cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The n ! conjecture and a vector bundle on the Hilbert scheme of n points in the plane

Abstract The focus of this paper is on algebraic vector bundles over P n and their applications to the Garsia–Haiman representation theoretic interpretation of the Macdonald symmetric polynomials. This interpretation involves a certain bigraded S n -module, H μ , indexed by partitions μ of n . Bergeron and Garsia (preprint) consider the relationships between H μ , for μ a partition of n+1 , and the spaces H μ i , for μ i a partition of n contained in μ . They formulated conjectures regarding the sums and intersections of these spaces. This paper provides a geometric interpretation of these conjectures.
Use of serum biomarkers to predict cerebral hypoxia after severe traumatic brain injury.

Abstract The management of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) focuses on prevention and treatment of secondary insults such as cerebral hypoxia (CH). There are a number of biomarkers that are thought to play a part in secondary injury following severe TBI. This study evaluates the association between S100β, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), detected in the serum of severe TBI patients and CH as measured by brain tissue oxygen partial pressure (Pbo2). Patients with severe TBI were prospectively enrolled. Pressure times time (PTD; mm Hg*h), measuring the depth and duration of CH, was calculated for 12-h periods for episodes of moderate (Pbo2 < 20 mm Hg) and severe (Pbo2 < 15 mm Hg) CH, and compared to serum levels of S100β, NSE, and GFAP drawn prior to periods of monitoring. An adjusted mixed model analysis was applied as was receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Of 76 patients enrolled, 24 had Pbo2 monitoring. One hundred and thirty serum samples ...
Male‐female giving differentials: are women more altruistic?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer two empirical analyses of differences in the donations of money and time between males and females based on the impact of identical variables on the donation of money and time. Analysis was made of not only how a person's giving patterns are determined for both sexes, but also what portion of differences in giving patterns can be explained by observable and unobservable characteristics between men and women.Design/methodology/approach – The US dataset Giving and Volunteering 1999 was used in the study.Findings – It was found that, on average, women are predicted to donate more of both money and time. Variables affecting money donations are significant and robust for both males and females, whereas the variation in time donation is poorly explained by the same variables. A substantial portion of the money and time donation differential gap (over 85 percent in time donation) is unexplained by mean levels of characteristics such as, wage, age and experience.Pra...
Treatment of Hypertension in the Elderly

Hypertension is a common condition among older people in most developed countries, and is a very important, if not the most important, risk factor for all subtypes of vascular disease and death. Many clinical trials in older people have demonstrated significant reductions in myocardial infarctions and strokes when antihypertensive drugs are provided. Lifestyle modifications are still recommended because they can lower a surrogate end point--blood pressure--but there are no data showing they reduce event rates. It is not appropriate to limit the choice of initial drug for hypertensive older individuals to a single class of agents, since so many older people have other medical problems that affect this decision. Monotherapy with an alpha blocker, however, is no longer recommended, even for men with hypertension and benign prostatic hypertrophy, as doxazosin was associated with a higher rate of cardiovascular events in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. The classic strategy of an initial diuretic (for at least 1 month) will likely be verified by the final results of ongoing randomized trials, expected in 2003. Until then, this strategy is effective, inexpensive, and unlikely to cause many adverse effects. Probably the most important exhortation, however, should be to achieve the blood pressure goal appropriate for the patient's risk status. Numerous clinical trials in older hypertensive patients have shown that more benefits accrue when the goal blood pressure is achieved than if a specific antihypertensive agent is chosen as initial therapy. Future cardiovascular risk may be related directly to the blood pressure attained, rather than to how it was attained.
Endoxifen (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen) has anti-estrogenic effects in breast cancer cells with potency similar to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen

Tamoxifen is an effective drug for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. It is extensively metabolized by the human cytochrome P450 enzyme system into several metabolites. Of these, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OH-Tam) is an active metabolite, which has greater anti-estrogenic potency than the parent drug, tamoxifen. We reported recently that 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen (endoxifen) could also be active. The progesterone receptor (PR) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression is commonly studied as a marker of estrogenic effect in breast cancer cells and PR levels in breast cancer patients are correlated with tamoxifen response. We, therefore, determined the effect of endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam on 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced PR mRNA expression in an estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 cells were treated with drugs for 24 h. The total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was harvested and transcribed into complementary deoxyribonucleic acids (cDNAs). The PR mRNA level was measured by using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PR expression data were normalized using a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression. We measured the metabolite concentrations in the cultured media by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine whether there was conversion of one metabolite to the other. Consistent with previous reports, the dose–response of the E2 effect on the PR expression indicated an ED50 value of approximately 60 pM and the maximum induction of PR mRNA was nearly ten-fold. When 10−10 M E2 was used, induction of the PR expression was observed in 2 h and reached its maximum at 24 h. In this assay, neither endoxifen nor 4-OH-Tam alone produced any change in the PR mRNA expression. However, both endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam decreased the E2-induced PR expression with similar potency. There was very little interconversion between the two metabolites during the culture. Since endoxifen is present at greater concentrations than 4-OH-Tam in human plasma of breast cancer patients receiving chronic tamoxifen, these results provide further evidence that endoxifen is as important as, or more important than, 4-OH-Tam to the anti-estrogenic action of tamoxifen.
Maraviroc modelling strategy: use of early phase 1 data to support a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The non-compartmental pharmacokinetics of maraviroc have been published for a number of phase 1 studies (including mass balance) but there has been no previous attempt to integrate the results into a model that is of utility beyond phase 1. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study provides a novel approach for pooling phase 1 non-compartmental data (normalized AUC) and assessing the influence of key covariates for drugs with non-linear/complex absorption patterns. We show a detailed example of how data may be integrated from a number of studies/sources in early drug development to construct semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic models (partitioning absorption and extraction components) for later phase applications (population pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics). AIMS To model the basic pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of maraviroc to construct an integrated semi-mechanistic PK model for use in later population PK analyses. METHODS Three analyses were performed utilizing intravenous, oral and radiolabel data. Firstly, a PK disposition model was developed from data from 20 healthy males who received 3, 10 or 30 mg of intravenous maraviroc. Secondly, a sigmoid Emaxvs dose model of dose-normalized non-compartmental AUC from oral dosing in 134 healthy young males and females across five phase 1 studies was constructed. This described absorption dose non-linearities and tested for the influence of food, formulation and dose frequency on model parameters. The third analysis developed a mass balance model for both absorption and disposition of maraviroc with 300 mg solution and predicted the mass balance after administration of 100 mg tablet formulation. RESULTS A four-compartment PK model best described the intravenous data and no influence of dose was found on clearance. Total clearance was 48 l h−1 (2.2% SE). The main covariate effect in the non-compartmental analysis reproduced the dose-dependency of food through a five-fold increase in the ED50 of the sigmoid Emax model. The mass balance models calculated that 33.3% and 22.9% of 300 mg solution and 100 mg tablet doses, respectively, are systemically available, and first-pass metabolism extracts 62% of an absorbed dose, estimating a hepatic blood flow of 101 l h−1. CONCLUSIONS The analysis demonstrates a novel integration approach to build a maraviroc semi-mechanistic population PK model for further use in volunteers and patients.
Contributions of Cow, Sheep, and Goat Milks to Characterizing Branched-Chain Fatty Acid and Phenolic Flavors in Varietal Cheeses

Abstract Selected goat milk (fresh, semi-soft), sheep milk (Pyrenees, Roquefort), and cow milk (Blue, Cheddar) cheeses were analyzed for FFA using a sensitive gas chromatographic technique. Qualitative profiles for most FFA were similar in the samples, except that 4-ethyloctanoic acid was not found in cow milk cheese. Milk fat of cows contained low concentrations of 4-methyloctanoic acid, but milk fat of sheep and goat contained significant amounts of both 4-methyloctanoic and 4-ethyloctanoic acids, which contributed mutton-like and goat-like flavors, respectively. Pyrenees sheep milk cheese contained significant amounts of methyland ethyl-substituted phenols, which contributed characterizing sheep-like flavor notes to this cheese variety.
Petrology and Diagenesis of Tertiary Aquifer Carbonates, North Carolina: ABSTRACT

Superior stone quarry near New Bern, North Carolina, exposes 9.2 m of Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone that is disconformably overlain by 2 m of an unnamed Oligocene carbonate unit. Both form part of the most important aquifer system in eastern North Carolina. The Eocene Castle Hayne strata are divisible into 2 massively bedded facies: (A) a sandy, pelecypod-mold biomicrudite with microspar and pseudospar matrix, and (B) a sandy, pelecypod-mold biosparite and biosparrudite, which grades westward into calcareous quartz sand. Facies A consists of unabraded pelecypod valves (dominantly molds of aragonite Macrocallista shells) and 20% by volume of moderately well-sorted, fine quartz sand that are set in microspar and pseudospar. Facies B consists of pelecypod valves (chiefly molds of worn, fragmented, and unabraded Macrocallista) and 27% of well-sorted, fine quartz sand. Sparry calcite cement forms 41% of this facies. Subordinate allochems in both are gastropods, foraminifers, bryozoans, echinoderms, ostracods, intraclasts, peloids, glauconite, and bone. Facies A is a low-energy, shallow-marine bank that accumulated seaward of Facies B, which was deposited in a higher energy nearshore environment. The Oligocene stratum is a sandy, molluscan-mold biomicrudite consisting of pelecypods, turritellid and naticid gastropods, and scaphopods (all as molds of unabraded aragonite shells) that are set in micrite. Fine, moderately well-sorted quartz sand forms 3% of the unit. Other allochems are echinoderms, foraminifers, peloids, ostracods, and bone. This is an inner or middle-shelf deposit that accumulated below wave base. Upon subaerial exposure, the following diagenetic changes occurred: (1) high-Mg calcite skeletons, mainly echinoderms, recrystallized to low-Mg calcite, (2) most aragonite skeletons dissolved to form molds, and the carbonate either precipitated nearby as low-Mg calcite cement, or neomorphed to spar, (3) molds were reduced or filled with low-Mg spar, and (4) micrite and pelmicrite aggraded to microspar and pseudospar. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1903------------
Theory of capillary viscometers

The purpose of this work is to analyze the various kinds of capillary viscometers that have been used in the past, and to formulate the relation between the measured quantities and the viscosity of the fluid. Three kinds of capillary viscometers are discussed: the steady-state capillary, two capillaries in tandem and the Rankine viscometer. Improved working formulae are derived for every case. Throughout the work the fluid is assumed to be incompressible. However, a short discussion of the correction for compressibility is also provided.
Preoperative laryngoscopy in thyroid surgery: Do patients' subjective voice complaints matter?

Background Although routine preoperative laryngoscopy has been standard practice for many thyroid surgeons, there is recent literature that supports selective laryngoscopy. We hypothesize that patients' preoperative voice complaints do not correlate well with abnormalities seen on preoperative laryngoscopy. Methods A retrospective chart review of a 3-year, single-surgeon experience was performed. Records of patients undergoing thyroid surgery were reviewed for patient voice complaints, prior neck surgery, surgeon-documented voice quality, and results of laryngoscopy. Results Of 464 patients, 6% had abnormal laryngoscopy findings, including 11 cord paralyses (2%). Preoperatively, 39% of patients had voice complaints, but only 10% had a corresponding abnormality on laryngoscopy. Only 4% of patients had a surgeon-documented voice abnormality with 72% corresponding abnormalities on laryngoscopy, including 8 cord paralyses. When eliminating patient voice complaints and using only history of prior neck surgery and surgeon-documented voice abnormality as criteria for preoperative laryngoscopy, only 1 cord paralysis is missed and sensitivity (91%) and specificity (86%) were high. Also, when compared with routine laryngoscopy, 84% fewer laryngoscopies are performed. Conclusion When using patients' voice complaints as criteria for preoperative laryngoscopy, the yield is low. We recommend using surgeon-documented voice abnormalities and history of prior neck surgery as criteria for preoperative laryngoscopy.
Modeling the earth’s cosmic radiation

Abstract In this study, we use physics based cross sections and the radiation transport code MCNPX to develop a purely physics based global model of cosmogenic nuclide production. Modeling the earth as a series of concentric, spherical shells of various media, we propagate the radiation cascade resulting from bombarding the model with primary protons and helium nuclei. The hadronic component of the radiation cascade is tracked throughout the atmosphere as well as the upper region of simple, rock earth-planets. Tallying the energy spectrum throughout the geometry allows us to fold the energy dependent flux with excitation functions to determine nuclide specific spallogenic production rates and attenuation lengths. Using these results, we characterize facets of the radiation cascade and resulting productions rates that are currently unaccounted for in modern scaling schemes. Preliminary results of our deep atmosphere model show nuclide dependent attenuation lengths, therefore, altitude dependent production ratios. Preliminary results from simple, homogeneous rock planets show production rate depth profiles that diminish at a rate inconsistent with a simple exponential, the currently accepted assumption.
Infant learning and long-term memory at 6 months: A confirming analysis

In three experiments, we tested the generality and validity of prior evidence of delayed recognition, memory reactivation, and retrieval specificity at 6 months of age using a new operant task. In Experiment 1, the forgetting function was found to be 2 weeks but not 3, the same as previously obtained using the mobile conjugate reinforcement task. In Experiment 2, a reactivation treatment with the original cue (train set) in the original context (room in the home) recovered the memory but was ineffective when either was changed. These results also confirmed prior findings but expanded the manipulation of context to include the place where training occurred. Following a reactivation treatment, infants in Experiment 3a failed to recognize the original cue in a different context, as before, but generalized to a different cue in the original context. Because the latter test condition was novel, a comparison group was trained in the mobile task and tested with a different mobile in the original context 1 day after a reactivation treatment (Experiment 3b); this group failed to recognize the mobile. The disparity in these outcomes was attributed to the salience of features common to the two train sets. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that, for the same parameters of training and testing, memory performance at 6 months is task-independent. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 30: 71–85, 1997
795–4 Determination of Flow Rate and Orifice Area in Mitral Stenosis by Doppler Color Flow Imaging: Quantitative Application of Centerline Velocity/Distance Function of Proximal Flow Field

The objectives of the present experimental study were to develop a simplified algorithm for quantifying the velocity function for minimally restrictive orifices by using Doppler color flow imaging. An animal model of mitral stenosis was created by replacing the native mitral valve with glutaraldehydepreserved 26 mm porcine aortic valves in 11 sheep. 20 to 34 weeks after the surgery the bioprosthetic valves had become stenotic with orifice areas (A) 0.81 ± 0.25 (mean ± SD) cm2/m2 by pressure half time (PHT) and 0.97 ± 0.32 cm2/m2 by modified Gorlin (G) formula. At follow-up catheterization, high fidelity LA and LV pressures were available for 20 stable hemodynamic states. Epicardial Doppler color flow mapping was performed with a Toshiba SSH 160A system. The lowest (30 ± 7.6 cm/sec) and highest (50 ± 10.7 cm/sec) aliasing velocities that clearly displayed the red to blue alias and the corresponding axial distances from the alias to the center of the orifice were used to generate the velocity function V = a*D(–b). For each condition, both coefficient “a” and exponent “b” could be determined from only two velocity/distance points (Figure). The product of “a” and “b” correlated well with the flow rate QG (AG*CWVell and QpHT (ApHT-CW)(r = 0.77 and 0.86, SEE = 40.0 and 26.6 ml/sec respectively), although “a” or “b” alone were not well related to CW velocity, orifice area or maximal flow rate. In addition, when a*b was normalized by CW velocity A*B/CW correlated well with the orifice area determined by both Gorlin and Doppler PHT methods (R = 0.75 and r = 0.84, SEE = 0.23 and 0.14 cm2). Our study suggests that a velocity function generated from merely 2 velocities in the flow acceleration field can be applied to determine forward flow rate and orifice area estimates in mitral stenosis. Download : Download high-res image (63KB) Download : Download full-size image
TiC-reinforced cast Cr steels

A new class of materials, namely TiC-reinforced cast chromium (Cr) steels, was developed for applications requiring high abrasion resistance and good fracture toughness. The research approach was to modify the carbide structure of commercial AISI 440C steel for better fracture resistance while maintaining the already high abrasion resistance. The new alloys contained 12Cr, 2.5–4.5Ti, and 1–1.5C (wt.%) and were melted in a vacuum induction furnace. Their microstructure was composed primarily of a martensitic matrix with a dispersion of TiC precipitates. Modification of TiC morphology was accomplished through changing the cooling rate during solidification. Wear rates of the TiC-reinforced Cr steels were comparable to that of AISI 440C steel, but the impact resistance was much improved.
Photochenistry And Photophysics Of Materials In Zeolites.

Pyrene is used as a molecular probe to study surface polarity, constrained character of diffusion, oxygen diffusion, effects of coadsorbed water, and exchange cations in zeolites A, X and Y. The experimental methods include both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance absorption spectroscopy. The properties of CdS and TiO2 constructed in zeolites are also presented.
Intermolecular interactions and Fermi resonance in methylene groups

Raman spectra of propane‐d6 and propane d6 in CCl4 solutions are reported. The spectra exhibit Fermi resonance. Raman spectra of dibromethane and dichloromethane are also reported, these present no Fermi resonance. The intermolecular interactions and conformational dynamics are discussed. (AIP)
The Chemistry of N-substituted benzotriazoles. Part 22 [1]: Transformations of 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)benzotriazole

1-(Trimethylsilylmethyl)benzotriazole is readily prepared from benzotriazole and chloromethyltrimethylsilane. It undergoes fluoride-catalyzed desilylation with carbonyl compounds and forms an anion that can be alkylated and acylated readily and undergoes Peterson olefination. 1-(Cyclohexylidenemethyl)benzotriazole is lithiated exclusively at the α carbon atom, and the anion can be cleanly alkylated. 1-(α-Acylalkyl)benzotriazoles are reduced to ketones with zinc and acid. The stability of 1-alkenylbenzotriazoles to hydrolysis has been studied.
Analysis of grapefruit sulphur volatiles using SPME and pulsed flame photometric detection

Abstract Sulphur volatiles are major factors in the perceived aroma of grapefruit juice, GFJ. The objective of this study was to develop a procedure to concentrate, separate, identify and quantify the major volatile sulphur compounds, VSC’s, in grapefruit juices. SPME parameters such as headspace atmosphere, fibre coating, extraction time and temperature were evaluated. High resolution capillary GC using ZB-5, DB-Wax and PLOT columns coupled with pulsed flame photometric detection, PFPD, were employed for separation and detection. Thirteen sulphur volatiles were identified including; hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulphide, carbon disulphide, dimethyl disulphide, 2-methyl thiophene, 3-methyl thiophene, methional, dimethyl trisulphide, 3-mercaptohexylacetate, 2,8-epithio- cis - p -menthane and 1- p -menthene-8-thiol. Five additional VSC’s were tentatively identified. Canned reconstituted GFJ had more total sulphur volatiles and a greater number than fresh GFJ. Hydrogen sulphide comprised over 80% of total sulphur volatiles in fresh GFJ but only 5% in canned GFJ.
Preautopsy magnetic resonance imaging : initial experience

To our knowledge, there are no prospective data in the literature investigating the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting abnormalities in cadavers to determine the feasibility of this concept. We prospectively studied six cadavers (three stillborn infants, one infant, and two adults) with a 0.15 T resistive magnet. The images obtained allowed detection of abnormalities in multiple organs. Although autopsy was superior to MRI in detecting very small abnormalities, MRI was equal to autopsy in detecting gross cranial, pulmonary, abdominal, and vascular pathology in this small series. In addition, MRI was superior to autopsy in detecting air and fluid in potential body spaces. Preautopsy MRI may be an alternate method in restricted or denied autopsies and may provide an additional MRI research and educational tool.
Transcriptional regulation of the human reduced folate carrier A1/A2 promoter: Identification of critical roles for the USF and GATA families of transcription factors.

Abstract The human reduced folate carrier (hRFC) gene has a complex regulation involving 6 alternatively spliced non-coding exons and promoters (A1/A2, A, B, C, D, and E). The hRFC-A1/A2 promoter is unique in that it transcribes a novel transcript with an in-frame AUG in non-coding exon A1/A2 that encodes a modified hRFC protein with altered transport function. In this report, we characterize the hRFC-A1/A2 promoter in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. By transfecting HepG2 cells with 5′ and 3′ deletion constructs, a transcriptionally important 270 bp region was identified. Gel shift assays identified transcription factor binding to three E-box elements and one GATA site within this region. These elements were verified by transfections of mutant constructs into HepG2 cells. Cotransfections in Drosophila Mel-2 cells confirmed promoter activation by USF1 and GATA1. A physical association between USF1 and GATA1 was demonstrated by their co-immunoprecipitation. By real time PCR analysis of transfected HepG2 cells, USF1 and GATA1 increased endogenous hRFC-A1/A2 transcripts. Altogether, our results demonstrate a transcriptionally important region in the hRFC-A1/A2 promoter including E-box and GATA elements, and a transactivation by USF1 and GATA1 proteins. Our results further establish the complexity of hRFC regulation, as a means of ensuring adequate folate cofactor transport for cell proliferation.
An integral formulation applied to the diffusion and Boussinesq equations

A new integral method is proposed here to solve the diffusion equation (confined flow) and the Boussinesq equation (unconfined flow) in a two-dimensional porous medium. The method, based on Green's theorem, derives its integral representation from the portion of the original differential equation with the highest space derivatives so that the resulting kernel of the integral representation is not time dependent. Compared to an earlier integral formulation, namely the direct Green function, based on the same theorem, the kernel is simpler so that the present theory provides a more efficient numerical model without compromising accuracy. An iterative scheme is employed along with the theory to achieve solutions to the non-linear Boussinesq equation. Concepts used in the finite difference and finite element methods enable simplification of the temporal derivative. The method is tested with success on a number of numerical examples from groundwater flow.
Thermal stability and degradation of aromatic polyamides. 1. Pyrolysis and hydrolysis pathways, kinetics and mechanisms of N-phenylbenzamide

Abstract A kinetic study of the reaction of N-phenylbenzamide neat and in the presence of added water was carried out to resolve the contributions of homolytic and hydrolytic degradation mechanisms. N-Phenylbenzamide was reacted at 425°C in the presence of added water in molar ratios of 0:1, 25:1 and 50:1. Two competing reactions occurred during the reaction of N-phenylbenzamide in water. Neat pyrolysis led to aniline and 1,2-diphenylbenzimidazole as major products, benzene, benzimidazole, benzoic acid and benzonitrile as minor products, and high molecular weight material. The product recovery index showed that the selectivity to high molecular weight material during neat pyrolysis was high. Hydrolysis led to benzoic acid, aniline, benzaldehyde, and benzene which were easily recoverable and quantifiable products. The product recovery index was essentially 1·0 when the molar ratio H2O: NPB was 50:1. The conversion of the reactant dramatically increased with the addition of water as did the selectivity to aniline and benzoic acid. A superposition of free-radical and hydrolysis elementary steps rationalized both the temporal variations of the product yields and the variation of the product recovery index as a function of water loading.
On the structure of the lattice of noncrossing partitions

Abstract We show that the lattice of noncrossing (set) partitions is self-dual and that it admits a symmetric chain decomposition. The self-duality is proved via an order-reversing involution. Two proofs are given of the existence of the symmetric chain decomposition, one recursive and one constructive. Several identities involving Catalan numbers emerge from the construction of the symmetric chain decomposition.
A chemical trail factor from the silk of the eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

The leaf-feeding larvae of the eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum (Fabricius) follow silk trails laid down on branches leading from their communal tent to distant foraging sites. The response of colonies reared in the laboratory under seminatural conditions to silk trails washed in methylene chloride and to chemical trails prepared from a solvent extract of their tent or trail silk, showed that one or more soluble components of their trail is essential to the elicitation of the following response. The demonstrated ability of the caterpillars to distinguish between old and newly reinforced silk trails most likely occurs in response to a temporal change in the detectable chemical properties of their trail.
Regulation of synthesis of herpes simplex type 1 virus mRNA during productive infection.

Abstract The experiments described indicate the following: (i) Solution hybridization can be carried out between radioactive HSV-DNA and unlabeled RNA from HSV infected cells and analyzed by hydroxyapatite chromotography. This analysis shows that 50% of the total HSV genome (100% of the single-strand equivalent) is transcribed at times after infection when HSV-DNA replication is proceeding (late). The vast majority of virus specific RNA extracted from infected cells prior to initiation of HSV-DNA replication (early) is transcribed from 20% of the HSV genome (40% of the single-strand equivalent). The extent of transcription of the HSV genome determined using filter disc hybridization is consistent with the data from solution hybridization. (ii) The kinetics of hybrid formation in solution indicate that late after infection HSV specific RNA is composed of two concentration classes. One class is transcribed from 40% of the HSV genome and is present at five times the relative concentration of the second class, which is transcribed from the remaining 60% of the transcribable genome. Analysis of HSV specific RNA from cells early after infection shows one major concentration class which is transcribed from 40% of the single-strand equivalent of the genome. (iii) Filter disc hybridization experiments demonstrate that inhibition of HSV-DNA replication with mitomycin C or inhibition of HSV protein synthesis with cycloheximide results in interruption of normal late transcription. The experiments presented suggest that in either case the transcription patterns are similar to those seen early after infection.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the fluoride anion

Abstract The fluorine NMR shift of the fluoride anion in CH 3 CN solution has been recorded. The observed shift of -74 ppm significantly differs from the value of -150.6 ppm recently reported. The previously observed signal is attributed to the HF 2 - anion. It is also shown that the previously reported and unexplained satellite it about -131 ppm is due to the SiF 6 2- anion. The chemical shifts of F - in isopropanol, ethanol and CH 2 Cl 2 have also been recorded and suggest that the F - shifts are strongly solvent dependent.
Absorption of trapped particles by Jupiter's moons

Absorption effects of the four innermost moons in the radial transport equations for electrons and protons in Jupiter's magnetosphere are presented. The phase space density n at 2 R sub J for electrons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg is reduced by a factor of 4.2 x 1000 when lunar absorption is included in the calculation. For protons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg, the corresponding reduction factor is 3.2 x 100000. The effect of the satellites becomes progressively weaker for both electrons and protons as equatorial pitch angles of pi/2 are approached, because the likelihood of impacting a satellite becomes progressively smaller. The large density decreases which we find at the orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede result in corresponding particle flux decreases that should be observed by spacecraft making particle measurements in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The characteristic signature of satellite absorption should be a downward pointing cusp in the flux versus radius curve at the L-value corresponding to each satellite.
Influence of Some Management Practices and Season Upon Freezing Point of Milk

Abstract A group of 12 cows fed a low-forage ration produced milk which had a freezing- point 0.003 C colder than a similar group of cows fed the normal amount of forage but less grain. Milk from all cows had a colder freezing point toward the end of their lactation and all showed warmer freezing points during July. Lactations were completed in August to November. The weighted average freezing point of individual cows’ milk had a slightly lower freezing point than the composite taken from the bulk tank but as the milking process continued, the weighted average and the composite freezing points were closer together. Movement of milk from the weigh jar to the bulk tank was found to cause a change in the freezing point equivalent to addition of approximately 0.1% added water. There was no significant difference in freezing-point depression of milk from cows fed three different types of hay. Milk from cows consuming high-moisture silages (corn and sorghum) had a significantly warmer freezing point than those fed a low-moisture silage (alfalfa).
Results of an Industry/University Survey of Machine Systems Design Education

Two surveys were conducted: one of instruction in machine systems design (MSD) and the other of employers of recently graduated design engineers who work as designers. Information was obtained on the faculty and the eductional undergraduate programs leading to a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering, and the information was subsequently compared to requirements for practice in the field as interpreted by employers. Both required and elective courses of instruction were categorized by topics covered, skills and attitudes developed, and credits given toward the degree. The corresponding needs of the practicing design engineer in like categories were determined from the survey of employers. Of the teaching faculty, 74 percent hold the Ph.D. and 56 percent are registered. The average faculty member has twice as many years of teaching experience as industrial practice experience, a unique characteristic of engineering education in the U.S. Ninety percent of the schools offer a course in mechanical design typically using Shigley’s text, Mechanical Engineering Design , and are, consequently, component design oriented. Only 9 percent of the credits for graduation are given for required courses in MSD. The university survey shows that very few schools give courses in engineering drawing or manufacturing processes. Interdisciplinary courses are also few. Employers reported only two out of the seven most frequently cited topics of instruction to have significance in industrial applications. Manufacturing processes was one of the courses most often regarded as missing. Educators and employers agree that written communication is a highly desirable skill. However, to the contrary, the need employers express for graphics, drafting, and sketching is not reflected in the instructional program. The extensive means employers use to encourage their engineers to advance their careers by registering and acquiring advanced education were also surveyed. The uniformity of MSD instruction reflected in the results of the survey appears to be unhealthy for U.S. industry. There should be more originality and opportunity for systems design. The near absence of courses in graphical communication skills and manufacturing process—basic tools for young engineers—can be expected to retard the reindustrialization needed in the U.S. to compete worldwide. The problem of training top students in topics and skills that are not generally considered college level but without which they function poorly in the outside world needs a solution.
Uranium transport in a crushed granodiorite: Experiments and reactive transport modeling

The primary objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate an experimental method to refine and better parameterize process models for reactive contaminant transport in aqueous subsurface environments and to reduce conservatism in such models without attempting to fully describe the geochemical system.
From evaluations to an equitable selection of merit-pay recipients and increments

In the absence of a viable salary-growth model, reasonable people generate arbitrary criteria with nebulous weighting factors for the decisions concerning initial salaries and subsequent increments. Generally, the resulting decisions yield lock-step, salary-growth patterns which include inequities, lack appropriate incentives, and are unsynchronized with cost-of-living increases. A model is described herein which includes the nature of the salary dependence on experience for various levels of performance of faculty members in a subset having the same level of education and the same marketability of their specialties. Application of the model to one subset provides objective procedures which yield, via successive approximations, initial salaries and subsequent increments with optimal equity. Similar application of the model to the several faculty subsets of an institution provides order and equitable order of magnitude in the decisions concerning all initial salaries and all subsequent increments. Consequences of such decision making include incentives to accept the risks of more comprehensive evaluations; rectification of lock-step, salary-growth patterns; and, optimally equitable rewards in consonance with the institution's mission and goals.
Using NCSWAP to simulate seasonal nitrogen dynamics in soil and corn

The objective of this study was to determine if a re-calibrated version of the computer model NCSWAP (version 36) could accurately predict corn growth and soil N dynamics in conventionally tilled (CT) and no-till (NT) corn supplied with legume green manure or ammonium nitrate as N sources. We also attempted to ascertain the reasons for limitations in the model's ability to simulate corn growth and soil N dynamics found by our colleagues in a previous study and to propose potential improvements. The model was calibrated to accurately simulate total available N (N in plant above-ground biomass plus soil nitrate in the 0 to 45 cm profile) for a control and a fertilizer CT treatment in the 1992 growing season. To do so, input values defining the quantities of active soil organic N had to be reduced to 19% of the values proposed by the model developers and a solute transport factor defining the mobile vs. immobile fractions of soil nitrate adjusted from 0.8 to 0.2. The discrepancies between the proposed values and the lower values employed in this study might be due to the uncertainties in quantitatively describing soil N mineralization processes and the way they are handled in the model, as well as the lack of a component simulating macroporous-influenced water flow and solute transport in the model. With the current version, until one knows how to predict what these values are, the model needs to be re-calibrated for each experimental site and condition and thus is of limited value as a general model. With no further adjustment of input values, model validation success was mixed. The model accurately predicted total available N for treatments in the second year of the experiment that had the same N source and tillage as the treatments used for the calibration year but with the different weather and growing conditions. However, total available N was underpredicted where legume green manure was the N source and overpredicted with no-till cultivation. The model was accurate in simulating seasonal corn growth for nearly all the treatments, judged by nonsignificant mean difference (MD) values and highly significant correlation coefficients (r). Prediction of seasonal soil nitrate concentration was less accurate compared to total available N and corn growth variables. Potential improvements in the model's simulation of a no-till system as well as for predicting corn harvest yield and seasonal soil nitrate concentration where N deficiency occurs were discussed.
Protein–protein interactions of a Kvβ subunit in the cochlea

Accessory subunits associated with voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels can influence the biophysical properties and promote the surface expression of channel-forming alpha-subunits. Previously, we cloned several alpha-subunits and a beta-subunit from a cDNA library of the chicken cochlea. In the present study, we raised an antibody against the N-terminus of chicken Kvbeta1.1 (cKvbeta1.1) and characterized the Kvbeta-related polypeptide in cochlear tissues and heterologous cells. The anti-cKvbeta1.1 antibody recognizes a 45-kDa polypeptide in chick cochlear extracts as well as in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with cKvbeta1.1. The accessory subunit was localized to the ganglion cells of the chick cochlea using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Coimmunoprecipitation studies show that Kvbeta1.1 interacts with Shaker channel members Kvalpha1.2 and 1.3, both of which colocalize with beta to the cochlear ganglion cells. Additionally, coimmunoprecipitation studies show that Kvalpha1.2 and 1.3 interact with each other, suggesting that these ion channels are formed by heteromultimers. In comparison, Kvbeta did not coprecipitate with a member of the Shal subfamily. The presence of Kvbeta in the cochlea suggests that this subunit contributes to the modulation of auditory signals in the ganglion cells, presumably by regulating properties of inactivation as well as surface expression of Kvalpha channels.
Effects of Extrusion Process Variables on Quality Properties of Wheat-Ginseng Extrudates

The present study investigated the effects of extrusion process variables (feed moisture, screw speed, and barrel temperature) on the physical [expansion ratio, water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI)], pasting, and thermal properties of wheat-ginseng extrudates (WGE). A wheat flour-ginseng powder (GP) blend (10% GP, w/w) was extruded in a twin-screw extruder (L/D ratio of 25:1) with full factorial combinations of feed moisture (25, 30, and 35%), screw speed (200 and 300 rpm), and zone 5 barrel temperature (110, 120, 130, and 140°C). The expansion ratios of WGE were significantly increased with decreasing feed moisture, decreasing screw speed, and increasing barrel temperature. Increasing feed moisture significantly increased WAI values of WGE and significantly decreased WSI values of WGE. However, an increase in either screw speed or barrel temperature caused a significant decrease in WAI values of WGE and a significant increase in WSI values of WGE. Rapid visco analyzer peak visco...
Development of a Finite Element Model for Blast Brain Injury and the Effects of CSF Cavitation

Blast-related traumatic brain injury is the most prevalent injury for combat personnel seen in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, yet as a research community,we still do not fully understand the detailed etiology and pathology of this injury. Finite element (FE) modeling is well suited for studying the mechanical response of the head and brain to blast loading. This paper details the development of a FE head and brain model for blast simulation by examining both the dilatational and deviatoric response of the brain as potential injury mechanisms. The levels of blast exposure simulated ranged from 50 to 1000 kPa peak incident overpressure and 1–8 ms in positive-phase duration, and were comparable to real-world blast events. The frontal portion of the brain had the highest pressures corresponding to the location of initial impact, and peak pressure attenuated by 40–60% as the wave propagated from the frontal to the occipital lobe. Predicted brain pressures were primarily dependent on the peak overpressure of the impinging blast wave, and the highest predicted brain pressures were 30%less than the reflected pressure at the surface of blast impact. Predicted shear strain was highest at the interface between the brain and the CSF. Strain magnitude was largely dependent on the impulse of the blast, and primarily caused by the radial coupling between the brain and deforming skull.The largest predicted strains were generally less than 10%,and occurred after the shock wave passed through the head.For blasts with high impulses, CSF cavitation had a large role in increasing strain levels in the cerebral cortex and periventricular tissues by decoupling the brain from the skull. Relating the results of this study with recent experimental blast testing suggest that a rate-dependent strain-based tissue injury mechanism is the source primary blast TBI.
Behavioral characteristics of very-low-birth-weight infants of varying biologic risk at 6, 15, and 24 months of age.

Objective: To explore the relationship between developmental outcome and behavior of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants (≤ 1500 g) at high and low biologic risk. Design: Descriptive, ex post facto. Setting: Clinic for follow-up of infants at high risk. Participants: A convenience sample of 102 VLBW infants, free of major congenital anomalies, who completed 6-, 15-, and 24-month developmental testing and who were part of a larger study of 274 VLBW infants. Main outcome measure: Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results: Infants at high biologic risk, versus infants at low biologic risk, were less attentive and active through age 15 months and were less adept in gross and fine motor skills through age 24 months (p ≤ 0.05−0.001). Infants with continuous delay were less attentive than infants with no delay or late delay through age 24 months, less active through age 15 months (p ≤ 0.001-0.001), and less skilled in motor behaviors through age 24 months (p ≤ 0.05-0.001). Conclusion: Infants at high biologic risk and infants with developmental delays are less attentive, less active, and less skilled in motor tasks during the first 15–24 months of life, suggesting an association between biologic risk and behavior and developmental delay and behavior.
Toward a holistic-organismic conceptualization of attachment style

Abstract A holistic-organismic approach is suggested as foundation for intensified, systematic inquiry into relationships among adult attachment styles and various dimensions of physical and mental health. Exploratory findings of differences in stamina associated with adult attachment style are noted. The extent to which attachment style–stamina associations may be related to other wellness–illness differences is considered. Illustrative components and directions in an ongoing program of research are outlined.
Absolute requirement for adherent cells in the production of human interleukin 2 (IL2)

Abstract Activated T lymphocytes appear to require a growth factor, interleukin 2 (IL2), for continued proliferation. It has been hypothesized that T lymphocytes serving an amplifier function produce IL2 in response to an activating signal such as antigen or mitogen; in addition, the producer lymphocytes receive a second signal from macrophages. The present experiments demonstrated that human IL2 production in culture is totally depleted by exhaustive removal of adherent cells and can be completely restored by replacement of the adherent cells.