cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN ACIDIFIED PASTEURIZED MILK

The effect of gradually reducing the pH of pasteurized milk with acetic, citric, hydrochloric, lactic, and phosphoric acids over periods of 4, 8, and 12 hr on growth of Staphylococcus aureus 100 in this substrate was determined. In addition, 1: 1 mixtures of lactic acid and each of the other acids, and of acetic and citric acids were evaluated for their effect on growth of this organism. To achieve a 90% reduction in growth over a 12 hr period, a final pH value of 5.2 was required for acetic, 4.9 for lactic, 4.7 for phosphoric and citric, and 4.6 for hydrochloric acid. A 99% reduction during a 12 hr period was obtained with a final pH value of 5.0 for acetic, 4.6 for lactic, 4.5 for citric, 4.1 for phosphoric, and 4.0 for hydrochloric acid. A pH value of 3.3 was required for a 99.9% reduction with hydrochloric acid, whereas the same effect was produced at a pH value of 4.9 with acetic acid. Correspondingly lower pH values were required to inhibit growth within 8 and 4 hr periods. Mixtures of acids adjuste...
Differentiated functions expressed by cultured mouse lymphoma cells. I. Specificity and kinetics of cell responses to corticosteroids.

The lethal action of corticosteroids on a cloned diploid line of cultured mouse lymphoma cells, S49.1, has been studied. Activity measurements with a variety of steroids revealed structure-activity relationships similar to those reported from assays on lymphocytes and other lymphoma cells. The most active compound tested, fluocinolone acetonide yielded a growth inhibition endpoint of 3 × 10−10 M, while that for cortisol and corticosterone was 5 × 10−8 M. Cortisol hemisuccinate was used in measurements of various cellular responses to steroids. The rate of accumulation of pycnotic cells increased with increasing steroid concentration up to a maximum at about 6 × 10−6 M. This maximal rate was unaffected by the concentration of serum present. Incorporation of thymidine, uridine and proline into cellular macromolecules declined at a similar rate and the inhibition of uridine incorporation, at least, was found to be an all or none effect on individual cells. Survival of cell proliferative capacity after exposure to a maximally effective steroid concentration declined, after a 3 h lag period, in an exponential fashion with a half-life of about 3 h. The asynchrony of the killing action does not appear to be related to the cell generation cycle and is probably determined by some process which follows steroid entry into cells and its binding to specific receptors.
The Waning of the American Jury

The Supreme Court used poor reasoning and misinterpreted available data to support its decision in Williams v. Florida, 399 U. S. 78 (1970), that the constitutional right to trial by jury does not include a requirement that the jury have twelve members. Now, with the six-member jury gaining vogue and the Supreme Court considering whether there is a constitutional right to unanimity of verdict, it is time to become concerned about the future of jury trial as we have known and enjoyed it. OOME OF OUR STATES have six
Basel II: A Post-Crisis Post-Mortem

The outbreak of the Global Financial Crisis (“Crisis”) coincided with the programmed phase-in of the second-generation Basel internationally harmonized capital adequacy regime (“Basel II”). Basel II transformed the 1988 Basel Accord’s primitive capital adequacy rules into a more general risk management regime. In so doing, it largely abandoned the one-size-fits-all rule for more elastic, institution-specific requirements. The failure of major banks and other financial institutions in the United States, Europe and elsewhere prompted a sober reevaluation of the possible limits of effective financial regulation, with Basel II losing its operational significance during the Crisis. The capital required by Basel II proved inadequate to save many important banks from destruction. This Article explores three weaknesses of Basel II. The first weakness is the illusion of safety that Basel II engendered. The second is the use of credit ratings to determine the regulatory capital needed to support the holding of particular financial assets. The third weakness is the negative spiral effect resulting from the interplay between asset value declines occasioned by mark-to-market accounting and Basel II’s rigid capital demands, generally described as pro-cyclicality. The Article examines the remains of Basel II with two general inquiries: to what extent did Basel II contribute to the creation of conditions that led to the Crisis and what effect does the failure of Basel II have on the prospects for a post-Crisis internationally harmonized capital adequacy regime.
Family Alectonidae Rosell, 1996

Alectonidae Rosell (Demospongiae, Hadromerida), including Thoosidae Rosell & Uriz (part) and [Scolopidae] Sollas (a nomen oblitum), contains species with limestone-excavating capability and habitus similar to many Clionaidae, including some massive (gamma) forms, but lacking tylostyles. Instead, megascleres may be missing or include oxeas, styles, and strongyles, some with fanciful ornamentation. Microscleres are generally large strongylote forms, bent or spiral and with simple or spirally arranged microspines, and small amphiasters or diplasters. Because many of the species are rare and rather small and living cryptically inside calcareous substrates with other excavating sponges, contamination of spicules with foreign elements may be common. More material and reliable live observations are needed to confidently separate genera and species. Six genera are presently recognized.
Compiler correctness for concurrent languages

The goal of my thesis is to extend current methods for compiler derivation and verification to languages which exhibit true concurrency. The work has proceeded through the following steps. A process calculus, called CLAM, was defined, based on the $\lambda$-calculus and modelling true concurrency. CLAM was used to define the semantics of a simple concurrent functional language, called Urlang, which was inspired by the programming language Erlang, which is in industrial use. A bytecode compiler for Urlang was then derived and proven correct, and a multiprocessor bytecode interpreter was implemented in Concert/C and proven correct. Finally it is argued that those features of Erlang which are not present in Urlang are easily added into our framework, either via source-to-source transformations into core Urlang or by means of straightforward additions to the operational semantics of CLAM.
The Importance of a Distorted Structure in Solid-State Pressure Interconversions of Salts containing CuCl2- 4 Ion

Abstract The importance of a distorted structure in the pressure interconversions of coordination compounds in the solid state has been recognized.1,2 In CuCl2- 4 salts involving a starting solid phase, distorted in the direction of the pressure stable phase, conversions to another structure occur more readily. In a recent publication1 this was related to the lower energy necessary to transform a distorted structure, as compared to the higher energy required to convert a non-distorted structure. This short communication discusses the importance of a distorted structure in solid-state pressure interconversions of salts containing the CuCl2- 4 ion.
On computing the expected Fisher information matrix for state-space model parameters

Abstract A general, recursive algorithm is presented for computing the expected Fisher information matrix for state-space model parameters. Simulation results are featured where known Fisher information matrices corresponding to simple state-space models are estimated using both observed and expected information matrices. The accuracy of the two approaches is compared.
Planning for the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)

Abstract The Group on Earth Observations was established to promote comprehensive, coordinated, and sustained Earth observations. Its mandate is to implement the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) in accord with the GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan and Reference Document. During the months over which the GEOSS Implementation Plan was developed, many issues surfaced and were addressed. This article discusses several of the more interesting or challenging of those issues—e.g. fitting in with existing organizations and securing stable funding—some of which have yet to be resolved fully as of this writing. Despite the relatively short period over which the Implementation Plan had to be developed, there is a good chance that the work undertaken will be influential for decades to come.
Germination Response of Bacillus licheniformis Spores to Amino Acids

Summary Twenty-four amino acids were studied as to their effect on germination of Bacillus licheniformis spores, and only l-alanine, l-cysteine, and l-valine markedly stimulated germination. Considerable variation in the rate and extent of germination in response to l-cysteine and l-valine was observed with several isolates of B. licheniformis obtained from raw milk, but all isolates responded similarly to l-alanine. The rate at which germination occurred in the presence of these amino acids with one particular isolate of B. licheniformis was extremely rapid, with significant germination evident after 4min of incubation with l-alanine, after 6min with l-cysteine, and after 8min with l-valine. Very low levels of l-alanine were sufficient to stimulate considerable germination of B. licheniformis spores, with 0.0005 and 0.001% l-alanine inducing 40 and 68% germination, respectively, after 15min of incubation at 35C. d-alanine was only slightly stimulatory to spore germination, and when present with equal concentrations of l-alanine, the stimulatory effect of l-alanine was inhibited.
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND DEVELOPMENT

My views on this subject have been greatly affected both by the experience of developing countries during the past quarter century and by the major shift—evolutionary if not revolutionary—in the economists' paradigm over that period We have seen that capital accumulation is not enough: even the extremely high rates of savings of many of the socialist economies have not managed to compensate for their lack of ability in allocating capital, and these countries have, for the most part, not fared well. But extreme free market solutions have fared little better, perhaps best illustrated by the experience of Chile. True believers in the doctrines of the left and the right have this in common: they both claim that if the patient had only followed the doctor's orders more precisely, the medicine would have worked
Open-angle Glaucoma Associated with Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy: A Clinicopathologic Study

Clinical and histopathologic features of a 62-year-old black man with posterior polymorphous dystrophy and open-angle glaucoma requiring trabeculectomy are reported. The surgical procedure was modified to allow en bloc resection of the deep limbal tissue and peripheral iris. Light and electron microscopy of the specimen revealed a high insertion of the iris into the posterior portion of the trabecular meshwork with compression of the intertrabecular spaces. These findings are similar to changes that have been reported in primary congenital glaucoma and suggest a developmental anomaly of the anterior chamber angle in this form of glaucoma associated with posterior polymorphous dystrophy.
Spin-Crossover in an Iron(III)−Bispidine−Alkylperoxide System

The iron(II) complex of a tetradentate bispidine ligand with two tertiary amines and two pyridine groups (L = dimethyl [3,7-dimethyl-9,9‘-dihydroxy-2,4-di-(2-pyridyl)-3,7-diazabicyclo nonan-1,5-dicaboxylate]) is oxidized with tert-butyl hydroperoxide to the corresponding end-on tert-butylperoxo complex [FeIII(L)(OOtBu)(X)]n+ (X = solvent, anion). UV−vis, resonance Raman, and EPR spectroscopy, as a function of the solvent, show that this is a spin-crossover compound. The experimentally observed Raman vibrations for both low-spin and high-spin isomers are in good agreement with those computed by DFT.
An experimental investigation of the quartz, Na-K, Na-K-Ca geothermometers and the effects of fluid composition

Abstract To test the possible effect of different fluid compositions on some standard geothermometry techniques, experiments were conducted in which a rhyolite from the Presidio Bolson area of West Texas was interacted with fluids of two different compositions (0.1 M NaCl and 0.01 M NaHCO3). The temperature range was 100–500°C, pressure was 1000 bars, water/rock mass ratios were 6:1 and 5:1, and the duration of the experiments ranged from 12 to 130 days. Results showed that the quartz geothermometer worked well in the experimental system up to temperatures of 400°C. The results were not affected by differences in the major anionic species. The Na-K geothermometer gave temperatures an average of 76°C lower than the experimental temperatures, regardless of fluid type. The experimental data from this study agree well with previous experimental work in feldsparquartz systems. The Na-K-Ca geothermometer did not work well for experiments using 0.01 M NaHCO3 but did work well for experiments using 0.1 M NaCl. Benjamin et al. (1983) concluded that the Na-K-Ca geothermometer is based on alteration reactions rather than feldspar exchange; however, no evidence for alteration reactions was observed in this study.
Stem cell-based photodynamic therapy

We have transfected murine neural stem cells (NSCs) and rat umbilical cord matrix-derived stem cells (RUCMSCs) with a plasmid expressing gaussia luciferase (gLuc). These cells are engineered to secrete the luciferase. We have used gLuc containing supernatant from culturing the NSCs to perform in vitro photodynamic therapy of murine melanoma cells (B16F10), and RUCMSCs to perform in vivo PDT of lung melanomas in C57BL/6 mice. The treatment system was comprised of aminolevulic acid as a prodrug for the synthesis of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, gaussia luciferase, and its’ substrate coelenterazine. A significant reduction of the number of live melanoma cells in vitro and a borderline significant retardation of tumour growth in vivo was observed after coelenterazine-mediated PDT.
Effect of Recirculation Device on Performance of High Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor

Centrifugal compressors used for turbochargers need to achieve a wide operating range. A recirculation device, which consists of a bleed slot, an upstream slot and an annular cavity connecting both slots, is often applied to them. The author developed a high pressure ratio centrifugal compressor with pressure ratio 5.7 for a marine use turbocharger. In order to enhance operating range, a recirculation device was applied, the benefits of its application ensuring. This paper discusses how the recirculation device affects the flow field in the above transonic centrifugal compressor by using steady 3D calculations. It is reported that the interaction between shock and tip leakage vortex is one of the primary causes of stall inception in the impeller. Analysis of shock and tip leakage flow behavior leads to an understanding of the basic mechanism of the enhancement of operating range by the recirculation device. Hence this study focuses on the effect of the recirculation devices on the shock and tip leakage flow. Steady 3D calculations were performed and the effect of the recirculation device was clarified. The bleed slot of the recirculation device works in a similar way to circumferential grooves applied to axial compressors. It reduces the blade loading in the impeller tip region. And hence the velocity of tip leakage flow exiting the bleed slot becomes lower compared with that without the recirculation device. The flow through the bleed slot impinges on the tip leakage flow originated upstream and blocks the extension of the tip leakage flow. It also deflects the trajectory of the tip leakage vortex. In addition to these effects, the bleed slot removes the fluid near the casing. The shock moves downstream due to the reduction of the blockage. All these effects induced by the recirculation device are considered to lead to the suppression of the extension of blockage and to contribute to the enhancement of the compressor operating range.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Specialization Needs Collaboration

The JOSPT's focus in this month's issue toward carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) is meant to expose the orthopedic and sports therapist to evidence-based hand practices, novel basic-science findings, and new ways of thinking about the hand, along with a new set of clinical skills. By exposing these current approaches to the evaluation, differential diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of CTS and WMSD, collaborative relationships will blossom between hand specialists, physical and occupational therapists, and hand surgeons. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;34(10):563–564. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.0110
A pipetting device for staining electron microscopic grids

SUMMARY A simple device for staining EM grids in small batches is described. The device easily produces high quality well-stained grids and is adaptable to most stain techniques. The most common method for staining EM grids is certainly the droplet technique (Kay, 1965) in which grids are individually floated, section-side down, on droplets of stain. Since this requires repeated handling, electron microscopists have devised various methods for batch staining. These generally fall into two categories: partitioned grid boxes which are either immersed in, or filled with stain (Sjostrom et al., 1973; Polysciences Inc., EM Multiple Grid Staining Unit*), and clamp arrangements which grip a number of grids while they are placed in various baths (Baratz, 1976; Fisher, 1972; Gorycki, 1966; Hiraoka, 1972; Robertson & Roberts, 1972; Springer, 1974). These types of devices increase contrast and detail, over the droplet technique, by staining both section surfaces (Shalla et al., 1964). However, these require large and/or open baths of stain which are wasteful and prone to contamination. Contamination is especially critical with lead stains which precipitate lead carbonate on exposure to air (Peachy, 1959). Recently, Forsdyke (1979) described a flow-through tube for staining. The device consists of an S-tube with an internal grid holder. Stains are introduced into the tube by siphon. This arrangement greatly reduces the amount of stain required as well as the air-stain interface. This paper details an adaptation of Forsdyke's device designed for easier handling, flexibility in use, and further improved staining quality. The device described herein is used to draw a few millilitres of stain directly from their containers, thus reducing contamination, air exposure, and waste. The device is used as the first receptacle for freshly cut sections on grids. The grids remain in the closed device until all sectioning and staining is completed. Since the device is closed all the sections remain damp, including those first prepared, until stained. In our laboratory we have observed that epoxy embedded tissue sections stain more evenly and intensely with uranyl acetate and lead citrate when kept moist prior to staining. Shalla et al. (1964) also reported improved staining of moist sections for another stain and different embedding plastics.
Design of functional ferritin-like proteins with hydrophobic cavities

Ferritin four-helix bundle subunits self-assemble to create a stable multimer with a large central hydrophilic cavity where metal ions bind. To explore the versatility of this reaction vessel, computational design was used to generate cavities with increasingly apolar surface areas inside a dodecameric ferritin-like protein, Dps. Cavity mutants, in which as many as 120 surface accessible hydrophilic residues were replaced with hydrophobic amino acids, were shown to still assemble properly using size-exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering measurements. Wild-type Dps exhibited highly cooperative subunit folding and assembly, which was monitored by changes in Trp fluorescence and UV circular dichroism. The hydrophobic cavity mutants showed distinctly less cooperative unfolding behavior, with one mutant forming a partially assembled intermediate upon guanidine denaturation. Although the stability of Dps to such denaturation decreased with increasing apolar surface area, all proteins exhibited high melting temperatures, T(m) = 74-90 degrees C. Despite the large number of mutations, near-native ability to mineralize iron was maintained. This work illustrates the versatility of the ferritin scaffold for engineering large protein cavities with novel properties.
Surface-Coating Regulated Lithiation Kinetics and Degradation in Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery

Silicon (Si)-based materials hold promise as the next-generation anodes for high-energy lithium (Li)-ion batteries. Enormous research efforts have been undertaken to mitigate the chemo-mechanical failure due to the large volume changes of Si during lithiation and delithiation cycles. It has been found that nanostructured Si coated with carbon or other functional materials can lead to significantly improved cyclability. However, the underlying mechanism and comparative performance of different coatings remain poorly understood. Herein, using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) through a nanoscale half-cell battery, in combination with chemo-mechanical simulation, we explored the effect of thin (∼5 nm) alucone and Al2O3 coatings on the lithiation kinetics of Si nanowires (SiNWs). We observed that the alucone coating leads to a “V-shaped” lithiation front of the SiNWs, while the Al2O3 coating yields an “H-shaped” lithiation front. These observations indicate that the difference between the Li surf...
Substituted benzenes and phenols as reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase: Polar, trimethyl, and synergistic effects

Abstract To characterize the nature of reversible binding to acetylcholinesterase of derivatives of benzene and phenol, including the potent inhibitor 3-trimethylammoniophenol, we have carried out a systematic study of effects of substituents on the inhibition by such compounds of the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine. A linear relation between competitive binding, log 1 K i( com ) , and substituent para -σ values is observed for C 6 H 5 - Y ( Y = HO-, H 2 N-, H-, CH 3 CONH-, CH 3 CO-, and O 2 N-) and for the di-substituted compounds, p -H 2 NCOHN 3 , m -H 2 NNO 2 , p -HONO 2 , m -HONO 2 , and p -O 2 NNHCOCH 3 , with ϱ = +1.84 and correlation, r = 0.99; K i (com) decreases to 0.63 m m for nitrobenzene and 0.46 m m for p -nitroacetanilide. Dimethylamino and trimethylammonio compounds, with substituents (CH 3 ) 2 N-, p -(CH 3 ) 2 NCOCH 3 , m -(CH 3 ) 2 NNO 2 , p -(CH 3 ) 2 NNO 2 and ( fx 237-1, bind more strongly relative to σ values, with ϱ = +2.4 and r = 0.99; K i (com) decreases to 0.09 m m for p -nitrodimethylaniline and phenyltrimethylammonium ion. The observed linear relation of binding energies to substituent σ values indicates that the affinity of these benzene derivatives is determined by electron withdrawal by the substituent and that binding arises from a polar interaction of the benzene ring with an amino acid side chain in an aryl-binding site. The hydroxyl group decreases binding in phenol and the nitrophenols, in accord with its negative σ value. However, consistent with the effect of (CH 3 ) n X-groups in the benzenes, binding of phenols rises linearly with the volume of meta -alkyl and alkylamino substituents in the order, H 3 - 2 H 5 - 3 ) 2 CH- = (CH 3 ) 2 N- 3 ) 3 C-, r = 0.99, with K i values decreasing from 50 m m for phenol to 0.11 m m for 3- tert -butylphenol. This large effect is attributed to binding of the meta -substituent in the trimethyl site, conformational change and synergistic hydrogen bonding of the phenolic hydroxyl. The very strong binding of 3-trimethylammoniophenol K i (com) = 0.00033 m m ) is accurately calculated from the K i of 3- tert -butylphenol, ϱ = 1.84 (above) and the difference in σ values of tert -butyl and trimethylammonio, +0.94. The synergism of (CH 3 ) 3 X- and hydroxyl is the same in the tert -butyl and trimethylammonio phenols. As in trimethylammonio benzene, the positive charge in trimethylammoniophenol has no effect beyond that reflected in its σ value, i.e., in electron withdrawal and in the increase of the polar interaction of the aromatic ring.
Near infrared calibration models for the estimation of wood density in Pinus taeda using repeated sample measurements

Near infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance was used for the estimation of air-dry density and basic density in wood radial strip samples obtained at breast height (1.4 m) from 60 Pinus taeda trees established in three progeny tests in the south-eastern United States. NIR calibration models were fitted using raw spectra and pre-processed spectra with second derivative, multiplicative scatter correction and orthogonal signal correction. Successful calibrations were obtained for both wood properties using data collected in consecutive 10 mm sections from the samples. Data pre-processing did not result in model improvements compared to the models fitted using raw data. The effects of using repeated measures were evaluated by incorporating serial correlation into the partial least squares regression algorithm. The empirical autocorrelation of the normalised residuals showed that serial dependence among residuals was successfully removed by using an autoregressive correlation structure of second order. However, be...
Solving archaeological problems using techniques of soil magnetism

Archaeological investigations into the processes and factors controlling the magnetic enhancement of soils were initiated in the 1960s in conjunction with the application of magnetic prospection surveys. After a highly productive period of research, archaeological interest in soil magnetism experienced a downswing, which has just recently been reversed. Continuing research within the fields of rock magnetism and environmental magnetism has refined our understanding of the processes and products of magnetic enhancement and demonstrated the broad applicability of soil magnetic analyses. Using this information, together with recent archaeological studies, we update archaeologists on the variety of soil magnetic techniques and how they can be utilized to define, detail, and understand archaeological sites, features, and environments. A case study at the Cahokia Mounds Site in southwestern Illinois illustrates how soil magnetic techniques can be interfaced with other methods to understand archaeological landscapes and landscape change. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Late results of coronary angioplasty in patients with left ventricular ejection fractions ≤ 40%

Abstract Left ventricular (LV) function is the most important independent predictor of long-term survival in patients with coronary artery disease, and results of bypass surgery improving survival in the setting of depressed LV function are well documented. Data regarding long-term outcome in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty are limited. From 1983 through 1989, 343 consecutive patients with an ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 40% (mean 34% ± 5%) undergoing elective coronary angioplasty were evaluated, retrospectively. The mean age was 61 ± 10 years and 80% were men. Angiographic success (469 of 496 narrowings) was 95%. Major complications occurred in 26 patients (7.6%): emergency bypass surgery (n = 11), nonfatal myocardial infarction (n = 8), and death (n = 9). Follow-up was available for 99% of patients with clinical success (mean = 36 ± 22 months). Fourteen patients (4.5%) developed nonfatal myocardial infarction and 72 patients (23%) had symptomatic restenosis, 32 patients requiring repeat angioplasty or atherectomy and 29 bypass surgery. Fifty-six patients (18.2%) died. Three-year survival was 84%. EF was a significant predictor of death: 3-year survival was 69%, 83% and 92%, respectively, in patients with EF ≤ 30%, 31% to 35%, and 36% to 40% (p = 0.0001). A high angiographic success rate and an acceptable procedural risk were encountered in patients with depressed LV function undergoing angioplasty. The 3-year mortality rate, however, is substantial and directly related to the degree of LV dysfunction.
Truth–Conditional Pragmatics

L'A. defend une approche contextualiste de la semantique selon laquelle la signification d'une phrase ne se reduit pas aux intuitions du locuteur concernant les conditions de verite ou le contenu de l'assertion. Examinant les positions de F. Recanati, C. Travis et J. M. Moravcsick, l'A. montre que le contenu de verite depend d'un ensemble de presupposes implicites concernant les conditions particulieres de l'interaction humaine.
Comparison of a neural network and a piecewise linear classifier

Abstract A neural algorithm proposed by Kohonen is used to design a neural classifier. We use the algorithm to classify a real multiple-class data set obtained from ship images and compare the results with the results of the piecewise linear classifier. The error performance of the neural classifier is slightly better than the piecewise linear classifier, however the training algorithm is much simplier and easier to implement.
Exact microscopic theory of surface contributions to the reflectivity of a jellium solid

Exact microscopic formulas are derived for the surface optical properties of a jellium solid. The comparison of these formulas to those derived classically by McIntyre and Aspnes shows that for $s$-polarized light, the parametrization of surface-reflectance data using the classical theory is a valid procedure, but that for $p$-polarized light, because short-wavelength fields are induced in the surface region, the classical assumption of local dielectric response is invalid, and thus the classical prescription for parametrizing surface reflectance data is unphysical.
Direct intratumoral infusion of liposome encapsulated rhenium radionuclides for cancer therapy: effects of nonuniform intratumoral dose distribution.

Purpose: Focused radiation therapy by direct intratumoral infusion of lipid nanoparticle (liposome)-carried beta-emitting radionuclides has shown promising results in animal model studies; however, little is known about the impact the intratumoral liposomal radionuclide distribution may have on tumor control. The primary objective of this work was to investigate the effects the intratumoral absorbed dose distributions from this cancer therapy modality have on tumor control and treatment planning by combining dosimetric and radiobiological modeling within vivoimaging data. Methods: T 99 m c -encapsulated liposomes were intratumorally infused with a single injection location to human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude rats. High resolution in vivo planar imaging was performed at various time points for quantifying intratumoral retention following infusion. The intratumoral liposomal radioactivity distribution was obtained from 1 mm resolution pinhole collimator SPECTimaging coregistered with CTimaging of excised tumors at 20 h postinfusion. Coregistered images were used for intratumoral dosimetric and radiobiological modeling at a voxel level following extrapolation to the therapeutic analogs, R 186 e / R 188 e liposomes. Effective uniform dose (EUD) and tumor control probability (TCP) were used to assess therapy effectiveness and possible methods of improving upon tumor control with this radiation therapy modality. Results: Dosimetric analysis showed that average tumor absorbed doses of 8.6 Gy/MBq (318.2 Gy/mCi) and 5.7 Gy/MBq (209.1 Gy/mCi) could be delivered with this protocol of radiationdelivery for R 186 e / R 188 e liposomes, respectively, and 37–92 MBq (1–2.5 mCi)/g tumor administered activity; however, large intratumoral absorbed dose heterogeneity, as seen in dose-volume histograms, resulted in insignificant values of EUD and TCP for achieving tumor control. It is indicated that the use of liposomes encapsulating radionuclides with higher energy beta emissions, dose escalation through increased specific activity, and increasing the number of direct tumor infusion sites improve tumor control. For larger tumors, the use of multiple infusion locations was modeled to be much more efficient, in terms of activity usage, at improving EUD and TCP to achieve a tumoricidal effect. Conclusions: Direct intratumoral infusion of beta-emitting radionuclide encapsulated liposomes shows promise for cancer therapy by achieving large focally deliveredtumordoses. However, the results of this work also indicate that average tumordose may underestimate tumoricidal effect due to substantial heterogeneity in intratumoral liposomal radionuclide distributions. The resulting intratumoral distribution of liposomes following infusion should be taken into account in treatment planning and evaluation in a clinical setting for an optimal cancer therapy.
Novel resin modified glass-ionomer cements with improved flexural strength and ease of handling

Abstract Poly(acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid) copolymers containing pendent methacrylates were synthesized and used to formulate redox-initiated in situ cured glass-ionomer cements (GICs) by mixing with reactive glass fillers (Fuji II LC). Various formulations for the redox initiator were studied, and flexural strength (FS) was used as a screening tool for optimization. Effects of molecular weight (MW), grafting ratio, comonomer, polymer content in the liquid composition, powder/liquid (P/L) ratio, and aging on FS were investigated. The results show that the in situ cured GICs demonstrated higher FS (89.6–123.2 MPa), as compared to commercial Fuji II LC GIC (57.1 MPa). The optimal concentrations for redox initiators were found to be 0.15% (by weight) for K2S2O8 and 0.2% for ascorbic acid (or 0.6% for microencapsulated ascorbic acid), respectively. Effects of MW, grafting ratio, P/L ratio and polymer content in the liquid formulation were significant. During aging, the cement showed an increase in strength over 24 h and then no change for time periods up to six months. SEM analysis supports the strength data associated with the formulations. The exotherm and setting time suggest that novel redox-initiated resin-modified GICs hold promise as biocompatible and workable cement for orthopedic applications.
Genetic control of the expression of class I molecules on rat erythrocytes

Class I major histocompatibility antigens of the rat and mouse are generally thought to be present on erythrocytes, and hemagglutination has frequently been used as a means of MHC typing in these species. Recent evidence suggests that there are genetic differences in the expression of class I molecules on the red blood cells of rats. We have confirmed and extended these findings with four monoclonal antibodies that define a minimum of three separate class I specificities. The lymphocytes of rats of the RT1b, RT1c,and RT1mhaplotypes were killed by these antibodies, but their red blood cells were not agglutinated despite the fact that these antibodies had good hemagglutinating activity for the cells of other positive strains. By an indirect radioimmunoassay, it was shown that lymphocytes and erythrocytes of the hemagglutination-positive strains bound large amounts of antibody; lymphocytes of the RT1b, RT1c,and RT1mhaplotypes also bound large amounts of antibody but their erythrocytes bound very little. Using the appropriate congenic strains and segregating populations, it was shown that there are a minimum of two genes that affect the red cell expression of these specificities. We have also used an anti-β2-microglobulin serum to quantitate independently the relative amounts of class I molecules on the cell surfaces, and have shown that the red cells of these three haplotypes express reduced amounts of available class I molecules, while their lymphocytes express quantities similar to those of other strains.
Techniques of sensitization of guinea pigs with chromium salts. A comparative study.

Abstract Three methods of sensitizing guinea pigs to chromium salts are compared. The protocols differed in regard to the concentration of antigen, the route of injection, the methods of reinforcement, the volume injected and simultaneous injection versus splitting of the adjuvant. The split adjuvant method of Maguire, in which the chemical allergen is injected first, resulted in good levels of sensitization in 100% of the animals. This method involved intradermal injections of small amounts of a dilute chromium solution, followed shortly by injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Though slightly more intense reactions were achieved by the method of Gross et al. , the Gross protocol requires three weekly subcutaneous doses of a larger volume, delivered as an emulsion containing Freund's complete adjuvant. A third method involved intramuscular injection, a larger total volume of chromium, and reinforcement doses containing rather concentrated aqueous solutions. It did not achieve comparable success.
Modeling and Analysis of Internal-Tide Generation and Beamlike Onshore Propagation in the Vicinity of Shelfbreak Canyons

AbstractA hydrostatic numerical model with alongshore-uniform barotropic M2 tidal boundary forcing and idealized shelfbreak canyon bathymetries is used to study internal-tide generation and onshore propagation. A control simulation with Mid-Atlantic Bight representative bathymetry is supported by other simulations that serve to identify specific processes. The canyons and adjacent slopes are transcritical in steepness with respect to M2 internal wave characteristics. Although the various canyons are symmetrical in structure, barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion rates Cυ are typically asymmetrical within them. The resulting onshore-propagating internal waves are the strongest along beams in the horizontal plane, with the stronger beam in the control simulation lying on the side with higher Cυ. Analysis of the simulation results suggests that the cross-canyon asymmetrical Cυ distributions are caused by multiple-scattering effects on one canyon side slope, because the phase variation in the spatially d...
Chlorphentermine uptake by isolated perfused rabbit lung

Studies have shown that many amines accumulate in the lung both in vivo and in vitro. Chlorphentermine (CP) is a phenylethanolamine type of anorexigenic agent in use, known to be accumulated in the lung and to cause pulmonary phospholipidosis. The present study was undertaken to characterize the uptake and accumulation processes of [14C]-CP in the lung. These processes were examined in artificially ventilated, recirculating, isolated perfused rabbit lung preparations using either autologous blood or artificial perfusate at initial CP concentrations of 0.125 to 2.0 mm. Perfusate and lung homogenate samples were analyzed for the parent compound and possible metabolite(s). No metabolism of CP was observed. Steady state uptake was reached after 25 min of perfusion. Higher pulmonary extraction of CP was observed from artificial medium than from whole blood. Lung uptake was concentration dependent and was saturable at a concentration of 1.0 mm CP in the perfusate. Higher concentrations resulted in edematous and deteriorating preparations. Total CP uptake by the lungs could be represented by a combination of a non-linear saturable and a linear non-saturable process. Experiments with partial or complete depletion of Na+ from the perfusate, inclusion of harmaline (10−3 and 10−4 m) or ouabain (10−3 m), inhibitors of Na+-dependent processes, suggest that CP uptake is partially Na+ dependent. In vitro lung slice experiments with Na+-free medium and medium containing harmaline (1 mm) or iodoacetate (1 mm) yielded similar results. Preloading the lung with an equivalent concentration of imipramine, which is known to be concentrated in the lung, resulted in partial inhibition of CP uptake. However, preloading with CP was without effect on imipramine uptake. These results are consistent with a Na+-dependent, carrier-mediated transport process for the uptake of CP by the lung tissue.
Long-term Satisfaction After Open Radical Prostatectomy

Objective To determine the association between baseline factors, post-treatment factors, and long-term satisfaction after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods Between January 2000 and March 2009, 1425 men who underwent RP by a single surgeon were enrolled in an institutional review board–approved, prospective, longitudinal outcomes study. Baseline characteristics and post-treatment functional and oncologic outcomes were captured through 2013. Patient survey responses from 875 (61.4%) of these men were used to evaluate satisfaction with treatment outcome and treatment decision. Results Overall, 88.2% and 91.0% men were satisfied to very satisfied with treatment outcome and treatment decision, respectively. Baseline sexual function was associated with satisfaction with both treatment outcome (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.93) and treatment decision (aOR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.08-2.01). Among post-treatment factors, higher University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Sexual Function (aOR = 2.95; 95% CI, 2.06-4.22), University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Urinary Function (aOR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.66-3.40), and lower urinary tract symptom scores (aOR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.19-3.06) were predictors of satisfaction with outcome. Bother due to incontinence and sexual dysfunction, and perception of cure were independent predictors of both satisfaction with treatment outcome and treatment decision. Conclusion Nearly 90% of men are satisfied with both their treatment outcome and treatment decision after open RP. Improving long-term satisfaction after RP requires efforts to provide realistic expectations and improve functional outcomes.
The Importance of Value Structures in the Perception of Rewards by Industrial Salespersons

This study uses value structures to explain industrial salespersons’ perception of rewards. The study suggests that salespersons’ preference for a reward system depends on their dominant value structures. Reward systems may therefore be designed to reflect the dominant values. The degree of congruence between salespersons’ values and values ascribed to the organization also influences the perception of rewards. Companies with high value congruence should emphasize job security, promotion and social recognition. Where value congruence is low, the reward system should emphasize financial remunerations in the short-run. Recruitment and selection of new salespeople may also be based partly on values.
The Asset Pricing Palette: Cash Flows, Returns and Trading Behavior

Asset pricing is the topic of the 2001 Eastern Finance Association Symposium and the five papers selected for this collection, which are summarized below, span a broad range of subjects that fall under the umbrella of the determinants of market prices. For example, the Schwartz and Moon article that introduces the symposium uses real options methodology to value firms whose cash flows are subject to multiple sources of uncertainty while the Luders and Peisl and Mixon analytical models that close the selections incorporate dual stochastic processes to derive relationships between information flow, trading volume and price volatility that are consistent with empirical evidence. In between, Mishra and O'Brien present new evidence on the important of index and factor selection when estimating the required return on equity and Spahr and Schwebach revisit the issue of time diversification by reintroducing a statistical construct from earlier times. Each of the works included here makes an important contribution to our understanding of the asset pricing process in a distinct area and opens new doors onto avenues for future research.
Encoding the timing of inhibitory inputs.

Many neuronal systems represent information by the timing of individual spikes, and it is generally assumed that spike timing predominantly encodes excitatory inputs. We show here that the timing o...
Picture Quality-Procedures for Evaluating Subjective Effects of Interference

In 1958, Panel 6 (Levels of Picture Quality) of the Television Allocations Study Organization conducted a comprehensive study of the subjective effects on picture quality of a number of types of interfering signals and noise, as functions of the levels of interference. These tests were designed and carried out by teams of engineers and experimental psychologists using a selective group of lay observers. This paper deals with the design of the tests and with the laboratory facilities used in the tests.
Mechanisms of fibrin polymerization and clinical implications

Research on all stages of fibrin polymerization, using a variety of approaches including naturally occurring and recombinant variants of fibrinogen, x-ray crystallography, electron and light microscopy, and other biophysical approaches, has revealed aspects of the molecular mechanisms involved. The ordered sequence of fibrinopeptide release is essential for the knob-hole interactions that initiate oligomer formation and the subsequent formation of 2-stranded protofibrils. Calcium ions bound both strongly and weakly to fibrin(ogen) have been localized, and some aspects of their roles are beginning to be discovered. Much less is known about the mechanisms of the lateral aggregation of protofibrils and the subsequent branching to yield a 3-dimensional network, although the αC region and B:b knob-hole binding seem to enhance lateral aggregation. Much information now exists about variations in clot structure and properties because of genetic and acquired molecular variants, environmental factors, effects of various intravascular and extravascular cells, hydrodynamic flow, and some functional consequences. The mechanical and chemical stability of clots and thrombi are affected by both the structure of the fibrin network and cross-linking by plasma transglutaminase. There are important clinical consequences to all of these new findings that are relevant for the pathogenesis of diseases, prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment.
Reclaiming the Land, Reclaiming the Indian: The La Salle Series of George Catlin

In 1847, American painter George Catlin completed a series of paintings depicting La Salle's travels through North America, ostensibly at the request of King Louis-Philippe. This article argues that the La Salle series is an unusually coherent statement by Catlin about the value of the American wilderness and Native American culture for white America. A close examination of the paintings and Catlin's writing exposes the La Salle series as a reclamation project in which Catlin sought to rescue an imagined “pure” past at contact and preserve it in paint in order to make it available and useful to the present.
Delay of the reinforcing opportunity to speak in reply under invariable initial disagreement

Speaking in reply has the functional properties of reinforcement, and delay of the opportunity to speak in reply has the functional properties of delay of reinforcement. In an experimental conversation modeled on discrete-trials instrumental conditioning, instrumental response speeds were faster when the opportunity to speak in reply was immediate rather than delayed (N = 80, p<.05). Invariable initial disagreement impairs acquisition, but not sufficiently to prevent a sizeable delay of reinforcement effect.
A Bilingual Aesthetic for Religious Education

I am convinced that the vitality of religious communities, in the face of the globalizing tendencies of our times, will depend on the appropriations and reinterpretations of traditions in constant ...