cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indium Fluoroalkoxide Compounds

Reactions of indium amide complexes with fluorinated alcohols give indium fluoroalkoxide complexes. In[N-t-Bu(SiMe(3))](3) reacts with 3 equiv of (CF(3))Me(2)COH to give the homoleptic alkoxide dimer [In{m-OCMe(2)(CF(3))}{OCMe(2)(CF(3))}(2)](2), but reactions involving the more acidic alcohols (CF(3))(2)MeCOH and (CF(3))(2)CHOH yield products containing t-BuNH(2), which is derived from the amide ligands. Thus, In[N-t-Bu(SiMe(3))](3) reacts with (CF(3))(2)MeCOH to give In[OCMe(CF(3))(2)](3)(H(2)N-t-Bu) and with (CF(3))(2)CHOH to yield In[OCH(CF(3))(2)](3)(H(2)N-t-Bu)(3) and [H(3)N-t-Bu][In{OCH(CF(3))(2)}(4)(H(2)N-t-Bu)]. Reactions of (CF(3))(2)MeCOH and (CF(3))(2)CHOH with In(tmp)(3) (tmp = the anion derived from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) and In(NEt(2))(3) are less complicated. In(tmp)(3) reacts with 3 equiv of (CF(3))(2)CHOH to give In[OCH(CF(3))(2)](3)(Htmp) and with 4 equiv of (CF(3))(2)CHOH or (CF(3))(2)MeCOH to yield the salt compounds [H(2)tmp][In{OCR(CF(3))(2)}(4)] (R = H, Me). Trigonal bipyramidal [H(2)NEt(2)][In{OCH(CF(3))(2)}(4)(HNEt(2))] and octahedral mer-In[OCMe(CF(3))(2)](3)(py)(3) are isolated from reactions involving In(NEt(2))(3). Crystal structure determinations of [In{m-OCMe(2)(CF(3))}{OCMe(2)(CF(3))}(2)](2), [H(3)N-t-Bu][In{OCH(CF(3))(2)}(4)(H(2)N-t-Bu)].EtOEt, In[OCH(CF(3))(2)](3)(Htmp), [H(2)tmp][In{OCMe(CF(3))(2)}(4)], In[OCMe(CF(3))(2)](3)(py)(3), and [H(2)NEt(2)][In{OCH(CF(3))(2)}(4)(HNEt(2))] were carried out.
Interannual variations of tropical upper tropospheric humidity and tropical rainy‐region SST: Comparisons between models, reanalyses, and observations

[1] Tropical deep convection plays a key role in the vertical transport of moisture to the upper troposphere. Here we investigate relations between the interannual anomalies of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical strong precipitation regions (rainy-region SST) and tropical upper tropospheric humidity (UTH), as seen from the ECMWF ERA-40 and ERA-interim reanalyses, AIRS observations, and four global climate model (GCM) simulations from the IPCC AR4 archive. Important differences are found between the two reanalyses and between models and observations/reanalyses. The mean correlation coefficients between interannual anomalies of UTH (250–400 mb) and rainy-region SST are 0.46 for the ECMWF ERA-40 but 0.86 for ERA-interim and 0.87 for the 6-year AIRS data, which are all higher than their counterparts when the tropical-mean SST anomalies are used instead. All GCMs exhibit systematically stronger correlations (∼0.95) for both types of SST anomalies. Fractional changes of UTH anomalies with respect to the two types of SST anomalies are also examined. Using modeled and reanalyses tropical temperature profiles as input, an idealizing model that assumes deep convection for the only source of water vapor is used to compute the UTH variations. Except for the case of ECMWF ERA-40, the idealized model reasonably reproduces the UTH profiles at 250 and 300 mb for all other cases, corroborating the dominate control of deep convection on the humidity in these layers. The UTH at 200 mb derived from the idealized model is 1.5 to 2 times more humid than those from the GCMs and reanalyses, suggesting the importance of drying mechanisms at this level and probably above. Possible causes for the outlier behavior of ERA-40 are also discussed.
The Esophageal Wall

The esophagus spans three body cavities and has no mesentery, continually borrowing or sharing vessels, lymphatics, and nerves with associated organs. However, constant along this path is an intricate mural structure. An understanding of the esophageal wall, its blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and innervation is essential for successful esophageal surgery.
Evidence-Based Pediatric Pain Management in Emergency Departments of a Rural State

Abstract Evidence-based pediatric pain management (EBPPM) has been identified as a practice too often overlooked in Emergency Departments (EDs). Studies show EBPPM is practiced inconsistently in urban EDs, and even less is known about the practice in rural EDs. The objectives of this study were: A) Determine the frequencies with which specific EBPPM practices are used in EDs of a primarily rural state; and B) Explore the differences in EBPPM practice in Critical Access, rural, and urban hospital EDs. A web-based survey, measuring the use of 14 EBPPM practices, was offered to all licensed independent providers (Medical Doctors, Doctors of Osteopathy, Physicians’ Assistants, and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners) and nurses from the 118 hospital EDs in a rural state. Responses from 259 providers and 1,177 nurses revealed that the majority of respondents infrequently used any type of topical analgesic before venipuncture or IV insertion in children, or oral sucrose for infant procedures. Tests for group differences show that providers from urban EDs more frequently used a topical analgesic for suturing lacerations, provided analgesics for blood draws, and gave pain medication to children with abdominal pain. Nurses from urban hospitals used significantly more EBPPM practices than nurses from Critical Access and rural hospitals (P Perspective In hospitals of all types, ED providers and nurses fail to take advantage of EBPPM practices. This study reveals that health professionals in rural settings are particularly in need of improving the use of recommended pediatric pain management practices.
SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM AS A FOUNDATION TO UNIFIED SPATIAL COMMODITY MODELING

Various approaches to modeling spatial commodity flows are critically examined. Starting with the linear programming transportation problem, it is found that the properties of the spatial equilibrium model tan be served as a foundation to a host of other models. The convergence of some key characteristics embedded in these models indicates that the spatial price equilibrium model is indeed an important cornerstone upon which the entropy formulations, imperfect competition and spatial econometric models are built.
The impact of alcohol use on the sexual scripts of HIV‐positive men who have sex with men

The literature has failed to form a consensus on the association between alcohol use and unsafe sex among samples of men who have sex with men (MSM). Although drinking behavior may not be causally related to unsafe sex, it is possible that alcohol use plays a role in sexual scripts. In this paper, we assessed the role that alcohol use plays in the sexual experiences of HIV‐seropositive MSM in terms of sexual script theory. An ethnically diverse sample (81% men of color) of HIV‐positive MSM with alcohol use disorders from the New York City metropolitan area was recruited from a variety of settings frequented by such men. A critical incident measure was used to qualitatively assess contextual issues regarding participants’ most recent incident of unsafe sex while under the influence of alcohol. Qualitative analysis revealed three basic sexual scripts involving alcohol: routine, spontaneous, and taboo. Each script had its own sources of risk for unsafe sex. Interventions targeting alcohol use and unsafe sex ...
The cosmic ray solar diurnal anisotropy

This paper reviews the present state of knowledge concerning the diurnal and semidiurnal variations in the galactic cosmic ray intensity. The analytical procedures that are required for extracting from the original data the desired information concerning the characteristics of the anisotropies outside the magnetosphere are described. These include corrections for atmospheric fluctuations, the determination of the amplitudes and phases of the daily variations, and their interpretation in terms of the free space anisotropies that give rise to them. The experimental results concerning the 24-h wave, including its long-term variations with periods of one and two solar cycles, and the characteristics of the total diurnal anisotropy are then discussed. The semidiurnal anisotropy is considered next. Transient anisotropies which manifest themselves as day-to-day variations, recurrence tendencies, cosmic ray storms, and diurnal variation trains, and which can introduce appreciable changes in the spectral parameters, are also of interest. The evolution of theoretical models developed to account for the diurnal and semidiurnal anisotropies, and fluctuations thereof, are then discussed in the light of the experimental results. Finally, the general features that are now well established, and the nature of the remaining problems, are summarized.
Preparation and properties of poly(alkyl vinyl ether‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) diblock copolymers

A method for the synthesis of well-defined poly(alkyl vinyl ether–2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) diblock copolymers with hydrolytically stable block linkages has been developed. Monofunctional poly(alkyl vinyl ether) oligomers with nearly Poisson molecular weight distributions were prepared via a living cationic polymerization method using chloroethyl vinyl ether together with HI/ZnI2 as the initiating system and lithium borohydride as the termination reagent. Using the resultant chloroethyl ether functional oligomers in combination with sodium iodide as macroinitiators, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline was polymerized in chlorobenzene/NMP to afford diblock copolymers. A series of poly(methyl vinyl ether–2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) diblock materials were found to have polydispersities of ≈ 1.3–1.4 and are microphase separated as indicated by two Tg's in their DSC thermograms. These copolymers are presently being used as model materials to study fundamental parameters important for steric stabilization of dispersions in polar media. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
P‐21: Jet‐Printed All‐Additive Active‐Matrix Pixel Circuits on Low‐Temperature Flexible Substrates

Flexible active-matrix pixel circuits were fabricated in an all-additive method using solution- processed materials and ink jet-printing. The prototype TFT arrays with 50×50 pixels (680μm pixel pitch) are based on polymeric semiconductor, a polymeric gate dielectric and metal nanoparticle conductors maintaining the maximum process temperature below 200°C. The measured TFT and pixel performance is promising for paper-like displays.
Caching and Scheduling for Broadcast Disk Systems

Unicast connections lead to performance and scalability problems when a large client population attempts to access the same data. Broadcast push and broadcast disk technology address the problem by broadcasting data items from a server to a large number of clients. Broadcast disk performance depends mainly on caching strategies at the client site and on how the broadcast is scheduled at the server site. An on-line broadcast disk paging strategy makes caching decisions without knowing future page requests or access probabilities. This paper gives new implementations of existing on-line algorithms and reports on extensive empirical investigations. The gray algorithm [Khanna and Liberatore 2000] always outperformed other on-line strategies on both synthetic and Web traces. Moreover, caching limited the skewness of broadcast schedules, and led to favor efficient caching algorithms over refined scheduling strategies when the cache was large.
A new mobile passive radar designed for transmitters up to 1.5 GHz for detection of aerospace and geoscience targets

Passive radar permits inexpensive and stealthy detection and tracking of aerospace and geoscience targets. Transmitters of opportunity such as commercial FM broadcast, DTV broadcast, and cell phone towers are already illuminating many populated areas with continuous power. Passive radar receivers can be located at a distance from the transmitter, and can sense this direct transmission as well as any reflections from ground clutter, aircraft, ionospheric turbulence and meteoroids. The 100% duty cycle allows for long coherent integration, increasing the sensitivity of these instruments greatly. Presented here is a new passive radar receiver designed to analyze any transmission of opportunity with frequencies up to 1.5 GHz without the use of a front end analog downconverter. The receiver centers around a Reconfigurable Open Architecture Computing Hardware (ROACH) board developed by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER) group. The radar is designed for mobile operation. It fits within a 19" rack, it is equipped with solid state hard drives, and can run off an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) for up to 1 hour of continuous operation. In this paper we describe technical details of the hardware, firmware, and software of the system including the use of polyphase filtering in lieu of traditional digital downconversion. We describe the use of the cross-ambiguity function as a detection mechanism. We present preliminary results of detections from this radar. In stationary operation, the same helicopter has been detected using two different DTV transmissions. We present early results of mobile operation, in which the doppler-spread ground clutter and possible detection of aircraft can be seen, again with the use of DTV broadcast. Finally, we detail future developments to exploit the full capabilities of this versatile new system.
Partially quenched nucleon-nucleon scattering

Nucleon-nucleon scattering is studied to next-to-leading order in a partially-quenched extension of an effective field theory used to describe multi-nucleon systems in QCD. The partially-quenched nucleon-nucleon amplitudes will play an important role in relating lattice simulations of the two-nucleon sector to nature.
The use of thermodynamic simulation for the selection of hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys for semi-solid metal processing

Abstract Currently, established hypoeutectic aluminum–silicon foundry alloys such as aluminum A356 and 357 alloys are also used for semi-solid metal (SSM) processing. Process inconsistencies arising from the use of these alloys are partly due to variations in the fraction solid due to temperature variations. Consequently, the process would be more robust if the alloys were tailored such that the fraction solid variation in the temperature range of operation was minimized. For this purpose, thermodynamic simulations have been carried out to determine the fraction solid and fraction solid variation of hypoeutectic aluminum–silicon alloys as a function of processing temperature, process temperature variation, and silicon and magnesium composition. The fraction solid variation is calculated over a composition range that includes A356 and 357 alloys, and alternate and more desirable fraction solids and alloy compositions that maximize the processing temperature window are suggested for SSM processing.
Evaluating a price change limit rule in a simulated exchange

Intervention in commodity and capital asset markets is frequently justified by those who point to the reduction in price variability that might be achieved. In this paper a simulation of a centralized exchange for single commodity is made. Two modes of operation for the exchange are compared; one requires no intervention of any sort while the other imposes a limit in the period to period price change that may occur. It is found that imposing the price limit significantly changes three of the four market performance measures studied: price variance, fraction of all orders executed, average waiting time before execution, and daily dollar volume. Of these only waiting time is not significantly affected.
Hydrogen production by water dissociation using mixed conducting dense ceramic membranes

Abstract Significant amounts of hydrogen or oxygen can be generated at moderate temperatures (500–900 °C) if a mixed-conducting (i.e., electron- and ion-conducting) membrane is used to remove either oxygen or hydrogen as it is generated. We demonstrated this in a previous study using cermet (i.e., ceramic–metal composite) membranes composed of an oxygen ion conductor, Gd-doped CeO 2 (CGO), and an electronic conductor, Ni. In the present study, we show several ways to increase the hydrogen production rate by water dissociation with mixed-conducting membranes. Producing CGO/Ni membranes with a finer microstructure enlarged the triple-phase-boundary area, and increased the hydrogen production rate to ≈ 10 cm 3 ( STP ) / min - cm 2 . Using a single-phase, mixed-conducting membranes [ SrFeCo 0.5 O x ( SFC 2 ) ] also produced higher hydrogen production rates, relative to dual-phase cermet membranes.
THE UTILIZATION OF MODIFIED GAS ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING FOR FRESH MEAT: A REVIEW

Distribution and packaging methods that are used for fresh meats have changed drastically over the past decade from primarily the shipment of carcasses to vacuum packaged primal cuts. Research efforts are now being directed at the replacement of vacuum packaging with modified gas atmospheres which may be more cost efficient and reduce trim losses. This paper reviews some of the more current research which has been conducted in modified gas atmosphere packaging.
On the Nonexistence of Certain Normal Forms in the Logic of Provability

G is the system of propositional modal logic whose axioms are all tautologies and all sentences □( A → B ) → (□ A → □ B ) and □(□ A → A ) → □ A and whose rules are modus ponens and necessitation. For the connections between G and provability in formal systems, see [3] and [2]. A letterless sentence is a modal sentence that contains no sentence letters at all. In [1] the author showed (in effect) the existence of simple normal forms in G for letterless sentences: every letterless sentence is equivalent in G to a truth-functional compound of sentences ⋄ r ⊤ (⋄ 0 B = B ; ⋄ r+1 B = ⋄ ⋄ r+1 B. ⊤ is the 0-ary connective that is always evaluated as true; we assume that the language contains ⊤ as a primitive.) A family of sets { H n } n∈ω of modal sentences that contain no sentence letters other than some fixed one (say p ) was introduced by Solovay in [3]: H 0 = the set of sentences equivalent in G to one of p , − p , ⊤, and ⊥; H n+x = the set of sentences equivalent in G to a truth-functional combination of sentences ⋄ r B , where r ∈ ω and B ∈ H n . (This definition of the H n 's differs inessentially from the one given in [3].) Since r may = 0, H n ⊆ H n+1 and thus if m ≤ n, H m ⊆ H n ; every modal sentence containing no letter other than p is in some H n . It follows from the normal form theorem for letterless sentences that every letterless sentence is in H 1 . In [3] Solovay stated without proof a result about the sets H n : for every n, H n ⊊ H n+1 ; equivalently, for every n , there is a sentence containing no letter other than p not in H n . Thus the existence of a normal form for letterless sentences is a very special feature of these sentences, for Solovay's result shows that normal forms like those obtainable for letterless sentences are not to be found in general. He takes this result to be one reason for regarding the Lindenbaum algebra in G of sentences containing no letter other than p as much more complicated than that of letterless sentences.
Active Zone Localization of Presynaptic Calcium Channels Encoded by the cacophony Locus of Drosophila

Presynaptic calcium channels play a central role in chemical synaptic transmission by providing the calcium trigger for evoked neurotransmitter release. These voltage-gated calcium channels are composed of a primary structural subunit, alpha1, as well as auxiliary beta and alpha2delta subunits. Our previous genetic, molecular, and functional analysis has shown that the cacophony (cac) gene encodes a primary presynaptic calcium channel alpha1 subunit in Drosophila. Here we report that transgenic expression of a cac-encoded alpha1 subunit fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein efficiently rescues cac lethal mutations and allows in vivo analysis of calcium channel localization at active zones. The results reported here further characterize the primary role of cac-encoded calcium channels in neurotransmitter release. In addition, these studies provide a unique genetic tool for live imaging of functional presynaptic calcium channels in vivo and define a molecular marker for immunolocalization of other presynaptic proteins relative to active zones. These findings are expected to facilitate additional analysis of synaptic development and function in this important model system.
Effects of temperature and water on critical oxygen tension of turtle embryos

The influences of temperature and water on the ability of turtle embryos to tolerate hypoxia were investigated by measuring critical oxygen tension, Pc, at different levels of temperature (22, 27, and 32°C) and hydric conditions (3 and 13% gravimetric water content). Eggs were half-buried in sand with 3 or 13% gravimetric water content and incubated at a constant 30°C. Using a closed metabolic chamber, oxygen consumption, , was measured at decreasing oxygen tensions. Embryonic varied as a function of incubation day and temperature, whereas the Pc differed among temperatures but not among incubation days. At a given incubation day, the Pc increased in direct proportion to temperature. Eggs incubated in sand with 13% gravimetric water content achieved greater mass at days 30 and 39 than did those in sand with 3% gravimetric water content. However, , Pc, and masses of yolk-free hatchlings were similar in the two hydric conditions, indicating that hypoxic tolerance of turtle eggs is not curtailed by excessive water absorption. The similarity in Pc is likely attributable to the small /surface area ratio of turtle eggs. Within the range of parameters studied, temperature, but not water, can modify the Pc of turtle embryos. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
El enfermo valvular inoperable: ¿deberíamos ofrecer sustitución valvular percutánea?

El recambio valvular quirurgico es el tratamiento de eleccion en los pacientes con enfermedad valvular severa. Sin embargo, los datos publicados demuestran inequivocamente que la supervivencia a largo plazo esta muy comprometida en los casos en que la reserva inotropica es baja y, ademas, un creciente numero de pacientes (se estima en un 15% en el caso de la estenosis aortica) presenta un deterioro clinico tan avanzado que no se los admite para cirugia, por el tan elevado riesgo de muerte relacionado con la intervencion. La valvuloplastia con balon por via percutanea puede ser una alternativa menos agresiva, que se ofrece como tratamiento paliativo capaz de alargar las expectativas de vida del paciente y proporcionar mejorias hemodinamica y clinica inmediatas. En este contexto, la posibilidad de realizar un implante valvular por via percutanea se presenta como una nueva opcion desde que el Dr. Cribier describiera por primera vez este procedimiento en el tratamiento de un paciente con estenosis aortica severa. Desde esa primera intervencion, tanto la tecnica de abordaje como el material de las protesis han experimentado un gran desarrollo. La valoracion de la seguridad y la eficacia del implante valvular percutaneo ha tropezado con importantes dificultades, en buena medida derivadas del riesgo que conlleva el manejo de pacientes de edad avanzada con alta comorbilidad. En Estados Unidos se ha llegado incluso a suspender un estudio clinico por la muerte de 2 de los primeros 4 pacientes intervenidos. Otros estudios llevados a cabo en otros paises, aunque todavia con un numero de pacientes escaso, estan obteniendo resultados mas esperanzadores. Ademas, el hecho de que en estas series la muerte se haya asociado frecuentemente a factores independientes del buen funcionamiento valvular ha hecho que la industria valore con optimismo el futuro de esta tecnica. La experiencia obtenida en la sustitucion de la valvula mitral por via percutanea ha sido peor. En resumen, la tecnica de sustitucion valvular por via percutanea, aunque en fase de desarrollo, se esta consolidando como una alternativa factible para el tratamiento del enfermo valvular inoperable, al menos en el caso de la valvula aortica.
Total Parenteral Nutrition Increases Serum Leptin Concentration in Hospitalized, Undernourished Patients

Background: The hormone leptin has putative roles in both body weight homeostasis (chronic) and satiety (acute). To determine if this dual regulation is observed in hospitalized, undernourished patients, serum leptin concentration was measured before and during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) infusion. Methods: Six consecutive patients were considered undernourished, as assessed by an independent multidisciplinary nutrition team, and TPN was prescribed at an initial rate of between 5023.2 and 7333.2 kJ in the first 24 hours. Serum leptin, insulin, and glucose were measured before the infusion and at 3 and 22 hours after initiation of TPN. Results: Baseline serum leptin concentrations correlated well with the patient's body mass index (BMI; r 2 =.85, p <.05). Three hours of TPN infusion produced only modest changes in circulating leptin. However, after 22 hours, leptin concentrations increased by 1.8 ± 0.5-fold (p <.05), and this increase was independent of any change in body weight. Conclusions: Basal leptin concentrations correlate well with BMI. TPN induces a rise in leptin concentration independent of body weight. Leptin secretion is dually regulated in hospitalized, undernourished patients.
Embodying justice: The making of Justice Sonia Sotomayor

Josh Chambers-Letson offers a study of the confirmation process of Sonia Sotomayor as she became the first Latina Justice on the United States Supreme Court. Interrogating the relationship between embodiment and justice, this article argues that US law has long produced particular types of bodies (traditionally white, male, and landed) as the ideal subjects of the nation. Thus, with the recent and ongoing integration of the institutions of national power, such as the US Supreme Court, the article questions how the rise of women and people of color into such institutions may affect power. Analyzing the confirmation process of Justice Sotomayor (and, in particular, the national furor over the phrase “wise Latina woman”), the article suggests that Sotomayor's ascension to the Court promised less an interruption into the normative forms of subjectivity produced by US law than might have been hoped for by many of her supporters on the left. Doing so, the article advocates for sustained critical attention to th...
A space-truss model for plain-weave coated fabrics

Abstract A coated fabric element is modelled by a stable geometrically nonlinear space truss and the problem formulated using matrix structural analysis. The solution is determined by solving the system's equations using the secant method. Results for a range of fabric properties and boundary loadings are presented. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the predictive capability of the model.
Abnormal Liver Function Tests as Biological Markers for Alcoholism in Narcotic Addicts

Liver Function Test (LFT) abnormalities are frequently observed in narcotic addicts. However, the role of alcohol in producing such changes remains unclear. In order to evaluate the effects of alcohol in producing LFT elevations as well as the use of routine LFTs to serve as biochemical markers for alcoholism in narcotic addicts, 612 addicts participating in a randomized control trial of intervention in alcoholism were studied. Baseline parameters including LFTs and history of alcohol use were obtained on entry into the study and subsequently periodically during follow-up which varied from 6 months to 2 years (mean 13.5 months). On entry to the study, 104 of 612 (17%) of addicts were classified as alcoholics. Mean values of LFTs (SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase, GGTP) in the alcoholic cohort were significantly increased compared to those among nonalcoholics (p < 0.01 to <0.001 for individual tests). Mean values of LFTs did not significantly change during methadone maintenance in either group. Although a ...
Manduca sexta Serpin-3 Regulates Prophenoloxidase Activation in Response to Infection by Inhibiting Prophenoloxidase-activating Proteinases

Many serine proteinase inhibitors of the serpin superfamily have evolved in vertebrates and invertebrates to regulate serine proteinase cascades that mediate the host defense responses. We have isolated an immune-responsive serpin from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. This inhibitor, M. sexta serpin-3, contains a reactive site loop strikingly similar to the proteolytic activation site in prophenoloxidase (pro-PO). Molecular cloning and sequence comparison indicate that serpin-3 is orthologous to Drosophila melanogaster serpin 27A, a regulator of melanization. M. sexta serpin-3 is constitutively present in hemolymph at a low concentration of 5-12 microg/ml and increases to 30-75 microg/ml after a microbial challenge. Recombinant serpin-3 efficiently blocks pro-PO activation in the hemolymph, and it forms SDS-stable acyl-enzyme complexes with purified pro-PO-activating proteinases (PAPs) from M. sexta. PAP-serpin-3 complexes were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography from hemolymph activated by treatment with Micrococcus luteus. Kinetic analysis of PAP-serpin-3 association strongly suggests that serpin-3 is a physiological regulator of the pro-PO activation reaction.
Studies of the protein synthesis system in the brain cortex during global ischemia and reperfusion

Previous studies have demonstrated that brain protein synthesis declines after global ischemia and reperfusion. To investigate the role of the translation system in this phenomenon, we examined the ability of partially purified ribosomes, ribosome-bound mRNA and translation cofactors derived from the transiently ischemic cerebral cortex to synthesize protein in vitro. Samples were prepared from canines subjected to 20-min cardiac arrest and after 2 or 8 h of post-resuscitation intensive care. There was no significant decrease in the rate of in vitro protein synthesis as a consequence of either ischemia or reperfusion. Northern hybridization of ribosome-bound RNA revealed a discrete band of mRNA for brain-specific creatine kinase (ck-bb) that was consistent in presence and intensity in all groups. However, mRNA for heat shock 70 protein (hsp-70) was observed only during reperfusion and markedly increased between 2 and 8 h reperfusion. Thus, we conclude that (1) the transcription system is intact during reperfusion and hsp-70 mRNA is made and translocated to the ribosomes during reperfusion, (2) mRNA for ck-bb is not displaced from ribosomes by the appearance of hsp-70 during reperfusion and (3) isolated ribosomes maintain their ability to translate in vitro during the first 8 h of reperfusion after global brain ischemia. Therefore, the early reduction in protein synthesis observed in vivo during post-ischemic brain reperfusion is not due to an intrinsic dysfunction of the ribosomes.
Plasma tissue factor plus activated peripheral mononuclear cells activate factors VII and X in cardiac surgical wounds.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that activated monocytes with soluble plasma tissue factor (pTF) activate factors VII and X to generate thrombin. Background Despite heparin, thrombin is progressively generated during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), produces intravascular fibrin and fibrinolysis, and causes serious thromboembolic and nonsurgical bleeding complications. Thrombin is primarily produced in the surgical wound, but mechanisms are unclear. Methods In 13 patients, interactions of mononuclear cells, platelets, pTF, and pTF fractions to activate factors VII and X were evaluated in pre-bypass, perfusate, and pericardial wound blood before and during CPB. Results Monocytes are activated in wound, but not in pre-bypass or perfusate plasma (monocyte chemotactic protein-1 = 29.5 ± 2.1 pmoles/l vs. 2.8 ± 1.2 pmoles/l and 3.3 ±1.4 pmoles/l, respectively). Wound pTF is substantially elevated compared to other locations (3.64 ± 0.45 pmoles/l vs. 0.71 ± 0.65 pmoles/l and 1.31 ± 1.4 pmoles/l). Supernatant wound pTF contains 81.7% of TF antigen; wound microparticle pTF contains 18.3%. Wound monocytes and all C5a-stimulated monocytes (but not activated platelets) completely convert factor VII to factor VIIa with wound pTF. Activated monocytes more efficiently activate factor X with wound supernatant TF/factor VII(VIIa) complex than with wound microparticle TF/factor VII(fVIIa). The correlation coefficient (r) between wound thrombin generation (F1.2) and wound pTF concentration is 0.944 (p = 0.0004). Conclusions During cardiac surgery with CPB, wound monocytes plus wound pTF or wound microparticle-free supernatant pTF preferentially accelerate activation of factor VII and factor X. This system represents a novel mechanism for thrombin generation via the TF coagulation pathway.
A Combinatorial Scaffold Approach toward Kinase-Directed Heterocycle Libraries

A novel strategy for efficient synthesis of various substituted heterocycles as kinase-directed combinatorial libraries is described. The general scheme involves capture of various dichloroheterocycles onto solid support and further elaborations by aromatic substitution with amines at elevated temperature or by anilines, boronic acids, and phenols via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, thus the scaffold itself is transformed into a diversity element within the combinatorial scheme. Libraries consisting of discrete and highly diverse heterocyclic small molecules constructed with these chemistries are currently being evaluated in a variety of cell and protein-based assays.
The Practice of Native American Christianity

The fields of Native American religious traditions and American religious history have reached something of a shared critical juncture. Although there has been a long standing scholarly interest on writing about missions to Native Americans from a variety of viewpoints, recent years have seen the publication of a number of fresh considerations of the diversity and texture of Native American Christianity—or better, native Christianities. Native communities have long woven the stories, signs, and practices of the Christian tradition into the fabric of their lifeways, in rich and resourceful ways, even under the direst of colonizing circumstances. But only recently has scholarship begun to take this fuller texture into account: most recently, Native and Christian (1996), edited by James Treat; Native American Religious Identity (1998), edited by Jace Weaver; Sergei Kan's Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through Two Centuries; Clara Sue Kidwell's Choctaws and Missionaries; and Christopher Vecsey's multivolume study of the varieties of native Catholicism, of which volume two, The Paths of Kateri's Kin (1998), is of most interest here. This recent scholarship reflects new perspectives of native scholars entering the field and more publications that anthologize a range of native Christian viewpoints into single volumes. It has also to do with more sustained accountability among normative scholars to native communities and the way that consultants in those communities imagine their religious lives.
Water and salt regulation in the antelope ground squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus).

Abstract 1. 1. Ad lib . water consumption, minimum water requirements, utilization of saline solutions and tolerance to water deprivation were studied in antelope ground squirrels ( Ammospermophilus leucurus ). 2. 2. Seasonal variation in water consumption and in renal capacity was evident. This variation may be related to changes in available exogenous water and to physiological state. 3. 3. A. leucurus can produce urine with an osmoconcentration 12.2 times that of blood. During severe dehydration an increase in plasma ions may be withstood for several weeks.
Development of a Broad Spectrum Polymer Released Antimicrobial Coating for the Prevention of Resistant Strain Bacterial Infections

More than 400,000 primary hip and knee replacement surgeries are performed each year in the United States. From these procedures, approximately 0.5–3% will become infected and when considering revision surgeries, this rate has been found to increase significantly. Antibiotic resistant bacterial infections are a growing problem in patient care. This in vitro research investigated the antimicrobial potential of the polymer released, broad spectrum, Cationic Steroidal Antimicrobial-13 (CSA-13) for challenges against 5 × 108 colony forming units (CFU) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It was hypothesized that a weight-to-weight (w/w) concentration of 18% CSA-13 in silicone would exhibit potent bactericidal potential when used as a controlled release device coating. When incorporated into a polymeric device coating, the 18% (w/w) broad-spectrum polymer released CSA-13 antimicrobial eliminated 5 × 108 CFU of MRSA within 8 hours. In the future, these results will be utilized to develop a sheep model to assess CSA-13 for the prevention of perioperative device related infections in vivo.
Alveolar Fluid Glutathione Decreases in Asymptomatic HIV-Seropositive Subjects Over Time

Background Initial investigations demonstrated a deficiency of glutathione (GSH) in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of HIV-seropositive patients. In a recent study, our laboratory was unable to document such a deficiency. The current study was performed in an attempt to reconcile those disparate findings. Study objectives To determine if ELF GSH decreases over time in asymptomatic HIV-seropositive subjects. Design Prospective, longitudinal study. Setting Major university medical center. Patients or participants Thirty-three asymptomatic HIV-seropositive volunteers. Interventions None. Measurements and results BAL was performed on 33 asymptomatic HIV-seropositive subjects at baseline, 6 months later, and 12 months later. The volume of ELF and the concentration of GSH and oxidized GSH were determined. The concentration of total GSH in ELF was 689.0± 100.4 µM. This significantly decreased when measured 6 and 12 months later (355.9±41.7 µM, and 397.9±52.7 µM, respectively, p=0.01, compared with baseline, both comparisons). Significant decreases were also noted in the HIV-seropositive subjects who smoked cigarettes (baseline—762.6±142.4 µM; 6 months—373.7±45.9 µM; 12 months—459.3±73.8 µM, p 0.1, all comparisons). The percentage of total GSH in the oxidized form was similar at all three time points (baseline—3.8±0.5%; 6 months—3.1 ±0.5%; 12 months—3.9±0.9%, p>0.1, all comparisons). Conclusions The current study demonstrates that the GSH level in ELF is significantly decreased in HIV-seropositive subjects 6 and 12 months after the initial determination.
Faraday and the structure of matter

Summary Michael Faraday, the experimentalist, is a well-known and beloved figure in the history of science; Michael Faraday, the theorist, is almost a stranger. The purpose of this paper is to describe Faraday's theoretical ideas on the structure of matter and to illustrate his use of these ideas as guides in his researches on electrolysis, static induction and ordinary electrical conduction.
Uptake and catabolism of tributyltin by blue crabs fed TBT contaminated prey

Abstract Accumulation and catabolism of tributyltin (TBT) was measured in blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) after 16-day exposures to TBT-contaminated prey. TBT and the metabolites, DBT and MBT, were separated by gas chromatography and measured by atomic absorption (GCAA) in prey and in crab tissues during the 16-day test. Crabs were fed grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio contaminated with 1·8 μg TBT, 0·09 μg DBT and 0·03 μg MBT per gram wet weight tissue. Feeding rates for exposed and nonexposed crabs were equal during the 16-day test. In 16 days, exposed crabs consumed about 2·02 μg of TBT. TBT was sequentially debutylated in a significant manner by blue crabs, but not by the grass shrimp. TBT concentrations peaked in crabs after 4 days of feeding, at 0·12 μg g −1 . DBT peaked at 8 days at 0·39 μg g −1 , and MBT peaked at 12 days at 0·35 μg g −1 . Total butyltins reached equilibrium by 8 days, but the relative toxic burden declined from 8–16 days because the proportion of TBT continued to decline. Growth, molting success and feeding rates were not affected in the juvenile crabs during the 16-day test. Catabolism of TBT reduces tissue concentrations of TBT, thereby increasing the tolerance of blue crabs to TBT.
Familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer.

Familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer is more aggressive than sporadic nonmedullary thyroid cancer. It tends to affect younger patients, and the tumors are often multi-focal and bilateral. Histologically, 90% of these tumors are papillary cancers and the remaining are Hurthle cell cancers. We recommend total thyroidectomy to remove all the thyroid tissue, which harbors the genetic defect responsible for the disease (even in low-risk patients) due to the predisposition to develop thyroid cancer and the more aggressive nature of the disease. Careful exploration of the ipsilateral lymph nodes with ipsilateral central neck dissection is encouraged to decrease a high recurrence rate (44%). A complete modified radical neck dissection should be limited to a therapeutic role because there is no clear evidence that this procedure carries any survival benefit. We also recommend that patients receive radioactive iodine ablation post-operatively, including a prophylactic dose (30 mCi) for patients with no evidence of residual uptake on the postoperative iodine 131 whole body scan and in low-risk patients using any of the prognostic scoring systems. Patients should be placed on enough thyroid hormone to suppress thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to approximately 0.1 mL/mL in low-risk patients and to less than 0.1 mL/mL in high-risk patients. Focal metastatic disease in patients with familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer is best dealt with by surgical excision followed by radioactive iodine ablation when appropriate. Redifferentiation therapy has a promising role in patients who have radioactive iodine-resistant tumors. The value of prevention, early detection, and targeted gene therapy once the gene or genes responsible for familial non-medullary thyroid cancer have been identified cannot be overemphasized.
Comparison of the Allosteric Properties of the Co(II)- and Zn(II)-Substituted Insulin Hexamers†

The positive and negative cooperativity and apparent half-site reactivity of the Co(II)-substituted insulin hexamer are well-described by a three-state allosteric model involving ligand-mediated interconversions between the three states: T3T3‘ ⇌ T3°R3° ⇌ R3R3‘ [Bloom, C. R., Heymann, R., Kaarsholm, N. C., and Dunn, M. F. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 12746−12758]. Because of the low affinity of the T state for ligands, this model is defined by four parameters: LoA and LoB, the allosteric constants for the T3T3‘ to T3°R3° and the T3°R3° to R3R3‘ transitions, respectively, and the two dissociation constants for ligand binding to T3°R3° and to R3R3‘. The d−d electronic transitions of the Co(II)-substituted hexamer give optical signatures of the T to R transition which can be quantified, but the “spectroscopically silent” character of Zn(II) has made previous attempts to describe the Zn(II) species difficult. This work shows that the T to R state conformational transitions of the Zn(II) hexamer can be easily quan...
Current Usage of Symbiosis and Associated Terminology

Confusion has afflicted the definition of symbiosis for over 130 years. Despite the lack of discussion in recent times, the usage of symbiosis has evolved and appears to be stabilizing to broader interpretations. Current usage of symbiosis and its associated terminology in 10 current general biology (GB) and 10 general ecology (GE) textbooks is presented. The restrictive definition (i.e. symbiosis = mutualism) has essentially disappeared. All GB textbooks (100%) surveyed used an explicit or implicit “de Bary” definition of symbiosis (i.e. mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism), while only 40% of GE textbooks did the same. General ecology textbooks also included 30% defining symbiosis to constitute all species interactions and 30% that completely avoided usage of the term. When combining GB and GE textbooks to analyze symbiotic usage, 85% defined mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism as symbiotic interactions. Also, 70% considered a symbiosis to be a species interaction that is “intimate,” with 45% of those both “intimate and constant.” Unfortunately, only 5% used the terms ecto -/ endosymbiosis , which help discern intimacy and constancy in species interactions. Usage of symbiont (55%) was preferred over symbiote (0%). Predator and prey were defined as organisms (vs. animals) in 90% of GB and GE textbooks, while 55% and 75% described carnivores and herbivores as organisms, respectively. Only 25% discussed predation, parasitism, parasitoidism, and grazing/herbivory, with only one (5%) integrating these +/- agonistic interactions in relation to intimacy and lethality. Data reveals trend of biologists/ecologists using broader definitions.
Case Report: Concurrent Wilson Disease and Huntington Disease: Lightning Can Strike Twice

Differential diagnosis in clinical genetics often involves an exercise in logical deductive reasoning with a sequential approach in pursuit of an etiology. In the medical genetics field, the differential diagnosis is guided by a combination of pedigree analysis, medical and developmental histories, and physical examination, imaging studies, cytogenetics, molecular genetics/next generation sequencing and a myriad of metabolic and hematologic studies. However, even with all these testing options, there is still value in the art of gestalt – that observation of the whole – when considering a diagnosis. We know that the thunder of hooves is likely to be the horse rather than the zebra. But what if the two are grazing side by side? We present a patient with physical, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms, all of which are evident in both Wilson and Huntington diseases. In addition to the complexities of having co-morbid diagnoses, this case illustrates the psychosocial consequences of having two conditions with discordant natures; one being autosomal recessive and treatable, the other being autosomal dominant and not treatable. Lastly, this case illustrates the importance of timely genetic counseling in the face of a difficult diagnostic picture and complex family dynamics. Case History
THE REACTION OF HUMAN CHORIONIC AND EQUINE GONADOTROPINS TO FORMALDEHYDE

SINCE THE VARIOUS GONADOTROPINS PRODUCE well-defined differences in physio logic response, differences in physical properties and chemical structure have been sought. Several attemptspurporting to show a chemical difference (1, 2) have been refuted (3, 4, 5). Li, Simpson, and Evans (6) and Li, Evans, and Wonder (7) reported that the inactivation by ketene of the physiologic activity of pituitary and mare serum gonadotropins is more rapid than the inactivation of human chorionic gonadotropin. To them the results1 suggest that free amino groups are essential for the biological activity of the pituitary and mare serum hormones. In this respect these hormones are to becontrasted with human chorionic gonadotropin. The observation of Cartland and Nelson2 (8) that 84%of the mare serum hormone was destroyed by 4% formalin in 3 hours at pH 8.0 is citedas confirmatory evidence. It is known, Li et al.state, that formaldehyde reacts only with the free amino groups under the cited conditions. Studies on insulin (9-13)...
Verapamil-induced “primary” polydipsia

An 11-month-old male infant with recurrent supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) was treated with oral verapamil. Shortly thereafter he developed marked changes in behavior including lethargy, intensely increased thirst and urination, and irritability when denied fluids. “Primary” polydipsia was diagnosed following an evaluation which showed no evidence of adrenal insufficiency, diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, hypercalcemia, hyperosmolality, or renal disease. The symptoms resolved 1 week after verapamil was discontinued.