cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultured quail neural crest cells attain competence for terminal differentiation into melanocytes before competence to terminal differentiation into adrenergic neurons.

Abstract At the onset of migration the quail neural crest contains pluripotent progenitor cells that give rise to both melanocytes and adrenergic neurons as well as progenitor cells that are already committed to the melanogenic or the neuronal pathway. In this paper we show that melanogenic progenitors attain the competence for terminal differentiation prior to adrenergic progenitors. The adrenergic phenotype was only expressed when the crest cells were allowed to proliferate in vitro for at least 3 days. Differentiation into melanocytes, however, occurred even when proliferation was blocked with cytosine arabinoside immediately after explantation of the neural tube.
Rapid Naming and Phonological Processing as Predictors of Reading and Spelling

This study examined the relationships between the cognitive processes of rapid naming and phonological processing and various literacy skills. Variables measured and used in this analysis were phonological processing, rapid naming, reading comprehension, isolated and nonsense word reading, and spelling. Data were collected from 65 second-to-fifth grade children referred for learning difficulties. Regression analysis was performed to determine which of the cognitive processes was the strongest predictor of the literacy skills measured. Rapid naming was found to be a stronger predictor of word reading, reading comprehension and spelling than was phonological processing. When a measure of decoding skills was included as a predictor, it was found to account for the most variance in word reading and spelling. The implications of these results for assessing and designing interventions with reading disabled children are discussed as well as the need to further investigate the double deficit hypothesis.
Fatigue performance of metal-lined graphite/epoxy pressure vessels

Using an ultrahigh-strength graphite fiber, a program was started to develop a thin metal-lined fiber/epoxy pressure vessel that would have a fatigue life of over 1000 cycles. First, the performance factor of the fiber/epoxy composite was found to be 351 kN m/kg from the average of 18 rubber-lined pressure vessels. Then, both aluminum- and titanium-lined vessels were filament wound with the graphite fiber in an epoxy matrix. Several of these metal-lined vessels were subjected to hydraulic fatigue testing to about 50% of their expected burst pressures. The average fatigue life of the aluminum-lined vessels was 462 cycles; the average for the titanium-lined vessels was 2190 cycles.
Pressure-induced reversal of the sign of the hydrostatic piezoelectric constant of lithium tantalate

Abstract Measurements of the piezoelectric polarization of lithium tantalate for hydrostatic pressures up to 26 kbar show that the hydrostatic piezoelectric constant decreases smoothly to zero at a pressure of 22 kbar. Above this pressure the piezoelectric constant smoothly changes sign. This is believed to be the first observation of such an effect.
Propofol or midazolam do not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

SummaryBackground: The aim of the study was to determine if concurrent use of short-acting sedatives would decrease the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane while preserving rapid recovery. Methods: Sixty-nine children, aged 2–9 years, who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to three groups: (i) intravenous midazolam 0.1 mg·kg–1; (ii) propofol 2 mg·kg–1; and (iii) control. An observer blind to anaesthetic technique assessed emergence times and behaviour. Data were compared using chi-squared and ANOVA. Results: Midazolam initially decreased the incidence of emergence agitation but, in the postanaesthesia care unit, significant agitation was seen in all three groups. Emergence and complete recovery were delayed in groups 1 and 2. Conlusions: The concurrent use of midazolam or propofol did not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation but did delay emergence and recovery. These agents are not recommended for reducing emergence agitation in children receiving desflurane.
Hemodynamic effects of long and multiple coronary arterial narrowings.

The coronary hemodynamic influence of a series of coronary arterial narrowings was compared with single narrowings of the same total length and reduction in diameter in 12 dogs. Compared with single narrowings, two or three sequential narrowings had no significant effect on resting coronary blood flow. Small but significant mean pressure gradients were found for series of two and three 1-mm narrowings but not for single narrowings of the same total length. During reactive hyperemia, repayment of the debt in flow decreased significantly for single 2-mm and 3-mm narrowings, compared with 1-mm single narrowings. An additional decrease in repayment of the debt in flow occurred for two and three separate narrowings, compared with single narrowings. Our findings imply that when the reduction in the diameter of the coronary artery is fixed, an increase in the length or number of narrowings in series reduces the responses of coronary blood flow during reactive hyperemia.
Epilepsy duration impacts on brain glucose metabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy: results of voxel-based mapping.

Abstract Objective [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) is a valuable method for detecting focal brain dysfunction associated with epilepsy. Evidence suggests that a progressive decrease in [18F]FDG uptake occurs in the epileptogenic cortex with an increase in the duration of epilepsy. In this study, our aim was to use statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to test the validity of this relationship in a retrospective study of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods [18F]FDG-PET scans of 46 adult patients with pharmacoresistant unilateral TLE (25 RTLE and 21 LTLE) were subjected to SPM analysis. Results Forty-six patients were diagnosed with nonlesional TLE, 16 of whom had hippocampal sclerosis (HS). The average duration of epilepsy was 17.4 ± 12.3 years (3–46 years), Conclusion Voxel-based mapping supports the assertion that glucose hypometabolism of the epileptogenic temporal lobe cortex and other neighboring cortical regions increases with longer epilepsy duration in TLE.
Tricuspid Endocarditis in A Drug Addict; Detection of Tricuspid Vegetations by Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Endocarditis is an increasingly frequent complication of drug addiction. Precise localization of the site of involvement is necessary should antibiotic therapy fail and surgical therapy become indicated. This is a report of a patient with Pseudomonas endocarditis in whom the site of involvement was accurately localized noninvasively to the tricuspid valve by two-dimensional echocardiography. This was confirmed at the time of excision of the tricuspid valve.
Chromatographic techniques for separation of iodinated thyroid products from human urine.

Resume Methodes chromatographiques pour separer les produits thyroides iodes de l'urine humaine La concentration diminutive des produits oides de la thyroide dans l'urine humaine necessite ou la concentration de ces composes ou bien l'application de grandes quantites d'urine aux feuilles de papier pour produire les chromatogrammes a partition sur papier. Les techniques du jour, le desalage electrolytique ou la separation sur les resines a echange d'ions, ne sont pas praticables dans ce cas. Une trop grande partie des composes iodes de poids moleculaire diminutifs se perdent dans le desalage electrolytique, en plus d'une de-iodation partiale de certains des composes. Des membranes plus epaisses que d'ordinaire enlevent en partie le premier effet. Il est possible toujours de perdre de petites quantites de composes inconnus lorsque s'emploient les resines a echange d'ions. L'extraction de l'urine par le butanol sature d'eau pour concentrer les composes iodes entraine moins de risque quand l'urine residuelle ou l'urine fraiche est egalement chromatographiee pour faire la comparaison. Malheureusement les extraits au butanol concentrent aussi beaucoup des composes organiques et inorganiques qui interviennent a l'ecoulement des produits iodes de la thyroide, donc les desavantages sont pareils a ceux dans l'application de grandes quantites d'urine aux feuilles de papier. La chromatographie a deux dimensions diminue le besoin d'enlever les matieres intervenantes, telles que l'uree et les sels inorganiques. Par l'emploi des solvants convenables, les composes iodes peuvent etre chromatographies libres des matieres intervenantes dans la premiere dimension et ensuite separes l'un de l'autre en utilisant un different solvant dans la deuxieme dimension. Des quantites d'urine aussi larges que 1 ml. ont ete appliquees a des feuilles de 18 × 22 inches, ce qui a donne d'assez bonnes separations. Beaucoup d'oxydation et de formation d'artefacts ont lieu dans les solvants a la dioxane de butanol avec l'ammoniaque, mais le cyanure y donne une limitation quelleconque. Les aminoacides purs et les hormones de la thyroide, sur chromatogrammes en papier en presence de l'iodure, subissent plus d'oxydation et d'echange de I131 avec l'iode stable que ne font les memes composes sur les chromatogrammes d'urine.
Metallic, band-like behaviour of EuBa2Cu3O6.7 as seen from UPS spectra Comparison with band calculations

Abstract Valence band photoemission spectra of single crystals of EuBa2Cu3O6.7, cleaved and measured at T=20 K, are presented. A stable Fermi edge is observed, whose amplitude is ≈10% of the maximum valence band intensity. This suggests metallic behavior. Except for 1 eV shift toward higher binding energy, the results compare favorably with previous band calculations, and hint at a re-examination of theories based purely on a localized electronic structure. There is evidence for both Cu-3d and O-2p occupation at EF, as predicted by band calculations.
Lessons Learned from a Decade of Sudden Oak Death in California: Evaluating Local Management

Sudden Oak Death has been impacting California’s coastal forests for more than a decade. In that time, and in the absence of a centrally organized and coordinated set of mandatory management actions for this disease in California’s wildlands and open spaces, many local communities have initiated their own management programs. We present five case studies to explore how local-level management has attempted to control this disease. From these case studies, we glean three lessons: connections count, scale matters, and building capacity is crucial. These lessons may help management, research, and education planning for future pest and disease outbreaks.
Prevalence and predictors of human papillomavirus vaccination in adolescent girls.

Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence and predictors of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in adolescent girls who were recommended to receive the vaccine by their health care providers. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting United States in 2007–08. Participants Parents or guardians most knowledgeable about health and health care of adolescent girls aged 12 to 17 years participating in the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). Intervention NCSH was a population-based telephone survey using a complex probability sampling design. Main outcome measures Prevalence of HPV vaccination in adolescent girls who were recommended to receive the HPV vaccine and predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with HPV vaccination. Results Of 12.38 million adolescent girls aged 12 to 17 years, 3.69 million (29.76%) were recommended to receive the HPV vaccine by their health care provider. The majority who received the HPV vaccine recommendation were 13 to 17 years of age (83%), were white (71%), and had one or more preventive visits (94%). Among those for whom the HPV vaccine was recommended, 48.75% (95% CI 45.37–52.13) received the vaccine. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of those who were recommended revealed that enabling and predisposing factors were significantly associated with the HPV vaccination. Children living at 101% to 200% of the Federal Poverty Level (odds ratio 0.54 [95% CI 0.30–0.98]) and children in households with two or more adults (0.51 [0.33–0.80]) were negatively associated with HPV vaccination, whereas children with any preventive medical care visit(s) (2.28 [1.36–3.84]) in the previous year were positively associated with HPV vaccination. Conclusion Nearly one-half of adolescent girls received the HPV vaccine among those who were recommended by their health care provider. The study finding emphasizes the importance of predisposing and enabling factors for HPV vaccination. Policy and education efforts can focus on these factors to improve HPV vaccination rates.
The movement of actin–myosin biomolecular linear motor under AC electric fields: An experimental study

The role of actin-myosin as a biomolecular linear motor is considered a transport system at nanoscale because of their size, efficiency and functionality. To utilize the ability to transport, it is essential to control the random movement of actin filaments (F-actin) on myosin coated substrate. In the presence of an alternating current (AC) electric field, the direction of F-actin movement is regulated by electro-orientation torque and, as a result, its movement is perpendicularly toward the electrode edges. Our data confirm such aligned movement is proportional to the strength of applied electric field. Interestingly, the aligned movement is found frequency-dependent and the electrothermal effect is observed by means of the velocity measurement of aligned F-actin movement. The findings in this study may provide constructive information for manipulating actin-myosin nanotransport system to build functional nanodevices in future work.
Ageing: life begins at 90

Hang on long enough and your body will stop ageing. We don't know why but that shouldn't stop us exploiting it
Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability of Phosphorus Concentration in Two Soybean Germplasm Sources with Modified Phosphorus Composition

Two sources of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, CX1834 and V99-5089, improve the nutritional composition of soybeans due to different genetic mutations resulting in decreases in phytate and increases in inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration. Commercial production of cultivars with these germplasm sources depends on the stability of phytate and Pi concentration under diverse growing environments. We analyzed phytate and Pi concentration from eight genotypes grown in 12 environments to evaluate the genotypic and environmental effects and to determine trait stability. Two lines with normal composition and six lines modified for P composition, including three CX1834-derived lines from different genetic backgrounds and three sister lines derived from V99-5089, were evaluated. The genotypic effects and the genotype x environment interaction were significant for phytate and Pi concen - tration. The environment significantly affected Pi concentration of the modified P lines but had no significant effect on phytate concentration. The CX1834-derived lines were lower for phytate concentration and higher for Pi concentration compared to the V99-5089-derived lines. Five modified P composition lines were average or above average for phytate stability which may allow these cultivars to be produced commercially in a range of environments.
Geckos significantly alter foot orientation to facilitate adhesion during downhill locomotion

Geckos employ their adhesive system when moving up an incline, but the directionality of the system may limit function on downhill surfaces. Here, we use a generalist gecko to test whether limb modulation occurs on downhill slopes to allow geckos to take advantage of their adhesive system. We examined three-dimensional limb kinematics for geckos moving up and down a 45° slope. Remarkably, the hind limbs were rotated posteriorly on declines, resulting in digit III of the pes facing a more posterior direction (opposite to the direction of travel). No significant changes in limb orientation were found in any other condition. This pes rotation leads to a dramatic shift in foot function that facilitates the use of the adhesive system as a brake/stabilizer during downhill locomotion and, although this rotation is not unique to geckos, it is significant for the deployment of adhesion. Adhesion is not just advantageous for uphill locomotion but can be employed to help deal with the effects of gravity during downhill locomotion, highlighting the incredible multi-functionality of this key innovation.
The Local Structure of High-Temperature Superconductors

We show how XAFS has been successfully used in the determination of the local crystal structure of high-temperature superconductors, with advantages over traditional diffraction techniques. We review the experimental results that yielded the first evidence for an axial-oxygen-centered lattice instability connected with the superconductivity transition. The interpretation of this instability in terms of a dynamical tunneling model suggests the presence of polarons in these materials. XAFS on Tl2Ba2CuO6 and other Tl-based superconductors indicate the presence of local instabilities in the CuO2 planes of these materials, in addition to axial-oxygen instabilities.
Synergistic Effect of Progesterone, Testosterone, and Estradiol in the Stimulation of Chick Renal 25- Hydroxyvitamin D3-lα-Hydroxylase

Castrate male chickens have low levels of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-la-hydroxylase (13 pmol 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/200 mg tissue-10 min). This activity is markedly increased by the administration of 5 mg/kg estradiol and 5-20 mg/kg testosterone 24 h before in vitro measurement of the enzyme. Both hormones are required for this stimulation. The testosterone, but not estradiol, requirement for the stimulation can also be satisfied by progesterone. Progesterone (12.5 mg/kg) given in addition to estradiol and testosterone stimulates even further the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-l*alpha;-hydroxylase activity to very high levels (388 pmol 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3/200 mg tissue-10 min). This is accompanied by a 3-fold increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (from 55 to 170 pg/ml), which provides in vivo evidence for the stimulation of the lα-hydroxylase by sex hormones in birds.
Conserved tyrosine kinase promotes the import of silencing RNA into Caenorhabditis elegans cells

RNA silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans is transmitted between cells by the transport of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The efficiency of such transmission, however, depends on both the cell type and the environment. Here, we identify systemic RNAi defective-3 (SID-3) as a conserved tyrosine kinase required for the efficient import of dsRNA. Without SID-3, cells perform RNA silencing well but import dsRNA poorly. Upon overexpression of SID-3, cells import dsRNA more efficiently than do wild-type cells and such efficient import of dsRNA requires an intact SID-3 kinase domain. The mammalian homolog of SID-3, activated cdc-42–associated kinase (ACK), acts in many signaling pathways that respond to environmental changes and is known to directly associate with endocytic vesicles, which have been implicated in dsRNA transport. Therefore, our results suggest that the SID-3/ACK tyrosine kinase acts as a regulator of RNA import into animal cells.
A comparison of the onset and clinical duration of high doses of cisatracurium and rocuronium.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the onset and clinical duration of cisatracurium and rocuronium in equipotent doses in balanced opioid/isoflurane anesthesia. Design: Randomized, controlled study. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 40 healthy patients scheduled for elective surgery. Interventions: Patients underwent anesthesia induction with thiopental or propofol with a cisatracurium intubating dose of either 0.15 or 0.2 mg/kg or a rocuronium dose of either 0.9 or 1.2 mg/kg. These doses correspond to three and four times the ED 95 dose. Measurements and Main Results: The onset time and time to 25% recovery of baseline first twitch in a train-of-four were determined using an accelerometric sensor. Rocuronium had a faster onset time that cisatracurium at equipotent doses (3 × ED 95 : 134 vs. 220 sec respectively, and at 4 × ED 95 : 95 vs. 162 sec). Recovery tended to be faster, but not statistically different for cisatracurium compared to rocuronium. Conclusions: With equipotent intubating doses of rocuronium and cisatracurium, rocuronium produces a more rapid onset of muscle relaxation. The data suggest a tendency toward more rapid clinical recovery of cisatracurium compared to equipotent doses of rocuronium, although these differences were not statistically significant.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OF NITROPYRIDINES IN SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS WITH ANIONS

The reactions of the anions of isonicotinamide and 2-amino-5-nitropyridine with 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine and 3-nitropyridine were observed to give rise to unexpected substitution products presumably via a radical anion mechanism.
STOCHASTIC MODE REDUCTION FOR PARTICLE-BASED SIMULATION METHODS FOR COMPLEX MICROFLUID SYSTEMS ∗

We illustrate the stochastic mode reduction procedure as formulated recently by Majda, Timofeyev, and Vanden-Eijnden [Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 54 (2001), pp. 891--974] (MTV) on the equations of motion underlying various particle-based simulation approaches (such as Stokesian dynamics and Brownian dynamics) and the conceptually distinct dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation approaches for complex microfluid systems. The resulting coarse-grained dynamics are compared and contrasted with each other. We show that the stochastic mode reduction procedure provides a way to recover the Smoluchowski dynamics for a standard model of multiple interacting particles in a fluid. The DPD, however, has some subtle aspects which obstruct the application of the stochastic mode reduction procedure. We discuss the mathematical and physical properties of the DPD method that underlie thisdifficulty.
New just-infinite pro-p groups of finite width and subgroups of the Nottingham group

We use the action of the Nottingham group on the completion of its Lie algebra to construct new examples of just-infinite pro-p groups of finite width whose graded Lie algebras with respect to the lower central series are isomorphic to sl2(Fp)⊗tFp[t]. The groups constructed are non-linear and thus answer the question posed in [Comm. Algebra 30 (2002) 1293]. The proof of nonlinearity uses a new description of the centralizers of elements of order p in the Nottingham group and the concept of Hausdorff dimension.
One-day rate measurements for estimating net nitrification potential in humid forest soils

Abstract Measurements of net nitrification rates in forest soils have usually been performed by extended sample incubation (2–8 weeks), either in the field or in the lab. Because of disturbance effects, these measurements are only estimates of nitrification potential and shorter incubations may suffice. In three separate studies of northeastern USA forest soil surface horizons, we found that laboratory nitrification rates measured over 1 day related well to those measured over 4 weeks. Soil samples of Oa or A horizons were mixed by hand and the initial extraction of subsamples, using 2 mol L−1 KCl, occurred in the field as soon as feasible after sampling. Soils were kept near field temperature and subsampled again the following day in the laboratory. Rates measured by this method were about three times higher than the 4-week rates. Variability in measured rates was similar over either incubation period. Because NO3− concentrations were usually quite low in the field, average rates from 10 research watersheds could be estimated with only a single, 1-day extraction. Methodological studies showed that the concentration of NH4+ increased slowly during contact time with the KCl extractant and, thus, this contact time should be kept similar during the procedure. This method allows a large number of samples to be rapidly assessed.
Response of calcareous Nagawicka Lake, Wisconsin, to changes in phosphorus loading

Abstract Nagawicka Lake is a 400-ha, phosphorus (P)-limited, calcareous lake (hardness of 300 mg/L CaCO3) in Wisconsin. Because of concern over potential degradation in water quality associated with urban development in the watershed, a study was conducted to determine the effects of past and future changes in P loading on the lake's water quality through the use of empirical eutrophication models. Six existing empirical P models consistently overestimated total P (TP) concentrations in the lake by a factor of about 2 over a range in external P loading because the models do not account for the unique properties of calcareous lakes: co-precipitation of P with calcite and negligible release of P from the deep sediments. Confirmation of the calcite mechanism was proven by analysis of sediment cores. Once the results were adjusted for the consistent biases, other conventional empirical models fairly accurately predicted the measured chlorophyll a concentrations (CHL) and Secchi depths in the lake. The models,...
Dynamical properties of propagating front solutions of the amplitude equation

The amplitude equation is a valid description of the dynamics of a system near onset. We investigate its dynamical properties as they pertain to pattern formation with particular emphasis on the dynamic process of pattern propagation into a finite amplitude stationary unstable state.
Sulfonylurea receptors: ABC transporters that regulate ATP-sensitive K(+) channels.

The association of sulfonylurea receptors (SURs) with K(IR)6.x subunits to form ATP-sensitive K(+) channels presents perhaps the most unusual function known for members of the transport ATPase family. The integration of these two protein subunits extends well beyond conferring sensitivity to sulfonylureas. Recent studies indicate SUR-K(IR)6.x interactions are critical for all of the properties associated with native K(ATP) channels including quality control over surface expression, channel kinetics, inhibition and stimulation by Mg-nucleotides and response both to channel blockers like sulfonylureas and to potassium channel openers. K(ATP) channels are a unique example of the physiologic and medical importance of a transport ATPase and provide a paradigm for how other members of the family may interact with other ion channels.
Pancreas cystic lymphangioma diagnosed with EUS-FNA.

Context Endoscopic ultrasound has proved to be an invaluable tool when obtaining high quality images of the pancreas. Furthermore, fine-needle aspiration of suspected lesions can be carried out simultaneously thus providing tissue samples for cytologic diagnosis. We present two cases of a rare pancreatic lesion that were diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration. Case #1 A 60-year-old asymptomatic gentleman was found to have an incidental pancreatic lesion on abdominal computed tomography scan during a cardiac workup. Patient had no personal or family medical history that would predispose him to pancreatic lesions. Endoscopic ultrasound was performed and patient was diagnosed with pancreatic cystic lymphangioma. Case #2 A 40-year-old asymptomatic gentleman with history of heavy alcohol use was found to have an incidental pancreatic lesion on computed tomography scan during a work up of chest pain. Computed tomography guided fine-needle aspiration was negative for malignancy but no other studies were performed on the fluid sample at that time. Patient was then referred to our institution after repeat computed tomography scan showed a stable lesion. Endoscopic ultrasound did not show evidence of pancreatitis and fine-needle aspiration was consistent with pancreatic cystic lymphangioma. Discussion The universally available and escalating use of computed tomography scans has led to an increased detection of incidental cystic pancreatic lesions. Pancreatic cystic lymphangiomas are a rare lesion and account for less than one percent of all pancreatic cystic lesions. These lesions are easily and accurately diagnosed by the use of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration.
Lower extremity mechanical work during stance phase of running partially explains interindividual variability of metabolic power

Recent attention given to the mechanical work of the lower extremity joints, the emerging importance of the stance phase of running, and the lack of consensus regarding the biomechanical correlates to economical running were primary justifications for this study. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the correlations between metabolic power and the positive and negative mechanical work at lower extremity joints during stance. Recreational runners (n = 16) ran on a treadmill at 3.35 m s−1 for physiological measures and overground for biomechanical measures. Inverse dynamics were used to calculate net joint moments and powers at the ankle, knee, and hip. Joint powers were then integrated over the stance phase so that positive and negative joint mechanical work were correlated with metabolic power (r = 0.60–0.69). Positive work at the hip and ankle during stance was positively correlated to metabolic power. In addition to these results, more economical runners (lower metabolic power) exhibited greater negative work at the hip, greater positive work at the knee, and less negative work at the ankle. Between the most and least economical runners, different mechanical strategies were present at the hip and knee, whereas the kinetics of the ankle joint differed only in magnitude.
MEDIA LOGIC AND SOCIAL INTERACTION

Media logic and formats associated with television programming are shown to contribute to our understanding of the role of reflexive communication in defining a situation, and suggest the relevance of a theory of mediurion for clarifying how an agent's communication products can influence the time, place, and manner of activities for us all. Social rules informed by conventional temporal and spatial considerations can be transformed through electronic content and formats. Viewers obtain information from mass media content that can transcend conventional personal experience (e.g., a 10-year-old child can learn how to be a teenager in 1940 or 1990). Materials illustrate how media logic and formats compatible with popular culture increasingly guide the form, content, and scheduling of social interaction. By the same token, certain kinds of experience are recognized for their mediated characteristics (e.g., rhythm, pacing, syntax, and grammar). As these patterns are incorporated into other realms of social life, temporal and spatial features of organized activities will embody the new formats. Viewing mass mediation from this perspective can illuminate a path for development of a theoretic understanding of mediation throughout social life. Students of everyday life seek to clarify the situated and reflexive character of social interaction (cf. Douglas et al. 1982). The symbolic parameters of the definition of any situation are not always of our own making, but are features of the work of other agents. Moreover, when the perspectives of others guide symbolic definitions and thereby influence social interaction, we can speak of the politics of everyday life. It is in the interaction of communication forms as product and producer that everyday life takes place and social order is accomplished How something is communicated is prior
Is smokeless tobacco use an appropriate public health strategy for reducing societal harm from cigarette smoking

Four arguments have been used to support smokeless tobacco (ST) for harm reduction: (1) Switching from cigarettes to ST would reduce health risks; (2) ST is effective for smoking cessation; (3) ST is an effective nicotine maintenance product; and (4) ST is not a “gateway” for cigarette smoking. There is little evidence to support the first three arguments and most evidence suggests that ST is a gateway for cigarette smoking. There are ethical challenges to promoting ST use. Based on the precautionary principle, the burden of proof is on proponents to provide evidence to support their position; such evidence is lacking.
The role of indeterminate fine‐needle biopsy in the diagnosis of parotid malignancy

Objectives/Hypothesis To examine the significance of indeterminate fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of parotid gland malignancy. Study Design Retrospective case series, academic tertiary referral center. Methods A total of 559 parotidectomies performed between the years of 2005 and 2010 were reviewed, with 56.7% (N = 317) meeting investigation eligibility criteria: primary parotid tumor, availability of fine-needle aspiration biopsy, intraoperative frozen section, and final pathologic diagnosis. One-hundred fifteen (n = 115, 36.3%) of the 317 parotid biopsies were interpreted as indeterminate. Clinical history, physical examination, operative findings, and histopathologic characteristics were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression, with deviation from means coding, was used to estimate the odds of malignancy in the indeterminate group and provide a comparison with reference to the average odds of malignancy over the overall sample. Results Overall final pathologic distribution of parotid masses (N = 317) was 82.3% benign and 17.7% malignant. Overall final pathologic distribution of parotid masses in the indeterminate group (n = 115) was 31.3% malignant and 68.7% benign. In comparison, the overall group (N = 317) had a decreased comparative percentage of malignant specimens at 17.7%. Interestingly, in the instance of an indeterminate biopsy, the odds of having a malignancy was estimated to increase by 1.98-fold compared to overall mean odds of malignancy in the sample. Other statistically significant clinical predictors of parotid malignancy included history of prior malignancy, current tobacco user, locally invasive characteristics intraoperatively, and facial nerve involvement intraoperatively. Conclusions In the context of an indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy, an elevated index of suspicion for parotid malignancy may be warranted. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 124:678–681, 2014
Investigations of round vertical turbulent buoyant jets

The axial and radial velocity components w and u, and the concentration c of a Rhodamine 6G dye were measured simultaneously in a turbulent buoyant jet, using laser-Doppler anemometry combined with a recently developed laser-induced-fluorescence concentration measurement technique. These non-intrusive techniques enable measurements in a region of plume motion where conventional probe-based techniques have had difficulties. The results of the study show that the asymptotic decay laws for velocity and concentration of a tracer transported by the flow are verified experimentally in both jets and plumes. The momentum and volume fluxes and the mean dilution factor are determined in dimensionless form as a function of the normalized distance from the flow source. Contradictory results from earlier experimental plume investigations concerning the decay laws of w and c and the plume width ratio b_c/b_w are discussed. The turbulence properties and the transition from momentum-driven jets to buoyancy-driven plumes are presented. The turbulence is found to scale with the mean flow as predicted by dimensional analysis and self-similarity. Buoyancy-produced turbulence is found to transport twice as much tracer as jet turbulence. Although velocity statistics in jets and plumes are found to be highly self-similar there is a strong disparity in the distribution of tracer concentration in the two flows. This occurs in the time-average mean flows as well as the r.m.s. turbulent quantities. Instantaneous concentration fluctuations are found to exceed time averages by as much as a factor of 3. The experimental results should provide a reasonable basis for validation of computer models of axisymmetric plumes.
Dyadic versus individual storytelling by preschool children.

Abstract A constructive model of recall and communication (D. Edwards & D. Middleton, 1986) and certain whole-word approaches to learning (C. Pontecorvo & C. Zucchermaglio, 1989) were evaluated in conjunction with an investigation of the benefits of joint storytelling on children's cognitive processes. Preschoolers (N = 36, aged 30-62 months) were prompted to compose a story, working with a classmate (during which they talked together freely and generated a mutual narrative) or individually. Findings revealed that, although dyadically generated stones were longer, containing significantly more words, propositions, and additive conjunctions, stories told by individuals contained proportionally more logically connected statements and greater use of the past tense. Moreover, compared with dyadic stories, individually generated narratives contained fewer alterations of the protagonist.
Inter-individual Variability in the Capacity for Motor Recovery After Ischemic Stroke:

Background. Motor recovery after stroke is predicted only moderately by clinical variables, implying that there is still a substantial amount of unexplained, biologically meaningful variability in recovery. Regression diagnostics can indicate whether this is associated simply with Gaussian error or instead with multiple subpopulations that vary in their relationships to the clinical variables. Objective. To perform regression diagnostics on a linear model for recovery versus clinical predictors. Methods. Forty-one patients with ischemic stroke were studied. Impairment was assessed using the upper extremity Fugl-Meyer Motor Score. Motor recovery was defined as the change in the upper extremity Fugl-Meyer Motor Score from 24 to 72 hours after stroke to 3 or 6 months later. The clinical predictors in the model were age, gender, infarct location (subcortical vs cortical), diffusion weighted imaging infarct volume, time to reassessment, and acute upper extremity Fugl-Meyer Motor Score. Regression diagnostics included a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for Gaussian errors and a test for outliers using Studentized deleted residuals. Results. In the random sample, clinical variables explained only 47% of the variance in recovery. Among the patients with the most severe initial impairment, there was a set of regression outliers who recovered very poorly. With the outliers removed, explained variance in recovery increased to 89%, and recovery was well approximated by a proportional relationship with initial impairment (recovery ≅ 0.70 × initial impairment). Conclusions. Clinical variables only moderately predict motor recovery. Regression diagnostics demonstrated the existence of a subpopulation of outliers with severe initial impairment who show little recovery. When these outliers were removed, clinical variables were good predictors of recovery among the remaining patients, showing a tight proportional relationship to initial impairment.
Working in the Land of the Metricians

The research of sports economists often addresses issues of interest to nonacademics. The shared interests often lead to interactions that have benefits and costs. The benefits center on nonacademic research—found in the ‘‘sabermetric’’ and ‘‘APBRmetric’’ communities—that can inform the work of academic economists studying sports. However, nonacademic research should be interpreted with caution because it is not subject to an academic peer review. This essay discusses how economists can benefit from sabermetric advances while avoiding its pitfalls.
A Review of: “Farhad Khosrokhavar. Suicide Bombers: Allah's New Martyrs, translated from the French by David Macey”

In recent years, a number of important studies have appeared on the topic of suicide terrorism that have contributed to the theoretical advancement of a field that has sparked intensive interest am...
Ring Polymers of Tubulin Induced by Binding of Natural Antimitotic Peptides

A number of natural products with potent antimitotic activity are peptides and depsipeptides that bind to tubulin, provoke depolymerization of microtubules, and induce formation of single layer rings of tubulin dimers. These peptides are all hydrophobic and small relative to tubulin (3-5 amino acid residues), yet induce rings polymers with properties that can differ significantly in size and self-association. In addition, these compounds exhibit potent cytotoxicity that varies by several hundred fold from one compound to another. Cryptophycin induces unusually homogeneous rings, composed of eight tubulin dimers, that are stable to dilution at least to nanomolar tubulin concentrations.
Neglecting Stator Transients When Representing Isolated Operation of Induction Machines

It is shown that the standard reduced order model of the induction machine, as it is incorporated into transient stability programs, cannot be used to predict accurately the terminal voltage of large horsepower induction machines during isolated operation. It is further shown that by proper application of the theory of neglecting electric transients, an accurate reduced order model may be derived. This corrected reduced order model is obtained by changing the frame of reference during computation of isolated operation.
Movement of Rhyzopertha dominica in response to temperature gradients in stored wheat

The movement and temperature preference of Rhyzopertha dominica was determined in a 56 cm diameter cylinder with 9 cm high sides containing 19.9 kg of hard red winter wheat. Two temperature gradients were tested over a 24 h period: 42 to 20 � C and 24 to 20 � C with the cooler temperature being on the periphery of the cylinder. No preference existed when there was no temperature gradient. Beetles preferred the moderate temperature region of the cylinder in the 42 to 20 � C gradient, but avoided the highest temperature region. In the 24 to 20 � C gradient, insects did not move very much during the 24 h period. When a longer duration was used (96 h) for the 24 to 20 � C gradient, there were significantly more insects in the warmest center region of the gradient compared to the middle or outer regions. Compared to other stored grain Coleoptera, such as Cryptolestes ferrugineus, R. dominica appears to move more slowly through the grain into preferred temperature regions. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Developmental changes in the Sciara II/9A initiation zone for DNA replication

Developmentally regulated initiation of DNA synthesis was studied in the fly Sciara at locus II/9A. PCR analysis of nascent strands revealed an initiation zone that spans ∼8 kb in mitotic embryonic cells and endoreplicating salivary glands but contracts to 1.2 to 2.0 kb during DNA amplification of DNA puff II/9A. Thus, the amplification origin occurs within the initiation zone used for normal replication. The initiation zone left-hand border is constant, but the right-hand border changes during development. Also, there is a shift in the preferred site for initiation of DNA synthesis during DNA amplification compared to that in preamplification stages. This is the first demonstration that once an initiation zone is defined in embryos, its borders and preferred replication start sites can change during development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that the RNA polymerase II 140-kDa subunit occupies the promoter of gene II/9-1 during DNA amplification, even though intense transcription will not start until the next developmental stage. RNA polymerase II is adjacent to the right-hand border of the initiation zone at DNA amplification but not at preamplification, suggesting that it may influence the position of this border. These findings support a relationship between the transcriptional machinery and establishment of the replication initiation zone.
Modulation of the immune response by maternal antibody.

In all mouse strains studied1,2, the primary immune response to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) is characterized by a predominant idiotype, IdXE (approximately 50% of population), and a predominant specificity for the 3 N-terminal amino acids of HEL (TIP), also 50% of population. The idiotype, IdXE, disappears and the TIP-specificity decreases markedly in the secondary response. Since neonatal A/J mice respond to immunization with HEL in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) as early as 7 days after birth and since the response is characterized by the same idiotype and specificity as the adult response, this idiotypic system provides a useful model for examining modulating effects of passively transferred maternal antibody on the immune response of the developing offspring to HEL-CFA. Our original hypothesis was that the presence of IdXE on passively transferred maternal antibody would perturb the offspring response.
Instrument- and computer-related problems and artifacts in nuclear medicine

Advances in γ-camera design over the last 5 to 10 years have improved all aspects of image quality, particularly for tomographic imaging. As system complexity increases, it becomes more important that both the technologist and physician be able to recognize the various types of artifacts that can occur in γ-camera systems and their potential impact on clinical studies. A thorough evaluation of the system at installation and a comprehensive quality control program will detect most problems that can occur. The most sensitive indicator of γ-camera performance is uniformity. Because this measurement is performed on a daily basis, it is the principle tool in evaluating the status of the γ-camera. Most artifacts related to the integrity of the detector head, computer system, and hard copy device can be detected on the uniformity image. For tomographic imaging, a quantitative determination of uniformity is needed to ensure that the system will not introduce ring artifacts into the patient data. Unlike planar imaging, the complex nature of tomographic imaging requires additional checks on system performance to ensure that other components of the system, such as the collimator, gantry, and imaging table, are not a source of artifact in the reconstructed image data. Failure of a system component can occur at any time and may be subtle and difficult to recognize in modern systems. In such an environment it becomes imperative that any unexpected finding in a clinical study be questioned with respect to a possible malfunction of some aspect of data acquisition and analysis.
Lupus brain fog: a biologic perspective on cognitive impairment, depression, and fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus

Cognitive disturbances, mood disorders and fatigue are common in SLE patients with substantial adverse effects on function and quality of life. Attribution of these clinical findings to immune-mediated disturbances associated with SLE remains difficult and has compromised research efforts in these areas. Improved understanding of the role of the immune system in neurologic processes essential for cognition including synaptic plasticity, long term potentiation and adult neurogenesis suggests multiple potential mechanisms for altered central nervous system function associated with a chronic inflammatory illness such as SLE. This review will focus on the biology of cognition and neuroinflammation in normal circumstances and potential biologic mechanisms for cognitive impairment, depression and fatigue attributable to SLE.