cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proximity measurements between H-2 antigens and the insulin receptor by fluorescence energy transfer: evidence that a close association does not influence insulin binding.

Reports based on coprecipitation experiments have suggested that major histocompatibility complex class I products are complexed with the insulin receptor on the cell surface. Using an independent method that avoids the creation of immunoprecipitation artifacts during membrane solubilization, we have studied insulin receptor-class I product associations by determining the proximity between these class I products and the insulin receptor on intact cells with the use of fluorescence energy transfer. Significant energy transfer was seen between the insulin receptor and both murine H-2K- as well as H-2D-end products, indicating close proximity (e.g., within 10 nm). This cell-surface association is not from the relatively high class I density in that no significant energy transfer was measured between H-2K- vs. H-2D-end proteins. To extend these observations, we also tested whether class I products influence insulin-receptor binding and postbinding events as a result of their physical association. Using related cell lines positive and negative for class I expression, we found no correlation between insulin-receptor density or binding affinity with H-2 product expression. The class I-null variant, however, demonstrated an increase in insulin-mediated insulin-receptor internalization to suggest that if major histocompatibility complex class I products directly affect insulin-receptor function through specific cell-surface interactions, they may do so after ligand binding.
Various sulfonamide treatments of furunculosis in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

Abstract Sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and sulfamerazine alternated at 4-day intervals with sulfathiazole, were compared in the treatment of furunculosis among yearling and fingerling brook trout at the Leetown Station of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kearneysville, West Virginia, in 1947. The daily dosage rates were: for sulfamerazine and sulfamethazine, 6 grams per 100 pounds of fish (13.2 grams per 100 kilograms); for sulfathiazole, 12 grams per 100 pounds. The drugs were mixed thoroughly with the food. The courses of the epizootics were very different in the two age groups. With yearlings, mortalities were as follows: controls, 100 percent; sulfathiazole, 75 percent; sulfamethazine, 62 percent; sulfamerazine-sulfathiazole, 43 percent; sulfamerazine, 29 percent. With fingerlings, treatment was initiated sooner after the onset of the disease. Although mortality was finally heavy in the fingerling control, sulfonamide therapy was very much more effective and losses correspondingly ...
Learning the spatial features of a locomotor task is slowed after stroke

The capacity for humans to learn a new walking pattern has been explored with a split-belt treadmill during single sessions of adaptation, but the split-belt treadmill can also be used to study longer-term motor learning. Although the literature provides some information about motor learning after stroke, existing studies have primarily involved the upper extremity and the results are mixed. The purpose of this study was to characterize learning of a novel locomotor task in stroke survivors. We hypothesized that the presence of neurological dysfunction from stroke would result in slower learning of a locomotor task and decreased retention of what was learned and that these deficits would be related to level of sensorimotor impairment. Sixteen participants with stroke and sixteen neurologically intact participants walked on a split-belt treadmill for 15 min on 5 consecutive days and during a retention test. Step length and limb phase were measured to capture learning of the spatial and temporal aspects of walking. Learning the spatial pattern of split-belt treadmill walking was slowed after stroke compared with neurologically intact subjects, whereas there were no differences between these two groups in learning the temporal pattern. During the retention test, poststroke participants demonstrated equal retention of the split-belt treadmill walking pattern compared with those who were neurologically intact. The results suggest that although stroke survivors are slower to learn a new spatial pattern of gait, if given sufficient time they are able to do so to the same extent as those who are neurologically intact.
Far-ultraviolet spectrographs: the impact of holographic grating design

One of NASA’s major scientific initiatives in astrophysics, the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, is an orbiting observatory designed to perform high-resolution spectroscopy of stellar objects between 910 and 1150 A. To achieve the 100 cm2 of effective area required to observe faint quasars, the mission has adopted an unconventional design that couples grazing-incidence Wolter optics and an aberration-corrected Rowland circle spectrograph. The projected cost of the satellite has, however, become very high, driven in large part by the cost of the grazing optics and the side effects of compensating for their relatively poor performance. The logic that leads to the current design is reanalyzed, and it is argued that because of the technical developments of the last 7 years, grazing incidence is no longer the most attractive alternative. In particular, the application of aberration-corrected, spherical substrate, holographic gratings now greatly simplifies the design and thereby reduces the cost. A new design is presented that substantially outperforms the old and that is easier to fabricate.
Detection of mRNAs in sea urchin embryos by in situ hybridization using asymmetric RNA probes

Asymmetric RNA probes, which contain only the mRNA coding strand, provide a large increase in hybridization efficiency in situ over that observed with either symmetric (both strands represented) RNA or DNA probes. Asymmetric RNA probes are synthesized in vitro by transcription from recombinants formed between sequences encoding sea urchin mRNAs and the transcription vector R7 delta 7. Using a probe representing early variant histone mRNA sequences we have characterized hybridization to sections of sea urchin embryos with respect to thermal stability of the hybrids formed, optimum temperature, effect of sequence divergence on hybrid thermal stability, and dependence of the hybridization signals on probe concentration and hybridization time. Estimates from the observed signals indicate that a large fraction of target RNAs is both retained in sections and hybridized with probe at saturation. Coupled with measurements of nonspecific background binding of heterologous probes, these data indicate that the method has sufficient sensitivity to detect many moderately abundant mRNAs (20-75 molecules per cell in the 1500-cell pluteus). In situ hybridizations to embryos at different developmental stages show that while histone mRNAs are uniformly distributed in cleaving embryos, different cell lineages of older embryos show large differences in accumulation of these mRNAs.
Basis for a neuronal version of Grover's quantum algorithm

Grover’s quantum (search) algorithm exploits principles of quantum information theory and computation to surpass the strong Church-Turing limit governing classical computers. The algorithm initializes a search field into superposed N (eigen)states to later execute nonclassical “subroutines” involving unitary phase shifts of measured states and to produce root-rate or quadratic gain in the algorithmic time (O(N^1/2)) needed to find some “target” solution m. Akin to this fast technological search algorithm, single eukaryotic cells, such as differentiated neurons, perform natural quadratic speed-up in the search for appropriate store-operated Ca2+ response regulation of, among other processes, protein and lipid biosynthesis, cell energetics, stress responses, cell fate and death, synaptic plasticity, and immunoprotection. Such speed-up in cellular decision making results from spatiotemporal dynamics of networked intracellular Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and the search (or signaling) velocity of Ca2+ wave propagation. As chemical processes, such as the duration of Ca2+ mobilization, become rate-limiting over interstore distances, Ca2+ waves quadratically decrease interstore-travel time from slow saltatory to fast continuous gradients proportional to the square-root of the classical Ca2+ diffusion coefficient, D^1/2, matching the computing efficiency of Grover’s quantum algorithm. In this Hypothesis and Theory article, I elaborate on these traits using a fire-diffuse-fire model of store-operated cytosolic Ca2+ signaling valid for glutaminergic neurons. Salient model features corresponding to Grover’s quantum algorithm are parameterized to meet requirements for the Oracle Hadamard transform and Grover’s iteration. A neuronal version of Grover’s quantum algorithm figures to benefit signal coincidence detection and integration, bidirectional synaptic plasticity, and other vital cell functions by rapidly selecting, ordering, and/or counting optional response regulation choices
Canine tissue culturerubella vaccine in dogsensitive children

1. Pavilanis, V., Chagnon, A., Davigon, L., and Joncas, J.: Vaccination of infants with HPV-77 vaccine, Amer. J. Dis. Child. 118: 247, 1969. 2. Meyer, H. M., Jr., Parkman, P. D., and Panos, T. C.: Attenuated rubella virus. II. Production of an experimental live-vaccine and clinical trial, New Eng. J. Med. 275: 575, 1966. 3. Meyer, H. M., Jr., Parkman, P. D., Hobbins, T. E., et al.: Clinical studies with experimental live rubella virus vaccine (strain HPV-77). Evaluation of vaccine-induced immunity, Amer. J. Dis. Child. 115: 648, I968. 4. McCollum, R. W., Randolph, M. F., Bynre, E. B., and Hilleman, M. R.: Rubella vaccine (HPV-77-DE5): Antigenic and protective efficacy in a community trial, Amer. J. Dis. Child. 118: 186, 1969. 5. Dudgeon, J. A., Marshall, W. C., and Peckham, C. S.: Rubella vaccine trials in adults and children, Amer. J. Dis. Child. 118: 237, 1969. 6. Lefkowitz, L. B., Rafajko, R. R., Federspiel, C. F., and Quinn, R. W.: A controlled famile of live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine, New Eng. J. Med. 283: 229, 1970. 7. Schiff, G. M., Weihl, C., Altschuler, L., Rotte, T., and Brinker, J.: Probable transmission of rubella vaccine virus strain, Clin. Res. 18: 446, 1970. 8. Sever, J. L., Puccillo, D. A., Gitnick, G. L., et al.: Rubella antibody determinations, Pediatrics 40: 789, 1967. 9. Boue, A., Papiernick-Berkhauer, E., and LevyThierry, S.: Attenuated rubella virus vaccine in women: Clinical trials during the postpartum period, Amer. J. Dis. Child. 118: 230, 1969.
Petrogenesis and volcanology of anorogenic rhyolites: a special issue dedicated to Bill Bonnichsen

The occurrence of large volume, high-temperature silicic volcanic rocks is apparently confined to continental regions and is a manifestation of significant energy input into the continental crust over extended time periods. In the western United States, such magmatism occurs predominantly in extensional settings in the Cenozoic Great Basin and TransPecos (west Texas) volcanic provinces. It is particularly prolific in the late Cenozoic Snake River Plain-Yellowstone province that forms a time-transgressive ‘hot spot’ track across southern Idaho, where rhyolites were extruded as large lava flows and even larger ignimbrites. Volumes of individual eruptions range up to at least 100 km 3 for the lava flows and to as much as 3,000 km 3 for the ignimbrites. Cumulative volumes of silicic magma produced likely exceed 10 5 km 3 , making this province one of the most prolific rhyolite outpourings on Earth. These rhyolites are characterized by high magmatic temperatures (sometimes exceeding 1,000°C), anhydrous phenocryst assemblages, low oxygen fugacities, and A-type trace element chemistry. In all these respects the “anorogenic” rhyolites contrast sharply with silicic magmas from “orogenenic” settings (i.e., convergent margins and mid-Cenozoic calcalkaline silicic magmas of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau including
Microelectrophoretic and enzymic studies concerning the carbohydrate at the surface of rat erythrocytes.

Abstract The negative electrophoretic mobility of rat erythrocytes is reduced when these cells are incubated with bacterial α-amylase, indicating that the surface charge of the cells has been reduced by the action of this enzyme. Release of sialic acid in a bound form results from the enzymic treatment. The α-amylase-treated cells also exhibit stickiness and adhesion, whereas the untreated cells do not. These alterations in surface properties are believed to be associated with the enzymic cleavage of a sialic acidcontaining oligosaccharide, probably located at the outermost portion of the erythrocyte surface. The possible role of surface carbohydrate on mammalian cells is discussed.
Measurement of Automotive Catalyst Washcoat Loading Parameters by Microscopy Techniques

: Washcoat loading on automotive exhaust catalysts is normally determined, in production, by a weight gain procedure, which gives an accurate measure of washcoat weight present on an individual catalyst but does not address such parameters as uniformity of washcoat loading and geometric surface area within the monolith. Both issues are important factors that affect the catalytic activity (especially during catalyst lightoff) and catalyst cost (due to a thick, less functional washcoat) in an automotive exhaust system. Washcoat loading also plays a role in post-use analysis to determine possible reasons for changes (i.e., loss) in catalytic activity. For the post-use examinations weighing techniques are not useful since the washcoat cannot be preferentially removed and part of the weight gain is due to contamination from the combustion process. In the present work a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray mapping, light microscopy, and digital image processing was used. Two methods have been demonstrated for the determination of the density of calcined alumina washcoats. Additionally, a method has been developed to determine catalyst washcoat loading, either on a sampling basis after manufacture or in studies of catalysts after use. Methods also have been developed to determine other important parameters such as monolith wall thickness, percent open area in a catalyst monolith, geometric surface area, and hydraulic diameter. A linear correlation has been shown between hydrocarbon conversion efficiency and measured geometric surface area, with a coefficient of determination (r(2)) of 0.84.
Cycling of the Mechanical Ventilator Breath

Patient-ventilator interaction is a key element in optimizing mechanical ventilation. The change from inspiration to expiration is a crucial point in the mechanically ventilated breath, and is termed "cycling." Patient-ventilator asynchrony may occur if the flow at which the ventilator cycles to exhalation does not coincide with the termination of neural inspiration. Ideally, the ventilator terminates inspiratory flow in synchrony with the patient's neural timing, but frequently the ventilator terminates inspiration either early or late. Most current mechanical ventilators include adjustable cycling features that, when used in conjunction with waveform graphics, can enhance patient-ventilator synchrony.
Hydrogen sulfide is a partially redox-independent activator of the human jejunum Na+ channel, Nav1.5.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced endogenously by l-cysteine metabolism. H2S modulates several ion channels with an unclear mechanism of action. A possible mechanism is through reduction-oxidation...
Internalizing Externalities of Phosphorus Discharges from Crop Production to Surface Water: Effluent Taxes versus Uniform Reductions

Some economists have argued that the "solution to pollution" is effluent taxes. Ideally, the effluent tax should be set at a level which equates marginal social costs of effluent reduction with marginal social benefits of such reduction. Because of the difficulty of measuring these costs and benefits, particularly the benefits, economists have suggested an alternate approach. This approach requires that a socially acceptable standard of environmental (water) quality be set. Effluent taxes could then be used to achieve this standard. It has been argued that effluent taxes would achieve this standard at lower social cost than would policies such as uniform treatment or uniform reduction in effluent discharge by each discharger (Kneese; Kneese and Bower; Baumol and Oates; Freeman, Haveman, Kneese). Homer has presented a concise review of the case for effluent taxes. Few economists have disagreed with this argument. This article discusses an empirical comparison of the social costs and the cost to farmers of achieving given levels of reduction in phosphorus discharge from crop reduction for effluent taxes versus uniform reduction. A modified effluent tax, which would achieve the same water quality goals at a lower cost to farmers, is also analyzed. Research conducted on phosphorus in recent years lends itself to an empirical test of the aforementioned issue (Casler and Jacobs). Companion research indicates that reduction in soluble phosphorus inputs would decrease algal production in lakes in temperate latitudes (Oglesby and Schaffner). Presumably there are social benefits of reduced phosphorus discharges to such lakes, at least over some range of reduction.
Smoothened Goes Molecular: New Pieces in the Hedgehog Signaling Puzzle

A general aim of studies of signal transduction is to identify mediators of specific signals, order them into pathways, and understand the nature of interactions between individual components and how these interactions alter pathway behavior. Despite years of intensive study and its central importance to animal development and human health, our understanding of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway remains riddled with gaps, question marks, assumptions, and poorly understood connections. In particular, understanding how interactions between Hh and Patched (Ptc), a 12-pass integral membrane protein, lead to modulation of the function of Smoothened (Smo), a 7-pass integral membrane protein, has defied standard biochemical characterization. Recent structural and biochemical characterizations of Smoothened domains have begun to unlock this riddle, however, and lay the groundwork for improved cancer therapies.
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in normal, developing, and neoplastic tissues of the rat.

Abstract The activity of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, an enzyme of purine salvage, has been measured in ten normal tissues of the rat, in regenerating liver, in developing liver, in starved and glucocorticoid-treated rats, and in several Morris hepatomas. A new method was employed, making a multiple-time-point assay practicable. Liver contained the highest activity of those tissues assayed; activity was maximum in this tissue at 32 days after birth. No correlation of enzyme activity with tissue growth rate was apparent. Kinetic studies on the enzymes from normal liver and Morris hepatoma 3924 A indicated half-maximal velocities were attained at concentrations of about 4 μM hypoxanthine, and about 5 μM phosphoribosylpyrophosphate.
Presenting joint kinematics of human locomotion using phase plane portraits and Poincaré maps.

Additional graphical tools are needed to better visualize the joint kinematics of human locomotion. Standard plots in which the joint displacements are plotted against time or percent gait cycle do not provide sufficient information about the dynamics of the system. In this article, a study based on the two graphical tools of nonlinear dynamics to visualize the steady-state kinematics of human gait is presented. An experimental setup was developed to acquire the necessary data for application of the techniques. Twenty young adults, whose medical histories are free of gait pathology, were tested. Computerized electrogoniometers and foot switches were used to measure the kinematic data of the lower extremities and capture four instants of the gait cycle: heel strike, foot flat, heel off, and toe off. Phase plane portraits of each joint were constructed for the sagittal plane by plotting angular velocity against angular displacement. Poincare maps were obtained by periodically sampling the joint profiles at toe off and plotting the ith iterate against the (i + 1)th one. Phase plane portraits are useful in monitoring the variations of joint velocity and position on the same graph in a more compact form. Poincare maps are effective in differentiating steady gait from transient locomotion.
Demolition and preservation in shrinking US industrial cities

What is the role demolition is likely to play in the future of shrinking industrial cities in the United States? The history of demolition is explored as a policy response to real or perceived problems. A balance between demolition and preservation is critical to preserving viable neighbourhoods and restoring vitality to these cities. Older industrial cities with shrinking job and population bases are the primary case under examination. Market factors are identified that are likely to prevent the preservation and reuse of a significant part of these cities' housing stock. More extensive demolition is likely to be an unavoidable part of these cities' future. Both demolition and preservation can be considered parts of a framework through which neighbourhood revitalization can be furthered in these cities. A framework is needed that emphasizes preserving viable communities rather than individual buildings, although still irresolvable dilemmas continue to face those cities. Quel est le role que la demolition ...
The role of nuclear medicine imaging in the diagnosis and management of postoperative spinal infections in the setting of instrumentation

The number of spinal procedures utilizing metallic implants has significantly increased in the past decade. Unfortunately, a small percentage of the cases are complicated by spinal infections in the setting of instrumentation. The clinical, laboratory, and radiographic assessment of this difficult patient population can be quite challenging to even the astute clinician. Traditional radiographic techniques including CT scan and MRI are significantly less useful in this situation secondary to the confusing postoperative changes and the presence of internal fixation. In this article, we review the nuclear medicine imaging modalities which can be used to assist in the diagnosis and management of patients with postoperative spinal infections with metallic implants. These include 99 Technetium m -methylene diphosphonate ( 99 Tc m -MDP) scan, SPECT scan, three-phase bone scan, 67 Gallium citrate scan, 111 Indium oxine labeled leukocytes scan, 18-F-Fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) labeled PET scanning, as well as combinations of the different modalities. Combinations of the radiopharmaceutical isotope scans and the new FDG PET scan appear to demonstrate the most optimal sensitivity and specificity for infection detection in this patient population.
COCA: A secure distributed online certification authority

COCA is a fault-tolerant and secure online certification authority that has been built and deployed both in a local area network and in the Internet. Extremely weak assumptions characterize environments in which COCA's protocols execute correctly: no assumption is made about execution speed and message delivery delays; channels are expected to exhibit only intermittent reliability; and with 3t + 1 COCA servers up to t may be faulty or compromised. COCA is the first system to integrate a Byzantine quorum system (used to achieve availability) with proactive recovery (used to defend against mobile adversaries which attack, compromise, and control one replica for a limited period of time before moving on to another). In addition to tackling problems associated with combining fault-tolerance and security, new proactive recovery protocols had to be developed. Experimental results give a quantitative evaluation for the cost and effectiveness of the protocols.
Introduction to the Refresher Course on Respiratory Physiology

THE FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION of the respiratory system is to bring O2 into the body from the environment and rid the body of the CO2 produced by tissue metabolism. This exchange of gases occurs across alveoli of the lungs and is paramount for maintaining homeostasis. While this basic function is critical for homeostasis, the underlying physiology is complex and requires a basic understanding and application of physics and biochemistry. This makes respiratory physiology very “concept” based rather than “fact” based, which is oftentimes very challenging for students at all levels. Thus, helping students understand respiratory physiology represents a challenge for educators. The Refresher Course in Respiratory Physiology, presented at the 2008 Experimental Biology meeting in San Diego, CA, was designed to aid educators charged with teaching this topic. The articles in this issue of Advances in Physiology Education provide a written treatise of these talks, and the four speakers have a wealth of experience teaching this topic. In addition, the powerpoint images for these talks can be found on the American Physiological Society website (http:// www.the-aps.org/education/refresher/index.htm). The purpose
The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa for the repair of full-thickness corneal defects in dogs, cats and horses.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of using a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) graft covered by a conjunctival flap for the surgical repair of full-thickness corneal wounds in dogs, cats and horses. Procedure All records dating from August 1999 to February 2003 from Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of patients that had undergone ophthalmic surgical procedures and received a SIS corneal graft for a full-thickness lesion were reviewed. Fifteen cases were identified including six dogs, two cats and seven horses. Requirements for inclusion in this study were that SIS was used as a corneal graft in a full-thickness corneal defect and that the graft was completely covered with a conjunctival flap. Results Of the 15 cases, one canine patient had received SIS following removal of an epibulbar melanocytoma. The remaining five canine patients had undergone this surgical procedure for the repair of corneal perforation. The two feline patients had been presented for corneal perforation following chronic ulceration. One equine patient had been presented for a deep melting ulcer, three for stromal corneal abscesses, and three for corneal perforations. Complications encountered postoperatively included aqueous leakage, conjunctival flap dehiscence, synechia, cataract and fibrin in the anterior chamber. Fourteen out of 15 patients were visual at the final re-evaluation. Conclusion SIS is an inexpensive, easy-to-handle biomaterial that appears to be suitable for the repair of full-thickness corneal wounds in dogs, cats and horses. Results of our study support the conclusion that this relatively new product is an effective alternative to traditional implantation materials utilized in veterinary ophthalmology.
Cybersenior Empowerment: How Some Older Individuals Are Taking Control of Their Lives:

As individuals age, many begin to perceive a loss of control in their personal and social lives. To regain some of that control, individuals are buying computers and going on the Internet. The authors suggest that individuals who go on the Internet are empowering themselves because they are participating with others in a community and increasing personal control over their lives. They discuss potential empowerment themes developed from a convenience sample of older individuals (i.e., 50 or older) by analyzing their comments on how the Internet has influenced their personal and social lives. Emerging empowerment themes include the power of change, information, guilt, and how the Internet has enriched lives and expanded worldviews. What respondents told the authors has implications for funding and development of public policy including health and quality-of-life issues.
Facebook advertisements and purchase of weight-loss products:

Social networks such as Facebook are increasingly used as a platform for healthcare marketing. We study the role of advertisements on Facebook and their influence on consumer purchases of weight-lo...
A comparison of single scattering and finite difference synthetic seismograms in realizations of 2‐D elastic random media

SUMMARY The primary purpose of this paper is to study the accuracy with which two single scattering approximate methods model the propagation of elastic waves in media containing complicated structure. The modelling methods we shall examine are the (Conventional) Born approximation, and the Generalized Born approximation. The first of these methods is in wide-spread use in seismology for both forward and inverse modelling in acoustic and elastic media. The Generalized Born method has been introduced more recently for forward-modelling applications in both acoustic and elastic media. A secondary aim of this paper is to attempt to better understand the relationship between the characteristics of the model, (e.g. the spatial variation of the seismic-wave impedances and velocities), and the characteristics of the recorded seismograms (e.g. fluctuations in traveltimes, amplitudes and power spectra). Previous studies of the accuracy of approximate methods have usually been of one of two types; either analytic, where the relative magnitude of the terms kept in the approximate solution and those neglected are compared, or numerical comparisons based on simple canonical models, such as point scatterers or interfaces, for which exact analytic solutions are known. Neither of these .approaches yield completely satisfactory results. In this study we take advantage of recent advances in computer technology which allow us to generate finite difference results for realistic, relatively small 2-D elastic models. By realistic we mean a model which contains a degree of complexity similar to that likely to be found in the Earth. These finite difference results, which we treat as ‘exact’ solutions, may then be compared with the approximate results in both the time and frequency domains to give an indication of the accuracy of these approximations. These models are generated as realizations of Gaussian or Exponential autocorrelation functions and are specified on a rectangular grid. The models examined may be catagorized into two groups. In one, the ‘impedance’ models, the P- and S-wave velocities are kept fixed and the P- and S-wave impedances vary with position. In the other, the ‘velocity’ models, the P & S wave impedances are kept fixed but the P and S-wave velocities vary (the ratio of P to S-wave velocity is constant in every example shown). The results may be summarized by saying that in the impedance models the scattering is weak and the approximate solutions do an adequate job of modelling wave propagation. In the velocity models, however, the scattering is strong and neither of the approximate solutions model the scattering very well. The Generalized Born method, however, does significantly better than the Conventional Born approach.
Ring signatures of sub-linear size without random oracles

Ring signatures, introduced by Rivest, Shamir and Tauman, enable a user to sign a message anonymously on behalf of a "ring". A ring is a group of users, which includes the signer. We propose a ring signature scheme that has size O(√N) where N is the number of users in the ring. An additional feature of our scheme is that it has perfect anonymity. Our ring signature like most other schemes uses the common reference string model. We offer a variation of our scheme, where the signer is guaranteed anonymity even if the common reference string is maliciously generated.
Oxygen Content, Delivery, and Uptake

After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the principal determinants of oxygen content and appreciate the concepts of oxygen delivery and consumption. Understand the normal physiologic relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption. Understand oxygen supply dependency in critically ill patients. Understand goal-directed therapy and the controversies that surround it.
The American Pediatric Society.

Pediatrics as a defined area in medicine did not emerge on the American scene until well into the 19th century. With few definitive therapies and little understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases, the "proto-pediatrics" of the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States was largely descriptive and empiric, but the problems of children were monumental. Deadly infectious diseases, including diphtheria, measles, and cholera infantum (infectious diarrhea), killed tens of thousands of American children annually. Deficiency diseases, especially scurvy and rickets, were rampant. Because children were considered chattel, abuse in the home and work place was prevalent. The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals founded in 1866 conducted the first organized effort to prevent abuse and protect children.
Degenerate four-wave mixing and phase conjugation in a collisional plasma

Although degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) has many practical applications in the visible regime, no successful attempt has been made to study or demonstrate DFWM for wavelengths longer than 10 μm. Recently, Steel Lam [ Opt. Lett.4, 363 ( 1979)] established plasma as a viable DFWM and phase-conjugation (PC) medium for infrared and far-infrared waves and microwaves. However, their analysis is incomplete since collisional effects were not included. Using a fluid description, our results demonstrate that when collisional absorption is small and the collisional mean free path is shorter than the nonlinear density grating scale length, collisional heating generates a thermal force that substantially enhances the phase-conjugate reflectivity. When the collisional attenuation length becomes comparable with the length of the plasma, the dominant effect is collisional absorption of the pump waves. Numerical estimates of the phase-conjugate reflectivity indicate that for modest power levels, gains ≳1 are possible in the submillimeter- to centimeter-wavelength range. This suggests that a plasma is a viable PC medium at those long wavelengths. In addition, doubly DFWM is discussed.
Biodiversity assessment using next-generation sequencing: comparison of phylogenetic and functional diversity between Nebraska grasslands

Global biodiversity is declining rapidly as a consequence of anthropogenic changes to the environment. Traditional diversity indices such as species richness have been used to assess biodiversity, but recent arguments call for a more comprehensive assessment that includes both phylogenetic and functional diversity (PD and FD, respectively). Many PD metrics have been developed, but few empirical studies have compared metrics across sites with the goal of understanding their application to characterizing biodiversity. In this study, 17 PD metrics, four traditional diversity indices, and one measure of FD were calculated and compared between two Nebraska grasslands. PD metrics were calculated from robust phylogenies estimated from next-generation sequencing data of 45 species. Traditional indices were calculated using species abundance data, and FD was quantified by measuring the phylogenetic signal, K, of specific leaf area (SLA). Results showed that PD metrics and traditional indices were not always correlated, and various PD metrics characterized biodiversity differently. In addition, phylogenies estimated from >80 genes were more robust than single- or dual-gene phylogenies resulting in more reliable PD metrics. K of SLA indicated random trait assembly in all sites. Results suggested that metrics that identify phylogenetic structure and relatedness can provide information to conservation planners about the ability of a community to persist in an unpredictable future. A combination of these results with those of future investigations applying PD and FD metrics to varying communities will support concrete recommendations to conservation planners about how to incorporate these metrics into the selection of priority regions.
“Eve”: Hypothesis Compatibility versus Hypothesis Testing

1993 The "Eve" Hypotheses: A Genetic Critique and Reanalysis. American Anthropologist 95:51-72. Templeton, A. R., E. Boerwinkle, and C. F. Sing 1987 A Cladistic Analysis of Phenotypic Associations with Haplotypes Inferred from Restriction Endonuclease Mapping. I. Basic Theory and an Analysis of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity in Drosophila. Genetics 117:343-351. Templeton, A. R., C. F. Sing, A. Kessling, and S. Humphries 1988 A Cladistic Analysis of Phenotype Associations with Haplotypes Inferred from Restriction Endonuclease Mapping. II. The Analysis of Natural Populations. Genetics 120:1145-1154. Torroni, A., O. Semino, R. Scozzari, G. Sirugo, G. Spedini, N. Abbas, M. Fellous, and A. S. Santachiara Benerecetti
Development of the sex difference in neuron numbers of the superior cervical ganglion: effects of transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk.

The number of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons does not differ for males and females on the day of birth, but by 15 days, after most of the normal neuron death has occurred, males have significantly more neurons than females. This difference persists in the adult. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of afferent input to the SCG is required for the development of this sex difference. Bilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk, which deafferents the SCG neurons, or a sham operation was performed on male and female Sprague Dawley rats on the day of birth. Numbers of neurons were counted in SCGs of animals sacrificed on either postnatal day 4 or 15, before or after normal development of the SCG sex difference. At 4 days, the number of SCG neurons in sham-operated males and females were not different, but by 15 days, females had lost a significant number of neurons, whereas the males had not. Transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk led to a significant loss of over 6,000 SCG neurons by postnatal day 4 in both males and females. Whereas some of this loss is due to axotomy of caudally projecting SCG neurons, at least half of the neuron loss is due to removal of the afferent input, At 15 days, sham-operated males had significantly more SCG neurons than did sham-operated females, but the gender difference was not significant in animals with neonatally deafferented ganglia. Thus, the normal development of the gender difference in SCG neuron numbers requires an intact afferent input.
Metabolic crosstalk between the heart and liver impacts familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is largely caused by dominant mutations in genes encoding cardiac sarcomeric proteins, and it is etiologically distinct from secondary cardiomyopathies resulting from pressure/volume overload and neurohormonal or inflammatory stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that decreased left ventricular contractile function in male, but not female, HCM mice is associated with reduced fatty acid translocase (CD36) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. As a result, the levels of myocardial ATP and triglyceride (TG) content are reduced, while the levels of oleic acid and TG in circulating very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and liver are increased. With time, these metabolic changes culminate in enhanced glucose production in male HCM mice. Remarkably, restoration of ventricular TG and ATP deficits via AMPK agonism as well as inhibition of gluconeogenesis improves ventricular architecture and function. These data underscore the importance of the systemic effects of a primary genetic heart disease to other organs and provide insight into potentially novel therapeutic interventions for HCM.
Reversal of social deficits by subchronic oxytocin in two autism mouse models.

Social deficits are a hallmark feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related developmental syndromes. Although there is no standard treatment for social dysfunction, clinical studies have identified oxytocin as a potential therapeutic with prosocial efficacy. We have previously reported that peripheral oxytocin treatment can increase sociability and ameliorate repetitive stereotypy in adolescent mice from the C58/J model of ASD-like behavior. In the present study, we determined that prosocial oxytocin effects were not limited to the adolescent period, since C58/J mice, tested in adulthood, demonstrated significant social preference up to 2 weeks following subchronic oxytocin treatment. Oxytocin was also evaluated in adult mice with underexpression of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit (encoded by Grin1), a genetic model of autism- and schizophrenia-like behavior. Subchronic oxytocin had striking prosocial efficacy in male Grin1 knockdown mice; in contrast, chronic regimens with clozapine (66 mg/kg/day) or risperidone (2 mg/kg/day) failed to reverse deficits in sociability. Neither the subchronic oxytocin regimen, nor chronic treatment with clozapine or risperidone, reversed impaired prepulse inhibition in the Grin1 knockdown mice. Overall, these studies demonstrate oxytocin can enhance sociability in mouse models with divergent genotypes and behavioral profiles, adding to the evidence that this neurohormone could have therapeutic prosocial efficacy across a spectrum of developmental disorders.
The effect of audio recording and playback on self-assessment among middle school instrumental music students:

This study examined the effect of audio recording and playback on middle school instrumentalists’ self-assessment. Middle school student musicians (N = 112) completed a self-assessment immediately following their individual performance of an etude. The student musicians then listened to a recording of their individual performance and completed another identical self-assessment. A third identical self-assessment occurred 2 days later, again utilizing the recorded performance as subject material. The self-assessment tool asked students to rate individual aspects of their performances on a 7-point Likert-type scale. The elements of tone, pitch, and rhythm all evidenced significant differences in self-assessment ratings from the live performance to the recorded performance 2 days later. There were also significant differences in self-assessment ratings between the live performance and recorded performance conditions for the elements of pitch and rhythm. Only tone evidenced a significant difference in self-ass...
Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the 'Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China' (最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》若干问题的解释)

English Abstract: This is a translation of the "Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Application of the 'Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China,'" promulgated by the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China on April 22 2015 and effective May 1 2015.Chinese Abstract:这是针对由中国最高人民法院于2015年4月22日公布、自2015年5月1日起施行的《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉若干问题的解释》的一份英文译文。
Simple Algebras that Generalize the Jordan Algebra M3 8

In this paper we discuss a generalization of the split exceptional Jordan algebra M3 8() of the 3 X 3 hermitian matrices with elements in the split Cayley-Dickson algebra (1). The generalization consists of replacing by the non-commutative Jordan algebra ≡ (A, ƒ, s, t) discussed in (2; 3) and forming the set of 3 X 3 hermitian matrices M3 m() ≡ M with elements in the m-dimensional algebra . With the usual definition of multiplication X · Y = ½(XY + YX), M becomes a commutative algebra and we have the following theorem, which shows how the structure of M is reflected by that of .
Synthesis and Characterization of Gallium-Doped CdSe Quantum Dots

Developing electronic doping of colloidal quantum dots is important for basic science and technology. In this article, the doping of colloidal CdSe quantum dots with gallium atoms is reported. Gallium doping of CdSe quantum dots produces important changes in electronic and optical properties of the material. The gallium doping shows a significant impact on the growth kinetics of quantum dots, which reveals important clues about the mechanism of the gallium dopant incorporation into the CdSe. The results show that the gallium doping significantly impacts the conductivity of CdSe thin film made of the quantum dots as well as the photoluminescence and chemical reactivity of the quantum dots, in agreement with the expected n-type character.
Parallel FAS Multigrid for Arbitrary Mach Number, High Reynolds Number Unstructured Flow Solvers

A FAS multigrid capability has been developed in conjunction with a fully parallel Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solution algorithm, capable of eciently simulating flows with mixed high speed (Mach number > 1) and low speed (Mach number < 0.01) flow regimes. Unique features of this multigrid approach include 1) fully general parallel agglomeration routines that are independent of the parallel subdomain layout, and 2) novel agglomeration procedures designed to take the high aspect ratio control volumes in the boundary layer into account. This multigrid algorithm has been applied to several aerodynamic geometries of interest and validated against experimental results. The performance of the multigrid code has been investigated and is shown to provide significant improvements in solution convergence.
Tailoring structural inhomogeneities in metallic glasses to enable tensile ductility at room temperature

Metallic glasses boast high strength, but their low ductility has been a major concern. Here, taking a structural perspective and citing selected examples, we advocate purposely enhanced structural inhomogeneities, in an otherwise compositionally uniform and single-phase amorphous alloy, to promote distributed plastic flow. Four current tactics (the four R's) to improve deformability are highlighted, from the standpoint of structural, and consequentially mechanical, heterogeneities that can be tailored in the monolithic glassy state. Highly rejuvenated glass structures, coupled with restrained shear banding instability, lead to tensile ductility and necking, which is unusual for glasses at room temperature. Possibilities of strain hardening and strain rate hardening that are needed to stabilize uniform elongation are discussed. Innovative design and processing of amorphous metals, with internal structures tuned to facilitate flow, offer new possibilities in pushing the envelope of ductility accessible to these high-strength materials.