cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two modes of anode operation in arc with ablating anode

The arc discharge with ablating carbon anode is widely used for synthesis of nanomaterials. At a given current, the anode ablation rate depends on the anode size: it is low with wide anode and increases by the order of magnitude as anode diameter decreases below a certain limit (Fetterman et. al. Carbon 46, 1322,2008). The model of this type arc is presented. According to the model, this dramatic change in the ablation rate (aside of obvious effect of increase in heat flux density at the anode due to change of the anode area) is the result of the dramatic change in sign of the voltage drop inside the anode sheath. The voltage is negative when anode is wide and becomes positive for narrower anodes. For positive anode sheath, the anode voltage is close to the ionization potential of the anode material, while for negative anode sheath, it is an order of magnitude smaller. The model self-consistently determine the distribution of the electric field, electron density and electron temperature in the near-anode region of the arc discharge. Simulations of the carbon arc predict substantial, and in some cases dominant, role of electron diffusion in current flow. It is also shown that the near-anode plasma is far from the ionization equilibrium. The authors appreciate their fruitful discussions with V. Vekselman and I. Kaganovich of PPPL, and M. Shneider of Princeton University.
A high performance sensing scheme for CMOS DRAMs

CMOS DRAMs which were first introduced commercially in the 256Kb DRAM generation have proven their advantages in power and performance, and are expected to be the future trend. In CMOS DRAMs, the half-V DD bitline sensing scheme — is widely used in the current generation of 1 Mb DRAMs. However, the half-V DD sensing scheme suffers a performance degradation as V DD is reduced. Starting with the 4 Mb DRAM generation, device reliability concerns resulted in the reduction of the on-chip power supply voltage to about 3.3 V from 5 V without any significant change in the device threshold voltages. The reduction in the internal power supply voltage lowers the precharge level in the half-V DD sensing scheme such that the overdrive on the transfer gate during the charge transfer becomes smaller, resulting in a long signal development time. This is avoidable if the immediate wordline boosting can be used, but this approach is difficult to achieve because of device reliability conccrns in scaled-down device dimensions. This paper describes a new sensing scheme in which the bitline is precharged to about 2/3V DD for a PMOS array3.
Towards verification of product lines

Although mechanized proof assistants are powerful verification tools, proof development can still be difficult and time-consuming. It becomes even more challenging when proofs are needed for product lines. A product line is a family of similar programs. Each program is constructed by a distinct (linear) combination of features, where a feature or feature module encapsulates program fragments that are added to a program to introduce a new capability or functionality to that program. The first part of my presentation reviews basic concepts on product lines and how programs are synthesized using feature modules. The second part addresses product line verification. I explain how proofs for product lines can be engineered using feature modules. Each module contains proof fragments which are composed to build a complete proof of correctness for each product. A product line of programming languages is considered, where each variant includes metatheory proofs verifying the correctness of its syntax and semantic definitions. The approach has been realized in the Coq proof assistant, where the proofs of each feature are independently certifiable by Coq. Proofs are composed for each language variant, where Coq mechanically verifies that the composite proofs are correct. As validation, a core calculus for Java in Coq was formalized which can be extended with any combination of casts, interfaces, or generics.
Climate Change: Relationships to CO2 Emission and Locations

The global climate change has been one of the serious problems in the 21st century. In this paper, we analyze the correlations or patterns associated with the global temperature data, carbon-dioxide emission and the location information based on the latitude or longitude. We do find some interesting patterns, especially the ones based on latitude or longitude information. The analytical results can be used to better understand the characteristics of climate change in different locations.
The Aesthetics of Altruism in Oscar Wilde’s Fairy Tales

This chapter focuses on two aspects of Wilde’s fairy tales. First, it will take up the cult of beauty promoted in them—the alluring objects that participate in a decorative regime of fin-de-siecle aesthetics and bring the fairy-tale world to life with their gleaming surfaces. I will draw on Elaine Scarry’s work on beauty and justice to show how these objects work like wands, enlivening the constructed world while at the same time enabling readers to breathe the air of story worlds and participate in a miniaturized universe of sensation. Then I will turn to the grotesque aesthetic that competes with and in some cases undermines and demolishes the floral and metallic beauty on display in the tales. In Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales, beauty vies with what Susan Sontag has called repulsive attractions—sights that invite us to stare with horror rather than gaze with awe. Attractions both beautiful and repulsive have the power to move readers, though each with its own emotional vector, one moving in the direction of animation and generosity, the other in the mode of empathy and action. How do Wilde’s fairy tales shuttle between these two competing aesthetic regimes and how do those regimes take an ethical turn in ways far more subtle and compelling that the “morals” often attached to fairy tales? Or is that turn more intellectual than ethical, leading us to think more and think harder about the stakes in the fairy tales?
Ultimate (evolutionary) explanations for the attraction and benefits of chronic illness support groups: Attachment, belonging, and collective identity

About a century ago, there was a shift from humans contracting and dying from infectious diseases to living with non-infectious chronic diseases. Through advancements in medicine, chronic diseases are manageable, however, they are life-long and often debilitating. When chronically ill individuals struggle to adjust, and make sense of their disease, they are likely to benefit from participating in illness support groups. The benefits of support groups are usually explained by proximal factors such as social support. We explore three sets of evolutionary adaptations to provide ultimate explanations for the value of social support: attachment, group membership, and collective identity. These three concepts suggest that support groups assist with regulating emotions, belonging, and integrating chronic illness into one’s identity. Although attachment theory highlights important aspects of coping with chronic illness, it is framed in dyadic terms, which is ill-fitting for support groups. Support groups are beneficial because they capitalize on the ancient adaptations of belonging and collective identity. Practical applications of these evolutionary concepts for chronic illness support groups are discussed.
Stiffness Reduction in Composite Laminates due to Transverse Matrix Cracks

Cross-ply laminates with transverse matrix cracks are studied using the variational approach. An upper bound on the reduced stiffness has been derived, complementary to Hashin’s lower bound, for a given density of matrix cracks. Staggerring in crack patterns is also considered. The associated elasticity problem is solved using the Layerwise Laminate Theory of Reddy. The effect of crack density on the crack opening displacements and stress transfer is examined.
Latino Issue Priorities and Political Behavior Across US Contexts

In 2008, as a first-time presidential candidate, then-senator Barack Obama famously promised to pass comprehensive immigration reform during his first year in office. Once elected, President Obama instead spent the next 4 years dealing with a troubled economy, passing health insurance and finance reform laws, and dramatically increasing federal enforcement of existing laws that helped identify, apprehend, and deport more undocumented immigrants than ever before. Other than increased enforcement, immigration reform largely fell off the presidential agenda until mid-2012, when the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued an administrative directive deferring prosecutorial action for 2 years against qualified DREAMers—otherwise law-abiding immigrants who came to the US illegally when they were under the age of 16.
A crossroads in predictive analytics monitoring for clinical medicine

Abstract A new goal for medical informatics is to develop robust tools that integrate clinical data on a patient in order to estimate the risk of imminent adverse events. This new field of predictive analytics monitoring is growing very quickly. Its claims, however, can be vulnerable when clinicians fail to use the best mathematical and statistical tools, when quantitative scientists fail to grasp the nuances of clinical medicine, and when either fails to incorporate knowledge of physiology. Its potential, though is clear: we can provide more effective clinical decision support and make better predictive analytics monitoring tools if we apply principles learned from physiology and mathematics to the right problems in clinical medicine.
Abstract 5351: Retrospective analysis of cancer exomes with Roslin, a portable and reproducible workflow infrastructure

Reproducibility and portability are persistent problems in the analysis of genomic sequence data. Bioinformatics pipelines usually run only in the controlled computing environment in which they were built. But even when built for portability, it is increasingly complex and sometimes impossible to maintain versioned and reproducible pipeline components like reference genomes, sequence aligners, variant callers, and annotation sources. As a solution to these technical challenges, we present Roslin, a bioinformatics workflow system deployed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. We validate its precision and recall rates for detecting somatic alterations, microsatellite instability, and other relevant biomarkers from retrospective exome recapture of DNA from over 1000 patients, that previously underwent clinical sequencing using MSK-IMPACT. Roslin is written in the Common Workflow Language (CWL), a standard specification requiring tasks to be modularized and inputs and outputs be explicitly defined. The requirements of explicitness and modularization enable CWL workflows to be flexible, portable, scalable, and amenable to container technologies such as Docker and Singularity. Roslin utilizes the Toil workflow manager from the University of California at Santa Cruz, a portable, open-source workflow engine that supports CWL and is designed to securely and reproducibly run scientific workflows efficiently at scale. Roslin leverages Singularity, the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory container system that is notionally similar to Docker. The Singularity container system is designed for mobility of compute and reproducibility of scientific analysis. Singularity containers are used to package complete scientific workflows, software and libraries, and data. Combining these makes Roslin well suited to run versioned bioinformatics workflows on cluster, cloud, and high-performance computing environments at scale. Roslin has been deployed and tested on multiple high performance computational clusters and cloud computing resources. It supports complete versioning of its workflows, the underlying software and libraries, and associated resource files. It offers end users GUI driven workflow logging, run reporting and real-time tracking. The Roslin CWL workflows are also suitable for deployment and execution on platforms without Toil, as Docker versions of every Singularity container are also provided. (https://github.com/mskcc/roslin) Citation Format: Christopher Harris, Jaeyoung Chun, Cyriac Kandoth, Nikhil Kumar, Shweta Chavan, Ronak Shah, Ewa Reza, Aaron Gabow, Christopher A. Bolipata, Barry Taylor, Oliver A. Hampton, Nicholas D. Socci, David Solit. Retrospective analysis of cancer exomes with Roslin, a portable and reproducible workflow infrastructure [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5351.
Abstract TP169: Knowledge of Hypertension as a Stroke Risk Factor and Use of Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. A Preliminary Report From Comprehensive Post-Acute Stroke Services (COMPASS) Study

Background: Self-monitoring blood pressure (BP) among persons with hypertension is associated with lower BP. The prevalence of BP self-monitoring and factors that may predict this behavior in the e...
Patient Engagement in Medical Research Among Older Adults: Analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey.

Background: By 2035, it is expected that older adults (aged 65 years and older) will outnumber children and will represent 78 million people in the US population. As the aging population continues to grow, it is critical to reduce disparities in their representation in medical research. Objective: This study aimed to describe sociodemographic characteristics and health and information behaviors as factors that influence US adults’ interest in engaging in medical research, beyond participation as study subjects. Methods: Nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2014 Health Information National Trends Survey (N=3677) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and weighted multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess predictors of one’s interest in patient engagement in medical research. The independent variables included age, general health, income, race and ethnicity, education level, insurance status, marital status, and health information behaviors. Results: We examined the association between the independent variables and patient interest in engaging in medical research (PTEngage_Interested). Patient interest in engaging in medical research has a statistically significant association with age (adjusted P<.01). Younger adults (aged 18-34 years), lower middle-aged adults (aged 35-49 years), and higher middle-aged adults (aged 50-64 years) indicated interest at relatively the same frequency (29.08%, 29.56%, and 25.12%, respectively), but older adults (aged ≥65 years) expressed less interest (17.10%) than the other age groups. After the multivariate model was run, older adults (odds ratio 0.738, 95% CI 0.500-1.088) were found to be significantly less likely to be interested in patient engagement in medical research than adults aged 50 to 64 years. Regardless of age, the strongest correlation was found between interest in patient engagement in medical research and actively looking for health information (P<.001). Respondents who did not seek health information were significantly less likely than those who did seek health information to be interested in patient engagement in medical research. Conclusions: Patients’ interest in engaging in medical research vary by age and information-seeking behaviors. As the aging population continues to grow, it is critical to reduce disparities in their representation in medical research. Interest in participatory research methods may reflect an opportunity for consumer health informatics technologies to improve the representation of older adults in future medical research.
Context, comparison, and the other: On Chad Alan Goldberg’s Modernity and the Jews in Western Social Thought:

Goldberg’s Modernity and the Jews in Western Social Thought examines the central place of Jews within foundational social theory in Germany, France, and the United States. In this essay, I provide ...
Form-stable phase-change elastomer gels derived from thermoplastic elastomer copolyesters swollen with fatty acids

Abstract Phase-change materials (PCMs) are of considerable scientific and technological interest in applications related to energy management and storage, especially as they pertain to residential or commercial construction and packaging. Most PCMs developed for these purposes consist of a crystallizable species encapsulated within an impermeable polymeric shell. Such encapsulants can then be strategically embedded throughout a construct to promote thermal stability in close proximity to the normal melting point of the encapsulated species. In this study, we introduce form-stable PCMs, which avoid the need for costly and inconvenient encapsulation and consist of commercial thermoplastic elastomer copolyesters selectively swollen with crystallizable fatty acids. Since the copolyester matrices endow the PCMs with solid-like characteristics even when swollen with liquid, we refer to this particular class of materials as phase-change elastomer gels (PCEGs). In this study, we explore the thermal characteristics of PCEG films wherein the copolyester grade, gel composition and fatty acid are all varied. Our results indicate that these PCEGs exhibit non-hysteretic thermal cycling, unaffected transition temperatures, and competitive latent transition heats. Relative to model and commercially available encapsulated PCMs, the form-stable PCEGs examined here afford an alternative capable of superior thermal performance and versatility.
Persistent Lymphadenopathies in People at High Risk for HIV Infection: Clinicopathologic Correlations and Long-Term Follow-Up in 79 Cases

Clinicopathologic correlations were explored in 79 patients at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who had lymph node biopsy for persistent lymphadenopathies and were followed for intervals of up to 7.2 years. Three histologic patterns, follicular hyperplasia with cytolysis (A), follicular involution with hypervascularity (C), and a combination of the previous two (B), were recognized. Ninety lymph node biopsies (79 primary and 11 sequential) were classified into the three histologic patterns and the results correlated with the immunologic data and clinical course. Of 31 patients who showed a pattern A at the initial biopsy, the condition of 58% remained stationary and 42% progressed to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); of 31 patients who had initial B pattern, the condition of 36% remained stationary and 64% progressed to AIDS; and of 17 patients who initially had histologic pattern C, the condition of 6% remained stationary and 94% progressed to AIDS. Forty-one patients died during this follow-up, representing 32% of those who had a pattern A, 52% of those who had a pattern B, and 88% of those who had a pattern C at the initial lymph node biopsy. Medial survival times were 54.4 months for pattern A, 35.6 months for pattern B, and 8.4 months for pattern C. Sequential biopsies showed persistence of the same pattern or changes generally in the direction of pattern A to pattern C over variable amounts of time. Lymphocyte evaluation expressed by total counts of T4 cells, T8 cells, T4/T8 cell ratios, and anti-lymphocyte antibody levels expressed by increases in counts of surface immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes showed positive correlations with lymph node histologic patterns. All three parameters proved to be useful prognostic indicators for the course of the HIV infection. The pathogenetic significance of lymph node histologic patterns, although not clearly understood, suggests the relation of follicular hyperplasia (pattern A) to acute viral lymphadenitis and of follicular involution with hypervascularity (pattern C) to cellular immune deficiency.
Chapter 5 – Linear Transformations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the important concept of a linear transformation of a vector space. Matrices prove to be a powerful tool in the study of linear transformations of finite-dimensional vector spaces. They can be used to classify linear transformations according to certain equivalence relations that are based on the fundamental properties common to different linear transformations. In the chapter, U and V denote vector spaces of dimension n and m, respectively, over the field F, and T denotes a linear transformation of U into V. If T is a linear transformation of Rn into Rm, it is usually easier to find the matrix of T relative to ɛn and ɛm than with any other choice of bases, because the coordinates of a vector are the same as the components when working with the standard bases.
19 – Multiple Integration

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of multiple integration. Multiple integrals were developed essentially by Euler. Multiple integrals were first used by Newton in his work on the gravitational attraction exerted by spheres on particles. The chapter discusses the idea behind the triple integral of a function of three variables f(x, y, z) over a region S in R3. This is really a simple extension of the double integral. The chapter also discusses volume under a surface and the double integral, double integrals in polar coordinates and the triple integral.
Effects of Posterior Tibial Slope on a Posterior Cruciate Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty Kinematics and Kinetics.

Abstract Background It has been hypothesized that increasing posterior tibial slope can influence condylar rollback and play a role in increasing knee flexion. However, the effects of tibial slope on knee kinematics are not well studied. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of tibial slope on femorotibial kinematics and kinetics for a posterior cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty design. Methods A validated forward solution model of the knee was implemented to predict the femorotibial biomechanics of a posterior cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty with varied posterior slopes of 0°-8° at 2° intervals. All analyses were conducted on a weight-bearing deep knee bend activity. Results Increasing the tibial slope shifted the femoral component posteriorly at full extension but decreased the overall femoral rollback throughout flexion. With no tibial slope, the lateral condyle contacted the polyethylene 6 mm posterior of the midline, but as the slope increased to 8°, the femur shifted an extra 5 mm, to 11 mm posterior of the tibial midline. Similar shifts were observed for the medial condyle, ranging from 7 mm posterior to 13 mm posterior, respectively. Increasing posterior slope decreased the posterior cruciate ligament tension and femorotibial contact force. Conclusion The results of this study revealed that, although increasing the tibial slope shifted the femur posteriorly at full extension and maximum flexion, it reduced the amount of femoral rollback. Despite the lack of rollback, a more posterior location of condyles suggests lower chances of bearing impingement of the posterior femur and may explain why increasing slope may lead to higher knee flexion.
Trace element partitioning during coal preparation: Insights from U.S. Illinois Basin coals

Abstract A suite of 72 samples of Illinois Basin coal was collected from 2015 to 2018, from 14 active coal mining and preparation operations in Illinois and Indiana. The goals of the study were to investigate the behavior of trace elements during coal preparation and provide current coal quality data for active mining operations in the Illinois Basin, which has become one of the most important suppliers of U.S. coal. Samples include raw coal, cleaned coal, and waste (refuse) coal. The efficiency of cleaning is shown by reduction of ash yield, increase in heating values, and a pronounced shift in the proportion of sulfur forms. In most raw coals, pyritic sulfur (Py S) exceeds organic sulfur (Org S; Org S/Py S ≤ 1.0), whereas in prepared coals, organic sulfur is the predominant sulfur form (Org S/Py S ≥ 1.0). In waste (refuse) coals, Org S/Py S is substantially reduced, or almost entirely in the pyritic form (Org S/Py S near zero). Trends in the distribution of inorganically-associated lithophile and chalcophile elements are shown, as well those for elements having mixed organic-inorganic associations and those that are primarily organic-hosted. Lithophile elements, including Li, Al, P, Ti, Sc, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, the lanthanides, Hf, Th, and U, are partitioned into waste coals with corresponding reduction in cleaned coals. At the same time, chalcophile elements hosted by pyrite, such as As, Sb, Hg, and Pb, are also partitioned into waste coals. Rare earth elements (REEs), including Sc, Y, and the lanthanides, are enriched in waste coals at levels that approximate their content in the upper continental crust (UCC). Several other critical elements, defined as mineral commodities deemed critical to the economy and security of the United States, including V, Cr, As, Rb, Sb, and Cs, show enrichment in waste coals, that may facilitate their co-extraction with the REEs. Concentrations for elements of environmental concern in cleaned coals are similar to or below those for world average coals with the exception of Pb in coals from Illinois. Laser-ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) for pyrite in a subset of 21 samples of raw and cleaned coal provided direct determinations of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, and Bi. LA-ICP-MS was used together with bulk sample pyritic sulfur and trace element concentrations to estimate the elemental proportion of bulk Cu, As, Hg, and Pb in pyrite, indicating that Hg and Pb are hosted almost entirely by pyrite, whereas the proportion of Cu and As in pyrite accounts for about half of the bulk content. With growing interest in recovering critical elements from coal, partitioning of a large range of elements into waste coals presents a possible opportunity, but also a potential hazard, due to enrichment in harmful elements such as Hg, As, and Pb.
The Population Genetics of Collateral Resistance and Sensitivity

Resistance mutations against one drug can elicit collateral sensitivity against other drugs. Multi-drug treatments exploiting such trade-offs can help slow down the evolution of resistance. However, if mutations with diverse collateral effects are available, a treated population may evolve either collateral sensitivity or collateral resistance. How to design treatments robust to such uncertainty is unclear. We show that many resistance mutations in Escherichia coli against various antibiotics indeed have diverse collateral effects. We propose to characterize such diversity with a joint distribution of fitness effects (JDFE) and develop a theory for describing and predicting collateral evolution based on simple statistics of the JDFE. We show how to robustly rank drug pairs to minimize the risk of collateral resistance and how to estimate JDFEs. In addition to practical applications, these results have implications for our understanding of evolution in variable environments.
Influence of the Microbiome on Anastomotic Leak

Despite advances in surgical technique and the expanded use of antibiotics, anastomotic leak remains a dreaded complication leading to increased hospital length of stay, morbidity, mortality, and cost. Data continues to grow addressing the importance of a functional and diverse colonic microbiome to ensure adequate healing. Individual pathogens, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anastomotic leak. Yet how these pathogens proliferate remains unclear. It is possible that decreased microbial diversity promotes a shift to a pathologic phenotype among the remaining microbiota which may lead to anastomotic breakdown. As the microbiome is highly influenced by diet, antibiotic use, the stress of surgery, and opioid use, these factors may be modifiable at various phases of the surgical process. A large amount of data remains unknown about the composition and behavior of the "normal" gut microbiome as compared with an altered community. Therefore, targeting the gut microbiome as a modifiable factor in anastomotic healing may represent a novel strategy for the prevention of anastomotic leak.
Small-Scale Mechanical Testing on Proton Beam-Irradiated 304 SS from Room Temperature to Reactor Operation Temperature

Austenitic stainless steels are common structural components in light water reactors. Because reactor components are subjected to harsh conditions such as high operating temperatures and neutron radiation, they can undergo irradiation-induced embrittlement and related failure, which compromises reliable operation. Small-scale mechanical testing has seen widespread use as a testing method for both ion- and reactor-irradiated materials because it allows access to the mechanical properties of the ion beam-irradiated region, and for safe handling of a small amount of activated material. In this study, nanoindentation and microcompression testing were performed on unirradiated and 10 dpa proton-irradiated 304 SS, from 25°C to 300°C. Increases in yield stress (YS), critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) and hardness (H) were seen in the irradiated region relative to the unirradiated region. Relationships between H, YS, and CRSS of irradiated and unirradiated materials are discussed over this temperature range.
Chapter 12 Active Transport and Pumps

Publisher Summary Membrane transport is movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an aqueous solution on one side of the membrane to an aqueous solution on the other side of the membrane. The following three forces drive membrane transport: force of diffusion, electrical force, and force generated by a transport system intrinsic to the membrane. Membrane transport systems can be divided into two principal categories. These categories are catalytic systems on the one hand and stoichiometric systems on the other. The expression “active transport” is used in two ways. One usage equates “active transport” with uphill transport. The opposite of this usage of “active transport” is “passive transport.” which refers to downhill transport. This usage is in the context of energetics or thermodynamics of transport. Some bacteria, in a medium containing sodium, pump sodium out of the cytoplasm into the medium and use the electrochemical gradient of sodium across the membrane to energize other transport functions. In particular, Klebsiella pneumoniae pumps sodium using energy from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate. Another bacterium, Propiogeniurn modesturn , pumps sodium outward using a methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase.
TIME AND PLACE FOR PHILOSOPHY

: Writing in continuous gratitude to Gary Matthews's wonderful project of rescuing childhood from its disregard, not to say banishment, in professional philosophy, I relate here certain moments in his considerations of early childhood to moments in Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, which opens with a scene of childhood from Augustine's Confessions, and also to moments in later stages of childhood (as Matthews also significantly indicates) and, beyond that, to adolescent crises and to what I have called philosophy as “the education of grown-ups.” I raise the issue of whether we are to see the “odd” questions of early childhood as proto-science, which will eventually graduate into better science, or as proto-philosophy, which will be continuously elaborated in philosophical investigation. This raises the question of whether philosophy is to be regarded, early or late, as inseparable from science or, as the later Wittgenstein urges, autonomous with respect to science's glamorous advances.
Regulation of Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase II. HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE ENZYME

Abstract The effects of lipolytic and antilipolytic hormones on the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase of rat adipose tissue were investigated. Incubation of epididymal fat pads with epinephrine increased the protein kinase activity in tissue extracts assayed in the absence of cAMP but not in the presence of cAMP. This activation was associated with conversion of the inactive holoenzyme form to the active catalytic subunit form as judged by resolution of these two forms of protein kinase on Sephadex G-100 columns. The time course of formation of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase in general paralleled the epinephrine-induced increase in the cAMP concentration. Concentrations of epinephrine (0.1 to 0.3 µm) which produced small increases in both the cAMP concentration and the catalytic form of protein kinase gave a maximum rate of lipolysis. Higher epinephrine concentrations further increased the cAMP concentration and the percentage of catalytic subunit form of protein kinase. Other lipolytic hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucagon also activated the protein kinase. Activation of protein kinase in isolated fat cells by epinephrine in the absence and presence of caffeine was demonstrated. Insulin inhibited by up to 70% the epinephrine activation of protein kinase in fat pad. This inhibition by insulin was rapid with the maximum effect occurring within 10 min. The insulin effect was associated with a decrease in the relative amount of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase and can be quantitatively accounted for by the decrease in cAMP. Both the epinephrine and insulin effects on protein kinase disappeared when cAMP was removed by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 under conditions that allowed association of the protein kinase subunits. When cAMP was removed under conditions of high ionic strength which prevented the association of the enzyme subunits, the effects of hormones on the protein kinase were retained. The above results are consistent with the hypothesis that epinephrine and insulin do modify the "activation state" of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase through changes in the cAMP concentration.
Polarization analysis of excitons in monolayer and bilayer transition-metal dichalcogenides

The authors theoretically study optical transitions in transition-metal dichalcogenides. In particular, they explain the difference between the excitonic properties of monolayer MoSe${}_{2}$ and WSe${}_{2}$. Excitons in WSe${}_{2}$ are thought to be bound to impurities. An alternative theory presented in this paper suggests that these excitons correspond to low-energy optical transitions. The authors also put forward an alternative explanation as to why the excitons in MoSe${}_{2}$ have vanishing polarization. They attribute this phenomenon to polaron-induced Rabi oscillations between dark and bright excitons.
Pulmonary complications of sickle cell anemia. A need for increased recognition, treatment, and research.

One of every 650 African Americans (0.15%) is born with sickle cell disease and about 8% are heterozygous for the sickle cell gene. According to the United States Census Bureau there were 35,509,000 African Americans counted in the year 2000, which would indicate that there are approximately 50,000 patients with sickle cell anemia in this country. Thirty five per cent of the African American population was between 30 and 54 yr of age in the year 2000. This demographic explains the increasing number of adult patients with sickle cell disease. However, the increased number of adults with sickle cell anemia is due only in part to population growth. Mortality rates for children with sickle cell anemia have declined because of penicillin prophylaxis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination, widespread implementation of newborn screening programs for early detection, and improvements in parental education (1–5). Despite significant improvements in the life expectancy of patients with sickle cell disease the median age at death is 42 yr for men and 48 yr for women (2). Pulmonary complications account for a large proportion of deaths among adults with sickle cell anemia (Table 1) (2, 6–8). According to the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD), a prospective multicenter study of 3,764 patients, more than 20% of adults likely had fatal pulmonary complications of sickle cell anemia (2). Acute and chronic pulmonary complications of sickle cell anemia are common but often underappreciated by healthcare providers. These conditions have clearly emerged as major threats to the well-being and longevity of patients with sickle cell disease.
Protein phosphorylation and the regulation of cation cotransport.

The turkey erythrocyte is a useful system in which to investigate the relationship between protein phosphorylation and membrane transport. This cell possesses a catecholamine- and cyclic AMP-stimulated Na + -K + ‘cotransport’ system in its plasma membrane, and the physiological properties of this system have been partially elucidated. It is distinct from the Na + -K + ‘pump’ and is insensitive to ouabain, but can be blocked by certain diuretic agents such as furosemide and bumetanide. A plasma membrane protein of MW 230000, called goblin, has been identified as the major protein whose state of phosphorylation increases upon incubation of turkey erythrocytes with catecholamines or cyclic AMP. The kinetics of phosphorylation of goblin at its cyclic AMP-sensitive sites correlate well with the kinetics of Na + -K + cotransport activation under various conditions. This protein may play a role in the regulation of the Na + -K + cotransport system by catecholamines and cyclic AMP
The science/technology relationship, the craft of experimental science, and policy for the improvement of high technology innovation☆

Abstract The author argues that advances in instrumentation and experimental techniques - what he calls instrumentalities - have been of major importance in stimulating and enabling both radical theoretical advances in fundamental science, and radical innovations in practical application. He supports his argument with historical examples, and concludes that explicit policies should be developed for the financial support of instrumentation.
The thermodynamic efficiency of the Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase is one hundred percent.

The thermodynamic efficiency of the Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum has been evaluated by comparing the Ca2+ gradient established with the ATP/(ADP*Pi) ratio. The evaluation was made at an external Ca2+ level (4.7 × 10−8 M) which is below theK m value of 7 × 10−8 M. The Mg-ATP and phosphate concentrations were held constant (0.1 mM) and the ADP concentration was varied. Maximal uptake to an internal free Ca2+ concentration of 17 mM was observed at infinite ATP/(ADP*Pi) ratio (absence of ADP). This corresponds to a [Ca2+]i/[Ca2+]0 gradient of 3.6 × 105. A Ca2+ gradient one-half as large was observed at an ATP/(ADP*Pi) ratio of 3.5 × 103 M−1. The square of the Ca2+ gradient is shown to be proportional to the ATP/(ADP*Pi) ratio, for finite values of the latter. The proportionality constant is identical to the equilibrium constant for hydrolysis of ATP (9.02 × 106 M) under these conditions (0.1 mM Mg2+, 30°C). The intrinsic thermodynamic efficiency of the pump is shown to be 100%, with a maximal uncertainty of 3%. The efficiency is lower under less optimal conditions, when the pump is inhibited and passive leak processes compete.
Superconvergence of discontinuous Galerkin solutions for a nonlinear scalar hyperbolic problem

In this paper we study the superconvergence of the discontinuous Galerkin solutions for nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations. On the first inflow element we prove that the p-degree discontinuous finite element solution converges at Radau points with an O(h p+2 ) rate. We further show that the solution flux converges on average at O(h 2p+2 )o n element outflow boundary when no reaction terms are present. For reaction–convection problems we establish an O(h min(2p+2,p+4) ) superconvergence rate of the flux on element outflow boundary. Globally, we prove that the flux converges at O(h 2p+1 ) on average at the outflow of smooth-solution regions for nonlinear conservation laws. Numerical computations indicate that our results extend to nonrectangular meshes and nonuniform polynomial degrees. We further include a numerical example which shows that discontinuous solutions are superconvergent to the unique entropy solution away from shock discontinuities. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. MSC: 65M60; 65M25; 65M15
Perfectly retrievable unipolar optoelectronic neural associative memory

A perfectly convergent, unipolar, neural associative memory system based on nonlinear, dynamical terminal attractors is presented. By adaptively setting the threshold values for the dynamic iteration for the unipolar, binary neuron states with terminal-attractors, the achievement of perfect convergence and correct retrieval has been demonstrated via computer simulation. The simulations are completed by (1) exhaustive tests with all of the possible combinations of stored and test vectors in small-scale networks, and (2) Monte Carlo simulations with randomly generated stored and test vectors in large-scale networks with an M/N ratio equals 4 (M: the number of stored vectors; and N: the number of neurons up to 256). An experiment with exclusive-or logic operation using LCTV SLMs is used to show the feasibility of an optoelectronic implementation of the model. The behavior of terminal attractors in basins of energy space is illustrated through examples.
Autonomous Surface Vehicle Free-Rotating Wingsail Section Design and Configuration Analysis

Reynolds number aerodynamic performance, a symmetric section with a small trailing-edge flap is used in a conventional arrangement (tail behind the main section). This allows efficient sailing to both port and starboard, as well as retaining high-lift coefficients for broad reaches. The inability of the flow to withstand adverse pressure gradients at the typically low Reynolds number causes separation with flap deflection, thus necessitating a narrowchord flapthatisdeflectedthroughalargeangleforhigh-liftapplications.ThedesignedsectionhasaCLmax of1.8ata Reynolds number of 229,000, and a flap deflection of 45 deg. The wing section is 21% thick, with a 13% plain flap to achieve this maximum lift coefficient. Four different configurations are evaluated for stability and swept radius (the farthest distance that the entire wingsail reaches as it rotates about the mast). The configurations evaluated are 1)conventional,2)canard,3) flyingwing,and4)free-floatingcanard.Thecanardandthe flyingwingcannotbemade passively stable with a high coefficient of lift, whereas the free-floating canard and the conventional configuration achievethestabilitycriteria.Thefree-floatingcanardhasalargersweptradiusandhasissueswithstallstabilitythat are not covered by this simplified analysis, thus the conventional configuration (tail behind the wing) is determined best for this application.
Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: III. Stimulation ofTrichogramma achaeae,T. pretiosum, andMicroplitis croceipes with host-seeking stimuli at time of release to improve their efficiency

Frass from larvae of the corn earworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie) and scales fromH. zea moths (that are known to contain the host-seeking stimulus, tricosane) stimulate and orient host-seeking activity in femaleMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson), a larval parasite ofH. zea, andTrichogramma spp., egg parasites ofH. zea. When larval frass, moth scales, and tricosane were used as sign stimuli (releasers) forM. croceipes, T. pretiosum (Riley), andT. achaeae Nagaraji and Nagarkatti, respectively, at time of their release from laboratory containers, parasite performance improved, resulting in significantly increased rates of parasitization over that of unstimulated parasites. Stimulation ofM. croceipes with larval frass had an overriding effect on this parasite's innate tendency to disperse upon release, thereby increasing the numbers remaining and prolonging their retention in the target area. Supplying the appropriate host-seeking stimuli to these 3 hymenopterous parasites ofH. zea at time of their release to improve their efficiency greatly increases the probability of their effective utilization in pest management systems.
THE FIRST TWO STEPS OF THE INVASION OF HOST CELLS BY BACTERIAL VIRUSES. II

At 37 degrees C., the attachment of T1 virus to its host cell in solution containing 10(-3)M CaCl(2) or 10(-2)M NaCl is extremely rapid (in the neighborhood of 100 per cent collision efficiency) and irreversible. At 1 degrees C., the attachment rate is almost equally rapid but largely reversible. If a suboptimal concentration of the necessary ions is employed when T2 virus attaches to host cells, the resulting binding is largely reversible, even at 37 degrees C. Reversible T2 attachment to host cells leaves the cell undamaged and capable of normal reproduction. Irreversible attachment results in death of the cell. Zn(++) exercises a specific inhibitory action on the invasion of E. coli B by T1 virus. The virus can still attach to the host cell at a rate closely approximating the maximum value, but the reaction remains reversible and the cell is protected against permanent damage. The protective action of the Zn against T1 invasion is exerted through an action on the cell, rather than on the virus. Studies of the uptake of radioactive Zn(65) show that cells become completely immune to T1 invasion when, on the average, 4 x 10(7) atoms of Zn have been taken up by each cell. Cells killed by ultraviolet irradiation still bind T1 at the maximum rate, but the reaction is reversible even when taking place at 37 degrees C., in optimum salt concentration. The tryptophane-deficient mutant of T4 bacteriophage requires its specific cofactor for the initial step of attachment to the host cell. These experiments support the picture previously developed that virus invasion of host cells consists in an initial, reversible attachment whose properties are those to be expected from the operation of electrostatic binding forces. The step is followed by an enzymatic transformation which is irreversible, strongly temperature-dependent, and in the case of T1 virus, susceptible to inactivation by ultraviolet radiation. The resistance of mutant cells to specific bacteriophages is of two types, depending on whether the first or second of these steps is blocked.
Differential regulation of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) and ADH1C genes by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation.

Background: The human class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes (ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C) differ in expression during development and in various tissues. They are repressed in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. We hypothesized that epigenetic modifications play a role in this repression and that class I ADH gene expression would be enhanced upon global inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Methods: Southern blotting was used to assess the methylation status of each class I ADH gene. HepG2 and HeLa cells were treated with either the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA), or both in combination, and class I ADH gene expression was analyzed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to analyze histone H3 acetylation. Transient transfections and gel mobility shift assays were used to analyze the role that methylation plays in inhibiting transcription factor binding and promoter function. Results: We show that the upstream regions of ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C are methylated in HepG2 cells. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment enhanced expression of both ADH1B and ADH1C. Trichostatin A treatment elevated expression of ADH1C. ADH1A expression was not stimulated by either 5-aza-dC or TSA. H3 histones associated with a methylated upstream region of ADH1B were hyperacetylated in TSA-treated, but not in 5-aza-dC–treated, HepG2 cells. A methylated upstream region of ADH1C achieved histone H3 hyperacetylation upon either 5-aza-dC or TSA treatment. Methylation of the ADH1B proximal promoter in vitro decreased its activity to 54% and inhibited the binding of the upstream stimulatory factor. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the class I ADH genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms in human hepatoma cells. The temporal and tissue-specific expression of these genes may in part result from differences in epigenetic modifications and the availability of key transcription factors.