cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confectionary coating using an electrohydrodynamic system

In the chocolate coating industry, cocoa butter is a high value ingredient. Due to high cost, shortage of supply and blooming, hard butters are frequently used as cocoa butter replacers. An electrohydrodynamic system (EHD), which forms fine droplets with a relatively narrow size distribution, may be beneficial in confectionary coating to reduce cost and to increase quality because complete and even coverage can be achieved. The objective of this research is to optimize the use of EHD by altering the resistivity, viscosity and yield stress of different types of confectionery coating using lecithin. Non-EHD and EHD coating systems using confectionary coating made of cocoa butter equivalent, lauric cocoa butter or cocoa butter with different percentages of lecithin were analyzed. Droplet size, thickness of coating and minimum flow rate to produce complete coverage was measured. The voltage supplied for EHD coating system was 25kV. As lecithin increased, resistivity, viscosity and yield stress of samples decreased. Lower resistivity, viscosity and yield stress samples produced smaller droplet size, thinner coating and higher minimum flow rate. EHD coating is more efficient than non-EHD coating because more even and complete coverage can be achieved as fine droplets are produced and distributed during coating. The droplet size was significantly smaller for samples sprayed with EHD compared to non-EHD. The thickness was significantly lower under EHD and the minimum flow rate to get complete coverage with EHD was greater because EHD coating tends to spread over a wider area. Under EHD coating, samples with lower resistivity produced smaller droplet size and lower thickness, which is important to reduce cost and increase quality of coated food products.
High-stability non-invasive autoclavable naked optical CO2 sensor

The fabrication and characterization of a high-stability non-invasive autoclavable naked optical CO2 sensor is described in this report. The sensor was made by using 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) as the fluorescence dye and cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (CTMAOH) as the phase transfer agent (the base). A highly hydrophobic two-component silicone film was used as the polymer matrix, which overcame some of the limitations of the existing plastic type CO2 sensors, such as dye leaching and cross-sensitivity to ions. To improve the stability of the sensor, several affecting factors were investigated. Experimental results showed that sufficient base and a small amount of water in the sensing film were critical factors that affected the stability of the sensor. Although the sensor was more stable when kept in water, the function of the sensor could recover when the sensor kept in air was transferred into water. The sensor has a lifetime of several months. The detection limit of the sensing film was about 0.03%. The average response and recovery times were 0.66 and 1.94 min, respectively. It had no cross-sensitivity to salt concentrations in the range of 0/0.2 M and to pH in the range of 5.6/8.0, so it can be used in processes with changing ion concentration and pH. It was sterilizable and could be autoclaved many times without losing its sensitivity. The applicability of the sensor in real application was successfully tested in the fermentation of Escherichia coli . # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cardiac Troponin Elevation, Cardiovascular Morbidity, and Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background— Cardiac troponin I (cTI) release occurs frequently after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and has been associated with a neurogenic form of myocardial injury. The prognostic significance a...
Sudden cardiac arrest in the young due to inherited arrhythmias: the importance of family care.

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest in the young is always an extremely tragic event, producing enormous stress and anxiety in the family. When the event is due to an inherited cardiac arrhythmia, the additional concerns and questions about who else is affected and who will die next can become overwhelming to both the nuclear and the extended family. Identification and screening of the family members are necessary in order to find and treat presymptomatic members and prevent sudden death. Methods: Guidelines and strategies for care of the extended family are presented. Results: Pedigree development and expansion, followed by prospective contacting of family members and screening by phenotyping and genotyping, allow recognition and treatment of many mutation carriers who would not otherwise come to medical attention unless they develop a serious cardiac event. Presymptomatic treatment of affected members is highly efficacious and prevents sudden deaths. Conclusions: Sudden cardiac arrest due to inherited arrhythmia disorders can be prevented by prospective, structured evaluation of the extended family, allowing effective, presymptomatic, and prophylactic treatment of the affected members to be provided.
RECENT RESULTS ON THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS USING SIMULATION DATABASES

During the past year the use of large eddy and direct simulation databases has maEn possible significant advances in our unEnrstanding of the organized structures in turbulent shear flows. Here, I summarize some of these contributions, and cite the references where they are published in their entirety.
Colour learning when foraging for nectar and pollen: bees learn two colours at once

Bees are model organisms for the study of learning and memory, yet nearly all such research to date has used a single reward, nectar. Many bees collect both nectar (carbohydrates) and pollen (protein) on a single foraging bout, sometimes from different plant species. We tested whether individual bumblebees could learn colour associations with nectar and pollen rewards simultaneously in a foraging scenario where one floral type offered only nectar and the other only pollen. We found that bees readily learned multiple reward–colour associations, and when presented with novel floral targets generalized to colours similar to those trained for each reward type. These results expand the ecological significance of work on bee learning and raise new questions regarding the cognitive ecology of pollination.
Are Supreme Court Justices Representatives? Issue Salience in State Supreme Court Elections

Electoral incentives dictate that “the people’s” representatives are primarily concerned with securing reelection. Can this expectation be applied to non-representative offices such as State Supreme Court justices? A majority of states use elections to choose non-policymakers such as State Supreme Court justices, but does this action cause justices to act similar to their representative counterparts? This study determines if justices respond to their constituency’s preferences. By looking at economic and criminal cases decided by the courts, I find two trends: (1) in an non-competitive election, the justices’ rulings show no significant relationship to their constituency’s preferences; (2) when faced with competitive elections, the rulings move closer to the constituency opinion for criminal cases, while in economic cases the rulings move closer to the justices’ party’s constituency opinion.
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: Effort Index Cutoff Scores for Psychometrically Defined Malingering Groups in a Military Sample

OBJECTIVE: This research examined cutoff scores for the Effort Index (EI), an embedded measure of performance validity, for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. EI cutoffs were explored for an active-duty military sample composed mostly of patients with traumatic brain injury. METHOD: Four psychometrically defined malingering groups including a definite malingering, probable to definite malingering, probable malingering, and a combined group were formed based on the number of validity tests failed. RESULTS: Excellent specificities (0.97 or greater) were found for all cutoffs examined (EI ≥ 1 to EI ≥ 3). Excellent sensitivities (0.80 to 0.89) were also found for the definite malingering group. Sensitivities were 0.49 or below for the other groups. Positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios indicated that the cutoffs for EI were much stronger for ruling-in than ruling-out malingering. Analyses indicated the validity tests used to form the malingering groups were uncorrelated, which serves to enhance the validity of the formation of the malingering groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cutoffs were similar to other research using samples composed predominantly of head-injured individuals.Published by Oxford University Press 2016. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US. Language: en
Nutritional quality assessment of tomato fruits after exposure to uncoated and citric acid coated cerium oxide nanoparticles, bulk cerium oxide, cerium acetate and citric acid

Abstract Little is known about the effects of surface modification on the interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) with plants. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were cultivated in potting soil amended with bare and citric acid coated nanoceria (nCeO2, nCeO2+CA), cerium acetate (CeAc), bulk cerium oxide (bCeO2) and citric acid (CA) at 0–500 mg kg−1. Fruits were collected year-round until the harvesting time (210 days). Results showed that nCeO2+CA at 62.5, 250 and 500 mg kg−1 reduced dry weight by 54, 57, and 64% and total sugar by 84, 78, and 81%. At 62.5, 125, and 500 mg kg−1 nCeO2+CA decreased reducing sugar by 63, 75, and 52%, respectively and at 125 mg kg−1 reduced starch by 78%, compared to control. The bCeO2 at 250 and 500 mg kg−1, increased reducing sugar by 67 and 58%. In addition, when compared to controls, nCeO2 at 500 mg kg−1 reduced B (28%), Fe (78%), Mn (33%), and Ca (59%). At 125 mg kg−1 decreased Al by 24%; while nCeO2+CA at 125 and 500 mg kg−1 increased B by 33%. On the other hand, bCeO2 at 62.5 mg kg−1 increased Ca (267%), but at 250 mg kg−1 reduced Cu (52%), Mn (33%), and Mg (58%). Fruit macromolecules were mainly affected by nCeO2+CA, while nutritional elements by nCeO2; however, all Ce treatments altered, in some way, the nutritional quality of tomato fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing effects of uncoated and coated nanoceria on tomato fruit quality.
Analysis of influencing factor for isolation of half-strapdown stable platform

To improve the isolation performance of half-strapdown stable platform,the factors that affect the isolation perfor-mance are analyzed.A mathematical model is established on two degrees of freedom half-strapdown stable platform based on Matlab toolbox,and simulation study is performed.It showed that the factors of coordinate transformation,zero bias and non-linearity may have a relatively minor effect on the system with a isolation deviation of less than 1% while data refresh delay and inertial delay play a more important role with isolation deviation more than 2%.It indicates that factors such as data refresh delay and inertial devices delay are needed to be considered mainly in system design.
Significance of Serum Procalcitonin in the Relapse of Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

Objective To evaluate the significance of serum procalcitonin(PCT) in discriminating the reason of relapse of nephrotic syndrome in children.Methods In 50 cases of childhood nephrotic syndrome with bacterial infection,48 cases with viral infection and 16 cases without infection,serum PCT levels,C-reactive protein(CRP) levels,and alkaline phosphatase of neutrophilic granulocyte(NAP) levels,were detected by immunochromatography.Peripheral white blood cells(WBC) were counted in three groups.Results The positive rate of PCT in patients with bacterial infection was significantly higher than that in patients with viral infection or without infection(P0.01),the positive rate of CRP in patients with bacterial infection was significantly higher than that in patients with viral infection or without infection(P0.01).The positive rate of NAP in patients with bacterial infection was significantly higher than that in patients with viral infection or without infection(P0.01).The mean of WBC in patiens with bacterial infection was significantly higher than that with viral infection or without infection(P0.01).In bacterial infection group,the positive rate of PCT was significantly higher than the positive rate of CRP or NAP.Conclusions PCT could be proposed as one of important differential marker in the relapse of childhood nephrotic syndrome.It is an early and rapid new differentiation test for bacterial infection,and can help us to find the reason of the relapse of nephrotic syndrome,then give the guidance to the use of antibiotics.
Overcoming barriers to effective immunotherapy: MDSCs, TAMs, and Tregs as mediators of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in head and neck cancer

A significant subset of head and neck cancers display a T-cell inflamed phenotype, suggesting that patients with these tumors should respond to therapeutic approaches aimed at strengthening anti-tumor immune responses. A major barrier to the development of an effective anti-tumor immune response, at baseline or in response to immunotherapy, is the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Several well described mechanisms of effector immune cell suppression in the head and neck cancer microenvironment are discussed here, along with updates on current trials designed to translate what we have learned from pre-clinical and correlative clinical studies into improved responses in patients with head and neck cancer following immune activating therapies.
Clinical Concepts of Renal Calculous Disease

AbstractIn this presentation I have attempted to provide a sufficiently detailed perspective of current thoughts regarding the formation of renal calculi and an approach to the clinical evaluation of calculous patients to permit selection of the most appropriate available treatment. The subject matter is clinically oriented and perhaps naive but has proved useful to me in the evaluation and treatment of calculous patients. Much remains to be learned about urinary tract calculi but, hopefully, the format chosen for this article will make more doctors realize that much can be done to ease the lot of patients afflicted with this malady.
Comparison of Recent Trends in Patients With and Without Major Depression and Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Depression has been associated with adverse outcomes after acute coronary syndrome, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, trends over time in the incidence and inhospital treatment of STEMI for patients with co-morbid depression in the current era are unknown. We conducted a serial, cross-sectional analysis of patients with STEMI (weighted n = 3,057,998) in the National Inpatient Sample from 2003 to 2012. We examined trends in STEMI incidence and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with and without depression. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess observed differences and to explore trends in inhospital mortality. Depression was present in 153,180 (5%) of the sample. Patients with depression were more likely to be female (55% vs 37%), of white race (86% vs 78%), and had lower crude mortality (12.0% vs 14.2%; p
Uncertainty management issues in the development of an acoustic signal interpretation expert system

The implementation issues surrounding uncertainty management are examined in order to aid in the design and development of an acoustic signal interpretation expert system. A brief introduction and overview of the current schemes available for representation of uncertainty in knowledge-based systems are presented. The results of a survey of current efforts in acoustic signal interpretation, with special attention directed toward the methods of uncertainty handling, are also presented. Issues relevant to the selection of uncertainty management schemes and assessing the impact on expert system design and development are discussed. >
Distinguishing Normative Processes From Noise: A Comparison of Four Approaches to Modeling Impressions of Social Events

This research evaluates the relative merits of two established and two newly proposed methods for modeling impressions of social events: stepwise regression, ANOVA, Bayesian model averaging, and Bayesian model sampling. Models generated with each method are compared against a ground truth model to assess performance at variable selection and coefficient estimation. We also assess the theoretical impacts of different modeling choices. Results show that the ANOVA procedure has a significantly lower false discovery rate than stepwise regression, whereas Bayesian methods exhibit higher true positive rates and comparable false discovery rates to ANOVA. Bayesian methods also generate coefficient estimates with less bias and variance than either stepwise regression or ANOVA. We recommend the use of Bayesian methods for model specification in affect control theory.
The South Carolina rural-urban HIV continuum of care.

ABSTRACTThe HIV continuum of care model is widely used by various agencies to describe the HIV epidemic in stages from diagnosis through to virologic suppression. It identifies the various points at which persons living with HIV (PLWHIV) within a population fail to reach their next step in HIV care. The rural population in the Southern United States is disproportionally affected by the HIV epidemic. The purpose of this study was to examine these rural–urban disparities using the HIV care continuum model and determine at what stages these differences become apparent. PLWHIV aged 13 years and older in South Carolina (SC) were identified using data from the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System. The percentages of PLWHIV linked to care, retained in care, and virologically suppressed were determined. Rural versus urban residence was determined using the Office of Management and Budget classification. There were 14,523 PLWHIV in SC at the end of 2012; 11,193 (77%) of whom were categorized as urban and 3305 (22%) ...
A high frequency zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) synchronous buck converter for automotive applications

Automotive applications require a wide input voltage range (4.5 V to 42 V) and high frequency operation for point-of-load low power (5 W-25 W) converters. The conventional buck converter, currently being used for this application, is simple and cost effective but it is less efficient at high switching frequency (>MHz) and noisy due to its hard-switching operation. A zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) synchronous buck converter is proposed in this paper, which features ZVS for main switches, ZCS and low voltage rating for auxiliary switches. The operating principles including ZVS/ZCS mechanism, and detailed design considerations are presented. Experimental results from a 1 MHz prototype confirm its superior performance for low power automotive applications.
ASSOCIATION OF 10-YEAR CHANGE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS WITH PROGRESSION OF PERICARDIAL ADIPOSE TISSUE: THE CARDIA STUDY

Background: Cross-sectional studies have shown an association between traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, coronary atherosclerosis and pericardial adipose tissue volume (PATv). Little is known about determinants of PATv progression. Methods: PATv was assessed at Year 15 (2000-2001) and
We're sorry but it's not our fault: Organizational apologies in ambiguous crisis situations

Crisis management theories encourage organizations to use different response strategies depending on how much responsibility for the crisis stakeholders attribute to organizations. However, theory has not fully addressed what organizations ought to say when responsibility for the crisis is ambiguous, as in a data breach crisis. This study uses a content analysis to (i) examine what organizations say in response to data breaches and (ii) compare what organizations say after data breaches with what organizations say when they are clearly responsible. The findings suggest that organizations are more likely to acknowledge responsibility and show empathy when they are clearly to blame, but are more likely to invite contact and advise stakeholders how to protect themselves in data breach situations.
Abstract 76: Preoperative Genome-wide Differences in Inflammatory Gene Expression Predict Success Versus Failure in Lower Extremity Vein Bypass

Introduction: Vein bypass grafting is standard surgical therapy in the treatment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), especially for those with limb threatening ischemia. However, the durability of vein grafts remains problematic with recent studies reporting disappointing 1-year primary patency rates as low as 61%. We hypothesized that an individual’s systemic inflammatory state, characterized by genome-wide inflammatory gene expression, would be predictive of ultimate clinical success or failure of these grafts. Methods: 41 patients undergoing vein bypass grafting for symptomatic PAD (85% critical limb ischemia; 25% claudication) had complete pre-operative gene expression data for analysis and one-year follow-up. There were 16 failures (39%) by one-year. Gene expression was analyzed for the entire genome using the novel Affymetrix GGH2 6.9 million feature oligonucleotide array system. Expression levels for the 35,123 gene transcripts and initial unsupervised and supervised (success/failure outcome) clustering was performed using BRB array tools. To then determine the additional predictive influence of specific genes or groups of genes, a novel objective Bayes method for dichotomous outcomes using stochastic search algorithms and probit regression models was employed. A series of increasingly predictive candidate models of gene combinations were derived. Clinical parameters including Rutherford disease severity score at presentation, vein conduit (GSV vs. composite vein), diabetes, smoking, statin use, and antiplatelet/anticoagulant use were standardized in the predictive model. Results: A random search through the space of possible models including the six clinical covariates and different combinations of gene products was executed, resulting in a list of 20 models ranked based on their posterior probabilities. The additional predictive power of the top gene products are listed in Table 1 and genes with the highest marginal posterior probabilities are listed in Table 2. This modeling approach suggests that the genes identified, independent of any relationship functionally, exhibit class prediction potential for bypass outcome. Conclusions: Using both a powerful and novel gene array system and a novel probit model selection method, we were able to identify a small number of gene clusters with predictive capability for bypass success or failure. This may both be prognostic and feasible for use in clinical practice as a point-of-care tool moving forward. Validation of these models is currently underway.
Catalytic Mutants of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase, which may be the most abundant protein in nature, is recognized as the cardinal enzyme catalyzing carbon dioxide fixation yielding energy-rich photosynthate.
Identification of a Continuous-Time Nonlinear Delay Dynamic System and Its Application to Neuromuscular Reflexes

Abstract The mechanical and reflex properties of the soleus muscle in decerebrate cats during white-noise random position perturbations were studied. The muscle’s length and force were used to characterize the system dynamics of the muscle. A nonlinear dynamic system with internal delay was used to characterize the mechanical and reflex components independently. Continuous-time identification was used to estimate system parameters with genuine physical and physiological interpretations directly from the sampled input-output measurements. Results showed that the approach provided a useful way to characterize both the delayed (i.e. reflexive) and instantaneous mechanical contributions to net muscle force.
Impact of geometry on transport properties of armchair graphene nanoribbon heterojunction

Abstract Electron transport properties of undoped armchair Graphene Nanoribbon Heterojunction (GNRHJ) has been studied using semi-empirical extended Huckel method (EH). A two-probe configuration device utilizing armchair GNRHJ has been proposed. It is shown that a potential barrier was formed at the heterojunction interface between semiconductor and semi-metal, which resemble the conventional Schottky barrier at the interface of semiconductor/metal. Transmission spectrum was analyzed at finite bias; and current-bias voltage characteristic relations were established. Results show that the I–V characteristics of the heterojunction have rectifying nature, with its rectification ratio affected by the geometric asymmetry of the heterojunction.
Codes of ethics, public values, and what public servants offer the bureaucratic compac

Over 100 years ago, the bureaucratic compact and five professions were established: city/county management, city planning, civil engineering, landscape architecture, and architecture. In exchange for merit employment and independence from politics, these professions offered expertise and related values. To understand those values and changes in the compact from the 1900s to today, codes of ethics from the five professions were examined. Anticipated changes were a movement from traditional public values to business values including New Public Management. However, findings show traditional values persisting over time (e.g. public interest), but not many New Public Management values (e.g. innovation). Modern values do appear and expand professionalsʼ responsibilities into environmental protection, sustainability, and human rights, which influence what these professions offer as they seek to uphold their end of the bureaucratic compact.
High monomeric sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean meal and effects of mild heat pretreatments with chelators.

Abstract Defatted soybean meal has 30–35% oligo-/polymeric carbohydrates and approximately 50% proteins. Enzymatic carbohydrate monomerization enables easy separation to enrich protein content, reduces indigestibility concerns, and facilitates use of carbohydrate as fermentation feedstock. Among soybean carbohydrates, pectin and glucan are more recalcitrant to hydrolyze. To destabilize Ca2+-bridged junctures in pectin, effects of 3 chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) and citric acid under 2-h 90 °C pretreatments were investigated here. Citric acid was the most effective while EDTA decreased enzymatic hydrolysis. In a 3-factor 2-level factorial study, heat (90 °C, 2 h) and citric acid (10 g/L) pretreatments and cellulase supplementation (10 FPU/g) were found to increase yields of all monosaccharides, to 86.8 ± 5.2% glucose, 98.1 ± 1.6% xylose, 87.5 ± 5.2% galactose, 83.6 ± 1.6% arabinose, and 91.4 ± 3.1% fructose + mannose. The largest percentage improvements were for arabinose (382%), mannose (113%) and glucose (51%). Achieving high monosaccharide yields greatly increases value of soybean carbohydrate as fermentation feedstock.
Selenium targets resistance biomarkers enhancing efficacy while reducing toxicity of anti-cancer drugs: preclinical and clinical development

Selenium (Se)-containing molecules exert antioxidant properties and modulate targets associated with tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Prevention clinical trials with low-dose supplementation of different types of Se molecules have yielded conflicting results. Utilizing several xenograft models, we earlier reported that the enhanced antitumor activity of various chemotherapeutic agents by selenomethione and Se-methylselenocysteine in several human tumor xenografts is highly dose- and schedule-dependent. Further, Se pretreament offered selective protection of normal tissues from drug-induced toxicity, thereby allowing higher dosing than maximum tolerated doses. These enhanced therapeutic effects were associated with inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1- and 2-alpha (HIF1α, HIF2α) protein, nuclear factor (erythyroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and pair-related homeobox-1 (Prx1) transcription factors, downregulation of oncogenic- and upregulation of tumor suppressor miRNAs. This review provides: 1) a brief update of clinical prevention trials with Se; 2) advances in the use of specific types, doses, and schedules of Se that selectively modulate antitumor activity and toxicity of anti-cancer drugs; 3) identification of targets selectively modulated by Se; 4) plasma and tumor tissue Se levels achieved after oral administration of Se in xenograft models and cancer patients; 5) development of a phase 1 clinical trial with escalating doses of orally administered selenomethionine in sequential combination with axitinib to patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma; and 6) clinical prospects for future therapeutic use of Se in combination with anticancer drugs.
Framing terror: A content analysis of media frames used in covering ISIS:

Media organizations all over the world spent a large amount of 2014 covering the influence and activities of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). This study compares ISIS-related coverage am...
Defining the optimal criterion for separating gases using polymeric membranes

Polymeric membranes are efficient in separating gas mixtures, typically by exploiting the sieving mechanism. What controls the sieve size of a given polymer matrix is unclear, although one line of thought implies that the local cage size, defined by the dynamic motions of the glassy polymer matrix, is the relevant metric. Here, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and show that the sieve size is defined by a static cavity size controlled by polymer chain stiffness (a packing-driven metric) combined with the local cage-like motions of the polymer host. The best separation performance for a pair of gases is when this combined metric is roughly half way between the diameters of the gases in question, with the static and dynamic quantities contributing roughly equally. For the various models simulated we find the existence of an upper bound correlation which passes through this optimal point and has a slope expected from the Freeman model, namely , where the d's correspond to the kinetic diameters of the gases in question. Our results thus demonstrate that the relevant free volume size that affects gas transport in these condensed phases is defined by both static and dynamic measures.
Crew in the West Coast Groundfish Catch Share Program: Changes in Compensation and Job Satisfaction

Catch share programs can have far-reaching effects on coastal communities and the people that rely on fishing income, including crew members. Analysis of management actions affecting crew wages and...
Centrosome loss results in an unstable genome and malignant prostate tumors.

Localized, nonindolent prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by large-scale genomic rearrangements, aneuploidy, chromothripsis, and other forms of chromosomal instability (CIN), yet how this occurs remains unclear. A well-established mechanism of CIN is the overproduction of centrosomes, which promotes tumorigenesis in various mouse models. Therefore, we developed a single-cell assay for quantifying centrosomes in human prostate tissue. Surprisingly, centrosome loss—which has not been described in human cancer—was associated with PCa progression. By chemically or genetically inducing centrosome loss in nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cells, mitotic errors ensued, producing aneuploid, and multinucleated cells. Strikingly, transient or chronic centrosome loss transformed prostate epithelial cells, which produced highly proliferative and poorly differentiated malignant tumors in mice. Our findings suggest that centrosome loss could create a cellular crisis with oncogenic potential in prostate epithelial cells.
The strategically ambiguous assignment: an approach to promoting critical and creative thinking in visual communication

This study begins with the assumption that visual and related literacies are essential frameworks to foster not only students’ learning of visual communication principles, but also 21st century ski...
A Retrospective Benefit-Cost Analysis on the Elwha River Restoration Project

In 1992, Congress passed The Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act with the goal of “full restoration of The Elwha River Ecosystem and native anadromous fisheries.” As part of that act, the federal government was required to produce a benefit-cost analysis on dam removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams, which was published in 1994. This article revisits that initial 1994 benefit-cost analysis; background on its methods and assumptions is given, comparisons are made to current state-of-the-art techniques in benefit-cost analysis, and an ex post benefit-cost analysis of the project is conducted for comparison purposes. We find that the cost and scope of the project exceeded original expectations, the cost of the foregone electricity generation was less than expected, and that anticipated recreational and fisheries benefits were both delayed, and lower, than expected. Furthermore, issues such as the value of hatchery-spawned versus wild anadromous fish seem not to have been anticipated in the original analysis, highlighting the fact that in doing an ex ante analysis, researchers must expect that unexpected factors may influence the ex post results of any project.
The Forward Edge of Resistance: Toward the Dignity of Human Agency

Psychoanalysts have traditionally viewed the patient’s resistance as an obstacle to treatment progress. In this paper, I will view resistance in relation to the primary asymmetry built into the tre...
Engaging Second Language Learners Using the MUSIC Model of Motivation

The overall aim of this article is to explain how the MUSIC Model of Motivation can be applied to L2 instruction in a manner that is consistent with positive psychology, which emphasizes individuals' strengths and the conditions in which they thrive. The article begins by describing the MUSIC model, which is a research-based framework that organizes strategies that instructors can use to motivate students to engage in learning. The MUSIC model can be used by L2 instructors to create learning experiences that consider learners' cognition, affect, needs, and desires in order to foster their motivation and engagement in L2 classes. The article also provides teaching strategies related to the MUSIC model and presents an assessment tool (the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation Inventory) that can be used by L2 instructors to measure students' MUSIC perceptions of their class. The assessment tool provides feedback to instructors that can be used to improve their instruction by incorporating strategies that allow their students to flourish. Examples of how the MUSIC Inventory can be used to assess L2 instruction are provided. Although researchers have examined the use of the MUSIC model in L2 classes, this research is underdeveloped, and many questions related to its use in L2 classes remain. The article concludes by proposing unanswered questions that could lead to more effective uses of the MUSIC model in L2 classes.
Vsevolod (Steve) Slessarev

Vsevolod Slessarev was born in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, on 21 August 1924. At the time Estonia was a newly-independent country and a member of the League of Nations. Estonian troops had dri...
Brain Injury Is More Common in Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Than Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES Despite the common occurrence of brain injury in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, it is unclear which cannulation method carries a higher risk of brain injury. We compared the prevalence of brain injury between patients undergoing venoarterial and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DATA SOURCES PubMed and six other databases from inception to April 2020. STUDY SELECTION Observational studies and randomized clinical trials in adult patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation reporting brain injury. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent reviewers extracted the data from the studies. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to pool data. DATA SYNTHESIS Seventy-three studies (n = 16,063) met inclusion criteria encompassing 8,211 patients (51.2%) undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 7,842 (48.8%) undergoing venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients had more overall brain injury compared with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (19% vs 10%; p = 0.002). Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients had more ischemic stroke (10% vs 1%; p < 0.001), hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (13% vs 1%; p < 0.001), and brain death (11% vs 1%; p = 0.001). In contrast, rates of intracerebral hemorrhage (6% vs 8%; p = 0.35) did not differ. Survival was lower in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (48%) than venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (64%) (p < 0.001). After excluding studies that included extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, no significant difference was seen in the rate of overall acute brain injury between venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (13% vs 10%; p = 0.4). However, ischemic stroke (10% vs 1%; p < 0.001), hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (7% vs 1%; p = 0.02), and brain death (9% vs 1%; p = 0.005) remained more frequent in nonextracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation compared with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS Brain injury was more common in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation compared with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. While ischemic brain injury was more common in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients, the rates of intracranial hemorrhage were similar between venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Further research on mechanism, timing, and effective monitoring of acute brain injury and its management is necessary.
Abstract 13626: Human Leukocyte Antigen A*30 is Associated With Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) arises from many etiologies, ranging from genetic to environmental exposures, such as viral infections. The human leukocyte antigens (HLA) play an impor...
Investors’ Reaction to the Use of Poison Pills as a Tax Loss Preservation Tool

The recent economic downturn resulted in firms generating significant tax losses, which they risked losing if they experienced an ownership change. In response, a number of loss firms adopted poison pill plans. We document a significant negative market reaction to the announcement of 62 poison pill adoptions related to net operating losses (NOLs), suggesting that in general investors do not consider management’s claim that the pills are adopted to preserve a valuable tax asset to be credible. However, we find cross-sectional variation consistent with investors considering whether a pill is legitimately adopted to preserve the NOL or to entrench management.
Influence of Layer Thickness on Deformation Twinning in Mg/Nb Laminates

Mg-based nanolayered composites can achieve remarkably high specific-strengths due to a combination of a high density of bimetal interfaces and the light-weight constituent Mg phase. However, their applicability to load-bearing applications is hindered by limited formability and the anisotropic effects of deformation twinning. Understanding the microstructural and interface properties that control twinning is crucial for the design of multilayered composites. In this study, we employ an elasto-viscoplastic fast-Fourier-transform (EVP-FFT) crystal plasticity micromechanics model to examine the effect of Mg layer thickness on the growth propensity of \( \left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\} \)-tensile twins that span the entire Mg layer. The analysis shows that a critical Mg layer thickness exists, below which, twin growth becomes substantially harder. This critical thickness is related to the backstresses that develop along the twin boundary in the anti-twinning direction. These backstresses result from the plastic reaction of the adjacent Nb layers to the twin shear where the Mg twin lamella intersects the Mg/Nb interfaces. Below the critical layer thickness, the strong backstresses from both ends of the twin strongly interact. They increase in intensity as the layer thickness reduces. Concomitantly, increasing amounts of external loading are required to overcome the backstress and make twin growth feasible.
A Priori Analysis of Stable Neural Network Solutions to Numerical PDEs

Methods for solving PDEs using neural networks have recently become a very important topic. We provide an a priori error analysis for such methods which is based on the $\mathcal{K}_1(\mathbb{D})$-norm of the solution. We show that the resulting constrained optimization problem can be efficiently solved using a greedy algorithm, which replaces stochastic gradient descent. Following this, we show that the error arising from discretizing the energy integrals is bounded both in the deterministic case, i.e. when using numerical quadrature, and also in the stochastic case, i.e. when sampling points to approximate the integrals. In the later case, we use a Rademacher complexity analysis, and in the former we use standard numerical quadrature bounds. This extends existing results to methods which use a general dictionary of functions to learn solutions to PDEs and importantly gives a consistent analysis which incorporates the optimization, approximation, and generalization aspects of the problem. In addition, the Rademacher complexity analysis is simplified and generalized, which enables application to a wide range of problems.
Deploying the Internal Separation of Powers Against Racial Tyranny

The separation of powers in the federal government exists to ensure a lack of tyranny in the United States. This Essay grounds the separation of powers in tyranny perpetuated by racialized hierarchy, violence, and injustice. Recognizing the primacy of racial tyranny also reveals a would be tyrant: the President. Engaging the branches of federal government—including the Executive herself—to empower agencies to check presidents’ base racist impulses would imbue the separation of powers framework with additional meaning and normative force.
Intervening with Smoking Parents of Inpatients to Reduce Exposure: The INSPIRE Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background : Hospitalized children have high rates of tobacco smoke exposure; parents who smoke may be receptive to interventions during their child's hospitalization. Objective : We tested the efficacy of a smoking cessation intervention for parents of hospitalized children. Methods : We conducted a randomized, single-blind clinical trial from 12/14-5/18 at the Children's Hospital Colorado. Hospitalized children who had a parent who smoked tobacco were eligible. Intervention: Intervention participants received motivational interviewing sessions, 2 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy; both groups received referral to the Quitline Consenting parents completed a questionnaire; urine was collected from the child for measurement of cotinine. Our primary outcome was: 1) increase in reporting “no one is allowed to smoke anywhere” in the home (smoke-free home rule). Additional outcomes included: 2) change in child's cotinine from baseline to 1 year, and 3) parental quitting at 1 year. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and t-tests for bivariable data, and multivariable logistic and linear regression. Results : Of 1641 eligible families approached, 252 were randomized (15%); 149 families had follow-up data at 12 months (59%). In the adjusted analysis, there was no difference between the groups in smoke free home rules, or child cotinine level; in an intention-to-treat analysis, 15% in the intervention group vs. 8% of controls reported quit (p=0.07). Conclusions : A smoking cessation intervention can be delivered to parents of hospitalized children. While hospitalization provides an opportunity to help parents quit smoking, more efficient and effective engagement strategies are needed to optimize tobacco control success.
Conditional Effects Received Parental Support on Emerging Adults’ Relational Satisfaction

Grounded in sensitive interaction systems theory, this study examined whether communication competence, emerging adults’ gender, conversation initiation, and stressor appraisal moderated the associ...
Therapy of Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Targeted Plasma Concentrations of Cytosine Arabinoside and Etoposide

While the outcome for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) has improved as a result of increased dose intensity, the same improvement has not occurred in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although approximately 85% of children with AML achieve a complete remission (CR), the majority ultimately relapse and die of their disease [1–5]. Although bone marrow transplant (BMT) offers better disease control, patient selection and the timing of transplantation remains controversial [6–8]. Furthermore, because of the risk of early death and the development of graftversus-host disease, clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated that BMT is the treatment of choice for AML in the first CR [9].
Negotiating with Latin American Governments: Technology Transfer & Service Agreements

This paper does not address the specifics of "How to Negotiate", since everyone has his own style of negotiating. Nor does it present a discussion of how to survive in business, since it is assumed that most readers are somehow able to manage this, or can pick up pointers elsewhere. It is not a summary of substantive laws governing technology transfer in Latin America, or of any other specific subjects (i.e., taxation, labor relations, or principles of contracting). What this paper does contain are some points which, according to my experience, are useful in negotiating service contracts or technology transfer agreements with governments in Latin America.
Weed Control Technology in U.S. Rice

The objectives of weed control in a rice production system are: (a) to minimize losses in grain yield due to weed competition and interference; (b) to prevent or minimize quality losses and subsequent lower value of rough and milled rice; (c) to permit highly efficient use of costly production inputs such as high yielding cultivars, fertilizers, insect and disease control and irrigation; (d) to prevent weed buildup in crops rotated with rice; (e) to lower water and energy requirements for production of rice; and (f) to minimize potential damage to the environment and beneficial nontarget organisms. Effective weed control programs for rice integrate preventive, cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological practices. Although nonchemical methods are important in an effective weed control program, chemical methods are essential for weed control in rice. Chemical methods involve the use of herbicide treatments as single, mixture or sequential applications that, correctly applied, selectively control weeds. Biological methods include use of endemic fungi and the use of wild ducks. Various types of weed management methods are combined in the weed control programs, and the weed control inputs are integrated with other pest management and production practices for rice.