, Coliform group. The chi-square test and non-conditional logistic regression analysis was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was assessed by the two-sided test with the test level equaling 0.05. Results: Totally 58 typhoid cases, including 29 confirmed and 29 probable cases were identified between October 7 and December 15, 2006. The cases were mainly non-residents. Through non-conditional logistic regression analysis, the result showed that mode to use well water (Odds Ratio [OR] = 5.71, 95%. Confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.23—14.59) and eat outside (OR = 8.18, 95% CI = 1.51—44.26, AR = 0.27) was the main causation of this outbreak. In addition, through chi-square test, the result also shows that Xiama market (OR = 5.46, 95% CI = 1.61—20.37, AR = 0.23), cooked food taking (OR = 4.13, 95% CI = 1.44—11.92, AR = 0.27 may also the suspected risk factors of this outbreak. The number of total bacteria and Coliform group in well water both far outnumber the national drinking water standards. Further more, through field investigation, a public toilet was found 5 meters far from a well in the Xiama market. Conclusion: This TF outbreak was mainly caused by the inappropriate manner to use contaminated well water system, probably by septic tank seepage into storage well and unhealthy food habits. The epidemic was controlled by the effective measures.
Biosynthesis of cellulose

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biosynthesis of cellulose. It analyzes the older, fragmented literature and assesses its major contributions; concentrates extensively on new findings and coordinates their interpretations; and examines the existence of gaps in the knowledge of this complex process. The polymerization of D -glucan chains occurs by way of a multi-subunit, enzyme complex embedded in the plasma membrane. An almost simultaneous association, by means of hydrogen bonds, of the newly formed chains results in the formation of partially crystalline microfibrils. This mechanism of polymerization and crystallization results in the creation of microfibrils whose chains are oriented parallel (cellulose I). In A. xylinum, the complex is apparently immobile, but, in cells in which cellulose is deposited as a cell-wall constituent, it seems probable that the force generated by the polymerization of the relatively rigid microfibrils propels the complex through the fluid-mosaic membrane. The direction of motion may be guided through the influence of microtubules. The chapter discusses the cytological investigations of cellulose biosynthesis and elaborates the mechanism of polymerization.
Vineyard soil bacterial diversity and composition revealed by 16S rRNA genes: Differentiation by geographic features

Abstract Here, we examine soil-borne microbial biogeography as a function of the features that define an American Viticultural Area (AVA), a geographically delimited American wine grape-growing region, defined for its distinguishing features of climate, geology, soils, physical features (topography and water), and elevation. In doing so, we lay a foundation upon which to link the terroir of wine back to the soil-borne microbial communities. The objective of this study is to elucidate the hierarchy of drivers of soil bacterial community structure in wine grape vineyards in Napa Valley, California. We measured differences in the soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity by sequencing the fourth variable region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S V4 rDNA). Soil bacterial communities were structured with respect to soil properties and AVA, demonstrating the complexity of soil microbial biogeography at the landscape scale and within the single land-use type. Location and edaphic variables that distinguish AVAs were the strongest explanatory factors for soil microbial community structure. Notably, the relationship with TC and TN of the terroir should be examined further.
Abstract 985: Mitochondrial glutamine fermentation enhances ATP synthesis in murine glioblastoma cells

Otto Warburg first proposed that all cancer cells arise from irreversible impairment of respiration, thus requiring glucose fermentation as a compensatory energy source for maintaining viability. Glucose fermentation with lactate production in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glucose fermentation or the Warburg effect) is now recognized as a metabolic hallmark of nearly all cancers. Besides glucose, glutamine also serves as an energy metabolite for many cancer cells. It is not clear, however, how glutamine provides energy to cancer cells. We examined the influence of glucose and glutamine on ATP synthesis and viability in cultured mouse VM-M3 cells, a model for invasive human glioblastoma. The VM-M3 cells are known to have abnormal respiration. The cells were grown for 12 hrs or 24 hrs in “serum free minimal media” containing glucose alone (25 mM), glutamine alone (4.0 mM), or a combination of both energy metabolites. Using a bioluminescent-based in vitro ATP assay, we found that ATP production and cell viability was similar in VM-M3 cells grown in media containing either glutamine or glucose alone. Lactate production was significantly lower in VM-M3 cells grown in glutamine (0.24 mM) than in the cells grown in glucose (2.34 mM), indicating that these cells produce little lactate from glutamine alone. Robust synergy was found for ATP synthesis and lactate production when the cells were grown in both glucose and glutamine. Remarkably, the synergy persisted under anoxia (95% N2, 5% CO2) indicating that OxPhos did not play a major role in the synergistic interaction of glucose and glutamine. Preliminary [C13] NMR analysis showed that the cells grown in pan-labeled glutamine produced labeled succinate, aspartate, alanine, and citrate indicating that glutamine was metabolized through the TCA cycle in these cells. We propose that the glucose/glutamine energy synergy observed in the VM-M3 cells arises from linked fermentation redox couples in the cytoplasm and mitochondria that synthesize ATP largely through non-oxidative substrate level phosphorylations and possibly from an anaerobic electron transfer-based ATP synthesis at the level of fumarate reductase. In other words, the cells appear to generate ATP through simultaneous anaerobic glucose and amino acid fermentation even in the presence of oxygen. Our results support the Warburg cancer theory and suggest that besides glucose fermentation in the cytoplasm, glutamine fermentation in the mitochondria might also serve as an alternative compensatory energy source to OxPhos deficiency. Supported by Boston College Res. Fund. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 985. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-985
A Study of the Chlorpromazine Induced Decreased Liver Glutathione Reaction.

SummaryThe chlorpromazine-induced decrease in liver glutathione has been shown to be dependent on both adrenal medullary and cortical hormones, but not pituitary hormones.
Aging and Health Care: A Social Perspective. Neena L. Chappell, Laurel A. Strain, and Audrey A. Blandford. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1986. 215 pages, $15.95

Aging and Health Care: A Social Perspective gives the reader a straightforward presentation of information. Users of Aging and Health Care can feel confident that they are receiving accurate information, presented with readable style and clarity. The purpose of the book (as outlined in the Preface) is to integrate social elements of aging, with a discussion of health and the health care system, in the light of an aging society. Overall, the book seems to succeed in achieving its fundamental objectives. Any critique I would have of the book is based largely on what is not said. Many readers are likely to feel that Aging and Health Care is a “no frills” text. A broad range of topics are presented, but many could be afforded extra space for expanded emphasis. The prospective audience for Aging and Health Care should therefore be evaluated carefully. Instructors can use it as a basic reading for courses in social gerontology, but should also be prepared to supplement the chapters during class sessions. However, for the reader who desires an easy-to-follow introduction to gerontology, with the objective of identifying some areas of personal interest for subsequent in-depth follow-up, Aging and Health Care should be very appropriate and helpful.
Symptom word documentation: A novel approach to identifying and managing hospital-acquired infections.

An interprofessional team developed a symptom word documentation tool based on surveillance definitions for specific types of infections published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nursing documentation was monitored pre- and postimplementation of the tool, revealing increased compliance with symptom documentation. Although symptom word documentation does not reduce the number of infections, it may impact the central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rate by better differentiating CLABSI from other infection sources, as was observed in this institution.
Opioid overdose prevention in a residential care setting: Naloxone education and distribution

ABSTRACTBackground: Patients with opioid use disorders are at an increased risk for overdose death if they had a previous overdose, have co-occurring medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and are high-dose opioid users transitioning to relative abstinence or abstinence, i.e., those individuals discharging from drug treatment programs. Despite the success of opioid overdose prevention programs utilizing naloxone, residential substance abuse treatment centers often emphasize abstinence-based care for those suffering from addiction and do not adopt harm reduction approaches such as naloxone education and distribution. This performance improvement project reports the implementation of an opioid overdose prevention program provided to patients and their family members in a residential treatment setting. Methods: Opioid-dependent inpatients (N = 47) along with their family members received overdose prevention training consistent with guidelines established by the Harm Reduction Coalition. Patient family members ...
Thyroid cells in culture.

Publisher Summary Thyroid cell system consists of continuously growing epithelial cells derived from either experimentally induced, transplantable rat tumors of thyroid origin or normal rat thyroids. The thyroid is a peculiar endocrine gland whose main cellular type, the follicular cell, possesses unique morphological and functional properties. The thyroid follicle in vivo is practically a liquid-filled sphere walled by a monolayer of tightly linked cells. The establishment of thyroid cell lines is presented in this chapter: cell lines from tumors and cell lines from normal thyroids. Cultured cells offer many advantages over the animal system. In addition to a more controllable environment and to the homogeneity of the cell population, cultured cells can be modified, genetically manipulated, and selected for the desired mutants. New mammalian cells can be generated by modern, standard cell biology techniques, such as cell hybridization, enucleation, and cybridization. Cloned cells of tumor origins can also be injected in syngeneic animals to produce genetically homogeneous tumors for yielding large amounts of cells.
Is it safe to admit patients with acute injuries to nonsurgical services? A retrospective review.

Abstract Background Given potential safety risks when admitting injured patients to nonsurgical services (NSS), the American College of Surgeons mandates trauma centers justification. However, evidence supporting this requirement is lacking. Methods Adult patients cleared for admission to a NSS at a level 1 trauma center between 2012 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographic, injury, and outcome characteristics were compared between nonsurgical (NSA) and surgical admission patients and analyzed for predictive value. Results Compared with surgical admission patients, NSA patients were significantly older, had a higher number of comorbidities and/or patient and a lower Injury Severity Score, while hospital length of stay, complications, and missed injury and adjusted mortality rates were similar. NSA did not predict mortality whereas increased age, increased Injury Severity Score, and number of comorbidities and/or patient did. Conclusions As all complications and mortalities were unrelated to injuries per se, admission to a NSS, after protocoled clearance by a trauma or Emergency Department attending, appears to be safe.
Brücken zur regionalen Clusterforschung. Soziologische Annäherung an ein ökonomisches Erklärungskonzept

Sowohl eine Reihe europaischer Nationen als auch die Europaische Union unternehmen erhebliche Anstrengungen, um die Entwicklung hochtechnologischer Felder voranzutreiben. Als wissenschaftliche Grundlage derartiger Initiativen und Entwicklungsprozesse wird von den relevanten Akteuren aus Politik, Wissenschaft, Privatwirtschaft sowie Medien oftmals das Konzept ,regionaler Cluster' herangezogen. Einerseits fehlt es nicht an Einwanden, in denen die regionale Clusterforschung als wissenschaftliches Anhangsel oder Feigenblatt anderweitig motivierter Aktivitaten sowie als wissenschaftliches ,Fliegengewicht' eingestuft wird. Andererseits mangelt es vor allem im soziologischen Diskurs an ernsthaften Auseinandersetzungen, in denen der wechselseitigen Anschlussfahigkeit soziologischer Ansatze und dem Clusterkonzept nachgegangen wird. Der Beitrag dient dem Zweck, einen Teil dieser Lucken im Diskurs zu schliesen: Um das Erklarungspotenzial des Clusterkonzeptes abzuschatzen, wird der Fragestellung nachgegangen, wie eine soziologische Reflexion an die Grundlagen dieses Konzeptes anschliesen kann. In einem ersten Schritt erfolgt eine Auseinandersetzung mit grundlegenden Bausteinen des Konzeptes. Anschliesend werden die Erkenntnismoglichkeiten einer soziologisch reflektierten Clusterforschung erortert. Auf der Basis dieser Erorterung wird im Resumee mit einem Pladoyer fur eine komparativ angelegte Clusterforschung abgeschlossen.
Spectral Study of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids in Micellar Environments

Absorption and emission properties of benzoic acid, fluoro-substituted benzoic acids and salicylic acid have been investigated at room temperature in a number of pure solvents and aqueous solutions of micelle forming solutes, e.g., CTAB and NaLS. The latter involved variations with respect to the pH, concentration of carboxylic acid, concentration of micelle solute (above and below the cmc), and micelle counterion. These studies allow an assessment to be made of the role and location of the monomer, dimer, and charged configurations of the carboxylic acid in the complex environment.
The Value of Friends During Bad Times: CEO Connections and the Financial Crisis

I find that CEO educational, employment, and social connections are associated with higher firm values during periods of distress. The existing literature disagrees as to whether connections provide value or exacerbate agency problems. I find evidence of the former as publicly-traded firms with highly connected CEOs have higher Q ratios during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. Connections to financial firm directors and executives are valuable compared to non-financial connections. The results are concentrated in strong-governance firms suggesting the value-effect is not due to decreased agency problems during bad times.
Sampling, Sample Preparation and Preservation

Proper collection and handling of water samples is an essential part of producing meaningful analytical results, especially at the trace levels now reported. Aspects which must be considered include sample size and container, sample labels, sampling technique, sample preservation from time of collection until receipt by the laboratory, transport and storage of samples, and recordkeeping. The characteristics of the agricultural chemical to be analyzed, study objectives and design, and the nature of the water to be sampled are important factors in determining how each of this aspects should be addressed. For many agricultural chemicals, requirements for sample containers and sampling techniques can be simplified compared to those often used in other types of groundwater monitoring programs. Regardless of the specific procedures utilized, the challenge of collecting water samples in an environment where dust and surface soils may contain residues three to four orders of magnitude higher than the sensitivity of the analytical method dictates that samples always be collected by conscientious and trained personnel. Care must always be taken to avoid contamination by attention to cleanliness of the sampler, sample bottles, sampling equipment, and storage containers. Samples (or empty sample bottles) should not be transported in vehicles also used to transport agricultural chemicals or stored in containers or freezers previously containing agricultural chemicals. Sample labels and study records must be adequate to provide necessary information and fulfil any applicable regulatory requirements.
Risk ratios and Scanlan’s HRX

Risk ratios are distribution function tail ratios and are widely used in health disparities research. Let A and D denote advantaged and disadvantaged populations with cdfs F A (x) and F D (x) respectively, F A (x)≤F D (x). Consider a selection setting where those selected have x>c a critical value. Scanlan observed in empirical data that as c is lowered the failure ratio F R(c)=F D (c)/F A (c) and success ratio S R(c)=[1−F D (c)]/[1−F A (c)] can both be increasing with decreasing c, a surprising result Scanlan calls Heuristic Rule X (HRX). The consequences of HRX for disparities research have not been well understood, and appear to be often ignored. The analytical conditions for HRX to hold have not, heretofore, been proven. In the normal case, HRX holds if the variances are equal. In general, HRX is not a robust condition. Settings and distributional conditions necessary for HRX to hold are discussed, including mixture settings of normal and other variables.
Effects of salinity gradients on larval growth and otolith asymmetry of austral hake Merluccius australis

Austral hake Merluccius australis sustain an important demersal fishery in South Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The main spawning and nursery areas are in the Chilean Patagonia, which is characterized by large inputs of freshwater from rivers and ice melting. The spatial distribution of larval austral hake M. australis was studied during spring, and the potential effects of oceanographic conditions (temperature, salinity, vertical stability and turbidity) on early life traits, derived from sagitta otolith microstructure analysis, size-at-age (SAR), individual larval growth (IGR) and bilateral asymmetry (FA6). Larval abundance ranged between 0.86 and 41.55 ind 1000 m -3 (median: 4.08 ind 1000 m -3 ) and population larval growth estimated by micro-increment counts of sagitta otoliths was 0.129 ± 0.010 mm d -1 , with age varying from 4 to 24 days old. All three indicators derived from otolith analysis (SAR, IGR, and FA6) showed positive and significant correlations with vertical salinity gradients; IGR and FA6 were also positively correlated to Brunt-Vaisala frequency (vertical stability) and FA6 was correlated to turbidity. Therefore, larval M. australis were larger-at-age, grew faster and showed more asymmetry in areas with more influence of freshwater runoff in south Pacific Patagonia.
Density-gradient centrifugation as an aid to sorting planktonic organisms. I. Gradient materials

Fish eggs and larvae can be separated from invertebrate zooplankton by isopycnic centrifugation in gradients of sucrose or silica. Preserved samples of invertebrate zooplankton, fish eggs, and fish larvae, representing a typical assortment of marine plankton, were layered over linear gradients of 25 to 60% w/w (weight/weight) sucrose or 0 to 15% w/w silica (as Ludox AM) in 100 c3 swinging buckets, and centrifuged for 1 h at 1000 rpm (revs per minute). In sucrose gradients, the invertebrate zooplankton were confined to the two ends of the gradient, while 85% of the fish eggs were recovered from an intermediate zone (27.5 to 55% w/w). In Ludox AM, the fish eggs banded in a narrow region between 2 and 3% w/w, while fish larvae banded at the bottom of the gradient between 10 and 14% w/w. Of the 6 dominant classes of zooplankton, only Salpa overlapped appreciably with the fish eggs and none overlapped with the fish larvae. Of the gradient materials tested, Ludox AM offers the most advantages; sucrose may also be useful for subfractionation. Gradients of sodium bromide and dextran have been found to be totally unsuitable.
Minimally Invasive Approach for Stoma Creation

Laparoscopic stoma creation has become a favorable alternative to conventional open stoma construction, proving to be safe and effective. Laparoscopic techniques permit full visualization of the abdominal cavity, minimize surgical trauma, and afford the potential benefits of improved cosmesis, reduced pain, and a shorter recovery time. In this chapter, we will review the technical aspects of a laparoscopic stoma construction for both small and large bowel and through various minimally invasive approaches.
Stimulating Reflection and Curiosity

This case highlights multiple forms of nonreflectiveness commonly encountered in work with patients with BPD. Clinicians often feel tempted to employ therapeutic approaches that can inadvertently lead to increased rigidity, disengagement, demandingness, and dependency. Rather, clinicians should aim to stimulate greater reflection and curiosity through a humble and “not-knowing” therapeutic stance, while tailoring their interventions to address the particular forms of nonreflectiveness appearing in the moment, which can be distinguished as either black-and-white, disconnected, or concrete. For black-and-white thinking, avoid trying to change the patients’ minds overtly or more discreetly. Instead, empathically validate their perspectives, explore how they arrived at them, and cautiously share your own perspective to stimulate further reflection. For more disconnected experiences, try to “shift the frame” of the patient’s narrative, either by directing attention to aspects of the here-and-now clinical interaction or through surprising interventions that might abruptly prompt more meaningful reflection. For concrete thinking, avoid the impulse to take concrete action to appease concrete demands. Rather, explore the deeper meaning of the patient’s demands, empathically validate the underlying emotional experiences, and transparently share your own perspective on the scenario (including any dilemma you feel about “doing” versus “not doing” what is being requested).