cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing histogram optimality and practicality for query result size estimation

Many current database systems use histograms to approximate the frequency distribution of values in the attributes of relations and based on them estimate query result sizes and access plan costs. In choosing among the various histograms, one has to balance between two conflicting goals: optimality, so that generated estimates have the least error, and practicality, so that histograms can be constructed and maintained efficiently. In this paper, we present both theoretical and experimental results on several issues related to this trade-off. Our overall conclusion is that the most effective approach is to focus on the class of histograms that accurately maintain the frequencies of a few attribute values and assume the uniform distribution for the rest, and choose for each relation the histogram in that class that is optimal for a self-join query.
Low-dimensional models for homogeneous stirred tank reactors

Abstract A novel approach is used to derive a low-dimensional model for a CSTR by spatial averaging of the three dimensional convection–diffusion reaction (CDR) equations. For the isothermal case, the model may be expressed in the two-mode form as d 〈 C 〉 d t + R ( 〈 C 〉 ) = 1 τ c ( C m in - C m ) ; C m - 〈 C 〉 = 1 τ c ( t mix , 2 C m in - t mix , 1 C m ) , where 〈 C 〉 and C m are the spatial average and cup-mixing concentrations, while τ c , t mix , 1 and t mix , 2 are the space time and mixing times, respectively. The first mixing time captures the effect of micro as well as macromixing in the tank, while the second one accounts for the feed distribution (e.g., premixed, unmixed etc.). This two mode model reduces to the classical one-mode model of Bodenstein and Wolgast [Z. Phys. Chem. 61 (1908) 422] in the limit of t mix , i → 0 . It is argued that for 0 t mix , i τ c ≪ 1 , the two mode model has the same accuracy as the full CDR equation while retaining qualitative features for any finite values of t mix , i τ c . The new model is used to illustrate the influence of feed distribution and mixing on conversion for the bimolecular reaction A+B → P and competitive–consecutive reaction between A and B of the type A+B → R and B+R → S. The new model explains experimental results in the literature, including the opposing trends observed for series–parallel reactions under different operating conditions.
The Structure of Ext for Torsion-Free Modules of Finite Rank over Dedekind Domains

Abstract The structure of Ext is fundamental to understanding rings and their modules. For example,relative injectivity can be interpreted as a structural property of Ext as in when (A,B) is torsion-free or zero. The purpose of this work is to examine (A,B) under the assumption that A and B are torsion-free modules of finite rank,and R is a Dedekind domain. It is the abelian group theorist's mantra that their results extend to modules over Dedekind domains. This is almost always the case,however the structure of Ext is strongly influenced by the rank of the completion of R; unlike the case for the integers,the completion of a domain may have finite rank over the domain. Below,R will represent an integral domain with quotient field Q,and we will assume that R ≠ Q. In most case R will be assume to be Dedekind. All unadorned Ext,Hom,and ⊗ symbols are with respect to R.
Cosmological implications of unstable technibaryons.

Technicolor theories predict the existence of particles (technibaryons) about a thousand times heavier than the proton. A large number of technibaryons should have been present in the early Universe. Here I explore the cosmological effects of remnant technibaryons that decay after electron-positron annihilation. Strong limits on the lifetimes of these particles are imposed with very little model dependence. Technibaryons decaying when the cosmic temperature is about 1 eV may appreciably distort the microwave background. I discuss the possibility of technibaryons accounting for recently observed distortions in the submillimeter regime.
Building diversity by embracing intellectual diversity

A fundamental premise of the NAE Grand Challenge on personalized learning is that students understand and approach problems differently. While engineering problem solving strategies are useful and have their place, in many cases, they may no longer be sufficient to support the attributes of the Engineer of 2020 which supports creativity, innovation, and leadership development. Unfortunately, one cannot embrace the concept of personalized learning or develop the creativity and innovation skills that employers are seeking without also embracing the notion of intellectual diversity. While first year engineering students are intellectually diverse, graduating seniors tend to congregate towards the upper left or analytic quadrant. Individuals that are naturally more creative or innovative (upper and lower right quadrants) are much less likely to persist in the engineering curriculum. In short, the predominant analytical process found in the traditional engineering curriculum is likely to discourage budding innovators from continuing in an engineering program. In addition, while it is true that women can and often do persist in engineering, it is also true that the average typology for women is skewed downward and to the right. Consequently, without a social context or some creative outlet, women are less likely to persist in an engineering curriculum. The goal of the workshop is to introduce faculty to a conceptual framework for viewing intellectual diversity and to discuss alternatives for embracing intellectual diversity without compromising core academic standards.
On the Electronic Constitution of Crystals; LiF and LiH

A self-consistent solution of the Hartree-Fock system of equations for the ionic crystals LiF and LiH is attempted using approximation methods previously employed in metals. In part $A$ the boundary equations which the periodic functions must satisfy in the case of a facecentered cubic lattice are examined from the group theoretical standpoint. In part $B$ the Hartree system of equations is solved using ion core fields which include the ${(1s)}^{2}$ electrons in both Li and F, so that eight electrons are given periodic functions in LiF and two in LiH. These solutions, which are regarded as preliminary ones, involve the use of the "$s$ sphere approximation." The final results in both cases show that the Hartree approximation allows considerable charge to be in the vicinity of the metal ion so that the classical ion model is appreciably incorrect in that the valence electrons are not localized in a definite region about the electronegative atoms. The extent to which this affects the Born-Madelung lattice energy computations is discussed from the viewpoint of a complete solution.
The Optimal Transmission Power Per Round for Hybrid-ARQ Rayleigh Fading Links

We address the fundamental problem of identifying the optimal power allocation sequence for hybrid automatic-repeat-request (H-ARQ) communications over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. For any targeted H-ARQ link outage probability, we find the sequence of power values that minimizes the average total expended transmission power. The newly founded power allocation solution reveals that conventional equal-power H-ARQ assignment is far from optimal. For example, for targeted outage probability of $10^{-3}$ with a maximum of two transmissions, the average total transmission power with optimal assignment is 9dB lower than the equal-power protocol. The difference in average total power cost grows further when the number of allowable retransmissions increases (for example, 11dB gain with a cap of $5$ transmissions) or the targeted outage probability decreases (27dB gain with outage probability $10^{-5}$ and transmissions capped at $5$).
Computer generation of network cost from one link's equilibrium data

Our computer implemented algorithm generates global network equilibrium information from the local network equilibrium data at one arbitrary link. This data consists of variations in its flow and in its cost resulting from variations in its obstruction level, as well as in network demand. Output and timings from two test networks are given.
The word-superiority effect and phonological recoding

Previous work indicates that the locus of the word-superiority effect in letter detection is nonvisual and that letter names, but not letter shapes, are more accessible in words than in nonwords, that is, scrambled collections of letters (e.g., Krueger & Shapiro, 1979; Krueger & Stadtlander, 1991; Massaro, 1979). The nonvisual (verbal or lexical) coding may be phonological, or it may be more abstract. In the present study, a word advantage in the speed of letter detection was found even when the target letter was silent in the six-letter test word (e.g., s in island). Other test words varied in their frequency of occurrence in English and number of syllables (1, 2, or 3). The word advantage was larger for higher frequency words but was not affected by syllable length. The presence of unpronounceable nonwords and silent letters in the words discouraged reliance upon the phonological code but did not thereby eliminate the word advantage. Thus, the word-superiority effect with free viewing is not based entirely upon phonological recoding.
The distribution of transferrin and hemoglobin types in families of Suffolk and Targhee sheep1

Summary Transferrin and hemoglobin types were determined for 2133 sheep (Suffolks, Targhees, and Suffolk × Targhee crossbreds) and gene frequencies were calculated. Analysis of ratios of hemoglobin types revealed a significant excess of lambs of hemoglobin B/B type in some matings. For transferrins, there was a deficiency of homozygotes for TfB in offspring of matings of TfB heterozygotes inter se.
AN ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILLS DURING TRANSPORT

ABSTRACT This paper examines transportation-related oil spills reported to various systems maintained and operated by the federal government. These systems contain up to 15 years of historical spill data covering 26,500 incidents involving more than 8 billion gallons of spilled petroleum and petroleum products. These data were used to develop a risk assessment for various modes of transportation. Highway transport resulted in the most spills, while pipelines were responsible for the greatest quantity of product spilled. Preliminary exposure rates for transportation modes were developed as a first step toward development of predictive models. Exposure factors were developed relating highway spills to gasoline production, and vessel spills to crude production and imports. Less satisfactory exposure factors were developed for railroads and pipelines.
Bcl-2 expression in the human cornea.

The purpose of this study was to determine the localization of Bcl-2 protein in the human cornea. Anti-human Bcl-2 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against selective Bcl-2 peptide sequences were used to localize Bcl-2 protein immunocytochemically in fresh eye bank donor human corneas (n = 4). Specificity of each MAb was determined by Western blot analysis of pooled protein extracted from human corneal epithelium (n = 3). Expression of Bcl-2 protein in apoptotic surface epithelial cells was detected by co-labeling with TUNEL assay and anti-Bcl-2 antibody staining. Two MAbs specific for amino acids residues (aa) 41-54 within the loop domain of Bcl-2 protein stained nuclei of all corneal epithelial cell layers. MAb specific for aa 61-76, also within the loop domain, produced faint nuclei and nuclear envelope staining. Occasional corneal surface epithelial cells however, consistently lacked anti-Bcl-2 nuclear staining with these three MAbs; concomitant TUNEL assay revealed that all TUNEL positive-surface cells were Bcl-2 negative. In the stroma, keratocytes showed similar but weak anti-Bcl-2 staining. All corneal endothelial cells showed intense nuclear staining with MAbs, with no gradient or absence of staining. In summary, Bcl-2 protein can be localized to the nuclei and nuclear envelope of corneal epithelial cells, keratocytes and endothelial cells with the use of MAbs specific for the loop domain of Bcl-2. TUNEL-labeled surface epithelial cells did not stain with MAbs to Bcl-2, suggesting degradation or epitope masking perhaps by specific phosphorylation of the loop domain during apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that Bcl-2 protein may play a critical role in modulating apoptotic cell desquamation in the human corneal epithelium.
The influence of light and moisture gradients on the attack rate of parasitoids foraging for hosts in a laboratory arena (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Microhabitat preferences of four parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of house fly pupae were measured in a two-dimensional arena containing perpendicular light and moisture gradients. Parasitism by Muscidifurax raptorand Nasonia vitripenniswas greatest in dry substrates, with the latter preferring bright illumination and the former tending to prefer dark. Urolepis rufipesselected bright illumination and moist substrates, attacking the most hosts at bright-moist and dim-moist microhabitats. Spalangia cameroniexhibited no main-effect preference for light intensity or moisture, although parasitism was highest at dim-moist, dark-wet, and dark-moist microhabitats. These results demonstrate that simple abiotic attributes, such as light intensity and substrate moisture concentration, are important in defining some dimensions of the niches of these parasitoids.
What If They Do Not Want Treatment?: Lessons Learned from Intervention Studies of Non‐Treatment‐Seeking, Drug‐Using Pregnant Women

Despite specialized drug treatment, many pregnant drug-using women do not seek admission to such programs. This study examined two types of brief drug use intervention models for attracting and retaining pregnant women in drug abuse treatment. Both models offered motivational interviewing (MI) + behavioral incentives (BI) for drug abstinence. One model had an additional case management (CM) component. The addition of CM resulted in less drug use and fewer psychosocial needs, but similar levels of poor participation in the intervention was observed with both models. The intensity of effort expended to retain participants is discussed.
Does it make sense to train plumbers as electricians

There is an expanded need for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization pacemakers as part of the treatment of patients with left ventricular dysfunction. A large number of such patients present to heart failure (HF) specialists for recommendations related to their care. In this paper, a pathway is presented that would combine training in HF/transplantation and cardiac implantable electrical devices.
The Construct Validity of Four Protestant Ethic Attitude Scales

The six subscales of the Survey of Work Values, the Protestant Ethic Scale, and the pro- and nonProtestant Ethic Scales were intercorrelated for a sample of 152 college students. Compared to those scores obtained 15 years earlier, the current data yielded comparable internal-consistency estimates of reliability and a similar pattern of relationships among the scales. However, mean scores on the scales were significantly higher for the current sample (p < .01). The nonProtestant Ethic Scale was significantly related to three of the Survey of Work Values subscales (p < .01): (a) positively with Social Status and Attitude Toward Earnings (both extrinsic scales) and (b) negatively with the Activity Preference intrinsic scale.
The Role of Energetic Electrons in the Correlation of Meter and Decimeter Type III Bursts with 4 keV X-Ray Emission

The correlation of type III burst-groups with 4 keV solar X-ray emission is examined. A total of 151 burst-groups reported by the Fort Davis Observatory were compared with X-ray emission observed by the Naval Research Laboratory experiment on the OGO-5 satellite. A higher X-ray correlation is found for type III burst-groups when: (1) the bursts are observed on the decimeter band and (2) the bursts are more intense. The bremsstrahlung flux resulting from the proposed coronal loss of the E< 10 keV type III electrons is shown to be below the detection threshold of the OGO-5 experiment. No fine structure is found in the correlated impulsive X-ray bursts with a time scale on the order of one second. It is proposed that electrons are accelerated over a time of 10–100 s or more and that the type III bursts are the result of the occasional escape of a small fraction of the energetic electrons from the acceleration region.
New York University Medical Center's Cooperative Care Unit: Patient education and family participation during hospitalization — The first ten years

The New York University Medical Center Cooperative Care (CC) program is a model of a delivery system of acute inpatient hospital care characterized by a live-in family member or friend acting as a "care partner". It has an emphasis on education in order to encourage full patient and family involvement in care during the acute hospitalization, thereby preparing both parties for management at home after discharge. The education-intensive experience of CC provides an alternative to traditional inpatient hospital care with the expected outcome of CC being to increase patient and family knowledge and satisfaction, adherence to the medical regimen, and appropriate self-management. The functioning ability of the patient-care partner team should be improved on discharge, which may result in decreased subsequent utilization of high cost healthcare resources such as rehospitalization. This paper describes the structure of the CC form of inpatient care, the types of patients appropriate for such care, and the experience of its first ten years of operation, with its implications as a replicable model for other institutions.
Eutypa Dieback of Grapevine and Apricot

Abstract Eutypa dieback, whose primary economic hosts are Vitis L. spp. (grapevine) and Prunus armeniaca L. (apricot), is caused by the following pathogen: Eutypa lata (Pers:Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (=E...
Energy lowering of 2DEG by strong magnetic field.

We study the two-dimensional interacting electrons in a magnetic field. It is found that for systems with completely filled Landau levels, when the electron density and magnetic field are large enough, the total energy is lowered by the magnetic field. The exchange Coulomb interaction is responsible for such a transition
In vivo brain myo-inositol levels in children with Down syndrome.

Abstract The Na + / myo -inositol cotransporter (SLC5A3) gene, located on the long arm of human chromosome 21, may play a key role in osmoregulation including the regulation of levels of the “idiogenic osmole,” myo -inositol, in brain cells. To determine whether the levels of myo -inositol are increased in the basal ganglia of children with Down syndrome, we performed in vivo brain hydrogen 1–nuclear magnetic resonance or 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and measured plasma osmolality in a cohort of children with trisomy 21. Myo -inositol is elevated in the corpus striatum of infants and children with Down syndrome, even in the absence of hypertonic stress. (J Pediatr 1999;135:94-7)
The effects of intracerebrally administered RNA, tubercidin and histones on learning in rats.

RNA aus Hefe, RNA-Hydrolysat, Tubercidin und mit Lysin angereichertes Histon, i.c. oder i.p. injiziert, hatten keine Wirkung auf die Lernfahigkeit von Ratten. Intracerebral injiziertes14C-RNA verbreitete sich schnell uber das ganze Gehirn und verschwand relativ schnell wieder. Nach i.p. Injection von14C-RNA konnte jedoch ein geringer Betrag von14C im cerebralen RNA gefunden werden.
ULSI CMOS - The Next Ten Years

We discuss the prospective evolution of subhalf micron CMOS in the next decade. Ultralow power requirements will be the major driving force in the next decade.
Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Stem cells are self-renewing, pluripotent cells that can be manipulated in vitro to differentiate into virtually any cell type. Stem cells are highly proliferative and have the potential to expand into very large numbers of a desired cell lineage. As such, they represent an excellent source of cells for cellular replacement strategies in disease states that are typified by a loss of a particular cell population. Recent studies have indicated that spinal cord injury is accompanied by chronic progressive demyelination, and have thus identified oligodendrocytes as a desirable transplant population for remyelination strategies. To address this need, we developed a method to differentiate hESCs into high purity human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Transplantation into spinal cord injury sites in adult rats resulted in remyelination and functional repair. Here, we summarize these findings and present new data concerning the effects of hESC-derived OPC transplantation on the host environment.
The Impact of an Enhanced Interpreter Service Intervention on Hospital Costs and Patient Satisfaction

BACKGROUND Many health care providers do not provide adequate language access services for their patients who are limited English-speaking because they view the costs of these services as prohibitive. However, little is known about the costs they might bear because of unaddressed language barriers or the costs of providing language access services.
Depression Adjective Check Lists: Spanish, Hebrew, Chinese and English versions.

Data are presented on the translation, reliability, concurrent validity, and norms of the Spanish, Hebrew, and Chinese versions of three equivalent forms of the Depression Adjective Check Lists, and comparisons with the English version are made. Reliability estimates (split-half, alternate form, and internal consistency) for the four versions are quite similar in magnitude (.79 to .94). Concurrent validity was determined in each case by means of correlations with translated versions of a self-rating scale of depression, the Bradburn Scale, the Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale, and the Katz Psychophysiologic-psychosomatic Symptom Scale. The English and Hebrew norms are based upon national probability sampling.
Response organization in selective adaptation to speech sounds

Previous experiments in speech perception using the selective adaptation procedure have found a shift in the locus of the category boundary for a series of speech stimuli following repeated exposure to an adapting syllable. The locus of the boundary moves toward the category of the adapting syllable. Most investigators have interpreted these findings in terms of feature detector models in which specific detectors are reduced in sensitivity through repeated adaptation. The present experiment was conducted to determine whether the adaptation results might be due to changes in response organization as a consequence of the labeling instructions presented to subjects in selective adaptation experiments. A perceptually ambiguous speech stimulus was selected from the middle of a [bi]-[di] test series and used as an adaptor under two different sets of instructions. One group of subjects was told that the adapting stimulus was the syllable [bi], while another group was told that the stimulus was the syllable [di]. The acoustically ambiguous adaptor failed to produce a shift in the locus of the category boundary in the direction predicted on the basis of the labeling instructions presented to subjects. These results indicate that the acoustic attributes and perceived quality of the adapting stimulus determine the direction and magnitude of the adaptation effects rather than the labels provided by the experimenter.
Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary in a 4‐Year‐Old. Benign transformation during therapy

Ovarian tumors comprise only 1% of all tumors in females below the age of 17 years. Of these, the epithelial tumors are the least common, being particularly rare before puberty and then increasing in frequency with advancing age after puberty. The youngest girl previously reported in the literature with an epithelial ovarian tumor was a 9-year-old child with an ovarian papillary cystadenocarcinoma. This is the only case thus far reported of a malignant ovarian epithelial tumor occurring before puberty. Only histologically benign appearing glands were detected in the resected tumor masses, on a second-look laparotomy following the use of multiagent chemotherapy.
Toxoplasmosis in a post-transplant bronchoalveolar lavage: a case report.

Toxoplasma gondii usually causes an asymptomatic and then latent infection in human adults; however, a potentially fatal disseminated form can occur in immunocompromised patients. Given that the diagnosis of acute Toxoplasma infection, as opposed to latent disease, relies on finding direct evidence of T. gondii infection in tissue, pathologic examination is critical. There have only been a few reports describing the cytomorphology of Toxoplasma in exfoliative cytology, and no reports of the findings in Thin Prep. In this report, we describe a fatal case of toxoplasmosis in a cardiac transplant patient that was diagnosed by respiratory cytopathology. Although the extracellular organisms were well visualized on the Wright-Giemsa stained cytospin, they were only faintly seen on the Pap-stained cytospin trapped within mucin and were not easily appreciated on the ThinPrep slides nor the HE therefore, Wright-Giemsa stained material can be particularly helpful.
The scheme environment

I can think of no better way to introduce this department than to quote the first two paragraphs of the introduction to the new Scheme standard, the Revisea3 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme [4], which I will refer to as R3RS. The first paragraph conveys a sense of the Scheme philosophy, while the second paragraph lists technical features that distinguish Scheme from other programming languages. One of my goals for future articles will be to explain and illustrate those features, as well as some other features that were considered too experimental to be included in R3RS.
Secondary cracking at grain boundaries in silicon thin films

In this article, we report irregular cleavage front transmission at grain boundaries in free-standing polysilicon thin films. When the orientations of two adjacent grains are correlated, the crack may bypass the boundary via a “tunneling” process. Similar behavior can also be achieved if the crack path curves in the grain-boundary-affected zone. Moreover, the separation of crack flanks can be aided by secondary cracking. These irregular modes of crack front behavior tend to lower the effective boundary toughness.
The magnettomecranical effect under torsional stress and the law of approach in a co ferrite composite

Abstract—Metal bonded cobalt ferrite composites are candidate materials for torque sensor applications because of their high magnetostriction and particularly the high value of the derivative . This paper reports on recent investigations of the magnetomechanical effect under torsional stress in (CoFe2O3)0 98(Ag0 97Ni0 03)0 02. Magnetic and magnetomechanical properties were measured and the law of approach was used to model the effect of changing torsional stress on magnetization. In the model calculations an effective magnetic field due to the torsional stress was considered in order to calculate the anhysteretic magnetization. The change of amplitude and orientation of magnetization was determined by considering magnetoelastic, magnetostatic and anisotropic energies using a generalization of a model proposed by Garshelis. The measured and modeled results were in good agreement giving magnetomechanical sensitivities of 61 and 65 A/m per N m, respectively.
Gender Differences in Clerical Workers' Disputes over Tasks, Interpersonal Treatment, and Emotion:

Although more than a quarter of American women work in clerical and administrative support jobs, little is known about the day-to-day experience of clerical work. We explore workplace dispute resolution among women and men clerical workers, focusing on how they define and resolve “personality conflicts.” “Personality conflict” is a label women clerical workers tend to use more than men to describe disputes over how tasks should be accomplished, interpersonal treatment, and emotional issues. In-depth interview data from two contrasting firms indicate that institutional dispute processing forums (a union-negotiated grievance procedure in “Firm A” and an open-door policy in “Firm B”) are ill-equipped to handle personality conflicts, causing women to laterally transfer, which in turn reduces their human capital. We suggest that workplace dispute resolution is an intra-organizational process which may create, maintain, or nullify employment inequality.
Sequential Evaluation of Dogs Naturally Infected with Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia ewingii, or Bartonella vinsonii

Historically, disease manifestations in dogs seroreactive to Ehrlichia canis antigens by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing have been attributed to infection with either E. canis or Ehrlichia ewingii. A 1996 study by Dawson and colleagues provided PCR evidence that healthy dogs from southeastern Virginia could be naturally infected with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. This observation stimulated us to determine which Ehrlichia spp. infected sick dogs that were referred to our hospital from the same region. Based upon PCR amplification with species-specific primers, sick dogs seroreactive to E. canis antigens were determined to be infected with four Ehrlichia species: E. canis, E. chaffeensis, E. equi, and E. ewingii. Coinfection with three Ehrlichia species (E. canis, E. ewingii, and E. equi) was documented for one dog. An additional canine pathogen presumed to be tick transmitted, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, was identified in 7 of 12 dogs. Importantly, our results indicate that in naturally infected dogs, E. chaffeensis can cause severe disease manifestations that are clinically and serologically indistinguishable from disease manifestations of E. canis or E. ewingii. In addition, our findings support the efficacy of doxycycline for treatment of E. canis, E. equi, and E. ewingii infections but indicate that, based upon the persistence of E. chaffeensis DNA for 1 year following treatment, E. chaffeensis infection in dogs may be more refractory to doxycycline treatment. Undetected coinfection with Bartonella may also complicate the evaluation of treatment efficacy while resulting in disease manifestations that mimic ehrlichiosis.
The campaign and the battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC: (plates I-III)

Accounts of the campaign and the battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC have in general two serious defects: they do not consider the problems of supply on both sides, and they make no attempt to match the topographical details of the ancient accounts with the presumed scene of the engagement. When I came to study the problem of supply, I reached the conclusion that the place of the engagement had to be farther west than had hitherto been believed, and in October 1985 I visited that place and matched the details with it. The result is this article, which is divided into four parts: the campaign, my reconnaissance of the ground, the battle, and some criticisms of earlier interpretations. There are three Appendices: the Battle of 364 BC, ‘Dog-heads’ and the Roman Encampment.
RXRα and LXR activate two promoters in placenta- and tumor-specific expression of PLAC1

PLAC1 expression, first characterized as restricted to developing placenta among normal tissues, is also found in a wide range of tumors and transformed cell lines. To understand the basis for its unusual expression profile, we have analyzed the gene structure and its mode of transcription. We find that the gene has a hitherto unique feature, with two promoters, P1 and P2, separated by 105 kb. P2 has been described before. Here we define P1 and show that it and P2 are activated by RXRα in conjunction with LXRα or LXRβ. In placenta, P2 is the preferred promoter, whereas various tumor cell lines tend to express predominantly either one or the other promoter. Furthermore, when each promoter is fused to a luciferase reporter gene and transfected into cancer cell lines, the promoter corresponding to the more active endogenous promoter is preferentially transcribed. Joint expression of activating nuclear receptors can partially account for the restricted expression of PLAC1 in placenta, and may be co-opted for preferential P1 or P2 PLAC1 expression in various tumor cells.
The cloning and characterization of a poplar stomatal density gene

EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (EPF1) is a well characterized negative regulator of cell division in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtEPF1) where the pri- mary region of localization is the leaf. However, little data have been reported on the role of EPF1 in other plant species. In this study, the EPF1 gene from Arabidopsis and the newly identified poplar ortholog from Populus tricho- carpa (PtaEPF1) were overexpressed in a hybrid poplar genotype. We attempted to identify the physiological role of PtaEPF1. Gene overexpression experiments were per- formed to determine if and how stomatal density (SD) numbers were affected. The poplar 717-1B4 (P. tremula 9 P. alba) genotype was used in the study. Results presented here suggest that overexpression of PtaEPF1 and AtEPF1 in poplar led to significantly altered SD and also affected transgenic water stress tolerance. Overexpression of AtEPF1 in 717-1B4 led to the most dramatic decrease in SD while overexpression of PtaEPF1 in 717-1B4 signifi- cantly increased SD in several transgenic lines, an indica- tion that EPF1 may have additional functions in poplar. Also, abnormalities in leaf morphology were discovered that indicated overexpression of AtEPF1 or PtaEPF1 in poplar triggered aberrant phenotypes not seen in other published Arabidopsis studies, an indication of additional pathway involvement.
Vanishin is a novel ubiquitinylated death-effector domain protein that blocks ERK activation

The ERK (extracellular-signal regulated-kinase)/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway can regulate transcription, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. The small DED (death-effector domain) protein PEA-15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15) binds ERK and targets it to the cytoplasm. Other DED-containing proteins including cFLIP and DEDD can also regulate signal transduction events and transcription in addition to apoptosis. In the present study, we report the identification of a novel DED-containing protein called Vanishin. The amino acid sequence of Vanishin is closest in similarly to PEA-15 (61% identical). Vanishin mRNA is expressed in several mouse tissues and in both mouse and human cell lines. Interestingly, Vanishin is regulated by ubiquitinylation and subsequent degradation by the 26 S proteasome. The ubiquitinylation is complex and occurs at both the internal lysine residues and the N-terminus. We further show that Vanishin binds ERK/MAPK but not the DED proteins Fas-associated death domain, caspase 8 or PEA-15. Vanishin is present in both the nucleus and Golgi on overexpression and forces increased ERK accumulation in the nucleus in the absence of ERK stimulation. Moreover, Vanishin expression inhibits ERK activation and ERK-dependent transcription in cells, but does not alter MAPK/ERK activity. Therefore Vanishin is a novel regulator of ERK that is controlled by ubiquitinylation.
Development of a Microfabricated Flat Interface Nerve Electrode Based on Liquid Crystal Polymer and Polynorbornene Multilayered Structures

This paper reports on the development of a mechanically-flexible microfabricated flat interface nerve electrode using liquid crystal polymer (LCP) and polynorbornene (PNB) as the structural materials. The device consists of two electrode arrays each fabricated on a LCP base with thin film Pt electrodes and a photolithographically patterned PNB capping layer. The two arrays are inserted into a silicone housing designed to create a flat interface between the electrodes and the nerve bundle. Electrical tests showed that the resistance of the thin film Pt electrode interconnect traces are unaffected by flexing around a 1.5 mm radius. Electrical testing in PBS shows that the resistance of the traces is about 1 kOmega. A 10 day leakage current test in PBS indicates that the PNB absorbs moisture but still maintains its insulating behavior. These and other tests indicate that the LCP/PNB multilayer may be a viable material system for microfabricated electrodes.
Quantifying Pathogen Surveillance Using Temporal Genomic Data

ABSTRACT With the advent of deep sequencing, genomic surveillance has become a popular method for detection of infectious disease, supplementing information gathered by classic clinical or serological techniques to identify host-determinant markers and trace the origin of transmission. However, two main factors complicate genomic surveillance. First, pathogens exhibiting high genetic diversity demand higher levels of scrutiny to obtain an accurate representation of the entire population. Second, current systems of detection are nonuniform, with significant gaps in certain geographic locations and animal reservoirs. Despite past unforeseen pandemics like the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus, there is no standardized way of evaluating surveillance. A more complete surveillance system should capture a greater proportion of pathogen diversity. Here we present a novel quantitative method of assessing the completeness of genomic surveillance that incorporates the time of sequence collection, as well as the pathogen’s evolutionary rate. We propose the q 2 coefficient, which measures the proportion of sequenced isolates whose closest neighbor in the past is within a genetic distance equivalent to 2 years of evolution, roughly the median time of changing strain selection for influenza A vaccines. Easily interpretable and significantly faster than other methods, the q 2 coefficient requires no full phylogenetic characterization or use of arbitrary clade definitions. Application of the q 2 coefficient to influenza A virus confirmed poor sampling of swine and avian populations and identified regions with deficient surveillance. We demonstrate that the q 2 coefficient can not only be applied to other pathogens, including dengue and West Nile viruses, but also used to describe surveillance dynamics, particularly the effects of different public health policies. IMPORTANCE Surveillance programs have become key assets in determining the emergence or prevalence of pathogens circulating in human and animal populations. Genomic surveillance, in particular, provides comprehensive information on the history of isolates and potential molecular markers for infectivity and pathogenicity. Current techniques for evaluating genomic surveillance are inaccurate, ignoring the pathogen’s evolutionary rate and biodiversity, as well as the timing of sequence collection. Using sequence data, we propose the q 2 coefficient as a quantitative measure of surveillance completeness that combines elements of time and evolution without defining arbitrary criteria for clades or species. Through several case studies of influenza A, dengue, and West Nile viruses, we employed the q 2 coefficient to identify sampling deficiencies in different host species and locations, as well as examine the effects of different public health policies through historical records of the q 2 coefficient. These results can guide public health agencies to focus resource allocation and virus collection to bolster specific problems in surveillance.
High-Density Lipoproteins Affect Endothelial BMP-Signaling by Modulating Expression of the Activin-Like Kinase Receptor 1 and 2

Objective— High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have antiinflammatory effects on the vascular endothelium. Because bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to be inflammatory mediators, we examined the effect of HDL on BMP signaling. Methods and Results— Increasing concentrations of HDL progressively enhanced expression of the activin-like kinase receptor (ALK)1 and ALK2 in human aortic endothelial cells as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Induction of ALK1 was a result of enhanced ALK2 expression as determined by siRNA interference, and was associated with increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix Gla protein (MGP). The HDL-induction of ALK2 was dependent on BMP-signaling, and affected coregulation of the ALK2 gene by the homeodomain proteins MSX2, DLX3, and DLX5, as determined by reporter gene assays, siRNA interference, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice, known to have high HDL and inhibition of athero...
Textural guidance cues for controlling process outgrowth of mammalian neurons

We explore textural cues as a mechanism for controlling neuronal process outgrowth in primary cultures of mammalian neurons. The work uses a form of decal transfer lithography to generate arrays of PDMS posts of various dimensions and spacings on glass substrates that are rendered growth-compliant by subsequent treatment with a protein activator. Hippocampal neurons plated on these substrates are used to determine how the posts direct process growth by acting as attachment points or guidance cues. Textural features varying over a large range, even as large as 100 microm in diameter, dramatically affect process growth. Indeed, two growth regimes are observed; at the smaller feature sizes considered, process branching strongly aligns (at right angles) along the post mesh, while neuronal outgrowth on the larger feature sizes elicits process wrapping. The latter behavior most strongly manifests in neurons plated initially at approximately 100 cells/mm(2), where the cells were able to form networks, while for isolated neurons, the cells exhibit poorer viability and development. Bag cell neurons from Aplysia californica also display regular growth patterns, but in this case are guided by contact avoidance of the posts, a behavior qualitatively different than that of the hippocampal neurons.
Use of Inhaled Epoprostenol in Patients with H1N1 Influenza–Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Case Series

Objective To report a series of patients with confirmed novel influenza A (H1N1) and refractory hypoxemia secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treated with inhaled epoprostenol. Case summary Four patients admitted to our institution with confirmed H1N1 and refractory hypoxemia were treated with inhaled epoprostenol as potential salvage therapy. All patients were treated initially with antimicrobial agents, followed by oral oseltamivir at the time of suspicion or confirmation of H1N1. None of the patients received intravenous peramivir or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clinically significant improvement in oxygenation was seen in only 1 of the patients receiving inhaled epoprostenol. Mortality was significant, with only 1 patient discharged from the hospital. Discussion Use of inhaled epoprostenol for the treatment of hypoxemia secondary to ARDS has been reported, with conflicting results. Deliveries via the inhalational route compared to the intravenous route theoretically preferentially vasodilate well-ventilated areas of the pulmonary vasculature, improving arterial oxygenation and pulmonary gas exchange. Increase in the ratio of arterial oxygen tension to fraction of inhaled oxygen is greatest upon initiation of inhaled epoprostenol, but this benefit has not been conclusively demonstrated to persist throughout therapy. Serious H1N1 presents a unique challenge for clinicians, often requiring the use of salvage therapies to treat critically ill patients. Conclusions Given the variable response to treatment, it remains unclear whether inhaled epoprostenol is beneficial in H1N1-associated ARDS. Identification of patients for whom this therapy is most appropriate remains a clinical challenge.
Sliding mode control of an inverted pendulum

This paper considers a sliding mode controller for a rotational inverted pendulum. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the strengths of sliding mode control on a very popular system. Another purpose is to reveal the authors' unique surface design which permits the pendulum angle (/spl theta//sub des/) to be a function of the base angle (/spl beta/):/spl theta//sub des/(/spl beta/). A brief background on sliding mode and the pendulum's dynamic equations are provided. Simulations for two test cases are presented with figures.
Optical label switching technology and energy-efficient future networks

This paper discusses optical label switching routers capable of handling packet, burst, flow, and circuit traffic with extremely low energy consumption and high goodput.
Y-TO-I WRAP: USE OF THE DISTAL SPONGIOSUM FOR HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR

Purpose: Rather than resecting the distal spongiosum lateral to the open urethra for hypospadias, we mobilized this tissue with the urethral plate away from the corpora cavernosa, subsequently wrapping it around various types of urethroplasty to prevent fistula formation.Materials and Methods: The distal spongiosum was preserved and used for coverage in 25 hypospadias repairs in 1 year. We initially applied it in this manner when the distal spongiosum persisted as a pillar of healthy erectile tissue but later when the distal tissue appeared more fibrous in nature. The wrap was used to cover various types of urethroplasty, including advancement in 6 cases, tubularization in 10, flip-flap repair in 6 and an island onlay pedicle graft in 3.Results: All patients have at least 1 year of followup. There has been no fistula formation or residual chordee. In 1 patient minor meatal retraction did not require a secondary procedure. Cosmetic results have been good.Conclusions: A distal wrap of corpus spongiosum may ...
Scope of Cardiac Rehabilitation

The focus of this article is on the acute care and rehabilitation of the patient with coronary artery disease. The purpose is to provide an overview of the clinical treatment used at the University of Iowa Hospital, for the practicing physical therapist who may be unfamiliar with this type of patient. The three primary phases of the cardiac rehabilitation program are discussed with emphasis on the treatment of the patient with a post-myocardial infarction. Specific guidelines regarding evaluation and progression of physical activity are provided.
A Review of “Following the Leader”

With his most recent book Following the Leader, Johns Hopkins University Professor David M. Lampton transforms our understanding of China's rise. The former President of the National Committee on U...
The City of London and the Controversy over Immigration, 1660–1722

From the Restoration of Charles II in i66o to the middle of the eighteenth century a protracted controversy took place over whether foreigners ought to be encouraged to come to settle in England. The debate was usually couched in terms of whether aliens should be offered naturalization in England. The word naturalize was sometimes used not in a technical legal sense, but in the first sense given in Johnson's Dictionary: 'to adopt into a community'. In its stricter sense, the question was whether a cheap and convenient way should be offered to immigrants to acquire the rights of native-born English subjects. It was thought by both its advocates and its enemies that such an offer, by means of an act of general naturalization, would encourage a large influx of foreign protestants. The issue was debated repeatedly in parliament. Over a dozen attempts were made to pass an act for a general naturalization between the Restoration and the final passage of such an act in I 709.' The act of I 709 was repealed only three years after its passage, but several more bills for a similar statute were introduced towards the middle of the century.2 The naturalization controversy is more easily followed, however, in the pages of the tracts, pamphlets, treatises, and broadsides, both in favour of and in opposition to a general naturalization, that tumbled from the presses throughout the period, and most profusely in the I68os, I69os, and I 700S.3 The debate aroused the interest especially of the growing ranks of those who, after the Restoration, interested themselves in trade matters.