cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"What! What kind of apology is this?": The nature of apology in victim offender mediation

Abstract This qualitative study examined the multiple perspectives of participants' experiences of a Victim Offender Mediation (VOM) program operating in a Midwestern city. Thirty-four face-to-face interviews were conducted with 37 participants, including juvenile offenders and their parents, adult crime victims, mediators, and referral sources. The findings indicate disparities exist between the juvenile offenders and their victims in their perceptions of the genuineness of the apology delivered. The nature of apology is explored and its meaning in the restorative justice context is set out. This study provides a snapshot of the process and practice of restorative justice work. In particular, this study highlights the complicated nature of communication between and among VOM participants. Recommendations are made to improve victim-sensitive restorative justice practices through the composition and delivery of the apology.
Critical Historical Thinking: When Official Narratives Collide With Other Narratives

In this article the authors examine The Student as Historian project in highlighting how critical historical thinking can provide other and more complex renditions of history. The authors note that teachers’ understandings of educational ends, purposes, values, and critical content knowledge are entwined and inextricable from ideological stances and historical positionality.
Spatial summation of cold.

Abstract In three experiments on the forearm, back, and cheek, respectively, the method of magnitude estimation served to reveal first-order descriptions of how the magnitude of cold sensation depends quantitatively on the strength of stimulation (degree of skin cooling) and on the areal size of stimulation. In all three regions, the magnitude of cold sensation turned out to depend almost as much on size as on amount of cooling, implying rich spatial summation in the cold modality. Although both warmth and cold modalities characteristically exhibit lavish spatial summation, they contrast in at least one important way: with warmth the contribution of field size relative to degree of warming progressively diminishes with ever higher levels of warmth (i.e., degree of summation declines), whereas with cold the relative contributions of size and degree of cooling tend to stay fixed.
Feeding and crop emptying in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae

Abstract The rate of crop emptying was studied in normal and operated females of Leucophaea maderae . Regardless of the amount of rat food consumed during one feeding period, 50 to 60 per cent of it was emptied from the crop within 24 hr. The rate of crop emptying is thus determined by the initial amount of food taken in and remains constant for 2 days at which time no food remains in the crop. The rate of food release from the crop is considerably higher after a feeding on starch paste than after a meal on solid rat food pellets. Thus consistency of food (solid or soft) is an additional factor which determines the rate of crop emptying. The opening of the proventricular valve appears to be controlled by either the ingluvial or the proventricular ganglion, but superimposed on these may be a certain amount of control by the frontal ganglion. Removal of the brain, corpora cardiaca, or corpora allata singly or all together do not influence the rate of crop emptying. The hypothesis is advanced that the degree of stretch of the crop by the food and consistency of the food is recorded by the stomatogastric nervous system which in turn then controls crop emptying.
Managing the Emotions of Others

Although research has focused on how individuals manage their own emotions, little attention has been paid to how individuals manage the emotions of other people. Here, I describe several techniques of interpersonal emotion-management, drawing from observations of a psychodrama-based encounter group which deliberately manipulated its members' feelings. Analysis reveals a number of strategies (e.g., group enactments, provocations, comforting) which, when used sequentially, produced first emotional loss of control in the individual and then positive emotion. Group solidarity was sometimes affected by these interpersonal emotion-management techniques as well. Some techniques may be similar to those used in military training and cult group recruitment, although further research attention is needed in these arenas. Other settings in which members play upon the emotions of others should be examined to identify other interpersonal techniques and the sequencing of strategies which produce desired individual and group outcomes.
C1-C5 photochemical cyclization of enediynes

This study reports a new photochemical cyclization of tetrafluoropyridinyl (TFP)-substituted enediynes that is accompanied with four formal hydrogen-atom abstractions from organic substrates and is mechanistically different from the Bergman cyclization.
Design and simulation of a 3-dimensional metamaterial prism

The goal of this paper is to define a unit cell containing an electric and magnetic complement and degenerate pair of resonators and subsequently construct a 3-dimensional (3D) n = −1 refractive index prism based upon the final unit cell design. In this effort simulating and observing the response of a negative-index metamaterial (MM) prism to a plane-wave excitation was a primary intent. However, an equally-important goal was to develop an efficient and high-fidelity process for arriving at the prism design.
Peel Adhesion of Natural Rubber Bonded to Polyethylene Terephthalate: Effect of Crosslinking on Rate/Temperature Response

Laminates consisting of natural rubber (NR) sandwiched between cloth fabric and polyester film were pulled apart at various rates and temperatures in a T-peel geometry. Peel energies for joints containing uncrosslinked or lightly-crosslinked NR did not obey simple time-temperature superposition. This behavior is attributed to strain-induced crystallization during peeling. However, when the rubber was highly crosslinked, strain crystallization seems to be absent, as peel energies now can be WLF shifted to form a mastercurve.
Application of Culturable Sampling Methods for the Assessment of Workplace Concentrations of Bioaerosols

AbstractCase studies are presented demonstrating the utility of culturable air sampling methods as exposure assessment tools. These investigations included (1) plants that manufacture enzymes, (2) a paper mill, and (3) a large office building with a ventilation system contaminated with Penicillium. In the first case study, a comparison of total bacterial counts (in combination with identification and quantification of the production strain) from unit processes to background locations identified exposure sites. Additionally, a comparison of the sampling results across the three manufacturing plants (among similar processes) identified effective control strategies based on the containment capabilities of the various technologies. This evaluative framework was also successfully applied in the second and third case studies. In combination with the identification and quantification of suspect microorganisms, emission patterns were identified to known immunologically active agents. In the second case study, ele...
A critical study of Type II supernovae: equations of state and general relativity.

The relevance of relativistic gravitation and of the properties of nuclear matter at high density to supernova explosions is examined in detail. The existing empirical knowledge on the nuclear equation of state at densities greater than saturation, extracted from analysis of heavy ion collisions and from the breathing mode in heavy nuclei, is also considered. Particulars of the prompt explosions recently obtained theoretically by Baron, Cooperstein, and Kahana are presented. 40 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.
Characterization of cellular carriers for use in injectable tissue-engineering composites.

Injectable composite tissue-engineering scaffolds are systems that incorporate individual cell carriers within a gel delivery matrix. This study assessed low-temperature casting as a possible method to produce synthetic cell-carrier beads. Porous poly-L-lactide beads were manufactured by low-temperature casting. Two porogens, either glucose or sodium chloride, were incorporated into the beads and subsequently leached. Beads were seeded with primary culture aortic smooth muscle rat cells and were evaluated over a 13-day period using a series of chemical, biochemical, and histological assays. Results indicate that low-temperature casting is a viable technique to produce injectable beads on the order of 1.5-2.0 mm. The manufactured beads supported smooth muscle cell attachment and proliferation; where the beads formed with sodium chloride allowed enhanced proliferation. Differences in physical qualities, namely buoyancy and topography, were dependent on porogen selection and may provide a mechanism for bead and composite customization.
STELLAR SAPPHIRES: THE PROPERTIES AND ORIGINS OF PRESOLAR Al 2 O 3 IN METEORITES

Thirty-seven isotopically highly anomalous presolar Al2O3 grains and one presolar MgAl2O4 grain from a separate of the Tieschitz H3.6 ordinary chondrite were identified out of 17,000 isotopically normal refractory oxide grains by an automatic 16O/18O low mass resolution ion-imaging mapping technique in the ion microprobe. Eight additional presolar Al2O3 grains were found by high mass resolution ion probe measurements of all three stable O isotopes in individual grains, including several that would have been missed by the ion-imaging search. Forty-five of the grains were analyzed for their 16O/17O and 16O/18O ratios. Twenty-four grains were also analyzed for Al-Mg and 17 of them have large excesses of 26Mg, attributable to the radioactive decay of 26Al. The highly anomalous isotopic composition of the grains is evidence for their presolar, stellar origin. The 46 oxide grains of this study together with 42 previously identified presolar grains were divided into four groups. These groups most likely comprise grains from distinct types of stellar sources. Group 1 grains have 17O excesses and moderate 18O depletions, relative to solar, and many of them exhibit 26Mg excesses as well. Group 2 grains have 17O excesses, large 18O depletions, and high inferred 26Al/27Al ratios. Group 3 grains have solar or higher 16O/17O and 16O/18O ratios. Group 4 grains have 17O and 18O enrichments. One Al2O3 grain of this study, T54, has an 16O/17O ratio of 71, lower than any previously observed, and 16O/18O much greater than the solar value. The O-isotopic compositions of Group 1 and Group 3 grains are consistent with an origin in O-rich red giant stars, which have undergone the first dredge-up. The range of O-isotopic ratios of these groups requires multiple stellar sources of different masses and initial isotopic compositions and is well explained by a combination of Galactic chemical evolution and first dredge-up models. The inferred 26Al/27Al ratios of many of these grains indicate that they formed in thermally pulsing asymptotic branch (TP-AGB) stars that had undergone the third dredge-up. Group 2 grains probably formed in low-mass AGB stars as well, and their substantial 18O depletions are the likely result of "extra" mixing (cool bottom processing). The origin of the 18O enrichments in Group 4 grains is unknown, but it might be due to initial compositional differences of the stellar sources or to unusual third dredge-up in low-mass AGB stars. The highly 17O-enriched grain T54 could have formed in an AGB star undergoing hot bottom burning or in a massive star in the Of-WN phase. O-rich circumstellar dust seems to be underrepresented in meteorites, relative to C-rich. Explanations include the possibility that most O-rich stardust grains are silicates and have been destroyed either in the laboratory or in nature and the possibility that presolar Al2O3 has a finer grain size distribution than SiC and graphite.
STUDIES ON TRYPTOPHAN PERMEASE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Abstract The induction, maintenance and activity of tryptophan permease were studied in Escherichia coli T3A, a tryptophan auxotroph which lacks tryptophanase. Under standard conditions, maximum induction requires about Ih and the fully induced system accumulates tryptophan maximally in about 60 sec. The maintenance and induction concentrations of tryptophan are identical. The accumulation system is repressed by low temperatures and by glucose, and is more sensitive to chloramphenicol synthesis-inhibition than is gross cellular growth. The concentration-dependent accumulation of tryptophan conforms to Michaelis-Menton kinetics and exhibits a pronounced temperature dependence. The half-maximal accumulation, loss and exchange times at several temperatures and in several ambients suggest a separation of the processes of accumulation (retention), entry and exit. Under the conditions tested, tryptophan permease appears to confer no growth advantage on E. coli .
A COMPARISON OF RACIAL/ETHNIC PREFERENCES AMONG ANGLO, BLACK AND LATINO CHILDREN

This study uses a photo-choice method to compare racial/ethnic group preferences of black, Anglo, and Latino children, with a focus on the latter--relatively little-studied--group. While both black and Anglo children choose ingroup photos, Latinos preferred pictures of Anglo children. Explanations of this outcome are explored, and a comparison between the situation of today's Latino child and the black child of ten years ago is suggested.
DESCRIPTRAN—automated descriptive geometry

Descriptive geometry consists of procedures originally designed to solve 3-space geometry problems by graphical constructions and measurement instead of by computation. However, in addition to this it unifies and simplifies the approach to many such problems. When one can call subroutines that compute new coordinates that correspond to those obtainable from the graphical constructions, there is the three-way advantage of the approach of descriptive geometry, the accuracy of computation and the speed of the digital computer. DESCRIPTRAN makes it possible to program many problems in 3-space with a few statements; it consists of 15 subroutines analogous to the procedures of descriptive geometry.
Cell migration kinetics in the stomach of Styela clava (Urochordata: Ascidiacea)

By autoradiography with tritiated thymidine, the rate of cell migration was studied for the groove population of epithelial cells lining the stomach of Styela. After one hour, the tritiated thymidine is incorporated into undifferentiated, dividing cells. Labeled differentiated cells appear after three days, and the migration of labeled cells to the extrusion zone takes about 16 days (T= 19°C). Stomach growth is accomplished by an increase in both number and height of epithelial folds. The percentage rate of cell migration probably remains fairly constant throughout adult life. However, it is decreased by starvation and low temperatures.
The comparison of manual vs automated disc margin delineation using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

To examine the impact of manual vs automated disc margin delineation on optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) parameters using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). A prospective cohort study consisting of normal, glaucoma suspect (GS) and glaucoma patients who underwent ONH and RNFL measurements using SDOCT technology (RTVue; Optovue Inc.). The retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch’s membrane (RPE/BM) complex end points were automatically determined first, and were manually redefined subsequently. Analysis of variance, coefficient of variation (COV), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Bland–Altman plots were used for the analyses. Ninety-nine eyes of 50 subjects (age 68±10 years) consisting of 36 glaucoma, 56 GS, and 7 normal eyes were included. The RNFL thickness measurements were similar (P>0.05) between the two methods of demarcation, except for the inferior-nasal sector (P=0.04). For the ONH measurements, the cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio and rim area showed significant differences between the two methods (P<0.001). COV/CCC values for the ONH parameters were as follows: cup area 17.6%/0.88; cup volume 7.4%/0.91; average C/D ratio 18.1%/0.78; rim area 25.3%/0.69; and rim volume 42.6%/0.71, respectively. CCC/COV values for the RNFL parameters were as follows: average 2.1%/0.98; inferior-temporal quadrant 8.1%/0.79; inferior-nasal quadrant INQ quadrant 12.6%/0.67; SNQ quadrant 7.8%/0.83; and STQ quadrant 7.8%/0.88, respectively. An overall high agreement and moderate–substantial concordance was observed between the demarcation methods. Automated disc margin delineation of SDOCT can be used reliably in clinical practice.
Independence of LH and ACTH release from the rat pituitary.

Cyclic rats known to release LH between 2:00 P.M. and 4:00 P.M. on the day of procstrus were tested for simultaneous ACTH release by measurement of adrenal ascorbic acid concentration between 3:30 and 4:30 P.M. NO depletion of ascorbic acid occurred, indicating that ACTH is not released simultaneously with LH. Pentobarbital treatment at 2:00 P.M. did not cause significant adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in rats of different cycle stages. Therefore, the ability of pentobarbital at 2:00 P.M. to block LH release in proestrous rats is not the result of a non-specific “stressing” action as has been suggested in the literature.
Perinephric abscess radiologically mimicking dilated bowel.

History A 45-year-old diabetic woman had the acute onset of fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, right flank pain, and dysuria. She was admitted to the referring hospital with diagnoses of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and gram-negative shock. She was resuscitated with intravenous (IV) fluids, a continuous insulin infusion (insulin zinc suspension), and parenteral antibiotics. A right pleural effusion subsequently developed, and multiple thoracenteses were nondiagnostic. The right kidney could not be visualized in an IV pyelogram. She was transferred to the University of New Mexico Hospital because of persistent fever after two weeks of antibiotic therapy. A plain film of the abdomen demonstrated a localized collection of gas, with an air-fluid level in the upper right quadrant suggesting dilation of the hepatic flexure of the colon or a dilated loop of small bowel (Fig 1). No calcifications were detected. Shortly after admission, a right retrograde pyelogram showed a distorted collecting system,
Clay-mineral variability in the suspended sediments of the San Francisco Bay system, California

ABSTRACT Semiquantitative determinations of the clay-mineral composition have been made on nearly synoptic samples of surface suspended sediments collected seasonally throughout the San Francisco Bay system. The relative amounts of chlorite + kaolinite are generally highest in the northern reach of the system, whereas illite is dominant in the southern reach. The proportion of montmorillonite is low throughout the bay. Time-series and replicate samples collected at individual stations show that the difference in clay-mineral content between reaches is real and reflects a change in the source of clay-mineral particles within the bay. The Sacramento-San Joaquin river system supplies the northern reach, whereas most clay-mineral particles come from resuspension by waves and tidal currents in the outhern reach. Analyses of bottom sediments and the spatial variability in the northern reach suggest that the relationship between the abundance and sources of clay minerals may, in turn, be a function of particle size. This study demonstrates the utility of suspended clay minerals in the interpretation of sediment-dispersal patterns in estuaries.
The coupling of performance and assessment in multidisciplinary teamwork

Summary form only given. Assessment data are being collected for a senior multidisciplinary design class. The collected data include self-evaluations, peer evaluations, observations by the faculty team, project reports and a team evaluation matrix designed to emphasize important linkages in multidisciplinary team problem-solving. Selected team meetings and presentations were also videotaped as a part of the assessment plan. The analysis at this point has focused on the trends in multidisciplinary team skills development over time and differences in team skills organized by discipline and gender measured from the perception of the individual team members. Self-evaluation versus peer evaluation trends were also analyzed. The team skills, as defined in this research, focus on person-to-person interactions. The identified team skills include feedback, cooperation, team orientation, coordination, leadership and backup behavior. There were three major projects during the semester. Team skills were measured at the end of each project. Team membership, as much as possible, changed for each project and each team included three disciplines.
Water channel of horseradish peroxidase studied by the charge-transfer absorption band of ferric heme

The heme of horseradish peroxidase is buried in the protein, but a channel from the protein surface connects the aqueous solution to the heme site. Ferric horseradish peroxidase has an absorption band at 640 nm that is attributed to a charge-transfer (CT) transition between the a 2u HOMO of ﷿ electrons of the porphyrin ring and the dxy/dyz orbital of the ferric ion. Because the water channel extends to the Fe, it seems likely that the CT band will be sensitive to the hydration of the protein. To study this premise, the protein was incorporated into trehalose/sucrose glasses and the hydration of the sugar glasses was varied. Absorption spectra of HRP in sugar glasses and in glycerol/water were taken in the range 10-300 K. The CT absorption band shows vibronic fine structure. The peak positions are the same in hydrated sugar and glycerol/water but the peak positions change in desiccated sugar glass. The data suggest that in hydrated, but not desiccated, sugar glass, water is retained in the heme pocket. Binding of the competitive inhibitor benzohydroxamic acid to the protein increases the CT absorption and resolution. The effect of benzohydroxamic acid on the Fe as calculated using a combination of density functional theory and molecular mechanics is to stabilize the spin state 3 /2 with respect to 5 /2. At low temperature the widths of the lines in the CT band are narrower for the protein in glycerol/water (glass transition at 150 K) than in trehalose/sucrose (glass formation at 65 °C). This indicates that the CT band is inhomogeneously broadened and sensitive to the solvent. The spectral narrowing of the CT absorption occurs as the temperature decreases over the temperature range studied. Water, as indicated by the OH stretch, also shifts in this range. The findings are discussed in terms of how buried water and nearby charges can modulate the activity of the heme.
Voter Buying: Shaping the Electorate through Clientelism

Studies of clientelism typically assume that political machines distribute rewards to persuade or mobilize the existing electorate. We argue that rewards not only influence actions of the electorate, but can also shape its composition. Across the world, machines employ “voter buying” to import outsiders into their districts. Voter buying demonstrates how clientelism can underpin electoral fraud, and it offers an explanation of why machines deliver rewards when they cannot monitor vote choices. Our analyses suggest that voter buying dramatically influences municipal elections in Brazil. A regression discontinuity design suggests that voter audits—which undermined voter buying—decreased the electorate by 12 percentage points and reduced the likelihood of mayoral reelection by 18 percentage points. Consistent with voter buying, these effects are significantly greater in municipalities with large voter inflows, and where neighboring municipalities had large voter outflows. Findings are robust to an alternative research design using a different data set.
Predicting risk in patients with acetaminophen overdose.

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a very common cause of drug overdose and acute liver failure in the US and Europe. Mechanism-based biomarkers of APAP toxicity have the potential to improve the clinical management of patients with large-dose ingestions of APAP. The current approach to the management of APAP toxicity is limited by imprecise and time-constrained risk assessments and late-stage markers of liver injury. A recent study of ‘low-risk’ APAP overdose patients who all received treatment with N-acetylcysteine found that cell death biomarkers were more sensitive than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and APAP concentrations in predicting the development of acute liver injury. The data suggest a potential role for new biomarkers to identify ‘low-risk’ patients following APAP overdose. However, a practical and ethical consideration that complicates predictive biomarker research in this area is the clinical need to deliver antidote treatment within 10 h of APAP overdose. The treatment effect and time-depen...
Dynamic Deformation Measurements of an Aeroelastic Semispan Model

The techniques used to acquire, reduce, and analyze dynamic deformation measurements of an aeroelastic semispan wind tunnel model are presented. Single-camera, single-view video photogrammetry (also referred to as videogrammetric model deformation, or VMD) was used to determine dynamic aeroelastic deformation of the semispan "Models for Aeroelastic Validation Research Involving Computation" (MAVRIC) model in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center. Dynamic deformation was determined from optical retroreflective tape targets at 5 semispan locations located on the wing from the root to the tip. Digitized video images from a charge coupled device (CCD) camera were recorded and processed to automatically determine target image plane locations that were then corrected for sensor, lens, and frame grabber spatial errors. Videogrammetric dynamic data were acquired at a 60-Hz rate for time records of up to 6 seconds during portions of this flutter/Limit Cycle Oscillation (LCO) test at Mach numbers from 0.3 to 0.96. Spectral analysis of the deformation data is used to identify dominant frequencies in the wing motion. The dynamic data will be used to separate aerodynamic and structural effects and to provide time history deflection data for Computational Aeroelasticity code evaluation and validation.
Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook. by BYON, ANDREW SANGPIL

The article reviews the book "Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook," by Andrew Sangpil Byon.
Open Fracture of the Tibia in Children

The records of eighty-three children who had had an open fracture of the tibial metaphysis or diaphysis between January 1983 and July 1993 were studied retrospectively. The average duration of follow-up was fourteen months (range, two to seventy-five months). There were twenty-four grade-I, forty grade-II, thirteen grade-IIIA, six grade-IIIB, and no grade-IIIC fractures, according to the classification scheme of Gustilo et al. Sixty patients (72 per cent) had sustained the fracture when they were struck by an automobile, and forty-eight patients (58 per cent) had other associated major injuries. All fractures were treated with irrigation and debridement, and antibiotics were administered parenterally for a minimum of forty-eight hours. Thirty-two patients were managed with immobilization in a cast only; forty, with transcutaneous fixation with an average of two Steinmann pins followed by immobilization in a cast; nine, with external fixation; one, with open reduction and internal fixation with two screws and two pins; and one, with delayed intramedullary nailing. Fifty-seven wounds were closed primarily (forty-four, over a Penrose drain, and thirteen, without a drain), ten were treated with delayed closure, four were allowed to heal by secondary intention, seven were covered with a soft-tissue flap, and five were treated with skin-grafting (a split-thickness skin graft was used for four, and a split-thickness and a full-thickness skin graft were used for one). The average time to union was fifteen weeks (range, five to sixty-one weeks), with the fracture healing by sixteen weeks in sixty-four patients (77 per cent). Eighteen patients (22 per cent) had delayed union, and only one patient (1 per cent) had non-union. Secondary procedures were necessary to achieve union in only two patients. Two patients had a superficial wound infection, and no patient had osteomyelitis. One patient, who had been managed with external fixation, had a pin-track infection; none of the patients who had had transcutaneous fixation had a pin-track infection. Two patients had a compartment syndrome, and two patients had a transient stretch injury of a nerve (the peroneal nerve in one and the sciatic nerve in the other). Four fractures healed with an angulatory deformity of more than 10 degrees in any plane. Five patients had overgrowth of the limb of one centimeter or more. Physeal arrest did not occur in any patient. We concluded that treatment of unstable open fractures of the tibia in children with debridement and transcutaneous fixation followed by immobilization in a cast leads to good anatomical and functional results. We prefer this technique to external fixation, which is associated with several potential complications. Loose closure of a clean open wound over a Penrose drain is effective and can be safely utilized in selected children.
Left Ventricular Mural Thrombus after Acute Myocardial Infarction

Left ventricular mural thrombus is a well-recognized complication of acute myocardial infarction. In survivors of infarction, the incidence with which mural thrombus occurs is influenced by the location and magnitude of infarction, so that it occurs commonly in those with large anterior Q-wave infarctions, particularly in the presence of a left ventricular aneurysm. Echocardiography, radionuclide imaging with indium-111 labeled platelets, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging may be used to identify a left ventricular mural thrombus. Acute and chronic anticoagulation with heparin and warfarin, respectively, is given to prevent further thrombus formation and to reduce the incidence of systemic embolization.
Effects of limb loading on gait initiation in persons with moderate hemiparesis.

Purpose: To examine the immediate effect of symmetrical weight bearing (SWB) on temporal events of gait initiation (GI) patterns and timing and amplitude of lower distal limb muscles activity during GI in persons with hemiparesis. Method: The study was a within-subjects design. Twelve persons with hemiparesis were recruited from the Veterans Affairs Brain Rehabilitation Research Center at the Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs, Gainesville, Florida. GI trials were performed from 4 beginning limb-loading conditions presented in a randomized order: (1) GI with the paretic limb during natural (asymmetrical) weight bearing (NWB); (2) GI with the nonparetic limb during NWB; (3) GI with the paretic limb during SWB; and (4) GI with the nonparetic limb during SWB. Temporal events of ground reaction forces (GRFs) and timing and amplitude of distal muscles activity were measured during GI trials in a motion analysis laboratory. Results: There were no signifi cant effects of SWB on the temporal events of GRFs and timing and amplitude of distal muscles activity when initiating gait with the paretic limb. Onset of tibilais anterior (TA) muscle was delayed signifi cantly with less amplitude when initiating gait with the paretic limb in both NWB and SWB conditions. However, when initiating gait with the nonparetic limb, TA muscle on the paretic limb was activated normally with greater amplitude in both NWB and SWB conditions. Conclusion: Initiating gait with the nonparetic limb as pregait activity may more effectively challenge the dynamic balance for a symmetrical gait pattern than the standard SWB in persons
Shader Based Polygon Stitching and Its Application in Deformable Terrain Simulation

In this paper, we present a new, shader based polygon stitching algorithm that takes full advantage of the geometry shader. Based on this algorithm, we propose a novel method to simulate deformable terrain, particularly the simulation of tire tracks left on the soft terrain such as snow, mud, or sand. Existing methods for simulating deformable terrain include texture decals, bump mapping, displacement mapping, and voxel based methods, but they all have drawbacks. In our algorithm, a pre-modeled tire track is stitched with the terrain mesh on GPU, behind a running vehicle. Compared with previous methods, our method generates more realistic terrain deformation while using fewer polygons. The proposed shader based polygon stitching algorithm can be used to simulate other destructible environments.
Women's Employment and Its Relation to Children's Health and Schooling in Developing Countries: Conceptual Links, Empirical Evidence, and Policies

This paper reviews several decades of empirical research on the effects of women's work on investments in children's human capital - their nutrition and schooling - in developing countries. No clear relationship between women's work and nutrition emerges from a large body of studies examining this issue, but this is to be expected given the complexity of the relationship and the wide variation in methodological approaches. However, specific factors, such as quality of substitute care and age of the child, condition the relationship and point to areas where policy can intervene to prevent negative nutritional outcomes or enhance positive outcomes of maternal work. Less research has been done on the subject of women's work and children's schooling, but there is evidence that there can be negative effects on girl's education because daughters are often obliged to substitute in the home for mothers who work. The paper considers a range of policies (including, in particular, childcare) that can reduce the potential conflicts, or increase the complementarities, between women's need or desire to work and their children's well-being. Also discussed are trends in developing economies and in the global economy that are affecting women's work and its relation to children's welfare, as well as affecting the ability of governments to intervene to ease the domestic constraints on women.
Building Models for Decision Makers

This paper draws on the literature in management science, information systems and organization development along with practical experience to propose a process of building models that will be implemented. The steps are: 1 formulation of priors, 2 entry, 3 problem finding, 4 specification of model development criteria, 5 model building, 6 estimation and fitting, 7 tracking, and 8 continuing use. After describing the state of the art of model implementation, each step is discussed. It is hoped that this exposition will encourage comments and lead towards the specification of a methodology for model building that will make real the promise of management science.
Integrated diagnostics: a conceptual framework with examples.

With the advent of digital pathology, imaging scientists have begun to develop computerized image analysis algorithms for making diagnostic (disease presence), prognostic (outcome prediction), and theragnostic (choice of therapy) predictions from high resolution images of digitized histopathology. One of the caveats to developing image analysis algorithms for digitized histopathology is the ability to deal with highly dense, information rich datasets; datasets that would overwhelm most computer vision and image processing algorithms. Over the last decade, manifold learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction schemes have emerged as popular and powerful machine learning tools for pattern recognition problems. However, these techniques have thus far been applied primarily to classification and analysis of computer vision problems (e.g., face detection). In this paper, we discuss recent work by a few groups in the application of manifold learning methods to problems in computer aided diagnosis, prognosis, and theragnosis of digitized histopathology. In addition, we discuss some exciting recent developments in the application of these methods for multi-modal data fusion and classification; specifically the building of meta-classifiers by fusion of histological image and proteomic signatures for prostate cancer outcome prediction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:989–98.
ATTENTION TO IRREGULAR VERBS BY BEGINNING LEARNERS OF GERMAN: An Eye-Movement Study

This study focuses on beginning second language learners’ attention to irregular verb morphology, an area of grammar that many adults find difficult to acquire (e.g., DeKeyser, 2005; Larsen-Freeman, 2010). We measured beginning learners’ eye movements during sentence processing to investigate whether or not they actually attend to irregular verb features and, if so, whether the amount of attention that they pay to these features predicts their acquisition. On the assumption that attention facilitates learning (e.g., Gass, 1997; Robinson, 2003; Schmidt, 2001), we expected more attention (i.e., longer fixations or more frequent comparisons between verb forms) to lead to more learning of the irregular verbs. Forty beginning learners of German read 12 German sentence pairs with stem-changing verbs and 12 German sentence pairs with regular verbs while an Eyelink 1000 recorded their eye movements. The stem-changing verbs consisted of six a → a changing verbs and six e → i(e) changing verbs. Each verb appeared in a baseline sentence in the first-person singular, which has no stem change, and a critical sentence in the second- or third-person singular, which have a stem change for the irregular but not the regular verbs, on the same screen. Productive pre- and posttests measured the effects of exposure on learning. Results indicate that learners looked longer overall at stem-changing verbs than regular verbs, revealing a late effect of verb irregularity on reading times. Longer total times had a modest, favorable effect on the subsequent production of the stem vowel. Finally, the production of only the a → a verbs—not the e → i(e) verbs—benefited from direct visual comparisons during reading, possibly because of the umlaut in the former. We interpret the results with reference to recent theory and research on attention, noticing, and language learning and provide a more nuanced and empirically based understanding of the noticing construct.
Power control for variable QOS on a CDMA channel

The scant bandwidth and high error rates of the wireless channel make joint source-channel coding desirable for optimizing resource usage. To this end, we propose a multiple substream abstraction for source traffic, with delay and loss characteristics negotiated between the application and network on a per-substream basis. This model affords flexibility while maintaining network efficiency by only appropriating more resources (e.g. Bandwidth and error protection) to more important user information. We describe an algorithm for supporting different quality of service (QOS) requirements for different traffic in an interference-limited cellular CDMA environment. The algorithm accepts QOS specifications for different substreams, accommodates them by assigning different power levels to each signal, and can be used to add or drop substream connections dynamically while ensuring that QOS specifications are not violated. Present-day power control schemes are used to combat the near-far effect; while the proposed algorithm also accomplishes this goal, it is in fact more general: via power modulation, it can provision different QOS levels for different substreams. >
Part family formation by memory association

Most of the part family formation methods are concerned with “how to form” the families as opposed to “how to identify” the families. However, a more appropriate approach would be to identify “naturally occurring” families since these methods are based on the production flow analysis, which uses already implemented routing data. This paper presents a new approach using the memory association of neural networks to identify naturally existing families. The developed system, Feature-Based Memory Association Network (FBMAN), operates by the exhaustive association approach which deals with the difficult problem of exceptional parts. Comparison with the results generated by other methods proves the effectiveness of FBMAN.
Influence of arterial hypoxia on cardiac and coronary dynamics in the conscious sinoaortic-denervated dog

Arterial hypoxia was produced in 10 conscious, chronically instrumented, tracheostomized dogs by allowing them to breathe 7.5% O2 in N2 for 10 min. Hypoxia (Pao2 = 28 +/- 0.7 (SE) Torr) caused sign...
On the Blowing Snow in Adelie Land, Eastern Antarctica

Measurements of blowing snow were carried out in Adelie Land, Eastern Antarctica, with a blowing snow measuring device developed after Schmidt (1977). The instrument photo-electrically measures the number and size of the snow particles. The logarithm of the mass fluxes were found to vary with the wind speed, a result previously reported.
Botanic Garden Profile: Botanical Garden of the University of Oslo, Norway

The Botanical Garden in Oslo was established in 1814 and is the oldest part of the Natural History Museum, one of the two museums of the University of Oslo. To celebrate the bicentenary, the Museum decided to launch an ambitious programme of events covering the entire year and adding several new permanent assets. This paper provides a brief history of and current information about the Garden and describes the previously existing and new features, along with a map of the Garden. The bicentenary celebrations raised the profile of the Garden enormously in Norway, and it experienced a huge increase in visitor numbers as well as extensive media coverage. The increased popularity of the Garden and the expected future rise in population in the neighbouring suburbs simultaneously challenge the Garden to satisfy the need for green space as well as providing scientifically based information which reinforces the importance of plants.
Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services, October 2, 2007, regarding 'Systemic Risk: Examining Regulators' Ability to Respond to Threats to the Financial System'

This testimony is based on the results of Prof. Schwarcz's research over the past year on systemic risk, such research and results being more fully set forth in the forthcoming paper, "Systemic Risk," which is available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1008326.
Location matters: left heart obstruction in pregnancy

Abstract Objectives Left heart obstruction in pregnancy is associated with higher rates of morbidity/mortality. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate maternal cardiovascular, obstetric, and fetal/infant events in pregnant women with left heart obstruction. Study design Pregnant women with current or repaired left heart obstruction were retrospectively analyzed (2000–2014): mitral stenosis, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (subvalvar, valvar, supravalvar), and coarctation of the aorta. Maternal cardiovascular events were defined as: heart failure, arrhythmia, urgent/emergent cardiac surgery or percutaneous transcathter intervention, transient ischemic attack/cerebrovascular accident, and death up to 6 months postpartum. Results There were 90 pregnancies in 67 women (29 ± 7 years old) who had 15 maternal cardiovascular events. Isolated mitral stenosis (n = 6) or >1 serial left heart obstructive lesion (n = 6) were the source of the event in the majority pregnancies. Women with isolated mitral stenosis had increased cardiovascular events compared to other single left heart obstructive lesions (OR 18.6, 95% CI: 3.8–91.1). If >1 serial obstructive lesion was present, there was also an increased risk of maternal cardiovascular events (OR 6.8, 95% CI: 1.6–29.1), however isolated mitral stenosis carried similar risk to serial left heart obstructive lesions (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 0.7–11.2). Baseline characteristics associated with events included: New York Heart Association functional class >2 (27% vs. 0, p Conclusions Isolated mitral stenosis and serial (>1) left heart obstructive lesions carry the highest risk of maternal cardiovascular events. We are the first to show higher event rates in women with serial left heart obstructive lesions. The data supports the need for specialized and experienced high-risk obstetric-cardiac teams to care for women with left heart obstruction, and demonstrates excellent outcomes in a complex cohort of pregnant women with all types of left heart obstruction.
A palaeontological case study for species delimitation in diverging fossil lineages

A general lineage concept is widely adopted in studies of species delimitation for extant taxa with DNA sequence data. In the general lineage concept, species are separately evolving metapopulation...
Acute compensation to abrupt occlusion of rat femoral artery is prevented by NO synthase inhibitors

The hemodynamic significance of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)-mediated mechanisms in vascular responses to abrupt rat femoral artery occlusion was investigated. Temporary arterial occlusion was produced before and after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). Iliac artery blood flow and arterial pressures proximal and distal to the occlusion were measured. Normal vascular compensation included a return of resistance to preocclusion levels and a rise in distal pressure to a plateau within 5 min postocclusion. After treatment with L-NAME and L-NMMA, postocclusion resistance remained elevated by 53 and 36%, respectively. Collateral dilation after occlusion, as indicated by the rise in distal pressure, was prevented by L-NAME but not L-NMMA. Increases in adrenergic tone and mean arterial pressure by phenylephrine did not prevent compensation, suggesting the effects of L-NAME and L-NMMA did not result from elevated sympathetic activation or pressure. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the stimulated release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor mediates the acute vascular compensation to abrupt arterial occlusion.
Vacuum sealed and getter activated MEMS Quad Mass Gyroscope demonstrating better than 1.2 million quality factor

This paper presents the in-run bias stability of a high Q-factor Quad Mass Gyroscope (QMG), vacuum sealed with getter activated in Leadless Chip Carrier (LCC) package. Quality factors of 1.2 and 1.1 Million were measured along the layout-defined drive and sense modes. As-fabricated, frequency mismatch of 35Hz was electrostatically tuned to 200mHz, for a device with 2kHz center frequency. A performance improvement of 4X in Angle Random Walk (ARW) and 15X reduction in in-run bias stability were achieved after the electrostatic frequency matching between drive and sense modes, resulting in below 0.1 deg/hr bias stability. The results showed a strong dependency of the in-run bias stability of the gyroscope due to quality factor and frequency mismatches.