cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Can a Teacher Support Students in Constructing a Proof

This chapter analyzes the one-to-one interaction between student and teacher when student is engaged in constructing a geometrical proof. This analysis shows that it is not easy for the teacher to modify the student’s argumentation based on conceptions that can hardly evolve into theorems. The teacher’s intervention can be considered effective if it doesn’t completely “interrupt” cognitive unity between the student’s argumentation and proof , but opposite it encourages the continuity between them. Toulmin’s model , used to analyze the student’s argumentation and the teacher’s intervention , highlights that the teacher’s intervention needs to become a rebuttal in student’s argument to invalidate it. The incorrect argument is refused by student only if the teacher’s rebuttal has the same backing of the student argument and it is “coherent” with the student warrant.
Probability II: More Discrete Probability

In this chapter, we cover the material on finite probability spaces that is needed for the discussion of discrete-time models in the next chapter.
Power disaggregation of combined HVAC loads using supervised machine learning algorithms

Abstract Power disaggregation algorithms are used to decompose building level power consumption data into individual equipment level power information. In order to ensure energy efficient operation of complex systems, such as commercial buildings, a continuous and detailed energy monitoring system is essential. In this paper a novel power disaggregation technique is presented, in which a single set of aggregated power usage data of multiple HVACs from a single power meter is disaggregated to identify the operations of individual HVAC units. Parameters, including the combined real and reactive power of compressors and air handlers, are used in addition to the phase currents of both, as well as the true index values representing the combination of active compressors at any given time. Four different supervised machine learning algorithms – Decision Trees (DT), Discriminant Analysis (DA), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) were tested. According to results, the k-Nearest Neighbors model was found to be most efficient in solving the problem of aggregated power disaggregation.
High-Flux CO Reduction Enabled by Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Copper Electrodes

The electrocatalysis for CO reduction is interesting for both fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms and deriving products of higher values for the electrochemical conversion of CO2. Hereby, we report on the development of three-dimensional (3D) Cu nanostructures as advanced electrocatalysts for CO reduction. By thermal oxidation of commercial Cu foams in air, CuO nanowires or porous structures were grown on the 3D frameworks of the foam, which were then reduced to Cu by applying a cathodic electrochemical potential. The derived 3D Cu nanostructures were demonstrated to be highly active and selective for the electroreduction of CO, achieving an improvement in CO reduction current density by a factor of 6 as compared to the 2D counterpart with similar surface roughness factors, 76% Faradaic efficiency (FE) of CO conversion, and >50% FE toward ethanol. The catalytic enhancement mechanisms were further discussed in terms of transport and surface structure effects.
Tobacco in the 1990s

Less than two decades ago, cigarette smoking was hardly an antisocial act. It was, in fact, part of the visual definition of sophistication and savoir faire. No one was treated by any sort of health professional for “nicotine dependence” as we now have described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The cigarette, cigar, or pipe were the reigning symbols of “the macho man” in the first half of the 20th century. Winston Churchill never appeared without a cigar in his hand, and FDR’s cigarette holder was part of an image of good health carefully designed to overcome the reality of his paralysis. Our role models and movie heroes—John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Steve McQueen—smoked cigarettes (and, ironically, all died of lung cancer). A cigar after dinner and a cigarette after sex were culturally embedded in our behavior. Marlboro country was the state we all wanted to live in. Smoking was, simply, part of life and linked very strongly to image.
Transforming Growth Factor-β2 for the Treatment of Full-thickness Macular Holes: A Prospective Randomized Study

Background: Full-thickness macular holes generally cause a significant reduction in visual acuity, due in part to a rim of surrounding neurosensory retinal detachment and retinal thickening. Recent studies have suggested that flattening of this narrow rim of neurosensory detachment can result in improved visual acuity. However, the ability to flatten the neurosensory detachment is limited using current surgical techniques. Methods: Transforming growth factor-β 2 (TGF-β 2 ) is a recently discovered potent stimulator of wound healing. The authors, therefore, performed a prospective randomized study of 60 patients to determine if the local application of TGF-β 2 to the edge of the macular hole can reproducibly induce flattening of the surrounding neurosensory detachment. The results of a study designed to determine the effect of a pars plana vitrectomy, fluid-gas exchange, and intravitreal instillation of TGF-β 2 in eyes with a fullthickness macular hole and reduced visual acuity are reported. Results: After treatment, visual acuity improved 2 lines or more in 5 of 11 eyes treated with 70 ng, in 4 of 12 eyes treated with 330 ng, and in 10 of 11 eyes treated with 1330 ng of TGF-β 2 . In some eyes, hyaluronic acid was added. In these cases, visual acuity improved 2 lines or more in 0 of 9 eyes treated with 70 ng TGF-β 2 , in 2 of 8 eyes treated with 330 ng, and in 4 of 9 eyes treated with 1330 ng. Conclusion: Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant beneficial effect of TGF-β 2 on visual improvement ( P = 0.003).
Phylogeny and ontogeny of vertebrate brain gangliosides.

As methodological improvements disclose an increasingly complex array of gangliosides in all brain tissues examined, the quest for meaningful generalizations about the biological functions and biomedical potential of these compounds becomes more formidable. A useful starting point, however, is the observation that ganglioside patterns vary phylogenetically and are developmentally regulated, thus the particular pattern of gangliosides found in the nervous system of any vertebrate is dependent on both the evolutionary history and developmental state of that animal. The aim of this chapter is to briefly summarize what is known about phylogenetic variations and developmental changes in vertebrate brain gangliosides, to explore the relationships between ganglioside phylogeny and ontogeny, and to discuss the implications of this perspective on possible biological roles for gangliosides in neural tissue.
Optimal Constellation Shaping in Optical Communication Systems

In optical communications systems, Shannon limit can be closely approached by properly chosen constellation shaping schemes. Both probabilistic shaping (PS) and geometric shaping(GS) can be applied to M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to obtain the shaping gain. In this invited paper, mutual information (MI) is used as a metric to analyze the performances of regular/GS/PS-8/16QAM formats. In a linear amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise dominated system, our numerical results show that the MI performances of the GS-8/16QAM are better than that of regular 8/16QAM and PS-8/16QAM. Then we experimentally compare the performances of regular/GS/PS-16QAM formats over a 100km fiber transmission link. Our numerical and experimental results are very useful in selection of the optimal constellation shaping for a given optical communication system.
Risk Factors for Concomitant Collateral Ligament Injuries in Children and Adolescents With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears.

Background:Risk factors for concomitant ligament injuries (CLIs) of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) in children and adolescents with anterior cruciate lig...
Perl and Schroeder’s presuppositional error theory

Ronald Dworkin charges that the error theory is a position in first-order moral theory that should be judged by the standards that are appropriately used in evaluating first-order theories. Perl and Schroeder contend that a “presuppositional error theory” can avoid Dworkin’s charge. On the presuppositional view, moral sentences, such as (1), “It is wrong to torture babies,” have a false presupposition. Perhaps, for example, they presuppose that there are objectively prescriptive moral standards. This proposal can be understood in different ways, depending on one’s view about presupposition. In Perl and Schroeder’s view, the “at issue” proposition expressed by an assertion of (1) can be cleanly distinguished from the presupposed proposition, and the overall content of an assertion of (1) is the set of these two propositions. On an “entanglement view”, the presupposed proposition is entangled with the proposition expressed by an assertion of (1) in such a way that it is not possible to distinguish cleanly between the “at issue” content and the presupposed content. Perl and Schroeder are correct that, on their view, the presuppositional error theory can avoid Dworkin’s charge. On the entanglement view, however, it cannot avoid Dworkin’s charge. Unfortunately, however, I argue, Perl and Schroeder’s view is implausible for independent reasons. Further, I contend, Perl and Schroeder do not have a solid argument against the entanglement view. They also lack a solid argument in favor of the key, controversial thesis that moral sentences presuppose that there are objectively prescriptive moral standards.
Association Between Pharmacy Closures and Adherence to Cardiovascular Medications Among Older US Adults

Importance It is unknown whether and how pharmacy closures alter medication adherence. Objective To examine the association between pharmacy closures and adherence to statins, β-blockers, and oral anticoagulants among adults 50 years or older in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective cohort study, comparative interrupted time series analyses were performed using a nationally representative 5% random sample of anonymized, longitudinal, individual-level pharmacy claims from IQVIA LRx LifeLink. Analyses included all prescription claims for individuals followed up between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016. Separate cohorts were derived for users of statins, β-blockers, and oral anticoagulants. The differential association of pharmacy closure was examined as a function of baseline adherence, pharmacy, and individual characteristics. Main Outcomes and Measures Difference in monthly adherence, measured as proportion of days covered, during 12-month baseline and follow-up periods among patients using a pharmacy that subsequently closed (closure cohort) compared with their counterparts (control cohort). Results Among 3 089 803 individuals filling at least 1 statin prescription between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016 (mean [SD] age, 66.3 [9.3] years; 52.0% female), 3.0% (n = 92 287) filled at a pharmacy that subsequently closed. Before closure, monthly adherence was similar in the closure and control cohorts (mean [SD], 70.5% [26.7%] vs 70.7% [26.5%]). In multivariable models, individuals filling at pharmacies that closed experienced an immediate and significant decline (on average, an absolute change of −5.90%; 95% CI, −6.12% to −5.69%) in statin adherence during the first 3 months after closure compared with their counterparts. This difference persisted over 12 months of follow-up. A similar decline in adherence was observed when examining cohorts using β-blockers (−5.71%; 95% CI, −5.96% to −5.46%) or oral anticoagulants (−5.63%; 95% CI, −6.24% to −5.01%). The mean association of pharmacy closure with adherence was greater among individuals using independent pharmacies (−7.89%; 95% CI, −8.32% to −7.47%) or living in neighborhoods with fewer pharmacies (−7.98%; 95% CI, −8.50% to −7.47%) compared with their counterparts. Conclusions and Relevance Pharmacy closures are associated with persistent, clinically significant declines in adherence to cardiovascular medications among older adults in the United States. Efforts to reduce nonadherence to prescription medications should consider the role of pharmacy closures, especially among patients at highest risk.
A systematic review of the causes of failure of Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract This study reviewed literature published in the last 10 years to investigate the reasons for revision failure. A total of 9952 revisions were identified and it was determined that the number one cause of failure was aseptic loosening (23.19%), followed by instability (22.43%) and infection (22.13%). Further analysis of applicable revisions investigated BMI and age at the failure rates. The rate of rerevision in obese patients was markedly higher (p
Teaching and Learning the Law of Boats

I have taught admiralty and maritime law exactly twice. That experience hardly makes me an expert in training future proctors. What that experience does give me, however, is the perspective that comes from having recently confronted the challenges of learning the field myself. And that perspective has led me to teach the admiralty survey course differently from how I teach any of my other classes and differently from how i perceive other admiralty classes that are taught by more experienced teachers. In this essay, I hope to explain how and why I teach admiralty differently, with the hope of offering a new teacher's perspective on revitalizing the admiralty survey course.
Religious Practices and Long-Term Survival After Hospital Discharge for an Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background Prior studies of healthy populations have found religious practices to be associated with survival. However, no contemporary studies have examined whether religiosity influences survival among patients discharged from the hospital after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The present study examined the relationship between religious practices and 2-year all-cause mortality among hospital survivors of an ACS. Methods Patients hospitalized for an ACS were recruited from 6 medical centers in Massachusetts and Georgia between 2011 and 2013. Study participants self-reported three items assessing religiosity: strength/comfort from religion, petition prayers for health, and awareness of intercessory prayers by others. All cause-mortality within 2-years of hospital discharge was ascertained by review of medical records at participating study hospitals and from death certificates. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the multivariable adjusted risk of 2-year all-cause mortality. Results Participants (n = 2,068) were on average 61 years old, 34% were women, and 81% were non-Hispanic White. Approximately 85% derived strength/comfort from religion, 61% prayed for their health, and 89% were aware of intercessions. Overall, 6% died within 2 years post-discharge. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables (age, sex, and race/ethnicity), petition prayers were associated with an increased risk of 2-year all-cause mortality (HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.01–2.66). With further adjustment for several clinical and psychosocial measures, this association was no longer statistically significant. Strength and comfort from religion and intercessory prayers were not significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions Most ACS survivors acknowledge deriving strength and comfort from religion, praying for their health, and intercessions made by others for their health. Although the reported religious practices were not associated with post-discharge survival after multivariable adjustment, acknowledging that patients utilize their religious beliefs and practices as strategies to improve their health would ensure a more holistic approach to patient management and promote cultural competence in healthcare.
Tumor mutation burden signatures and relation to cancer risk in humans: A pan-cancer analysis

Cancers, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation, are driven by accumulation of so- matic mutations. Whole-genome sequencing has produced a catalogue of millions of somatic mutations, which contain the evolutionary history of the cancers. However, the connection between the extent and rate of mutation accumulation and disease development and risks are poorly understood. We analyzed data from 5,000 cancer patients with more than 1,200,000 mutations for 16 cancer types using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to unearth markers of tumor evolution. A strong correlation between Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB) and the Patient Age at Diagno- sis (PAD) for cancers with low TMB (mean value less than 3 mutations per million base pairs) is absent in cancers with high TMB. The finding, demarcating cancers according to the TMB, resolves controversies relating the dynamics of mutation ac- cumulation and disease risks for different cancers. We also find that the differences in cancer risk between the sexes are mainly driven by the disparity in mutation burden. A simple model, explaining these results, also show that immunotherapy could work well for elderly melanoma patients.
Thymol-Induced Chemical Leukoderma Successfully Treated with 308-Nanometer Excimer Laser.

Introduction Chemical leukoderma (CL) is an acquired depigmenting disorder caused by repeated exposure to chemical compounds. Thymol is a phenol derivative used as a preservative or antiseptic in many commercially available products. Here, we present the second reported case of CL caused by a thymol-containing compound. Case presentation A 48-year-old woman presented with a 4-month history of depigmentation of the nail folds of all ten fingers. This occurred after 1 month of twice-daily application of a thymol-containing compound intended for the removal of gel nails. No improvement was noted after the product was discontinued. There was no family history of vitiligo or other autoimmune disorders. On physical exam, depigmentation of all ten proximal and lateral nail folds was seen, with accentuation on Wood's lamp exam. Partial re-pigmentation was achieved after 32 treatments with 308-nm excimer laser. Discussion A thorough history and physical exam are instrumental in differentiating CL from other causes of depigmentation. Avoidance of the offending agent is an essential part of management. It is important to note that many cosmetic products are not tightly regulated by the FDA. Excimer laser is an effective treatment for CL with a favorable side-effect profile.
“When everything changes:” Parent perspectives on the challenges of accessing care for a child with a disability

Abstract Background Health disparities exist among individuals living in rural and urban contexts in terms of access to health care and overall mortality. These disparities are typically greater for youth with disabilities living in rural areas, who face additional barriers in receiving health and support services specific to their disability. Parents are typically the ones responsible for coordinating the care needed by children with a disability; however, with numerous barriers present families are not provided adequate support to care for a child with disabilities. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine barriers and facilitators to accessing health and support services among urban and rural families of children with disabilities. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with parents who provide care for an adolescent with a disability. The sample was comprised of parents from one rural county ( N = 9) and one urban county ( N = 10) in Georgia. Parental interviews were conducted face to face by a trained researcher. Each interview was audio-recorded. The recordings were transcribed and content analysis used to create codes and identify emerging themes. Results The common themes found during the analysis include accessibility of health and support resources, transitions, and social isolation. Conclusions When comparing urban and rural areas, barriers to access do differ in terms of availability, but analysis revealed more similarities existed among parents from both contexts. Efforts must be made to increase opportunities for youth with disabilities to become connected with the local community in order to improve quality of life for families.
Did investors outsource their risk analysis to rating agencies? Evidence from ABS-CDOs.

Based on a sample of 3254 floating rate tranches from 617 ABS-CDOs (collateralized debt obligations backed by asset-backed securities), this paper tests the “rating overdependence” hypothesis – i.e., that ratings of structured products are a sufficient statistic (in terms of predicting future credit performance) for yield spreads at origination. The paper’s findings are fourfold. First, yield spreads at issuance predict future performance of ABS-CDO tranches even after controlling for the information contained in ratings. Second, the ability of yield spreads to predict future performance, however, is driven exclusively by ratings below AAA (and, to a lesser extent, also by the lowest priority AAA tranches), whereas spreads of super senior AAA tranches show no information content. Third, the predictive ability of yield spreads is lower for tranches from later vintages and for tranches from deals with more complex collateral pools. Fourth, the conditional correlation between ratings and spreads, in turn, is increasing in time and higher for tranches from complex deals. In sum, the evidence indicates that investors in (especially AAA) tranches from later and more complex deals have avoided performing costly due diligence on the securities they bought.
Identification of Kinases Activated by Multiple Pro-Angiogenic Growth Factors

ABSTRACT Antiangiogenic therapy began as an effort to inhibit VEGF signaling, which was thought to be the sole factor driving tumor angiogenesis. It has become clear that there are more pro-angiogenic growth factors that can participate in and can substitute for VEGF during tumor vascularization. This has led to the development of multi-kinase inhibitors that simultaneously target multiple growth factor receptors. These inhibitors perform better than monotherapies yet to date no multi-kinase inhibitor targets all receptors known to be involved in pro-angiogenic signaling and resistance inevitably occurs. Given the large number of pro-angiogenic growth factors identified, it may be impossible to simultaneously target all pro-angiogenic growth factor receptors with a single agent. Here we search downstream of the receptors for kinase targets that would be critical to endothelial cell proliferation, irrespective of the growth factor signal. To do this systematically we develop a quantitative endothelial cell proliferation assay and combine it with “kinome regression” or KIR, a recently developed computational and kinase screening method capable of identifying kinases that influence any measurable and quantitative phenotype, such as proliferation. We report the result of this analysis. The kinases implicated by KIR are both expected and unexpected intracellular kinases. Using RNA interference we provide orthogonal evidence of their importance in endothelial cell proliferation. This approach points to a new strategy that can be employed to develop a more complete anti-angiogenic blockade.
Long term outcomes of ultrathin versus standard thickness second-generation drug eluting stents: Meta-analysis of randomized trials.

OBJECTIVE Identify the effect of ultrathin drug eluting stents on long term outcomes in coronary artery disease. BACKGROUND Although second-generation drug eluting stents (DES) are superior to first-generation DES, persistence of adverse outcomes has led to continued refinement in design. Ultrathin second-generation DES have been shown to improve outcomes at 1-year follow-up. Beyond 1-year their effect remains unknown. METHODS PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Database were searched for randomized controlled trials that compared ultrathin (defined as <70 um) to standard thickness second-generation DES. Studies were chosen according to the PROSPERO protocol (CRD42020185374). Data from randomized controlled trials were pooled using random-effects model (Mantel-Haenszel). The primary outcome was target lesion failure (TLF) at 2 years, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization. Secondary outcomes included TLF at 3 and 5 years, the components of TLF and definite or probable stent thrombosis. Differences in outcomes between groups were presented in Forest plots as risk ratios (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each trial. RESULTS We identified 18 publications from 10 trials with14,649 patients. At 2-years there was a significant 12% reduction in TLF (RR, 0.88; 95% CI 0.78-0.99; p < 0.05) associated with the use of ultrathin DES. At 3-years, there was a significant 19% reduction in TLF with ultrathin DES (RR, 0.79; 95% CI 0.64-0.98; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, ultrathin DES improve long term clinical outcomes.
Emerging investigator series: Examination of the gastrointestinal lipidome of largemouth bass exposed to dietary single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Carbon nanomaterials are emerging contaminants released into the environment primarily through anthropogenic processes, where they primarily partition into soils and sediments. Aquatic animals that inhabit, forage, or choose prey in the benthic zone are vulnerable to dietary exposure to sediment-associated carbon nanomaterials. Since carbon nanomaterials are hydrophobic, dietary exposure may alter the availability, metabolism, storage, and transport of lipids in the intestinal lumen or at the epithelial barrier, affecting downstream biological processes. To assess the effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the gastrointestinal lipidome of aquatic species, a feeding experiment with adult largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was conducted. After 8 weeks of exposure to SWCNTs via the diet, the intestinal abundance of ceramides and several classes of lyso- and phospholipids were significantly altered. Additionally, functional profiling with Metaboanalyst revealed changes in pathways related to fatty acid biosynthesis in exposed fish. These results suggest that though SWCNTs do not pass through the gastrointestinal epithelium, they may alter gut homeostasis through interactions with intestinal lipids.
Pair-bonding leads to convergence in approach behavior to conspecific vocalizations in California mice (Peromyscus californicus)

Pair-bonding allows for division of labor across behavioral tasks such as protecting a territory, caring for pups or foraging for food. However, how these labor divisions are determined, whether they are simply intrinsic differences in the individual’s behavior or a coordinated behavioral response by the pair, remains unknown. We used the monogamous, biparental and territorial California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) to study how behavioral approach to an aggressive vocal stimulus in a novel environment was affected by pair-bonding. Using a three-chambered vocal playback paradigm, we first measured the amount of time individuals spent in close proximity to aggressive bark vocalizations. We found that animals could be categorized as either approachers or avoiders. We then paired individuals based on their initial approach behavior to an opposite sex individual who displayed either similar or different approach behaviors. These pairs were then retested for approach behavior as a dyad 10–11 days post-pairing. This test found that pairs showed convergence in their behavioral responses, such that pairs who were mismatched in their approach behaviors became more similar, and pairs that were matched remained so. Finally, we analyzed the ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) produced and found that pairs produced significantly more USVs than individuals. Importantly, increased USV production correlated with increasing behavioral convergence of pairs. Taken together, this study shows that pair-bonded animals alter their approach behaviors to coordinate their response with their partner and that vocal communication may play a role in coordinating these behavioral responses. Overall, our findings indicate that pair-bonding generates an emergent property in pairs, adjusting their combined approach behavior towards a new aggressive stimulus representing a potential challenge to the bonded pair. Such findings may be broadly important for social bonding in other social systems.
Mitogenic Effects of Eicosanoids in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Uncontrolled epithelial cell growth is a hallmark of many forms of cancer and, in the lung, the airway epithelium represents an important target site for initiation by environmental agents (1). Epithelial proliferation and hyperplasia are common sequelae of chronic irritation and inflammation, and thus have been linked to the promotion phase in multistage carcinogenesis (2). Understanding the local processes that provide a micro-environment selective for clonal explanation of pre-carcinogenic cells could therefore be useful in evaluating the complex relationships between inflammation and cancer.
EMISSIONS FROM IN-USE 1970-1971 DIESEL-POWERED TRUCKS AND BUSES

A fleet of 64 heavy-duty 1970-1971 model trucks and buses powered by a variety of diesel engines were tested periodically to determine exhaust smoke behavior. Smoke tests were made when the vehicle was new or nearly new and at four month intervals thereafter, or until 169,934 km (100,000 miles) odometer reading was reached. Gaseous emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured at one point early in the project.
Enzymatic Amplification Staining for Cell Surface Antigens

Many molecules of biological significance function at very low levels and are difficult to detect with the standard staining procedures for flow cytometric analysis. This unit describes a technology for cell staining that enhances the specific fluorescence signal by as much as 100-fold. The system is based on the enzyme-catalyzed deposition of a tagged molecule. Enzymatic amplification staining is qualitatively different from the inclusion of additional layers of binding molecules because background fluorescence levels are not increased along with the specific signal. The technique is compatible with multicolor staining. An alternate protocol explains the performance of multiple amplifications on the same cell population by adding a peroxide incubation.
Comparison Of Results From Simple Expressions For MOSFET Parameter Extraction

In this paper results are compared from a parameter extraction procedure applied to the linear, saturation, and subthreshold regions for enhancement-mode MOSFETs fabricated in a 3-micron CMOS process. The results indicate that the extracted parameters differ significantly depending on the extraction algorithm and the distribution of I-V data points. It was observed that KP values vary by 30 percent, VT values differ by 50 mV, and Delta L values differ by 1 micron. Thus for acceptance of wafers from foundries and for modeling purposes, the extraction method and data point distribution must be specified. In this paper measurement and extraction procedures that will allow a consistent evaluation of measured parameters are discussed.
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Hurricane Flooding Inundation, Population Affected and Property Damages in Corpus Christi†

Frey, Ashley E., Francisco Olivera, Jennifer L. Irish, Lauren M. Dunkin, James M. Kaihatu, Celso M. Ferreira, and Billy L. Edge, 2010. Potential Impact of Climate Change on Hurricane Flooding Inundation, Population Affected and Property Damages in Corpus Christi. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1–11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00475.x Abstract: The effect of climate change on storm-surge flooding and the implications for population and structural damages on the city of Corpus Christi, Texas, was investigated. The study considered the influence of sea level rise and hurricane intensification, both influenced by climate change. Combinations of future carbon dioxide equivalent emission rates and carbon dioxide doubling sensitivities, based on findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, were considered to define future climate scenarios. A suite of physically based numerical models for hurricane winds and the resulting waves, surge, and morphological change at the coast were used to determine flooded areas, population affected, and property damages for Hurricanes Bret, Beulah, and a version of Carla shifted south from its original track, under present and predicted future climate conditions. A comparison of the economic damages for current climate conditions and for the 2080s climate scenario shows that, for Carla (shifted), there will be an increase in the range of $270-1,100 million; for Beulah, of $100-390 million; and, for Bret, of $30-280 million. A similar analysis was also conducted for 2030s predicted climate scenarios. Overall, the comparison of the results for the different climate conditions indicates what the destructive consequences of climate change could be, even within the somewhat short time frame of 80 years considered here.
Using genetic programming to evolve board evaluation functions

Employs the genetic programming paradigm to enable a computer to learn to play strategies for the ancient Egyptian boardgame Senet by evolving board evaluation functions. Formulating the problem in terms of board evaluation functions made it feasible to evaluate the fitness of game playing strategies by using tournament-style fitness evaluation. The game has elements of both strategy and chance. Our approach learns strategies which enable the computer to play consistently at a reasonably skillful level.
Understanding the Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohol-Containing Mixtures: Cross-Association

The perturbed chain form of the polar statistical associating fluid theory (Polar PC-SAFT) was used to model lower 1-alcohol + n-alkane mixtures. The ability of the equation of state to predict accurate activity coefficients at infinite dilution was demonstrated as a function of temperature. Investigations show that the association term in SAFT plays an important role in capturing the right composition dependence of the activity coefficients in comparison with nonassociating models (UNIQUAC). Results also show that considering long-range polar interactions can significantly improve the fractions of free monomers predicted by PC-SAFT in comparison with spectroscopic data and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations carried out in this work. Furthermore, evidence of hydrogen-bonding cooperativity in 1-alcohol + n-alkane systems is discussed using spectroscopy, simulation, and theory. In general, results demonstrate the theory’s predictive power, limitations of first-order perturbation theories, as well as the imp...
The New Media Technologies: Overview and Research Framework

The so-called new media technologies - often referred to as Web 2.0 - encompass a wide variety of web-related communication technologies, such as blogs, wikis, online social networking, virtual worlds and other social media forms. First, we present several views or perspectives that may be used to answer the question, what is new media? Then we examine and review five critical characteristics of the new media technolgies - the Five C's: communication, collaboration, community, creativity, and convergence. Finally, we look at some of the uses and applications of new media in a selection of disciplines. This overview provides a much needed framework for scholars and educators who wish to learn from and contribute to this field of study.
Basal cell carcinoma: cell of origin, cancer stem cell hypothesis and stem cell markers

Cancer stem cells have recently been described in several high-grade neoplasms. It is still unclear if they also occur in cutaneous malignancies. Cancer stem cells are not identical with somatic stem cells. The presence of tumour stem cells in a neoplasm does not in itself equal that the tumour derives from a somatic stem cell. A cell originally lacking stem cell characteristics could also acquire those features during the course of carcinogenesis and then becomes the clonal founder cell of a tumour. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy. A plethora of various stem cell markers has been applied to study its cellular origin. Intriguingly, the anatomical origin of BCC is still uncertain. This review will discuss the various stem cell markers used in BCC and the cellular origin of this tumour, and touches briefly on the possibility of cancer stem cells in BCC. If BCC or other skin cancers harbour tumour stem cells, these cells could be specifically targeted, making use of specific cell surface molecules such as receptor proteins. Novel drugs directed against those receptor proteins could replace currently available shotgun approaches including imiquimod.
Effects of coenzyme Q10 and α-tocopherol administration on their tissue levels in the mouse: elevation of mitochondrial α-tocopherol by coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) was previously demonstrated in vitro to indirectly act as an antioxidant in respiring mitochondria by regenerating alpha-tocopherol from its phenoxyl radical. The objective of this study was to determine whether CoQ has a similar sparing effect on alpha-tocopherol in vivo. Mice were administered CoQ10 (123 mg/kg/day) alone, or alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg/day) alone, or both, for 13 weeks, after which the amounts of CoQ10, CoQ9 and alpha-tocopherol were determined by HPLC in the serum as well as homogenates and mitochondria of liver, kidney, heart, upper hindlimb skeletal muscle and brain. Administration of CoQ10 and alpha-tocopherol, alone or together, increased the corresponding levels of CoQ10 and alpha-tocopherol in the serum. Supplementation with CoQ10 also elevated the amounts of the predominant homologue CoQ9 in the serum and the mitochondria. A notable effect of CoQ10 intake was the enhancement of alpha-tocopherol in mitochondria. alpha-Tocopherol administration resulted in an elevation of alpha-tocopherol content in the homogenates of nearly all tissues and their mitochondria. Results of this study thus indicate that relatively long-term administration of CoQ10 or alpha-tocopherol can result in an elevation of their concentrations in the tissues of the mouse. More importantly, CoQ10 intake has a sparing effect on alpha-tocopherol in mitochondria in vivo.
Growth and Yield Responses of Winter Wheat to Mixtures of Ozone and Carbon Dioxide

Ozone (O 3 ) in the troposphere can cause plant stress, whereas elevated CO 2 generally enhances plant growth. Until recently, few studies have considered whether O 3 can affect plant response to CO 2 or vice versa. We examined these possibilities for soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were grown in 14-L pots and exposed in open-top field chambers to all combinations of three CO 2 and three O 3 treatments. The CO 2 treatments were ambient (approximately 380 μL L -1 ), or ambient with CO 2 added for 24 h d -1 to achieve mean concentrations of approximately 540, or 700 μL L -1 . The O 3 treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), or NF with O 3 added for 12 h d -1 (NF+). Mean O 3 concentrations in the CF, NF, and NF+ treatments were approximately 27, 45, and 90 nL L -1 . In the first experiment, eight cultivars with widely different genetic backgrounds were tested. 'Coker 9835' was relatively resistant to O 3 and Coker 9904' was relatively sensitive; these cultivars were tested in Exp. 2. Foliar injury caused by O 3 was suppressed by elevated CO 2 in both experiments. In Exp. 1, plant size and yield increased with CO 2 enrichment in the NF and NF+ treatments, but not in the CF treatment. However, the O 3 × CO 2 interaction was rarely significant. In Exp. 2, growth and yield of C9904 was suppressed more by O 3 than was that of C9835. Because of cultivar differences in sensitivity to O 3 , CO 2 enrichment caused greater amelioration of O 3 stress and greater enhancement for C9904 than for C9835. Significant cultivar x O 3 × CO 2 interactions occurred for all growth and yield measures. These results are similar to results with other crops, and further emphasize the need to consider possible interactions between O 3 and CO 2 when investigating effects of O 3 or CO 2 on plant systems.
Two Energy Scales in the Magnetic Resonance Spectrum of Electron and Hole Doped Pnictide Superconductors

We argue that a multiband superconductor with sign-changing gaps may have multiple spin resonances. We calculate the RPA-based spin resonance spectra of a pnictide superconductor by using the five-band tight-binding model or angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy Fermi surface (FS) and experimental values of superconducting gaps. The resonance spectra split in both energy and momenta due to the effects of multiband and multiple gaps in ${s}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ pairing; the higher energy peak appears around the commensurate momenta due to scattering between $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-FS to $\ensuremath{\gamma}/\ensuremath{\delta}$-FS pockets. The second resonance is incommensurate, coming from $\ensuremath{\beta}$-FS to $\ensuremath{\gamma}/\ensuremath{\delta}$-FS scatterings, and its $q$ vector is doping-dependent and, hence, on the FS topology. Energies of both resonances ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{res}}^{1,2}$ are strongly doping-dependent and are proportional to the gap amplitudes at the contributing FSs.
SELF-CONCEPT AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF

Upon the basis of total scores assigned, 35 stildents (the top 27% were designated "most religious;" 60 students (the middle 46% ) , "moderately religious;" and 35 (the lowest 27% ), "least religious." For each of these groups the authors determined the number and the per cent of students who on the Who-amI? test gave religious-related responses in defining self: (a) 57% .(20 out of 35) of the "most religious" group; 37% (22 out of 60) of the "moderately religious" group; and 26% (9 out of 35) of the "least religious" group. The chi square was 7.56 (df = 2, p < .05), therefore, intensity of religious belief is reflecred in one's self-concept as assessed by the Who-am-I? technique.
A Class of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Systems with Simple Receivers

Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems are of interest in many applications, including those that require accurate positioning and low data rate communications (e.g. IEEE 802.15.4a). However, UWB systems have been dogged by implementation concerns, particularly that of building the receiver in a small integrated fashion for extremely low-power devices. Thus, UWB systems with simple receivers are of interest. Candidate modulations for such include the burst-mode pulse-position modulation (PPM) being standardized in IEEE 802.15.4a, and the recently-introduced frequency-shifted reference (FSR) UWB scheme. Here, we show that, in the single-user case, the FSR-UWB system can be modified in a very simple way to yield other systems that are also easy to implement. In particular, rather than employing a cosine for separating the data and reference signals (as we originally proposed in the FSR-UWB system), one can employ any waveform from a very large class for such. The resulting class is general enough to encompass FSR-UWB, PPM, and on-off keying (OOK), thus capturing all three of the commonly-considered UWB schemes that provide very simple receivers. We provide a performance characterization of systems in the class on both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath fading channels as a function of the waveform employed, thus allowing a unified performance comparison of not only the commonly considered systems listed above but also numerous other heretofore unconsidered systems. Optimization across this class can then be considered for various operating scenarios.
A Call to Arms: a Critical Need for Interventions to Limit Pulmonary Toxicity in the Stem Cell Transplantation Patient Population

Noninfectious pulmonary toxicity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) causes significant morbidity and mortality. Main presentations are idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) in the acute setting and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) at later time point. While COP responds well to corticosteroids, IPS and BOS often are treatment refractory. IPS, in most cases, is rapidly fatal, whereas BOS progresses over time, resulting in chronic respiratory failure, impaired quality of life, and eventually, death. Standard second-line treatments are currently lacking, and current approaches, such as augmented T cell-directed immunosuppression, B cell depletion, TNF blockade, extracorporeal photopheresis, and tyroskine kinase inhibitor therapy, are unsatisfactory with responses in only a subset of patients. Better understanding of underlying pathophysiology hopefully results in the identification of future targets for preventive and therapeutic strategies along with an emphasis on currently underutilized rehabilitative and supportive measures.
The ArchaealdnaK-dnaJGene Cluster: Organization and Expression in the MethanogenMethanosarcina mazei

Abstract The organization and expression of the first archaeal dnaK-dnaJ gene cluster cloned and sequenced have been elucidated. The work focused on the methanogen Methanosarcina mazei strain S-6, but a survey of two other strains (JC3 and LYC) and species ( Methanosarcina sp . JCV and Methanoscarcina acetivorans ) showed that the findings are pertinent to other mesophilic methanosarcinas as well. The organization and some expression features of the archaeal genes resemble eubacterial equivalents for which comparable sequence information is available. However, the archaeal genes also display characteristics that are distinct from those of eubacterial and eucaryotic homologs. dnaK and dnaJ are transcribed into monocistronic messages. The initiation site is the same for transcription under optimal cell-growth conditions, and under stress due to a temperature upshift. The two genes are expressed constitutively at lower levels than those observed after heat shock. The constitutive and post-heat-shock expression levels are higher for dnaK than for dnaJ . Both genes withstand heat shocks of at least one and a half hours without a decline in transcript levels. While the transcription termination signals are to some extent reminiscent of those of eubacteria, the initiation signals are not. These have archaeal characteristics, which resemble those of eukaryotes. The intergenic dnaK-dnaJ region contains inverted repeats. These have the potential to build firm stem-loops in the transcript and in single-stranded DNA. f2
An analysis of auroral E region neutral winds based on incoherent scatter radar observations at Chatanika

The physical origin of auroral E-region neutral winds during geomagnetic disturbances is investigated by comparing incoherent-backscatter radar observations made at Chatanika, Alaska, during such disturbances with detailed theoretical calculations of neutral velocities for these conditions. In the analysis, an ion-drag collisional-coupling model is adopted as the primary driving force for the neutral winds. Electric fields and electron number densities observed by the radar facility are used in the calculations, and the coupled ion and neutral momentum equations are solved numerically as functions of altitude and time in the ion-drag approximation. The altitude structure of the velocity field is examined, and the detailed response of the neutral gas to the ion-drag mechanism is delineated. Weighted altitude averages of the calculated velocities are obtained, the accuracy of the procedure for deriving neutral winds from incoherent-scatter radar observations is evaluated, and the comparison is carried out. It is concluded that both ion drag and pressure gradients appear to be required to explain the neutral winds observed in the auroral E-region during geomagnetic disturbances.