cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
distinguishing Conversion Disorder From Neurologic Impairment

Hysteria/conversion disorder has been described since antiquity. One French neurologist dubbed it "neurological nonsense" because its presentation was so complex and confusing. For nosological purposes for inclusion into the Diagnostic Statistical Manual, multiple revisions of conversion disorder terminology were made for each edition published from 1952-1994. Until recently, conversion disorder was thought to be solely psychological in origin: new studies raise the possibility that what is called conversion disorder is actually early disruption in the functioning of the nervous system in predisposed individuals. Because of its uncanny resemblance to neurological disease, the differential diagnosis is critical and should be exhaustive in its efforts to rule out neurological disease. The neuroscience nurse needs to be aware of this perplexing syndrome called conversion disorder and the never theories that suggest organic causation and interventions to enhance recovery.
Proton transport in water confined in carbon nanotubes: a reactive molecular dynamics study

The effects on the structural and transport properties of a proton in water confined in carbon nanotubes of radii ranging from 5.42 to 10.85 A were studied by employing a recently devised reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) scheme. The formation of distinct layers was observed in the computed radial density profile of water. Affinity of hydronium ions towards the tube–water interface and its preferential orientation with the oxygen atom protruding towards the wall was observed. The axial water diffusivity was observed to decrease with increasing confinement of water. Analysis of the axial charge diffusivity and its two components (structural and vehicular) was also performed. Confinement was found to have a more significant effect on structural diffusion than on vehicular diffusion. The axial vehicular component of the charge diffusivity in the nanotube of radius 10.85 A was found to be equal to the value computed in bulk water while structural component was 12% of the value observed in bulk water, which re...
Impacts of seasonal kaolin particle films on apple pest management

L'impact d'applications multiples de film de particules M96-018 a base de kaolin sur la densite de population de certaines especes nuisibles aux pommiers, Malus domestica (Borkh) (Rosaceae), et sur la densite de leurs ennemis naturels, a ete mesure dans plusieurs vergers de l'etat du Washington, de 1997 a 1999. La densite des populations de la mineuse Phyllonorycter elmaella (Doganlar et Mutuura) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) etait significativement plus elevee et le pourcentage du parasitisme, generalement moins eleve dans les parcelles traitees que dans les parcelles non traitees. L'effet du M96-018 sur les pucerons verts (Aphis spp.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) variait d'un verger a l'autre, mais les populations de Pucerons roses du pommier, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae), etaient plus importantes dans les vergers traites que dans les vergers non traites. Le M96-018 a reduit la densite des Cicadelles blanches du pommier, Typhlocyba pomaria (McAtee) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), et celle des araignees (Araneae), comparativement aux densites enregistrees dans les parcelles non traitees. Les blessures aux fruits dues au Carpocapse de la pomme, Cydia pomonella (L.), et a la Tordeuse du pommier, Archips argyrospilus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), etaient significativement moins frequentes dans les parcelles traitees. L'effet du M96-018 sur la Punaise de la molene, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Hemiptera: Miridae), variait d'un verger a l'autre et d'une annee a l'autre. Le M96-018 est reste sans effet sur la densite des punaises puantes (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) et sur les blessures aux fruits qui leur etaient attribuees. L'infestation de Cochenilles de San Jose, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a ete significativement plus grave dans les vergers traites que dans les vergers non traites. L'arret des applications de M96-018 a la mi-saison a eu pour effet de diminuer le nombre de feuilles infestees de pucerons, mais a fait augmenter les blessures aux fruits causees par les carpocapses, par comparaison avec les effets d'une application complete. Il n'y avait pas de difference entre les parcelles traitees pendant 1 an et celles traitees pendant 2 ans quant a la densite des ravageurs; cependant, la densite des acariens phytophages (Acari: Tetranychidae) a ete significativement plus elevee au cours de l'annee qui a suivi l'application de M96-018. Il faudra proceder a des etudes plus poussees pour savoir comment minimiser les effets perturbateurs des films a particules.
Large photocathode detectors for large calorimetry

The authors discusses techniques to make inexpensive large-area S-11 equivalent (QE 10-15%) photocathodes in spherical, cylindrical and planar geometries in a typical laboratory. Novel techniques to obtain photoelectron gain (*10-1000) using gas amplification and using fast phosphor photoelectron gain in large cylindrical geometries with uniform collection efficiency and relatively low time spread are demonstrated. Examples and properties are presented of working devices with areas up to 2500 cm/sup 2/, which can be scaled to arbitrarily large sizes, especially in cylindrical geometries. Performance data, applications, costs, and limitations and advantages of these devices are presented. Possibilities for a novel fiber-optic output phototube and a barium fluoride phototube are presented. >
Survey of Littoral Drift Sand Deposits Along the Illinois and Indiana Shores of Lake Michigan

Abstract This project is an attempt to quantify the littoral drift sands on the Illinois and Indiana shores of Lake Michigan. Fifty profiles of beach and lake-bottom sand deposits were measured with a hydraulic probe at 700 locations from Winthrop Harbor, Illinois, to Michigan City, Indiana, from 1989 to 1992. Profiles extend from shore to the lakeward edge of the sand (typically 530 m offshore south of Waukegan and Great Lakes harbors in Illinois) or probe-depth limit (about 12 m, water depth plus sand thickness, for Illinois profiles north of Waukegan Harbor and all Indiana profiles). The thickest sand deposits lie updrift (north) of Waukegan Harbor and Michigan City Harbor. Thick sand deposits were also found between Gary Harbor and Burns Harbor at the extreme southern end of the lake. Substantially thinner deposits were found at all other locations. Illinois data are compared to data collected by the Illinois State Geological Survey in 1975. Sand deposits thinned measurably between 1975 and the time of this survey. In many areas downdrift of harbors, the sand veneer has been lost entirely, and the underlying clay has been exposed to the erosive forces of storm waves. In nearly all profiles, sand deposits are thin near the shoreline and provide minimal protection to the shore and lake bed. The littoral drift “river of sand,”an important resource along most of the marine coasts of the United States is only a “dwindling trickle” along the south and southwestern shores of Lake Michigan.
Liberalism, communitarianism, and medical ethics.

Can a medical ethic be developed for a liberal state? This is the issue posed by the authors of both of the works under review. Brennan in Just Doctoring thinks that the answer is yes and that his theory of just doctoring provides just such an ethic. Emanuel in The Ends of Human Life thinks that the answer is no and that an adequate resolution of the dilemmas of medical ethics requires an alternative political philosophy, liberal commun itarianism.
Vacuum energy density for massless scalar fields in flat homogeneous spacetime manifolds with nontrivial topology

Although the observed universe appears to be geometrically flat, it could have one of 18 global topologies. A constant-time slice of the spacetime manifold could be a torus, M\"obius strip, Klein bottle, or others. This global topology of the universe imposes boundary conditions on quantum fields and affects the vacuum energy density via the Casimir effect. In a spacetime with such a nontrivial topology, the vacuum energy density is shifted from its value in a simply connected spacetime. In this paper, the vacuum expectation value of the stress-energy tensor for a massless scalar field is calculated in all 17 multiply connected, flat, and homogeneous spacetimes with different global topologies. It is found that the vacuum energy density is lowered relative to the Minkowski vacuum level in all spacetimes and that the stress-energy tensor becomes position-dependent in spacetimes that involve reflections and rotations.
Schrödinger representation of CP(N) model for large N

Abstract We examine the 1+1 dimensional CP ( N ) model in the large N limit by using the Schrodinger representation. Starting from the Hamiltonian analysis of the model, we present the variational gap equation resulting from the Gaussian trial wave functional. The renormalization of the theory is performed with insertion of mass and energy counter-terms, and the dynamical generation of mass and the energy eigenvalue are derived.
Characterization and Neutralization Requirements of two Acidic Lake Sediments

Preparations for neutralization of two acidic lakes in the southwest Adirondacks included determination of base neutralization capacity for sediments as well as the water column. For sediments this involved assessing vertical and horizontal gradients in sediment properties related to sediment-bound acidity. The analyses showed significant variance vertically (depth within the sediment profile) and horizontally (due mainly to depth of overlying water) in both lakes. Base requirements, equivalent to the acidity present 3in 2 cm of sediments ranged between 0.011 and 0.022 kg CaCO3 m−3 for the two lakes. Preliminary observations indicate pH3 values and Ca content increased in the surficial sediments of both lakes after treatment.
Wheat protein antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect class-specific antibodies to wheat protein antigens. Antibodies which we detected by this technique reacted indistinguishably with antigens prepared from crude gluten, crude gliadin, alpha-gliadin, Frazer fraction III, and subtraction B and B 3 of Frazer fraction III. No sera reacted with a human serum albumin control antigen. The prevalence of IgG antibodies to wheat protein antigens was significantly greater in patients with gluten sensitive enteropathy, 12 of 17, (p =.00011) and in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, 5 of 14, (p =.046) than in normal control subjects. Strongly positive reactions for IgG antibodies were present only in patients with gluten sensitive enteropathy or dermatitis herpetiformis. IgA antibodies to wheat protein antigens were found only in gluten-sensitive enteropathy patients. We have found this to be a sensitive, precise technique for measurement of antibodies to wheat protein antigens and feel that it will prove useful in evaluation of the role of immune complexes involving wheat protein antigens and their antibodies in the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis.
Mitteilungen aus dem Laboratorium für Geophysik der Carnegie Institution in Washington. 6. Schmelzpunktsmethoden bei hohen Temperaturen

1. Platinwiderstandsofen einfacher Konstruktion vermitteln eine vollstandige Kontrolle der Temperatur fur Schmelzpunktsbestimmungen bis zu 1600 ° aufwarts. Wo Gleichformigkeit der Temperatur durch die Arbeitskammer wichtig ist, sind besondere Abanderungen notwendig.
Small angle x-ray studies of siloxane-urea segmented copolymers

Novel segmented copolymers were synthesized using aminopropyl terminated linear poly(dimethylsiloxane) oligomers as the soft component and various diisocyanates as the hard segments. As a result of the large differences in the cohesive energy density (solubility parameter) between the two components, phase separation occurs to form a microdomain structure at relatively low oligomer molecular weights. Since chain extenders were not employed during the synthesis, the “hard” segments are strictly related to the length of the diisocyanate moiety utilized in the reaction, In this paper we utilize these copolymers as reasonable models for investigating the various methods available for determining the interfacial layer thickness between the hard and soft phase. Specifically, in these systems there is no hard segment length distribution as is the usual case for segmented urethanes. Utilizing Porod's law, and appropriate analysis, both positive and negative deviations were found in the systematic series of copolymers. The degree of positive and negative character was found to be dependent upon copolymer composition. Negative deviations were accounted for in terms of a finite interfacial thickness, which turned out to be relatively small as anticipated, while the positive deviations were assigned to isolated hard segments that reside within the soft segment matrix, i.e., concentration fluctuations. In calculating the interfacial thickness, several methods were applied and in general, close agreement was obtained. Finally, correlation function analysis in conjunction with determination of the coherent Porod lengths, etc. were determined and discussed accordingly. Cautionary comments are also provided for researchers who apply less complete small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis to related block or segmented copolymers with regard to phase separation behavior.
Alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase content in perinatal infant and adult livers: potential influence on neonatal alcohol metabolism

Methanol and ethanol are primarily metabolized through the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in adults. Under saturating substrate concentrations, blood alcohol concentrations decline at a constant rate (i.e., zero-order kinetics). Minor metabolic alcohol pathways include oxidation through the cytochrome P450 system and catalase. We previously reported a 5-week-old infant that survived intoxication at an exceptional methanol concentration (1148 mg/dL). As the rate of elimination followed first-order kinetics, we proposed that an alternate non-saturating alcohol metabolizing enzyme system such as catalase was responsible for this observation. In this study, we developed and optimized enzyme immunoassays for tissue ADH and catalase, and measured the concentration of these enzymes in the livers of 18 adults and 7 perinatal infants obtained from autopsies. The mean ADH content of perinatal infants was approximately 10-fold lower than adults (0.11+/-0.09 g/kg versus 1.00+/-0.37 g/kg liver wet weight, respectively). The alphaalpha isoenzyme of ADH was the predominant isoform in perinatal infants, while there were several isoenzymes found in adult livers. For catalase, half of the perinatal infants (n=4) had roughly equal amounts as adults (0.32+/-0.03 g/kg versus 0.37+/-0.20 g/kg wet weight, p=NS), while three other perinatal infants had significantly higher concentrations (1.55+/-0.48 g/kg versus 0.37+/-0.02 g/kg wet weight, p<0.05). In the perinatal infants, these results suggest that catalase may play a more prominent role in the metabolism of alcohols than does the ADH system and may explain the finding of first-order kinetics in case reports of high methanol and ethanol intoxication.
Effect of matrix cracking and interface sliding on the thermal expansion of fibre-reinforced composites

Abstract The effect of matrix cracking on the thermal expansion behaviour of brittle, unidirectional fibre-reinforced composites is studied. Sliding along the fibre-matrix interface accompanying matrix cracking has a major effect on the change in thermal expansion. This problem is also addressed, both with and without friction. For the most common composite systems, whose fibres have a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than that of the matrix, matrix cracking and interface sliding result in a reduction of the thermal expansion of the composite. A cylindrical cell model of a composite with uniformly spaced matrix cracks is invoked for analysis. Shear-lag approximations, enhanced by selected finite element solutions to the cell model, provide estimates of the functional dependence of thermal expansion on constituent properties, matrix crack density and extent of sliding. Hysteresis behaviour during thermal cycling is analysed accounting for reverse frictional sliding along debonded portions of the fibre-matrix interface. A nondimensional parameter, E m ΔαΔT/τ (where E m is the matrix modulus, Δα the thermal expansion mismatch between fibre and matrix, ΔT the amplitude of the temperature cycle and τ the frictional resistance to sliding), is identified which governs the extent to which sliding reduces the effective expansion coefficient of the composite.
Twist-Dependent Electronic Coupling in an Organic Intervalence Radical Cation

The nearly 90° twist between the reduced dialkylaniline π system and the oxygen atom p lone pair orbital limits electronic interaction between the reduced and oxidized aniline units and makes varyi...
Incorporating large unlabeled data to enhance EM classification

This paper investigates the problem of augmenting labeled data with unlabeled data to improve classification accuracy. This is significant for many applications such as image classification where obtaining classification labels is expensive, while large unlabeled examples are easily available. We investigate an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for learning from labeled and unlabeled data. The reason why unlabeled data boosts learning accuracy is because it provides the information about the joint probability distribution. A theoretical argument shows that the more unlabeled examples are combined in learning, the more accurate the result. We then introduce B-EM algorithm, based on the combination of EM with bootstrap method, to exploit the large unlabeled data while avoiding prohibitive I/O cost. Experimental results over both synthetic and real data sets show that the proposed approach has a satisfactory performance.
Extracellular ionic variations during spreading depression

Abstract Changes in the concentrations of K + , Ca 2+ , Na + and Cl − were measured during spreading depression in the exposed lissencephalic cerebellar molecular layer of the catfish, Corydoras aneus . Liquid ion exchanger ion-selective microelectrodes were used in pairs to monitor simultaneously changes in the concentrations of two ionic species in the extracellular space. Normothermic spreading depression in the catfish cerebellum consists of a slow negative potential shift that develops at a rate of 2–3mV/s, reaches an amplitude of −25 mV, lasts 1–6 min and propagates at a rate of 0.5–1.5 mm/min. [K + ] o rises from a resting level of 2.3–35 mM at the peak of spreading depression. Between 20 and 40s later [Ca 2+ ] o falls from 2.2 mM to 0.8 mM and [Na + ] o and [Cl − ] o decrease from 149 to 57 mM and 137 to 47 mM respectively at approximately the same time. [Ca 2+ ] o , [Na + ] o and [Cl − ] o decreases begin when [K + ] o exceeds 10 mM. These results establish the magnitude and temporal sequence of the major ion concentration changes in extracellular space during spreading depression. The earliest extracellular precursor of spreading depression is a rise in [K + ] o . In light of the equality of [Na + ] o and [Cl − ] o changes and the rise in [K + ] o , electroneutrality in extracellular space involved may be maintained by the net accumulation of some unidentified anion equivalent to the rise in [K + ] o . Alternatively, no net accumulation is needed if some extracellular anions are impermeant and the volume of extracellular space decreases. The sum of the extracellular ion concentrations suggests that the ionic strength of extracellular space decreases by greater than one-third during spreading depression. These results demonstrate that the brain is capable of establishing and recovering from local ionic inhomogenejties.
A Bias in the Midtropospheric Channel Warm Target Factor on theNOAA-9Microwave Sounding Unit

AbstractThe University of Alabama at Huntsville (UAH), Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have constructed long-term temperature records for deep atmospheric layers using satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) observations. However, these groups disagree on the magnitude of global temperature trends since 1979, including the trend for the midtropospheric layer (TMT). This study evaluates the selection of the MSU TMT warm target factor for the NOAA-9 satellite using five homogenized radiosonde products as references. The analysis reveals that the UAH TMT product has a positive bias of 0.051 ± 0.031 in the warm target factor that artificially reduces the global TMT trend by 0.042 K decade−1 for 1979–2009. Accounting for this bias increases the global UAH TMT trend from 0.038 to 0.080 K decade−1, effectively eliminating the trend difference between UAH and RSS and decreasing the trend difference between UAH...
The Relationship Between a Silent Reading Fluency Instructional Protocol on Students’ Reading Comprehension and Achievement in an Urban School Setting

Reading fluency has been identified as a key component in effective literacy instruction (National Reading Panel, 2000). Instruction in reading fluency has been shown to lead to improvements in reading achievement. Reading fluency instruction is most commonly associated with guided repeated oral reading instruction. In the present retrospective study we examine the effects of a computer-based silent reading fluency instructional system called Reading Plus (Taylor Associates, Winooski, Vermont, USA) on the reading comprehension and overall reading achievement of a large corpus of students in an urban school setting. Findings indicate that the program resulted in positive, substantial, and significant improvements in reading comprehension and overall reading achievement on a criterion referenced reading test for Grades 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 and on a norm-referenced test of reading achievement for Grades 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Moreover, mean gains made by students in the Reading Plus intervention were greater than mean gains for all students at the state and district level. The findings were generally positive for all subpopulations studied, including special education and regular education students. Qualitative reports from teachers who participated in the study were also supportive of the program. Implications for the study are explored for particular subgroups of students and for the role of fluency instruction with struggling adolescent readers.
Degradable phosphazene-crosslinked hydrogels

Degradable hydrogels have been synthesized using a degradable crosslinker based on phosphazene derivatives. The phosphazene crosslinkers have substituted allylamine groups to provide polymerizable double bonds, and imidazole groups to control the hydrolytic stability of the crosslinker. Free radical polymerized poly(acrylic acid) gels have been formed with the phosphazene crosslinkers to demonstrate the utility of the concept. Poly(acrylic acid) gels are widely used as absorbents and there is considerable interest in finding degradable absorbent materials. Degradation of the gels occurred over a period of one to two months in aqueous media. The degradation was monitored using dynamic mechanical measurements of the modulus, static compression tests, and swelling measurements.
Morphology of the Male Reproductive Tract of Mature Larval, Pupal, and Adult Tobacco Hornworms (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), Manduca sexta

The male reproductive tract of Manduca sexta (L.) undergoes substantial change from the last instar to the adult. In larvae the testes are small, paired, and connected to the genital disc by paired vasa deferentia, the only larval ducts. In imagines there is a single, large spherical testis whose ducts fill much of the abdominal cavity. Morphogenetic changes of the testes include volume, tracheation, fusion, and torsion. Fusion occurs in prepupae and torsion begins three or four days after pupation. All ducts but the vasa deferentia develop from the genital disc and differentiate during prepupal and pupal stages. Rudimentary accessory glands are first visible in prepupae. After pupation, the following changes occur: the simplex and duplex appear at three or four days, the elbow of the cuticular simplex begins differentiation at five or six days, seminal vesicles of the vasa deferentia begin to differentiate at six or seven days, and secretions first appear in the lower primary simplex at nine days, in the upper vasa deferentia at 11 days, in the proximal accessory glands at 12 or 13 days, and in the duplex at 14 or 15 days. Further morphogenesis of the vasa deferentia and lower reproductive ducts include increases in length and width in pupae. Criteria for defining developmental stages of M. sexta are presented and are used to correlate development of the reproductive tract with external features of the insect.
Traumatic Stress Symptoms of Women Exposed to Different Forms of Childhood Victimization and Intimate Partner Violence

Interviews of women with (n = 193) and without (n = 170) recent exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) were used to examine how IPV and past exposure to child abuse influence self-reports of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The measurement of IPV included assessing psychological, physical, escalated physical, and sexual abuse. Women's retrospective accounts of childhood victimization included reports of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence growing up. Each form of adult IPV showed an independent association with PTSD symptoms, as did each form of childhood victimization. In regression models including child and adult abuse together, adult IPV and childhood sexual abuse were related to PTSD symptoms, and adult IPV mediated the association between childhood physical abuse and adult PTSD. Tests of the interactions between childhood and adulthood victimization on PTSD symptoms were not significant. Findings are discussed within the context of a life-course perspective of trauma.
Voluntary Midlife Career Change: Integrating the Transtheoretical Model and the Life-Span, Life-Space Approach

Frequent career change is the predicted experience of workers in the global economy. Self-initiating career changers are a substantial subset of the total population of career changers. There is currently a dearth of theory and research to help career counselors conceptualize the career change process for the application of appropriate interventions. The authors present an integration of a well-researched behavior change theory, the transtheoretical model of change, with Super's (1990) life-span, life-space approach. The corresponding stages of the 2 models are discussed along with theoretically appropriate interventions. The integrated model provides the basis for future research on the change process for voluntary midlife career changers.
On the nature of the “dative” particle ni in Japanese

La grammaire traditionnelle japonaise classe les particules post-NP en deux categories, les postpositions et les marqueurs de cas. La particule ni pose un probleme car elle presente des caracteristiques des deux categories. L'A. examine le comportement de cette particule dans des contextes differents et montre qu'il y a quatre types de ni: la marque du cas datif, la postposition, l'insertion et la forme de copule
RAFT Synthesis of a Thermally Responsive ABC Triblock Copolymer Incorporating N-Acryloxysuccinimide for Facile in Situ Formation of Shell Cross-Linked Micelles in Aqueous Media†

A poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) was employed to demonstrate the controlled polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane at 70 °C using reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. This macro-CTA was then used to mediate the statistical copolymerization of DMA and the reactive monomer N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS), forming a diblock copolymer of PEO-b-(DMA-s-NAS). Subsequent chain extension with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) yielded a PEO-b-(DMA-s-NAS)-b-NIPAM thermally responsive triblock copolymer. In aqueous solution at room temperature the triblock copolymer chains exist as unimers but form micelles when the solution temperature is raised above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the NIPAM block. The hydrodynamic dimensions and micellization temperatures depend on the length of the NIPAM block. Incorporation of the NAS units into the triblock copolymer allows for facile formation of uniform she...
Weaving the Molecular and Cognitive Strands of Memory

Several recent studies seamlessly blend cognitive, systems, and molecular neuroscience to unravel the temporal organization of memory.
The problem of handedness reversal during the spiral growth of Phycomyces

Abstract One may easily conclude that the mechanism of cell wall growth of the sporangiophore of Phycomyces is an extremely complex one since the sporangiophore not only grows vertically (stretches) but also rotates (twists) about its longitudinal axis during growth. The result is spiral growth. The spiraling changes direction during the sporangiophore's development going from an initial left-handed spiral to a right-handed one and finally returning to the left-handed form. We believe that these observations can be explained in the following way. The cell's turgor pressure causes both longitudinal and radial deformation in the soft, thin, plastic region of the growing cell wall thus causing the wall to stretch. The cell wall microfibrils, which are initially oriented in a near transverse direction in the upper region of the growing zone, are displaced toward the longitudinal axis as a result of vertical stretch. This fibril displacement, from a transverse to a longitudinal direction, causes a horizontal displacement of the cell wall. This horizontal displacement is coupled with the vertical stretch to generate a spiral effect, i.e. spiral growth. We are further proposing that interfibril slippage occurs as the cell wall softens between stages IVa and IVb and it is this slippage that accounts for the change in the direction of spiraling when the sporangiophore goes from the left-handed form to the right-handed one.
PHONETIC IMITATION, ACCENT, AND THE LEARNER. Duncan Markham. Lund, Sweden: Lund University Press, 1997. Pp. 270. Sk 254 paper.

This published version of Markham's dissertation surveys the literature on second language phonetics (but not phonology), proposes two models, and presents experiments involving imitation of languages and dialects.
Understanding public attitudes toward tobacco harm reduction: The role of attitude structure

The present research examines whether and to what extent the underlying structure of attitudes toward harm reduction and specific reduced-exposure products contributes to an understanding of public attitudes toward harm reduction. Past research has focused on the extent to which some attitude objects are primarily affective or cognitive. Using survey data from a 5-state Upper Midwest sample, we tested the relevance of 4 pertinent properties of attitudes for predicting overall attitudes toward tobacco harm reduction: affective and cognitive bases of attitudes; knowledge; experience with smoking and reduced-harm products; and affective/cognitive consistency. We found that feelings about harm reduction are most predictive of overall attitudes toward harm reduction and specific reduced-harm products. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
The human serum high density lipoprotein peptides of very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons--an appendix.

Abstract Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are shown to contain to high density lipoprotein (HDL) peptides R-thr, R-gln, and R-x and that chylomicrons contain the HDL peptides R-thr and R-gln but not R-x. The R-thr peptide is found in at least two distinct molecular species in VLDL but apparently in only one species in chylomicrons. The R-x peptide is similarly found in at least two distinct molecular species in VLDL. The R-gln peptide seems to be associated with only one species in both VLDL and chylomicrons.
CNDO calculations on some negative hydrocarbon ions and reactions

Abstract A well-proven CNDO program has been used to calculate the minimum energy configurations of a number of negative hydrocarbon ions. On the basis of the calculated binding energies the probable reactions to be observed in the CH4/CH4− system have been predicted. By a consideration of the composite ion C2H8− it is shown that a direct reaction between CH4 and CH4− is an unlikely proposition; this is in direct contrast with the analogous positive ion system. The calculated endothermicity of the reaction between CH4 and CH4− and a number of possible products bears out the above prediction.
Adelard of Bath and the Continuity of Universal Nature

IN the recently published volume of “Roger Bacon Commemoration Essays” (1) Prof. Pierre Duhem's contribution, “Roger Bacon et l'Horreur du Vide,” has for its main thesis that Bacon was the first to formulate a theory of universal continuity; an incorrect hypothesis, it is true, but one which Prof. Duhem believes to have served the useful purpose of supplementing “the peripatetic theory of heavy and light” until the discovery of atmospheric pressure. This theory developed in connection with certain problematical phenomena of which this “experiment” is the chief and typical case. If there is suspended in air a vessel of water having a hole in the top and several narrow apertures in the bottom, no water will fall from it so long as the superior aperture is closed. Yet water is heavier than air, and according to the principle of Aristotle's physics should fall to the ground. Writers before Bacon, according to Duhem, explain this anomaly by saying that the fall of the water would produce a vacuum, and that a vacuum cannot exist in nature. But Bacon argues that a vacuum cannot be the reason why the water does not fall, because a vacuum does not exist; he then explains further that although by their particular natures water tends downwards and air upwards, by their nature as parts of the universe they tend to remain in continuity. Duhem holds that Bacon was the first to substitute this positive law of universal continuity for the mere negation that a vacuum cannot exist in nature (2).
Structural studies of a signal peptide in complex with signal peptidase I cytoplasmic domain: the stabilizing effect of membrane-mimetics on the acquired fold.

A protein destined for export from the cell cytoplasm is synthesized as a preprotein with an amino-terminal signal peptide. In Escherichia coli, typically signal peptides that guide preproteins into the SecYEG protein conduction channel are subsequently removed by signal peptidase I. To understand the mechanism of this critical step, we have assessed the conformation of the signal peptide when bound to signal peptidase by solution nuclear magnetic resonance. We employed a soluble form of signal peptidase, which laks the two transmembrane domains (SPase I Δ2-75), and the E. coli alkaline phosphatase signal peptide. Using a transferred NOE approach, we found clear evidence of a weak peptide-enzyme complex formation. The peptide adopts a U-turn shape originating from the proline residues within the primary sequence that is stabilized by its interaction with the peptidase and leaves key residues of the cleavage region exposed for proteolysis. In dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles the signal peptide also adopts a U-turn shape comparable with that observed in association with the enzyme. In both environments this conformation is stabilized by the signal peptide phenylalanine side chain-interaction with enzyme or lipid mimetic. Moreover, in the presence of DPC, the N-terminal core region residues of the peptide adopt a helical motif and based on PRE (paramagnetic relaxation enhancement) experiments are shown to be buried within the membrane. Taken together, this is consistent with proteolysis of the preprotein occurring while the signal peptide remains in the bilayer and the enzyme active site functioning at the membrane surface. Proteins 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between advanced degenerative changes of the atlanto-dens joint and presence of dens fracture

Background: Dens fractures in elderly patients are often related to issues associated with aging. We examined the association between degenerative changes of the atlanto-dens joint and the risk of dens fracture. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of trauma patients, fifty-five years of age or older, who had undergone a computed tomography scan of the cervical spine as part of their admission to a single level-I trauma center. There were 1794 patients who met the inclusion criteria; scans were evaluated for all fifty-six who presented with a dens fracture and for a random sample of 736 without a dens fracture. Intraosseous cyst formation, synovitis, and joint space narrowing were recorded from the scans. The prevalence of degenerative changes was compared between patients with and patients without a dens fracture. Results: An intraosseous cyst in the dens was found in 16.4% of the patients without a dens fracture and in 64.3% of those with a fracture (p < 0.001). The dens fracture extended through the existing cyst in twenty-four (66.7%) of thirty-six patients with a cyst and a dens fracture. Retro-dens synovitis was present in 4.2% of the patients without a dens fracture and 25.0% of those with a fracture (p < 0.001). After adjustment for age and sex, both cysts (odds ratio [OR] = 7.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.2 to 14.1) and synovitis (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.1 to 10.0) were significantly associated with dens fracture. Conclusions: Intraosseous dens cysts and retro-dens synovitis were associated with dens fracture; those with a dens fracture were nearly eightfold more likely to have an intraosseous cyst and nearly fivefold more likely to have synovitis compared with those without a dens fracture. Because the atlanto-dens joint is a synovial joint, its degeneration can lead to subchondral cyst formation and synovitis and predispose affected individuals to fracture. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Radial profiles of deposition nozzles for high uniformity

Abstract An important design problem is concernedwith uniform wetting of plane areas using arrays of spraying nozzles. Good uniformity requires that the radial profile of deposition from the nozzles, as well as the array spacing, be carefully chosen. The purpose of this paper is to present a technique for computing nozzle profiles which result in high uniformity when used in particular array configurations. The method is based on a spline model for the nozzle, with coefficients determined by minimizing the absolute deviation from mean deposition. Results for square, rectangular, and triangular arrays are presented.
Phosphorylation of RIM1α by PKA Triggers Presynaptic Long-Term Potentiation at Cerebellar Parallel Fiber Synapses

Presynaptic activation of protein kinase A (PKA) induces LTP in cerebellar parallel fiber synapses. Presynaptic LTP is known to require the active zone protein RIM1α, but the underlying induction mechanism remains unclear. We now show that PKA directly phosphorylates RIM1α at two sites. Using paired recordings from cultured cerebellar granule and Purkinje neurons, we demonstrate that LTP is absent in neurons from RIM1α KO mice but is rescued by presynaptic expression of RIM1α. Mutant RIM1α lacking the N-terminal phosphorylation site is unable to rescue LTP in RIM1α knockout neurons but selectively suppresses LTP in wild-type neurons. Our findings suggest that PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the active zone protein RIM1α at a single N-terminal site induces presynaptic LTP.
Paraneoplastic vertigo as the presenting symptom of a testicular seminoma

Vertigo is a common presenting symptom, but rarely may be caused by a malignancy. We present a case of a 44-year-old man who presented with nystagmus and vertigo precipitated by movement, with accompanying nausea and weight loss. Diagnostic workup revealed a right testicular mass that was resected and found to be a seminoma. The patient's symptoms resolved after surgical resection and treatment with corticosteroids.
Methodology for an orderly quadratic assignment problem

Abstract An assignment arrangement problem (AAP), in which an arrangement represents a geometric straight line joining two pre-defined points (for facility and location), is introduced. This problem is a special class of QAP, and is different from all existing QAP's, as it requires a pre-established order between all assignments included in addition to a multi-objective function involved. It is shown that this un-conventional problem cannot be solved using current conventional exchange heuristic procedures. A new pairwise exchange is developed and programmed for solution and evaluation. The AAP and the solution procedure introduced are flexible and may be applicable to other problems which fit the general QAP formulation.
Percutaneous Ethibloc injection in aneurysmal bone cysts.

Objective. To investigate whether the injection of Ethibloc into aneurysmal bone cysts can be an effective treatment modality.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition: Testing the theory-Test match

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition is a conceptually new version of this traditional intelligence scale. The new scale has a solid basis in theory, but there is little evidence that the Binet matches its intended theory. This study was designed to determine whether the Binet corresponds to the theory that guided its construction. First-order, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted that used the entire standardization sample and three age groups (12–23, 7–11, 2–6) from the standardization sample to determine the extent to which the Binet measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and short-term memory. The results generally support the four factors as reflecting the underlying structure of the new Binet. The biggest deviation from theoretical structure occurred for ages 2–6; for this age group, it was difficult to separate memory from reasoning. The high factor correlations found at all age levels support the test authors' contention that there is a strong g component underlying the Binet. The results, particularly first-order factor correlations, were less supportive of the second level of the Binet theory (which combines the scales into measures of crystallized versus fluid intelligence). Hierarchical analysis will be needed to investigate further this aspect of the Binet theory.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF PIGMENTATION IN FLOWER PARTS. I. THE FLAVONOID PIGMENTS OF IMPATIENS BALSAMINA, GENOTYPE IIHHPrPr, AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE PLANT

Chromatographic analysis of stems, sepals and petals of inbred Impatiens balsamina of the red-flowered genotype llHHPTP' has revealed a characteristic assemblage of flavonoid pigments in each organ. The more conspicuous compounds have been identified or partially characterized. The stems possess 3-monoglucosides of kaempferol, quercetin, pelargonidin, cyanidin and, presumably, delphinidin. The variety of pigments is less in flower parts than in stems, and less in petals than in sepals, but the flower parts exhibit a greater elaboration of substituents on the aromatic nuclei. The paired petals of mature flowers are pigmented by p-coumaroyl and feruloyl esters of pelargonidin-3, 5-diglucoside supplemented by more highly substituted derivatives of pelargonidin and by large amounts of kaempferol as the aglycone and two glucosides. The distribution of pigments has significance in the biology of the plant as well as providing an approach to studies of factors which control flower differentiation. IT IS a necessary corollary of modern genetics
Down-Regulation of Stem Cell Genes, Including Those in a 200-kb Gene Cluster at 12p13.31, Is Associated with In vivo Differentiation of Human Male Germ Cell Tumors

Adult male germ cell tumors (GCTs) comprise distinct groups: seminomas and nonseminomas, which include pluripotent embryonal carcinomas as well as other histologic subtypes exhibiting various stages of differentiation. Almost all GCTs show 12p gain, but the target genes have not been clearly defined. To identify 12p target genes, we examined Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) U133A+B microarray ( approximately 83% coverage of 12p genes) expression profiles of 17 seminomas, 84 nonseminoma GCTs, and 5 normal testis samples. Seventy-three genes on 12p were significantly overexpressed, including GLUT3 and REA (overexpressed in all GCTs) and CCND2 and FLJ22028 (overexpressed in all GCTs, except choriocarcinomas). We characterized a 200-kb gene cluster at 12p13.31 that exhibited coordinated overexpression in embryonal carcinomas and seminomas, which included the known stem cell genes NANOG, STELLA, and GDF3 and two previously uncharacterized genes. A search for other coordinately regulated genomic clusters of stem cell genes did not reveal any genomic regions similar to that at 12p13.31. Comparison of embryonal carcinoma with seminomas revealed relative overexpression of several stem cell-associated genes in embryonal carcinoma, including several core "stemness" genes (EBAF, TDGF1, and SOX2) and several downstream targets of WNT, NODAL, and FGF signaling (FGF4, NODAL, and ZFP42). Our results indicate that 12p gain is a functionally relevant change leading to activation of proliferation and reestablishment/maintenance of stem cell function through activation of key stem cell genes. Furthermore, the differential expression of core stem cell genes may explain the differences in pluripotency between embryonal carcinomas and seminomas.
Composition Space Diagrams for Mixed Transition Metal Oxide Fluorides.

CAUTION! (HF)x‚pyridine is toxic and corrosive. Materials. CuO (99%, Aldrich), MoO3 (99.5%, Aldrich), ZrO2 (99%, Aldrich), TiO2 (99.9%, Aldrich), Nb2O5 (99.99%, Aldrich), WO3 (99%, Aldrich), CdO (99.5%, Aldrich), Ta2O5 (99.99%, Aldrich), HfO2 (98%, Aldrich), ZnO (99%, Aldrich), pyridine (99.8%, anhydrous, Aldrich), and (HF)x‚pyridine (pyridinium poly(hydrogen fluoride), 70 wt % HF, Aldrich) were used as received. Reagent amounts of deionized H2O were used in the syntheses.
The determination of thallium with the stabilized temperature platform furnace and Zeeman background correction

Abstract Palladium, about 5–10 μg as Pd (NO3)2, is confirmed as an effective matrix modifier for Tl. A pyrolysis temperature of 1000°C can be used, which is a much higher temperature than could be used with the previously proposed matrix modifier, H2SO4. The recovery of Tl was quite good in the presence of large amounts of NaCl but was inadequate in the presence of KCl. Abandoning the pyrolysis step and the matrix modifier proved to be convenient for determining Tl in both an NaCl and a KCl matrix. Thallium was fully recovered in these matrices in the presence of about 30μg of either salt, or about 0.15%, assuming a 20μl sample.
Deciphering Optimality: A Framework Towards Understanding Optimal Technology Training for Older Adults

Older adults are joining the technology revolution, as they are the fastest growing population using computers and the internet. Due to age-related declines in cognition, they may be at a disadvantage when learning to use new technologies. Training may ameliorate the impact of such disadvantages; however, the lingering question is how best to design such training programs. One limitation of current training models is the lack of integration across research findings resulting in an inability to determine what constitutes optimal training. Previous research has identified many components that may lead to improved performance and it is essential to examine the circumstances in which specific details of training result in specific learning outcomes. To begin to accomplish this, the current paper illustrates a conceptual framework focused on the systematic design of training older adults for technology use. The framework offers an expanded view of the training development process and serves as a guide to futur...