cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring 3D DTI Fiber Tracts with Linked 2D Representations

We present a visual exploration paradigm that facilitates navigation through complex fiber tracts by combining traditional 3D model viewing with lower dimensional representations. To this end, we create standard streamtube models along with two two-dimensional representations, an embedding in the plane and a hierarchical clustering tree, for a given set of fiber tracts. We then link these three representations using both interaction and color obtained by embedding fiber tracts into a perceptually uniform color space. We describe an anecdotal evaluation with neuroscientists to assess the usefulness of our method in exploring anatomical and functional structures in the brain. Expert feedback indicates that, while a standalone clinical use of the proposed method would require anatomical landmarks in the lower dimensional representations, the approach would be particularly useful in accelerating tract bundle selection. Results also suggest that combining traditional 3D model viewing with lower dimensional representations can ease navigation through the complex fiber tract models, improving exploration of the connectivity in the brain.
An empirical analysis of the interfirm equity investment process

Abstract This paper measures the effects on stock proces of corporate investments in 5% or more of another company's equity securities. Such investments initiate a process that may end with a takeover, targeted repurchase, takeover by a third party, or sale of the shares. The total valuation effect of the investment for acquiring and target firms includes returns at disclosure of the investment position, the outcome announcement, and related intervening events. For example, the positive return for target firms at initial disclosure of the investment more than offsets the negative return at a targeted repurchase.
Impact of mismatched detector-blur models on 67 Ga SPECT tumor detection

The quality of SPECT images suffers from the effects of photon attenuation and scatter, and from distance-dependent collimator blur, and many researchers have shown the benefit of compensating for these degradations in the inverse problem. For this work, we examined how using an incorrect collimator- blur model affects the detection and localization of 67Ga-avid lymphomas in simulated chest scans. In particular, we considered whether blur-overcompensation can enhance reconstructed images for purposes of localizing tumors. Variations in the correct linear model for medium-energy, parallel-hole collimators were compared by means of LROC studies with human and localizing model observers. Imaging data consisted of Simind projections of the MCAT phantom, and RBI reconstructions were performed. Our results indicate that tumor-detection performance is not improved by using a mismatched RC model. Reconstruction with increased RC requires more iterations, which leads to longer noise correlations. Our results also suggest a substantial observer insensitivity to the accuracy of the RC model.
Significance of tumor self-seeding as an augmentation to the classic metastasis paradigm.

Evaluation of: Kim M-Y, Oskarsson T, Acharyya S et al.: Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells. Cell 139, 1315–1326 (2009). Augmenting our understanding that metastasis involves the spread of tumor cells to distant sites, this study describes an overlooked phenomenon – the seeding of metastases to the primary tumor itself. An aggressive population of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) within the primary tumor, which has already surmounted the challenge of entering and exiting the circulation, is revealed. The self-seeding principle was demonstrated using mice implanted with both ‘recipient’ unlabeled nonaggressive tumors and with homotypic ‘donor’ tumors, consisting of green fluorescent protein-labeled metastatic variants. When the donor tumor implants were instead nonaggressive, labeled cells isolated from the recipient tumors also exhibited strong self-seeding potential when re-implanted as donors, demonstrating selection for and amplification of a metastatic phenotype. The isolated CTC population p...
Genital Herpes and Pregnancy

To discuss the rationale of herpes simplex virus (HSV) serologic testing in the prevention of neonatal herpes and other adverse consequences of genital herpes complicating pregnancy, it is necessary to review the classification of this infection. The appropriate classification of genital herpes during pregnancy depends upon accurate serotyping of the patient by type-specific serologic assays. A recent study demonstrated that antepartum asymptomatic shedding of HSV as determined by weekly HSV cultures does not predict whether HSV will be present in the genital tract at the onset of labor. Recent studies have demonstrated that most of the morbidity and the majority of cases of neonatal herpes in pregnancy are due not to women whose genital herpes reactivated at the onset of labor but to women acquiring genital herpes, frequently asymptomatically, in late pregnancy. Even if every patient entering pregnancy with symptomatic recurrent genital herpes underwent a cesarean section, only a minority of cases of neonatal herpes would be prevented. Cesarean section may even decrease the transplacental transmission of protective anti-HSV antibodies. Acyclovir is extremely effective in suppressing both symptomatic recurrences and asymptomatic shedding in nonimmunosuppressed, nonpregnant adults. Until the prospective studies of prophylactic acyclovir in late pregnancy which are in progress have been completed and evaluated for safety and efficacy, the prophylactic use of acyclovir in late pregnancy must be approached with caution and certainly only after complete informed consent is given by the patient.
Thermodynamic analysis of an enhanced gas and steam cycle

The most efficient engine is not an internal nor external combustion engine, but the two combined. What is now the traditional combined gas and steam turbine uses the gas turbine for the topping cycle and heat is recovered from the exhaust to heat, boil and superheat water for a Rankine cycle. A newer concept will be to use steam for the Rankine cycle for cooling of the turbine blades and the hot gas path of the gas turbine. This can enhance efficiency by allowing a higher temperature to the gas turbine while providing additional heat recovery for the bottom steam cycle. This paper will develop and demonstrate a methodology to compare the enhanced combined cycle with a traditional combined cycle.
Spin Dependent Transport in Ferro-Magnetic Heterostructures: An Application of Non-Equilibrium Green's Functions

We apply the Non-equilibrium Green's functions formalism (NEGF) to the case of Ferro Magnet-Insulator-Ferro Magnet (FM-I-FM) and the Ferro magnet-Ballistic Conductor-Ferro magnet (FM-BC-FM) heterostructures. The spin dependence in the Ferro-magnetic reservoirs respectively. The current-voltage characteristic of spin-dependent transport is calculated as is the magnet-resistance. The spin currents display the crossover characteristic of spin-magnetic devices and here are calculated for device dimensions where fully quantum nonlinear and nonequilibrium response is exhibited by the current-voltage nonlinear saturation curve.
Online Reputational Loss Aversion: Empirical Evidence from StackOverflow.com

Do people care equally about reputational gains and losses? We study this question by analyzing users’ contribution to online knowledge repositories, with data from StackOverflow.com, a website for user-curated technical questions and answers. Based on about 18% of all relevant activity on this website, we find that users post fewer answers after receiving upvotes as well as downvotes. Interestingly, users who receive downvotes post far fewer answers than users who receive upvotes. This suggests that reputational losses (downvotes) elicit a stronger reaction in users than reputational gains (upvotes), suggesting the presence of reputational loss aversion. Loss aversion as indicated by relative reaction to downvotes compared to upvotes is convex in reputation – it is stronger among users in the highest reputation segment (reputations above 50,000) and the lowest reputation segment (reputations in the 20k-30k range), and lower in the middle ranges. Our paper is novel in studying reputational loss aversion using observational data, compared to prior studies on loss aversion in choice settings using experimental data.
Photosynthetic adaptation of Solanum dulcamara L. to sun and shade environments : I. A Comparison of Sun and Shade Populations.

The photosynthetic response properties of individuals of Solanum dulcamara L. collected from sun and shade habitats were compared in controlled environments. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates and seven additional parameters associated with photosynthetic and growth performance were measured over a range of 12 environmental conditions that simulated natural habitat differences in light intensity, moisture availability and daily temperature amplitude. In contrast to previous studies, the results suggest there is no ecotypic differentiation with respect to the sun and shade environments from which the individuals were collected. It appears that all but one of the field-collected individuals are capable of successfully inhabiting the full range of light environments from which the species was collected.
Pyrolysis reactions of long chain alkyl pyridines

ABSTRACT The presence of n-alkanes in jet fuel can be explained if large n-alkanes are present in the crude oil source. Quantities of large n-alkanes present in crudes made from shale are insufficient, however, to explain the amounts found (up to 37%) in jet fuel made from these crudes. Although possible precursors to small n-alkanes are branched alkanes or substituted cyclic compounds, this paper shows that attack in the side chain of model pyridine compounds, similar to those found in shale crudes, affords a path to significant yields of n-alkanes. This study shows free radical attack at the alpha and gamma positions in the side chain to be favored. The major initial product distribution can be explained on the basis of Fabuss-Smith-Satterfield theory.
The Ethical Aspects of Limited War

I, Ln the field of international relations, Christian ethicists have stressed the values of freedom and order. These are polar concepts, and are seen as deriving their meaning from the religious teachings of the Christian faith. Morally concerned persons ought to work for both meaningful freedom for individuals, and order and stability in the human community. Both the dignity of individuals and security for all are basic moral requirements for society. Any discussion of social justice involves us in a consideration of the well-being of all members of the community. Seeking social justice in the human community means both restraining human aggression and providing structures in the society for the fulfillment of purposes by the members of the society. It is within this larger conceptual framework that one may discuss the more specific factors that relate to the ethical aspects of limited war. Consider the concept itself: Why should persons in our era of history talk about "limited war"? Similarly, when is war right in the atomic era? The intercontinental ballistic missies armed with nuclear warheads have become both the symbol and the reality of a revolution in military science and strategy in the twentieth century. It is the development of this potentially vast destructive power in our nuclear arsenals that has resulted in the political, military, and ethical concepts of limited war. The fact that nuclear power has become available by our technology has changed man's thinking about war and peace as well as his thinking about available sources of energy to run an industrialized society.
Application of Implementation Science Methodology to Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Policy Roll-Out Across States

Purpose Providing long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) in the immediate postpartum period is an evidence-based strategy for expanding women's access to highly effective contraception and for reducing unintended and rapid repeat pregnancy. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the application of implementation science methodology to study the complexities of rolling-out policies that promote immediate postpartum LARC use across states. Description The Immediate Postpartum LARC Learning Community, sponsored by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO), is made up of multi-disciplinary, multi-agency teams from 13 early-adopting states with Medicaid reimbursement policies promoting immediate postpartum LARC. Partners include federal agencies and maternal and child health organizations. The Learning Community discussed barriers, opportunities, strategies, and promising practices at an in-person meeting. Implementation science theory and methods, including the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), and a recent compilation of implementation strategies, provide useful tools for studying the complexities of implementing immediate postpartum LARC policies in birthing facilities across early adopting states. Assessment To demonstrate the utility of this framework for guiding the expansion of immediate postpartum LARC policies, illustrative examples of barriers and strategies discussed during the in-person ASTHO Learning Community meeting are organized by the five CFIR domains-intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of the individuals involved, and process. Conclusion States considering adopting policies can learn from ASTHO's Immediate Postpartum LARC Learning Community. Applying implementation science principles may lead to more effective statewide scale-up of immediate postpartum LARC and other evidence-based strategies to improve women and children's health.
GcsR, a TyrR-Like Enhancer-Binding Protein, Regulates Expression of the Glycine Cleavage System in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

ABSTRACT Glycine serves as a major source of single carbon units for biochemical reactions within bacterial cells. Utilization of glycine is tightly regulated and revolves around a key group of proteins known as the glycine cleavage system (GCS). Our lab previously identified the transcriptional regulator GcsR (PA2449) as being required for catabolism of glycine in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. In an effort to clarify and have an overall better understanding of the role of GcsR in glycine metabolism, a combination of transcriptome sequencing and electrophoretic mobility shift assays was used to identify target genes of this transcriptional regulator. It was found that GcsR binds to an 18-bp consensus sequence (TGTAACG-N4-CGTTCCG) upstream of the gcs2 operon, consisting of the gcvH2, gcvP2, glyA2, sdaA, and gcvT2 genes. The proteins encoded by these genes, namely, the GCS (GcvH2-GcvP2-GcvT2), serine hydroxymethyltransferase (GlyA2), and serine dehydratase (SdaA), form a metabolic pathway for the conversion of glycine into pyruvate, which can enter the central metabolism. GcsR activates transcription of the gcs2 operon in response to glycine. Interestingly, GcsR belongs to a family of transcriptional regulators known as TyrR-like enhancer-binding proteins (EBPs). Until this study, TyrR-like EBPs were only known to function in regulating aromatic amino acid metabolism. GcsR is the founding member of a new class of TyrR-like EBPs that function in the regulation of glycine metabolism. Indeed, homologs of GcsR and its target genes are present in almost all sequenced genomes of the Pseudomonadales order, suggesting that this genetic regulatory mechanism is a common theme for pseudomonads. IMPORTANCE Glycine is required for various cellular functions, including cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and the biosynthesis of several important metabolites. Regulating levels of glycine metabolism allows P. aeruginosa to maintain the metabolic flux of glycine through several pathways, including the metabolism of glycine to produce other amino acids, entry into the trichloroacetic acid cycle, and the production of virulence factors such as hydrogen cyanide. In this study, we characterized GcsR, a transcriptional regulator that activates the expression of genes involved in P. aeruginosa PAO1 glycine metabolism. Our work reveals that GcsR is the founding member of a novel class of TyrR-like EBPs that likely regulate glycine metabolism in Pseudomonadales.
SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF HOT DIPPING PROCESS OF COPPER-COATED STEEL WIRE

Based on the hot dipping experiment of copper-coated steel wire, a simplified dynamic mathematical model is developed to simulate the process of inverse casting. The influence of chief technology parameters on the process is investigated. Adopting the simulate parameter method, the thermal resistance on the interface is described, and the heat transfer between copper melt and steel wire is reasonably simulated. As for the domain discretization, the method of internal point is used. The thermal enthalpy method is adopted to model the latent heat in phase change, both the temperature and enthalpy increase are taken as object variables, so that moving of the solidification front is independent of the grid distribution during the computation. Based on this simplified model, an algorithm for on-line control can be derived easily.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Nanjing, 2004-2012

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Nanjing and provide scientific evidence for effective prevention and control of mumps. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence and outbreak data of mumps, collected from national disease reporting information system during 2004-2012. Results A total of 13 388 cases of mumps were reported accumulatively in Nanjing during 2004-2012 with the annual average incidence of 22.24/105. The male to female ratio of these cases was 1: 0.58. The incidence peaks were during April and July. Cases are mainly concentrated in children aged 6 to 14, especially 8-year-old group and the 10-year-old group which had incidence rate of 251.44/105and 201.29/105. The outbreaks occurred in schools, especially in the primary schools. Conclusion Maintaining high coverage of mumps vaccine is critical in mumps control. Surveillance should be strengthened. Morning screening in schools should be done well and early warning and forecast should actively carried out.
Using Antibodies to Analyze Polyglutamine Stretches

Expansion of a homomeric stretch of glutamine residues beyond a critical threshold can produce neurodegenerative disease. This observation led to the idea that abnormal polyglutamine stretches can alter protein structure in ways that contribute to disease. Because they are prone to aggregation, proteins with abnormal polyglutamine expansions have been difficult to study with conventional biophysical approaches. Some of these proteins are also very large, complicating efforts to generate them in vitro or to purify them for biochemical studies. An alternative approach has been to use antibodies with known binding specificity as probes of protein folding and protein structure. Antibodies can often bind to specific protein epitopes in situ and are, therefore, one of the few tools that can be used to probe protein structure in a physiological context and in the presence of that protein's normal binding partners. However, antibodies are complex reagents, and an understanding of their binding properties, methods of use, and limitations is needed to interpret results properly. We have developed monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize expanded polyglutamine stretches in mutant huntingtin. Here, we describe several methods for using one of these antibodies to explore the structure of abnormal polyglutamine expansions and the proteins that contain them.
Relation of longitudinal changes in body mass index with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk scores in middle-aged black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

Abstract Purpose We assessed whether longitudinal changes in body mass index (BMI) are positively associated with changes in 10-year American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk scores in middle-aged blacks compared to whites. Methods Data were from 1691 participants enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study aged 40 years or more in 2000–2001, who had follow-up examinations 5 and 10 years later. Results The prevalence of obesity increased from 32.3% in 2000–2001 (mean age: 42.8 years) to 41.7% in 2010–2011, higher in blacks than whites. The corresponding change in 10-year ASCVD risk was significantly higher for blacks (men: 4.5%–9.6%, women: 1.7%–5.0%) than whites (men: 2.4%–5.2%, women: 0.7%–1.6%). In 2010–2011, 57.5% of black men had ASCVD risk scores of 7.5% or more compared to white men (14.7%), black women (17.4%), and white women (1.6%). Although BMI trends were positively associated with 10-year change in ASCVD risk scores (0.07% per 1 kg/m 2 increase), it explained very little variance in risk score trends in all race–sex groups. Conclusions In middle-aged adults, longitudinal changes in BMI had little independent influence on changes in 10-year ASCVD risk scores as its effect may be largely mediated through ASCVD risk factors already accounted for in the risk score.
Lyme Disease Neurologic Syndromes

The neurologic manifestations and syndromes associated with Lyme disease are reported in 96 patients, ages 3 to 19 years, living on Long Island and referred to University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York.
Matching for Concurrent Harmonic Sensing in an ${M}$ -Phase Mixer-First Receiver

This brief proposes the use of passive mixer-first receiver topology to sense signals at higher LO harmonics. The advantages of such a receiver include sensing of multiple bands concurrently and reduced tuning range requirements in the frequency synthesizer. The single and joint harmonic matching performance of a zero-IF ${M}$ -phase mixer-first receiver is analyzed. It is shown that minimum possible return loss for joint matching occurs when the geometric mean of input impedances at the highest and lowest sensing bands equals the antenna impedance. The noise figure (NF) when sensing higher order LO harmonics is shown to result in only modest degradation, with the loss becoming even less with increasing number of LO phases. As an example, a 12-phase harmonicsensing mixer first receiver is simulated and its performance at first, third, and fifth harmonics is evaluated in terms of input matching and NF.
Discursive Struggles in “Diabetes Management”: A Case Study Using Baxter’s Relational Dialectics 2.0

This case study employs Relational Dialectics 2.0 as a theoretical framework, deeply analyzing one patient–physician dyad over the course of three visits as the meanings of “diabetes management” are discursively contested. This study examines two understudied links on the chain of speech communion: the proximal-already-spoken and the proximal not-yet-spoken. The analysis reveals two primary contested discourses: “change for the better” (subdiscourses: “personal control over one’s circumstances” and “rational science”) and “stasis” (subdiscourses: “helplessness” and “shame”). Understanding the discourse occurring at these sites can move patient/physician dyads from repeating unproductive conversations to working as partners to achieve better patient health outcomes.
Jammer detection and estimation with MIMO radar

Deceptive jamming is a standard technique for an intelligent target to spoof a radar system. Specifically, the target firstly intercepts the transmitted signal of the radar system, and then broadcasts it with a controlled delay. As the broadcasted (deceptive) pulse is usually stronger than the direct reflection extracted by the receiver, an additional false detection will be claimed by the radar system. The false detection can confuse the tracker and results in a waste of weapons for a ground combat system. As a consequence, how to effectively distinguish a deceptive jammer is a meaningful task in modern radar system design. In this paper, we will show that a distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system can counter the deceptive jamming due to the spatial diversity: a deceptive pulse does not meet the geometric propagation property of a distributed MIMO system, and then one can employ this to detect it. Antijamming capability is a feature of MIMO radar that is unique to it, and seems not to have been previously recognized.
Lidar remote sensing of savanna biophysical attributes: opportunities, progress, and challenges

Despite occupying almost a fifth of the global terrestrial vegetation system, savanna ecosystems are relatively understudied in the Earth observation field. As a result, their contribution to global socioecological functions, such as carbon sequestration, habitat provision, watershed protection, biodiversity, and communal supply of timber and non-timber products, is inadequately accounted for. Since lidar remote sensing has been proved to estimate accurately the three-dimensional structural attributes of vegetation, the author found it insightful to synthesize the application of this technique in the savannas as one of the steps towards addressing this knowledge gap. The synthesis evaluated the progress of current studies that primarily use lidar data in the savannas and identified the associated opportunities and challenges. For each selected application, three main questions are asked: 1 what is typically needed from lidar remote sensing? 2 what have we achieved already? And 3 what is the current status? The last question was further split into two: a what is lacking, if any? b what challenges need to be addressed? This article concludes by looking into the potential future of lidar remote sensing in the savannas and some recommendations are put forward accordingly.
Privacy-Driven Electricity Group Demand Response in Smart Cities Using Particle Swarm Optimization

In the smart cities of the future, digital connectivity will become the cornerstone for implementing intelligent management of electric power from the side of demand. In particular, consumers will connect via communication networks and exchange data messages or share information. Utilization of information will allow consumers to manage their electricity consumption in a more efficient and economical way. However, connectivity and information exchange come at a cost of reduced privacy. In particular, third parties connected to the power grid are able to monitor the consumption signals and make inferences about the consumers' behavior. In this a paper, an intelligent methodology for enhancing privacy in smart power systems in smart cities is presented. The methodology fuses the demand patterns of several consumers, which are connected to the power grid, and provides a new consumption pattern. The new pattern, which hides individual consumer characteristics, is obtained as the solution to an optimization problem whose solution is computed by particle swarm optimization. Testing of the methodology is performed on a set of real consumption patterns, while benchmarked against genetic algorithm. Results exhibit the efficiency of the proposed intelligent methodology, and its superiority over the benchmarked algorithm.
Sex/gender differences in neural correlates of food stimuli: a systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies

Summary Sex and gender differences in food perceptions and eating behaviours have been reported in psychological and behavioural studies. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize studies that examined sex/gender differences in neural correlates of food stimuli, as assessed by functional neuroimaging. Published studies to 2016 were retrieved and included if they used food or eating stimuli, assessed patients with functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography, and compared activation between men and women. Fifteen studies were identified. In response to visual food cues, women, compared with men, showed increased activation in the frontal, limbic and striatal areas of the brain as well as the fusiform gyrus while fasted. Differences in neural response to gustatory stimuli were inconsistent. This suggests that women may be more reactive to visual food stimuli, especially when hungry. However, findings are based on a small number of studies, and additional research is needed to establish a more definitive explanation and conclusion.
Agriculture, health insurance, human capital and economic development at the rural-urban-interface

Abstract Human capital theory identifies investments in health and health care policy as critical components to building human capital, however, there has been little research critically examining how health insurance policy factors into broader workforce development initiatives in the farm sector. In the U.S., the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), signed into law in 2010, represents the first major attempt to restructure the U.S. health insurance system, yet there has been little research examining how the ACA will affect the farm sector. This article seeks to broaden approaches to agriculturally based economic development by qualitatively and quantitatively: 1) establishing health insurance as an issue directly tied to human capital in the food and agriculture sector; 2) benchmarking farmer health insurance knowledge, the link between health insurance and farm finances, individual and employer attitudes towards the ACA, and health insurance decision-making shortly after the implementation of the ACA, and; 3) contributing research findings that inform national and state efforts to develop human capital in the food and agriculture sector. Farmers in this national sample tended to be well-insured, largely due to off-farm employment. However, a meaningful numbers of farmers reported being uninsured or underinsured and explained how their own personal health is linked to the health of the farm operation. Farmer attitudes towards the ACA and anticipated impacts varied across gender, race and ethnicity; age groups; farm scale; farmers who employ non-family members and state policy environments. Overall attitudes towards the ACA are largely mixed and differences are shades of grey rather than outright extremes. Young and beginning farmers tended to have the most positive attitudes towards the ACA and were most vocal in connecting health insurance to the viability, growth and development of their farm.
Liminal Spaces: Reflections on the In-Between

AbstractIn a political present increasingly marked by bigotry and violence, the need to establish spaces where minority voices can be heard, and where alternatives can be articulated, has become ever more urgent. What kinds of places and spaces, this essay asks, make possible a true encounter and dialogue? What kinds of places and spaces allow us to challenge the binary structures and divisiveness that so fundamentally mark our current political discourse? In an attempt to offer some tentative reflections on this topic, I turn in this paper to Plato's Symposium and Luce Irigaray's critical reading of that text. Might Plato, I ask, offer useful tools for challenging and resisting a contemporary political discourse defined by simplistic binary thinking? And can he provide resources for thinking about space in terms that transcend simple dichotomies between here and there; inside and outside; us and them?
Construct validity of the Spanish Version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition (WISC-VSpain)

The construct validity of the Spanish Version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition (WISC-VSpain) was investigated via confirmatory factor analysis. For all 15 subtests, the...
Precision Radiology Residency Training: Special Distinction Tracks for Noninterpretative Professional Development.

Rationale and Objectives The role of a radiologist has expanded beyond the tripartite mission of patient care, education, and research to include cross-specialty consultation for patient management, innovative solutions to improve health-care quality and safety, device design, and policy advocacy. As such, radiology residency programs should incorporate formalized training to prepare residents for these various professional roles. Materials and Methods Since the 2015–2016 academic year, five training tracks focused on noninterpretative skills have been integrated into our residency training program: Clinician Educator, Quality Improvement, Entrepreneurship/Innovation, Health Policy Advocacy, and High-Value Care. Each track is longitudinal, with a set of requirements throughout the residents' training necessary to achieve certification at graduation. Results To date nine residents have participated in the programs, including two who received distinction in two separate tracks. Residents in each of the tracks have implemented successful initiatives related to the focus area. As such, these tracks enrich training by ensuring that residents make meaningful contributions to the department and institution during their training and disseminate successful initiatives through presentation at national meetings and publications. Conclusion The duration of a radiology residency and resources available in an academic center provide opportunities for residency program directors to advance residents' skills in important noninterpretative components of radiology practice. Regardless of whether residents pursue academic medicine or private practice, these skills are necessary for graduates to become valuable members of a radiology practice and serve as national leaders in the field of radiology.
PROMIS Peer Relationships Short Form: How Well Does Self-Report Correlate With Data From Peers?

Objective To examine the psychometric properties of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) peer relationships short form (PR-SF), including association with peer-reported friendships, likeability, and social reputation. Method 203 children (Mage = 10.12 years, SD = 2.37, range = 6-14) in Grades 1-8 completed the 8-item PR-SF and friendship nominations, like ratings, and social reputation measures about their peers during 2 classroom visits approximately 4 months apart, as part of a larger study. A confirmatory factor analysis, followed by an exploratory factor analysis, was conducted to examine the factor structure of the PR-SF. Spearman correlations between the PR-SF and peer-reported outcomes evaluated construct validity. Results For the PR-SF, a 2-factor solution demonstrated better fit than a 1-factor solution. The 2 factors appear to assess friendship quality (3 items) and peer acceptance (5 items). Reliability was marginal for the friendship quality factor (.66) but adequate for the acceptance factor (.85); stability was .34 for the PR-SF over 4 months. The PR-SF (8 items) and acceptance factor (5 items) both had modest but significant correlations with measures of friendship (rs = .25-.27), likeability (rs = .21-.22), and social reputation (rs = .29-.44). Conclusions The PR-SF appears to be measuring two distinct aspects of social functioning. The 5-item peer acceptance scale is modestly associated with peer-reported friendship, likeability, and social reputation. Although not a replacement for peer-reported outcomes, the PR-SF is a promising patient-reported outcome for peer relationships in youth.
Qualification and quantification of bacterial pathogen load in acute bovine respiratory disease cases.

In December 2009 a total 194 steers, bulls, and heifers weighing 400-700 lb (180-320 kg) were purchased at an Arkansas sale barn on a Friday and shipped 12 hours to a northern Kansas feedlot on Saturday. There was no previous history of treatment. The objectives of the study were to evaluate (1) bacterial pathogen isolates in different locations in the respiratory tract, (2) pathogen load in lung tissue as it corresponds to histology scores, and (3) total pathogen load in clinically ill and clinically normal calves.
Developing collaborative and cohesive cybersecurity legal principles

Legal discussions about combatting global cyber threats often focus on international cybercrime arrangements or the application of the law of war to cyberspace. While these discussions are vital, policy-makers and scholars have not devoted adequate attention to creating a global legal framework to bolster the defenses of public and private infrastructure. Due to the interconnected nature of cyberspace and the cross-border impacts of attacks, inadequate security in one country could harm another. To build cyber strategies that rely in part on defense and deterrence by denial, governments should also focus both on the security of their systems and those of the private sector. Industry has been the target of some of the most destructive cyberattacks worldwide. Guiding international principles for a cyber security legal framework would help nations to build effective laws that reduce the likelihood of successful attacks, and increase resilience after attacks occur. Moreover, international collaboration on cybersecurity laws provides multinational companies with a more coherent legal framework. A patchwork of hundreds of different international security requirements is not only burdensome for companies, but it increases the potential for vulnerabilities, particularly if the company operates in countries with less stringent cybersecurity requirements. This paper sets out the need for nations to discuss common legal principles for promoting and regulating cybersecurity, similar to the privacy principles articulated in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Fair Information Practices in 1980. As a starting point for discussion, this paper suggests four goals of common international principles for cybersecurity law: (1) modernization of cybersecurity laws; (2) uniformity of legal requirements; (3) coordination of cooperative incentives and coercive regulations; and (4) supply chain security. Although cybersecurity laws will always vary, international coordination could improve their efficacy by providing some degree of consistency. A dialogue also could help policy-makers learn from other nations’ cybersecurity successes and failures.
Science and Technology of Patch-Recording Electrodes

Patch recording, in its present form, was made possible by the discovery that under some circumstances the membrane of a cell can seal extraordinarily tightly to the tip of a glass microelectrode. Because the seal is electrically tight, electrical noise is reduced by several orders of magnitude. Because the glass-membrane bond is mechanically strong, the patch of membrane spanning the tip may be isolated from the cell, or the patch may be ruptured to create access to the inside of the cell. This chapter deals with the properties of glasses and cell membranes that make such a seal occur (the “science”) and describes in detail the construction of micropipettes for patch recording (the “ technology”).
Commentary on the paper by Zhang et al. — Interaction and evolution in epidemiology

Zhang et al. (2004) have traced the evolution of epidemiologic concepts through the “fossil record” of selected textbooks, one of which is my 1986 book, Modern epidemiology (Rothman, 1986). I would like to report that it feels better to be the author of a fossil than to be a fossil oneself, however fine that distinction may be — but some might argue with my premise.
FOXA2 depletion leads to mucus hypersecretion in canine airways with respiratory diseases.

Because of exposure to environmental pollutants, infectious agents, and genetic predisposition, companion animals develop respiratory illnesses similar to those in humans. Older dogs of smaller breeds develop canine infectious respiratory disease, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with chronic lung infection, airway goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia, and mucus hypersecretion. Excessive mucus clogs airways, reduces gas exchanges, disables the mucociliary clearance, and reduces drug penetration. The Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) is a key transcriptional regulator that maintains airway mucus homeostasis. Prior studies have shown that FOXA2 expression is frequently depleted in diseased human airways. Unfortunately, FOXA2 depletion has not been examined in dogs. Our current study indicated that both single bacterial infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bordetella bronchiseptica and polymicrobial infection by viral/bacterial pathogens depleted FOXA2 in canine airways, resulting in goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia and excessive mucus production. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa virulence factor pyocyanin activated the antagonistic STAT6 and epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathways to inhibit FOXA2. Unravelling the mechanism of FOXA2 inactivation will hasten the development of non-antibiotic therapeutics to improve mucociliary clearance of pathogens in canine airway.
Genome Editing in Mice Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized genome editing in mice, allowing for simple and rapid development of knockouts and knockins. CRISPR relies on small guide RNAs that direct the RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 to a designated genomic site using ∼20 bp of corresponding sequence. Cas9 then creates a double-strand break in the targeted loci that is either patched in an error-prone fashion to produce a frame-shift mutation, a knockout, or is repaired by recombination with donor DNA containing homology arms, a knockin. This protocol covers the techniques needed to rapidly generate knockout and knockin mice with CRISPR via microinjection of Cas9, the guide RNA, and possible donor DNA into the mouse zygote. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gestational Diabetes and Maternal Weight Management During and After Pregnancy.

Abstract Background: Women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) substantially modify their diets during pregnancy to control hyperglycemia. These changes could also affect maternal we...
A Machine-Learning Approach to Predicting Smoking Cessation Treatment Outcomes

AIMS Most cigarette smokers want to quit smoking and more than half make an attempt every year, but less than 10% remain abstinent for at least 6 months. Evidence-based tobacco use treatment improves the likelihood of quitting, but more than two-thirds of individuals relapse when provided even the most robust treatments. Identifying for whom treatment is effective will improve the success of our treatments and perhaps identify strategies for improving current approaches. METHODS Two cohorts (training: N = 90, validation: N = 71) of cigarette smokers enrolled in group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Generalized estimating equations were used to identify baseline predictors of outcome, as defined by breath carbon monoxide and urine cotinine. Significant measures were entered as candidate variables to predict quit status. The resulting decision trees were used to predict cessation outcomes in a validation cohort. RESULTS In the training cohort, the decision trees significantly improved on chance classification of smoking status following treatment and at 6-month follow-up. The first split of all decision trees, which was delay discounting, significantly improved on chance classification rates in both the training and validation cohort. Delay discounting emerged as the single best predictor of group CBT treatment response with an average baseline discount rate of ln(k) = -7.1, correctly predicting smoking status of 80% of participants at posttreatment and 81% of participants at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a first step toward personalized care for smoking cessation though future work is needed to identify individuals that are likely to be successful in treatments beyond group CBT. IMPLICATIONS This study provides a first step toward personalized care for smoking cessation. Using a novel machine-learning approach, baseline measures of clinical and executive functioning are used to predict smoking cessation outcomes following group CBT. A decision point is recommended for the single best predictor of treatment outcomes, delay discounting, to inform future research or clinical practice in an effort to better allocate patients to treatments that are likely to work.
Economy and Ecology Evaluation of Optimal Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy

With the rapid increase of electric vehicles (EV), their charging loads will have a significant impact on power grid. It is important to propose an appropriate electric vehicles charging strategy and establish a comprehensive evaluation method. In this paper, the charging strategy of electric vehicles is optimized by considering the users’ charging satisfaction and the consumption rate of distributed wind power, and a comprehensive evaluation system of charging strategy is proposed by considering economic indicators and ecological indicators. The evaluation results show that the improvement of electric vehicles charging strategy will reduce the charging cost by 43.7% and the carbon emissions by 5.7%.
Crowdfunding and global health disparities: an exploratory conceptual and empirical analysis.

The use of crowdfunding platforms to cover the costs of healthcare is growing rapidly within low-, middle-, and high-income countries as a new funding modality in global health. The popularity of such “medical crowdfunding” is fueled by health disparities and gaps in health coverage and social safety-net systems. Crowdfunding in its current manifestations can be seen as an antithesis to universal health coverage. But research on medical crowdfunding, particularly in global health contexts, has been sparse, and accessing robust data is difficult. To map and document how medical crowdfunding is shaped by, and shapes, health disparities, this article offers an exploratory conceptual and empirical analysis of medical crowdfunding platforms and practices around the world. Data are drawn from a mixed-methods analysis of medical crowdfunding campaigns, as well as an ongoing ethnographic study of crowdfunding platforms and the people who use them. Drawing on empirical data and case examples, this article describes three main ways that crowdfunding is impacting health equity and health politics around the world: 1) as a technological determinant of health, wherein data ownership, algorithms and platform politics influence health inequities; 2) as a commercial determinant of health, wherein corporate influence reshapes healthcare markets and health data; 3) and as a determinant of health politics, affecting how citizens view health rights and the future of health coverage. Rather than viewing crowdfunding as a social media fad or a purely beneficial technology, researchers and publics must recognize it as a complex innovation that is reshaping health systems, influencing health disparities, and shifting political norms, even as it introduces new ways of connecting and caring for those in the midst of health crises. More analysis, and better access to data, is needed to inform policy and address crowdfunding as a source of health disparities.
Safely traversing venous sinus stenosis: The "Cobra" technique.

Venous sinus stenting is an accepted and minimally invasive treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension associated with significant venous sinus stenosis. There is inherent difficulty in nav...
Market Basis for Salt-Cooled Reactors: Dispatchable Heat, Hydrogen, and Electricity with Assured Peak Power Capacity

Energy markets are changing because of (1) the addition of nondispatchable wind and solar electric generating capacity and (2) the goal of a low-carbon energy system. The large-scale addition of wi...