cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Becoming a Christian Sexuality Educator

Holistic sexuality education is needed in churches and seminaries to promote sexual inclusion and flourishing as well as combat sexual violence and trauma. The scholarly and pedagogical resources e...
Trends in outcomes, cost, and readmissions of transcatheter edge to edge repair in the United States (2014-2018).

Introduction Despite the growth in transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) volume in the United States, data on the temporal changes in procedural outcomes are lacking. Methods We utilized the National Readmission Database to assess the annual changes in patient's characteristics, in-hospital outcomes, cost, and readmissions for patients who underwent TEER between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018. Outcomes of interest included mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and any adverse event (AE). We also assessed length of stay and cost. Results A total of 22,692 hospitalizations were included. The mean age increased from 75.2 ± 12.9 in 2014 to 78.1 ± 9.8 years in 2018. Changes in the prevalence of risk factors were heterogenous. The incidence of in-hospital mortality decreased from 4.0% in 2014 to 2.0% in 2018. Both MACE and any AE decreased significantly. Although the incidence of 30-day readmission remained stable, there was a trend towards a temporal increase in both 90-day and 180-day. The adjusted median length of stay of the index admission decreased by 50% and this trend was associated with a $2100 reduction in risk and inflation adjusted in-hospital cost, however, this reduction was offset by the increased total cost of readmissions within the first 6 months resulting in similar net-cost. Conclusion The volume of TEER has grown substantially between 2014 and 2018 coupled with a temporal improvement in in-hospital outcomes and reduction in cost and length of stay. Re-hospitalization rates after TEER remained steady at 30-day and trended towards worsening overtime at 90- and 180-days.
McPatom: a predictive analysis tool for atomicity violation using model checking

Multi-thread programs are prone to bugs due to concurrency. Concurrency bugs are hard to find and reproduce because of the large number of interleavings. Most non-deadlock concurrency bugs are atomicity violation bugs due to unprotected accesses of shared variables by multiple threads. This paper presents a dynamic prediction tool named McPatom for predicting atomicity violation bugs involving a pair of threads accessing a shared variable using model checking. McPatom uses model checking to ensure the completeness in predicting any possible atomicity violation captured in the abstract thread model extracted from an interleaved execution. McPatom can predict atomicity violations involving more than three accesses and multiple subroutines, and supports all synchronization primitives. We have applied McPatom in predicting several known bugs in real world systems including one that evades several other existing tools. We provide evaluations of McPatom in terms of atomicity violation predictability and performance with additional improvement strategies.
RELATIONSHIP OF STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION IN BACTERIAL O ANTIGENS. III. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENDOTOXOIDS.

Johnson, Arthur G. (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), and Alois Nowotny. Relationship of structure to function in bacterial O antigens. III. Biological properties of endotoxoids. J. Bacteriol. 87:809–814. 1964.—Endotoxin (somatic O antigen) was rendered much less lethal for mice and rabbits after treatment with boron trifluoride, potassium methylate, or pyridinium formate. In addition, the ability to induce the second fever peak of the biphasic febrile response characteristic of endotoxin was abolished. The capacity to prepare for the local Shwartzman reaction was also reduced after such treatments. On the other hand, stimulation of nonspecific resistance, and adjuvant action in mice was retained. The ability to elicit specific antibody was diminished after boron trifluoride treatment but only slightly retarded by the other two procedures.
Leveraging an area of community of practice activity to reinvigorate KM at Motorola while contributing to the bottom line - an interim report on an ongoing experiment

Knowledge management (KM) has proven over the past two decades to be a foundational element of business success. Business cycles and other pressures cause enterprises sometimes to lose sight of Knowledge Management as a key strategic element. To assure enterprise success, everyone must take responsibility and ownership for enabling what they understand to be necessary. The main way that companies today are realizing the value of KM is through the application of Communities of Practice (CoPs). Communities of Practice provide an actionable tool that improves the identification and sharing of locally generated knowledge. In the next report on this experiment, the hope is that these activities will contribute in a major way to revitalizing strategic use of Knowledge Management at Motorola. In the meantime, the experiment is producing sound results for the ePIMS program.
Detecting hidden cliques from noisy observations

In this paper we present a methodology to uncover hidden cliques/communities among a set of nodes when observations of their relationships or connectivities are noisy. Existing literature in community detection typically starts with the assumption that the statistical properties of community structure is known a priori, as well as the number of communities, so the task at hand is solely to partition the set into the given number of groups. In practice neither assumption is necessarily true. Motivated by this, we set out to determine a detectability condition (from spectral analysis) prior to performing the partitioning task, and further illustrate how to combine this detectability condition with clustering algorithms to arrive at desirable partitions without a priori information on the clique structure. We validate our results via simulation and make comparison with existing heuristics to demonstrate its advantages.
Reconfiguration architecture for distributed processing

An examination is made of distributed processing relative to configurability. Starting with a model that illustrates how distribution is changing the ways users view and build their systems, the concept of connectivity is proposed as a useful way of describing configurability. Finally, an architecture, called the Multibus II systems architecture (MSA), is described. MSA was designed explicitly for meeting configurability challenges in distributed systems. >
A Multiclass Queue in Heavy Traffic with Throughput Time Constraints: Asymptotically Optimal Dynamic Controls

Consider a single-server queueing system with K job classes, each having its own renewal input process and its own general service time distribution. Further suppose the queue is in heavy traffic, meaning that its traffic intensity parameter is near the critical value of one. A system manager must decide whether or not to accept new jobs as they arrive, and also the order in which to serve jobs that are accepted. The goal is to minimize penalties associated with rejected jobs, subject to upper bound constraints on the throughput times for accepted jobs; both the penalty for rejecting a job and the bound on the throughput time may depend on job class. This problem formulation does not make sense in a conventional queueing model, because throughput times are random variables, but we show that the formulation is meaningful in an asymptotic sense, as one approaches the heavy traffic limit under diffusion scaling. Moreover, using a method developed recently by Bramson and Williams, we prove that a relatively simple dynamic control policy is asymptotically optimal in this framework. Our proposed policy rejects jobs from one particular class when the server's nominal workload is above a threshold value, accepting all other arrivals; and the sequencing rule for accepted jobs is one that maintains near equality of the relative backlogs for different classes, defined in a natural sense.
Bombesin effects on responding maintained by a fixed interval schedule of food reinforcement.

Abstract The present experiment examined rats' responding maintained by a fixed interval two-min schedule of food reinforcement following IP injections of bombesin (4, 6, 16, 32 μg/kg). The results showed that bombesin's effects were rate dependent where the responses per minute emitted during the early portion of the fixed interval were reduced, but responding during the latter portion was unaffected. Bombesin did not reduce overall session responses per minute, pause after reinforcement, or amount of water consumed in the test chamber. The results are in accord with prior research examining the effects of bombesin and cholecystokinin on operant behavior. Together, the data challenge the notion that bombesin affects food-motivated behavior generally; rather, the results indicate that bombesin's effect may interact with the demands required of the animal for reinforcement.
Ecological Neural Networks for Object Recognition and Generalization

Generalization is a critical capacity for organisms. Modeling the behavior of organisms with neural networks, some type of generalizations appear to be accessible to neural networks but other types do not. In this paper we present two simulations. In the first simulation we show that while neural networks can recognize where an object is located in the retina even if they have never experienced that object in that position ('where' generalization subtask), they have difficulty in recognizing the identity of a familiar object in a new position ('what' generalization subtask). In the second simulation we explore the hypothesis that organisms find another solution to the problem of recognizing objects in different positions on their retina: they move their eyes so that objects are always seen in the same position in the retina. This strategy emerges spontaneously in ecological neural networks that are allowed to move their 'eye' in order to bring different portions of the visible world in the central portion of their retina.
Investigations of the Capture of Protons and Deuterons by Deuterons

The capture of protons and deuterons by deuterons has been studied up to energies of 1.5 Mev. An upper limit of ~10^-31 cm^2 has been found for the D(dγ) reaction near 1 Mev. The gamma-radiation from D(pγ) has been found to have an angular distribution obeying a sin2θ law. The cross section of the reaction is given empirically from 0.5 to 1.5 Mev by σ=0.74E^0.72×10^-29 cm^2 for E in Mev.
Cloning and expression of the 3′ portion of the T4 denV gene as a lacZ fusion gene

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies have been raised against endonuclease V from the bacteriophage T4. This rabbit serum, from which endemic E. coli antibodies have been removed, reacts with a single protein from T4-infected E. coli with a molecular weight of 16078 dalton. It was confirmed that these antibodies were directed against endonuclease V through the inhibition of the pyrimidine dimer specific nicking activity of endonuclease V in an in vitro nicking assay. A phage λgt11 T4 dC DNA library was screened for phage which produced a β-galactosidase-endonuclease V fusion protein. Immunopositive clones were detected at a frequency of 0.25 % of the plaques in the library. Restriction enzyme analyses of the DNA from 45 of these phage showed that all contained a 1.8 kb T4 EcoRI fragment which had been inserted within λgt11 in a single orientation. Western analysis of proteins which were produced from an induction of lysogens made from these phage reveals a single fusion protein band with a molecular weight slightly larger than native β-galactosidase.
Comparative study of the iodination of tyrosines in the amino terminal domain of fibrinogen and in N-DSK and fibrin-N-DSK.

Abstract Lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination has been used to probe for differences in surface orientation of tyrosine residues in the amino-terminal disulfide knot (N-DSK) domain of fibrinogen, in N-DSK and in Fb-N-DSK prepared from fibrin. The central region of N-DSK containing the β chain Tyr 41 and γ chain Tyr 18 and 32 are much more susceptible to iodination than when an integral part of the fibrinogen molecule. Cleavage of the N-DSK domain from fibrinogen “loosens” up the tertiary structure of N-DSK and allows iodination of its central region. The iodination pattern of comparable tyrosine residues did not change between N-DSK and Fb-N-DSK. This result implies that no significant change occurs in the tertiary structure of N-DSK upon thrombin activation. These results favor the concept that removal of the fibrinopeptides removes a steric hindrance or exposes a binding site for polymerization.
High temperature erosion resistance of coatings for use in gas turbine engines

Abstract Aircraft gas turbines, steam turbines and coal utilization turbines operating under particulate flows are exposed to erosion and performance deterioration. This paper describes an experimental method used to find particle restitution coefficients and the associated erosion behavior of superalloys, aluminized coatings, RT22, RT22B, RT44 and RT44B, subjected to gas-particle flows at high temperatures. The erosion behaviors have been investigated experimentally at high temperatures using a specially designed erosion wind tunnel. The erosion results show the effect of velocity, temperature and impact angle on the erosion rate. The cumulative effects of the impacting particle mass on the weight loss and erosion rate were also investigated. Using the data collected in the test program, empirical models have been developed to predict the erosion rates of INCO IN-738 and FSX-414 superalloys. On the basis of the experimental results of the particle-mass effect on both weight losses and erosion rates, the coating lives have been estimated for different particle concentrations.
Material and process selection in product design using decision-making technique (AHP)

This paper presents a design for manufacture (DFM) paradigm by applying a flexible decision-making technique, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A material and process selection engine (MPSE) that integrates multiple criteria is presented to assist designers and customers make judicious selections. The new approach applies an analytical hierarchy process to allocate weights (order ranking) to the respective alternatives and has been found to provide good results. This determines the most effective alternative to the overall goal of material and process selection. This DFM-AHP adaptation provides flexibility to include multiple criteria for making design decisions and can be applied to the design of a variety of products.
Simultaneous energy harvesting and gust alleviation for a multifunctional composite wing spar using reduced energy control via piezoceramics

This article examines the concept and design of a multifunctional composite sandwich structure for simultaneous energy harvesting and vibration control. The intention is to design a composite wing spar for a small unmanned aerial vehicle which is able to harvest energy itself from ambient vibrations during normal flight along with available sunlight. If the wing experiences any strong wind gust, it will sense the increased vibration levels and provide vibration control to maintain its stability. The proposed multifunctional composite wing spar integrates a flexible solar cell array, piezoelectric wafers, a thin film battery, and an electronic module into a composite sandwich structure. The piezoelectric wafers act as sensors, actuators, and harvesters. The basic design factors are discussed for a beam-like multifunctional wing spar with energy harvesting, strain sensing, and self-controlling functions. The configurations, locations, and operating modes of piezoelectric transducers are also discussed for o...
Lymphocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions In Oral Mucosal Inflammatory Diseases

Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for target cells is a method for evaluating specific lymphocyte stimulation. In vitro lymphocytotoxicity has been demonstrated in chronic ulcerative colitis and granulomatous colitis, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, systemic scleroderma, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and periodontal disease. We have investigated lymphocytotoxicity in 36 patients with various oral inflammatory diseases using an automated cell-counting system. This investigation demonstrated in vitro lymphocytotoxicity for gingival epithelial target cells by aggressor lymphocytes harvested from patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and periodontal disease. This effect was not seen when the lymphocytes were harvested from normal subjects or from patients with other oral mucosal inflammatory diseases. The automated cell-counting system corresponded very well with the assay technique of exclusion of supravital dye.
Effect of aging on concentrations of D2-receptor-containing neurons in the rat striatum

Striatal D2 dopamine receptor concentrations were shown to decrease 30–35% during the lifespan of Wistar rats as assessed both radiochemically and autoradiographically. Binding densities and degree of age-change varied within the striatum; the latter ranging from 17 to 44% in 4 different regions. Overall neuronal loss during aging was 19%, and also varied considerably within the different striatal regions. Thus, it appears that neuronal loss may account for up to roughly half of the striatal D2 receptor loss during aging.
Studies on hepatic protein synthesis in rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet.

Abstract Young Sprague-Dawley rats were force-fed a threonine-devoid or complete diet for one, two, or three feedings in 1 day. Rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet for three feedings and killed the following morning (16 hours later) developed increased hepatic protein synthesis and decreased gastrocnemius muscle protein synthesis, as measured by in vivo14C-leucine incorporation into proteins. At the same time, sucrose density-gradient patterns of hepatic polyribosomes of experimental animals demonstrated a shift toward heavier aggregates, and in vitro hepatic protein synthesis of experimental animals was increased when compared to control animals. Similar changes were not observed in experimental animals tube-fed one or two feedings and killed up to 6 hours later. Increases in hepatic protein synthesis were observed in animals killed 16 hours after two feedings of the threonine-devoid diet. Thus, it appears that the earliest increase in hepatic protein synthesis due to force-feeding a threonine-devoid diet occurs after two or three feedings in 1 day followed by an interval of 16 hours.
Comparative toxicities of selected industrial chemicals to microorganisms and other aquatic organisms.

Biodegradation rates of 25 narcotic industrial chemicals were determined manometrically using resting cells prepared from preacclimated microorganisms. Chemical concentrations that would reduce maximum rates by 50% (BIC50) were estimated from rate inhibition data. Subsequently, the BIC50 and acute toxicities of chemicals to daphnids, barnacle larvae, copepods and fish (bleak, fathead minnow and golden orfe) were correlated. The r2 andF-statistics for all six linear correlations were significant (α = 0.001). This suggests, for chemicals having a non-specific mode of toxic action, the biodegradation inhibition test may be used to estimate concentrations which would be toxic to higher aquatic organisms. A comparison of toxicity data showed microorganisms were less sensitive to test chemicals than the other species.
Clinical course of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma.

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical course of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) that relapses after initial therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with MM, seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1998, were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Our study population consisted of 578 patients with newly diagnosed MM who were followed up and monitored throughout their clinical course at our institution. RESULTS The median age of the 578 patients with MM was 65 years (range, 26-92 years); 228 patients (39%) were women. The median follow-up of 71 surviving patients was 55 months (range, 0-202 months). The overall survival (OS) for the 578 patients at 1, 2, and 5 years was 72%, 55%, and 22%, respectively; the median OS from initial therapy was 28.4 months. The median OS of 355 patients who experienced relapse after initial treatment was 17.1 months from initiation of the second therapy, and 84% died within 5 years. The duration of response decreased consistently with each successive regimen. Patients with a high plasma cell labeling index (≥1.0%), low platelet count ( 9 /L), high creatinine level (≥2.0 mg/dL), and low albumin level ( CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed decreasing response duration with increasing number of salvage regimens, probably reflecting acquired drug resistance and an increasing proliferative rate of the myeloma cells. Patients who experienced relapse after initial treatment and received salvage therapy had a median survival of nearly 1.5 years. This must be remembered when making treatment decisions for these patients and must be factored in when assessing the efficacy of new therapies.
New insights into the buccal apparatus of the Goniatitina: palaeobiological and phylogenetic implications

Exceptionally well-preserved radulae and lower jaws found both inside the body chamber of Cravenoceras fayettevillae (Mississippian) and in isolated nodules (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian) were analysed using CT scan and synchrotron propagation phase-contrast tomography. This approach reveals new anatomical details allowing us to investigate wear, preservation and muscle insertion in the buccal mass of the Goniatitina. For comparison, Recent cephalopod radulae were also investigated. The radula in the Goniatitina consists of nine elements per row, and its morphology is conservative in the group. The shape of the teeth is similar to that in some Recent coleoids. The lower jaw is morphologically closer to that of Recent Nautilus, consisting of a wide outer lamella and a reduced inner lamella. The morphology of the inner lamella reflects the outer lamella in smaller dimensions and does not protrude posteroventrally. The space between the inner and outer lamellae allows for muscle insertion. Our morphological data indicate that a mosaic of characters is present in the buccal mass of Goniatitina with some parts of the buccal mass being more primitive than others. This implies that different parts of the buccal mass may have followed different evolutionary histories.
Spin injection in mesoscopic silver wires: experimental test of resistance mismatch.

The spin polarization of current injected from a Permalloy electrode into a mesoscopic Ag wire is measured for samples with very low interface resistance. The observed value of at 79 K is an order of magnitude larger than values previously reported for low resistance interfaces and about 4 times larger than predictions of the common resistance mismatch model. These results demonstrate that high resistance barriers are not necessary for efficient spin injection.
Anesthesia Technique for Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration of Mediastinal Lymph Node

b fi l 1 s g s v f d s w i e w a l d o EDIASTINOSCOPY IS CONSIDERED the “gold standard” for mediastinal staging in lung cancer.1,2 owever, it is an invasive procedure requiring general ansthesia with invasive arterial catheter monitoring and often ostoperative hospitalization. More recently with the develpment of new minimally invasive technology, endobronhial ultrasonography (EBUS) has been reported to be useful n detecting mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. A new inear array ultrasonic bronchoscope (Fig 1) with the ability o perform real-time transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) nder direct ultrasound (US) guidance was developed by lympus Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). EBUS has high senitivity and specificity when compared with computed toography or positron-emission tomography imaging for meiastinal staging of patients with potentially resectable lung ancer.3-5 Tissue confirmation obtained by EBUS-TBNA is specially important for accurate staging, for detecting hisologic types of lung malignancy, and for differential diagosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy.
Thermal degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate): A kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data

The thermal decomposition of poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been studied using a conventional dynamic thermogravimetric technique in a flowing air atmosphere at several heating rates between 0.1°C and 100°C/min. The dynamic thermogravimetric analysis curve and its derivative have been analyzed using a variety of analytical methods reported in the literature to obtain information on the kinetic parameters. The degradation was found to be a complex process composed of at least three overlapping stages for which kinetic values can be calculated. The best approaches to solving the kinetics of the decomposition were found to be the multiple heating rate techniques of Friedman and Ozawa. The Friedman technique gave apparent activation energies (kJ/mol) for the three main decomposition stages of 122.2 ± 12.9, 201.0 ± 8.5, and 141.9 ± 12.7, with a value of 85.5 ± 10.2 for the prestage at low conversion. The Ozawa method, meanwhile, gave values of 101.6 ± 2.6, 182.6 ± 7.4, 142.5 ± 3.8, and 158.4 ± 26.1 for the prestage.
Equilibrium and Identification in Linear Panel Models

In this article we investigate an approach for simultaneously estimating cross-lagged and cross-instantaneous causal influences in two-variable, multiwave, linear panel models introduced by Greenberg et al. This approach requires observations over at least three time points and achieves identification by making assumptions about the consistency of parameter values across the adjacent time intervals 1-2 and 2-3. Our analysis demonstrates that multiwave models can be identified by imposing consistency constraints of this sort. However, this is a useful method only under a very restrictive set of empirical conditions.
Terminal State Error Analysis Using Adjoint-Generated Sensitivities

Dynamic system error analysis techniques frequently require a measure of trajectory terminal error due to initial condition dispersions and random system variations. The adjoint method described herein is an expeditious technique for determining sensitivities of terminal error to initial condition errors in nonlinear time-varying systems. In addition, mean square error deviation from a nominal trajectory is obtained using adjoint-generated sensitivity functions. Also terminal error marginal probability density due to Gaussian time-invariant random system parameter variations is generated provided a statistical description of trajectory initial dispersions and variational parameters can be supplied. A simple second-order system is used in the first example to illustrate the computation of sensitivity functions. A thirty-third-order, six-degree-of-freedom homing missile model is then used as the fixed plant for an error analysis which illustrates the application of the technique to a realistic situation.
Matroid prophet inequalities

Consider a gambler who observes a sequence of independent, non-negative random numbers and is allowed to stop the sequence at any time, claiming a reward equal to the most recent observation. The famous prophet inequality of Krengel, Sucheston, and Garling asserts that a gambler who knows the distribution of each random variable can achieve at least half as much reward, in expectation, as a "prophet" who knows the sampled values of each random variable and can choose the largest one. We generalize this result to the setting in which the gambler and the prophet are allowed to make more than one selection, subject to a matroid constraint. We show that the gambler can still achieve at least half as much reward as the prophet; this result is the best possible, since it is known that the ratio cannot be improved even in the original prophet inequality, which corresponds to the special case of rank-one matroids. Generalizing the result still further, we show that under an intersection of $p$ matroid constraints, the prophet's reward exceeds the gambler's by a factor of at most $O(p)$, and this factor is also tight. Beyond their interest as theorems about pure online algoritms or optimal stopping rules, these results also have applications to mechanism design. Our results imply improved bounds on the ability of sequential posted-price mechanisms to approximate optimal mechanisms in both single-parameter and multi-parameter Bayesian settings. In particular, our results imply the first efficiently computable constant-factor approximations to the Bayesian optimal revenue in certain multi-parameter settings.
On computational reducibility

A function is said to be computationally reducible to another if it requires less space(or a smaller amount of some other resource) to compute. When the recursive functions are ordered according to this reducibility several interesting facts emerge. The classes formed with functions that have ''best algorithms'' correspond to the complexity classes named by tape-complexity functions. In addition, several results concerning the structure of complexity classes and density are presented.
A FORTRAN Program for Discrete Discriminant Analysis.

In recent educational research discriminant analysis has been prominently emphasized as a technique for classifying subjects into predetermined categories. In practice a common experience is that the "best" discriminating variables do not satisfy the assumptions underlying classical discriminant analysis; for example, sex, age, and race. Discrete discriminant analysis is a technique developed to deal with such data. A FORTRAN Program is available from the authors that performs discrete discriminant analysis. It handles a maximum of 50 predictor variables and 12 outcome groups.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery

Abnormal origin of the coronary artery in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome is an extremely rare defect. We describe a newborn with concomitant hypoplastic left heart syndrome and abnormal origin of the left coronary artery arising from the right pulmonary artery. A Norwood procedure and direct reimplantation of the left coronary artery to the ascending aorta was performed.
Design of an artificial pancreas using zone model predictive control with a Moving Horizon State Estimator

A zone model predictive control (zone-MPC) algorithm that utilizes the Moving Horizon State Estimator (MHSE) is presented. The control application is an artificial pancreas for treating people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. During the meal challenge, the prediction quality of the zone-MPC algorithm with the MHSE was significantly better than when using the current Luenberger observer to provide the state estimate. Consequently, the controller using the MHSE rejected the meal disturbance faster and without inducing extra hypoglycemia risk (e.g., lower postprandial blood glucose peak by 10 mg/dL and higher postprandial minimum blood glucose by 11 mg/dL). The faster rejection of the meal disturbance led to a longer time in the clinically accepted safe region (70–180 mg/dL) by 13%, and this may reduce the likelihood of the complications related to type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Optical computed tomography in a turbid medium using early arriving photons.

We employ photon migration to image absorbing objects embedded in a turbid medium. For improved resolution, we use early arriving photons (a few hundred picoseconds in excess of the time of flight), a regime in which the diffusion approximation breaks down. Our image reconstruction method is based on extension of x-ray com- puted tomography (CT) to the optical regime. The CT algorithm must be generalized to take into account the distributions of photon paths. We express the point spread function (PSF) in terms of the Green's function for the transport equation. This PSF then provides weighting functions for use in a generalized series expansion method of x-ray CT. Experiments were performed on a turbid medium with scattering and absorption properties similar to those of human breast tissue. Multiple absorbers were embedded into the medium to mimic tumors. Coaxial transmission scans were collected in two projections, and the early-time portions were analyzed. Through accurate modeling, we could remove the blurring associated with multiple scattering and ob- tain high-resolution images. Our results show that the diffusion ap- proximation PSF is inadequate to describe the early arriving photons. A PSF incorporating causality is required to reconstruct accurate im- ages of turbid media. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S1083-3668(00)01202-8)
Profiles of Latino Adaptation at Elite Colleges and Universities

Drawing on frameworks of blocked opportunity, social identity, and immigrant adaptation processes, we tested competing hypotheses about Latino achievement, focusing on variation in the ways in which Latino students at elite colleges perceive and navigate minority status. Using data from 916 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, cluster analyses identify three profiles of perceived opportunity and social exclusion. Students in the assimilation profile do not believe minority status impacts opportunity. Those in the accommodation profile believe unequal opportunity can be overcome by individual effort. Finally, students in the resistance profile are most skeptical about opportunity for minorities, and these students also report more on-campus ethnic prejudice than their peers. As freshmen, perceived prejudice predicted lower grades only for students in the accommodation profile; however, accommodators later report higher academic achievement than resisters as sophomores. We discuss the conceptual utility of examining multiple beliefs about opportunity in concert.
Geographical variation in health-related quality of life among older US adults, 1997-2010.

INTRODUCTION Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality; however, its geographical variation in older adults in the United States has not been characterized. We compared HRQOL among older adults in the 50 US states and the District of Columbia using the Health and Activities Limitation Index (HALex). We also compared the HRQOL of 4 regions: South, West, Midwest, and Northeast. METHODS We analyzed pooled data from 1997 through 2010 from the National Health Interview Survey for participants aged 65 or older. HALex scores (which range from 0 to 1.00, with higher values indicating better health) were calculated by combining data on participants' perceived health and activity limitations. We ranked states by mean HALex score and performed multivariable logistic regression analyses to compare low scores (defined as scores in the lowest quintile) among US regions after adjustment for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and survey design. RESULTS Older residents of Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and West Virginia had the lowest mean HALex scores (range, 0.62-0.68); residents of Arizona, Delaware, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Vermont had the highest mean scores (range, 0.78-0.79). Residents in the Northeast (odds ratio [OR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.76) and the Midwest (OR, 64; 95% CI, 0.56-0.73) were less likely than residents in the South to have scores in the lowest quintile after adjustment for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and survey design. CONCLUSION Significant regional differences exist in HRQOL of older Americans. Future research could provide policy makers with information on improving HRQOL of older Americans.
Effect of ionic modification of the hydration shell of a charge-neutral radical on its resonance Raman spectrum

The effect of ionic perturbation of the hydration shell on the molecular geometry of a charge-neutral radical has been probed by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy using p-aminophenoxyl radical (H 2 NC 6 H 4 O_ ) as a model system. The dynamic coupling between the amine scissors and the ring stretching vibrations is found to be greatly enhanced on incorporation of chloride ion in the hydration shell, suggesting an increase in the coplanar character of the radical. This observed ionic effect, not known previously, contrasts with a recent finding that ions have a negligible effect on the hydrogen-bond structure in liquid water.
Synergism of Vancomycin-Gentamicin and Vancomycin-Streptomycin Against Enterococci

The in vitro activity of vancomycin and combinations of vancomycin-gentamicin and vancomycin-streptomycin against enterococci was investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentration of vancomycin for 99 of 100 enterococcal strains isolated clinically was 3.12 mug or less/ml. When cultures of eight strains were incubated with vancomycin, regardless of the inoculum size (10(6), 10(5), or 10(4)) and concentration of vancomycin (10 or 20 mug/ml), there was no significant reduction in the number of viable enterococci at 6, 24, and 48 h. Gentamicin and streptomycin in concentrations attainable clinically were not effective against enterococci. Vancomycin combined with gentamicin or streptomycin was tested against 41 enterococcal strains. With the combination of vancomycin at 10 mug/ml and gentamicin at 4 mug/ml or vancomycin at 5 mug/ml and gentamicin at 4 mug/ml, synergism was demonstrated against all 41 strains at 6 h. The combination of vancomycin at 10 mug/ml and streptomycin at 10 mug/ml was only synergistic against 25 of 41 strains at 6 h, and only 22 of 41 strains were affected synergistically at 6 h by vancomycin at 5 mug/ml with streptomycin at 10 mug/ml. With few exceptions, the enhanced killing was more pronounced at 24 and 48 h. The combination of vancomycin and gentamicin or vancomycin and streptomycin (where in vitro studies demonstrate synergism) may be a useful alternate therapy in enterococcal endocarditis.
High recovery of tryptophan from acid hydrolysates of proteins

Abstract Moderate concentrations of thioglycolic acid largely prevented the destruction of tryptophan during acid hydrolysis of proteins. A new method for the microanalysis of tryptophan by acid hydrolysis is proposed.
Re‐visions of the holocaust: Textbook images and historical myth‐making

The visual representation of “others”; or those not identified as part of mainstream European‐derived culture is an issue of historiography as well as one of current politics. This paper evaluates the World War II Holocaust of European Jews as it is depicted in a sample of visual images in United States secondary school history textbooks. It finds that the images are not oriented toward historical fact or complexity as much as to enact contemporary goals of societal unity. All the blame for the events is placed on stereotypical “Nazis.”; Absent are the culpabilities of other groups and nationalities and of persecution of minority groups in Western thought and tradition. The study also raises the question of how images can or should be used to heighten social consciousness and provoke public action.
A new hydrocharitacean seagrass from the Eocene of Florida

Middle Eocene seagrass compressions occur in the Avon Park Limestone Formation near Gulf Hammock on Florida's west coast. One group of specimens resembles two seagrass species of the hydrocharitaceans, Thalassia and Enhalus, that are living today in tropical and subtropical shallow marine environments. The Eocene plant has a dimorphic rhizome system consisting of a creeping, monopodial, plagiotropic rhizome with small roots and orthotropic laterals (short shoots) that occur in pairs every three to five nodes. Laterals bifurcate and produce glabrous eligulate leaves in an alternate and distichous arrangement. Foliage leaves have fibrous basal sheaths, blades with parallel venation, perpendicular and oblique cross veins, prominent midrib, and smooth, entire margins. Throughout the plant are numerous brown-coloured tanniferous dots and deposits of small calcium oxalate crystals. Based on features of these non-reproductive structures, the Florida Eocene seagrass is recognized as a new genus and species Thalassites parkavonensis in the Hydrocharitaceae. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 157, 19–30.
Pauli Principle and the Pion-Nucleus Interaction

The effect of the Pauli principle on the low-energy pion-nucleus interaction is examined. We find that the Pauli effects do not appreciably alter the estimate of the strength of the $p$-wave optical potential based on free-space scattering volumes.
Identification of a Kb-restricted CTL Epitope of β-Galactosidase: Potential Use in Development of Immunization Protocols for “Self” Antigens

The use of recombinant and synthetic vaccines in the treatment of cancer has recently been explored using model tumor associated antigens (TAA), many of which do not model the immunological state of affairs in which the TAA is expressed by normal tissues. One potentially useful model Ag is beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). Because the activity of this enzyme is so easily detectable, this gene has been inserted into a large number of recombinant viruses and tumors useful to the cancer vaccinologist. In addition, numerous transgenic mouse colonies that have tissue-specific expression of beta-gal have been developed, enabling the modeling of tolerance to "self" Ags. Since most of these mice have an H-2b background, we generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) capable of recognizing beta-gal-expressing tumor cells of C57BL\6 origin and have determined that their restriction element is the K(b) molecule. Using an allele-specific epitope forecast to generate a panel of candidate peptides, we have determined that the K(b)-restricted sequence is DAPIYTNV and corresponds to amino acids 96-103 of the intact beta-gal molecule. A recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV-ES beta-gal96-103) was constructed that encoded the peptide epitope preceded by an endoplasmic reticulum insertion signal sequence. Tumor cells infected with this rVV were recognized by the original CTL that had been used to identify the epitope. Furthermore, splenocytes of mice immunized with a rVV encoding the full-length beta-gal molecule and restimulated with the DAPIYTNV peptide specifically recognized tumor cells expressing beta-gal. The identification of this immunogenic beta-gal sequence enables the modeling of immunization strategies in animal models of malignant disease in which the target antigen is a "self" protein.
Good‐Fast‐Cheap: Pick Any Two: Dilemmas About the Value of Applicable Research1

Questions of internal validity vs. external validity have long been of concern to social and organizational psychologists. In recent years, the issue of applicability of research data has been emphasized as well. The present paper distinguishes between basic, applied, and applicable research. It is concluded that sufficient criteria for judging basic and applied research are available. However, there appears to be little agreement about the value and the quality of most applicable research. To help alleviate this problem, criteria for judging applicable research are suggested. The potential contributions of basic, applied, and applicable research to policy formation and to the search for solutions which are relevant to social, organizational, and governmental problems are considered.
Characterization of the Structure of Agglomerate Particles

Agglomerates of uniformly sized primary spheres are found in many aerosol and colloidal systems. Such particles have been described as fractal although they possess selfsimilarity over only a narrow range of length scales. Previous work suggests that, for such objects, ideal fractal scaling laws may require substantial corrections. The problem is particularly acute for measurements of particle structure from 2d images. The relation between the structure of an agglomerate and the characteristics of its projection is investigated using simple analytical models and clusters generated by a modified cluster cluster aggregation simulation. The morphology of the simulated clusters is varied by changing the ratio of masses of the colliding clusters. The fractal dimensions D_(f3) of the simulated clusters were typically 10–20% higher than those measured for the projections, D_(f2), even though D_(f3) > 2. This difference decreases as the cluster size increases. It was found that the fraction of primary particles visible in the 2d image is more sensitive to cluster size than to fractal dimension for clusters with less than several thousand primary particles.
On the History of ANOVA in Unbalanced, Factorial Designs: The First 30 Years

Abstract The history of the analysis of unbalanced factorial designs is traced from Yates's original papers (Yates 1933, 1934) to the beginning of the computational revolution in the 1960s. Emphasis is placed on putting the methods proposed during this period in perspective in view of our present understanding.
Influence of Low-Level Environment on Severity of High-Plains Moist Convection

Abstract Early afternoon environmental conditions preceding hail-producing thunderstorms are statistically compared with conditions for classes of less severe moist convection using only data from individual radiosonde releases collected during the National Hail Research Experiment in northeast Colorado. The ensuing analyses emphasize the thermodynamic characteristics of the mixed layer and immediate overlying free flow. On days with hail-producing thunderstorms, the mixed layer tends to be particularly thin and moist. Energy required to initiate moist convection is found to be somewhat greater than normal, while energy required to further develop moist convection is substantially less than normal. Parcel energies are found to be quite sensitive to the level of parcel origin in the mixed layer.
Diamagnetism due to Free Electrons

According to the electron theory of the electrical and thermal properties of metals, these bodies contain a large number of negative electrons, which move about between the metallic atoms like the molecules of a gas. This theory explains satisfactorily several of the fundamental facts, such as the emission of electrons from hot metals, Ohm’s law, and Wiedemann and Franz’s law, but fails in its simple form to account for the different values of the Hall effect and other phenomena. More elaborate forms of the electron theory, based on the quantum hypothesis, enable some of these difficulties to be removed.
Digital Instrument Response Correction for the Force-Balance Accelerometer

Abstract Correction for the instrument response of acceleration records obtained by force balance accelerometers (FBA) is necessary (a) to eliminate phase distortion at high frequencies, and (b) to broaden the useful frequency band up to, and beyond, the corner frequency of the system. The proposed algorithm contains operations in the time domain only and can be applied to any digitized record obtained from a FBA with known characteristics. The adequacy of the procedure depends on the accuracy of the information on the transducer's constants: damping ratio and natural frequency. An appropriate testing procedure is also presented.
Cognitive Ability and Computing Experience Influence Interpretation of Computer Metaphors

Metaphors play a central role in human-computer interaction. Research on general metaphor interpretation has shown that different types of people interpret metaphors differently. The present experiment examined the effects of cognitive ability and computer experience on the interpretation of computer-related metaphors. Subjects completed five cognitive tests, filled out a questionnaire concerning their experience with computers, and interpreted computer metaphor terms. Identification of a term as a metaphor was related to their frequency of computer use and nonverbal cognitive ability. Concreteness of metaphor interpretations decreased with increased knowledge of programming. Abstractness of interpretations increased with frequency of computer use. The discussion focuses on metaphors in the design of user interfaces for novices and experienced users.