cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chlorine budget of the lower polar stratosphere: Upper limits on ClO, and Implications of new Cl2O2 photolysis cross sections

Chlorine catalytic chemistry, which destroys ozone while cycling chlorine between Cl, ClO, and Cl2O2, is the primary cause of the springtime Antarctic ozone hole. We have calculated the concentrations of Cl2O2 which are in equilibrium with midday ground-based, aircraft, and satellite observations of ClO in the Antarctic spring lower stratosphere. Two significant conclusions are presented here: (1) Using the JPL 94 recommended rates and photolysis cross sections, more than ∼2.0 ppbv ClO in the polar lower stratosphere causes inferred total active chlorine to exceed the total chlorine budget. This limit is smaller than some reported ClO measurements. (2) Using smaller cross sections recently measured by Huder and DeMore [1995], the amount of Cl2O2 in midday equilibrium with measured ClO is approximately doubled. Activated chlorine inferred from many measurements then exceeds total chlorine in the lower stratosphere, suggesting these cross sections may be too small.
Snowmelt infiltration into seasonally frozen soils

Abstract The infiltration rate of snowmelt water into seasonally frozen soils is controlled in part by the amount of ice in the soil pores. The objective of this study was to measure the redistribution of moisture that occurs over the winter season for Fairbanks silt loam and to evaluate how the infiltration rate is related to the moisture content (water and ice). For wet soils, an increase of the moisture content near the surface was observed over the winter season. In the core where the soil was originally dry at the onset of freezing, there was actually a decrease in the moisture content in the soil profile. Apparently for the wetter soils, large quantities of ice in the soil pores sufficiently reduced the water transmission properties so an ice-rich zone developed near the ground surface. In predicting snowmelt runoff, it is of critical importance whether or not this ice-rich zone near the surface exists. Field tests revealed the sensitivity of the infiltration rate into seasonally frozen soils for a range of moisture contents. The higher the moisture content, the greater the amount of ice present in the frozen soil; thus the infiltration rate and the saturated hydraulic conductivity were reduced.
Oxindolealanine in age-related human cataracts

The present study was performed in order to obtain structural and quantitative information regarding the modifications that take place in the human lens as a result of tryptophan oxidation. In particular, the early tryptophan oxidation product, oxindolealanine (OIA) has been detected in lyophilized and hydrolyzed cataractous lenses by mass spectrometry. OIA was confirmed in human cataract samples by observing its ion (m/z 221), fragmentation pattern and absorption spectrum. Quantitative results indicate that there are differences in the amounts of OIA in the nucleus versus the cortex in human cataractous lenses. Expressed as a ratio to the level of phenylalanine (Phe), the nucleus has more than one and a half times greater levels of OIA as compared to the cortex [nucleus = (3.7 ± 0.7) × 10−2 versus cortex = (2.3 ± 0.3) × 10−2]. Furthermore, the average value for the OIA/Phe ratio in the calf lens (controls) was (0.8 ± 0.2) × 10−2 as compared to (3.7 ± 0.7) × 10−2 in human cataractous lens nucleus (p < 0.05). The quantitative results correspond to a 4.6-fold increase of OIA in human cataractous lenses. In a separate series of experiments using HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) detection only, the differences in OIA levels in cataract nucleus versus cortex and cataracts versus controls closely matched the LC/MS data. The results suggest that OIA levels are elevated in human cataractous lenses thus providing further evidence to implicate tryptophan oxidation in this process.
Assessing Communication Proficiency in Higher Education: Speaking Labs Offer Possibilities

Abstract In this paper, the researchers discuss speaking centers across the country, providing data from a nationwide survey. The purpose of this investigation is to show how assessment, speaking across the curriculum, and speaking centers are related and to report the results of a nation wide study. This investigation asked department chairs and speaking center directors to discuss the scope of the speaking center at the participant's community college, 4-year college, or university campus. Participants provided input with regard to institutional specifics to pedagogical methods employed at the speaking center. Results, in addition to implications and recommendations for assessment are discussed. The findings indicate five major areas: 1) the importance and prioritization of speaking centers is emerging with higher value in recent years; 2) staffing should include faculty positions; 3) funding should be provided for new equipment and resources; 4) the importance of assessment of student speaking skills c...
Units in the production of narrative discourse

(1986). Units in the production of narrative discourse. Discourse Processes: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 391-422.
New insights into progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Purpose of reviewProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a deadly demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, which occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. It is caused by a reactivation of the polyomavirus JC, which induces a lytic infection of oligodendrocytes. This review covers re
Early Decrease in DNA Repair Proteins, Ku70 and Ku86, and Subsequent DNA Fragmentation After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Background and Purpose—Ku70 and Ku86, multifunctional DNA repair proteins, bind to broken DNA ends, including double-strand breaks, and trigger a DNA repair pathway. To investigate the involvement of these proteins in DNA fragmentation after ischemia/reperfusion, Ku protein expression was examined before and after transient focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) in mice. Methods—Adult male CD-1 mice were subjected to 60 minutes of FCI by intraluminal suture blockade of the middle cerebral artery. Ku protein expression was studied by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. DNA fragmentation was evaluated by gel electrophoresis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). The spatial relationship between Ku expression and DNA fragmentation was examined by double labeling with Ku and TUNEL after reperfusion. Results—Immunohistochemistry showed constitutive expression of Ku proteins in control brains. The number of Ku-expressing cells was decreased in the entire middle cer...
Estimating the geographic distribution of human Tanapox and potential reservoirs using ecological niche modeling

Background: Tanapox virus is a zoonotic infection that causes mild febrile illness and one to several nodular skin lesions. The disease is endemic in parts of Africa. The principal reservoir for the virus that causes Tanapox is unknown, but has been hypothesized to be a non-human primate. This study employs ecological niche modeling (ENM) to determine areas of tropical Africa suitable for the occurrence of human Tanapox and a list of hypothetical reservoirs. The resultant niche model will be a useful tool to guide medical surveillance activities in the region. Methods: This study uses the Desktop GARP software to predict regions where human Tanapox might be expected to occur based on historical human case locations and environmental data. Additional modeling of primate species, using occurrence data from museum records was performed to determine suitable disease reservoirs. Results: The final ENM predicts a potential distribution of Tanapox over much of equatorial Africa, exceeding the borders of Kenya and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where it has been historically reported. Five genera of non-human primates were found to be potential reservoir taxa. Conclusions: Validity testing suggests the model created here is robust (p < 0.04). Several genera of primates were identified as having ENMs overlapping with that of Tanapox and are suggested as potential reservoirs, mainly members of the Genus Cercopithecus. The ENM modeling technique has several limitations and results should be interpreted with caution. This study may increase knowledge and engage further research in this neglected disease.
BitPAl: a bit-parallel, general integer-scoring sequence alignment algorithm.

Motivation: Mapping of high-throughput sequencing data and other bulk sequence comparison applications have motivated a search for high-efficiency sequence alignment algorithms. The bit-parallel approach represents individual cells in an alignment scoring matrix as bits in computer words and emulates the calculation of scores by a series of logic operations composed of AND, OR, XOR, complement, shift and addition. Bit-parallelism has been successfully applied to the longest common subsequence (LCS) and edit-distance problems, producing fast algorithms in practice. Results: We have developed BitPAl, a bit-parallel algorithm for general, integer-scoring global alignment. Integer-scoring schemes assign integer weights for match, mismatch and insertion/deletion. The BitPAl method uses structural properties in the relationship between adjacent scores in the scoring matrix to construct classes of efficient algorithms, each designed for a particular set of weights. In timed tests, we show that BitPAl runs 7–25 times faster than a standard iterative algorithm. Availability and implementation: Source code is freely available for download at http://lobstah.bu.edu/BitPAl/BitPAl.html. BitPAl is implemented in C and runs on all major operating systems. Contact: ude.ub@gnivolj or ude.ub@dnanrehy or ude.ub@nosnebg Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Morphine sulfate extended-release capsules for the treatment of chronic, moderate-to-severe pain.

Background: Morphine sulfate extended-release capsules (KADIAN®) contain polymer-coated morphine sulfate pellets that are formulated to deliver sustained plasma morphine levels with minimal fluctuation. Morphine sulfate extended-release capsules, the only opioid formulation indicated in the US for both once- and twice-daily (every 12 and every 24 h) dosing, is approved in eight dosage strengths and is effective against pain from diverse sources in a variety of patient types. The formulation of morphine sulfate extended-release capsules allows flexible dosing options: capsules can be taken whole or the contents can be sprinkled on apple sauce or delivered via a gastrostomy tube. Morphine sulfate extended-release capsules have no immediate-release component and no components that would limit high doses. Results/conclusion: The bioavailability of morphine sulfate extended-release capsules is not compromised when taken with food and dose dumping (immediate elevations in dose) does not occur when morphine sulf...
Pattern recognition methods for optimizing multivariate tissue signatures in diagnostic ultrasound.

Abstract Described is a supervised parametric approach to the detection and classification of disease from acoustic data. Statistical pattern recognition techniques are implemented to design the best ultrasonic tissue signature from a set of measurements and for a given task, and to rate its performance in a way that can be compared with other diagnostic tools. In this paper, we considered combinations of four ultrasonic tissue parameters to discriminate, in vivo , between normal liver and chronic active hepatitis. The separation between normal and diseased samples was made by application of the Bayes decision rule for minimum risk which includes the prior probability for the presence of disease and the cost of misclassification. Large differences in classification performance of various tissue parameter combinations were demonstrated using the Hotelling trace criterion (HTC) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The ability of additional measurements to increase or decrease discrimin-ability, even measurements from other diagnostic modalities, can be evaluated directly in this manner.
Through Their Eyes Child and Adolescent Agency in the Urban Environment

Abstract: There is an emerging approach in anthropology that investigates children and adolescents, not just as additions to adult-centered studies, but as active social actors who experience, react to, change, and create the worlds around them. In this paper, I report on research which utilized a child-centered focus to understand how children and youth in an inner-city Southern community understand their local environments. I examine children's perceptions and negotiations in both their urban physical and social landscapes using ethnographic methods. I document children's particular modes of thought and actions which help them move through the urban world within and beyond the confines of their families.
Exploring Identity and Aging: Auto-photography and Narratives of Low Income Older Adults

This study focused on meanings of health, housing, independence and aging among low-income adults age 55 and older who live in, or are on a waiting list for, publicly subsidized rental housing. The purpose was to learn how low-income older adults perceive their independence and health, and how their place of residence contributes to these perceptions, as well as related perceptions of self. Qualitative data were collected using in-person narrative interviews with 45 individuals and a second photo elicitation interview with 31 of these persons. Themes describe how disrupted identities influence subjective thoughts about the aging process, housing, health, and finances, the process of clinicalization, and place identities. These findings highlight the relationship between housing status, dignity, and shifting identities as older adults experience the aging process in a low-income context. This study expands the current scholarship on the relationship between environment and aging as well as our understanding of poverty among older persons. These topics are relevant for new policies and programs to support the aging in place of older persons in subsidized housing. Understanding the life worlds of those who live in or have applied to this form of housing will be instrumental in developing such strategies.
A Financial Cost—Benefit Analysis of a Health Promotion Program for Individuals With Mobility Impairments

People with disabilities make up approximately 20% of the U.S. population but account for 47% of total medical expenditures (Max, Rice, & Trupin, 1996). Health promotion programs represent one strategy for both improving health and containing medical costs for this population. This study examined the financial net benefits of the Living Well with a Disability health promotion program from the perspective of a third-party payer. Net benefits were defined as reductions in health-care utilization costs minus program implementation costs. The study sample consisted of 188 people with physical disabilities who completed the Living Well health promotion program. Health-care cost outcomes were collected using a 2-month retrospective recall of health-care services multiplied by Medicare unit cost estimates. The net benefits for the first 6 months postintervention were $2,631 per person for the entire cohort and $127 per person for a trimmed data set. The results suggested positive financial benefits and provide g...
Fracture surface morphology and phase relationships of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) systems. I. Low‐molecular‐weight polystyrene in poly(methyl methacrylate)

Samples of low-molecular-weight polystyrene (PS) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared by first dissolving PS in methyl methacrylate monomer and then polymerizing the monomer. Forty-three specimens of varying number-average molecular weight (2100–49,000) and composition (5–40 wt %) of PS were prepared, and the surface morphology and phase relationships studied by scanning electron microscopy. Four distinct types of phase relationships were observed: (i) a single phase consisting of PS dissolved in PMMA; (ii) PS dispersed in PMMA; (iii) PMMA dispersed in PS; and (iv) regions of PS dispersed in PMMA coexisting with regions of PMMA dispersed in PS. Values of the size and population density of the dispersed particles are reported. Finally, the size and distribution of the dispersed particles and the various types of phase relationships are discussed in terms of the ternary polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate)/methyl methacrylate phase diagram.
A Diverse and Endangered Aquatic Ecosystem of the Southeast United States

We document the biodiversity and conservation status of an extraordinarily diverse and endangered ecosystem in the United States that has failed to attract the same attention as tropical ecosystems—the rivers and streams of Alabama and adjoining states. Relative to North America as a whole, Alabama is a highlight of aquatic diversity supporting 38% of native fresh water fishes, 43% of native freshwater gill-breathing snails, 60% of native mussels, and 52% of native freshwater turtles. Of these, 41%, 77%, 34%, and 22% of the fishes, snails, mussels, and turtles, respectively, are endemic to Alabama and an adjacent state. Like many tropical systems of developing nations, this fauna is in an imperiled state, with 10%, 65%, 69%, and 43% of Alabama’s fishes, gill-breathing snails, mussels, and turtles, respectively, considered either extinct, endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Unlike tropical systems, however, little effort has been made to protect the taxa and their habitats. Only 40% of fishes, 1% of gill-breathing snails, 32% of mussels, and 20% of freshwater turtles are formally listed as either threatened or endangered via the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973; no critical habitat has been protected. Clearly, the biodiversity crisis in not limited to tropical systems of developing nations. Although the Endangered Species Act of 1973 helps to ensure a future of sustainable diversity, efforts must be made to hasten recognition, protection, and recovery of critical habitat, particularly for hotspots such as the aquatic systems of Alabama.
Expanded-spectrum β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae-related peritonitis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis

While hospitalized for pneumonia with ventilator-dependent respiratory failure, a 45-year-old man on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) had nosocomial peritonitis secondary to infection by expanded spectrum β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp). He was treated successfully with a 3-week course of intraperitoneal (IP) flomoxef therapy without subsequent relapse, loss of peritoneal catheter, ultrafiltration failure, or dialysis inadequacy. The International Consensus Panel recommends IP ceftazidime as the treatment of choice for CAPD patients suffering Klebsiella species-related peritonitis. However, the most appropriate form of IP antibiotic therapy and the outcomes for expanded-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria-related peritonitis for CAPD patients have not been established yet. Further, the ability to correctly report minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftazidime for ESBL bacteria in the resistant range varies between laboratories, making the diagnosis of ESBL-Kp-related CAPD peritonitis more complex and difficult. Thus, it appears reasonable to suggest that its incidence is probably underestimated and its significance ignored. The authors suggest that a 3-week IP treatment with flomoxef, a synthesized oxacephem, with loading and maintenance doses of 250 and 125 mg/L, respectively, is effective and safe for ESBL-Kp-related peritonitis in these patients. ESBL producing bacterial infection should be considered as a possible cause of overt CAPD-related peritonitis. Early detection of ESBLB pathogens and institution of effective antibiotic treatment may improve the prognosis.
Use and safety of heparin-free maintenance hemodialysis in the USA

Background Although heparin is used to anticoagulate the extracorporeal circuit for most patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD), some patients undergo heparin-free HD. We describe the determinants of heparin-free HD and its association with adverse outcomes using data from a national dialysis provider merged with Medicare claims. Methods We identified patients aged ≥67 years with no recent history of warfarin use who initiated maintenance HD from 2007 to 2008. We applied the Cox regression to a propensity score-matched cohort to estimate the hazards of all-cause mortality, bleeding (gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemorrhagic stroke, other hemorrhage), atherothrombosis (ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism). Results Among 12 468 patients, 836 (6.7%) were dialyzed heparin-free. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, a history of gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhagic stroke and lower hemoglobin and platelet counts were associated with higher odds of heparin-free HD. Heparin-free HD use also varied as much as 4-fold by facility region. We found no significant association of heparin-free HD with all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94-1.26], bleeding (HR 1.15; 95% CI: 0.83-1.60), atherothrombosis (HR 1.09, 95% CI: 0.90-1.31) or VTE (HR 1.23, 95% CI: 0.93-1.64) compared with HD with heparin. Conclusions Patient markers of increased risk of bleeding and facility region associated with heparin-free HD use. Despite the potential benefits of avoiding heparin use, heparin-free HD was not significantly associated with decreased hazards of death, bleeding or thrombosis, suggesting that it may be no safer than HD with heparin.
The Effects of Flow Dispersion and Cardiac Pulsation in Arterial Spin Labeling

The blood in the carotid arteries exhibits time-varying flow velocity as a function of cardiac phases. Despite this flow velocity variation, most current methods set forth for the analysis of arterial spin labeling (ASL) data have assumed that the tagged blood is delivered from the tagging region to the imaging region via simple plug flow, i.e., a single transit delay (deltat). In this study, we used a pulse oximeter to synchronize image acquisition at systole and diastole separately. The deltat dispersion was modeled with a Gaussian distribution and the effect of cardiac pulsation upon the ASL signal was evaluated on five healthy volunteers. ASL signals were collected at a series of inflow times (TI) using PICORE QUIPSS II: TR/TE/TI1=2400/3.2/700 ms, TI={300,500,700,900,1100,1300,1500} ms, matrix size=64times64,repetition=100. Transit delay was found significantly shorter in systolic tag than diastolic tag (paired student's t-test, p<0.001; mean difference across subjects=54 ms). When the tag was applied in late systole, the ASL signal arrived in the target brain slice earlier, and was higher by 16% with TI=700 ms. Intervoxel dispersion (~350 ms) dominated over intravoxel dispersion (<200 ms). The disparity of ASL signals found between systolic and diastolic tags indicated that ASL imaging was sensitive to cardiac pulsations. We conclude that both flow dispersion and fluctuations in the ASL signal due to cardiac pulsations are significant
Community Participation, Teacher Effort, and Educational Outcome: The Case of El Salvador's EDUCO Program*

Based on a principal-agent model, this paper investigates the organizational structure that made the El Salvador's primary school decentralization program (EDUCO program) successful. First, we employ the “augmented” reduced form educational production function by incorporating parents and community involvement as a major organizational input. We observe consistently positive and statistically significant EDUCO participation effects on standardized test scores. Then we estimated teacher compensation function, teacher effort functions, and input demand functions by utilizing the theoretical implications of a principal (parental association)-agent (teacher) framework. While the EDUCO school teachers receive piece rate, depending on their performance, wage payment is relatively fixed in the traditional schools. Empirical results indicate that the slope of wage equation is positively affected by the degree of community participation. This finding can be interpreted as the optimal intensity of incentive. Hence, teacher’s effort level in the traditional schools is consistently lower than that in the EDUCO schools, indicating a moral hazard problem. Community participation through parental group's classroom visits seems to enhance the teacher effort level and thus increases students’ academic performance indirectly. Parental associations can affect not only teacher effort and their performance by imposing an appropriate incentive scheme but also school-level inputs by decentralized school management. Our empirical results support the view that decentralization of education system should involve delegation of school administration and teacher management to the community group.
A Mysterious Power: Industrial Accidents and the Legal Construction of Employment Relations in Massachusetts, 1800-1850

On 16 June 1837, at a little after six o'clock in the morning, a train of cars carrying lumber and gravel and crowded with twenty or more Irish track laborers and other workmen left the Boston depot of the Boston & Worcester Railroad Corporation bound for Worcester. About four miles out, just after the train had passed the City Mills and was nearing the Brookline road, a wheel on one of the cars broke. The train was thrown from the tracks. Two men were killed and several others severely injured.Among the injured was a man named Gilham Barnes, engaged by the Corporation about two weeks before to carry out maintenance work on several bridges between Boston and Worcester. On the previous day, Barnes, his brother Luther, and one of the men who worked with them had ridden the same train (an unscheduled track maintenance train known to the corporation as the “gravel” train) as far as the Arsenal bridge, which carried the railroad over the Watertown road in Brighton, to deliver materials and tools. On the morning of the sixteenth, Barnes sent the others by wagon via the Mill Dam toll road to begin work on the Arsenal bridge while he made arrangements with the conductor of the gravel train for additional materials to be carried to the Worcester bridge. Barnes intended, it would seem, to ride the gravel train as far as the Arsenal bridge where he would jump off and join his workmen. “We saw the train going out just after we paid [the] toll,” Luther Barnes later recounted. “Then near City Mills we saw shingles &c all about. I saw my brother running towards us. He waved his hat twice. And he held up his arm and I saw blood and flesh.”
Detecting overlapped functional clusters in resting state fMRI with Connected Iterative Scan: A graph theory based clustering algorithm

The brain is a complex neural network with interleaving functional connectivity among anatomical regions. However, current functional parcellation algorithms usually emphasize independence or orthogonality between the spatial components, with the interleaving nature underrepresented. This study investigates a method, Connected Iterative Scan (CIS), for identifying functionally overlapped anatomical groups with resting state fMRI. CIS iteratively optimizes a grouping of vertexes in a weighted graph, using a density metric computed based on the input and output weights of a candidate cluster. In this study, CIS is able to detect the overlapped clusters in a simulated dataset. CIS also detects that the default mode network and the task positive network, which were known as two anti-correlated networks, are overlapped at the posterior cingulate cortex and the lateral parietal cortex. CIS also detects the conventional functional clusters in the whole brain neural network (e.g., the visual cluster, the motor cluster, the frontal cluster, etc.), as well as meaningful overlaps, and also revealed the possible existence of an emotional memory functional cluster. CIS was able to identify several hub regions actively participating in many clusters. With the ability to reveal overlapping functional clusters, CIS is potentially useful in revealing the delicate architecture of the brain neural network.
Selective Application of Fundoplication in Achalasia

Although esophagomyotomy alone may effectively relieve dysphagia in patients with achalasia, utilization of a complementary fundoplication procedure should be considered for selected patients. Fundoplication is a sensible addition to myotomy in circumstances that suggest high risk for the development of reflux esophagitis. Also, in complicated achalasia, relief of esophageal obstruction by simple myotomy may not be achieved safely. Identification of those pathological features associated with achalasia that merit consideration of fundoplication should improve operative results and reduce morbidity. This paper examines the application of a complementary fundoplication procedure in the operative management of 21 patients with achalasia over a ten-year period.
Lapped multiple bases realizations for the transform coding of still images

We describe a system for still image compression which uses several lapped orthogonal transform (LOT) sets in a multiple bases realization algorithm, the recursive residual projection (RRP) algorithm. Newly developed RRP algorithms are shown to reduce the number of encoded transform coefficients 20% beyond the DCT-only compression standard, JPEG. These algorithms still suffer from the problem of block-discontinuities at the boundaries of the segmented image. We extend these algorithms to use several newly developed LOT bases. Fast hardware implementations of these algorithms are presented. >
Diagnosis and treatment of pathological anxiety

Anxiety and phobic disorders can be classified as being either endogenous or exogenous and it is the latter that are associated with stressful situations. Panic attacks and phobias are important components and require particular consideration from the point of view of treatment. Both anxiolytics and antidepressants have their places in treatment and alprazolam, combining both modes of action, has been used in studies undertaken by our group. These are reported and suggested treatment strategies are outlined.
Upward Momentum Transfer in the Marine Boundary Layer

Abstract This paper focuses on the study of momentum flux between ocean and atmosphere in light winds and is based on the data collected during several field campaigns, the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment, the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment, and the San Clemente Ocean Probing Experiment. Weak wind at sea is frequently accompanied by the presence of fast-traveling ocean swell, which dramatically affects momentum transfer. It is found that the mean momentum flux (uw covariance) decreases monotonically with decreasing wind speed, and reaches zero around a wind speed U ≈ 1.5–2 m s−1, which corresponds to wave age cp/U ≈ 10 for wave/swell conditions of the experiments in this study. Further decrease of the wind speed (i.e., increase of the wave age) leads to a sign reversal of the momentum flux, implying negative drag coefficient. Upward momentum transfer is associated with fast-traveling swell running in the same direction as the wind, and this regim...
Using a university characterization facility to educate the public about microscopes: light microscopes to SEM

The National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) 1 is an integrated partnership of 14 universities across the US funded by NSF to support nanoscale researchers. The NNIN education office is located at the Institute of Electronics and Nanotechnology at the Georgia Institute of Technology. At Georgia Tech we offer programs that integrate the facility and its resources to educate the public about nanotechnology. One event that has proved highly successful involves using microscopes in our characterization suite to educate a diverse audience about a variety of imaging instruments. As part of the annual Atlanta Science Festival (ATLSF) 2 we provided an event entitled: “ What’s all the Buzz about Nanotechnology? ” which was open to the public and advertised through a variety of methods by the ATLSF. During the event, we provided hands-on demos, cleanroom tours, and activities with three of our microscopes in our recently opened Imaging and Characterization Facility: 1. Keyence VHX-600 Digital Microscope; 2. Hitachi SU823 FE-SEM; and 3. Hitachi TM 3000. During the two hour event we had approximately 150 visitors including many families with school-aged children. Visitors were invited to bring a sample for scanning with the TM-3000. This paper will discuss how to do such an event, lessons learned, and visitor survey results.
Drug-Resistant Brain Metastases: A Role for Pharmacology, Tumor Evolution, and Too-Late Therapy

Two recent studies report deep molecular profiling of matched brain metastases and primary tumors. In both studies, somatic alterations in the brain metastases were frequently discordant with those in the primary tumor, suggesting divergent evolution at metastatic sites and raising questions about the use of biomarkers in patients in clinical trials with targeted therapies.
Pyridoxine Responsiveness and PNPO Gene Mutations

Investigators at University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland, and multiple centers in Europe and Canada, sequenced the pyridoxal 5-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) gene in 31 patients with pyridoxine-responsive seizures but normal biomarkers for antiquitin deficiency and normal sequencing of the ALDH7A1 gene.
Understanding Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes arises out of a complex interaction between the genes and the environment. It is characterized by hyperglycemia which is the result of inadequate insulin secretion for the prevailing insulin action. In addition, the ability of glucose itself to stimulate its own uptake and suppress its own release—otherwise termed glucose effectiveness—is also impaired. Prolonged hyperglycemia is ultimately a major contributor to the macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes.
Income Inequality and Stock Market Volatility

This study tests whether income inequality creates greater volatility in stock prices across a broad sample of countries. Contrary to the idea that inequality creates social and political uncertainty that is reflected in higher volatility, we instead find a negative association between inequality and volatility. To make stronger causal inferences, we use the passing of the French “Millionaire Tax” as a natural experiment. Results show that volatility of French stocks increases after the Tax implementation. Besides finding that inequality stabilizes stock prices, we also find that countries with greater inequality also have stocks with more normal return distributions.
Nitro-L-arginine attenuates hypercapnic cerebrovasodilation without affecting cerebral metabolism

We have previously demonstrated that topical cortical application of nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, attenuates resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the cerebrovasodilation elicited by hypercapnia. In this study, we sought to determine whether these cerebrovascular effects of L-NA are secondary to a depression in cerebral metabolism. Rats were anesthetized (chloralose, 80 mg/kg) and artificially ventilated. Arterial pressure and blood gases were monitored. The frontal cortex was exposed and superfused with normal Ringer (pH 7.3-7.4; 37 degrees C) or with Ringer containing L- or D-NA. CBF or cerebral glucose utilization (CGU) was measured autoradiographically using the [14C]iodoantipyrine or 2-[14C]deoxy-D-glucose method, respectively. Application of normal Ringer did not affect CBF at the site of superfusion (n = 5; P > 0.05, paired t test). Application of L-NA (1 mM; n = 5), but not D-NA (1 mM; n = 6), attenuated resting CBF by 33 +/- 5% (P 0.05). Resting CBF and the CBF response to hypercapnia were largely unaffected in brain regions outside the field of superfusion. In contrast to hypercapnia, L-NA (1 mM) did not attenuate the increases in CBF elicited by topical application of papaverine (10-1,000 microM; n = 8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Athens, Jerusalem and Rome after Auschwitz: Still the Jewish Question?

This article treats post-Holocaust humanitarianism as a secular version of St Paul’s ‘Jewish Question’: why are there still Jews now that the particularities of Jewish history have universal meaning? It considers Paul’s Judaeo-Christianity, a distinctively Christian embrace of Jewish survival, as the prototype of today’s secular project of conversion to human rights, and asks what it means within this project for Jews to regard themselves as the only Jews. The article concludes by defining an Islamic alternative to the imperial reach of today’s human rights discourse, based on the recent publication of 1981 lectures by the late N. O. Brown, who presented Islam as an alternative to the Pauline synthesis of Athens-Jerusalem that would renew, rather than supersede, the prophetic tradition of Jewish monotheism. Following Brown, the article presents Muhammad as the anti-Paul, and considers the key differences between their respective political theologies on issues such as fidelity, cruelty and particularly the...
Life Cycle Assessment and Eco-Design of a Wireless TV/VCR Remote

The focus of this paper is to present life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a TV/VCR remote, including alkaline batteries, and to compare the environmental impacts with a redesigned remote consisting of a solar cell. LCA is a very helpful tool in identifying the most important factors for improving product sustainability. The remote considered in this study can control both television and video cassette recorder. This remote is manufactured in Malaysia and exported to the United States. Its life-cycle system includes raw material, parts, shipment, use phase and waste treatment; its life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is performed using SimaPro 7.1 and employing the TRACI method. LCA uncertainty analyzing is performed for both remotes utilizing Monte Carlo simulation in SimaPro 7.1.LCA result shows use of alkaline battery affects most obviously in environmental impacts. In Eco-design remote model, both energy type and raw materials changed. Environmental impacts reduce in five categories in redesigned remote. This paper: 1) presents a prototype design for product using solar cell; 2) presents a novel method for designers to determine raw materials to improve product sustainability in designing stage; 3) provides suggestions for manufacturers to improve product sustainability through reuse of solar cell or a leasing strategy.© 2013 ASME
Anti-inflammatory effects of a stabilized lipid extract of Perna canaliculus (Lyprinol)

A lipid-rich extract, prepared by supercritical fluid (CO2) extraction of freeze-dried stabilized NZ green-lipped mussel powder (Lyprinol) has shown significant anti-inflammatory (AI) activity when given to animals and humans. When treated p.o. with Lyprinol, Wistar and Dark Agouti rats developed neither adjuvant-induced polyarthritis or collagen(II)-induced auto-allergic arthritis. This was achieved with doses < NSAIDs, and 200 times < of other seed or fish oils. Lyprinol subfractions inhibited LTB4 biosynthesis by PMN in vitro, and PGE2 production by activated macrophages. Much of this AI activity was associated with omega-3 PUFAs and natural antioxidants [e.g. carotenoids]. In contrast to NSAIDs, Lyprinol is non-gastro toxic in disease-stressed rats at 300 mg/kg p.o., and does not affect platelet aggregation [human, rat]. Clinical studies, either controlled or randomized, have demonstrated very significant AI activity in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), asthma, and other inflammatory conditions. Lyprinol is a reproducible, stable source of bioactive lipids with much greater potency than plant/marine oils currently used as nutritional supplements to ameliorate signs of inflammation.
Endoscopic CO2 laser cricopharyngeal myotomy.

ABSTRACT Cricopharyngeal dysfunction due to various causes can lead to severe upper pharyngeal dysphagia with or without laryngeal penetration. Resurgence of Dohlman's endoscopic diverticulotomy fo...
Teaching parallelism with GPUS and a Game of life assignment

In this tutorial, we share our experiences teaching parallelism with GPUs and a Game of Life assignment. The rise of multicore computer hardware (now even in phones and tablets) has introduced new urgency to learn parallel programming. Whereas threads and/or MPI have been taught for many years, programming GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) with hundreds of cores is an exciting new option. With the introduction of languages such as CUDA for general-purpose GPU programming, we can now parallel program GPUs for computational tasks and achieve orders of magnitude improvement in performance.
The Internship Setting

Each internship program is unique. The degree to which any internship can meet one’s training goals depends on the resources and opportunities available in the setting, and the degree to which these match one’s unmet training needs and goals. This chapter reviews various settings and their unique training resources and opportunities. First, the physical characteristics and functional aspects of health care settings will be presented. The “typical” features of inpatient, ambulatory care, and outpatient facilities, as well as the distinctive features of specialized care settings, will be delineated. Following these descriptions, 11 categories of clinical internships will be described.
Environmental Governance in Multi-stakeholder Contexts: An Integrated Methods Set for Examining Decision-Making

Environmental governance is of growing concern in a world that is more interconnected and interdependent than ever and threatened by climate change and the depletion or contamination of natural resources that are often shared by multiple stakeholders. Governance at the local, national, and international level requires representatives of diverse stakeholder groups with often competing ideologies and interests to make decisions collaboratively (Buck et al. 2001; Folke et al. 2005; Wondolleck and Yaffee 2000). This collaborative decision-making often takes place in formalized groups who are given the responsibility for developing governmental regulations that determine how natural resources will be used and protected.
Health behaviors and survivorship needs of short- versus long-term melanoma survivors.

9061 Background: Little is known about melanoma survivors and their long-term symptoms, sun protection practices and support needs from health professionals. Methods: Melanoma survivors previously ...
Two-photon Swept Confocally Aligned Planar Excitation Microscopy (2P-SCAPE)

We report our recent progress on two-photon implementations of Swept Confocally Aligned Planar Excitation (SCAPE) microscopy for high-speed 3D in vivo imaging of scattering biological samples including mammalian brain.
Learning to Generate High Resolution Images with Bilateral Adversarial Networks

Learning the generative models of multimedia data such as audio, images and video is a challenging image analysis problem because of the infinitely many manifestations of just one concept, and the potentially large number of concepts that can be encountered. Deep learning methods have proven useful for handling such complex, high dimensional datasets by taking advantage of the use of shared and distributed representation while learning. In this work, we build on the recent successes of several deep learning techniques and propose the "bilateral adversarial network". We demonstrate its efficacy by performing quantitative tests on the standard benchmark datasets, and qualitative tests on large, diverse complex datasets (on over two million high-resolution images).
The Impact of Human Resources Management Practices

Research has evaluated the links between systems of High Performance Work Practices and a firm’s performance within the management level. Author of the Impact of Human Resources Management Practices On Turnover, Productivity, and Corporate Financial Performance by Mark A. Huselid, sampled nearly one thousand firms that have indicated high performance practices have an economically and statistically impact on intermediate employee outcomes and corporate financial management. High Performance Work Practices is reliant on their interrelationships and links with competitive strategy. In addition, research has shown High Performance Work practices has decreased employee turnover and increased productivity, which exemplifies the financial aspect of keeping employee cost down.
Special issue: Remote sensing of our changing landscapes with Geographic Object-based Image Analysis (GEOBIA)

The physical surface of our planet is in constant changes resulting from natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities. High-resolution remote sensing provides possibly the only feasible solution ...
Thermal Stress Fracture in Elastic-Brittle Materials

The uncoupled thermoelastic brittle fracture problem is discussed in terms of the types of stress fields produced by surface heating or cooling and the generic characteristics of the thermally generated stress intensity factors. Examples of experimental measurements and numerical calculations are given to demonstrate these general characteristics.
Bayesian Statistics in Sociology: Past, Present, and Future

Although Bayes’ theorem has been around for more than 250 years, widespread application of the Bayesian approach only began in statistics in 1990. By 2000, Bayesian statistics had made considerable...
Prevalence and Cardiovascular Health Impact of Family History of Premature Heart Disease in the United States: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2014.

Background Because family history is a known risk factor for heart disease, it is important to characterize its public health impact in terms of population prevalence of family history of heart dis...
Improved thermoelectric cooling based on the Thomson effect

Traditional thermoelectric Peltier coolers exhibit a cooling limit which is primarily determined by the figure of merit, $\mathit{zT}$. Rather than a fundamental thermodynamic limit, this bound can be traced to the difficulty of maintaining thermoelectric compatibility. Self-compatibility locally maximizes the cooler's coefficient of performance for a given $zT$ and can be achieved by adjusting the relative ratio of the thermoelectric transport properties that make up $zT$. In this study, we investigate the theoretical performance of thermoelectric coolers that maintain self-compatibility across the device. We find that such a device behaves very differently from a Peltier cooler, and we term self-compatible coolers ``Thomson coolers'' when the Fourier heat divergence is dominated by the Thomson, as opposed to the Joule, term. A Thomson cooler requires an exponentially rising Seebeck coefficient with increasing temperature, while traditional Peltier coolers, such as those used commercially, have comparatively minimal change in Seebeck coefficient with temperature. When reasonable material property bounds are placed on the thermoelectric leg, the Thomson cooler is predicted to achieve approximately twice the maximum temperature drop of a traditional Peltier cooler with equivalent figure of merit ($zT$). We anticipate that the development of Thomson coolers will ultimately lead to solid-state cooling to cryogenic temperatures.
Abstract P2035: Severity of Hypertension Due to Elastin Haploinsufficiency is Sex-Dependent

William syndrome, an autosomal-dominant disease, is caused partly by loss-of-function mutations or gene macro-deletions resulting in elastin (Eln) haploinsufficiency. A major hallmark of Eln haploi...