cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Release factor competition is equivalent at strong and weakly suppressed nonsense codons.

We have compared the competition between strong or weak suppressor tRNAs and translational release factors (RF) at nonsense codons in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli. Using the F'lacIZ fusions developed by Miller and coworkers, UAG, UAA, and UGA codons at positions 189 and 220 were efficiently suppressed by plasmid-borne tRNAtrp suppressors cognate to each nonsense triplet. Introduction of a compatible RF 1 plasmid competed at UAG and UAA but not UGA codons. An RF2 expressing plasmid competed at UAA and UGA but had little effect at UAG. Release factor competition against weak suppressors was measured using combinations of noncognate suppressors and nonsense codons. In each case, release factor plasmids behaved identically towards poorly suppressed codons as they did when the same codons were efficiently suppressed. The implications for these studies on the role of release factors in nonsense suppression context effects are discussed.
Predation by the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

The impact ofMnemiopsis leidyi as a predator was studied quantitatively to determine their feeding rates on mixed natural zooplankton. These studies showed that feeding rate was independent of food concentration, but a function of both temperature and size of ctenophore. The feeding rate (liters cleared per mg dry weight per day) ranged from about 0.01 for larger ctenophores at lower temperatures (10–15°C) to about 0.1 for smaller ctenophores at higher temperatures (20–25°C). Combining these results with ctenophore biomass estimates from three years of sampling, numerical estimates were made of zooplankton mortality due to ctenophore predation. The maximum summer cropping byM. leidyi was calculated to be an average of 5–10% per day for the bay as a whole. Although substantial, this predation pressure alone does not account for the observed summer decline of zooplankton.
Involuntary emotional expressive disorder: a case for a deeper neuroethics.

Understanding why we produce labels for neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and how we use those words to tell stories about our brain, as well as which groups control such diagnostic discourse, is important to a wise understanding of our cognitive abilities, their limitations, and even our very human nature. Here, we explore the history and current focus of a newly emerging field called neuroethics and explore its relationship (or lack thereof) to a newly created clinical syndrome called involuntary emotional expressive disorder (IEED). The main argument concerns the lack of neuroethical discussion of issues pertinent to social influences on disease and the construction of professional specialization. We are critical of the processes associated with the creation of both the field and the syndrome, and express concern about their eventual outcomes. The interaction of social, political, and business institutions, the inherent interests of the advancement of larger research projects (and the individuals that compose them), their potential for profit, and other incentives to enhance marketability and public attention toward certain research programs will be examined as we discuss the development of the field of neuroethics. Similarly, we argue that these social factors and forces are instrumental in the development of IEED as a recognizable category and condition. Our critique is guided by the hope that through such analyses we can improve our understanding of how we go about our academic activities in cognitive neuroscience and also improve our efforts to help people suffering from neuropsychiatric conditions, such as dementia.
Nonlinear instability in an ideal fluid

Linearized instability implies nonlinear instability under certain rather general conditions. This abstract theorem is applied to the Euler equations governing the motion of an inviscid fluid. In particular this theorem applies to all 2D space periodic flows without stagnation points as well as 2D space-periodic shear flows.
PSF of 3D pupils: Diffraction tomography formulation

We analyze PSF of 3D pupils based on diffraction tomography formulation. The PSF exhibit strong shift variance. The output field is a coherent sum of rotated Ewald spheres weighted by decomposed incident plane waves.
The effect of dietary consistency on bone mass and turnover in the growing rat mandible

Hard and soft diets were fed to weanling rats for up to 8 weeks. Some animals were switched after 4 weeks to the opposite diet. A histomorphometric study of bone formation activity at the mandibular ramus, body, and condyle was made after in vivo fluorochrome labelling. Mineral apposition rates at the lateral and inferior periosteal surfaces of the ramus were lower in the soft diet than in the hard diet animals. The rate of bone formation at the lateral periosteal surface of the ramus was significantly lower in soft than in hard diet animals. The medial periosteal surface of the ramus sometimes changed to bone formation in the soft diet groups. Condylar cartilage zones were somewhat thinner in soft diet groups. In the mandibular body, differences due to dietary consistency were less marked than near the gonial angle. Adaptation of periosteal bone and condylar cartilage to a new dietary consistency occurred within 4 weeks of switching. These results suggest that lateral and inferior periosteal bone growth of the ramus and condylar elongation were slowed in rats consuming soft diets. Decreased functional force during rapid mandibular bone growth causes changes in shape. The changes are due to regional decreases in osteoblast function, realignment of bone formation surfaces in the ramus area, and slowed growth in the condylar cartilage.
THE BOX THE HEART CAME IN: “RELIGION” AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT

The Supreme Court's decisions regarding the Religion Clauses seem to be pleasing more and more Americans less and less. The justices themselves acknowledge this problem. This essay argues that much of the inconsistency and confusion characterizing contemporary Religion Clauses jurisprudence is the result of a modern misconception about the way the Framers used the word “religion” in the First Amendment. The following discussion utilizes historical writings, and an exegesis of the First Congress's Religion Clauses debate to show that the First Amendment's “religion” designates what moderns understand as religious faith. When “religion” is understood as religious faith—not religious institutions—a new principle emerges that can assuage a significant portion of the jurisprudence's disarray.
"We want no teachers who say there are two sides to every question": Conservative Women and Education in the 1930s

Margaret Robinson's plea did not cause mass withdrawals of female (or male) students from schools, but it surely elicited applause among her audience at the Women's Patriotic Conference on National Defense. Robinson's distress about perceived radicalism in education underscored familiar concerns: what children should learn, who should teach them, and where the ultimate authority for the control of education should lie. Schools, moreover, as Robinson no doubt recognized, have always offered more than an academic curriculum; they have instilled the dominant values of the larger culture and shaped students' sense of what America means and where their places are in it. Yet, the former antisuffragist's declaration came during a time of particular transition. As more and more students streamed into the public schools during the 1920s and 1930s, especially the high schools, educators debated vigorously over the content of the curriculum and the role that schools should play in society. Other voices, most notably from patriotic and conservative groups, expressed their own critiques and charged educators with corrupting students' minds with anti-American ideas.
An autoradiographic and biochemical analysis of palmitate incorporation into fat body lipid

Abstract Short-term in vitro experiments demonstrated that 14 C-palmitate is rapidly esterified by fat body from several developmental stages of Hyalophora cecropia . Triglyceride is the major product when larval or adult fat body is utilized while diglyceride accumulates during the 3 hr incubation period with fat body from pharate pupae, diapausing pupae, and chilled pupae. Similar results were obtained with pupae of Philosamia cynthia, Antheraea polyphemus , and Hyalophora gloveri . The pattern of incorporation with Leucophaea maderae fat body is essentially the same as that found in H. cecropia larval fat body. The synthesis of glycerides can be followed with light microscope autoradiography and the data suggest that 3 H-palmitate is esterified in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the lipid globules which are the depository for glyceride storage. Electron microscope autoradiographic studies support this supposition.
Experimental investigation of char generated from co-pyrolysis of coal and Appalachian hardwoods

Abstract In recent years, there has been increased interest in the co-combustion and co-gasification of coal and biomass materials in many industrial applications. The primary driving force behind this interest lays in the fact that co-combustion and co-gasification of coal biomass material are viewed to be a more carbon-neutral approach to processes typically used for power generation, as well as generation of syngas and other coal-derived chemicals. With the addition of renewable biomass materials to the coal used in these processes, the net amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere is effectively reduced due to the assumption that replenishment of the biomass via replanting will lead to carbon dioxide removal via photosynthesis. The current study investigates co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass feedstocks, a precursor to the co-combustion or co-gasification reactions when both materials are fed together into the combustor or gasifier. Experiments have been conducted in which different mixtures of typical West Virginia power plant blend coals and Appalachian hardwoods have undergone pyrolysis using a tube furnace. Measurements were made with samples that contained 100% coal, 100% biomass as well as a 50% coal/50% biomass mixture. In addition, two different particle size ranges were used in order to examine the effect of particle size on the resulting pyrolysis products. In each experiment, the coal and biomass mixtures were heated to 500 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Samples of the resulting solid char were collected and analyzed via ultimate and proximate analysis, and Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry (FT-IR). Numerous authors have debated whether or not the addition of biomass material to coal generates a synergistic, non-linear effect upon the resulting pyrolysis products. The data obtained during the current study suggests that varying the biomass content in the initial feed stock shows linearity with respect to the proximate and ultimate (elemental) analysis results of the produced chars; however, non-linearities can be seen in the tar and char yields, and in the functional group structure of the chars, as revealed by FT-IR analysis of the solid char samples.
Negotiating the speed bumps to fluorescence.

Two new studies use directed evolution to develop more rapidly maturing fluorescent proteins.
A GATA binding site is involved in the regulation of 15-lipoxygenase-1 expression in human colorectal carcinoma cell line, Caco-2

Abstract The data presented implicate a GATA binding site in the transcriptional regulation of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) gene expression in human colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 cells. High expression of GATA-6 mRNA and protein was observed, while GATA-4 mRNA was expressed at a very low level in Caco-2 cells. The expression of GATA-6 was down-regulated, while 15-LO-1 expression was dramatically up-regulated after treatment with sodium butyrate (NaBT). A study using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that a GATA binding site of the 15-LO-1 promoter region binds to GATA proteins present in both undifferentiated and, to a lesser extent, NaBT-treated (differentiated) Caco-2 cells. Moreover, that DNA binding shift band was disrupted after the addition of GATA-6 antibody in a supershift assay in the absence of NaBT, suggesting that GATA-6 is bound to the GATA binding site of the 15-LO-1 promoter in undifferentiated cells. In contrast, the addition of GATA-6 antibody did not affect the DNA binding ability in NaBT-induced differentiated cells. On the other hand, mutation of the GATA site of the 15-LO-1 promoter decreased the transactivation of the 15-LO-1 promoter as measured by luciferase activity in both FBS and NaBT cultured cells, indicating an unknown GATA binding protein to up-regulate 15-LO-1 expression. These implicate the GATA site at −240 of the proximal region of the 15-LO-1 promoter in the basic transcription of 15-LO-1 gene expression in Caco-2 cells, with GATA-6 acting to repress 15-LO-1 expression.
USE OF LIVER ADENYL CYCLASE FOR ASSAY OF GLUCAGON IN HUMAN GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT AND PANCREAS.

Experimental conditions for assay of glucagon with cat liver adenyl cyclase are described. Negligible amounts of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP were produced in the absence of added hormone. The maximal response, sensitivity and steepness of slope of the titration curve were greater for glucagon than for epinephrine in this system. With use of this assay, activity previously reported to be present in dog gastric mucosa was characterized further as glucagon. Glucagon was also found to be present in the muscular layer of gastro-intestinal tissue. The concentration of glucagon in dog gastric mucosa (avg of 5.5 μg/g tissue extracted for fundic mucosa) at times equaled that of dog pancreas (7.3 Mg/g avg). Activity was found to be present in both the muscular and mucosal layers of human gastro-intestinal tissue and was characterized as glucagon. The concentration of glucagon in these tissues was about 2 μg/g, or about one eighteenth that in human pancreas. (Endocrinology 75: 127, 1964)
Multiple osteomas of the mandible associated with polyposis of the colon (Gardner's syndrome).

Abstract A case of osteoma of the mandible, which later proved to be a part of Gardner's syndrome, has been presented. It behooves the oral surgeon to suspect Gardner's syndrome in any patient with an osteoma. Subcutaneous lesions, such as cysts and tumors, should be looked for. The diagnosis of polyposis of the colon is readily made by a mere proctoscopic examination. Referral of the patient to the general surgeon may be a prophylactic measure against carcinoma. 21
A predictive model of longitudinal, patient-specific colonoscopy results

We suggest a model framework, in which an individual patient's risk for colonic neoplasia varies based on findings from his previous colonoscopies, to predict longitudinal colonoscopy results. The neoplasia natural history model describes progression through four neoplasia development states with patient age. Multiple natural history model parameter sets are assumed to act concurrently on the colon and parameter set prevalence combinations, whose a priori likelihoods are a function of patient sex, provide a basis set for patient-level predictions. The novelty in this approach is that after a colonoscopy, both the parameter set combination likelihoods and their model predictions can adjust in a Bayesian manner based on the results and conditions of the colonoscopy. The adjustment of model predictions operationalizes the clinical knowledge that multiple or advanced neoplasia at baseline colonoscopy is an independent predictor of multiple or advanced neoplasia at follow-up colonoscopy - and vice versa for negative colonoscopies - and the adjustment of parameter set combination likelihoods accounts for the possibility that patients may have different neoplasia development rates. A model that accurately captures serial colonoscopy results could potentially be used to design and evaluate post-colonoscopy treatment strategies based on the risk of individual patients. To support model identification, observational longitudinal colonoscopy results, procedure details, and patient characteristics were collected for 4084 patients. We found that at least two parameter sets specific to each sex with model adjustments was required to capture the longitudinal colonoscopy data and inclusion of multiple possible parameter set combinations, which account for random variations within the population, was necessary to accurately predict the second-time colonoscopy findings for patients with a history of advanced adenomas. Application of this model to predict CRC risks for patients adhering to guideline recommended follow-up colonoscopy intervals found that there are significant differences in risk with patient age, gender, and preparation quality and demonstrates the need for a more rigorous investigation into these recommendations.
Saturated absorption spectroscopy using diode-laser phase noise.

We have investigated theoretically the applicability of phase-fluctuating laser fields in saturated absorption spectroscopy. The fluctuations of pump and probe fields are fully correlated if they are derived from the same laser source. Inside the saturable medium, phase fluctuations are converted into intensity noise. This nonlinear mixing modifies the statistics of the transmitted fields. By measuring higher-order correlations one can deduce additional spectroscopic information. Apart from the mean intensity, we have examined the intensity noise and intensity power spectrum of the weak probe field. The resonances of these correlation functions are also unaffected by large inhomogeneous broadening since they are inherently related to the usual saturated absorption dip. We find qualitative agreement with results of a recent experiment employing this technique [D. H. McIntyre et al., Opt. Lett. 18, 1816 (1993)], which demonstrates the advantages of noise spectroscopy using spectrum analyzers.
Venipuncture-induced causalgia: anatomic relations of upper extremity superficial veins and nerves, and clinical considerations.

BACKGROUND: In 1994, 11 patients with injury to upper extremity cutaneous nerves after routine venipuncture were reported. All developed causalgia (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Type 2). Nerve injury appeared secondary to direct trauma via “inappropriate” needle or bolused material entry into the plane of the nerves beneath the veins, or nerves overlying the veins. However, in 3 of 13 additional patients, the venipunctures were properly performed and atraumatic. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To explore the anatomic relationships of superficial veins and cutaneous nerves with regard to the role of direct nerve trauma during venipuncture in the development of causalgia, the 14 upper extremities of seven randomly chosen cadavers were dissected at three common venipuncture sites. In addition, the clinical features of all 24 patients are presented. RESULTS: Major branches of cutaneous nerves were superficial to and overlay veins in six extremities. In multiple instances, nerves and veins were intertwined, requiring detailed dissection to separate them. In the classic situation, nerves were immediately as deep as veins, often with no fascial separation. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical relationships between upper extremity superficial veins and cutaneous nerves are so intimate that needle–nerve contact during venipuncture is common. Because venipuncture-induced nerve injuries are rare, factors other than direct nerve contact appear necessary for the chronic pain syndrome to occur.
A model of memory in concept learning

Abstract A concept learning model was developed and tested in two conjunctive attribute identification tasks. The model includes assumptions about the focus of attention, decision making, and memory for stimulus information and prior decisions. Predictions are made about how S changes his hypothesis following an error. Procedures in both tasks allowed inference of the subject's current hypothesis. The hypothesis selections and error statistics were in the majority of cases accurately predicted by the model. Deviations from predictions on hypothesis sampling occurred for naive Ss but not for trained Ss who were required to state a hypothesis on each trial.
Residual effects of childhood reading disabilities

Learning disabilities in children can be conceptualized in two ways, as: (1) deficits resulting from congenital dysfunction in the presence of structural (Galaburda and Kemper 1979; Hier et al. 1975) and/or electro physiological brain differences (Hanley and Sklar 1976; Duffy and Denckla 1980a and b; Leisman and Ashkenazi 1980); or (2) maturational lag, as expressed by Kinsbourne (1973), "if the child were younger the findings would be regarded as normal." (For more expanded explorations of this issue, see Usprich 1976; Denckla 1976.) The deficits, whether due to brain differences or to a lag in matura tion, do not result in general intellectual retardation, but rather in some specific difficulty with the attainment of certain skills. Whether one em braces the deficit or developmental lag view of learning disabilities, its definition, with the exception of a single word, remains the same: specific areas of "impairment" or "retardation" in otherwise normal, or even superior, functioning. The lag hypothesis, however, carries with it the optimistic implication that learning disabled children eventually "catch up" and thereby over come the difficulties which caused their problems in the first place. In fact, once they have learned to read, to calculate, or to write, and have graduated from grammar or high school, it is tacitly assumed that they have, indeed, "caught up" and are prepared to do battle with the chal lenges of college or the world. The "lag" hypothesis thereby appears con firmed in real life, which is, after all, where it really counts. However, such a conclusion, based for most of us on "out of sight, out of mind" may be more optimistic than is warranted. In the last three years, we have had the opportunity to examine a great many young adults, between the ages of 20
Utilizing pathfinder in the design of an intranet website

Usability analyses of the Homepage Categories and Sub-categories at Sandia National Laboratories were undertaken to identify potential improvement opportunities to the current architecture. Through traditional card sorting methods, as well as a novel implementation of Pathfinder analysis, a novel re-structuring and minimal nomenclature changes are suggested for future user testing. Additionally, the study finds Pathfinder analysis a useful addition to traditional usability methods and suggests related methodological research opportunities.
Relativistic effects on the s → d promotion energy and spin-polarization energy of the transition metals

We have calculated the total energy of 3{ital d}, 4{ital d}, and 5{ital d} transition elements by a local-spin-density approximation with a fully relativistic'' treatment for core levels and a scalar-relativistic'' approximation for valence levels. This work improves the agreement of the previous nonrelativistic calculation on {ital s}{r arrow}{ital d} promotion energy with experiment. A table for the energy difference between spin-restricted and spin-polarized 3{ital d}, 4{ital d}, and 5{ital d} atoms is provided that is useful for obtaining the cohesive energy of solids.
Anti-inflammatory and recycling properties of an apolipoprotein mimetic peptide, Ac-hE18A-NH2

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) exerts prominent anti-inflammatory effects and undergoes recycling by target cells. We previously reported that the peptide Ac-hE18A-NH(2), composed of the receptor binding domain (LRKLRKRLLR) of apoE covalently linked to the Class A amphipathic peptide 18A, dramatically lowers plasma cholesterol and lipid hydroperoxides and enhances paraoxonase activity in dyslipidemic animal models. The objective of this study was to determine whether this peptide, analogous to apoE, exerts anti-inflammatory effects and undergoes recycling under in vitro conditions. Pulse chase studies using [(125)I]-Ac-hE18A-NH(2) in THP-1 derived macrophages and HepG2 cells showed greater amounts of intact peptide in the cells at later time points indicating recycling of the peptide. Ac-hE18A-NH(2) induced a 2.5-fold increase in prebeta-HDL in the conditioned media of HepG2 cells. This effect persisted for 3 days after removal of the peptide from culture medium. Ac-hE18A-NH(2) also induced the secretion of cell surface apoE from THP-1 macrophages. In addition, the peptide increased cholesterol efflux from THP-1 cells by an ABCA1 independent mechanism. Moreover, Ac-hE18A-NH(2) inhibited LPS-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression, and reduced monocyte adhesion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It also reduced the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) from THP-1 macrophages even when administered post-LPS and abolished the 18-fold increase in LPS-induced mRNA levels for MCP-1 in THP-1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that addition of the putative apoE receptor-domain to the Class A amphipathic peptide 18A results in a peptide that, similar to apoE, recycles, thus enabling the potentiation and prolongation of its anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Such a peptide has great potential as a therapeutic agent in the management of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.
Efficient allocation of a “prize”-King Solomon's dilemma

Abstract A planner is interested in allocating an indivisible good (a “prize”) to one of many agents in the economy. His objective is to give the prize to the agent who values it most, without any payments being made by the recipient. The planner, however, does not know the identity of this agent, while the agents themselves do. This paper shows how the planner can construct simple, multistage mechanisms with a unique subgame perfect equilibrium outcome. At this outcome, the agent who values the prize most gets it without any transfer of money being made by any of the agents or the planner.
Growth of a clonal cell line of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in suspension culture and replication of its homologous baculovirus HzSNPV

A clonal cell line (BCIRL-HZ-AM1-11) of Helicoverpa zea was grown in stationary and suspension cultures in Ex-Cell 401TM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 28°C. The cell population doubling time was 22 h in stationary culture as compared with 27 h in suspension culture. A lag time of approximately 24 h was observed during the first 24 h of the suspension culture following initiation but no lag time was observed in the stationary culture. Maximum viral titers were achieved in stationary and suspension cultures at 120 h (1.80×106 TCID50/ml) and 168 h (1.48×107 TCID50/ml), respectively, following inoculation with the Helicoverpa zea baculovirus (HzSNPV/Br-CL2). Infected cells harvested at 168 h from the 50 ml suspension culture produced a total number of occlusion bodies of 3×109.
Gamma Rays from Superheavy Relic Particles in the Halo

Superheavy (SH) quasistable particles generated in the Early Universe could be responsable for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) and be a component of Cold Dark Matter (CDM) in the universe. These particles are likely to cluster in the galactic halo, so that the main part of UHECR are gamma rays produced in the decay of neutral pions. Charged pions are also produced in the same process and result in high energy electrons. We consider here the production of gamma rays by synchrotron emission of these electrons in the galactic magnetic field. The gamma ray fluxes are in the region of interest for some current and proposed experiments (e.g. EGRET, GLAST, MILAGRO) in the energy range $0.1-10^4$ GeV. A comparison with the existing upper limits at $10^5-10^8$ GeV is also carried out. The detection of this flux of gamma rays would be an important signature of SH relic particles as sources of UHECR and would give a clue to the physics of the Early Universe.
Farmland Conversion: Some Comments on the Potential Cropland Study

Data from the 1975 Potential Cropland Study conducted by the Soil Conservation Service, USDA, have been used by geographers and others as measures of land use change. Unfortunately, the surveys on which these change data are based are not comparable. They had different objectives, different sample designs, and different definitions. Under scrutiny, the data are unreasonable and unreconcilable with land use data from established sources. The most serious fault is inconsistent classification.
The Effect of Fluid Mechanics on Graphene Growths by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Graphene's unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties have made it a very attractive material desired for use in future technologies. Over the recent years, there have been many breakthroughs in research on graphene. Recently, the focus of the latest research has shifted towards scaling graphene production for commercial use by industry. The most promising method for scaling graphene growth for industry usage is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD is a low cost, economic and scalable method for producing graphene. However, consistently producing high quality graphene quickly on a large scale has eluded researchers. Here we detail a method for reducing growth time required to produce high quality, large area graphene by adjusting the fluid mechanics of the CVD
Tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry and the curved-field reflectron

The curved-field reflectron (CFR), when used as the second mass analyzer in a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer, provides a design that enables the use of very high energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). Specifically, this is because the wide energy bandwidth of the CFR obviates the need for floating the collision region to decelerate the precursor ions and subsequently reaccelerating product ions to enable reflectron focusing. Here we describe the evolution of tandem instruments based on the CFR, from its introduction in 1993 to the current commercial TOF(2) mass spectrometer from Shimadzu Corporation, and briefly review the history of TOF/TOF instruments. A number of applications are also described. One is the characterization of a C-terminal cleavage of cystatin C that appears to be associated with patients with remitting relapse multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Both surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) and MALDI were used on a high performance TOF instrument operating in the MS and MS/MS modes. Tandem TOF mass spectrometry has also been used to determine the acetylation sites on histones and on the enzyme, histone acetyl transferase (HAT), responsible for the modification. Acetylation has been determined quantitatively for multiple sites on histone H3 and H4 using a deuteroacetylation method. For a number of closely spaced sites on the histone tail regions, MS/MS enables us to then determine both the order and distribution of acetylation.
SAS® partial least squares for discriminant analysis

The objective of this work was to implement discriminant analysis using SAS® partial least squares (PLS) regression for analysis of spectral data. This was done in combination with previous efforts, which implemented data pre-treatments including scatter correction, derivatives, mean centring and variance scaling for spectral analysis. Partial least squares analysis is implemented in SAS® as type 2 where a solution for multiple analytes (Y-variables) is determined simultaneously, but cannot work with non-numeric analyte values. For discriminant analysis, samples belonging to one of Z classes are coded for Z analytes with all but one (class to which sample belongs coded as 1) coded as being a 0. Thus, for four classes, all samples are coded with one of four analyte combinations (1,0,0,0; 0,1,0,0; 0,0,1,0; or 0,0,0,1). This paper discusses a SAS® program designed to perform classification/discriminant analysis using SAS® PLS, and to a smaller extent, principal component analysis and reduced rank regression....
The Seed Population for Energetic Particles Accelerated by CME-Driven Shocks

Understanding properties of solar energetic particle (SEP) events associated with coronal mass ejections has been identified as a key problem in solar-terrestrial physics. Although recent CME shock acceleration models are highly promising, detailed agreement between theoretical predictions and observations has remained elusive. Recent observations from ACE have shown substantial enrichments in the abundances of 3He and He+ ions which are extremely rare in the thermal solar wind plasma. Consequently, these ions act as tracers of their source material, i.e., 3He ions are flare suprathermals and He+ ions are interstellar pickup ions. The average heavy ion composition also exhibits unsystematic differences when compared with the solar wind values, but correlates significantly with the ambient suprathermal material abundances. Taken together these results provide compelling evidence that CME-driven shocks draw their source material from the ubiquitous but largely unexplored suprathermal tail rather than from the more abundant solar wind peak. However, the suprathermal energy regime has many more contributors and exhibits much larger variability than the solar wind, and as such needs to be investigated more thoroughly. Answers to fundamental new questions regarding the preferred injection of the suprathermal ions, the spatial and temporal dependence of the various sources, and the causes of their variability and their effects on the SEP properties are needed to improve agreement between the simulations and observations.
Geochemical consequences of flow differentiation in a multiple injection dike (Trinity ophiolite, N. California)

Abstract A clinopyroxene-rich dike of the Trinity ophiolite sheeted-dike complex shows three different magmatic pulses, probably injected in a short period of time (no well developed chilled margin) and important variations of the clinopyroxene and plagioclase percentages between its core (highly porphyritic) and margins (aphyric). This variation, interpreted as related to a flow differentiation phenomenon (mechanical phenocryst redistribution), has important geochemical consequences. It produces increases in the FeO, MgO, CaO, Cr and Ni contents from the margin to the core, together with increases in the clinopyroxene percentage, and decreases in the SiO 2 , Zr, Y, Nb and REE contents together with a decrease in the percentage of the fine-grained groundmass toward the core of the dike. This mineralogical redistribution, which also affects the incompatible trace element ratios because of the difference in plagioclase and clinopyroxene mineral/liquid partition coefficients, illustrate the importance of fractionation processes outside of a magma chamber.
The fine structure of electrocytes in weakly electric teleosts

The fine structure of physiologically different electrocytes in seven genera of weakly electric teleosts is described. The major fine structural differences in these cells relate to specializations of the cell surface, distribution of mitochondria and variations in the filamentous inclusions. The degree of surface proliferation of the parallel faces of electrocytes produced by tubular invaginations of these faces is consistent with the physiological desirability for the electrocytes to match impedances across these faces during spike generation.
Simulating balance recovery responses to trips based on biomechanical principles

To realize the full potential of human simulations in interactive environments, we need controllers that have the ability to respond appropriately to unexpected events. In this paper, we create controllers for the trip recovery responses that occur during walking. Two strategies have been identified in human responses to tripping: impact from an obstacle during early swing leads to an elevating strategy, in which the swing leg is lifted over the obstacle and impact during late swing leads to a lowering strategy, in which a swing leg is positioned immediately in front of the obstacle and then the other leg is swung forward and positioned in front of the body to allow recovery from the fall. We design controllers for both strategies based on the available biomechanical literature and data captured from human subjects in the laboratory. We evaluate our controllers by comparing simulated results and actual responses obtained from a motion capture system.
Yeast deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase (photoreactivating enzyme): optimum conditions for activity and competitive inhibition.

— Using flash photolytic techniques and direct chemical measurements of the conversion of the substrate (conversion of thymine dimers in DNA to monomeric thymine), we have determined photolyase concentrations in partially purified preparations of soluble proteins from yeast and have determined under continuous intense light the forward rate constant k1 for binding of the enzyme and its substrate under a variety of conditions. The ionic requirements and the sharp peak of ionic strength dependence are independent of the species of uni-univalent salts used in the assay. At infinite dilution, the k1 for denatured DNA, and its ionic strength dependence, both appear identical to the values for native DNA. Both unirradiated denatured and unirradiated native DNA inhibit binding, denatured DNA being 10- to 20-fold more effective. These combined factors have been taken into account to devise a sensitive assay for photoreactivable lesions in unlabeled DNA by competition in a flash photoreactivation reaction. The assay is used to measure dark repair in Micrococcus luteus in complete medium. After a dose of 100 J/m2 the wild type of this organism removes photoreactivable lesions (pyrimidine dimers) from its DNA with a half-time of 7 min at 35°C.
Chronic beta blockade therapy in patients after myocardial infarction

This report is a review of greater than 18 years of experience with clinical trials that have examined the effect of beta blockers on mortality after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Despite inadequate sample size, a substantial number of the early randomized trials demonstrated a trend toward reduction in mortality after MI using a number of beta blockers. This review highlights the larger prospective randomized trials, especially the Multicenter International Trial of practolol, the Norwegian Multicenter Study of timolol and the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT) of propranolol. The combined strength of these long-term trials, comprising greater than 8,000 patients, demonstrates a consistent and statistically significant reduction in mortality after MI. Both the Norwegian timolol study and BHAT further document a substantial reduction in mortality in patients stratified according to risk groups, with a reduction in mortality after complicated or uncomplicated first MI or in patients with prior MI. These 2 studies also document a reduction in sudden death mortality in the first year after MI. Data regarding subendocardial MI is more variable, but the Norwegian timolol study documents a substantial reduction in mortality after subendocardial MI. Based on this review, we recommend treatment of all patients who can tolerate beta blockade after acute MI, beginning in the late hospitalization phase and continuing for at least 2 years.
White Skin, Black Friend: A Fanonian application to theorize racial fetish in teacher education

AbstractIn Black Skin, white masks (1967, Grove Press), Franz Fanon uses a psychoanalytic framework to theorize the inferiority-dependency complex of Black men in response to the colonial racism of white men. Applying his framework in reverse, this theoretical article psychoanalyzes the white psyche and emotionality with respect to the racialization process of whites and their racial attachment to Blackness. Positing that such a process is interconnected with narcissism, humanistic emptiness, and psychosis, this article presents how racial attachment becomes racial fetish. Such a fetish reifies whiteness by accumulating fictive kinships with friends of color; hence, the common parlance of ‘But I have a Black friend!’ The article, then, overlays this theoretical interpretation onto the subject of teacher education in the US, specifically urban teacher education programs that are predominantly comprised of white middle-class females who claim a desire to ‘save’ urban students of color. Ending with the dange...
Review of Reflections on Higher Education, by Stephen Joel Trachtenberg, Oryx Press, Westport, CT, 2002

Purpose – This paper aims to review a book of insights from a highly successful campus president.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of an essay review.Findings – The paper provides key insights into presidential leadership, roles and responsibilities, and fundraising.Originality/value – This paper is an original essay review.
High surface tension pulmonary edema

Dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital and placed on a piston ventilator with room air. Ten animals received an endobronchial lavage of normal saline (3 mg/kg). Ten other animals received an endobronchial lavage of the same volume of a nonionic detergent, Tween 20, 5% in saline. Detergent lavage was shown by Wilhelmy balance to increase surface tension of lung extracts. Saline lavage did not alter the surface tension of lung extracts. No significant differences between the groups were noted in cardiac output, left ventricular and diastolic pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, or colloid oncotic pressure. Static compliance and arterial PO2 were decreased following detergent lavage. Animals were sacrificed 2 hr after lavage and pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWV) was measured gravimetrically. Saline-lavaged lungs with normal surface tension had a PEWV of 4.3 ml/g dry lung. Tween-lavaged lungs with increased surface tension had a PEWV of 5.3 ml/g dry lung (P less than 0.005). When the estimated volume of residual lavage solution remaining in the lung parenchyma was subtracted from the total wet lung wt, the corrected PEWV was 3.62 +/- 0.12 ml/g dry lung for saline-lavaged lung and 4.76 +/- 0.19 ml/g dry lung for Tween-lavaged lung. PEWV for 11 control animals ventilated 2 hr without lavage was 3.61 +/- 0.13 ml/g dry lung. It is concluded that, experimentally, high alveolar surface tension can induce pulmonary edema even when pulmonary microvascular hydrostatic and colloid oncotic pressures are normal.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Kala-azar Human Serum. Hypergammaglobulinemia Associated with Seronegative Reactions for Syphilis.∗

SummaryThe electrophoretic patterns of 2 human kala-azar sera revealed the presence in high concentration of a unique, abnormal component migrating with the γ globulin of the slowest mobility. The kala-azar sera, negative to serological tests for syphilis, provide instances which show that the presence of hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia or hypergammaglobulinemia cannot be used to prove or disprove the specificity of positive serologic reactions for syphilis.
Methylation of proteins of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in liver and kidney of rats injected with actinomycin D.

Resume Des particules nucleaires ribonucleoproteiques 30S ont ete isolees de foie et de rein de rat. Les principales proteines de ces particules contiennent de la N G , N G -dimethylarginine. Apres injection intraperitoneale de [ 3 H-methyl]-S-adenosyl- l -methionine, les proteines de ces particules incorporent du radiomethyl tout au long de la periode de 6 heures etudiee. L'incorporation de radiomethyl dans les proteines de ces particules se revele plus faible que son incorporation dans les histones, particulierement dans le rein. Une injection simultanee d'actinomycine D et de [ 3 H-methyl]-S-adenosyl- l -methionine aboutit a la suppression rapide de l'incorporation de radiomethyl dans les proteines des particules dans le foie, et a un degre moindre, egalement dans le rein. Une electrophorese dans une premiere dimension en gradient de pH non a l'equilibre et dans la seconde dimension ont permis en presence de dodecylsulfate de sodium de separer les proteines des particules nucleaires ribonucleoproteiques 30S de foie ou de rein de rat en trois especes principales selon leur poids moleculaire, chacune composee d'une serie d'isomeres de charge a predominance basique. Aucune depletion de ces proteines, ni aucun changement dans la distribution de leurs isomeres de charge n'ont ete observes dans les particules ribonucleoproteiques 30S isolees de foie ou de rein de rat au cours des premieres 6 heures suivant l'injection d'actinomycine D. Il est donc probable que la diminution d'incorporation de radiomethyl dans les proteines des particules ribonucleoproteiniques nucleaires 30S represente une diminution de la production de groupes methyl dans les proteines des particules. Au cours de sa transformation en mRNA, le RNA precurseur est associe aux proteines de la particule. La diminution de production de groupes methyl sur les proteines de la particule pourrait provenir de l'inhibition par l'actinomycine D de la transformation du precurseur du mRNA. Une interference de l'actinomycine D, non seulement avec la synthese de RNA, mais egalement avec la transformation du RNA semble etre indiquee par la decouverte que l'activite specifique du RNA associe aux particules nucleaires ribonucleoproteiques 30S reste quasiment constante entre 2 a 6 heures apres injection de cette drogue.
Biosurveillance and GIS: Application of Geospatial Information Science to Biological Defense

ABSTRACT Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed geospatial applications to plan and train for response to terrorist attacks involving aerosolized biological agents and for rapid post-event analysis and impact assessment. The planning applications have been used to assist with the deployment of air samplers in U.S. cities across the country as part of BioWatch and other federal programs. Post-event analytical applications are used to help identify where and how much biological agent might have been released, and who may have been exposed to the bioagent. The applications integrate atmospheric dispersion and source inversion models within a geographic information systems framework. To provide both a full-featured interactive user environment and a rich extensible development framework, the mature capabilities of commercial geospatial technologies are employed. The biodefense applications and some of their unique features, such as sensor siting, source inversion models, and the diurnal population datab...
An alliance to increase the participation of individuals with disabilities in computing careers

The goal of the newly established National Alliance for Access to Computing Careers (AccessComputing) is to increase the representation of people with disabilities in a wide range of computing careers, including those in computer science, information systems, software development, computer engineering, systems management and maintenance, and teaching. The Department of Computer Science and Engineering and DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking and Technology) at the University of Washington (UW) lead AccessComputing. partners---Gallaudet University, Microsoft, the NSF Regional Alliances for Persons with Disabilities in STEM (hosted by the University of Southern Maine, New Mexico State University, the University of Wisconsin--Madison, and the UW), and SIGACCESS---and collaborators represent education, industry, government, and professional organizations nationwide. This article shares background information on challenges facing individuals with disabilities with respect to computing careers, objectives of AccessComputing, and activities in which you can participate.
The phonology of Welsh cynghanedd

This paper treats the system of rhyme and consonant matching in Welsh poetry known as cynghanedd from the perspective of phonological theory. The system requires that every line of verse exhibit either internal rhyme or consonant matching or both. The consonant pattern is extreme and well outside the norm. We show how this system actually exploits familiar mechanisms from phonological systems and can be described in fairly orthodox terms using Optimality Theory.