cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromatographic Separations by Pillared Clay

Abstract Pillared interlayered clays have been prepared from Bentonite clay by reacting with zirconyl chloride solution. These new adsorbents have been characterized by adsorption isotherms, x-ray diffraction, and the diffusivities of probe molecules into these adsorbents. Using the sorbent, the separations of air, N2/CH4, C6H6/-C6H14, CH4/CO2, and the C8 aromatic isomers have been accomplished by equilibrium and/or kinetic separations via chromatography.
Influence of Shock Wave on Turbomachinery Blade Row Flutter

The influence and effect of a shock wave on the flutter characteristics of a turbomachinery blade row is described. High-fidelity numerical analysis is used to understand the behavior of turbomachinery blade row flutter in the presence of an oscillating shock wave. The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved on a dynamically deforming, body-fitted grid to obtain the unsteady aerodynamic load on a vibrating blade. An energy exchange method is used for calculating the aerodynamic damping to determine the blade row flutter characteristics. A transonic forward swept fan configuration, which showed flutter at part speed conditions in wind-tunnel tests, is analyzed. The shock wave was found to influence strongly the aerodynamic damping, with outboard stations providing the main contribution. The interblade phase angle of blade motion and the location of shock wave determined the influence of shock wave on blade stability. The influence of shock motion was found to be linear for a small amplitude of blade oscillation. The observations from the numerical analysis are used to develop an algebraic model for calculating the work done on the blade because of an oscillating shock wave.
Curtains at Number Ten: predicting the general election

The UK general election must be called by May 2010, with Conservatives widely expected to oust Labour. How certain are those expectations, and what problems face those trying to predict the results? Opinion pollster Nick Moon reveals all.
Piezoceramic Devices And Artificial Intelligence Time Varying Concepts In Smart Structures

The problem of development of smart structures and their vibration control by the use of piezoceramic sensors and actuators have been discussed. In particular, these structures are assumed to have time varying model form and parameters. The model form may change significantly and suddenly. Combined identification of the model from parameters of these structures and model adaptive control of these structures are discussed in this paper.
Gravitational influences on the behavior of confined diffusion flames

Closed form, mathematical representations for the shapes of laminar diffusion flames stabilized on two-dimensional slot burners are derived for arbitrary gravitational levels. The solution technique employs the Schvab-Zeldovich conserved species variable. Effects of gravity on the velocity field are incorporated through the momentum equation; these effects, in turn, influence the species field. The results reduce smoothly to the classical Burke-Schumann solution as gravity approaches zero. It is shown that both flame height and width increase with decreasing gravity levels. Several interesting cases are considered explicitly; these include effects of negative and extremely high values of gravity. In the latter case, it is shown that the flame collapses onto the burner surface. The analysis finds application in the modeling of steady and unsteady gas and solid propellant diffusion flames.
Nowhere analytic C∞ functions

Abstract It is shown that the set of C ∞ functions on [0, 1] with a Pringsheim singularity at each point is a comeager subset of C ∞ ([0, 1]). This answers a question of Steinhaus and Marczewski which was posed in a paper of Zahorski.
Theory and Method in Voting Behavior Research

Today there are books on the principles of politics which, despite careful scrutiny, reveal no evidence of any research other than "wisdom" research. Likewise, today there are quantitative research studies in political behavior which apparently have not been inspired by the so-called principles of politics. Yet, any contemporary text on politics and parties will quote twenty or thirty of these latter studies, particularly those dealing with voting behavior. Why this anomaly in the relation between theory and research? Is there a remedy? Why is our knowledge of the voting process still so limited and speculative? The answers to these questions may be found in a survey and analysis of the methodological relationship between theory and research in voting behavior. Any survey of the literature on voting behavior is difficult. Even the job of cataloging is forbidding since, for at least four decades now, students of the election process have been turning out specific studies.' From the late twenties on, certainly, the volume of production of detailed analyses of voting has been growing by leaps and bounds. But the job of interpretation, of pulling together the many strains in our theory construction and research projects, is much more difficult. This is so because of the various methods pursued and the nature of the findings arrived at. Complete autonomy in research design has often produced somewhat contradictory sets of conclusions. To relate the total effort of researchers in this field to the content of our discipline in exact terms is hazardous and demands reservations equal in number to the propositions newly advanced. Similarly, to assess this research effort in terms of the methodological
Students with Anxiety: Implications for Professional School Counselors

Anxiety is one of the most pervasive mental health concerns affecting students, yet a significant number of students with anxiety disorders remain underserved. If left untreated, anxiety can hinder...
On the logical foundations of staged computation (invited talk)

Dividing a computation into stages and optimizing later phases using information from earlier phases is a familiar technique in algorithm design. In the realm of programming languages, staged computation has found two important realizations: partial evaluation and run-time code generation. A priori, these are fundamentally operational concepts, concerned with how a program executes, but not what it computes.In this talk we provide a logical foundation for staged computation which is consistent with the operational intuition. We concentrate on run-time code generation which is related to modal logic via an interpretation of constructive proofs as programs. This correspondence yields new insights into issues of language design and leads to a static type system in which staging errors become type errors. We sketch the language PML (for Phased ML), whose design has been directly motivated by our foundational reconstruction, and discuss our ongoing compiler construction effort [1; 2; 3; 4].
End Effects and Time-Harmonic Longitudinal Wave Propagation in a Semi-Infinite Solid Cylinder

Axisymmetric end problems of longitudinal wave propagation are studied in a semi-infinite isotropic solid circular cylinder which is free of traction on its cylindrical surface. An accurate and computationally efficient method of solution is presented which can exploit the asymptotic behavior for high harmonics in the radial direction. The stresses and displacements are expanded in terms of the eigenfunctions of the case of a lubricated-rigid cylindrical surface condition. The expansions are used to construct a stiffness matrix relating the harmonics of stress and displacement for the traction-free case, which is shown to approach asymptotically that of the case of the mixed condition. Unlike other approaches such as finite element or boundary integral methods, which typically require the solution of large systems of equations for rapidly varying end conditions, the present formulation can lead to a coupled system of equations for lower spatial harmonics and a weakly coupled system for higher spatial harmonics. Due to the small number of equations in the coupled system, the present approach is very effective in handling general boundary conditions, and is particularly efficient for end conditions with rapid spatial variation.
Risk-neutral investors do not acquire information

Abstract Give a risk-neutral investor the choice to acquire a costly signal prior to asset market equilibrium. She refuses to pay for the signal under general conditions. The reason is that a risk-neutral investor is indifferent between a risky asset or a safe bond in optimum and expects the same return to her portfolio ex ante, whether or not she acquires information. Risk neutrality thus implies the absence of costly information from asset price in competitive asset markets.
Agon and Ecstasy: Transgression, Transformation, and Transcendence in Competitive Geocaching

Geocaching is an organized leisure activity that combines use of computers, Global Positioning System receivers (GPSr), map skills, and the use of reasoning in solving complex problems. It can also involve planned deception and criminal-like behavior while engaged in the activity itself. “Sport” geocachers, in their desire to accumulate large totals of found and logged geocaches, an informal and unsanctioned goal of the pastime, sometimes engage in deviance, both internally and externally defined. Although geocachers see their activity as admittedly deviant, they actively disavow deviant identities and self-identification in their “normal” articulation within the world at large. The deviant, intrusive nature of the act of finding and logging the cache and the after “find” exultation resembles the behavior and emotional process of burglars and thieves, and links the pastime to other constructions of “transgressively agonistic” deviance.
One-Tenth of the Way There [Perspectives on Graduate Life]

At the time I am writing this, about two months before the publication, I have just completed my first semester of graduate school, and I am preparing myself to make it through what I am guessing will be about nine more.
Partitioning and removal of perfluorooctanoate during rain events: the importance of physical-chemical properties

The potential for airborne emissions to undergo long-range transport or to be removed from the atmosphere is influenced by their physical-chemical properties. When perfluorooctanate (PFO) enters the environment, its physical-chemical properties can vary significantly, depending on whether it exists as an acid, a salt, or a dissociated ion. A summary of the physical-chemical properties of the three most likely environmental states: ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and the dissociated perfluorooctanoate anion (PFO−) is presented to illustrate the distinct environmental properties of each. The most volatile species, PFOA, is shown to have a pH-dependent air–water partitioning coefficient (Kaw). The variability of Kaw with pH influences the potential for vapor formation from aqueous environments, including rain events. Using the pH-dependent Kaw and measured rain and air concentrations, it is shown that vapor-phase PFOA is not likely to be present above measurable levels of 0.2 ng m−3 (12 parts per quadrillion v/v) during a rain event. Because rain concentrations determined in this work are comparable to measurements in other parts of North America, it is unlikely that rain events are a significant source of vapor-phase PFOA for the general North American region. It is shown that PFOA exists primarily in the particle phase in ambient air near direct sources of emissions and is efficiently scavenged by rain droplets, making wet deposition an important removal mechanism for emissions originating as either PFOA or APFO. Washout ratios of particle-associated PFO were determined to range between 1 × 105 and 5 × 105, in the same range as other semi-volatile compounds for which wet deposition is an important mechanism for atmospheric removal and deposition onto soils and water bodies.
Invasions and Declines of Submersed Macrophytes in New England, with Particular Reference to Vermont Lakes and Herbivorous Invertebrates in New England

ABSTRACT Nuisance aquatic plants are found throughout New England. Plant presence or absence in a lake appears to be limited more by dispersal than by inappropriate abiotic or biotic conditions. While some nuisance macrophyte species are still spreading to new lakes, there have also been declines reported for Myriophyllum spicatum and M. heterophyllum in three New England states. The cause(s) of these declines are still unclear. However, in all lakes in which declines have occurred herbivorous macroinvertebrate species known to feed on Myriophyllum spp. have been found.
A Leafhopper, Ollarianus strictus (Cicadellidae) and a Hymenopterous Parasite, Lymaenon marylandicus (Mymaridae), Reared from Texas Citrus

A leafhopper, Ollarianus strictus (Ball), and a parasitic wasp, Lymaenon marylandicus (Girault), were reared from leaves of orange and grapefruit trees in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. These insects are widely distributed in this citrus-growing area and the leafhopper has not been previously reported from Texas citrus. There are no records of this parasite in Texas. The leafhopper developed from leaves of new growth in the early spring. There was only 1 generation per year and it did not cause economic damage to citrus trees. No alternate host plants were found in this area. L. marylandicus parasitized 85%–90% of the leafhopper eggs in certain leaves inspected.
AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF GLASS

The needs of glass to resist the scratches, drops impact, and bump from everyday use lead to the importance of investigation of the glass fracture under dynamic impact loading. The strength of the glass under dynamic fracture conditions is significantly larger than that under quasi-static loading. There are several theoretic models. In this study, an accumulated damage model is implemented. The relation among the stress, loading rate, contact time and the fracture is investigated. The effect of impact area, impact energy and impact momentum on the glass fracture has been proved to further improve the dynamic fracture criterion of glass. For the experimental studies, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method enables one to obtain the first principal strain of the glass during the impact process. Moreover, the FEA model is developed in ANSYS/LS-DYNA™.
Performance of 133 compounds in the lambda prophage induction endpoint of the Microscreen assay and a comparison with S. typhimurium mutagenicity and rodent carcinogenicity assays.

Abstract The Microscreen assay was developed as a means of testing very small samples, as in complex mixture fractionation. It is a multi-endpoint assay which utilizes E. coli WP2s(λ). Exposure takes place to serial dilutions of the test compound in microtitre wells (250 μl) followed by sampling from wells in which growth has occurred (‘non-toxic wells’). Although a number of different endpoints can be measured, only the prophage induction endpoint (the first one developed) has been extensively tested. Results with 133 compounds are presented. These include 111 compounds which have been tested in the S. typhimurium assay and 66 compounds for which both rodent bioassay and S. typhimurium assay data exists. The concordance for the Microscreen assay and the S. typhimurium assay was 71%. For this group of compounds, the sensitivity of the Microscreen assay in detecting carcinogens was 76% compared with 58% for the S. typhimurium assay. However, the S. typhimurium assay was somewhat more specific (69%) compared with the Microscreen (56%). The overall association between carcinogenicity and Microscreen results was statistically significant ( p = 0.029), whereas for the S. typhimurium assay the association with carcinogenicity was non-significant ( p = 0.086). The Microscreen assay was able to detect halogenated compounds better than the S. typhimurium assay. The Microscreen assay should prove useful in complex mixture fractionation, or in other situations where sample size is limiting.
The dorsalis pedis bypass—Moderate success in difficult situations

Recent reports have documented excellent results for inframalleolar reconstructions. We reviewed our outcomes for dorsalis pedis bypass and report a more modest rate of success. We analyzed reasons for failure. Sixty-nine patients underwent 73 dorsalis pedis bypass procedures between 1984 and 1991. Seventy-eight percent of the patients were diabetics. Inflow was from the external iliac in 1, femoral in 35, popliteal in 34, and tibial in 3. The operative indication was gangrene in 57%, ulcer in 22%, and rest pain in 21%. Forty-six percent of limbs had foot infection, with six requiring minor amputation before the bypass and 24 requiring minor amputation after bypass. There was one perioperative death. Twenty-nine grafts failed over the course of the series. The primary patency rate at 2 years was 59.2%. The limb salvage rate was 73.5%. Of the 10 perioperative failures, four were due to continued foot infection, four to marginal vein quality, and two to skin necrosis of the bypass incisions. Graft failure occurred at 3 to 30 months in 10 of 14 patients who had deficient anterior arches, with segmental occlusion of the dorsalis pedis or its branches. Six of the 14 patients with extensive infections of the forefoot or extensive heel ulcers required amputation with patent bypasses. In dorsalis pedis bypass, failure to achieve limb salvage was more likely in patients with marginal vein quality, deficient anterior pedal arches, and extensive foot infection. In patients where the chance of failure appears to be unacceptably high, primary amputation should be considered.
Moving fecal microbiota transplantation into the mainstream

In recent years, fecal microbiota transplantation (aka fecal transplantation, fecal bacteriotherapy, FMT) has become increasing utilized to treat recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Almost 600,000 cases of CDI occur each year in the United States. Of these, an estimated 15,000 patients have a recurrence. The management of recurrent disease has been challenging for patients and clinicians. Increasingly, FMT has been recognized as an effective option for these patients. This article explores why FMT has reemerged as a practical therapeutic modality. In the process, the logistics by which the procedure is performed and the factors that may affect quality, safety, and patient outcomes will be described.
Comparison of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of Influenza A virus antibodies.

Serologic tools for Influenza A virus (FLUAV) antibody testing of wild birds are currently limited. In the present study, 2 commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of FLUAV antibodies, the IDEXX AI MultiS-Screen Ab Test and the ID VET ID Screen Influenza A Antibody Competition, were compared. Sera obtained from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), experimentally infected with 8 FLUAV subtypes (N = 48), and field serum samples, collected from 11 wild bird species (N = 247), were tested. Overall, a substantial agreement was obtained between the 2 assays as applied to both experimental (86.5% agreement, κ = 0.69) and field samples (89.9% agreement, κ = 0.78). Based on the current study, doubtful results obtained with the ID VET assay should be re-tested to confirm their antibody status. Additionally, increasing the incubation period for the ID VET assay increases the test sensitivity but also increases the likelihood of generating false-positive results. Overall, it is concluded that t...
Effect of an herbal/botanical supplement on strength, balance, and muscle function following 12-weeks of resistance training: a placebo controlled study

StemSport (SS; StemTech International, Inc. San Clemente, CA) contains a proprietary blend of the botanical Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and several herbal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances. SS has been purported to accelerate tissue repair and restore muscle function following resistance exercise. Here, we examine the effects of SS supplementation on strength adaptations resulting from a 12-week resistance training program in healthy young adults. Twenty-four young adults (16 males, 8 females, mean age = 20.5 ± 1.9 years, mass = 70.9 ± 11.9 kg, stature = 176.6 ± 9.9 cm) completed the twelve week training program. The study design was a double-blind, placebo controlled parallel group trial. Subjects either received placebo or StemSport supplement (SS; mg/day) during the training. 1-RM bench press, 1-RM leg press, vertical jump height, balance (star excursion and center of mass excursion), isokinetic strength (elbow and knee flexion/extension) and perception of recovery were measured at baseline and following the 12-week training intervention. Resistance training increased 1-RM strength (p 0.10). These data suggest that compared to placebo, the SS herbal/botanical supplement did not enhance training induced adaptations to strength, balance, and muscle function above strength training alone.
Altered Water Diffusivity in Cortical Association Tracts in Children with Early Deprivation Identified with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS)

Institutional rearing is associated with neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties. Although such difficulties are thought to reflect abnormal neurologic development resulting from early social deprivation (ED) and there is evidence for functional abnormality in children with histories of ED, the impact of early deprivation on brain anatomy has received little study in humans. The present study utilized an objective and sensitive neuroimaging analysis technique (Tract-Based Spatial Statistics) to evaluate white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity in a group of right-handed children with histories of ED (n = 17; mean age = 10.9 + 2.6 years) as compared with age-matched healthy controls (n = 15; mean age = 11.7 + or - 2.8 years). Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging diffusion tensor imaging sequences and comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. Results revealed reduced FA in frontal, temporal, and parietal white matter including components of uncinate and superior longitudinal fasciculi, in children with histories of ED, providing further support for limbic and paralimbic abnormalities in children with such histories. Furthermore, white matter abnormalities were associated with duration of time in the orphanage and with inattention and hyperactivity scores. It is suspected that the observed white matter abnormalities are associated with multiple depriving factors (e.g., poor prenatal care, postnatal stress) associated with institutional caregiving.
STORAGE QUALITY of ETHYLENE TREATED ‘ANJOU’ and ‘BOSC WINTER PEARS

'Anjou' and 'Bosc' pears (Pyrus communis, L.) were harvested one to two days prior to commercial harvest from three orchards in the Wenatchee growing district of Washington. Harvested fruit were treated with 300 ppm ethylene for three days at 20C. Ethylene treatment enhanced yellow color on fruit peel and the reduction of flesh firmness, and increased spoilage after 90 days in either regular atmosphere (RA) storage or controlled atmosphere (CA) storage regardless of cultivar. Ethylene-treated fruit, of both cultivars, stored in CA had a longer storage life than fruit stored in RA. The safe storage period of ethylene-treated 'Anjou' and 'Bosc' pears was 90 and 45 days, respectively, in RA and 120 and 90 days, respectively, in CA.
Changes in Blood-borne Infection Risk Among Injection Drug Users

Background. Population-level hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection incidence is a surrogate for community drug-related risk. Methods. We characterized trends in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV infection incidence and HCV infection prevalence among injection drug users (IDUs) recruited over 4 periods: 1988‐1989, 1994‐1995, 1998, and 2005‐2008. We calculated HIV and HCV infection incidence within the first year of follow-up among IDUs whose test results were negative for these viruses at baseline (n 5 2061 and n 5 373, respectively). We used Poisson regression to compare trends across groups. Results. HIV infection incidence declined significantly from 5.5 cases/100 person-years (py) in the 1988‐1989 group to 2.0 cases/100 py in the 1994‐1995 group to 0 cases/100 py in the 1998 and 2005‐2008 groups. Concurrently, HCV infection incidence declined but remained robust (22.0 cases/100 py in the 1988‐1989 cohort to 17.2 cases/100 py in the 1994‐1995 cohort, 17.9 cases/100 py in the 1998 cohort, and 7.8 cases/100 py in the 2005‐ 2008 cohort; P 5 .07). Likewise, HCV infection prevalence declined, but chiefly in younger IDUs. For persons aged ,39 years, relative to the 1988‐1989 cohort, all groups exhibited significant declines (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] for the 2005‐08 cohort, .73; 95% confidence interval [CI], .65‐.81). However, for persons aged >39 years, only the 2005‐2008 cohort exhibited declining prevalence compared with the 1988‐1989 cohort (adjusted PR, .87; 95% CI, .77‐.99). Conclusions. Although efforts to reduce blood-borne infection incidence have had impact, this work will need to be intensified for the most transmissible viruses, such as HCV.
A simple and rapid route to novel tetra(4-thiaalkyl)ammonium bromides

A simple approach for the preparation of symmetrical quaternary ammonium bromides employing thiol–ene click chemistry is used to synthesize tetra(4-thiaalkyl)ammonium bromides. This approach allows the incorporation of a variety of alkyl moieties onto the nitrogen center with a one-step synthesis involving easy work-up, no side reactions and environmentally friendly reagents. To elucidate information regarding the behaviour of this novel class of compounds, comparisons to tetraalkylammonium analogues have been made. These include melting points, activity as phase-transfer catalysts, and conformational predictions from computational modelling. All results are consistent in indicating stronger bonding between the quaternary cation and the anion for the salts with 4-thiaalkyl chains as compared to those with n-alkyl chains.
Amphicarpum purshii and the "pessimistic strategy" in amphicarpic annuals with subterranean fruit.

Amphicarpum purshii Kunth is an annual amphicarpic grass of recently disturbed sandy areas in the Coastal Plain of eastern North America, producing small aerial and larger subterranean seeds. At study sites on the eastern edge of the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, the temporal aspects of reproductive allocation were investigated through biweekly whole-plant field harvests of 25 plants each throughout the 1980 growing season, and the survivorship of plants arising from aerial and subterranean seeds was monitored in a total of 10 high and 10 low density quadrats at two sites differeing in soil moisture. Plants arising from subterranean propagules began to allocate early (July 16) considerable energy to subterranean reproduction (ca 40% of whole-plant dry weight by the last half of August); allocation to aerial culms and flowers did not begin until mid-August and never exceeded 3% on a population basis. Plants arising from aerial propagules (“aerial plants”) produced only subterranean flowers, and these flowers first appeared 2 wk later than they did on “subterranean plants.” Survivorship was greater for the subterranean seedlings at both the dry and wet sites and at low and high densities, and aerial plants showed significantly less total growth and seed production than subterranean plants. The “pessimistic strategy” (early allocation of energy to large subterranean propagules) in the annual Amphicarpum has its selective basis in the relative vigor, survival, and timing and amount of reproduction of the two types of seedlings, and appears comparable to the allocation strategies of at least eight other amphicarpic annuals in at least five other families of plants.
JOB CONTENT AND CONTEXT FACTORS RELATED TO SATISFACTION FOR DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONAL LEVELS

Herzberg's theory was tested using Darley and Hagenah's rationale relative to occupational level. Ratings of satisfaction and importance for the job content and context factors and overall job satisfaction were obtained from 200 engineers and 153 assemblers. The proposed job factor dichotomy was not supported. However, satisfaction with the content factors made the greatest contribution to overall job satisfaction, regardless of occupational level. Conversely, ratings of job factor importance were a function of occupational level; content aspects were most important for engineers, and context for assemblers. Several demographic variables failed to influence the findings. The conclusion is that both theories represent oversimplifications. Recent job satisfaction research has been strongly influenced by the theory proposed by Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman (1959), which is based on a content-context job factor dichotomy. The main hypothesis states that favorable feelings toward content factors, like achievement, contribute primarily to overall job satisfaction, but do not generally contribute to job dissatisfaction per se. Hence, content factors act mainly as satisfiers. Conversely, positive feelings toward context aspects, like job security, contribute to neutralizing dissatisfaction, but do not generally contribute to job satisfaction per se. Thus, context factors act mainly as dissatisfiers . Moreover, these diverse and curvilinear relationships are asserted to hold regardless of occupational level. The results of research directed at the twofactor theory have been mixed. In essence,
Robin Wooffitt, Conversation analysis and discourse analysis: A comparative and critical introduction

Robin Wooffitt, Conversation analysis and discourse analysis: A comparative and critical introduction. London: Sage, 2005. Pp. ix, 234. Hb 31.95.Robin Wooffitt aims to answer a question in his new book: “Analytically, what is the best way to understand everyday communicative activities?” (2). His answer: “Conversation analysis offers the most sophisticated and robust account of language in action” (2). The remainder of the book proceeds, then, not only as an introduction to Conversation Analysis (CA) and Discourse Analysis (DA) as approaches to the study of language and communication in the social sciences (specifically, sociology and European social psychology), but also as a polemic for CA as a methodology superior to DA. The book is marketed as an introductory textbook; thus, each chapter includes periodic bulleted section summaries, and the early introductory chapters conclude with suggestions for further reading. As a textbook, this volume seems best suited for graduate seminars in linguistics or sociology; it deals with theoretical and methodological disputes that go well beyond most undergraduate students' background knowledge or pedagogical needs. As a scholarly volume, it should attract attention from social scientists already engaged in research utilizing CA or DA, as well as those working with other methodologies who are interested in how CA and DA conceptualize and investigate discourse.
CHARACTERIZATION, CLONING, AND EXPRESSION OF TWO DIAGNOSTIC ANTIGENS FOR TAENIA SOLIUM TAPEWORM INFECTION

Adult and larval stages of Taenia solium cause 2 diseases in humans, i.e., taeniasis and cysticercosis, respectively. Diagnosis and treatment of taeniasis are the ultimate means to eliminate cysticercosis. A serological taeniasis diagnostic test has been developed for laboratory use. However, recombinant forms of the taeniasis diagnostic proteins are required to overcome the limited supply of native proteins and allow the development of a low-cost and field-applicable test with high sensitivity and specificity. Using 2-dimensional electrophoresis of T. solium excretory and secretory (TSES) products from hamster adult tapeworm in vitro cultures, we have identified 5 T. solium–specific protein spots, with molecular weights of 33 kDa (protein isoelectrofocusing point [pI]: 5.6, 5.3, 5.1) and 38 kDa (pI: 4.6, 4.5). Protein sequencing and molecular cloning of these proteins showed that although endowed with different pIs, the proteins with the same molecular weights shared the same protein backbone, named TSES...
Flexible biomedical devices for mapping cardiac and neural electrophysiology

Clinical in-vivo electrophysiological measurements using standard technologies provide spatial resolution limited by the number of electrodes. Recent strategies demonstrate that high resolution is possible by use of active multiplexing silicon electronics, in flexible forms capable of integration with soft, curvilinear tissues of the body. In vivo cardiac mapping experiments with such technology illustrate in-situ mapping of the spread of electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms from natural and paced beats. In other examples, circuits in ultrathin mesh formats on sheets of bioresorbable substrates of silk fibroin improve the ability of these systems to conformally wrap the tissue. Neural mapping experiments on feline animal models illustrate the utility of this approach. These concepts provide capabilities for implantable diagnostic and therapeutic systems, which cannot be realized with conventional, wafer-scale device designs.
Parental care and social organization of the spiny eel, Aethiomastacembelus platysoma, in Lake Tanganyika

This is the first report demonstrating the occurrence of parental care in mastacembelids. Social organization and parental care of a spiny eel Aethiomastacembelus platysoma were studied in Lake Tanganyika. Both males and females maintained individual territories though the frequency of aggressive interaction was low. The male guarded offspring in a rock hole within its territory. The egg size was large (2.5–2.7 mm in diameter) and the brood size in a nest was 5.7 on average in spite of more oocytes in the ovary (65 large oocytes on average). The duration of guarding was around 30 days after hatching and the young became independent just after they began to feed. Guarding males seldom attacked fishes that approached the nest, and often went out of the nest to forage though the stomach contents of guarding males were less than those of non-guarding males. Compared with Tanganyikan cichlid fishes that show prolonged parental care at open sites, the post-hatching guarding interval is short and the egg size is large, which seem to be traits common to fishes that utilize closed spaces as guarding sites in the lake.
Intracellular and Extracellular Nucleotides and Related Compounds During the Development of Myxococcus xanthus

Changes in nucleotide pools and extracellular nucleotides during the developmental cycle of the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus were determined using a high-pressure liquid chromatography nucleotide analyzer. A general increase in all nucleotide pools occurred during the morphological phase of glycerol conversion of vegetative cells to myxospores. The levels of the nucleoside triphosphate pools remained high as the myxospore matured and throughout subsequent germination. Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels were elevated in the dormant myxospore and then declined during germination. The adenylate energy charge value was 0.85 ± 0.02 for vegetative cells, germinating myxospores, and 6-h-old myxospores. It was interesting that the value for the so-called dormant myxospore was the same as that characteristic of physiologically active cells. The germinating myxospores excreted large quantities of uracil along with lesser quantities of purine nucleoside monophosphates. Although the source of the extracellular uracil cannot be determined from these experiments, it may have been derived from a shift in base ratios accompanying an assumed ribonucleic acid turnover during germination.
Improving Quality of Ontology: An Ontology Transformation Approach

Ontologies are used to give meaning to resources on the Semantic Web and therefore the Semantic Webs success in integrating and providing interoperability between different sources depends on the quality of ontologies. In this paper, we propose a set of transformations to improve the quality of ontology. These transformations are based on schema transformation methods that were previously used to improve the quality of database schema. We first define a set of criteria for assessing the quality and then study the positive or negative impact of each transformation on these criteria.
Crowdsourcing performance evaluations of user interfaces

Online labor markets, such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), provide an attractive platform for conducting human subjects experiments because the relative ease of recruitment, low cost, and a diverse pool of potential participants enable larger-scale experimentation and faster experimental revision cycle compared to lab-based settings. However, because the experimenter gives up the direct control over the participants' environments and behavior, concerns about the quality of the data collected in online settings are pervasive. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of conducting online performance evaluations of user interfaces with anonymous, unsupervised, paid participants recruited via MTurk. We implemented three performance experiments to re-evaluate three previously well-studied user interface designs. We conducted each experiment both in lab and online with participants recruited via MTurk. The analysis of our results did not yield any evidence of significant or substantial differences in the data collected in the two settings: All statistically significant differences detected in lab were also present on MTurk and the effect sizes were similar. In addition, there were no significant differences between the two settings in the raw task completion times, error rates, consistency, or the rates of utilization of the novel interaction mechanisms introduced in the experiments. These results suggest that MTurk may be a productive setting for conducting performance evaluations of user interfaces providing a complementary approach to existing methodologies.
Estimated relative bioavailability of supplemental inorganic molybdenum sources and their effect on tissue molybdenum and copper concentrations in lambs

Abstract Forty crossbred wether lambs, 44 kg initial body weight, were used to study relative bioavailability of Mo in supplemental Mo sources and their effects on body Cu storage. The basal maize-soya-bean meal-cottonseed hulls diet contained 11.5 mg kg −1 Cu, 1.1 mg kg −1 Mo and 2.1 g kg −1 S (DM basis) and was supplemented with 0, 15, 30, or 45 mg kg −1 (as-fed basis) added Mo as reagent grade sodium molybdate as the standard, or 30 mg kg −1 added Mo as ammonium molybdate, molybdenum trioxide, or molybdenum metal. Diets were fed for 28 days and feces and urine were collected for the last 5 days and composited by lamb. At the end of the trial, serum, liver, kidney, muscle, and bile were collected and analyzed for Mo and Cu. Based on multiple regression slope ratios of tissue concentration or daily excretion (including that from bile) of Mo on added dietary Mo concentration, the average relative bioavailability values were 1.00, 1.04, 1.10 and 0.18 for sodium molybdate, ammonium molybdate, molybdenum trioxide, and molybdenum metal. Serum and muscle Mo concentrations had the best fits to a linear model. Kidney Cu, serum total Cu, serum TCA-insoluble Cu, and fecal Cu concentrations increased with increasing dietary intakes of Mo.
Locomotor Activity in Female Rhesus Monkeys Assessment of Age and Calorie Restriction Effects

As a component of a long-term, longitudinal study of aging in this primate model, the objective of the current experiment was to assess age and diet effects on locomotor activity in a cross-sectional analysis. By attaching a motion detection device to the home cage, locomotor activity was monitored over a week in a group ( N 5 47) of female rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) 6‐26 yrs of age. About half these monkeys composed a control group fed a nutritionally fortified diet near ad libitum levels, whereas an experimental group had been fed the same diet at levels 30% less than comparable control levels for approximately 5 yrs prior to testing. Among control monkeys, a marked age-related decline in activity was noted when total activity was considered and also when diurnal and nocturnal periods of activity were analyzed separately. When comparing activity levels between control and experimental groups, only one significant diet effect was noted, which was in the youngest group of monkeys (6‐8 yrs of age) during the diurnal period. Monkeys in the experimental group exhibited reduced activity compared to controls. Body weight was not consistently correlated to activity levels. In some older groups, heavier monkeys tended to show greater activity, but in younger groups the opposite pattern was observed.
Who Is Where? Characteristics of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students in Regular and Special Schools

To address the needs and abilities of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students in different educational settings, it is important to understand who is in which setting. A secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2 database was conducted to examine differences in the characteristics of students who attended special schools, such as schools for the deaf, and those who attended regular schools serving a wide variety of students, such as neighborhood, alternative, and charter schools. The study included a nationally (U.S.) representative sample of about 870 DHH secondary school students. Findings from parent interviews and surveys revealed that students who attended only special secondary schools had greater levels of hearing loss, were more likely to use sign language, had more trouble speaking and conversing with others, and were more likely to have low functional mental scores than students who had attended only regular secondary schools. There were no differences in the presence of additional disabilities or cochlear implants between students in the different settings. In many ways, student characteristics did not vary by school type, suggesting that both types of secondary schools serve students with a wide range of needs and abilities.
Śāntarasa in the Rājataraṅgiṇī: History, epic, and moral decay

This article considers the implications of Kalhaṇa’s statement that in his great poetic history ‘śāntarasa rules supreme’. Kalhaṇa’s identification of the emotional mood he seeks to cultivate has often been noted, but its implications for Kalhaṇa’s historical vision have seldom been discussed in depth. In framing the aesthetic content of his work in terms of śāntarasa, the aestheticised emotion of ‘quiescence’, Kalhaṇa links it with the only śāntarasa poem acknowledged by the poeticians of Kashmir at the time—the Mahābhārata. The Mahābhārata is the great canonical example of such a poem, first discussed as such by Ānandavardhana in his Dhvanyāloka. On Ānandavardhana’s reading, the Mahābhārata is to be seen as a śāntarasa text because, through the lamentable ends to which even the ‘victors’ in its cataclysmic war are reduced, it inculcates despair with all worldly endeavour, inducing readers to turn instead to the path of renunciation. By explicitly invoking śāntarasa, Kalhaṇa places both the Mahābhārata a...
A Multicenter Longitudinal Study of Hospital-Onset Bacteremia: Time for a New Quality Outcome Measure?

BACKGROUND Central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rate is an important quality measure, but it suffers from subjectivity and interrater variability, and decreasing national CLABSI rates may compromise its power to discriminate between hospitals. This study evaluates hospital-onset bacteremia (HOB, ie, any positive blood culture obtained 48 hours post admission) as a healthcare-associated infection–related outcome measure by assessing the association between HOB and CLABSI rates and comparing the power of each to discriminate quality among intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS In this multicenter study, ICUs provided monthly CLABSI and HOB rates for 2012 and 2013. A Poisson regression model was used to assess the association between these 2 rates. We compared the power of each measure to discriminate between ICUs using standardized infection ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A measure was defined as having greater power to discriminate if more of the SIRs (with surrounding CIs) were different from 1. RESULTS In 80 ICUs from 16 hospitals in the United States and Canada, a total of 663 CLABSIs, 475,420 central line days, 11,280 HOBs, and 966,757 patient days were reported. An absolute change in HOB of 1 per 1,000 patient days was associated with a 2.5% change in CLABSI rate (P<.001). Among the 80 ICUs, 20 (25%) had a CLABSI SIR and 60 (75%) had an HOB SIR that was different from 1 (P<.001). CONCLUSION Change in HOB rate is strongly associated with change in CLABSI rate and has greater power to discriminate between ICU performances. Consideration should be given to using HOB to replace CLABSI as an outcome measure in infection prevention quality assessments. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):143–148
Fight for Life: A Classroom Game of Foraging, Patch Selection, & Risk

Abstract Optimal foraging theory explains that organisms whose foraging is as energetically efficient as possible should be favored by natural selection. However, many individuals must exhibit trade-offs between foraging and other factors in their environment (i.e., predation risk, competitive interactions). We present a hands-on activity for undergraduates using just a deck of cards, bingo chips, and dice to introduce ecological concepts of foraging theory, predator—prey interactions, and energy trade-offs. Specifically, this activity will focus on optimal foraging theory and giving-up density. Students should gain an understanding of how organisms balance predation risk and competitive interactions with energetic demands. Further, this activity can be scaled for nonmajors and introductory courses to introduce general ecological concepts, or for upper-division courses to explore advanced topics in foraging theory.
Prevalence of probable mental disorders and help-seeking behaviors among veteran and non-veteran community college students.

Abstract Objective Millions of disadvantaged youth and returning veterans are enrolled in community colleges. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of mental disorders and help-seeking behaviors among community college students. Methods Veterans ( n =211) and non-veterans ( n =554) were recruited from 11 community colleges and administered screeners for depression (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety (GAD-7), posttraumatic stress disorder (PC-PTSD), non-lethal self-injury, suicide ideation and suicide intent. The survey also asked about the perceived need for, barriers to and utilization of services. Regression analysis was used to compare prevalence between non-veterans and veterans adjusting for non-modifiable factors (age, gender and race/ethnicity). Results A large proportion of student veterans and non-veterans screened positive and unadjusted bivariate comparisons indicated that student veterans had a significantly higher prevalence of positive depression screens (33.1% versus 19.5%, P P P =.01). Adjusting for age, gender and race/ethnicity, veterans were significantly more likely than non-veterans to screen positive for depression (OR=2.10, P =.01) and suicide ideation (OR=2.31, P =.03). Student veterans had significantly higher odds of perceiving a need for treatment than non-veterans (OR=1.93, P =.02) but were more likely to perceive stigma (beta=0.28, P =.02). Despite greater need among veterans, there were no significant differences between veterans and non-veterans in use of psychotropic medications, although veterans were more likely to receive psychotherapy (OR=2.35, P =.046). Conclusions Findings highlight the substantial gap between the prevalence of probable mental health disorders and treatment seeking among community college students. Interventions are needed to link community college students to services, especially for student veterans.