cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wisdom versus 'Reason' in Law

This paper, written for a conference at Pepperdine on “Wisdom, Law, and Lawyers,” begins by considering the meaning of wisdom as well as some possible tensions between wisdom and “reason.” The paper then argues that the kind of reason celebrated in the classical common law tradition can be interpreted as an (imperfect) embodiment of the insights associated with wisdom, but that modern legal thought tends to aggravate the tensions between wisdom and reason, and thus to reduce law to foolishness. The tendency is evident in the recent rush of decisions invalidating traditional marriage laws.
Reevaluating the Substantive Representation of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Americans: A Multiverse Analysis

Social scientists are facing a crisis of confidence in quantitative results. Multiverse analysis provides concerned scholars a tool for verifying the robustness of findings. This article introduces...
Neurocysticercosis and Other CNS Helminthic Infections

Helminth infections are common worldwide and include infections with roundworms (nematodes) and flatworms (cestodes and trematodes). Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can be caused by a wide range of helminths. As a group, they are common in resource-limited countries, but are rare in wealthy countries. Among these infections, neurocysticercosis is an important cause of seizures worldwide and also a cause of hydrocephalus. Angiostrongylus, Baylisascaris, Toxocara, and Gnathostoma among others can cause eosinophilic meningitis. In this chapter we review epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the common helminthic infections including infections caused by cestodes, nematodes and trematodes.
Recent astrophysical studies with exotic beams at ORNL

The availability of exotic beams has produced great opportunities for advances in our understanding of the nucleosynthesis occurring in stellar burning and stellar explosions such as novae, X-ray bursts, and supernovae. In these extreme environments, synthesized radioactive nuclei can undergo subsequent nuclear processing before they decay, and thus to understand these events, we must understand reaction rates involving radioactive nuclei. At the ORNL Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF), we have made a number of measurements using proton-rich beams such as 18F and 7Be and neutron-rich beams such as 82Ge and 84Se that help clarify the structure of astrophysically-important nuclei. We are also poised to begin studies with doubly-magic 132Sn. The experimental methods and results are discussed.
Comparison of diagnostic likelihood ratios of two binary tests with case-control clustered data

The case-control design is known for its efficiency at a fixed sample size when the disease under study is rare. Such a design is usually carried out for the inference of disease odds ratio in the ...
Human Jettison: Lifeboat Ethics and Economic Efficiency

Central to the study of the criminal law of necessity are the nineteenth century "lifeboat" cases Holmes v. United States and Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, both being the trials of seamen forced to kill boatmates to ensure the survival of the others on the lifeboat. The seamen were convicted, although ultimately their punishment was not severe. However, in both cases public sentiment was on their side -- the general view seems to have been that the "custom of the sea" required actions consistent with the principle of the greatest good of the greatest number. In this essay I reconcile the general perception that sacrificing one individual in such circumstances to save the many is a socially good thing to do with the economist's intuition that because a person would not voluntarily contract to be sacrificed, such sacrifices are necessarily involuntary and therefore not Pareto-optimal. Using a version of the original state-dependent preferences model of Eisner and Strotz, in which the alternative state, death, is represented in the present by a "bequest function," I show that as the probability of surviving in a lifeboat dwindles to zero, the minimum price a person puts on his life also dwindles to zero. Therefore, a custom of waiting until the last minute to sacrifice a person, and then making no payment to his estate, is Pareto-optimal. I further argue that the nautical custom (dating back to Old Testament times) of drawing lots to select the victim has an explanation consistent with economic rationality, in that when a lifeboat or other vessel is in such bad straits as to require a sacrifice, any deterministic selection method invites strategic behavior on the part of the victim, such as killing someone else, that would undermine the whole point of the sacrifice and actually increase the hazards faced by the lifeboat's company.
Small Ribonucleic Acids of Escherichia coli I. CHARACTERIZATION BY POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS

Abstract Escherichia coli RNA molecules in the size range of 70 to 400 nucleotides have been characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by RNase T1 (EC 2.7.7.26) finger-printing. RNA labeled by 32PO43- for 20 min is separated into about 20 bands by electrophoresis in 5, 10, and 20% polyacrylamide gels; many of them represent pure RNA species. Some correspond to known molecules such as tRNAs, 5 S RNA, 4.5 S RNA, and 6 S RNA, but others have not been described previously. The amounts of these latter molecules are low, usually less than 10% of the level of 5 S RNA. One molecule, with electrophoretic mobility similar to 5 S RNA, has a 5'-terminal guanosine triphosphate. Another, with a mobility similar to that of 6 S RNA, contains dihydrouracil. Several different RNA preparation methods give essentially the same results. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (10% → 20% polyacrylamide) was used to purify RNA in the 4 S to 5 S region. This technique is capable of resolving at least 30 different RNA species; many of them are pure tRNA molecules. It allows for direct comparison of the quantities of purified tRNAs and the other molecules described in this paper. Such analysis shows that during 20 min labeling the newly characterized molecules accumulate at levels comparable to many individual tRNAs.
The Digital Age of Student Affairs

This chapter describes the student affairs profession in the digital age. The authors explore new challenges educators and professionals face as new areas are added and expanded, how social networks and digital technology tools continue to evolve, and what skills are needed to engage with students in person and online.
Influence of edaphic and management factors on the diversity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing thaumarchaeota and bacteria in soils of bioenergy crop cultivars.

Summary Ammonia-oxidizing thaumarcheota (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) differentially influence soil and atmospheric chemistry, but soil properties that control their distributions are poorly understood. In this study, the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) was used to identify and quantify presumptive AOA and AOB and relate their distributions to soil properties in two experimental fields planted with different varieties of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a potential bioenergy feedstock. Differences in ammonia oxidizer diversity were associated primarily with soil properties of the two field sites, with pH displaying significant correlations with both AOA and AOB population structure. Percent nitrogen (%N), carbon to nitrogen ratios (C : N), and pH were also correlated with shifts nitrifier population structure. Nitrosotalea-like and Nitrosospira cluster II populations were more highly represented in acidic soils, whereas populations affiliated with Nitrososphaera and Nitrosospira cluster 3A.1 were relatively more abundant in alkaline soils. AOA were the dominant functional group in all plots based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing analyses. These data suggest that AOA contribute significantly to nitrification rates in carbon and nitrogen rich soils influenced by perennial grasses.
Collective Motion and Structural Order in Adsorbate Vibrational Dynamics

A simple, broadly applicable theory is developed to describe resonant vibrational coupling between adsorbates and a substrate lattice. This is one of the principal mechanisms governing the relaxation of adsorbate vibrations. This theory can be applied to widely varying surface coverages and arbitrary overlayer structures, and it correctly incorporates collective adsorbate motion, which has been shown to have a critical impact on the relaxation dynamics. Vibrational lifetimes predicted by this theory are in excellent quantitative agreement with experiments on adsorbate systems ranging from a diffuse, disordered overlayer to a dense, periodic overlayer. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
A new comprehensive methodology for the evaluation of product sustainability at the design and development stage of consumer electronic products

This paper presents quantifiable sustainability elements in manufactured consumer electronic products. A 'Sustainability Scoring' method is introduced at the design stage. A new product can be evaluated using this method for its integral elemental and the overall sustainability contents impacting the product when it reaches the end-of-life by considering the entire life-cycle, including the effective residual use of recovered materials in the subsequent life-cycles of the same or different products. This procedure can also be used by design engineers for comparison with a similar product, such as a prior or a subsequent model, or one from a competitor.
Relative Speed of Fixation of Glutaraldehyde and Osmic Acid in Plant Cells Measured by Grana Appearance in Chloroplasts

Brief fixation in a mixture of glutaraldehyde and OsO4 caused stacked chloroplast grana membranes in leaf cells of wheat, barley, tobacco, maize, cowpea, pigweed or bean plants to distend and vesiculate. Fixation with glutaraldehyde followed by OsO4 prevented this fixation artifact. In a fixative mixture, OsO4 apparently reacted with cell contents before glutaraldehyde.
Individual initiative and social compulsion

OUR problem has to do with the relation of the individual to society. The incentive may be found in the interests that prevail in contemporary writings, more particularly in the contributions of Emile Durkheim and the L'Annie Sociologique school. This school is prone to see in the individual merely a nucleus of social forces, a product of the social environment. For them the individual has no reality; he is but the carrier of tradition, the link which transmits the social of one generation to the social of another. Freedom from social compulsion, we are assured, is an impossibility-L'individu n'exist pas. His apparent impulsions are but the resultant of so many vires a tergo proceeding from a group. In attempting to demonstrate this the L'Annee Sociologique has not confined itself to any one grade of culture: Durkheim has dealt with the social phenomena of western Europe, and with that of aboriginal Australia; his co-workers have studied Eskimo society and that of southeastern Asia; they have given us examples of this law in magic and in the realm of religion. They do not deny that there are examples of apparent individual initiative, but contend that the initiative is only apparent. I have chosen for examination the spheres, respectively, of marital relations, aesthetic activities, leadership, and religious life. The choice is largely arbitrary; almost any other sphere would have suited our purpose equally well.
Cardiac involvement in aids

Cardiac involvement in AIDS may occur at any stage of HIV disease and may manifest as congestive cardiomyopathy, potentially lethal arrhythmia, or pericardial effusion and tamponade. The heart may be affected by nearly all of the opportunistic infections and many of the malignancies associated with the syndrome. Although often clinically unobtrusive, cardiac lesions may be important in the pathogenesis of significant clinical symptoms and play an often unrecognized role in the prognosis and natural history of AIDS.
The enzymes for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Their localization, properties and expression during development☆

Abstract 1. 1. The first three and last two pyrimidine pathway enzymes are soluble, cytoplasmic activities in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and evidence is presented showing that the last two enzymes comprise a bifunctional enzyme complex. 2. 2. The fourth pathway enzyme, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, is a particulate activity that co-sediments with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. 3. 3. During development, the soluble enzymes exhibit maximal values in embryos and young larvae and show minimal values in later larval stages, pupae and adult males: adult females show high activities due to oocytes and retained embryos. 4. 4. Mutations of the rudimentary locus destroy only the initial three pathway enzymes.
A 1.2 mW 67.5 dB SQDR VCO-based ΣΔ ADC with Non-linearity Cancellation Technique

Shorter technology enable us to create higher speed oscillators which can provide better resolution in time domain. Therefore, a simple ADC using voltage (or current) controlled oscillator (VCO) and a counter can be implemented using this approach. Conceptually, the operation order in this ADC is similar to a conventional ΣΔ modulator. The CCO integrates frequency to produce output in the form of phase. And the number of stages in the CCO determines the quantization levels (or phase resolution). The difference of quantized phase output produces a frequency proportional to the input signal. Therefore, unlike, a conventional ΣΔ modulator no feedback is required for a first order noise shaping. In order to achieve a low power for moderate performance two key techniques have been used: a) a cross-coupled voltage to current (V/I) converter to achieve non-linearity cancellation (mainly 3rd-order harmonic), and b) a stack structure to share current between V/I converter and CCO to reduce power. This ADC has been simulated using models of typical 130nm CMOS technology. In SPICE simulation, SQDR/SFDR of 67.5 dB/71 dB is achieved over a total signal bandwidth of 5 MHz for an input swing of 300mV (Vpp) for typical corner at room temperature. The analog blocks consumed a total of 96.5μW from a regulated 1.2V supply, whereas, the digital blocks consumed an estimated power of 1.1 mW. Since, the major circuit blocks are digital in nature, the presented circuit is highly amenable with technology scaling.
Folk Healing and Biomedicine: Culture Clash or Complimentary Approach?

Health care professionals are of ten faced with clients who are using alternative healing techniques along with biomedicine. A comparison of biomedicine in its cultural context to folk healing serv...
Expression of nitric oxide synthase‐2 (NOS‐2) in reactive astrocytes of the human glaucomatous optic nerve head

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) is abundantly present in the optic nerve heads of glaucoma patients. To determine the regulation of NOS-2 expression in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, the specific cells that express NOS-2 in the optic nerve heads of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were studied by immunohistochemical double-labeling of NOS-2 and one of the characteristic cell markers for different cell types. Most of the labeling for NOS-2 was identified in reactive astrocytes that were clustered in the areas of nerve damage in the prelaminar and lamina cribrosa regions of the glaucomatous optic nerve heads. In vitro, the expression of GFAP and NOS-2 by reactive astrocytes of human optic nerve heads was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. In primary cultures of human lamina cribrosa astrocytes, stimulation by interferon-gamma and interleukin-1beta upregulated GFAP and induced expression of NOS-2 protein. At 24, 48 and 72 h of stimulation, NOS-2 appeared first in the Golgi body and then was sent out into the cytoplasm in granules. These results demonstrated that the astrocytes of human optic nerve head are capable of inducing the expression of NOS-2. Reactive astrocytes in the glaucomatous optic nerve heads apparently play an important role in local neurotoxicity to the axons of the retinal ganglion cells by producing excessive nitric oxide in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
On the photoactivity of S-doped nanoporous carbons：Importance of surface chemistry and porosity

Abstract This minireview summarizes our recent findings on the photoactivity of S-doped nanoporous carbons. The materials were either synthesized from the sulfur-containing polymers or obtained by heat treatment of commercial carbon with hydrogen sulfide. Their surface was extensively characterized from the points of view of its surface chemistry, porosity, morphology, and electronic properties. The carbons showed enhanced activity towards oxidation of arsine and removal of dibenzothiophenes from model diesel fuel. The latter were oxidized to various oxygen containing intermediates and the cleavage of C–C bonds in aromatic ring was detected when carbon with adsorbed species was exposed to UV or visible light. Irradiation resulted in generation of photocurrent in a broad range of wavelength. The presence of sulfur led to the reduction of oxygen and contributed to an increased capacitive performance. We link these effects to the presence of reduced sulfur in the small pores which enhances the dispersive interactions via inducing a positive charge to carbon atoms, to sulfur in oxygenated forms which contribute to Faradaic reactions and increase the polar interactions, and to the hydrophobicity of a surface in small pores where oxygen can be reduced by excited electrons from chromophoric-like sulfur containing groups.
Binding Energy of Al(C6H6)+ from Analysis of Radiative Association Kinetics

Analysis of radiative association kinetics is a new and promising approach to estimating absolute metal−ligand bond energies for gas-phase metal ions. The method is illustrated using previously published data to estimate the binding energy of aluminum cation to benzene and several deuterium-substituted benzenes. A formulation of radiative association theory is applied which is valid at low association efficiency, and is independent of assumptions about the transition state. Photon emission rates from the complex are derived from McMahon-type analysis of collisional and radiative association data, and alternatively from ab initio calculations of IR radiative intensities, with excellent agreement for all four isotopomers. Analysis of the radiative association data gives a binding energy of 1.53 ± 0.10 eV (35.2 ± 2 kcal mol-1), which is concordant with, but has a smaller estimated uncertainty than, an interpolated thermochemical estimate based on data from other methods. For this system the semiquantitative ...
Visible-Light-Stimulated Destabilization of PEG-Liposomes

In recent years several groups have described methods to prepare and utilize poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) to sterically stabilize liposomes in order to avoid u...
Patient-specific model of lung deformation using spatially dependent constitutive parameters

Breathing-induced spatially dependent lung deformation is predicted using patient-specific elastic properties with the contact–impact analysis model. The lung geometry is derived from 4D CT scan data of real patients. The spatially varying Young’s modulus for the patient is obtained from a previous study that used inverse deformation of the lung. The compact–impact analysis is implemented using the finite element method. The predicted lung deformation is compared with the results based on linear elasticity. The results are consistent with physiology, indicating large deformations near the diaphragm and smaller values at remote locations on the lobe. The effect of non-linearity of elastic property is most significant at the remote locations where the diaphragm-induced deformation is significantly attenuated.
On modelling thermal oxidation of Silicon II: numerical aspects

The implementation of a new model to simulate the oxidation of Silicon (see Part I) is presented in this paper. The implementation is done within a finite element framework. The work involves representation of the Silicon–Silicon dioxide interface in a mesh-independent manner. The interface description and evolution is accomplished using the level-set method. Formulation of a single finite element containing multiple materials is described. A discontinuously varying oxidant density field is modelled along with its reaction with Silicon. Large expansion of Silicon dioxide is incorporated into the constitutive equations. A staggered scheme to obtain the solution to the coupled set of equations is given. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra‐tree foraging behavior of Dacus dorsalis flies in relation to host fruit quantity, quality and type

We observed the fruit foraging behavior of mature female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera, Tephritidae), released individually onto potted field-caged host trees containing fruit of different quality, quantity, or type (no fruit, 3 or 12 uninfested kumquats, 12 infested kumquats, or 3 uninfested sweet oranges). Our findings were largely consistent with foraging-behavior theory, and with previous results for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh): (1) flies left fruitless trees soon after release, (2) more flies visited fruit, and flies visited more fruit and spent more time on trees with increasing fruit density, and (3) Giving Up Time (time between last oviposition and leaving the tree) was significantly greater for flies visiting infested fruit than for those visiting uninfested fruit. Oriental fruit flies declined to oviposit in fruit containing conspecific larvae.
The evolving concept of Health literacy: New directions for health literacy studies

Health literacy is, as Don Nutbeam so aptly noted, an evolving concept.1 As the concept develops, so too must the research. I offer, in this perspective, a brief overview of the field and suggestio...
Cell wall structure of the marine fungus, Atkinsiella dubia.

Cell walls of the marine Oomycete, Atkinsiella dubia were prepared and an analysis of the wall constituents was made. The walls contained approximately 80% polysaccharides and 14% proteins along with small quantities of lipid and ash. The carbohydrate fraction was composed primarily of glucan along with 1.8% glucosamine and a trace of galactosamine. An analysis of the amino acid composition of the protein fraction showed the presence of 18 identified amino acids including a surprisingly high (20% of total amino acids) hydroxyproline content. The polysaccharide fractions of the wall were mostly glucans with solubility properties similar to those reported for other Oomycetes. As anticipated, the glucans of mechanically isolated walls were virtually identical to those prepared from chemically isolated walls. The minor glucan component, cellulose, was found to occur in the form of poorly crystalline cellulose I As expected, electron microscopy of wall specimens showed microfibrillar and amorphous regions. It was stressed that Atkinsiella walls, like those of other Oomycetes, contain large quantities of β-1→3 and β-1→6 linked glucan along with a smaller amount of cellulose.
Predicted Optical Characteristics of Solid Rocket Motor Exhaust in the Stratosphere

Optical characteristics of large solid rocket motor exhaust in the stratosphere are predicted for portions of the near-ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectral regions. Mie scattering calculations show that attenuation by thealumina particlesis caused principally by thelarge-particlemodeof the trimodal particlesizedistribution. The local attenuation in the plume as a function of wavelength and the transplume total attenuation due to particles as a function of time are predicted for several wavelengths. An expression for the total surface area of the particles is derived in terms of known parameters and the Sauter mean diameter. Mie theory is then used to show that this Sauter mean diameter can be measured using a two-color transmissometer. The absorption spectra due to the chemicalconstituents are predicted for the200 ‐400-nm wavelength interval forseveraltimes aftervehiclepassage. It is predicted that these absorptions are comparable to the attenuations due to particle scattering. Nomenclature Ap = cross-sectional area of plume, m 2 a = geometrical cross-sectional area of particle, cm 2 atot = total surface area of all particle per unit volume of air, πm 2 cm i3
Leukemic meningitis in B‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia. A clinical, pathologic, and ultrastructural case study and a review of the literature

Background. Leukemic meningitis is rare in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B-prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) ; a MEDLINE search for reports published 1960 and after disclosed only nine prior reports. A patient with stable Rai Stage II CLL/PL developed mental status changes. Lumbar puncture revealed a lymphocytic pleocytosis with prolymphocytes containing intracytoplasmic inclusions. Methods. The patient's cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte population was analyzed by immunophenotyping and electron microscopy. Results. The studies revealed a clonal population of B prolymphocytes, with typical immunophenotypic and ultrastructural characteristics. The patient was treated with intrathecal chemotherapy with eventual resolution of the cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and return to his normal neurologic status. Prior studies also have revealed the efficacy of intrathecal chemotherapy. Conclusion. Leukemic meningitis in CLL or PLL is responsive to treatment with intrathecal chemotherapy.
The Interactions of Vocabulary, Phonemic Awareness, Decoding, and Reading Comprehension.

ABSTRACT The authors used data from a large, national sample to examine the interaction of various literacy measures among young children with disabilities. Using structural equation modeling, they examined the relationships among measures of phonemic awareness, decoding, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Child and family factors, including sex, severity of disability, race/ethnicity, household income, and mother's education were used as covariates. The model supported the notion of 2 unique paths to reading comprehension, one through decoding and a second through vocabulary.
Conceptual Models, Choices, and Benchmarks for Building Quality Work Cultures

What choices should educators make to benefit all students and the larger community? They can self-assess their school and/or district and plan the appropriate strategies to move to work cultures that meet the needs of the school/district.
Accuracy of Risk Aversion Approximations

This paper investigates the accuracy of a widely used approximation for empirically estimating the coefficients of absolute and relative risk aversion. The size and sign of the approximation errors depend upon the magnitude of the risk, the extent of the skewness in the probability distribution governing risky outcomes, and the concavity of the underlying utility function, as well as the interactions among these factors.
Fine pitch grids for an x-ray solar imaging spectrometer fabricated by optical lithography and XeF2 etching

We have developed fine pitch, sub-collimating X-ray grids for an instrument in the High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI), a proposed NASA mission. In addition to high- energy X-rays, the instrument requires collimation of photons with energies of less than 4 keV such that free-standing grids are required that have no material between the grid slats. We have fabricated 25 micrometer thick gold grids that can collimate photons from visible light up to 30 keV X-rays. They are 55 millimeters in diameter and have 200 micrometer thick silicon support structures. The fabrication process starts with 200 micrometer thick 3 inch wafers onto which a 50 angstrom chrome, 300 angstrom gold electroplating strike is e-beam evaporated. A 25 micrometer thick optical resist is deposited on the wafers using a low spin rate. The resist is exposed and developed and an oxygen plasma clean is performed to fully strip resist residue from the strike. 25 micrometers of gold is then plated in the resist mold, resulting in a gold grid with photoresist between each gold slat. The wafer is turned over and a 50 micrometer dry resist is patterned such that it has a array of 1 by 4 millimeter openings to the silicon. The silicon is etched through to the chrome/gold strike using a xenon difluoride etching process. Both types of photoresist are removed with acetone followed by a piranha clean and the chrome/gold strike is removed with a hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide chrome etch which also slowly etches gold.
Fatigue-resistant coating of SiO 2 glass

A thin film of SiO coated on abraded Si02 glass was found to improve the mechanical fatigue resistance of the glass in water. The improvement was attributed to an increase in the number of reaction sites on the coated surface, which convert the mobile H2O molecule to immobile SiOH and the consequent reduction of the effective diffusion rate of water into the glass.
Grain growth in nanocrystalline TiO2 and its relation to vickers hardness and fracture toughness

This paper reports on scientific interest in ultra-fine grained powders for processing of ceramic components motivated by the possibilities for the enhancement of sintering rates, reduction in flaw sizes and low-temperature superplastic deformation. Previous works have developed a technique, which combines the methods established of inert gas condensation of small particles and in situ powder compaction, for synthesizing materials with grain sizes {lt}10 nm. It has been shown that this method can be adapted for the production of ceramic nanocrystalline particles. Subsequent work has demonstrated that enhanced sintering and superplastic deformation is possible in nanocrystalline ceramics (TiO{sub 2}), but not without significant grain growth. Control of grain growth, however, is necessary if the capability for synthesizing nanoscale powders is to have benefit for structural applications. It is well known that the initial particle size in green body compacts is not always indicative of the final grain sizes in fully sintered ceramic bodies. This study was initiated to examine grain growth kinetics in nanocrystalline materials. TiO{sub 2} was selected for this initial study since sintering, deformation and diffusion data are available.
Phase II trial of 131-Iodine tositumomab with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the standard outpatient dose of 131-Iodine tositumomab (75 cGy) combined with high-dose carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) followed by autologous stem cell rescue for the treatment of chemotherapy-sensitive relapsed or refractory, or high-risk first complete remission (CR) patients with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (DLBCL). Forty patients with chemotherapy-sensitive persistent or relapsed or high/intermediate or high international prognostic index DLCBL were treated in a phase II trial combining 75 cGy 131-Iodine tositumomab with high-dose BEAM followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. The CR rate after transplantation was 78%, and the overall response rate was 80%. Short-term and long-term toxicities were similar to historical control patients treated with BEAM alone. With a median follow-up of 6 years (range, 3-10 years), the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55%-83%), and the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 70% (95% CI, 53%-82%). The PFS and OS were encouraging in this group of chemotherapy-sensitive persistent, relapsed, or high-risk patients with DLBCL. A follow-up phase III trial with 131-Iodine tositumomab/BEAM vs rituximab/BEAM was planned based on this information.
String theory of the roton

Abstract An effective string theory of vortex ring excitations in a boson superfluid can in principle be derived using the coherent-state functional integral. The details of this derivation are complicated but lead unambiguously to the existence of a purely imaginary term in the string's effective action. This term is responsible for stabilizing a microscopic vortex ring against collapse if its momentum is sufficiently great.
Inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase stimulates mu opioid receptor expression via p38 MAPK-mediated nuclear NF-κB activation in neuronal and non-neuronal cells

Despite its potential side effects of addiction, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, morphine is widely used for reducing moderate and severe pain. Previous studies have shown that the analgesic effect of morphine depends on mu opioid receptor (MOR) expression levels, but the regulatory mechanism of MOR is not yet fully understood. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is closely associated with neuropathic hyperalgesia, which closely resembles the neuroplastic changes observed with morphine antinociceptive tolerance. In this study, we show that inhibition of JNK by SP600125, its inhibitory peptide, or JNK-1 siRNA induced MOR at both mRNA and protein levels in neuronal cells. This increase in MOR expression was reversed by inhibition of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but not by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) pathway. Further experiments using cell signaling inhibitors showed that MOR upregulation by JNK inhibition involved nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). The p38 MAPK dependent phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB subunit in the nucleus was increased by SP600125 treatment. We also observed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis that JNK inhibition led to increased bindings of CBP and histone-3 dimethyl K4, and decreased bindings of HDAC-2, MeCP2, and histone-3 trimethyl K9 to the MOR promoter indicating a transcriptional regulation of MOR by JNK inhibition. All these results suggest a regulatory role of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways in MOR gene expression and aid to our better understanding of the MOR gene regulation.
Ascarid Infections in Broilers Raised on Dirt and Concrete Floors

Abstract SURVEYS of natural outbreaks, of ascariasis in the chicken have been reported. An examination conducted by Ackert (1930) showed that 49 percent of 1,000 chickens from various farms in Kansas harbored Ascaridia galli. In Canada, Baker et al. (1929) found A. galli very numerous in the vicinity of Macdonald College. The incidence of ascariasis in chickens from eastern Tennessee was reported by Todd (1946, 1947) to be 42–43 percent. The data available are largely from mature birds many of which were managed under range conditions. In broiler areas of North Georgia birds are raised on wood shavings in concrete or dirt floor houses and marketed by the 12th week. Customarily, the shavings are removed and the houses are cleaned before each flock is started. Even though no surveys have been reported to determine the incidence of ascariasis in birds raised under these conditions, most producers in this area have adopted . . .
Utilization of potatoes for life support systems in space: III. Productivity at successive harvest dates under 12-h and 24-h photoperiods.

Potatoes are among several crops under consideration for use in controlled ecological life support systems (CELSS) being proposed for space colonies. Efficient crop production for such life support systems will require nearoptimal growing conditions with harvests taken when production per unit area per unit time is maximum. To determine this maximum for potato, cv. Norland plants were grown in walk-in growth rooms under 12-h and 24-h photoperiods at 16 C and harvested at 42,63, 84,105,126 and 148 days from planting. At 42 days, plants were encaged in wire fence cylinders with a cross-sectional area of 0.2 m2. The dry weights (dwt) of tubers and of the entire plants increased under both photoperiods until the final harvest date (148 days), reaching 572 g tuber dwt and 704 g total dwt under 12-h, and 791 g tuber dwt and 972 g total dwt under 24-h. At a spacing of 0.2 m2 per plant, the 148-day tuber production from plants under continuous light would equate to nearly 40t ha-1 dry matter (200t fresh weight), approximately twice that of exceptionally high field yields. Tuber productivity (g m-2 day-1) under the 24-h photoperiod reached a maximum of 29.4 g dwt m-2 day-1 at 126 days, but continued to rise throughout the experiment under the 12-h photoperiod, reaching 19.5 g dwt m-2 day-1 at 148 days. With a productivity of 29.4 g tuber dwt m-2 day-1, approximately 25 m2 would continuously provide the daily dietary energy requirements for one human.
Partial purification of proteins isolated from mammalian cornified cells

Abstract 1. 1. [ 3 H]histidine was injected into newborn rats and 48 h later, protein constituents were isolated from cornified cells of the epidermis. Two radioactive fractions obtained (Fractions II and III) were analyzed by Sephadex column chromatography and gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Fraction II contained a highly radioactive peak, F IIc, consisting of a radioactive major component with a molecular weight of 21 000 and non-radioactive minor components. 3. 3. Fraction III appeared to be fibrous in nature and contained a large nonradioactive first peak, F IIIa, and a small radioactive peak, F IIIb. F IIIa consisted of two components of mol. wt 68 100 and 61 000, while F IIIb showed a major component of mol. wt 57 000 and several minor components. 4. 4. Attempts to produce antisera in rabbit directed to these protein fractions resulted in formation of antibodies against F IIIa and the non-radioactive component of F IIc. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that F IIIa and F IIc are present in cornified cells as well as other parts of the epidermis, but not in the hair follicles, dermis, or liver of newborn rats. 5. 5. The present study confirms the autoradiographic studies, which demonstrated that proteins synthesized in granular cells as a result of [ 3 H]histidine incorporation become constituents of cornified cells. However, it was not possible to determine the localization of the radioactive proteins in granular cells by the techniques used.
Thoughts about the Future of Modeling and Simulation in Healthcare and Higher Education

The U.S. healthcare and higher education systems face long-standing challenges concerning effectiveness and costeffectiveness that could be addressed by modeling and simulation. This will require the modeling and simulation industry to adapt through diversification, experimentation and the engagement of the leaders of these systems in effecting solutions. KeywordsU.S. Healthcare System; U.S. Higher Education System; Modeling and Simulation; Business Competitiveness
Telemedicine demonstration projects in the Western Pacific

Telemedicine demonstration projects in the Western Pacific are attempting to provide distance medical consulting and distance medical education for the isolated health-care workforce of the region. The Picasso Phone system is a low-cost telemedicine system which requires only the standard telephone network for its operation, needs little additional equipment and is user-friendly. The demonstration projects have shown the utility of the system in both international, inter-island and on-island communications. All demonstration activities used the various existing island telephone systems. With the adaptation of such a user-friendly telemedicine system as the Picasso Phone system to the Peacesat public-interest educational network, the capacity of the telemedicine network will expand to include isolated islands with Peacesat capacity which do not have access to the commercial island telephone systems.
MRI Assessment of Myocardial Viability

In the presence of coronary artery disease, global left ventricular (LV) systolic function is a critical prognostic indicator. Because of enhanced therapy for myocardial infarction, more patients survive but are left with residual myocardial damage that predisposes them to developing CHF in the future. Although treatments for CHF are evolving, preventing and minimizing further deteriorations in LV function are paramount in this population. Distinguishing severe LV dysfunction caused by thinned, infarcted myocardium with fibrosis and scarring from that due to viable but dysfunctional myocardium from chronic hypoperfusion has significant implications for clinical management. In patients in whom noninvasive testing identifies viability, undergoing revascularization improves outcomes. Noninvasive imaging techniques used to assess viable myocardium are based on demonstrating the presence of one or more of the following features: (1) contractile reserve; (2) sufficient perfusion for the delivery of substrates and removal of metabolic byproducts; (3) intact myocyte membranes to maintain ionic/electrochemical gradients; and (4) preserved metabolism with generation of high-energy phosphates. While nuclear and dobutamine echocardiography have been widely used for viability assessment, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is increasingly becoming an accepted clinical tool, particularly in light of its high spatial resolution, intrinsic ability to image 3-dimensionally, and greater soft tissue differentiation. Moreover, the versatility of the technique potentially allows for the simultaneous assessment of regional wall motion, perfusion, and metabolism. An overview of the CMR techniques is presented.
Effect of endotoxin on cardiopulmonary function and biosynthesis of eicosanoids and TNFα in calves chronically depleted of copper

We evaluated the acute cardiopulmonary and biochemical (i.e. plasma concentrations of eicosanoids and serum levels of TNFα) response to an infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (8 μg/kg i.v.) in cattle that were adequate or deficient in liver and plasma copper (Cu) concentrations. Young calves were chronically fed diets containing normal Cu (control; n = 4) and low Cu (n = 14). After ~6 months of dietary treatment, the calves were anesthetized and evaluated from 0-4 h during endotoxemia. At 0 h, plasma Cu concentrations averaged 32.4% (P < 0.05) of the control value (i.e. 0.81 ± 0.08 μg/ml). Endotoxin caused a transient, early (at 20.4 min) increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure to 114% and 147% of baseline in normal and Cu depleted calves, respectively (P < 0.05). In Cu depleted calves, endotoxin significantly decreased heart rate (0.5-1 h) and cardiac index (0.5 h) as compared to normal calves. Endotoxin caused systemic hypotension and increased TXB2 production (at 0.5 h) and these changes were p...
Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron in a Higgs Boson Exchange Model of {CP} Nonconservation

Abstract We calculate the electric dipole moment of the neutron ( D N ) in the Weinberg model of CP nonconservation including effects due to (a) possible long distance enhancement in the K− K mass matrix and (b) heavy quarks in the intermediate state and find D N ∼ (0.3−1.0) × 10 −25 e cm. However, a tiny admixture of heavy quarks in the neutron wave function may increase this estimate by two orders of magnitude thereby ruling this model out.
A cross-national analysis of affirmative action: an evolutionary psychological perspective

Affirmative action (AA) is a government policy permitting employers and universities to give preferential treatment to applicants from specific (e.g. racial) groups. We present a comparative analysis of AA in six countries (India, USA, Malaysia, Canada, South Africa, and Brazil) and explain similarities among these programs according to universal psychological mechanisms and variation according to cultural–historical contexts. It appears that similarities in contextual conditions (e.g. democratic government, multi-ethnic states) interact with ancient psychological mechanisms (e.g. fairness, cheater detection, alliance tracking) to provide at least part of the motivation for the development and expansion of AA, despite its problematic consequences. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomass Decline in Amazonian Forest Fragments

The report by William F. Laurance et al. about the destruction of Brazilian rain-forest trees along the edges of clearings ([1][1]) contains important information about the tree loss in the “edge effect” of such clearings, but their experimental design seems to artificially inflate the effect
Earnings of early diagnosed arthritis patients and matched controls

Abstract Newly diagnosed arthritis patients who met ARA criteria for probable, definite or classical RA were matched on study entry to normal controls and earnings were compared both before and after onset of arthritis in the study groups. Significant differences were found in earnings of the ARA probable patients versus either their normal controls or definite patients, with the probable patients having earned significantly more than each of the other groups. The data are consistent with an hypothesis that milder arthritis manifestations may relate to increased striving as suggested by increased earnings of patients satisfying ARA criteria for only probable RA. The definite-classical patients had similar earnings to their controls pre-onset but decreased earnings after onset of disease and significantly less likelihood of having an earnings increase after onset of arthritis.
Latent class analysis of Child Behavior Checklist attention problems.

ABSTRACT Objective To test whether attention problems in children are continuously distributed or categorically discrete, the authors performed latent class analyses (LCA) of items from the Attention Problems scale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) using data from the clinical and nonclinical samples used in the derivation of the CBCL syndromes. Method A CBCL was completed by a parent or guardian of each of 2,100 nonreferred children selected to be representative of U.S. nonreferred children and a demographically matched sample of 2,100 clinically referred children. Attention problems symptoms were subjected to LCA. Results LCAs were consistent with the presence of 3 levels of symptom presentation in both samples. Children in the nonclinical sample were classified as having no symptoms, mild symptoms, or moderate symptoms. Children in the clinical group had mild, moderate, or severe symptoms. Conclusions These results suggest that child and adolescent psychiatric symptoms such as attention problems can be thought of as continuously distributed phenomena rather than discrete disease entities, lending support for an empirical approach to both clinical work and research. In addition, high prevalence rates of attention problems in both clinical and nonclinical samples suggest the need for careful screening of attention problems in clinic and academic settings. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(8):985–991.
Synthesis, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and rat retinal toxicity of a novel mitomycin C-triamcinolone acetonide conjugate.

A novel conjugate of mitomycin C (MMC) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was synthesized using glutaric acid as a linker molecule. To determine the rate of hydrolysis, the conjugate was dissolved in aqueous solution and the rate of appearance of free MMC and TA was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Antiproliferative activity of the MMC−TA conjugate and parent compounds was assessed using an NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell line. Cell growth was quantified using the MTT assay. Kinetic analysis of the hydrolysis rate demonstrated that the conjugate had a half-life of 23.6 h in aqueous solutions. The antiproliferative activities of the MMC−TA conjugate and MMC were both concentration dependent, with similar IC50 values of 2.4 and 1.7 μM, respectively. However, individual responses at concentrations above 3 μM showed that the conjugate was less active than MMC alone. TA alone showed only limited inhibition of cell growth. Studies evaluating intravitreal injection of the conjugate demonstrat...