cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Spatial-Resolution Multi-Omics Sequencing via Deterministic Barcoding in Tissue

We present deterministic barcoding in tissue for spatial omics sequencing (DBiT-seq) for co-mapping of mRNAs and proteins in a formaldehyde-fixed tissue slide via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Parallel microfluidic channels were used to deliver DNA barcodes to the surface of a tissue slide, and crossflow of two sets of barcodes, A1-50 and B1-50, followed by ligation in situ, yielded a 2D mosaic of tissue pixels, each containing a unique full barcode AB. Application to mouse embryos revealed major tissue types in early organogenesis as well as fine features like microvasculature in a brain and pigmented epithelium in an eye field. Gene expression profiles in 10-μm pixels conformed into the clusters of single-cell transcriptomes, allowing for rapid identification of cell types and spatial distributions. DBiT-seq can be adopted by researchers with no experience in microfluidics and may find applications in a range of fields including developmental biology, cancer biology, neuroscience, and clinical pathology.
A Closed-Loop Gain-Control Feedback Model for The Medial Efferent System of The Descending Auditory Pathway

Existing auditory system models focus on the ascending path from the cochlea to the midbrain and auditory cortex. However, there exist several feedback paths connecting different auditory pathway stages from the auditory cortex to the cochlea, referred to as the efferent system. We have implemented a dynamic, closed-loop gain-control system into an existing auditory model to simulate parts of the efferent system. Inputs to this control system are auditory nerve (AN) and midbrain spike rates that encode stimulus level and AN fluctuation patterns, respectively. Data from a previous physiological study shows that midbrain cells with band-enhanced modulation transfer functions have rates that increase over time in response to amplitude-modulated stimuli. This trend does not occur in a model without efferent pathways. We adjusted parameters of the model with efferent control paths so that it could simulate the increasing midbrain rate with the same time constant (~140ms) as physiological data.
Mechanism of the Switch from NO to H2O2 in Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Diabetes

Abstract Coronary microvascular dysfunction is prevalent among diabetics and is correlated with cardiac mortality. Compromised endothelial-dependent dilation (EDD) is an early event in the progression of diabetes, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Nitric oxide (NO) is the major endothelium-dependent vasodilatory metabolite in the healthy coronary circulation, but switches to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Because diabetes is a major risk factor for CAD we hypothesized that a similar switch from NO-to-H2O2 occurs in diabetes. Methods: Vasodilation was measured ex vivo in isolated coronary arteries from wild type (WT) and microRNA-21 (miR-21) null mice fed chow or high fat and sugar diet, and LepR null (db/db) mice using myography. Myocardial blood flow (MBF), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured in vivo using contrast echocardiography and a solid-state pressure sensor catheter. RNA from coronary arteries, endothelial cells and hearts were analyzed via qPCR for gene expression and protein expression was assessed via Western-Blot analyses. Superoxide was detected via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Results: 1) Ex vivo coronary EDD and in vivo MBF was impaired in diabetes. 2) L-NAME (NO-synthase inhibitor) inhibited ex vivo coronary EDD and in vivo MBF in WT, while PEG-catalase (H2O2 scavenger) inhibited diabetic EDD ex vivo and MBF in vivo. 5) miR-21 deficiency blocked the NO-to-H2O2 switch and prevented diabetic vasodilation impairments. 6) Diabetic mice displayed increased serum NO and H2O2, upregulated mRNA expression of Sod1, Sod2, iNos, and Cav-1, and downregulated Pgc-1α. Deficiency of miR-21 reversed these changes. 7) miR-21 deficiency increased PGC1α, PPARα and eNOS protein and reduced detection of endothelial superoxide. Conclusions: Diabetics exhibit an NO-to-H2O2 switch in the mediator of EDD coronary dilation, which contributed to microvascular dysfunction and is mediated by miR-21. This study represents the first mouse model recapitulating the NO-to-H2O2 switch seen in CAD patients.
Modifiable Risk Factors in Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias: A Review.

Abstract Purpose Although Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs) have long been considered nonpreventable and even an inevitable consequence of aging, recent findings from longitudinal studies indicate a downtrend in age-adjusted incidence and prevalence of ADRDs in Western countries. This remarkable trend might be the result of improved management of so-called modifiable risk factors. The aim of this review is to present evidence of modifiable factors of ADRDs in a life-course approach. Methods A PubMed database search was conducted between November and December 2020 to identify relevant studies evaluating the role of modifiable risk factors in the development of ADRDs. Key words (Alzheimer's disease and modifiable risk factors) were used and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria applied. Findings This review identifies modifiable factors for ADRDs divided into early-life, middle-life, and late-life risk factors, depending on the available window of preventive action. According to life course exposure, factors can be protective or deleterious for ADRDs that participate in the underlying pathophysiologic complexity of these diseases as well as the complexity for public health measures implementations. Implications The available evidence derived from epidemiologic, preclinical, interventional studies suggest that modifiable risk factors for ADRDs offer opportunities for therapeutic and preventive actions.
A Novel Foundry Yield Model Using Critical Area Analysis

A novel foundry yield model for integrated circuit products has been developed based on critical area scaling. The newly proposed model does not need the information of the defect density by failure mode. This has considerably simplified the model inputs, and avoided the complicated and costly process to obtain the accurate defect density by failure mode. First, the critical area concept and the existing methodology of yield projections are reviewed. Next, a novel product yield model is given based on the critical area scaling. The model tolerance of critical area variations is also discussed. Finally, actual yield data of 14 nm products is compared to the proposed model and the physical area based model. The proposed model has shown significantly improved accuracy to actual silicon data than a physical area based model across a range of products with different design styles and applications. The proposed model is also manufacturing friendly and can be easily adopted by a semiconductor company. The proposed model is not only critical for foundries which have high product mix from different customers, but also beneficial for fabless companies in yield forecast and financial planning.
Achieving Equilibrium as a Semi-Alluvial Channel: Anthropogenic, Bedrock, and Colluvial Controls on the White Clay Creek, PA, USA

Based on well-developed hydraulic geometry relations for width and depth, classic studies initially interpreted the Mid-Atlantic White Clay Creek (WCC) as a quasi-equilibrium, alluvial channel. Sub...
Behavioral Impact of a Human Sexuality Course

Prior research on the effects of sex education has demonstrated changes in the participants' knowledge and attitudes. What is less clear, and yet more significant, is whether knowledge translates to meaningful behavior change. A 43-item questionnaire was administered to students enrolled in two different, but consecutive, semesters of an undergraduate course in human sexuality. The study utilized a quasi-experimental cohort design and included two construct control measures in the questionnaire. Contrary to the fears generated by critics of sex education, there was no evidence that participating in the course somehow encouraged sexual experimentation. A disappointing finding of the study was that the course did not have significant impact upon students in terms of reducing risk behaviors. An essential element to risk behavior change is threat personalization; most of these students did not perceive themselves to be at risk for contracting any STD, including HIV. Although most of the students did not repor...
AcsA–AcsB: The core of the cellulose synthase complex from Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC23769

The gram-negative bacterium, Gluconacetobacter hansenii, produces cellulose of exceptionally high crystallinity in comparison to the cellulose of higher plants. This bacterial cellulose is synthesized and extruded into the extracellular medium by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). The catalytic component of this complex is encoded by the gene AcsAB. However, several other genes are known to encode proteins critical to cellulose synthesis and are likely components of the bacterial CSC. We have purified an active heterodimer AcsA-AcsB from G. hansenii ATCC23769 to homogeneity by two different methods. With the purified protein, we have determined how it is post-translationally processed, forming the active heterodimer AcsA-AcsB. Additionally, we have performed steady-state kinetic studies on the AcsA-AcsB complex. Finally through mutagenesis studies, we have explored the roles of the postulated CSC proteins AcsC, AcsD, and CcpAx.
Magnesium and citrate during the menstrual cycle: effect of an oral contraceptive on serum magnesium.

Tests were made on 10 normal women with normal menstrual history. I n all 10 of the women serum magnesium concentrations were lower during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle than during either the follicular or the luteal phases. In 6 of the women the decrease was significant at the p less than .03 level. Serum magnesium levels declined in women taking combined oral contraceptives during the first 8 days of therapy. It is hypothesized that the magnesium decline is the result of estrogen activity.
Parcel Size, Location and Commercial Land Values

The concept of a peak in value or a '100% location' is so well established in real estate that there is no reference to the term in recent real estate principles and appraisal texts. However, the land value section in appraisals of a regional shopping center did not apply the concept when adjusting comparables for location, which resulted in a substantial underestimation of site value. A regression model that included a distance variable to control for location produced a value estimate that was more than double the values in the appraisals. The empirical results illustrate that the subject site represented a distinct peak in land value as well as reemphasizing the importance of making careful location adjustments in situations where there is a distinct peak in land value.
The role of carbohydrates in the biology of cestodes. V. Comparative studies on the effects of host dietary carbohydrate on Hymenolepis spp.

Abstract It has been shown that Hymenolepis citelli and H. nana resemble H. diminuta in that the quantity and quality of carbohydrate in the host diet affect the growth and size of the worms. The degree to which the worms are affected seems to be related to the growth rate which is characteristic of the particular species. In its senescent phase, H. nana is not affected by dietary carbohydrate. A quantitative titration of the absolute quantity of starch ingested by the host against the size and reproductive rate of H. diminuta revealed that there is a direct relation between these parameters in the range of 0.1 to 3.0 grams of starch per day. A detailed study of the effects of dietary carbohydrate quality on the morphology of H. diminuta revealed that none of the characters ordinarily utilized by taxonomists is affected. However, several recognizable changes in the growth pattern of the worm were observed. On certain diets there are changes in segment volume with fewer eggs developing per segment. This shows that lowered egg production is attributable to 1) a lower rate of proglottid formation and 2) a lower rate of proglottid growth after formation. The effect of dietary carbohydrate quality on H. diminuta has been shown to be readily reversible. When lactose is furnished in the host diet, H. diminuta is deleteriously affected, even though a second beneficial carbohydrate is included in the diet. Because of the known effects of lactose on gut physiology, the effects on the worm are tentatively regarded as indirect. When fructose is included in the diet with amounts of starch which limit the growth of H. diminuta, the worms are larger and produce more eggs than in controls not receiving fructose with the starch. Since the worm cannot utilize fructose, this has been interpreted in terms of an interference by fructose with the absorption by the host of the products of starch hydrolysis. It has been demonstrated that the size of H. diminuta is a function of the age of the rat host. Since rats of different ages differ in size and a number of other characteristics the basis for the differences in worm size cannot be determined.
Association of Predeployment Heart Rate Variability With Risk of Postdeployment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Active-Duty Marines

Importance Disrupted autonomic nervous system functioning as measured by heart rate variability (HRV) has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is not clear, however, whether reduced HRV before trauma exposure contributes to the risk for development of PTSD. Objective To examine whether HRV before combat deployment is associated with increased risk of a PTSD diagnosis after deployment when accounting for deployment-related combat exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants Between July 14, 2008, and May 24, 2012, active-duty Marines were assessed 1 to 2 months before a combat deployment and again 4 to 6 months after their return. The first phase of the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS-I) included 1415 male Marines, 59 of whom developed PTSD after deployment. Participants in the second phase of the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS-II) included 745 male Marines, 25 of whom developed PTSD after deployment. Analysis was conducted from November 25, 2013, to April 16, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Predeployment HRV was measured via finger photoplethysmography during a 5-minute period of rest. Frequency-domain measures of HRV were generated. Diagnosis of PTSD was determined using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Results After accounting for deployment-related combat exposure, lower HRV before deployment as measured by an increased low-frequency (LF) to high-frequency (HF) ratio of HRV was associated with risk of PTSD diagnosis after deployment (combined MRS-I and MRS-II cohort meta-analysis odds ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.10-1.98; P = .01). The prevalence of postdeployment PTSD was higher in participants with high predeployment LF:HF ratios (15.8% [6 of 38 participants]) compared with participants who did not have high LF:HF ratios (3.7% [78 of 2122 participants]). Conclusions and Relevance This prospective longitudinal study provides initial and modest evidence that an altered state of autonomic nervous system functioning contributes to PTSD vulnerability, taking into account other key risk factors. If these findings are replicated, interventions that change autonomic nervous system function may open novel opportunities for prevention and treatment of PTSD.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in hospitalized patients with systemic sclerosis: higher mortality than patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) patients have an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), possibly mediated through inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms affecting the macrovasculature and microvasculature. We utilized the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample to assess the frequency of and mortality risk associated with ASCVD among hospitalized SSc patients. Methods We examined the frequency and mortality associated with primary diagnoses and procedures related to ASCVD among adult SSc patients using data from 1993 to 2007. Using multivariate logistic regression (controlling for age, sex, nonelective admission, and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index), we compared the odds of death among hospitalized SSc patients with ASCVD to those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as to a control group that excluded patients with connective tissue diseases. Results A total of 308,452 hospitalizations of SSc patients were included, of which 5.4% were associated with a primary ASCVD diagnosis or procedure. ASCVD-related SSc hospitalizations were more likely to result in death compared with non-ASCVD SSc hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] 1.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.1–1.4). Multivariate analyses showed that ASCVD-related SSc hospitalizations were more likely to result in death than similar hospitalizations of SLE (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8), RA (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.9–2.8), and control patients (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) with ASCVD. Conclusions SSc patients with ASCVD have higher in-hospital mortality than comparable groups of SLE and RA patients with ASCVD. Further research to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying ASCVD in SSc is necessary.
First coitus for adolescents: understanding why and when.

Background: Correlates of initiation of coitus for teenagers were examined, and participants were asked their reasons for initiating or postponing the onset of coitus. Methods: Questionnaires were completed privately by 218 patients aged 13 to 18 years. Questions explored the reasons adolescents cite for their sexual decisions and the role of peer influence in these decisions. Results: Correlation was noted in young teenagers between perception of peer sexual behavior and participant9s initiation of coitus. Reasons stated for engaging in first intercourse reflect both active choices and loss of control. Reasons for refraining included fear of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, lack of developmental readiness and opportunity, and social sanctions. Morality was cited infrequently as a reason for postponing sexual behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest that sexuality education should address the direct and curious questions of younger teenagers about sexuality, help youth define strategies that they can use to evaluate and resist peer pressure, and give more generalized attention to ways of helping youth feel competent. Physicians and other health educators might focus on helping older youth define how and when they know they are ready to have intercourse, consider ways of expressing sexuality that do not jeopardize health, and improve communication skills when talking with friends and potential partners about sexual issues.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Acid Chlorides with Organotin Reagents: Ethyl (E)‐4‐(4‐Nitrophenyl)‐4‐Oxo‐2‐Butenoate

Palladium-catalyzed coupling of acid chlorides with organotin reagents: Ethyl (E)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-2-butenoate reactant: 70.7 g (0.22 mol) of tributyltin chloride intermediate: tributylethynylstannane reactant: 23.1 g (0.079 mol) of tributyltin hydride intermediate: (E)-1,2-bis(tributylstannyl)ethylene intermediate: ethyl (E)-3-(tributylstannyl)propenoate product: ethyl (E)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-2-butenoate byproduct: ethyl (Z)-3-(tributylstannyl)propenoate Keywords: acylation; addition, to CC; alkenylation, C-alkenylation; metalation reactions, tin; metalation reactions, tin; metal-catalyzed reactions, palladium; replacement reactions, tin by carbon; replacement reactions, tin by carbon; azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN); benzylchlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II); lithium acetylide, compound with ethylenediamine; pyridine; pyridinium poly(hydrogen fluoride), solution in pyridine and tetrahydrofuran; tetrahydrofuran; air sensitive solutions, handling; benzene; methyllithium, ethereal solution of; organotin compounds, poison; tin alkyls, poison; gas bag for adding gaseous reactant
The effect of maternal body mass index on fetal growth: use of individualized growth assessment and two-level linear modeling.

Purpose To determine the effect of maternal body mass index on fetal growth using individualized growth assessment and two-level linear modeling. Methods A retrospective review of biometry in the second and third trimesters from 246 normal, term singleton fetuses was performed. Four to eight biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur diaphysis length (FDL) measurements per fetus were available and used to determine second-trimester growth rates. Expected third-trimester size trajectories were generated from these data and Percent Deviations [%Dev = ((observed − expected)/expected) × 100] were calculated. Two-level linear modeling was used to determine %Dev slopes and the effect of body mass index (BMI) on these slopes. Relationships between individual second- and third-trimester slopes and BMI were evaluated using linear regression. Results Linear regression analysis of second-trimester growth indicated no significant relationships between the fetal growth rate and the BMI in the second trimester [R2 (adj): 0.0% to 1.0% except AC in one subgroup (5.6%)]. Regression analysis did not indicate a significant relationship (adj R2: 0%–0.2%) between BMI and third-trimester %Dev slopes for any anatomic parameter. Two-level statistical modeling showed no effect of BMI on BPD, AC, or FDL growth and only a moderate effect on the HC growth in the third trimester. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the maternal BMI does not have an effect on fetal growth in either the second or the third trimester as determined with individualized growth assessment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:456–464, 2014
Hospice nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward the near-death experience

I surveyed 60 hospice nurses regarding their knowledge and attitudes toward the near-death experience (NDE), using Thornburg's Near-Death Phenomena Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire. Most hospice nurses had previous work experience with an NDEr. Approximately half the nurses were knowledgeable about the NDE. All participants had a positive attitude toward near-death phenomena and toward caring for an NDEr. Recommendations include near-death phenomena inservice education for hospice nurses and inclusion of NDE content in nursing education programs.
Spectroscopic characterization of doped sol-gel silica gels and glasses: evidence of inner-sphere complexation of europium(III)

Abstract Eu3+ luminescence, excitation and lifetime spectroscopy measurements have been made during the gelation and densification of Eu3+-doped silica gels prepared by the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Particular attention was paid to the effect of counter-ion complexation of Eu3+ in gels prepared with different europium precursors. Precursor-dependent spectroscopic variations have been observed. The Eu3+ probe ion was introduced in the initial stage of the sol-gel process by dissolving a hydrated europium salt in the sol. Europium precursors studied include: Eu(NO3)3·6H2O, EuCl3·6H2O, Eu(ClO4)3·6H2O. Sol, gel point and wet gel spectra and lifetimes are interpreted by analogy with spectroscopic studies of the europium salts in mixed ethanol-water solutions. In particular, the energy of the 7 F 0 → 5 D 0 excitation spectrum is used to identify complexes containing counter-ions in the inner coordination sphere of Eu3+. Results are presented showing that the NO3− ions have an affinity for the inner coordination sphere of Eu3+ which is greater than the affinity of Cl−. ClO4− ions retain an outer-sphere interaction with Eu3+ throughout the sol-gel process. Thermal densification of the gels destroys the inner-sphere complexation of the counter-ions and, above 300°C, the counter-ion-dependent effects were removed. The results show that the method by which the Eu3+ probe ion is introduced to the system significantly affects the Eu3+ spectra.
Endovascular stent placement and magnetic resonance angiography for management of hypertension and renal artery occlusion during pregnancy

Background : Severe renovascular hypertension carries serious maternal and fetal risk. In patients failing medical therapy, therapeutic options include surgical revascularization, nephrectomy, and percutaneous angioplasty. Case : A pregnant woman with long-standing hypertension developed accelerated hypertension despite multiple drug therapy. Magnetic resonance angiography diagnosed an atrophic kidney with a critical proximal right renal artery lesion. At 17 weeks' gestation, this renal artery occlusion was treated with percutaneous angioplasty and endovascular stent placement; hypertension has improved markedly, allowing discontinuation and tapering of her antihypertensive medications. Total fetal radiation dose was 0.002 Gy. Conclusion : Magnetic resonance angiography is a promising, noninvasive diagnostic method of evaluating renovascular hypertension during pregnancy. Transluminal angioplasty and endovascular stent placement can be performed safely and effectively with nominal fetal radiation exposure.
Hirschsprung's disease in an infant with colonic atresia and normal fixation of the distal colon

The coexistence of colonic atresia and Hirschsprung's disease presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Colonic atresia is quickly recognized, and the majority of patients are diverted shortly after birth. The diagnosis of coincident Hirschsprung's disease usually is made after anastomotic failure after restoration of intestinal continuity. A recent compilation of these patients has suggested that Hirschsprung's disease may be predicted on the basis of nonfixation of the colon distal to the atresia. However, we recently cared for an infant with transverse colonic atresia and total colonic aganglionosis associated with normal orientation and fixation of the distal colon.
The crystal structure of native ramie cellulose

Abstract Current computer-modeling information and rigid-residue, modeling techniques were used to analyze diffraction data from the literature for ramie cellulose. Chain models that gave the most satisfactory agreements of the observed and calculated intensity square roots were generally similar, including hydrogen-bonding schemes, to those obtained for Valonia cellulose by recent workers. The earlier conclusion that the ramie data could not be satisfied by a conventional cellulose model is therefore refuted, with R n values of 0.158, 0.185, and 0.175 for the three possible packingmodels, antiparallel, parallel up, and parallel down. A temperature factor of about 23 A 2 was important in obtaining good overall fit. This value is appropriate for crystallinity that is much lower than that for Valonia . Small differences ( ~ 0.3 A ) atomic positions from those in the early study also decreased R values. Besides slightly better values when intensity square-roots calculated from antiparallel models were compared to the apparently high-quality observed data, a weak equatorial spot is best explained by antiparallel chains. Therefore, antiparallel chain-packing should continue to receive consideration, at least for cotton and ramie celluloses.
Extreme loads for an offshore wind turbine using statistical extrapolation from limited field data

When interest is in establishing extreme loads for wind turbines, it is common to either carry out extensive simulation studies or undertake a field measurement campaign. At the Blyth offshore wind farm in the UK, a 2 MW wind turbine was instrumented, and environment and load data were obtained in a previous study. Here, we discuss how such data, even though very limited, may be used along with parametric models to establish extreme loads associated with return periods on the order of 20–50 years. The environmental characteristics at the Blyth site are such that wind and waves are of primary importance. Distributions for the extreme mudline bending moment are established using parametric models. Long-term loads are derived for different wind regimes possible at the site and the results are compared. Using bootstrap techniques, the effect of variability in the parameters for load distribution is investigated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sufficient conditions for rotational uniqueness in the additive MTMM model

Confirmatory factor analysis is widely used in the analysis of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrices. Sufficient conditions for rotational uniqueness in the additive MTMM model have not been fully discussed in the literature. A theorem giving sufficient conditions for uniqueness in the additive MTMM model is presented. This theorem reformulates the conditions given by Anderson & Rubin (1956), Howe (1955), and Joreskog (1979) for the general confirmatory factor analysis model. Several corollaries of the theorem describe special cases of the additive MTMM model that will always be rotationally unique. One of these cases is illustrated with an example using real data. Some implications of these results are discussed.
Explorando os espaços vazios: jazz e estrutura organizacional

This paper uses jazz as a metaphoric vehicle for redescribing the concept of organizational structure in ways that fit within the emerging vocabulary of organization studies. The metaphoric comparison begins with a description of some basic elements of jazz performance – soloing, comping, trading fours, listening and responding, groove and feel – and builds on those to redescribe organizational structure as ambiguous, emotional, and temporal. In reflexive fashion, this concept is not only demonstrated, but a jazz-like performance of Rorty’s method of redescription via metaphor is presented. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Estrutura organizacional, estudos organizacionais, jazz, metafora, criatividade.
Surface electronic structure of submonolayer to full-monolayer coverages of alkali metals on GaAs(110): K and Cs.

The development of the electronic structure of two interfaces of alkali metals with semiconductors, K/GaAs(110) and Cs/GaAs(110), has been studied experimentally. Changes in the occupied states have been monitored with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy while the unoccupied states have been investigated using angle-resolved inverse photoemission. It is found that K and Cs behave quite differently on GaAs(110). Potassium induces two surface states, one filled and one empty. The dispersion of the empty state is presented and shows the nonmetallic state of this surface. Cesium, on the other hand, yields an empty state, which beyond saturation exposure moves down to the Fermi level, thus rendering the surface metallic.
Facing Your Fears in Adolescence: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders and Anxiety

Adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are at high risk for developing psychiatric symptoms, with anxiety disorders among the most commonly cooccurring. Cognitive behavior therapies (CBTs) are considered the best practice for treating anxiety in the general population. Modified CBT approaches for youth with high-functioning ASD and anxiety have resulted in significant reductions in anxiety following intervention. The purpose of the present study was to develop an intervention for treating anxiety in adolescents with ASD based on a CBT program designed for school-aged children. The Facing Your Fears-Adolescent Version (FYF-A) program was developed; feasibility and acceptability data were obtained, along with initial efficacy of the intervention. Twenty-four adolescents, aged 13–18, completed the FYF-A intervention. Results indicated significant reductions in anxiety severity and interference posttreatment, with low rates of anxiety maintained at 3-month follow-up. In addition, nearly 46% of teen participants met criteria for a positive treatment response on primary diagnosis following the intervention. Initial findings from the current study are encouraging and suggest that modified group CBT for adolescents with high-functioning ASD may be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms. Limitations include small sample size and lack of control group. Future directions are discussed.
Analyses of (AD)-sorption for the estimation of pore-network dimensions and structure

The interpretation of pore dimensions based on physical ad-desorption analyses is central to the characterization of pore network structure. Several approaches have been proposed and are commonly employed in the analysis of physical adsorption and/or desorption to deduce the dimensions of the porous network. These approaches assume either theoretical (e.g., BET, the Halsey equation as interpreted by Pierce et al., or the more recent analyses of microporosity) or “standard” isotherms as model(s) for the sequential calculations required in estimating the pore network dimensions. Subsequent representation of the pore dimensions and the relationship between these distributions in dimension and other experimental parameters (such as catalytic activity, adsorptivity or transport); thus, depend explicitly on the model employed in the analyses. Each instrument currently available for the measurement of porous solid structure by sorption employs the same specific models for the relationship between the volume ad-desorbed and the dimensions of the porous network that is being characterized.
Reversible melting of gel-spun fibers of polyethylene

The melting and crystallization of gel-spun, ultrahigh molar mass polyethylene (UHMM-PE) fiber is analyzed with both, standard differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC) to identify the differences to extended-chain crystals of polyethylene. The analyzed samples were studied before with respect to their molecular mobility, morphology, and crystal and phase structure. The UHMM-PE contains a mobile, oriented mesophase and only few folded chains. The truly amorphous fraction is about 3%. Reversing melting and crystallization is observed for these fibers. It increases in amount on recrystallization after melting. Difficulties in measuring the original fibers arose from the shrinkage of the fibers and a resulting deformation of the sample pan. The new data are compared to literature information on other polyethylenes and linked to reversible melting of decoupled segments of the polymer chains contained in small, nanometer-size phases within the crystalline phase and the oriented-intermediate fractions.
AlGaInP materials grown by elemental-source molecular beam epitaxy

We report on the growth of AlGaInP materials on GaAs substrates using solid, elemental phosphorus in a valved cracker source by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The two ternaries are found to be of comparable or better quality than material grown by other, more conventional techniques which use phosphine. The successful growth and doping of the quaternary is reported and recent work in the growth of GaInP quantum well (QW) lasers is discussed. Finally, the compatibility of the valved source in growing arsenide/phosphide heterojunctions is demonstrated.
Random strain broadening of hydrogenic donors in piezoelectric semiconductors and alloys

Static strains in piezoelectric semiconductors or alloys give rise to an electric field or potential which can have an effect on the electrical properties of the material. We calculate the effect of these fields due to a random distribution of defects or compositional disorder on the line shape of hydrogenic transitions of donor states. Our results may explain the very broad lines observed in III-V alloys.
Disentangling the belief in God and cognitive rigidity/flexibility components of religiosity to predict racial and value-violating prejudice: A Post-Critical Belief Scale analysis

Abstract Past research indicates that being religious is associated with prejudice toward racial and value-violating out-groups. However, this past research treated religiosity as a unidimensional construct without taking into account how different components of religiosity—belief in a higher power and the rigidity/flexibility of religious beliefs—are associated with measures of prejudice. Two studies examined the relationship between these two components of religiosity, as measured by the Post-Critical Beliefs Scale, and racial (African Americans, Arabs) and value-violating prejudices (atheists, gay men). As the flexibility of religious beliefs increased (literal vs. symbolic dimension), attitudes toward racial and value-violating out-groups became more positive (Study 1). As belief in God strengthened (exclusion vs. inclusion of transcendence dimension), attitudes toward value-violating out-groups became more negative. Study 2 demonstrated that these two components of religiosity fully mediated the relationship between general religiosity and prejudice toward African Americans, Arabs, and gay men and partially mediated the relationship between religiosity and prejudice toward atheists. Results are discussed in light of reexamining the conclusion that simply being religious is associated with prejudice.
Selective and transient activation of protein kinase C α by fumonisin B1, a ceramide synthase inhibitor mycotoxin, in cultured porcine renal cells

Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)), a potent and naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, has been implicated in fatal and debilitating diseases in animals and humans. FB(1) affects a variety of cell signaling proteins including protein kinase C (PKC); a serine/threonine kinase, involved in a number of signal transduction pathways that include cytokine induction, carcinogenesis and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term temporal and concentration-dependent effects of FB(1) on PKC isoforms present in LLC-PK(1) cells in relation to the FB(1)-induced accumulation of sphinganine and sphingosine utilizing various inhibitors and activators. Our studies demonstrated that FB(1) (0.1-1 microM) selectively and transiently activated PKCalpha at 5 min, without affecting PKC-delta, -epsilon and -zeta isoforms. At higher FB(1) concentrations and later time points (15-120 min), PKCalpha membrane concentrations declined to untreated levels. The observed increase in cytosol PKCalpha protein expression at 15 min was not associated with an increase in its activity or protein biosynthesis. Calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor, abrogated the FB(1)-induced translocation of PKCalpha. Pre-incubation with the PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, resulted in an additive effect on membrane translocation of PKCalpha. Intracellular sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were unaltered at the time points tested. Myriocin, a specific inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, the first enzyme in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, did not prevent the FB(1)-induced PKCalpha cytosol to membrane redistribution. Altering PKCalpha and its signal transduction pathways may be of importance in the ability of FB(1) to exert its toxicity via apoptosis and/or carcinogenesis.
The pillars of cosmology: a short history and assessment

Is the big bang model of the universe ascendant and unshakable, or declining and outdated? This paper cursorily explores the state of cosmology today.
Synthesis and characterization of lithium oxonitrate (LiNO).

Abstract The oxonitrate(1 −) anion (NO − ), the one-electron reduction product of nitric oxide and conjugate base of HNO, has not been synthesized and isolated due to the inherent reactivity of this anion. The large scale synthesis and characterization of a stable NO − salt is described here. The lithium salt of oxonitrate (LiNO) was formed by the deprotonation of N-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide with phenyllithium in aprotic, deoxygenated conditions. LiNO exhibited antiferromagnetic paramagnetism as determined by SQUID magnetometry, consistent with a triplet ground state of NO − . LiNO reacted with HCl to yield nitrous oxide consistent with HNO formation and dimerization. LiNO consumed O 2 in a pH-dependent manner to initially produce peroxynitrite and eventually nitrite. Consistent with the reduction potential of NO, LiNO exhibited an oxidation potential of approximately + 0.80 V as determined by reactions with a series of viologen electron acceptors. LiNO also reacted with ferric tetraphenylporphyrin chloride (Fe(TPP)Cl), potassium tetracyanonickelate (K 2 Ni(CN) 4 ) and nitrosobenzene in a manner that is identical to other HNO/NO − donors. We conclude that the physical and chemical characteristics of LiNO are indistinguishable from the experimentally and theoretically derived data on oxonitrate (1 −) anion. The bulk synthesis and isolation of a stable 3 NO − salt described here allow the chemical and physical properties of this elusive nitrogen oxide to be thoroughly studied as this once elusive nitrogen oxide is now attainable.
Universal optimality of main effect deletion designs

Abstract The universal optimality of certain deletion designs with respect to main effects has been proved. In particular, this settles a recent conjecture by Voss (1986).
Surface wave momentum and energy velocities.

REYNOLDS1 defined the energy velocity associated with a simple periodic wave train on the surface of deep water as the phase velocity multiplied by the ratio of the energy transmitted across a fixed vertical plane during one wave period to the energy of the waves per wavelength. In other words, the energy velocity is the velocity of a moving vertical plane across which, on average, no energy is transmitted. For waves of small amplitude this velocity is half the phase speed (see also ref. 2). Starr and Platzman3 extended the Reynolds concept to the case of waves of finite height, without mathematical approximation or further physical assumptions. The ratio already mentioned of energy transmitted, Et, to the energy per wavelength, E, is now Et/E=½ + 5e/2E, where e is the excess of kinetic over potential energy per wavelength, which vanishes for waves of small amplitude4. The phase speed for finite waves, multiplied by the ratio, gives the energy velocity which, for the highest waves, is 11/17 (or about 0.647) of this speed (see also Handbuch der Physik5 for a review of this and background material).
Geochemical and microbial reactions affecting the long-term performance of in situ ‘iron barriers’

Abstract The in situ application of granular iron (Fe0) has become popular for the destruction of halogenated organic compounds and for the immobilization of specific metals in groundwater. However, a knowledge gap exists concerning the long-term performance of the Fe0-barriers. The corrosion of Fe0 may produce mineral precipitates that alter the system’s hydraulic integrity. For example, data from existing barriers show varying trends in pH, alkalinity, mineral precipitation, and microbial activity. Although the chemical behaviors are site-specific, this paper discusses the concepts involved in developing a generic approach for predicting the trend of aqueous and surface speciation, and the resulting effects on Fe0 treatment systems. Observations from existing Fe barriers are summarized, and the chemical and microbial processes that influence chemical speciation, both in water and on surfaces, are reviewed. A conceptual geochemical model is presented, which illustrates the factors that must be considered in developing a quantitative model that can be used to design monitoring plans for timely detection of clogging in Fe0 reactive barriers. In order to develop quantitative predictive models, field and laboratory research should: (1) assess the extent and rates of media deterioration by analyzing coupled chemical and microbial reactions; and (2) identify the controlling mechanisms for hydraulic alteration within and around Fe0 barriers.
Expression of a splice variant of the receptor for GHRH in 3T3 fibroblasts activates cell proliferation responses to GHRH analogs

The stimulatory effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and the antiproliferative action of GHRH antagonists have been demonstrated in various cancers, but the receptors that mediate these responses are not clearly identified. Recently, we reported that human cancer cell lines express splice variants (SVs) of the receptors for GHRH. SV1 exhibits the greatest similarity to the pituitary GHRH receptor and is most likely to be functional. To ascertain whether SV1 mediates mitogenic effects on nonpituitary tissues, we expressed SV1 in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and studied the properties of the transfected cells. Radioligand binding assays with 125I-labeled GHRH antagonist JV-1–42 detected high affinity (Kd = 0.58 ± 0.17 nM) binding sites for GHRH with a maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of 103 ± 17.4 fmol/mg of membrane protein in 3T3 cells transfected with pcDNA3-SV1, whereas the control cells transfected with the empty vector did not show any GHRH binding. Cell proliferation studies showed that cells expressing SV1 are much more sensitive to GHRH analogs than the pcDNA3 controls. Thus, the expression of SV1 augments the stimulatory responses to GHRH(1–29)NH2 or GHRH agonist JI-38 and inhibitory responses to GHRH antagonist JV-1–38 as compared with pcDNA3 controls. The stimulation of SV1-expressing cells by GHRH or JI-38 is followed by an increase in cAMP production, but no GH release occurs. Vasoactive intestinal peptide had no effect, and its antagonist JV-1–53 did not inhibit the proliferation of SV1-expressing cells stimulated by GHRH. Our results suggest that SV1 could mediate responses of nonpituitary cells and various tumors to GHRH and GHRH antagonists. The presence of SV1 in several human cancer cell lines provides a rationale for antitumor therapy based on the blockade of this receptor by specific GHRH antagonists.
A further comment on Point:Counterpoint "Airway smooth muscle is/is not useful".

to the editor: Dr. Mead ([3][1], [5][2]) is to be congratulated for his persistence in seeking out possible functions for airway smooth muscle. Perhaps he feels his illustrious career will not be complete without winning the Mitzner prize ([4][3]). This whole situation is somewhat analogous to the
Imaging Uterine Cervical Cancer with FDG-PET/CT: Direct Comparison with PET

To compare 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and PET/computed tomography (CT) for certainty of image interpretation and for diagnostic accuracy in patients with primary and metastatic uterine cervical cancer. Images of 13 patients with cervical cancer having PET/CT examinations were reviewed retrospectively. PET and PET/CT images of all cases were read blindly and randomly by two readers. Foci of increased FDG uptake on PET or PET/CT were classified using a scoring system regarding lesion localization and characterization. PET and PET/CT findings were assessed with all clinical information available, and diagnostic accuracy was determined on a per-lesion and on a per-patient basis. For both readers, PET/CT provided significantly higher frequencies of definite lesion localization (>30% higher) and definite lesion characterization (>20% higher) compared to the findings on PET alone. The improvement in lesion localization to the definite level by PET/CT provided the definite lesion characterization in at least 50% of cases. PET/CT tended to exhibit higher diagnostic accuracy than PET alone on a lesion-based analysis (92% vs. 78% in reader 1 and 92% vs. 82% in reader 2, respectively). Metastatic disease spread was, however, almost equally evaluated between PET and PET/CT. PET/CT was demonstrated to be useful in the definite localization and characterization of foci of increased FDG uptake, which provided its higher diagnostic accuracy than PET alone. PET/CT appears preferable to PET in the evaluation of cervical cancer, although additional study is needed.