cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive modeling of magneto-mechanical coupling response of magnetic field-induced phase transformations in NiMnCoIn magnetic shape memory alloys

The unique characteristic of magnetic field induced phase transformation of NiMnCoIn magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) lies in the generation of large transformation strains under high constant stress levels. Motivated by experiments, a constitutive model is proposed to take into account magnetic field induced phase transformation from austenitic to martensitic phase. The working principle of such materials is described by the deformation of continua due to mechanical and magnetic forces. The cross coupling of mechanical and magnetic variables is captured by introducing nonlinear kinematics. In the present work, microstructure dependence of martensitic phase transformation is taken into account by introducing internal variables into the model. The constitutive response is derived in a consistent thermodynamic way.
Wet alumina supported chromium(VI) oxide: Selective oxidation of alcohols in solventless system

Abstract A simple and selective method for the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds is described that occurs on wet alumina supported chromium(VI) oxide under solvent-free conditions and is expedited by microwave irradiation. Aliphatic primary alcohols provide the corresponding esters in moderate yield.
Pregnancy in patients who have had the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood

Ten women who had had the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome but who had been in remission from 8 months to 19 years (mean 8.42 years) prior to the onset of pregnancy were studied during pregnancy. Seven of ten had no problems pertaining to their previous renal disease. One patient had an overt relapse of the nephrotic syndrome, another had aggravation of proteinuria only, and another developed mild azotemia with aggravation of proteinuria. A total of 18 pregnancies were observed; of these 17 resulted in the births of live newborn babies. Only one infant had a congenital malformation. It is suggested that pregnancy in patients who are in remission of the nephrotic syndrome usually does not lead to reactivation of the nephrotic syndrome in the mother and probably does not carry an increased risk of fetal illness and death.
Constraints on the Small-Scale Power Spectrum of Density Fluctuations from High-Redshift Gamma-Ray Bursts

Cosmological models that include suppression of the power spectrum of density fluctuations on small scales exhibit an exponential reduction of high-redshift, nonlinear structures, including a reduction in the rate of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Here we quantify the constraints that the detection of distant GRBs would place on structure formation models with reduced small-scale power. We compute the number of GRBs that could be detectable by the Swift satellite at high redshifts (z 6), assuming that the GRBs trace the cosmic star formation history, which itself traces the formation of nonlinear structures. We calibrate simple models of the intrinsic luminosity function of the bursts to the number and flux distribution of GRBs observed by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment. We find that a discovery of high-z GRBs would imply strong constraints on models with reduced small-scale power. For example, a single GRB at z 10 or 10 GRBs at z 5 discovered by Swift during its scheduled 2 year mission would rule out an exponential suppression of the power spectrum on scales below Rc = 0.09 Mpc (exemplified by warm dark matter models with a particle mass of mx = 2 keV). Models with a less sharp suppression of small-scale power, such as those with a red tilt or a running scalar index, ns, are more difficult to constrain, because they are more degenerate with an increase in the power-spectrum normalization, σ8, and with models in which star formation is allowed in low-mass minihalos. We find that a tilt of δns ≈ 0.1 is difficult to detect; however, an observed rate of one GRB yr-1 at z 12 would yield an upper limit on the running of the spectral index, α ≡ dns/d ln k > -0.05.
Geocoronal hydrogen observations spanning three solar minima

[1] The 11-year solar cycle is a dominant source of natural variability in the upper atmosphere, and its effect on atomic hydrogen distributions and emissions must be understood to investigate possible signs of longer-term climatic trends in this region. We present midlatitude geocoronal hydrogen Balmer a observations from solar cycle 23 (1997-2006) and three solar minimum periods, 1985, 1997, and 2006. The 1997 through 2006 observations were taken with the Wisconsin H-a Mapper Fabry-Perot (WHAM), a ground-based CCD-annular summing instrument that began observations at the Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona in 1997. The 1985 observations were made with a similarly designed "pre-WHAM" Fabry-Perot Interferometer utilizing photomultiplier detection and located in Wisconsin. WHAM has consistently observed higher column emission intensities during solar maximum periods than during solar minimum conditions, with the ratio dependent upon the viewing geometry. The observations from three solar minimum periods agree to within 18% uncertainties over most of the shadow altitude range. An analysis of recent Fabry-Perot observations of upper atmospheric hydrogen during solar cycle 23 and during three solar minima (1985, 1997, 2006) established a reference data set of highly precise, consistently calibrated, thermospheric plus exospheric hydrogen column emission observations from northern midlatitudes that can be used to compare with future observations.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Aminomethylation of Aldehydes: A Role for Ionic Interactions and Efficient Access to β2-Amino Acids

Organocatalytic Mannich addition of aldehydes to a formaldehyde-derived iminium species catalyzed by proline-derived chiral pyrrolidines provides β-amino aldehydes with ≥90% ee. Mechanistic analysis of the proline-catalyzed reactions suggests that non-hydrogen-bonded ionic interactions at the Mannich reaction transition state can influence stereochemical outcome. The β-amino aldehydes from our process bear a substituent adjacent to the carbonyl and can be efficiently converted to protected β2-amino acids, which are important building blocks for β-peptide foldamers that display useful biological activities.
A GCC Power Plant With Methanol Storage for Intermediate-Load Duty

This paper describes the design and performance of a coal gasification combined-cycle power plant with an integrated facility for producing and storing methanol (GCC/methanol power plant). The methanol is produced at a steady rate and is burned in the combined cycle to generate additional power during periods of peak electrical demand. The GCC/methanol plant provides electricity generation and energy storage in one coal-based facility. Estimated levelized electricity production costs indicate that a GCC/methanol plant could be of economic interest as premium fuel prices increase relative to coal
Some Effects of Stress, Friction, and Fluid Flow on Hydraulic Fracturing

We are conducting a DOE funded research program which is aimed at understanding the hydraulic fracturing process, especially those phenomena and parameters which strongly affect or control the fracture geometry. Our theoretical and experimental studies consistently confirm the well known fact that in-situ stress has a primary effect on fracture geometry and that fractures propagate perpendicular to the least principal stress. In addition, we find that frictional interfaces in reservoirs can affect fracturing. We have also quantified some of the effects on fracture geometry due to frictional slippage along interfaces. We found that variation of friction along an interface can result in abrupt steps in the fracture path. These effects have been seen in the mine back of emplaced fractures and are demonstrated both theoretically and in the laboratory. Further experiments and calculations are starting to indicate the possible control of the fracture height by the vertical change in the cables to X-608A wells should be replaced, and develop v across categories of persons affected. Respondents were selected according to a purposive sampling strategy, wn are also included. The management plan for the operation of the plant is discussed. (DMC)
An outlier-based data association method for linking criminal incidents

Serial criminals are a major threat in the modern society. Associating incidents committed by the same offender is of great importance in studying serial criminals. In this paper, we present a new outlier-based approach to resolve this criminal incident association problem. In this approach, criminal incident data are first modeled into a number of cells, and then a measurement function, called outlier score function, is defined over these cells. Incidents in a cell are determined to be associated with each other when the score is significant enough. We applied our approach to a robbery dataset from Richmond, VA. Results show that this method can effectively solve the criminal incident association problem.
Max-Weight Scheduling in Queueing Networks With Heavy-Tailed Traffic

We consider the problem of scheduling in a single-hop switched network with a mix of heavy-tailed and light-tailed traffic and analyze the impact of heavy-tailed traffic on the performance of Max-Weight scheduling. As a performance metric, we use the delay stability of traffic flows: A traffic flow is delay-stable if its expected steady-state delay is finite, and delay-unstable otherwise. First, we show that a heavy-tailed traffic flow is delay-unstable under any scheduling policy. Then, we focus on the celebrated Max-Weight scheduling policy and show that a light-tailed flow that conflicts with a heavy-tailed flow is also delay-unstable. This is true irrespective of the rate or the tail distribution of the light-tailed flow or other scheduling constraints in the network. Surprisingly, we show that a light-tailed flow can become delay-unstable, even when it does not conflict with heavy-tailed traffic. Delay stability in this case may depend on the rate of the light-tailed flow. Finally, we turn our attention to the class of Max-Weight- $\alpha$ scheduling policies. We show that if the $\alpha$ -parameters are chosen suitably, then the sum of the $\alpha$-moments of the steady-state queue lengths is finite. We provide an explicit upper bound for the latter quantity, from which we derive results related to the delay stability of traffic flows, and the scaling of moments of steady-state queue lengths with traffic intensity.
Choleretic effect of valproic acid in the rat

Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant agent which produced marked choleresis in the rat. Bile flow rate increased from 50 to 60 microliter per min per kg to 120 to 145 microliter per min per kg immediately after i.v. injection of VPA (37.5 to 150 mg per kg; 2 ml per kg) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The duration of maximal bile flow was dose-dependent and increased from 30 min (37.5 mg VPA per kg) to approximately 2 hr (150 mg VPA per kg). Choleresis diluted the biliary concentrations of bile acids, Cl-, cholesterol, and phospholipids. VPA did not change the bile/plasma ratio for erythritol suggesting that the increased bile flow is of canalicular origin. VPA did not influence the excretion of bile acids or their osmotic activity, whereas bile salt-independent flow doubled in rats treated with 150 mg VPA per kg. The bile/plasma, bile/liver, and liver/plasma concentration ratios for VPA were 11.7, 1.6, and 7.3, respectively. Approximately 90% of VPA appearing in bile was biotransformed, primarily as a glucuronide. Bile flow correlated with VPA excretion; 16 microliter of bile was produced per micromole VPA which suggests that choleresis is primarily due to the osmotic activity of VPA metabolites in bile. VPA enhanced the excretion of inorganic ions which may also contribute to choleresis. Biliary excretion of phenol-3,6-dibromophthalein disulfonate and ouabain was unaffected. Thus, VPA is an effective choleretic which stimulates bile salt-independent flow of canalicular origin largely as a consequence of the osmotic properties of VPA conjugates in bile.
Cogeneration of dark matter and baryons by non-standard-model sphalerons in unified models

Sphalerons of a new gauge interaction can convert a primordial asymmetry in B or L into a dark matter asymmetry. From the equilibrium conditions for the sphalerons of both the electroweak and the new interactions, one can compute the ratios of B, L, and X, where X is the dark matter number, thus determining the mass of the dark matter particle fairly precisely. Such a scenario can arise naturally in the context of unification with larger groups. An illustrative model embeddable in SU(6) × SU(2) ⊂ E 6 is described in detail as well as an equally simple model based on SU(7).
Cooperation Between Stations in Wireless Networks

In a wireless network, mobile nodes (MNs) repeatedly perform tasks such as layer 2(L2) handoff, layer 3(L3) handoff and authentication. These tasks are critical, particularly for real-time applications such as VoIP. We propose a novel approach, namely Cooperative Roaming (CR), in which MNs can collaborate with each other and share useful information about the network in which they move. We show how we can achieve seamless L2 and L3 handoffs regardless of the authentication mechanism used and without any changes to either the infrastructure or the protocol. In particular, we provide a working implementation of CR and show how, with CR, MNs can achieve a total L2+L3 handoff time of less than 16 ms in an open network and of about 21ms in an IEEE 802.11i network. We consider behaviors typical of IEEE 802.11 networks, although many of the concepts and problems addressed here apply to any kind of mobile network.
Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer

The measurement of particle size distributions using electrical mobility can be accelerated significantly by an alternate mode of operating mobility instruments. Rather than changing the electric field in discrete steps to select particles in a given mobility range, the electric field can be scanned continuously. The particles are classified in a time-varying electric field, but for an exponential ramp in the field strength there remains a one-to-one correspondence between the time a particle enters the classifier and the time it leaves. By this method, complete scans of mobility with as many as 100 mobility measurements have been made in 30 seconds using a differential mobility classifier with a condensation nuclei counter as a detector.
On the generation and topology of flux transfer events

[1] We use resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations to investigate the generation and topology of flux transfer events (FTEs) at Earth's dayside magnetopause under generic southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. We focus on three questions: (1) Can FTEs form spontaneously under steady solar wind conditions? (2) What is the role of magnetic reconnection in the generation of FTEs? (3) What effect do FTEs have on the magnetopause magnetic field topology? We find that in the simulations, FTEs form spontaneously under steady solar wind conditions. In contrast to the multiple X line model of Raeder (2006), dipole tilt is not required to produce FTEs in resistive MHD simulations. Further, FTEs are generated by flow vortices which begin to grow well before magnetic reconnection changes the magnetopause magnetic field topology. FTEs form under steady southward IMF conditions but not under steady northward IMF conditions, suggesting that the magnetopause becomes unstable when the IMF turns southward. In our simulations, this instability appears to be triggered by a movement of the flow stagnation point away from the magnetic separator, which modifies the subsolar stagnation point flow, thereby rendering it unstable. Finally, examination of the internal magnetic structure of the simulated FTEs reveals a complex topology resulting from multiple separator bifurcations driven by plasma flows within the FTEs.
Issues with inferring Internet topological attributes

A number of recent studies of Internet network structure are based on data collected from inter-domain BGP routing tables and tools, such as traceroute, to probe end-to-end paths. The goal of these studies is often to infer Internet topological properties. There is growing evidence, however, that the amount and diversity of the data has a significant impact on the conclusions drawn about some of the structural properties. While systematic data collection from a number of network vantage points can reduce certain ambiguities, thus far, no methods have been reported for fully resolving these issues. The goal of our study was to quantify the effects of these anomalies on key Internet structural attributes. We report on our analysis of over 290,000 measurements from globally distributed sites. We contrast results obtained from router-level measurements with those obtained from BGP routing tables, and offer insights as to why certain inferred properties differ. We use multiple views of the same data to demonstrate that some topological attributes, such as the average path length, are relatively consistent across a variety of data sources. We also illustrate how using the same methodology to model other attributes, such as those based on the actual forwarding path between a pair of nodes, or the level of AS path asymmetry, can produce substantially misleading results.
Autonomous search for mines

Research on demining includes many different aspects, and in particular the design of efficient and intelligent strategies for (1) determining regions of interest using a variety of sensors, (2) detecting and classifying mines, and (3) searching for mines by autonomous agents. This paper discusses strategies for directing autonomous search based on spatio-temporal distributions. We discuss a model for search assuming that the environment is static, except for the effect of identifying mine locations. Algorithms are designed and compared for autonomously directing a robot, in the case where a single search engine carrying a single sensor.
ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF AN IMPORTANT PRECURSOR TO 5'-NOR CARBOCYCLIC NUCLEOSIDES

Abstract An asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reaction involving an amino acid-derived acylnitroso dienophile was utilized to synthesize (1 S , 4 R )-4-[ N -( tert -butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-cyclopentene-1-ol ( 4 ). The amino acid chiral auxiliary was removed by the Edman degradation. This enantiomerically pure aminoalcohol is a key intermediate in the synthesis of 5′-nor carbocyclic nucleosides.
Algebraic cobordism revisited

We define a cobordism theory in algebraic geometry based on normal crossing degenerations with double point singularities. The main result is the equivalence of double point cobordism to the theory of algebraic cobordism previously defined by Levine and Morel. Double point cobordism provides a simple, geometric presentation of algebraic cobordism theory. As a corollary, the Lazard ring given by products of projective spaces rationally generates all nonsingular projective varieties modulo double point degenerations.
EUVE Observations of VW Hydri in Superoutburst

EUVE observed the SU UMa-type dwarf nova VW Hydri in superoutburst for an interval of nearly 2 days in 1994 June and produced EUV light curves and the first EUV spectrum of this important CV.
Comparison of IMMPDA and IMM-assignment algorithms on real air traffic surveillance data

In this paper a comparative performance analysis of the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimation algorithm combined with the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) and the IMM-assignment algorithm for multisensor, multitarget tracking with real air traffic surveillance data is presented. The measurement database from two FAA sensors contains detections of about 75 targets in a wide variety of motion modes. Procedures for track formation/maintenance and data association with IMMPDAF are given. Global performance measures in terms of likelihood ratio and prediction errors are presented. Also, a benchmark track with maneuvers is used to compare the performances of these algorithms for individual tracks.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nanocharacterization of bio-silica using atomic force and ultrasonic force microscopy

Nanotechnology has become central to our research efforts to fabricate relatively smaller size devices, which are more versatile than their older and larger predecessors. Silica is a very important material in this regard. Recently, a new biomimetically inspired path to silica production has been demonstrated. This processing technique was inspired from biological organisms, such as marine diatoms, which produce silica at ambient conditions and almost neutral ph with beautiful control over location and structure. Recently, several researchers have demonstrated that positional control of silica formed could be achieved by application of an electric field to locate charged enzymes responsible for the bio catalytic condensation of silica from solution. Secondly, chemical and physical controls of silica structural morphology were achievable. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM) techniques are employed for the first time to provide both substantially improved resolution of the morphology and relative measurement of the modulus of elasticity of the structures. In particular, these measurements reveal the positive impact of a shear flow field present during the silica formation on both the "ordering" of the structure and the mechanical properties.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interpersonal comparisons of utility and the policy paralysis problem

Several “Paretian” welfare rules are equivalent when policymakers know agents' characteristics, e.g., a policy is optimal if (a) any other policy making someone better off harms some agent, or (b) it is the maximum of some social welfare function. This paper extends these and other rules to environments where policymakers have a probability distribution over a state space of possible models. Under weak conditions, rule (a), which postulates ex ante preferences for agents, recommends some change from almost every status quo policy. Unfortunately, (a) requires a demanding form of interpersonal welfare comparability. Rule (b) labels all policies optimal if the state space obeys a weak diversity condition. Since the probabilities of states are irrelevant for this result, only a small perturbation of a model with no uncertainty generates policy paralysis.
Tool Positioning for Noncircular Cutting With Lathe

Conception et mise en œuvre d'une commande numerique permettant l'usinage de pieces avec des sections non circulaires sur un tour. Demonstration de la fiabilite de l'algorithme de commande propose par simulation et experimentation
Asymmetric Intramolecular Arylcyanation of Unactivated Olefins via C−CN Bond Activation

The enantioselective, intramolecular arylcyanation of unactivated olefins via C–CN bond activation has been accomplished using a Ni(0) catalyst and BPh3 co-catalyst. High enantioselectivities are achieved using TangPHOS as a chiral ligand. This method allows generation of two new C–C bonds and one new quaternary carbon stereogenic center in a single synthetic step, converting readily available benzonitrile substrates into 1,1-disubstituted indanes in 49–85% yield and 92–97% ee.
Continuation methods: Theory and applications

This paper surveys in a tutorial fashion theoretical and applications aspects of the continuation method for the solution of large scale system engineering problems. The continuation method is motivated and defined. The existence of the method is formulated in terms of degree theory a la Algebraic Topology. Examples are given throughout the paper and applications to engineering and economic problems are cited and described.
Binary black hole merger gravitational waves and recoil in the large mass ratio limit

Spectacular breakthroughs in numerical relativity now make it possible to compute spacetime dynamics in almost complete generality, allowing us to model the coalescence and merger of binary black holes with essentially no approximations. The primary limitation of these calculations is now computational. In particular, it is difficult to model systems with large mass ratio and large spins, since one must accurately resolve the multiple length scales that play a role in such systems. Perturbation theory can play an important role in extending the reach of computational modeling for binary systems. In this paper, we present first results of a code that allows us to model the gravitational waves generated by the inspiral, merger, and ringdown of a binary system in which one member of the binary is much more massive than the other. This allows us to accurately calibrate binary dynamics in the large mass ratio regime. We focus in this analysis on the recoil imparted to the merged remnant by these waves. We closely examine the ``antikick,'' an antiphase cancellation of the recoil arising from the plunge and ringdown waves, described in detail by Schnittman et al. We find that, for orbits aligned with the black hole spin, the antikick grows as a function of spin. The total recoil is smallest for prograde coalescence into a rapidly rotating black hole, and largest for retrograde coalescence. Amusingly, this completely reverses the predicted trend for kick versus spin from analyses that only include inspiral information.
Signed genome rearrangement by reversals and transpositions: models and approximations

An important problem in computational biology is the genome rearrangement using reversals and transpositions. Analysis of genome evolving by reversals and transpositions leads to a combinatorial optimization problem of sorting by reversals and transpositions, i.e., sorting of a permutation using reversals and transpositions of arbitrary fragments. The reversal operation works on a single segment of the genome by reversing the selected segment. Two kinds of transpositions have been studied in the literature. The first kind of transposition operations delete a segment of the genome and insert it into another position in the genome. The second kind of transposition operations delete a segment of the genome and insert its inverse into another position in the genome. Both transposition operations can be viewed as operations working on two consecutive segments. In this paper, we introduce a third transposition operation which works on two consecutive segments and study sorting of a signed permutation by reversals and transpositions. By allowing reversals and the first kind of transpositions, or reversals and the first two kinds of transpositions, or reversals and all three kinds of transpositions, we have three problem models. After establishing a common lower bound on the number of operations needed, we present a unified 2-approximation algorithm for all these problems. Finally, we present a better 1.75-approximation for the third problem.
Redefining the Confidence Interval

Abstract The confidence interval, its close cousin the p-value, and other statistical summaries of data are widely used in science, including the occupational and environmental health sciences, but they are almost as widely misused. My purpose here is to review some basic matters that should be covered in every introductory statistics course, but are generally omitted. More specifically, some of the many assumptions that are needed in the usual forms of analysis are reviewed.
Minimally Invasive Therapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Practice Patterns in Minnesota

Background and Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects more than 50% of men by the age of 60 and 90% by age 85. Many of these men are not candidates for surgical procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), stimulating the development of less-invasive forms of therapy. We studied the utilization of these newer therapies by urologists practicing in Minnesota. Materials and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to 174 members of the Minnesota Urological Society, of which 58 were available for analysis. A case scenario was presented of a patient with BPH refractory to medical therapy. The options were traditional and minimally invasive therapies. The physician was asked to select whether he or she would offer each option and perform the procedure or refer the patient within or outside the practice. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and two-sample t-tests on Minitab software. The results were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: While 59% of t...
Element-sensitive computed tomography with fast neutrons

Pulsed-beam, time-of-flight techniques are used to measure the energy dependence of a collimated, fast-neutron continuum transmitted through an object. By comparing results to similar measurements on pure elements, number densities of elements projected along the neutron beam path are deduced. The method is applied to a translate-rotate scan of an object ∼15 cm in diameter containing hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and calcium. Techniques of computed tomography are then used to determine the spatial distribution of the various elements in a plane slice of the object. Several factors affecting precision and accuracy are discussed.
Noncommutative 1-cocycle in the Seiberg-Witten map

Abstract We show that the Seiberg–Witten map for a noncommutative gauge theory involves a noncommutative 1-cocycle. The cocycle condition enforces a consistency requirement, which has been previously derived.
Nonplanarity Index for Fused Benzenoid Hydrocarbons

The sparse data on nonlanarity of fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is brought into focus with this critical review. The Sander and Wise thickness index is advocated as a quantitative measure of nonplanarity for PAHs. Some rules for determining the relative degrees of nonplanarity are formulated. Some comparisons among related members of benzenoid sets are presented.
Lossy techniques for motion vector encoding

In this paper we investigate the advantages of using lossy encoding of the motion vectors (MV). This is done in the context of accommodating a larger amount of MV information that results if one uses a smaller size of the macroblock (MB). After estimating the improvement in the displaced frame difference (DFD) variance associated with the decrease of the size of the MB to 8 for salesman QCIF sequence, we look at the lossy DCT performance in the context of rate-distortion trade off. A theoretical argument in favor of the Walsh Hadamard transform is made and the experimental results back up the assumption that it performs better than the DCT. The influence of the size of the kernel is also investigated. A combination of the WHT with lossy techniques imbedded in the MV estimation process that improve the MV field redundancy is proved to perform best for the lossy transform case. Then, we look at VQ encoding of the MVs and the results are compared with the transform case in terms of rate- distortion performance and flexibility.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structural and magnetic properties of Pr-alloyed MnBi nanostructures

The structural and magnetic properties of Pr-alloyed MnBi (short MnBi-Pr) nanostructures with a range of Pr concentrations are investigated. The nanostructures include thin films having Pr concentrations 0, 2, 3, 5 and 9 at.% and melt-spun ribbons having Pr concentrations 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. Addition of Pr into the MnBi lattice has produced a significant change in the magnetic properties of these nanostructures including an increase in coercivity and structural phase transition temperature, and a decrease in saturation magnetization and anisotropy energy. The highest value of coercivity measured in the films is 23 kOe and in the ribbons is 5.6 kOe. The observed magnetic properties are explained as the consequences of competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.
A new solution to the problem of adjudicating conflicting claims

For the problem of adjudicating conflicting claims, we consider the requirement that each agent should receive at least 1/n his claim truncated at the amount to divide, where n is the number of claimants (Moreno-Ternero and Villar, 2004a). We identify two families of rules satisfying this bound. We then formulate the requirement that for each problem, the awards vector should be obtainable in two equivalent ways, (i) directly or (ii) in two steps, first assigning to each claimant his lower bound and then applying the rule to the appropriately revised problem. We show that there is only one rule satisfying this requirement. We name it the “ rule”, as it is obtained by a recursion. We then undertake a systematic investigation of the properties of the rule.
Euler solver for three-dimensional supersonic flows with subsonic pockets

A new finite-difference scheme has been developed to solve efficiently the unsteady Euler equations for three-dimensional inviscid supersonic flows with subsonic pockets. The technique utilizes planar Gauss-Seidel relaxation in the marching direction and approximate factorization n the crossflow plane. An 'infinitely large' time step is used in parts of the flowfield where the component of velocity in the marching direction is supersonic - here the Gauss-Seidel sweeps are restricted to the forward direction only, and the procedure reduces to simple space-marching; a finite time step is used in parts of the flowfield where the marching component of velocity is subsonic - here, backward and forward Gauss-Seidel sweeps are employed to allow for upstream and downstream propagation of signals, and a time-asymptotic steady state is obtained. The discretization formulas are based on finite-volume implementation of high accuracy (up to third-order) total variation diminishing formulations. Numerical solutions are obtained for an analytically defined forebody, a realistic fighter configuration, and the Space Shuttle. The results are in very good agreement with available experimental data and numerical solutions of the full-potential equation.
Synthesis of Isonucleosides Related to AZT and AZU

Abstract Approaches to 1,4-anhydro-3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-2-[3,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxo-5-methyl-1(2 H)-pyrimidinyl]-D-arabinitol, and the related uracil derivative, have been developed. These conceptually new, optically active analogs of AZT, derived from 1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol, are among the first examples of regioisomeric analogs of AZT.
GEODESICS AROUND A DISLOCATION

Abstract One method of gaining some insight into the motion of particles in a medium with topological defects (e.g., electrons in a dislocated metal) is to look at the geodesics of the medium around the defect. In this work the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the geodesics in a continuous medium containing a torsional defect, an edge dislocation, is solved by using perturbation theory to first order in the Burgers vector.
The Moment of Inertia of the Binary Pulsar J0737–3039A: Constraining the Nuclear Equation of State

We construct numerical models of the newly discovered binary pulsar J0737-3039A, both with a fully relativistic, uniformly rotating equilibrium code that handles arbitrary spins and in the relativistic slow-rotation approximation. We compare results for a representative sample of viable nuclear equations of state (EOSs) that span three qualitatively different classes of models for the description of nuclear matter. A future dynamical measurement of the neutron star's moment of inertia from pulsar timing data will impose significant constraints on the nuclear EOS. Even a moderately accurate measurement ( 10%) may be able to rule out some of these competing classes. Using the measured mass, spin, and moment of inertia to identify the optimal model computed from different EOSs, one can determine the pulsar's radius.
Velocity-Matched Optical Transmitter

Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringState University of New York at BuffaloAmherst, N. Y. 14260ABSTRACTThe concept of using a low dielectric medium in a parallel -plate H -guide toobtain velocity- matching between optical and microwave signals for the LiNb03modulator is analyzed in detail. From solutions of the wave equations, we haveobtained characteristics of the fundamental mode and the design parameters whichlead to velocity- matching. The mode is guided by the electrooptic substrate anddecays exponentially outside the LiNb0 substrate. The parameter which determinesits properties is 2a /A
Local heat-transfer measurements on a large scale-model turbine blade airfoil using a composite of a heater element and liquid crystals

Local heat transfer coefficients were experimentally mapped along the midchord of a five-time-size turbine blade airfoil in a static cascade operated at room temperature over a range of Reynolds numbers. The test surface consisted of a composite of commercially available materials: a mylar sheet with a layer of cholesteric liquid crystals, that change color with temperature, and a heater sheet made of a carbon-impregnated paper, that produces uniform heat flux. After the initial selection and calibration of the composite sheet, accurate, quantitative, and continuous heat transfer coefficients were mapped over the airfoil surface. The local heat transfer coefficients are presented for Reynolds numbers from 2.8 x 10 to the 5th power to 7.6 x 10 to the 5th power. Comparisons are made with analytical values of heat transfer coefficients obtained from the STANS boundary layer code. Also, a leading edge separation bubble was revealed by thermal and flow visualization.
Model for a multicomponent quantum system

In a recent paper, Lai introduced a lattice-gas model. In this paper we generalize Lai's model, making application to various systems such as dilute Heisenberg magnets, higher-spin systems, and a lattice of SU(3) triplets. By a careful consideration of general thermodynamic stability, and by variational arguments, we demonstrate Lai's solution to be incorrect, and in turn produce the correct solution in this case and in other cases including higher-dimensional models. The remaining cases we treat in one dimension by Bethe's ansatz, reducing the problem to coupled integral equations. We locate the singularities of the ground-state energy in the phase plane; and we explicitly calculate the absolute-ground-state energy, excitations above the absolute ground state, and the first correction to the absolute ground state for small concentrations of impurities.
Recursive multiple-priors

Abstract This paper axiomatizes an intertemporal version of multiple-priors utility. A central axiom is dynamic consistency, which leads to a recursive structure for utility, to ‘rectangular’ sets of priors and to prior-by-prior Bayesian updating as the updating rule for such sets of priors. It is argued that dynamic consistency is intuitive in a wide range of situations and that the model is consistent with a rich set of possibilities for dynamic behavior under ambiguity.
Temperature Dependence of X-Ray-Induced Photoconductivity in Kapton and Teflon

We have measured the X-ray-induced photoconductivity in Kapton (Dupont polyimide) and Teflon over the temperature range 100-5000K. The observed temperature dependence of the photoconductivity was strikingly different for these two materials. The qualitative behavior of the Kapton samples was consistent with the predictions of a model where the delayed photoconductivity signal is due to thermal release of trapped charge. In the case of the Teflon samples, the observed prompt conductivity was almost temperature independent and we observed a pronounced peak in the delayed component of the photoconductivity at about 360°K. The decay time of the delayed photoconductivity for Teflon was also observed to be temperature dependent. We discuss changes in the occupation of deep trapping levels as a possible mechanism for the observed thermal quenching of the Teflon photoconductivity.
Relaying for Multiuser Networks in the Absence of Codebook Information

This paper considers relay assisted transmission for multiuser networks when the relay has no access to the codebooks used by the transmitters. The relay is called oblivious for this reason. Of particular interest is the generalized compress-and-forward (GCF) strategy, where the destinations jointly decode the compression indices and the transmitted messages, and their optimality in this setting. The relay-to-destination links are assumed to be out-of-band with finite capacity. Two models are investigated: 1) the multiple access relay channel (MARC) and 2) the interference relay channel (IFRC). For the MARC with an oblivious relay, a new outerbound is derived and it is shown to be tight by means of achievability of the capacity region using GCF scheme. For the IFRC with an oblivious relay, a new strong interference condition is established, under which the capacity region is found by deriving a new outerbound and showing that it is achievable using GCF scheme. The result is further extended to establish the capacity region of M-user MARC with an oblivious relay, and multicast networks containing M sources and K destinations with an oblivious relay.
Broad Iron Lines in Neutrons Stars: Dynamical Broadening or Wind Scattering?

Broad iron emission lines are observed in many accreting systems from black holes in active galactic nuclei and X-ray binaries to neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries. The origin of the line broadening is often interpreted as due to dynamical broadening and relativistic effects. However, alternative interpretations have been proposed, included broadening due to Compton scattering in a wind or accretion disk atmosphere. Here we explore the observational signatures expected from broadening in a wind, in particular that the iron line width should increase with an increase in the column density of the absorber (due to an increase in the number of scatterings). We study the data from three neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries where both a broad iron emission line and absorption lines are seen simultaneously, and show that there is no significant correlation between line width and column density. This favors an inner disk origin for the line broadening rather than scattering in a wind.
Microinjections of acetaldehyde or salsolinol into the posterior ventral tegmental area increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell.

Background Published findings indicate that acetaldehyde (ACD; the first metabolite of ethanol [EtOH]) and salsolinol (SAL; formed through the nonenzymatic condensation of ACD and dopamine [DA]) can be formed following EtOH consumption. Both ACD and SAL exhibit reinforcing properties within the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) and both exhibit an inverted “U-shaped” dose–response curve. The current study was undertaken to examine the dose–response effects of microinjections of ACD or SAL into the pVTA on DA efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). Methods For the first experiment, separate groups of male Wistar rats received pulse microinjections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or 12-, 23-, or 90-μM ACD into the pVTA, while extracellular DA levels were concurrently measured in the AcbSh. The second experiment was similarly conducted, except rats were given microinjections of aCSF or 0.03-, 0.3-, 1.0-, or 3.0-μM SAL, while extracellular levels of DA were measured in the AcbSh. Results Both ACD and SAL produced a dose-dependent inverted “U-shaped” response on DA release in the AcbSh, with 23-μM ACD (200% baseline) and 0.3-μM SAL (300% baseline) producing maximal peak responses with higher concentrations of ACD (90 μM) and SAL (3.0 μM) producing significantly lower DA efflux. Conclusions The findings from the current study indicate that local application of intermediate concentrations of ACD and SAL stimulated DA neurons in the pVTA, whereas higher concentrations may be having secondary effects within the pVTA that inhibit DA neuronal activity. The present results parallel the studies on the reinforcing effects of ACD and SAL in the pVTA and support the idea that the reinforcing effects of ACD and SAL within the pVTA are mediated by activating DA neurons.
ANTISHIELDING OF NUCLEAR ELECTRIC HEXADECAPOLE MOMENTS

The antishielding factor ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ for a possible nuclear electric hexadecapole moment has been calculated for the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{++}$ ions, using the Hartree-Fock wave functions for the $3d$, $4d$, and $5d$ electrons involved. It was found that ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}({\mathrm{Cu}}^{+})\ensuremath{\cong}\ensuremath{-}1200$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}({\mathrm{Ag}}^{+})\ensuremath{\cong}\ensuremath{-}8050$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}({\mathrm{Hg}}^{++})\ensuremath{\cong}\ensuremath{-}63000$. The implication of these results is discussed.
The acceleration of Anomalous Cosmic Rays by stochastic acceleration in the heliosheath

Stochastic acceleration in the heliosheath appears to be a likely mechanism by which Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs) are accelerated. However, most stochastic acceleration mechanisms are not appropriate. The energy density in the ACRs and in the interstellar pickup ions out of which the ACRs are accelerated greatly exceeds the energy density in the turbulence in the heliosheath. Thus, a traditional stochastic acceleration mechanism in which particles are accelerated by damping the turbulence will not work. A stochastic acceleration mechanism has been developed in which the total energy of the pickup ions and the ACRs is conserved. Energy is redistributed from the core pickup ions into a suprathermal tail to create the ACRs. A model for the acceleration of the ACRs in the heliosheath, based on this stochastic acceleration mechanism, is presented. The model provides reasonable fits to the spectra of suprathermal particles and ACRs observed by Voyager.
GALOIS GROUPS AND AN OBSTRUCTION TO PRINCIPAL GRAPHS OF SUBFACTORS

The Galois group of the minimal polymonal of a Jones index value gives a new type of obstruction to a principal graph, thanks to a recent result of Etingof, Nikshych, and Ostrik. We show that the sequence of the graphs given by Haagerup as candidates of principal graphs of subfactors, are not realized as principal graphs for 7 7, and give an evidence using Mathematica for smaller graphs among them for n > 55. The problem for the case n = 7 remains open, however, it is highly likely that it would be realized as a principal graph, thanks to numerical computation by Ikeda.
Further studies of the Daphniphyllum alkaloid polycyclization cascade.

The scope of the 2-azadiene intramolecular Diels−Alder cyclization, previously employed for synthesis of the Daphniphyllum alkaloids, has been further investigated. Through a series of 1,5-diol cyclization precursors the substitution pattern of both the dienophile and the 2-azadiene were examined. From these studies it was shown that the cascade reaction is tolerant toward a variety of alkyl-substituted dienophiles. However, it was also demonstrated that this reaction is very sensitive to the substitution pattern of the 2-azadiene. Alterations made to the structure of the 2-azadiene cause either competing side reactions or complete failure of the reaction cascade.