cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Infrared Survey of Galactic Supernova Remnants

A survey of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) in the infrared has been completed. Flux densities or upper limits on the flux densities have been measured for 157 objects in each of the four broad bands surveyed by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). Nearly one-third of the known SNRs exhibit some evidence of infrared emission. Confusion with other Galactic sources is a serious problem. Contour maps and halftone images are presented for 51 SNRs which are probable infrared sources. Initial analysis indicates that both the infrared spectra or colors and the ratio of infrared to radio brightnesses can discriminate between the youngest SNRs and older SNRs. In general, however, SNRs cannot be distinguished from other Galactic sources solely on the basis of their infrared colors. No apparent relation is found between the infrared surface brightnesses and the diameters of SNRs.
Indicators of financial development

Abstract Finance long has been described as the “governor” of economic development. Yet there are no agreed indicators of financial development or measures of the efficiency with which finance provides services to other sectors. This paper clarifies the choices by distinguishing price from quantity indicators of financial development. It recommends increased use of measures of spread between the required rate of return on productive investment and the rate of return on intermediated savings as soon as such data can be obtained from liberalized financial markets. For concreteness, data references are made to Mexico and Chile.
USING CLASSIFICATION TREES FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY MODELS: LESSONS LEARNED

High software reliability is an important attribute of high-assurance systems. Software quality models yield timely predictions of quality indicators on a module-by-module basis, enabling one to focus on finding faults early in development. This paper introduces the Classification And Regression Trees (CART) a algorithm to practitioners in high-assurance systems engineering. This paper presents practical lessons learned on building classification trees for software quality modeling, including an innovative way to control the balance between misclassification rates. A case study of a very large telecommunications system used CART to build software quality models. The models predicted whether or not modules would have faults discovered by customers, based on various sets of software product and process metrics as independent variables. We found that a model based on two software product metrics had comparable accuracy to a model based on forty product and process metrics.
Mutants in paramecium tetraurelia defective in their axonemal response to calcium

Six mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia, which display altered axonemal responses to Ca++, are described. The mutants, designated atalantas, are impaired in their ability to swim backward when stimulated by ions or heat; instead they spin very rapidly in one place. Three mutants, ataA1–3, are completely unable to swim backward. The three lines, however, can be distinguished from one another by their forward swimming velocities. The remaining three mutants are leaky. ataB swims backward briefly when stimulated, then stops and spins in place. ataC and ataD are extremely leaky and only display the spinning phenotype at elevated temperatures. An electrophysiological analysis reveals that all six mutants have normal membrane properties, including the Ca++ inward current under voltage clamp. When the membrane is disrupted so as to allow the axoneme free access to Ca++, wild-type cells swim backward, but the mutants do not. These data indicate the site(s) of lesion in the mutants is in the axoneme or in some step linking Ca++ influx and the axoneme, not within the ciliary membrane. These mutants may be useful in investigating the role of Ca++ in the regulation of axonemal motion.
A model for predicting the response time of an on-line system for electronic fund transfer

An on-line system used by a large bank for electronic transfer of funds was modelled with a view to predicting its mean response time. A simple regression model of the mean response time of the supporting disk I/O configuration was first developed. This was then incorporated into a higher-level global analytic model of the on-line system. The analytic model was based on simple results from queueing theory. In particular, the underlying model was a open queue network with no restrictions imposed on the number of customers permitted at any node. The accuracy of the model was demonstrated by comparing it against actual data. The model is of wide applicability though it was originally developed for a particular system.
Prevention of cardiovascular risk factors in the first place.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention can address the major risk factors-blood lipids, blood pressure, and smoking-and their determinants throughout the lifespan, with approaches varying according to age and risk. The Task Force on Research in Epidemiology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases gave new impetus to the concept of early intervention: Their highest priority in CVD prevention was "to prevent the development of CVD risk in the first place." Six issues follow: (1) the relation between "primordial prevention" of CVD and "prevention of the risk factors in the first place"; (2) the place of youth in context with older and younger age groups; (3) the importance of bridging institutional gaps between youth and adulthood; (4) the need to strengthen the scientific base linking the major risk factors (e.g., blood cholesterol concentration) with their determinants; (5) the value of rate of change in risk factors with age, and not only incidence of "treatable" levels of risk factors, as an outcome in assessing interventions; and (6) the role and appropriate design strategies for both observational and intervention studies. It is time for a radical expansion of our investment in preventing the risk factors in the first place.
Simple route to Nd:YAG transparent ceramics

We report on the fabrication and spectroscopic characterization of transparent Nd 3+ :YAG ceramic, a prospective material for future laser applications.
Acoustic Emission of Structural Materials Exposed to Open Flames

The use of acoustic emission (AE) as an early indicator of structural materials exposed to a flame has been investigated and found to be possible. Piezoelectric transducers have been mounted directly on 0.5 m long, simply supported beams of aluminum, gypsum board, wood and plastic, and have been used to record ultrasonic events resulting from a small flame placed under the beam. The number of AE events in a minute and the cumulative energy released during the heating cycle provide a good measure of the overheated state of some of these materials even before a temperature increase is indicated. The measured signals varied in energy and number with the type of material, the thickness of the specimen and heat flux. Wood was particularly susceptible to acoustic emission, producing more than 1000 events/min in a solid fir board and 30/min in 13 mm thick plywood when the flame exceeded 1 kW. A gypsum board produced 16 events in a minute. An aluminum plate did not respond above the background level (0.3 events/min) even though it reached the highest temperature. The differences in cumulative energy were equally striking, with the plywood being four times more energetic than the gypsum board even though the heating period for the wood was half as long, and 30 times more energetic than the aluminum. Some critical issues which remain to be investigated before this technique can be adapted to practical fire detection are mentioned.
Is the 50-State Strategy Optimal?:

In 2005, the Democratic National Committee adopted the 50-state strategy in lieu of the strategy of focusing solely on battleground states. The rationale given for this move is that campaign expenditures are durable outlays that impact both current and future campaigns. This article investigates the optimality of the 50-state strategy in a simple dynamic game of campaign resource allocation in which expenditures act as a form of investment. Neither the 50-state nor the battleground-states strategy is likely to arise in equilibrium. Instead, parties employ a hybrid strategy in which non-battleground states are stochastically targeted.
Does Isomorphism Legitimate

This study tests a central proposition of institutional theory, that organizational isomorphism increases organizational legitimacy. Results show that isomorphism in the strategies of commercial ba...
Occlusions and binocular stereo

Binocular stereo is the process of obtaining depth information from a pair of left and right cameras. In the past occlusions have been regions where stereo algorithms have failed. We show that, on the contrary, they can help stereo computation by providing cues for depth discontinuities.
Feasibility of an infrared parallax program using the Fan Mountain Tinsley reflector

Abstract Despite the continuing importance of ground-based parallax measurements, few active programs remain. Because new members of the solar neighborhood tend towards later spectral types, infrared parallax programs are particularly desirable. Therefore, the astrometric quality of the new infrared camera, FanCam, developed by the Virginia Astronomical Instrumentation Laboratory (VAIL) for the 31-in. (0.8 m) Tinsley reflector at Fan Mountain Observatory was assessed using 68 J-band exposures of an open cluster, NGC 2420, over a range of hour angles during 2005. Positions of 16 astrometric evaluation stars were measured and the repeatability of those positions was evaluated using the mean error in a single observation of unit weight. Overall, a precision of 1.3 ± 0.7 μm in x (RA) and 1.3 ± 0.8 μm in y (Dec) was attained, which corresponds to 0.04″ ± 0.02″ in each axis. Although greater precision is expected from CCDs in the visual and near-infrared, this instrument can achieve precision similar to that of the ESO NTT infrared parallax program. Therefore, measuring parallaxes in the infrared would be feasible using this equipment. If initiated, such a program could provide essential distances for brown dwarfs and very low mass stars that would contribute significantly to the solar neighborhood census.
The influence of erosion thresholds and runoff variability on the relationships among topography, climate, and erosion rate

[1] Bedrock river incision occurs only during floods large enough to mobilize sediment and overcome substrate detachment thresholds. New data relating channel steepness and erosion rate provide the opportunity to evaluate the role of thresholds and discharge variability in landscape evolution. We augment an extensive erosion rate data set in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, with analysis of streamflow records and observations of channel width and sediment cover to evaluate the importance of climate and erosion thresholds on incision rates. We find the relationship between channel steepness and erosion rate in the San Gabriel Mountains can be explained using a simple stochastic-threshold incision model where the distribution of large floods follows an inverse power law, suggesting that details of incision mechanics, sediment effects, width adjustment, and debris flows do not significantly influence the steady state relationship between steepness and erosion rate. Using parameters tuned to this case, we vary climate parameters to explore a range of behavior for the steepness-erosion relationship. Erosion is enhanced by both increases in mean runoff and discharge variability. We explore the implications of an empirical relationship between mean runoff and variability to test whether dry, variable climates can erode more efficiently than wet, stable climates. For channels with high thresholds or low steepness, modeled erosion rate peaks at a mean runoff of 200–400 mm/yr. For much of the parameter space tested, erosion rates are predicted to be insensitive to increases in runoff above ∼500 mm/yr, with important implications for the hypothesized influence of climate on tectonics.
Structure Activity Relationships of 4‐Substituted 1‐Acyl and 1,2‐Diacyl‐1,2,4‐triazolidine‐3,5‐diones as Anti‐inflammatory Agents in Rodents

1-Acyl and 1,2-diacyl 1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-diones proved to be potent anti-inflammatory agents in rodents at 8 or 20 mg/kg. They were effective against induced edema, pleurisy, and septic shock. Furthermore, these agents were potent in blocking the writhing reflex suggesting that they should be effective against local pain generated by inflammatory processes. These compounds were not lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme or proteolytic enzyme inhibitors in mouse liver, macrophages or human leukocytes. However, the agents were potent inhibitors of prostaglandin and leukotriene de novo synthesis and have potential in acting as free radical scavengers.
Numerical solutions of Navier-Stokes equations for a Butler wing

The flow field is simulated on the surface of a given delta wing (Butler wing) at zero incident in a uniform stream. The simulation is done by integrating a set of flow field equations. This set of equations governs the unsteady, viscous, compressible, heat conducting flow of an ideal gas. The equations are written in curvilinear coordinates so that the wing surface is represented accurately. These equations are solved by the finite difference method, and results obtained for high-speed freestream conditions are compared with theoretical and experimental results. In this study, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically. These equations are unsteady, compressible, viscous, and three-dimensional without neglecting any terms. The time dependency of the governing equations allows the solution to progress naturally for an arbitrary initial initial guess to an asymptotic steady state, if one exists. The equations are transformed from physical coordinates to the computational coordinates, allowing the solution of the governing equations in a rectangular parallel-piped domain. The equations are solved by the MacCormack time-split technique which is vectorized and programmed to run on the CDC VPS 32 computer.
TIME-DEPENDENT STOCHASTIC PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMAS: EXACT SOLUTIONS INCLUDING MOMENTUM-DEPENDENT ESCAPE

Stochastic acceleration of charged particles due to interactions with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma waves is the dominant process leading to the formation of the high-energy electron and ion distributions in a variety of astrophysical systems. Collisions with the waves influence both the energization and the spatial transport of the particles, and therefore it is important to treat these two aspects of the problem in a self-consistent manner. We solve the representative Fokker-Planck equation to obtain a new, closed-form solution for the time-dependent Green's function describing the acceleration and escape of relativistic particles interacting with Alfven or fast-mode waves characterized by momentum diffusion coefficient D(p) ∝ pq and mean particle escape timescale tesc(p) ∝ pq-2, where p is the particle momentum and q is the power-law index of the MHD wave spectrum. In particular, we obtain solutions for the momentum distribution of the ions in the plasma and also for the momentum distribution of the escaping particles, which may form an energetic outflow. The general features of the solutions are illustrated via examples based on either a Kolmogorov or Kraichnan wave spectrum. The new expressions complement the results obtained by Park and Petrosian, who presented exact solutions for the hard-sphere scattering case (q = 2) in addition to other scenarios in which the escape timescale has a power-law dependence on the momentum. Our results have direct relevance for models of high-energy radiation and cosmic-ray production in astrophysical environments such as γ-ray bursts, active galaxies, and magnetized coronae around black holes. In particular, we outline an application of the new results to black hole sources that produce outflows of relativistic hadrons, with associated predictions that can be tested using GLAST.
Correlations of Thermodynamic Effects for Developed Cavitation

The net positive suction head (NPSH) requirements for a pump are determined by the combined effects of cavitation, fluid properties, pump geometry, and pump operating point. An important part of this determination is the temperature depression (Delta T). Correlations are presented of the temperature depression for various degrees of developed cavitation on venturis and ogives. These correlations, based on a semi-empirical entrainment theory, express Delta T in terms of the dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Reynolds, Froude, Weber, and Peclet, and dimensionless cavity length (L/D). The Delta T data were obtained in Freon 114, hydrogen and nitrogen for the venturis and in Freon 113 and water for the ogives.
QCD, supersymmetric QCD, lattice QCD and string theory: Synthesis on the horizon?

Abstract Supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions have taught us many important physics lessons. These can both inform and be informed by future work on the lattice. I focus on three issues: the properties of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and its relation to the non-supersymmetric case; the properties of gauge theories with matter and their relation to real QCD; and, briefly, the recent discovery that gauge theories and string theories are more deeply connected than ever previously realized. Specific questions for lattice gauge theorists to consider are raised in the context of the first two topics.
Designing effective study environments.

The study setting (private or open-plan), environmental color (blue, red, or white), and study material (reading or math comprehension) were manipulated in a simulated study environment to determine their effects on adult students' mood, satisfaction, motivation, and performance. Students rated the reading task as more demanding and less enjoyable than the math task. Negative mood was slightly greater for students given the reading task. Positive mood was slightly higher when students studied in a blue carrel compared to a red carrel in the open-plan setting. Satisfaction with performance and motivation were not affected. Performance was significantly lower on the reading task in the red environment. Implications of these findings and suggestions for research are discussed.
Stochastic volatility and time-varying country risk in emerging markets

This study suggests an alternative method to estimate time-varying country risk. We first apply a new multivariate stochastic volatility (SV) model to a set of emerging stock markets. To estimate the SV model, we use a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation procedure. By applying the deviance information criterion, we show that the new model performs well relative to alternative multivariate SV models. We then compute the conditional betas for the different markets and compare the results with an often-used procedure based on multivariate GARCH models. We show that the new multivariate SV model more accurately captures the time-varying nature of country risk. The conditional betas show signs of large variations, indicating the importance of taking time-varying country risk into consideration when managing emerging market portfolios.
Effects of basal‐melting distribution on the retreat of ice‐shelf grounding lines

[1] The stability of marine ice streams depends on the distribution as well as the magnitude of melting beneath the adjacent ice shelf, as shown by new model results. Recent observations of rapid retreat of ice-shelf grounding lines in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica have highlighted the need for understanding how basal melting of ice shelves by warm ocean waters affects ice dynamics and potentially contributes indirectly to sea-level rise. We apply two ice stream-ice shelf flow line models to investigate the effects of varying the spatial distribution of basal melting on grounding-line dynamics. For experiments with identical average melting, we find that retreat increases significantly as melting is concentrated near the grounding line, indicating that knowledge of the basal-melting distribution is likely necessary for accurate prediction of grounding-line migration.
A Chandra Survey of Broad Absorption Line Quasars

We have carried out a survey with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory of a sample of 10 bright broad absorption line (BAL) quasars (QSOs). Eight of 10 sources are detected. The six brightest sources have only high-ionization BALs (hiBALs), while the four faintest all show low-ionization BALs (loBALs). We perform a combined spectral fit for hiBAL QSOs (384 counts total; 0.5-6 keV) to determine the mean spectral parameters of this sample. We derive an underlying best-fit power-law slope Γ = 1.8 ± 0.35, which is consistent with the mean slope for radio-quiet QSOs from ASCA, but BAL QSOs require a (rest-frame) absorbing column of 6.5 × 1022 cm-2, with a partial covering fraction of ~80%. The optical-to-X-ray spectral slope (αox from 2500 A to 2 keV) varies from 1.7 to 2.4 across the full sample, consistent with previous results that BAL QSOs appear to be weak soft X-ray emitters. Removing the absorption component from our best-fit spectral model yields a range of αox from 1.55 to 2.28. All six hiBAL QSOs have deabsorbed X-ray emission consistent with non-BAL QSOs of similar luminosity. The spectral energy distributions of the hiBAL QSOs—both the underlying power-law slope and αox—provide the first conclusive evidence that BAL QSOs have appeared to be X-ray weak because of intrinsic absorption and that their underlying emission is consistent with non-BAL QSOs. By contrast, the removal of the best-fit absorption column detected in the hiBAL QSOs still leaves the four loBAL QSOs with values of αox > 2 that are unusually X-ray faint for their optical luminosities, which is consistent with other evidence that loBALs have higher column density, dustier absorbers. Important questions of whether BAL QSOs represent a special line of sight toward a QSO nucleus or rather an early evolutionary or high-accretion phase in a QSO lifetime remain to be resolved, and the unique properties of loBAL QSOs will be an integral part of that investigation.
A spitzer space telescope infrared survey of supernova remnants in the inner galaxy

Using Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) images at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8 ?m from the GLIMPSE Legacy science program on the Spitzer Space Telescope, we searched for infrared counterparts to the 95 known supernova remnants that are located within Galactic longitudes 65? > |l| > 10? and latitudes |b| < 1?. Eighteen infrared counterparts were detected. Many other supernova remnants could have significant infrared emission but are in portions of the Milky Way too confused to allow the separation of bright H II regions and pervasive mid-infrared emission from atomic and molecular clouds along the line of sight. Infrared emission from supernova remnants originates from synchrotron emission, shock-heated dust, atomic fine-structure lines, and molecular lines. The detected remnants are G11.2-0.3, Kes?69, G22.7-0.2, 3C?391, W44, 3C?396, 3C?397, W49B, G54.4-0.3, Kes?17, Kes?20A, RCW 103, G344.7-0.1, G346.6-0.2, CTB?37A, G348.5-0.0, and G349.7+0.2. The infrared colors suggest emission from molecular lines (nine remnants), fine-structure lines (three remnants), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (four remnants), or a combination; some remnants feature multiple colors in different regions. None of the remnants are dominated by synchrotron radiation at mid-infrared wavelengths. The IRAC-detected sample emphasizes remnants interacting with relatively dense gas, for which most of the shock cooling occurs through molecular or ionic lines in the mid-infrared.
Biomimetic sensory abstraction using hierarchical quilted self-organizing maps

We present an approach for abstracting invariant classifications of spatiotemporal patterns presented in a high-dimensionality input stream, and apply an early proof-of-concept to shift and scale invariant shape recognition. A model called Hierarchical Quilted Self-Organizing Map (HQSOM) is developed, using recurrent self-organizing maps (RSOM) arranged in a pyramidal hierarchy, attempting to mimic the parallel/hierarchical pattern of isocortical processing in the brain. The results of experiments are presented in which the algorithm learns to classify multiple shapes, invariant to shift and scale transformations, in a very small (7×7 pixel) field of view.
Synthesis and Characterization of Coordinately Unsaturated Phosphine Complexes of Divalent V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co. Crystal Structures of [CrCl2(dippe)]2 and FeCl2(dippe)

[CrCl 2 (dippe)] 2 cristallise dans le systeme triclinique, groupe d'espace P1 et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,017. [FeCl 2 (dippe)] cristallise dans le systeme orthorhombique, groupe d'espace Pbca avec R=0,012
Reinforcing properties and neurochemical response of ethanol within the posterior ventral tegmental area are enhanced in adulthood by periadolescent ethanol consumption.

Alcohol drinking during adolescence is associated with increased alcohol drinking and alcohol dependence in adulthood. Research examining the biologic consequences of adolescent ethanol (EtOH) consumption on the response to EtOH in the neurocircuitry shown to regulate drug reinforcement is limited. The experiments were designed to determine the effects of periadolescent alcohol drinking on the reinforcing properties of EtOH within the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) and the ability of EtOH microinjected into the pVTA to stimulate dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). EtOH access (24-hour free-choice) by alcohol-preferring rats occurred during postnatal days (PND) 30–60. Animals were tested for their response to EtOH after PND 85. Intracranial self-administration techniques were performed to assess EtOH self-infusion into the pVTA. In the second experiment, rats received microinjections of EtOH into the pVTA, and dialysis samples were collected from the AcbSh. The results indicate that in rats that consumed EtOH during adolescence, the pVTA was more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of EtOH (a lower concentration of EtOH supported self-administration) and the ability of EtOH microinjected into the pVTA to stimulate DA release in the AcbSh was enhanced (sensitivity and magnitude). The data indicate that EtOH consumption during adolescence altered the mesolimbic DA system to be more sensitive and responsive to EtOH. This increase in the response to EtOH within the mesolimbic DA during adulthood could be part of biologic sequelae that are the basis for the deleterious effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the rate of alcoholism during adulthood.
Simulations of Supernova Remnants in Diffuse Media. III. The Population of Buoyant Remnants above the Milky Way’s Disk

We model SNRs at a variety heights above the disk with a detailed numerical simulation that includes nonequilibrium ionization and recombination and follows the remnants' evolution until their hot bubbles have cooled. We analytically calculate the bubbles' buoyant acceleration and frictional drag. From the simulation results, combined with the rates for isolated supernova explosions above a height of 130 pc, we estimate the time and space average O+5, N+4, and C+3 column densities and emission intensities, 1/4 keV soft X-ray surface brightness, area coverage, and volume occupation due to the population of isolated SNRs above the Galaxy's H I layer. Irrespective of assumed supernova explosion energy, ambient nonthermal pressure, or frictional drag coefficient used in the calculations, the predicted O+5 column density as a function of height matches the observed distribution between 130 and 2000 pc. The O VI resonance line emission (λλ1032, 1038) contributes significantly to the average observed intensity. Assuming our modest supernova explosion rate, the population of isolated extraplanar SNRs can explain 80% of the observed 1/4 keV surface brightness attributed to the extraplanar gas beyond the H I layer in the southern hemisphere. Within the range of uncertainty in the SN rate, such SNRs can explain all of this observed emission (400 × 10-6 counts s-1 arcmin-2). Thus, extraplanar SNRs could be the most important sources of hot gas between the Local Bubble and z ~ 2000 pc in the relatively quiescent southern hemisphere. These results stand whether the remnants are assumed to be buoyant or not. The population of old extraplanar SNRs should cover most, but not all of the high-latitude sky, thus explaining the mottled appearance of the soft X-ray maps (outside of superbubbles). Bright young extraplanar SNRs should cover less than 1% of the high-latitude sky. Perhaps the l = 247°, b = -64° crescent in the 1/4 keV X-ray maps could be such a remnant.
Gaugino masses in modular invariant supergravity

Abstract We calculate gaugino masses in string-derived models with hidden-sector gaugino condensation. The linear multiplet formulation for the dilaton superfield is used to implement perturbative modular invariance. The contribution arising from quantum effects in the observable sector includes the term recently found in generic supergravity models. A much larger contribution is present if matter fields with Standard Model gauge couplings also couple to the Green–Schwarz counter term. We comment on the relation of our Kahler U (1) superspace formalism to other calculations.
Transformation-mismatch plasticity in sub-millimeter iron wires

Abstract Wires of 99.5% pure iron with 406 and 508 μm diameter were subjected to a uniaxial tensile stress while being thermally cycled about the α–γ allotropic transformation temperature. The strain increments per cycle are proportional to the applied stress in the range 1–22 MPa, indicating that transformation-mismatch plasticity is the dominant deformation mechanism. The strain increments for the wires have the same magnitude as those reported for bulk iron samples, thus, indicating that the internal mismatch strains responsible for this deformation mechanism are undiminished in the wires, despite their high surface-to-volume ratio. Very high average strain rates (up to 3 × 10−3 s−1) were achieved through resistive heating and convective/radiative cooling of the thinnest wires.
The Shi arrangement and the Ish arrangement

This paper is about two arrangements of hyperplanes. The first --- the Shi arrangement --- was introduced by Jian-Yi Shi to describe the Kazhdan-Lusztig cells in the affine Weyl group of type $A$. The second --- the Ish arrangement --- was recently defined by the first author who used the two arrangements together to give a new interpretation of the $q,t$-Catalan numbers of Garsia and Haiman. In the present paper we will define a mysterious "combinatorial symmetry" between the two arrangements and show that this symmetry preserves a great deal of information. For example, the Shi and Ish arrangements share the same characteristic polynomial, the same numbers of regions, bounded regions, dominant regions, regions with $c$ "ceilings" and $d$ "degrees of freedom", etc. Moreover, all of these results hold in the greater generality of "deleted" Shi and Ish arrangements corresponding to an arbitrary subgraph of the complete graph. Our proofs are based on nice combinatorial labelings of Shi and Ish regions and a new set partition-valued statistic on these regions.
Nephromegaly in Infancy and Early Childhood: A Risk Factor for Wilms Tumor in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Abstract Objective: Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with macrosomia, omphalocele, macroglossia, visceromegaly and Wilms tumor (WT). We conducted a case-control study in children with BWS to examine whether nephromegaly increases the risk of WT. Methods: The BWS Registry was used to identify control and case patients. Control patients were defined as children with BWS who were older than 6 years and had no imaging evidence of renal disease or previous WT and for whom complete records were available; 31 patients met these criteria. Case patients were defined as children with BWS who had WT and screening renal imaging before the diagnosis of WT; 12 of these patients had serial screening images before diagnosis of WT and comprised the study population. Only renal images obtained before the diagnosis of WT was made were used to assess renal length. Results: All 12 patients with WT had nephromegaly (≥95th percentile of age adjusted renal length) on serial screening studies. Only four of 31 control patients (specificity = 86%) had nephromegaly resulting in an odds ratio of 72 (95% confidence interval = 13-391) for the risk of WT with nephromegaly. Conclusions: In patients with BWS, persistent nephromegaly is a strong risk factor for the development of WT. If screening for WT is done in this population, infants with nephromegaly should be considered those at greatest risk for WT, and screening may be best targeted at this group. (J Pediatr 1998;132:401-4) Dr. DeBaun is currently funded by the Robert Woods Johnson Minority Faculty Development Award.
Vortex motion in axisymmetric piston-cylinder configurations

By using the Beam and Warming implicit-factored method of solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, velocities were calculated inside axisymmetric piston cylinder configurations during the intake and compression strokes. Results are presented in graphical form which show the formation, growth and breakup of those vortices which form during the intake stroke by the jet issuing from the valve. It is shown that at bore-to-stroke ratio of less than unity, the vortices may breakup during the intake stroke. It is also shown that vortices which do not breakup during the intake stroke coalesce during the compression stroke.
Synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes by a tandem Diels-Alder-carbocation cyclization strategy

Abstract The bicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring system is assembled by a three-step process featuring a thermally induced [4+2] cycloaddition followed by a 1,3-benzodithiolium ion mediated cyclization onto an enol or silyl enol ether double bond.
The Effect Of Technology Use On Productivity Growth

This paper examines the relationship between the use of advanced technologies and productivity and productivity growth rates. We use data from the 1993 and 1988 Survey of Manufacturing Technology (SMT) to examine the use of advanced (computer based) technologies at two different points in time. We also are able to combine the survey data with the Longitudinal Research Database (LRD) to examine the relationships between plant performance, plant characteristics, and the use of advanced technologies. In addition, a subset of these plants were surveyed in both years, enabling us to directly associate changes in technology use with changes in plant productivity performance. The main findings of the study are as follows. First, diffusion is not the same across the surveyed technologies. Second, the adoption process is not smooth: plants added and dropped technologies over the six-year interval 1988–93. In fact, the average plant showed a gross change of roughly four technologies in achieving an average net incr...
A polarized leed study of surface magnetism

Abstract The surface magnetization of ferromagnetic Ni(110) has been observed via the use of a spin polarized electron beam. The spin dependence of the scattered electron intensity was measured as a function of external magnetic field strength and temperature.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF IMBALANCED STRONG MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is invoked to address turbulent fluctuations in a variety of astrophysical systems. MHD turbulence in nature is often anisotropic and imbalanced, in that Alfvenic fluctuations moving in opposite directions along the background magnetic field carry unequal energies. This work formulates specific requirements for effective numerical simulations of strong imbalanced MHD turbulence with a guide field B 0. High-resolution simulations are then performed and they suggest that the spectra of the counterpropagating Alfven modes do not differ from the balanced case, while their amplitudes and the corresponding rates of energy cascades are significantly affected by the imbalance. It is further proposed that the stronger the imbalance the larger the magnetic Reynolds number that is required in numerical simulations in order to correctly reproduce the turbulence spectrum. This may explain current discrepancies among numerical simulations and observations of imbalanced MHD turbulence.
New hirsutane based sesquiterpenes from salt water cultures of a marine sponge-derived fungus and the terrestrial fungus Coriolus consors

Abstract Five new cyclic sesquiterpenes, hirsutanols A (6), B (7), C (8), hirsutanol D (9), and ent-gloeosteretriol (10) and a new diketopiperazine (14) were isolated from salt water cultures of two fungi. Sesquiterpenes 6–8 and 10 were obtained from an unidentified fungus separated from an Indo-Pacific sponge Haliclona sp. while 9 and 14 were produced by the terrestrial fungus Coriolus consors cultured under both sea water and deionized water media. Hirsutanol A (6) and ent-gloeosteretriol (10) were found to be anti-microbial (Bacillus subtilus) active. All structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
Brown as a Cold War Case

"The United States Supreme Court has given a new definition to unAmericanism," Roscoe Drummond wrote in the European edition of the New York Herald Tribune on May 21, 1954, following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. "It has ruled that segregated public schools are un-Constitutional—and therefore un-American." The Brown decision was timely, he argued, "because it comes at a moment when our leadership of the free peoples demands the best ... of what America is and can be." Drummond was not alone in calling segregation unAmerican. When the Topeka, Kansas, Board of Education, whose policies were before the Court in Brown, voted to abandon segregation before the Supreme Court ruling came down, a board member commented, "We feel that segregation is not an American practice." By 1954 many Americans had come to that conclusion about segregation, a widely practiced American institution. 1 1
Analysis of the cascade of track-before-detect and track-after-detect tracking algorithms

Advanced track-after-detect (TAD) trackers are able to operate with detection thresholds as low as 9.5dB with the use of track features. At lower threshold the increased number of false alarms inhibits track confirmation. In order to track weaker targets, the target SNR must be increased prior to detection. Assuming that the SNR has been increased as much as possible through signal processing, further increase in SNR can be obtained by preceding the detection threshold with a track-before-detect algorithms. This paper analyzes the performance of the cascade of a TBD and a TAD tracking algorithm.
LSRP: local stabilization in shortest path routing

We formulate a notion of local stabilization, by which a system self-stabilizes in time proportional to the size of any perturbation that changes the network topology or the state of nodes. The notion implies that the part of the network involved in the stabilization includes at most the nodes whose distance from the perturbed nodes is proportional to the perturbation size. Also, we present LSRP, a protocol for local stabilization in shortest path routing. LSRP achieves local stabilization via two techniques. First, it layers system computation into three diffusing waves each having a different propagation speed, i.e., "stabilization wave" with the lowest speed, "containment wave" with intermediate speed, and "super-containment wave" with the highest speed. The containment wave contains the mistakenly initiated stabilization wave, the super-containment wave contains the mistakenly initiated containment wave, and the super-containment wave self-stabilizes itself locally. Second, LSRP avoids forming loops during stabilization, and it removes all transient loops within small constant time. To the best of our knowledge, LSRP is the first protocol that achieves local stabilization in shortest path routing.
Morning Blood Pressure Is Associated with Sleep Quality in Obese Adolescents

Objective To examine relationships among blood pressure (BP), adiposity, and sleep quality with the use of overnight polysomnography in obese adolescents. Study design Overnight polysomnogram and morning BP measurements were performed in obese (body mass index [BMI] >95th percentile) nondiabetic adolescents (eligible age range 12-18 years, n=49). Subjects were stratified into 2 groups, one with normal BP, and one with elevated BP, and demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the effects of sleep quality on BP. Results Participants (n = 27) had a normal morning BP, and 22 (44.9%) had elevated morning BP. There were no differences in age ( P = .53), sex ( P = .44), race ( P = .58), or BMI ( P = .56) between the 2 BP groups. The group with elevated BP spent shorter percentages of time in rapid eye movement (REM; P = .006) and slow-wave sleep (SWS; P = .024). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a lower percentage of both REM and SWS was associated with increased morning BP after we adjusted for pubertal stage, sex, race, and BMI. Conclusion Lack of deeper stages of sleep, REM sleep, and SWS is associated with greater morning BP in obese adolescents, independent of BMI. Poor sleep quality should be considered in the work-up of obese youth with hypertension. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate whether improving the quality of sleep will decrease BP elevation.
A boundary element alternating method for two-dimensional mixed-mode fracture problems

A boundary element alternating method, denoted herein as BEAM, is presented for two dimensional fracture problems. This is an iterative method which alternates between two solutions. An analytical solution for arbitrary polynomial normal and tangential pressure distributions applied to the crack faces of an embedded crack in an infinite plate is used as the fundamental solution in the alternating method. A boundary element method for an uncracked finite plate is the second solution. For problems of edge cracks a technique of utilizing finite elements with BEAM is presented to overcome the inherent singularity in boundary element stress calculation near the boundaries. Several computational aspects that make the algorithm efficient are presented. Finally, the BEAM is applied to a variety of two dimensional crack problems with different configurations and loadings to assess the validity of the method. The method gives accurate stress intensity factors with minimal computing effort.
A facile stereospecific synthesis of α-hydrazino esters

Abstract A convenient route to make α-hydrazino esters from their corresponding α-amino esters is reported. A key step is selective nitrosamine reduction using activated Zn, conc. HCl, and methanol at low temperatures giving nearly quantitative yields of the pure α-hydrazino esters
Testing of SMA-enabled active chevron prototypes under representative flow conditions

Control of jet noise continues to be an important research topic. Exhaust-nozzle chevrons have been shown to reduce jet noise, but parametric effects are not well understood. Additionally, thrust loss due to chevrons at cruise suggests significant benefit from active chevrons. The focus of this study is development of an active chevron concept for the primary purpose of parametric studies for jet noise reduction in the laboratory and secondarily for technology development to leverage for full scale systems. The active chevron concept employed in this work consists of a laminated composite structure with embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators, termed a SMA hybrid composite (SMAHC). SMA actuators are embedded on one side of the neutral axis of the structure such that thermal excitation, via joule heating, generates a moment and deflects the structure. The performance of two active chevron concepts is demonstrated in the presence of representative flow conditions. One of the concepts is shown to possess significant advantages for the proposed application and is selected for further development. Fabrication and design changes are described and shown to produce a chevron prototype that meets the performance objectives.
More than you can handle : decentralization and spending ability of Peruvian municipalities

In the past three decades, emerging countries have gone through extensive decentralization reforms. Yet, there are no studies assessing quantitatively the relative importance of various factors known to affect the success of decentralization. This paper builds on a comprehensive dataset the authors constructed for Peru, which merges municipal fiscal accounts with information about municipalities' characteristics such as population, poverty, education, and local politics. The paper then analyzes the leading factors affecting the ability of municipalities to execute the allocated budget using complementary methodologies, from least squares to quantile regression analyses. According to the existing literature and the Peruvian context, the analysis divides these factors into four categories: the budget size and allocation process; local capacity; local needs; and political economy constraints. Although all four factors affect decentralization, the largest determinant of spending ability is the adequacy of the budget with respect to local capacity. The results confirm the need for decentralization to be implemented gradually over time in parallel with strong capacity building efforts.
Thermal Profiling of Residential Energy Use

This work describes a methodology for informing targeted demand-response (DR) and marketing programs that focus on the temperature-sensitive part of residential electricity demand. Our methodology uses data that is becoming readily available at utility companies—hourly energy consumption readings collected from “smart” electricity meters, as well as hourly temperature readings. To decompose individual consumption into a thermal-sensitive part and a base load (non-thermally-sensitive), we propose a model of temperature response that is based on thermal regimes, i.e., unobserved decisions of consumers to use their heating or cooling appliances. We use this model to extract useful benchmarks that compose thermal profiles of individual users, i.e., terse characterizations of the statistics of these users' temperature-sensitive consumption. We present example profiles generated using our model on real consumers, and show its performance on a large sample of residential users. This knowledge may, in turn, inform the DR program by allowing scarce operational and marketing budgets to be spent on the right users—those whose influencing will yield highest energy reductions—at the right time. We show that such segmentation and targeting of users may offer savings exceeding 100% of a random strategy.
Traction and Film Thickness Measurements Under Starved Elastohydrodynamic Conditions

Traction measurements under starved elastohydrodynamic conditions have been obtained for a point contact geometry. Simultaneous measurements of the film thickness and the location of the inlet lubricant boundary were made optically. The thickness of a starved film for combination rolling and sliding conditions varies with the location of the inlet boundary in the same way found previously for pure rolling. A starved film was observed to possess greater traction than a flooded film for the same slide roll ratio. For a given slide roll ratio a starved film simply increases the shear rate in the Hertz region. The maximum shear rate depends on the degree of starvation and has no theoretical limit. The relative increase in traction due to starvation is influenced by thermal and fluid rheological conditions within the Hertz region. This makes the prediction of traction under starved conditions difficult. Traction measurements under starved conditions were compared with flooded conditions under equivalent shear rates in the Hertz region. When the shear rates in the Hertz region were low and the film severely starved, the measured tractions were found to be much lower than expected.