cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Betulinic acid derivatives as human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) inhibitors.

We previously reported that [[N-[3β-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28-oyl]-7-aminoheptyl]carbamoyl]methane (A43D, 4) was a potent HIV-1 entry inhibitor. However, 4 was inactive against HIV-2 virus, suggesting the structural requirements for targeting these two retroviruses are different. In this study, a series of new betulinic acid derivatives were synthesized, and some of them displayed selective anti-HIV-2 activity at nanomolar concentrations. In comparison to compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, a shorter C-28 side chain is required for optimal anti-HIV-2 activity.
Status of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a 6.5-meter, space telescope designed for infrared imaging and spectroscopy. Its planned launch in 2013, aboard an Ariane 5, will place it in n L2 orbit. The JWST program is a cooperative program with the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) managing the project for NASA. The prime contractor for JWST is Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST). JWST's international partners are the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). JWST will address four major science themes: First light and re-ionization; the assembly of galaxies, the birth of stars and protoplanetary systems; and the formation of planetary systems and the origins of life. We discuss the design of the observatory as it is currently base-lined, and review recent progress with the observatory.
A stress inoculation approach to anger management in the training of law enforcement officers

Consultation with law enforcement personnel in the area of conflict-management has typically been concerned with interpersonal rather than intrapersonal conflict. An approach to anger management that is based on cognitive self-control techniques is described as it has been used in the training of police officers. The approach follows a procedure called "stress inoculation" that has been applied to anxiety and pain (Meichenbaum, 1975). Data are presented on the anger experiences of policemen, and suggestions are offered for the selection of police candidates regarding their proneness for provocation.
Theranostic anticancer agents based on internally functionalized ORMOSIL nanoparticles

We prepared organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles with internal functional groups and mesoporosity, suitable for the incorporation of modalities for both MRI imaging and cancer treatment by neutron capture therapy using gadolinium-157 nuclei. These modalities were incorporated by preparing ORMOSIL nanoparticles with reactive functional groups throughout the nanoparticle body, followed by their conversion into the metal chelating moieties inside the nanoparticles.
Why overcoming prejudice is not enough: A rejoinder to Richard Rorty

Misrecognition, taken seriously as unjust social subordination, cannot be remedied by eliminating prejudice alone. In this rejoinder to Richard Rorty, it is argued that a politics of recognition and a politics of redistribution can and should be combined. However, an identity politics that displaces redistribution and reifies group differences is deeply flawed. Here, instead, an alternative ‘status’ model of recognition politics is offered that encourages struggles to overcome status subordination and fosters parity of participation. Integrating this politics of recognition with redistribution enables a coherent Left vision that could redress injustices of culture and of political economy simultaneously.
Photoaugmentation in the Hairless Mouse: A Study Using Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Alteration of DNA Synthesis as Markers of Epidermal Response

Photoaugmentation is the potentiation of UVB-induced cutaneous erythema by UV irradiation. We have examined other cutaneous responses to UVB irradiation-the 4 hr depression of DNA synthesis, the 48 hr stimulation of DNA synthesis, and the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), to determine whether these were also susceptible to augmentation by UVA, which does not cause these responses when administered alone. No photoaugmentation of DNA synthesis, stimulation or ODC induction occurred. The early depression of DNA synthesis was slightly augmented for this did not consistently reach significance.
Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma associated with mural leiomyomatous nodule and massive ovarian edema.

Mural nodules associated with mucinous and serous tumors of the ovary may represent a reactive process, a benign tumor, or a malignant neoplasm. Mural leiomyomatous nodule in mucinous cystadenoma is extremely rare. Two such cases had been described previously. In this case a 43-year-old white female presented with 24-h history of left quadrant pain and a left adenexal cystic mass on ultrasound examination. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a left ovarian mass with torsion on its pedicle. Frozen section of the cystic mass showed a mucinous cystadenoma with mural smooth muscle proliferation. A total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. Histologic examination of the mass revealed a mucinous cystadenoma with a mural leiomyomatous nodule and an enlarged ovary with massive stromal edema. This is the first case of a mural leiomyomatous nodule in association with a mucinous cystadenoma in an ovary with massive edema. This case broadens the histologic spectrum in which a mural leiomyomatous nodule may be encountered.
The determinants of visibility of software engineering researchers

Abstract The objective of this paper is to examine the visibility of software engineers who are highly cited in the literature and to present an analysis of the predictors of this visibility. We selected 59 leading software engineering researchers (the subjects) from a much larger group of well-respected software engineers using three criteria: (1) frequency of co-citation for the period 1991–1997, (2) extent to which the research is representative within the field, and (3) adequate coverage of the software engineering subject field. The visibility of the subjects was determined by asking other software engineers to classify each of the subjects by research area. The percentage of respondents who were able to identify the subject by his/her research area was taken as a measure of that subject's visibility. A number of variables were used to explain visibility including the area of expertise, the breadth of the research, and the vintage and form of publication of the subjects' most cited work.
Integrating Neural Networks and Semi‐Markov Processes for Automated Knowledge Acquisition: An Application to Real‐time Scheduling*

Recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have gained attention as a promising modeling tool for building intelligent systems. A number of applications have been reported in areas varying from pattern recognition to bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, we present a creative methodology that integrates computer simulation, semi-Markov optimization, and ANN techniques for automated knowledge acquisition in real-time scheduling. The integrated approach focuses on the synergy between operations research and ANN in eliciting human knowledge, filtering inconsistent data, and building competent models capable of performing at the expert level. The new approach includes three main components. First, computer simulation is used to collect expert decisions. This step allows expert knowledge to be obtained in a non-intrusive way and minimizes the difficulties involved in interviewing experts, constructing repertory grids, or using other similar structures required for manual knowledge acquisition. The data collected from computer simulation are then optimized using a semi-Markov decision model to remove data redundancies, inconsistencies, and errors. Finally, the optimized data are used to build ANN-based expert systems. The integrated approach is evaluated by comparing it with the human expert and using ANN alone in the domain of real-time scheduling. The results indicate that ANN-based systems perform worse than human experts from whom the data were collected, but the integrated approach outperforms human experts and ANN models alone.
Interaction of acetate, glucose and growth conditions on glyconeogenesis and isocitrate lyase activity in tetrahymena

Abstract 1. 1. Incubation of shaken cultures for 3 hr with acetate had little effect on the level of isocitrate lyase or the capacity for glyconeogenesis. 2. 2. Maintenance of cultures under static conditions for the same period led to an eight to tenfold increase in the enzyme and to a greatly enhanced ability to convert acetate to glycogen. 3. 3. Glucose prevented most of the increase in enzyme and led to a complete loss of the capacity for glyconeogenesis. 4. 4. Starved cells from non-shaken suspensions developed an increased capacity for glyconeogenesis, and the presence of acetate further increased this capacity. 5. 5. Cells from suspensions shaken with acetate had a much lower capacity. 6. 6. It is concluded that in Tetrahymena growth conditions are much more important than acetate in the regulation of glyconeogenesis and the synthesis of isocitrate lyase.
Supporting the paradigm shift in vendor selection: multicriteria methods for sole‐sourcing

Procurement is an increasingly important activity within most firms, and severe financial and operational consequences can result from the failure to optimize the procurement function. The multiple criteria, including the financial significance, involved in the selection of a sole‐source vendor are addressed here. Two multicriteria approaches to decision support for vendor selection are presented and are demonstrated through an example. One approach, the simple multiattribute rating technique, is relatively widely used in selection problems. The other approach, data envelopment analysis, is rarely used in such problems but serves as a very acceptable alternative for supporting the vendor selection decision. The results from these two approaches are compared to those based upon a pure aggregation and averaging procedure. For the example being considered, both multicriteria approaches provide similar results, which differ considerably from those for pure aggregation. In addition, the short‐term financial implications are examined so as to underscore the commitment needed by management if non‐cost criteria are to be incorporated into vendor selection.
Amplitude modulation and apodization of quasi-phase-matched interactions

We propose several techniques to modulate the local amplitude of quasi-phase-matched (QPM) interactions in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides and demonstrate apodization by using each of these techniques. When the hard edges are removed in the spatial profile of the nonlinear coupling, the sidelobes of the frequency tuning curves are suppressed by 13 dB or more, compared with a uniform grating, consistent with theoretical predictions. The sidelobe-suppressed gratings are useful for frequency conversion devices in optical communication systems to minimize interchannel cross talk, while the amplitude modulation techniques in general have potential uses in applications that require altering the tuning curve shapes.
Fidelity and diagnostic species concepts in vegetation classification in the Rocky Mountains, northern Utah, USA

The concepts of diagnostic species and fidelity have been used frequently in European phytosociology but rarely in North American vegetation classification. We developed a classification of the veg...
Papillary necrosis mimicking staghorn calculi.

Abstract A case is presented in which widespread papillary necrosis resulted in calculi that were difficult to differentiate from staghorn calculi. Histologic sectioning of the calculi was required to determine their true nature and allow the proper therapeutic approach. Without microscopic examination of renal calculi, it is possible that calcified and sloughed papillae might go unrecognized.
Complete daVinci versus laparoscopic pyeloplasty: cost analysis.

Background and purpose Computer-assisted pyeloplasty with the daVinci system is an emerging technique to treat ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. A relative cost analysis was performed assessing this technology in comparison with purely laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Patients and methods Eight patients underwent computer-assisted (daVinci) dismembered pyeloplasty (CP) via a transperitoneal four-port approach. They were compared with 13 patients who underwent purely laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP). All patients had a primary UPJ obstruction and were matched for age, sex, and body mass index. The cost of equipment and capital depreciation for both procedures, as well as assessment of room set-up time, takedown time, and personnel were analyzed. Surgeons and nursing staff for both groups were experienced in both laparoscopy and daVinci procedures. One- and two-way financial analysis was performed to assess relative costs. Results The mean set-up and takedown time was 71 minutes for CP and 49 minutes for LP. The mean length of stay was 2.3 days for CP and 2.5 days for LP. The mean operating room (OR) times for CP and LP were 176 and 210 minutes, respectively. There were no complications in either group. One-way cost analysis with an economic model showed that LP is more cost effective than CP at our hospital if LP OR time is 500 to obtain cost equivalence for CP. Conclusions Perioperative parameters for CP are encouraging. However, the costs are a clear disadvantage. In our hospital, it is more cost effective to teach and perform LP than to perform CP.
Infrared spectroscopy of carbon monoxide adsorbed on Pt/L zeolite

A series of 0.6 wt% Pt/MBaL zeolites, where M is Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, were prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, chemisorption, and infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed carbon monoxide. Greater than 90% of the exposed platinum in the samples is associated with small clusters, less than ≈ 7 A across, inside the zeolite channels. The remaining fraction of exposed platinum is on 100–500 A crystallites outside the channels. Adsorption of carbon monoxide on the platinum at 25 °C produces a broad infrared band whose maximum shifts from 2065 to 2025 cm−1 as the alkali cations in the zeolite are changed from Li to Cs. This shift is indicative of electron transfer between the cations and the platinum clusters. Heating the Pt/L catalysts to 225 °C produces new infrared bands at 2020–2015, 1975, and 1935–1920 cm−1. The appearance of these low-frequency bands strongly suggests that the CO-covered platinum clusters change their structure during heating. We propose that the new structure is one in which the carbon monoxide molecules insert into spaces between the framework atoms of the L zeolite.
Virtual Physical Education in the K-12 Setting

(2011). Virtual Physical Education in the K-12 Setting. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 5-50.
Random Coefficient Models for Stated Preference Surveys

Abstract This paper combines the use of random coefficient discrete choice models that allow for correlated errors in the form of unobserved preference heterogeneity with an investigation of the reliability and usefulness of rankings data. For the data we examine, we find significant unobserved preference heterogeneity in the rankings, which violates the underlying assumptions of the rank-ordered logit model. Further, directly modeling unobserved preference heterogeneity results in significant improvement in the precision of the parameter estimates and in estimated Willingness to Pay (WTP). The reliability and usefulness of rankings data should be re-examined with econometric models not subject to the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA).
Decision support for sustainable manufacturing using decision guidance query language

Sustainability has become a very significant research topic as it impacts many different manufacturing industries. Therefore, the technologies for monitoring, analysing, evaluating and optimising the sustainability performance of manufacturing processes and systems are very critical for decision makers on the shop floor. This paper introduces a decision guidance management system that provides actionable recommendations through quantitative analysis of the sustainability measures of manufacturing processes and systems based on life cycle assessment. The system determines decision preferences through dynamically collected data and decision makers' responses, taking into account the prevailing constraints. Optimal decisions can be derived using mathematical and constraint programming. By using decision guidance query language, this methodology allows users to make optimal decisions without an extensive mathematical or operations research background. Knowledge of relational databases is sufficient for a user...
Life Stress and Cardiovascular Disorders

An amassing body of data demonstrates further the growing importance to medicine of the recognition that, for man, reactions to threats in the form of symbols, especially when sustained, may be more important than response to assaults. Certainly, many aspects of cardiovascular disease may be looked upon as functions of man's goals, his methods of achieving them, and the conflicts they engender. In this paper the importance of life stress to the cardiovascular system in various conditions is discussed; case examples demonstrate the relationship between stressful situations and circulatory efficiency, faulty exercise tolerance in patients with or without structural heart disease, the hypodynamic response, cardiac arrhythmias, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, hypertension and renal blood flow.
Business ethics: A cross-cultural comparison of managers' attitudes

A comparison of attitudes among managers from France, Germany and the United States is made with respect to codes of ethics and ethical business philosophy. Findings are also compared with past studies by Baumhart and by Brenner and Molander where data are available. While the current data appear to be consistent with the past studies, there appear to be differences in attitudes among the managers from the three countries.
Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b is required for hepatitis C virus entry into hepatocytes

ABSTRACT The molecular mechanism of the hepatic tropism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains incompletely defined. In vitro hepatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells produces hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) permissive for HCV infection, providing an opportunity for studying liver development and host determinants of HCV susceptibility. We previously identified the transition stage of HCV permissiveness and now investigate whether a host protein whose expression is induced during this transition stage is important for HCV infection. We suppressed the expression of a liver-specific protein, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b (CIDEB), and performed hepatocyte function and HCV infection assays. We also used a variety of cell-based assays to dissect the specific step of the HCV life cycle that potentially requires CIDEB function. We found CIDEB to be an essential cofactor for HCV entry into hepatocytes. Genetic interference with CIDEB in stem cells followed by hepatic differentiation leads to HLCs that are refractory to HCV infection, and infection time course experiments revealed that CIDEB functions in a late step of HCV entry, possibly to facilitate membrane fusion. The role of CIDEB in mediating HCV entry is distinct from those of the well-established receptors, as it is not required for HCV pseudoparticle entry. Finally, HCV infection effectively downregulates CIDEB protein through a posttranscriptional mechanism. IMPORTANCE This study identifies a hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry cofactor that is required for HCV infection of hepatocytes and potentially facilitates membrane fusion between viral and host membranes. CIDEB and its interaction with HCV may open up new avenues of investigation of lipid droplets and viral entry.
Childhood adversity, poly-substance use, and disordered eating in adolescent Latinas: mediated and indirect paths in a community sample

OBJECTIVE: Although many studies have identified associations between childhood maltreatment and later substance use and disordered eating, few have examined causal or explanatory pathways, and whether victim characteristics predict the development of one versus the other of these outcomes remains uninvestigated. Furthermore, relatively little childhood maltreatment research has examined Latino samples. To address these gaps, this study examined among Latina adolescents the effects of sexual abuse, physical/emotional abuse, neglect, disconnection from family, and parental alcohol problems on poly-substance use and disordered eating, and whether five individual characteristics explain or differentiate these outcomes. METHOD: Data from a community sample of 361 Latina adolescents were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Physical/emotional abuse predicted poly-substance use and weight concerns, and these associations were mediated by impaired current attachment. Disconnection from family predicted bulimic behaviors, and this association was mediated by dysphoria. One indirect path also emerged: Disconnection from family predicted low social conformity, and low social conformity predicted poly-substance use. Childhood sexual abuse did not uniquely predict any adverse outcome or individual characteristic examined. CONCLUSIONS: Dysphoria and impaired current attachment appear to play important roles in the development of substance use and disordered eating in Latina adolescents when physical/emotional abuse or disconnection from family predicts these outcomes. Dysphoria and low social conformity may differentiate the development of bulimic behaviors and poly-substance use, respectively, when family disconnection predicts these outcomes. Language: en
A new commercial thin film composite membrane for forward osmosis

Abstract New membranes for forward osmosis (FO) have been made by numerous academic groups around the world. Few of these designs, however, have made it to full-scale production. For two decades, the only FO membrane made on a full-scale production line was a cellulose acetate membrane from Hydration Technology Innovations (HTI). Only recently have other companies designed new membranes and produced them on a large scale, but those membranes are still largely unavailable to academic researchers. In this study, we report on a newly launched forward osmosis membrane from HTI. This thin film composite (TFC) membrane is a departure from their cellulose acetate platform and is among if not the first TFC membrane to be made on a 40-inch line. The TFC membrane tested, which is their first generation TFC membrane, exhibited high water permeance and good mechanical strength relative to other membranes discussed in the academic literature. Under FO tests, the membrane achieved high water flux of 46.4 and 22.9 L m − 2 h − 1 with a modest salt flux of 24.9 and 6.4 g m − 2 h − 1 using 1 M sodium chloride against deionized water in pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and FO modes, respectively.
Numerical asymptotic functions in variational scattering theory

Abstract A procedure for explicitly incorporating the effects of long range potentials in variational trial functions for electron-atom and electron-ion scattering is outlined. The component of the wavefunction that represents the asymptotic solution consists of two parts. Outside a certain boundary radius, the asymptotic solutions are generated numerically. The total trial wavefunction is made everywhere smooth and continuous by matching these asymptotic solutions at the boundary with two fixed analytical linearly independent functions, defined within the radius in each channel. Two choices of the fixed internal functions are considered. The numerical feasibility of this approach is investigated by application to the problem of scattering of electrons from atomic hydrogen in the static exchange approximation and from the positive He ion in the static approximation.
Analytic Design of Active Safety Systems for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

We analytically study parameter design for safety applications in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks. Our goal is to fill in the current gap between purely traffic-based studies that fail to account for the non-idealities of communications, and communications-based ones which neglect the application needs of the system. Initially and by studying the dynamic behavior of vehicles we address the delay requirement of the safety application. We then derive the delay-bounded packet success probability of three Media Access Control (MAC) schemes proposed for the dissemination of periodic safety messages. By simultaneously accounting for multi-user interference and propagation effects such as path loss and fading, we determine the optimal transmission rate, channel access probability, and when pertinent, carrier sensing range of those schemes that satisfy the delay requirement at a target success probability. Of our findings is that the optimal transmission rate varies only with the path loss exponent, irrespective of the MAC scheme used. Also, the optimal communications parameters that minimize the maximum expected collision probability in a chain of vehicles is only dependent on the human factors (perception-reaction time and deceleration behavior) and highway characteristics (number of lanes and path loss exponent) and hence do not have to vary with traffic conditions.
Complications of pediatric cardiac catheterization: A 3-year study

Abstract To determine the current risk of pediatric cardiac catheterization, the complications and incidents of all catheterizations performed in a pediatric laboratory between January 1986 and October 1988 were prospectively recorded and compared with results from a 1974 study from the same institution. In the current study 1.037 catheterizations, 885 diagnostic and 152 diagnostic/interventional procedures, were performed in 888 patients (aged 1 day to 27 years, median 15.6 months). There were 15 major complications (1.4%), 70 minor complications (6.8%) and 30 incidents (2.9%). Two patients died as a result of the procedure and two as a result of pericatheterization clinical deterioration caused by the cardiac abnormality. The great majority of complications were successfully treated or were self-limited and the patients had no residua. Of patients with 13 nonfatal major complications and 70 minor complications, residua were evident in 7 patients and 3 without evident residua had the potential for sequelae (0.7% and 0.3% of catheterizations). A comparison of the diagnostic and balloon atrial septostomy cases in the present study with similar cases in the 1974 study shows that the incidence of major complications has decreased from 2.9% to 0.9% (p
Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid and pyrazinamide: experience in 114 cases.

1. One hundred fourteen patients were treated with the combination INH-PZA for periods of one to 25 months. 2. Of eight showing no change on roentgen evaluation at the fourth month of treatment, it is considered significant that all eight had achieved bacteriological “conversion” and that five of the eight had persistent open cavity with negative sputum. Of 58 moderately and far-advanced cases, 22 showed marked improvement, 17 moderate improvement, 10 slight improvement, and only one showed worsening. 3. Of 55 treated at least four months with moderately and far-advanced disease, 80 per cent achieved bacteriological negativity during the first two months, with the vast majority doing so during the first month of treatment. An additional 13 “converted” during the third and fourth months. Four patients (7 per cent) remained positive, and they all became resistant to INH within two months. 4. Of 19 cases with a cavitary component 4 cm. or more, 11 became “open negative,” four became “closed negative,” and four remained “open, positive, resistant.” Evidence of hepatic toxicity was obtained in 15 per cent of 114 cases only by an abnormal liver function test. Clinical hepatic involvement as well occurred in an additional 4 per cent. There was one death with jaundice; its relationship to PZA is doubtful. All evidence of hepatic toxicity, clinical or laboratory, appeared in a scattered fashion during the first 10 months of treatment; no toxicity was detected in 12 cases receiving PZA for 10-25 months. 5. The achievement of bacteriological negativity with persistence of open large cavity appears to happen much more often with INH-PZA than with various combinations of SM, INH and PAS. 6. The major disadvantage of INH-PZA therapy is the hepatotoxicity of PZA which manifests itself in most of the cases only by abnormal laboratory tests. Because of this it is felt that INH-PZA should be used only in those cases in whom frequent liver function studies can be done, and that further effort should be directed towards finding more sensitive laboratory indices of early PZA toxicity.
Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites

parallels to selection for group behavior in natural populations. It could be argued that all scientific inquiry is based on the assertion that gathering information increases our understanding of the natural world, and that we should use this information to further improve countless diverse, human agendas. A great amount of information is gathered and disseminated in this second volume of t e Desig and Nature series-and it amounts to a sometimes overwhelming and always stimulating array of biological and engineering questions. The high cost of the book will limit its audience to academic and corporate buyers, but it is this same group who has the most to gain from integrating scientific disciplines to a level beyond simple metaphor. That com lexity is an inherent and u avoidable outcome of natural systems is a major theme of this book and I have little doubt that such
Demographics of Students in Christian Higher Education: A National Study of Part-Time Enrollment, Ethnicity, and Gender

The research reported in this paper examined fall 2005 enrollment status, ethnicity, and gender for Christian and public colleges and universities awarding four-year degrees. Data were extracted from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). The study included 235 Christian and 659 public colleges and universities. The indicated demographics were analyzed for fall 2005, then evaluated for disparities between Christian and public institutions. Statistical differences in the percentage of part-time enrollments, ethnicity, and female students were identified. Suggestions for improved practice and further research are provided.
DISCRIMINABILITY OF FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES FOR PIGEONS: EFFECTS OF PAYOFF VALUES

Three pigeons, previously trained to discriminate different numbers of responses (fixed ratios), were tested under different reinforcement contingencies (payoff matrices) at two levels of sensitivity. For one subject, relative reinforcement magnitude was varied-at first, across sessions and then, at midsession by reversing values-without exteroceptive cues. For another, relative reinforcement magnitude and/or probability was varied every 50 trials with cues by correlating different payoff matrices with different key colors. For the third subject, relative reinforcement probability was varied more frequently with cues-in the limit, at random-to demonstrate stimulus control of response bias on a trial-by-trial basis. A signal-detection analysis showed that bias changed with payoffs, for as many as seven different matrices, while sensitivity remained unchanged. The obtained functions (receiver operating characteristics) were similar under different payoff conditions, which suggests that a single mechanism controls bias. However, they differed enough in slope to require a relatively complex account (e.g., the general Gaussian model of detection theory).
SWOT as a threshold concept: A case study of the problems encountered with threshold concepts

SWOT analysis is one of the oldest and best-known “tools” in management. However, it has been subject to extensive critique, and several scholars argue it has been supplanted by more recent theoret...
PHOTOLOGGING IN THE SOUTHERN NATIONAL FORESTS

There are thirty-three proclaimed National Forests in fourteen states comprising the Southern Region of the U. S. Forest Service. The road system totals 14,426 miles, of which 417 miles are paved, 5,425 miles have soil or aggregate surfaces, and 8,584 miles have graded and drained surfaces. The terrain varies from mountainous North Carolina and East Tennessee to the flat lands of Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.© (1973) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vaccination with herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein K impairs clearance of virus from the trigeminal ganglia resulting in chronic infection

Following primary ocular infection, HSV-1 establishes a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia with the complete absence of detectable infectious virus. Recently, we showed that vaccination of BALB/cJ with HSV-1 glycoprotein K (gK), but not other HSV-1 glycoproteins, significantly exacerbated the severity of HSV-1-induced ocular disease and herpetic dermatitis (H. Ghiasi et al. J. Virol. 68, 2347-2354, 1994). We now report that prior vaccination with gK blocked viral clearance from trigeminal ganglia until at least Day 56 postinfection, resulting in a chronic infection. The significance of this novel finding with respect to potential harmful complications associated with the immune response to gK is discussed.
Diurnal variation in the effects of progesterone on multiple unit activity in the rat hypothalamus.

Abstract A study has been made of the effects of progesterone on multiple unit activity (MUA) in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats maintained under light-controlled conditions (14 hr light, 10 hr dark). With large microelectrodes (25 μ), recordings were made of integrated MUA in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ME) and the preoptic region of proestrous rats (nucleated vaginal smears) under light urethane anesthesia. Cortical EEG, EKG, and respiration were also monitored. Injection of progesterone (2.5 mg sc in oil) induced a “sleepy” EEG within an hour, regardless of time of administration. However, afternoon (14:30) injections induced a depression in ME multiunit activity followed by several hours of elevated activity starting around 17:00, while injections at 11:00 evoked a rise in activity preceding the phases of depression and secondary elevation (a triphasic effect). In natural proestrus progesterone at 11:00 activates release of pituitary ovulating hormone (“advances the critical period”), and the initial elevation in multiunit activity may represent a neural correlate of this process. The secondary rise in activity occurs at about the time on onset of behavioral estrus. Anterior deafferentation of the hypothalamus eliminates the diurnal variation in responsiveness to progesterone, and injection of the steroid is followed by a slow rise in multiunit activity regardless of time of day.
Emergency department use of ultrasonography to detect lateral ankle fractures

Study objectives: Ankle injuries are commonly treated in the emergency department (ED). There are several published decision rules to aid the emergency physician to determine which patients require radiographs as part of their evaluation. Recently, ultrasonography has been used to evaluate fractures. The purpose of this study is to determine whether emergency physicians with minimal training could accurately determine the presence or absence of lateral ankle fractures in the ED with the use of a bedside ultrasonography. We report preliminary data of an ongoing study. Methods: A convenience sample of adult patients who presented to the ED after trauma and presenting with tenderness and swelling over the lateral malleolus was eligible for inclusion. Verbal consent was obtained. Emergency attending physicians and resident physicians who underwent a 10-minute discussion and demonstration of the use of ultrasonography to evaluate lateral malleolar injuries performed the studies. The physicians were asked after performing the ultrasonography whether they believed there was a fracture. Their responses were then compared with the radiologist's interpretation of the radiograph. Results: There were 12 ultrasonographic examinations performed by emergency attending physicians; 8 were interpreted as negative, and none of these had fractures identified on radiograph. Four were interpreted as positive, 3 had fractures identified on radiograph (positive predictive value 75%, negative predictive value 100%, sensitivity 100%, specificity 88.9%). Of the 16 resident ultrasonographic scans, 12 were interpreted as negative; 1 had a fracture identified on radiograph. Four were interpreted as positive, and 3 of these had fractures identified on radiograph (positive predictive value 75%, negative predictive value 91%, sensitivity 75%, specificity 91%). Conclusion: Preliminary results appear to demonstrate good negative predictive value for detection of lateral ankle fractures. Greater numbers are needed to draw conclusions, and this study is ongoing. However, ultrasonography in combination with physical examination may show promise in identifying which patients may forgo radiograph.
Organization and histology of the pineal region in the hyrax (Procavia capensis).

The pineal region of four adult male Procavia capensis from South Africa was studied in serial sections of median portions of entire brains. A consistent and unique pineal morphology was found in all specimens, in contrast with previous reports based on specimens of Procavia from diverse and distant populations or species. A principal pineal tissue mass bounds the pineal recess anterodorsally and makes contact with the subcommissural organ at the apex of the recess. A dorsal or accessory pineal tissue mass occurring on the opposite (anterior or dorsal) side of the habenular commissure forms part of the basal wall of the dorsal sac. Both pineal parts are penetrated throughout by nerve fibers, of which at least the great majority belong to the habenular commissure system. Tissue zonation, rich and distinctive vascularization, abundant pinealocytes in lobules, and parenchymal follicles are also characteristic. The dorsal sac and pineal recess are unusually large in this species. Additional features of the pineal body, dorsal sac and subcommissural organ are described.
B-physics: new states, rare decays and branching ratios in CDF

We present results and prospects for searches for rare B and D meson decays with final state dimuons, including B{sub s}{sup 0} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}, B{sub d}{sup 0} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}, and D{sup 0} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}. B0 Upper limits on the branching fractions are compared to previous CDF measurements, recent results from the B factories and theoretical expectations. We also report on new measurements of production and decay properties of the X(3872) particle, discovered in 2003 by the Belle Collaboration. New results on the measurement of the relative branching fraction for the Cabibbo suppressed decay B{sup +} {yields} J/{psi}{pi}{sup +} {Beta}(B{sup +} {yields} J/{psi}{pi}{sup +})/{Beta}(B{sup +} {yields} J/{psi}K{sup +}) are presented too. The presented results are based on the analyses of 70 to 220 pb{sup -1} of data collected by the CDF II detector in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.96 GeV at Fermilab Tevatron.
Covalent attachment and dissociative loss of sinapinic acid to/from cysteine-containing proteins from bacterial cell lysates analyzed by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry

We report covalent attachment via a thiol ester linkage of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid or SA) to cysteine-containing protein biomarkers from bacterial cell lysates of E. coli analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry when using SA as the matrix. Evidence to support this conclusion is the appearance of additional peaks in the MS spectra when using SA, which are absent when using α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA). The additional peaks appear at a mass-to-charge (m/z) ∼208 greater to the m/z of a more abundant protein ion peak. Protein biomarkers were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using a MALDI time-of-flight/time-of-flight (TOF-TOF) mass spectrometer and top-down proteomics. Three protein biomarkers, HdeA, HdeB, and homeobox or YbgS (each containing two cysteine residues) were identified as having reactivity to SA. Non-cysteine-containing protein biomarkers showed no evidence of reactivity to SA. MS ions and MS/MS fragment ions were consistent with covalent attachment of SA via a thiol ester linkage to the side-chain of cysteine residues. MS/MS of a protein biomarker ion with a covalently attached SA revealed fragment ion peaks suggesting dissociative loss SA. We propose dissociative loss of SA is facilitated by a pentacyclic transition-state followed by proton abstraction of the β-hydrogen of the bound SA by a sulfur lone pair followed by dissociative loss of 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-ynal. The apparent reactivity of SA to cysteine/disulfide-containing proteins may complicate identification of such proteins, however the apparent differential reactivity of SA and HCCA toward cysteine/disulfide-containing proteins may be exploited for identification of unknown cysteine-containing proteins.
Unequal Treatment by Mothers and Fathers Matters Differently for Daughters and Sons

Research in attachment has yet to examine the differential effects of unequal treatment by mothers versus unequal treatment by fathers and how unequal treatment affects daughters and sons differently. Moreover, research examining the link between differential treatment and relationship outcomes such as jealousy in romantic relationship has suggested that romantic attachment may mediate this process but has not effectively examined this association. In the current study, researchers found that for daughters, unequal control (but not affection) by mothers (but not fathers) predicted jealousy. For sons, unequal affection (but not control) by mothers (but not fathers) predicted jealousy. For sons, attachment mediated the relationship between differential maternal affection and jealousy in romantic relationships.
Are software engineering textbooks a thing of the past

Computer science is a rapidly changing field with new tools and products introduced almost daily. The software developer, whether beginning student or seasoned professional, must not only have a good background on the fundamentals, but must also be able to keep up with the latest trends and techniques through research, education, and practice. This paper addresses this issue in terms of student learning, and discusses the issue of currency as it relates to student learning materials such as textbooks.
The value of performance studies of irrigation projects for lending agencies

This paper looks at the World Bank's experience with irrigation and drainage projects and compares their performance expected at appraisal stage with the performance re-assessed at completion and at the time of impact evaluation, typically 3 to 5 years later when projects have reached their full potential. This review confirms the over-optimistic assumptions of project performance at appraisal and completion stages. The deficiencies in water distribution are far greater than suspected, affecting cropping intensity and crop yields much more than originally thought. An important lesson from this memo is the need to adopt more realistic values of key parameters in the preparation of irrigation projects.
How do quasars obtain their fuel

Abstract A new model for quasars based on stellar captures by the accretion disk is summarized. The model solves the problem of how matter is transported close to the black hole in a quasar, and can account for the M–σ relation. It predicts that all quasars occur in an environment of extremely high stellar density during nuclear starbursts.
ECT for self-injury in an autistic boy.

Self-injurious behavior presents a significant challenge in autism, and first-line psychopharmacological and behavioral interventions have limited efficacy in some patients. These intractable cases may be responsive to electroconvulsive therapy. This article presents an eight-year-old boy with autism, mental retardation, prominent mood lability and a five-year history of extreme self-injurious behavior towards his head, averaging 109 self-injurious attempts hourly. The patient was at high risk for serious head trauma, and required usage of bilateral arm restraints and protective equipment (i.e., padding on shoulders, arms, and legs). All areas of daily functioning were profoundly impacted by dangerous self-injury. Fifteen bilateral ECT treatments resulted in excellent mood stabilization and reduction of self-injury to 19 attempts hourly, and maintenance ECT was pursued. The patient was able to return to developmentally-appropriate educational and social activities. ECT should be considered in the treatment algorithm of refractory cases of severe self-injury in autism.
Compact, widely tunable, half-lambda YIG oscillator

We demonstrate a new YIG-tuned oscillator (YTO) design based on a planar YIG resonator that supports half-lambda standing spin wave. The fabricated YTO, with a compact size of 6 cm × 5 cm × 4 cm, has an octave tuning range of 2–4 GHz and −100 dBc/Hz phase noise measured at 10 kHz offset from a 3-GHz carrier. The planar YIG geometry makes the YTO design more cost-effective than the YIG-sphere-based YTOs, but with comparable performance.
Finite element modeling of laser-based thermoelastic ultrasound generation

Using a scanned laser to generate ultrasound, via the thermoelastic effect, offers an alternative approach for realizing high density, high frequency ultrasound imaging arrays. The approach bypasses the complexity and intricacy required for forming conventional piezoelectric array elements and their associated electrical connections. Thus, it is particularly well suited to 2D arrays. In this paper, the devices considered comprise a carbon black loaded PDMS polymer layer on top of a glass or PDMS substrate. PZFlex Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to investigate the impact of a variety of design variables including: laser spot size, substrate material and thermoelastic coupling medium. Predicted single element angular response broadly matched responses obtained by experiment. Specifically, if a low acoustic loss glass substrate is used then measurable sidelobes occur at approximately 40 degrees. However, if the glass substrate is replaced by a PDMS material, then the traveling waves that give rise to sidelobes are no longer supported and a smooth single element angular response is obtained in both experiment and FEA simulation. FEA suggests that there are other modes in addition to the Rayleigh mode observed in the experiment. It is believed that these modes are more quickly damped in the experimental case. Therefore, while FEA provides a very versatile and valuable analysis tool, the accuracy of its predictions are contingent on accurate knowledge of device geometry and relevant material properties.