cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probability and delay of reinforcement as factors in discrete-trial choice.

Pigeons chose between two alternatives that differed in the probability of reinforcement and the delay to reinforcement. A peck on the red key always produced a delay of 5 s and then a possible reinforcer. The probability of reinforcement for responding on this key varied from .05 to 1.0 in different conditions. A response on the green key produced a delay of adjustable duration and then a possible reinforcer, with the probability of reinforcement ranging from .25 to 1.0 in different conditions. The green-key delay was increased or decreased many times per session, depending on a subject's previous choices. The purpose of these adjustments was to estimate an indifference point, or a delay that resulted in a subject's choosing each alternative about equally often. In conditions where the probability of reinforcement was five times higher on the green key, the green-key delay averaged about 12 s at the indifference point. In conditions where the probability of reinforcement was twice as high on the green key, the green-key delay at the indifference point was about 8 s with high probabilities and about 6 s with low probabilities. An analysis based on these results and those from studies on delay of reinforcement suggests that pigeons' choices are relatively insensitive to variations in the probability of reinforcement between .2 and 1.0, but quite sensitive to variations in probability between .2 and 0.
Avaliação em alfabetização

O presente artigo analisa as competencias da alfabetizacao com base nas recentes descobertas da Ciencia Cognitiva da Leitura. De modo particular demonstra a necessidade de basear as matrizes de avaliacao em conceitos claros e solidos que diferenciam as diferentes competencias, especialmente a diferenca entre ler e compreender. O artigo tambem analisa a proposta para avaliacao da alfabetizacao na 2a. serie do ensino fundamental formulada pelo CEALE/UFMG e mostra sua fragilidade para avaliar, de forma independente, as competencias de leitura e compreensao.
Rethinking renewable energy in Japan

On Friday 11 March 2011, 14:46 JST, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake with an epicenter approximately 70 km east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku with the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximate...
Measurement of particle deposition rates in a commercial aircraft cabin

Thousands of people travel by air every day. In 2011, 730 million people traveled on commercial aircraft domestically (BTS 2012). These passengers are confined to a very high-occupant density space for extended periods of time, sometimes over 15 h or more, for international flights. This large volume of travelers, combined with their time spent in close proximity of each other, during flights increases the potential for transmitting diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), tuberculosis, swine influenza (H1N1), and avian influenza (H5N1). Consequently, a common concern during commercial flight is disease transfer among passengers. Airborne pathogens travel throughout aircraft cabins much as airborne particles would. To study how these airborne diseases travel, particles were released into a Boeing 767 aircraft cabin mockup, and the particle deposition rates over a variety of locations were measured. In addition to varying the location of measurements, the surface orientation for measurem...
Regulation of adrenocortical cell proliferation in culture.

The regulation of the proliferation of adrenocortical cells in culture is reviewed. The hormones and growth factors affecting adrenocortical proliferation in culture and their physiological relevance are discussed. The following general conclusions are made:(i) ACTH is growth-stimulatory in vivo, but directly replication-inhibitory both in culture and in vivo, and is therefore an indirect mitogen.(ii) Insulin, IGFs, some pituitary and brain growth factors, and other unknown factors in serum, stimulate growth in culture, but their role in control of adrenocortical size in vivo is unknown.(iii) Pure, known pituitary hormones, other than ACTH, have no effect on adrenocortical proliferation in culture.(iv) Angiotensin is mitogenic in culture and perhaps also in vivo under some circumstances.
Critical behavior and duality in extended Sine-Gordon theories

Abstract We study the critical properties of vectorial sine-Gordon theories based on the root system of simply-laced Lie algebras. We introduce the dual operators and study the renormalization aspects of these theories. These models are identified with vectorial Coulomb gas models of electric and magnetic charges and generalized Toda field theories. We prove that these theories are consistently renormalizable for simply-laced Lie algebras, but non-renormalizable in general in the non-simply-laced case. These models provide a description for the statistical mechanics of melting in the SU(3) case. They also provide a simplified model for strings compactified on root lattices. We compute the RG beta functions to quadratic order for general simply-laced algebras and find that in general there is a Weyl singlet, self-dual fixed point. This fixed point describes a critical theory with condensates of electric and magnetic charges corresponding to tachyonic and winding modes in string language. The different phases are related by Weyl and duality symmetry. The phase structure is conjectured in the general case, and analyzed in detail for SU(3) and SO(6). We compute Zamolodchikov's c-function to cubic order in the couplings in the general case and the conformal anomaly at the self-dual fixed point for SU(N).
Leachability of printed wire boards containing leaded and lead-free solder

Due to environmental concerns and regulatory initiatives, electronics manufacturers are replacing the tin/lead solder commonly used on printed wire boards (PWBs) with alternative solders. To determine the potential waste management impacts of the alternative solders versus the tin/lead solder, two leaching tests on PWBs manufactured with five alternative types of solder were performed: the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). These tests are commonly used in the US regulatory community to assess pollutant leachability in different disposal scenarios. The article discusses the application and limitations of these tests. The five types of solders investigated were 63Sn/37Pb, 99.3Sn/0.7Cu, 95.5Sn/4Ag/0.5 Cu, 96Sn/2.5Ag/1Bi/0.5Cu, and 42Sn/1Ag/57Bi. The leaching tests were conducted on four PWB sections, each with a unique configuration and solder density. The largest lead concentrations were observed from the PWBs containing Sn/Pb solder, with concentrations exceeding the hazardous waste toxicity characteristic (TC) in TCLP leachates. Silver, the other regulated element used in the solders, was rarely detected, with none of the samples exceeding the TC limit for silver. High copper concentrations were observed and were determined to result from the PWB itself, not from the copper-containing solders.
Energy bandgap and lattice constant contours of iii–v quaternary alloys

Energy band gap and lattice constant contours are presented for the nine quaternary alloys formed from Al, Ga, In and P, As, Sb. The quaternary bandgaps were obtained using an interpolation formula proposed by Moonet al. The quater nary lattice constants were obtained by use of a linear interpolation technique using the binary lattice constants as boundary values.
The effects of natural enemies, competition, and host plant water availability on an aphid population

I used a factorial experiment repeated in two years to assess the relative effects of natural enemy attack, interspecific competition, and water availability to the host plant, and of interactions among these factors, on the population dynamics of the aphid Aphis varians feeding on fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium). The impact of a suite of coccinellid and syrphid predators emerged as the predominant factor affecting the success of aphid colonies: colonies protected from natural enemies grew in size at a rate of ten percent per day, were only one tenth as likely to go extinct, and produced over ten times more dispersing alates. In contrast, I found only minor effects of removing flea beetles, the most abundant herbivore with which A. varians colonies cohabit fireweed stems, and of supplementing water availability to fireweed host plants, in spite of a significant effect of watering frequency on aphid growth in the green-house. There was no evidence of significant two- or three-way interactions among factors. Hence, despite the potential complexity of the food web in which it is embedded, the dynamics of A. varians appears to be driven predominantly by a single factor, i.e. interactions with natural enemies.
Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Current Approach and Future Directions

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic inflammatory condition with a rapidly evolving epidemiology, is now a major cause of esophageal disease. Current guidelines emphasize that EoE is a clinicopathologic condition with the following criteria: clinical symptoms of esophageal dysfunction; at least 15 eosinophils in one high-power field on esophageal biopsy; and lack of responsiveness to high-dose proton-pump inhibition or normal pH monitoring of the distal esophagus. Challenges in diagnosis include lack of standardized esophageal biopsy protocols, variability in how eosinophil counts are determined, variability in the size of microscope high-power fields, and the need to evaluate the differential diagnosis of esophageal eosinophilia. In particular, the complex interplay between esophageal eosinophilia, EoE, and reflux disease remains an area both of controversy and active study. In the future, diagnostic strategies could include symptom scores, tissue or noninvasive biomarkers, and/or genetic expression profiles.
Bactericidal Effects of Sugar-Fed Antibiotics on Resident Midgut Bacteria of Newly Emerged Anopheline Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

A protocol was developed for significantly reducing resident midgut bacteria in newly emerged anopheline mosquitoes using a combination of antibiotics. Pupa harvested from colony-reared Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles and Anopheles stephensi (Liston) were placed in cages wiped previously with 70% alcohol and kept under UV light for 24 h. Emerging adult mosquitoes were fed for 3 consecutive days on antibiotic solution, consisting of 0.4% gentamicin sulfate and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution in a 10% sterile sucrose solution. Bacterial suspensions of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter, 1886), and Pseudomonas stutzeri (Lehmann & Neumann, 1896) isolated from wild-caught anophelines were fed to antibiotic-treated mosquitoes starved for 24 h via either sugar or membrane-feeding. Mosquitoes dissected 1 and 24 h after blood-feeding or sugar-feeding, and plated on trypticase soy agar plates, yielded the same type of bacteria fed originally without evidence of contaminants. There was no residual effect of the antibiotics on introduced single bacteria strains as judged by the presence of bacteria in antibiotic-treated mosquitoes. This experimental reduction of resident midgut bacteria and their replacement with single strains in newly emerged anopheline mosquitoes should facilitate further investigations of the interactions between malaria parasites and bacteria found in the midguts of mosquitoes.
Security analysis of VoIP architecture for identifying SIP vulnerabilities

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an emerging technology that changes the way of communication services over IP networks. It provides flexible and low cost services to the users, which make it more popular than the existing Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN). With the popularity of this technology, it became targeted victim of different attacks. In this paper we analyzed VoIP architecture, both theoretically and practically with more emphasizes on security of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). In order to analyze theoretically, we performed a literature survey related to SIP security and classified it in term of existing SIP attacks and defenses. Our theoretical analysis reveals that most attacks on VoIP architecture were successful due to weaknesses of SIP, especially the authentication mechanism used in the session establishment phase. For practical analysis, we used open source Asterisk and pen-test it in different attacking scenarios using Kali Linux distribution. Our practical analysis studies revealed that open source asterisk server is still vulnerable to several attacks, which includes eavesdropping, intentional interruption, social threats, interception and modification, and unintentional interruption. We also provide a concise mitigating scheme based on Single Sign-On (SSO), which provides an efficient and reliable authentication mechanism for securing SIP.
Environmental Risk Assessment: Relation to Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis, and Reproductive Effects

Effective and efficient assessment of the potential health effects from environmental chemicals requires well-validated tests to identify the toxicity of the chemical and then extensive scientific and analytical work to characterize the potential risk for humans in light of the relative potency of the chemical in test systems, the nature and routes of exposures for humans, and the differences in susceptibility across species and among human population subgroups. Such risk assessment is being applied increasingly for potential carcinogens and is beginning to be applied to mutagenic and teratogenic chemicals. One of the fertile areas for research is the study of mechanisms that may permit us to predict carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic activity of compounds from tests of each of these classes of end-points.
Calcium and Metabolic Oscillations in Pancreatic Islets: Who's Driving the Bus?

Pancreatic islets exhibit bursting oscillations in response to elevated blood glucose. These oscillations are accompanied by oscillations in the free cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration (Cac), which drives pulses of insulin secretion. Both islet Ca 2+ and metabolism oscillate, but there is some debate about their interrelationship. Recent experimental data show that metabolic oscillations in some cases persist after the addition of diazoxide (Dz), which opens K(ATP) channels, hyperpolarizing β- cells and preventing Ca 2+ entry and Ca 2+ oscillations. Further, in some islets in which metabolic oscillations were eliminated with Dz, increasing the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration by the addition of KCl could restart the metabolic oscillations. Here we address why metabolic oscillations persist in some islets but not others, and why raising Cac restarts oscillations in some islets but not others. We answer these questions using the dual oscillator model (DOM) for pancreatic islets. The DOM can reproduce the experimental data and shows that the model supports two different mechanisms for slow metabolic oscillations, one that requires calcium oscillations and one that does not.
Pitman closeness for hierarchical bayes predictors in mixed linear models

The present article considers the Pitman Closeness (PC) criterion of certain hierarchical Bayes (HB) predictors derived under a normal mixed linear models for known ratios of variance components using a uniform prior for the vector of fixed effects and some proper or improper prior on the error variance. For a generalized Euclidean error, simultaneous HB predictors of several linear combinations of vector of effects are shown to be the Pitman-closest in the frequentist sense in the class of equivariant predictors for location group of transformations. The normality assumption can be relaxed to show that these HB predictors are the Pitman-closest for location-scale group of transformations for a wider family of elliptically symmetric distributions. Also for this family, the HB predictors turn out to be Pitman-closest in the class of all linear unbiased predictors (LUPs). All these results are extended for the HB predictor of finite population mean vector in the context of finite population sampling.
Structural characterization and in vitro processing of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA transcripts containing 5- triphosphates, leader sequences, 16 S rRNA, and spacer tRNAs.

Abstract Strains of Escherichia coli lacking the ribosomal RNA processing endonuclease RNAase III produce an 18 S RNA species which contains the entire sequence of p16 precursor rRNA plus additional “leader” sequences at the 5′ end. RNAase III − RNAase P − cells synthesize a 19 S RNA which includes p16 rRNA plus leader sequences and transfer RNA sequences. The 19 S RNA transcripts originate from most or all of the rRNA gene clusters. They start with ATP or GTP and end with tRNA sequences. RNAase P cleavage of 19 S RNA processes out mature tRNA 2 Glu , tRNA 1 Ile , and tRNA 1B Ala , the so-called “spacer” transfer RNAs which are transcribed from the spacer region between 16 S and 23 S rRNA cistrons. Cleavage of 19 S RNA by RNAase III produces p16 rRNA, leader RNAs, and spacer RNA fragments. Leader RNAs are initiated with ATP or GTP. The spacer fragments extend from the 3′ terminus of p16 rRNA to the mature 3′ terminus of a spacer tRNA; subsequent treatment with RNAase P releases mature spacer tRNAs. These results indicate that RNAase III is the first enzyme to process the 5′ region of nascent rRNA transcripts, that spacer tRNA sequences are located at the 3′ end of 19 S RNA molecules, and that the tRNA processing enzyme RNAase P participates in the processing of transcripts from rRNA operons. Using this data, a processing cleavage map can be drawn of transcripts from the proximal regions of at least five different ribosomal RNA operons.
Measuring atmospheric density using GPS–LEO tracking data

Abstract We present a method to estimate the total neutral atmospheric density from precise orbit determination of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. We derive the total atmospheric density by determining the drag force acting on the LEOs through centimeter-level reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) using onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking data. The precision of the estimated drag accelerations is assessed using various metrics, including differences between estimated along-track accelerations from consecutive 30-h POD solutions which overlap by 6 h, comparison of the resulting accelerations with accelerometer measurements, and comparison against an existing atmospheric density model, DTM-2000. We apply the method to GPS tracking data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C, Jason-2, TerraSAR-X and COSMIC satellites, spanning 12 years (2001–2012) and covering orbital heights from 400 km to 1300 km. Errors in the estimates, including those introduced by deficiencies in other modeled forces (such as solar radiation pressure and Earth radiation pressure), are evaluated and the signal and noise levels for each satellite are analyzed. The estimated density data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C and TerraSAR-X are identified as having high signal and low noise levels. These data all have high correlations with anominal atmospheric density model and show common features in relative residuals with respect to the nominal model in related parameter space. On the contrary, the estimated density data from COSMIC and Jason-2 show errors larger than the actual signal at corresponding altitudes thus having little practical value for this study. The results demonstrate that this method is applicable to data from a variety of missions and can provide useful total neutral density measurements for atmospheric study up to altitude as high as 715 km, with precision and resolution between those derived from traditional special orbital perturbation analysis and those obtained from onboard accelerometers.
A conjecture of Erdős on graph Ramsey numbers

Abstract The Ramsey number r ( G ) of a graph G is the minimum N such that every red–blue coloring of the edges of the complete graph on N vertices contains a monochromatic copy of G . Determining or estimating these numbers is one of the central problems in combinatorics. One of the oldest results in Ramsey Theory, proved by Erdős and Szekeres in 1935, asserts that the Ramsey number of the complete graph with m edges is at most 2 O ( m ) . Motivated by this estimate Erdős conjectured, more than a quarter century ago, that there is an absolute constant c such that r ( G ) ⩽ 2 c m for any graph G with m edges and no isolated vertices. In this short note we prove this conjecture.
Population-Structure and Admixture in Transplanted Tlaxcaltecan Populations

The history of the Indian populations from the Valley of Tlaxcala since the Spanish conquest of Mexico has been one of fission and transplantation. A number of Tlaxcaltecan families were relocated by the Spanish and founded new communities such as Saltillo and Cuanalan outside the Valley of Tlaxcala. The contemporary genetic structure of these people reflects their ethnohistory. Genetic distances between Tlaxcaltecan groups are the result of differential systematic pressure acting upon them.
Tip Extensions, Winglets, and C-wings: Conceptual Design and Optimization

Conceptual wing design analysis methods are combined with numerical optimization to find minimum drag wings subject to constraints on lift, weight, pitching moment, and stall speed. For conceptual design studies root bending moment is often used to assess wing weight. However, this is often a poor indication of wing weight, especially for nonplanar configurations. The weight model used not only retains simplicity, but also accounts for the depth of the wing structural box and variations in area-dependent weight. Stall speed constraints are introduced to move beyond simple trade studies and allow planform optimization without unrealistically small tip chords. The problem of tip extensions vs. winglets is revisited with nonlinear optimization. The choice of a tip extension or a winglet depends on the ratio of the maneuver lift coefficient to the cruise lift coefficient. Design studies are also performed for wings with maneuver load alleviation, and C-wings for tailless aircraft. Optimizing C-wing designs introduces several subtleties into the optimization process including the necessity of evaluating the maneuver load at various lift coefficients, and constraining the wing skin thickness. C-wings may be beneficial for tailless aircraft designed with nose up pitching moment about the aerodynamic center.
A nonlinear integral operator arising from a model in population genetics IV. clines

We study the existence, uniqueness and stability properties of solutions to the integral equation $\phi = Q[\phi ]$ with $\phi ( - \infty ) = 1$, $\phi ( \infty ) = 0$. Here $Q[u](x) = \smallint K(x - y)g(y,u(y))dy$ is defined on functions bounded between 0 and 1, K is a probability density function and ${{g(x,u) = [s(x)u^2 + u]} / {[1 + s(x)u^2 \sigma (x)(1 - u)^2 ]}}$ according to a population genetics model. The hypotheses on g are based on the biological assumption that the homozygotes, that is individuals with genotypes $AA$ or $aa$, are best fit to survive near opposite ends of the one-dimensional habitat.
3D object recognition from range images using pyramid matching

Recognition of 3D objects from different viewpoints is a difficult problem. In this paper, we propose a new method to recognize 3D range images by matching local surface descriptors. The input 3D surfaces are first converted into a set of local shape descriptors computed on surface patches defined by detected salient features. We compute the similarities between input 3D images by matching their descriptors with a pyramid kernel function. The similarity matrix of the images is used to train for classification using SVM, and new images can be recognized by comparing with the training set. The approach is evaluated on both synthetic and real 3D data with complex shapes.
Extensive features of tight oligosaccharide binding revealed in high-resolution structures of the maltodextrin transport/chemosensory receptor

Abstract Background: Active-transport processes perform a vital function in the life of a cell, maintaining cell homeostasis and allowing access of nutrients. Maltodextrin/maltose-binding protein (MBP; M r = 40K) is a receptor protein which serves as an initial high-affinity binding component of the active-transport system of maltooligosaccharides in bacteria. MBP also participates in chemotaxis towards maltooligosaccharides. The interaction between MBP and specific cytoplasmic membrane proteins initiates either active transport or chemotaxis. In order to gain new understanding of the function of MBP, especially its versatility in binding different linear and cyclic oligosaccharides with similar affinities, we have undertaken high-resolution X-ray analysis of three oligosaccharide-bound structures. Results: The structures of MBP complexed with maltose, maltotriose and maltotetraose have been refined to high resolutions (1.67 to 1.8 A). These structures provide details at the atomic level of many features of oligosaccharide binding. The structures reveal differences between buried and surface binding sites and show the importance of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, especially those resulting from aromatic residue stacking. Insights are provided into the structural plasticity of the protein, the binding affinity and the binding specificity with respect to α / β anomeric preference and oligosaccharide length. In addition, the structures demonstrate the different conformations that can be adopted by the oligosaccharide within the complex. Conclusions: MBP has a two-domain structure joined by a hinge-bending region which contains the substrate-binding groove. The bound maltooligosaccharides have a ribbon-like structure: the edges of the ribbon are occupied by polar hydroxyl groups and the flat surfaces are composed of nonpolar patches of the sugar ring faces. The polar groups and nonpolar patches are heavily involved in forming hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts, respectively, with complimentary residues in the groove. Hinge-bending between the two domains enables the participation of both domains in the binding and sequestering of the oligosaccharides. Changes in the subtle contours of the binding site allow binding of maltodextrins of varying length with similarly high affinities. The fact that the three bound structures are essentially identical ensures productive interaction with the oligomeric membrane proteins, which are distinct for transport and chemotaxis.
Plastic Stress Intensity Factors in Steady Crack Growth

Abstract : The asymptotic stress and deformation fields of a crack propagating steadily and quasi-statically into an elastic-plastic material, characterised by J sub 2 flow theory with linear strain-hardening, were first determined for the cases of mode III and mode I (plane strain and plane stress). Their solutions were approximate in that they neglected the possibility of plastic reloading on the crack faces. This effect was taken into account by the author who formulated the (eigenvalue) problem in terms of a system of first order. O.D.E.'s in the angular variations of the stress and velocity components. The strength of the singularity, serving as the eigenvalue, and the angular variations of the fields were determined as functions of the hardening parameter. The above analysis does not determine the amplitude factor of the near-tip asymptotic fields, or plastic stress intensity factor. In this work, a simple, approximate technique based on a variational statement of compatibility is developed under the assumption of small-scale yielding. A trial function for the stress function of the problem, that makes use of the asymptotic information in the near-tip and far-field limits, is postulated.
Probing stress state and phase content in ultra-thin Ta films

Ta films 25A to 200A in thickness were sputter-deposited using different sputter gas (Ar) pressures and cathode power settings. The average in-plane stresses were determined using double crystal diffraction topography (DCDT). X-ray analysis (using the grazing incidence x-ray scattering (GIXS) geometry) was performed using a synchrotron light source. To study microstructure and phase content, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transmission electron diffraction (TED) were used. Well resolved x-ray patterns were collected for all of the films. The DCDT stress data was found to be consistent with stress effects evident in the GIXS data. In general, residual stress state was not strongly dependent upon Ar pressure. The strongest evidence of amorphous content was found in both x-ray and TED data taken from 25A thick films deposited using 2mTorr Ar pressure and 460 W cathode power. These results show that it is possible to create and study ultra-thin Ta films which posses a range of residual stresses and phase compositions.
Current collapse and reliability mechanisms in GaN HEMTs

Current collapse and performance degradation effects remain the most serious problem in short channel GaN HEMTs with operating frequencies above 20 GHz and aggressive designs for achieving highest power levels (exceeding 6-8 W/mm). Although for lower frequency operation, significant progress in mitigating these effects has been achieved, this approach is not applicable for ultra high frequency, higher performance devices. To facilitate the development of such advanced devices, the authors propose novel model applicable to short (down to sub-100 nm) channel devices operating in high power regime. This novel model accounts for three different degradation mechanisms related to (a) current collapse, (b) gate leakage current degradation and (c) structural damage caused by high electric fields.
Spatiotemporal properties of short-term plasticity sensorimotor thalamocortical pathways of the rat

Each region of neocortex receives synaptic input from several thalamic nuclei, but the response properties of thalamocortical pathways may differ. We have studied the frontoparietal (motor and somatosensory) neocortex of the rat and have examined the responses induced by stimulating two convergent thalamocortical projections originating in the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus and ventroposterior lateral (VPL) nucleus. Depth recordings and current-source density (CSD) analysis revealed two primary responses with different laminar and temporal patterns when VL and VPL were stimulated. Single shocks to VL produced a characteristic small current sink in layer V, which strongly enhanced in response to a second pulse delivered within a 50–200 msec interval (i.e., the augmenting response). In contrast, a shock to VPL evoked a large current sink that originated in layer IV, spread strongly into the supragranular layers, and was almost abolished in response to a second pulse at intervals of <200 msec (i.e., the decremental response). Control experiments determined that these responses could not be attributed to the antidromic firing of corticothalamic cells, intrathalamic mechanisms, or anesthesia. Topographic response maps were obtained from a grid of 30 sites across frontoparietal cortex. One shock to VL excited a very limited cortical region, but an augmenting response evoked 50–200 msec later spread at approximately 1 m/sec to synchronize the activity across an area up to 25 times larger. In contrast, a single shock to VPL activated a relatively large area, but the area activated by a second shock delivered within 200 msec was much smaller. We conclude that overlapping thalamocortical projections, originating in different thalamic nuclei, have distinct spatiotemporal response characteristics that may serve the functional specializations of these pathways.
The “Abandoned Husband”

Women’s changing social roles and social expectations pose new problems for men. One of the troubling issues some men are forced to face is that of adapting to rapidly changing marital relationships when women choose to discard traditional wifely roles.1 Much has been written about the pain of separation and divorce from the viewpoint of women, but little has been reported on the problems of the “abandoned” male. This paper will describe twenty-six men seen at a mental health clinic at a time of marital turmoil, men who had married in their early twenties, who had been reared in traditional homes, and who had traditional expectations of their wives. The focus of the paper will be on their responses to separation and divorce in their thirties, separations initiated in each instance by the wife.
Characterization and TCR variable region gene use of mouse resident nasal γδ T lymphocytes

Tissue-resident gammadelta T lymphocytes, such as dendritic epidermal T cells, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and resident pulmonary lymphocytes, are known to support local tissue homeostasis and host defense. Inhaled antigens, toxins, and microorganisms first interact with the immune system through contact with the nasal mucosa. Herein, we characterized two populations of resident nasal lymphocytes (RNL) that are present in the nasal mucosa: nasal IEL (nIEL) and nasal lamina propria lymphocytes (nLPL). gammadelta TCR+ and alphabeta TCR+ nIEL and nLPL were detected by immunofluorescent staining. Mononuclear cells (5-15%) were CD3+ RNL by FACS analysis. Among the CD3+ RNL, 20-30% were GL3+ gammadelta T cells, which were double-negative for CD4 and CD8 and predominantly expressed a Vgamma4/Vdelta1 TCR. These results demonstrate that RNL might be crucial for the host defense and tissue homeostasis in the nasal mucosa.
Microcontact Printing of Alkanethiols on Silver and Its Application in Microfabrication

Microcontact printing was used to generate patterned self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on the surfaces of evaporated films of copper. These patterned SAMs could be directly used as ultrathin resists that protected the underlying copper from etching in aqueous solutions of FeCl3/HCl or FeCl3/NH4Cl. Arrays of junctions of Ag/Ag2O/Cu were fabricated using a multistep procedure that combines metal evaporation, microcontact printing, and selective etching.
An overview of methods for the analysis of longitudinal data

This paper reviews statistical methods for the analysis of discrete and continuous longitudinal data. The relative merits of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies are discussed. Three approaches, marginal, transition and random effects models, are presented with emphasis on the distinct interpretations of their coefficients in the discrete data case. We review generalized estimating equations for inferences about marginal models. The ideas are illustrated with analyses of a 2 x 2 crossover trial with binary responses and a randomized longitudinal study with a count outcome.
VII1. Rapid Electron‐Transfer Isotopic‐Exchange Reactions

Rate measurements for the isotopic-exchange reactions given below are discussed. The second-order rate constants (1 · mole−1 · sec.−1) at 0°C determined or estimated (#)are: Cations with small hydrated radii catalyze the first two reactions. l'auteur discute les mesures des vitesses de reaction d'echange isotopique suivantes. Les constantes de vitesse du deuxieme ordre (1 · mol−1 · sec−1) sont determinees ou evaluees (#): Des cations avec petits rayons d'hydratation catalysent les deux premieres reactions. Messungen der Geschwindigkeit der nachfolgenden Isotopenaustauschreaktionen werden diskutiert. Die Zeitkonstanten zweiter Ordnung (1 · mol−1 · sec−1), bei 0°C bestimmt oder abgeschatzt (#), sind: Kationen mit kleinem Radius im hydratisierten Zustand katalysieren die zwei ersten Reaktionen.
On Digital Therapeutics

Let us reconsider the criticism (Webb et al., 2010) that using the Internet to change people’s behavior, through the delivery of targeted health interventions, lacks verification of effectiveness. In light of the growing social trend of person-generated health data, questions to consider are (1)What confidence should be assigned to “digital therapeutics”? and (2) How to start the dialogue with traditional therapeutics to acknowledge this trend?
Assessing Materialism among the Future Elites of China

ABSTRACT. This study assesses Chinese college-attending future elites as to their materialism values. Its intent is to reveal suggestive insights into the extent of materialism being manifested for China's needed increase in domestic consumption. The results revealed a bifurcation of materialism values, and theory-based difference assessments validated the study results. The most powerful predictors of materialism were vertical individualism, vertical collectivism, and life satisfaction, with the latter evidencing an inverse relationship. The study's overall results suggest that the materialistic values of future elites may both facilitate and impede China's economic prosperity. Insights are also revealed into the unique nature of materialism among future elites, and strategic perspectives are presented.
Wolfgang Mommsen, 1930–2004

One of our preeminent historians, Wolfgang Mommsen, died on August 11, 2004, at the age of seventy-three. Death came while he was swimming off Usedom, in the Baltic Sea. To speak of him as “ours” is to say at once that he was a treasured international presence for all of us, that he fully embodied the new transnational character of historical studies. His prodigious work and ebullient temper enriched the lives of his students, colleagues, and friends.
The Pseudomonas syringae type-III effector HopG1 induces actin remodeling to promote symptom development and susceptibility during infection

The plant cytoskeleton underpins the function of a multitude of cellular mechanisms, including those associated with developmental- and stress-associated signaling processes. In recent years, the actin cytoskeleton has been demonstrated to play a key role in plant immune signaling, including a recent demonstration that pathogens target actin filaments to block plant defense and immunity. Herein, we quantified spatial changes in host actin filament organization after infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), demonstrating that the type-III effector HopG1 is required for pathogen-induced changes to actin filament architecture and host disease symptom development during infection. Using a suite of pathogen effector deletion constructs, coupled with high-resolution microscopy, we found that deletion of hopG1 from Pst DC3000 resulted in a reduction in actin bundling and a concomitant increase in the density of filament arrays in Arabidopsis, both of which correlate with host disease symptom development. As a mechanism underpinning this activity, we further show that the HopG1 effector interacts with an Arabidopsis mitochondrial-localized kinesin motor protein. Kinesin mutant plants show reduced disease symptoms after pathogen infection, which can be complemented by actin-modifying agents. In total, our results support a model in which HopG1 induces changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton as part of its virulence function in promoting disease symptom development.
Craniofacial Growth and the Dentition

The skills required of an orthodontist to successfully treat a skeletal malocclusion are greater when the patient is growing, and the pediatrician may be the only health care provider to see a child during the growing years. This article discusses the patterns of growth of the craniofacial complex and the effect of this growth on the dentition and describes the current research in craniofacial growth prediction.
β-Catenin activation in fundic gland polyps, gastric cancer and colonic polyps in families afflicted by ‘gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach’ (GAPPS)

Aim To evaluate possible colon involvement in the ‘gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach’ (GAPPS) gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome. Methods Prospective clinicopathological evaluation of two GAPPS families and expression of nuclear β-catenin, p53 and Ki67 measured by immunohistochemistry on endoscopic and surgical specimens from patients with GAPPS. Results Patients with the GAPPS phenotype were more frequently affected by colonic polyps than patients at risk within the same families (p Conclusions Similarities in expression markers in fundic gland and colonic polyps, together with an enrichment of colonic adenomas in family members affected by GAPPS phenotype compared with family members at risk, support mild colonic involvement of this rare cancer syndrome. Colonoscopic screening might be warranted. Clinical Trial Registration Number #09-C-0079; Results.
Transport properties of a hollow pressure filament in a magnetized plasma

A theoretical and numerical modeling study is made of a novel heating configuration recently implemented in the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles. The injection of an electron beam from a masked LaB6 cathode into a magnetized plasma results in a hollow, cylindrical filament of elevated temperature. The hot cylindrical ring has an axial extent that is about one-thousand times larger than its thickness, and the peak temperature can be ten times larger than that of the surrounding plasma. The simultaneous positive and negative radial pressure gradients provide an ideal platform for the investigation of transport phenomena of contemporary interest, including avalanches [Van Compernolle et al., Phys. Rev. E 91, 031102 (2015)] and nonlocal transport. The present study delineates both the parameter regimes achievable by classical transport and the linear stability of the self-consistent profiles, including temperature and density gradients. An avalanche model is developed based on the self-consistent evolution of drift-wave eigenfunctions in nonlinearly modified profiles of electron temperature and plasma density.
Should Managerial Responses to Online Word-of-Mouth be Prescriptive? Impacts on Firm Performance

Firms are shifting their social media emphasis from passive listening to active intervening. This paper investigates the performance implications of management responses to online word of mouth (WOM) and advocates that responses to online reviews should be provided strategically. Using longitudinal online reviews, management responses and financial performance data of 730 hotels in a specific U.S. market from 2005 to 2011, we examine how managers should respond to online WOM for increased performance outcomes. On one hand, when valence and volume are both high and both low, responding to those reviews may hurt financial performance. On the other hand, when one is high and the other is low, management responses positively impact financial performance. Our results hold for various business contexts using revenue, price, and demand as outcome variables, lending support to the robustness of our findings.
Development and preliminary performance of a risk factor screen to predict posttraumatic psychological disorder after trauma exposure.

Abstract Objective We examined data from a prospective study of risk factors that increase vulnerability or resilience, exacerbate distress, or foster recovery to determine whether risk factors accurately predict which individuals will later have high posttraumatic (PT) symptom levels and whether brief measures of risk factors also accurately predict later symptom elevations. Method Using data from 129 adults exposed to traumatic injury of self or a loved one, we conducted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of 14 risk factors assessed by full-length measures, determined optimal cutoff scores, and calculated predictive performance for the nine that were most predictive. For five risk factors, we identified sets of items that accounted for 90% of variance in total scores and calculated predictive performance for sets of brief risk measures. Results A set of nine risk factors assessed by full measures identified 89% of those who later had elevated PT symptoms (sensitivity) and 78% of those who did not (specificity). A set of four brief risk factor measures assessed soon after injury identified 86% of those who later had elevated PT symptoms and 72% of those who did not. Conclusions Use of sets of brief risk factor measures shows promise of accurate prediction of PT psychological disorder and probable PTSD or depression. Replication of predictive accuracy is needed in a new and larger sample.
BioLinker: Bottom-up exploration of protein interaction networks

Systems biologists and cancer researchers require interactive visualization tools that enable them to more easily navigate and discover patterns at different levels of the biological hierarchy of signaling pathways. Furthermore, biologists are often interested in understanding and exploring the causal biochemical links between processes. When exploring the literature of particular biological pathways or specific proteins within those pathways, biologists find it useful to know the contexts in which biochemical links are active and, importantly, to be aware of potential conflicts when different experiments introduce alternative interpretations of the function of a pathway or biochemical reaction. We introduce BioLinker, a interactive visualization system that helps users to perform bottom-up exploration of complex protein interaction networks. Five interconnected views provide the user with a range of ways to explore pathway data, including views that show potential conflicts within pathway databases and publications and that highlight contextual information about individual proteins. Additionally, we discuss system details to show how our system manages the large amount of protein interactions extracted from the literature of biological pathways.
Mass spectrometry, genetics and biochemistry: Understanding the metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid

It is the goal of our laboratory to understand the processes that plants use to regulate the level of the naturally occurring auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Four basic approaches have been taken that, when applied together, will yield information on the mechanisms and reactions involved in the regulation of the level of this phytohormone. 1) We have developed techniques for the analysis of IAA and related metabolites using GC-MS and stable isotopes for quantitation and in vivo analysis of metabolic reactions. 2) Using chromatographic and spectral analysis we have isolated and identified a variety of conjugates of IAA and have shown these to be important in the regulation of IAA levels. Most unique has been the isolation of a 3 kD peptide with IAA in amide linkage that is the major conjugate in extracts from bean seeds. 3) We have applied genetic techniques in order to extend and refine our metabolic studies. A mutant of Lemna that accumulates large amounts of IAA has been isolated and selections are being made to obtain mutants unable to hydrolyze IAA conjugates. 4) Initial results are presented on the in vitro hydrolysis of IAA-amino acid conjugates by enzyme extracts from bean and from carrot cell cultures.
Hox specificity unique roles for cofactors and collaborators.

Abstract Hox proteins are well known for executing highly specific functions in vivo , but our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying gene regulation by these fascinating proteins has lagged behind. The premise of this review is that an understanding of gene regulation—by any transcription factor—requires the dissection of the cis ‐regulatory elements that they act upon. With this goal in mind, we review the concepts and ideas regarding gene regulation by Hox proteins and apply them to a curated list of directly regulated Hox cis ‐regulatory elements that have been validated in the literature. Our analysis of the Hox‐binding sites within these elements suggests several emerging generalizations. We distinguish between Hox cofactors, proteins that bind DNA cooperatively with Hox proteins and thereby help with DNA‐binding site selection, and Hox collaborators, proteins that bind in parallel to Hox‐targeted cis ‐regulatory elements and dictate the sign and strength of gene regulation. Finally, we summarize insights that come from examining five X‐ray crystal structures of Hox‐cofactor‐DNA complexes. Together, these analyses reveal an enormous amount of flexibility into how Hox proteins function to regulate gene expression, perhaps providing an explanation for why these factors have been central players in the evolution of morphological diversity in the animal kingdom.