cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomical and physiological mechanisms of resistance to brown leaf spot in smooth bromegrass

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leysser) germplasm PL-BDR1 and two seed increase generations derived from it are highly resistant to brown leaf spot caused by Pyrenophora bromi (Died.) Drechs. [Drechslera bromi (Died.) Shoemaker, conidial state = Helminthosporium bromi Died.)]. Lesions are about one-half the width and one-tenth the area of spots on susceptible cultivars. Physiological or anatomical mechanisms of resistance have not been identified, but they could have a bearing on stability of resistance and on forage quality components. This study was conducted to determine whether certain resistance mechanisms identified in other leaf spot diseases of grasses operate in PL-BDR1 germplasm. The three resistant generations were compared with susceptible cultivars Belmont, Radisson, and Saratoga for fungal penetration, halo formation, and leaf vein architecture. Susceptible leaves supported higher numbers of penetration attempts and successful penetrations. No effect of plant line was found for appositional wall formation (=papilla formation), initial colonization rate, distance between parallel veins, proportion of large vascular bundles, or girdering of vascular bundles. Resistant lines had wider vascular bundles than susceptible cultivars indicating a possible role for strength of the vascular framework in restricting lateral spread. Extensive cell necrosis and chlorotic halo formation in susceptible cultivars indicated possible involvement of a fungal phytotoxin. Resistant lines had few halos, and reduced sensitivity to toxins may be involved in resistance of PL-BDR1 to brown leaf spot.
Opponent familiarity influences the audience effect in male–male interactions in Siamese fighting fish

It is well established that communication in social organisms often occurs within a network of individuals rather than within signaller–receiver dyads. Most of these investigations, however, have not assessed how other social factors might influence communication. In the present study, we investigated whether previous exposure to an opponent influences audience effects on male–male interactions in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Males interacted with an unfamiliar opponent or a familiar opponent in the presence of a male, a female or no audience. Opponent-directed gill flaring was greatest when opponents were unfamiliar with one another and a male audience was present. In contrast, opponent-directed tail beats were most frequent when a female audience was present, especially when opponents were unfamiliar. Opponent familiarity appears to have a greater effect on opponent-directed gill flaring than on tail beats. This may reflect the difference in the function of these behaviours as tail beats are commonly used in courtship as well as during aggressive encounters. Our findings suggest that audience type and the social history of the opponents work together to influence aggressive interactions in this species.
Use of the distributed hydrology soil vegetation model to study road effects on hydrological processes in Pang Khum Experimental Watershed, northern Thailand

The distributed-hydrology-soil-vegetation model (DHSVM) is applied in the mountainous 94 ha Pang Khum Experimental Watershed (PKEW), northern Thailand. Climate data from August1997 to January 2001 are used towarm up, calibrate and validate DHSVMwith theexisting road network explicitly represented in the model. Calibrated and tested variables are soil moisture and streamflow. The model is subsequently run againwithouttheroad,otherwisekeepingparameter settingsandforcing data thesame.Modelresultswith andwithoutroadsareused tostudy road effects on evapotranspiration, soil moisture, depth to water table, and stream discharge. Applicationof DHSVM had mixed results. The model simulated soil moisture atfour measurement sites and three depths very well. Streamflow was adequately estimated in only 2 of the 3 years tested, including the calibration year. The quality of the streamflow simulation may have been reduced because of year-to-year changes in land cover or water diversions not represented in the model. Model results show that the road causes relatively small changes to averaged monthly total evapotranspiration and stream discharge in PKEW during the 3-year study period due to the low road density. Small changes in soil moisture and depth to water table occurred adjacent to and down slope of roads in PKEW. Roads increase peak flows in simulations by 3, 12, and 34%, for peak flows of less than 200, 200‐800, and greater than 800 m 3 h � 1 , respectively.
High electrical conductivity in graphite intercalated with acid fluorides

Abstract Unusually high room temperature electrical conductivity, higher than that of pure copper, has been observed under certain conditions in graphite intercalated with the strong acid fluorides, antimony pentafluoride and arsenic pentafluoride. Since these results are of considerable scientific and technological importance, and likely to affect the course of research in this area, the confirming experiments are reviewed here. The first experiment demonstrating the potential of these compounds was measurements on a composite wire consisting of an SbF5 intercalated graphite powder core with a copper sheath [1]. Results were obtained by a d.c. four point resistance method on samples 1 mm dia. × 10 cm long. Comparison of this composite wire with a control sample of copper demonstrated convincingly the superior conductivity of the intercalated graphite core. More recent experiments of a similar nature have confirmed those early findings. We have also made measurements of highly oriented polycrystalline graphite (HOPG) intercalated with AsF5 [2]. In careful measurements a contactless r.f. (100 kHz) induction technique has substantiated the high electrical conductivity of these materials. While the measured conductivity of the AsF5 compounds has a maximum value only marginally greater than pure copper, this value must be regarded as conservative and any correction made to the r.f. measurements for sample imperfections, etc., would tend to increase the calculated conductivity above the quoted value. These results lend support to the notion that very high electrical conductivities are possible in the acceptor compounds of intercalated graphite and that the intercalated acid is responsible for a marked increase in the density of charge carriers while the mobility remains high.
Estimating Country-Level Terrorism Trends Using Group-Based Trajectory Analyses: Latent Class Growth Analysis and General Mixture Modeling

Recent criminological research has used latent class growth analysis (LCGA), a form of group-based trajectory analysis, to identify distinct terrorism trends and areas of high terrorism activity at the country-level. The current study contributes to the literature by assessing the robustness of recent findings generated by one type of group-based analysis, LCGA, to changes in measurement and statistical methodology. Using data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), we consider the challenges and advantages of applying group-based analysis to macro-level terrorism data. We summarize and classify country-level patterns of domestic and transnational terrorism using two types of group-based analyses, LCGA and an alternative yet similar modeling approach, general mixture modeling (GMM). We evaluate the results from each approach using both substantive and empirical criteria, highlighting the similarities and differences provided by both techniques. We conclude that both group-based models have utility for terrorism research, yet for the purposes of identifying hot spots of terrorist activity, LCGA results provide greater policy utility.
Hydrogen-Bonded Multilayers of a Neutral Polymer and a Polyphenol

We report on association of tannic acid (TA) with neutral or charged polymers in solution and at surfaces and contrast hydrogen-bonded and electrostatically associated polymer/TA complexes and TA/polymer layer-by-layer (LbL) films as per their stability in the pH scale. The neutral polymers used for hydrogen bonding with TA were poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), or poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), and the polymer used to explore electrostatic binding with TA was 90% quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (Q90). Association of TA with polymers in solution was explored by measuring the turbidity of solutions. At surfaces, LbL film deposition and pH stability were followed by phase-modulated ellipsometry and in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-FTIR). While electrostatically stabilized films of TA with Q90 could not be deposited at low pH values (pH = 2), hydrogen-bonded films of TA with PVCL, PVP...
On fingerprinting capacity games for arbitrary alphabets and their asymptotics

Fingerprinting capacity has recently been derived as the value of a two-person zero-sum game. In this work, we study fingerprinting capacity games with k pirates under the ˇ combined digit model proposed by Skoric et al. For small k, capacities along with optimal strategies for both players of the game are obtained explicitly. For large k, we extend our earlier asymptotic analysis for the binary alphabet to this general model and show that capacity is asymptotic to A/k2 where the constant A is identified. Saddle-point solutions to the functional maximin game are obtained using methods of variational calculus.
The importance of product cut and form when estimating fish demand: the case of U.S. Catfish

The absolute price version of the Rotterdam model was used in the estimation of U.S. catfish demand where catfish was differentiated by product cut (whole, fillet, and other) and product form (fresh and frozen). Likelihood ratio tests were used to determine the importance of product form in demand (product form aggregation). Likelihood ratio tests were also used to determine if fresh products were separable from frozen products (product form separability). Product form aggregation was rejected at a probability of 0.999, suggesting that fresh and frozen catfish products are not homogenous. The hypothesis, no product form separability, failed to be rejected at the 0.05 significance level, but was rejected at the 0.01 significance level. Test results suggest that it is more acceptable to focus on a single product group (e.g., frozen products) than to assume that catfish products are perfectly aggregatable across product forms. [JEL classifications: Q11, Q13, Q22]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of underpotentially deposited Pb on the surface enhanced Raman scattering ability of polycrystalline Ag

Abstract The effect of submonolayer and monolayer amounts of Pb deposited at underpotential on a polycrystalline Ag electrode surface on the surface enhanced Raman scattering behavior of pyridine and Cl − adsorbates is presented. Surfaces covered by greater than 70% of a Pb monolayer do not support significant surface enhancement. The changes observed in SERS intensity as a function of fractional Pb coverage are interpreted in terms of changes in surface electronic properties and changes in adsorbate coverage. Evidence for changes in the structure of the Pb overlayer is also presented. Investigation of the reversibility of the SERS behavior after deposition and quantitative stripping of varying amounts of Pb provides information on the roles played by various sizes of surface roughness in SERS. These data suggest that both large scale and atomic scale roughness contribute to the SERS intensities measured in these systems.
Sensitivity of neuroprogenitor cells to chemical-induced apoptosis using a multiplexed assay suitable for high-throughput screening

High-throughput methods are useful for rapidly screening large numbers of chemicals for biological activity, including the perturbation of pathways that may lead to adverse cellular effects. In vitro assays for the key events of neurodevelopment, including apoptosis, may be used in a battery of tests for detecting chemicals that could result in developmental neurotoxicity. Apoptosis contributes to nervous system development by regulating the size of the neuroprogenitor cell pool, and the balance between cellular proliferation and apoptosis during neuroprogenitor cell proliferation helps to determine the size and shape of the nervous system. Therefore, chemicals that affect apoptosis during neuronal development can have deleterious effects on the developing brain. The present study examined the utility of a high-throughput assay to detect chemical-induced apoptosis in mouse or human neuroprogenitor cells, as well as differentiated human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Apoptosis was assessed using an assay that measures enzymatic activity of caspase-3/7 in a rapid and cost efficient manner. The results show that all three commercially available models generated a robust source of proliferating neuroprogenitor cells, and that the assay was sensitive and reproducible when used in a multi-well plate format. There were differences in the response of rodent and human neuroprogenitor cells to a set of chemicals previously shown to induce apoptosis in vitro. Neuroprogenitor cells were more sensitive to chemical-induced apoptosis than differentiated neurons, suggesting that neuroprogenitor cells are one of the cell models that should be considered for use in a developmental neurotoxicity screening battery.
Oregon's physician-assisted suicide vote: Its effect on palliative care

While a physician-assisted suicide bill passed in Oregon remains suspended by legal injunction, the state has introduced numerous palliative care innovations and initiatives in response to citizens' demands for improved comfort, compassion, control, and communication during serious illness and at the end of life.
In Situ Spectroelectrochemistry and Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) Characterization of C60 Embedded in a Tetraoctylammonium Bromide Film in Aqueous Solution

The electrochemical behavior of C60 embedded in tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) films deposited on glassy carbon, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) gold crystals, and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes was investigated in detail. Three reversible redox peaks were observed in aqueous solution. The first reduction peak for a C60−TOAB film in aqueous solution was found to be much more positive (500 mV shift) than that reported for C60 in nonaqueous solution. In situ Vis/NIR spectra were recorded to monitor the electrochemical processes of C60−TOAB on the electrode surfaces. The results provide the first direct evidence for the generation of discrete monoanions and dianions of C60 in the TOAB film in aqueous solution. The electrode processes were also monitored using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) in different supporting electrolytes. Pronounced anionic effects due to diffusion into or out from the C60−TOAB films were also observed for first time.
Treatment of hypoprothrombinemia (hemorrhagicdisease) of the newborn infant

Summary A review of the literature on the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia (hemorrhagic disease) of the newborn infant is presented. A microprothrombin test is described which makes repeated tests on infants a safe and simple procedure. Intramuscular blood is of no advantage in the prophylaxis and treatmentof hypoprothrombinemia of the newborn infant. One milligram of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone given intramuscularly to the newborn infant will prevent the development of hypoprothrombinemia. From 2 to 4 mg. of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone given to motherssix to twelve hours before delivery will prevent serious rises in the microprothrombin times of the newborn infants. Six cases of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn infant are presented,illustrating various points in the course of this condition. The administration of substances with vitamin K activity to expectantmothers or to the newborn infants should be a routine procedure.
Lectin-resistant CHO cells : selection of seven new mutants resistant to ricin

In attempts to isolate new CHO glycosylation mutants, selection protocols using plant lectins that bind galactose residues of cell surface carbohydrates were applied to mutagenized CHO populations. The lectins were used alone or in combination to obtain seven ricin-resistant phenotypes. Each mutant had distinctive properties compared with previously described ricin-resistant CHO cells. One of the new phenotypes was dominant in somatic cell hybrids, and the others were recessive. Complementation analyses between related lectinresistant (LecR) phenotypes indicated that each new isolate represented a novel genotype. Five of the mutants had properties typical of new CHO glycosylation mutants. The remaining two mutants were not readily categorized. Although they did not appear to be ricin-internalization or protein-synthesis mutants, they also did not display the marked alterations in sensitivity to several lectins of different sugar specificity expected for glycosylation mutants. The seven new LecR mutants described in these studies brings the total number of different LecR CHO mutants isolated by this and other laboratories to about 40. Criteria for identifying new LecR mutations in CHO cells are discussed.
Effects of S. scabiei var. canis (Acari: Sarcoptidae) on blood indexes of parasitized rabbits.

Selected hematology and serum biochemistry usually used as prognostic indicators of disease were monitored in rabbits parasitized by Sarcoptes scabiei (L.) var. canis during and after treatment, in parallel with food consumption, body weight, and clinical manifestation of the disease. Experimental rabbits were infested with S. scabiei , the infestation was allowed to develop in intensity for 42 wk, the rabbits were treated with ivermectin, and then monitored for another 20 wk recovery period after treatment. Infested rabbits grew at the same rate as control rabbits during weeks 1–17 after initial infestation, then they lost weight during weeks 18–42 as the infestation became severe. Severely infested rabbits developed anemia, which was evident by reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Serum iron concentration of infested rabbits in comparison with control rabbits was lower but not statistically different. Severely infested rabbits exhibited significantly reduced total white blood cell, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts. Mean serum gamma glutamyltransferase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and calcium levels were reduced, and total serum protein, triglycerides, globulins, and chloride were elevated in severely infested rabbits. Severely infested rabbits compared with controls showed no significant differences in average values for serum phosphorus, sodium, potassium, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol, BUN/creatinine ratio, uric acid, glucose, and iron. However, some individual rabbits showed marked changes in LDH, ALP, SGOT, cholesterol, glucose, and BUN/creatinine ratio, which indicates that not all parasitized rabbits were affected in the same way. All abnormal conditions in the infested rabbits returned to normal following treatment for scabies.
The Great Plains : environment and culture

This classic description of the interaction between the vast central plains of America and the people who lived there has been one of the most influential, widely known, and controversial works in western history.
Role of acoustic striae in hearing: Reflexive responses to elevated sound-sources

Abstract This report is the fourth in a series describing the results of ablation-behavior experiments directed to the ascending output of the cochlear nuclei as it is conducted centrally within the acoustic striae. This fourth report focuses on the unique physiology of the fusiform or ‘output’ cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus whose axons course through the dorsal acoustic stria (DAS). Because electrophysiological studies have shown that the cues for sensing the elevation of a sound source would seem to be best analyzed by the dorsal cochlear nucleus and projected centrally via its DAS, we tested normal cats and cats deprived of DAS for their ability to orient to elevated sources of broad-band noise. For behavioral testing, we made use of reflexive or unconditioned orienting responses to elevated sound sources using a similar method to one we have used previously for azimuth testing (Thompson GC, Masterton RB. Brainstem auditory pathways involved in reflexive head orientation to sound. J Neurophysiol 1978;41:1183–1202). The results show that cats deprived of their DAS do indeed have a marked deficit in their ability to orient to an elevated sound source. Further behavioral testing indicated that this deficit is not the secondary result of an attentional or peripheral motor deficit. Although the present results do not prove that the reflexive deficit is strictly auditory in nature, the deficit is notable in that it is the only one yet known to result from a lesion of the dorsal cochlear nucleus or its central projections.
Changes in melanosome distribution in Caucasoid skin following topical application of nitrogen mustard.

Hyperpigmentation resulting from topical application of nitrogen mustard to skin of Caucasoid and Negroid patients with mycosis fungoides and psoriasis was studied using electron microscopic techniques. In Negroids the melanosomes retained normal tionaggregated patterns but increased in number. In Caucasoids treatments resulted in nonaggregation of melanosomes within keratinocytes without a concomitant increase in melanosome size.
Detailed prostatic interstitial thermal mapping during transurethral grooved rollerball electrovaporization and loop electrosurgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Abstract Objectives To determine the detailed pattern of prostatic interstitial temperature change during rollerball electrovaporization and loop electrosurgery in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods Four patients with symptomatic BPH necessitating prostate surgery were subjected to rollerball electrovaporization on one side of their prostate glands, as well as contralateral loop electrosurgery. Continuous temperature readings were recorded from 20 to 24 interstitially implanted fiber-optic thermosensors using a novel stereotactic thermal mapping technique. Ultrasound and video endoscopic visualization were used to evaluate and quantify the spatial relationship between the thermosensors and the rollerball or loop. Results The patterns of temperature change during rollerball electrovaporization and loop electrosurgery were substantially similar. Temperatures decreased steeply and significantly with increasing distance from both the rollerball ( P P P Conclusions The patterns of temperature change with rollerball electrovaporization and loop electrosurgery are closely similar. Interstitial temperature changes during use of the rollerball and loop are transient and highly localized, posing minimal risk of unintended thermal damage to adjacent tissues, including the neurovascular bundles and rectum.
Targeting dietary fat or glycemic load in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Aims To compare the effects of lifestyle modification programs that prescribe low-glycemic load (GL) vs. low-fat diets in a randomized trial. Methods Seventy-nine obese adults with type 2 diabetes received low-fat or low-GL dietary instruction, delivered in 40-week lifestyle modification programs with identical goals for calorie intake and physical activity. Changes in weight, HbA1c, and other metabolic parameters were compared at weeks 20 and 40. Results Weight loss did not differ between groups at week 20 (low-fat: −5.7 ± 3.7%; low-GL: −6.7 ± 4.4%, p = .26) or week 40 (low-fat: −4.5 ± 7.5%; low-GL: −6.4 ± 8.2%, p = .28). Adjusting for changes in antidiabetic medications, subjects on the low-GL diet had larger reductions in HbA1c than those on the low-fat diet at week 20 (low-fat: −0.3 ± 0.6%; low-GL: −0.7 ± 0.6%, p = .01), and week 40 (low-fat: −0.1 ± 1.2%; low-GL: −0.8 ± 1.3%; p = .01). Groups did not differ significantly on any other metabolic outcomes (p ≥ .06). Conclusions Results suggest that targeting GL, rather than dietary fat, in a low-calorie diet can significantly enhance the effect of weight loss on HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Infant perception of a causal event

Abstract Two experiments investigated 6- and 10-month-old infants' perception of launching events. According to Michotte (1963) , spatial and temporal features of such events define them as either causal or noncausal. These features should cue the direct perception of causality early in life. The present experiments examined the development of the perception of these features and the encoding of events as either causal or noncausal. In Experiment 1, infants did not demonstrate a natural preference for causal or noncausal events at either age. In Experiment 2, a habituation-dishabituation paradigm was used to examine infants' ability to discriminate among these events. The results indicated that infants at 10 months, but not 6 months, discriminated the events on the basis of causality. The younger infants appeared to respond to the individual objects in the events, but not to the relationship between objects. In general, the results tended to support a model that assumes that infants' perception of a causal event appears gradually late in the first year of life and may depend upon the type of objects included in the event.
Does Age Diminish the Ability to Learn Fluent Reading

Adults may find it much more difficult to learn effortless reading than children. Evidence of this difficulty is seen in two different populations: (a) participants in developing-country literacy programs, who lacked access to schools as children; and (b) educated adults who become fluent in languages with scripts different than the scripts they learned in school. The former often have high dropout rates, low reading achievement, and frequent relapses into illiteracy. The latter report persistent problems in becoming fluent readers: slow speed, difficulty in perceiving letters in groups, dependence on sound to understand words, high error rates, tendency to forget quickly, and difficulty in reading artistic letters. The issue has not been researched yet. The phonological problems of neoliterates and educated foreign readers are often confounded with issues of foreign language proficiency and amount of reading practice. To account for this difficulty, which appears to be perceptual, a theoretical framework is proposed on the basis of the Seidenberg and McClelland model. Literature of related areas is presented, and topics for future research are outlined.
Frequency-Controlled Isolated Attosecond Pulses Characterized by Both 750 and 400 nm Wavelength Streak Fields

Frequency tunability of isolated attosecond pulses provides options for the study of temporal dynamics and phases of electronic processes [1]. Techniques to generate frequency-controlled attosecond pulses (XUV and VUV) and wavelength selective streak pulses (NIR and UV) are discussed here. A novel Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer is used to combine all optical fields before the high-harmonic generation region.
RESPONSE OF MARINE DELTAIC SURFACES TO MAJOR EARTHQUAKE UPLIFTS IN SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA

Major earthquake uplifts in south-central Alaska of marine deltaic surfaces to an inter-tidal or supra-tidal status cause drastic shifts in processes and vegetation. To assess long-term ecosystem changes as a deltaic landscape converted from a tidal marsh to a supra-tidal wetland, we studied a four-stage chronosequence of deltaic surfaces (30-yr-old inter-tidal surface, 352-yr-old inter-tidal surface, 30-yr-old supra-tidal surface, and 280-yr-old supra-tidal surface). Plots were used to gather landform, soils, and vegetation information, and landform schematics and aerial photo interpretation were used to determine their spatial distribution. Succession progressed on inter-tidal surfaces from pioneer species (principallyCarex lyngbyaei) on newly uplifted mud flats, to a mature tidal marsh with channels, levees, and basins dominated byCarex lyngbyaei with thick root mats. Uplift of the mature tidal surface to a supra-tidal status allowed freshwater tolerant species (Equisetum fluviatile, Sphagnum spp.) to invade the basins, and trees and shrubs displaced herbaceous vegetation on levees. On the oldest supra-tidal surface, basins developed peatlands (Andromeda polifolia, Sphagnum spp.), and pH decreased. Levees supported trees or shrubs on mineral or peat soils. Vegetation zonation within a basin-levee complex was evident and repeated, with some variation, across the surfaces. At the landscape scale moving inland, gradients in vegetation occurred on all surface ages.
Effect of ball size on player reaction and racket acceleration during the tennis volley

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ball size on reaction time (from ball projection to initial racket movement), movement time (from ball projection to ball-racket impact), mean rectified acceleration and vibration frequency of the racket during the impact phase (100 ms duration after ball-racket impact) of the tennis volley. Twenty-nine beginning to intermediate level tennis players performed volleys under 18 experimental conditions including variations in lateral contact location (forehand and backhand), ball type (Penn oversize, Wilson oversize, regular size), and ball speed (fast, medium, slow). A ball machine was shielded so that the subjects could not predict the ball trajectory before it was released from the machine. Outcome measures were determined using a miniature uni-axial accelerometer and a Photogate timing device. ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc tests were used in statistical analysises (p
Characterization of a cell-lethal product from the photooxidation of tryptophan: hydrogen peroxide

Near-ultraviolet (300 to 400 nanometers) irradiation of saturated, oxygenated solutions of tryptophan in the absence of added sensitizer gives rise to substances that have various biological effects on isolated cells, including mutagenicity and selective lethality to recombination-deficient bacterial mutants. One of these biologically active products has been identified as H2O2, on the basis of spectrometric, chromatographic, chemical, and biological properties. Now H2O2 has been shown to account for the biological activities mentioned above.
Nutrition of edentulous patients

Abstract Many edentulous patients are "sick patients." Often, geriatric considerations are involved, as well as obesity and postmenopausal problems. These patients have deficient tissues on which to build dentures. One of the most important factors of a satisfactory prosthetic service is the nutrition of the patient. Dietary supplements and specific diets were suggested to maintain the nutritional health of edentulous patients throughout the course of their treatment for prosthetic restorations.
Epilepsy and behavior: a brief history.

Behavioral changes-both real and imagined-have formed a halo around epilepsy since antiquity. The myth of epilepsy as a curse has been largely vanquished in modern cultures, but the disorder remains a social stigma for many patients. In ancient Rome people with epilepsy were avoided for fear of contagion, in the Middle Ages they were hunted as witches, and in the first half of our century they were labeled deviants and their marriage and reproduction were restricted by eugenistic medical doctors. Religious conversion experiences can occur in temporal relationship to changes in seizure frequency. Many religious leaders may have had epilepsy. However, changes in religious sentiment are not characteristic of epilepsy patients. Recognized since the late 19th century, postictal psychosis has stimulated theories regarding the mechanism of mania and psychosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of behavioral changes in epilepsy may offer insight into the psychopathology of other diseases.
Recent Advances in the Use of Radiosensitizing Nucleosides

Chemotherapeutic drugs that perturb nucleotide metabolism have the potential to produce substantial sensitization of tumor cells to radiation treament. The clinical effectiveness of fluoropyrimidines as radiosensitizers has been proven in multiple randomized trials. The development of oral fluoropyrimidine formulations may allow protracted exposure without the need for indwelling intravenous lines and infusion pumps. These agents may also provide more selective radiosensitization and are likely to be widely incorporated into chemoradiotherapy regimens for patients with gastrointestinal malignancie. Gemcitabine has been well studied in the laboratory, with respect to mechanisms of radiosensitization and strategies that may increase the therapeutic index. Clinical trials based on these studies are now defining the role of this radiosensitizing nucleoside. Issues regarding the use oral fluoropyrimidines and gemcitabine need to be viewed in the context of both local and distant disease control, given the potential systemic activity of these agents.
Circadian Variation of Basal Plasma Growth Hormone in Man

Human GH (hGH) circulating during periods of basal pituitary secretion is frequently undetectable in human plasma by RIA. Such basal periods predominate throughout most of the day. Knowledge of the concentration of basal hGH is important, since hGH plays a role in the homeostasis of several metabolic fuels and ions. We have used an immunoadsorbent technique to extract and concentrate hGH from large plasma samples before RIA in order to precisely measure basal hGH levels [immunoextracted RIA (IERIA)]. Twenty milliliters of blood were drawn from five normal volunteers every 2 h over a 24-h period. The obtained plasma (10-13 ml) was passed over an anti-hGH antibody Sepharose column. The column-bound hGH was eluted and measured by RIA. Recovery of hGH in the plasma extracts was measured using [131I]hGH as an internal standard. Recovery averaged 54 +/- 12% (mean +/- SD). Theoretically, the extraction procedure expanded the useful range of the RIA about 50-fold. In practice, the detection limit was 40 pg/ml plasma. Basal hGH (defined as less than 1 ng/ml by conventional RIA) was found to range from less than 40 to 746 pg/ml by IERIA. Above 2 ng/ml, conventional RIA and IERIA yielded comparable results (r = 0.92; P less than 0.001), but below 2 ng/ml, the two assays did not correlate (r = 0.01; P greater than 0.5). In general, conventional RIA overestimated plasma hGH in that range. As a result, the ratio between nocturnal and daytime hGH secretion, as assessed by IERIA, is higher than previously appreciated. We conclude that basal plasma hGH is highly variable below 1 ng/ml, and may on occasion be as low as less than 40 pg/ml. The episodic nature of hGH release appears to persist in the basal state. The conventional definition for basal hGH (less than 5 ng/ml) should probably be revised downward to less than 0.8 ng/ml.
Hyperfine structure in muonic helium

A calculation of the ground-state hyperfine frequency in muonic helium is given. Perturbation theory is applied to the Schroedinger equation to obtain a series in m/sub e//m/sub ..mu../. The value obtained is 4462.6 +- 3 MHz, which is consistent with experiments at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research and the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility. The theoretical value includes a -46-MHz contribution from excited states of the effective (..cap alpha mu../sup -/)/sup +/ nucleus.
Making of a Face: Role of Facial Physiognomy, Skin Tone, and Color Presentation Mode in Evaluations of Racial Typicality

Participants (N = 59) performed racial typicality ratings and racial categorization of affectively neutral faces. The authors manipulated facial physiognomy, skin tone, and color presentation mode (gray scale vs. color) independently. Participants perceived Eurocentric faces as more European American in the gray-scale presentation mode than in the color mode. Independent of facial physiognomy, the planned effect of skin tone also emerged: Participants perceived dark skin tone faces as more African American than they did light skin tone faces, but this tendency was especially true with faces presented in color. These findings suggest that color presentation mode plays an important role in altering the perceptions of faces on dimensions critical to the study of stereotyping and prejudice. The common use of gray-scale stimuli may exaggerate physiognomy-based perceptions of racial typicality and category membership, but it may diminish skin-tone-based perceptions in comparison with more realistic color presen...
Adhesion in development: an historical overview.

Abstract My purpose here is to provide brief historical overviews of three related subjects conceptually fundamental to the broader subject of “cell adhesion in development.” These subjects are (1) the evolution of our present understanding of how animal cells cohere; (2) the question of what principles underlie the ability of embryonic cell populations to organize themselves into anatomically correct structures; and (3) the ongoing effort to understand the origins of the “recognition specificity” evinced in the latter phenomenon. Because this review must be brief, it is not possible to mention all of the significant advances, many of which will be referenced in a recent more detailed review of this subject (Grunwald, 1991). For the same reason, the important work on cell adhesion in nonvertebrate systems is not included.
Multiple cytogenetic aberrations in neurofibrosarcomas complicating neurofibromatosis

Four neurofibrosarcomas, from four unrelated patients with Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, demonstrated multiple cytogenetic aberrations characterized by loss of chromosomes and/or polysomy, as well as multiple structural abnormalities of diverse types. These observations are noteworthy for two reasons. First, the widespread and varied nature of the chromosomal changes indicate that, in at least these instances, the transformation of a benign neurofibroma to a neurofibrosarcoma may well involve a substance having an affect at multiple chromosomal sites. Second, efforts to investigate neurofibrosarcoma pathogenesis using direct analysis of DNA structure and gene activity in neurofibrosarcomas must first take into account the chromosomal distortions characterizing each tumor.
Oscillatory Effects of Common Hard Nonlinearities on Systems Using Two-Impulse ZV Input Shaping

Input shaping is an effective method for reducing the oscillatory motion of linear systems. However, hard nonlinearities, such as saturation, rate limiting, backlash, and dead-zone, can reduce the effectiveness of input shaping at suppressing oscillation. This paper quantifies these detrimental effects and presents mitigation strategies.
Limited provision of roads as a bottleneck on vehicle CO2 emissions in Asia : an international comparison of national trends

This paper explores the relationship between road infrastructure, economic growth and road CO2 emissions. The basic premise is that many developing nations have achieved sufficient wealth to generate substantial demand for road vehicles, but that actual use is constrained by limited provision of surfaced roads. Our main result is that for comparable levels of income (GDP/capita), CO2 emissions per length of paved road are far higher in rapidly developing Asia as compared to the USA. These findings suggest existence of an 'infrastructure bottleneck', that when relieved, may influence the future trajectory of road transport CO2 emissions in developing Asia.
Placental-Derived Mesenchyme Influences Chorionic Gonadotropin and Progesterone Secretion of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Trophoblasts

Studies of early placental development in humans are difficult because of limitations on experimental material availability from the perimplantation period. We used a coculture system to determine the effects of various effector cell types on trophoblast differentiation. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing H1 human embryonic stem cells were used in co-suspension with human term placental fibroblasts (TPFs) and dermal fibroblasts (CI2F) to form combination embryoid bodies (EBs), with the goal of recapitulating placental morphogenesis through incorporation of placental mesenchymal cells. Overall, the results demonstrated that when using mesenchymal cells for EB preparation from term placentas (TPF), combination EB-derived trophoblasts secrete higher levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone compared to EBs made without effector cells, whereas there was no effect of dermal fibroblasts. This is due to the secretory activity of the EB-derived trophoblasts and not due to the number of differentiated trophoblasts per EB, demonstrating that nontrophoblast cells of the placenta can influence trophoblast endocrine activity.
Improving database performance on simultaneous multithreading processors

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) allows multiple threads to supply instructions to the instruction pipeline of a superscalar processor. Because threads share processor resources, an SMT system is inherently different from a multiprocessor system and, therefore, utilizing multiple threads on an SMT processor creates new challenges for database implementers.We investigate three thread-based techniques to exploit SMT architectures on memory-resident data. First, we consider running independent operations in separate threads, a technique applied to conventional multi-processor systems. Second, we describe a novel implementation strategy in which individual operators are implemented in a multi-threaded fashion. Finally, we introduce a new data-structure called a work-ahead set that allows us to use one of the threads to aggressively preload data into the cache.We evaluate each method with respect to its performance, implementation complexity, and other measures. We also provide guidance regarding when and how to best utilize the various threading techniques. Our experimental results show that by taking advantage of SMT technology we achieve a 30% to 70% improvement in throughput over single threaded implementations on in-memory database operations.
Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Unmet Need for Mental Health Care: Results From the NSDUH

Objectives: This study examined risk factors and ethnic differences in the relationship between intimate partner violence and unmet need for mental health treatment (perceived need for but did not receive treatment) in the general population. Methods: The 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health was used; the analysis presented here included black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white women ages 18 to 49 who were cohabiting (N=7,924). Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Victims of partner violence were twice as likely as nonvictims (AOR=2.11, CI= 1.41–3.16) overall to report unmet need, after analyses controlled for socioeconomic factors and substance abuse. In ethnic-specific models, only Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women who experienced partner violence were more likely than their nonabused counterparts to report unmet need for treatment (AOR 4.11, CI=1.34–12.60, and AOR=2.12, CI=1.34–3.35, respectively). Conclusions: This study suggests that women who experienced partner violence, especially Hispanic women, are at increased risk of not receiving needed mental health care. These findings highlight the need for culturally sensitive and specific outreach about the effects of partner violence on women’s mental health and how to access these services. (Psychiatric Services 58:822–829, 2007)
On Communication and Sport From Key Figures to New Opportunities

We are pleased to bring you this inaugural double issue of Communication & Sport (C&S). This journal hits the scene as research on sports media and communication continues to explode across a variety of disciplines. In recent years, the area has grown to become a major concern in the sociology of sport and sport management, where studies by communication scholars have commingled with those of scholars with a variety of disciplinary and theoretical dispositions. With the rise of interest in cultural practices in popular contexts, increased focus on sport has been seen in journals seated in communication. At first, this was reflected primarily in journals on the media studies side of the house, but more recently interest has grown in rhetorical studies and in the many settings studied under the umbrella of communication research. Put simply, the time has come for a journal concerned with sport that is firmly seated in the field of communication. It is time for a home of our own. In this regard, C&S has the goal of becoming first and leading international journal that engages understanding the social and cultural dynamics of sport through the full range of lenses seen in the field of communication. Still, we hope that scholars seated in sport sociology and management, who we have shared our interest in sport media and communication with over the years, will continue join us in the pages of C&S. Their work, and that of scholars with communicative concerns about sport anchored across the disciplinary panoramas that include cultural studies, gender studies, sociology, anthropology, politics, economics, political economy, psychology, philosophy, history, and many more will always be welcome in these pages.
Analysis of the Trypanosoma brucei cell cycle by quantitative DAPI imaging

Trypanosoma brucei has two DNA compartments: the nucleus and the kinetoplast. DNA replication of these two compartments only partially coincides. Woodward and Gull [Woodward R, Gull K. Timing of nuclear and kinetoplast DNA replication and early morphological events in the cell cycle of Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 1990;95:49–57] comprehensively studied the relative timing of the replication and segregation of nuclear DNA (nDNA) and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Others have since assumed the consistency of morphological indicators of cell-cycle stage among strains and conditions. We report the use of quantitative DAPI imaging to determine the cell-cycle stage of individual procyclic cells. Using this approach, we found that kinetoplast elongation occurs mainly during nuclear S phase and not during G2, as previously assumed. We confirmed this finding by sorting cells by DNA content, followed by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, simultaneous quantitative imaging at two wavelengths can be used to determine the abundance of cell-cycle-regulated proteins during the cell cycle. We demonstrate this technique by co-staining for the non-acetylated state of lysine 4 of histone H4 (H4K4), which is enriched during nuclear S phase.
Teaching quality essentials: the effectiveness of a team-based quality improvement curriculum in a tertiary health care institution.

A unique quality improvement (QI) curriculum was implemented within the Division of General Internal Medicine to improve QI knowledge through multidisciplinary, team-based education, which also met the QI requirement for the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) and the Mayo Quality Fellows program. Participants completed up to 4 QI learning modules, including pretest and posttest assessments. A participant who successfully completed all 4 modules received certification as a Silver Quality Fellow and credit toward the quality requirement for ABIM MOC. Of 62 individuals invited to participate, 33 (53%) completed all 4 modules and corresponding pretests and posttests. Participants substantially improved knowledge in all 4 quality modules. Study group participants’ pretest scores averaged 71.0%, and their posttest scores averaged 92.7%. Posttest scores of reference group participants compared favorably, averaging 89.2%. Initial assessments showed substantial knowledge ...