cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and Function in the Isolated Reaction Center Complex of Photosystem II. 1. Ultrafast Fluorescence Measurements of PSII

Time-resolved fluorescence measurements of PSII D1−D2−Cytb559 reaction center complexes were made by using an optical signal analyzer based on a streak camera tube synchronized with subpicosecond jitter to a femtosecond 1 kHz titanium:sapphire laser system. The instrumental response function of this analyzer was 4−4.5 ps fwhm under experimental conditions. Synchronization permitted extensive signal averaging and allowed measurements to be made with low incident pulse energy (3−10 nJ) and photon flux ((1.5−5.0) × 1013 photons/cm2). Fluorescence decays were obtained following excitation throughout the Qy band of PSII. The data are inconsistent with an effective or apparent charge separation time scale of ca. 3 ps following direct excitation of P680. Rather, the effective charge separation from a quasi-equilibrium of chromophore excited states is either quite fast (≤1.25 ps) or relatively slow (≥20 ps). The most consistent interpretation of the available data involves rapid energy redistribution processes wi...
Effect of benzenetricarboxylate counterion structure on decyltrimethylammonium ion micellization

Abstract Decyltrimethylammonium critical micelle concentrations in 0.25 m solutions of the sodium salts of hemimellitic, trimellitic, and trimesic acids were determined both by light scattering and by the Corrin-Harkins dye-indicator method. Micellar aggregation numbers in the above systems and critical micelle concentrations for decyltrimethylammonium micelles in 0.25 m solutions of sodium p -chlorobenzoate, sodium p -hydroxybenzoate, and sodium benzoate were also determined. The results are mostly easily rationalized in terms of Stigter's model of the Stern Layer.
Ring-opening and a novel ring expansion in the reactions of 1-Alkyl-2-carbomethoxyazetidine with hydrazine†

The mechanism of the reactions of 1-t-butyl-2-carbomethoxyazelidine and 1-benzyl-2-carbomethoxyazetidine with hydrazine hydrate was investigated. Treatment of 1-alkyl-2-earbomethoxyazetidine with hydrazine hydrate in cold ethanol yielded 1-alkylazetidine-2-carhohydrazide. Depending on the sterie bulkiness of the alkyl group of the amino functionality, reactions of 1-alkylazetidine-2-carbohydrazides in methanol gave the appropriate aminoester or the appropriate pyrrolidone, or a mixture of both. The intermediacy of the diimide in these transformations was confirmed by the concurrent reduction of azobenzene to hydrazobenzene.
Gustatory cross adaptation between salts

Adaptation of the tongue to any of four different salts tested lowered the estimated magnitude of some other salts, contrary to previous reports. A separate mechanism is not required to code the taste of each salt.
Medical student concerns and fears before their third-year surgical clerkship

Abstract Background This study describes the personal concerns of third-year medical students beginning their surgical clerkship. To assess these needs, we studied the expectations, interests, and concerns of beginning surgical clerks. Methods Beginning surgical clerks during the 2002–2003 academic year were invited to respond to a written survey. Responses were categorized into domains of interest and domains of concern. Analysis controlled for prior surgical experience, interest in a surgical career, and academic term. Results The response rate was 83%. Students were most curious about surgical practice, technical skills, and issues of lifestyle/balance among surgeons. Students were most concerned about fatigue, long hours, potential mental abuse, and poor performance. Differences between groups are described. Conclusions Beginning surgical clerks have questions and concerns about topics often not addressed in the curriculum or syllabus. This study suggests the nature of improvements that could assist the inexperienced student in creating a positive clerkship experience and guiding their choice of career.
Flow-through 3D biofuel cell anode for NAD+-dependent enzymes

Abstract NAD + -dependent enzymes require the presence of catalysts for cofactor regeneration in order to be employed in enzymatic biofuel cells. Poly-(methylene green) catalysts have proven to help the oxidation reaction of NADH allowing for the use of such enzymes in electrocatalytic oxidation reactions. In this paper we present the development of 3D anode based on NAD + -dependent malate dehydrogenase. The 3D material chosen was reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) which was modified with poly-(MG) for NADH oxidation and it also accommodated the porous immobilization matrix for MDH consisting of MWCNTs embedded in chitosan; allowing for mass transport of the substrate to the electrode. Scanning electron microscopy was used in order to characterize the poly-(MG)-modified RVC, and electrochemical evaluation of the anode was performed.
On upper limits to the difference in bias between two ratio estimates

In this short paper upper limits to the difference in bias between two ratio estimates relative to the standard error of the difference are given. The estimates compared may have their basis in any type of probability sample. When the two ratio estimates are either independent or negatively correlated the limit under consideration always exists and its expression is simple. On the other hand when the estimates are positively correlated the limit exists, but is subject to the rare qualification that the standard errors of the two estimates are unequal.
Covariant Linear Perturbation Formalism

Lecture notes on covariant linear perturbation theory and its applications to inflation, dark energy or matter and the cosmic microwave background.
Farm-level nonparametric analysis of cost-minimization and profit-maximization behavior

Abstract This study investigates non-parametrically the optimizing behavior of a sample of 289 Kansas farms under profit-maximization and cost-minimization hypotheses. The study uses both deterministic and stochastic non-parametric tests. The deterministic results do not support strict adherence to either optimization hypothesis. The stochastic tests suggest that all 289 farms fail the profit-maximization hypothesis, whereas 171 farms failed the cost-minimization hypothesis. Allowing for non-regressive technical change does not alter the basic results; 276 farms violate the profit-maximization hypothesis and 138 violate the cost-minimization hypothesis. The evidence against cost-minimization behavior seems to be far less substantial than that against profit-maximization behavior.
Reduction of infarct size and postischemic inflammation from ATL-146e, a highly selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist, in reperfused canine myocardium

Adenosine and adenosine A2A receptor agonists have been shown to limit myocardial infarct size when given at vasodilatory doses during reperfusion. This beneficial effect is thought to be due, in p...
A Practical Interactive Program for Randomization Tests of Location

Abstract A practical computer program is described for Fisher's randomization one-sample and two-sample tests of location. Two heuristics permit most of the permutations to be counted implicitly rather than explicitly. The heuristics, together with careful program organization, yield a very efficient program.
What you see is what you get: webcam placement influences perception and social coordination.

Building on a well-established link between elevation and social power, we demonstrate that—when perceptual information is limited—subtle visual cues can shape people’s representations of others and, in turn, alter strategic social behavior. A cue to elevation (unrelated to physical size) provided by the placement of web cameras in a video chat biased individuals’ perceptions of a partner’s height (Exp. 1) and shaped the extent to which they made decisions in their own self-interest: participants tended to coordinate their behavior in a manner that benefitted the preferences of a partner pictured from a low camera angle during a game of asymmetric coordination (Exp. 2). Our results suggest that people are vulnerable to the influence of a limited viewpoint when forming representations of others in a manner that shapes their strategic choices.
Arctic Basin Geomorphology

The SSN Nautilus obtained the first continuously recorded echo-sounder profile across the center of the Arctic Basin during its 1958 cruise from Point Barrow to the North Pole and then to the Atlantic Ocean. The sounding lines, supplemented by lines from SSN SKATE reveal the following geomorphic features: (1) the Alaskan continental terrace and continental rise; (2) Canada Basin, a flat abyssal plain at the depth of 3850 m; (3) Chukchi Cap, a projection from the Chukchi Shelf with a summit elevation of about 900 m; (4) a continuation of Canada Basin, interrupted by a few sea knolls and having a depth of 3900 m; (5) Central Arctic Rise, a region of smoothly undulatory topography at depths between 2000 and 3700 m, with relief not exceeding 900 m; (6) Central Arctic Basin, an abyssal plain at 3940 m; (7) Lomonosov Ridge, rising abruptly from the basin to a summit at 1290 m: (8) beginning almost at the North Pole, the Eurasia Basin, an abyssal plain sloping south with a depth gradually increasing from 4090 m to 4500 m; (9) a region of rough topography containing numerous sharp peaks and having relief of as much as 1100 m and containing the deepest sounding of the Arctic Basin, 5335 m; (10) Nansen Ridge, a smoothly undulatory ridge rising to 1280 m where crossed.
Tubulin-blocked state of VDAC studied by polymer and ATP partitioning

Recently reported functional interaction between voltage-dependent anion channel of the outer mitochondrial membrane, VDAC, and dimeric tubulin is observed as a reversible channel blockage. Using partitioning of poly-(ethylene glycol)s of different molecular weights and reversal potential measurements, we probe the size and ion selectivity of the fully open and tubulin-blocked states of VDAC reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers. While the effective radius of the channel decreases by only a factor of 1.34±0.15, the selectivity reverses from initially anionic to cationic. Directly measuring ATP partitioning we demonstrate that these changes prohibit ATP from entering the channel in its tubulin-blocked state.
Post‐translational regulation of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase in response to inositol

Summary Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase (Pgs1p) catalyses the committed step in the synthesis of cardiolipin (CL). This is the only step of CL synthesis that is regulated by inositol. We have shown previously that Pgs1p enzyme activity is decreased within minutes after supplementation with inositol, but PGS1 expression is unaltered. We utilized an epitope-tagged Pgs1p to determine if the rapid decrease in activity following inositol was because of degradation or inactivation of the protein. In this report, we show that, in response to inositol, the decrease in CL content and Pgs1p enzyme activity are associated with increased phosphorylation of Pgs1p, but not with degradation or mislocalization of the protein. This is the first evidence of phosphorylation of a phospholipid biosynthetic enzyme in response to inositol and identifies a new mechanism of inositol-mediated regulation.
Cadmium mutagenicity and human nucleotide excision repair protein XPA: CD, EXAFS and 1H/15N-NMR spectroscopic studies on the zinc(II)- and cadmium(II)-associated minimal DNA-binding domain (M98–F219)

Human XPA is a 31 kDa protein involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), a ubiquitous, multi-enzyme pathway responsible for processing multiple types of DNA damage in the eukaryotic genome. A zinc-associated, C4-type motif (C105-X(2)-C108-X(17)-C126-X(2)-C129) located in the minimal DNA-binding region (M98-F219) of XPA (XPA-MBD) is essential for damaged DNA recognition. Cadmium is a known carcinogen and can displace the zinc in many metal-binding proteins. It has been suggested that the carcinogenic properties of cadmium may result from structural changes effected in XPA when Cd(2+) is substituted for Zn(2+) in the metal-binding site. The solution structure of XPA-MBD containing zinc(II) has recently been determined [Buchko et al., (1998) Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 2779-2788; Buchko et al., (1999) Biochemistry, 38, 15116-15128]. To assess the effects of cadmium(II) substitution on the structure of XPA-MBD, XPA-MBD was expressed in minimal medium supplemented with cadmium acetate to yield a protein that was almost exclusively (>95%) associated with cadmium(II) (CdXPA-MBD). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra collected on ZnXPA-MBD and CdXPA-MBD in frozen (77 K) 15% aqueous glycerol solution show that the metal is coordinated to the sulfur atoms of four cysteine residues with an average metal-sulfur bond length of 2.34 +/- 0.01 and 2.54 +/- 0.01 A, respectively. Comparison of the circular dichroism, two-dimensional (1)H,(15)N-HSQC, and three-dimensional (15)N-edited HSQC-NOESY spectra of ZnXPA-MBD and CdXPA-MBD show that there are no structural differences between the two proteins. The absence of major structural changes upon substituting cadmium(II) for zinc(II) in XPA suggests that cadmium-induced mutagenesis is probably not due to structural perturbations to the zinc-binding core of XPA.
What is the Gene Trying to Do

The aim of this paper is to offer a new biological interpretation of Fisher’s ‘Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection’ and from this to consider optimality properties of gene frequency changes. These matters are of continuing interest to biologists and philosophers alike. In particular, the extent to which biological evolution can be calculated from the ‘gene’s-eye’ point of view is also discussed. In this sense, the paper bears indirectly on the concepts of the unit of selection and of the ‘selfish gene’ .An ew biological significance for the Fundamental Theorem, not previously found in the literature, is offered, together with an optimality principle connected with this theorem.
Temporal evolution of magnetic recomiexion in the vicinity of a magnetic neutral line

Following Dungey's original magnetohydrodynamic formulation, a solution is obtained for the nonlinear evolution of a current discharge in the vicinity of a magnetic neutral line. For an ideal gas with constant conductivity and uniform mass density we obtain a particular exact solution in the limit of an initial, nearly sheet-like configuration. This particular solution implies special boundary conditions for the pressure and electric field at the surface of the conductor. If These conditions are not met, then the solution eventually breaks down before the current density becomes infinite. The time required for complete breakdown is determined by the wave propagation times from the surface of the fluid to the neutral line and by the diffusion time for the magnetic field through the fluid. For large conductivity and a small sound speed, the maximum current density achieved at the time of the solution's complete breakdown depends upon the ratio of the characteristic diffusion time to the Alfven wave propagation time. In the limit of infinite conductivity or infinite extension of the fluid, the current density along the neutral line becomes infinite at π/23/2 times the Alfvenic scale time. At this same time the inflow Alfvenic Mach number approaches 21/2i while the outflow Alfvenic Mach number approaches infinity.
Dynamic Visualization of mTORC1 Activity in Living Cells

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses diverse signals to regulate cell growth and metabolism. It has become increasingly clear that mTORC1 activity is regulated in time and space inside the cell, but direct interrogation of such spatiotemporal regulation is challenging. Here, we describe a genetically encoded mTORC1 activity reporter (TORCAR) that exhibits a change in FRET in response to phosphorylation by mTORC1. Co-imaging mTORC1 activity and calcium dynamics revealed that a growth-factor-induced calcium transient contributes to mTORC1 activity. Dynamic activity maps generated with the use of subcellularly targeted TORCAR uncovered mTORC1 activity not only in cytosol and at the lysosome but also in the nucleus and at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, a wide distribution of activities was observed upon growth factor stimulation, whereas leucine ester, an amino acid surrogate, induces more compartmentalized activities at the lysosome and in the nucleus. Thus, mTORC1 activities are spatiotemporally regulated in a signal-specific manner.
Interpretation of AVO anomalies

We investigate the effects of changes in rock and fluid properties on amplitude-variation-with-offset AVO responses. In the slope-intercept domain, reflections from wet sands and shales fall on or near a trend that we call the fluid line.Reflectionsfromthetopofsandscontaininggasorlight hydrocarbonsfallonatrendapproximatelyparalleltothefluidline;reflectionsfromthebaseofgassandsfallonaparallel trendontheopposingsideofthefluidline.Thepolaritystandard of the seismic data dictates whether these reflections from the top of hydrocarbon-bearing sands are below or above the fluid line. Typically, rock properties of sands and shales differ, and therefore reflections from sand/shale interfaces are also displaced from the fluid line. The distance of these trends from the fluid line depends upon the contrast of the ratio of P-wave velocity VP and S-wave velocity VS. This ratio is a function of pore-fluid compressibility and implies that distance from the fluid line increases with increasing compressibility. Reflections from wet sands are closer to the fluid line than hydrocarbon-related reflections. Porosity changes affect acoustic impedance but do not significantly impacttheVP /VScontrast.Asaresult,porositychangesmove theAVO response along trends approximately parallel to the fluidline.TheseobservationsareusefulforinterpretingAVO anomaliesintermsoffluids,lithology,andporosity.
Components of the Short Nostril

Background:The short nostril, best visualized on the basilar view, is a multifaceted dysmorphology that requires evaluation beyond that of alar/columellar deformities. While the soft triangle is the key component in short nostril disharmony, the alar rim and cartilaginous structures that border the
Children’s Sensitivity to External Food Cues: How Distance to Serving Bowl Influences Children’s Consumption

Overweight is increasing in children, leading to negative health consequences. Children also lack appropriate levels of important vitamins and nutrients in their diets. Environmental cues, such as food proximity, have been shown to influence consumption rates in adults. The present study has tested whether proximity to either a nutrient-dense or caloric-dense food would influence children's snack consumption in a day care setting. Children (N = 46, age range 3.4-11) consumed more of both nutrient- and energy-dense foods when they are sitting closer to the food than if they are sitting farther away from the food, above and beyond the effects of age. The data indicate that it may be possible to increase the consumption of nutrient-dense foods or decrease the consumption of energy-dense foods, respectively, by modifying the proximity of such foods within a child's environment.
Modeling Social Networks and Community Resilience in Chronic Disasters: Case Studies from Volcanic Areas in Ecuador and Mexico

A social network framework was used to examine how vulnerability and sustainability forces affect community resilience through exposure, evacuation and resettlement. Field work, undertaken in volcanically active areas in Ecuador and Mexico, involved structured questionnaires and ethnographic studies of residents and their social networks, and interviews with government officials and political leaders. Networks were categorized into: (i) closed networks–everybody interacts with everybody else; (ii) extended networks–relatively closed cores with ties to more loosely connected individuals; (iii) subgroup networks–at least two distinct groups that are usually connected; and (iv) sparse networks–low densities that have relatively few ties among individuals. Additionally, it was found that people with less dense networks in the least affected site were better adjusted to chronic disasters and evacuations, while those with more dense networks had better mental health in the most affected sites.
Virtual Screening and Experimental Validation Identify Novel Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Atg8-Atg3 Protein-Protein Interaction.

New therapies are needed against malaria, a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum, as drug resistance emerges against the current treatment, artemisinin. We previously characterized the Atg8-Atg3 protein-protein interaction (PPI), which is essential for autophagy and parasite survival. Herein we illustrate the use of virtual library screening to selectively block the PPI in the parasite without inhibiting the homologous interaction in humans by targeting the A-loop of PfAtg8. This A-loop is important for Atg3 binding in Plasmodium, but is absent from the human Atg8 homologues. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate a shift in lipidation state of PfAtg8 and inhibition of P. falciparum growth in both blood- and liver-stage cultures upon drug treatment. Our results illustrate how in silico screening and structure-aided drug design against a PPI can be used to identify new hits for drug development. Additionally, as we targeted a region of Atg8 that is conserved within apicomplexans, we predict that our small molecule will have cross-reactivity against other disease-causing apicomplexans, such as Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Theileria, Neospora, Eimeria, and Babesia.
The Effect of Coaching on a Faith Community Volunteer's Use of Effective Teaching Behaviors.

An important part of quality of life for people with moderate and severe disabilities (MSDs) is being involved in extracurricular and community activities. However, volunteers, who may not have exp...
Post-transcriptional Regulation by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Nervous System

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a prominent regulator of activity-dependent neuronal gene expression. Through activation of Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors, BDNF signaling promotes neuronal growth, survival, and plasticity by regulating both transcription and translation. BDNF produces a modest increase in total cellular translation in neurons, which occurs both in the cell soma and in dendrites. Recent research has demonstrated, however, that the effects of BDNF on translation show a high degree of transcript-selectivity, with specific increases in translation of a restricted subset of pro-growth mRNAs. The selectivity of post-transcriptional changes in gene expression is increasingly understood to underlie protein-synthesis-dependent functions of BDNF, such as in neuronal growth and long-term synaptic plasticity. This review will primarily discuss mechanisms through which BDNF regulates translational specificity both locally and globally, and subsequent physiological responses to BDNF requiring novel translation. Elucidating post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene control and their downstream effects is crucial to understanding the role of BDNF in normal cognitive function and its dysregulation in disease.
Fitting in and feeling good: the relationships among peer alignment, instructor connectedness, and self-efficacy in undergraduate satisfaction with engineering

This study examined the relationships among peer alignment (the feeling that one is similar in important ways to one's engineering peers), instructor connectedness (the sense that one knows and looks up to academic staff/faculty members in the department), self-efficacy for engineering class work (confidence in one's ability to successfully complete engineering class work), and engineering students' satisfaction with the major. A total of 135 sophomore (second-year university students) and junior (third-year students) engineering students were surveyed to measure these three variables. A multiple regression analysis showed that self-efficacy, peer alignment, and instructor connectedness predicted student satisfaction with the major, and that self-efficacy acted as a mediator between both peer alignment and instructor connectedness on the one hand, and satisfaction on the other. The authors offer suggestions for practice based on the results.
Literature Review of Associations among Attributes of Reported Drinking Water Disease Outbreaks

Waterborne disease outbreaks attributed to various pathogens and drinking water system characteristics have adversely affected public health worldwide throughout recorded history. Data from drinking water disease outbreak (DWDO) reports of widely varying breadth and depth were synthesized to investigate associations between outbreak attributes and human health impacts. Among 1519 outbreaks described in 475 sources identified during review of the primarily peer-reviewed, English language literature, most occurred in the U.S., the U.K. and Canada (in descending order). The outbreaks are most frequently associated with pathogens of unknown etiology, groundwater and untreated systems, and catchment realm-associated deficiencies (i.e., contamination events). Relative frequencies of outbreaks by various attributes are comparable with those within other DWDO reviews, with water system size and treatment type likely driving most of the (often statistically-significant at p < 0.05) differences in outbreak frequency, case count and attack rate. Temporal analysis suggests that while implementation of surface (drinking) water management policies is associated with decreased disease burden, further strengthening of related policies is needed to address the remaining burden attributed to catchment and distribution realm-associated deficiencies and to groundwater viral and disinfection-only system outbreaks.
Human Security, Development, and Risk Management: trajectories of domination and resistance.

In the new millennium, discourses of security and discourses of development converged into “human security” as part of an assemblage of holistic initiatives aimed at taming risk. Post-modernist scholars inspired by Giorgio Agamben’s (1998) critical reading of liberalism argued that the convergence of development and security testifies to a an imperial liberal project of containment of uninsured populations through self-reliance (Duffield 2007, Duffield and Waddel, 2006 ). This article argues that the effects of the new millennium discursive practices of security are much more complex and ridden with ambiguities than it is usually acknowledged by this literature. On the one hand, holistic conceptualizations of security do testify to an intensification of international bio-political instruments for governing disorder that foster control through knowledge intensive techniques as well as forcible interventions. However, as the international arena is reconceptualized as the point of application of an array of governmental practices, blurred spaces of governance emerge where a multiplicity of actors are interpellated into the process of taming risk and making peace. The bio-political script of international security not only inscribes actors into its scrip. It also has the unintended consequence of opening ambiguous political spaces and opportunities for hybridization, contestation and appropriation.
Social and Family Factors in the Course of Schizophrenia

With the current enthusiasm for biological mechanisms in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, a bystander may wonder why there is a clamor for psychotherapeutic approaches to this major psychiatric disorder. After all, doesn’t research on genetics, dopamine, and endorphins promise early breakthroughs in deciphering the pathogenesis of schizophrenia? Haven’t the neuroleptic drugs shown that schizophrenia is a biological illness that should be treated with somatic methods? Hasn’t the value of psychotherapy—whether conducted by seasoned analysts, enthusiastic residents, or optimistic social workers—been shown to be limited, at best, for the great proportion of individuals suffering from schizophrenia? Although these questions may seem naive, dead and buried to those who are committed, through training and experience, to a psychotherapeutic approach with schizophrenic patients, they are very much alive in the minds of many rank-and-file psychiatrists, residents-in-training, and health planners, who are the architects of our future national medical insurance programs. Thus, it is important to address the rationale for psychosocial treatment in schizophrenia, and to offer a clear and convincing strategy for its clinical use.
Limiting Profiles for Solutions of Differential-Delay Equations

This expository paper discusses the ”limiting profile” as e approaches zero of the graph of x e , where x e is a periodic solution either of ex′ e (t) = f(x e (t), x e (t - 1)) or of ex′ e (t) = f(x e (t), x e (t - r)), r = r(x e (t)), and f and r are given functions. A variety of theorems from the literature are summarized and proofs of some of the simpler results are sketched. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section gives some background material on fixed point theory, degree theory and the fixed point index. The second section discusses the equation ex′(t) = f(x(t), x(t - 1)) and treats the family of examples f(x, y) = -x -μy + y3 , μ > 1. The final two sections give a sampling of theorems concerning ex′(t) = f(x(t), x(t - r)), r = r(x(t)), and attempt to give some indication of the techniques involved in the analysis.
RNA-DNA sequence differences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Alterations of RNA sequences and structures, such as those from editing and alternative splicing, result in two or more RNA transcripts from a DNA template. It was thought that in yeast, RNA editing only occurs in tRNAs. Here, we found that Saccharomyces cerevisiae have all 12 types of RNA-DNA sequence differences (RDDs) in the mRNA. We showed these sequence differences are propagated to proteins, as we identified peptides encoded by the RNA sequences in addition to those by the DNA sequences at RDD sites. RDDs are significantly enriched at regions with R-loops. A screen of yeast mutants showed that RDD formation is affected by mutations in genes regulating R-loops. Loss-of-function mutations in ribonuclease H, senataxin, and topoisomerase I that resolve RNA-DNA hybrids lead to increases in RDD frequency. Our results demonstrate that RDD is a conserved process that diversifies transcriptomes and proteomes and provide a mechanistic link between R-loops and RDDs.
Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence

Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence are terms that refer to the same physical process of light emission without heat. Bioluminescence is the process by which a living system or components isolated from a living system, such as a firefly tail, carry out a series of reactions that result in emission of light. Chemiluminescence is the same kind of process, but involving molecules that are not of biological origin. Chemiluminescence should be distinguished from incandescence, which occurs at high temperatures. Both bioluminescence and chemiluminescence are well known to the public, and both hold great fascination for all observers. Light without heat has intrigued people since the beginning of recorded history, and surely before.
Adaptive Multiple Sampling Rate Scheduling of Real-time Networked Supervisory Control System - Part II

Remote supervisory control system is one type of Network Control Systems (NCS) to perform supervisory control via communication networks. There can be information loss when information is transmitted from the remote plants to the supervisors due to the additional constraints (e.g., bandwidth limitations) by using communication networks as media. In part I of these papers, a sampling rate scheduling approach has been introduced and investigated on its potential ability of prevent the lost. Part II of these papers proposes an adaptive multiple sampling rate scheduling (AMSRS) algorithm to dynamically adjust sampling rates and allocate available bandwidths to transmit measurements from the remote plants to the supervisors. The AMSRS algorithm makes its decisions by dynamically monitoring the measurements' power spectrums and calculating the ranges of sampling rates which maintain their fidelity. And the useful information lost is minimized by adjusting the rates using a dynamic optimization approach. A two high throughput screening (HTS) processes supervisory control system is used as the case study. In the process, the measurements of the DC motor in the moving robot are used to demonstrate the effects of using this scheduling algorithm.
Isotope Investigation of Nitrate in Soils and Agricultural Drains of the Lower Yakima Valley, Washington

Nitrate in the groundwater of the lower Yakima Valley, Washington frequently exceeds the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maximum contaminant level standard for potable water (10 mg/L), impact...
Effects of Restraint on Temporal Discrimination Behavior

In 2 experiments pigeons were trained on a fixed-interval schedule with multiple SΔ periods and on 2 different DRL schedules, under 2 different conditions of bodily restraint. After behavior had stabilized, changes in the degree of restraint in either direction produced major transient disruption of the behavior and small steady-state differences. These results are consistent with the idea that interim and terminal responses on such schedules are mutually inhibitory, so that preventing the one facilitates the other.
Influence of the Parameters of Electrodynamic Actions on the Stressed State of Welded Joints of Sheets of AMg6 Alloy

We study the influence of the parameters responsible for different durations of the electrodynamic actions on the decrease in residual stresses in welded joints of the sheets made of AMg6 aluminum alloy after electrodynamic treatment. It is discovered that as the time of electrodynamic action increases as a result of the increase in the inductance of the discharge contour in the course of electrodynamic treatment performed for constant amplitude values of impulsive electric currents, the period of decay of impulsive electric current is longer than the period of its growth. In this case, the efficiency of electrodynamic treatment increases. It is established that, for the duration of electrodynamic treatment t Σ ≥ 4.5 msec, the decrease in residual stresses is determined both by the intensity of the electrodynamic influence and by the local heat treatment as a result of the Joule heating of the surface of the plate.
What Makes a Social Order Primitive? In Defense of Hart’s Take on International Law

The widespread antipathy to Hart's description of international law as a simple or primitive social order, one that lacks a rule of recognition and therefore does not qualify as a legal system, rests on two misunderstandings. First, the absence of a division of labor in identifying, altering, applying, and enforcing law is as much, if not more, central to Hart's understanding of what makes a society primitive as is the absence of any secondary rules at all. Second, it is primarily in terms of the presence of such a division of labor and the implications it has for the ontology of law that Hart understands the idea of a legal system and the ideas of a rule of recognition and legal validity that accompany it. Interpreted in light of these claims, Hart's characterization of international law is quite plausible; moreover, embracing it may well provide both theoretical and moral benefits.
Advancing Understanding of the +4 Metal Extractant Thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (TTA-); Synthesis and Structure of MIVTTA4 (MIV = Zr, Hf, Ce, Th, U, Np, Pu) and MIII(TTA)4- (MIII = Ce, Nd, Sm, Yb).

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA)-based extractions represent popular methods for separating microscopic amounts of transuranic actinides (i.e., Np and Pu) from macroscopic actinide matrixes (e.g. bulk uranium). It is well-established that this procedure enables +4 actinides to be selectively removed from +3, + 5, and +6 f-elements. However, even highly skilled and well-trained researchers find this process complicated and (at times) unpredictable. It is difficult to improve the HTTA extraction—or find alternatives—because little is understood about why this separation works. Even the identities of the extracted species are unknown. In addressing this knowledge gap, we report here advances in fundamental understanding of the HTTA-based extraction. This effort included comparatively evaluating HTTA complexation with +4 and +3 metals (MIV = Zr, Hf, Ce, Th, U, Np, and Pu vs MIII = Ce, Nd, Sm, and Yb). We observed +4 metals formed neutral complexes of the general formula MIV(TTA)4. Meanwhile, +3 metals formed an...
Reckoning with the “Redneck”: Duck Dynasty and the Boundaries of Morally Appropriate Whiteness

In this essay, I use viewer response to the “redneck” reality program Duck Dynasty as a way to illustrate the intersecting identities of place, class, and race. Rather than labeling the Robertson f...
Progression in a chemically induced transplantable human pancreas carcinoma.

A methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced transplantable human pancreas carcinoma was examined, at 3, 12, 18 and 36 months after its development, for growth and invasiveness in nude mice, karyotypic alteration and the evolution of marker chromosomes. Progression in tumorigenicity and invasiveness of cells were evident by a significant increase in tumor diameters produced within 8 weeks by the cells at 36 months as compared to those developed by cells from 3-month-old cell lines. Chromosome analysis at 3 months showed normal 46 XX karyotype in about 80% and minor anomalies in 20% of the cells. At 12, 18 and 36 months, all cells were hyperdiploid with 53–61 chromosomes and several abnormal marker chromosomes. Marker chromosomes showed non-reciprocal translocations, deletions, inversion and isochromosomes. The absence of chromosome 13 from the earlier stage onward may have resulted in the loss of genes which suppress tumorigenicity. The increase in homogeneously staining regions of marker chromosome 3 at later stages appears to parallel the augmentation in tumor growth and mitotic indices
Scrutinized but not recognized: (In)visibility and hypervisibility experiences of faculty of color

Abstract Because of their minority group status and underrepresentation, faculty of color (FOC) are tokens and as such, are highly visible within the academy. Paradoxically, token status may result in their being made to feel simultaneously invisible (e.g., accomplishments are unimportant, lack of belonging) and hypervisible (e.g., heightened scrutiny). Drawing from 118 interviews, we identified six themes related to how Black, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian, and American Indian faculty members at a single, predominantly White, research-intensive university, describe issues of (in)visibility at work. FOC experienced hypervisibility when they were treated as Tokens and used to represent diversity within the institution, and they felt invisible when they experienced Social and Professional Exclusion and Epistemic Exclusion (i.e., lack of recognition for their scholarship and achievements) from colleagues. FOC responded to tokenism and exclusion using three (in)visibility strategies: Strategic Invisibility (i.e., disengaging with colleagues while remaining engaged with their scholarly activities) to remove themselves from negative environments; Working Harder to prove themselves, counter exclusion, and create positive visibility; and Disengagement (i.e., removed effort from work). Our analysis suggests that a lack of control over one's (in)visibility is problematic for FOC. In response, FOC may attempt to increase or decrease their own visibility to counter such experiences, often with some positive effects.
Thermal Models for Microwave Heating of Tissue

Much work has been devoted to measuring the rate of microwave energy absorption in tissue (i.e. the SAR), and the SAR has become the principal dosimetric quantity by which exposures Much less work has been done on determining the resulting temperature rise. This is paradoxical because the as-yet established hazards of microwave energy are thermal in nature. The absorbed power does not represent a hazard in most cases of RF bums or thermal pain, but rather the resulting temperature rise in tissue.
Images of Flaws in Generator Retaining Rings Using SAFT Reconstruction of TOFD Data

Retaining rings are assembled onto each end of electric generator rotors to support the rotor end-turn windings against rotational forces. They are attached to the ends of the slotted portion of the rotor body with an interference fit. Many of the rings presently in service are susceptible to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in the presence of moisture. IGSCC seems to occur first, and tends to be more severe, at stress concentrations in the rings and adjacent to geometric discontinuities in the mating rotor surface, such as, the edges of the rotor teeth. These same geometric features also tend to cause ultrasonic reflections that are difficult to discriminate from real damage. The capability of SAFT processing of TOFD data to discriminate IGSCC from geometric reflectors was investigated using several retired retaining rings assembled to mandrels simulating the generator rotor.
Nigeria: An Overview

Nigeria has become one of the fastest-growing countries in Africa, surpassing South Africa in both population and gross domestic product (GDP). Unfortunately, much of its economic growth has been dangerously dependent on high oil prices and the economy has suffered as oil prices have dropped globally. Furthermore, poverty in Nigeria remains a huge issue and income inequality has skyrocketed. Another challenge that Nigeria faces is the recent rise in terrorism within the country via groups such as Boko Haram. This chapter offers a case study of a dominant think tank in Nigeria, the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA), and examines the kind of work it does in the country.
Strains and Displacements

Geology is very much concerned with spatial arrangements: the movement of Eurasia with respect to America, the location and extent of an oil field or ore deposit, the ups and downs of topography and their influence on drainage, groundwater and so on. And of course the interesting parts are not when everything is standing still; it is change of position, rearrangement, and change of shape that catch our attention and cry out to be understood. Our primary concern in this chapter is change of shape.
The Actions of Aldosterone

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects, actions, and mechanism of action of aldosterone. Aldosterone, from phyletic evidence, appears to be the most recently evolved adrenocortical hormone. It is present in all groups of tetrapods starting with Amphibia but is found in only a few of the fish where it appears to be only systematically present in the lungfish. Adrenalectomy is shown to have comparable effects, including anorexia, muscular weakness, hypoglycaemia, hypotension, decreased blood volume, and disturbances in blood electrolyte levels. The most prominent of the latter are hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia, which in mammals, principally reflects an excessive loss of sodium in the urine, accompanied by a failure to excrete sufficient potassium. Many of the systemic effects of adrenocortical insufficiency are related to these disturbances in electrolyte metabolism, and indeed the survival of many mammals can be substantially prolonged by providing additional sodium in the drinking water. Glucocorticoids are the only essential hormones for maintaining adrenalectomized mammals. In mammals, adrenocortical insufficiency, such as that occurring in Addison's disease or following adrenalectomy, apart from altering intermediary metabolism produces disturbances in renal electrolyte and water metabolism. The difficulties in excreting excess water are related to a deficiency of glucocorticoid hormones, while the excessive loss of sodium and retention of potassium primarily reflect the absence of aldosterone.
Phase II study of pembrolizumab in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.

2007Background: Approximately 5-8% of patients with cancer develop leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMD). Median survival of patients with LMD is approximately 4-6 weeks and there are no effective tr...
Discovery of the first self-assembling peptide, study of peptide dynamic behaviors, and G protein-coupled receptors using an Aviv circular dichroism spectropolarimeter.

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a useful technique to study the structure and dynamics of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. CD is particularly useful because sample volumes may be as low as 50 μL, it provides high precision and sensitivity, and it achieves a good signal to noise ratio. CD characterizes molecular conformational changes in real time by finely controlling temperature, pH, and titrating urea and guanidine·HCl which is necessary for studying protein folding. Although CD does not provide detailed structure at the atomic level, it provides a global structural framework. Researchers use CD to observe molecular phenomena, namely how macromolecules unfold/refold and their overall self-assembly/disassembly. Using CD to monitor a peptide structure, I serendipitously discovered the self-assembling peptide EAK16 from yeast protein Zuotin. This unusual peptide formed a new type of nanofiber scaffold hydrogel material. The discovery in 1990 opened a new field in the design and study of numerous self-assembling peptides, thereby launching the area of peptide nanobiotechnology. In this review, I reflect on my personal discoveries of several self-assembling peptides, investigations into the dynamic behaviors of peptides, as well as the impact of the work on society. I also describe studies of natural membrane proteins and engineered membrane proteins using CD. Furthermore, I enjoyed numerous and close interactions with Jack Aviv since 1997. He generously supported 10 high impact workshops (Crete and Mikonos) and meetings in various countries around the world that left fond memories of many young researches who later became leading scientists in their respective fields.
A Novel TCD Grading System for Residual Flow in Stroke Patients

To the Editor: We read with great interest the article of Demchuk and colleagues1 regarding the clinical significance of transcranial Doppler flow grades for stroke patients. However, there appeared to be a few discrepancies in the manuscript that require clarification. In the first paragraph of the Results section on page 91, the authors indicate that data from 94 patients were analyzed. However, in the summary table, the total patient number is 92. The authors should clarify why 2 patients …