cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetic and structural heterogeneity of activated carbons determined using dubinin isotherms and an adsorption potential in model micropores

Abstract Adsorption on microporous carbons is investigated in terms of their micropore structure and their adsorption energy heterogeneity. The pore size heterogeneity is proposed to be a controlling factor for the adsorption energy heterogeneity. The relationship between adsorption energy and pore sizes is based on the dependence of the molecule-pore interaction potential well depth as a function of the pore width. The adsorption integral equation is used to analyze data generated from the DR and DA isotherms using typical experimental conditions. It is observed that the adsorption systems described by these isotherms are strongly heterogeneous from the standpoint of their adsorption energetics which are characterized by asymmetrical energy distributions with a broadening toward high energies. It is also shown that these distributions correspond to relatively narrow and symmetrical peaks characterizing the distribution of pore sizes. The strong asymmetrical relationship between adsorption energy and pore width magnifies the energetic heterogeneity even though pore size distributions show only modest dispersion. It is demonstrated that the Henry's law region appears as a natural consequence of the assumed model.
Package Performance Improvement with Counter-Discontinuity and its Effective Bandwidth

This paper discusses a package design technique to enhance high speed signal performance by reducing the large discontinuity effects at the vias and solder ball interfaces. In the technique, an intentional counter-discontinuity in complementary phase to existing discontinuity is inserted to mitigate the existing discontinuity. Transmission line behavior of short multiple discontinuities are analyzed using theoretical approximation and simulation examples to demonstrate the validity of the technique. The techniques are then applied to package via and solder ball transitions of high speed differential nets using 3D simulation to evaluate improvement at target frequencies versus impact in bandwidth.
Solvent as electron donor: Donor/acceptor electronic coupling is a dynamical variable

We combine analysis of measurements by femtosecond optical spectroscopy, computer simulations, and the generalized Mulliken−Hush (GMH) theory in the study of electron-transfer reactions and electro...
Curse of the hairpin loop.

Abstract A recent crystal structure of a protein-RNA complex between the ribosomal protein L7Ae and a hairpin loop from a Box H/ACA sRNA illustrates how binding may occur in a minimal kink-turn motif.
High-density memory packaging technology high-speed imaging applications

ABSTRACTAdvancements in image acquisition and processing technology are exceeding the capability of traditional magnetic tape recording. For scientific, industrial and military applications, a solid state, high-density recording medium is required to store data generated at a rate of tens of Gigabits per second from moderate resolution, high frame rate imagers. This paper discusses a three-dimensional (3-D)approach to memory packaging developed jointly by DARPA and Texas Instruments (TI). This packaging approach makes it feasible to economically produce a small rugged recorder for high speed,solid state imaging applications. 1. INTRODUCTIONHigh speed imaging systems have always pushed the state-of-the-art in data storage. Today's imaging systems can have as many as nine million pixels with applications that require several seconds of data storage at 100Hz rate. This translates into a data storage bandwidth in the gigabit per second range which is beyond the capability of magnetic storage mediums. A potential solution is a solid staterecorder using standard static random access memory (SRAM) chips packaged utilizing the 11/DARPA
On a generalized multiregion Graetz problem

An analytical study is presented for the solution of a generalizedGraetz problem in a right, annular, cylindrical tube of arbitrary cross-section, which contains a fully-developed, steady, unidirectional, multicomponent flow. The problem incorporates arbitrary inlet-conditions and considerably general, inhomogeneous boundary-conditions. Each component flow is characterized by a prescribed velocity distribution and is under the influence of an arbitrary heat source. The system of differential equations for the temperature distribution in each component is coupled through interface-conditions which involve finite thermal conductance. Through the use of a novel procedure, which appears to be more convenient mathematically than any possible alternative, infinite series expressions are derived for the temperature distribution in each and every component, and various alternative forms are noted. The general expressions, not available hitherto, contain the solutions of many specialGraetz problems of engineering significance. An illustrative example of a two-component flow in an annular, circular cylinder is included.
Granulomatous slack skin without evidence of a clonal T-cell proliferation

Abstract Granulomatous slack skin is a rare cutaneous disorder with less than 50 cases presented in the English-language literature. The disease is characterized by circumscribed erythematous lax skin accentuated most commonly in the axillary and inguinal areas. A strong association with a preceding or evolving diagnosis of mycosis fungoides or Hodgkin's disease has been reported. Previous reports describe the entity as a lymphoproliferative disease in the same spectrum as mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin's disease with a monoclonal T-cell population. Our case, without an evident β-T-cell receptor rearrangement, suggests that not all cases of granulomatous slack skin are a result of an indolent lymphoma. Granulomatous slack skin probably represents a spectrum of diseases that can eventuate into a lymphoproliferative process.
Examining SME performance: the role of innovation, R&D and internationalisation

SME capabilities have long been viewed as a means for firms to succeed in the marketplace. Within this paper, we develop the theoretical underpinnings for hypothesised relationships between SME capabilities (innovation, R&D activities and internationalisation) on two-distinct forms of SME performance (sales growth and profitability). Multiple regression analyses is used to test the proposed relationships using questionnaire data from 181 mid-western-based SMEs. Significant relationships were found among the innovation, R&D activities and internationalisation capabilities for both forms of performance. A discussion of the implications for these findings with respect to managerial practice and future research is provided.
The Harvard photographic meteor programme

Abstract The article is a description of current meteor research by the Harvard Observatory, using the new Baker-Super-Schmidt meteor cameras (aperture 12 in., focal length 8 in.) in New Mexico. The research involves the improvement of basic meteor theory, the determination of winds and other characteristics of the upper atmosphere, and the basic problems of the nature and origin of meteoritic material in the solar system.
Monopolistic pricing and the learning curve: an algorithmic approach

This paper analyzes a multiperiod production planning model which incorporates pricing decisions and learning effects. We provide a partial characterization of the optimal policy. This result, combined with a simple algorithm, is used to find the optimal solution in special cases and near-optimal solutions for the general case.
Untangling Economic Impacts for Alaska Fisheries: A Structural Path Analysis

AbstractFishery managers are often provided with economic impact multipliers calculated using input-output (IO) or social accounting matrix (SAM) models. However, these multipliers measure total economic impacts and do not provide the fishery managers with the details underlying how and along what paths these total economic impacts are generated and transmitted throughout a regional economy. This article uses a structural path analysis (SPA) to illustrate how an initial shock to a fishery sector generates impacts through various paths in a regional economy and to what extent these impacts are amplified while passing through the various paths. The SPA analysis is conducted within a SAM framework for the fisheries of the Southeast region of Alaska.
Integral and separable dimensions of shape

The development of holistic and analyzable dimensional processing was studied in school-age children and college adults using different shapes in an unrestricted sorting task. A model is described in which the dimensions of stimulus differences are carefully defined as having either a perceptual base or a conceptual base. Predictions based on the model were that the developmental trend from integral to separable responding would not be observed. The results supported the model. Most children and adults made judgments on the basis of overall similarity. Only second-grade children showed evidence of increased dimensional analysis. The implication of these results for other approaches to perceptual organization is discussed.
The effect of trialkylamines on the repsonse of the electron-capture detector to acridine

Abstract The normal electron-capture detector response to acridine is shown to be complicated by a positive ion-molecule reaction sequence. Because of its very high proton affinity, acridine is readily protonated inthe electron-capture detector when clean carrier gas is used. This positive ion-molecule sequence has an effect on electron density which is dominant over the electron capture reaction with small concentrations of acridine so that an inverted response is then observed. At higher concentrations of acridine, complex peak shapes are observed which reflect the competition between the electron capture reaction and the positive ion sequence. The positive ion sequence is partially stabilized and the electron-capture detector reesponse to acridine is simplified by the addition of trimethylamine to the carrier gas. The positive ion sequence is completely stabilized by triethylamine. The positive ions formed by the presence of the alkylamines are not simply the (M + 1) + ions as were expected. Rather, for trimethylamine the (M − 1) + ion and for triethylamine the (M − 15) + ion are dominat. It is shown that these ions are produced in abundance only in a relatively pure nitrogen medium. These ions are shwn to be more stable than the corresponding (M + 1) + ions which are also observed in lower abundance.
Giant solitary synovial chondromatosis.

The purpose of this report is to describe giant solitary synovial chondromatosis, a previously unrecognized feature of synovial chondromatosis that may histologically and radiographically mimic a malignant neoplasm. Giant solitary synovial chondroma is an intra-and/or extraarticular lesion measuring over 1 cm in size and sometimes as large as 20 cm. The radiographic appearance is that of a large, well-marginated mass either of irregular feathery calcification from coalescence of multiple small synovial chondromas, or a rounded calcified mass from the growth of a single synovial chondroma. Radiographically, giant solitary synovial chondromatosis may appear similar to chondrosarcoma and parosteal osteosarcoma.
Denali: a scalable isolation kernel

The Denali project provides system support for running several mutually distrusting Internet services on the same physical infrastructure. For example, this would enable a developer to push dynamic content into third party hosting infrastructure such as content distribution networks. To accomplish this, we propose a new kernel architecture called an isolation kernel to isolate untrusted applications. An isolation kernel is a simple, thin software layer that runs directly on hardware (and hence below operating systems), whose function is to subdivide a physical machine into a set of fully isolated protection domains. Isolation kernels resemble virtual machine monitors in that they expose a virtualized hardware interface to a set of virtual machines. Unlike VMMs, however, isolation kernels do not attempt to precisely emulate the underlying physical architecture. By selectively modifying the hardware architecture, we enable our system to scale up to 1000's of virtual machines on commodity hardware. In this paper, we describe a set of design principles that govern isolation kernels, briefly discuss a prototype isolation kernel, and present future work and applications of isolation kernels.
Insecticides in dry sugar baits for control of house flies in Florida dairy barns.

Insecticidal baits for the control of the house fly, Musca domestica L., came into prominence in the early 1950’s (Gahan et al., 1953) and have since become important to fly control. Such control is temporary, but it is sometimes necessary. For instance, baits are the best method of control in caged poultry establishments where residues should not be applied while the birds are in the house (Anonymous 1969) and where conventional larvicide treatments have short effectivenes because of dilution or detoxification. Also, many insecticides as residual treatments cannot be used in dairies or are often washed from the Avails during cleaning. In some dairies where larval breeding is centrally located larvicide treatments may be practical. If not, remedial fly control with baits may be necessary.
Neurocognitive function in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Neurocognitive function in chronic hemodialysis patients. We administered a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, including measures of intelligence, immediate and delayed memory, attention and mental processing speed, language abilities, complex problem solving, motor skills, and depression, to 16 well-dialyzed (Kt/Vurea = 1.46 ± 0.24) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and 12 age- and education-matched medical controls. We observed no clear neuropsychological deficits in these ESRD patients who had low average intelligence and limited educational achievement, and hypothesize that previously observed apparent deficits resulted either from very low dialysis delivery or comparison with poorly-matched historical controls. There were significant deficits in language ability and intelligence in ESRD patients with higher than median scores on the Beck Depression Inventory compared with less-depressed ESRD patients. However, this effect of depression did not result in differences between dialysis and non-ESRD patient groups.
NODALITY EFFECTS DURING EQUIVALENCE CLASS FORMATION: AN EXTENSION TO SIGHT-WORD READING AND CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Three students with moderate disabilities were taught to read and match-to-sample sight words comprising stimulus sets based upon the four food groups. We taught students conditional discriminations within four four-member sets using a single-sample/four-comparison procedure. Students were taught A-B, B-C, and C-D conditional discriminations for each of the four potential stimulus classes. Subsequent probes tested for relations based upon symmetry and one-node and two-node transitivity. The performances for all students indicated that symmetric relations emerged before one-node transitive relations, and that one-node transitive relations emerged before two-node transitive relations. These results are consistent with a pattern of responding, referred to as a "nodality effect," in which relations with fewer nodes are demonstrated prior to the demonstration of relations with a greater number of nodes. These results extend this area of research to sight-word reading for students with moderate disabilities.
Development of a terrain surface model for optical property computation

In this paper we discuss our efforts to develop a digital hyperspectral signature model for terrain features. These efforts focused on developing models for the optical and infrared properties of soils and vegetation features. A detailed geometric model of the particulate soil surface is combined with radiative transport algorithms to compute emissive and reflective properties of terrain surfaces. These models support analysis of environmental effects on terrain signatures, signature generation to support object detection algorithm development, and terrain clutter characterization. Environmental effects modeled and studied include solar insolation, wind, soil particle size distributions, and soil constituents. The particulate nature of the soil surface is shown to significantly impact the optical properties. A discussion of the terrain modeling approach, the underlying analytical basis, the methodology for modeling solar absorptivity, and results from the model computations will be presented.
Heat capacity and density of states of a normal-metal—superconductor bilayer

The Bogoliubov equation is solved for the case of a normal metal of thickness ${a}_{n}$ in contact with a superconductor of thickness ${a}_{s}$. The excitation energies and density of states are calculated for energies both less than and greater than the pair potential ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{s}$ in the superconductor. These results are used to calculate numerically the heat capacity of the bilayer as a function of temperature. As the thicknesses become large, the heat capacity approaches the value which would be present in the absence of a proximity effect. For layers less than a coherence length the heat capacity approaches that of a homogeneous superconductor with an effective pair potential determined by the volume average of the pair potential in the bilayer.
The role of sialic acid and galactose residues in determining the survival of human plasma α1-antitrypsin in the blood circulation☆

Abstract Human plasma α 1 -antitrypsin (α 1 -AT) is a glycoprotein known to contain terminal sialic acids ( N -acetylneuraminic acids) in the carbohydrate units. These residues were converted to a radioactive seven-carbon analog (NANA-7) by sequential periodate oxidiation and tritiated borohydride reduction. Modified α 1 -AT prepartions, namely, (a) periodate oxidized α 1 -AT, (b) asialo α 1 -AT (neuraminidase-treated α 1 -AT), (c) (NANA 7)-α 1 -AT (periodate-oxidized, -tritiated, borohydride-reduced α 1 -AT), (d) (NANA-7)-α 1 AT (partially desialylated by neuraminidase), and (e) partially desialylated (NANA 7)-α 1 -AT oxidized with galactose oxidase, all retained the following properties attributable to native α 1 -AT: trypsin-inhibitory and chymotrypsin-inhibitory activities, immunological reactivity to antibody against native α 1 -AT, and the ability to bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4-B columns. After intravenous injection of intact (NANA-7)-α 1 -AT into rats, the labeled material had a circulating half-life of 18 h. When (NANA-7)-α 1 -AT was partially desialylated (four residues of NANA-7 out of a total of six were removed, thus exposing an equivalent number of galactose residues at the terminal positions) by neuraminidase, injection into rats of this material resulted in a rapid and almost complete disappearance of the label from the circulation in 30 min. There was a concomitant accumulation of radioactivity in the liver. The rate of this rapid transfer depended on the presence of intact galactose residues as the terminal, nonreducing sugar in the carbohydrate units. Galactose oxidase treatment of the partially desialylated (NANA-7)-α 2 -AT, which presumably oxidized the primary alcohol of galactose at C-6 to an aldehyde group, caused a reversion of its survival time in the circulation to that of the intact (NANA-7)-α 1 -AT.
Can Oompa-Loompas Save Us from Perebor?

Using stories and examples, Fortnow surveys the P versus NP problem and discusses how computer scientists deal with hard problems.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Borate Ester Coordinated Organobismuth Compounds

A new class of hypervalent organobismuth compounds functionalized with coordinating pinacolborate esters of the nature ArBiCl2 (2), Ar3Bi (3), ArPh2Bi (4), Ar3BiCl2 (5), and ArPh2BiCl2 (6), where Ar = 3-fluoro-2-pinacolatoboronphenyl, have been prepared and structurally characterized. The Bi···O distance is between 2.58 and 3.47 A in the solid state for all compounds, and reasonable bonding interactions are presumed to exist in compounds 2−4 and 6, where Bi···O < 3.0 A. When ArPh2BiCl2 (6) is exposed to CsF in the presence of furan, the [4 + 2] cycloaddition product of 3-fluorobenzyne + furan, 8, is isolated in 58% yield. Mechanistic evidence is offered to support the claim that 6 undergoes an unprecedented fluoride-promoted fragmentation to generate 3-fluorobenzyne, pinacol, BF3, and Ph2BiF.
An extended apparatus for measuring aggression in humans

An extension of Buss’s device for measuring human aggression is described, and the status of aggressive response latency as an indicator of aggressive motivation is discussed. An experiment is described in which measures of latency correlated negatively with those of shock intensity, and both discriminated between Ss who were motivated to aggress and those who were not.
Laboratory host range testing of Lilioceris sp. near impressa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) - a potential biological control agent of air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera (Dioscoreaceae).

Abstract Air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera, is an invasive, herbaceous, climbing vine, which dominates invaded native vegetation in Florida. The fortuitous discovery of Lilioceris sp. near impressa defoliating D. bulbifera vines and feeding on the bulbils (aerial tubers) in the Katmandu Valley of Nepal initiated a project to assess the potential of this leaf beetle for biological control of air potato in Florida. Quarantine host specificity tests were conducted on 41 plant species in 24 families and 13 orders, with 26 species outside of the Dioscoreaceae and 15 species within the Dioscoreaceae. Adults test fed (nibbled) on 4/12 of tested Dioscorea species, but no larval feeding or development occurred on any plant other than the target, D. bulbifera. The larvae feed gregariously and quickly skeletonize offered leaves of air potato. Air potato bulbils that received any feeding damage to the primary meristematic region did not sprout. The ability of the beetle larvae and adults to feed on the bulbils is impor...
Pyrrolid-2-one-5 carboxylic acid involvement in the biosynthesis of rabbit immunoglobulin.

Abstract Recent studies on the structure of rabbit immunoglobulin-G (IgG) established the presence of pyrrolid-2-one-5 carboxylic acid (PCA) as the N-terminal amino acid in 90% of the heavy chains (Wilkinson et al. , 1966; Press et al. , 1966). The present communication reports that free PCA-C14 is not incorporated into IgG, and suggests that PCA is bound to transfer RNA in immunoglobulin-producing cells.
Structural analyses of rat liver phosphoglycerides

Abstract The distribution of fatty acids esterified at each position of glycerol in phosphatidyl serine (PS), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), and diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG) and the composition of sphingomyelin (SPH), lysophosphatidyl choline, and free ceramides isolated from rat liver was determined. The carbon number distribution of the diglyceride acetates derived from each of the phosphoglycerides and of the ceramide trimethylsilyl ether derivatives was also determined. The rat liver SPH contained a high percentage of long-chain saturated and monounsaturated acids. The carbon number distribution of free ceramides and those derived from SPH was similar. Each of the phosphatides exhibited a characteristic acyl distribution and diglyceride carbon-number distribution. The 1-position of PS and PI contained almost exclusively (> 90%) stearic acid. Unlike the other phosphatides, DPG contained primarily C-18 acids and a high percentage of the major acid, 18:2, was esterified at the 1-position. The diglycerides derived from PI and DPG had or approached a 1-random-2-random distribution, whereas those of PS showed pairing of certain acids. The data indicate that selectivity of diglyceride species characterizing each phosphoglyceride class occurs in rat liver. None of the carbon number distributions of the diglycerides derived from each of the phosphoglycerides resembled the 1,2-diglycerides obtained from rat liver triglycerides.
Aquifer Parameters from Constant Discharge Nonsteady‐Leaky Type Curves

A drain function and set of type curves were defined for a simplified mathematical solution that represents one-dimensional flow under nonsteady conditions in a leaky aquifer for the constant discharge boundary condition. The mathematical solution is in the form of exponential and complementary error functions, and it can be calculated using a polynomial approximation for the complementary error function. The mathematical solution and drain function are computationally easier to use than an equivalent integral-form solution and drain function, which must be integrated numerically. A match-point procedure was developed for determining aquifer diffuisivity (T/S), transmissivity (T), storage coefficient (S), and leakance (K′/b′) based on using the drain function and type curves. Use of the procedure is illustrated by an example that utilizes simulated aquifer drawdown and flowrate data. The match-point procedure can be used to analyze drawdown data in leaky and nonleaky aquifers in cases where the flow is one-dimensional and the discharge from the aquifer is constant. Applications of this procedure would include flow to a canal or river, flow to a highly permeable fracture that acts as a line sink, drainage of agricultural lands, and dewatering associated with strip mining operations.
Role of conditioning on water uptake and hydraulic permeability of Nafion® membranes

Abstract The performance of ion-exchange membranes under pressure differential conditions is important for a number of separations and for fuel cell applications. Fluid transport properties under pressure are also key to understanding electrochemically-driven pumping and pressurization systems. The physicochemical properties and performance of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes varies considerably with conditioning treatment. In this study, hydraulic permeability and water uptake are measured as a function of membrane treatment for Nafion ® membranes that are contacted with aqueous electrolyte solutions. Several conditioning/contacting solution treatments are evaluated including exchanged cation, manner of cation exchange, anion effect, and heat treatment. For Nafion ® 117 membranes, these treatments resulted in water content ranging from 3.8 to 20.2 water molecules/fixed sulfonate site and hydraulic permeability ranging from 3.78 × 10 −16 to 1.79 × 10 −13 m/s Pa. Similar to water uptake, a systematic decrease in hydraulic permeability is observed with the alkali series Li + > Na + > K + . Interestingly, the as-received H + form and the Li + form have nearly identical water content but the permeability of the H + form is a factor of 6–7 higher than the Li + form, regardless of heat treatment. Evaluation based on an equivalent pore model and Poiseuille flow shows good agreement for pore radii ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 nm.
Evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in pulmonary hypertension with cardiac magnetic resonance.

Objectives This study sought to evaluate indexes of pulmonary artery (PA) stiffness in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) using same-day cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and right heart catheterization (RHC). Background Pulmonary artery stiffness is increased in the presence of PH, although the relationship to PH severity has not been fully characterized. Methods Both CMR and RHC were performed on the same day in 94 patients with known or suspected PH. According to the RHC, patients were classified as having no PH (n = 13), exercise-induced PH (EIPH) only (n = 6), or PH at rest (n = 75). On CMR, phase-contrast images were obtained perpendicular to the pulmonary trunk. From CMR and RHC data, PA areas and indexes of stiffness (pulsatility, compliance, capacitance, distensibility, elastic modulus, and the pressure-independent stiffness index β) were measured at rest. Results All quantified indexes showed increased PA stiffness in patients with PH at rest in comparison with those with EIPH or no PH. Despite the absence of significant differences in baseline pressures, patients with EIPH had lower median compliance and capacitance than patients with no PH: 15 (interquartile range: 9 to 19.8) mm2/mm Hg versus 8.4 (interquartile range: 6 to 10.3) mm2/mm Hg, and 5.2 (interquartile range: 4.4 to 6.3) mm3/mm Hg versus 3.7 (interquartile range: 3.1 to 4.1) mm3/mm Hg, respectively (p < 0.05). The different measurements of PA stiffness, including stiffness index β, showed significant correlations with PA pressures (r2 = 0.27 to 0.73). Reduced PA pulsatility (<40%) detected the presence of PH at rest with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 63%. Conclusions Pulmonary artery stiffness increases early in the course of PH (even when PH is detectable only with exercise and before overt pressure elevations occur at rest). These observations suggest a potential contributory role of PA stiffness in the development and progression of PH.
On the Equations Governing the Perturbations of the Reissner-Nordstrom Black Hole

By considering suitable combinations of the Weyl scalars and the spin coefficients, the basic equations governing the perturbations of the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole, in the Newman-Penrose formalism, are decoupled; a fundamental pair of decoupled equations are obtained. It is then shown how this pair of decoupled equations can be transformed into one dimensional wave equations which are appropriate for describing the perturbations of odd and of even parity. A simple relation is obtained which will allow derivation of a solution belonging to one parity from a solution belonging to the opposite parity. Finally, equations are derived in terms of which one can readily ascertain how an arbitrary superposition of gravitational and electromagnetic waves, incident on the black hole, will be reflected and absorbed.
From Bibliographer to Curator: archival strategies for capturing web publications

Librarians, archivists, and records managers can no longer be passive recipients of what they have received through often venerable programs, but must actively capture the information needed in the future. Given the quantity of material on government agency websites, traditional, item-level methods for bibliographic control is impractical. An Arizona Model for curating a collection of web publications based on the archival principles of provenance and original order grew out of the observation that the organization of websites parallels the organization of archival collections. The Arizona Model addresses traditional library functions of identification and selection, acquisition, description, reference, and access. It proposes how an archivist's perspective can help adapt those functions to the needs of the 21st century.
Recent Increases in Efficiency in Cigarette Nicotine Delivery: Implications for Tobacco Control

INTRODUCTION Recent increases in nicotine yield of cigarettes sold in the United States have been attributed by tobacco manufacturers to natural variation in agricultural products. We tested this assertion using data reported by the manufacturers. METHODS Data were collected from the annual reports filed with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health by 4 major manufacturers of cigarettes from 1997 to 2012. Reportable measures included nicotine yield (mg/cig) in smoke generated by a smoking machine based on the Massachusetts smoking regimen and nicotine content in the unburned tobacco per cigarette (mg/cig). We used multilevel linear mixed-effect models to examine temporal trends in and predictors of these measures, overall and by brand style and by brand family. RESULTS While nicotine content remained relatively stable in the range of 12-14 mg/cig between 1998 and 2012, average nicotine yield increased significantly (p < .01) over time and ranged from the lowest level of 1.65 mg/cigarette in 1999 to the highest level of 1.89 mg/cigarette in 2011. Nicotine yield and yield-to-content ratio varied significantly among manufacturers and brand families. When controlling for market category and all available design features, the yield-to-content ratio of all manufacturers except Lorillard increased significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS The data provided by tobacco manufacturers suggest that the increasing trend in yield is not related to variations in nicotine content but to the yield-to-content ratio, which contradicts their assertions of agricultural variations. Nicotine yield and yield-to-content ratio are controllable features of cigarettes, and they should be monitored and regulated by government agencies.
Gratification seeking, media exposure, and audience interpretations: Some directions for research

Research strategies are suggested for clarifying and advancing understanding of some key elements in uses and gratifications. These elements concern the role of gratification seeking in exposure to mass communication, the relation of gratification seeking to the interpretive frames through which audience members understand media messages, and linking gratifications to the content of mass media.
Raman measurements of YBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals

We report polarized Raman scattering from YBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals, which have Tc values between 92.5 K and 0 K, and compare our data to other reported single crystal Raman results. In samples with Tc < 90 K, three prominent lines are observed at 140, 340, and 456 cm-1 for (xx) polarization. We also observe lines in (zz) and (xz) polarization. In crystals with Tc = 92.5 K the spectra are weaker and more complex, although measurable. Using our results, a number of the reported differences are resolved, and the phonons are discussed. The change in Raman spectra with oxygen content is discussed in terms of a phase separation hypothesis, proposed in a recent theoretical paper.
Simulation properties of the Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimators of availability

Abstract Little has been written about availability from the Bayesian point of view (3). In this study a closed form Bayesian availability estimator is investigated. The degree of bias and small variation of the estimator are obtained through computer simulation. Sampling distributions of the maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimations of availability are obtained by Efron's bootstrap methods. The Bayesian estimator is good for small sample size problems when the failure time and repairing time are exponentially distributed.
Constraining dark energy by combining cluster counts and shear-shear correlations in a weak lensing survey

We study the potential of a large future weak lensing survey to constrain dark-energy properties by using both the number counts of detected galaxy clusters (sensitive primarily to density fluctuations on small scales) and tomographic shear-shear correlations (restricted to intermediate and large scales). We use the Fisher matrix formalism, assume a flat universe, and parametrize the equation of state of dark energy by $w(a)={w}_{0}+{w}_{a}(1\ensuremath{-}a)$, to forecast the expected statistical errors from either observable, and from their combination. We show that the covariance between these two observables is small, and argue that they can therefore be regarded as independent constraints. We find that, when the number counts and the shear-shear correlations (on angular scales $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\le}1000$) are combined, a LSST (Large Synoptic Survey Telescope)\char21{}like survey can yield statistical errors on ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{DE}}$, ${w}_{0}$, ${w}_{a}$ as tight as 0.003, 0.03, 0.1. These values are a factor of 2\char21{}25 better than using either observable alone. The results are also about a factor of 2 better than those from combining number counts of galaxy clusters and their power spectrum.
Test-retest reliability of a questionnaire measuring perceptions of neighborhood food environment

There is a lack of validated and reliable instruments on perception of the food environment, in particular for rural environments. We estimated the test-retest reliability of a questionnaire assessing perceptions of the food environment. A total of 101 primary food shoppers in South Carolina were interviewed by phone to assess their perceptions of the food environment and presence of different food outlet types in their neighborhood. The survey was repeated approximately one month after the initial administration. The intra-class correlation (ICC) and Phi coefficient are reported as measures of reliability. The majority of questions on perceptions of the neighborhood food environment appear highly reliable (ICCs range from 0.55 to 0.71), including the 3-item scale on healthy food availability (ICC 0.71). Compared to participants in rural areas, those in urban areas demonstrated better reliability for questions on opportunities to purchase fast food and perceived presence of a supercenter. More research is needed to evaluate potential rural-urban differences in reliability.
Particle mobilization in pecvd reactor using thermophoretic force

Summary form only given. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) for the coating of micron and submicron sized particles, the idea of which originated from the behavior of plasma-generated particles in microelectronics fabrication, offers several advantages as compared to more traditional approaches. The particles are negatively charged, which prevents their agglomeration. Further, operating at room temperatures creates the possibility of coating a larger variety of materials. In the related experiments it has repeatedly been demonstrated that particles released from the upper electrode, ultimately levitate in the vicinity (sheath-bulk interface) of the lower electrode as a result of balance in electric, gravitational, and ion drag forces. As long as the particle resides in this region, deposition process proceeds through the diffusion of species. The intrinsic nonhomogeneous nature of plasma structure in this region leads to the directional variation of radicals fluxes toward the particle, and thus nonuniform coating thickness appears on the particle. Jellum et al. visualized the effect of thermophoretic force associated with gradients in neutral gas temperature in particulate-contaminated discharges. It was observed that particles tend to move away from the heated electrode towards the cooled one. In this work, we use numerical simulations to propose a feasible method, based on alternative heating and cooling of either of the electrodes, to mobilize the particles in the reactor and control their motion between the upper and lower electrodes as a means to overcome the above-mentioned problem in PECVD technique. We simulate a parallel-plate geometry, low-pressure RF plasma reactor via local field equilibrium approximation by means of numerically solving drift-diffusion model equations. Then, employing the time-averaged plasma variables, we track a single particle injected into the reactor from the top electrode in a Lagrangian framework, while taking into account various forces and charging process for the particle. We show that after the particle reaches its equilibrium position in the sheath, by applying the thermophoretic force through heating the corresponding electrode, it is possible to make the particle move through the bulk plasma and reach the sheath on the opposite side of the reactor. This motion of the particle facilitates more homogeneous coating
Investigation of the effect of the final laser pulse shape on capsule energetics and laser-plasma interactions for ignition targets

We present an evaluation of the effects of a modified final laser pulse on capsule energetics and Laser-Plasma Interactions (LPI) for a National Ignition Facility cryogenic ignition target. A point design laser pulse is well optimized for the capsule and has reasonably good expected LPI performance. However, we demonstrate that reduced exposure to LPI backscatter is possible for an ignition target with a reduction in capsule margin by reducing the laser peak power and slightly re-balancing the beam energy. The benefit of this reduced LPI exposure is expected to be highest if the ignition target LPI exhibits a threshold intensity near the laser pulse peak intensity. In this case, it may be possible to reduce LPI exposure while delivering adequate energy into the hohlraum and achieve adequate symmetry to ignite the capsule.
SELF-AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION DRIVEN BY A HIGH-BRIGHTNESS ELECTRON BEAM

We report the first high-gain self-amplified spontaneous emission experiment at 15 {mu}m driven by a high-brightness 17-MeV electron beam. A change of two decades in the beam current yields an increase of four decades in the measured infrared power. By fitting the measured infrared pulse energy to an analytic model, we estimate that eight power gain lengths, corresponding to a gain of 300, exist in the wiggler at 279thinspthinspA. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
A reappraisal of the functions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert

Abstract The nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) has recently been identified as the primary source of acetylcholine (ACh) in the cerebral cortex. Damage to the NBM in Alzheimer's disease appears to account for the consistent loss of cholinergic markers in cortex associated with this disease. These findings have drawn attention to the possible functions of the NBM and the other components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Cholinergic neurotransmission has long been thought to be involved in memory and arousal, and current research has provided new insights into the specific role of the NBM in these processes. Recent findings have also led to new concepts of how the NBM may interact with other neural structures. This review discusses some of the recent hypotheses of the functions of the NBM, particularly its possible role in learning.
Aortic atresia and tricuspid atresia occurring in complete transposition of the great vessels

A unique case of aortic atresia and tricuspid atresia associated with transposition of the great vessels is described in a newborn infant. The clinical, echocardiographic, and heart catheterization data are presented. The embryological and surgical implications are discussed.
The relationship of common saprophytic and pathogenic fungi to the Forssman and other antigens of the sheep erythrocyte

1) Culture filtrates and mats from 20 different species of fungi cultured on Sabouraud dextrose broth and asparagine synthetic medium were examined for the presence of Forssman activity utilizing a hemolysis inhibition test.
A Bone Mimic Based on the Self-Assembly of Hydroxyapatite on Chemically Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We report the use of chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a scaffold for the growth of artificial bone material. The mineralization of SWNTs functionalized with phosphonates and poly(aminobenzene sulfonic acid) (PABS) was investigated in the solution phase and as films on substrates. Microscopy studies showed that hydroxyapatite (HA) nucleated and crystallized on the surface of the functionalized SWNTs. The negatively charged functional groups on SWNTs attract the calcium cations and lead to self-assembly of HA. The thickness of the HA layers was found to be a function of the mineralization time. Mineralization of SWNT−PABS films led to well-aligned plate-shaped HA crystals and the thickness of the crystals reached 3 μm after 14 days of mineralization. The PABS- and phosphonates-functionalized SWNTs can be applied as supporting scaffold for bone therapy.
Fifteen years of progress in measurement and methods at the resource centers for minority aging research.

The National Institute on Aging (NIA) Health Disparities Strategic Plan (2009-2013) for reducing racial/ethnic health disparities in our aging population includes (a) efforts to explore aging as a web of genetic, biochemical, physiological, economic, social, and psychological factors; (b) provision of resources to promote high-quality research to reduce health disparities; and (c) training of a diverse investigator workforce to conduct aging and health disparities research. The Resource Centers for Minority Aging Research (RCMAR) program is a critical mechanism toward achievement of these goals, and was one of the first coordinated efforts to create a research infrastructure toward that end. NIA established the RCMARs in 1997, with support from the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) and the National Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD). The overall RCMAR mission is to “improve the health and well being of older minority populations by identifying mechanisms for reducing health disparities.” The primary mechanism for this is investigator development, that is training and career development of minority investigators. The RCMAR effort has also funded Measurement and Methods Cores (MMCs) because conducting minority aging research requires use of appropriate and specialized methods and measures. The MMCs support the RCMAR mission and NIA priorities by developing and testing specific measures appropriate for research in ethnically diverse older populations, providing methodological training to investigators interested in conducting minority aging research, developing and refining specialized methods, and disseminating culturally appropriate measures and methods broadly.
Core Journals in Library and Information Science: Developing a Methodology for Ranking LIS Journals

In the library science field, there is no professionally accepted tiered list of journals in the United States to guide librarians, as there is in other academic disciplines. This situation creates a challenge for both new and experienced librarians who wish to make a serious contribution to librarianship by publishing articles. This article outlines a methodology used at the Libraries of Purdue University, which could be adapted by other university libraries, to create a tiered list of journals tailored to the institution. The article begins with a literature review that identifies a short list of top-level journals. This is followed by the methodology that uses expert opinion surveys, acceptance and circulation rates, impact factors, h-indexes, and journals with local faculty articles. Tables with the journals ranked into three tiers are included.
Canalization in evolutionary genetics: a stabilizing theory?

Canalization is an elusive concept. The notion that biological systems ought to evolve to a state of higher stability against mutational and environmental perturbations seems simple enough, but has been exceedingly difficult to prove. Part of the problem has been the lack of a definition of canalization that incorporates an evolutionary genetic perspective and provides a framework for both mathematical and empirical study. After briefly reviewing the importance of canalization in studies of evolution and development, we aim, with this essay, to outline a research program that builds upon the definition of canalization as the reduction in variability of a trait, and uses molecular genetic approaches to shed light on the problems of canalization.
Simulation Coercion Applied to Multiagent DDDAS

The unpredictable run-time configurations of dynamic, data-driven application systems require flexible simulation components that can adapt to changes in the number of interacting components, the syntactic definition of their interfaces, and their role in the semantic definition of the entire system. Simulation coercion provides one solution to this problem through a human-controlled mix of semi-automated analysis and optimization that transforms a simulation to meet a new set of requirements posed by dynamic data streams. This paper presents an example of one such coercion tool that uses off-line experimentation and similarity-based lookup functions to transform a simulation to a reusable abstract form that extends a static feedback control algorithm to a dynamic, data-driven version that capitalizes on extended run-time data to improve performance.