cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of alkyl substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazin-6-ones by the DCC induced cyclization of 2-oxoalkanoic acid acylhydrazones

A series of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazin-6-ones were prepared by treating syn-2-oxoalkanoic acid acylhydrazones with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The isomeric anti isomers produced acylureas when treated with DCC. The cycloaddition reaction of 5-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazin-6-one with norbornene was studied and found to give a nitrogen deficient 1:1-cycloadduct. The formation of the product can be rationalized in terms of a Diels-Alder cycloaddition followed by nitrogen extrusion and cyclization of the resulting γ-ketoketene intermediate.
Maryland's Green Infrastructure assessment : Development of a comprehensive approach to land conservation

Abstract Like many parts of the US, Maryland is urbanizing rapidly. The scattered pattern of low-density development consumes an excessive amount of land, fragments the landscape, displaces many native species, and disrupts ecosystem functions. Maryland's Green Infrastructure Assessment is a tool developed in the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to help identify and rank those areas of greatest statewide ecological importance, as well as those at greatest risk of loss to development. It identifies large contiguous blocks of natural land (hubs), interconnected by natural corridors to allow animal and plant propagule dispersal and migration. Hubs and corridors were ranked within their physiographic region for a variety of ecological and development risk parameters, as well as combinations of these. Prioritization was also done on a finer scale (0.127 ha) for ecological importance and vulnerability to development, allowing a more detailed analysis for site prioritization within the network. The hub and corridor framework identified through the Green Infrastructure Assessment is being used to guide Maryland's ongoing land conservation efforts. At a multi-state scale, the green infrastructure method has been used as the framework for setting landscape ecological priorities within the Chesapeake Bay program. At a regional scale, the method has been used to rank or focus areas for state land conservation programs. Within a local government planning context, the method is now being translated into locally relevant criteria to support county-scale green infrastructure initiatives. Finally, the cell-based ranking method has been incorporated into parcel prioritization that has been used to aid state, local and private land trust conservation decision-making.
Keratocyte Phenotype Mediates Proteoglycan Structure A ROLE FOR FIBROBLASTS IN CORNEAL FIBROSIS

In pathological corneas, accumulation of fibrotic extracellular matrix is characterized by proteoglycans with altered glycosaminoglycans that contribute to the reduced transparency of scarred tissue. During wound healing, keratocytes in the corneal stroma transdifferentiate into fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. In this study, molecular markers were developed to identify keratocyte, fibroblast, and myofibroblast phenotypes in primary cultures of corneal stromal cells and the structure of glycosaminoglycans secreted by these cells was characterized. Quiescent primary keratocytes expressed abundant protein and mRNA for keratocan and aldehyde dehydrogenase class 3 and secreted proteoglycans containing macromolecular keratan sulfate. Expression of these marker compounds was reduced in fibroblasts and also in transforming growth factor-β-induced myofibroblasts, which expressed high levels of α-smooth muscle actin, biglycan, and the extra domain A (EDA or EIIIA) form of cellular fibronectin. Collagen types I and III mRNAs were elevated in both fibroblasts and in myofibroblasts. Expression of these molecular markers clearly distinguishes the phenotypic states of stromal cells in vitro. Glycosaminoglycans secreted by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were qualitatively similar to and differed from those of keratocytes. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate abundance, chain length, and sulfation were increased as keratocytes became fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis analysis demonstrated increased N-acetylgalactosamine sulfation at both 4- and 6-carbons. Hyaluronan, absent in keratocytes, was secreted by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Keratan sulfate biosynthesis, chain length, and sulfation were significantly reduced in both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. The qualitatively similar expression of glycosaminoglycans shared by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts suggests a role for fibroblasts in deposition of non-transparent fibrotic tissue in pathological corneas.
Collection building barter: a proposal

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look at the sustainability of collections within libraries and suggest a means for maintaining this.Design/methodology/approach – The paper proposes a system of bartering with libraries offering those elements of their collection which are rarely used if at all to those who might be able to use them. It suggests that this might be done through a system of trading dollars.Findings – The paper suggests that bartering might be a way of adding lasting value to print collections.Originality/value – The paper suggests a system of bartering which could add lasting value to the print collections of libraries.
An improved method for isolation of basolateral membranes from rat kidney

Abstract We have described a method using differential centrifugation and free-flow electrophoresis for the isolation of basolateral membranes from rat renal cortical tissue. Purity of the membrane preparation was assessed by determination of enzymic constituents and substantiated by observation of transport characteristics for d - and l -glucose, l -proline and l -glutamine. Specific activity of ( Na + + K + )- ATPase in the pooled electrophoretic fractions was 15.4 times that in the cortical homogenate, and the relative purification of ( Na + + K + )- ATPase compared to alkaline phosphatase was 25-fold. l -Glucose showed no Na+-gradient dependence and was used as a measure of diffusion. Uptake of d -glucose as well as l -proline followed the same time course in the presence or absence of an Na+ gradient. Only with l -glutamine was uptake stimulated by the presence of an Na+ gradient. Our data indicate we have sucessfully isolated basolateral membranes which are free of brush border contamination in superior yield and with greater facility than previously reported.
Adaptive optics/optical coherence tomography for in vivo retinal imaging: comparative analysis of two wavefront correctors

Adaptive optics - optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) has the potential to improve lateral resolution for OCT retinal imaging. Several reports have already described the successful combination of AO with a scanning confocal Fourier-domain OCT instrument to permit real-time three-dimensional (3D) imaging with high resolution (in all three dimensions). One of the key components that sets the performance limit of AO is the wavefront corrector. Several different wavefront correctors have been used in AO-OCT systems so far. In this paper we compare two commercially available wavefront correctors: an AOptix Bimorph deformable mirror (DM) and a Boston Micromachines Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) DM (used for the first time in an AO-OCT system). To simplify the analysis, we tested their performance for the correction of low-amplitude high-order aberrations (with minimal defocus and astigmatism). Results were obtained with an AO-OCT instrument constructed at UC Davis that combines state-of-the-art Fourier-domain OCT and an AO design to allow simultaneous testing of both mirrors without the need to modify the optical system.
Neuropathology of twitcher mice: examination by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, lectin histochemistry and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.

Abstract The twitcher mouse is an authentic animal model of globoid cell leukodystrophy, which is a genetic disease that affects the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebroside β-galactosidase. This enzyme deficiency causes one of its substrates, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), to accumulate in myelin-forming cells, which eventually results in their death. In the central nervous system, the death of oligodendrocytes is thought to cause a series of secondary pathological changes. In this study, several techniques were utilized to examine the neuropathology of two different brain regions in the twitcher mouse—the hindbrain and the cerebrum. Neuropathological changes were as follows: (1) demyelination was detected in the hindbrain but not in the cerebrum, (2) a high density of periodic acid-Schiff-positive cells were detected in the hindbrain and to a lesser extent in the cerebrum, (3) astrocyte gliosis was pronounced in both the hindbrain and cerebrum, and (4) macrophages were abundant in both the hindbrain and the cerebrum. We found that Periodic acid-Schiff-positive cells, astrocyte gliosis and macrophage infiltration were present in white and gray matter regions of the cerebrum, while they were generally absent from the granule and molecular layers of the cerebellum. In addition to these studies, we utilized the technique of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy to identify the in situ distribution of psychosine in the brains of twitcher mice. Evidence was obtained that indicates a large accumulation of psychosine in the hindbrain, and to a lesser extent in the white matter of the cerebrum in the twitcher mouse, but not the normal mouse. There was no evidence for the accumulation of psychosine in the molecular layer of the cerebellum from the twitcher or normal mouse. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) pathology is more advanced in the hindbrain compared to the cerebrum, which is likely due to the hindbrain becoming myelinated prior to the cerebrum, (2) demyelination is not necessary for the development of secondary pathological changes, (3) pathology is not limited to white matter in the cerebrum, (4) pathology is not present in all brain regions, i.e. the granule and molecular layers of the cerebellum are devoid of pathological changes, and (5) psychosine accumulates in both the cerebrum and hindbrain, but not in the molecular layer of the cerebellum in the twitcher mouse. This study demonstrates that FT-IR microspectroscopy can be used to correlate chemical changes to histopathological changes in brains from twitcher mice, which suggests that FT-IR microspectroscopy may be a useful tool for studies examining other brain diseases.
Development of a diagnostic expert system for eddy current data analysis using applied artificial intelligence methods

A diagnostic expert system that integrates database management methods, artificial neural networks, and decision-making using fuzzy logic has been developed for the automation of steam generator eddy current test (ECT) data analysis. The new system, known as EDDYAI, considers the following key issues: (1) digital eddy current test data calibration, compression, and representation; (2) development of robust neural networks with low probability of misclassification for flaw depth estimation; (3) flaw detection using fuzzy logic; (4) development of an expert system for database management, compilation of a trained neural network library, and a decision module; and (5) evaluation of the integrated approach using eddy current data. The implementation to field test data includes the selection of proper feature vectors for ECT data analysis, development of a methodology for large eddy current database management, artificial neural networks for flaw depth estimation, and a fuzzy logic decision algorithm for flaw detection. A large eddy current inspection database from the Electric Power Research Institute NDE Center is being utilized in this research towards the development of an expert system for steam generator tube diagnosis. The integration of ECT data pre-processing as part of the data management, fuzzy logic flaw detection technique, and tube defect parameter estimation using artificial neural networks are the fundamental contributions of this research.
Nonrefluxing colon conduit for temporary or permanent urinary diversion in children

Abstract Colon conduit, with nonrelfuxing ureterosigmoid anastomoses, was performed upon 21 children in the past 312yr for the following indications: (1) previously unoperated exstrophy of the bladder; (2) exstrophy of the bladder with prior ileal conduit; (3) previously unoperated neurogenic bladder; (4) neurogenic bladder with prior ileal conduit; and (5) with anterior pelvic exenteration for sarcoma of the prostate. In some of these patients the conduit will be a permanent diversion; in others it will be anastomosed later to the colon, providing a staged method of ureterosigmoid urinary diversion. Nine patients have undergone the second stage of anastomosis of the conduit to the colon with satisfactory outcome. Colon conduit diversion is a more time-consuming procedure than ileal loop diversion. It can require 6–8 hr in a patient with a prior ileal diversion, particularly if the ureters require tapering. Our experience with this procedure leads us to the following conclusions: (1) this is a better method than ileal conduit for permanent diversion; (2) it offers an alternative way for treating patients with bladder exstrophy; (3) it is useful in patients with pelvic cancer; and (4) it should be considered for those patients with ileal conduits who are not doing well, i.e., who have infection and renal deterioration.
Editor's formulation: The frontiers of ovulation induction

The past 30 years have seen a profound increase in our ability to treat the most common cause of female infertility: absent or inadequate ovulation. The development of drugs such as clomiphene citrate and the isolation and clinical use of menopausal gonadotropins from human urine have enabled clinicians to directly address the hypothalamic, ovarian, and pituitary abnormalities that lead to the inability to conceive. The indications for the use of these agents have expanded as we have learned more about them. During the past 5 years, the development of new clinical agents and adjuncts to our ovulation induction armamentar ium has presented the clinician with both new opportunit ies and new challenges in women's health care. In addition, evolving basic science concepts in the control of the ovulatory process grow at a rate beyond the ability of any clinician to keep pace. It was for these reasons that we initiated a series of educational lectures in late 1992 to update clinicians and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) professionals around the country on the advances in hypothalamicpituitary-ovarian physiology and biochemistry and on the clinical advances and controversies that make up the "Frontiers in Ovulation Induction." The daylong sessions were met with considerable enthusiasm. After concluding a session in Los Angeles, several of the program participants decided simultaneously that a need existed to disseminate this valuable information to a wider audience than we could reach with a regional symposium. It was there that this supplement was born. The reviews by Drs. Greg Erickson and Doug Danforth represent the cutting edge of basic research into the micromechanisms of the follicle and the oocyte. The systems that they describe in this supplement not only add to our unders tanding of the ovulatory process but
Cognition and life events in major depression: A test of the mediation and interaction hypotheses

This study tested two hypotheses derived from Beck's cognitive model of depression. The mediation hypothesis states that the relations of depression to dysfunctional attitudes and negative life events are mediated by the individual's perceptions of those events. The interaction hypothesis states that the relation of depression to negative events is greater in the context of disfunctional attitudes and/or event perceptions, and, analogously, the relations of depression to dysfunctional attitudes and event perceptions are greater in the context of negative events. We compared 65 unipolar major depression patients with 28 nondepressed schizophrenic patients on measures of dysfunctional attitudes, negative event frequency, and event perceptions. We found that (1) depressed patients reported more dysfunctional attitudes and a greater number of recent negative events, and differed from nondepressed schizophrenic patients on a number of event perceptions; (2) the data supported the mediation hypothesis but not the interaction hypothesis.
A combined experimental and analytical investigation of creep damage development in copper

Abstract A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model was used to predict the development and distribution of creep damage in triaxially stressed regions of oxygen-doped copper samples at 500°C based on uniaxial creep tests performed on that same material. Axisymmetrically notched samples of oxygen-doped copper were subjected to slow, constant-displacement-rate tensile testing at 500°C and interrupted after various test times. High resolution synchrotron radiography was used to image the creep damage in the samples. The experimentally measured creep damage was then compared to the predictions from the continuum damage mechanics modeling for the same two sample geometries. The experimentally determined distribution of creep damage correlates very well with the model if the growth of damage is assumed to be controlled primarily by the maximum principal stress. Therefore, the growth of creep damage in oxygen-doped copper under the imposed stress conditions occurs by a diffusive mechanism.
Eulerian and Lagrangian particle transport with drag

Abstract The linear Boltzmann equation is formulated in relative velocities against a moving background, and coupled to the Eulerian and Lagrangian continuity equations through the material divergence. Material acceleration terms are expanded locally, effective drag coefficients and moving sources are defined, and incorporated in the transport equation in consistent fashion. Standard multigroup representations for the differenced material motion and drag terms are obtained. Specific applications are presented and contrasted. The representation in relative velocities serves as a useful alternative to a formulation using effective cross sections defined against a moving background.
Pigment patterns of larval salamanders (Ambystomatidae, Salamandridae): the role of the lateral line sensory system and the evolution of pattern-forming mechanisms

In many species of salamanders, pigment cells derived from the neural crest give rise to a horizontal stripe pattern in hatchling larvae. A defining element of these horizontal stripe patterns is a region over the middle of the myotomes that is relatively free of melanophores. This study shows that formation of a "melanophore-free region" and horizontal stripe pattern in Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (family Ambystomatidae) correlates with the development of the trunk lateral line sensory system. Moreover, prevention of lateral line development results in greater densities of melanophores in the middle of the flank, essentially eliminating the melanophore-free region in this taxon. A phylogenetic survey also revealed that ablation of the lateral lines has qualitatively similar effects on melanophores in seven of eight additional taxa (Ambystomatidae: A. barbouri, A. maculatum, A. talpoideum; Salamandridae: Notophthalmus viridescens, Pleurodeles waltl, Taricha granulosa, T. rivularis). In Taricha torosa, however, a superficially similar melanophore-free region forms prior to lateral line development, and ablation of the lateral lines does not perturb the horizontal stripe pattern. Finally, heterospecific grafting experiments demonstrated that T. torosa lateral lines are competent to generate a melanophore-free region, and T. torosa melanophores are competent to respond to cues associated with the lateral lines. These results indicate that lateral line-dependent pattern-forming mechanisms are common and probably ancestral within the families Ambystomatidae and Salamandridae and suggest that these ancestral mechanisms have been retained in T. torosa as redundant, lateral line-dependent mechanisms for stripe formation have evolved.
Comparative metabolism of famoxadone in fish, plants and animals†

The fate and comparative metabolism of famoxadone in fish, plants and animals were evaluated. Famoxadone residues were retained by the fish after exposure (BCF 2800), mainly in the viscera; however, rapid and complete elimination/ depuration of the absorbed residues occurred within seven days after the exposed fish were placed in untreated water. Minimal absorption, translocation, and metabolism of famoxadone were observed in grape and potato plants after foliar treatment. Metabolism of famoxadone in the wheat plants, rats, goats, and poultry was extensive. Transfer of 14 C-residues to the wheat grain, milk, eggs, organs and tissues was minimal. Common metabolic reactions of famoxadone in plants and animals include aryl hydroxylation, cleavage of the anilino-oxazolidine-dione and phenoxy-phenyl ether linkages, opening of the oxazolidinedione ring and conjugation.
Poverty and Welfare in England, 1700–1850: A Regional Perspective . By Steven King. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Pp. x, 294. $74.95, cloth; $29.95, paper.

The last decade has seen an upsurge in research by social historians on the English poor laws, largely in the form of local studies. These have greatly increased our knowledge of the demographic makeup of the “pauper host,” the generosity of relief benefits, and the ways in which paupers combined poor relief with other forms of income assistance in order to subsist. In this book, Steven King uses “poor law and other documentation” for 60 English communities to extend our understanding of the role played by poor relief from 1700 to 1850. He argues that during this period there was not in fact one national system of poor relief, but two macro-regional patterns: a relatively generous and benevolent system in the south and east, and a stinting and harsh one in the north and west.
Analysis of an advanced ducted propeller subsonic inlet

A time marching Navier-Stokes code called PARC (PARC2D for 2-D/axisymmetric and PARC3D for 3-D flow simulations) was validated for an advanced ducted propeller (ADP) subsonic inlet. The code validation for an advanced ducted propeller (ADP) subsonic inlet. The code validation was implemented for a non-separated flow condition associated with the inlet operating at angles-of-attack of 0 and 25 degrees. The inlet test data were obtained in the 9 x 15 ft Low Speed Wind Tunnel at NASA Lewis Research Center as part of a cooperative study with Pratt and Whitney. The experimental study focused on the ADP inlet performance for take-off and approach conditions. The inlet was tested at a free stream Mach number of 0.2, at angles-of-attack between O and 35 degrees, and at a maximum propeller speed of 12,000 RPM which induced a corrected air flow rate of about 46 lb/sec based on standard day conditions. The computational grid and flow boundary conditions (BC) were based on the actual inlet geometry and the funnel flow conditions. At the propeller face, two types of BC's were applied: a mass flow BC and a fixed flow properties BC. The fixed flow properties BC was based on a combination of data obtained from the experiment and calculations using a potential flow code. Comparison of the computational results with the test data indicates that the PARC code with the propeller face fixed flow properties BC provided a better prediction of the inlet surface static pressures than the predictions when the mass flow BC was used. For an angle-of-attack of 0 degrees, the PARC2D code with the propeller face mass flow BC provided a good prediction of inlet static pressures except in the region of high pressure gradient. With the propeller face fixed flow properties BC, the PARC2D code provided a good prediction of the inlet static pressures. For an angle-of-attack of 25 degrees with the mass flow BC, the PARC3D code predicted statis pressures which deviated significantly from the test data; however, with the fixed flow properties BC, a good comparison with the test data was obtained.
Own company stock in defined contribution pension plans: A takeover defense? ☆

Abstract If managers induce employees to hold company stock in defined contribution pension plans as a form of takeover defense, then changes in state laws that enhance managerial protection should lead to a reduction in employer stock in 401(k) plans. Delaware's mid-1990s validation of the poison pill in conjunction with a staggered board was followed by a significant decline in employee ownership within defined contribution plans for firms incorporated in Delaware. Evidence using governance data suggests that this is due to responses of firms with staggered boards. Binary choice models confirm that employee ownership in defined contribution plans lowers takeover probabilities.
Thermal and cure analysis in sheet molding compound compression molds

Sheet molding compound (SMC) compression molding growth will benefit from faster cycles and more uniform cure so as to reduce in-plane thermal residual stress and resulting warpage in the molded part. These improvements require an in-depth study of the mold thermal design. Here we use a finite element model to analyze the quasi-steady temperature distribution in a plane perpendicular to the heating channels of a representative mold, and a finite difference model to investigate the cure dynamics at critical regions. Several changes in the mold heating system and operating conditions were considered and their effects on the temperature distribution and cure time were studied. It was assumed that the steam condensate is well drained and enough steam is supplied so that the steam tube walls are kept at a constant temperature. An important conclusion of the present study is that better insulation of the mold from the press does not help much in improving the uniformity of cavity surface temperature or cure. It was also found that reducing the distance between two consecutive steam tubes beyond the distance from the steam tube to cavity surface will not yield a significant change. The most practical way to give both more uniform cavity surface temperature and faster cure is to have higher steam temperature for the region where the charge is initially placed.
Terahertz metamaterial absorbers with an embedded resistive layer

A conductive layer of Ti, with a sheet resistance of about 220 Ω/sq, was placed in the dielectric spacer of an Al/SiOx/Al metamaterial terahertz absorber at various depths to probe the effect on the absorption of terahertz radiation. For a square size of 15 µm and a periodicity of 21 µm, and dielectric thickness approximately 1.6 µm, maximum absorption was 60%, 88%, and 94% for Ti layers 297, 765, and 1270 nm deep into the SiOx. Finite element simulations of the absorption correlated well with that of the measurements. This indicates that metamaterials with an embedded high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) conducting layer can be used for fabrication of microbolometers with tuned spectral sensitivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Hamster Tracheal Organ Cultures Infected with Bordetella pertussis

Hamster tracheal organculture was employed as a model for the study of the pathogenesis of infection due to bordetella pertusis. Scanning electron microscopy provided a three-dimensional view of the surface infection of the tracheal explants. Phase I B. pertussis attached only to the ciliated epithelial cells, and a sequence of events involving the injury, expulsion, and destruction of these differentiated cells occurred. This in vitro model provides insights into the mechanisms by which B. pertussis mediates host cell injury at the site of infection.
Effects of diet and folate on levels of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.

Abstract We describe a study examining the effects of fried beef consumption on the frequency of micronuclei in RNA-positive polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in humans. 5 splenectomized individuals participated in a 2-week experiment consisting of 3 phases. During the first and last phases the subjects refrained from eating cooked meat for 4–5 days. This was designed to clear their system of mutagens found in cooked-meat products. In the second phase each person ate a similar diet, but also consumed 4 quarter-pound well-done hamburgers per day for 4 days. Erythrocyte-folate levels were also measured for each donor. No association between diet phase and micronucleus frequencies was observed among the 2 subjects with normal levels of folate. However, among the 3 low-folate donors, the frequency of micronucleated PCEs appeared to be associated with diet. Micronucleus frequencies began to increase 1 day following onset of the beef phase, and started to decline 1 day after finishing this phase. These observations are in agreement with erythrocyte maturation kinetics following short-term exposure. A repeat study performed on one of the low-folate donors consisted of two beef phases separated by a vegetarian phase. Beef in one phase was fried (high in mutagenic amino-imidazoazaarenes [AIAs]) while the beef in the other phase was fried after first being microwave-cooked (low in AIAs). Significant increases in the micronucleus frequency were not observed in this experiment, suggesting that AIAs formed during frying were not solely responsible for the induction of micronuclei
Race and Gender in the Limits of Place-based Politics

Roxann Prazniak examines the work of the Martha E. Forrester Council of Women in Farmville, Virginia, from 1920 to 2001 in the context of women's political spaces and the limits of place-based politics.
Design of an MRI birdcage coil for lower leg imaging

Energy metabolism rates have been hypothesized to reflect abnormalities in diseases such as heart failure and diabetes. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, these rates can be imaged in multiple locations in the body. Due to similarities in muscle striations between myocardial and skeletal tissues, the metabolism of these substances will be imaged in the leg in order to increase patient comfort. A custom coil must be developed in order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio and achieve compatibility with proton and phosphorous imaging.
Social Class, Ethnicity, and Child Welfare.

ABSTRACT Minority group and poor children are overrepresented in the child welfare system. Interpretations of the reasons for this overre-presentation are entangled by issues of race and class. This paper attempts to disentangle those relationships by analyzing the relationship between race and class in child welfare. The reasons for minority overrepresentation in the child protective system are identified. The implications for overrepresentation for practice and policy are discussed.
CT diagnosis of celiac disease.

We present a case of celiac sprue in which the diagnosis was first suggested by the demonstration of intussusception on abdominal CT
Typhoid fever in a seven-month-old infant

T YPHOID fever in an infant 7 months of age is of sufficient interest to warrant reporting not only because of the rari ty of the disease in infancy but also because of the difficulties which may be encountered in making a correct diagnosis. A survey of the literature reveals that the yom lgest case of acquired typhoid fever was reported by Weecb and Chert 1 in an infant 21 days old in China. In 1902 @riffith and 0stheimer 2 collected together 139 cases of typhoid fever occurring in the first year of life, 110 of which they considered as definitely typhoid, 46 probably typhoid, and 17 doubtful typhoid. Tupas and Quintos 3 stated that in the German Children's Hospital at Prague, where typhoid fever is endemic, among 1,530 typhoid patients only 10 (0.6 per cent) were 1 year of age or less. These authors also reported that of 223 patients admitted with typhoid fever in the Philippine General Hospital, none was under 2 years of age. According to Holt, ~ in 14,000 patients admitted to the Babies' Hospital, New York, in a period of thirteen years, there were but five patients with typhoid fever in the first year of life, the youngest being 8 months old. Holt, ~ in his latest textbook, states that among 252 typhoid cases in children at the Harriet Lane Home only four were infants under I year of age, the youngest being 4 months. Reports by Abt and Abt, G Blackader, '7 Griffith, 8 Morse," and Adams 1~ also indicas the rar i ty of typhoid fever in the first year of life.
Memory accounting without partitions

Operating systems account for memory consumption and allow for termination at the level of individual processes. As a result, if one process consumes too much memory, it can be terminated without damaging the rest of the system. This same capability can be useful within a single application that encompasses subtasks. An individual task may go wrong either because the task's code is untrusted or because the task's input is untrusted. Conventional accounting mechanisms, however, needlessly complicate communication among tasks by partitioning their object spaces. In this paper, we show how to provide applications with per-task memory accounting without per-task object partitions.
Demographics and motives affecting faculty retirement

Late-career decisions are made by faculty who vary widely in career achievement, personal circumstances, and now, retirement patterns.
Foundations of Freedom

People use their freedom in all sorts of ways. Some choose to devote their lives to philosophy, diligently pursuing undergraduate and graduate degrees, often foregoing money, marriage, children and numerous other opportunities in the process, all in hopes of overcoming the odds and landing a tenure-track position on the faculty of a college or university; a position which will enable them to teach obscure subjects to often indifferent students, and write articles and books which almost no one, save perhaps a handful of other professors of philosophy, will ever read, all the while consigning themselves, with few exceptions, to a life if not of penury and ill-repute certainly modest wealth and meagre social status, and that is if they are lucky enough to be awarded tenure and not be dismissed after 6 or 7 years of conscientious effort, having nothing to show for it but staggering amounts of student-loan debt and a dearth of marketable skills. Others elect to undergo numerous plastic surgeries in order to have their breasts and buttocks enhanced or, in some cases, to have their faces permanently altered to look like feral animals (Douglas 2012). Suffice it to say the uses adult individuals make of their freedom are various and diverse, and uses that some would deride as laughably absurd (perhaps none more so than pursuing a career in philosophy), others would defend as profoundly meaningful. Given that difference, is it ever permissible to prevent adult individuals from doing as they wish? In his essay On Liberty John Stuart Mill argues that it is not; that so long as the individual is not harming others (and is a competent adult living in a liberal democratic state) he must not be constrained, either by law or custom, from doing as he wishes. As Mill says, �The only �
Kinetic Energy Study of Hurricane Celia, 1970

Abstract A diagnostic kinetic energy study of Hurricane Celia, 1970, based on surface and rawinsonde data up to 100 mb, is performed as the storm moves across southern Texas and southwestern New Mexico. A kinetic energy budget is computed for the region bounded by latitudes 37N, 25N and longitudes 110W, 94W (2×1012 m2) for two consecutive 12-hr periods beginning 0000 GMT 4 August and a subsequent 24-hr period from 0000 GMT, 5 August to 0000 GMT, 6 August. This region contains Celia during her 48-hr continental life history. Additional energy computations are performed at 0000 GMT, 4, 5 and 6 August and at 1200 GMT, 4 August for each of three approximately equal smaller regions (5×1011 m2) which essentially isolate the storm's circulation at these times. The most significant results show that (1) energy parameters computed for small regions, particularly during Celia's mature stage (0000–1200 GMT 4 August), are considerably greater than those for the large region, indicating the importance of proper bounda...
Jet Impingement Boiling From a Circular Free-Surface Jet During Quenching: Part 1—Single-Phase Jet

A proposed technique for controlling jet impingement boiling heat transfer involves injection of gas into the liquid jet. This paper reports results from an experimental study of boiling heat transfer during quenching of a cylindrical copper specimen, initially at a uniform temperature exceeding the temperature corresponding to maximum heat flux, by a two-phase (water-air), circular free-surface jet. The second phase is introduced as small bubbles into the jet upstream of the nozzle exit. Data are presented for single-phase convective heat transfer at the stagnation point, as well as in the form of boiling curves, maximum heat fluxes, and minimum film boiling temperatures at locations extending from the stagnation point to a radius of ten nozzle diameters. For void fractions ranging from 0.0 to 0.4 and liquid-only velocities between 2.0 and 4.0 m/s (11,300≤Re d,fo ≤22,600), several significant effects are associated with introduction of the gas bubbles into the jet. As well as enhancing single-phase convective heat transfer by up to a factor of 2.1 in the stagnation region, addition of the bubbles increases the wall superheat in nucleate boiling and eliminates the temperature excursion associated with cessation of boiling. The maximum heat flux is unaffected by changes in the void fraction, while minimum film boiling temperatures increase and film boiling heat transfer decreases with increasing void fraction. A companion paper (Hall et al., 2001) details corresponding results from the single-phase jet.
Group cohesiveness reexamined

The paradigm through which group cohesiveness is conceptualized and researched is examined. It is found that cohesiveness is typically seen as a positive state necessary for effective therapy. This notion is critiqued at a meta-theoretical level using a dynamic model of process reminiscent of Sartrian and Riegelian dialectics. Cohesiveness, seen in this way, becomes a complex process initially necessary and subsequently defensive in groups. Recommendations for theory, practice and research are made which are based on a concept of cohesiveness as a changing, dialectical process.
Microgeometry capture using an elastomeric sensor

We describe a system for capturing microscopic surface geometry. The system extends the retrographic sensor [Johnson and Adelson 2009] to the microscopic domain, demonstrating spatial resolution as small as 2 microns. In contrast to existing microgeometry capture techniques, the system is not affected by the optical characteristics of the surface being measured---it captures the same geometry whether the object is matte, glossy, or transparent. In addition, the hardware design allows for a variety of form factors, including a hand-held device that can be used to capture high-resolution surface geometry in the field. We achieve these results with a combination of improved sensor materials, illumination design, and reconstruction algorithm, as compared to the original sensor of Johnson and Adelson [2009].
Artists for the Reich: Culture and Race from Weimar to Nazi Germany. By Joan L. Clinefelter. Oxford and New York: Berg. 2005. Pp. x+182. $74.95 (cloth); $24.95 (paper). ISBN 1-84520-200-7.

The law of diminishing returns can arguably be applied to historical research as well as larger economic enterprises. What had previously been described in a few paragraphs and notes of such standard works as those by Paul O. Rave and Hildegard Brenner has now been brought to the light of day in a full monographic treatment of Bettina Feistel-Rohmeder and the Deutsche Kunstgesellschaft (German Art Society). For those attracted by the majestic sweep of Joan Clinefelter's book title, however, a more accurate (if still overstated) description is found in the title of her 1995 Indiana University doctoral dissertation, “The German Art Society and the Battle for ‘Pure German’ Art, 1920–1945.”
Vibrational relaxation and collision-induced dissociation of xenon fluoride by neon†

Rate coefficients were calculated for vibrational relaxation and collision-induced dissociation of ground state xenon fluoride in neon at temperatures between 300 and 1000 K for each of nine vibrational levels. These coefficients were calculated using a pairwise additive potential energy surface, which consists of a Morse function for the XeF interaction and Lennard–Jones functions for the NeXe and NeF interactions. Rate coefficients are provided for both temperature and v- dependences. The vibrational relaxation and dissociation processes occur by multiquanta transitions. Dissociation can take place from all v-levels provided that the internal energy of the XeF molecule is close to the rotationless dissociation limit. The order of increase effectiveness of the various forms of energy in promoting dissociation in XeF was found to be translation–rotation-vibration. At room temperature, neon atoms were found to be more efficient than helium atoms in the dissociation processes; helium atoms were found to be more efficient than neon atoms in the vibrational relaxation of XeF. Strong vibration–rotation coupling in both vibrational relaxation and in the dissociation processes is demonstrated.
Comparison of Direct and Standardized Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Positive Blood Cultures

In an effort to determine the feasibility and accuracy of performing direct susceptibility tests from positive blood cultures, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), determined by the agar dilution method, of direct and standardized tests with seven antibiotics were compared. Results were analyzed as to the number of very major (change in MIC from susceptible in preliminary direct testing to resistant in final standardized testing), major (change in MIC from resistant to susceptible), and minor (change in MIC without change in interpretation) discrepancies. The results for gram-positive cocci and for gram-negative bacilli were 5, 6, and 82 of 162 strains tested and 3, 12, and 79 of 90 strains tested, respectively. Of the total number of susceptibility tests compared, major and very major discrepancies occurred in only 1 and 2.4% of instances with gram-positive and -negative isolates, respectively. The majority of discrepancies were noted with Staphylococcus epidermidis (four very major, five major), Klebsiella (two very major, four major), and Alcaligenes (five major). The antibiotics most often exhibiting discrepancies were penicillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin. The results indicate that preliminary susceptibility testing directly from positive blood culture bottles is generally both feasible and accurate.
Describing pediatric dysphonia with nonlinear dynamic parameters.

Summary Objective Nonlinear dynamic analysis has emerged as a reliable and objective tool for assessing voice disorders. However, it has only been tested on adult populations. In the present study, nonlinear dynamic analysis was applied to normal and dysphonic pediatric populations with the goal of collecting normative data. Jitter analysis was also applied in order to compare nonlinear dynamic and perturbation measures. This study’s findings will be useful in creating standards for the use of nonlinear dynamic analysis as a tool to describe dysphonia in the pediatric population. Methods The study included 38 pediatric subjects (23 children with dysphonia and 15 without). Recordings of sustained vowels were obtained from each subject and underwent nonlinear dynamic analysis and percent jitter analysis. The resulting correlation dimension ( D 2 ) and percent jitter values were compared across the two groups using t -tests set at a significance level of p = 0.05. Results It was shown that D 2 values covary with the presence of pathology in children. D 2 values were significantly higher in dysphonic children than in normal children ( p = 0.002). Standard deviations indicated a higher level of variation in normal children’s D 2 values than in dysphonic children’s D 2 values. Jitter analysis showed markedly higher percent jitter in dysphonic children than in normal children ( p = 0.025) and large standard deviations for both groups. Conclusion This study indicates that nonlinear dynamic analysis could be a viable tool for the detection and assessment of dysphonia in children. Further investigations and more normative data are needed to create standards for using nonlinear dynamic parameters for the clinical evaluation of pediatric dysphonia.
Scleral intraocular pressure measurement in cadaver eyes pre- and postkeratoprosthesis implantation.

PURPOSE We correlated scleral IOP to assigned IOP using pneumatonometry in cadaver eyes before and after Boston type I keratoprosthesis (KPro) implantation. METHODS Corneal IOP and scleral IOP at the superonasal, superotemporal, inferotemporal, and inferonasal quadrants were measured using pneumatonometry in six cadaver eyes cannulated with an infusion line with assigned IOP held at 20, 30, 40, and 50 mm Hg. Measurements of scleral IOP at the same location were repeated after a KPro was implanted. Correlations between scleral IOP and assigned IOP were analyzed for the entire group of eyes, and for each individual eye before and after KPro. One eye was tested by another masked grader for interobserver variability. RESULTS Scleral IOP measured higher than corneal IOP by a mean of 13.2 mm Hg. For group analysis, pre-KPro scleral IOP had a positive and linear correlation with assigned IOP in all quadrants (P < 0.00001), and this correlation was preserved after KPro implantation (P < 0.00001). There was strong interobserver agreement in all measurement sites (P < 0.001). In analyses of individual eyes, scleral IOP measured at the inferotemporal quadrant confirmed the strong linear association between scleral IOP and assigned IOP before and after KPro for all study eyes. A Bland-Altman plot showed that the difference in scleral IOP between pre-KPro and post-KPro eyes fell mostly within ± 5 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS Scleral IOP measured by pneumatonometry may be used to estimate IOP in cadaver eyes with and without keratoprosthesis. This may be a potential modality for assessing IOP for patients with corneal pathology or keratoprosthesis.
The Scavenger Receptor MARCO Modulates TLR-Induced Responses in Dendritic Cells

The scavenger receptor MARCO mediates macrophage recognition and clearance of pathogens and their polyanionic ligands. However, recent studies demonstrate MARCO expression and function in dendritic cells, suggesting MARCO might serve to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. To gain additional insight into the role of MARCO in dendritic cell activation and function, we profiled transcriptomes of mouse splenic dendritic cells obtained from MARCO deficient mice and their wild type counterparts under resting and activating conditions. In silico analysis uncovered major alterations in gene expression in MARCO deficient dendritic cells resulting in dramatic alterations in key dendritic cell-specific pathways and functions. Specifically, changes in CD209, FCGR4 and Complement factors can have major consequences on DC-mediated innate responses. Notably, these perturbations were magnified following activation with the TLR-4 agonist lipopolysaccharide. To validate our in silico data, we challenged DC‘s with various agonists that recognize all mouse TLRs and assessed expression of a set of immune and inflammatory marker genes. This approach identified a differential contribution of MARCO to TLR activation and validated a major role for MARCO in mounting an inflammatory response. Together, our data demonstrate that MARCO differentially affects TLR-induced DC activation and suggest targeting of MARCO could lead to different outcomes that depend on the inflammatory context encountered by DC.