cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Action of gramicidin on mitochondria. II. Ion-dependent mitochondrial volume changes energized by substrate oxidation.

Abstract Respiration-energized mitochondrial volume changes which are dependent on the presence of gramicidin and ions share the following features in common with the adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-energized process: (a) Under the conditions used Na+ is less effective than Li+ or K+ in satisfying the permeant cation requirements and inhibits volume changes in the presence of K+ but not in the presence of Li+; (b) addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, phthalate, or hydrazine results in inhibition of mitochondrial volume changes. The following significant differences between respiration-and ATP-energized mitochondrial volume changes were found: (a) Sulfate and l -malate, which readily satisfy permeant anion requirements for ATP-energized volume changes, lead only to slow sustained swelling when the process is energized by respiration; (b) Addition of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB), which induces damped harmonic oscillatory mitochondrial volume changes in the ATP-energized system, inhibits the respiration energized process. Comparison of the ATP- and respiration-energized systems leads us to propose that both processes share in common portions of the energy conservation pathway. The differential effects of PHMB on the ATP- and respiration-energized process may be based on the reaction of PHMB with a sulfhydryl group which is essential for the respiration-energized process but not required for the ATP-energized process.
Derivation of Maximum Entropy Principles in Two-Dimensional Turbulence via Large Deviations

The continuum limit of lattice models arising in two-dimensional turbulence is analyzed by means of the theory of large deviations. In particular, the Miller–Robert continuum model of equilibrium states in an ideal fluid and a modification of that model due to Turkington are examined in a unified framework, and the maximum entropy principles that govern these models are rigorously derived by a new method. In this method, a doubly indexed, measure-valued random process is introduced to represent the coarse-grained vorticity field. The natural large deviation principle for this process is established and is then used to derive the equilibrium conditions satisfied by the most probable macrostates in the continuum models. The physical implications of these results are discussed, and some modeling issues of importance to the theory of long-lived, large-scale coherent vortices in turbulent flows are clarified.
Tornado Risk Analysis for Residential Wood-Frame Roof Damage across the United States

AbstractApproximately 1,200 tornadoes impact the United States every year with a percentage of these resulting in significant damage, injuries, and fatalities. Initially, a probabilistic tornado hazard analysis was performed in order to develop tornado hazard curves at select locations across the United States. This analysis resulted in the annual probability of experiencing a tornado of any strength at the specific locations, which varied as a function of location-specific occurrence rates. Five different residential wood-frame building archetypes were designed at each of the locations based on current residential building code and/or practice. Fragilities for the roof sheathing and truss to wall top-plate connections were developed for each archetype. Because fragilities are independent of location, they were then convolved with the tornado hazard curves to compute annual failure probabilities for select roof components. This represents the first time absolute risk of roof failure due to tornadoes has b...
A polystyrene-based microfluidic device with three-dimensional interconnected microporous walls for perfusion cell culture

In this article, we present a simple, rapid prototyped polystyrene-based microfluidic device with three-dimensional (3D) interconnected microporous walls for long term perfusion cell culture. Patterned 3D interconnected microporous structures were created by a chemical treatment together with a protective mask and the native hydrophobic nature of the microporous structures were selectively made hydrophilic using oxygen plasma treatment together with a protective mask. Using this polystyrene-based cell culture microfluidic device, we successfully demonstrated the support of four days perfusion cell culture of hepatocytes (C3A cells).
Towards developing a standard multilevel relational data model for representing a multilevel universe

In a multilevel universe, not all of the information is at the same security level. Furthermore, in such a universe, it is also possible for users at different levels to have different views of the same entity or event. The standard relational data model is not adequate to represent such a universe. In this paper we discuss the issues on developing a standard multilevel relational data model for representing a multilevel universe.
Comparison of the transport of Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli within saturated sand packs

Pathogens in groundwater accounted for ∼50% of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States between 1971 and 2006. The fast and reliable detection of groundwater microbial contamination and the identification of the contamination sources are of critical importance to the protection of public health. Recent studies suggested that fecal anaerobe Bacteriodes spp. could be employed as an effective tool for surface water microbial source tracking (MST). The usefulness of Bacteroides spp. for groundwater MST depends strongly on its mobility within the subsurface system. This research provides laboratory results comparing transport and attachment of E. coli K12 and B. fragilis within packed quartz sands. The results indicate that at low ionic strengths both E. coli K12 and B. fragilis are readily transported through saturated sand packs. At higher ionic strengths such as may be found near concentrated sources of fecal contamination, B. fragilis displayed significantly higher mobility than E. coli K12. Analysis of the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verweu-Overbeek (XDLVO) energy interactions for both types of bacteria showed a significant repulsive energy barrier exists between the sand surface and the bacteria, precluding attachment directly to the sand surface. However a secondary minimum energy level exists under higher ionic strength conditions. The depth of this energy low is greater for E. coli K12, which results in greater attachment of E. coli K12 than of B. fragilis. The high mobility of B. fragilis suggests that it represents a promising tool for the detection of groundwater fecal contamination as well as the identification of the microbial sources.
Accelerated Friction and Wear Studies of Various Particulate and Thin-Film Magnetic Tapes Against Tape Path Materials in Pure Sliding and Rotary/Sliding Modes

The friction and wear characteristics of various magnetic tapes mated with various tape path materials were studied in accelerated tests conducted on a reciprocating friction test apparatus. The tests were run in pure sliding and rotary/sliding modes to simulate the operations in linear and rotary head drives, respectively. Both particulate (Co-γFe2O3, CrO2 MP and barium ferrite) and Co-Ni ME tapes were selected. Selected tape path materials were acetal plastic, aluminum, 303 stainless steel, and Mn-Zn ferrite. The tapes run in pure sliding tended to exhibit less damage than those run in rotary I sliding mode. Mating materials run in rotary/sliding mode tended to exhibit less damage than those run in pure sliding. Friction and wear characteristics seemed to improve as the hardness of the mating materials increased and as the roughness of both the tape and mating material decreased. Failure mechanisms of particulate and ME tapes were found to be different. In the case of ME tapes, primarily deposits of top...
An Update for Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia Pharmacotherapy What’s New and Where Does It Fit?

In 2007, 1.2 million people in the United States were hospitalized with pneumonia, and more than 52 000 died from the disease. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) can be caused by a variety of organisms as a result of patient factors such as comorbidities, epidemiologic conditions, or the setting in which the infection was contracted. Treatment of CABP differs depending on the types of bacteria that are suspected. In the last several years, due to the concern regarding multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), 2 new antibiotics have been developed and approved for use in CABP. Ceftaroline fosamil (Teflaro) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2010 and tigecycline (Tygacil) in March 2009. In clinical trials, both agents have been shown to be efficacious and are generally well tolerated. Although these agents have received approval as therapy for CABP, it is the responsibility of physicians and pharmacists to prudently use these antimicrobials where they are truly needed. Until these agents show superiority over conventional therapy for selected patient populations, given the wide variety of pharmacotherapy that can prove efficacious for pneumonia, the new agents should be reserved for patients who have known risk factors for MDROs. Further studies are warranted for these agents in the setting of CABP.
NCBI Bookshelf Review

NCBI Bookshelf is a web platform for freely searching and accessing publisher-provided electronic books. It is designed for health care professionals, scientists, students, and health care consumers, and it covers clinical and scientific topics. This review will assess NCBI Bookshelf's content, navigation, and search functions and describe its special features.
Excitation of gravity waves in common envelopes

We study the excitation of gravity waves by a low-mass companion orbiting inside the envelope of a giant star, concentrating on brown dwarfs inside the envelope of asymptotic giant branch stars. Efficient g-wave excitations occur only after the brown dwarf has spiraled-in to the radiative zone, well inside the envelope, of the asymptotic giant branch star. The brown dwarf excites g-waves when its orbital radius is about 3-10 solar radii. At this stage of the evolution the envelope mass is below 0.1 solar mass. The g-waves propagate inward from the secondary orbit, carrying angular momentum and energy. We find that the angular momentum transport leads to an efficient spin-up of the inner envelopes. The differential rotation between the envelope and core and nonlinear wave effects, can cause a mixing of heavy elements from the core to the envelope.
Understanding kiosk navigation: Using log files to capture hypermedia searches

The purposes of these studies were to investigate: a) the role of different intentions for constraining kiosk searches; b) whether selected variables related to reading comprehension (e.g., prior content knowledge) were also related to document search; and c) the potential of log files (timed-stamped records of students' navigational choices in the kiosk) as a non-intrusive tool for seamlessly capturing navigational performance. In Study 1, 64 college students were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Both groups used an identical computer kiosk. However, one condition used the kiosk to address a specific problem, while the other condition used the kiosk based on their own interests-no specific task was provided. A discriminant function analysis was able to improve prediction about the group membership by 79% (adjusted with Cohen's Kappa) over and above chance. In Study 2, 54 participants were randomly assigned a simple or complex task. Participants were pretested on prior topic knowledge and solutions were rated based on a composite of navigational scores. Although prior content knowledge and the interaction were not significant, the type of task assigned was related to the quality of solution. These results provide further reason to distinguish between document search and reading comprehension. Further, they suggest new tools for assessment (log files) that have implications for many computerized applications, including hypertext, hypermedia, and the World Wide Web.
Synthesis of ultra-fine SiC powders in a d.c. plasma reactor

Synthesis of SiC powder in a 15 kW d.c. plasma reactor by using the reaction systems of SiCl4+CH4 and CH3SiCl3+CH4 was studied. The powder produced was characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Specific surface area was determined by the BET method using a sorptograph. The oxygen content was analysed by thermogravimetric method. Powder characteristics with respect to plasma conditions were analysed. The SiC powder generated was sintered in the presence of boron and carbide.
Pygidial secretions ofPasimachus subsulcatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) deter predation byEumeces inexpectatus (Squamata: Scincidae).

The carabid beetlePasimachus subsulcatus is an abundant ground-dwelling insect in west central Florida that exudes a powerful mucous membrane irritant when disturbed. This secretion can be sprayed over 10 cm from the abdominal tip. The southeastern five-lined skink,Eumeces inexpectatus, is an abundant insectivorous lizard sympatric withPasimachus. We assessed the availability ofPasimachus toEumeces and found it to be within the foraging microenvironment of the lizard. Analysis ofEumeces gut contents and field feeding trials indicate thatPasimachus are not ingested by the lizard, yet arthropods of comparable size and exoskeletal thickness are ingested. The movement response ofEumeces to isolatedPasimachus secretion constituents, conducted in a modified Y-maze laboratory experiment, was used to assess the repellent capabilities of the secretion.Eumeces are consistently repelled byPasimachus secretion constituents, indicating that the beetle is protected chemically from the lizard.
Pulmonary Embolism Presenting as Flank Pain: A Case Series

Abstract Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal disease that can be effectively treated once diagnosed. Due to insidious and often cryptogenic presentations, the diagnosis of this disease can easily elude clinicians. Over the last several years the use of computed tomography (CT) scanning has improved the clinician's ability to diagnose PE. In addition, the widespread use of CT to investigate other complaints such as flank and abdominal pain could theoretically result in radiographic findings not previously identified that could point to the diagnosis of PE. The current case series reveals the unexpected and initially unrecognized CT finding of a pulmonary infarct in two patients presenting with flank pain; a third patient presented with flank pain and was also found to have a PE. Objective: We describe three cases of patients who presented to the Emergency Department with flank pain who were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Case Reports: The cases reported here discuss patients who presented with flank pain and were ultimately diagnosed with PE. In the first two cases, the patients had incidental findings of pulmonary infiltrates on abdominal CT scans, which prompted further diagnostic investigation. In the third case, the patient had risk factors for PE and presented with flank pain and the diagnosis was quickly made by CT imaging. Conclusion: Physicians should consider pulmonary embolism in the differential diagnosis of patients with isolated flank pain. Additionally, unexpected pulmonary findings on abdominal CT scans may help suggest the diagnosis of PE in the appropriate clinical setting.
Leaf structure and translocation in sugar beet.

Anatomical and ultrastructural details of a translocating 10-cm leaf of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. Klein Wanzleben) were correlated with translocation rate data. The minor veins were found to be 13 times as extensive as the major veins and measure 70 cm/cm2 leaf lamina. Measurements disclosed that a 33-μ length of minor vein services 29 mesophyll cells with the result that translocate moves an average of 73 μ or 2.2 cell diameters during transport from mesophyll cells to a minor vein. High-resolution, freeze-dry autoradiography revealed that assimilates accumulate in organelle-rich cells of the minor vein phloem. Correlation of phloem volume and loading rate for minor veins yielded an uptake rate of 735 μmoles of sucrose per g fresh weight of phloem. The arrangement and structural features of minor veins appeared to be consistent with the concept that vein loading precedes translocation.
Competitiveness of KIM 5 and VIKING 1 bean rhizobia : strain by cultivar interactions

Abstract Competitiveness, which in rhizobia refers to the relative ability of a strain to inject a legume and cause nodule formation in the presence of other strains, is critical to biological N2-fixation. The mechanisms for strain competitiveness are unknown, but are probably affected by biotic and abiotic factors. The competitiveness of two strains of rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli) KIM 5 and VIKING 1 that are known to be highly competitive were evaluated when added together as inoculant to 12 bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) host cultivars grown in Leonard jars in sterilized sand. Strain identification of bacteria from harvested nodules was determined by fluorescent antibodies. KIM 5 was generally more competitive than VIKING 1, but competitiveness of both strains was highly dependent on strain by cultivar interactions. With Tendergreen, no nodules contained VIKING 1 alone, whereas with Jampa, 46.3 of the nodules contained only VIKING 1. Comparisons of parent cultivar and sib progeny lines showed that even small differences in the host genotype affected the competitiveness of both strains. All symbioses were effective in fixing N2. Based on these data, studies evaluating the competitiveness of rhizobia should utilize several host genotypes to avoid misinterpretations of the competitiveness of a given strain.
Power Tables for Analysis of Variance

In numerous applications of the analysis of variance it is necessary to compute the power of F tests having numerically high alpha (significance) levels. This article tabulates the power of F tests for numerator degrees of freedom, df = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12; denominator df = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 40, 60, 120; alternative hypotheses, phi = 2.(.2)3.0; and significance levels, alpha = .05, .10(.10),.50. The use of these tables is illustrated with a brief numerical example.
Characterizing the learning curve in phacoemulsification

Purpose To characterize how residents learn phacoemulsification and determine which steps of the procedure are most difficult to master. Setting University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Design Comparative case series. Methods Cataract cases were divided into 3 levels of difficulty for comparison. Residents were given a grade for each step of the procedure by the attending surgeon. Main outcome measures were total case time and a proficiency grade. Independent variables were level of resident experience and degree of difficulty. Case times of attending cases were collected for comparison. Results Nine residents were evaluated by 4 attending surgeons while performing 324 cases of phacoemulsification. Case times of 319 attending cases were used for comparison. The easiest-to-learn steps (highest scores versus level of experience) included intraocular lens insertion, ophthalmic viscosurgical device removal, hydrodissection, and nucleus sculpting. Wound integrity, nucleus disassembly and removal, cortex removal, and capsulorhexis had the lowest scores versus level of experience. Resident case times decreased significantly with experience, approaching average case times for attendings. Conclusions For this study, competency was defined as the ability of the resident to perform a case in a reasonable time without intervention or complication. Using this definition, competency was achieved when case experience exceeded 75 cataract surgeries. Financial disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree analysis of surface image guided cranial radiosurgery

Purpose: Surface image guided, Linac-based radiosurgery (SIG-RS) is a modern approach for delivering radiosurgery that utilizes optical stereoscopic imaging to monitor the surface of the patient during treatment in lieu of using a head frame for patient immobilization. Considering the novelty of the SIG-RS approach and the severity of errors associated with delivery of large doses per fraction, a risk assessment should be conducted to identify potential hazards, determine their causes, and formulate mitigation strategies. The purpose of this work is to investigate SIG-RS using the combined application of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA), report on the effort required to complete the analysis, and evaluate the use of FTA in conjunction with FMEA. Methods: A multidisciplinary team was assembled to conduct the FMEA on the SIG-RS process. A process map detailing the steps of the SIG-RS was created to guide the FMEA. Failure modes were determined for each step in the SIG-RS process, and risk priority numbers (RPNs) were estimated for each failure mode to facilitate risk stratification. The failure modes were ranked by RPN, and FTA was used to determine the root factors contributing to the riskiest failure modes. Using the FTA, mitigation strategies were formulated to address the root factors and reduce the risk of the process. The RPNs were re-estimated based on the mitigation strategies to determine the margin of risk reduction. Results: The FMEA and FTAs for the top two failure modes required an effort of 36 person-hours (30 person-hours for the FMEA and 6 person-hours for two FTAs). The SIG-RS process consisted of 13 major subprocesses and 91 steps, which amounted to 167 failure modes. Of the 91 steps, 16 were directly related to surface imaging. Twenty-five failure modes resulted in a RPN of 100 or greater. Only one of these top 25 failure modes was specific to surface imaging. The riskiest surface imaging failure mode had an overall RPN-rank of eighth. Mitigation strategies for the top failure mode decreased the RPN from 288 to 72. Conclusions: Based on the FMEA performed in this work, the use of surface imaging for monitoring intrafraction position in Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) did not greatly increase the risk of the Linac-based SRS process. In some cases, SIG helped to reduce the risk of Linac-based RS. The FMEA was augmented by the use of FTA since it divided the failure modes into their fundamental components, which simplified the task of developing mitigation strategies.
An experimentally based thermo-kinetic phase transformation model for multi-pass laser heat treatment by using high power direct diode laser

Laser-based phase transformation hardening (LPTH), based on rapid heating and cooling cycles produces hard and wear-resistant layers only at the selective region of the components. However, the bulk mass of the material's core property is retained. The advantages of high power direct diode laser in comparison with other high power lasers (CO2 and Nd:YAG) have put this type of laser as a main heat source for localized heat treatment. However, a tempered zone is formed in overlapping regions of a large heat-treated area during multi-pass laser heat treatment (MPLHT) that affects the uniformity of heat-treated depth of material. This study is focused on the development of a uniform hardness distribution model to minimize the tem- pering effect during the MPLHT process. A tool steel AISI S7 is heat treated by using different levels of laser power (1,400-1,800 W) and scanning speeds (15-25 mm/s). An experimentally based finite element (FE) thermal model is developed to predict the cross-sectional as well as surface temperature history of the MPLHT process. The temperature-dependent material properties and phase change kinetics are taken into account in the model. The laser beam is considered as a moving rectangular-shaped heat source (12 mm×1 mm) with a uniform distribution (top-hat) of laser power. The temperature history acquired from the FE thermal model is coupled with thermo-kinetic (TK) equations to determine the corresponding phase trans- formations and hardness. The tempering effect of MPLHT is studied for different sizes of overlap (1 mm- 3m m) and lengths of scan (10 mm-35 mm). The TK model results are verified with experimental ones to optimize the process- ing parameters. The optimized processing parameters, in- cluding laser power, scanning speed, size of overlap, and the length of scan are used to achieve a uniform hardness distribution and an even depth of heat treatment in the MPLHT area.
Proliferation in the normal gastrointestinal tract: an immunohistochemical study with Ki-67

The gastrointestinal tract continuously sheds cells from the surface into the lumen, requiring constant replication to replace these lost cells. This study, using immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 to identify the location of proliferating cells, is the first to comprehensively document in a single manuscript the proliferative cell compartment in various organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen which is present in the nucleus of dividing cells in all phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M). It is not present in resting or quiescent cells (G0 phase). It is therefore a useful marker of proliferating cells. This study aims to identify the proliferating cells by an immunohistochemical stain for Ki-67 in the normal gastrointestinal tract and its’ two main accessory organs, the pancreas and liver. Recognition of this normal pattern of staining is essential as a background against which abnormal patterns may be recognized in disease states and experimental studies.
Release of Nerve Growth Factor from HEMA Hydrogel-Coated Substrates and Its Effect on the Differentiation of Neural Cells

Local pharmacological intervention may be needed to ensure the long-term performance of neural prosthetic devices because of insertion-related neuron loss and reactive cell responses that form compact sheaths, leading to decreased device performance. We propose that local delivery of neurotrophins would enhance neuron survival and promote neuron sprouting toward device electrodes, thus providing improved electrode-neuron communication and device performance for recording and stimulating CNS activity. In this study, three different types of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogels were developed and assessed for storage capacity and release rates of the neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF). Additionally, a method was developed for routine coating of microfabricated neuroprosthetic devices with the different pHEMA hydrogels. Biological responses to hydrogel-delivered NGF from the devices were measured using primary cell cultures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Neuron process growth was ...
Nodes of Ranvier come of age

Sodium channel subtypes are frequently coexpressed within neurons. Recent studies demonstrate that targeting of specific channel subtypes to distinct membrane domains of axons is regulated by local signals from myelinating glia; they also show that channel subtypes are sequentially expressed at nodes of Ranvier, indicating an unexpected regulation in the composition of these domains.
Testing and incorporating seasonal structures into demand models for fruit

It is widely recognized that purchases of perishable agricultural products are affected by the seasonal cycles of production. When there are seasonal effects where seasonal buying is not explained by prices alone, the seasonal component can be captured using appropriate dummy variables in a demand model. However, over time the introduction of different varieties and foreign sources of supply in the market may affect the seasonal structure in unknown ways, and because of this, it becomes important to identify and test for characteristics of seasonal structure in demand models. In this article, we set out to measure and test the various characteristics of the seasonal component of fruit demand. We model seasonality in the context of an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model, where we consider several types of fruit demand in the United States.
Empathic Responding in Toddlers at Risk for an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Empathy deficits represent an important social impairment in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but little is known about the early development of empathy prior to diagnosis. This study examined empathic responding to parental distress in toddlers at risk for an ASD. Children later diagnosed with an ASD engaged in less empathic responding at 24 and 30 months than children with no later diagnosis. Lower empathic responding was associated with higher autism symptomatology at 30 months. This is the first study to examine empathy deficits in response to parental distress in toddlers prior to ASD diagnosis. Early empathic responding may represent a unique developing social skill that indexes the overall severity of later ASD symptomatology in at-risk children.
Managing dependencies in forest offset projects : toward a more complete evaluation of reversal risk

Although forest carbon offsets can play an important role in the implementation of comprehensive climate policy, they also face an inherent risk of reversal. If such risks are positively correlated across projects, it can affect the integrity of larger project portfolios and potentially the entire offsets program. Here, we discuss three types of risks that could affect forest offsets—fat tails, micro-correlation, and tail dependence—and provide examples of how they could present themselves in a forest offset context. Given these potential dependencies, we suggest several new risk management approaches that take into account dependencies in reversal risk across projects and which could help guard the climate integrity of an offsets program. We also argue that data collection be included as an integral part of any offsets program so that disturbance-related dependencies may be identified and managed as early and to the greatest extent possible.
Subpixel target size estimation for remotely sensed imagery

One of challenges in remote sensing image processing is subpixel detection where the target size is smaller than the ground sampling distance. In this case, targets of interest have their sizes less than the pixel resolution, therefore, embedded in a single pixel. Under such a circumstance, these targets can be only detected spectrally at subpixel level, not spatially as ordinarily conducted by classical image processing techniques. This paper investigates a more challenging issue than subpixel detection, which is subpixel target size estimation. More specifically, when a single pixel-embedded target is detected, we would like to know what is the size of this particular target within the pixel. Our proposed approach is fully constrained linear spectral unmixing (FCLSU), which allows us to estimate the abundance fraction of the target present in the pixel that determines the size of the target. In order to evaluate the proposed FCLSU, two sets of experiments are conducted, computer simulations and real HYDICE data, where computer simulations are used to plant targets to validate our approach and real data are used to demonstrate the utility of the FCLSU in practical applications.
"Everybody Was Looking for a Good Government Job": Occupational Choice during Segregation in Arlington, Virginia

During the period from childhood through young adulthood individuals select the occupation that best satisfies their needs based on their values, interests, education, and environment. Arlington Co...
Paleoindian geoarchaeology and paleoenvironments of the western Killpecker Dunes, Wyoming, U.S.A.

The Killpecker Dunes in southwestern Wyoming have long been known to contain evidence for Paleoindian occupation. This paper presents the results of geoarchaeological investigations in the western, dormant portion of the Killpecker Dunes. Five localities, including the Krmpotich Folsom and Finley Cody Complex sites, were examined in order to better understand the Paleoindian geochronology of the dune field, and to facilitate a late Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Age control is provided by radiocarbon, optical, and artifact ages. Four late Quaternary eolian units, designated as strata 1–4, were recognized; strata 1 and 2 are relevant to the Paleoindian record. Aggradation of stratum 1 began by at least 14,690 cal yr (∼12,550 14C yr B.P.), probably in the form of a sand sheet under cool, dry conditions. Redoximorphic features are ubiquitous in stratum 1, indicating a rise in the water table during the latest Pleistocene. A buried soil (Calcid) at the top of this unit indicates a period of stability between ca. 12,000 and 11,000 14C yr B.P. and has the potential to yield Clovis (11,200–10,900 14C yr B.P.) artifacts. Unconformably overlying stratum 1 is stratum 2, a latest Pleistocene to early Holocene sand containing Folsom (10,900–10,200 14C yr B.P.) through Cody Complex (9000–8500 14C yr B.P.) occupations. A buried soil characterized by the accumulation of illuvial clay and sodium (Natrargid) occurs at the top of stratum 2 and probably formed in and around interdunal ponds. The association of Paleoindian material with the stratum 2 soil suggests the use of interdunal areas as natural traps for hunting extinct bison. The accumulation of soluble salts indicates increased rates of evaporation during the early Holocene, probably from an increase in summer insolation. Although conditions in the dune field during the early Holocene became increasingly dry, they were probably moister than at present. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
X-ray lithography beamlines at Aladdin

Abstract We present a description of the X-ray lithography beamlines installed at Aladdin and of the research carried on there. The first, ES-0, has been successfully operating now for two years, leading to important new insights in mask stability and lifetime, a key issue in XRL. The second, ES-1, is being commissioned and will be fully operational in the near future. The new exposure system consists of a bandpass optical system and an exposure station with a high-precision X - Y table. The wavelength is tunable over the range 500–2000 eV (windowless system). The use of a 10 μm thick Be window allows the operation at pressures in excess of 50 Torr of He. Experiments with X-ray mask heat loading clearly indicate that no overlay work is possible in a vacuum environment and that a cooling He atmosphere is absolutely necessary. The exposure station allows exposure of wafers up to 8 in. in diameter. The main purpose of ES-1 is to study mask distortions in situ, by using several concurrent noncontact optical techniques. Experiments carried on so far have centered on mask and photoresist characterization, such as resist contrast, sensitivity, resolution and mask contrast and damage.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus

A 70-year-old man with hydrocephalus was examined with functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging before and after ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Preoperatively, activation by right hand exercise revealed only a slight signal increase in the peri-rolandic area. However, 3 months after ventriculoperitoneal shunting, a significant signal increase was observed. fMR imaging may detect activity-related improvement of cerebral blood flow responses in patients with hydrocephalus after surgical treatment.
Presence of Base-Exchange Activity in Rat Brain Nerve Endings: Dependence on Soluble Substrate Concentrations and Effect of Cations

: The calcium-dependent, energy-independent incorporations of 14C-labeled bases, choline, ethanolamine, and serine, into their corresponding membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine, were compared in microsomes and in subcellular fractions prepared from a lysed crude mitochondrial (P2) pellet of whole rat brain. When activities were measured in the presence of an extracellular (1.25 mM) concentration of Ca2+, recovered activities were highest in the microsomal fraction, although substantial activity remained associated with the P2 homogenate even after repeated washing of the pellet. When this washed P2 homogenate was subfractionated, enrichment of all three exchange activities was obtained only in a fraction that was fivefold enriched over the homogenate and sevenfold enriched over the microsomal fraction in Na+, K+-ATPase, a plasma membrane marker. This strongly suggests that the base-exchange enzymes are normal constituents of synaptosomal plasma membranes. The three exchange activities were measured in synaptosomes prepared from whole rat brain in the presence of various substrate (base) concentrations, and kinetic constants were calculated. The Vmax values for choline, ethanolamine, and serine exchange were, respectively, 1.27 ± 0.09, 1.60 ± 0.17, and 0.56 ± 0.06 nmol/mg of protein/h; the respective Km(apparent) values were 241 ± 29, 65 ± 18, and 77 ± 22 μM. Endogenous levels of the three bases, choline, ethanolamine, and serine, in whole (microwaved) rat brains were 20 ± 8, 78 ± 28, and 639 ± 106 nmol/g, respectively. That ethanolamine and serine incorporations had lower Km values than choline incorporation suggests that these bases are preferentially incorporated into their respective phospholipids. Moreover, that endogenous choline levels are well below those needed for enzyme saturation suggests that the incorooration of choline into phosphatidylcholine via this pathway may be sensitive to transitory increases in free choline concentration (such as occur intrasynaptically after acetyl-choline is released and hydrolyzed). Various polyvalent cations (Mg2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and La3+) inhibited synaptosomal base-exchange activity with a rank order of potency similar to their ability to block calcium channels.
Altruism, extraversion, and mental illness.

(1968). Altruism, Extraversion, and Mental Illness. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 19-30.
Irradiation-Grafted Polymeric Films. III. Development of Improved Anion-Selective Membranes for Desalting Water

Abstract Experimental anion-selective membranes have been prepared and evaluated as electrodialysis membranes. The membranes were prepared by grafting tertiary amines onto polyethylene films. After grafting, the membranes were made ionic in character by conversion to the corresponding hydrochloride or by quaternizing with 1-bromobutane. Evaluation demonstrated the feasibility of preparing membranes having acceptable transport numbers, dialysis coefficients, and electrical resistances for use in electrodialysis processes.
A Range-Null Hypothesis Approach for Testing DIF under the Rasch Model

A primary concern with testing differential item functioning (DIF) using a traditional point-null hypothesis is that a statistically significant result does not imply that the magnitude of DIF is of practical interest. Similarly, for a given sample size, a non-significant result does not allow the researcher to conclude the item is free of DIF. To address these weaknesses, two types of range-null hypotheses utilizing Lord's χ2 DIF statistic were presented. The first type tests a null hypothesis whose rejection implies the item exhibits a meaningful magnitude of DIF, while the second type tests a null hypothesis whose rejection implies the item is effectively free of DIF. A simulation study was performed to evaluate the empirical Type I error rate and power of both types of range-null hypothesis tests under two crossed factors: test length (20 and 60 items) and sample size per group (2500, 5000, 10,000, and 20,000 examinees). The proposed statistic controlled the Type I error rates over all conditions and ...
Exploring Depression Among a Cohort of African American Women

BACKGROUND: Depression is a chronic and disabling illness that occurs more often in women than men and commonly goes undetected and/or undertreated in African American women. Understanding sociocultural factors that may influence detection of depression is important for early intervention and treatment.OBJECTIVE:To improve understanding of how African American women articulate and conceptualize depression as well as how they manage depression in their daily life. This information can assist in detecting depression, which is requisite to accessing treatment.STUDY DESIGN:In accordance with this study's exploratory descriptive design, 36 African American women diagnosed with depression by a licensed mental health provider within the past year participated in five focus groups.RESULTS: Main themes included enduring the experience, revealing distress, and coping.CONCLUSION:Women's accounts of how they shaped their views and words used to communicate their depression were influenced by social and cultural exper...
Chromosome banding studies of several transplantable hepatomas.

Abstract The karyotypes of six aneuploid rapidly growing transplantable hepatomas widely deviated from the normal host cell have been examined by banding techniques. The tumors with long transplant history showed the most complex structural rearrangements (3683, 7288C, 3924A) yet were more homogenous compared to that of tumors with shorter transplant history such as 9611B and 9618A2. Passage of a tumor through tissue culture increased very much the number of karyotypic variations even within the same stemline cells (7288Ctc). Chromosomes with normal banded patterns could be identified with great accuracy from the altered karyotypes of these hepatomas. Autosomes from the acrocentric group were preferentially involved in markers (#2, 6, 10). Most frequent chromosome rearrangements found in these fast growing hepatomas were derived by fusion and/or pericentric inversion of normal autosomes. The origin of most structurally rearranged chromosomes could be traced by their banding pattern. One identical marker, which was derived by pericentric inversion of #2 chromosome, was present in five hepatoma cell lines but no identical rearrangement common to all six tumors was evident. By the present banding techniques, however, common genetic changes, if any, occurring during the development of these neoplastic cells are undetectable by the relatively gross bands observed at the chromosomal level.
Untangling the contributions of image charge and laser profile for optimal photoemission of high-brightness electron beams

Using our model for the simulation of photoemission of high brightness electron beams, we investigate the virtual cathode physics and the limits to spatio-temporal and spectroscopic resolution originating from the image charge on the surface and from the profile of the exciting laser pulse. By contrasting the effect of varying surface properties (leading to expanding or pinned image charge), laser profiles (Gaussian, uniform, and elliptical), and aspect ratios (pancake- and cigar-like) under different extraction field strengths and numbers of generated electrons, we quantify the effect of these experimental parameters on macroscopic pulse properties such as emittance, brightness (4D and 6D), coherence length, and energy spread. Based on our results, we outline optimal conditions of pulse generation for ultrafast electron microscope systems that take into account constraints on the number of generated electrons and on the required time resolution.
Sound-velocity characteristics of sediment from the eastern South American margin

The eastern margin of South America has been divided into 14 zones, each with a characteristic sound-velocity distribution relative to depth below the sea floor, as determined from sonobuoy data. Regressions of sound-velocity data determined from one-way travel time for each region can now be used to compute thickness from vertical reflection data. The velocity characteristics of the Pelotas Basin and Pelotas Rise are similar to those of the Amazon Cone and some other large deltaic deposits, which suggests that the discharge of the Rio de la Plata may have formerly been diverted along the shelf to the north. The velocity characteristics of the Rio Colorado Basin show that it is distinct from and cuts across the Argentine shelf and Argentine Rise. The Falkland Plateau velocity data are identical to the Argentine Rise contourites, suggesting a common provenance. Velocity characteristics in the adjacent Pelotas and Santos Basins are quite different, suggesting that the Torres Arch has been an important barrier for some time.
Extrication, the primary event in eclosion, and its neural control in Sarcophaga bullata

Abstract The flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata , employs the same “extrication-behaviour” programme for adult eclosion and, as the newly eclosed fly, for digging its way out of the medium in which pupariation occurred. Studies reveal that the thoracic ganglion probably contains the neural circuits required for local extrication movements, with the ganglia in the head being essential for coordinated programme execution. The onset and cessation of the programme appear to be controlled by sensory feedback. Information generated by normal leg activity, e.g. walking, resting without restraint on a surface, or manipulating a polystyrene ball, can stop an ongoing programme, whereas restriction of leg movement releases the behaviour.
Cleavage cracking resistance of large-angle grain boundaries in Fe-3 wt% Si alloy

Abstract Large-angle grain boundaries in steel offer an important resistance to the propagation of cleavage cracks that affects the fracture toughness and can modulate the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of fracture downwards. This behaviour has been studied in bicrystals of Fe-3 wt% Si alloy in detail. It was noted that the twist misorientation across a large-angle boundary has a more profound effect on cleavage fracture resistance than the tilt misorientation does. Specific measurements of such resistance at −20°C over a random selection of large-angle grain boundaries in bicrystals and associated fractographic studies have led to quantitative models of this resistance. The study has also revealed a transition from pure cleavage to mixed cleavage at around 0°C for this alloy, above which the observed increment of fracture work could be associated with the sigmoidal plastic bending and rupture of ligaments left between separate primary cleavage strips in the adjoining grain.
Asymmetrical changes of dopamine receptors in the striatum after unilateral dopamine depletion.

Abstract Dopamine plays an important role in modulating synaptic transmission in the striatum and has great influence on the function of the basal ganglia. Degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is the major cause of many neurological disorders, and the reduction of dopamine innervation results in alterations of dopamine receptors in the striatum. It has been shown that the nigrostriatal dopamine system has functional and neurochemical asymmetry. To investigate the lateralization of dopamine receptors in the striatum after dopamine denervation, the present study used quantitative autoradiography to compare the changes in dopamine receptor binding in the left and right striatum in rats after unilateral dopamine depletion. In comparison to control levels, dopamine D1-like receptor binding, labeled with [3H]-SCH23390, in the dorsal striatum was reduced 2 weeks after unilateral lesions of the SN with 6-hydroxydopamine. D1-like receptor binding was decreased in the ipsilateral striatum following unilateral lesions of either the left or right SN. The left and right striatum responded similarly to unilateral SN lesions, as there were no significant differences in the percent decrease in D1-like binding in the two striata. In contrast, D2-like receptor binding, labeled with [3H]-spiroperidol, was significantly increased in the dorsal striatum following an ipsilateral SN lesion. Furthermore, the up-regulation of D2-like receptors in the right striatum was significantly greater than that in the left striatum after an ipsilateral lesion. The asymmetrical up-regulation of striatal D2 receptors after extensive dopamine depletion might contribute to the lateralization of the nigrostriatal system observed in some pathological conditions.