cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
W-CDMA reception with a DSP based software radio

With the increasing number of mobile-phone standards there is a demand for a software-based radio for use in base-stations that can adapt to many standards. This paper discusses how to implement a RAKE receiver in a high performance standard DSP that can search out the multiple paths and combine them to demodulate the received data. To perform a complete search for a mobile within a cell there will typically be 8000 potential radio delay paths of which only a small number (3-6) will actually contain any useful data. However as each path contains 5120 chips of data the correlation exercise necessary to find these paths is a very MIPS intensive task. The paper highlights a number of techniques based on rough data on the mobiles whereabouts from the initial random link and information on the relationship between the samples to perform an intelligent simplified search that will still find the paths. This allows a much smaller subset to be searched initially of 512 delay paths and 1536 chips making the task simple enough for a DSP based RAKE receiver implemented on a single TMS320C62xx with a 100 MHz-search engine and receive data using a 6-finger RAKE receiver at 58 MHz.
THE ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYRENOID PROTEIN OF EREMOSPHAERA VIRIDIS

The pyrenoids of Eremosphaera viridis, a green alga, were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and their physical and enzymatic properties were studied. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extracts of pyrenoids showed a single peak at a wavelength of 277 nm, indicating the presence of protein and the probable absence of nucleic acid. Upon electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing SDS, 16 bands were resolved of which two, together, accounted for 90% of the total protein on the gels. The molecular weights of these two proteins were estimated to be 59,000 and 12,300 and the ratio by weight of the larger to the smaller protein was found to be 2:1. The physical and enzymatic properties of these two proteins were found to closely resemble the properties reported in the literature for the subunits of fraction I protein. Both pyrenoids and fraction I protein are localized in the chloroplast, and both have two principal protein components. The molecular weights and relative ratio of the two pyrenoid components are very similar to those of the two components of fraction I protein. The pyrenoid was found to contain a high specific activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase which is the same enzymatic activity exhibited by fraction I protein. The presence of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase and ribulose-5-phosphate kinase activities was also noted in pyrenoid preparations. It is suggested that the pyrenoid contains fraction I protein and possibly other enzymes of the Calvin-Bassham carbon dioxide fixing pathway.
A simple characterization of solution sets of convex programs

By means of elementary arguments we first show that the gradient of the objective function of a convex program is constant on the solution set of the problem. Furthermore the solution set lies in an affine subspace orthogonal to this constant gradient, and is in fact in the intersection of this affine subspace with the feasible region. As a consequence we give a simple polyhedral characterization of the solution set of a convex quadratic program and that of a monotone linear complementarity problem. For these two problems we can also characterize a priori the boundedness of their solution sets without knowing any solution point. Finally we give an extension to non-smooth convex optimization by showing that the intersection of the subdifferentials of the objective function on the solution set is non-empty and equals the constant subdifferential of the objective function on the relative interior of the optimal solution set. In addition, the solution set lies in the intersection with the feasible region of an affine subspace orthogonal to some subgradient of the objective function at a relative interior point of the optimal solution set.
Ensuring good character and civic education: connecting through service learning

Character and citizenship education are part of the vision of many countries, including Singapore. Ensuring they are implemented in academic environments, service learning has been shown to be a natural bridge between the two. Research has shown that service learning, when done well, produces outcomes related to character development and citizenship education. As a modern educational movement, its early founders described it as a pedagogy to engage individuals in service activities dictated by the community, whereby the learning applies academic subject matter to the service. It is also a philosophy where the service is developed in collaboration with the community, where the goal is empowering those most affected by social and economic challenges. It is often delivered through academic course connections, but is effectively developed through constructivist approaches to curriculum, where the community prescribed needs define the subjects required for study and service. Service learning and character educ...
University administrators, agricultural biotechnology, and academic capitalism : Defining the public good to promote university-industry relationships

The theory of academic capitalism explains how federal, state, and university policies and people have expanded university–industry relationships (UIRs) and the commercialization of knowledge. These changes represent a profound shift in the way university research is expected to contribute to the public good. Because university administrators are responsible for creating organizational policies and infrastructures that are consistent with their organizational mission and with federal and state laws, it is critical to analyze how university administrators assess UIRs in relation to public-interest scientific research. Our in-depth interviews at six prominent land-grant universities with 59 key administrators having oversight responsibilities for agricultural biotechnology research programs and UIRs reveal how administrators justify their role in promoting UIRs. They tend to interpret their university's mission to contribute to the public good in a way that is conducive to encouraging UIRs and to commercial...
Aortic Rupture in Turkeys Induced by Diethylstilbestrol.

SummaryWeekly implantation of BroadBreasted Bronze turkeys with 24 mg of DES increased the incidence of aortic ruptures. Poults fed a 16% protein diet developed more aortic ruptures (58%) than turkeys fed a 28% protein diet (29%).
Use of osmotic agents in microdialysis studies to improve the recovery of macromolecules

The availability of microdialysis probes with higher molecular weight cutoff membranes has made it possible to measure larger molecular weight compounds like bioactive peptides and proteins. However, the higher molecular weight membrane cutoff allows for increased fluid loss from the probe, influencing both the physiology of the tissue compartment and analyte recovery. This study examined the ability of osmotic agents like bovine serum albumin (BSA) to offset the water loss from the microdialysis probe. In the presence of BSA, water loss from the microdialysis probe was minimized. Furthermore, addition of BSA to the perfusate produced significant increases in analyte recovery. Application of this technique to the measurement of bioactive macromolecules was examined using in vitro microdialysis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B). The results of the present study suggest osmotic agents like BSA can prevent fluid loss from the microdialysis probe and improve analyte recovery.
Diurnal and annual temperature variations in the 30-60 km region as indicated by statistical analysis of rocketsonde temperature data.

The relatively large amount of rocketsonde data now available for selected stations together with representative estimates of the solar radiation corrections has been utilized to establish the phases and amplitudes of the diurnal temperature oscillations from 30 to 60 km. Once the magnitude of the solar radiation errors and the diurnal temperature oscillations are established, these values are used to obtain new estimates of the actual mean temperatures for each calendar month.
Arthroscopic Evaluation of Meniscal Repairs Factors That Effect Healing

Fifty-one patients with 54 meniscal repairs were evalu ated with second-look arthroscopy and physical exami nation at an average of 11 months (range, 4 to 30) after repair. Thirty-five of 54 repairs (65%) were completely healed and 9 repairs were incompletely healed, for an overall satisfactory healing rate of 81% (44 of 54 re pairs). Ten repairs did not heal (19%). An anterior cru ciate ligament reconstruction combined with meniscal repair increased meniscal healing—36 of 40 (90%) healed versus 8 of 14 (57%) in cruciate stable knees. Rim width was a significant factor; no meniscal repair with a rim width greater than 4 mm healed. Meniscal repair with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients less than 30 years old and performed within 19 weeks of injury resulted in improved healing rates. In patients with simultaneous meniscal repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, a higher rate of com plete healing (16 of 19 repairs, 84%) was observed after the conservative rehabilitation prog...
Dynamic plastic deformation of a tube loaded over a time-dependent region

Abstract The problem of a long tube loaded by a time-dependent, spatially varying prussure distribution applied over a time-dependent region is considered for a rigid, perfectly plastic material. The final plastic deformation is found to depend on an effective applied force, an effective applied moment, an effective length of the loaded region, and the deformation which would be attained if the loading were applied impulsively. A method is developed for approximating the results by closed-form solutions for loadings applied to fixed regions.
Mediterranean studies and the remaking of pre-modern Europe

Why have we begun to study the Mediterranean again and what new perspectives have opened up our renewed understanding? This review article surveys recent research in a number of disciplines to ask three questions about Mediterranean Studies today: What is the object of study? What methodologies can be used to study it? And what it all means? The general problem of the object of study in Mediterranean Studies in its ecological, economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions is introduced in a summary of the works of Pergrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, Michael McCormick, Chris Wickham, and David Abulafia. Recent methodologies suggested by Peter Burke, Christian Bromberger, Ottomanists, art historians, and literary scholars emphasize both the macro-historical and micro-historical level in order to understand both the local and the regional, material culture and beliefs, mentalities, and social practices as well as its internal dynamics and external relations. The end results point to three conclusions: the relationship between structures and mechanisms of change internally and interactions externally, comparisons with “other Mediterraneans” outside the Mediterranean, and to connections with the Atlantic World in the remaking of premodern Europe then and now.
Liquid Sodium Ferrate and Fenton’s Reagent for Treatment of Mature Landfill Leachate

As landfills mature, biodegradable matter in leachate is consumed and remaining compounds are increasingly recalcitrant. In this work, ferrate was compared to Fenton’s reagent for the purpose of removing nonbiodegradable organic compounds from mature leachate. Oxidation conditions (time, pH, and dose) were optimized to yield maximum organic removal using two leachate samples from 20- and 12-year-old solid waste cells. Results from this study demonstrated that Ferrate and Fenton’s reagent had similar optimum pH ranges (3–5), but different organic removal capacities, ranging from 54 to 79% of initial leachate organic contents. An advantage of ferrate was that it was effective over a wide pH range. Advantages associated with Fenton’s reagent include that it had higher organic removal capacity, produced more oxidized organic compounds (measured as chemical oxygen demand/dissolved organic carbon), and produced more biodegradable byproducts (measured as chemical oxygen demand/5-day biochemical oxygen demand). F...
Effect of cycloheximide (actidione) on the glycogen content of the rat uterus.

Abstract Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, stimulated glycogen synthesis in the rat uterus. Doses of 0.25–1.0 mg of cycloheximide administered to fasted and fed ovariectomized rats resulted in a 60% increase in uterine glycogen in 4 1 2 hours and a 100% increase in 15–19 hours. Cycloheximide also induces a marked loss of glycogen from the liver. Blood and uterine glucose levels were elevated and uterine water and weight increased as a consequence of cycloheximide treatment. These observations suggest that the increase in the availability of the substrate glucose, in the uterus, stimulated glycogen synthesis.
Immunological relationship of the urinary trypsin inhibitor to a plasma α-globulin

Summary 1. Micro double immunodiffusion with urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI)-antiserum indicated that normal human plasma contains a constituent immunologically similar to UTI; in immuno-electrophoresis the component exhibited the mobility of an α-globulin. 2. UTI does not form an immunoprecipitate with either α1-antitrypsin or α2-macroglobulin antisera, although it appears to be related to the excretion of a plasma α-globulin.
The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse

To investigate whether an elevated plus-maze consisting of two open and two closed arms could be used as a model of anxiety in the mouse, NIH Swiss mice were tested in the apparatus immediately after a holeboard test. Factor analysis of data from undrugged animals tested in the holeboard and plus-maze yielded three orthogonal factors interpreted as assessing anxiety, directed exploration and locomotion. Anxiolytic drugs (chlordiazepoxide, sodium pentobarbital and ethanol) increased the proportion of time spent on the open arms, and anxiogenic drugs (FG 7142, caffeine and picrotoxin) reduced this measure. Amphetamine and imipramine failed to alter the indices of anxiety. The anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide was reduced in mice that had previously experienced the plus-maze in an undrugged state. Testing animals in the holeboard immediately before the plus-maze test significantly elevated both the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the total number of arm entries, but did not affect the behavioral response to chlordiazepoxide. The plus-maze appears to be a useful test with which to investigate both anxiolytic and anxiogenic agents.
Conformational Differences Between Arrestin2 and Pre-activated Mutants as Revealed by Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Arrestins are regulatory proteins that bind specifically to ligand-activated phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors to terminate G protein-mediated signaling, cause the internalization of the receptor-arrestin complex, and initiate additional intracellular signaling cascades. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that arrestin normally exists in an inactive basal state and undergoes conformational activation in the process of receptor binding. "Pre-activated" phosphorylation-independent arrestin mutants display increased binding to ligand-activated but unphosphorylated receptors. The mutations are believed to expose key receptor-binding regions, allowing the mutants to mimic, to some extent, the transition of arrestin to its active state. In the present study, amide hydrogen exchange (HX) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to examine the inactive conformation of wild-type arrestin2 and compare its solution conformation with two pre-activated mutants (R169E and 3A (I385A, V386A, F387A)). The results suggest an unexpected level of structural organization within arrestin elements containing clathrin and adaptin2-binding sites that were previously believed to be completely disordered. Increased deuterium incorporation was observed in both mutant forms compared with wild-type, indicating a change in the conformation of the mutants. Three regions demonstrated significant differences in deuterium incorporation: the first 33 residues of the N terminus and residues 243-255 (both previously implicated in receptor interaction), and residues 271-299. The results suggest that subtle differences in conformation are responsible for the significant difference in biological activity displayed by pre-activated arrestin mutants and that similar changes occur in the process of arrestin binding to the receptor.
Effect of cadmium on lung lysosomal enzymes in vitro.

Labilization of lysosomal enzymes is often associated with the general process of inflammation. The present study investigated the effect of the pneumotoxin cadmium on the release and activity of two lung lysosomal enzymes. Incubation of rat lung lysosomes with cadmium resulted in the release of β-glucuronidase but not acid phosphatase. The failure to “release” acid phosphatase appears to be the result of a direct inhibitory effect of cadmium on this enzyme. The K1 for cadmium was determined to be 26.3 μM. The differential effect of cadmium on these two lysosomal enzymes suggests that caution should be exercised in selecting the appropriate enzyme marker for assessing lysosomal fragility in the presence of this toxicant. Furthermore, the differential basal release rate of the two enzymes from lung lysosomes may reflect the cellular heterogeneity of the lung.
Harnessing redox activity for the formation of uranium tris(imido) compounds

Classically, late transition-metal organometallic compounds promote multielectron processes solely through the change in oxidation state of the metal centre. In contrast, uranium typically undergoes single-electron chemistry. However, using redox-active ligands can engage multielectron reactivity at this metal in analogy to transition metals. Here we show that a redox-flexible pyridine(diimine) ligand can stabilize a series of highly reduced uranium coordination complexes by storing one, two or three electrons in the ligand. These species reduce organoazides easily to form uranium-nitrogen multiple bonds with the release of dinitrogen. The extent of ligand reduction dictates the formation of uranium mono-, bis- and tris(imido) products. Spectroscopic and structural characterization of these compounds supports the idea that electrons are stored in the ligand framework and used in subsequent reactivity. Computational analyses of the uranium imido products probed their molecular and electronic structures, which facilitated a comparison between the bonding in the tris(imido) structure and its tris(oxo) analogue.
Savoring semiotics: food in intercultural communication

Food is both a relevant source of signification and an effective form of communication, based on a limited – although very wide – variety of edible substances, practices, beliefs, and norms that form a network of interconnected systems. These systems and their uses in social practice, constituting a specific semiosphere, are challenged when their users travel and are confronted with unfamiliar foodways in terms of ingredients, cooking techniques, flavorings, preparations, utensils, meal structure, table manners, distribution of the meals during the day, and social dynamics. When different culinary semiospheres interact, food-related experiences reveal the cultural character of gastronomic competences, forcing individuals to engage with otherness through embodied communication.
A layout-based optimal neutralization technique for mm-wave differential amplifiers

A layout-based optimal neutralization technique is proposed for the designs of mm-wave differential amplifiers. Based on a new layout style which exploits routing signal capacitive coupling, the need for physical neutralization capacitors are obviated which results in compact and robust layout. Experimental prototype designs at 60 GHz and 110 GHz amplifiers demonstrate the utility of the idea by direct comparison with unneutralized designs.
Ammonia electrode performance in deuterium oxide solutions

Abstract Response characteristics of the ammonia gassensing membrane electrode have been evaluated in deuterium oxide solutions. Results indicate no significant differences in electrode slope, recovery time, and standard deviation of the fit for the calibration line. Only slight differences in response times, limit of detection, baseline potential and position of the calibration line have been found. Overall, steady-state and dynamic measurements in deuterium oxide solutions are possible with this electrode.
Heme complexes of rabbit hemopexin, human hemopexin and human serum albumin: Electron spin resonance and Mőssbauer spectroscopic studies

Abstract The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of human and rabbit ferriheme-hemopexin complexes at 30 o K show an ESR absorption characterized by g x = 1.60, g y = 2.25 and g z = 2.86, characteristic of low-spin ferriheme-proteins. The low-spin nature of the heme-iron in heme-hemopexin is corroborated by the observation of nuclear hyperfine splitting in Mőssbauer spectra at 4.2 o K. The similarity of the ESR spectra of ferriheme-hemopexin with those of low-spin cytochromes which coordinate heme via two histidine residues points to a similar coordination mechanism in hemopexin. In contrast, the ESR spectra of the 1:1 and 2:1 complexes of heme with human serum albumin display signals at g = 6.0 and g = 2.0, characteristic of high-spin ferrihemeproteins.
Development of a Chemically Defined Medium for the Synthesis of Actinomycin D by Streptomyces parvulus

A chemically defined medium, consisting of d-fructose, l-glutamic acid, l-histidine, K 2 HPO 4 , MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O, CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O, FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O, CoCl 2 ·6H 2 O, and deionized water, was developed for synthesis of high yields (500 to 600 μg/ml) of actinomycin D by Streptomyces parvulus . Under these nutritional conditions, growth and actinomycin formation did not follow a typical trophophase-idiophase pattern. The amino acids appeared to have a sparing action on the utilization of d-fructose which was slowly and incompletely metabolized during mycelium development and antibiotic production. A significant repression of actinomycin synthesis by S. parvulus was observed when d-glucose (0.01 to 0.25%) was added to the culture medium. The repression was not due to a decline in the pH of the medium during glucose catabolism.
Cat-tail dma: efficient image data transport for multicore embedded mobile systems

The emergence of multicore platforms has tremendous potential for achieving real-time performance of complex computer vision algorithms. However, these applications must run on embedded, mobile platforms with stringent size weight, power, and cost constraints. High utilization of local storage on execution cores and low-latency, highbandwidth data transfers between this storage and main memory are critical for real-time mobile system performance. General purpose processors employ hardware techniques, such as high-speed bus architecture and efficient data arbitration schemes, to address the memory bandwidth gap. However, these techniques are insufficient for mobile systems requirements. Concurrent algorithmic and architectural optimizations are necessary. This paper uses concurrency to minimize data transfer latency when executing video surveillance algorithms on multicore embedded architectures. It introduces cat-tail DMA, a technique that provides low-overhead, globally-ordered, nonblocking DMA transfers. Using this technique, data transfer latencies are reduced by over 30% for background modeling applications, while the local core storage utilization is increased by 60% over existing techniques.
Payload proposals for Space Station

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is calling for proposals for investigations that will use the space station's attached payloads. Experiments from the disciplines of Solar System exploration, space physics, astrophysics, communications, and life sciences will be considered, according to Announcement of Opportunity OSSA 3—88. Letters of intent are due by August 19. Right now, NASA expects to begin construction of the space station in orbit in 1995 and finish in 1997. The research announcement states that NASA plans to fund four to six investigations, which will be launched aboard the space shuttle and attached to the frame of the station during assembly.
Development of phyllonite from granodiorite: Mechanisms of grain-size reduction in the Santa Rosa mylonite zone, California

Abstract Field and laboratory investigations indicate that phyllonite within the Santa Rosa mylonite zone developed from granodiorite without hydrous alteration of the original mineral assemblage. Initial grain-size reduction within zones of phyllonite was accomplished through whole-rock cataclasis; subsequent deformation occurred through ductile flow. The original cataclastic failure is recorded by sharp boundaries with the surrounding rock, which are retained through the ductile overprint. Biotite in phyllonite has a mean grain size of ~3 μm and exhibits straight boundaries and a strong crystallographic preferred orientation. Trace analyses of HVEM images indicate that the largest biotite grains are most strongly oriented, and the grains are elongate parallel to lineation. TEM observations indicate that typical grains have irregularly spaced stacking faults and twins. Evidence for intracrystalline folding and cataclasis, present in protomylonite and mylonite, is absent; bending or kinking of grains is rare. These observations suggest that biotite in phyllonite accommodated deformation through dynamic recrystallization in concert with intracrystalline slip and mechanical rotation. Grain-size reduction to form phyllonite is accompanied by macroscopically and microscopically visible changes in the character of foliations in the rock. We suggest that these changes are linked to the deformation mechanisms operating within the fine-grained phyllonite.
A Case Study: The Language Laboratory in a Large Suburban School District

This seems to indicate that those students with enough interest and average aptitude did very well, while low aptitude students and those with inadequate motivation failed. It is also suggested that this skill suffered most from the lack of the reinforcement techniques that the printed book can give. As long as the answer can be seen before the response must be made, it will influence those students with weaker will or lesser motivation.
Safety and efficacy of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest for operations on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta

Abstract Background . Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest is an important adjunct for operations on the distal aortic arch and the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Its safety and efficacy compared with other techniques (eg, simple aortic clamping, partial cardiopulmonary bypass, and regional hypothermia) are not clearly established. Methods . One hundred sixty-one patients (ranging from 20 to 83 years old) with descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic disease had resection and graft replacement of the involved aortic segments using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass usually with intervals of circulatory arrest (mean interval, 38 minutes). Results . The 30-day mortality rate was 6.2% (10 patients). It was 41% (7 of 17) for patients having emergent operations (rupture or acute dissection) and 2.1% (3 of 144) for all other patients ( p 48 hours) in 17 (11%), reoperation for bleeding in 8 (5%), mechanical ventilation (> 48 hours) in 31 (20%), and tracheostomy in 13 (8%). Three patients (1.9%) sustained a stroke. Conclusions . Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass provides safe and substantial protection against paralysis and renal, cardiac, and visceral organ system failure that equals or exceeds that of other currently used techniques but without the need of other adjuncts.
Kinetics of gypsum crystal growth on a reverse osmosis membrane

The development of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) mineral scale in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalting was investigated by direct real-time observation of crystal growth. Gypsum scaling studies were conducted in a specially modified plate-and-frame reverse osmosis cell fitted with an optical window, with dark-field membrane lighting arrangement within the membrane cell to enhance crystal boundaries and allow recording of digital surface images magnified through an optical microscope. The evolution of the surface number density (SND) of gypsum crystals resembled a sigmoidal population growth process with an increasing rate of crystal formation at higher solution supersaturation (with respect to gypsum) at the membrane surface. The rate of formation of new crystals declined as the surface scale coverage increased, with surface scale progressing by diffusion-controlled growth of existing crystals as the gypsum crystal SND approached its plateau. The apparent crystallization induction time (i.e., observation time for the appearance of surface crystals) decreased with increased supersaturation, with single crystals growth reasonably characterized by a diffusion-growth model and a single crystal fluid mass transfer coefficient that was generalized by a Sherwood number type correlation. The present approach provides a convenient method of characterizing the kinetics of gypsum scale formation via quantification of single crystal mass transfer coefficient and evolution of the crystal SND. Such information can guide the development of comprehensive RO membrane scale formation models and characterization of mineral scaling propensities of RO membranes and source water where mineral salt scaling is of concern.
Experimental studies of the Eppler 61 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers

The results of an experimental study to document the effects of separation and transition on the performance of an airfoil designed for low Reynolds number operation are presented. Lift, drag and flow visualization data were obtained for the Eppler 61 airfoil section for chord Reynolds numbers from about 30,000 to over 200,000. Smoke flow visualization was employed to document the boundary layer behavior and was correlated with the Eppler airfoil design and analysis computer program. Laminar separation, transition and turbulent reattachment had significant effects on the performance of this airfoil.
An Empirical Study of Paid Listings in Product Search and Purchase

Pay-for-placement search has been described contradictorily as either the future business model of information retrieval on the Internet or as a deceptive nuisance for unsuspecting Web surfers. This study investigated user interaction with paid search listings during a set of naturalistic product search and purchase tasks. The study compared objective measures of how often these listings are used and subjective user opinions both during and after the task. Participants were more likely to view and select organic listings than paid listings. They also rated the organic results as more relevant for the shopping tasks and expressed suspicion of the paid listings. However, some users did use the paid listings and when the content was relevant there was no difference in the relevance ratings of the content pages themselves. A lack of neutral ratings for paid listings suggests that users will respond either negatively or positively to the paid listings, creating a difficult decision for online retailers and pro...
Noninvasive linear accelerator radiosurgery as the primary treatment for trigeminal neuralgia

The application of a dedicated linear accelerator (DLINAC) as a noninvasive surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia has not yet been demonstrated. This work evaluates the outcome and indications of 22 patients submitted to DLINAC radiosurgery as a primary treatment for essential trigeminal neuralgia. At last follow-up evaluation, 21 patients (95.5%) had sustained significant pain relief. DLINAC radiosurgery is safe and effective as a primary noninvasive surgical treatment for selected patients with essential trigeminal neuralgia.
Pulse Oximetry in Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Study objectives To evaluate the accuracy and quantitate the error of pulse oximetry measurements of arterial oxygenation in patients with severe carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Design Retrospective review of patient clinical records. Setting Regional referral center for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Patients Thirty patients referred for treatment of acute severe CO poisoning who demonstrated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels >25%, with simultaneous determinations of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial blood gas (ABG) techniques. Measurements and results COHb levels and measurements of arterial oxygenation from pulse oximetry, ABG analysis, and laboratory CO oximetry were compared. SpO2 did not correlate with COHb levels. SpO2 consistently overestimated the fractional arterial oxygen saturation. The difference between arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) calculated from ABG analysis and SpO2 increased with increasing COHb level. Conclusions Presently available pulse oximeters overestimate arterial oxygenation in patients with severe CO poisoning. An elevated COHb level falsely elevates the SaO2 measurements from pulse oximetry, usually by an amount less than the COHb level, confirming a prior observation in an animal model. Accurate assessment of arterial oxygen content in patients with CO poisoning can currently be performed only by analysis of arterial blood with a laboratory CO-oximetry.
Disciplinary Literacy, English Learners, and STEM Education

This special issue of Action in Teacher Education features articles that explore the intersection of disciplinary literacy and academic language for marginalized students, especially English Learne...
Dual effect of [d-Pen2, d-Pen5]enkephalin on ion transport in guinea pig colon

Abstract Effects of the δ-opioid receptor ligand, [ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE) on basal and endothelin-1-induced ion secretion in guinea pig colon were investigated. Muscle-stripped segments of guinea pig colon were mounted in Ussing flux chambers and changes in the short-circuit current ( I sc ) were monitored continuously. DPDPE significantly reduced baseline I sc at a low dose, 1 nM; however DPDPE increased I sc at 10 and 100 μM. Endothelin-1 stimulated ion secretion that was unaltered in tissues pretreated with DPDPE. In guinea pig colon, δ-opioid receptor activation evoked both a proabsorptive and prosecretory response.
Expression of select immune genes (surfactant proteins A and D, sheep beta defensin 1, and toll-like receptor 4) by respiratory epithelia is developmentally regulated in the preterm neonatal lamb.

Preterm infants experience enhanced susceptibility and severity to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Terminal airway epithelium is an important site of RSV infection and the extent of local innate immune gene expression is poorly understood. In this study, expression of surfactant proteins A and D (SP-AD), sheep beta defensin 1 (SBD1), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA were determined in whole lung homogenates from lambs. SP-AD and TLR4 mRNA expression increased (p<0.05) from late gestation to term birth. In addition, gene expression of LCM-retrieved type II pneumocytes (CD208+), adjacent epithelium (CD208−) and bronchial epithelium demonstrated that bronchiole-alveolar junction epithelium (combined CD208+/−) had significant (p<0.05) developmental increases in SP-AD, SBD1 and TLR4 mRNA, whereas CD208+ cells had statistically significant increases only with SP-A mRNA. Using immunofluorescence, SP-AD antigen distribution and intensity were also greater with developmental age. These studies show reduced SBD1, SP-AD, and TLR4 expression in the preterm lung and this may underlie enhanced RSV susceptibility.
Effect of defects on the degradation of ZnSe-based white LEDs

Abstract A white LED based on II–VI compound materials has been developed. The optical output power and forward voltage of a typical ZnSe-based white LED lamp at a drive current of 20 mA are 4.3 mW and 2.6 V, respectively. Device lifetime (half-time) at I F =5 mA have exceeded 2 500 h at 60 °C, corresponding to an estimated lifetime of over 20 000 h at 20 °C. The most important defects limiting the lifetime are the dislocations and the stacking faults penetrating the active layer. Origins of these defects are the dislocations in the substrate as well as lattice irregularities at the epilayer/substrate interface. Though we have not yet found any evidence for microscopic defects in the cladding layers to take part in the degradation of our white LEDs, its possibility cannot be neglected.
Penetration of 5-Fluorouracil in Excised Skin

Total penetration of 5-fluorouracil (FU) through human and hairless mouse skin was measured in vitro and the results were compared using radioactively labelled drug and a gas chromatographic method specific for the free FU molecule. Both methods were used to determine whether metabolism, either in the skin during penetration or in the penetration wells, could have affected the percent penetration as calculated by the radioactivity method. The results indicate significantly greater drug penetration in the mouse samples using both methods of detection, with somewhat greater variations between identical samples occurring with the chromatographic method. The percent penetrating the human samples, approximately 12 percent after 20 hr, agreed with the previously reported in vivo data. These studies indicate that further in vitro studies may be useful to study the factors affecting the penetration of FU when applied topically in a variety of skin diseases.
Tight-frame based iterative image reconstruction for spectral breast CT.

Purpose: To investigate tight-frame based iterative reconstruction (TFIR) technique for spectral breast computed tomography (CT) using fewer projections while achieving greater image quality. Methods: The experimental data were acquired with a fan-beam breast CT system based on a cadmium zinc telluride photon-counting detector. The images were reconstructed with a varying number of projections using the TFIR and filtered backprojection (FBP) techniques. The image quality between these two techniques was evaluated. The image's spatial resolution was evaluated using a high-resolution phantom, and the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was evaluated using a postmortem breast sample. The postmortem breast samples were decomposed into water, lipid, and protein contents based on images reconstructed from TFIR with 204 projections and FBP with 614 projections. The volumetric fractions of water, lipid, and protein from the image-based measurements in both TFIR and FBP were compared to the chemical analysis. Results: The spatial resolution and CNR were comparable for the images reconstructed by TFIR with 204 projections and FBP with 614 projections. Both reconstruction techniques provided accurate quantification of water, lipid, and protein composition of the breast tissue when compared with data from the reference standard chemical analysis. Conclusions: Accurate breast tissue decomposition can be done with three fold fewer projection images by the TFIR technique without any reduction in image spatial resolution and CNR. This can result in a two-third reduction of the patient dose in a multislit and multislice spiral CT system in addition to the reduced scanning time in this system.
Assessment of Parameters Influencing Mechanical Response of Constrained and Unconstrained Dents Using Finite Element Modelling

Pipelines may experience damage (e.g. dent, gouge) during handling, installation and normal operations due to external interference. Pipelines in offshore environment may be prone to mechanical damage from events such as ice gouging, frost heave, and seismic fault movement. Damage mechanisms can be associated with deformation or metallurgical/metal loss that may include pipe dent, pipe ovality, ice gouging, pipe buckling, corrosion etc. The type and severity of pipe damage may influence operational, repair and intervention strategies.For conventional pipelines, the assessment of mechanical damage plays an important role in the development of integrity management programs that may be of greater significance for pipeline systems located in remote harsh environments due to remote location and logistical constraints.This study examines the effects of plain dents on pipe mechanical response using continuum finite element methods. ABAQUS/Standard (6.10-1) environment was used to simulate damage events and pipe response. Modelling procedures were developed and calibrated against physical and numerical data sets available in public domain. Once confidence in numerical procedures was achieved, an analysis matrix was established to account for a range of influential parameters including Diameter to wall thickness ratio (D/t), indenter diameter to pipe diameter ratio (ID/OD), hoop stress due to internal pressure to yield strength ratio (σh/σy), and kinematic boundary conditions.The results from this study provide a basis to support a broader initiative for developing an engineering tool for the assessment of damage interaction with pipeline girth welds and development of an engineering performance criterion.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Francisella Tularensis Proteome and its Recognition by Antibodies

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of a spectrum of diseases collectively known as tularemia. The extreme virulence of the pathogen in humans, combined with the low infectious dose and the ease of dissemination by aerosol have led to concerns about its abuse as a bioweapon. Until recently, nothing was known about the virulence mechanisms and even now, there is still a relatively poor understanding of pathogen virulence. Completion of increasing numbers of Francisella genome sequences, combined with comparative genomics and proteomics studies, are contributing to the knowledge in this area. Tularemia may be treated with antibiotics, but there is currently no licensed vaccine. An attenuated strain, the Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) has been used to vaccinate military and at risk laboratory personnel, but safety concerns mean that it is unlikely to be licensed by the FDA for general use. Little is known about the protective immunity induced by vaccination with LVS, in humans or animals models. Immunoproteomics studies with sera from infected humans or vaccinated mouse strains, are being used in gel based or proteome microarray approaches to give insight into the humoral immune response. In addition, these data have the potential to be exploited in the identification of new diagnostic or protective antigens, the design of next generation live vaccine strains, and the development of subunit vaccines. Herein, we briefly review the current knowledge from Francisella comparative proteomics studies and then focus upon the findings from immunoproteomics approaches.
Torn ascending aorta missed by transesophageal echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography has become a commonly used screening tool for traumatic tears of the descending aorta. The role of transesophageal echocardiography for ascending aortic tears is not yet well-defined. We report an ascending aortic tear imaged by aortography but missed on transesophageal echocardiography.
Can real-time three-dimensional echocardiography be used reliably for the assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony?

The assessment of LV dyssynchrony through a variety of advanced imaging modalities has garnered substantial interest, as current dyssynchrony markers remain equivocal for predicting response to CRT in patients with advanced heart failure. Current recommendations support the use of CRT in symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, QRS duration greater or equal 120 ms and an ejection fraction less or equal to 35%, who have been optimized with medical therapy. This device-based therapy has important therapeutic benefits, including functional and clinical.
Bioelectric and potentiometric measures of eyeblink amplitude in reflex modification paradigms.

Recent investigations of reflex modification in humans have employed several measurement techniques to record reflexive eyeblink responses. To facilitate comparisons across measurement techniques, three experiments evaluated the congruence between eyelid displacement and bioelectric measures of blink amplitude under lead stimulus conditions designed to facilitate, inhibit, or not alter blink amplitude. A potentiometric measure of eyelid displacement was recorded from the right eye of 53 undergraduates, while electrodes centered above and below the left eye detected the bioelectric changes that accompany blinking. In each experiment, lead stimuli altered blink amplitude in a similar manner regardless of measurement technique (i.e., no significant measure by condition interaction emerged). Furthermore, the direction and magnitude of blink amplitude change for the two measurement techniques correlated highly and significantly. These results support the implicit assumptions of researchers that the bioelectric and potentiometric measures provide equivalent information about blink amplitude in reflex modification situations and that reflex-modification findings can be generalized across measurement techniques.
Silences in history and nation-state: Reluctant accounts of the Cold War in Sarawak

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, thousands of rural Chinese Hakkas in Sarawak, Malaysia, just like millions of others throughout the Third World during the Cold War, were targeted as communists or communist sympathizers and were detained at correction centers or relocated into barbed wire–controlled villages. However, given such a past, most of these Hakkas remained extremely reluctant to give their representations of this history. As an anthropologist, I wanted to do something with this history that is contrary to the wishes of most of these Chinese Hakkas, and it is within the struggle with this evidential paradox that I attempt to engage social issues of memory intersubjectively, historically, and politically.
James Connolly. By Lorcan Collins. (Dublin, Ireland: O'Brien Press, 2012. Pp. 352. $18.95.)

As the centenary of the 1916 Irish Easter Rising approaches, authors and publishers will reflect on the lessons of the events of those dramatic years. This is the aim of a new series of books inten...
Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera. XXXII. Disruption of Intraspecific Pheromone Communication in Various Species of Lepidoptera by Permeation of the Air with Looplure or Hexalure

Experiments were conducted with 10 species representing 4 families of Lepidoptera to evaluate looplure ((Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate, the sex pheromone of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)) and hexalure ((Z)-7-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, an attractant for males of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) as agents for the disruption of sex pheromone communication. The species studied were: family Noctuidae— T. ni, Pseudoplusia includens Walker, Autographa californica (Speyer), Heliothis zea (Boddie), H. virescens (F.), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) and S. ornithogalli Guenee; family Lyonetiidae— Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck; family Tortricidae— Platynota stultana Walsingham: and family Gelechiidae—P. gossypiella. Males of T. ni, A. californica , and P. includens were completely prevented from orienting to their respective pheromone releasing females in field plots containing high levels of looplure. Under these conditions, a high percentage of disruption of intraspecific pheromone communication also occurred between males and females of H. zea, H. virescens, S. ornithogalli , and P. gossypiella . Similarly, when hexalure was released into the atomsphere, a disruption of communication between males and females of several of these species was obtained.