cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Science Autonomic Responses to Dental Procedures in Pedodontic Patients During a Standard Restoration Session

Autonomic and behavioral responses to seven dental procedures were studied in 21 pedodontic patients aged six to 12. When mean pulse rate, pulse amplitude, absolute skin conductance, and skin-conductance responses were compared over all subjects, the injection of the local anesthetic consistently elicited the greatest response. In five patients where anesthesia was inadequate, painful high-speed drilling also elicited large responses. When autonomic responses were compared between high-anxious and low-anxious children, both groups showed similar transient responsiveness. High-anxious children showed a significantly higher basal level of sympathetic activity.
Differences between eddy coefficients for instantaneous and continuous vertical diffusion into the neutral surface layer

Batchelor's similarity law for vertical diffusion into the neutral surface layer was shown by Ellison to yield a universal constant equal to the Karman constant. However, the argument assumes that the eddy coefficient for mass above an instantaneous ground source is the same as for a continuous source. In this study, the former eddy coefficient is found to be time dependent and height independent if the particulate distribution is Gaussian. This leads to a value of the universal constant 2/π smaller than found by Ellison.
MOLECULAR AND BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ON LIGAND-BINDING AFFINITY AND SPECIFICITY

Interactions between biological macromolecules have characteristic values of affinity and specificity that are set according to the biological function that is served by the interaction in the organism. Here we examine the molecular mechanisms that are used to achieve the required values of affinity and specificity in various biological systems.
Ramifications of revealing private information: A gender gap

The study examined the frequency with which men (N = 126) and women (N = 126) anticipated positive and negative ramifications to disclosure of information in four topic areas: Parental, achievement, sexual, and global. The findings indicate that men predicted more negative ramifications for all topics than women, while women predicted more positive ramifications than men. In terms of topic, men predicted more negative ramifications than women when they were disclosing information about achievement. Overall, it was found that respondents expected more positive than negative ramifications. However, when topic was considered, respondents predicted negative ramifications most frequently for the sexual topic and least frequently for the achievement topic. Implications were discussed in terms of boundary regulation and achievement orientation for men and women.
Importance of Biogeomorphic and Spatial Properties in Assessing a Tidal Salt Marsh Vulnerability to Sea-level Rise

We evaluated the biogeomorphic processes of a large (309 ha) tidal salt marsh and examined factors that influence its ability to keep pace with relative sea-level rise (SLR). Detailed elevation data from 1995 and 2008 were compared with digital elevation models (DEMs) to assess marsh surface elevation change during this time. Overall, 37 % (113 ha) of the marsh increased in elevation at a rate that exceeded SLR, whereas 63 % (196 ha) of the area did not keeppace with SLR. Of the total area, 55 % (169 ha) subsided during the study period, but subsidence varied spatially across the marsh surface. To determine which biogeomorphic and spatial factors contributed to measured elevation change, we collected soil cores and determined percent and origin of organic matter (OM), particle size, bulk density (BD), and distance tonearest bay edge, levee,and channel.We thenused Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) model selection to assess those variables most important to determine measured elevation change. Soil stable isotope compositions were evaluated to assess the source of the OM. The samples had limited percent OM by weight (<5.5 %), with mean bulk densities of 0.58 g cm -3 , indicating that the soils had high mineral content with a relativelylow proportionofporespace. The most parsimonious model with the highest AICc weight (0.53) includeddistance from bay's edge(i.e.,lower intertidal) and distance from levee (i.e., upper intertidal). Close proximity to sediment source was the greatest factor in determining whether an area increased in elevation, whereas areas nearlandwardleveesexperienced subsidence. Ourstudy indicated that the ability of a marsh to keep pace with SLR varied across the surface, and assessing changes in elevation over time provides an alternative method to long-term accretion monitoring. SLR models that do not consider spatial variability of biogeomorphic and accretion processes may not correctly forecast marsh drowning rates, which may be especially true in modified and urbanized estuaries. In light of SLR, improving our understanding of elevation change in these dynamic marsh systems will play a crucial role in forecasting potential impacts to their sustainability and the survival of these ecosystems.
Experimental evidence for the development of a microviscous layer near the surface of dissolving polyethylene glycol

The microenviromnent near the surface of dissolving polyethylene glycol 1450 (PEG 1450) samples was probed using microviscosity sensitive fluorescent probes. The microviscosity of 0.5 mm thick layers of solution was monitored by exciting the fluorescence of the soluble probe using a laser directed horizontally across the film at various distances above the solid. As the solid PEG dissolved slowly in an unstirred environment, fluorescence data revealed the development of a microviscosity gradient over the dissolving PEG. The microviscosity at each distance above the solid reached a plateau with respect to time which decreased with distance from the surface. Slow stirring homogenized the solution further from the surface, although a microviscous layer did develop close to the surface. These events are described in terms of a finite difference approximation to Fick's second law which takes into account the dependence of diffusivity on PEG concentration.
Studies on squalene potentiation of thymic response to corticotropin.

It has been suggested on the basis of previously presented data that exogenous squalene potentiates response of the thjinus to corticotropin (ACTH) in hypophysectomized rats by serving as a readily utilized precursor of glucocorticoids. Other possible explanations have now been studied further. Attempts to demonstrate that the potentiation occurs because squalene acts as a stress-producing agent or directly as a thymolytic agent have given negative results, even in animals with impaired adrenal-pituitary homeostatic pathways, sensitized or conditioned with glucocorticoids. Potentiation has been erratic in occurrence and in degree, but it has now become possible to rationalize these inconsistent results. The data indicate that potentiation can be detected by thymus involution in hypophysectomized rats when the levels of ACTH employed permit the increments of corticoids attributable to a given dose of squalene to represent a measurable proportion of the total glucocorticoids synthesized. When this situation...
erbB-2 overexpression in human mammary epithelial cells confers growth factor independence.

Previously, we demonstrated that human breast cancer cells with progressively elevated levels of constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated erbB-2 are independent of growth factors required by normal human mammary epithelial (HME) cells for proliferation in serum-free medium. To determine whether erbB-2 overexpression alone is sufficient to confer the growth factor-independence phenotype in HME cells, the spontaneously immortalized MCF-10A cell line and the HPV-16-immortalized H16N2 cell line were infected with the bicistronic retroviral vector pTPerbB-2 and tested for their ability to grow in the absence of specific factors. Selection of infected cells in G418-containing medium resulted in moderate levels of erbB-2 overexpression in approximately 40% of cells. The subpopulation of erbB-2 overexpressing cells could be selected for by culturing the cells in medium devoid of insulin. When MCF-10A or H16N2 cells were infected with pTPerbB-2 and directly selected in growth factor-deficient medium over long period...
Above-ground productivity and litter decomposition in a tidal freshwater forested wetland on Bull Island, SC, USA

Abstract Above-ground net primary productivity (NPP), decomposition of water tupelo leaves, and nutrient dynamics were investigated from 2000 to 2002 within a coastal, tidally influenced forested wetland on Bull Island, SC. Flooding of the island is influenced by flooding events of the Pee Dee River (PD) on the western side of the island, Big and Little Bull Creeks (BC) on the eastern side, and daily tidal fluctuations. Above-ground NPP ranged between 477 g/m2 and 1117 g/m2 while mean above-ground NPP was 743 g/m2 when all data were combined regardless of growing seasons or sites. Mean annual litterfall and stemwood production were 463 g/(m2 year) and 279 g/(m2 year), respectively, for all three growing seasons. Analyses also showed that the 3-year average above-ground NPP was significantly higher (p
Picosecond spectroscopy of transition metal complexes

Spectrometrie des metaux carbonyle, des complexes metalliques avec des coordinats mono- et bidentes, des complexes metalliques dinucleiaires et des porphyrines metalliques
Vertical Nanopillars For Highly-Localized Fluorescence Imaging in Live Cells

The rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology creates new frontiers for biological sciences such as quantum dots for fluorescence imaging and nanotransistor-based biosensors. Recently, vertical nanopillars protruding from a flat surface has been shown to support cell survival and deliver large molecules into the attached cells. Here we demonstrate (1) the use of vertically aligned SiO2 nanopillars to achieve below-the-diffraction limit observation volume in vitro and inside live cells and (2) the use of vertical Pt nanopillars to enhance electrical coupling between neuron cells and the recording electrodes. Transparent SiO2 nanopillars embedded in a nontransparent substrate restricts the propagation of light and affords evanescence wave excitation along its vertical surface. This effect creates high-localized illumination that can be used for single molecule detection with high fluorescence background. We also fabricate vertically aligned Pt nanopillars to enhance the electrical coupling between cultured neurons and the measuring microelectrode arrays. Pt nanopillars were found to serve as geometrically better focal adhesion points for cell attachment and thus enable high-quality signal recording. Therefore, vertical nanopillars can serve as a versatile platform to optically, electrically and chemically probe biological activities in live cells.
Inversion of atom diffraction intensities for surface structural determination

Abstract Atom diffraction from surfaces has proved to be a very useful method for structural studies on surfaces, particularly for incommensurate layers and hydrogen adlayers which are not easily analyzed with LEED. We have developed a rapid method to obtain the surface corrugation function directly from the measured intensities within the hard wall model. This avoids a tedious search in parameter space to determine surface structures and is valid for surfaces whose corrugation amplitudes are below the Rayleigh limit. We will discuss the method and its sensitivity to experimental errors in determining the diffraction intensities as well as its applicability when only a fraction of the allowed diffraction beams are experimentally accessible.
P12-07. Novel HIV vaccines using chimeric influenza HA vectors

Background Influenza viruses containing chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins with large foreign polypeptide insertions are being examined as a novel vaccine vectors. Our initial studies involved polypeptide insertions derived from the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), and showed that the entire140 amino acid receptor binding domain of PA could be incorporated into functional chimeric PA/HA proteins. These were engineered into infectious influenza viruses by reverse genetics, and the resulting viruses displayed replication properties similar to WT influenza virus. Using a mouse model, we examined the induction of antibody responses using heterologous prime/boost strategies with a variety of PA vectors (influenza, vaccinia, rabies, cDNA), and we found that strategies involving initial priming with the influenza vector resulted in anti-PA serum antibody titers that were 10fold higher than alternative regimes. These sera displayed in vitro neutralization titers against anthrax toxin that were remarkably high, >10-fold greater than values considered to be neutralization positive, and animal protection experiments are currently underway.
A phase I dose escalation study of TTI-237 in patients with advanced malignant solid tumors

Purpose: This study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetic profile of TTI-237, a novel anti-tubulin drug, administered weekly in patients with refractory solid tumors. Patients and methods: Using an accelerated dose escalation design, patients with refractory solid tumors were enrolled in this study and treated with TTI-237 intravenously on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. The starting dose was 4.5 mg/m2. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in patients at all dose levels. Result: Twenty-eight patients were enrolled and treated with TTI-237 at dose of 4.5, 9, 15, 22.5 and 31.5 mg/m2. One dose-limiting toxicity neutropenia fever was observed at 31.5 mg/m2, and all seven patients developed grade 3 or 4 neutropenia at that dose level. TTI-237 dosage was de-escalated to 22.5 and 18 mg/m2. Six patients were treated at the 18 mg/m2 dose level without dose-limiting toxicity prior to trial termination. The mean terminal-phase elimination half-life (t1/2) for TTI-237 was 25–29 h, and the mean area under the concentration time curve at 31.5 mg/m2 was 2,768 ng•h/mL. Conclusion: A protocol defined maximum tolerated dose was not determined because of early termination of the TTI-237 trial by the sponsor. 18 mg/m2 may be a tolerable dose of TTI-237.
4-Bromoacetamidoprocaine: an affinity ligand for brain muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

This study describes the synthesis, receptor binding characteristics, and some behavioral effects of p-bromoacetamidoprocaine (BAP), a new affinity ligand for brain muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The reversible binding of [3H]QNB to rat brain membranes was inhibited in a concentration dependent and saturable manner by both procaine and BAP, with Ki values of 4×10−6 and 3×10−7 M, respectively, and complete inhibition at 1×10−5 M. Both procaine and BAP, although at much concentrations, inhibited the binding of [3H]methylcarbamylcholine in a concentration dependent manner, with Ki values of 5×10−5 and 1×10−5 M, respectively, and complete inhibition for both at 1×10−3 M. Plots of the % irreversible inhibition of [3H]QNB, [3H]nicotine, and [3H]MCC vs [BAP] yielded Ki values of 7×10−8, 1×10−4, and 6×10−5 M, respectively. In behavioral studies BAP was able to antagonize the QNB-induced hyperactivity in mice; however, BAP did not appear to alter nicotine-induced seizure activity or other behavioral effects in mice. A plot of the time course of inhibition by BAP for [3H]QNB binding revealed that the inhibition was almost complete within 10 min exposure at 37°. The findings indicate that BAP is a useful affinity ligand for examining the biochemical and functional characteristics of brain cholinergic receptors, particularly the muscarinic which has an affinity near the nM concentration range.
Integrating academic services in a modern networked environment

Developments within the World Wide Web (WWW) and attendant user interfaces (e.g., Mosaic, Netscape) have produced well-defined protocols for describing, communicating, and viewing hypertext information. This ability to uniformly handle different types of information has created tremendous opportunities for re-engineering the means by which disparate data is managed and communicated among individuals and organizations. In the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at the Georgia Institute of Technology, this technology is being used as the building block for integrating administrative, instructional, and research services. This paper describes tools, applications, experiences, and observations surrounding the development of the ECE Web Server.
Epidemiology of hepatitis A: seroepidemiology and risk groups in the USA.

Abstract Surveillance and seroepidemiological data are important in determining optimal hepatitis A vaccine strategies. In the USA, after a decade of declining rates, reported hepatitis A rates gradually increased from 9.2 cases per 100 000 population in 1983 to a peak of 14.4 per 100 000 in 1989. In 1991, 23 144 cases were reported, for a rate of 9.1 per 100 000. Since 1983, rates in males have been consistently 20% higher than in females. Rates in children, adolescents and adults up to 39 years old have been roughly equivalent and approximately threefold higher than for persons ≥ 40 years old. Among reported cases in 1989, the most commonly reported risk factor was personal contact with a hepatitis A case (26%), followed by employment or attendance at a day-care centre (14%), a history of injecting drug use (11%), a history of recent international travel (4%), and association with a suspected food or waterborne outbreak (3%). Of cases, 42% had no known risk factor for infection. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus in the general US population was 38.2%, based upon testing of 9516 participants from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 1976 to 1980. Prevalence increased steadily with age, ranging from 11% in persons
Governing on the Edges: Globalization of Production and the Challenge to Public Administration in the Twenty‐First Century

Globalization means many things for governments around the world in terms of governance. Questions that are left unexplored in the public administration literature are what changes in the globalization of production mean for governments and their relationships with business and civil society, and what the implications are for public administration. The authors develop a conceptual framework that governments can use to shape their interactions with business in more strategically and mutually beneficial ways. The data are derived from extensive fieldwork in the emerging economies of Southeast Asia. Key challenges to government include the importance of understanding global value chains, value chain-related trade facilitation, investment in logistics, the strengthening of enterprise clusters, effective education, skill development and training, and the governance risks inherent in value chains and networks. The essay concludes with a discussion of five key considerations for public administration in thinking, planning, and acting strategically in relationships with the private sector regarding the globalization of production. These considerations are crucial for creating business environments that strengthen economic development and manage societal concerns in ways that are aligned with public values.
Interactive visual debugging with UML

Software debugging is an extremely difficult cognitive process requiring comprehension of overall application behavior along with detailed understanding of specific application components. Typical debuggers provide inadequate support for this process, focusing primarily on the details accessible through source code. To overcome this deficiency, we link dynamic program execution state to a Unified Modeling Language (UML) object diagram. We enhance the standard UML diagram with focus + context, graph layout, and color encoding techniques that organize and present objects and events in a manner that facilitates analysis of system behavior. We support debugging using high level abstractions commonly used in system design, while maintaining access to low level details with an interactive display.
Characterization and investigation of the electrocatalytic properties of poly-p-phenylene modified electrodes

Abstract Poly- p -phenylene was polymerized electrochemically on the surface of platinum and glassy carbon electrodes. The polymer film differs both in morphology and in effects of modification when a comparison is made between the modified platinum and modified glassy carbon surfaces. The modified electrodes are shown to decrease the overpotential for oxidation of such biologically important compounds as NADH, acetaminophen, catechol, p -aminophenol, and ascorbic acid. In addition to the decrease in overpotential, there is also an increase in the current for the oxidative process. The electrodes are stable chemically and electrochemically both in aqueous solution and in mixtures containing methanol, making them excellent candidates for sensing and/or electrocatalytic applications.
To outsource or not to outsource: Examining the effects of outsourcing IT functions on financial performance in hospitals.

BACKGROUND Outsourcing of information technology (IT) functions is a popular strategy with both potential benefits and risks for hospitals. Anecdotal evidence, based on case studies, suggests that outsourcing may be associated with significant cost savings. However, no generalizable evidence exists to support such assertions. PURPOSE This study examines whether outsourcing IT functions is related to improved financial performance in hospitals. METHODOLOGY Primary survey data on IT outsourcing behavior were combined with secondary data on hospital financial performance. Regression analyses examined the relationship between outsourcing and various measures of financial performance while controlling for bed size, average patient acuity, geographic location, and overall IT adoption. FINDINGS Complete data from a total of 83 Florida hospitals were available for analyses. Findings suggest that the decision to outsource IT functions is not related to any of the hospital financial performance measures that were examined. Specifically, outsourcing of IT functions did not correlate with net inpatient revenue, net patient revenue, hospital expenses, total expenses, cash flow ratio, operating margin, or total margin. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS In most cases, IT outsourcing is not necessarily a cost-lowering strategy, but instead, a cost-neutral manner in which to accomplish an organizational strategy.
Free radical mechanisms in neocarzinostatin-induced DNA damage.

Abstract The molecular mechanism by which the antitumor protein antibiotic, neocarzinostatin, interacts with DNA and causes DNA sugar damage is discussed. Physical binding of the nonprotein chromophore of neocarzinostatin to DNA, involving an intercalative process and dependent on the microheterogeneity of DNA structure, is followed by thiol activation of the drug to a probable radical species. The latter attacks the deoxyribose, especially at thymidylate residues, by abstracting a hydrogen atom from C-5′ to generate a carbon-centered radical on the DNA. This nascent form of DNA damage either reacts with dioxygen to form a peroxyl radical derivative, which eventuates in a strand break with a nucleoside 5′-aldehyde at the 5′-end or reacts with the bound drug to form a novel drug-deoxyribose covalent adduct. Nitroaromatic radiation sensitizers can substitute for dioxygen, but the DNA damage products are different. Similarities between the various biological effects of neocarzinostatin and ionizing radiation are reviewed.
Original article: A particle method for a collisionless plasma with infinite mass

The one-dimensional Vlasov-Poisson system is considered and a particle method is developed to approximate solutions without compact support which tend to a fixed background of charge as |x|->~. Such a system of equations can be used to model kinetic phenomena occurring in plasma physics. A localized particle method is constructed and implemented using the fact that solutions to the Vlasov-Poisson system propagate at finite speeds. Finally, the numerical method is utilized to ascertain information regarding the time asymptotics of the generated electrostatic field.
The National Survey of Adoptive Parents: An Introduction to the Special Issue of Adoption Quarterly

This article describes the background, design, and operation of the first-ever large-scale nationally representative population survey regarding adopted children across adoption types. The National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP) was administered to 2,089 adoptive parents between April 2007 and July 2008, including parents of 545 children adopted internationally, 763 children adopted from the U.S. foster care system, and 781 children adopted from private domestic sources. The survey includes information on the characteristics, well-being, and service utilization of adopted children and their families. These data can be used by researchers to explore a broad range of topics related to adoption.
DYNAMIC OPTION MODELS: IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF SPECULATIVE MARKET INTERRELATIONSHIPS

THE PURPOSE of this research is to analyze dynamic models of option price behavior. In the theoretical development, a theory of investor behavior under uncertainty is formulated in terms of determining an optimal consumptioninvestment sequence that maximizes an investor's level of satisfaction as determined by anticipated consumption. The theory is based on the hypothesis that an investor can determine the expected utility to be derived from an option using two focus values. These values represent the extremes of the distribution of price outcomes for the associated common stock. The analysis suggests that option valuation models should take account of both expectational variables and market interrelationships. In the empirical portion of the research, this theory of valuation is applied to the price behavior of warrants which are an important type of option. Discrete linear stochastic processes having rational lag structures are identified and estimated using monthly price series. The statistical methodology employed is an adaptation of the Box and Jenkins univariate time series procedure, together with multivariate transfer function kinds of interrelated structural analyses. Moreover, a factor analytic framework based on principal components is utilized in order to investigate the influence of groups of interrelated variables on the warrant pricing process. As predicted by the theory, warrant price changes are found to be positively related to changing investor expectations about the price of the associated stock. Warrants that are essentially unaffected by market focus prices are shown to return the riskless rate, while those which are influenced by market focus prices, promise an appropriately higher expected return. It is also concluded that trading volume as well as the senior security of bond usable warrants influence warrant price behavior. For options in general, the empirical results of this research present strong evidence suggesting that option price changes are directly related to investor expectations and psychological market factors but inversely related to interest rate risk. Within the context of efficient market theory, the empirical results suggest that the adjustment of option price precedes the events which are the basis for such price changes.
Magnetotransport properties of magnetic granular solids: The role of unfilled d bands

We calculate the magnetoresistance and magnetothermopower of magnetic granular solids. Contrary to previous theories of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR), we demonstrate that the unfilled d bands of magnetic grains play an essential role in the transport properties of these systems. Our results relate GMR and magnetothermopower to microscopic and geometric quantities, and provide a natural explanation for many experimentally observed features, such as the (M/${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{s}}$${)}^{2}$ dependence of the GMR, the giant magnetothermopower and its 1/\ensuremath{\rho} scaling behavior, and the absence of negative GMR in rare-earth--nonmagnetic structures.
A new tool for dissecting genetic control of type 1 diabetes.

The NOD mouse has been a critical tool in the quest to understand the genetic control of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and over 25 murine insulin-dependent diabetes ( Idd ) loci that modulate the natural history of T1D have been identified (1). Several of the candidate genes identified in NOD mice also play a role in human T1D, suggesting that dysregulated immune pathways in NOD may closely resemble those found in humans, and justifying continuing work on the genetic origin of T1D in NOD (2). The role of specific genes in T1D has been explored by constructing congenic mice (carrying disease-protective Idd loci), by creating transgenic mice, and by knocking out genes. In each case, however, these studies have had a significant potential drawback: the presence of “passenger DNA” that can potentially confound the interpretation of the results (Fig. 1 A , top panel ) (3). Knockout mice, for example, have previously been made almost exclusively using non-NOD embryonic stem (ES) cells; the resulting non-NOD mice were backcrossed to NOD mice. The backcrossing process ensures that non-NOD genetic material is bred along with the genetic region of interest (Fig. 1 A , top panel ). This is not merely a theoretical concern, as some published studies of transgenic or deleted genes showed an effect on T1D that was later proven to arise from non-NOD passenger DNA (3). Figure 1 A : Zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) knockout technology eliminates passenger DNA. The top panel illustrates chromosomal DNA from a conventional knockout bred onto the NOD genetic …
Multipole Love Relations

Gravitational-wave observations in the near future may allow us to measure tidal deformabilities of neutron stars, which leads us to the understanding of physics at nuclear density. In principle, the gravitational waveform depends on various tidal parameters, which correlate strongly. Therefore, it would be useful if one can express such tidal parameters with a single parameter. Here, we report on universal relations among various $\ensuremath{\ell}$th (dimensionless) electric, magnetic, and shape tidal deformabilities in neutron stars and quark stars that do not depend sensitively on the equation of state. Such relations allow us to break the degeneracy among the tidal parameters. In this paper, we focus on gravitational waves from nonspinning neutron-star binary inspirals. We first derive the leading contribution of the $\ensuremath{\ell}$th electric and $\ensuremath{\ell}=2$ magnetic tidal deformabilities to the gravitational-wave phase, which enters at $2\ensuremath{\ell}+1$ and 6 post-Newtonian orders relative to the leading Newtonian one, respectively. We then calculate the useful number of gravitational-wave cycles and show that not only the $\ensuremath{\ell}=2$ but also $\ensuremath{\ell}=3$ electric tidal deformabilities are important for parameter estimation with third-generation gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO III and Einstein Telescope. Although the correlation between the $\ensuremath{\ell}=2$ and $\ensuremath{\ell}=3$ electric tidal deformabilities deteriorate the measurement accuracy of the former deformability parameter, one can increase its measurement accuracy significantly by using the universal relation. We provide a fitting formula for the LIGO III noise curve in the appendixes.
Low cost electroencephalographic acquisition amplifier to serve as teaching and research tool

We described the development and testing of a low cost, easily constructed electroencephalographic (EEG) acquisition amplifier for noninvasive Brain Computer Interface (BCI) education and research. The acquisition amplifier was constructed from newly available off-the-shelf integrated circuit components, and readily sends a 24-bit data stream via USB (Universal Serial Bus) to a computer platform. We demonstrate here the hardware's use in the analysis of a visually evoked P300 paradigm for a choose one-of-eight task. This clearly shows the applicability of this system as a low cost teaching and research tool.
Stable, Ligand-Doped, Poly(bis-SorbPC) Lipid Bilayer Arrays for Protein Binding and Detection

A continuous-flow microspotter was used to generate planar arrays of stabilized bilayers composed of the polymerizable lipid bis-SorbPC and dopant lipids bearing ligands for proteins. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the uniformity of the bilayers and to detect protein binding. After UV-initiated polymerization, poly(lipid) bilayer microarrays were air-stable. Cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) bound to an array of poly(lipid) bilayers doped with GM(1), and the extent of binding was correlated to the mole percentage of GM(1) in each spot. A poly(lipid) bilayer array composed of spots doped with GM(1) and spots doped with biotin-DOPE specifically bound CTb and streptavidin to the respective spots from a dissolved mixture of the two proteins. Poly(bis-SorbPC)/GM(1) arrays retained specific CTb binding capacity after multiple regenerations with a protein denaturing solution and also after exposure to air. In addition, these arrays are stable in vacuum, which allows the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to detect specifically bound CTb. This work demonstrates the considerable potential of poly(lipid) bilayer arrays for high-throughput binding assays and lipidomics studies.
Expression of amiloride-sensitive sodium channel: a strategy for the coexpression of multimeric membrane protein in Sf9 insect cells.

Abstract The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) mediates Na + reabsorption in many epithelial tissues including the distal nephron, colon, lung, and secretory glands and plays an important role in pathophysiology of hypertension and cystic fibrosis. The ENaC is a multimeric integral membrane protein formed by the association of highly homologous,α-, β-, and γ-ENaC subunits. Here we explored the Sf9 insect cell–baculovirus expression system as a source to obtain high yields of recombinant ENaC for functional and structural studies. Although this expression system is widely used, coexpression of ENaC subunits could not be accomplished by the conventional procedures. We thus developed a protocol in which the α- and γ-ENaC cDNA's were first fused individually with polyhedrin promoters at their 5′-ends and then inserted in the multiple cloning sites of pVL1393 transfer vector carrying the β-ENaC cDNA. Utilizing this transfer vector, a recombinant baculovirus carrying all of the three ENaC cDNA's was prepared. Infection of Sf9 insect cells with this recombinant baculovirus resulted in the expression all of the three ENaC subunits in high yield. Planar lipid bilayer reconstitution procedure revealed the presence of ∼6 pS sodium channels that are amiloride-sensitive. The results presented point out certain underlying rules for the expression of multiple genes in Sf9 cells, which may be useful in the expression other multimeric proteins and in the studies of protein–protein interactions as well.
Development of 5-HT1A receptor radioligands to determine receptor density and changes in endogenous 5-HT†

[18F]FCWAY and [18F]FPWAY, analogues of the high affinity 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) antagonist WAY100635, were evaluated in rodents as potential radiopharmaceuticals for determining 5-HT1AR density and changes in receptor occupancy due to changes in endogenous serotonin (5-HT) levels. The in vivo hippocampus specific binding ratio [(hippocampusuptake/cerebellumuptake)−1] of [18F]FPWAY was decreased to 32% of the ratio of [18F]FCWAY, indicating that [18F]FPWAY has lower affinity than [18F]FCWAY. The 5-HT1AR selectivity of [18F]FPWAY was confirmed using ex vivo autoradiography studies with 5-HT1AR knockout, heterozygous, and wildtype mice. Pre- or post-treatment of awake rodents in tissue dissection studies with paroxetine had no effect on hippocampal binding of [18F]FCWAY or [18F]FPWAY compared to controls, indicating neither tracer was sensitive to changes in endogenous 5-HT. In mouse ex vivo autoradiography studies in which awake mice were treated with fenfluramine following the [18F]FPWAY, a significant decrease was not observed in the hippocampus specific binding ratios. In rat dissection studies with fenfluramine administered following [18F]FPWAY or [18F]FBWAY ([18F]-MPPF) in awake or urethane-anesthetized rats, no significant differences in the specific binding ratios of the hippocampus were observed compared to their respective controls. [18F]FPWAY and [18F]FBWAY uptakes in all brain regions were increased variably in the anesthetized group (with the greatest increase in the hippocampus) vs. the awake group, but were decreased in the fenfluramine-treated anesthetized group vs. the anesthetized group. These data are best explained by changes in blood flow caused by urethane and fenfluramine, which varies from region to region in the brain. Synapse 59:330–341, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Equivalence principle in statistical mechanics

Abstract We introduce the notion of equivalence of models of statistical mechanics which is stronger than the “weak equivalence” widely discussed in the literature. We show that any “generalized interaction round-a-face” model is equivalent to a spin model and to a vertex model. It implies, in particular, that for any spin model there is an equivalent vertex model.
The transition to chaos in a simple mechanical system

Abstract A simple mechanical device and its response to periodic excitation is considered. The system consists of an inverted pendulum with rigid barriers which limit the amplitude variation from the unstable upright position. The static stable rest positions correspond to the pendulum leaning against one of the barriers. When subjected to periodic excitation the system response can be quite complicated and may include one or several stable subhannonics and/or chaotic motions. The analysis presented here is based on a piecewise linear model which allows explicit analytic expressions to be determined for many bifurcation conditions including: the appearance of certain types of subharmonics by saddle-node bifurcations, the secondary bifurcations of these subharmonics, and a global bifurcation which results in the creation of horseshoes.
Designing a personal health application for older adults to manage medications

Older adults with multiple chronic conditions are prone to care transitions, such as seeing a new doctor or being discharged after a prolonged hospital stay. These transitions are often uncoordinated and can imperil patients by omitted, duplicative, or contradictory treatment plans. We developed an open source, web-based Personal Health Application (PHA) using an iterative participatory design process that provides older adults and their caregivers the ability to manage their personal health information during care transitions. We report our findings from six user studies that establish the imperative need for interdisciplinary research and collaboration among all stakeholders - patients, caregivers, health professionals, designers, and health informaticians - to create effective PHAs. We conclude with design guidelines that encourage researchers to gradually increase functionality as users become more proficient interacting with the PHA.
In situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of material reactions

A review is presented of the development of in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and its application to directly study the atomic behavior in thermally activated material reactions. Not only are the atomic re-arrangements continuously recorded, but kinetic measurements can be made at controlled elevated temperatures. Examples include work on the atomic motion on CdTe surface ledges, solid phase epitaxial regrowth of silicon, crystallization of amorphous silicon and of amorphous tantalum oxide thin films, solid-state amorphization at metal-silicon interfaces, metal-induced crystallization of amorphous silicon, germanium and carbon, phase separation and crystallization in hafnium silicate thin films, and “spiking” across thin gate oxides separating nickel silicide from a monocrystalline silicon substrate. The future prospects of in situ HRTEM are discussed, and the increasing breadth of application of this approach is recognized, especially in light of the advances in HRTEM capabilities.
Microsoft Excel's 'Not The Wichmann-Hill' random number generators

Microsoft attempted to implement the Wichmann-Hill RNG in Excel 2003 and failed; it did not just produce numbers between zero and unity, it would also produce negative numbers. Microsoft issued a patch that allegedly fixed the problem so that the patched Excel 2003 and Excel 2007 now implement the Wichmann-Hill RNG, as least according to Microsoft. We show that whatever RNG it is that Microsoft has implemented in these versions of Excel, it is not the Wichmann-Hill RNG. Microsoft has now failed twice to implement the dozen lines of code that define the Wichmann-Hill RNG.
A fast and efficient algorithm for determining fanout trees in large networks

This paper presents a heuristic algorithm to the optimal selection of the fanout tree structures in VLSI circuit design. The algorithm minimizes area of the added buffers under the specified timing constraints. The algorithms described in the literatures [11], [12], [13]solve a simpler problem of minimizing the circuit's timing without taking into account the area increase introduced by the buffers. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach is very fast and efficient, particularly for large examples whose solution spaces are very large.
Wiping die bending of laminated steel

Laminated steel is a sheet metal product consisting of two steel sheets with a thin, viscoelastic polymeric layer between them. The product integrates structural function with sound and vibration absorbing capabilities. Under bending operations, such as wiping or V-press bending, however, the walls of bent parts develop an undesirable curl and consequently an apparently larger spring-back angle. This work addresses bending of laminated steel strips by wiping and their resulting shape using both experimental and numerical approaches. The experimental results indicate that for the materials and geometry used here, the curl can be reduced somewhat by employing larger punch strokes. In addition, the curl decreases slowly with time over many days due to the viscoelasticity of the polymer layer. The reduction in curl due to both effects, however, is not sufficient to eliminate the problem. A numerical, finite-element model to simulate the experiments was developed and yielded reasonably good agreement with the experiments. A parametric study indicated that the curl decreases with decreasing yield stress and increasing thickness of the steel sheets. Increasing the shear stiffness of the polymer layer from zero leads to increasing curl until a maximum is reached. Further increase yields a slow decrease in the curl.
Transgenic Crops in the Age of Human Rights: Moral Uncertainty and Rational Risk Policy

History has proven it is characteristically human to modify the environment for some perceived benefit. Since the domestication of plants and animals more than 10,000 years ago, humankind has manipulated plants to improve yields and provide more food. This process evolved from breeding to crossbreeding and now to genetic engineering. In 1996, the first genetically modified crop available for commercial use reached the market.1 In the ten years since, the use of genetically engineered or transgenic crops has proliferated at impressive rates despite an ongoing debate about the ethical implications and possible consequences of genetically altered food. Between 2003 and 2004, the use of transgenic crops worldwide increased by 20% to a total of 200 million acres.2 In 2004, 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries planted genetically altered crops, thereby joining a $4.7 billion market.3 The rate at which transgenic crops are overtaking traditional varieties is even more surprising. Between 1997 and 2002, the percentage of soybeans that were Roundup Ready soybeans, a transgenic variety, increased from 1.9% to 74% and transgenic cotton increased from just 4% in 1997 to 70% in 2002.4 In addition to the proliferation of existing plants, scientists are developing and testing new varieties with traits ranging from pest and drought resistance to improved nutrition and taste.5
Cooperation in World Politics: The Constraining and Constitutive Effects of International Organizations

Many scholars accept the important role international organizations (IOs) play in facilitating cooperation among states in world politics, yet there is disagreement about the theoretical mechanisms that best account for the positive correlation between shared IO memberships and cooperation. Institutionalists and Rationalists treat state preferences as fixed and emphasize the influence of IO memberships on interstate bargaining. In this view, IOs act as constraints, because while they help states negotiate more efficiently (with fewer costs & greater information), they do not significantly alter states' preferences. Constructivists, on the other hand, recognize that organizations can alter member states' identities and interests, and that long and deep commitments to international organizations can have constitutive effects on member states' preferences and behavior. In this paper, I derive several hypotheses about the constraining and constitutive effects of IOs on member state behavior from existing theoretical arguments in the IR literature and evaluate these claims empirically using data on contentious issues from the Issue Correlates of War Project. Empirical analyses show that while shared IO memberships (frequency and duration) neither prevent the onset of new contentious issues nor promote more frequent peaceful settlement attempts, they do decrease the use of militarized force and produce more successful negotiation attempts. Disputants are much more likely to reach and comply with agreements to end contentious issue claims when they share more frequent and durable memberships in international organizations.
Interpersonal Skills Training: Evaluation of a Program with Adult Male Offenders.

In order to assess the efficacy of an interpersonal skill training program with adult offenders, 14 males presently serving terms in Montana State Prison were randomly assigned to one of the following conditions: (a) interpersonal effectiveness training or (b) waiting-list control. The interpersonal effectiveness training group met for six one-hour sessions during which time inmates rehearsed, modeled, and were coached in generating appropriate responses to socially problematic conflict situations. Dependent measures, administered pre- and posttreatment, included the Personality Research Form (PRF), S-R Inventory of Anxiousness (SRIA), and Interpersonal Behavior Role-Play Test (IBRT). Major results indicated interpersonal effectiveness training group superiority on IBRT training and generalization assessment items (p's<.01). These findings were discussed with regard to the establishment of effective coping strategies both within correctional and natural environments.
Reading with a limited lexicon in the right hemisphere of a callosotomy patient.

The generality of the observation that there is a lexicon present in the right hemisphere of callosotomy patients has been the subject of some dispute. In the series operated on at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, only two patients have been shown to have a right hemisphere lexicon. This paper reports the existence of a visual and an auditory lexicon in a new patient D.R. and discusses its significance in understanding the role of the right hemisphere in normal and dysfunctional language.