cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer to the Inclined Trailing Wall of an Open Cavity

Abstract : Experimental and computational heat transfer investigations were performed on a cavity with an inclined trailing wall (20-degrees to the horizontal), simulating one under investigation for use in a scramjet engine. Heat transfer data are reported in the form of Stanton number obtained using a curve fit to the recorded transient surface temperature history under cold flow conditions. Ascending from the reattachment point, the Stanton number increased by nearly 50% due to flow compression. This effect of flow compression was also evident at the junction of the cavity floor and inclined trailing wall, where the Stanton number also increased by 50%. Descending from the reattachment point, the Stanton number increased by 30% due to flow recirculation. Downstream of the inclined trailing wall, the Stanton number increased by 90% due to the boundary layer-shock interaction when compared to that at the same axial location on a flat plate. A schlieren flow visualization technique was employed, showing the formation of the oblique shock from coalescing weak compression waves. For comparison, a 2-D Navier-Stokes CFD analysis was performed using a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model. In the cavity, the CFD Stanton number results were an order of magnitude lower than the experimental values, while downstream of the cavity, the CFD Stanton number results were 40% lower than the experimental results. Similar differences are noted within the open literature with application of various turbulence models, suggesting that the flow in the cavity is quite complex and the use of two equation turbulence models requires closer investigation.
A Recursive Free-Body Approach to Computer Simulation of Human Postural Dynamics

A recursive, free-body approach to the estimation of joint torques associated with observed motion in linkage mechanisms has recently been shown to be computationally more efficient than any other known approach to this problem. This paper applies this method to the analysis of human postural dynamics and shows how it can also be used to compute accelerations for specified joint torques. The latter calculation, referred to here as the direct dynamics problem, has until now involved symbolic complexity to such an extent as to generally limit computer simulation studies of postural control to very simple models. The model presented in this paper is both straightforward and general, and removes this obstacle to the investigation of possible neural control mechanisms by means of computer simulation. A computationally oriented linearization procedure for the direct dynamics problem is also included in the paper. Finally, example simulation results and corresponding measured body motions for human subjects are presented to validate the method.
A First Look at creating mock catalogs with machine learning techniques

We investigate machine learning (ML) techniques for predicting the number of galaxies (N gal) that occupy a halo, given the halo's properties. These types of mappings are crucial for constructing the mock galaxy catalogs necessary for analyses of large-scale structure. The ML techniques proposed here distinguish themselves from traditional halo occupation distribution (HOD) modeling as they do not assume a prescribed relationship between halo properties and N gal. In addition, our ML approaches are only dependent on parent halo properties (like HOD methods), which are advantageous over subhalo-based approaches as identifying subhalos correctly is difficult. We test two algorithms: support vector machines (SVM) and k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) regression. We take galaxies and halos from the Millennium simulation and predict N gal by training our algorithms on the following six halo properties: number of particles, M 200, σ v , v max, half-mass radius, and spin. For Millennium, our predicted N gal values have a mean-squared error (MSE) of ~0.16 for both SVM and kNN. Our predictions match the overall distribution of halos reasonably well and the galaxy correlation function at large scales to ~5%-10%. In addition, we demonstrate a feature selection algorithm to isolate the halo parameters that are most predictive, a useful technique for understanding the mapping between halo properties and N gal. Lastly, we investigate these ML-based approaches in making mock catalogs for different galaxy subpopulations (e.g., blue, red, high M star, low M star). Given its non-parametric nature as well as its powerful predictive and feature selection capabilities, ML offers an interesting alternative for creating mock catalogs.
Synthesis of dilute magnetic semiconductors by ion implantation

We have synthesized layers of CdMnTe by implantation of Mn into CdTe. Samples of CdTe have been implanted with Mn ions of 60 keV energy to fluences in the range 1 × 10 3 cm −2 to 2 × 10 16 cm −2 resulting in local concentrations of up to 10% at the maximum of the Mn distribution. Rutherford backscattering-channeling analysis has been used to study the radiation damage after implantation and after subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA). These experiments reveal that RTA for 15 s at a temperature T ≥ 700°C results in the complete recovery of the lattice order. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements of a sample showing complete annealing reveal an increase in the band gap corresponding to the synthesis of very dilute ( x = 0.004) Cd 1− x Mn x Te. A shift of the excitonic PL peak to lower energies is observed when a magnetic field H ≤ 1 T is applied. These measurements provide clear evidence for the synthesis of a DMS by ion implantation.
Cool White Dwarfs Revisited: New Spectroscopy and Photometry

In this paper we present new and improved data on 38 cool white dwarfs identified in 2001 by Oppenheimer and coworkers as candidate dark-halo objects. Using the high-resolution spectra obtained with LRIS on Keck I, we measure precise radial velocities for 13 white dwarfs that show an Hα absorption line. We show that accounting for radial velocities on average decreases the U-V plane velocities by only 6%. In two cases, accounting for the radial velocities put original halo candidates below the Oppenheimer and coworkers velocity cut. The radial velocity sample has a velocity dispersion in the direction perpendicular to the Galactic plane of σ_W = 59 km s^(-1), between the values typically associated with the thick-disk and stellar-halo populations. We also see indications of the presence of two populations by analyzing the velocities in the U-V plane. In addition, we present CCD photometry for half of the sample, and with it recalibrate the photographic photometry of the remaining white dwarfs. Using the new photometry in standard bands and applying the appropriate color-magnitude relations for hydrogen and helium atmospheres, we obtain new distance estimates. By recalibrating the distances of the white dwarfs that were not originally selected as halo candidates, we obtain 13 new candidates (and lose two original ones). On average, the new distances produce velocities in the U-V plane that are larger by 10%, with already fast objects gaining more. Using the new data while applying the same U-V plane velocity cut (94 km s^(-1)) and methods of analysis as did Oppenheimer and coworkers, we find a density of cool white dwarfs of 1.7 × 10^(-4) pc^(-3), confirming their value. In addition, we derive the density as a function of the U-V plane velocity cutoff. The density (corrected for losses due to higher U-V plane velocity cuts) starts to flatten out at 150 km s-1 (0.4 × 10^(-4) pc^(-3)) and is minimized (thus minimizing the possible nonhalo contamination) at 190 km s-1 (0.3 × 10^(-4) pc^(-3)). These densities are in rough agreement with the estimates for the stellar-halo white dwarfs, corresponding to values a factor of 1.9 and 1.4 higher.
A stereocontrolled synthesis of cis-3,4-diarylisochroman-1-ones through diastereoselective reaction of benzaldehydes and α-lithio-2-cyanodiarylmethane intermediates.

Abstract A highly diastereoselective reaction of benzaldehydes and α-lithio-2-cyanodiarylmethanes is reported. Using this approach a stereocontrolled synthesis of cis-3,4-diarylisochroman-1-ones is described.
Refereeing the Game of Peer Review

In this dialogue, I depict the journal peer review process as a high-stakes game involving three parties: editor, reviewer, and author. In light of a not-infrequent transposition of what should hav...
Computer aided design of a bipolar lead/acid battery

Abstract Statistical design of experiments, coupled with the proprietary mathematical lead/acid model of Johnson Controls, Inc., were used to derive the design of a very high power bipolar lead/acid battery for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The effects of some battery component factors and discharge rate on the battery performance, predicted by the lead/acid model, were evaluated. The strategy to derive the optimum battery design, the roles of each battery component, limitations of the system, and the directions to improve the battery performance are discussed.
Optimal Control of a Librating Electrodynamic Tether Performing a Multirevolution Orbit Change

Satellites that use low thrust propulsion systems for maneuvering, although efficient, can take a long time to complete significant orbit changes. Determining the non-linear optimal controls for such multirevolution maneuvers using the instantaneous orbital state dynamics can be riddled with numerical errors and are often subject to long computation times due to the large number of discretization nodes required by the optimization algorithm. An approach to optimal control of an electrodynamic tether is examined using averaged orbital state dynamics as constraints instead of instantaneous dynamic constraints. A mean square libration state is introduced in the dynamic model that captures the average of the out-of-plane libration of the tether. A sample long term optimal orbit change maneuver of a librating electrodynamic tether subject to atmospheric drag is investigated. The method of averaging is employed to transform the optimal control problem from the time domain into Fourier space where the complex problem is significantly reduced to a Zermelo type problem that is solved using a pseudospectral method. To validate the dynamic model of averaged states, the instantaneous states are propagated from the initial conditions using the resulting optimal controls.
The shape and internal structure of Mimas

The present effort to determine the shape of Mimas proceeds on the basis of limb profiles from six Voyager images; the fitting of ellipses to the limbs indicates that the shape is a triaxial ellipsoid. The satellite mass determined by Kozai (1957), in conjunction with a second-order theory for the ellipsoidal figure of equilibrium, leads to a satellite mean radius determination of 198.8 + or - 0.6 km, and a mean density of 1.137 + or - 0.018 g/cu cm. It is suggested that Mimas is probably differentiated, with a rocky core and a water-ice crust; alternatively, Mimas has a cosmic composition of ice and rock and is undifferentiated.
The Cosmic-Ray Precursor of Relativistic Collisionless Shocks: A Missing Link in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

Collisionless shocks are commonly argued to be the sites of cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration. We study the influence of CRs on weakly magnetized relativistic collisionless shocks and apply our results to external shocks in gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. The common view is that the transverse Weibel instability (TWI) generates a small-scale magnetic field that facilitates collisional coupling and thermalization in the shock transition. The TWI field is expected to decay rapidly, over a finite number of proton plasma skin depths from the transition. However, the synchrotron emission in GRB afterglows suggests that a strong and persistent magnetic field is present in the plasma that crosses the shock; the origin of this field is a key open question. Here we suggest that the common picture involving TWI demands revision. Namely, the CRs drive turbulence in the shock upstream on scales much larger than the skin depth. This turbulence generates a large-scale magnetic field that quenches TWI and produces a magnetized shock. The new field efficiently confines CRs and enhances the acceleration efficiency. The CRs modify the shocks in GRB afterglows at least while they remain relativistic. The origin of the magnetic field that gives rise to the synchrotron emission is plausibly in the CR-driven turbulence. We do not expect ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray production in external GRB shocks.
Inflation and the Nature of Supersymmetry Breaking

Abstract The scale at which supersymmetry is broken and the mechanism by which supersymmetry breaking is fed down to the observable sector has rich implications on the way Nature may have chosen to accomplish inflation. We discuss a simple model for slow rollover inflation which is minimal in the sense that the inflation may be identified with the field responsible for the generation of the μ-term. Inflation takes place at very late times and is characterized by a very low reheating temperature. This property is crucial to solve the gravitino problem and may help to ameliorate the cosmological moduli problem. The COBE normalized value of the vacuum energy driving inflation is naturally of the order of 1011 GeV. This favors the N = 1 supergravity scenario where supersymmetry breaking is mediated by gravitational interactions. Nonetheless, smaller values of the vacuum energy are not excluded by present data on the temperature anisotropy and the inflationary scenario may be implemented in the context of new recent ideas about gauge mediation where the standard model gauge interactions can serve as the messengers of supersymmetry breaking. In this class of models supersymmetry breaking masses are usually proportional to the F-term of a gauge singlet superfield. The same F-term may provide the vacuum energy density necessary to drive inflation. The spectrum of density perturbations is characterized by a spectral index which is significantly displaced from one. The measurements of the temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation at the accuracy expected to result from the planned missions will be able to confirm or disprove this prediction and to help in getting some deeper insight into the nature of supersymmetry breaking.
A Quantitative Occam's Razor

Interpreting entropy as a prior probability suggests a universal but “purely empirical” measure of “goodness of fit.” This allows statistical techniques to be used in situations where the correct theory- and not just its parameters-is still unknown. As developed illustratively for least-squares nonlinear regression, the measure proves to be a transformation of theR2 statistic. Unlike the latter, however, it diminishes rapidly as the number of fitting parameters increases.
Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes

We provide an update of the issues surrounding health risk assessment of exposure to cadmium in food. Bioavailability of ingested cadmium has been confirmed in studies of persons with elevated dietary exposure, and the findings have been strengthened by the substantial amounts of cadmium accumulated in kidneys, eyes, and other tissues and organs of environmentally exposed individuals. We hypothesized that such accumulation results from the efficient absorption and systemic transport of cadmium, employing multiple transporters that are used for the body's acquisition of calcium, iron, zinc, and manganese. Adverse effects of cadmium on kidney and bone have been observed in environmentally exposed populations at frequencies higher than those predicted from models of exposure. Population data raise concerns about the validity of the current safe intake level that uses the kidney as the sole target in assessing the health risk from ingested cadmium. The data also question the validity of incorporating the default 5% absorption rate in the threshold-type risk assessment model, known as the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), to derive a safe intake level for cadmium.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of molecular hydrogen emission in four reflection nebulae: ngc 1333, ngc 2023, ngc 2068, and ngc 7023

This paper presents near-infrared spectroscopy of fluorescent molecular hydrogen (H2) emission from NGC 1333, NGC 2023, NGC 2068, and NGC 7023 and derives the physical properties of the molecular material in these reflection nebulae. These observations of NGC 2023 and NGC 7023 and the physical parameters derived for these nebulae are in good agreement with previous studies. Both NGC 1333 and NGC 2068 have no previously published analysis of near-infrared spectra. This study reveals that the rotational-vibrational states of molecular hydrogen in NGC 1333 are populated quite differently from NGC 2023 and NGC 7023. We determine that the relatively weak UV field illuminating NGC 1333 is the primary cause of the difference. Further, the density of the emitting material in NGC 1333 is of much lower density, with n ~ 102-104 cm-3. NGC 2068 has molecular hydrogen line ratios more similar to those of NGC 7023 and NGC 2023. Model fits to this nebula show that the bright, H2-emitting material may have a density as high as n ~ 105 cm-3, similar to NGC 2023 and NGC 7023. Our spectra of NGC 2023 and NGC 7023 show significant changes in both the near-infrared continuum and H2 intensity along the slit and offsets between the peaks of the H2 and continuum emission. These brightness changes may correspond to real changes in the density and temperatures of the emitting region, although uncertainties in the total column of emitting material along a given line of sight complicates the interpretation. The spatial difference in the peak of the H2 and near-infrared continuum peaks in NGC 2023 and NGC 7023 shows that the near-infrared continuum is due to a material which can survive closer to the star than H2 can.
Geometric proof of a conjecture of Fulton

We give a geometric proof of a conjecture of Fulton on the multiplicities of irreducible representations in a tensor product of irreducible representations for GL(r).
A new synthesis of benzo[f]ninhydrin

Abstract A new four step synthesis of benzo[f]ninhydrin is described. This method utilizes affordable, readily available materials and reagents and is amenable to large scale production.
Photo-induced metal-ligand bond weakening, potential surfaces, and spectra

Abstract This review will focus on three aspects of spectroscopic research. The first is the theoretical explanation of Adamson's rules in terms of ligand-field theory. The explanation made the connections between electronic spectroscopy and photochemical activity. The second is the development of new methods of relating bonding changes deduced from spectroscopy with the excited-state distortions of a molecule (i.e. the actual bond lengths and bond angles of the molecule in the excited state). The time-dependent theory of electronic and resonance Raman spectroscopy focuses on the dynamics that occur after absorption of a photon, and provides a new point of view of the time evolution of the molecule. The final aspect is the dynamics of molecules when multiple coupled excited electronic states and multiple normal coordinates are involved. Amplitude transfer between states leads to intensity borrowing, intersystem crossing, and interference dips that can be measured spectroscopically. This review emphasizes the interplay between theory and experiment and between the static and dynamic views of the properties of excited electronic states of metal-containing molecules.
Calculation of a circular jet in crossflow with a multiple-time-scale turbulence model

Numerical calculation of a three dimensional turbulent flow of a jet in a crossflow using a multiple time scale turbulence model is presented. The turbulence in the forward region of the jet is in a stronger inequilibrium state than that in the wake region of the jet, while the turbulence level in the wake region is higher than that in the front region. The calculated flow and the concentration fields are in very good agreement with the measured data, and it indicated that the turbulent transport of mass, concentration, and momentum is strongly governed by the inequilibrium turbulence. The capability of the multiple time scale turbulence model to resolve the inequilibrium turbulence field is also discussed.
Management Activity and Program Performance: Gender as Management Capital

Do men and women manage differently? Do their efforts have different impacts on public program performance? Building from a formal treatment of public management and performance, this study investigates how the interaction of gender and management strategies influences organizational performance. Focusing on several hundred public organizations and their top managers over a three-year period, the analysis maps the gender question onto Mark Moore's distinction among managing upward toward political principals, downward toward organizational agents, and outward toward the networked environment. Findings indicate that women and men as top managers have different performance impacts, and these impacts vary by managerial function as well.
Greatly enhanced enantioselectivity by an apparently remote steric effect in the 1,1′-binaphthyl-catalyzed alkynylzinc addition to aldehydes

Abstract An unusual steric effect in the binaphthyl-catalyzed asymmetric alkynylzinc addition to aldehydes is observed. Increasing the steric bulkiness at the para-position of the 3,3′-anisyl groups of the 1,1′-binaphthyl ligands, though apparently remote from the Lewis acid coordination sites, has greatly enhanced the enantioselectivity as well as catalytic activity. Propargyl alcohols with ees up to 92% have been produced from the reaction of a terminal alkyne with aromatic aldehydes by using the binaphthyl catalysts.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Regioselective Amination of Secondary Allylic Trichloroacetimidates with Unactivated Aromatic Amines

The use of unactivated aromatic amines in the rhodium-catalyzed regioselective amination of secondary allylic trichloroacetimidates is explored. The desired N-arylamines are obtained in high yields and regioselectivity, favoring the branched amination products. The presence of the trichloroacetimidate leaving group was found to be critical for successful regioselective amination reactions with unactivated aromatic amines. Control studies show that rhodium is not simply acting as a Lewis acid to activate the trichloroacetimidate leaving group.
Exporting hyperinflation: The long arm of Chiang Kai-shek

As mainland China’s inflationary spiral accelerated in 1947-1949 there was a massive outflow of funds to the island of Taiwan. The exporting of China’s hyperinflation was facilitated by the fixed, overvalued, exchange rate between the mainland Chinese currency and the Taiwanese currency that was adopted in August 1948. Empirical tests offer support for the importance of the 1948 monetary policy reform and suggest a substantial impact of capital inflows and excess money growth in mainland China on inflationary pressures in Taiwan. We find no independent role for Taiwanese money growth in the inflation process.
The Link Between Job Satisfaction and Firm Value, With Implications for Corporate Social Responsibility

Executive Overview How are job satisfaction and firm value linked? I tackle this long-standing management question using a new methodology from finance. I study the effect on firm-level value, rather than employee-level productivity, to take into account the cost of increasing job satisfaction. To address reverse causality, I measure firm value by using future stock returns, controlling for risk, firm characteristics, industry performance, and outliers. Companies listed in the “100 Best Companies to Work For in America” generated 2.3% to 3.8% higher stock returns per year than their peers from 1984 through 2011. These results have three main implications. First, consistent with human resource management theories, job satisfaction is beneficial for firm value. Second, corporate social responsibility can improve stock returns. Third, the stock market does not fully value intangible assets, and so it may be necessary to shield managers from short-term stock prices to encourage long-run growth.
On Low-Dimensional Modeling of Channel Turbulence

We investigate a sequence of low-dimensional models of turbulent channel flows. These models are based on the extraction of the Karhunen–Loeve (KL) eigenfunctions from a large-scale simulation in a wide channel with R *=180 (based on the friction velocity). KL eigenfunctions provide an optimal coordinate system in which to represent the dynamics of the turbulent flow. The hierarchy of KL modes identifies the most energetic independent phenomena in the system. A series of Galerkin projections is then used to derive a dynamical approximation to flows. In order to capture essential aspects of the flow in a low-dimensional system, a careful selection of modes is carried out. The resulting models satisfy momentum and energy conservation as well as yielding the amount of viscous dissipation found in the exact system. Their dynamics includes modes which characterize the flux, rolls, and propagating waves. Unlike previous treatments the instantaneous streamwise flow is time dependent and represented by KL flux modes. The rolls correspond to the streaks observed in experiments in the viscous sublayer. Propagating waves which first appear in the model flow at low Reynolds number (R *∼ 60) persist through the chaotic regime that appears as the Reynolds number is increased. Statistical measures of the chaotic flows which have been generated by the models compare favorably with those found in full-scale simulations.
Spatial interest pixels (SIPs): useful low-level features of visual media data

Visual media data such as an image is the raw data representation for many important applications. Reducing the dimensionality of raw visual media data is desirable since high dimensionality degrades not only the effectiveness but also the efficiency of visual recognition algorithms. We present a comparative study on spatial interest pixels (SIPs), including eight-way (a novel SIP detector), Harris, and Lucas?Kanade, whose extraction is considered as an important step in reducing the dimensionality of visual media data. With extensive case studies, we have shown the usefulness of SIPs as low-level features of visual media data. A class-preserving dimension reduction algorithm (using GSVD) is applied to further reduce the dimension of feature vectors based on SIPs. The experiments showed its superiority over PCA.
Series representations and rational approximations for Hansen coefficients

New power series representations in the eccentricity and a related parameter are developed for the Hansen coefficients. The coefficients of the power series are easily obtained with simple recurrence relations generated from a partial* differential equation. In many cases, the new series representations offer significant improvements in covergence for moderate to larger eccentricities. Rational approximations for the new representations are also investigated.
Conceptual Questions and Jurisprudence

Conceptual analysis is an integral part of legal theory, but the nature and purpose of such inquiries are often not clearly stated. In this article, I attempt to elaborate upon some of the differing reasons for conceptual analysis and what consequences may follow from choosing one objective rather than another. By showing that divergent purposes are often present in competing analyses of the same concept, I also hope to indicate why some “debates” in the jurisprudential literature are best understood as theorists talking past one another.
LOCATING GUARDS FOR VISIBILITY COVERAGE OF POLYGONS

We propose heuristics for visibility coverage of a polygon with the fewest point guards. This optimal coverage problem, often called the "art gallery problem", is known to be NP-hard, so most recen...
Formation and optogenetic control of engineered 3D skeletal muscle bioactuators

Densely arrayed skeletal myotubes are activated individually and as a group using precise optical stimulation with high spatiotemporal resolution. Skeletal muscle myoblasts are genetically encoded to express a light-activated cation channel, Channelrhodopsin-2, which allows for spatiotemporal coordination of a multitude of skeletal myotubes that contract in response to pulsed blue light. Furthermore, ensembles of mature, functional 3D muscle microtissues have been formed from the optogenetically encoded myoblasts using a high-throughput device. The device, called “skeletal muscle on a chip”, not only provides the myoblasts with controlled stress and constraints necessary for muscle alignment, fusion and maturation, but also facilitates the measurement of forces and characterization of the muscle tissue. We measured the specific static and dynamic stresses generated by the microtissues and characterized the morphology and alignment of the myotubes within the constructs. The device allows testing of the effect of a wide range of parameters (cell source, matrix composition, microtissue geometry, auxotonic load, growth factors and exercise) on the maturation, structure and function of the engineered muscle tissues in a combinatorial manner. Our studies integrate tools from optogenetics and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology with skeletal muscle tissue engineering to open up opportunities to generate soft robots actuated by a multitude of spatiotemporally coordinated 3D skeletal muscle microtissues.
VARIABLE ACCRETION OUTBURSTS IN PROTOSTELLAR EVOLUTION

We extend the one-dimensional, two-zone models of long-term protostellar disk evolution with infall of Zhu et al. to consider the potential effects of a finite viscosity in regions where the ionization is too low for the magnetorotational instability (MRI) to operate (the "dead zone"). We find that the presence of a small but finite dead zone viscosity, as suggested by simulations of stratified disks with MRI-active outer layers, can trigger inside-out bursts of accretion, starting at or near the inner edge of the disk, instead of the previously found outside-in bursts with zero dead zone viscosity, which originate at a few AU in radius. These inside-out bursts of accretion bear a qualitative resemblance to the outburst behavior of one FU Ori object, V1515 Cyg, in contrast to the outside-in burst models, which more closely resemble the accretion events in FU Ori and V1057 Cyg. Our results suggest that the type and frequency of outbursts are potentially a probe of transport efficiency in the dead zone. Simulations must treat the inner disk regions, R 0.5 AU, to show the detailed time evolution of accretion outbursts in general and to observe the inside-out bursts in particular.
Microvascular thrombosis and cardiac allograft vasculopathy in rat heart transplantation.

Background The role of a hypercoagulable microvasculature in the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) after heart transplantation in humans is not well understood. The aim of this study was to identify an animal model by which to further evaluate the role of coagulation in the pathogenesis of CAV. Methods Adult male PVG ( RT-1 c ) rats were transplanted into ACI ( RT-1 av1 ) recipients ( n = 29). ACI donors into ACI recipients ( n = 31) and rats with a sham operation ( n = 33) served as controls. All rats received cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day) on Days 0 to 9 after surgery. Grafts and native hearts were harvested at 10 days to 3 months after surgery. Hearts were processed for immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. A hypercoagulable microvasculature was defined as presence of microvascular fibrin and capillary antithrombin. CAV was defined as the presence of concentric intimal proliferation and chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the arterial intima, and assessed by computer-assisted image analysis. Results Donor and recipient hearts from PVG–ACI rats showed high levels of fibrin (donors 7.5% to 21.9%, recipients 5.1% to 20.2%) and antithrombin (donors 5.2% to 27.9%, recipients 3.3% to 20.8%) at 10 days to 3 months post-transplant. ACI–ACI donor and recipient hearts had lower deposition of fibrin (donors 0.9% to 9.9%, recipients 0% to 4.0%) and antithrombin (donors 1.4% to 15.2%, recipients 0.8% to 4.5%). Hearts from sham-operated rats had negligible amounts of fibrin (0% to 1.5%) and antithrombin (0% to 2.8%). There was a strong association ( p Conclusions A hypercoagulable microvasculature in a rat model of heart transplantation was associated with development of CAV, as found in humans.
The Status of SLC

The current construction status of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) is described along with a brief overview of the project. Tests of completed parts of the machine are summarized.
Semi-global stabilizability of linear null controllable systems with input nonlinearities

An H/sub /spl infin//-based Lyapunov proof is provided for a result established by Lin and Saberi (1993): if a linear system is asymptotically null controllable with bounded controls then, when subject to input saturation, it is semi-globally stabilizable by linear state feedback. A new result is that if the system is also detectable then it is semi-global stabilizable by completely linear output feedback. Further, an extension which relaxes the requirements on the input characteristic is obtained. >
Loan, security, and dividend choices by individual (unconsolidated) public and private commercial banks

Abstract Using call report data, we consider whether the discretionary portion of loan loss provisions, loan charge-offs, securities gains and losses, and dividends are influenced by the bank's level of capital, earnings, and taxes. We studied more than 11,000 banks. We find that banks below a capital adequacy threshold often make discretionary choices that reduce earnings and capital. Banks above the threshold exhibit different discretionary outcomes, with evidence of income smoothing and tax-advantaged actions.
The Effect of High School Shootings on Schools and Student Performance

We analyze how fatal shootings in high schools affect schools and students using data from shooting databases, school report cards, and the Common Core of Data. We examine schools’ test scores, enrollment, number of teachers, graduation, attendance, and suspension rates at schools that experienced a shooting, employing a difference-in-differences strategy that uses other high schools in the same district as the comparison group. Our findings suggest that homicidal shootings significantly decrease the enrollment of students in Grade 9 and test scores in math and English standardized tests. Using student-level data from California, we confirm that shootings lower test results for students who remain enrolled.
Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common cancer to involve bone with up to 90% of patients developing bone lesions. The bone lesions are purely osteolytic in nature and do not heal in the vast majority of patients. Up to 60% of patients develop pathologic fractures over the course of their disease. Bone disease is a hallmark of MM, and myeloma bone disease differs from bone metastasis caused by other tumors. Although myeloma and other osteolytic metastases induce increased osteoclastic bone destruction, in contrast to other tumors, once myeloma tumor burden exceeds 50% in a local area, osteoblast activity is either severely depressed or absent. The basis for this severe imbalance between increased osteoclastic bone resorption and decreased bone formation has been the topic of intensive investigation over the last several years. These studies have helped to identify novel targets for treating myeloma bone disease and will be discussed in this chapter.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BRUSH ENCROACHMENT IN TEXAS

Range livestock is important to the economy of the state of Texas. Over 4.2 billion lbs. of beef were produced in Texas with a value of over $1.6 billion.Texas' production of range livestock is limited by the availability of rangeland. In 1967, over 53 percent of the land area in Texas was classified as rangeland. Undesirable woody plants which compete with favorable grasses for moisture and sunlight have infested 82 percent of the grasslands in the state.
A Full-Wave Rectifier With Integrated Peak Selection for Multiple Electrode Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

Piezoelectric transducers are a viable way of harvesting vibrational energy for low power embedded systems such as wireless sensors. A proposed disk-shaped piezoelectric transducer with several electrodes enables increased energy harvesting from multiple mechanical resonances. To rectify the low-frequency AC voltage from harvested vibrational energy, a full-wave rectifier has been fabricated in 0.35 mum CMOS. Integrated peak selection circuitry allows input signals with 90deg relative phase shift from the multiple-electrode piezoelectric transducer to be rectified with reduced output ripple. The rectifier has a measured power efficiency of 98.3% while delivering 90 muW and occupying an area of 0.007 mm2 . This high efficiency further enables energy harvesters to power wireless devices for extended durations.
Compressed air energy storage with waste heat export: An Alberta case study

Interest in compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology has been renewed driven by the need to manage variability form rapidly growing wind and solar capacity. Distributed CAES (D-CAES) design aims to improve the efficiency of conventional CAES through locating the compressor near concentrated heating loads so capturing additional revenue through sales of compression waste heat. A pipeline transports compressed air to the storage facility and expander, co-located at some distance from the compressor. The economics of CAES are strongly dependant on electricity and gas markets in which they are embedded. As a case study, we evaluated the economics of two hypothetical merchant CAES and D-CAES facilities performing energy arbitrage in Alberta, Canada using market data from 2002 to 2011. The annual profit of the D-CAES plant was $1.3 million more on average at a distance of 50 km between the heat load and air storage sites. Superior economic and environmental performance of D-CAES led to a negative abatement cost of � $40/tCO2e. We performed a suite of sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of size of heat load, size of air storage, ratio of expander to compressor size, and length of pipeline on the economic feasibility of D-CAES.
THE VALUE OF STOCK OPTIONS TO NON-EXECUTIVE EMPLOYEES

This study empirically investigates the value employees place on stock options using information from the option exercise behavior of individuals. Employees hold options for another period if the value from holding them and reserving the right to exercise them later is higher than the value of exercising them immediately and collecting a profit equal to the stock price minus the exercise price. This simple model implies the hazard describing employee exercise behavior reveals information about the value to employees of holding options another time period. We show the parameters of this model are identified with data on multiple option grants per employee and we apply this model to the disposition of options received in the 1990s by a sample of over 2000 middle-level managers from a large, established firm outside of manufacturing. Exercise behavior is modeled using a random effects probit model of monthly exercise behavior that is estimated using simulated maximum likelihood estimation methods. Our estimates show there is substantial heterogeneity (observed and unobserved) among employees in the value they place on their options. Our estimates show most employees value their options at a value greater than the option's Black-Scholes value.
The broad embrace of luxury: Hedonic potential as a driver of brand extendibility

This research proposes a feelings-based account of brand extension evaluation and demonstrates that the promise of pleasure (hedonic potential) associated with luxury brands is a key driver of brand extendibility. In four studies, we contrast a luxury brand with a value brand. Both brand concepts lead to equally favorable brand evaluations, but the luxury brand concept results in more favorable brand extension evaluations due to the hedonic potential inherent in this concept. However, the luxury brand is shown to be sensitive to inconsistent brand cues, leading to diminished hedonic potential and consequently decreased brand and brand extension evaluations.
Laguerre-Gaussian supercontinuum

We show what is believed to be the first coherent white-light optical vortices generated from supercontinuum that have the azimuthally varying phase structure consistent with a monochromatic Laguerre-Gaussian beam. Two methods of Laguerre-Gaussian supercontinuum generation are discussed and contrasted. We use a computer-generated hologram to convert a Gaussian white-light supercontinuum source into Laguerre-Gaussian supercontinuum.
A single-symbol-decodable space-time block code with full rate and low peak-to-average power ratio

Three desirable properties of a four-antenna spacetime block code are full rate, full diversity, and single-symbol decodability. Previously reported space-time codes that achieve all three properties do so at the expense of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). A fourth desirable property of a space-time block code is that its PAPR be the same as that of the underlying quadrature-amplitude modulation alphabet. In this letter we introduce space-time codes for three and four transmit antennas that achieve all four properties; these codes use a diversity technique based on constellation stretching. Numerical results for quasistatic Rayleigh-fading channels show that, despite their low PAPR, the proposed codes are comparable in SNR performance to the best-performing single-symbol decodable space-time codes for three and four transmit antennas.
A VLSI Design Flow for Secure Side-Channel Attack Resistant ICs

The paper presents a digital VLSI design flow to create secure, side-channel attack (SCA) resistant integrated circuits. The design flow starts from a normal design in a hardware description language, such as VHDL or Verilog, and provides a direct path to an SCA resistant layout. Instead of a full custom layout or an iterative design process with extensive simulations, a few key modifications are incorporated in a regular synchronous CMOS standard cell design flow. We discuss the basis for side-channel attack resistance and adjust the library databases and constraints files of the synthesis and place-and-route procedures accordingly. Experimental results show that a DPA (differential power analysis) attack on a regular single ended CMOS standard cell implementation of a module of the DES algorithm discloses the secret key after 200 measurements. The same attack on a secure version still does not disclose the secret key after more than 2000 measurements.
Homocoupling of alkyl-, alkenyl-, and arylboronic acids

Abstract Alkyl-, alkenyl-, and arylboronic acids undergo Ag 2 O/CrCl 2 mediated homocoupling in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. The general utility of this methodology is illustrated by an intramolecular annulation between sp and sp 3 centers.
Single particle tracking reveals spatial and dynamic organization of the Escherichia coli biofilm matrix

Biofilms are communities of surface-adherent bacteria surrounded by secreted polymers known as the extracellular polymeric substance. Biofilms are harmful in many industries, and thus it is of great interest to understand their mechanical properties and structure to determine ways to destabilize them. By performing single particle tracking with beads of varying surface functionalization it was found that charge interactions play a key role in mediating mobility within biofilms. With a combination of single particle tracking and microrheological concepts, it was found that Escherichia coli biofilms display height dependent charge density that evolves over time. Statistical analyses of bead trajectories and confocal microscopy showed inter-connecting micron scale channels that penetrate throughout the biofilm, which may be important for nutrient transfer through the system. This methodology provides significant insight into a particular biofilm system and can be applied to many others to provide comparisons of biofilm structure. The elucidation of structure provides evidence for the permeability of biofilms to microscale objects, and the ability of a biofilm to mature and change properties over time.
A two-gap booster synchrotron RF cavity

Booster synchrotrons, such as the SSC Low Energy Booster, typically require a megavolt RF system which must tune about 25%. The cavity proposed here is longitudinally symmetric with the gaps separated by 140/spl deg/ in proton phase. The two perpendicularly biased ferrite tuners are directly connected to the center conductor and are located on either side of the cavity. The power tube is capacitively coupled to the midpoint of the drift tube. The cavity is designed to provide an energy gain of 1.88/spl times/90 keV. The tuner features ferrite toroid which are bonded with epoxy to water cooled copper surfaces. The cavity walls are slotted so that a significant fraction of the ferrite can be tuned by high frequency components of the bias field. >
Topological value iteration algorithms

Value iteration is a powerful yet inefficient algorithm for Markov decision processes (MDPs) because it puts the majority of its effort into backing up the entire state space, which turns out to be unnecessary in many cases. In order to overcome this problem, many approaches have been proposed. Among them, ILAO* and variants of RTDP are state-of-the-art ones. These methods use reachability analysis and heuristic search to avoid some unnecessary backups. However, none of these approaches build the graphical structure of the state transitions in a pre-processing step or use the structural information to systematically decompose a problem, whereby generating an intelligent backup sequence of the state space. In this paper, we present two optimal MDP algorithms. The first algorithm, topological value iteration (TVI), detects the structure of MDPs and backs up states based on topological sequences. It (1) divides an MDP into strongly-connected components (SCCs), and (2) solves these components sequentially. TVI outperforms VI and other state-of-the-art algorithms vastly when an MDP has multiple, close-to-equal-sized SCCs. The second algorithm, focused topological value iteration (FTVI), is an extension of TVI. FTVI restricts its attention to connected components that are relevant for solving the MDP. Specifically, it uses a small amount of heuristic search to eliminate provably sub-optimal actions; this pruning allows FTVI to find smaller connected components, thus running faster. We demonstrate that FTVI outperforms TVI by an order of magnitude, averaged across several domains. Surprisingly, FTVI also significantly outperforms popular 'heuristically-informed' MDP algorithms such as ILAO*, LRTDP, BRTDP and Bayesian-RTDP in many domains, sometimes by as much as two orders of magnitude. Finally, we characterize the type of domains where FTVI excels -- suggesting a way to an informed choice of solver.