cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Band structure in collective motion with quenched range of interaction

Abstract A variant of the well known Vicsek model of the collective motion of a group of agents has been studied where the range of interactions are spatially quenched and non-overlapping. To define such interactions, the underlying two dimensional space is discretized and is divided into the primitive cells of an imaginary square lattice. At any arbitrary time instant, all agents within one cell mutually interact with one another. Therefore, when an agent crosses the boundary of a cell, and moves to a neighboring cell, only then its influence is spread to the adjacent cell. Tuning the strength of the scalar noise η it has been observed that the system makes a discontinuous transition from a random diffusive phase to an ordered phase through a critical noise strength η c where directed bands with high agent densities appear. Unlike the original Vicsek model here a host of different types of bands has been observed with different angles of orientation and different wrapping numbers. More interestingly, two mutually crossed independent sets of simultaneously moving bands are also observed. A prescription for the detailed characterization of different types of bands have been formulated.
AI digitalization and automation of the apparel industry and the human workforce skills

The purpose of this research was to explore the impacts of AI digitalization and automation in regards to apparel industry processes, through objectives seeking to better understand how the transition to AI is affecting skill competencies required for the human workforce. As well, this research aimed to vision how to train the workforce and with what methods to train the workforce, in an effort to best prepare (both workers and businesses) for Industrial shift to AI and automation. The objectives of this research were to (1) To better understand the current status of apparel industry processes and workforce; (2) To comprehend how the apparel industry’s future should be aligned with the AI digitalization of apparel industry processes; (3) To anticipate how the apparel industry workforce must be trained and prepared for anticipated technological changes.
Socialization, face negotiation, identity, and the United States Military

In this study, we examine stories told about basic training in the United States military. We question how these experiences are related to stories told post-exit. We collected website stories ( N = 100) and in-depth interviews ( N = 18) for analysis. The theoretical underpinnings of socialization, face negotiation, and identity guided this analysis. We note three themes throughout these stories that suggest that (1) military members adopt facework strategies performed by drill sergeants, (2) these facework strategies are used after exit, (3) military socialization normalizes typically nonnormative behavior.
The holy grail of connection: I-sharing, existential isolation, and religion

Abstract People’s fundamental existential isolation sheds light on both the positives and the negatives associated with religion. After reviewing relevant theory and research on existential isolation and existential connection (i.e., I-sharing), we describe religious practices from a wide range of faiths, all of which promote feelings of existential connection with other people and with one’s own version of the divine. Unfortunately, these positives associated with religion can also account for the negatives: the very desire for existential connection that unites people of the same faith can create a faulty sense of separateness from people of different faiths. Research on I-sharing’s ability to promote positive intergroup outcomes offers hope for improved interfaith relations. Drawing from this research, we recommend efforts to foster existential connection across the faith divide.
A brief history of spaceflight from 1961 to 2020: An analysis of missions and astronaut demographics.

Abstract Human spaceflight and the characteristics of people who become astronauts have changed over time. Here we present an analysis of n = 1265 manned spaceflights by n = 562 astronauts from 1961 to 2020 to investigate historical trends over time and between space agencies in terms of astronaut demographics and spaceflight duration. Generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed models were implemented with adjustments for all available demographic data as covariates. Women continue to be underrepresented as astronauts, and were younger, had fewer children, and were less likely to have a military background than their male counterparts. Astronaut age has increased over time, although this increase was significant only for first-time spaceflights. The proportion of astronauts from civilian backgrounds has generally increased over time, although there is evidence this trend may be reversing. Spaceflight duration has increased over time, and has been longest for ROSCOSMOS cosmonauts and shortest for Chinese taikonauts. There were also differences between space agencies in terms of astronaut demographics, particularly between NASA and ROSCOSMOS, with first-time NASA astronauts more likely to be women, civilian and older than first-time ROSCOSMOS cosmonauts. As humankind embarks on exploration-class missions back to the lunar surface and then onward to Mars, and with new nations and commercial entities entering the international space community, the nature of spaceflight, and the diversity of the astronauts, will continue to evolve.
Women Leaders and Firm Performance: Unpacking the Effect of Gender and Trust: An Abstract

This paper explores the role of gender and its influence on the relationship between trust and organizational performance as well as on the perception of women as managers. As we recognize the barriers implicit in gender roles, this research helps to highlight the need to build greater trust in leadership and organizations. Understanding how differently men perceive women, compared to how women perceive women, is key to achieving the levels of trust, confidence, and support for the organization’s strategic initiatives. We argue that the more positive the perception of women as managers, the stronger the relationship between trust and organizational performance and that this relationship is moderated by gender.
Transport analysis of several cross-section libraries used for reactor pressure vessel fluence calculations

Several neutron cross-section libraries used for fluence calculations at the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) based on one-dimensional S[sub N] transport calculations are analyzed. It is demonstrated the BUGLE-80, SAILOR, and ELXSIR libraries yield similar results, while the CASK library predicts significantly different results through and beyond the RPV. The use of the revised ENDF/B-V iron cross sections yields a significant increase in the neutron fluxes beyond the iron-containing regions. This result has direct impact on the reactor cavity dosimetry that is being considered for the RPV fluence estimation.
Method of Least Squares (Regression Analysis)

We are now ready to look at particular methods of estimating parameters from data. As we will see, there is a very sophisticated methodology that has developed for these problems and, in many cases, the estimation process can be automated and turned into almost a crank-turning operation. Nonetheless, it is very important to understand in detail what we are doing, and we will discuss problems that have arisen when people were not sufficiently careful. We will discuss how the error in the estimation of a parameter using a \(\chi ^2\) fit can be a normal distribution, while the \(\chi ^2\) as a whole has a \(\chi ^2\) distribution. We discuss some problems for fitting histograms and taking the theory at the center point, and an approximate correction called Shepard’s corrections for grouping. Correlation coefficients are often poorly determined in fits and we discuss a suggested modification. Finally, we discuss a method for putting together several uncorrelated probabilities.
Model-based reconstruction algorithm for x-ray induced acoustic tomography

We present a time-domain, model-based scheme for X-ray induced acoustic tomography (XACT). In comparison to the commonly used analytic schemes, the model-based reconstructions exhibit less limited-view and noisy artifacts and enable incorporating detector sizes and sound speed variations. In this paper, we brie y compare the performance of the proposed model-based scheme with the universal back-projection and model back-projection reconstructions obtained for full- and limited view test-cases in spherical detection geometry for noisy acoustic measurements. The algorithm has also been validated for experimental ring-array XACT data.
Ethanol: Unlocking an Abundant Renewable C2 -Feedstock for Catalytic Enantioselective C-C Coupling.

With annual production at >85 million tons/year, ethanol is the world's largest-volume renewable small molecule carbon source, yet its use as a C2 -feedstock in enantioselective C-C coupling is unknown. Here, the first catalytic enantioselective C-C couplings of ethanol are demonstrated in reactions with structurally complex, nitrogen-rich allylic acetates incorporating the top 10 N-heterocycles found in FDA-approved drugs.
Dynamic asymmetry and why chromatin defies simple physical definitions.

Abstract Recent experiments have demonstrated a nucleus where chromatin is molded into stable, interwoven loops. Yet, many of the proteins, which shape chromatin structure, bind only transiently. In those brief encounters, these dynamic proteins temporarily crosslink chromatin loops. While, on the average, individual crosslinks do not persist, in the aggregate, they are sufficient to create and maintain stable chromatin domains. Owing to the asymmetry in size and speed of molecules involved, this type of organization imparts unique biophysical properties—the slow (chromatin) component can exhibit gel-like behaviors, whereas the fast (protein) component allows domains to respond with liquid-like characteristics.
Lasmiditan for the acute treatment of migraine.

Migraine is a leading cause of morbidity and disability worldwide. Triptans were the first migraine-specific drug class developed and have proven efficacy in treatment of this neurological disease. They are however contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease and possibly others, owning to their vasoconstrictive properties. This review will focus on lasmiditan, which has been called the first 'ditan' and 'neurally acting anti-migraine agent', designed to selectively agonize the serotonin 5-HT1F receptor subtype, providing anti-migraine effects without concomitant vasoconstriction. To date, lasmiditan has proven safe and effective for the acute treatment of migraine in two Phase II and four Phase III trials. Post hoc analysis revealed that the majority of treatment-emergent adverse events were CNS-related, mild-to-moderate in severity and self-limiting. The US FDA label recommends that patients not drive or operate machinery until at least 8 h after taking each dose of lasmiditan.
Serum Copper and Zinc Concentrations and Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults Aged 60 Years and Older.

Epidemiological evidence on serum zinc and copper and cognitive impairment in older adults are not consistent. Results on serum zinc and copper and cognitive impairment in older adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) have not been reported. Data on serum zinc and copper and cognitive impairment from individuals ≥ 60 years of age were obtained from the 2011–2014 NHANES. Serum zinc and copper concentrations were determined with inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry. Cognitive impairment was assessed with four cognitive tests: the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), the Animal Fluency (AF), the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Delayed Recall (CERAD-DR), and the Word Learning (CERAD-WL) tests. Compared with the lowest tertile of serum copper, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of scoring low on the AF were 0.86 (0.44–1.68) in tertile 2 and 0.46 (0.25–0.82) in tertile 3, and the inverse association was also found in women. No association was found between serum copper and the DSST, CERAD-DR, and CRAD-WL, respectively. Compared with the lowest tertile of serum zinc, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of scoring low on the DSST were 0.83 (0.37–1.90) in tertile 2 and 0.42 (0.22–0.80) in tertile 3, and the inverse association was also found in men. No association was found between serum zinc and the AF, CERAD-DR, and CRAD-WL, respectively. In conclusion, serum copper and zinc were associated with certain cognitive performance tests among older adults, and the causality deserves to be confirmed further.
Fabrication of ultra-compact long-period fiber grating through a differentially scanned CO2 laser

A new method to create a long-period fiber grating utilizing a scanning CO2 laser with varying scanning velocities is reported that results in strong grating (>30dB loss) with extremely short grating length (1.1-cm) all achieved with low insertion loss (<2dB).
Fast laser-scanning microscopy with single- and multi-photon excitation for functional imaging of living nerve cells

Functional neuro-imaging is often limited by the spatio-temporal resolution of available imaging systems. The goal of this project is fast multi-site imaging of nerve cells in intact mammalian brain tissue. We will review fundamentals of fast laser-scanning microscopy employing acousto-optic beam steering and show examples of neuro-imaging applications. Specifically, we will discuss the significance and technical challenges of extending this imaging approach from single- to multi-photon excitation. We will present the current development status of a new imaging system implementing acousto-optical scanning of ultra-fast laser pulses.
Unlocking the iPhone: How Antitrust Law Can Save Consumers from the Inadequacies of Copyright Law

In 2007, George Hotz circumvented the software lock on his iPhone that prevented him from using the device on a wireless network other than AT&T's. When oilier Phone purchasers similarly freed themselves from AT&T's service, Apple responded by using a software update to disable the altered iPhones. This back-and-forth between consumers and Apple raises two important questions: can consumers legally unlock their iPhones, and, if so, under what body of law? Although an exemption to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (the "DMCA") appears to allow consumers to circumvent cell phone locks under copyright law, the regulation is of little practical use to consumers seeking to avoid AT&T's allegedly inferior service. Instead, they should challenge the underlying business arrangement between Apple and AT&T by arguing that tying the purchase of the iPhone to AT&T's service violates Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act. This Note examines this argument and, in doing so, illuminates the limitations of the DMCA and demonstrates how it encourages content providers to engage in anticompetitive behavior.
Imagined Communities and Language Learning During Study Abroad: Arabic Learners in Egypt

Previous research on study abroad has documented extensive variation in the amount of contact students have with members of the local community as well as in their linguistic outcomes (Kinginger, 2009). This article uses the theoretical concepts of investment, imagined communities, and communities of practice to interpret data obtained from students studying abroad in Egypt. Data show that these students wanted to belong to an imagined community of study abroad in the Middle East by demonstrating the identities of cross-cultural mediator and dedicated language learner. However, the communities of practice in which they participated while abroad afforded differential opportunities to demonstrate these identities, resulting in both alignments and misalignments between reality and imagination. The degree of alignment between students' expectations and the realities that they encountered may help explain the extensive variation in students' access to Egyptians and their use of the Arabic language.
Scaling and focusing of the Rotman lens

With a high dielectric material, the size of the Rotman lens (see Rotman, W. and Turner, R.F., 1963) can be reduced by a factor of /spl radic/(/spl epsiv//sub r/). Its design equations and scaling factor can be modified and defined according to the dimensions and materials of the lens and lines. Combining the lens with phase shifters, the lens and antenna array can generate multiple focused beams with a relatively small spot size. In wireless communications, the lens can allow us to increase the channel capacity by adding space division multiplexing and increasing the signal-to-interference ratio, S/I. Focusing the beam adds to both the angular and radial resolution. For application in ground-penetrating radar, a Rotman lens reduces the burden on signal processing as well as its size and weight. Using a ferroelectric material such as BaSrTiO/sub 3/, we can fabricate the lens and voltage-tunable delay lines (phase shifters) in thin film geometry by laser ablation.
Effect of certain process variables on vapor deposited tungsten

Abstract The effects of certain process variables on the grain size, grain type and microhardness of vapor-deposited tungsten were established, and the near- optimum parameters and the efficacy for the vapor deposition process were determined. No significant change in the grain size or microstructure resulted from ultrasonic vibration of the substrate during deposition, from variations in the hydrogen (H 2 ) to tungsten hexafluoride (WF 6 ) ratio, or from small increases in reaction-chamber pressure. Near-optimum conditions were continuous deposition at atmospheric pressure, a deposition rate of 2-mils thickness/square inch of substrate area/hour, a temperature of 550 °C and a hydrogen to WF 6 ratio of 4:1. The addition, individually, of about 2 vol. % of butane, 24 vol. % of carbon dioxide or 4 vol. % of propane to the hydrogen and WF 6 mixture produced deposits with the finest grain size for each gas. A corresponding increase in microhardness accompanied the decrease in grain size. The addition of these gases did not alter the columnar microstructure found in vapor-deposited tungsten.
P450BM-3: A tale of two domains—or is it three?

Over 400 P450s have been identified to date in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, plants and animals, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. These enzymes function in areas such as metabolism and steroidogenesis. The eukaryotic members of this gene superfamily of proteins have proved difficult to study because of the hydrophobic nature of their substrates, their various redox partners, and membrane association. To better understand the structure/function relationship of P450s-what determines substrate specificity and selectivity, what determines redox-partner binding, and which regions are involved in membrane binding-we have compared the three crystallized, soluble bacterial P450s (two class I and one class II) and a model of a steroidogenic, eukaryotic P450 (P450arom), to define which structural elements form a conserved structural fold for P450s, what determines specificity of substrate binding and redox-partner binding, and which regions are potentially involved in membrane association. We believe that there is a conserved structural fold for all P450s that can be used to model those P450s that prove intransigent to structural determination. However, although there appears to be a conserved structural core among P450s, there is sufficient sequence variability that no two P450s are structurally identical. NADPH-P450 reductase transfers electrons from NADPH to P450 during the P450 catalytic cycle. This enzyme has usually been thought of as a simple globular protein; however, sequence analysis has shown that NADPH-P450 reductase is related to two separate flavoprotein families, ferredoxin nucleotide reductase (FNR) and flavodoxin. Recent studies by Wolff and his colleagues have shown that the FAD-binding FNR domain and FMN-binding flavodoxin domain of human NADPH-P450 reductase can be independently expressed in Escherichia coli. The subdomains can be used to reconstitute, however poorly, the monooxygenase activity of the P450 system. We have been utilizing the reductase domain of P450BM-3 to study the mechanism of electron transfer from NADPH to P450 in this complex multidomain protein. We have overexpressed both the FNR subdomain and the flavodoxin subdomain in E. coli and fully reconstituted the cytochrome c reductase activity of this enzyme. Our studies have shown that electron transfer from NADPH through the reductase domain to the P450 requires shuttling of the FMN subdomain between the reductase subdomain and the P450. Studies of the factors that control the molecular recognition and interaction among these three proteins are complicated by the weakness of the association and changes in the strength of the interaction depending on the redox state of each of the components. How these structural and mechanistic studies of a soluble bacterial P450 can be extended to gain a better understanding of the control of membrane-bound eukaryotic P450-dependent redox systems is discussed.
Third-harmonic generation by self-formed superconducting quantum-interference device (SQUID) structures on superconducting surfaces

Third-harmonic generation (35 GHz) at the surface of a superconductor was investigated. The observed periodic modulation of third-harmonic power with applied dc field implies a fluxquantization dependence which is not contained in the Entin-Wohlman theory of the intrinsic nonlinear response. We propose that self-formed superconducting quantum-interference device (SQUID) structures on the surface are the dominant nonlinearity for our samples. Computer simulation of a SQUID model reveals a striking similarity to the dc field, input power, and temperature dependence of the observed third-harmonic fields.
Statistical Treatment of Weakly Interacting Particles in a Newtonian Potential

A distribution function has been obtained for a two-dimensional system of weakly interacting particles which execute bound periodic motion in a Newtonian potential. The failure of the familiar formulas of statistical mechanics to yield bound distributions for such potentials has been avoided by first restricting the available phase space to that corresponding to periodic motion of independent particles, and then determining the most probable distribution of bound orbits. The effect of weak interaction is considered, then, with the aid of the principle of least action. As an illustration, the distribution of mass has been computed for a many-particle system having the same energy and momentum per unit mass as the nine planets, and compared with the actual distribution of planetary mass.
Competition among Juveniles of Coho Salmon, Brook Trout, and Brown Trout in a Laboratory Stream, and Implications for Great Lakes Tributaries

Abstract Among the three species of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus established in the Laurentian Great Lakes, juveniles of coho salmon O. kisutch are most likely to compete with brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta for food and space, because their juvenile life histories and ecologies are similar where they rear together in tributary streams. Coho salmon emerged 2–3 weeks earlier and were 6–8 mm longer than brook or brown trout at emergence during 1979 in Lake Michigan tributaries where the species were sympatric. During the first summer of life, coho salmon generally were 6–21 mm (7–54%) longer and weighed 0.3–4.1 g more than brook and brown trout. Size at emergence and first-year growth were similar among brook trout and brown trout. In laboratory stream experiments with pairs of the three species, coho salmon dominated brook or brown trout of equal size, and brook trout dominated equal-size brown trout. Competitive superiority of dominant species was based on the ability of fish...
A clinical comparison of transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with neodymium: YAG and semiconductor diode lasers

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using a neodymium: YAG (Nd:YAG) or semiconductor diode laser in controlling intraocular pressure in patients with refractory glaucoma. METHODS: In a prospective study, 95 eyes of 91 patients with refractory glaucoma randomly received Nd:YAG or diode cyclophotocoagulation. Patients were followed for a mean of 10.4 months (10.42 ± 3.16, mean ± SD). We compared available data preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. Data analyzed were corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and the type of glaucoma. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in intraocular pressure after both Nd:YAG and diode cyclophotocoagulation at each time period. However, there were no significant differences in postoperative intraocular pressure or visual acuity change between Nd:YAG and diode procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the Nd:YAG laser for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, the diode laser has technological advantages including portability, durability, and smaller size, while providing equivalent postoperative intraocular pressure and visual acuity change.
Electronic-structure and magnetic-moment calculation for Y 2 Fe 14 B

The electronic structure and magnetic moment in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B are calculated using a first-principles method. The calculated results show a substantial degree of local environmental effects and compared with the available experimental data.
Mathematical programming with multiple objectives: A tutorial☆

Abstract A system of classifying about two dozen major methods for mathematical programming with multiple objectives, or multiple objective decision making (MODM) is presented. The classification has been based upon four categories of the preference information given to the analyst by a decision maker: (1) a priori , (2) progressive, (3) a posteriori and (4) no articulation of the preference information. A method or two from each category is illustrated by approaching a simple common numerical example in detail for the comparison and tutorial purpose. Consideration in selecting criteria for comparative evaluation of the methods and availability of computer codes for some methods are discussed.
External Financing and the Survival of Black-Owned Start-Ups in the US

Since black-owned businesses tend to have access to lower informal financing, we hypothesize that, obtaining commercial financing should play a compensating role and have a stronger marginal effect on black-owned businesses than on businesses owned by other racial groups. Unexpectedly, we find that, while the use of commercial financing reduces the exit rates of new firms in general, the reduction is not significantly different across racial groups. We attribute this result to unobserved heterogeneity linked, at least in part, to the owner’s start-up capital and to other beneficial externalities that access to informal investors produces.
Human Bites in the Classroom: Incidence, Treatment, and Complications:

It has been estimated that at least one half of the population will experience some type of bite in their lifetime. Human bites are the third leading cause of all bites seen in hospital emergency departments after dog and cat bites. Human bites can be the source of exposure to body fluids, transmission of communicable diseases, infections ranging from cellulitis to osteomyelitis, and joint deformity from septic arthritis. Approximately 10-15% of human bites will become infected. In the school setting, a teacher or other staff member can sustain a human bite while trying to protect a student from injury. Often the first responder to this type of incident is the school nurse. The role of the school nurse is to promote early reporting, accurate history taking of the time and mechanism of injury, administering immediate wound care, initiating early referrals to appropriate medical providers, and supporting proactive care in the form of adult hepatitis B immunization.
Role of Host RNA Polymerase in Phage Development: Continual Requirement for a Host RNA Polymerase Component in a Bacteriophage Development

These two communications present results which suggest that the transcription of the entire genome of phages T4 and SPO1 requires host RNA polymerase, or at least those components of it which are sensitive to rifamycin.
Differential effects of metal chelators on Na+, K+-ATPase activity

Abstract Concentrations of EDTA greater than 1 m m inhibited the enzymatic activity of a Na + , K + -ATPase preparation isolated from beef brain by competing with ATP for Mg 2+ . EGTA, which does not chelate Mg 2+ significantly at pH 7.4, had no such effect. Low concentrations of either EDTA or EGTA stimulated enzymatic activity. This effect was maximal at 5–6 μ m of chelator. Stimulation of the reaction was observed only if the chelator was added to the incubation medium before initiation of the reaction by the addition of enzyme. If low concentrations of the chelators were added after enzyme, i.e., after the turnover cycle had begun, no effect was seen.
Sex(ualities) and Symbolic Interaction

What goes on sexually has to be placed in a context of meaning. This might seem a very simple and obvious idea. And yet this is what makes it so important: most people still cannot see sexuality in this way. We continue to think of our sexualities as remaining firmly locked in the chains of biology. Whereas for humans surely the biological is really the least interesting aspect of our sexuality. So, whilst there remain huge armies of sexologists studying the biological in its various guises, the radical importance of the social still fails to find its proper place in the study of the sexual. —Ken Plummer, “Memoriam for Bill Simon” (2001)
Genetics and the environment in interspecific competition: a study using the sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans

The outcome of interspecific competition of two closely related species may depend upon genetic variation in the two species and the environment in which the experiment is carried out. Interspecific competition in the two sibling species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, is usually investigated using longterm laboratory stocks that often have mutant markers that distinguish them. To examine competition in flies that genetically more closely resemble flies in nature, we utilized freshly caught wildtype isofemale lines of the two species collected at the same site in San Carlos, Mexico. Under ordinary laboratory conditions, D. melanogaster always won in competition. However, in hotter and drier conditions, D. simulans competed much more effectively. In these environmental conditions, there were genetic differences in competitive ability among lines with the outcome of competition primarily dependent upon the line of D. melanogaster used but in some cases also influenced by the line of D. simulans used. Differences in the measures of productivity and developmental time did not explain the differences in competitive ability among lines. This suggests that the outcome of competition was not due to differences in major fitness components among the isofemale lines but to some other attribute(s) that influenced competitive ability. When lines of flies were combined, the outcome of competition was generally consistent with competitive outcomes between pairs of lines. In several cases, the combination of lines performed better than the best of the constituent lines, suggesting that competitive ability was combined heterotically and that the total amount of genetic variation was important in the outcome of interspecific competition.
Toxicity of Chlorine and Heat to Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha)

Abstract The toxicity of chlorine to juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was tested at five residual concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.0 mg/liter and at four temperatures (Δt 0, 2.6, 4.9, and 10 C) in a matrix design. Juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) were tested at three temperatures (Δt 0, 5.0, and 9.9 C). Each matrix was stressed at four exposure periods (7.5, 15, 30 and 60 min). An array of LC50 and LT50 values are presented for each of the conditions tested. A decrease in the tolerance of both species to residual chlorine was demonstrated with increasing temperature and exposure time. The 60-min exposure period and the 9.9 and 10 C Δt were the most acutely toxic to each species. The equilibrium loss response for chinook salmon exposed to heat and chlorine preceded the LT50 by at least 55%. The LC50 was 0.045 mg/liter for both species after exposure to fluctuating chlorine concentrations during 2-hr periods. The LT50 occurred in about 100 min at approximately 0.5 mg/liter residual...
New approaches to the understanding of the molecular basis of oral cancer.

Cancers of the oral cavity, salivary glands, larynx, and pharynx, collectively referred to as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC), are the sixth most common cancer among men in th...
The differences between intracellular andextracellular hydrogen ion concentrations of adult and fetal blood

The intracellular and extracellular [H + ] of a series of umbilical cord blood samples have been measured by lysis of a packed red cell mass. Samples of adult and fetal whole blood were equilibrated for 30 minutes with varying CO 2 tensions in tonometers. It was found that the intracellular [H + ] of fetal erythrocytes was identical to that of adult erythrocytes at any given extracellular [H + ]. Hence, the difference in the oxygen dissociation curves of adult and fetal whole blood cannot be ascribed to differences in their intracellular [H + ].
Investigation of the Interaction of Vortex Rings and Thin Porous Screens Using Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV)

The interaction of a single travelling vortex ring with thin permeable screens of constant porosity is investigated. Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV), a non-invasive flow field measurement technique, is used to quantify the velocity field. The resulting velocity field is remapped onto a regularly spaced grid and other flow properties, such as vorticity, are calculated. Vortex structures, including those formed in the interaction process, are tracked using the location of peak vorticity. The role of vortex shedding in the interaction process is investigated. The formation mechanism of the vorticity in the downstream vortex structure is found to be a function of boundary layer dynamics. This work extends and confirms the results of prior studies of the interaction.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Implementation of an electronic data monitoring system decreases the rate of hyperoxic episodes in premature neonates.

Implementation of an electronic data monitoring system decreases the rate of hyperoxic episodes in premature neonates
Gender-Based Violence in a Kenyan Slum: Creating Local, Woman-Centered Interventions

ABSTRACT Gender-based violence in the developing world is beginning to receive serious scholarly attention. However, much of that research still overlooks violence against women in the burgeoning slum communities around the globe. This survey of 200 women between the ages of 18 and 30 years old describes gender-based violence in the “informal” settlement of Kibera, Kenya, the largest slum in sub-Saharan Africa. Prevalence and attitudes toward gender-based violence among survey participants are compared to those measured in the general population. Because results of the Kiberan survey show a higher rate of gender-based violence among women than the general population of Kenya, it appears that interventions are urgently needed in the slum. At the same time, slum-dwelling women reported lower attitudinal tolerance of gender-based violence than the larger population, supporting the readiness to accept interventions if available. The current study is one of the first to report data specifically about gender-ba...
Detecting organic gunpowder residues from handgun use

The gunpowder residues that remain after the use of handguns or improvised explosive devices pose a challenge for the forensic investigator. Can these residues be reliably linked to a specific gunpowder or ammunition? We investigated the possibility by recovering and measuring the composition of organic additives in smokeless powder and its post-firing residues. By determining gunpowder additives such as nitroglycerin, dinitrotoluene, ethyl- and methylcentralite, and diphenylamine, we hope to identify the type of gunpowder in the residues and perhaps to provide evidence of a match to a sample of unfired powder. The gunpowder additives were extracted using an automated technique, pressurized fluid extraction (PFE). The conditions for the quantitative extraction of the additives using neat and solvent-modified supercritical carbon dioxide were investigated. All of the major gunpowder additives can be determined with baseline resolution using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a micellar agent and UV absorbance detection. A study of candidate internal standards for use in the CE method is also presented. The PFE/CE technique is used to evaluate a new residue sampling protocol--asking shooters to blow their noses. In addition, an initial investigation of the compositional differences among unfired and post-fired .22 handgun residues is presented.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spatially resolved observations of the forbidden SO a1Δ→X3Σ−a1Δ→X3Σ− rovibronic transition on Io during an eclipse and a volcanic eruption at Ra Patera

Abstract We report observations of Io that were conducted on UT 12 November 2002 with the NIRSPEC spectrometer, coupled to the adaptive optics system, on the 10-m Keck II telescope. We detected a bright eruption in the Ra Patera area, with a color (H–K′ band) temperature of 1031 ± 110 K over an effective area of 1.5 ± 0.2 km 2 . The eruption was associated with a hot plume, which revealed itself through SO emission at a rate of ( 9 ± 3 ) × 10 25 photons s −1 , about 10–15% of Io's total SO flux at the time. The rotational temperature was 700 ± 150 K . No significant SO emission was received from Io's northern hemisphere (north of Ra Patera/Loki); roughly 50% of the total SO emission came from the equatorial region (including Ra Patera, Janus and Loki), and ∼40% came from the south. The rotational temperatures typically measured between 600 and 1000 K. The emissions are most likely produced by SO molecules ejected out of volcanic vents in the excited a 1 Δ state. Our narrow band images that span the SO emission band suggest that a source near Io's south pole, Nemea, may be a source of some of the southern SO emissions.
Circling: a method of mouse-based selection without button presses

A method for selecting graphical objects with a mouse by circling them is described. Circling motions are detected automatically; no button presses are required. Trials conducted on a Sun 3 workstation indicate that, for the object size and layout chosen, even users experienced with mouse selection via button presses and unfamiliar with circling are able to select pairs of objects in approximately the same amount of time with either method. The number of target misses between circling and clicking also compare well for both single and paired object cases. Furthermore, many users showed a measurable preference for the circling method when given a choice.
Cervical spine models for biomechanical research.

Biomechanical models have been used for the understanding of the basic normal function and dysfunction of the cervical spine and for testing implants and devices. Biomechanical models can be broadly categorized into four groups: 1) Physical models, made of nonanatomic material (e.g., plastic blocks), are often used for the testing of spinal instrumentation when only the device is to be evaluated. 2) In vitro models consisting of a cadaveric spine specimen are useful in providing basic understanding of the functioning of the spine. Human specimens are more suitable for these models than are animal specimens whenever anatomy, size (for instrumentation), and kinematics are important. Animal specimens are less costly, easier to obtain, and often have less variability but should be used with care because of the absence of anatomic fidelity with the human. 3) In vivo animal models provide the means to model living phenomena, such as fusion, development of disc degeneration, instability, and adaptive responses in segments adjacent to spinal instrumentation. Choosing the appropriate animal is important. The appropriate animal should have spinal loading, kinematics, kinetics, vertebral size, and healing-fusion rates as similar to those in humans as possible. For better interpretation of in vivo animal experimental results, in vitro biomechanical study using the same animal cadaveric specimen is useful but has not been used routinely. 4) Computer models are developed from mathematical equations that incorporate geometry and physical characteristics of the human spine and may be advantageously used for problems that are difficult to model by other means. Examples are the changes in disc and vertebral stresses in response to graded transection of facet joints and the study of changes in endplate loading caused by disc degeneration. Because these models are purely mathematical, their validation is essential. Validation is best achieved by first incorporating high-quality geometry and physical characteristics of the human spine and then comparing the model predictions with experimental observations. Sometimes an enthusiastic researcher may use a computer model beyond its validation boundary, making the model's predictions unreliable. In general, it is important to remember that a biomechanical model, similar to any other model, represents only a certain aspect of the real living human being. The aspect chosen for representation should be selected with great care. The model should be designed to answer specifically the question asked. Its predictions are valid only within the boundaries of assumptions and limitations that it incorporates.
Vestige Theory: Sociolinguistic evidence for output–output constraints☆

Abstract This article proposes a model of variation and change within the Optimality Theory framework. Previous attempts to account for variation in Optimality Theory have a common flaw: they fail to include a link to the external world where demographic factors such as gender, age, style, register, and social class play a material role in linguistic behavior. I propose Vestige Theory as a means of using Optimality Theoretic architecture to license the influence of language external factors. Vestige Theory claims that language change is always the result of constraint demotion and that the demotion of a constraint leaves behind a vestige of itself. This vestige constraint is a kind of output–output constraint. It differs from the “true” constraint that is demoted as part of language change. As an output–output constraint, a vestige constraint has the link to the outside world (i.e. to external factors) that previous models have failed to incorporate.
A novel combinatorial approach for understanding microstructural evolution and its relationship to mechanical properties in metallic biomaterials.

Abstract The new generation of metallic biomaterials for prosthesis implantation (orthopedic and dental) typically have a Ti base with fully biocompatible alloying additions such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Mo, Fe and Sn. While the binary Ti–Ta and the ternary Ti–Nb–Ta systems are promising, the large composition space afforded by these systems offers tremendous scope in terms of alloy design via optimization of alloy composition and thermomechanical treatment. In the present paper a novel combinatorial approach has been developed for rapidly exploring the microstructural evolution and microstructure–microhardness (or elastic modulus) relationships in these systems. Using directed laser deposition, compositionally graded alloy samples have been fabricated and subsequently heat-treated to affect different microstructures in terms of the volume fraction and distribution of the α phase in the β matrix as a function of composition. Subsequently, composition-specific indentation-based hardness and modulus information has been obtained from these graded samples, and the resulting data have been used to develop relationships between the composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. Such rapid combinatorial assessments can be very useful in optimizing not only the alloy composition but also the desired microstructure for achieving the best combination of properties for specific orthopedic or dental applications.
Pantelhó: History‐Making and Identity in Highland Chiapas

This article examines history-making, the creation and re-creation of history, in Pantelho, Chiapas, Mexico, and the context and consequences of multiple histories for Indigenous and Ladino relations. For the past 200 years Indigenous and Ladino in Pantelho have struggled for land and political power. Throughout these struggles history-making has played an important role in the crafting of identin, mobilizing and unifying support, and legitimizing courses of action. It represents, in Antonio Gramsci's terms (1971), a war of position, a struggle for hegemony which participants have made into two fundamental conflicting positions�Ladino and Indigenous�based on a long history of exploitation and conflict. This article describes the dynamic of their history-making and opposition as played out in the local context and within the larger apparatus of government power in Mexico
Arthur and Gorlagon, the Dutch Lancelot, and St. Kentigern

A HITHERTO unnoticed analogue to the Latin romance, Arthur and Gorlagon,' occurs in Book iII, Chapter xxiv, of the Dutch Lancelot.2 For convenience I shall call this chapter of the Lancelot, Gawain and the Dwarf. Gawain and the Dwarf is a combination of a quest for the thought of women (parallel to the quest for the 'ingenium mensque feminae' in Arthur and Gorlagon) with an incident from a story of a lost ring which was swallowed by a fish. My purpose in this paper is to examine the parts of Gawain and the Dwarf which are parallel to Arthur and Gorlagon in order to determine the probable nature of the Dutch story's source for these features, and to point out that the tale of the fish and the ring which the author of Gawain and the Dwarf knew was in all probability close to one of the miracles of St Kentigern and to the ring story in the Thin B6 Fraich. The Dutch Lancelot was compiled in the first quarter of the fourteenth century.3 The section of it which I am calling Gawain and the Dwarf contains a reference to a French source,4 and it is doubtless a translation or condensation of a lost French poem of the thirteenth century or earlier. It occurs as an interpolation in a redaction of Raoul de Houdenc's La Vengeance Raguidell which is contained in the Dutch compilation. In Raguidel (49285 ff.) Arthur grants a stranger, Druydain, an unspecified boon, and Druydain demands Gawain's amie, Ydain. A combat between Gawain and Druydain to settle the issue is agreed upon. It is to take place, after an interval, at the court of King Baudemagu. Kay taunts Gawain about this event, and with the fact that it interrupts another quest which Gawain has undertaken (4406 if.). The narrative then proceeds to Gawain's departure for the court of Baudemagu. The Dutch Lancelot (iii, 12621 if.) follows this part of Raguidel until it comes to Kay's speech, where it makes Kay taunt Gawain with Ydain's excessive popularity. With this change Gawain and the Dwarf is introduced. When it is concluded, the Lancelot takes up the plot of Raguidel at the point where it had departed from it. The substance of Gawain and the Dwarf is as follows:
Ring exchange and the fractional quantum Hall effect

The effect of ring exchange on the magnetic field dependence on the energy of a system of charged particles is examined in a simple model in which each ring of particles is confined to a narrow channel. The ring exchange energy is found to have the wrong sign to explain the fractional quantum Hall effect.