cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Challenges

The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Engineered bone tissue has been viewed as a potential alternative to the conventional use of bone grafts, due to their limitless supply and no disease transmission. However, bone tissue engineering practices have not proceeded to clinical practice due to several limitations or challenges. Bone tissue engineering aims to induce new functional bone regeneration via the synergistic combination of biomaterials, cells, and factor therapy. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of bone tissue engineering, highlighting the current state of this field. Further, we review the recent advances of biomaterial and cell-based research, as well as approaches used to enhance bone regeneration. Specifically, we discuss widely investigated biomaterial scaffolds, micro- and nano-structural properties of these scaffolds, and the incorporation of biomimetic properties and/or growth factors. In addition, we examine various cellular approaches, including the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and their clinical application strengths and limitations. We conclude by overviewing the challenges that face the bone tissue engineering field, such as the lack of sufficient vascularization at the defect site, and the research aimed at functional bone tissue engineering. These challenges will drive future research in the field.
Infant memory in everyday life

Research is reported that was aimed at identifying a fuller range of infant memory behavior than was previously available.
Commentary: Special issue of GeoJournal on Amenity Migration, Exurbia, and Emerging Rural Landscapes

The series of sessions at the 2007 AAG in Chicago and this special issue of GeoJournal that they have spawned reflect a growing excitement surrounding rural dynamics among North American geographers. When I initially began exploring rural restructuring in the early 1990s, I was forced to draw heavily on theorizations of rural change derived from the UK context, and this was especially true for theorizations of class dynamics implicated within processes of rural change. Rural spaces and the processes that transform them are geographically heterogeneous, so this exciting and excited group of young scholars working within rural North America is particularly encouraging given the need to explore these topics in different geographic contexts. The series of papers presented in these sessions sparked many thoughts, but my comments below are limited to three substantive themes that I see as needing further clarity and/or exploration: better definitions of ‘amenity’ and ‘exurbia’; greater connections between work conducted at varying spatial scales; research on amenity migration with a greater sensitivity to racial/ethnic differences. First, the terms ‘amenity’ and ‘exurbia’ require definitions with greater clarity and breadth. I particularly like Peter Walker’s (Walker et al. 2006; Walker 2009) typology of exurbia (considering the varied impacts of the transition from resource use to ruralresidential use). His typology acknowledges that exurbia is a spatially moving target. Exurban growth in the Western United States is considerably different from exurban growth in New England, because the urban landscapes are so different in those places. Geographers are particularly well-suited to provide this needed clarity because of our sensitivity the spatial variations. In a similar vein, ‘amenities’ is poorly defined. A large volume of empirical work has employed the USDA’s natural amenities index, yet this index leaves many regions, such as New England, void of any natural amenities. However, if you ask most residents of New England about their region’s natural landscape, they would celebrate the fall foliage, the four-season climate, and access to public lands and mountains. For many residents across any number of regions, natural amenities are in the ‘eye of the beholder.’ Furthermore, we too quickly shift from a discussion of amenities to a discussion of ‘natural’ amenities. Amenity migrants are likely to be simultaneously responding to perceptions of natural as well as social amenities when they move to the countryside and contribute to exurban growth. Therefore, we need more robust and nuanced understanding of these terms. My second comment revolves around the importance of geographic scale in work examining issues of P. B. Nelson (&) Department of Geography, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall 313, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA e-mail: pbnelson@middlebury.edu
In-Situ High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy of Dynamic Events During the Amorphous to Crystalline Phase Transformation in Silicon

A technique has been developed which employs high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) for the observation of the atomic mechanisms associated with solid state phase transformation as they occur at elevated temperatures. It consists of the annealing in-situ of cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens that have been favorably oriented for lattice fringe imaging and the video-recording of dynamic events as they occur in real-time. By means of this technique, we report the first video-recorded lattice images of crystallographic defect motion in silicon, viz. the motion of dislocations and stacking faults, as well as the first such images of the atomic mechanisms responsible for the amorphous to crystalline (a-c) phase transformation, viz. heterogeneous nucleation of crystal nuclei, coalescence of crystal nuclei by co-operative atomic processes, ledge motion at the growth interface, and normal growth in silicon. This technique holds great potential for the elucidation of the atomic mechanisms involved in reaction kinetics in the solid state.
A combined simply scalable and tree-based preference model

Abstract This article proposes a model that nests both a strict tree model and the Luce choice model. The multiplicative formulation allows for easy estimation using least-squares procedures. The model is shown to be more parsimonious than the hierarchical elimination method and in a small illustration, to significantly out-perform Luce in predicting soft-drink preferences.
Decidability and undecidability results for boundedness of linear recursive queries

If it is possible to eliminate recursion from a Datalog program P, then P is said to be bounded. It was shown by Gaifman et al that the problem of deciding whether a given Datalog program is bounded is undecidable, even for linear programs that has one 4-ary intensional predicate. We sharpen that result by showing that the problem of deciding whether a given Datalog program is bounded is undecidable, even for linear programs that has one binary intensional predicate. We then consider linear programs with a single recursive rule. We show that if the intensional predicate is binary, then the boundedness problem for such program is decidable, in fact, it is NP-complete.
Hierarchical Bayesian Methods for Estimation of Parameters in a Longitudinal HIV Dynamic System

HIV dynamics studies have significantly contributed to the understanding of HIV infection and antiviral treatment strategies. But most studies are limited to short-term viral dynamics due to the difficulty of establishing a relationship of antiviral response with multiple treatment factors such as drug exposure and drug susceptibility during long-term treatment. In this article, a mechanism-based dynamic model is proposed for characterizing long-term viral dynamics with antiretroviral therapy, described by a set of nonlinear differential equations without closed-form solutions. In this model we directly incorporate drug concentration, adherence, and drug susceptibility into a function of treatment efficacy, defined as an inhibition rate of virus replication. We investigate a Bayesian approach under the framework of hierarchical Bayesian (mixed-effects) models for estimating unknown dynamic parameters. In particular, interest focuses on estimating individual dynamic parameters. The proposed methods not only help to alleviate the difficulty in parameter identifiability, but also flexibly deal with sparse and unbalanced longitudinal data from individual subjects. For illustration purposes, we present one simulation example to implement the proposed approach and apply the methodology to a data set from an AIDS clinical trial. The basic concept of the longitudinal HIV dynamic systems and the proposed methodologies are generally applicable to any other biomedical dynamic systems.
THE IN SITU ANTERIOR VAGINAL WALL SLING: PREDICTORS OF SUCCESS

Purpose: We assessed the outcome of the in situ anterior vaginal wall sling for stress urinary incontinence, identified any predictors of success and reviewed the current literature on this topic.Materials and Methods: We identified all patients who underwent an isolated anterior vaginal wall sling procedure in a 16-month period. Charts were reviewed and telephone interviews were performed to assess the success rate of the procedure and identify parameters that may influence outcome. The pertinent literature was identified.Results: Of the 42 patients identified 39 had evaluable data available. The overall success rate was 79.5% at an average 19-month followup. Abdominal Valsalva leak point pressure 50 cm. water or greater was identified as a significant predictor of success (p = 0.002). The success rate was 93% and 40% in patients with a Valsalva leak point pressure of 50 or greater and less than 50 cm. water, respectively. The pertinent literature was reviewed.Conclusions: The anterior vaginal wall sling...
The Natural Geochemistry of Our Environment

This small work sets out “to provide an overview of the earth that will enable earth scientists to gain an appreciation of how and where the work of scientists in other disciplines can be applied to earth-science problems” and to “provide an overview of the natural geochemical behavior of elements for the scientists in these other disciplines so that they, in turn, can use the work of earth scientists for their own problems.” If these undeniably worthwhile aims have already been achieved in large measure by such familiar figures from the past as Vernadsky, Boltwood, Goldschmidt, and Holmes, there is nonetheless some justification for this otherwise unpretentious little book, which in fact focuses its attention on the chemical elements important to life. It contains a good deal of information, most of it reasonably up to date; among its most useful features are compilations of hydrographic data (mainly from Browzin, Meybeck, and Baumgartner and Ruedel) and of data from several recent publications on the chemical composition of land plants and on the global distribution of biomass and productivity. There are good explanations of the hydrologic cycle and of the effect of pH on the mobility of chemical species, and the chapter on soils is satisfactory at the elementary level to which it necessarily adheres in so short a treatment. Each chapter is followed by a comprehensive list of references, and the index is adequate.
Comparative study of structural rigidity of induction machine and Switched Reluctance Machine

Extensive use of Induction machines (IMs) demands for comprehensive fault analysis. At the same time, the comparable cost, versatility and rigidness of Switched Reluctance Machines (SRMs) make them considerable candidates for many applications. The motivation behind this paper is to perform structural analyses for SRMs and IMs under different conditions to determine the causes of structural failures and to offer a comparative study. Stresses and deformations experienced by the machines under different scenarios such as rated speed, start-up/speed reversal and transient load change, and high speed operations, have been explored to identify the causes of structural failures, hence, facilitating application specific machine selection.
Involving land use planners in pre-event planning for post-disaster recovery

Disasters often uncover longstanding problems in a community, including the failure to have planned for recovery. After a disaster, the lack of advance planning may undermine a community's ability ...
Charcot and Pasteur: Intersecting Orbits in Fin de Siècle French Medicine

Charcot and Pasteur were scientific contemporaries, but their relationship has not been extensively studied. We analyzed available source documents from the Charcot Library, Bibliotheque Nationale, Institute Pasteur, and Pasteur Library. These documents demonstrate that in spite of geographical proximity, international and local recognition, Charcot and Pasteur largely pursued their careers independent of one another. Although the Paris scientific climate was one of active debate, Pasteur's and Charcot's interactions remained distanced but mutually respectful and did not descend into rivalry or contention. With different primary interests and different etiological views, side by side, they exemplified two models of French medicine at the close of the nineteenth century: medical scientist and scientific physician.
Induced amoeboid movement in eggs of the surf-clam Spisula solidissima

Summary Amoeboid movement was induced in fertilized eggs of Spisula by vitelline membrane removal with isotonic alkaline NaCl. Such movement is composed of six specific types of motion; internal cyclosis, monopodial movement, multi-pseudopodial movement, “rolling lobopod” motions, “twitches” and shallow, moving furrow formation. These phenomena appear to arise from either contractile type processes in the external cell layers (“twitches” and furrows) or processes arising within the moving cytoplasm (internal cyclosis and possibly other types of pseudopod motions). It is speculated that these motions result from a dissociation of normally coordinated internal cyclotic and surface contractile processes, such dissociation resulting from a disruption of the organization of the cortex by the NaCl.
Experimental validation of a novel bio-inspired particle separator

Abstract Laboratory-scale prototypes have been made to verify the performance of a bio-inspired particle separator developed using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations in a previous study. The design of the particle separator is based on crossflow filtration, a particle retention mechanism used by suspension-feeding fish to harvest food particles from their mouths. The geometric structure of the separator consists of a cylindrical body with a number of slits and baffles and a hole cut through the posterior bottom of the separator to be the particle collection zone. In this study, several external structures have been designed and added to the particle collection zone of the model mentioned above for future application purposes. CFD simulations have been done to reveal the effect of the modifications on particle removal efficiency. Prototypes with those external structures were also built using 3D printing technology for the validation of simulation results. The results show that the geometry of external structures caused significant effects on the flow patterns inside the separator and the associated particle removal efficiencies. However, the observed flow patterns and particle trajectories and obtained particle removal efficiency show a high level of agreement with the CFD simulation results with spherical particles. This suggests that it is possible to use CFD simulations to predict the results in future applications or modifications to reduce separator development cost and effort.
Web Yielding, Crippling, and Lateral Buckling under Post Loading

Unstiffened, unbraced steel beams used in bridge falsework are subjected to patch loads from timber or steel posts. This paper investigates the critical web limit states in these types of beams experimentally and through finite-element analysis. Existing equations were appropriate for calculating the web yielding and crippling capacity, as observed in experiments, except that a 1:1 stress gradient through the flange and fillet of the web is found to be more appropriate and conservative for web yielding than the 2.5:1 gradient assumed in the current AISC specifications. Lateral deformation of a beam flange, due to buckling of the web, was also observed experimentally. The capacity of the web for resisting lateral buckling can be calculated assuming that the web of the beam acts like a column with an appropriate effective area and length factor. The effect of accidental eccentricity between the flange and post is not significant if limited to three times the web thickness. Blocking is approximately 50% effective in increasing the web yielding and crippling capacity. Bracing or stiffeners should be used to prevent lateral buckling of a web where necessary.
Effect of Steam Flaking of Corn and Sorghum Grains on Performance of Lactating Cows

The objective of this study was to compare the relative feeding value of sorghum versus corn grain in rolled or steam-flaked forms in diets for lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (averaging 110 DIM) were divided into four groups and fed diets of 40% grain as dry-rolled sorghum, steam-rolled corn, steam-flaked sorghum, or steam-flaked corn for 70 d. Compared with rolling, flaking of both grains increased yields of milk, milk protein and fat, and protein percentage of milk, but differences tended to be greater for sorghum than for corn. Efficiency of feed utilization was higher for steam-flaked than for dry-rolled sorghum but was unaffected by corn processing. Flaking of both grains increased total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, starch, ADF, and NDF. Estimates for NEL were 21% higher for flaked than for rolled sorghum and 6% higher for flaked than for rolled corn. No differences in performance of cows existed between corn and sorghum grains. Cows fed 40% of their diet as steam-flaked sorghum or corn yielded more milk and milk protein than those fed the rolled form of the grains, and no differences existed between types of grain fed.
Mechanism of ejection of organic molecules from surfaces by keV ion bombardment

The nuclear motion in the solid, is examined, that can lead to the ejection of fragments. Three factors from theoretical calculation that favor ejection of molecular fragments were included. The ejection mechanisms were examined with a classical dynamics procedure. The factors leading to the ejection of molecular fragments from ion-bombarded solids are (1) the energy of the chemical bond strength by multiple collisions in the solid, (2) the molecular fragments can eject intact since there are many internal vibrational modes which can absorb energy from an energetic collision and (3) multiple atoms can be struck by a larger substrate atom forcing them to move in a concerted fashion. 2 figures. (DP)
Photographing Diffraction Rings—Optical Phenomenon

THE peculiar character of the photographs of an opening to the sky in the dark Cyclopean gallery at Tiryns, to which Mr. W. J. Stillman calls attention (NATURE, vol. xxiv. p. 260), finds an obvious explanation in the well-known optical phenomenon of diffraction rings, produced when a beam of light is transmitted through a small circular aperture, and viewed by means of a lens. Had your “Cecropian” correspondent examined the image of the illuminated opening by the assistance of a lens, the phenomenon of concentric coloured rings would, doubtless, have been recognisable to the eye. Hence the only point of interest in the phenomenon observed by Mr. Stillman is the significant fact that in securing the fleeting images of the rings on the gelatine plate—the actinic rays being alone effective—alternate dark and bright concentric rings are produced, as in the case of homogeneous or monochromatic light, instead of the coloured, rings seen by interposing a lens between the aperture and the eye. In other terms, the impressions on the gelatine plate being due to the action of the monochromatic actinic rays, the theory of diffraction shows that the concentric rings should be alternately dark and bright. This is an important circumstance in the applications of photography to such investigations.
Estimating the consequences of CO2-induced climatic change on north american grain agriculture using general circulation model information

A procedure to estimate the potential climatic effects of a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on agricultural production is illustrated. The method combines use of atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) and process-oriented crop models. Wheat and corn (maize) yields in three important North American grain cropping regions are treated. Combined use of these two types of models can provide insights into the impacts of climate changes at the level of plant physiology, and potential means by which agricultural production practices may adapt to these changes. Specific agronomic predictions are found to depend critically on the details of the projected climate change. Uncertainties in the specification of the doubled-CO2 climate by the GCM, particularly with respect to precipitation, dictate that agricultural predictions derived from them at this time must be regarded only as illustrative of the impact assessment method.
Modeling the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Using Standard Meteorological Measurements

The U.S. Army has a need for continuous, accurate estimates of the wet bulb globe temperature to protect soldiers and civilian workers from heat-related injuries, including those involved in the storage and destruction of aging chemical munitions at depots across the United States. At these depots, workers must don protective clothing that increases their risk of heat-related injury. Because of the difficulty in making continuous, accurate measurements of wet bulb globe temperature outdoors, the authors have developed a model of the wet bulb globe temperature that relies only on standard meteorological data available at each storage depot for input. The model is composed of separate submodels of the natural wet bulb and globe temperatures that are based on fundamental principles of heat and mass transfer, has no site-dependent parameters, and achieves an accuracy of better than 1°C based on comparisons with wet bulb globe temperature measurements at all depots.
From spikes to bombs: The rise of eco‐terrorism

Until the recent bombing of a U.S. federal building in Oklahoma City, domestic terrorism received less scholarly attention than international terrorism. In particular, environmental terrorism (the use of violence by substate actors to promote environmental causes) has been virtually ignored. This article seeks to examine environmental terrorism in terms of its nature, its history, the philosophical justifications of its perpetrators, and some of the tactics employed by eco‐terrorists.
Neural Stem Cells: Implications for the Conventional Radiotherapy of Central Nervous System Malignancies

Advances in basic neuroscience related to neural stem cells and their malignant counterparts are challenging traditional models of central nervous system tumorigenesis and intrinsic brain repair. Neurogenesis persists into adulthood predominantly in two neurogenic centers: subventricular zone and subgranular zone. Subventricular zone is situated adjacent to lateral ventricles and subgranular zone is confined to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Neural stem cells not only self-renew and differentiate along multiple lineages in these regions, but also contribute to intrinsic brain plasticity and repair. Ionizing radiation can depopulate these exquisitely sensitive regions directly or impair in situ neurogenesis by indirect, dose-dependent and inflammation-mediated mechanisms, even at doses <2 Gy. This review discusses the fundamental neural stem cell concepts within the framework of cumulative clinical experience with the treatment of central nervous system malignancies using conventional radiotherapy.
Preparing Racially And Ethnically Diverse Communities For Public Health Emergencies

The tragedy of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans confirmed that effective implementation of public health preparedness programs and policies will require compliance from all racial and ethnic populations. This study reviews current resources and limitations and suggests future directions for integrating diverse communities into related strategies. It documents research and interventions, including promising models and practices that address preparedness for minorities. However, findings reveal a general lack of focus on diversity and suggest that future preparedness efforts need to fully integrate factors related to race, culture, and language into risk communication, public health training, measurement, coordination, and policy at all levels.
Utilization of YouTube as a Tool to Assess Patient Perception Regarding Implanted Cardiac Devices.

Background: The outreach of YouTube may have a dramatic role in the widespread dissemination of knowledge on implantable cardioverter devices (ICD). Aims: This study was designed to review and analyze the information available on YouTube pertaining to implantable cardiac devices such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and pacemakers. Materials and Methods: YouTube was queried for the terms ICD, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, and Pacemaker. The videos were reviewed and categorized as according to content; number of views and likes or dislikes was recorded by two separate observers. Results: Of the 55 videos reviewed, 18 of the videos were categorized as patient education, 12 were advertisements, 8 were intraoperative videos documenting the device implantation procedures, 7 of the videos were produced to document personal patient experiences, and 4 were categorized as documentation of a public event. 3 were intended to educate health care workers. The remaining 3 were intended to raise public awareness about sudden cardiac death. The videos portraying intraoperative procedures generated the most likes or dislikes per view. Conclusion: While YouTube provides a logical platform for delivery of health information, the information on this platform is not regulated. Initiative by reputed authorities and posting accurate information in such platform can be a great aid in public education regarding device therapy.
A new method for alkylating isoquinolinium salts at the 4 position

Abstract Alkylation and acylation of 2,3-dimethylisoquinolinium iodide at position 4- may be carried out in alkaline aqueous acetone. Presumably 1-acetonyl-2,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline is an intermediate. Lower yields were obtained in similar reactions with 2-methylisoquinolinium iodide.
Health hazards from oil, soot and metals at a hot forging operation.

An extensive study of a hot forging operation was performed to characterize and quantitate worker exposures to the aerosol formed by an oil-based die lubricant and it's decomposition products. Total particulate breathing zone levels up to 65 mg/m3 and benzo (a) pyrene levels up to 2.9 µg/m3 were measured.
Critical measurements for validation of constitutive equations under shock and impact loading conditions

Abstract Interpretation of the data often requires numerical simulations of the experiments and comparisons with the data. However, determination of an appropriate set of values for parameters in constitutive equations valid under shock and high strain rate loading remains one of the most difficult tasks for material model developers. Most researchers employ experimental data obtained under idealized stress/strain states in the model parameter calibration scheme. Since the dynamic response of materials is very complex, especially the failure response, the generality of the model parameters is highly questionable. For example, the fracturing of ceramic materials involves nucleation, propagation, and coalescence of microcracks under shock and impact. The dynamic deformation processes in ceramics include dynamic pore collapse, dislocation generation, twinning, and microcracking. When shocked above the Hugoniot elastic limit, the ceramic deformation becomes inelastic; therefore, the constitutive model formulation should consider modeling the effects of these various processes on the degradation of strength and stiffness of ceramic. This paper presents a brief summary of diagnostic measurements and modeling techniques associated with validation and verification of ceramic constitutive/damage models under high strain rate, shock, and penetration loading applications.
SCR-Controlled Digitally Programmable AC Power Supply

A digitally programmable ac power supply was designed, built, and tested. Its output voltage may be programmed to be any one of 41 equally spaced voltage levels and may be switched from any level to any other level in one 60-Hz period (16.67 ms). The switching of voltages is accomplished by turning on and off individual silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's) in a network of 14 pairs of SCRs. The concept of this power supply is readily extendable to more or fewer voltage levels or higher or lower output currents or voltages than the particular supply described.
Lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block for knee arthroplasty: comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine.

Purpose Information about the onset time and duration of action of ropivacaine during a combined lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block is not available. This study compares bupivacaine and ropivacaine to determine the optimal long-acting local anaesthetic for lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.
Substrate-promoted ortho-metallation in hydrocarbon solvents☆

Certain o- and m-disubstituted aromatics where both substituents are directing metallation groups (DMG's) should, in contrast to singly substituted DMG-containing arenes, undergo metallation in hydrocarbon solvents. It is proposed that the activation of such systems towards ortho-metallation is a synergistic generation of the appropriate bis-chelated alkyllithium dimer structure as well as complexed stabilization of the transition state.
Immanants and finite point processes

Given a Hermitian, non-negative definite kernel K and a character ? of the symmetric group on n letters, define the corresponding immanant function K?x1, ?, xn]????(?)?ni=1K(xi, x?(i)), where the sum is over all permutations ? of {1, ?, n}. When ? is the sign character (resp. the trivial character), then K? is a determinant (resp. permanent). The function K? is symmetric and non-negative, and, under suitable conditions, is also non-trivial and integrable with respect to the product measure ??n for a given measure ?. In this case, K? can be normalised to be a symmetric probability density. The determinantal and permanental cases or this construction correspond to the fermion and boson point processes which have been studied extensively in the literature. The case where K gives rise to an orthogonal projection of L2(?) onto a finite-dimensional subspace is studied here in detail. The determinantal instance of this special case has a substantial literature because of its role in several problems in mathematical physics, particularly as the distribution of eigenvalues for various models of random matrices. The representation theory of the symmetric group is used to compute the normalisation constant and identify the kth-order marginal densities for 1?k?n as linear combinations of analogously defined immanantal densities. Connections with inequalities for immanants, particularly the permanental dominance conjecture of Lieb, are considered, and asymptotics when the dimension of the subspace goes to infinity are presented.
The molecular g-values and magnetic susceptibility inmethylene fluoride

Abstract The molecular g -values have been measured in H 2 CF 2 by observing the first-order Zeeman effect in six R -branch rotational transitions. The results are | g aa | = 0.040 ± 0.01, | g bb | = 0.035 ± 0.01, and | g cc | = 0.035 ± 0.01. The calculated values of the diagonal elements in the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor are χ aa p = 35 or 32 × 10 −6 , χ bb p = 115 or 99 × 10 −6 , and χ cc p = 106 or 92 × 10 −6 all in units of erg/gauss 2 ·mole. The first values are for negative g -values and the second for positive g -values. The paramagnetic susceptibility elements are discussed in reference to the ground and excited electronic states of the molecule. Pascal's rules and the above results are used to obtain the electronic groundstate average value of r 2 from the center of mass summed over all of the electrons. The results are 〈Ψ 0 |Σ i r i 2 |Ψ 0 〉 = 42 × 10 −6 cm 2 ( g -values negative) or 38 × 10 −16 cm 2 ( g -values positive).
Transform domain technique for windowing the DCT and DST

In this paper, an algorithm is developed to apply Hann, Hamming, Blackman and related windows directly in the transform domain for the discrete cosine transform and discrete sine transform. These algorithms are useful in applications where windowing is required in order to minimize edge effects caused by implicit symmetries in the transform domain that are not replicated in the real-world data. Examples of such applications include data communication, adaptive system identification and filtering, real-time analysis of financial market data, etc. Software implementations in C language are also given.
A Statistical-Dynamical Approach to Parameterize Subgrid-Scale Land-Surface Heterogeneity in Climate Models

Land surface interacts strongly with the atmosphere at all scales. This has a considerable impact on the hydrologic cycle and the climate. Therefore, in order to produce realistic simulations with climate models, their land-surface processes must be parameterized accurately. Because continental surfaces are usually extremely heterogeneous over the resolvable scales considered in these models, surface parameterizations based on the ‘big leaf—big stoma’ approach (that assume grid-scale homogeneity) fail to represent the land-atmosphere interactions that occur at much smaller scales.
The bound ferredoxin of chloroplasts: A role as the primary electron acceptor of photosystem I

Summary The bound ferredoxin of chloroplasts was found to be photoreduced at 25°K in whole chloroplasts as effectively in far-red light (λ > 700 nm) as in red light (λ
SUU-25F/A dispenser pod flight test program on the F/A-18A aircraft

A modified SUU-25F/A dispenser pod system was evaluated for employment on the U.S. Navy F/A-18A Hornet fighter/attack aircraft. Testing had been conducted previously on the F/A-18A with a standard SUU-25F/A system, but was discontinued when the dispensed stores nearly collided with the horizontal stabilator. A modified system of two pods on the outboard wing station was designed to increase the separation clearance of the aft launched stores, below and outboard of the horizontal stabilator. Test methodology included a level flight build-up in airspeed with qualitative analysis of separation characteristics being conducted real-time using onboard telemetered video. The innovations implemented in this program enabled demonstration of store safe separation with a minimum number of test flights and store expenditures.
Sonography of Urolithiasis and Hydronephrosis

Urolithiasis, the presence of renal calculi within the urinary tract, is the most common cause of extrarenal obstructive uropathy. Following a review of normal anatomy and sonographic technique, this article focuses on urolithiasis as a disease process, its findings on ultrasound, and its effects on the kidney and the collecting system. The authors discuss the physiologic changes that accompany hydronephrosis following obstruction of the collecting system and the important causes to consider when presented with hydronephrosis.
Proteomic analysis of ERK1/2-mediated human sickle red blood cell membrane protein phosphorylation

In sickle cell disease (SCD), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK1/2 is constitutively active and can be inducible by agonist-stimulation only in sickle but not in normal human red blood cells (RBCs). ERK1/2 is involved in activation of ICAM-4-mediated sickle RBC adhesion to the endothelium. However, other effects of the ERK1/2 activation in sickle RBCs leading to the complex SCD pathophysiology, such as alteration of RBC hemorheology are unknown. To further characterize global ERK1/2-induced changes in membrane protein phosphorylation within human RBCs, a label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was applied to sickle and normal RBC membrane ghosts pre-treated with U0126, a specific inhibitor of MEK1/2, the upstream kinase of ERK1/2, in the presence or absence of recombinant active ERK2. Across eight unique treatment groups, 375 phosphopeptides from 155 phosphoproteins were quantified with an average technical coefficient of variation in peak intensity of 19.8%. Sickle RBC treatment with U0126 decreased thirty-six phosphopeptides from twenty-one phosphoproteins involved in regulation of not only RBC shape, flexibility, cell morphology maintenance and adhesion, but also glucose and glutamate transport, cAMP production, degradation of misfolded proteins and receptor ubiquitination. Glycophorin A was the most affected protein in sickle RBCs by this ERK1/2 pathway, which contained 12 unique phosphorylated peptides, suggesting that in addition to its effect on sickle RBC adhesion, increased glycophorin A phosphorylation via the ERK1/2 pathway may also affect glycophorin A interactions with band 3, which could result in decreases in both anion transport by band 3 and band 3 trafficking. The abundance of twelve of the thirty-six phosphopeptides were subsequently increased in normal RBCs co-incubated with recombinant ERK2 and therefore represent specific MEK1/2 phospho-inhibitory targets mediated via ERK2. These findings expand upon the current model for the involvement of ERK1/2 signaling in RBCs. These findings also identify additional protein targets of this pathway other than the RBC adhesion molecule ICAM-4 and enhance the understanding of the mechanism of small molecule inhibitors of MEK/1/2/ERK1/2, which could be effective in ameliorating RBC hemorheology and adhesion, the hallmarks of SCD.
A microstrip re-entrant mode quadrature coupler for hybrid and monolithic circuit applications

The reentrant mode TEM (transverse electromagnetic) coupling method allows the MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) design engineer to fabricate low loss couplers on either GaAs or Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ substrates without the problems encountered in fabricating long fine-line structures. In addition, since the odd mode energy is mainly contained in a high-dielectric region rather than in air, the even and odd mode velocities are closely matched, thus enabling the coupler to exhibit excellent VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) and differential phase performance. Because of the excellent coupler performance and design flexibility obtained with this technique, coupled structures which used to require multilayer stripline or suspended substrate approaches can now be easily fabricated and integrated with conventional MIC (microwave integrated circuit) circuitry. The technique also allows the MMIC designer to fabricate very tightly coupled structures without the problems encountered with fine-line lithography. >
Molecular Homology and Difference between Spontaneous Canine Mammary Cancer and Human Breast Cancer

Spontaneously occurring canine mammary cancer (MC) represents an excellent model of human breast cancer but is greatly understudied. To better utilize this valuable resource, we performed whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, RNA-seq and/or high density arrays on 12 canine MC cases, including 7 simple carcinomas and four complex carcinomas. Canine simple carcinomas, which histologically match human breast carcinomas, harbor extensive genomic aberrations, many of which faithfully recapitulate key features of human breast cancer. Canine complex carcinomas, which are characterized by proliferation of both luminal and myoepithelial cells and are rare in human breast cancer, appear to lack genomic abnormalities. Instead, these tumors have about 35 chromatin-modification genes downregulated, and are abnormally enriched with active histone modification H4-acetylation while aberrantly depleted with repressive histone modification H3K9me3. Our findings indicate the likelihood that canine simple carcinomas arise from genomic aberrations whereas complex carcinomas originate from epigenomic alterations, reinforcing their unique value. Canine complex carcinomas offer an ideal system to study myoepithelial cells, the second major cell lineage of the mammary gland. Canine simple carcinomas, which faithfully represent human breast carcinomas at the molecular level, provide indispensable models for basic and translational breast cancer research.
Incidence of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato and tomato in Maine, 2006-2010

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is a devastating disease which is found worldwide. In Maine, United States (US), we recorded late blight on potato and tomato during the 2006-2009 cropping seasons. From 2006 to 2008, over 90% of the diseased samples were collected in potato fields from northern and central Aroostook County in Northern Maine, US. Then, in 2009, an unprecedented influx of inoculum on infected tomato transplants shipped to retail garden centers throughout the Northeast US significantly changed the late blight infection patterns. In 2009, 43% of diseased samples obtained were from tomato, and 57% from potato, and disease was found to occur all over the state. Moran's index and spatial autocorrelation analysis of disease occurrence, geographical locations, host factors, and infection levels from previous years, were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Therefore, random distributions of late blight incidences were recorded across locations and years. Nearest neighbor analysis revealed that mean spatial distances for late blight occurrence ranged from 1.51 to 71.4 km from 2006 to 2008, and 7.4 to 126.5 km in 2009. The frequency and locations of late blight outbreaks in 2009 were substantially greater than in 2006, 2007, and 2008, as affected by the influx of inocu- lum and movement of infected tomato seedlings as well as conducive environmental conditions. All were contributing factors for late blight occurrence in Maine. In 2010, few disease samples were collected, indicating that the influx of inoculum in 2009 did not persist to cause widespread disease in 2010. The reduction of inocula sources, fungicide protection of susceptible hosts, and the removal and destruction of infected tomato seedlings and potato cull piles or volunteer plants, can greatly reduce late blight occurrences and improve potato production. These actions should be considered as an integral part of late blight management programmes in regions where late blight commonly occurs.
The face lattice of hyperplane arrangements

Abstract Every arrangement H of affine hyperplanes in Rd determines a partition of Rd into open topological cells. The face lattice L( H ) of this partition was the object of a study by Barnabei and Brini, who determined the homotopy type of its intervals. We use geometric constructions from the theory of convex polytopes to prove the shellability of L( H ) and to determine the combinatorial topology of its intervals up to homeomorphism.
An accurate pitch detection algorithm

An accurate, robust, and reliable pitch detection scheme is outlined. The algorithm extracts the pitch with a very high resolution (i.e., as a real number) despite the finite (8-kHz) resolution of the sampled speech sequence. This makes it possible to analyze the pitch variation process in disarthric patients for medical purposes and to develop an accurate synchronous spectral analysis scheme. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is well below the capacity of modern digital signal processing technology and therefore can be implemented in real-time. >
Corona Discharge--Electrostatic Method for Deposition of Powdered Passivation Glass on Semiconductor Devices

Selective deposition of powdered passivating glass on either insulating or conducting regions of a device wafer can be accomplished by first depositing ions from a corona discharge on the insulating regions of the device wafer and then immersing the wafer in an insulating liquid containing a charged suspension of the powdered glass. The method is fast (about 15 s per wafer) and both sides can be coated simultaneously. Advantages compared to other methods are listed. The wafer charging process and the glass deposition process are discussed in terms of the relevant process parameters. Thus far, the main application has been deposition of glass in the grooves of mesa-type thyristors and rectifiers.
The abolition of slavery and the end of international war

Slavery and war have both historically been considered inevitable consequences of human nature. Yet slavery has been abolished, and moral progress may have contributed to slavery's disappearance. Both realists and Marxists are skeptical about the impact of ethical constraints on political decisions, while idealists as well as at least some regime analysts emphasize the role of those constraints. However, elements of all of these approaches support the proposition that moral progress may bring an end to international war.Some historical trends do not support the idea that international war is on the verge of disappearance, but there has not been a war between major powers since 1945. In addition, norms against colonialism are strong. No war has occurred between democratic states, nor does a war appear likely among the rather sizable number of industrialized democratic states in the international system today. Explanations of these pockets of peace based on caution induced by nuclear weapons or on economic interdependence, for example, are certainly not beyond question. Therefore, it may be that norms inhibiting the initiation of international war have already made obsolete not only wars between the richest and most powerful states in the world but also some forms of depradation by the strong against the relatively weak states.
Thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer management pre- and post-cardiac transplantation

Thyroid nodules are common in the adult population. Widespread use of sensitive imaging studies often leads to their incidental discovery. Recent guidelines recommend thyroid-stimulating hormone determination and ultrasonography during initial nodule evaluation. Fine-needle aspiration is often performed to detect malignancy. However, the management of thyroid nodules in cardiac transplantation patients has not been directly addressed by recent guidelines. Confounding medications such as amiodarone and anti-coagulants present a management dilemma. The timing of fine-needle aspiration is crucial because (1) malignancy diagnosed pre-operatively usually precludes organ transplantation, and (2) patients undergoing solid-organ transplantation are at increased risk of developing de novo malignancies, including thyroid. With the rising incidence of thyroid cancer, donor-related malignancy will likely become a more prominent issue. This review addresses thyroid nodule management in the cardiac transplant population and provides recommendations for organ donation and transplantation in donors and recipients with thyroid cancer.