cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Tire Blow-Out in Roadside Hardware Simulations Using LS-DYNA

Often when vehicles interact with roadside hardware like guardrails, bridge rails and curbs, the interaction between the roadside hardware and the tire causes the tire to lose its air seal and “blow-out”. Once the seal between the rim and rubber tire is lost, the tire deflates. The behavior of the deflated tire is much different than the behavior of an inflated tire such that when this behavior is observed in real world crashes or in full-scale crash tests, the vehicle kinematics are strongly coupled to the behavior of the deflated tire. Accounting for this behavior in LS-DYNA models is crucial in many types of roadside hardware simulations since the forces generated by the deflated tire often introduce instability into the vehicle that can cause rollover or spinout. This paper will present a method for accounting for tire deflation during LS-DYNA simulations and will present examples of the use of this type of improved model.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb against Japan

Atomic Tragedy offers a unique perspective on one of the most important events of the twentieth century. As secretary of war during World War II, Henry L. Stimson (1867-1950) oversaw the American nuclear weapons program. In a book about how an experienced, principled man faltered when confronted by the tremendous challenge posed by the intersection of war, diplomacy, and technology, Sean L. Malloy examines Stimson's struggle to reconcile his responsibility for "the most terrible weapon ever known in human history" with his long-standing convictions about war and morality. Ultimately, Stimson's story is one of failure; despite his beliefs, Stimson reluctantly acquiesced in the use of the atomic bomb against heavily populated Japanese cities in August 1945.This is the first biography of Stimson to benefit from extensive use of papers relating to the Manhattan Project; Malloy has also uncovered evidence illustrating the origins of Stimson's commitment to eliminating or refining the conduct of war against civilians, information that makes clear the agony of Stimson's dilemma. The ultimate aim of Atomic Tragedy is not only to contribute to a greater historical understanding of the first use of nuclear weapons but also to offer lessons from the decision-making process during the years 1940-1945 that are applicable to the current world environment. As the United States mobilizes scientists and engineers to build new and supposedly more "usable" nuclear weapons and as nations in Asia and the Middle East are replicating the feat of the Manhattan Project physicists at Los Alamos, it is more important than ever that policymakers and analysts recognize the chain of failures surrounding the first use of those weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Oxidation studies of Cu-Cr-coated Cu-Nb microcomposite

Abstract The use of appropriate copper-based alloy coatings on structural componemts offers an avenue to minimize high temperature oxidation and extend component life in an oxidizing environment. Cr 2 O 3 scales, similar to those formed on M-Cr (M—Ni, Co, Fe), would provide oxidation resistance for copper-based materials if they could form on a Cu-Cr coating system. In the present study, three Cu-Cr coating compositions, i.e. Cu-15vol.%Cr, Cu-30vol.%Cr and Cu-45vol.%Cr, were produced by codeposition of copper and chromium on Cu-15vol.%Nb substrates. The oxidation kinetics and oxide morphologies were characterized after exposure to air at 649°C. The oxidation products of the Cu-15vol.%Cr coating consisted primarily of copper oxides with discontinuous Cr 2 O 3 scales. A transition from discontinuous to continuous Cr 2 O 3 scale formation occurred between 15 and 30 vol.% Cr. For the Cu-30vol.%Cr and Cu-45vol.%Cr coatings, protective Cr 2 O 3 scales were formed which markedly reduced the oxidation rates.
MELATONIN RECEPTORS ARE PRESENT IN THE FERRET PARS TUBERALIS AND PARS DISTALIS, BUT NOT IN BRAIN

The pineal hormone melatonin regulates reproductive function in seasonally breeding mammals. Recent studies using 1251-labeled 2-iodomelatonin (I-MEL) reveal that the distribution of putative melatonin receptors is species-specific; only the hypophysial pars tuberalis (PT) is a consistent site of I-MEL binding in all photoperiodic species examined. In the present study, we used J[n vitro autoradiography to examine the distribution of I-MEL binding in the ferret brain and pituitary. We report that I-MEL binding is restricted to the PT and pars distalis (PD) of the pituitary; I-MEL binding is absent from brain. I-MEL binds in the PT and PD with high affinity (Kd values ca. 40 pM) and the rank order of potency for inhibition of I-MEL binding (6-chloromelatonin = melatonin > 6-hydroxymelatonin < N-acetylserotonin < serotonin) is the same as that observed for high-affinity melatonin receptors from other species. The consistent presence of high affinity melatonin receptors in the PT of a variety of photoperiodi...
Initiation Factor eIF2-independent Mode of c-Src mRNA Translation Occurs via an Internal Ribosome Entry Site

Overexpression and activation of the c-Src protein have been linked to the development of a wide variety of cancers. The molecular mechanism(s) of c-Src overexpression in cancer cells is not clear. We report here an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the c-Src mRNA that is constituted by both 5′-noncoding and -coding regions. The inhibition of cap-dependent translation by m7GDP in the cell-free translation system or induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatoma-derived cells resulted in stimulation of the c-Src IRES activities. Sucrose density gradient analyses revealed formation of a stable binary complex between the c-Src IRES and purified HeLa 40 S ribosomal subunit in the absence of initiation factors. We further demonstrate eIF2-independent assembly of 80 S initiation complex on the c-Src IRES. These features of the c-Src IRES appear to be reminiscent of that of hepatitis C virus-like IRESs and translation initiation in prokaryotes. Transfection studies and genetic analysis revealed that the c-Src IRES permitted initiation at the authentic AUG351, which is also used for conventional translation initiation of the c-Src mRNA. Our studies unveiled a novel regulatory mechanism of c-Src synthesis mediated by an IRES element, which exhibits enhanced activity during cellular stress and is likely to cause c-Src overexpression during oncogenesis and metastasis.
Origin of hardening and deformation mechanisms in irradiated 316 LN austenitic stainless steel

The effects of displacement damage and trapped helium on deformation microstructures in AISI 316 LN austenitic stainless steel were studied by applying a newly developed disk bend method to specimens irradiated with 360 keV He ions at 200°C. Radiation damage microstructures consisted of an intimate mix of black dots, dislocation loops, and very small helium filled cavities. In the unirradiated specimens, the deformation mode upon straining was planar glide with cross-slip. With increasing dose, cross-slip was progressively restricted. Correspondingly, deformation microstructure changed from dislocation network dominant to channeling dominant. The channel bands were composed of piled-up dislocations, stacking faults, and twinned layers.
Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging in men with dementia of the Alzheimer type: correlations with disease severity.

Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we measured the volumes of various brain structures and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 19 men with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and 18 healthy age-matched control men. The mean (+/- S.D) Mini-Mental State exam score (MMSE) of the DAT men was 16 +/- 7; 9 were mildly (MMSE > 20), 5 moderately (MMSE 10-20), and 5 severely (MMSE < 10) demented. Brain and CSF volumes were normalized as a percent of the traced intracranial volume to control for the relation of volumes of cerebral structures to head size, and analyzed statistically. The whole group of DAT subjects had significantly smaller mean cerebral brain matter and temporal lobe volumes (p < 0.05), and significantly larger mean ventricular and temporal lobe peripheral CSF volumes than did controls. Mean volumes of the subcortical nuclei did not differ significantly between groups, and mean volume of temporal lobe brain matter decreased significantly more than whole brain, suggesting regional loss of brain matter in DAT. Mildly demented DAT patients had significantly smaller mean cerebral brain matter and temporal lobe volumes and significantly larger volumes of lateral ventricles, and of temporal lobe peripheral CSF, than did controls. Neuropsychological measures of disease severity in DAT patients were significantly (p < 0.05) and appropriately correlated to volumes of cerebral brain matter and right lateral ventricle. These results suggest that in DAT: (i) significant brain atrophy is present early in the disease process, (ii) brain atrophy correlates with severity of cognitive impairment, and (iii) there is greater involvement of the telencephalic association system than whole brain, and there is relative sparing of the caudate, lenticular and thalamic nuclei.
Transcriptional Activity of Erythroid Kruppel-like Factor (EKLF/KLF1) Modulated by PIAS3 (Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT3)

Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF or KLF1) is a transcription factor crucial for red cell development that is directly involved in regulation of a large number of erythroid genes. EKLF serves mostly as an activator of expression of these genes; however, it can act also as a repressor. Here, we present evidence that EKLF interacts with proteins from the PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STAT) family that convey repressive activity to EKLF in the absence of sumoylation. Our studies identify PIAS3 as a transcriptional corepressor of EKLF for at least a subset of its target genes during erythropoiesis (e.g. β-globin, α-hemoglobin stabilizing protein). We demonstrate an interaction between EKLF and PIAS proteins confirmed by in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays with both exogenous and endogenous proteins. We identified an LXXLL signature motif located near the N terminus of PIAS proteins that, although not involved in the EKLF-PIAS3 interaction, is required for the transrepression activity. Knockdown of endogenous PIAS3 accelerates differentiation of both murine erythroleukemia cells, as well as fetal liver cells, whereas an increase in PIAS3 levels inhibits this increase. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that PIAS3 preferentially occupies the β-globin promoter in undifferentiated murine erythroleukemia cells. Together these results demonstrate that an interaction between EKLF and PIAS3 provides a novel mode of regulation of EKLF activity in the absence of sumolylation and furthermore shows an important involvement of PIAS proteins in erythropoiesis.
Tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of improved ultrathin polymeric films

Tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of improved ultrathin polymeric films for magnetic tapes are presented. These films include poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET, poly(ethylene naphthalate) or PEN, and aromatic polyamide (ARAMID). PET film is currently the standard substrate used for magnetic tapes; thinner tensilized-type PET, PEN, and ARAMID were recently used as alternate substrates with improved material properties. The thickness of the films ranges from 6.2 to 4.8 μm. Young's modulus of elasticity, F5 value, strain-at-yield, breaking strength, and strain-at-break were obtained at low strain rates by using a tensile machine. Storage (or elastic) modulus, E′, and the loss tangent, tan δ, which is a measurement of viscous energy dissipation, are measured by using a dynamic mechanical analyzer at temperature ranges of −50 to 150°C (for PET), and −50 to 210°C (for PEN and ARAMID), and at a frequency range of 0.016 to 29 Hz. Frequency–temperature superposition was used to predict the dynamic mechanical behavior of the films over a 28 decade frequency range. Results show that ARAMID and tensilized films tend to have higher strength and moduli than standard PET and PEN. The rates of decrease of storage modulus as a function of temperature are lower for PET films than those for PEN and ARAMID films. Storage modulus for PEN films are higher than that for PET films at high frequencies, but this relationship reverses at low frequencies. ARAMID has the highest modulus and strength among the films in this study. The relationship between polymeric structure and mechanical properties are also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2225–2244, 2002
Medication adherence and the transplant recipient: helping patients at each stage of change

THE posttransplant life of solid-organ recipients requires compliance with often complex medication and behavioral regimens. Failure to comply with immunosuppressive therapy, for example, may cause late acute rejection episodes, graft loss, and even death. Across all classes of medications, 24% to 50% of patients fail to comply with the medication as prescribed. While exact rates of noncompliance for posttransplant medications are difficult to gauge, studies have found noncompliance with immunosuppressive drugs to range from 22.3% to 36% of patients. Given the potentially lethal consequences of posttransplant medication noncompliance, new approaches to helping recipients manage their medication regimens are clearly required. This report describes the transtheoretical model of behavior change and explores its use for improving medication compliance in transplant recipients.
Automatic Test Case Generation for Multi-tier Web Applications

Testing multi-tier Web applications is challenging yet critical. First, because of inter-tier interactions, a fault in one tier may propagate to the others. Second, Web applications are often continuously evolving. Testing such emerging applications must efficiently generate test cases to catch up with fast-paced evolution and effectively capture cross-tier faults. We present a technique based on an inter-connection dependence model to generate sequences of Web pages that are potentially fault prone. To ensure that these sequences of Web pages will be exercised as designated, the path condition for each execution path is computed and used to determine the domain of each input parameter and database state. Input data for each Web page can then be automatically generated by using boundary value analysis. The test suite generated by our technique guarantees that inter-tier interactions will be adequately tested.
D-Trp8-somatostatin: an analog of somatostatin more potent than the native molecule.

Summary D-Trp8-somatostatin (Ala-Gly- Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys -OH) was synthesized by solid phase methodology. This tetradecapeptide was found to be 8 times more potent than somatostatin under different assay conditions. This finding is interpreted in terms of conformational aspects of somatostatin or of enzymic resistance to degradation.
The Naked Self: Being a Body in Televideo Cybersex

Unlike text-based cybersex, televideo is an embodied experience. Participants present their bodies as an object to be looked at. Through in-depth interviews this study examines the relationships among selfhood and the body and the context in which both are located. The body, much like the self, exists as both a viewed object and an experienced subject. Televideo cybersex participants manipulate this relationship by presenting themselves as only a body, the experience of which acts back in an erotic “looking glass” affecting how the self conceives of the body. While in some cases the medium serves to create a “disembodied” context for interaction, as this study illustrates, it may also serve to fully embody. The obvious relationships among self, body, and social situation made evident in any form of sexual experience are largely unexplored in sociology, yet fully within the realm of interest and theoretical models of symbolic interaction.
Ionospheric effects on radio communication and ranging pulses

Transionospheric radio pulses used for communication and ranging purposes are modified by propagation effects arising from dispersion and scattering. To describe these effects quantitatively it is convenient to use the concept of temporal moments. The zeroth temporal moment is proportional to energy flow in the wave and is constant in a dissipationless ionosphere under the forward scatter approximation. The first temporal moment is related to the mean arrival time which can be arranged as a series consisting of terms proportional to f_{c}^{-2n}, n = 0, 1, 2, ... , where f_{c} is the carrier frequency. Here the n = 0 term in this series representation of the first temporal moment is just the free-space transit time which can be related simply to the geometric distance, a quantity required with great precision in ranging applications. The n = 1 term, which is proportional to the electron content, has been investigated by various investigators in connection with navigational satellite applications. The n = 2 term in the expansion of the first temporal moment given in this paper comes about through dispersion, finite bandwidth effect, and scattering from random irregularities; the numerical values of each of these terms are computed for a Chapman layer. The second temporal moment is related to the mean square pulsewidth. It is shown that an amplitude modulated pulse at a carrier frequency of 100 MHz may be stretched up to several hundred fold in width by dispersion and scattering, but such an effect diminishes rapidly in importance as the carrier frequency is raised. These results provide useful information to designers of satellite-based communication and ranging systems.
The effect of sucralfate tablets vs. suspension on oral doxycycline absorption in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of concurrent sucralfate (tablet or suspension) on doxycycline pharmacokinetics and to determine the effects of delaying sucralfate by 2 h on doxycycline absorption. Five dogs were included in a crossover study receiving: doxycycline alone; doxycycline concurrently with sucralfate tablet; doxycycline followed 2 h by sucralfate tablet; doxycycline concurrently with sucralfate suspension; and doxycycline followed 2 h by sucralfate suspension. Doxycycline plasma concentrations were evaluated with liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. No interaction was seen when sucralfate was administered as a tablet. Sucralfate tablet fragments were frequently observed in some dogs' feces. The area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (CMAX ) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the concurrent sucralfate suspension group (AUC 7.2 h·μg/mL, CMAX 0.43 μg/mL) than with doxycycline alone (AUC 36.0 h·μg/mL, CMAX 2.53 μg/mL) resulting in a relative bioavailability of 20%. Delaying sucralfate suspension by 2 h after doxycycline administration resulted in no difference in doxycycline absorption as compared with doxycycline administration alone with a relative bioavailability of 74%. The lack of an interaction with sucralfate tablets suggests sucralfate should be administered as a suspension rather than tablet in dogs.
Ingredients of parental “pressure” in early childhood☆

Abstract This study examined the parental beliefs, dispositions, and behaviors frequently cited in the popular literature as contributors to “pressure” or “hothousing” of young children. In a sample of 90 middle- and upper-middle-class mothers of preschool children, beliefs in formal academic instruction, adult-directed learning, and early developmental timetables were assessed with the Educational Attitude Scale and the Developmental Expectations Questionnaire. Mothers' rigidity, critical attitudes, and anxiety were rated by interviewers. From videotapes of two mother-child tasks (an Etch-a-Sketch design copying task and a picture-making task), mothers' directive, controlling, perfectionistic, and critical behaviors were scored. Results showed wide variability in mothers' pressure-related beliefs, dispositions, and behaviors. Measures of pressure or hothousing within each of these three areas were intercorrelated. Hothousing beliefs tended to be associated with more directive, controlling maternal behavior, and with more “high-pressure” personality dispositions as rated by interviewers, although associations were modest in strength. Cluster analysis was used to derive groupings of parents on the basis of these characteristics. A two-group cluster solution yielded (1) a group of mothers ( n = 29) with high levels of hothousing beliefs, high-pressure ratings by interviewers, and high frequencies of criticism, directiveness, control, and perfectionistic behavior, and (2) a contrasting, considerably larger group of mothers ( n = 61) with lower scores in all of these areas. A three-group solution produced groups similar to those yielded by the two-group solution, but added a small subgroup of mothers ( n = 8) who combined self-reported antihothousing beliefs with highly critical and perfectionistic behavior in interactions with their children.
A zoophile's testament

The Moral Status of Animals. By Stephen R. L. Clarke. Pp. 221. (Oxford University: Oxford and London, 1977.) £5.95.
Applying OOK modulation to reduce the inter-carrier interference in OFDM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become one of the promising technologies for the next-generation communications systems to support high-speed high-quality digital transmission and reception. However, the frequency misalignment between transmitter and receiver results in the inter-carrier interference (ICI), which degrades the performance. In this paper, we propose to apply On-Off-Keying (OOK) modulation in OFDM to reduce the ICI. The analysis shows that both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency can be improved in the proposed OFDM system. The analysis of symbol error rate (SER) is also provided. Simulation results show that when the ICI is significant, the SER is improved in the proposed OFDM system due to the ICI reduction resulting from the imposed OOK modulation.
Organic Photochemical Rearrangements of Triplets and Zwitterions; Mechanistic and Exploratory Organic Photochemistry

There has been some controversy about the mechanisms of reactions of enones and dienones. The question has been whether a zwitterion or diradical is involved as the intermediate. In the case of ground state species it has not been recognized that zwitterions may have diradical character. In triplet reactions there is the question of whether the rearrangements take place at the initial T1 stage or subsequently as S0 ground state zwitterions or diradicals. We now have some new rearrangements bearing on these questions. In some cases it is the triplet which rearranges, while in others it is the S0 zwitterion. The zwitterion vs. diradical nature of the S0 species has been assessed by both experimental as well as theoretical means. Similarly, both experiment and computational theory have been used to determine at what stage the triplet rearrangements occur and to determine the characteristics of the rearranging species. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A fenfluramine-activated FDG-PET study of borderline personality disorder.

Abstract Background: Impulsive aggression in patients with personality disorders is associated with diminished levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-HIAA, blunted neuroendocrine responses to serotonergic agonists, and decreased glucose utilization in the prefrontal cortex. We tested the hypothesis that impulsive aggression in borderline personality disorder (BPD) may be associated with diminished serotonergic regulation in the prefrontal cortex, using positron-emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging during pharmacologic challenge with d,l fenfluramine (FEN). Methods: A 2-day, single-blind, placebo-controlled FEN challenge study was conducted in five patients with BPD (and no Axis I MDD) and eight healthy control participants. On Day 1, 4 mCi [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was injected 3 hours after ingestion of placebo; on Day 2, FDG was injected 3 hours after ingestion of .8 mg/kg to 60 mg of d,l fenfluramine. After 30 min, a 45-min emission scan was acquired on the Siemans/CTI 951r/31 scanner. PET data were aligned to MR images and analyzed by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM96). Results: In response to placebo, uptake of FDG was greater in control participants than patients in large areas of the prefrontal cortex including medial and orbital regions bilaterally (BA 10–11), left superior temporal gyrus, and right insular cortex. There were no areas in which patients had greater relative regional uptake than control participants. In response to FEN, relative regional uptake of FDG (relative to placebo) was greater in control participants compared to patients in medial and orbital regions of right prefrontal cortex (BA 10), left middle and superior temporal gyri (BA 22–23), left parietal lobe (BA 40), and left caudate body. Conclusions: Patients with BPD have diminished response to serotonergic stimulation in areas of prefrontal cortex associated with regulation of impulsive behavior.
The ontogeny of mammalian fructose-i,6-diphosphate aldolase

Abstract 1. 1. The ontogeny of aldolase (ketose-I-phosphate aldehyde-lyase, EC 4.1.2.7) multiple forms has been studied in four mammalian species in order to clarify comparative aspects of the control of synthesis, structural inter-relationships and biological significance of the enzyme. 2. 2. Developmental progressions of the aldolase multiple forms were observable in all the tissues, followed with the sole exception of brain. The stability of the iso-enzyme pattern in this tissue, paradoxically, may indicate that the primary biological role of aldolase C is not neurally oriented. 3. 3. In the early developmental stages of each animal, the relative contributions of aldolase A- and C-type activities were constant. The ratios of these activity types were species specific and serve to emphasize the developmental importance of aldolase C. 4. 4. Overall, the ontogenetic properties of this enzyme and the presence of five-membered isoenzyme sequences provide support for the conception of a tetramer structure of aldolase and the involvement of three independent structural genes in the control of synthesis of the aldolase multiple forms in mammalian species.
Regular Article: Simulations of Particle Dynamics in Magnetorheological Fluids

We present particle dynamics simulations for the response of magnetorheological (MR) fluids upon application of a magnetic field. The particles motion is considered to be governed by magnetic, hydrodynamic, and repulsive interactions. Fluid-particle interactions are accounted for via Stokes' drag while inter-particle repulsions are modeled through approximate hard-sphere rejections. In accordance with their greater significance, on the other hand (linear) magnetic interactions are fully simulated. The time evolution is considered to be magnetically quasi-static and magnetostatic forces are derived from the solution of (steady) Maxwell's equations, recomputed at each instant in time. For this we use a potential theoretic formulation where the boundary integral equations are solved with a fast multipole approach. We show that the resulting numerical codes can be effectively used to study a number of experimental observables such as effective magnetic permeabilities and response time-scales which are of crucial importance in the design of MR fluids.
The diagnostic value of flow cytometric DNA measurements in follicular tumors of the thyroid gland.

Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content was performed on single or multiple samples from 34 thyroidectomy specimens. There were 29 thyroids with diploid DNA content, comprising 15 nonneoplastic lesions, 5 follicular adenomas, 1 medullary carcinoma, and 8 papillary carcinomas. Aneuploid DNA pattern was observed in five cases, including one metastatic mammary carcinoma. The initial histologic diagnoses in the remaining four aneuploid thyroid lesions were follicular carcinoma in one and follicular adenoma in three. The abnormal DNA pattern in the three follicular “adenomas” prompted a review of their aspiration cytologic and histologic features. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in two of the three cases and showed evidence of a follicular neoplasm with significant nuclear atypia in both. Histologic review of the three lesions led to a modified diagnosis of noninvasive low grade follicular carcinoma in all three. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content may prove to be a highly useful adjunct in the evaluation of follicular thyroid tumors. Long-term clinical follow-up is warranted to document the clinical significance of these observations. Cancer 56: 2011-2018, 1985.
A molecular switch that controls cell spreading and retraction.

Integrin-dependent cell spreading and retraction are required for cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, and thus are important in thrombosis, wound repair, immunity, and cancer development. It remains unknown how integrin outside-in signaling induces and controls these two opposite processes. This study reveals that calpain cleavage of integrin β3 at Tyr759 switches the functional outcome of integrin signaling from cell spreading to retraction. Expression of a calpain cleavage–resistant β3 mutant in Chinese hamster ovary cells causes defective clot retraction and RhoA-mediated retraction signaling but enhances cell spreading. Conversely, a calpain-cleaved form of β3 fails to mediate cell spreading, but inhibition of the RhoA signaling pathway corrects this defect. Importantly, the calpain-cleaved β3 fails to bind c-Src, which is required for integrin-induced cell spreading, and this requirement of β3-associated c-Src results from its inhibition of RhoA-dependent contractile signals. Thus, calpain cleavage of β3 at Tyr759 relieves c-Src–mediated RhoA inhibition, activating the RhoA pathway that confines cell spreading and causes cell retraction.
Functional life tests of apparatus as compared with insulation material tests

Experimental work by users and manufacturers of electric equipment alike, has disclosed the need for an entirely new concept of insulation classification and evaluation. It is found that insulations should be classified as systems as well as materials. The manner in which the materials are applied and processed is of as equal an importance as the basic materials used. The electrical industry, working through the AIEE, developed the concept of functional evaluation of insulation systems. This concept appears in AIEE No. 1, published in June 1957.1
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of epiphytes

This article introduces reports concerning the occurrence of mycorrhizae on epiphytes in Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Venezuela, Malaysia, and Mexico. Association of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with the roots of epiphytes is not well known. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) do occur in the canopy, but are uncommon except in certain sites and host taxa. Occurrence of VAM on epiphytes may be constrained by mineral nutrient availability and spatial heterogeneity in the canopy. Nevertheless, epiphytes present unique opportunities to study influences of mycorrhizae on vascular plant community composition and on the evolution of mycorrhizal associations.
Sequential changes in BAER and their relation to bilirubin levels in neonates≤ 32 weeks GA • 798

Sequential changes in BAER and their relation to bilirubin levels in neonates≤ 32 weeks GA • 798
Prognosis and hormone receptor status in older and younger patients with advanced-stage papillary serous ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Objective Prior studies have suggested that patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer at an older age have worse outcomes. However, few studies have examined whether differing patterns of protein expression in tumors in older patients correlate with this poorer prognosis. We investigated the correlation of age with prognosis and the significance of hormone receptor status in younger versus older patients through construction of a clinically-annotated high-density tissue microarray (HTMA) composed of stage III and IV papillary serous ovarian cancer cases. Methods Two cohorts of patients (age ≥65 and ≤55 at diagnosis) were identified retrospectively from ovarian carcinoma pathology cases reviewed at our institution between 1999 and 2005. An HTMA was constructed from 148 eligible cases, and clinical data were abstracted through chart and database review. Results No difference in survival was observed between younger and older patients. Patients ≥70 years had decreased survival on univariate, but not multivariate, analysis. ER was significantly more likely ( p =0.01) and PR significantly less likely ( p =0.02) to be expressed in older patients. Neither ER nor PR independently correlated with survival in the overall study population. Conclusions Patients with advanced-stage papillary serous ovarian cancer ≥65 years of age at diagnosis have a similar survival as patients ≤55 years. Hormone receptor status differs significantly between the two age groups, and in the younger patient cohort, there is a trend towards longer overall survival for ER/PR positive tumors. These results suggest that ovarian cancer in younger patients differs biologically from that in older patients.
Seasonal variation in generation time, diapause and cold hardiness in a central Ohio population of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata

. 1 Generation time, diapause phenology and cold tolerance of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, were examined under confined natural conditions in central Ohio. In this locality, the fly can complete a maximum of four generations annually. 2 Very few pupae entered diapause in the first and second generations (May to July in 1988). In the third generation (August) 37% of the pupae entered an overwintering diapause, as did all pupae from the fourth generation (September). 3 The adult eclosion date in the spring and annual generation time can be predicted accurately from degree day data. 4 Cold tolerance of the field-overwintering portion of the population was high. After 30 days under field conditions, diapausing pupae readily survived a 7-day exposure to — 17°C. Glycerol appears to be the major cryoprotectant in S.bullata, and glycerol concentrations in the field population (95–142 mm) remained high throughout the winter. 5 In contrast, diapausing flies reared under laboratory conditions (20°C, 12:12 LD) were less cold tolerant, and glycerol concentrations were lower (6.9–21.2 mm). Field conditions thus promote the acquisition of high levels of cold tolerance, presumably as a consequence of the accumulation of higher concentrations of glycerol. 6 In spite of differences in the cold tolerance of laboratory and field flies, the supercooling points of the two groups of flies were nearly the same, thus implying that the supercooling point is not a good indicator of cold tolerance.
A study of rapid and simplified confirmatory tests for Clostridium perfringens.

Strains of Clostridium perfringens and culturally similar species which also may grow on selective isolation media for this organism were examined by conventional confirmatory tests, the API ZYM system and by individual tests for phosphatase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. API ZYM tests, involving 19 different enzymes, confirmed the known similarity between Cl. perfringens, Cl. absonum, Cl. paraperfringens and Cl. sardiniensis but effectively distinguished this group from Cl. bifermentans, Cl. celatum, Cl. perenne and Cl. sordellii. A similar separation was achieved by a single test for acid phosphatase which could be applied to individual colonies on a plating medium. Because the acid phosphatase test was found to be of greater value than nitrate reduction in distinguishing Cl. perfringens, it could replace the latter in the usual series of confirmatory tests. It is suggested that strains from Cl. perfringens isolation media should be screened for acid phosphatase activity at the purification stage and only positive strains subjected to further tests. It was found that Cl. perfringens could not be distinguished from the other species on the basis of glutamate decarboxylase activity.
On the Role of Theta-Driven Syllabic Parsing in Decoding Speech: Intelligibility of Speech with a Manipulated Modulation Spectrum

Recent hypotheses on the potential role of neuronal oscillations in speech perception propose that speech is processed on multi-scale temporal analysis windows formed by a cascade of neuronal oscillators locked to the input pseudo-rhythm. In particular, Ghitza (2011) proposed that the oscillators are in the theta, beta and gamma frequency bands with the theta oscillator the master, tracking the input syllabic rhythm and setting a time-varying, hierarchical window structure synchronized with the input. In the study described here the hypothesized role of theta was examined by measuring the intelligibility of speech with a manipulated modulation spectrum. Each critical-band signal was manipulated by controlling the degree of temporal-envelope flatness. Intelligibility of speech with critical-band envelopes that are flat is poor; inserting extra information, restricted to the input syllabic rhythm, markedly improves intelligibility. It is concluded that flattening the critical-band envelopes prevents the theta oscillator from tracking the input rhythm, hence the disruption of the hierarchical window structure that controls the decoding process. Reinstating the input-rhythm information revives the tracking capability, hence restoring the synchronization between the window structure and the input, resulting in the extraction of additional information from the flat modulation spectrum.
BRST FIELD THEORIES FOR A QUANTUM LORENTZ PARTICLE

From the study of string field theory, first quantized BRST symmetry is known to be a guiding principle in constructing field theories. We construct the first quantized BRST charge QB for a quantum Lorentz particle which is characterized by the constraints which are expressed in terms of (inhomogeneous) Lorentz generators. It is shown that the BRST cohomology of this system includes only the field strengths and not the fundamental gauge fields with nontrivial norms. By using this BRST charge, we obtain the field theory Lagrangian via the ∫ΨQBΨ construction, which leads to field equations for fields with arbitrary spin. However, this action cannot be used to derive a second quantized theory except for Dirac fields. For antisymmetric tensor fields, we can get the correct second quantized theories if we introduce extra conditions.
Stochastic transitions between discrete attractor states in a model taste-processing network

Trial-to-trial variability in neuronal systems can arise from the timing of stochastically induced, rapid changes between discrete, metastable network states. Such transitions between states produce correlated, rapid changes in firing rates of the neurons. The sharp changes occur at a discrete but unpredictable time in an individual trial, but can be rendered into slow variations of activity when standard trial-averaging is used. Hidden Markov modeling has been used to verify such discontinuous network activity during taste processing in gustatory cortex [1]. Here we model a network of discrete attractor states, where taste-specific inputs bias the stochastic transitions between states to produce a sequence that is taste-specific, as seen in the experimental data. As in the experimental data, hidden Markov analysis reveals the discrete transitions between attractor states that are obscured by trial averaging. Furthermore, we find for a given noise level, that when external inputs provide a bias to one attractor state rather than another, that bias more strongly influences the trajectory of the system if the initial state remains stable, so that the noise itself produces the transition (see Figure ​Figure1).1). We consider the decision-making aspect of taste processing, "to swallow" or "to expel", as corresponding to a transition to one of two final attractor states. We suggest that a noise-induced transition to one of these decisive states leads to fewer mistakes and matches the activity of recorded neurons better than the alternative of a slowly ramping accumulation of evidence. Figure 1 Stochastic hopping between metastable states improves accuracy of choice. (A) Results of 100 simulations with two mutually inhibiting populations, each of 100 neurons and fixed noise. Current is applied to each group, with a bias to favor one outcome. ...
Analysis of RF Flip-chip On-Chip Inductance

Silicon based inductors in flip-chip (FC) configuration are studied. In this work comparison between performance of on-chip inductor in flip chip configuration and wirebond is conducted. Full wave electromagnetic simulation was used to understand the variation of inductor performance with flip chip bump height and in the presence of ground on the package substrate. Results show that the performance of a change in inductance value might exceed 10% according to inductor size and bump height. Inductors in flip-chip environment must be optimised by properly understanding the effect of the eddy current in Si substrate and bump height.
A citric acid-based hydroxyapatite composite for orthopedic implants.

We describe a novel approach to process bioceramic microparticles and poly(diol citrates) into bioceramic–elastomer composites for potential use in orthopedic surgery. The composite consists of the biodegradable elastomer poly(1,8-octanediol-citrate) (POC) and the bioceramic hydroxyapatite (HA). The objective of this work was to characterize POC–HA composites and assess the feasibility of fabricating tissue fixation devices using machining and molding techniques. The mechanical properties of POC–HA composites with HA (40, 50, 60, 65 wt.%) were within the range of values reported for tissue fixation devices (for POC–HA 65 wt.%, Sb ¼ 41.473.1, Eb ¼ 501.7740.3, Sc ¼ 74.679.0, Ec ¼ 448.8727.0, St ¼ 9.772.3, Et ¼ 334.8773.5, Ss ¼ 27.772.4, Ts ¼ 27.374.9, all values in MPa). At 20 weeks, the weight loss of POC–HA composites ranged between 8 and 12 wt.%, with 65 wt.% HA composites degrading the slowest. Exposure of POC–HA to simulated body fluid resulted in extensive mineralization in the form of calcium phosphate with Ca/P of 1.5–1.7 similar to bone. POC–HA supported osteoblast adhesion in vitro and histology results from POC–HA samples that were implanted in rabbit knees for 6 weeks suggest that the composite is biocompatible. Synthesis of POC–HA is easy and inexpensive, does not involve harsh solvents or initiators, and the mechanical properties of POC–HA with 65 wt.% HA are suitable for the fabrication of potentially osteoconductive bone screws. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The selectivity of the Gram-stain for keratins

Die Selektivitat der Gram-Farbung fur bestimmte Keratine wird postuliert. Das Gram-negative Verhalten harter Keratine (zum Beispiel Wolle) kann durch alkalische und reduzierende Behandlung zum Gram-positiven farberischen Verhalten konvertiert werden; saure und oxydierende Agentien konnen die so erzielte Konversion wiederum ruckgangig machen. Das Gram-positive farberische Verhalten weicher Keratine hingegen (zum Beispiel des Epitheliums) ist unter den Bedingungen des obigen Konversionsschemas irreversibel.
A perspective on the modeling of biomass processing

In this perspective, the state of the art in modeling of biomass processing to produce fuels and chemicals is reviewed, and the potential impact of modeling, along with the computational challenges, is presented. First, we discuss metal catalyzed chemistry, such as hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, and reforming in vapor/solid reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) and microkinetic modeling of ethylene glycol and glycerol are reviewed and recent progress and challenges in modeling of unsaturated aldehydes and furans are discussed. A computational engine is presented that enables computer-based high throughput screening to derive performance maps and identify optimal catalysts. Condensed-phase processes are then covered with emphasis on solvent effects (e.g., solvation of biomass molecules, participation of solvent in the chemistry), thermodynamic properties, and separations. The conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is taken as a prototype case of this class of processes. Finally, an outlook is provided.
Solid-state NMR of N-acylureas derived from the reaction of hyaluronic acid with isotopically-labeled carbodiimides

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally-occurring linear polysaccharide consisting of alternating D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. Reaction of the carboxyl group of the glucuronate residues with 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC) in the presence of primary amines yielded only the N-acylurea adducts rather than the expected amide coupling products. To determine the nature of this linkage unambiguously and to deduce the primary structure of the N-acylurea products, 13 C- and 15 N-labeled 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide were synthesized
Interference analysis for an Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System

The next generation of aeronautical communications for airport surface applications has been identified through a NASA research program and an international collaborative future communications study. The result, endorsed by both the United States and European regulatory agencies is called AeroMACS (Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System) and is based upon the IEEE 802.16e mobile wireless standard. Coordinated efforts to develop appropriate aviation standards for the AeroMACS system are now underway within RTCA (United States) and Eurocae (Europe). AeroMACS will be implemented in a recently allocated frequency band, 5091–5150 MHz. As this band is also occupied by fixed satellite service uplinks, AeroMACS must be designed to avoid interference with this incumbent service. The aspects of AeroMACS operation that present potential interference to the fixed satellite service are under analysis in order to enable the definition of standards that assure that such interference will be avoided. The NASA Glenn Research Center has been involved in this analysis, and the first results of modeling and simulation efforts directed at this analysis are the subject of this paper.12
Development of a Color-Coded Bilingual Food Label for Low-Literacy Latino Caretakers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a bilingual, user-friendly food label (UFFL) for low-literacy audiences. The UFFL developed was based on (a) a quantitative and qualitative needs assessment of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food label understanding and use, (b) the development of a UFFL, and (c) a qualitative evaluation of the UFFL. Subjects consisted of a convenience sample (N = 150) of low-income Latino caretakers living in Hartford with children under 6 years of age, who were recruited from local community agencies.The primary outcomes measured in this study were food label use, knowledge, and understanding. Chi-square analyses were conducted to determine relationships between subjects’ socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics with food label use, knowledge, and understanding. Although 96% of respondents were familiar with the FDA food label, only 30% used it routinely when grocery shopping. FDA food label knowledge was positively associated (p ≤ .05) with younger age, level of education, and being an English speaker. A UFFL was developed that included color coding, bilingual text, and a shaded Food Guide Pyramid. Results indicated that participants found the UFFL easy to understand. The UFFL can be used as a nutrition education tool and the methodology developed may help food policy makers to improve the nutrition education value of the FDA food label.