cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation and Regulatory Reform: Some Fundamental Conceptions

The general perspective taken here can be briefly stated: regulation is a fundamental, not epiphenomenal, matter. It is part of larger social processes with respect to which it is both a determined and determining (dependent and independent) variable. Regulation has a dual nature: it both controls and protects, it both restricts and enhances opportunity sets, typically for different persons in each instance. Accordingly regulation is a relative, not absolute, phenomenon capable of being selectively perceived. It is deeply related to power structure: it governs and is governed by power. Power is at the centre of politics (law) and economics, and regulation is not sui generis in the legal-economic arena. The central problem is not whether or not there should be regulation or greater or lesser government. The juxtaposition of the market or competition to government or regulation typically if not inevitably involves one set of legal rights (regulation) being given a privileged position. The central problem is whose interests are to be promoted by regulation and how (insofar as interests conflict, some regulation receiving perhaps universal approval). Regulation functions to promote interests, in part by channelling radical indeterminacy, uncertainty and risk. The question is, who shall use government, including regulation, to advance their own interest. Finally, as will be seen below, regulation must be comprehended in the context of a general analysis of power and rights: private regulation is the alter ego of public regulation, the two are quite interdependent and regulation is a mode of, not antagonistic to, rights.
An Individual-Based Model for Metapopulations on Patchy Landscapes-Genetics and Demography (IMPL-GD)

The model described in this chapter addresses the risk of metapopulation extinction when a habitat parcel is eliminated from a patchy landscape. The authors describe the Individual-Based Model for Metapopulations on Patchy Landscapes-Genetics and Demography (IMPL-GD), an agent-based simulation model developed using NetLogo (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/). This model is intended to provide a better understanding of how ecological variables such as landscape physical characteristics, population genetic and demographic traits, and network relationships between habitat parcels relate dynamically to metapopulation viability. The IMPL-GD places generic organisms on a landscape that consists of habitable and non-habitable patches, including traversable but non-habitable terrain. The agents, called “whatsits,” were designed to reflect the characteristics of small, solitary animals that defend small, circular territories in the landscape. They are defined in the model by a unique identification number, age, sex, lineage, and other characteristics. The IMPL-GD model enables the user to rapidly execute thousands of simulations in which a random parcel of habitable terrain is eliminated from the landscape after a given number of time steps and the impact on whatsit population viability is recorded. The output from a large number of IMPL-GD simulations can statistically analyzed to identify associations between the independent ecological variables and quantify their relation to the dependent variable of whatsit survival in the form of a conservation utility index.
Nutrition and Hydration in Children with Cancer

Maintenance of adequate nutritional status and fluid balance is an important component in the care of a child diagnosed with cancer. The physiological effects of the cancer itself, in addition to the numerous side effects of the necessary treatment, frequently interfere with the child's ability to ingest, digest, and absorb food and fluid. Malnutrition has been shown to occur in 8–32% of children diagnosed with cancer (Han-Markey 2000). Cachexia is a severe form of malnutrition that can result from malignant tumors and the side effects of treatment (Chap. 17). Cachexia can be exacerbated by alterations in nutrient metabolism, including increased protein demands leading to depletion of lean muscle mass and impairment of muscle repair, glucose intolerance that mimics insulin resistance, and increased fatty acid oxidation resulting in depletion of fat stores and hyperlipidemia. Children are at a higher risk than adults of developing cachexia, as they have increased nutritional requirements for growth and development and may have limited nutritional reserves. Malnourished children are at risk for serious deficits in growth and development, increased morbidity, poor disease outcomes, decreased immune function, and decreased quality of life. The goals of support and treatment for the pediatric oncology patient include promoting adequate fluid and electrolyte balance, preserving nutritional status or reversing nutritional defi-ciencies, preserving lean body mass, minimizing treatment-related side effects, and maximizing the patient's quality of life.
Pressure/Patch-Clamp Methods

It is approaching 20 years since the introduction of the single-channel patch-clamp recording technique (Neher and Sakmann, 1976), and over the last two decades its refinements and diverse applications have served to maintain it as the dominant technique in membrane physiology (Neher, 1992; Sakmann, 1992). Historical accounts of the development of the technique have been given (Sigworth, 1986), and an extensive literature exists detailing and updating various aspects of the method (Sakmann and Neher, 1983,1995; and this volume). In this chapter we focus on a critical yet somewhat neglected aspect of the method, namely the magnitude and time course of the suction/pressure applied to the patch and its consequent effects on membrane and channel properties. Although suction is most often used in obtaining the tight seal, it has also been shown that excessive suction alters the properties of specific membrane ion channels (Hamill and McBride, 1992). In particular we describe here recent development of pressure clamp techniques that allow the application of precise and rapid suction/pressure steps to membrane patches and whole cells (McBride and Hamill, 1992, 1993, 1995). The combination of the pressure clamp/patch-clamp techniques provides a means to study the dynamic properties of membrane mechanics and membrane ion channels in response to mechanical stimulation.
“It’s Only a Theory": Science, Religion and Attitudes Toward Evolution

The controversy over evolution is a long standing one in American politics. The issue is often depicted as a conflict between science and religion. In this paper the effects of confidence in science and confidence in religion on attitudes toward human evolution are estimated. Bivariate analysis shows that confidence in science is positively related to belief in human evolution, while confidence in religion has a negative relationship. However, these effects become very weak when controls for religious beliefs and affiliation are imposed. Religious variables, rather than attitudes toward science, seem to be the main sources of attitudes toward evolution.
Mill power for high-pressure grinding rolls in coal grinding

Using an instrumented laboratory high-pressure grinding rolls mill, the grinding force, gap dimension, mass flow rate and net mill power were measured for six coals and a crystalline quartz. A technique was developed to estimate the compressive stress-strain curves for compression of the materials in the mill plus the effects of elastic decompression. To reconcile the mill power and grinding pressure results, it was necessary to allow for the energy recovery on decompression. No clear correlation was obtained between the form of the stress-strain curves or the variation of specific mill power factor with the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI), although coals with the lowest and highest HGIs (i.e., 44 and 106) gave results significantly different from the other coals. Feeds below 140 mesh (105 μm) flowed more rapidly than coarser feeds and would not build up high grinding pressures. This indicated shearing and fluidlike properties rather than compression as a locked bed.
Interplay between traumatic brain injury and intimate partner violence: data driven analysis utilizing electronic health records

It is estimated that a majority of intimate partner violence (IPV) victims suffer from blunt force to the head, neck and the face area. Injuries to head and neck are among the major causes for traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this interdisciplinary study, we aimed to characterize the key associations between IPV and TBI by mining de-identified electronic health records data with more than 12 M records between 1999 to 2017 from the IBM Explorys platform. For this purpose, we formulated a data-driven analytical framework to identify significant health correlates among IPV, TBI and six control cohorts. Using this framework, we assessed the co-morbidity, shared prevalence, and synergy between pairs of conditions. Our findings suggested that health effects attributed to malnutrition, acquired thrombocytopenia, post-traumatic wound infection, local infection of wound, poisoning by cardiovascular drug, alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic fatty liver, and drug-induced cirrhosis were highly significant at the joint presence of IPV and TBI. To develop a better understanding of how IPV is related to negative health effects, it is potentially useful to determine the interactions and relationships between symptom categories. Our results can potentially improve the accuracy and confidence of existing clinical screening techniques on determining IPV-induced TBI diagnoses.
Treatment Outcomes for Latinos and Non-Hispanic White Victims of Crime: An Effectiveness Study:

This was a record review study. Data from all cases seen (N = 121) at the Victims of Crime Treatment Center over a 7-year period were examined to collect demographic information and determine diagn...
Identification of a Single MiHA Specificity That Induces Resistance to MHC-Matched Allogeneic HCT.

T cell populations specific for transplantation antigens have been detected in sensitized individuals following multiple blood transfusions, marrow transplants as well as in multiparous females. Resistance to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) in such sensitized individuals is consistent with the presence of a host memory T cell (TM) population specific for donor cell antigens. We hypothesized that a single donor minor histocompatibility (MiHA) epitope could elicit antigen-specific CD8 TM capable of resisting MHC-matched allogeneic hematopoietic cell engraftment. To address this question, CD8 TM were generated against a single MiHA epitope to determine if such cells could mediate resistance after ablative TBI conditioning. B6 mice were sensitized 2X to the H60 immunodominant MiHA epitope utilizing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with the H60 (LTFNYRNL) peptide. Three weeks following booster sensitization, CD8 T cells were detected by tetramer staining in peripheral blood samples. These T cells exhibited a phenotype characteristic of memory cells (CD44 hi , Ly 6C + ). B6 (H2 b ) mice containing CD8 + H60 + T cells were subsequently conditioned with 9.0 Gy TBI and transplanted with 5 × 10 6 BALB.B (H2 b ) BM-TCD. One week post-transplant, naive recipients of BALB.B (H60 + ) or B6-H60 congenic TCD-BM contained >10-fold higher levels of circulating donor cells than the B6 dendritic cell/peptide sensitized recipients. Donor progenitor cells were also found to be significantly reduced in sensitized recipients of allogeneic TCD-BM at this time. Two weeks post-HCT, recipients of syngeneic marrow exhibited >10-fold greater frequency of circulating donor cells compared to recipients of MHC-matched allogeneic marrow (
How Group Size and Structure of Online Discussion Forums Influence Student Engagement and Learning.

There are many challenges to simulate the experience of a professional facing a complex situation in a discussion of a case study using an online discussion forum. The current research examines the...
Political irrationality, utopianism, and democratic theory

People tend to be biased and irrational about politics. Should this constrain what our normative theories of democracy can require? David Estlund argues that the answer is ‘no’. He contends that ev...
Reexamining World Literature : Challenging Current Assumptions and Envisioning Possibilities

Serrano calls for a reassessment of the practice of World Literature with six case studies taken from the Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Korean and Latin American traditions. Although in recent years the field has adopted more inclusive and wide-ranging criteria for college-level anthologies of World Literature, and has seen the collection and publication of critical readers, book-length introductions, and even a history, the theoretical predisposition of most of its practitioners paradoxically has led to a shrinking of its horizons and a narrowing of its vision. Reexamining World Literature asks scholars to look beyond the current dominant definition of World Literature (works in English with broad reach or works in other languages with significant circulation in English translation) in order to engage with a range of complex texts that elude the field’s assumptions. World Literature need not be a we-are-the-world of shared values, but instead should ask readers to question what those values are.
The structure of a red-shifted photosystem I reveals a red site in the core antenna.

Photosystem I coordinates more than 90 chlorophylls in its core antenna while achieving near perfect quantum efficiency. Low energy chlorophylls (also known as red chlorophylls) residing in the antenna are important for energy transfer dynamics and yield, however, their precise location remained elusive. Here, we construct a chimeric Photosystem I complex in Synechocystis PCC 6803 that shows enhanced absorption in the red spectral region. We combine Cryo-EM and spectroscopy to determine the structure−function relationship in this red-shifted Photosystem I complex. Determining the structure of this complex reveals the precise architecture of the low energy site as well as large scale structural heterogeneity which is probably universal to all trimeric Photosystem I complexes. Identifying the structural elements that constitute red sites can expand the absorption spectrum of oxygenic photosynthetic and potentially modulate light harvesting efficiency. Cyanobacterial photosystem I has a highly conserved core antenna consisting of eleven subunits and more than 90 chlorophylls. Here via CryoEM and spectroscopy, the authors determine the location of a red-shifted low-energy chlorophyll that allows harvesting of longer wavelengths of light.
Tabulated nonsense? Testing the validity of the Ethnographic Atlas

Abstract The Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock, 1967), an anthropological database, is widely used across the social sciences. The Atlas is a quantified and discretely categorized collection of information gleaned from ethnographies covering more than 1200 pre-industrial societies. While being popular in many fields, it has been subject to skepticism within cultural anthropology. We assess the Atlas’s validity by comparing it with representative data from descendants of the portrayed societies. We document positive associations between the historical measures collected by ethnographers and self-reported data from 790,000 individuals across 43 countries.
Change Point Detection in Nonstationary Sub-Hourly Wind Time Series.

In this paper, we present a change point detection method for detecting change points in multivariate nonstationary wind speed time series. The change point method identifies changes in the covariance structure and decomposes the nonstationary multivariate time series into stationary segments. We also present parametric and nonparametric simulation techniques to simulate new wind time series within each stationary segment. The proposed simulation methods retain statistical properties of the original time series and therefore, can be employed for simulation-based analysis of power systems planning and operations problems. We demonstrate the capabilities of the change point detection method through computational experiments conducted on wind speed time series at five-minute resolution. We also conduct experiments on the economic dispatch problem to illustrate the impact of nonstationarity in wind generation on conventional generation and location marginal prices.
Urological Emergencies and Diseases in Wilderness Expeditions

When considering medical emergencies that might affect an expedition, urologic emergencies are typically not included. However, the reality is that manageable and prevalent urologic disease processes can pose significant challenges for the wilderness medicine physician and warrant consideration. The purpose of this review is to identify and discuss the most commonly encountered urologic emergencies and diseases in the wilderness setting and to prepare the expedition medicine physician for management of these urgent conditions. A PubMed and Internet search for urologic emergencies and diseases in wilderness conditions was conducted. We also searched bibliographies for useful supplemental literature and material from leading mountain medicine and wilderness medicine societies as well as population-based studies for common urologic diseases. Urologic emergencies and diseases on expeditions and in wilderness conditions have been reported primarily with retrospective case series and case reports. The most commonly reported urologic emergencies in this setting include urologic trauma, renal calculi, and urinary retention. Parasitic infections in the urinary tract also have been reported to cause urinary symptoms and urinary retention in wilderness conditions. Although urologic diseases in such conditions are uncommon, significant morbidity and even potentially life-threatening sequelae to urologic emergencies were found to occur. Major genitourinary emergencies in expedition medicine are uncommon but involve both potentially manageable urgent conditions and serious life-threatening conditions best treated with urgent stabilization and occasionally medical evacuation. The opportunity exists for increased awareness for management strategies for urologic conditions in the often remote or extreme environments of an expedition.
Analysis of Aero-Optical Jitter in Convective Turbulent Flows Using Stitching Method

In the typical analysis of aero-optical wave-front data, the three lowest-order spatial modes (namely, unsteady piston as well as X and Y tilts) are removed from the experimentally measured wave fr...
On a Theory of the Collapse of the Wave Function

The quantum-mechanical measurement problem is reviewed, and a recent attempt (due to Ghirardi, Rimini, and Weber) to solve that problem by means of a theory of the collapse of the wave function is described. The theory is applied to the case of a Stern-Gerlach type spin-measurement, and is shown to run into some interesting difficulties there.
Challenges in implementing high-speed, low-power ADCs in CMOS

Challenges of CMOS ADC implementations for 100 Gb/s optical communication systems and beyond are highlighted. Limitations and opportunities of architectures and circuits are discussed based on a 56–90 GS/s 8 bit ADC in 32 nm SOI CMOS.
Identification of high-affinity (Kd 0.35 mumol/L) and low-affinity (Kd 7.9 mumol/L) platelet binding sites for ADP and competition by ADP analogues

Steady-state binding of ADP to blood platelets and isolated membranes has not previously been obtained because of complications arising from metabolism of the ligand and dilution due to its secretion from storage granules. In the present studies, competition binding isotherms (n = 9) using paraformaldehyde-fixed platelets showed that [2-3 H]ADP bound to two sites with a small amount (approximately 5% of total) of nonspecific binding: 410,000 +/- 40,000 sites of low affinity (Kd 7.9 +/- 2.0 mumol/L) and 160,000 +/- 20,000 sites of high affinity (Kd 0.35 +/- 0.04 mumol/L) corresponding to the ADP concentration required for activation in fresh platelets (0.1-0.5 mumol/L). All agonists and antagonists examined were able to compete with ADP at the high-affinity site. The strong platelet agonists 2-methylthio ADP and 2-(3-aminopropylthio)ADP competed with ADP at the high-affinity site with dissociation constant values of 7 mumol/L and 200 mumol/L, respectively. The partial agonist 2',3'-dialdehyde ADP and the weak agonist GDP also competed at the high-affinity site with Kd values of 5 mumol/L and 49 mumol/L, respectively. The sequence of binding affinities of other adenine nucleotides at the high-affinity site corresponded to their relative activities as known antagonists of platelet activation by ADP; namely, ADP(Kd 0.35 mumol/L) approximately equal to ATP (Kd 0.45 mumol/L) much greater than AMP (Kd 360 mumol/L). Adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine did not compete with ADP. ADP binding to the high-affinity site was inhibited by p-mercuribenzene sulfonate (Ki 250 mumol/L) but only very weakly by 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (Ki 1 mmol/L). All the above nucleotides also competed with ADP at the low-affinity sites but, because of the high concentrations of competing nucleotide required, dissociation constants at this site were obtained only for ATP (21 mumol/L), 2-MeS ADP (200 mumol/L) and 2',3'-dialdehyde ADP (270 mumol/L). 8-Bromo ADP competed strongly with ADP at the high-affinity site (Kd 0.40 mumol/L) but weakly if at all at the low-affinity site. 8-Bromo ADP inhibited platelet activation induced by ADP (EC50 approximately 100 mumol/L) but not by collagen, thrombin, or ionophore A23187.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A peer-to-peer network positioning architecture

Many network-based applications either rely on knowledge of the network topology or can benefit from dynamic adaptation to the changing network environments. This need is particularly essential for the emerging peer-to-peer distributed systems and mobile agent computing. To support efficient implementation of such applications, a network positioning model is necessary for capturing physical/abstract location information of network nodes. Some proposed solutions use a coordinate-based approach to estimate the logical distances among the hosts in the Internet. The coordinate/location information is either provided by a centralized server or derived in a distributed fashion by some landmarks. These approaches often suffer some deficiency in accuracy or scalability. This paper proposes a peer-to-peer architecture to address these problems by completely eliminating the need for landmarks.
Millennial Learners and Net-Savvy Teens? Examining Internet Use among Low-Income Students.

AbstractThis paper discusses access and use of information and communication technologies among urban high school students from low-income families, a topic of great interest to teacher educators, educational policymakers, and others concerned with digital literacy instruction. Recent reports from national digital learning initiatives have portrayed today’s teens as digital natives—youth who are constantly online, perceive themselves as Internet-savvy, and prefer technology-enhanced learning experiences. However, this portrait may not be true for all learners. This study investigated trends in Internet use among students from low-income families compared to national trends. In the spring of 2007, students from low-income families responded to a survey assessing their access to the Internet, frequency and type of use, and capacity to use the Internet. The researchers also conducted focus groups with students. In this paper, we discuss findings and implications for teachers seeking to understand similar stu...
Rural Emergency Department staffing and participation in emergency certification and training programs.

ABSTRACT: Context:The practice of emergency medicine presents many challenges in rural areas. Purpose: We describe how rural hospitals nationally are staffing their Emergency Departments (EDs) and explore the participation of rural ED physicians and other health care professionals in selected certification and training programs that teach skills needed to provide high-quality emergency care. Methods: A national telephone survey of a random sample of rural hospitals with 100 or fewer beds was conducted in June to August 2006. Respondents included ED nurse managers and Directors of Nursing. A total of 408 hospitals responded (96% response rate). Findings: A majority of rural hospitals use more than one type of staffing to cover the ED. The type of staffing varies by time period and ED volume. On weekdays, about onethird of hospitals use physicians on their own medical staff; one third use contracted coverage; 18% use both; and 14% use physician assistants and/or nurse practitioners with a physician on-call. Hospitals are more likely to use a combination of medical staff and contracted coverage on evenings and weekends. Advanced Cardiac Life Support training is common, but Pediatric Advanced Life Support, Advanced Trauma Life Support, and training in working as a team are less common. More registered nurses working in rural EDs have taken the Trauma Nursing Core Course than the Emergency Nursing Pediatric Course. Conclusions: Rural ED staff would benefit from additional continuing education opportunities, particularly in terms of specialized skills to care for pediatric emergency patients and trauma patients and training in working effectively in teams.
Measurements of higher order photon bunching of light beams.

A two-photon detection scheme is used to measure three- and four-photon correlations in a light beam and study their time dependence.
Neuron specific α-adrenergic receptor expression in human cerebellum: Implications for emerging cerebellar roles in neurologic disease

Recent data suggest novel functional roles for cerebellar involvement in a number of neurologic diseases. Function of cerebellar neurons is known to be modulated by norepinephrine and adrenergic receptors. The distribution of adrenergic receptor subtypes has been described in experimental animals, but corroboration of such studies in the human cerebellum, necessary for drug treatment, is still lacking. In the present work we studied cell-specific localizations of α1 adrenergic receptor subtype mRNA (α1a, α1b, α1d), and α2 adrenergic receptor subtype mRNA (α2a, α2b, α2c) by in situ hybridization on cryostat sections of human cerebellum (cortical layers and dentate nucleus). We observed unique neuron-specific α1 adrenergic receptor and α2 adrenergic receptor subtype distribution in human cerebellum. The cerebellar cortex expresses mRNA encoding all six α adrenergic receptor subtypes, whereas dentate nucleus neurons express all subtype mRNAs, except α2a adrenergic receptor mRNA. All Purkinje cells label strongly for α2a and α2b adrenergic receptor mRNA. Additionally, Purkinje cells of the anterior lobe vermis (lobules I to V) and uvula/tonsil (lobules IX/HIX) express α1a and α2c subtypes, and Purkinje cells in the ansiform lobule (lobule HVII) and uvula/tonsil express α1b and α2c adrenergic receptor subtypes. Basket cells show a strong signal for α1a, moderate signal for α2a and light label for α2b adrenergic receptor mRNA. In stellate cells, besides a strong label of α2a adrenergic receptor mRNA in all and moderate label of α2b message in select stellate cells, the inner stellate cells are also moderately positive for α1b adrenergic receptor mRNA. Granule and Golgi cells express high levels of α2a and α2b adrenergic receptor mRNAs. These data contribute new information regarding specific location of adrenergic receptor subtypes in human cerebellar neurons. We discuss our observations in terms of possible modulatory roles of adrenergic receptor subtypes in cerebellar neurons responding to sensory and autonomic input signals, and review species differences in cerebellar adrenergic receptor expression.
Early fertilization events in the sexual and aposporous egg apparatus of Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link

While detailed descriptions exist on the fine structural characteristics of double fertilization in sexual angiosperms, few studies have described fertilization in apomictic species. The results of this study with buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link syn=Cenchrus ciliaris L.) show that differences exist between the early fertilization events in sexual and apomictic (aposporous) female gametophytes. In unpollinated sexual female gametophytes, the egg cell did not show signs of parthenogenetic activity. In contrast, autonomous egg embryony was observed in unpollinated aposporous female gametophytes. Compared with the sexual genotype, degeneration of the synergids in the aposporous female gametophyte was precocious and rapid. During the first 4 h after pollination, the chalazal end of the sexually functional egg cell remained covered by the plasma membrane. In the aposporous embryo sac, a cell wall covered the plasma membrane of the egg cell several hours before penetration of the pollen tube into the female gametophyte.
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis Throughout Epidermal Hyperplastic Growth Induced by Abrasion or Treatment with 12-0-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate

During the production of an epidermal hyperplasia following abrasion, or the application of 17 nmoles of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the back skin of female CD-1 mice there is a marked increase in ribosomes. During the period of regression, when the epidermis returns to its normal size, the ribosome content also returns to normal. To determine the contribution of ribosome synthesis to the accumulation of ribosomes, mice at varying intervals after abrasion or treatment with 17 nmoles of TPA were injected with (5– 3 H) uridine (100 μ Ci, I.P.), 3hr later the mice were sacrificed, the cytoplasmic ribosomes isolated, and the incorporation of (5– 3 H) uridine into the cytoplasmic ribosomes was determined. During the production of epidermal hyperplasia, following either abrasion or TPA treatment, there is a significant increase in the incorporation of (5– 3 H) uridine into the rRNA of the cytoplasmic ribosomes, suggesting that there is an increase in ribosome synthesis. During the period of epidermal regression, ribosome synthesis returns toward normal levels. There is a rough correlation between the amount of hyperplastic growth and the degree of ribosome synthesis. Abrasion induces about a 2-fold greater increase in epidermal mass, compared to TPA treatment. Accordingly, at its peak ribosome synthesis is about 2 times greater after abrasion than after TPA treatment.
Deletion of the Novel Oocyte-Enriched Gene, Gpr149, Leads to Increased Fertility in Mice

Through in silico subtraction and microarray analysis, we identified mouse Gpr149, a novel, oocyte-enriched transcript that encodes a predicted orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR). Phylogenetic analysis of GPR149 from fish to mammals suggests that it is widely conserved in vertebrates. By multitissue RT-PCR analysis, we found that Gpr149 is highly expressed in the ovary and also in the brain and the digestive tract at low levels. Gpr149 levels are low in newborn ovaries but increase throughout folliculogenesis. In the ovary, we found that granulosa cells did not express Gpr149, whereas germinal vesicle and meiosis II stage oocytes showed high levels of Gpr149 expression. After fertilization, Gpr149 expression declined, becoming undetectable by the two-cell stage. To study the function of GPR149 in oocyte growth and maturation, we generated Gpr149 null mice. Surprisingly, Gpr149 null mice are viable and have normal folliculogenesis, but demonstrate increased fertility, enhanced ovulation, increased oocyte Gdf9 mRNA levels, and increased levels of FSH receptor and cyclin D2 mRNA levels in granulosa cells. Thus, Gpr149 null mice are one of the few models with enhanced fertility, and GPR149 could be a target for small molecules to enhance fertility in the assisted reproductive technology clinic.
Responses to science concepts on a semantic differential instrument and achievement in freshman physics and chemistry

Scores on a science-related semantic differential test are small but significant predictors of physics and chemistry achievement.
A model for compound type changes encountered in schema evolution

Schema evolution is a problem that is faced by long-lived data. When a schema changes, existing persistent data can become inaccessible unless the database system provides mechanisms to access data created with previous versions of the schema. Most existing systems that support schema evolution focus on changes local to individual types within the schema, thereby limiting the changes that the database maintainer can perform. We have developed a model of type changes involving multiple types. The model describes both type changes and their impact on data by defining derivation rules to initialize new data based on the existing data. The derivation rules can describe local and nonlocal changes to types to capture the intent of a large class of type change operations. We have built a system called Tess (Type Evolution Software System) that uses this model to recognize type changes by comparing schemas and then produces a transformer that can update data in a database to correspond to a newer version of the schema.
Correlation of ecdysteroids with ovarian development and yolk protein synthesis in the adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

Abstract 1. 1. The ecdysteroids in the adult stable fly were analysed through the first oogenie cycle. 2. 2. In females, both hemolymph and whole bodies showed a dramatic increase in ecdysteroid titer on days 4–5 when the ovaries began to accumulate yolk. 3. 3. The ecdysteroid titer decreased after the first clutch of eggs was deposited. 4. 4. The change in ecdysteroid titer was not observed in male and ovariectomized female flies. 5. 5. HPLC/RIA analysis indicated that ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone were the major ecdysteroids. 6. 6. The correlation between the sex-specific change in the ecdysteroid titer and ovarian development suggests a role for ecdysteroids in female reproduction of the stable fly.
Elevated neuropeptide Y gene expression and release during hypoglycemic stress.

Abstract Han, S. P., X. Chen, Y. M. Wu, L. Naes and T. C. Westfall. Elevated neuropeptide Y gene expression and release during hypoglycemic stress. Peptides 18(9) 1335–1340, 1997.—Our previous studies show that neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in mediating sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced vasoconstriction. Insulin hypoglycemia is known to produce increased sympathetic output and elevated arterial pressure. The present study examined the role of NPY in the hypertensive response to insulin by examining the effects of insulin on NPY gene expression, tissue content and release. Subcutaneous injection of insulin produced an immediate increase in plasma NPY immunoreactivity (NPYir) and delayed increases in adrenal and neuronal NPY mRNA and adrenal NPYir in rats. These results suggest that NPY may play a role in insulin-induced hypertension.
Detection of endoproteinases in polyacrylamide gels

A simple and versatile method was developed for detecting endoproteinases by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A vertical strip of the resolving gel is subjected horizontally to a second electrophoresis in the presence of a substrate protein and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The location of proteolytic activity in the original gel strip is revealed by the disappearance of substrate and the appearance of proteolytic products (due to limited proteolysis) in the second gel. The pattern of peptide fragments produced permits the identification of the protease responsible.
Microwave spectroscopy of myocardial ischemia and infarction. 1. Experimental study

The purpose of this study was to assess whether physiologic changes in canine myocardium due to coronary blood flow reduction, ischemia, and infarction could be detected by changes in dielectrical properties. Measurements were made in the frequency range of 0.2–6.0 GHz. Percent coronary blood flow reduction was linearly related to the decrease in ∈′′ at frequencies of 0.2GHz(R=-0.997) and 1.1 GHz (R=-0.9987).In 2 h occlusions, increased conduction time in the infarct area mirrored the temporal changes in dielectrical properties. In 2-week-old infarctions differences, in ∈′ between normal and central infarct zones were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for all frequencies. For ∈′′ the differences between normal and central infarct zones were also significant for all frequencies (P < 0.01). In conclusion, coronary blood flow reduction, ischemia, and infarction can be detected by microwave spectroscopy and potentially can form the basis for a physiologic microwave tomographic imaging system. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8764-t, 8719Hh, 8719Xx
Contra-Coup: Civilian Control of the Military in Guinea, Tanzania, and Mozambique

ONE of the more popular topics in the social science literature of the late g96os was coups d'etat in Africa. Authors developed sophisticated social, political, and economic measurements that were meant to be of explanatory, if not predictive, value. Military coups often succeed because of conditions that are universal to African countries: poor institutionalisation, over-dampening of demands, economic shortfalls, failure of political leadership, competition among elites including army officers, as well as dissatisfaction specific to the military. With no long-standing indigenous and successful tradition of legitimate civilian national government, African countries are particularly vulnerable to abrupt successions of leadership. Endemic though the coups have been, such articles could not account for the countries that conformed to the 'proper' coup-prone profile, but which had maintained civilian governments. Not all regimes are the hapless victims of successive military takeovers. I shall argue that a number of countries are making systematic and sustained efforts to control the armed forces and to subordinate them to the legitimate government. It is important to look at their efforts. There are examples of the military voluntarily returning the government to civilian hands. In the long run it may even be that the vast majority of military coups in Africa simply mark a period of Africanising, nationalising, and integrating the army, a segment of the public service that had alien roots, alien leadership, and alien character, but which was deemed important to the life of the nation. It must be remembered that very few African armies fought for independence: mostjoined the metropole either in non-African wars or in anti-liberation struggles. Many were commanded by Europeans after the granting of autonomy, and most stood by manners and methods that were foreign. When the military takes over the state it is acting to nationalise itself.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XVII — Motions to Dismiss Continued

This column, the 17th in a continuing series of drafting civil-litigation papers in New York, continues the discussion about motions to dismiss.
In-hospital mortality among women undergoing contemporary elective percutaneous coronary intervention: A reexamination of the gender gap

Background: Previous studies have indicated that, compared with men, women are at increased risk for in-hospital mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); however, angioplasty techniques and mortality rates have improved since earlier reports. Hypothesis: We sought to reevaluate and explore further the relationship between gender and angioplasty outcomes in contemporary “real world” practice. Methods: The influence of gender and other covariates on in-hospital mortality and other adverse events among all patients who underwent elective coronary angioplasty in New York State from 1999 to 2001 (n= 106,262) was examined. Results: In-hospital mortality rates for elective angioplasty were low; however, women demonstrated a two-fold mortality excess compared with men (0.6vs. 0.3%, p<0.0001). Women were older and more likely than men to demonstrate certain higher-risk features (heart failure, class III-IV angina, renal failure, vascular disease); however, men were more likely to have depressed ejection fraction, prior myocardial infarction, and prior coronary revascularization. Using multivariate analysis adjusting for clinical risk factors, gender remained an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality at all ages. Women were also more likely to experience nonfatal adverse events following PCI, including more frequent need for emergency bypass surgery. Conclusions: Despite improvements in angioplasty outcomes with time, women remain at significantly higher risk of in-hospital death than men after elective PCI. This increased mortality is observed in every age group, even after adjusting for other significant comorbidities.
Reproductive implications of psychological distress for couples undergoing IVF

Objective To study implications of psychological distress on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome of an infertile couple.
Scarlatiniform rash and pleural effusion in a patientwith Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection

NUMEROUS EXAMPLES of mesenteric lymphadenitis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have been recorded in children? -~ We report a 3-year-old child with persistent fever, arthralgia, and abdominal pain who developed mesenteric lymphadenitis with abscess formation resulting from Y. pseudotuberculosis infection and also had a scarlatiniform rash and pleural effusion. CASE REPORT
Eulerian views of layered water currents, vertical distribution of some larval fishes, and inferred advective transport over the continental shelf off North Carolina, USA, in winter

Currents that effect the shoreward transport of the larvae of estuarine-dependent fishes spawned in winter in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA, were driven by winds and pressure gradients, and influenced by the Gulf Stream. Aside from storms, winds over the continental shelf in Onslow Bay blew predominantly alongshore with velocities approaching 14 m s-1 during February and March 1986, and January and February 1989. Water masses and currents observed at two current-meter moorings, one at mid-shelf and the other on the outer shelf, reflected the onshore (or offshore) advection of interior water in compensation for the offshore (or onshore) advection of wind-driven surface water. Winds and currents reversed direction approximately every 4 to 6 days. The larvae of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, spot, Leiostomus xan-thurus, and Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, were most abundant in 17–19oC and 20–21oC water of the outer shelf and Gulf Stream fronts. There was little indication of diel vertical migration; larval Atlantic menhaden were most abundant in mid- and surface water, while spot and Atlantic croaker were most abundant in mid- and deep water. Given this distribution, the inferred advective transport of larvae was at times onshore, but at other times it was offshore. Within a spawning season, the prevalence of either reciprocation could determine the number of larvae that reach coastal inlets.
The genesis of a formal tool for reasoning about Flight Software cost analysis

Knowledge Engineering (as defined by Edward Feigenbaum and Pamela McCorduck [1]) “… is that discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise”. Embedded in this definition is the acquisition and structuring of the information characterizing the knowledge domain of interest. This paper gives a paradigm for the acquisition, structuring and representation of the knowledge used for the computation and computerized explanation of Flight Software (FSW) estimates for space mission proposals at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). General principles for the estimation of FSW are presented by merging the above ideas with the SEER-SEM computer program. A computerized methodology used to map the SEER-SEM output into the JPL Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is illustrated. The ideas of this paper encompass a methodology for FSW cost analysis which serves as a foundation upon which others may gain insight into how to perform such analyses.
CondorNTM User's Guide

CondorNTM is similar to RunNTM in that it calculates a series of normal (or extreme) turbulence model simulations consistent with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) design load cases [1]. The major difference is that it employs the computational grid software Condor [2], which was developed by the University of Wisconsin. The advantage of using Condor is that many different computers connected on the network can be used simultaneously to calculate the various design load cases required by the IEC standard. This results in a large increase in computational resources proportional to the number of computers installed on the Condor grid.
Lifelong Opioidergic Vulnerability Through Early Life Separation: A Recent Extension of the False Suffocation Alarm Theory of Panic Disorder

Suffocation-False Alarm Theory (Klein, Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:306–317, 1993) postulates the existence of an evolved physiologic suffocation alarm system that monitors information about potential suffocation. Panic attacks maladaptively occur when the alarm is erroneously triggered. The expanded Suffocation-False Alarm Theory (Preter and Klein, Biol Psychiatry 32(3):603–612, 2008) hypothesizes that endogenous opioidergic dysregulation may underlie the respiratory pathophysiology and suffocation sensitivity in panic disorder. Opioidergic dysregulation increases sensitivity to CO2, separation distress and panic attacks. That sudden loss, bereavement and childhood separation anxiety are also antecedents of “spontaneous” panic requires an integrative explanation. Our work unveiling the lifelong endogenous opioid system impairing effects of childhood parental loss (CPL) and parental separation in non-ill, normal adults opens a new experimental, investigatory area.
Thermodynamic properties of 1-naphthol: Mutual validation of experimental and computational results

Abstract Thermodynamic properties for 1-naphthol (Chemical Abstracts registry number [90-15-3]) in the ideal-gas state are reported based on both experimental and computational methods. Measured properties included the triple-point temperature, enthalpy of fusion, and heat capacities for the crystal and liquid phases by adiabatic calorimetry; vapor pressures by inclined-piston manometry and comparative ebulliometry; and the enthalpy of combustion of the crystal phase by oxygen bomb calorimetry. Critical properties were estimated. Entropies for the ideal-gas state were derived from the experimental studies for the temperature range 298.15 ⩽ T/K ⩽ 600, and independent statistical calculations were performed based on molecular geometry optimization and vibrational frequencies calculated at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The mutual validation of the independent experimental and computed results is achieved with a scaling factor of 0.975 applied to the calculated vibrational frequencies. This same scaling factor was successfully applied in the analysis of results for other polycyclic molecules, as described in a series of recent articles by this research group. This article reports the first extension of this approach to a hydroxy-aromatic compound. All experimental results are compared with property values reported in the literature. Thermodynamic consistency between properties is used to show that several studies in the literature are erroneous. The enthalpy of combustion for 1-naphthol was also measured in this research, and excellent agreement is seen with several values already reported in the literature.