cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production planning and control I. The decision problem

Abstract The application of the linear-quadratic-gaussian (LQG) tracking problem to production planning and control systems is discussed. Decision concepts are developed from an examination of the structure of a generalized production control system. The decision problem is modelled as a LQG tracking problem operating in the presence of persistent disturbances—the disturbances representing the demand for finished goods. The development of a solution leads to a linear, time-invariant decision policy which is a decomposition of the decision input into separate and nearly independent decision tasks. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution are presented. An open-loop, closed-loop decision system is presented to show how the decision model can be used to analyse relationships among system structure, performance, and information requirements.
Effect of puromycin on DNA replication in Chinese hamster cells.

Abstract We have used autoradiography to examine the effect of puromycin on DNA replication in Chinese hamster cells aligned by treatment with fluorodeoxy-uridine. In the absence of puromycin the patterns of replication are consistent with those obtained previously by others (Cairns, 1966; Huberman & Riggs, 1968). In particular, replication occurs in tandem clusters of replicons but not all replicons in a cluster appear to be activated at the same time. Puromycin decreases the over-all rate of synthesis of DNA per cell, but does not inhibit chain elongation as visualized in autoradiograms. It is suggested that puromycin inhibits the initiation of replication of replicons not yet activated. Puromycin prevents the joining of short stretches of radioactive DNA into longer pieces. This may be due to the inability to activate a few late replicating units within a cluster of replicons.
On atomic force microscopy and the constitutive behavior of living cells.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of many new technologies available to study the mechanical properties and mechanobiological responses of living cells. Despite the widespread usage of this technology, there has been little attempt to develop new theoretical frameworks to interpret the associated data. Rather, most analyses rely on the classical Hertz solution for the indentation of an elastic half-space within the context of linearized elasticity. In contrast, we propose a fully nonlinear, constrained mixture model for adherent cells that allows one to account separately for the contributions of the three primary structural constituents of the cytoskeleton. Moreover, we extend a prior solution for a small indentation superimposed on a finite equibiaxial extension by incorporating in this mixture model for the special case of an initially random distribution of constituents (actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules). We submit that this theoretical framework will allow an improved interpretation of indentation force–depth data from a sub-class of atomic force microscopy tests and will serve as an important analytical check for future finite element models. The latter will be necessary to exploit further the capabilities of both atomic force microscopy and nonlinear mixture theories for cell behavior.
Do Companies Understand What Employees Want from their Social Engagement Experience

Until recently, employee involvement with social engagement was often marginalized. Consider the current environment where interest in increasing diversity is increasing, and when ensuring that volunteers are satisfied with their experience is important. How do non-governmental organizations recruit volunteers of different backgrounds when little is known concerning what they hope to achieve? How can corporations support volunteer opportunities? This paper examines the “match” between what a volunteer expected and then received in his or her volunteer opportunity and strengthens our understanding of how differences and similarities could inform effective corporate volunteer programs.
A developmental functional mri study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task

This study examines important developmental differences in patterns of activation in the prefrontal cortex during performance of a Go-No-Go paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eighteen subjects (9 children and 9 adults) were scanned using gradient echo, echo planar imaging during performance of a response inhibition task. The results suggest four general findings. First, the location of activation in the prefrontal cortex was not different between children and adults, which is similar to our earlier pediatric fMRI results of prefrontal activation during a working memory task (Casey et al., 1995). Second, the volume of activation was significantly greater for children relative to adults. These differences in volume of activation were observed predominantly in the dorsal and lateral prefrontal cortices. Third, although inhibitory processes have typically been associated with more ventral or orbital frontal regions, the current study revealed activation that was distributed across both dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices. Finally, consistent with animal and human lesion studies, activity in orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices correlated with behavioral performance (i.e., number of false alarms). These results further demonstrate the utility of this methodology in studying pediatric populations.
Histological Image Feature Mining Reveals Emergent Diagnostic Properties for Renal Cancer

Computer-aided histological image classification systems are important for making objective and timely cancer diagnostic decisions. These systems use combinations of image features that quantify a variety of image properties. Because researchers tend to validate their diagnostic systems on specific cancer endpoints, it is difficult to predict which image features will perform well given a new cancer endpoint. In this paper, we define a comprehensive set of common image features (consisting of 12 distinct feature subsets) that quantify a variety of image properties. We use a data-mining approach to determine which feature subsets and image properties emerge as part of an "optimal" diagnostic model when applied to specific cancer endpoints. Our goal is to assess the performance of such comprehensive image feature sets for application to a wide variety of diagnostic problems. We perform this study on 12 endpoints including 6 renal tumor subtype endpoints and 6 renal cancer grade endpoints.
F2 measurements at ZEUS and phenomenological studies

Abstract Phenomenological studies of the behavior of the proton structure function F2 from the ZEUS 1994 and 1995 data are presented. The low-ξ behavior of sea quarks and gluons is further studied using an NLO QCD fit to the same data. Finally, a preliminary the measurement of F2 in the range of Q2 from 1.5 GeV2 to 20000 GeV2 from the ZEUS 1996 and 1997 data are presented.
Determinants of social distance in a prison environment

Social distance is defined as a measured distance of human feelings toward ethnic/racial groups, reflecting race relations and underlying potential for racial tensions. Knowledge of variables' effect on social distance should allow for better understanding those things which may enhance race relations, and decrease racial tensions. The relative importance of a number of variables effecting social distance in a maximum security prison are analyzed here. The data reported in this paper were gathered from a sample of inmates at Eastern New York Correctional Facility and demonstrate that educational level and religious affiliation had significant effects on the overall social distance score; number of times in prison was almost significant; and the variables race, place of residence prior to incarceration, age, and marital status had only minimal effects.
Egg-Laying in the Western North American Crayfish, Pacifastacus Trowbridgii (Stimpson) (Decapoda, Astacidae)

[Das Eilege-Verhalten von Pacifastacus trowbridgii wird beschrieben. Das Intervall zwischen Kopulation und Laichakt ist charakterisiert durch Wechselfolgen von Putzhandlungen und Graben, deren Intensitat und Dauer zunimmt mit herannahender Laichzeit. Das unmittelbar bevorstehende Laichen kundigt sich durch Zunahme der Agressionshandlungen gegenuber anderen Fluskrebsen an, inklusive gegenuber begatteten Weibchen. Das Laichverhalten ist folgendermasen zu kategorisieren: (1) eine Serie akuter abdominaler Kontraktionen, (2) Einnehmen der Laichposition, (3) Abgabe von Eiern, (4) Ruhepause, (5) Wiedereinnahme der aufrechten Haltung, (6) Drehen. Putzhandlungen nach dem Drehen entfernen die schleimige Hulle, welche die ventrale Oberflache vom Schwanzfacher bis zur Region der Ovidukte bedeckt. Der Laichakt verlauft ahnlich wie bei den Cambarinae., Das Eilege-Verhalten von Pacifastacus trowbridgii wird beschrieben. Das Intervall zwischen Kopulation und Laichakt ist charakterisiert durch Wechselfolgen von Putzhandlungen und Graben, deren Intensitat und Dauer zunimmt mit herannahender Laichzeit. Das unmittelbar bevorstehende Laichen kundigt sich durch Zunahme der Agressionshandlungen gegenuber anderen Fluskrebsen an, inklusive gegenuber begatteten Weibchen. Das Laichverhalten ist folgendermasen zu kategorisieren: (1) eine Serie akuter abdominaler Kontraktionen, (2) Einnehmen der Laichposition, (3) Abgabe von Eiern, (4) Ruhepause, (5) Wiedereinnahme der aufrechten Haltung, (6) Drehen. Putzhandlungen nach dem Drehen entfernen die schleimige Hulle, welche die ventrale Oberflache vom Schwanzfacher bis zur Region der Ovidukte bedeckt. Der Laichakt verlauft ahnlich wie bei den Cambarinae.]
Elevated‐Temperature Toughness and Hardness of a Hot‐Pressed Al2O3—WC—Co Composite

The fracture toughness and hardness of an Al 2 O 3 .80WC.10Co composite were investigated in air at elevated temperatures. The primary phases in the composite were WC, α-Al 2 O 3 , and Co 3 W 3 C, but small amounts of Co and C (graphite) appeared at elevated temperatures, related to decomposition of the CO 3 W 3 C phase. The fracture toughness of the composite was constant with increasing temperature up to 330°C and then increased in the range 400° to 550°C. A transition of brittle to ductile behavior occurred at about 700°C. The enhancement of fracture toughness at elevated temperature is attributed to the decomposition of CO 3 W 3 C to Co and C, and enhanced crack deflection and bridging. Decreases in hardness with increasing temperature are attributed to the softening of WC matrix and decomposition of CO 3 W 3 C.
Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Chaffy-Seeded Grasses at Negative Water Potentials

chaffy-seeded grasses can be debearded, i.e., removal ofthehairsandawn(Ahringet al.,1964)orprocessedto Drought is the most frequent cause of stand establishment failure remove all appendages leaving only caryopses (Beisel, of native grasses. An experiment was conducted to determine the interactions of seed processing and simulated dry conditions on seed 1985). When conditions are favorable, planting caryopgermination and seedling growth of five chaffy-seeded, warm-season ses offer lower seeding rates and more uniform seedling grasses. Seed of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), sand emergence, but during unfavorable conditions caryopbluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.), little bluestem [Schizachyrium ses are more susceptible to attack from microorganisms scoparium (Michx.) Nash], yellow bluestem [Bothriochloa ischae- (Rollins and Ahring, 1987). Chaffy seed tend to have mum (L.) Keng. var. ischaemum (Hack.) Celarier and Harlan], and greater seed dormancy than more heavily processed indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] were processed into in- seed, allowing for earlier planting in less favorable contact spikelets-chaffy pure-seeds, debearded spikelets-chaffy pure- ditions (Springer, 1991). seeds lightly trimmed of hair and awns, and caryopses. Fifty-seed Several experiments have simulated the effects of samples of each species and seed form were germinated at water moisture stress on seed germination and growth of potentials of –1.6, –0.8, –0.4 ,–0.2, and 0 MPa for a 21-d period. There were species water potential and species seed form interactions plants (Helmerick and Pfeifer, 1954; McGinnies, 1960; for 7-d germination, 21-d germination, and potential maximum germi- Parmar and Moore, 1968; Knipe, 1973; Sharma, 1973, nation,andforseedlingrootandshootlengths.Ingeneral,seedgermina- 1976). These studies used a number of chemical comtion and seedling growth were reduced as the water deficit potentials pounds to simulate water deficits, such as, carbowax 6000, increased. Germination was slower and much lower from intact and d-mannitol, glucose, NaCl, sucrose, polyethylene glycol debearded spikelets compared with caryopses. The slower germination (PEG), and polyvinylpyrrollidone. The most commonly of intact and debearded spikelets also resulted in shorter root and shoot used compounds were mannitol and polyethylene glylengths when compared with caryopses. Given the amount of genetic col because they are considered chemically inert and variation within most cross-pollinated species, this procedure could be nontoxic to plant growth (Parmar and Moore, 1968; used as an effective selection tool for breeding cultivars with improved Bell, 1974). germination and seedling growth at low water potentials. Theinteractions ofseedprocessingwith plantspecies, germination under moisture stress, and early seedling growth are not well defined. Seed processing affects the
Experienced teachers and school reform: Exploring how two different professional communities facilitated and complicated change:

Scholars have proposed that ‘the path to change in the classroom lies within and through’ more collaborative professional communities among teachers (McLaughlin and Talbert, 1993: 18). How do different approaches to developing collaborative professional communities impact experienced teachers and their ability to change? This article identifies differences between ‘teacher professional communities’ and ‘professional learning communities’. It then presents two case studies to explore the implications of these differences for experienced teachers engaged in school reform. Interview and observational data from two sites suggest that schools which nurture collaborative ‘teacher professional communities’ over time can create resources that help experienced teachers to change aspects of their work. Such resources include: norms promoting innovation; widely shared objectives; trust; continuity with the past; respect for experienced teachers; and traditions promoting morale. Schools that rapidly engineer a ‘profe...
Pharmacoeconomics of genetically engineered drugs.

Biotechnology is a rapidly developing area of drug development which has great growth potential. Development of genetically engineered drugs is very expensive and as these products become available the impact on healthcare costs could be vast. The cost-benefit ratio of biotechnology products needs to be established, but few relevant pharmacoeconomic studies are available. Issues in pharmacoeconomic analysis of genetically engineered drugs can be exemplified by the data available for alteplase, epoetin and interferon α-2b.
State-Plane Analysis of Clamped-Mode Parallel-Resonant Converter

A novel constant-frequency, clamped-mode parallel-resonant converter is proposed and analyzed. Employing graphical state-plane techniques, five circuit operating modes together with their operating regions are defined, regions for natural and forced commutation are specified, and the dc control-to-output characteristics are derived. The predicted operating modes are experimentally verified using a 105kHz prototype circuit.12
Comments on ‘Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields’ with communications on some issues related to Markov chain geostatistics

Cao et al. (2011a) recently presented a method to implement the Tau model suggested by Journel (2002) for conditional simulation of categorical fields. In this article, a spatial Markov chain (SMC)...
The Initial Heat Production of Stimulated Nerve

Non-medullated nerve. In a single impulse at 0 degrees C the heat production occurs in two phases, positive and negative. Records were made of the heat during repetitive stimulation at various frequencies. With 5 shocks/s the diphasic character of the heat was evident, with 10 shocks/s the instruments were too slow to show it, as they are above about 12 degrees C at any frequency. But the two phases probably occur under all conditions. Medullated nerve. No indication was obtained that the heat production in medullated nerve is diphasic: but this may well be due to the instruments being too slow to separate the phases. During a short tetanus at 0 degrees C the rate of heat production rises apparently abruptly at the start, and falls equally suddenly at the end, of the stimulus. This is the most probable interpretation of the records, but it remains possible that a short delay (0.02 to 0.04 s) may occur between an impulse and the corresponding heat production: at room temperature this could not be more than about 0.01 s. The magnitude of the heat production is considered in relation to the possibility that activity during an impulse occurs only in the nodal region.
How often does ultrasound marking change the liver biopsy site

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to answer the question: How often does ultrasound change the liver biopsy position, when a percussion technique is applied, because of intervening structures? A secondary objective is to compare the performance of the hepatologist to a radiology technician to demonstrate safety of a self-training technique. METHODS: One hundred sixty-five consecutive outpatient liver biopsies were studied. Using a standard percussion technique, a biopsy site was chosen and marked. Ultrasound was applied to the marked site. An adequate site was determined to be one without intervening structure within 6 cm of liver depth. If an intervening structure was found, an alternative site was chosen by ultrasound. Data recorded included reason for change of position, distance of moved site from original site, and complications. The first third of liver biopsies were done with assistance of a certified radiology technician performing ultrasound, the last two-thirds were done by the hepatologist after observing the first 64 biopsies. RESULTS: Ultrasound changed the position in 21 of 165 patients. The ultrasound caused an abortion of the procedure in 4 of 165 patients. Ultrasound changed management in 15.1% of patients. Reasons for change were lung (10 patients), gallbladder (6), large central vessel (4), >4-cm rim of ascites (2), colonic loop (1), slim liver edge (1), and focal liver lesions (1 patient). There was a 1.8% multiple pass rate. No serious complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound changed management 15.1% of patients. A hepatologist could perform ultrasound marking after a period of observation, without compromising results. A low multiple pass rate was observed when applying ultrasound and percussion. Avoided structures could explain decrease in pain when ultrasound is applied.
MO-D-BRB-05: A Computational Method for Estimating the Dosimetric Effect of Intra-Fraction Motion on Step-And-Shoot IMRT and Compensator Plans

Purpose:Organ motion during intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IRMT) treatment can cause dose deviations. To investigate the extent of these dosimetric changes a computational model was developed and validated, allowing for estimations of the impact of motion. Method and Materials: A Matlab program was written to simulate the effect of a motion track on the dose profile of both step‐and‐shoot IMRT and solid state compensator treatment plans. Static fluence maps for each segment were exported from the treatment planning system. These maps were shifted for each monitor unit delivered according to the motion track position at the time of delivery. These motion‐encoded fluence maps were then recombined and used to calculate the motion‐encoded dose. To validate the accuracy of the motion‐encoded dose profile the treatment plan was delivered to a cylindrical ‘cheese’ phantom mounted on a four‐dimensional motion phantom, programmed to create the motion track. EDR‐2 film measured the planar dose, with the resultant dose distribution being compared to the code‐predicted distribution using a gamma index analysis (3% dose difference, 3mm distance‐to‐agreement). A series of motion tracks incorporating both step‐function shifts and sinusoidal motion were tested. Results: The code was shown to accurately predict the film's dose distribution for all of the tested motion tracks, both for the step‐and‐shoot IMRT and compensator plans. The average gamma analysis pass rate for the motion‐encoded dose profiles was 98.3±0.7. In the absence of motion, static delivery pass rates were 98.7±0.2. Conclusion: A computational technique has been developed allowing for predictions of the dosimetric effect of intra‐fraction motion. This technique has the potential to be used to evaluate a given plan's sensitivity to organ motion. This information could be used as a tool for selecting the optimal treatment modality or for plan optimization. Conflict of Interest: This work was funded in part by .decimal
Unsteady wake effect on film temperature and effectiveness distributions for a gas turbine blade

The film effectiveness and coolant jet temperature profile on the suction side of a gas turbine blade were measured using a transient liquid crystal and a cold-wire technique, respectively. The blade has only one row of film holes near the gill hole portion on the suction side of the blade. Tests were performed on a five-blade linear cascade in a low-speed wind tunnel. The mainstream Reynolds number based on cascade exit velocity was 5.3×10 5 . Upstream unsteady wakes were simulated using a spoke-wheel type wake generator. Coolant blowing ratio was varied from 0.6 to 1.2. Wake Strouhal number was kept at 0 and 0.1. Results show that unsteady wake reduces film cooling effectiveness. Results also show that film injection enhances local heat transfer coefficient while the unsteady wake promotes earlier boundary-layer transition. The development of coolant jet temperature profiles could be used to explain the film cooling performance.
Reflective Trim on Clothing: Desirability Indicated by Purchase Preference

Motor vehicle crashes involving pedestrians result in 1.8 deaths per 100,000 population annually in the U.S. Most of these fatalities are attributed to pedestrians not being seen in time for the driver to avoid a collision, particularly under poor visibility conditions. Previous research shows that reflective clothing worn at night can substantially increase pedestrians' visual conspicuity to drivers. The purpose of the present research was to examine people's desire for reflective trim on their clothing. Findings of strong desirability for reflective trim could prompt its incorporation into garments available to the public, and thus, potentially decrease pedestrian-related motor vehicle accidents. The present study measured the extent to which people are willing to pay extra or less for clothing with reflective material compared to the same items without reflective material. People reported they are willing to pay more for reflective material on sports-related, children's and inclement-weather clothing. Implications for safety and future research are discussed. Language: en
Statistical-classification-based admission control

This paper introduces methods based on statistical classification that allow arbitrary measurement features to be incorporated into admission control decisions. Our results show that for high target packet loss rates, nearly any set of features can control the packet loss rate well, while for low target packet loss rates more features provide better control. The methods demonstrate relatively high accuracy in controlling the packet loss rate for both high and low target loss rates and for both memoryless and heavy-tailed traffic distributions. These results represent significant improvements on prior methods and suggest new directions for future research.
Evaluation of basis sets and theoretical methods for estimating rate constants of mercury oxidation reactions involving chlorine

Abstract The occurrence of elemental mercury in flue gases from coal combustion is a problem of current environmental concern. Oxidized mercury species can be effectively removed from the flue gases by chemical scrubbers. However, the detailed mechanism by which oxidation occurs remains unclear. Theoretical rate constants are calculated for mercury oxidation by atomic chlorine. The potential energy surface is determined using standard quantum chemical methods with relativistic effects included via the use of an effective core potential (ECP). Experimental thermodynamic and kinetic data are employed to assess the accuracy of these calculations. Results show that the QCISD method with the 1992 basis set of Stevens et al. gives good agreement with experiment, suggesting that this combination may be useful for other mercury–chlorine chemical systems.
Augmented octree-based multisensor image generation models for synthesis of laser radar imagery

An approach for synthesizing laser radar (ladar) images based on three dimensional object models is described. The method is developed within the framework of a volume surface octree-based multi-sensor image generation scheme that also generates visual and thermal imagery. The octree-based approach provides a unified basis for modeling 3-D objects. The octree model of an object is an efficient three dimensional representation, and it is easily constructed from multiple silhouettes of the object. It is shown that the volume surface octree representation is well suited to the generation of laser radar range and reflectance imagery. An appropriate statistical model is used with this model to simulate speckle noise, which allows the synthesis of realistic imagery. Examples of the images produced by this scheme are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Loss and displacement of ganglion cells after optic nerve regeneration in adult Rana pipiens.

Abstract After studying pathway selection in the brain ofRana pipiens during unilateral optic nerve regeneration, several frogs were allowed to survive for lengthy periods for use in the present investigation. Retina flat-mounts were prepared from both eyes at 42–50 weeks postoperation. In some cases, HRP was infiltrated into both optic nerves prior to sacrifice to assist in identifying retinal ganglion cells. All specimens showed reduced cell-densities in the ganglion cell layer of the eye that had sustained the nerve regeneration. In addition, many ganglion cells were displaced, abnormally, into the inner plexiform layer, and the normally-situated cells formed irregular bands and islands in some parts of the retina. Cell-counts showed an apparently time-related change in neuron number ranging from a loss of 41% compared with the unaffected eye at 42 weeks, to losses as great as 71% at 50 weeks. The probable number of displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer, assumed to be unaffected by the experiment, was estimated at a maximum of 16%. Possible factors underlying the loss and displacement of ganglion cells are discussed.
Dust Concentration in the Atmosphere of the Equatorial North Atlantic: Possible Relationship to the Sahelian Drought

The concentration of insoluble mineral aerosol in the lower troposphere of the western equatorial North Atlantic Ocean has increased by a factor of 3 over the last decade. This increase may be related to the drought in the Sahelian zone of North Africa.
THE BUCKLING STABILITY OF DISBONDS IN COMPOSITE ADHESIVE LAP JOINTS

Closed-form buckling formulae are presented for predicting the initiation of buckling in partially disbonded composite joints. The disbonded region is modeled as a flat one-edge-free rectangular orthotropic plate. Upper and lower bound predictions of the buckling load are determined by the assumption of either a clamped or simply-supported boundary condition at the edge opposite the free edge. The calculations show the non-dimensional buckling load to be strongly dependent on composite ply lay-up. Comparison with Finite Element predictions demonstrate these formulae to be accurate. A methodology for representing irregular-shaped, i.e., realistic, disbonds by an equivalent area rectangular model is also provided.
Shadow Wages and Shadow Income in Farmers’ Labor Supply Functions

This article extends the current literature on estimating the labor supply function in agriculture by providing a different method to derive the shadow wage and shadow income. The method is based on the observation that the shadow wage is the marginal product of labor at the optimal point of both farm and household production functions. Thus, under certain assumptions on the functional form of the production functions, both the shadow wage and shadow income can be derived without estimating the production function. Using a sample of Vietnamese farmers, the results from the new method are shown to be consistent with the theory.
DNA Barcoding in a Crop Genebank: The Capsicum annuum Species Complex

Variability within eight cpDNA introns including trnS-trnfM, trnL-trnT, trnH-psbA, trnF-trnL, trnD-trnT, trnC- rpoB, rps16 and matK, and the nuclear waxy introns was examined in seven species of Capsicum (C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. chacoense and C. rhomboideum) in order to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing these loci for DNA barcoding within the C. annuum complex. Numerous insertions/deletions (indels) and substitutions were detected in all cpDNA introns. However, none was sufficient to differentiate the individual members of the C. annuum complex (C. annuum, C. chinense and C. frutescens). Variation within trnL-trnT, trnF-trnL and trnH-psbA enabled the differentiation of the complex from the other taxa examined. In contrast, single base indels and substitutions within the waxy introns permitted the differentiation of all taxa within the plant materials examined. The use of trnH-psbA or trnL-trnT, and the waxy introns is proposed for barcoding members of the C. annuum complex.
Doxycycline Suppresses Cerebral Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Angiogenesis Induced by Focal Hyperstimulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in a Mouse Model

Background and Purpose— A number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders are associated with abnormalities in or activation of angiogenesis, including vascular malformations. To test the hypothesis that the nonspecific matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, doxycycline, suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced cerebral angiogenesis through inhibition of MMPs, we used a mouse model with enhanced cerebral angiogenesis induced by focal hyperstimulation of VEGF from adenovirus DNA (AdVEGF) transduction. Methods— The time course study of MMP activity was performed at 7 and 14 days after AdVEGF transduction. MMP activity and expression were examined by zymography and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As an index of cerebral angiogenesis, microvessel counting was performed in the brains of 3 groups of mice (n=6): (1) control; (2) AdVEGF only; and (3) AdVEGF plus doxycycline (30 mg/kg per day). Results— Brain MMP-9 activities increased 4-fold (883±137 versus 179±179; 1-sided P<0.001) at...
Speculative data and the creative imaginary: shared innovative visions between art and technology

The exhibition Speculative Data and the Creative Imaginary: shared innovative visions between art and technology will bring together examples of best practices in creative digital media art and design that foster strong ties to current research trends in computer science and engineering. Exhibited works align with the 2007 ACM Creativity and Cognition conference themes: cultivating creative minds, sustaining creative communities and promoting creative engagement as they demonstrate innovative, novel, sometimes provocative and other times promising models for research in the design of interactive human centered applications, technology innovation, aesthetic expression, and social critique. [1] This is a timeless opportunity to connect the larger ACM Creativity and Cognition conference community of researchers and university faculty with a community of creative thinkers who share research interests across human centered computing, technology development, and scientific discoveries. The exhibition is hosted by the National Academy of Sciences Exhibitions and Cultural Programs and will be held at the National Academy of Sciences Rotunda Gallery, 2100 C Street NW, Washington D.C. from June 4th to August 24th, 2007.
DMARD non-use in low-income, elderly rheumatoid arthritis patients: results of 86 structured interviews

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have become the treatment standard for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although several general-population studies document that a large population of patients diagnosed with RA do not use DMARDs, little is known about this group. We explored the characteristics, experiences, and knowledge of a low-income, elderly RA population not currently using DMARDs, or receiving care from a rheumatologist. We administered structured telephone interviews to participants enrolled in a large pharmacy benefits program for the elderly who had two diagnoses of RA ≥7 days apart and no DMARD prescriptions or rheumatologist visits in the prior year. The interview contained questions concerning each participant’s sociodemographic information, disease activity, DMARD experiences, and the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ). We described responses and compared prior users with never users. A total of 86 people completed the interview. The mean age was 80 years and 89% were female. On average, disease duration was 20 years. Mean MHAQ score was 0.55 (SD = 0.55). Of 86 participants, 19 had previously used DMARDs, 10 of whom discontinued them because of side effects or safety concerns. Among 67 never-users, 35 (52.2%) reported that their physicians had never offered them DMARDs, 13 (19.4%) described fear of side effects, and 49 (73.1%) knew nothing about them. Prior-users reported experiencing more-severe RA symptoms than never-users. We found that side effects or safety concerns were the primary cause for DMARD cessation among prior-users. Among never-users, most reported never discussing or being offered DMARDs, suggesting that an educational gap may deter patients with RA from using them.
Low-Cost Direct Conversion RF Front-Ends in Deep Submicron CMOS

This paper reviews architectures and circuit techniques suitable for highly integrated broadband receiver front-ends. Direct conversion simplifies the receiver architecture, resistive feedback LNAs reduce silicon area and current mode passive mixer operation improves the receiver linearity and reduces flicker noise. A 2-5.8 GHz receiver front-end dissipating 85 mW at 5 GHz while occupying 0.2 mm2 active area is fabricated as a demonstration of the combination of these concepts. It provides 44 dB of gain, 3.4 dB double side band noise figure, -21 dBm iIP3 and -15 dB of input matching.
Behavior of salmonellae in sliced luncheon meats.

Salmonellae inoculated onto the surface of bologna and liver cheese survived protracted storage at 5 C. Salmonellae grew when the meats were incubated at room temperature.
Investigation of (1R,2S)-(−)-Ephedrine by Cryogenic Terahertz Spectroscopy and Solid-State Density Functional Theory

The terahertz (THz) spectrum of the pharmaceutical (1R,2S)-(-)-ephedrine from 8.0 to 100.0 cm(-1) is investigated at liquid-nitrogen (78.4 K) temperature. The spectrum exhibits several distinct features in this range that are characteristic of the crystal form of the compound. A complete structural analysis and vibrational assignment of the experimental spectrum is performed using solid-state density functional theory (DFT) and cryogenic single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Theoretical modeling of the compound includes an array of density functionals and basis sets with the final assignment of the THz spectrum performed at a PW91/6-311G(d,p) level of theory, which provides excellent solid-state simulation agreement with experiment. The solid-state analysis indicates that the seven experimental spectral features observed at low temperature consist of 13 IR-active vibrational modes. Of these modes, nine are external crystal vibrations and provide approximately 57% of the predicted spectral intensity. This study demonstrates that the THz spectra of complex pharmaceuticals may be well reproduced by solid-state DFT calculations and that inclusion of the crystalline environment is necessary for realistic and accurate simulations.
Modeling of Iron Losses of Electrical Machines and Transformers Fed by PWM Inverters

With the development of power electronic techniques, pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverters are widely used to control electrical machines, to feed transformers and to interface renewable energy systems. There are abundant high frequency harmonics in the output voltage of a PWM inverter, which increase the iron loss and result in a de-rating of the machine or transformer. Predicting the iron losses caused by the PWM voltage is very important for the design of electrical machines and transformers fed by PWM inverters. Eddy current loss is the main part of the iron loss caused by PWM. In this paper, after analyzing the harmonic components of PWM voltage, the effects of different parameters of PWM on the eddy current loss are derived. The relationship of eddy current losses with switching frequency and amplitude modulation ratio is considered. The iron losses modeled with the proposed analytical methods of a single phase transformer are compared with results of time-stepping finite element analysis to gain confidence. The relationship of duty cycle and eddy current loss of PWM supplied DC motors is also studied in this paper.
Prenatal ascertainment of OEIS complex/cloacal exstrophy—15 new cases and literature review

Omphalocele-exstrophy of the bladder-imperforate anusspinal defects (OEIS) complex or cloacal exstrophy (EC), describes a rare grouping of more commonly occurring component malformations. The etiology is unknown, but likely heterogeneous. While postnatal identification of its associated gastrointestinal, spinal, and genitourinary systems delineates the extent and natural history of OEIS complex, prenatal findings may provide additional information regarding early detection, possible causative factors, and outcome. The purposes of this study were to: (1) present the prenatal ascertainment of OEIS complex in this series of 15 cases identified through several different sources compared to the literature, and (2) discuss the relationship of these prenatal findings to possible abnormal developmental mechanisms causing OEIS complex. These 15 cases indicate that OEIS complex may be difficult to diagnose prenatally, and that the full extent of abnormalities may not be clear until postnatal exam. Confusion with limb-body wall complex (two of our cases) and pentalogy of Cantrell (one of our cases) can occur. Anal/gastrointestinal malformations and genital ambiguity are under-ascertained. Conversely, prenatal defects may resolve postnatally, yet may provide clues for pathogenetic mechanisms. For instance, the finding of nuchal thickening in our three cases (one reported) suggests vascular/hemodynamic compromise early in embryologic development, or intrathoracic compression leading to jugular lymphatic obstruction may play a role. The association of twinning and OEIS complex suggests they may occur as early as blastogenesis. Our three sets of discordant twins also suggest a non-genetic etiology for OEIS complex of uteroplacental insufficiency. This study also indicates that OEIS complex may be more common than previously thought. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MLS observations of atmospheric gravity waves over Antarctica

[1] Stratospheric gravity waves over Antarctica are studied with the radiance variances observed by Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder (UARS MLS). Strong wave activities are found during August and September in 1992–1994 over the Drake Passage region (290°–315° longitude and 50°S–70°S latitude), where the enhancement seems associated with the topography of both South America and Antarctic Peninsula tips. During the same period, significant gravity wave activities are also evident along the Antarctic coastal region. The vertical growth of the wave variance shows a scale height of ∼14 km at low altitudes for both Drake Passage and the coastal regions but reduces substantially at high altitudes. The growth rate transition occurs at a lower altitude in the Drake Passage region where the variance is larger. The gravity wave activities observed near the Antarctic may contribute significantly to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) because of the overlapping with the vortex edge and with the PSC activities as observed by CLAES (Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer).
Does screening keep Ebola out of USA

On Oct 8 2014, the U.S. government announced that five airports across the United States will start screening passengers arriving from Ebola-affected countries in West Africa to prevent the Ebola to spread to USA. However, we doubt the utility of airport screening. First, the sensitivity of airport screening is a product of the sensitivity of fever for detecting Ebola cases which in turn is a product of the sensitivity of the infrared thermo-scanners in detecting fever. Fever is not a specific indicator of Ebola disease and relying on it will lead to many false positives. Previous studies have already demonstrated that reliance on fever alone is unlikely to be feasible as an entry screening measure [1]. An Australia study shown that airport screening was ineffective in detecting cases of influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 [2]. The study found that among 625,147 passenger arrivals at Sydney Airport during the period, 5845 (0.93%) were identified as being symptomatic or febrile, and three of 5845 were subsequently confirmed to have H1N1, resulting in a detection rate of 0.05 per 10,000 screened (95% CI, 0.02-1.14 per 10,000). Likewise, Canada introduced various measures to screen airplane passengers at selected airports for symptoms and signs of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In spite of intensive screening, no SARS cases were detected [3]. Similarly, there were 1.84 million arrivals into Australia during the study period, and 794 were referred for screening to the staff. Of these, the findings in four travellers were consistent with the World Health Organization case definition for SARS, and they were referred by the Chief Quarantine Officers to designated hospitals for further investigation. None of these four people was confirmed to have SARS. One person reported as a probable SARS case acknowledged being symptomatic on arrival, but had been missed by border
MODERN CONTRACEPTION: A 1989 Update

In the 1960s oral contraception was 1st introduced and IUDs were reintroduced; for the 1st time women in developed countries were liberated from the earlier traditional role of repeated child bearing. Although significant improvements have been made since the 1960s in hormonal and intrauterine contraception very few new contraceptive breakthroughs have been achieved. Developments have been hindered by a decrease in contraceptive research by the pharmaceutical industry. Only 1 major US drug company is currently involved in this area of research as compared with several in the past. This decreased American interest is a result of the product liability issue in the US and complex regulatory requirements. As of 1986 156 million couples are protected by sterilization approximately 72% of these being female sterilization. In the Peoples Republic of China some 59 million women are using IUDs; an additional 24 million women throughout the rest of the world also use this method of birth control. 64 million women are using oral contraceptives; perhaps as many as 200-300 million women have used this method of contraception at 1 time or another over the past 28 years. This makes oral contraceptives probably the most widely used systemic medication for a preventive purpose in the history of medicine. At the same time approximately 57% of the some 850-880 million married couples of reproductive age many of them in the developing world are unprotected. Some of the promising new birth control methods that may be available in the future include new hormonal implants antiprogesterone menses inducers and vaccines.
Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the evidence

BACKGROUND:: Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans are returning from combat having sustained traumatic brain injury, most commonly mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical guidelines for mTBI and PTSD do not focus on the co-occurrence of these conditions (mTBI/PTSD). A synthesis of the evidence on prevalence, diagnostic accuracy, and treatment effectiveness for mTBI/PTSD would be of use to clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. METHODS:: We conducted a systematic review of studies identified through PubMed, PsycINFO, REHABDATA, Cochrane Library, pearling, and expert recommendations. Peer-reviewed English language studies published between 1980 and June, 2009 were included if they reported frequencies of traumatic brain injury and PTSD, or diagnostic accuracy or treatment effectiveness specific to mTBI/PTSD. RESULTS:: Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria. None evaluated diagnostic accuracy or treatment effectiveness. Studies varied considerably in design. Frequency of mTBI/PTSD ranged from 0% to 89%. However, in 3 large studies evaluating Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans, frequencies of probable mTBI/PTSD were from 5% to 7%; among those with probable mTBI, frequencies of probable PTSD were from 33% to 39%. DISCUSSION:: The wide range of mTBI/PTSD frequency levels was likely due to variation across study parameters, including aims and assessment methods. Studies using consistent, validated methods to define and measure mTBI history and PTSD are needed. Language: en
Common gas phase molecules from fungi affect seed germination and plant health in Arabidopsis thaliana

Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important ecophysiological roles in mediating inter-kingdom signaling with arthropods but less is known about their interactions with plants. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana was used as a model in order to test the physiological effects of 23 common vapor-phase fungal VOCs that included alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and other chemical classes. After exposure to a shared atmosphere with the 23 individual VOCs for 72 hrs, seeds were assayed for rate of germination and seedling formation; vegetative plants were assayed for fresh weight and chlorophyll concentration. All but five of the VOCs tested (1-decene, 2-n-heptylfuran, nonanal, geosmin and -limonene) had a significant effect in inhibiting either germination, seedling formation or both. Seedling formation was entirely inhibited by exposure to 1-octen-3-one, 2-ethylhexanal, 3-methylbutanal, and butanal. As assayed by a combination of fresh weight and chlorophyll concentration, 2-ethylhexanal had a negative impact on two-week-old vegetative plants. Three other compounds (1-octen-3-ol, 2-ethylhexanal, and 2-heptylfuran) decreased fresh weight alone. Most of the VOCs tested did not change the fresh weight or chlorophyll concentration of vegetative plants. In summary, when tested as single compounds, fungal VOCs affected A. thaliana in positive, negative or neutral ways.