cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eccentricity-dependent changes in local onset and offset responses in patients with progressive cone dystrophy.

Abstract Shinoda and colleagues hypothesized that patients with cone dystrophy (CD) might suffer from a selective ON-system deficit, based on the local nature of the disease [Shinoda, K, Ohde, H, Inoue, R, Ishida, S, Mashima, Y, & Oguchi, Y (2002). ON-pathway disturbance in two siblings. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 80 , 219–223]. The purpose of the current study was to test this hypothesis by examining onset and offset responses as a function of eccentricity in a group of patients with CD using long-duration LED stimuli. Nine patients with CD participated in this study (mean age of 36.1 years and visual acuity ⩾20/200). For this study, the following measures were obtained: Humphrey threshold visual fields, standard multifocal ERGs (mfERGs) as well as mfERGs to long duration stimuli recorded using the Retiscan stimulator (Roland Instruments). This display contained 61 scaled hexagons and the LEDs were on for 100 ms (180 cd/m 2 ) and off for 100 ms. In addition, standard full-field photopic and flicker ERGs using Ganzfeld stimulation were obtained. For the control subjects, the onset responses were larger than the offset responses at all eccentricities; whereas for the patients, there was overlap between the amplitudes of the onset and offset responses. For the patients, the amplitude ratios (relative to the control data) indicated that the difference between the onset and offset responses was greatest for the central-most ring and this difference decreased with increasing eccentricity. For the onset responses, Humphrey thresholds and mfERG amplitudes, performance was poorest for the center ring and best for the most peripheral ring; for the offset responses, the opposite pattern of results was obtained. The differences in the pattern of results in the long duration mfERG data are consistent with a selective loss of the onset responses in our patient population.
Gonadotropin-induced desensitization of epinephrine action in the luteinized rat ovary.

The actions of epinephrine on luteal cell function, and the effects of gonadotropin-induced luteal desensitization upon β-adrenergic responses, were examined in the luteinized rat ovary. Both epinephrine and LH stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in ovarian homogenates and increased the production of cAMP and progesterone in luteal cells. Maximally effective doses of the two hormones did not have an additive effect upon adenylate cyclase activity or steroidogenesis. The actions of epinephrine on adenylate cyclase and progesterone production were inhibited by propranolol but not by phentolamine, and neither adrenergic antagonist influenced the actions of LH. These results indicate that LH and β-adrenergic effectors act through independent receptors on a common pool of adenylate cyclase to stimulate progesterone production in the luteal cell. In ovaries from rats treated with desensitizing doses of hCG, the decreased ability of LH/hCG to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity was accompanied by a transient ...
Fifty years of clinical psychology: Selling our soul to the devil

An account of the post-World War II development of clinical psychology based on the personal experiences and observations of the author is presented. Acceptance of the medical-organic explanation of mental disorder and devotion to one-on-one psychotherapy paid for by health insurance has led clinical psychology to its present state of desperation, grasping at drug-prescription privileges as a way of surviving by further embracing the invalid medical would. Alternatively, only acceptance of the public health strategy of primary prevention, striving for social justice, and thorough grounding in social learning theory will guarantee survival of the field.
Effects of a college course about food and society on students' eating behaviors.

Background: Health education programs for promoting a healthful diet have shown limited success in clinical trials. Purpose: This paper aims to examine whether an innovative educational course focused on societal-level issues related to food and food production (Food and Society) would promote healthful eating among college students. Methods: A quasi-experimental non-RCT was conducted to compare changes in eating behaviors among students taking the Food and Society course (n28) versus students taking health-related human biology courses about obesity, health psychology, and community health assessment (n72). All participants were undergraduates. A Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered at the beginning and end of the four courses taught from January through March 2009. Students in the Food and Society course read selected portions of popular books and essays (e.g., Michael Pollan’s Omnivore’s Dilemma) and watched documentaries (e.g., Aaron Woolf’s King Corn) highlighting environmental, ethical, social justice, cultural, political, and agricultural issues related to food and food production, and discussed these major themes during class sessions. In addition, students were required to (1) write an Op-Ed article and (2) create a brief YouTube video focused on themes discussed in the course.
Capital as Embodied Knowledge: Some Implications for the Theory of Economic Growth

Capital goods are embodied knowledge of how to produce. Therefore, capital development is a learning process, through which knowledge gets embodied in new capital goods. Because the necessary knowledge is dispersed among many people who must interact to communicate their particular, often tacit knowledge, capital development is a social process. Because this interaction takes time and continually changes the capital structure, capital development is an on-going process. Capital development is a social learning process. Neither traditional nor "new" growth theory illuminates how the capital structure evolves. Traditional growth theory, by modeling capital as single variable in the production function, ignores the heterogeneity of capital goods and their varied structural relationships of complementarity, substitutability, feedback, and feed-forward. New growth theory, while accounting for technological change, still treats capital as aggregable and thus implicitly homogeneous. That capital development is a learning process suggests that growth rates can increase. What prevents exponential growth is neither diminishing returns nor upper bounds to human capital, as growth models assume. It is the constant challenge of maintaining capital complementarities in a world of incomplete and rapidly changing knowledge.
Identification and characterization of two alternatively spliced transcript variants of human liver X receptor alpha

The liver X receptor α (LXRα) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that plays an important role in lipid homeostasis. Here we characterize two alternative human LXRα transcripts, designated LXRα2 and LXRα3. All three LXRα isoforms are derived from the same gene via alternative splicing and differential promoter usage. The LXRα2 isoform lacks the first 45 amino acids of LXRα1, and is generated through the use of a novel promoter and first exon. LXRα3 lacks 50 amino acids within the ligand binding domain and is generated through alternative recognition of the 3′-splice site in exon 6. LXRα2 and LXRα3 are expressed at lower levels compared with LXRα1 in most tissues, except that LXRα2 expression is dominant in testis. Both LXRα2 and LXRα3 heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor and bind to LXR response elements. LXRα2 shows reduced transcriptional activity relative to LXRα1, indicating that the N-terminal domain of LXRα is essential for its full transcriptional activity. LXRα3 is unable to bind ligand and is transcriptionally inactive. These observations outline a previously unrecognized role for the N terminus in LXR function and suggest that the expression of alternative LXRα transcripts in certain biological contexts may impact LXR signaling and lipid metabolism.
Pricing by state-owned enterprises: the case of postal services

Sappington and Sidak develop a model of state-owned enterprise (SOE) pricing behavior in which firms maximize a weighted average of revenues and profits. The model predicts that SOEs will lower prices in more-elastic markets and raise them in less-elastic markets if the weight they place on profit is positive. The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 relaxed the institutional constraints on pricing by the US Postal Service, which allows a test of the Sappington–Sidak model. The model's predictions are broadly confirmed. Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act in 2006, which may help address some anticompetitive concerns in this industry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoiding conflict misses dynamically in large direct-mapped caches

This paper describes a method for improving the performance of a large direct-mapped cache by reducing the number of conflict misses. Our solution consists of two components: an inexpensive hardware device called a Cache Miss Lookaside (CML) buffer that detects conflicts by recording and summarizing a history of cache misses, and a software policy within the operating system's virtual memory system that removes conflicts by dynamically remapping pages whenever large numbers of conflict misses are detected. Using trace-driven simulation of applications and the operating system, we show that a CML buffer enables a large direct-mapped cache to perform nearly as well as a two-way set associative cache of equivalent size and speed, although with lower hardware cost and complexity.
The Soviet Union and World Government

The Soviet Union has repeatedly and openly declared that it intends to transform itself from a nation-state into a world state. Today, while savagely attacking advocates of world government, the Soviets claim to defend the national sovereignty and independence of nations. Do these seemingly contradictory ideas mean that the Bolsheviks have abandoned their goal of a world state? What is the reality behind this policy, and what does it portend for those everywhere who so fervently desire a world community capable of living at peace? Explicit Bolshevik pronouncements on the subject of a world state are of long standing. As early as 1913 Stalin expressed the belief that the nation-state is only a transient historical phenomenon connected with the era of rising capitalism.' The forces unleashed by capitalism had quickly transcended the narrow limitations of national borders. World capitalism was but the preparation for the world socialist economy of the future Bolshevik World State. The Bolsheviks believed that the creation of their world state was inevitable because "collective property and labor. . . inevitably bring people closer,"2 whereas the internal contradictions of capitalism, built on private property, inevitably keep nations apart. While capitalism prepares the world for world government, it is only under socialism that this process will come to fruition. Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, and other Bolshevik leaders repeated these ideas countless times. The Second Comintern Congress in 1920 wrote into its Statutes the idea that the Communist International was established for the purpose of creating "the International Soviet Republic."3 Lenin Pmnhasi7Pd this obiective in his speech to the delegates of this Con-
Empowering Students in a Feminist Social Work Practice Course

Since 1993, a faculty collective has team-taught a feminist social work practice course. The course, designed to heighten student knowledge of feminist practice, was expected to empower students. An overview of the course is presented with an analysis of its impact on student perceptions of personal and professional power. Pre and post measures of empowerment were analyzed and used to derive outcome measures of change in student views of themselves as empowered persons and practitioners. Findings indicate that students had significantly higher perceptions of their personal and professional power upon completion of the feminist practice course than before. Implications for social work students and practitioners are discussed.
Registering and Voting with Motor Voter

The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993 (P.L. 103-31) was designed to reduce the cost of voting by incorporating registration into a transaction with a public agency that citizens initiate for another purpose. The act took effect on January 1, 1995; between then and the 1996 election, 18,333,479 people registered in offices they had visited on other business (Federal Election Commission 1998, Table 2).Most of these were new registrations; the remainder were largely changes of address. (We are grateful to Brian Hancock of the Federal Election Commission for his help in interpreting this table.) They are 44% of the total of 41.1 million “registration applications or transactions” of any sort recorded in the 43 states subject to the NVRA in 1995–96. Six states are exempt from the NVRA; five—Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Wyoming—because they permit electionday registration at the polling place and North Dakota, which does not require voter registration. Vermont's constitutional provisions kept it from implementing the NVRA by 1996. Four years later, answers to even the most elementary questions about this first NVRA election have not been published. We narrow the data gap by describing people who used NVRA to register, and then comparing their participation to that of their fellow citizens who registered to vote using more traditional methods.
Karyotypes in lymphocytes of two strains of rabbit, and two species of hare.

G-banding of metaphase chromosomes in cultured lymphocytes was used to compare the karyotypes of two strains of domestic rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (NZW and Dutch rabbit) and two species of hare (Lepus europaeus and Lepus timidus). The NZW and the Dutch rabbit had identical karyotypes with 44 chromosomes, as did Lepus europaeus and Lepus timidus with 48 chromosomes. However, all individual rabbits and hares showed chromosomal rearrangements (e.g. deletions and duplications) in 30–50% of all lymphocytes studied. The significance of the findings are discussed.
Properties of the longitudinal equilibrium distribution in a storage ring

General properties of the longitudinal equilibrium distribution of a simple model storage ring are discussed using a mapping algorithm for means and correlations of a Gaussian distribution function. The maps for synchrotron oscillations, stochastic excitation, radiation damping, and a general localized perturbation are calculated analytically. The fixed point of the concatenated maps is used to characterize the equilibrium distribution. >
Motivational systems and preferences for social support strategies

The behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral approach system (BAS), and fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) are motivational systems that guide people’s behavior. Motivational systems may be relevant to contexts of interpersonal communication, specifically those requiring social support. In these situations, people express preferences for approaching versus avoiding and emotion versus problem-focused comfort. This paper links people’s preferences for supportive strategies with their motivational systems. 335 participants reported their preferences for different strategies of social support and their motivational system orientations. As expected, BAS was associated with preferences for involving, problem-focused support. BIS, BAS, and FFFS were significantly associated with emotion-focused support, and FFFS was negatively associated with comfort that downplays affect. The motivational systems interact when manifesting associations with preferences for support strategies, and the BAS reward responsiveness subscale emerged as the most influential BAS subscale. These results indicate that BIS, BAS, and FFFS influence people’s preferences in contexts of interpersonal communication.
A Hierarchical Outcomes Approach to Test Assessment

This report describes a hierarchical classification system for clinical endpoints in diagnostic technology assessment. The model requires classification of investigative outcomes into 1 of 6 categories, including technical efficacy, diagnostic accuracy efficacy, diagnostic thinking efficacy, therapeutic efficacy, clinical outcome efficacy, and societal efficacy. Evaluations at successive levels indicate a broader understanding of the test's value. The purpose of this classification system is to help readers of the medical literature consider various aspects of test performance, and to identify aspects of a test that require additional investigation. It is also designed to be used as a template for systematic reviews of diagnostic tests. In this review, examples from the medical literature are discussed to highlight important concepts from the hierarchy model and their relevance to emergency medicine.
Probing interfacial interactions of bacteria on metal nanoparticles and substrates with different surface properties.

This report describes the findings of an investigation of interfacial interactions of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) on metal nanoparticles and substrates with different surface properties. In addition to the antibacterial activity of metal nanoparticles, the results of atomic force microscopy (AFM) probing of the interfacial interactions of P. aeruginosa on flat substrates with different surface properties, including a hydrophilic mica and a hydrophobic highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), and with different nanoparticle patterns are the focus of this discussion. AFM imaging data revealed that the interaction of the hydrophilic mica surface with P. aeruginosa keeps the cell outer membrane relatively ‘rigid’. The cell outline is largely retained even under the condition of dense packing on the surface. In contrast, the interaction of the hydrophobic HOPG surface renders the cell outer membrane relatively ‘soft’. This soft nature maximises its contact area with the substrate so that the cell outline is altered to fill intercell voids. Demonstration of the viability of creating a nanoparticle-patterned AFM imaging platform in which the assembled nanoparticles inactivate bacteria whereas the bottom substrate promotes bacterial adhesion may find applications in high-throughput screening or assays of bacterial adhesion and antibacterial activity of metal nanoparticles.
Efficient activity detection with max-subgraph search

We propose an efficient approach that unifies activity categorization with space-time localization. The main idea is to pose activity detection as a maximum-weight connected subgraph problem over a learned space-time graph constructed on the test sequence. We show this permits an efficient branch-and-cut solution for the best-scoring — and possibly non-cubically shaped — portion of the video for a given activity classifier. The upshot is a fast method that can evaluate a broader space of candidates than was previously practical, which we find often leads to more accurate detection. We demonstrate the proposed algorithm on three datasets, and show its speed and accuracy advantages over multiple existing search strategies.
Exploring Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Networks by Rate Distribution

We present a mechanism for optimum distribution of internet traffic over heterogeneous network environment. A heterogeneous network can be considered as a combination of multiple homogenous networks available simultaneously to the end users. For simplicity, each network has been modeled as a M/M/1 queue. We aim to minimize the number of jobs in each queue subject to constraints. The optimization problem has been achieved through the use of Lagrange multiplier. Depending on their service rate the formulation done in this work is shown to optimally divide the rate of incoming traffic into different networks.
Effect of cerebroventricular perfusion of bombesin on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity

The effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) perfusion of bombesin (BBS) on the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) actvity was examined in conscious dogs with electrodes implanted on the stomach and small intestine. Cannulas and a catheter were chronically positioned in the lateral and fourth cerebral ventricles, respectively. ICV perfusion of BBS, which failed to increase plasma BBS levels, replaced phase I activity in the stomach and duodenum by intense irregular spike activity and decreased the occurrence rate of MMCs, whereas intravenous infusion of BBS evoked phase II-like activity, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, and suppressed phase III activity. These data suggest that the effect of ICV administration of BBS was mediated by direct activation of central brain structures. During ICV perfusion of BBS, cycling in plasma levels of motilin persisted even when phase III activity was absent and plasma levels of epinephrine rose significantly. Epinephrine infusion, however, did not affect myoelectric gastrointestinal activity except for prolonging phase II. Thus it is unlikely that the central action of BBS is exerted by motilin or epinephrine.
“Retooling” for the New West: Environmental NGOs, Planning, and Governance Regimes

With rapid population growth in the American West, debates over the West's future have expanded from public lands to include threats to the region's private lands. Part of a broader trend in environmental governance, environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), long an influence on public land policy, are shifting tactics to also shape the West's private land development. This case study examines the changing role of NGOs in land-use planning in Gallatin County, Montana, and asks: How are these NGOs attempting to gain influence? What influence have they gained? This study utilizes regime theory to examine the micro-scale politics between NGOs and local government. The study's findings include: (1) evidence of a coalition forming between some NGOs and local government through the provision of needed resources; (2) evidence of NGOs shifting from adversarial strategies to a cooperative planning approach; and (3) a constrained but growing influence of environmental NGOs on land-use planning.
Processing intensity at rapid rates: evidence from auditory evoked potentials in 9-11-year-old children.

Summary Objective The ability to understand speech requires processing of rapidly changing acoustic information. Much more is known about processing the rapid spectro-temporal properties of speech than is known about processing of intensity, even though intensity is a fundamental cue for accurate speech perception. The purpose for the current study was to characterize, in 9–11-year-old typically language-developing children, the auditory event-related brain potentials elicited by different tone intensities when presented in complex environments (i.e., varying in frequency and intensity) at rapid rates. Methods Pure tones of four different intensity levels (66, 74, 78, and 86 dB SPL) and five different stimulus frequencies were presented at a stimulus rate of 10 Hz. The latency and amplitude of the auditory event-related brain potentials were measured. Results At this fast rate, a positive (P1) followed by a negative component was elicited. The lowest intensity sound elicited the lowest P1 amplitude and the highest intensity sound elicited the highest P1 amplitude. The P1 elicited by the two middle tone intensities had amplitudes that fell between the lowest and highest amplitudes but they were not significantly different from each other. The negative component following the P1 was unaffected by intensity variation. Conclusions Intensity variation of sounds presented in a complex environment at a rapid rate modulated only the amplitude of the earliest obligatory auditory component (P1), consistent with our previous studies in which only the P1 could follow the rapid stimulation rate. P1 amplitude changes reflected the relative differences among the sounds, not the absolute differences in loudness among the sounds presented together in the sequence. The results suggest that the environment, or context, within which rapid sounds occur, influences the relative amplitude of the P1 in children.
A longitudinal study of self-assessment accuracy.

a decease occurring in the third year. However, the correlational analyses indicated that the stability of selfassessment accuracy was comparable to the stability of actual performance over this same period. Conclusion The apparent decline in accuracy in the third year may reflect the transition from familiar classroom-based examinations to the substantially different clinical examination tasks of the third year OSCE. However, the stability of self-assessment accuracy compares favorably with the stability of actual performance over this period. These results suggest that self-assessment accuracy is a relatively stable individual characteristic that may be influenced by task familiarity.
Telemedicine Interest for Routine Follow-Up Care Among Neurology Patients in Arkansas.

Abstract Background: Teleneurology in Arkansas has been used primarily for management of acute stroke with a state-funded hub-and-spoke model allowing physicians at rural hospitals to access vascular neurologists in time to facilitate tissue plasminogen activator administration. Routine neurologic care has been provided only in small pilot studies. We wished to determine patient interest in participating in teleneurology for routine follow-up visits as well as demographic and medical factors associated with interest. Materials and Methods: New and established patients of the Neurology Outpatient Clinic at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) were surveyed between March 2011 and December 2012 to assess their interest in participating in teleneurology as well as potential factors associated with their interest. Results: Of 1,441 respondents, 52.4% were interested in telemedicine. Of those interested versus uninterested in telemedicine, respectively, 68.9% versus 36.32% traveled more than 1...
Central Line Catheter Care: The Nurse and the Patient’s Perspective

Vascular access in patients requiring antineoplastic drugs is often a serious and challenging problem. Chemotherapy protocols frequently involve drugs that are severely irritating to peripheral veins. As a result patients receiving I.V. antineoplastic drugs over months or years experience thrombosis, sclerosis and destruction of available surface veins. The search for a suitable vein can become a painful ordeal for the patient, a time-consuming and disruptive endeavor for the physician and oncology nurse.
Studies on Antidromic Vasodilatation. II. Synaptic Connections in the Dorsal Root Ganglion.

ConclusionsEvidence is presented to show that synapses exist between physiologically efferent fibers which course the dorsal root in the frog and that these synapses are present in the dorsal root ganglia.It is further concluded that these synapses are concerned in the transmission of the impulses which result in peripheral vasodilatation since injections of nicotine into the dorsal root ganglia prevent the appearance of vasodilatation which occurs following stimulation of the peripheral stump of the dorsal root sectioned between the ganglion and the cord.
SUMMARY OF THE STATUS OF NEGATIVE-ION BASED NEUTRAL BEAMS

Negative-ion-based neutral beam systems can perform multiple functions for fusion reactors, such as heating, current drive in tokamak reactors, and establishing and maintaining potential barriers in tandem mirror reactors. Practical systems operating continuously at the 200 keV, 1 MW level can be built using present-day technology. Ion sources have been demonstrated that produce D/sup -/ beams with <5% electron content, and that operate at linear current densities that are within a factor of 2 of what conservatively designed accelerator/transport structures can handle. Concepts are in hand for transporting the negative ion beam through a neutron maze before neutralization, thus permitting a radiation-hardened beamline. With an advanced laser photoneutralizer, overall system power efficiencies of 70% should be possible. A national program is being planned to achieve the goal of application of 475 keV systems on a mirror ETR in 1994.
La economía feminista y los conceptos de valor, eficiencia escasez, egoísmo y competencia: implicaciones para la educación.

Se contesta a la pregunta ?Que es la economia feminista? Segun la autora la economia feminista desafia varios de los supuestos basicos de la economia ortodoxa, por ejemplo el valor, la eficiencia, la existencia de la es casez y la omnipresencia del egoismo. Si bien el principal interes de la economia feminista es mejorar la posicion economica de las mujeres, inevitablemente ha tenido varios productos secundarios significativos, ya que su critica de la teoria y la metodologia de la corriente principal de la economia ha operado como un factor muy poderoso en la transformacion de la ensenanza de la economia y de la educacion superior en Estados Unidos.
Social syntax: An approach to spatial modification through the reworking of space syntax for archaeological applications

Abstract Space syntax provides an approach to architecture that allows for the interpretation of social organization. However, many researchers who attempt archaeological applications have commented on the framework’s inability to provide novel insights on spatial patterns, particularly in areas without an explicit and established social hierarchy. Many of the noted problems are tied to the absence of a consideration of the relationships among the intentions of builders, the lived experiences of occupants, and the impact of alterations to architecture. To address these issues, space syntax is reworked to focus on modifications to space through a combination of insights derived from practice theory and the life history/object biography approaches. Entitled social syntax, this framework integrates the useful graphic representations of space syntax with a focus on room life histories/biographies and a consideration of the dialectical interplay between architecture (structure) and occupants (agents). To illustrate the utility of this framework, it is applied to two room blocks from Homol’ovi I, an ancestral Hopi village in northeastern Arizona. This application highlights the strength and flexibility of social syntax as a framework for archaeological analyses focused on understanding how the use and meaning of architectural space develops throughout village occupation and depopulation.
Case of Percutaneous Extracorporeal Femoro-Femoral Bypass for Acute Limb Ischemia From Large Bore Access.

An 80-year-old man presented with acute inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Cardiac catheterization revealed 99% stenosis in the mid-right coronary artery, a 95% focal severe stenosis in mid-left anterior descending coronary artery and a 60% to 70% stenosis in
The impact of diabetes on CD4 recovery in persons with HIV in an urban clinic in the United States.

The purpose of this study was to exam the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on CD4 cell count trends in adults with HIV. In a longitudinal retrospective study in an urban primary care HIV c...
Examining the Relationship between Construction Workers’ Visual Attention and Situation Awareness under Fall and Tripping Hazard Conditions: Using Mobile Eye Tracking

AbstractThe risk of major occupational accidents involving tripping hazards is commonly underestimated with a large number of studies having been conducted to better understand variables that affec...
The Comparative Lessons of Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier

For a large part of the past century, the cold war between the Soviet Union and the United States and Russia’s continued refusal to join the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the predominant international copyright agreement, have raised complicated questions concerning the protection of Russian authors in the United States. The case that has received considerable attention in intellectual property literature is Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. Filed in the mid-1990s, shortly after Russia’s accession to the Berne Convention but before its admission to the World Trade Organization, this case covered not only choice-of-law questions in the intellectual property field but also the interrelationship between domestic law and international treaties. Less frequently explored, however, are the rich comparative lessons that the case has provided on the development of intellectual property law and policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Taking advantage of the twentieth anniversary of the decision handed down by the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the author’s past interest and experience in Russian media law and policy, this commissioned chapter closely examines the various comparative lessons provided by the case. It begins by recapturing the judicial opinions in the first instance and at the appellate level. The chapter then examines the comparative lessons in four specific areas: (1) the choice of applicable law; (2) the role of private international law in resolving cross-border intellectual property disputes; (3) the interplay of intellectual property and freedom of expression; and (4) the impact of the global economy on international intellectual property norm setting.
Ultrabithorax protein is necessary but not sufficient for full activation of decapentaplegic expression in the visceral mesoderm.

Abstract To elucidate the mechanisms by which homeotic selector (HOM) genes specify the unique features of Drosophila segments, we have analyzed the regulation of decapentaplegic (dpp), a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily member, and have found that the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) HOM protein directly activates dpp expression in parasegment 7 (PS7) of the embryonic visceral mesoderm. Other factors are also required, including one that appears to act through homeodomain protein binding sites and may be encoded by extradenticle (exd). The exd protein binds in a highly co-operative manner to regulatory sequences mediating PS7-specific dpp expression, consistent with a genetic requirement for exd function in normal visceral mesoderm expression of dpp. A second mechanism contributing to PS7 expression of dpp appears not to require Ubx protein directly, and involves a general visceral mesoderm enhancer coupled to a spatially specific repression element. Thus, even in an apparently simple case where visceral mesoderm expression of the dpp target gene mirrors that of the Ubx HOM protein, full activation by Ubx protein requires at least one additional factor. In addition, a distinct regulatory mode not directly involving Ubx protein also appears to contribute to PS7-specific expression.
The Use of Panel Data Models in Higher Education Policy Studies

Panel data consist of multiple units observed at multiple time periods. Due to the availability of panel data and recent development in econometrics, panel data analysis has become an increasingly popular and important analytical tool in social and behavioral sciences; however, the use of panel data models in higher education research is a fairly recent phenomenon. This handbook chapter provides a discussion on panel data, focusing on different models of panel analysis (including for example, fixed and random effects models). Variations of panel data models such as pooled cross sections, difference-in-differences, and random coefficient models are also briefly discussed. In addition, two empirical examples are presented to illustrate the use of panel data models in higher education policy studies. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of popular statistical software and procedures capable of performing panel analysis.
We don't need no licensing server

Cloudification of edge to core infrastructure has led to new and rich application and service deployment and operational models. These ecosystems have complex relationships between the application vendors, infrastructure operators and application users. Traditional licensing and compliance enforcement methods such as those based on in person audits and dynamic issuing of license keys inhibit the resource provisioning and consumption flexibility offered by cloudified services due to scalability and management overheads. In this work, we argue the need for a trusted framework for application usage rights compliance. This new architecture named "Metered Boot" provides a way to realize trusted, capacity/usage based rights compliance for service deployments that allows decoupling of usage rights governed by application vendors from the resource provisioning by the infrastructure provider. We have built a Metered Boot prototype for a particular usecase of NFV usage rights compliance.
Aristotle and the Globalism Objection to Virtue Ethics

The globalism objection poses two distinct challenges to Aristotelian views of virtue. On the one hand, the consistency thesis demands that a virtue is behaviorally expressed in a wide range of trait-relevant situations. On the other hand, the evaluative integration thesis suggests that the presence of one virtue increases the probability of other, similar virtues, posing a problem for Aristotle’s reciprocity of the virtues thesis. I show that, by contrast to contemporary Aristotelian views and views attributed to Aristotle, Aristotle’s own theory of virtue escapes the globalism objection. I address the consistency thesis by showing that each of Aristotle’s moral virtues are narrower than commonly assumed. I then address the evaluative integration thesis through a discussion of practical wisdom (phronēsis), showing that Aristotle believed one could fall short of perfect virtue (the perfect possession of each virtue united by practical wisdom), while still being fully virtuous (where one’s possession of practical wisdom may be local). The upshot is that, despite idealizations of virtue throughout the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle held a realistic account of virtue, one that is different from contemporary Aristotelian views, and one that is empirically adequate insofar as it allows for more than a few virtuous people.
Characterization of ethoxylated alcohols in friction reducers using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) provides detailed information for the analysis of ethoxylated alcohols and polymers. In this study, five friction reducers used in commercial hydraulic fracturing processes were analyzed in their as-received form to identify their ethoxylated alcohol content. The friction reducers were then subjected to lab-simulated downhole conditions. Characterization of friction reducers before and after being subjected to reactive conditions can provide fingerprints associated with produced oilfield waste for source apportionment and information on the stability of these key hydraulic fracturing additives. METHODS Five different industrially used friction reducers were analyzed for their ethoxylated alcohol content using MALDI-TOF-MS. Three different matrices were assessed for optimal response: α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (2,5-DHB + E). Reaction times, temperatures, and sample matrices (deionized water, produced water inorganic, produced water, and produced water + shale core) were varied to assess changes in molecular weight distribution and polydispersity of the ethoxylated alcohols relative to their as-received content. RESULTS A preference for the 2,5-DHB + E matrix was observed. The friction reducers were found to contain ethoxylated alcohols with carbon chain lengths of 12 and 14 with degrees of ethoxylation ranging from 6 to 18. Upon being subjected to 100°C for 24 hours, the ethoxylated alcohols tended to polymerize further, returning higher average molecular weights. Less polymerization was seen in more complex matrices, as supported by dispersity calculations. CONCLUSIONS Ethoxylated alcohol content was effectively determined in friction reducers using MALDI-TOF-MS. Although this is not a new technique to characterize ethoxylated alcohols, it has proven to be a quick and effective way to determine ethoxylated alcohol content in friction reducers in complex oilfield matrices. This technique can be used as a rapid and straightforward way to determine ethoxylated alcohol content in friction reducers and hydraulic fracturing wastewater for fingerprinting.
Missing the mark in marketing healthcare services to emergent populations: Why we go wrong and how we might do better

Whether because of economic conditions, war, genocide or other reasons, many people are relocating from their under-developed (or under-duress) countries of origin to urban and suburban areas in mo...
High-oleic and conventional soybean oil oleogels structured with rice bran wax as alternatives to pork fat in mechanically separated chicken-based bologna sausage

Abstract Oleogels (OGs) made with 90.0% or 97.5% of either conventional (CSO) or high-oleic (HOSO) soybean oil, with rice bran wax as gelator, were used as pork fat replacers in bologna sausage formulated with mechanically separated chicken to replace 41.9% of the pork backfat-containing control product's total fat. Bologna raw batters containing either pork backfat (PBF) or OGs were more stable (P
Developing a neurally informed ontology of creativity measurement

A central challenge for creativity research-as for all areas of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience-is to establish a mapping between constructs and measures (i.e., identifying a set of tasks that best captures a set of creative abilities). A related challenge is to achieve greater consistency in the measures used by different researchers; inconsistent measurement hinders progress toward shared understanding of cognitive and neural components of creativity. New resources for aggregating neuroimaging data, and the emergence of methods for identifying structure in multivariate data, present the potential for new approaches to address these challenges. Identifying meta-analytic structure (i.e., similarity) in neural activity associated with creativity tasks might help identify subsets of these tasks that best reflect the similarity structure of creativity-relevant constructs. Here, we demonstrated initial proof-of-concept for such an approach. To build a model of similarity between creativity-relevant constructs, we first surveyed creativity researchers. Next, we used NeuroSynth meta-analytic software to generate maps of neural activity robustly associated with tasks intended to measure the same set of creativity-relevant constructs. A representational similarity analysis-based approach identified particular constructs-and particular tasks intended to measure those constructs-that positively or negatively impacted the model fit. This approach points the way to identifying optimal sets of tasks to capture elements of creativity (i.e., dimensions of similarity space among creativity constructs), and has long-term potential to meaningfully advance the ontological development of creativity research with the rapid growth of creativity neuroscience. Because it relies on neuroimaging meta-analysis, this approach has more immediate potential to inform longer-established fields for which more extensive sets of neuroimaging data are already available.
Indirect effects of parental conflict on conspecific offspring development

Hybrid Seed Inviability (HSI) is a common barrier in angiosperms. Recent work suggests that the rapid evolution of HSI may, in part, be due to conflict between maternal and paternal optima for resource allocation to developing offspring (i.e. parental conflict). However, parental conflict requires that paternally-derived resource acquiring alleles impose a maternal cost. I test this requirement using three closely related species in the Mimulus guttatus species complex that exhibit significant HSI and differ in their inferred histories of parental conflict. I show that the presence of hybrid seeds significantly affects conspecific seed size for almost all crosses, such that conspecific seeds are smaller after developing with hybrids from fathers with a stronger history of conflict, and larger after developing with hybrids from fathers with a weaker history of conflict. This work demonstrates a cost of paternally-derived alleles, and also has implications for species fitness in secondary contact.
The Transatlantic Century: An uncertain balance, 1890–1914

In the decades before World War I transatlantic relations were paramount neither for the United States nor for states across Europe. The world was multipolar and rapidly globalizing. Britain remained the dominant economic and colonial power. While exchanges of goods, capital, ideas, and people across the Atlantic were increasing rapidly, for both Europe and the United States, the North Atlantic world was just one arena of economic and political interest and interaction, and transatlantic relations were often triangulated through imperial concerns in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The American Century had not yet begun. But was it visible on the horizon? Many historians view the twentieth-century rise of the United States as preordained due to America’s economic might, geography, or purported political and cultural exceptionalism. Likewise, the end of European hegemony appears predictable due to imperial overreach, nation-state rivalries, and less robust economies. In the decades before World War I, however, the new world did not dominate the old, and the United States was a nation among nations. It was unclear how the transatlantic balance of economic, political, and cultural power would evolve.
Malware Riding Badware: Challenges in Analyzing (Malicious/Benign) Web Applications

The Web has become a dangerous place, where simple rules of behavior no longer keep a user out of trouble. Sophisticated drive-by download attacks delivered through compromised web sites are reaching users through seemingly innocuous search engine queries. Malicious web pages are turning helpless victims into armies of bots that participate in a historically unprecedented transfer of wealth in the form of intellectual property, trade secrets, and classified information. This talk describes how this problem can be tackled from two different points of view: the identification of the web application vulnerabilities that allow for site compromise and the detection of web-based malware that attacks the users’ browsers. These two issues go hand-in-hand, and require automated approaches in order to keep up with the pace at which cybercriminals devise new ways to exploit and hijack web applications and browsers.
Response of a viscoelastic layer (mucus) to turbulent airflow in a rigid tube

Basic interaction mechanism between the air flow and viscoelastic mucus layer lining a rigid tube is computationally studied. Linear wave instability theory is applied to the coupled air-mucus system to explore the stability of the interface. Primary velocity profile is taken to be the mean profile of turbulent flow and turbulent fluctuations are neglected. The model predicts that the instability initiates in the form of slow propagating waves on the mucus surface. Onset flow speed at which these waves initiate is very sensitive to mucus viscosity to elasticity ratio at lower range and it approaches to an asymptotic value for higher values. The results indicate that while the wave length increases, wave speed decreases with increasing mucus viscosity to elasticity ratio. Model also predicts that the waves initiate at lower flow velocities for the turbulent case compared to the published laminar case. Turbulent onset flow speed is only 34% Flow is considered to be turbulent during forced expiration and coughing in central and upper airways. Model predicts that this flow behavior tends to favor wave initiation at lower flow rates and may facilitate cough clearance.