cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracing dissolved O2 and dissolved inorganic carbon stable isotope dynamics in the Nyack aquifer: Middle Fork Flathead River, Montana, USA

Abstract The geochemistry and microbiology of shallow groundwater aquifers is greatly influenced by the concentration of dissolved oxygen gas (DO); however, the mechanisms that consume DO in groundwater (e.g., biotic or abiotic) are often ambiguous. The use of stable isotopes of molecular O 2 (δ 18 O-DO), in conjunction with stable isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ 13 C-DIC), has potential to discriminate between the various mechanisms causing DO depletion in subsurface waters. Here we report the results of spatial and seasonal changes in δ 18 O-DO and δ 13 C-DIC at the Nyack floodplain aquifer along the Middle Fork of the Flathead River near West Glacier, Montana, USA. Over a short, well constrained flow path (∼100 m) near a main recharge zone of the floodplain, the δ 18 O-DO consistently increased as DO concentrations decreased with distance from the recharge source. Concurrently, DIC concentrations increased and δ 13 C-DIC values decreased. These observations are explained by community respiration coupled with dissolution of calcite from cobbles in the aquifer matrix. When these results are compared to data from wells distributed over the entire floodplain (several km) a much less predictable relationship was observed between DO concentration and δ 18 O-DO. Many wells with low DO concentrations (e.g., −1 or 4 mg L −1 ) had anomalously low δ 18 O-DO values (e.g., 2 may be contributed to the aquifer by diffusion from the vadose zone and by advection from the river recharge. Calculations presented here suggest that diffusion across a narrow air–water interface can contribute isotopically light δ 18 O-DO to the saturated zone. Possible contributions of light δ 18 O-DO from other processes, such as isotopic exchange and radial oxygen loss from plant roots in or near the water table, are compared and evaluated.
Functional Significance of the Cu,ZnSOD inEscherichia coli

Abstract Diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDC) was used to inhibit the copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu,ZnSOD) of Escherichia coli in order to expose its physiological function. DDC inhibited the aerobic growth of a sodA sodB mutant much more than it did the growth of a SOD-replete parental strain and this inhibitory effect was oxygen-dependent. The SOD mimic MnTMPyP markedly diminished the growth inhibitory effect of DDC. Transfer of the sodA sodB strain from anaerobic to aerobic conditions induced fumarase C, which is a member of the soxRS regulon. DDC augmented this induction. These results indicate that the Cu,ZnSOD provides a defense against oxidative stress, which is more important to the sodA sodB mutant than to its SOD-replete parental strain.
NUCLEAR SPIN-LATTICE RELAXATION IN SOME FERROELECTRIC AMMONIUM SALTS

The temperature dependence of H/sup 1/ and F/sup 19/ spin-lattice relaxation times in polycrystalline (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/BeF/sub 4/, /sub 6/ are measured in both the ferroelectric and nonferroelectric phases, using a pulse technique at 30 Mc. The spin-lattice relaxation processes are found to be determined by molecular reorientation. Definite changes in the proton relaxation behavior in the neighborhood of the Curie points indicate a change in the state of internal motion at the transition. The same is found to be true for two solid solutions of (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/BeF/sub 4/ in (NH/sub 4/)/ sub 2/SO/sub 4/. The results suggest that the ferroelectric phase changes in these solids are in general accompanied by a change in lattice structure which alters the potential in which the nuclei move, but do not involve an important change in the degree to which nuclei must cooperate in order to surmount the potential barriers. (auth)
Recurrence Relations for Three-Dimensional Scalar Addition Theorem

Recurrence relations for the elements of a translation matrix in the scalar addition theorem in three-dimensions using spherical harmonics are derived. These recurrence relations are more efficient to evaluate compared to the use of Gaunt coefficients evaluated with Wigner 3j symbols or with recurrence relations. The efficient evaluation of the addition theorem is important in a number of wave scattering calculations including fast recursive algorithms.
Anterior Posterior Fusion and the Management of Lumbar Instability

Anterior-posterior surgery is indicated for the treatment of lumbar instability in the presence of simultaneous compromise of both the anterior and the posterior spinal elements or to augment the stability and rigidity of a fusion construct. The addition of an anterior interbody fusion to a posterior instrumented fusion serves to more successfully restore sagittal balance, effect indirect neural decompression, and to decrease pedicle screw strain by reconstituting the load-sharing ability of the anterior column. A variety of posterior fixation and minimally invasive techniques has been demonstrated to increase circumferential construct stiffness and rates of fusion.
Positive Linear Maps of Operator Algebras

Introduction.- 1 Generalities for positive maps.- 2 Jordan algebras and projection maps.- 3 Extremal positive maps.- 4 Choi matrices and dual functionals.- 5 Mapping cones.- 6 Dual cones.- 7 States and positive maps.- 8 Norms of positive maps.- Appendix: A.1 Topologies on B(H).- A.2 Tensor products.- A.3 An extension theorem.- Bibliography.- Index .
Sclerostin is expressed in articular cartilage but loss or inhibition does not affect cartilage remodeling during aging or following mechanical injury

Objective Sclerostin plays a major role in regulating skeletal bone mass, but its effects in articular cartilage are not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic loss or pharmacologic inhibition of sclerostin has an impact on knee joint articular cartilage. Methods Expression of sclerostin was determined in articular cartilage and bone tissue obtained from mice, rats, and human subjects, including patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Mice with genetic knockout (KO) of sclerostin and pharmacologic inhibition of sclerostin with a sclerostin-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (Scl-Ab) in aged male rats and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were used to study the effects of sclerostin on pathologic processes in the knee joint. The rat medial meniscus tear (MMT) model of OA was used to investigate the pharmacologic efficacy of systemic Scl-Ab or intraarticular (IA) delivery of a sclerostin antibody–Fab (Scl-Fab) fragment. Results Sclerostin expression was detected in rodent and human articular chondrocytes. No difference was observed in the magnitude or distribution of sclerostin expression between normal and OA cartilage or bone. Sclerostin-KO mice showed no difference in histopathologic features of the knee joint compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Pharmacologic treatment of intact aged male rats or OVX female rats with Scl-Ab had no effect on morphologic characteristics of the articular cartilage. In the rat MMT model, pharmacologic treatment of animals with either systemic Scl-Ab or IA injection of Scl-Fab had no effect on lesion development or severity. Conclusion Genetic absence of sclerostin does not alter the normal development of age-dependent OA in mice, and pharmacologic inhibition of sclerostin with Scl-Ab has no impact on articular cartilage remodeling in rats with posttraumatic OA.
SHIP IN A BOTTLE: RAPID EXTRACTION OF LARGE INTRAVESICAL FOREIGN BODIES

Objects placed in the bladder often become encrusted with stone. Using a technique combining endoscopic visualization and a small open cystotomy, a large encrusted foreign body was successfully and safely removed. The combination of endoscopy and cystotomy is rapid, safe, and potentially applicable for the removal of large vesical calculi.
Software patents in the United States: A balanced approach

Abstract This paper tracks the interesting journey of software patents in the United States from both a historic and current standpoint. The U.S patent system has drifted from being strict in the 1970s to being fairly lenient in 1990s and now again strict since 2007. The revolutionizing and famous Bilski case that is redefining the boundaries of software patents is described, and the impact of this Court case on software patents is discussed. The challenges in issuing software patents in terms of proving novelty and non-obviousness are presented in an attempt to bring forward some of the questions in the software patent debate. The uniqueness of software as an invention is analyzed to understand why software should be considered differently compared to other industries. The advantages and disadvantages of software patents are discussed. The paper concludes by providing recommendations and proposing a balanced approach to software patents.
Molecular Iodine Fluorescence Spectra Generated with Helium-Neon Lasers for Spectrometer Calibration:

Gas-phase molecular iodine laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra were recorded out to 815 nm at 1 cm(-1) resolution using green, yellow, and red helium-neon (HeNe) lasers as excitation sources. Nine previously unreported I(2) B←X absorption transitions accessed by these lasers were identified, and specific rovibronic transition assignments were made for two hundred LIF peaks--more than sixty per laser. These I(2) LIF peaks can be used to calibrate the vacuum wavenumber coordinate of spectrometers to better than 0.1 cm(-1) accuracy. In particular, green HeNe excitation of the I(2) R(106) 28-0 transition leads to strong fluorescence well suited for calibration, with a rotational doublet spacing of 15 cm(-1) and a doublet-to-doublet spacing of 190 cm(-1). Calibration by HeNe I(2) LIF may be an especially valuable technique for Raman spectroscopy applications.
Onlay frontal cranioplasty using wire reinforced methyl methacrylate.

Summary Introduction Methyl methacrylate is a biologically inert alloplastic material that is commonly used to rebuild the calvarial vault. Since methyl methacrylate does not permit tissue incorporation it is susceptible to displacement and/or fracture. In order to increase the tensile strength of methyl methacrylate onlay cranioplasties, we use wire reinforced masonry techniques. Patient A 56-year-old female presents with forehead asymmetry due to displacement and fracture of a silicone alloplastic implant. This patient, treated with onlay wire reinforced methyl methacrylate, demonstrates the utility of this novel technique. Results Wire is passed through 2-mm outer cortex tunnels like spokes on a wheel, around the perimeter of the defect to form a rebar grid. Methyl methacrylate is poured onto the rebar grid and contoured after it solidifies. Conclusions Wire reinforced methyl methacrylate is a simple technique to improve the tensile strength of calvarial alloplastic reconstructions.
RECOVERY OF MYCOPLASMAS IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES.

NUMEROUS reports have been published concerning the necessity of testing for the presence of mycoplasmas before the interpretation of experiments performed in cell cultures1–3,6. Such tests are especially important when the presence of viruses is suspected, since recent evidence indicates that some mycoplasmas are capable of eliciting a transmissible cytopathic effect4–7.
ANTIPROTON-PROTON CROSS SECTIONS AT 133, 197, 265, AND 333 Mev

In a scintillation-counter experiment the interaction of antiprotons with protons in the energy region 133 to 333 Mev has been studied. Antiprotons, produced internally in the Bevatron, channeled externally by a system of magnetic quadrupoles and bending magnets, and identified by time of flight, entered a target containing liquid hydrogen. This target was completely surrounded by a system of scintillation counters which detected both scattered antiprotons and annihilation secondaries. An electrostatic-magnetic velocity spectrometer was used in the external magnetic channel to increase the ratio of antiprotons to pions. The $\overline{p}\ensuremath{-}p$ total, elastic, inelastic, and charge-exchange cross sections, and the angular distribution of elastic scattering were measured at each energy. The inelastic cross section is approximately one-half the total cross section at these energies. The results are discussed in connection with current theories.
Discrete formulation and error minimization in applying the integro-differential equation approach to mono-compartment data.

Abstract The system of equations: x(i+1)=x(i)c −BH + ∑ k=1 i=l a(i−k) x (k) e −BH 2 where H is an arbitrarily fixed time interval e −BH = x(2) x(1) and x (k)= x(k)−x(k+1) I n x(k)−I n x(k+1) is a discrete analog of the integro-differential equation for monocompartment tracer measurement which permits direct substitution of experimental data. The accuracy of numerical values calculated using statistically randomized data in the above discrete formulation is shown to depend upon the value of H chosen and the size of the initial dose. The time dependence calculation of a characteristic of the system, the cumulative external exchangeable volume, is shown to exhibit an uncertainty principle. For small values of H, statistical errors compromise results, while large time intervals introduce systematic errors.
Algorithmic Aspects of Communications in Multihop Wireless Networks with MIMO Links

MIMO links enable concurrent transmissions of multiple independent data streams between a pair of nodes, which can significantly improve network throughput. In this paper, we study the stream control and scheduling problems in multihop wireless networks with MIMO links. We present a constant factor approximation algorithm as well as an efficient heuristic algorithm for stream control. Moreover, we extend the results to incorporate TDMA-based scheduling and present effective heuristic algorithms to solve the joint Stream Control and Scheduling Problem (SCSP), whose efficiency is justified by simulation results.
The genesis of rhetorical action

Bitzer's conception of the rhetorical situation is the most prominent current account of the genesis of rhetorical action. While criticism of Bitzer's theory has appeared, widespread use of situational language in rhetorical theory and criticism suggests that these criticisms have yet to be assimilated into our understanding of rhetoric. This essay rejects that viewpoint for adopting an unsatisfying epistemological perspective and neglecting the importance of purpose and agent in the genesis of rhetorical action. Vatz's antithetical account, while adopting a plausible epistemology, is also reductionist. An alternate, Burkean, conception of the genesis of rhetorical action is proposed. Four of Burke's pentadic ratios embody the claim that purpose, scene, agent, and agency are each necessary but not separately sufficient to provide a complete account of the genesis of rhetorical action. By employing Brockriede's notion of perspectivism to this account of rhetorical invention, it obtains all advantages inher...
Multiple prolactin-responsive elements mediate G1 and S phase expression of the interferon regulatory factor-1 gene.

The interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) gene is both an immediate-early G1 phase gene and an S phase gene inducible by PRL in rat Nb2 T lymphocytes. To understand the mechanism by which PRL regulates the biphasic expression of IRF-1, we cloned the rat IRF-1 gene and functionally characterized the IRF-1 promoter. Upon transfection into Nb2 T cells, 1.7 kilobases (kb) of IRF-1 5'-flanking DNA linked to a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene mediated a 30-fold induction of CAT enzyme activity in response to 24 h of PRL stimulation. Deletion mutants containing 1.3, 0.6, and 0.2 kb 5'-flanking DNA were incrementally less transcriptionally active, although 0.2 kb still mediated a 12-fold induction by PRL. The sequence between -1.7 and -0.2 kb linked to a heterologous thymidine kinase promoter failed to respond to PRL stimulation, suggesting that the activity of upstream PRL response elements may require an interaction with promoter-proximal elements. By assaying CAT enzyme activity across a...
Teratogenic effects of Ochratoxin A in rats with impaired renal function

The teratogenic potential of Ochratoxin A (OA), was compared in impaired renal function (IRF) and sham-operated (SO) female rats. Surgical removal of approximately 70% of the total renal tissue was accomplished utilizing unilateral ligation/electrocoagulation procedures. Control animals were sham-operated. All animals were allowed a period of 27 days to recover post surgery. IRF rats exhibited normal mating tendencies and the pregnancy rate was 100%. A single, subcutaneous teratogenic dose of OA (1.75 mg/kg) on gestation day 7 resulted in significantly increased fetal resorptions, decreased fetal body weights and increased fetal malformations in both IRF and SO animals, although the incidence of gross malformations was greater in IRF rats. A subthreshold teratogenic dose (i.e. 1 mg/kg) did not produce any significant increase in embryotoxicity or fetal malformations in IRF animals compared to SO rats.
The role of parasites in generating evolutionary novelty

Abstract In this review, David Bermudes and Keith joiner discuss the interrelationship between parasitism and mutualism and examine the parallel mechanisms used by parasites and mutualists to access and persist within the intracellular environment. By drawing analogies with mutualistic associations, they suggest mechanisms by which some parasites may ultimately benefit their hosts. They further speculate that some hosts may even become dependent upon their parasites.
The University Council for Workforce and Human Resource Education: Its History, Purpose, and Activities.

The University Council for Workforce and Human Resource Education is a nonprofit organization representing leading United States universities that offer graduate programs in career and technical education (CTE) and human resource development (HRD). The mission of the Council is to be a recognized force in shaping the future of CTE and HRD through improving the policy and practices of education in the United States toward the betterment of individuals and the larger society.
Interlayer Micromechanics of Semilunar Heart Valve Leaflets

The aortic and pulmonary semilunar heart valve leaflets (AV and PV respectively) are heterogeneous structures comprised of three distinct tissue layers. All three layers contain varying amounts of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The fibrosa layer is an undulated structure that faces the aorta comprised primarily of Type 1 collagen highly aligned in the circumferential direction. On the opposite face of the valve is the ventricularis layer that is populated with an organized elastin network. The spongiosa layer resides between the fibrosa and ventricularis and is rich in GAGs. All three layers work in unison at the tissue level to produce effective leaflet mechanical behavior. While the mechanical behavior of the fibrosa and ventricularis layers have been well studied [1], little information exists on the effective mechanical behavior of the GAG rich spongiosa layer.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
True tracers: comparing FDG with glucose and FLT with thymidine

As PET metabolic imaging becomes routine in clinical practice, there is a tendency to make imaging and data analysis fast and simple, but interpretation of these pictures by visual inspection does not do justice to the power of PET technology. Tissue data and blood data can be analyzed mathematically to provide parametric images of the PET tracer's biochemistry in terms of a transport parameter and a metabolic flux. The methods for parametric imaging with (11)C tracers of glucose and thymidine have been validated, but the short half-life of this radionuclide and the rapid metabolism of these labeled substrates to [(11)C]CO(2) have led investigators to develop (18)F analogs. While (18)F substitution at critical positions in the natural substrate can block metabolism, it has other effects on the transport and metabolism of the analog tracer. The fidelity with which analog tracers mimic tracers of the authentic substrate is critically evaluated for [(18)F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and [(18)F]-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine.
Current classification of antiarrhythmic drugs as a guide to their rational clinical use.

The Harrison modification of the Vaughn Williams classification scheme for Class I antiarrhythmic drugs has been widely accepted. It has important clinical and electrophysiological bases, and recent membrane classification based on tightness of drug coupling to sodium channels in cardiac muscle and His-Purkinje tissue further supports the modification. This scheme enables the clinician to predict appropriate agents for patients with particular arrhythmia syndromes and to effectively combine drugs to treat life-threatening arrhythmias. As new drugs are tested and classified, it should continue to prove useful to electrophysiologists and arrhythmia specialists in the future.
The stabilization of a hypersonic boundary layer using local sections of porous coating

The stabilization effect of porous coating on the hypersonic boundary layers over flat plates and cones has been studied by theoreticalanalyses, experiments, and numerical simulations. It was found that porous coating slightly destabilizes Mack's first mode whereas it significantly stabilizes Mack's second mode. In previous studies, porous coating covers either the entire flat plate or the surface around half the cone circumference. The effect of porous coating location on boundary-layer stabilization has not been considered. Furthermore, the destabilization of Mack's first mode has not been studied in detail. In this paper, the stabilization of a Mach 5.92 flat-plate boundary layer using local sections of porous coating is studied with the emphasis on the effect of porous coating location and the first-mode destabilization. Artificial disturbances corresponding to a single boundary-layer wave are introduced near the leading edge. A series of stability simulations are carried out by locally putting felt-metal porous coatings along the flat plate. It is found that disturbances are destabilized or stabilized when porous coating is located upstream or downstream of the synchronization point. For felt-metal porous coating, the destabilization of Mack's first mode is significant. The results suggest that an efficient way to stabilize hypersonic boundary-layer flows is to put porous coating downstream of the synchronization point. Finally, porous coating is used to stabilize the boundary layer disturbed by one blowing-suction actuator.
Priming of chords: Spreading activation or overlapping frequency spectra?

A chord generates expectancies for related chords to follow. Expectancies can be studied by measuring the time to discriminate between a target chord and a mistuned foil as a function of the target’s relatedness to a preceding prime chord. This priming paradigm has been employed to demonstrate that related targets are processed more quickly and are perceived to be more consonant than are unrelated targets (Bharucha & Stoeckig, 1986). The priming experiments in the present paper were designed to determine whether expectancies are generated at a cognitive level, by activation spreading through a network that represents harmonic relationships, or solely at a sensory level, by the activation of frequency-specific units. In Experiment 1, prime-target pairs shared no component tones, but related pairs had overlapping frequency spectra. In Experiment 2, all overlapping frequency components were eliminated. Priming was equally strong in both experiments. We conclude that frequency-specific repetition priming cannot account for expectancies in harmony, suggesting that activation spreads at a cognitive level of representation.
Evidence against hydrogen-calcium competition model for activation of electrically excitable membranes.

TO explain the voltage-dependent sodium permeability of excitable membranes, Stephens1 proposed a model in which sodium-selective channels are normally blocked by calcium ions bound to negatively charged sites located near the outer end of the channels. The calcium ions can be displaced competitively by hydrogen ions, opening the channels to sodium. According to this model, depolarization of an excitable membrane causes an outward flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane. The consequent transient increase in hydrogen ion concentration at the outer surface of the membrane displaces calcium and opens the sodium channels. This model is particularly interesting because it is sufficiently specific to allow direct tests. Stephens shows that it is in general agreement with a variety of experimental data. To test the model further, we have determined the effect of variation in the internal and external concentration of hydrogen ions on sodium currents.
Novel organic cation transporter 2-mediated carnitine uptake in placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells

The placental transport of carnitine is significant because the fetus cannot supply itself with adequate amounts of this nutrient. Carnitine deficiencies in infants can lead to symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to sudden infant death. Objectives of this study include the characterization of novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) function in the BeWo cell line and the inhibition of placental carnitine uptake by amphetamine derivatives. BeWo cells were seeded in 12- or 24-well tissue culture plates and incubated at 37 degrees C until monolayers were confluent. Uptake studies with radiolabeled L-carnitine and inhibitors in Hanks' balanced salt solution were carried out in the plates at 37 degrees C for 30 min. Uptake of L-carnitine in BeWo cells was Na(+)-dependent and saturable (K(m) = 9.8 +/- 2.4 microM, V(max) = 800 +/- 70 pmol/mg of protein/30 min) with a nonsaturable constant of 2.8 +/- 0.3 microl/mg of protein/30 min. Among the amphetamine analogs studied, IC(50) values ranged from 2.3 to 9.2 mM, and the inhibition of carnitine uptake was stronger for compounds having a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom. Lineweaver-Burk plots show that inhibition by tetraethylammonium and valproate was competitive; inhibition by ephedrine was not completely competitive. The observed kinetics, Western blot, and inhibition profiles indicate that high-affinity carnitine uptake in the BeWo cell line is mediated by OCTN2. Inhibition of carnitine transport by amphetamines potentially poses serious consequences for fetal development.
Development of a reliability based dynamic dredging decision model

Abstract Accurate forecasts of hydrological and hydraulic conditions used in planning for the maintenance of navigation channels are important for ensuring safe and cost efficient water borne transportation. The uncertainties inherent in forecasting and in the availability and operating conditions of dredges make planning difficult and may require that an uncertainty assessment be integrated into the planning process for dredging activities. This paper develops a reliability based dynamic dredging decision model that employs a simulation-optimization approach combining a hydrological simulation model of stochastic channel conditions with a dynamic location model to schedule the optimal deployment and activity levels for dredges. The benefits of this type of approach are demonstrated by application to the problem of allocating different types and sizes of dredges in order to maintain a required channel depth over time and under different reliability levels. The amounts to be dredged at any given location are incorporated into the model as chance constraints that are dependent upon the stochastic hydrologic and hydraulic channel conditions. The multiobjective optimization model assigns demobilization and mobilization costs in periods when a facility is moved from one location to another, and allows for advanced maintenance dredging, ‘over-dredging’ in some time periods, in order to reduce overall costs. The dredging costs considered in the model are comprised of fixed costs — assessed each period and varying by size and type of dredge employed, variable costs — dependant upon the amount of material dredged in any month, and mobilization and demobilization costs — incurred each time a dredge is moved to a new location. The multiobjective framework evaluates explicitly the manner in which dredging costs vary under different levels of reliability for maintaining the required channel depth.
The effects of drying time and relative humidity on the stability of sol–gel derived silicate films in solution

The stability of thin silicate films in solution has been evaluated as a function of drying time and drying conditions using scanning probe microscopy and an electrochemical probe technique. In these experiments, the silicate films were spin coated on various substrates using a sol formed by the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of tetramethoxysilane. The silicate films were then dried under a relative humidity of 25, 50, or 75% for 3, 12, 24, or 48 h. After drying, the films were immediately placed in a solution of potassium nitrate or a solution of a redox probe, specifically ferrocene methanol, ruthenium hexaammine, or cobalt phenanthroline. Cyclic voltammetry in conjunction with atomic force microscopy was used to monitor the disruption in gel structure as the films sat in aqueous solution. The stability of each film was found to be essentially independent of the substrate it was coated on but a strong function of the length of the drying time and the relative humidity under which it was dried. Films that were dried at 25% humidity for 48 h stayed on the electrode for several days. In contrast, films that were dried at 75% humidity for 3 h fell off the electrode within 24 h.
Structural and viral association comparisons of bovine zonae pellucidae from follicular oocytes, Day-7 embryos and Day-7 degenerated ova

Abstract Bovine zonae pellucidae (ZP) from follicular oocytes and from embryos and degenerated ova collected on Day 7 from superovulated cows were examined by scanning electron microscopy, by dimensional measurement, and by total protein determination. The number of plaque-forming units (PFU) of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) that were associated with ZP-intact embryos/ova from each of the 3 sources after in vitro exposure was also determined. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surfaces of Day-7 embryos and degenerated ova were smoother than those of follicular oocytes. Mean dimensional measurements of the diameter/thickness of the ZP from follicular oocytes, Day-7 embryos, and degenerated Day-7 ova were 156.7 μm/12.3μm, 161.3μm/12.6μm, and 158.9μm/12.8μm, respectively. The mean total protein per ZP of follicular oocytes, embryos, and degenerated ova was 0.331 μg, 0.349 μg, and 0.254 μg, respectively. Considerable variability existed within groups, but significantly greater quantities of IBRV were associated with follicular oocytes (mean PFU/oocyte = 68.1) than with Day-7 embryos (mean PFU/embryo = 43.0; P The reliability of using an assay for IBRV associated with nontransferable ova/embryos as an indicator of the presence or absence of the virus in transferable embryos from the same collection (Day 7) was supported. Although structural differences between the ZPs of follicular oocytes and Day-7 embryos were observed in this study, further investigation is needed to determine if there are differences in the protective function of the respective ZPs.
Tree groups and the 4-string pure braid group

Abstract Given a graph Г, undirected, with no loops or multiple edges, we define the graph group on Г, FГ, as the group generated by the vertices of Г, with one relation xy = xy for each pair x and y of adjacent vertices of Г. In this paper we will show that the unpermuted braid group on four strings is an HNN-extension of the graph group Fs, where S = The form of the extension will resolve a conjecture of Tits for the 4-string braid group. We will conclude, by analyzing the subgroup structure of graph groups in the case of trees, that for any tree T on a countable vertex set, Ft is a subgroup of the 4-string braid group. We will also show that this uncountable collection of subgroups of the 4-string braid group is linear, that is, each subgroup embeds in GL(3, R ), as well as embedding in Aut(F), where F is the free group of rank 2.
Brief report: Expressive and collaborative relationship processes in observations of adolescents’ interactions with parents and romantic partners

Abstract This study examines observations of participants ( N =64) interacting with family members at age 13 and romantic partners at age 20–21. Scales capturing expressive processes and collaborative processes were used to test and find support for the differential prediction that family collaborative processes at age 13 would predict both expressive processes and collaborative processes with romantic partners at age 20–21, whereas expressive processes at age 13 would predict only concurrent collaborative processes. Results suggest that continuity in relationship functioning is more differentiated than is commonly expected.
From the perspective of justice faculty: a general assessment of program quality and development

This study examines justice faculty perceptions regarding the status of academic justice programs. Justice faculty (n = 289) from baccalaureate‐granting institutions across the nation expressed strong support for the quality of their programs and colleagues, while also indicating satisfaction with respect acquired from community professionals. Pessimism, however, emerged regarding respect from the broader faculty and administrators within their institutions. Faculty were satisfied with control of program content and perceived the programs as interdisciplinary. Lower‐ranking faculty expressed more support for national accreditation, while commitment to recruit scholars with criminal justice/criminology doctorates was mixed depending on the doctorate held by respondents.
Morphology of the pineal complex in seven species of lanternfishes (Pisces: Myctophidae)

The morphology of the pineal complex was compared in seven species of lanternfishes (family Myctophidae) using both light and electron microscopes. On the basis of compactness of the pineal end-vesicle and presence or absence of a dorsal sac, the species in this study were divided into two groups. This grouping seems to correlate well with current views on the phylogenetic relationships among these fishes. Receptor cells and supportive cells are described in the pineals of all species examined. The deepest-dwelling of the forms studied, Parvilux ingens, showed a significant increase in the mean number of lamellar membranes in the outer segments of the receptor cells and a higher convergence ratio of receptor cells to ganglion cells as compared to the shallow-dwelling form Tarletonbeania crenularis. Accordingly it is suggested that the pineal of P. ingens is more photosensitive. Additional differences among species were found in the ultrastructure of the supportive cells. Dorsal sacs were absent in the three shallowest-occurring myctophids studied. In those species with a dorsal sac, its close association with the pineal-end-vesicle suggests a functional relationship between the two structures.
Self-similar compressible laminar boundary layers

A new method of deriving a self-similar solution of the compressible laminar boundary layer equations is obtained for air as calorically or thermally perfect gas and where the viscosity is a power function of the temperature. Modified Levy-Mangier and Dorodnitsyn-Howarth transformations are introduced to solve the flow in a thin laminar boundary layer with no external pressure gradient and on a smooth flat plate. These transformations describe the similarity variable in terms of a power of the density that takes into account the viscosity-temperature power law relation. This results in an explicit relation between the stream function and the temperature fields described by a closed coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Solutions are presented for boundary layer flows with Mach number of the external flow up to 4. The influence of the flow Prandtl number, wall to freestream temperature ratio, and power of the viscosity-temperature law is investigated. The present methodology also provides a simple way of comparing results according to various assumptions about the viscosity-temperature relations. (Author)
Adaptive computation by interacting quantum dots

Abstract We present a theoretical study and discussion of computationally useful nanoelectronic circuits which use adaptive control methods both to achieve the circuit function and to compensate for unpredictable nonuniformities in the circuit environment. In the regime where the scaling of conventional digital electronics breaks down, nanoelectronic circuitry will be required to perform robustly in the presence of inevitable device–device interactions, sensitivity to circuit parameters of quantum devices, and deviations from ideal circuit design. To examine the role of adaption in addressing these issues, we focus on a specific class of scaleable circuit architectures composed of Coulombically interacting polarizable anisotropic quantum dots which include input polarization dots, output polarization dots, and an array of processing dots. We implement the adaptive control of these circuits by assuming that particular features of the processing dots such as energy barriers, charge, shape, or orientation can be experimentally modified. A method of adaptive feedback is used to modify the processing dots and produce desired correlations between the input and output dot polarizations as computed by the circuit. A variational quantum Monte Carlo method has been used to simulate the many-body response of model GaAs dot circuits in which the mutual orientation of the dots is adapted to successfully achieve different desired patterns of correlation. We demonstrate the robustness of the adaptive circuits for circuit nonuniformities and for sensitivity to circuit parameters due to quantum effects.
Immunopathogenesis and immune modulation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-induced disease in the mouse.

The course of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) disease in immunodeficient and immunologically normal mice was compared to define the role of the immune system in this disease process. Immunocompetent mice infected with VEE exhibited a biphasic illness characterized by an early self-limiting lymphoid phase and a fatal CNS phase. The lymphoid phase of the illness was characterized by extensive viral replication within spleen, thymus, Peyer's patches, and lymph nodes, was accompanied by a high-titered serum viremia, and resolved with the production of VEE-specific IgM class antibody at 72 h postinfection (p.i.). Immunocompetent animals survived an average of 6.8 +/- 1.2 days before succumbing to fulminant encephalitis. In contrast, SCID mice infected with VEE showed a persistent replication of virus throughout all organs tested beginning at 24 h p.i. VEE-infected SCID mice exhibited a severe spongiform encephalopathy with 100% mortality and an average survival time of 8.9 +/- 0.9 days. These studies indicated that the characteristic organ tropism of VEE in the mouse is due in large part to an early anti-viral state, the establishment of which is dependent upon the presence of an intact immune system. Finally, the CNS pathology in a VEE-infected mouse had a significant immunologic component. However, in contrast to other neurovirulent alphaviruses, VEE was directly cytopathic for the cells of the CNS, even in the absence of an immune response.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE RESPONSE OF THE HYDROGEN FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR TO COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS AND PHOSPHORUS.

A PROCEDURE has been developed for selectively increasing the responsiveness of a hydrogen flame ionization detector1 to compounds which contain chlorine, bromine, iodine or phosphorus. The basis of operation of this detector is the increase in the electrical conductivity of a hydrogen flame which occurs when organic compounds are burned in the flame. It has been observed that if a wire, glass or ceramic probe which contains sodium is heated in the flame, the products of combustion of compounds which contain halogens or phosphorus increase the rate of release of sodium vapour from the heated probe. The sodium is then ionized by the flame. The relatively large increase in the electrical conductivity of the flame which results supplements the increase that is observed in the absence of the heated probe. Compounds containing these halogens or phosphorus may thus be distinguished from other compounds which may be present.
Congruent Validity of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule

The results in this study indicated that for a sample of 141 college students in a junior level course in education the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) was significantly related to the six Class I scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), which collectively have been interpretated as measures of poise, ascendancy, and self-assurance. The combination of scales best predicting scores on the RAS contained five of the six Class I scales of the CPI. This finding provided additional evidence of the validity of the RAS in assessing assertiveness and lent support to its use for identifying potential clients who might benefit from assertive training procedures.
How'd they do that: modified instructional system

This paper explains how we modified our instructional system to improve technical training quality and how we trimmed down-training time. It explains how we accomplished all this with a relatively small staff and a limited budget. At the outset, our vision was to put in place a viable on-site technical training program and one that our faculty and staff would voluntarily choose to attend for their initial or refresher training. Our goal was to produce a sustainable, good and highly interactive technical training program. We knew that to accomplish what we wanted, we would have to use our own design and development capabilities to modify vendor supplied course materials. Unfortunately, most technical training courseware available through commercial agencies usually requires six to eight hours to instruct and is focused primarily on business training scenarios rather than universities like ours. This complicated our problem even more, because, if true, it meant we would need to, at least consider, modifying all courses we would get from vendors.Despite the challenges, we are realizing our vision and we met our goal. Our learners voluntarily attend our training and their feedback is replete with favorable comments about their learning experience. Our small staff perceived these challenges as an opportunity for us to succeed and succeed we did. We'll tell you the story of how we did it as we go along.
EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN S-DICHLOROVINYL-L-CYSTEINE ON ITS INHIBITION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI B.

Abstract Inasmuch as Escherichia coli B is highly susceptible to inhibition of growth and induction of unbalanced growth by the l -isomer of S-1,2- dichlorovinyl - l - cysteine . compounds structurally related to DCVC were synthesized and their effects on E. coli B were tested. d -Configuration, removal of the carboxyl group or the amino group, acylation of the amino group or insertion of a 4-methylene group all decreased greatly the growth-inhibiting effects of the DCVC analogues. The results are in accord with the view that DCVC is subject to enzymatic cleavage into several fragments, one of which is mainly responsible for the toxic effects of DCVC. The structural features of DCVC required to induced aplastic anemia in calves are compared with those referred to above.
Influence of coma effect on scanner overlay

As the increasing demand of thinner CD for higher IC density and faster signal response, the techniques, such as OPC, PSM, and OAI was introduced to extend the optical resolution-limit below sub-100-nano. The lens quality is more important as critical dimension (CD) becomes smaller even using scanner instead of stepper. Pattern displacement error (PDE) resulting from lens aberration will be a phenomenon worthy to emphasize when technology design rules reaches sub-quarter micron generation and beyond1, 2. Because of inevitable coma aberration of lens, conventional 2ugm bar-in-bar overlay pattern cannot accurately represent real displacement of fine patterns in device. In this paper, evaluation of overlay pattern displacement with respect to lens coma aberration and its dependence on different feature size and structure are carried out. Different generation technology should combine with overlay pattern of proper feature size. Several illumination methodologies and NA/Sigma setting are also discussed in this paper.
New applications of atomic physics to the study of nuclear properties

The hyperfine interaction couples the atomic electrons and the nucleus, and because of this interaction, there is a fundamental link between the fields of atomic physics and nuclear physics. Of course, information flows in both directions through this link. This paper reviews in broad terms the previous applications of atomic physics methods to the study of nuclear properties and fundamental interactions, and then focuses on the possible applications of atom trapping methods to nuclear physics problems.
Effective moduli and failure considerations for composites with periodic fiber waviness

A finite element micromechanical model for fibrous materials introduced in a previous work [J. Compos. Mater. 38 (4) (2004) 273] is used to further study the effects of periodic and localized fiber waviness. A periodic unit cell based on hexagonal fiber packing and sinusoidal fiber waviness was assumed as a representative volume element. Equivalent to this wavy-shaped unit cell, a straight unit cell but with wavy material-orientation is introduced. This type of homogenized continuum modeling simplifies the analysis since the wavy geometry with details of constituent materials is avoided. Thus, stiffness parameters associated with individual lamina with waviness are estimated when subject to the constraining effects of neighboring isotropic or straight fiber material layers. It is shown that the shear constraint of the added layers increases the effective moduli of the wavy layer by inhibiting the fiber straightening deformation mechanism. The local stress distribution is also examined and the potential for material failure is investigated. The methodology provides a platform to study the behavior of wavy fiber composites in a systematic manner.
FLARE-LESS LONG GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR MASSIVE PROGENITOR STARS

While there is mounting evidence that long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with the collapse of massive stars, the detailed structure of their pre-supernova stage is still debatable. Particularly uncertain is the degree of mixing among shells of different composition, and hence the role of magnetic torques and convection in transporting angular momentum. Here we show that early-time afterglow observations with the Swift satellite place constraints on the allowed GRB pre-supernova models. In particular, they argue against pre-supernova models in which different elemental shells are unmixed. These types of models would produce energy injections into the GRB engine on timescales between several hundreds of seconds to a few hours. Flaring activity has not been observed in a large fraction of well monitored long GRBs. Therefore, if the progenitors of long GRBs have common properties, then the lack of flares indicates that the massive stars which produce GRBs are mostly well mixed, as expected in low-metallicity, rapidly rotating massive stars.
Normalization of resonance wave functions and the calculation of resonance widths.

We show that the resonance wave function can be generally thought of as being unit normalized under an appropriate analytic continuation procedure and that, so normalized, the resonance eigenfunctions obtained from a finite-basis-set calculation can be used to evaluate partial widths. Numerical results are given for two model problems.