cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregate structure of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) and HRGP assisted dispersion of carbon nanotubes

Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) comprise a super-family of extracellular structural glycoproteins whose precise roles in plant cell wall assembly and functioning remain to be elucidated. However, their extended structure and repetitive block co-polymer character of HRGPs may mediate their self-assembly as wall scaffolds by like-with-like alignment of their hydrophobic peptide and hydrophilic glycopeptide modules. Intermolecular crosslinking further stabilizes the scaffold. Thus the design of HRGP-based scaffolds may have practical applications in bionanotechnology and medicine. As a first step, we have used single-molecule or single-aggregate atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize the structure of YK20, an amphiphilic HRGP comprised entirely of 20 tandem repeats of: Ser-Hyp4-Ser-Hyp-Ser-Hyp4-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-Lys. YK20 formed tightly aggregated coils at low ionic strength, but networks of entangled chains with a porosity of ~0.5–3 μm at higher ionic strength. As a second step we have begun to design HRGP-carbon nanotube composites. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be considered as seamless cylinders rolled up from graphene sheets. These unique all-carbon structures have extraordinary aromatic and hydrophobic properties and form aggregated bundles due to strong inter-tube van der Waals interactions. Sonicating aggregated SWNT bundles with aqueous YK20 solubilized them presumably by interaction with the repetitive, hydrophobic, Tyr-rich peptide modules of YK20 with retention of the extended polyproline-II character. This may allow YK20 to form extended structures that could potentially be used as scaffolds for site-directed assembly of nanomaterials.
Über die normale Aufnahme und Ausscheidung von Blei

Im vorhergehenden Aufsatz (1) haben wir gezeigt, das Blei einen naturlichen Bestandteil des Bodens und der Pflanzenwelt, sowie einen Bestandteil von tierischen und menschlichen Geweben in einem Gebiet Mexikos bildet, in dem keine Industrie entwickelt ist. Es ist bekannt, das normale Menschen in starker industrialisierten Teilen der Welt regelmasig Blei ausscheiden (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Heute ist erwiesen, das ein gewisser Teil dieser „normalen“ Bleiausscheidung physiologisch begrundet ist; nicht begrundet aber ist auf jeden Fall die Annahme, das das Vorkommen von Blei in den Geweben und den Ausseheidungen der Menschen eine neuzeitliche Erscheinung ist. Bereits im Jahre 1838 entdeckten Devergie und Hervy (12) Blei in menschlichen Geweben, wahrend Gautier (13) im Jahre 1881 den Bleigehalt vieler Nahrungsmittel bestimmte und daraus folgerte, das der franzosische Burger durchschnittlich ungefahr 1/2 mg Blei taglich aufnahm. Putnam (14) berichtete im Jahre 1887 uber das haufige Vorkommen von Blei in Urin bei anscheinend normalen Personen. Daraus ist jedoch nicht zu folgern, das die gegenwartigen Verhaltnisse sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ dieselben sind. Die Art und Weise, mit Lebensmitteln umzugehen, ist heute sehr verschieden von derjenigen im 19. Jahrhundert, und viele andere Umweltfaktoren haben in den letzten Jahren dazu beigetragen, das umwalzende Veranderungen vor sich gegangen sind. Es ist daher notwendig, die Moglichkeiten einer Bleiaufnahme zu prufen, die sich praktisch aus den heutigen Verhaltnissen ergeben. Wir haben diese Frage aufgegriffen durch Studium der Bleiaufnahme und Bleiausscheidung beim Menschen unter normalen Umwclibedingungen.
Variation in the FABP2 promoter affects gene expression: implications for prior association studies

Aims/hypothesis An Ala54Thr polymorphism in the FABP2 gene has previously been associated with insulin resistance and lipid oxidation rates in Pima Indians. Ala54Thr functionally alters the protein’s ability to bind and transport dietary fatty acids. In the current report, we sought additional functional variation in FABP2 by sequencing putative regulatory regions.
Downlink Throughput Maximization for Interference Limited Multiuser Systems: TDMA versus CDMA

We consider the downlink throughput maximization problem for interference limited multiuser systems. Our goal is to characterize the optimum base station transmission strategy, i.e., whether the base station transmits to one-user (TDMA) or multiple users (CDMA). Specifically, we aim at determining the optimum number of users to be scheduled and finding the corresponding power allocation. We model the interference by the aid of the orthogonality factor, and determine the throughput maximizing transmission strategy for a range of the values of the orthogonality factor, and the channel gains, subject to a total power constraint. Although the resulting optimization problem may turn out to be non-convex, we show that valuable observations regarding the structure of the optimum solution can be obtained by examining the performance metric from an individual user's point of view. We propose an exact and a near-exact algorithm to determine whether one-user-transmission is the optimum strategy, or more than one user should be transmitted to. Numerical results to support our analysis, as well as the modifications to the proposed algorithms in the presence of individual power constraints are presented.
Modeling of anomalous moisture diffusion in polymer composites : A finite element approach

Theory of irreversible thermodynamics is applied to derive governing equations for history-dependent diffusion in polymers and polymer matrix composites from first principles. A special form for Gibb's free energy is introduced using stress, temperature, and moisture concentration as independent state variables. The resulting governing equations are capable of modeling the effect of interactions between complex stress, temperature, and moisture histories on the diffusion process within an orthotropic material. Since the mathematically complex nature of the governing equations precludes a closed-form solution, a variational formulation is used to derive the weak form of the nonlinear governing equations which are then solved using the finite element method. For model validation, the model predictions are compared with published experimental data for the special case of isothermal diffusion in an unstressed graphite/epoxy symmetric angle-ply laminate.
Effects of nursery environmental cycles on larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) growth and survival

temperature (amplitude: 2 to 4.5oC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) (range: 2.9-7.5 mg O2 L -1 ), and sporadic cooling caused by cold fronts. We exposed groups of settlement sized larvae (4.9 mm standard length) to two oscillating temperature treatments (amplitudes: 3 and 6oC; daily mean 27oC), an oscillating DO treatment (range: 2.4-6.1 mg O2 L -1 ; daily mean 4.2 mg O2 L -1 ) and a control (no cycles; daily mean 27oC, 6.4 mg O2 L -1 ). Relative to controls, growth was significantly reduced in the DO treatment but not in the temperature treatments. Survival was similar in all treatments. Fish previously exposed to temperature cycles maintained faster growth rates and higher food intake than control fish when exposed to a simulated cold front. These results suggest that (1) ER may impart a physiological advantage to fish, (2) acclimation to oscillating DO environments is unlikely, and (3) field estimates of environmental characteristics based upon averaged daily point samples are inadequate for predicting fish growth.
Ancestral Heterogeneity in a Biethnic Stroke Population

To test for and characterize heterogeneity in ancestral contributions to individuals among a population of Mexican American (MA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) cases, data from a community-based stroke surveillance study in south Texas were used. Strokes/TIA cases were identified (2004-2006) with a random sample asked to provide blood. Race-ethnicity was self-reported. Thirty-three ancestry informative markers were genotyped and individual genetic admixture estimated using maximum likelihood methods. Three hypotheses were tested for each MA using likelihood ratio tests: (1) H(0) : μi = 0 (100% Native American), (2) H(0) : μi = 1.00 (100% European), (3) H(0) : μi = 0.59 (average European). Among 154 self-identified MAs, estimated European ancestry varied from 0.26 to 0.98, with an average of 0.59 (SE = 0.014). We rejected hypothesis 1 for every MA and rejected hypothesis 2 for all but two MAs. We rejected hypothesis 3 for 40 MAs (20 59%). Among 84 self-identified NHWs, the estimated fraction of European ancestry ranged from 0.83 to 1.0, with an average of 0.97 (SE = 0.014). Self-identified MAs, and to a lesser extent NHWs, from an established bi-ethnic community were heterogeneous with respect to genetic admixture. Researchers should not use simple race-ethnic categories as proxies for homogeneous genetic populations when conducting gene mapping and disease association studies in multi-ethnic populations.
Mobility Assessment of Depletion-Mode Oxide Thin-Film Transistors Using the Comprehensive Depletion-Mode Model

In an enhancement-mode, n-channel (p-channel) oxide thin-film transistor (TFT), current arises as a consequence of electron (hole) transport within a narrow accumulation layer. The square-law model accurately describes enhancement-mode TFT behavior and establishes the equations appropriate for carrier mobility extraction. In contrast, in a depletion-mode oxide TFT, carrier transport can occur within an accumulation layer and/or within the ‘bulk’ portion of the channel. The comprehensive depletion-mode model accurately describes depletion-mode TFT behavior and establishes a set of equations, different from those obtained from squarelaw theory, which can be used for carrier mobility extraction. Simulation reveals that when square-law theory mobility extraction equations are used to assess depletion-mode TFTs, the estimated interface mobility is often overestimated. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.004409jss] All rights reserved.
A network flow approach in finding maximum likelihood estimate of high concentration regions

A maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method of high density regions in spatial point processes is introduced. The method is motivated from a network flow approach for flexibly incorporating geometric restrictions in computing the MLEs. An easy-to-implement computational algorithm having a low order of complexity is provided. Simulation studies show that it performs very well in many difficult situations, and reaches the global optimality. Two real data sets illustrate the applicability of the proposed method.
Influence of cold season climate variability on lakes and wetlands in the Great Lakes region

[1] The role of cold season climate variability on lakes and wetlands in the Great Lakes region of the United States was examined over a period of 91 years (1917–2007) using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) land surface hydrologic model. Statistically significant trends in observed cold season precipitation and air temperature indicated that both have significantly increased during the last 91 years. Results also showed that despite the significant increase in the cold season (December–May) precipitation, snowfall is significantly decreased during the period 1917–2007, suggesting the change in the distribution of the cold season precipitation. Both total runoff and evapotranspiration during the spring (March–May) season are increased; however, the trend associated with evapotranspiration was significant. These changes in cold season precipitation and temperature resulted in an increasing trend in domain‐averaged fractional inundation extent during the spring season. The inundation extent of lakes and wetlands during the spring season showed sensitivity to periods of extreme climate. Driest years and those with the lowest snowfall resulted in the lowest inundation extents, while years with highest snowfalls resulted in the greatest inundation extents. Five year composites of extreme dry; wet; cold; warm; low snow; high snow; low snow, high temperature; and high snow, low temperature showed the mean domain average fractional inundation extent in spring to be 0.17, 0.22, 0.23, 0.20, 0.17, 0.24, 0.21, and 0.22, respectively. The fractional inundation extent in spring was significantly correlated with snowfall, the amount of snowmelt in the cold season, and the total runoff (surface runoff + base flow) in spring. Spring inundation extent was negatively correlated with the cold season air temperature, suggesting that higher air temperature could lead to lower inundation.
TEM analysis of microbial mediated sedimentation and lithification in modern marine stromatolites

Three sedimentary processes are involved in the growth of living stromatolites at Highborne Cay, Bahamas: (1) trapping of oolitic sands, (2) formation of surface micritic crusts, and (3) formation of fused-grain laminae. The microbial role in each process was investigated by examining the stromatolites using transmission electron microscopy. Species composition and physiological state of the bacteria were discerned by ultrastructure. A well-dispersed population of Schizothrix gebeleinii was observed in rapidly accreting surface layers. Their filaments produce copious quantities of amorphous exopolymer and condensed sheath that surround individual, and pairs of cells. Both fresh and degraded sheaths are, however, devoid of carbonate precipitates. This suggests that the primary roles of S. gebeleinii are the trapping and binding of unconsolidated sediment and the production of extra-cellular polymeric secretions. Surface micritic layers are composed primarily of needle-shaped crystals of aragonite. The uppermost surface of the micritic crust is coated with a biofilm comprised primarily of small Gram negative bacteria (i.e., sulfate reducing bacteria) that range in size from 250 to 500 nm in diameter and up to 1 μm in length. Empty cyanobacterial sheaths and occasional Gram positive spores were also observed. Thin sections through resin-casts of ooid microborings in the fused-grain laminae show cells of the endolithic cyanbacterium Solentia sp. and evidence of an organic matrix. The micritic crusts and fused-grain layers became lithified laminae that were preserved at depth, although the organisms that formed them were not. This suggests that morphological remains of these organisms (i.e., microfossils) in ancient stromatolites should not be expected.
How Cool It Is: Targeted Temperature Management for Brain Protection Post–Cardiac Arrest

Neurological recovery often determines outcome in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Temperature control as a neuroprotective strategy has become standard of care. The first randomized trials showing improved neurological outcomes in patients treated with hypothermia with a target temperature of 33°C over a decade ago led to the inclusion of this intervention in practice guidelines and the broad adoption of hypothermia protocols across the world. More recently, large randomized trials showed no difference from targeting a temperature of 33 or 36°C and no benefit from pre-hospital induction of hypothermia. Temperature control remains a crucial part of post-cardiac arrest care. However, the optimal temperature target, timing of induction, duration of temperature control, and speed of rewarming are unclear. Similarly, the value of targeted temperature management in cases of in-hospital arrest and non-shockable rhythms is unknown. This article reviews the neuroprotective mechanisms of hypothermia, the evidence supporting targeted temperature management after cardiac resuscitation, areas of persistent uncertainty and controversy, and future research directions.
Stable Spontaneous Fusion of Estrogen Receptor (ER) Positive and ER Negative Breast Cancer Cells Generates an Efficient Model for Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis.

Background: Nearly 20% of patients with advanced breast cancer are eventually diagnosed with brain lesions. Rodent model systems for brain metastasis induced by breast carcinoma have been reported but the current models have limitations as systemic treatments of breast cancer metastases are ineffective in brain metastasis due to their inability to penetrate the blood brain barrier. Previously we have characterized a cell line, B6TC, derived from the stable spontaneous fusion of MDA-MB-231/GFP/Neo and ZR-75-1/GFP/puro in the mouse bone marrow (SABCS-2009 abstract#2053). In the present study we have developed an efficient mouse model for studying breast cancer brain metastasis with B6TC to establish a refined molecular signature for brain metastasis. Methods and Results: To determine the brain metastatic potential of B6TC cells compared to MDA-MB-231 in vivo , both the cells were injected into the left cardiac ventricle of female nude mice. The number and size of brain metastases formed were analyzed by EGFP and PET/CT fusion imaging of live mice, which revealed that 30% of the mice in B6TC group developed metastases to brain after only 4 weeks, while none in the MDA-MB-231 group developed brain metastases. The brain was removed, fixed in formalin and paraffin-embedded sections were processed by HE69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6147.
Examining Context in the Study of Human Capital

Insights from recent research emerging from the fields of strategy and human resource management suggest that the context in which human capital is embedded and deployed has important implications for value creation and capture in organizations. Our symposium seeks to build on this insight by showcasing research which explicitly considers the role of context in the study of human capital. We adopt a broad view of context, including papers which examine the roles of social, organizational, and strategic context as they relate to the creation and capture of value by human capital. Our goal is to highlight the variety of contextual considerations that influence the value associated with human capital, with the combination of papers included in this session demonstrating that context is more accurately viewed as the composition of a variety of tangible and intangible forces than as a single setting in which human capital is cleanly embedded. These papers offer broad insights into how an organization’s context...
Strong effects of higher-valent cations on the structure of the zeolitic Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 framework (ZIF-8)

Porous zeolite-like metal−organic frameworks (ZMOFs) are novel materials for their potential applications due to their unique structures and ultrahigh surface areas. The most promising representative of the ZMOFs is Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 (ZIF-8), which is highly resistant to water and organic solvents. However, this paper reports that the high stability of ZIF-8 was challenged by high-valent cations in solution. The X-ray diffraction and surface area measurements showed that, although univalent metal cations exerted no effect on the structure of ZIF-8, bivalent or higher-valent metal cations caused its structural collapse. Those results could be explained by density functional theory calculations.
Conflict at Large: A National Survey of Planners and Political Conflict:

Results of a national survey reveal that planners respond to the risks of political conflict with either ambivalence or a willingness to engage in political organizing and negotiating. Among the pl...
Characterization and longitudinal monitoring of serum progestagens and estrogens during normal pregnancy in the killer whale (Orcinus orca)

The secretory patterns of progestagens and estrogens were characterized throughout 28 normal pregnancies until two month post-partum in eleven killer whales. HPLC analysis of serum from different reproductive stages (luteal phase, EARLY, MID, and LATE pregnancy) identified three major immunoreactive progestagen peaks; progesterone (P4), 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (5α-DHP) and pregnanediol, with 5α-DHP approximately half of that for P4 in the luteal phase, and EARLY, but approximately 2/3 of P4 during MID and LATE pregnancy. At birth, 5α-DHP was the only significant (>10% immunoreactivity) immunoreactive progestagen detected in placental (umbilical cord) serum. Maternal recognition of pregnancy appears to occur between day 21 and 28 post-ovulation when a significant deviation in progestagen concentrations between conceptive and non-conceptive cycles was detected. Progestagen concentrations during pregnancy displayed a bimodal pattern with significant peaks (P<0.05) in EARLY (indexed month post-conception [IMPC] 2, 3, 4) and MID (IMPC 9, 10) before decreasing (P<0.05) over an 11day interval to luteal phase concentrations on the day of parturition. Among estrogens, estriol was secreted in the highest concentrations but only estrone (free and conjugated) and estradiol increased (P<0.001) during pregnancy, with peaks observed during the final month of gestation, and an influence (P<0.05) of fetal sex on estradiol production was detected. Collective findings indicate that P4 derived from the corpus luteum is the major biologically active progestagen during the luteal phase and pregnancy, and that 5α-DHP production, possibly from both luteal and placental sources, increases during the second half of pregnancy.
Kirchenhistoria/ Ecclesiastica historia

Ab 1552 entworfen und zwischen 1559 und 1574 in acht Banden gedruckt, ist die Ecclesiastica historia die erste universale Kirchengeschichte, die von protestantischen Autoren verfasst wurde. Zum Autorenkollektiv gehorten Johannes Wigand, Matthaeus Judex, Matthias Flacius Illyricus, Basilius Faber, Marcus Wagner, Andreas Corvinus und Thomas Holthuter. Bis 1552 hatte man sich auf Geschichts abrisse, Zeitgeschichten oder Martyrerkataloge beschrankt. In diesem Jahr wandte sich der Theologe und Gelehrte Matthias Flacius Illyricus (1520–1575) an den kaiserlichen Rat Caspar von Nidbruck (ca. 1525–1557) und bat ihn um organisatorische und fi nanzielle Mithilfe fur ein gros angelegtes kirchenhistorisches Projekt. Nidbruck, der Sympathien fur die Reformatoren hegte, stimmte zu und forderte den Magde burger Kreis von Gelehrten groszugig bis zu seinem fruhen Tod. In Magdeburg bildete sich mit Unterstutzung des Stadtrats ein Kollegium von funf Direktoren, das den Bucherund Manuskriptverkehr garantierte sowie den kollektiven Arbeitsprozess kontrollierte. Die Ecclesiastica historia wurde damit zum ersten in Arbeitsteilung verfassten Geschichtswerk der fruhen Neuzeit. Flacius selbst nahm nur 1556 personlich an diesen Arbeiten teil.
Exploring teachers’ perceptions of STEAM teaching through professional development: implications for teacher educators

This research involves a multi-year study examining the perspectives and classroom practices of 21 middle school mathematics and science teachers, in the southeastern United States, participating in professional development (PD) exploring science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics (STEAM) literacies. This study sought to understand teachers’ perceptions and practices before and after a PD in which STEAM integration was explored through project-based learning involving the political, social, economical, environmental and historical context of a local river. Participants used digital media as a means of communicating and collaborating with peers and mentors, collecting and analyzing data, and creating and sharing projects. Results suggest teachers increased their understanding of STEAM to teach content and perceived the STEAM PD as an effective initial step to change practice, citing the importance of collaboration and technology integrated directly into the learning process. Implications from th...
Earth-Abundant Orthorhombic BaCu2Sn(SexS1–x)4 (x ≈ 0.83) Thin Film for Solar Energy Conversion

Exploiting renewable solar energy in terms of solar-driven water splitting and photovoltaic devices provides clean and efficient paths to overcome diminishing fossil fuel resources and the greenhouse effect. Here, a state-of-the-art earth-abundant BaCu2Sn(Se0.83S0.17)4 (BCTSSe) thin film has been presented as a promising top-cell absorber in tandem photoelectrochemical water splitting and photovoltaic conversion devices. Our BCTSSe thin film exhibits a direct bandgap of 1.85 eV with strong optical absorption coefficients (α > 104 cm–1). Without extensive interface and electrode optimization, our best BCTS photoelectrochemical cell showed a photocurrent of 5 mA cm–2 at 0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode. Moreover, our best-performing BCTSSe prototype photovoltaic cell with a configuration of fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO, back contact)/BCTSSe/CdS/ZnO/aluminum doped ZnO (AZO, front contact) has achieved an efficiency of 1.57%.
Tunable THz wave absorption by graphene-assisted plasmonic metasurfaces based on metallic split ring resonators

Graphene plasmonics has been introduced as a novel platform to design various nano- and microstructures to function in a wide range of spectrum from optical to THz frequencies. Herein, we propose a tunable plasmonic metamaterial in the THz regime by using metallic (silver) concentric microscale split ring resonator arrays on a multilayer metasurface composed of silica and silicon layers. We obtained an absorption percentage of 47.9% including two strong Fano resonant dips in THz regime for the purely plasmonic metamaterial without graphene layer. Considering the data of an atomic graphene sheet (with the thickness of ~0.35 nm) in both analytical and experimental regimes obtained by prior works, we employed a graphene layer under concentric split ring resonator arrays and above the multilayer metasurface to enhance the absorption ratio in THz bandwidth. Our numerical and analytical results proved that the presence of a thin graphene layer enhances the absorption coefficient of MM to 64.35%, at the highest peak in absorption profile that corresponds to the Fano dip position. We also have shown that changing the intrinsic characteristics of graphene sheet leads to shifts in the position of Fano dips and variations in the absorption efficiency. The maximum percentage of absorption (~67%) was obtained for graphene-based MM with graphene layer with dissipative loss factor of 1477 Ω. Employing the antisymmetric feature of the split ring resonators, the proposed graphene-based metamaterial with strong polarization dependency is highly sensitive to the polarization angle of the incident THz beam.
Axial traction magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the glenohumeral joint in healthy volunteers: initial experience

Abstract Objective Evaluate technical feasibility and potential applications of glenohumeral (GH) joint axial traction magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy volunteers. Materials and methods Eleven shoulders were imaged in neutral and with 4kg axial traction at 3T. Quantitative measurements were assessed. Results Axial traction was well tolerated. There was statistically significant widening of the superior GH joint space ( p =0.002) and acromial angle ( p =0.017) with traction. Inter-rater agreement was high. Conclusion GH joint axial traction MRI is technically feasible and well tolerated in volunteers. Traction of the capsule, widening of the superior GH joint space and acromial angle were observed.
Cardiovascular risk factors and risk of incident depression throughout adulthood among men: The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study

Abstract Background Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors elevate risk of subsequent depression in older adults, but the effect of their onset before or after age 65 on incident depression is unclear. Methods Participants were 1190 male medical students without a diagnosis of depression, who matriculated in 1948–1964 and followed through 2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations of vascular risk-factor burden, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking status, and overweight/obese status with onset of incident depression. Adjustment covariates were race, enrollment wave, baseline age, physical activity, and heavy alcohol use. Results The analysis included 44,175 person-years of follow-up. Among participants depression-free until age 65, vascular risk-factor burden after age 65 (Hazard Ratio, [HR]: 2.13, 95% Confidence Interval, [CI]: 1.17, 3.90) was associated with incident depression risk after age 65. The magnitude of vascular risk-factor burden after age 65 on depression risk after age 65 is comparable to the effect of 8.2 additional years of age. Diabetes (HR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.25, 6.26), hypertension (HR: 2.72, 95% CI: 1.52, 4.88), and hyperlipidemia (HR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.35) before age 65 were associated with incident depression risk after age 65. Men diagnosed with diabetes after age 65 had 2.87 times the risk of incident depression after age 65 (95% CI: 1.24, 6.62). Limitations Our findings are restricted to male former medical students, which may affect study generalizability. Conclusions Results support the vascular depression hypothesis. Depression screening in older adults with vascular risk-factor burden may provide an avenue for prevention of late-onset depression.
Preparation of peptide-MHC and T-cell receptor dextramers by biotinylated dextran doping

Peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers enable the detection, characterization, and isolation of antigen-specific T-cell subsets at the single-cell level via flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. These labeling reagents exploit a multivalent scaffold to increase the avidity of individually weak T-cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC interactions. Dextramers are an improvement over the original streptavidin-based tetramer technology because they are more multivalent, improving sensitivity for rare, low-avidity T cells, including self/tumor-reactive clones. However, commercial pMHC dextramers are expensive, and in-house production is very involved for a typical biology research laboratory. Here, we present a simple, inexpensive protocol for preparing pMHC dextramers by doping in biotinylated dextran during conventional tetramer preparation. We use these pMHC dextramers to identify patient-derived, tumor-reactive T cells. We apply the same dextran doping technique to prepare TCR dextramers and use these novel reagents to yield new insight into MHC I–mediated antigen presentation.
On fluid–particle dynamics in fully developed cluster-induced turbulence

At sufficient mass loading and in the presence of a mean body force (e.g. gravity), an initially random distribution of particles may organize into dense clusters as a result of momentum coupling with the carrier phase. In statistically stationary flows, fluctuations in particle concentration can generate and sustain fluid-phase turbulence, which we refer to as cluster-induced turbulence (CIT). This work aims to explore such flows in order to better understand the fundamental modelling aspects related to multiphase turbulence, including the mechanisms responsible for generating volume-fraction fluctuations, how energy is transferred between the phases, and how the cluster size distribution scales with various flow parameters. To this end, a complete description of the two-phase flow is presented in terms of the exact Reynolds-average (RA) equations, and the relevant unclosed terms that are retained in the context of homogeneous gravity-driven flows are investigated numerically. An Eulerian–Lagrangian computational strategy is used to simulate fully developed CIT for a range of Reynolds numbers, where the production of fluid-phase kinetic energy results entirely from momentum coupling with finite-size inertial particles. The adaptive filtering technique recently introduced in our previous work (Capecelatro et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 747, 2014, R2) is used to evaluate the Lagrangian data as Eulerian fields that are consistent with the terms appearing in the RA equations. Results from gravity-driven CIT show that momentum coupling between the two phases leads to significant differences from the behaviour observed in very dilute systems with one-way coupling. In particular, entrainment of the fluid phase by clusters results in an increased mean particle velocity that generates a drag production term for fluid-phase turbulent kinetic energy that is highly anisotropic. Moreover, owing to the compressibility of the particle phase, the uncorrelated components of the particle-phase velocity statistics are highly non-Gaussian, as opposed to systems with one-way coupling, where, in the homogeneous limit, all of the velocity statistics are nearly Gaussian. We also observe that the particle pressure tensor is highly anisotropic, and thus additional transport equations for the separate contributions to the pressure tensor (as opposed to a single transport equation for the granular temperature) are necessary in formulating a predictive multiphase turbulence model.
ARENSBERG, Conrad M. and Solon T. Kimball, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY IN IRELAND (3rd ed. with a new introduction by Anne Byrne, Ricca Edmondson and Tony Varley)

ARENSBERG, Conrad M. and Solon T. Kimball, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY IN IRELAND (3rd ed. with a new introduction by Anne Byrne, Ricca Edmondson and Tony Varley). Ennis, County Clare, Ireland: Clasp Press, 2001, 417pp., 33 Euro hardcover.Anyone who has read about the Irish family or comparative family studies over the last 60 years should be acquainted with this classic. This edition contains previously unpublished background and evaluative information in its introduction. The book is based upon the first in-depth study of Irish families conducted in the early 1930s by two anthropological doctoral students as part of the Harvard Irish Study. The results of their Social Anthropological Survey of rural families in County Clare were first published in 1940. The patriarchal authority, stem-extended families and inheritance patterns, arranged marriages, and co-operative kin and neighbor networks portrayed contrasted sharply with most contemporary descriptions of families and community in other western nations.This first all encompassing treatment of Irish families received international attention and became the most common historical reference cited for Ireland. Many scholars considered the book a "classic" and their portrayal of the Irish family as "definitive." The acceptance of their portrayal was both broad and enduring. Damien Hannan, the Irish sociologist and family scholar who devoted a good deal of research effort to assessing their portrayal and updating it, has noted that their work was continuously reproduced as being typical of Irish families for much of the Twentieth Century. Its definitive status was bolstered by the publication of the second edition in 1968 that extended their earlier claim that Ireland was "very homogeneous indeed." The six chapters they added to this edition described the families in the town of Ennis as being very similar to those found in the countryside. In the late 1940s, a study of Dublin families by Alexander J. Humphreys' essentially complemented their portrayal. Humphreys in his 1966 book, New Dubliners: Urbanization and the Irish family, used Arensbdrg afld Kimball's family descriptions as a baseline. He found a "radical continuity" between their families and his urban families and he detected no ideological and only modest organizational differences.The original intent of William Lloyd Warner, Director of the Harvard Irish Study, was to select an area that was nationally representative of Ireland. After he surveyed all 26 counties in the Irish Free State in 1931, Warner recommended County Clare as being "representative 'in microcosm' of Ireland as a whole" (p. …
Neutron and gamma-ray energy reconstruction for characterization of special nuclear material

Abstract Characterization of special nuclear material may be performed using energy spectroscopy of either the neutron or gamma-ray emissions from the sample. Gamma-ray spectroscopy can be performed relatively easily using high-resolution semiconductors such as high-purity germanium. Neutron spectroscopy, by contrast, is a complex inverse problem. Here, results are presented for 252 Cf and PuBe energy spectra unfolded using a single EJ309 organic scintillator; excellent agreement is observed with the reference spectra. Neutron energy spectroscopy is also possible using a two-plane detector array, whereby time-of-flight kinematics can be used. With this system, energy spectra can also be obtained as a function of position. Spatial-dependent energy spectra are presented for neutron and gamma-ray sources that are in excellent agreement with expectations.
Survey of the Requirement and Credit in Physical Education in Colleges and Universities as of Fall Term, 1944

(1945). Survey of the Requirement and Credit in Physical Education in Colleges and Universities as of Fall Term, 1944. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 120-127.
Glucose Gel as a Treatment Strategy for Transient Neonatal Hypoglycemia

Background:Transient asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia (TANH) is common as infants transition from their mother's energy stores to their own. There is little evidence supporting the blood glucose threshold that indicates a need for treatment although sustained hypoglycemia has been correlated with
Signaling by Small GTPases at Cell–Cell junctions: Protein Interactions Building Control and Networks

A number of interesting reports highlight the intricate network of signaling proteins that coordinate formation and maintenance of cell-cell contacts. We have much yet to learn about how the in vitro binding data is translated into protein association inside the cells and whether such interaction modulates the signaling properties of the protein. What emerges from recent studies is the importance to carefully consider small GTPase activation in the context of where its activation occurs, which upstream regulators are involved in the activation/inactivation cycle and the GTPase interacting partners that determine the intracellular niche and extent of signaling. Data discussed here unravel unparalleled cooperation and coordination of functions among GTPases and their regulators in supporting strong adhesion between cells.
Function of CK2 kinase activity in Th17 cell polarization and EAE (BA4P.125)

Auto-reactive CD4 + T cells drive many autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis and colitis. Th1 and Th17 cells are pathogenic in the context of autoimmunity while Treg cells promote disease resolution. CK2 is a constitutively expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that promotes a number of pro-survival and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT. These pathways are essential for CD4 + T cell activation and polarization, but little is known about how CK2 functions in T cells. Here we demonstrate that protein levels of the major catalytic subunit of CK2, CK2α, and CK2 kinase activity are elevated in murine CD4 + T cells polarized to the Th1 and Th17 phenotypes in vitro compared to naive CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, CK2α expression is elevated in CD4 + T cells that are activated and infiltrate the central nervous system during EAE, a murine model of MS. Using the small molecule inhibitor CX-4945, which targets CK2α, we demonstrate that CK2 kinase activity promotes Th17 cell polarization in vitro , but not the polarization of Th1 or Treg cells. Additionally, in vivo treatment with CX-4945 during EAE resulted in a dampened MOG-specific Th17 response and a decrease in IL-17A + and IL-17A + IFN-γ + CD4 + T cells present in the central nervous system. Our data implicate CK2 as a novel regulator of T cell differentiation, and suggest that CK2 could be targeted in Th17 cell driven autoimmune disorders.
The Gender Gap as a Tool for Women’s Political Empowerment: The Formative Years, 1980–1984

Suffragists argued that women would vote differently from men and use their votes to bring about policy-related change. Nevertheless, persistent and widespread differences in the voting choices of women and men only became evident after the emergence of the contemporary women’s movement. What is now referred to as the “gender gap” in voting first came to public attention following the election of President Ronald Reagan in 1980. Scholars, mostly political scientists, have conducted considerable research on the gender gap, most of it quantitative and focusing on possible explanations for the gender gap. In this chapter, Susan Carroll explores both the politics surrounding the gender gap and the deployment of the gender gap as a political tool. Organizations and activists involved in the Second Wave of the women’s movement were critical in identifying and publicizing the gender gap in the early 1980s. Eventually though the gender gap became an important tool in the final push to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment and in their efforts to secure a female candidate on the Democratic presidential ticket in 1984. Similarly, the gender gap became a tool in the political right’s attempts to undermine feminism in the 1980s. Forces on the right of the political spectrum argued, for example, that the gender gap was a temporary phenomenon and/or that it was not the gender gap, but rather the marriage gap, that was important. Today, the gender gap continues to play a central part of electoral strategies, no candidate can afford to ignore gender differences in support, and women are successfully elected to state and national offices. In addition to improving equality, the gender gap clearly remains one of the important legacies of Second-Wave Feminism.
Seria a análise custo-benefício uma língua estrangeira?

As pessoas pensam melhor em uma lingua estrangeira? De certa forma, sim. Ha provas consideraveis para este efeito, pelo menos na medida em que sao menos suscetiveis de confiar em intuicoes que podem levar a erros graves. Essa constatacao reforca, e torna mais plausivel, uma reivindicacao central na politica regulatoria, que envolve o valor da analise custo-beneficio. Em certo sentido, a analise custo-beneficio e uma lingua estrangeira, e reduz o risco de que as pessoas dependam de intuicoes que causam erros graves.
How cells ensure correct repair of DNA double-strand breaks

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) arise regularly in cells and when left unrepaired cause senescence or cell death. Homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) are the two major DNA-repair pathways. Whereas HR allows faithful DSB repair and healthy cell growth, NHEJ has higher potential to contribute to mutations and malignancy. Many regulatory mechanisms influence which of these two pathways is used in DSB repair. These mechanisms depend on the cell cycle, post-translational modifications, and chromatin effects. Here, we summarize current research into these mechanisms, with a focus on mammalian cells, and also discuss repair by "alternative end-joining" and single-strand annealing.
"He's Not Mr. Right, He's More Like Mr. Now"* Patrifocal and Matrifocal Discourses Among Homeless Mothers in Kentucky

What strategies do homeless mothers use to cope with their situations? In-depth interviews in Kentucky of 68 homeless mothers with children revealed similarities and differences among the women, as well as a continuum of approaches to gender relations. Although differing in race/ethnicity and place of origin (rural vs. urban) among other factors, the overwhelming majority of the women experienced unstable and abusive households and social relationships while growing up. Most did not complete high school and had their first births while still teenagers. Moreover, two primary approaches to gender relations were observed. These approaches delimit a continuum along which women with a matrifocal worldview tended to perceive themselves as the primary agents in their own and their children's lives. Women with a patrifocal worldview tended to see a man as their provider and as the solution to their crises. These two different discourses tended to be independent of region (rural or urban) and race/ethnicity. The study of these two discourses provides new theoretical insights into the social relations and behavior of homeless mothers and should contribute in developing programs for their assistance
Protective effect of vitreous against hemoglobin neurotoxicity.

Hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma or subarachnoid space is associated with edema and vascular injury that is likely mediated at least in part by the toxicity of hemoglobin. In contrast, extravascular blood appears to be less neurotoxic when localized to the retina or adjacent vitreous, the gel filling the posterior segment of the eye. In this study, the hypothesis that vitreous protects neurons from hemoglobin toxicity was investigated in a primary cortical cell culture model. Consistent with prior observations, hemoglobin exposure for 24 h resulted in death of most neurons without injury to co-cultured glia. Neuronal loss was reduced in a concentration-dependent fashion by bovine vitreous, with complete protection produced by 3% vitreous solutions. This effect was associated with a reduction in malondialdehyde but an increase in cell iron. At low vitreous concentrations, its ascorbate content was sufficient to account for most neuroprotection, as equivalent concentrations of ascorbate alone had a similar effect. However, other vitreous antioxidants provided significant protection when applied at concentrations present in undiluted vitreous, and prevented all neuronal loss when combined in the absence of ascorbate. These results indicate that vitreous is an antioxidant cocktail that robustly protects neurons from hemoglobin toxicity, and may contribute to the relative resistance of retinal neurons to hemorrhagic injury.
Statistical Aspect of Biological Organization

Now I want to put the general biological picture described so far into formal, precise language. The essential idea is that the ecosystem (indeed any biological system) can be described in terms of sets of states and laws (perhaps unknown and generally probabilistic) governing the state-to-state transitions. In the case of the ecosystem the sets of states are the states of the biota and the states of the environment. For example, in the case of the flask each biota state is a collection of properties sufficient for characterizing everything in the flask within certain boundaries, while each environment state is the collection of properties sufficient for characterizing everything within the flask outside these boundaries. Also, we assume that the state-to-state transition probabilities are similar in similarly prepared flasks. However, we will consider the nature of the states and transition probabilities much more carefully later on.
Reliability of Singing Bird Surveys: Changes in Observer Efficiency with Avian Density

On tente d'estimer le biais methodologique lie a l'observateur lorsque la densite de population varie
Einführung in die Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung in endlichen Stichprobenräumen

In Kap. 1 wurde die Mengenalgebra hauptsachlich zu dem Zweck entwickelt, den Begriff der Booleschen Algebra in anschaulicher Weise einzufuhren. Die Anwendungsbreite dieser Algebra auf praktische Probleme war etwas begrenzt, und die meisten dieser Aufgaben wurden spater mit Hilfe der logischen Algebra gelost. Daher mag es manchem Leser so scheinen, als ob die Mengenalgebra von sich aus weiter nichts zu bieten hat als eine nette Illustrierung der Grundbegriffe der Booleschen Algebra. Nichts ist jedoch weiter von der Wahrheit entfernt als dies. Das vorliegende Kapitel ist zum Teil dazu angefugt worden, um die wesentliche, ja lebenswichtige Rolle aufzuzeigen, die die Mengenalgebra in der Mathematik spielt.