cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MUVIR: multi-view rare category detection

Rare category detection refers to the problem of identifying the initial examples from underrepresented minority classes in an imbalanced data set. This problem becomes more challenging in many real applications where the data comes from multiple views, and some views may be irrelevant for distinguishing between majority and minority classes, such as synthetic ID detection and insider threat detection. Existing techniques for rare category detection are not best suited for such applications, as they mainly focus on data with a single view. To address the problem of multi-view rare category detection, in this paper, we propose a novel framework named MUVIR. It builds upon existing techniques for rare category detection with each single view, and exploits the relationship among multiple views to estimate the overall probability of each example belonging to the minority class. In particular, we study multiple special cases of the framework with respect to their working conditions, and analyze the performance of MUVIR in the presence of irrelevant views. For problems where the exact priors of the minority classes are unknown, we generalize the MUVIR algorithm to work with only an upper bound on the priors. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, especially in the presence of irrelevant views.
A Basic Study of the GeH4 + H2 RF Discharge

Extensive studies were made of GeH4+H2 and SiH4+H2 rf discharges used in depositing a-Ge:H and a-Si:H films. Residual Gas Analysis (RGA) Measurements were made of the gaseous species generated by these discharges. Data from the measurements of SiH4 + H4 discharges were entirely consistent with the generally accepted models of silane discharge chemistry and a-Si:H film deposition. Identical experiments for GeH4 + H2 discharges show that the chemistry for these discharges cannot be interpreted using a model similar to that proposed for silane. A review of the literature reveals differences between the stability of GeH2 and SiH2 radicals. These differences, usually overlooked by other workers, can account for the observed differences in the RGA results, as well as offer an explanation as to why it is difficult to deposit structurally homogeneous a-Ge:H. Other RGA Measurements and electrode potential measurements are compared to the properties of a-Ge:H films that are deposited under different deposition conditions. Overall, the results strongly suggest that the chemistry which is beneficial for homogeneous film growth is promoted by a high electron temperature in the discharge. This conclusion is shown to be consistent with the results summarized above.
Mating Types in Five Isolates of Physarum Polycephalum

SUMMARYOf the five isolates of P. polycephalum studied, each displays a different pair of mating factors, and four of the pairs are reported for the first time. The ten mating types are assumed to ...
Variations in rabbit aortic endothelial and medial histamine synthesis in pre- and early experimental atherosclerosis.

SummaryThe histamine-forming capacity (HFC) of aortic endothelium and medial tissue has been examined in rabbits fed 0.5% cholesterol for 2- and 4-week periods, thereby producing both a preatherosclerotic and histologically identifiable early stage of atherosclerosis. With respect to the HFC of endothelium isolated from aortas of control animals, that of cells isolated from aortas following the 2-week feeding period is essentially double, while no difference exists between the HFC of aortic endothelium from control animals and that of the 4-week dietary group. The medial HFC is similar in all groups. These data thus suggest that one preatherosclerotic metabolic change is an increase in the capacity of endothelial cells to form histamine, and that such a process may occupy a role in increased aortic permeability, an essential component of the atherogenic process.
Twisted Truth and Re-Traumatization in Gillian Slovo's 'Red Dust'

South African novelist Gillian Slovo's novel "Red Dust" (2000) explores some problematic aspects of South Africa's TRC, such as the elusiveness of truth, the difficulty of attaining justice, and the possibility that the TRC hearings may be re-traumatizing for victims and their families. Red Dust is a work of fiction that draws some ideas from Slovo's observations in the amnesty hearing of the assassin of her mother, Ruth First. The novel expresses skepticism about the Commission's faith in the attainability of freedom-giving truth and in the overriding need for, and feasibility of, national reconciliation. But what makes it unique is that it uncovers less alluring matters more closely associated with power relations than with the TRC itself: the perverse intimacy between perpetrator and victim and the persistence of disabling control exerted by interrogators over prisoners even decades after release. These issues are personified in the protagonists: an amnesty-seeking former police interrogator and his victim, whose tormented memories and doubts are rekindled by his torturer. This perverse power relationship is a fractal of the nation, where earlier relations of control persist, albeit often disguised. In the novel, other characters deeply implicated with the apartheid regime cleverly plan to maintain control over their shrinking world, even at the expense of another person's dignity and agency. With this work, Slovo invites us to examine persistent and subtle mechanisms of control that perpetuate the old race dynamics of South Africa despite the much celebrated liberating truth and peace-giving reconciliation.
Powerful Color Center Laser in NaCl:OH over the 1.41 to 1.77 μm Region

A stable color center laser based on the F2+:O-- center has been demonstrated in NaCl. The laser produces over 1.25 W of power at 1.6 μm when pumped with 9 W from a 1.06 μm cw Nd:YAG laser. The laser tuning curve extends from 1.41 μm to 1.77 μm (Fig. 1), and represents the first powerful source of tunable radiation above 1.6 μm, extending well beyond the Tlo(1) laser in KCl in both power and range. In addition, modelocked pulses of 5.5 psec duration have been generated in a synchronously pumped arrangement, tunable from 1.47 to 1.73 with average power of 450 mW at the peak of the tuning curve.
Auxin catabolism unplugged: Role of IAA oxidation in auxin homeostasis.

Plants rely on the levels and concentration gradients of the hormone auxin as crucial information cues to trigger and modulate almost every aspect of their life cycle, from establishing embryo polarity to promoting phototropic and gravitropic responses (1). Thus, it is critical for plants to finely control the levels of the bioactive form of this hormone, both at spatial and temporal levels. Local production, transport, conjugation, storage, and catabolism are all well-known processes participating in the dynamic regulation of auxin homeostasis (2). It is, however, unknown whether or how these different auxin homeostasis mechanisms talk to each other. In the past 30 y, the identification of the genes coding for the key components of the auxin biosynthetic, transport, and conjugation machineries has proven instrumental in assessing the contribution of each of these processes to concrete developmental pathways, as well as to specific plant responses to environmental changes. Although much less is known about the ways the predominant auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is catabolized, classical labeling and metabolite quantification experiments indicate that the oxidation of IAA into 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) is one of the most prevalent mechanisms to inactivate this hormone (3). Identifying the specific enzymes catalyzing this reaction in vivo has proved to be more challenging than anticipated, as different plant peroxidases and oxygenases, the original suspects for catalyzing this reaction, were found not to play a significant physiological role in the production of oxIAA (3). The recent identification of a rice 2-oxoglutarate-dependent-Fe(II) dioxygenase, DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION ( DAO ), originally linked to male fertility in rice and capable of oxidizing IAA into oxIAA (1⇓⇓–4), has opened new avenues for addressing the physiological significance of auxin catabolism in plant growth and development. In PNAS, Zhang et al. (5), Porco et al. (6), and Mellor et al. (7 … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jmalonso{at}ncsu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Sensational Offending: An Application of Sensation Seeking to White-Collar and Conventional Crimes:

A recent trend in the study of crime is to investigate the role of individual differences in predicting offending, particularly in studying the differences between white-collar and conventional offenders. To further this line of inquiry, the current study assessed the role of the psychological trait of sensation seeking on individualistic white-collar crime and conventional crime, and also whether this relationship varied based upon the individual’s level of self-control. Results from a sample of undergraduate students revealed that there are more similarities than differences between these two offense types. Specifically, those with higher degrees of the unsocialized aspect of sensation seeking were more likely to report intentions to engage in both offense forms. Study implications and limitations are presented.
Who Helps When the Tutor Is Asleep

While many computer tutoring systems have long been delivered as desktop applications, these systems have only recently begun to appear on mobile devices. In this work we apply principles of mobile human computer interaction and mobile learning to the design and development of an intelligent tutoring system delivered on a personal digital assistant. We developed a proof-of-concept mobile tutor for business math and tested it in a course designed for first-year college students. Our experiences with the tutor suggest that a tutor based on principles of both mobile learning and mobile human computer interaction can provide a mobile tutoring system capable of providing support to students consistent with mobile device usage patterns.
Epilogue: Three Vignettes

Richard Rolle’s own queer touch reaches into a future he did not know. From the nuns of Hampole who campaigned unsuccessfully for his sainthood, to Margery Kempe who internalizes Rolle’s schema after hearing his works read to her, to Hope Emily Allen and her work to spearhead a Rolle canon, to this book and this author, Rolle touches us through time suggesting ways to bend our identities, to find an erotic divinity in our queer senses.
Association Between Women's Empowerment and Maternal and Child Nutrition in Kalalé District of Northern Benin.

Background:Evidence on effectiveness of women’s empowerment (WE) to reduce undernutrition is limited in sub-Sahara Africa, and few studies incorporate multidimensional measures of WE.Objective:To e...
Enlisting Patient and Family Advisers in the Design of Clinical Pathways.

Enlisting Patient and Family Advisers in the Design of Clinical Pathways Shawn Smith; Journal of Healthcare Management
Environmental Justice: Progress Derailed

An introduction is presented for a study appearing in the issue on progress of environmental justice under polices from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding emitting particulate matter (PM).
Unexpected cause of fever in a patient with untreated HIV

We report a case of a 27-year-old man with a history of untreated HIV who presented with fever, rash and leg cramps. Initial suspicion was high for an infectious process; however, after an exhaustive evaluation, thyrotoxicosis was revealed as the aetiology of his symptoms. Recent intravenous contrast administration complicated his workup to determine the exact cause of hyperthyroidism. Differentiation between spontaneously resolving thyroiditis and autonomous hyperfunction was paramount in the setting of existing neutropenia and the need for judicious use of antithyroid therapy. The inability to enlist a nuclear scan in the setting of recent iodinated contrast administration prompted alternative testing, including thyroid antibodies and thyroid ultrasound. In this case, we will discuss the diagnostic challenges of thyrotoxicosis in a complex patient, the sequelae of iodine contrast administration, effects of iodine on the thyroid and the predictive value of other available tests.
Bionomics: Vernon Lyman Kellogg and the Defense of Darwinism

Bionomics was a research approach invented by British biological scientists in the late nineteenth century and adopted by the American entomologist and evolutionist Vernon Lyman Kellogg in the early twentieth century. Kellogg hoped to use bionomics, which was the controlled observation and experimentation of organisms within settings that approximated their natural environments, to overcome the percieved weaknesses in the Darwinian natural selection theory. To this end, he established abionomics laboratory at Stanford University, widely published results from his bionomic investigations, and encouraged other biological researchers to adopt bionomics.
Magnetic Etching with Ferrofluid

In the application of magnetic etching as a metallographic tool we should be aware that magnetism is, in its most basic form, an atomic phenomenon. The atoms in most materials have electrons that are paired, with both electrons spinning in opposite directions so the net magnetism is cancelled. Some materials have atoms with one or more unpaired electrons that produce a net magnetic moment. Materials exhibiting strong magnetism are classified as ferromagnetic; other materials displaying significant magnetism are classified as ferrimagnetic. Materials showing weak magnetic response are paramagnetic and materials having no net magnetism are anti-ferromagnetic (diamagnetic).
The Role of Alloimmune T Cell Responses in Obliterative Bronchiolitis

Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is the pathology thought to result from chronic lung allograft rejection. Anti-donor alloimmune T cells have been considered to be the main culprits in development of OB, although non-transplant and non-alloimmune etiologies of OB have also been identified. This chapter reviews basic concepts of transplant immunology, generation of alloimmune T cells, and T cell-mediated tissue injury. It further discusses the evidence supporting a role of alloimmune T cells in OB, based on human data and available animal models. Interactions between alloimmune T cells and other arms of the immune system immune system, such as the antibody response and innate immune cells, are described. New concepts in lung transplant immunology and recent landmark studies are reviewed, including data on regulatory T cells, Th17 responses, and local intrapulmonary immune events, which may have important implications for the future direction of basic lung transplant immunology research and development of therapeutics.
Mitral Valve Reconstruction

Multiple factors have emerged to make mitral valve repair an increasingly attractive alternative to mitral valve replacement. There is a new appreciation of the dangers of chronic atrial fibrillation, the imperfect nature of valve prostheses, and the superior hemodynamic results achieved with mitral valve repair. Approximately 50 per cent of the patients undergoing mitral valve surgery are candidates for mitral valve repair.
The active defense of fanfiction writing: Sherlock fans’ metatextual response:

In 2013, Sherlock fans were incensed when journalist Caitlin Moran surprised the show’s actors at a press event by having them read a piece of fanfiction aloud without telling them first what they ...
Correlation of homologous recombination deficiency in head and neck cancer with sensitivity to PARP inhibition.

6094 Background: Cancers deficient in homologous recombination (HR) exhibit synthetic lethality when treated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and may be more sensitive to platinu...
Parenting and Academic Socialization of Young Children: Sociocultural Context for Early Childhood Development in South Asian Families

Psychological literature suggests that parents play a valuable role in children’s academic development across cultural communities. Research on this topic, however, is limited among non-Western families and especially South Asian families. Couched within the bioecological systems theory, this chapter discusses parental roles in children’s academic socialization and its link to early childhood development in South Asian families. Historically, deep-rooted yet diverse traditions of cultural and religious beliefs and social norms define parental practices and underscore the importance of parents’ high expectations and engagement in children’s education across South Asian societies. Based on the extended family network and intact family environment, parents, especially fathers, observe sociocultural and religious values by showing high involvement in children’s educational activities. Contemporary parents across economic, social, residential, and religious groups are moving away from the gender-linked model of academic socialization. These changes encourage both male and female children to be equally successful in school. Parents’ engagement demonstrates positive developmental outcomes in children. These findings are discussed in relation to evolving socioeconomic praxes and age-old cultural and religious values.
A Noble-Transition Alloy Excels at Hot-Carrier Generation in the Near Infrared.

Above-equilibrium "hot"-carrier generation in metals is a promising route to convert photons into electrical charge for efficient near-infrared optoelectronics. However, metals that offer both hot-carrier generation in the near-infrared and sufficient carrier lifetimes remain elusive. Alloys can offer emergent properties and new design strategies compared to pure metals. Here, it is shown that a noble-transition alloy, Aux Pd1-x , outperforms its constituent metals concerning generation and lifetime of hot carriers when excited in the near-infrared. At optical fiber wavelengths (e.g., 1550 nm), Au50 Pd50 provides a 20-fold increase in the number of ≈0.8 eV hot holes, compared to Au, and a threefold increase in the carrier lifetime, compared to Pd. The discovery that noble-transition alloys can excel at hot-carrier generation reveals a new material platform for near-infrared optoelectronic devices.
Coverage of the Elbow and Forearm

Soft-tissue loss around the elbow can occur from trauma, burn injury, or tumor resection. Several factors, including the patient's age, sex, occupation, and general health status before injury or an operation, should be considered before choosing the method of wound closure. The surgical procedure must be tailored to the needs of the wound and the patient. This article discusses primary wound management and closure, flap coverage, and free-tissue transfer.
When US and State Governments Go Viral: In-person Reopening of Schools during the COVID-19 Pandemic - and Then What? - A Commentary

Objective: In this commentary I argue that rapid reopening of schools for in-person instruction in the United States is unwise and likely to extend the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic Methods: I review various sources of information and raise issues less frequently and thoroughly addressed in noted plans to expedite school reopening Results: Whereas the focus has been on preparing plans of action for in-person instruction on the first day of school that minimize risk to pupils and school personnel, aspects of these plans are operationally unsound Additionally, opinions among school personnel and parents for rapid reopening are far from unanimous Moreover, the potential health impact on teachers, bus drivers, and other school personnel, as well as pupils, and the potential for another shutdown are phenomena with real probability Conclusion: Despite government-led arguments favoring rapid restoration of in-person instruction, I argue that school reopening should take a wiser approach, sustaining remote instruction until pandemic statistics place people at substantially reduced disease risk
Universal Sentence Representation Learning with Conditional Masked Language Model

This paper presents a novel training method, Conditional Masked Language Modeling (CMLM), to effectively learn sentence representations on large scale unlabeled corpora. CMLM integrates sentence representation learning into MLM training by conditioning on the encoded vectors of adjacent sentences. Our English CMLM model achieves state-of-the-art performance on SentEval, even outperforming models learned using (semi-)supervised signals. As a fully unsupervised learning method, CMLM can be conveniently extended to a broad range of languages and domains. We find that a multilingual CMLM model co-trained with bitext retrieval~(BR) and natural language inference~(NLI) tasks outperforms the previous state-of-the-art multilingual models by a large margin. We explore the same language bias of the learned representations, and propose a principle component based approach to remove the language identifying information from the representation while still retaining sentence semantics.
A method for the analysis of 121 multi-class environmental chemicals in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Biomonitoring of human exposure to environmental chemicals has gained momentum in recent years. Biomonitoring methods often include analysis of a single class of chemicals with similar chemical properties. In this study, we describe a method that involves solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and capable of measuring 121 environmental chemicals comprising plasticizers (PMs; n = 45), environmental phenols (EPs; n = 45), and pesticides (n = 31) through a single extraction of urine. Urine samples were incubated with 20 µL of β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (4000 units/mL urine) (from Helix pomatia) buffered at pH 5.5 for 2 h at 37 °C for optimal deconjugation conditions. We compared two extraction methods, namely liquid-liquid extraction and SPE, and the latter with ABS Elut NEXUS® cartridges was optimized to yield best extraction efficiencies. For increased resolution and chromatographic separation, two methods involving Ultra AQ C18® and Betasil™ C18® columns were used. The MS/MS analyses were performed under both negative and positive ionization modes. The optimized method yielded excellent intra- and inter-day variabilities (relative standard deviation: 0.40–11%) and satisfactory recoveries (80–120%) for >95% of the analytes. The limits of detection were ≤ 0.1 ng/mL for 101 analytes and between 0.1 and 1.0 ng/mL for 18 analytes. The optimized SPE LC-MS/MS method was validated through the analysis of standard reference materials and proficiency test urine samples and further applied in the analysis of 21 real urine samples to demonstrate simultaneous determination of 121 environmental chemicals in urine samples.
Interventions for Trismus in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background:Current treatment for head and neck cancers (HNCs) have led to an improved survival. However, the sequelae of cancer treatment often result in trismus, or reduced mouth opening. The purp...
Sentinel: An Onboard Lane Change Advisory System for Intelligent Vehicles to Reduce Traffic Delay During Freeway Incidents

This paper introduces Sentinel, an onboard system for intelligent vehicles that guides their lane changing behavior during a freeway incident with the goal of reducing traffic congestion, capacity drop, and delay. When an incident blocking the lanes ahead is detected, Sentinel calculates the probability of leaving the blocked lane(s) before reaching the incident point at each time step. It advises the vehicle to leave the blocked lane(s) when that probability drops below a certain threshold, as the vehicle nears the congestion boundary. By doing this, Sentinel reduces the number of late-stage lane changes of vehicles in the blocked lane(s) trying to move to other lanes, and distributes those maneuvers upstream of the incident point. A simulation case study is conducted in which one lane of a four-lane section of the I-66 interstate highway in the U.S. is temporarily blocked due to an incident, to understand how Sentinel impacts traffic flow and how different parameters - traffic flow, system penetration rate, and incident duration - affect Sentinel's performance. The results show that Sentinel has a positive impact on traffic flow, reducing average delay by up to 37%, particularly when it has a considerable penetration rate. Working alongside Traffic Incident Management Systems (TIMS), Sentinel can be a valuable asset for reducing traffic delay and potentially saving billions of dollars annually in costs associated with congestion caused by freeway incidents.
A comparative propensity-adjusted analysis of microsurgical versus endovascular treatment of unruptured ophthalmic artery aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE Ophthalmic artery (OA) aneurysms are surgically challenging lesions that are now mostly treated using endovascular procedures. However, in specialized tertiary care centers with experienced neurosurgeons, controversy remains regarding the optimal treatment of these lesions. This study used propensity adjustment to compare microsurgical and endovascular treatment of unruptured OA aneurysms in experienced tertiary and quaternary settings. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent microsurgical treatment of an unruptured OA aneurysm at the University of California, San Francisco, from 1997 to 2017 and either microsurgical or endovascular treatment at Barrow Neurological Institute from 2011 to 2019. Patients were categorized into two cohorts for comparison: those who underwent open microsurgical clipping, and those who underwent endovascular flow diversion or coil embolization. Outcomes included neurological or visual outcomes, residual or recurrent aneurysms, retreatment, and severe complications. RESULTS A total of 345 procedures were analyzed: 247 open microsurgical clipping procedures (72%) and 98 endovascular procedures (28%). Of the 98 endovascular procedures, 16 (16%) were treated with primary coil embolization and 82 (84%) with flow diversion. After propensity adjustment, microsurgical treatment was associated with higher odds of a visual deficit (OR 8.5, 95% CI 1.1-64.9, p = 0.04) but lower odds of residual aneurysm (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.28, p < 0.001) or retreatment (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.58, p = 0.008) than endovascular therapy. No difference was found between the two cohorts with regard to worse modified Rankin Scale score, modified Rankin Scale score greater than 2, or severe complications. CONCLUSIONS Compared with endovascular therapy, microsurgical clipping of unruptured OA aneurysms is associated with a higher rate of visual deficits but a lower rate of residual and recurrent aneurysms. In centers experienced with both open microsurgical and endovascular treatment of these lesions, the treatment choice should be based on patient preference and aneurysm morphology.
Evaluating Air Pollution Impacts of Transportation

The transportation literature of the past few years contains much on air pollution. While the majority of articles deal with the subject qualitatively, there is a significant amount of material concerned with quantitative analysis. The quantity and great diversity of this material makes it difficult to determine the extent to which existing methodology actually provides useful tools for use by transportation planners. Recognizing this difficulty, the ASCE Urban Transportation Division Task Committee on Urban Transportation Economics undertook this state-of-the-art survey of air pollution impact evaluation. The major conclusion is that there now exist a number of useful analysis tools that should be adopted for regular use by transportation planning agencies. However, more attention should be given to strengthening the role of formal evaluation methodologies, such as cost effectiveness analysis, in dealing with these issues.
Serotonin, norepinephrine and associated neuropeptides: effects on somatic motoneuron excitability.

Publisher Summary In a laboratory electrophysiological techniques are used to address the question of how monoaminergic and peptidergic inputs may affect the excitability of the motoneurons in rats and cats in situ. This chapter reviews these in situ findings and compares them to in situ and in vitro studies from laboratories. Some new evidence about interactive effects of serotonin and neuropeptides on motoneurons is also presented. Monoaminergic and peptidergic effects on brainstem and spinal cord motoneurons are discussed within the framework of an emotional motor system that has a modulatory effect on motoneuronal excitability. The chapter also chapter considers postsynaptic effects of serotonin, colocalized neuropeptides and norepinephrine on motoneuron excitability. However, all of these substances have actions on interneurons that are presynaptic to the motoneurons. These indirect actions on interneurons may interact with postsynaptic effects on the motoneurons in simple or complex fashions. Similarly, norepinephrine appears to enhance spinal motoneuron excitability by both direct postsynaptic actions that lead to motoneuron depolarization and increased excitability, and by indirect actions on interneurons that prevent interneuronal-mediated inhibition of the motoneurons.
An Overview in Graphs of Multiple Objective Programming

One of the keys to getting one's arms around multiple objective programming is to understand its geometry. With this in mind, the purpose of this paper is to function as a short tutorial on multiple objective programming that is accomplished maximally with graphs, and minimally with text.
Lattices and Related Classes of Stochastic Processes

In this chapter certain stochastic process classes which arise naturally in martingale theory will be discussed. These classes and their relations with the identically named classes in Chapter IX of Part 1 will be studied in later chapters. See Appendix III for the lattice theory to be used.
The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Volume 4, Global America, 1915-2000

Review of: "The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Vol. 4: Global America, 1915-2000," by D. W. Meinig.
Precision check on the triviality of the ϕ 4 theory by a new simulation method

We report precise simulations of {phi}{sup 4} theory in the Ising limit. A recent technique to stochastically evaluate the all-order strong coupling expansion is combined with exact identities in the closely related Aizenman random current representation. In this way estimates of the renormalized coupling close to the continuum limit become possible with unprecedented precision and yet low CPU cost. As a sample application we present results for the unbroken phase of the Ising model in dimensions 3, 4 and 5 and investigate the question of triviality by studying a finite size scaling continuum limit.
56 Gb/s PAM-4 optical receiver frontend in an advanced FinFET process

This paper presents a 56Gb/s PAM-4 optical receiver analog frontend circuits which consists of three inverter stages TIA with resistive feedback in the first and third stages. An adaptively-tuned continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) is cascaded after the TIA for improved sensitivity and bandwidth. The overall gain is controlled by an automatic gain control (AGC) circuits to avoid the large input optical power saturates the TIA, thus distorting the PAM-4 signals. The frontend receiver circuits is designed in an advanced FinFET technology and overall gain achieves 68 dBO with a 22 GHz bandwidth. The simulated input referred current rms noise is 2.86 µA. Total chip power is 6.3 mW from a 0.83 V supply. The chip active area is 150µm × 100 µm.
The Mottled Legacy of 9/11: A Few Reflections on the Evolution of the International Law of Armed Conflict

Has the way the law evolved since 9/11 been an unqualified good? Some might think so. Undoubtedly, there have been many positive developments in international law in general, and the international law of armed conflict (ILOAC) in specific. Certainly those disposed towards the peaceful resolution of disputes and the efficacy of international law are heartened by recent studies that show, rather counterintuitively, that violence, and especially interstate violence, is actually declining.
Profaning the Past to Salvage the Present: The Symbolically Reconstructed Pasts of Homeless Shelter Residents

Homelessness presents challenges for maintaining a positive self-concept, and those seeking help from homeless shelters face a particular irony: establishing service-worthiness requires them to present themselves as homeless, not self-sufficient, and genuinely in need of help, yet also morally worthy of that help. How do shelter residents manage this tension and salvage the self within the institutional context of the shelter? A theoretical framework linking Mead, Goffman, and narrative helps clarify strategies of self-presentation and salvaging the self within the homeless shelter context. Drawing on interviews with 44 shelter residents, this paper demonstrates that residents construct narratives that symbolically reconstruct the past from the standpoint of the present, and draw on the stages of the shelter's moral career to present a temporally-divided self, allowing residents to strategically profane the past self while keeping the present self separate and sacred. Implications for research on other institutional selves are also discussed.
Exercise and depression in midlife: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship of self-reported physical activity with subsequent depression and psychiatric distress. METHODS: Physical activity was assessed in medical school and midlife in 973 physicians as part of a prospective observational study. Outcome measures were the incidence of self-reported clinical depression and psychiatric distress on the General Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: The risk of depression was similar for nonexercisers and exercisers. No relationship was observed between physical activity level and subsequent psychiatric distress. CONCLUSIONS: This study found no evidence that exercise reduces risk for depression or psychiatric distress.
Brillouin-Scattering Analysis of Phonon Interactions in Acoustoelectric Domains in GaAs

Acoustoelectrically amplified domains of ultrasonic flux in GaAs were used for analyses of various phonon interactions by Brillouin-scattering techniques. Both the growth of the flux from the thermal equilibrium phonon spectrum and particularly the attenuation (after the amplifying voltage pulse was shut off) were studied as a function of ultrasonic frequency in the broad range from 0.3 to 4.0 GHz at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The data were analyzed to give the magnitude and frequency dependence of both the acoustoelectric gain and the lattice attenuation in the weak-flux regime. Comparison with small-signal gain theory in the $\mathrm{ql}\ensuremath{\approx}1$ range, for piezoelectrially active [110] shear waves, gave good agreement. The lattice attenuation was determined not only for the amplified shear waves but also for the piezoelectrically inactive longitudinal waves, which were obtained by mode conversion upon reflection of the amplified shear-wave domain. The frequency dependence of the attenuation, proportional to ${f}^{1.8}$ and ${f}^{1.3}$, respectively, fell well below the expected ${f}^{2}$ behavior. In the strong-flux regime, striking anomalous attention was found, consisting of a too-rapid initial attenuation of low frequencies, and too-slow initial attenuation of higher frequencies. These results are interpreted to represent a dominant trend of up-conversion of intense ultrasonic flux from low to high frequencies by nonlinear frequency-mixing processes. Evidence is summarized favoring such frequency-mixing processes, over possible variation in the frequency dependence of the acoustoelectric gain in strong flux, as a dominant factor in the evolution of the strong-flux spectrum both in growth and attenuation.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN CHEILANTHES AND POLYPODIUM

Six chromosome observations are reported, two being confirmations and four being new counts. Polypodium plesiosorum (from Mexico) shows 37 pairs at meiotic metaphase and thus conforms to past counts of diploid species in this genus. Cheilanthes wrightii (Arizona) has 2n = 58 and is a diploid member of the x = 29 series of that genus. Cheilanthes tomentosa (Alabama) shows 90 units at metaphase of meiosis and approximately the same number during mitosis in the crozier cells. It has 32 spores and our plant is an apogamous triploid. Both Cheilanthes siliqutosa (Washington) and C. californica (California) show 30 pairs at meiotic metaphase. Counts OnI plants identified as C. carlotta-halliae (California) show 30 bivalents and 30 univalents at diakinesis, suggesting that they actually represent allopolyploid backerosses of C. carlotta-halliae and one
Growth hormone (GH) responses to sleep, insulin hypoglycaemia and arginine infusion

A few children with no apparent cause for their short stature, continue to grow poorly despite normal GH responses (>15mU/L) to pharmacological stimuli. It has been suggested that their GH secretion during sleep may more accurately reflect their true GH reserve. We have compared sleep related GH secretion (GH-Sleep) with GH responses to insulin hypoglycaemia (GH-I) and arginine infusion (GH-Arg.) in 19 children referred to our Growth Clinic. Blood was withdrawn continuously through an indwelling thromboresistant catheter (Cormed SL-65 Continuous Blood Withdrawal Pump) and divided into 15 minute aliquots, throughout approximately 5 hours of EEG monitored sleep. The following morning and insulin hypoglycaemia/arginine infusion test was performed. GH was measured by radioimmunoassay. 2 patients had normal GH-Arg. responses but GH-Sleep peaks less than 15mU/L. Correlation coefficients, r, for peak serum GH levels were :- for GH-I & GH-Sleep 0.55 (p<0.02), GH-Arg. & GH-Sleep 0.52 (p<0.02) and GH-I & GH-Arg. 0.56 (p <0.02). We conclude that sleep studies of GH reserve are indicated only when the results of stimulation tests are inconsistent with clinical findings.
The Role of Idealism and Relativism as Dispositional Characteristics in the Socially Responsible Decision-Making Process

This study investigated how decision-makers differ in processing their organizational environment (peers and organizational control systems), depending on the levels of their idealism and relativism. Focusing on socially responsible buying/sourcing issues, responses from buying/sourcing professionals from U.S. apparel and shoe companies were analyzed, using a series of regression analyses. The results generally supported the proposition that the degrees of idealism and relativism determine involvement levels that, in turn, result in varying levels of reactions to the organizational environment and corresponding amounts of information processing. Highly idealistic (relativistic) individuals were influenced by only idealistic (relativistic) signals of organizational environment. Further analysis showed highly idealistic and relativistic individuals were more likely to evaluate the organizational environment in terms of its business merit. The results suggest that organizations need to carefully plan how to communicate underlying meanings of organizational initiatives with their employees, knowing that individuals who have strong ethical opinions will only react to what they believe and elaborate its value for business. Further theoretical and practical implications and suggestions are discussed.
Early Abstinence in Cocaine Dependence: Influence of Comorbid Major Depression

Cocaine dependence (CD) is often accompanied by major depressive disorder (MDD). The comorbid condition (CD + MDD) is especially difficult to treat, with relapse possibly made more likely by intensified dysphoria during abstinence in the setting of MDD. We studied treatment-seeking CD + MDD volunteers, currently depressed, and a comparison CD group over three days of inpatient monitored abstinence. At admission, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety scores differed significantly between groups. By Day 3, BDI scores improved for both CD and CD + MDD groups. The mood response to cocaine cessation among CD + MDD individuals resembled that of CD participants, contrary to some expectations.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and structural characterization of potent histone deacetylase inhibitors based on cyclic alpha/beta-tetrapeptide architectures.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals that profoundly affect cellular function by catalyzing the removal of acetyl groups from ϵ-N-acety...
Detection of factor VIII related antigens in long term cultures of rat endothelial cells

Rat endothelial cells in culture can be distinguished from fibroblasts and epithelial cells by their reaction with antisera against human factor VIII (AHF) associated proteins.
Cleavage of the N-terminal formymlethionine residue from a bacteriophage coat protein in vitro☆

Abstract Studies were made of the N-terminal formylmethionine content of nascent and complete coat protein of bacteriophage Qβ synthesized in an Escherichia coli cell-free system. Under normal conditions of cell-free protein synthesis the formylmethionine residue was retained by all the nascent chains but by only about 50% of the completed coat protein molecules. If 2-mercaptoethanol was omitted from the cell-free system, the formylmethionine residue was cleaved during the course of peptide chain elongation. All nascent peptides which contained fewer than 40±5 amino acids retained the formylmethionine residue. Thereafter, the proportion of nascent peptides lacking the residue increased with peptide length to about 70% for nearly full length nascent peptides and complete released coat protein molecules.
Quantitative studies of the specificity of anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies, types III and VII—II: Inhibition of precipitin reactions with oligosaccharides isolated from hydrolysates of S3 and S8

Abstract A study has been made of inhibition of homologous and heterologous precipitin reactions in Types III and VIII antipneumococcal horse and rabbit sera using, as inhibitors, a series of oligosaccharides of varying chain length, isolated from acid and enzymatic hydrolysates of S3 and S8 by gel filtration. Up to 6–8 hexose units, the longer the chain length of an oligosaccharide, the more effective it becomes as an inhibitor of the homologous precipitin reaction. Cross reactions are more readily inhibited than homologous reactions and relatively low concentrations of tetrasaccharides or even disaccharides prevent the precipitation of cross-reacting antigens containing disaccharide units that are also present in the homologous polysaccharide. The presence of glucuronate residues in a ligand is of particular importance in determining its effectiveness as an inhibitor. Certain anomalies encountered in interpreting results using ligands containing four or more hexose units, can be explained by assuming that the inhibitors involved may be divalent.
Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Polysubstance Abuse

Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in subjects with histories of polysubstance abuse was compared to that in control subjects who were drawn from the same community. The substance abuse group showed lower absolute metabolic rates for glucose in lateral occipital gyrus and higher normalized metabolic rates in temporal and frontal areas, including orbitofrontal cortex. It is suggested that some patterns of brain function associated with polysubstance abuse may represent consequences of drug exposure, or they could reflect pre-existing differences that may be relevant to the etiology and maintenance of polysubstance abuse.
A generalization of the Nyquist stability criterion

This paper presents a generalization of the Nyquist stability criterion to include general multivariable linear stationary systems subject to linear static and dynamic feedback. At the same time, a unifying proof is given for all known versions of the Nyquist criterion for finite dimensional systems.
Comparison of Teaching Attitudes, Teacher Efficacy, and Teacher Performance of First Year Teachers Prepared by Alternative and Traditional Teacher Education Programs

(1991). Comparison of Teaching Attitudes, Teacher Efficacy, and Teacher Performance of First Year Teachers Prepared by Alternative and Traditional Teacher Education Programs. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 1-9.
The instructional beliefs and decisions of middle and secondary teachers who successfully blend literacy and content

Abstract This study explored the perspectives of nine content area middle and high school teachers who were considered to be “outstanding” teachers of their disciplines and who also used a variety of literacy practices in their instruction according to their principals and supervisors. The teachers were interviewed to explore their instructional beliefs and decision‐making, with specific attention to how these beliefs and decisions impacted their uses of literacy. A cross‐case analysis revealed that all nine teachers had strong beliefs about meeting students’ needs, the value of interpersonal relationships, and participating in lifelong learning. In addition, all of the teachers reported effects of personal experiences, context and/or teaching conditions, and professional development on their instruction. Overall, the teachers described both a strong focus on meeting student needs and a wide variety of uses of literacy within active teaching/learning environments.
High-resolution neutron-scattering study of slow dynamics of surface water molecules in zirconium oxide

We have performed a quasielastic neutron-scattering experiment on backscattering spectrometer with sub-μeV resolution to investigate the slow dynamics of surface water in zirconium oxide using the sample studied previously with a time-of-flight neutron spectrometer [E. Mamontov, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9087 (2004)]. The backscattering measurements in the temperature range of 240–300 K have revealed a translational dynamics slower by another order of magnitude compared to the translational dynamics of the outer hydration layer observed in the time-of-flight experiment. The relaxation function of this slow motion is described by a stretched exponential with the stretch factors between 0.8 and 0.9, indicating a distribution of the relaxation times. The temperature dependence of the average residence time is non-Arrhenius, suggesting that the translational motion studied in this work is more complex than surface jump diffusion previously observed for the molecules of the outer hydration layer. The observed slow d...