cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey on the Infection Status of Norwalk Virus in School Canteen Workers in Meixian

Objective To investigate the infection status of norwalk virus in school canteen workers in Meixian and provide the scientific basis for norwalk virus gastroenteritis control and prevention. Method Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was adopted to determine the antigen of norwalk virus. Result Norwalk virus were detected in 8 out of 234 stool samples, with a positive rate of 3.42%. Conclusion Healthy norwalk virus carriers were present in school canteen workers in Meixian and could be the hidden risk of norwalk virus gastroenteritis outbreak.
“So What's the Difference?” Talking About Race With Refugee Children in the English Language Learner Classroom

This study examines how an English language learner (ELL) educator negotiated conversations about the intersectional nature of race in an elementary ELL classroom using a critical literacy framework. Few studies examine the ways in which teachers of young children negotiate conversations about the complexities of race with their students. Even fewer address the way in which African refugee children can explore the contested nature of racial labeling as a part of language instruction in the classroom. The students in this study experienced a history of persecution and displacement in Somalia in the 1990s. Their experiences in Somalia, relocation to refugee camps in Kenya, and finally relocation to the United States exposed their families to the very real impact of static and stereotypical notions of race. Through the lens of critical literacy, classroom interactions and activities are analyzed through one cycle of literacy events in an ELL classroom. Findings show that ELL educators can explore the contested nature of racial identities in ways that support and enhance language instruction. Findings also highlight the complexities of immigrant and refugee identity positions, even among members of the same group.
Gothic Landscapes in Mary Butts’s Ashe of Rings

When the Gothic novel emerged in the eighteenth century, it appeared as a reaction to the economic and political conditions prevalent in society at the time, in which “early forces of industrialization were producing vast changes in the ways people lived and worked. Rural patterns of life were being broken up by enclosure of land and by the labor demands of urban-centered industry” (Punter 413). Karl Marx argued that under capitalism man is further alienated from the natural world. The Gothic then addressed such issues of alienation, which were not only external but also internal. Disillusioned with the social climate and rationalistic ideas of the Enlightenment, society turned to the supernatural and the fantastic for answers. Or, as Fred Botting observes, “Uncertainties about the nature of power, law, society, family and sexuality dominate Gothic fiction” (5). The crumbling manor house and separation from an ancestral past reflected the dissolution of a way of life, and the genre appealed to the human sense of longing for return to a natural world that offered a sense of permanence.
Insulin signaling via the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway regulates airway glucose uptake and barrier function in a CFTR-dependent manner

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes is the most common comorbidity associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) and correlates with increased rates of lung function decline. Because glucose is a nutrient present in the airways of patients with bacterial airway infections and because insulin controls glucose metabolism, the effect of insulin on CF airway epithelia was investigated to determine the role of insulin receptors and glucose transport in regulating glucose availability in the airway. The response to insulin by human airway epithelial cells was characterized by quantitative PCR, immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and glucose uptake assays. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity were analyzed by pharmacological and immunoblot assays. We found that normal human primary airway epithelial cells expressed glucose transporter 4 and that application of insulin stimulated cytochalasin B-inhibitable glucose uptake, consistent with a requirement for glucose transporter translocation. Application of insulin to normal primary human airway epithelial cells promoted airway barrier function as demonstrated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased paracellular flux of small molecules. This provides the first demonstration that airway cells express insulin-regulated glucose transporters that act in concert with tight junctions to form an airway glucose barrier. However, insulin failed to increase glucose uptake or decrease paracellular flux of small molecules in human airway epithelia expressing F508del-CFTR. Insulin stimulation of Akt1 and Akt2 signaling in CF airway cells was diminished compared with that observed in airway cells expressing wild-type CFTR. These results indicate that the airway glucose barrier is regulated by insulin and is dysfunctional in CF.
Prevention of Complications from Human Papillomavirus Infection in the HIV-Infected Individual

Infection of the anogenital tract with human papillomavirus (HPV) is very common. Cervical and anal cancers are the two most common HPV-related malignancies affecting people living with HIV (PLWH). Approximately, 15–20 of anogenital HPV types are oncogenic or “high-risk.” PLWH are particularly susceptible to persistent high-risk HPV infection, development of the cancer precursor lesion, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and, in some cases, progression to malignancy. The incidence of cervical cancer is particularly elevated in HIV-infected women from countries where resources for cytology-based screening programs for HSIL are unavailable. Consequently, there is interest in developing less resource-intensive programs that rely on HPV testing as a primary screening tool or cervical “screen and treat” strategies rather than cytology in lower income countries. Although all PLWH are at increased risk for anal cancer, it is particularly common in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). The absence of definitive studies establishing the efficacy of identification and treatment of anal HSIL to prevent anal cancer has thus far limited the widespread implementation of anal HSIL screening in PLWH. Ongoing work to optimize screening for both cervical and anal HSIL to prevent cancer at these sites, as well as increasing uptake of prophylactic HPV vaccines, are currently the best options to decrease HPV-related complications in PLWH.
P117 Limitation of donor specific antibody mean florescent intensity values in predicting transplant compatibility: The saga continues

Aim A positive flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) can be predicted when the presence of strong donor specific antibody (DSA) is detected by Luminex single antigen bead (SAB) assays. We present the case of a 23 year-old Hispanic male kidney transplant candidate with a strong HLA-B45 DSA to his potential living donor and consistent negative crossmatches. Methods DDT-treated sera was tested to detect HLA antibodies using LABScreen PRA beads and LABScreen Single Antigen beads (One Lambda, Inc.). Acid treatment of the SAB was used to denature the HLA Class I antigens. The sera was also tested using SAB from a different manufacturer (Immucor, Inc.). FCXM was performed with pronase-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated by negative selection using the RoboSep Automated Cell Separator (StemCell Technologies). FCXM were performed with 3 surrogate HLA-B45-positive cells. CDC crossmatch was performed with potential donor. Results Strong HLA-B45 DSA (MFI = 5052) gave consistent negative crossmatch results with all HLA-B45-positive cells ( n = 3). The strong HLA-B45 antibody disappeared upon testing with acid-treated SAB (One Lambda, Inc.), implying presence of a true DSA. Testing with PRA beads (One Lambda, Inc.) gave positive results. Additional testing with the SAB from a different vendor (Immucor, Inc.) demonstrated the presence of a weak HLA-B45 DSA (MFI = 1426) that correlated better with the negative crossmatch results. Conclusions Relying on MFI values from a single vendor to predict a positive virtual crossmatch and influence clinical decision making may unnecessarily disadvantage the patient. This study indicates that the use of the LABScreen SAB assay as the sole method for unacceptable antigen determination can lead to a significant disadvantage for selected patients. The use of 2 different SAB platforms or 2 different bead assays (PRA and SAB) in the HLA antibody testing algorithm would prevent selected patients displaying high reactivity to certain specificities from being inappropriately excluded from receiving an organ due to aberrantly highly positive SAB results. Moreover, this case highlights the necessity to perform prospective crossmatches to confirm strong antibody specificities detected on SAB.
Apollonius and the Golden Fleece: A neo-mythological screen legacy

A number of ancient poets and painters described or showed the Golden Fleece, one of the most intriguing supernatural objects in classical myth. But the poets were not as specific as their modern readers may wish. By contrast, cinema and television show the Fleece in all its specific aspects. Moving-image adaptations of classical myths always change their sources, a phenomenon usefully termed “neo-mythologism,” but they display the Fleece to good effect, if often in a variety of recreations. The seven European and American films examined here show us why the Fleece deserves the Homeric epithet thauma idesthai.
Experimental effects of acute exercise and music listening on cognitive creativity.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to extend previous experimental work suggesting that both exercise and music-based interventions may influence creativity processes, by investigating the independent influences of exercise or music stimuli on verbal creative performances in the laboratory environment. Methods 32 students at the University of Mississippi participated in this within-subject intervention, which included three laboratory visits per participant. Individuals participated in three 15-min, randomized experimental conditions: Treadmill walking, self-selected music, or a seated control period, and subsequently completed four creativity assessments during each visit (three tests of divergent thinking, and one test of convergent thinking), with the order of divergent thinking tasks counterbalanced. Creativity task performance was independently scored across four dependent parameters, which included fluency (i.e., total number of ideas), flexibility (i.e., total number of categories), originality (i.e., responses thought of by Results Repeated Measures ANOVAs indicated that creativity scores for fluency (F(2, 60) = 0.63, p = 0.94), flexibility (F(2, 60) = 0.64, p = 0.53), originality (F(2, 60 = 0.23, p = 0.78), and elaboration (F(2, 60) = 2.74, p = 0.07), were not statistically significant across the visits. Conclusions These findings add to the equivocal body of creativity research, uniquely assessing the effects of exercise and music on verbal creativity performance. The present study further highlights the critical need for improvement in the assessment and evaluation of laboratory-assessed cognitive creativity. Methodological strategies must be examined and refined for the meaningful and credible measurement and interpretation of experimental creativity.
Quality-Adjusted Survival Analysis in Cancer Clinical Trials

The quality of life of patients is an important component for the evaluation of therapies in clinical trials, especially in cancer. The Quality-adjusted Time Without Symptoms and Toxicity (Q-TWiST) method evaluates treatment trade-offs in clinical trials using an endpoint based on both quantity and quality of life. The methodology has been most useful for evaluating the trade-off between increased toxic side effects of treatment and improved clinical outcome. This paper provides an overview of the Q-TWiST method, brief descriptions of related statistical tools for regression analysis and meta-analysis, and examples illustrating the techniques using data from cancer clinical trials.
Calcium Channels Incorporated into Planar Lipid Bilayers: Phenomenology, Pharmacology, and Phylogeny

Voltage-dependent calcium (Ca) channels are found in virtually all eukaryotic cells (Hille, 1984). However, the characteristics of Ca channels vary among cell types (Hagiwara and Byerly, 1981) and even in the same cell (Hagiwara et al., 1975; Carbone and Lux, 1984; Armstrong and Matteson, 1985; Nowycky et al., 1985; Fedulova et al., 1985). Did all these channels evolve from the same precursor or was the Ca channel invented several times during phylogeny? To answer this question one needs to compare Ca channels from the most primitive organism known to have Ca currents with Ca channels from other “higher” organisms.
The Influence of Soil and Aquifer Characteristics on The Attenuation in Subsurface Water of Trace Metal and Halogenated Organic Pollutants: Relevance of Local Properties

Soils* and sediments are often thought to be filters for agrochemicals and wastes. For an efficient management of this pollutant attenuation function in subsurface percolating water, a complete understanding of the behaviour of pollutants in soils and sediments is imperative. Physical, degradation (biotic and abiotic) and geochemical processes are briefly reviewed from the perspective of their influence on pollutant transfer and retardation. It is concluded that the attenuation of trace metal and halogenated organic pollutants is controlled by local hydraulic and biogeochemical properties and that interfaces between lithological or hydrogeological compartments are most likely key areas controlling the subsurface hydrocycle. Dilution by dispersion is only significant in the case of point source and single event contaminations. The kinetics and reversibility of biogeochemical processes need further investigation.
Adolescent Driving Behavior: A Developmental Challenge

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death and disability among adolescents. Driving is a developmental challenge because it is a complex and dangerous activity undertaken during adolescence. Safe driving requires many years and miles of experience. Inexperience, young age, exposure, driving conditions, and risky driving behavior contribute to the problem. The challenge to parents and policy makers is to moderate risk by limiting the complexity of early driving experience and altering norms associated with teenage driving. Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) is a licensing system that has been widely adopted in the United States and other countries; it includes a period of supervised practice driving, a provisional license with restrictions on driving such as late at night and with multiple teen passengers, and a full license usually at age 18. GDL and parental management are protective for novices, but no other special programs to reduce teen driving risk have been shown to be effective. Of course, road and traffic solutions that reduce risk among the general population also reduce risk among young drivers.
Toxicological Analyses in Cases of Sudden Infant Death: A National Feasibility Study

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is associated with more infant deaths, ages two weeks to twelve months, in the United States than any other single, definable cause. It is associated with approximately 10 000 deaths per year and is second only to the general category of accidental deaths for all children under the age of 15 years [1]. Unlike many disease entities, the diagnosis of SIDS is made not by an attending physician, but at postmortem examination; the determination is based not on firm definitive findings, but only on the exclusion of all other possible causes. Indeed, very few histological, biochemical, or physiological changes that might be considered pathologically diagnostic in these infants have been observed [1,2]. Although SIDS-associated deaths represent a major proportion of all infant fatalities, their frequency is such that even in jurisdictions of greater than one million population medical examiners and coroners encounter relatively few of these cases, typically 40 to 60 cases a year [2]. In an attempt to overcome the limitation of the small number of SIDS cases available for study in any one area, the Office for Maternal and Child Health, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, is studying the feasibility of a national SIDS registry [2]. Such a registry could draw on the case experiences of many investigators so that statistically valid correlations and conclusions would be possible; both biomedical and sociological information, drawn from a variety of sources, could be gathered and analyzed. To establish such a data center, it would also be necessary to have strong guidelines specifically designed to control the quality of the data and the methods used in their collection. The formulation of a standard protocol for the investigation of sudden infant deaths that could be used at all sites contributing information would be a first essential task.
DSCAM differentially modulates pre- and postsynaptic structural and functional central connectivity during visual system wiring

Proper patterning of dendritic and axonal arbors is a critical step in the formation of functional neuronal circuits. Developing circuits rely on an array of molecular cues to shape arbor morphology, but the underlying mechanisms guiding the structural formation and interconnectivity of pre- and postsynaptic arbors in real time remain unclear. Here we explore how Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) differentially shapes the dendritic morphology of central neurons and their presynaptic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the developing vertebrate visual system. The cell-autonomous role of DSCAM, in tectal neurons and in RGCs, was examined using targeted single-cell knockdown and overexpression approaches in developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Axonal arbors of RGCs and dendritic arbors of tectal neurons were visualized using real-time in vivo confocal microscopy imaging over the course of 3 days. In the Xenopus visual system, DSCAM immunoreactivity is present in RGCs, cells in the optic tectum and the tectal neuropil at the time retinotectal synaptic connections are made. Downregulating DSCAM in tectal neurons significantly increased dendritic growth and branching rates while inducing dendrites to take on tortuous paths. Overexpression of DSCAM, in contrast, reduced dendritic branching and growth rate. Functional deficits mediated by tectal DSCAM knockdown were examined using visually guided behavioral assays in swimming tadpoles, revealing irregular behavioral responses to visual stimulus. Functional deficits in visual behavior also corresponded with changes in VGLUT/VGAT expression, markers of excitatory and inhibitory transmission, in the tectum. Conversely, single-cell DSCAM knockdown in the retina revealed that RGC axon arborization at the target is influenced by DSCAM, where axons grew at a slower rate and remained relatively simple. In the retina, dendritic arbors of RGCs were not affected by the reduction of DSCAM expression. Together, our observations implicate DSCAM in the control of both pre- and postsynaptic structural and functional connectivity in the developing retinotectal circuit, where it primarily acts as a neuronal brake to limit and guide postsynaptic dendrite growth of tectal neurons while it also facilitates arborization of presynaptic RGC axons cell autonomously.
Investigating the contribution of the coarse fraction to total pyrogenic carbon stocks in forest soil.

Abstract Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) quantification methods based on visual identification typically measure only the PyC particles >0.5 mm, whereas oxidative methods are usually conducted on the 2 mm, in a California dry mixed conifer forest spatially heterogeneous in fire severity. We found that charcoal particles >2 mm represented 5–10% of mineral soil PyC in recently burned areas (three years post-fire in our study) and 3% in the unburnt areas (>100 years since the last fire). We, therefore, stress the importance of considering the size fraction of the charcoal quantified.
EHR-related alert fatigue: minimal progress to date, but much more can be done.

In BMJ Quality & Safety , Shah et al report their evaluation of the degree to which efforts in the US Veterans Health Administration to reduce electronic health record (EHR)-related information overload have achieved their goal.1 Studying the Veterans Health Information System and Technology Architecture (VistA), an internally developed EHR platform used throughout the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) system, Shah and colleagues report that the median number of mandatory notification types at each VA facility decreased from 15 (IQR 13–19) to 10 (IQR 10–11) preintervention to postintervention, respectively (p<0.001). And, mean daily notifications per primary care physician decreased significantly from 128 to 116 (p<0.001). I have several reactions to this contribution on EHR-related notifications to clinicians. The first is gratitude for devoting effort towards reducing physician burden and improving safety. A great deal has been written on shortcomings of EHRs and how dissatisfied physicians are with using them. There are fewer carefully designed efforts to address these problems, and we need more of them. My next thought is that this work, while helpful, was conducted 18 years after use of the VistaA EHR (also known as the Computerised Patient Record System (CPRS)) on which this work was based became widespread within the VA health system, used by many thousands of physicians to care for …
I Am the Maker of My Image: Marvel’s No Normal and the Comic Book Muslim Woman

In 2014, the editor and writer of Ms. Marvel, Sana Amanat and G. Willow Wilson,1 created an extraordinary new superhero-a young Muslim girl Kamala Khan. She is like any other middle-class girl in New Jersey in many ways, and critics like Noah Berlatsky feel that Kamala’s story is an “assimilation fantasy” (“What Makes”). This essay argues that the story goes beyond the idea of assimilation. It shows how the comic depicts Kamala as a Pakistani-American often battling misconceptions, stereotypes, and racism. Rather than desiring assimilation, the comic book suggests that assimilation is something that each individual negotiates. This essay shows how the new Ms. Marvel series critiques the stereotypes young people like Kamala face. It makes visible her desperate wish to be an American while straddling two cultures, her negotiation of confining gender norms that exist in her home and community, and her defiance of the hegemonic norm of white, male superhero. This essay argues that the new Ms. Marvel s...
The God of Difference: Disability, Youth Ministry, and the Difference Anthropology Makes

In their eagerness to love and care for young people with disabilities, youth ministers and lay people have often failed to appreciate the challenge of human difference. The author shows that studi...
IMPACT OF OBESITY IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Obesity and Heart Failure remain a significant burden on the overall health care provision in the United States (US). Obesity has been shown to be a direct risk factor for congestive heart failure (CHF). It is unclear though what effect does obesity play directly in the morbidity of patients
Massive MIMO Cognitive Cooperative Relaying

This paper proposes a novel cognitive cooperative transmission scheme by exploiting massive multiple-input multiple-output (MMIMO) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) radio technologies, which enables a macrocell network and multiple cognitive small cells to cooperate in dynamic spectrum sharing. The macrocell network is assumed to own the spectrum band and be the primary network (PN), and the small cells act as the secondary networks (SNs). The secondary access points (SAPs) of the small cells can cooperatively relay the traffic for the primary users (PUs) in the macrocell network, while concurrently accessing the PUs’ spectrum to transmit their own data opportunistically through MMIMO and NOMA. Such cooperation creates a “win-win” situation: the throughput of PUs will be significantly increased with the help of SAP relays, and the SAPs are able to use the PU’s spectrum to serve their secondary users (SUs). The interplay of these advanced radio techniques is analyzed in a systematic manner, and a framework is proposed for the joint optimization of cooperative relay selection, NOMA and MMIMO transmit power allocation, and transmission scheduling. Further, to model network-wide cooperation and competition, a two-sided matching algorithm is designed to find the stable partnership between multiple SAPs and PUs. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves significant performance gains for both primary and secondary users, compared to the baselines.
Dynamic Modeling for Analyzing Impacts of Skilled Labor Shortage on Construction Project Management

AbstractIn recent years, the shortage in skilled labor was one of the most significant concerns for the construction industry. Previous studies explored the causes and effects of such shortages; ho...
A ratchetdemic reality pedagogy and/as cultural freedom in urban education

This article explores the dynamic between Black youth and their teachers through an exploration of an approach to teaching and learning embedded in the complex cultural knowledge(s) of this populat...
Supporting Parents as Partners: The Couple Context of Parenting, a Personal and Academic Journey

This chapter describes the evolution over five decades of a couples group intervention for parents of young children. We begin with a personal account of how the issues to be addressed arose in our own lives as we made our transition to parenthood in the 1960s. We continue with an account of research and theory in the academic literature that shaped the creation of five intervention trials from Becoming a Family to Supporting Father Involvement/Parents as Partners programs in the USA, Canada, England, and Malta. Following a description of the existing separate interventions for mothers, fathers, and children we describe our innovative, integrated, evidence-based approach—couples groups that include both parents and focus on strengthening their couple relationship to provide a more positive context for parenting strategies that foster their children’s development.
Sparse Thermal Data for Cellular Automata Modeling of Grain Structure in Additive Manufacturing

Grain growth in the wake of the melt pool formed during alloy-based Additive Manufacturing (AM) is complex and multifaceted, depending on parameters governing heat transport, fluid flow, and solidification itself. Cellular automata (CA) models have proven effective in providing computationally efficient and physically sound predictions of grain structure for several AM problems, but their efficiency is tied to the performance of heat transport models. CA models use only a small portion of the problem's temperature data (near the moving melt pool boundary), and much of the CA calculations do not affect the final result due to re-melting of material. Coupling of and communication between heat transport and solidification models, and eliminating operations irrelevant towards final grain structure prediction, will be necessary for using these methods for efficient simulation of large parts. We introduce a procedure of decoupling the CA from temperature field simulation, using files of relevant temperature data written by the heat transport model. This approach is validated against the standard coupling approach using data obtained through the computational fluid dynamics software OpenFOAM. Negligible differences are seen in grain size, volume, and texture distributions for multilayer simulation of test problems. Variability in microstructure as a function of cell size, substrate, time step, and nucleation parameters is studied, and it is found that cell sizes less than or equal to 1.67 $\mu$m and sufficiently small time steps yield statistically equivalent microstructures. Finally, a potential use case for this CA approach – the layer-wise convergence in grain structure starting from extremes in initial grain size – is examined. This approach's ability to simulate expected trends in nucleation and epitaxial grain growth for large regions of microstructure, simulated independently of heat transport models themselves, should prove useful for investigation of various microstructure uncertainties and prediction of part-scale experimental results.
Experimental crossover study on the effects of withholding feed for 24 h on the equine faecal bacterial microbiota in healthy mares.

An association between equine gastrointestinal disease causing colic signs and changes in faecal bacterial microbiota has been identified. The reasons for these changes and their clinical relevance has not been investigated. Withholding feed, which is an integral part of managing horses with colic, may contribute to the observed changes in the microbiota and impact interpretation of findings in horses with colic. Study objectives were, therefore, to determine the effect of withholding feed for 24 h on equine faecal bacterial microbiota in healthy mares to differentiate the effects of withholding feed from the changes potentially associated with the disease. Species richness and Shannon diversity (alpha diversity) were significantly lower at the late withheld (10–24 h post withholding feed) and early refed (2–12 h post re-feeding) time points compared to samples from fed horses (P < 0.01). Restoration of species richness and diversity began to occur at the late refed (18–24 h post re-feeding) time points. Horses having feed withheld had a distinct bacterial population compared to fed horses (beta diversity). Bacteroidetes BS11 and Firmicutes Christensenellaceae, Christensenella, and Dehalobacteriaceae were significantly increased in horses withheld from feed primarily during the late withheld and early refed time points. Bacteroidetes Marinilabiaceae and Prevotellaceae, Firmicutes Veillonellaceae, Anaerovibrio, and Bulleidia, and Proteobacteria GMD14H09 were significantly decreased in horses with feed withheld at late withheld, early refed, and late refed time periods (P < 0.01). Changes in commensal gut microbiota were not significant between groups. Withholding feed has a significant effect on faecal bacterial microbiota diversity and composition particularly following at least 10 h of withholding feed and should be taken into consideration when interpreting data on the equine faecal bacterial microbiota in horses.
Self-Heating and Quality Factor: Thermal Challenges in Aluminum Scandium Nitride Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators

Understanding the thermal properties of piezoelectric thin films is essential in studying the performance and ultimate dissipation limits of bulk acoustic wave resonators. Here, we present the experimental and modeled results of thermal conductivity of the in-demand piezoelectric material aluminum scandium nitride (Al 1-x Sc x N), with x = Sc/(Sc+Al) ratio. We construct the three-dimensional (3D) finite-element modeling (FEM) of a back-side etched thin-film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) with aluminum nitride (AlN) and Al 0.7 Sc 0.3 N thin films. Comparison reveals a 26% more temperature rise in Al 0.7 Sc 0.3 N FBAR with equal input surface heat density of 2 W/mm2. The trend is consistent with the drastic decrease of thermal conductivity with increasing x in Al 1-x S cx N. Consequently, as we study the upper limit of the frequency (f), quality factor (Q) product (f. Q) under phonon interactions, Al 1-x S cx N exhibits a greater amount of degradation due to self-heating. This work reports the first comparison of thermal properties of AlN and Al 1-x S cx N resonators, critical in material selection for resonator operation under high power levels.
Femoral Acetabular Impingement Labral Pathology on MRI is Correlated with Greater Hip Flexion and Decreased Abduction in Collegiate Water Polo Players - A Pilot Study

Abstract Objectives Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) morphology is associated with hip pain and disability. Water polo players utilize the eggbeater motion (method of treading water with legs rotating like an “egg-beater”), and it is currently unclear what the relationship is between eggbeater and FAI morphology. Our objective was to associate hip range of motion during eggbeater motion to MRI findings. Methods 8 NCAA Division 1 varsity water polo athletes (5 females, 3 males) were filmed at orthogonal views performing the egg-beater motion using 2 waterproof cameras in synchrony. A model-based image-matching technique was used to determine hip joint angles which were recorded from the software. These athletes also underwent non-contrast MRI scans of both hips using a 3T MRI scanner and completed an iHOT-33 hip pain outcomes questionnaire. Descriptive statistics are reported as counts and percentages for categorical variables and as means, standard deviations, and a five-number summary for continuous variables. Relationships between range of motion measures with MRI measures and with iHOT33 scores were analyzed using linear regression models. All statistical analyses were completes using a two-sided level of significance of 0.05. Results The average alpha angles for the right and left hips were 71.80 ±7.50 and 74.10 ±8.40, respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation between hip range of motion in any plane and alpha angle or lateral center edge angle (CEA) on MR imaging. The average iHOT33 was 85.9±18.9. Participants who had a labral tear had significantly smaller hip abduction ranges compared with participants who did not have a labral tear (29 o ± 4.1vs. 35.3 o ± 0.6, p = 0.02), and those that had a labral tear had significantly increased hip flexion during eggbeater kicking as compared with participants who did not have a labral tear (28.2 o ± 6.1 vs. 16.3 o ± 4, p = 0.02). There were no differences between right and left alpha angles or between right and left CEA. Conclusion There were no significant correlations between hip range of motion and alpha angle or CEA, but hips with labral pathology had greater hip flexion and more limited hip abduction ranges.
Autoimmune disease and viral infection.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanisms by which viruses induce autoimmune diseases. It discusses the models of viral-induced immunopathology and reviews the host antigens, which serve as targets in nervous system disease. The chapter highlights that the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis suggests a viral etiology, and the pathology is most consistent with an immunopathologic process. It discusses the interaction of virus with host cell antigens. In diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, post-infectious encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome and polymyositis the target antigen has not been defined. In each case, viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. In myasthenia gravis, the target antigen has been identified, but the chain of events leading to the disease process has not been deciphered. The chapter also describes the presence of the Fc receptor in herpes infection, and indicates the possibility of a bystander effect in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
Number Theory in Asia

In the next three chapters we see algebra, in the form of techniques for manipulating equations, becoming firmly established in mathematics. The present chapter shows equations applied to number theory, Chapter 6 shows equations studied for their own sake, and Chapter 7 shows equations applied to geometry. As we saw in Chapter 3, Diophantus had methods for finding rational solutions of quadratic and cubic equations. But when integer solutions are sought, even linear equations are not trivial. The first general solutions of linear equations in integers were found in China and India, along with independent discoveries of the Euclidean algorithm. The Indians also rediscovered Pell’s equation \(x^2 - Ny^2 = 1\), and found methods of solving it for general natural number values of N. The first advance on Pell’s equation was made by Brahmagupta, who in 628 ce found a way of “composing” solutions of \(x^2 - Ny^2 = k_1\) and\(x^2 - Ny^2 = k_2\) to produce a solution of \(x^2 - Ny^2 = k_1k_2\). (We also touch on a curious formula of Brahmagupta that gives all triangles with rational sides and rational area.) In 1150 ce, Bhâaskara II found an extension of Brahmagupta’s method that finds a solution of \(x^2 - Ny^2 = 1\) for any nonsquare natural number N. He illustrated it with the case N = 61, for which the least nontrivial solution is extraordinarily large.
A Shortcut to Activity-Dependent Transcription

Neuronal activity results in the rapid induction of gene transcription through a series of defined molecular events. Madabhushi et al. describe an unexpected role for the cutting of promoter DNA by topoisomerase IIB to facilitate transcription of activity-induced genes.
Robust long term neural signal decoding by estimating unobserved features

Chronic effects of electrode implantation in the brain tissue alter the neural channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over time. Variability of signal quality over time poses a difficult challenge in long-term decoding of neural signals for Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Specifically, all channels observed during a neural recording session may not be observed during the next recording session. This paper describes a novel approach that effectively overcomes these challenges by identifying reliable channels and features in any given trial, estimating unobservable or unreliable features and adapting the neural signal classifier with no user input in real time. The proposed decoder predicts one of eight arm directions with an accuracy, unmatched in the literature, of above 90% in two monkeys over 4–6 weeks, achieving robustness against time and also varying environmental conditions. Application of these decoders reduces neural prosthetic training time and user frustration thus improving the usability of BCI.
Localized stimulation of anthocyanin accumulation and delineation of pathogen ingress in maize genetically resistant to Bipolaris maydis race O

Abstract The present investigation is a continuation of our characterization of phenolic compound metabolism that occurs in the expression of resistance by maize with the recessiverhmgene for resistance toBipolaris maydis. We show that a final stage of resistance expression involves the accumulation of a pigment in uninfected, healthy epidermal cells that surround restricted lesions on leaves of the resistant cultivar. The pigment was characterized by plasma desorption mass spectrometry and found to have a structure consistent with that of cyanidin 3-dimalonyl glucoside. The function of this zwitterionic anthocyanin is proposed to involve the protection of uninfected, healthy plant tissue from the toxic, oxidative metabolites that accumulate during the expression of resistance. Microscopic examination of leaf tissue showed that the pathogen ceased to grow in the resistant cultivar at 18 h post-inoculation, a time considerably prior to pigment accumulation. Thus, the pigment accumulates in cells that are affected but not infected by the pathogen.
Electron Transport in Some One-Dimensional Metal Complex Semiconductors

The subject of one dimensional electronic interactions in transition metal complexes has been treated in several other papers in this volume, with particular emphasis on systems which exhibit “metallic” properties. The main purpose of this paper is to develop the argument that transition metal complex semiconductors are also of significant scientific and technological interest and to encourage further work on such materials.
Delineation of amino acid residues within hTSHr 256-275 that participate in hormone binding.

The amino acid sequence 256-275 of the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor extracellular domain has previously been shown to participate in a high affinity TSH binding site by a synthetic peptide approach as well as by site-directed mutagenesis. To further investigate this binding site, we synthesized a series of peptides with alanine substitutions for each residue in the native sequence. Peptides were also synthesized containing truncations or deletions of the native sequence. Each peptide was tested for its ability to inhibit 125I-bTSH binding to porcine thyroid membrane preparations, and the concentration at which 50% inhibition of binding occurred was determined (EC50). Alanine substitution at residues Tyr258, Cys262, Cys263, Phe265, Lys266, Asn267, Lys269, Lys270, and Arg272 all resulted in statistically significant decreases in activity when compared to the native sequence (p
Electronic structure of quasicrystals deduced from Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies

Specific features in the electronic structure of Al-transition metal quasicrystals are analysed by a combination of Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. We first demonstrate that different degrees of asymmetry in the transition metals' 2p core-level lineshape observed across different types of surface structure correspond to variations in the density of states at the Fermi level, DOS(EF). Using this effect, we explore the controversial issue of whether the quasicrystalline, decagonal AlNiCo system is electronically stabilized. We find strong evidence for the presence of a reduced DOS(EF) in this system, as expected for electronically stabilized compounds, and as observed in the quasicrystalline, icosahedral AlPdMn and AlCuFe alloys. Finally, qualitative information on the nature of the electronic states in quasiperiodic structures extracted from the core-valence-valence Auger lines are presented and discussed.
Preparation and thermal decomposition of certain. Substituted bis-(thenoyl) peroxides†

The effect of various substituents on the rates of thermal decomposition of substituted bis-(thenoyl) peroxides has been investigated. Nine unreported peroxides were prepared, including derivatives of 2- and 3-thenoic acids. The thermal decomposition rates of these peroxides were examined, in the presence of styrene as a free radical scavenger. First order kinetics were observed in all cases studied. In general it was found that electron releasing substituents increase, while electron withdrawing groups decrease, the decomposition rate; the only exception being bis-(5-nitro-3-thenoyl) peroxide. Entropies and energies of activation were determined and found to be linearly related for the peroxides studied.
Human Rights and the Challenges of Science and Technology

The expansion of the corpus of international human rights to include the right to water and sanitation has implications both for the process of recognizing human rights and for future developments in the relationships between technology, engineering and human rights. Concerns with threats to human rights resulting from developments in science and technology were expressed in the early days of the United Nations (UN), along with the recognition of the ambitious human right of everyone "to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications." This comment explores the hypothesis that the emerging concepts most likely to follow recognition of the human right to water primarily involve issues of science and technology, such as access to medicines or clean and healthy environment. Many threats to human rights from advances in science, which were identified in the past as potential, have become real today, such as invasion of privacy from electronic recording, deprivation of health and livelihood as a result of climate change, or control over individual autonomy through advances in genetics and neuroscience. This comment concludes by urging greater engagement of scientists and engineers, in partnership with human rights specialists, in translating normative pronouncements into defining policy and planning interventions.
Patterns of brain vasopressin receptor distribution associated with social organization in microtine rodents

Central vasopressin pathways have been implicated in the mediation of paternal behavior, selective aggression, and affiliation in monogamous prairie voles. Here we demonstrate markedly different patterns of brain vasopressin receptor binding in the monogamous prairie vole and the congeneric nonmonogamous (promiscuous) montane vole. Vasopressin binding was assessed with both 3H-vasopressin and 125I-sarc-AVP using receptor autoradiography. The specificity of binding was consistent with a V1a receptor, the saturation kinetics were similar in the two species, and neither species showed evidence of sexual dimorphisms. In the prairie vole, highest specific binding was observed in the accessory olfactory bulb, diagonal band, laterodorsal thalamus, and superior colliculus. In the montane vole, specific binding was observed in the accessory olfactory bulb and superior colliculus as well, but in several other regions with high levels of binding in the prairie vole, binding was low or undetectable in the montane vole. In this nonmonogamous species, specific binding was high in lateral septum. Functional studies demonstrated the induction of phosphoinositol by AVP in the septum of the montane vole but not in the prairie vole. The pattern of 125I-sarc-AVP binding to lateral septum may reflect the social organization of these two species, as similar differences in AVP receptor distribution in the lateral septum were also observed in two related species, pine voles and meadow voles, which are monogamous and nonmonogamous, respectively. These results, along with earlier studies of AVP's effects on pair bonding, suggest the importance of this neuropeptide for the mediation of behaviors related to social organization.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: New Wave or Morita Therapy?

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an approach to treatment that includes potentially useful strategies. Some proponents of ACT view it as part of a third wave movement destined to replace cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as the dominant form of psychological therapy. This perception is problematic, because the criticism offered by ACT against CBT is based on a misrepresentation of the empirical evidence. Moreover, the strategies of ACT are not specific to the theory and philosophy underlying ACT. There are considerable similarities between ACT and Eastern holistic approaches, such as Morita therapy, which was developed 80 years ago. Future research on the mechanism of treatment change directly comparing CBT and ACT will help solve many of the current controversies. The term third wave in connection with ACT should be avoided.