cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching only about Keynes’s Contributions in Chapter 1 (Plus Possibly Chapters 2, 3, 6 and 26, if Time Permits) of the A Treatise on Probability Falls Far ,far Short of Providing Students with An Informed Foundation about Keynes’s Analysis of Decisionmaking,rationality and expectations

Teaching students about Keynes’s views on decision making ,expectations and rationality requires that the students have had a general introduction and overview of Parts II(interval valued probability), III(finite probabilities)and V(statistics, inexact measurement,and approximation, as discussed by Keynes in Chapter Four of the General Theory on pp.39-40 and 43-44) of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability (1921) and a detailed coverage of chapters 15 and 17 of his Part II of the A Treatise on Probability on the importance of interval valued probability . Keynes argued in Chapter 15 that decision makers in the real world mainly rely on and use interval valued probability in a heuristic manner. They are not relying on the use of ordinal probability which is simply far, far too weak to provide a foundation for rationality. Meeks’ coverage of chapters 1-4 of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability plus her possible excursion into chapters 6 and 26 would fail to provide the basic foundation needed by students to understand Keynes’s views in the Treatise on Probability and General Theory. Any primary source of discussion about the links between the A Treatise on Probability and General Theory MUST incorporate Keynes’s exchanges between himself and Hugh Townshend in 1937 and 1938,followed by the conflict between Tinbergen and Keynes in 1938-40 over Keynes’s imprecise probability(the intervals of Part II of the A Treatise on Probability ) using approximation and inexact measurement and Tinbergen’s approach based on precise probability and exact measurement .Meek’s coverage of these sources is simply nonexistent. Most importantly, Meeks needs to avoid the 1973 ,volume 8 version of the A Treatise on Probability in the CWJMK like the plague, as its editorial foreword by R. Braithwaite is completely flawed and erroneous.
Finite-Time Error Bounds for Distributed Linear Stochastic Approximation.

This paper considers a novel multi-agent linear stochastic approximation algorithm driven by Markovian noise and general consensus-type interaction, in which each agent evolves according to its local stochastic approximation process which depends on the information from its neighbors. The interconnection structure among the agents is described by a time-varying directed graph. While the convergence of consensus-based stochastic approximation algorithms when the interconnection among the agents is described by doubly stochastic matrices (at least in expectation) has been studied, less is known about the case when the interconnection matrix is simply stochastic. For any uniformly strongly connected graph sequences whose associated interaction matrices are stochastic, the paper derives finite-time bounds on the mean-square error, defined as the deviation of the output of the algorithm from the unique equilibrium point of the associated ordinary differential equation. For the case of interconnection matrices being stochastic, the equilibrium point can be any unspecified convex combination of the local equilibria of all the agents in the absence of communication. Both the cases with constant and time-varying step-sizes are considered. In the case when the convex combination is required to be a straight average and interaction between any pair of neighboring agents may be uni-directional, so that doubly stochastic matrices cannot be implemented in a distributed manner, the paper proposes a push-sum-type distributed stochastic approximation algorithm and provides its finite-time bound for the time-varying step-size case by leveraging the analysis for the consensus-type algorithm with stochastic matrices and developing novel properties of the push-sum algorithm.
By-Products Formed in Heated Fats

Since the beginning of times man heated his food to modify its flavor or texture, or to keep it from spoiling. With the exception of fresh fruits and vegetables, most of the food we eat today has been subjected to heat at least once, often several times, in the course of its preparation, through for example cooking, baking, broiling, toasting, canning, concentrating, pateurizing or frying. Depending on the composition of the food and the conditions of the treatment, heat will produce various chemical and physical changes in all of the food constituents. Not only do the different nutrients undergo decomposition reactions, but they also interact among themselves and form a large number of new compounds. Indeed, some of these changes are the very goal of the treatment. Other changes, however, are not so desirable, and may cause problems in both quality and wholesomeness. In this article, the chemical effects of heat on the lipids are discussed.
Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on antibody production

Abstract Previous observations in pregnant women, pregnant animals, and animals treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) have suggested this agent might influence the immune response during pregnancy. This experiment confirms that alterations in the thymolymphatic system occur in mice treated with HCG. A depression of the anamnestic response in mice treated with HCG and immunized with sheep red blood cells is demonstrated, but the specific mechanism by which this occurs is not revealed.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN KOREA

The 1984 revision of Korea's Commercial Code failed to respond adequately to the issues of structure and governance in large Korean corporations. The managements of such corporations are able to circumvent both legal and market restraints on this conduct and thus act more freely than their U.S. counterparts. If the Korean economy is to continue expanding the government must confront the problem of management accountability or suffer stagnation as foreign and domestic investors seek other markets.
Household Air Pollution From Cooking Fires: A Challenge for Nurses Globally and a Call to Action

The global burden of disease from exposure to household air pollution related to cooking fires is ranked as the 6th leading cause of death, primarily impacting poor women and children in low-income countries. Globally, smoke exposure from household air pollution is attributed to approximately 1/3 of chronic obstructive pulmonary deaths, 1/4 of pneumonia deaths, and 3% of lung cancer deaths. Nurses are increasingly working in global health arenas but are typically ill-prepared to address this complex environmental health problem. Nurses can play a key role in education, practice, and research to develop and support interventions, both in the United States and abroad, which may reduce this substantial burden of disease.
Low-cost solar array project progress and plans

The Low-Cost Solar Array (LSA) Project is sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy and is managed by the California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Project’s goals are to develop, by 1986, the national capability in the United States of manufacturing low-cost, long-life photovoltaic arrays at production rates that will realize economies of scale and at a module price less than $0.70/Wp (1980 U.S. dollars). Performance objectives include an array efficiency greater than 10% and an operating lifetime longer than 20 years. Significant progress has been made in technology development in silicon materials purification, in large-area silicon sheet formation and in developing automated process sequences and equipment. A silicon-material experimental process systems development unit capable of producing 100 metric tons (MT) of silicon per year is being built to demonstrate production rates, quality of material and price of a low-cost silicon process. Achievements in ingot and non-ingot silicon sheet formation technology have been made, with advancements in growth rates, yield, efficiency, size and quality. Promising encapsulation schemes and candidate manufacturing process sequences have been devised and equipment is being designed for automated production of photovoltaic modules.
Temperature-Related Deaths

Chapter 18 begins by providing a general description of the normal temperature-regulation mechanisms in humans, along with an introduction to the concepts of hyperthermia and hypothermia. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to relatively in-depth examination of hypothermia and hyperthermia, with emphasis on scene investigation, autopsy findings, and death certification issues.
Glycomic Analysis of Tear and Saliva in Ocular Rosacea Patients: The Search for a Biomarker

The purpose of this study was to study changes in glycosylation in tear and saliva obtained from control and ocular rosacea patients in order to identify potential biomarkers for rosacea. Tear fluid was collected from 51 subjects (28 healthy controls and 23 patients with ocular rosacea). Saliva was collected from 42 of the same subjects (25 controls and 17 patients). Pooled and individual samples were examined to determine overall glycan profiles and individual variations in glycosylation. O-and N- glycans were released from both patients and control subjects. Released glycans were purified and enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with graphitized carbon. Glycans were eluted based on glycan size and polarity. SPE fractions were then analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Glycan compositions were assigned by accurate masses. Their structures were further elucidated by tandem mass spectrometric using collision-induced dissociation (CID), and specific linkage information was obtained by exoglycosidase digestion. N- and O-glycans were released from 20-mL samples without protein identification, separation, and purification. Approxi- mately 50 N-glycans and 70 O-glycans were globally profiled by mass spectrometry. Most N-glycans were highly fucosy- lated, while O-glycans were sulfated. Normal tear fluid and saliva contain highly fucosylated glycans. The numbers of sulfated glycans were dramatically increased in tear and saliva of rosacea patients compared to controls. Glycans found in tear and saliva from roseatic patients present highly quantitative similarity. The abundance of highly fucosylated N-glycans in the control samples and sulfated O-glycans in ocular rosacea patient samples may lead to the discovery of an objective diagnostic marker for the disease.
Ballistocardiographic Findings in Patients with Symptoms of Angina Pectoris

The physiologic evaluation of the heart by recording mechanical heart actions which in turn are imparted to the body is an approach easily available through the use of the ballistocardiograph. This instrument thus affords a physiologic approach to the problem of angina pectoris and may be used as a diagnostic agent. Ballistocardiographic tracings have been correlated with the histories, physical findings, and electrocardiograms of 50 patients with symptoms of angina pectoris. These were grouped into typical and atypical cases with further subdivision based upon the presence or absence of objective cardiac abnormality. Most significant in the series was the establishment of a definite correlation between abnormality of the ballistocardiographic pattern and the typical cases of angina pectoris. Such a relationship validates use of this instrument as a diagnostic agent in the atypical cases of angina pectoris where it is anticipated that diagnosis can be specifically aided by supplying empiric evidence of ca...
Role of histamine in a rat model of colitis

We examined the possible involvement of mast cells in a rat model of colitis, by monitoring levels of histamine at various times after inducing inflammation with intrarectal trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in 50% ethanol. The ability of a histamine H1 antagonist, diphenhydramine, to modify colitis was also assessed. As expected, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in 50% ethanol induced a sustained colitis. Myeloperoxidase levels in macroscopically damaged tissue peaked at one week, and declined thereafter. In contrast, tissue histamine levels were normal at one week, then increased in damaged tissue to approximately four times normal levels at four weeks. Indices of inflammation were markedly suppressed at one week by diphenhydramine, while tissue histamine levels were unaffected. Chronic colitis in rats is thus apparently accompanied by a local mast cell hyperplasia or influx. Moreover, antagonism of a major mast cell mediator, histamine, significantly reduces the severity of inflammation in this model.
Modulation of cutaneous scarring in a liquid environment in the Yorkshire pig

ETHODS: Three Yorkshire pigs were used to create 36 dorsal ounds per pig (108 wounds total) in the following groups: full hickness excisional, partial thickness, meshed STSG, sheet STSG, inced skin, and incisional wounds. Wounds were randomized into et and dry groups. Wet wounds were enclosed in polyurethane hambers with 2 ml of normal saline. Dry wounds were covered with egular gauze. All wounds were converted to dry healing after two eeks. On day 28, terminal biopsies were performed.
Isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium from the Feces of Artificially Infected Poults

Abstract IN REVIEWING the literature on Salmonella typhimurium infection in turkeys the authors found no reports on routine culturing of feces from poults which survived S. typhimurium infection. It is known that S. typhimurium can be isolated from the feces of infected poults at autopsy, but investigations as to how long the organism is voided in the feces of poults that survive the disease have not been reported. Since infected feces may play a major role in the dissemination of S. typhimurium, as well as other Salmonella infections, it is the purpose of this paper to present data on the duration of the voiding of S. typhimurium in the feces of poults that survived artificial infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred poults 5 days of age were divided into 5 groups of 20 each. The poults in 4 groups were inoculated with 1.0,0.5, 0.1, and 0.01 cc., respectively, of a 26-hour . . .
Thin-layer chromatography of sterols

Abstract 3β-Sterols differing in unsaturation in ring B and in the side chain were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Differences in resolving power between polar and nonpolar systems were observed.
Direct Passive Navigation

In this correspondence, we show how to recover the motion of an observer relative to a planar surface from image brightness derivatives. We do not compute the optical flow as an intermediate step, only the spatial and temporal brightness gradients (at a minimum of eight points). We first present two iterative schemes for solving nine nonlinear equations in terms of the motion and surface parameters that are derived from a least-squares fomulation. An initial pass over the relevant image region is used to accumulate a number of moments of the image brightness derivatives. All of the quantities used in the iteration are efficiently computed from these totals without the need to refer back to the image. We then show that either of two possible solutions can be obtained in closed form. We first solve a linear matrix equation for the elements of a 3 × 3 matrix. The eigenvalue decomposition of the symmetric part of the matrix is then used to compute the motion parameters and the plane orientation. A new compact notation allows us to show easily that there are at most two planar solutions.
Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing 5,6-Dihydro-5-Azacytosine and 5-Azacytosine at Specific CpG Sites

Abstract The quantitative conversion of dihydro-5-azacytosine (5-DHAC) to 5-azacytosine (5-AC) has been accomplished in a dihydro-5-azacyti-dine/thymidine dimer (5-DHACpT). This newly developed procedure allows simi1ar possibilities with longer, 5-DHAC-modified oligodeoxynucleo-tides.
Mammalian thioredoxin reductase 1: roles in redox homoeostasis and characterization of cellular targets

The classical Trx (thioredoxin) system, composed of TR (Trx reductase), Trx and NADPH, defines a major pathway of cellular thiol-based redox regulation. Three TRs have been identified in mammals: (i) cytosolic TR1, (ii) mitochondrial TR3 and (iii) testes-specific TGR (Trx-glutathione reductase). All three are selenocysteine-containing enzymes with broad substrate specificity in in vitro assays, but which protein substrates are targeted by TRs in vivo is not well understood. In the present study, we used a mechanism-based approach to characterize the molecular targets of TR1. Cytosolic Trx1 was the major target identified in rat and mouse liver, as well as in rat brain and mouse serum. The results suggest that the main function of TR1 is to reduce Trx1. We also found that TR1-based affinity resins provide a convenient tool for specific isolation of Trxs from a variety of biological samples. To better assess the role of TRs in redox homoeostasis, we comparatively analysed TR1- and TR3-knockdown cells. Although cells deficient in TR1 were particularly sensitive to diamide, TR3-knockdown cells were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. To further examine the TR1–Trx1 redox pair, we used mice with a liver-specific knockout of selenocysteine tRNA. In this model, selenocysteine insertion into TR1 was blocked, but the truncated form of this protein was not detected. Instead, TR1 and TR3 levels were decreased in the knockout samples. Diminished hepatic TR1 function was associated with elevated Trx1 levels, but this protein was mostly in the oxidized state. Overall, this study provides evidence for the key role of the TR1–Trx1 pair in redox homoeostasis.
Der Einfluß der kritischen Clustergröße auf die Clustergrößenverteilung und die Clusterdichte

Die Kondensationstheorie fur den Fall i* = 1 von ZINSMEISTER wird um Zerfallsprozesse kleiner Cluster erweitert. Dabei verlangert sich die stationare Phase der Adatomkonzentration. Das von τa unabhangige Maximum wird groser. In der Wachstumsphase verringert sich der Abfall der Adatomkonzentrationen unabhangig von i* (Fig. 1). Die Clusterdichte ist bei Berucksichtigung von Zerfallsprozessen kleiner und zeigt mit wachsendem i* eine Tendenz zur Sattigung (Fig. 2), Der Maximalwert in der Clustergrosenverteilung sinkt mit wachsendem i*, ist meist nach groseren i hin verschoben und sein Plateau ist breiter (Fig. 3). The condensation theory for the case i* = 1 from ZINSMEISTER is expanded by decomposition processes of small cluster. In this case the stationary phase of adatom concentration is growing longer. The maximum independent on τa is larger. In the growth phase the slope of adatom concentration is decreasing independently on i* (Fig. 1). Considering decomposition processes the cluster density is smaller and tends to saturation with increasing i* (Fig. 2). The maximum of size distribution of cluster decreases with increasing i*, is mostly shifted to higher i and its plateau is broader (Fig. 3).
Predictive value of serum complement (C3) in renal allograft rejection.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not changes in serum concentrations of complement component C3 are of value in predicting the long term survival of the transplanted kidney. C3 was quantitated by radial immunodiffusion in fresh sera drawn immediately before transplantation and twice weekly thereafter from 10 recipients. Fourteen episodes of acute rejection occurred during the first 3 months post-operatively. These were diagnosed by the demonstration of graft tenderness, fever without evidence of infection and a rise in serum creatinine of 1 mg/dl in the absence of urinary or vascular obstruction. Five rejection episodes in 3 patients were associated with a fall in C3. In one of these patients, C3 returned to normal levels after the episode was reversed, and the kidney is functioning well 2 years after transplantation. In the other 2 patients, C3 remained at low levels regardless of anti-rejection therapy. Transplant nephrectomy was soon required for irreversible rejection. In contrast, only 1 episode unaccompanied by a fall in C3 was irreversible. Evidence is provided concerning the value of serial C3 complement determinations as a predictor of rejection in renal allografts. Using the variability measure si, the cumulated standard deviation up to week i, si > 10 not only predicts rejection but does so rather early, providing more than 90 per cent of the ideal lead time. This suggests that loss of a graft may be predicted, but this needs confirmation in additional cases.
Singing Video Games May Help Improve Pitch-Matching Accuracy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of singing video games on the pitch-matching skills of undergraduate students. Popular games like ‘Rock Band’ and ‘Karaoke Revolutions’ rate players' singing based on the correctness of the frequency of their sung response. Players are motivated to improve their scores each time they play. In this experiment, I tested undergraduate non-musicians' (N = 33) pitch-matching ability before and after playing one of these games for 10 minutes. Acoustical analysis revealed a significant difference between pre- and post-test scores. These data suggest that playing the video game for 10 minutes may have produced an immediate, observable change in pitch-matching scores. Music teachers regularly teach students how to develop pitch-matching skills. Games like the one used in this study may add to the tools used in that process.
The impact of socialist imprinting and search on resource change: a study of firms in lithuania

Firms in transition economies experienced a large exogenous shock in their external business environment in the late 1980s when these economies moved from a socialist-oriented economic environment to a more market-oriented economic environment. This paper examines the following research question in the context of this change: What are some factors that influence transition economy firms to successfully change their operating know-how or knowledge sets to reflect the demands of their new environment? Building on some core ideas from literature on organizational imprinting, knowledge-based view of the firm, and firm search, we suggest that two factors have a profound impact on a firm's ability to change. The imprinting effect of firms' prior socialist institutional and market environment adversely impacts their ability to change their operating knowledge. At the same time, firms that search for new knowledge from distant sources (located in mainly non-socialist countries) are able to successfully change their knowledge to meet the demands of the new market-oriented economy. Both of these aspects also have joint interdependent effects on the success of change; distant search mitigates some of the adverse impact of socialist market imprinting, but that is not the case for the impact of socialist institutional imprinting. These findings have interesting implications for both researchers and practitioners involved in transition economy settings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Application of DRIFT Spectroscopy to Polymer Complexes

Intermolecular interactions play a major role in the mixing of two polymers. In certain cases, where these interactions are particularly strong, polymer complexes with simple stoichiometries may be formed. Many polymer mixtures of this type are insoluble and infusible, which complicates simple transmission infrared studies. In this note we present preliminary results on studies performed on poly(vinyl phenol) mixtures with poly(2-vinyl pyridine) using diffuse reflectance and conventional transmission infrared spectroscopies together with thermal analysis. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy appears particularly useful in studies of these polymer complexes.
The enthalpy change in protein folding and binding: Refinement of parameters for structure‐based calculations

Two effects are mainly responsible for the observed enthalpy change in protein unfolding: the disruption of internal interactions within the protein molecule (van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, etc.) and the hydration of the groups that are buried in the native state and become exposed to the solvent on unfolding. In the traditional thermodynamic analysis, the effects of hydration have usually been evaluated using the thermodynamic data for the transfer of small model compounds from the gas phase to water. The contribution of internal interactions, on the other hand, are usually estimated by subtracting the hydration effects from the experimental enthalpy of unfolding. The main drawback of this approach is that the enthalpic contributions of hydration, and those due to the disruption of internal interactions, are more than one order of magnitude larger than the experimental enthalpy value. The enthalpy contributions of hydration and disruption of internal interactions have opposite signs and cancel each other almost completely resulting in a final value that is over 10 times smaller than the individual terms. For this reason, the classical approach cannot be used to accurately predict unfolding enthalpies from structure: any error in the estimation of the hydration enthalpy will be amplified by a factor of 10 or more in the estimation of the unfolding enthalpy. Recently, it has been shown that simple parametric equations that relate the enthalpy change with certain structural parameters, especially changes in solvent accessible surface areas have considerable predictive power. In this paper, we provide a physical foundation to that parametrization and in the process we present a system of equations that explicitly includes the enthalpic effects of the packing density between the different atoms within the protein molecule. Using this approach, the error in the prediction of folding/unfolding enthalpies at 60 degrees C, the median temperature for thermal unfolding, is better than +/- 3% (standard deviation = 4 kcal/mol).
Normal shock location in adiabatic constant- area ducts with friction.

is the same as the circular array radio telescope at Culgoora, Australia. In summary, the power of coding techniques is demonstrated by the novel image coded x-ray camera with the following properties: a) all other cameras require pointing stability during exposure; the SCX camera requires only spin stability, b) it uses the most advanced single element detector, c) it has no moving parts, d) the signal is one-dimensional periodic in time, enabling simple telemetry, e) the signal is repetitive and is easily time-averaged to enhance signal/noise ratio, and f) has a larger aperture and a wider field of view than previously possible.
Release of endogenous excitatory amino acids from turtle photoreceptors

Responses to light are transmitted from photoreceptors to second-order retinal neurons by chemical synapses that may use an excitatory amino acid (EAA) as the neurotransmitter. This hypothesis is based primarily on the pharmacological actions of EAA agonists and antagonists on the membrane potentials and light responses of second-order neurons. But the release of endogenous EAAs, which is a critical criterion for the identification of EAAs as transmitters, has not been demonstrated. Here we report the use of outside-out membrane patches excised from rat hippocampal neurons to detect the release of EAAs from synaptic terminals of isolated turtle photoreceptors. Electrical stimulation of or application of lanthanum chloride to photoreceptors induced an increase in the frequency of opening of 50-pS channels in the patches. These channels were identified as the class of glutamate-activated channels that are also gated by aspartate and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate). In several photoreceptor-patch pairs, spontaneous channel activity was observed near the synaptic terminals. These results provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis that both rods and cones of the turtle use an EAA as their neurotransmitter.
Analysis of the present and future winter Pacific-North American teleconnection in the ECHAM5 global and RegCM3 regional climate models

We use the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (NCEP) and the MPI/ECHAM5 general circulation model to drive the RegCM3 regional climate model to assess the ability of the models to reproduce the spatiotemporal aspects of the Pacific-North American teleconnection (PNA) pattern. Composite anomalies of the NCEP-driven RegCM3 simulations for 1982–2000 indicate that the regional model is capable of accurately simulating the key features (500-hPa heights, surface temperature, and precipitation) of the positive and negative phases of the PNA with little loss of information in the downscaling process. The basic structure of the PNA is captured in both the ECHAM5 global and ECHAM5-driven RegCM3 simulations. The 1950–2000 ECHAM5 simulation displays similar temporal and spatial variability in the PNA index as that of NCEP; however, the magnitudes of the positive and negative phases are weaker than those of NCEP. The RegCM3 simulations clearly differentiate the climatology and associated anomalies of snow water equivalent and soil moisture of the positive and negative PNA phases. In the RegCM3 simulations of the future (2050–2100), changes in the location and extent of the Aleutian low and the continental high over North America alter the dominant flow patterns associated with positive and negative PNA modes. The future projections display a shift in the patterns of the relationship between the PNA and surface climate variables, which suggest the potential for changes in the PNA-related surface hydrology of North America.
Self-Control, Moral Beliefs, and Criminal Activity

ABSTRACT Criminologists have paid close but independent attention to the role of self-control and moral beliefs in shaping criminal/deviant activity. This line of research suggests that (low) self-control relates to antisocial behavior while (high) moral beliefs inhibits it. There is good reason to believe, however, that moral beliefs moderate the relationship between self-control and antisocial behavior such that under conditions of high moral beliefs, low self-control does not relate to crime while under conditions of low moral beliefs it does. Using data collected from over 300 young adults, we assess this moderation hypothesis with two distinct crimes, one instrumental, the other expressive/retaliatory. With one exception, our results provide good support for this moderation hypothesis. Future theoretical and research directions are noted.
A summary measure of client level of functioning: progress and challenges for use within mental health agencies.

A summary measure of clients’ level of functioning could assist mental health agencies to better document and evaluate their services. Currently, numerous state mental health authorities collect a level of functioning measure within a management information system on virtually all clients served with state resources. The uses of these data include describing the clientele, defining a priority population for services, preparing performance indicators and measuring contract obligations. However, clearer delineation of the construct of functioning, further exploration of the psychometric properties of the instruments and stricter procedures to ensure the accuracy of data would result in data that are more useful for both management and research.
Inducing Cooperation for Optimal Coexistence in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Game Theoretic Approach

Current coexistence protocols employed for contention by collocated Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), such as the IEEE 802.22 WRAN, assume that the contending networks do not have any preference over the set of available channels. Having channels with different quality parameters can lead to an imbalance in contention for disparate channels, degraded quality of service and an overall inefficient utilization of spectrum resources. In this paper, we analyze this situation from a game theoretic perspective and model coexistence of CRNs as a non-cooperative, repeated general-sum game with perfect information. We demonstrate that due to the possibility of its centralized as well as a distributed implementation, the correlated equilibrium is a practical solution for the problems of inefficiency and unfairness of Nash Equilibria. It not only induces voluntary cooperation among non-cooperative CRNs and results in optimum spectrum utilization but also results in an egalitarian equilibrium which maximizes the minimum payoff for every CRN.
In vivo measurement of cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow using 17O magnetic resonance imaging.

We used 17O NMR imaging techniques to measure the H217O concentration in a 0.8-ml voxel in the cat brain following injection of an arterial bolus of enriched H217O and during inhalation of enriched 17O2. We also measured the H217O concentration in arterial blood during 17O2 inhalation. The data from the first measurement were used to calculate the blood flow in the voxel. The data from all three measurements were combined to calculate the oxygen consumption in the voxel. The values of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption calculated with 17O NMR techniques agree reasonably well with values calculated for a similar region of the cat brain using autoradiographic techniques. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Bidirectional List 2 learning and the A-B, C-A transfer paradigm

A paired-associate transfer experiment, using CVC lists, compared the A-B, C-A paradigm to the A-B, C-D control The second variable in the factorial design was the direction of List 2 learning, either forward or bidirectional. List 1 was practiced until learned, and List 2 until two successive errorless trials. Bidirectional learning was reliably slower than forward learning alone. A follow-up test of List 1 associative matching, using A-B, C-D as the baseline, showed reliable unlearning for the bidirectional A-B, C-A group, falling short with the forward learning group. Additional sources of List 2 facilitation apparently compensated for the added bidirectional interference.
"Extra" optic fibers exclude normal fibers from tectal regions in goldfish.

A small group of selected optic fibers were surgically deflected from one tectum into the other, thus creating a novel additional projection originating from a small area of ipsilateral retina. The normal fibers to this "recipient" tectum were also severed so that both the deflected and the normal fibers regrew into this tectum at about the same time. The reinnervation pattern was analyzed by autoradiography and electrophysiologic mapping. Both techniques showed that the deflected fibers and the "normal" fibers failed to intermix. The deflected fibers typically formed several well-defined patches of innervation in roughly the appropriate region of denervated recipient tectum. The normal fibers filled in the remaining uninnervated tectal areas and were completely or nearly completely exculded from the patches occupied by the deflected fibers. This segregation was often quite sharp having an apparent average overlap less than 25-50 micron. The electrophysiology indicated that the projections of both deflected and normal fibers were retinotopically organized but that the mapping by the normal fibers was compressed. This compression, an apparent consequence of being squeezed onto a smaller than normal region of tectum, was similar to that previously observed following ablations of part of the tectum. The negligible surgical damage in the present experiment, however, excludes the kind of cytochemical reorganization previously suggested to produce compression. The findings also provide evidence for a competitive type of interaction between optic fibers.
Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase in human tissues

Abstract Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase (saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP + , lysine-forming) EC 1.5.1.8 from human liver has been partially purified and characterized. A spectrophotometric assay is described. The Michaelis constants have been determined for lysine (1.5 · 10 −3 M), α-ketoglutarate (1 · 10 −3 M) and NADPH (8 · 10 −5 M). The pH optimum is 7.8. The enzyme is product inhibited. The specificity of the enzyme, response to inhibitors, pH and thermal stability are reported. Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase is present in high concentration in liver and heart, to a lesser degree in kidney and skin and in trace amounts in several other tissues. Saccharopine dehydrogenase (saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD + , l -glutamate-forming) EC 1.5.1.9) was demonstrable only in liver and kidney. Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase reacts effecttively with δ-hydroxylysine.
Vanishing Horizontal Sea Surface Temperature Gradients at Low Wind Speeds

Sea surface temperature (SST) is a result of multiple interactions in air-sea processes. During days with strong insolation and low wind speed, there may be uneven net heating of the water layer near the surface of the ocean, when there are horizontal temperature gradients at the sea surface. Cooling of the water caused by evaporation, sensible, or longwave radiative, heat loss would be greater from warm water compared to that from relatively cold water. As a result, under low wind speed conditions and clear skies, the horizontal SST discontinuities, occurring at fronts, eddies, or in storm wakes, may diminish or even vanish. This phenomenon is illustrated here with some field and modelling results. The dependence on latitude and mean environmental conditions of the difference in warming on the cold and warm side of SST discontinuities is explored. The time dependence is important for the impact on remote sensing of SST, and it is found to be short enough that substantial masking of SST gradients can occur during the first six hours of the diurnal heating cycle, but the effect would continue to grow if calm and solar heating persist for several subsequent days. An integrated effect of this uneven net heating is seen in the seasonal masking of subsurface temperature gradients in the Gulf of Mexico and Florida Straits.
Responses of Estuarine Phytoplankton Communities to Nitrogen Form and Mixing Using Microcosm Bioassays

We examined the effects of different forms of nitrogen and mixed versus static conditions on the structure and function of natural Neuse River estuary phytoplankton communities incubated in 66-liter microcosms in March, May, August, and November 1999. Significant differences were found between effects of mixed versus static treatments in three of four experiments, but no differences were observed between effects of different forms of nitrogen. Mixed incubations resulted in higher contributions of diatoms to total community biomass (measured as chlorophyll a) than in static tanks in May. Significantly higher rates of carbon fixation were also observed, likely due to increased suspension of diatoms in surface (illuminated) layers of the tanks. In August, we found significantly higher abundances of cyano- bacteria, total community biomass, and rates of carbon fixation in static tanks than in tanks that were mixed. In Novem- ber, static incubations showed significantly higher abundances of cryptophytes resulting in higher total community bio- mass and rates of carbon fixation in static tanks than in mixed tanks. Nitrogen additions significantly increased total community biomass relative to controls in May and August, indicating that the communities were nitrogen-limited at these times. We conclude that while nitrogen additions may result in increases in phytoplankton biomass when nitrogen is limiting, phytoplankton community structure in the Neuse River Estuary may be determined more by the hydrodynam- ics of the system (mixing versus stratification) than by the form of nitrogen available for growth.
A miniaturized, low-profile, omni-directional ultra-wideband antenna

Vertically-polarized antennas with omnidirectional radiation characteristics have been the subject of many studies in the past. These antennas are commonly used for many communications applications, particularly military communications at the HF, VHF, and UHF frequency bands. In such applications, physically large monopole (whip) antennas are widely used. However, such monopole antennas suffer from a number of practical challenges. First, to radiate efficiently, monopole antennas need to be at least a quarter of a wavelength long. Therefore, it is not uncommon to see several-meters long whip antennas used at HF and VHF frequency bands. Such physically large antenna dimensions present numerous practical and security challenges in many military communications systems. Second, whip antennas tend to be narrowband and seldom can they cover the entire HF or VHF band without the use of external antenna tuners. This limits the application of such antennas in radio systems that exploit waveforms with instantaneously wide bandwidths. Therefore, compact wideband antennas that radiate like vertically-polarized monopoles but can cover an extremely large instantaneous bandwidths are desired.
A current-steering DAC-based CMOS ultra-wideband transmitter with bi-phase modulation

In this paper, the design and simulation of a CMOS ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter using TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology is presented. The operating frequency band of the transmitter is from 3 to 10 GHz for the application of UWB communications. The structure of the transmitter is based on the current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The design has the feature of high-tunability and easy adoption of modulations. The simulation results show that the output of the transmitter complies with the FCC regulations and has a power consumption of 32 mW at a 50 MHz pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
Technical Communique: Solution of the state-dependent noise optimal control problem in terms of Lyapunov iterations

In this paper we present the solution to the algebraic Riccati-type equation of the state-dependent noise linear-quadratic optimal control problem in terms of algebraic Lyapunov iterations. By properly initializing the sequence of algebraic Lyapunov iterations we got monotonic convergence from above to the positive-definite stabilizing solution of the algebraic Riccati-type equation (the solution that represents the optimal solution to the corresponding optimal control problem). The proposed algorithm requires much less computational efforts than those previously used to solve the same problem.
Efficiency penalty of photon-counting with timing jitter

Photon-counting is known to be the practically most efficient means for detection of free-space optical communications. Data rates will always be limited, however, by the speed at which such devices can operate. We calculate here the performance one can expect as one demands speeds so fast that device-limiting timing jitter substantially corrupts the measurements.
Relative prices and the demand for money

Abstract This paper examines the validity of the conventional specification of money demand with particular reference to the issue of relative prices. It is shown that the conventional money demand function is based on the assumption of weak separability of money from commodities, which forms the basis for the absence of relative prices in money demand. Empirical and presumptive evidence suggests that weak separability is not tenable, implying that relative prices are important in money demand. The inclusion of commodity prices in money demand significantly affects the interest and income elasticity estimates. Finally, it is noted that the aggregate consumption function excluding commodity prices also has no theoretical and empirical base.
SIMULATING SECONDARY SUCCESSION OF ELK FORAGE VALUES IN A MANAGED FOREST LANDSCAPE, WESTERN WASHINGTON

Modern timber management practices often influence forage production for elk (Cervus elaphus) on broad temporal and spatial scales in forested landscapes. We incorporated site-specific information on postharvesting forest succession and forage characteristics in a simulation model to evaluate past and future influences of forest management practices on forage values for elk in a commercially managed Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, PSME)-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla, TSHE) forest in western Washington. We evaluated future effects of: (1) clear-cut logging 0, 20, and 40% of harvestable stands every five years; (2) thinning 20-year-old Douglas fir forests; and (3) reducing the harvesting cycle from 60 to 45 years. Reconstruction of historical patterns of vegetation succession indicated that forage values peaked in the 1960s and declined from the 1970s to the present, but recent values still were higher than may have existed in the unmanaged landscape in 1945. Increased forest harvesting rates had little short-term influence on forage trends because harvestable stands were scarce. Simulations of forest thinning also produced negligible benefits because thinning did not improve forage productivity appreciably at the stand level. Simulations of reduced harvesting cycles shortened the duration of declining forage values from approximately 30 to 15 years. We concluded that simulation models are useful tools for examining landscape responses of forage production to forest management strategies, but the options examined provided little potential for improving elk forages in the immediate future.
An investigation of film-cooling effectiveness and skin friction in hypersonic turbulent flow

Flat plate surface film cooling by two dimensional tangent slot injection in hypersonic turbulent flow, measuring equilibrium temperatures and skin friction
Effective rates of protection and the Fordney–McCumber and Smoot–Hawley Tariff Acts

This study presents the first calcualtions of effective rates of protection for 1920, 1923 and the first and second half of 1930 for the United States economy disaggregated to 39 sectors. The calculated changes in the effective on the United States economy of the Emergency and Fordney–McCumber tariff acts of 1921 and 1922 and of the Smooth–Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. The results suggest that the Emergency and Fordney–McCumber tariff acts resulted in a much larger increase in the level of protection given to American industry than the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. Further, the results indicate that Smoot-Hawley had a small effect on the level of protection.
Combined STEM/STXM Elemental Quantification for Cometary Particles

We present a case study of elemental quantification for a chromite grain retrieved from Comet 81P/ Wild2 via NASA’s Stardust mission[1]. The sample was especially challenging for a number of reasons: 1) The sample is a 1 x 0.5 x 1.5 µm unique, irreplacable grain with irregular morphology. 2) The sample is surrounded by a glass rim of variable thickness. 3) Trace element V should be known to about 1 part per thousand to answer pertinent scientific questions, but 4) The Ti Kβ peak interferes with V Kα in EDX. The sample was the terminal particle in Stardust track C2052,2,74, and was prepared by embedding in epoxy, ultramicrotoming sections ~100 nm thick, and positioning on a Cu TEM grid with an amorphous carbon subtrate prepared by Ladd Research. It was then studied with a STEM/EDX, (Philips CM200/Oxford at the National Center for Electron Microscopy) and STXM (Beamline 11.0.2 at the Advanced Light Source[2]) in order to obtain exact elemental quantification and constrain geothermometric and geobarometric formation conditions. We focus on the elemental quantification issues here. The final composition of the chromite grain is shown in table 1 which combines STXM and TEM results.
Semantic Learning for Audio Applications: A Computer Vision Approach

Recent work in machine learning has significantly benefited semantic extraction tasks in computer vision, particularly for object recognition and image retrieval. We argue that the computer vision techniques that have been successfully applied in those settings can effectively be translated to other domains, such as audio. This claim is supported by recent results in music vs. speech classification, structure from sound, robust music identification and sound object recognition. This paper focuses on two such audio applications and demonstrates how ideas from computer vision map naturally to these problems.