cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech perception is hearing sounds, not tongues

Should the human or mechanical listener attempt to recover articulatory information when recognizing speech? The answer is ‘‘no,’’ with one qualification: listeners who need eventually to speak out loud the utterances they hear others make would be aided by figuring out what other speakers do with their vocal tracts but even in this case it may not be absolutely necessary. (There is also no dispute that the speech scientist wishing to understand how speech works needs to known the articulations giving rise to specific sounds.) The argument has three parts: (a) the phonologies of languages (e.g., their segment inventories, phonotactic patterns, etc.) unmistakably optimize sounds, not articulations; (b) infants and even various nonhuman species can differentiate certain sound contrasts in human speech even though it is highly unlikely that they can deduce vocal tract movements generating the sounds; (c) humans can differentiate many nonspeech sounds almost as complex as speech, e.g., music, machine noises, as well as bird and monkey vocalizations, where there is little or no possibility of recovering the mechanisms producing the sounds.
Singing, allogrooming, and allomarking behaviour during inter- and intra-sexual encounters in the Neotropical short-tailed singing mouse (Scotinomys teguina)

In this study we determine whether brief interactions with unfamiliar conspecifics stimulate audible singing behaviour in the Neotropical short-tailed singing mouse (Scotinomys teguina). Specifically, we examine whether intra- or inter-sexual interactions elicit singing in males in a neutral-arena design. We conducted two experiments. In experiment 1, we recorded singing behaviour of male subjects both before and after a brief exposure to a female mouse. Males significantly increased their singing behaviour after the exposure to the female, as compared to prior to the exposure. In experiment 2, we compared the singing behaviour of male test subjects after a brief exposure with one of three different treatment animals: a male, a non-oestrous female and an oestrous female. We found that males are most likely to sing after an interaction with a female, regardless of her reproductive condition. Male subjects sang significantly less following an interaction with another male. Although spontaneous singing is known to occur in males and females, opposite sex elicited-singing behaviour was found to be sexually dimorphic. An interaction with a male was not effective in eliciting singing in females. In experiment 2, we also recorded incidences of allogrooming and allomarking by males during the interactions with males, non-oestrous females, and oestrous females. Male allogrooming and allomarking behaviours using the mid-ventral sebaceous gland tend to occur more frequently during interactions with females as compared to males, but were significantly different only in the case of allogrooming. Thus, this study clearly suggests sex differences in singing, allogrooming and allomarking, and a likely relationship between these behaviours and courtship in this Neotropical rodent.
Compensation for time delay in flight simulator visual-display systems

A piloted aircraft can be viewed as a closed-loop, man-machine control system. When a simulator pilot is performing a precision maneuver, a delay in the visual display of aircraft response to pilot-control input decreases the stability of the pilot-aircraft system. The less stable system is more difficult to control precisely. Pilot dynamic response and performance change as the pilot attempts to compensate for the decrease in system stability, and these changes bias the simulation results by influencing the pilot's rating of the handling qualities of the simulated aircraft. Delay compensation, designed to restore pilot-aircraft system stability, was evaluated in several studies which are reported here. The studies range from single-axis, tracking-task experiments (with sufficient subjects and trials to establish statistical significance of the results) to a brief evaluation of compensation of a computer-generated-imagery (CGI) visual display system in a full six-degree-of-freedom simulation. The compensation was effective - improvements in pilot performance and workload or aircraft handling-qualities rating (HQR) were observed. Results from recent aircraft handling-qualities research literature which support the compensation design approach are also reviewed.
The entrance system laboratory prototype for an advanced mass and ionic charge composition experiment

Electrostatic analyzers (ESA) have been used extensively for the characterization of plasmas in a variety of space environments. They vary in shape, geometry, and size and are adapted to the specific particle population to be measured and the configuration of the spacecraft. Their main function is to select the energy per charge of the particles within a passband. An energy-per-charge range larger than that of the passband can be sampled by varying the voltage difference between the ESA electrodes. The voltage sweep takes time and reduces the duty cycle for a particular energy-per-charge passband. Our design approach for an advanced mass and ionic charge composition experiment (AMICCE) has a novel electrostatic analyzer that essentially serves as a spectrograph and selects ions simultaneously over a broad range of energy-per-charge (E/q). Only three voltage settings are required to cover the entire range from ∼10 to 270 keV/q, thus dramatically increasing the product of the geometric factor times the duty...
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases serum levels of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein.

Abstract 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 increases serum levels of bone Gla protein (BGP). The maximal increase occurs 12 h after injection and is given by 350 ng 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 per 180 g body weight. In both 2 and 11 month-old male rats, the maximal increase is about 3 times the normal level, while in 2 month old female rats, the maximal increase is 2 times the normal level. These effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in rats parallel the previously described effects of the vitamin on BGP secretion by rat osteosarcoma cells in culture. BGP is the first bone-specific protein whose synthesis in animals is dramatically increased by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . The possible functions of BGP in the biological actions of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 on bone are discussed.
RESULTS OF UMBILICOPLASTY FOR BLADDER EXSTROPHY

Purpose: The umbilicus is an important aesthetic landmark and its absence or deformity may be associated with poor self-image. In patients born with bladder exstrophy the umbilicus is attached to the upper margin of the bladder and reconstructive surgery often removes the navel. The umbilicus marks the waistline and serves to complete the harmony of the curved lines above and below the waist. We present our experience with children born with exstrophic anomalies during the last 2 decades.Materials and Methods: Our database included 61 children born with classic bladder and 8 born with cloacal exstrophy treated between 1980 and 1998. We performed primary reconstruction in 35 children, while 34 children and young adults were referred for secondary surgical repair, including bladder augmentation, continent diversion, genitoplasty and so forth. Neoumbilicoplasty was done in all of the former and in 30 of the 34 latter cases. Early in the series a V-shaped flap was raised and buried subcutaneously. The flap ev...
Copper(I)−α-Ketocarboxylate Complexes: Characterization and O2 Reactions That Yield Copper−Oxygen Intermediates Capable of Hydroxylating Arenes

A series of copper(I)−α-ketocarboxylate complexes have been prepared and shown to exhibit variable coordination modes of the α-ketocarboxylate ligand. Reaction with O2 induces decarboxylation of this ligand, and the derived copper−oxygen intermediate(s) has been intercepted, resulting in hydroxylation of an arene substituent on the supporting N-donor ligand. Theoretical calculations have provided intriguing mechanistic notions for the process, notably implicating hydroxylation pathways that involve novel [CuI−OOC(O)R] and [CuII−O-• ↔ CuIIIO2-]+ species.
Backscatter measurements over vegetation by ground-based microwave radars

In the study of radar backscattering from vegetated terrain, it is important to understand how the electromagnetic wave interacts with vegetation and the underlying ground. In this paper, an expression of backscattering from a vegetation canopy in the case of spherical wave illumination is derived. Such an expression might apply to the practical case of a ground-based scatterometer overlooking vegetation. The relative importance of the beamwidth as well as platform height on backscattering from vegetated terrain is studied. Preliminary results indicate that the discrepancy with plane wave illumination can be rather significant, and therefore should not be overlooked.
‘Do we really want to be like them?’: Indexing Europeanness through pronominal use

This article is part of a larger project on language politics in the European Union (EU), with an empirical focus on questions concerning identity. Using Wortham’s (1996) deictic mapping technique, I examine how EU leaders position themselves with respect to a European identity through the use of pronouns. Using this discourse analytic framework, I show how, in a panel featuring leaders from current and prospective EU member states, a participant from Turkey juxtaposes his various identity positions with those of other panel members. The analysis focuses on short discourse fragments featuring discussions about European identity. The analysis reveals three identities constructed through pronoun use: neutral, non-European, and European. While leaders from current member states emphasize their Europeanness through pronoun use, the Turkish panelist portrays an identity in opposition to this European identity, thus exhibiting how the repetition of pronoun use patterns helps to create, recreate, and make visibl...
The Equine Estrogen Metabolite 4-Hydroxyequilenin Causes DNA Single-Strand Breaks and Oxidation of DNA Bases in Vitro

Premarin (Wyeth-Ayerst) is the estrogen replacement treatment of choice and continues to be one of the most widely dispensed prescriptions in North America. In addition to endogenous estrogens, Premarin contains unsaturated equine estrogens, including equilenin [1,3,5(10),6,8-estrapentaen-3-ol-17-one]. In previous work, we showed that the equilenin metabolite 4-hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN) can be autoxidized to 4-OHEN-o-quinone which readily entered into a redox couple with the semiquinone radical catalyzed by NAD(P)H, P450 reductase, or quinone reductase, resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species [Shen, L., Pisha, E., Huang, Z., Pezzuto, J. M., Krol, E., Alam, Z., van Breemen, R. B., and Bolton, J. L. (1997) Carcinogenesis 18, 1093−1101]. As oxidative damage to DNA by reactive oxygen species generated by redox active compounds has been proposed to lead to tumor formation, we investigated whether 4-OHEN could cause DNA damage. We treated λ phage DNA with 4-OHEN and found that extensive single-strand...
Hypothalamic germinoma presenting as delayed pubertal development

Abstract A 16.5 year-old-female was referred for evaluation of primary amenorrhea. Evidence of both anterior and posterior pituitary dysfunction led to the radiologic detection of a tumor in the neurohypophyseal region. A germinoma, which was suspected due to small elevations in serum human chorionic gonadotropin, was confirmed by biopsy. Intracranial tumors are a rare cause of menstrual dysfunction. The endocrine and radiologic evaluation of this patient are discussed. In addition, the treatment and the prognosis for these tumors is presented.
Approximate fixed-rank closures of covering problems

Consider a 0/1 integer program min{cTx :Ax≥b, x ∈ {0,1}n} where A is nonnegative. We show that if the number of minimal covers of Ax≥b is polynomially bounded, then for any e>0 and any fixed q, there is a polynomially large lift-and-project relaxation whose value is at least (1−e) times the value of the rank ≤q relaxation. A special case of this result is that given by set-covering problems, or, generally, problems where the coefficients in A and b are bounded.
cDNA probes for detection of specific dsRNAs from the fungal pathogen, Monosporascus cannonballus.

Abstract Monosporascus cannonballus is an ascomycete fungus that is the causative agent of Monosporascus root rot/vine decline, a serious disease of muskmelon and watermelon. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was identified in approximately 60% of M. cannonballus isolates recovered from infected muskmelon plants in 1993. After repeated laboratory transfer on culture media, the majority of the isolates harboring dsRNAs developed degenerate culture phenotypes and showed reduced virulence (hypovirulence) to muskmelon. Initially, dsRNA purification and cDNA synthesis were attempted in three M. cannonballus isolates harboring dsRNAs. However, numerous difficulties were encountered due to the stable, double-stranded nature of the dsRNAs and contamination of the preparations by fungal rRNA. Several purification and cDNA protocols were evaluated and eventually modified into methods that were ultimately highly effective for cloning dsRNAs from M. cannonballus. The cDNAs derived from purified dsRNA preparations were cloned into a pUC119 plasmid vector and amplified in Escherichia coli. Nine cDNA clones were identified that are specific for medium-sized (ca. 3 kbp) dsRNAs associated with M. cannonballus isolate Ca91-1796+. The methods used to make the cDNA clones of the dsRNAs in M. cannonballus may be useful for those working on fungal dsRNAs. In addition, these cDNAs may be useful for identifying dsRNAs associated with the hypovirulence phenotype.
The effect of intercalator structure on binding strength and base-pair specificity in DNA interactions

The interaction of naphthothiophene, phenanthrene and anthracene ring systems, which have amide and ester side chains with cationic groups (synthesized from the aromatic acid chlorides and appropriate amines and alcohols), with calf thymus DNA has been investigated by using viscometric titrations, spectrophotometric binding experiments and 1H-, 31P- and 17O-NMR methods. The viscosity and NMR experiments suggest that all of these compounds bind to DNA by intercalation. These experiments and spectrophotometric binding studies, however, indicate that there is considerable variation in the interaction of these compounds with DNA. These variations can all be explained by the geometry of the ring systems, the position of protons adjacent to the side chains, and the relative sizes of the amide and ester side chains. With the naphthothiophene ester and amide, for example, the planar amide cannot rotate into the plane of the naphthothiophene ring whereas the smaller planar ester can. With this ring system the ester has a significantly higher binding constant than the amide derivative. Additional binding studies with poly[d(A-T)2] and poly[d(G-C)2] have shown that all of these compounds bind more strongly to the A-T- than the G-C-containing polymer. Since the ester compounds do not have hydrogen bond donating groups proximate to the aromatic ring, these results suggest a model for the A-T specificity of these compounds that involves a solvent-mediated hydrogen bond between the C-2 carbonyl of thymine and the carbonyl group of the intercalators.
Site-specific incorporation of a redox-active amino acid into proteins

The redox-active amino acid 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (DHP), which can undergo two-electron oxidation to a quinone, has been incorporated selectively and efficiently into proteins in Escherichia coli in response to a TAG codon. We have demonstrated that DHP can be oxidized electrochemically within the protein. The ability to incorporate a redox-active amino acid site specifically into proteins should facilitate the study of electron transfer in proteins, as well as enable the engineering of redox proteins with novel properties.
DSMC Modeling of Internal Energy Excitation and Dissociation of Molecular Nitrogen in Hypersonic Reentry Flows

The current work implemented in DSMC vibrational excited levels of N2 and transitions between the levels as well as the dissociation of nitrogen molecules from different levels. Results show that due to insufficient collisions, the flow around a sphere at 70/75 km altitudes has a high degree of nonequilibrium in the vibrational mode where the ground level is separated from the higher levels. The continuum‐level calculation results are different from the work of Candler and the nonequilibrium profile predicted by the discrete‐level calculation is also different.
Isolation of a subspecies of murine interferon antigenically related to human leukocyte interferon.

Abstract Various preparations of virus-induced murine tissue culture interferon were found to exhibit some antiviral activity in cultures of human and bovine cells. The heterologous antiviral activity of these murine interferons on both human and bovine cultures was shown to be due to an antigenically distinct murine interferon subspecies. Isolation of the murine interferon species responsible for the heterologous antiviral activities was accomplished by means of antibody affinity chromatography using anti-human leukocyte interferon to selectively remove this interferon species from the bulk of murine antiviral activity. The isolated species, while only accounting for 1–2% of homologous antiviral activity of the unfractionated interferon, was responsible for all the heterologous human and bovine antiviral activity. The antiviral activities of this minor murine interferon component on both murine and human cells were neutralized by antiserum against leukocyte interferon as well as by antiserum against mouse L cell interferon.
Treatment of pediatric atlantoaxial instability with traditional and modified Goel–Harms fusion constructs

There are several treatment options for rigid fixation at C1–C2 including Brooks and Gallie type wired fusions and C1–2 transarticular screws. The use of a Goel–Harms type fusion, a construct with C1 lateral mass screws and C2 pedicle screws, has not been extensively described in pediatric patients. Here, we describe its relatively safe and effective use for treating pediatric patients by retrospective chart review of patients treated by the senior author for atlantoaxial instability with a Goel–Harms-type constructs during a 3-year period (2005–2007). Six patients were treated using Goel–Harms-type constructs. Five patients were treated utilizing a construct containing C1 lateral mass screws and C2 pedicle screws; one patient was treated using construct containing C1 lateral mass screws and C2 trans-laminar screws. The patients ranged in age from 7 to 17 years old (mean 12.7). All patients had findings of an os odontoideum on CT scans and three of the six patients had T2 hyperintensity on MRI. Three of the six patients presented with transient neurologic deficits: quadraplegia in two patients and paresthesias in two patients. In each patient C1 lateral mass and C2 screws were placed and the subluxation was reduced to attain an anatomical alignment. No bone grafts were harvested from the iliac crest or rib. Local morsalized bone and sub-occipital skull graft was used. All patients tolerated the procedure well and were discharged home on post-operative day 3–4. The patients wore a hard cervical collar and no halo-vests were needed. All patients had solid fusion constructs and normal alignment on post-operative imaging studies performed on average 14 months post-operatively (range: 7–29). The results demonstrated that Goel–Harms fusions are a relatively safe and effective method of treating pediatric patients with atlantoaxial instability and are not dependent on vertebral anatomy or an intact ring of C1. Follow-up visits and studies in this limited series of patients demonstrated solid fusion constructs and anatomical alignment in all patients treated.
Method for measurement of full-field alignment

Abstract The alignment performance of a full-field X-ray exposure system is discussed. A “single-mask alignment” technique is presented, which extracts an array of local misalignments from two exposures of the same mask. A computer program is described which decomposes the array of vector misalignments into mask- and system-related components. The system overlay precision is shown to be 0.06 micron in x and 0.06 micron in y (1 σ), across a 40 mm x 40 mm array, using the Hewlett-Packard prototype X-ray mask aligner to overlay one pattern onto itself. Sources of error in overlays of two different masks are categorized. With feedback control of in-plane mask distortion, system overlay accuracy of 0.12 micron in x or y , for two-mask overlays, is achievable. The random component of die placement by the Perkin-Elmer MEBES II, used to generate the X-ray masks, is inferred to be 0.05 micron, RMS.
The effects of a calcium and a sodium ionophore on protein synthesis inhibition by a bovine cell surface sialoglycopeptide

The ability of the calcium ionophore A23187 and the sodium ionophore Monensin to antagonize the inhibition of 3T3 cell protein synthesis by a bovine cell surface sialoglycopeptide was measured. A23187, when added before and shortly after the sialoglycopeptide, significantly reduced the biological activity of the inhibitory glycopeptide. In contrast, Monensin had little, if any, influence on protein synthesis inhibition by the sialoglycopeptide. The ability of A23187 to circumvent the inhibitory action of the bovine glycopeptide was shown to be independent of the time the ionophore was incubated with the cells and the binding of the sialoglycopeptide to the 3T3 target cells. Neither the total amount of sialoglycopeptide bound to the cells, nor its affinity to the cell surface receptor, was influenced by the presence of A23187.
Creating competitive advantage: a stakeholder view of employee ownership

The discussion in this paper offers answers to two questions: Why do employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) tend to perform, on average, better than non-ESOP firms, and why do some ESOPs survive and thrive while others underperform or are terminated? Using Donaldson and Lorsch’s (1983) framework we argue that an ESOP can provide incentives that enable managers to mitigate internal conflict, competition for resources, and transaction costs by reducing its dependence upon the product, capital, and labour markets allowing the firm to be more responsive to the external environment and resulting in superior performance. Reduced resource dependence, and increased cooperation among internal stakeholders are not a given; it is the fact of mutual ownership that makes it so. Some ESOP companies are not successful in achieving the necessary stakeholder – resource balance. For that reason they – and firms that are not employee owned – underperform compared to the average ESOP company.
Attention of 4-Month Infants to Discrepancy and Babyishness.

Abstract A set of four facial stimuli derived from the Bolton standards of craniofacial development representing a human male at 6 months, 3, 8, and 18 years of age were used in a test of Lorenz's concept of babyishness and of the discrepancy hypothesis. Each 4-month-old subject was habituated to a criterion with one of the four stimuli and then presented with one of the four as a new stimulus. The design and analysis permitted the response to a new stimulus to be broken down into a component attributable to the physical characteristics of the new stimulus and a part attributable to its discrepancy from the familiar standard. The data revealed longer looking at the infant facial stimulus, but no difference in a rating of affect accompanying fixation. This lent partial support to the babyishness concept for infant subjects. Both fixation and affect increased monotonically with magnitude of discrepancy. The increasing rather than curvilinear result presumably derived from the failure of these stimuli (which were common to the infant's experience) to generate extreme levels of subjective uncertainty.
Blood lead (Pb) levels: a potential environmental mechanism explaining the relation between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular reactivity in children.

Objective: A number of studies have shown an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress. In addition, the authors recently reported that higher early childhood blood lead (Pb) levels are associated with significantly greater total peripheral (vascular) resistance (TPR) responses to acute stress. It is not known whether the SES-TPR association is mediated by underlying differences in blood lead levels. Design: Participants were 9.5-year-old children (N = 122) with established early childhood blood lead levels. Main Outcome Measures: Family SES was measured using the Hollingshead Index, blood lead levels were abstracted from pediatrician and state records, and children's cardiovascular responses to acute stressors were measured in the laboratory with impedance cardiography and an automated blood pressure monitor. Results: Lower family SES was shown to be associated with significantly higher blood lead levels as well as significantly heightened systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and TPR responses to acute stress tasks. A mediational analysis confirmed that Pb was a significant mediator of the SES-TPR reactivity association; some evidence also suggested moderation. Conclusion: These results suggest the importance of considering the chemical environment as well as social and psychological environment when evaluating cardiovascular effects of low SES.
Applications of surface analysis techniques to studies of adhesion

Abstract The question is often asked: “Which is the best surface chemistry tool for research on adhesive bonding?” This question is difficult to answer because it depends on the aspect of adhesion which is being studied. Often a combination of instruments must be used to take advantage of the strong points of each. In metal-to-metal bonding there are many facets of adhesive/adherend interaction. Elemental characterization of adherends, especially when composition with depth is desired, is often best accomplished with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). When information of chemical bonding is required, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is the choice of most workers. Extremely thin layers of material (when first layer surface sensitivity is needed) requires ion scattering spectrometry (ISS). The high sensitivity of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to many elements important in adhesive bonding makes this technique useful, especially coupled with other methods, such as ISS and AES. Modern surface analysis along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides information on failure surfaces to allow unequivocal determination of the mode of failure. Although original surfaces and failure surfaces following testing are relatively routinely analyzed, the characterization of the intact bond is not so easy. The interphase region between adherend and adhesive is smaller than the probe, exhibits charging and is unstable. Although no one technique adequately characterizes the bond interphase region, the SEM, the AES microprobe, and special techniques using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), may be used to gain some information about the bond. The more fundamental study of the interaction of polymers and polymer precursors with metal and alloys is carried out by surface energetics measurements, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, XPS and electron tunneling spectroscopy.
Initial multicenter technical experience with the Apollo device for minimally invasive intracerebral hematoma evacuation.

BACKGROUND No conventional surgical intervention has been shown to improve outcomes for patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) compared with medical management. OBJECTIVE We report the initial multicenter experience with a novel technique for the minimally invasive evacuation of ICH using the Penumbra Apollo system (Penumbra Inc, Alameda, California). METHODS Institutional databases were queried to perform a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent ICH evacuation with the Apollo system from May 2014 to September 2014 at 4 centers (Medical University of South Carolina, Stony Brook University, University of California at San Diego, and Semmes-Murphy Clinic). Cases were performed either in the neurointerventional suite, operating room, or in a hybrid operating room/angiography suite. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients (15 female; mean age, 62 ± 12.6 years) underwent the minimally invasive evacuation of ICH. Six of these parenchymal hemorrhages had an additional intraventricular hemorrhage component. The mean volume of ICH was 45.4 ± 30.8 mL, which decreased to 21.8 ± 23.6 mL after evacuation (mean, 54.1 ± 39.1% reduction; P < .001). Two complications directly attributed to the evacuation attempt were encountered (6.9%). The mortality rate was 13.8% (n = 4). CONCLUSION Minimally invasive evacuation of ICH and intraventricular hemorrhage can be achieved with the Apollo system. Future work will be required to determine which subset of patients are most likely to benefit from this promising technology.
Compositional gradients in large reservoirs of silicic magma as evidenced by ignimbrites versus Taylor Creek Rhyolite lava domes

The Taylor Creek Rhyolite of southwest New Mexico consists of 20 lava domes and flows that were emplaced during a period of a few thousand years or less in late Oligocene time. Including genetically associated pyroclastic deposits, which are about as voluminous as the lava domes and flows, the Taylor Creek Rhyolite represents roughly 100 km3 of magma erupted from vents distributed throughout an area of several hundred square kilometers. Major-element composition is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous high-silica rhyolite and is nearly constant throughout the lava field. The magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite was vertically zoned in trace elements, 87Sr/86Sr, and phenocryst abundance and size. Mean trace-element concentrations, ranges in concentrations, and element-pair correlations are similar to many subalkaline silicic ignimbrites. However, the polarity of the zonation was opposite that in reservoirs for ignimbrites, for most constituents. For example, compared to the Bishop Tuff, only 87Sr/86Sr and Sc increased upward in both reservoirs. Quite likely, a dominant but nonerupted volume of the magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite was zoned like that for the Bishop Tuff, whereas an erupted, few-hundred-meter-thick cap on the magma body was variably contaminated by roof rocks whose contribution to this part of the magma system moderated relatively extreme trace-element concentrations of uncontaminated Taylor Creek Rhyolite but did not change the sense of correlation for most element pairs. The contaminant probably was a Precambrian rock of broadly granitic composition and with very high 87Sr/86Sr. Although examples apparently are not yet reported in the literature, evidence for a similar thin contaminated cap on reservoirs for large-volume silicic ignimbrites may exist in the bottom few meters of ignimbrites or perhaps only in the pumice fallout that normally immediately precedes ignimbrite emplacement. 87Sr/86Sr in sanidine phenocrysts of the Taylor Creek Rhyolite is higher than that of their host whole rocks. Covariation of this isotope ratio with sanidine abundance and size indicates positive correlations for all three features with decreasing distance to the roof of the magma reservoir. The sanidine probably is more radiogenic than host whole rock because growing phenocrysts partly incorporated Sr from the first partial melt of roof rocks, which contained the highly radiogenic Sr of Precambrian biotite ± hornblende, whereas diffusion was too slow for sanidine to incorporate much of the Sr from subsequently produced less radiogenic partial melt of roof rocks, before eruption quenched the magma system. Disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and host groundmass is fairly common for ignimbrites, and a process of contamination similar to that for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite may help explain some of these situations.
False emotional feedback and the modification of anxiety

Groups of high and low test-anxious subjects were supplied with false information concerning their emotional reactivity during the solution of arithmetic problems. The feedback was false in the sense that high, average, or low levels of meter activity were provided without regard to the subjects' actual emotional behavior. Based on earlier research it was predicted that levels of emotional feedback would significantly affect intellectual performance and continue to produce the effect after feedback was terminated. The findings indicated that high feedback led to performance deterioration, low feedback led to performance facilitation, and average feedback resulted in intermediate performance. In addition, high feedback resulted in subjects perceiving themselves as more test anxious than they had initially reported. The findings were viewed as having implications for those behavior therapies in which the modification of emotional reactivity is an important feature.
Collocation analysis of multicomponent diffusion and reactions in porous catalysts

Abstract A collocation method is given for steady-state simulation of multiple reactions in porous catalysts. A realistic multicomponent diffusion model is used, which includes an allowance for pore size distribution. Hyperbolic basis functions are introduced to represent the intraparticle profiles; compact solutions are thus obtained both in the presence and absence of fast reactions. Calculations for a six-component catalytic reforming system show that the catalyst performance is strongly affected by intraparticle diffusion.
A Parametric Study of Low-Temperature, Late-Injection Combustion in a HSDI Diesel Engine

A parametric study of automotive diesel combustion in a low-temperature, late-injection combustion regime is described. Injection pressure was varied from 600-1200 bar, swirl ratio from 1.44-7.12, and intake temperature from 30-110°C. In-cylinder pressure records, heat release analysis, spatially-integrated soot luminosity, and images of the spatial distribution of combustion luminosity are employed to study the influence of these parameters on the combustion and soot formation/oxidation processes. Load points of 3 and 6 bar gross IMEP at 1 500 RPM and an O 2 concentration of 0.15 are considered. Increased injection pressure is found to enhance the early mixture formation process, resulting in increased peak apparent heat release, generally decreased soot luminosity, and modestly increased light-load soot oxidation rates. At lower injection pressures, more soot luminosity is observed from the squish volume. In contrast, variation of flow swirl impacts the latter half of the combustion process, and affects the initial combustion only slightly. An optimum Ricardo swirl ratio of roughly 3 is found for best moderate-load efficiency and soot oxidation. A marked reduction in early heat release rates and peak soot luminosity is observed with decreased intake temperature. Nevertheless, significant in-cylinder soot luminosity is observed even at the lowest intake temperatures, indicating that complete suppression of in-cylinder soot formation is difficult with the fuel injection and combustion system characteristics employed.
Locating point of impact in anisotropic fiber reinforced composite plates

The conventional triangulation technique cannot predict the point of impact in an anisotropic composite plate because the triangulation technique assumes that the wave speed is independent of the direction of propagation which is not the case for anisotropic plates. An alternative method based on the optimization scheme was proposed by Kundu et al. [T. Kundu, S. Das, K.V. Jata, Point of impact prediction in isotropic and anistropic plates from the acoustic emission data, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 2007, 2057-2066] to locate the point of impact in plates by analyzing the time of arrival of the ultrasonic signals received by the passive sensors attached to the plate. In this paper, that objective function is modified further to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with multiple singularities and to maximize the efficiency of the acoustic emission data for multiple receiving sensors. With this modified objective function the impact point on an anisotropic composite plate is predicted from the acoustic emission data. Experiments are carried out by dropping steel and ping pong balls on a graphite-epoxy composite plate and recording acoustic signals by passive transducers adhesively bonded to the plate at three different locations. The impact point is predicted by the proposed method and compared with the actual location of impact.
Cleaning insect oocytes by dissection and enzyme treatment.

Abstract Vitellogenic oocytes from the cockroach Blattella germanica were dissected free of the surrounding follicle cell layer. The continued presence of a resting potential indicated that the defolliculated oocytes remained viable. In other experiments, lysozyme was injected into last nymphal instars; scanning electron micrographs showed that the bacteroids normally found between the follicle cell epithelium and the oocyte membrane were removed by this treatment. Oocytes from injected animals were known to be viable because they developed into living progeny. To assess the mode of action of lysozyme. defolliculated oocytes were exposed in vitro to lysozyme and then a hypotonic rinse; scanning electron micrographs showed that these oocytes were largely free of bacteroids.
Carcinosarcoma of the ovary treated with platinum and taxane: The memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience

Abstract Introduction. Due to the rarity of ovarian carcinosarcomas, the optimal chemotherapeutic regimen to treat this aggressive disease is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the response rate, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival of patients with ovarian carcinosarcoma who were treated with the combination of platinum and a taxane as first-line chemotherapy. Methods. We identified all patients with ovarian carcinosarcoma who received a combination of platinum and taxane either after initial tumor resection or as neoadjuvant therapy. Data extracted from the medical records included residual tumor after surgery, number, type and dose of chemotherapy cycles, tumor response, and survival outcome. Results. Between 1991 and 2005, 30 patients were identified for analysis. Twenty-four patients had stage III disease, 5 had stage IV disease, and 1 had stage II disease. All patients underwent surgical resection and 17 (57%) were cytoreduced to less than 1 cm. Twenty-eight patients received chemotherapy after surgery, and 2 patients received chemotherapy before surgery. Twenty-four patients (80%) received carboplatin and paclitaxel, 3 (10%) received carboplatin and docetaxel, and 3 (10%) received cisplatin and paclitaxel. Twelve (40%) had a complete response, 7 (23%) a partial response, 2 (7%) stable disease, and 9 (30%) progression of disease. The median time to progression for responders was 12 months. With a median follow-up of 23 months, the median overall survival was 43 months for survivors. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 53% and 30%, respectively. Conclusion. The combination of platinum and a taxane is a viable first-line treatment option for patients with ovarian carcinosarcoma.
Influenza vaccination: lessons learned from the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza outbreak.

From any perspective, the unfolding of a novel pandemic provides great challenges. It demands cooperation between scientists and clinicians in different disciplines, working under great pressure around the clock and around the globe. Decisions that are made have major and immediate implications that need to be communicated and acted on in time to make a difference. Normal conventions and processes are often set aside for the sake of keeping ahead of transmission. Once the outbreak is over, the urgent activity winds down but momentum needs to be maintained to take stock of what has been learned and to retain the capacity to gear up again in future outbreaks.
The inositol trisphosphate receptor gene family: Implications for normal and abnormal brain function

1. The phosphatidyl inositol (PI) second messenger system has been extensively investigated in the past decade. This complex pathway results in the production of two second messengers, one of which, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, will be the focus of this review. 2. The intracellular receptor for this second messenger (IP3R) has been purified, reconstituted and extensively characterized in both brain and peripheral tissues. 3. Localization and functional studies show that IP3 binding causes the receptor to release portions of the intracellular calcium stores. 4. Multiple modulators of the receptor have been identified, including pH, calcium concentration, adenine nucleotide concentration and phosphorylation. 5. The cDNA for this molecule has been cloned from a number of sources. Studies of the molecular structure of the receptor have revealed additional levels of complexity including multiple alternative splicing events in the initially cloned cerebellar (Type I) receptor, as well as the existence of highly related but distinct cDNAs which likely reflect a gene family. 6. There is suggestive evidence linking the PI system, and thus the IP3R, to bipolar disorder and the actions of lithium.
Proton activity in nafion films: probing exchangeable protons with methylene blue.

A simple approach to monitor the H+ activity of a proton-exchange membrane (Nafion) is introduced by incorporating methylene blue as an indicator dye. The dye exhibits characteristics absorption maxima at 665 and 745 nm corresponding to its singly and doubly protonated forms, respectively. The apparent proton activity of Nafion as monitored from the appearance of doubly protonated methylene blue absorption is equivalent to 1.2 M H2SO4. By monitoring the spectral changes associated with the protonation equilibrium of the dye, it is possible to probe the rate and the exchangeable proton sites within the Nafion film. For the Nafion 117 film, we estimate the total exchangeable proton sites to be 2.5 × 1019 sites/cm2 or 4.2 × 10-5 mols/cm2. The equilibrium constant for the H+/Na+ exchange for the bound sites is determined to be 2.2. The feasibility of methylene blue as a probe to monitor proton activity during the operation of a direct methanol fuel cell has been explored.
Wrapping the Curriculum Around Their Lives: Using a Culturally Relevant Curriculum With African American Adult Women:

This study examines how African American adult female students respond to a culturally relevant curriculum. Research confirms that adults enter college classrooms with a variety of experiences that...
Drift-kinetic studies of neoclassical poloidal rotation with finite orbits

A significant discrepancy of poloidal velocity from conventional theoretical predictions is found in global neoclassical drift-kinetic simulations of magnetic confinement fusion devices. The difference is identified as being due to the presence of large ion orbits. In the case of a large aspect ratio tokamak configuration with steep toroidal flow profiles, a novel heuristic model which estimates this nonlocal effect is presented and shown to be in good agreement with simulation results. The dominant nonlocal mechanisms captured by the model are associated with ion parallel flow modification due to the steep toroidal flow and radial electric field profiles. We compare simulation results with theoretical estimates based on the new model using profiles relevant for the National Spherical Torus Experiment. The carbon poloidal velocity observed in the simulation is in good agreement with the neoclassical theory modified by the newly identified nonlocal effects.
Children's assumptions about the generalizability of sex-typed abilities

Children (mean age = 103 months) were provided with information about the relative abilities of two stimulus children at a specific activity. They then were asked to predict which child would likely be superior at a second highly related activity. The two stimulus children were either same sex or opposite sex, and the activities in each pair were sex typed as male or female. The design was a 2 (sex of subject) × 2 (age of subject) × 4 (stimulus pair—MM, FF, MF, FM) × 2 (sex type of activities) mixed design, with sex of subject and age of subject as the between-subjects factors. Each child responded to 32 instances, representing four replications of eight possible combinations. The dependent variable was the child's choice of the initially superior child or initially inferior child as better at the second activity. The prediction was that children would be less likely to assume that superiority could generalize to a second activity if the initial superiority contradicted sexstereotyped expectations. This result would indicate that sex stereotypes interfere with inferences processes, supporting a scehmatic model of sex stereotyping. The results were consistent with the prediction. Compared to a baseline condition in which sex stereotypes were not relevant, children were less likely to choose the initially superior child when the sex stereotype had been violated, and more likely to select that child when it had been confirmed.
Socioethical considerations in behavior therapy research and practice.

Clinical and research practices of behavior therapists are identified in which the potential for ethical misapplication, underconcern, or insensitivity may arise. An analysis of ethical concerns associated with the following five phases of behavioral intervention is next developed: problem identification, establishing behavioral objectives, designing behavior change, implementing behavior change, and evaluation and feedback of the behavior change endeavor. The article concludes by examining the practice of behavior modification from a sociolegal perspective, with special emphasis on developments within the patients' rights movement.
The optimum dietary essential amino acid pattern for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), to maximize nitrogen retention and minimize nitrogen excretion

The optimum dietary essential amino acid (EAA) pattern for a given animal species is considered to be that EAA pattern which results in maximum nitrogen (N) retention for protein growth and minimum N excretion. In a series of two 8-week experiments, we investigated the optimum dietary EAA pattern for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Experimental diets were fed to quadruplicate tanks of fish, using the equalized satiation feeding method. In the first experiment, we used the amino acid deletion method to arrive at an estimate of optimum dietary EAA pattern for rainbow trout. There were 11 dietary treatments: 1 diet with a control EAA pattern, and 10 other diets with 40% deletions of a single EAA from the control pattern. Based on N utilization data, an estimate of optimum dietary EAA pattern for rainbow trout was made. In the second experiment, we compared this dietary EAA pattern with three other estimates of optimum dietary EAA pattern for rainbow trout, based on 1) amino acid composition of rainbow trout whole-body protein, 2) EAA requirements for rainbow trout published by the National Research Council, and 3) EAA requirements for rainbow trout based on nonlinear regression analysis. Response variables included growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and N retention and excretion. The EAA pattern associated with EAA requirements as published by the National Research Council was found to result in the highest mean N retention and lowest mean N excretion, and so was considered the best estimate of optimum EAA pattern of those compared.