cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Technology Transfer of a GCLP-Compliant HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Assay for Human Clinical Trials

The Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery/Comprehensive Antibody – Vaccine Immune Monitoring Consortium (CAVD/CA-VIMC) assisted an international network of laboratories in transferring a validated assay used to judge HIV-1 vaccine immunogenicity in compliance with Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) with the goal of adding quality to the conduct of endpoint assays for Human Immunodeficiency Virus I (HIV-1) vaccine human clinical trials. Eight Regional Laboratories in the international setting (Regional Laboratories), many located in regions where the HIV-1 epidemic is most prominent, were selected to implement the standardized, GCLP-compliant Neutralizing Antibody Assay for HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells (TZM-bl NAb Assay). Each laboratory was required to undergo initial training and implementation of the immunologic assay on-site and then perform partial assay re-validation, competency testing, and undergo formal external audits for GCLP compliance. Furthermore, using a newly established external proficiency testing program for the TZM-bl NAb Assay has allowed the Regional Laboratories to assess the comparability of assay results at their site with the results of neutralizing antibody assays performed around the world. As a result, several of the CAVD/CA-VIMC Regional Laboratories are now in the process of conducting or planning to conduct the GCLP-compliant TZM-bl NAb Assay as an indicator of vaccine immunogenicity for ongoing human clinical trials.
Competitive analysis of organization networks or multicast acknowledgement: how much to wait?

We study, from the competitive analysis perspective, the trade off between communication cost and delay cost (or simply the send-or-wait dilemma) on a hierarchy (rooted tree). The problem is an abstraction of the message aggregation problem on communication networks and the organizational problem in network hierarchies. We consider the most natural variant of the problem, the distributed asynchronous regime, and give tight (within an additive constant) upper and lower bounds of the competitive ratio.We also consider the centralized version of the problem, where we combine the natural rent-to-buy strategy with prediction techniques to achieve the first constant competitive ratio algorithm for any non-trivial class of network topologies.
De novo refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary revascularization

Twelve of 1,675 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting during a 2.5-year period had new onset, recurrent, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia a mean of 27 days (range 2 to 150) postoperatively. No patient had an intra- or perioperative myocardial infarction and all patients were hemodynamically stable and had normal metabolic and electrolytic indexes at the time of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Preoperative ejection fraction was 39 +/- 10% (mean +/- standard deviation) and all patients had Lown grade II or less ventricular ectopic activity on ambulatory monitoring. Postoperative angiography demonstrated occluded saphenous vein grafts in 3 of 7 patients studied, none of whom had symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Treatment with conventional antiarrhythmic therapy was unsuccessful in all but 1 patient, and 10 patients were treated with amiodarone and 1 patient with propafenone. Four of these patients also received an automatic implantable defibrillator. Thus, de novo ventricular tachyarrhythmia can occur unexpectedly after coronary artery bypass grafting and may be the result of several factors related to either subclinical graft occlusion or increased dispersion of repolarization secondary to reperfusion.
Photoelectron branching ratio in the 5d subshell of Pt, Au and Pb measured with synchrotron radiation

Abstract The ratio in photoelectron intensity from the spin orbit split components in the 5d subshell has been measured for the metals Pt, Au and Pb using synchrotron radiation. For the core like Pb 5d states the ratio is found to deviate from the statistical value and exhibit an energy dependence that can be explained by atomic cross section models. For Pt and Au where the 5d electrons constitute valence band electrons a strong modulation of the branching ratio is observed, between about 80–200 eV, that we ascribe to “band structure effects”.
Fluorescence measurements of the diffusion coefficient for butylated hydroxyanisole in low-density polyethylene

Abstract Measurement of the diffusion coefficient ( D ) of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in low density polyethylene at 31°C was made by two techniques. (1) Measurement of diffusion rate in the absence of solvent was made by use of a film stack with BHA-loaded discs on top and bottom. After a given diffusion time, the films were separated and the BHA extracted from the films into 1 -propanol. The fluorescence of the solutions provided values of BHA concentration as a function of film position in the stack, from which the value 3.4 (SD 0.3) × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 for D was calculated. (2) Fluorescence monitoring, under oxygen free conditions, was used to measure rate of BHA extraction from a film into 1 -propanol at 31°C, and gave the value 3.8 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 for D which agrees well with the value determined by measurement in the absence of solvent.
Induced Synthesis of Liver Microsomal Enzymes Which Metabolize Foreign Compounds

The administration of 3,4-benzpyrene to rats markedly increases the activities of certain liver microsomal enzymes which metabolize foreign compounds. Evidence based on studies of enzyme induction is presented which suggests the presence in liver microsomes of several enzymes which can catalyze the same type of reaction.
Role of heterogeneity in elastic properties and layer thickness in the jointing of layered sedimentary rocks

[1] We investigate how overburden weight acts in conjunction with heterogeneity in elastic properties between sedimentary layers to induce the tensile stress necessary for regional jointing. Model results are supported by data from a new experimental design in which an aluminum loading frame sandwiches a tabular specimen of brittle material of varying thickness between two layers of rubber. Load is applied perpendicular to the layering. The aluminum load frame only permits the rubber layers to expand in one direction, leading to the formation of a system of parallel fractures in the brittle layer as the rubber extends uniaxially. The initiation of the first fractures is independent of the layer thickness. As fracture spacing decreases below the layer thickness, mechanical interaction between closely-spaced fractures limits the initiation of additional fractures. The onset of mechanical inhibition of additional fracture growth occurs at greater normalized fracture spacings in thinner layers.
The synthesis of 6‐chloro‐17‐hydroxypregna‐4,6‐diene‐3,20‐dione‐4−14c acetate (chlormadinone‐4−14C acetate)

Chlormadinone-4−14C acetate (V) was synthesized from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone-4−14C (I) by dehydrogenation to the 4,6-diene (II) which was converted to the 6-chloro-4,6-diene (IV) via the intermediate 6α,7α-epoxy compound (III). Acetylation of (IV) gave chlormadinone-4−14C acetate in 13% overall yield. A secondary reaction product, 6-chloro-androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione-4−14C was isolated and identified.
Reliability and nonlinear supersonic flutter of uncertain laminated plates

It is the intent of this paper to study the geometrically nonlinear supersonic flutter characteristics of laminated composite thin-plate structures using a 48 degree-of-freedom rectangular plate element developed on the basis of the classical lamination theory. The aerodynamic pressure due to supersonic potential flow is simplified using the quasisteady first-order piston theory. Another intent is to study the reliability of laminated thin plates with structural uncertainties due to possible variabilities that occurred during the fabricating process. Interactive effects between the in-plane load and aerodynamic pressure for the uncertain plates are also studied. The stochastic finite element formulation is accomplished by including the effects of structural uncertainties. The stochastic solution procedure is based on the mean-centered second-moment perturbation technique. To evaluate the validity and to demonstrate the applicability of the present developments, a series of nonlinear free vibration and supersonic flutter analyses of isotropic and laminated composite thin plates are performed. The results quantify the effects of geometric nonlinearity on the mechanical behavior and structural reliability of the present laminated plates. Efforts are made to interpret the results so as to provide physical insight into the problems. Conversely, the present method and results may help to provide limits for the random variables to control the fabrication process.
Personality strength concepts in the professions

A survey of the concept of “ego strengths” or “personality strengths” held by the professions of psychiatry, psychology, and social work is presented. An analysis of textbook definitions used in the professional training programs of the three professions was undertaken. Usable replies were received from 21 departments of psychiatry, 18 schools of social work, and 14 departments of psychology. Definitions of the terms ”ego strengths” and “personality strengths” were also obtained from a sample of clinicians in eight western states. Usable responses were received from 22 social workers, 20 psychologists, and 13 psychiatrists. It was found that marked differences appeared to exist in the definitions and frames of references currently taught in the professional training institutions and those used by clinicians in the field. Considerable variations also exist as to definitions of personality or ego strengths held by memberswithin each profession. There is evidence of a general lack of agreement between the professions as to what constitutes ego strengths or personality strengths. A comprehensive well-articulated frame of reference based on research has not as yet been developed but could make a significant contribution to treatment as well as to research programs.
Substitution and Redox Chemistry of [Bu(4)N](2)[Ta(6)Cl(12)(OSO(2)CF(3))(6)].

Two sequential electrochemical reductions occur for the cluster anion [Ta(6)Cl(12)(OSO(2)CF(3))(6)](2)(-) at 0.89 and 0.29 V vs Ag/AgCl, with the generation [Ta(6)Cl(12)(OSO(2)CF(3))(6)](3)(-) and [Ta(6)Cl(12)(OSO(2)CF(3))(6)](4)(-). Chemical reduction of [Ta(6)Cl(12)(OSO(2)CF(3))(6)](2)(-) by ferrocene produces [Ta(6)Cl(12)(OSO(2)CF(3))(6)](3)(-) with the concomitant shift of the nu(SO(2)) stretch from 1002 to 1018 cm(-)(1). Reaction of [Bu(4)N](2)[Ta(6)Cl(12)(OSO(2)CF(3))(6)] (1) with [Bu(4)N]X (X = Cl, Br, I, NCS) occurs by reduction and substitution, yielding [Bu(4)N](3)[Ta(6)Cl(12)X(6)], where the clusters with X = Br, I, and NCS are new. Spectroscopic (IR and UV-vis) evidence indicates that the reduced cluster core {Ta(6)Cl(12)}(2+) is produced in reaction mixtures of 1 with the halide and pseudohalide ions. Concomitant substitution of the triflate ligands of 1 by X(-) occurs and the rates for the overall reduction and substitution increase in the order X(-) = Cl(-) < Br(-) < NCS(-) < I(-) < CN(-). Reduction of 1 with ferrocene followed by addition of [Bu(4)N]O(2)CCH(3) produces the new cluster [Ta(6)Cl(12)(O(2)CCH(3))(6)](3)(-) isolated as the tetrabutylammonium salt. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis spectroscopy on the new clusters [Bu(4)N](3)[Ta(6)Cl(12)X(6)] (X = Br, I, NCS, and O(2)CCH(3)) are reported. Crystal data for [Bu(4)N](3)[Ta(6)Cl(12)(NCS)(6)].CH(2)Cl(2): monoclinic, space group, P2(1)/c (No. 14); a = 25.855(6) A, b = 21.843(6) A, c = 16.423(3) A; beta = 100.03(2) degrees; V = 9133(3) A(3); Z = 4.
Sir William Lawrence (1783-1867); a study of pre-Darwinian ideas on heredity and variation.

Of the many British biologists of the early nineteenth century who have been neglected by historians of science, one of the most interesting is Sir William Lawrence. Despite the fact that Lawrence was evidently the first man to introduce the term "biology" into English usage, a standard reference on the history of biology such as Nordenskiold's detailed treatment makes no mention of him.' In other works, if he is mentioned at all, it is often in a brief paragraph or footnote. There is no full biography of Lawrence, and only a few brief biographical sketches are available. Unfortunately, much of what has been written about him is inaccurate and misleading. In the last ten years there has been a slight revival of interest in Lawrence, begun largely by C. D. Darlington's claim that Lawrence was a full-fledged forerunner of Darwin.2 Darlington's brief treatment has been used as the basis for even briefer discussions by a number of other authors.3 Darlington is not
A DLM/FD/IB method for simulating cell/cell and cell/particle interaction in microchannels

A spring model is used to simulate the skeleton structure of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane and to study the red blood cell (RBC) rheology in Poiseuille flow with an immersed boundary method. The lateral migration properties of many cells in Poiseuille flow have been investigated. The authors also combine the above methodology with a distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method to simulate the interaction of cells and neutrally buoyant particles in a microchannel for studying the margination of particles.
EVALUATING DESCRIPTIONS OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT PROGRAMS

Five published descriptions of community-based psychiatric treatment programs were evaluated by ten judges using the Community-Oriented Programs Environment Scale (COPES). Their judgments were compared to the responses of actual program members and staff to assess the accuracy and completeness of the articles. Six types of program variables are outlined as a guide to the range of information that should be included in complete program descriptions.
Interaction of the progesterone receptor with binding proteins for FK506 and cyclosporin A.

T47D human breast carcinoma cells and the chicken oviduct were used to study the structure of the nonactivated progesterone receptor (PR) complex. Immunoprecipitation of PR (B form) from cytosol extracts was performed using monoclonal antibody PR6, a cross-reactive antibody prepared to chicken PR. Analysis of the PR complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and Western immuno-blotting revealed the presence of several specific copurifying proteins. Consistent with previous reports, the two heat shock proteins, hsp90 and hsp70, were shown to be present. A third 59-kilodalton (kDa) protein observed previously was confirmed to be p59 (also called hsp56 or FKBP52), which has been shown to bind the immunosuppressant drug FK506. Two additional PR-associated proteins were observed that had not been previously recognized with human PR. These have molecular masses of 54-kDa and 23-kDa and have been shown by Western blotting to be related to the proteins p54 and p23 that are associated with chicken PR. P23 is a novel p...
Pressure effects in confined nanophases

In this article, we review how pressure effects in pores affect both the physics of the confined fluid and the properties of the host porous material. Molecular simulations in which high-pressure e...
The Erdős Existence Argument

The Probabilistic Method is now a standard tool in the combinatorial toolbox but such was not always the case. The development of this methodology was for many years nearly entirely due to one man: Paul Erdős. Here we reexamine some of his critical early papers. We begin, as all with knowledge of the field would expect, with the 1947 paper Erdős P (1947) Some remarks on the theory of graphs. Bull Amer Math Soc 53:292–294 giving a lower bound on the Ramsey function R(k, k). There is then a curious gap (certainly not reflected in Erdős’s overall mathematical publications) and our remaining papers all were published in a single ten year span from 1955 to 1965.
Microdistributions and petrogenetic implications of rare earth elements in polymict ureilites

— Polymict ureilites contain various mineral and lithic clasts not observed in monomict ureilites, including plagioclase, enstatite, feldspathic melt clasts and dark inclusions. This paper investigates the microdistributions and petrogenetic implications of rare earth elements (REEs) in three polymict ureilites (Elephant Moraine (EET) 83309, EET 87720 and North Haig), focusing particularly on the mineral and lithic clasts not found in monomict ureilites. As in monomict ureilites, olivine and pyroxene are the major heavy (H)REE carriers in polymict ureilites. They have light (L)REE-depleted patterns with little variation in REE abundances, despite large differences in major element compositions. The textural and REE characteristics of feldspathic melt clasts in the three polymict ureilites indicate that they are most likely shocked melt that sampled the basaltic components associated with ureilites on their parent body. Simple REE modeling shows that the most common melt clasts in polymict ureilites can be produced by 20–30% partial melting of chondritic material, leaving behind a ureilitic residue. The plagioclase clasts, as well as some of the high-Ca pyroxene grains, probably represent plagioclase-pyroxene rock types on the ureilite parent body. However, the variety of REE patterns in both plagioclase and melt clasts cannot be the result of a single igneous differentiation event. Multiple processes, probably including shock melting and different sources, are required to account for all the REE characteristics observed in lithic and mineral clasts. The C-rich matrix in polymict ureilites is LREE-enriched, like that in monomict ureilites. The occurrence of Ce anomalies in C-rich matrix, dark inclusions and the presence of the hydration product, iddingsite, imply significant terrestrial weathering. A search for 26Mg excesses, from the radioactive decay of 26Al, in the polymict ureilite EET 83309 was negative.
Clinical and bone marrow effects of interferon alfa therapy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia.

The bone marrow stromal reaction in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) may contribute to the clinical phenotype and is believed to be both reactive and cytokine mediated.[1][1]Therefore, it is reasonable to seek a treatment strategy that has the potential to curb clonal myeloproliferation
Molecular targets of opiate drug abuse in neuroAIDS.

Opiate drug abuse, through selective actions at μ opioid receptors (MOR), exacerbates the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the CNS by disrupting glial homeostasis, increasing inflammation, and decreasing the threshold for pro-apoptotic events in neurons. Neurons are affected directly and indirectly by opiate-HIV interactions. Although most opiates drugs have some affinity for κ (KOR) and/or δ (DOR) opioid receptors, their neu-rotoxic effects are largely mediated through MOR. Besides direct actions on the neurons themselves, opiates directly affect MOR-expressing astrocytes and microglia. Because of their broad-reaching actions in glia, opiate abuse causes widespread metabolic derangement, inflammation, and the disruption of neuron-glial relationships, which likely contribute to neuronal dysfunction, death, and HIV encephalitis. In addition to direct actions on neural cells, opioids modulate inflammation and disrupt normal intercellular interactions among immu-nocytes (macrophages and lymphocytes), which on balance further promote neuronal dysfunction and death. The neural pathways involved in opiate enhancement of HIV-induced inflammation and cell death, appear to involve MOR activation with downstream effects through PI3-kinase/Akt and/or MAPK signaling, which suggests possible targets for therapeutic intervention in neuroAIDS.
Estimation Of The Join Point In A Heteroscedastic Regression Model Arising In Accelerated Life Tests

In certain accelerated life test experiments, when acceler-ating beyond certain values of the stress, a change in the basic failure mechanism occurs. Such situations call for the introduction of two or more submodels joined at what is known as a "join point" .In this paper we consider two continuous linear submodels, each applicable over a particular but unknown interval of the applied stress. We assume that the exponential model for failure times is valid for the entire range of the applied stress. We apply an iterative weighted least-squares procedure to data obtained from censored sample life tests conducted at different values of the applied stress. In this way we obtain (i) an estimator of the join point such that the residual sum of squares is minimized, and (ii) estimators of the parameters of each submodel. The techniques presented here are quite general and can be easily adapted to other problems of join point estimations especially those involving heteroscedasticity.
Approximate Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Modeling of Flapping Wings in Forward Flight

a = distance between pitch axis of airfoil and midchord CD, CL, CT = drag, lift, and thrust coefficients c = airfoil chord cr = root chord D = drag dΓwk = circulation of a discrete vortex Fh, Fv = components of aerodynamic force in the horizontal and vertical directions f = flapping frequency h = plunge degree of freedom i, j, k = indices L = lift LC = circumference of the airfoil l = lead lag degree of freedom l0 = lead lag amplitude Nθ = discretization of the circle Nsections = number of wing sections nwksubit = number of wake subiterations p = local static pressure on the airfoil p∞ = freestream pressure q = complex velocity R = real part Re = Reynolds number R0 = radius of the circle in the complex plane Rj = radial location of jth wing section Rspan = wing span rc = vortex core radius rv = distance between vortex and point at which induced velocity is computed s = arc coordinate s0 = origin of the curve that is used to integrate along the airfoil swk1, swk2 = arc coordinates of the wakes shed from the trailing and leading edges of the airfoil T = thrust t = time tv = age of a vortex UI = freestream velocity vector in the ξ I − η coordinate system U∞ = freestream velocity vector in the XSP, YSP, ZSPcoordinate system U∞ = magnitude of U∞ UI = magnitude of UI Uref = reference speed Utip = maximum tip speed u∞, v∞ = components of the freestream velocity resolved parallel and normal to the stroke plane uI, vI = components of UI resolved in the ξ I − η coordinate system vind = velocity induced by a vortex XSP; YSP; ZSP = coordinate system fixed to the stroke plane zwk = coordinate of a shed vortex on the complex plane α = pitch angle α0 = pitch amplitude αfs = anglebetweenfreestreamvelocityandtheξ I axis β = flap angle β0 = flap amplitude βsp = angle between the stroke plane and the freestream velocity vector Γfs = circulation due to instantaneous pitch angle and freestream γb = bound vorticity γfs = component of vorticity due to instantaneous pitch angle and freestream γwk1, γwk2 = vorticity shed from the trailing and leading edges of the airfoil ζ = complex coordinate in an airfoil coordinate system (superscript identifies the coordinate system) θ = angular coordinate on the circle in the complex plane μ = advance ratio v∞ = kinematic viscosity of the fluid ξ, η = coordinates in an airfoil fixed frame (superscript identifies coordinate system) π = 3.14259 ρ∞ = freestream density of the fluid ~ φ = angular position of a vortex or wing section on the stroke plane φ = angular position of a vortex in an airfoil coordinate system φα = phase angle φ = velocity potential φb = velocity potential due to bound vorticity φwk1 = velocity potential due to wake shed from trailing edge j · j = absolute value or magnitude · jinvis = inviscid quantity · jvis = viscous quantity · = complex conjugate
Brief communication: Hidden Markov models and optimized sequence alignments

We present a formulation of the Needleman-Wunsch type algorithm for sequence alignment in which the mutation matrix is allowed to vary under the control of a hidden Markov process. The fully trainable model is applied to two problems in bioinformatics: the recognition of related gene/protein names and the alignment and scoring of homologous proteins.
From Mitochondria to Water Harvesting: A Case Study In Biologically Inspired Design

Biologically inspired design, also called biomimicry, biomimetics, or bionics, is an important, widespread, and rapidly growing movement in modern design (Benyus 1997; Turner 2007; Vincent and Mann 2002; Vogel 2000). The paradigm espouses the use of biological systems as analogs for use in designing technological systems, seeking to leverage the millions of biological designs already existing in nature. This paradigm has inspired many pioneers in the history of design, such as Leonardo da Vinci and the Wright brothers, among others. However, over the last generation, the paradigm has become a movement, inspired by the growing need for environmentally sustainable design and advanced by the desire for design creativity and innovation.
Political Advertising as Political Marketing: A Retro-Forward Perspective

Political advertising continues to be a foundation of political marketing, both in the United States and around the world. The perspective presented here provides a look back at what researchers have accomplished in political advertising research over the past five decades, followed by an assessment of the most important priorities for future research. We know most about televised political ads, which focus more on issues than personality and usually from a positive perspective, but we know much less about other channels, especially new Web-hosted media. We can expect the legal and regulatory arena to prompt further changes in political advertising. At the same time, differences based on gender and race/ethnicity are likely to become more important, and the political and cultural context for international political advertising will demand more comparative study.
Stochastic star identification

An approach to star identification based on comparing observed pattern statistics with the precomputed star cataloged statistics is suggested. The identification criterion is based on evaluating a posteriori probabilities of designated star sequences obtained from observing different star fields. Numerical results based on a specific algorithm are presented. A number of references for other approaches are cited.
The Politics of Teacher Education in the New Millennium: Implications for Special Education Teacher Educators:

With the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates a 'highly qualified' teacher for every child in a Title I school by 2005–06. teacher education has become a 'front burner' political issue in Washington and statehouses across the U.S. Debates have arisen regarding how 'highly qualified' should be defined, and what type of teacher education is needed, or if any is needed, to ensure a highly qualified workforce. This article describes the positions of those who propose that teacher education be deregulated, and those who support the professionalization of teaching and teacher education. What we know from available evidence about the characteristics of high quality teacher education programs is then addressed. The paper concludes with a review of the implications of the current political climate for teacher education and special education and possible directions for future research that is needed to influence policy decisions.
Active Parameter Control of Nonlinear Vibrating Structures

The procedure uses nonlinear auxiliary mass dampers with adjustable motion-limiting stops located at selected positions throughout a given nonlinear system. The degree of the primary structure oscillation near each vibration damper determines the damper's actively-controlled gap size and activation time. By using control energy to adjust the damper parameters instead of directly attenuating the motion of the primary system, a significant improvements is achieved in the total amount of energy expended to accomplish a given level of vibration control. In a related paper, the direct method of Lyapunov is used to establish that the response of the controlled nonlinear primary structure is Lagrange stable
INVERSE MONOIDS WITH A NATURAL SEMILATTICE ORDERING

An inverse semigroup is a semigroup S such that for each x e S there exists a unique inverse x~ & S such that both xx~x=x and x~xx~=x~\ This condition is equivalent to S both being (von Neumann) regular and having all idempotents commute. The classic example of such a semigroup is the symmetric inverse semigroup Ix of all partial bijections on a set X under the standard composition of partial functions on X. More generally, for any reasonably endowed mathematical object Q, the set /n of all partial symmetries of Q (bijections between subobjects of Q respecting all relevant structure) forms an inverse semigroup, the symmetric inverse semigroup of Q. Nearly all such semigroups, however, are more than mere inverse semigroups. Clearly such semigroups possess both an identity 1 and a zero 0, so that one has at least inverse monoids with zero; but of greater consequence is the fact that the natural partial order on the semigroup (given by x ^y if and only if y = yy~x =xy~y) usually possesses infima of arbitrary non-empty subsets. When this occurs, every element x has a fixed point idempotent f[x] = 1 AX which is maximal among those idempotents lying beneath x in the natural partial order. (For example, in the symmetric inverse semigroup on a set X, infima are given by intersections, inf,e/ OLJ = H/e/ h while the fixed point idempotent f[a] of a partial bijection a is the identity map of its set of fixed points.) What is more, multiplication always distributes over the induced meet operation so that one obtains a type of semiring structure. These observations are an indication that the class of inverse monoids which are also meet semilattices with respect to their natural partial order are worthy of further investigation. It is the purpose of this paper to initiate just such a study. To do so, it will be convenient to have a single term to denote this class of algebraic structures. The term adopted in this paper is inverse algebra with 'algebra' being understood in the sense of 'universal algebra'. The term should not be confused with the semigroup algebra k[S] of an inverse semigroup S over a field. The paper is divided into six sections, with the first presenting examples and results which are foundational to the rest of the paper. Congruences are considered in the next section, where congruences of inverse algebras are characterized as those monoid congruences that are generated from their restriction to the subalgebra of idempotents. Section 3 studies a number of universal constructions including the (relatively) free generation of inverse algebras from inverse monoids and completions of inverse algebras. The structure and consequent classification of monogenic inverse algebras are given
Context-sensitive feature selection for lazy learners

High sensitivity to irrelevant features is arguably the main shortcoming of simple lazy learners. In response to it, many feature selection methods have been proposed, including forward sequential selection (FSS) and backward sequential selection (BSS). Although they often produce substantial improvements in accuracy, these methods select the same set of relevant features everywhere in the instance space, and thus represent only a partial solution to the problem. In general, some features will be relevant only in some parts of the space; deleting them may hurt accuracy in those parts, but selecting them will have the same effect in parts where they are irrelevant. This article introduces RC, a new feature selection algorithm that uses a clustering-like approach to select sets of locally relevant features (i.e., the features it selects may vary from one instance to another). Experiments in a large number of domains from the UCI repository show that RC almost always improves accuracy with respect to FSS and BSS, often with high significance. A study using artificial domains confirms the hypothesis that this difference in performance is due to RC’s context sensitivity, and also suggests conditions where this sensitivity will and will not be an advantage. Another feature of RC is that it is faster than FSS and BSS, often by an order of magnitude or more.
Implementation and Evaluation of Dynamic Subfilter-Scale Stress Models for Large-Eddy Simulation Using WRF*

AbstractThe performance of a range of simple to moderately-complex subfilter-scale (SFS) stress models implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is evaluated in large-eddy simulations of neutral atmospheric boundary layer flow over both a flat terrain and a two-dimensional symmetrical transverse ridge. Two recently developed dynamic SFS stress models, the Lagrangian-averaged scale-dependent (LASD) dynamic model and the dynamic reconstruction model (DRM), are compared with the WRF model’s existing constant-coefficient linear eddy-viscosity and (as of version 3.2) nonlinear SFS stress models to evaluate the benefits of more sophisticated and accurate, but also more computationally expensive approaches.Simulation results using the different SFS stress models are compared among each other, as well as against the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. For the flat terrain case, vertical profiles of mean wind speed from the newly implemented dynamic models show the best agreement with the simila...
Vegetation Mapping for Landmine Detection Using Long-Wave Hyperspectral Imagery

We develop a vegetation mapping method using long-wave hyperspectral imagery and apply it to landmine detection. The novel aspect of the method is that it makes use of emissivity skewness. The main purpose of vegetation detection for mine detection is to minimize false alarms. Vegetation, such as round bushes, may be mistaken as mines by mine detection algorithms, particularly in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. We employ an unsupervised vegetation detection algorithm that exploits statistics of emissivity spectra of vegetation in the long-wave infrared spectrum for identification. This information is incorporated into a Choquet integral-based fusion structure, which fuses detector outputs from hyperspectral imagery and SAR imagery. Vegetation mapping is shown to improve mine detection results over a variety of images and fusion models.
Constraints on magma ascent, emplacement, and eruption: Geochemical and mineralogical data from drill-core samples at Obsidian dome, Inyo chain, California

Systematic chemical and mineralogical variability occurs in samples from drill holes through Obsidian dome, the conduit to the dome, and a nearby associated feeder dike. The drill-hole samples from the margins of the conduit and most of the lower part of the dome are high-Ba, low-silica rhyolites; they contain two populations of phenocrysts and represent commingled magmas, whereas samples from the dike and upper parts of the dome are low-Ba, higher silica rhyolites that do not reflect commingled magmas. Samples from the center of the conduit are low-Ba, higher silica rhyolites that are only slightly mixed. A major part of the variability within the drill-core samples of the dome and conduit reflects the juxtaposition and commingling of two distinct magmas during their passage through the conduit.
The motivational power of incentive travel: The participant's perspective.

This article reports the results of a survey given to 1003 participants who were eligible to receive travel incentives. Both recipients of the incentive (714) and non-recipients (289) replied to questions regarding what makes a travel incentive motivating, what could make the incentive more motivating, and how travel’s motivational appeal compares to other incentives offered by companies. In addition, participants were asked to ask how they felt about the firm offering these incentives. The article finds that travel is highly motivating to employees and creates positive feelings towards the company by recipients of the incentive. The article also finds that there are limited negative feelings towards the company expressed by non-recipients. Implications for design and implementation are discussed.
Determining the Optimal Approach for Government-Regulated Genetic Testing

With recent activity by both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)2 and the US Government Accountability Office (GAO), a new era of government-regulated genetic testing is upon us. In the past 10 years, the scope and volume of genetic tests [most falling into the category of laboratory-developed tests (LDTs)] being offered has increased dramatically. Traditionally, genetic tests have been for single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and Marfan syndrome. In recent years, the scope and complexity of genetic testing has increased, and there has been a shift in emphasis toward predicting disease, especially complex disease. This shift has been mainly due to the arrival of direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing to the genetic-testing market. DTC genetic tests, which have not been under the review of the FDA, are traditionally offered via the Internet and are performed in the manufacturers' accredited laboratories as LDTs. The FDA's first public foray into oversight of DTC genetic testing was in May 2010, after Pathway Genomics, a DTC genetic-testing company based in San Diego, announced the upcoming availability of their personal genetic-testing kits at Walgreens drugstores nationwide. After Pathway's announcement, the FDA promptly sent an enforcement letter to Pathway, in which they declared Pathway's testing kit a medical device, and asked them to respond within 15 days to explain why their test should not require premarket review (1). The FDA followed suit by sending similar letters to 19 additional genetic-testing companies in the following months. In July, the FDA held its 2-day “Public Meeting on Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests,” at which many genetic-testing companies and genetics organizations participated (2). During this …
Smoking behavior and tobacco smoke intake: Response of smokers to shortened cigarettes

The response of four cigarette smokers to full-length and three different types of half-length cigarettes was examined in a naturalistic laboratory environment. During daily 100-min sessions, subjects smoked ad libitum: (1) full-length (100 mm) cigarettes, (2) the distal half of cigarettes, (3) the proximal half of cigarettes, or (4) the proximal half of previously smoked cigarettes. As a group, subjects smoked 75% more half-length cigarettes than full-length cigarettes. Subjects also puffed at a higher rate (i.e., had shorter interpuff intervals) on half-length than on full-length cigarettes. Mean puff duration (sec/puff) was higher when subjects smoked the distal-half cigarettes than when they smoked the proximal-half cigarettes and subjects spent proportionately more time puffing on the distal-half cigarettes than on the other three types. Through a combination of smoking more half-length cigarettes and modifying the way they smoked half-length cigarettes, subjects maintained the same intake of smoke (as measured by expired air carbon monoxide) during sessions as when they smoked full-length cigarettes. These results demonstrate that smokers make complex adjustments in their smoking behavior in response to changes in cigarette length. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 90–97; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.131
Adhesion in the Contact of a Spherical Indenter With a Layered Medium

With the emergence of micro- and nano-technology, the contact mechanics of MEMS & NEMS devices and components is becoming more important. The motivation for this work is to gain a better understanding of the role of coatings and thin films on micro- and nano-scale contact phenomena, and to understand the interactions of measurement devices, such as an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), with layered media. The effect of the adhesion is included using Maugis model. A uniform tensile stress (σ0) is assumed to exist between the contacting asperities just outside the contact zone, a < r < c, where the surfaces separate by a distance less than h0. The maximum stress and the work of adhesion are chosen to match those of the Lennard-Jones potential, which gives h0 = 0.97 z0, where z0 is the equilibrium separation. Including adhesion, the final equation becomes a singular integral equation with a Cauchy-type singularity which can be solved numerically (Erdogan et al., 1972): The frictionless contact between a rigid spherical indenter and an elastic layered medium is the subject of this research. This configuration can be viewed as either a single asperity contact or as a building block of a multi-asperity rough surface contact model. As the scale decreases to the nano level, adhesion becomes an important issue in this contact problem. The presence of adhesion affects the relationships among the applied force, the penetration of the indenter and the size of the contact area. This axisymmetric problem includes the effect of adhesion using the Maugis model. This model spans the range of the Tabor parameter between the JKR and DMT regions. Key parameters have been identified which are the elastic moduli ratio of the layer and the substrate, the Poisson's ratios, the dimensionless contact radius, the dimensionless layer thickness, and the adhesion parameter λ. ∫
Improving STEM classroom culture: Discourse analysis

Every classroom constructs its own culture through the interactions of all participants, students and instructors. This culture, often covert or invisible, has a direct impact on students' opportunities to learn. Therefore, it is critical that instructors understand their classrooms' interaction patterns and their effect on student learning. We suggest that discourse analysis may serve as a tool to enhance instructors' understanding of their classrooms and to serve as an intervention particularly useful for junior faculty as they are beginning their teaching career. To this end, this paper (1) describes the theoretical foundation of discourse analysis and (2) demonstrates its application, effectiveness, and applicability in STEM classrooms, particularly at the introductory level, the time when students make their first steps in negotiating `academic literacies'.
mtCLIC/CLIC4, an organellular chloride channel protein, is increased by DNA damage and participates in the apoptotic response to p53

mtCLIC/CLIC4 (referred to here as mtCLIC) is a p53- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-regulated cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein that belongs to the CLIC family of intracellular chloride channels. mtCLIC associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane. Dual regulation of mtCLIC by two stress response pathways suggested that this chloride channel protein might contribute to the cellular response to cytotoxic stimuli. DNA damage or overexpression of p53 upregulates mtCLIC and induces apoptosis. Overexpression of mtCLIC by transient transfection reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, releases cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, activates caspases, and induces apoptosis. mtCLIC is additive with Bax in inducing apoptosis without a physical association of the two proteins. Antisense mtCLIC prevents the increase in mtCLIC levels and reduces apoptosis induced by p53 but not apoptosis induced by Bax, suggesting that the two proapoptotic proteins function through independent pathways. Our studies indicate that mtCLIC, like Bax, Noxa, p53AIP1, and PUMA, participates in a stress-induced death pathway converging on mitochondria and should be considered a target for cancer therapy through genetic or pharmacologic approaches.
Orientation of the Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus Polyphemus

Abstract Twenty-three gopher tortoises were released in an open field at least 8 km from their home burrows, and thirty-seven were tested in an arena which excluded all directional landmarks. Over half showed a statistically significant individual direction preference under each of these conditions. Directions chosen had no relation to the homeward direction and were widely divergent for individuals from the same geographic population. Comparing the preferred directions in the open field and in the arena indicates that landmarks may have a disruptive effect on orientation. The preferred headings of ten tortoises subjected to a 6-hr phase shift was about ninety degrees in the expected direction, indicating that this species is capable of sun-compass orientation.
Nail changes associated with diabetes mellitus.

The varied systemic pathologic alterations that occur in patients with diabetes mellitus may result in profound changes that affect the nail unit. These findings vary from simple onycholysis to a spectrum of infectious processes, as well as extensive, irreversible destruction. The influence of the vascular and neurologic systems in producing these clinical findings is presented. The purpose of this review is to alert the physician to another aspect of diabetes mellitus, namely, its effect on the various components of the nail unit. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:1015-21.)
Semantic Foraging in Defined Contexts

An experimental prototype system was created and used to investigate how information relevant to analyst queries, and constrained by a contextual model, can be found over a large information space. Agents employing the ant model sift through documents quickly using a transductive support machine classifier and return those meeting a classifier which is constantly refined through feedback from semantic information extraction to a knowledge base. An ontology-informed extraction is performed on returned documents; an objective function then evaluates how well each document fulfilled the queries and this information is used to create a new classifier for each query. In numerous trials on a static corpus, recall and precision of the classifiers was consistently above 92%. Semantic results have not been quantified but appear highly promising.
From Duty, Moral Worth, Good Will

L'A. propose, dans cet article, une analyse detaillee des paragraphes 397 a 401 des «Fondements de la metaphysique des moeurs», refutant certaines objections traditionnelles a la position de Kant et en soulevant de nouvelles. L'A. proposera et defendra, ce faisant, une interpretation de ce que Kant veut dire par les expressions par devoir, valeur morale et bonne volonte
Stable intronic sequence RNA (sisRNA), a new class of noncoding RNA from the oocyte nucleus of Xenopus tropicalis

To compare nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA from a single cell type, free of cross-contamination, we studied the oocyte of the frog Xenopus tropicalis, a giant cell with an equally giant nucleus. We isolated RNA from manually dissected nuclei and cytoplasm of mature oocytes and subjected it to deep sequencing. Cytoplasmic mRNA consisted primarily of spliced exons derived from ~6700 annotated genes. Nearly all of these genes were represented in the nucleus by intronic sequences. However, unspliced nascent transcripts were not detected. Inhibition of transcription or splicing for 1–2 d had little or no effect on the abundance of nuclear intronic sequences, demonstrating that they are unusually stable. RT–PCR analysis showed that these stable intronic sequences are transcribed from the coding strand and that a given intron can be processed into more than one molecule. Stable intronic sequence RNA (sisRNA) from the oocyte nucleus constitutes a new class of noncoding RNA. sisRNA is detectable by RT–PCR in samples of total RNA from embryos up to the mid-blastula stage, when zygotic transcription begins. Storage of sisRNA in the oocyte nucleus and its transmission to the developing embryo suggest that it may play important regulatory roles during oogenesis and/or early embryogenesis.