cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Inexact Science of Informing Ourselves

Advances in information technology provide opportunities to inform users in ways that were only imagined twenty years ago. However, information providers need to inform themselves concerning the best way to deliver resources to these users. Often assumptions are made about users that are inaccurate and untrue. With a view to these shortcomings, a team came together to collect information from users to assist in the redevelopment of a departmental library homepage at a major U.S. university. Methods used by social science researchers and by businesses to ascertain customer preferences were employed to increase understanding of the needs and desires of library users. Applying the tools of qualitative research improved understanding of the inexact science one must practice in dealing with diverse groups. This paper is a report of the findings, some surprising, some expected, but all relevant to the shape "Informing Science" takes in one library.
Mean Cosine for Thermal Energy Elastic Scattering

The cosine of the laboratory scattering angle is derived for a neutron elastically scattering from a nucleus moving with a specified velocity. Scattering is assumed to be isotropic in the center-of-mass system, and the mean cosine of the laboratory scattering angle is calculated and shown to agree with the first Legendre moment of a scattering probability function derived by Blackshaw and Murray. Isotropic neutron-nucleus encounters are further assumed, and a second average is taken to calculate a mean cosine as a function of the neutron-nuclear speed ratio. This mean cosine approaches 2/(3m), where m is the nucleus mass relative to the neutron mass, as the neutron speed becomes large compared with the speed of the nucleus, but for m > 1, the scattering becomes more anisotropic as this speed ratio decreases before approaching isotropy at small neutron-nucleus speed ratios. This single nuclear speed mean cosine is compared with its average over a Maxwellian distribution of nuclear speeds. The two are qualitatively very similar. Taking the single nuclear speed to be the average speed of the Maxwellian distribution gives better quantitative agreement, in a least-squares sense, between the single-speed mean cosine and the Maxwellian average mean cosine than does using themore » most probable speed of the Maxwellian distribution.« less
The Association of Delirium with Perioperative Complications in Primary Elective Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background Our goal was to determine whether postoperative delirium is associated with inpatient complication rates after primary elective total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample, we analyzed records of patients who underwent primary elective THA from 2000 through 2009 to identify patients with delirium (n = 13,551) and without delirium (n = 1,992,971) and to assess major perioperative complications (acute renal failure, death, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and stroke) and minor perioperative complications (deep vein thrombosis, dislocation, general procedural complication, hematoma, seroma, and wound infection). Patient age, sex, length of hospital stay, and number of comorbidities were assessed. We used multivariate logistic regression to determine the association of delirium with complication rates (significance, p < 0.01). Results Patients with delirium were older (mean, 75 ± 0.2 vs. 65 ± 0.1 years), were more likely to be male (56% vs. 52%), had longer hospital stays (mean, 5.7 ± 0.07 vs. 3.8 ± 0.02 days), and had more comorbidities (mean, 2.8 ± 0.03 vs. 1.4 ± 0.01) (all p < 0.001) versus patients without delirium. Patients with delirium were more likely to have major (11% vs. 3%) and minor (17% vs. 7%) perioperative complications versus patients without delirium (both p < 0.001). When controlling for age, sex, and number of comorbidities, delirium was independently associated with major and minor complications (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 2.3). Conclusions Delirium is an independent risk factor for major and minor perioperative complications after primary elective THA.
A variational multiscale discontinuous Galerkin formulation for both implicit and explicit dynamic modeling of interfacial fracture

Abstract A stabilized Discontinuous Galerkin method is presented for modeling interfacial debonding under dynamic conditions. The method’s distinctive feature is its treatment of the inelastic gap at the interface as an internal variable that is evolved through a traction–separation constitutive model, enabling initially perfect adhesion to be captured. Numerical stability is derived using Variational Multiscale ideas, and comparisons are drawn with both the intrinsic cohesive zone method and hybrid Discontinuous Galerkin-cohesive zone method to expose subtle differences. The proposed formulation is applied to model the nonlinear response of a composite unit cell under impact loading. Both explicit and implicit time integration schemes provide similar accuracy and stability, and the critical time step for explicit analyses is only slightly reduced below the value for the continuous Galerkin mesh without an interface. Further studies of mesh refinement and adjustments to the initial elastic interface stiffness in the reference cohesive zone model reveal the improved accuracy of the Variational Multiscale Discontinuous Galerkin method on coarser grids.
Biobanking of Urine Samples

Urine is a major repository of biometabolites, some proteins, and DNA. Within the past few decades, it has become increasingly apparent that certain infectious, neoplastic, and congenital diseases can be investigated using urine samples for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In this chapter, a number of pertinent urine analytes and methods of banking urine samples for future analyses are discussed.
Building a regional adaptation strategy for Amazon countries

The IPCC has predicted that the Amazon rainforest will suffer strong consequences from a changing climate in the near future. The Amazon countries still have limited national policies on how to adapt and have failed to cooperate to promote adaptation plans at the regional level. Most studies have focused on adaptation policies at a local or national level, but overlook how these interact with the necessary regional cooperation required in transboundary ecosystems. This article assesses regional and national plans for climate adaptation in Amazonia, asking whether these provide a basis for regional adaptation policies. Have countries addressed climate adaptation in their NDCs and are there any synergies between countries? Are the Amazon countries currently implementing adaptation policies through the regional framework Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, and if so how? The analysis is then contrasted with the regional adaptation policies promoted in Central America, a region that faces similar challenges. The analysis finds that regional adaptation governance in the Amazon region is still incipient, and requires a holistic view that integrates a multi-stakeholder approach to climate adaptation. This article makes a vital contribution to the impact and contribution of Amazonia to climate governance, which is still poorly understood.
Short Unique Signatures from RSA with a Tight Security Reduction (in the Random Oracle Model)

A signature scheme is unique if for every public key and message there is only one signature that is accepted as valid by the verification algorithm. At Crypto 2017, Guo, Chen, Susilo, Lai, Yang, and Mu gave a unique signature scheme whose security proof incurred a security loss logarithmic in the number of hash oracle queries made by the adversary, bypassing an argument due to Bader, Jager, Li, and Schage that the security loss must be at least linear in the number of signing oracle queries made by the adversary. Unfortunately, the number of elements in a Guo et al. signature is also logarithmic in the number of hash oracle queries made by the adversary.
Differences in outcomes of bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with ectopic ACTH producing tumor of known and unknown origin

Abstract Background Endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS) can be caused by ectopic corticotropin-producing tumors of known (EK) and unknown origin (EU). Bilateral adrenalectomy (BA) can be used as definite treatment of hypercortisolism in such cases. This study compared patients undergoing BA for CS secondary to EK vs EU. Methods Retrospective review (1995–2017) of patients undergoing BA due to EK or EU. We analyzed demographic characteristics, laboratory values, intraoperative variables, surgical outcomes, and survival. Results 48 patients (26 EU, 22 EK) were identified. Serum cortisol and ACTH concentrations were similar. 92% of BA for EU were performed minimally invasively vs 77% for EK, P = 0.22. Complications occurred in 19% of EU and 4.5% EK, P = 0.2. Mean survival was 4.3 years for EU and 4.0 years for EK without difference in all-cause mortality P = 0.63. Conclusion BA cure rate was 100% for CS in EU and EK. Morbidity, long term and all-cause mortality differences were not statistically significant between EK and EU.
Use of a rapid access multidisciplinary bone metastases clinic to decrease financial toxicity for patients undergoing single-fraction palliative radiation.

24Background: A rapid access bone metastases clinic (RABC) was instituted at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) to allow outpatient consult, simulation and radiation treatment (RT) initiation in < 6...
Finding an antidote: Testing the use of proactive crisis strategies to protect organizations from astroturf attacks

Abstract Astroturfing, or the orchestration of manipulative propaganda campaigns, has become the center of conversations amid Fake News disputations. Exploring an astroturf attack as a paracrisis, this research investigates the effects of an attack and how proactive communication strategies can protect organizational outcomes (i.e., credibility, crisis responsibility, account acceptance, and organizational reputation). An online experiment using a U.S. adult sample (N = 597) was conducted to compare the effects of using pre-bunking, PR supportive, and strategic silence strategies. The study provides insights into advancing crisis communication theory by demonstrating the success of pre-bunking to thwart potential damage post-astroturf attack. In addition to expanding theoretical crisis response models, this research offers practitioners with advice that emphasizes the use of proactive strategies to pre-bunk disinformation.
Albedo and Thermal Ecology of White, Red, and Black Cows (Bos taurus) in a Cold Rangeland Environment.

Cattle in high-elevation rangelands experience cold and hot extremes. Given the increase in black hided cattle globally, thermoregulation options on rangelands, and hide color function affecting mammal thermal ecology, this study quantified winter albedo, external cattle temperatures (Tempcow), and differences (ΔT) between Tempcow and ambient air temperature (Tempamb), for different color cattle along a thermal gradient (≈−33 °C to +33 °C). From 2016 to 2018, I measured 638 individual Tempcow × Tempamb combinations for white (n = 183), red (n = 158), and black (n = 297) Bos taurus female cattle free roaming extensive Wyoming, USA rangelands. Pixel brightness of cow images relative to snow indicated mean (±standard error) albedo for white, red, and black cows (n = 3 of each) was 0.69 (±0.15), 0.16 (±0.04), and 0.04 (±0.01), respectively (p = 0.0027). Tempcow was explained by Tempamb (+), clear sky insolation index (+), and cow albedo (−). However, ΔT was explained by Tempamb (−), long-wave radiation (infrared; RadLW (−)), Tempcow (+), and cow albedo (+). Tempamb relative to ΔT was correlated for all hide colors (all p-values 0.7)), yet slopes (m) were ~2× greater for red and black cows than white cows.
Deliquescence of Eutectic LiCl-KCl Diluted with NaCl for Interim Waste Salt Storage

Molten eutectic LiCl-KCl salt is a widely used electrolyte for electrorefining uranium from spent nuclear fuel. Due to the hygroscopic nature of this salt, such operations must be performed under c...
Quadratic Extended-Duty-Ratio Boost Converter for Ultra High Gain Application with Low Device Stress

This paper proposes a new quadratic version of a non-isolated extended-duty-ratio (EDR) boost converter for ultra-high gain applications. The conventional EDR topology is a combination of an interleaved inductor and switched capacitor configuration which attains high gain with significantly lower switch voltage stress. Quadratic boost converters are typically used for high gain applications with lower component count. In this paper, we have proposed a Quadratic EDR (Q-EDR) boost converter which is capable to attain ultra high gain while retaining the advantages of EDR boost. Two configurations of the proposed Q-EDR topology are presented to achieve equal current sharing among all switches with low input current ripple. A comprehensive converter operation analysis with design considerations and loss breakdown is presented. The performance of the proposed topology is validated using a hardware prototype operating at 24 V-36 V to 600 V at 100 kHz, for a 1 kW 4-phase Q-EDR boost with both single input inductor and interleaved inductor configurations. Experimental results are presented with the converter able to achieve a conversion ratio of 25 times at moderate levels of operational duty and device voltage stress limited to 150 V for 600 V output condition.
The Elastic Corporate Form in International Law

The corporate form is being distorted by international law. Surprisingly, this is occurring in the law of foreign investment, where one would expect the stability and efficiency of corporate formalities to matter most. The main driver is a highly enforceable mode of treaty-based arbitration known as investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), which affords foreign investors a private right of action to sue sovereign states. Questions of corporate law come up regularly in ISDS. But when addressing them, tribunals have varied widely in their respect for core formalities. This is undermining the basic relationships among all corporate stakeholders—including shareholders, management, creditors, governments, and peoples. This Article makes four main contributions. First, it identifies a fundamental but overlooked elasticity in how international law grapples with corporate law. Second, I show how this distorts the corporate form, with inefficient and unfair consequences that drive up the costs of doing business for all concerned—the opposite of what investment treaties are designed to achieve. Third, I offer a coherent, if troubling, account of ISDS’ ambivalence to form, by focusing on winners and losers. The elastic formalism of investment arbitration benefits neither states nor investors (as a class). The real winners are claimants. The pattern of cases always tends to expand access to arbitration and reduce the risks of bringing claims—often at the expense of states’ and investors’ broader interests, ex ante and ex post. Finally, I suggest that this account points toward a gulf between the stated purposes of ISDS and its practical functions. The investment treaty regime is regularly pitched as a vehicle for promoting efficient investment, but this goal has been gradually subordinated to expanding (privileged) access to justice through claims to damages.
Refining El Niño projections

Climate models disagree on how the year-to-year variability of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation will change in a warmer world. Using a high-resolution climate model with an improved tropical Pacific mean state, research now suggests that El Nino activity tends to get weaker under GHG-induced warming.
Personology: Method and Content in Personality Assessment and Psychobiography

How can we know what another human being is like in some meaningful, dynamic way? Can we distill the signature-like features of an individual personality? What is the relationship between personal experience and our attempts to describe the person who has that experience? This work by a highly respected senior psychologist is an effort to answer these questions. Irving E. Alexander presents a case for considering the personal narrative of a human life as the most compelling aspect of that life to be decoded and understood. In part a critique of an exclusive reliance on general theories about the development of personality and ways of knowing based primarily on comparison with others, Personology is illustrated with material drawn from the lives, personal writings, and theories of Freud, Jung, and Sullivan. Alexander develops new insights into the lives of these men and offers methods and guidelines for investigating and teaching personology and psychobiography.
NIH Policy on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research

A clinical study without appropriate numbers of women or minority subjects may not be able to address unanswered scientific questions for those populations. Therefore, the inclusion of women and minorities as research subjects is an issue of scientific merit. ’NIH's implementation of the 1994 inclusion guidelines has been successful, and there is general acceptance of the goals of the inclusion policy by scientific community. Procedures were developed to monitor and measure inclusions after research awards are made. Because of efforts to compile data from research protocols, it is now possible to track aggregate demographic data for study populations on an NIH-wide basis. The goal of the NIH policy is not to satisfy any quotas for proportional representation, but rather to conduct biomedical and behavioral research in such a manner that the scientific knowledge acquired could be generalized to the entire population of the United States. Perhaps, the most cogent argument in favor of the NIH inclusion policy is the societal cost of continued gaps in scientific knowledge about important health problems that affect both women and men of diverse racial/ethnic groups.
Media and the Restyling of Politics, edited by John Corner and Dick Pels Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge, by Liesbet van Zoonen

Students of politics widely agree that the political lives of citizens have undergone tremendous change in recent decades. Public commitment to politics is less often based in political party alleg...
O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) Transfectants of a 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)-sensitive Colon Cancer Cell Line Selectively Repopulate Heterogeneous MGMT+/MGMT- Xenografts after BCNU and O6-Benzylguanine plus BCNU

To evaluate the role of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) in colon tumor chloroethylnitrosourea (CENU) resistance, AGT-deficient VACO 8 cells were transfected with a vector containing or lacking the human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) cDNA. VACO 8MGMT (V8MGMT) sublines possessed high levels of AGT activity in cell culture and were > 10-fold resistant to the CENU 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). V8MGMT cells, VACO 8neo cells, and mixtures of both were grown as xenografts in nude mice. MGMT expression in VACO 8 xenografts reflected the percentage of V8MGMT cells present in the tumor inoculum. Xenografts originally containing 0-10% V8MGMT cells were sensitive to BCNU, although partial resistance was observed as the percentage of V8MGMT cells increased. Tumors containing 30-100% V8MGMT cells were completely resistant to BCNU with no regressions and no growth delays. Pretreatment with O6-benzylguanine (BG) depleted tumor AGT activity for at least 6 h and sensitized xenografts containing 1 and 100% V8MGMT cells to BCNU. After BCNU or BG + BCNU, xenografts growing from inoculums containing as low as 0.1% V8MGMT cells had high AGT activities similar to that found in V8MGMT xenografts, with the majority of the cells expressing MGMT. These results provide evidence that MGMT expression influences both intrinsic and acquired colon tumor CENU resistance, that selective expansion of AGT+ colon tumor cells commonly occurs after CENU exposure, and that BG is effective in sensitizing colon tumors to CENUs, even when only a small fraction of the cells in a heterogeneous tumor express MGMT.
Suggested reporting guidelines for structural equation modeling in supply chain management research

Purpose – Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a data analysis method of choice for many empirical supply chain management (SCM) researchers. As the statistical technique has evolved, so have its applications and reporting guidelines. Consequently, there has been a lack of standardized reporting across the SCM literature. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for standardizing reporting conventions. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a review of recent SEM methods literature. In addition, the authors content analyze articles from International Journal of Logistics Management, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, and Journal of Business Logistics that contained either covariance-based or partial least square structural equation models. Using the aforementioned literature review and content analysis, the authors compare and contrast what is currently reported in extant supply chain literature with suggested reporting protocols in the methods lite...
Predicting suicide attempts in depressed adolescents: Clarifying the role of disinhibition and childhood sexual abuse

BACKGROUND: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents, and depressed youth are six times more likely to make suicide attempts as compared to non-depressed adolescents. The present study examined the unique and interactive effects of two well-established correlates of suicidality - childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and disinhibition - in predicting suicide attempts among depressed adolescents. METHOD: Participants were 163 adolescents (125 females) aged 13-18 (M=15.60, SD=1.27) diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (n=95, 58.3%) and/or Dysthymia (n=69, 42.3%) recruited from an acute residential treatment service. Participants completed interviews assessing psychopathology and suicidality, self-report measures of depressive symptoms and CSA, and a computerized disinhibition task. RESULTS: Consistent with hypotheses, CSA moderated the association between disinhibition and adolescents' report of their past year and lifetime suicide attempts. Specifically, higher disinhibition was associated with a greater likelihood of having made a suicide attempt among adolescents with a history of CSA, but not among those without. The same pattern of results held in analyses of suicide attempt frequency. LIMITATIONS: Primary findings were based on observational, cross-sectional data, and therefore, causal relationships cannot be inferred. The gender imbalance in the sample precluded stratifying our analyses by gender. CSA was ascertained by self-report; replication of the results with more objective measures is warranted. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that CSA and disinhibition may work together to predict elevated suicide risk, and these results have implications for early identification efforts in youth at high risk for suicide. Language: en
Modification of the PthA4 effector binding elements in Type I CsLOB1 promoter using Cas9/sgRNA to produce transgenic Duncan grapefruit alleviating XccΔpthA4:dCsLOB1.3 infection

Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subspecies citri (Xcc) is a severe disease for most commercial citrus cultivars and responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. Generating canker-resistant citrus varieties will provide an efficient and sustainable solution to control citrus canker. Here, we report our progress in generating canker-resistant grapefruit by modifying the PthA4 effector binding elements (EBEs) in the CsLOB1 Promoter (EBEPthA4 -CsLOBP) of the CsLOB1 (Citrus sinensis Lateral Organ Boundaries) gene. CsLOB1 is a susceptibility gene for citrus canker and is induced by the pathogenicity factor PthA4, which binds to the EBEPthA4 -CsLOBP to induce CsLOB1 gene expression. There are two alleles, Type I and Type II, of CsLOB1 in Duncan grapefruit. Here, a binary vector was designed to disrupt the PthA4 EBEs in Type I CsLOB1 Promoter (TI CsLOBP) via epicotyl transformation of Duncan grapefruit. Four transgenic Duncan plants with targeted modification of EBEPthA4 -T1 CsLOBP were successfully created. As for Type I CsLOB1 promoter, the mutation rate was 15.63% (#D13), 14.29% (#D17), 54.54% (#D18) and 81.25% (#D22). In the presence of wild-type Xcc, transgenic Duncan grapefruit developed canker symptoms similarly as wild type. An artificially designed dTALE dCsLOB1.3, which specifically recognizes Type I CsLOBP, but not the mutated Type I CsLOBP or Type II CsLOBP, was developed to infect Duncan transformants. Consequently, #D18 had weakened canker symptoms and #D22 had no visible canker symptoms in the presence of XccΔpthA4:dCsLOB1.3. Our data suggest that activation of a single allele of susceptibility gene CsLOB1 by PthA4 is sufficient to induce citrus canker disease, and mutation in the promoters of both alleles of CsLOB1 is probably required to generate citrus canker-resistant plants. This work lays the groundwork to generate canker-resistant citrus varieties via Cas9/sgRNA in the future.
Effects of sediment and contaminated sediment on structural and functional components of experimental stream ecosystems

Three experimental stream ecosystems were used to determine the effects of sediment and contaminated sediment: one stream received 1.7 g L−1 uncontaminated sediment for 2 hr each week for 6 wk; one stream received 1.7 g L−1 contaminated sediment (50 to 1600 ppm triphenyl phosphate applied in increasing doses each week) for 2 hr each week for 6 wk; and the third stream was maintained as a control. Each stream was monitored for changes in nutrient dynamics, leaf decomposition, primary production, and invertebrate dynamics. Both sediment and sediment/triphenyl phosphate altered the drift dynamics of benthic invertebrates. Invertebrates in the sediment treatment exhibited delayed nocturnal drift, while those in the sediment/triphenyl phosphate treatment drifted immediately once a threshold of toxicity was reached. Both sediment and sediment/triphenyl phosphate decreased the percent similarity of benthic invertebrates, reduced the drift of filamentous algae, increased the production of rooted flora, and increased net nutrient retention. However, neither treatment altered leaf decomposition rates, nor affected benthic invertebrate dynamics (total number, number of species, or diversity) or insect emergence.
Extending TeraStar reticle inspection capability to the 90nm node through layer-specific algorithms

Sub-wavelength lithography used for 9Onm node devices requires new approaches to both lithography processes and reticle design. Reticle complexity has increased as OPC and Phase Shift techniques are used to improve lithography process windows at smaller design rules. This paper will discuss the results of algorithms developed for specific layers to extend the TeraStar reticle inspection tool to 9Onm reticle research and development applications. Lithographically challenging layers have been the focus of the algorithm development programs, specifically gate layers and contact/via layers. Alternating phase shift masks are gaining importance as a reticle enhancement technique to meet the ITRS Litho Roadmap 9Onm node line widths. A new class of TeraPhase algorithms has been developed for alternating phase shift mask inspection with a focus on gate layers. Die-to-die and die-to-database inspection results will be presented for alternating phase shift programmed defect test plates and production gate layers. Contact and via layer reticles are some of the most difficult layers for CD and lithography process window control. A new family of TeraFlux algorithms has been developed based on flux energy differences between contacts to significantly improve sensitivity to lithographically significant CD errors. Die-to-die and die-to-database inspection results will be presented for contact programmed defect test plates and production contact and via layers. Comparisons of the newly developed algorithms will be made to previous generation inspection capability.
Mitotic phosphorylation of rab4 prevents binding to a specific receptor on endosome membranes

Phosphorylation of the monomeric GTPase rab4 in mitotic cells leads to its relocalization from endosome membranes to the cytosol. To determine the mechanism underlying this change in distribution, we established an in vitro assay that reconstituted specific binding of rab4 when endosome‐containing membranes were incubated with rab4 complexed with its cytosolic chaperone, GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI). rab4 was found to bind to a saturable receptor associated with highly purified endosomes. Membrane binding and nucleotide exchange were physically distinct, since an active soluble fragment of the rab4 receptor, but not rab4 nucleotide exchange activity, could be released from membranes by elastase cleavage. Interestingly, the soluble fragment could be used to fully reconstitute rab4 membrane binding. In vitro phosphorylation of rab4 by cdc2/cyclin B kinase did not affect formation of rab4–GDI complexes, but did completely inhibit rab4 binding to its receptor. In contrast, in vitro phosphorylation of membranes did not result in the dissociation of bound rab4, nor were mitotic membranes deficient with respect to binding non‐phosphorylated rab4. Thus, mitotic cells appear to accumulate rab4 in the cytosol by phosphorylating rab4 during the soluble phase of its normal activity cycle, thereby preventing membrane attachment.
Globmet—the contributions of radio meteor measurements to the middle atmosphere program

Abstract Since its inception in 1982, GLOBMET (the Global Meteor Observations System) has contributed significantly to furthering our understanding of meteor astronomy, meteor physics and, by using the ionized trails as tracers, to the dynamics of the mesopause/lower thermosphere. An overview is given of the results of interest to MAP, as presented at the First GLOBMET Symposium held in Dushanbe, Tajicistan, U.S.S.R., in August, 1985. Papers given in the Second Symposium held in Kazan, U.S.S.R. in July, 1988, are to be published later.
Peer Bystanders to Bullying: Who Wants to Play with the Victim?

Given widespread concern associated with school-based bullying, researchers have looked beyond a dyadic perspective (i.e., bullies and victims only), and now consider the broader social ecology of the peer group. In this research, we examined how the behaviors of peer bystanders influence subsequent reactions to bullies and their victims. Two hundred and six 10- to 15-year-old boys (Mage = 12.46) were invited to play a computer game with three other boys allegedly located at another school. Before the start of the game, participants “met the other players” apparently sitting in a waiting room. These child actors depicted an escalating bullying episode in which the behavior of the bystander was manipulated: aide to the bully, defender of the victim, or passive outsider. Immediately after exposure to the bullying, each participant played a ball toss game (Cyberball) with the three other boys in the video. Individual differences among participants were examined as moderators of the effect of bystander behavior on participants’ willingness to include the “victim” in the game. Results indicated that, when exposed to a passive bystander, boys’ normative beliefs about aggression, as well as their tendency to morally disengage from observed egregious acts, decreased their willingness to include the victim in the game.
Stress calculations on diamond surfaces

Calculations were carried out to evaluate stresses for atoms located in the top several layers of (100)-(1x1), (100)-(2x1) and (111)-(1x1) surfaces of diamond. Only equilibrated surfaces were taken into consideration in this investigation. Stress values in the direction perpendicular to the exposed surface vanish. In lateral directions, however, stresses have non-vanishing values, in general. For the (100) surfaces calculated stress values are anisotropic. While the (2 x 1) reconstructed surface is under compression in both directions, calculations for the unreconstructed (1 x 1) plane, produced a compressive stress in one direction and a slight tension in the other. On the (111) surface, isotropic and relatively low compressive stress values were found. Present calculations indicate that atoms located only in a few top layers have lateral excess stresses which vanish very quickly for the atoms of interior layers as departing from the exposed surface.
How different would a world without herbivory be?: A search for generality in ecology

The conventional wisdom of most ecologists is that herbivores are generally incapable of strongly affecting plant populations in natural communities. Thus, ecologists have largely focused on the role of competition for limited resources but have ignored herbivory as a primary factor determining plant success. Here, we present a quantitative review of herbivore manipulations and find that herbivores do exert important effects on plant biomass—equally as important as those of plant competition. This result should alter the way plant communities are investigated. Furthermore, we find that the effects of invertebrate herbivores are significantly stronger than those of vertebrates; this is in contrast to widely held views. Quantitative syntheses of accumulated studies, such as the one presented here, can provide surprising answers to a broad scope of biological questions. This is especially important in fields lacking a strong theoretical basis, in which generalities are born from empiricism rather than deductive theorizing.
TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential components of the innate immune response against intracellular bacteria and it is thought that professional phagocytes generate ROS primarily via the phagosomal NADPH oxidase machinery. However, recent studies have suggested that mitochondrial ROS (mROS) also contribute to mouse macrophage bactericidal activity, although the mechanisms linking innate immune signalling to mitochondria for mROS generation remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that engagement of a subset of Toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4) results in the recruitment of mitochondria to macrophage phagosomes and augments mROS production. This response involves translocation of a TLR signalling adaptor, tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), to mitochondria, where it engages the protein ECSIT (evolutionarily conserved signalling intermediate in Toll pathways), which is implicated in mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly. Interaction with TRAF6 leads to ECSIT ubiquitination and enrichment at the mitochondrial periphery, resulting in increased mitochondrial and cellular ROS generation. ECSIT- and TRAF6-depleted macrophages have decreased levels of TLR-induced ROS and are significantly impaired in their ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Additionally, reducing macrophage mROS levels by expressing catalase in mitochondria results in defective bacterial killing, confirming the role of mROS in bactericidal activity. These results reveal a novel pathway linking innate immune signalling to mitochondria, implicate mROS as an important component of antibacterial responses and further establish mitochondria as hubs for innate immune signalling.
ACCESS TO MOVING IMAGE DOCUMENTS: BACKGROUND CONCEPTS AND PROPOSALS FOR SURROGATES FOR FILM AND VIDEO WORKS

This study examines the fashioning of a model for a surrogate to facilitate user selection of the most appropriate film or video work for a particular use. Such a surrogate is intended to enable a user to bring to a collection of moving image documents the habits of scrutiny characteristic of the selection and critical use of print linguistic works. Images bear a different relationship to objects and events than do words and the manner in which moving image documents generate meaning differs from the way strings of words communicate. A matrix of a time line and several characteristics of the film or video document is proposed as the primary aspect of the surrogate graphic record. Issues of description and sampling within the abstracting process are raised. The proposed surrogate is seen as a system for achieving an individual, more book‐like use of film and video documents.
Hyperfine and optical barium ion qubits

State preparation, qubit rotation, and high fidelity readout are demonstrated for two different $^{137}\mathrm{Ba}{}^{+}$ qubit types. First, an optical qubit on the narrow $6{S}_{1/2}$ to $5{D}_{5/2}$ transition at 1.76 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m is implemented. Then, leveraging the techniques developed there for readout, a ground-state hyperfine qubit using the magnetically insensitive transition at 8 GHz is accomplished.
Integrated hepatitis C virus treatment: Addressing comorbid substance use disorders and HIV infection

Objectives: To examine hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV testing patterns within the Northwest Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN 20). Methods: Using a comprehensive VISN 20 database, we retrospectively reviewed medical records of 293 445 veterans. Results: 32.8% of patients were tested for HCV, 5.5% were tested for HIV, and 4.3% were co-tested. Of those tested, 12.3% were HCV positive, 5.4% were HIV positive, and 1.6% were co-infected. 79.1% of HIV-positive patients were tested for HCV, 29.2% of when tested positive. 34.8% of HCV-positive patients were tested for HIV, 4.9% of whom tested positive. Of those tested, HCV-positive patients were significantly more likely than HCV-negative patients to test positive for HIV; HIV-positive patients were no more likely to test positive for HCV than HIV-negative patients. HIV-positive patients with substance use disorders (SUD) were significantly more likely to test HCV positive than those without. Within the total sample, veterans with SUD were significantly more likely to be tester for both diseases and to test positive for HCV but not HIV. After controlling for other categories of SUD, veterans with a history of cocaine abuse compared with those without were at an increased risk of HIV infection and co-infection. Conclusion: 79.1% of HIV-positive but only 34.8% of HCV-positive veterans were co-tested, suggesting barriers to HIV testing may exist in VISN 20. Results also indicate that HCV-positive patients are at increased risk for HIV infection and that HIV-positive patients with SUD are at increased risk of HCV infection; routine co-testing for these patients is therefore warranted, Given significant co-infection rates, HCV and HIV screening and testing should be increasingly integrated. Increased infection rates among patients with SUD also warrant integration of HCV and HIV screening and testing into mental health and addiction programmes.
Discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine in pigeons.

The present study was designed to assess the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine in pigeons. Six pigeons were trained to discriminate IM injections of cocaine (2 mg/kg) from saline with responding maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food delivery. Cocaine, d-amphetamine, and l-cathinone substituted completely for the training dose of cocaine in all pigeons. When nicotine (0.25–4.0 mg/kg), apomorphine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg), procaine (4–32 mg/kg), and lidocaine (4–16 mg/kg) were substituted, both partial substitutions and individual differences between pigeons were observed. Oxazepam (0.5–4.0 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (2–8 mg/kg) failed to substitute for the training dose of cocaine. Discriminative stimulus control by cocaine was greatest when the drug was administered 10–40 min prior to the session and the effects disappeared after 2 h. The substitution results indicate drug class specificity of the cocaine cue but, in addition, suggest its multidimensional nature.
The Capacities and Challenges of Faith‐Based Human Service Organizations

This essay addresses four questions by comparing the management capacities and challenges of congregations, faith-based organizations, and secular organizations that provide human services: (1) What role, if any, do congregations and faith-based organizations currently play in the social service delivery system? (2) Are congregations interested in changing their role in the social service delivery system? (3) Compared to faith-based and secular organizations, do congregations have the capacity to adapt to new roles in the social service delivery system? Finally, (4) compared to faith-based and secular organizations, do congregations have similar service capacities and management challenges? The findings indicate that although more than half of congregations already provide some type of health or human services, they provide a narrower range of services, consider these services a lower priority, and seem to encounter more extensive management challenges than faith-based and secular organizations.
Morphologic alterations of chohnergic processes in the neocortex of aged rats

In the present study we observed enlarged cholinergic processes in the neocortex of aged Fischer 344 rats. These swollen ChAT-positive profiles appeared either as a single axon enlargement or, in many instances, the bulbous processes coalesced to form grape-like clusters of immunoreactivity. The latter structures looked similar to the immunoreactive profiles observed in the cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease and in the rat septum following fimbria-fornix transection. Together, these data provide evidence that morphologic changes occur within processes of cholinergic neurons in the aged rat. Moreover, the similarity in appearance between the axonal alterations in the aged rat and in patients with Alzheimer's disease suggests a common pathologic process.
Managing an Academic Career

Current predicaments that academic educators deal with, that is, the conflicts between teaching and research responsibilities, the competition within universities for promotion and tenure, and the importance of viewing the university as a complex social-political system are addressed. Recommendations for improvements in the development and education of new faculty members and suggestions for evaluative criteria for the documentation of a faculty member's performance are offered.
Crossing symmetric reduction equations for dressed vertices

The authors study the topological structure of vertex functions classified by their external points n and minimum number of intermediate-state particles i. They introduce a scheme of topological classifications according to the channels or partitions in which the intermediate states appear and show how to avoid overcounting. They demonstrate how to construct equations relating each class to the others and forming a crossing-symmetric generalization of the Landau-Migdal and Bethe-Salpeter rescattering equations. 4 refs., 19 figs.
Recalling Lewis Feuer

This essay examines a brief stretch of the career of the noted sociologist Lewis S. Feuer, paying particular attention to his relationship to Communism during the thirties and forties. With the aid of archival sources, it reconstructs several key episodes of his political involvement that help to explain his eventual deradicalization. This essay first considers Feuer’s geopolitical outlook at the beginning of the Second World War, demonstrating the extent to which his views accorded with the official stance of the Communist Party. It then details Feuer’s experience as an American soldier stationed in New Caledonia, highlighting his independent efforts to abolish forced labor under the French colonial regime. These previously unexamined aspects of his early life shed new light on his later struggles to define himself politically. The purpose of this essay is to complicate Feuer’s posthumous memory, which has been overshadowed by his belated neoconservatism, and to assert the continuing importance of leftist commitment to his thought even until late in his career.
A computationally efficient approach for Hi fidelity fine graining from bead-spring models to bead-rod models

Abstract The Random Walk Spring (RWS) [P.T. Underhill, P.S. Doyle, On the coarse-graining of polymers into bead-spring chains, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 122 (2004) 3–31; P.T. Underhill, P.S. Doyle, Development of bead-spring models using the constant extension ensemble, J. Rheol. 49 (5) (2005) 963–987] model is used to examine the influence of successive fine graining on the macroscopic stress predictions of bead-spring models to ascertain if quantitative agreement with bead-rod models can be achieved at much reduced CPU times. Specifically, the predictions for macroscopic stresses in homogeneous flows, namely, steady and transient shear and uniaxial elongation at several degrees of fine graining have been presented. In turn, the appropriate level of fine graining for modeling bead-rod predictions over a broad range of flow strengths is proposed. Finally, CPU time analysis of the various fine grained bead-spring models is reported to illustrate the significant advantages of using these models in comparison to bead-rod models.
African‐American HLA class II allele and haplotype diversity

Molecular genetic techniques were used to type nine loci in the HLA class II region in 241 unrelated African-Americans from New York City (NYC). Several effects attributable to recent genetic admixture were evident: the number of distinct class II alleles and haplotypes was larger in the African-Americans than in people of African or European origin, the allele frequencies were more consistently even, and linkage disequilibrium was present across the entire class II region. The African-American DRB1 allele frequencies almost always fell between frequencies among samples from northern Europe and the Gambia, two possible founding populations. The exceptions are attributed to the contribution of other genetically dissimilar African groups to the African-American gene pool. DRB1 allele frequencies (specifically DRB1*1501) and some haplotypes of DRB1-DPB1 were different in our NYC and the 11th International Histocompatibility Workshop (IHW) samples of African-Americans. The high level of allele and haplotype diversity found in African-Americans has important implications for the construction of pools of unrelated potential donors for tissue transplantation.
On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres

The paper discusses the correlated k(absorption coefficient)-distribution (CKD) method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres, in terms of the physical and mathematical conditions under which this method is valid. The CKD approach is theoretically formulated, and the mathematical and physical conditions under which this method is valid are identified. The parameterization for incorporating pressure and temperature effects in the k distribution is presented. The errors of CKD for absorption bands in the solar and thermal infrared spectra are examined, and the errors due to both the CKD method and the use of the optimum number of quadrature points are identified. Finally, an overall treatment for various absorption bands is developed, which will provide high efficiency and accuracy.