cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Evaluation of Graphite Oxide Reduced at 220 °C

The reduction of graphite oxide (GO) thin films was evaluated at 220 °C using a combination of infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies (XPS). The results were correlated with electrical resistance measurements. The chemical composition of GO was C8(OH)3O0.8 and reduced to C8(OH)0.5O0.3 after nearly 24 h of low-temperature processing, defined as 220 °C. The sheet resistance of dropcast GO thin films processed at 220 °C in air was 8 kΩ sq−1, similar to GO reduced at >800 °C in an inert atmosphere.
Gynecologic ureteral injury.

Various lesions predispose to ureteral injury during operation. Adequate exposure and direct visualization of the ureters early in the operative procedure are the best preventive measures. Early repair ranges from removal of a clamp or ligature to splinting with a catheter, end-to-end anastomosis, or reimplantation into the dome of the bladder or into a flap. Renography utilizing radioisotopes is very helpful in distinguishing between ureteral injury and acute renal shutdown postoperatively. Re-exploration is preferable to immediate nephrostomy if catheters cannot be passed. Temporary nephrostomy and even nephrectomy must be considered when ureteral obstruction occurs late in convalescence.
Temperature variability is a key component in accurately forecasting the effects of climate change on pest phenology

BACKGROUND Models describing the effects of climate change on arthropod pest ecology are needed to help mitigate and adapt to forthcoming changes. Challenges arise because climate data are at resolutions that do not readily synchronize with arthropod biology. Here we explain how multiple sources of climate and weather data can be synthesized to quantify the effects of climate change on pest phenology. RESULTS Predictions of phenological events differ substantially between models that incorporate scale-appropriate temperature variability and models that do not. As an illustrative example, we predicted adult emergence of a pest of sunflower, the sunflower stem weevil Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte). Predictions of the timing of phenological events differed by an average of 11 days between models with different temperature variability inputs. Moreover, as temperature variability increases, developmental rates accelerate. CONCLUSION Our work details a phenological modeling approach intended to help develop tools to plan for and mitigate the effects of climate change. Results show that selection of scale-appropriate temperature data is of more importance than selecting a climate change emission scenario. Predictions derived without appropriate temperature variability inputs will likely result in substantial phenological event miscalculations. Additionally, results suggest that increased temperature instability will lead to accelerated pest development. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Aneurysms of the descending aorta. Surgical experience in 48 patients.

Uniformity of opinion does not exist concerning an optimal surgical strategy for descending aortic aneurysms. In order to assess the impact of surgical technique on operative mortality, morbidity, late outcome, we reviewed 48 consecutive patients operated upon from 1976 to 1980. Average age was 61 years, and 37 patients (77%) were men. The average interval of aortic occlusion in the Gott shunt group was 48 minutes, which was significantly longer than that of patients operated upon without shunts (30 minutes). No patient in the Gott shunt group had postoperative paraplegia, but it was noted in two patients (18%) treated without a shunt. Operative deaths in patients with Gott shunts were caused by cardiac (two patients), neurologic (one patient), pulmonary (one patient), and abdominal (two patients) factors. A pulmonary embolus caused the single postoperative death in the “no shunt” group, and another patient died intraoperatively. A group of seven patients were treated by temporary femoral vein-femoral artery bypass because of extensive aneurysmal disease, advanced associated major systemic disorders, or anticipated excessive hemorrhage when the aneurysm was opened. All patients survived free of neurologic sequela, but one developed a reversible intraoperative coagulopathy. This study underscores the safety and usefulness of the femoral vein-femoral artery bypass in treating certain descending thoracic aneurysms and reinforces the importance of several technical guidelines concerning the proper insertion and use of the Gott shunt. These guidelines would have significantly reduced the observed operative morbidity and mortality.
Supporting Improvements in the Quality of Mathematics Teaching on a Large Scale

Research on the teaching and learning of mathematics has made significant progress in recent years. However, this work has had only limited impact on classroom instruction in many countries. We report on an eight-year project in which we partnered with several large urban school districts in the U.S. that were attempting to support mathematics teachers’ development of ambitious, inquiryoriented instructional practices. We first give an overview of the project and describe these researcher-practitioner partnerships, which were conducted as design research studies at the system level. We then present findings as they relate to key elements of a coherent system for instructional improvement. These elements include: explicit student learning goals and an associate vision of highquality mathematics instruction; curriculum materials and associated resources; pull-out teacher professional development; school-based teacher collaborative meetings; teachers’ informal professional networks; teacher leaders’ practices in providing job-embedded support for other teachers’ learning; and supplemental supports for currently struggling students. We conclude by arguing that additional studies are needed that frame large-scale instructional improvement as an explicit focus of investigation if mathematics education research is to realize its potential by contributing to improvements in the quality of mathematics instruction for large numbers of students.
A cross-cultural comparison of children’s imitative flexibility.

Recent research with Western populations has demonstrated that children use imitation flexibly to engage in both instrumental and conventional learning. Evidence for children's imitative flexibility in non-Western populations is limited, however, and has only assessed imitation of instrumental tasks. This study (N = 142, 6- to 8-year-olds) demonstrates both cultural continuity and cultural variation in imitative flexibility. Children engage in higher imitative fidelity for conventional tasks than for instrumental tasks in both an industrialized, Western culture (United States), and a subsistence-based, non-Western culture (Vanuatu). Children in Vanuatu engage in higher imitative fidelity of instrumental tasks than in the United States, a potential consequence of cultural variation in child socialization for conformity. (PsycINFO Database Record
Giant Cell Tumor of the Metacarpal: Case Report.

Background: Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a benign, though locally aggressive tumor, classically described as an eccentric lytic lesion, often with cortical expansion and destruction. It typically involves the metaphysis or epiphysis of long bones in skeletally mature patients, with a slight female predominance. The incidence in the small bones of the hand has been reported to be 2% to 5%. Methods: Treatment options have evolved in recent years, and currently include intralesional curettage with or without adjuvant therapy, wide resection, and occasionally amputation. Results: In this report, we present a long-term follow-up (10 years) of a patient with GCT involving a metacarpal, who was initially reconstructed with a metacarpal head allograft, which was eventually revised to a metacarpophalangeal (MCP) total joint arthroplasty. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the only report of pyrocarbon being used for tumor reconstruction and the only report of late MCP allograft salvage.
Satellite Based Augmentation Systems

Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS s) are designed to enhance the performance of standard global navigation satellite system (GNSS ) positioning. SBASs improve the positioning accuracy by providing corrections for the largest error sources. More importantly, SBASs provide assured confidence bounds on these corrections that allows users to place integrity limits on their position errors. Several systems have been implemented around the world and several more are in development. They have been put into place by civil aviation authorities for the express purpose of enhancing air navigation services. However, SBAS services have been widely adopted by other user communities, as the signals are free of charge and easily integrated into GNSS receivers.
Field Techniques and Laboratory Rearing Methods

When compared to some other groups of arachnids, solifuges can often be quite difficult to collect in the field. Most species are typically nocturnal, secretive in nature, have short adult life spans, and are frequently characterized by sporadic periods of activity at the ground surface which can differ markedly from year to year. Unfortunately they do not fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light as do scorpions and are therefore more difficult to locate at night. They do not construct webs nor do their eyes reflect light as easily as those of many spiders. Some of the field techniques used to locate and collect solifuges include walking considerable distances using headlamps or other lighting devices, and looking for specimens at the surface or hidden within rock crevices, under decaying vegetation and other surface debris such as rocks and cow chips. They can also be found by manually excavating occupied burrows. Solifuges can also be collected through the use of pitfall traps. It should be noted that all of these methods can be labor-intensive and often result in a failure to locate any solifuges.
Chaos and Stability in Some Models

The theory of the “business cycle,” aims to explain the observed and well documented fluctuations in employment, consumption, investment, total output (or the Gross Domestic Product GDP), etc. These oscillations are responsible for recurrent recessions and changing levels of inflation and unemployment. The business cycle has been and continues to be an important source of significant analytical problems in economic dynamics.
For-Profit Hospital Status and Carotid Artery Stent Utilization in US Hospitals Performing Carotid Revascularization.

Background and Purpose—Carotid artery stenting may be an economically attractive procedure for hospitals and physicians. We sought to identify the association of hospital ownership (nonprofit versu...
Metaphors and Sales Management: A Review and Research Agenda: An Abstract

The marketing and strategy literatures are rich with research explicating the usefulness of metaphors. For example, metaphors have been shown to be useful in the context of brand communication, leadership, marketing communications, marketing management, marketing research, marketing science, marketing theory construction, organizational knowledge production, and sales message creation. However, in the context of sales management, there is little research that investigates metaphors. Therefore, more scholarly research is warranted in the domain of sales management by drawing from other fields on metaphor-based research. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to identify and discuss relevant literary and theoretical metaphors for sales management and develop a research agenda for metaphors in the context of sales management. Through “metaphoric transfers,” theoretical metaphors can lead to theory construction and new discoveries. Specifically, future research should focus on (1) investigating new and existing literary and theoretical metaphors in the context of sales management, (2) explicating theoretical metaphors and evaluating their usefulness by examining dimensions of metaphoric transfer and analyzing the metaphors using the comparison model and the domains-interaction model, (3) engaging in theory development with reference to metaphors in the context of sales management research, and (4) empirically investigating the theories developed through metaphoric transfers.
Maxillary Teeth Abscesses Result in Atypical Liver Abscesses

Hepatic liver abscesses are often misdiagnosed on initial presentation because pyogenic liver lesions are a rare occurrence in the United States. This leads to a delay in proper treatment and results in increasing morbidity and mortality. Our case report demonstrates the atypical presentation of a hepatic liver abscess in the elderly. The source of infection was found to be periapical abscesses of the teeth, which subsequently seeded the portal blood stream of our patient. Our findings validate the potential hazard of Viridans streptococci and illustrate how untreated dental infections can serve as a reservoir for a systemic infection.
Building Community at the Library With Coffee and Conversation

As communities and individuals struggle with houselessness and housing insecurity, library staff must adapt in order to help our patrons fulfill needs. In 2013, Multnomah County Library (MCL) and the Multnomah County Department of County Human Services surveyed library patrons about library use. The survey identified that about 18.6 percent of visitors to Central Library—the county system’s main branch, located in downtown Portland— are people experiencing houselessness. These patrons visit the library more frequently than patrons who are not experiencing houselessness, and they tend to stay at the library longer than the latter group. Because patrons experiencing houselessness may have negative experiences interacting with staff in businesses, government offices, and other public institutions like libraries, it’s important to start any engagement by building relationships. Staff members need to help these patrons find resources and library materials, assist them with account issues, and show them that the library is the right place for them by making them feel welcome. In order to address this need, staff looked for a way to build relationships between staff and patrons and to create a welcoming environment in the library.
Correcting the effect of hematocrit in whole blood coagulation analysis on paper-based lateral flow device

A simple method to correct the effect of hematocrit (Hct) on a paper-based lateral flow assay device that is designed to assess whole blood coagulation is reported. By quantifying the effect of Hct on red blood cell (RBC) transport, a calibration procedure is obtained that compensates for the Hct effect, while maintaining the dependence of blood coagulation on RBC transport.
Defining Mutual Awareness: Results of Reactor Operator Surveys on the Emergence of Digital Technology in Main Control Rooms

The last decade has brought tremendous change to control room technologies. Lack of replacement parts and aging infrastructure within the analog systems created a shift, with digital technologies now making their way into nuclear power plant main control rooms in the U.S. These are complex, dynamic and collaborative working environments with potential for human error. The increase in automation coupled with the use of digital human-machine interfaces affords operators the opportunity to transition to seated workstations, yet creates a new set of potential operating issues. Adjusting to the new communication dynamic as well as a learning curve with the new technology creates potential for new types of human error. Finally, the technology shift from analog to digital introduces the risk of cybersecurity breaches. Through literature review and interview feedback from currently licensed operators and human factors experts working in industry, this research identifies several key current concerns.
Volume effects of starch-water interactions.

Volume changes arising from the sorption of water by three starches have been determined by dilatometry. By a recently described method, parameters of the G.A.B. equation have been used to resolve the volume changes into contributions from strongly sorbed water molecules in contact with the surface and from weakly sorbed water molecules in the remaining water layers. The latter produced only small volume effects. In contrast, the contact sorption caused very large volume decreases. Changes in these decreases with changing water content indicated two types of sorption sites, possibly crystalline and amorphous. In the case of waxy maize starch, for which literature data concerning its degree of crystallinity were available, the contact sorption could be quantitatively resolved into contributions from the presumably crystalline and amorphous portions, with the former exhibiting both higher affinity and larger volume changes for water molecules than the latter.
Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: Heterogeneity of findings since 1980

Alterations in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity are widely believed to contribute to the pathophysiology of the obese state. Disagreement, however, exists as to whether the predominant sympathetic abnormality is a decrease in neuronal activity (leading to diminished sympathetically-mediated energy expenditure and weight gain) or an increase (leading to hypertension). Findings summarized from over 40 separate studies support both hypotheses as well as the alternative thesis that SNS activity does not differ in obese humans compared to lean controls. Another abnormality being noted with increasing frequency in human obesity is reduced adrenaline (Ad) levels in plasma, both at rest or in response to a stimulus such as physical activity. Whether diminished adrenal medullary function is a cause or consequence of the obese state and whether the adrenal medulla plays any role in the regulation of energy metabolism on a daily basis are not known at the present time. Thus, while depressed SNS activity may be a sufficient explanation for the development of obesity, it is not a necessary condition. Suppressed adrenal medullary function may also contribute to this disorder.
Pain Processing in the Human Nervous System: A Selective Review of Nociceptive and Biobehavioral Pathways

This selective review discusses the psychobiological mediation of nociception and pain. Summarizing literature from physiology and neuroscience, first an overview of the neuroanatomic and neurochemical systems underpinning pain perception and modulation is provided. Second, findings from psychological science are used to elucidate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors central to the pain experience. This review has implications for clinical practice with patients suffering from chronic pain, and provides strong rationale for assessing and treating pain from a biopsychosocial perspective.
Reconsidering the Carnap-Kuhn Connection

Recently, some philosophers of science (e.g., Gurol Irzik, Michael Friedman) have challenged the ‘received view’ on the relationship between Rudolf Carnap and Thomas Kuhn, suggesting that there is a close affinity (rather than opposition) between their philosophical views. In support of this argument, these authors cite Carnap and Kuhn’s similar views on incommensurability, theory-choice, and scientific revolutions. Against this revisionist view, I argue that the philosophical relationship between Carnap and Kuhn should be regarded as opposed, rather than complementary. In particular, I argue that a consideration of the fundamentally disparate nature of the broader philosophical projects of Carnap (the logic of science) and Kuhn (providing a theory of scientific revolutions) renders the alleged similarities between their views superficial in comparison to their fundamental differences. In defense of the received view, I suggest that Carnap and Kuhn are model representatives of two contrasting styles of doing philosophy of science, viz., logical analysis and historical analysis respectively. This analysis clarifies the role played by Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions in the demise of logical empiricism in the second half of the twentieth-century.
“IT IS WE WHO ARE SPEAKING”: Antonin Artaud and Balinese Theatre

One of the lasting legacies Antonin Artaud left to the world of Western theatre was his interest in Balinese theatre. The important role his experience of Balinese theatre played in the construction of his theory on the theatre was invariably underscored by most of his students and critics. What is striking in all these critiques of Artaud’s (ahistorical) interpretation of Balinese theatre is the lack of a historical perspective as they approach Artaud’s theory as a different Other to the tradition of Western theatre and fail to place it in the historical context of Western theatre and thought. This chapter proposes that Artaud’s interpretation of Balinese theatre and “Oriental” theatre in general must be placed and understood in the historical context of Western theatre and in the historical development of his theory on the theatre. At the same time, it must also be looked at from the historical perspective of Balinese theatre as it evolved in the 1920s and 1930s.
Mandated health insurance increases rates of elective knee surgery

Background The recent federal ruling to against Affordable Care Act (ACA), specifically the mandate requiring people to buy insurance, has once again brought the healthcare reform debate to the spotlight. The ACA increased the number of insured Americans through the development of subsidized healthcare plans and health insurance exchanges. Insurance-based differences in the rate of upper extremity elective orthopaedic surgery have been described before and after healthcare reform in Massachusetts, where a similar mandate was put into place years before the ACA was passed. However, no comprehensive study has evaluated insurance-based differences of knee elective surgery before and after reform. Aim To investigate how an individual mandate to purchase health insurance affects rates of knee surgery. Methods A retrospective review was performed within an orthopaedic surgery department at a tertiary-care, academic medical center in Massachusetts. The rate of elective knee surgery performed before and after the healthcare reform (2005-2006 and 2007-2010, respectively) was calculated. The patients were categorized by insurance type (Commonwealth Care, Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, Workers' Compensation, TriCare, and Uninsured). Using χ 2 testing, differences in rates of surgery between the pre-reform and post-reform period and among insurance subgroups were calculated. Results Rate of surgery increased in the post-reform period (pre-reform 8.07% (95%CI: 7.03%-9.11%), post-reform 9.38% (95%CI: 8.74%-10.03%) (P = 0.04) and was statistically significant. When the insurance groups and insurance types were compared, the rates of surgery are not significantly different before or after reform. Conclusion The increase in the rate of elective knee surgery in the post-reform period suggests that health care reform in Massachusetts has been successful in decreasing the uninsured population and may increase health care expenditures. This is a hypothesis generating study that suggests further avenues of study on how mandated coverage may change healthcare utilization and cost.
Model Development to Support Analysis of Acoustic Buried Target Data

Abstract : The work reported here makes use of scattering models to understand the high sub-critical-grazing-angle target detection performance initially observed at the SAX99 field test using NSWC PC's synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) system. In this test, cylindrical targets buried as much as 50 cm in a fairly uniform sand bottom with minor roughness on the surface were detected robustly at grazing angles low enough (e.g., below the critical grazing angle) and frequencies high enough that detection would normally be expected to be very difficult. The long-term goal is to identify the mechanism and relevant environmental parameters responsible for detection and use this information to formulate models that reliably predict sonar detection and classification/identification performance against buried mines.
Definiteness, Structure and Agreement in Turkish Possessives

The present study argues for different levels of definiteness in the nominal domain based on an analysis of two different kinds of possession phrases in Turkish. In line with related research (e.g. Campbell 1996, Haegeman & Urogdi 2010 and Jimenez-Fernandez 2012, Zamparelli 2014), I argue that the more definite a possession phrase is in Turkish, the more structure it has. This extra structure also hosts a definiteness operator, which accounts for island-like properties of the more definite possession structures. The proposal can therefore account for interpretational and syntactic properties of different possession structures in Turkish. I also argue that agreement properties are also accounted for with this proposal, when coupled with the island-forming properties of agreement in Turkish (George & Kornfilt 1981). The current proposal then contributes to previous research on levels of definiteness and it does so by focusing on a type of determiner phrases that previous research on levels of definiteness did not focus on.
Neighborhood Defenders: Participatory Politics and America's Housing Crisis

Since the collapse of the housing market in 2008, demand for housing has consistently outpaced supply in many US communities. The failure to construct sufficient housing - especially affordable housing - in desirable communities and neighborhoods comes with significant social, economic, and environmental costs. This book examines how local participatory land use institutions amplify the power of entrenched interests and privileged homeowners. The book draws on sweeping data to examine the dominance of land use politics by 'neighborhood defenders' - individuals who oppose new housing projects far more strongly than their broader communities and who are likely to be privileged on a variety of dimensions. Neighborhood defenders participate disproportionately and take advantage of land use regulations to restrict the construction of multifamily housing. The result is diminished housing stock and higher housing costs, with participatory institutions perversely reproducing inequality.
The prevalence of psychosocial related terminology in chiropractic program courses, chiropractic accreditation standards, and chiropractic examining board testing content in the United States.

Spine related disorders entail biological (somatic), psychological, and social factors. Though biological factors are often emphasized, psychosocial considerations may not be receiving proper attention in the chiropractic field. Chiropractors treat spine complaints and therefore should be trained in the full spectrum of the biopsychosocial model. This study examines the use of psychosocial related terminology in United States doctor of chiropractic program (DCP) curricula, the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) standards, and the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) test plans. Nineteen academic course catalogs, CCE curricular standards and meta-competencies, and NBCE test plans were studied. Terms containing “psycho”, “soci”, “mental”, “econom”, “cultur”, “emotion”, “determinant”, “public”, “communit”, “neighbor”, “behav”, or “cognitive” were identified in each document. Frequency of use, context of use, thematic categorization, and percentage of use compared to overall content were calculated and described. ‘Public’ is the most commonly used psychosocial related term in DCP curricula. ‘Determinant’ was used in 1 DCP curriculum. The number of courses with psychosocial related terminology in course titles and course descriptions ranged from 1 to 5 and 3 to 12, respectively. Most terms are found in clinical skills, special populations, and other miscellaneous courses, with fewer terms found in psychology and public health courses. Terminology use in course titles and descriptions compared to overall content ranges from 3.40 to 14.86%. CCE uses terminology 17 times across 5 (out of 8) total meta-competencies. NBCE includes terminology in test plans I and II, but not III or IV. Despite evidence suggesting the influential role of psychosocial factors in determinants of health and healthcare delivery, these factors are poorly reflected in United States DCP curricula. This underappreciation is further evidenced by the lack of representation of psychosocial terminology in NBCE parts III and IV test plans. The reasons for this are theoretical; lack of clarity or enforcement of CCE meta-competencies may contribute.
Effect of Copolymer Structure on Rare-Earth-Element Chelation Thermodynamics.

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are crucial to modern technology, leading to a high demand for materials capable of REE extraction and purification. Metal-chelating polymers (e.g., polycarboxylic acids, polyamines, and others) are particularly useful in these applications due to their synthetic accessibility and high selectivity. Copolymers with varied mole fractions of acrylic acid and methyl acrylate are synthesized and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the thermodynamics of REE binding for each material is used. Across a series of copolymer compositions, entropically driven binding thermodynamics (∆G, ∆H, and ∆S) that appear to be independent of χAcrylic Acid are found. ITC stoichiometry data reveal that each copolymer requires between four and five repeat units to bind each REE. These data suggest that alterations in the copolymer structure do not affect the overall binding thermodynamics of REEs to these copolymers.
Comparing the polarimetric response of hyperspectral imagers

Optical remote sensing systems are often used to gather imagery of scenes containing partially polarized light. Partially polarized reflection or emission will affect the detected response if the sensor system has intentional or unintentional polarization sensitivity. As the use of optical remote sensing systems becomes more widespread, the factors affecting the response of these systems needs to be better understood. In this paper, we present the results of polarization response measurements of six hyperspectral imaging systems manufactured by Resonon Inc. The imagers included in this study cover wavelengths from approximately 350nm to 1700 nm, with various spectral sampling rates. Efforts are ongoing to model and compensate for the observed response.
Biomarker-Based Classification of Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure Into Inflammatory Subphenotypes: A Single-Center Exploratory Study.

OBJECTIVES Hyper- and hypoinflammatory subphenotypes discovered in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome predict clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses. These subphenotypes may be important in broader critically ill patient populations with acute respiratory failure regardless of clinical diagnosis. We investigated subphenotyping with latent class analysis in an inclusive population of acute respiratory failure, derived a parsimonious model for subphenotypic predictions based on a small set of variables, and examined associations with clinical outcomes. DESIGN Prospective, observational cohort study. SETTING Single-center, academic medical ICU. PATIENTS Mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We included 498 patients with acute respiratory failure (acute respiratory distress syndrome: 143, at-risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome: 198, congestive heart failure: 37, acute on chronic respiratory failure: 23, airway protection: 61, and multifactorial: 35) in our derivation cohort and measured 10 baseline plasma biomarkers. Latent class analysis considering clinical variables and biomarkers determined that a two-class model offered optimal fit (23% hyperinflammatory subphenotype). Distribution of hyperinflammatory subphenotype varied among acute respiratory failure etiologies (acute respiratory distress syndrome: 31%, at-risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome: 27%, congestive heart failure: 22%, acute on chronic respiratory failure 0%, airway protection: 5%, and multifactorial: 14%). Hyperinflammatory patients had higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, fewer ventilator-free days, and higher 30- and 90-day mortality (all p < 0.001). We derived a parsimonious model consisting of angiopoietin-2, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, procalcitonin, and bicarbonate and classified subphenotypes in a validation cohort (n = 139). Hyperinflammatory patients (19%) demonstrated higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers not included in the model (p < 0.01) and worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Host-response subphenotypes are observable in a heterogeneous population with acute respiratory failure and predict clinical outcomes. Simple, biomarker-based models can offer prognostic enrichment in patients with acute respiratory failure. The differential distribution of subphenotypes by specific etiologies of acute respiratory failure indicates that subphenotyping may be more relevant in patients with hypoxemic causes of acute respiratory failure and not in patients intubated for airway protection or acute on chronic decompensation.
Analysis of atomic Pauli potentials and their large-Z limit.

Modeling the Pauli energy, the contribution to the kinetic energy caused by Pauli statistics, without using orbitals is the open problem of orbital-free density functional theory. An important aspect of this problem is correctly reproducing the Pauli potential, the response of the Pauli kinetic energy to a change in density. We analyze the behavior of the Pauli potential of non-relativistic neutral atoms under Lieb–Simon scaling—the process of taking nuclear charge and particle number to infinity, in which the kinetic energy tends to the Thomas–Fermi limit. We do this by mathematical analysis of the near-nuclear region and by calculating the exact orbital-dependent Pauli potential using the approach of Levy and Ouyang for closed-shell atoms out to element Z = 976. In rough analogy to Lieb and Simon’s own findings for the charge density, we find that the potential does not converge smoothly to the Thomas–Fermi limit on a point-by-point basis but separates into several distinct regions of behavior. Near the nucleus, the potential approaches a constant given by the difference in energy between the lowest and highest occupied eigenvalues. We discover a transition region in the outer core where the potential deviates unexpectedly and predictably from both the Thomas–Fermi potential and the gradient expansion correction to it. These results may provide insight into the semi-classical description of Pauli statistics and new constraints to aid the improvement of orbital-free density functional theory functionals.
Habitat-specific divergence of procyanidins in Protium subserratum (Burseraceae)

In Amazonian Peru, the neotropical tree Protium subserratum Engl. (Burseraceae) occurs as distinct ecotypes on low nutrient white-sand (WS), intermediate fertility brown-sand (BS), and nutrient-rich clay (CS) soils. Genetic analysis indicates that these ecotypes are undergoing incipient speciation. Possible drivers of this divergence are habitat-specific herbivore faunas and differing resource availabilities. Protium subserratum, therefore, provides an ideal opportunity to investigate how defense chemistry evolves during lineage divergence. WS and BS races of P. subserratum are host to largely non-overlapping herbivore communities and they differ in chlorogenic acid, flavonoid, and oxidized terpene chemistry. Here, we investigate how another important class of anti-herbivore chemicals, procyanidins (PCs), varies among the ecotypes. We isolated the PCs from leaves of juvenile and adult trees from each ecotype and used spectroscopic and chemical techniques to characterize the chemical structures of their component monomers. We found that WS, BS, and CS ecotypes accumulate ca. 17 % of leaf dry weight as PCs. Within ecotypes, we found very little difference in PC type, neither by site nor by life stage. Among ecotypes, however, we observed a marked divergence in PC composition that arose at least in part from differences in their terminal and extension subunits. In addition, the average polymer length of BS and CS PCs was significantly greater than in WS ecotypes. We conclude that phenotypic differences in PCs in the WS versus BS and CS ecotypes of P. subserratum are consistent with selection by herbivores in different soil types that differ strongly in nutrient availability and may contribute to the evolution of habitat specialization.
Obesogenic behaviors among adolescents: the role of generation and time in the United States.

Objectives : To examine how obesogenic behaviors (consumption of sugary drinks, physical activity, and/or sedentary behaviors) differ among adolescents within and across generation. Design: Data come from the 2008 Boston Youth Survey, a population-based sample of 9th-12th-graders in 22 public high schools in Boston, MA. We used self-reported information to calculate generation and obesogenic behaviors (i.e. physical activity in past 7 days, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in past 7 days, and TV/computer/video game use on an average school day). Multivariable models were conducted to estimate the association between generation and obesogenic behaviors, adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, age, family structure, and school. Results: Relative to first generation youth, 1.5 generation (RR=1.74, 95% CI= 1.10, 2.77) and second generation (RR=1.45, 95% CI=1.02, 2.07) youth were more likely to consume soda. Second (RR=1.60, 95% CI=1.20, 2.14) and third generation (RR=2.29, 95% CI=1.43, 3.65) youth were significantly more likely to consume other sugary drinks. Only third generation youth were more likely to watch $2 hours/day of TV when compared to first generation youth (RR=1.53, 95% CI=1.07, 2.18). No differences were seen by generation for levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or computer/ video games. Conclusions: Greater consumption of sugary drinks is seen across generation among adolescents. Sugary drinks, which are aggressively marketed to immigrant youth, may contribute to excess weight gain seen among foreign-born youth upon arrival in the United States. ( Ethn Dis . 2015;25[1]:58-64)
Relative Labilities of the Two Types of Interchain Disulfide Bond of Rabbit γG-Immunoglobulin

R. HONG AND A. NISONOFF~ From the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois (Received for publication, May 7, 1965) A molecule of rabbit yG-globulin’ evidently consists of four polypeptide chains held together by interchain disulfide bonds and noncovalent interactions. Each molecule comprises a pair of similar or identical “light” chains having an approximate molecular weight of 20,000, and another pair of “heavy” chains of weight 50,000 to 55,000 (2-7). Each light chain is linked to a heavy chain and the two heavy chains are joined to one another (3, 8). The presence of 1 X-carboxymethylcysteine residue per light chain, isolated after reduction and alkylation with iodoace- tate, indicates that a single interchain disulfide bond joins each light chain to a heavy chain (3). Similarly, in a large part if not all of the molecules, reduction of a single disulfide bond is sufficient to permit separation at 10~ pH of half-molecules, each consisting of a light and a heavy chain (9, 10). This is evidently the same disulfide bond that links two “univalent” (Fab’ (1)) fragments after peptic digestion (11). To be consistent with the structural model of Fleischman, Porter, and Press (3), it was necessary to postulate that this bond joins two heavy chains (11). The present investigation provides direct evidence that this is the case. A study was also made of the relative labilities of the disulfide bonds linking light and heavy chains as compared with that of the bond joining half-molecules.2 Conditions for preferential reduction of the H-H disulfide bond, with minimal cleavage of L-H disulfide bonds, were defined. The extent of exchange of light and heavy chains, under the conditions used for separation and hybridization of half-molecules, was estimated. Also, it was found that after reduction of all interchain disulfide bonds, separation into half-molecule subunits occurs under milder conditions than are required for dissociation into separate light and heavy chains.
Utility Functions, Prices, and Negotiation

This paper provides an introduction to the use of utility theory with service level agreements between a computer-based service provider and a client. It argues that a consistent approach to utility, together with a flexible notion of pricing, can go a long way to clarifying some of the hidden assumptions that pervade many existing contracts and decisions around them. The goal is to enhance understanding of a surprisingly tricky area, identify a few consequences for services providers and their clients, suggest a set of terminology that reduces ambiguities, and make some suggestions for future work. External Posting Date: July 6, 2008 [Fulltext] Approved for External Publication Internal Posting Date: July 6, 2008 [Fulltext] A version of this paper will be published in Market Oriented Grid and Utility Computing, edited by Rajkumar Buyya and Kris Bobendorfer, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc © Copyright 2008 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Note: a version of this will appear as Chapter 4 in: Market Oriented Grid and Utility Computing, edited by Rajkumar Buyya and Kris Bubendorfer, and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. Utility functions, prices, and negotiation
Social distance from the stigmatized: A test of two theories

Attribution of responsibility and disruption of social interaction are two explanations proposed in previous literature for the existence of differential social distance from individuals with various types of stigmas. This paper tests the relative merits of the theories in explaining perceived social distance that individuals in the study expressed from a wide range of stigmatized conditions representing two general stigma types: the disabled and deviants. The research is based on a sample of professionals and managers in key decision making positions. Perceived social distance was measured by a modified Bogardus Scale. Respondents expressed greater social distance from deviants such as alcoholics and drug addicts than from the disabled such as paraplegics and the blind. Little support was found for the contention that attribution of responsibility determines variations in social distance across or within the two major stigma types of disability and deviance. Rather, results suggest that differential rejection stems from the disruption a stigma causes in social interaction.
How Many Scale Points Should I Include for Attitudinal Questions

Response scales are frequently used to measure attitudes in survey research. In this short article, I will discuss some theoretical considerations in the measurement of attitudes that influence the number of scale points. Next, I will discuss empirical results regarding the quality of scales with different numbers of scale points. Last, I will provide some question development strategies. There are various theoretical considerations for determining the number of scale points. Attitudes are abstract constructs that are not directly observable and exist only in the respondent’s mind. Response scales allow respondents to express both the direction and intensity of their attitudes. Some attitudes are viewed as bipolar concepts where two opposing sides of a concept are measured, whereas other attitudes are viewed as unipolar concepts where only the level of an attitude or just one side of a concept is measured. Researchers must clearly define the attitude object towards which a respondent can express an attitude. The respondent can then represent his or her stance for or against an attitude object by selecting the appropriate option on the response scale. Researchers usually conceptualize attitudes as existing along an attitude continuum. Hence, response scales that allow respondents to express different shades of an attitude rather than being simply for or against an attitude object will allow for better measurement of that continuum. However, the difficulty of the response task must also be considered when designing response scales. Although longer scales might seemingly measure the attitude continuum in more detail, the response task might become too demanding, with too many scale points. This might force respondents to make more finely graded distinctions between scale points than might be possible. Respondents then might decide that the question is too demanding and satisfice (Krosnick 1991) by choosing the first plausible option that they encounter rather than carefully considering all options along the scale (Krosnick and Fabrigar 1997). Additionally respondents might resort to rounding their answers.
Japanese telecommunications policy: New direction and old dilemmas

Abstract Recent shifts in telecommunicatiions policy have led to a dramatic restructuring of the Japanese telecommunications industry. A variety of new participants have entered the domestic communications market, and existing vendors have reoriented themselves. These shifts have not occured without trauma. Policy and jurisdictional debates and tension remain; traditional policies and structures conflict with new directions. Japan's experience in adapting new goals, policies and structures in the telecommunications sector warrants careful examination by public and private industry participants.
Stephen E. Fienberg's Contributions to Categorical Data Analysis and the Social Sciences

This year at JSM, I had the privilege of providing an outlook on Steve's classic work on categorical data analysis and applications to the social sciences and to highlight some recent developments ...
Fast and efficient three-step target-specific curing of a virulence plasmid in Salmonella enterica

Virulence plasmids borne by serovars of Salmonella enterica carry genes involved in its pathogenicity, as well as other functions. Characterization of phenotypes associated with virulence plasmids requires a system for efficiently curing strains of their virulence plasmids. Here, we developed a 3-step protocol for targeted curing of virulence plasmids. The protocol involves insertion of an I-SecI restriction site linked to an antibiotic resistance gene into the target plasmid using λ-Red mutagenesis, followed by the transformation with a temperature-sensitive auxiliary plasmid which carries I-SecI nuclease expressed from a tetracycline-inducible promoter. Finally, the auxiliary plasmid is removed by incubation at 42 °C and the plasmid-less strains are verified on antibiotic-containing media. This method is fast and very efficient: over 90 % of recovered colonies lacked their virulence plasmid.
Articular cartilage skiving: the concept defined.

‘Skiving’ is commonly used to refer to the condition when the subchondral plate is disrupted and the overlying cartilage physically displaced without the screw tip entering the joint. In this study we sought to define radiographic parameters of skiving and compare radiographs with computed tomography (CT) for accuracy in determining joint skiving. Cadaveric specimens of the distal radius were implanted with a volar plate and screws. Arthrotomies were performed to definitively assess the positions of the screws. Standard and anatomic tilt radiographs as well as CT were performed. Orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists evaluated the images and reported whether screw penetration or skiving had occurred. For screws which penetrated or skived, measurements were made to record the distances from the screw tips to the subchondral plate. Sensitivity, specificity and percent correct interpretations were 53%, 83%, 60% respectively for radiographs; and 100%, 72%, 69% for CT. Screws penetrating the articular surface p...