cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eficiency of plasma heating with beating electrostatic waves

A one-dimensional e ciency model is derived for the heating of a uniformly magnetized plasma with beating electrostatic waves (BEW). Due to the non-resonant nature of this process, it is believed to o er improvements over existing resonant schemes for plasma heating in electric propulsion applications. A simpli ed energy transport equation with a Fokker-Planck di usion operator for the interaction of the BEW with a magnetized plasma is used to predict the e ciency of heating in a rectilinear geometry for waves with phase velocities larger than the ion thermal velocity. An explicit calculation for e ciency is performed for the case where the BEW consist of two electrostatic ion cyclotron waves. The resulting expression matches the observed heating e ciency in a BEW laboratory experiment to within an order of magnitude, and the low e ciency values observed in this laboratory experiment are shown to be the result of an unfavorable set of plasma parameters where the ratio of wave phase velocity to ion thermal velocity is exceptionally high. In order to examine the e cacy of BEWH for an electrothermal propulsion concept, the plasma parameter space of a typical radiofrequency plasma propulsion concept with a lower ratio of wave to ion velocity is investigated. It is shown that under these conditions, BEW heating is capable of reaching high e ciency levels.
Laboratory Studies with Systemic Insecticides for Control of the Oriental Rat Flea on White Rats

Objectives were to: (1) find systemic compounds which, when given orally to rats, kill oriental rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild); (2) determine the lowest dosage level to produce a significant mortality of fleas; and (3) determine the duration of systemic effectiveness. Nine of the 21 compounds evaluated produced more than 50% mortality of fleas. Five were subjected to more extensive studies: dimethoate, Bayer 29493 ( O, O -dimethyl O -[4(methylthio)-m-tolyl]phosphorothioate), American Cyanamid CL 38064 (phosphorothioic acid, O-p -(ethylsulfamoyl) phenyl O, O -dimethyl ester), American Cyanamid CI 38023 (phosphorothioic acid, O, O -dimethyl O-p -(dimethylsulfamoyl)-phenol ester), and Dylox® ( O, O -dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonate). Each of the 5 compounds, except Dylox, was used in two experiments. The first consisted of confining fleas on dosed rats: (1) one hour after dosing and permitting them to feed for 3 hours; (2) four hours after dosing and permitting them to feed for 8 hours; and (3) twelve hours after dosing and permitting them to feed for 12 hours. The second experiment consisted of confining fleas on dosed rats for a 3-hour feeding period after delays between dosages and opportunity for initial feeding of 1, 4, 7 and 10 hours; mortality at 13 hours after dosing was determined following a feeding period of 11 hours. Dimethoate at 50 mg./kg. produced a high mortality of fleas following a 1-hour delay between dosing and feeding but all effectiveness had dissipated by 4 hours following dosing. Bayer 29493 produced a high mortality of fleas at 75-150 mg./kg. after a 1-hour delayed feeding period and retained relative effectiveness for a period exceeded only by CL 38064 and about equal to CL 38023.
Machoism and the Rape Epidemic in South Africa

South Africa has the highest rape statistics of all countries not at war. A woman is raped every twenty-six seconds, and one in three South African women will be raped in their lifetime. Rape has reached epidemic proportions in South Africa.To explain the high rates of rate, commentators usually blame high rates of unemployment, poverty, lack of education, drugs, and Western influence through the media. However, these reasons alone do not account for the overwhelmingly high incidence of rape in South Africa. Machoism, or exaggerated masculinity, is a root cause of the South African rape crisis. Machoism is a primary cause of violence, objectification of women, and rape in South Africa.
Advances in deep CO_2 leakage impact on shallow groundwater quality

Due to the existing faults,fractures and penetrating wells in the cap rock,the deep stored CO2 can leak into a shallow aquifer,change the acidity and the distribution of hazard components concentration in groundwater.According to the literature,the studies in this area are in their infancy,and the results from lab and field experiments,numerical simulations and natural analogues studies show that,the intrusion of CO2 into a shallow aquifer would decrease the pH and elevate the trace metal components concentrations significantly.However,the concentrations rarely exceed the drinking groundwater limits.Because of the significant differences between the mineralogy in different aquifers,detailed studies should be done on the risk assessment of carbon dioxide leakage of special aquifers,and point out that further study is needed based on the limitations of the current studies.
Superlattice periodicity and magnetic properties of Ba2FeMoO6/Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 system

Superlattice (SL) structures of Ba2FeMoO6/Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 were grown via pulsed laser deposition on high quality ultra-smooth SrTiO3 substrates. N number of ferroelectric Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 layers were grown on five layers of ferromagnetic Ba2FeMoO6 and their structural, magnetic, transport, and magneto-transport properties were examined, focusing on the effects of superlattice periodicity of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 layers. XRD analysis of SLs proved their layered superlattice structure. Magnetic study of the SLs showed increment of saturation magnetization and decrease of Curie temperature when compared to magnetization of pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin film. Magneto-transport measurement showed the presence of negative magneto-resistance in all superlattice samples, similar to magneto-transport behavior of pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin film. Hall measurement and transport study showed a consistent increment of anomalous Hall effect and temperature dependent conductivity, respectively, with the number of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 layers.
Improving the Accuracy of Prenatal Screening with DNA Copy-Number Analysis.

Screening for trisomies by sequencing cell-free DNA obtained from pregnant women has become routine in many countries. In this study involving 31,278 women, adjusting for copy-number variation improved the positive predictive value of screening.
Challenges and opportunities in accessing trial data: an example from statin primary prevention trials.

In 2013, the Cochrane Heart Group published an update to the systematic review of statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objectives were to assess the effects, both harms and benefits, of statins in people with no history of CVD. Our results showed that statins reduced all-cause mortality (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.94) and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR=0.75, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.81) with no increased risk of adverse events (RR=1.00, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.03).1 Despite consistent findings of the benefits of statins for primary prevention of CVD, the validity of these results has been challenged by some authors.2 Observational studies have demonstrated associations between statin exposure and adverse outcomes,such as impaired cognition and dementia,3 but it is uncertain whether or not such relationships are causal given the non-randomised nature of these study designs. It is also uncertain whether these types of adverse events or other outcomes such as health-related quality of life, which was reported in only 2 of the 19 statin primary prevention trials as of 2013, were even collected in statin primary prevention clinical trials. Since 2012, models have been developed to respond to calls for greater sharing of clinical trial data sharing from organisations such as the AllTrials campaign (alltrials.net) as well as the National Academy of Medicine4 and International Consortium of Medical Journal Editors.5 These principles for broader data sharing have garnered support from the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, the Biotechnology Industry Organization and even the United Nations.6 Data-sharing models include academic organisations serving as data hosts and intermediaries for requests, governmental institutions responding to information requests and pharmaceutical industry-sponsored sites where users can access trial data through secure platforms. New data-sharing models …
Donor-Site Outcomes for the Osteocutaneous Radial Forearm Free Flap.

Background This study sought to characterize the donor-site complications associated with the osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap (ORFFF) used for mandibular reconstruction, as well as to compare donor-site complications between the ORFFF and fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flap (FRFFF). Methods An Institution Review Board approved, retrospective review identified all ORFFF and FRFFF performed for head and neck reconstruction with a single otolaryngology surgeon at an academic medical center over a 3-year period. Patients requiring an ORFFF underwent harvest of half of the diaphyseal diameter of the radius with prophylactic plating performed by hand surgeons. Donor-site outcomes including infection, skin graft loss, tendon exposure, neuropathy, radius fracture, hardware complications, and need for additional donor-site surgery were compared. Results In this study, 25 patients underwent ORFFF harvest, and 52 underwent FRFFF harvest. There was one radius fracture occurring in association with a hardware infection requiring reoperation. No fractures or other major donor-site complications were seen in the FRFFF group. Similar rates of minor complications were noted with skin graft take less than 50% in 4% ( n = 1) and 8% ( n = 4) with ORFFF and FRFFF, respectively, and tendon exposure in 8% ( n = 2) and 15% ( n = 8) with ORFFF and FRFFF, respectively. No soft tissue infections or sensory neuropathies were seen. Mean follow-up was 14.2 months for the ORFFF group and 11.7 months for the FRFFF group. Conclusion The risk of fracture following ORFFF harvest with prophylactic plating is small. Other donor-site complication rates were similar with both flap techniques.
The Pathology of Cardiomyopathies

Understanding the various types of cardiomyopathies is important for identifying individual patients’ conditions and developing appropriate treatment plans. Yet defining and categorizing “cardiomyopathies” has proved no simple task—starting in 1972 when Goodwin and Oakley defined them as myocardial diseases of unknown origin and proposed three types. In 1990, the World Health Organization and International Society and Federation of Cardiology expanded the definition to diseases of myocardium with myocardial dysfunction. This chapter adapts the American Heart Association’s genetic-based classification introduced in 2006. Within primary cardiomyopathy, we use genetic, nongenetic, and “acquired” disease categories—describing presenting symptoms and the use of imaging, biopsies, and the role of family histories, in some cases, for making a diagno sis.
A software-defined hybrid cache with reduced energy: poster

Energy becomes an inevitable challenge when using a large die-stacking DRAM cache as part of memory. Emerging volatile STT-RAM can be integrated with DRAM as a software-managed hybrid cache to effectively reduce the static and dynamic energy of large cache, but there is extra refresh energy overhead. We observe that reducing the refresh rate of volatile STT-RAM will provide significant energy savings while introducing a small number of bit errors that can be easily tolerated by most error-resilient applications. Thus, we propose a quality-aware approximate die-stacking hybrid cache and develop a novel data allocation scheme. We also propose the online quality monitor and the light-weight check scheme for error recovery. The results show an average 91% reduction in volatile STT-RAM refresh energy with minimal loss in output quality.
Photoredox-catalyzed Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes without an External Hydrogen/Hydride Source

The direct reductive amination of aromatic aldehydes has been realized using a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. The single electron oxidation of an in situ formed aminal species generates the putative α-amino radical that eventually delivers the reductive amination product. This method is operationally simple, highly selective, and functional group tolerant, which allows the direct synthesis of benzylic amines by a unique mechanistic pathway.
A scalable W-band imaging radar development platform

Despite millimeter-wave radar technology having excellent obscurant see-through capability with long range, high resolution imagery at conversely low corresponding size, weight and power, its scientific and commercial potential is presently under-realized. A scalable, real-time imaging platform as rendered in a W-band Radar developed at Honeywell, allows users to effectively respond to observed phenomena while simultaneously recording raw data at minimal cost and NRE compared to integrated, fixed, PCB architectures, making it a potent development cycle tool for phenomenology studies and algorithm investigations, for a wide range of commercial and military application needs.
Specific, pro-poptotic cell-signaling: Design of novel, recombinant targeted antitumor agents operating exclusively through modulation of cellular apoptotic events novel, targeted pro-apoptotic therapeutic agents

Normal cellular homeostasis employs a delicate balance between pro-apoptotic (cell death) and anti-apoptotic (growth-stimulatory) forces. Unrestricted/unregulated cell growth, which occurs in neoplasia frequently, accompanies an imbalance in these forces and frequently the apoptotic pathways are disrupted leading to increased metastatic spread, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pro-apoptotic enzymes such as the serine protease Granzyme B can activate the pro-apoptotic cascade within tumor cells through multiple, independent mechanisms. We have generated novel cell-targeting fusion constructs containing enzymatically active GrB and have demonstrated that these constructs are highly cytotoxic to target cells. Apoptotic cascades can be maximally activated within 4 hr of treatment and these agents are synergistic with chemotherapeutic agents. We propose that these types of signaling agents, which operate exclusively through activation of pro-apoptotic mechanisms, may describe a new class of targeted therapeutic agents with unique biological properties.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEW THREE-BODY BREAK-UP MECHANISM FOUND IN THE STUDY OF THE 7Li(p,2d)4He REACTION

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the significance of the new three-body breakup mechanism found in the study of the 7 Li (p, 2d) 4 He reaction. It describes a three-body breakup mechanism involving a nuclear reaction performed on a cluster of nucleons within a nucleus. Also, experimental data on the 7 Li (p,2d) 4He reaction in both symmetric and nonsymmetric geometries have been accumulated. Nonsymmetric geometry measurements have been made to examine whether the positions of the experimental broad structures follow the predictions based on the model of a quasi-free interaction between the incident particle and the triton cluster. An improved Plane Wave Impulse Approximation (PWIA) has been calculated. The chapter also discusses a possible way to study particle correlation inside the nucleus by comparing this mechanism with quasi-free scattering.
Beyond the Bosses’ Constitution: Toward a Democratic First Amendment

The Supreme Court’s “weaponized” First Amendment (as Justice Kagan recently called it in her Janus v. AFSCME dissent) has been its strongest anti-regulatory weapon in recent decades, slashing campaign-finance regulation, public-sector union financing, and pharmaceutical regulation, and threatening a broader remit. Along with others, I have previously criticized these developments as a “new Lochnerism.” In this essay, part of a forthcoming Columbia Law Review symposium, I press beyond these criticisms to diagnose the ideological outlook of these opinions and to propose an alternative. The leading decisions of the anti-regulatory First Amendment often associate free speech with a vision of market efficiency; but, I argue, closer to their heart is anti-statist fear of entrenchment by elected officials, interest groups, and bureaucrats. These opinions limit the power of government to implement distributional judgments in key areas of policy, and, by thus tying the government’s hands, constrain opportunities for entrenchment. This anti-distributive deployment of market-protecting policy is the signature of neoliberal jurisprudence. But this jurisprudence has deep problems in an order of capitalist democracy such as ours. Wherever the state cannot implement distributional judgments, markets will do so instead. Market distributions are, empirically speaking, highly unequal, and these inequalities produce their own kind of entrenchment--class entrenchment for the wealthy. A jurisprudence that aims at government neutrality by tying the distributional hands of the state cannot achieve neutrality, but instead implicitly sides with market inequality over distinctively democratic forms of equality. Once we see that any constitutional vision involves some relationship between the “democratic” and the “capitalist” parts of capitalist democracy, it becomes possible not just to criticize the Court’s siding with market winners, but also to ask what kinds of equality-pursuing policies the Constitution must permit to reset that balance in favor of democracy.
Testicular germ cell tumors with malignant somatic component: A single-center experience.

e16544Background: Germ cell tumors (GCT) with a malignant somatic component (MSC) represent an uncommon variant of what is typically a curable neoplasm. Histologic subtypes of the somatic component...
Amantadine Use in Post-Concussive Headaches: An Exploratory Retrospective Review (P5.024)

Objective: To assess the effect of amantadine on treating post-concussive symptoms. Background: Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of disability worldwide, particularly in young adults. The subsequent development of post-concussion syndrome can result in a wide range of potentially debilitating symptoms that include headaches, dizziness, cognitive dysfunction, and mood disorders. Data about potentially helpful medications are limited, particularly about the treatment of post-concussive headaches. Amantadine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist and indirect dopamine agonist, may have a beneficial effect in reducing symptoms in patients with traumatic brain injury and post-concussive syndrome. Design/Methods: This retrospective medical record review analyzed data collected from patients with a diagnosis of post-concussion syndrome in Neurology and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation clinics to evaluate symptom response to amantadine. Results: Forty patients (60% male, average age was 34 years) were prescribed amantadine for post-concussive symptoms following traumatic brain injury. A complete trial of amantadine was defined as 100 mg twice per day for two months. Headaches were improved in eighty percent (80%) of the 22 patients that completed a full trial of amantadine. Improvements were less dramatic in other symptoms such as inattention, memory loss, dizziness, and personality changes. Conclusions: Amantadine shows promise as a treatment for post-concussive syndrome, especially for headaches that are refractory to other medications. Disclosure: Dr. Ryan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carabenciov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bureau has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cutrer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Savica has nothing to disclose.
Changes in Predictor Weights in GPA Regression Equations

Multiple regression equations predicting first semester grade point average (GPA) from high school percentile rank (HSPR) and composite score on the American College Test (ACT) were examined for fi...
Trade-off theory and zero leverage

Abstract This paper documents that the timing of debt issuance is important to produce zero leverage in the firms’ cross-section based on the static trade-off theory. Therefore, even basics of the trade-off theory do not contradict with zero leverage, also known as the zero-leverage mystery. Earlier static trade-off models fail to produce zero leverage because they ignore the optimal timing to have debt. We introduce this new mechanism in the static trade-off model, which appears as strong as considering the default costs. We show the application of this mechanism to generate zero leverage in two varieties of the static trade-off models.
The Role of Marketing Practices and Tobacco Control Initiatives on Smokeless Tobacco Sales, 2005-2010.

Background: Little is known about how policies and industry activities impact smokeless tobacco demand. We examined how tobacco control policies and retail promotion may affect smokeless tobacco sales. Methods: We used Nielsen market-level retail scanner data for smokeless tobacco sales in convenience stores in 30 US regions from 2005 to 2010. Tobacco policy variables, including excise taxes, state tobacco control program expenditures, and clean indoor air laws, were merged to Nielsen markets. We estimated regression models for per capita unit sales. Results: Higher cigarette tax was significantly associated with lower sales volume of smokeless tobacco. Sales of smokeless tobacco in markets with a weight-based SLT excise tax were higher than in markets with an ad valorem tax. A higher average product price was associated with decreased sales overall but results varied by package quantity and brand. Conclusions: This study observed that smokeless tobacco products were both complements and substitutes to cigarettes. Thus, smokeless tobacco may act as complements for some population segments and substitutes for others. A weight-based tax generally favors premium smokeless tobacco products.
Gestational Glucose Metabolism: Focus on the Role and Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance

Abstract Pregnancy radically changes all aspects of intermediary metabolism of the mother. In particular, dramatic changes occur in how glucose is utilized and how insulin sensitivity is altered throughout the course of a pregnancy. These adaptations are specific to the stages of pregnancy, which are related to the metabolic demands of the fetus and mother. Gestational insulin resistance (IR), which is driving these metabolic changes, is important to understand, as this will help us better manage pregnancies, including those complicated by diabetes and obesity. This chapter focuses on explaining in depth the available knowledge about the regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity during pregnancy, as well as how hormones and cytokines regulate these processes.
Connecting African Diaspora and West African Historical Archaeologies

Historical archaeology is a growing and vibrant field of inquiry in West Africa. Since the 1980s, there has been a steady increase in the number studies related to the Atlantic trade and indigenous–European interaction. As the departure point for Africans entering the diaspora, West Africa should be at the forefront of the African Atlantic archaeology, a concept recently championed by A. Ogundiran and T. Falola. Despite the logistical challenges that often inhibit fieldwork, as well as difficulties in communication between Western and African scholars, significant amounts of work have been carried out in West Africa that can inform diaspora and African Atlantic archaeology. By presenting the current state of West African historical archaeology as it relates to common questions and themes within African diaspora studies, the following review serves as a means of initiating an in-depth engagement and discussion among researchers in all related fields and in every region of the Atlantic basin.
Ayutthaya’s Seventeenth-Century Deerskin Trade in the Extended Eastern Indian Ocean and South China Sea

This chapter addresses the high-volume seventeenth-century deerskin trade in Eastern Asia that accessed Japanese silver by meeting the increased demands of the Japanese samurai elite and an emerging urban class. Thai Ayutthaya, the major Southeast Asian supplier, and the Dutch Each India Company (VOC) employed varied methods to resource Khmer, Viet, and Formosan herds and localised hunting-preparing-of-hides human networks, thereby challenging traditional regional supply alignments and creating negative environmental/human impacts. This competitive trade was framed within the wider eastern Indian Ocean-South China Sea ‘borderless’ maritime network of the pre-imperial c.1500–1800 global age, when ‘open’ indigenous marketplaces transitioned to those dominated by European trading companies seeking control over high-profit Asian commodities.
Exotic bonding interactions and coexistence of chemically distinct periodic lattice distortions in the charge density wave compound Ta T e 2

The superstructure of $\mathrm{TaT}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}$ is examined by total high-energy x-ray scattering and large-scale structure modeling over a broad temperature range. At room temperature, it features double zigzag chains of Ta atoms exhibiting metallic bonding. The chains are sandwiched between planes of weakly interacting Te atoms. Below 170 K, the chains appear broken to ``butterflylike'' clusters and single zigzag chains of covalently bonded Te atoms emerge while Ta-Te interactions remain largely ionic. This is a rare example of a charge density wave compound stabilized by bonding that is a mix of covalent, ionic, and metallic character giving rise to chemically distinct periodic lattice distortions. We argue that the formation of periodic lattice distortions in the Te sublattice in addition to those in the Ta sublattice favors charge delocalization, which may explain the unusually diminished resistivity and increased magnetic susceptibility exhibited by the low-temperature charge density wave phase of $\mathrm{TaT}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}$. The effect may be common for $5d$ transition metal chalcogenides containing Te because of the extended electronic orbitals of the constituent atoms.
Examining Portfolios Created by Bloomberg ESG Scores: Is Disclosure an Alpha Factor?

This article uses Bloomberg’s ESG disclosure data to create portfolios of high- and low-ESG firms over the recent market run of 2011–2017. The primary purpose is to determine whether disclosure is an alpha factor related to portfolio creation and management. We find that abnormal returns are generally higher for portfolios of lower-scoring firms. The author further documents that larger firms, with lower profitability, and higher dividend yields tend to have higher Bloomberg ESG disclosure scores. These variables also tend to inhibit market gains. Further, once controlling for firm characteristics, the author finds no significant influence on buy-and-hold abnormal returns from any of the ESG scoring variables. The results suggest positive screening based upon ESG disclosure to be a non-value-enhancing strategy, while also recognizing the strong relationship between disclosure and underlying firm characteristics that drive performance results. TOPICS:ESG investing, portfolio theory, portfolio construction, style investing Key Findings • Portfolios created by positive screening of Bloomberg’s ESG disclosure scores perform poorly as compared to portfolios created by selecting firms with lower scores. • Bloomberg’s ESG disclosure scores are largely proxying for other firm characteristics, most notably size, dividend payouts, and profitability. This adds to the belief that accurately capturing incremental differences in ESG remains difficult. • Once controlling for firm characteristics, there is little remaining influence from ESG disclosure scores on returns. This suggests that disclosure of ESG characteristics alone is not a significant alpha factor to be considered in portfolio management.
On maps preserving square roots of idempotent and rank-one nilpotent matrices

We characterize bijective linear maps on Mn(ℂ) that preserve the square roots of an idempotent matrix (of any rank). Every such map can be presented as a direct sum of a map preserving involutions ...
Hip Arthroscopy Volume and Reoperations in a Large Cross-Sectional Population: High Rate of Subsequent Revision Hip Arthroscopy in Young Patients and Total Hip Arthroplasty in Older Patients.

Purpose To report contemporary trends in hip arthroscopy case volume in the United States using a large cross-sectional cohort with accurate laterality tracking for assessment of revision surgery and rates of conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods Using Current Procedural Terminology codes, we queried the Mariner PearlDiver dataset for patients who underwent hip arthroscopy from 2010 to 2017. Patient demographics were recorded and subsequent hip arthroscopy procedures and THA conversion within 2 years after surgery were tracked using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes to accurately identify laterality. Emergency department and hospital admission within 30 days after surgery were queried. Results Of the 53,103 patients undergoing hip arthroscopy procedures, hip arthroscopy case volume increased 2-fold from 2010 to 2014 but remained relatively unchanged from 2014 to 2017. The most common age group undergoing surgery was 40 to 49 years, and female patients represented 70% of cases. Two-year subsequent surgery rate was 19%, with 15.1% undergoing a revision arthroscopy and 3.9% converting to THA. The most common revision arthroscopy procedures were femoroplasty (9.5%), labral repair (8.5%), and acetabuloplasty (4.3%). Younger patients were more likely to undergo revision arthroscopy (18% age 10-19 years; 15% age 20-29 years). Older patients had a significant risk for conversion to THA within 2 years (36% age 60-69 years; 28% age 50-59 years). Female patients also demonstrated a slightly greater rate of conversion to THA (4.1% female, 3.5% male, P Conclusions The rise in hip arthroscopy procedures may be starting to plateau in the United States. Cross-sectional data also indicate that there is a greater than previously reported rate of revision hip arthroscopy in patients younger than 30 years of age and conversion to THA in patients older than 50 years of age. Level of Evidence III, cross-sectional study.
The Effect of Behavioral Changes on the Treatment of Hypertension

Purpose of review Hypertension is one of the leading causes of preventable premature death. Recent findings Strongly advocating for lifestyle changes to improve blood pressure control is of paramount importance in the successful management of hypertension. In this review, we will discuss the effect of various behavioral and lifestyle changes and review the evidence to support these changes to improve blood pressure control. These include dietary modifications, alcohol consumption, weight loss, various types of exercise, device-guided breathing, relaxation, and biofeedback techniques.
Associations between birth and one year anthropometric measurements and IGF2 and IGF2R genetic variants in African American and Caucasian American infants

Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor ( IGF2R ) and insulin-like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 ) genetic variants have been inconsistently associated with low birth weight and birth length in Caucasian and Asian infants, however few studies have included African Americans (AA). Generalized linear models and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between IGF2R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs629849 and rs8191754, and IGF2 SNP rs680 and infant anthropometric measurements, in a racially diverse birth cohort in Durham County, North Carolina. Caucasian American (CA) carriers of the IGF2R SNP rs629849 were heavier ( P = 0.02) and longer ( P = 0.003) at birth, however body size at age 1 yr was similar to that of AA. Birth length significantly differed between carriers and non-carriers of the IGF2 rs680 variant in both AA ( P = 0.04) and CA infants ( P = 0.03). Both AA and CA carriers were 1 cm shorter at birth compared to non-carriers. We found no evidence for an association between rs8191754 and infant anthropometric measurements. Associations between SNPs and one year weight gain were only observed for rs680; CA infant carriers of rs680 variants weighed less than non-carriers at year one ( P = 0.03); however, no associations were found in AA infants at year one. Larger studies using ancestral markers are required to disentangle these associations.
Cortical somatosensory evoked potential mapping

Publisher Summary Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) are electrical potentials generated in various parts of the somatosensory pathway in response to the stimulation given to a peripheral nerve. The initial cortically generated potential appears in the primary somatosensory area contralateral to the stimulated side. The distribution of the cortical responses is closely related to the functional sensorimotor representation of the stimulated body part from the patient. SSEPs provide important clues regarding the localization of the central sulcus as well as the somatotopic organization of the sensorimotor cortex. Precise definition of the somatosensory cortex is especially important in the surgical planning of patients with presumed overlapping of the sensorimotor strip and the epileptogenic zone. The standard technology for scalp-recorded SSEP has been described in detail. Scalp recorded SSEPs have significant limitations in terms of the localization of the somatosensory cortex. Multichannel recordings and the use of computerized source modeling may enable better localization than standard scalp recordings. Cortical SSEPs can be recorded through electrodes placed directly on the brain. The placement of a subdural array over the lateral or medial aspect of the frontoparietal cortex is usually done to localize the ictal-onset zone and for functional mapping purposes.
The 6-O-methylglucose-containing lipopolysaccharide of Mycobacterium phlei. Identification of the lipid components.

Abstract The 6-O-methylglucose-containing lipopolysaccharide from Mycobacterium phlei has been resolved into four components. These differ from each other in total charge owing to the presence of 0, 1, 2, or 3 monoesterified succinate residues. In addition, each component contains four other acyl groups. These have been identified as acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, and octanoate. Preliminary evidence suggests that they are present in the molar ratios of 3:1:1:1. The same lipopolysaccharides have been isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and Mycobacterium smegmatis. However, M. tuberculosis (Lederle) yielded a single form of the lipopolysaccharide, which contained only one acyl group, octanoate. The possibility exists that this latter finding is an artifact, resulting from the method of preparation.
Identifying the causes of resistance to IS implementation: a change theory perspective

Abstract The major deterrents to successful IS (Information System) implementation include both technical and organizational issues. However, it is widely recognized that the more serious dimension of this problem is essentially behavioral in nature. This is because the introduction of any IS causes change in the organization; i.e to individuals, responsibilities, socio-political structure, etc. The purpose of this research effort is to investigate the relationship between organizational change and IS implementation. Towards this end, organizational change theories serve as the basis for assessing the causes of resistance to IS implementation.
Comparison of the radiation balance of a rooftop lawn with that of a conventional rooftop surface

Measurements of the radiation balance components for a rooftop lawn and a conventional tar and gravel rooftop surface were made for a building on the University of Georgia campus during the period July 7, 1981 to February 5, 1982. Differences in net radiation, reflected solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation between the two surfaces were determined for different periods defined as winter, summer rainy, summer dry/irrigated and transition seasons. Data analysis indicated that the lawn's albedo was 6% higher than that for the tar and gravel surface and that the emissivity of the lawn was also 0.02 to 0.03 higher. During the summer dry/irrigated periods, the radiation balance analysis indicated that the conventional tar and gravel surface must have averaged 5 °C to 6 °C warmer than the rooftop lawn. The dominance of evapotranspiration in the lawn energy balance especially during the summer dry/irrigated season was confirmed experimentally.
Histology of port-wine stain treated with carbon dioxide laser: A preliminary report

The port-wine stain (PWS) has always been a difficult lesion to treat cosmetically. Laser surgery has proved to be a beneficial mode of therapy. Histology after argon laser surgery in successfully treated lesions is remarkable for blood vessels relatively free of erythrocytes. Our preliminary histologic findings in lesions successfully treated with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser surgery revealed similar results, although the mechanisms may be different. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 10:1014–1019, 1984.)
Pulse Oximetry Fails to Accurately Detect Low Levels of Arterial Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation in Dogs

The accuracy of two commercially available pulse oximeters (the Ohmeda Biox 3700, software version "J," and the Nellcor N-100) in detecting low levels of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) was evaluated in 10 dogs in which hypoxia was induced by stopping the fresh gas flow into the anesthesia machine circle system. Measurements made in vivo with the pulse oximeters, with detectors placed on the tongue, were compared with measurements made in vitro using an IL 282 CO-Oximeter as SaO2 decreased toward zero. Measurements from the two oximeters correlated poorly over the range from 0 to 100% SaO2 (r = 0.69). In this range, the correlation between Nellcor N-100 measurements and those of the CO-Oximeter had an r of 0.82, a regression line slope of 0.82, and a y intercept of 14.8; the correlation between the Ohmeda Biox 3700 and the CO-Oximeter had an r of 0.83, a regression line slope of 0.66, and a y intercept of 32.7. The correlation with the CO-Oximeter was similar for both the Ohmeda and the Nellcor pulse oximeters at an SaO2 of 80% or more. However, when SaO2 was less than 80%, measurements by pulse oximetry correlated less well with CO-Oximeter measurements (r = 0.62, slope = 0.64, and y intercept = 21.0 for Nellcor; r = 0.71, slope = 0.67, and y intercept = 32.4 for Ohmeda). When SaO2 was less than 60%, both oximeters inaccurately indicated the co-oximetry values (r = 0.36 and y intercept = 26.1 for the Nellcor; r = 0.48 and y intercept = 33.2 for the Ohmeda).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Underwater wireless power transfer for maritime applications

This paper presents the development and implementation of an inductive, underwater wireless power transfer system for use with unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Specifically, the design and fabrication of power transfer coils and power electronics is provided for a system capable of providing 75W to a load. At small standoff distances (<2 inches) and frequencies below 300kHz, it is shown that there is little difference between inductive power transfer in air and seawater. Measured data shows that at power levels of 75W, the system efficiency from the transmitter to a rectifier and resistive load is above 85%.
Collaboration with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families: Ideal versus Reality

This review identifies research-based definitions of ideal collaborative relationships between special education professionals and culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) families of children with disabilities, examines research on actual collaboration with such families, and makes recommendations regarding improvement of such collaboration. The main sources of literature are research and opinion publications in peer-reviewed journals and books by leading scholars. The review concludes that barriers to the implementation of ideal practices include deficit views of CLD families, cross-cultural misunderstandings related to the meanings of disability, differential values in setting goals for individuals with disabilities, and culturally based differences in caregivers' views of their roles. Recommendations for change and improvement focus on personnel preparation and on implementing existing models of effective practice.
Intravenous cyclosporine for the treatment of severe steroid refractory ulcerative colitis: what is the cost?

Intravenous cyclosporine often is used to treat patients with severe steroid refractory colitis secondary to ulcerative colitis in an attempt to avoid urgent total abdominal colectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success and cost of cyclosporine. A retrospective, chart review of all patients from 1996 to 2002 who were treated with cyclosporine and/or had a three-stage ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for severe steroid refractory colitis at our institution was performed. Patients were divided into three groups: TAC and CyA: patients who failed cyclosporine and had urgent total abdominal colectomy on the same admission; TAC no CyA: patients who had an urgent total abdominal colectomy without cyclosporine; and CyA only: patients treated successfully with cyclosporine and discharged without surgery. A subgroup of patients who had an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was identified from each group. Cost data were obtained from the hospital’s financial records. Forty-one patients (25 males) were identified. Twenty-nine patients received cyclosporine for severe steroid refractory colitis. Of these, 18 (62 percent) failed and underwent total abdominal colectomy on the same admission. Eleven (38 percent) responded to the cyclosporine and were discharged. Of the 11, 4 never had surgery, 1 had a three-stage ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, 5 had a two-stage ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, and 1 had a total abdominal colectomy only. Only 14 percent of patients avoided colectomy in the long-term. Complications of cyclosporine occurred in 8 patients (28 percent), and surgical complications occurred in 12 patients. The highest costs, highest length of stay, and highest number of overall complications were found in the group of patients who failed intravenous cyclosporine and required colectomy during the same hospitalization.
Cytolytic CD4(+) T cells in viral immunity.

It is generally believed that the role of CD4+ T cells is to coordinate the different arms of the adaptive immune system to shape an effective response against a pathogen and regulate nonessential or deleterious activities. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that effector CD4+ T cells can directly display potent antiviral activity themselves. The presence of cytolytic CD4+ T cells has been demonstrated in the immune response to numerous viral infections in both humans and in animal models and it is likely that they play a critical role in the control of viral replication in vivo. This article describes the current research on virus-specific cytolytic CD4+ T cells, with a focus on HIV-1 infection and the implications that this immune response has for vaccine design.
A necessary and sufficient condition for robust BIBO stability

Abstract This paper is concerned with obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for robustly stabilizing a class of plants characterized by a known linear shift invariant plant with additive perturbations of the form of possibly nonlinear, time varying l ∞ -stable operators. We will show that, in some sense, the small gain theorem is necessary and sufficient even when the perturbations are restiricted to a class of linear operators.
Correcting refractive dilution of precision in wireless network geolocation estimates

Obtaining precise geolocation estimates for mobile devices requires knowledge of the local propagation velocity of light. Under common atmospheric conditions, incorrect propagation velocity estimates introduce systemic dilution of precision using time difference of arrival techniques. Modeling local propagation velocity as a function of common local meteorological variables yields corrected velocity estimates directly applicable to existing algorithms. In a simulated wireless network, matching the refractivity assumed in computing estimated positions to the simulated environmental refractivity shows some evidence that gains in accuracy and precision are achievable.
Physical properties of hydrogels synthesized from lyotropic liquid crystalline templates

Recently, a considerable amount of research has centered on the synthesis of nanostructured hydrogels via the polymerization of monomers in lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) phases. Because of the pot...
Lattice models for hydrogen-bonded solvents

A class of lattice models for a binary mixture is defined by assuming that one of the components may form bonds to neighboring molecules of the same species. It is assumed that the fugacity of a molecule depends on the number of bonds which connect the molecule to other molecules. If no molecule is allowed to be connected by more than two bonds to other molecules, then no phase transition occurs, while phase transition can occur if more than two bonds are allowed. If only two or no bonds are allowed, then the model can be solved rigorously for certain planar lattices by transforming it to a dimer covering problem; this model shows behavior similar to the Ising model in zero magnetic field.
MIXER VISCOMETRY to CHARACTERIZE FLUID FOODS WITH LARGE PARTICULATES

Mixer viscometry is an effective means of characterizing fluids containing particulates. an interrupted helical screw impeller used to determine the flow behavior of fresh concrete was scaled-down to analyze fluid foods with large particulates. the mixer viscometer constant was determined to be 1.6 rad−1 by the matching viscosity method. Large particulate food materials successfully investigated in this study included cream corn, salsa, smooth pasta sauce and chunky pasta sauce. Apparent viscosity curves were constructed from torque and angular velocity data. Testing materials exhibited shear-thinning behavior and temperature dependence. Analysis revealed K and n values ranging from 10.1 Pa sn to 40.3 Pa sn and 0.17 to 0.36, respectively. Regression control charts, based on apparent viscosity and average shear rate data were constructed for each product. A protocol is presented for producing and utilizing these charts as a statistical quality control tool for industry.
Social anxiety and communal living: the influence of social anxiety on men and women in substance abuse recovery homes

Research has demonstrated high rates of co-occurrence among anxiety and substance use disorders. However, few studies have specifically examined the relationship between substance use and social anxiety among individuals who are in substance abuse recovery. The present study examined social anxiety as a predictor of substance use among a sample randomized to a sober-living home versus usual aftercare. Given the social nature of many substance abuse treatment and aftercare programs, it was also hypothesized that high levels of social anxiety would reduce the length of stay in the sober-living home and negatively influence participation in self-help groups. Results suggested that social anxiety was a significant predictor of relapse at one time point, and that social anxiety decreased the likelihood for remaining in a sober-living house for six months or more. No significant relationship between social anxiety and participation in self-help groups were found. Implications for further research and substance abuse treatment are discussed.