cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Approaches to Mesopotamian Archaeology: The Contribution of Archaeological Surveys

This work synthesizes and critically evaluates the results of field surveys conducted over the last 20 years in southern (lower) and northern (upper) Mesopotamia, with emphasis placed on the increasing contribution of off-site and intensive surveys to regional analysis. During the Ubaid period the density of settlement was probably higher in the rain-fed north than the irrigated south, and even during the phase of 3rd millennium B.C. urbanization, settlement densities in the north were probably equivalent to or even exceeded those in the south. Although trends in settlement were often synchronous between north and south, there was also a marked spatial variability in settlement, with declines in one area being compensated by rises elsewhere. Particularly clear was the existence of a major structural transformation from nucleated centers during the Bronze Age towards dispersed patterns of rural settlement and more extensive lower towns in the Iron Age.
Fluid flow in a porous medium

Chemical tests are used to determine the presence or absence of chemical species in blood. Such tests are used to screen for diseases, or to monitor drug dosages. In such tests blood serum containing the species being measured is pumped out of a syringe onto a slide, shown in Figure 11.1.
Attachment Ties in Military Families: Mothers’ Perception of Interactions with Their Children, Stress, and Social Competence

Families with deployed military parents endure substantial separations during which children and “at home” partners experience periods of drastically reduced availability from the deployed member and changes in the dynamics and relationship structure of the home. Little is known about whether deployment experiences and stressors associated with them are linked to caregivers’ ability to provide sensitive care, children’s ability to use their parents as a secure base, and children’s exchanges with others outside the home. Analyses of data based on mothers’ reports, indicate that indices of maternal caregiving quality decrease as mothers’ perceived stress increases. Similarly, maternal quality of care increases as perceived social support increases. Further, indicators of quality of maternal care were associated with children’s markers of security, and both, quality of care and security were in turn associated with children’s social competence with peers.
Physical Model of a Computerized Mine Ventilation Network

SUMMARY In this paper the authors will share information about a physical model of a mine ventilation network remotely controlled and monitored with a microcomputer. To meet future industrial needs, mining students should be familiar with, and exposed to, all new methods, equipment, and instrumentation used in ventilation practice. The model described, was designed to expand the teaching and research program in the area of mine ventilation.
Improving Face Recognition by Exploring Local Features with Visual Attention

Over the past several years, the performance of state-of-the-art face recognition systems has been significantly improved, due in a large part to the increasing amount of available face datasets and the proliferation of deep neural networks. This rapid increase in performance has left existing popular performance evaluation protocols, such as standard LFW, nearly saturated and has motivated the emergence of new, more challenging protocols (aimed specifically towards unconstrained face recognition). In this work, we employ the use of parts-based face recognition models to further improve the performance of state-of-the-art face recognition systems as evaluated by both the LFW protocol, and the newer, more challenging protocols (BLUFR, IJB-A, and IJB-B). In particular, we employ spatial transformers to automatically localize discriminative facial parts which enables us to build an end-to-end network where global features and local features are fused together, making the final feature representation more discriminative. Experimental results, using these discriminative features, on the BLUFR, IJB-A and IJB-B protocols, show that the proposed approach is able to boost performance of state-of-the-art face recognition systems. The pro-posed approach is not limited to one architecture but can also be applied to other face recognition networks.
Post-ictal Modulation of Baroreflex Sensitivity in Patients With Intractable Epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: Seizure-related autonomic dysregulation occurs in epilepsy patients and may contribute to Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). We tested how different types of seizures affect baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart rate variability (HRV). We hypothesized that BRS and HRV would be reduced after bilateral convulsive seizures (BCS). METHODS: We recorded blood pressure (BP), electrocardiogram (ECG) and oxygen saturation continuously in patients (n=18) with intractable epilepsy undergoing video-EEG monitoring. A total of 23 seizures, either focal seizures (FS, n=14) or BCS (n=9), were analyzed from these patients. We used 5 different HRV measurements in both the time and frequency domains to study HRV in pre- and post-ictal states. We used the average frequency domain gain, computed as the average of the magnitude ratio between the systolic BP (BPsys) and the RR-interval time series, in the low-frequency (LF) band as frequency domain index of BRS in addition to the instantaneous slope between systolic BP and RR-interval satisfying spontaneous BRS criteria as a time domain index of BRS. RESULTS: Overall, the post-ictal modulation of HRV varied across the subjects but not specifically by the type of seizures. Comparing pre- to post-ictal epochs, the LF power of BRS decreased in 8 of 9 seizures for patients with BCS; whereas following 12 of 14 FS, BRS increased. Similarly, spontaneous BRS decreased following 7 of 9 BCS. The presence or absence of oxygen desaturation was not consistent with the changes in BRS following seizures, and the HRV does not appear to be correlated with the BRS changes. These data suggest that a transient decrease in BRS and temporary loss of cardiovascular homeostatic control can follow BCS but is unlikely following FS. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings indicate significant post-ictal autonomic dysregulation in patients with epilepsy following BCS. Further, reduced BRS following BCS, if confirmed in future studies on SUDEP cases, may indicate one quantifiable risk marker of SUDEP. Keywords: epilepsy; autonomic nervous system; baroreflex function; baroreflex sensitivity; heart rate variability; SUDEP
Optimal Priority Assignment for Scheduling Mixed CAN and CAN-FD Frames

Controller Area Network with Flexible Data-rate (CAN-FD) has been drawing considerable attention as the most promising substitute of Controller Area Network (CAN), thanks to its higher bandwidth, larger payload size, and physical-layer compatibility with CAN. In particular, the physical-layer compatibility allows legacy CAN-based Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to share the same communication bus with CAN-FD-based ECUs. However, CAN-based ECUs always treat a CAN-FD frame as an erroneous frame due to the difference in frame format. This, in turn, makes CAN-FD-based ECUs unable to communicate with each other via CAN-FD frames. A straightforward solution to this problem is to utilize the silent mode of the current CAN controller, in which a CAN node does not transmit any frame including error frames, but can receive CAN frames. However, a non-negligible time overhead is incurred by each mode transition, thus degrading the schedulability of mixed CAN and CAN-FD frame sets significantly. We propose a new algorithm, called Priority Assignment with Mode Transition (PAMT), that minimizes the required number of mode transitions by clustering frame instances based on their frame type. Our evaluation results show that PAMT can schedule about 17% more mixed CAN and CAN-FD frame sets than existing optimal priority assignment algorithms for CAN.
A Smart Cloud-Based Energy Data Mining Agent Using Big Data Analysis Technology

The aim of this paper was the development of a smart cloud-based energy data mining agent, OntoDMA, within the cloud environment Web service-based Information Agent System. Big Data analysis techno...
GR and LSD1/KDM1A-Targeted Gene Activation Requires Selective H3K4me2 Demethylation at Enhancers.

Summary KDM1A-mediated H3K4 demethylation is a well-established mechanism underlying transcriptional gene repression, but its role in gene activation is less clear. Here, we report a critical function and mechanism of action of KDM1A in glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated gene transcription. Biochemical purification of the nuclear GR complex revealed KDM1A as an integral component. In cell-free assays, GR modulates KDM1A-catalyzed H3K4 progressive demethylation by limiting the loss of H3K4me1. Similarly, in cells, KDM1A binds to most GR binding sites in the genome, where it removes preprogrammed H3K4me2 but leaves H3K4me1 untouched. Blocking KDM1A catalytic activity prevents H3K4me2 removal, severely impairs GR binding to chromatin, and dysregulates GR-targeted genes. Taken together, these data suggest KDM1A-mediated H3K4me2 demethylation at GRBSs promotes GR binding and plays an important role in glucocorticoid-induced gene transcription, broadening the mechanisms that contribute to nuclear receptor-mediated gene activation.
Conclusion: Creation of Temporary Enclaves

There is no doubt that the United States of America is a land of opportunity and no matter what type of migrant population live and stay there, all of them believe in upward mobility in their life as well as their earning.
Understanding Implementation Fidelity in a Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial in the Nursing Home Setting:a Mixed-Methods Examination

The Pragmatic Trial of Video Education in Nursing Homes (PROVEN) is one of the first large pragmatic randomized clinical trials (pRCTs) to be conducted in U.S. nursing homes (N = 119 intervention and N = 241 control across two health-care systems). The trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a suite of videos to improve advance care planning (ACP) for nursing home patients. This report uses mixed methods to explore the optimal and suboptimal conditions necessary for implementation fidelity within pRCTs in nursing homes. PROVEN’s protocol required designated facility champions to offer an ACP video to long-stay patients every 6 months during the 18-month implementation period. Champions completed a video status report, stored within electronic medical records, each time a video was offered. Data from the report were used to derive each facility’s adherence rate (i.e., cumulative video offer). Qualitative interviews held after 15 months with champions were purposively sampled from facilities within the highest and lowest adherence rates (i.e., those in the top and bottom quintiles). Two researchers analyzed interview data thematically using a deductive approach based upon six domains of the revised Conceptual Framework for Implementation Fidelity (CFIF). Matrices were developed to compare coded narratives by domain across facility adherence status. In total, 28 interviews involving 33 champions were analyzed. Different patterns were observed across high- versus low-adherence facilities for five CFIF domains. In low-adherence nursing homes, (1) there were limited implementation resources (Context), (2) there was often a perceived negative patient or family responsiveness to the program (Participant Responsiveness), and (3) champions were reticent in offering the videos (Recruitment). In high-adherence nursing homes, (1) there was more perceived patient and family willingness to engage in the program (Participant Responsiveness), (2) champions supplemented the video with ACP conversations (Quality of Delivery), (3) there were strategic approaches to recruitment (Recruitment), and (4) champions appreciated external facilitation (Strategies to Facilitate Implementation). Critical lessons for implementing pRCTs in nursing homes emerged from this report: (1) flexible fidelity is important (i.e., delivering core elements of an intervention while permitting the adaptation of non-core elements), (2) reciprocal facilitation is vital (i.e., early and ongoing stakeholder engagement in research design and, reciprocally, researchers’ and organizational leaders’ ongoing support of the implementation), and (3) organizational and champion readiness should be formally assessed early and throughout implementation to facilitate remediation. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02612688. Registered on 19 November 2015.
Avoiding deep pelvic complications using a 'Five-Step' technique for high submuscular placement of inflatable penile prosthesis reservoirs.

Objectives To compare our extended experience with high submuscular (HSM) reservoir placement to traditional space of Retzius (SOR) placement and to present our current, refined 'Five-Step' technique (FST) for HSM placement. Patients and methods Data were retrospectively collected on patients undergoing inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement between January 2009 and June 2019. Re-operative cases were excluded. Reservoir-related complications and subsequent revisions were compared between SOR (2009-2012) and HSM reservoir groups (2012-2019). HSM patients were subdivided into two cohorts: 'Initial Technique' (2012-2014) and FST (2014-2019). The refined FST protocol was developed in 2014 to optimise outcomes and includes the following steps: (i) Position and Access; (ii) Develop Lower HSM Pocket; (iii) Develop Upper HSM Pocket; (iv) Reservoir Delivery (fill and fine-tune); (v) Confirm and Connect. Results Between January 2009 and June 2019, 733 total IPP procedures (586 HSM, 147 SOR) were performed by a single surgeon at our institution, 561 of which were virgin cases (430 HSM, 131 SOR) and included in this analysis. Overall, surgical revision was required in 10/430 (2.3%) HSM cases (one delayed bowel obstruction, nine herniations) and six of 131 (4.6%) SOR cases (one bladder erosion, two vascular injuries, and three herniations, P = 0.22). When comparing the FST to the Initial Technique, we noted a significant decrease in complications requiring surgical revision (P = 0.01). Among 133 cases performed with the Initial Technique, seven (5.3%) required surgical revision (one bowel obstruction after placement into the peritoneal cavity, six herniations). Among 297 FST cases, three (1.0%) required revision, all due to herniation. Conclusion HSM placement of IPP reservoirs is a safe alternative to traditional SOR placement. Major deep pelvic reservoir complications were minimised using our current refined FST.
Moving From Cultural Competence to Cultural Humility in Occupational Therapy: A Paradigm Shift.

Other As the U.S. population becomes increasingly multicultural, occupational therapy practitioners must be adept at working with diverse populations. For the past 15-20 yr, many occupational therapy scholars have recognized this need, and in response, they have promoted cultural competence training. Although cultural competence has provided an important initial conceptual framework for the field, I argue that it is time to move toward a practice of cultural humility, which is defined by flexibility; awareness of bias; a lifelong, learning-oriented approach to working with diversity; and a recognition of the role of power in health care interactions. In this article, I present three main arguments why cultural humility is a more useful and critical conceptual framework than cultural competence, and I review preliminary research that examines the influence of cultural humility on patient experience. I conclude by briefly describing how cultural humility can be incorporated in occupational therapy curricula and applied in clinical and community practice settings. What this article adds This article provides a clear articulation of what cultural humility is, how it differs from cultural competence, and how it can be applied in occupational therapy.
Patient function in serial assessments throughout the post-ACL reconstruction progression.

Abstract Objective To assess the changes in patient strength and function from 4- to 6-month assessments following ACLR, determine relationships between changes in strength to changes in subjective function, and identify factors that predict patients that fail to increase in strength. Design Prospective, Cohort Study. Setting Controlled Laboratory. Participants Forty-seven patients(27 female, 24.3 ± 11.1 years) completed a battery of performance assessments at approximately 4- and 6-months following primary ACLR (4.03 ±0 .49 and 6.46 ±0 .68 months). Main outcome measures Subjective scores and isokinetic knee flexor and extensor strength were compared across visits. Patients were categorized per their ability to increase in strength beyond a previously defined threshold(0.22 Nm/kg). Binary logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of patients that failed to meet strength changes. Results Patients demonstrated improvements in patient-reported outcomes and strength measures between visits(P’s Conclusions From 4- to 6-months post-ACLR, increases in subjective function, strength and symmetry were observed. High quadriceps symmetry at interim assessments without consideration of the magnitude of strength values could overestimate recovery of quadriceps function.
Biobank Research and Privacy Laws in the United States

Privacy is protected in biobank-based research in the U.S. primarily by Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule and the Federal Policy for Protection of Human Subjects (Common Rule). Neither rule, however, was created to function in the unique context of biobank research and therefore neither applies to all biobank based research. Not only is it challenging to determine when the HIPAA Privacy rule or the Common Rule apply, but these laws apply different standards to protect privacy. In addition, many other federal and state laws may be applicable to a particular biobank, researcher, or project. U.S. law also does not directly address international sharing of data or specimens outside of the EU - US Safe Harbor Agreement, which only applies to receipt of data by certain U.S. entities from EU countries, and is in the process of revision. Although new rules would help clarify privacy protections in biobanking, any implemented changes should be studied to determine the sufficiency of the protections as well as its ability to facilitate or hinder international collaborations.
Partial Lying and the Poisson Binomial Distribution

In a one-step trinary lying experiment, subjects privately observe a random device that indicates a low payoff, an intermediate payoff or a high payoff. Subjects are paid whatever they report, inducing some subjects to lie in order to receive a higher payoff. This paper presents a methodology for analyzing the experimental results based on the Poisson binomial distribution. I derive closed-form expressions for the conditional probability that a subject will lie given the number of low and intermediate payoff reports. Given these reports, in addition to the conditional probability of lying, I use the binomial and Poisson binomial distributions to calculate the probability that a subject did lie and the expected number of liars. I use these to calculate a Bayesian update of the binomial priors of observing each type of payoff. All of these are then combined to create the most likely scenario explaining the results.
Immaculate conceptions: the power of the religious imagination in early modern Spain: by Rosilie Hernández, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2019, 263 pp., $80 (hardback), ISBN13 978-1487504779

In this rich study, Rosilie Hernandez explores the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception as a nexus for spiritual, political and social developments in early modern Spain. The doctrine, developed t...
Online Teaching Self-Efficacy, Social–Emotional Learning (SEL) Competencies, and Compassion Fatigue Among Educators During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Guided by the social–cognitive theory and job demands–resources model, this study examined how educators perceived online teaching self-efficacy and social and emotional learning (SEL) competencies...
The impact of the consolidated omnibus reconciliation act of 1985 on young adult health insurance coverage

The Consolidated Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) contained provisions granting individuals the opportunity to continue employment-based insurance coverage following qualifying events whi...
Genes and regulatory mechanisms associated with experimentally-induced bovine respiratory disease identified using supervised machine learning methodology.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease involving complex host immune interactions shaped by pathogenic agents and environmental factors. Advancements in RNA sequencing and associated analytical methods are improving our understanding of host response related to BRD pathophysiology. Supervised machine learning (ML) approaches present one such method for analyzing new and previously published transcriptome data to identify novel disease-associated genes and mechanisms. Our objective was to apply ML models to lung and immunological tissue datasets acquired from previous clinical BRD experiments to identify genes that classify disease with high accuracy. Raw mRNA sequencing reads from 151 bovine datasets (n = 123 BRD, n = 28 control) were downloaded from NCBI-GEO. Quality filtered reads were assembled in a HISAT2/Stringtie2 pipeline. Raw gene counts for ML analysis were normalized, transformed, and analyzed with MLSeq, utilizing six ML models. Cross-validation parameters (fivefold, repeated 10 times) were applied to 70% of the compiled datasets for ML model training and parameter tuning; optimized ML models were tested with the remaining 30%. Downstream analysis of significant genes identified by the top ML models, based on classification accuracy for each etiological association, was performed within WebGestalt and Reactome (FDR ≤ 0.05). Nearest shrunken centroid and Poisson linear discriminant analysis with power transformation models identified 154 and 195 significant genes for IBR and BRSV, respectively; from these genes, the two ML models discriminated IBR and BRSV with 100% accuracy compared to sham controls. Significant genes classified by the top ML models in IBR (154) and BRSV (195), but not BVDV (74), were related to type I interferon production and IL-8 secretion, specifically in lymphoid tissue and not homogenized lung tissue. Genes identified in Mannheimia haemolytica infections (97) were involved in activating classical and alternative pathways of complement. Novel findings, including expression of genes related to reduced mitochondrial oxygenation and ATP synthesis in consolidated lung tissue, were discovered. Genes identified in each analysis represent distinct genomic events relevant to understanding and predicting clinical BRD. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of ML with published datasets for discovering functional information to support the prediction and understanding of clinical BRD.
The Evidence‐Based Practice Movement

The evidence-based practice movement, particularly in the criminal justice field, has meant an increasingly influential role for social science research. Experimental program evaluations, considered to be the “gold standard,” are helping to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions amid the need to cut costs. However, there continues to be questions about the implementation and conception of experimental designs in the “real-world,” and to be resistance to such program evaluations from many practitioners. Several remedies have emerged including statistical modeling, multiple methods, and consensus panels to promote broader dialogue regarding program effectiveness. The ideal maybe to return evidence-based practice to more of a collaborative process rather than a bottom-line verdict. Keywords: evidence-based practice; program evaluation; experimental field studies; meta-analysis; criminal justice research; offender rehabilitation
Scanning electron microscopy of piliated Neisseria gonorrhoeae processed with hexamethyldisilazane

Piliated Neisseria gonorrhoeae are virulent and attach readily to some human mucosal cells. The study of interactions between piliated Neisseria gonorrhoeae and surface structures of eukaryotic cells in tissue culture requires consistent high resolution imaging in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The combination of the fixatives glutaraldehyde, osmium, tannic acid, and uranyl acetate improves preservation of pili and other delicate structures. Following the critical point drying (CPD) process, pili bundles remained intact, but charging produced image distortion in most of the specimens. The use of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) with air drying substantially reduced charging and image distortion. Less contrast and greater resolution of pili bundles and surface structures of bacteria or tissue culture cells were obtained at magnifications of 10,000 or higher. As an alternative to CPD, HMDS processing of cell culture monolayers was simple and was more efficient when a large number of samples was processed.
A Review of “Social Network Theory and Educational Change”

The outcomes of educational reforms are often determined by professional relationships and school cultures. These webs of relationships, or social networks, can be complex and difficult to study. Y...
Adaptive vector quantization-Part I: a unifying structure

Summary form only given. Although rate-distortion theory establishes optimal coding properties for vector quantization (VQ) of stationary sources, the fact that real sources are, in actuality, nonstationary has led to the proposal of adaptive-VQ (AVQ) algorithms that compensate for changing source statistics. Because of the scarcity of rate-distortion results for nonstationary sources, proposed AVQ algorithms have been mostly heuristically, rather than analytically, motivated. As a result, there has been, to date, little attempt to develop a general model of AVQ or to compare the performance associated with existing AVQ algorithms. We summarize observations resulting from detailed studies of a number of previously published AVQ algorithms. To our knowledge, the observations represent the first attempt to define and describe AVQ in a general framework. We begin by proposing a mathematical definition of AVQ. Because of the large variety of algorithms that have purported to be AVQ, it is unclear from prior literature precisely what is meant by this term. Any resulting confusion is likely due to a certain imprecise, and sometimes ambiguous, use of the word "adaptive" in VQ literature. However, common to a large part of this literature is the notion that AVQ properly refers to techniques that dynamically vary the contents of a VQ codebook as coding progresses. Our definition of AVQ captures this idea of progressive codebook updating in a general mathematical framework.
Michel de Ghelderode, the Wooster Group, and postmodernist revisions of La tentation de saint Antoine

La tentation de saint Antoine initially recalls Hieronymus Bosch’s famous Renaissance painting or Flaubert’s onieric work-in-progress. A closer look at more recent adaptations of the story of Saint Anthony the Great, however, reveals that such transformations of the myth addressed shifting aesthetics in the twentieth century by combining genres and texts, designed to cast what Foucault considered Flaubert’s most modernist ideas in an entirely postmodern light. This paper examines two of these adaptations: first, Michel de Ghelderode’s multiple versions of the tale set in Flanders, published separately from 1919 to 1932, but not performed until 1957 as a radio play and marionette show; and, second, the Wooster Group’s provocative stage adaptation, which transplanted the hermit Anthony to an excess-filled New York of the eighties in Frank Dell’s The Temptation of Saint Antony. What Flaubert created as a self-reflexive commentary on the dangers of books, twentieth-century adaptors turned into a postmodern statement about other contemporary media forms, including stage, radio, cinema, and television. More importantly, by strategically appropriating not only Flaubert’s subject matter, but also his composition technique and passages from his texts, these artists draw attention to the perils of a culture-saturated twentieth century in which art had become adaptation.
Pricing for efficient usage in wired and wireless networks

Network usage efficiency is important for network applications, such as audio, video-streaming, which are sensitive to data delivery delay. Researches in this area have been done in the last ten years. Most researches borrowed utility functions, game theory and other concepts from microeconomics to adjust user's behavior by applying pricing mechanisms in both wired and wireless network. In this paper, we present an overview of major directions in previous researches on wired and wireless network pricing for efficient usage. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of the proposals and conclude with a set of valuable features in pricing mechanisms.
'Eta' and 'Theta' Hazelnut Pollenizers

‘Eta’ and ‘Theta’ are two new hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) pollenizer cultivars. They were released by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station in Jan. 2009 as pollenizers for the late-flowering ‘Jefferson’. They have a very high level of resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller conferred by a dominant allele from ‘Gasaway’. Pollen of ‘Epsilon’ and ‘Zeta’, released in 2002 (Mehlenbacher and Smith, 2004), is shed late but expresses S1 and so is incompatible on females of ‘Jefferson’ (S1 S3). ‘Eta’ and ‘Theta’, which shed pollen very late during the flowering season and are compatible with most cultivars, provide growers with additional pollenizer options.
Science Education for Diversity and Informal Learning

Research regarding learning science in informal settings has expanded dramatically in the past 20 years. Studies have reported informal science learning in a variety of environments such as museums, science centers, zoos, and aquarium settings. The research literature is rich with detailed descriptions of learning as it occurs in informal contexts. Many conceptual frameworks are reported through which to view science learning along with conceptual frameworks to determine questions that can be explored. Research has reported results for individual, small group, large group, comprehensive, and generalized informal settings. This chapter reviews the research literature base for learning science in informal settings, provides examples of interesting research studies, and concludes with the impact of science education informal learning related to cultural and diversity issues.
A nonlinear analytical procedure for electromagnetic transients in ferromagnetic shields

The effective application of electrically conductive, ferromagnetic materials for shielding under intense pulsed electromagnetic field conditions such as those associated with electromagnetic pulse (EMP), electrostatic discharge (ESD), and lightning has been hampered because there has been inadequate guidance for the nonlinear behavior that such materials exhibit. An analytical procedure has been developed that uses a combination of mathematical and numerical analysis to characterize the nonlinear electric field transients induced at the inner surface of long, thin-walled, cylindrical, electrically conductive, ferromagnetic shields by axially-directed short-duration surface current pulses along the outer surface. The peak value of the electric field transient and the time at which the peak occurs can be expressed in terms of effective permeabilities that depend on an applied pulse parameter that is a fundamental combination of the nonmagnetic problem parameters. The paper describes the practical implementation of the analytical procedure and discusses the results of numerical calculations for selected permeability representations. >
Interactions and fates of avian craniofacial mesenchyme.

Craniofacial mesenchyme is composed of three mesodermal populations – prechordal plate, lateral mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm, which includes the segmented occipital somites and the incompletely segmented somitomeres – and the neural crest. This paper outlines the fates of each of these, as determined using quail–chick chimaeras, and presents similarities and differences between these cephalic populations and their counterparts in the trunk. Prechordal and paraxial mesodermal populations are the sources of all voluntary muscles of the head. The latter also provides most of the connective precursors of the calvaria, occipital, otic–parietal and basisphenoid tissues. Lateral mesoderm is the source of peripharyngeal connective tissues; the most rostral skeletal tissues it forms are the laryngeal and tracheal cartilages. When migrating neural crest cells encounter segmented paraxial mesoderm (occipital and trunk somites), most move into the region between the dermamyotome and sclerotome in the cranial half of each somite. In contrast, most cephalic crest cells migrate superficial to somitomeres. There is, however, a small subpopulation of the head crest that invades somitomeric mesoderm. These cells subsequently segregate presumptive myogenic precursors of visceral arch voluntary muscles from underlying mesenchyme. In the neurula-stage avian embryo, all paraxial and lateral mesodermal populations contain precursors of vascular endothelial cells, which can be detected in chimaeric embryos using anti-quail endothelial antibodies. Some of these angioblasts differentiate in situ, contributing directly to pre-existing vessels or forming isolated, nonpatent, cords that subsequently vesiculate and fuse with nearby vessels. Many angioblasts migrate in all directions, invading embryonic mesenchymal and epithelial tissues and participating in new blood vessel formation in distant sites. The interactions leading to proper spatial patterning of craniofacial skeletal, muscular, vascular and peripheral neural tissues has been studied by performing heterotopic transplants of each of these mesodermal and neural crest populations. The results consistently indicate that connective tissue precursors, regardless of their origin, contain spatial information used by the precursors of muscles and blood vessels and by outgrowing peripheral nerves. Some of these connective tissue precursors (e.g. the neural crest, paraxial mesoderm) acquire their spatial programming while in association with the central nervous system or developing sensory epithelia (e.g. otic, optic, nasal epithelia).
The utility of PSA velocity in prediction of prostate cancer and high grade cancer after an initially negative prostate biopsy.

BACKGROUND Prostate specific antigen kinetics (PSAK) including prostate specific antigen velocity (PSAV) and PSA doubling time (PSADT) are used as predictors of prostate cancer (PCa) therapeutic outcome, disease prognosis, and cancer-specific mortality. However controversy persists regarding use of these parameters in cancer detection. Our aim is to evaluate PSAV as a predictor of PCa and intermediate/high grade PCa (HGPCa). METHODS We included 682 patients that underwent repeat transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy after initial negative biopsy. Univariate and multivariate analyses as well as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC–AUC) were performed to assess predictive accuracy regarding detection of PCa and intermediate/HGPCa (Gleason score ≥ 7). RESULTS PCa was detected in 179/682 (26.24%) patients. Our univariate analysis suggested that age, total prostate volume (TPV), atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) and PSA indices in the form of PSA at the time of repeat biopsy (PSA2), PSAV, PSA density (PSAD2) and percent free PSA at time of repeat biopsy (%FPSA2) were all predictors of overall PCa and intermediate/HGPCa. Meanwhile, our multivariate model showed that factors associated with overall PCa and intermediate/HGPCa were age, PSAV and TPV. CONCLUSIONS In men pursuing a second biopsy after an initial negative biopsy, PSAV was an independent predictor of overall PCa, intermediate and high grade cancer. Prostate 73:1796–1802, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ hybridization technique for the detection of swine enteric and respiratory coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues

The in situ hybridization (ISH) technique was developed to detect the swine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), in cell culture and tissue sections from TGEV-or PRCV-infected pigs. The 35S-labeled RNA probes were generated from two plasmids pPSP.FP1 and pPSP.FP2 containing part of the S gene of TGEV. The procedure was first standardized in cell cultures. The radiolabeled pPSP.FP2 probe detected both TGEV and PRCV in virus-inoculated cell cultures, whereas pPSP.FP1 probe detected TGEV but not PRCV. The probe was then used to detect TGEV or PRCV in tissues of pigs experimentally infected with TGEV or PRCV or naturally infected with TGEV. Again, the probes detected TGEV in intestines of experimentally and naturally infected pigs and PRCV in the lungs of experimentally infected pigs. TGEV RNA was detected mainly within the enterocytes at the tips of villi and, less often, within some crypt epithelial cells. PRCV was shown to replicate mainly in the bronchiolar epithelial cells and in lesser amount in type II pneumocytes, type I pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells, respectively. ISH has potential applications as a diagnostic test for the detection and differentiation of TGEV and PRCV in tissues and in studies to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of pathogenesis of enteric and respiratory coronavirus infections.
A comparison of the effects of cyclosporine (CsA) on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in three different strains of rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Male albino Wistar (W), Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Fischer-344 (F344) rats, Rattus norvegicus , were dosed orally once daily with cyclosporine (CsA), 25 mg/kg/day, for 14 days. Control and treated rats were then sacrificed and selected assays were performed to measure differences in hepatic microsomal enzyme activity including: protein (PROT), cytochrome P -450 (CYT- P 450) and cytochrome b 5 (CYT- b 5 ) levels, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (CYT- c ) activity, ethylmorphine N -demethylase (ETM) and aniline hydroxylase (ANL) activities. 2. 2. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the effect of treatment alone showed significant strain-related differences in all parameters examined except CYT- b 5 levels, while the effect of strain alone indicated significant differences in PROT, CYT- B 5 , CYT- c , and ANL. 3. 3. The interaction component of the two-way ANOVA (treatment × strain) indicated strain-related differences in substrate metabolism only (ETM and ANL). 4. 4. F344 rats were found to be significantly different from either Sprague-Dawley or Wistar rats in terms of the effect of CsA on ETM and ANL metabolism.
A step toward slaying the hydra of second cancers

Second cancers are a substantial clinical problem in survivorship. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) in survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with radiotherapy now identifies a region of susceptibility on chromosome 6q21 (pages 941–943), paving the way for further investigations of the complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures involved in the development of second cancers.
A vitreous Kr·2SiO 2

THERE are many studies1–7 of the presence of inert gases in glasses. Because they have no electron affinity and high ionisation potentials (12 eV for Xe to 24 eV for He) the solubility of inert gases in glasses has been considered a simple physical process with no strong chemical interaction within the glass network. Recent work on pressure dependence of inert gas in vitreous1 and crystalline2 silica (SiO2) showed that the equilibrium solubility may be explained qualitatively by a statistical thermodynamic model3. At non-equilibrium conditions, however, a large quantity of inert gases can be incorporated into SiO2 by processes such as glow discharge8,9 and sputtering10,11, and here, the amount of inert gases in SiO2 far exceeds the equilibrium solubility. Using a high-rate sputtering technique, we prepared a SiO2 deposit containing 16.1 at. % Kr, expressed by a glass formula, Kr·2SiO2 and we report here the unique characteristics of this material.
El español a través de la lingüística: Preguntas y respuestas edited by EWALD, JENNIFER, & ANNE EDSTROM

The article reviews the book "El espanol a traves de la linguistica: Preguntas y respuestas," edited by Jennifer Ewald and Anne Edstrom.
Prediction of heat transfer in turbulent flow over rough surfaces

Because many systems of engineering interest have surfaces that are rough in the aerodynamic sense, there is considerable interest in the development of accurate predictive models for turbulent flows over rough surfaces. This work reports progress toward the development of a predictive approach for situations where the free-stream flow conditions, the macroscopic system geometry, and the surface roughness geometry are well described.
“Der Buchstab deines Willens”: Kleist's Prinz Friedrich von Homburg and the Letter of the Law

(1997). “Der Buchstab deines Willens”: Kleist's Prinz Friedrich von Homburg and the Letter of the Law. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 317-341.
Multi-structural thermodynamics of C–H bond dissociation in hexane and isohexane yielding seven isomeric hexyl radicals

The C–H bond dissociation processes of n-hexane and isohexane involve 23 and 13 conformational structures, respectively in the parent molecules and 14–45 conformational structures in each of the seven isomeric products that we studied. Here we use the recently developed multi-structural (MS) thermodynamics method and CCSD(T)-F12a/jul-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-311+G(2df,2p) potential energy surfaces to calculate the enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity of n-hexane, isohexane, and seven of the possible radical products of dissociation of C–H bonds. We compare our calculations with the limited experimental data and with values obtained by group additivity fits used to extend the experimental data. This work shows that using the MS method involving a full set of structural isomers with density functional geometries, scaled density functional frequencies, and coupled cluster single-point energies can predict thermodynamic functions of complex molecules and bond dissociation reactions with chemical accuracy. The method should be useful to obtain thermodynamic data for complex molecules for which such data has not been measured and to obtain thermodynamic data at temperatures outside the temperature range where measurements are available.
The effect of exercise type on immunofunctional and traditional growth hormone

The purpose of this study was to compare the growth hormone (GH) response, including the immunfunctional (IF) GH response, between an acute bout of aerobic and resistance exercise in the same subjects. Ten cross-trained males (24.3 ± 1.2 years) performed both 30 min of continuous cycling at 70% of VO2max, and intermittent free weight squatting at 70% of 1-RM, in a randomly assigned crossover design, separated by at least 1 week. Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for 2 h (30 min rest, 30 min exercise, 60 min recovery) and analyzed for total human and IF GH. After adjusting for the amount of work performed per minute of exercise, integrated GH AUC was significantly greater during the resistance session than the aerobic session as measured by both the total and IF GH assays (P = 0.008 and P = 0.014, respectively). Peak GH concentrations were significantly greater during the resistance session than the aerobic session (P = 0.05). A similar overall GH pattern was observed in response to both types of exercise, with peak values occurring at the end of exercise, regardless of the GH assay used. These data demonstrate that in young, cross-trained males, intermittent resistance exercise elicits a greater response of GH, including IF GH, compared to a continuous aerobic session, when controlling for the work performed per minute, intersubject variability, relative exercise intensity and session duration.
Scattering from truncated spherulites

A general two-dimensional theory is derived to explain the light scattering from truncated spherulites. The severity of the truncation is expressed by a statistical parameter σ2/ā2 which is the ratio of the variance σ2 of the size of the spherulite to the square of its average size ā. The Hv light-scattering patterns are calculated for different values of the truncation parameter. It is observed that the truncation decreases the position of maximum scattering intensity of the pattern. It also increases the scattering intensity at small and large angles, but reduces it at intermediate angles. For a spherulitic polyethylene sample, the truncation parameter is found to equal 0.100 ± 0.030 as measured microscopically. The theory can also be used to calculate light-scattering patterns from row-nucleated spherulites. If it is assumed that the interference effect averages out to zero when a large number of spherulites is involved, a single “sliced” spherulite model can be used. Then, the scattering intensity per unit area decreases as the “slice” becomes very thin.
Work in progress: STEM-based computing educational resources on the web

This work in progress explores the landscape of computing learning resources and environments found on the web together with teaching and learning materials that can facilitate the integration of “computational thinking” into the K-12 classroom. In specific, this paper focuses in finding and describing existing learning environments that integrate computational thinking into a STEM discipline together with lesson plans, activities and other curricula.
Paternal Psychopathology and Maternal Depressive Symptom Trajectory During the First Year Postpartum

Understanding parental psychopathology interaction is important in preventing negative family outcomes. This study investigated the effect of paternal psychiatric history on maternal depressive symptom trajectory from birth to 12 months postpartum. Maternal Edinburgh Postpartum Depression screens were collected at 1, 6 and 12 months and fathers’ psychiatric diagnoses were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV from 64 families. There was not a significant difference in the trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms between mothers with partners with history of or a current psychiatric condition or those without a condition. However, mothers with partners with substance abuse history had higher levels of depressive symptoms relative to those affected by mood/anxiety disorders or those without a disorder. Our results call for a closer look at paternal history of substance abuse when treating postpartum maternal depression.
Evidence for Au-Si bonding in liquid gold-silicon alloys from electrical resistivity measurements

Abstract A new interpretation is offered for a set of results on the effects of composition and temperature on the electrical resistivity of gold-silicon alloys containing up to 40 at %. silicon published by Hauser, Ray and Tauc (1979). There is an electrical resistivity anomaly centered on 30 at % silicon which is due to the formation of AuSi bonds in the liquid. There already exists evidence for such bonds from specific heat and x-ray diffraction studies. These bonds are preserved in the solid state if a liquid alloy is solidified using a cooling rate greater than 5° C sec−1. Such cooling results in the formation of the compound Au3Si which dissociates slowly into gold and silicon at room temperature.