cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biotic interactions are the dominant drivers of phylogenetic and functional structure in bird communities along a tropical elevational gradient

Understanding how biotic and abiotic interactions influence community assembly and composition is a fundamental goal in community ecology. Addressing this issue is particularly tractable along elevational gradients in tropical mountains that feature substantial abiotic gradients and rates of species turnover. We examined elevational patterns of avian community structure on 2 mountains in Malaysian Borneo to assess changes in the relative strength of biotic interactions and abiotic constraints. In particular, we used metrics based on (1) phylogenetic relatedness and (2) functional traits associated with both resource acquisition and tolerance of abiotic challenges to identify patterns and causes of elevational differences in community structure. High elevation communities were composed of more phylogenetically and functionally similar species than would be expected by chance. Resource acquisition traits, in particular, were clustered at high elevations, suggesting low resource and habitat diversity were important drivers of those communities. Traits typically associated with tolerance of cold temperatures and low atmospheric pressure showed no elevational patterns. All traits were neutral or overdispersed at low elevations suggesting an absence of strong abiotic filters or an increased influence of interspecific competition. However, relative bill size, which is important for thermoregulation, was larger in low elevation communities, suggesting abiotic factors were also influential there. Regardless of metric, clustered and neutral communities were more frequent than overdispersed communities overall, implying that interspecific competition among close relatives may not be a pervasive driver of elevational distribution and community structure of tropical birds. Overall, our analyses reveal that a diverse set of predominantly biotic factors underlie elevational variation in community structure on tropical mountains.
Stratification effects on flow and scalar transport through a deep cavity: A bioinspired examination

This study investigates the effect of thermal stratification and boundary layer wind on the transport phenomena within a deep cavity. The study is inspired by the ventilation and gas-exchange process within the chimneys of open-vent termite mounds. Large-eddy simulations are conducted over an idealized termite mound subject to different thermal stratifications that are formed based on the observed mean day and night-time air and mound nest temperatures reported in the literature. A thorough analysis of the flow, temperature, and scalar fields indicates that the dynamics of the flow and the ventilation process within the cavity are controlled by the combined effects of the cavity entrance vortex and the stability condition within the lower regions of the cavity. The results show that, despite the small differences in the imposed stratification condition, the ventilation capacity is significantly higher in unstable conditions, owing to the stronger suction at the cavity entrance, together with the positive buoyant forces at the lower sections of the cavity. The results are in agreement with experimental observations of termite mounds in nature.
A coupled carbon-silicon cycle model over Earth history: Reverse weathering as a possible explanation of a warm mid-Proterozoic climate

Abstract The balance between carbon outgassing and carbon burial controls Earth's climate on geological timescales. Carbon removal in carbonates consumes both atmospheric carbon and ocean carbonate alkalinity sourced from silicate weathering on the land or seafloor. Reverse weathering (RW) refers to clay-forming reactions that consume alkalinity but not carbon. If the cations (of alkalinity) end up in clay minerals rather than in the carbonates, carbon remains as atmospheric CO 2 , warming the climate. Higher silicate weathering fluxes and warmer temperatures are then required to balance the carbon cycle. It has been proposed that high dissolved silica concentrations resulting from the absence of ecologically significant biogenic silica precipitation in the Precambrian drove larger RW fluxes than today, affecting the climate. Here, we present the first fully coupled carbon-silica cycle model for post-Hadean Earth history that models climate evolution self-consistently (available as open source code). RW fluxes and biogenic silica deposition fluxes are represented using a sediment diagenesis model that can reproduce modern conditions. We show that a broad range of climate evolutions are possible but most plausible scenarios produce Proterozoic warming (+5 K relative to without RW), which could help explain the sustained warmth of the Proterozoic despite lower insolation. RW in the Archean is potentially more muted due to a lower land fraction and sedimentation rate. Key model uncertainties are the modern reverse weathering flux, the rate coefficient for RW reactions, and the solubility of authigenic clays. Consequently, within the large uncertainties, other self-consistent scenarios where Proterozoic RW was unimportant cannot be excluded. Progress requires better constraints on parameters governing RW reaction rates including explicit consideration of cation-limitations to Precambrian RW, and perhaps new inferences from Si or Li isotopes systems.
Tracheal and Bronchial Injury

Injuries to the tracheobronchial tree are uncommon. However, they are often lethal and associated with a high degree of morbidity. Many patients do not survive until arrival at a hospital, but die from asphyxiation or due to concomitant injuries. As the trachea is vulnerable to injury in the cervical region, penetrating injuries to the neck are the most common cause of tracheobronchial injury overall.
Demographic, personality, and social cognition correlates of coronavirus guideline adherence in a U.S. sample.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined patterns and psychosocial correlates of coronavirus guideline adherence in a U.S. sample (N = 500) during the initial 15-day period advocated by the White House Coronavirus Task Force. METHOD: Descriptive and correlational analyses were used to examine the frequency of past 7-day adherence to each of 10 guidelines, as well as overall adherence. Guided by a disposition-belief-motivation model of health behavior, path analyses tested associations of personality traits and demographic factors to overall adherence via perceived norms, perceived control, attitudes, and self-efficacy related to guideline adherence, as well as perceived exposure risk and perceived health consequence if exposed. RESULTS: Adherence ranged from 94.4% reporting always avoiding eating/drinking inside bars/restaurants/food courts to 13.6% reporting always avoiding touching one's face. Modeling showed total associations with overall adherence for greater conscientiousness (s = .191, p < .001), openness (s = .098, p < .05), perceptions of social endorsement (s = .202, p < .001), positive attitudes (s = .105, p < .05), self-efficacy (s = .234, p < .001), and the presence versus absence or uncertainty of a shelter-in-place order (s = .102, p < .01). Age, self-rated health, sex, education, income, children in the household, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, perceived exposure risk, and perceived health consequence showed null-to-negligible associations with overall adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The results clarify adherence frequency, highlight characteristics associated with greater adherence, and suggest the need to strengthen the social contract between government and citizenry by clearly communicating adherence benefits, costs, and timelines. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
A BioBricks® toolbox for multiplexed metabolic engineering of central carbon metabolism in the tetracenomycin pathway

The tetracenomycins are aromatic anticancer polyketides that inhibit peptide translation via binding to the large ribosomal subunit. Here, we expressed the elloramycin biosynthetic gene cluster in the heterologous host Streptomyces coelicolor M1146 to facilitate the downstream production of tetracenomycin analogs. We developed a BioBricks(R) genetic toolbox of genetic parts for substrate precursor engineering in S. coelicolor M1146::cos16F4iE. We cloned a series of integrating vectors based on the VWB, TG1, and SV1 integrase systems to interrogate gene expression in the chromosome. We genetically engineered three separate genetic constructs to modulate tetracenomycin biosynthesis: 1) the vhb hemoglobin from obligate aerobe Vitreoscilla stercoraria to improve oxygen utilization; (2) the accA2BE acetyl-CoA carboxylase to enhance condensation of malonyl-CoA; (3) lastly, the sco6196 acyltransferase, which is a "metabolic regulatory switch" responsible for mobilizing triacylglycerols to {beta}-oxidation machinery for acetyl-CoA. In addition, we engineered the tcmO 8-O-methyltransferase and newly identified tcmD 12-O-methyltransferase from Amycolatopsis sp. A23 to generate tetracenomycins C and X. We also co-expressed the tcmO methyltransferase with oxygenase urdE to generate the analog 6-hydroxy-tetracenomycin C. Altogether, this system is compatible with the BioBricks(R) [RFC 10] cloning standard for the co-expression of multiple gene sets for metabolic engineering of Streptomyces coelicolor M1146::cos16F4iE.
Medical and Surgical Management of Left Ventricular Assist Device-Associated Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Abstract Objectives Management of left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is complicated by the competing concerns of hematoma expansion and the risk of thrombosis. Strategies include reversal or withholding of anticoagulation (AC) and neurosurgical (NSG) interventions. The consequences of these decisions can significantly impact both short- and long-term survival. Currently no guidelines exist. We reviewed medical and NSG practices following LVAD-associated ICH and analyzed outcomes. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of data collected between 2012–2018 was performed. Survival probability following ICH was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Out of 283 patients, 32 (11%) had 34 ICHs: 16 intraparenchymal (IPH, 47%), 4 subdural (SDH, 12%), and 14 subarachnoid (SAH, 41%). IPH tended to occur sooner (median 138 [IQR 48 – 258] days post-LVAD placement) and be more neurologically devastating (mean GCS 11.4 [4.4]). Antithrombotics were reversed in 27 (79%); 1 thrombotic event occurred while off AC. Following resumption, re-hemorrhage occurred in 7 (25%), a median of 13 days (IQR 8-30) post-ICH. Five underwent NSG intervention and 6 (18%) went on to receive heart transplant. Overall, 30-day mortality was 26% (38% in IPH, 0% in SDH, and 29% in SAH), but rose to 44% at 6 months. Conclusion ICH is a common post-LVAD complication with high short- and long-term mortality, though ICH subtypes may not be equally devastating. Despite this, some may benefit from neurosurgical intervention and do well following cardiac transplant. Anticoagulation is frequently reversed after ICH. Resumption however should be approached cautiously in patients with LVADs given their possible baseline coagulopathy.
Issue ownership and salience shocks: The electoral impact of Australian bushfires

Abstract As climate change increases the frequency of natural disasters, understanding how such disasters affect voting behavior has become crucial. While the literature has demonstrated that voters punish the party of the incumbent when they experience severe destruction, it remains unclear how other political parties are affected. In particular, we argue that voters shift their support to Green parties following natural disasters, given that these parties have ownership of environmental issues. We further argue that disasters decrease mainstream leftist parties’ vote share because liberal-minded voters are more likely to be the ones switching to Green parties. Empirical tests on bushfires and voting in Australia provide some support for our predictions, as all the expected effects of fires on voting manifest in state-level tests but not constituency-level tests. This suggests that our theory may operate only at certain levels of governance, paving the way for future research into why this might be.
Regulatory effect of castration on endothelins, their receptors and endothelin-converting enzyme in rat seminal vesicle

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of castration on the expression of endothelins (ETs), ET receptors and ET converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) in the rat seminal vesicle (RSV). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old) were surgically castrated or sham-operated, and then killed 7 days after surgery. Biochemical and pharmacological properties and the location of ET receptors in the RSV were determined by a series of binding experiments with [125I]ET-1, using membrane particulates and slide-mounted frozen sections of RSV. Expression levels of ETA and ETB receptor subtypes, ET-1, ET-3 and ECE-1 mRNAs were assessed by relative multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The density of total ET receptors increased significantly in the seminal vesicle of the castrated rat. The predominance of the ETA receptor subtype in the RSV did not change with castration. Autoradiographic studies showed the presence of ET receptors on the smooth muscle and epithelium of the RSV. In addition, RT-PCR showed an up-regulation in the expression of ETA and ETB receptor subtypes, ET-1 and ECE-1 mRNAs in the seminal vesicle of the castrated rat. However, castration caused no significant change in the expression levels of ET-3 mRNA. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a regulatory role for testosterone in the expression of the ET receptor system in the RSV.
Modeling large commercial bank failures : a simultaneous-equations analysis

The development of a model of large-bank failures that studies insolvency and failure simultaneously and that recognizes economic, political, and bureaucratic constraints faced by regulators.
PARTICLE SIZE VARIATION IN DIESEL CAR EXHAUST

The electrical aerosol analyzer (EAA) has been used to measure the particle size distribution of the exhaust aerosol produced by five diesel cars under a variety of steady-state operating conditions. A good correlation was found between simultaneous EAA and filter determinations of mass emission rate for these cars. For the entire range of cars, speeds, and loads tested, the mass median diameter was about 0.1 mu m, with a range from 0.05 mu m to 0.22 mu m. There was no consistent effect of speed on particle size in this group of cars, but there was a slight tendency toward larger particle sizes as the load increased.
Chapter 26 Functional forms in econometric model building

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the criteria for the selection of functional forms and compatibility of the criteria for the selection of functional forms. In the discussion of functional forms, examples are drawn largely from the empirical analyses of production and consumer demand, because the restrictions implied by the respective theories on functional forms are richer. Neither economic theory nor available empirical knowledge provides, in general, a sufficiently complete specification of the economic functional relationship to determine its precise algebraic form. Consequently, the econometrician has wide latitude in deciding which one of many possible algebraic functional forms to use in building an econometric model. The chapter illustrates an example of the incompatibility of a global extrapolative domain of applicability and flexibility and an example of the incompatibility of computational facility and factual conformity. An impossibility theorem stating that there does not exist an algebraic functional form for a unit cost function, which has a global extrapolative domain of applicability and satisfies the criteria of flexibility and computational facility, is proved in the chapter.
Determination of free and total cholesterol by direct chloroform extraction.

Since the Liebermann-Burchard reaction was adopted by Grigaut (1) for the quantitative determination of serum total cholesterol, many modified procedures of the original method have been made. The various procedures have differed in extraction method and in the reagents used in the color development. The separation of cholesterol from its esters with digitonin has had limited application because of the time and labor required in the involved and delicate technique. The errors which are encountered in the Liebermann-Burchard color reaction of different cholesterol and cholesterol ester methods have been described by Sperry (2). Because of the different methods of extraction in use, the wide range of accepted normal values for total cholesterol, the difficulty of performing cholesterol ester determinations, and the instability of color produced in the Liebermann-Burchard reaction, an investigation of the possible improvement in the method of determination of cholesterol and its ester was undertaken. The method reported has been satisfactorily used over the past 2 years for the determination of several hundred serum cholesterols and cholesterol esters.
The relative contribution of drug concentration and duration of exposure to mouse bone marrow toxicity during continuous methotrexate infusion

Summary The effects of exposure of bone marrow to specific methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were studied by constant infusion of the drug into C57BL mice. The residual marrow nucleated cell count was determined in 168 mice at specific intervals. In vitro culture of colony-forming cells (CFU-C) was also performed in 69 of these mice. Duration of exposure varied from 12 to 72 hr. Plateau plasma MTX concentrations were studied in the range from 10 -8 to 10 -5 m. The total number of nucleated cells per femur fell to a nadir of 30% of control for all drug concentrations studied. The nadir was reached earliest with the highest drug concentrations. The percentage of CFU-C per 7.5 × 10 4 nucleated cells plated increased after 48-hr infusions compared to the percentage after 24-hr infusions. This increase was seen at all plasma concentrations studied. The total number of CFU-C per femur at plasma MTX concentrations above 10 -6 m decreased in the first 24 hr to 40% of control, but then the number significantly increased to 66% of control between 24 and 48 hr. In contrast, no change was observed in CFU-C per femur between 24 and 48 hr during constant infusion at plasma concentrations below 10 -6 m. Wright9s-stained smears showed no change in the differential count of marrow specimens at 24 and 48 hr that might account for the increased percentage of CFU-C at 48 hr. The increase in CFU-C per femur during high-dose infusions is probably the result of recruitment of CFU-C. The increased percentage of CFU-C suggests recruitment at the lower concentrations as well, but selective elimination of non-CFU-C cells cannot be excluded. Marrow [6- 3 H]deoxyuridine incorporation studies in vivo during exposure to 10 -7 m MTX showed that the phenomenon of recruitment observed in vitro was initiated during the absence of DNA synthesis in vivo .
The Raman spectra of cubic zinc selenide and telluride

Abstract The Raman spectra of polycrystalline zinc selenide and telluride have been recorded. Some hitherto unobserved bands in the zinc selenide spectrum are attributed to second order processes. Values for the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller ratio and the effective charge are computed.
A COMPARISON OF MERISTEMS AND UNEQUAL GROWTH OF INTERNODES IN VINY MONOCOTYLEDONS AND DICOTYLEDONS

A B S T R A C T The distribution of meristematic activity and cell length in the growing internodes of seven species of dicotyledonous vines and three species of monocotyledonous vines is described. In Schlegelia, Ipomoea, Mucuna, Passiflora, Ficus, Thunbergia alata, Dioscorea, Smilax, and Vanilla the loss of meristematic activity proceeded from the base to the top of the internode. The absence of isolated meristematic regions is typical of the uninterrupted meristem. In Thunbergia grandiflora a small peak of residual meristematic activity is located at the base of the internode, which is typical of the intercalary meristem. The same region of the internode is swollen and functions as a pulvinus. The young internodes of the seven dicotyledonous vines and an additional eight species of monocotyledonous vines with uninterrupted meristems were marked into three segments for growth studies. The upper part of the internode grew more rapidly and for a longer time than the basal part of the internode, except in T. grandiflora. The relative amounts of unequal growth in various species differed widely. Greater growth of the upper region was not correlated with comparable increases in final cell length in the upper region. It is concluded that the uninterrupted meristem is a common feature of shoot extension in many monocotyledons and dicotyledons. A RECENT SURVEY of the development of internodes in the vegetative axes of 17 families of monocotyledons has failed to support the concept that the presence of an intercalary meristem at the base of an internode is a general feature of monocotyledons (Fisher and French, 1976). Instead, the survey revealed that in shoots of many monocotyledons the subapical meristematic region is uninterrupted by mature tissues. In shoots with this pattern of meristematic activity, termed the uninterrupted meristem, the maturation of tissues progresses acropetally from the base to the top of the internode. Thus, in many monocotyledons there is a resemblance to the pattern of internode development reported for dicotyledons (Garrison, 1973; Enright and Cumbie, 1973). However, detailed comparisons of patterns of cell division in internode development between monocotyledons and dicotyledons are not possible because there is no comparable information on internode development in dicotyledons. Only semi-quantitative or
ANTIBODY AND AGGLUTININ IN PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA

1. Protective substances and agglutinins were not demonstrated in the blood of patients with pneumonia untreated with serum before the fall in the temperature by crisis or lysis. 2. Protective substances and agglutinins were frequently demonstrated in serum treated patients during the course of the disease. 3. Protective substances and agglutinins were usually present at the time of the temperature fall in patients untreated with serum and persisted for days or weeks thereafter. 4. Protective substances have an important bearing on the outcome. A large proportion of those with protection recover and a large proportion without it die. 5. Agglutinin and antibody may appear simultaneously or one may precede or be present without the other. 6. Tests for agglutinin are unreliable as a control of dosage of specific serum.
Listening to a Different Voice: A Feminist Critique of Gilligan

A critical examination of Carol Gilligan's study of “psychological theory and women's development,” this essay begins by exploring her concerns about malebiased developmental theorizing. I consider in detail Gilligan's criticisms of Sigmund Freud and her own empirical studies of moral development, as they relate to the work of L. Kohlberg. After defending Freud to some degree, I propose various (less theoretical but intuitively plausible) alternative interpretations of her data-interviews with males and females about hypothetical ethical dilemmas and with females about actual abortion decisions. I contend that Gilligan is too willing to concede the adequacy of Kohlberg's categories for fathoming the moral reasoning of males and that she may, in consequence, exaggerate differences between males and females. Noting the ironic similarities between Gilligan's claims and Schopenhauer's misogyny, I suggest that there may be something undesirably self-limiting about the ‘different’ course of development she sketches. To move toward a morally preferable, feminism-compatible version of an “ethic of care,” I recommend that it be extended — by the imagination — beyond the ‘here and now’ and that it not be restricted to existing webs of personal relationships.
Systematic review: elective induction of labor versus expectant management of pregnancy.

Caughey and colleagues conducted a systematic review of randomized trials and observational studies to compare the benefits and harms of elective induction of labor and expectant management of preg...
Watson, come here! The role of intelligent systems in health care

The use of intelligent systems in health care, while not new, is rapidly increasing with the development of new functions and features. Examples can be found in nearly all the major research areas of intelligent systems, including deduction, perception, prediction, robotics, and natural language, as well as combinations of these. Some barriers still exist to their adoption, including technological capacity and resistance by practitioners, but the evidence of their potential for reducing costs and improving outcomes indicates wider usage to come.
Kalman filter recipes for real-time image processing

Kalman filters are an important technique for building fault-tolerance into a wide range of systems, including real-time imaging. From a software engineering perspective, however, it is not easy to build Kalman filters, Each has to be custom designed and most software engineers are not sufficiently grounded in the necessary systems theory to perform this design.The contributions of this paper, therefore, are a set of recipes for implementation of the Kalman filter to a variety of real-time imaging settings, the presentation of a set of object-oriented requirements, and a design for a class of Kalman filters suitable for real-time image processing.First, we describe the Kalman filter and motivate its use as a mechanism for fault-tolerant computing and sensor fusion. Next, the details of using Kalman filters in imaging applications are discussed and several associated algorithms presented. Then, the advantages of using object-oriented specification, design and languages for the implementation of Kalman filters are explored. Finally, we present a specification and design for a class of Kalman filters, which is suitable for coding. This work extends significantly upon that first appearing in 2003 at an SPIE conference (Laplante and Neill, proceedings of the real-time imaging conference, SPIE, Santa Clara, January 2003, pp. 22-29).
Simplified cusum model for automated control of fab processes

Advanced process control can be achieved using basic math to create a simplified cumulative sum (cusum) chart. The method is simple: plot the difference between the measured value and the desired target (error value). Each new data point is summed with the last data point. A process that is only slightly off target will be evidenced by a gradual trend towards the control limits. The farther from target the process is the steeper the slope will be, and the sooner it will breach the control limits. Subtracting a noise threshold value from the error value can control the sensitivity of the cusum chart. For example, if the threshold is 5 and the measured value is 8, the plotted value would be 3. Measured values of less than the threshold considered on-target and plotted as zero. Substantial improvements in process capability were realized using an APC system built on this simple cusum model.
Effects of Variety and Maturity of Carrots upon Uptake of Endrin Residues from Soil

Fourteen pounds of endrin per acre (15.68 kg/ha) were incorporated 4-6 in, into a sandy loam soil at Riverside, California. This resulted in 2.3-4.7 µg of endrin/g of soil sampled from the 0- to 6-in. (15.24-cm) horizon. Nine varieties of carrot, Daucus carota , were compared for uptake of endrin residues from soil; this uptake varied from 1 to 4 ppm of apparent endrin among the varieties studied. The major portion of the endrin residue in a carrot root can be removed by peeling it. There are rough correlations between variety and endrin uptake and between age of carrot and endrin uptake.
The Field of Physical Education—Common Goals, Not Common Roles

(1993). The Field of Physical Education—Common Goals, Not Common Roles. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 79-87.
On the notion of fuzzy consensus

In this paper we introduce a correct notion of fuzzy consensus that is a true generalization of the well-known Boolean consensus result. Our definition of fuzzy consensus becomes identical to the Boolean consensus when the fuzzy variables are allowed to take only Boolean values. It is also shown that there can be more than one correct generalization for the consensus operation.
Protecting Quantum Information Encoded in Decoherence Free States Against Exchange Errors

The exchange interaction between identical qubits in a quantum-information processor gives rise to unitary two-qubit errors. It is shown here that decoherence-free subspaces (DFSs) for collective decoherence undergo Pauli errors under exchange, which, however, do not take the decoherence-free states outside of the DFS. In order to protect DFSs against these errors it is sufficient to employ a recently proposed concatenated DFS quantum-error-correcting code scheme [D. A. Lidar, D. Bacon, and K.B. Whaley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4556 (1999)].
Carbon Capture and a Commercial Market for CO2

With increasing evidence that the earth is warming at a faster rate than previously expected, there is pressure to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on a large scale. Because carbon capture helps to internalize the CO2 externality, economists have begun to evaluate its potential. Two possibilities exist: carbon capture and storage (CCS), where CO2 is sequestered, usually underground; and the development of a commercial market, where CO2 is used for transformation into calcium carbonate, biofuels, air conditioning, or other market options. This paper contrasts CCS with the development of a commercial market for CO2 and finds that the commercial market holds many advantages: internalization of the pollution externality, addressing the innovation externality, and revenue generation. Depending on the development of the commercial market, revenue from the sale of CO2 could partially or fully offset the cost of innovation in carbon capture technology.
Online Book Clubs: Bridges Between Old and New Literacies Practices

In this Digital Literacies column, online book clubs are offered as one example of how to effectively bridge old and new literacy practices. These Internet-based book clubs capitalize on children's interest in new literacy practices while complementing, and hopefully encouraging, traditional reading practices. Examples from online book clubs offered through a public library system are used to illustrate the possibilities these clubs. في عمود معرفة القراءة والكتابة الرقمي هذا تم تقديم نوادي الكتاب على الشبكة العالمية مثالا لبناء جسر بين معارف القراءة والكتابة القديمة والحديثة بشكل فعال. وتستغل نوادي الكتاب هذه اهتمام الأطفال بمعارف القراءة والكتابة الجديدة حين تتكمل ومتأملا تشجع ممارسات القراءة التقليدية. إذ الأمثلة من نوادي الكتاب على الشبكة العالمية المقدمة من نظام المكاتب العامة مستخدمة لتبيين الاحتمالات التي توفر هذه النوادي للصفوف من الروضة للصف الثاني عشر. 本期的《数位素质》专栏提出网上书会是一个有效连接新的与传统的读写文化实践的例子。这些驻扎于互联网的书会，利用儿童对于新的读写文化的兴趣，同时与传统的阅读文化实践产生互补作用，甚至有可能因而促进传统的读写文化实践。本文以公立图书馆系统提供给读者的一些网上书会为例子，说明这些书会把幼儿园到十二年级课堂及学校教育加以延展的各种可能性。 Dans cette rubrique des Litteraties numeriques, on presente des clubs du livre en ligne comme exemple de la facon dont on peut bâtir avec efficacite un pont entre les anciennes et les nouvelles litteraties. Ces clubs du livre sur Internet reposent sur l'interet des enfants pour les nouvelles pratiques de litteratie tout en rendant hommage et, nous l'esperons, en encourageant les pratiques de lecture traditionnelles. On presente des exemples de clubs du livre en ligne au moyen d'un systeme de bibliotheque publique pour montrer quelles possibilites offrent ces clubs pour les classes et les etablissements du jardin d'enfants a la fin des etudes secondaires. В этой колонке, посвященной цифровой грамотности, речь идет о книжных онлайн-клубах как о способе эффективно сочетать старые и новые методы грамотности. Пользуясь интересом детей к новейшим информационным технологиям, эти книжные клубы объединяют их в Интернете и одновременно приобщают их к традиционному чтению. На примере деятельности книжных онлайн-клубов, в которых можно общаться и дома и в общедоступной библиотеке, видно, каким подспорьем они могут служить для любых возрастных групп школьников. En esta columna de Competencias Digitales, se ofrecen clubes de lectura en el internet como un ejemplo de como efectivamente tender un puente entre las practicas de aprendizaje antiguas y nuevas. Estos clubes en el internet toman ventaja del interes de los ninos en practicas de aprendizaje nuevas al mismo tiempo que complementan y, se espera, incentivan practicas de lectura tradicionales. Se usaron ejemplos de clubes de lectura en el internet ofrecidos por un sistema de bibliotecas publicas para ilustrar las posibilidades que estos clubes les ofrecen a todos los grados (K-12) y las escuelas.
High resolution three-dimensional prostate ultrasound imaging

This work reports on the application of ultrasound elastography to prostate cancer detection using a high resolution three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging system. The imaging was performed at a relatively high frequency (14 MHz), yielding very fine resolution that is optimal for prostate ultrasound imaging. The fine resolution achieved aids in locating smaller lesions than are normally detectable. Elasticity was measured with a quantitative and automatically controlled "Synthetic Digital Rectal Examination (SDRE)" wherein a smoothly increasing force was applied by injecting water, controlled by an electronic syringe pump, into a latex cover over the transrectal transducer. The lesion identified as stiffened tissue was visually enhanced by colorizing and superimposing it over the conventional B-mode image. Experimental results using a tissue-mimicking phantom demonstrated that the reconstruction accuracy of the I-Beam transducer resulted in less than 15% volumetric error. Thus, this high resolution 3D prostate elastography is possible and may provide reliable and accurate determination of the size and the location of cancers, which may result in improved specificity and sensitivity of cancer detection.
Reliability-based evaluation of design and performance of steel self-centering moment frames

Abstract Recently developed steel self-centering moment-resisting frames (SC-MRFs) have been analytically and experimentally validated as having the potential to eliminate structural damage under a design basis earthquake and restore their original vertical position following a major earthquake. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we subjected three nonlinear models of prototype SC-MRFs to thousands of synthetic ground motions, and recorded peak demand responses such as story drift and beam-column relative rotation. We used this data to examine the sensitivity of SC-MRF behavior to structural properties and geometry, seeking to generate recommendations to improve the existing design procedure. A reliability-based methodology was used to assess the likelihood of reaching the limit state of post-tensioned strand yielding. This study proposes modifications to the existing design procedure and illustrates a reliability-based methodology for developing improved seismic design recommendations.
Monte Carlo simulations of nanoscale focused neon ion beam sputtering of copper: elucidating resolution limits and sub-surface damage

A three dimensional Monte Carlo simulation program was developed to model physical sputtering and to emulate vias nanomachined by the gas field ion microscope. Experimental and simulation results of focused neon ion beam induced sputtering of copper are presented and compared to previously published experiments. The simulation elucidates the nanostructure evolution during the physical sputtering of high aspect ratio nanoscale features. Quantitative information such as the energy-dependent sputtering yields, dose dependent aspect ratios, and resolution-limiting effects are discussed. Furthermore, the nuclear energy loss and implant concentration beneath the etch front is correlated with the sub-surface damage revealed by transmission electron microscopy at different beam energies.
Mobilizing the Logic of Managerialism in Professional Fields: The Case of Academic Health Centre Mergers

This paper presents a qualitative inductive analysis of attempts to re-order the bases of legitimacy in fields of professional organizations. Concepts from institutional theory, political science and social movement theory are integrated to provide a model of the antecedents, processes and implications of this phenomenon. Findings from a study of US academic health centre mergers illustrate each element of the model. They show that as part of the political agenda to repress the prevailing institutional logic and structures of professionalism (Scott et al. 2000), executives are expected to adopt certain managerial innovations to maintain organizational legitimacy. Against this new basis of legitimacy, powerful agents have promoted merger so successfully that it has achieved mythical attributes of widespread and uncritical adoption (Meyer and Rowan 1977). The paper explains why the intended outcomes of this innovation emerge rarely when it is `sedimented' (Cooper et al. 1996) uncritically upon enduring aspe...
Anti-inflammatory cytokines directly inhibit innate but not adaptive CD8+ T cell functions

Virus-specific CD8+ T cells provide classical adaptive immunity by responding to cognate peptide antigen, but they may also act in an “innate” capacity by responding directly to cytokine stimulation. Here, we examined regulation of these distinct T cell functions by anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-10, and transforming growth factor β [TGF-β]). Innate gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by CD8+ T cells following exposure to IL-12 plus IL-18, IL-12 plus tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), or IL-12 plus IL-15 was inhibited by exposure to anti-inflammatory cytokines either before or shortly after stimulation. However, inhibition was not universal, as other activation parameters, including upregulation of CD25 and CD69, remained largely unaltered. In contrast, peptide-specific T cell responses were resistant to inhibition by anti-inflammatory cytokines. This was not due to downregulation of cytokine receptor expression or an inability to signal through cytokine receptors since phosphorylation of STAT proteins remained intact. These results highlight key differences in cytokine-mediated regulation of innate and adaptive T cell functions, which may help balance effective antiviral immune responses while reducing T cell-mediated immunopathology. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates key differences between the regulation of “innate” and “adaptive” CD8+ T cell functions following activation by innate cytokines or viral peptide. Innate production of IFN-γ by CD8+ T cells following exposure to IL-12 plus IL-18, IL-12 plus TNF-α, or IL-12 plus IL-15 was inhibited by exposure to anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β). However, inhibition was not universal, as other activation parameters, including upregulation of CD25 and CD69, remained largely unaltered. In contrast, peptide-specific T cell responses were resistant to inhibition by anti-inflammatory cytokines. This distinct regulation of innate and adaptive T cell functions may serve to reduce T cell-mediated immunopathology while still allowing for effective antiviral responses at a site of infection.
Reducing the fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions of the US vehicle fleet

Abstract The unrelenting increase in the consumption of oil in the US light-duty vehicle fleet (cars and light trucks) presents an extremely challenging energy and environmental problem. A variety of propulsion technologies and fuels have the promise to reduce petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles. Even so, achieving a noticeable reduction on both fronts in the near term will require rapid penetration of these technologies into the vehicle fleet, and not all alternatives can meet both objectives simultaneously. Placing a much greater emphasis on reducing fuel consumption rather than improving vehicle performance can greatly reduce the required market penetration rates. Addressing the vehicle performance–size–fuel consumption trade-off should be the priority for policymakers rather than promoting specific vehicle technologies and fuels.
In vitro and in vivo digestion of octenyl succinic starch

Abstract This study aimed to understand effects of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modification of normal corn (NCS) and high-amylose corn (HA7) starch on their enzymatic hydrolysis rates. After modification with 3% and 10% OSA, resistant starch (RS) contents of the cooked OS-NCS increased from 0.8% of the control starch to 6.8% and 13.2% (Englyst Method), respectively, whereas that of the cooked OS-HA7 decreased from 24.1% to 23.7% and 20.9%, respectively. When the cooked NCS, HA7 and OS (10%)-HA7 were used to prepare diets for rats at 55% (w/w) starch, RS contents of the diets were 1.1%, 13.2% and 14.6%, respectively. After feeding to the rats, 20.2–31.1% of the starch in the OS (10%)-HA7-diet was not utilized in viv o and was found in rat feces, which was substantially larger than that of the HA7-diet (≤4.9%) and NCS-diet (≤0.2%). The body weights of the rats, however, remained similar between different groups.
Characterization of boroaluminosilicate glass surface structures by B K-edge NEXAFS

Abstract Techniques traditionally used to characterize bulk glass structure (NMR, IR, etc.) have improved significantly, but none provide direct measurement of local atomic coordination of glass surface species. Here, we used Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) as a direct measure of atomic structure at multicomponent glass surfaces. Focusing on the local chemical structure of boron, we address technique-related issues of calibration, quantification, and interactions of the beam with the material. We demonstrate that beam-induced adsorption and structural damage can occur within the timeframe of typical measurements. The technique is then applied to the study of various fracture surfaces where it is shown that adsorption and reaction of water with boroaluminosilicate glass surfaces induces structural changes in the local coordination of boron, favoring BIV species after reaction.
Graft versus host anti‐Rho(D) following minor Rh‐incompatible orthotopic liver transplantation

Hemolysis caused by ABO antibodies after ABO-compatible, nonidentical solid organ transplantation has been previously reported. The passenger B lymphocytes within the donor organ presumably generate an acute, primarily red cell-directed graft vs. host (GVH) response. Graft survival may also be compromised. GVH Rh antibodies have also been described, primarily in renal transplants. Only three cases, two only in abstract form, have been reported thus far describing GVH Rh antibodies in liver transplant patients, to which we add a fourth. A 62-year-old blood group A Rho(D)-positive woman with cirrhosis underwent orthotopic liver transplantation from a group A Rho(D)-negative, previously Rho(D)-sensitized donor and subsequently developed acute, self-limited hemolysis requiring four units of packed red cells. Anti-Rho(D) was identified in both serum and red cell eluate. An antibody detection test, identification, and assessment of the antibody reactivity score from the pretransplant donor specimen may identify patients at risk for hemolysis due to GVH Rh antibodies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The factors of age and tooth size in human pulpal reactions

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine what effect age and tooth size might have on the pulpal response of teeth subjected to the trauma of cavity preparation. Age, in itself, provided no obvious protection except by the presence of irregular dentine in the pulpal horns or occlusal portions of the pulp chambers. Pulpal lesions did not occur where irregular dentine lined the cut tubules prior to cavity preparation. When irregular dentine was not found in the older teeth, however, the intensity of the lesions was not modified. Tooth size did not appear to play an important part in determining the pulpal response. However, since a slight increase in the number of more severe lesions did occur in the larger teeth, despite similar thicknesses of remaining dentine, it is recommended that in future studies a comparable average tooth size for each group of teeth being studied be maintained in order to minimize the bias of the results. An adequate explanation for the slightly higher incidence of more severe lesions in the larger teeth is still needed. Closeness of cavity preparation to the pulp (remaining dentine thickness) when teeth with R.D.'s differing by more than 0.2 mm. are being compared remains the most useful factor in the understanding and interpretation of the responses of the human dental pulp to known traumatic stimuli.
Liposomal Delivery of Hydrophobic Weak Acids: Enhancement of Drug Retention Using a High Intraliposomal pH

ABSTRACT Clinical development of highly potent lipophilic neutral camptothecins has been impeded by the poor solubility, stability, and nonspecific toxicity of these compounds. Liposomal encapsulation offers a promising formulation route for tumor site‐specific delivery of these novel drug candidates. However, the development of formulation strategies for liposomal loading and retention of hydrophobic drugs such as the neutral camptothecins has been lacking. In the studies presented here, we explored the potential of a trans‐bilayer pH gradient strategy for prolonging the liposome retention of DB‐67, a novel lipophilic camptothecin that can undergo lactone ring‐opening to form a hydrophobic weak acid. The liposome membrane permeability of DB‐67 was obtained as a function of pH in aqueous buffers. A permeability model was developed and liposome membrane permeability was shown to be controlled by the fraction of unbound neutral lactone entrapped in the vesicles. Liposome membrane permeability of DB‐67 was also studied under physiological conditions. The high membrane partitioning of DB‐67 in the intraliposomal microenvironment was found to shift the equilibrium between lactone and carboxylate towards the lactone species resulting in a faster than desired drug release under physiological conditions. The effectiveness of the pH gradient strategy was further reduced under physiological conditions by the rapid loss of trans‐membrane pH gradients due to CO 2 uptake. Simulations were conducted to explore the role of membrane binding, intravesicular pH, and carbonate buffer concentration in successful utilization of the pH gradient strategy for hydrophobic weak acids. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:433–454, 2008
Latent Variable Models in Heterogeneous Spaces for Observations of Mixed Types

The maximum likelihood approach to the estimation of factor analytic model parameters most commonly deals with outcomes that are assumed to be multivariate Gaussian random variables in a homogeneous input space. In many practical settings, however, many studies needing factor analytic modeling involve data that, not only are not multivariate Gaussian variables, but also come from a partitioned input space. This article introduces an extension of the maximum likelihood factor analysis that handles multivariate outcomes made up of attributes with different probability distributions, and originating from a partitioned input space. An EM Algorithm combined with Fisher Scoring is used to estimate the parameters of the derived model.